gale licence 581
G
gabbro ● Gabbro m, Paulitfels, Schillerfels m
[Fehlbenennungen: (schwedischer) schwarzer Granit m,
schwarzer schwedischer Granit Kristallines Tiefengestein
mit den Hauptbestandteilen Kalknatronfeldspat und
Diallag, dazu meist reichlich Eisenerz, öfters Olivin,
auch wohl Augit oder Hornblende, selten Quarz. In
Schlesien „Zobtenfels’’ und volkstümlich „Krötenstein’’
genannt]
gabbro [obsolete in the USA] > euphotide
gabbro clan ● Gabbrofamilie f
gabbro diorite ● Gabbrodiorit m
gabbroic ● gabbroartig, gabbroid
gabbroic layer > sima
gabbroid > ophitic
gabbro porphyrite ● Gabbroporphyrit m
gabbro porphyry ● Gabbroporphyr m
gabbro syenite, ortho(cla)se gabbro
Gabbrosyenit m
gabion ● Gabione f [Die Gabione ist ein mit
unterschiedlichen Steinen gefüllter Drahtkorb. Sie
kommt im Straßen- und Wegebau in Form von
Gabionenwänden zum Einsatz. Sie dienen zur
Abstützung von Hängen oder als Lärmschutz]
gabion (cage), pannier [A rectangular wire box (or
basket) filled with relatively small-size stones or earth]
● Drahtbehälter m, Drahtkorb m, Drahtkasten m,
Drahtkoffer m
gabion wall, stone gabion wall ● Steingabione f,
Gabionenwand f [Gabione(nwand), die mit Steinen
verfüllt wird]
gable of (a/the) house ● Hausgiebel m
gable wall ● Giebelwand f
gad, picker; gedn [Cornwall] ● Bergeisen n
gad, withe, binder ● Bind(e)weide f, Wiede, Weede,
Bind(e)gerte f [Weidengerte zum Binden von
Reisbündeln, Faschinen, Anbinden der Bäume usw.]
gadder, gadding car, gadding machine [In quarrying,
a small car or platform carrying a drilling machine, so as
to make a straight line of holes along its course in getting
out dimension stone] ● Quader(stein)bohrwagen m
gadding [In quarrying, the drilling for taking out
dimension stone] ● Quader(stein)bohren n
gaffer (⚒) > governor
H. Herrmann, H. Bucksch, Dictionary Geotechnical Engineering/Wörterbuch GeoTechnik,
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-41714-6, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
gagate > jet(t)
gagatite [Coalified woody mineral, resembling jet(t)] ●
Gagatit m
gage (US) > gauge
gage (US) . . . > gauge . . .
gaging (US) > discharge measurement
gaging dam (US) > measurement weir
(gaging) weir (US) > measurement weir
gahnite, idocrase, vesuvianite ● Vesuvianit m
gahnite, zinc spinel [A dark-green to yellowish, gray, or
black mineral of the spinel series; ZnAl2O4. It often
contains some magnesium] ● Gahnit m, Zinkspinell m,
Gannospinell G
to gain [Context: Access to the mine is gained via a 10
m main decline] ● erfolgen [Kontext: Der Zugang zur
Mine erfolgt über. . .]
gain (⚒) > rock drift
gain ● Gewinn m
gain [A notch, mortise, or groove (as in a timber or wall)
for a beam or joist] ● Einschnitt m
gain > (signal) gain
gain control, volume control [In a seismic amplifier,
● a device to change the amplification with time. It may be
automatic by individual channel, gauged for all channels
together, programmed prior to the shot, or otherwise
prearranged] ● Amplitudensteuerung f
gaining stream, effluent stream [It abstracts ground-
water] ● grundwasseraufnehmender Fluss m
gaize [A porous fine-grained micaceous glauconitic
sandstone, containing much soluble silica, occurring
among the Cretaceous rocks of France and Belgium] ●
Gaize f, feinklastisches Gestein n
gal [Cornwall. A hard rusty gossan] ● eisenschüssiger
ochriger Letten m, ochriger eisenschüssiger Letten
galactite [obsolete]; novaculite, razor stone, Turkey
stone, Turkey slate [A fine-quality whetstone or abrasive
used for sharpening] ● Novakulit m
gale [The land granted] (⚒) ● Mutungsland n
gale (⚒) > gale (right)
gale(age), galiage [The royalty paid in English law for
the right to work a mine] ● Mutungsgebühr f,
Mutungsabgabe f
Gale alidade, explorer’s alidade [Named for Hoyt S.
Gale 1876 - 1952, American geologist] ● Gale-Alhidade f
gale application, gale request ● Mutung f [Antrag
beim Bergamt auf Verleihung des Bergwerkseigentums
an einem Grubenfeld]
galee, gale holder (⚒) ● Muter m
gale licence (⚒) ● Mutungslizenz f
582 galena
galena, galenite, lead glance, lead sulphuret, sulphuret
of lead ● Bleisulfuret n, Bleiglanz m, Galenit m,
Töpfererz n, PbS, Glanzerz n
galenite, galena, lead glance, lead sulphuret, sulphuret
of lead ● Bleisulfuret n, Bleiglanz m, Galenit m,
Töpfererz n, PbS, Glanzerz n
galenobismutite [A lead-gray or tin-white mineral
consisting of bismuth sulfid(e), specific gravity is 6.9] ●
Galenobismutit m, PbS·Bi2S3
gale request, gale application ● Mutung f [Antrag
beim Bergamt auf Verleihung des Bergwerkseigentums
an einem Grubenfeld]
G gale (right) (⚒) ● Mutungsrecht n
Galerkin variational procedure, variational
procedure ● Variationsverhalten n [z. B. das von
Galerkin]
galiage, gale(age) [The royalty paid in English law for
the right to work a mine] ● Mutungsgebühr f,
Mutungsabgabe f
Galician (drilling) system, Russian (drilling) system,
Canadian (drilling) system, Austrian (drilling)
system, pole-tool (drilling) system [It originated in
Canada and was introduced from there into Galicia] ●
kanadisches Bohren n [Bohren mit hölzernem (Ober-)
Gestänge]
gall > clay concretion
gall > sand pipe
gallate ● gallussaures Salz n
gallery, pressure tunnel ● Druckstollen m [Tunnelbau]
gallery; tunnel (US) ● Stollen m [Im Bergbau wird ein
unter Tage hergestellter gestreckter Hohlraum nur dann
„Stollen’’ genannt, wenn er mindestens an einem Ende zu
Tage tritt; sonst heißt er „Strecke’’]
gallery access shaft ● Stollenzugangschacht m
gallery advance, gallery advancing, gallery driving,
gallery heading, gallery holing through, gallery attack,
gallery excavation, gallery drive ● Stollenvortrieb m,
Stollenausbruch m, Stollenvortreiben n, Stollenan-
griff m, Stollenauffahren, Stollenabbau m
gallery aqueduct ● Stollenaquädukt m
gallery bench, gallery step [Part of a gallery section
with the approximately horizontal upper surface tempo-
rarily left unexcavated] ● Stollenbankett n,
Stollenabsatz m, Stollenstufe f
gallery blasting, coyote (hole) blasting ● Sprengen n
mit Stollen, Sprengung f mit Stollen
gallery bolt ● Stollen(ausbau)anker m
gallery bottom, gallery floor, gallery invert ●
Stollensohle f
gallery branch ● Stollenabzweig m, Stollenarm m
gallery break point ● Stollenknickpunkt m
gallery building, gallery construction ● Stollenbau m
gallery building engineering, gallery construction
engineering ● Stollenbautechnik f
gallery bulkhead ● Stollenschott n
gallery canal ● Stollenkanal m
gallery cave-in, gallery collapse ● Stolleneinbruch m,
Stolleneinsturz m
gallery cavity ● Stollenhohlraum m
gallery chamber ● Stollenkammer f
gallery cheek, gallery side(wall), gallery wall ●
Stollenulme f
gallery circumference ● Stollenumfang m
gallery clearance ● Stollenlicht(raum)profil n
gallery collapse, gallery cave-in ● Stolleneinbruch m,
Stolleneinsturz m
gallery concrete ● Stollenbeton m
gallery construction, gallery building ● Stollenbau m
gallery construction engineering, gallery building
engineering ● Stollenbautechnik f
gallery conveyor, heading conveyor, level conveyor,
drift conveyor, drive conveyor, road(way) conveyor,
driving conveyor, stage loader, mine road con-
veyor (⚒) ● Streckenförderer m; Laufförderer
[Österreich]
gallery cross section(al area) ● Stollenquerschnitt(-)
(fläche) m, (f)
gallery designer ● Stollenkonstrukteur m
gallery drainage ● Wasserlösung f (durch Stollen),
Stollenentwässerung
gallery drilling ● Stollenbohren n
gallery drive > gallery advance
gallery driver ● Stollenbauer m
gallery driving > gallery advance
gallery end > gallery head
gallery engineer ● Stollen(bau)ingenieur
gallery engineering ● Stollentechnik f
gallery enlargement, gallery widening ● Stollener-
weiterung f, Stollenvergrößerung
gallery entrance > gallery mouth
gallery entry (⚒) > level entry
gallery excavation > gallery advance
gallery excavation material ● Stollenausbruch-
material n
gallery exploration ● Stollenaufschließung f,
Stollenaufschluss m
gallery fire ● Stollenbrand m, Stollenfeuer n
gallery floor, gallery bottom, gallery invert ●
Stollensohle f
gallery forcing > gallery jacking

gallery forming ● Stollenschalen n
gallery form(s), gallery formwork, gallery shuttering ●
Stollenschalung f
gallery for rock test, tested gallery length, sealed off
section ● Druckkammer f, abgeschlossenes
Stollenstück n [Druckkammerversuch]
gallery frame ● Stollengerüst n, Stollenrahmen m
gallery frame shoring; tunnel frame shoring (US) ●
Stollenbaurüstung f
gallery freezing ● Stollenvereisung f,
Stollengefrierung
gallery (ground) (support(ing)) system [‘‘Tunnel’’ is
synonymously used for ‘‘gallery’’ in the USA] ●
Stollenverbau m, Stolleneinbauten f [Der Verbau
kann ein Ausbau (¼ endgültige Sicherung) oder eine
Sicherung (¼ vorläufiger Ausbau) eines Untertagebaues
sein]
gallery head, gallery end; forehead [Yorkshire];
forefield end [Derbyshire]; dean [Cornwall]; workings
face; forefield [Newcastle] ● Stollenende n
gallery heading > gallery advance
gallery headrace, headrace gallery; headrace tunnel,
tunnel headrace (US) [A free-flow gallery conveying
water to the upper end of a penstock] ● Ober(Trieb)-
wasserstollen m, Oberstollen, Zubringerstollen,
Zuleitungsstollen
gallery holing through > gallery advance
gallery invert > gallery floor
gallery jacking, gallery pushing, gallery thrusting, gal-
lery forcing [Pipe jacking methods have been developed
and elaborated to gallery jacking. No precise borderline is
definable, but when a man can operate in the pipe,
somewhere above 1 m diameter, it may be considered as
a form of gallery construction] ● Stollenvorpressen n,
Stollenvordrücken, Stollendurchdrücken, Stollen-
durchstoßen
gallery lining ● Stollenauskleidung f,
Stollenbekleidung, Stollenverkleidung
gallery link ● Stollenverbindung f
gallery masonry (work) ● Stollenmauerwerk n, Stol-
len(aus)mauerung f
gallery miner ● Stollen(bau)arbeiter m
gallery mining ● Stollenbergbau m [Die Lagerstätte
wird durch Stollen zugänglich gemacht]
gallery mouth, gallery opening, gallery entrance ●
Stollenmund(loch) m, (n)
gallery muck ● Stollenschutter m
gallery operation(s) ● Stollenbetrieb m
gallery pay lines ● vergütetes Stollenprofil n
gallery penstock > pressure gallery
gallery timbering 583
gallery pit, gallery shaft ● Stollenschacht m [Der auf
einem Stollen niedergebrachte Schacht]
gallery plug ● Stollenpfropfen m
gallery portal ● Stollenportal n
gallery portal transition ● Stollenübergang m
gallery pump ● Stollenpumpe f
gallery pushing, gallery jacking, gallery thrusting, gal-
lery forcing [Pipe jacking methods have been developed
and elaborated to gallery jacking. No precise borderline is
definable, but when a man can operate in the pipe,
somewhere above 1 m diameter, it may be considered as
a form of gallery construction] ● Stollenvorpressen n,
Stollenvordrücken, Stollendurchdrücken, Stollen- G
durchstoßen
gallery rail ● Stollenschiene f
gallery rehab(ilitation) ● Stollensanierung f
gallery round; tunnel round (US) ● Stollenspreng-
(ungs)abschlag m
gallery route ● Stollentrasse f
gallery run ● Stollenstrecke f
gallery sample taking, gallery sampling ● Stollenbe-
musterung f, Stollenprobe(n)nahme f
gallery sea(ling) ● Stollen(ab)dichtung f
gallery section, gallery stretch ● Stollenabschnitt m
gallery shaft, gallery pit ● Stollenschacht m [Der auf
einem Stollen niedergebrachte Schacht]
gallery shuttering > gallery form(s)
gallery side(wall), gallery cheek, gallery wall ●
Stollenulme f
gallery site ● Stollenbaustelle f
gallery slipforming ● Stollen-Gleitschalungsbau m
gallery spherical cap ● Stollenkalotte f
gallery steel ribs ● Stahlstollenverbau m,
Stollenstahlverbau, Stahlstolleneinbauten f,
Stollenstahleinbauten [Der Verbau kann ein Ausbau
(endgültige Sicherung) oder eine Sicherung
(¼ vorläufiger Ausbau) eines Untertagebaues sein]
gallery step > gallery bench
gallery stretch, gallery section ● Stollenabschnitt m
gallery (support(ing)) system > permanent gallery
(support(ing)) system
gallery system ● Stollensystem n, Stollenanlage f
gallery tanker drill carriage ● Firstanker-Bohrwagen
[Mit diesem Bohrwagen werden im Kalibergbau
lange Gewindestangen in die Decken von
Kaligrubenbaue gesetzt, um die Salzschichten
miteinander zu verbinden und ihnen dadurch mehr
Festigkeit zu geben]
gallery thrusting > gallery jacking
gallery timbering ● Stollenzimmerung f
584 gallery trench
gallery trench ● Stollengraben m
gallery(-type) discharge carrier ● indicating formation density by recording the back scatter
Hochwasserstollen m, Überlaufstollen
gallery unit ● Stollenstück n [Fertigteil]
gallery wall, gallery side(wall), gallery cheek ●
Stollenulme f
gallery widening, gallery enlargement ● Stollener-
weiterung f, Stollenvergrößerung
gallery with anchorage by (pre)stressing the
ground with steel anchors ● vorgespannter Stollen m
gallery work ● Stollen(bau)arbeiten f
galliard, calliard [A hard, smooth, close-grained,
G siliceous sandstone; a ganister] ● glatter
Hartsandstein m
galling, seizing [Developing a condition on the rubbing
surface of one or both mating parts where excessive
friction between high spots results in localized welding
with subsequent spoiling and a further roughening of the
surface] ● Fressen n
galloping glacier [popular term]; surging glacier ●
plötzlich ausbrechender Gletscher m
gallows [North of England]; timber(ing) set(t)
[A frame propping the roof of a mine consisting of two
uprights and a crosspiece] ● Türstock m
gallows frame > (mine) headframe
galvanisation (Brit.); galvanization (US) ●
Verzinkung f
galvanised fire protection mat ● verzinkte
Brandschutzmatte f
galvanised secondary reinforcement bar (Brit.),
galvanized secondary reinforcement bar (US) ●
verzinkter Verteilerstab m [Bewehrung]
game reserve ● Wildreservat n
gamma (bore)hole log, gamma (well(bore)) log,
gamma drill hole log, gamma-ray log [It is for
lithologic(al) interpretation and enhances the
interpretation of electrical logs] ● Gamma(bohrloch)-
log n
gamma decay [De-exitation of an atomic nucleus with-
out a change in atomic number or mass number by
emission of gamma radiation] ● Gammazerfall m
gamma drill hole log > gamma (well(bore)) log
gamma-gamma (density) logging [Measuring the
bulk density of rock materials; the profile curve opposite
coal layers is very low] ● Gamma-Gamma-
Dichtemessung f
gamma-gamma (well(bore)) log, gamma-gamma
(bore)hole log, (bulk) density log, gamma-gamma
density log [The well log curve of induced radioactivity
showing the bulk density of rocks and their contained
fluids. It is porosity log of the wall-contact type,
of gamma rays] ● Gamma-Gamma-Dichtelog n
gamma particles ● Gammateilchen n
gamma radiation ● Gammastrahlung f
gamma ray ● Gammastrahl m
gamma-ray attenuation ● Gammastrahl-
schwächung f
gamma-ray log > gamma (well(bore)) log
gamma-ray probe [A gamma-ray counting device built
into a watertight case to be lowered into a borehole] ●
Gammastrahlensonde f
gamma-ray scattering, Compton scattering,
Compton process [The elastic scattering of photons by
electron] ● Compton-Streuung f
gamma-ray (single) probe ● Gamma-Einstichsonde f
gamma-ray spectrometer ● Gamma(strahlen)-
spektrometer n
gamma-ray spectrometry [Determination of
gamma-ray energies and states of polarization, and also
studies of the correlations between gamma rays emitted in
sequence from a nucleus] ● Gammastrahlenspek-
trometrie f
gamma-ray spectroscopy [The observation of
a gamma-ray spectrum and all processes of recording
and measuring that go with it] ●
Gammastrahlenspektroskopie f
gamma-ray (well(bore)) logging, GRL [A method of
logging boreholes by observing the natural radioactivity
of the rocks through which the hole passes. It was
developed for logging holes which cannot be logged
electrically because they are cased] ●
Bohrloch-Gammastrahlungsmessung f, Gamma-
Bohrlochstrahlungsmessung
gamma sulphur; gamma-sulfur (US); rosickyite ●
Rosickyt m
gamma (well(bore)) log, gamma (bore)hole log,
gamma drill hole log, gamma-ray log [It is for litho-
logic(al) interpretation and enhances the interpretation
of electrical logs] ● Gamma(bohrloch)log n
gang, work gang [A set of miners] ● Kolonne f,
Trupp m, Mannschaft f, Kameradschaft
gang [A train or set of mine cars or trams] (⚒) ●
Wagenzug m
gang boss (⚒) ● Ortsältester m
ganged auto(matic) gain control ● gesteuerte
automatische Gangkernkontrolle f, automatische
gesteuerte Gangkernkontrolle [Seismik]
ganger, gangsman [Midland coalfield, England. One
who is employed at conveying minerals along the

gangways in or about a mine; the employment of which is
known as ganging] ● Schlepper m
ganger, work gang foreman ● Kolonnenführer m,
Truppführer, Mannschaftsführer, Kameradschafts-
führer
ganggestein [In German mining terminology, the
detached pieces of more or less altered country rock
enclosed in ore veins. Not to be confused with the
petrographic term „Ganggestein’’] ● Ganggestein n
ganging [Midland coalfield, England], hauling,
haulage (⚒) ● Förderung f, Transport m,
Streckenförderung, Streckentransport
gang mineral ● Mineralbeimengung f [z.B. im
Chromiterz]
gang of trams (⚒) > ginney
gang of tubs (⚒) > ginney
gang of wells ● Brunnengallerie f
gang pusher ● Förderaufseher m [Tiefbohrtechnik]
gang sawyer, mill sawyer, stone sawyer, gang saw
operator, power saw operator, stone saw operator ●
Steinsäger m, Steinsägearbeiter
gangsman, ganger [Midland coalfield, England. One
who is employed at conveying minerals along the gang-
ways in or about a mine; the employment of which is
known as ganging] ● Schlepper m
gang-trench, furrow, channel, hol(e)ing (⚒) ●
Schräm m, Schrot m, Ritz n, Rinne [Erzabbau durch
Sprengen. Eine schmale Vertiefung neben dem
Sprengloch, damit das Gestein durch den Schuss besser
gehoben wird]
gangue > lodestuff
gangue > veinstuff
Ganguillet-Kutter-formula, G. K. formula [In 1869,
two Swiss engineers, Ganguillet and Kutter, published
a formula expressing the value of C in terms of the slope
S, hydraulic radius R, and the coefficient of roughness n.
In English units, the formula is
41; 65 þ 0:00281 þ 1:811
C¼
s npffiffinffi
1 þ 41; 65 þ s 0:00281
R
The coefficient n in this formula is specifically known as
Kutter’s n] ● Ganguillet-Kutter-Formel f, G.K-Formel
gangway [In anthracite mines in the USA] (prelimi-
nary) development opening
gangway [A wood(en) bridge in the Newcastle coalfield]
● Holzbrücke f
gangway (US); panel entry, drift, drive [Drives divide
the deposit into longitudinal regions which can be mined
out systematically one after the other] ● Abbaustrecke f
garbage dump (US) 585
gan(n)ister [A fine, hard quartzose sandstone; used to
make refractory silica bricks to line certain furnaces for
metallurgical processes] ● Ganister m, eingekieselter
Feinsandstein m [Aus unverrundeten Körnern]
ganomalite, Ca2Pb3Si3O11 ● Ganomalit m,
Gänsekötigerz n
gantry crane, portal crane ● Portalkran m
gantry crane pillar ● Kranbahnstütze f [eines
Portalkrans]
gap ● Klaffung f [In entzerrten Luftbildplänen]
gap > dead ground
gap, interval, distance, reach, spacing [A space between
two things] ● Lücke f, Zwischenraum m, Abstand m G
gap, slack contact [In the disc model of Jenkin] ●
Lücke f [Felsmechanik]
gap [A break in levee through which a stream distribu-
tary may flow] ● Durchbruch m
gap [photogrammetry] ● Aufnahmelücke f
gap [seismogram] ● Kennmarke f
to gape ● klaffen
gap freezing ● Lückenvereisung f, Lückengefrierung,
Fenstervereisung, Fenstergefrierung [(Baugrund-)
Vereisung; Gebirgsvereisung (⚒)]
gap grading ● Ausfallkörnung f
gaping ● klaffend
gaping ● Schichtenablösung f
gap in the geologic(al) record, geologic(al) record
gap, (strat(igraph)ic) gap ● stratigrafische
Unterbrechung f
gap (in the unconsolidated goaf) ● Weitung f (im
Alten Mann)
gap sensitivity, gap sensitiveness [It is determined by
the comparative length of air gap or discontinuity
between two cartridges in a single charge] ● Detonations-
übertragungsempfindlichkeit f
gap test, sympathetic detonation, sympathetic reac-
tion shock [The initiation of an explosive charge without
ignition device by the detonation of another charge in the
neighbourhood] ● Übertragexplosion f 2. Ordnung,
Übertragdetonation
gap test(ing) ● Prüfung f der Übertragungsweite,
Detonationsübertragungsprüfung f [Sprengpatrone]
garbage [Waste parts of food, as from a market or
kitchen] ● Nahrungsabfälle f
garbage dump (US), disposal site, depository, trash
disposal site (US), landfill, refuse dump ●
Abfalldeponie f [Zur Endlagerung von Abfallstoffen
oder von Industrieprodukten als Kippe, Halde oder in
Restlöchern], Müllkippe f, Deponie f, Mülldeponie f,
Kippe f, Abfallkippe f
586 garbage dump operator
garbage dump operator, trash disposal operator,
refuse dump operator ● Mülldeponiebetreiber,
Müllkippenbetreiber m, Kippenbetreiber, Deponie-
betreiber
garbage pit ● Aasgrube f
garbage press, waste press, waste compactor ●
Abfallpresse f
garbenschiefer [A type of spotted slate characterized by
concretionary spots whose shape resembles that of
a caraway seed] ● Garbenschiefer m
garden soil, hortisol, garden earth ● Hortisol m,
Gartenboden m, Gartenerde f
G garden wall ● Gartenmauer f
garland > (stone) garland
garland, water ring (⚒) ● Schachtstoß-Wasserrinne f,
Wasserrinne am Schachtstoß, Sammelrinne am
Schachtstoß, Schachtstoß-Sammelrinne
garnet, grenate ● Granat m (M/G)
garnetiferous, containing garnets, garnet-bearing,
garnet-based ● granathaltig, granatführend,
granatenthaltend
garnetiferous, producing garnets ● granatbildend,
granatformend
garnetite [A metamophic rock consisting chiefly of an
aggregate of interlocking garnet grains] ● Granatfels m,
Granatgestein n
garnetization [Introduction of, or replacement by,
garnet. It is commonly associated with contact
metamorphism] ● Granatisierung f
garnet-mica schist ● Granatglimmerschiefer m
garnet peridotite ● Peridotitgranat m
garnet pyroxenite, griquaite [A coarse-grained garnet
and clinopyroxene rock that may or may not contain
olivine or phlogopite. It occurs as nodular xenoliths in
kimberlite pipes and dikes. Named by Beck in 1907 for
Griqualand, South West Africa. Not recommended
usage] ● Griquait m, eruptive Eklogitfazies f
garnierite, noumeite, nepouite [An apple-green or pale
green mineral, probably (Ni, Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4. The ratio
Ni/Mg is highly variable. This mineral has been
regarded as having no crystal structure, but it may be
monoclinic; it is sometimes considered to be a nickel-rich
antigorite. It is an important ore of nickel and is used as
a gemstone. A variety of go(e)thite] ● Garnierit m,
Numeit
gas adsorption chromatography ● Gas-Adsorptions-
Chromatografie f
gas alarm (system) [A signal system which warns mine
workers of dangerous concentration of firedamp] (⚒) ●
Gasalarmanlage f
gas anchor [Petroleum engineering. A down-hole
gas separator used to reduce gas-in-oil froth before
the pump to increase pump efficiency] ●
Bohrlochgasabscheider m
gas application engineering ● Gasanwendungs-
technik f
gas barrier shaft ● Entgasungsschacht m
[Mülldeponie]
gas barrier (system) ● Entgasungssystem n
[Mülldeponie]
gas barrier trench ● Gasgraben m [Mit körnigem
Material gefüllter Graben zur Unterbrechung der
Deponiewanderung]
gas blower (⚒) [A stream of gas from a coal seam] ●
Gasbläser m
gas (bore)hole, gas well(bore) ● Gasbohrung f,
Gasbohrloch n, Gassonde f
gas bubble ● Gasblase f
gas bulkhead (⚒) ● Gasschott n
gas cap [An accumulation of natural gas overlying
an oil pool in a dome or anticline or other trap] ●
Gaskappe f
gas(-cap) drive, cap drive ● Gaskappenauftrieb m,
Auftrieb durch Gaskappe [Erdölförderung]
gas(-cap) drive reservoir > cap drive reservoir
(gas-)cap gas ● (Gas)Kappengas n
(gas-)cap injection > external (gas) injection
gas (casing) string > gas (production) casing string
gas cavity > vesicle
gas channel ● Gaskanal m
gas chromatography, G. C. ● Gas-Chromatografie,
Gas-Chromatographie f
gas coal, coal rich in gas; bottle coal [Scotland] ●
Gaskohle f, gasreiche Kohle [Nicht verwechseln mit
„Gasflammkohle’’]
gas constant ● Gaskonstante f
gas coring ● Gaskernen n
gas-cut (drilling) mud ● (Rotary)Spülung f mit
Erdgas durchsetzt, (erd)gasdurchsetzte (Rotary-)
Spülung, (erd)gashaltige (Rotary)Spülung, vergaste
(Rotary)Spülung, Bohr(spül)schlamm m mit Erdgas
durchsetzt, vergaster Bohrspülschlamm
gas depletion drive > inner gas drive
gas detection equipment ● Gasspürgerät(e) n (pl)
gas detector, gas sniffer ● Gasspürer m,
Gasspürgerät n
gas deviation factor ● Realgasfaktor m
gas distribution chromatography ●
Gas-Verteilungs-Chromatografie f, Gas-Flüssigkeits-
Chromatografie

gas drain (⚒) ● Entgasungsstrecke f
gas drainage (⚒) ● Entgasung f
gas drillhole ● Gasbohrloch n [Bohrloch zum Entgasen
oder Gasabsaugen]
gas drilling ● Bohren n mit Gasspülung, Gas-
(spülungs)bohren
gas emission ● Ausgasung f
gaseous coal mine, gassy mine ● Schlagwetterzeche f,
Schlagwettergrube f
gaseous combustion ● Gas-Luft-Gemisch-
Verbrennung f
gaseous constituents ● gasförmige Bestandteile m (pl)
[im Boden]
gaseous drilling fluid ● gasförmige (Bohr)Spülung f
gaseous emanations from solidifying magma ●
Restlösungen f des erstarrenden Magmas
gaseous mineral water ● kohlensäurehaltiges
Mineralwasser n
gaseous phase, gaseous stage ● gasförmige Phase f
gaseous transfer differentiation, pneumatolytic
differentiation [Magmatic differentiation by the process
of gaseous transfer] ● pneumatolytische Aufspaltung f,
pneumatolytische Differentiation f
gas equation ● Gasgleichung f
gas eruption, gas outburst, blower ● Gasausbruch m,
Gaseruption f
gas escape > gas show
gas exploration well(bore), gas exploratory well(bore),
gas exploration borehole, gas exploratory borehole,
gas exploration drill hole, gas exploratory drill hole ●
Gasaufschlussbohrloch n, Gasaufschließungsbohrloch
gas factor ● Gas-Öl-Verhältnis n
gas field, gas pool ● Gasfeld n
gas find ● Gasfund m
gas flame coal [Coal containing 35 to 40 per cent
volatiles (dry, ashless basis)] ● Gasflammkohle f [Nicht
verwechseln mit „Gaskohle’’]
gas-free ● entgast
gas gun ● Gaskanone f [seismische Anregung]
gash > saw-cut valley
gash fracture, open gash fracture [A small-scale
tension fracture that occurs at an angle to a fault and
tends to remain open] ● Fiederspalt(e) m, (f)
gash joint [Short tension fracture sometimes locally
developed in a weak bed between two thick strong beds]
● Fiederkluft f
gash vein [A nonpersistent vein that is wide
above and narrow below, and that terminates
within the formation of traverses. The term was
originally applied to vein fillings of solution
gas pit 587
joints in limestone] ● auskeilender Gang m nach der
Teufe hin
gas ignition [The setting on fire of an accumulation of
firedamp in a coal mine] (⚒) ● Gasentzündung f
gas inclusion ● Gaseinschluss m
gas indication ● Gasanzeige f
gas industry ● Gaswirtschaft f
gas inflow ● Gaszufluss m
gas injection, gas input, gas intake ● Gaseinpressung f
gas injection bore(hole), gas injection well(bore), gas
injection drill hole, gas input well(bore), gas input
bore(hole), gas input drill hole, gas intake well(bore),
gas intake bore(hole), gas intake drill hole ● G
Gaseinpressbohrung f, Gaseinpressbohrloch n,
Gaseinpresssonde f
gas in place, in(-)place gas, in(-)situ gas, gas in situ ●
ursprüngliches Gas n, Gasvorrat m
gas lift > dissolved gas drive
gas line gallery; gas line tunnel (US) ●
Gasleitungsstollen m
gas main ● Gashauptleitung f, Hauptgasleitung
gas migration ● Gaswanderung f
gas monitoring, gas surveillance, gas supervision ●
Gasüberwachung f
gas mound, mud volcano; macaluba, hervidero
[Spanish] [Cone-shaped mound with maximum height
of about 250 feet built around a spring by mud brought to
the surface by slowly escaping natural gas] ● Makkaluba,
Schlammsprudel m, Maccaluba m; Schlammvulkan m
[Fehlbenennung]
gas mud cutting, cutting of mud by gas ●
Gasdurchsetzung f der Spülung ● [Tiefbohrtechnik]
gasoclastic sediment [A sediment resulting from
sedimentary volcanism, such as mud ejected by
enormous volumes of gas] ● gaszerbrochenes
Sediment n
gasohol ● Benzin-Ethylalkohol-Gemisch n, Benzin-
Ethylalkohol-Mischung f
gas/oil contact, gas/oil interface [The surface between
an oil pool and an overlying accumulation of natural gas]
● Gas-Öl-Grenzfläche f, Gas-Öl-Kontaktfläche,
Gas-Öl-Berührungsfläche
gas/oil ratio, GOR ● Gas-Öl-Verhältnis n
gas outburst, gas eruption, blower (⚒) ●
Gasausbruch m, Gaseruption f
gas pay string (of casing) > gas (production) casing
string
gas peak ● stark bodengasführender Bereich m
gas-pervious ● gasdurchlässig
gas pit > gas show
588 gas pitch
gas pitch, mineral pitch ● Steinkohlenteerpech n
gas pocket [in the pore space] ● Gastasche f [im
Porenraum. Gastaschen entstehen z. B. bei rascher
Be- od. Entwässerung]
gas pool, gas field ● Gasfeld n
gas pressure potential, pneumatic potential ●
pneumatisches Potential n, Gaspotential [Bodenwasser]
gas production string (of casing), gas (production)
casing string, gas pay string (of casing), gas (casing)
string ● Gasproduktions(rohr)fahrt f, Gasförder(rohr)-
fahrt, Gasproduktions(rohr)tour f, Gasförder(rohr)-
tour
G gas ratio > (explosive) gas ratio
gas release ● Gasabgabe f
gas repressurizing [misnomer] > inner injection
gas reservoir rock > (natural) gas reservoir rock
gas rich in oil vapo(u)rs > combination gas
gas sand(stone) [A sand or sandstone containing
a large quantity of natural gas] ● Gassand(stein) m
gas show, gas seep(age), gas spurt, gas escape, gas pit
[Escape of natural gas at the ground surface, sometimes
an indicator of oil beneath] ● Gasaustritt m,
Gasausströmung f, Erdgasaustritt, Erdgasausströmung
gassi [A term used in the Saharan region for a sandfree
passage, in some cases traversing an entire erg from end
to end] ● sandfreie Dünenpassage f
gas sniffer, gas detector ● Gasspürer m, Gasspürgerät n
gas space ● Gaszwischenraum m [Fortpflanzung der
Detonation bei pulverförmigen Sprengstoffen]
gas storage ● Gasspeicherung f, Gaseinlagerung
gas streak ● gasführende Zwischenlage f
gas string > gas (production) string (of casing)
gas supply engineering ● Gasversorgungstechnik f
gas surveillance, gas monitoring, gas supervision ●
Gasüberwachung f
gassy (⚒) ● schlagwettergefährlich
gassy mine, gaseous coal mine ● Schlagwetterzeche f,
Schlagwettergrube f
gas thermometer ● Gasthermometer n
gas tightness ● Gasdichtigkeit f
gas trap ● Gasfalle f
gas volume, volume of gas ● Schwadenvolumen n
[Unter dem Begriff wird das Volumen der Schwaden
von 1 kg detonierten Sprengstoffs unter Normalbe-
dingungen verstanden; *1]
gas-water contact, gas-water interface ● Gas-Wasser-
Grenzfläche f
gas-water level [The surface below which the rock pores
are virtually saturated with water and above which there
is an exploitable concentration of gas] ● Gas-Wasser-
Grenze f
gas well(bore), gas (bore)hole ● Gasbohrung f,
Gasbohrloch n, Gassonde f
gat > gat(t)
gat > kat
gatch ● Zinnabfall m, Abfallzinn n [Aufbereitung]
gat(e) ● Gatt n, Seegatt
gate ● (Sicherheits)Schieber m [Tiefbohrtechnik]
gate > (sluice) gate
gate, chute [The apparatus at the bottom of an ore chute
for filling cars] (⚒) ● Trichter m
gate, gate-road, stall, heading [British longwall system]
● Abbaustrecke f
gate, (mountain-)pass, gateway [An entrance into
a country through a mountain or mountains] ● Tor n,
Gebirgspass m, Pass, Forte f
gatte chamber ● Wendehöhle f [Wasserbautor]
gate-controlled spillway, gate(d) spillway, controlled
crest spillway ● verschlossener Überlauf m,
verschlossener Überfall m
gate(d) dyke opening, dyke opening with gate, dike
opening with gate, gate(d) dike opening ●
Deichscharte f [Verschließbare Deichöffnung zum
Durchführen eines Verkehrsweges]
gate(d) spillway, gate-controlled spillway, controlled
crest spillway ● verschlossener Überlauf m,
verschlossener Überfall m
gate flap [automatic flap gate] ● Stauschild m, Klappe f
gate gallery; gate tunnel (US) ● Betriebsstollen m,
Schieberstollen [Talsperre]
gate pipe ● Schlauch m mit regulierbarem Auslass
[Gummi- oder Kunststoffschlauch anstelle eines
Feldzuleiters am Oberhang bei der Rillenbewässerung]
gate pit > equalizing chamber
gate pivot ● Klappenachse f [Obergwicht(s)klappe]
gate pivot anchor bolt ● Klappenachsen-
Verankerungsschraube f [Obergewicht(s)klappe]
gate preventer ● Sicherheitsschieber m [Am
Bohrlochmund]
gate recess (US) > equalizing chamber
gate-road, stall, heading, gate [British longwall system]
● Abbaustrecke f
gateside pack, roadside pack (⚒) ● Streckendamm m
gate skin > disc
gate tunnel (US); gate gallery ● Betriebsstollen m,
Schieberstollen [Talsperre]
gateway, gate (road), main brow, trail road, principal
brow, gate roadway [A road through the worked-out

area (goaf) for haulage in longwall working of coal] (⚒)
● Förderstrecke f, Grundstrecke
gateway > gate
gate weir > (sluice) gate weir
gate well > equalizing chamber
gather ● Spurengruppe f [Seismik]
gathering, ore mixing ● Gattierung f, Erzgattierung
gathering ground, feeding ground, drainage basin,
catchment (basin), (hydrographic) basin, tributary
area, collecting area, watershed area, catchment
area, drainage area, drainage system [The area
drained by a stream or river or by their systems] ●
Einzugsgebiet n
gathering zone [The area between the land surface and
the water table] ● Sammelbecken n
gat(t) ● Gatt n
gauge, stage indicator, staff (gauge), rod gauge,
indicator gauge, water level gauge, stick gauge
[A staff graduated to indicate the elevation of a water
surface. American spelling is gage] ● (Mal)Peil m,
(Skalen)Pegel m, Lattenpegel, Pegellatte f, Flutmesser m
gauge block; gage block (US) ● Messklotz m
gauge box ● Abmesskasten m [Betonherstellung]
gauged river; gauged stream (Brit.); gaged river, gaged
stream (US) ● Strom m mit Pegelmessungen, Fluss m
mit Pegelmessungen
(gauge) elevation, (gauge) stage, (gauge) level, gauge
height (Brit.); stage; gage stage, gage elevation, gage
level, gage height (US) ● Pegel(stand) m, Pegelhöhe f,
gepegelte Wasserspiegelhöhe f, Wasserstand, Stand
gauge line; gage line (US) ● Pegellinie f
gauge reading; gage reading (US) ● Pegelablesung,
Wasserstandsbeobachtung f
gauge regulation; gage regulation (US) ●
Pegelvorschrift f
gauge sheet; gage sheet (US) ● (Schreib-)
Pegelbogen m
gauge site; gage site (US) ● Pegelstelle f
gauge station > discharge site
gauge tube; gage tube (US) ● Pegelröhre f
gauge well, float well, recorder well; gage well (US)
[‘‘Shaft’’ may be used synonymously for ‘‘well’’] ●
Pegelschacht m, Pegelbrunnen m
gauge zero (point), gage zero (point) (US) [‘‘Mark’’
may be used synonymously for ‘‘point’’] ● Pegelnull-
(punkt), PNP, Skalennull(punkt) n, (m)
gauging > discharge measurement
gauging site, discharge site, (velocity area) gauging
station, gauge station, flow measuring post, runoff
geest 589
measuring post [US spelling is ‘‘gage’’] ● (Durchfluss-)
Messstelle f, Pegel(mess)stelle, Pegel(mess)station f
[An einem Wasserlauf für Beobachtungen der
Geschwindigkeit und der Querschnittsfläche im Hinblick
auf die Zustimmung der Abflussmenge]
gauging weir (Brit.) > measurement weir
gau(l)t ● Ga(u)lt m [Ein blauer oder grüner Kalkmergel,
der in der Kreideformation den oberen Grünsand vom
unteren trennt]
Gaussian co-ordinate, transverse Mercator coordi-
nate ● transversale Mercatorkoordinate f, Gauß’sche
Koordinate, Gauß-Krüger-Koordinate
Gaussian distribution, normal distribution ● G
Gaußverteilung f
Gauss’ theorem ● Integralsatz m von Gauß,
Gauß-Integralsatz
gayet > ca(n)nel (coal)
G. C, gas chromatography ● Gas-Chromatografie f,
Gas-Chromatographie f
GCC, sand column encased by geotextiles, geotextile
coated (sand) column ● geokunststoffummantelte
Sandsäule f [Sie kommen in den Fällen zur Anwendung,
wo der Boden zu weich ist, um Schottersäulen effektiv
einzusetzen]
GDOP, geometric dilution of precision ● Maß n für die
Geometrie der Empfänger-Satelliten-Konfiguration
GDOS, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy ●
Glimmentladungsspektroskopie f
geanticlinal, geocanticlinal [Pertaining to
a geanticline] ● geantiklinal
geanticline, geoanticline, regional anticline;
geanticlinal [obsolete] [A broad uplift, generally
referring to the land mass from which sediments in
a geosyncline are derived] ● Geoantiklinale f,
Erdaufwölbung f
GEC foundation system ● GEC-Tragsystem n
[Es besteht aus gleichmäßig angeordneten Säulen aus
nichtbindigem Material, mit dem die Bauwerkslasten
auf den tragfähigen Untergrund abgesetzt werden.
Quelle: Fa. Möbius AG:]
GEC®, Geotextile Encased Column ● Säule f
mit Geokunststoffummantelung, GEC® [Fa. Möbius
AG]
gedanite, friable amber, mellow amber [See remark
under ‘‘Baltic amber’’] ● Gedanit m
gedn [Cornwall] > gad
geest [Alluvial material that is not of recent origin lying
on the surface. An example is the sandy region of the
North Sea coast in Germany] ● Geest f
590 gegenschein
gegenschein, (zodiacal) counterglow [A round, or
elongated, faint, ill-defined spot of light in the sky at
a point 180 from the sun] ● Gegenschein m
gehlenite, velardenite [A mineral of the mel(l)ilite
group, Ca2AlSiO7. It is isomorphous with akermanite]
● Gehlenit m, Velardenit
Geiger(-Müller) counter, G-M counter
Geiger-Müller-Zähler m
Geiger(-Müller) tube, G-M tube ● Geiger-Müller-
Röhre f
to gel ● gelatinieren
Gelamon ● Gelamon n [ein Standardsprengstoff]
G gelatine, gelatinous ● gelatinös
gelatin(e) cartridge, cartridge of gelatin(e), gelatinous
cartridge ● Gelatinepatrone f
gelatin(e) donarite 1 ● Gelatinedonarit 1 n;
Ammongelatine 1f [frühere Benennung]
gelatin(e) dynamite, gelatinous dynamite, straight
gelatin(e) dynamite; gelignite (Brit.) [The explosive
base is a jelly made by dissolving nitrocotton in nitroglyc-
erin(e). Some of the nitrocotton and glycerin(e) may be
replaced by ammonia nitrate. The first is known as
‘‘straight gelatin(e) dynamite’’ and the second as
‘‘ammonia gelatin(e) dynamite’’] ● Gelatinedynamit n
[veraltete Benennung]; Dynamit 1
gelatin(e) method, gelatinous method, Mac-George’s
method [borehole surveying] ● Gelatineverfahren n,
Gelatinemethode f
gelatin(e) silica, gelatinous silica
Kieselsäuregallerte f
gelatinous, gelatine ● gelatinös
gelatinous dynamite > gelatin(e) dynamite
gelantinous gel, gelantin(e) gel ● Gelatinegel n
gelantinous silica, gelantin(e) silica ● Kieselsäure-
gallerte f
gelation, congelation, freezing [The change from
a fluid to a solid state] ● Gefrieren n
gelation, congelation [The product of the change from
a fluid to a solid state] ● Gefrorenes n
gelation [The formation of a gel from a sol, as by
coagulation or by precipitation with an electrolyte] ●
Gelatinierung f
gelifraction > (con)gelifraction
gelignite (Brit.) > gelatin(e) dynamite
gelisolifluction > (con)gelifluction
gelivation > (con)gelifraction
gelivity [The sensitivity of rock to congelifraction, the
property of being readily split by frost] ● Gesteinsfrost-
empfindlichkeit f
gelling agent ● Gelbildner m
gel magnesite ● Gelmagnesit m, dichter Magnesit,
amorpher Magnesit
gel mineral, mineraloid [A naturally occurring,
inorganic material that is amorphous and is therefore
not considered to be a mineral] ● Mineraloid n
● gélosic coal > boghead coal
gel sphalerite ● Schalenblende f
geminate crystal > twin(ned) crystal
genealogical tree ● Stammbaum m
general bearing, general strike ● Generalstreichen n,
Hauptstreichen [Das durchschnittliche
Hauptstreichen eines Ganges im Gegensatz zum
Spezialstreichen]
general collapse (⚒) ● Grubengebäudeeinsturz m,
Grubengebäudezusammenbruch m
general engineering geology, general geologic(al)
engineering ● allgemeine Ingenieurgeologie f
general formula ● Allgemeinformel f
general geophysics ● allgemeine Geophysik f
general geotechnical engineering ● (allgemeine)
Bau(grund)geologie f, allgemeine Ingenieurgeologie
im Bauwesen, Ingenieurgeologie des Baugrundes,
Baugrunderkennung f [Untersuchung der Eigenschaften
und des Verhaltens geologischer Körper als Baugrund,
Ursachen und Wirkungen geodynamischer Vorgänge im
Baugrund]
general hydrology ● allgemeine Hydrologie f [Sie
● befasst sich mit den Erkenntnissen der Grundlagen-
forschung, die in der angewandten Hydrologie in die
Praxis umgesetzt werden]
generalised strains ● verallgemeinerte Dehnun-
gen f (pl)
generalised stress ● verallgemeinerter
Spannungszustand m
general(ized) geologic(al) map, geologic(al) general
(ized) map ● geologische Übersichtskarte f
general(ized) map ● Übersichtskarte f
general(ized) reciprocal method, GRM, Palmer
method [A method of interpreting seismic refraction pro-
files over irregular layers, using forward and reverse
shooting to obtain matched time-distance graphs. It is
comparable to the plus-minus method, but less restricted
in its application] ● Palmerverfahren n,
Palmermethode f
general map, reconnaissance map ● Übersichtskarte f
[Fotogrammetrie]
general mapping, reconnaissance mapping ●
Übersichtskartierung f [Fotogrammetrie]

general mineralogy ● Kristallkunde f, allgemeine
Mineralogie f
general rules [Eurocode] ● Allgemeine Regeln
general state-of-the-art ● allgemein anerkannte
Regeln f (pl) (der Technik, Baukunst usw.)
general strata inclination > mean dip(ping)
general strike, general bearing ● Generalstreichen n,
Hauptstreichen [Das durchschnittliche
Hauptstreichen eines Ganges im Gegensatz zum
Spezialstreichen]
generating area > fetch
generating celestial body ● fluterzeugendes
Gestirn n, fluterzeugender Himmelskörper m
generating globe ● Hilfskugel f [Verkleinerte
Erdkugel zur Verdeutlichung der kartografischen
Abbildung des geografischen Gradnetzes in die
Kartenebene]
generating line; generator (US); generatrix (Brit.) ●
Erzeugende f, erzeugende Linie f [Pfeiler(stau)mauer]
generation of electricity ● Elektrizitätsgewinnung f
genesis ● Genese f, Entstehung f
genesis of metallic mineral deposits ●
Metallogenese f
genesis of nonmetallic mineral deposits ● Genese f
nichtmetallischer Lagerstätten, Entstehung
nichtmetallischer Lagerstätten
genesis of rocks, rock genesis ● Felsentstehung f,
Felsgenese f
genetically related, cognate [In structural geology,
said of fractures and joints in a system that have the
same deformational type and time of origin] ● genetisch
verwandt
genetic geomorphological map [In this method of
geomorphological mapping, landforms are shown
according to their presumed origin; past and
present processes, together with the ‘‘age’’ of the land-
form, are also given] ● genetische geomorphologische
Karte f
genetic physiography, geomorphogeny [The part of
gemorphology that deals with the origin, development
and changes of the Earth’s surface features or landforms]
● Geomorphogenie f
gentle breeze [Beaufort Code Number 3. Speed is from
7 to 10 knots (8 to 12 mph)] ● schwache Brise f
gentle dip(ping), low dip(ping) ● flaches (Ein-)
Fallen n, geringes (Ein)Fallen, schwaches (Ein)Fallen
gentle highlands ● sanfte Berglandschaft f, sanfte
Höhenlandschaft
gentle rain(fall) ● Nieselregen m
geobuilding 591
gentle slope > glacis
gently rippled sea ● gekräuselte See f, Kräuselsee
gently undulating hill-type landscape ● flach-
wellighügelige Landschaft f
genuine, fast, solid ● anstehend [Gestein; Erz; Kohle]
genus ● Gattung f
geo, goe, gia, gja [Terms used in northern
Scotland for a long deep narrow coastal inlet or
cove, walled in by steep, rocky cliffs, and formed
by marine erosion of the cliffs, along a line of
weakness, especially in a well-jointed rock, as in the
Old Red Sandstone of Caithness and Orkney] ●
Kliffnische f G
geoacoustics [The study of the sounds of the Earth, e.g.
those of a volcanic eruption] ● Geoakustik f
geoanticlinal, geanticlinal [Pertaining to a geanticline]
● geantiklinal
geoanticline, geanticline, regional anticline;
geanticlinal [obsolete] [A broad uplift, generally
referring to the land mass from which sediments in
a geosyncline are derived] ● Geoantiklinale f,
Erdaufwölbung f
geoarchaeologist ● Geoarchäologe m
geoastronomy > astrogeology
f geoastronomy, geocosmology ● Geokosmologie f
geobarometer [A mineral pair the composition of
which is pressure-dependent] ● Geobarometer n
geobasin [A structure of geosynclinal type but without
folding of its sedimentary filling] ● ungefaltetes
Sedimentbecken n
geobiology [Not to be confused with ‘‘biogeology’’] ●
Geobiologie f
geobomb ● Geobombe f [Eine mit Sprengstoff
und Zeitzünder versehene Kugel die schwebend
durch masseerfüllte Karsthohlräume driftet.
Die durch die Explosion ausgelösten
Schallwellen werden an der Oberfläche mit Geofonketten
registriert]
geobotanical exploration ● geobotanische
Aufschließung f, geobotanischer Aufschluss m
geobotanical prospecting, geobotanical prospection,
geobotanical search(ing) ● geobotanische
Prospektion f, geobotanische Aufsuchung f,
geobotanische Suche f; geobotanische Bodenforschung
[Fehlbenennung]
geobotany [The study of vegetation to define geologic
(al) differences of the landscape] ● Geobotanik f
geobuilding, geoconstruction ● Geo(Ingenieur)-
Bau m [Er umfasst bohrtechnische Leistungen,
592 geocell

Sanierungserkundungen, Deponievorbereitungen, geochemical sample taking, geochemical sampling ●

Rekultivierung und Überwachung, Pegeldienst, Pegelbeo- geochemische Probe(n)nahme f, geochemisches Pro-
bachtung, Pegelsanierung, Brunnensanierung und be(n)nehmen n, geochemische Bemusterung,
Sanierung von Wasserbauwerken] geochemische Beprobung
geocell ● Geozelle f [flexible, dreidimensionale geochemical soil sample taking, geochemical soil
Wabeneinheit aus polymeren Kunststoffen zur sampling ● geochemisches Bodenprobe(n)nehmen n,
Bodenstabiliserung z. B. an Hängen] geochemische Bodenprobe(n)nahme f,
geocentric horizon [The plane passing through the geochemische Bodenbemusterung, geochemische
center of the Earth, parallel to the apparent horizon] ● Bodenbeprobung
geozentrischer Horizont m geochemical survey [The mapping of geochemical
geocentric longitude geographic(al) longitude facies] ● geochemische Fazieskartierung f
geochemical ● geochemisch geochemist ● Geochemiker m
G geochemical abundance ● geochemische Häufigkeit f geochemistry ● Geochemie f
[Element] geochemistry in mineral prospection, geochemistry
geochemical activity ● geochemische Tätigkeit f in mineral search(ing), (mineral) prospection geo-
geochemical analysis [The application of chemistry, (mineral) search(ing) geochemistry ●
chemical analysis to geological problems] ● Prospektionsgeochemie f
geochemische Analyse f geochemistry of clay, clay geochemistry ●
geochemical anomaly [A concentration of one or more Tongeochemie f
elements in rock, soil, sediment, vegetation, or water that geochemistry of earthwork, earthwork geochemistry
is markedly higher than background. The term may also ● Erdbaugeochemie f
be applied to hydrocarbon concentrations on soil] ● geochemistry of solids, solids geochemistry ●
geochemische Anomalie f Feststoffgeochemie f
geochemical assessment ● geochemischer Befund m geochronography, geologic(al) chronography ●
geochemical cycle ● geochemischer Zyklus m Geochronographie f, Erdzeitbeschreibung f,
geochemical engineering ● geochemische Technik f, geologische Zeitbeschreibung
Geochemietechnik geochronological; geochronical [obsolete] ●
geochemical environment ● geochemische Umwelt f geochronologisch
geochemical exploration ● geochemischer geochronology, geologic(al) chronology; geochrony
Aufschluss m, geochemische Aufschließung f [obsolete] [A branch of isotope geology concerned
geochemical exploration method ● geochemisches with the analytical measurement of time] ●
Aufschlussverfahren n, geochemische Aufschluss- Geochronologie f, Erdzeitlehre f, geologische
methode f, geochemisches Aufschließungsverfahren, Zeitgliederung f
geochemische Aufschließungsmethode geochronometer [A physical feature, material, or ele-
geochemical facies ● geochemische Fazies f ment whose formation, alteration or destruction can be
geochemical heritage ● geochemische Vererbung f calibrated or related to a known time interval] ●
geochemical history ● geochemische Vergangenheit f Erdzeitmesser m
geo-chemical interactions ● geochemische geochronometry, measurement of geologic(al) time,
Wechselwirkungen f (pl) geologic(al) time measurement ● Geochronometrie f,
geochemical map ● geochemische Karte f Erdzeitmessung f
geochemical mapping ● geochemische Kartierung f geo-coded processing ● Geokodierung f
geochemical prospection, geochemical search(ing), geocomposite ● Geoverbundstoff m
geochemical prospecting ● geochemische geoconstruction, geobuilding ● Geo(ingenieur)-
Prospektion f, geochemische Suche f, geochemische bau m [Er umfasst bohrtechnische Leistungen,
Aufsuchung f, geochemische Bodenforschung Sanierungserkundungen, Deponievorbereitungen,
[Fehlbenennung] Rekultivierung und Überwachung, Pegeldienst,
geochemical reconnaissance ● geochemische Pegelbeobachtung, Pegelsanierung, Brunnensanierung
Erkundung f und Sanierung von Wasserbauwerken]
geochemical sample ● geochemische Probe f geocosmology, geoastronomy ● Geokosmologie f

geocratic [Term applied by Stefanini in 1917 to land
areas, the sum of whose movements has been upward] ●
geokratisch
geocronite, Pb5SbAsS8 [A mineral composed of lead-
gray lead antimony arsenic sulfid(e)] ● Geokronit m
geocryology ● Geogefrierlehre f, Geokryologie f,
Geokältlehre, Geofrostlehre, Geoeiskunde f
Geodata Office ● Geodatenamt n
geode, potato stone ● Geode f [Sekretionsform, bei der
der Gesteinshohlraum beinahe oder ganz durch
Mineralien (z. B. Quarz, Chalzedon, Kalkspat) ausgefüllt
ist. Eine kleine Geode heißt Mandel]
geode-based, geodiferous, containing geodes ●
geodenreich, geodenhaltig, geodenenthaltend
geodepression [Haarmann’s term for a long, narrow
depression on the scale of a geosyncline, but not
necessarily filled with sediments] ● Geodepression f,
negative Oszillation f, Abschwellung f
geodesic analysis, geodetic analysis ● geodätische
Analyse f
geodesic camera, geodetic camera ● geodätische
Kamera f
geodesic interpretation, geodetic interpretation ●
geodätische Interpretation f
geodesic measurement, geodetic measurement ●
geodätische Messung f
geodesic method, geodetic method ● geodätische
Methode f
geodesic monitoring network, geodetic monitoring
network ● geodätisches Überwachungsnetz n
geodesic task, geodetic task ● geodätische Aufgabe f
geodesist ● Geodät m
geodesy ● Geodäsie f
geodetic analysis, geodesic analysis ● geodätische
Analyse f
geodetic azimuth, geodesic azimuth [The angle
between the tangent to the meridian at a given
point and the tangent to the geodesic line from
the given point to the azimuth point] ● geodätischer
Azimut m
geodetic camera, geodesic camera ● geodätische
Kamera f
geodetic control, geodesic control ● geodätische
Grundlage f
geodetic direction angle, geodesic direction angle ●
geodätischer Richtungswinkel m
geodetic displacement measurement (or: geodesic)
● geodätische Verschiebungsmessung f, geodesic dis-
placement measurement
geodetic-statistical interpretation 593
geodetic engineering, geodetic surveying, geodesic
engineering, geodesic surveying ● geodätisches
Vermessen n, geodätisches Aufnehmen
geodetic equator, geodesic equator ● geodätischer
Äquator m
geodetic height, geodesic height ● geodätische
Höhe f [Lotrechter Abstand eines Punktes innerhalb
einer Strömung von einem Bezugshorizont. Zeichen:
z. Einheit: m]
geodetic interpretation, geodesic interpretation ●
geodätische Interpretation f
geodetic leveling, geodesic leveling (US); geodetic
levelling, geodesic levelling (Brit.) ● geodätisches G
Nivellieren n
geodetic line, geodesic line ● geodätische Linie f,
Geodätische f [Die kürzeste Linie zwischen zwei Punkten
auf einer mathematisch definierten Fläche (auf einer
Kugel Großkreise)]
geodetic measurement, geodesic measurement ●
geodätische Messung f
geodetic meridian, geodesic meridian, geographic(al)
meridian [A line (ellipse) on the spheriod having the
same geodetic longitude at every point] ● geodätischer
Meridian m
geodetic method, geodesic method ● geodätische
Methode f
geodetic monitoring, geodesic monitoring ●
geodätische Überwachung f
geodetic monitoring network, geodesic monitoring
network ● geodätisches Überwachungsnetz n
geodetic movement, geodesic movement ●
Punktverschiebung f [bei geodätischen Messungen]
geodetic net(work), geodesic net(work) ●
geodätisches Netz(werk) n
geodetic fixed point field (or: geodesic) ●
geodätisches Festpunktfeld n
geodetic position, geodesic position [The latitude and
longitude of a point on the earth’s surface referred to an
adopted spheriod of reference. Geodetic positions are
determined by triangulation from an initial station
whose position has been arbitrarily adopted after
a consideration of astronomical data] ● geodätische
Lage f
geodetic research institute (or: geodesic) ●
geodätisches Forschungsinstitut n
geodetic sea level > mean sea level
geodetic-statistical interpretation, geodesic-
statistical interpretation ● geodätischstatische Inter-
pretation f
594 Geodetic Survey
Geodetic Survey, less frequent: Geodesic Survey ●
Geodätisches Amt n, Amt für Geodäsie
geodetic survey; less frequent: geodesic survey [A sur-
vey of a large area accomplished by geodetic surveying
and used for the precise location of basic points for
controlling other surveys] ● geodätische (Ver)Mes-
sung f, geodätische Aufnahme f
geodetic surveying, geodetic engineering geodesic
surveying, geodesic engineering ● geodätisches
Vermessen n, geodätisches Aufnehmen
geodetic task, geodesic task ● geodätische Aufgabe f
geodic [Of or pertaining to a geode; resembling a geode]
G ● geodisch
geodiferous > geode-based
geodynamic process ● geodynamischer Prozess f
geodynamics [It deals with the forces and processes of
the interior of the Earth] ● Geodynamik f
geoecology, environmental geology ● geographic(al) reconnaissance ● geografische
Umweltgeologie f, Geoökologie
geoeconomic map ● Geowirtschaftskarte f
geoelectrical method ● geoelektrisches Verfahren n
geoelectric direct current method, geoelectric d.c.
method ● geoelektrisches Gleichstromverfahren n,
geoelektrische Gleichstrommethode f
geoelectricity, terrestrial electricity [Electric
phenomena and properties of the earth; used in a broad
sense to include atmospheric electricity] ● Geoelektrizität f,
Erdelektrizität
geoelectrics ● Geoelektrik f
geoelectronics ● Geoelektronik f
geoenviroment, geologic(al) environment ●
Geoumwelt f, geologische Umwelt
geofabric ● Geovliesstoff m, Geovlies n
geo-fabric reinforcement ● Bewehrungslage f aus
Geokunstoffen
geogeny, geogony ● Geogenese f, Geogenie f,
Geogonie [Wissenschaft von der Entstehung der Erde]
geognosis, geognosy [The science dealing with the solid
body of the Earth as a whole, occurrences of minerals
and rocks, and the origin of these and their relations.
Often used as nearly equivalent to ‘‘geology’’] ●
Geognosie f [Von A.G. Werner (1780)], geognostische
Wissenschaft f
geographer ● Geograf m, Geografin f, Geograph m,
Geographin f
geographic(al) distribution ● geografische
Verbreitung f
geographic(al) geology ● geografische Geologie f
geographic(al) horizon, apparent horizon, local hori-
zon, visible horizon, natural horizon, sensible horizon
[The distant line along which earth and sky appear to
meet. In both popular usage and weather observing, this
is the usual conception of horizon] ● geografischer
Horizont m, örtlicher Horizont, sichtbarer Horizont,
natürlicher Horizont, Kimm(linie) f, Seehorizont
geographic(al) latitude [A general term, applying alike
to astronomic latitude and geodetic latitude] ●
geografische Breite f
geographic(al) magnitude order, order of
geographic(al) magnitude ● geografische
Größenordnung f
geographic(al) meridian, geodetic meridian [A line
(ellipse) on the spheriod having the same geodetic
longitude at every point] ● geodätischer Meridian m
geographic(al) north, true north ● geografischer
Norden m, Geografischnord n
geographic(al) pole, terrestrial pole ● Erdpol m
Erkundung f
geographic cycle > erosion cycle
geographic information system, GIS ● geografisches
Informationssystem n, GIS
geography of spatial types, space geography, spatial
geography ● typologische Geografie f
geogrid ● Geogitter n
geogrid-reinforced ● geogitterbewehrt
geogrid-reinforced bearing layer ●
geogitterbewehrte Tragschicht f
geogrid reinforcement ● Geogitterbewehrung f
geogrid sheet, geotextile mat ● Geogittermatte n
geo-hazard ● Georisiko n, geologische Naturgefahr f
geo-hazard research ● Georisikoforschung f
geohistory, geologic(al) history, Earth history ●
geologische Geschichte f, Erdgeschichte
geohydraulics ● Geohydraulik f
geohydrodynamics ● Geohydrodynamik f
geohydrologic method ● geohydrologisches
Verfahren n, geohydrologische Methode f [Durch
Erfassen der geohydrologischen Verhältnisse in einem
definierten Gebiet werden die Grundwasserströmungen
mengenmäßig ermittelt. Dazu werden für mehrere Zeiten
nach Grundwasserstand(s)messungen Grundwasser-
gleichenpläne aufgestellt. Dadurch können die Bereiche,
aus denen das Wasser den Fassungen (Brunnen)
zuströmt, insbesondere Uferfiltratanteil, abgegrenzt
werden]
geohydrology [Proposed by O.C. Meinzner
(1942) as a branch of hydrology dealing with subterra-
nean waters. See remark under ‘‘hydrology’’] ●
Geohydrologie f

geoid [The figure of the earth considered as a mean
sea-level surface extended continuously through the
continents] ● Geoid n
geoid undulation ● Geoidundulation f
geo-information ● Geoinformation f
geoisotherm(al line), isogeotherm(al line) ● Linie f
gleicher Erdtemperatur, Geoisotherme f, Isogeotherme
[Sie verbindet Orte gleicher Temperatur unter der
Erdoberfläche]
geologic(al) age ● geologisches Alter n
geologic(al) aggregate resources > geologic(al)
total resources
geologic(al) boundary ● geologische Grenze f
geologic(al) cataloguing ● geologische
Katalogisierung f
geologic(al) chronography, geochronography ●
Geochronografie f, Geochronographie f, Erdzeit-
beschreibung f, geologische Zeitbeschreibung
geologic(al) chronology > geochronology
geologic(al) climate, pal(a)eoclimate ● Paläoklima n,
geologisches Klima
geologic(al) climatology, pal(a)eoclimatology ●
Paläoklimatologie f
geologic(al) compass, geologist’s compass ●
Geologenkompass m, Handkompass, Gefügekompass,
Bergnadel f, geologischer Kompass
geologic(al) conditions, geological features, geologi-
cal surroundings, (foundation) ground conditions,
natural foundation conditions, site conditions ●
Baugrundbeschaffenheit f, Baugrundverhältnisse
f (pl), Untergrundverhältnisse f (pl), geologische
Verhältnisse f, geologische Gegebenheiten f (pl)
geologic(al) conductor ● geologischer Leiter m
[Geoelektrik]
geologic(al) correlation ● geologische Zuordnung f,
geologische Korrelation f [Korrelation gleichaltriger
Schichten verschiedener Bohrungen oder Ausstriche]
geologic(al) cross-section [A diagram showing the
arrangement of rocks in a vertical plane] ● geologischer
Querschnitt m, geologisches Querprofil n
geologic(al) cycle, tectonic cycle, orogen(et)ic cycle,
geotectonic cycle, geosynclinal cycle [A time interval
during which a mobile belt evolved into an orogenic
belt, passing through preorogenic, orogenic, and
postorogenic stages] ● gebirgsbildender Zyklus m,
gebirgsformender Zyklus, orogene(tische)r Zyklus
geological data ● geologische Grundlagen f (pl)
(erforderliche Daten für IT-Programme)
geological disturbance zone, geological fault zone ●
geologische Störzone f
geologic(al) features 595
geologic(al) elastic limit, geologic(al) yield point ●
geologische Fließgrenze f
geologic(al) engineer > engineer(ing) geologist
geologic(al) engineering, engineering geology
[The application of geological facts and principles to
engineering operations, particularly mining and civil] ●
Ingenieurgeologie f, technische Geologie [„Ingenieur-
geologie’’ wird sehr eng interpretiert, als Ausarbeitung
einer ingenieurgeologischen Begründung für Bauten, für
das Studium von Rutschungen, Muren, Erdstürzen, der
Karstungen usw.; „technische Geologie’’, hat einen
weitergefassten Sinn einschließlich der geologischen
Rolle des Menschen] G
geologic(al) engineering evaluation ●
ingenieurgeologische Beurteilung
geologic(al) engineering field work, engineering
geology field work ● ingenieurgeologische
Feldarbeiten f
geologic(al) engineering investigation ●
ingenieurgeologische Untersuchung f
geologic(al) engineering map, engineering geology
map ● ingenieurgeologische Karte f
geologic(al) environment, geoenvironment ●
Geoumwelt f, geologische Umwelt
geologic(al) erosion, normal erosion [Erosion of rocks
and soils under natural conditions and undisturbed by
human activity] ● geologische Erosion f
geologic(al) evolution ● geologischer Werdegang m
geologic(al) examination > geologic(al) survey
geologic(al)expedition ● geologische Exkursion f,
geologischer Streifzug m
geologic(al)explanation, geologic(al) legend [The
first term is preferred by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Attached to geologic(al) maps is a legend which shows
the correct sequence of formations. The oldest formation
is shown at the bottom, the youngest at the top. This
constitutes a geologic(al) column] ● geologische Tabelle f
geologic(al) factor analysis ● geologische
Faktorenanalyse f
geologic(al) fault ● Verwerfung f
geologic(al) fault zone, geological disturbance zone ●
geologische Störzone f
geologic(al) feature, geologic(al) structure, ‘‘grain’’ of
the country, structural grain [The total structual fea-
tures in an area] ● geologische Struktur f, geologischer
(Auf)Bau m
geologic(al) features, geological conditions, geologi-
cal surroundings, (foundation) ground conditions,
natural foundation conditions, site conditions ●
Baugrundbeschaffenheit f, Baugrundverhältnisse
596 geologic(al) field work
f (pl), Untergrundverhältnisse f (pl), geologische
Gegebenheiten f (pl)
geologic(al) field work ● geologische Feldarbeit f
geologic(al) forcecast(ing) ● geologische
Vorhersage f
geologic(al) formation, formation [As used in geology,
any assemblage of rocks which have some character in
common, whether of origin, age, or composition] ●
(geologische) Formation f, lithologische Einheit f
geologic(al) fracture trace, geologic(al) rupture
trace, geologic(al) linear ● geologisches Linear n,
geologische Gefügespur f, geologische Lineation f
G geologic(al) general(ized) map, general(ized)
geologic(al) map ● geologische Übersichtskarte f
geological hammer, geologist’s hammer, rock
hammer; less frequent: geologic hammer ●
Geologenhammer m, geologischer Hammer
geologic(al) history, geohistory, Earth history ●
geologische Geschichte f, Erdgeschichte
(geologic(al)) horizon [A stratigraphic(al) level or
plane; it has no thickness. The term is not a synonym of
stratum or bed] ● (geologischer) Horizont m
geologic(al) imponderables ● geologische
Unwägbarkeiten f (pl)
geologic(al) law ● geologisches Gesetz n
geologic(al) legend, geologic(al) explanation [The
first term is preferred by the U.S. Geological Survey.
Attached to geologic(al) maps is a legend which shows
the correct sequence of formations. The oldest formation
is shown at the bottom, the youngest at the top. This
constitutes a geologic(al) column] ● geologische Tabelle f
geologic(al) linear > geologic(al) fracture trace
geologic(al) location criterium ● geologisches
Standortkriterium n
geologically and mechanically difficult soil
environment ● geologischbaugrundmechanisch
schwieriges Gebiet n
geologically disposed nuclear waste(s) ● geologisch
entsorgter Atommüll m
geologic(al) map ● geologische Karte f
geologic(al) mapping ● geologische Kartierung f
geologic(al) mapping, geological survey ●
geologische Aufnahme f [Darunter wird das räumliche
Erfassen geologischer Gegebenheiten eines zu
untersuchenden Gebietes verstanden (*1)]
geologic(al) map sheet ● geologisches Kartenblatt n
geologic(al) marker ● Leithorizont m
geological mass movement ● geologische
Massenbewegung f
geological material ● geologischer Baustoff m
geologic(al) mining engineer, geotechnical engineer
in mining, mining geotechnical engineer ●
Ingenieurgeologe m im Bergbau, Bergbaugeologe
geologic(al) mining engineering > geotechnical
engineering in mining
geologic(al) oceanography > sea geology
geological orbital photography, geologic(al) satellite
photography ● geologische Satellitenfotografie f
geologic(al) ore > possible ore
geologic(al) overall resources, geologic(al) total
resources, geological aggregate resources ● geologische
Gesamtvorräte f
geologic(al) period ● geologischer Zeitraum m
geologic(al) petrology ● geologische Petrologie f
geologic(al) process ● geologischer Vorgang m
geologic(al) profile suvey(ing), geologic(al) profiling
● Schichtenprofilaufnahme f, Schichtenprofil(ver)-
messung f, geologische Profilaufnahme, geologische
Profil(ver)messung
geologic(al) province ● geologische Provinz f
geologic(al) reconnaissance ● geologische
Erkundung f
geologic(al) reconnaissance map, reconnaissance
geologic(al) map ● geologische Erkundungskarte f
geologic(al) record [The history based on inferences
from the study of the succession of stratified rocks] ●
statigrafische Aufzeichnung f
geologic(al) record gap, gap in the geologic(al)
record ● stratigrafische Unterbrechung f
geologic(al) rupture trace, geologic(al) fracture trace,
geologic(al) linear ● geologisches Linear n, geologische
Gefügespur f, geologische Lineation f
geologic(al) sample taking, geologic(al) sampling ●
geologische Probe(n)nahme f, geologische
Bemusterung f, geologische Beprobung, geologisches
Probe(n)nehmen n
geologic(al) satellite photography, geological orbital
photography ● geologische Satellitenfotografie f,
geologische Satellitenphotographie f
geologic(al) science, geoscience ● geologische Wis-
senschaft f, Geowissenschaft [Die geologischen
Wissenschaften sind auf die Lithosphäre räumlich und
zeitlich beschränkt. Ihre Aufgabe ist die Klärung der
Bildungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte der oberen festen
Erdhüllen, d.h. der Erdkruste und des oberen Mantels bis
in eine Tiefe von ungefähr 400 km. Geologische
Wissenschaften sind Geophysik, Geochemie, Mineralogie,
Petrografie, Paläontologie und Geologie]
geologic(al) section, (stratigraphic) section
[A graphic representation, made from actual observations

or inferred from other evidence, of underground geologic
(al) conditions along a given line or plane of the earth’s
crust] ● geologischer Schnitt m, statigrafischer Schnitt,
geologisches Profil n, stratigrafisches Profil
geologic(al) shelf ● Schelfstruktur f, geologisches
Schelf, ehemaliges Schelf n, geologischer Schelf m,
ehemaliger Schelf [Ein Schichttafelgebiet eines heutigen
Kontinents, im Gegensatz zu den heute meerbedeckten
Schelfen]
geologic(al) site ● geologische Lokalität f
geologic(al) stratum, rock mass, stratum [Plural:
strata] ● Gebirge n [geologischer Terminus]
geological strength index, GSI [by Hoek] ●
geologischer Festigkeitsindex m, GSI
geologic(al) structure, geologic(al) feature, ‘‘grain’’ of
the country, structural grain [The total structual fea-
tures in an area] ● geologische Struktur f, geologischer
(Auf)Bau m
geologic(al) study > geologic(al) survey
geologic(al) subaqueous mapping > geologic(al)
underwater mapping
geologic(al) succession ● Gesteinsabfolge f
geologic(al) surface mapping ● geologische
Übertagekartierung f, geologische Oberflächen-
kartierung
Geologic(al) Survey ● Geologisches Amt n,
Bodenforschungsamt, Amt für Bodenforschung
geologic(al) survey, geologic(al) examination,
geologic(al) study ● geologische Untersuchung f
geologic(al) survey, geologic(al) mapping ●
geologische Aufnahme f [Darunter wird das räumliche
Erfassen geologischer Gegebenheiten eines zu
untersuchenden Gebietes verstanden (*1)]
geologic(al) surveying ● geologische
Landesaufnahme f
geologic(al) testing [Context: The property
developer said the building underwent geological
testing when it was built about five years ago, showing
the ground to be stable] ● geologische Untersuchung
(en)
geologic(al) theory ● geologische Theorie f [Die
genaue, widerspruchsfreie Wiedergabe des Wesens der
geologischen Erscheinungen]
geologic(al) thermometer, geothermometer ●
Geothermometer n, Erdwärmemesser m
geologic(al)time ● geologische Zeit f
geologic(al) time measurement > geochronometry
geologic(al) time scale, time scale [The time relation-
ships established for the geologic(al) column] ●
geologische Zeitskala f, geologische Zeittabelle f
geology in civil engineering 597
geologic(al) total resources, gelogic(al) overall
resources, geologic(al) aggregate resources ●
geologische Gesamtvorräte f
geologic(al) underwater mapping, underwater geo-
logic(al) mapping, subaqueous geologic(al) mapping,
geologic(al) subaqueous mapping ● geologische
Unterwasserkartierung f
geologic(al) (waste) repository ● geologisches
(Abfall)Endlager n
geologic(al) yield point, geologic(al) elastic limit ●
geologische Fließgrenze f
geologician [obsolete]; geologist; rock hound [collo-
quially] [One versed in geology] ● Geologe m G
geologist’s compass, geologic(al) compass ●
Geologenkompass m, Handkompass, Gefügekompass,
Bergnadel f, geologischer Kompass
geologist’s hammer; rock hammer, geological ham-
mer; less frequent: geologic hammer ●
Geologenhammer m, geologischer Hammer
geologist’s hammer, rock hammer ●
Geologenhammer m, geologischer Hammer
geologist’s pick, rock pick ● Geo(logen)hacke f
geologist’s tool, rock tool ● Geo(logen)werkzeug n
to geologize (US); to geologise (Brit.); to discourse as
a geologist, to practice geology ● Geologenberuf
ausüben
to geologize (US); to geologise (Brit.); to make geo-
logical investigations ● geologisch untersuchen
to geologize (US); to geologise (Brit.); to study geol-
ogy ● Geologie betreiben
geology ● Geologie f; Geognosie f [veraltete
Benennung] [Die Geologie besitzt unter den geologischen
Wissenschaften (neben der Paläontologie) den stärksten
historisch-genetischen Akzent. Es ist nicht richtig, sie mit
der „Erd(krusten)geschichte’’ vollkommen zu
identifizieren, denn einer ihrer Hauptzweige, die
Allgemeine Geologie, beschäftigt sich zu einem
bestimmten Teil mit den unter gegenwärtigen
Bedingungen wirkenden Wechselbeziehungen
physikalischer, chemischer und biologischer Kräfte in
und auf der Erde unter dem Aspekt: Gegenwart gleich
Schlüssel zur Vergangenheit. Hier liegen die
Berührungspunkte mit der Geografie. Das, was als
Gliederungsprinzip für die Geowissenschaften gilt, das
Verhältnis struktursystematische/historisch-genetische
Komponente, ist unmittelbares Kennzeichen für die
innere Systematik der Einzelwissenschaft Geologie]
geology [misnomer] > earth science
geology in civil engineering > geotechnical engi-
neering in building
598 geology in dambuilding
geology in dambuilding, geology in dam construc-
tion, dambuilding geology, dam construction geology
● (Tal)Sperrenbaugeologie f
geology in mining (engineering) > geotechnical
engineering in mining
geology manual > manual of geology
geology of clay, clay geology ● Tongeologie f
geology of lakes > limnogeology
geology of mineral deposits, economic(al) geology,
mineral economics ● ökonomische Geologie f,
Wirtschaftsgeologie, Lagerstättengeologie f [Das
Verhältnis der Erkundungswissenschaft zur
G ökonomischen Geologie ist nicht ausreichend geklärt.
Das liegt vor allem daran, dass der ökonomischen
Geologie in verschiedenen Ländern keineswegs
übereinstimmende Inhalte zugeteilt werden. Am Anfang
des 20. Jahrhunderts definierten die amerikanischen
Geologen als Wissenschaftsgegenstand der ökonomischen
Geologie den Komplex der wirtschaftlich genutzten
mineralischen Rohstoffe]
geology of surficial deposits, cenology [The branch
of geology treating of the terrestrial, fluviatile and lacus-
trine deposits] ● oberirdische Lagerstättengeologie f
geomagnetic, terrestrial magnetic, earth-magnetic ●
erdmagnetisch, geomagnetisch
geomagnetic disturbance, terrestrial magnetic dis-
turbance ● erdmagnetische Störung f, geomagnetische
Störung
geomagnetic equator, terrestrial magnetic equator ●
erdmagnetischer Äquator m, geomagnetischer Äquator
geomagnetic field, terrestrial magnetic field, Earth’s
magnetic field ● Erdmagnetfeld n, erdmagnetisches
Feld, geomagnetisches Feld
geomagnetic field reversal > geomagnetic (polarity)
reversal
geomagnetic investigation, terrestrial magnetic
investigation ● erdmagnetische Untersuchung f,
geomagnetische Untersuchung
geomagnetic (polarity) epoch, polarity epoch ●
Polaritätsepoche f [Sie gründet auf paläomagnetischen
und auf k/Ar-Altersanalysen vulkanischer Gesteine]
geomagnetic (polarity) reversal, geomagnetic field
reversal, polarity reversal, field reversal, reversal [A
change in the Earth’s magnetic field between normal
polarity and reversed polarity] ● geomagnetische
Polarumkehr(ung) f
geomagnetic pole; magnetic pole [approximate syno-
nym] [A point of emergency at the Earth’s surface of the
axis of the geocentric magnetic dipole that most closely
approximates the Earth’s magnetic field] ●
geometrischer Pol m, erdmagnetischer Pol [Nicht
verwechseln mit „magnetischer Pol’’ bei dem das
erdmagnetische Feld unmittelbar senkrecht gerichtet ist]
geomagnetics, terrestrial magnetics ● Geomagnetik f,
Erdungsmagnetik
(geomagnetic) secular variation, terrestrial magnetic
secular variation [A relatively large, slow change in part
of the Earth’s magnetic field caused by the internal state
of the planet and having a form roughly to be expected
from a simple but not quite uniformly polarized sphere] ●
säkulare Variation f, Säkularvariation
geomagnetic survey, terrestrial magnetic survey ●
erdmagnetische (Ver)Messung f, erdmagnetische
Aufnahme f, geomagnetische (Ver)Messung,
geomagnetische Aufnahme
geomagnetic variation, terrestrial magnetic variation
● erdmagnetische Änderung f, geomagnetische
Änderung
geomagnetism, Earth’s magnetism, terrestrial magne-
tism [The magnetism of the Earth] ● Erdmagnetismus m,
Geomagnetismus, irdischer Magnetismus
geomaterial ● Geomaterial n, Geostoff m
geomathematics ● geologische Forschung f mit
mathematischen Methoden
geomatician ● Geomatiker m
geomechanical classification, geomechanics classifi-
cation ● geomechanische Klassifizierung f
geomechanical engineering, geomechanics ●
Geomechanik f [1928 von H. Cloos geprägte Benennung
die die an der Geotechnik beteiligten verschiedenen
naturwissenschaftlichen und ingenieurwissenschaftlichen
Disziplinen, wie z.B. Geologie, Geophysik und
Mineralogie, Mathematik und Physik sowie
Bergbauwesen und Bauwesen, mit ihren geotechnisch
relevanten Erkenntnissen, methodischen Ansätzen und
Verfahren zusammenfasst. Dabei bezeichnet
Geomechanik die Wissenschaft vom thermome-
chanischen Verhalten der Erdkruste und tektonisch
bedingten Einwirkungen. Sie hat zwei Teilbereiche:
Tektonik/Gefügekunde und Gebirgsmechanik. In der
Tektonik werden die Lagerungsformen (Bau) der
Erdkruste, ihre Ursachen und ihre Mechanik erforscht,
in der Gebirgsmechanik die Erfassung, Analyse und
Prognose der Vorgänge, die durch bergbauliche und
ingenieurbauliche Tätigkeiten bewirkt wurden,
behandelt]
geomechanics classification, geomechanical
classification ● geomechanische Klassifizierung f
geomedicine; medicinal geography [rare]; medical
geography ● Geomedizin f

geomembrane ● Geomembran(e) f
geometer > surveyor
geometric(al) adjustment ● geometrische
Angleichung f
geometrical data ● geometrische Grundlagen f (pl)
(erforderliche Daten für IT-Programme)
geometrical deformation [of a structure] ●
geometrische Veränderung f [am Bauwerk]
geometric(al) levelling (Brit.); geometric(al) leveling
(US) ● (geometrisches) Nivellieren n, (geometrisches)
Nivellement n, geometrische Höhenvermessung,
geometrisches Einwägen, Abwägen,
Höhenbestimmung f durch Nivellieren; Einwiegen,
Abwiegen [Fehlbenennungen] [Beim Nivellieren werden
die Höhenunterschiede gegen eine waagerechte
Bezugsgrade mit einem Maßstab (Nivellierlatte)
gemessen. Die wichtigsten Instrumente zum Nivellieren
sind die Setzlatte und das Nivellier(instrument) - mit
Libelle oder Kompensator - nebst Nivellierlatte]
geometric(al) optics ● geometrische Optik f,
Strahlenoptik
geometric(al) resolution ● geometrische Auflösung f
geometric(al) rock analysis ● geometrische
Gesteinsanalyse f
geometric(al) seismics ● geometrische Seismik f
geometric dilution of precision > GDOP
geometric distortion [of an image] ● geometrische
Verzerrung f [eines Bildes]
geometric modeling (US), geometric modelling
(Brit.) [of rock] ● geometrische Modellierung f
[von Fels]
geometry of faults, fault geometry ● Verwerfungs-
geometrie f
geometry of pores in soil ● Porengeometrie f des
Bodens
geometry of (the) voids ● Hohlraumgeometrie f
geomicrobiologic(al) ● geomikrobiologisch
geomineralogy ● Geomineralogie f [Als
Geomineralogie werden Teile der Gesteins- und
Lagerstättenkunde sowie die Mineral-Topografie und
Mineral-Paragenesen-Lehre zusammengefasst]
geomorphic, geomorphologic [Pertaining to geomor-
phology] ● geomorphologisch
geomorphic [Pertaining to the form of the Earth or of
its surface features, e.g. a geomorphic province] ●
geomorph
geomorphic cycle > erosion cycle
geomorphic geology, geomorphology, physiographic
(al) geology, geomorphy, morphology (of the Earth)
[The term ‘‘physiographic(al) geology’’ was previously
geo-physical advance exploration 599
used as a synonym of ‘‘physiography’’] ●
Geomorphologie f
geomorphist ● Geomorphologe m
geomorphochronology ● Geomorphochronologie f
geomorphogeny, genetic physiography [The part of
gemorphology that deals with the origin, development
and changes of the Earth’s surface features or landforms]
● Geomorphogenie f
geomorphography ● Geomorphografie f,
Geomorphographie
geomorphologic, geomorphic [Pertaining to geomor-
phology] ● geomorphologisch
geomorphological activity ● Landformung f G
geomorphological mapping ● geomorphologische
Kartierung f
geomorphologic situation ● geomorphologische
Lage f
geomorphologist ● Geomorphologe m
geomorphology > geomorphic geology
geomorphometry ● Geomorphometrie f
geomorphy > geomorphology
geomorphy > lay of (the) land
geonet ● Geonetz n
geonomy [A term variously recommended as
a synonym for geology, as the science of the dynamic
Earth, as the science concerned exclusively with the phys-
ical forces relating to the Earth, and to denote the study of
the Earth’s upper mantle. The word has not been given
broad recognition or acceptance, and the variety of
proposed definitions suggests that it should be used with
care, if at all] ● Geonomie f
geop, geopotential surface ● geopotentielle
Oberfläche f
geophone, bug, detector, pot, seismometer, jug,
geotector, tortuga, receiving sensor, pick-up
(element), seismic detector, seismic geophone; seis
[colloquial term] [Detecting device which receives
seismic impulses] ● Gefon n, Geophon n,
Aufnehmer m, Seismometer n, Tauchspulenempfänger,
Erschütterungsmesser
geophone array ● Geofonbündel, Geophonbündel n
geophone pattern ● Geofonkonfiguration f,
Geophonkonfiguration
geophone spread [In seismic work, the layout of detec-
tors to obtain information by shooting] ● Geofonanlage f,
Geophonanlage f
geophone string ● Geofonkette f, Geophonkette f
geophysical, indirect ● geophysikalisch, indirekt
geo-physical advance exploration ● geophysi-
kalische Vorauserkundung f
600 geophysical borehole measurement

geophysical borehole measurement ● geophysi- geophysical research ● geophysikalische Forschung f

kalische Bohrlochmessung f geophysical science, geophysics ● Geophysik f,
geophysical electrical method, electrical Physik der Erde, geophysikalische Wissenschaft f,
(geophysical) method ● Elektroverfahren n, physiographische Geologie f [Die Wissenschaft von den
Elektromethode f physikalischen Eigenschaften des Erdballes und von den
geophysical engineering method ● physikalischen Vorgängen, die sich im Innern, an seiner
ingenieurgeophysikalische Methode f Oberfläche und in seiner Umgebung abspielen:
geophysical electromagnetic method, Gravimetrie, Seismik, Magnetik, Elektrik usw.]
electromagnetic (geophysical) method ● geophysical search(ing) > geophysical prospection
elektromagnetisches Verfahren n, elektromagnetische geophysical surveying [The making and
Methode f interpretation of certain physical measurements with
geophysical engineering, engineering geophysics the object of furthering the study of subsurface
G [A branch of applied geophysics that applies scientific geological conditions of structure or material. Such
methods for locating mineral deposits] ● surveying is used in the mapping of ore
geophysikalische Technik f, Geophysiktechnik, deposits and oil-bearing structures and also in the
Ingenieurgeophysik f research in pure geology] ● geophysikalisches
geophysical exploration, applied geophysics [The use Untersuchen n
of geophysical techniques, e.g. electric, gravity, magnetic, geophysical technique ● geophysikalische Technik f
seismic and thermal, in the search for economically valu- [Als Anwendungsform, nicht als Wissenschaft]
able hydrocarbons, mineral deposits, or water supplies, or geophysical time series, stationary time series ●
to gather informations for engineering projects] ● geophysikalische Zeitreihe f
angewandte Geophysik f, physikalischer Aufschluss m, geophysical well(bore) logging, geophysical bore
physikalische Aufschließung f, geophysikalischer (hole) logging, geophysical coring [Most geophysical
Aufschluss m, geophysikalische Aufschließung well-logging techniques were originally developed for
geophysical exploration; less frequent: geophysical use in petroleum and mining exploration. However,
reconnaissance ● geophysikalische Erkundung f they are very applicable to geotechnical investigations
geophysical in situ test(ing) ● geophysikalischer for shafts because they provide a considerable amount of
Feldversuch m mechanical information at a relatively low cost. In
geophysical interpretation ● geophysikalische (Aus-) addition, certain geophysical survey methods have now
Deutung f, geophysikalische Auswertung, been developed specifically to obtain engineering charac-
geophysikalische Interpretation teristics of rock masses. There are several types of geo-
geophysical investigation ● geophysikalische physical well-logging techniques, including 3-D velocity,
Untersuchung f resistivity, self-potential, gamma-ray, neutron, caliper,
geophysical investigation method ● geophysi- density, temperature, and seisviewer. Each of these
kalische Untersuchungsmethode f investigate a specific property of the rock mass from
geophysical lab(oratory) furnace ● geophysi- which estimates of numerous mechanical and
kalischer Labor(atoriums)ofen m engineering rock properties can be made. All of the
geophysical log > (bore)hole log geophysical well-logging data can be correlated with
geophysical measurement ● geophysikalische laboratory test results so fewer expensive laboratory tests
Messung f are required.] ● geophysikale Formationsmessung f,
geophysical method, indirect method ● geophysikalisches Kernen n, gewerbliche Geophysik f,
geophysikalische Methode f, geophysikalisches industrielle Geophysik
Verfahren n geophysicist ● Geophysiker m
geophysical offshore work ● geophysikalische geophysics, geophysical science ● Geophysik f, Physik
Untersuchungstätigkeit f im Küstenbereich der Erde, geophysikalische Wissenschaft f,
geophysical property ● geopysikalische Eigenschaft f physiographische Geologie f [Die Wissenschaft von den
geophysical prospection, geophysical prospecting, physikalischen Eigenschaften des Erdballes und von den
geophysical search(ing) ● geophysikalische Suche f, physikalischen Vorgängen, die sich im Innern, an seiner
geophysikalische Prospektierung f, geophysikalische Oberfläche und in seiner Umgebung abspielen:
Aufsuchung, geophysikalisches Aufsuchen n Gravimetrie, Seismik, Magnetik, Elektrik usw.]

geophysics in mineral prospection > (mineral)
prospecting geophysics
geophysics in mineral search(ing) > (mineral)
prospecting geophysics
geopolymeric chemistry ● Geopolymerchemie f
geopolymeric concrete ● Geopolymerbeton m
geopotential [The potential energy of a unit mass
relative to sea level, numerically equal to the work that
would be done in lifting the unit mass from sea level to
the height at which the mass is located; commonly
expressed in terms of dynamic height or geopotential
height] ● Geopotential n
geopotential surface > geop
geopotential topography > (absolute) geopotential
topography
geopressure, overpressure ● überhydrostatischer
Druck m
geopressurized aquifer, overpressurized aquifer
[In this aquifer, the groundwater pressure exceeds
normal hydrostatic pressure of 0.465 pound per
square inch per foot of depth] ● überhydrostatischer
Grundwasserleiter m
geordie (⚒) ● Grubenmann m
to geo-reference ● georeferenzieren
georeferenced, geo-referenced ● georeferenziert
Georgian [North America] > Lower Cambrian
geoscience, earth science [All embracing terms, for
sciences related to the Earth (analogous, in educational
parlance, to ‘‘life science’’). The term earth science is
occasionally used as a synonym for ‘‘geology’’ or ‘‘geo-
logic(al) science(s)’’, but this usage is misleading because
in its wider sense earth science may be considered to
include such subjects as meteorology, physical oceanogra-
phy, soil chemistry, agronomy, hydrology, geodesy, and
geography] ● Erdwissenschaft f
geoscience, geologic(al) science ● geologische
Wissenschaft f, Geowissenschaft [Die geologischen
Wissenschaften sind auf die Lithosphäre räumlich und
zeitlich beschränkt. Ihre Aufgabe ist die Klärung der
Bildungs- und Entwicklungsgeschichte der oberen festen
Erdhüllen, d.h. der Erdkruste und des oberen Mantels bis
in eine Tiefe von ungefähr 400 km. Geologische
Wissenschaften sind Geophysik, Geochemie, Mineralogie,
Petrografie, Paläontologie und Geologie]
geoscience geology, planetary geology [A science that
applies geologic(al) principles and techniques to the study
of planets and their natural satellites. The term
‘‘planetary geology’’ is frequently used as a synonym of
astrology] ● Planetengeologie f
geoscientific ● geowissenschaftlich
geosyncline 601
geoscientific ● erdwissenschaftlich
geoscientist ● Geowissenschaftler m
geoscientist, earth scientist ● Erdwissenschaftler m
geoselenic [Relating to the Earth and the Moon] ●
bezüglich Erde und Mond
geosphere, lithosphere, solid earth ● Gesteinsrinde f,
Lithosphäre f [Erdkruste plus Erdmantel]
geosphere [Any of the spheres or layers of the Earth] ●
Geosphäre f
geosphere [The lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmo-
sphere combined] ● Geosphäre f
geostatic [1. Pertaining to earth in a quiescent condition
due to a balance of forces or pressures. 2. Having the G
quality of maintaining earth in equilibrium] ●
geostatisch
geostatic equilibrium ● geostatisches Gleichgewicht n
geostatic pressure, lithostatic pressure, overburden
pressure, rock pressure, stereostatic pressure [The ver-
tical pressure at a point in the Earth’s crust, equal to the
pressure caused by the weight of a column of the overlying
rock or soil] ● geostatischer Druck m
geostatics ● Geostatik f [Die Lehre vom Gleichgewicht
der Kräfte vor, während und nach der Herstellung eines
Hohlraumbauwerkes, z.B. eines Tunnels]
geostatic stress state [of the soil] ● geostatischer
Spannungszustand m [des Bodens]
geostratigraphic [Pertaining to worldwide
stratigraphy; e.g. ‘‘geostraticgraphic standards’’ or
‘‘geostratigraphic stage’’] ● geostratigrafisch
geostationary ● geostationär
geostatistically regionalised properties of soil ●
geostatistisch regionalisierte Bodeneigenschaften f (pl)
geostrophic force > Ferrel’s law
geosynclinal [obsolete]; geosyncline ● Geosynklin(al)e f,
Erdgroßmulde f, Erdtrog m, Senkungstrog,
Senkungswanne f, Synklinalbecken n, geologische
Großmulde, Erdeinbiegung f [Ein säkular sinkender
Sedimentationsraum]
geosynclinal [Pertaining to a geosyncline] ●
geosynklinal
geosynclinal couple > orthogeosyncline
geosynclinal cycle > tectonic cycle
geosynclinal range ● Geosynklinalkette f
geosynclinal sediment ● Geosynklinalsediment n,
Präflysch m
geosynclinal sulphid(e) deposit; geosynclinal sulfide
deposit (US) ● geosynklinale Sulfidlagerstätte f
geosyncline; geosynclinal [obsolete] ● Geosynkli-
n(al)e f, Erdgroßmulde f, Erdtrog m, Senkungstrog,
Senkungswanne f, Synklinalbecken n, geologische
602 geosynthetic
Großmulde, Erdeinbiegung f, krustaler
Senkungsgraben m [Ein säkular sinkender
Sedimentationsraum]
geosynthetic ● Geokunststoff m [Geokunststoffe sind
Bauzusatzstoffe. Darunter fallen: Geotextilien, Geogitter,
Geomembranen (Folien), Geonetze, Geocomposites]
geosynthetic barrier [to impede or block the flow of
water or oil from reaching drainage structures or water-
ways] ● geosynthetische Dichtungsbahn (DIN EN
13491)
geosynthetic clay liner ● geosynthetische
Tondichtungsbahn f
G geosynthetic mat ● Geokunststoff-Matte f
geosynthetics ● Geokunststoffe f(pl) [Oberbegriff für
Produkte bei denen zumindest ein Bestandteil aus
synthetischem oder natürlichem Polymerwerkstoff
hergestellt ist. Es kann ein Flächengebilde, ein Streifen
sein oder eine dreidimensionale Struktur aufweisen, das
bei geotechnischen Anwendungen im Bau im Kontakt mit
dem Boden oder auch anderen Baustoffen zur
Anwendung kommt. Dazu gehören Geotextilien,
Geogitter, Geonetze, Geomembranen.]
geosynthetics-reinforced, geotextile-reinforced; less
frequent: geoplastic-reinforced ● geokunststoffbewehrt
geotechnical action(s), action(s) [EN 1997-1 lists 20
different types of action which should be taken into
account in geotechnical design] ● geotechnische
Einwirkungen
geotechnical analysis ● erd- und grundbau-
technische Berechnung f
geotechnical boundary conditions ● geotechnische
Randbedingungen f (pl)
geotechnical category [see EN Code 1997-1 for fur-
ther information] ● geotechnische Kategorie f
geotechnical characterisation (Brit.) [US-spelling:
characterization] ● geotechnische Charakterisierung f
[von Gesteinen, Sedimenten]
geotechnical characteristic parameters, soil-
mechanical parameters ● bodenmechanische
Kennwerte m (pl)
geotechnical characteristics (of the soil), soil-
mechanical (or: soil mechanics) properties, soil-
mechanics parameters ● bodenmechanische
Eigenschaften f (pl)
geotechnical classification [of rocks] ● geotechnische
Klassifizierung f [der Gesteine]
geo-technical consultant ● geotechnischer Gutach-
ter m, geotechnischer Sachverständiger
geo-technical data ● geotechnische Grundlagen f (pl)
(erforderliche Daten für IT-Programme)
geotechnical design [see also Eurocode 7] ●
geotechnische Bemessung
geotechnical design parameters, geotechnical
parameters ● geotechnische Kennwerte m (pl),
geotechnische Kenngrößen [Die Eigenschaften von
Boden, Fels und Gebirge werden durch geotechnische
Kennwerte quantifiziert]
geotechnical design report, GDR [see EN 1997-1] ●
geotechnischer Entwurfsbericht m
geotechnical engineer in building, construction
geotechnical engineer, building geotechnical
engineer ● Ingenieurgeologe m im Bauwesen,
Baugeologe
geotechnical engineering ● geotechnisches
Ingenieurwesen n
geotechnical engineering [That part of civil engineer-
ing involving the interrelationship between the geological
environment and the works of man] ● Geotechnik f [Alle
technischen Maßnahmen im Bereich der Erdkruste mit
Entwurf, Planung und Ausführung dieser Maßnahmen
im Rahmen der Disziplinen Bergbau und Ingenieurbau
(Praxis) sowie Bereitstellung der dazu benötigten
wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen (Theorie). Zur
Geotechnik gehören beispielsweise im Bereich
Ingenieurbau der Erd- und Grundbau, der Tunnel-, Stol-
len-, Kavernen- und Schachtbau, der Talsperrenbau
sowie im Bereich Bergbau der Tage- und Tiefbau auf
Rohstoffe. Die dazu unmittelbar erforderlichen
wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen werden im Rahmen der
Geomechanik mit den Teilgebieten Tektonik/
Gefügekunde und Gebirgsmechanik erarbeitet]
geotechnical engineering expert, geotechnical
engineer ● Geotechniker(in) m; seltener:
Geomechaniker(in)
geotechnical engineering in building, civil
engineering geology, geology in civil engineering,
engineering geology of construction, geotechnical
engineering in construction [That part of civil engineer-
ing involving the interrelationship between the geological
environment and the works of man. It signifies studies
and designs for civil engineering works such as structure
foundations, retaining structures, slope stabilization,
tunnels, galleries, shafts, erosion control, airfield and
highway pavement support, earth and rock fill dams
and embankments whether constructed in soil or rock]
● Ingenieurgeologie f im Bauwesen, Geologie für
Bauingenieure, Baugeologie, Geotechnik f für
Bauingenieure
geotechnical engineering in mining, mining (engi-
neering) geology, book geology, geology in mining

(engineering), engineering geology of mining ●
Ingenieurgeologie f im Bergbau, Bergbaugeologie,
Geologie für Bergbauingenieure, Montangeologie,
Grubengeologie, Geotechnik f im Bergbau
geotechnical engineer in mining, mining
geotechnical engineer ● Ingenieurgeologe m im
Bergbau, Bergbaugeologe
geotechnical field investigation
Baugrunduntersuchung f im Feld
geotechnical field review, field work, field checking
● Geländebegehung f
geotechnical field test ● geotechnischer
Feldversuch m
geotechnical hazard ● geotechnisches Risiko n
geotechnical investigation, (foundation) ground
reconnaissance, ground investigation, natural
foundation reconnaissance, subsoil exploration, soil
investigation, ground investigation, site reconnais-
sance, field reconnaissance, soil reconnaissance,
subsurface exploration, subsurface reconnaissance,
(geotechnical) site investigation
Baugrunderkundung f, Baugrunduntersuchung f,
Untergrunderkundung f, Baugrundaufschluss m,
Erkundung f des Untergrunds f, geotechnische
Untersuchung f
Geotechnical investigations for civil engineering
purposes (DIN 4020) ● Geotechnische
Untersuchungen für bautechnische Zwecke (DIN
4020)
geotechnical lab(oratory) test ● geotechnischer
Laborversuch m
geotechnical(ly)-related influences ● geotechnische
Einflüsse m (pl)
geotechnical measurement ● geotechnische
Messung f
geotechnical observation of the behaviour of
a structure ● geotechnisch bedingte Überwachung f
eines Bauwerks
geotechnical parameters, geotechnical design
parameters, ground parameters, soil parameters, foun-
dation soil parameters, subsoil parameters ●
Baugrundparameter m, Baugrund-Kennwerte,
geotechnische Kennwerte m (pl), geotechnische
Kenngrößen, geotechnische Parameter m (pl) [die
Eigenschaften von Boden, Fels und Gebirge werden
durch geotechnische Kennwerte quantifiziert]
geotechnical parameter value ● Wert des
geotechnischen Parameters
geotechnical properties ● geotechnische
Eigenschaften f (pl)
geotextile 603
geotechnical reconnaissance ● geotechnische
Erkundung f
geotechnical report ● geotechnische Stellungnahme
[z.B. eines Ingenieurbüros]
(geotechnical) risk assessment, landslide hazard
assessment [where landslides are involved] ●
Risikoabschätzung f [bei geologischen
● Massenbewegungen]
(geotechnical) risk management ●
Risikomanagement n [Einsatz bei geologischen
Massenbewegungen]
(geotechnical) site investigation > geotechnical
investigation G
geotechnical testing ● geotechnisches
Versuchswesen n
geotechnical verification ● geotechnischer
Nachweis m
geotechnical works ● Erd- und Grundbau-
maßnahmen f (pl)
geotechnics (US) [This term was developed by the
● America Society of Civil Engineers in 1974 as
a replacement for ‘‘soil mechanics and foundation engi-
neering’’ to give a broader connotation to the discipline
and particularly to encompass the subject of rock
mechanics] ● Bodenmechanik f und Grundbau m
geotechnique ● Geotechnik f [Als betriebliche
Anwendung, nicht als wissenschaftliche Darstellung]
geotechnology [The application of scientific methods
and engineering techniques to the exploitation and use of
natural resources] ● Geotechnologie f
geotectonic cycle > tectonic cycle
geotectonician, tectonician ● Tektoniker m
geotectonic lake > tectonic lake
(geo)tectonics [A branch of geology dealing with the
broad architecture of the outer part of the Earth, that
means, the regional assembling of structural or
deformational features, a study of their mutual relations,
origins, and evolution. It is closely related to structural
geology, with which the distinctions are blurred, but (geo)
tectonics generally deals with larger features] ● Tektonik f,
Schicht(en)bau m
geotector > geophone
geotextile ● Geotextilie f [Aus synthetischen Fasern
hergestellte, wasserdurchlässige Vliesstoffe, Gewebe und
Verbundstoffe für den Erd- und Wasserbau. Vliesstoffe
entstehen durch die Verfestigung von Matten aus regellos
angeordneten Endllosfäden oder 3 bis 15 cm langen
Spinnfasern. Gewebe bestehen aus zwei sich rechtwinklig
kreuzenden Fadensystemen. Flächenhaft verbundene
Vliesstoffe und Gewebe heißen Verbundstoffe]
604 geotextile casing
geotextile casing ● Geokunststoffummantelung f
geotextile coated (sand) column, GCC, sand
column encased by geotextiles ● geokunststoffum-
mantelte Sandsäule f [Sie kommen in den Fällen zur
Anwendung, wo der Boden zu weich ist, um
Schottersäulen effektiv einzusetzen]
Geotextile Encased Column, GEC® ● Säule f mit
Geokunststoffummantelung, GEC® [Fa. Möbius AG]
geotextile fabric, geotextile fabric ● Dränmatte f
geotextile filter ● Geotextilienfilter m, n,
Geotextilfilter
geotextile liner ● Geotextilschlauch m, Geokunst-
G stoffschlauch m
geotextile mat, geogrid sheet ● Geotextilmatte f
geotextile-enclosed sand drain [see EN 15237] ●
geotextilumschlossener Sanddrän m
geotextile-reinforced, geosynthetics-reinforced; less
frequent: geoplastic-reinforced ● geokunststoffbewehrt
geotextile reinforcement ● Geotextilienverstärkung f
geotextile-related products ● geotextilverwandte
Produkte
geotextile sheath ● Geotextilummantelung f
geotextile wall ● Geotextilwall m, Geotextilwand f
geothermal, geothermic [Pertaining to heat within the
earth] ● geothermisch, geothermal
geothermal (bore)hole, geothermal well(bore) ●
Geothermikbohrloch n, Geothermikbohrung f
geothermal brine, hot brine ● geothermische Sole f,
geothermale Sole
geothermal brine (bore)hole, geothermal brine well
(bore) ● geothermische Laugenbohrung f,
geothermales Laugenbohrloch n, geothermale
Laugenbohrung, geothermisches Laugenbohrloch
geothermy ● Geothermie f
geothermal energy, geothermal (electric) power,
electric geothermal power [Concentration of natural
heat of the earth occurs in five recognized geological
environments: (1) hydro-thermal convection,
(2) magma, (3) hot dry rock, (4) supernormal thermal
gradient, and (5) geopressured zones] ● geothermische
Energie, Erdwämeenergie f, geothermale Energie,
Geothermik f, Geothermalenergie f
geothermal field ● geothermisches Feld n,
geothermisches Vorkommen n, Geothermiefeld,
Geothermievorkommen, Erdwärmefeld, geothermales
Feld, geothermales Vorkommen, Erdwärme-
vorkommen, Geowärmevorkommen
geothermal flux, heat flux [Geothermal heat flow per
unit time] ● Erdwärmefluss m pro Zeiteinheit
geothermal flux meter > heat flux meter
geothermal (geophysical) method ● geothermisches
Verfahren n, geothermische Methode f, geothermales
Verfahren, geothermale Methode
geothermal heat probe ● Erdwärmesonde f
geothermal map ● Erdwärmekarte f, Geowärmekarte,
geothermische Karte, geothermale Karte
geothermal mapping ● Erdwärmekartierung f,
Geowärmekartierung, geothermische Kartierung,
geothermale Kartierung
geothermal measurement ● Erdwärmemessung f,
Geowärmemessung
geothermal pool ● Heißwasserquellbecken n
geothermal potential [This term indicates in the broad
sense the thermal energy of the earth, when there is no need to
specify the different categories into which it can be subdivided
and one is referring to the resource assessment in general
terms] ● geothermisches Potential n, geothermales
Potential, Erdwärmepotential, Geowärmepotential
geothermal preliminary boring, geothermal prelim-
inary drilling ● geothermische Vorbohrung f,
geothermale Vorbohrung
geothermal prospection, geothermal search, geo-
thermal prospecting, thermal prospection, thermal
search, thermal prospecting ● geothermische
Prospektion f, geothermische Aufsuchung f,
geothermische Suche f [„Geothermal’’ kann synonym
für „geothermische’’ verwendet werden]
geothermal reconnaissance boring, geothermal
reconnaissance drilling ● geothermische
Erkundungsbohrung f, geothermale
Erkundungsbohrung
geothermal resource exploration ● Aufschließen n
eines geothermischen Außerbilanzvorrates,
Aufschließung f eines geothermischen
Außerbilanzvorrates
geothermal search > geothermal prospection
geothermal steam, natural steam ● Erddampf m,
Naturdampf
geothermal water > thermal water
geothermal well ● Geothermalbrunnen m
geothermal well(bore), geothermal (bore)hole ●
Geothermikbohrloch n, Geothermikbohrung f
geothermal well logging [Measurement of the change
in temperature of the earth by means of well logging] ●
geothermische Bohrlochmessung f, geothermale
Bohrlochmessung
geothermic, geothermal [Pertaining to heat within the
earth] ● geothermisch, geothermal

geothermics ● Geothermik f
geothermic water > thermal water
geothermometer, geologic(al) thermometer ●
Geothermometer n, Erdwärmemesser m
geothermometry ● Erdwärmemessung f
geotope ● Örtlichkeit f
geotraverse ● Geotraverse f
geotropism [Tropism resulting from gravitational
attraction] ● Geotropismus m
geotumor [An uplift of regional extent (Haarmann
1930)] ● Geotumor m; positive Oszillation f,
Aufschwellung f
German Civil Code, Code of Civil Law ● BGB
Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch n [in Germany]
German Compressed Air Regulations, Regulations
governing operations under compressed air ●
Druckluftverordnung f, Verordnung f über Arbeiten
in Druckluft [in Deutschland]
German Continental Deep Drilling Programme ●
kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm n der
Bundesrepublik Deutschland
German cut pyramid cut
German diamond [misnomer]; rock crystal ●
deutscher Diamant m [Handelsbenennung],
Bergkristall m (Quarzgruppe)
German Federal mining act, federal mining law ●
Bundesberggesetz n, BBergG n
German gallows (⚒) ● deutscher Türstock m [Siehe
Anmerkung unter „Türstock’’. Stempel und Kappe sind
verblattet]
German lapis [misnomer]; blue dyed jasper ●
deutscher Lapis m (Handelsbenennung), blaugefärbter
Jaspis (Quarzgruppe)
German National Research Centre for Earth
Sciences ● Geoforschungszentrum n, GFZ (Potsdam)
German Ocean, North Sea ● Nordsee f
German onyx, agate onyx ● Achatonyx m
germanotype tectonics, paratectonics ● Abkohlen, Abhauen n, Hauen
germanotype Tektonik f, Paratektonik [1. Blockgebirge;
2. Bruchfaltengebirge]
germanous iodide ● GeJ2 n
German recommendations for geosynthetic
reinforcements ● EBGEO, Empfehlungen für
Bewehrungen aus Geokunststoffen
German Road Research Society regulations ● TPBF
[Technische Prüfvorschriften für Boden und Feld der
Forschungsgesellschaft für das Straßenwesen]
German Society for Geotechnical Engineering ●
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik f
geyserite 605
German silver, argentan, nickel silver, Argentine plate,
copper-nickel-zinc ● Argentan n, Kupfer-Nickel-Zink n,
Neusilber n
German tinder > amadou
German (type) drilling, free-fall(ing) tool drilling ●
(Meißel)Bohren n mit Freifall, Freifall(meißel)bohren,
deutsches Bohren [1. Schwengelfreifallbohren,
2. Seilfreifallbohren]
German Urban Search and Rescue Association [in
Germany] ● Technisches Hilfswerk
gersdorffite, nickel glance ● Arsennickelglanz [frühere
Benennung], Graunickelkies m, Gersdorffit m,
Nickelglanz m, NiAsS G
Gerstner wave, trochoidal wave ● Gerstner-Welle f,
Trochoidenwelle, trochoidale Dünung f [Zylindrische
Dünung, bei der das Profil der freien Oberfläche die
Form einer Trochoide annimmt]
to get (⚒) > to produce
to get a sample of ore, to break a sample of ore ●
abstufen, abbauen einer Erzstufe
to get barren, to impoverish, to get poor ● verarmen,
vertauben, verunedeln
to get coal > to work out coal
to get completely (⚒) > to mine (out) completely
to get productive ● anlegen [Wenn eine Lagerstätte
allmählich in einem Teil ihrer Mächtigkeit führend wird]
to get selectively (⚒) > to mine (out) selectively
to get straight(ly) again ● wieder frei werden
[eingeklemmter Bohrer]
to (get) stuck, to freeze, to burn ● steckenbleiben, fest
werden, anbacken [Bohrer im Bohrloch]
gettable > extractable
getter > (coal) digger
getter, cutter loader (⚒) ● Schrämlader m, Schräm-
lademaschine f
getting > extraction
getting, hewing (⚒) ● Hauerarbeit f, Häuerarbeit,
getting barren, impoverishment, getting poor ●
Verarmung f, Vertaubung, Verunedelung
getting out (of the pit) (⚒) ● Ausfahren n
getting well > (water) getting well
GEWI pile [a composite pile] ● GEWI-Pfahl m [ein
Verbundpfahl]
geyser, gusher, pulsating spring, spouter, ebbing and
flowing spring, gush(ing) spring ● Geysir m, Geisir,
Geiser, Springquelle f, pulsende Quelle, pulsierende
Quelle, Siedequelle, Springer m
geyserite > siliceous sinter
606 ghost picture
ghost picture, ghost image ● Geisterbild n, Nebenbild,
Reflexbild, Phantombild
gia > goe
giant granite, pegmatite ● Pegmatit m
giant granite vein, pegmatite vein [As called by geol-
ogists]; giant granite lode, pegmatite lode [As called by
miners] ● Pegmatitgang m
giant halo ● Riesenhof m
giant joint ● Riesenkluft f
giant river ● Riesenstrom m
giant rock fabric > mega(petro)fabric
giant sand wave, transverse bar, plateau-like
G sandbar [A slightly submerged sand ridge that
extends more or less at right angles to the shoreline] ●
Querbarre f
giant’s cauldron, giant’s kettle, (glacial) pothole,
moulin pothole [The terms ‘‘(glacial) pothole’’ are
misleading because the feature is not produced by the
scouring action of a glacier ice, but by a stream of water
falling through a moulin, by lateral or subglacial
meltwater, or perhaps by a viscous mix(ture) of water,
ice, and rock fragments] ● Gletschertopf m, Gletscher-
trichter m, Riesenkessel m, Riesentopf
giant wave ● Riesenwelle f
Giaque-Debye method > adiabatic demagnetization
gibber [aboriginal Australian] > bowlder
Gibraltar stone [A light colo(u)red onyx marble found
at Gibraltar and elsewhere] ● Gibraltaronyx m
Gibson method ● Gibson-Messverfahren n,
Mengenmessung f mit Hilfe des Druckanstieges,
Druckanstiegmengenmessung, Gibson-Messmethode f
[Messung von Flüssigkeitsströmungen]
Gibson modulus ● Gibson-Modul m
Gibsonville emerald [misnomer]; greenish quartz ●
grünlicher Quarz m
Gigagrid ® ● Gigagrid ® [Der Verbundstoff besteht
aus einem hochfesten, dehnungsarmen Bewehrungsgitter
mit einer extrem großen Maschenweite u. einem
dehnweichen Vliesstoff, der mit der Oberseite
verbunden ist]
Gilbreth pile [A corrugated reinforced concrete pile
designed by Gilbreth] ● Gilbrethpfahl m; Gilbreth-
pilot m [Österreich]
gilded > inaurate
gilpinite, johannite [A green secondary mineral;
Cu(UO2)2(SO4)2(OH)2.6H2O] ● Johannit m, Gilpinit
gilsonite, uinta(h)ite ● Gilsonit m, Uinta(h)it
ginney, jinny, journey of trams, rake of trams, gang of
trams, journey of tubs, gang of tubs, set of tubs, rake of
tubs, set of trams, train of tubs, train of trams (⚒) ●
Rollhundzug m, (Förder)Wagenzug
ginney attendant, jinny attendant, jinny tender,
ginney tender, jinnier (⚒) ● Rollhundzugbediener m,
(Förder)Wagenzugbediener
ginney (road), jinny (road), (inclined) plane, run,
raise heading, self-acting incline, brake incline,
gravity plane, godevil plane, underground
gravity plane, (braking) incline, clook, flat inclined
plane, gradient, gravity incline, haul(age) plane,
inclined roadway, sloping plane [Loaded wagons come
down and empty wagons go up] (⚒) ● Berg m, (ein-)
fallende (Orts-)Strecke f, Bremsberg m, einfallender
Stollen m
ginney shaft, jinny shaft (⚒) ● Bremsschacht m,
saigerer Bremsberg m, seigerer Bremsberg
GIN value, Grouting Intensity Number ● GIN-
Wert m
giobertite, magnesite, MgCO3 ● Magnesit m,
Bitterspat m, Giobertit
girder grid, supporting grid ● Trägerrost m
girder lagging ● Trägerverzug m
girder pile ● Trägerpfahl m
girder set in a drill(ed) hole, girder inserted in
a (bore)hole ● Bohrträger m
girder slab formwork ● Träger-Deckenschalung f
girder (support(ing)) system, rolled section (support
(ing)) system ● Trägerverbau m, Trägerwand f,
Walzprofilverbau, Walzprofilwand
girder wall formwork ● Träger-Wandschalung f
girdle ● Rundiste m [Diamant]
girt (⚒) ● Läufer m [Rahmenzimmerung]
GIS, geographic information system ● geografisches
Informationssystem n, GIS
to give batter, to slope ● (ab)böschen
given up (⚒) > laid in
Givetian [European stage: Middle Devonian (above
Eifelian, below Frasnian)] ● Givet n
to give up (a mine) > to lay in
to give way ● nachgeben [z. B. eine Wand]
giving off, bleeding, exudation [1. Oil or gas from pore
spaces of fractures, it can be observed in drill cores. 2. Of
small amounts of water from coal or rock] ●
Ausschwitzen n, Schwitzen
giving up (⚒) > abandoning
gja > goe
G. K. formula, Ganguillet-Kutter-formula [In 1869,
two Swiss engineers, Ganguillet and Kutter, published
a formula expressing the value of C in terms of the slope
 glacial eustasy 607

S, hydraulic radius R, and the coefficient of roughness n. glacial break-off ● Gletscherabbruch m

In English units, the formula is glacial clay, (glacial) till, glacial marl, alluvial marl,
boulder clay ● Geschiebemergel m
41; 65 þ 0:00281 þ 1:811 glacial coast [A coast whose features were modelled by
C¼
s npffiffinffi
1 þ 41; 65 þ 0:00281
s R continental glaciers of the Pleistocene (Epoch), or a coast
covered by glaciers at the present time] ● vergletscherte
The coefficient n in this formula is specifically
Küste f
known as Kutter’s n] ● Ganguillet-Kutter- Formel f,
glacial delta(ic) plain ● Glazialdeltaebene f
G.K-Formel
glacial denudation, exaration, erosion by glacial ice ●
glacial ● kaltzeitlich, gletscherzeitlich, glazial,
Exaration f, Gletscherauspflügung, Schubwirkung f des
eiszeitlich [Das Wort ‚glazial’ ist in der geologischen
Eises, herauspflügende Glazialerosion,
Literatur doppeldeutig geworden. Seitdem man mehr
Eisschubwirkung, Ausschürfung [Im Lockermaterial
und mehr eiszeitliche Erscheinungen kennengelernt hat,
die nicht von Gletschern herrühren, wurde das Wort
vor der Gletscherstirn] G
glacial deposit, glacial drift, glacial debris [Terms for
glazial sowohl im Sinne von „durch Gletscher verursacht’’
drift transported by glaciers or icebergs, and
als auch mit der bloßen Bedeutung von „eiszeitlich’’ bzw.
deposited directly on land or in the sea. When deposited
„gletscherzeitlich’’ verwendet. R. Grahmann (1932) hat
on land, it is sometimes loosely called ‘‘moraine’’.
mit den Worten glazigen ¼ „unmittelbar durch Gletscher
See remark under ‘‘moraine’’] ● Glazialschutt m,
verursacht’’ und glaziär ¼ „in weiterem Sinne mit
Glazialablagerung f
Gletschern zusammenhängend’’ Ausdrücke
glacial deposition coast [A coast with partly sub-
vorgeschlagen, die eine unmissverständliche
merged moraines, drumlins, and other glacial deposits]
Unterscheidung von glazial ¼ „eiszeitlich’’ ermöglichen
● Glazialablagerungsküste f
sollen. In der Geomorphologie sind nun freilich Begriffe
glacial drainage [The system of meltwater streams
wie Glazialform und Glazialerosion so geläufig geworden
flowing from a glacier or ice sheet] ● Glazialent-
und auch so mit den internationalen Ausdrücken in
wässerung f
Übereinstimmung, dass es untunlich erscheint,
glacial epoch, drift epoch, glacial period, ice age [Any
Neuprägungen wie „Glaziärform’’ oder „Glaziärerosion’’
part of geologic(al) time, from Precambrian onward, in
einzubürgern. Soweit die Doppelbedeutung des
which the climate was notably cold in both the northern
Wortes „glazial’’ Anlass zum Missverstehen geben
and southern hemispheres, and widespread glaciers
sollte, wird es immer möglich sein, durch
moved toward the equator and covered a much larger
Umschreibungen wie „vom Gletscher geschaffen’’
total area than those of the present day, specifically the
einerseits oder „kaltzeitlich’’andererseits die Eindeutigkeit
latest of the glacial epochs, known as the Pleistocene
der Ausage zu sichern]
(Epoch). ‘‘Glacial period’’ as a synonym of ‘‘glacial
glacial > glacial (age)
epoch’’, specifically the Pleistocene (Epoch), is not strictly
glacial abrasion ● Gletscherabrasion f
correct as glacial intervals during Earth history were not
glacial action, glacial activity [All processes due to the
of the period rank, but of shorter duration] ● Eiszeit f,
agency of glacier ice, such as erosion, transportation and
Glazialzeit, Kaltzeit
deposition. The term sometimes includes the action of
glacial erosion, glacier erosion, ice erosion [Movement
meltwater streams derived from the ice] ● Gletscher-
of soil or rock from one point to another by the action of
tätigkeit f
the moving ice of a glacier] ● Gletschererosion f,
glacial advance, glacier advance, advance [The
Gletschermassentransport m, Glazialerosion,
forward and downslope movement of a glacier front] ●
Glazialmassentransport, Gletscherausnagung f,
(Gletscher)Vorrücken n, (Gletscher)Vorstoß m,
Glazialausnagung, Detersion, Erosion durch Gletscher,
(Gletscher)Vorschub m, Vorwärtsschreiten eines
Glazialerosion f
Gletschers
glacial erratic > erratic (block)
glacial (age) [A subdivision of glacial epoch, especially
glacial eustasy, glacioeustasy, glacioeustatism ●
of the Pleistocene (Epoch)] ● Eiszeitalter n
Glazialeustasie f [Meeresspiegelschwankungen durch
glacial boulder, glacial bowlder, ice boulder, ice bowl-
Bindung von Wasser in den Festlandeismassen während
der [It has been transported by a glacier] ● erratischer
der Eiszeiten]
Block m, Erratiker m
608 glacial excavation
glacial excavation > glacier excavation
glacial geology > glaciogeology
glacial (geo)tectonics ● Glazialtektonik f
glacial gravel, till [till: glacial drift consisting of
a mixture of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders] ●
Glazialkies m
glacial ice ● Glazialeis n
glacialism > glacial theory
glacialist, glacierist, glaciologist [A student of glaciol-
ogy] ● Glaziologe m
glacialist [A believer in the glacial theory] ●
Glazialtheorieanhänger m, Eiszeithypothesenanhänger
G glacial lake, glacier lake, marginal lake, ice-ponded
lake, ide-dam(med) lake [A lake held in place by the
damming of natural drainage by the edge or front of
a glacier or ice-sheet, as a lake ponded by glacier ice
advancing across a valley, or a lake occurring along the
margin of a continental ice sheet] ● Eisstausee m,
Gletschersee m
glacial lake outburst flood ● Gletscherseeausbruch m
glacial landscape, glacier landscape
Gletscherlandschaft f
glacial lobe, glacier lobe ● Gletscherzunge f
glacial mapping, glacier mapping
Gletscherkartierung f
glacial marl, alluvial marl, boulder clay, glacial clay,
(glacial) till ● Geschiebemergel m
glacial maximum > glaciation limit
glacial meltwater, glacier meltwater ● Gletscher-
schmelzwasser n
glacial milk, glacier milk ● Gletschermilch f,
Gletschertrübe f
glacial mill, glacier mill, glacier pothole, glacial pot-
hole, glacial well, glacier well, pothole; moulin [French]
● Gletschermühle f
glacial minimum [The time or position of the greatest
retreat of a glacier] ● Gletscherrückzuggrenze f
glacial morphology ● Glazialmorphologie f
glacial mountainous area ● glaziales Gebirgsgebiet n
glacial (out)wash > (out)wash
glacial (over)burden ● glazialer Abraum m
glacial over-deepening ● glaziale Übertiefung f
glacial period > glacial epoch
glacial plain [It is formed by the action of the glacier ice]
● Glazialebene f
(glacial) plucking > (glacial) quarrying
glacial polish [A smoothed surface produced on bedrock
by glacial abrasion] ● Gletscherschliff m
glacial pothole > glacial mill
(glacial) quarrying, (glacial) plucking [The acquisition
of parts of the bedrock by a glacier when water enters
cracks in the rock and subsequently freezes with resulting
detachment of rock fragments as the ice moves forward] ●
splitternde Gletschererosion f, Detraktion [Früher auch
„Exaration’’ genannt. Heute wird „Exaration’’ in einem
anderen Sinne verwandt und nicht mehr der
Glazialerosion zugerechnet]
glacial retreat, glacier retreat, glacial recession, glacier
recession [A condition occurring when backward melting
at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding
forward motion] ● Gletscherrückgang m,
Gletscherrückzug m
glacial sands ● glaziale Sande m (pl)
glacial scratch, glacial stria, glacial striation, drift
scratch [One of a series of long, delicate, finely cut,
commonly straight and parallel furrows or lines inscribed
on a bedrock surface by the rasping and rubbing of rock
fragments embedded at the base of a moving glacier, and
usually oriented in the direction of ice movement; also
● formed on the rock fragments transported by the ice] ●
Gletscherkratzer m, Gletscherritz m,
Gletscherschramme f
● glacial sheet ● Festlandeisdecke f
glacial soil > iceborne soil
glacial stream, glacier stream ● Gletscherbach m [Das
aus dem Gletscher austretende Schmelzwasser]
glacial stria, glacial scratch, glacial striation, drift
scratch [One of a series of long, delicate, finely cut,
commonly straight and parallel furrows or lines inscribed
on a bedrock surface by the rasping and rubbing of rock
fragments embedded at the base of a moving glacier, and
usually oriented in the direction of ice movement; also
formed on the rock fragments transported by the ice] ●
Gletscherkratzer m, Gletscherritz m, Gletscher-
schramme f
glacial tectonics > glacier tectonics
glacial terrace, glacier terrace ● Glazialterrasse f
glacial terrain ● eiszeitlich geformtes Gelände n,
eiszeitlich gebildetes Gelände
glacial theory, glacier theory, glacialism [In theory,
first proposed about 1840 and now universally accepted,
that the drift was deposited through the agency of glaciers
and ice sheets moving slowly from higher to lower lati-
tudes during the Pleistocene (Epoch)] ● Eiszeithypothese f,
Glazialtheorie f
glacial threshold, glacier threshold ● Riegel m
glacial till, till, glacial marl, alluvial marl, boulder clay,
glacial clay ● Geschiebemergel m, Moränenschutt m

glacial valley; combe [This term is used in England
and Southern Scotland. A U-shaped, steep sided
valley showing signs of glacial erosion; a glaciated
valley, or one that has been modified by a glacier] ●
Gletschertal n
to glaciate ● vergletschern
glaciated ● vergletschert
glaciated area, glacier area ● Gletschergebiet n
glaciated knob > sheep(back) rock
glaciation [Meteorology. The transformation of cloud
particles from waterdrops to ice crystals, as in the upper
portion of a cumulonimbus cloud] ● Vereisung f
glaciation [The action of a glacier or ice-sheet on the
rocks over which it has passed or still passes] ●
Eiswirkung f
glaciation [The alteration of any part of the Earth’s
surface in consequence of glacier ice passing over it] ●
Gletscherwirkung f
glaciation limit, glacial maximum [The time or posi-
tion of the greatest advance of a glacier or of glaciers (such
as the greatest extent of Pleistocene glaciation)] ●
(Gletscher)Vorschubgrenze f, (Gletscher-)
Vorstoßgrenze
glacier [colloquial in Alaska] > flood icing
glacier; ice stream [popular term] ● Gletscher m;
Ferner m [Tirol]; Kees m [Salzburg und Kärnten]
glacier advance, glacial advance, advance [A time
interval marked by an advance or general expansion of
a glacier] ● (Gletscher)Vorschubzeitspanne f
glacier advance, advance, glacial advance [The for-
ward and downslope movement of a glacier front] ●
(Gletscher)Vorrücken n, (Gletscher)Vorstoß m,
(Gletscher)Vorschub m, Vorwärtsschreiten n eines
Gletschers
glacier area, glaciated area ● Gletschergebiet n
glacier bed [The surface under a glacier] ● Gletscher-
unterlage f
glacier berg > (ice)berg
glacier breakage, glacier fall ● Gletscherbruch m
glacier bulb > expanded foot
glacier burst > glacier flood
glacier cap [nonpreferred synonym] > ice cap
glacier cave; ice cave [nonrecommanded usage] ●
Gletscherhöhle f
glacier cone, débris cone, debris mound, glacier
mound [A cone or mound of ice or snow on a glacier,
covered with a veneer of débris thick enough to protect the
underlying material from the ablation that has lowered
the surrounding] ● Gletscherkegel m
glacierist 609
glacier-covered [Said of a land surface overlain by
glacier ice at the present time] ● gletscherbedeckt
glacier debris, glacier drift, glacier deposit ●
Gletscherschutt m
glacier deposit ● Gletscherablagerung f
glacier drainage [The flow system of glacier ice] ●
Gletscherentwässerung f
glacière [French]; ice glen, ice cave, freezing cavern, ice
grotto [Cave in which ice forms and persists through
most of the year] ● Eishöhle f
glacier erosion, glacial erosion, ice erosion [Movement
of soil or rock from one point to another by the action of
the moving ice of a glacier] ● Gletschererosion f, G
Gletschermassentransport m, Glazialerosion,
Glazialmassentransport, Gletscherausnagung f,
Glazialausnagung, Detersion, Erosion durch Gletscher
glacier excavation, glacial excavation ●
Gletscheraushub m
glacier fall, glacier breakage ● Gletscherbruch m
glacier(-filled) valley ● Gletschertal n
glacier flood, glacier outburst flood, outburst, glacier
burst; jökulhlaup [Icelandic term] ● Gletscherflut f
glacier flow, glacier movement, gravitation(al) flow,
[Movement of glacier ice as a result of the inclination of
the slope on which the glacier rests] ● Gletscherfließen n,
Gletscherbewegung f
glacier fluctuation ● Gletscherschwankung f
glacier funnel [A superficial hollow in a glacier arising
from the subsidence of the ice above a glacier cavern] ●
Gletschertrichter m
glacier gallery; glacier tunnel (US) ●
Gletscherstollen m
glacier garden ● Gletschergarten m
glacier gathering zone ● Gletschersammelbecken n
glacier gauge, glacier totalizer; glacier gage (US) ●
Gletschertotalisator m
glacier gorge ● Gletscherschlucht f
glacier ice ● Gletschereis n
glacier (ice)berg [A greenish, irregularly shaped
(ice)berg consisting of ice detached from a
coastal glacier, typically found in the Arctic] ●
Gletschereisberg m
glacier ice cover [The extent of glacier ice on a land
surface at the present time, with special reference to its
thickness] ● Gletschereisdecke f
(glacier) ice pedestal, ice pillar, pedestal, ice column,
serac; sérac [French] ● (Gletscher)Eisstiel m
glacierist, glacialist, glaciologist [A student of
glaciology] ● Glaziologe m
610 glacierization
glacierization, conversion into glacier ● glacier surge, surge, catastrophic advance [The period
Vergletscherung f
glacierization energy, activity index, energy of
glacierization, glacierization index, index of
glacierization ● Vergletscherungsindex m
glacierized > ice covered
glacier lake, glacial lake, marginal lake, ice-ponded
lake, ice-dam(med) lake [A lake held in place by the
damming of natural drainage by the edge or front of
a glacier or ice-sheet, as a lake ponded by glacier ice
advancing across a valley, or a lake occurring along the
margin of a continental ice sheet] ● Eisstausee m
G glacier landscape, glacial landscape ● Gletscher-
landschaft f
glacier mapping, glacial mapping ● Gletscher-
kartierung f
glacier meltwater > (out)wash
glacier milk, glacial milk ● Gletschermilch f,
Gletschertrübe f
glacier mill, glacial mill, glacier pothole, glacial pot-
hole, glacial well, glacier well, pothole; moulin [French]
● Gletschermühle f
glacier mound > glacier cone
glacier mouth ● Gletschertor n
glacier movement, glacier flow ● glacier well > glacier mill
Gletscherbewegung f
glacier outburst flood, glacier flood, outburst, glacier
burst; jökulhlaup [Icelandic term] ● Gletscherflut f
glacier path ● Gletscherlauf m, Gletscherweg m
glacier physics ● Gletscherphysik f
glacier pothole > glacier mill
glacier retreat, glacial retreat, glacial recession, glacier
recession [A condition occurring when backward melting
at the front of a glacier takes place at a rate exceeding
forward motion] ● Gletscherrückgang m,
Gletscherrückzug m
glacier sand plain ● Gletschersandebene f
glacier shrinkage ● Gletscherschwund m
glacier sliding, glacier slide, glacier slip(page) ●
Gletscher(ab)gleiten n, Gletscher(ab)gleitung f,
Gletscherschlipf m
glacier snout, glacier’s snout, snout, glacier terminus,
glacier’s terminus, terminus, terminal face, ice front ●
Gletscherende n, (Gletscher)Schnauze
glacier snow ● Gletscherschnee m
glacier spring ● Gletscherquelle f
glacier‘s snout > glacier snout
glacier stream, glacial stream ● Gletscherbach m [Das
aus dem Gletscher austretende Schmelzwasser]
of very rapid flow of a surging glacier; also, the
displacement or advance of ice resulting from the very
rapid flow] ● Gletscherwoge f, katastrophaler
Gletschervorstoß m
glacier table [A block of stone supported on a pedestal of
ice on the surface of a glacier, the stone serving to protect
the pedestal from melting] ● Gletschertisch m
glacier tectonics, glacial tectonics ● Glazialtektonik f,
Eistektonik, glaziale Tektonik
glacier terminus, glacier’s terminus, glacier snout,
glacier’s snout ● Gletscherende n
glacier theory > glacial theory
glacier threshold, glacial threshold ● Riegel m
glacier tongue, tongue; ice tongue [nonpreferred syn-
onym] ● (Gletscher)Zunge f
glacier totalizer, glacier gauge; glacier gage (US) ●
Gletschertotalisator m
glacier treatment plant ● gletschergespeistes
Wasserwerk n
glacier tunnel (US); glacier gallery ●
Gletscherstollen m
glacier variation ● Gletscherveränderung f
glacier wastage > ablation
glacification [Covering of an area by ice in the form of
glaciers, ice-sheets, or floating ice] ● Eisbedeckung f
glacification [The action of converting into ice] ●
Eisumbildung f
glacioaqueous, aqueoglacial, glaciofluvial,
fluvioglacial [Pertaining to or resulting from the com-
bined action of ice and water. The term ‘‘glaciofluvial’’ is
preferred in the U.S., since logically the glac- precedes the
‘‘fluv-’’] ● fluvioglazial, glaziofluvial, aqueoglazial
glacioeustasy, glacial eustasy, glacioeustatism ●
Glazialeustasie f [Meeresspiegelschwankungen durch
Bindung von Wasser in den Festlandeismassen während
der Eiszeiten]
glaciogen(et)ic ● eiszeitlich
glaciogeology, glacial geology [1. The study of the
geologic(al) features and effects resulting from the erosion
and deposition caused by glaciers and ice sheets. 2. The
features of a region that has undergone glaciation] ●
Glazialgeologie f
glaciokarst alpine karst
glaciolimaic ● glaziolimaisch
glaciologist > glacialist
glaciology [The study of ice and ice action in all their
forms] ● Eiskunde f

glaciometer [An instrument for the measurement of
glacial motion] ● Gletscheruhr f
glacionival ● glazial-nival
glaciotectonic, cryotectonic [Said of complicated and
deranged features and deposits found at glacier borders,
of and consisting material that has been overturned,
inverted, folded, and transported by the shoving action
of glaciers] ● kryotektonisch
glacis, flat slope, mild slope, gentle slope, gently
inclined slope ● Rücken m, Flachböschung f, mäßig
geneigte Böschung
glance [A term used to describe various minerals with
a resplendent luster, such as silver glance and lead glance]
● Glanz m
glance pitch [A black asphaltite with a black streak
and brilliant conchoidal fracture; appears to be
intermediate between the native asphalts and grahamite]
● Glanzpech n
glancing angle [Angle under which monochromatic x-
rays are reflected by a crystal] ● Glanzwinkel m
gland ● Brillenwand f [Beim Pilotrohrverfahren bei
hohem Grundwasserstand]
glare ● Überstrahlung f [In einem optischen System]
glaserite > arkanite
glass [An amorphous product of the rapid cooling of
magma. It may constitute the whole rock (e.g. obsidian)
or only part of a groundmass] ● Glas n
glass-bead-silica determination ● Kieselsäuregehalt-
bestimmung f durch Glaskügelchen [Diese Kügelchen
werden aus dem Untersuchungsmaterial hergestellt]
glass container, bottle bank ● Glascontainer m
(glass) culture tube > acid(-dip) bottle
glass schorl, axinite, after schorl, vitreous obsidian ●
Axinit m, Afterschörl m, violetter Schörl, blätt(e)riger
Schörl, glasiger Schörl, Thum(er)stein m, Thumit m,
Thum(er)schiefer m, Glasschörl, Glasstein
glass tube, bubble (tube) [The circular or slightly
curved glass tube containing the liquid and bubble in
a spirit level and mounted with the bend convex upward]
● Glasröhre f, Libelle f, Röhrenlibelle
glassy, hyaline, vitreous [Said of the texture of certain
extrusive igneous rocks which is similar to that of broken
glass or quartz and developed as a result of rapid cooling
of the lava, without distinct crystallization. Also, said of
any of the other properties of a volcanic rock that resemble
those of glass, such as hardness, lustre, or composition] ●
glasig, gläsern
glassy fel(d)spar, sanidine, rhyacolite [An alkali fel(d)
spar mineral occurring in clear glassy crystals embedded
glaucophane 611
in unaltered acid volcanic rocks] ● Sanidin m, glasiger
Feldspat, empyrodoxer Feldspat m, KAlSi3O8
glassy lava > vitreous lava
glassy porphyry > vitrophyre
glassy rock, vitreous rock [Glassy rocks are the most
evident results of cooling from fusion. They are almost
always acidic and are represented by the rhyolites and
dacites. More basic varieties are known, but are less
frequent. Commonest glasses are the obsidans, black,
red and brown, with 0.5 to 1% water. They may be
assumed to be quickly-chilled rhyolites or dacites. Pumice
is an excessively cellular obsidian. A rarer glass, which
chills into an aggregate of shot-like spheroids, is pe(a)rlite G
or pearlstone, usually containing 2 to 4% water. The last
glass deserving mention is the rare, resinous variety called
pitchstone, having 5 to 10% water and is more easily
fusible with blowpipe than the others] ● glasiges Gestein n,
glasiger Fels m
glassy stone ● Stein m mit grauen und dunklen
Kanten [Edelsteinhandel]
glassy texture ● glasige Struktur f
glauberite, Na2Ca(SO4)2 [A brittle, gray-yellow mono-
clinic mineral having vitreous luster and saline taste] ●
Glauberit m, Brongniartin m
Glauber(’s) salt, mirabilite ● Glaubersalz n
glaucochroite [A bluish-green mineral that is related to
monticellite, is composed of calcium manganese silicate,
and occurs in prismatic crystals] ● Glaukochroit m,
CaMnSiO4
glauconite [A green mineral closely related to the micas
and essentially a hydrous silicate of iron and potassium.
Commonly occurs in sedimentary rocks of marine origin.
Also used as a name for a rock of high glauconite content]
● Glaukonit m
glauconite clay ● Glaukonitton m
glauconite shale ● Glaukonitschiefer m
glauconitic sandstone [A sandstone consisting of green
sand that is often little or not at all cemented, having
a greenish colo(u)r when unweathered but an orange or
yellow colo(u)r when weathered, and forming prominent
deposits in Cretaceous and Eocene beds] ● Glaukonit-
sandstein m
glauconi(ti)zation [The submarine metamorphic
process, taking place under anaerobic or
reducing conditions whereby various minerals are
altered to glauconite] ● Glaukonitisierung f,
Glaukonitbildung
glaucophane [Essentially Na(Al,Fe)(SiO3)2 with
(Mg, Fe)SiO3 in varying proportions. A grayish
612 glaucophane rock
blue prismatic or fibrous mineral occurring only in
metamorphic rocks] ● Glaukophan m
glaucophane rock ● Glaukophangestein n
glaucophane schist ● Glaukophanschiefer m
glaze, glaze ice, glazed frost, freezing rain; verglas
[French] ● Glatteis n
glazed back; leip, lipe, lype [Scotland] (⚒) ●
Schmierkluft f, glatte Ablösung f
glazier ● Glaser(in)
glazing, enamel ● Glasur f
GLCF, Global Land Cover Facility ● GLCF f [die Global
Land Cover Facility der Universität Maryland, U.S.A.
G hält Daten von NOAA, MODIS; Landsat, ASTER,
SRTM und weitere bereit]
gley (horizon), glei (horizon) ● Gley(horizont) m
gleyic vertisol, gleiic vertisol ● Vertisolgley m
gley-podsolic soil, gley-podzolic soil, glei-podzolic
soil, glei-podsolic soil ● Gleypodsol m, Gleipodsol
[Frosterus 1912], gley-podsoliger Boden m, glei-
podsoliger Boden [J. Wityn 1911], Pakitiboden [Rigg
1919], podsoliger Gleyboden, podsoliger Gleiboden
gley (soil), glei (soil) [Soil developed under conditions of
poor drainage, resulting in reduction of iron and other
elements and in grey colours and mottle] ● Gley m,
Bruchboden m, Wiesenboden, mineralischer
Nassboden, Grundwasserboden, Glei
gleyzation, gleization, gleying ● Vergleiung f,
Vergleyung [Die Ausfällung von Stoffen im Bodenprofil
durch das Grundwasser]
glide > slip
glide fold > slip fold
to glide off, to slip, to glide down (⚒) ● abrutschen,
absitzen
glide reflection, glide plane, glide reflexion, gliding
plane, slip plane, translation(al) plane [A symmetry
element in a crystal that relates parts on opposite sides
by reflection plus translation parallel to the plane] ●
Gleitspiegelebene f, Gleitspiegelung f
glide twin > strain twin
glide velocity ● Gleitgeschwindigkeit f [z. B. in der
Schneedecke]
gliding > slip
gliding tectonics, gravity tectonics, gravitation(al)
tectonics ● Schweretektonik f, Schwerkrafttektonik,
Gravitationstektonik, gravitative Tektonik
glimmer [German term] > mica
glist [Cornwall]; lepidomelane, iron mica [A black
variety of biotite that is characterized by the presence of
large amounts of ferric iron] ● Lepidomelan m,
Eisenglimmer m
glistening; medium luster, (bright) diffuse luster
(US); medium lustre, (bright) diffuse lustre ●
Mittelglanz m
glitter > scree
gloap [Scottish] > blow(hole)
global approach ● übergreifende Betrachtungsweise f
global change ● globale Umweltkrise f
global climate ● Erdklima n, Weltklima
global climate change ● globaler Klimawechsel m
global climate change, greenhouse(warming) effect
● Treibhauswirkung f
global database, blackboard ● globale Datenbasis f
global foundation ● Gesamtgründung f
global heat flow map, world heat flow map ● globale
Wärmestromkarte f
Global Land Cover Facility, GLCF ● GLCF f [die
Global Land Cover Facility der Universität Maryland,
U.S.A. hält Daten von NOAA, MODIS; Landsat,
ASTER, SRTM und weitere bereit]
global positioning system, GPS ● satellitengestütztes
Navigationsverfahren n
global radiation ● Globalstrahlung f
[Sonnenstrahlung plus diffuse Himmelsstrahlung]
global safety margin ● globales Sicherheitsniveau n
global warming ● Erderwärmung f, globale
Erwärmung
globe cartography, globe making ● Globuskar-
tografie f, Globuskartographie f
globe lightning, ball lightning ● Kugelblitz m
globigerina marl ● Globigerinenmergel m
globigerina ooze ● Globigerinenschlick m
globular, spherulitic, sphaerolitic [Relating to the tex-
ture of a rock composed of numerous spherulites] ●
globular, sphärolitisch, kugelförmig, kugelig
globular jointing, ball jointing, spherical jointing ●
kugelige Kluftbildung f, kugelige Klüftung
globular pe(a)rlite, granular pe(a)rlite ● körniger
Perlit m
globular plate bearing, calotte shell ● Kugelkalotte f
[für Verankerungen]
globular projection > transverse azimuthal
projection
globular structure, spherulitic structure, sphaerolitic
structure [Quartz and feldspar crystals forming minute
globules of crystallization and radiating from a central
point, sometimes displayed by rhyolite] ●
Sphärolittextur f, radialstrahlige Textur
globulite [A spherical crystallite commonly found in
volcanic glass] ● Globulit m
glockerite > pittizite

Gloetzl pressure cell [It consits of a flatjack connected
to a pneumatic or hydraulic transducer which in turn is
connected by twin flexible plastic tubes to a terminal
panel or gauge house] ● Druck(mess)dose f nach
Gloetzl, Gloetzl-Druck(mess)dose
GLONASS [Global Navigation Satellite System:
A satellite system for positioning and navigation, devel-
oped by Russia] ● GLONASS [ein Satellitensystem für
die Positionsbestimmung und Navigation; eine russische
Entwicklung]
gloomy weather ● trübes Wetter n
glory hole, mill (hole), funnel(-shape(d)) excavation
● Trichter(schurre) m, (f), Sturzrolle f
glory hole mining, milling (system), chute system,
mill (hole) mining, glory hole system, mill(hole) sys-
tem [American method of open-cut mining of thick
deposits in which the broken ore is removed by dropping
it into a shaft (¼glory hole or mill hole). ‘‘Working’’ may
synonymously be used for ‘‘mining’’] ● Trichterbau m
über Tage, übertägiger Trichterbau, Übertagetrich-
terbau
glory hole spillway (US) > circular drop inlet spillway
glossy sandstone ● Glanzsandstein m
gloup [Scottish] > blow(hole)
glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy,
GDOS ● Glimmentladungsspektroskopie f
glowing, incandescent [Of an ash flow, nuée ardente, or
any pyroclastic matter] ● glühend
glowing avalanche > ash flow
glowing avalanche deposit ● Glutwolkenabsatz m,
Glutwolkenablagerung f
glowing cloud, Peléean Cloud, fiery cloud; nuée
ardente [French] ● Glutwolke f
gluing cartridge ● Kleb(e)patrone f
glut [A short piece of timber placed between bracing and
a pile as a filler] ● Holzfüller m, Holzfüllstück n
glycol, dihydric alcohol ● Glykol n
glyptics ● Glyptik f, (Edel)Steinschneidekunst f, (Edel-)
steingravur f
glyptolith, ventifact, wind-cut stone, wind-worn
stone, wind-polished stone, wind-grooved stone,
wind-scoured stone, wind-shaped stone, windkanter,
(wind-)facet(ted) pebble, (wind-)facet(ted) stone ●
Windschliff m, Windkanter m
G-M counter, Geiger(-Müller) counter ● Geiger-
Müller-Zähler m
G-M tube, Geiger(-Müller) tube ● Geiger-Müller-
Röhre f
gneiss [a laminated or foliated metamorphic rock, gen-
erally made up of feldspar, quartz and mica, some of
goaf(f) scour(ing) (for face development) 613
which may also be rich in hornblende or mica.] ●
Gneis m
gneiss dome ● Gneisskuppel f
gneissic granite ● Gneisgranit m
gneissic granulite ● Gneisgranulit m
gneiss(ic rock) ● Gneis(gestein) m, (n)
gneissification ● Vergneisung f
gneisso-clastic texture ● Mylonit-Gneis-Struktur f
gneissoid, gneisslike [A structure or texture that is the
result of non-metamorphic processes, e.g. viscous mag-
matic flow forming a gneissoid granite] ● gneisähnlich,
gneisig
gneissoid granite, gneisslike granite ● gneisähnlicher G
Granit, gneissiger Granit
gneissose [Said of a rock, or of its structure, that resem-
bles gneiss but that is not the result of metamorphic
processes] ● gneisähnlich
gneissose [Said of a rock whose structure is composite,
having alternating schistose and granulöse bands and
lenses which differ in mineral composition and texture]
● gneisig
gneissosity, gneissose structure, gneissic structure,
gneissic lineation, gneissic banding [In a metamorphic
rock, commonly gneiss, the coarse lineation or banding of
the constituent minerals into alternating silicic and mafic
layers] ● Gneisbänderung f
gnomonic projection, central projection, great-circle
projection [A perspective azimuthal map projection
(of a part of a hemisphere) on a plane tangent to the
surface of the sphere, having the point of projection at the
centre of the sphere. All straight lines on the tangent plane
represent arcs of great circles on the Earth’s surface; all
great circles appear as straight lines. The point of tan-
gency may be at a pole, on the equator, or at any point in
between (oblique gnomonic projection). It is used in
conjunction with the Mercator projection, to plot
great-circle courses in navigation] ● gnomonische
Projektion f, Zentralprojektion, zentrale Projektion
gnomonic projection [A projection used in optical
mineralogy to plot data obtained by measurements of
crystals with a two-circle goniometer, characterized by
a plane of projection that is tangent to the north pole of
the sphere, with the pole of the faces parallel to the
vertical axis of the sphere lying at infinity] ●
gnomonische Projektion f
to go (⚒) ● fallen
goaf > gob
goaf(f )ing > goaf
goaf(f) scour(ing) (for face development), goaf(f)
heading, goaf(f) road (⚒) ● Strecke f durch den Alten
614 goaf(f) side
Mann, Basisstrecke im Alten Mann, Versatzstrecke,
Strecke im Versatz
goaf(f) side (⚒) ● Steinseite f, Versatzseite [Dem
Versatz zugekehrte Seite]
goal-driven strategy, backward chaining ● deduktive
Strategie f [Geoinformationssystem; Landinforma-
tionssystem. Künstliche Intelligenz. Diese Strategie
kommt durch Zerlegung von Problemen in Teilprobleme
zum Ziel]
gob, ancient working, old working, mined-out work-
ing, waste material, collapsed roof material, mined-out
room, mined-out area, goaf, guag; condie, cundy [Scot-
G land]; leavies [Cornwall]; waste area [literary]; gob area
(⚒) ● Alte m, Alter Mann, Alter Bau [Verlassener,
abgesperrter, versetzter oder zu Bruch geworfener
Grubenbau oder -raum]
gob area > gob
gobbin ● Kohlengrus m
gobbing (up) > stowing
to go below, to go down, to go underground (⚒) ●
anfahren, hinabfahren; einfahren [Kontext: 129 Kumpel
sind um 14 Uhr mit dem Förderkorb in den Schacht
eingefahren]
to go beyond one’s ground (⚒) ● forttragen [Feld]
gob fire, breeding fire [South Staffordshire, England]
(⚒) ● Brand m im Alten Mann, Feuer n im Alten
Mann, Brand im Alten Bau, Feuer im Alten Bau
gob road (⚒) ● Versatzstrecke f
(gob) stink; gob odour (Brit.); gob odor (US) ●
brenzliger Geruch m; brenzlicher Geruch [Österreich]
gobstuff getting place (⚒) ● Berg(e)mühle f [Ein zur
Gewinnung von Bergen zu Bergeversatz so vorgerichteter
unterirdischer Raum, dass das ungestützte Gestein
von selbst hereinbricht und nur weggefördert werden
muss]
go-devil, pig, bullet ● Rohr(leitungs)molch m, Molch,
Leitungsmolch
go-devil ● Fallgewicht n [Zylinderförmiges
Eisengewicht bei der Torpedierung von
Tiefbohrschächten]
godevil plane, underground gravity plane, (braking)
incline, clook, flat inclined plane, gradient, gravity
incline, haul(age) plane, inclined roadway, ginney
(road), jinny (road), (inclined) plane, run, raise head-
ing, self-acting incline, brake incline, gravity plane,
sloping plane [Loaded wagons come down and empty
wagons go up] (⚒) ● Berg m, (ein)fallende (Orts-)
Strecke f, Bremsberg m, einfallender Stollen m
to go down > to go below
goe, geo, gia, gja [Terms used in northern Scotland for
a long deep narrow coastal inlet or cove, walled in by
steep, rocky cliffs, and formed by marine erosion of the
cliffs, along a line of weakness, especially in a well-jointed
rock, as in the Old Red Sandstone of Caithness and
Orkney] ● Kliffnische f
goethite, göthite, allcharite, xantosiderite ● Göthit m
goffan, goffen, coffin [A pit made by working down
into a gozzan. The loose material was dug out and
either shovel(l)ed up step-by-step to the
surface (shamelling), or hoisted out of the pit by
a bucket and windlass, or of the side of a hill or cliff,
wheel-barrowed out] ● Strossenbau m von Tage
niedergehend, alter strossenförmiger Tagebau,
Tagesstrossenbau
goffering ● Fältelung f, Runzelung
goggles ● Schutzbrille f
gold ● Gold n
gold amalgam ● Goldamalgam n
gold assay balance ● Goldwaage f
gold-bearing, auriferous, aurigerous, containing gold
● goldführend, goldenthaltend, goldhaltig, Gold. . .
gold(-bearing) float, gold(-bearing) pieces; gold
(-bearing) shoads [Cornish] ● Goldbruchstücke f
[Von einem Ausbiss oder von Ausbissen]
gold(-bearing) placer > placer gold
gold(-bearing) vein [As called by geologists] ●
Goldgang m
gold belt ● Goldgürtel m
(gold) colour (Brit.); minute gold particle; (gold) color
(US) ● Goldteilchen n [Prospektieren durch
Trogwaschen]
gold(-containing) silver, doré silver ● Goldsilber n
gold content ● Goldgehalt m
gold-covered, inaurate, gilded ● vergoldet,
goldüberzogen
gold deposit ● Goldlagerstätte f
gold desorption from activated carbon with alka-
line alcohol solution ● Heinenverfahren n,
Heinenmethode f
gold digger, hatter ● Goldgräber m
gold dredger (Brit.); gold dredge (US);
boat ● Goldnassbagger m, Goldschwimmbagger,
Goldbagger m
gold dredging ● Goldnassbaggern n
gold dust > float gold
golden beryl [A clear, golden-yellow or yellow-green
gem variety of beryl. Not to be confused with ‘‘gold
beryl’’] ● goldartiger Beryl m

golden nugget > nuggety gold
golden quartz; gold topaz [misnomer] ● Goldtopas m
[Handelsbenennung und Fehlbenennung], Zitrin m,
Citrin (Quarzgruppe), gebrannter Amethyst m
(Quarzgruppe)
golden sulphid(e) of antimony > pentasulphid(e) of
antimony
golden vein [commercial term] ● heller Kalkstein m
aus Israel
gold field ● Goldfeld n
gold film ● Goldhäutchen n
gold flour, flour(y) gold [The finest gold dust,
much of which will float on water] ● Goldmehl n,
Mehlgold n
gold litharge, red litharge ● rote Glätte f, rote Glötte,
Goldglätte, Goldglötte
gold mine ● Goldmine f, Goldgrube f, Goldbergwerk n
gold-mining ● Goldbergbau m
gold occurrence ● Goldvorkommen n
gold opal [A fire opal that exhibits only an overall colo
(u)r of golden yellow] ● Goldopal m
gold ore ● Golderz n
gold ore mine ● Golderzbergwerk n
gold pan > gold (wash(ing)) pan
gold placer > placer gold
gold powder > float gold
gold quartz, auriferous quartz ● Goldquarz m
gold regulus, regulus of gold ● Goldkönig m
gold run, run of gold ● goldreiche Seifenlage f,
goldreiche Seifenschicht f
gold rush, gold stampede ● Goldrausch m,
„Goldfieber’’ n
goldschmidtine > brittle silver (ore)
goldschmidtite > graphic ore
Goldschmidt’s phase rule, mineralogic(al) phase rule
● mineralogische Phasenregel f, Goldschmidt’sche
Phasenregel
gold silver > gold(-containing) silver
goldstone, a(d)venturine glass ● Aventuringlas n
gold topaz [misnomer]; golden quartz ● Goldtopas m
[Handelsbenennung und Fehlbenennung], Zitrin m,
Citrin (Quarzgruppe), gebrannter Amethyst m
(Quarzgruppe)
gold uranium ore ● uranhaltiges Golderz n
gold (wash(ing)) pan; dish [Australia]; vanning
shovel [Cornwall]; gold washing tray [A type of geo-
logic(al) tool] ● Gold(wasch)pfanne f, Waschpfanne,
Gold(wasch)schüssel f, Goldwäscherpfanne, Gold-
wäscherschüssel, Waschschüssel, Prospektorenschüssel,
gopher hole blasting 615
Prospektorenpfanne, Goldwaschtrog m,
Goldwäschertrog
golt ● Flammenmergel m
gompholite, nagelfluh [A massive and variegated
Miocene conglomerate accompanying the Molasse of
the Alpine region in Switzerland. It contains pebbles
that appear like flights or swarms of nailheads] ●
Nagelfluh f
Gondwana(land) [The Late Pal(a)eozoic continent of
the Southern Hemisphere. Gondwana is preferred as
it means ‘‘land of the Gonds’’ and Gondwanaland is
tautological] ● Gondwanakontinent m, südlicher
Großkontinent G
gone solid (⚒) ● festgefahren [Stempel]
gone to water, drowned (out), inundated (⚒) ●
ertrunken, verwässert, ersoffen [Eine Grube durch
Füllung mit Wasser unzugänglich gemacht]
goniometer [An instrument used in optical crystallog-
raphy for measuring the angles between crystal
faces. Types are the contact goniometer, the reflection
goniometer, and the two-circle goniometer] ● Goniome-
ter n, Kristallwinkelmesser m, Winkelmesser für
Kristalle
goniometer furnace ● Goniometeröfchen n,
Kristallwinkelmesseröfchen
goniometry ● Goniometrie f, Kristallwinkelmessung f
good, fresh (⚒) ● frisch, gut, lebhaft [Wetter]
good bottom (⚒) ● gutes Liegendes n
goodness ● Bonität f
good ore, rich ore ● Guterz n
good stained ● kaum gefleckt [Industriemineral]
goose (⚒) ● Wassertonne f
gooseberry stone > grossular(ite)
goose dung ore, goose silver ore [An inferior grade of
iron sinter containing silver] ● Gänsekötig m,
Ganomatit m, gänsekötiges Erz n
to go out, to go to bank, to go up, to come out, to
come up, to ascend, to leave the mine (⚒) ● ausfahren
go-out, gow’t [A sluice built into a tidal embankment
for impounding tidal water] ● Gezeitendeichschleuse f,
Tide(n)deichschleuse, Gezeitendammschleuse, Tide(n)-
dammschleuse
gopher (drift) [An irregular prospecting drift following
or seeking the ore without regard to maintenance of
a regular grade or section] ● unregelmäßiger
Prospektionsstollen m, unregelmäßiger Suchstollen,
unregelmäßiger Aufsuchungsstollen
gopher hole > coyote hole
gopher hole blasting > coyote (hole) blasting
616 gophering
gophering [The haphazard working of the easiest and
richest portions of an ore deposit by miners with little or
no capital] ● Raubbau m
gophering > open stoping with (random) pillars
gophering > coyote (hole) blasting
GOR, gas/oil ratio ● Gas-Öl-Verhältnis n
goslarite, white vitrol, white copperas, zinc vitriol,
ZnSO4.7HO ● Zinkvitriol, weißes Vitriol n,
Gerlitzenstein m, Goslarit m
to go solid (⚒) ● aufsitzen
gossan hat > capping of gossan
gossaniferous, gossany [Pertaining to or comprising
G gossan] ● hutbildend, ocker(halt)ige Letten führend
gossan (ore) > capping of gossan
got coal ● verritzte Kohle f
göthite, goethite, allcharite, xantosiderite ● Göthit m
to go to bank, to go out, to go up, to come out, to
come up, to ascend, to leave the mine (⚒) ● ausfahren
go-to-hell wagon, soup wagon [US slang] ● Nitro-
glycerin(transport)fahrzeug n
to go to water (⚒) > to drown (out)
gotten, won (⚒) ● abgebaut, (herein)gewonnen
Gotthard Base Tunnel ● Gotthard-Basistunnel m
gouge, selvage, selvedge, fault gouge, pug [Ore deposit.
A thin layer of soft, earthy fault-comminuted rock mate-
rial along the wall of a lode or between the country rock
and the lode, so named because a miner is able to ‘‘gouge’’
it out and thereby facilitate the mining of the ore itself] ●
Besteg m, Lettenschicht f, Gangletten m,
Zwischenmittel n, Lettenbesteg
gouge channel, channel cast, washout, channel fill
(ing) [Cast of small groove-like channel or very large
groove, generally sand-filled and cut in shale] ● Füll-
(ungs)rinne f
gouging, high-grading [The working of a mine without
plan or system, by which only the high-grade ore is
mined] ● systemloser Abbau m
to go underground (⚒) > to go below
to go up (⚒) > to go out
governing standard ● maßgebende Norm f
governor, taker; gaffer [This term is a corruption of
‘governor’] (⚒) ● Gedingenehmer m
gowan, decomposed granite, decayed granite [A gran-
ular soil consisting of quartz, fel(d)spar and mica
resulting from the decomposition of granite] ● zersetzter
Granit m, Gowan m, Granitboden m
Gow caisson, Boston caisson, caisson pile [A device for
sinking small shafts through soft clay or silt to prevent
excessive loss of ground. A short cylinder of steel plate is
driven into the clay or silt which is then excavated within
it until the clay or silt in the bottom begin to heave.
Another short cylinder of slightly smaller diameter is
then driven inside the first and so on until the shaft
reaches firm ground. The shaft is then filled with concrete
and the steel tubes withdrawn as the concrete rises to their
level. The excavation is belled out at the base] ● Gow-
Senkbrunnen m, Boston-Senkbrunnen
to go to water, to drown (out), to inundate (⚒) ●
ertränken, ersaufen, austränken, verwässern [Eine
Grube durch Füllung mit Wasser unzugänglich machen]
to go wild ● außer Kontrolle geraten [Erdölbohrung]
to gowl (out) [Derbyshire] (⚒) ● einbrechen,
zusammenstürzen, zusammenfallen
gow’t, go-out [A sluice built into a tidal embankment
for impounding tidal water] ● Gezeitendeichschleuse f,
Tide(n)deichschleuse, Gezeitendammschleuse, Tide(n)-
dammschleuse
goyazite, hamlinite ● Hamlinit m
gozzan (ore) > capping of gossan
GPS > global positioning system
GPS [Global navigation satellite system for positioning
and time measurement. It consists of three segments:
space segment, control segment and user application seg-
ment] ● GPS, Global Positioning System [globales
Navigationssatellitensystem zur Positions- und
Zeitbestimmung. Es besteht aus drei Segmenten:
Weltraumsegment, Kontrollsegment, Anwendersegment;
kommt auch bei der Fernerkundung zum Einsatz]
GPS receiver ● GPS-Empfänger m
GPS reference point ● GPS-Referenzpunkt m
grab, clamshell, clam shell ● Greifer m [eines
Greifbaggers]
grab ● Bohrlochgreifer m
grabbed wall [The soil is removed from a trench using
a backhoe excavator] ● gegreiferte Wand f [Die
Bodenförderung erfolgt aus dem Schlitz mit Hilfe eines
Tieflöffels]
grabbing, excavation by grab, grab excavation ●
Greiferaushub m, Greiferbaggern n
grab drilling ● Greiferbohrung f
grab drilling method ● Greiferbohrverfahren n
graben [German]; trough [An elongate, relatively
depressed crustal unit or block that is bounded by faults
on its long sides. It is a structural form that may or may
not be geomorphologically expressed as a rift valley] ●
Graben m
graben faulting ● Grabenverwerfung f
grab excavation > grabbing

grab excavator, crab dredger ● Greifbagger m
grab for diaphragm walling, clamshell digger, clam-
shell excavator, slurry wall grabber
Schlitzwandgreifer m
grab sample, snap sample [A sample taken more or less
indiscriminately at any place] ● Zufall(s)probe f
grab sampler, snapper, snap sampler ● Zufallspro-
be(n)nehmer m
gradation > degradation
gradation; levelling (Brit.); leveling (US) [In geomor-
phology, the level(l)ing of the land, or the bringing of
a land surface or area to a uniform or nearly uniform
grade or slope through erosion, transportation, and depo-
sition, specifically the bringing of a stream bed or river
bed to a slope at which the water is just able to transport
the material delivered to it] ● Einebnung f
gradational transition ● allmählicher Übergang m
grade > (earthquake) grade
grade > ground surface
grade > (sub)grade
grade > degree of coalification
grade, class [Of things, constituted by having the same
quality or value] ● Klasse f
grade, regime(n), balance [The existence in a stream or
river channel of a balance between erosion and deposition
over a period of years] ● natürliches Gleichgewicht n,
Stabilität f, stabiler Zustand m, Ausgeglichenheit f
grade, tenor [The relative quantity or the percentage of
ore content in an orebody] ● Erzgehalt m, Metallgehalt
grade [A particular class of workman in a mine, namely
collier, engineman, timber-man, repairer, and labo(u)
rer] ● Rang m
grade, slope rate, inclination degree, rate of slope,
degree of inclination, percent(age) of inclination ●
Neigungsgrad m, Neigungsprozentsatz m
grade beam (US); foundation girder, ground beam
[A continuous footing reinforced to act as a beam] ●
Fundamentbalken m, Gründungsbalken
grade cill, grade sill ● Grundschwelle f
grade cutting > cutting a grade
graded ● (ab)gestuft, gradiert
graded, sorted ● sortiert
graded > diadactic
graded bedding, diadactic structure, diatactic struc-
ture [A type of bedding in which each layer displays
a gradual and progressive change in particle size, usually
from coarse at the base of the bed to fine at the top. It may
form under conditions in which the velocity of the
prevailing current declines in a gradual manner, as by
grade reaction coefficient 617
deposition from a single shortlived turbidity current] ●
(ab)gestufte Schichtung f, gradierte Schichtung,
● Gradierung, diadaktische Schichtung
graded bed sequence(s) ● gradierte Schichtung f,
gradierte Schichtungen f
graded-border irrigation ● Berieselung f
graded coal ● Nusskohle f [Deutschland 80–6 mm]
graded deposit ● gradierte Ablagerung f
graded discontinuity surface ● stufige Trennflä-
chenwandung f [Oberflächenstruktur des Gesteins]
graded filter, composite filter, compound filter ● (ab-)
gestufter Filter m, Stufenfilter, zusammengesetzter Fil-
ter, (ab)gestuftes Filter n, zusammengesetztes Filter G
graded filter layer ● Stufenfilter(schicht) m, n, (f),
Mischfilter(schicht) [Besteht meistens aus drei, seltener
aus zwei oder vier Korngruppen, die maßgebenden
Korngrößen wachsen von Stufe zu Stufe im Verhältnis
nicht über 1:4,5 mm. Diese Schicht ist Teil einer
Dränschicht und kann auch die Aufgabe einer
Sickerschicht übernehmen]
grade digging > cutting a grade
graded nonconformity > blended unconformity
graded terrace, dispersion terrace [It is constructed as
a very shallow channel with a longitudinal gradient
slightly oblique to the contour so that surplus run-off
flows away at nonerosive velocities to a place where it
can be safely discharged] ● Längsgefälleterrasse f,
Terrasse mit Längsgefälle
graded unconformity > blended unconformity
grade excavation > cutting a grade
grade level > (sub)grade level
grade (line) peg, grade (line) stake (US); (longitudi-
nal) profile peg, (longitudinal) profile stake, (longitu-
dinal) section peg, (longitudinal) section stake, hub
[A wood(en) stake, placed by surveyors along the line of
the string, parallel to the road axis] ● Höhen(absteck)-
pflock m, Längsprofil(absteck)pflock, Längenprofil-
(absteck)pflock, Längsschnitt(absteck)pflock, Profil-
(absteck)pflock
grade lowering > cutting a grade
grade modulus > coefficient of (sub)grade reaction
grade of roundness > roundness class
grade plane ● Talsims n
grade point ● Höhenplanpunkt m, Längsprofilpunkt,
Längenprofilpunkt, Längsschnittpunkt, Längen-
schnittpunkt
grade protection layer > (sub)grade protection layer
grade reaction coefficient > (sub)grade reaction
coefficient
618 grade resistance
grade resistance [The gravity force that resists the
movement of a vehicle up a slope] ● Steig(ungs)-
widerstand m
grader ● Grader m
grader ● Klassieranlage f
grader ● Erdhobel m
grader sloping, sloping with grader
Böschungsziehen n mit Straßenhobel
grade sill, grade cill ● Grundschwelle f
grade stake (US) > grade (line) peg
grade x thickness, GT ● Gehalt m mal Mächtigkeit f
[Lagerstätte]
G gradient ● Steilheit f [Schwärzungskurve]
gradient, gravity incline, haul(age) plane, inclined
roadway, ginney (road), jinny (road), (inclined)
plane, run, raise heading, self-acting incline, brake
incline, gravity plane, godevil plane, underground
gravity plane, (braking) incline, clook, flat inclined
plane, sloping plane [Loaded wagons come down and
empty wagons go up] ● Berg m, (ein)fallende (Orts-)
Strecke f, Bremsberg m, einfallender Stollen m
gradient, slope [A part of a surface feature that slopes
upward or downward; a slope, as of a stream channel or
of a land surface. The synonymous term grade is used in
engineering] ● Gefälle n
gradient [The space rate of decrease of a function. The
gradient of a function in three-space dimensions is the
vector normal to surfaces of constant value of the function
and directed toward decreasing values, with magnitude
equal to the rate of decrease of the function in this
direction. The ascendent is the negative of the gradient]
● Gradient m
gradient change ● Gefällewechsel m
gradient of river > river gradient
gradient of stream > stream gradient
gradient wind [Any horizontal wind tangent to the
contour line of a constant pressure surface (or to the
isobar of a geopotential surface) at the point in
question. At such points where the wind is gradient,
the Coriolis acceleration and the centripetal
acceleration together exactly balance the horizontal
pressure force] ● Gradientenwind m, freier
Atmosphärenwind
grading [In geomorphology, the reduction of the land to
a level surface or equilibrium slope, such as erosion to
base level by streams or rivers] ● Einebnung f,
Verebnung
grading analysis, (grain-)size analysis, granulometric
analysis, size-frequency analysis, mechanical analysis ●
Korn(größen)analyse f
grading bedding [A type bedding in which each layer
displays a gradual and progressive change in particle size,
usually from coarse at the base of the bed to fine at the
top. It may form under conditions in which the velocity of
the prevailing current declines in a gradual manner, as by
deposition from a single shortlived turbidity current] ●
● (ab)gestufte Schichtung f, gradierte Schichtung,
Gradierung
grading boundary > grain(-size) limit
grading category > grain(-size) grade
grading classification > grain(-size) classification
grading curve, grain-size (distribution) curve, sieve
curve, granulometric curve [A curve giving the grain size
of a soil sample plotted to a logarithmic scale horizon-
tally, with percentages plotted vertically to an arithmetic
scale. Any point on the curve reveals percentage by weight
of particles in the sample of a size smaller than the given
point] ● Siebkurve f, Sieblinie f, Körnungskurve,
Körnungslinie, Korngrößenkurve, Korngrößenlinie
grading fraction > grain(-size) grade
grading frequency curve > grain(-size) frequency
curve
grading limit > grain(-size) limit
grading range > grain(-size) grade
grading scale > grain(-size) classification
gradual inclination ● allmähliche Neigung f
gradually varied flow [The flow in a channel where the
velocity changes slowly along the channel and the flow is
assumed uniform for an increment of length] ●
allmählich veränderliches Fließen n
graduated horizontal circle ● Horizontalkreis m
graduated (map) symbol ● (ab)gestuftes
Kartenzeichen n
graduate thesis ● Dissertation f
graduation, curve fitting [statistics] ● Graduation f
graduation [One of the equal divisions or dividing lines
on a graduated scale or one of the marks equally spaced
on a device or instrument] ● Einteilung f, Teilung
graduation [The method or system of placing degrees or
other equally spaced intermediate marks on an instru-
ment or device (such as a tape or thermometer) to rep-
resent standard or conventional values] ● Einteilen n,
Teilen
graduation in degrees, degree graduation ● Grad-
(ein)teilung f
graduation in percentages, percentage graduation ●
Prozent(ein)teilung f
graduation of brine, brine graduation, refining of
brine, brine refining ● Gradierung f, Abdampfung
[Salinenwesen]

grafting spade [A long narrow spade used in clay
digging] ● Tonspaten m
grahamite [A hydrocarbon resembling albertite in its
jet-black lustre; occurring in vein-like masses] ●
Grahamit m
grail > grush
grain ● Graupe f [Korn, Erzstückchen]
grain ● Korn n, Komponente f
grain, second direction of breakability, direction of
second easiest parting, run (of the rock), direction of
secondary cleavage grain, direction of minor cleavage
grain [quarrying] ● zweitbeste Teilbarkeit f
grain assembly, assembly of grains ● Körnerkomplex m,
Körnerkollektiv n
grain binding force, grain binding power ●
Kornbindungskraft f
grain binding strength ● Kornbindungsfestigkeit f
grain boundary, crystal boundary [In a polycrystalline
solid, the boundary between two crystals] ●
Kristallgrenze f, Korngrenze
grain boundary crack, crystal boundary crack ●
Korngrenzenriss m, interkristalliner Riss,
Kristallgrenzenriss
grain boundary engineering ● Korngrenzentechnik f
grain boundary structure, crystal boundary structure
● Korngrenzentextur f, Kristallgrenzentextur
grain bridge ● Kornbrücke f
grain contact force ● Kornkontaktkraft f
grain density, density of solid particles, particle den-
sity, packing density [A measure of the extent to which
the grains of a sedimentary rock occupy the gross volume
of the rock in contrast to spaces between the grains, equal
to the cumulated grain-intercept length along a traverse
in a thin section] ● Korndichte f
grain diameter ● Korndurchmesser m
grain diminution, micritization ● Kornverkleinerung f,
Mikritisierung
grain disintegration ● Kornzerfall m
grain distribution > grain(-size) distribution
grain distribution curve, particle-size distribution
curve ● Kornverteilungslinie, Kornverteilungskurve f
[die Kornverteilungskurve y(d) gibt den Gewichtsanteil
der Körner einer Bodenprobe mit d  d an],
grain elevator ● Getreideheber m
grain flow ● pseudo-laminare Strömung f von
körnigem Material
grain gliding [The movement between mineral grains]
● Korngleiten n
grain gold [It has become granular by heating] ●
Körnergold n
(grain-)size analysis 619
grain grade > grain(-size) grade
grain grade classification > grain(-size)
classification
grain grade scale > grain(-size) classification
grain growth ● Kornwachstum n
grain index ● Kornindex m
graininess > (image) graininess
graining ● Körnen n [Kartografie]
graining ● Strukturmerkmale f [Diamant]
grain limit > grain(-size) limit
grain margin dissolution, pressure solution,
pressolution ● Drucklösung f
grain marks [Lines on the facet surfaces, the result of G
imperfect polishing] ● Polierstreifen f
grain mass distribution ● Kornmassenverteilung f
grain mount ● Dünnschliffpräparat n
‘‘grain’’ of the country > geologic(al) structure
grain of wheat, wheat grain ● getreidekornähnliche
Blaste f, Frucht f [Fruchtschiefer]
grain orientation ● Körnerregelung f
grain percentage, percentage of grains ● Kornanteil m,
Kornprozente f
grain pier ● Getreidepier m
grain pressure > effective pressure
grain pressure ● Korndruck m
grain pressure dependent shear modulus ●
korndruckabhängiger Schubmodul m
grain pressure field ● Korndruckfeld n
grain pressure tensor ● Korndrucktensor m
grain property ● Korneigenschaft f
grain ranging [array seismology] ● Erweiterung f des
AD-Wandlerbereiches durch vorgeschaltete Verstärker
grain rearrangment, grain redistribution ●
Kornumlagerung f
grain roughness ● Kornrauhigkeit f
grains [Great Britain < 6 mm] ● Feinkohle f [Deutsch-
land < 6 mm]
grain sample ● Kornprobe f
grain segregation ● Kornentmischung f
grain shape ● Kornform f, Korngestalt f
grain shifting ● Kornverlagerung f
(grain-)size, granularity [In petrology, the feature of
rock texture relating to the size of the constituent grains
or crystals. Expressed by such terms as fine-, medium-, or
coarse-grained, phanerocrystalline, microcrystalline, etc.]
● Körnigkeit f
(grain-)size ● Korngröße f
(grain-)size analysis, grading analysis, granulometric
analysis, size-frequency analysis ● Korn(größen)ana-
lyse f
620 grain(-size) category
grain(-size) category > grain(-size) grade
grain(-size) classification, grain(-size) scale, grain
grade classification, grain grade scale, granulometric
classification, granulometric scale, grading classifica-
tion, grading scale ● Korn(größen)einteilung f,
Kornklasseneinteilung
grain(-size) composition, granulometric composition
● Korn(größen)zusammensetzung f, Korn(größen)-
aufbau m
grain(-size) determination ● Korngrößen-
bestimmung f
grain(-size) distribution, granulometric distribution,
G size-frequency distribution ● Korn(größen)verteilung f
[Sie gibt die Massenanteile der in einer Lockerge-
steinsprobe enthaltenen Korngrößen an]
grain-size (distribution) curve, grading curve, sieve
curve, granulometric curve [A curve giving the grain size
of a soil sample plotted to a logarithmic scale horizon-
tally, with percentages plotted vertically to an arithmetic
scale. Any point on the curve reveals percentage by weight
of particles in the sample of a size smaller than the given
point] ● Siebkurve f, Sieblinie f, Körnungskurve,
Körnungslinie, Korngrößenkurve, Korngrößenlinie
grain size distribution diagram ● Kornverteilungs-
diagramm n
grain(-size) distribution diagram, system of coordi-
nates for representation of grain(-size) distribution
curves ● Körnungsnetz n, RRS-Körnungsnetz, Rosin-
Rammler-Sperling-(Körnungs)Netz [DIN 4190]
grain(-size) exchange ● Korngrößenaustausch m
grain(-size) fraction > grain(-size) grade
grain(-size) frequency curve, granulometric fre-
quency curve, grading frequency curve ●
Korngrößenhäufigkeitskurve f, Korngrößenhäufig-
keitslinie f
grain(-size) grade, grain(-size) range, grain(-size)
fraction, grain(-size) category, granulometric grade,
granulometric range, granulometric fraction,
granulometric category, grading range, grading frac-
tion, grading category ● Korn(größen)klasse f, Korn-
(größen)bereich m, Korn(größen)fraktion f, Korn-
(größen)gruppe f, Fraktion
grain size distribution ● Korngrößenverteilung f
grain size distribution index ● Tribüne f [eines Stadions]
Korngrößenverteilungsindex m, Kornkennzahl f
grain(-size) limit, granulometric limit, grain(-size)
boundary, granulometric boundary, grading limit,
grading boundary ● Korn(größen)grenze f
grain size range [classified into clay, silt, sand, gravel
and cobble]; grain(-size) fraction, grain(-size) category,
granulometric grade, granulometric range,
granulometric fraction, granulometric category, grad-
ing range, grading fraction, grading category ●
Korngrößenklasse f [eingeteilt in Feinstes, Schluffkorn,
Sandkorn, Kieskorn, Steine]; Korn(größen)bereich m,
Korn(größen)fraktion f, Korngrößengruppe f,
Korngruppe, Fraktion
grain(-size) scale, grain(-size) classification, grain
grade classification, grain grade scale, granulometric
classification, granulometric scale, grading classifica-
tion, grading scale ● Korn(größen)einteilung f,
Kornklasseneinteilung
grain skeleton behaviour (US: behavior) ●
Korngerüstverhalten n
grain skeleton pressure ● Korngerüstdruck m
(grain) skeleton stress field ● Kornspannungsfeld n
grain skeleton tensor, grain stress tensor ●
Kornspannungstensor m
grainstone ● Karbonat-Sedimentit m aus sich
gegenseitig abstützenden Teilchen
grain stress cycles ● Kornspannungszyklen m (pl)
grain stress rate [this is the chronological change of
grain stress] ● Kornspannungsrate f [das ist die zeitliche
Veränderung der Kornspannung]
grain stress tensor, grain skeleton tensor ● Kornspan-
nungstensor m
grain structure ● Korntextur f
grain support [A term used by Dunham (1962) to
describe a sedimentary carbonate rock with little or no
muddy matrix, whose sand-size particles are so abundant
that they are in three-dimensional context and able to
support one another] ● geschlossenes Gefüge n
grain surface ● Kornoberfläche f
grain system ● Kornsystem n
grain-texture > granular texture
grain-tin ● Körnerzinn n
grain(-to-grain) pressure > effective pressure
grain(-to-grain) skeleton ● Korngerüst n
grammatite [This term is also used as a synonym for
tremolite, but this use is undesirable] ● Grammatit m
[Ein weißes Kontaktmineral]
grammite ● Grammit m, Schriftjaspis m
grandstand, stand [main seating area of a stadium] ●
granite [Commercial use of the term ‘‘granite’’ is con-
siderably broader than geologic use. In industry, the term
refers to true granite and the intermediate members of the
granite-gabbro series. Gabbro, granite gneiss, diabase,
anorthosite, and pyroxenite are called ‘‘black granite’’
when used for polished dimension stone.

Notwithstanding the broad use of the term, most of the
granite of commerce has a composition in the range that
includes true granite and granodiorite] ● Granit m
granite [seismology] [In early seismologic work, any
rock in which velocity of the compressional wave is
about 5.5 to 6.2 km/sec] ● Granit m
granite aplite, granite haplite ● Granitaplit m
granite body, granite mass ● Granitkörper m,
Granitmasse f
granite boulder ● Granitblock m
granite clan ● Granitfamilie f
granite-diorite, granodiorite [A visibly crystalline plu-
tonic rock composed chiefly of sodic plagioclase, alkali
(fel(d))spar, quartz, and subordinate dark-colo(u)red
minerals] ● Granodiorit m
granite-diorite-gneiss rocks, central gneiss complex
● Zentralgneise f
granite dome ● Granitdom m
granite feature, granite structure ● Granitstruktur f
[als Einheit]
granite (geo)tectonics ● Granittektonik f
granite gneiss [A gneiss derived from a sedimentary or
igneous rock and having the mineral composition of
a granite] ● Granitgneis m
granite haplite, granite aplite ● Granitaplit m
granite layer > sial
granite-like rock ● granitartiges Gestein n
granite magma ● granitisches Magma n, granitische
Schmelze f
granite mass, granite body ● Granitkörper m,
Granitmasse f
granite outcrop ● Graniterhebung f
granite (out)crop(ping) ● Granitausbiss m
granite-pebble conglomerate, arkosic conglomerate
● Arkosekonglomerat n
granite-porphyry, porphyroid granite ● minerals] ● Granodiorit m
Granitporphyr m, Granophyr
granite problem ● Granitbildungs-Theorie f
granite quarry ● Granitbruch m
granite quarrying ● Granitabbau m
granite rock, granitic rock ● Granitfelsen m
granite rock [A name generally applied to rocks resem-
bling granite in appearance and composition, but also
(non recommended) to mafic or even ultramafic rocks] ●
granitisches Gestein n, granitischer Fels m
granite sand, crumbled granite ● Ursand m,
Granitsand
granite schist ● Granitschiefer m
granite soil ● Granitboden m
granite stock ● Granitstock m
granosphaerite 621
granite structure, granite feature ● Granitstruktur f
[als Einheit]
granite wash > arkosic sandstone
granite with schorl, granite with black tourmaline ●
Schörlgranit m
granitic [Characteristic of, composed of, pertaining to, or
resembling granite] ● granitisch
granitic [nonrecommended synonym] > granular
granitic layer > sial
granitic magma ● granitisches Magma n
granitic melt ● Granitschmelze f
granitic rock, granite rock ● Granitfelsen m
granitic rock [In the IUGS classification, a preliminary G
term (for field use) for a plutonic rock with Q between 20
and 60] ● Granit m, plutonisches Gestein n,
plutonischer Fels m
granitic texture ● Granitstruktur f
granitite, biotite granite ● Biotitgranit m
granitization, transformation, granitification [An
essentially metamorphic process or group of processes by
which a solid rock is converted or transformed into
a granite rock by the entry and exit of material, without
passing through a magmatic stage. Some authors include
in these terms all granitic rocks formed from sediments by
any process, regardless of the amount of evidence of
movement. The precise mechanism, frequency, and mag-
nitude of the processes are still in dispute] ●
Granitisierung f, Granitisation f
granitotrachytic [nonpreferred synonym] > ophitic
granoblastic > granulitic
granoclastic texture ● richtungslose und körnige
Kataklasstruktur f
granodiorite, granite-diorite [A visibly crystalline plu-
tonic rock composed chiefly of sodic plagioclase, alkali
(fel(d))spar, quartz, and subordinate dark-colo(u)red
granodiorite-porphyry ● Granodioritporphyr m
granodolerite [A dolerite that contains interstitial
quartz and alkali feldspar, usually as granophyric inter-
growths. Not recommended usage] ● Granodolerit m
granogabbro [A gabbro containing quartz and alkali
fel(d)spar, analogous to granodiorite but having plagio-
clase more calcic than An50. Proposed by Johannsen in
1917. Not recommended usage] ● Granogabbro m
granophyre; micropegmatite [less-preferred synonym]
● Granophyr m
granophyric texture ● Implikationsstruktur f,
granophyrische Struktur
granosphaerite [A spherulite composed of radially or
concentrically arranged grains] ● Granosphärit m
622 granosyenite
granosyenite [A term for a plutonic igneous rock with
a composition intermediate between that of granite and
that of syenite] ● Granosyenit m
granular [An element in compound adjectives, especially
used to differentiate a texture (e.g. xenomorphic-granu-
lar) from the corresponding crystal shape (e.g.
xenomorphic)] ● körnig
granular [Said of the texture of a rock that consists of
mineral grains of approximately equal size. The term
may be applied to sedimentary rocks, e.g. sandstones,
but is especially used to describe holocrystalline
igneous rocks whose major-phase grain size ranges from
G 2 to 10 mm. Nonrecommended synonym: granitic. The
synonym ‘‘granoblastic’’ is used for metamorphic rock] ●
gekörnt, körnig
granular backfill(ing) ● körnige Hinterfüllung f
granular bed(ding), granular blanket, bed(ding) of
granular material, blanket of granular material, granu-
lar carpet ● Bett(ung) aus körnigem Material, körnige
Bettung f, körniges Bett n
granular bog iron ore ● Eisengraupe f
granular-bound ● körnungsgebunden
granular carbonaceous matter, granular opaque
matter ● Mikrinitkörner f, (fein)körnige Opaksub-
stanz f, Feinmikrinit m
granular carpet > granular bed(ding)
granular cementation ● Kornzementierung f durch
Porenlösungen
granular chert, crystalline chert ● kristalliner
Hornstein m, kristalliner Hornfels m
granular content ● körniger Anteil [im Boden] m
granular-crystalline ● körnig-kristallin, gekörnt-
kristallin
granular disintegration > mineral disintegration
granular dynamic calculation ● granulardynamische
Berechnung f
granular dynamics ● Granulardynamik f
granular dynamite [A mix(ture) of NaNO3 and com-
bustible dope in form of hard grains, with a small per-
centage of nitro-glycerin(e)] ● körniges Dynamit n
granular exfoliation > mineral disintegration
granular fracture [A fracture showing grains or
granules on its surface] ● körniger Bruch m
granular gravel ● unzementierter Kies m
granular gypsum ● körniger Gips m, Körnergips,
Korngips
granular hardness, granulate hardness ● granulate hardness, granular hardness ●
Granulathärte f
granular ice ● Korneis n, Körnereis, körniges Eis
granularity, (grain-)size [In petrology, the feature of
rock texture relating to the size of the constituent grains
or crystals. Expressed by such terms as fine-, medium-, or
coarse-grained, phanerocrystalline, microcrystalline, etc.]
● Körnigkeit f
granular limestone, primitive limestone ● körniger
Kalkstein m, Urkalkstein
granular mass ● Kornhaufen m, Kornmasse f
granular opaque matter, granular carbonaceous
matter ● Mikrinitkörner f, (fein)körnige Opaksub-
stanz f, Feinmikrinit m
granular ore ● Graupenerz n
granular pe(a)rlite, globular pe(a)rlite ● körniger
Perlit m
granular phase diagram ● granulares
Phasendiagramm n
granular quartz, quartzite ● Quarzit m
granular region ● Granularbereich m
granular snow, snow grains, corn snow, spring snow ●
Körnerschnee m, Schneekörner f, Frühjahrsschnee m
granular soil ● granularer Boden m
granular soil ● rolliger Boden m, Rollboden
granular soil, incohesive soil ● rolliger Boden m
granular structure [Exhibited by a mineral showing
crystalline grains, but not external crystal face; for exam-
ple, marble] ● körnige Textur f
granular texture [A texture due to the aggregation of
mineral grains of approximately equal size, whether in
clastic, igneous, or recrystallized rocks] ● körnige
Struktur, Kornstruktur f
granular tonstein, graupen tonstein [This type of
tonstein consists predominantly of kaolinite grains of
lighter or darker shades, often surrounded by collinite.
These grains show a cryptocrystalline to finely crystalline
structure; the cryptocrystalline material is isotropic] ●
Graupentonstein m
to granulate [To form into grains or small particles] ●
körnen
granulated blastfurnace slag ● künstlicher Sand m,
gekörnte Hochofenschlacke f
granulated copper, bean-shot (copper), feathered-
shot copper ● granuliertes Kupfer n, Kupfergranalien f
granulated dynamite ● Körnerdynamit n
granulated slag ● Hüttensand m
(granulated) slag content [in cement] ●
Hüttensandanteil m [im Zement]
Granulathärte f
granule, little grain ● Körnchen n

granule gravel, uncemented granules [Rounded rock
fragments larger than very coarse sand grains but smaller
than pebbles. Rounded pieces too small to be called peb-
bles have still been too large to be called sand grains in the
practice of most geologists] ● Feinkies m
granulite, granulyte [A sedimentary rock composed of
sand-sized aggregates of constructional (nonclastic) ori-
gin, simulating in texture an arenite of clastic origin, e.g.
a rock formed of lapilli or of oolitic grains] ● Granulit m
granulite [A fine-grained muscovite-bearing granite,
especially in the French literature] ● Granulit m,
feinkörniger Muskovitgranit m
granulite [A metamorphic rock consisting of even-
sized, interlocking mineral grains less than 10 % of
which have any obvious preferred orientation] ●
Granulit m
granulite [A relatively coarse, granular rock formed at
the high pressures and temperatures of the granulite
facies, which may exhibit a crude gneissic structure due
to the parallelism of flat lenses of quartz and/or fel(d)
spar. The texture is typically granuloblasts] ● Granulit m
granulite facies ● Granulitfazies f
granulitic, microgranular, fine-granular; euritic,
microgranitic, microgranitoid [nonrecommended syno-
nyms] [Said of the texture of a microcrystalline,
xenomorphic igneous rock. Also said of a rock with such
a texture] ● mikrokörnig, feinkörnig
granulitic [(a) Of, pertaining to, or composed of granu-
lite. All other usages are now discouraged, including the
following: (b) A syn. of granoblastic, (c) a syn. of
granuloblastic, (d) a descriptive term for a fine-grained
texture produced by crushing and cataclasis, (e) a syn. of
xenomorphic as used by Michel-Levy in 1874 and 1889,
(f) a term applied by Judd in 1886 to the texture of
basaltic or doleritic rocks (Johannsen, 1939) (preferred
syn: intergranular), (g) a syn. of microgranular] ●
granulitisch, intergranular
granuloblastic, homogranular, even-grained;
equigranular, granulitic [nonrecommended synonyms]
[Said of a metamorphic homogranular texture ‘‘in
which mineral grains largely lack rational faces but
have straight or smoothly curving grain boundaries and
approximately polygonal shapes’’ (Harte, 1977). This
texture is typically fine-grained (< 2 mm).
Granuloblastic and coarser-grained granoblastic textures
are common in rocks of the granulite facies and in
monomineral rocks (Joplin, 1968)] ● granuloblastisch,
gleichkörnig, einkörnig
granulometric. . . > grain(-size). . .
graphic intergrowth 623
granulometrically homogeneous regions ●
granulometrische Homogenbereiche m (pl)
granulometric fine structure ● granulometrische
Feinstruktur f
granulometric grade, granulometric range,
granulometric fraction, granulometric category, grad-
ing range, grading fraction, grading category,
grain(-size) fraction, grain(-size) category, grain size
range [classified into clay, silt, sand, gravel and cobble]
● Korngrößenklasse f [eingeteilt in Feinstes, Schluffkorn,
Sandkorn, Kieskorn, Steine]; Korn(größen)bereich m,
Korn(größen)fraktion f, Korngrößengruppe f,
Korngruppe, Fraktion G
granulometric permanence ● granulometrische
Permanenz f
granulometric range > granulometric grade
granulometry ● Korn(größen)messung f
granulose [Pertaining to the structure that is typical of
granulite and that is due to the presence of granular
minerals, e.g. quartz, fel(d)spars, garnet, pyroxene, in
alternating streaks and bands developed on
a megascopic or microscopic scale. No typical foliation is
developed due to the absence of lamellar or prismatic
minerals] ● granulös
granulyte, granulite [A sedimentary rock composed of
sand-sized aggregates of constructional (nonclastic) ori-
gin, simulating in texture an arenite of clastic origin, e.g.
a rock formed of lapilli or of oolitic grains] ● Granulit m
grape stone, grape formation, botryoid, clusterite,
botryoidal stalagtite [Clusters of smooth, nodular, cal-
careous deposits on cavern walls] ● Traubenstein m
grapevine drainage pattern, trellis(ed) drainage pat-
tern, espalier drainage pattern [It is characterized by
parallel main streams intersected at or nearly right angles
by their tributaries, which in turn are fed by elongated
secondary tributaries parallel to the main streams,
resembling in plan the stems of a vine on a trellis] ●
gitterförmige Gebietsentwässerung f
graphic, runic ● schriftgranitisch
graph(ical representation), chart [The plot of the
points in the plane which constitute the graph of a given
real function or a pictorial diagram depicting
interdependence of variables] ● grafische Darstellung f,
Graph m
graphic construction ● zeichnerische Ermitt(e)lung f
graphic granite, runite, graphic stone, Hebraic granite
● Schriftgranit m, hebräischer Stein m
graphic intergrowth [An intergrowth of crystals, com-
monly fel(d)spar and quartz, that produces a type of
624 graphic log
poikilitic texture in which the larger crystals have a fairly
regular geometric(al) outline and orientation] ●
schriftgranitische Verwachsung f
graphic log > sample log
graphic (map) scale ● grafischer (Karten)Maßstab m
graphic method ● grafisches Verfahren n, grafische
Methode f
graphic ore, graphic tellurium, sylvanite, silvanite,
white tellurium, yellow tellurium, goldschmidtite,
(Ag, Au)Te4 [Not to be confused with ‘‘sulvanite’’ or
‘‘sylvinite’’] ● Sylvanit m [L. A. Necker de Saussure
1835], gediegenes Sylvan n, Autotellurid m, Aurum
G graphicum [I. von Bron 1790], Schrifterz n [H. M.
Esmark 1798, A. G. Warner 1800]. Aurum bismuticum,
Tellursilberblende f, Sylvanerz, Schrifttellur m
graphic pegmatite [A very coarse-grained variety of
graphic granite] ● Schriftpegmatit m
graphic radial triangulation, hand templet triangu-
lation, manual templet triangulation ● zeichnerische
Radialtriangulation f
graphic rectification ● grafische Entzerrung,
graphische Entzerrung f, zeichnerische Entzerrung
graphic solution ● grafische Lösung, graphische
Lösung f
graphic stone > graphic granite
graphic tellurium > graphic ore
graphic texture ● schriftgranitische Struktur f
graphic triangulation ● zeichnerische Triangulation f
graphic water stage register, recording float gauge;
recording float gage (US) ● Schwimmerschreibpegel m,
Schwimmerregistrierpegel
graphitic [Resembling, containing, derived from, or
pertaining to graphite] ● graphitisch
graphitic clay ● Schieferkreide f
graphitic schist ● Graphitschiefer m, Griffelschiefer
graphitization ● Graphitisierung f
graphitoid(al), resembling graphite ● grafitähnlich,
graphitähnlich
graph of errors > error graph
graphometer ● Grafometer, Graphometer n,
Winkelmesser m [Vermessung]
graptolitic ● graptolithenführend
graptolitic shale ● Graptolithschiefer m
grass, surface, grass roots (⚒) ● Tag m, Rasen-
(sohle) m, (f), Tagesoberfläche f [Die Erdoberfläche
und der ganze Raum über derselben, im Gegensatz zum
Raum unter der Erdoberfläche, daher ‘‘am Tage’’, ‘‘über
Tage’’, im Gegensatz zu ‘‘unter Tage’’, der Tag scheint
„herein’’ usw.]
grass brick ● Grasziegel m
grass captain (⚒) ● Jungensteiger m [Aufseher über
die bei der Scheide- und Klaubearbeit verwendeten
Jungen]
grass captain, surface foreman (⚒) ● Tagessteiger m
grass cover ● Grasnarbe f
grass crop > daystone
grassed channel, grass swale ● Rasenrinne f
[Hangsicherung]
grassfire algorism, medial axis transformation,
wavefront algorism ● Distanzskelettierung f [Aus der
binären Ausgangsmatrix B wird eine Rastermatrix B’
erzeugt, in der jedem 1-Bildpunkt seine Distanz zum
Rand des jeweiligen Musters zugeordnet wird]
grasshopper beam ● endgelagerter Schwengel m
[Tiefbohrtechnik]
grass invasion ● Vergrasung f
grassland ● Grünland n
grassland savannah ● Grassavanne f
grass(-lin)ed ● grasausgekleidet, grasbekleidet,
grasverkleidet [Graben]
grass mattress ● Rasenmatte f
grass revetment [See remark under ‘‘revetment’’] ●
Grasfutter n, Grasauskleidung f, Grasverkleidung,
Grasbekleidung
grass roots (⚒) > grass
grass-roots coal, outcrop coal [Coal of inferior quality
near the surface] ● minderwertige Kohle f, Graskohle,
oxidierte Kohle in Ausbissnähe, Rasenkohle
grass seeding ● Berasung f
grass swale, grassed channel ● Rasenrinne f
[Hangsicherung]
grass table, ground table ● Bankett n, Latsche f
[Grundmauer]
grass turf ● Rasenplatz m
grassy steppe ● Grassteppe f
grate ● Rost m [Lawinenverbauung: Stützfläche, die aus
Balken, Rechenstäben oder Rostbalken besteht]
grate bar > (fire) grate bar
grating, wire grating ● Gitterrost m
grating beam string-peace
grating cross-beam > cross-beam of a grating
grating constant ● Konstante d100 f [Röntgenphysik]
gratonite [A mineral composed of lead arsenic sulphide,
occurring in rhombohedral crystals] ● Gratonit m,
9PbSAs2S3
graupel, snow pellets, soft hail, tapioca snow, pellet
snow ● Graupel f
graupen tonstein, granular tonstein [This type of
tonstein consists predominantly of kaolinite grains of
lighter or darker shades, often surrounded by collinite.

These grains show a cryptocrystalline to finely crystalline
structure; the cryptocrystalline material is isotropic] ●
Graupentonstein m
grauwacke [German] > graywacke
gravel; channer [Scotland] [An unconsolidated, natural
accumulation of rounded rock fragments resulting from
erosion, consisting predominantly of particles larger than
sand (diameter greater than 2 mm, or 1/12 inch), and
combinations of these particles; the unconsolidated equiv-
alent of conglomerate] ● Kies m
gravel-and-sand foundation mat(tress) ● Kies-
Sand-Gründungsmatte f, Kies-Sand-Fundamentmatte,
Kies-Sand-Fundamentmatratze f, Kies-Sand-
Gründungsmatratze
gravel annulus ● Kiesraum m [Kiesschüttungs-
brunnen]
gravel aquifer ● Kiesgrundwasserleiter m
gravel backfill, granular fill, fill material ●
Zugabematerial n [Bei der ! Rütteldruckverdichtung
wird durch die Vibrationen der Boden verdichtet und es
bildet sich auf der Oberfläche um den Rüttler ein
Trichter. In diesen Trichter wird Zugabematerial
eingefüllt damit das fehlende Volumen ausgeglichen
wird]
gravel (back)fill(ing) (⚒) ● Kiesversatz m
gravel (back)fill(ing) ● Kieshinterfüllung f
gravel bagwork ● Kiessackkolkschutz m
gravel bank ● Kiesbank f
gravel bank, gravel embankment ● Kiesdamm m
gravel base layer ● Schottertragschicht f
gravel beach ● Kiesstrand m
gravel bed ● Kiessohle f [Fluss; Strom]
gravel bed(ding) ● Kiesbett n, Kiesunterbettung f
gravel bed with interspersed sand and silt layers ●
Kieslage f mit eingeschlossenen Sand- und Siltlinsen
gravel blanket ● Kiesplanum n
gravel blasting ● Kiessprengen n, Kiessprengung f
gravel blinding ● Kiesausgleichschicht f,
Kiesausgleichlage f
gravel borrow pit ● Kiesentnahmestelle f
gravel category > gravel grade
gravel channel ● Kiesbett n [Fluss; Strom]
gravel-clay mixture ● Kies-Ton Gemisch n
gravel-clay stabilized ● stabilisiert mit Kies und Ton
gravel column, gravel pile [Gravel injection into poor
bearing soil by jetting and vibro-displacement to improve
carrying capacity] ● Kies(einpress)säule f, Kies-
(einpress)pfahl m, Kies(einpress)schaft m, Kies-
(verdichtungs)pfahl
gravel-covered > gravel-topped
graveling (US) 625
gravel cushion ● Kiespolster n [In Österreich: m]
gravel deposit ● Kiesablagerung f
gravel depository, gravel disposal site ● Kiesdeponie f
gravel desert, reg ● Kieswüste f
gravel digging, gravel excavation ● Kiesaushub m
gravel disposal site, gravel depository ● Kiesdeponie f
gravel drain ● Kiesdrän m
gravel dredging ● Nass-Kiesgewinnung, Nass-
Kiesbaggerung f, Kies-Nassgewinnung, Kies-
Nassbaggerung
gravel embankment, gravel bank ● Kiesdamm m
gravel envelope > gravel (well) pack(ing)
gravel excavation, gravel digging ● Kiesaushub m G
gravel extraction ● Kiesgewinnung f
gravel fan ● Kiesfächer m
gravel-fill dam ● Kies(füll)(stau)damm m,
Kiesschüttungs(stau)damm, Kiesschütt(stau)damm,
Damm aus Kiesschüttung, Staudamm aus
Kiesschüttung
gravel fill(ing) ● Kies(auf)füllung f, Kies(auf)-
schüttung, Kiesauftrag m
gravel filter, gravel filter(ing) layer ● Kiesfilter-
(schicht) m, (f), Kiesfilterlage f
gravel filter well [A large-diameter well in which
graded pea gravel is used as filter material between two
perforated tubes in the well. The outer tube is often
withdrawn and the gravel allowed to spread into the
ground around the well. To prevent choking of the filters
by excessive pumping, a number of wells may be spread
over the area to obtain the water volume required] ●
Kiesschütt(ungs)brunnen m
gravel flat ● Kiesflach n [In einem Fluss oder Strom]
gravel grade, gravel range, gravel category, gravel
fraction ● Kieskorn(größen)bereich m, Kieskorn-
(größen)fraktion f, Kieskorn(größen)gruppe f,
Kieskorn(größen)klasse f
gravel grain ● Kieskorn n
gravel ground, gravel soil ● Kiesboden m,
Kiesgrund m
gravel ground stabilization > gravel (soil)
stabilization
gravel hydraulic fill(ing), gravel sluicing [See remark
under ‘‘hydraulic fill(ing)’’] ● Kiesaufspülung f,
Kiesspülauftrag m
graveling (US); gravelling (Brit.) ● Verkiesen,
Bekiesen, Kiesaufbringen n
graveling (US); gravelling (Brit.) [The process of forcing
pea gravel into the tail void created by a tunnel shield to
prevent ground settlement. The process is always followed
by cement grouting] ● Kieseinbau m [Tunnelschild]
626 gravel layer
gravel layer, layer of gravel ● Kiesschicht f, Kiesband
gravel lens ● Kieslinse f
gravel level ● Kieshorizont m
gravelly ● kiesig
gravel(ly) clay ● kiesiger Ton m, Kies-Ton
gravel(ly) loam ● kiesiger Lehm m, Kieslehm [Nicht
verwechseln mit „lehmiger Kies’’]
gravel(ly) marl ● Kiesmergel m, kiesiger Mergel
gravel(ly) pit sand ● Grubenkiessand m
gravel(ly) river sand, gravel(ly) stream sand ●
Stromkiessand m, Flusskiessand m
gravel(ly) sand ● kiesiger Sand m, Kiessand
G gravel(ly) silt ● kiesiger Schluff m, Kiesschluff
gravel(ly) silty sand ● kiesiger schluffiger Sand m,
schluffiger kiesiger Sand
gravelly soil ● kiesiger Boden m
gravel(ly) spherical sand ● Rollkiessand m [kugeliges
Korn]
gravel(ly) stream sand ● Flusskiessand m
gravel(ly) stream sand, gravel(ly) river sand ●
Stromkiessand m, Flusskiessand m
gravel occurrence ● Kiesvorkommen n
gravel operation(s) ● Kiesbetrieb m
gravel packing > gravel (well) packing
gravel piedmont > waste plain
gravel pile, gravel column [Gravel injection into poor
bearing soil by jetting and vibro-displacement to improve
carrying capacity] ● Kies(einpress)säule f, Kies-
(einpress)pfahl m, Kies(einpress)schaft m, Kies-
(verdichtungs)pfahl
gravel pit, gravel workings, gravel quarry ● Kiesgrube f
gravel (pit) operator ● Kiesgrubenbetreiber m
gravel placer ● Kiesseife f
gravel plain ● Kiesebene f
gravel plant ● Kieswerk n
gravel precompaction, densification with gravel ●
Kiesvorverdichtung f
gravel producer ● Kieserzeuger m
gravel product ● Kieserzeugnis n, Kiesprodukt n
gravel pump ● Kiespumpe f
gravel-pump mine, hydraulic gravel-pump mine ●
Kiespumpenbetrieb m
gravel-pump tin mine, hydraulic gravel-pump tin
mine ● Zinn-Kiespumpenbetrieb m
gravel-pump tin mining, hydraulic gravel-pump tin
mining ● Kiespumpenzinnbergbau m
gravel rammed column ● Kiesstampfsäule f
gravel range, gravel grade, gravel category, gravel
fraction ● Kieskorn(größen)bereich m, Kieskorn-
(größen)fraktion f, Kieskorn(größen)gruppe f,
Kieskorn(größen)klasse f
gravel reef ● Kiesriff n
gravel resource ● Kiesvorrat m
gravel river bed, river gravel bed ● Kiesstromsohle f,
Stromkiessohle
gravel river channel, river gravel channel ●
Kiesstrombett n, Stromkiesbett
gravel ‘sack’, pocket ● Schottersack m
[Unbeabsichtigte Sackung an einem Eisenbahndammz.
B. durch zunehmende Verkehrsbelastung od.
unzureichende Dränage-Vorkehrungen]
gravel-sandy soil ● kiessandiger Boden m
gravel-silt mixture ● Kies-Schluff Gemisch n
gravel sluicing, gravel hydraulic fill(ing) [See remark
under ‘‘hydraulic fill(ing)’’] ● Kiesaufspülung f,
Kiesspülauftrag m
gravel soil, gravel ground ● Kiesboden m, Kiesgrund m
gravel (soil) stabilization, gravel ground stabilization
● (Boden)Stabilisierung f mit Kies, (Boden-)
Verfestigung mit Kies
gravel stratum ● Kiesschicht f, gewachsene
Kiesschicht, Kieslage f, gewachsene Kieslage
gravel stream bed, stream gravel bed, river gravel bed
● Kiesflusssohle f, Flusskiessohle
gravel stream channel, stream gravel channel, river
gravel channel ● Kiesflussbett n, Flusskiesbett
gravel stripping, stripping gravel ● Kiesabtrag(-)
(en) m, (n)
gravel terrace ● Kiesterrasse f
gravel tidal flat, tidal gravel flat ● Kieswatt n
gravel-topped, gravel-covered ● bekiest, kiesbedeckt
gravel well ● Kiesbrunnen m
gravel (well) pack(ing), gravel (well) sleeve, gravel
(well) envelope [Between well screen and aquifer sand]
● Kies(brunnen)packung f
gravel workings > gravel pit
grave-yard shift, dying shift, night shift (⚒) ●
Nachtschicht f
gravimeter, gravity meter, gravitometer ●
Schweremesser m, Gravimeter n
gravimeter measurement, gravimeter observation ●
Gravimetermessung f
gravimetric separation ● Schwimm-Sink-Verfahren n,
gravimetrische Trennung f
gravimetry ● Gravimetrie f, Schweremesstechnik f
gravitation [The mutual attraction between two
masses] ● Gravitation f
gravitation(al) . . . > gravity. . .

gravitation(al) deformation extending deep into
the mountain slopes, gravity deformation extending
deep into the mountain slopes, mountain splitting
[‘Flowing’ and ‘Sliding’ are the generic terms for this
type of mass movement according to the Multilingual
Landslide Glossary.] ● Bergzerreißung f [Unter
Bergzerreißung wird die Kinematik und die Geometrie
von Kriech- und Gleitvorgängen von Felsmassen an
Hängen und Böschungen infolge Schwerkrafteinwirkung
verstanden (*1); gehört nach dem MLG* zum
Bewegungstyp ‚Fließen und Gleiten’.]
gravitational field ● Schwerefeld n
gravitational mass movement ● gravitative
Massenbewegung f
gravitational process ● Sturzprozess m [Steinschlag,
Fels- und Bergsturz, Blockschlag]
gravitation water, seepage water, percolation
water, infiltration water ● Sickerwasser n,
Sickerungswasser
gravitative mass movement [such as flowing, sliding,
falling, toppling and spreading] ● gravitative
Massenbewegung f [ein hangabwärts gerichteter
Verlagerungsvorgang, der durch die Schwerkraft ausgelöst
wird. Darunter fallen Fließen, Rutschen, Kippen, Fallen,
Driften]
gravitative transfer, mass-washing, bulk transfer of
masses, masses bulk transfer [Of rock debris down slopes
under the direct influence of gravity] ● Schwerkraft-
Schutttransport m
gravitometer > gravimeter
gravity [(a) The effect on any body in the universe of the
inverse-square-law attraction between it and all other
bodies and of any centrifugal force that may act on the
body because of its motion in an orbit, (b) The resultant
force on any body of matter at or near the Earth’s surface
due to the attraction by the Earth and to its rotation
about its axis, (c) The force exerted by the Earth and by
its rotation on unit mass, or the acceleration imparted to
a freely falling body in the absence of frictional forces.
„Schwerkraft’’ may also be translated by ‘‘gravity force’’,
‘‘gravitation(al) force’’, ‘‘earth pull’’, ‘‘force of gravity’’
and ‘‘pull of gravity’’] ● Schwere f, Schwerkraft f,
Gravitationskraft
gravity [Petroleum. A general term for API gravity or
Baumé gravity of crude oil] ● Baumédichte f
gravity acceleration, acceleration of gravity, gravita-
tion(al) acceleration, acceleration of free fall, apparent
gravity, acceleration due to gravity ● Schwerebe-
schleunigung f, Beschleunigung der Schwere,
gravity dam of triangular section 627
Fallbeschleunigung, Schwerkraftbeschleunigung,
Erdbeschleunigung, Gravitationsbeschleunigung, gra-
vitative Beschleunigung [Zeichen: g. Einheit: m/s2]
gravity action, gravity effect, gravitation(al) effect,
gravitation(al) action ● Schwerewirkung f,
Gravitationswirkung, Schwerkraftwirkung, gravitative
Wirkung
gravity arch(ed) dam, arch(ed) gravity dam, mass(ive)
concrete arch(ed) dam ● Bogen(schwer)gewicht(s)(tal)-
sperre f, Bogen(schwer)gewicht(s)(stau)mauer f,
(Schwer)Gewicht(s)bogen(tal)sperre, (Schwer)Gewicht-
(s)bogen(stau)mauer [Die Gewichtskraftwirkung für die
ganze Mauer überwiegt; z.B. die Chastangsperrre in G
Südfrankreich]
gravity astronomy > celestial mechanics
gravity attraction, gravity pull, gravitation(al) attrac-
tion, gravitation(al) pull ● Schwereanziehung f,
Gravitationsanziehung, Schwerkraftanziehung, gravi-
tative Anziehung, Erdanziehung
gravity calculation, Schwereberechnung f,
Schwerkraftberechnung
gravity collapse structure, gravitation(al) collapse
structure ● Gleitdeckenstruktur f
gravity compaction, surcharge compaction, gravita-
tion(al) compaction, gravity densification, gravitation
(al) densification, surcharging compaction [Compac-
tion of sediment resulting from overburden pressure] ●
Auflastverdichtung f
gravity concrete dam > gravity (mass) concrete ●
dam
gravity constant, gravitation(al) constant [The con-
stant g in the law of universal gravitation: Its value is
6.670  0.005x10-11 newton m2/kg2] ●
Schwerekonstante, Schwerkraftkonstante f,
Gravitationskonstante
gravity coring device, gravitation(al) coring device ●
Schwerekerngerät, Schwerkraftkerngerät n,
Gravitationskerngerät, gravitatives Kerngerät
gravity dam, heavy retaining wall [A dam constructed
of mass concrete or stone masonry, or both, which relies
on its weight for stability. It is usually roughly triangular
in cross-section with its base width so related to its height
as to ensure stability against overturning, sliding or foun-
dation crushing] ● (Schwer)Gewicht(s)(tal)sperre f,
(Schwer)Gewicht(s)(stau)mauer f, (Schwer)Gewicht-
(s)sperrmauer
gravity dam of triangular section, triangular(-sec-
tion) gravity dam ● (Schwer)Gewichts(stau)mauer f
mit dreieckigem Querschnitt
628 gravity deformation extending deep into the mountain slopes
gravity deformation extending deep into the
mountain slopes, gravitation(al) deformation
extending deep into the mountain slopes, mountain
splitting [‘Flowing’ and ‘Sliding’ are the generic terms for
this type of mass movement according to the Multilingual
Landslide Glossary.] ● Bergzerreißung f [Unter
Bergzerreißung wird die Kinematik und die Geometrie
von Kriech- und Gleitvorgängen von Felsmassen an
Hängen und Böschungen infolge Schwerkrafteinwirkung
verstanden (*1); gehört nach dem MLG* zum
Bewegungstyp ‚ Fließen und Gleiten’.]
gravity densification > gravity compaction
G gravity difference, gravitation(al) difference ●
Gewichtsunterschied m, Masseunterschied
[Gravimetrie]
gravity differentiation, gravitation(al) differentiation,
crystal fractionation [Magmatic differentiation resulting
from the floating or settling under gravity, of mineral
crystals as they form] ● Schweredifferentiation f,
Gravitationsdifferentiation, Schwerkraftdifferentiation
gravity direction > direction of the plumb line
gravity disturbance, gravitation(al) disturbance ●
Schwerestörung f, Schwere(kraft)störung,
Gravitationsstörung, gravitative Störung
gravity drainage, gravitation(al) drainage [reservoir
engineering] ● Schwereentölung, Schwerkraftent-
ölung f, Gravitationsentölung
gravity drainage, gravity groundwater lowering,
groundwater lowering by gravity, drainage by gravity,
gravitation(al) drainage, free(-flow) drainage ●
Schwereentwässerung, Gravitationsentwässerung f,
klassische Grundwasser(ab)senkung, Schwerkraftent-
wässerung, Grundwasser(ab)senkung nach dem
Gravitationsverfahren, Gravitations(ab)senkung [Das
Wasser fließt dem Brunnen durch Schwerkraft zu, weil
durch die Grundwasserspiegel(ab)senkung ein
hydraulisches Gefälle zum Brunnen hin entsteht]
gravity effect, gravity action, gravitation(al) effect,
gravitation(al) action ● Schwerewirkung f (schüttungs)quelle f, Schwerkraft(schüttungs)quelle,
Gravitationswirkung, Schwerkraftwirkung, gravitative
Wirkung
(gravity) equipotential surface, gravitation(al) equi-
potential surface, level surface, surface of equal gravi-
tation(al) potential [A surface, within a field of flow,
such that the total head is the same for all points on the
surface, and therefore the direction of flow is perpendic-
ular to the surface at all points] ● Äquipotential-
oberfläche f, höhengleiche Oberfläche, Niveaufläche
gravity erosion, mass erosion, gravitation(al) erosion
● Schwere(boden)erosion f, Schwerkraft(boden)-
erosion, gravitative (Boden)Erosion, Gravitations-
(boden)erosion
gravity fault, normal fault, normal slip fault, slump
fault [A fault along which the hanging wall has moved
down relative to the footwall. The angle of the fault is
usually 45 -90 . There is dip separation but there may or
may not be dip slip. ‘‘Faulting’’ may synonymously be
used for ‘‘fault’’] ● Abschiebung f
gravity field [A term used instead of ‘‘gravitation(al)
field’’ when other influences are also involved, such as
centrifugal force] ● Schwerefeld n, Schwerkraftfeld,
Gravitationsfeld
gravity flow, gravitation(al) flow, glacier flow
[Movement of glacier ice as a result of the
inclination of the slope on which the glacier rests] ●
Gletscherfließen n
gravity flow, unconfined flow, gravitation(al) flow ●
Schwerkraftfließen n, Schwerefließen, Gravitations-
fließen, gravitatives Fließen
gravity (flow) drainage, gravitation(al) flow drainage
[The removal of water by gravity flow from subsurface
works, excavations and irrigation areas] ●
Schweredränage, Schwerkraftdränage f, gravitative
Dränage, Gravitationsdränage
gravity fold, gravitation(al) fold [It develops in
a comparatively short space of time, and is due to the
sliding of rock masses down a slope under the influence of
gravity] ● Schwerefalte, Schwerkraftfalte, gravitative
Falte, Gravitationsfalte f
gravity force > gravity
gravity formula ● Schwereformel f,
Schwerkraftformel, Gravitationsformel
gravity foundation ● Schwergewicht(s)gründung f,
Schwerkraftfundament n [Fundament für Offshore-
Windenergieanlage: Es besteht aus einem großen
Betonblock zur Aufnahme der O-Windenergieanlage.
Auch im Brückenbau im Einsatz]
gravity fountain, gravity spring ● Schwere-
Gravitations(schüttungs)quelle
gravity (geophysical) method, gravitation(al) (geo-
physical) method ● Schwereverfahren, Schweremethode f,
Schwerkraftverfahren, Schwerkraftmethode, Gravi-
tationsverfahren n, Gravitationsmethode
gravity (geo)tectonics, gravitation(al) (geo)tectonics
● Schweretektonik f, Schwerkrafttektonik,
Gravitationstektonik
gravity gradient, gravitation(al) gradient ●
Schwerkraftgradient m, Schweregradient, Gravitations-
gradient, gravitativer Gradient

gravity gradiometer, gravitation(al) gradiometer ●
Drehwaage f von Shaw and Lancaster Jones
gravity groundwater, gravitation(al) groundwater ●
gewinnbares Wasser n
gravity groundwater lowering, gravity drainage,
groundwater lowering by gravity, drainage by gravity,
gravitation(al) drainage ● Schwereentwässerung,
Gravitationsentwässerung f, klassische Grundwasser-
(ab)senkung, Schwerkraftentwässerung, Grundwasser-
(ab)senkung nach dem Gravitationsverfahren, Gravita-
tions(ab)senkung [Das Wasser fließt dem Brunnen
durch Schwerkraft zu, weil durch die Grundwas-
serspiegel(ab)senkung ein hydraulisches Gefälle zum
Brunnen hin entsteht]
gravity groundwater pressure, hydrostatic ground-
water pressure, gravitation(al) groundwater pressure
[The pressure generally due to the weight of water at
higher levels in the same saturation zone] ●
hydrostatischer Grundwasserdruck m
gravity grouting [see EN 12715 for additional terms
and definition] ● drucklose Verfüllung f
gravity head, gravitation(al) head [Groundwater flows
under the action of the gravitational head toward the
wellpoints] ● Strömungsdruck m, Zugkraft f, Sog m
gravity incline, haul(age) plane, inclined roadway,
ginney (road), jinny (road), (inclined) plane, run,
raise heading, self-acting incline, brake incline, gravity
plane, godevil plane, underground gravity plane,
(braking) incline, clook, flat inclined plane, gradient,
sloping plane [Loaded wagons come down and empty
wagons go up] (⚒) ● Berg m, (ein)fallende (Orts-)
Strecke f, Bremsberg m, einfallender Stollen m
gravity interpretation, gravitation(al) interpretation
● Transformation f von Schwerekarten,
Schweredeutung f
gravity investigation, gravitation(al) investigation ●
Schwereuntersuchung f, Schwerkraftuntersuchung,
Gravitationsuntersuchung
gravity irrigation, irrigation by gravity ● Schwerebe-
wässerung f, Schwerkraftbewässerung, gravimetrische
Bewässerung, Gravitationsbewässerung, gravitative
Bewässerung
gravity law > law of gravitation
gravity main [A pipeline through which water from
a reservoir flows downhill by gravity] ●
Schwerkraftwasser(rohr)leitung f
gravity map, gravitation(al) map ● Schwerekarte f,
Schwerkraftkarte, gravitative Karte, Gravitationskarte
gravity masonry dam > (stone) masonry (gravity)
dam
gravity prospection 629
gravity masonry (retaining) wall, gravity retaining
masonry wall ● (Schwer)Gewichts(stütz)mauer f
gravity (mass) concrete dam, mass concrete (gravity)
dam, (concrete) gravity dam ● Beton(Schwer)Gewicht(s)-
(tal)sperre f, Beton(Schwer)Gewicht(s)(stau)mauer m,
Beton(Schwer)Gewicht(s)sperrmauer
gravity measurement ● Schwerkraftmessung f
gravity measurement(s), gravity work, gravity survey
(ing) [‘‘Gravitation(al)’’ and ‘‘gravimetric(al)’’ may
synonymously be used for ‘‘gravity’’] ● Schwermes-
sung(en) f, Gravitationsmessung(en), Schwerkraft-
messung(en)
gravity meter, gravimeter, gravitometer ● G
Schweremesser m, Gravimeter n, Schwerkraftmesser
gravity method, two-dimensional method of analysis
● (Schwer)Gewichtsverfahren n, zweidimensionales
Aufgliederungsverfahren [Schwergewicht(s)talsperre]
gravity (oil) depletion, gravitation(al) (oil) depletion
● Schwereentölung f, Schwerkraftentölung,
Gravitationsentölung
gravity pendulum, gravitation(al) pendulum ●
Schwerkraftpendel n, Schwerependel,
Gravitationspendel
gravity plane (⚒) > (braking) incline
gravity plane, godevil plane, underground gravity
plane, (braking) incline, clook, flat inclined plane, gra-
dient, gravity incline, haul(age) plane, inclined road-
way, ginney (road), jinny (road), (inclined) plane, run,
raise heading, self-acting incline, brake incline, sloping
plane [Loaded wagons come down and empty wagons go
up] ● Berg m, (ein)fallende (Orts)Strecke f, Bremsberg
m, einfallender Stollen m
gravity potential, gravitation(al) potential ●
Schwerepotential, Schwerkraftpotential, Gravitations-
potential n, gravitatives Potential [Bodenwasser]
gravity pressure, gravitation(al) pressure ●
Schweredruck m, Schwerkraftdruck
gravity pressure head, hydrostatic (pressure) head,
gravitation(al) pressure head ● hydrostatische
Druckhöhe f [Zeichen: hst, Einheit: m, Gleichung: hst¼
(pst/rg)]
gravity profile ● Schwereprofil n, Schwerkraftprofil,
Gravitationsprofil
gravity prospection, gravity search(ing), gravitation
(al) prospection, gravitation(al) search(ing) ●
Schwereprospektion f, Schweresuche f,
Schwereaufsuchung f, Schwerkraftprospektion,
Schwerkraftsuche, Schwerkraftaufsuchung, Gravita-
tionsprospektion, Gravitationssuche, Gravitations-
aufsuchung
630 gravity pull

gravity pull, gravity attraction, gravitation(al) attrac- gravity station [The site of installation of gravimeters]
tion, gravitation(al) pull ● Schwereanziehung f, ● Gravimeterstation f, Schweremessstation,
Gravitationsanziehung, Schwerkraftanziehung, gravi- Schwerkraftmessstation, Gravitationsmessstation
tative Anziehung, Erdanziehung gravity stone masonry dam, (stone) masonry (grav-
gravity reservoir [A reservoir in which production is ity) dam [It relies on its weight for stability] ● (Stein-)
significantly affected by gas, oil and water Mauerwerk(tal)sperre f
separating under the influence of gravity while gravity stowing, drop stowing(⚒) ● Sturzversatz m
production takes place. Proper exploitation allows gravity-stratified [e.g. anorthosite] ● schwerege-
oil to be produced while liberated gas is retained bündelt, schwerkraftgebündelt
in the reservoir and helps to maintain pressure gravity stress, gravitation(al) stress ●
needed for oil production. Gravity segregation is Schwerespannung f, Gravitationsspannung,
most effective at low offtake rates] ● Lagerstätte f Schwerkraftspannung
G mit Schwerkraftförderung, Lagerstätte mit gravity structure ● Schwergewicht(s)bauwerk n
Schwereförderung (gravity-)surveyed borehole ● schweregemessenes
gravity (retaining) masonry wall > gravity masonry Bohrloch n
(retaining) wall gravity survey(ing) > gravity work
gravity (retaining) wall ● (Schwer)Gewichts- gravity system, gravitation(al) system ●
stützwand f Schweresystem n, Schwerkraftsystem,
gravity rise, gravitation(al) rise ● Schwereanstieg m, Gravitationssystem
Schwerezunahme f, Schwerkraftanstieg, gravity tectonics, gliding tectonics, gravitation(al)
Schwerkraftzunahme, Gravitationsanstieg, tectonics ● Schweretektonik f, Schwerkrafttektonik,
Gravitationszunahme Gravitationstektonik, gravitative Tektonik
gravity road [Any road on which cars will descend by gravity tide > equilibrium tide
gravity] (⚒) ● Schwerkraftstrecke f gravity value, gravitation(al) value ● Schwerewert m,
gravity screen ● Schwerkraftsieb n Schwerkraftwert, Gravitationswert, gravitativer Wert
gravity search(ing) > gravity prospection gravity-variometer > torsion(al) balance
gravity separation, gravitation(al) separation [The gravity wall > gravity (retaining) wall
separation of oil, gas and water in a reservoir rock in gravity water, gravitation(al) water ● Schwerewasser n,
accordance with their relative gravities] ● Schwerkraftwasser, Gravitationswasser
Schweretrennung, Schwerkrafttrennung f, gravity wave, gravitation (al) wave [A wave distur-
Gravitationstrennung bance in which buoyancy (or reduced gravity) acts as
gravity sewer ● Schwerkraft- Abwasserleitung f the restoring force on parcels displaced from hydrostatic
gravity shaft ● Sturzschacht m equilibrium. There is a direct oscillatory conversion
gravity slope [The upper, relatively steep slope of between potential and kinetic energy in the wave motion]
a hillside, commonly lying at the angle of repose of the ● Schwerwelle f, Schwerkraftwelle, Gravitationswelle
material eroded from it; it is steeper than the wash slope gravity well, gravitation(al) well ●
below. Name given by H. A. Meyerhoff] ● Steilwand f, Schwerkraftbrunnen m, Schwerebrunnen,
Bösche f Gravitationsbrunnen, gravitativer Brunnen
gravity sorting, gravitational sorting ● gravity wind, drainage wind, katabatic wind, moun-
Schweresortierung f, Gravitationssortierung, tain wind, canyon wind ● katabatischer Wind m,
Schwerkraftsortierung Fallwind
gravity spillway dam, spillway gravity dam ● gravity work, gravity measurement(s), gravity survey
Schwergewichtssperre f mit Überfall (ing) [‘‘Gravitation(al)’’ and ‘‘gravimetric(al)’’ may
gravity spring, gravity fountain ● Schwere(schütt- synonymously be used for ‘‘gravity’’] ● Schwermessung
(ungs))quelle f, Schwerkraft(schütt)quelle, Gravita- (en) f, Gravitationsmessung(en), Schwerkraft-
tions(schütt(ungs))quelle, Schwerkraftschüttungs- messung(en)
quelle gray antimony > antimonite
gravity stamp [Unit in stamp battery which directs gray antimony, jamesonite, grey antimony ●
a heavy falling weight on to a die on which rock is exposed haarförmiger Antimonglanz m, Jamesonit m,
for crushing] ● Pochmühle f Pb4FeSb6S14

grayband > flag(stone)
gray bed, grey bed [North of England] ● sandiger
Schieferton m in der Kohlenkalksteinbildung
gray-black mud > grey-black mud
gray-brown podzol(ic soil) > grey-brown podzol(ic
soil)
gray chalk, grey chalk, chalk marl ● Kreidemergel m,
Graukalk m, mittlere Kreide f
gray cobalt > cobalt glance
gray copper ore, fahlore, grey copper ore, tennantite;
fahlerz [German]; (Cu,Fe)12As4S13 ● Tennantit m
Gray Desert soil > Grey Desert soil
gray dune, grey dune ● Graudüne f [Alte Düne ohne
nennenswerte Sandzufuhr, meist mit einer dichten
Pflanzendecke]
gray earth > Grey Desert soil
gray forest gley(ed) soil > grey forest gley(ed) soil
gray forest soil, grey forest soil ● grauer Waldboden m
gray hyacinth > zirconite
gray lead ore, gray pyromorphite, grey lead ore, grey
pyromorphite ● Graubleierz n, grauer Pyromorphit m
gray level, grey level ● Graustufe f
gray manganese ore > manganite
gray marl, grey marl ● Graumergel m
gray pyromorphite, gray lead ore, grey lead ore,
grey pyromorphite ● Graubleierz n, grauer
Pyromorphit m
gray scale, grey scale ● Graukeil m [Folge gleitend oder
gestuft aneinandergereihter Grautöne von Weiß zu
Schwarz]
gray silver, carbonate of silver, selbite, grey silver ●
Weißgüldigerz n, Grausilber n
graystone, greystone [A dense gray-green rock, resem-
bling basalt and composed of felspar and augite. Not
recommended usage] ● Graustein m
gray tint (US), grey tint (Brit.) ● Grauton m
[allgemein]
graywacke, (grey)wacke, rubblestone, apogrit;
grauwacke [German] ● Grauwacke f
graywacke group, (grey)wacke group
Übergangsgebirge n, Grauwackeformation f
(gray)wacke limestone > transition-limestone
gray warp soil, grey warp soil ● grauer
Alluvialboden m
graywether > greywether
Gray Wooded soil, Gray Podzolic soil, Grey Wooded
soil, Grey Podzolic soil [A great soil group, introduced in
1949, characterized by a thin 01 horizon and a thin A1
horizon, a relatively thick, bleached A2 horizon, and
a brown clayey B horizon. They occur in cool to
green coal 631
temperate, subhumid to semiarid parts of Western Can-
ada and the USA. These soils are now classified under the
Alfisols] ● grauer Podsolboden m
gray zircon > zirconite
grazing trail ● Weidespur f [Eine der fünf Lebensspuren
nach Seidacher]
grease ice, ice slush ● Eisbrei m
grease monkey, oiler [A workman who keeps
machinery properly lubricated] ● Schmierer m,
Abschmierer
greaser [A workman who oils or greases the mine cars]
(⚒) ● Wagen(ab)schmierer m
greasiness ● Fettigkeit f G
greasy, unctuous ● schmierig
greasy [Applied to the luster of minerals. Having the
luster of oily glass, as nepheline] ● fettig
great circle, zone circle [stereographic crystal projec-
tion] ● Zonenkreis m
great-circle chart > gnomonic projection
great-circle projection > gnomonic projection
great heave (⚒) ● Gewand n [Eine Gebirgsschicht,
gangartige Bildung usw., welche die Flöze abschneidet
oder verwirft]
Great Ice Age > Ice Age
Great pyramid of Cheops ● Cheopspyramide f
great soil group > soil type
great spring ● Riesenquelle f [Besonders stark
schüttende Quelle in Karstgebieten]
great-upon-little > rocking stone
Great Valley ● Kalifornische Längstal n
green [concrete, mortar: freshly set but not yet
completely hardened] ● jung [Beton, Mörtel]
green a(d)venturine quartz, chrysoquartz ● grüner
Aventurinquarz m
green belt, country belt, agricultural belt, rural belt
[A stretch of countryside around and between
towns, separating each from the others, and predomi-
nantly farmland and parkland, whether or not such
land is in the ownership of a town authority] ●
● Grüngürtel m
green belt, frostless zone, verdant zone, thermal belt,
thermal zone [The warmest part of a slope above a valley
floor, lying between the layer of cold air which forms
over the valley floor on calm clear nights and the cold
hill tops or plateaus; the air flowing down the slopes is
warmed by mixing with the air above ground level, and
to some extent also by adiabatic compression] ● frostfreie
Zone f
green coal [In Australia, freshly mined coal] ● grüne
Kohle f
632 green concrete
green concrete, freshly-mixed concrete, fresh con-
crete [green concrete has set but not appreciably hard-
ened] ● Frischbeton m
green corundum, green diamond spar, green hard
spar [A greenish variety of corundum, sometimes used
as a gemstone or ornamental stone] ● grüner Schmirgel m,
grüner Korund m, grüner Hartspat m, grüner
Schmergel
green earth > Verona earth
green earth; terre verte [French]; terra verde [Italian]
[Any of various naturally occurring silicates (especially of
iron) used chiefly as bases for green basic dyes and for
G green pigments; specifically glauconite and celadonite] ●
Grünerde f
green ebony ● Aspalath m
green glass; Brighton emerald [misnomer] ●
Grünglas n
green hard spar > green corundum
green hornblende ● grüne Hornblende f, Pargasit m,
Edenit
greenhouse effect ● Treibhauseffekt m
greenhouse gas ● Treibhausgas n
greenhouse gas emissions ● Treibhausgas-
emissionen f
greenhouse(-warming) effect, global climate change
● Treibhauswirkung f
greening method ● Begrünungsmethode f
greening of shotcrete slopes, shotcrete greening ●
Spritzbetonbegrünung f
green iron ore > dufrenite
greenish blue ● grünlichblau
greenish quartz; Gibsonville emerald [misnomer] ●
grünlicher Quarz m
greenish smithsonite > Aztec stone
greenish-yellow apatite asparagus stone
green labor (US); green labour (Brit.) ● bergfremde
Leute f
greenlandite > columbite
Greenland spar, cryolite, ice stone, sodium-alumin(i)-
um fluorid(e), Na3AlF6 ● Kryolith m, Eisspat m [Ein
Aluminiummineral, das gelegentlich als feste Phase in
Dreiphaseneinschlüssen im Topas auftritt]
green lead ore, green pyromorphite ● Grünbleierz n,
grüner Pyromorphit m
green microcline, amazonite, amazonstone; Amazon
stone [obsolete] ● Amazonasstein m, Amazonit m,
grüner Mikroklin m; Amazonasjade
[Fehlbenennung]
green microcline fel(d)spar; Amazon jade [misno-
mer] ● grüner Mikroklinfeldspat m
green moss peat ● Grünmoostorf m
greenockite, cadmium blende, cadmium yellow, cad-
mium ocher, xanthochroite, cadmium ochre, cadmium
sulphid(e); cadmium sulfid(e) (US) ● Greenockit m,
Schwefelkadmium n, Kadmiumblende f
green ore [A mix(ture) of clay and atacamite] ●
Grünerz n
green pack (⚒) ● lockere Versatzrippe f
green pyromorphite, green lead ore ● Grünbleierz n,
grüner Pyromorphit m
green rock [Staffordshire] > basalt
green roof ● begrüntes Dach n
green salt of Magnus ● grünes Magnussalz n
greensand of Peru > atacamite
green sandstone ● grüner Sandstein m,
Quadersandstein
green sapphire; oriental emerald [misnomer] ●
orientalischer Smaragd m [Handelsbenennung], grüner
Saphir m
greenschist [A general term for those varieties of schists
in which hornblende, chlorite, or epidote are abundant
constituents] ● Grünschiefer m
green scum ● grüner Schwimmschlamm m, grüne
Schwimmdecke f [Algen an der Wasseroberfläche]
green spinel, chlorospinel ● grüner Spinell m
Green’s strain tensor ● Greensche Verzerrungstensor m
green starstone > chlorastrolite
greenstone > nephrite
greenstone, diorite [An intrusive rock] ● Grünstein m
greenstone [A quarryman’s term for freshly cut stone,
containing water] ● bergfeuchtes Gestein n,
bergfeuchter Fels m
greenstone; blue elvan [Cornwall] ● Grünstein m
green t(o)urmaline; Brazilian emerald, African emer-
ald [misnomers] ● Brasilsmaragd m
[Handelsbenennung], grüner Turmalin m
green turquoise > Aztec stone
green water [A large unbroken water] ● Sturzwelle f
green zircon, beccarite ● grüner Zirkon m
greigite, melnikovite [A dark mineral with spinel-like
structure. Fe3S4] ● Melnikovit m, Greigit m
greisen [A pneumatolytically altered granitic rock com-
posed largely of quartz, mica and topaz. The mica is
usually muscovite or lepidolite. Tourmaline, fluorite,
rutile, cassiterite, and wolframite are common accessory
minerals] ● Greisen m, feldspatloser Granit m
m greisening, greisenization, greisenisation ●
Greisenbildung f, Vergreis(en)ung [Eine bei Zinnstein-
vorkommen und anderen pneumatolytischen Erzen
auftretende Zersetzung von Granit, die durch

Topasbildung auf Kosten von Feldspäten, Lithiumglim-
merbildung und andere Durchsetzungserscheinungen des
Gesteins mit leichtflüchtigen Bestandteilen
gekennzeichnet ist]
grena, uncleaned coal ● ungereinigte Kohle f
grena, uncleaned ore ● ungereinigtes Erz n
grenate, garnet ● Granat m
grenatite > cross-stone
grenatite, leucite, amphigene, vesuvian, Vesuvian gar-
net [It is often called ‘‘white garnet’’, which it resembles]
● Amphigenspat m, Leuzit m, KAlSi2O6 [frühere
Benennung: weißer Granat m]
greve ● flacher Sandstand m
greve > ditch
grey antimony > antimonite
grey antimony > jamesonite
greyband > flag(stone)
grey bed, gray bed [North of England] ● sandiger
Schieferton m in der Kohlenkalksteinbildung
grey-black mud, gray-black mud ● Mudd m,
grauschwarzer Schlick m, grauschwarzer Schlamm m
[Ein besonders für die Ostsee charakteristisches Sediment,
relativ kalkarm, dafür reicher an organischen Stoffen und
dementsprechend grauschwarz gefärbt]
grey-brown podzol(ic soil), gray-brown podzol(ic
soil), leached (grey-)brown earth, strongly leached
earth, strongly leached soil ● podsolierter ((grau-)
brauner) Waldboden m, (grau)brauner podsolierter
Waldboden, (grau)brauner Podsol(boden) m,
degradierte Braunerde f, ausgelaugte Braunerde, stark
ausgelaugter Boden, Grauerde, Grauboden,
Parabraunerde, Parabraunboden, Heidepodsol
(boden), Heidepodsolerde, gebleichter Waldboden;
Asche(n)boden, Asche(n)erde, Bleichboden,
Bleicherde, Bleichsand m [frühere Benennungen]
grey chalk, gray chalk, chalk marl ● Kreidemergel m,
Graukalk m, mittlere Kreide f
grey cobalt > cobalt glance
grey copper ore > fahlore
Grey Desert soil, Gray Desert soil, Sierosem, gray
earth, grey earth ● Sierosem m [Neustrujeff 1900],
graue Wüstensteppenboden m, Sierosiom m
[Schreibweise nach russischer Aussprache], Grauerde f,
Serosem, grauer Boden der Halbwüste [Stebutt],
Bielosem (¼ Weißerde) [Dokutschajeff 1893. Bezieht
sich auch auf Mergelrohboden]
grey dune, gray dune ● Graudüne f [Alte Düne ohne
nennenswerte Sandzufuhr, meist mit einer dichten
Pflanzendecke]
grey earth > Grey Desert soil
griddle 633
grey forest gley(ed) soil, gray forest gley(ed) soil ●
grauer vergleyter Waldboden m, vergleyter grauer
Waldboden, vergleiter grauer Waldboden, grauer
vergleiter Waldboden
grey forest soil, gray forest soil ● grauer Waldboden m
grey hyacinth > zirconite
grey lead ore > gray lead ore
grey level, gray level ● Graustufe f
grey manganese ore > manganite
grey marl, gray marl ● Graumergel m
grey pyromorphite > gray lead ore
grey scale, gray scale ● Graukeil m [Folge gleitend oder
gestuft aneinandergereihter Grautöne von Weiß zu G
Schwarz]
grey silver > gray silver
greystone, graystone [A dense gray-green rock, resem-
bling basalt and composed of fel(d)spar and augite. Not
recommended usage] ● Graustein m
grey tint (Brit.); gray tint (US) ● Grauton m
[allgemein]
(grey)wacke, graywacke, rubblestone, apogrit;
grauwacke [German] ● Grauwacke f
(grey)wacke group, graywacke group ●
Übergangsgebirge n, Grauwackeformation f
(grey)wacke limestone, transition-limestone ●
Grauwacke(n)kalkstein m, Übergangskalkstein
grey warp soil, gray warp soil ● grauer
Alluvialboden m
greywether, graywether, sarsen (stone), druid(ical)
stone, Saracen (stone) [Grey rounded blocks of sand-
stone or quartzite remaining as residual boulders when
less resistant material has been eroded away. So called
from their resemblance, at a distance, to grazing sheep
(wether)] ● Sarsenstein m, Druidenstein
Grey wooded soil > Gray wooded soil
grey zircon > zirconite
griblet [A map printed in a subdued monochrome, such
as gray blue, which is used as a map for overprints. The
term is an anglicized corruption of the French ‘‘grisbleu’’]
● Graudruck m
gric [west Balkans] > solution fissure
grid ● Raster m
grid > (map) grid
grid arrangement ● gitterförmige Anordnung f,
gitterartige Anordnung
grid convergence; grid declination (US) ● Meridian-
konvergenz f
gridding ● Koordinatennetz n, geografisches
Koordinatennetz n [Der Bildgeometrie angepasst]
griddle > ridar [Cornish term]
634 grid-like layout
grid-like layout (or: arrangement) ● rasterförmige
Anordnung f
gridlock, traffic jam ● Verkehrsstau m
grid mat, wire mesh mat ● Gittermatte f
grid north [The northerly or zero direction indicated by
a meridional line of a rectangular map grid. It is
concident with true north only along the meridian of
origin] ● Gitter-Nord n
grid sheet [mechanical radial triangulation] ●
Koordinatennetz n, Planunterlage f, Unterlage
grid sheet [mechanical radial triangulation] ●
Koordinatennetz n, Planunterlage f, Unterlage
G grid sheet system, sheeting and bracing system,
sheathing and bracing system [A method of bracing
the lateral faces of a deep cut or excavation by installing
soldier beams and horizontal sheeting to support the
earth banks. The soldier beams are in turn supported
laterally by wales and horizontal or inclined braces] ●
Verbau m [Graben; Baugrube]
grid-shift technique for Moiré-analysis of strain in
solid propellants ● Moiréverfahren n mit im
Modellinneren angeordneten Gittern
grid spacing ● Rasterabstand m [Der richtige R. für die
Fallhöhen ist z. B. bei der dynamischen Intensivver-
dichtung zu beachten]
grief joint > kelly joint
grief stem > kelly
grike, solution fissure, cutter, gryke [One of a series of
vertical open cracks about 0.5 m wide, dislocated along
joints separating limestone pavement into clints. The
term ‘‘gric’’ is used in the west Balkan for same feature]
● Kluftkarre f
grillage > (pile) grillage
grillage footing (foundation) ● Rosteinzelfundament n,
Rosteinzelgründung f
grillage (foundation) [It is suitable for sustaining
heavy concentrated loads from columns, comprising two
layers of rolled steel joists laid at right angles to one
another. The concentrated loads are thereby spread over
a large area of base foundation] ● Rostgründung f,
Rostfundament n
grille [A cover(ing) over an inlet or outlet
with openings through which fluid passes] ● Rost m,
Gitter n
to grind away stumps ● wurzelstockfräsen [von
Baumwurzelstöcken]
grinding fineness ● Mahlfeinheit f [z. B. von
Bindemitteln]
grinding gauge; grinding gage (US) ● Schleiflehre f
grinding mineral liberation, mineral liberation by
grinding ● Mahlmineralaufschluss m, Mahlmineral-
aufschließung f, Mahlmineralherauslösung
grinding strength ● Schleiffestigkeit f
grinding swart ● Schleifschlamm m
grinding tool ● Schleifwerkzeug n
grip > catch(water) drain
grip length > fixed length
gripper plate ● Gripperplatte f [einer Gripper-TBM]
gripper TBM, gripper tunnel boring machine ●
Gripper-Tunnelbohrmaschine f, Gripper TBM
gripper tunnel boring machine, gripper TBM ●
Gripper-Tunnelbohrmaschine f, Gripper TBM
griquaite, garnet pyroxenite [A coarse-grained garnet
and clinopyroxene rock that may or may not contain
olivine or phlogopite. It occurs as nodular xenoliths in
kimberlite pipes and dikes. Named by Beck in 1907 for
Griqualand, South West Africa. Not recommended
usage] ● Griquait m, eruptive Eklogitfazies f
Grisonides [former name] > lower Austride nappes
grit, rock-bind, gritstone, coarse(-)grain(ed) sand-
stone ● grob(körnig)er Sandstein m [besonders im
Steinkohlengebirge]
grit ● Splitt m [zum Streuen von schneebedeckten und
vereisten Straßen]
to grit [a road covered with ice] ● streuen
grit bin [contains a mixture of salt and grit during the
winter time] ● Streugutkasten m
grit channel ● Langsandfang m
grivation ● Nadelabweichung f [Winkel zwischen
Magnetisch-Nord und Gitter-Nord]
grizzly ● Stabsieb n
grizzly level, grizzly road, grizzly way, grizzly drift
(⚒)● Rostsohle f
grizzly raise (⚒) ● Rosthochbruch m, Rostaufbruch
GRL, gamma-ray (well(bore)) logging [A method of
logging boreholes by observing the natural radioactivity
of the rocks through which the hole passes. It was devel-
oped for logging holes which cannot be logged electrically
because they are cased] ● Bohrloch-
Gammastrahlungsmessung f
GRM, general(ized) reciprocal method, Palmer method
[A method of interpreting seismic refraction profiles
over irregular layers, using forward and reverse
shooting to obtain matched time-distance graphs. It is
comparable to the plus-minus method, but less
restricted in its application] ● Palmerverfahren n,
Palmermethode f
groin > groyne

groin head (US) > jetty head
grommet [A ring of compressible material inserted
under a head and nut of a bolt connecting sections of
tunnel liners to seal the bolt hole] ● Tülle f
groom (⚒) ● Pferdeknecht m
groove ● Furche f [Fließgrenzenbestimmung nach
Casagrande und ASTM]
gro(o)ve [in Derbyshire] ● Bergwerk n, Grube f
groove cast ● Rinnmarke f
groove cut in the rock (⚒) ● Brunnen m, Prame f
[Eine in das Gestein eingehauene Furche]
groove cutting, cutting (of) grooves ●
Furchenziehung f [Fließgrenzenermitt(e)lung eines
Bodens]
grooved > channel(l)ed
groove(d) pile, plank-pile ● Aufpfahl, Spundpfahl m
[20-30 cm dick, vieleckig zugespitzt, auf der einen Seite
mit Spund, auf der entgegengesetzten Seite mit Nut]
[Spundwand; Grundbau]
grooved tube ● Rillenrohr n [z. B. für das
Inklinometer]
groove (mark) ● Rille(nmarke) f
groove (mark) cast ● Rillen(marken)ausfüllung f,
Rillen(marken)abdruck m, Rillen(marken)negativ-
form f, Rillen(marken)ausguss m [Siehe Anmerkung
unter „Abdruck’’. „Schleifmarken . . .’’ kann synonym
für „Rillen(marken). . .’’ verwendet werden]
groover [Derbyshire] > miner
groove sample > channel sample
groove sampling > channel sample taking
grooving tool ● Furchenspatel m, Furchenzieher m
[Fließgrenzengerät nach Casagrande]
grorudite [A hypabyssal rock composed of phenocrysts
of microcline or microcline perthite, acmite and
less kataphorite in a tinguaitic groundmass of
microcline or microperthite, acmite and abundant
quartz; an acmite-rich sodic granite. Named by
Brögger in 1894 for Grorund, Oslo district, Norway] ●
Grorudite m
gross (available) fall, gross (available) head ●
Rohfallhöhe f [Talsperre]
gross bearing pressure, total bearing pressure ●
Bruttoauflagerdruck m
gross discharge flow, total discharge flow ●
Gesamtdurchfluss m
gross duty of water, head-gate duty of water, diver-
sion requirement, diversion duty of water, total duty of
water [The water requirement or duty measured at the
point of diversion. It includes all canal or conduit losses,
ground 635
seepage losses, evaporation and transpiration losses in the
system, and all waste] ● Gesamtwasserbedarf m
gemessen am Verteiler
gross error ● grober Fehler m
gross precipitation, total precipitation ● Gesamtnie-
derschlag m
gross production, total production ●
Bruttoförderung f, Rohförderung [Gewinnung von
Bodenschätzen. Die in die Aufbereitung gelangende
Fördermenge]
gross (rain)fall, total rain(fall) ● Bruttoregen m,
Gesamtregen
gross reserves ● Bruttovorräte f G
gross sample, total sample ● Sammelprobe f
gross settlement, total settlement [Total downward
movement of a pile or pile group under applied load] ●
Bruttosetzung f
grossular(ite), grossularia, gooseberry stone; calcium-
aluminum garnet (US); calcium aluminium garnet
(Brit.) ● Grossular m, Edelgrossular
gross water power potential, total water power
potential ● Bruttowasserkraftpotential n, Gesamtwas-
serkraftpotential [Das theoretische Wasserkraftpotential
oder Gesamtpotential der einzelnen Fluss- und
Stromsysteme von den Quellen bis zur Mündung]
grothite > sphene
grotto ● Grotte f
ground ● gemahlen
ground, earth [1. The voltage level of the ground. 2. The
reference voltage level of an electrical system or instru-
ment] ● Erde f
ground, land, terrain ● Gelände n, Land n, Terrain n
ground, support(ing) medium, foundation (material),
support(ing) ground, foundation ground, natural
foundation, founding ground, founding material
[The soil or rock on which a structure or building
rests. The word ‘‘foundation’’ is also used as an
equivalent to the word ‘‘substructure’’ and then
means ‘‘Unterbau’’ in German] ● Baugrund m
[Schicht, auf der gegründet wird. Der Bauingenieur
bezeichnet alle im Untergrund auftretenden
Gesteine einschließlich der Verwitterungszone mit
„Boden’’.]
ground, surrounding medium, country ● Gebirge n
[Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground [The surface or upper part of the Earth] ●
Grund m
ground, bottom (⚒) ● Blindholz n, Futterholz,
Füllbrett n, Grund m
636 ground
ground, bottom [The surface or upper part of the Earth]
● Grund m
ground . . . > (foundation) ground . . .
ground acceleration > earthquake acceleration
ground anchor, anchor ● Anker m [Die im Bohrloch
eingebaute und am erd- oder felsseitigen Ende verankerte,
verklebte oder verpresste Ankerstange (¼ Stahlzugglied)
wird am luftseitigen Ende (¼ Ankerkopf) mit einer Mut-
ter über eine an der freien Oberfläche des Gebirges oder
einem betonierten Ankerkopf aufliegenden Ankerplatte
befestigt und gespannt]
ground anchoring, ground bolting, ground anchor-
G age ● Gebirgsverankerung f, Ankerausbau m
[Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground arch [The ground located immediately above
a tunnel which transfers the overburden load onto ground
located on both sides of the tunnel] ● Grundbogen m
ground area ● Geländefläche f [Fotogrammetrie]
ground avalanche [obsolete] > entire snowcover
avalanche
ground-bailiff (⚒) ● Bergwerk(s)inspektor m,
Bergwerk(s)verwalter
ground beam > grade beam (US)
ground bolting, ground anchoring, ground anchor-
age ● Gebirgsverankerung f, Ankerausbau m
[Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground boundary, boundary of grounds ●
Tagesgrenze f zweier Gebirge, Ausstrichgrenze zweier
Gebirge [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground break, base failure, ground failure, shear fail-
ure [Rupture of soil or rock; the failure of rock or soil in
shear resulting in loss of soil or rock bearing capacity] ●
Grundbruch m
ground break ● (Gelände)Knickpunkt m inorganic, or plant life other than lawn used to cover an
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground camera station, ground exposure station
[The point on the ground occupied by the camera lens
at the moment of exposure] ● Bodenaufnahmepunkt m
ground check(ing) ● Feldvergleich m bei
Geländebegehung [Erfassung von Relieftypen mit Hilfe
von Satellitenfotos]
ground cill, ground sill [An underwater wall built
across the bed of a water course in order to prevent
excessive scour of the bed or to increase the width of
water surface] ● Grundschwelle f, Stauschwelle
ground cill, ground sill [A timber laid across the floor of
a heading or a trench] ● Grundspreize f, Bodenspreize,
Sohl(en)spreize, Liegendholz n, Grundbalken m,
Grundschwelle f
ground collapse ● Gebirgseinsturz m [Untertagebau
und Bergbau]
ground competence ● Gebirgsdruckfestigkeit f
[Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground competence, compressive strength of the
rock material ● Gebirgsdruckfestigkeit f [Untertagebau
und Bergbau]
ground compliance ● Bodennachgiebigkeit f
ground conditions [Not in the sense of ‘‘soil’’] ●
Gebirgsverhältnisse f [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground conditions ● Bodenverhältnisse f (pl)
ground configuration ● Bodenplastik f [Der aus der
Erde hervorgehende Gegensatz und Wechsel zwischen
konkaven und konvexen Oberflächenformen]
ground consolidation, soil consolidation ●
Bodenkonsolidierung f
ground control, ground survey control [The marking
of survey, triangulation or other key points on the ground
which may be recognized in aerial photographs] ●
Passpunktüberprüfung f
ground control, strata control ● Gebirgsbeherrschung f
[Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground control point, ground survey control point ●
Passpunkt m [Überprüfung der Luftbildmessung durch
die Erdbildmessung]
ground control point work ● Passpunktbestimmung f
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground control practice > strata control practice
ground co-ordinate ● Geländekoordinate f
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground core ● Gebirgskern m [Untertagebau und
Tiefbohrtechnik]
ground cover, soil cover [Any material, organic or
area] ● Bodenbedeckung f, Bodendeckung
ground cover [Any material, organic or inorganic, or
plant life other than lawn used to cover an area] ●
Bodenbedeckung f
ground coverage ● Flächenleistung f
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground cover(ing) > plant cover(ing)
ground crack ● Aufbrechen n des Gebirges, Aufreißen
des Gebirges
ground current > telluric current
ground current method, earth current method, tel-
luric (current) method [An electrical exploration
method in which the Earth’s natural field is measured
at two or more stations simultaneously and
a quantitative estimate of the electric(al) properties of

the section is obtained thereby] ● Tellurik f,
Erdstrommethode f, Erdstromverfahren n,
Tellurstrommethode, Tellurstromverfahren
ground data; ground truth [deprecated] [Information
collected on or near the surface of the Earth, in conjunc-
tion with an aerial or remote-sensing survey] ●
Bodenaufnahmedaten f
ground defrosting, soil defrosting, earth defrosting ●
Bodenentfrostung f, Erdentfrostung
ground depression, depression, basin, trough, natu-
ral depression, hollow, sag; howe [Eastern Scottish] ●
(Gelände)Senke f, (Gelände)Vertiefung f (Gelände-)
Mulde f, Bodensenke, Bodenmulde, Bodenvertiefung
ground destressing, destressing (of) ground ●
Gebirgsentspannung f [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground disruption, soil disruption, earth disruption ●
Erdaufbruch m, Bodenaufbruch
ground distance ● Geländestrecke f [Fotogrammetrie]
ground earth, ground soil ● Erdreich n
grounded, earthed ● geerdet
ground electrode ● Bodenelektrode f
ground elevation > ground height
ground enclosed by (means of) a dike (or dikes) ●
eingedeichtes Land n, Eindeichung f
ground expert, soil expert, soil mechanics expert ●
Baugrundsachverständiger m
ground expert opinion > (foundation) ground
expertise
Ground – Exploration by excavation, boring and
sampling (DIN 4021) ● Baugrund - Aufschluss durch
Schürfe und Bohrungen sowie Entnahme von Proben
(DIN 4021)
ground exposure station, ground camera station
[The point on the ground occupied by the camera lens
at the moment of exposure] ● Bodenaufnahmepunkt m
ground failure, shear failure, ground break, base fail-
ure [Rupture of soil or rock; the failure of rock or soil in
shear resulting in loss of soil or rock bearing capacity] ●
Grundbruch m
ground floor (Brit.); first floor (US) ● Erdgeschoss n
ground fluid, fluid in (the) rock pores ●
Gesteinsporenfluid n
ground fog, radiation fog ● Bodennebel m
ground frost, soil frost, earth frost [An occurrence of
below-freezing temperature on the surface of the ground,
while the air temperature remains above the freezing
point] ● Bodenfrost m, (Boden)Gefrornis f
ground frost > ground ice
ground frost limit ● Untergrundfrostgrenze f
ground improvement 637
ground frost line [The line giving the depth of frost
penetration into the ground] ● Untergrundfrostlinie f
ground gain hillside, deposition(al) hillside, accumu-
lation (hill)slope, ground gain (hill) slope, deposition
(al) hill(slope), accumulation hillside, deposited (hill)
slope, deposited hillside ● Aufschütt(ungs)(ab)hang m,
Aufschütt(ungs)gehänge n, Ablagerungs(ab)hang,
Ablagerungsgehänge, Absetz(ab)hang, Absetzgehänge
ground gas ● Bodengas n [Zwischen dem Grundwas-
serspiegel und der Erdoberfläche vorkommendes Gas]
ground gas probe ● Bodengassonde f
ground geophysics [As opposed to ‘‘airborne geophys-
ics’’] ● Bodengeophysik f G
(ground) grade > ground surface
ground heat, terrestrial heat ● Erdwärme f, Geowärme
ground heat flow, terrestrial heat flow, terrestrial
thermal flow, ground thermal flow ● Erdwärmefluss m,
Geowärmefluss
ground heaving > lift
ground height, ground level, ground elevation ●
Geländehöhe f, Geländeoberkante f, Flur f,
Terrainhöhe, Terrainoberkante, Landhöhe,
Landoberkante
groundhog (⚒) > barney
groundhog, groundman [A labourer who digs in the
ground or who works under the ground. In contradistinc-
tion to a sand-hog, who works under water in
a pneumatic caisson] ● Erdarbeiter m
ground ice [deprecated] > anchor ice
ground ice, fossil ice, underground ice, subsurface ice,
subsoil ice, subterraneous ice, ground frost [All ice, of
whatever origin or age, found below the surface of the
ground, especially a lens, sheet, wedge, seam, or irregular
mass, of clear nonglacial ice enclosed in perenially or
seasonally frozen ground, often at considerable depth.
Used by many authors as synonymous with anchor ice]
● fossiles Eis n, unterirdisches Eis, Bodeneis, Steineis
ground ice [Ice formed on the ground by freezing of rain
or snow, or by compaction of a snow layer] ● Glatteis n
ground ice [Glacier ice, sea ice, or lake ice that has been
covered with soil] ● überdecktes Bodeneis n,
überdecktes Steineis
ground ice layer > ice layer
ground ice wedge, ice wedge, ice vein ● Eiskeil m
ground improvement, modifying the ground;
Ground Modification [A servicemark of GKN Hayward
Baker Inc., USA] ● Baugrundverbesserung f,
Baugrundvergütung, Untergrundverbesserung,
Untergrundvergütung
638 ground improvement technique
ground improvement technique ● Baugrundverbes-
serungstechnik f
ground inclination, slope of the ground surface, slope
inclination, inclination of the slope ● Geländeneigung f
grounding [Context: to receive a comprehensive
grounding in mine safety] ● Grundwissen n
grounding [The temporary dropping and lodgement of
sedimentary particles carried in saltation, typically in
sandbars, natural levees, or gravel beds] ●
Hüpfablagerung f, Springablagerung,
Sprungablagerung
grounding line ● Aufsetzlinie f [Inlandeisschichten]
G ground investigation, natural foundation reconnais-
sance, subsoil exploration, soil investigation, site
reconnaissance, field reconnaissance, soil reconnais-
sance, subsurface exploration, subsurface reconnais-
sance, (geotechnical) site investigation, geotechnical
investigation, (foundation) ground reconnaissance ●
Baugrunderkundung f, Baugrunduntersuchung f,
Untergrunderkundung f, Baugrundaufschluss m,
Erkundung f des Untergrunds f, geotechnische
Untersuchung f
ground investigation, terrain investigation ●
Geländeuntersuchung f
ground investigation by penetration testing ●
Baugrundaufschluss durch Sondierungen m
ground investigation report, ground report, (foun-
dation) ground expertise, ground expert opinion, nat-
ural foundation expertise, (foundation) ground expert
testimony, natural foundation expert testimony, (foun-
dation) ground expert evidence, natural foundation
expert evidence ● Baugrundgutachten n, Untergrund-
gutachten n
ground investigation report, GIR [see EN 1997-1
and 2] ● geotechnischer Untersuchungsbericht m
ground layer > surface (boundary) layer
ground layering, stratigraphy, sequence of layers,
sequence of strata, soil layer sequence [The arrange-
ment of strata, especially as to geographic position and
chronologic order of sequence] ● Schichtenfolge f,
Aufeinanderfolge der Schichten
ground level (⚒) > day surface
ground level ● GOK f, Geländeoberkante f
ground level, ground height, ground elevation ●
Geländehöhe f, Geländeoberkante f, Flur f,
Terrainhöhe, Terrainoberkante, Landhöhe,
Landoberkante
ground level difference, (height) difference in ground
surface elevation ● Geländesprung m [allgemein]
ground levelling ● Geländenivellement n
ground line, ground surface, (ground) grade, terrain
surface, terrain line, terrain grade, topographic(al) sur-
face ● Geländeoberfläche f, Flur f, Geländeoberkante f,
Erdgleiche f, Terrainoberfläche, Terrainoberkante,
Terraingleiche, Geländegleiche, Bodenoberfläche,
Bodenoberkante, GOK
groundlog > sample log
ground loss, sloughing of soil, loss of ground [The
volume of soft ground flowing into an excavation] ●
Bodennachfallmasse n, Bodennachfall m,
Nachfallboden(masse) m, (f)
ground magnetometer [It is primarily suitable for
making static observations of magnetic field intensity on
the surface of the Earth] ● Bodenmagnetometer n,
magnetisches Bodenmessinstrument n
groundman, groundhog [A labourer who digs in the
ground or who works under the ground. In contradistinc-
tion to a sand-hog, who works under water in
a pneumatic caisson] ● Erdarbeiter m
groundman, mucker ● Schutter(arbeit)er m
ground map ● Baugrundkarte f [Siehe Anmerkung
unter „Baugrund’’]
ground mapping ● Baugrandkartierung f [Siehe
Anmerkung unter „Baugrund’’]
ground mark ● Bodenpunkt m, Fußpunkt
[Fotogrammetrie]
groundmass, rockmass ● Gebirgsverband m,
Gebirgsmasse f [Untertagebau und Bergbau,
Geotechnik]
groundmass, matrix [The finer-grained material
enclosing, or filling the interstices between the larger
grains or particles of a sediment or sedimentary rock] ●
Matrix f [Wenn im Gestein der Bindemittelanteil stark
hervortritt, verwendet man in der Regel die Benennung
„Grundmasse’’]
ground mechanics ● Gebirgsmechanik f [Die Lehre
von den Spannungen, Formänderungen oder
Bewegungen und Zerstörungen im Gebirge bzw. der
Wiederverfestigung von Bruchmassen einschließlich der
Beherrschung dieser Vorgänge. Sie erforscht die
Zusammenhänge zwischen bergmännischen Eingriffen
in das Gebirge und den Reaktionen des Gebirges. Dabei
werden vor allem Spannungen und Bruchvorgänge im
Nahbereich bergmännischer Hohlräume erfasst]
ground mica ● gemahlener Glimmer m
Ground Modification [A servicemark of GKN Hay-
ward Baker Inc., USA] > ground improvement
ground moisture ● Anhängewasser n,
Anhängselwasser, Anlagewasser, Bergfeuchtigkeit f,
Bergschweiß m; Haftwaser [Fehlbenennung]

ground motion, seismic ground motion [A general
term for all seismic motion, including ground
acceleration, velocity, displacement, and strain] ●
Erdbewegung f
ground movement ● Abbaudynamik f,
Gebirgsdynamik [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground movement ● Bodenbewegung f
ground nadir (point), nadir plumb point ● (Gelände)
Nadir(punkt) m [Zum Aufnahmezeitpunkt lotrecht
unter dem Objektivzentrum der Aufnahmekammer
befindlicher Geländepunkt. Symbol: N]
ground noise [In exploration seismology, ground noise
that is not caused by the shot] ● seismischer Störpegel m
ground opening(-up), opening(-up) of ground (⚒) ●
Aufschließen n, Aufschließung f, Aufschluss m
[Herstellen des Zugangs zur Lagerstätte durch
Grubenbaue der Ausrichtung]
ground parameter, soil characteristic, soil parameter
● Bodenkennwert m, Bodenkenngröße f
ground parameter, soil parameters, foundation soil
parameters, subsoil parameter, geotechnical parameter
● Baugrundparameter m, Baugrund-Kennwert
ground penetrating radar system ● bodenein-
dringendes Radarsystem n, bodeneindringendes
Funkmesssystem
ground permeability, formation permeability ●
Formationsdurchlässigkeit f, Gebirgsdurchlässigkeit
ground photogrammetry > terrestrial
photogrammetry
ground photo(graph) ● terrestrische Aufnahme f
[Fotogrammetrie]
(ground-)plan, site plan, plan view [Two-dimensional
graphic representation of the design, location and dimen-
sions of the project, or parts thereof, seen in a horizontal
plane viewed from above] ● Grundriss m
ground-plan area, plan area ● Grundrissfläche f
(ground-)plan dimension ● Grundrissabmessung f,
Grundrissmaß n
ground plane ● Geländeebene f [Fotogrammetrie]
(ground-)plan mapping ● Grundrisskartierung f
(ground-)plan pegging (out), (ground-)plan setting
(out) ● Grundrissabsteckung f
ground plumb bearing ● Azimut m bezogen auf die
Hauptvertikalebene der Aufnahme
ground point ● Geländepunkt m [Fotogrammetrie]
ground point of control, fixed point ● Festpunkt m
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground preparation for seeding and sodding ●
Bodenbehandlung f für Einsaat und (Rasen-)
Sodenandeckung
ground shaking 639
ground pressure (⚒) > rock pressure
ground pressure, bottom pressure, foundation
pressure, base pressure, bearing pressure ●
Sohldruck m
ground(-probing) radar ● Georadar n,
Untergrundradar, Geofunkmesssystem, Untergrund-
funkmesssystem n
ground profile, terrain profile ● Geländeprofil n,
Terrainprofil [Der Verlauf des ursprünglichen Geländes
im Längsprofil und den Querprofilen]
ground range [On SLAR images, the distance from the
flight path to an object] ● Bodenentfernung f
ground range image, ground range picture ● G
Aufsichtaufnahme f, Aufsichtbild n
ground range representation ● Bodenentfernungs-
darstellung f [Fernerkundung]
ground receiving station ● Bodenempfang(s)station f
[Satellitenerkundung]
ground refrigeration brine > refrigerating brine
ground refrigeration system > freezing plant
ground relief ● (Gelände)Höhenunterschied m
[Fotogrammetrie]
ground report, (foundation) ground expertise,
ground expert opinion, natural foundation expertise,
(foundation) ground expert testimony, natural foun-
dation expert testimony, (foundation) ground expert
evidence, natural foundation expert evidence, ground
investigation report ● Baugrundgutachten n,
Untergrundgutachten n
ground resistance ● Baugrundwiderstand m
ground (resistivity) factor ● Gebirgsfaktor m
ground resolution ● Bodenauflösung f
ground resonance, soil resonance, earth resonance ●
Bodenresonanz f
ground rock salt, broad salt ● gemahlenes Steinsalz n
ground roll ● störende Oberflächenwelle f
[Reflektionsseismik]
ground roller ● Grundwalze f [See]
ground roughness ● Bodenrauhigkeit f
grounds > sediment
ground sample [Rock or soil sample] ● Geländeprobe f,
Bodenprobe [Fels- oder Erd(reich)- probe]
ground sampler, ground sample taker ●
Gebirgsproben(n)ehmer m, Schicht(en)proben-
(n)ehmer
ground sea ● Grundsee f
ground settlement, soil settlement ● Bodensetzung f,
Setzung des Bodens
ground shaking ● Bodenerschütterung f,
Bodenunruhe f
640 ground sill
ground sill, ground cill [An underwater wall
built across the bed of a water course in order to
prevent excessive scour of the bed or to increase
the width of water surface] ● Grundschwelle f,
Stauschwelle
ground sill, ground cill [A timber laid across the floor of
a heading or a trench] ● Grundspreize f, Bodenspreize,
Sohl(en)spreize, Liegendholz n, Grundbalken m,
Grundschwelle f
ground slab (system), spread foundation, raft foun-
dation (system), (single) slab (foundation) (system),
mat (foundation) (system), raft foundation (system) ●
G Flächengründung f, Plattengründung [Eine Gründung,
die in der Sohlfläche senkrechte, geneigte, mittige und
ausmittige Kräfte abträgt, und zwar sowohl bei Flach-
als auch bei Tiefgründungen]
ground slack, sag of the tank bottom [tank founda-
tion] ● Bodendurchhang m [Tankgründung]
ground slope, valley-side slope [A measure, generally
expressed in degrees of the steepest inclination of the side
of a valley in stream-eroded topography. Maximum slope
is measured at intervals along the valley walls on the
steepest parts of the contour orthogonals running from
divides to adjacent stream channels. Symbol: y] ●
Talflankenneigung f
ground-slope angle ● Geländeanstiegswinkel m
ground sluice [A channel or trough in the ground
through which earth containing valuable mineral is
sluiced for placer mining] ● Grund(ge)rinne f (n),
Abflussgraben m [hydraulische Seifengewinnung]
ground sluicing [Stripping ground downslope by means
of a directed stream of water to excavate placer material
and transport it to a riffled trough in which the valuable
mineral is recovered] ● hydraulische Seifengewinnung f,
Wasserstrahl-Seifengewinnung, Schwemmen n [Die Aufnahmestandorte werden vom Gelände
alluvialer Seifen
ground soil, ground earth ● Erdreich n
ground speed ● Grundgeschwindigkeit f, Flugge-
schwindigkeit über Grund [Fotogrammetrie]
ground squall ● Bodenbö f
ground stability, formation stability, formation
strength, ground strength ● Formations(stand)-
festigkeit f, Gebirgs(stand)festigkeit
ground standing time ● Gebirgsstandzeit f,
Formationsstandzeit [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground stiffness ● Baugrundsteifigkeit f
ground strata, stratification, flow of layers ●
Schichtenverlauf m, Verlauf m der Schichtung,
Schichtenaufbau m
ground strength ● Bodenfestigkeit f
ground stress ● Gebirgsspannung f, Formations-
spannung [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground stress release ● Baugrundentspannung f,
Entspannung f des Baugrunds
ground strip, strip of ground ● Landstreifen,
Geländestreifen, Terrainstreifen m
ground-structure interaction, structure-ground
interaction ● Bauwerk-Baugrund-Wechselwirkung f,
Wechselwirkung zwischen Bauwerk und Baugrund,
Baugrund-Bauwerk-Wechselwirkung, Wechselwirkung
Bauwerk-Baugrund
ground subsidence, surface subsidence, areal subsi-
dence ● Geländesenkung f, Oberflächensenkung f
ground suitable for mechanical excavation ●
baggerfähiges Material n
(ground) support element, (ground) support prod-
uct ● Verbauelement n, Einbauelement [Untertagebau
und Bergbau]
(ground) support (system) > (permanent) (ground)
support (system)
(ground) support (system) > (temporary) (ground)
support system
(ground) support yield curve ● Verbaukennlinie f,
Einbaukennlinie [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground surface (⚒) > day surface
ground surface ● geschliffene Oberfläche f
ground surface, ground line, (ground) grade, terrain
surface, terrain line, terrain grade, topographic(al) sur-
face ● Geländeoberfläche f, Flur f, Geländeoberkante f,
Erdgleiche f, Terrainoberfläche, Terrainoberkante,
Terraingleiche, Geländegleiche, Bodenoberfläche,
Bodenoberkante, GOK
ground survey [Asurvey made by ground methods, as
distinguished from an aerial survey] ● Erdvermessung f
bestimmt]
ground survey control, ground control [The marking
of survey, triangulation or other key points on the ground
which may be recognized in aerial photographs] ●
Passpunktüberprüfung f
ground survey control point > ground control point
ground surveyor > surveyor
ground swell [Swell as it passes through shallow water;
it is characterized by a marked increase in height in water
shallower than one tenth wave length. To the seaman,
ground swell is often an indication of approaching bad
weather] ● Grunddünung f, Grundströmung,
Unterströmung, tiefe Dünung
ground table, grass table ● Bankett n, Latsche f
[Grundmauer]

ground target analysis, (terrain) target analysis ●
Zielobjekterkennung f, Geländeobjekterkenung,
Objekterkennung, Bodenobjekterkennung
ground temperature ● Bodenanfangstemperatur f
ground thawing, soil thawing, earth thawing ●
Bodenauftauen n, Erdauftauen
ground thermal flow > ground heat flow
ground timber > dormant(-tree)
ground timber (⚒) > sill
ground top, terrain top ● Geländeoberkante f, GOK,
Terrainoberkante
ground transport, earth transport ● Bodentransport m
[Verkehrswege]
ground treatment ● Gebirgsbehandlung f,
Formationsbehandlung [Untertagebau und Bergbau]
ground truth [deprecated]; ground data [Information
collected on or near the surface of the Earth, in conjunc-
tion with an aerial or remote-sensing survey] ●
Bodenaufnahmedaten f, Geländedaten
ground vibration ● Bodenschwingung f
ground vibrator, soil vibrator ● Bodenrüttler m
ground vibrator system, soil vibrator system ●
Boden-Rüttler System n
groundwater, ground water [The controversy over how
to spell ‘groundwater’ has largely been resolved in favor of
the one-word ‘groundwater’]; plerotic water [That part
of the subsurface water which is in the zone of saturation.
The terms ‘‘underground water’’, ‘‘subterrane(an)
water’’, ‘‘phreatic water’’ and ‘‘subsurface water’’ have
been used as synonyms for ‘‘groundwater’’, but their use is
to be discouraged] ● Grundwasser n; Bodenwasser
[Schweiz]
groundwater abatement > groundwater (level)
drawdown
groundwater abatement installation > groundwa-
ter (level) drawdown installation
groundwater abstraction > groundwater lowering
groundwater anomaly ● Grundwasseranomalie f
groundwater apex ● Grundwasserscheitel m
groundwater area ● Grundwasserfläche f
groundwater artery [A body of permeable material
encased in a matrix of less permeable or impermeable
material and saturated with water that is under pressure,
usually artesian] ● Grundwasserader f
groundwater ascent, groundwater rise ● Grundwas-
seranstieg m
groundwater/atmosphere interface ● Grundwas-
serspiegel m [Ausgeglichene Grenzfläche des
Grundwassers gegen die Atmosphäre, z. B. in Brunnen,
Grundwassermessstellen, Höhlen]
groundwater circulation 641
groundwater auger ● Grundwasserschnecke f
[unterirdischer Rohrvortrieb]
groundwater availability ● Grundwasserdargebot n
groundwater balance, groundwater budget ●
Grundwasserhaushalt m
(groundwater) barrier, groundwater dam, (hydro-
logic(al)) dam, hydrologic(al) barrier [A natural or
artificial obstacle, such as a dike or fault gouge, to the
lateral movement of groundwater, not in the sense of
a confining bed. It is characterized by a marked difference
in the level of the groundwater on opposite sides] ●
Grundwassersperre f
groundwater basin [An aquifer or system of aquifers, G
whether basin-shaped or not, that has reasonably well
defined boundaries and more or less definite areas of
recharge and discharge] ● Grundwasserbecken n,
Grundwassertrog m
groundwater basin [A subsurface structure having the
character of a basin with respect to the collection, reten-
tion and outflow of water] ● Grundwasserbecken n
(ground)water-bearing ● grundwasserführend
(ground)water-bearing formation > aquifer
(ground)water-bearing bed > aquifer
(ground)water-bearing deposit > aquifer
(ground)water-bearing stratum > aquifer
(ground)water-bearing zone > aquifer
groundwater (bore)hole, groundwater well(bore) ●
Grundwasserbohrloch n
groundwater budget, groundwater budget, ground-
water balance ● Grundwasserhaushalt m
groundwater capacity [The ability of a soil to hold
groundwater] ● Grundwasserhaltevermögen n,
Grundwasserhaltefähigkeit f
groundwater capture ● Grundwassererschließung f,
Grundwasseraufschluss m
groundwater care ● Grundwassererfassung,
Grundwassererhaltung f, Grundwasserpflege f
Grundwasserschonung
groundwater cascade [The near-vertical or vertical
flow of groundwater over a groundwater barrier] ●
Grundwasserkaskade f
groundwater catchment area, groundwater drainage
area ● Grundwassereinzug(s)gebiet n,
Grundwassernährgebiet
groundwater change, groundwater fluctuation,
groundwater oscillation ● Grundwasserschwankung f
groundwater charge ● Grundwasserneubildung f
groundwater chemistry ● Grundwasserchemie f
groundwater circulation ● Grundwasserzirkulation f,
Grundwasserumwälzung f
642 groundwater conduit
groundwater conduit, groundwater line ●
Grundwasserleitung f
groundwater configuration ● Grundwasser-
gestaltung f
groundwater confining bed [Not in the sense of
a groundwater dam] ● Grundwassernichtleiter m,
Grundwassersperrschicht f, Nichtleiter, Sperrschicht
groundwater consultant ● Grundwasserberater m
groundwater contaminant, groundwater polluting
agent ● Grundwasserverunreiniger m
groundwater contamination, groundwater pollution
[Impairment of groundwater quality by chemical or bacte-
G rial agents to a degree that creates an actual hazard to
public health] ● Grundwasserverseuchung f, Grundwas-
serverschmutzung, Grundwasserverunreinigung
groundwater contamination control, groundwater
pollution control ● Grundwasserreinhaltung f
groundwater contour(-line) ● Grundwasserhö-
henlinie f, Grundwasserschichtlinie; Grundwasserhö-
henschichtlinie [Österreich]; Grundwasserhöhenkurve f
[Schweiz]
groundwater contour(-line) map ● Grundwasserhö-
henlinienkarte f, Grundwasserschichtlinienkarte;
Grundwasserhöhenschichtlinienkarte [Österreich];
Grundwasserkurvenkarte [Schweiz]
groundwater control ● Grundwasserbeherrschung f
groundwater covering layer ● Grundwasser-
deckschicht f [Die Schicht der Erdoberfläche (meistens
der Boden), welche das Grundwasser abdeckt und das
einsickernde Wasser filtriert und reinigt]
groundwater cross-section ● Grundwasser-
querschnitt m [Schnitt durch einen Grundwasserkörper
normal zu dessen Grundwasserstromlinien. Anmerkung:
Der Grundwasserquerschnitt entspricht vielfach in guter
Näherung einem senkrechten Schnitt entlang einer
Grundwassergleiche]
groundwater cross-sectional area ● Grundwasser-
querschnitt(s)fläche f, AGW [Inhalt der (Brutto)Fläche
eines Grundwasserquerschnitts. Einheit: m2]
groundwater current, groundwater stream ●
Grundwasserstrom m
(groundwater) cutoff, to prevent groundwater inflow
[This method prevents groundwater flow to the excava-
tion. Steel sheeting, slurry (concrete) walls, ground freez-
ing, secant piles and tremie seals are used to cut off
groundwater flow] ● Absperren n, Absperrung f,
Grundwasser(ab)sperren, Grundwasser(ab)sperrung
groundwater dam, (groundwater) barrier, (hydro-
logic(al)) dam, hydrologic(al) barrier [A natural or
artificial obstacle, such as a dike or fault gouge, to the
lateral movement of groundwater, not in the sense of
a confining bed. It is characterized by a marked difference
in the level of the groundwater on opposite sides] ●
Grundwassersperre f
(groundwater) decrement, groundwater discharge
[The groundwater or quantity of groundwater released]
● abgegebene Grundwassermenge f, Grundwas-
serabgabe(menge) f, abgegebenes Grundwasser n
groundwater depletion, groundwater recession ●
Grundwassererschöpfung f, Grundwasseraufbrauch m
groundwater depletion curve, groundwater reces-
sion curve [A recession curve of stream-flow, so adjusted
that the slope of the curve represents the runoff (depletion
rate) of the groundwater. Such a curve is formed by the
observed hydrograph during prolonged periods of the
precipitation] ● Grundwassererschöpfungskurve f,
Grundwasseraufbrauchkurve
groundwater deposit ● Grundwasserlagerstätte f
groundwater depression ● Grundwasserdelle f
[Bereich eines Grundwasserkörpers mit konkaver
Ausbildung der Grundwasserdruckfläche]
groundwater depression > groundwater (level)
drawdown
groundwater depression cone > depression cone
groundwater depression installation > groundwa-
ter (level) drawdown installation
groundwater discharge, (groundwater) decrement
[The groundwater or quantity of groundwater released]
● abgegebene Grundwassermenge, Grundwas-
serabgabe(menge) f, abgegebenes Grundwasser n
groundwater discharge, hydraulic discharge, hydrau-
lic decrement, (groundwater) decrement [The ground-
water loss by discharge through springs, pumping from
wells, etc.] ● Grundwasserabnahme f
groundwater distance velocity ● Grundwasser
Abstandsgeschwindigkeit f
groundwater diversion ● Grundwasserumleitung f
groundwater divide, divide, groundwater ridge ●
Grundwasserscheide f [Die Linie, welche die höchsten
Punkte des Grundwasserspiegels miteinander verbindet]
groundwater drain [A drain that carries any ground-
water. Applied in sewer practice to the drain laid below
a sewer through wet ground to facilitate construction] ●
Grundwasserdrän m
groundwater drainage area, groundwater catchment
area ● Grundwassereinzug(s)gebiet n,
Grundwassernährgebiet
(groundwater) drawdown cone > depression cone
groundwater draw(ing) down > groundwater
lowering

groundwater drop ● Grundwasserentzug m [Ergebnis
der Grundwasserentziehung]
groundwater dynamics ● Grundwasserdynamik f
groundwater ecology ● Grundwasserökologie f
groundwater effluent zone ● Zone f des
Grundwasseraustritts
groundwater engineering ● Grundwassertechnik f
groundwater enrichment ● Grundwasseran-
reicherung f
groundwater entering sewers ● zusitzendes
Grundwasser n
groundwater equation [(a) The equation that bal-
ances the groundwater budget; R ¼ E + S + I, where
R is rainfall, E is evaporation and transpiration loss, S is
water discharged from the area as streamflow, and I is the
recharge, (b) A mathematical statement of groundwater
losses and gains in a specified area] ● Grundwasser-
gleichung f
groundwater equipotential line ● Grundwasserhö-
hengleiche f, Grundwasseräquipotentiallinie f
groundwater exchange ● Grundwasserübertritt m
groundwater exclusion [With this method, groundwa-
ter is kept from the excavation by using compressed air or
closed face tunnel shields] ● Grundwasserausschluss m
groundwater fall ● Grundwasserfall m
groundwater field velocity ● Abstandsge-
schwindigkeit f [Transportgeschwindigkeit
des Grundwassers, abgeleitet aus Ergebnissen von
Felduntersuchungen, mit der Fließzeit zwischen zwei
Punkten und ihrer Entfernung zueinander]
groundwater filtering ● Grundwasserfilterung f
groundwater filter(ing) velocity ● Grundwasserfil-
tergeschwindigkeit f
groundwater floodage, groundwater inundation,
groundwater over-flooding ● Grundwasserüberflutung f,
Grundwasserüberschwemmung
groundwater flow, groundwater runoff [The runoff
that has entered the ground, became groundwater, and
been discharged into a stream or river channel] ●
Grundwasserabfluss m, Grundwasserablauf m
groundwater flow [Flow of groundwater in the zone of
saturation, whether naturally or artificially induced] ●
Grundwasserfließen n
groundwater flow analysis ● Untersuchung f der
Grundwasserströmung
groundwater flow direction ● Grundwasser-
fließrichtung f
groundwater flow model ● Grundwasserflussmodell n
groundwater fluctuation, groundwater change,
groundwater oscillation ● Grundwasserschwankung f
groundwater increment 643
groundwater formation ● Grundwasserbildung f
groundwater front ● Grundwasserfront f
groundwater gage (US); groundwater gauge ●
Grundwasser(stand)pegel m, Grundwasserbeobach-
tungsrohr n
groundwater gauging station, groundwater gaging
station (US) ● Grundwassermessstelle f
groundwater geology [See remark under ‘‘hydrogeol-
ogy’’] ● Grundwassergeologie f
groundwater geophysics ● Grundwassergeophysik f
groundwater gradient, groundwater slope ●
Grundwassergefälle n, Grundwasserneigung f [Neigung
des Grundwasserspiegels oder einer Grundwasser- G
druckfläche. Gewöhnlich ist das relative Gefälle in
Fließrichtung gemeint, d. h. der Quotient aus dem
Höhenabstand zweier Grundwasserspiegel und dem
Abstand der Messstellen. Manchmal ist auch der Quo-
tient aus Druckverlust und Wegelänge gemeint, der aber
nicht genau mit dem Gefälle des Grundwasserspiegels
identisch ist]
groundwater hazard ● Grundwassergefährdung f
groundwater head > groundwater (pressure) head
groundwater head contour, subsoil water-level
contour, water table contour line, isopiestic line [line
on a map showing the piezometric surface of an aquifer]
● Grundwassergleiche f
groundwater heat ● Grundwasserwärme f
groundwater high ● höchste Grundwasser-
spiegelhöhe f
groundwater hill, groundwater mound, water table
mound, water table hill [A mound-shaped elevation in
a water table or other potentiometric surface that builds
up as a result of the downward percolation of water,
through the aeration zone or an overlying confining
bed, into the aquifer represented by the potentiometric
surface] ● Grundwasserhügel m, Grundwasserkuppe f
groundwater hold ● Grundwasserumsatzraum m
groundwater horizon > aquifer
groundwater hydraulics ● Grundwasserhydraulik f
groundwater hydrograph [It commonly shows water
level or head] ● Grundwasserganglinie f
groundwater hydrology [The branch of hydrology
that deals with groundwater, its occurrence and move-
ment, its replenishment and depletion, the properties of
rocks that control groundwater movement and storage,
and the methods of investigation and use of groundwater]
● Grundwasserkunde f
groundwater impact ● Grundwassereinfluss m
groundwater increment, groundwater recharge,
recharge (of aquifer), recharge of groundwater, intake
644 groundwater infiltration
(of groundwater), recharging of groundwater,
(groundwater) replenishment, groundwater nourish-
ment, groundwater intake, groundwater seepage,
groundwater infiltration ● Grundwasseranreicherung
f, Grundwasserergänzung, Grundwasserneubildung,
Bodenpassage f, Grundwasserversickerung, Grundwas-
sereinsickerung, Grundwasserinfiltration f
groundwater infiltration > (groundwater)
increment
groundwater influx, groundwater inflow ●
Grundwasserzufluss m, Grundwasserzulauf m
groundwater ingress ● Grundwassereintritt m
G groundwater inhibitor, aquiclude, aquitard [An
im-pervious stratum of rock, clay or silt that hinders the
water from passing through it fast enough to be used as
a water supply] ● Grundwasserhemmer m, Grundwas-
sersperrer m [veraltet], Grundwassernichtleider m
[Gesteinskörper, der nur eine geringe Wasser-
durchlässigkeit besitzt]
groundwater instrumentation ● Grundwasserüber-
wachungsinstrumente f
groundwater intake > (groundwater) increment
groundwater inundation, groundwater flood-age,
groundwater over-flooding ● Grundwasserüberflu-
tung f, Grundwasserüberschwemmung
groundwater inventory [A detailed estimate or state-
ment of quantities of water forming groundwater incre-
ment balanced against estimates of quantities forming
groundwater decrement for a particular area or basin] ●
Grundwasserbestandsaufnahme f
groundwater irrigation ● Bewässerung f mit
Grundwasser, Grundwasserbewässerung [Durch
Brunnen]
groundwater isohypse > line of constant piezomet-
ric head
groundwater lake [A surface water body that repre-
sents an exposure of the uper surface of the saturation
zone, or of the water table] ● Grundwassersee m
Groundwater Laterite soil [A great soil group in the
1938 classification system; an intrazonal, hydromorphic
group of soils having an A 2 horizon containing concre-
tions that is underlain by a hardpan composed of iron
and aluminum compounds. These soils are formed in
warm-temperate to tropical climates in response to
a fluctuating water table (USDA, 1938). They are now
classed as Aquults, Udults, and Ustults, and all contain
plinthite] ● Grundwasser-Lateritboden m
groundwater law ● Grundwasserrecht n
groundwater level station ● Grundwasser-
Pegelstation f
(ground)water line, (ground)water table, (ground)
water level, (ground)water surface, saturation plane,
plane of saturation, saturated surface, saturation level,
saturation line, level of saturation, line of saturation,
phreatic surface [The surface between the zone of satu-
ration and the zone of aeration; the surface of a body of
unconfined groundwater at which the pressure is equal to
that of the atmosphere] ● Grundwasserspiegel m,
Grundwasseroberfläche f
groundwater line, groundwater conduit ● Grundwas-
serleitung f
groundwater longitudinal section ● Grundwasser-
längsschnitt m [Schnitt durch einen Grundwasserkörper
normal zu dessen Linien gleicher Standrohrspiegelhöhe.
Anmerkung: Der Grundwasserlängsschnitt
entspricht vielfach in guter Näherung einem senkrechten
Schnitt entlang einer Stromlinie der Grundwasser-
oberfläche]
groundwater low, phreatic low ● tiefste Grundwas-
serspiegelhöhe f
groundwater lowering, groundwater recovery,
groundwater withdrawal, groundwater offtake,
groundwater draw(ing) down, groundwater retrieval,
groundwater abstraction ● Grundwasser(ab)senkung f,
Grundwasserentnahme f, Grundwasserentziehung,
Grundwasserentzug m
groundwater lowering by deep wells ● Tiefbrun-
nenentwässerung f, Grundwasser(ab)senkung mit
Tiefbrunnen
groundwater lowering by gravity > gravity drainage
groundwater lowering by wells ● geschlossene
Wasserhaltung f, Brunnenentwässerung [Grund-
wasser(ab)senkung durch Pumpen des Grundwassers
aus Brunnen]
groundwater lowering curve ● Grundwasser(ab)-
senk(ungs)kurve f
groundwater lowering depth ● Grundwasser(ab)-
senk(ungs)tiefe f
groundwater lowering height ● Grundwasser(ab)-
senk(ungs)höhe f [Durch eine Grundwasserentnahme
hervorgerufene Verringerung der Höhe des Standrohr-
spiegels. Zeichen sgw. Einheit: m]
groundwater management > groundwater
(resources) management
groundwater map ● Grundwasserkarte f
groundwater mapping ● Grundwasserkartierung f
groundwater measurement, groundwater surveying
● Grundwasservermessen n, Grundwasseraufnehmen
groundwater measurement service, groundwater
surveying service ● Grundwassermessdienst m

groundwater (measuring) station, groundwater
(measuring) point ● Grundwassermessstation f,
Grundwassermessstelle f
groundwater migration ● Grundwasserwanderung f
groundwater mining [The process, deliberate or inad-
vertent, of extracting groundwater from a source at a rate
so in excess of the replenishment that the groundwater
level declines persistently, threatening exhaustion of the
supply or at least a decline of pumping levels to uneco-
nomic depths] ● Grundwasserraubabsenkung f,
Grundwasserraubentnahme f
groundwater monitoring ● Grundwasser-
überwachung f
groundwater monitor(ing) net(work) ● Grundwas-
serüberwachungsnetz(werk) n
groundwater monitor(ing) pipe, groundwater mon-
itor(ing) tube ● Grundwasserüberwachungsrohr n
groundwater monitor(ing) well ● Grundwasserüber-
wachungsbrunnen m
groundwater morphology ● Grundwasser-
morphologie f
groundwater mound, groundwater hill, water table
mound, water table hill [A mound-shaped elevation in
a water table or other potentiometric surface that
builds up as a result of the downward percolation of
water, through the aeration zone or an overlying
confining bed, into the aquifer represented by the poten-
tiometric surface] ● Grundwasserhügel m, Grundwas-
serkuppe f
groundwater movement, groundwater motion ●
Grundwasserbewegung f
groundwater nourishment > groundwater recharge
groundwater occurrence ● Grundwasservorkom-
men n, Grundwasservorkommnis n
groundwater offtake > groundwater lowering
groundwater origin ● Grundwasserherkunft f
groundwater oscillation > groundwater fluctuation
groundwater outcrop, groundwater outlet ●
Grundwasseraustritt m
groundwater outflow [The discharge from a drainage
basin, or from any area, occurring as groundwater] ●
Grundwasserausfluss m, Grundwasserablauf m
groundwater overdraft > groundwater over-
withdrawal
groundwater overfall ● Grundwasserüberfall m
[Bereich einer Stufe oder Schwelle in der Grundwasser-
unterfläche mit örtlich begrenzter Zunahme des
Grundwassergefälles bei freiem Grundwasser.
Anmerkung: Ein stromabwärts des Grundwasserüberfalls
vorgenommener Eingriff in das Grundwasser würde sich
groundwater preparation installation 645
nicht oder nur unwesentlich auf das stromaufwärtige
Grundwasser auswirken]
groundwater over-flooding > groundwater floodage
groundwater overwithdrawal, groundwater over-
draft ● Überbeanspruchung f der verfügbaren
Grundwassermenge(n)
groundwater passage ● Grundwasserdurchlass m [In
einer (Ab)Dicht(ungs)wand]
groundwater path ● Grundwasserweg m,
Grundwasserbahn f
groundwater peat > azonal peat
groundwater permeability ● hydraulische
Leitfähigkeit f, Grundwasserwegsamkeit, Grundwasser- G
wegigkeit, Grundwasserdurchlässigkeit, hydraulisches
Leitvermögen n
groundwater pipe ● Grundwasserrohr n
groundwater piracy [The tapping of groundwater that
originates in another surface drainage basin by a solution
channel in limestone terrain] ● Grundwasserab-
zapfung f, Grundwasserverwilderung
Groundwater Podzol soil, Spodosol [A great soil
group in the 1938 classification system, an intrazonal,
hydromorphic group of soils having a prominent light-
colored leached A2 horizon overlain by thin organic
material and underlain by a dark brown B horizon,
irregularly cemented with iron or organic compounds. It
develops under various types of forest vegetation, in
humid climates of varying temperature (USDA, 1938)]
groundwater point > groundwater (measuring)
station
groundwater piezometric surface, piezometric sur-
face of groundwater ● Grundwasserdruckfläche f
[Geometrischer Ort der Endpunkte aller Standrohrspie-
gelhöhen einer Grundwasseroberfläche]
groundwater polluting agent > groundwater
contaminant
groundwater pollution, groundwater contamination
[Impairment of groundwater quality by chemical
or bacterial agents to a degree that creates an
actual hazard to public health] ● Grundwasser-
verseuchung f, Grundwasserverschmutzung,
Grundwasserverunreinigung
groundwater pollution control, groundwater
contamination control ● Grundwasserreinhaltung f
groundwater pond ● Grundwasserspiegelblänke f,
Blänke des Grundwasserspiegels [Vertiefte Stelle im
Gelände, die eine mit dem Grundwasser ausgespiegelte,
sonst aber isolierte Wasseransammlung enthält]
groundwater preparation installation, groundwater
preparation plant ● Grundwasser(aufbereitungs)werk n
646 groundwater pressure
groundwater pressure ● Grundwasserdruck m
groundwater pressure area ● Grundwasser-
druckfläche f
groundwater pressure fluctuation
Grundwasserdruckschwankung f
groundwater (pressure) head ● Grundwasser-
druckhöhe f
groundwater pressure surface ● Grundwasser-
druckfläche f, piezometrisches Niveau n
groundwater profile ● Grundwasserprofil n [Die
Summe der in einem senkrechten Querschnitt durch
einen Grundwasserträger vorhandenen, mit Wasser
G erfüllten oder erfüllbaren Hohlräume]
groundwater prospection, groundwater search(ing),
groundwater prospecting ● Grundwasserprospektion f,
Grundwasseraufsuchung f, Grundwassersuche f
groundwater protection ● Grundwasserschutz m
groundwater protection facility ● Grundwas-
serschutzbauwerk n
groundwater province ● Grundwasserprovinz f
[Gebiet mit gleichen Grundwasserverhältnissen]
groundwater pumping, artificial (groundwater) dis-
charge ● Grundwasser(ab)pumpen n
groundwater purification, groundwater scrub(bing),
groundwater restoration ● Grundwasserreinigung f,
Grundwassersäuberung
groundwater quality ● Grundwassergüte f
groundwater quality protection ● Grundwassergü-
teschutz m
groundwater quantity [The quantity of groundwater
in the zone of saturation] ● Grundwassermenge f
groundwater radon content ● Grundwasser-
radongehalt m
groundwater rapid ● Grundwasser(strom)schnelle f
groundwater recession, groundwater depletion ●
Grundwassererschöpfung f, Grundwasseraufbrauch m
groundwater recession curve, groundwater deple-
tion curve [A recession curve of stream-flow, so adjusted
that the slope of the curve represents the runoff (depletion
rate) of the groundwater. Such a curve is formed by the
observed hydrograph during prolonged periods of the
precipitation] ● Grundwassererschöpfungskurve f,
Grundwasseraufbrauchkurve
groundwater recharge, deep percolation, deep drain-
age [This is a hydrologic process in which water moves
downward from surface water to groundwater.] ●
Grundwasserauffüllung f
groundwater recharge, groundwater increment,
recharge (of aquifer), recharge of groundwater, intake
(of groundwater), recharging of groundwater,
(groundwater) replenishment, groundwater nourish-
ment, groundwater intake, groundwater seepage,
groundwater infiltration ● Grundwasseranreicherung f,
● Grundwasserergänzung, Grundwasserneubildung,
Bodenpassage f, Grundwasserversickerung, Grundwas-
sereinsickerung, Grundwasserinfiltration f
groundwater recharge area, catchment area,
recharge area ● Grundwasseranreicherungsfläche f
groundwater recharge rate ● Grundwasserneubil-
dungsrate f, Grundwasserneubildungsspende f
[l/s·km2]
groundwater reconnaissance ● Grundwasser-
erkundung f
groundwater recovery, groundwater lowering,
groundwater withdrawal, groundwater offtake,
groundwater draw(ing) down, groundwater retrieval,
groundwater abstraction ● Grundwasser(ab)senkung f,
Grundwasserentnahme f, Grundwasserentziehung,
Grundwasserentzug m
groundwater regime ● Grundwasserregime n
groundwater region ● Grundwasserregion f
groundwater rehab(ilitation) ● Grundwasser-
sanierung f
groundwater relief ● Grundwasserentspannung f
groundwater relief hole ● Grundwasserentspan-
nungsloch n
groundwater renewal ● Grundwasserneubildung f,
Grundwassererneuerung
(groundwater) replenishment > groundwater
recharge
groundwater research ● Grundwasserforschung f
groundwater researcher ● Grundwasserforscher m
groundwater reserve, recoverable groundwater ●
(ausbringbare) Grundwasserreserve f, (ausbringbarer)
Grundwasservorrat m
(ground)water reservoir > aquifer
(groundwater) reservoir, groundwater storey (Brit.);
groundwater story (US); groundwater zone [All the
rocks in the zone of saturation, including those containing
permanent or temporary bodies of perched groundwater]
● Grundwasserspeichergestein n, Grundwasser-
stockwerk n
groundwater resource ● Grundwasservorrat m
groundwater resource development ● Grundwasser-
(vorrat)entwick(e)lung f
groundwater (resources) management ●
Grundwasser(vorrat)bewirtschaftung f
groundwater restoration > groundwater scrub
(bing)
groundwater retention ● Grundwasserrückhalt m

groundwater retrieval > groundwater lowering
groundwater ridge > groundwater divide
groundwater ridge [A linear elevation in the (ground)
water table that develops beneath an influent stream] ●
Grundwasserspiegelanhebung f
groundwater rise, groundwater ascent ● Grundwas-
seranstieg m
groundwater runoff, groundwater flow [The runoff
that has entered the ground, became groundwater, and
been discharged into a stream or river channel] ●
Grundwasserabfluss m, Grundwasserablauf m
groundwater rush ● Grundwassereinbruch m
groundwater salinity ● Grundwasserversalzung f
groundwater salt ● Grundwassersalz n
groundwater scrub(bing), groundwater purification,
groundwater restoration ● Grundwasserreinigung f,
Grundwassersäuberung
groundwater search(ing) > groundwater prospection
groundwater section ● Grundwasserabschnitt m
[Teil eines Grundwasserkörpers, der durch Grundwasser-
längsschnitte, Grundwasserquerschnitte oder andere
hydrologische Grenzen bestimmt ist]
groundwater seepage > groundwater recharge
groundwater seepage into a watercourse ●
Exfiltration f
groundwater shaft ● Grundwasserschacht m
groundwater sinking > groundwater (level)
drawdown
groundwater sinking installation > groundwater
(level) drawdown installation
groundwater slope, groundwater gradient ●
Grundwassergefälle n, Grundwasserneigung f [Neigung
des Grundwasserspiegels oder einer Grundwasser-
druckfläche. Gewöhnlich ist das relative Gefälle in
Fließrichtung gemeint, d. h. der Quotient aus dem
Höhenabstand zweier Grundwasserspiegel und dem
Abstand der Messstellen. Manchmal ist auch der Quo-
tient aus Druckverlust und Wegelänge gemeint, der aber
nicht genau mit dem Gefälle des Grundwasserspiegels
identisch ist.]
groundwater soil > hydromorphic soil
groundwater soil wetness ● Grundnässe f,
Grundwasservernässung f
groundwater spring of the piezometric surface,
deep groundwater spring ● eigentliche Grundwas-
serquelle f
groundwater station > groundwater (measuring)
station
groundwater storage ● Grundwasserspeicherung f,
Grundwassereinlagerung
groundwater thickness 647
groundwater storage basin ● Grundwasserspeiche-
r(ungs)becken n, Grundwassereinlagerungsbecken
groundwater storage curve ● Grundwasserspeiche-
r(ungs)kurve f, Grundwassereinlagerungskurve
(groundwater) storey (Brit.); groundwater story
(US); groundwater reservoir, groundwater zone [All
the rocks in the zone of saturation, including those
containing permanent or temporary bodies of perched
groundwater] ● Grundwasserspeichergestein n,
Grundwasserstockwerk n
groundwater stream, groundwater current ●
Grundwasserstrom m
groundwater stripper ● Grundwasserreini- G
gungsanlage f
groundwater structure ● hydrogeologischer Bau m,
Grundwasserbau [Ein geologisches Mileu mit
vollständigem Grundwasserkreislauf]
groundwater supply ● Grundwasserversorgung f
(ground)water surface > (ground)water table
groundwater survey ● Grundwasser(ver)messung f,
Grundwasseraufnahme f
groundwater surveying, groundwater measurement
● Grundwasservermessen n, Grundwasseraufnehmen
groundwater surveying service, groundwater mea-
surement service ● Grundwassermessdienst m
(ground)water table, (ground)water line, (ground)
water level, (ground)water surface, saturation plane,
plane of saturation, saturated surface, saturation level,
saturation line, level of saturation, line of saturation,
phreatic surface [The surface between the zone of satu-
ration and the zone of aeration; the surface of a body of
unconfined groundwater at which the pressure is equal to
that of the atmosphere] ● Grundwasserspiegel m,
Grundwasseroberfläche f
(ground)water table [rock hydraulics] ● Grundwas-
serspiegel m, Grundwasseroberfläche f,
Bergwasserspiegel, Bergwasseroberfläche [In diesem
Fall ist der Wasserspiegel nicht wie im Boden eine
geschlossene Fläche, sondern bildet sich nur in Klüften
und Störungen]
groundwater table in fissured rock ● Kluftgrund-
wasserspiegel m
groundwater table measurement ● Grundwasser-
standsmessung f
groundwater theory ● Grundwassertheorie f
[1. Versickerungstheorie 2. Kondensationstheorie]
groundwater thickness ● Grundwasserdicke f,
Grundwasserabstand m, Grundwassermächtigkeit f,
hGW [Senkrechter Abstand zwischen Grundwasserstauer
und Grundwasserspiegel]
648 groundwater tracer
groundwater tracer ● Grundwassermarkie-
rungsmittel n
groundwater transfer ● Grundwasserübertritt m
groundwater trench [A troughlike depression in the
water table or potentiometric surface, caused by ground-
water flow into a stream, river, or drainage ditch] ●
Grundwassergraben m, Grundwasserabflussrinne f,
Grundwassersenke f, Grundwassertal n
groundwater underside ● Grundwasserunterfläche f
[Untere Grenzfläche eines Grundwasserkörpers]
groundwater vapour (Brit.); groundwater vapor (US)
● Grundwasserdampf m
G groundwater velocity ● Grundwasserge-
schwindigkeit f, Grundwasserfließgeschwindigkeit f
groundwater volume ● Grundwasserkörper m,
Grundwassermasse f [Grundwasservorkommen oder
Teil eines solchen, das eindeutig abgegrenzt oder
abgrenzbar ist]
groundwater wave, phreatic wave, wave of the
(ground)water table [A wave-like movement of the
groundwater table in the direction of its slope] ●
Grundwasserwelle f
groundwater well(bore), groundwater (bore) hole ●
Grundwasserbohrloch n
groundwater withdrawal > groundwater lowering
groundwater works ● Grundwasserwerk n
[Aufbereitung von Trinkwasser aus Grundwasser]
groundwater zone > groundwater reservoir
ground wind, surface wind ● Bodenwind m
ground zone ● Gebirgsbereich m
group, rock unit, unit [The formal lithostratigraphic
unit next in rank above formation. A group includes
two or more contiguous or associated formations with
significant lithologic features in common. The type or
reference sections of a group are those of its component
formations. The proposal for recognition of a group
should outline clearly the unifying characteristics on
which it is based and the formations of which it is
composed. A group name customarily combines
a geographic name with the word ‘‘group’’, and no litho-
logic designation is included. Abbrev: gr.] ● (Forma-
tions)Gruppe f
group effect factor for (the) ultimate limit state
[pile foundation] ● Gruppenwirkungsfaktor m für den
Grenzzustand [Pfahlgründung]
group explosion ● Gruppensprengung f [z. B. bei der
Sprengverdichtung]
grouping > array
group (map) generalization ● begriffliches
Generalisieren n [Begriffliches Umsetzen von
Kartengegenständen in übergeordnete Raumbegriffe
durch Zusammenfassen gleichartiger Gegenstände oder
Erfassen von Gefügeeinheiten]
group of islands, archipelago, island group ● Archi-
pel m, Inselgruppe f
group of piles > pile cluster
group of related landforms, related landform group
● Formenschatz m [Geomorphologie]
group of seams, seams group ● Flözpaket n
group of wells, well group ● Brunnengalerie f,
Brunnengruppe f
group research ● Gruppenforschung f
group shot ● Gruppenschuss m
group silicate, sorosilicate [A silicate structure in which
the SiO4 units are linked into finite groups. An example is
beryl] ● Gruppensilikat n, Sorosilikat
to grout ● eingießen, vergießen, ausgießen [Das Mate-
rial wird in einen Hohlraum oder Hohlräume
eingegossen und der Hohlraum oder die Hohlräume
wird/werden vergossen (¼ ausgegossen)]
grout (US) > tail(ing)s
grout, injection grout, pressure grout ● Verpress-
mittel n, Einpressmittel, Verpressgut n, Einpress-
gut, Auspressmittel, Auspressgut, Injektions-
mittel, Injektionsgut
groutability [The conditions in which grounds are able
to receive pressure grouts for the purposes intended] ●
Verpressbarkeit f, Auspressbarkeit
groutable ● auspressbar, verpressbar
grout body ● Verpresskörper m [im allgemeinen
bestehend aus Zementmörtel mit Wasserzementwerten
zwischen 0,38 und 0,50 ohne Zuschlagstoffe]
grout bulb [It is formed by extending the grout hole to
just below the grout pipe or by raising the grout pipe] ●
Auspresszwiebel f, Verpresszwiebel
grout curtain, injection curtain ● (Ab)Dicht(ungs)-
schleier, Einpressschleier m, Verpressschleier,
Auspressschleier, Injektionsschleier, Injizierschleier,
HDI Schürze f, Dichtschirm m [Injektionsarbeiten]
[„Schürze’’ und „Schirm’’ können synonym für „Schleier’’
verwendet werden]
grout curtain (toe) cutoff (wall) > grouted (toe)
cutoff (wall)
grout density ● Wichte f des Injektionsmittels
grouted ● eingegossen, vergossen, ausgegossen [Das
Material wird in einen Hohlraum oder Hohlräume
eingegossen und der Hohlraum oder die Hohlräume
wird/werden vergossen (¼ ausgegossen)]
grouted, pressure grouted ● ausgepresst, verpresst,
Auspress. . ., Verpress. . .

grouted anchor pile ● verpresster Ankerpfahl m
grouted mortar, injected mortar ● Verpressmörtel m
grouted (toe) cutoff (wall), grout curtain (toe) cutoff
(wall), injection curtain (toe) cutoff (wall) [See remark
under ‘‘(toe) cutoff (wall)’’] ● Auspressherdwand f,
Verpressherdwand
grout gel ● Gelmischung f, Weichgelmischung f
[Injektionsgut]
grout hole, injection hole ● Einpressloch n,
Injektionsloch, Injizierloch, Auspressloch, Verpressloch
grouting ● Eingießen n, Vergießen, Ausgießen [Das
Material wird in einen Hohlraum oder Hohlräume
eingegossen und der Hohlraum oder die Hohlräume
wird/werden ausgegossen (¼ vergossen)]
grouting > (cement) grouting
grouting, grout injection, (grout) injecting, injection
(grouting), pressure grouting [Grouting is a procedure
whereby a fluid is injected into pores, fissures or voids to
improve specific properties of soil, rock or concrete once
the grout sets] ● Einpressen n, Verpressen, Injizieren,
Auspressen, Injektion f, Injektionen f (pl) [Das
Injektionsgut wird in einen Hohlraum oder Hohlräume
eingepresst (¼ injiziert) und der Hohlraum oder die
Hohlräume wird/werden ausgepresst (¼ verpresst)]
grouting action ● Injektionsmaßnahmen f (pl)
grout(ing) aid, (grout) injection aid, injection (grout
(ing)) aid, pressure grout(ing) aid ● Einpresshilfe f,
Auspresshilfe, Verpresshilfe, Injektionshilfe,
Injizierhilfe [Sie verhindert das Absetzen des
Einpressmörtels in Spannkanälen beim Spannbeton mit
nachträglichem Verbund und bewirkt ein mäßiges
Quellen zur Verbesserung der Haftung]
grout(ing) barrier, injection (grout(ing)) barrier,
grout injection barrier, (grout) injecting barrier, pres-
sure grouting barrier [Not to be confused with a grout
curtain, which may lie between two grout barriers] ●
Einpresssperre f, Auspresssperre, Verpresssperre,
Injektionssperre, Injiziersperre
grout(ing) blanket, injection (grout(ing)) blanket,
(grout) injection blanket, (grout) injecting blanket,
pressure grouting blanket [A grouted zone in the shallow
portion of a foundation which has been treated to
improve its strength and reduce its permeability] ●
Einpressteppich m, Auspressteppich, Verpressteppich,
Injektionsteppich, Injizierteppich
grouting cement mortar, (grout) injection cement
mortar, injection (grout(ing)) cement mortar, pressure
grouting cement mortar ● Injektionszementmörtel m,
Injizierzementmörtel, Einpresszementmörtel,
Auspresszementmörtel, Verpresszementmörtel
grouting mortar 649
grout(ing) column, (grout) injection column, injec-
tion (grout(ing)) column, pressure grouting column ●
Verpressmaterialsäule f, Einpressmaterialsäule,
Verpressgutsäule, Einpressgutsäule, Auspresssäule
grouting conditions, injection conditions ● Einpress-
bedingungen f (pl)
grout(ing) curtain, grout(ing) veil, (grout) injection
curtain, (grout) injection veil, pressure grout(ing)
curtain, pressure grout(ing) veil [A zone in bedrock
beneath a dam and parallel to its length that has been
injected with grout to stop or reduce seepage. See remark
under ‘‘grout barrier’’] ● Einpressschleier m,
Verpressschleier, Auspressschleier, Injektionsschleier, G
Injizierschleier, Injektionsvorhang m
grouting drillhole, (grout) injection drillhole, injec-
tion (grout(ing)) drillhole ● Einpressbohrloch n,
Auspressbohrloch, Verpressbohrloch, Injektions-
bohrloch, Injizierbohrloch
grouting emulsion, (grout) injection emulsion, injec-
tion (grout(ing)) emulsion, pressure grouting emul-
sion, emulsion grout ● Einpressemulsion f,
Auspressemulsion, Verpressemulsion, Injektions-
emulsion, Injizieremulsion
grouting gallery, (grout) injection gallery, injection
(grout(ing)) gallery, pressure grouting gallery [‘‘Tun-
nel’’ is used for ‘‘gallery’’ in the USA] ● Einpress-
stollen m, Auspressstollen, Verpressstollen,
Injektionsstollen, Injizierstollen
grouting gel, grout injection gel, (grout) injecting gel,
injection (grout(ing)) gel, pressure grouting gel [See
remark under ‘‘sodium silicate (injection) grout’’] ●
Verpressgel n, Auspressgel, Einpressgel [Gelierende
echte Lösung, z. B. (Natron)Wasserglas plus
Chlorkalzium nacheinander injiziert - Reaktion nach
Joosten]
grouting hose, (grout) injection hose, injection
(grout(ing)) hose, pressure grouting hose ●
Einpressschlauch m, Auspressschlauch,
Verpressschlauch, Injektionsschlauch, Injizierschlauch
Grouting Intensity Number, GIN value ●
GIN-Wert m
grouting lance, grout injection lance, injection (grout
(ing)) lance, pressure grouting lance ● Injektionslanze f,
Injizierlanze, Auspresslanze, Einpresslanze,
Verpresslanze, Lanze [Rohr mit verlorener Spitze]
grouting material, grout, grout mix, injection
medium, injection agent ● Verpressmittel n
grouting method ● Einpressverfahren n
grouting mortar, (grout) injection mortar, injection
(grout(ing)) mortar, pressure grouting mortar ●
650 grouting needle
Injektionsmörtel m, Injiziermörtel, Auspressmörtel,
Einpressmörtel, Verpressmörtel
grouting needle, grout injection needle, injection
(grout(ing)) needle, pressure grouting needle ●
Einpressnadel, Verpressnadel, Nadel, Injektionsnadel,
Injiziernadel, Auspressnadel f
grouting of revetments, revetment grouting ●
Deckwerksverblockung f [Wasserstraßenbau]
grouting of soil, soil grouting ● Bodenvermörtelung f
grouting of the base, pressure grouting of the pile
base ● Fußverpressung f [Bohrpfahl]
grouting of the shaft, pressure grouting of the pile
G shaft ● Mantelverpressung f [Bohrpfahl]
grout(ing) pipe ● Verpressrohr n
grouting pipe, (grout) injection pipe, injection (grout
(ing)) pipe ● Einpressrohr n, Verpressrohr,
Injizierrohr, Injektionsrohr
grouting point ● Verpresspunkt m
grouting pressure, grout pressure, (grout) injection
pressure, injection (grout(ing)) pressure [see EN 12715
for additional terms and definition] ● Einpressdruck m,
Verpressdruck, Injizierdruck, Injektionsdruck
grouting process, compaction grouting process ●
Verpressvorgang m; Injektionsverfahren
[Baugrundverbesserung]
grouting pump, (grout) injection pump, injection
(grout(ing)) pump, pressure grouting pump ●
Injektionspumpe, Injizierpumpe, Einpresspumpe,
Auspresspumpe, Verpresspumpe f
grouting rate ● Verpressrate f
grouting resin, grout injection resin, (grout) injecting
resin, injection (grout(ing)) resin, pressure grouting
resin, Newtonian low-viscosity grout [It has a viscosity
close to that of water. See remark under ‘‘sodium silicate
(injection) grout’’] ● Verpressharz n, Auspressharz,
Einpressharz, Injizierharz, Injektionsharz
grouting sequence ● Verpressfolge f
grouting socket, (grout) injection socket, injection
(grout(ing)) socket, pressure grouting socket ●
Einpressstutzen m, Injektionsstutzen, Injizierstutzen,
Auspressstutzen, Verpressstutzen
grouting suspension, (grout) injection suspension,
injection (grout(ing)) suspension, pressure grouting
suspension ● Injektionssuspension f, Injizier-
suspension, Auspresssuspension, Einpresssuspension,
Verpresssuspension
grouting system ● Verpresssystem n
grouting technique ● Injektionstechnik f
grouting test, less frequent: grouting trial ●
Injektionsversuch m
grout(ing) trench, injection (grout(ing)) trench [A
trench excavated to enable construction of a grout(ing)
cap] ● Einpressgraben m, Injektionsgraben,
Injiziergraben, Auspressgraben, Verpressgraben
grouting trial > grouting test
grouting umbrella [in underground construction] ●
Injektionsschirm m [beim unterirdischen Bauen]
grout(ing) veil > grout(ing) curtain
grout(ing) vent, (grout) injection vent, injection
(grout(ing)) vent, pressure grout (ing) vent [A plastic
pipe provided, at intervals, along the length of a tendon
duct to enable the tendon to be completely grouted in
after stressing has been completed] ● Einpressstutzen m,
Injektionsstutzen, Injizierstutzen, Auspressstutzen,
Verpressstutzen [Spannbeton]
grouting zone ● Injektionsstrecke f
(grout) injecting > grouting
(grout) injecting. . . > grout(ing). . .
(grout) injection > grouting
(grout) injection . . . > grout(ing). . .
grout-intruded pile, intruded (aggregate) concrete
pile, prepared pile ● Skelettbeton-Ortrammpfahl m,
Ortrammpfahl aus Skelettbeton [Nach Einrammen des
n unten durch eine lösbare Spitze verschlossenen
Vortreibrohres werden Bewehrung, Verpresslanze und
Zuschläge eingebracht, das Vortreibrohr gezogen und
Zementschlämme durch die Lanze eingepresst]
grout mix, injection medium, injection agent,
grouting material, grout ● Verpressmittel n,
Injektionsmischung
grout pressure, grouting pressure ● Verpressdruck m
[von Injektionsgut]
grout slab ● injizierte Sohle f
grout slab ● Dichtsohle f
grout tube, injection hose ● Verpressschlauch m
to grout under pressure > to inject
to grow ● mächtig werden, wachsen, sich auftun, sich
aufschließen [Gang]
growing ● wachsend
growing season ● Wachstumsjahreszeit f
growing together, coalescence, coalescing ●
Zusammenwachsen n
growler ● Eisbrocken m, Eishümpel m [Zwischen
Scholle und Eisberg]
grown in place > autochthonic
grown in situ > autochthonic
grown rock > bedrock
growth fault, accumulation fault, contemporaneous
fault; deposition(al) fault, flexure fault, slump
fault, Gulf Coast-(type) fault, progressive fault,

sedimentary fault, synsedimentary fault [less-preferred
synonyms] ● intraformationelle Verwerfung f,
Faltenverwerfung, schaufelförmige Abschiebung,
listrische Abschiebung
growth framework ● Gerüstporen f
growth history ● Wachstumsvergangenheit f
growth island ● Kristallwachstumsinsel f
growth lattice, organic lattice, (reef) lattice, reef frame
[The rigid, reef-building, in-situ framework of an organic
reef, consisting of the skeletons of sessile calcareous organ-
isms and excluding reef-flank and associated fragmental
deposits] ● organisches Gitter n
growth marking ● Wuchszeichnung f,
Wachstumszeichnung
growth of quartz, quartz crystallization, quartz
growth, crystallization of quartz ● Quarzwachstum n,
Quarzwuchs m
growth of water, water growth (⚒) ● Wasseran-
sammlung f
growth rate ● Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit f,
Wuchsgeschwindigkeit
growth twin ● Wachstumszwilling m, Wuchszwilling
[Kristall]
groyne, jetty, groin [A barrier built out from a seashore,
river bank, stream bank or lake shore to protect the land
from erosion and sand movements, among other func-
tions] ● Buhne f, Buhn n, Baune f, Benne f, Sporn m,
Flügel m, Stack n, Stacke f, Schlange f, Kribbe f,
Krippe f, Traverse f
groyne head > jetty head
grub-stake ● Prospektions(bei)hilfe f bei
Gewinnbeteiligung
grumous, clotted ● spätig, sparitisch [Grundmasse der
Karbonatgesteine]
grunching, grunch blasting, blasting ‘‘off the solid’’ ●
Lösungssprengen n
Grundite [commercial name] > illite
Grundoburst rig ● Grundoburst-Lafette f
Grundodrill steerable boring machine ●
Grundodrill-Spülbohranlage f
Grundomat soil displacement hammer ●
Grundomat-Erdrakete f
Grundoram steel pipe ramming machine ●
Grundoram-Stahlbohrvortriebsmaschine f
grush, grus(s), grail [The fragmental deposit formed by
in situ disintegration of granite with little or no decom-
position of the constituents. The term is also used for the
debris from any rock which has been finely granulated
but not decomposed by weathering] ● Grus m, Grieß m
gryke > grike
guide 651
GSI, geological strength index [by Hoek] ● geologischer
Festigkeitsindex m, GSI
GT, grade x thickness ● Gehalt m mal Mächtigkeit f
[Lagerstätte]
guag > ancient working
guano [A deposit of excrement which can be used as
a fertiliser. It is a Spanish word (‘‘huano’’ in South
America) and is applied especially to the thick layers of
excrete of sea-birds found in many islands of the dry
Peruvian and Chilean coasts, where there is little or no
rain to wash away the material. The term is also applied
to similar deposits elsewhere, e.g. bat-guano in the lime-
stone caves of Malaya] ● Guano m, Seevögelkot m G
guard cell [three-cell pressuremeter test] ● Schutzzelle f
[beim dreizelligen Pressuremeter Test]
guard gate, emergency (guard) gate ● Notver-
schluss m [Talsperre]
guard lock > tidal lock
guardrail post, crash barrier post ● Schutzplan-
kenpfosten m
guardrail (US); crash barrier (Brit.) ● Schutzplanke f
[auf Straßen]
gubbin ● Schwarzerz n, Toneisenerz
guest (mineral), metasom(e) [A replacing mineral,
which grows in size at the expense of another mineral
(the host or palosome); a mineral grain formed by meta-
somatism] ● Gastmineral n
guet > abyss
gu(h)r > diatomite
guid(anc)e bar (⚒) > sliding rail
guid(anc)e divider [cathead] ● Führungssichel f,
Leitsichel
guidance drawings, standard plans ●
Richtzeichnungen f (pl) [Richtzeichnungen stellen
geltende Bedingungen für die Umsetzung von Bauwerken
dar; sie haben jedoch keinen normierenden Charakter,
vielmehr zeigen sie bewährte Konstruktionen für die
Umsetzung der technischen Festlegungen]
guidance mandrel [of a splitter machine; usually pear-
shaped] ● Führungsdorn m [einer Berstmaschine für die
Zerstörung einer alten Leitung; meist birnenförmig]
guid(anc)e pile [A pile driven near a caisson to act as
a guide during sinking] ● Leitpfahl, Führungspfahl m;
Führungspilot m, Leitpilot [Österreich]
guid(anc)e rail (⚒) > sliding rail
guid(anc)e wall ● Leitwand f, Führungswand
[Schlitzwandherstellung]
guide (⚒) ● Führungsbaum, Streichbaum m,
Schachtführung f, Leitbaum, Spurlatte f
guide (⚒) > sliding rail
652 guide
guide > (practical) guide (book)
guide copy, drawing key ● Anhaltkopie f;
Anhaltekopie [Schweiz; Österreich] [Ein- oder
mehrfarbige Kopie als Anhalt für die Bearbeitung der
Reinzeichnung oder die Herstellung des Kartenoriginals]
(guided) auger boring equipment (or: system) ●
Schneckenbohranlage f [für die unterirdische
Herstellung von Abwasserkanälen]
guided auger boring system ● Pilotbohrverfahren n
mit Schneckenbohranlage
guided boring, guided drilling, steerable boring,
steerable drilling ● Lenkbohren, gelenktes Bohren n
G [grabenloser Rohreinbau]
guided boring rig > guided moling rig
guided drilling, directional drilling, controlled direc-
tional drilling [The drilling of a hole with an intentional
deviation] ● gerichtetes Bohren n, Richtungsbohren
[Zielbohren, bei dem während des Bohrens die
Bohrrichtung geändert wird, in der Tiefbohrtechnik
gebräuchlich]
guided drilling tool, steerable drilling tool ●
Lenkbohrwerkzeug n, gelenktes Bohrwerkzeug
[grabenloser Rohreinbau]
guided moling > directional drilling
guided moling rig, directional drilling rig, directional
boring rig, directional moling rig, guided drilling rig,
guided boring rig [‘‘system’’, ‘‘unit’’ and ‘‘machine’’ may
synonymously be used for ‘‘rig’’] ● Richtungsbohr-
gerät n, Richtungsbohrmaschine f [grabenloses
Bauverfahren]
guided pilot drilling (or: boring) ● gesteuerte
Pilotbohrung f
guided radio ● leitungsgerichteter Sprechfunk m
guide fossil, index fossil ● Leitfossil n [Es kommt in
einem bestimmten geologischen Horizont vor und dient
dazu alle Ablagerungen verschiedener Orte miteinander
in Verbindung zu bringen]
guide-framework, leading system [for lowering
a caisson] ● Führungsgerüst n
guide hood ● Führungshaube f
guideline ● Richtlinie f, Leitlinie f
guide mineral, guiding mineral ● Leitmineral n
guide peg [deprecated] > reference peg
guide pen, guiding pen ● Führungspferch m,
Leitpferch [Bagger-Senkkastengründung]
guide pile, guiding pile [A pile driven down vertically
near a caisson to act as a guide during sinking or to guide
sheet piling] ● Führungspfahl m, Leitpfahl, Richtpfahl
guide plate ● Führungsplatte f
guide point, guiding point ● Leitpunkt m,
Führungspunkt
guide ring ● Führungsring m
guide rod [of a dilatometer or a borehole jacking probe]
● Richtgestänge n [einer Dilatometerausrüstung od.
eines Seitendruckgeräts]
guide seam, guiding seam ● Leitflöz n
guide (sheet) pile, standard (sheet) pile [In an exca-
vation supported by sheet piles, a heavy vertical square
pile which is driven close to them and carries the walings
(horizontal members) which first guide, and later support
the sheet piles. It is strutted to a similar pile on the far side
of the excavation or to a dumpling or to a raking shore. It
carries the full earth pressure from the walings] ●
Führungs(spund)bohle f
guide trench > slurry trench
guide tube ● Führungsrohr n
guide wall (Brit.); training wall (US) ● Führungswand f,
Leitwand [Hochwasserüberfall]
guiding jet > directional jet
guiding mineral, guide mineral ● Leitmineral n
guiding nozzle > directional jet
guiding pen, guide pen ● Führungspferch m,
Leitpferch [Bagger-Senkkastengründung]
guiding pile, guide pile [Apile driven down vertically
near a caisson to act as a guide during sinking or to guide
sheet piling] ● Führungspfahl m, Leitpfahl, Richtpfahl
guiding point, guide point ● Leitpunkt m,
Führungspunkt
guiding seam, guide seam ● Leitflöz n
Guldin’s rule, rule of Guldin ● Guldinische Regel f
[Stereometrie]
gulf > abyss
gulf [Applied to very varied forms of inlets of the sea, but
on the whole it is given to the largest of these inlets, e.g.
Gulf of Guinea, Persia, Mexico, whereas ‘‘bay’’ is applied
to only a few of these large forms and to many smaller
ones. A gulf may contain more than one bay, e.g. the Gulf
of Guinea with the Bays of Benin and Biafra] ● Golf m
Gulf Coast(-type) fault [less-preferred synonym]
> growth fault
gullet (⚒) ● Rösche f, Liesche, Lösche
gully ● Rinne f, Runse f, seltener: Runs m [z. B. in einem
Felshang]
gully, gully hole ● Kanaleinlaufschacht m, Gully m
gully control ● Runsensicherung f
gully erosion, gullying ● Gully-Erosion f [Eine zuerst
in den USA beobachtete Erosion; deshalb wurde der
Ausdruck auch im Deutschen übernommen]

gully hole, gully ● Kanaleinlaufschacht m, Gully m
gully improvement with brushwood ● Runsenaus-
buschung f
gullying, gully erosion ● Gully-Erosion f [Eine zuerst
in den USA beobachtete Erosion; deshalb wurde der
Ausdruck auch im Deutschen übernommen]
gully wall ● Runsenwand f
gum elastic, caoutchouc, natural rubber, Indian
rubber ● Kautschuk m
gumanite > uranium ocher
gum dynamite ● Sprenggummi n, m
gum resin ● Schleimharz n
gumslinger (⚒) ● Schrämkleinwerfer m
gun, jet ● Kanone f, Perforateur m, Schießkernrohr n
[Perforieren von Bohrlöchern]
gun-applied concrete, shotcrete, gunite [trade name]
● Spritzbeton m, Torkretbeton m [Eine Mischung aus
Zement, Sand, Brechschlacke und Wasser, welche auf die
Armierung gespritzt wird]
gunbarrel ● Durchlaufbehälter m, Durchlauftank m
[An der Bohrung zur Trennung von Öl, Wasser und Gas]
gun boat, dump(ing) bucket, overturning skip, self-
dumping skip, tilt(ing) skip (⚒) ● Kippkübel m
guncotton ● Schießbaumwolle f [Nitrozellulose mit 11
Salpetersäureresten im Molekül]
to gunite, to place shotcrete ● torkretieren
gunited wall ● torkretierte Wand f
gunite [trade name]; gun-applied concrete, shotcrete ●
Spritzbeton m, Torkretbeton m [Eine Mischung aus
Zement, Sand, Brechschlacke und Wasser, welche auf
die Armierung gespritzt wird]
gunk plug ● Diesel-Bentonit-Stopfen m guttate perthite ● gesprenkelter Perthit m
[Tiefbohrtechnik]
gunk squeeze ● Diesel-Bentonit-Einpressung f
[Tiefbohrtechnik]
gunnie (⚒) ● Sohle f, Bausohle, Stand m
gunnie [in Cornwall] (⚒) ● Streckenbreite f
gun perforating, jet perforating ● Schießperforieren n,
Schießlochen
gun perforator > casing gun
gun powder ore ● Pulvererz n [Ein schwedisches See-
Erz]
Günz-Mindel [The term applied in the Alps to the first
classical interglacial stage of the Pleistocene (Epoch),
following the Günz and preceding the Mindel glacial
stages] ● Günz/Mindel m
gur > diatomite
gurt, sough, drain, adit, drainage level, deep level,
water gate (road), blind level, water gateway, thurl,
gutter 653
draining adit, deep adit, water level (⚒) ● Rösche f,
Wassersaige f, Wasserabfuhrstollen m, Wasser(lösungs)-
strecke f, Sumpfstrecke, Wasserseige, Wasserlö-
sungsstollen, Tiefstollen [Eine Strecke unter einem Stol-
len zur Aufnahme des bis auf eine gewisse Teufe
ausgehobenen Wassers und Zuführung zu den
Hauptkunstschächten und zur Verbindung von
Kunstschächten]
gush > torrential rain
gusher, geyser, pulsating spring, spouter, ebbing and
flowing spring, gush(ing) spring ● Geysir m, Geisir,
Geiser, Springquelle f, pulsende Quelle, pulsierende
Quelle, Siedequelle, Springer m G
gusher, gushing well [A gas-well or oil-well from which
the material flows profusely without pumping] ● Springer
m, Sprudelbohrung f, Sprudelbohrloch n, Spritzer
gusset, stay (⚒) ● Bolzen m [Ein als Stütze
verwendetes, beiderseits stumpf abgeschnittenes kurzes
Holzstück]
gusset plate ● Knotenblech n
gustiness intensity ● Böigkeitsgrad m
Gutenberg discontinuity > (Wiechert-)Gutenberg
discontinuity
Gutenberg low-velocity zone, low-velocity zone,
B layer [The zone in the upper mantle, variously defined
as from 60 to 250 km in depth in which velocities are
about 6% lower than in the outermost mantle. It is
probably caused by the near melting point temperature
of the material] ● Gutenbergzone f
gutta-percha fuse, gutta-percha fuze ● Guttapercha-
zündschnur f
guttation [The expulsion of water, in excess of transpi-
ration, from uninjured vegetation] ● Wasserabstoßen n
von Pflanzen [Zusätzlich zur Ausdünstung]
gutter (⚒) ● Wasserlutte f
gutter, channel gutter [The lowest portion of a channel
containing an alluvial deposit and usually the zone of
maximum enrichment] ● Bett(ge)rinne f, (n)
[Wasserlauf]
gutter, drainage channel ● Abflussrinne f
gutter [A shallow, natural channel, furrow, or gull(e)y
worn by running water] ● Rinne f, Gerinne n
gutter [For carrying off excess surface water to a
gull(e)y] ● Abfluss(ge)rinne, Ablauf(ge)rinne f, (n)
gutter [obsolete]; brook; stell (Brit.) ● Bach m
gutter [This term is used locally in various parts of
Britain for rock suitable for gutter stones, etc.] ●
Rinnenstein m [als Rohmaterial]
654 gutter trough
gutter trough (⚒) ● Gerinnetrog m, Rinnentrog
Guttmann method [A chemical consolidation two-
injection method developed by A. Guttmann. It differs
from the Joosten two-injection method in that the viscos-
ity of the sodium silicate is reduced before injection of
a suitable salt solution. This allows the treatment of finer-
grained soils] ● Guttmann-Verfahren n, Guttmann-
Methode f
guy [such as for a snow net] ● Abspannseil n [z. B. für
ein Schneenetz]
guyed ● seilabgespannt
guyot, tablemount, tableknoll [A type of sea-mount at
G about 200 m depth that has a platform top] ●
abgestumpfter Tiefseeberg m, Guyot m
gymnite, deweylite [A mix(ture) of clino-chrysotile (or
sometimes lizardite) and stevensite. It was formerly
regarded as a mineral of the serpentine group] ●
Deweylit m, Gymnit m
gyprock, rock gypsum ● Gipsgestein n
gypseous ● gipsig, Gips . . .
gypseous alabaster > alabastrite
gypseous earth ● Gipsgur f
gypsic horizon [A diagnostic subsurface soil horizon at
least 15 cm thick that is characterized by enrichment in
calcium sulfate] ● Gipshorizont m
gypsiferous, gypsum-bearing, gypsum-containing,
containing gypsum ● gipsführend, gipshaltig,
gipsenthaltend
gypsiferous cap-rock ● Gipshut m
gypsification [Development of or conversion
into, gypsum, e.g. the hydration of anhydrite] ●
Vergipsung f
gypsification depth ● Vergipsungstiefe f
gypsinate, cemented with gypsum ● gipsverfestigt
gypsite, gypsum earth, earthy gypsum [A weakly con-
solidated earthy mix(ture) of gypsum and clay or silt] ●
Gipserde f, erdiger Gips m, Himmelsmehl n, Mehlgips
gypsolith > gypsum rock
gypsum; plaster of Paris, plaster stone (Brit.) [A widely
distributed mineral consisting of hydrous calcium sul-
phate: CaSO4·2H2O] ● Gips m
gypsum-bearing, gypsiferous, gypsum-containing,
containing gypsum ● gipsführend, gipshaltig,
gipsenthaltend
gypsum calibration test, gypsum replacement test,
calibrated gypsum method ● Gipsersatzverfahren n,
Gipsersatzmethode f [Prüfung der Dichte und Wichte
des Bodens]
gypsum cave ● Gipshöhle f
gypsum-containing > gypsiferous
gypsum crust ● Gipskruste f
gypsum crystal ● Gipskristall n
gypsum dehydration ● Gipsentwässerung f
gypsum (drilling) mud ● Gips(Bohr)Schlamm-
(spülung) m, (f)
gypsum earth, gypsite, earthy gypsum [A weakly
consolidated earthy mix(ture) of gypsum and clay or
silt] ● Gipserde f, erdiger Gips m, Himmelsmehl n,
Mehlgips
gypsum fissure ● Gipsspalt(e) m, (f)
gypsum karst ● Gipskarst m
gypsum Keuper ● Gipskeuper m
gypsum layer ● Gipsschicht f
gypsum leaching ● Gips(aus)laugung f
gypsum mine, gypsum pit ● Gipsgrube f, Gipsmine f
gypsum mining ● Gipsbergbau m
gypsum operation ● Gipsabbaubetrieb m
gypsum pit, gypsum mine ● Gipsgrube f, Gipsmine f
gypsum plate [An accessory plate used with the polar-
izing microscope] ● Gipsblättchen n
gypsum replacement test, gypsum calibration test,
calibrated gypsum method ● Gipsersatzverfahren n,
Gipsersatzmethode f [Prüfung der Dichte und Wichte
des Bodens]
gypsum rock, gypsolith [A term suggested by Grabau
(1924, p. 298)] ● Gipsgestein n
gypsum rock thickness ● Gipsgestein(s)mächtigkeit f
gypsum sink ● Gipsschlotte f
gypsum slag cement grout (US); supersulphated
(slag) cement grout (Brit.) [This grout is used where
groundwater has a pH as low as 3.5] ● Gipsschlack-
enzement-Einpressschlämme f, Gipsschlackenzement-
Auspressschlämme f, Gipsschlackenzement-
Verpressschlämme f, Gipsschlackenzementschlämme f,
Gipsschlackenzement-Injektionsschlämme f,
Gipsschlackenzement-Injizierschlämme f [„Sulfathüt-
tenzement’’ kann synonym für „Gipsschlackenzement’’
verwendet werden]
gyratory aggregate shaker, gyratory (test) sieve
shaker ● Rund(prüf)siebsatzrüttler m, Rund(prüf)-
siebsatzvibrator m
gyratory crusher ● Kreiselbrecher m
gyratory tippler, rotary car dumper (⚒) ●
Kreiselwipper m, Seitenwipper [Entleerung von
Grubenwagen]
gyrocompass, gyroscopic compass, gyrostatic com-
pass ● Kreiselkompass m
gyrocompass repeater, gyroscopic compass repeater,
gyrostatic compass repeater ● (Kreisel-)
Tochterkompass m
 gyttja 655

gyro instrument ● Kreiselinstrument n gyrotheodolite ● Kreiseltheodolit m

gyro probe ● Gyrosonde f gyttja [Swedish]; sapropelic mud ● Gyttja f
gyro(scope) ● Kreisel m [Schwedischer Volksname, H. v. Post 1862];
gyro(scope) attachment ● Aufsatzkreisel m sapropelitische Mudde f, Halbfaulschlamm m
gyro-stabilized ● kreiselstabilisiert