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Titelfoto (Nr.

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GRIECHISCHE MÜNZEN
SICILIA - SYRAKUS
Õ-Dekadrachme, nach 405 v. Chr.; 42,96 g.
Gallatin R. XIX/G. I.
AUKTION 216

Münzen aus der Welt der Antike

ZEIT Montag, 8. Oktober 2012


14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr
Dienstag, 9. Oktober 2012
10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr

ORT Steigenberger Hotel Remarque Osnabrück, Natruper-Tor-Wall 1

AUKTIONS-TELEFON +49 (0)541 60 96 633

AUKTIONS-FAX +49 (0)541 60 96 634

Auktionen 216-218, 8. - 12. Oktober 2012

8./9. OKTOBER 2012 Auktion 216


Münzen aus der Welt der Antike

9.-11. OKTOBER 2012 Auktion 217


Münzen und Medaillen aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit

11./12. OKTOBER 2012 Auktion 218


Geprägtes Gold aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit
Deutsche Münzen ab 1871
Zeitplan/Timetable

Auktion 216 Montag, 8. Oktober 2012


Münzen aus der Welt der Antike 14.00 Uhr - 19.00 Uhr
Nr. 1 bis Nr. 1032
Kelten, Griechen, Römische Republik,
Imperatorische Prägungen, Römische
Kaiserzeit: Augustus - Antoninus I. Pius

Dienstag, 9. Oktober 2012


10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr
Nr. 1033 bis Nr. 1638
Römische Kaiserzeit:
Antoninus II. Marcus Aurelius - Basiliscus,
Lots Römer, Völkerwanderung, Byzanz,
Kreuzfahrer, Orientalen

Auktion 217 14.00 Uhr - 18.30 Uhr


Münzen und Medaillen Nr. 2001 bis Nr. 2901
aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit Europa: Albanien - Italien

Mittwoch, 10. Oktober 2012


10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr
Nr. 2902 bis Nr. 3404
Europa: Jugoslawien - Ungarn, Übersee
14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr
Nr. 3405 bis Nr. 4137
Habsburgische Erblande,
Deutschland: Aachen - Lüneburg

Donnerstag, 11. Oktober 2012


10.00 Uhr - 13.00 Uhr
Nr. 4138 bis Nr. 4639
Deutschland: Magdeburg - Würzburg,
Medaillen, Papiergeld, Münzwaage,
Lots, Siegel

Auktion 218 14.00 Uhr - 18.00 Uhr


Geprägtes Gold aus Mittelalter und Neuzeit Nr. 5001 bis Nr. 5861

Deutsche Münzen ab 1871 Freitag, 12. Oktober 2012


10.00 Uhr - 12.00 Uhr
Nr. 5862 bis Nr. 6185

2
Sehr geehrte Münzfreunde/Dear Coin Collectors,
Ich wünsche Ihnen viel Freude mit unseren neuen Auktionskatalogen und hoffe, Sie
finden einige schöne Stücke für Ihre Sammlung. Als Europas führendes Auktionshaus
für Münzen, Medaillen und Orden hat sich unser Dienstleistungsspektrum für Sie als
unsere Kunden stetig verbessert und erweitert. Einen kleinen Überblick über unsere
Angebote finden Sie hier.
I wish you a lot of pleasure with our new auction catalogues and I hope you will find
a few additonal items for your collection. As Europe´s leading auction company for
coins, medals and decorations our range of services for our customers has been steadily
improving and expanding. Following is a short overview of our offers.
Mit herzlichen Grüßen/With warm regards Friti z Ru
Frit
Fr Rudo
dolflff K
do Kün
ünke
ünker
ke
ker

AUKTIONEN/AUCTIONS
Besuchen Sie unsere international bedeutenden Auktionen, die Ihnen viermal jährlich
zahlreiche Raritäten bieten. Profitieren Sie als Bieter oder Einlieferer von unserer
Erfahrung und Kompetenz.
Visit our internationally recognized auctions which take place four times a year and
offer many rarities. Benefit from our experience and competence while being a bidder
or consigner.
GOLDHANDEL/GOLD COIN TRADING
Wir bieten Ihnen ein ständiges Angebot sowie den Ankauf von Anlagemünzen aus
Deutschland, Europa und aller Welt zu fairen tagesaktuellen Preisen.
We are constantly offering as well as purchasing a vast range of German, European and
World bullion coins. We buy and sell gold assets at a fair, daily updated market price.
ONLINE-SHOP
Wir bieten Ihnen in unserem Online-Shop auf www.kuenker.de ein täglich
aktualisiertes Münz-Angebot von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Kaufen Sie hier
unkompliziert zum Festpreis und ohne Risiko.
We offer you an exclusive daily updated selection of coins from ancient to modern
times. You can order at www.kuenker.com without hassle or risk.
eLIVE AUCTION
Mit unseren eLive Auctions können Sie über das Internet an regelmäßigen Auktionen
mit einem virtuellen Auktionator teilnehmen. Sie können Vorgebote bequem online
abgeben und abschließend die Auktion live am Bildschirm für sich entscheiden.
With our eLive Auctions, we offer you an opportunity to participate in regular
auctions live over the Internet. You can submit preliminary bids online, and up to the
last moment of the sale you can win auctions live on your computer screen.
ORDEN UND EHRENZEICHEN/ORDERS AND DECORATIONS
Einmal im Jahr findet unsere besondere Ordensauktion statt, die sich ganz den
dekorativen Ehrenzeichen widmet. Profitieren Sie als Bieter oder Einlieferer von
unserer Erfahrung und Kompetenz im Bereich Phaleristik.
Once a year there is a special auction dedicated to medals and decorations. Benefit
from our experience in the field of phaleristik becoming our bidder or consigner.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 3
Besichtigung/On View
Die Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes kann nach vorheriger telefo-
nischer Absprache erfolgen.
Auction lots may be viewed by appointment only.

Online-Katalog/Online Catalogue
Betrachten Sie unsere Auktionskataloge im Internet! Unter
www.kuenker.de und www.sixbid.com haben Sie die Möglichkeit,
Abbildungen zu vergrößern, Ihre Gebote direkt abzugeben und
die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen.
KUENKER.DE Please browse our auction catalogues at www.kuenker.com or at
www.sixbid.com! You will have the possibility to zoom all images,
to place your bids and to view all auction results online.

Künker-Service
Wir sind mittlerweile mit neun eigenen Standorten in Deutsch-
land und Europa vertreten. So können wir Ihnen unseren beliebten
Künker-Service auch in Ihrer Nähe anbieten. Unsere Leistungen
vor Ort:
• Persönliche Beratung und Betreuung in Ihrer Nähe.
• Sie können Ihre Münzen direkt einliefern oder verkaufen,
ersteigerte Münzen abholen und sich nach Vereinbarung
Einlieferungen auszahlen lassen.
• Sie können sich von unserem Kooperationspartner auf den
Künker-Auktionen vertreten lassen.
We are now represented with nine locations in Germany and
Europe so that we can also provide you the best service in your
vicinity. Our local services:
• You always have a point of contact nearby.
• You can directly consign or sell your coins, collect purchases
and receive by appointment payment for consignments.
• You can have our cooperation partner represent you at our
auctions.

OSNABRÜCK
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Gutenbergstraße 23, 49076 Osnabrück
Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
USt-IdNr./VAT-No: DE256270181

Haupptstsititz
Ha ititz in
in Osn
s abbrüückk

4 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Standorte/Locations
MÜNCHEN
Künker Numismatik AG
Löwengrube 12, 80333 München
Dr. Hubert Ruß
Tel. +49 (0)89 242 198 38, service@kuenker-numismatik.de
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Maximiliansplatz 12a, 80333 München
Drr. H
D Huubert
rt R
Ruß
uß Fraannk Ri
Fr Rich
chharrds
dsen
en
en Frank Richardsen
Tel. +49 (0)89 242 16 990, frank.richardsen@kuenker.de

BERLIN
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Poststraße 22, 10178 Berlin-Mitte
Wollankstraße 117, 13187 Berlin-Pankow
Michael Otto
Tel. +49 (0)30 247 248 91, michael.otto@kuenker.de

HAMBURG
Künker Hamburg, c/o Roland Trampe
M ch
Mi chae
aell Ot
Otto
tttoo Rolaand
nd Trraam
mppe Roland Trampe
Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, roland.trampe@kuenker.de

KONSTANZ
Künker Konstanz, c/o Michael Autengruber
Schulthaißstraße 10, 78462 Konstanz
Michael Autengruber
Tel. +49 (0)7531 28 44 69, michael.autengruber@kuenker.de

ZNOJMO
Künker Znojmo, c/o Petr Kovaljov
17. Listopadu 18, 66902 Znojmo, Tschechische Republik
Michaeel Autengruubeer Petr Kov
Pe ovaljo
jov Petr Kovaljov
Tel. +42 (0)603 81 10 31, petr.kovaljov@kuenker.de

ZÜRICH
Künker Zürich, c/o Hess-Divo AG
Löwenstraße 55, 8001 Zürich, Schweiz
Ulf Künker
Tel. +41 (0)44 225 40 90, zuerich@kuenker.de

MOSKAU
Künker Moskau, c/o Russian Coin Co. Ltd.
Lyalin pereulok dom 9, str. 1, of. 3, 105062 Moskau, Russland
Alleekkses y O
A Onnch
chuk
ukov
kovv Aleksey Onchukov
Tel. +7 (495) 589 56 10, aleksey.onchukov@kuenker.de

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 5
Was ist für Ihre schriftliche Auktionsteilnahme besonders wichtig?
• Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst
kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen. Das
DEUTSCH beiliegende Formular erleichtert Ihnen die Abgabe eines schriftlichen Gebots. Gerne
nehmen wir Ihre Gebote per Post, Fax oder Email entgegen.
• Wenn Sie noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, bitten wir Sie, uns als Referenz eine Münz-
handlung anzugeben, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen.
• Wir gewährleisten die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte auch über die gesetzliche Frist
hinaus.

Sie möchten telefonisch an der Auktion teilnehmen?


Die telefonische Teilnahme an der Auktion ist bei uns selbstverständlich möglich. Wir rufen
Sie während der Auktion gerne an und helfen Ihnen, die gewünschten Stücke zu ersteigern.
Aus organisatorischen Gründen bitten wir Sie, die folgenden Punkte zu beachten:
• Telefonisches Bieten ist nur bei Losen mit einer Taxe von mind. € 500,– möglich.
• Bitte teilen Sie uns mindestens 48 Stunden vor der Auktion mit, zu welchen Stücken Sie
Ulrich Künker angerufen werden möchten.
Leiter Kundenbetreuung
• Bitte achten Sie darauf, dass Sie erreichbar sind, wenn Ihre Stücke versteigert werden.
Der Zeitplan in diesem Katalog hilft Ihnen dabei, den Zeitpunkt der Versteigerung
abzuschätzen.
• Wir empfehlen, zusätzlich zu Ihrem Anrufwunsch auch ein Gebotslimit abzugeben,
damit wir für Sie auch dann bieten können, falls die Verbindung nicht zustande kommt.
• Bitte beachten Sie, dass telefonisches Bieten eine unsichere Variante der Auktionsteil-
nahme sein kann. Wir können keine Garantie für das Zustandekommen der telefoni-
schen Verbindung übernehmen. Wenn Sie sicher gehen wollen, besuchen Sie bitte unsere
Auktion persönlich oder geben Sie uns ein schriftliches Gebot.

Was passiert nach der Auktion?


Barbara Westmeyer
• Der Versand der Auktionsware startet sofort nach Beendigung der Auktion und dauert
deutschsprachige Kundenbetreuung
in der Regel 8 Tage.
• Alle Kunden, die an unserer Auktion schriftlich teilgenommen haben, erhalten innerhalb
von 2 Wochen nach der Auktion unsere Ergebnisliste gratis.
• Alle Ergebnisse sind spätestens einen Tag nach Auktionsende auf unserer Internetseite
verfügbar.
Telefon: +49 (0)541 96 20 20
Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222
Gebührenfrei: 0800 58 36 537 Sie möchten Ihre Münzen in unsere Auktion einliefern?
E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Sollten Sie sich zum Verkauf Ihrer Münzen entschlossen haben, kommen Sie zu uns. Seit
Internet: www.kuenker.de
1985 beweisen wir mit derzeit 4 Auktionsterminen und ca. 15 Katalogen pro Jahr unsere
Montag – Donnerstag 8.30 – 17.00 Uhr Kompetenz und Zuverlässigkeit. Wichtige Informationen für Sie im Überblick:
Freitag 8.00 – 15.30 Uhr • Ihre Münzen werden von unseren Experten nach neuestem numismatischem Standard
bestimmt und in hochwertigen Farbkatalogen präsentiert.
• Wir verfügen mit mehr als 10.000 Kunden über eine der besten Kundendateien weltweit.
Im Durchschnitt verkaufen wir mehr als 95 % der Stücke einer Auktion, nicht selten
erzielen wir dabei Rekordzuschläge. Für nicht verkaufte Objekte werden keine Gebühren
erhoben.
• Ab der Übergabe an uns sind Ihre Münzen mit dem doppelten Schätzwert versichert.
Unsere Kundenbetreuung bespricht gerne mit Ihnen wie Ihre Stücke sicher zu uns
gelangen können.
• Ihre Einlieferung wird Ihnen sofort nach der Übernahme quittiert. Spätestens 5 Wo-
chen vor der Auktion erhalten Sie eine Auflistung Ihrer Stücke inkl. Katalognummern
und Schätzpreisen.
• Unmittelbar nach der Auktion erhalten Sie die Ergebnisliste und können dann alle
erzielten Preise feststellen. Den Auktionserlös erhalten Sie innerhalb von 45 Tagen nach
der Auktion.

6 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Important facts for a written participation in the auction
• Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring
increases if we receive your instructions only shortly before the auction. The enclosed
form should make it simple for you to submit a written bid, you may send your bids by ENGLISH
mail, fax or e-mail.
• If you are a new customer who has not yet purchased from us, we do request references.
Please name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business.
• The genuineness of all objects sold is warranted beyond the statutory length of time.

Do you wish to participate by telephone?


You are welcome to participate in our auction by telephone. We are glad to call you during
the auction and to assist you in bidding for your items. Please take notice of the following
conditions:
• Telephone bidding is accepted exclusively on lot numbers with estimates at 500 Euro or
above.
• Please inform us at least 48 hours in advance if you wish to register for telephone bid-
ding, even for single lots. We do need 48 hours to schedule all incoming requests. Nadine Zuber
English, Deutsch
• Please be available, when your lots will be sold. The time schedule in the catalogue will
help you to estimate the approximate time when your items are going to be sold.
• When you register for telephone bidding, we recommend to leave a written bid in addi-
tion. This bid will only be executed, should the telephone bidding be interrupted or not
be achieved.
• Please be aware that telephone bidding is a risky way of participation in our auction.
We do not assume liability should the telephone line be interrupted or not be achieved.
We advise you to attend the auction in person or to send written bids.

What occurs after the auction?


• The shipment of all auction goods starts immediately after the completion of the entire
Marion Künker
auction week and it usually takes 8 days to be completed.
English, Deutsch
• All auction results are available on our website one day after the end of the auction
week.
• All clients who submitted bids for the auction will automatically receive the list of auc-
tion results free of charge within two weeks after the end of auction.
Phone: +49 (0)541 96 20 20
Do you wish to consign your coins to our auction? Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222
Should you decide to sell your coins, we are ready to assist you. Since 1985 we have earned E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
our bona fides in conducting over 4 auctions and in publishing 15 catalogues per year. In Website: www.kuenker.com
the following you will find the most important information on consigning:
Monday –Thursday 8.30 AM – 5 PM
• We guarantee the professional handling of your consignment following the latest numis- Friday 8 AM – 3.30 PM
matic level of expertise including its presentation in colour catalogues of outstanding
quality.
• We possess one of the best customer lists worldwide. On average we sell more than
95 % of all items in our auction, and it is not unusual for us to achieve record hammer
prices for lots submitted. Unsold items incur no fees.
• Once the coins are consigned they are covered by our insurance at double the estimate.
Upon consultation with our customer service we try to advise you on the safest way of
shipping for your coins.
• Your delivery will be confirmed in writing immediately on receipt. At least five weeks
before the auction, you will receive an exact list of your objects with the relevant cata-
logue numbers and descriptions.
• Within a week of the end of auction, you will receive a list of auction results in order
to see what prices were reached for each individual lot. As a consignor, you will receive
the auction proceeds within 45 days after the end of auction.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 7
Votre participation par écrit – Les points essentiels
• Veuillez nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parvien-
nent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur
FRANCAIS traitement. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Vous
pouvez nous envoyer vos ordres par la poste, par fax ou par e-mail.
• Si vous n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, nous vous prions de nous indi-
quer une ou deux références d’autres maisons numismatiques où vous avez déjà acheté.
• L’authenticité des pièces vendues est garantie même au-delà des délais légaux.

Vous voulez participer par téléphone?


La participation par téléphone est bien sûr possible. Nous vous appelons volontiers pour
vous aider à acquérir les pièces voulues. Pour des raisons d´organisation veuillez noter les
points suivants:
• La participation par téléphone est possible seulement pour les lots estimé à plus de
500 Euros chacun.
• Veuillez nous informer au moins 48 heures avant la vente de la liste des pièces pour
Alexandra Elflein, M. A. lesquelles vous voudriez être appelé.
Français, Deutsch, English, Italiano
• Veuillez prendre soin d´être joignable quand vos pièces seront mises en vente. L’ordre de
vente dans ce catalogue vous aidera à estimer l´heure de la vente.
• Vue les risques de la participation téléphonique, nous vous recommandons néanmoins
d’indiquer une limite maximale pour chaque lot, pour que nous puissions enchérir pour
vous, même si la communication téléphonique serait interrompue ou ne pourrait pas
être établie.
• La participation par téléphone présente des risques, et nous déclinons toute respon-
sabilité dans le cas où la communication téléphonique serait interrompue, ou bien ne
pourrait être établie.

Ce qui se passe après la vente


Kmar Chachoua
• L´expédition des biens va commencer immédiatement après la fin de la vente complète,
Français, Deutsch, English, Arabic
et prend généralement 8 jours.
• Tous les clients qui ont participé à l’une de nos ventes aux enchères recevront gratuite-
ment une liste de résultats dans les deux semaines qui suivent.
• Les résultats seront disponibles sur notre site internet, au plus tard un jour après la fin
de la vente.
Tél. +49 (0)541 96 20 20
Facs. +49 (0)541 96 20 222
E-Mail: service@kuenker.de Vous voulez confier vos monnaies pour nos ventes aux enchères?
Site: www.kuenker.de Contactez nous si vous envisagez de vendre vos pièces. Notre compétence et fiabilité est
prouvée depuis 1985 par actuellement 4 ventes aux enchères et environ 15 catalogues par
Lundi à Jeudi de 8h30 à 17h00
Vendredi de 8h00 à 15h30
an. Le plus important pour vous est que:
• Vos pièces seront décrites par notre équipe d’experts selon les standards numismatiques les
plus récents, et elles seront présentées dans des catalogues de haute qualité en couleurs.
• Nous avons un des meilleurs fichiers-clientèle du monde avec plus de 10.000 clients.
Nous vendons en moyenne plus de 95% de la vente aux enchères, et obtenons souvent
des prix records. Les monnaies invendues n’encourent aucun frais.
• Notre service clientèle est disponible pour vous conseiller pour l’envoi de vos pièces, et
dès leur réception vos pièces seront assurées pour le double de la valeur d´estimation.
• Vous recevrez une liste détaillée des pièces fournies au moment de la prise en charge
puis, au plus tard cinq semaines avant la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez leur liste
exacte avec les numéros de catalogue correspondants.
• Immédiatement après la vente aux enchères, vous recevrez la liste des résultats et pourrez
prendre connaissance des prix obtenus. Vous recevrez le produit de la vente dans les
45 jours après les enchères.

8 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
I punti piú importanti per la Sua partecipazione per iscritto
• La preghiamo di farci pervenire i Suoi ordini al piú presto possibile. Se i Suoi ordini ci
arrivano poco prima dell´inizio dell´asta possono verificarsi errori. Il formulario allegato
Le faciliterá l´invio dei Suoi ordini per iscritto. Ci puó far pervenire i Suoi ordini per ITALIANO
posta, per fax o per email.
• Se non ha mai acquistato presso di noi, La preghiamo di volerci indicare a titolo di
referenza il nome di uno o due commercianti numismatici presso i quali è giá cliente.
• L’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene garantita anche oltre i termini previsti dalla
legge.

Desidera partecipare telefonicamente alla nostra asta?


La partecipazione telefonica è naturalmente da noi possibile. La chiameremo durante l´asta
e La assisteremo volentieri per ottenere l´aggiudicazione dei pezzi desiderati. Per motivi di
organizzazione La preghiamo di voler tenere conto dei seguenti punti:
• La partecipazione telefonica è possibile solo per lotti stimati con almeno 500,– € l´uno.
• La preghiamo di volerci comunicare almeno 48 ore prima dell´inizio dell´asta per quali
pezzi desidera essere chiamato. Sonia Russo, M. A.
Italiano, Deutsch, English, Español
• La preghiamo di aver cura di essere raggiungibile telefonicamente al momento in cui
vengono messi all´asta i pezzi che Le interessano. Lo schema orario in catalogo La aiu-
terá a stimare a che ora verranno messi all´asta i pezzi che Le interessano.
• Consigliamo di indicare sempre assieme alla richiesta di partecipazione telefonica anche
un´ importo massimo, per permetterci di fare per Lei l´offerta anche nel caso in cui la
telefonata non fosse possibile.
• La partecipazione telefonica è un modo incerto di partecipare alle aste. Non assumiamo
nessuna responsabilità se per esempio la linea telefonica è occupata o interrotta o se Lei
non sará raggiungibile per altri motivi.

Cosa succede dopo l´asta?


• La spedizione del materiale d´asta comincia subito dopo la fine dell´intera asta e termi- Cristina Welzel
Italiano, Deutsch, English, Français
na normalmente entro 8 giorni.
• Tutti i clienti che hanno partecipato all´asta ricevono entro 2 settimane dopo l´asta la
lista dei prezzi di realizzo.
• I prezzi di realizzo sono visionabili sul nostro sito internet al piú tardi un giorno dopo
la fine dell´intera asta.
Tel.: +49 (0)541 96 20 20
Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222
Vuole consegnarci le Sue monete per una nostra asta? E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
Ci contatti se ha deciso di vendere le Sue monete. Dal 1985 la nostra competenza ed affida- Internet: www.kuenker.de
bilità è dimostrata da attualmente 4 aste e circa 15 cataloghi all´anno. Quali sono i punti di
Lunedì a giovedì dalle 8.30 alle 17.00
maggior importanza per Lei: Venerdì dalle 8.00 alle 15.30
• Le Sue monete vengono valutate dal nostro staff di esperti secondo i piú attuali stan-
dard numismatici e vengono presentati in cataloghi di alto valore a colori.
• Con piú di 10.000 clienti disponiamo di una delle migliori banca dati clienti del mondo.
In media vendiamo oltre il 95% del materiale d´asta realizzando spesso prezzi da
record. Per i pezzi invenduti non ci sono nessune spese da pagare.
• Dal momento della consegna le Sue monete sono assicurate per il doppio del valore di
stima. Il nostro servizio clientela Le consiglierá volentieri come farci avere le Sue monete
nel modo piú sicuro.
• La Sua consegna Le verrá immediatamente quietanzata al momento della resa dei pezzi.
Al piú tardi 5 settimane prima dell´asta riceverá una lista dettagliata dei Suoi pezzi con i
numeri di catalogo ed i prezzi di stima.
• Subito dopo l´asta riceverá la lista con i risultati d´asta dalla quale potrá subito con-
trollare i prezzi realizzati. Riceverá l´importo di realizzo entro 45 giorni dopo la fine
dell´asta.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 9
Что особенно важно при заочном участии на аукционе?
• Тщательно изучите наш каталог и запишите те лоты, которые Вас заинте-
ресовали. Заполните приложенный формуляр и отправьте нам его заранее
RUSSKIJ по почте, факсу или электронной почте. Мы обращаем внимание на то,
что если Ваши ставки придут перед самым началом аукциона либо во
время аукциона, то существует вероятность допуска ошибки в процессе
обработки заказа.
• Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомен-
дуем Вам указать Ваш референц – аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже
сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону +49(0)541 9620268.
• Подлинность купленных на нашем аукционе лотов гарантируется нами на
протяжении неограниченного времени.

Вы хотели бы принять участие на аукционе по телефону?


У нас, конечно, есть возможность организовать Ваше телефонное участие на
торгах, но мы бы хотели обратить внимание на следующие пункты:
Anastasija Koepsell • Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой
Russkij, Deutsch ценой свыше 500 евро.
• Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее
48 часов до начала аукциона.
• Мы хотим подчеркнуть, что телефонное участие на аукционе – не самый
безопасный способ: в случае плохой связи, недоступности клиента во
время торгов либо других технических проблем мы не несем ответствен-
ности.
• Мы рекомендуем Вам при участии в торгах по телефону  дополнительно
сообщить нам о Вашем лимите на интересующие лоты в случае, если теле-
фонная связь будет невозможна или по техническим причинам прервана.

Dzmitry Nikulin Что происходит после окончания аукциона?


Russkij, Deutsch, English • Результаты аукционов доступны на нашем сайте на следующий день после
окончания торгов.
• Вы можете лично забрать приобретенные лоты. По окончании торгов мы
готовим все необходимые документы на вывоз из Евросоюза.
• Почтовые отправки в Россию ( Беларусь, Украину ) осуществляются по
Телефон: +49 (0)541 96 20 20 предварительной договоренности. Для связи с нами звоните по телефону
Факс: +49 (0)541 96 20 222 +49 (0)541 9620268.
E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
интернет: www.kuenker.de
Вы хотели бы выставить Ваши предметы на аукцион?
понедельник – четверг 8.30 – 17.00 Более 160-ти успешно проведенных аукционов, тысячи участников, 4 аукцио-
пятница 8 – 15.30 на в год - эти и другие преимущества, которые говорят в пользу выставле-
ния Ваших коллекций на аукцион Кюнкер:
• Ваши монеты будут оценены нашими экспертами по самым новым нумиз-
матическим стандартам и представлены в высококачественном цветном
каталоге.
• Более 10000 клиентов со всего мира оказывают нам свое доверие. В
среднем мы продаем более 95% всех выставляемых предметов, при этом
зачастую достигая рекордных сумм.
• Все Ваши предметы, после передачи их нам, хранятся у нас до начала
аукциона застрахованными. Не позднее 5-ти недель до начала аукциона
Вы получите по почте подробное описание Ваших лотов с указаннами
номерами в каталоге, а также их оценочной стоимостью.
• Результаты аукционов также будут высланы Вам по почте после оконча-
ния торгов. В течение 45 дней после аукциона Вам будет выплачено Ваше
вознаграждение.

10 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
什么是书面竞价要注意的?

• 请尽早将您的竞价单寄给我们。如果我们在拍卖前很短时间内才收到您
的竞价单,可能会产生工作上的失误。后面附加的竞价表会辅助您完成
您的书面竞价。我们很愿意通过邮件,传真及电子邮件的方式接受您的
CHINESE
竞价。
• 如果您以前从未参与过我们的拍卖,请将一个与您有过生意往来的钱币
公司作为介绍人告知我们。
• 我们承诺所有拍品为真品,即使过了法律追诉期。

您想通过电话竞拍吗?

您当然也可以参加电话竞价。我们会在拍卖进行时致电给您,并协助您拍得
拍品。我们请您注意以下几点:

• 电话竞价只针对估价为500欧元以上的拍品。
• 请在至少拍卖48小时前告知我们您要电话竞价的拍品。
• 请您注意,在您的拍品进行竞拍时,我们能够与您联系上。拍卖目录中
所附的时间表能帮助您推测您的拍品竞拍时间。
Michael Otto
• 如果我们不能与您联系上,我们会以您的名义出价到您书面竞价的最高 Deutsch, English
价,最低不低于我们的起拍价。
• L请您注意,电话竞价是一种不保险的参拍方式。我们并不能保证电话线
路的畅通无阻。如果您想确保参拍,请亲临现场或书面竞价。

拍卖售后服务 Phone: +49 (0)541 96 20 20


Fax: +49 (0)541 96 20 222
E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
• 在拍卖结束后我们将立即开始寄出拍品,通常需要8个工作日。 Website: www.kuenker.com
• 所有参加书面竞价的顾客,将在拍卖结束的2周内免费收到我们的拍品成 Monday –Thursday 8.30 AM – 5 PM
交价目单。 Friday 8 AM – 3.30 PM
• 所有拍品成交价目单最晚在拍卖结束一天后登载在我们的主页上。

您想送拍您所收藏的钱币到我们的拍卖会?

如果您想出售您的钱币,请联系我们坤客拍卖公司。自1985年我们就通过一
年四拍和大约每年15本拍卖目录来证明了我们的专业技能和可信度。请过目
以下的重要信息:

• 您的钱币将由我们的专家通过最新币识标准来鉴定并刊登到高品质的彩
色目录上。
• 我们拥有全球超过10000个顾客,平均在每场拍卖会上有95%的拍品成
交,并多次创造了新的成交记录。对于没有成交的拍品我们不收取任何
费用。
• 从我们收到您的钱币开始,拍品会以双倍起拍价保险,我们的客户服务
很愿意为您解说您的钱币如何能安全的递交于我们。
• 我们在收到您的钱币后会立即给您开具书面收据,最晚至拍卖开始前5星
期您会收到所送拍品明细清单及其目录号和起拍价。
• 拍卖结束后您会收到成交价目录单并从中确认您的送交拍品成交价。45
天后您会收到您的拍品拍卖所得款项。

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 11
INHALT AUKTION 216

Nr. Seite

MÜNZEN AUS DER WELT DER ANTIKE 1 - 1638 15 - 250


Keltische Münzen 1 - 39 15 - 19
Britannia 1 - 2 15
Gallia 3 - 13 15 - 16
Belgica 14 - 15 16
Germania 16 - 24 17
Gallia Cisalpina 25 17
Bohemia 26 - 30 17 - 18
Pannonia 31 - 36 18 - 19
Thracia 37 19
Lots keltischer Münzen 38 - 39 19
Griechische Münzen 40 - 593 19 - 100
Hispania 40 19
Gallia 41 - 42 19
Etruria 43 - 46 20
Picenum 47 20
Campania 48 - 56 20 - 21
Calabria 57 - 74 22 - 24
Lucania 75 - 98 24 - 28
Bruttium 99 - 106 28 - 29
Sicilia 107 - 205 29 - 45
Moesia 206 - 209 46
Scythia 210 46
Thracia 211 - 240 47 - 51
Macedonia 241 - 301 51 - 61
Paeonia 302 - 303 61
Thessalia 304 - 313 61 - 63
Epirus 314 63
Corcyra 315 63
Acarnania 316 - 319 63
Aitolia 320 63
Boeotia 321 - 324 64
Attica 325 - 345 64 - 66
Aegina 346 67
Corinthia 347 - 352 67
Peloponnesus 353 - 356 67 - 68
Creta 357 68
Kykladen 358 68
Pontus 359 - 362 69
Paphlagonia 363 69
Bithynia 364 - 369 70
Mysia 370 - 378 71 - 72
Troas 379 72
Aeolis 380 - 387 72 - 73
Lesbos 388 - 396 73 - 74

12
Nr. Seite

Ionia 397 - 426 74 - 78


Caria 427 - 439 78 - 79
Lydia 440 - 453 80 - 81
Phrygia 454 - 456 81
Pamphylia 457 - 461 82
Cilicia 462 - 482 82 - 84
Cyprus 483 84
Cappadocia 484 84
Syria 485 - 511 85 - 89
Phoenicia 512 - 520 89
Iudaea 521 - 524 90
Arabia Felix 525 90
Babylonia 526 - 527 90
Persia 528 - 541 90 - 92
Sasaniden 542 92
Bactria 543 - 561 92 - 95
Sogdiana 562 95
India 563 96
Aegyptus 564 - 578 96 - 99
Cyrenaica 579 99
Zeugitania 580 - 585 99 - 100
Axum 586 100
Lots und Sammlungen
griechischer Münzen 587 - 593 100
Römische Münzen 594 - 1400 101 - 219
Münzen der Römischen Republik 594 - 701 101 - 116
Imperatorische Prägungen 702 - 736 116 - 122
Münzen der Römischen Kaiserzeit 737 - 1376 123 - 217
Lots römischer Münzen 1377 - 1400 217 - 219
Völkerwanderung 1401 - 1436 219 - 224
Vandalen 1401 - 1402 219
Italia 1403 - 1405 219 - 220
Westgoten 1406 - 1411 220 - 221
Ostgoten 1412 - 1422 221 - 222
Langobarden 1423 222
Burgunder 1424 - 1426 222 - 223
Merowinger 1427 - 1431 223
Anonym 1432 - 1436 224
Byzantinische Münzen 1437 - 1533 225 - 236
Byzanz 1437 - 1531 225 - 236
Das lateinische Kaiserreich
von Constantinopel 1532 236
Lot byzantinischer Münzen 1533 236
Kreuzfahrer 1534 - 1563 236 - 240
Jerusalem 1534 236
Chios 1535 - 1543 237
Pera 1544 238

13
Nr. Seite

Mytilene 1545 - 1548 238


Foglia Vecchia (Phocaea) 1549 238
Johanniter auf Rhodos 1550 - 1553 239
Zypern 1554 - 1557 239
Levantinische Beischläge 1558 - 1562 240
Lots Kreuzfahrer 1563 240
Orientalische Münzen 1564 - 1638 240 - 250
Kushan 1564 - 1592 240 - 244
Kushano-Sasaniden 1593 - 1596 244
Hephtaliten in Baktrien 1597 245
Umayyaden, Kalifen in Damaskus 1598 - 1599 245
Abassiden, Kalifen in Bagdad 1600 245
Tahiriden im Iran 1601 245
Ikshididen in Ägypten und Syrien 1602 245
Fatimiden in Ägypten 1603 245
Mamluken 1604 245
Samaniden 1605 246
Sultanat Delhi 1606 246
Danishmendiden in Sivas 1607 246
Danishmendiden in Kayseri 1608 246
Danishmendiden in Malatyah 1609 - 1611 246
Khanat Ganja 1612 246
Zengiden in Mossul 1613 - 1614 247
Zengiden in Sinjar 1615 247
Zengiden in Al-Jazira 1616 247
Begteginiden in Irbil 1617 247
Begtimuriden in Ahlat 1618 247
Artuqiden in Hisn Kayfa und Amid 1619 - 1625 247 - 248
Artuqiden in Karthpert 1626 248
Artuqiden in Mardin 1627 - 1630 249
Lots orientalischer Münzen 1631 - 1638 249 - 250

Ein Stichwortverzeichnis finden Sie am Ende dieses Auktionskataloges.

14
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4
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5
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6
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7
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15
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9
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10
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11

12 13

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14 15

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16
KELTEN

16 17 18

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19 20

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22 24

21 23

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25 26
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17
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29

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30 30
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31 32

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(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

33 34

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R OKV $CTVMTCP\CXGTU  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\2HGTFTOKV\YGK4GKVGTPFCTÒDGT8QIGN&GODUMKp)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCN 
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R $CWOTGKVGT  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\4GKVGTNOKV$CWOFCXQT8KGTDGKPGTWPVGP$NCVVQTPCOGPV&GODUMKC)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP
-QUVKCNXGTIN /KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

18
GALLIA

35
36 36

 Õ&TCEJOG 6[R -CRQUVCN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I -QRH T4GKVGT N &GODUMK  HH  
)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCNHH 2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG6[R5EJPCDGNMQRH,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI5VKNKUKGTVGT-QRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\4GKVGTN&GODUMKp)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCN 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
4QDGTV )ÌDN UEJTGKDV \W FKGUGO 6[R
16# 5   +EJ JCNVG FKGUGP 6[RWU HÒT FKG DGK YGKVGO QTKIKPGNNUVG  
QUVMGNVKUEJG#XGTUUEJÌRHWPI
 6[RGPYKGFKGUGTUKPFFWTEJCWUPKEJVCNU OK­TCVGP
2KPM \WDG\GKEJPGP
UQPFGTP HCUV XQNNGPFGVGT #WUFTWEM MGNVKUEJGT (QTOGPURTCEJG WPF HÒJTGP DGK FGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP /CVGTKG  
WPMWPFKIGPCDGTMWPUVUKPPKIGP$GVTCEJVGTPQHV\W8GTINGKEJGPOKVFGTOQFGTPGPCDUVTCMVGP-WPUVCPFKGUKGCDGT
PKEJV GTKPPGTP UQPFGTP FGPGP UKG PWT ·JPNKEJ UKPF
DGUVGPHCNNU MCPP FGT 8GTINGKEJ PWT WOIGMGJTV NCWHGP  
FCFGT'TKPPGTWPIUDGITKHHPWT\WTÒEMCPYGPFDCTKUV 

37

6*4#%+#
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT 6[NKU
!   I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU  
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VN&GODUMKXGTIN)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCNXGTIN 45GJTUEJÌP 

.165-'.6+5%*'4/ª0<'0
 5VCVGTG .QV XQP GKPGP 'N5VCVGT FGT &WTQVTKIGU GKPGO UWDCGTCVGP Ô5VCVGT FGT #ODKCPK WPF GKPGO  
ICNNKUEJGP$5VCVGT+PVGTGUUCPVGUMNGKPGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌPWPFDGUUGT 
 .QV-NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP$ÒUEJGNSWKPCT5NI(NGUEJG8KGTVGNSWKPCTG
5NI(NGUEJGWPF  
5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 

)4+'%*+5%*'/ª0<'0

40 1,5:1
1,5:1

*+52#0+#
 %#46*#)1018#Õ5EJGMGNX%JTI-QRHNOKV&KCFGO2TQTCT%02
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 
8QPFKGUGOKPVGTGUUCPVGP5VÒEMYCTGPDKUJGTPWTYGPKIG5VÒEMGOKV)GYKEJVGPXQPIDKUIDGMCPPV&CU
XQTNKGIGPFG 'ZGORNCT KUV FCU UEJYGTUVG DKUNCPI DGMCPPVG 5VÒEM 'U MÌPPVG UKEJ CNUQ CWEJ WO 5EJGMGN JCPFGNP  
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGUVGNNVFGT-QRHCWHFGO#XGTU*COKNMCT$CTMCUFCT


1,5:1 41 1,5:1
42
)#..+#
 /#55#.+# Õ1DQN  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N8KGTURGKEJKIGU 4CF FCTKP /#  
&GRG[TQV #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTXQPHGKPGO5VKNWPFOKVNGKEJVGT6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTQDQNX%JTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT#TVGOKUTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT-ÌEJGT.ÌYG
T&GRG[TQV (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

19
CAMPANIA

43 44 45 46

1,5:1

'6474+#
 2127.10+# “(ÒPHGT  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I /·PPGTMQRH T OKV RJT[IKUEJGO  
*GNO+PEWUGTUGEJUUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#058GEEJK6JGEQKPCIG
QHVJG4CUPC+8 )TÒPG2CVKPC8QTFGTUGKVGNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH*CIGP6TQPPKGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T 
8GEEJKYGKUVFCU5VÒEM2QRWNQPKC
2WRNWPC \WGUUKPFCNNGTFKPIUPQEJYGKVGTG/ÒP\UV·VVGPXQTIGUEJNCIGPYQTFGP


WC%GEKPC8GVWNQPKC)TCXKUECWPF8CNNG(WKPQ

 Õ#UUGUPCEJX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP)NCVV4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JG
EQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC++
FKGU'ZGORNCT  )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
 Õ#UUGUPCEJX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP)NCVV4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JG
EQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC++ (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ #UUGU PCEJ  X %JT  I -QRH FGU #RNW N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)NCVV 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC  
0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JGEQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC+++ 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH*CIGP6TQPPKGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT
#WMVKQP-WTRH·N\KUEJG/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/CPPJGKO0T 
7PUGT5VÒEMFCUFGP9GTVGKPGUTÌOKUEJGP&GPCTUJCVVG\GKIVCWHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGFCU$KNFFGUGVTWUMKUEJGP)QVVGU


#RNWFGTFGOITKGEJKUEJGP#RQNNQPGPVURTCEJ

47

2+%'07/
 *#64+# “3WKPEWPZ  X %JT  I 2GICUQU HNKGIV T9GKDNKEJGT -QRH KP /WTGZ  
5EJPGEMGN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK 44&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QDGTV5EJWNOCP#OUVGTFCO0T

48 49
%#/2#0+#
 0'#21.+5 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV 1N[ORKQU  I 0[ORJGPMQRH T#PFTQ  
MGRJCNGT 5VKGT T XQP 0KMG DGMT·P\V 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO  5CODQP  50) #05   
50)/ÒPEJGPp -TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHTFCTWPVGT$WEJUVCDG#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTT
XQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 5GJTUEJÌP 

20
CAMPANIA

50 51

 Õ&KFTCEJOGWOX%JT/CIKUVTCV1WKNNKQUI0[ORJGPMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWO
IGDGP#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQP
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT #TVGOKU OKV (CEMGNP  
T#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\VFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
5CODQP50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp -N-TCV\GTHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 

52 53 54

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV %JCTKNGWU  I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT -CPVJC  
TQU#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQPD50)
#05pXGTINHH50)/ÒPEJGP (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV %JCTKNGWU  I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT -CPVJC  
TQU#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQPD50)
#05pXGTINHH50)/ÒPEJGP (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT #UVTCICN FCXQT /QPQ  
ITCOO#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\VWPVGP/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
5CODQP50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 5GJTUEJÌP 

55
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHNFCJKPVGT4GKJGT#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP
0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQP50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPp 
4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5VWVVICTVGT/ÒP\CWMVKQP5VWVVICTV0T

56
1,5:1 1,5:1

 07%'4+# #.(#6'40# Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I -QRH FGU %CTPGKWU QFGT 5CTPWU  
N&KQUMWTOKV5RGGTWPF2HGTFUVGJVN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T 
%CTPGKWUFGUUGP0COGUKEJXQP-CTPQU
9KFFGT JGTNGKVGVYCTGKP'TPVGWPF(TWEJVDCTMGKVUIQVV


21
CALABRIA

57 58

%#.#$4+#
 6#4'06Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV#RJNCUVQP0CEMVGT4GKVGT
NOKV5EJKNF(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV&GNRJKP
(KUEJGT$QUUGTVp
84p 4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

59 60 61

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
(CUUWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP 

62
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPT
OKV*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

63
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTT6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPTOKV*GNONWPFTGKP
5VGTP(KUEJGT$QUUGTVC
FKGU'ZGORNCT 4CXGN8NCUVQ
CDGT#DDFKGU'ZGORNCT 4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT5COONWPI2CPF¾N[/KEJGN8NCUVQ

22
CALABRIA

64

65
2:1 2:1
 Õ.KVTCX%JTI/WUEJGN&GNRJKPTFCTÒDGT/QPQITCOOFCTWPVGT-CRKVGNNGKPGT
KQPKUEJGP5·WNG4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV0KMG
WPVGP9GNNGP4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO -TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

66 67
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 4GKVGT N UGKP 2HGTF DGMT·P\GPF6CTCU OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF  
&TGK\CEMCWH&GNRJKPN4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
)WV\GPVTKGTVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GN
RJKPNOKV9GKPVTCWDGWPF5RKPFGN4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP 

68

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT  I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT 0-#FNGT CWH $NKV\ T  
FCXQT'WNG(KUEJGT$QUUGTV)D
FKGU'ZGORNCT 4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T

69 70
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNUGKP2HGTFDGMT·P\GPF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPN
OKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT'WNG4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
/KPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPN
OKV-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT0[ORJGPMQRH4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

71
1,5:1
1,5:1
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T XQP HNKGIGPFGT 0KMG DGMT·P\V6CTCU CWH  
&GNRJKPNOKV-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT*GTOG4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

23
LUCANIA

72
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&CKOCEJQUI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV(CEMGN6CTCUCWH
&GNRJKPN-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEM4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

73 74

 Õ 5EJGMGN  X %JT /CIKUVTCV 5QMCPPCU  I 4GKVGT T OKV 2CNO\YGKI6CTCU CWH  
&GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF &TGK\CEM FCJKPVGT #FNGT 4CXGN 8NCUVQ  HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC  
0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGUGU5VÒEMYWTFGWPVGT*CPPKDCNIGRT·IV

 Õ 5EJGMGN  X %JT /CIKUVTCV 5QMCPPCU  I 4GKVGT T OKV 2CNO\YGKI6CTCU CWH  
&GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF &TGK\CEM FCJKPVGT #FNGT 4CXGN 8NCUVQ  HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC  
0WOQTWO -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­WPFYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGUGU5VÒEMYWTFGWPVGT*CPPKDCNIGRT·IV

75
1,5:1
1,5:1

.7%#0+#
 *'4#-.'+#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNC
CNU *GNO\KGT N '*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF.ÌYGPHGNNN'WNG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
XCP-GWTGP9QTMXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

76

1,5:1 1,5:1

 /'6#2106Õ5VCVGTX%JTIJTGJTGKPEWU0Qëp4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

24
LUCANIA

77 1,5:1 77

 Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I JTGJTG KPEWU 0Që p 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO   
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

78
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I .GWMKRRQUMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT (CE  
MGNJTG,QJPUVQP#4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP,GCP8KPEJQP/QPVG%CTNQ0QXGODGT0T

79 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &GOGVGTMQRH TJTG T 2HNWI ,QJPUVQP %  4WVVGT  
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

80
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &GOGVGTMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\JTG N )TGKH ,QJPUVQP %  
4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP 

81
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &GOGVGTMQRH NJTG T 5RKPFGN ,QJPUVQP &  4WVVGT  
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\)TCHKVVQCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

82
 5;$#4+5Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF+PEWU4WVVGT*KUVQTKC
0WOQTWO50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GTJCTF*KTUEJ/ÒPEJGP0T
25
LUCANIA

83
1,5:1 1,5:1

 6*74+1+Õ&KUVCVGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNCCNU*GNO
\KGT5VKGTUVÌ­VTKO#DUEJPKVV(KUEJ0Që(4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

84
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC OKV &TGK\CEM CNU  
*GNO\KGT5VKGT UVÌ­V T KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO  50) #05  50)  
/ÒPEJGPXGTIN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

85

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KUVCVGT  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT5VKGT  
UVÌ­VTKO#DUEJPKVV\YGK(KUEJG0Që,4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/CPJCVVCP5CNG0GY;QTM,CPWCT0T

86

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KUVCVGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNCCNU*GNO\KGT5VKGTUVÌ­V
TKO#DUEJPKVV(KUEJ0Që04WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

26
LUCANIA

87

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KUVCVGT  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT5VKGT  
UVÌ­VTKO#DUEJPKVV(ÒNNJQTP0QëXGTIN04WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM,CPWCT0T

88
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG PCEJ  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO *KRRQECOR CNU *GNO  
\KGT5VKGTUVÌ­VTKO#DUEJPKVVΦΙWPF&GNRJKPT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05p50)
/ÒPEJGPp 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

90
89

 8'.+#
*;'.'  Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I .ÌYG T FCTÒDGT $-QRH FGT 0[ORJG  
*[GNGT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHT'WNGCWH<YGKIN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
9KNNKCOUpXGTIN
#XGTU  (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

91
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I -QRH FGT 0[ORJG *[GNG T OKV &KCFGO.ÌYG T 4WVVGT  
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOUO
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0TFGT5COONWPI,QJP2KGTRQPV/QTICP
WPFFGT5COONWPI2*CTVYKI#WMVKQP5CPVCOCTKC4QO0T

92 93

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGT'WNG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGTΦFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 5GJTUEJÌP 

27
BRUTTIUM

94 95 96

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGTΦFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 2GICUQU CNU *GNO  
\KGT.ÌYGT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOUO
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT5COONWPI/CPIKGTK
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV RJT[IKUEJGO *GNO IGHNÒIGNVGT )TGKH CNU  
*GNO\KGT.ÌYGTHTK­VCP9KFFGTMQRHQDGP<KMCFG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
5GJTUEJÌP 

97
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO (NÒIGN CWH .QTDGGT CNU  
*GNO\KGT.ÌYGTFCTÒDGT9GKPVTCWDG\YKUEJGPΦ+4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

98 99

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO &GNRJKP CNU *GNO  
\KGT.ÌYGTFCTÒDGT&TGK\CEM4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
$4766+7/
 -#7.10+#Õ5VCVGTX%JTI#RQNNQUVGJVTOKV<YGKIWPF&CKOQPFCXQT*KTUEJ
T*KTUEJTFCXQT<YGKI0Qëp4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO -QTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

100
1,5:1
1,5:1

 -41610 Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I &TGKHW­&TGKHW­ KPEWU 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO  
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

28
SICILIA

101 102

 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVNCWH.QTDGGT\YGKI&TGKHW­T-TCPKEJCWHΔ4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05HH50)/ÒPEJGPp 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
 .1-41+ '2+<'2*;4+1+ Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 2GICUWU N FCTWPVGT $NKV\#VJGPC  
MQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
.QMTKUYWTFGKOHTÒJGP,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTXQP.QMTGTPCWU)TKGEJGPNCPFIGITÒPFGVOÌINKEJGTYGKUGOKV*KNHG
XQP 5[TCMWU .QMTKU DNKGD 5[TCMWU LGFGPHCNNU RQNKVKUEJ UVGVU GPI XGTDWPFGP WPF RHNGIVG CWEJ YKEJVKIG  
*CPFGNUDG\KGJWPIGP OKV 5K\KNKGP &KGU HÒJTVG CWEJ \WT #WURT·IWPI FGT 2GICUK CNU FKGUG KP 5K\KNKGP KO <WIG FGT  
MQTKPVJKUEJGP7PVGTUVÒV\WPIXQP5[TCMWUFWTEJ6KOQNGQPFQTVGKPIGHÒJTVYWTFGP

103 104

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 4*')+10 #PCZKNCU  X %JT Õ.KVTC  X %JT  I *CUG URTKPIV T4'%  

TGVTQITCF 4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
&GT/ÒP\V[RYWTFGCWEJPCEJFGO6QFGFGU#PCZKNCUXQPUGKPGP5ÌJPGPXGTYGPFGV
 5VCFV “U  X %JT  I .ÌYGPOCUMG X X#RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4WVVGT  
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO )TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

105 106

 “U  X %JT  I .ÌYGPOCUMG X X#RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT -TCP\  
4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 6'4+0#Õ5VCVGTX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHNXQP1NKXGP\YGKIWOIGDGP0KMGUKV\V
NOKV-TCP\CWH*[FTKC*QNNQYC[,GPMKPUXGTINHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 
-N$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

107
1,5:1 1,5:1
5+%+.+#
 #+60#+ “U  X %JT  I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH T2HGTF URTKPIV T FCTÒDGT / %CNEKCVK   
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPp &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

108 1,5:1
1,5:1

 #-4#)#5Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVN-TGDU50)#05XGTINHH
50)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP 

29
SICILIA

109
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #FNGT UVGJV T-TGDU 50) #05  50) /ÒPEJGP   
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG::80GY;QTM0T

110
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVN-TGDU50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

111

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #FNGT UVGJV N-TGDU FCTWPVGT NKGIGPFG &QRRGNURKTCNG  
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ0T

112

114
113

 Õ*GOKFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #FNGT T CWH *CUGP-TGDU FCTWPVGT (KUEJ T 50) #05  
50)/ÒPEJGPp 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 “*GOKNKVTCX%JTI#FNGTTCWH*CUGP-TGDUFCTWPVGT6TKVQPTFGT$WEEJKPWO
DN·UV%CNEKCVK 'VYCUIGIN·VVGVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 “6GVTCUX%JTI#FNGTTCWH*CUGPN-TGDU-TGDUWPVGP(NW­MTGDU%CNEKCVK
5GJTUEJÌP 

30
SICILIA

115 116

 “*GZCU  X %JT  I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH (KUEJ-TGDU \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP ÒDGT  
(KUEJ%CNEKCVK 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “*GZCU  X %JT  I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH (KUEJ-TGDU \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP ÒDGT  
(KUEJ%CNEKCVK )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

117

2:1 2:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGTKO#DUEJPKVVMQRHUVGJGPFG
-TCDDG<YGK#FNGTTCWH*CUGP(TCPMG*KTOGT6H
UVGORGNINGKEJ 4K\\Q6CX++5GNV
OCP6JG'PITCXGTUQHVJG#MTCICPVKPG&GECFTCEJOUKP0%0T50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
#D EC  X %JT DGICPP #MTCICU OKV FGT #WURT·IWPI XQP &GMCFTCEJOGP  YQJN KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGP  
-TKGIUXQTDGTGKVWPIGP IGIGP -CTVJCIQ WPF PKEJV YKG CWEJ XGTOWVGV YWTFG \WT (GKGT FGU 5KGIGU FGU 'ZCKPGVQU DGK  
FGP QN[ORKUEJGP 5RKGNGP FGU ,CJTGU  X %JT &KG )TCXGWTG FGT &GMCFTCEJOGP UEJPKVVGP CWEJ 5VGORGN HÒT  
6GVTCFTCEJOGP YKG WPUGT 5VÒEM &CU /QVKX FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG YWTFG FGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP 5[TCMWU FCU FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG  
FGO #ICOGOPQP FGU #KUEJ[NQU GPVPQOOGP &CU 5VÒEM KUV WPUKIPKGTV FGT 4GXGTUUVGORGN UVCOOV LGFQEJ XQP  
GKPGO-ÒPUVNGTFGTXQPX%JTHÒTFKG/ÒP\UV·VVGV·VKIYCTWPFX%JTGTPGWVGPICIKGTVYWTFG

118 1,5:1
1,5:1

 #.106+10“UX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHT$QIGPÒDGT-GWNG%CNEKCVKOXXCT
44)TÒPG2CVKPCOKPIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

119

1,5:1 1,5:1

 )'.# Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 4GKVGT T OKV .CP\G#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGTRTQVQOG T  
,GPMKPU *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

31
SICILIA

120

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGT  
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

121 122

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGT  
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT#PFTQMGRJCNG5VKGT
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU 8GTDTCWEJVGT#XGTUUVGORGNUGJTUEJÌP 

125

123 124

 “6TKCUX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVNFCTÒDGT1NKXGPDNCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NW­IQVVGU
TFCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “6TKCUX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVTFCTÒDGT1NKXGPDNCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NW­IQV
VGUTFCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “1PMKCX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVNFCTÒDGT$NCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NW­IQVVGUT
FCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

126
1,5:1 1,5:1

 *+/'4# Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT  I *CJP UVGJV N9KPFOÒJNGPHNÒIGNCTVKIGU +PEWUWO  
-TCC[ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1,5:1 127 1,5:1

 Õ*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI2TQVQOGGKPGUIGHNÒIGNVGP9GUGPUOKV/GPUEJGPMQRHWPF
*ÌTPGTPT1NKXGPDNCVV\YKUEJGPUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP/CPICPCTQKP,0)
 6H 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

32
SICILIA

128 129 128

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT0[ORJGUVGJVXXWPF
QRHGTVOKVFGT4GEJVGPÒDGT#NVCTTUVGJV5CV[TTXQT$TWPPGPDCUUKPOKV.ÌYGPMQRHCNU9CUUGTURGKGT
T QDGP )GVTGKFGMQTP KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ (TCPMG*KTOGT 6H  
4GXGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ  #TPQNF  
$KWEEJK6CX+++)WVOCPP5EJYCDCEJGT *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
&GT 4GXGTUUVGORGN OCTMKGTV NCWV )WVOCPP5EJYCDCEJGT FGP SWCNKVCVKXGP *ÌJGRWPMV KP FGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI XQP  
*KOGTC'T\GKIVFKG5VCFVP[ORJGFKGCO#NVCTFGU*CWRVIQVVGUFGT5VCFV
YQJNFGT*GKNIQVV#UMNGRKQU QRHGTVWPF
GKPGPMNGKPGP5CV[TFGTKO9CUUGTFGTYCTOGP*GKNSWGNNGPXQP*KOGTCDCFGV
 “*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTCWH<KGIGPDQEMTFCTWPVGT*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV#RJNCUVQPFCXQTUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGP 
4)TÒPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

130 131
 “6GVTCUPCEJX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTCWH<KGIGPDQEMNOKV-GT[MGKQPWPF/WUEJGNJQTP
0KMGIGJVNOKV#RJNCUVQP%CNEKCVK50)#05#RRGPFKZ50)/ÒPEJGPp 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CPU *GTOCPP )WVMPGEJV #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP  /GFCKNNGP )OD*  5VWVVICTV  0T  
WPFFGT#WMVKQP5VGTPDGTI<ÒTKEJ0T

 “*GOKNKVTC PCEJ  X %JT  I 0[ORJGPMQRH N FCXQT UGEJU 9GTVMWIGNP+P .QTDGGTMTCP\  
5GEJU9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

132

133 133

 “*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX)CTPGNGNFCTÒDGTUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP
%CNEKCVK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 4)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 +#+6+# “U  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT  
-GWNG6TKUMGNKU KP FGT /KVVG IGHNÒIGNVGU )QTIQPGKQP \YKUEJGP FGP $GKPGP JTGP %CNEKCVK   
42% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

134

1,5:1 1,5:1

 -#/#4+0#Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCKP3WCFTKICNXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V
KO#DUEJPKVV\YGK#ORJQTGP*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNTFCXQT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU

FKGU'ZGORNCT  5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T

33
SICILIA

136

135 137

 “6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVTKONKPMGP(CPI'KFGEJUGKO#DUEJPKVV
FTGK9GTVMWIGNP9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU 5GJTUEJÌP 
 “6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVNFCXQT'KFGEJUG9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU
$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVNFCXQT'KFGEJUG9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

138
1,5:1 1,5:1

 .'106+01+ Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGP  
MQRHNXQPFTGK)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ  
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT$QGJTKPIGT

139

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ  
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

140 141
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ  
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ  
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

34
SICILIA

142
1,5:1 1,5:1

 /'55#0#
<CPMNG  Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT  I &GNRJKP N KP UKEJGNHÌTOKIGO *CHGP  
DGEMGP-COOWUEJGN KO /KVVGNHGNF GKPGU PGWPHGNFKIGP +PEWUWOU )KGNQY XGTIN 
#XGTU UVGORGN  
INGKEJ  4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$CPM.GW<ÒTKEJ0T 
&CPMNG
<CPMNG JGK­V5KEJGNWPFFCOKVKUVFKG(QTOFGU*CHGPUIGOGKPV&KG8QTFGTUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPIFTÒEMVFKGU


VTGHHGPF CWU <WGTUV YCT FKG 5VCFV GKPG 5KMGNGT5KGFNWPI &CPP YWTFG XQP -[OG WPF %JCNMKU GKPG ITKGEJKUEJG  
-QNQPKG WPVGT $GKDGJCNVWPI FGU 0COGPUIGITÒPFGV#NUFKG5COKGTPCEJFGT'TQDGTWPIKJTGT*GKOCVKP-NGKPCUKGP
FWTEJFKG2GTUGTX%JTVGKNYGKUGPCEJ7PVGTKVCNKGPMCOGPYWTFGPUKGXQP#PCZKNCUXQP4JGIKQP\WOªDGTHCNN
XQP <CPMNG ÒDGTTGFGV &KG $GYQJPGT 4JGIKQPU FKG WTURTÒPINKEJ CWU /GUUGPKGP UVCOOVGP PCJOGP $GUKV\ XQP FGT  
UVTCVGIKUEJYKEJVKICPFGT/GGTGPIGIGNGIGPGP5VCFVWPFICDGPKJTFGPPGWGP0COGP/GUUCPC

143

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV  
$NCVV*CUGURTKPIVTWPVGP<YGKI%CNVCDKCPQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGVCWH6CX  
4#VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#UVCTVG.WICPQ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP%0)0GY;QTM0T

145
144

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV  
$NCVV*CUGURTKPIVTWPVGP<YGKI%CNVCDKCPQ 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
 Ô&TCEJOG  X %JT  I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V /CWNVKGTG KO #DUEJPKVV .QT  
DGGTDNCVV+P-TCP\*CUGURTKPIVT%CNVCDKCPQ 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

146
1,5:1 1,5:1

 “6GVTCUX%JTI*CUGURTKPIVNFCTÒDGT.CIQDQNQPWPVGP<KMCFG1MVQRWU%CNVC
DKCPQ )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

35
SICILIA

148

147
1,5:1 1,5:1 2:1 2:1

 0#:15“6TKCUX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CPVJCTQU%CJP 


44)TÒPG2CVKPCCVVCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC#TU%NCUUKEC<ÒTKEJ0T

 2#014/15Õ6GVTCUWOX%JTI2CPMQRHT&TGK9GTVMWIGNP/CPICPCTQKP,0)

 6H 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

149

1,5:1
1,5:1

 5;4#-75Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUC
MQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT 
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&CU 5VÒEM \GKIV \YCT KP FGT .GIGPFG GKP -QRRC UVCOOV CDGT CWU GKPGT 5GTKG KP FGT CWEJ FCU -CRRC DGTGKVU  


XGTYGPFGV YWTFG &KG INGKEJ\GKVKIG 8GTYGPFWPI XQP -QRRC WPF -CRRC KUV FWTEJ +PUEJTKHVGP HÒT GVYC  X  
%JTDGNGIV9KTHQNIGPFCJGTPKEJV'TKEJ$QGJTKPIGTU&CVKGTWPIFGU5VÒEMGUKPFKG,CJTGX%JTUQPFGTP
FCVKGTGPFCU5VÒEMOKV%JTKUVQH$QGJTKPIGT
,0)
 5 UR·VGT

150 151

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

152 153

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV -G  
VQU#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT /KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

36
SICILIA

154
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV -G  
VQU#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

155
2:1 2:1

 Õ*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4CF$QGJTKPIGTXGTIN$
45GJTUEJÌP 

156

2:1 2:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFGKO#DUEJPKVV-GVQU
#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT 
5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

157
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICN0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

158 159
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

37
SICILIA

160
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT' 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\  /ÒPEJGP  0T 
FQTV KTTVÒONKEJ 4  CPIGIGDGP  \WXQT GTYQTDGP DGK  
$CNFYKP U 
'TKEJ$QGJTKPIGTHÒJTVPWT\YGKOKVFKGUGO5VGORGNRCCTIGRT·IVG5VÒEMGCP


161 162

 “UPCEJX%JTUKIPKGTVXQP2JT[IKNNQUI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT&GNRJKP4CFKPFGP
9KPMGNP'VJPKMQPWPF\YGK&GNRJKPG%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “U PCEJ  X %JT UKIPKGTV XQP 'WMNGKFCU  I #TGVJWUCMQRH N FCJKPVGT JTG4CF KP FGP  
9KPMGNP'VJPKMQPWPF\YGK&GNRJKPG%CNEKCVK 
)TÒPG2CVKPC&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

163

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT WPUKIPKGTV  I 3WCFTKIC N 0KMG DGMT·P\V .GPMGT KO #D  
UEJPKVVJTG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP6WFGGT 
44*GTTNKEJGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP.GW
 <ÒTKEJ  WPF FGT 5COONWPI %JCTNGU )KNNGV #WMVKQP .GW/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP # ) <ÒTKEJ  /CK  
0T

165 166
164

 “*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI&GNRJKPTFCTWPVGT
/WUEJGN%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI&GNRJKPTFCTWPVGT
/WUEJGN%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 “6GVTCUPCEJX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHHCUVXX1EVQRWU%CNEKCVK 5GJTUEJÌP 

38
SICILIA

167
2:1 2:1

 Ô.KVTGPX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNN8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWOKO<GP
VTWO#TGVJWUCMQRHN50)#05HH50)/ÒPEJGP 8QT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

168

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GMCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICKO)CNQRRNFGT.GPMGTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMG
DGMT·P\V UVTGEMV FGP 6TGKDUVCD YGKV XQT KO #DUEJPKVV 9CHHGPITWRRG DGUVGJGPF CWU 5EJKNF 2CP\GT  
$GKPUEJKGPGP WPF *GNO#TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP FCXQT 2WPMV )CNNCVKP  
4::++,8+C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /CPJCVVCP 5CNG  0GY ;QTM  ,CPWCT  0T  WPF FGT 5COONWPI 6QP[ *CTF[  
#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T

169

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GMCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICKO)CNQRRNFGT.GPMGTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMG
DGMT·P\V UVTGEMV FGP 6TGKDUVCD YGKV XQT KO #DUEJPKVV 9CHHGPITWRRG DGUVGJGPF CWU 5EJKNF 2CP\GT  
$GKPUEJKGPGP WPF *GNO#TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGPWOIGDGPFCJKPVGT/WUEJGN)CNNCVKP4
:+:)+ 4GXGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTU
FGPPQEJJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

39
SICILIA

170

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPXKGT
&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP6WFGGT 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCWPDGFGWVGPFGT5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTU
CVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU++.QPFQP0TFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO
/CKP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP-WTRH·N\KUEJG/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/CPPJGKO0T

1,5:1 171 1,5:1

 Õ*GOKNKVTCX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHN8KGTURGKEJKIGU4CFKPFGP9KPMGNP'VJPKMQP
WPF\YGK&GNRJKPG50)#05HH 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

172

2:1 2:1

 Ô .KVTGP  X %JT UKIPKGTV XQP 'WCKPGVQU  I #TGVJWUCMQRH N *CCTG KP 5RJGP  
FQPG*GTCMNGUTGTYÒTIVFGPPGOGKUEJGP.ÌYGP$¾TGPF++
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTXQTTCIGPFGO5VKN 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T 
&GT6[RUEJNKG­VUKEJFGTXQP-KOQPIGUEJCHHGPGP&CTUVGNNWPICP*GTCMNGUFGTFQTKUEJG*GTQU5[TCMWUYCTGKPG


FQTKUEJG )TÒPFWPI  DGUKGIV FGP .ÌYGP FGT JKGTYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ#HTKMCU[ODQNKUKGTV&CU5VÒEMDG\KGJVUKEJYQJN


CWHFKG-·ORHG&KQP[UKQU+OKV-CTVJCIQ&KG#WUICDGFKGUGT/ÒP\GPGTHQNIVGRCTCNNGN\WFGP&GMCFTCEJOGPXQP
-KOQPWPF'WCKPGVQU'KP.KVTGP5VÒEMKP)QNFGPVURTCEJ\YGK&GMCFTCEJOGP

173 174
175

 “&TCEJOGPCEJX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5GGUVGTP\YKUEJGP\YGK
&GNRJKPGP%CNEKCVK )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 &KQPX%JT“UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T)GTUVGP
MQTP%CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHGKPGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T#FNGT%CNEKCVK 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

40
SICILIA

177 178
176
 “UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T#FNGT%CNEKCVK 5GJTUEJÌP 
 “UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\%CNEKCVK 
44.GKEJVIGIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\1MVQRWU%CNEKCVK 
44.GKEJVIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

179 1,5:1
1,5:1

 4GRWDNKM  X %JT Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH T OKV  
MQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGYWTFGFCU5VÒEMCWEJWPVGT6KOQNGQPIGRT·IV

180

2:1 2:1
 #ICVJQMNGU  X %JT Ô .KVTGP  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N$KIC T WPVGP  
6TKUMGNKU50)#05XGTIN50)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH 
42TQDKGTURWTCO4CPFFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

181

2:1 2:1
 Ô .KVTGP  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N$KIC T WPVGP 6TKUMGNKU 50) #0550)
/ÒPEJGP 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

182
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPFTGK&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP3WCFTKIC
NQDGP6TKUMGNKU+GTCTFK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 
9KP\2T·IGUEJY·EJGPOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

41
SICILIA

183
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPFTGK&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP3WCFTKICN
QDGP6TKUMGNKU+GTCTFK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1,5:1 184 1,5:1

 'N.KVTGPX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHNFCJKPVGT5VGTP&TGKHW­,GPMKPUKP'UUC[U4QDKP
UQP14 #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT)QNFRCVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

185
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHT0KMGTGTTKEJVGV6TQRJ·GN6TKUMGNKU
+GTCTFK50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

186 187

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

 Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌ­VN50)#05
4-N4CPFHGJNGTWPF-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌ­VN50)#05
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

188

189 189
2:1 2:1
190 190

 Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌ­VN50)#05
45GJTUEJÌP 
 “UI-QTGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\FCJKPVGT(CEMGN5VKGTUVÌ­VNKO#DUEJPKVV0+%CNEKCVK
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “UI-QTGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\+P-TCP\(CEMGN%CNEKCVK 45GJTUEJÌP 

42
SICILIA

191
2:1 2:1

 *KMGVCU  X %JT Ô&GMCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH N OKV JTGP  
MTCP\FCJKPVGT(CEMGN0KMGKP$KICT$WVVTG[WC/QTICPVKPC5VWFKGUC50)#0550)
/ÒPEJGPp (CUUWPIUURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

192
 *KGTQP++X%JT“UI-QRHNOKV&KCFGOT*GNO4GKVGTTOKV5RGGT%CNEKCVK
$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

193
1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT2JKNKUVKUÕ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT5VGTP0KMGKP3WCFTKICTQDGP
5VGTPT-$WTPGVV'PPCJQCTFKP504HH50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 
/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

194
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT(CEMGN0KMGKP3WCFTKICTWPVGP'$WTPGVV
'PPCJQCTFKP504
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T

195
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT5RGGT0KMGKP3WCFTKICTQDGP/+$WTPGVV
'PPCJQCTFKP504p/CPICPCTQKP,0)
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 50)#05p50)
/ÒPEJGPp 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

43
SICILIA

197 196 197

 4GRWDNKMX%JT“UI#RQNNQMQRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TGKHW­%CNEKCVK 


&WPMNG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 6;0&#4+5“UX%JTI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHN&KG&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPN%CNEKCVK 
44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

198
1,5:1 1,5:1

 270+'4 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG  I -QTGMQRH N2HGTF UVGJV N  
FCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ (GKPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP&GWVUEJNCPF)OD*5VWVVICTV0T

199

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ 
(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

200

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ (GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

44
SICILIA

201 1,5:1 201

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ 
(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

202

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ #VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T

203 204

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T2HGTFG  
MQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+8 #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T 
&GT 2HGTFGMQRH IGJÌTV \WT )TÒPFWPIUUCIG XQP -CTVJCIQ UQ UEJTGKDV 8GTIKN&QTV \WGTUV XQP 9GNNGP WPF 9KPF  


CPU7HGTIGYQTHGPITWDGPGKP<GKEJGPFKG2WPKGTCWU&KG*GTTUEJGTKP,WPQ\GKIVGGUCPGKPGU5VTGKVTQUUGU*CWRV
UQYGTFGFGPP-TKGIUTWJO\KGTGPFCU8QNMLCJTJWPFGTVGNCPIWPF(ÒNNGFGU.GDGPU

 Õ5EJGMGNX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVG
#MTCICU! I/·PPGTMQRHNOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\'NGHCPVTKO#DUEJPKVV#NGRJ%02 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

205

1,5:1 1,5:1

 .+2#4#“6GVTCUWOX%JTI-QRHFGU#KQNQUTOKV2KNGWU&TGK9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

45
SCYTHIA

206 207
/1'5+#
 +56415 Õ&TCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I <YGK -ÌRHG X X IGIGPGKPCPFGT XGT  
UGV\V5GGCFNGTCWH&GNRJKPNT$#/0) )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KGDGKFGP-ÌRHGCWHFGO#XGTUUKPFWPVGTUEJKGFNKEJIGFGWVGVYQTFGPCNU-ÌRHGFGT&KQUMWTGPCNU5QPPGPCWHICPI
WPF5QPPGPWPVGTICPIQFGTCNURGTUQPKHK\KGTVGT9KPF*KPF
+UVTKCPHCEGUCPFVJGTKXGT&CPWDGKP0%5
H  FGWVGV FKG DGKFGP -ÌRHG CNU GKPG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU (NWUUIQVVGU +UVTQU FC KP FGT #PVKMG VGKNYGKUG XQP \YGK  
/ÒPFWPIGPFGU+UVTQUP·ONKEJKPU5EJYCT\G/GGTWPFKPFKG#FTKCVKUEJG5GGCWUIGICPIGPYWTFG
 Õ&TCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I <YGK -ÌRHG X X IGIGPGKPCPFGT XGTUGV\V5GGCFNGT CWH  
&GNRJKPNWPVGP/QPQITCOOKO(GNF\YGK2WPMVG#/0)XGTIN 
9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

208
 -#..#6+5Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
#NGZCPFTGKGT X%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNN
T<GWU#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTWPFWPVGTFGO6JTQPLGGKP/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVVJTG2TKEG
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%/ÒPEJGP
0T

209
1,5:1 1,5:1

 61/+5Ô5VCVGTX%JT
! I#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC
0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCTWPVGT&TGK\CEM#/0)FG%CNNCVC[&4 45GJTUEJÌP 
&GT -QRH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \GKIV FKG <ÒIG /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ UQ YKG UKG XQP UGKPGP MNGKPCUKCVKUEJGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP  
DGMCPPV UKPF &KGUG )QNFRT·IWPI UVGJV KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO $GHTGKWPIUMTKGI /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ IGIGP FKG  
4ÌOGT

210
5%;6*+#
 -QUQPECX%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT1NDKCI/CIKUVTCVUEJTGKVGVN\YKUEJGP\YGK
.KMVQTGPFCXQT/QPQITCOO#FNGTNOKV-TCP\WPF<GRVGT42%# 
5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
&KGUG KPVGTGUUCPVG)QNFOÒP\GKUVUGKVDGMCPPVCNU'TCUOWUXQP4QVVGTFCOUKG\WGTMN·TGPXGTUWEJVG'UH·NNV
UQHQTV CWH FC­ FKGUGT /ÒP\V[R TÌOKUEJG &GPCTG FGT UR·VGP 4GRWDNKM PCEJCJOV &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV PCEJ GKPGO  
&GPCT IGUVCNVGV FGP / +WPKWU $TWVWU  X %JT \WT 'TKPPGTWPI CP FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT 6CTSWKPKGT FWTEJ UGKPGP  
8QTHCJTGP.+WPKWU$TWVWURT·IGPNKG­
%TCYHQTF &KG4ÒEMUGKVGJCVGKPGP&GPCTFGU32QORQPKWU4WHWU
\WO 8QTDKNF IGRT·IV  X %JT
%TCYHQTF &KGUG0CEJCJOWPITÌOKUEJTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGT/ÒP\GPIGUEJCJ
PKEJV \WH·NNKI 5Q JCV OCP NCPIG CPIGPQOOGP FC­ -QUQP GKP 8GTDÒPFGVGT FGU %CGUCT/ÌTFGTU $TWVWU KO  
$ÒTIGTMTKGI IGIGP /CTE #PVQP WPF 1EVCXKCP
#WIWUVWU  IGYGUGP KUV -QUQP FGT UGKPGP 0COGPU\WI CWH FKG  
8QTFGTUGKVG WPUGTGT /ÒP\G RT·IGP NKG­ YWTFG NCPIG CNU -ÌPKI FGT 6JTCMGT CPIGUGJGP /CZ XQP $CJTHGNFV URTCEJ  
XQPGKPGO&CMGTMÌPKI-QUQP
KP$GTNKPGT/ÒP\DN·VVGT -QUQPYWTFGCDGTCWEJHÒTFKG5E[VJGPKP#PURTWEJ
IGPQOOGP &KG 8GTDKPFWPI \W FGP &CMGTP
FGO JGWVKIGP 4WO·PKGP IGPCWGT 5KGDGPDÒTIGP  JCV 1 +NKGUEW  
GTCTDGKVGV
KP 3WCFGTPK 6KEKPGUK   &CU CWH GKPKIGP 5VÒEMGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \W HKPFGPFG /QPQITCOO NKGUV  
+NKGUEW WPUGTGT /GKPWPI PCEJ \WVTGHHGPF CNU $# HÒT ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ
-ÌPKI  Y·JTGPF CPFGTG GU CNU $4 HÒT $TWVWU\W
FGWVGPXGTUWEJVJCDGP&CU0QOKPCNOKVGKPGO&WTEJUEJPKVVUIGYKEJVXQPIKUVUKEJGTMGKPTÌOKUEJGT#WTGWU
UQPFGTP GKP ITKGEJKUEJGT)QNFUVCVGT&KG/ÒP\UV·VVG1NDKCXGTDKTIVUKEJYQJNPKEJVKPFGO/QPQITCOOYKG*GCF
WPF CPFGTG INCWDVGP UQPFGTP UKG GTIKDV UKEJ CWU FGO 4ÒEMUGKVGPV[R FGT PKEJV PWT FGP 4WHWU&GPCT \WO 8QTDKNF  
JCVUQPFGTPCWEJ\W1NDKCRC­V

46
THRACIA

211
1,5:1 1,5:1
6*4#%+#
 #$&'4# Õ5VCVGT  X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVQPCZ  I )TGKH UKV\V N+P +PEWUWO 2HGTF T  
%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING5WPF2N/C[p 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T

212

2:1 2:1

 Õ5VCVGTX%JT/CIKUVTCV2JKNCFQUI)TGKHUKV\VNFCXQT<KMCFG*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV
-GWNGCWHGKPGOXQPFGO.ÌYGPHGNNDGFGEMVGP(GNUGP/C[ 
2T·EJVKIGT5VKNHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING

213
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV-CNNKCPCZI)TGKHUKV\VN#RQNNQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTC
WPF.QTDGGT\YGKIFCXQT*KTUEJ/C[ 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING


214
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&GOGVTKQUI)TGKHUKV\VT#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\/C[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING

47
THRACIA

215 216
217

 #+015Õ&KQDQNX%JTI*GTOGUMQRHTOKV2GVCUQU<KGIGTWPVGP-TCDDG/C[
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 #21..10+# 2106+%# Õ&TCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I )QTIQPGKQP#PMGT N  
(NW­MTGDUT#50)$/pXGTIN /KPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 $'4)'Õ5VCVGTWOX%JTI5CV[TTJ·NVHNKGJGPFG0[ORJGCO#TO\WTÒEM+PEWUWO
50)#05XGTINHH
/CEGFQPKC.GVG  4#PVKMJCNDKGTVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP 
<WT<WYGKUWPIUKGJG2UQOC5GNGPG6JG.GVG%QKPCIG4GEQPUKFGTGFKPXCP#NHGP2)
*TUI #IQTCPQOKC
5VWFKGUKP/QPG[CPF'ZEJCPIG2TGUGPVGFVQ,QJP*-TQNN0GY;QTM5 
$GTIGKUVFCUJGWVKIG0GQU5MQRQU


218

1,5:1 1,5:1

 $;<#06+10 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I 5VKGT UVGJV N CWH &GNRJKP FCXQT Φ KP  
-TCP\8KGTIGVGKNVGUIGRWPMVGVGU+PEWUWO50)$/pXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

219

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT OKV 0COGP FGU .[UKOCEJQU  X %JT  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF  
#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV&TGK\CEM5G[TKIKP'UUC[U
4QDKPUQPXGTIN2NHH 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

220 221

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
.[UKOCEJGKGT   X %JT  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #O  
OQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOCWHFGO6JTQP$;KO#DUEJPKVV&TGK\CEM
FG%CNNCVC[)TWRRG#5 (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 /#410'+# Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ  X %JT  I &KQP[UQUMQRH T&KQP[UQU UVGJV N OKV  
5RGGTGP
QFGT0CTVJGZ5VCPIGP WPF9GKPVTCWDGP5EJÌPGTV)GKUUHH 
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

48
THRACIA

222

3:1 3:1

 2#06+-#2#+10Ô5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TMQRHN)TGKHUVGJVNCWHJTGKO/CWN
5RGGT/CE&QPCNF
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV 50)$/ 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW  <ÒTKEJ  0T  WPF FGT #WMVKQP 0(#  $GXGTN[ *KNNU  0T   
&CU5VÒEMIGJÌTV\WFGPUEJÌPUVGP)QNFOÒP\GPFGT#PVKMG'UFÒTHVGGKPGTFGTGTUVGPKO4CJOGPFGT/ÒP\TGHQTO


FGU.GWMQP+
X%JT IGRT·IVGP)QNFUVCVGTGUGKP

223 224

 6*#515Õ5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)
%QR *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)%QR
*GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

227 228

225 226

 Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT  I 5CV[T XGTUEJNGRRV 0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) %QR  
XGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)%QR
45GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6TKJGOKQDQN  X %JT  I 5CV[T MPKGV T OKV -CPVJCTQU#ORJQTG 50) %QR   
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6TKJGOKQDQNX%JTI5CV[TMPKGVNOKV-CPVJCTQU#ORJQTG50)%QR 
5GJTUEJÌP 

229

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHT*GTCMNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGP
HGNN2TQMQRQX 4.GKEJVG5EJÒTHURWTGPWPFMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
'KPGUGNVGPGHTÒJG6GVTCFTCEJOGXQP6JCUQU


49
THRACIA

230

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHT*GTCMNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGP
HGNN2TQMQRQX)TWRRG+:8+E 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

231

2:1 2:1

 -¤0+)4'+%*.[UKOCEJQUX%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT#NGZCPFTKC6TQCUI
#NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO KO  
#DUEJPKVV#FNGTMQRH6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

232

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.[UKOCEJGKCI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT .ÌYGPMQRH X X CWH FGO 6JTQP /QPQITCOO /ÒNNGT   
6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQPp (GKPG6ÌPWPIYKP\4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

233 234 235

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 5GUVQU  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU  
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT$NWOG6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CORUCMQUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP
#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOWPF#RJNCUVQP6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIPGUKC  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU  
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT (CEMGNWPF/QPQITCOO6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
.GKEJVG#WHNCIGPUGJTUEJÌP 

50
THRACIA

236 237 238

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT WPF KO #DUEJPKVV LG GKP /QPQITCOO 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U  
4QDKPUQPXCT
2QUKVKQPFGU\YGKVGP/QPQITCOOU  8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOWPF-GWNGKO#DUEJPKVV/QPQITCOO6JQORUQP
KP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP -N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 2GTICOQP  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU  
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT*GTOGWPF-WNVUVCVWGKO#DUEJPKVV/QPQITCOO6JQORUQPKP
'UUC[U4QDKPUQP .GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

239 1,5:1 239

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 2GTICOQP  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU  
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTΠWPF-WNVDKNFKO#DUEJPKVV/QPFUKEJGN6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U
4QDKPUQP 9KP\-TCV\GTGVYCU$GNCICWHFGO4GXGTUFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU
XQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTXQPHGKPGO5VKN 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

240

2:1 2:1

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT 2GNNC  I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC  
0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV-6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

51
MACEDONIA

241
242
1,5:1

/#%'&10+#
 #-#06*15 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I .ÌYG T UEJN·IV 5VKGT N8KGTIGVGKNVGU  
+PEWUWO&GUPGWZXGTINHH (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I .ÌYG T UEJN·IV 5VKGT N QDGP 5YCUVKMC+PEWUWO FCTKP  
XKGTIGVGKNVGU3WCFTCV&GUPGWZp
&p4  
5GNVGPG8CTKCPVG-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

243

1,5:1 1,5:1

 $+5#.6#+ Õ1MVQFTCEJOG PCEJ  X%JTI*GTQUOKV2GVCUQUWPF.CP\GPUVGJVJCNDT


JKPVGTGKPGO2HGTF8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO#/0)XCT50)#05p5XQTQPQU.y*GNN¾PKUOGRTK
OKVKHFGNC/CE¾FQKPG2N:+XCT 48QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+80GY;QTM0T 
&GT*GTQUKUV4JGUQUFGT5QJPFGU5VT[OQP-ÌPKIFGT6JTCMGT'TM·ORHVGXQT+NKQPHÒTFKG6TQKCPGTWPFYWTFG


FWTEJ1F[UUGWUWPF&KQOGFGUIGVÌVGV
*QOGT+NKCU$WEJWPF'WTKRKFGU4JGUQU 

244

1,5:1 1,5:1

 /'0&' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &KQP[UQU OKV -CPVJCTQU CWH 'UGN T FCXQT  
8QIGN \YKUEJGP <YGKIGP+P +PEWUWO 9GKPUVQEM #/0) p 0QG 6JG /GPFG
-CNKCPFTC  *QCTF   

#XGTU 
4GXGTU 50)#05
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ  45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

52
MACEDONIA

245 246

 1.;06*15%JCNMKFKUEJGT$WPFÕ6GVTQDQNX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\FCJKPVGT#-KVJCTC4QDKPUQP%NGOGPV 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 Õ6GVTQDQN  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-KVJCTC 4QDKPUQP%NGOGPV p  

)TWRRG*#  5GJTUEJÌP 

247
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-KVJCTC 4QDKPUQP  
%NGOGPV 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\4CPFCWUDTWEJUGJTUEJÌP 

248 249 250

 -¤0+)4'+%*#O[PVCUX%JT4GIKGTWPIÕ&KFTCEJOGI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO
.ÌYGPHGNNT2HGTFTKO.KPKGPSWCFTCV#/0)XGTIN6H:::50)#05HH 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 2JKNKRRQU ++  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 2GNNC  I <GWUMQRH T OKV  
.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP$NKV\KO#DUEJPKVV0.G4KFGT2N 
/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT #ORJKRQNKU  I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGT T  
WPVGPΛWPF2TQTC.G4KFGTXGTIN2NHH
&4p  8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

251 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT  E %JT 2GNNC  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T WPVGP $NKV\ .G  
4KFGT&p4 )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
2JKNKRR++FGT8CVGT#NGZCPFGTUFGU)TQ­GPIGNCPIVGX%JTCPFKG4GIKGTWPI$CNFPCEJUGKPGO4GIKGTWPIU
CPVTKVV IGNCPI GU KJO FCU IQNF WPF UKNDGTTGKEJG 2CPICKQPIGDKGV WPVGT UGKPG -QPVTQNNG \W DTKPIGP FGUUGP ,CJTGU 
GTVTCI  6CNGPVG DGVTWI WPF KJO FKG #WURT·IWPI FGT UEJÌPGP )QNFUVCVGTG KP FGT #PVKMG 2JKNKRRGKQK IGPCPPV  
GTOÌINKEJVG&KG8QTFGTUGKVGWPUGTGU5VÒEMGU\GKIVFGP-QRH#RQNNUFGUFGNRJKUEJGP)QVVGU\WFGO2JKNKRRQUGKPG
DGUQPFGTG $G\KGJWPI JCVVG +O  *GKNKIGP -TKGI JCVVG 2JKNKRR UKEJ IGIGP FKG 2JQMGT IGYCPFV YGNEJG FKG  
6GORGNUEJ·V\G KP &GNRJK IGTCWDV JCVVGP &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG URKGNV CWH GKPGP 5KGI 2JKNKRRU  X %JT DGK FGP  
1N[ORKUEJGP5RKGNGPCP
UKGJG2NWVCTEJ#NGZ +PFGO2JKNKRRQU++CWHFKGUGO5VÒEMUQYQJNGKPG8GTDKPFWPI
\W &GNRJK CNU CWEJ \W 1N[ORKC UEJWH \YGK 1TVGP FKG CNNGP )TKGEJGP JGKNKI YCTGP DTCEJVG GT CWEJ UGKP  
RCPJGNNGPKUEJGURQNKVKUEJGU2TQITCOO\WO#WUFTWEM&GT2JKNKRRGKQUYCTGKPGFGT9GNVOÒP\GPFGT#PVKMG

53
MACEDONIA

252
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTX%JT2GNNCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$KICTFCTWPVGT-CPVJCTQU
.G4KFGTp 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

253

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTX%JT2GNNCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$KICTFCTWPVGT&TGK\CEM
.G4KFGT2N )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

1,5:1 254 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT #ORJKRQNKU  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T FCTWPVGT  
'HGWDNCVV.G4KFGT2N 5GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 255 1,5:1

 Ô 5VCVGT  X %JT 2GNNC  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T-GWNG FCTÒDGT $NKV\  
FCTWPVGT$QIGP.G4KFGT 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

256
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT2GNNCI<GWUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTT
WPVGP5RGGTURKV\G.G4KFGT2N 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

257 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/CIPGUKCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP$KGPGKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5 
(GKPGT5VKNXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGUGRQUVJWOGP2JKNKRRGKGTYWTFGPPCEJFGO6QF#NGZCPFGTU+++XQPMÌPKIUVTGWGP-T·HVGPIGRT·IVFKGUQFCTCP
GTKPPGTPYQNNVGPFC­2JKNKRRQU+++#TTJKFCKQUGKP5QJPFGU2JKNKRRQU++WPFUQOKVTGEJVO·­KIGT6JTQPHQNIGTYCT

54
MACEDONIA

258

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/CIPGUKCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP$KGPGKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5 
(GKPGT5VKNXQT\ÒINKEJ 

259

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT-QNQRJQPI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP&TGKHW­6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK8++0GY;QTM0T

260

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT 6GQU  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T WPVGP  
/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC 
42T·EJVKIGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

261

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT .CORUCMQU  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T  
WPVGP5EJNCPIG6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC 48QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

262

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT .CORUCMQU  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T  
WPVGP/QPQITCOOWPF5EJNCPIGKO#DUEJPKVVJTG6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC 
48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)QNFDGTI.QU#PIGNGU0T

55
MACEDONIA

263 264 265

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO  X %JT #ORJKRQNKU  I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP-CWUKCWPFΕ.G4KFGT2N 9KP\-TCV\GTUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO  X %JT #ORJKRQNKU  I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP<YGKIWPFΠ.G4KFGTXGTIN2N 2TÒHGKPJKGDUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO  X %JT #ORJKRQNKU  I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP#RJNCUVQPWPFΠ.G4KFGT2N (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

266

1,5:1 1,5:1

 #NGZCPFGT +++  X %JT Ô&KUVCVGTX%JT#KICKI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQ


TKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN$NKV\WPVGP/QPQITCOO2TKEG 
44.GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP 
#NGZCPFGT +++ FGT )TQ­G YWTFG KO *GTDUV  X %JT IGDQTGP 5GKP .GJTGT YCT FGT DGTÒJOVG #TKUVQVGNGU +O  
,CJTG  X %JT VTCV #NGZCPFGT WPVGT UEJYKGTKIGP $GFKPIWPIGP FKG 0CEJHQNIG UGKPGU 8CVGTU CP WPF DGUVKGI FGP  
OCMGFQPKUEJGP6JTQP<YGK,CJTGUR·VGTDGICPPGTFGP(GNF\WIIGIGPFKG2GTUGTFKGGTXQNNUV·PFKIDGUKGIVG&QEJ
FKG 'TQDGTWPI FGU #EJCKOGPKFGPTGKEJGU IGPÒIVG KJO PKEJV GT FTCPI DKU PCEJ +PFKGP XQT WPF UEJWH GKP 9GNVTGKEJ  
5GKPG 'THQNIG YGEMVGP KP #NGZCPFGTFGP&TCPIPCEJ*ÌJGTGOUQDGTKEJVGPFKG3WGNNGPGTUGKXQPFGO9WPUEJG
DGUGGNVIGYGUGP*GTCMNGU\WÒDGTVTWORHGP&KGUGTMN·TVFCUDGUQPFGTG8GTJ·NVPKU#NGZCPFGTU\W#VJGPCFCUCWEJ
CWH FGO #XGTU WPUGTGT /ÒP\G \WO #WUFTWEM MQOOV &KG )ÌVVKP YCT FKG $GUEJÒV\GTKP UGKPGU 8QTDKNFGU *GTCMNGU  
WPF CWEJ CPFGTGT *GNFGP &KG 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI YGKUV #NGZCPFGT CNU 5KGIGT \W 9CUUGT WPF \W.CPFGCWUYKGFKG
5V[NKU\GKIV&GT'THQNI\WT5GGFGTJKGTIGOGKPVKUVFÒTHVGFGT5KGIÒDGTFKG(NQVVGXQP6[TQUKO,CJTGX%JT
UGKP &GT XQP #NGZCPFGT +++ KO CVVKUEJGP 5VCPFCTF IGRT·IVG 5VCVGT YCT GKPG CPVKMG 9GNVOÒP\G 'T YWTFG YKG FKG  
CPVKMGP .GZKMC DGTKEJVGP #NGZCPFTGKGT IGPCPPV
2QNNWZ +:   &GT
)QNF  5VCVGT ICNV  CVVKUEJG  
5KNDGTFTCEJOGP UQOKV HÒPH UKNDGTPG 6GVTCFTCEJOGP &GT 6CIGUXGTFKGPUV GKPGU &WTEJUEJPKVVUDÒTIGTU DGVTWI GVYC   
&TCEJOGP

267 267

1,5:1
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/GORJKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT4QUGWPVGPΔΙ12TKEG (GKPGT5VKNYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

56
MACEDONIA

270

268 269

 Ô5VCVGTX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT$NKV\2TKEG 9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5VCVGTX%JT.CORUCMQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT\YGKXGTGKPVG2HGTFGRTQVQOGNWPVGP/QPQITCOO2TKEG 
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ*GOKFTCEJOG  X %JT #TCFQU  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU  
UKV\VNFCXQT<WPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOO2TKEG 
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

271 272 274 273

 Ô5VCVGTX%JT/KNGVI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOWPVGP$NKV\0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG (CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT$CD[NQPI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT$KGPGWPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOOWPF/2TKEG )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT -KVKQP  I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG UVGJV N OKV  
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 2GNNC  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU  
UKV\VNFCXQT#ZV2TKEGXCT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ1MVQDGT0T

275

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG ITKGEJKUEJG QFGT OCMGFQPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I #VJGPC  
MQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCJKPVGT5VGTP2TKEGp 
442T·IGUEJY·EJGCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T 
&GT#XGTUKUVUVGORGNINGKEJOKVFGODGK2TKEG2N+++CDIGDKNFGVGP5VÒEM


57
MACEDONIA

277

276 278

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#TCFQUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNN-GT[MGKQP&W[TCVXGTINHH
&4! 2TKEG 
#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOPCEJX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGI#VJGPCMQRHT0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOOT5VGTP2TKEGp 5GJTUEJÌP 
'UJCPFGNVUKEJOÌINKEJGTYGKUGWOGKPGHTÒJGMGNVKUEJG0CEJRT·IWPI
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTRJT[IKUEJGT*GNO2TKEG (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

279 280 281

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/KNGVI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOOT&QRRGNCZV2TKEG 5GJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT6CTUQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT-GT[MGKQPWPVGP/QPQITCPPWPFΘ2TKEG 
-N4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGKO9GUVGP-NGKPCUKGPUI#VJGPC
MQRHTFCTWPVGT9KFFGTMQRHT0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT'HGWDNCVV2TKEG 
5GJTUEJÌP 

282 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT $CD[NQP  I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG  
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN*WPF/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG
0GY;QTM0T
FQTVOKVKTTVÒONKEJGT$GUVKOOWPI 2TKEGp 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ 

283
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT $CD[NQP  I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG  
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN*WPF/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG
0GY;QTM0T
FKGU'ZGORNCTFQTVOKVKTTVÒONKEJGT$GUVKOOWPI 2TKEGp 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

58
MACEDONIA

1,5:1 284
1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT$CD[NQPI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5EJNCPIG
CNU *GNO\KGT0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N WPF T LG GKP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG  XCT  

*GNOUEJOWEM  8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

285

286 287

 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT 5KFQP  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG UVGJV N OKV  
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQTΣ2TKEG -PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT2GNNCI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNNDQGQVKUEJGT5EJKNFWPVGTFGO6JTQP5EJNCPIG2TKEG 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNNΛWPF(CEMGNWPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOO2TKEG 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

1,5:1 288
1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO  X %JT $CD[NQP  I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG  
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN/+WPVGPT/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\2TKEG 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM0T

291 292
289

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT$CD[NQPI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\WPVGP/+2TKEG (GKPGT5VKNJQJGU4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WHJ·WUGT/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ&TCEJOG RQUVJWO  X %JT .CORUCMQU  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU  
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VN2TKEG -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT#D[FQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/KP-TCP\WPVGP(ÒNNJQTP2TKEG )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&TCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT/KNGVI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG $TGKVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

59
MACEDONIA

295
293
294

 2JKNKRRQU+++X%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT#TCFQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN/QPQITCOOT<2TKEG2 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#TCFQUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQTΔΑWPF/QPQITCOOWPVGTFGO6JTQP<2TKEG2 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ*GOKFTCEJOG  X %JT #TCFQU  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU  
UKV\VNKO(GNFNWPFWPVGTFGO6JTQPLGGKP/QPQITCOO2TKEG2 5GJTUEJÌP 
<WT <WYGKUWPI UKGJG #TVJWT *QWIJVQP #TCFWU PQV /CTCVJWU KP #UJVQP*WTVGT
*TUI  5VWFKGU KP )TGGM  
0WOKUOCVKEUKP/GOQT[QH/CTVKP,GUUQR2TKEG.QPFQP5

296 296
1,5:1

 #PVKIQPQU&QUQPX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG2GNNC
! I2QUGKFQPMQRHT#RQNNQUKV\VN
CWH2TQTCOKV$QIGP/GTMGTKP#05/0+:5 )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
.CWV/GTMGTHGKGTVFKG4ÒEMUGKVGFGP5GGUKGIFGU&QUQPÒDGT2VQNGOCKQU+++DGK#PFTQUKO,CJTX%JT

297 298

1,5:1

 2JKNKRRQU8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT#ORJKRQNKU
! I-QRHFGU
*GTQU 2GTUGWU OKV IGHNÒIGNVGO ITGKHGPDGYGJTVGP *GNO WPF *CTRC T CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF+P  
-TCP\-GWNGN$NKV\$WTTGTKP,0)
FKGU'ZGORNCT  4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP$CPM.GW<ÒTKEJ0T

 2GTUGWUX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#FNGTUVGJV
TCWH$NKV\FCTWPVGT5VGTP/COTQVJ 
*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VOKVJQJGO4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

60
THESSALIA

299 300 301

 4¤/+5%*'2418+0<Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&TCRKGTVG#TVGOKUDÒUVGTOKV
$QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF-GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP  50)  
%QR (GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
0CEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 2[FPC  X %JT YWTFG /CMGFQPKGP KP  4GIKQPGP GKPIGVGKNV 5GKV  X %JT FWTHVGP  
FKGUGCWH5GPCVUDGUEJNW­YKGFGT/ÒP\GPRT·IGP*KGTNKGIVGKPG2T·IWPIFGT4GIKQPXQT

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH  
OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF-GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP  50) %QR XGTIN   
8QT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*CWEM#WHJ·WUGT/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH  
OCMGFQPKUEJGO5EJKNF-GWNGKP-TCP\N$NKV\50)#UJOQNGCP50)%QRXGTIN 
5GJTUEJÌP 

302 303

2#'10+#
 -¤0+)4'+%* 2CVTCQU  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\4GKVGTTGTUVKEJVIGUVÒT\VGP)GIPGTWPVGP$NKV\2CGQPKCP*QCTF50)#05 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 #WFQNGQP  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT
!  RCGQPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I  
*GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT #WFQNGQP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG 2N  
%.8+++)9CIIQPGT#WFQNGQPCPFJKU#NGZCPFGTOKPVKP4$0
 2N8$ 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 
0CPE[ / 9CIIQPGT FCVKGTV FKGUG CW­GTQTFGPVNKEJ UGNVGPGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP KO #NGZCPFGTUVKN CDGT KO GKIGPGP  
0COGP FGU #WFQNGQP KP FKG <GKV MWT\ XQT FGUUGP 6QF WPF UKGJV FKG 2T·IWPI KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGT -QCNKVKQP  
IGIGP&GOGVTKQU2QNKQTMGVGUWPFFGT7PVGTUVÒV\WPI#VJGPUFWTEJ#WFQNGQP

304 1,5:1
1,5:1
6*'55#.+#
 .#4+55# Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT  I 0[ORJGPMQRH HCUV X X2HGTF ITCUV T .QT  
DGT5JCJCT14C
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5NI$%&XGTIN
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ  
4(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
%CVJGTKPG%.QTDGTWPF%JCTNGU5JCJCTMQPPVGPPWTGKP'ZGORNCTFKGUGT5VGORGNMQODKPCVKQPPCEJYGKUGP


61
THESSALIA

305 306

 Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHN2HGTFURTKPIVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H+8
.QTDGTKP#,0
 pXGTIN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 5NI$%&pXGTIN

#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 50).QEMGVV
UVGORGNINGKEJ  4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
 Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHN2HGTFURTKPIVN*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H+8
.QTDGTKP#,0
 2N5NI$%& 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

307
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFT*GTTOCPP6H8.QT
DGT5JCJCT1 45NI$%&NGKEJVXCT 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG8QTFGTUGKVGFKGUGU5VÒEMGUNGJPVUKEJCPFKGU[TCMWUCPKUEJGP6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU-KOQPCP&GT0[ORJGPMQRH
CWH WPUGTGO 5VÒEM KUV KO )GIGPUCV\ \W XKGNGP CPFGTGP 0CEJCJOWPIGP FGU MKOQPKUEJGP 0[ORJGPMQRHGU GKPG XQNN  
PCEJGORHWPFGPGWPFMÒPUVNGTKUEJJQEJUVGJGPFG#TDGKV

308
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFT*GTTOCPP6H8.QT
DGT5JCJCT1 4C
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5NI$%&
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$%&#WMVKQP6TKVQP:80GY;QTM0TFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC:+8)GPH
0TWPFFGT5COONWPI%NCTGPEG5$GOGPV#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC8+)GPH0T

309 310 311 312

 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 45GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ*GOKFTCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN
6H85NI$%&XGTINHH 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

62
AITOLIA

313 314
313
 .+)#  X %JT Õ5VCVGT WO  X %JT /CIKUVTCVG -GRJCNQU WPF 6JGOKUVQ
   I  
-QRHFGU<GWUXQP&QFQPCTOKV'KEJGPMTCP\#VJGPC+VQPKCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF5NI$%&
HH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'2+475
 -¤0+)4'+%*2[TTJQUX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG.QMTQK'RK\GRJ[TKQKI
<GWUMQRHNOKV'KEJGPMTCP\&KQPGUKV\VNOKV<GRVGTKO#DUEJPKVVWPFCWHFGO6JTQP#$CDGNQP.G
4QK2[TTJQUXGTIN2N8++$/%XGTINH 
44$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCO4CPFUQPUVUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 

1,5:1 315 1,5:1

%14%;4#
 %14%;4# Õ*GOKFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #ORJQTG#EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP 9CIIQPGT  
4QUGP%QNN (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

316 317

#%#40#0+#
 #0#-614+10 Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJK  
UEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT6J[OKCVGTKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%& 5GJTUEJÌP 
 #4)15#/2*+.1%*+-10Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKV
MQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGTMQTKPVJKUEJGT*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%& 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 

318 319

 .'7-#5 Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 2GICUWU HNKGIV T#VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO  
*GNOFCJKPVGT-GT[MGKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%& 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVT#VJGPCMQRHTOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
-GT[MGKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%&pXGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 320 1,5:1

#+61.+#
 .KICX%JTÕ*GOKFTCEJOGX%JTI#VCNCPVCMQRHTOKV-CWUKC'DGTT
KO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6UCPICTK 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

63
ATTICA

321 322
$1'16+#
 6*'$'0Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QGQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTG\YKUEJGP*+-'QDGP
-GWNG$/%XCT5NI$%&D -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QGQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTG\YKUEJGP(#ΣΤQDGP'HGW\YGKI
$/%5NI$%& *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

323 324

 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QKQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTGOKV'HGWDN·VVGTPIGUEJOÒEMV\YK
UEJGP#2-#$/%5NI$%& 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCO4CPFIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 -1+010Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI-QTGMQRHHCUVXXOKVJTGPMTCP\2QUGKFQPUVGJVT
OKV&TGK\CEMWPF&GNRJKPFCXQTDQKQVKUEJGT5EJKNF$/%5NI$%& 5GJTUEJÌP 

325 326
#66+%#
 #6*'0Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEW
UWO'WNGTFCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI5GNVOCP)TWRRG)KK
#  5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI5GNVOCP)TWRRG)KK *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

327

1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN5VCTT)TWRRG8$ 
2TCEJVGZGORNCT*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1,5:1 328 1,5:1

 Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGTFC
JKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI50)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH 42TÒHGKPJKGDGCWHFGO4GXGTUUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

64
ATTICA

329
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO+P +PEWUWO 'WNG T  
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+
4GXGTUUVGORGNINGKEJOKV+E  
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

330 331

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

332 333 334

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 
#VVTCMVKXGUJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTUGJTUEJÌP 

335 336

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 
#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

65
ATTICA

337 338

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ -N2TÒHGKPJKGDCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPICVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

339 340

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

341 342 343

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO'WNGTFCJKPVGT
1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV5HH)TWRRG2K+++ (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

344 345

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2QUKFGQP


 &G\GODGT,CPWCT   X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVK  
UEJGO*GNO+O-TCP\'WNGCWH#ORJQTGOKV<XXN(ÒNNJQTPOKVJTG6JQORUQPE 
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT$QGJTKPIGT

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG/GVCIGKVPKQP
#WIWUV5GRVGODGT X%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO
*GNO+O-TCP\'WNGCWH#ORJQTGOKV$XXTIGHNÒIGNVG6[EJGOKV#ORJQTG6JQORUQPC
2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT$QGJTKPIGT

66
PELOPONNESUS

346 1,5:1 346

#')+0#
 #')+0# Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG(ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50)  
&GNGRKGTTGXGTIN )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

347 348

%14+06*+#
 -14+06* Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO  
*GNOFCJKPVGT#UVTCICN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
4CF%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

349 350
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
6J[TUQU%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO.QTDGGT
CNU*GNO\KGTFCJKPVGT#GIKU%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

351 352
 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
#TVGOKUOKV(CEMGN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN #XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
5VCVWGFGT#VJGPCN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

353 1,5:1 353

2'.12100'575
 5+%;10+# 5+-;10 Õ5VCVGT WO  X %JT  I %JKO·TG N FCTÒDGT -TCP\+P -TCP\  
6CWDGHNKGIVNFCXQT+$/%5NI$%& *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

67
KYKLADEN

354

 Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI6CWDGHNKGIVN+P-TCP\6CWDGHNKGIVNFCJKPVGT'$/%
5NI$%&XGTINHH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

355
1,5:1 1,5:1

 '.+5 1.;/2+# Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I #FNGT HNKGIV T OKV *CUGP KP FGP (·PIGP N  
TWPFGT)GIGPUVGORGN)GHNÒIGNVGT$NKV\5GNVOCP5NI$%&
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
4/KPMQTTQFKGTVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$%&#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
WPFFGT5COONWPI*FG0CPVGWKN0T

356

 #4%#&+#/')#.121.+5Õ6TKQDQNX%JTI<GWUMQRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
2CPUKV\VNOKV.CIQDQNQPFCXQT#FNGT&GPICVG)TWRRG+2GTKQFG++$5NI$%& 
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

357
1,5:1 1,5:1

%4'6#
 )146;0# Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I 'WTQRC UKV\V CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF NÒHVGV OKV FGT  
.KPMGPKJTGP5EJNGKGTN&GNRJKP+P2WPMVMTGKU5VKGTUVGJVT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCTWPVGT&GNRJKPT.G
4KFGT50TC
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5NI6TCGIGTp5XQTQPQU
#XGTU 
4GXGTU  
5GJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI#RQUVQNQ<GPQ#WMVKQP&QTQVJGWO9KGP/·T\0T

358
1,5:1 1,5:1

-;-.#&'0
 2#415 Õ&KFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT /CIKUVTCV #PCZKM
   I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH  
T<KGIGPDQEMT$/% 45GJTUEJÌP 

68
PAPHLAGONIA

359
360 360

210675
 #/+575“UX%JTI<GWUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNCWH$NKV\-QRHT
50)$/HH 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 -¤0+)4'+%* /KVJTCFCVGU 8+  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG #RTKN FGU ,CJTGU  DKVJ[PQ  
RQPVKUEJGT TC
  X %JT   I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO2GICUWU YGKFGV N KP 'HGWMTCP\  
(TCPMG*KTOGTXGTIN6HFG%CNNCVC[&4 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

361 361
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU  DKVJ[PQRQPVKUEJGT TC


 X %JT   I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO2GICUWUYGKFGVNKP'HGWMTCP\FG%CNNCVC[&4 
42T·IGUEJY·EJGPCO4CPFMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 

362 1,5:1 362

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,WPK FGU ,CJTGU  DKVJ[PQRQPVKUEJGT TC


  X %JT   I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO*KTUEJ YGKFGV N KP 'HGWMTCP\ FG %CNNCVC[ & 4  C 2N  &p4C
FKGU 'ZGORNCT   
*GTXQTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VCWHDTGKVGO5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
/KVJTCFCVGU8+FGTNGV\VGITQ­G)GIPGTFGT4ÌOGT\GKIVCWHUGKPGP/ÒP\GPGKP2QTVT·VOKVHNKGIGPFGP*CCTGPXQP


HCUVDCTQEMGO5VKN

363 1,5:1 363

2#2*.#)10+#
 5+012'Õ&TCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&KQPI0[ORJGPMQRHN#FNGTCWH&GNRJKP
N50)$/ 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

69
BITHYNIA

1,5:1 364 1,5:1

$+6*;0+#
 *'4#-.'+# 2106+-# Õ&TCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN  
N5VKGTUVÌ­VN50)$/XGTINHH 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T

1,5:1 365 1,5:1

 -#.%*'&10Ô5VCVGTPCEJ.[UKOCEJQU6[RUR·VGU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#NGZCPFGTMQRH
TOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT#
! 5G[TKIKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV -CNEJGFQP CNU /ÒP\UV·VVG KUV CWHITWPF FGU 5VKNGU FGU #XGTUGU CDGT UGJT  
YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ

367
366 366

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJ.[UKOCEJQU6[RX%JTI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF
#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNN/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVVJTG/ÒNNGTXGTIN5G[
TKIKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQPUKGJG5 (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 -+15Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JT/CIKUVTCV$CMEJGWUI#RQNNQMQRHT2TQTCN
9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP2N:.+: 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

369

368 368

 -¤0+)4'+%*0KMQOGFGU++X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
X%JT 
I-QRHTOKV&KCFGO<GWUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPFDGMT·P\V-ÌPKIUPCOGPFCXQT#FNGTCWH$NKV\N
9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP 5GJTUEJÌP 
 0KMQOGFGU +8  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
  X %JT   I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO<GWUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGTFGP0COGPFGU-ÌPKIUDGMT·P\GPFFCXQT#FNGTCWH$NKV\NFG%CN
NCVC[&4C
FKGU'ZGORNCT 9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#FQNRJ'%CJP(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

70
MYSIA

1,5:1 370 1,5:1

/;5+#
 -;<+-15'N5VCVGTX%JTI<KGIGPMQRHNFCTWPVGT6JWPHKUEJ8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEW
UWO50)(TCPEGX(TKV\G 45GJTUEJÌP 
-[\KMQUDGJGTTUEJVG\WUCOOGPOKV.CORUCMQUFGP*CPFGNOKVFGP-ÒUVGPFGU5EJYCT\GP/GGTGU)NGKEJ\GKVKIYCT
GU <GPVTWO FGU 6JWPHKUEJ(CPIGU FGT GKPG ·JPNKEJG $GFGWVWPI JCVVG YKG FGT *GTKPIUHCPI KO /KVVGNCNVGT &KG  
'NGMVTQPUVCVGTG YWTFGP XQO  DKU \WO  ,CJTJWPFGTV IGRT·IV -[\KMQU YCT FKG GKP\KIG 5VCFV FGU CVVKUEJGP  
5GGDWPFGUFKGPGDGP#VJGPRT·IGPFWTHVG&GT'NGMVTQPUVCVGTGPVURTCEJ&TCEJOGPQFGTUGEJU6GVTCFTCEJOGP

371

2:1 2:1
372 372
 'N 5VCVGT  X %JT  I -QRH GKPGU <KGIGPDQEMU N FCJKPVGT 6JWPHKUEJ8KGTIGVGKNVGU  
+PEWUWO50)(TCPEGX(TKV\G 445GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I -QRH FGT -QTG 5QVGKTC N OKV JTGPMTCP\ WPF 5EJNGKGT  
.ÌYGPMQRHNT$KGPG#UJVQPWC2KZQFCTQU*QCTF
UVGORGNINGKEJ  45GJTUEJÌP 

373

1,5:1 1,5:1

 2'4)#/10 'WOGPGU +  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  I -QRHFGU2JKNGVCKTQUTOKV
&KCFGO#VJGPC UKV\V N OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT CWH FGO 6JTQP # N 'HGWDNCVV 9GUVGTOCTM 8::+:  
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

374 375

 #VVCNQU +  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  I -QRH FGU 2JKNGVCKTQU T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\#VJGPC5VGRJCPQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT'HGWDNCVVWPF#FCJKPVGT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM)TWRRG+8#
8.:+4 (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  I -QRH FGU 2JKNGVCKTQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#VJGPC 5VGRJCPQRJQTQU UKV\V N  
FCXQT$KGPGWPF/QPQITCOOFCJKPVGT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM)TWRRG8+#8%+++$ 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

71
AEOLIS

376
1,5:1 1,5:1

 5VCFV “U PCEJ  X %JT  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT *[IKGKC T OKV 5EJNCPIG5EJNCPIG T WO  
1ORJCNQUIGYWPFGP50)(TCPEG 5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

378 379
377

 Õ%KUVQRJQT  X %JT  I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\<YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO -ÌEJGT T  
5EJNCPIGPUVCD-NGKPGT#05/05 (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 24+#215“U,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHHCUVXXOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\)CTPGNG50)
%QRp50)(TCPEGp50)X#WNQEM 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

641#5
 6'0'&15Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI,CPWUHÌTOKIGT-QRH
(TCWGPMQRHOKV5VGRJCPGN
D·TVKIGT /·PPGTMQRH OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T &QRRGNCZV N 9GKPVTCWDG T -CPVJCTQU 50) %QR   
50)X#WNQEMp 5GJTUEJÌP 

380 381

#'1.+5
 -;/' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ  X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GVTQRJCPGU  I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG  
-[OGTOKV6CGPKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCXQT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT/CIKUVTCV-CNNKCUI-QRHFGT#OC\QPG-[OGTOKV6CG
PKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCXQT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0 
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

382 383

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ  X %JT /CIKUVTCV 1N[ORKQU  I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG -[OG T OKV  
6CGPKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTWPVGT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0 
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 /;4+0#Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHT+P.QTDGGTMTCP\#RQNNQ
XQP)T[PGKQPUVGJVTOKV2CVGTCWPF.QTDGGT\YGKIOKVJGTCDJ·PIGPFGP6CGPKGPFCXQT1ORJCNQUWPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU (GKPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT#RQNNQXQP)T[PGKQPJCVYKG8GTIKNKPFGT#GPGKUCPIKDVFGO#GPGCUDGHQJNGPPCEJ+VCNKGP\WGKNGP

72
LESBOS

384 385

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP  
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF  
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP  
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF  
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU (GKPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

386 387

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP  
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF  
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP  
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF  
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

388

2:1 2:1

.'5$15
 /'6*;/0#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI'DGTUVGJVT+P+PEWUWO#VJGPCMQRHTOKV
*GNOFCTCP5VCEJGN(TCPMG 5GJTUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI,QPCVJCP24QUGP
9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN WPFCWUFGP$GUV·PFGPFGU/GVTQRQNKVCP
/WUGWOQH#TVUQYKGFGT5COONWPI,QJP9CTF#WMVKQP5QVJGD[%Q#)<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
&KG &KFTCEJOGP OKV FGO 5VCEJGN CO *GNO FGT #VJGPC WPF FGO 'VJPKMQP CWH DGKFGP 5GKVGP UKPF CW­GTQTFGPVNKEJ  


UGNVGP2GVGT4QDGTV(TCPMGHÒJTVNGFKINKEJ\YGK'ZGORNCTGCPFKGUKEJDGKFGKP/WUGGPDGHKPFGP

2:1 389 2:1

 /;6+.'0''N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI9KFFGTMQRHTFCTWPVGT-CORHJCJPN
+PMWUGT.ÌYGPMQRHT$QFGPUVGFV 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

73
IONIA

390 391

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI,ÒPINKPIUMQRHT+P+PEWUWOCTEJCKUKGTGPFGTD·TVKIGT
-QRHTOKV-TCP\$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP 
 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO-QRHFGU2JCTPCDC
\QUTOKV-[TDCUKC$QFGPUVGFV 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

392 393

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\+P.KPKGPSWCFTCV-QRH
FGT2GTUGRJQPGTOKVJTGPMTCP\$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP 
 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\9GKDNKEJGT-QRHTKP
.KPKGPSWCFTCV$QFGPUVGFV
FKGU'ZGORNCT  #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC)GPH0T

394 395

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1


 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+P .KPKGPSWCFTCV  
#TVGOKUMQRHTFCJKPVGT5EJNCPIG$QFGPUVGFV# 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+P .KPKGPSWCFTCV  
#TVGOKUMQRHTFCJKPVGT5EJNCPIG$QFGPUVGFV# )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 396 1,5:1

 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI,ÒPINKPIUMQRHTOKV#OOQPUJQTP#FNGTUVGJVT\W
TÒEMDNKEMGPF$QFGPUVGFV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

2:1 397 2:1 2:1 398 2:1


+10+#
 70$'56+//6' /ª0<5666' 'N 5VCVGT  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I .ÌYGPMQRH  
T+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNNXGTIN
5VCVGT  45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T#
 'N5VCVGTX%JTI)NCVV+PEWUWO50)-C[JCPHH (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT .CIGTNKUVG /ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP #)  $CUGN   
0T

399 2:1 400 2:1


2:1 2:1
 'N5VCVGTX%JTI5YCUVKMC8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)-C[JCP 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 'N5VCVGTX%JTI5YCUVKMC+PEWUWO50)-C[JCPpXGTIN
5VCVGT 
5GNVGPGU0QOKPCN(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

74
IONIA

401 402 403

 '2*'515Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT /CIKUVTCV#TKUVQUI$KGPG*KTUEJRTQVQOGT


\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT2CNOG#UJVQPWC6JG*GECVQOPWU*QCTFD
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP
#)$CUGN0T
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV/CPVKMTCVGUI$KGPG*KTUEJRTQVQOGT\WTÒEM
DNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT2CNOG#UJVQPWC6JG2KZQFCTQU*QCTF%NCUU)1$/% 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV 2T[VCPKU  I $KGPG*KTUEJRTQVQOG T \WTÒEM  
DNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT2CNOG#UJVQPWC6JG2KZQFCTQU*QCTF%NCUU+$/% 5GJTUEJÌP 

404
405 405

 Õ&TCEJOG WO  X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GVTQFQTQU  I $KGPG*KTUEJ UVGJV T FCJKPVGT  
2CNOG -KPPU 6JG #VVKE 9GKIJV &TCEJOU QH 'RJGUWU # 2TGNKOKPCT[ 5VWF[ KP VJG .KIJV QH 4GEGPV  
*QCTFUKP0%1 &WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ%KUVQRJQT ,CJT 
  X %JT   I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\<YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO  
-ÌEJGTN/<ÒDGTΕΦΕQDGP&TGK\CEMT(CEMGN-NGKPGT&CVGF%KUVQRJQTK 
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

406
2:1 2:1

 '4;6*4#+ 'N*GMVG


 5VCVGT   ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN  
N8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

407 408

2:1 2:1 2:1


2:1

 -1.12*10 Õ 5VCVGT  X %JT  I #TEJCKUEJGT #RQNNQMQRH N+PEWUWO  
-KO-TQNN # *QCTF QH #TEJCKE %QKPU QH %QNQRJQP CPF 7POKPVGF 5KNXGT KP #,0 
  5   
XGTIN
CPFGTG5VGORGN  5GJTUGNVGPGU0QOKPCN5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP  X %JT  I #RQNNQMQRH X X+O +PEWUWO 6'
NKIKGTV  9GTVCP  
ICDG -NGKPXCT *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KGUGU 5VÒEM IGJÌTV \W FGP YGPKIGP CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP FKG GKPG 9GTVCPICDG VTCIGP KP FKGUGO (CNNG 6' HÒT  
6GVCTVGOQTKQP

75
IONIA

409
410
410

 /#)0'5+#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV2KVVJKQPI)GRCP\GTVGT4GKVGTT5VKGT
UVÌ­VN#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
UVGORGNINGKEJ $/%50)X
#WNQEM50)%QR50)-C[JCP50)/ÒPEJGP 
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
2JKNKR-KPPUMQPPVGXQO/CIKUVTCV2KVVJKQPNGFKINKEJ&TCEJOGPWPF*GOKFTCEJOGPPCEJYGKUGP
-KPPU6YQUVWFKGU
KPVJGUKNXGTEQKPCIGQH/CIPGUKCQPVJG/CGCPFGTKP-TCC[/QTMJQNO'UUC[U#PO 7PUGT5VÒEM\GKIVFCKO
,CPWCT  GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FKGUGU /CIKUVTCVGP KP FGT 5EJYGK\ XGTUVGKIGTV YWTFG FC­ 2KVVJKQP \WOKPFGUV XKGT  
FGTHÒPH5KNDGTPQOKPCNGIGRT·IVJCV
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT/CIKUVTCV#RQNNQFQTQU
5QJPFGU -CNNKMTCVGUI#TVGOKU
DÒUVGTOKV$QIGPWPF-ÌEJGT+P-TCP\0CEMVGT#RQNNQUVGJVNCWH/·CPFGTCP&TGKHW­IGNGJPVCWH
FKGUGO-ÌEJGT$/%p50)%QRp50)-C[JCP50)X#WNQEMp 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YCTGP FKG CWH FGP OCIPGUKUEJGP /ÒP\GP IGPCPPVGP +PFKXKFWGP MGKPG #OVUVT·IGT UQPFGTP TGKEJG  
/·PPGT FKG GKPG .GKVWTIGKC GKP 9GTM HÒT FGP 5VCCV
KP FKGUGO (CNN GKPG 5RGPFG FKG FKG 2T·IWPI FGT /ÒP\GP  
GTOÌINKEJVG XQNNDTCEJVGPWPFCWUFKGUGO)TWPFFWTEJFKG0GPPWPIKJTGU0COGPUCWHFGP/ÒP\GPIGGJTVYWTFGP
5KGJG,QPGU9TGCVJGF6GVTCFTCEJOUQH/CIPGUKCKP#05/0
 5HH

411
1,5:1 1,5:1

 /+.'6'N5VCVGTX%JTI+P.KPKGPSWCFTCV.ÌYGNKGIVN+PNKPMGO+PEWUWOHÒPH
FWTEJ.KPKGPXGTDWPFGPG2WPMVGKPOKVVNGTGO+PEWUWO(WEJUNKPTGEJVGO+PEWUWOXKGTFWTEJ.KPKGP
XGTDWPFGPG2WPMVG50)-C[JCPNGKEJVXCT9GKFCWGTXGTIN 45GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ/ÒPEJGP0T

412 414 413

1,5:1 1,5:1
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&KQDQNX%JTI.ÌYGPRTQVQOGN+P+PEWUWO$NÒVGPQTPCOGPV50)-C[JCPHH
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&KQDQNX%JTI.ÌYGPRTQVQOGN+P+PEWUWO$NÒVGPQTPCOGPV50)-C[JCPHH
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ*GOKFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV2TQZGPQUI#RQNNQMQRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYG
UVGJVN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT5VGTP&GRRGTV.KRRKV\HH 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

415

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
#NGZCPFTGKGT X%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT.ÌYG5VGTPWPF/QPQITCOOFCJKPVGT\YGK/QPQITCOOG2TKEGXGTINHH
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP 

76
IONIA

416

 Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GNCPVJKQU  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYG  
UVGJVT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT5VGTP&GRRGTV.KRRKV\-KPPU%*/KNGUKCP5KNXGT%QKPCIG
KP VJG 5GEQPF %GPVWT[ $% KP #UJVQP*WTVGT
*TUI  5VWFKGU KP )TGGM 0WOKUOCVKEU KP /GOQT[ QH  
/CTVKP,GUUQR2TKEG.QPFQP0THH 5GJTUEJÌP 

417 418

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

 2*1-#+#Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TGKHGPMQRHN+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP504
XGTIN2N50)-C[JCPHH 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ6TKJGOKQDQN  X %JT  I #TVGOKUMQRH N OKV -GMT[RJCNQU8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO  
%CJP+QPKUEJG&COGP6H50)-C[JCPHH (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

419 420

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I *GTCMQRH N OKV GKPGO OKV 2CNOGVVGP WPF #MCPVJQU  
4CPMGPXGT\KGTVGP-CNCVJQU8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
&CU/ÒP\DKNFKUVXQPFGP*GTCMÌRHGPFGT2T·IWPIGPCWU1N[ORKCKPURKTKGTV

 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHN8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

421 422

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO  
\KGT8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO  
\KGT8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP 

423

424 2:1 2:1 424

 'N*GMVG
 5VCVGT   X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCTWPVGT  
4QDDG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 6'15Õ5VCVGTX%JTI)TGKHUKV\VTWPVGP088KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP
504 5GJTUEJÌP 

77
CARIA

425
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ5VCVGTX%JTI)TGKHUKV\VTFCXQT2CPVJGTMQRH8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP
504 48QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

1,5:1 426 1,5:1

 5#/15'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X%JTI7PTGIGNO·­KIDWEMNKIG1DGTHN·EJG+PEWUWO
-QPWM6JG'NGEVTWO%QKPCIGQH5COQUKPVJG.KIJVQHCTGEGPV*QCTF6[RGXGTIN50)-C[JCP
HH
6[R  445GJTUEJÌP 

427
1,5:1 1,5:1

%#4+#
 70$'56+//6'/ª0<5666'Õ5VCVGTWOX%JTI)GHNÒIGNVGO·PPNKEJG)GUVCNV
KO-PKGNCWHTÒDGTFGON(NÒIGN/QPQITCOOQFGT)GIGPUVCPF+P+PEWUWO.ÌYGN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF
FCTÒDGTMCTKUEJG.GIGPFG25;WPVGTFGT.GIGPFG/QPQITCOOQFGT)GIGPUVCPF-QPWM-%QKP
.GIGPFUKP%CTKCPKP#FKGIQ+,6JG%CTKCP.CPIWCIG.GKFGP$QUVQP5/WPF5
/4QDKPUQP'5)#(KPFQH#TEJCKE%QKPUHTQO5QWVJYGUV#UKC/KPQTKP0%
2N:+8$
FKGU'ZGORNCT  8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI,QPCVJCP24QUGP
9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN 

2:1 429 2:1


428

 Õ6TKQDQNWOX%JTI)GHNÒIGNVGO·PPNKEJG)GUVCNVKO-PKGNCWHNFCXQT/QPQITCOO
QFGT )GIGPUVCPF+P +PEWUWO .ÌYG N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTÒDGT /QPQITCOO QFGT )GIGPUVCPF 50)  
-GEMOCP 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ*GOKQDQN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I )TQ­MÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV &QNEJ WPF $Q  
IGP,ÒPINKPIUMQRHT 8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌP 

430 431

 -0+&15 Õ&TCEJOG  X %JT  I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T+P +PEWUWO #RJTQFKVGMQRH T  
%CJP #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

 /;0&15Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JT/CIKUVTCV/GPQRJKNQUI&KQP[UQUMQRH
TOKV'HGWMTCP\$NKV\%*8+++2N.:+:50)-GEMOCPp 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 

78
CARIA

432
1,5:1 1,5:1

 -15 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVKQP  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN  
N+P2GTNSWCFTCV-TGDUFCTWPVGT-GWNGT$#UJVQPWC6JG2KZQFCTWU*QCTFpXGTIN+PIXCNF
UGPpXGTIN (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%)$2CTKU0T

433 434
 4*1&15 Õ&KFTCEJOG WO  X %JT  I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N *CTRC ÒDGT ';  
#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV #IGUKFCOQU  I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N N·WHV  
#TVGOKUNOKV(CEMGN#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 5GJTUEJÌP 

435 436
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV/PCUKOCEJQUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGNUVGJV
#VJGPC#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV/PCUKOCEJQUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGNUVGJV
#VJGPC#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIOKPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

437
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV#OGKPKCUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGN2TQTC
#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 
4(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

438 439
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVQMTKVQU  I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N  
#RJNCUVQP#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV6JCTUKVCUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGN#FNGT
CWH(CEMGN#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

79
LYDIA

1,5:1 440 1,5:1

.;&+#
 #N[CVVGU  X %JT 'N 5VCVGT  X %JT 5CTFGKU  I .ÌYGPMQRH T+PEWUWO  
50)X#WNQEM9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTHH 
9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG<WUEJTGKDWPI\W#N[CVVGUKUVFKGVTCFKVKQPGNNG&KGUGU5VÒEMUVCOOVUKEJGTCWU.[FKGPWPFIGJÌTVKPFKG<GKVXQT
-TQKUQU

441 442

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CIIQ
PGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CIIQ
PGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTINHH 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

443 444

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1


1,5:1

 'N*GMVG
5VCVGT 5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT<YGKIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEMp9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNNp9GKFCWGTHH 44)GHÒVVGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN )GHÒVVGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KVVC-CUVPGT/ÒPEJGP0T

445 446

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN 9KP\-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 -TQKUQU  X %JT Ô5VCVGT
UEJYGTGT5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQ
VQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO50)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN50)X#WNQEMp9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN
p 445GJTUEJÌP 
-TQKUQU FGT 5QJP FGU #N[CVVGU CWU FGO )GUEJNGEJV FGT /GTOPCFGP YCT FGT NGV\VG -ÌPKI XQP .[FKGP 'U IGNCPI  
-TQKUQU FCU YGUVNKEJG -NGKPCUKGP DKU CP FGP *CN[U \W WPVGTYGTHGP OKV #WUPCJOG XQP .[MKGP WPF -KNKMKGP &GT  
4GKEJVWO FGU N[FKUEJGP -ÌPKIU YCT URTKEJYÌTVNKEJ -TQKUQU JCV GKP WOHCUUGPFGU DKOGVCNNKUEJGU /ÒP\U[UVGO  
GPVYQTHGP FCU CWH GKPGO UEJYGTGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP  I WPF GKPGO NGKEJVGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP  I UQYKG GKPGO  
5KNDGTUVCVGT XQP  I DGK GKPGO 8GTJ·NVPKU XQP )QNF \W 5KNDGT XQP     DGTWJVG 'U ICD 5VÒEMGNWPIGP FGT  
5VCVGTG DKU JKPCD \WO  5VCVGT&CUOGKUVGTJCHVG9·JTWPIUU[UVGOFGU-TQKUQUOKVXGTUEJKGFGPGP0QOKPCNGP
HCPFKPFGT#PVKMGPKGYKGFGTUGKPGUINGKEJGP

1,5:1 447 1,5:1

 Ô5VCVGT
NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF  5CTFGKU  I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT<YGK  
+PEWUC50)X#WNQEM 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

80
PHRYGIA

448 449

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1

 Ô 5VCVGT


NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF  5CTFGKU  I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGP  
ÒDGT<YGKIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$CDGNQP6TCKV¾ 44(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô 5VCVGT
NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF  5CTFGKU  I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGP  
ÒDGT+PEWUWO50)/ÒPEJGP 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

450 451

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ 5VCVGT 5CTFGKU  I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT<YGK +PEWUC 50) X  
#WNQEMXGTINHH #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT<YGK+PEWUC9CIIQPGT
4QUGP%QNN 5GJTUEJÌP 

452 453

2:1 2:1
2:1 2:1

 Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO50)X#W
NQEM 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO$GTMKP/ÒP
\GPTGXWG5#DD-NGKP 445GJTUEJÌP 

455 455
454 454
1,5:1

2*4;)+#
 #2#/'+#“UX%JT/CIKUVTCV#PVKRJQP/GPGMNGQWUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT#VJGPC
TOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO#FNGTÒDGT/·CPFGTT\YKUEJGP2KNGKFGT&KQUMWTGPWPF5VGTPGP$/%
50)/ÒPEJGP &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 -+$;4#Õ&TCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI$GJGNOVGT/·PPGTMQRHT4GKVGTOKV*GNO
5EJKNFWPF5RGGTT50)%QR50)X#WNQEM 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

1,5:1 456 1,5:1

 24;/0'5515 “U  ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU /KFCU T OKV RJT[IKUEJGT  
/ÒV\G(NW­IQVV
-C[UVTQU! NCIGTVNOKV5EJKNHCWH3WGNNIGH·­IGUVÒV\VX#WNQEM/ÒP\GPWPF5V·FVG
2JT[IKGPU++HH 45EJYCT\G2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

81
CILICIA

457 459 458

2#/2*;.+#
 #52'0&15Õ5VCVGTX%JTI<YGK4KPIGTWPVGP#5EJNGWFGTGTTFCXQT6TKU
MGNKU$/%50)%QRp50)(TCPEGp50)X#WNQEMp 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I <YGK 4KPIGT5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU 50) %QR   
50)(TCPEG50)X#WNQEM 
(GKPG6ÌPWPINGKEJVGT&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI/QRUQUTGKVGVNOKV5RGGT'DGTT50)(TCPEG 
4'EMKIGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP 

460 461

 2'4)' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I #TVGOKUMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -Ì  
EJGT#TVGOKU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF -TCP\ FCXQT *KTUEJ WPF Ι %QNKP 5GTKG  'OKUUKQP 
   
CFKGU'ZGORNCT  5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#TVGOKUMQRHTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT-ÌEJGT#TVGOKU
UVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPF-TCP\FCXQT*KTUEJWPFΙ%QNKP5GTKG'OKUUKQP
  5GJTUEJÌP 

462 463

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1


%+.+%+#
 70$'56+//6'/ª0<5666'Õ*GOKQDQN,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI-QRHFGU#TVCZGT
ZGU+++NOKV-TQPG)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV5RGGTWPF$QIGP6TQZGNN-CICP59KP\GT
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ*GOKQDQN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I $·TVKIGT -QRH X X OKV *GNO$·TVKIGT -QRH X X T  
CTCO·KUEJG.GIGPFG
$GVJ.COGF! 6TQZGNN-CICP5 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

464 465

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1


 Õ*GOKQDQN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I *GTOGUMQRH N OKV 2GVCUQU.ÌYG N 6TQZGNN-CICP 5  
 45GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ*GOKQDQN,CJTJWPFGTVI.ÌYGPRTQVQOGT)GJÌTPVGUWPFIGHNÒIGNVGU(CDGNVKGTUKV\VT
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV8QT\ÒINKEJ 

2:1 466 2:1

 Õ*GOKQDQN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I $CCNMQRH X X N CTCO·KUEJG .GIGPFG5RJKPZ UKV\V N  
50)(TCPEGp50).GXCPVGp6TQZGNN-CICPp 
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG CTCO·KUEJG .GIGPFG CWH FGO #XGTU KUV PKEJV ICP\ FGWVNKEJ WPU UEJGKPV CDGT FKG .GUWPI $GVJ #[KP .COGF  
YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ&GT-QRHCWHFGO#XGTUKUVFCJGTCNU$CCNMQRH\WDG\GKEJPGP

82
CILICIA

467 468

2:1 2:1
2:1 2:1
 Õ*GOKQDQN  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I 9KFFGTMQRH N,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N FCXQT MQRHUVGJGPFG  
&QRRGNCZV 8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&CU5VÒEMJCVQHHGPDCTFKG9KFFGTMQRH,ÒPINKPIUMQRH*GOKQDQNGXQP*CNKMCTPCUUQU\WO8QTDKNFFGTITQDG5VKNFGU
5VÒEMGUXGTYGKUVPCEJ-KNKMKGP
 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I *GTOGUMQRH N OKV 2GVCUQU.ÌYGPMQRH N 6TQ  
ZGNN-CICP5 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

469 470

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1


 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I .ÌYGPMQRH X X2CPMQRH
!  T 6TQZGNN-CICP  
5 45GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#TGUMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO.ÌYGPMQRHT6TQ
ZGNN-CICP5 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

471 472

2:1 2:1 2:1 2:1


 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHXX-QRHT6TQZGNN-CICP5
44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI-QRHXX5RJKPZUKV\VN6TQZGNN-CICP5
45GJTUEJÌP 

473 474

2:1
2:1
2:1 2:1
 -'.'0&'4+5Õ1DQNX%JTI2GICUQURTQVQOGT<KGIGT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF50)
(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ1DQN  X %JT  I 2HGTF URTKPIV T<KGIGPDQEM MPKGV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF -NGKP   
50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG /KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

475
 /#..156KTKDC\QUX%JTÕ5VCVGTI#JWTC/C\FCOKV-TCP\WPF.QVQUT$CCN
UVGJVNOKV#FNGTWPF<GRVGT50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 
4-N5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP 

476
477
 0#)+&15 Õ1DQN  X %JT  I 2CPMQRH T&KQP[UQUMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ 50)  
(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 1.$##LCZ“U,CJT
DKU I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-CRRG8KGT<GKNGP
5EJTKHV42% 5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

83
CAPPADOCIA

478 479
 51.1+ Õ5VCVGT  X %JT  I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO  
\KGT9GKPVTCWDG50)(TCPEGH50).GXCPVGp 2TÒHGKPJKGDGUGJTUEJÌP 
 6#45152JCTPCDC\QUX%JTÕ5VCVGTI(TCWGPMQRHHCUVXX-QRHGKPGU-TKG
IGTUNOKV*GNO50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

480

1,5:1 1,5:1

 &CVCOGUKP4GDGNNKQPIGIGPFGP)TQ­MÌPKIÕ5VCVGTI$CCNVCTUUKV\VTOKV#FNGT
\GRVGTJTGWPF9GKPVTCWDGFCXQT6J[OKCVGTKQP5CVTCRUKV\VTWPFRTÒHV2HGKNFCXQT(NÒIGNUEJGKDG
WPF$QIGP50)(TCPEGpXGTINHH50).GXCPVGpXGTIN 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
&KG(NÒIGNUEJGKDGCWHFGO4GXGTUTGRT·UGPVKGTVFCU(CTPCJFCUFGPTGDGNNKGTGPFGP5CVTCRGPUEJÒV\VWPFNGIKVKOKGTV

481 482

 /C\CKQUX%JT5CVTCRÕ5VCVGTI$CCNVCTUUKV\VNOKV#FNGTJTG9GKPVTCWDG
WPF<GRVGT.ÌYGNUEJN·IV5VKGTN50).GXCPVG #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&CU$KNFFGU-CORHGU\YKUEJGP.ÌYGWPF5VKGTYCTKOCNVGP1TKGPVUGJTXGTDTGKVGVWPFU[ODQNKUKGTVGWTURTÒPINKEJ
FGPJGNKCMNKUEJGP7PVGTICPIFGU5VGTPDKNFU6CWTWUFGT\WP·EJUVOKVFGO6GTOKPFGT(TÒJNKPIUCWUUCCVCWHITWPFFGT
2T·\GUUKQP \WT <GKV FGT #UU[TGT WPF FGT HTÒJGP #EJ·OGPKFGP LGFQEJ GVYC OKV FGO (TÒJNKPIURWPMV \WUCOOGPHKGN  
&CXKF 7NCPUG[ N·­VFKG(TCIGQHHGPQDFCU5[ODQNFGU.ÌYG5VKGT-CORHGUCWHFGPVCTUKUEJGP/ÒP\GPKPFKGUGO
5KPPG GKPG CUVTQPQOKUEJG $GFGWVWPI JCVVG QFGT \W GKPGO JGTCNFKUEJGP 'ODNGO QJPG DGUQPFGTGP $G\WI IGYQTFGP  
YCTIGJVLGFQEJFCXQPCWUFC­FKGUGU5VKGTVÌVWPIUDKNFGKP'NGOGPVKPFGO2TQ\GUUIGYGUGPKUVKPFGUUGP8GTNCWH
FKG /KVJTCUXGTGJTGT FKG 6CWTQMVQPKGU\GPG CNU 5[ODQN HÒT FKG 2T·\GUUKQP CWUY·JNVGP
UKGJG JKGT\W WPF \WT  
WOUVTKVVGPGP &GWVWPI FGU /KVJTCUMWNVDKNFGU CNU 5[ODQN FGT XQP *KRRCTEJ GPVFGEMVGP 2T·\GUUKQP FGT SWKPQMVKGP  
7NCPUG[&KG7TURTÒPIGFGU/KVJTCUMWNVGU-QUOQNQIKGWPF'TNÌUWPIKPFGT#PVKMG5VWVVICTV 

 Õ5VCVGT  I $CCNVCTU UKV\V N OKV #FNGT JTG 9GKPVTCWDG WPF <GRVGT.ÌYG N UEJN·IV 5VKGT N  
50).GXCPVG /KPFG\GPVTKGTVMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

483
484 484
%;2475
 -+6+10$CCNOGNGM++X%JTÕ5VCVGTI*GTCMNGUIGJVTOKV-GWNGWPF$Q
IGP.ÌYGTUEJN·IV*KTUEJT$/%6\KCODC\KU 45GJTUEJÌP 
%#22#&1%+#
 -¤0+)4'+%* #TKQDCT\CPGU +++  X %JT Õ&TCEJOG ,CJT 
  X %JT   I  
-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPCUVGJVNOKV0KMG5EJKNFWPF5RGGT5KOQPGVVCw 
)WVGU2QTVT·VHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

84
SYRIA

485

1,5:1 1,5:1
5;4+#
 -¤0+)4'+%*5GNGWMQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT5WUCI-QRH

FGU5GNGWMQU#NGZCPFGTQFGT&KQP[UQU TOKVGKPGOOKV2CPVJGTHGNNÒDGT\QIGPGPOKV5VKGTQJTGPWPF
*ÌTPGTP IGUEJOÒEMVGP *GNO0KMG UVGJV T WPF DGMT·P\V 6TQRJ·G WPVGP DQKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF *QWIJ  
VQP.QTDGT0GYGNN'5/p50)5RCGTp 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM0T

486
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT 5WUC  I -QRH


FGU 5GNGWMQU #NGZCPFGT QFGT &KQP[UQU  T  
OKVGKPGOOKV2CPVJGTHGNNÒDGT\QIGPGPOKV5VKGTQJTGPWPF*ÌTPGTPIGUEJOÒEMVGP*GNO0KMGUVGJVT
WPFDGMT·P\V6TQRJ·G*QWIJVQP.QTDGT0GYGNN'5/50)5RCGTp 445GJTUEJÌP 

487
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGOÌINKEJGTYGKUGMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI
*GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT WPF FCJKPVGT LG GKP /QPQITCOO  
*QWIJVQP.QTDGT50)5RCGTp 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV9QJNFCUDGUVGTJCNVGPG'ZGORNCTFKGUGU6[RU
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T 
*QWIJVQP WPF .QTDGT HÒJTGP PWT GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH DGK FGO FKG 2QUKVKQP FGU -ÌPKIUVKVGNU PKEJV MNCT YCT 7PUGT  


'ZGORNCT\GKIVFC­GTUKEJPKEJVKO#DUEJPKVVUQPFGTPNKO(GNFDGHKPFGV

488 489

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ  5GNGWMGKC CF 6KITKO  I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#VJGPC KP  
'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKIC T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF QDGP #PMGT KO #DUEJPKVV \YGK /QPQITCOOG *QWIJ  
VQP.QTDGTC0GYGNN'5/50)5RCGTp 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 #PVKQEJQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT'MDCVCPCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO#RQNNQUKV\VNOKV2HGKNGPWPF$QIGPFCXQTYGKFGPFGU2HGTFWPF\YGK/QPQITCOOG*QWIJ
VQP.QTDGTH0GYGNN'5/50)5RCGTp 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

85
SYRIA

490 491

 5GNGWMQU+8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#RQNNQUKV\V
NCWH1ORJCNQUOKV2HGKNWPF$QIGPN-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0G
YGNN#PVKQEJKC50)5RCGT 5GJTUEJÌP 

 #PVKQEJQU+8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTC/QTMJQNO#0GYGNN#P
VKQEJKC 8QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

492 493

 &GOGVTKQU +  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO6[EJG UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT  E 0GYGNN #PVKQEJ  
50)5RCGT /KPMQTTQFKGTVMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT  UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC


  X %JT  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO6[EJG UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT  E 0GYGNN #PVKQEJ  
50)5RCGTp *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

495

494 494

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGO,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT #PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO6[EJG UKV\V N OKV<GRVGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ
50)5RCGT 5GJTUEJÌP 

 #NGZCPFGT +  X %JT Õ&KQDQN  X %JT #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV &KC  
FGO&TGKHW­*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT 
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

496 497

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT  UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC


  X %JT  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNN/QPQITCOO*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTE0GYGNN#PVKQEJ
50)5RCGTp #XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVYKP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT  UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC


  X %JT  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNN/QPQITCOO*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ
50)5RCGTp 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

86
SYRIA

498 499

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT  UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC


  X %JT  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
&KCFGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNN/QPQITCOO*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ
50)5RCGTp (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT 6[TQUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
&KCFGO#FNGT OKV 2CNO\YGKI CWH 2TQTC N FCXQT -GWNG WPF /QPQITCOO *QWIJVQP.QTDGT  
*QQXGTD0GYGNN6[TG50)5RCGT )WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

500

1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PVKQEJQU8+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT 
#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&KG&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF
0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGTp 9KP\5VGORGNHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
6T[RJQP FGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU FKGUGT WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP 6GVTCFTCEJOG GTY·JPV YKTF JCVVG #PVKQEJQU 8+ IGIGP  
&GOGVTKQU++CWHFGP6JTQPIGDTCEJVNKG­KJPCDGTYGPKIG,CJTGUR·VGTGTOQTFGPWOUGNDUVFKG-ÌPKIUDKPFG\WVTCIGP

501 502 503

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT  UGNGWMKFKUEJGT TC


  X %JT  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV  
5VTCJNGPDKPFG&KG&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTG0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)
5RCGTp 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 #PVKQEJQU8++X%JTÕ5EJGMGN,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT 6[TQU
 I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO#FNGT OKV 2CNO\YGKI CWH 2TQTC N FCXQT -GWNG WPF /QPQITCOO  
*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTC0GYGNN6[TG50)5RCGTHH 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UVGJV N *QWIJ  
VQP.QTDGT*QQXGTJ0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

87
SYRIA

504 505

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOMCRRCFQMKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPC0KMGRJQ
TQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJXGTIN50)5RCGT 
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIHGKPG6ÌPWPI(GNFGTFGU#XGTUGUOKPDGCTDGKVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOMCRRCFQMKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPC0KMGRJQ
TQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

506 507

 #PVKQEJQU8+++X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#MG2VQNGOCKUI-QRHT
OKV &KCFGO<GWU 7TCPKQU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF 5VGTP *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT  C 0GYGNN  
.5/50)5RCGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT &COCUMQUI-QRHTOKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\<GWU7TCPKQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN.5/50)5RCGT
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

508

1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO+O-TCP\<GWU7TCPKQU
UVGJVNN5VGTP*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJp50)5RCGTp 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK8++0GY;QTM0T

509 510
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO<GWU 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N  
*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 #PVKQEJQU +:  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  X %JT  I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO  
#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UVGJV N *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT  C 0GYGNN #PVKQEJ  50) 5RCGT
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

88
PHOENICIA

511 512 514 513

 2JKNKRRQU +  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG MKNKMKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I -QRH T OKV &KC  
FGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTC0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT
5GJTUEJÌP 
2*1'0+%+#
 #4#&15Õ&TCEJOG,CJT
X%JT I$KGPG*KTUEJUVGJVTXQT2CNOG&W[
TCVHH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
  X %JT   I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 6[EJGDÒUVG T OKV /CWGT  
MTQPG+P-TCP\0KMGUVGJVNOKV#RJNCUVQP&W[TCVHH (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
 6;415Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVN
OKV2CNO\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN' 445GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

515 516
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

517 518

 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

519 520
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 44-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
 I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(W­CWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 445GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

89
PERSIA

521
1,5:1 1,5:1
+7&#'#
 #WHUVCPFÕ5EJGMGN,CJT
0KUCP0KUCP ,GTWUCNGOI-GNEJ<YGKIOKV
)TCPCV·RHGNP/GUJQTGT6TGCUWT[ 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 

522 523
  #WHUVCPF $CT -QMJDC  Õ&TCEJOG ,CJT 
   I +P -TCP\ 5EJKOy  
,CJTFGT(TGKJGKV+UTCGNU-CPPGT2CNO\YGKI/KNFGPDGTI (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&TCEJOG,CJT
 I5EJKOyQP9GKPVTCWDG,CJTFGT(TGKJGKV+UTCGNU2CNO
\YGKI/KNFGPDGTI (GKPG2CVKPCªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

524 525

 Õ&TCEJOG   I 5EJKOyQP 9GKPVTCWDG(ÒT FKG (TGKJGKV ,GTWUCNGOU .[TC /KNFGP  
DGTI 5GJTUEJÌP 
#4#$+#('.+:
 *+/;#4+6'0 Õ*GOKFTCEJOG  ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT  I /·PPNKEJGT -QRH N WPVGP UCD·K  
UEJGU($WMTCPKQPOKV#PVKNQRGPJÌTPGTPXX/WPTQ*C[XCT 
445VGORGNHTKUEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

526 527
$#$;.10+#
 $#$;.10 Ô&CTGKMG PCEJ  X %JT  I )TQ­MÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF  
5RGGT+PEWUWOOKV9GNNGP/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMXGTIN0KEQNGV2KGTTGXGTINHH 
445GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô&QRRGNFCTGKMGPCEJX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
OKV9GNNGP0KEQNGV2KGTTG 445EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

528
1,5:1 1,5:1
2'45+#
 #EJ·OGPKFGPÔ&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF
5RGGT+PEWUWO50)$GTT[ (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG RGTUKUEJG &CTGKMG KUV PCEJ &CTGKQU + FGO )TQ­GP DGPCPPV FGT FKGUG 5VÒEMG \WGTUV RT·IVG 'U YCTGP FKG  
DGMCPPVGUVGP )QNFOÒP\GP KJTGT <GKV DKU PCEJ FGT <GTUEJNCIWPI FGU 2GTUGTTGKEJGU FKG )QNFUVCVGTG #NGZCPFGTU FGU  
)TQ­GP CP KJTG 5VGNNG VTCVGP /KV FGP &CTGKMGP YWTFG 9GNVIGUEJKEJVG IGUEJTKGDGP UQ DGTKEJVGV 2NWVCTEJ FC­ FGT  
5RCTVCPGTMÌPKI #IGUKNCQU FGT UGKV  X%JTKP-NGKPCUKGPUGJTGTHQNITGKEJ-TKGIIGIGPFKG2GTUGTHÒJTVGFWTEJ
IQNFGPG &CTGKMGP OKV FGPGP UGKPG )GIPGT KP )TKGEJGPNCPF DGUVQEJGP YWTFGP IGIGP KJP -TKGI \W HÒJTGP \WO  
#DDTWEJ FGU -TKGIGU KP -NGKPCUKGP IGPÌVKIV YWTFG #IGUKNCQU UQNN IGUCIV JCDGP FC­ KJP  RGTUKUEJG $QIGP  
UEJÒV\GPCWU#UKGPXGTVTKGDGPJ·VVGP&KG$QIGPUEJÒV\GP
6QZQVCK UVGJGPHÒTFKG&CTGKMGP
FKGLCCWHFGO#XGTUGKPGP
$QIGPUEJÒV\GP\GKIGP OKVFGPGPFKG2QNKVKMGTKP#VJGPWPF6JGDGP\WO-TKGIIGIGP5RCTVCCPIGUVCEJGNVYWTFGP

90
PERSIA

529 530 531

 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVHGKPGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ )WV\GPVTKGTVGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

532 1,5:1 533

 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[
FKGU'ZGORNCT  5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPFGT5COONWPI$WTVQP;$GTT[WPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKE#TV
#PEKGPV%QKPU0T
 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

534 535 536

 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

1,5:1 537
1,5:1

 Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
FCTKP.ÌYGPMQRHT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

538 539 540

 Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQ­MÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

91
BACTRIA

2:1 541 2:1

 Õ 5KINQU  ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT  I )TQ­MÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH N OKV $QIGP WPF  
&QNEJ+PEWUWO 8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌP 

542
1,5:1 1,5:1

5#5#0+&'0
 5EJCRWT++“U/ÒP\UV·VVGKP-CDWNKUVCPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPG(GWGTCNVCT
)ÌDN-WUJCP 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T

543 544 545

$#%64+#
 &KQFQVQU+WOX%JTÔCVVKUEJGT5VCVGTOKV6KVGN#PVKQEJQU++$CNMJI-QRHFGU&KQ
FQVQU+TOKV&KCFGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ<GWUUVGJVNWPFUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\FCXQT0WPF#FNGT
$0$CEVp/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p 
42TÒHGKPJKGDCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP 
#NU&KQFQVQUUKEJXQP#PVKQEJQUNÌUVGRT·IVGGT\WP·EJUVPQEJ/ÒP\GPKO0COGPFGU5GNGWMKFGPUGV\VGCDGTUGKP


GKIGPGU2QTVT·VCWHFKG/ÒP\GP

 ÔCVVKUEJGT 5VCVGT OKV 6KVGN #PVKQEJQU ++ $CNMJ  I -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KC  
FGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ <GWU UVGJV N WPF UEJNGWFGTV $NKV\ FCXQT 0 WPF #FNGT $0 $CEV p  
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p 42TÒHGKPJKGDCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 ÔCVVKUEJGT 5VCVGT OKV 6KVGN #PVKQEJQU ++ $CNMJ  I -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KC  
FGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ<GWUUVGJVNWPFUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\FCXQT-TCP\WPF#FNGT$0$CEV#
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05 4-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUNGKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 

546 1,5:1
1,5:1

 'WVJ[FGOQU+WOX%JTÔCVVKUEJGT5VCVGT$CNMJI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGU
UKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p 
44-N5VGORGNHGJNGTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

92
BACTRIA

547

 ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP
$0$CEV$/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGME50)#05HH 
*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VKPJQJGO4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
'WVJ[FGOQU XGTVTKGD &KQFQVQU ++ WPF GTJQD UKEJ UGNDUV \WO -ÌPKI #NU FGT 5GNGWMKFG #PVKQEJQU +++  X  


%JT XGTUWEJVG FKG ÌUVNKEJGP 5CVTCRKGP \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP GTMN·TVG 'WVJ[FGOQU GT UGK MGKP 4GDGNN UQPFGTP GT JCDG  
FKG4GDGNNGPDGUGKVKIV'TDNKGD-ÌPKIKPUGKPGO4GKEJFC#PVKQEJQU+++XQT$CEVTCUEJGKVGTVG

548 549 550

 &GOGVTKQU +  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCP  
VGPUMCNR*GTCMNGUUVGJVXXOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT
+PFQITGGMF50)#05 *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VCWHDTGKVGO5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP 
&GOGVTKQU+HQNIVGUGKPGO8CVGT'WVJ[FGOQU++JOIGNCPIGU#TCEJQUKCWPFFKG2CTQRCPKUCFGPYGNEJG5GNGWMQU+


CP%JCPFTCIWRVCCDIGVTGVGPJCVVGXQPFGP/CWT[C\WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV  
-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF50)#05
5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5RKPM.QPFQP0T 

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV  
-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF50)#05
5GJTUEJÌP 

551

 'WVJ[FGOQU++X%JTÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG2CPLJKTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUVGJVXXOKV-TCP\-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF
50)#05 4.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP 
1D'WVJ[FGOQU++GKP5QJPQFGTGKPLÒPIGTGT$TWFGTFGU&GOGVTKQU+YCTKUVDKUJGTPKEJVCDUEJNKG­GPFIGMN·TV


93
BACTRIA

552 553 554

 #ICVJQMNGU  X %JT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG /GTX  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC  
FGO<GWUUVGJVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF*GMCVGFKGUGJ·NV\YGK(CEMGNP$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQ
ITGGMC50)#05 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP 
#ICVJQMNGU KUV YQJN GKP LÒPIGTGT $TWFGT FGU 'WVJ[FGOQU ++ 5EJQP FKG 2QTVT·V·JPNKEJMGKV KUV ÒDGT\GWIGPF 'T YCT  


XGTOWVNKEJ/KVTGIGPVUGKPGU$TWFGTU

 #ICVJQMNGU  X %JT /GOQTKCNRT·IWPI HÒT &KQFQVQU + ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG /GTX  
 I ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KCFGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΟΝΤΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ   
ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ<GWUOKV#GIKUUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\N\WUGKPGP(Ò­GP#FNGTFCTÒDGT-TCP\FCJKPVGT
/QPQITCOO$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05 
44$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
&KGUG /GOQTKCNRT·IWPIGP IGJGP DKU CWH 2JKNKRR ++ WPF #NGZCPFGT +++ \WTÒEM 'U IKDV YGKVGTG 2T·IWPIGP HÒT  


#PVKQEJQU++DGKFG&KQFQVQK'WVJ[FGOQU+&GOGVTKQU+WPF2CPVCNGQP'UUKPF2GFKITGG/ÒP\GPKOYGKVGUVGP
5KPPG QJPG FC­ GKPG FKTGMVG #DUVCOOWPI CWUIGFTÒEMV YGTFGP UQNNVG 5KG MÌPPVG CDGT FKG .GIKVKOKV·V UGKPGT  
*GTTUEJCHV IGIGP FGP 7UWTRCVQT 'WMTCVKFGU \GKIGP &CUUGNDG IKNV HÒT FKG GPVURTGEJGPFGP /ÒP\GP FGU #PVKQEJQU +  
&KG$G\GKEJPWPIΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΟΝΤΟΣKUVCNUWPVGTFGT4GIKGTWPIFGU\WXGTUVGJGP

 &GOGVTKQU ++  X %JT QFGT UR·VGT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG $CNMJ  I &TCRKGTVG  
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPCUVGJVXXOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$0$CEV$/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC
50)#05 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
&KG &CVKGTWPI FGT 4GIKGTWPI FGU &GOGVTKQU ++ KUV WOUVTKVVGP &C KP FGP 4WKPGP XQP #K -JCPQWO
\GTUVÌTV WPVGT  


'WMTCVKFGU +  MGKPG /ÒP\GP FGU &GOGVTKQU ++ IGHWPFGP YWTFGP KUV GKPG UR·VG &CVKGTWPI
OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KP FKG  
<GKVWOX%JT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJGTCNUGKPG&CVKGTWPIKPFKG,CJTGX%JT

555 555
1,5:1

 #PVKOCEJQU +  X %JT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK  I &TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV-CWUKC2QUGKFQPUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF2CNO\YGKI$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMH
50)#05 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI4KEJCTF9KPQMWT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T

94
SOGDIANA

556 557

 ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-CWUKC2QUGKFQPUVGJVXXOKV&TGK
\CEMWPF2CNO\YGKIOKV6CGPKG$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMD50)#05 
5GJTUEJÌP 
 /GOQTKCNRT·IWPIHÒT'WVJ[FGOQU+ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI-QRHFGU'WVJ[FG
OQU+TOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC
50)#05 44.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

558 559 560

 'WMTCVKFGU+X%JTÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/GTXI&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05
/KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
0CEJFGO UKEJ &GOGVTKQU + +PFKGP \WIGYCPFV JCVVG ICD GU PÌTFNKEJ FGU *KPFWMWUJ GPVYGFGT GKP /CEJVXCMWWO  
QFGTFKGFQTVKIGP)TKGEJGPHÒJNVGPUKEJXGTPCEJN·UUKIVLGFGPHCNNUICDGUX%JTGKPG4GDGNNKQPOKV'WMTCVKFGU
CP FGT 5RKV\G &KGUGT MQPPVG UKEJ KP $CMVTKGP DKU  XÌNNKI FWTEJUGV\GP 5R·VGT ITKHH GT CWEJ PCEJ +PFKGP CWU WPF  
GPIVGFGP/CEJVDGTGKEJ/GPCPFGTUGKP'TUGNDUVYWTFGXQPGKPGO5QJPXGTOWVNKEJ2NCVQITCWUCOGTOQTFGV
 ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG2WUJMCNCXCVKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0
$CEV'/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMGG50)#05 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CEVTCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0$CEV9
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMH50)#05 $TGKVGT(NCPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

561 562

 /GOQTKCNRT·IWPIHÒT*GNKQMNGUWPF.CQFKMGÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG/GTXI&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO$ÒUVGPFGU*GNKQMNGUWPFFGT.CQFKMGT$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGM
C50)#05 44'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
51)&+#0#
 5E[VJGP EC  X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ 6[R 'WVJ[FGOQU  I -QRH FGU 'WVJ[FGOQU  
T*GTCMNGUUKV\VNCWH(GNUGPOKV-GWNG5GPKQT+PFQ5E[VJKCP%QKPUCPF*KUVQT[6[R# 
.GKEJVG-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%#<ÒTKEJ0T

95
AEGYPTUS

563 564

+0&+#
 5E[VJGP#\GU+X%JT“-NKRRGWPDGMCPPVG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-ÌPKITGKVGVTCWH-COGN
OKV$QIGPWPF#ZV$WEMGNUVKGTT5GPKQT 
44$TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 

#');2675
 2VQNGOCKQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#NGZCPFTKCI#NGZCP
FGTMQRH T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR#VJGPC #NMKFGOQU T FCJKPVGT /QPQITCOO FCXQT /QPQITCOO WPF  
#FNGT50)%QR5XQTQPQU )TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

565

1,5:1 1,5:1

 2VQNGOCKQU++X%JTHÒT#TUKPQë++Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP X%JT#NGZCP
FTKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF5EJNGKGTFCJKPVGTΘ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR
5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ  #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
&KGUGUITQ­GCPVKMG)QNFPQOKPCNYWTFG\WGTUVWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU++
X%JT PCEJX%JTCWUIGRT·IV
CNU GT UGKPG 5EJYGUVGTIGOCJNKP #TUKPQG ++ PCEJ KJTGO 6QF \W IÌVVNKEJGP 'JTGP CWHUVGKIGP NKG­ &KGUGT 6[R YWTFG  
KOOGTYKGFGTCWHIGITKHHGPUQCWEJWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU8+++'KPG1MVQFTCEJOG
&TCEJOGP YCTFGT)GIGPYGTVXQP
GKPGT/KPGFJ&TCEJOGPKP5KNDGTFCJGTCWEJFGTCPVKMG0COG/PCKQPFGTKP2CR[TKOGJTHCEJXQTMQOOV
+PFGT·I[RVKUEJGP-WRHGTY·JTWPIGPVURTCEJFCU5VÒEM6CNGPVGP-WRHGTQFGT-WRHGTFTCEJOGP

566

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP   X %JT #NGZCPFTKC  I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT  
FCJKPVGTΛ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

96
AEGYPTUS

567 569 568

 Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP   X %JT #NGZCPFTKC  I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT  
FCJKPVGTΛ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 2VQNGOCKQU+++X%JTHÒT#TUKPQë++Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP X%JT#NGZ
CPFTKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF5EJNGKGTFCJKPVGTΧ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR
5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ  
.GKEJVRQNKGTVUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

 HÒT2VQNGOCKQU++#TUKPQG++2VQNGOCKQU+WPF$GTGPKMG+Ô6GVTCFTCEJOG#NGZCPFTKCI
$ÒUVGP FGU 2VQNGOCKQU ++ WPF FGT #TUKPQG ++ T FCJKPVGT 5EJKNF$ÒUVGP FGU 2VQNGOCKQU + WPF FGT  
$GTGPKMG+T50)%QR5XQTQPQU 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T 
&KGUGKPVGTGUUCPVGP6GVTCFTCEJOGPYWTFGPYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ\WOITÌ­VGP6GKNWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU+++IGRT·IVFGTFCOKV


UGKPG8QTHCJTGPGJTV'KPMNGKPGT6GKNKUVCDGTOÌINKEJGTYGKUGDGTGKVUWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU++IGRT·IVYQTFGPFGOFKG
5VÒEMGCWEJDGK5XQTQPQU\WIGYKGUGPYGTFGP

570

2:1 2:1

  HÒT $GTGPKMG ++ Ô1MVQFTCEJOG #NGZCPFTKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO WPF  
5EJNGKGT(ÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOQU  <ÒTKEJ  0T  FGT 5COONWPI 0GNUQP $WPMGT *WPV #WMVKQP 5QVJGD[ U  
0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T 
$GTGPKMG++YWTFGWOX%JTCNU6QEJVGTFGU/CICUXQP-[TGPGWPFFGTU[TKUEJGP2TKP\GUUKP#RCOCIGDQTGP


7O  X %JT YWTFG UKG XQP /CICU OKV 2VQNGOCKQU +++ XGTNQDV PCEJ FGO 6QF KJTGU 8CVGTU YWTFG FKGUG  
8GTNQDWPI LGFQEJ IGNÌUV WPF KJTG /WVVGT XGTJGKTCVGVG $GTGPKMG OKV GKPGO $TWFGT FGU #PVKIQPQU )QPCVCU FGT  
LGFQEJDCNFGTOQTFGVYWTFG$GTGPKMGJGKTCVGVGX%JT2VQNGOCKQU+++FGTKPFGP&TKVVGP5[TKUEJGP-TKGI\QI
WPF FKG 4GIKGTWPIUIGUEJ·HVG KP FGT *GKOCV UGKPGT )GOCJNKP ÒDGTNKG­ #WU FKGUGT <GKV UVCOOV FKG )GUEJKEJVG XQP  
FGT .QEMG FGT $GTGPKMG &KG -ÌPKIKP IGNQDVG HÒT FKG INÒEMNKEJG *GKOMGJT KJTGU /CPPGU GKPG *CCTNQEMG \W  
QRHGTP FKG KP FGP 6GORGN FGT #TUKPQG IGDTCEJV YWTFG FQTV LGFQEJ CO P·EJUVGP 6CI XGTUEJYWPFGP YCT &GT  
/CVJGOCVKMGT WPF *QHCUVTQPQO -QPQP XQP 5COQU UQNN FKG .QEMG CNU 5VGTPDKNF CO *KOOGN YKGFGTGPVFGEMV JCDGP  
#WU FGT 'JG OKV 2VQNGOCKQU +++ IKPIGP UGEJU -KPFGT JGTXQT W C 2VQNGOCKQU +8 FGT LGFQEJ UGKPG /WVVGT DCNF  
PCEJFGO6QFFGU2VQNGOCKQU+++GTOQTFGPNKG­$GTGPKMGYWTFGDGTGKVU\W.GD\GKVGPMWNVKUEJXGTGJTV2VQNGOCKQU
+8 TKEJVGVG  X %JT CPN·­NKEJ FGT 2VQNGOCKC GKP 2TKGUVGTCOV FKG #VJNQRJQTG FGT $GTGPKMG 'WGTIGVKU GKP  
YGNEJGKO4CPIPQEJXQTFGO2TKGUVGTCOVFGT#TUKPQG++TCPIKGTVG

97
AEGYPTUS

571

1,5:1 1,5:1

 2VQNGOCKQU+8X%JTÔ1MVQFTCEJOGX%JT#NGZCPFTKCI$ÒUVG2VQ
NGOCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TGK\CEM WPF #GIKU(ÒNNJQTP OKV &KCFGO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG WPVGP  
ΔΙ50)%QR5XQTQPQU 44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
&GT XGTIÌVVNKEJVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ VT·IV FKG #VVTKDWVG XQP *GNKQU 0GRVWP WPF #VJGPC GKPG KO *GNNGPKUOWU DGNKGDVG  
-QODKPCVKQPXQP)ÌVVGTP

572 1,5:1 572

 Ô1MVQFTCEJOG  X %JT #NGZCPFTKC  I $ÒUVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG  
&TGK\CEMWPF#GIKU(ÒNNJQTPOKV&KCFGOWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPVGPΔΙ50)%QR5XQTQPQU
44#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
&GT XGTIÌVVNKEJVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ VT·IV FKG #VVTKDWVG XQP *GNKQU 0GRVWP WPF #VJGPC GKPG KO *GNNGPKUOWU DGNKGDVG  
-QODKPCVKQPXQP)ÌVVGTP

574
573

 2VQNGOCKQU8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG#NGZCPFTKCI-QRH2VQNGOCKQU+T#FNGT
CWH$NKV\N50)%QR5XQTQPQU 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T
 “*GOKQDQNKQPX%JT$GT[VQUI#OOQPMQRHT#FNGTUVGJVNCWH$NKV\FCXQT&TGK
\CEM50)%QR5XQTQPQU9GKUGT &WPMGNDTCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

575 576

 2VQNGOCKQU 8+  X %JT Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT #NGZCPFTKC  I -QRH 2VQNG  
OCKQU+TOKV&KCFGO#FNGTCWH$NKV\N0QGUMG50)%QRp5XQTQPQU 
5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 


  X %JT  -KVKQP
%[RTWU   I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF  
#GIKU#FNGTUVGJVNCWH$NKV\50)%QRp5XQTQPQU
FQTVWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU8  
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

98
ZEUGITANIA

577
578
2:1

 2VQNGOCKQU8+++X%JTÕ&KFTCEJOGWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGCWH<[RGTPI&TC
RKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU &KQP[UQU T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ WPF IGUEJWNVGTVGO 6J[TUQU#FNGT UVGJV N CWH $NKV\ 50)  
%QRH5XQTQPQU 4(GKPG6ÌPWPINGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 -NGQRCVTC 8++  X %JT “1DQN #NGZCPFTKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T#FNGT CWH $NKV\ N  
FCXQT&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP50)%QR5XQTQPQU9GKUGT 445GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

579

%;4'0#+%#
 -;4'0' Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT  I -CTPGKQUMQRH N5KNRJKWO N /QPQITCOO T  
5VGTP$/%50)%QR (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
<WT <GKV FGT 2T·IWPI FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU YCT /CICU GKP *CNDDTWFGT FGU 2VQNGOCKQU + )QWXGTPGWT XQP -[TGPG  
&GT 5KNRJKWOJCPFGN OCEJVG -[TGPG TGKEJ  KP 4QO YWTFG 5KNRJKWO OKV 5KNDGT CWHIGYQIGP &KG 2HNCP\G ICNVNCPIG


CNUCWUIGUVQTDGPUKGUQNNLGFQEJKP.KD[GPYKGFGTGPVFGEMVYQTFGPUGKP5KRJKWOYWTFGUQYQJNCNU)GYÒT\CNUCWEJ
CNU*GKNOKVVGNXGTYGPFGVªDGTFKG8GTYGPFWPICNU)GYÒT\DGTKEJVGVWPUFGT/GKUVGTMQEJ#RKEKWUKPUGKPGO9GTM
&GTGEQSWKPCTKC&CUIGIGPÒDGTFGOM[TGP·KUEJGPOKPFGTYGTVKIGTGRCTVJKUEJG5KNRJKWO
(GTWNCCUCHQGVKFC YKTF
JGWVG PQEJ KP FGT KPFKUEJGP -ÒEJG GKPIGUGV\V
WPVGT FGT $G\GKEJPWPI *KPI DGUQPFGTU DGK )GTKEJVGP OKV  
*ÒNUGPHTÒEJVGP   GU JCV GKPGP KPVGPUKXGP MPQDNCWEJCTVKIGP )GUEJOCEM &GT JQJG 2TGKU FGU 5KNRJKWOU GTMN·TV UKEJ  
CDGTYQJNJCWRVU·EJNKEJFWTEJUGKPG8GTYGPFWPICNU8GTJÒVWPIUOKVVGN
UKGJG4KFFNG%QKPUCPF%QPVTCEGRVKXGU6JG
2NCPV VJCV OCFG -[TGPG (COQWU KP 6JG %GNCVQT 8QN  
  5  H  'KPG RKMCPVG #PURKGNWPI FCTCWH  
HKPFGVUKEJDGK%CVWNN
%CTOKPC  
5CIGPUQNNKEJYKGXKGNGFGKPGT-ÒUUG 


.KGDUVG.GUDKCOKTIGPWIUKPFWPF\WXKGNUKPF! 
5QXKGN-ÌTPGT5CPFGUFKG.KD[UEJG9ÒUVG 
+PFGO5KNRJKWOVTCIGPFGP%[TGPG 
<YKUEJGP#OOQPU1TCMGNWPFFGUCNVGP 
$CVVWUJQEJIGJGKNKIVGO)TCDOCNCWHYGKUV
 

580 581
<'7)+6#0+#
 -#46*#)1 Ô5VCVGT  X %JT  I 6CPKVMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\2HGTF UVGJV T ,GP  
MKPU.GYKU)TWRRG+++# 5GNVGPG8CTKCPVG5EJÒTHUVGNNGPCWH4CPFWPF4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 'N5VCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVT,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG8
#VVTCMVKXGUJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

582
1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N5VCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVT,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG
8+ (GKPGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌP 

99
LOTS

583
1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N6TKJGOKUVCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTÒDGT5QP
PGPUEJGKDG\YKUEJGP\YGK7TCGK,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG:C: 
449KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­YKP\-TCV\GTUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

584 585

 'N6TKJGOKUVCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTÒDGT5QP
PGPUEJGKDG\YKUEJGP\YGK7TCGK,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG:D 445GJTUEJÌP 
 .+$;5%*'4 #7(56#0&  X %JT $5EJGMGN .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG  I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO  
.ÌYGPHGNNN.ÌYGT50)%QRH 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT )GNFOCPIGN PCEJ FGO  2WPKUEJGP -TKGI HÒJTVG \WO #WHUVCPF FGT MCTVJCIKUEJGP 5ÌNFPGT FGO UKEJ DCNF FKG  
PQTFCHTKMCPKUEJGP7PVGTVCPGPFGT5VCFVCPUEJNQUUGP'UMCOUQICT\WGKPGTUGNVGPGPGKIGPGP/ÒP\RT·IWPIFKGUKEJ
CPFKGNGV\VG5QNFRT·IWPI-CTVJCIQUFKTGMVCPUEJNQ­

1,5:1 586 1,5:1

#:7/
 ,QGNWO“UI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\*CJPD/WPTQ*C[,WGN,GPUGP
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

.16570&5#//.70)'0)4+'%*+5%*'4/ª0<'0
 )TKGEJKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF CEJV 6GVTCFTCEJOGP
/CEGFQPKC 2JKNKRRQU ++ #NGZCPFGT  
+++ Z #VJGP 6JCUQU #TCFQU GVE  FTGK &KFTCEJOGP D\Y 5VCVGTG
6CTGPV #GIKPC /C\CKQU  FTGK  
%KUVQRJQTGPUQYKGFKXGTUGMNGKPGTG0QOKPCNG
OGKUV&TCEJOGPWC#OKUQU2GTUGWUXQP/CMGFQPKGP
KOTJQFKUEJGP6[RGVE *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM<YGK5VÒEMGOKV2TÒHGKPJKGDGPOGKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 5GNGWMKFGP .QV XQP GKPGT 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU &GOGVTKQU + HÒPH 6GVTCFTCEJOGP FGU #PVKQEJQU 8++  
\YGK6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU#PVKQEJQU8+++UQYKGHÒPH6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU2JKNKRRQU+ 
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 7OHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI ÌUVNKEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C FTGK RCTVJKUEJG &TCEJOGP UKGDGP  
-NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GPFGT-ÌPKIGFGT2GTUKUFKXGTUGDCMVTKUEJGWPFJGRJVCNKVKUEJG)GRT·IGGVE*QEJKPVGT
GUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 -NGKPGU.QVITKGEJKUEJGT/ÒP\GP'PVJCNVGPUKPF\YGKIQNFGPG5EJOWEMDTCMVGCVGPGKPGU[TKUEJG6GV
TCFTCEJOGFGU2JKNKRRQU+GKPHTÒJGT5VCVGTXQP-QTKPVJGKPG&TCEJOGXQP'RJGUQUGKP6TKQDQNXQP
#VJGP GKPG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\G XQP $[DNQU UQYKG FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP 5GJT KPVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG  
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G 'PVJCNVGP UKPF GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU .[UKOCEJQU  
FTGK&TCEJOGP
Z#NGZCPFGTFGT)TQ­GZ-KD[TC \YGK&KFTCEJOGPXQP0GCRQNKUUQYKGHÒPH$TQP
\GOÒP\GP 5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 -NGKPGU .QV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF \YGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP
#NGZCPFGT ++ +PFQUE[VJGP   
\YGK&TCEJOGP
#NGZCPFGT+++XQP/CMGFQPKGP5GNGWMKFGP WPF\YGKUCUCPKFKUEJG$TQP\GOÒP\GP 
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV 5KEKNKC 'PVJCNVGP UKPF XKGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP *KOGTC
Z  -CKPQP -GPVQTKRCK +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV  
DKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 

100
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

4¤/+5%*'/ª0<'0

594

/ª0<'0&'44¤/+5%*'04'27$.+-
 “6TKGPU  X %JT 4QO CPQP[O  I 2HGTFGMQRH T FCTWPVGT XKGT 9GTVMWIGNP  
2HGTFGMQRHNFCTWPVGTXKGT9GTVMWIGNP$/%%TCYH5[F )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

595

1,5:1 1,5:1

 “UX%JT/GUUCPCCPQP[OI/KPGTXCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO#FNGTUVGJVN
-QRHTKO(GNFN5EJYGTV$/%%TCYH5[F 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKVDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:0GY;QTM0T

596

 “3WCFTCPU  X %JT 4QO CPQP[O  I *GTEWNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN N FCJKPVGT FTGK  
9GTVMWIGNP2TQTCTFCTWPVGTFTGK9GTVMWIGNP$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QDGTV5EJWNOCP#OUVGTFCO0T

597 598

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  X %JT 4QO CPQP[O  I ,CPWUMQRH,WRKVGT OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KP  
3WCFTKICTXQP8KEVQTKCIGNGPMVWPVGPCWH$QFGPKP4CJOGP41/#$/%XGTIN%TCYH
2N+85[FXCT (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTPCEJX%JT4QOCPQP[OI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCJKPVGT:&KG
&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI .GQ $GP\ #WMVKQP .CP\  /ÒPEJGP   0T  WPF FGT #WMVKQP -TKEJGNFQTH   
5VWVVICTV0T

101
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

599 600
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO5CHTCI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCJKPVGT:8KEVQTKC
KP$KICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T 
5CHTCKUVJÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJFCUEQIPQOGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUHTÒJGTYWTFGGUCNU5
RWTKWU #HTCIGFGWVGV


 Õ&GPCT  X %JT4QO/#VKNKWU5CTCPWUI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCXQT


:&KG&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$CD$/%%TCYHD5[FD 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

601
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#DWTKWU)GOKPWUI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCXQT
5VGTP5QNKP3WCFTKICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
/#DWTKWUJCVVGXGTOWVNKEJGKPGP<YKNNKPIUDTWFGTFGP/ÒP\OGKUVGTFGU,CJTGUX%JT%#DWTKWUFCJGTFGT
$GKPCOG)GOKPWU

602 603 604

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / (WTKWU 2JKNWU  I ,CPWUMQRH4QOC UVGJV N WPF DGMT·P\V 6TQ  
RJ·G$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 5GJTUEJÌP 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPIDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFGP5KGIÒDGTFKG#NNQDTQIGTWPF#TXGTPGT
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . (NCOKPKWU %JKNQ  I 4QOCMQRH T OKV IGHNÒIGNVGO *GNO  
FCXQT:8KEVQTKCKP$KICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.8CNGTKWU(NCEEWUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8KEVQTKCT/CTU
IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 6TQRJ·G FCXQT #RGZ FCJKPVGT JTG $CD  $/%  %TCYH   
5[F -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGYGKUVFCTCWHJKPFC­FGT8CVGTFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUFCU#OVGKPGU(NCOGP/CTVKCNKUKPPGJCVVG

605 606
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/*GTGPPKWUI2KGVCUMQRHT#ORJKPQOWUVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
T$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
#ORJKPQOWUWPF#PCRKCUYCTGP\YGK$TÒFGTCWU-CVCPKCFKGDGKGKPGO#GVPC#WUDTWEJKJTG'NVGTPTGVVGVGP*KGT
UGJGPYKT2KGVCU
FGT8QTFGTUGKVG KP#MVKQP

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU   X %JT 4QO % 5WNRKEKWU  I -ÌRHG FGT 2GPCVGP N<YGK 5QNFCVGP  
UVGJGPGKPCPFGTOKV5RGGTGPIGIGPÒDGTWPF\GKIGPCWHGKP5EJYGKP$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
5QYQJN 8QTFGT CNU CWEJ 4ÒEMUGKVG FGU 5VÒEMGU DG\KGJGP UKEJ XGTOWVNKEJ CWH FKG *GTMWPHV FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU CWU  
.CXKPKWO#GPGCUJCVFKGUG5VCFVFQTVIGITÒPFGVYQGTWPVGTGKPGT'KEJGGKPGYGK­G5CWOKVFTGK­KI(GTMGNPHCPF
#WH FGO (QTWO XQP .CXKPKWO UVCPF GKPG $TQP\GUVCVWG FGT 5CW KJT -ÌTRGT YWTFG XQP FGP 2TKGUVGTP KP 5CN\NCMG  
MQPUGTXKGTV&GP2GPCVGPFGU\GTUVÌTVGP6TQKCICD#GPGCUKP.CXKPKWOGKPGPGWG*GKOCV

102
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

607

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.6JQTKWU$CNDWUI-QRHFGTNCXKPKUEJGP,WPQT5VKGTURTKPIVT
QDGP:$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

608 609

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 3 /KPWEKWU 6JGTOWU  I /CTUMQRHN5QNFCVXGTVGKFKIVGKPGPIG
UVÒT\VGP-COGTCFGPXQTGKPGO$CTDCTGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'KPINGKEJPCOKIGT8QTHCJTGFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUJCVVGUKEJDGK-·ORHGPKP.KIWTKGPDGUQPFGTUCWUIG\GKEJPGV

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%#NNKWU$CNCI(TCWGPMQRHTFCXQT#&KCPCKP*KTUEJDKICT
FCTWPVGT*GWUEJTGEMG$CD
#GNKWU $/%p%TCYHD5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

610 611 612

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTOKV
2CNO\YGKI$CD$/%pXGTINHH%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP
.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQ(TWIKI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\FCJKP
VGTWPDGUVKOOVGU5[ODQN4GKVGTTOKV2CNO\YGKI%TCYH 2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQ(TWIKI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\FCJKP
VGT .GFGTOGUUGT
EWNVGT ETGRKFCTKWU 4GKVGT N OKV (CEMGN FCJKPVGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV &QNCDTC  
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

613 614

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO36KVKWUI-QRHFGU)QVVGU/WVKPWU6KVKPWUT2GICUWUURTKPIVT
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GNKQU0WOKUOCVKM/ÒPEJGP0T 
/WVKPWU6KVKPWUGPVURTKEJVFGO2TKCRWUWPFYWTFGXQTCNNGOXQPLWPIGP(TCWGPXGTGJTV


 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO36KVKWUI-QRHFGU)QVVGU/WVKPWU6KVKPWUT2GICUWUURTKPIVT
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

103
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

615
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT WO  X %JT $QXKCPWO


!  CPQP[O  I -QRH FGT +VCNKC N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T  
8+6'.+7
KPQUMKUEJGT5EJTKHV+VCNKC 5QNFCVUVGJVXXOKV5RGGT-QRHTFCPGDGPNCIGTV5VKGTXX
%CORCPC5[F 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
 X %JT ITÒPFGVGP FKG KVCNKUEJGP $WPFGUIGPQUUGP 4QOU FGPGP FCU TÌOKUEJG $ÒTIGTTGEJV \WP·EJUV XGTURTQEJGP  
FCPP CDGT XGTYGKIGTV YQTFGP YCT GKPGP GKIGPGP 5VCCV PCOGPU +VCNKC
FCJGT CWEJFGT+VCNKCMQRHCWHFGO#XGTUFGU
5VÒEMGU  OKV %QTHKPKWO CNU *CWRVUVCFV 0CEJ FGO (CNN %QTHKPKWOU YWTFG HÒT MWT\G <GKV $QXKCPWO\WT*CWRVUVCFV
+PGKPGOFTGKL·JTKIGPDNWVKIGP-TKGIIGNCPIGU4QO+VCNKGPYKGFGTXÌNNKI\WWPVGTYGTHGP

616 617 618

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU   X %JT 4QO 3 #PVQPKWU $CNDWU  I ,WRKVGTMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\8KEVQTKCKP3WCFTKICTWPVGP*$CD$/%%TCYHF5[FD 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
#WH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGU 5VÒEMGU KUV GKPG CWH FGO (QTWO KP FGT 0·JG FGU RT·VQTKUEJGP 6TKDWPCNU DGHKPFNKEJG 5VCVWG  
FCTIGUVGNNV -QRKGP FKGUGT 5VCVWG KP XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5V·FVGP FGU 4GKEJGU XGTMÒPFGVGP KP UR·VGTGT <GKV FC­ FKG  
LGYGKNKIG5VCFVOKVFGO+WU+VCNKEQTWODGUEJGPMVYQTFGPYCT
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%4<ÒTKEJ0T

619 620
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F (GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG./CPNKWU6QTSWCVWUI4QOCMQRHT5WNNCOKV%CFW
EGWU KP 3WCFTKIC T DGMT·P\V XQP N HNKGIGPFGT 8KEVQTKC $CD  $/% XGTIN  HH %TCYH   
5[FXGTIN (GKPG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

621 622
 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X%JT4QO%/CTKWU%CRKVQI%GTGUMQRHTFCXQT#PVKNQRGPMQRH
QDGP %:::8++2HNÒIGT OKV 1EJUGPIGURCPP N QDGP %:::=8++? $CD  $/% p %TCYH  E  
5[FD 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.2TQEKNKWUI,WRKVGTMQRHT,WPQ5QURKVCUVGJVTOKV5EJKNFWPF
5RGGTFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%1<ÒTKEJ0T

104
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

623 624

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.(CTUWNGKWU/GPUQTI.KDGTVCUDÒUVGT4QOCKP3WCFTKICTGKP
6QICVWUUVGKIV\W$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[F 
9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%2QUVWOKWUI&KCPCDÒUVGTOKV$QIGPWPF-ÌEJGT*WPFN·WHVT
WPVGP5RGGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

625
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU4WHWUI,WRKVGTMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGT
UVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPF-TCP\WPVGP++++T8QIGN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T 
&GT #XGTU \GKIV FGP UKGITGKEJGP ,WRKVGT FGT 4GXGTU
FGT 8QTNCIG HÒT FKG 5VCVGTG FGU -QUQP YCT  FGP #FNGT CNU  


/KVVNGT,WRKVGTUFGT.QTDGGTMTCP\WPF6TKWORJCN\GRVGTGKPGOPKEJVP·JGTHC­DCTGP6TKWORJCVQTÒDGTDTKPIV%TCY
HQTFU &CVKGTWPI KP FCU ,CJT  X %JT MCPP PKEJV MQTTGMV UGKP FC KP FKGUGO ,CJT KP4QOMGKP6TKWORJUVCVVHCPF
9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ YWTFG FCU 5VÒEM  X %JT QFGT  X %JT IGRT·IV 5KGJG *QNNUVGKP 9 &KG UVCFVTÌOKUEJG  
/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTGX%JT\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·VWPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5HH

626 627

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU   X %JT 4QO 3 (WHKWU %CNGPWU WPF 2 /WEKWU 5ECGXQNC %QTFWU  I  
-ÌRHG FGT *QPQU WPF FGT 8KTVWU T+VCNKC WPF 4QOC TGKEJGP UKEJ FKG *CPF $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPI#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU   X %JT 4QO 3 (WHKWU %CNGPWU WPF 2 /WEKWU 5ECGXQNC %QTFWU  I  
-ÌRHG FGT *QPQU WPF FGT 8KTVWU T+VCNKC WPF 4QOC TGKEJGP UKEJ FKG *CPF $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPI#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT%GPUWUFGU,CJTGUX%JTUQNNVG+VCNKGPWPF4QOXGTUÌJPGP

628 629

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X%JT4QO68GVVKWU5CDKPWUI-QRHFGU-ÌPKIU6CVKWUT0WOCKP
TKEJVGTNKEJGT(WPMVKQPKP$KICNFCJKPVGTJTG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%4<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KG&CVKGTWPIKUVPKEJVIGUKEJGTVPCEJ*GTUJ9CNMGTYWTFGFCU5VÒEMOÌINKEJGTYGKUGCWEJX%JTIGRT·IV9KT


JCNVGP CNNGTFKPIU GKPG 2T·IWPI KO ,CJTG  X %JT HÒT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJGT UKGJG JKGT\W CWEJ *QNNUVGKP 9 &KG  
UVCFVTÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGT ,CJTG  X %JT \YKUEJGP RQNKVKUEJGT #MVWCNKV·V WPF (COKNKGPVJGOCVKM  
/ÒPEJGP5#PO 
&GT UCDKPKUEJG -ÌPKI 6CVKWU HÒJTVG FGT .GIGPFG PCEJ -TKGI OKV 4QO UEJNQ­ FCPP CDGT GKP $ÒPFPKU OKV 4QOWNWU  


WPFJGTTUEJVGIGOGKPUCOOKVKJO&GT/ÒP\OGKUVGTITGKHVYGIGPUGKPGTUCDKPKUEJGP#DUVCOOWPICWHKJP\WTÒEM

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / 2NCGVQTKWU %GUVKCPWU  I 9GKDNKEJG $ÒUVG T FCJKPVGT .QTDGGT  
\YGKI%CFWEGWU$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[F )TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

105
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

630
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%*QUKFKWU)GVCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT&KCPCTOKV&KCFGOÒDGT
FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT'DGT T XQPGKPGO5RGGTXGTYWPFGVWPFXQPGKPGO*WPFCVVCEMKGTV
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIRGTHGMV\GPVTKGTVIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

631 632
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%*QUKFKWU)GVCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT&KCPCTOKV&KCFGOÒDGT
FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT'DGT T XQPGKPGO5RGGTXGTYWPFGVWPFXQPGKPGO*WPFCVVCEMKGTV
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO  % %CNRWTPKWU 2KUQ  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT  
5EJNCPIGWO%CFWEGWUIGYWPFGP4GKVGTTOKV2GKVUEJG$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FG
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

633 634
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO % %CNRWTPKWU 2KUQ  I #RQNNQMQRH T FCJKPVGT +++ 4GKVGT T OKV  
2CNO\YGKIWPVGP&GNRJKPT$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[FN 8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/2NCGVQTKWU%GUVKCPWUI+UKUDÒUVG
! TOKV#VVTKDWVGPXGTUEJKGFG
PGT)QVVJGKVGP#FNGTCWH$NKV\T-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

635 636
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC  I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV &KCFGO*GTEWNGU  
/WUCTWOKO.ÌYGPHGNNTOKV.[TCWPF-GWNG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
44GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T 
&GT 6GORGN FGU *GTEWNGU /WUCTWO YWTFG WO  X %JT XQP / (WNXKWU 0QDKNKQT CWH FGO 5ÒFVGKN FGU  


/CTUHGNFGU GTTKEJVGV (WNXKWU JCVVG PCEJ UGKPGO 5KGI ÒDGT FKG #GVQNKGT 5VCVWGP FGT /WUGP CWU )TKGEJGPNCPF PCEJ  
4QOIGDTCEJV
2NKPKWU0* 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT$WEJTQNNG-NKQUVGJV
NOKV$WEJTQNNGCWH5·WNGIGUVÒV\V$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T 
-NKQYCTFKG/WUGFGT)GUEJKEJVUUEJTGKDWPI


106
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

637 638
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT\YGKIGMTGW\VG(NÌ
VGP'WVGTRGUVGJVTCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV\YGK(NÌVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'WVGTRGYCTFKG/WUGFGTN[TKUEJGP&KEJVWPIWPFFGU(NÌVGPURKGNU

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT\YGKIGMTGW\VG(NÌ
VGP'WVGTRGUVGJVTCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV\YGK(NÌVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
45GJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

639
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC  I #RQNNQMQRH T FCJKPVGT 5EJKNF  
MTÌVG6GTRUKEJQTGUVGJVTOKV.[TCWPF2NGEVTWO$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FC 
42WP\GCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
6GTRUKEJQTGYCTFKG/WUGFGU6CP\GUWPFFGT%JQTN[TKM

640 641
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT5VGTP7TCPKCUVGJVN
WPF\GKIVOKVGKPGO5VCDCWHGKPGP)NQDWUFGTCWHGKPGO&TGKHW­TWJV$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 45GJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
7TCPKCYCTFKG5VGTP/WUGUQYQJNFKG#UVTQPQOKGYKGFKG#UVTQNQIKGUEJÒV\GPF
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT5CPFCNG6JCNKCUVGJVN
OKV/CUMG$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F 
4(GKPG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T/G[GT%QNQPKGPUKU#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T 
6JCNKCYCTFKG/WUGFGT-QOÌFKG


642
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CPNKWU6QTSWCVWUI+P.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGT5KD[NNGTOKV
'HGWMTCP\&TGKHW­FCTCWH#ORJQTC\YKUEJGP5VGTPGP$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FC
48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KG &CTUVGNNWPI CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV FC­ . /CPNKWU 6QTSWCVWU FGO -QNNGIKWO FGT 3WKPFGEKOXKTK  


UCETKUHCEKWPFKUCPIGJÌTVG

643

 Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X%JT4QO.4QUEKWU(CDCVWUI-QRHFGT,WPQ5QURKVCTKO<KGIGP
HGNN/·FEJGPUVGJVTFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%p%TCYH
$GK\ 5[F 
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
#PN·­NKEJFGUL·JTNKEJYKGFGTMGJTGPFGP(GUVGUFGT,WPQ5QURKVCKP.CPWXKWOOW­VGGKPG,WPIHTCWFKGKO-GNNGTFGU
6GORGNU NGDGPFG 5EJNCPIG HÒVVGTP 9GPP FCU /·FEJGP MGWUEJ YCT DNKGD GU FCDGK WPXGTUGJTV CPUQPUVGP YWTFG GU  
XQPFGT5EJNCPIGIGVÌVGV

107
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

644
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . (WTKWU $TQEEJWU  I %GTGUMQRH T \YKUEJGP JTG WPF  
-QTP%WTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\WDGKFGP5GKVGP(CUEGU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT6[RDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFKGEWTCCPPQPCGWOFKGUKEJFKGFKNG\WMÒOOGTPJCVVGP

645 646

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . (WTKWU $TQEEJWU  I %GTGUMQRH T \YKUEJGP JTG WPF  
-QTP%WTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\WDGKFGP5GKVGP(CUEGU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
(GKPG2CVKPCJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU2CWNNWUI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHFGT%QPEQTFKC
OKV &KCFGO T6TQRJ·G 2GTUGWU UVGJV OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP 5ÌJPGP T #GOKNKWU 2CWNNWU UVGJV N QDGP  
6'4$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG/ÒP\GHGKGTVFGP6TKWORJFGTGKPGO8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTU.#GOKNKWU2CWNNWU/CEGFQPKEWUKO,CJT
X%JTPCEJFGO5KGIDGK2[FPCÒDGT2GTUGWUXQP/CMGFQPKGP\WVGKNYWTFG

647 648

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU2CWNNWUI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHFGT%QPEQTFKC
OKV &KCFGO T6TQRJ·G 2GTUGWU UVGJV OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP 5ÌJPGP T #GOKNKWU 2CWNNWU UVGJV N QDGP  
6'4$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWO OKV )KTNCPFGP WPF \YGK .[TGP IGUEJOÒEMV CP FGT $CUKU *COOGT $CD  XCT $/%   
%TCYHC5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&CU2WVGCNUVGJVCWHFGO(QTWO4QOCPWO 
$QPWU 'XGPVWU YCT WTURTÒPINKEJ GKP )QVV FGU #EMGTDCWU YCPFGNVG UKEJ LGFQEJ \W GKPGO )QVV FGU INÒEMNKEJGP  


#WUICPIU +P IGPCW FKGUGT (WPMVKQP XGTYGKUV FGT )QVV CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM CWH GKP ICP\ CMVWGNNGU 'TGKIPKU &CU  
GPFIÒNVKIG'PFGFGT%CVKNKPCTKUEJGP8GTUEJYÌTWPI%CVKNKPCYCTKO,CPWCTX%JTKPFGT5EJNCEJVXQP2KUVQTKC
IGHCNNGP 
5KGJGJKGT\W*QNNUVGKP9&KGUVCFVTÌOKUEJG/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTGX%JT\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·V


WPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5H

649 650

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWO OKV )KTNCPFGP WPF \YGK .[TGP IGUEJOÒEMV CP FGT $CUKU *COOGT $CD  XCT $/%   
%TCYHC5[F -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWOOKV)KTNCPFGPWPF\YGK.[TGPIGUEJOÒEMVCPFGT$CUKU<CPIG$CD$/%%TCYHD
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

108
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

651 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWUI(TCWGPMQRHTOKV&KCFGO4GKVGTOKV6TQ
RJ·GT$CDXCT$/%%TCYHC5[F 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVFCU5VCPFDKNFFGU/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU-QPUWNKO,CJTX%JT


652 653
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWUI(TCWGPMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF.QDGGTMTCP\
N2CNO\YGKI4GKVGTOKV6TQRJ·GT$CD$/%%TCYHE5[FC 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / 0QPKWU 5WHGPCU  I -QRH FGU 5CVWTP T FCJKPVGT *CTRC WPF  
MQPKUEJGU 1DLGMV4QOC UKV\V N OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJYGTV XQP 8KEVQTKC DGMT·P\V $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVGP7OUEJTKHV NCWVGV 5':VWU 010+WU 24CGVQT .WFQU 8KEVQTKCG 2TKOWU (GEKV WPF DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG  
'KPHÒJTWPI FGT .WFK 8KEVQTKCG PCEJ 5WNNCU 5KGICO%QNKPKUEJGP6QTX%JT&GT5VGKPCWHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGYCT
XGTOWVNKEJFGTLGPKIGFGPOCP5CVWTPCP5VGNNGXQP<GWUWPVGTUEJQD'TYWTFGKP&GNRJKIG\GKIVWPFXGTGJTV

654
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2NCWVKWU *[RUCGWU  I $ÒUVG FGT .GWEQPQG T FCJKPVGT &GN  
RJKP,WRKVGTKP3WCFTKICN$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
*GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
.GWEQPQG FKG 6QEJVGT 0GRVWPU WPF FGT VJGUUCNKUEJGP 'TFIÌVVKP 6JGOKUVQ IKNV CNU IÌVVNKEJG #JPJGTTKP FGU  
/ÒP\OGKUVGTU
XGTIN*[IKPWUHCDWNCG &KG4ÒEMUGKVGDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFKG'TQDGTWPIXQP2TKXGTPWOFWTEJFGP
-QPUWNFGU,CJTGUX%JTGKPGPFGT8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTU

655 656
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2NCWVKWU *[RUCGWU  I $ÒUVG FGT .GWEQPQG T FCJKPVGT &GN  
RJKP,WRKVGTKP3WCFTKICN$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . /CTEKWU 2JKNKRRWU  I -QRH FGU #PEWU /CTEKWU T OKV &KCFGO  
FCJKPVGT .KVWWU4GKVGTUVCVWG T CWH #SW·FWMV CWU FGO GKPG $NWOG Y·EJUV $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5[F *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

6KVGNUVÒEM  
3/CTEKWU4GZFGTFWTEJFCU5VCPFDKNFIGGJTVYWTFGXQNNGPFGVGFKG9CUUGTNGKVWPI#SWC/CTEKCFKG\WO-CRKVQN


HÒJTVG

109
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

657
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&KCPCDÒUVGTFCJKPVGT.KVWWU5WNNCUKV\VN
\YKUEJGPMPKGGPFGO$QEEJWUOKV1NKXGP\YGKIWPFIGHGUUGNVGO,WIWTVJC$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGPU\GPGFGT7PVGTYGTHWPI,WIWTVJCUYCTCWH5WNNCU5KGIGNTKPIFCTIGUVGNNV

658 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU*GTEWNGUTOKV&KC
FGO&KCPCKP$KICTFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPGFCTWPVGT\YGK5VGTPG$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T 
&GT/ÒP\OGKUVGTYCTFGT5QJPFGU&KMVCVQTU5WNNCWPFFGT5EJYKGIGTUQJPFGU2QORGKWU\WFGUUGP.GICVGPGTDGK


UGKPGO (GNF\WI KO ÌUVNKEJGP /KVVGNOGGT IGJÌTVG &GT -QRH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UKGJV PKEJV WPDGFKPIV FGP DGMCPPVGP  
*GTEWNGUFCTUVGNNWPIGP ·JPNKEJ WPF GU JCDGP XGTUEJKGFGPG (QTUEJGT FCTCP IGFCEJV KP KJO FCU 2QTVT·V FGU $QEEJWU  
\WUGJGPFGTUKEJFGO8CVGTFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUCPUEJNQ­WPFKJO,WIJWTVCCWUNKGHGTVG#WEJCPFKGUGPJCVOCP
UEJQP IGFCEJV DG\ÒINKEJ FGU &CTIGUVGNNVGP .[FKC * .GPCIJCP  KP #05/0 :+  R  HH URTKEJV UKEJ HÒT  
*GTCMNGU/GNSCTVCWUXQPFGT'ZKUVGP\FKGUGU)QVVGUJCVVGFGT/ÒP\OGKUVGTCWHFGO(GNF\WIKO1UVGPX%JT
GTHCJTGP

659 660

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV&KCFGO
ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT&TGK 6TQRJ·GP \YKUEJGP %CRKU WPF .KVWWU $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KGFTGK6TQRJ·GPCWHFGO4GXGTUGPVURTGEJGPFGT&CTUVGNNWPICWHFGO5KGIGNTKPIFGU2QORGKWU
UKGJG&KQ:.+++ 


 Õ&GPCT X%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI*GTEWNGUMQRHTKO.ÌYGPHGNN)NQDWU


WOIGDGP XQP FTGK MNGKPGP -T·P\GP WPF GKPGO ITQ­GP -TCP\ N #RJNCUVQP T JTG $CD   
$/%%TCYHD5[F 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGFTGKMNGKPGP-T·P\GCWHFGT4ÒEMUGKVGTGRT·UGPVKGTGPFKGFTGK6TKWORJGFGU2QORGKWUFGTITQ­G-TCP\UVGNNVFKG
EQTQPC CWTGC FCT FKG 2QORGKWU  X %JT XGTNKGJGP YQTFGP YCT #WEJ *GTEWNGU KUV GKP RQORGKCPKUEJGU 5[ODQN  
OCPFGPMGPWTCPFKG2CTQNGDGK2JCTUCNQU*GTEWNGUKPXKEVWU

661 662

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%/GOOKWUI%GTGUMQRHT)GHCPIGPGTMPKGVTFCJKPVGT6TQRJ·G
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
&GT/ÒP\OGKUVGTYCTFGT5EJYKGIGTUQJP5WNNCUGTYCT2TQRT·VQTKP$KVJ[PKGP

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%/GOOKWUI3WKTKPWUMQRHT%GTGUUKV\VTOKV(CEMGNWPFJ
TGPFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5VCEM U4QUGOQPV#RTKN0T 

110
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

663
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU  I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 8GUVCDÒUVG T8GUVCVGORGN  
FCTKPMWTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\YKUEJGP5VKOOWTPGWPF5VKOOVCHGNOKV#%$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK0GY;QTM0T 
#WHFGP5VKOOVCHGNPUVGJV#
DUQNXQ WPF%
QPFGOPQ &KGUDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFGP2TQ\G­KO,CJTX%JTIGIGP


FKG8GUVCNKPPGPXQTFGO)GUEJYQTGPGPIGTKEJVWPVGT.GKVWPIFGU.%CUUKWU.QPIKPWU4CXKNNC5KGJG*QNNUVGKP9
&KG UVCFVTÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGT ,CJTG  X %JT \YKUEJGP RQNKVKUEJGT #MVWCNKV·V WPF (COKNKGPVJGOCVKM  
/ÒPEJGP5H

664 665
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO3%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUI-QRHFGU)GPKWU2QRWNK4QOCPKTFCJKPVGT
<GRVGT#FNGTUVGJVTCWH$NKV\N.KVWWUT-CPPG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
#FNGT WPF $NKV\ CWH FGO 4GXGTU UKPF 5[ODQNG ,WRKVGTU FGU 6TKWORJ WPF 5KGIGUIQVVGU WPF TWHGP CNU UQNEJG FKG  


OKNKV·TKUEJGP'THQNIGFGU2QORGKWUFGUCOVKGTGPFGP-QPUWNUKP'TKPPGTWPI5KGJG*QNNUVGKP9&KGUVCFVTÌOKUEJG
/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTG\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·VWPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5H

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO3%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUI-QRHFGU)GPKWU2QRWNK4QOCPKTFCJKPVGT
<GRVGT#FNGTUVGJVTCWH$NKV\N.KVWWUT-CPPG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

666 667
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2(QPVGKWU%CRKVQI/CTUDÒUVGTOKV*GNOWPF6TQRJ·G4GKVGTT
M·ORHV)CNNKGTPKGFGTFGTKO$GITKHHKUVGKPGPTÌOKUEJGP5QNFCVGP\WGTUEJNCIGPT*GNOWPF5EJKNF
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGUVGNNVGKPG*GNFGPVCVFGU/(QPVGKWUGKPGU8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUCNU5VCVVJCNVGTKPFGT)CNNKC
0CTDQPGPUKUFCT
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU%TCUUWU/HI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\ WPF &KCFGO9GKDNKEJG (KIWT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF J·NV 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN \W KJTGP (Ò­GP  
2CP\GTWPF5EJKNF$CD$/%%TCYH5[F .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
2 .KEKPKWU %TCUUWU KUV FGT LÒPIGTG 5QJP FGU 6TKWOXKTP /CTEWU .KEKPKWU %TCUUWU +O ,CJTG  X %JT YCTGP  


%TCUUWUWPF2QORGKWU-QPUWNP

668 669
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU%TCUUWU/HI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\ WPF &KCFGO9GKDNKEJG (KIWT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF J·NV 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN \W KJTGP (Ò­GP  
2CP\GTWPF5EJKNF$CD$/%%TCYH5[F .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/,WPKWU$TWVWUI.KDGTVCUDÒUVGT&GT-QPUWN.,WPKWU$TWVWU
IGJV\YKUEJGP\YGK.KMVQTGPNFCXQT#EEGPUWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
3%CGRKWU$TWVWUUGKVUGKPGT#FQRVKQP/,WPKWU$TWVWUYCTGKPGTFGTUR·VGTGP%CGUCTOÌTFGTWPFDGIGIPGV&CPVG
CNUUQNEJGTCWHUGKPGO9GIFWTEJFKG*ÌNNG&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVFGP8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUFGTX%JT
FGT6TCFKVKQPPCEJFGPNGV\VGP-ÌPKI6CTSWKPKWU5WRGTDWUCWU4QOXGTVTKGDWPFFCOKVFKG4GRWDNKMDGITÒPFGVG&KG
4ÒEMUGKVGKUVFCU8QTDKNFHÒTFKG)QNFUVCVGTGFGU-QUQP

111
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

1,5:1 670 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU  I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %  
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KUV FGT UR·VGTG %CGUCTOÌTFGT 'T \GKIV JKGT FWTEJ FKG $KNFGT \YGKGT 8QTHCJTGP UGKPG UVTGPI  
TGRWDNKMCPKUEJG)GUKPPWPI\WOGKPGP.,WPKWU$TWVWUFGTFKGVCTSWKPKUEJGP-ÌPKIGXGTVTKGDWPF\WOCPFGTGP%
5GTXKNKWU #JCNC FGT FGP 5VCCV XQT 5RWTKWU /CGNKWU TGVVGVG -QPMTGV TKEJVGV UKEJ FKG /ÒP\RTQRCICPFC IGIGP  
2QORGKWU

671 672
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU  I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %  
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
#XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU  I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %  
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌP 

673
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO35KEKPKWUI(QTVWPCMQRHTOKV&KCFGO%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKI
ÒDGT-TGW\QDGP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
&GT/ÒP\OGKUVGTIKPIPQEJKOUGNDGP,CJTOKV2QORGKWUKPFGP1UVGP

674 675 676

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO35KEKPKWUI(QTVWPCMQRHTOKV&KCFGO%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKI
ÒDGT-TGW\QDGP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO /P #EKNKWU  I 5CNWUMQRH T8CNGVWFQ UVGJV N OKV 5EJNCPIG CWH  
5·WNGIGUVÒV\V$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
5CNWU WPF 8CNGVWFQ UVGJGP HÒT FKG IWVG )GUWPFJGKV &GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT YKNN FCOKV \WO #WUFTWEM DTKPIGP FC­ FGT  


IGPU#EKNKCFGP8GTFKGPUVFGT'KPHÒJTWPICPUV·PFKIGTOGFK\KPKUEJGT8GTUQTIWPIKP4QO\WMQOOV+O,CJTGX
%JT JCVVG FGT ITKGEJKUEJG #T\V #TEJCICVJWU CP GKPGT PCEJ FGT IGPU #EKNKC DGPCPPVGP 5VTC­GPMTGW\WPI GKPG 2TCZKU  
GKPIGTKEJVGV
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.*QUVKNKWU5CUGTPCI8GPWUDÒUVGT8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV6TQRJ·G
WPF%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

112
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

1,5:1 677 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO  . *QUVKNKWU 5CUGTPC  I -QRH GKPGU ICNNKUEJGP -TKGIGTU
YQJN FGU  
8GTEKPIGVQTKZ T)CNNKUEJGT-TKGIGTUVGJVNOKV5EJKNFWPF5RGGTKPTHCJTGPFGO5VTGKVYCIGP$CD
$/%%TCYHC5[F 44(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI.GQ$GP\#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
8GTEKPIGVQTKZYCTFGT(ÒJTGTFGUITQ­GP)CNNKGTCWHUVCPFGUIGIGP%CGUCTKO,CJTGX%JT0CEJFGO(CNN#NGUKCU


OW­VG8GTEKPIGVQTKZUKEJGTIGDGP&KGDGTÒJOVGENGOGPVKC%CGUCTKUYWTFGKJOPKEJV\WVGKNPCEJUGEJU,CJTGP*CHV
YWTFG GT KO 6WNNKCPWO JKPIGTKEJVGV &GT 4GXGTU \GKIV GKPGP ICNNKUEJGP 5VTGKVYCIGP
'UUGFWO  OKV 9CIGPM·ORHGT  

'UUGFCTKWU WPF.GPMGT
#WTKIC &KG5VTGKVYCIGPYWTFGPXQTCNNGOIGIGPFKG-CXCNNGTKGGKPIGUGV\V

678 679

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.*QUVKNKWU5CUGTPCI-QRHFGT)CNNKCTFCJKPVGT%CTP[Z#TVGOKU
UVGJVXXOKV5RGGTNURTKPIV*KTUEJN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI.GQ$GP\#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
<WT&GWVWPIFGT#XGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5#PO

680 681

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

682 683

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGTFCJKPVGT2GFWO,WRKVGT#ZWTWU
UKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGTFCJKPVGT2GFWO,WRKVGT#ZWTWU
UKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

684 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI$CEEJWUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\%GTGUIGJVTOKV
\YGK(CEMGNPFCXQT2HNWI$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

113
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

685 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H  I 2KGVCUMQRH T<YGK *·PFG  
JCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
&GT /ÒP\OGKUVGT KUV GKPGT FGT UR·VGTGP %CGUCTOÌTFGT &KG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU U[ODQ  
NKUKGTVFKGENGOGPVKC%CGUCTKU

1,5:1
686 686
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H  I -QRH FGU %QPUWNU #WNWU  
2QUVWOKWU#NDKPWUT5EJTKHVKP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYHD5[FC 
4(GKPG6ÌPWPI2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

687 688
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 2CPUC WPF & +WPKWU $TWVWU #NDKPWU  I 5KNGPUOCUMG  
T<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
)TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTU2T·IGUEJY·EJGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 2CPUC WPF & +WPKWU $TWVWU #NDKPWU  I 5KNGPUOCUMG  
T<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

689 690

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU   I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF  
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
4-N2WP\GCWHFGO#XGTU4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
&CU$KNFFGU4GXGTUGUMQRKGTVGKP)GO·NFGFGU0KMQOCEJQUYGNEJGUUKEJ\WO<GKVRWPMVFGT2T·IWPIFGU5VÒEMGU
KO $GUKV\ FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU DGHCPF &GT $TWFGT FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU /WPCVKWU 2NCPEWU IGNCPIVG PCEJ FGT  
'TOQTFWPIFGU2NCWVKWUX%JTKPFGP$GUKV\FGU)GO·NFGUWPFYGKJVGGUFGO,WRKVGT
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU   I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF  
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

691 692

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU   I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF  
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU   I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF  
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

114
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK

693 694
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU  I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF  
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHE5[FD 
42T·IGUEJY·EJGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO#.KEKPKWU0GTXCI(KFGUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTUEJNGKHV
)GHCPIGPGPJKPVGTUKEJJGT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1,5:1 695 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.QNNKWU2CNKMCPWUI-QRHFGT.KDGTVCUT4QUVTCFCTCWH5WDUGNNKWO
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

696
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%%NQFKWU8GUVCNKUI(NQTCMQRHTFCJKPVGT.KNKGPDNÒVG8GUVCUKV\V
NOKV%WNNWNWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH


697 698
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2%NQFKWU6WTTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT.[TC&KCPC.WEKHGTC
OKV\YGK(CEMGNPUVGJVXX$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU  I -QRH FGU 2TCGVQTU . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU  
T/QFKWU\YKUEJGP\YGKJTGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 445GJTUEJÌP 
&CU 2QTVT·V \GKIV FGP 8CVGT FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG -QTPXGTVGKNWPI FKG FKGUGT  
FWTEJ\WHÒJTGPJCVVG

699
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUX%JT4QO%8KDKWU8CTWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8GPWUUVGJVN
WPFDGVTCEJVGVUKEJKPGKPGO5RKGIGNFCJKPVGT5·WNG$CD$/%%CNKEQC%TCYH
5[F 449KP\5VGORGNDTWEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
&CXKF5GCTDG\KGJVUQYQJNFGP#RQNNQMQRHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGCNUCWEJFKG8GPWUFGU4GXGTUGUCWHFCU)GUEJNGEJVFGT


,WNKGT &GT #WTGWU GTKPPGTV CNUQ CP FGP GTOQTFGVGP %CGUCT YCU UKEJGTNKEJ KP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO -CORH FGT  
6TKWOXKTPIGIGPFKG%CGUCTOÌTFGTUVGJV

115
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

700

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU8CTWUI$CEEJWUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\2CPVJGTURTKPIVN
CP#NVCTCPFGO6J[TUWUNGJPV$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KGUG/ÒP\G\GKIVCWHDGKFGP5GKVGPFKQP[UKUEJG$G\ÒIGXGTOWVNKEJGKP*KPYGKUCWHFKG(COKNKGPVTCFKVKQP


701 701
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 8CTWU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /KPGTXC T OKV  
*GNO*GTEWNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

702

1,5:1 1,5:1

+/2'4#614+5%*'24)70)'0
 %P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OCKQT Ŏ  X %JT Õ&GPCT  X %JT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG 3  
5KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV&KCFGOFCTWPVGT5VGTP-GWNGFCTÒDGT.ÌYGPHGNN
N2HGKNT$QIGP$CD$/%%TCYHC5GCT5[F 
9KP\2WP\GCWHFGO#XGTUFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

703 704

 Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG35KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHT
OKV &KCFGO FCTWPVGT 5VGTP-GWNG FCTÒDGT .ÌYGPHGNN N 2HGKN T $QIGP $CD  $/%   
%TCYHC5GCT5[F (GKPG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT  1UPCDTÒEM  0T  WPF FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT  
1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG35KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHT
OKV &KCFGO FCTWPVGT 5VGTP-GWNG FCTÒDGT .ÌYGPHGNN N 2HGKN T $QIGP $CD  $/%   
%TCYHC5GCT5[F -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

116
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

705

2:1 2:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT %QTE[TC


!  %P %CNRWTPKWU 2KUQ  I -QRH FGU 0WOC 2QORKNKWU T OKV  
&KCFGO2TQTCT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
4(CUVUVGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TVGOKFG#UVG5CP/CTKPQ0T
6KVGNUVÒEM  
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH&KGIGPU%CNRWTPKCHÒJTVG


KJTGP 7TURTWPI CWH %CNRWU GKPGP 5QJP FGU 0WOC 2QORKNKWU \WTÒEM &CJGT HKPFGV UKEJ 0WOC 2QORKNKWU CWH FGO  
#XGTUFGU5VÒEMGU

706

1,5:1 1,5:1

 %P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OKPQT Ŏ  X %JT Õ&GPCT  X %JT %QTFWDC /CTEWU 2QDNKEKWU  
 I -QRH FGU LWIGPFNKEJGP /CTU T OKV *GNO*KURCPKC WPF 2QORGKWU JCNVGP <YGKI $CD   
$/%%TCYHG5GCTC5[FC (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&GT4GXGTUFGU5VÒEMGUDTKPIV\WO#WUFTWEMFC­FKG5[OOCEJKG\YKUEJGP5RCPKGPWPFFGO2QORGKCPGTJGGT\WO


5KGIHÒJTGPYKTF 
<WT#XGTUWPF4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH


707 708

1,5:1

 3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ Ŏ  X %JT Õ&GPCT  X %JT CHTKMCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  
I,WRKVGTMQRHT'NGHCPVT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T 
0CEJ 2JCTUCNQU UCOOGNVG UKEJ GKP ITQ­GT 6GKN FGT 2QORGKCPGT WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP 3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU  


7PUGTG /ÒP\G KUV FCU 2TQFWMV FGT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG &GT CTEJCKUEJG ,WRKVGTMQRH DGIGIPGV CWEJ CWH GKPGO #WTGWU  

7PKMWO KP 2CTKU  WPF GKPGO &GPCT
%TCYH   YQ GT FWTEJ GKPGP #FNGTMQRH CNU $GK\GKEJGP GKPFGWVKI  
KFGPVKHK\KGTVKUV

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU  I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP  
VGPUMCNRTFCXQTJTGFCTWPVGT2HNWI*GTEWNGUUVGJVXXOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$CD$/%
%TCYH5GCT5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ YCT FGT -QOOCPFGWT FGT 2QORGKCPGT KP #HTKMC 'T ÒDGTNGDVG FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK  
6JCRUWUWPFY·JNVGDCNFFCTCWHKP*KRRQ4GIKWUFGP(TGKVQF/CTEWU'RRKWUNKG­FKGUGU5VÒEMYQJNCNUNGICVWUHKUEK
ECUVTGPUKURT·IGP

117
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

709
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU  I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP  
VGPUMCNR T FCXQT JTG FCTWPVGT 2HNWI*GTEWNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $CD   
$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ YCT FGT -QOOCPFGWT FGT 2QORGKCPGT KP #HTKMC 'T ÒDGTNGDVG FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK  
6JCRUWUWPFY·JNVGDCNFFCTCWHKP*KRRQ4GIKWUFGP(TGKVQF/CTEWU'RRKWUNKG­FKGUGU5VÒEMYQJNCNUNGICVWUHKUEK
ECUVTGPUKURT·IGP

710 711

 % ,WNKWU %CGUCT Ŏ  X %JT Õ&GPCT  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG  I 'NGHCPV T  
2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
<WT&CVKGTWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH 
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV %CGUCTU #OV CNU 2QPVKHGZ OCZKOWU CP FKG GKP\KIG QHHK\KGNNG 5VGNNWPI FKG GT \W $GIKPP FGU  


$ÒTIGTMTKGIGUDGMNGKFGVG
 Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI8GPWUMQRHT#GPGCUNVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
#PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO
CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC  $CD  $/%  %TCYH  5GCT   
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH 
%CGUCT UVGNNVG KP UGKPGT 2TQRCICPFC KOOGT YKGFGT UGKPG #DUVCOOWPI XQP FGP CWH FKGUGT /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNVGP  


O[VJKUEJGP 8QTHCJTGP JGTCWU #UECPKWU+WNWU FGT 5QJP FGU #GPGCU IKNV CNU 5VCOOXCVGT FGT ,WNKGT #GPGCU  
YKGFGTWOUVCOOVGXQP8GPWUCD*KGTXGTDKPFGVUKEJFKG)TÒPFWPIUUCIG4QOUU[ODQNKUKGTVFWTEJFCU2CNNCFKWO
OKVFGO7TURTWPIFGTIGPU+WNKC

712 713
 Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI8GPWUMQRHT#GPGCUNVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
#PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO
CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC  $CD  $/%  %TCYH  5GCT   
5[F #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ&GPCT  X %JT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I -QRH FGT 8GPWU )GPGVTKZ T FCJKPVGT  
%WRKFQ6TQRJ·G FCTWPVGT \YGK ICNNKUEJG )GHCPIGPG $CD  $/%  %TCYH  5GCT   
5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIMPCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KGUGU 5VÒEM YWTFG \WT $G\CJNWPI FGT 8GVGTCPGP %CGUCTU Y·JTGPF FGU -CORHGU IGIGP FKG 2QORGKCPGTKP5RCPKGP
IGRT·IV &KG )GHCPIGPGP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UKPF GKPG VTCWGTPFG (TCW WPF GKP IGHGUUGNVGT /CPP FGUUGP -QRH FGO  
6[RFGU8GTEKPIGVQTKZGPVURTKEJV

714

2:1 2:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO//GVVKWUI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\FCJKPVGT.KVWWUWPF%W
NWNNWU8GPWU UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT CP GKPGP CWH GKPGO )NQDWU UVGJGPFGP 5EJKNF IGNGJPV  
$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$TWWP4CUOWUUGP-QRGPJCIGP0T 
/GVVKWU HÒJTV CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM FKG 8GTYGPFWPI XQP -QPVTQNNDWEJUVCDGP PGW GKP FKG UGKV NCPIGO PKEJV OGJT  


XGTYGPFGVYQTFGPYCTGP

118
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

715 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO//GVVKWUI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQ
TKC<GRVGTWPF5EJKNFCWH)NQDWU$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
42T·EJVKIGU2QTVT·VHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'U KUV WOUVTKVVGP QD FKGUGT &GPCT XQT QFGT PCEJ %CGUCTU 'TOQTFWPI IGRT·IV YQTFGP KUV 5KEJGT KUV FC­ FKGUG  
/ÒP\GP WPVGT JCTVGO <GKVFTWEM KP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG GPVUVCPFGP UKPF /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YWTFGP FKGUG /ÒP\GP HÒT FGP  
IGRNCPVGP2CTVJGTMTKGI%CGUCTUIGRT·IVFCPPY·TGPUKGPCVÒTNKEJPQEJ\WUGKPGP.GD\GKVGPIGRT·IVYQTFGP

1,5:1 716 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.$WECI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF
<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

717 718 719

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.$WECI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP-ÌNPGT/ÒP\MCDKPGVV-ÌNP0T
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO25GRWNNKWU/CEGTI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV
8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGTOKV5VGTP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCTD5[F 
4'VYCU$GNCIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.(NCOKPKWU%JKNQI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWU
OKV(GNK
EKVCUCURGMV UVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
4GRCTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
<W &CVKGTWPI WPF 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI UKGJG 9Q[VGM $ #TOC GV 0WOOK 9KGP  5  HH &CU JGTTNKEJG  
KFGCNKUKGTVG2QTVT·VCWHFGO#XGTUUQNNXGTOWVNKEJFKG)ÌVVNKEJMGKV%CGUCTUWPFFCOKVFGP*GTTUEJCHVUCPURTWEJUGKPGU
#FQRVKXUQJPGU 1EVCXKCPWU WPVGTUVTGKEJGP Y·JTGPF FGT 4GXGTU OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 8GPWU CWH FKG IÌVVNKEJG  
#DUVCOOWPIFGTIGPU+WNKCXGTYGKUV

720 1,5:1
1,5:1

 / +WPKWU $TWVWU Õ&GPCT  X %JT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG . 5GUVKWU 3WKTKPCNKU  I  
.KDGTVCUMQRH T OKV 5EJNGKGT&TGKHW­ \YKUEJGP #ZV WPF 5KORWNWO $CD  $/%  %TCYH   
5GCT5[F 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
.5GUVKWU3WKTKPCNKUNKGHUR·VGT\W#WIWUVWUÒDGTWPFYWTFGX%JT%QPUWNUWHHGEVWU9·JTGPFUGKPGT<GKVKO


*GGTFGU$TWVWUFÒTHVGGTUKEJOKV*QTC\CPIGHTGWPFGVJCDGPFGTKJOGKPGUGKPGT1FGP
%CTOGP YKFOGVG

119
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

721
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG%(NCXKWU*GOKE
 I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU
#RQNNQTFCXQT.[TC8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKIFCXQT6TQRJ·G$CD$/%
%TCYH5GCT5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

722 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP -NGKPCUKGP QFGT 0QTFITKGEJGPNCPF .GICV 2GFCPKWU %QUVC  
 I .')%156# #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+/2$48685 6TQRJ·G $CD  $/%   
%TCYH5GCT5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
2GFCPKWU%QUVCYCTGKPGTFGT.GICVGPFGU$TWVWUKO-CORHIGIGPFKG6TKWOXKTP

723
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP -NGKPCUKGP QFGT 0QTFITKGEJGPNCPF 2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC  
.QPIWUI0GRVWPMQRHTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT&TGK\CEM8KEVQTKCUVGJTTCWHIGDTQEJGPGO<GRVGT
OKV2CNO\YGKIWPFFWTEJVTGPPVGO&KCFGO$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV(GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC .QPIWU YCT GKPGT FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT GT HÒJTVG FGP GTUVGP &QNEJUVQ­ &GT 0GRVWPMQRH CWH  
FGO#XGTUURKGNVCWHFKGOKNKV·TKUEJGP'THQNIGFGU%CUUKWUWPFFKGªDGTNGIGPJGKVFGT%CGUCTOÌTFGT\WT5GGCP&GT
4GXGTU \GKIV FKG <KGNG FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT /KV KJTGO 5KGI
XGTMÌTRGTV FWTEJ FKG 8KEVQTKC  YKTF FKG $GUVTGDWPI \WT  
'TTKEJVWPI GKPGT -ÌPKIUJGTTUEJCHV \WPKEJVG IGOCEJV
U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FCU \GTDTQEJGPG <GRVGT WPF FCU FWTEJ  
VTGPPVG&KCFGO WPFFKG4GRWDNKMYKGFGTJGTIGUVGNNV

724
 %%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUÕ&GPCTX%JT5O[TPC
! 2%QTPGNKWU.GPVWNWU5RKPVJGTI.K
DGTVCUMQRHTOKV&KCFGO-CPPGWPF.KVWWU$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
5RKPVJGT YCT  X %JT KP FCU -QNNGIKWO FGT #WIWTGP IGY·JNV YQTFGP WPF XGTYGKUV FWTEJ FKG 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG CWH  
FGO4GXGTUCWHUGKP#OV

725 1,5:1
1,5:1

 5GZVWU2QORGKWUŎX%JTÕ&GPCTX%JTUK\KNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG30CUKFKWUI
-QRH FGU 2QORGKWU /CIPWU T FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP T FCXQT &TGK\CEM)CNGGTG T KO (GNF N 5VGTP  
$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 42T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ 
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH

120
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

726

2:1 2:1

 /CTEWU #PVQPKWU Ŏ  X %JT Õ&GPCT  X %JT #VJGP / +WPKWU 5KNCPWU  I -QRH  
T5EJTKHVKP\YGK<GKNGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0QOQU#)<ÒTKEJ0T

727

2:1 2:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
! I)CNGGTGT.')++.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
'UFÒTHVGFKG.GIKQ++#WIWUVCIGOGKPVUGKP5KGYCTUR·VGTKP/QIQPVKCEWO
/CKP\ UVCVKQPKGTVCDKP)NQXGU



)NQWEGUVGT KP$TKVCPPKGP

728 729

 Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
! I)CNGGTGT.')8.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG .GIKQ 8 #NCWFCG YWTFG XQP %CGUCT CWHIGUVGNNV 7PVGT #WIWUVWU MCO UKG CP FGP 4JGKP WPF YWTFG KP %CUVTC  
8GVGTC
:CPVGP  UVCVKQPKGTV 5KG UEJNQ­ UKEJ 8KVGNNKWU CP 0CEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG IGIGP 8GURCUKCP YWTFG UKG PCEJ  
/QGUKGPIGUEJKEMVYQUKGKPGKPGOHTÒJGP&CMGTMTKGIWPVGTIKPI

 Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
! I)CNGGTGT.'):8.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG.GIKQ:8XQP1EVCXKCPWUIGITÒPFGVYCTPCEJFGO$ÒTIGTMTKGIKP+NN[TKGPUVCVKQPKGTV

730 731

 Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
! I)CNGGTGT.')::+++.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCP
FCTVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 HÒT(WNXKC“UX%JT'WOGPGKCCNU(WNXKC
2JT[IKC /CIKUVTCV<OGTVQTKZ2JKNQPKFQWI
)GHNÒIGNVG$ÒUVGFGT(WNXKCT#VJGPCIGJVN42% )TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

121
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN

732
1,5:1 1,5:1

 WPF.WEKWU#PVQPKWUÕ&GPCTX%JT'RJGUWU/%QEEGKWU0GTXCI$GKFGTUGKVU-QRHT
$CD$/%%TCYHC5GCT5[F 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T 
/ %QEEGKWU 0GTXC %QPUWN FGU ,CJTGU  X %JT YCT FGT 7TITQ­XCVGT FGU UR·VGTGP -CKUGTU 0GTXC .WEKWU  


#PVQPKWU GKP LÒPIGTGT $TWFGT FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU YCT KP UGKPGT ,WIGPF HÒT UGKP NQVVGTJCHVGU .GDGP DGMCPPV +O  
,CJTGX%JTYCTGT%QPUWN

733 1,5:1 733

 WPF-NGQRCVTC“UX%JT%JCNEKU
5[TKC I-QRHFGU/CTEWU#PVQPKWUT&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGFGT-NGQRCVTCTOKV&KCFGO42%5GCT 
44)TÒPG2CVKPCJGTTNKEJGU2QTVT·VFGT-NGQRCVTCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

734
1,5:1 1,5:1

 1EVCXKCPWU Õ&GPCT  X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I 8GPWUMQRH T-CKUGT IGJV N OKV  
<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T 
<WT&CVKGTWPIUKGJG5GCT6JG*KUVQT[CPF%QKPCIGQHVJG4QOCP+ORGTCVQTU$%.QPFQP0T


735
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT/GTEWTUKV\VTCWH(GNUGPOKV2GVCUWU
WPF.[TC$/%%QJ4+%w 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
<W &CVKGTWPI WPF 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG *KUVQT[ CPF %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU  $%  


.QPFQP0T

736

 WPF&KXWU,WNKWU%CGUCT“&WRQPFKWUWOX%JT8KGPPCI-QRH%CGUCTUNWPF-QRH
1EVCXKCPUT2TQTCT42%5GCT )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI4KEJCTF2TKFGCWZ#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

122
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

737 738

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1


1,5:1

/ª0<'0&'44¤/+5%*'0-#+5'4<'+6
 #WIWUVWUXP%JTÕ3WKPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT8KEVQTKC
UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI CWH %KUVC O[UVKEC \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP $/%  %QJ   
-KPI4+%w 2TÒHRWP\GCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ3WKPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKICWH%KUVCO[UVKEC\YKUEJGP\YGK5EJNCPIGP$/%%QJ-KPI4+%w 
'VYCUFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI-CTN5KHHGTOCP%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T

1,5:1 739 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT'OGTKVC2%CTKUKWUI-QRHT*GNO\YKUEJGP&QNEJWPF$KRGPPKU
$/%%QJ4+%wC (GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

740

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC%CGUCTCWIWUVC! I-QRH
T+P-TCP\1$%+8+55'48#615$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%wC 445GJTUEJÌP 

741

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC! I-QRHNOKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\#NVCT$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%wD 44-TCV\GTUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

123
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

742
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JTRGNQRQPPGUKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT5GEJUU·WNKIGT6GORGN$/%
%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT6GORGNFÒTHVGFGP6GORGNFGU<GWUKP1N[ORKCFCTUVGNNGPFGO#WIWUVWUCWHUGKPGT4GKUGKPFGP1UVGPUKEJGT
UGKPG4GHGTGP\GTYKGUGPJCV

743
1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT5COQUI-QRHT5VKGTUVGJVT$/%%QJ4+%w 


448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+0GY;QTM0T
&GT5VKGTIGJÌTV\WO2QUGKFQP-WNVFGTCWH5COQUGKP<GPVTWOJCVVG


744 745 746

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG


%QNQPKC 2CVTKEKC!   I -QRH  
T1$%+8+55'48#615KP-TCP\
EQTQPCEKXKEC $/%%QJ4+%wC 
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC2TÒHRWP\GCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KGEQTQPCEKXKEC
HÒTFKG'TTGVVWPIXQP$ÒTIGTP YWTFG#WIWUVWUKO,CJTFWTEJ5GPCVUDGUEJNW­\WGTMCPPV
TGU
IGUVCG8+ 'UJCPFGNVUKEJIGYKUUGTOC­GPWOFGPJÌEJUVGP1TFGP4QOU

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG


%QNQPKC 2CVTKEKC!   I -QRH T5EJKNF  
OKV%.8\YKUEJGP.GIKQPUCFNGTWPF(GNF\GKEJGP$/%%QJ4+%wC 
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
+O ,CJTG  X %JT YWTFG #WIWUVWU FGT ENKRGWU XKTVWVKU FGT CWH FGT /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNV KUV WPF CWEJ KP FGP TGU  
IGUVCGGTY·JPVYKTF
8+ XGTNKGJGPX%JTYWTFGPFKG(GNF\GKEJGPFKG%TCUUWUDGKUGKPGT0KGFGTNCIGDGK
%CTTJCG  X %JT XGTNQTGP JCVVG XQP FGP 2CTVJGTP \WTÒEMIGIGDGP $GKFG 'TGKIPKUUG YGTFGP CWH FGT /ÒP\G  
IGHGKGTV

 Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC! I-QRHT8KEVQTKC
HNKGIVTWPFJ·NV5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV%.8$/%%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 747 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU  I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T  
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T 
&KGXQP%TCUUWUX%JTCPFKG2CTVJGTXGTNQTGPGP(GNF\GKEJGPJCDGPFKG4ÌOGTX%JTCWHFKRNQOCVKUEJGO


9GIG \WTÒEMIGYKPPGP MÌPPGP /KV FGO KJO GKIGPGP TQDWUVGP 5GNDUVDGYW­VUGKP UVGNNVG #WIWUVWU FKGU KP UGKPGO  
6CVGPDGTKEJV
  UQ FCT &KG 2CTVJGT JCDG KEJ IG\YWPIGP FKG $GWVG WPF (GNF\GKEJGP FTGKGT TÌOKUEJGT *GGTG  
\WTÒEM\WIGDGPWPFFKG(TGWPFUEJCHVFGU4ÌOKUEJGP8QNMGU\WGTHNGJGP

124
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

748

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU  I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T  
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

749 749
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU  I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T  
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T

750

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU  I -QRH T5GEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP ÒDGT  
*CNDOQPF$/%%QJ4+%w 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT.CIGTNKUVG/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP
#)$CUGN0T

751

2:1 2:1

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO . #SWKNNKWU (NQTWU  I 8KTVWUDÒUVG T OKV *GNO'NGHCPVGPDKIC N  
$/%%QJ4+%w 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0QOQU#)<ÒTKEJ0T

125
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

752

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  X %JT 'RJGUWU  I -QRH T%CRTKEQTP T $/%  %CNKEQ  %QJ   
4+%w *GPMGNURWTUGJTUEJÌP 
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV YKG 5WGVQP UEJTGKDV
#WI    FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP %CRTKEQTP
5VGKPDQEM  CDIGDKNFGV WPVGT  
FGO#WIWUVWUIGDQTGPYWTFG&KGUG#WUUCIG5WGVQPUUVGJVKPGKPGOUEJGKPDCTGP9KFGTURTWEJ\WO)GDWTVUVCIFGU
#WIWUVWU
WPVGT$GTÒEMUKEJVKIWPIFGUTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP-CNGPFGTUWPFCPFGTGT(CMVQTGPFGTQFGT5GRVGODGT
 X %JT  FGPP FKG 5QPPG UVCPF GPVYGFGT
YGPP OCP FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP  )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV  KP FGT  
,WPIHTCWQFGTCDGTKPFGT9CCIG
YGPPOCPPCEJGKPGTEJCNF·KUEJGP/GVJQFGFGT$GTGEJPWPIFGU*QTQUMQRGUFGP
(TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP  )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV  5Q KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FC­ 5WGVQP FCU 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP
FCU  
5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT )GDWTV  OKV FGO -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP
FGO 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT <GWIWPI  FGU #WIWUVWU XGTYGEJUGNV  
JCV
\WNGV\V-C['JNKPI9GTYKTFLGV\VPQEJCP5EJKEMUCNUGTHQTUEJWPIWPF*QTQUMQRINCWDGP!
'RJTCKOF5[TGT
   $GOGTMWPIGP \W ,WNKCPU 5VKGTOÒP\GP WPF FGO )GDWTVUFCVWO FGU -CKUGTU KP ,0) 
  5  
  'U YKTF CDGT DGK /CPKNKWU GDGPHCNNU FGT %CRTKEQTP CNU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU DG\GKEJPGV  

#UVTQPQOKEC++ /CPKNKWUPGPPVCWEJFCU)GDWTVU\GKEJGPFGU6KDGTKWUFKG9CCIG
#UVTQPQOKEC+8 $GK
FGT)GDWTVFGU6KDGTKWUCO0QXGODGTX%JTUVCPFFKG5QPPGCNNGTFKPIUKO5MQTRKQPJKGTNKGIVFGTUGNDG
UEJGKPDCTG 9KFGTURTWEJ YKG DGK #WIWUVWU XQT FGT CDGT MGKPGUHCNNU FCFWTEJ CWH\WNÌUGP KUV FC­ OCP FCU  
)GDWTVU\GKEJGP\WGKPGO-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGPWOFGWVGV
GUUGKFGPPOCPIGJVXQPGKPGOOGFK\KPKUEJGP9WPFGTCWU
 6KDGTKWU OÒ­VG GKPGP /QPCV XQT UGKPGT )GDWTV IG\GWIV YQTFGP UGKP  'U IKDV GKPG CPFGTG .ÌUWPI (ÒT FCU  
5VGTP\GKEJGPFGT)GDWTVKUVPKEJVFGT5VCPFFGT5QPPGUQPFGTPFGTFGU/QPFGUTGNGXCPV.GIVOCPFKGUG#WHHCUUWPI
\WITWPFGUQUVKOOVFKG#WUUCIGFGT3WGNNGP\WFGP0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGPFGT-CKUGTUQYQJNDGK#WIWUVWUCNUCWEJDGK
6KDGTKWU &GT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV CNUQ LGPGU 6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGP KP FGO DGKO <GKVRWPMV FGT )GDWTV FGU  
#WIWUVWUFGT/QPFUVCPF5KGJG5EJÒV\&GT%CRTKEQTPCNU5VGTP\GKEJGPFGU#WIWUVWUKP#PVKMGWPF#DGPFNCPF

 5 
<WT<WYGKUWPIFGT/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9GKUUGT$&GT%CRTKEQTPWUFGU#WIWUVWUKP2GTICOQPKP#NHCTQ/CTEQU


1VGTQ
*TUI :+++%QPITGUUQ+PVGTPCVKQPCNFG0WOKUO±VKEC/CFTKF#EVCU2TQEGGFKPIU#EVGU+/CFTKF
5WPF5

753

 Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC! I-QRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\8KGTU·WNKIGT 6GORGN FCTKP 6TKWORJCNYCIGP OKV .GIKQPUCFNGT WPF XKGT /KPKCVWTRHGTFGP  
$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T#FQNH9KNF#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

754

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU5VQNQI-QRHT#RGZ\YKUEJGP\YGK#PEKNKC$/%
%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T 
&KG#PEKNKCYCTGPFKGJGKNKIGP5EJKNFGFGU/CTU'KPUQNEJGT5EJKNFUQNNFGT5CIGPCEJKPFKGDGVGPFXQTIGUVTGEMVGP


*·PFGFGU0WOCIGHCNNGPUGKPWPFFKGUGOUQNNGKPG5VKOOGXGTMÒPFGVJCDGPFC­*GKNWPF/CEJVFGU5VCCVGUXQP
FGT'TJCNVWPIFGU5EJKNFGUCDJKPIG&CTCWHJKPNKG­0WOCFWTEJ/COWTKWU8GVWTKWUGNHIGPCWG-QRKGPFGU5EJKNFGU
JGTUVGNNGPWPFDGVTCWVGFCU-QNNGIKWOFGT5CNKGTOKVFGT$GYCEJWPIFGT#PEKNKC

126
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

755
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%[\KEWU! I-QRHTKP'KEJGPMTCP\-CPFGNCDGT
KPGKPGOOKV\YGK2CVGTCGWPF\YGK$WETCPKCIGUEJOÒEMVGP-TCP\$/%%QJ
)CKWU%CGUCT 
4+%w 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY
;QTM0T 
'UYKTFIGNGIGPVNKEJCWEJJGWVGPQEJFKG#WHHCUUWPI%QJGPUXGTVTGVGPFCU2QTVT·VFGT8QTFGTUGKVGUVGNNGFGP'PMGN


FGU#WIWUVWU)CKWU%CGUCTFCTQDYQJNFKGUG&GWVWPIUQYQJNKO$/%KO%$0CNUCWEJKO4+%wN·PIUVYKFGTNGIV
KUV &CU 2QTVT·V FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV UKEJGT LWIGPFNKEJ GKP FTGKL·JTKIGT -PCDG
)CKWU %CGUCT YWTFG KO #WIWUV QFGT  
5GRVGODGT  X %JT IGDQTGP  KUV CDGT DGUVKOOV PKEJV FCTIGUVGNNV &CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FKG NWFK UCGEWNCTGU FKG KP FGT  
0CEJV\WO,WPKX%JTGTÌHHPGVYWTFGPWPFFTGK6CIGWPFFTGK0·EJVGFCWGTVGPFGT-CPFGNCDGTDG\KGJVUKEJ
UKEJGTCWHFKGP·EJVNKEJGP(GKGTPFGT-TCP\OKVFGP2CVGTCGWPF$WETCPKCURKGNVOÌINKEJGTYGKUGCWHFKG(GKGTPCO
6CIGCPFGPP4KPFGTYWTFGPXQP#WIWUVWUWPF#ITKRRCPWTCOWPF,WPKVCIUÒDGTIGQRHGTV
XGTIN5WVJGTNCPF
6JGFCVGCPFVJGUKIPKHKECPEGQHVJGECPFGNCDTWOEQKPUQH#WIWUVWUKP%NCUUKECN4GXKGY5HH 

756 757

 Õ&GPCTX%JT.WIFWPWOI-QRHT5VKGTUVÌ­VT$/%%QJ4+%wC
-N2TÒHRWP\GPUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT  X %JT 4QO % #PVKUVKWU 4GIKPWU  I -QRH T5KORWNWO .KVWWU &TGKHW­ WPF  
2CVGTC$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT4GXGTUUVGNNVFKG/KVINKGFUEJCHVFGU#WIWUVWUKPDGFGWVGPFGP2TKGUVGTMQNNGIKGPJGTCWUGTYCT2QPVKHGZ#WIWT
3WKPFGEKOXKTUHWPFIGJÌTVGFGO-QNNGIKWOFGT5GRVGOXKTK'RWNQPGUCP

758

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWUX%JT.WIFWPWOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&KCPCUVGJVJCNDN-QRHT
OKV5RGGTWPF$QIGP\WKJTGP(Ò­GP*WPFN$/%#PO%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV 
%QJ4+%wD 8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

759
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  X %JT .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU %CGUCT TGKVGV T OKV  
5EJYGTVWPF5EJKNFFCJKPVGT.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 42TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPF5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 
)CKWU%CGUCTGKPGTFGT'PMGNFGU#WIWUVWUYWTFGXQPUGKPGO)TQ­XCVGTCNU0CEJHQNIGTCWUGTMQTGP+O,CJTX
%JT PCJO )CKWU %CGUCT GTUVOCNU CP OKNKV·TKUEJGP 1RGTCVKQPGP VGKN YKG FGT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU #WTGWU GKPFTWEMUXQNN  
\GKIV  X %JT XGTVGKNVG #WIWUVWU CWEJ )GNFIGUEJGPMG CP FKG 5QNFCVGP FGPGP OKV FKGUGP 5VÒEMGP MNCT FKG  
OKNKV·TKUEJG-CTTKGTGUGKPGU'PMGNUXQT#WIGPIGHÒJTVYWTFG

127
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

760

 “#U  X %JT .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#TC .WIFWPGPUKU $/%   
%QJ4+%w )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T 
#O  #WIWUV LGFGP ,CJTGU HGKGTVGP FKG  EKXKVCVGU FGT FTGK )CNNKGP CP FKGUGO #NVCT GKP (GUV OKV FGO UKG KJTG  


4GKEJUVTGWGDGUV·VKIVGP&GT#NVCTYCTKO,CJTGX%JTXQP&TWUWUGTTKEJVGVYQTFGP

761
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  X %JT .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU  
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWUWPF5KORWNWO$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 4-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 
&GTXQTNKGIGPFG6[RMCPPPCEJPGWGTGT(QTUEJWPIGZCMVGTFCVKGTVYGTFGPCNUFKGUKO4+%IGOCEJVYWTFG
X
P%JT &KG5VÒEMGYWTFGPX%JTIGRT·IVYKGUKEJCWUFGT6CVUCEJGGTIKDVFC­)CKWU%CGUCTKO,CJTP
%JTFGP-QPUWNCVKPPGJCVVGWPFUQOKVPKEJVOGJTFGUKIPKGTVGT-QPUWNYCT
-GJPG<WT&CVKGTWPIFGT(WPFOÒP\GP
CWU -CNMTKGUG KP 9KGIGNU 4CKPGT
*TUI  &KG (WPFOÒP\GP XQP -CNMTKGUG WPF FKG HTÒJMCKUGT\GKVNKEJG  
/ÒP\RT·IWPI/ÌJPGUGG5H 5KGJG\WT&CVKGTWPIWPF\WT&GWVWPIFGU4GXGTUGUCWEJ9QNVGTU)CKWU
WPF.WEKWU%CGUCTGUCNUFGUKIPKGTVG-QPUWNPWPFRTKPEKRGUKWXGPVWVKU&KGNGZ8CNGTKC%QTPGNKCWPF4+%+wHH
KP%JKTQP
 5HH

762 763
 Ô#WTGWU  X %JT .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU  
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWUWPF5KORWNWO$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT  .WIFWPWO QFGT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU  
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWU5KORWNWOWPF:$/%%QJ4+%w
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP



&CU5VÒEMHGKGTVYKG4GKPJCTF9QNVGTUPCEJYGKUGPMQPPVGFKGNGZ8CNGTKC%QTPGNKCWPFYWTFGP%JTGPVYGFGT


KP .WIFWPWO HÒT GKP UVCFVTÌOKUEJGU 2WDNKMWO QFGT OÌINKEJGTYGKUG UQICT KP 4QO UGNDUV IGRT·IV &CU )GUGV\  
DGUVKOOVGFKG'KPTKEJVWPIXQP9CJN\GPVWTKGP\WT8QTYCJNFGT-QPUWNPWPF2T·VQTGP&CU:CWHFGO4GXGTUWPF
FKG 9CJN FGU )CKWU.WEKWU6[RU PQEJ PCEJ FGO 6QFG FGT 'PMGN FGU #WIWUVWU GTMN·TV UKEJ FCFWTEJ FC­ FKG   
<GPVWTKGPPCEJ)CKWUWPF.WEKWU%CGUCTGUDGPCPPVYWTFGP5KGJG\WT&CVKGTWPI&GWVWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVG9QNVGTU
)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU CNU FGUKIPKGTVG -QPUWNP WPF RTKPEKRGU KWXGPVWVKU &KG NGZ 8CNGTKC %QTPGNKC WPF 4+% +w  
HHKP%JKTQP
 5HH

764 1,5:1 764

 Õ%KUVQRJQTX%JT2GTICOQP
!/[UKC I-QRHTFCXQT.KVWWU$ÒPFGNXQPUGEJU
JTGP42% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

128
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

765
 Õ%KUVQRJQT  X %JT 'RJGUWU
+QPKC   I -QRH T+O .QTDGGTMTCP\ %CRTKEQTP T OKV  
(ÒNNJQTP42% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV YKG 5WGVQP UEJTGKDV
#WI    FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP %CRTKEQTP
5VGKPDQEM  CDIGDKNFGV WPVGT  
FGO#WIWUVWUIGDQTGPYWTFG&KGUG#WUUCIG5WGVQPUUVGJVKPGKPGOUEJGKPDCTGP9KFGTURTWEJ\WO)GDWTVUVCIFGU
#WIWUVWU
WPVGT$GTÒEMUKEJVKIWPIFGUTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP-CNGPFGTUWPFCPFGTGT(CMVQTGPFGTQFGT5GRVGODGT
 X %JT  FGPP FKG 5QPPG UVCPF GPVYGFGT
YGPP OCP FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP  )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV  KP FGT  
,WPIHTCWQFGTCDGTKPFGT9CCIG
YGPPOCPPCEJGKPGTEJCNF·KUEJGP/GVJQFGFGT$GTGEJPWPIFGU*QTQUMQRGUFGP
(TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP  )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV  5Q KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FC­ 5WGVQP FCU 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP OKV FGO  
-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU XGTYGEJUGNV JCV
\WNGV\V -C[ 'JNKPI 9GT YKTF LGV\V PQEJ CP 5EJKEMUCNU  
GTHQTUEJWPI WPF *QTQUMQR INCWDGP!
'RJTCKO F 5[TGT    $GOGTMWPIGP \W ,WNKCPU 5VKGTOÒP\GP WPF FGO 
)GDWTVUFCVWO FGU -CKUGTU KP ,0) 
  5   'U YKTF CDGT DGK /CPKNKWU GDGPHCNNU FGT  
%CRTKEQTP CNU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU DG\GKEJPGV
#UVTQPQOKEC ++   /CPKNKWU PGPPV CWEJ FCU  
)GDWTVU\GKEJGPFGU6KDGTKWUFKG9CCIG
#UVTQPQOKEC+8 $GKFGT)GDWTVFGU6KDGTKWUCO0QXGODGT
X %JT UVCPF FKG 5QPPG CNNGTFKPIU KO 5MQTRKQP  JKGT NKGIV UEJGKPDCT FGTUGNDG 9KFGTURTWEJ YKG DGK #WIWUVWU XQT  
FGTCDGTMGKPGUHCNNUFCFWTEJCWH\WNÌUGPKUVFC­OCPFCU)GDWTVU\GKEJGP\WGKPGO-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGPWOFGWVGV
GU
UGK FGPP OCP IGJV XQP GKPGO OGFK\KPKUEJGP 9WPFGT CWU  'U IKDV GKPG CPFGTG .ÌUWPI (ÒT FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT  
)GDWTV KUV PKEJV FGT 5VCPF FGT 5QPPG UQPFGTP FGT FGU /QPFGU TGNGXCPV .GIV OCP FKGUG #WHHCUUWPI \WITWPFG UQ  
UVKOOV FKG #WUUCIG FGT 3WGNNGP \W FGP 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP FGT -CKUGT UQYQJN DGK #WIWUVWU CNU CWEJ DGK 6KDGTKWU  
&GT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU5VÒEMGU\GKIVCNUQLGPGU6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGPKPFGODGKO<GKVRWPMVFGT)GDWTVFGU#WIWUVWUFGT
/QPFUVCPF

766
1,5:1 1,5:1

 “U 5KUVTKRKC


%KNKEKC!   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG
FGU #WIWUVWU!  T FCJKPVGT /QPQITCOO%+%62+   
ΠΕωΝ6*Σ +'4#Σ <YGK #NV·TG PGDGPGKPCPFGT CWH &QRRGNNKPKG $WVEJGT KP 0%  5    
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV9QJNFCU\YGKVGDGMCPPVG'ZGORNCT&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

767 1,5:1 767

 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
P%JT #PVKQEJKC
5[TKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJG
UKV\VTWPVGPUEJYKOOGPFGT1TQPVGU/E#NGG2TKGWT42% 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP5VGTPDGTI8+++<ÒTKEJ
0T 
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV FKG DGTÒJOVG 5VCVWG FGT 6[EJG XQP #PVKQEJKC FKG 'WV[EJKFGU GKP 5EJÒNGT FGU  


.[UKRRQUIGUEJCHHGPJCVVG

768
  WPF #ITKRRC “#U  0GOCWUWU  I $GKFGT -ÌRHG PCEJ CW­GP DNKEMGPF-TQMQFKN CP  
2CNOGIGMGVVGVT4+%w42% )TÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
#ITKRRC FGT (TGWPF WPF )GPGTCN FGU #WIWUVWU YCT DGTGKVU  X %JT IGUVQTDGP &CU -TQMQFKN JCVVGP YQJN  
5QNFCVGP XQO ·I[RVKUEJGP (GNF\WI FGU ,CJTGU  X %JT OKVIGDTCEJV XGTOWVNKEJ YCTGP UKG CNU 8GVGTCPGP KP  
0GOCWUWUCPIGUKGFGNVYQTFGP

129
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

769
770 770

 6KDGTKWUÕ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTKP3WCFTKICT
OKV#FNGT\GRVGTWPF<YGKI$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

 “#U4QOI-QRHT.KXKCUKV\VTOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

771
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
/ÒP\UVGORGN FKGUGU 6[RU
OKV .KXKC CNU 2CZ CWH FGO 4GXGTU CNUQ FGO 6[R FGU DGTÒJOVGP 6TKDWVG 2GPP[U FGT  
$KDGN  YWTFGP MÒT\NKEJ KO .GIKQPUNCIGT 8KPFQPKUUC
JGWVG 9KPFKUEJ  GPVFGEMV 0CEJ FGO CTEJ·QNQIKUEJGP $GHWPF  
KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC­ KP 8KPFQPKUUC GKPG QHHK\KGNNG /ÒP\UV·VVG GZKUVKGTV JCV &KGUG UGPUCVKQPGNNG 'PVFGEMWPI  
UVGNNV XKGNG /ÒP\UV·VVGP\WYGKUWPIGP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV KP (TCIG FGPP GU KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC­ CWEJ KP  
CPFGTGP.GIKQPUNCIGTP/ÒP\UV·VVGPGZKUVKGTVJCDGP

1,5:1 772
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w .GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

773 774

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

775
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

130
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

776 777 778

 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 779 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VT$/%%QJ4+%w
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T 
&GT5KNDGTNKPIFGT$KDGN
6TKDWVG2GPP[ 


780 1,5:1 780

 Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+0GY;QTM0T

781 782 783

 Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ&TCEJOG  %CGUCTGC
%CRRCFQEKC   I -QRH T OKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$GTI#TICKQUFCTCWH
5VCVWGOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT42%5[FGPJCO 5GJTUEJÌP 

131
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

784 785 786

 “UPCEJ1GC
5[TVKEC I-QRHNFCXQT#FNGTFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI+P-TCP\&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGFGU#RQNNQPTFCXQT.[TC42% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ
0T 



 HÒT&KXWU#WIWUVWU“5GUVGT\X%JT4QOI&KXWU#WIWUVWUUKV\VNOKV5VTCJNGP
DKPFG<YGKIWPF<GRVGTFCXQT#NVCT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 
4$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “&WRQPFKWU  4QO  I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG+P 'KEJGPMTCP\ 5% $/%   
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

787 788 789

 “#U  4QO  I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG#NVCT $/%  %QJ  4+%w   
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 “5GUVGT\4QOI#WIWUVWUOKV.QTDGGT\YGKIWPF<GRVGTKP'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKICN5%
$/%%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 HÒT,WNKC“5GUVGT\4QOI5234+8.+#'#8)856%CTRGPVWOTXQP\YGK/CWN
VKGTGPIG\QIGP5%$/%%QJ4+%w 4$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
&GP MCKUGTNKEJGP &COGP YWTFGP FKG 2TKXKNGIKGP XQP 8GUVCNKPPGP XGTNKGJGP
HTGKNKEJ QJPG KJPGP FGTGP 2HNKEJVGP  
CWH\WGTNGIGP  W C 5CETQUCPEVKVCU FCU KWU VTKWO NKDGTQTWO
YGNEJGU KJPGP LWTKUVKUEJG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV WPF FKG  
/ÌINKEJMGKV KJTGP $GUKV\ UGNDUV \W XGTYCNVGP XGTNKGJ  WPF UEJNKG­NKEJ FCU CW­GTIGYÌJPNKEJG 4GEJV KP GKPGO  
%CTRGPVWO\WHCJTGPYCUCWHFGO#XGTUWPUGTGT/ÒP\GJGTCWUIGUVGNNVYKTF

132
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

790
791 791

 WPF.KXKC“U'FGUUC
/CEGFQPKC I$GKFGTUGKVU-QRHT2CRCGHVJ[OKQW42% 
44)N·P\GPFGUEJYCT\G2CVKPCHCUVUVGORGNHTKUEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 HÒT.KXKC“&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT.KXKCCNU5CNWUT5%$/%
%QJ4+%w &WPMNG2CVKPCHGKPGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌP 

792 794 793

 )CKWU%CNKIWNC“5GUVGT\4QOI2KGVCUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC5GEJUU·WNKIGT6GO
RGN FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU FCXQT QRHGTV %CNKIWNC GKPGP 5VKGT WPVGTUVÒV\V XQP \YGK *GNHGTP $/%   
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCOUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T 
&GT6GORGNFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUYWTFGGTUVWPVGT%CNKIWNCHGTVKIIGUVGNNV


 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5234221$ %+8'55'48#615 KP  
-TCP\$/%%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPC#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “#U4QOI-QRHN8GUVCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w
)TÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

795 796
1,5:1

 WPF&KXWU#WIWUVWUÕ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHFGU%CNKIWNCT-QRHFGU&KXWU#W
IWUVWUTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG\YKUEJGP\YGK5VGTPGP$/%%QJ4+%w 
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU%CNKIWNCTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

133
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

797
1,5:1 1,5:1

  WPF )GTOCPKEWU Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH FGU )CKWU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\-QRHFGU)GTOCPKEWUT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP 

798
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU)CKWU%CNKIWNCTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU)GTOCPKEWUT
$/%%QJ4+%w 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

799 800

 HÒT)GTOCPKEWU“#U4QOI-QRHN5%$/%%QJp4+%w
(GJNGTKPFGT
.GIGPFGPDGUEJTGKDWPI  4&WPMNG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
  HÒT 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU “&WRQPFKWU  4QO  I 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU  
TGKVGPT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

801

1,5:1 1,5:1

 %NCWFKWU  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPUVCPVKC UKV\V N OKV  
GTJQDGPGT4GEJVGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

802

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTUVCPFDKNF CWH 6TKWORJDQIGP  
$/%%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'KPG)GFGPMRT·IWPIHÒTUGKPGP8CVGT0GTQ%NCWFKWU&TWUWU)GTOCPKEWUFGPDGFGWVGPFGP(GNFJGTTPFGU#WIWUVWU
FGT FWTEJ GKPGP 5VWT\ XQO 2HGTF CWH UGKPGO NGV\VGP )GTOCPGPHGNF\WI UVCTD
 X %JT  +P /CKP\ YWTFG KJO GKP  
-GPQVCRJGTTKEJVGV

134
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

803
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ0GOGUKUUVGJVTOKV%CFWEGWUFCXQT
5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 
-N2TÒHUVGNNGCO4CPFCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

804

2:1 2:1
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P'KEJGPMTCP\5234221$%5$/%
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

805

 “#U4QOI-QRHN%QPUVCPVKCUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF5RGGT$/%
%QJ4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

806 806

1,5:1
 “#U  4QO  I -QRH N.KDGTVCU UVGJV T OKV 2KNGWU $/%  %QJ  4+%w   
-CDKPGVVUVÒEM&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

807

 “#U4QOI-QRHN.KDGTVCUUVGJVTOKV2KNGWU$/%%QJ4+%w 


)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

135
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

808
809 809

 “1DQN,CJT
 #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVT
-QRHN&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY42% 45GJTUEJÌP 

 HÒT#PVQPKC“&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%NCWFKWUUVGJVNOKV5KORWNWO
$/%%QJ4+%w 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

810

1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT#ITKRRKPCOCVGT“5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5%$/%%QJ
4+%w 4*GTTNKEJGITÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T 
#ITKRRKPC OCVGT YCT FKG 6QEJVGT FGU #ITKRRC WPF FGT ,WNKC FGT 6QEJVGT FGU #WIWUVWU 5KG JGKTCVGVG )GTOCPKEWU  


0CEJ FGO 6QFG KJTGU /CPPGU YWTFG UKG XQP 6KDGTKWU PCEJ 2CPFCVGTKC XGTDCPPV YQ UKG CO  1MVQDGT   
XGTJWPIGTVUGKPUQNN

811 812

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 


4&WPMNG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 


4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

136
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

813

2:1 2:1

  WPF #ITKRRKPC HKNKC Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH FGU %NCWFKWU T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #ITKRRKPC T OKV JTGPMTCP\ $/%  %CNKEQ  %QJ  4+%w  X  
-CGPGN
84 
FKGU'ZGORNCT  45GJTUEJÌP 
&KGLÒPIGTG#ITKRRKPC6QEJVGTFGU)GTOCPKEWUYWTFGKP1RRKFWO7DKQTWOIGDQTGP&CJGTNKG­UKGFKG5VCFVKO
,CJT\WT%QNQPKC%NCWFKC#TC#ITKRRKPGPUKWOFGOJGWVKIGP-ÌNPGTJGDGP

814

 Õ%KUVQRJQT  'RJGUQU


+QPKC   I -QRH FGU %NCWFKWU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG  
FGT#ITKRRKPCHKNKCT42% 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP-ÌNPGT/ÒP\MCDKPGVV-ÌNP0TC

815

2:1 2:1

  HÒT 0GTQ %NCWFKWU &TWUWU Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\6TKWORJ  
DQIGPFCTCWH4GKVGTUVCVWGT\YKUEJGP6TQRJ·GPWPF)GHCPIGPGPCWHFGO#TEJKVTCX&')'4/#0+5
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

816

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GZKNNWO FCXQT \YGK IGMTGW\VG 5EJKNFG  
$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC.W\GTP0T

137
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

817 818

 HÒT)GTOCPKEWU“#U4QOI-QRHT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 


$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 “#U4QOI-QRHT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 


)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

819
1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT0GTQÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGN2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 44GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FKG #WHPCJOG 0GTQU KP FKG XKGT ITQ­GP 2TKGUVGTMQNNGIKGP 2QPVKHKEGU #WIWTGP 3WKPFGEKOXKTK  
UCETKUHCEKGPFKUWPF5GRVGOXKTKGRWNQPGU

820
1,5:1 1,5:1

 0GTQ  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T+P 'KEJGPMTCP\ ': 5% $/%  %CNKEQ   
%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

821 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT4QOCUVGJVTWPFUEJTGKDVCWH5EJKNF$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 4-N2TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 

822 823

 “5GUVGT\WO4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%GTGUUKV\VN#PPQPCUVGJVTFC\YKUEJGP
(ÒNNJQTP/QFKWUWPF5EJKHHUDWI$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “5GUVGT\ WO  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N0GTQ TGKVGV T DGINGKVGV XQP  
GKPGO1HHK\KGTOKV8GZKNNWOKO#DUEJPKVV&'%845+1$/%p%QJ4+%w 
4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

138
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

824 825
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
+O ,CJTG  YWTFG 4QO XQP FGO ITQ­GP $TCPF XGTYÒUVGV HÒT FGP 0GTQ UEJNKG­NKEJ FKG UVCFVTÌOKUEJGP %JTKUVGP  
XGTCPVYQTVNKEJOCEJVGFQEJFKG)GTÒEJVGFC­0GTQUGNDUVFGP$TCPFNGIGPNKG­XGTUVWOOVGPPKG&KG%QPEQTFKC
CNUQ'KPVTCEJVXQPFGTFKG4ÒEMUGKVGFGT/ÒP\GURTKEJVYCTKPFGT4GCNKV·VPKEJVIGIGDGP
 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)GUEJNQUUGPG 6ÒTGP FGU ,CPWUVGORGNU  
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
7PVGT0GTQMQPPVGPFKG6ÒTGPFGU,CPWUVGORGNUKP4QOIGUEJNQUUGPYGTFGPFJGUJGTTUEJVG(TKGFGP5EJYKGTKI
KUVFKG&CVKGTWPIFKGUGU'TGKIPKUUGUPCEJFGO<GWIPKUFGT/ÒP\GPIGUEJCJGUKO,CJTGPCEJ5WGVQPKO,CJTG

826 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
&GO+WRRKVGT%WUVQUYCT0GTQPCEJFGT'PVFGEMWPIFGT8GTUEJYÌTWPIFGU2KUQKO#RTKN
6CEKVWU#PP:8
HH DGUQPFGTUXGTDWPFGP

827 828

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w -TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

829 831 830

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V N CWH 9CHHGP OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF  
2CTC\QPKWO$/%%QJp4+%wXCT &WPMNG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 “5GUVGT\.WIFWPWOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF2CTC\Q
PKWO$/%p%QJp4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 “&WRQPFKWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG,CPWUVGORGN OKV IGUEJNQUUGPGP 6ÒTGP  
$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

139
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

832

 “5GUVGT\  .WIFWPWO  I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT WPF GKP 5QNFCV TGKVGP T OKV LG  
GKPGT.CP\G$/%%QJ4+%w 4&WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVGKPG&GEWTUKQFJFGP-CKUGTDGKGKPGT2CTCFG

1,5:1 833 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+822+6'4%85615 ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV  
$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
&GO+WRRKVGT%WUVQUYCT0GTQPCEJFGT'PVFGEMWPIFGT8GTUEJYÌTWPIFGU2KUQKO#RTKN
6CEKVWU#PP:8
HH DGUQPFGTUXGTDWPFGP

834 1,5:1 835

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+822+6'4%85615 ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV  
$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w -N-TCV\GTHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
5CNWU FGTGP -WNV KP 4QO PCEJ FGO 5COPKVGPMTKGI 'PFG FGU XKGTVGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT GKPIGHÒJTV YQTFGP YCT  
JCVVG KP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV XGTUEJKGFGPG $GFGWVWPIGP 7PVGT #WIWUVWU YWTFG FKG 5CNWU RWDNKEC FWTEJ FKG  
MQPMTGVGP6CVGPFGU*GTTUEJGTUICTCPVKGTVWPVGT6KDGTKWUFWTEJFCU#OVFGU-CKUGTUWPVGT0GTQUEJNKG­NKEJYCTFKG
5CNWU RWDNKEC OKV FGT 5CNWU #WIWUVK KFGPVKUEJ 5KGJG CWEJ .QTGP\ 9KPMNGT 5CNWU 8QO 5VCCVUMWNV \WT RQNKVKUEJGP  
+FGG'KPGCTEJ·QNQIKUEJG7PVGTUWEJWPI*GKFGNDGTI

836 837
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%5
#PO%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “U WO  5KFG
2CORJ[NKC   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T#VJGPC IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF )TCPCVCRHGN  
FCXQT5EJNCPIG42% )N·P\GPFGFWPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

838
1,5:1 1,5:1

 WPF#ITKRRKPCHKNKCÔ#WTGWU4QOI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+P-TCP\':5
%$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

140
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

839 840 840


1,5:1

  HÒT 2QRRCGC “U  2GTKPVJQU


6JTCEKC   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T-QRHUEJOWEM FGT +UKU KP  
.QTDGGTMTCP\42%504+5 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 $ÒTIGTMTKGI  Õ&GPCT  ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I +1/ %#2+61.+085 &TCRKGTVG  
$ÒUVGFGU,WRKVGTNOKV&KCFGOFCXQT2CNO\YGKI8'56#2=438+?4+6+8/8GUVCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF(CEMGN$/%/CTVKP4+%wC 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 
&CU 5VÒEM YWTFG XQP FGP 5[ORCVJKUCPVGP FGU 8KVGNNKWU IGRT·IV ,WRKVGT FGT1DGTUVGFGTTÌOKUEJGP)ÌVVGTKUVOKV
FGO JKOONKUEJGP NKEJVGP $GTGKEJ XGTDWPFGP 8GUVC UVGJV HÒT FKG GTFIGDWPFGPGP EJVJQPKUEJGP )ÌVVGT &KG  
8GUVCNKPPGP DTKPIGP 6QVGPQRHGT XGTVGKNGP FCU $QJPGPUVTQJ \WT 4GKPKIWPI FGT $ÒTIGT XGTDTGPPGP FKG HÒT 6GNNWU  
IGQRHGTVGP 4KPFGT W X O /KV FGT 0GPPWPI XQP ,WRKVGT WPF 8GUVC UKPF FKG DGKFGP ·NVGUVGP WPF YKEJVKIUVGP  
TÌOKUEJGP-WNVGIGPCPPV

841 843

842

 )CNDC  Õ&GPCT  ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVNCWH)NQDWUOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%w
445GJTUEJÌP 

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI  
$/%p%QJp-TCC[D
FKGU'ZGORNCT 4+%w 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC:++.W\GTP0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT52341$%5KP-TCP\$/%p%QJ4+%w 


(GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

844 845

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT52341$%5KP-TCP\$/%p%QJ4+%w 


(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT52341$%5KP-TCP\$/%p%QJ4+%w 


(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

846
1,5:1 1,5:1

 1VJQÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT5GEWTKVCUUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w )GUVQRHVGU.QEJUGJTUEJÌP 

141
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

847

 “U#PVKQEJKC
5[TKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\5%/E#NGGC42% 
45GJTUEJÌP 

848
1,5:1 1,5:1

 8KVGNNKWU  Ô#WTGWU 6CTTCEQ


!   I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPVGP )NQDWU/CTU IGJV N  
OKV5RGGTWPF6TQRJ·G$/%pXGTIN#PO%CNKEQpXGTIN%QJXGTIN4+%wpXGTIN
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 

849
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·V44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGU0CEJNCUUGU&T,CEQD*KTUEJ#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T

850
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVC UKV\V T OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%   
%CNKEQC%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP 

851
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-ÌRHG FGU 5QJPGU WPF FGT 6QEJVGT FGU 8KVGNNKWU  
GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%5#PO%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU UGNVGPGP 5VÒEMGU \GKIV FKG DGKFGP -KPFGT CWU FGT \YGKVGP 'JG FGU 8KVGNNKWU 8KVGNNKWU  
)GTOCPKEWUWPF8KVGNNKC8KVGNNKWU)GTOCPKEWUFGTXQPUGKPGO8CVGTKO#NVGTXQPUKGDGP,CJTGPKPFGP4CPIGKPGU
MCKUGTNKEJGP2TKP\GPGTJQDGPYQTFGPYCTYWTFGKO,CJTGXQP/WEKCPWUGTOQTFGV8KVGNNKCÒDGTNGDVGFGP5VWT\
KJTGU8CVGTUWPFYWTFGXQP8GURCUKCPWUOKVGKPGTTGKEJGP/KVIKHVXGTUGJGPKPFCU*CWUFGT#PVQPKKXGTJGKTCVGV

142
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

852
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP  
$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

853 854
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$ÒUVGP FGU 5QJPU WPF FGT 6QEJVGT FGU 8KVGNNKWU  
GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVC UKV\V T OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%   
%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

855 856
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVCUKV\VTOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 
 8GURCUKCPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TCWGTPFG,WF·CUKV\VT
FCJKPVGT6TQRJ·G$/%%QJ4+%w 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
8GURCUKCP DGHCPF UKEJ KP #NGZCPFTKC CNU GT \WO -CKUGT CWUIGTWHGP YWTFG 'T YCT 1DGTMQOOCPFKGTGPFGT KO  
LÒFKUEJGP-TKGIFGPUGKP5QJP6KVWUUKGITGKEJ\W'PFGHÒJTVG

857

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF%CFWEGWU$/%


%CNKEQC%QJp4+%w .GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

858

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUKV\VNOKV<YGKIWPF%CFWEGWU$/%
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 9KP\2TQDKGTURWTUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

143
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

859 860

861 861

 Õ&GPCT  'RJGUWU  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV JTGP /QJPMWIGN  
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+%w 
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

 Õ&GPCT'RJGUWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVGT(TCWGPMQRHTOKV/CWGTMTQPG
$/%XGTIN%QJXGTIN4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF5RGGT$/%
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ 

862 1,5:1 862

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF UEJTGKDV CWH GKPGP CP  
GKPGT2CNOGDGHGUVKIVGP5EJKNFTUKV\VVTCWGTPFG,WF·C$/%%QJ4+%w 
44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

863 864

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%  
%QJ4+%w )TÒPG2CVKPCGVYCUIGIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌP 

 “#U  .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#NVCT $/% p %QJ p 4+%w p XGTIN  
 5GJTUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG5GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 865
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\Q
PKWOFCXQT2CNOGWPFVTCWGTPFG,WF·C$/%%QJ4+%w 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 

144
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

866

2:1 2:1
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKICP
5·WNGIGNGJPVFCXQT&TGKHW­$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5$8<ÒTKEJ0T

867

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKICP
5·WNGIGNGJPVFCXQT&TGKHW­$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

868
869 869

 Õ&GPCT'RJGUWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\#8)WPF5VGTP$/%5#PO
%QJ4+%w 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%CFWEGWU\YKUEJGP\YGKIGMTGW\VGP(ÒNN
JÌTPGTP$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

870 871
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5VKGTUVÌ­VT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GVGTPKVCUUVGJVNOKVFGP-ÌRHGPXQP5QNWPF
.WPCFCXQT#NVCT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

145
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

872 873

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GVGTPKVCUUVGJVNOKVFGP-ÌRHGPXQP5QPPG
WPF/QPF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&KFTCEJOG  %CGUCTGC


%CRRCFQEKC   I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\0KMG IGJV T OKV  
-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI42%5[FGPJCO )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T

874 874
1,5:1

 OKV6KVWUWPF&QOKVKCPWUÔ#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6KVWUWPF
&QOKVKCPWU UKV\GP PGDGPGKPCPFGT N CWH EWTWNKUEJGP 5VÒJNGP LGFGT OKV <YGKI $/%  %CNKEQ   
%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP 

876
875 875

 HÒT6KVWU“&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
1NKXGP\YGKIFCXQT&TGKHW­$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

877
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6KVWUUKV\VTOKV<GRVGTWPF<YGKI$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

878
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4WPFVGORGN FGT 8GUVCFCTKP5VCVWGUQYKGN
WPFTLGGKPGYGKVGTG5VCVWG$/%p%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

146
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

879
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
CWH$CUKU$/%%CNKEQ%QJXGTIN4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

880
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
CWH$CUKU$/%%CNKEQ%QJXGTIN4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

881
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCOKV-TCP\WPF<YGKIUVGJVNCWH%KUVC
O[UVKECXQP\YGK5EJNCPIGPWOIGDGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 
42TÒHUVGNNGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ 

882 883
  HÒT &QOKVKCPWU Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(ÒNNJQTP $/%   
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

884 885

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2GICUWU UVGJV T $/%  %QJ  
4+%w 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒEJGP0T
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2GICUWU UVGJV T $/%  %QJ   
4+%w 4-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­IWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

1,5:1 886
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP.GIKQPUCFNGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 

147
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1,5:1 887 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT CWH 2TQTC  
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

888

2:1 2:1

 6KVWU  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%GTGU UKV\V N OKV JTGP WPF  
(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

889

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%CRTKEQTP N FCTWPVGT )NQDWU $/%   
%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 890
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPVUVGJVN$/%XGTIN
&GPCT %CNKEQ
%QJXGTIN
&GPCT 4+%wXGTIN 445GJTUEJÌP 

891 892
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-TCP\ CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN $/%  %QJ  
4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 HÒT&KXWU8GURCUKCPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK%CRTKEQTPG
FCTÒDGT5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV5%FCTWPVGT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%w 
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
&KG4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIKUVXQPGKPGO\W'JTGPFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUWPVGT6KDGTKWUIGRT·IVGP5GUVGT\GPÒDGTPQOOGP
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGYCTFGT%CRTKEQTPCWEJFCU5VGTPDKNFFGU8GURCUKCPWU 
&KG8QTUVGNNWPIUGKPGT-QPUGMTCVKQPFÒTHVG8GURCUKCPCOÒUCPVIGHWPFGPJCDGP5QUCIVFGT-CKUGTDGK5WGVQPCNUGT


UVKTDV8CGRWVQFGWUHKQ
1YGJKEJINCWDGKEJYGTFGGKP)QVV 

148
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

893 894 895

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK %CRTKEQTPG FCTÒDGT 5EJKNF OKV FGT  
#WHUEJTKHV5%FCTWPVGT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\3WCFTKICN$/%%QJ4+%w
(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVNWPFDGHGUVKIV5EJKNFCP6TQ
RJ·GWPVGTFGTFKGVTCWGTPFG,WFCGCNUKV\V$/%%QJ4+%w 
45EJTÌVNKPIUTK­HCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

896
  HÒT &QOKVKCPWU “#U  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC IGJV T OKV 5RGGT  
WPF5EJKNF$/%XCT%QJXCT4+%wXCT 444GXGTUNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

897
1,5:1 1,5:1

  HÒT ,WNKC 6KVK Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV T CP  
5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV<GRVGTWPF*GNO$/%%QJ4+%w 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

898
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV T CP 5·WNG IGNGJPV OKV  
<GRVGTWPF*GNO$/%%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

899 900

 4GUVKVWVKQPHÒT6KDGTKWU“#U4QOI-QRHN5%$/%%QJ-QOPKEM6[R
4+%w &WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
  4GUVKVWVKQP HÒT )CNDC “#U  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5% $/% 5   
#PO%QJ-QOPKEM4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

149
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

901
1,5:1 1,5:1

 &QOKVKCPWU  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\&GNRJKP WO #PMGT IG  
YWPFGP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*5<ÒTKEJ0T

902

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-QRH FGT /KPGTXC N OKV *GNO WPF #GIKU  
$/%p%CNKEQD%QJp4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

903

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-QRH FGT /KPGTXC N OKV *GNO WPF #GIKU  
$/%p%CNKEQD%QJp4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH&T*9KPV\WPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

904 905

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXXCWH$NKV\-QRHN$/%
%QJ4+%w -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNG$/%%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

906

 “#U  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP  
$/%%QJ4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

150
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

907
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TCWGTPFG)GTOCPKCUKV\VTCWH5EJKNFWPVGP
\GTDTQEJGPGT5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP 

908
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCIGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%p
%CNKEQp%QJp4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

909 910 911

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w (CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

912
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT $/%   
%QJ4+%w 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

913 914

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV TOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%
#PO%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

151
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

915 916
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT $/%  
%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 

917 918 919 920

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 “U,CJT
 (NCXKQRQNKU
%KNKEKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJGUKV\VTOKV\YGK
JTGPFCXQT(NW­IQVV2[TCOQU42% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “U ,CJT 
   2QORGKQRQNKU
%KNKEKC   I -QRH FGU %P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU T FCXQT  
5VGTP#VJGPCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF5EJKNF42% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 0GTXCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

921
 “&WRQPFKWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG.KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT  
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T

922
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTVCUUVGJVNOKV2KNGWUWPF<GRVGT$/%
%QJ4+% 5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

923 924
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKVJTGP$/%%QJ
4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIMPCRRXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/%  %QJ  4+%   
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

152
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

926 927

925 925

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/%  %QJ  4+%   
(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\*CPFUEJNCI$/%%QJ4+% 


(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

928 929
1,5:1

 6TCKCPWU  Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N8GUVC UKV\V N  
OKV2CVGTCWPF(CEMGN$/%XCT%QJXCT/+4E
FKGU'ZGORNCTGTY·JPV 4+%XCT
8QT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTCWH2TQTCWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+4C4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

931 932

930 930

 “#U4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCGKNVNOKV5EJKNFFCTCWH5234$/%
%QJ/+4C4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN8KEVQTKCUVGJVXXOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%p%QJ/+4E4+% *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV8KEVQTKC UVGJV T CWH 2TQTC OKV  
-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

933 934

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4E4+% (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWUUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%QJ/+4C4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 

153
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1,5:1 935
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+P -TCP\ 5234126+/1   
24+0%+2+$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+4H4+%XCT 445GJTUEJÌP 

936 937 938

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV%GTGUUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF(CE
MGN$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV5RGUUVGJVNOKV$NWOG$/%
%QJ/+4D4+% #VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 
2TCEJVGZGORNCTFWPMNG5VGNNGCWHFGO#XGTUHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

939 940
1,5:1
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

941 941

1,5:1

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV#EJVU·WNKIGT6GORGNFCTKP
5VCVWGFGT*QPQU
! $/%%QJ/+4D4+% 
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\
/ÒPEJGP0T

154
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

942

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV-CKUGTTGKVGVTWPFUEJNGW
FGTV5RGGTCWHIGUVÒT\VGP&CMGT$/%%QJ/+4D4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

943

1,5:1 1,5:1

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV$NKV\WPF5RGGTXQP
8KEVQTKCDGMT·P\V$/%p%QJp/+4C
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGVCWH6H 4+%p 
8CTKCPVGXQPCNNGTITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV)TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GNKQU/ÒPEJGP0T 
$GTJCTF9Q[VGMMQPPVGPWTFKGUGUGKPG'ZGORNCTOKVFKGUGT$ÒUVGPXCTKCPVGPCEJYGKUGP


944 945

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N&CEKC UKV\V VTCWGTPF N CWH  
5EJKNFFCXQT6TQRJ·G$/%XGTINHH%QJXGTIN/+4D4+%XGTIN 
$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTW
FGTWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT2TQTC$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 
&WPMNG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ
0T

946
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF
.CP\G$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

155
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

947

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTVCUUVGJVNOKV2KNGWUWPF
<GRVGT $/%  %CNKEQ  C %QJ  XCT /+4  H
FKGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV  4+%  XCT  
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T

948 948
1,5:1

 Õ3WKPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUKV\VNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%p%QJp-KPI/+4X4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

949
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%%CNKEQC%QJXCT/+4H4+% 
5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

950

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF  
6TQRJ·G$/%%QJXCT/+4X4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

951

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X OKV $NKV\  
WPF<GRVGTWPFJ·NVUGKPGP/CPVGNUEJÒV\GPFÒDGTFGPOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGTNUVGJGPFGP-CKUGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4H4+%XCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

156
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

952
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4H4+%p 45GJTUEJÌP 

953
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%p%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4X4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

954 956 955

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 
$TCWPG2CVKPCGVYCUIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VCWH2NCVVHQTOT
FCPGDGP\YGK1HHK\KGTGFCXQTHÒPH5QNFCVGP$/%%QJXGTIN/+4X4+% 
4&WPMNG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
#WHFGT4ÒEMUGKVGKUVGKPG#FNQEWVKQFCTIGUVGNNV

 “&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%C
FWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

1,5:1 957 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPFJTG$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

157
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

958
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU5QNTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%CNKEQC%QJp/+4H4+% 445GJTUEJÌP 

959
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU5QNTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%CNKEQC%QJp/+4H4+% 44(CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 

960 961
 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%QJXGTINHH/+4J4+%pXGTIN 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUKV\VNOKV5VGWGTTWFGT
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

962 963 962

 “U5KFG
2CORJ[NKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#RQNNQ5KFGVGUUVGJVNOKV2JKCNGWPF<GRVGT
50)(TCPEG &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 WPF2NQVKPC“#UUCTKC,CJT
 #PC\CTDQU
%KNKEKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VGRJCPG50)(TCPEGp50).GXCPVG<KGINGT 
4&WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

1,5:1 964
1,5:1

 HÒT2NQVKPCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO#NVCTOKVFGT#DDKN
FWPIFGTCWHGKPGOEWTWNKUEJGP5VWJNUVGJGPFGP2WFKEKVKC$/%%QJ/+4
FKGU'ZGORNCT
GTY·JPVWPFCDIGDKNFGV 4+% 5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

158
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1,5:1 965
1,5:1

  HÒT /CVKFKC Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2KGVCU UVGJV X X  
-QRHNWPFJ·NVFKG*·PFGÒDGT\YGK-KPFGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+44+% 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVCWUFTWEMUXQNNGO2QTVT·V 
/CVKFKCYCTFKG6QEJVGTFGT/CTEKCPCCNUQGKPG0KEJVGFGU-CKUGTU5KGURKGNVGDGKFGTªDGTVTCIWPIFGT*GTTUEJCHV
CWH*CFTKCPGKPGDGFGWVGPFG4QNNG

966
1,5:1 1,5:1

  4GUVKVWVKQP HÒT #WIWUVWU Õ&GPCT 4QO  I =#8)?85685 -QRH T+/2 %#'5 64#+#0  
#8))'4&#%224'56%15585%0(.'068.854GKVGTUVCPFDKNFFGU/CTEWU#ITKRRCCWH5QE
MGNT$/%%QJ-QOPKEM4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5EJÌP 

968
967 967

 *CFTKCPWU  “5GUVGT\  4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPC  
UKV\VNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%XGTIN%QJXGTIN4+%XGTINC 
'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVXÌNNKIÒDGTCTDGKVGVOKVWPUKPPKIWOIGUEJPKVVGPGT#XGTUNGIGPFG
UQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC  
$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP 

969
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV,CPWUUVGJVXX
OKV<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 44(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

970

2:1 2:1
 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X OKV $NKV\  
WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

159
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

971 972

973 973

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
$/%pXGTINHH%QJXGTIN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 “&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG*KNCTKVCUUVGJVNOKV2CNO\YGKIWPF
(ÒNNJQTP\YKUEJGP\YGK-KPFGTP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

974

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV9ÌNHKPNU·WIV4QOWNWUWPF
4GOWU$/%%CNKEQC%QJXGTIN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T

975

2:1 2:1
 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N#&8'068+#8)#(4+%#' *CFTKCP UVGJV T  
OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP FCXQT UVGJV #HTKEC N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <YGKI FC\YKUEJGP #NVCT WPF 1RHGTUVKGT  
$/%p%CNKEQ%QJp4+%p (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

976
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T4QOC UKV\V N OKV FGP -ÌRHGP XQP 5QPPG WPF  
/QPFUQYKG5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%E 
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

160
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

977 978
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GI[RVQUNCIGTVNOKV5KUVTWOFCXQT+DKU
$/%%QJ4+% 4GXGTUFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGUGU5VÒEMUVCOOVCWUFGT5GTKGFGT2T·IWPIGP\W*CFTKCPU\YGKVGTITQ­GT4GKUGFWTEJFKG2TQXKP\GP
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#HTKECNCIGTVNOKV'NGHCPVGPJCWDG5MQT
RKQPWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT-QTDOKV(TÒEJVGP$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 979
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\0KN NCIGTV T OKV 5EJKNH WPF (ÒNNJQTP  
FCXQT0KNRHGTF$/%%QJ4+% 
42TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T

981

980 980

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\0KN NCIGTV TOKV5EJKNHWPF
(ÒNNJQTPCWH5RJKPZIGUVÒV\VFCJKPVGTGKP-KPFOKV<YGKI\YGK-KPFGTURKGNGPOKVFGO(ÒNNJQTPTGKP
YGKVGTGU-KPFOKV<YGKI$/%XCT%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#HTKEC NCIGTV N OKV 'NGHCP  
VGPUMCNR5MQTRKQPWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT-QTDOKVJTGP$/%%QJ4+% 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

982

2:1 2:1
 *CFTKCPWUOKV&KXWU6TCKCPWUWPF&KXC2NQVKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRH
FGU*CFTKCPWUTNFTCRKGTV&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGPFGU6TCKCPWUWPFFGT2NQVKPCGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTÒDGT
KJTGP-ÌRHGP5VGTPG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%$ 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

161
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

983 1,5:1 983

 HÒT5CDKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+WPQUVGJVNOKV2C
VGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQTUVGJV2HCWN$/%HH%CNKEQ%QJ4+% (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

984
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8GUVC UKV\V N OKV 2CNNCFKWO WPF <GRVGT  
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%D (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T

985
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%GTGUUKV\VNCWH-QTDOKVJTGPWPF(CEMGN
$/%pXGTIN%QJ4+%CXCT 
5GNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T

987 1,5:1 988

986

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO8GPWUUVGJVTOKV#RHGN$/%%QJ
4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%#PO%QJ4+% 
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO+WPQ UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%  
%QJ4+%XCT &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

162
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

989

2:1 2:1

 HÒT#GNKWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVTOKV9GKJTCWEJIGH·­FCXQT#NVCT
$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCT %QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
.WEKWU %GKQPKWU %QOOQFWU YWTFG  KO ,CJTG UGKPGU GTUVGP -QPUWNCVU XQP *CFTKCP CFQRVKGTV WPF PCJO FGP  


0COGP.#GNKWU%CGUCTCP'TUVCTDCO,CPWCTPQEJXQTUGKPGO#FQRVKXXCVGT*CFTKCP

990

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHN%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWH(ÒNNJQTPIGUVÒV\V
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%E 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
*CFTKCP MGJTVG  CWU FGO LÒFKUEJGP -TKGI \WTÒEM 5GKPG )GUWPFJGKV YCT CPIGITKHHGP UQ FC­ FGT -CKUGT   
KOOGTJKP,CJTGCNVGKPG0CEJHQNIGTGIGNWPIVTGHHGPOW­VG*CFTKCPU9CJNHKGNCWH.%GKQPKWU%QOOQFWUFGP
GTCNU.#GNKWU8GTWU\WO0CEJHQNIGTDGUVKOOVG#GNKWUYCT\WO<GKVRWPMVUGKPGT'TPGPPWPI%QPUWNQTFKPCTKWU
JCVVGCDGTMGKPGTNGKOKNKV·TKUEJG'THCJTWPI'TUVCTDCO0GWLCJTUVCI

991 992

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWH(ÒNNJQTPIGUVÒV\V
$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVTOKV9GKJTCWEJFQUGXQT#NVCT$/%%QJ
4+% )WVGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 

994
993 993

 “#U4QOI-QRHT5RGUIGJVNOKV$NWOG$/%%QJ4+% 


.GKEJVIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 HÒT#PVKPQWU“U6CTUQU
%KNKEKC I-QRHNOKV*GO*GO-TQPGNFTCRKGTV(NW­IQVV-[F
PQUNCIGTVNOKV5EJKNHFCXQT2JCTQU
! $NWOXGTIN50)(TCPEGXGTIN50).GXCPVG
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP8++0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+0GY;QTM0T

163
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

995
1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT#PVQPKPWU+2KWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2C
VGTCWPVGTFGO6JTQP(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJXCT4+%p 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

996 997
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPFCXQT#NVCT$/%
%QJ4+%C 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 #PVQPKPWU+2KWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VN
CWH2NCVVHQTOWPFYKTHVIGOGKPUCOOKV.KDGTCNKVCU/ÒP\GPKPFKG6QICGKPGU$ÒTIGTU$/%#PO
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%F 445GJTUEJÌP 

998
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%NGOGPVKCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1000 999 1001

 “&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
XQT#NVCTWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+% 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVTOKVJTGPWPFGKPGT5EJCNG
OKV(TÒEJVGP$/%%QJ4+% /KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV6TQRJ·G
$/%%QJ4+%D $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

164
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1002
1003
1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWU UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 2CTC\QPKWO  
$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGT4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF5RGGTWPVGP
5EJKNF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%D 5GJTUEJÌP 

1004
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNN
JQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1005

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN+P-TCP\24+/+&'%'0%15
++++$/%p%CNKEQXCT%QJXCT4+%XCT 
W­GTUVUGNVGPG8CTKCPVGGKPGUQJPGJKPUGNVGPGP5VÒEMGU-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 1006
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/%   
%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1007
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT2CZUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJp4+%C )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

165
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1008
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/%   
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1009
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCFCXQT&TGKHW­
WPF1RHGTUVKGT$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 
44-N(GKNUVGNNGCO4CPFMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

1010

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN-CKUGTUVGJVNWPFQRHGTVÒDGT
&TGKHW­$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV %QJp4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1011

 “U6CTUQU
%KNKEKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<GJPU·WNKIGT6GORGN50)(TCPEG
50).GXCPVG )TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1012
1,5:1 1,5:1

  &KXC (CWUVKPC OCVGT Ô#WTGWU PCEJ  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPF5VGWGTTWFGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

166
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1013
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU PCEJ  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT  
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T

1,5:1 1014
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%GTGUUVGJVNOKV(CEMGNWPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQC%QJ4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP 

1015
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF5VGWGTTWFGTCWH
)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1016
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUQRHGTVNÒDGT#NVCT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP 

1017 1018

1019 1019

 Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWIGJVT-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV$/%
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T
 “5GUVGT\PCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5EJNGKGTWPF5VGRJCPG2KGVCUUVGJVNWPF
QRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT$/%%QJXGTIN4+%# 
$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

167
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1020

 “#UPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT#GVGTPKVCUUKV\VNCWH)NQDWUOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGP
WPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% .GKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

1021
1,5:1 1,5:1

  HÒT (CWUVKPC HKNKC Ô#WTGWU 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N6CWDG UVGJV T $/%  %CNKEQ  
%QJ4+%D -N-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

1022

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUVGJVNOKV#RHGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGT$/%p%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%D -CDKPGVVUVÒEM(CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1023
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT CWH &GNRJKP  
$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP 

1024 1025

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNGPDCPF.CGVKVKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <GRVGT  
$/%%QJ4+%D #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUVGJVNOKV#RHGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGTWOFCUUKEJGKP
&GNRJKPYKPFGV$/%%QJ4+%E 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

168
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1027 1028

1026 1026

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV N OKV#RHGNWPF-KPF$/%
%QJ4+%D 
)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVWPFNGKEJVÒDGTCTDGKVGVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 WPF/CTEWU#WTGNKWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU+2KWUT-QRHFGU#PVQ
PKPWU++/CTEWU#WTGNKWUT$/%%QJ4+%C 
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T4QNCPF/CN[#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP
0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU+2KWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU++
/CTEWU#WTGNKWUT$/%%QJ4+%C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 1029 1,5:1

  HÒT /CTEWU #WTGNKWU Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/%  %QJ  
4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

1030
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT*KNCTKVCUUVGJVNOKV2CNO\YGKIWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 9KP\-TCV\GTUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1031 1032

1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%%QJ
4+% -CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T8KTVWU UVGJV TOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\QPKWO(W­CWH*GNO
$/%%QJ4+%G 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP*CWEMWPF#WHJ·WUGT
/ÒPEJGP0T

169
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1033
1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PVQPKPWU ++ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I -QRH T/CTEWU #WTGNKWU  
WPF.WEKWU8GTWUUVGJGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTWPFTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1034 1036 1035

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T/CTEWU #WTGNKWU WPF .WEKWU 8GTWU TGKEJGP  
UKEJFKG*CPF$/%%QJ4+% )N·P\GPFGITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'KP5VÒEMCWUFGT#PVTKVVUGOKUUKQPFGTDGKFGP-CKUGT
 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPF
HÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+% 
)TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWHGKPGCWHGKPGO
(ÒNNJQTPUVGJGPFG5VCVWGFGT5RGUIGUVÒV\V$/%XGTIN%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1037

1,5:1 1,5:1

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF
<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJp4+% 
5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:++0GY;QTM0T

170
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1038

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV %QJ
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$F$#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1039
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP
(W­CWH)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1040 1041
1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
(ÒNNJQTP(W­CWH)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI/#0610+085#8)#4/2#46*/#:-QRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF2CTC\QPKWOQFGT5RGGT$/%pXGTIN%QJpXGTIN
4+%pXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'KPGJ[DTKFG2T·IWPIFKGGKPGP4GXGTUFGU,CJTGUOKVGKPGOUR·VGTGP#XGTUMQODKPKGTV

1042

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI  
WPF DGHGUVKIV GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 8+%2#4 CP GKPGO 2CNODCWO $/%  %CNKEQ   
%QJ4+% 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FGP 5KGI FGU .WEKWU 8GTWU ÒDGT FKG 2CTVJGT &GT 6TKWORJ\WI FGT DGKFGP -CKUGT HCPF CO   
1MVQDGTUVCVV+O8GTNCWHFGU2CTVJGTMTKGIGU
 YCTGUFGO)GPGTCN#XKFKWU%CUUKWU
FGTUKEJIGIGP
/CTEWU#WTGNKWUGTJQDWPFFGP-CKUGTVKVGNCPPCJO IGNWPIGPPCEJ/GUQRQVCOKGPXQT\WFTKPIGPWPFFKGRCTVJKUEJG
*CWRVUVCFV-VGUKRJQPGKP\WPGJOGP

171
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1043
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\  
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV %QJp4+% 
(CUUWPIUURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1044
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1045

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTXQT
#NVCTWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+% 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1046

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNN
JQTP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1047

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#PPQPCUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF(ÒNNJQTP
FCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJ4+% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

172
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1048

1,5:1 1,5:1
 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU  
WPF<GRVGT$/%pXGTIN%CNKEQpXGTIN%QJpXGTIN4+%pXGTIN 
W­GTUVUGNVGPG$ÒUVGPXCTKCPVG-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1049

1,5:1 1,5:1
  HÒT &KXWU #PVQPKPWU Ô#WTGWU PCEJ  4QO  I -QRH T4QIWU FCTCWH3WCFTKIC$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1050

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHT4QIWUFCTCWH3WCFTKIC$/%%QJ4+% 


&WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1051 1052
1,5:1

 HÒT(CWUVKPCHKNKCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPVGT
FGO6JTQP(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGN&KCPCUVGJVNOKV(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+% 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1053

2:1 2:1
 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQC
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

173
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1054
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW  <ÒTKEJ  0T  WPF FGT #WMVKQP (TCPMHWTVGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI ' $WVVQP   
(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

1055 1056

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GEWPFKVCUUVGJVTOKV<GRVGTWPF-KPF$/%%QJ
4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT<YGK-NGKPMKPFGTCWH6JTQP$/%%QJ4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1057 1058 1059

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(GEWPFKVCU UVGJV N OKV \YGK-KPFGTPKO#TO\YKUEJGP
\YGK-KPFGTP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VGRJCPG,WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT
2HCW$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV\YGK-KPFGTP\WKJTGP5GKVGPLG\YGK
-KPFGT$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1061
1060

 “#U 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T&KCPC UVGJV N OKV (CEMGN $/%  %QJ  4+%   
)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 HÒT&KXC(CWUVKPCHKNKCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWUVGJVT$/%
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

174
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1063
1062 1062

 “5GUVGT\PCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWHNKGIVTOKV&KXC$/%%QJ
4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCOKPIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 HÒT&KXWU.WEKWU8GTWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT#FNGTUVGJVT-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV
$/%%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 

1064 1065

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHT#FNGTCWH)NQDWUT-QRHN$/%%QJ4+%
4)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T&KXWU UKV\V T KP 'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKIC OKV XKGT /CJQWVU $/%  
%QJ4+% 4)TÒPG2CVKPCUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

1066

 .WEKWU 8GTWU  Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF  
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 

1067
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1068
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/%   
%QJ4+% 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

175
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1069
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVTWPFUEJTGKDV
8+%#8)CWH5EJKNF$/%p%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT#WTGWUHGKGTVFGPKO8GTNCWHGFGU2GTUGTMTKGIGUGTTWPIGPGP5KGIKP#TOGPKGPYQ.WEKWU8GTWU5QJCGOWUCNU
-ÌPKIGKPUGV\VG

1070

 “5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
WPF6TQRJ·G$/%5#PO%QJ4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

1071
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTWPFUEJNGWFGTV5RGGTCWHGKPGP
IGUVÒT\VGP)GIPGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1072
1,5:1 1,5:1

  HÒT .WEKNNC Ô#WTGWU 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T+P -TCP\ 816#28$.+%# $/%
%CNKEQC%QJ4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1073

1074 1074

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUUVGJVNWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT$/%%QJ
4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT $/%   
%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

176
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1075

2:1 2:1

 %QOOQFWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%CUVQTUVGJV
NOKV5RGGTWPFJ·NVUGKP2HGTFCO<ÒIGN$/%%CNKEQD%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
%CUVQT GTUEJGKPV CWH FGO 4GXGTU FGU RT·EJVKIGP 5VÒEMGU CNU 5EJWV\RCVTQP FGU 4KVVGTUVCPFGU WPF CNU $GUEJÒV\GT FGU  
LWPIGP-CKUGTUFGTFKG,WIGPF4QOUXGTMÌTRGTV

1076

1077 1077

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF 2CNO\YGKI  
$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QOOQFWU UKV\V N CWH 2NCVVHQTO FCJKPVGT  
1HHK\KGTFCXQT.KDGTCNKVCUOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNNJQTPWPF$ÒTIGT$/%%QJ4+% 
5GJTUEJÌP 

1078 1079

 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTOKV5RGGTFCXQT.ÌYG
$/%%QJ4+%C 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌPUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVTOKVJTGPWPF-QTDOKV
(TÒEJVGP$/%#PO%QJp4+%p 5GJTUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

1081

1080 1080

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH5EJKNFGP
WPFUEJTGKDVCWH5EJKNF$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%XCT $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QOOQFWUUVGJVNCWH2QFKWOOKV5RGGTWPF
ITÒ­VFTGK5QNFCVGP#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
FQTVOKVKTTVÒONK
EJGT$GUEJTGKDWPI $/%pXGTINHH%QJp4+%p 445GJTUEJÌP 

177
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1082 1083 1084

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UKV\V N CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN OKV  
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “U #PVKQEJKC CF /CGCPFTWO


%CTKC   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+P XKGTU·WNKIGO  
6GORGN&GOGVGTUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF<GRVGT$/%42%QPNKPG50)X#WNQEMWCOGJT
8QPCNNGTITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 

  HÒT &KXWU /CTEWU #WTGNKWU “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T&KXWU UKV\V T KP 'NGHCPVGP  
SWCFTKICOKVXKGT/CJQWVU$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

1085
1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT%TKURKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2WFKEKVKCUVGJVN$/%%C
NKEQ%QJ4+% 4(GNFGTFGU4GXGTUGUNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1086
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGTWPVGTFGO
6JTQP6CWDG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1087 1,5:1 1087

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN $/%  %QJ   
4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

178
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1088 1090 1089

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF HÒVVGTV GKPG WO  
GKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+%D 
4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 “#U4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+% *GTTNKEJGITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1091 1092

 2GTVKPCZ  Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF  
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+%C 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTQRHGTVNÒDGT&TGKHW­$/%%QJ
4+%C 4-N4CPFHGJNGTUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

1093 1,5:1
1,5:1

 &KFKWU ,WNKCPWU  Õ&GPCT 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU  
WPF5EJTKHVTQNNG$/%%QJ4+%C 
4*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1094

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/%  %QJ   
4+%C 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUEJÌP 

179
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1095

2:1 2:1

 HÒT/CPNKC5ECPVKNNCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GR
VGTFCXQT2HCW$/%XCT%CNKEQ%QJ4+%XCT 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1096
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT2HCW$/%
%QJ4+% 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP 

1097

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT2HCW$/%
%QJ4+%C 445EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

1098
1,5:1 1,5:1

  HÒT &KFKC %NCTC Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T*KNCTKVCU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF  
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ1MVQDGT0T

1099
1,5:1 1,5:1

 2GUEGPPKWU0KIGTÕ&GPCT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5RGUIGJVNOKV
$NWOG$/%XGTIN%QJXGTINHH4+% 
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ 2NCVV*CNN++#WMVKQP)NGPFKPKPI.QPFQP0QXGODGT0TWPFFGT
5COONWPI#%CPVQPK#WMVKQP5CPVCOCTKC4QO0QXGODGT0T

180
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1100
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ&GPCT #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\6TQRJ·G WPVGP 9CHHGP $/% 5  #PO  
%QJXGTIN4+%p (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1102
1101 1101

 %NQFKWU#NDKPWU“5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1104
1103 1103

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
$/%%QJ4+%C 44$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT  .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT  
$/%%QJ4+%D 44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 

1105 1106

 Õ&GPCT  .WIFWPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT  
$/%%QJ4+%D 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%5%QJ4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1107
1,5:1 1,5:1

 5GRVKOKWU5GXGTWUÕ&GPCT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGQFGT'OGUCI+/2%#'.5'2
5'8 2'46 #8) -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5KGDGP 5VGTPG ÒDGT /QPFUKEJGN $KEMHQTF5OKVJ  XGTIN  
6CX+
#XGTU $/%p%QJp4+%p 
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

181
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1108
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF5RGGT
$/%%CNKEQC%QJ4+% /KPIGYGNNVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1109 1110
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF5EJTKHVTQNNG
$/%%QJ4+% -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\1EGCPWUNCIGTVTOKV/WUEJGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGT
CWHGKPG7TPGIGUVÒV\VCWUFGT9CUUGTHNKG­VT5GGRHGTF$/%%QJXGTIN4+% 
44(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1111 1112

 “#U  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V T OKV 2CNNCFKWO WPF <GRVGT  
FCXQT)GHCPIGPGT$/%%QJ4+% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG  .CQFKEGC CF OCTG
5[TKC   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGNWPVGP5VGTP2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1113
1,5:1 1,5:1

  HÒT ,WNKC &QOPC Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV T OKV 2CNO  
\YGKIWPF#RHGNCP5·WNGIGNGJPV$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1114

2:1 2:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT&KCPCUVGJVNOKV(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%p 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN
0T

182
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1115 1116

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T%GTGU UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (CEMGN FCXQT  
#NVCT$/%%QJ4+% 4)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T-CKUGTKP UVGJV NWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCTFCXQT
FTGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1117
1,5:1 1,5:1

 OKV,WNKC&QOPCWPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT,WNKC&QOC
T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF IGRCP\GTVG WPF FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU  
%CTCECNNCOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%XCT%QJ4+%DXCT 
44-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T

1118

1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT,WNKC&QOPC%CTCECNNCWPF)GVCÔ#WTGWU4QOI5'8'485#8)2/642
: %15 +++ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\('.+%+6#5  5#'%8.+ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT ,WNKC  
&QOPC X X \YKUEJGP FGT FTCRKGTVGP $ÒUVG FGU %CTCECNNC  P T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF FGT FTCRKGTVGP  
$ÒUVGFGU)GVCPN$/%p%CNKEQC
FKGU'ZGORNCT %QJp4+%p 
449KP\-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1119 1120

1121 1121

 WPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT$/%
%QJ4+% 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
 HÒT)GVCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “U  &KWO
&GMCRQNKU   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T-TKGIUIQVV UVGJV X X OKV <GRVGT WPF  
0KMGWPVGP5VKGT5RKLMGTOCP 45GJTUEJÌP 

183
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1122
1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PVQPKPWU +++ %CTCECNNC  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $/% 5  #PO %CNKEQ 
FKGU 'ZGORNCT  
CDIGDKNFGV %QJ4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1123 1124

 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&KG5RKPCFGU%KTEWU/CZKOWUCNU5EJKHH
WOIGDGPXQP3WCFTKIGPWPF6KGTGP$/%%QJ4+% 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWU UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 2CTC\QPKWO  
$/%%QJ4+%D (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1125 1126 1127

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF GTTKEJVGV  
6TQRJ·GTMKGGPFGT)GHCPIGPGTWPFUVGJGPFG(TCW$/%%QJp4+%p 
44)TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
 “5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5GEWTKVCUUKV\VTOKV<YGKI$/%%QJ
4+%C $TCWPG2CVKPCIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV5GEWTKVCU UKV\V T OKV <YGKI  
$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%D 
$TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­IWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI/C\\KPK0T

1128
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF
6TQRJ·G$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 
/KPIGYGNNVMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

184
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1129 1130

 Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%%QJ4+%E 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8GPWUUVGJVNOKV*GNO
<GRVGTWPF5EJKNF\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP$/%%QJ4+%E 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T

1131

1132 1132

 “#U4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGUVGJVNOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPF$NKV\KO/CWN
$/%%QJp4+%C 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “U$CIGKU
.[FKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTFCTWPVGT\YGK)G
HCPIGPG T UVGJV 0KMG CWH )NQDWU N OKV -TCP\ WPF 6TQRJ·G #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI   
/ÒPEJGP0TUQPUVYQJNWPGFKGTV $TCWPG2CVKPCÒDGTCTDGKVGVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

1134
1133

 “U/KFCKQP
2JT[IKC I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CPUVGJVNOKV5[TKPZWPF2GFWOX#W
NQEM/ÒP\GPWPF5V·FVG2JT[IKGPU++XCT )N·P\GPFGITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

  HÒT &KXWU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T4QIWU FCTCWH 3WCFTKIC  
$/%%QJ4+%( 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1135 1136
1,5:1

 HÒT,WNKC&QOPCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV#RHGNWPF
<GRVGTFCXQT%WRKFQ$/%%QJ4+%D 2TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUVUVGORGNHTKUEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

 )GVCCNU%CGUCTOKV5GRVKOKWU5GXGTWUWPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI
&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU )GVC T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVGP FGU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU WPF FGU %CTCECNNC OKV .QTDGGT  
MT·P\GPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

185
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1137 1138

 )GVCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% (CUVUVGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T 
-KGPCUVFCVKGTVFKGHÒPHVG.KDGTCNKVCUKPFGP(GDTWCT


 /CETKPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVX
XOKV\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJXCT4+%# (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1140 1139 1140

 “5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VNOKV)NQDWUWPF<GR
VGT$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1142 1143

1141 1141

 “#U  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF  
(ÒNNJQTP$/%pXGTIN%QJpXGTIN4+%pXGTIN )GIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF  
<GRVGT$/%%QJp4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNN  
JQTPFCXQT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%XCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

1145 1144 1145

 “5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVXXOKV\YGK5VCPFCTVGP
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

  HÒT &KCFWOGPKCPWU Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF  
<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

186
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1146
1147 1147

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5RGUIGJVNOKV$NWOG$/%%QJXCT4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK  
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% &QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUUEJÌP 

1148 1149 1150

 #PVQPKPWU +8 'NCICDCN  Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% 
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ#PVQPKPKCP  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG/CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT  
WPF6TQRJ·G$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF *QTP-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV  
2CVGTCWPF<YGKIFCXQT#NVCTWPF5VGTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
$GKFGOUQIGPPCPVGP*QTPUQNNGUUKEJWOGKPG5VKGTRGPKUURKV\GJCPFGNP
'NMG-TGPIGNKP,DPWO5


HH6QDKCU$TGPFNGKP00$5HH )GIGPFKGUG&GWVWPICTIWOGPVKGTV99GKUGT
)0/·T\
5HH 

1152 1151 1152

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCYKP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­IWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 HÒT,WNKC/CGUCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GEWPFKVCUUVGJVNOKV(ÒNNJQTPWPFJ·NV
FKG*CPFÒDGTGKP-KPF$/%%QJ4+% 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1153 1154

 HÒT,WNKC2CWNCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
FCXQT5VGTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
,WNKC 2CWNC FKG 6QEJVGT FGU 2TCGVQTKCPGTRT·HGMVGP ,WNKWU 2CWNWU YCT FKG GTUVG 'JGHTCW FGU 'NCICDCN &KG 'JG YCT  
XGTOWVNKEJ XQP ,WNKC /CGUC CTTCPIKGTV YQTFGP WPF YWTFG OKV ITQ­GO 2QOR IGHGKGTV  DGK FGP 5RKGNGP HCPFGP  
\CJNTGKEJG)NCFKCVQTGP6KIGTWPFGKP'NGHCPVFGP6QF'NCICDCNYWTFGUGKPGT(TCWDCNFÒDGTFTÒUUKIWPFNKG­UKEJ
PCEJGKPGOMPCRRGP,CJTUEJGKFGP

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT$/%
%QJ4+% .GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T

187
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1155
1,5:1 1,5:1

 5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 
/CTUUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T

1156 1157

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF  
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI 
 Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV2TQXKFGPVKCUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF
#PMGTFCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJXCT4+% *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1158 1159 1160 1161

 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF #PMGT  
FCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJXCT4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X -QRH T OKV  
$NKV\WPF#FNGT$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

 HÒT,WNKC/COCGCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV
%CFWEGWUCP5·WNGIGNGJPV$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
  HÒT 1TDKCPC Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV  
2CVGTCWPF&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$CNFYKP U.QPFQP0T

1162 1163 1162

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QRRGN
HÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 4GXGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QR
RGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 44$TCWPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

188
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1165 1166

1164 1164

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QR
RGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 44.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 /CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ  Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+% -CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJ
VGPWPF5RGGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1167 1168 1169

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT  
4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGTFCXQT\YGK5VCPFCTVGPFCJKPVGTGKPG5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+% 
)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 “U6CTUQU
%KNKEKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG#VJGPCIGJVTOKV0KMG5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌP 
  HÒT /CZKOWU “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF  
5RGGTFCJKPVGT\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

1170
1171 1171

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2TKP\UVGJVNOKV5VCDWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2TKP\UVGJVNOKV5VCDWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

189
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1173
1172

 “#U4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$/%%QJp4+%D 


)TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVMN-QTTQUKQPUUVGNNGCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T

 “U2GTIG
2CORJ[NKC I-QRHT#TVGOKUUVGJVTOKV$QIGPWPF(CEMGN50)(TCPEGH
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1174
1,5:1 1,5:1

 )QTFKCPWU + #HTKECPWU  Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT  
UVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T 
)QTFKCPWU + YWTFG \WUCOOGP OKV UGKPGO INGKEJPCOKIGP 5QJP KP #HTKMC #PHCPI ,CPWCT  \WO #WIWUVWU  


CWUIGTWHGP WPF XQO 5GPCV CPGTMCPPV 0CEJFGO UGKP 5QJP 5EJNCEJV WPF .GDGP IGIGP FGP .GICVGP XQP 0WOKFKGP  
XGTNQTGPJCVVGDGIKPIGTPCEJPQEJPKEJVGKPOCNGKPGO/QPCV4GIKGTWPI5GNDUVOQTF

1175
1,5:1 1,5:1

 )QTFKCPWU++#HTKECPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC
IGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% 
44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
)QTFKCPWU++#HTKECPWUYWTFGWOCNU5QJPFGU)QTFKCPWU+IGDQTGP&GT0COGUGKPGT/WVVGTKUVPKEJVDGMCPPV



FGTKPFGT*KUVQTKC#WIWUVCIGPCPPVG0COG(CDKC1TGUVKNNCKUVHKMVKX CDGTUKGYCTOÌINKEJGTYGKUGGKPG'PMGNKPFGU
5QRJKUVGP*GTQFGU#VVKEWUªDGT.GDGPWPF-CTTKGTGFGU)QTFKCPWUKUVYGPKIDGMCPPV\YCTHCDWNKGTVFGT#WVQTFGT
*KUVQTKC#WIWUVCNWUVNQUGKPGPEWTUWUJQPQTWO\WUCOOGPKUVCDGTOGJTFCTCPKPVGTGUUKGTVFGO-CKUGTXGTUEJKGFGPG
)GNÒUVG \W\WUEJTGKDGP UQ FKEJVGV GT FGO )QTFKCPWU  -QPMWDKPGP CP XQP FGPGP KJO LGFG  -KPFGT IGDQTGP  
JCDGP UQNN UQYKG GKPG $KDNKQVJGM OKV 
  $·PFGP 5KEJGT KUV PWT FC­ )QTFKCPWU ++ EQPUWN UWHHGEVWU YCT  
DGXQT GT UGKPGO 8CVGT CNU .GICV KP #HTKEC FKGPVG 'U KUV WPMNCT QD GT KP 6J[UFTWU IGOGKPUCO OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT  
YGPKIG6CIGUR·VGTKP-CTVJCIQQFGTGTUVFWTEJFGP5GPCVKP4QO\WO-CKUGTGTJQDGPYQTFGPKUV#NU%CRGNKCPWU
FGTFGO/CZKOKPWU6JTCZVTGWIGDNKGDGPG5VCVVJCNVGTXQP0WOKFKGPOKVUGKPGT#TOGGPCEJ-CTVJCIQOCTUEJKGTVG
YWTFG )QTFKCPWU ++ \WO -QOOCPFGWT GKPGT VGKNU CWU (TGKYKNNKIGP DWPV \WUCOOGPIGYÒTHGNVGP #TOGG WPF UVGNNVG  
UKEJ FGO (GKPF \WO -CORH 'T HKGN UGKP 8CVGT DGIKPI FCTCWHJKP 5GNDUVOQTF &KG /ÒP\GP FGT DGKFGP )QTFKCPK  
#HTKECPK\·JNGP\WFGPUGNVGPGPWPFDGUQPFGTUDGIGJTVGP2T·IWPIGPFGTTÌOKUEJGP-CKUGT\GKV

1176 1177

 $CNDKPWUÕ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG*CPFUEJNCI$/%
%QJ4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF 2CTC\Q  
PKWO$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

190
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1178 1179 1180

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF 2CTC\Q  
PKWO$/%%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNN  
JQTPFCXQT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+% -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1181

1182 1182

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% )WVGU2QTVT·VCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T0KEQNCU#WMVKQP/CKUQP2NCVV2CTKU/·T\0TWPFFGT5COONWPI.CHCKNNG
#WMVKQP8KPEJQP2CTKU0QXGODGT0T

 “U 6CTUQU


%KNKEKC   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT  
#NVCT50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 4)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1183 1184

 2WRKGPWU  Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG*CPFUEJNCI  
$/%%QJ4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT  
$/%%QJ4+% 2T·EJVKIGU2QTVT·V4GXGTUUEJYCEJCWUIGRT·IVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

1185 1186

 Õ&GPCT 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT  
$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF<GR
VGT$/%%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

191
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1187
1187 1,5:1

 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+%C &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1188

 $CNDKPWU WPF 2WRKGPWU  HÒT )QTFKCPWU +++ Õ&GPCT  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T  
2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$/%%QJ4+% 45GJTUEJÌP 

1189
1,5:1 1,5:1

 )QTFKCPWU +++  Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\   
#RQNNQUKV\VNOKV1NKXGP\YGKIFGP'NNDQIGPCWH.[TCIGUVÒV\V%CNKEQC%QJ4+% 
-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1190
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\*GTEWNGU UVGJV T WPF UVÒV\V  
-GWNGCWH5·WNG%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 
*GTTNKEJG)QNFRCVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI(TCP\6TCW#WMVKQP)KNJQHGT4CPUEJDWTI#FQNRJ*GUU#)9KGP0T

1191
1192

 Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CGVKVKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
#PMGT%QJ4+% 5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 $6GVTCFTCEJOG#PVKQEJKC
5[TKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJV
XX-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGG2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

192
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1193 1194

 2JKNKRRWU+“5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#PVKNQRG
UVGJVN%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPV OKV /CJQWV N %QJ   
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

1195 1196

 “#U4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPVOKV/CJQWVN%QJ4+%D
-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­HCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKCI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIG
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJXGTIN4+%XGTIND
4QO D\Y
$ÒUVGN  8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

1197 ex1198 1199

 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#PPQPC UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (ÒNN  
JQTPFCXQT/QFKWU%QJ4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
 “U5COQU
+QPKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
KO *KPVGTITWPF )CNGGTG $/%  &C\W 'KP “U FGU 2JKNKRRWU ++
/\UV 5COQU 4GXGTU -WNVUVCVWG  
FGT*GTCXQP5COQU$/%  5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 “U#PVKQEJKC2KUKFKCGKP*QOQPQKCOKV+MQPKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJG
XQP#PVKQEJKCWPF6[EJGXQP+MQPKQPTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF(TCPMG0QNN¾ 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

1200 1201
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG4QOHÒT5[TKGPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX
-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGG2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG4QOHÒT5[TKGPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX
-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGGE2TKGWT 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

193
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1202
 $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
   #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\#FNGTUVGJVN-QRHTOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY
 44$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
2T·IWPIGP FGU UKGDVGP ·I[RVKUEJGP ,CJTGU UKPF UGJT UGNVGP FC FCU ·I[RVKUEJG ,CJT GTUV CO  #WIWUV DGICPP WPF  
2JKNKRRWU+MWT\FCTCWHKPFGT5EJNCEJVXQP8GTQPCHKGN

1203
1,5:1 1,5:1

 HÒT1VCEKNKC5GXGTCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO2WFKEKVKCUKV\V
NOKV<GRVGTWPFNÒHVGVKJTGP5EJNGKGT%QJ4+% 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)GUVQRHVGU.QEJHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI9KNNKCO*9KNNKCOU#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

1204 1205 1206

 “5GUVGT\  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO5#'%8.#4'5 #8)) 0KNRHGTF T  
%QJ4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&CU5VÒEMYWTFGCPN·­NKEJFGT6CWUGPFLCJTHGKGT4QOUIGRT·IV
 “5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QRRGNHÒNN
JQTP%QJ4+%G 4)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2KGVCU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF  
9GKJTCWEJIGH·­%QJ4+%C &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1208
1207 1207
 “5GUVGT\ 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2WFKEKVKC UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT %QJ   
4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
   #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VG  
RJCPG&KMCKQU[PGUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF(ÒNNJQTP&CVVCTK5CXKQ
FKGU'ZGORNCT )GKUUGP
XCT-COROCPP)CPUEJQY 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI)KQXCPPK&CVVCTK

194
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1209 1210
  HÒT 2JKNKRRWU ++ $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
   #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU   I &TCRKGTVG  
$ÒUVG T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 5GNGPG T FCXQT /QPFUKEJGN &CVVCTK  )GKUUGP  -COROCPP  
)CPUEJQY 45GJTUEJÌP 
 2JKNKRRWU ++  $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT 
   #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU   I &TC  
RKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\*GTOCPWDKUUVGJVTOKV-GT[MGKQPWPF2CNO\YGKIFCJKPVGT5EJCMCN
&CVVCTK)GKUUGPXCT-COROCPP)CPUEJQY &WPMGNDTCWPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1211
1,5:1 1,5:1

 6TCKCPWU&GEKWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGV
NOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGT%CNKEQC%QJ4+%C 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1212 1213 1212

 Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG-CKUGTTGKVGVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJ
VGPWPF<GRVGT%QJ4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 “&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1214 1215

 “&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 “&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 44CPFCWUDTWEJ5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­UGJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

1216 1217

 “5GOKU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV/CTUUVGJVNOKV5EJKNFWPF
5RGGT%QJ4+% 445GJTUEJÌP 
 6TGDQPKCPWU )CNNWU  Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG  
(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

195
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1218

2:1 2:1
 8QNWUKCPWUÔ$KPKQ4QOI+/2%#'%8+$81.85+#01#8)&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG2+'6#5 #8)) 2KGVCU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGP *·PFGP FCXQT #NVCT %CNKEQ   
%QJp4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'KP$KPKQGKPFQRRGNVGT#WTGWUOÒ­VGGKIGPVNKEJUEJYGTGTUGKPFQEJUEJQPWPVGT)QTFKCPWU+++YCTFCU)GYKEJV
UVCTMIGHCNNGP)CNNWUUEJGKPVGKPG4GHQTOXQTIGPQOOGP\WJCDGPOKVGKPGOFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJGP)GYKEJVFGU$KPKQ
XQPWPFFGU#WTGWUXQPI9KGFKG$GYGTVWPIKP#PVQPKPKCPGPYCTKUVWPMNCT+O4+%YKTFXGTOWVGV
FGT#WTGWUMÌPPVGOKV#PVQPKPKCPGPDGYGTVGVYQTFGPUGKPWPFFGT$KPKQOKV#PVQPKPKCPGP&CU&QRRGNUVÒEM
OKV5VTCJNGPDKPFGOÒ­VGCDGTFGPFQRRGNVGP9GTVIGJCDVJCDGPCNUQ#PVQPKPKCPG'UKUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJUQFC­
FCU)QNFDGK6TCPUCMVKQPGPIGYQIGPYWTFG/GKUVFÒTHVGGUCDGTHÒT
)GNF IGUEJGPMGIGFKGPVJCDGP

1219 1220
 #GOKNKCPWU  Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG#RQNNQ UVGJV N  
OKV<YGKIWPF.[TCCWH(GNUGP%QJ4+% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
 Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KTVWUUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF
5RGGT%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1221
1222 1222

 “U#KIGCK
%KNKEKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\*GTQU
#NGZCPFGTFGT)TQ­G! UVGJVN
OKV5RGGTWPF1RHGTUEJCNGFCXQT1RHGTUVKGTWPF6QTDQIGP50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 8CNGTKCPWU“U-QT[MQU
%KNKEKC I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&KQP[UQU
UVGJVNOKV6J[TUQUWPF9GKPVTCWDGPÒDGT2CPVJGTFCXQT2TGKUMTQPGCWH&TGKHW­50)(TCPEGXGTIN
HH50).GXCPVG 5EJYCT\DTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1223
1224

 HÒT&KXC/CTKPKCPCÕ#PVQPKPKCP8KOKPCEKWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5EJNGKGTCWH/QPF
UKEJGN2HCWHNKGIVTOKV&KXC/+4D4+% (CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
 )CNNKGPWU“5GUVGT\4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP/+44+% 
445EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

196
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1225 1226 1225

 Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG2CZUVGJVNOKV
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT/+4M4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
 2QUVWOWU“5GUVGT\%QNQPKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TQRJ·G
\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP$CUVKGP%QJ'NOGT4+% 
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1227 1228 1229

 “5GUVGT\  %QNQPKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP  
*GTEWNGUXQP-ÌNP&GWV\UVGJVTOKV-GWNG.ÌYGPHGNNWPF$QIGP$CUVKGP%QJ'NOGT
4+% 445GJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\%QNQPKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT)CNGGTGN$CUVKGP
%QJ'NOGT4+% 44#DURNKVVGTWPIGPCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 
 “5GUVGT\ %QNQPKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI CP  
5·WNGIGNGJPVWPFHÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT
1UPCDTÒEM0T$CUVKGPp%QJp'NOGTp4+%p<UEJWEMGp 445GJTUEJÌP 

1230
1,5:1 1,5:1

 .CGNKCPWU  “#PVQPKPKCP /QIQPVKCEWO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KEVQTKC  
IGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI'NOGT4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPIFGT#OGTKECP0WOKUOCVKE5QEKGV[#WMVKQP)GOKPK0GY;QTM0T 
)GQTI 'NOGT IGJV FCXQP CWU FC­ .CGNKCPWU FKG XQP 2QUVWOWU HTKUEJ GKPIGTKEJVGVG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT KP UGKPG  


)GYCNV IGDTCEJV JCV WPF FQTV UGKPG /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG­ #WEJ %( <UEJWEMG PKOOV FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT CP  

&KGTÌOKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG-ÌNP6TKGT5 &KGUYWTFGWCXQP+-ÌPKICPIG\YGKHGNVFGTFKG/ÒP\UV·VVG
KP /CKP\ XGTOWVGV
&KG ICNNKUEJGP 7UWTRCVQTGP XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU /ÒPEJGP  5  UQ CWEJ  
)KNNLCO#PVQPKPKCPKWPF#WTGKFGU7NRKWU%QTPGNKWU.CGNKCPWU-ÌNP5 0CEJGKPGTCPFGTGP#WHHCUUWPI
JCV .CGNKCPWU MWT\HTKUVKI -ÌNP GKPIGPQOOGP WPF FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG PCEJ /CKP\ XGTNCIGTV
$GUN[$NCPF 6JG %WPGVKQ  
6TGCUWTG4QOCP%QKPCIGQHVJG6JKTF%GPVWT[#&.QPFQP5WPF &GOYKFGTURTKEJV$5EJWNVG
FGTCPPKOOVFC­.CGNKCPWUUKEJKPFGP$GUKV\GKPGT/ÒP\UV·VVGFGU2QUVWOWUUGV\VGWPFFQTVUGKPG/ÒP\GPRT·IGP
NKG­ FQTV MQPPVG GT UKEJ CDGT PWT MWT\ JCNVGP YCU FKG 5GNVGPJGKV UGKPGT 2T·IWPIGP GTMN·TV
5EJWNVG &KG  
)QNFRT·IWPI FGT ICNNKUEJGP -CKUGT XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU #CTCW  5   9GKUGT /CKP\ TÌOKUEJG  
/ÒP\UV·VVG!KP&KG/ÒP\UV·VVGP/CKP\WPF9KGUDCFGP5RG[GTNGIVUKEJCWH/CKP\HGUV

197
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1231

 %NCWFKWU++)QVJKEWU$6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
 #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I
)GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOCPWDKU T OKV -CNCVJQU FCXQT -GT[  
MGKQPOKV2CNO\YGKI&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1232
1,5:1 1,5:1

 #WTGNKCPWUÔ#WTGWU/GFKQNCPWO'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP %CNKEQ  %QJ  'UVKQV #WTGNKGP
    
/+4F4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
0CEJ #WTGNKCPU 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV UCJ UKEJ FGT -CKUGT IG\YWPIGP KP 0QTFKVCNKGP WPF CP FGT &QPCWHTQPV IGIGP  
8CPFCNGP ,WVWPIGP WPF 5CTOCVGP \W M·ORHGP &GT &TWEM CWH FKG )TGP\GP FGU 4GKEJGU HÒJTVG \W OGJTGTGP  
7UWTRCVKQPGP
5GRVKOKWU 7TDCPWU &QOKVKCPWU WPF YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ (GNKEKUUKOWU  9KG UQ QHV IKDV FGT 4GXGTU  
WPUGTGU5VÒEMGUPKEJVFKG4GCNKV·VYKGFGTXQPFGT'KPVTCEJVFGT5QNFCVGPMQPPVGHCMVKUEJPKEJVFKG4GFGUGKP

1233
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  /GFKQNCPWO  'OKUUKQP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU  
IGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5VCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ%$0HH%QJ'UVKQV#WTG
NKGP
 /+4S
4QO 4+%WPF 4)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%1<ÒTKEJ0T

1234
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  /GFKQNCPWO  'OKUUKQP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU  
IGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5VCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ%$0HH%QJ'UVKQV#WTG
NKGP
 D
FKGU'ZGORNCT /+4S
4QO 4+%WPF 48QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT5COONWPI,COIQEJKCP#WMVKQP
2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

1235

 “5GUVGT\4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTWPF-CKUGTKP
TGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPFFCTÒDGT$ÒUVGFGU5QNT%$0XCT/+44+% 
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

198
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1237 1236 1238

 HÒT5GXGTKPC“#PVQPKPKCP5GTFKEC'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO
CWH/QPFUKEJGN-CKUGTWPF-CKUGTKPTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF%$0/+44+% 
5KNDGTUWFXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 WPF8CDCNCVJWU$#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGFGU#WTG
NKCPWUTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU8CDCNCVJWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%$0/+4
4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 $#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGFGU#WTGNKCPWUTOKV5VTCJNGP
DKPFG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU8CDCNCVJWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%$0/+44+% 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 

1239 1240
 6CEKVWU“#PVQPKPKCP.WIFWPWO'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJ
NGPDKPFG5RGUIGJVNOKV$NWOG%$0HH%QJ4+% 
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKV5KNDGTUWF 
 (NQTKCPWU  “#PVQPKPKCP %[\KEWU  'OKUUQP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGP  
DKPFG8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF DGMT·P\V -CKUGT %$0 p XGTIN  HH %QJ  XCT  
4+%XCT 5KNDGTUWFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1241

2:1 2:1
 2TQDWUÔ#WTGWU5GTFKECI+/2%241$85+08+%685#8)&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVG
TOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/#458+%614/CTUIGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF6TQRJ·GT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ

FKGU'ZGORNCT %QJp2KPM#WHDCW54+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\ 

1242 1243
 “#PVQPKPKCP 4QO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG N OKV *GNO 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF-CKUGT  
TGKVGVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGTFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%QJ4+% 5KNDGTUWFXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 “#PVQPKPKCP 5GTFKEC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG5QN KP 3WCFTKIC X X OKVGTJQ
DGPGT4GEJVGP%QJXGTIN4+%XCT 5VGORGNINCP\ 

199
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1244

2:1 2:1

 5CVWTPKPWU  HÒT 2TQDWU Ô#WTGWU  #PVKQEJKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 2TQDWU T OKV  
.QTDGGTMTCP\8+%614+#' 8KEVQTKC KP $KIC T KO #DUEJPKVV #8))
UKE  %CNKEQ 
2TQDWU   
%QJp'UVKQV.GV[TCP5CVWTPKPWU52KPM#WHDCW5#PO4+%
2TQDWU  
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV&KGDGMCPPVG/ÒP\GFGU5CVWTPKPWU/KPIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 
+O 4GXGTUUVGORGN YWTFG FCU \YGKVG ) XQP #8)) PCEJVT·INKEJ CNUQ DGYW­V JKP\WIGHÒIV 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ UQOKV  
PKEJV WO GKPGP (GJNGT FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU 'KPGP \YGKVGP XQP 2TQDWU CPGTMCPPVGP #WIWUVWU ICD GU KP FGUUGP  
4GIKGTWPIU\GKV PKEJV 9GT KUV CNUQ FGT \YGKVG CWH FGO 4GXGTU GTY·JPVG #WIWUVWU WPF YCTWO YKTF GT CWH GKPGT  
/ÒP\GFGU2TQDWUGTY·JPV! 
&KG 'TMN·TWPI NKGHGTV 5CTCJ $ 2QOGTQ[
6JG 4GXQNV QH 5CVWTPKPWU KP 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\DN·VVGT 
  5   


 &CU5VÒEMYWTFGY·JTGPFFGT7UWTRCVKQPFGU5CVWTPKPWUIGRT·IVFGT
YQJNCWHITWPFUGKPGTWCXQP<QUKOQU
DG\GWIVGP(TGWPFUEJCHVOKV2TQDWU JQHHVGCNU/KVTGIGPVCPGTMCPPV\WYGTFGP5[NXKCPG'UVKQVDGUV·VKIVFKGUKPKJTGT
UGJTCWUHÒJTNKEJGP7PVGTUWEJWPIFGT/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGU5CVWTPKPWU
'UVKQV5[NXKCPG.GV[TCP5CVWTPKPWU.GFQUUKGT
PWOKUOCVKSWG KP $QPCOGPVG2CUEJQWF
*TUI  *KUVQTKCG #WIWUVCG %QNNQSWKWO 2GTWUKPWO $CTK  5   
  WPF XGTINGKEJV FCU 8QTIGJGP FGU 5CVWTPKPWU OKV FGO FGU 8CDCNCVJWU
FGT \WP·EJUV CWEJ #WTGNKCP CWH UGKPG  
/ÒP\GP UGV\VG  QFGT %CTCWUKWU FGT UKEJ CWEJ KP UGKPGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI \WP·EJUV &KQENGVKCPWU WPF /CZKOKCPWU CNU  
-QNNGIGGORHCJN 
#WHITWPF FGT UGJT CWUHÒJTNKEJGP 7PVGTUWEJWPI XQP 5[NXKCPG 'UVKQV KUV IGUKEJGTV FC­ GU UKEJ DGK FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP  


/ÒP\G WO GKPG2T·IWPIFGU5CVWTPKPWUJCPFGNV'UJCPFGNVUKEJWOFKGDGMCPPVG/ÒP\GFKGUGU7UWTRCVQTUWPF


FCOKVWOGKPGFGTICP\ITQ­GP5GNVGPJGKVGPFGTTÌOKUEJGP0WOKUOCVKM

1245 1246

 %CTWU  “#PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KEVQTKC  
UVGJVNCWH)NQDWUOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 WPF%CTKPWU$#PVQPKPKCP.WIFWPWOI$ÒUVGPFGU%CTWUOKV2CP\GTWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPF
FGU%CTKPWUOKV2CNWFCOGPVWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGPGDGPGKPCPFGTT8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1247

2:1 2:1

  HÒT %CTKPWU Ô#WTGWU  4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ IGJV N OKV  
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 44$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 

200
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1248
1,5:1 1,5:1

 &KQENGVKCPWU  Ô#WTGWU WO  #PVKQEJKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT%CNKEQC4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T 
&KQENGVKCPHÒJTVGFGP$GKPCOGP+QXKWUFKGUMQOOVCWHFGO4GXGTU\WO#WUFTWEM


1249

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ/GFCKNNQPOKV4GUVGPGKPGT8GTIQNFWPIWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG
WPF#FNGT\GRVGT<YGK8KEVQTKGPDGHGUVKIGPGKPGP5EJKNFCPGKPGT2CNOG#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ5GR
VGODGT0T
FKGU'ZGORNCT %QJ)PGEEJK4+% 
8QPCNNGTITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1250 1251
 Õ#TIGPVGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%C
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  5KUEKC  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPC5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI'IQP$GEMGPDCWGT

1252 1253
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  6KEKPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C 442TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\5VGORGNINCP\ 
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  6KEKPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1254
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT
/CWGTTKPI4+%C 445VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

201
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1255

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT4+%C
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T 
.CWV/CTKC4CFPQVK#NHÌNFK
#PVKMG0WOKUOCVKM6GKN+5 UVGJVFKG4GXGTUCDDKNFWPIHÒTFGPJGTXQTTCIGPFGP


#WUDCW FGU )TGP\XGTVGKFKIWPIUU[UVGOU YGNEJGU FKG 5KEJGTJGKV FGU 4GKEJGU ICTCPVKGTVG WPF FKG (GKPFG DQVO·­KI  
OCEJVG&CUQHHGPG6QT\GKIVFC­FKG(GUVWPIGPYKGFGTFKG6QTGHÒT*CPFGNWPF9CPFGNÌHHPGPMÌPPGP

1256 1257

 Õ#TIGPVGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ#TIGPVGWU  4QO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1258
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTKI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\816+5::5+%:::%CNKEQ
4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1259
1,5:1 1,5:1

 /CZKOKCPWU+Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
*GTCMNGUNKO-CORHOKVFGT.GTP·KUEJGP*[FTC%CNKEQ4+% 
449KP\4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1260
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô#WTGWU  4QO  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\*GTEWNGU UKV\V X X CWH  
(GNUGPN-GWNGT-ÌEJGTWPF$QIGP%CNKEQ
FQTVWPVGT6TGXGTK 4+%p 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

202
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1262

1261 1263

 Õ#TIGPVGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%D
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  5KUEKC  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  4QO  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT  
/CWGTTKPI4+%D )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1264 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Õ#TIGPVGWU%CTVJCIQI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\:%8+
9GTVCPICDG
FGU4ÌOKUEJGP2HWPFGU 4+%D 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4QOC 0WOKUOCVKEU  .QPFQP  0T  FGT #WMVKQP *GUU&KXQ  <ÒTKEJ   
0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T

1265 1266
 “(QNNKU  #SWKNGKC  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU WPF  
<GRVGTKPUGEJUU·WNKIGO6GORGN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 &QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU  “(QNNKU  #NGZCPFTKC  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\)GPKWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT#FNGT4+% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
ªDGT &QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU GKPGP MWT\NGDKIGP 7UWTRCVQT KP I[RVGP KUV YGPKI DGMCPPV &KG 4GXQNVG FKG YCJT  
UEJGKPNKEJ OKV FGT /ÒP\TGHQTO FGU &KQENGVKCPWU KP <WUCOOGPJCPI UVGJV DGICPP KP FGT GTUVGP #WIWUVJ·NHVG   
CW­GTJCND#NGZCPFTKCUFKG5VCFVMCOCDGTYCJTUEJGKPNKEJPQEJKO.CWHGFGU#WIWUVKPFKG*·PFGFGU7UWTRCVQTU
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGUVCTDFGT-CKUGTDGTGKVUKO&G\GODGTFKG4GXQNVGFCWGTVGLGFQEJ\WOKPFGUVKP#NGZCPFTKCDKU
KPFGP/·T\CP

1267

1,5:1 1,5:1

 “(QNNKU#NGZCPFTKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\)GPKWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF
(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT#FNGT4+% 
4'VYCU5KNDGTUWFCWHFGO4GXGTU#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

203
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1268
1,5:1 1,5:1

 $6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
 #NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMG
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY 
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1269
1,5:1 1,5:1

 %QPUVCPVKWU+Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGTFCXQTUVGJV#FNGTOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN%CNKEQ4+% 
448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

1270 1271
 Õ#TIGPVGWU%[\KEWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI
4+% 
ªDNKEJGT5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­UQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVRTCEJVXQNNGO2QTVTCKVWPFJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  6KEKPWO  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI  
4+%C
FKGU'ZGORNCTGTY·JPV  4-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGU'ZGORNCTKUVDGK,GNQEPKM2NCDIGDKNFGV

1272
1,5:1 1,5:1
 Ô#WTGWU4QO1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT%CNKEQ4+%C
44-N5EJÒTHURWTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1273 1274 1275

 Õ#TIGPVGWU  5GTFKEC  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT 4+%  C  
5VGORGNHTKUEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 /CZKOKCPWU ++ )CNGTKWU  Õ#TIGPVGWU  5KUEKC  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%D 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  *GTCENGC  1HHK\KP  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT  
/CWGTTKPI4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

204
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1276 1277
1,5:1

 Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI
4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV-QTTQFKGTVUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ#TIGPVGWU  #PVKQEJKC  I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT 4+% p XGTIN  WPF   

4GXGTU  8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

1278 1279 1280

 /CZGPVKWU  “ (QNNKU  #SWKNGKC  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG N OKV  
*GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF UEJTGKDV 816::('. CWH 5EJKNF N )GHCPIGPGT  
4+% 4)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
 .KEKPKWU+WPF.KEKPKWU++“(QNNKU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&&00+18++
.+%+0++ +08+%6#8)'6%#'5$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTOKV6TQRJ·G,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV
<GRVGTFCXQT6TQRJ·GWPVGTFGT\YGK)GHCPIGPGJQEMGP$CUVKGP%QKPUYKVJCFQWDNGGHHKI[KUUWGFD[
.KEKPKWUKP0%2N4+% 44&WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
  HÒT .KEKPKWU ++ “(QNNKU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGT  
MTCP\/CRRC<GRVGTWPF)NQDWU,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCXQT)GHCPIG
PGT4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1281

2:1 2:1
 %QPUVCPVKPWU+Ô5QNKFWU#TGNCVG1HHK\KPI%1056#06+0852(#8)
-QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\24+0%+2+5 241  8+&'0+55+/+ 5·WNG OKV FGT +PUEJTKHV 5#2+'06+#  
FCTCWH'WNGN*GNOT5EJKNFWPF5RGGTKO#DUEJPKVV5#4.4+% 
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1282 1,5:1 1282


 Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV)NQDWU
WPF<GRVGT4+% (CUUWPIUURWTGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

205
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1283

2:1 2:1

 Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5GEWTKVCUUVGJVXX-QRHT
CP5·WNGIGNGJPV4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1284

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV  
6TQRJ·GWPF2CNO\YGKINKO(GNF%JTKUVQITCOOTKO(GNF.::++
9GTVCPICDGFGU4ÌOK
UEJGP2HWPFGU 4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1285 1286 1287

 HÒT%TKURWU“(QNNKU6KEKPWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\WPF5EJKNF
GKP2HGTFHÒJTGPF+P-TCP\816:4+%p 445GJTUEJÌP 

 “(QNNKU6TGXGTK1HHK\KP'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5EJKNF
WPF5RGGT)NQDWUCWH#NVCTFCTÒDGTFTGK5VGTPG4+% 
)TÒPG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 “(QNNKU5KUEKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\816:4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1288 1289

  HÒT %QPUVCPVKPWU ++ “(QNNKU  %[\KEWU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 2GTN  
FKCFGO/CRRC)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGT4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

 “(QNNKU  6TGXGTK  1HHK\KP  'OKUUKQP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\  
.CIGTVQTOKV\YGK6ÒTOGPFCTÒDGT5VGTP4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

206
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1290
1,5:1 1,5:1

 %QPUVCPU  Ô5QNKFWU  6JGUUCNQPKEC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKC  
FGO+P-TCP\5+%85+%:4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1291

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ/KNKCTGPUG
UEJYGT   #SWKNGKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKC  
FGO8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH2CP\GTWPFUEJTGKDV8168/8.6::CWH5EJKNF2CQNWEEK<WD4+%
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1292

 Õ5KNKSWC5KUEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI4+% (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T

1293
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1294 1295

 Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% -N$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

207
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1296
1,5:1 1,5:1

 %QPUVCPVKWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKCUKV\VTWPFUEJTGKDV816::/8.6:::CWHGKPGPXQPGKPGO)GPKWUIGJCNVGPGP
5EJKNF4+% 44(CUUWPIUURWTGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1297 1297
1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P -TCP\  
816+5:8/8.6+5::4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

1298
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU5KUEKCI+P-TCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTWPF4QUGVVGPFKCFGO+P
-TCP\<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816::/8.6:::4+% 
448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

1299 1300

 Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV%JTK
UVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG4+% 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKC  
FGO4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV  
816::/8.6:::4+% 445GJTUEJÌP 

1301 1302

 “/CKQTKPC5KUEKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV
%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGXQP8KEVQTKCDGMT·P\V4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ5KNKSWC  6JGUUCNQPKEC  I -QRH T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5:::: KP  
-TCP\4+% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

208
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1303 1304

 Ô5QNKFWU  0KMQOGFKC  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV  
816:::/8.6::::4+% 45GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  0KMQOGFKC  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV  
816:::/8.6::::4+% 44CPFOKPDGHGKNVUGJTUEJÌP 

1305 1307 1306

 Õ5KNKSWC  5KTOKWO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5    
::::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ5KNKSWC  #SWKNGKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5  
::::KP-TCP\4+% 42TCEJVGZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\ 
 Ô5QNKFWU5KTOKWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCWPF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU
UKV\GPOKV5EJKNFFCTCWH816::/8.6:::4+% 44-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1308

2:1 2:1

 Ô5QNKFWU#TGNCVGI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT4QOCWPF
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUJCNVGP5EJKNFOKV816:::/8.6::::4+% 
45VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1309 1310

 Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV  
816:::/8.6::::4+% 445GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ5KNKSWC  5KTOKWO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5  
::::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

209
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1312
1311 1311

 /CIPGPVKWU  “&QRRGNOCKQTKPC PCEJ  6TGXGTK  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T%JTKUVQ  
ITCOO\YKUEJGP#NRJCWPF1OGIC4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 ,WNKCPWU ++ #RQUVCVC  Õ5KNKSWC  #TGNCVG  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T  
OKV2GTNFKCFGO816:/8.6::KP-TCP\4+% 
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 

1313 1314

 “&QRRGNOCKQTKPC#TGNCVG1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO5VKGTUVGJV
TFCXQT#FNGTUVGJVCWH-TCP\TFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPG4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
&CU /ÒP\DKNF TKGH WPVGT FGT EJTKUVNKEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPI XQP #PVKQEJKC ITQ­GP #WHTWJT JGTXQT &KG #PVKQEJGPGT  
FGWVGVGPFGP5VKGTCNU1RHGTUVKGTUKGJG5\KFCV<WT9KTMWPIWPF#WHPCJOGFGT/ÒP\RTQRCICPFC
+WN/KUQR
F  KP /WUGWO *GNXGVKEWO 
  5  &C KP #PVKQEJKC GKPG *WPIGTUPQV JGTTUEJVG WPF FGP %JTKUVGP FGT  
)GPW­ FGU 1RHGTHNGKUEJGU FGT KP ITQ­GT <CJN IGQRHGTVGP 5VKGTG XGTDQVGP YCT KUV KJTG XQO -CKUGT KP UGKPGT 5CVKTG  
/KUQRQIQP
$CTVJCUUGT  IGUEJKNFGTVG URÌVVKUEJG 4GCMVKQP CWH FKG /ÒP\G PKEJV XÌNNKI WPXGTUV·PFNKEJ &C FGT 5VKGT  
CWEJ XQP 5QETCVGU 5EJQNCUVKEWU CNU 1RHGTUVKGT DG\GKEJPGV YKTF
JKUV GEEN    WPF FKG ÒDTKIGP &GWVWPIGP FGU  
5VKGTGU
#RKUUVKGT /KVJTCUUVKGT IQNFGPGU -CND RJKNQUQRJKUEJGU 5[ODQN HÒT GKPGP IWVGP -CKUGT WPF <QFKCMCNUVKGT   
CWU XKGNGTNGK )TÒPFGP CWUUEJGKFGP JCPFGNV GU UKEJ DGK FGO CWH FGO 4GXGTU CDIGDKNFGVGP 5VKGT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ  
VCVU·EJNKEJWOGKPGP1RHGTUVKGTUKGJG6JQTOCPP<WT&GWVWPIFGU5VKGTGUCWHFGP(QNNGU-CKUGT,WNKCPUKP$TGOGT
$GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG 
  &KG LÒPIUVG &GWVWPI FGU 5VKGTGU CNU -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP
-C[  
'JNKPIKP,0)5 UVGJVKO9KFGTURTWEJ\WTXQP,WNKCPXGTVTGVGPGP2JKNQUQRJKGFGU+CODNKEJQUWPF
FGTEJCNF·KUEJGP1TCMGN

 “&QRRGNOCKQTKPC  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO5VKGTUVGJVTFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPG4+% 
/KPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKV5KNDGTUWF 
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

1315 1316 1317 1318

 “%GPVGPKQPCNKU5KTOKWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT816:
/8.6::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 ,QXKCPWUÔ5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVN
OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TV%QKPU4QOC4QO0T

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCWPF%QPUVCP
VKPQRQNKUUKV\GPHCUVXXWPFJCNVGP5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV8168/8.:4+% 
445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P -TCP\  
8168/8.:4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

210
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1319 1320
1,5:1
 8CNGPVKPKCPWU+Ô5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKC
FGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%D 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVT
OKV-TGW\UVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUN-TGW\4+%D 5GJTUEJÌP 

1321 1322
 Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGT  
UVGJVTOKV-TGW\UVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUN-TGW\4+%D 
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 Õ5KNKSWC#PVKQEJKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV%JTKUVQ
ITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%C 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­UGJTUEJÌP 

1323 1324
 8CNGPU  Ô5QNKFWU  #PVKQEJKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%F 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVT
OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%F )TCHKVVKCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T

1325 1326
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV T  
OKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%D /KPIGYGNNVUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  0KEQOGFKC  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO4QOC WPF  
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 8168/8.6:  
4+%pXGTIND 445GJTUEJÌP 

1327 1328
1,5:1

 Õ5KNKSWC  0KEQOGFKC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816:/8.6:: KP  
-TCP\4+%D -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­HCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
 2TQEQRKWU  Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO8168KP-TCP\4+%G 47PTGIGNO·­KIGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
2TQEQRKWU YCT -QOOCPFCPV GKPGU 6TWRRGPVGKNU KO 2GTUGTMTKGI #NU 8CNGPU  PCEJ 5[TKGP \QI YWTFG 2TQEQRKWU  
XQPWP\WHTKGFGPGP6TWRRGP\WO-CKUGTRTQMNCOKGTVWPFICDXQTGKP8GTYCPFVGT,WNKCPU\WUGKP+PFGT5EJNCEJVDGK
0CEQNGKC KP 2JT[IKGP WPVGTNCI GT8CNGPUPCEJFGOUGKPGIGTOCPKUEJGP*KNHUVTWRRGPKJPXGTNCUUGPJCVVGP'TYWTFG
JKPIGTKEJVGVWPFXGTHKGNKO/CKFGTFCOPCVKQOGOQTKCG

211
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1329 1330
 “%GPVGPKQPCNKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
XXOKV.CDCTWOWPF5EJKNFFCTÒDGT%JTKUVQITCOON2CNO\YGKIWPFWPDGUVKOOVGU1DLGMV4+%p
XGTINCD 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 )TCVKCPWUÔ5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T CWH 2CP\GT WPF UEJTGKDV 8168/8.: CWH 5EJKNF T %JTKUVQITCOO  
4+%E 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1331
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ/KNKCTGPUG
NGKEJV 6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGT
UVGJVNOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF5EJKNF4+%G 448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+80GY;QTM0TFGT5COONWPI/CTM2QPEKP#WMVKQP6TKVQP:0GY
;QTMWPFFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T

1332 1333 1334

 Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNOKV
5RGGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%E (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC 
 Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNOKV
5RGGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%H *GTTNKEJG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Õ5KNKSWC  6TGXGTK  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO4QOC UKV\V X X  
OKV)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT4+%C (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1335 1336 1337 1338

 8CNGPVKPKCPWU ++  Ô5QNKFWU  6TGXGTK  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV  
2GTNFKCFGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%E 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  PQTFKVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG
/GFKQNCPWO   I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%G 5GJTUEJÌP 
<WT/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG&GRG[TQV5
 Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXX
OKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%C 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
 6JGQFQUKWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF FCTCWH 816:/8.6:8  
4+%D $GUEJPKVVGPNGKEJVIGYGNNVMN-TCV\GTUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

212
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1340
1339
1,5:1

  HÒT #GNKC (NCEEKNNC “/CKQTKPC  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG  
T-CKUGTKPUVGJVXXT%JTKUVQITCOO4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 'WIGPKWUÕ5KNKSWC.WIFWPWO1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOC
UKV\VNCWH2CP\GTOKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T 
0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU 8CNGPVKPKCP ++ GTJQD FGT OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO #TDQICUV 'WIGPKWU \WO #WIWUVWU 'WIGPKWU FGT  


GKIGPVNKEJ GKP %JTKUV YCT YCPFVG UKEJ DCNF GKPGT TÌOGTHTGWPFNKEJGP 4GNKIKQPURQNKVKM \W FGT #NVCT FGT 8KEVQTKC  
YWTFGKPFKG%WTKC\WTÒEMIGDTCEJV6GORGNYWTFGPYKGFGTIGÌHHPGVTGNKIKÌUG(GUVGIGHGKGTVWPF1RHGTFCTIGDTCEJV
 OCTUEJKGTVG 6JGQFQUKWU + IGIGP'WIGPKWUWPFCO5GRVGODGTVTCHGPUKEJFKG*GGTGCO(TKIKFWU#TDQICUV
NKG­ ,WRKVGTUVCVWGP CWHUVGNNGP FGTGP $NKV\G PCEJ 1UVGP IGTKEJVGV YCTGP CWH FGP 5VCPFCTVGP FGT 6TWRRGP YWTFGP  
$KNFGT FGU *GTEWNGU CPIGDTCEJV &GT 5EJNCEJVXGTNCWH YCT CO GTUVGP 6CIG IÒPUVKI FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU  
YWTFGP UVCTM FG\KOKGTV 0CEJ GKPGO XQT CNNGT #WIGP XQNN\QIGPGP )GDGV FGU 6JGQFQUKWU DTCEJVG GKP  
9GVVGTWOUEJYWPI CO  5GRVGODGT FKG 9GPFG FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 'WIGPKWU YWTFGP XGTPKEJVGV GT UGNDUV  
IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP WPF IGVÌVGV FGT RTQOKPGPVG 5GPCVQT WPF 2T·VQTKCPGTRT·HGMV 8KTKWU 0KEQOCEJWU (NCXKCPWU FGT  
NKGDGT UVGTDGP YQNNVG CNU UGKPG 4QOCPKVCU CWH\WIGDGP Y·JNVG FGP (TGKVQF /KV FGO 4KPIGP CO (TKIKFWU FCU FGP  
%JCTCMVGTGKPGU4GNKIKQPUMTKGIGUJCVVGUGV\VGUKEJFCU%JTKUVGPVWOKOTÌOKUEJGP4GKEJGPFIÒNVKIFWTEJ

1341 1342 1344 1343

 Õ5KNKSWC/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNCWH2CP\GT
OKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+%E 4'VYCUDGUEJPKVVGPWPFXGTRT·IVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG/ÒP\UV·VVGPUKINGKUVPKEJVGKPFGWVKI\WNGUGPCWHITWPFFGU5VKNGUFGU#XGTUGUXGTOWVGPYKTCDGT/GFKQNCPWO
 #TECFKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
4QUGVVGPFKCFGO%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF5EJKNFOKV8168/8.6:4+%E 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Õ5KNKSWC  /GFKQNCPWO  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO8168  
/8.6:KP-TCP\4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH2TQTC4+% 
)TCHKVVKCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI)KNDGTV5VGKPDGTI#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T

1345 1346

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH2CP\GTWPFUEJTGKDV:::::CWH5EJKNF4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

 *QPQTKWUÔ5QNKFWU5KTOKWO1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKC
FGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH)GHCPIGPGO4+%F 
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

213
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1348

1347 1347

 Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCP
FCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 
-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô6TGOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKC X X  
-QRHNOKV-TCP\WPF-TGW\INQDWU4+% (CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

1349 1350
 Ô5QNKFWU4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVG
WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWUPCEJ4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVG
WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

1351

2:1 2:1

 ,QJCPPGUÔ5QNKFWU4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
TOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
0CEJ FGO 6QFG FGU *QPQTKWU NKG­ FGUUGP /CIKUVGT /KNKVWO %CUVKPWU ,QJCPPGU \WO #WIWUVWU RTQMNCOKGTGP  
6JGQFQUKWU ++ UCPFVG FCTCWHJKP FGP )GPGTCN #TFCDWTKWU WPF FGUUGP 5QJP #URCT PCEJ +VCNKGP WO FKG 4GDGNNKQP  
PKGFGT\WUEJNCIGP WPF FGP 6JTQPCPURTWEJ FGU 5QJPGU FGU *QPQTKWU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ FWTEJ\WUGV\GP #TFCDWTKWU  
IGTKGV OKV UGKPGT (NQVVG KP GKPGP 5VWTO WPF YWTFG DGK FGT .CPFWPI IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP #URCT CDGT IGNCPIVG OKV  
UGKPGP6TWRRGPYQJNDGJCNVGPPCEJ+VCNKGPWPFPCJO,QJCPPGUKP4CXGPPCIGHCPIGP&GT7UWTRCVQTYWTFG\WO6QFG
XGTWTVGKNV \WGTUV YWTFG KJO FKG TGEJVG *CPF CDIGUEJNCIGP CPUEJNKG­GPF YWTFG GT CWH GKPGP 'UGN IGHGUUGNV WPF KO  
%KTEWUXQP#SWKNGKC\WT5EJCWIGUVGNNVDGXQTGTGPFNKEJGPVJCWRVGVYWTFG

1352

1,5:1 1,5:1

 6JGQFQUKWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVG
X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU N  
5VGTP4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCT5VGORGNINCP\ 

214
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1353
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Õ/KNKCTGPUG
NGKEJV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
XXOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF)NQDWUN5VGTP4+% 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T

1354 1355

 Ô5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF-CKUGT
UVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWUN5VGTP4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5GOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T WPF  
UEJTGKDV:::::CWH5EJKNFN5VGTP4+%XCT -N-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T

1356 1357
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 
)TCHHKVKUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 
/KPIGYGNNVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1358 1359

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 
-N-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTN5VGTP4+% 5GJTUEJÌP 

1360 1,5:1 1361

  HÒT #GNKC 'WFQEKC Ô6TGOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC  
FGO-TGW\KP-TCP\4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
#GNKC 'WFQEKC 6QEJVGT GKPGU #VJGPGTU .GQPVKWU VTWI CNU #PJ·PIGTKP FGT CNVGP 4GNKIKQP FGP 0COGP #VJGPCKU GTUV  
 YWTFG UKG IGVCWHV #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC HÒJTVG UKG KJTGO $TWFGT \W 5KG JGKTCVGVG  6JGQFQUKWU ++ WPF HÒJTVG DKU  
 YGKVIGJGPF FKG 4GIKGTWPI &CPCEJ \QI UKG UKEJ PCEJ ,GTWUCNGO \WTÒEM WPF HÒJTVG GKP TGNKIKÌUGU .GDGP DKU \W  
KJTGO6QF
 Ô6TGOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\ KP -TCP\  
4+% 45VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

215
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1,5:1 1362 1,5:1

 Ô6TGOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\ KP -TCP\  
4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1,5:1 1363 1,5:1

  HÒT #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO-TGW\KP-TCP\4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1364 1365 1366

 8CNGPVKPKCPWU+++Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W­ CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT  
5EJNCPIG4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

 /CTEKCPWU  Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV  
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 45GJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 4)TQDGT5VKN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1367 1368 1369 1370

 .GQ+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU
! 1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGT
WPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

216
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

1,5:1 1371 1,5:1

 /CKQTKCPWUÕ5KNKSWCWPDGUVKOOVGICNNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\4+%pXGTINHH 
W­GTUVUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI9KP\5EJNCIURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
&KG 2T·IWPI FGT UGNVGPGP ICNNKUEJGP *CNDUKNKSWGP FGU /CKQTKCPWU GTHQNIVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KO #WHVTCI FGU /CIKUVGT  
/KNKVWORGT)CNNKCU#GIKFKWU
XGTIN4+%:5 

1372

1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PVJGOKWUÔ5QNKFWUWO4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF<YGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXXWPFJCNVGP-TGW\INQDWU4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1373 1374 1375 1376

 <GPQ  Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO  
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 
5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 $CUKNKUEWUWPF/CTEWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 45GJTUEJÌP 
$CUKNKUEWUYCTFGT$TWFGTFGT#GNKC<GPQPKUFKGGTHQNITGKEJIGIGP<GPQKPVTKIKGTVGWPFKJTGO$TWFGTCWHFGP6JTQP
XGTJCNH#DGTFKG-QUVGPFGU-TKGIGUIGIGPFGPIGHNQJGPGP<GPQWPRQRWN·TGTGNKIKÌUG/C­PCJOGPWPFUEJNKG­NKEJ
GKP (GWGT KP FGT *CWRVUVCFV \YCPIGP KJP FKG /CEJV YKGFGT <GPQ \W ÒDGTNCUUGP &KGUGT JCVVG XGTURTQEJGP  
$CUKNKUEWUWPFUGKPG(COKNKGPKEJV\WVÌVGPGTUEJKEMVGUKGFCJGTPCEJ.KOPCKP-CRRCFQMKGPKPU'ZKNWPFNKG­UKG
FQTVXGTJWPIGTP

.1654¤/+5%*'4/ª0<'0
 7OHCPITGKEJG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT/ÒP\GPXQPFGT4GRWDNKMDKUKPFKG5R·VCPVKMG&KG5COONWPI
GPVJ·NVWCGKPGPGKPGP#WTGWUFGU0GTQ
(CUUWPIUURWTGP GKPGP5QNKFWUFGU6JGQFQUKWU++&GP
CTG
WC2GUEGPPKWU0KIGT 5GUVGT\G
WC%NQFKWU#NDKPWU&KXC2CWNKPC$CNDKPWUGVE FKXGTUG
YGKVGTGTGKEJUTÌOKUEJG$TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV(QNNGUCDGTCWEJ\$#UFGU#GNKWU&QRRGNUGUVGT\FGU
2QUVWOWUGVE FKXGTUG#PVQPKPKCPG2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGPGKPGP#TIGPVGWUCEJV5KNKSWGPGVE*QEJKPVGT
GUUCPVG 5COONWPI FKG UKEJ FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG XGTVTGVGPG 4GIGPVGP WPF 0QOKPCNG JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU  
)TWPFUVQEMGKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPICDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGTGKVUDGUVGJGPFGP5COONWPIGKIPGV
$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 
%C5VÒEM9GPKIGIGNQEJVQFGTOKVCPFGTGPMNGKPGP/·PIGNPUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

217
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT

 5RG\KCNUCOONWPI6TCKCPWU'PVJCNVGPUKPF\GJP$TQP\GOÒP\GP
Z5GUVGT\Z&WRQPFKWUZ#UZ
3WCFTCPUZ2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPI &GPCTGKPVGKNUXQT\ÒINKEJGT'TJCNVWPIWPFOKVVGKNUUGNVGPGPWPF
KPVGTGUUCPVGP4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIGP
\$&KXWU6TCKCPWU2CVGT#.+/+6#.6TCKCPUU·WNGGVE UQYKG
\YGK&TCEJOGP
WC.[EKCXQT\ÒINKEJ *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVG5RG\KCNUCOONWPIDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVK
IGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 
 .QVTÌOKUEJGT5KNDGTOÒP\GP&CU.QVGPVJ·NVTÌOKUEJG5KNDGTOÒP\GPXQPFGT4GRWDNKMDKUKPFCUFTKVVG
,CJTJWPFGTVP%JTÒDGTYKGIGPF&GPCTG
5VÒEM FCTWPVGT\CJNTGKEJG2T·IWPIGPFGT4GRWDNKMGKP
.GIKQPUFGPCTFGU/CTEWU#PVQPKWUZ6KDGTKWU)CNDC8KVGNNKWUGVE(GTPGTUKPFXKGTMNGKPGTG0QOK
PCNGGPVJCNVGP
WC\YGK*GOKFTCEJOGPCWF%CGUCTGC%CRRCFQEKCG *QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGWP
DGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 7OHCPITGKEJG5RG\KCNUCOONWPIXQP2T·IWPIGPFGT(COKNKGFGU2JKNKRRWU+#TCDU&KG5COONWPI
GPVJ·NV W C  TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
5GUVGT\GP WPF #UUG   #PVQPKPKCPG
FCTWPVGT CWEJ  
UGNVGPGTG 6[RGP WPF /ÒP\UV·VVGP  UQYKG  2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP 'KP JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV FCU UQ  
YQJNCNU)TWPFUVQEMGKPGT5COONWPIXQP2T·IWPIGPFGU2JKNKRRWU#TCDUCDGT\WT'TYGKVGTWPIGKPGT
DGTGKVUDGUVGJGPFGP5COONWPIJGTXQTTCIGPFIGGKIPGVKUV$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 'PVJCNVGP UKPF  &GPCTG FCTWPVGT #WIWUVWU 6KDGTKWU  

6TKDWVGRGPP[ 0GTQ8GURCUKCPWU6KVWU
WC4GXGTU'NGHCPV &QOKVKCPWU0GTXC*CFTKCP
4GXGTU
4GUVKVWVQTK*KURCPKCG 5CDKPC&KCFWOGPKCPWUGVEHGTPGTGKP&WRQPFKWU
&KXWU#WIWUVWU XKGT#UUGU

)GTOCPKEWU%CNKIWNC%NCWFKWU0GTQ UQYKGGKP3WCFTCPU*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVFCUUKEJFWTEJ
\CJNTGKEJGXGTUEJKGFGPG4GIGPVGPGKPKIGUGJTIWVG'TJCNVWPIGPWPFKPVGTGUUCPVG4GXGTUOQVKXGJGTXQTTC
IGPFCNU)TWPFUVQEMHÒTFGP#WHDCWGKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPICDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGUVGJGPFGP
5COONWPIGKIPGVWPFWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIVYGTFGPUQNNVG 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 5VWFKGPUCOONWPI UR·VTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV (QNNGU  'KPG WPVGT YKUUGPUEJCHVNKEJGP  
#URGMVGPGPVUVCPFGPG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT$TQP\GOÒP\GP
)TQ­WPF-NGKPHQNNGUUQYKGCPFGTG0QOK
PCNG \CJNTGKEJGT4GIGPVGPFCTWPVGTGKPKIG·W­GTUVUGNVGPG5VÒEMG'KP#WHUCV\KPFGOGKPKIGFGT4CTK
V·VGPDGUEJTKGDGPYGTFGPNKGIVDGK*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV XQP  &GPCTGP FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C %TCYH    GVE  
&C\WGKP0GOCWUWU#U+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌPVGKNUDGUUGT 
 5COONWPIOGKUVTÌOKUEJGT4GKEJUOÒP\GP&CUKPVGTGUUCPVG1DLGMVGPVJ·NV2T·IWPIGPXQPFGT4GRW
DNKMDKUKPFKG5R·VCPVKMGFCTWPVGTWCXKGT5QNKFK
Z8CNGPVKPKCPWU6JGQFQUKWU<GPQ CEJV&GPCTG

W C Z 4GRWDNKM #WIWUVWU GVE  UQYKG FKXGTUG #PVQPKPKCPG (QNNGU GVE +PVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG  
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌPGKPKIGDGUUGT 
 7OHCPITGKEJG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT/ÒP\GPFGUFTKVVGPWPFXKGTVGP,CJTJWPFGTVUP%JT'PVJCN
VGP UKPF PGDGP GKPGO &GPCT FGU 5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT  #PVQPKPKCPG
5EJYGTRWPMV )QTFKCPWU +++ WPF  
(COKNKG FGU 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU CDGT CWEJ &KXWU %CTWU GVE  UQYKG FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
W C 8GVTC  
PKQ 5GJTKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVOKVJÒDUEJGP3WCNKV·VGPDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM/GKUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 .QV XQP  &GPCTGP WPF  #PVQPKPKCPGP UQYKG  $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG &GPCTG UVCOOGP ÒDGT 
YKGIGPFCWUFGO,CJTJWPFGTVP%JT
FCTWPVGTWC&KCFWOGPKCPWU FKG#PVQPKPKCPGUVCOOGPCWU
FGT<GKVXQP)QTFKCPWU+++DKU\WT6GVTCTEJKG+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP
%C5VÒEM)GTKPIGTJCNVGPDKUXQT\ÒINKEJFGT)GUCOVGKPFTWEMKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 5COONWPI OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF &GPCTG #PVQPKPKCPG WPF  
(QNNGU &WTEJ \CJNTGKEJG XGTVTGVGPG 4GIGPVGP GKIPGV UKEJ FKG 5COONWPI JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM  
GKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPI$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP %C5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 5COONWPI 2JKNKRRWU + #TCDU WPF 2JKNKRRWU ++ &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG  
#NGZCPFTKCFCXQP$6GVTCFTCEJOGP
PWTZ4GXGTU#FNGTCDGTGKPKIGUGJTKPVGTGUUCPVG4GXGTUGYKG
\ $ $ÒUVG FGU 5CTCRKU 2CPVJGQU  WPF GKPG “&TCEJOG 5GJT KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI DKVVG WPDGFKPIV  
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 &GPCTG FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM .QV XQP XGTUEJKGFGPGP  &GPCTGP FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM
W C  
%TCYHGVE +PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 7OHCPITGKEJGU .QVÒDGTYKGIGPFTGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT$TQP\GOÒP\GP &CUKPVGTGUUCPVG.QVGPVJ·NVWC
)TQ­HQNNGU\CJNTGKEJG5GUVGT\GFKXGTUG(QNNGUGKPKIG2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGPKP$TQP\GWPF$KNNQPGVE
+PVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP %C5VÒEM)GTKPIGTJCNVGPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU .QV GPVJ·NV  5GUVGT\G
W C Z 0GTQ %NCWFKWU &TWUWU  
5CDKPC (CWUVKPC ++ HKNKC .WEKNNC /CZKOWU GVE   FKXGTUG MNGKPGTG 0QOKPCNG
OGKUV #UUGU W C  
/ÒP\OGKUVGTCUFGU#WIWUVWU#PVQPKCGVE UQYKGGKPGCNGZCPFTKPKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QV
DKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 

218
VÖLKERWANDERUNG

 $TQP\GOÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 'PVJCNVGP UKPF  5GUVGT\G


8GURCUKCP (CWUVKPC HKNKC .WEKNNC ,WNKC  
/COCGCZ5GXGTWU#NGZCPFGT/CZKOKPWU+6JTCZZ/CZKOWU2JKNKRRWU+#TCDU GKP&WRQPFKWU
WPFXKGT#UUG
WC/ÒP\OGKUVGTCUFGU#WIWUVWU  5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT 2T·IWPIGP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF GNH #PVQPKPKCPG
W C )QTFKCPWU +++ 2JKNKRRWU +  
1VCEKNKC 5GXGTC 6TCKCPWU &GEKWU 8QNWUKCPWU  GKP &GPCT FGU )QTFKCPWU +++ FKXGTUG UR·VTÌOKUEJG  
$TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV(QNNGUFCTWPVGTWC&QRRGNOCKQTKPCFGU,WNKCPWU++ UQYKG\YGK2TQXKP\KCNRT·
IWPIGP
WC&KCFWOGPKCPWUCWU0KMQRQNKURTQU+UVTQPXQT\ÒINKEJ +PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 .QV TÌOKUEJGT 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU .QV GPVJ·NV  #PVQPKPKCPG KP 5KNDGT $KNNQP WPF  
$TQP\G
FCTWPVGTWC/CETKCPWUWPFZ8KEVQTKPWU UQYKGFKXGTUG(QNNGUWPFGKPG5KNKSWCFGU8CNGPU
+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 #NGZCPFTKPGT.QVXQPPGWP6GVTCFTCEJOGP
WC6KDGTKWUOKV&KXWU#WIWUWUZ0GTQZ*CFTKCPWU
GVE WPFGKPGT&TCEJOG
6TCKCPWU  5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QVTÌOKUEJGT/ÒP\GP'PVJCNVGPUKPFFTGK&GPCTG
%CTCECNNC)GVC5GXGTWU#NGZCPFGT GKP5GUVGT\
FGU /CZKOWU %CGUCT \YGK #UUG
W C 0GTQ OKV 4GXGTU,CPWUVGORGN UQYKGFTGK2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP

1FGUUQU/CTMKCPQRQNKU0KMQRQNKUOKV4GXGTU5VCFVVQT +PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF \YGK 4GRWDNKMFGPCTG GKP %KUVQRJQT FGU #WIWUVWU WPF GKP  
5GUVGT\FGU2JKNKRRWU+#TCDU 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 #TIGPVGK-NGKPGU.QVXQPGKPGOÕ#TIGPVGWUFGU&KQENGVKCPWUWPF\YGK6TKGTGT$#TIGPVGK
.KEKPKWU
%QPUVCPVKPWU  5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 
 5COONWPI UR·VTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV UR·VTÌOKUEJG$TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV
(QNNGU FGT(COKNKG%QPUVCPVKPUFGU)TQ­GP#NNG5VÒEMGUKPFDGUVKOOV$KVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 
 .QVUR·VTÌOKUEJGT$TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV(QNNGU +PVGTGUUCPVGUMNGKPGU.QVGPVJCNVGPKUVWC)CNGTKC
8CNGTKC$KVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 

8¤.-'49#0&'470)

1401 1402

8#0&#.'0
 )WPVJCOWPFÕ5KNKSWC%CTVJCIQI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO-TCP\FCTKP
&0*CJP/+$ 45GJTUEJÌP 
 )GNKOGT  Õ &GPCTKK %CTVJCIQ  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO+P -TCP\ &0  
ÒDGT.QDGP-TGW\*CJP/+$ 445GJTUEJÌP 

1403

1,5:1 1,5:1

+6#.+#
 4KEKOGTÔ5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU.GQ+
! 4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CPIMTGW\WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWHOGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT
5EJNCPIG.CECOXGTIN2N4+% 
8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­MN-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP 

219
VÖLKERWANDERUNG

1404
1,5:1 1,5:1

 1FQCMGTÔ5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU<GPQ/GFKQNCPWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCXQTCEJVUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP.CECO2N
4+% 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 1405 1,5:1

 Ô6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU<GPQ/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\KP
-TCP\.CECO2NXGTINHH
FQTVWPVGT,WNKWU0GRQU 4+% 
49KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TVGOKFG#UVG5CP/CTKPQ0T

1407 1406 1407

9'56)16'0
 #PQP[O Õ5KNKSWC KO 0COGP FGU *QPQTKWU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO).148+  

UKE 41/#0148/4QOCUKV\VXXOKV)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+%XCT 
44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

 5KUGDWV  Ô6TGOKUUKU +URCNK


5GXKNNC   I $GKFGTUGKVU $ÒUVG X X %08 XGTIN   
/KNGUXGTING2NKGIQXGTIN 5VGORGNDTÒEJGCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1408
1,5:1 1,5:1

 4GEECTGF++Ô6TGOKUUKU$TCECTCI$GKFGTUGKVU$ÒUVGXX%08p/KNGUp2NKGIQp 


8QPCNNGTITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1409 1410
1,5:1

 'TXKEKWUÔ6TGOKUUKU+URCNKI$ÒUVGXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP%08p
6[R 
/KNGUp
6[R 2NKGIQp
6[R  444CPFCWUDTWEJUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2QPVGTKQ0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T

 'IKECOKV9KVK\\C'N6TGOKUUKU'IKVCPKCI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTFC\YK
UEJGP-TGW\/QPQITCOO%08XGTINHH/KNGUXGTINDHH2NKGIQXGTINHH 
44-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­MN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

220
OSTGOTEN

1411
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô6TGOKUUKU6WFGI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTFC\YKUEJGP-TGW\/QPQITCOO%08p
/KNGUp2NKGIQp 8QPCNNGTITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­XQT\ÒINKEJ 

1412 1413

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

156)16'0
 6JGQFGTKEJ  Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPWU +  4CXGPPC  I )GRCP\GTVG  
$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO/QPQITCOO*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 
-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPWU +  4CXGPPC  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC  
FGO/QPQITCOO*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP 

1414 1415

 “ 0WOOK 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 4QOC T OKV *GNO#FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T *CJP  
/+$D-TCWU
SWCUKpCWVQPQO /GVNKEJC 
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 “&GECPWOOKWO4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT4CXGPPCTOKV/CWGTMTQPG+P-TCP\/QPQ
ITCOO*CJP/+$C-TCWU/GVNKEJC $TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP 

1416 1416
1,5:1

 “&GECPWOOKWO4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT4CXGPPCTOKV/CWGTMTQPG+P-TCP\/QPQ
ITCOO*CJP/+$C-TCWU/GVNKEJC (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

1417 1418

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 #VJCNCTKEJ  Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU +  4CXGPPC  I &TCRKGTVG  
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+P-TCP\&0#6*#.#4+%854+:*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 
5GJTUEJÌP 
 Õ5KNKSWCOKV0COGP+WUVKPKCPWU+4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+P
-TCP\&0#6*#.#4+%854+:*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP 

221
OSTGOTEN

1419
1,5:1 1,5:1

 “0WOOK4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO9ÌNHKPNU·WIV4QOWNWUWPF4GOWU*CJP
/+$C
6JGQFGTKEJ -TCWUp/GVNKEJD 
5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1420
1,5:1 1,5:1

 “&GECPWOOKWO 4QO  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 4QOC T OKV *GNO+P -TCP\ & 0#6*#.  
#4+%854':*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 4)TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

1421 1422

1,5:1 1,5:1
1,5:1 1,5:1

 6JGQFCJCF  Õ 5KNKSWC 4CXGPPC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P-TCP\
&06*'1&#*#6854+:*CJP/+$
4QO -TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP 
 9KVKIKU  Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV  
&KCFGO+P-TCP\&088+6+%'54':*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
.#0)1$#4&'0

1,5:1 1423
1,5:1

 $'0'8'06#FGNEJKUÕ&GPCTKO0COGPFGU-CKUGTU.WFYKI++WPFFGT-CKUGTKP#PIKN
DGTICI-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGP-TGW\%0+:8+++5)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTP
44*ÒDUEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1424
1,5:1 1,5:1

$74)70&'4
 Ô5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU8CNGPVKPKCPWU+++PCEJICNNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CPIMTGW\WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(W­CWHOGPUEJGPMÌRHK
IGT5EJNCPIG4+%pXGTIN )1.&8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

222
OSTGOTEN

1425 1426

1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU#PCUVCUKWU+.[QPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJV
TOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI6QOCUKPK)TWRRG# )1.&5GJTUEJÌP 
 )WPFQDCFÔ6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU#PCUVCUKWU+.[QPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$GNHQTVXGTINHH)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTP
448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1427 1428

/'419+0)'4
 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU +  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF  
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCD$GNHQTVp)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPXGTINHH 
9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU +  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF  
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCD$GNHQTVpXGTIN)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPHH 
445GJTUEJÌP 

1429

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU +  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF  
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCDN5VGTP$GNHQTVpXGTINHH)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPp 
)1.&44/KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP8+0GY;QTM0T 
&CU 5VÒEM KOKVKGTV QUVIQVKUEJG 5QNKFK KO 0COGP FGU +WUVKPKCPWU +
/GVNKEJ  WPF   \GKIV LGFQEJ UVCVV FGU HÒT  


QUVIQVKUEJG2T·IWPIGPV[RKUEJGP2
KWU (
GNKZ KPFGT#XGTUNGIGPFG2
GT 2
GVWWU 

1431

1,5:1 1,5:1 1430


1430
 'N5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU +WUVKPKCPWU +  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF -TGW\INQ  
DWU'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV -TGW\UVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T 5VGTP $GNHQTV XGTIN  H )TKGT  
UQP$NCEMDWTPp 445GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU+WUVKPKCPWU+I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKCUVGJVT
OKV-TCP\$GNHQTVp)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPp6QOCUKPK)TWRRG,#0 445GJTUEJÌP 

223
ANONYM

1432

1,5:1 1,5:1

#010;/
 Ô#WTGWUKO0COGPFGU/CZKOKCPWU+I-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVNOKVGTJQDG
PGT4GEJVGP%CNKEQ\W 445GJTUEJÌP 
'UJCPFGNVUKEJYQJNWOGKPGP$CNMCPDGKUEJNCI

1433

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU ++  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP(CIGTNKG00/XGTINHH 
448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP,GCP'NUGP$TÒUUGN0T

1434 1435

 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU ++  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCXQT\YGK5VGTPG(CIGTNKG00/
XGTINHH 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP&ÒTT/KEJGN)GPH0QXGODGT0T

 Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU /CTEKCPWU  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF  
8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP(CIGTNKG00/XGTIN 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP&ÒTT/KEJGN)GPH0QXGODGT0T

1436

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU<GPQI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKC
UVGJVNOKV-TGW\T5VGTP)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPp.CECOp4+%p 
449KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 
'UJCPFGNVUKEJWOGKPGPYGUVNKEJGP$GKUEJNCI\WGKPGO5QNKFWUFGU<GPQFGTNGKFGTPKEJVIGPCW\W\WQTFPGPKUV

224
BYZANZ

$;<#06+0+5%*'/ª0<'0

1437 1438

$;<#0<
 #PCUVCUKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1%  C 5GCT   
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%C5GCT 
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

1439 1440 1441

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%D5GCT 
/KPIGYGNNVNGKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%F5GCT 
5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%L5GCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1442
1,5:1 1,5:1

 +WUVKPWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%C5GCT
-CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 

1443 1444

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%D5GCT 
/KPIGYGNNVYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 +WUVKPKCPWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVG
HCUVXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\UVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%K
5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

225
BYZANZ

1445 1446
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGHCUVXXOKV*GNO5RGGT
WPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\UVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%K5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  6JGUUCNQPKEC  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG HCUV X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF  
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCDNWPFTLGGKP5VGTP&1%p5GCT# 
44/KPIGYGNNVYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP 

1447 1448 1449 1450

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%D5GCT
9KP\-TCV\GTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\XQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT 
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGPCO4CPFYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTU
UQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT
-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 

1451 1452
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%F5GCT
/KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%G5GCT
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUGJTUEJÌP 

1453
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU ,CJT 


!    QFGT UR·VGT 4CXGPPC  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO  
-TGW\INQDWU WPF 5EJKNF'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T UGEJUUVTCJNKIGT  
5VGTP&1%
QJPGFKGUGP$WEJUVCDGPCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG 5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
ªDGTFKG$GFGWVWPIFGU$WEJUVCDGPUCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFGDGUVGJVMGKPG'KPKIMGKVGUMÌPPVGUKEJWOGKPGP
1HHK\KPDWEJUVCDGPQFGTWOGKPG,CJTGUCPICDGJCPFGNP#NU,CJTGUCPICDGUV·PFGFCU,CJTFCPPHÒT4GIKGTWPIULCJT
 

226
BYZANZ

1454 1455

 Ô5QNKFWU WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQDWU WPF  
5EJKNF'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T UGEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP &1%   

QJPGFKGUGP$WEJUVCDGPCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG 5GCT 4-N2TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPF 
&KGWPVGT5GCT\WUCOOGPIGHC­VGP5VÒEMGYGTFGPKO/+$'%QPVKPWGFVGKNU4CXGPPCVGKNGKPGT/ÒP\UV·VVGCWH
5K\KNKGP\WIGUEJTKGDGP&CU5VÒEMOKV+CO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFGKUVKO/+$'%QPVKPWGFPKEJVCWHIGHÒJTV
 Ô5GOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T OKV 5EJKNF  
FCXQT%JTKUVQITCOO&1%5GCT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

1,5:1 1456 1,5:1

 “2GPVCPWOOKQP WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO9GTV FCTÒDGT  
5VGTP&1%5GCT (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

1457 1458 1459

 +WUVKPWU ++  Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV  
*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%D
5GCT ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU
WPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWUN5VGTP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK
\KP 5GCT 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU
WPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%E5GCT 
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1460

1461 1461

 Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 0KODWU  
5RGGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 
  WPF 5QRJKC “ (QNNKU  4GIKGTWPIULCJT
   %CTVJCIQ  I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X  
X9GTV&1%XCT5GCTXCT 45GJTUEJÌP 
&CU 5VÒEM \GKIV KO #DUEJPKVV FGU 4GXGTUGU $+6# UVCVV 8+6# &KG 6CVUCEJG FC­ FGT QHHGPMWPFKI ITKGEJKUEJG  
5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT FCU NCVGKPKUEJG 8 FWTEJ GKP ITKGEJKUEJGU $GVC GTUGV\V JCV \GKIV FC­ FCU $GVC \W FKGUGT <GKV  
DGTGKVUCNU=X?CWUIGURTQEJGPYWTFG

227
BYZANZ

1463 1464

1462 1462

 /CWTKEKWU 6KDGTKWU  Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG  
$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNOWPF-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%D
5GCT 45GJTUEJÌP 
 “2GPVCPWOOKQP6JGWRQNKU
#PVKQEJKC I/QPQITCOO9GTVFCTÒDGT-TGW\&1%p5GCT
44&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
 6JGQFQUKWUÕ5KNKSWC%CTVJCIQI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO+P
-TCP\#/'0+6#5&'+&1%5GCT 445EJTÌVNKPIUTK­UGJTUEJÌP 

1465 1466
 2JQECU  Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV  
/CRRCWPF-TGW\CWH)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT
445GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ CWH  
)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT
445VCTMGT&QRRGNUEJNCIUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1467 1468 1469

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ CWH  
)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT
445GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF  
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%G5GCT 
/KPIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF  
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1%  G 5GCT   
5VGORGNINCP\ 

1470 1471
 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF  
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%I5GCT 
5GJTUEJÌP 
 *GTCENKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV*GNOWPF-TGW\-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%F5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 

228
BYZANZ

1472 1473 1474 1475

 Ô5QNKFWUWPDGUVKOOVG
KVCNKUEJG! /ÒP\UV·VVGI10J'4#%.+7522#8%)GRCP
\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNOWPF-TGW\-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%p5GCTp 
8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 WPF*GTCENKWU%QPUVCPVKPWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$GKFGT$Ò
UVGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGPT+&1%C5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP
&1%F5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU  6JGUUCNQPKEC  I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1%  D  

#NGZCPFTKC 5GCT# 44.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGWPFYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1477

1,5:1 1,5:1
1476 1476

 “(QNNKU4GIKGTWPIULCJT
 +UCWTCI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXX9GTV&1%5GCT
45GJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU
FKEM 
+PFKMVKQP 
+PFKMVKQP %CTVJCIQI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPX
X-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGP&1%
#XGTU 4GXGTU 5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
*[DTKFG2T·IWPIOKVFGT+PFKMVKQPCWHFGO#XGTUWPFFGT+PFKMVKQPCWHFGO4GXGTU

1478 1479 1480 1481

 OKV*GTCENKWU%QPUVCPVKPWUWPF*GTCENQPCUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI
&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%E5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK  
5VWHGP&1%FXCT5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTXQPXQTP-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP
&1%D5GCT 2TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWH5VWHGP
&1%F5GCT 9KP\)TCHHKVQCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ 

229
BYZANZ

1482 1483 1484 1485

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWH5VWHGP
&1%HXCT
2WPMVCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG 5GCTXCT
2WPMVCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG 
5GJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK  
5VWHGPN*GTCENKWU/QPQITCOO&1%G5GCT 
&QRRGNUEJNCIYKP\)TCHHKVQCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK  
5VWHGPN*GTCENKWU/QPQITCOO&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 

 %QPUVCPU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%C5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1486 1487

 Õ*GZCITCOO  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQ  
DWU-TGW\CWH)NQDWUÒDGTFTGK5VWHGP&1%5GCT 
(GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5QNKFWU  +PFKMVKQP


   %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV
-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%E5GCT 
/KP2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1488 1489 1490 1491

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF  
-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%D5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5QNKFWU \W  5KNKSWCG  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV  
-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGPT5VGTP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT 
44(CUUWPIUURWTGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

  OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU +8 *GTCENKWU WPF 6KDGTKWU Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  
 I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1%  I 5GCT   
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 OKV*GTCENKWUWPF6KDGTKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG
$ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF 5RGGT-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK -CKUGTP &1%  H5GCT
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

230
BYZANZ

1492 1493

 +WUVKPKCPWU ++  4GIKGTWPI  Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I  
&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%G5GCT 
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô6TGOKUUKU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQ  
DWU-TGW\&1%5GCT 4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1494
1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV  
-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGPWPF#MCMKC&1%C5GCT 44.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KGGTUVG%JTKUVWUFCTUVGNNWPICWHGKPGT/ÒP\G

1495

1,5:1 1,5:1

 Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV  
-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGPWPF#MCMKC&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT 
447PDGFGWVGPFG2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

1496

 Ô6TGOKUUKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\CWH
)NQDWUWPF#MCMKC&1%5GCT 44/KP&QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1497
1,5:1 1,5:1

 .GQPVKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG#MCMKCWPF
-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP 5GCT
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP  
W­GTUVUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG/KVFKGUGT1HHK\KPYQJNWPGFKGTV8QT\ÒINKEJ 
&GT+UCWTKGT.GQPVKWUJCVVGWPVGTUGKPGP8QTI·PIGTPGKPGIN·P\GPFGOKNKV·TKUEJG-CTTKGTGIGOCEJVWPFKPUDGUQPFGTG
FKG #TCDGT OGJTHCEJ IGUEJNCIGP  OCEJVG LGFQEJ +WUVKPKCPWU ++ .GQPVKWU HÒT FKG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 5GDCUVQRQNKU  
XGTCPVYQTVNKEJ WPF NKG­ KJP GKPMGTMGTP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP XGTUEJNGEJVGTVG UKEJ FKG OKNKV·TKUEJG .CIG FGU  
4GKEJGU WPF  YWTFG .GQPVKWU DGHTGKV WPF \WO 5VTCVGIQU XQP *GNNCU GTPCPPV 'T QTICPKUKGTVG OKV ITQ­GT  
7PVGTUVÒV\WPIGKPG4GDGNNKQPIGIGP+WUVKPKCPWU++WPFUGV\VGKJPCD0CEJFGOFKG#TCDGT-CTVJCIQGKPPGJOGP
MQPPVGPWPFFKGOKVFGT4ÒEMGTQDGTWPIDGVTCWVGP6TWRRGPGTHQNINQUDNKGDGPMCOGU\WGKPGT4GXQNVGFKG\WT
#DUGV\WPIFGU.GQPVKWUHÒJTVG

231
BYZANZ

1498 1498 1499 1499


1,5:1 1,5:1
 Ô5GOKUUKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWH)NQDWU&1%
5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô6TGOKUUKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\&1%5GCT
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

1502

1500 1501

 6KDGTKWU+++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%H5GCT 42T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ0T

 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG5RGGTWPF5EJKNF
-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%I5GCT (CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

 Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF-TGW\  
&1%5GCT 4.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

1503
1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PCUVCUKWU ++ #TVGOKWU  Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  1HHK\KP  I $ÒUVG X X OKV  
-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%F5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ 

1504

 %QPUVCPVKPWU8WPF.GQ+8Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$GKFGT$ÒUVGP
XX$ÒUVG.GQU+++XXOKV-TGW\&1%F5GCT -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1505
1,5:1 1,5:1

 'N5QNKFWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGX
XOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC&1%XCT5GCT 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 

232
BYZANZ

1506
1,5:1 1,5:1

 %QPUVCPVKPWU 8+  WPF +TGPG OKV .GQ +++ %QPUVCPVKPWU 8 WPF .GQ +8 Ô5QNKFWU  
 %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I $ÒUVGP %QPUVCPVKPU 8+ OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF FGT +TGPG OKV -TGW\  
\GRVGTXX&TGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXX&1%p5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 

1507

1,5:1 1,5:1

 0KEGRJQTWU +  WPF 5VCWTCEKWU Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I &TCRKGTVG  
$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\WPF#MCMKC&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC
&1%E5GCT 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

1508 1509 1510

 /KEJCGN++WPF6JGQRJKNWUÔ5QNKFWU5[TCMWUI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\$ÒUVGXX
OKV-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 6JGQRJKNWU  Ô5QNKFWU  5[TCMWU  I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\ WPF  
-TQPG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF-TQPG&1%5GCT 
5GJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 
 $CUKNKWU+WPF%QPUVCPVKPWUÔ5GOKUUKU5[TCMWUI$GKFGTUGKVU$ÒUVGXX
OKV-GW\INQDWU&1%C5GCT (CUV5VGORGNINCP\ 

1511 1512

 %QPUVCPVKPWU8++WPF4QOCPWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG
%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGP
MTGW\&1%5GCT .GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP 

1513
1,5:1 1,5:1

 4QOCPWU +  WPF %JTKUVQRJQTWU Ô5QNKFWU  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I %JTKUVWU  
VJTQPVXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%5GCT 
48QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T

233
BYZANZ

1514

1515 1516

 ,QJCPPGU +  Ô6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X/CTKC MTÌPV FGP  
-CKUGTFGTGKP2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\J·NVQDGPFKG*CPF)QVVGU&1%E5GCT# 5GJTUEJÌP 
 $CUKNKWU++WPF%QPUVCPVKPWU8+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI
$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV-TGW\&1%5GCT 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô*KUVCOGPQP  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X$GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV  
-TGW\&1%5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 

1517 1,5:1
1,5:1

 Ô6GVCTVGTQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTK
CTEJGPMTGW\&1%D5GCT 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT 

1518

1,5:1 1,5:1

 %QPUVCPVKPWU8+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$ÒUVGX
XOKV.CDCTWOWPF#MCMKC&1%5GCT 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1519

1,5:1 1,5:1

 4QOCPWU+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX/CTKCMTÌPV
-CKUGT&1%5GCT 45VGORGNINCP\ 

234
BYZANZ

1520 1521

 %QPUVCPVKPWU+:Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\\GRVGTWPF)NQDWUOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%C5GCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X$ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT  
WPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1522 1523

 +UCCEKWU+%QOPGPWUÔ*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV5EJYGTV&1%5GCT 
4-N-TCV\GTNGKEJVTQUVKIGT4GXGTUUVGORGNHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 %QPUVCPVKPWU:Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 

1524 1525

 Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C  
DCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 
 4QOCPWU+8OKV/KEJCGN8++%QPUVCPVKWU#PFTQPKEWUWPF'WFQEKCÔ*KUVCOGPQP

5E[RJCV  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGTRCCT&TGK 2TKP\GP UVGJGP X X &1%   
5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP 

1526 1527

 Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1528 1529

 Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGUGJTUEJÌP 
 0KEGRJQTWU +++  'N*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV  %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X  
X-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTK­UGJTUEJÌP 

235
KREUZFAHRER

1530 1531

 #NGZKWU+Ô*[RGTR[TQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPV
XX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%C5GCT 
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô*[RGTR[TQP
5E[RJCV 6JGUUCNQPKECI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV
.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%J5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 

1532

1,5:1 1,5:1

&#5.#6'+0+5%*'-#+5'44'+%*810%1056#06+012'.
 $CNFWKP++XQP%QWTVGPC[Ô*[RGTRGTQP
5E[RJCV PCEJ6[RFGT*[RGTRGTCFGU,QJCP
PGU +++ &WMCU8CVCV\GU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU  I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X T ÒDGT FGO 6JTQP XKGT  
2WPMVG/CTKCMTÌPV-CKUGT&1%H/GVECNHwpXGTIN5H5GCTp 
44)TCHHKVK2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 
#WHITWPFFGTXGTVTCINKEJGP8GTGKPDCTWPIGP\YKUEJGPFGO-CKUGTTGKEJ0KMCKCWPFFGO.CVGKPKUEJGP-CKUGTTGKEJXQP
%QPUVCPVKPQRGN YCT GU DGKFGP 5GKVGP WPVGTUCIV /ÒP\GP FGU LGYGKNU CPFGTGP 5VCCVGU PCEJ\WRT·IGP $CNFWKP ++ XQP  
%QWTVGPC[ DTCEJ FKGUGP 8GTVTCI WPF NKG­ *[RGTRGTC OKV 0COGP WPF 6[R FGU ,QJCPPGU +++ &WMCU8CVCV\GU XQP  
0KMCKCRT·IGP9KTMÌPPGPFCPMFGT24#6+%#&'..#/'4%#674+#
GPVUVCPFGPWO FGU(NQTGPVKPKUEJGP
-CWHOCPPU(TCPEGUEQ$CNFWEEK2GIQNQVVKFKG2T·IWPIGPFGT.CVGKPGTKFGPVKHK\KGTGPFC2GIQNQVVKKPUGKPGO*CPFDWEJ
HÒT -CWHNGWVG FKG XQP FGP .CVGKPGTP XGTYGPFGVGP 5KINC CPHÒJTV YKG KO XQTNKGIGPFGP (CNN FKG )TWRRG XQP XKGT  
2WPMVGP
JGTCNFKUEJ NKPMUCNUQXQO$GVTCEJVGTIGUGJGPTGEJVUÒDGTFGO6JTQP

'+0'5#//.70)$;<#06+0+5%*'4/ª0<'0
 5COONWPID[\CPVKPKUEJGT/ÒP\GP&CUKPVGTGUUCPVG1DLGMVGPVJ·NVWC)QNFOÒP\GP
UGEJU5QNKFK
CEJV *KUVCOGPC*[RGTRGTC GKPG 6TGOKUUKU  GKPKIG UGNVGPG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP  
WPF$NGKUKGIGNUQYKGUGEJU#URTCFGU-CKUGTTGKEJGU6TCRG\WPV*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIV
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 

-4'7<(#*4'4

1534
,'475#.'/-¤0+)4'+%*
 #PQP[O  Ô&KPCT  I $GKFGTUGKVU CTCDKUEJG .GIGPFG /CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP   
/GVECNHwp5EJNWODGTIGT8 5GJTUEJÌP 

236
KREUZFAHRER

1536
1535 1535
%*+15
 /#10# 0#%*  #PQP[O Õ)KINKCVQ   I &QIG UKV\V X X-TGW\ .WPCTFK  
5 45GJTUEJÌP 

 Õ)TQUUQI)GMTÌPVGT#FNGTÒDGT5VCFVOCWGT-TGW\.WPCTFK5 


42T·IGUEJY·EJG-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

1537 1538

 (KNKRRQ /CTKC 8KUEQPVK  Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R   I  
/'&+1.#0&05+#08'&QIIGXQT*GKNKIGO%JTKUVWUKP/CPFQTNC(Dp)CODGTKPKp.WPCTFKp
XGTIN5/C\CTCMKUp 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK5
QJPG
FKGUG8CTKCPVG /C\CTCMKU 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1539 1540

 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK5
QJPG
FKGUG8CTKCPVG /C\CTCMKU 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'UMÌPPVGUKEJDGKFKGUGO5VÒEMCWEJWOGKPGP$GKUEJNCIJCPFGNP

 6QOCUQ FK %CORQHTGIQUQ  Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R  I (D  )CO  
DGTKPKXCT.WPCTFK5FXCT/C\CTCMKU 48QT\ÒINKEJ 

1541 1542 1543

1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PQP[O&QRRGNVG6QTPGUGI)GMTÌPVGT#FNGTÒDGT5VCFVOCWGT-TGW\.WPCTFK5 


4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 

 8KPEGP\Q )KWUVKPKCPK )CTKDCNFK  Õ)TQUUQ   I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT ÒDGT 5VCFV  
OCWGT-TGW\.WPCTFK5 445GJTUEJÌP 

 #PQP[O Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R KO 0COGP FGU #PVQPKQ 8GPGTKQ  I (D  E  
)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK%5GXCT/C\CTCMKUpXGTIN
2GTR[TQ  4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
&KG<WYGKUWPIKUVPKEJVIGUKEJGTV

237
KREUZFAHRER

1544
1,5:1 1,5:1

2'4#
 (KNKRRQ/CTKC8KUEQPVKÔ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D
)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK2 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
2GTCGKPGGKIGPG5VCFVCO)QNFGPGP*QTPKPWPOKVVGNDCTGT0CEJDCTUEJCHV\W%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUYCT\YKUEJGP
WPFGKPGIGPWGUKUEJG-QNQPKG

1545
1,5:1 1,5:1

/;6+.'0'
 &QOGPKEQ%CVVCPGQ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RIΔΕ%2/Δ1/+'1N5
/8'0'6+WPVGTFGT(CJPG&8:&QOGPKEQMPKGVNXQT*GKNKIGOOKV(CJPG%JTKUVWUKP/CPFQTNC
)CODGTKPKp.WPCTFKp5EJNWODGTIGTp 8QPITÌ­VGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 

1546
1,5:1 1,5:1

 )KCEQOQ )CVVKNWUKQ  <GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R  I (D  )CODGTKPK   
.WPCTFK)XCT 48QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\ 

1548

1547 1549

 <GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPKpXGTIN.WPCTFKpXGTIN) 


45GJTUEJÌP 
 &QTKPQ )CVVKNWUKQ  <GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R  I (D  )CODGTKPK   
.WPCTFK)
QJPGFKGUG8CTKCPVG  48QT\ÒINKEJ 

(1).+#8'%%*+#
2*1%#'# 
 &QTKPQ)CVVKNWUKQÔ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK
.WPCTFK&/GVECNHw (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

238
KREUZFAHRER

1550

,1*#00+6'4#7(4*1&15
 *GNKQPFG8KNNGPGWXGÕ#URGTI)TQ­OGKUVGTMPKGVNXQT2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\-TGW\
/GVECNHw5EJNWODGTIGT2N+: 444CPFHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP 

1551
1,5:1 1,5:1

 #PVQPKWU(NWXKCPWU<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(DpXGTINHH-CU
FCINKp/GVECNHwp5EJNWODGTIGTp )1.&8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1552 1553
 2KGTTGF #WDWUUQP<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI&GT)TQ­OGKUVGTMPKGVXQT
FGOJGKNKIGP,QJCPPGU%JTKUVWUXQP5VGTPGPWOIGDGPUVGJVXXKP/CPFQTNC(D)CODGTKPK
NGKEJVXCT-CUFCINKXGTIN45EJNWODGTIGT2N:+XCT 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP 
 'OGT[F #ODQKUG<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI&GT)TQ­OGKUVGTMPKGVXQT
FGOJGKNKIGP,QJCPPGU%JTKUVWUXQP5VGTPGPWOIGDGPUVGJVXXKP/CPFQTNC(D)CODGTKPKXCT
-CUFCINKXGTIN4
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 5EJN2N:+ 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 

1554 1555

<;2'40
 *GKPTKEJ++WPFÕ)TQUEJGPQ,
4GIKGTWPI I-ÌPKI
VJTQPVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGNNUGEJUUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU
-TGW\/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP/GVECNHwHH *ÒDUEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 *WIQ+8Õ)TQUEJGPI-ÌPKIVJTQPVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGN-TGW\KP
FGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP/GVECNHwp 5GJTUEJÌP 

1556 1557
 .WFYKI XQP 5CXQ[GP  Õ)TQUEJGP Q ,  I -ÌPKI VJTQPV X X OKV <GRVGT WPF  
4GKEJUCRHGNT9CRRGPUEJKNF-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\%.%6[R#5VGORGN$F

FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV /CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP 
4$TGKVGUIWVCWUIGRT·IVGU'ZGORNCTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T
 -CVJCTKPC%QTPCTQÕ)TQUEJGPQ,
4GIKGTWPIPCEJ I-ÌPKIKPVJTQPV
XXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGNN2-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\%.%pXGTIN6[R$
/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCPXCT 44-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP 
#WHITWPFFGTDGKFKGUGO5VÒEMUVCTMXGTYKNFGTVGP.GIGPFGMÌPPVGOCPGKPGP$GKUEJNCIXGTOWVGP

239
ORIENTALEN

1558 1559

.'8#06+0+5%*'$'+5%*.)'
 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1560 1561 1562

 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU/KEJGNG5VGPQI(DpXGTINF
%JKQU 
)CODGTKPKpXGTIN
%JKQU  5GJTUEJÌP 
JPNKEJG5VÒEMGIKDVGUKP%JKQU&KGUGO5VÒEMHGJNGPLGFQEJFKGFTGK2WPMVGFKGFCU<GKEJGPFGT/ÒP\UV·VVG%JKQU
UKPF
 Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI.WPCTFK%5 /KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 

'+0'5#//.70)810/ª0<'0&'4-4'7<(#*4'4<'+6
 7OHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI -TGW\HCJTGT 1TKGPVCNGP /KVVGNCNVGT &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV W C   
)QNFOÒP\GP
WC<GEEJKPGP\YGKQUOCPKUEJG#NVKP0QTOCPPGPCWH5K\KNKGPGVE \CJNTGKEJGVGKNU
UGNVGPG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP
GKPKIG )KINKCVK FGT ,QJCPPKVGT CWH 4JQFQU \CJNTGKEJG CTOGPKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP  
FCTWPVGT *GVQWO OKV -C[MJWUTCY <[RGTP GKPKIG /CMTQFKTJCOU 5GNFUEJWMGP KP 4WO GVE  UQYKG  
KPVGTGUUCPVG$TQP\GOÒP\GP&KGKPNCPIGT5COOGNV·VKIMGKVGPVUVCPFGPG5COONWPIGKIPGVUKEJICP\JGT
XQTTCIGPFCNU'KPUVKGIKPFKGUGUHCU\KPKGTGPFG5COOGNIGDKGVCDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGTGKVUDGUVG
JGPFGP5COONWPIWPFUQNNVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIVYGTFGP 
%C5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGJTUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 

14+'06#.+5%*'/ª0<'0

1564
1,5:1 1,5:1

-75*#0
 8KOC -CFRJKUGU  Ô&QRRGNUVCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPGWPFIGUEJWNVGTVGT
-GWNGCWH$GTIU[ODQNKM1GUJQUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTT)ÌDN 
445GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI  /ÒPEJGP   
0T

240
ORIENTALEN

1566

1565 1,5:1 1,5:1 1565

 Ô5VCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPGWPFIGUEJWNVGTVGT-GWNGÒDGT$GTIU[ODQNKM1GUJQUVGJV
NOKV&TGK\CEM)ÌDN 445GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
 Ô5VCVGTI+P4CJOGP-QRHTOKV&KCFGO&TGK\CEM)ÌDN (CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

1568 1569

1567 1567

 “UI-ÌPKIQRHGTVNÒDGT#NVCTN&TGK\CEMT-GWNG1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT
5VKGTT)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI  /ÒPEJGP   
0T
 -CPKUJMC  Ô5VCVGT 2GUJCYCT  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #N  
VCT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

 Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV
<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T

1570

2:1 2:1

 Ô 5VCVGT  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #NVCT#VJUJQ UVGJV N OKV +PXGUVKVWT  
MTCP\)ÌDN 448QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI  /ÒPEJGP   
0T

1571 1572

 *WXKUJMCÔ5VCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV-TQPGWPF<GRVGT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV
<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT  5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T

 Ô5VCVGTI$ÒUVGNOKV-TQPG0KODWU-GWNGWPF<GRVGT#TFQMUJQUVGJVTOKV(ÒNNJQTP)ÌDN
5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP'TYQTDGPCWUFGO.CIGT'IQP$GEMGPDCWGT

241
ORIENTALEN

1573 1574

 8CUWFGXC+Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T
 Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXX
OKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT

1576

1575 1575

 Ô5VCVGT 6CZKNC  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT1GUJQ UVGJV X X OKV &TGK\CEM WPF  
-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
 Ô5VCVGTI-ÌPKIUVGJVN1GUJQUVGJVXXXQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 
*GPMGNURWTUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI  /ÒPEJGP   
0T

1577 1578

 8CUWFGXC ++  Ô5VCVGT -CDWN  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N1GUJQ UVGJV N XQT $WEMGNUVKGT  
)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT  5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T
 Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV
&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN /KP&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T

1579

1580 1580

 Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVN1GUJQUVGJVNXQT$WEMGNUVKGT)ÌDN 


8QT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVN1GUJQUVGJVNXQT$WEMGNUVKGT)ÌDN 
9KP\5EJÒTHURWTXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

242
ORIENTALEN

1581 1582

 :QFGUJCJ WO  Ô5VCVGT -CDWN  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT FCXQT &TGK  
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKN
FGV  448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
WPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T 
:QFGUJCJ KUV MGKP 0COG UQPFGTP GKP 6KVGN *GTT -ÌPKI &GT GKIGPVNKEJG 0COG FGU 7UWTRCVQTU FGT IGIGP  


8CUWFGXC++TGDGNNKGTVGKUVWPDGMCPPV

 Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV
&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 445GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

1583 1584

 8CUKUJMC  Ô5VCVGT 2GUJCYCT  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT FCXQT &TGK  
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 
/KP&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T

 Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVN#TFQMUJQUKV\VXX)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT  
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T

1585 1586

 Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVN#TFQMUJQUKV\VXX)ÌDN )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP 

 Ô5VCVGT-TKGIUOÒP\UV·VVGI-ÌPKIUVGJVN1GUJQUVGJVNXQT$WEMGNUVKGT)ÌDN 


8QT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T

1587 1588

 /CKQTGU&QOWUÔ5VCVGTPCEJI-ÌPKIUVGJVN)ÌVVKP#TFQMUJQOKV(ÒNNJQTPVJTQPVXX
)ÌDN 8QT\ÒINKEJ 

 Ô5VCVGTPCEJI-ÌPKIUVGJVN)ÌVVKP#TFQMUJQOKV(ÒNNJQTPVJTQPVXX)ÌDN 


(GKPG)QNFVÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP

243
ORIENTALEN

1589 1590 1591 1592

 Ô5VCVGTPCEJI-ÌPKIUVGJVXX)ÌVVKP#TFQMUJQOKV(ÒNNJQTPVJTQPVXX)ÌDN 


(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
 Ô5VCVGTPCEJI-ÌPKIUVGJVXX)ÌVVKP#TFQMUJQOKV(ÒNNJQTPVJTQPVXX)ÌDN 
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5VCVGT PCEJ   I -ÌPKI UVGJV XX)ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN   
8QT\ÒINKEJ 
 Ô5VCVGT PCEJ   I -ÌPKI UVGJV XX)ÌVVKP #TFQMUJQ OKV (ÒNNJQTP VJTQPV X X )ÌDN   
8QT\ÒINKEJ 

1593 1594

-75*#015#5#0+&'0
 1JTOC\FWOÔ&KPCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMFCXQT#NVCT5JKXCUVGJVXX
OKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDN 44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 
 Ô&KPCT $CNMJ  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM FCXQT #NVCT5JKXC UVGJV X X OKV &TGK\CEM  
FCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDNpXGTIN 44.GKEJVGT&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ 
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI  /ÒPEJGP   
0T

1596

1595 1595

 8CJTCP WO  Ô5VCVGT


5E[RJCV  WO  -CDWN  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT  
#NVCTFCTÒDGT&TGK\CEM5JKXCUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDNpXGTIN 
5GJTUEJÌP 
 Ô5VCVGT
5E[RJCV  $CNMJ  I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT FCTÒDGT &TGK\CEM1GUJQ  
UVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP 
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T

244
ORIENTALEN

1597

*'2*6#.+6'0+0$#-64+'0
 -JKPIKNC'N&KPCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEM5JKXCUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMFC
JKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDN'O 5GJTUEJÌP 

1598 1599 1598

7/#;;#&'0-#.+('0+0&#/#5-75
 5WNC[OCPDKPy#DFCN/CNKM
! Ô&KPCT#*
 I9CNMGT 
5GJTUEJÌP 
&CU5VÒEMKUVOÌINKEJGTYGKUGCWEJWPVGTy7OCTDKPy#DFCNy#\K\IGRT·IVYQTFGP
 y7OCTDKPy#DFCNy#\K\Ô&KPCT#*
 I9CNMGT 
45GJTUEJÌP 

1600 1601

#$#55+&'0-#.+('0+0$#)&#&
 #DW #DFCNNCJ CN/CJFK  Ô&KPCT  #*
    I #NDWO %JGEMNKUV   
-C\CP%QNN .GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP 
6#*+4+&'0+/+4#0
 6CNJCDKP6CJKT“(CNU#*
 I#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 445EJÌP 

ex 1602 1603

+-5*+&+&'0+0);26'070&5;4+'0
 #DW N3CUKO7PWLWTDKPCN+MUJKFÔ&KPCT#*
 I#NDWO%JGEM
NKUV&C\WGKPWPDGUVKOOVGTHCVKOKFKUEJGT&KPCT 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 

(#6+/+&'0+0);26'0
 #DW6COKO/C CFFCN/WUVCPUKTDKNNCJÔ&KPCT#*
 /KUTI
-C\CP%QNN 5GJTUEJÌP 

1604

/#/.7-'0
 #N<CJKT4WMPCNFKP$C[DCTU+Ô&KPCTCN3CJKTCI#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 
-N2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ 

245
ORIENTALEN

1605
1606 1606
5#/#0+&'0
 #N/CNKM CN*COKF 0WJ ++ KDP 0CUT  Ô&KPCT  #*
    I #NDWO  
%JGEMNKUV 8QT\ÒINKEJ 
57.6#0#6&'.*+
 )JK[CVJ CN&KP +YCF )QWXGTPGWT XQP $GPICNGP HÒT 5JCOU CN&KP +NVWVOKUJ   
Õ6CPMCI4GKVGTN5EJTKHV)QTQP)QGPMCXGTIN$ 5GJTUEJÌP 

1607 1608
&#0+5*/'0&+&'0+05+8#5
 /CNKM/WJCOOCF“&KTJGOQ,I=1?/'Λ*-+%2#%*%Ρω/#0+#=%?
-#+#0#61Λ*=%?/#:#/#6*%#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 445GJTUEJÌP 
&#0+5*/'0&+&'0+0-#;5'4+
 +OCFCN&KP&JW N0WP“&KTJGOI$GKFGTUGKVUCTCDKUEJGWPFITKGEJKUEJG5EJTKHV
#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 45GJTUEJÌP 

1609 1610

&#0+5*/'0&+&'0+0/#.#6;#*
 #[PCN&CYNC+UOC KN“&KTJGOQ,I#+0#.&#ω.#%1;+1%61;/'
)#.17/'.*-+#/*2)#<*#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 445GJTUEJÌP 
 “&KTJGOQ,I#+0#.ΔΑωΛΑ%1;+1%61;/')#.17/'.*-+#/*2)#<*
#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 445GJTUEJÌP 

1611 1612

 &JW N3CTPC[P“&KTJGOQ,I#TCDKUEJG5EJTKHVWOJGTITKGEJKUEJG.GIGPFG1


/')#5 #/*4#5 &1.%#40#+$·TVKIGT -QRH T WOJGT ITKGEJKUEJG .GIGPFG ΝΙΔΙ[ΚΤΙΟΝΟ%]   
ΔΕVTEPIC#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 45GJTUEJÌP 
'U JGTTUEJV MGKPG 'KPKIMGKV FCTÒDGT YGNEJG 5GKVG CNU 8QTFGTUGKVG \W DGVTCEJVGP KUV 9·JTGPF 5VGRJGP #NDWO FKG  
$KNFUGKVG CNU 8QTFGTUGKVG DGVTCEJVGV FGHKPKGTV 'UVGNNG 9JGNCP FKG 5GKVG OKV FGO 0COGP FGU 4GIGPVGP CNU  
8QTFGTUGKVG 
&CU XQTNKGIGPFG 5VÒEM YGKUV CWH FGO 4GXGTU
PCEJ 9JGNCPU &GHKPKVKQP  GKPGP KPVGTGUUCPVGP 5EJTGKDHGJNGT CWH  


ΝΙΔΙΚΤΙΟΝΟ%UVCVVFGOMQTTGMVGPΙΝΔΙΚΤΙΟΝΟ%

-*#0#6)#0,#
 ,C HCTCN,CYYCFÕ#DDCUK#*
 I#NDWO%JGEMNKUV'
42CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ 

246
ORIENTALEN

1613 1614

<'0)+&'0+0/1557.
 5CKHCN&KP)JC\K++“&KTJGO#*
 I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGHCUVX
XFCTÒDGT\YGKIGHNÒIGNVG(KIWTGP5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 5GJTUEJÌP 
 +\\CN&KP/CU WF+“&KTJGO#*
 CN,C\KTCI-QRHNOKV
*GNO5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP 

1615 1,5:1 1615

<'0)+&'0+05+0,#4
 3WVDCN&KP/WJCOOCFKDP<GPIK“&KTJGO#*
 5KPLCTI
&TCRKGTVGYGKDNKEJG$ÒUVGTOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 
5GJTUEJÌP 

1616 1617

<'0)+&'0+0#.,#<+4#
 /W K\\CN&KP5CPLCT5JCJ“&KTJGO#*
 I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVG
XX5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 45GJTUEJÌP 
$')6')+0+&'0+0+4$+.
 /W\CHHCTCN&KP-ÌMDWTK“&KTJGOWO#*I6JTQPGPFG(KIWTXXOKV
)NQDWU5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT 

1618
1619 1619

$')6+/74+&'0+0#*.#6
 5C[H CN&KP $GIVKOWT  “U ! #* #JNCV  I -WJ N U·WIV -CND5EJTKHV #NDWO  
%JGEMNKUV 45GJTUEJÌP 
#4673+&'0+0*+50-#;(#70&#/+&
 (CMJT CN&KP 3CTC #TUNCP  “&KTJGO Q ,  I 8+%614+# %1056#06+0+ #8)  
8KEVQTKC IGJV T WPF J·NV GKPG 6CHGN OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 816:::KO#DUEJPKVV ΣΙΣ5EJTKHV#NDWO
%JGEMNKUV55 44$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 

247
ORIENTALEN

1620 1621 1622

 “&KTJGO Q ,  I 8+%614+# %1056#06+0+ #8) 8KEVQTKCIGJVTWPFJ·NVGKPG6CHGNOKV
FGT#WHUEJTKHV816:::KO#DUEJPKVVΣΙΣ5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 
44$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 “&KTJGO  #*
    I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV )NQDWU WPF <GRVGT5EJTKHV  
#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 “&KTJGO#*
 I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXX-TQPG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXX#NDWO
%JGEMNKUV55 8QPITQ­GT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP 

1623 1623

1,5:1
 “&KTJGO#*
 I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXX5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV
55 45GJTUEJÌP 

1624 1625

 0CUKTCN&KP/CJOWF“&KTJGO#*
 CN*KUPI&QRRGNMÌR
HKIGT#FNGTXX5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 (CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
'UJCPFGNVUKEJWOFKGHTÒJGUVGKUNCOKUEJG/ÒP\GOKVGKPGT,CJTGUCPICDGKP<KHHGTP
 “&KTJGO  #*
   #OKF  I &QRRGNMÌRHKIGT #FNGT X X5EJTKHV #NDWO  
%JGEMNKUV55 445GJTUEJÌP 

1626

#4673+&'0+0-#46*2'46
 +OCFCN&KP#DW$CMT“&KTJGO,CJTWPNGUGTNKEJI-QRHNOKV&KCFGO5EJTKHV
#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 445GJTUEJÌP 

248
ORIENTALEN

1627 1628 1629

#4673+&'0+0/#4&+0
 0CLOGF&KP#NRK“&KTJGOQ,I<YGKFTCRKGTVG$ÒUVGPOKV&KCFGOGKPCPFGT
IGIGPÒDGT/CTKCMTÌPVFGPD[\CPVKPKUEJGP-CKUGT#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 5GJTUEJÌP 
 3WVDCN&KP+N)JC\K++“&KTJGOQ,I-QRHTOKV&KCFGO5EJTKHV#NDWO
%JGEMNKUV55 5GJTUEJÌP 
 *WUCOCF&KP;WNWS#TUNCP“&KTJGO#*
 I(KIWTKP4Ò
UVWPI UKV\V XXKPFGT4GEJVGP5EJYGTVWPFKPFGT.KPMGPGKPCDIGUEJNCIGPGT-QRH5EJTKHV#NDWO
%JGEMNKUV55 5GJTUEJÌP 

1630 1630

1,5:1

 5JCOUCN&KP5CNKJ“&QRRGNHCNU/CTFKPI5QPPGÒDGT\YGKPCEJCW­GPIGYCPF
VGP.ÌYGP5EJTKHV#NDWO%JGEMNKUV55 445GJTUEJÌP 

.16514+'06#.+5%*'4/ª0<'0
 7OHCPITGKEJGU .QV QTKGPVCNKUEJGT )QNFOÒP\GP OGKUV FGU KPFKUEJGP -WNVWTMTGKUGU 'PVJCNVGP UKPF XKGNG  
KPFKUEJG2T·IWPIGPFCTWPVGTUEJYGTG6CPMCUWPF/QJWTG+PUIGUCOVI*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU.QV
DKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM9GPKIGOKVMN(GJNGTP
*GPMGNURWT OGKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QVQTKGPVCNKUEJGT5KNDGTOÒP\GPFGUKPFKUEJGP-WNVWTMTGKUGU'PVJCNVGPUKPFÒDGTYKGIGPF6CPMCUFGU
5WNVCPCVU/CNYC+PVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 +PFKGP#HIJCPKUVCP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF ÒDGTYKGIGPF 5KNDGTOÒP\GP W C )TQ­OQIWNG 5WNVCPCV &GNJK  
#HIJCPKUVCPGVE$KVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 -KFCTKVGP.QVXQPFTGK'N5VCVGTGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 
 )GOKUEJVGU.QVQTKGPVCNKUEJGT/ÒP\GPKP)QNF5KNDGTWPF$TQP\G'PVJCNVGPUKPFWC\YGK)QNF
OÒP\GP
W C )TQ­UGNFUEJWMGP $CTMK[CTWS &KPCT  #* 0KUJCRWT   5KNDGTOÒP\GP  

#TCDQUCUCPKFGP #DCUUKFGP 4WO5GNFUEJWMGP 5WNVCPCV &GNJK GVE  UQYKG HÒPH $TQP\GOÒP\GP
W C  
)JC\PCYKFGPZ6CJKTKFGP  5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 .QV\XQP5KNDGTOÒP\GP
OGKUVUEJYGTG6CPMCU WPF$TQP\GOÒP\GP$KVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 +UNCOKUEJG$KNFGTOÒP\GPZ#[[WDKFGP“&KTJGOZ<GPIKFGPKP/QUUWN“&KTJGO 
5VÒEM(CUVUGJTUEJÌP 
 9GUVNKEJG-UJCVTCRCU.QVXQPXKGTÕ&TCEJOGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP 

249
STICHWORTINDEX
A $TKVCPPKC
#DCUUKFGP-CNKHGPKP$CIFCF $TWVVKWO
#DFGTC $WTIWPFGT
#D[FQU $[\CPVKPKUEJG/ÒP\GP
#ECTPCPKC
#GIKPC C
#GI[RVWU %CGUCTGC%CRRCFQEKCG
 %CNCDTKC
#GQNKU %CORCPKC
#KICK %CRRCFQEKC
#KIGCK %CTKC
#KPQU %CTPWVGU
#KVPCK %CTVJCIQ0QXC
#KVQNKC %CVWXGNNCWPK
#MCPVJQU %JCNEKU
#MTCICU %JKQU
#NGZCPFTKC %KNKEKC
#NGZCPFTKC6TQCU 
#NGZCPFTKPGT %QTE[TC
#NNQDTQIGU %QTKPVJKC
#NQPVKQP %TGVC
#ODKCPK %[RTWU
#OKUWU %[TGPCKEC
#ORJKRQNKU
#PCMVQTKQP D
#PC\CTDQU &CPKUJOGPFKFGPKP-C[UGTK
#PQP[O &CPKUJOGPFKFGPKP/CNCV[CJ
#PVKQEJKC &CPKUJOGPFKFGPKP5KXCU
#PVKQEJKCCF/CGCPFTWO &GMCRQNKU
#PVKQEJKC2KUKFKCG &KWO
#RCOGKC
#RQNNQPKC2QPVKEC E
#TCDKC(GNKZ 'FGUUC
#TCFQU 'NKU
#TECFKC 'RJGUQU
#TIQU#ORJKNQEJKMQP 'RKTWU
#TVWSKFGPKP*KUP-C[HCWPF#OKF 'T[VJTCK
#TVWSKFGPKP-CTVJRGTV 'VTWTKC
#TVWSKFGPKP/CTFKP 'WOGPGKC
#URGPFQU
#VJGP F
#VTGDCVGU (CVKOKFGPKPI[RVGP
#VVKEC (NCXKQRQNKU
#WNGTEK'DWTQXKEGU (QINKC8GEEJKC
2JQECGC 
#ZWO (WNXKCUKGJG'WOGPGKC

B G
$CD[NQP )CNNKC
$CD[NQPKC )CNNKC%KUCNRKPC
$CEVTKC )GIGPUVGORGN
$CIGKU )GNC
$GIVGIKPKFGPKP+TDKN )GTOCPKC
$GIVKOWTKFGPKP#JNCV )QTV[PC
$GNIKEC )TKGEJKUEJG/ÒP\GP
$GTIG
$KUCNVCK
H
$KVJ[PKC
*CVTKC
$KVWTKIGU
*GRJVCNKVGPKP$CMVTKGP
$QGQVKC
*GTCMNGKC
$QJGOKC
*GTCMNGKC2QPVKMC
$QKGT
*KOGTC
*KURCPKC /CIPGUKC
*[GNGUKGJG8GNKC /CNNQU
/CONWMGP
I /CTQPGKC
+CKVKC /CUUCNKC
+MUJKFKFGPKPI[RVGPWPF5[TKGP 
+ORGTCVQTKUEJG2T·IWPIGP /GFCKNNGWTG
+PFKC 'WMNGKFCU
+QPKC 2JT[IKNNQU
 
+UVTQU /GICNQRQNKU
+VCNKC /GORJKU
+WFCGC /GPFG
/GTQYKPIGT
J /GUUCPC
,GTWUCNGO-ÌPKITGKEJ /GVCRQPV
,QJCPPKVGTCWH4JQFQU /GVJ[OPC
/KFCKQP
K /KNGV
-CNEJGFQP /QGUKC
-CNNCVKU /[PFQU
-COCTKPC /[TKPC
-CTVJCIQ /[UKC
-CWNQPKC /[VKNGPG
-GNGPFGTKU
-GNVKUEJG/ÒP\GP N
-JCPCV)CPLC 0CIKFQU
-KD[TC 0CZQU
-KQU 0GCRQNKU
-KVKQP 0GOCWUWU
-PKFQU 0WEGTKC#NHCVGTPC
-QNQRJQP
-QTKPVJ O
-QT[MQU 1GC
-QU 1NDC
-TGW\HCJTGT 1N[ORKC
-TQVQP 1N[PVJQU
-WUJCP 1TKGPVCNKUEJG/ÒP\GP
-WUJCPQ5CUCPKFGP 1UVIQVGP
-[MNCFGP
-[OG P
-[TGPG 2CGQPKC
-[\KMQU 2CORJ[NKC
2CPPQPKC
L 2CPQTOQU
.CORUCMQU 2CPVKMCRCKQP
.CPIQDCTFGP 2CRJNCIQPKC
.CQFKEGCCF/CTG 2CTKUKK
.CTKUUC 2CTQU
.CVGKPKUEJGU-CKUGTTGKEJXQP%QPUVCPVKPQRGN 2GNNC
.GQPVKPQK 2GNQRQPPGUWU
.GUDQU 2GTC
.GWMCU 2GTICOQP
.GXCPVKPKUEJG$GKUEJN·IG 2GTIG
.KRCTC 2GTKPVJQU
.QMTQK'RK\GRJ[TKQK 2GTUKC
.QVU 2JQGPKEKC
.WECPKC 2JQMCKC
.[FKC 2JT[IKC
.[UKOCEJGKC 2KEGPWO
2KUKFKC
M 2QORGKQRQNKU
/CEGFQPKC 2QPVWU
2QRWNQPKC 8QNECG6GEVQUCIGU
2TKCRQU 8ÌNMGTYCPFGTWPI
2T[OPGUUQU
2WPKGT W
9GUVIQVGP
R
4GIKPK Z
4GOK <CPMNGUKGJG/GUUCPC
4JGIKQP <GPIKFGPKP#N,C\KTC
4JQFQU <GPIKFGPKP/QUUWN
4ÌOKUEJG-CKUGT\GKV <GPIKFGPKP5KPLCT
4ÌOKUEJG/ÒP\GP <GWIKVCPKC
4ÌOKUEJG4GRWDNKM <[RGTP

S
5CNNWXKK
5COCPKFGP
5COQU
5CUCPKFGP
5E[VJKC
5GPQPGU
5GUVQU
5KEKNKC
5KE[QPKC
5KFG
5KFQP
5KM[QP
5KPQRG
5KUVTKRKC
5QIFKCPC
5QNQK
5WGUUKQPGU
5WNVCPCV&GNJK
5[DCTKU
5[TCMWU
5[TKC
5[TVKEC

T
6CJKTKFGPKP+TCP
6CTGPV
6CTUQU
6GPGFQU
6GQU
6GTKPC
6JCUQU
6JGDGP
6JGUUCNKC
6JTCEKC
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eLive Auction
NEU Mit unseren eLive Auctions bie- NEW With our eLive Auctions, we of-
ten wir Ihnen die Möglichkeit, direkt fer you a direct and easy opportunity to
und unkompliziert über das Internet an participate in regular auctions live over
regelmäßigen Auktionen mit einem vir- the Internet.
tuellen Auktionator live teilzunehmen. From the convenience of your own
Bequem von zuhause oder unterwegs home or when travelling, you can sub-
können Sie Vorgebote abgeben und ab- mit preliminary bids, and up to the last
schließend – ganz wie in einer echten moment of the sale – as in a real auc-
Auktion im Bieterwettstreit mit ande- tion, vying with other bidders – you
ren – den Ausgang der Auktionen live can win auctions live on your computer
am Bildschirm für sich entscheiden. screen.
Weitere Informationen erhalten Sie un- Additional information is available at
ter www.elive-auction.de/hilfe www.elive-auction.com/help

Künker eLive Auction:


live auf www.elive-auction.de
Leitfaden zur erfolgreichen schriftlichen Auktionsteilnahme
• Studieren Sie den Katalog sorgfältig und notieren Sie alle Lose, die interessant für Sie sind.
• Legen Sie für jedes Los Ihr persönliches Limit fest, das Sie maximal zu zahlen bereit sind.
• Füllen Sie das beiliegende Formular aus (siehe unten) und tragen Sie für jedes Los Ihr Höchstgebot ein.
• Schicken Sie uns Ihren Auftrag frühzeitig. Bei gleich hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene Gebot den Zuschlag.
• Sie haben interessante Lose für insgesamt € 10.000,– gefunden, möchten jedoch nur € 2.000,– ausgeben. Kein Problem: Sie geben als
Gesamtlimit (ohne Aufgeld) € 2.000,– an.
• Wenn Sie Fragen haben: Die MitarbeiterInnen unserer Kundenbetreuung sind für Sie da: Telefon 0800 583 65 37 (gebührenfrei).
• Wenn Sie telefonisch an unseren Auktionen teilnehmen möchten, ist das ab einer Schätzung von € 500,– pro Los möglich. Bitte teilen
Sie uns diesen Wunsch mindestens einen Werktag vor Beginn der Versteigerung schriftlich mit.

Musterauftrag für schriftliche Gebote


Name, Adresse, Telefon Ihre Kundennummer
Ihre vollständige Anschrift Die Angabe Ihrer Kunden-
ist wichtig, damit wir nummer unterstützt
Ihren Auktionsauftrag uns bei der Bearbeitung
annehmen und bearbeiten Ihres Auktionsauftrages.
können. Ihre Telefonnum- Viele Vorarbeiten für die
mer brauchen wir, um Sie Auktion werden dadurch
bei Rückfragen zu Ihren einfacher und es werden
Geboten schnell erreichen Fehler vermieden.
zu können.

Losnummern und Gebote Ihr Limit pro Einzellos


Listen Sie alle Lose, für An dieser Stelle geben Sie
die Sie sich interessieren, an, was Sie für jedes ein-
mit ihrer Katalognummer zelne Stück maximal bereit
auf und legen Sie für sich sind auszugeben.
selbst fest, wie viel Sie be-
reit sind, für jedes einzelne
Los zu bieten.
Überschreitung Ihrer
„Oder“-Gebote Limits pro Einzellos
Wenn Sie sich für mehrere In der Praxis zeigt sich,
Münzen interessieren, dass oft mehrere Bieter
aber nur ein Stück davon mit ihren Geboten dicht
erwerben wollen, können beieinander liegen. Deshalb
Sie Ihre Gebote einfach mit empfiehlt es sich, an dieser
einem „Oder“ verbinden. Stelle einer geringfügigen
Wichtig: bei den „Oder“- Überschreitung Ihrer
Geboten können Sie nicht Gebote zuzustimmen.
auf frühere Katalog- Dadurch erhöhen sich Ihre
nummern zurückgreifen Chancen, im Wettbewerb
(z. B. 2890 oder 1558), da mit anderen den Zuschlag
die Nr. 1558 dann bereits zu erhalten.
versteigert ist.

Unterschreiben Sie Ihren Auktionsauftrag ... Begrenzung Ihres Gesamtlimits


... nachdem Sie Ihre Angaben noch einmal überprüft haben. Ihre Hier können sie die Gesamtsumme Ihrer Gebote begrenzen und
Unterschrift ist wichtig, denn damit bestätigen Sie uns, dass sie festlegen, was Sie insgesamt maximal bereit sind auszugeben.
tatsächlich teilnehmen wollen. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer kommen später noch hinzu.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Wie entsteht der Preis einer Auktion?
Der im Auktionskatalog angegebene Preis ist ein Schätzpreis, der durch unsere Experten festgelegt wurde. Das Mindestgebot liegt bei
80 % dieses Wertes. Die Zuschlagpreise sind oft deutlich höher als die Schätzpreise. Als Auktionshaus müssen wir bereits vor der Auktion
alle schriftlichen Gebote koordinieren. Folgende Beispiele sind im Bietverfahren möglich:

Beispiel 1 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Beispiel 3 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–)


Es liegt kein schriftlicher Auftrag vor: Der Auktionator ruft das Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 850,–
Los in der Auktion mit € 800,– aus. Wenn im Saal nur ein Bieter vor: Das Los wird in der Auktion mit € 800,– ausgerufen. Falls
darauf ein Gebot abgibt, erhält der Saalbieter den Zuschlag für kein Bieter im Saal ein Gegenangebot abgibt, erhält der schriftliche
€ 800,–. Bieter den Zuschlag bei € 800,–.

Beispiel 2 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–) Beispiel 4 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–)


Es liegen dem Auktionator drei schriftliche Gebote vor: Es liegt dem Auktionator nur ein schriftliches Gebot von € 1.200,–
vor: Der Auktionator ruft das Los mit € 800,– aus. Gibt es im Saal
Bieter 1: Limit € 2.900,– keinen Gegenbieter, erhält der schriftliche Bieter den Zuschlag bei
Bieter 2: Limit € 1.800,– € 800,–. Falls es im Saal Gegenbieter gibt, bietet der Auktionator
Bieter 3: Limit € 800,– für seinen schriftlichen Bieter bis maximal € 1.200,– und erteilt
einem Gegenbieter im Saal erst bei mehr als € 1.200,– den Zuschlag.
Nach der Versteigerungsordnung muss der Auktionator im
Interesse von Bieter 1 und 2 angemessen überbieten (um ca. 5 bis Beispiel 5 (Schätzpreis: € 1.000,–)
10 %). Der Ausrufpreis in der Auktion beträgt daher im Interesse Es liegen drei Gebote von je € 975,– vor: Um Missverständnisse
von Bieter 1 € 1.900,– (obwohl die Schätzung € 1.000,– beträgt). zu vermeiden, überzieht der Auktionator das zuerst eingegangene
Falls keine höheren Gebote aus dem Saal erfolgen, erhält Bieter 1 Gebot geringfügig und erteilt den Zuschlag bei € 1.000,–.
den Zuschlag für € 1.900,–. Das Höchstangebot von € 2.900,–
musste nicht ausgeschöpft werden.

Antworten auf Fragen, die uns oft gestellt werden


• Zuschlagpreis/Aufgeld: Wir berechnen als Auktionshaus ein Aufgeld von 15 % auf den Zuschlagpreis, dazu kommt die gesetzliche
Mehrwertsteuer.

Beispiel 1 Zuschlagpreis € 100,00 Beispiel 2 Zuschlagpreis € 1.000,00


Aufgeld 15 % € 15,00 Aufgeld 15 % € 150,00
Versandkosten, z. B. * € 5,90 Versandkosten, z. B. * € 5,90
MwSt. 7 % € 8,46 MwSt. 7 % € 80,91
Rechnungs-Betrag € 129,36 Rechnungs-Betrag € 1.236,81

• Mehrwertsteuer: üblicherweise in Deutschland 7 %, seit dem 01.01.2000 sind viele Goldmünzen, die nach 1800 geprägt wurden, steuer-
frei. Bei Fragen zu der MwSt.-Berechnung rufen Sie uns an, gebührenfrei unter: 0800 583 65 37.
• Rücklosverkauf: Alle Lose, die in der Auktion nicht verkauft wurden, können Sie innerhalb von vier Wochen nach der Versteigerung
zu 80 % des Schätzpreises (zzgl. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer) erwerben. Achtung: Viele Rücklose sind schnell vergriffen.
• Unser Spezialservice: Alle Bieter erhalten gratis die Ergebnisliste innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion. Im Internet können
Sie die Ergebnisliste der Auktion sofort nach der Auktion unter www.kuenker.de einsehen.

* Die Kosten für Versand und Versicherung werden nach Aufwand berechnet.

Besuchen Sie uns doch einmal persönlich auf der Auktion!


• Wir freuen uns sehr, wenn Sie persönlich nach Osnabrück kommen möchten. Das Flair einer Auktion und die Stimmung im
Auktionssaal sind ein besonderes Erlebnis für Sie als Sammler. Osnabrück ist außerdem immer eine Reise wert und die persönliche
Betreuung durch unsere Mitarbeiter wissen immer mehr Kunden zu schätzen.
• Bitte rufen Sie uns rechtzeitig an, damit wir Ihnen Tipps für die Anreise geben und Ihnen ein Hotelzimmer reservieren können. Sie
erreichen uns gebührenfrei unter: 0800 583 65 37.
• Als erfolgreicher Bieter können Sie Ihre neu erworbenen Stücke gleich persönlich mit nach Hause nehmen. Als guter Kunde unseres
Hauses haben Sie 20 Tage Zahlungsziel nach der Auktion.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Важная информация об участии на аукционе
• Наши аукционные правила и условия Вы можете найти в конце каталога.
• Мы просим Вас присылать Ваши ставки заранее. В противном случае вероятность ошибки при обработке заказа,
присланного перед самым аукционом, возрастает.
• Приложенный образец заполнения письменного заказа поможет Вам при отправлении Ваших письменных ста-
вок. Ставки можно отправить как по почте, так и по факсу : +49 (0)541–96 20 222 круглосуточно.
• Успешные заказы будут обрабатываться в порядке их поступления к нам. Все участники, которым не удалось
что-либо купить на аукционе, будут также проинформированы после аукциона.
• Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомендуем Вам сообщить нам Ваш референц –
аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону.
• Мы гарантируем подлинность всех предметов, проданных на нашем аукционе, в течении неограниченного вре-
мени.
• Все участники нашего аукциона получают в течении 2-ух недель результаты торгов бесплатно.
• У Вас есть вопросы по определенной монете? Вы хотели бы лично принять участие в аукционе? У Вас возникли
другие вопросы? Звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268, и мы будем рады Вам помочь.

Мое заочное участие на аукционе


• Тщательно изучите наш каталог и запишите те лоты, которые Вас заинтересовали.
• Определите для Себя ту максимальную сумму, которую Вы готовы заплатить за каждый лот.
• Заполните приложенный формуляр.
• Отправьте нам Ваш заказ заранее. При 2-ух и более равных ставок на один и тот же лот преимущество получает
ставка, пришедшая к нам первой ( ранее других ).
• Если стоимость выбранных Вами лотов составляет например 10.000 евро, а Вы могли бы потратить только 2.000
евро, то в этом случае укажите Ваш общий лимит в размере 2.000 евро.
• Если у Вас возникли вопросы по заполнению формуляра, звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268. Наши
сотрудники будут рады Вам помочь.

Мое личное участие в Оснабрюке


• Мы будем рады Вашему личному присутствию в Оснабрюке. Атмосфера, которая стоит во время аукционных
торгов в зале, особенная и непередаваемая.
• Для получения более подробной информации по Вашей поездке в Оснабрюк, в частности, бронирования номе-
ров в гостинице, мы просим Вас заранее связаться с нами по телефону: +49 (0)541-96 20 268.
• Приобретенные на аукционе лоты Вы можете лично забрать после окончания торгов. Наши постоянные клиен-
ты осуществляют оплату в течение 20 дней после получения счета. Участвующие в аукционе впервые осущест-
вляют 100%-ую предоплату.

Участие по интернету
Все каталоги доступны для просмотра на нашем сайте в интернете по адресу www.kuenker.de. На сайте Вы можете
выбрать интересующие Вас лоты и отправить Ваши ставки на нашу электронную почту service@kuenker.de. Если у
Вас возникнут дополнительные вопросы, мы просим Вас связаться с нами по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268.

Участие по телефону
Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. Условием
проведения телефонных торгов является письменное подтверждение ставки, равной как минимум стартовой цене.
Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро.
Для получения дополнительной информации и регистрации на аукционе звоните Анастасии Кепселль до аукциона
по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268 и во время аукциона по телефону, указанному на первой странице каталога.

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Как образовывается цена на аукционе?
• Все лоты в нашем каталоге были предварительно оценены нашими экпертами. Минимальная ставка составляет
80 % от оценочной стоимости лота. Конечные цены зачастую намного превышают оценочные.
• Ваши письменные ( заочные ) ставки должны быть обязательно обработаны нашими сотрудниками до начала
аукциона. Рассмотрим несколько возможных примеров:

Пример 1 ( Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) Пример 4 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– )


Заочных ставок нет. Аукционатор начинает торги с У аукционатора имеется только 1 заочная ставка в
€ 800,–. Если в зале только один человек, желающий размере € 1.200,–. Аукционатор начнет торги с € 800,–.
приобрести этот лот, то соответственно он получит его Если среди очных участников никто не даст более
за € 800,–. высокую ставку, то заочный участник получит этот
лот за € 800,–. Если же в зале очный участник согласен
Пример 2 ( Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– ) на более высокую ставку ( больше € 800,– ), то в этом
У аукционатора имеются 3 заочные ставки: случае аукционатор в интересах заочного участника
имеет право тоговаться до € 1.200,–. Следовательно
Заочный участник 1 : Лимит € 2.900,– только при ставке, превышающей € 1.200,–, данный лот
Заочный участник 2 : Лимит € 1.800,– получит очный участник в зале.
Заочный участник 3 : Лимит € 800,–
Пример 5 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– )
По правилам аукциона аукционатор в интересах У аукционатора имеются 3 заочные ставки, каждая
заочного участника 1 и 2 должен повышать ставку в размере € 975,–. Среди очных участников интереса
равномерно ( приблизительно на 5 – 10 % ). Поэтому к лоту не имеется. В этом случае чтобы избежать
в нашем случае в интересах заочного участника 1 недоразумений, аукционатор имеет право ненамного
аукционатор начнет торги с € 1.900,– ( хотя оценочная повысить лимит и сделать ставку равной € 1.000,–.
стоимость составляет € 1.000,–). Если среди очных Данный лот за € 1.000,– получит тот заочный участник,
участников никто не даст более высокую ставку, то чей письменный формуляр мы получили раньше всего.
заочный участник 1 получит этот лот за € 1.900,–. Его
лимит в € 2.900,– ни в коем случае не будет исчерпан.

Пример 3 (Оценочная стоимость: € 1.000,– )


У аукционатора имеется только 1 заочная ставка в
размере € 850,–. Аукционатор начнет торги с € 800,–.
Если среди очных участников никто не даст более
высокую ставку, то заочный участник получит этот лот
за € 800,–.

Как я могу получить приобретенные лоты?


Вывоз приобретенных на аукционе предметов осуществляется одним из следующих способов по Вашему выбору:

• Вы можете лично забрать Ваши лоты. По окончании торгов мы готовим все необходимые документы на вывоз
из Германии. При вывозе за пределы Евросоюза, НДС Вам возвращается.
• Почтовые отправки в Россию ( Беларусь, Украину ) приобретенных Вами лотов осуществляются по
предварительной договоренности. Для связи с нами звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268.

С 1971 года имя Кюнкер является гарантией надежности и компетентности. Мы не станем изменять нашим
принципам и в будущем. Спасибо Вам за Ваше доверие, которое является не только самым сильным стимулом в
нашей работе, но и наилучшей ее оценкой.

Я желаю Вам успехов на нашем аукционе! Фриц-Рудольф Кюнкер

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Versteigerungsbedingungen
Die Versteigerung erfolgt im Auftrag und für Rechnung der Eigentümer Schriftliche Aufträge werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision gewissenhaft
unter Einhaltung der sich aus der Versteigerungsordnung (BGB1 I 1976, ausgeführt. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können nur ausge-
1346) ergebenden und für Kommissionäre geltenden gesetzlichen Bestim- führt werden, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt
mungen des BGB und HGB gegen Barzahlung des Kaufpreises in €-Wäh- werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbe-
rung. Durch Abgabe eines Gebotes werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen ginn verbindlich berücksichtigt werden. Im Bedarfsfall ist der Auktionator
anerkannt, dies gilt auch für die schriftlichen Gebote. berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Bei mehreren gleich-
hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene den Zuschlag. Unlimitierte
Der Zuschlagpreis ist Nettopreis im Sinne des Umsatzsteuergesetzes und Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung. Telefoni-
bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld sches Bieten ist nur in Ausnahmefällen möglich. Telefonische Bieter müssen
in Höhe von 15 %. Auf den daraus entstehenden Gesamtpreis (Zuschlag + sich mindestens einen Werktag vor der Auktion voranmelden.
Aufgeld) wird die jeweils gültige Umsatzsteuer erhoben, soweit dies gesetz-
lich vorgeschrieben ist. Der Versand geht zu Lasten und auf Risiko des Ersteigerers bzw. Emp-
fängers. Das Auktionsgut bleibt bis zur vollständigen Bezahlung aller For-
Ausländischen Käufern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird derungen aus Anlass der Versteigerung Eigentum des Verkäufers. Ist der
die in Deutschland gültige Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Anderen ausländischen Käufer Vollkaufmann, so ist Osnabrück als Gerichtsstand vereinbart. Für
Käufern (aus Drittländern) wird, sofern die Münzen durch uns exportiert das Mahnverfahren gilt die Zuständigkeit des Amtsgerichts Osnabrück
werden, ein Aufgeld von 15 % netto auf den Zuschlagpreis berechnet; sie auch in allen anderen Fällen als vereinbart. Ansonsten ist es Osnabrück nur,
erhalten die Lieferung nur gegen Zahlung des Kaufpreises in €-Währung, wenn nur die Firma Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG ihren allge-
bankspesenfrei. meinen Gerichtsstand in der BRD hat, oder wenn alle Ansprüche im Wege
des Mahnverfahrens geltend gemacht werden, oder wenn die im Klageweg
Ausländischen Münzhändlern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemein- in Anspruch zu nehmende Vertragspartei nach Vertragsabschluss ihren ge-
schaft wird bei Nachweis der Umsatzsteuer-Identifi kationsnummer (§ 27 wöhnlichen Aufenthaltsort aus dem Geltungsbereich der BRD verlegt hat,
a USTG) und der sonstigen Voraussetzungen gemäß § 4 Nr. 1 b USTG in oder ihr Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlicher Aufenthaltsort zum Zeitpunkt der
Verbindung mit § 6 a USTG die Lieferung ohne Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Klage nicht bekannt ist.

Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist die Zahlung der Auktionsrech- Die Beschreibung im Katalog ist gewissenhaft durchgeführt. Sie begründet
nung bei anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen Bietern spätestens jedoch keine Rechts- oder Sachmängelhaftung gemäß §§ 434, 459 ff BGB.
20 Tage nach Erhalt fällig. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen von 1 % pro Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel
Monat berechnet. üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und gilt als persönliche
Beurteilung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich „wie
Wird die Zahlung nicht sofort an den Versteigerer geleistet oder die Abnah- besehen“.
me der zugeschlagenen Sache verweigert, so findet die Übergabe der Sache
an den Ersteigerer nicht statt. Der Ersteigerer verliert vielmehr seine Rechte Da durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit gegeben ist, sich vom Erhaltungs-
aus dem Zuschlag, und die Sache kann auf seine Kosten erneut versteigert zustand des Versteigerungsgutes zu überzeugen, können nach erfolgtem
werden. In diesem Fall haftet der Ersteigerer für den Ausfall, dagegen hat er Zuschlag Reklamationen nur bei irrtümlich übersehener Henkel- oder
auf den Mehrerlös keinen Anspruch. Fassungsspur oder gestopftem Loch berücksichtigt werden. Bei Losen mit
mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur Circa-Angaben, irrtümliche
Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und Zuschreibungen sind im Einzelfall nicht ausgeschlossen. Diese Lose sind
verpflichtet zur Abnahme und Zahlung. Bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten nach erfolgtem Zuschlag von jeder Reklamation ausgeschlossen. Der Ver-
über den Zuschlag wird die Nummer noch einmal ausgerufen. Der Verstei- steigerer kann bei eventuellen Meinungsverschiedenheiten bzw. Beanstan-
gerer ist berechtigt, Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen. Eine Voraus- dungen einen vereidigten Sachverständigen seiner Wahl (die Kosten trägt
nahme von Nummern erfolgt nicht. Der Zutritt zur Versteigerung ist nur der unterliegende Teil) beauftragen. Eventuelle Beanstandungen können nur
Interessenten gestattet, die einen Katalog besitzen. innerhalb von 8 Tagen nach der Auktion bzw. nach Erhalt der ersteigerten
Stücke berücksichtigt werden. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird bis zur Höhe
Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen: des Kaufpreises garantiert. Die beigedruckten Preise sind Schätzpreise, die
unter- oder überschritten werden können. Aufträge, die unter 80 % des
Gebote Mindeststeigerungsstufe Schätzpreises liegen, können nicht bearbeitet werden.
bis zu € 100,– € 5,–
Ausländische Kunden kaufen nach den Devisen-, Zoll- und Steuerbestim-
bis zu € 200,– € 10,– mungen ihres Landes. Versandformalitäten werden vom Versteigerer erledigt.
bis zu € 500,– € 20,–
Soweit nicht anders vermerkt, gelten im übrigen die allgemeinen Versteige-
bis zu € 1.000,– € 50,– rungsbestimmungen und – auch im Verhältnis zu ausländischen Kunden –
bis zu € 2.000,– € 100,– gilt Deutsches Recht.
bis zu € 5.000,– € 200,– Die Ergebnisliste erscheint sofort nach der Auktion.
bis zu € 10.000,– € 500,–
bis zu € 20.000,– € 1.000,– Die Versteigerer: Fritz Rudolf Künker
Dr. Andreas Kaiser
bis zu € 50.000,– € 2.000,– Arne Kirsch
bis zu € 100.000,– € 5.000,– Oliver Köpp
ab € 100.000,– € 10.000,–

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Terms and Conditions of Auction
The auction is conducted on behalf and for the account of the appropriate pro- lot, the bid first received by the auctioneer shall be given the award. Unlimited bids
prietors of the goods and is subject to the federal Auction Regulation (Versteige- shall not oblige the auctioneer to consider, accept or carry out such order. Telephone
rungsordnung, BGB1 I 1976, 1346) published in the Federal Law Gazette Vol. I, bidding is generally an option for lots of substantial value only. The registration is
1976, 1346 and the relevant provisions for factors in accordance with the German required at the latest a day before auction.
Civil Code (BGB) and Commercial Code (HGB). Payment of the hammer-price
has to be made in cash and in Euro. The submission of an offer implies the express Shipment (by mail or otherwise) of the goods shall be for the sole cost and risk of
acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction; the same applies to the the purchaser or recipient, respectively. The auctioned goods remain the sole and ex-
submission of an offer in writing. clusive property of the vendor until full payment and settlement of any and all dues
and claims in connection with the auction. In the event the purchaser is a merchant
The hammer-price is exclusive of applicable German VAT according to the prevailing (in the sense of the German commercial laws) Osnabrück shall be the agreed and
VAT-legislation and represents the basis for calculating the surcharge of 15  percent exclusive place of jurisdiction. The competence of the District Court (Amtsgericht)
payable by the purchaser. The total price so calculated (hammer-price plus surcharge) is of Osnabrück is agreed in respect of summary proceedings for the collection of
subject to the VAT (value added tax = Mehrwertsteuer), which is payable additionally. defaulted payments (Mahnverfahren) as well as in any and all other cases. Should the
purchaser not be a merchant Osnabrück shall be the place of jurisdiction with the
Purchasers from abroad will be charged a surcharge of 15 percent net on the hammer- District Court of Osnabrück’s competence, if only the auctioneer has his ordinary
price, provided the export of the coins is undertaken by the auctioneer. Buyers in legal domicile in the Federal Republic of Germany or if claims are made by way of
European Community (EEC) countries (other than Germany) will be charged value summary proceedings of collection (Mahnverfahren) or if the defendant has moved
added tax at the rates prevailing in Germany. his ordinary legal domicile outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many or if the legal domicile of the defendant is unknown to the auctioneer at the
Dealers from EEC countries (other than Germany) will receive goods free of tax time of filing a suit. To the exclusion of any other legislation German law, as in force
upon presentation of their VAT ID number, and upon fulfillment of the other con- at the time, shall be applied for the settlement of any and all legal or judicial matters.
ditions set forth in Paragraph 4, Nr. 1 b, and Paragraph 6 a of the German Turnover
Tax Law Buyers from other countries are not charged value added tax. Delivery will The specifications and descriptions in the catalogue have been prepared diligently
be made against payment in Euro with no bank charges to the auctioneer. and in good faith, however, do not constitute the acceptance by the auctioneer of any
warranty or liability in respect of defect in material or title. The state of preservation
Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from purchasers of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German
present at the auction is due immediately. From purchasers who have submitted a coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. Purchasers
bid in writing, payment is due within 20 days after receipt of the goods. Defaulted present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of “as is where is” and “as
payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default. inspected”.

Should payment to the auctioneer not be made immediately or should the acceptance In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condi-
of the awarded item be refused, such item shall not be handed over to the purchaser. tion of the auction lots, complaints and objections made after the sale will only be
Instead the purchaser shall forfeit all right and title in and to such item from the considered, if by obvious error or mistake loop or traces or mountings, traces of
award and the item may again be put to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the trimmings or settings, or the plugging of a hole (eyelet) have remained unnoticed. If
buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent
any excess proceeds. an approximate figure. An error in the allocation of individual pieces to a certain
lot cannot be excluded. Such lots are, therefore, excluded from any complaints or
An item will be knocked down after the highest bid has been called three times. The objections after the lot is knocked down. In the event of disputes or complaints as
award shall be a binding commitment and liability on the part of the bidder to take to the quality of an item the auctioneer may call upon a generally sworn expert of
acceptance and delivery of the item or items so awarded. In the event of any dispute the trade, which the auctioneer may choose at his sole discretion, for assessment and
with regard to the award the lot will be put up again for bidding. The auctioneer the rendering of a decision as to the justification of such dispute or complaint. The
reserves the right to combine or to separate lots. Lots will not be called out of costs of such expert shall be borne by the party loosing the dispute according to the
sequence. Access to the auction will only be permitted to interested persons who are expert’s decision. Complaints or objections, if justified, will only be considered if
in possession of the catalogue. made and received by the auctioneer within 8 days after the auction or after receiving
the lots, respectively.
The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are:
The authenticity of the coins is warranted up to the total purchase price. The prices
offers minimum increase rate set out in the catalogue are estimates only, which may be exceeded or undercut. Or-
up to € 100.– € 5.– ders for less than 80 per cent of the estimated price cannot be accepted.
up to € 200.– € 10.– Purchasers from abroad will have to observe all applicable laws and regulations in
up to € 500.– € 20.– respect of foreign exchange, customs duties and taxation of their country. The auc-
up to € 1,000.– € 50.– tioneer will only discharge such formalities, which have to be observed, in the Federal
Republic of Germany in connection with the export of the purchased item(s).
up to € 2,000.– € 100.–
up to € 5,000.– € 200.– Unless stipulated otherwise herein, the general rules regulations for auctions ap-
up to € 10,000.– € 500.– plicable in Germany shall govern any transaction in respect of the auction; German
Law shall also be applicable in relation to purchasers from abroad. Only the German
up to € 20,000.– € 1,000.–
text has legal force.
up to € 50,000.– € 2,000.–
up to € 100,000.– € 5,000.– The prices realized will be published in the form of a list immediately after the
auction.
above € 100,000.– € 10,000.–
The auctioneers: Fritz Rudolf Künker
Orders submitted in writing will be carried out diligently and without charge of an
Dr. Andreas Kaiser
extra commission. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be ac-
Arne Kirsch
cepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer
Oliver Köpp
are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours
before auction. If necessary, the auctioneer is allowed to increase the bids by 3 – 5 %.
Should several bids be obtained in writing bidding the same price or prices for a given

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Numismatische Ausdrücke/Numismatic Terms/Expressions Numismatiques/
Termini di Numismatica/Нумизматические Термины
DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
Abschlag struck frappe coniazione оттиск
Am Rand at the rim/border en tranche al bordo на гурте
Berieben slightly polished frotté trattato потертая
Blei lead plomb piombo свинец
Dezentriert uncentered décentré non centrato ассиметричный
Doppelschlag double struck double frappe ribattitura двойной чекан
Einfassung frame encadrement cornice кайма
Einseitig uniface uniface uniface односторонняя
Emailliert enamelled émaillé smaltato эмалированная
Erhaltung condition/preservation conservation conservazione сохранность
Etwas slightly un peu un poco слегка
Exemplar specimen, copy exemplaire esemplare экземпляр
Fassungsspuren trace of mounting traces de monture tracce di montatura следы обработки
Fehlprägung mis-strike défaut de frappe difetto di coniazione ошибка в процессе
чеканки
Feld(er) field(s) champ campo поле
Fundexemplar specimen from a hoard exemplaire de trouvaille da tesoretto экземпляр
Gedenkmünze commemorative coin monnaie commémorative moneta commemorativa памятная монета
Geglättet tooled retouché liscio отглаженная
Gelocht holed troué bucato проколатая
Geprägt minted frappé coniato отчеканенная
Gewellt bent ondulé ondolato волнистая
Goldpatina golden patina patine dorée patina d´oro золотая патина
Henkelspur mount mark trace de monture tracce di appicagnolo следы от ушка
Hübsch attractive joli carino красивая
Jahrh. = Jahrhundert century siècle secolo столетие
Kl. = klein small petit piccolo маленький
Korrosionsspuren traces of corrosion traces de corrosion segni di corrosione следы коррозии
Kratzer scratch(es) rayure graffio(i) царапина
Kupfer copper cuivre rame медь
Legierung alloy alliage lega сплав
Leicht(e) slightly légèrement leggero легкий
l. = links left gauche sinistra слева
Min. = minimal minimal minime minimamente минимальный
Nachahmung imitation imitation contraffazione имитация
Prachtexemplar attractive, perfect piece pièce magnifique esemplare magnifico превосходный экземпляр
Prägeschwäche weakly struck de frappe faible conio stanco издержкн при чеканкe
Randdelle edge nick défaut sur la tranche ammaccatura al bordo вмятина на гурте
Randfehler edge faults défaut sur la tranche errore nel bordo ошибка на гурте
Randschrift lettered edge tranche inscrite inscrizione sul bordo гуртовая надпись
r. = rechts to right droite destra справа
Rückseite reverse revers rovescio реверс

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DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
Schriftspuren traces of inscription traces de légende tracce di leggenda следы предыдущей
надписи
Schrötling flan flan tondello заготовка
Schrötlingsfehler flan defect flan défectueux errore di tondello брак заготовки
Schwach ausgeprägt weakly struck de frappe faible conio stanco слабо отчеканeна
Selten in dieser Erhaltung rare in this condition rare en cet état conservazione rara редкая в такой
сохранности
Seltener Jahrgang rare year année rare annata rara редкий год
Stempel die(s) coin conio штамп
Stempelfehler mistake in the die erreur de frappe errore di conio ошибка штампа
Überdurchschnittlich extraordinary condition conservation extraordinaire conservazione estraordi- сохранность выше
erhalten naria среднего
Überprägt overstruck surfrappé ribattuto перечекан
Unediert unpublished inédit inedito неопубликованная монета
Unikum unique specimen unique pezzo unico уникальная
Vergoldet gilt doré dorato позолоченная
Von allergrößter Seltenheit extremely rare de toute rareté di estrema raritá наиредчайшая
Vorderseite averse en face diritto аверс
Winz.= winzig tiny petit veramente piccolo незначительный
Zain flan flan tondello заготовка
Zierrand ornamental border tranche ornée taglio ornato декоративный гурт
Zinn tin étain stagno цинк
ziseliert chased ciselé cesellato гравированный

Erhaltungsgrade/Grading Terms/Degrès de Conservation/Gradi di Conservazione/


Шкала сохранности
DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
Polierte Platte Proof Flan bruni Fondo specchio полированная
Stempelglanz Uncirculated Fleur de coin Fior di conio превосходная
Vorzüglich Extremely fine Superbe Splendido отличная
Sehr schön Very fine Très beau Bellissimo очень хорошая
Schön Fine Beau Molto Bello хорошая
Gering erhalten Very good Très bien conservé Bello удовлетворительная

Seltenheitsgrade/Rarity Terms/Degrés de Rareté/Grado di Raritá/ Шкала редкости


DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
R = Selten R = Rare Rare raro редкая
RR = Sehr selten RR = Very rare Très rare molto raro очень редкая
Von großer Seltenheit Very rare De grande rareté di grande raritá большой редкости
Von größter Seltenheit Extremely rare Extrêmement rare di grandissima raritá наибольшей редкости
Von allergrößter Seltenheit Extremely rare De la plus extrême rareté di estrema raritá наиредчайшая
Uneditiert Unpublished Inédit inedito ранее не описанная

TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
IMPRESSUM
NUMISMATISCHE Alexandra Spreu, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach,
BEARBEITUNG Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Eva Weber, Manuela Weiß
FOTOS Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart
LAYOUT danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen
DRUCK meister print und media, Kassel August 2012
Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise,
bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses

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