Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
169)
GRIECHISCHE MÜNZEN
SICILIA - SYRAKUS
Õ-Dekadrachme, nach 405 v. Chr.; 42,96 g.
Gallatin R. XIX/G. I.
AUKTION 216
2
Sehr geehrte Münzfreunde/Dear Coin Collectors,
Ich wünsche Ihnen viel Freude mit unseren neuen Auktionskatalogen und hoffe, Sie
finden einige schöne Stücke für Ihre Sammlung. Als Europas führendes Auktionshaus
für Münzen, Medaillen und Orden hat sich unser Dienstleistungsspektrum für Sie als
unsere Kunden stetig verbessert und erweitert. Einen kleinen Überblick über unsere
Angebote finden Sie hier.
I wish you a lot of pleasure with our new auction catalogues and I hope you will find
a few additonal items for your collection. As Europe´s leading auction company for
coins, medals and decorations our range of services for our customers has been steadily
improving and expanding. Following is a short overview of our offers.
Mit herzlichen Grüßen/With warm regards Friti z Ru
Frit
Fr Rudo
dolflff K
do Kün
ünke
ünker
ke
ker
AUKTIONEN/AUCTIONS
Besuchen Sie unsere international bedeutenden Auktionen, die Ihnen viermal jährlich
zahlreiche Raritäten bieten. Profitieren Sie als Bieter oder Einlieferer von unserer
Erfahrung und Kompetenz.
Visit our internationally recognized auctions which take place four times a year and
offer many rarities. Benefit from our experience and competence while being a bidder
or consigner.
GOLDHANDEL/GOLD COIN TRADING
Wir bieten Ihnen ein ständiges Angebot sowie den Ankauf von Anlagemünzen aus
Deutschland, Europa und aller Welt zu fairen tagesaktuellen Preisen.
We are constantly offering as well as purchasing a vast range of German, European and
World bullion coins. We buy and sell gold assets at a fair, daily updated market price.
ONLINE-SHOP
Wir bieten Ihnen in unserem Online-Shop auf www.kuenker.de ein täglich
aktualisiertes Münz-Angebot von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Kaufen Sie hier
unkompliziert zum Festpreis und ohne Risiko.
We offer you an exclusive daily updated selection of coins from ancient to modern
times. You can order at www.kuenker.com without hassle or risk.
eLIVE AUCTION
Mit unseren eLive Auctions können Sie über das Internet an regelmäßigen Auktionen
mit einem virtuellen Auktionator teilnehmen. Sie können Vorgebote bequem online
abgeben und abschließend die Auktion live am Bildschirm für sich entscheiden.
With our eLive Auctions, we offer you an opportunity to participate in regular
auctions live over the Internet. You can submit preliminary bids online, and up to the
last moment of the sale you can win auctions live on your computer screen.
ORDEN UND EHRENZEICHEN/ORDERS AND DECORATIONS
Einmal im Jahr findet unsere besondere Ordensauktion statt, die sich ganz den
dekorativen Ehrenzeichen widmet. Profitieren Sie als Bieter oder Einlieferer von
unserer Erfahrung und Kompetenz im Bereich Phaleristik.
Once a year there is a special auction dedicated to medals and decorations. Benefit
from our experience in the field of phaleristik becoming our bidder or consigner.
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 3
Besichtigung/On View
Die Besichtigung des Auktionsgutes kann nach vorheriger telefo-
nischer Absprache erfolgen.
Auction lots may be viewed by appointment only.
Online-Katalog/Online Catalogue
Betrachten Sie unsere Auktionskataloge im Internet! Unter
www.kuenker.de und www.sixbid.com haben Sie die Möglichkeit,
Abbildungen zu vergrößern, Ihre Gebote direkt abzugeben und
die Ergebnisse der Auktionen abzurufen.
KUENKER.DE Please browse our auction catalogues at www.kuenker.com or at
www.sixbid.com! You will have the possibility to zoom all images,
to place your bids and to view all auction results online.
Künker-Service
Wir sind mittlerweile mit neun eigenen Standorten in Deutsch-
land und Europa vertreten. So können wir Ihnen unseren beliebten
Künker-Service auch in Ihrer Nähe anbieten. Unsere Leistungen
vor Ort:
• Persönliche Beratung und Betreuung in Ihrer Nähe.
• Sie können Ihre Münzen direkt einliefern oder verkaufen,
ersteigerte Münzen abholen und sich nach Vereinbarung
Einlieferungen auszahlen lassen.
• Sie können sich von unserem Kooperationspartner auf den
Künker-Auktionen vertreten lassen.
We are now represented with nine locations in Germany and
Europe so that we can also provide you the best service in your
vicinity. Our local services:
• You always have a point of contact nearby.
• You can directly consign or sell your coins, collect purchases
and receive by appointment payment for consignments.
• You can have our cooperation partner represent you at our
auctions.
OSNABRÜCK
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Gutenbergstraße 23, 49076 Osnabrück
Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, E-Mail: service@kuenker.de
USt-IdNr./VAT-No: DE256270181
Haupptstsititz
Ha ititz in
in Osn
s abbrüückk
4 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Standorte/Locations
MÜNCHEN
Künker Numismatik AG
Löwengrube 12, 80333 München
Dr. Hubert Ruß
Tel. +49 (0)89 242 198 38, service@kuenker-numismatik.de
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Maximiliansplatz 12a, 80333 München
Drr. H
D Huubert
rt R
Ruß
uß Fraannk Ri
Fr Rich
chharrds
dsen
en
en Frank Richardsen
Tel. +49 (0)89 242 16 990, frank.richardsen@kuenker.de
BERLIN
Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG
Poststraße 22, 10178 Berlin-Mitte
Wollankstraße 117, 13187 Berlin-Pankow
Michael Otto
Tel. +49 (0)30 247 248 91, michael.otto@kuenker.de
HAMBURG
Künker Hamburg, c/o Roland Trampe
M ch
Mi chae
aell Ot
Otto
tttoo Rolaand
nd Trraam
mppe Roland Trampe
Tel. +49 (0)541 96 20 20, roland.trampe@kuenker.de
KONSTANZ
Künker Konstanz, c/o Michael Autengruber
Schulthaißstraße 10, 78462 Konstanz
Michael Autengruber
Tel. +49 (0)7531 28 44 69, michael.autengruber@kuenker.de
ZNOJMO
Künker Znojmo, c/o Petr Kovaljov
17. Listopadu 18, 66902 Znojmo, Tschechische Republik
Michaeel Autengruubeer Petr Kov
Pe ovaljo
jov Petr Kovaljov
Tel. +42 (0)603 81 10 31, petr.kovaljov@kuenker.de
ZÜRICH
Künker Zürich, c/o Hess-Divo AG
Löwenstraße 55, 8001 Zürich, Schweiz
Ulf Künker
Tel. +41 (0)44 225 40 90, zuerich@kuenker.de
MOSKAU
Künker Moskau, c/o Russian Coin Co. Ltd.
Lyalin pereulok dom 9, str. 1, of. 3, 105062 Moskau, Russland
Alleekkses y O
A Onnch
chuk
ukov
kovv Aleksey Onchukov
Tel. +7 (495) 589 56 10, aleksey.onchukov@kuenker.de
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 5
Was ist für Ihre schriftliche Auktionsteilnahme besonders wichtig?
• Bitte senden Sie uns Ihre Aufträge möglichst frühzeitig zu. Wenn uns Ihr Auftrag erst
kurz vor der Auktion erreicht, können sich bei der Bearbeitung Fehler einschleichen. Das
DEUTSCH beiliegende Formular erleichtert Ihnen die Abgabe eines schriftlichen Gebots. Gerne
nehmen wir Ihre Gebote per Post, Fax oder Email entgegen.
• Wenn Sie noch nicht bei uns gekauft haben, bitten wir Sie, uns als Referenz eine Münz-
handlung anzugeben, mit der Sie bereits in Geschäftsverbindung stehen.
• Wir gewährleisten die Echtheit aller verkauften Objekte auch über die gesetzliche Frist
hinaus.
6 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Important facts for a written participation in the auction
• Please send us your instructions as early as possible. The likelihood of errors occurring
increases if we receive your instructions only shortly before the auction. The enclosed
form should make it simple for you to submit a written bid, you may send your bids by ENGLISH
mail, fax or e-mail.
• If you are a new customer who has not yet purchased from us, we do request references.
Please name a coin dealer with whom you have already done business.
• The genuineness of all objects sold is warranted beyond the statutory length of time.
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 7
Votre participation par écrit – Les points essentiels
• Veuillez nous faire parvenir vos ordres le plus tôt possible. Si vos ordres nous parvien-
nent juste avant la vente aux enchères, des erreurs risquent d’être commises lors de leur
FRANCAIS traitement. Le formulaire ci-joint vous aidera à rédiger facilement votre offre. Vous
pouvez nous envoyer vos ordres par la poste, par fax ou par e-mail.
• Si vous n’avez encore fait aucune acquisition chez nous, nous vous prions de nous indi-
quer une ou deux références d’autres maisons numismatiques où vous avez déjà acheté.
• L’authenticité des pièces vendues est garantie même au-delà des délais légaux.
8 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
I punti piú importanti per la Sua partecipazione per iscritto
• La preghiamo di farci pervenire i Suoi ordini al piú presto possibile. Se i Suoi ordini ci
arrivano poco prima dell´inizio dell´asta possono verificarsi errori. Il formulario allegato
Le faciliterá l´invio dei Suoi ordini per iscritto. Ci puó far pervenire i Suoi ordini per ITALIANO
posta, per fax o per email.
• Se non ha mai acquistato presso di noi, La preghiamo di volerci indicare a titolo di
referenza il nome di uno o due commercianti numismatici presso i quali è giá cliente.
• L’autenticità di tutti gli oggetti venduti viene garantita anche oltre i termini previsti dalla
legge.
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 9
Что особенно важно при заочном участии на аукционе?
• Тщательно изучите наш каталог и запишите те лоты, которые Вас заинте-
ресовали. Заполните приложенный формуляр и отправьте нам его заранее
RUSSKIJ по почте, факсу или электронной почте. Мы обращаем внимание на то,
что если Ваши ставки придут перед самым началом аукциона либо во
время аукциона, то существует вероятность допуска ошибки в процессе
обработки заказа.
• Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомен-
дуем Вам указать Ваш референц – аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже
сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону +49(0)541 9620268.
• Подлинность купленных на нашем аукционе лотов гарантируется нами на
протяжении неограниченного времени.
10 TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
什么是书面竞价要注意的?
• 请尽早将您的竞价单寄给我们。如果我们在拍卖前很短时间内才收到您
的竞价单,可能会产生工作上的失误。后面附加的竞价表会辅助您完成
您的书面竞价。我们很愿意通过邮件,传真及电子邮件的方式接受您的
CHINESE
竞价。
• 如果您以前从未参与过我们的拍卖,请将一个与您有过生意往来的钱币
公司作为介绍人告知我们。
• 我们承诺所有拍品为真品,即使过了法律追诉期。
您想通过电话竞拍吗?
您当然也可以参加电话竞价。我们会在拍卖进行时致电给您,并协助您拍得
拍品。我们请您注意以下几点:
• 电话竞价只针对估价为500欧元以上的拍品。
• 请在至少拍卖48小时前告知我们您要电话竞价的拍品。
• 请您注意,在您的拍品进行竞拍时,我们能够与您联系上。拍卖目录中
所附的时间表能帮助您推测您的拍品竞拍时间。
Michael Otto
• 如果我们不能与您联系上,我们会以您的名义出价到您书面竞价的最高 Deutsch, English
价,最低不低于我们的起拍价。
• L请您注意,电话竞价是一种不保险的参拍方式。我们并不能保证电话线
路的畅通无阻。如果您想确保参拍,请亲临现场或书面竞价。
您想送拍您所收藏的钱币到我们的拍卖会?
如果您想出售您的钱币,请联系我们坤客拍卖公司。自1985年我们就通过一
年四拍和大约每年15本拍卖目录来证明了我们的专业技能和可信度。请过目
以下的重要信息:
• 您的钱币将由我们的专家通过最新币识标准来鉴定并刊登到高品质的彩
色目录上。
• 我们拥有全球超过10000个顾客,平均在每场拍卖会上有95%的拍品成
交,并多次创造了新的成交记录。对于没有成交的拍品我们不收取任何
费用。
• 从我们收到您的钱币开始,拍品会以双倍起拍价保险,我们的客户服务
很愿意为您解说您的钱币如何能安全的递交于我们。
• 我们在收到您的钱币后会立即给您开具书面收据,最晚至拍卖开始前5星
期您会收到所送拍品明细清单及其目录号和起拍价。
• 拍卖结束后您会收到成交价目录单并从中确认您的送交拍品成交价。45
天后您会收到您的拍品拍卖所得款项。
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE 11
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1,5:1
+CPVWOCTWUÕ*GZCFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI,WIGPFNKEJGT/·PPGTMQRHT\YKUEJGP
\YGK'HGWDN·VVGTP4GKVGTT)ÌDN:++ 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP
31 32
2#0010+#
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R 2CVTCQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\
4GKVGTTGTUVKEJVIGUVÒT\VGP)GIPGT-QUVKCNXGTINH (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG6[R#RQNNQMQRH,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFN
FCTÒDGT.GKGTDNWOGWPVGP4CF&GODUMKXGTINHH)ÌDN1UVMGNVGPXGTIN-QUVKCNXGTIN
(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
33 34
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R OKV $CTVMTCP\CXGTU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\2HGTFTOKV\YGK4GKVGTPFCTÒDGT8QIGN&GODUMKp)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCN
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 6[R $CWOTGKVGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\4GKVGTNOKV$CWOFCXQT8KGTDGKPGTWPVGP$NCVVQTPCOGPV&GODUMKC)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP
-QUVKCNXGTIN /KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
18
GALLIA
35
36 36
Õ&TCEJOG 6[R -CRQUVCN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I -QRH T4GKVGT N &GODUMK HH
)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCNHH 2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG6[R5EJPCDGNMQRH,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI5VKNKUKGTVGT-QRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\4GKVGTN&GODUMKp)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCN
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
4QDGTV )ÌDN UEJTGKDV \W FKGUGO 6[R
16# 5 +EJ JCNVG FKGUGP 6[RWU HÒT FKG DGK YGKVGO QTKIKPGNNUVG
QUVMGNVKUEJG#XGTUUEJÌRHWPI
6[RGPYKGFKGUGTUKPFFWTEJCWUPKEJVCNU OKTCVGP
2KPM\WDG\GKEJPGP
UQPFGTP HCUV XQNNGPFGVGT #WUFTWEM MGNVKUEJGT (QTOGPURTCEJG WPF HÒJTGP DGK FGT PWOKUOCVKUEJGP /CVGTKG
WPMWPFKIGPCDGTMWPUVUKPPKIGP$GVTCEJVGTPQHV\W8GTINGKEJGPOKVFGTOQFGTPGPCDUVTCMVGP-WPUVCPFKGUKGCDGT
PKEJV GTKPPGTP UQPFGTP FGPGP UKG PWT ·JPNKEJ UKPF
DGUVGPHCNNU MCPP FGT 8GTINGKEJ PWT WOIGMGJTV NCWHGP
FCFGT'TKPPGTWPIUDGITKHHPWT\WTÒEMCPYGPFDCTKUV
37
6*4#%+#
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT 6[NKU
! I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VN&GODUMKXGTIN)ÌDN1UVMGNVGP-QUVKCNXGTIN 45GJTUEJÌP
.165-'.6+5%*'4/ª0<'0
5VCVGTG .QV XQP GKPGP 'N5VCVGT FGT &WTQVTKIGU GKPGO UWDCGTCVGP Ô5VCVGT FGT #ODKCPK WPF GKPGO
ICNNKUEJGP$5VCVGT+PVGTGUUCPVGUMNGKPGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌPWPFDGUUGT
.QV-NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP$ÒUEJGNSWKPCT5NI(NGUEJG8KGTVGNSWKPCTG
5NI(NGUEJGWPF
5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP
)4+'%*+5%*'/ª0<'0
40 1,5:1
1,5:1
*+52#0+#
%#46*#)1018#Õ5EJGMGNX%JTI-QRHNOKV&KCFGO2TQTCT%02
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP
8QPFKGUGOKPVGTGUUCPVGP5VÒEMYCTGPDKUJGTPWTYGPKIG5VÒEMGOKV)GYKEJVGPXQPIDKUIDGMCPPV&CU
XQTNKGIGPFG 'ZGORNCT KUV FCU UEJYGTUVG DKUNCPI DGMCPPVG 5VÒEM 'U MÌPPVG UKEJ CNUQ CWEJ WO 5EJGMGN JCPFGNP
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGUVGNNVFGT-QRHCWHFGO#XGTU*COKNMCT$CTMCUFCT
1,5:1 41 1,5:1
42
)#..+#
/#55#.+# Õ1DQN X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N8KGTURGKEJKIGU 4CF FCTKP /#
&GRG[TQV #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTXQPHGKPGO5VKNWPFOKVNGKEJVGT6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTQDQNX%JTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT#TVGOKUTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT-ÌEJGT.ÌYG
T&GRG[TQV (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
19
CAMPANIA
43 44 45 46
1,5:1
'6474+#
2127.10+# (ÒPHGT ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I /·PPGTMQRH T OKV RJT[IKUEJGO
*GNO+PEWUGTUGEJUUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#058GEEJK6JGEQKPCIG
QHVJG4CUPC+8 )TÒPG2CVKPC8QTFGTUGKVGNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH*CIGP6TQPPKGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
8GEEJKYGKUVFCU5VÒEM2QRWNQPKC
2WRNWPC\WGUUKPFCNNGTFKPIUPQEJYGKVGTG/ÒP\UV·VVGPXQTIGUEJNCIGPYQTFGP
WC%GEKPC8GVWNQPKC)TCXKUECWPF8CNNG(WKPQ
Õ#UUGUPCEJX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP)NCVV4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JG
EQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC++
FKGU'ZGORNCT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
Õ#UUGUPCEJX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP)NCVV4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JG
EQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC++ (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ #UUGU PCEJ X %JT I -QRH FGU #RNW N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)NCVV 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC
0WOQTWO8GEEJK6JGEQKPCIGQHVJG4CUPC+++ 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH*CIGP6TQPPKGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT
#WMVKQP-WTRH·N\KUEJG/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/CPPJGKO0T
7PUGT5VÒEMFCUFGP9GTVGKPGUTÌOKUEJGP&GPCTUJCVVG\GKIVCWHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGFCU$KNFFGUGVTWUMKUEJGP)QVVGU
#RNWFGTFGOITKGEJKUEJGP#RQNNQPGPVURTCEJ
47
2+%'07/
*#64+# 3WKPEWPZ X %JT I 2GICUQU HNKGIV T9GKDNKEJGT -QRH KP /WTGZ
5EJPGEMGN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO8GEEJK 44&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QDGTV5EJWNOCP#OUVGTFCO0T
48 49
%#/2#0+#
0'#21.+5 Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV 1N[ORKQU I 0[ORJGPMQRH T#PFTQ
MGRJCNGT 5VKGT T XQP 0KMG DGMT·P\V 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 5CODQP 50) #05
50)/ÒPEJGPp -TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHTFCTWPVGT$WEJUVCDG#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTT
XQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 5GJTUEJÌP
20
CAMPANIA
50 51
Õ&KFTCEJOGWOX%JT/CIKUVTCV1WKNNKQUI0[ORJGPMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWO
IGDGP#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQP
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT #TVGOKU OKV (CEMGNP
T#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\VFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
5CODQP50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp -N-TCV\GTHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
52 53 54
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV %JCTKNGWU I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT -CPVJC
TQU#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQPD50)
#05pXGTINHH50)/ÒPEJGP (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV %JCTKNGWU I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT -CPVJC
TQU#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQPD50)
#05pXGTINHH50)/ÒPEJGP (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH T FCJKPVGT #UVTCICN FCXQT /QPQ
ITCOO#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP0KMGDGMT·P\VWPVGP/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
5CODQP50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP 5GJTUEJÌP
55
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHNFCJKPVGT4GKJGT#PFTQMGRJCNGT5VKGTTXQP
0KMGDGMT·P\V4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO5CODQP50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPp
4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5VWVVICTVGT/ÒP\CWMVKQP5VWVVICTV0T
56
1,5:1 1,5:1
07%'4+# #.(#6'40# Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGU %CTPGKWU QFGT 5CTPWU
N&KQUMWTOKV5RGGTWPF2HGTFUVGJVN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
%CTPGKWUFGUUGP0COGUKEJXQP-CTPQU
9KFFGTJGTNGKVGVYCTGKP'TPVGWPF(TWEJVDCTMGKVUIQVV
21
CALABRIA
57 58
%#.#$4+#
6#4'06Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV#RJNCUVQP0CEMVGT4GKVGT
NOKV5EJKNF(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV&GNRJKP
(KUEJGT$QUUGTVp
84p4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
59 60 61
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKVMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
(CUUWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP
62
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPT
OKV*GNO(KUEJGT$QUUGTV4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
63
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTT6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPTOKV*GNONWPFTGKP
5VGTP(KUEJGT$QUUGTVC
FKGU'ZGORNCT4CXGN8NCUVQ
CDGT#DDFKGU'ZGORNCT4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT5COONWPI2CPF¾N[/KEJGN8NCUVQ
22
CALABRIA
64
65
2:1 2:1
Õ.KVTCX%JTI/WUEJGN&GNRJKPTFCTÒDGT/QPQITCOOFCTWPVGT-CRKVGNNGKPGT
KQPKUEJGP5·WNG4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPNOKV0KMG
WPVGP9GNNGP4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO -TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
66 67
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I 4GKVGT N UGKP 2HGTF DGMT·P\GPF6CTCU OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF
&TGK\CEMCWH&GNRJKPN4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
)WV\GPVTKGTVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GN
RJKPNOKV9GKPVTCWDGWPF5RKPFGN4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP
68
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT X %JT I <GWUMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT 0-#FNGT CWH $NKV\ T
FCXQT'WNG(KUEJGT$QUUGTV)D
FKGU'ZGORNCT4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T
69 70
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTNUGKP2HGTFDGMT·P\GPF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPN
OKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT'WNG4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
/KPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNF6CTCUCWH&GNRJKPN
OKV-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT0[ORJGPMQRH4CXGN8NCUVQHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
71
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I 0CEMVGT 4GKVGT T XQP HNKGIGPFGT 0KMG DGMT·P\V6CTCU CWH
&GNRJKPNOKV-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT*GTOG4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
23
LUCANIA
72
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&CKOCEJQUI0CEMVGT4GKVGTTOKV(CEMGN6CTCUCWH
&GNRJKPN-CPVJCTQUWPF&TGK\CEM4CXGN8NCUVQ4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
73 74
Õ 5EJGMGN X %JT /CIKUVTCV 5QMCPPCU I 4GKVGT T OKV 2CNO\YGKI6CTCU CWH
&GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF &TGK\CEM FCJKPVGT #FNGT 4CXGN 8NCUVQ HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC
0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&KGUGU5VÒEMYWTFGWPVGT*CPPKDCNIGRT·IV
Õ 5EJGMGN X %JT /CIKUVTCV 5QMCPPCU I 4GKVGT T OKV 2CNO\YGKI6CTCU CWH
&GNRJKP N OKV -CPVJCTQU WPF &TGK\CEM FCJKPVGT #FNGT 4CXGN 8NCUVQ HH 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC
0WOQTWO -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKWPFYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGUGU5VÒEMYWTFGWPVGT*CPPKDCNIGRT·IV
75
1,5:1
1,5:1
.7%#0+#
*'4#-.'+#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNC
CNU *GNO\KGT N '*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF.ÌYGPHGNNN'WNG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
XCP-GWTGP9QTMXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
76
1,5:1 1,5:1
/'6#2106Õ5VCVGTX%JTIJTGJTGKPEWU0Qëp4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
24
LUCANIA
77 1,5:1 77
Õ5VCVGT X %JT I JTGJTG KPEWU 0Që p 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO
8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
78
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I .GWMKRRQUMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCJKPVGT (CE
MGNJTG,QJPUVQP#4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP,GCP8KPEJQP/QPVG%CTNQ0QXGODGT0T
79 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH TJTG T 2HNWI ,QJPUVQP % 4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
80
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\JTG N )TGKH ,QJPUVQP %
4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 5GJTUEJÌP
81
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I &GOGVGTMQRH NJTG T 5RKPFGN ,QJPUVQP & 4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\)TCHKVVQCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
82
5;$#4+5Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF+PEWU4WVVGT*KUVQTKC
0WOQTWO50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GTJCTF*KTUEJ/ÒPEJGP0T
25
LUCANIA
83
1,5:1 1,5:1
6*74+1+Õ&KUVCVGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNCCNU*GNO
\KGT5VKGTUVÌVTKO#DUEJPKVV(KUEJ0Që(4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
84
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC OKV &TGK\CEM CNU
*GNO\KGT5VKGT UVÌV T KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO 50) #05 50)
/ÒPEJGPXGTIN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
85
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KUVCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT5VKGT
UVÌVTKO#DUEJPKVV\YGK(KUEJG0Që,4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/CPJCVVCP5CNG0GY;QTM,CPWCT0T
86
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KUVCVGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO5E[NNCCNU*GNO\KGT5VKGTUVÌV
TKO#DUEJPKVV(KUEJ0Që04WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
26
LUCANIA
87
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KUVCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 5E[NNC CNU *GNO\KGT5VKGT
UVÌVTKO#DUEJPKVV(ÒNNJQTP0QëXGTIN04WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM,CPWCT0T
88
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO *KRRQECOR CNU *GNO
\KGT5VKGTUVÌVTKO#DUEJPKVVΦΙWPF&GNRJKPT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05p50)
/ÒPEJGPp 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
90
89
8'.+#
*;'.' Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYG T FCTÒDGT $-QRH FGT 0[ORJG
*[GNGT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHT'WNGCWH<YGKIN4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
9KNNKCOUpXGTIN
#XGTU (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
91
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT 0[ORJG *[GNG T OKV &KCFGO.ÌYG T 4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOUO
FKGU'ZGORNCT
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0TFGT5COONWPI,QJP2KGTRQPV/QTICP
WPFFGT5COONWPI2*CTVYKI#WMVKQP5CPVCOCTKC4QO0T
92 93
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGT'WNG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGTΦFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU 5GJTUEJÌP
27
BRUTTIUM
94 95 96
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO)TGKHCNU*GNO\KGT.ÌYG
TFCTÒDGTΦFCTWPVGT/QPQITCOO4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO 2GICUQU CNU *GNO
\KGT.ÌYGT4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOUO
FKGU'ZGORNCT
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT5COONWPI/CPIKGTK
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV RJT[IKUEJGO *GNO IGHNÒIGNVGT )TGKH CNU
*GNO\KGT.ÌYGTHTKVCP9KFFGTMQRHQDGP<KMCFG4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
5GJTUEJÌP
97
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO (NÒIGN CWH .QTDGGT CNU
*GNO\KGT.ÌYGTFCTÒDGT9GKPVTCWDG\YKUEJGPΦ+4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
98 99
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO &GNRJKP CNU *GNO
\KGT.ÌYGTFCTÒDGT&TGK\CEM4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO9KNNKCOU
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
$4766+7/
-#7.10+#Õ5VCVGTX%JTI#RQNNQUVGJVTOKV<YGKIWPF&CKOQPFCXQT*KTUEJ
T*KTUEJTFCXQT<YGKI0Qëp4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO -QTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
100
1,5:1
1,5:1
-41610 Õ5VCVGT X %JT I &TGKHW&TGKHW KPEWU 4WVVGT *KUVQTKC 0WOQTWO
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
28
SICILIA
101 102
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVNCWH.QTDGGT\YGKI&TGKHWT-TCPKEJCWHΔ4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO50)#05HH50)/ÒPEJGPp
(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
.1-41+ '2+<'2*;4+1+ Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU N FCTWPVGT $NKV\#VJGPC
MQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
.QMTKUYWTFGKOHTÒJGP,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTXQP.QMTGTPCWU)TKGEJGPNCPFIGITÒPFGVOÌINKEJGTYGKUGOKV*KNHG
XQP 5[TCMWU .QMTKU DNKGD 5[TCMWU LGFGPHCNNU RQNKVKUEJ UVGVU GPI XGTDWPFGP WPF RHNGIVG CWEJ YKEJVKIG
*CPFGNUDG\KGJWPIGP OKV 5K\KNKGP &KGU HÒJTVG CWEJ \WT #WURT·IWPI FGT 2GICUK CNU FKGUG KP 5K\KNKGP KO <WIG FGT
MQTKPVJKUEJGP7PVGTUVÒV\WPIXQP5[TCMWUFWTEJ6KOQNGQPFQTVGKPIGHÒJTVYWTFGP
103 104
4*')+10 #PCZKNCU X %JT Õ.KVTC X %JT I *CUG URTKPIV T4'%
TGVTQITCF4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
>/ÒP\V[RYWTFGCWEJPCEJFGO6QFGFGU#PCZKNCUXQPUGKPGP5ÌJPGPXGTYGPFGV
5VCFV U X %JT I .ÌYGPOCUMG X X#RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ 4WVVGT
*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO )TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
105 106
U X %JT I .ÌYGPOCUMG X X#RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT -TCP\
4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
6'4+0#Õ5VCVGTX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHNXQP1NKXGP\YGKIWOIGDGP0KMGUKV\V
NOKV-TCP\CWH*[FTKC*QNNQYC[,GPMKPUXGTINHH4WVVGT*KUVQTKC0WOQTWO
-N$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
107
1,5:1 1,5:1
5+%+.+#
#+60#+ U X %JT I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH T2HGTF URTKPIV T FCTÒDGT / %CNEKCVK
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPp &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
108 1,5:1
1,5:1
#-4#)#5Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVN-TGDU50)#05XGTINHH
50)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP
29
SICILIA
109
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T-TGDU 50) #05 50) /ÒPEJGP
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG::80GY;QTM0T
110
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#FNGTUVGJVN-TGDU50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
111
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV N-TGDU FCTWPVGT NKGIGPFG &QRRGNURKTCNG
50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ0T
112
114
113
Õ*GOKFTCEJOG X %JT I #FNGT T CWH *CUGP-TGDU FCTWPVGT (KUEJ T 50) #05
50)/ÒPEJGPp 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
*GOKNKVTCX%JTI#FNGTTCWH*CUGP-TGDUFCTWPVGT6TKVQPTFGT$WEEJKPWO
DN·UV%CNEKCVK 'VYCUIGIN·VVGVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
6GVTCUX%JTI#FNGTTCWH*CUGPN-TGDU-TGDUWPVGP(NWMTGDU%CNEKCVK
5GJTUEJÌP
30
SICILIA
115 116
*GZCU X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH (KUEJ-TGDU \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP ÒDGT
(KUEJ%CNEKCVK 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
*GZCU X %JT I #FNGT UVGJV T CWH (KUEJ-TGDU \YKUEJGP \YGK 9GTVMWIGNP ÒDGT
(KUEJ%CNEKCVK )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
117
2:1 2:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGTKO#DUEJPKVVMQRHUVGJGPFG
-TCDDG<YGK#FNGTTCWH*CUGP(TCPMG*KTOGT6H
UVGORGNINGKEJ4K\\Q6CX++5GNV
OCP6JG'PITCXGTUQHVJG#MTCICPVKPG&GECFTCEJOUKP0%0T50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
#D EC X %JT DGICPP #MTCICU OKV FGT #WURT·IWPI XQP &GMCFTCEJOGP YQJN KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGP
-TKGIUXQTDGTGKVWPIGP IGIGP -CTVJCIQ WPF PKEJV YKG CWEJ XGTOWVGV YWTFG \WT (GKGT FGU 5KGIGU FGU 'ZCKPGVQU DGK
FGP QN[ORKUEJGP 5RKGNGP FGU ,CJTGU X %JT &KG )TCXGWTG FGT &GMCFTCEJOGP UEJPKVVGP CWEJ 5VGORGN HÒT
6GVTCFTCEJOGP YKG WPUGT 5VÒEM &CU /QVKX FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG YWTFG FGP 2T·IWPIGP XQP 5[TCMWU FCU FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG
FGO #ICOGOPQP FGU #KUEJ[NQU GPVPQOOGP &CU 5VÒEM KUV WPUKIPKGTV FGT 4GXGTUUVGORGN UVCOOV LGFQEJ XQP
GKPGO-ÒPUVNGTFGTXQPX%JTHÒTFKG/ÒP\UV·VVGV·VKIYCTWPFX%JTGTPGWVGPICIKGTVYWTFG
118 1,5:1
1,5:1
#.106+10UX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHT$QIGPÒDGT-GWNG%CNEKCVKOXXCT
44)TÒPG2CVKPCOKPIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
119
1,5:1 1,5:1
)'.# Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I 4GKVGT T OKV .CP\G#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGTRTQVQOG T
,GPMKPU *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
31
SICILIA
120
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGT
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
121 122
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG#PFTQMGRJCNG 5VKGT
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT#PFTQMGRJCNG5VKGT
RTQVQOGT,GPMKPU 8GTDTCWEJVGT#XGTUUVGORGNUGJTUEJÌP
125
123 124
6TKCUX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVNFCTÒDGT1NKXGPDNCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NWIQVVGU
TFCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
6TKCUX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVTFCTÒDGT1NKXGPDNCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NWIQV
VGUTFCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1PMKCX%JTI5VKGTUVGJVNFCTÒDGT$NCVV-QRHGKPGULWIGPFNKEJGP(NWIQVVGUT
FCJKPVGT-QTP,GPMKPU &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
126
1,5:1 1,5:1
*+/'4# Õ&TCEJOG X %JT I *CJP UVGJV N9KPFOÒJNGPHNÒIGNCTVKIGU +PEWUWO
-TCC[ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI2TQVQOGGKPGUIGHNÒIGNVGP9GUGPUOKV/GPUEJGPMQRHWPF
*ÌTPGTPT1NKXGPDNCVV\YKUEJGPUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP/CPICPCTQKP,0)
6H
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
32
SICILIA
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT0[ORJGUVGJVXXWPF
QRHGTVOKVFGT4GEJVGPÒDGT#NVCTTUVGJV5CV[TTXQT$TWPPGPDCUUKPOKV.ÌYGPMQRHCNU9CUUGTURGKGT
T QDGP )GVTGKFGMQTP KO #DUEJPKVV (KUEJ (TCPMG*KTOGT 6H
4GXGTU UVGORGNINGKEJ #TPQNF
$KWEEJK6CX+++)WVOCPP5EJYCDCEJGT *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
> 4GXGTUUVGORGN OCTMKGTV NCWV )WVOCPP5EJYCDCEJGT FGP SWCNKVCVKXGP *ÌJGRWPMV KP FGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI XQP
*KOGTC'T\GKIVFKG5VCFVP[ORJGFKGCO#NVCTFGU*CWRVIQVVGUFGT5VCFV
YQJNFGT*GKNIQVV#UMNGRKQUQRHGTVWPF
GKPGPMNGKPGP5CV[TFGTKO9CUUGTFGTYCTOGP*GKNSWGNNGPXQP*KOGTCDCFGV
*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTCWH<KGIGPDQEMTFCTWPVGT*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV#RJNCUVQPFCXQTUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGP
4)TÒPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
130 131
6GVTCUPCEJX%JTI0CEMVGT4GKVGTCWH<KGIGPDQEMNOKV-GT[MGKQPWPF/WUEJGNJQTP
0KMGIGJVNOKV#RJNCUVQP%CNEKCVK50)#05#RRGPFKZ50)/ÒPEJGPp
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *CPU *GTOCPP )WVMPGEJV #WMVKQP /ÒP\GP /GFCKNNGP )OD* 5VWVVICTV 0T
WPFFGT#WMVKQP5VGTPDGTI<ÒTKEJ0T
*GOKNKVTC PCEJ X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH N FCXQT UGEJU 9GTVMWIGNP+P .QTDGGTMTCP\
5GEJU9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
132
133 133
*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX)CTPGNGNFCTÒDGTUGEJU9GTVMWIGNP
%CNEKCVK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 4)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
+#+6+# U ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT
-GWNG6TKUMGNKU KP FGT /KVVG IGHNÒIGNVGU )QTIQPGKQP \YKUEJGP FGP $GKPGP JTGP %CNEKCVK
42% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
134
1,5:1 1,5:1
-#/#4+0#Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#VJGPCKP3WCFTKICNXQP0KMGDGMT·P\V
KO#DUEJPKVV\YGK#ORJQTGP*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNTFCXQT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T
33
SICILIA
136
135 137
6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVTKONKPMGP(CPI'KFGEJUGKO#DUEJPKVV
FTGK9GTVMWIGNP9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU 5GJTUEJÌP
6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVNFCXQT'KFGEJUG9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU
$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
6GVTCUX%JTI)QTIQPGKQP'WNGUVGJVNFCXQT'KFGEJUG9GUVGTOCTM,GPMKPU
8QT\ÒINKEJ
138
1,5:1 1,5:1
.'106+01+ Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGP
MQRHNXQPFTGK)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT$QGJTKPIGT
139
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
140 141
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGPMQRH N XQPFTGK
)GTUVGPMÌTPGTPWPFGKPGO$NCVVWOIGDGP4K\\Q6CX::+8
UVGORGNINGKEJ
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
34
SICILIA
142
1,5:1 1,5:1
/'55#0#
<CPMNG Õ&TCEJOG X %JT I &GNRJKP N KP UKEJGNHÌTOKIGO *CHGP
DGEMGP-COOWUEJGN KO /KVVGNHGNF GKPGU PGWPHGNFKIGP +PEWUWOU )KGNQY XGTIN
#XGTU UVGORGN
INGKEJ 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$CPM.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
&CPMNG
<CPMNGJGKV5KEJGNWPFFCOKVKUVFKG(QTOFGU*CHGPUIGOGKPV&KG8QTFGTUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPIFTÒEMVFKGU
VTGHHGPF CWU <WGTUV YCT FKG 5VCFV GKPG 5KMGNGT5KGFNWPI &CPP YWTFG XQP -[OG WPF %JCNMKU GKPG ITKGEJKUEJG
-QNQPKG WPVGT $GKDGJCNVWPI FGU 0COGPUIGITÒPFGV#NUFKG5COKGTPCEJFGT'TQDGTWPIKJTGT*GKOCVKP-NGKPCUKGP
FWTEJFKG2GTUGTX%JTVGKNYGKUGPCEJ7PVGTKVCNKGPMCOGPYWTFGPUKGXQP#PCZKNCUXQP4JGIKQP\WOªDGTHCNN
XQP <CPMNG ÒDGTTGFGV &KG $GYQJPGT 4JGIKQPU FKG WTURTÒPINKEJ CWU /GUUGPKGP UVCOOVGP PCJOGP $GUKV\ XQP FGT
UVTCVGIKUEJYKEJVKICPFGT/GGTGPIGIGNGIGPGP5VCFVWPFICDGPKJTFGPPGWGP0COGP/GUUCPC
143
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV
$NCVV*CUGURTKPIVTWPVGP<YGKI%CNVCDKCPQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGVCWH6CX
4#VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#UVCTVG.WICPQ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP%0)0GY;QTM0T
145
144
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV
$NCVV*CUGURTKPIVTWPVGP<YGKI%CNVCDKCPQ 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
Ô&TCEJOG X %JT I /CWNVKGTDKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V /CWNVKGTG KO #DUEJPKVV .QT
DGGTDNCVV+P-TCP\*CUGURTKPIVT%CNVCDKCPQ 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
146
1,5:1 1,5:1
6GVTCUX%JTI*CUGURTKPIVNFCTÒDGT.CIQDQNQPWPVGP<KMCFG1MVQRWU%CNVC
DKCPQ )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
35
SICILIA
148
147
1,5:1 1,5:1 2:1 2:1
2#014/15Õ6GVTCUWOX%JTI2CPMQRHT&TGK9GTVMWIGNP/CPICPCTQKP,0)
6H 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
149
1,5:1
1,5:1
5;4#-75Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUC
MQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
&CU 5VÒEM \GKIV \YCT KP FGT .GIGPFG GKP -QRRC UVCOOV CDGT CWU GKPGT 5GTKG KP FGT CWEJ FCU -CRRC DGTGKVU
XGTYGPFGV YWTFG &KG INGKEJ\GKVKIG 8GTYGPFWPI XQP -QRRC WPF -CRRC KUV FWTEJ +PUEJTKHVGP HÒT GVYC X
%JTDGNGIV9KTHQNIGPFCJGTPKEJV'TKEJ$QGJTKPIGTU&CVKGTWPIFGU5VÒEMGUKPFKG,CJTGX%JTUQPFGTP
FCVKGTGPFCU5VÒEMOKV%JTKUVQH$QGJTKPIGT
,0)
5UR·VGT
150 151
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
152 153
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV -G
VQU#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT /KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
36
SICILIA
154
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 3WCFTKIC T 0KMG DGMT·P\V 2HGTFG KO #DUEJPKVV -G
VQU#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
155
2:1 2:1
Õ*GOKNKVTCWOX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4CF$QGJTKPIGTXGTIN$
45GJTUEJÌP
156
2:1 2:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFGKO#DUEJPKVV-GVQU
#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT
5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
157
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICN0KMGDGMT·P\V.GPMGT#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
158 159
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (GKPG2CVKPCUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
37
SICILIA
160
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQP
XKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP$QGJTKPIGT' 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T
FQTV KTTVÒONKEJ 4 CPIGIGDGP \WXQT GTYQTDGP DGK
$CNFYKP U
'TKEJ$QGJTKPIGTHÒJTVPWT\YGKOKVFKGUGO5VGORGNRCCTIGRT·IVG5VÒEMGCP
161 162
UPCEJX%JTUKIPKGTVXQP2JT[IKNNQUI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT&GNRJKP4CFKPFGP
9KPMGNP'VJPKMQPWPF\YGK&GNRJKPG%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
U PCEJ X %JT UKIPKGTV XQP 'WMNGKFCU I #TGVJWUCMQRH N FCJKPVGT JTG4CF KP FGP
9KPMGNP'VJPKMQPWPF\YGK&GNRJKPG%CNEKCVK
)TÒPG2CVKPC&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
163
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT WPUKIPKGTV I 3WCFTKIC N 0KMG DGMT·P\V .GPMGT KO #D
UEJPKVVJTG#TGVJWUCMQRHTXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP6WFGGT
44*GTTNKEJGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP.GW
<ÒTKEJ WPF FGT 5COONWPI %JCTNGU )KNNGV #WMVKQP .GW/ÒP\GP WPF /GFCKNNGP # ) <ÒTKEJ /CK
0T
165 166
164
*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI&GNRJKPTFCTWPVGT
/WUEJGN%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
*GOKNKVTCPCEJX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI&GNRJKPTFCTWPVGT
/WUEJGN%CNEKCVK )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
38
SICILIA
167
2:1 2:1
Ô.KVTGPX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNN8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWOKO<GP
VTWO#TGVJWUCMQRHN50)#05HH50)/ÒPEJGP 8QT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
168
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GMCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICKO)CNQRRNFGT.GPMGTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMG
DGMT·P\V UVTGEMV FGP 6TGKDUVCD YGKV XQT KO #DUEJPKVV 9CHHGPITWRRG DGUVGJGPF CWU 5EJKNF 2CP\GT
$GKPUEJKGPGP WPF *GNO#TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGP WOIGDGP FCXQT 2WPMV )CNNCVKP
4::++,8+C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP /CPJCVVCP 5CNG 0GY ;QTM ,CPWCT 0T WPF FGT 5COONWPI 6QP[ *CTF[
#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T
169
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GMCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTI3WCFTKICKO)CNQRRNFGT.GPMGTXQPHNKGIGPFGT0KMG
DGMT·P\V UVTGEMV FGP 6TGKDUVCD YGKV XQT KO #DUEJPKVV 9CHHGPITWRRG DGUVGJGPF CWU 5EJKNF 2CP\GT
$GKPUEJKGPGP WPF *GNO#TGVJWUCMQRH N XQP XKGT &GNRJKPGPWOIGDGPFCJKPVGT/WUEJGN)CNNCVKP4
:+:)+ 4GXGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVMN5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO4GXGTU
FGPPQEJJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
39
SICILIA
170
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI3WCFTKICT0KMGDGMT·P\V2HGTFG#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPXKGT
&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP6WFGGT 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCWPDGFGWVGPFGT5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTU
CVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU++.QPFQP0TFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO
/CKP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP-WTRH·N\KUEJG/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/CPPJGKO0T
Õ*GOKNKVTCX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHN8KGTURGKEJKIGU4CFKPFGP9KPMGNP'VJPKMQP
WPF\YGK&GNRJKPG50)#05HH 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
172
2:1 2:1
Ô .KVTGP X %JT UKIPKGTV XQP 'WCKPGVQU I #TGVJWUCMQRH N *CCTG KP 5RJGP
FQPG*GTCMNGUTGTYÒTIVFGPPGOGKUEJGP.ÌYGP$¾TGPF++
FKGU'ZGORNCT
448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTXQTTCIGPFGO5VKN
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T
>6[RUEJNKGVUKEJFGTXQP-KOQPIGUEJCHHGPGP&CTUVGNNWPICP*GTCMNGUFGTFQTKUEJG*GTQU5[TCMWUYCTGKPG
173 174
175
&TCEJOGPCEJX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5GGUVGTP\YKUEJGP\YGK
&GNRJKPGP%CNEKCVK )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KQPX%JTUI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T)GTUVGP
MQTP%CNEKCVK &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHGKPGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T#FNGT%CNEKCVK 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
40
SICILIA
177 178
176
UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\T#FNGT%CNEKCVK 5GJTUEJÌP
UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$NKV\%CNEKCVK
44.GKEJVIGIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
UI-QRHFGU<GWU'NGWVJGTKQUNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\1MVQRWU%CNEKCVK
44.GKEJVIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
179 1,5:1
1,5:1
4GRWDNKM X %JT Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH T OKV
MQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGYWTFGFCU5VÒEMCWEJWPVGT6KOQNGQPIGRT·IV
180
2:1 2:1
#ICVJQMNGU X %JT Ô .KVTGP X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N$KIC T WPVGP
6TKUMGNKU50)#05XGTIN50)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH
42TQDKGTURWTCO4CPFFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
181
2:1 2:1
Ô .KVTGP X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N$KIC T WPVGP 6TKUMGNKU 50) #0550)
/ÒPEJGP 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
182
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPFTGK&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP3WCFTKIC
NQDGP6TKUMGNKU+GTCTFK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp
9KP\2T·IGUEJY·EJGPOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
41
SICILIA
183
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI#TGVJWUCMQRHNXQPFTGK&GNRJKPGPWOIGDGP3WCFTKICN
QDGP6TKUMGNKU+GTCTFK50)#05p50)/ÒPEJGPp 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'N.KVTGPX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHNFCJKPVGT5VGTP&TGKHW,GPMKPUKP'UUC[U4QDKP
UQP14 #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT)QNFRCVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
185
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHT0KMGTGTTKEJVGV6TQRJ·GN6TKUMGNKU
+GTCTFK50)#0550)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
186 187
Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌVN50)#05
4-N4CPFHGJNGTWPF-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌVN50)#05
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
188
189 189
2:1 2:1
190 190
Ô.KVTGPX%JTI2GTUGRJQPGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\5VKGTUVÌVN50)#05
45GJTUEJÌP
UI-QTGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\FCJKPVGT(CEMGN5VKGTUVÌVNKO#DUEJPKVV0+%CNEKCVK
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
UI-QTGMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\+P-TCP\(CEMGN%CNEKCVK 45GJTUEJÌP
42
SICILIA
191
2:1 2:1
*KMGVCU X %JT Ô&GMCFTCEJOG X %JT I 2GTUGRJQPGMQRH N OKV JTGP
MTCP\FCJKPVGT(CEMGN0KMGKP$KICT$WVVTG[WC/QTICPVKPC5VWFKGUC50)#0550)
/ÒPEJGPp (CUUWPIUURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
192
*KGTQP++X%JTUI-QRHNOKV&KCFGOT*GNO4GKVGTTOKV5RGGT%CNEKCVK
$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
193
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT2JKNKUVKUÕ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT5VGTP0KMGKP3WCFTKICTQDGP
5VGTPT-$WTPGVV'PPCJQCTFKP504HH50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
194
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT(CEMGN0KMGKP3WCFTKICTWPVGP'$WTPGVV
'PPCJQCTFKP504
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ50)#0550)/ÒPEJGP
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T
195
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ.KVTGPI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHNFCJKPVGT5RGGT0KMGKP3WCFTKICTQDGP/+$WTPGVV
'PPCJQCTFKP504p/CPICPCTQKP,0)
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ50)#05p50)
/ÒPEJGPp 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
43
SICILIA
198
1,5:1 1,5:1
270+'4 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I -QTGMQRH N2HGTF UVGJV N
FCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ (GKPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP&GWVUEJNCPF)OD*5VWVVICTV0T
199
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++
(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
200
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ (GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
44
SICILIA
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++
(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
202
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHNXQPXKGT&GNRJKPGP
WOIGDGP2HGTFGMQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+++ #VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
203 204
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T2HGTFG
MQRHNFCJKPVGT2CNOG,GPMKPU+8 #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
> 2HGTFGMQRH IGJÌTV \WT )TÒPFWPIUUCIG XQP -CTVJCIQ UQ UEJTGKDV 8GTIKN&QTV \WGTUV XQP 9GNNGP WPF 9KPF
CPU7HGTIGYQTHGPITWDGPGKP<GKEJGPFKG2WPKGTCWU&KG*GTTUEJGTKP,WPQ\GKIVGGUCPGKPGU5VTGKVTQUUGU*CWRV
UQYGTFGFGPP-TKGIUTWJO\KGTGPFCU8QNMLCJTJWPFGTVGNCPIWPF(ÒNNGFGU.GDGPU
Õ5EJGMGNX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVG
#MTCICU!I/·PPGTMQRHNOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\'NGHCPVTKO#DUEJPKVV#NGRJ%02 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
205
1,5:1 1,5:1
.+2#4#6GVTCUWOX%JTI-QRHFGU#KQNQUTOKV2KNGWU&TGK9GTVMWIGNP%CNEKCVK
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
45
SCYTHIA
206 207
/1'5+#
+56415 Õ&TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <YGK -ÌRHG X X IGIGPGKPCPFGT XGT
UGV\V5GGCFNGTCWH&GNRJKPNT$#/0) )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KGDGKFGP-ÌRHGCWHFGO#XGTUUKPFWPVGTUEJKGFNKEJIGFGWVGVYQTFGPCNU-ÌRHGFGT&KQUMWTGPCNU5QPPGPCWHICPI
WPF5QPPGPWPVGTICPIQFGTCNURGTUQPKHK\KGTVGT9KPF*KPF
+UVTKCPHCEGUCPFVJGTKXGT&CPWDGKP0%5
H FGWVGV FKG DGKFGP -ÌRHG CNU GKPG &CTUVGNNWPI FGU (NWUUIQVVGU +UVTQU FC KP FGT #PVKMG VGKNYGKUG XQP \YGK
/ÒPFWPIGPFGU+UVTQUP·ONKEJKPU5EJYCT\G/GGTWPFKPFKG#FTKCVKUEJG5GGCWUIGICPIGPYWTFG
Õ&TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I <YGK -ÌRHG X X IGIGPGKPCPFGT XGTUGV\V5GGCFNGT CWH
&GNRJKPNWPVGP/QPQITCOOKO(GNF\YGK2WPMVG#/0)XGTIN
9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
208
-#..#6+5Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
#NGZCPFTGKGTX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNN
T<GWU#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTWPFWPVGTFGO6JTQPLGGKP/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVVJTG2TKEG
8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%/ÒPEJGP
0T
209
1,5:1 1,5:1
61/+5Ô5VCVGTX%JT
!I#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC
0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCTWPVGT&TGK\CEM#/0)FG%CNNCVC[&4 45GJTUEJÌP
> -QRH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \GKIV FKG <ÒIG /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ UQ YKG UKG XQP UGKPGP MNGKPCUKCVKUEJGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP
DGMCPPV UKPF &KGUG )QNFRT·IWPI UVGJV KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO $GHTGKWPIUMTKGI /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ IGIGP FKG
4ÌOGT
210
5%;6*+#
-QUQPECX%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT1NDKCI/CIKUVTCVUEJTGKVGVN\YKUEJGP\YGK
.KMVQTGPFCXQT/QPQITCOO#FNGTNOKV-TCP\WPF<GRVGT42%#
5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
&KGUG KPVGTGUUCPVG)QNFOÒP\GKUVUGKVDGMCPPVCNU'TCUOWUXQP4QVVGTFCOUKG\WGTMN·TGPXGTUWEJVG'UH·NNV
UQHQTV CWH FC FKGUGT /ÒP\V[R TÌOKUEJG &GPCTG FGT UR·VGP 4GRWDNKM PCEJCJOV &KG 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV PCEJ GKPGO
&GPCT IGUVCNVGV FGP / +WPKWU $TWVWU X %JT \WT 'TKPPGTWPI CP FKG 8GTVTGKDWPI FGT 6CTSWKPKGT FWTEJ UGKPGP
8QTHCJTGP.+WPKWU$TWVWURT·IGPNKG
%TCYHQTF&KG4ÒEMUGKVGJCVGKPGP&GPCTFGU32QORQPKWU4WHWU
\WO 8QTDKNF IGRT·IV X %JT
%TCYHQTF&KGUG0CEJCJOWPITÌOKUEJTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGT/ÒP\GPIGUEJCJ
PKEJV \WH·NNKI 5Q JCV OCP NCPIG CPIGPQOOGP FC -QUQP GKP 8GTDÒPFGVGT FGU %CGUCT/ÌTFGTU $TWVWU KO
$ÒTIGTMTKGI IGIGP /CTE #PVQP WPF 1EVCXKCP
#WIWUVWU IGYGUGP KUV -QUQP FGT UGKPGP 0COGPU\WI CWH FKG
8QTFGTUGKVG WPUGTGT /ÒP\G RT·IGP NKG YWTFG NCPIG CNU -ÌPKI FGT 6JTCMGT CPIGUGJGP /CZ XQP $CJTHGNFV URTCEJ
XQPGKPGO&CMGTMÌPKI-QUQP
KP$GTNKPGT/ÒP\DN·VVGT-QUQPYWTFGCDGTCWEJHÒTFKG5E[VJGPKP#PURTWEJ
IGPQOOGP &KG 8GTDKPFWPI \W FGP &CMGTP
FGO JGWVKIGP 4WO·PKGP IGPCWGT 5KGDGPDÒTIGP JCV 1 +NKGUEW
GTCTDGKVGV
KP 3WCFGTPK 6KEKPGUK &CU CWH GKPKIGP 5VÒEMGP CWH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG \W HKPFGPFG /QPQITCOO NKGUV
+NKGUEW WPUGTGT /GKPWPI PCEJ \WVTGHHGPF CNU $# HÒT ΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΣ
-ÌPKI Y·JTGPF CPFGTG GU CNU $4 HÒT $TWVWU\W
FGWVGPXGTUWEJVJCDGP&CU0QOKPCNOKVGKPGO&WTEJUEJPKVVUIGYKEJVXQPIKUVUKEJGTMGKPTÌOKUEJGT#WTGWU
UQPFGTP GKP ITKGEJKUEJGT)QNFUVCVGT&KG/ÒP\UV·VVG1NDKCXGTDKTIVUKEJYQJNPKEJVKPFGO/QPQITCOOYKG*GCF
WPF CPFGTG INCWDVGP UQPFGTP UKG GTIKDV UKEJ CWU FGO 4ÒEMUGKVGPV[R FGT PKEJV PWT FGP 4WHWU&GPCT \WO 8QTDKNF
JCVUQPFGTPCWEJ\W1NDKCRCV
46
THRACIA
211
1,5:1 1,5:1
6*4#%+#
#$&'4# Õ5VCVGT X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVQPCZ I )TGKH UKV\V N+P +PEWUWO 2HGTF T
%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING5WPF2N/C[p 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T
212
2:1 2:1
Õ5VCVGTX%JT/CIKUVTCV2JKNCFQUI)TGKHUKV\VNFCXQT<KMCFG*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV
-GWNGCWHGKPGOXQPFGO.ÌYGPHGNNDGFGEMVGP(GNUGP/C[
2T·EJVKIGT5VKNHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING
213
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV-CNNKCPCZI)TGKHUKV\VN#RQNNQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTC
WPF.QTDGGT\YGKIFCXQT*KTUEJ/C[ 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING
214
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&GOGVTKQUI)TGKHUKV\VT#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\/C[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT[UUCPVJCMK0CING
47
THRACIA
215 216
217
#+015Õ&KQDQNX%JTI*GTOGUMQRHTOKV2GVCUQU<KGIGTWPVGP-TCDDG/C[
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
#21..10+# 2106+%# Õ&TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )QTIQPGKQP#PMGT N
(NWMTGDUT#50)$/pXGTIN /KPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
$'4)'Õ5VCVGTWOX%JTI5CV[TTJ·NVHNKGJGPFG0[ORJGCO#TO\WTÒEM+PEWUWO
50)#05XGTINHH
/CEGFQPKC.GVG 4#PVKMJCNDKGTVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP
<WT<WYGKUWPIUKGJG2UQOC5GNGPG6JG.GVG%QKPCIG4GEQPUKFGTGFKPXCP#NHGP2)
*TUI#IQTCPQOKC
5VWFKGUKP/QPG[CPF'ZEJCPIG2TGUGPVGFVQ,QJP*-TQNN0GY;QTM5
$GTIGKUVFCUJGWVKIG0GQU5MQRQU
218
1,5:1 1,5:1
$;<#06+10 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I 5VKGT UVGJV N CWH &GNRJKP FCXQT Φ KP
-TCP\8KGTIGVGKNVGUIGRWPMVGVGU+PEWUWO50)$/pXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ
219
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT OKV 0COGP FGU .[UKOCEJQU X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF
#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV&TGK\CEM5G[TKIKP'UUC[U
4QDKPUQPXGTIN2NHH 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
220 221
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
.[UKOCEJGKGT X %JT I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #O
OQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOCWHFGO6JTQP$;KO#DUEJPKVV&TGK\CEM
FG%CNNCVC[)TWRRG#5 (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
/#410'+# Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT I &KQP[UQUMQRH T&KQP[UQU UVGJV N OKV
5RGGTGP
QFGT0CTVJGZ5VCPIGPWPF9GKPVTCWDGP5EJÌPGTV)GKUUHH
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
48
THRACIA
222
3:1 3:1
2#06+-#2#+10Ô5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TMQRHN)TGKHUVGJVNCWHJTGKO/CWN
5RGGT/CE&QPCNF
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV50)$/ 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP 0(# $GXGTN[ *KNNU 0T
&CU5VÒEMIGJÌTV\WFGPUEJÌPUVGP)QNFOÒP\GPFGT#PVKMG'UFÒTHVGGKPGTFGTGTUVGPKO4CJOGPFGT/ÒP\TGHQTO
FGU.GWMQP+
X%JTIGRT·IVGP)QNFUVCVGTGUGKP
223 224
6*#515Õ5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)
%QR *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)%QR
*GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
227 228
225 226
Õ&TCEJOG X %JT I 5CV[T XGTUEJNGRRV 0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50) %QR
XGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI5CV[TXGTUEJNGRRV0[ORJG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)%QR
45GJTUEJÌP
Õ6TKJGOKQDQN X %JT I 5CV[T MPKGV T OKV -CPVJCTQU#ORJQTG 50) %QR
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6TKJGOKQDQNX%JTI5CV[TMPKGVNOKV-CPVJCTQU#ORJQTG50)%QR
5GJTUEJÌP
229
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHT*GTCMNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGP
HGNN2TQMQRQX 4.GKEJVG5EJÒTHURWTGPWPFMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
'KPGUGNVGPGHTÒJG6GVTCFTCEJOGXQP6JCUQU
49
THRACIA
230
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHT*GTCMNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGP
HGNN2TQMQRQX)TWRRG+:8+E 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
231
2:1 2:1
-¤0+)4'+%*.[UKOCEJQUX%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT#NGZCPFTKC6TQCUI
#NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT /QPQITCOO KO
#DUEJPKVV#FNGTMQRH6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
232
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.[UKOCEJGKCI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT .ÌYGPMQRH X X CWH FGO 6JTQP /QPQITCOO /ÒNNGT
6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQPp (GKPG6ÌPWPIYKP\4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 5GUVQU I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT$NWOG6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT.CORUCMQUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP
#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOWPF#RJNCUVQP6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIPGUKC I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT (CEMGNWPF/QPQITCOO6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
.GKEJVG#WHNCIGPUGJTUEJÌP
50
THRACIA
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT WPF KO #DUEJPKVV LG GKP /QPQITCOO 6JQORUQP KP 'UUC[U
4QDKPUQPXCT
2QUKVKQPFGU\YGKVGP/QPQITCOOU 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOWPF-GWNGKO#DUEJPKVV/QPQITCOO6JQORUQP
KP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP -N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 2GTICOQP I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT*GTOGWPF-WNVUVCVWGKO#DUEJPKVV/QPQITCOO6JQORUQPKP
'UUC[U4QDKPUQP .GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 2GTICOQP I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPU
JQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTΠWPF-WNVDKNFKO#DUEJPKVV/QPFUKEJGN6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U
4QDKPUQP 9KP\-TCV\GTGVYCU$GNCICWHFGO4GXGTUFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU
XQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTXQPHGKPGO5VKN
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
240
2:1 2:1
Ô5VCVGT X %JT 2GNNC I #NGZCPFGTMQRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF #OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC
0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV-6JQORUQPKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
51
MACEDONIA
241
242
1,5:1
/#%'&10+#
#-#06*15 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYG T UEJN·IV 5VKGT N8KGTIGVGKNVGU
+PEWUWO&GUPGWZXGTINHH (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYG T UEJN·IV 5VKGT N QDGP 5YCUVKMC+PEWUWO FCTKP
XKGTIGVGKNVGU3WCFTCV&GUPGWZp
&p4
5GNVGPG8CTKCPVG-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUG&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
243
1,5:1 1,5:1
FWTEJ1F[UUGWUWPF&KQOGFGUIGVÌVGV
*QOGT+NKCU$WEJWPF'WTKRKFGU4JGUQU
244
1,5:1 1,5:1
/'0&' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I &KQP[UQU OKV -CPVJCTQU CWH 'UGN T FCXQT
8QIGN \YKUEJGP <YGKIGP+P +PEWUWO 9GKPUVQEM #/0) p 0QG 6JG /GPFG
-CNKCPFTC *QCTF
#XGTU
4GXGTU50)#05
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
52
MACEDONIA
245 246
1.;06*15%JCNMKFKUEJGT$WPFÕ6GVTQDQNX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\FCJKPVGT#-KVJCTC4QDKPUQP%NGOGPV 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ6GVTQDQN X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-KVJCTC 4QDKPUQP%NGOGPV p
)TWRRG*# 5GJTUEJÌP
247
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-KVJCTC 4QDKPUQP
%NGOGPV 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\4CPFCWUDTWEJUGJTUEJÌP
-¤0+)4'+%*#O[PVCUX%JT4GIKGTWPIÕ&KFTCEJOGI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO
.ÌYGPHGNNT2HGTFTKO.KPKGPSWCFTCV#/0)XGTIN6H:::50)#05HH
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
2JKNKRRQU ++ X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 2GNNC I <GWUMQRH T OKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP$NKV\KO#DUEJPKVV0.G4KFGT2N
/KPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGT T
WPVGPΛWPF2TQTC.G4KFGTXGTIN2NHH
&4p 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
251 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT E %JT 2GNNC I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T WPVGP $NKV\ .G
4KFGT&p4 )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
2JKNKRR++FGT8CVGT#NGZCPFGTUFGU)TQGPIGNCPIVGX%JTCPFKG4GIKGTWPI$CNFPCEJUGKPGO4GIKGTWPIU
CPVTKVV IGNCPI GU KJO FCU IQNF WPF UKNDGTTGKEJG 2CPICKQPIGDKGV WPVGT UGKPG -QPVTQNNG \W DTKPIGP FGUUGP ,CJTGU
GTVTCI 6CNGPVG DGVTWI WPF KJO FKG #WURT·IWPI FGT UEJÌPGP )QNFUVCVGTG KP FGT #PVKMG 2JKNKRRGKQK IGPCPPV
GTOÌINKEJVG&KG8QTFGTUGKVGWPUGTGU5VÒEMGU\GKIVFGP-QRH#RQNNUFGUFGNRJKUEJGP)QVVGU\WFGO2JKNKRRQUGKPG
DGUQPFGTG $G\KGJWPI JCVVG +O *GKNKIGP -TKGI JCVVG 2JKNKRR UKEJ IGIGP FKG 2JQMGT IGYCPFV YGNEJG FKG
6GORGNUEJ·V\G KP &GNRJK IGTCWDV JCVVGP &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG URKGNV CWH GKPGP 5KGI 2JKNKRRU X %JT DGK FGP
1N[ORKUEJGP5RKGNGPCP
UKGJG2NWVCTEJ#NGZ+PFGO2JKNKRRQU++CWHFKGUGO5VÒEMUQYQJNGKPG8GTDKPFWPI
\W &GNRJK CNU CWEJ \W 1N[ORKC UEJWH \YGK 1TVGP FKG CNNGP )TKGEJGP JGKNKI YCTGP DTCEJVG GT CWEJ UGKP
RCPJGNNGPKUEJGURQNKVKUEJGU2TQITCOO\WO#WUFTWEM>2JKNKRRGKQUYCTGKPGFGT9GNVOÒP\GPFGT#PVKMG
53
MACEDONIA
252
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTX%JT2GNNCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$KICTFCTWPVGT-CPVJCTQU
.G4KFGTp 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
253
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTX%JT2GNNCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$KICTFCTWPVGT&TGK\CEM
.G4KFGT2N )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Ô5VCVGT X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T FCTWPVGT
'HGWDNCVV.G4KFGT2N 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô 5VCVGT X %JT 2GNNC I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T-GWNG FCTÒDGT $NKV\
FCTWPVGT$QIGP.G4KFGT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
256
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT2GNNCI<GWUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTT
WPVGP5RGGTURKV\G.G4KFGT2N 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
257 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/CIPGUKCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP$KGPGKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5
(GKPGT5VKNXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGUGRQUVJWOGP2JKNKRRGKGTYWTFGPPCEJFGO6QF#NGZCPFGTU+++XQPMÌPKIUVTGWGP-T·HVGPIGRT·IVFKGUQFCTCP
GTKPPGTPYQNNVGPFC2JKNKRRQU+++#TTJKFCKQUGKP5QJPFGU2JKNKRRQU++WPFUQOKVTGEJVO·KIGT6JTQPHQNIGTYCT
54
MACEDONIA
258
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/CIPGUKCI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP$KGPGKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5
(GKPGT5VKNXQT\ÒINKEJ
259
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT-QNQRJQPI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMGKP$KIC
TWPVGP&TGKHW6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC5 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK8++0GY;QTM0T
260
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT 6GQU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T WPVGP
/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC
42T·EJVKIGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
261
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT .CORUCMQU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T
WPVGP5EJNCPIG6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC 48QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
262
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT .CORUCMQU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$KIC T
WPVGP/QPQITCOOWPF5EJNCPIGKO#DUEJPKVVJTG6JQORUQPKP5VWFKQ2CWNQ0CUVGT1DNCVC
48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)QNFDGTI.QU#PIGNGU0T
55
MACEDONIA
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP-CWUKCWPFΕ.G4KFGT2N 9KP\-TCV\GTUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP<YGKIWPFΠ.G4KFGTXGTIN2N 2TÒHGKPJKGDUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT #ORJKRQNKU I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\4GKVGTTOKV<YGKIWPVGP#RJNCUVQPWPFΠ.G4KFGT2N (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
266
1,5:1 1,5:1
267 267
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/GORJKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT4QUGWPVGPΔΙ12TKEG (GKPGT5VKNYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
56
MACEDONIA
270
268 269
Ô5VCVGTX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT$NKV\2TKEG 9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5VCVGTX%JT.CORUCMQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT\YGKXGTGKPVG2HGTFGRTQVQOGNWPVGP/QPQITCOO2TKEG
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ*GOKFTCEJOG X %JT #TCFQU I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT<WPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOO2TKEG
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5VCVGTX%JT/KNGVI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOWPVGP$NKV\0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG (CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT$CD[NQPI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT$KGPGWPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOOWPF/2TKEG )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5VCVGT X %JT -KVKQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG UVGJV N OKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT 2GNNC I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T <GWU #GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT#ZV2TKEGXCT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ1MVQDGT0T
275
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT X %JT WPDGUVKOOVG ITKGEJKUEJG QFGT OCMGFQPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I #VJGPC
MQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCJKPVGT5VGTP2TKEGp
442T·IGUEJY·EJGCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
>#XGTUKUVUVGORGNINGKEJOKVFGODGK2TKEG2N+++CDIGDKNFGVGP5VÒEM
57
MACEDONIA
277
276 278
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#TCFQUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNN-GT[MGKQP&W[TCVXGTINHH
&4!2TKEG
#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOPCEJX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGI#VJGPCMQRHT0KMGUVGJVNOKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOOT5VGTP2TKEGp 5GJTUEJÌP
'UJCPFGNVUKEJOÌINKEJGTYGKUGWOGKPGHTÒJGMGNVKUEJG0CEJRT·IWPI
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQTRJT[IKUEJGT*GNO2TKEG (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT/KNGVI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/QPQITCOOT&QRRGNCZV2TKEG 5GJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT6CTUQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT-GT[MGKQPWPVGP/QPQITCPPWPFΘ2TKEG
-N4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGKO9GUVGP-NGKPCUKGPUI#VJGPC
MQRHTFCTWPVGT9KFFGTMQRHT0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT'HGWDNCVV2TKEG
5GJTUEJÌP
282 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN*WPF/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG
0GY;QTM0T
FQTVOKVKTTVÒONKEJGT$GUVKOOWPI2TKEGp
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ
283
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN*WPF/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG
0GY;QTM0T
FKGU'ZGORNCTFQTVOKVKTTVÒONKEJGT$GUVKOOWPI2TKEGp
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
58
MACEDONIA
1,5:1 284
1,5:1
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT$CD[NQPI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO5EJNCPIG
CNU *GNO\KGT0KMG UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 5V[NKU N WPF T LG GKP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG XCT
*GNOUEJOWEM 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
285
286 287
Ô5VCVGT X %JT 5KFQP I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG UVGJV N OKV
-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQTΣ2TKEG -PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT2GNNCI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNNDQGQVKUEJGT5EJKNFWPVGTFGO6JTQP5EJNCPIG2TKEG
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT#ORJKRQNKUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VNNΛWPF(CEMGNWPVGTFGO6JTQP/QPQITCOO2TKEG
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
1,5:1 288
1,5:1
Ô5VCVGT RQUVJWO X %JT $CD[NQP I #VJGPCMQRH T KP MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO0KMG
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN/+WPVGPT/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\2TKEG 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM0T
291 292
289
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT$CD[NQPI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOOKP-TCP\WPVGP/+2TKEG (GKPGT5VKNJQJGU4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WHJ·WUGT/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&TCEJOG RQUVJWO X %JT .CORUCMQU I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU
#GVQRJQTQUUKV\VN2TKEG -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Ô5VCVGTRQUVJWOX%JT#D[FQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVN
OKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUFCXQT/KP-TCP\WPVGP(ÒNNJQTP2TKEG )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&TCEJOGRQUVJWOX%JT/KNGVI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQT/QPQITCOO2TKEG $TGKVGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
59
MACEDONIA
295
293
294
2JKNKRRQU+++X%JTÔ5VCVGTX%JT#TCFQUI#VJGPCMQRHTKPMQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNO0KMGUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF5V[NKUN/QPQITCOOT<2TKEG2 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#TCFQUI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNFCXQTΔΑWPF/QPQITCOOWPVGTFGO6JTQP<2TKEG2 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ*GOKFTCEJOG X %JT #TCFQU I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU
UKV\VNKO(GNFNWPFWPVGTFGO6JTQPLGGKP/QPQITCOO2TKEG2 5GJTUEJÌP
<WT <WYGKUWPI UKGJG #TVJWT *QWIJVQP #TCFWU PQV /CTCVJWU KP #UJVQP*WTVGT
*TUI 5VWFKGU KP )TGGM
0WOKUOCVKEUKP/GOQT[QH/CTVKP,GUUQR2TKEG.QPFQP5
296 296
1,5:1
#PVKIQPQU&QUQPX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG2GNNC
!I2QUGKFQPMQRHT#RQNNQUKV\VN
CWH2TQTCOKV$QIGP/GTMGTKP#05/0+:5 )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
.CWV/GTMGTHGKGTVFKG4ÒEMUGKVGFGP5GGUKGIFGU&QUQPÒDGT2VQNGOCKQU+++DGK#PFTQUKO,CJTX%JT
297 298
1,5:1
2JKNKRRQU8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT#ORJKRQNKU
!I-QRHFGU
*GTQU 2GTUGWU OKV IGHNÒIGNVGO ITGKHGPDGYGJTVGP *GNO WPF *CTRC T CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF+P
-TCP\-GWNGN$NKV\$WTTGTKP,0)
FKGU'ZGORNCT 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP$CPM.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
2GTUGWUX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#FNGTUVGJV
TCWH$NKV\FCTWPVGT5VGTP/COTQVJ
*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VOKVJQJGO4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
60
THESSALIA
4¤/+5%*'2418+0<Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JTI&TCRKGTVG#TVGOKUDÒUVGTOKV
$QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF-GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP 50)
%QR (GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
0CEJ FGT 5EJNCEJV XQP 2[FPC X %JT YWTFG /CMGFQPKGP KP 4GIKQPGP GKPIGVGKNV 5GKV X %JT FWTHVGP
FKGUGCWH5GPCVUDGUEJNWYKGFGT/ÒP\GPRT·IGP*KGTNKGIVGKPG2T·IWPIFGT4GIKQPXQT
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH
OCMGFQPKUEJGO 5EJKNF-GWNG KP -TCP\ N $NKV\ 50) #UJOQNGCP 50) %QR XGTIN
8QT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*CWEM#WHJ·WUGT/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I &TCRKGTVG #TVGOKUDÒUVG T OKV $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT CWH
OCMGFQPKUEJGO5EJKNF-GWNGKP-TCP\N$NKV\50)#UJOQNGCP50)%QRXGTIN
5GJTUEJÌP
302 303
2#'10+#
-¤0+)4'+%* 2CVTCQU X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\4GKVGTTGTUVKEJVIGUVÒT\VGP)GIPGTWPVGP$NKV\2CGQPKCP*QCTF50)#05
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
#WFQNGQP X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT
! RCGQPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I
*GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT #WFQNGQP /QPQITCOO 2TKEG 2N
%.8+++)9CIIQPGT#WFQNGQPCPFJKU#NGZCPFGTOKPVKP4$0
2N8$
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP
0CPE[ / 9CIIQPGT FCVKGTV FKGUG CWGTQTFGPVNKEJ UGNVGPGP 6GVTCFTCEJOGP KO #NGZCPFGTUVKN CDGT KO GKIGPGP
0COGP FGU #WFQNGQP KP FKG <GKV MWT\ XQT FGUUGP 6QF WPF UKGJV FKG 2T·IWPI KO <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGT -QCNKVKQP
IGIGP&GOGVTKQU2QNKQTMGVGUWPFFGT7PVGTUVÒV\WPI#VJGPUFWTEJ#WFQNGQP
304 1,5:1
1,5:1
6*'55#.+#
.#4+55# Õ&TCEJOG X %JT I 0[ORJGPMQRH HCUV X X2HGTF ITCUV T .QT
DGT5JCJCT14C
FKGU'ZGORNCT5NI$%&XGTIN
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ
4(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
%CVJGTKPG%.QTDGTWPF%JCTNGU5JCJCTMQPPVGPPWTGKP'ZGORNCTFKGUGT5VGORGNMQODKPCVKQPPCEJYGKUGP
61
THESSALIA
305 306
Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHN2HGTFURTKPIVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H+8
.QTDGTKP#,0
pXGTIN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ5NI$%&pXGTIN
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ50).QEMGVV
UVGORGNINGKEJ 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHN2HGTFURTKPIVN*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H+8
.QTDGTKP#,0
2N5NI$%& 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
307
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFT*GTTOCPP6H8.QT
DGT5JCJCT1 45NI$%&NGKEJVXCT 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG8QTFGTUGKVGFKGUGU5VÒEMGUNGJPVUKEJCPFKGU[TCMWUCPKUEJGP6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU-KOQPCP>0[ORJGPMQRH
CWH WPUGTGO 5VÒEM KUV KO )GIGPUCV\ \W XKGNGP CPFGTGP 0CEJCJOWPIGP FGU MKOQPKUEJGP 0[ORJGPMQRHGU GKPG XQNN
PCEJGORHWPFGPGWPFMÒPUVNGTKUEJJQEJUVGJGPFG#TDGKV
308
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFT*GTTOCPP6H8.QT
DGT5JCJCT1 4C
FKGU'ZGORNCT5NI$%&
FKGU'ZGORNCT
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$%&#WMVKQP6TKVQP:80GY;QTM0TFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC:+8)GPH
0TWPFFGT5COONWPI%NCTGPEG5$GOGPV#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC8+)GPH0T
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN6H8
.QTDGTKP5042JCUG.p+++5NI$%&HH 45GJTUEJÌP
Õ*GOKFTCEJOGWOX%JTI0[ORJGPMQRHHCUVXX2HGTFITCUVT*GTTOCPPXGTIN
6H85NI$%&XGTINHH 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
62
AITOLIA
313 314
313
.+)# X %JT Õ5VCVGT WO X %JT /CIKUVTCVG -GRJCNQU WPF 6JGOKUVQ
I
-QRHFGU<GWUXQP&QFQPCTOKV'KEJGPMTCP\#VJGPC+VQPKCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF5NI$%&
HH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'2+475
-¤0+)4'+%*2[TTJQUX%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG.QMTQK'RK\GRJ[TKQKI
<GWUMQRHNOKV'KEJGPMTCP\&KQPGUKV\VNOKV<GRVGTKO#DUEJPKVVWPFCWHFGO6JTQP#$CDGNQP.G
4QK2[TTJQUXGTIN2N8++$/%XGTINH
44$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCO4CPFUQPUVUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
%14%;4#
%14%;4# Õ*GOKFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #ORJQTG#EJVUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP 9CIIQPGT
4QUGP%QNN (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
316 317
#%#40#0+#
#0#-614+10 Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJK
UEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT6J[OKCVGTKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%& 5GJTUEJÌP
#4)15#/2*+.1%*+-10Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKV
MQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGTMQTKPVJKUEJGT*GNO%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%&
(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
318 319
.'7-#5 Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV T#VJGPCMQRH T OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO
*GNOFCJKPVGT-GT[MGKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%& 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVT#VJGPCMQRHTOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
-GT[MGKQP%CNEKCVK2GICUK5NI$%&pXGTIN 5GJTUEJÌP
#+61.+#
.KICX%JTÕ*GOKFTCEJOGX%JTI#VCNCPVCMQRHTOKV-CWUKC'DGTT
KO#DUEJPKVV5RGGTURKV\G6UCPICTK 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
63
ATTICA
321 322
$1'16+#
6*'$'0Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QGQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTG\YKUEJGP*+-'QDGP
-GWNG$/%XCT5NI$%&D -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QGQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTG\YKUEJGP(#ΣΤQDGP'HGW\YGKI
$/%5NI$%& *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
323 324
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI$QKQVKUEJGT5EJKNF#ORJQTGOKV'HGWDN·VVGTPIGUEJOÒEMV\YK
UEJGP#2-#$/%5NI$%& 5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCO4CPFIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
-1+010Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI-QTGMQRHHCUVXXOKVJTGPMTCP\2QUGKFQPUVGJVT
OKV&TGK\CEMWPF&GNRJKPFCXQTDQKQVKUEJGT5EJKNF$/%5NI$%& 5GJTUEJÌP
325 326
#66+%#
#6*'0Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEW
UWO'WNGTFCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI5GNVOCP)TWRRG)KK
# 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI5GNVOCP)TWRRG)KK *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
327
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN5VCTT)TWRRG8$
2TCEJVGZGORNCT*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGTFC
JKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKI50)/ÒPEJGPXGTINHH 42TÒHGKPJKGDGCWHFGO4GXGTUUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
64
ATTICA
329
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG WO X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO+P +PEWUWO 'WNG T
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+
4GXGTUUVGORGNINGKEJOKV+E
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
330 331
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++
#VVTCMVKXGUJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTUGJTUEJÌP
335 336
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++
#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
65
ATTICA
337 338
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG++ -N2TÒHGKPJKGDCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPICVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
339 340
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO+P+PEWUWO'WNGT
FCJKPVGT1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV)TWRRG+++ 'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGWOX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO'WNGTFCJKPVGT
1NKXGP\YGKIWPF/QPFUKEJGN(NCOGPV5HH)TWRRG2K+++ (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
344 345
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG/GVCIGKVPKQP
#WIWUV5GRVGODGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO
*GNO+O-TCP\'WNGCWH#ORJQTGOKV$XXTIGHNÒIGNVG6[EJGOKV#ORJQTG6JQORUQPC
2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
&CVKGTWPIPCEJ%JT$QGJTKPIGT
66
PELOPONNESUS
#')+0#
#')+0# Õ5VCVGT X %JT I .CPFUEJKNFMTÌVG(ÒPHHCEJ IGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO 50)
&GNGRKGTTGXGTIN )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
347 348
%14+06*+#
-14+06* Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 2GICUWU HNKGIV N#VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO
*GNOFCJKPVGT#UVTCICN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
4CF%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
349 350
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
6J[TUQU%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO.QTDGGT
CNU*GNO\KGTFCJKPVGT#GIKU%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
351 352
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
#TVGOKUOKV(CEMGN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN #XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI2GICUWUHNKGIVN#VJGPCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNOFCJKPVGT
5VCVWGFGT#VJGPCN%CNEKCVK2GICUK4CXGN *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
2'.12100'575
5+%;10+# 5+-;10 Õ5VCVGT WO X %JT I %JKO·TG N FCTÒDGT -TCP\+P -TCP\
6CWDGHNKGIVNFCXQT+$/%5NI$%& *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
67
KYKLADEN
354
Õ&TCEJOGWOX%JTI6CWDGHNKGIVN+P-TCP\6CWDGHNKGIVNFCJKPVGT'$/%
5NI$%&XGTINHH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
355
1,5:1 1,5:1
'.+5 1.;/2+# Õ5VCVGT X %JT I #FNGT HNKGIV T OKV *CUGP KP FGP (·PIGP N
TWPFGT)GIGPUVGORGN)GHNÒIGNVGT$NKV\5GNVOCP5NI$%&
FKGU'ZGORNCT
4/KPMQTTQFKGTVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$%&#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
WPFFGT5COONWPI*FG0CPVGWKN0T
356
#4%#&+#/')#.121.+5Õ6TKQDQNX%JTI<GWUMQRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
2CPUKV\VNOKV.CIQDQNQPFCXQT#FNGT&GPICVG)TWRRG+2GTKQFG++$5NI$%&
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
357
1,5:1 1,5:1
%4'6#
)146;0# Õ5VCVGT X %JT I 'WTQRC UKV\V CWH GKPGT 2NCVCPG WPF NÒHVGV OKV FGT
.KPMGPKJTGP5EJNGKGTN&GNRJKP+P2WPMVMTGKU5VKGTUVGJVT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCTWPVGT&GNRJKPT.G
4KFGT50TC
FKGU'ZGORNCT5NI6TCGIGTp5XQTQPQU
#XGTU
4GXGTU
5GJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI#RQUVQNQ<GPQ#WMVKQP&QTQVJGWO9KGP/·T\0T
358
1,5:1 1,5:1
-;-.#&'0
2#415 Õ&KFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT /CIKUVTCV #PCZKM
I 9GKDNKEJGT -QRH
T<KGIGPDQEMT$/% 45GJTUEJÌP
68
PAPHLAGONIA
359
360 360
210675
#/+575UX%JTI<GWUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNCWH$NKV\-QRHT
50)$/HH 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
-¤0+)4'+%* /KVJTCFCVGU 8+ X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG #RTKN FGU ,CJTGU DKVJ[PQ
RQPVKUEJGT TC
X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO2GICUWU YGKFGV N KP 'HGWMTCP\
(TCPMG*KTOGTXGTIN6HFG%CNNCVC[&4 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
361 361
1,5:1
HCUVDCTQEMGO5VKN
2#2*.#)10+#
5+012'Õ&TCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV&KQPI0[ORJGPMQRHN#FNGTCWH&GNRJKP
N50)$/ 8QT\ÒINKEJ
69
BITHYNIA
$+6*;0+#
*'4#-.'+# 2106+-# Õ&TCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN
N5VKGTUVÌVN50)$/XGTINHH 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T
-#.%*'&10Ô5VCVGTPCEJ.[UKOCEJQU6[RUR·VGU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#NGZCPFGTMQRH
TOKV&KCFGOWPF#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT#
!5G[TKIKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQP
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
&KG <WYGKUWPI KUV PKEJV IGUKEJGTV -CNEJGFQP CNU /ÒP\UV·VVG KUV CWHITWPF FGU 5VKNGU FGU #XGTUGU CDGT UGJT
YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ
367
366 366
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJ.[UKOCEJQU6[RX%JTI#NGZCPFGTMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF
#OOQPUJQTP#VJGPC0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VNN/QPQITCOOKO#DUEJPKVVJTG/ÒNNGTXGTIN5G[
TKIKP'UUC[U4QDKPUQPUKGJG5 (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
-+15Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JT/CIKUVTCV$CMEJGWUI#RQNNQMQRHT2TQTCN
9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP2N:.+: 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
369
368 368
-¤0+)4'+%*0KMQOGFGU++X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
X%JT
I-QRHTOKV&KCFGO<GWUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPFDGMT·P\V-ÌPKIUPCOGPFCXQT#FNGTCWH$NKV\N
9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP 5GJTUEJÌP
0KMQOGFGU +8 X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
X %JT I -QRH T OKV
&KCFGO<GWUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGTFGP0COGPFGU-ÌPKIUDGMT·P\GPFFCXQT#FNGTCWH$NKV\NFG%CN
NCVC[&4C
FKGU'ZGORNCT9CFFKPIVQP4GEIGP 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#FQNRJ'%CJP(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
70
MYSIA
/;5+#
-;<+-15'N5VCVGTX%JTI<KGIGPMQRHNFCTWPVGT6JWPHKUEJ8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEW
UWO50)(TCPEGX(TKV\G 45GJTUEJÌP
-[\KMQUDGJGTTUEJVG\WUCOOGPOKV.CORUCMQUFGP*CPFGNOKVFGP-ÒUVGPFGU5EJYCT\GP/GGTGU)NGKEJ\GKVKIYCT
GU <GPVTWO FGU 6JWPHKUEJ(CPIGU FGT GKPG ·JPNKEJG $GFGWVWPI JCVVG YKG FGT *GTKPIUHCPI KO /KVVGNCNVGT &KG
'NGMVTQPUVCVGTG YWTFGP XQO DKU \WO ,CJTJWPFGTV IGRT·IV -[\KMQU YCT FKG GKP\KIG 5VCFV FGU CVVKUEJGP
5GGDWPFGUFKGPGDGP#VJGPRT·IGPFWTHVG>'NGMVTQPUVCVGTGPVURTCEJ&TCEJOGPQFGTUGEJU6GVTCFTCEJOGP
371
2:1 2:1
372 372
'N 5VCVGT X %JT I -QRH GKPGU <KGIGPDQEMU N FCJKPVGT 6JWPHKUEJ8KGTIGVGKNVGU
+PEWUWO50)(TCPEGX(TKV\G 445GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH FGT -QTG 5QVGKTC N OKV JTGPMTCP\ WPF 5EJNGKGT
.ÌYGPMQRHNT$KGPG#UJVQPWC2KZQFCTQU*QCTF
UVGORGNINGKEJ 45GJTUEJÌP
373
1,5:1 1,5:1
2'4)#/10 'WOGPGU + X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG I -QRHFGU2JKNGVCKTQUTOKV
&KCFGO#VJGPC UKV\V N OKV 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT CWH FGO 6JTQP # N 'HGWDNCVV 9GUVGTOCTM 8::+:
8QT\ÒINKEJ
374 375
#VVCNQU + X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG I -QRH FGU 2JKNGVCKTQU T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\#VJGPC5VGRJCPQRJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT'HGWDNCVVWPF#FCJKPVGT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM)TWRRG+8#
8.:+4 (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG I -QRH FGU 2JKNGVCKTQU T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#VJGPC 5VGRJCPQRJQTQU UKV\V N
FCXQT$KGPGWPF/QPQITCOOFCJKPVGT$QIGP9GUVGTOCTM)TWRRG8+#8%+++$
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
71
AEOLIS
376
1,5:1 1,5:1
5VCFV U PCEJ X %JT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT *[IKGKC T OKV 5EJNCPIG5EJNCPIG T WO
1ORJCNQUIGYWPFGP50)(TCPEG 5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
378 379
377
Õ%KUVQRJQT X %JT I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\<YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO -ÌEJGT T
5EJNCPIGPUVCD-NGKPGT#05/05 (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
24+#215U,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHHCUVXXOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\)CTPGNG50)
%QRp50)(TCPEGp50)X#WNQEM 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
641#5
6'0'&15Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI,CPWUHÌTOKIGT-QRH
(TCWGPMQRHOKV5VGRJCPGN
D·TVKIGT /·PPGTMQRH OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ T&QRRGNCZV N 9GKPVTCWDG T -CPVJCTQU 50) %QR
50)X#WNQEMp 5GJTUEJÌP
380 381
#'1.+5
-;/' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GVTQRJCPGU I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG
-[OGTOKV6CGPKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCXQT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0
8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT/CIKUVTCV-CNNKCUI-QRHFGT#OC\QPG-[OGTOKV6CG
PKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCXQT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
382 383
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ X %JT /CIKUVTCV 1N[ORKQU I -QRH FGT #OC\QPG -[OG T OKV
6CGPKG+P.QTDGGTMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTWPVGT5M[RJQU1CMNG[KP#05/0
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
/;4+0#Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHT+P.QTDGGTMTCP\#RQNNQ
XQP)T[PGKQPUVGJVTOKV2CVGTCWPF.QTDGGT\YGKIOKVJGTCDJ·PIGPFGP6CGPKGPFCXQT1ORJCNQUWPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU (GKPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
>#RQNNQXQP)T[PGKQPJCVYKG8GTIKNKPFGT#GPGKUCPIKDVFGO#GPGCUDGHQJNGPPCEJ+VCNKGP\WGKNGP
72
LESBOS
384 385
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU (GKPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
386 387
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH T+P .QTDGGTMTCP\ #RQNNQ XQP
)T[PGKQP UVGJV T OKV 2CVGTC WPF .QTDGGT\YGKI OKV JGTCDJ·PIGPFGP 6CGPKGP FCXQT 1ORJCNQU WPF
-CPVJCTQU5CEMU -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
388
2:1 2:1
.'5$15
/'6*;/0#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JTI'DGTUVGJVT+P+PEWUWO#VJGPCMQRHTOKV
*GNOFCTCP5VCEJGN(TCPMG 5GJTUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI,QPCVJCP24QUGP
9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNNWPFCWUFGP$GUV·PFGPFGU/GVTQRQNKVCP
/WUGWOQH#TVUQYKGFGT5COONWPI,QJP9CTF#WMVKQP5QVJGD[%Q#)<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
&KG &KFTCEJOGP OKV FGO 5VCEJGN CO *GNO FGT #VJGPC WPF FGO 'VJPKMQP CWH DGKFGP 5GKVGP UKPF CWGTQTFGPVNKEJ
UGNVGP2GVGT4QDGTV(TCPMGHÒJTVNGFKINKEJ\YGK'ZGORNCTGCPFKGUKEJDGKFGKP/WUGGPDGHKPFGP
/;6+.'0''N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI9KFFGTMQRHTFCTWPVGT-CORHJCJPN
+PMWUGT.ÌYGPMQRHT$QFGPUVGFV 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
73
IONIA
390 391
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI,ÒPINKPIUMQRHT+P+PEWUWOCTEJCKUKGTGPFGTD·TVKIGT
-QRHTOKV-TCP\$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI#VJGPCMQRHTOKVCVVKUEJGO*GNO-QRHFGU2JCTPCDC
\QUTOKV-[TDCUKC$QFGPUVGFV 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
392 393
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI&KQP[UQUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\+P.KPKGPSWCFTCV-QRH
FGT2GTUGRJQPGTOKVJTGPMTCP\$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\9GKDNKEJGT-QRHTKP
.KPKGPSWCFTCV$QFGPUVGFV
FKGU'ZGORNCT #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC)GPH0T
394 395
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI,ÒPINKPIUMQRHTOKV#OOQPUJQTP#FNGTUVGJVT\W
TÒEMDNKEMGPF$QFGPUVGFV 8QT\ÒINKEJ
74
IONIA
404
405 405
Õ&TCEJOG WO X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GVTQFQTQU I $KGPG*KTUEJ UVGJV T FCJKPVGT
2CNOG -KPPU 6JG #VVKE 9GKIJV &TCEJOU QH 'RJGUWU # 2TGNKOKPCT[ 5VWF[ KP VJG .KIJV QH 4GEGPV
*QCTFUKP0%1 &WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ%KUVQRJQT ,CJT
X %JT I %KUVC O[UVKEC KP 'HGWMTCP\<YGK 5EJNCPIGP WO
-ÌEJGTN/<ÒDGTΕΦΕQDGP&TGK\CEMT(CEMGN-NGKPGT&CVGF%KUVQRJQTK
5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
406
2:1 2:1
407 408
-1.12*10 Õ 5VCVGT X %JT I #TEJCKUEJGT #RQNNQMQRH N+PEWUWO
-KO-TQNN # *QCTF QH #TEJCKE %QKPU QH %QNQRJQP CPF 7POKPVGF 5KNXGT KP #,0
5
XGTIN
CPFGTG5VGORGN 5GJTUGNVGPGU0QOKPCN5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP X %JT I #RQNNQMQRH X X+O +PEWUWO 6'
NKIKGTV 9GTVCP
ICDG-NGKPXCT *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KGUGU 5VÒEM IGJÌTV \W FGP YGPKIGP CPVKMGP /ÒP\GP FKG GKPG 9GTVCPICDG VTCIGP KP FKGUGO (CNNG 6' HÒT
6GVCTVGOQTKQP
75
IONIA
409
410
410
/#)0'5+#Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV2KVVJKQPI)GRCP\GTVGT4GKVGTT5VKGT
UVÌVN#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
UVGORGNINGKEJ$/%50)X
#WNQEM50)%QR50)-C[JCP50)/ÒPEJGP
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
2JKNKR-KPPUMQPPVGXQO/CIKUVTCV2KVVJKQPNGFKINKEJ&TCEJOGPWPF*GOKFTCEJOGPPCEJYGKUGP
-KPPU6YQUVWFKGU
KPVJGUKNXGTEQKPCIGQH/CIPGUKCQPVJG/CGCPFGTKP-TCC[/QTMJQNO'UUC[U#PO7PUGT5VÒEM\GKIVFCKO
,CPWCT GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FKGUGU /CIKUVTCVGP KP FGT 5EJYGK\ XGTUVGKIGTV YWTFG FC 2KVVJKQP \WOKPFGUV XKGT
FGTHÒPH5KNDGTPQOKPCNGIGRT·IVJCV
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT/CIKUVTCV#RQNNQFQTQU
5QJPFGU-CNNKMTCVGUI#TVGOKU
DÒUVGTOKV$QIGPWPF-ÌEJGT+P-TCP\0CEMVGT#RQNNQUVGJVNCWH/·CPFGTCP&TGKHWIGNGJPVCWH
FKGUGO-ÌEJGT$/%p50)%QRp50)-C[JCP50)X#WNQEMp 8QT\ÒINKEJ
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YCTGP FKG CWH FGP OCIPGUKUEJGP /ÒP\GP IGPCPPVGP +PFKXKFWGP MGKPG #OVUVT·IGT UQPFGTP TGKEJG
/·PPGT FKG GKPG .GKVWTIGKC GKP 9GTM HÒT FGP 5VCCV
KP FKGUGO (CNN GKPG 5RGPFG FKG FKG 2T·IWPI FGT /ÒP\GP
GTOÌINKEJVGXQNNDTCEJVGPWPFCWUFKGUGO)TWPFFWTEJFKG0GPPWPIKJTGU0COGPUCWHFGP/ÒP\GPIGGJTVYWTFGP
5KGJG,QPGU9TGCVJGF6GVTCFTCEJOUQH/CIPGUKCKP#05/0
5HH
411
1,5:1 1,5:1
/+.'6'N5VCVGTX%JTI+P.KPKGPSWCFTCV.ÌYGNKGIVN+PNKPMGO+PEWUWOHÒPH
FWTEJ.KPKGPXGTDWPFGPG2WPMVGKPOKVVNGTGO+PEWUWO(WEJUNKPTGEJVGO+PEWUWOXKGTFWTEJ.KPKGP
XGTDWPFGPG2WPMVG50)-C[JCPNGKEJVXCT9GKFCWGTXGTIN 45GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ/ÒPEJGP0T
1,5:1 1,5:1
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&KQDQNX%JTI.ÌYGPRTQVQOGN+P+PEWUWO$NÒVGPQTPCOGPV50)-C[JCPHH
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&KQDQNX%JTI.ÌYGPRTQVQOGN+P+PEWUWO$NÒVGPQTPCOGPV50)-C[JCPHH
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ*GOKFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV2TQZGPQUI#RQNNQMQRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYG
UVGJVN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT5VGTP&GRRGTV.KRRKV\HH 8QT\ÒINKEJ
415
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG
#NGZCPFTGKGTX%JTI*GTCMNGUMQRHKO.ÌYGPHGNNT<GWU#GVQ
RJQTQUUKV\VNFCXQT.ÌYG5VGTPWPF/QPQITCOOFCJKPVGT\YGK/QPQITCOOG2TKEGXGTINHH
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP
76
IONIA
416
Õ&TCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV /GNCPVJKQU I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYG
UVGJVT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPFFCJKPVGT5VGTP&GRRGTV.KRRKV\-KPPU%*/KNGUKCP5KNXGT%QKPCIG
KP VJG 5GEQPF %GPVWT[ $% KP #UJVQP*WTVGT
*TUI 5VWFKGU KP )TGGM 0WOKUOCVKEU KP /GOQT[ QH
/CTVKP,GUUQR2TKEG.QPFQP0THH 5GJTUEJÌP
417 418
2*1-#+#Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TGKHGPMQRHN+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP504
XGTIN2N50)-C[JCPHH 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6TKJGOKQDQN X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH N OKV -GMT[RJCNQU8KGTIGVGKNVGU +PEWUWO
%CJP+QPKUEJG&COGP6H50)-C[JCPHH (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
419 420
'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X %JT I *GTCMQRH N OKV GKPGO OKV 2CNOGVVGP WPF #MCPVJQU
4CPMGPXGT\KGTVGP-CNCVJQU8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
&CU/ÒP\DKNFKUVXQPFGP*GTCMÌRHGPFGT2T·IWPIGPCWU1N[ORKCKPURKTKGTV
'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI9GKDNKEJGT-QRHN8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
421 422
'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO
\KGT8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO
\KGT8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV 5GJTUEJÌP
423
'N*GMVG
5VCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH N OKV MQTKPVJKUEJGO *GNO FCTWPVGT
4QDDG8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$QFGPUVGFV (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
6'15Õ5VCVGTX%JTI)TGKHUKV\VTWPVGP088KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP
504 5GJTUEJÌP
77
CARIA
425
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ5VCVGTX%JTI)TGKHUKV\VTFCXQT2CPVJGTMQRH8KGTIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO$CNEGTKP
504 48QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
5#/15'N*GMVG
5VCVGTX%JTI7PTGIGNO·KIDWEMNKIG1DGTHN·EJG+PEWUWO
-QPWM6JG'NGEVTWO%QKPCIGQH5COQUKPVJG.KIJVQHCTGEGPV*QCTF6[RGXGTIN50)-C[JCP
HH
6[R 445GJTUEJÌP
427
1,5:1 1,5:1
%#4+#
70$'56+//6'/ª0<5666'Õ5VCVGTWOX%JTI)GHNÒIGNVGO·PPNKEJG)GUVCNV
KO-PKGNCWHTÒDGTFGON(NÒIGN/QPQITCOOQFGT)GIGPUVCPF+P+PEWUWO.ÌYGN\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF
FCTÒDGTMCTKUEJG.GIGPFG25;WPVGTFGT.GIGPFG/QPQITCOOQFGT)GIGPUVCPF-QPWM-%QKP
.GIGPFUKP%CTKCPKP#FKGIQ+,6JG%CTKCP.CPIWCIG.GKFGP$QUVQP5/WPF5
/4QDKPUQP'5)#(KPFQH#TEJCKE%QKPUHTQO5QWVJYGUV#UKC/KPQTKP0%
2N:+8$
FKGU'ZGORNCT 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI,QPCVJCP24QUGP
9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN
Õ6TKQDQNWOX%JTI)GHNÒIGNVGO·PPNKEJG)GUVCNVKO-PKGNCWHNFCXQT/QPQITCOO
QFGT )GIGPUVCPF+P +PEWUWO .ÌYG N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF FCTÒDGT /QPQITCOO QFGT )GIGPUVCPF 50)
-GEMOCP 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ*GOKQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV &QNEJ WPF $Q
IGP,ÒPINKPIUMQRHT 8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌP
430 431
-0+&15 Õ&TCEJOG X %JT I .ÌYGPRTQVQOG T+P +PEWUWO #RJTQFKVGMQRH T
%CJP #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
/;0&15Õ*GOKFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JT/CIKUVTCV/GPQRJKNQUI&KQP[UQUMQRH
TOKV'HGWMTCP\$NKV\%*8+++2N.:+:50)-GEMOCPp 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
78
CARIA
432
1,5:1 1,5:1
-15 Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVKQP I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN
N+P2GTNSWCFTCV-TGDUFCTWPVGT-GWNGT$#UJVQPWC6JG2KZQFCTWU*QCTFpXGTIN+PIXCNF
UGPpXGTIN (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%)$2CTKU0T
433 434
4*1&15 Õ&KFTCEJOG WO X %JT I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N *CTRC ÒDGT ';
#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV #IGUKFCOQU I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N N·WHV
#TVGOKUNOKV(CEMGN#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 5GJTUEJÌP
435 436
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV/PCUKOCEJQUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGNUVGJV
#VJGPC#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCMN5VGORGNDTWEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ&KFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV/PCUKOCEJQUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGNUVGJV
#VJGPC#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP
(GKPG6ÌPWPIOKPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
437
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV#OGKPKCUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGN2TQTC
#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP
4(GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
438 439
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT /CIKUVTCV #TKUVQMTKVQU I *GNKQUMQRH HCUV X X4QUG N
#RJNCUVQP#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/CIKUVTCV6JCTUKVCUI*GNKQUMQRHHCUVXX4QUGN#FNGT
CWH(CEMGN#UJVQP6JG%QKPCIGQH4JQFGU50)-GEMOCP
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
79
LYDIA
.;&+#
#N[CVVGU X %JT 'N 5VCVGT X %JT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGPMQRH T+PEWUWO
50)X#WNQEM9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTHH
9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP
&KG<WUEJTGKDWPI\W#N[CVVGUKUVFKGVTCFKVKQPGNNG&KGUGU5VÒEMUVCOOVUKEJGTCWU.[FKGPWPFIGJÌTVKPFKG<GKVXQT
-TQKUQU
441 442
'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CIIQ
PGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CIIQ
PGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTINHH 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
443 444
'N*GMVG
5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT<YGKIGVGKNVGU+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEMp9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNNp9GKFCWGTHH 44)GHÒVVGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN )GHÒVVGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KVVC-CUVPGT/ÒPEJGP0T
445 446
'N5VCVGTX%JT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPMQRHT+PEWUWO50)X#WNQEM9CI
IQPGT4QUGP%QNN9GKFCWGTXGTIN 9KP\-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
-TQKUQU X %JT Ô5VCVGT
UEJYGTGT5VCPFCTF5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQ
VQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO50)/ÒPEJGPXGTIN50)X#WNQEMp9CIIQPGT4QUGP%QNN
p 445GJTUEJÌP
-TQKUQU FGT 5QJP FGU #N[CVVGU CWU FGO )GUEJNGEJV FGT /GTOPCFGP YCT FGT NGV\VG -ÌPKI XQP .[FKGP 'U IGNCPI
-TQKUQU FCU YGUVNKEJG -NGKPCUKGP DKU CP FGP *CN[U \W WPVGTYGTHGP OKV #WUPCJOG XQP .[MKGP WPF -KNKMKGP >
4GKEJVWO FGU N[FKUEJGP -ÌPKIU YCT URTKEJYÌTVNKEJ -TQKUQU JCV GKP WOHCUUGPFGU DKOGVCNNKUEJGU /ÒP\U[UVGO
GPVYQTHGP FCU CWH GKPGO UEJYGTGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP I WPF GKPGO NGKEJVGP )QNFUVCVGT XQP I UQYKG GKPGO
5KNDGTUVCVGT XQP I DGK GKPGO 8GTJ·NVPKU XQP )QNF \W 5KNDGT XQP DGTWJVG 'U ICD 5VÒEMGNWPIGP FGT
5VCVGTG DKU JKPCD \WO 5VCVGT&CUOGKUVGTJCHVG9·JTWPIUU[UVGOFGU-TQKUQUOKVXGTUEJKGFGPGP0QOKPCNGP
HCPFKPFGT#PVKMGPKGYKGFGTUGKPGUINGKEJGP
Ô5VCVGT
NGKEJVGT 5VCPFCTF 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT<YGK
+PEWUC50)X#WNQEM 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
80
PHRYGIA
448 449
450 451
Õ 5VCVGT 5CTFGKU I .ÌYGP WPF 5VKGTRTQVQOG GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT<YGK +PEWUC 50) X
#WNQEMXGTINHH #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT<YGK+PEWUC9CIIQPGT
4QUGP%QNN 5GJTUEJÌP
452 453
2:1 2:1
2:1 2:1
Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO50)X#W
NQEM 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ5VCVGT5CTFGKUI.ÌYGPWPF5VKGTRTQVQOGGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+PEWUWO$GTMKP/ÒP
\GPTGXWG5#DD-NGKP 445GJTUEJÌP
455 455
454 454
1,5:1
2*4;)+#
#2#/'+#UX%JT/CIKUVTCV#PVKRJQP/GPGMNGQWUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT#VJGPC
TOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO#FNGTÒDGT/·CPFGTT\YKUEJGP2KNGKFGT&KQUMWTGPWPF5VGTPGP$/%
50)/ÒPEJGP &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
-+$;4#Õ&TCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI$GJGNOVGT/·PPGTMQRHT4GKVGTOKV*GNO
5EJKNFWPF5RGGTT50)%QR50)X#WNQEM 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
24;/0'5515 U ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU /KFCU T OKV RJT[IKUEJGT
/ÒV\G(NWIQVV
-C[UVTQU!NCIGTVNOKV5EJKNHCWH3WGNNIGH·IGUVÒV\VX#WNQEM/ÒP\GPWPF5V·FVG
2JT[IKGPU++HH 45EJYCT\G2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
81
CILICIA
2#/2*;.+#
#52'0&15Õ5VCVGTX%JTI<YGK4KPIGTWPVGP#5EJNGWFGTGTTFCXQT6TKU
MGNKU$/%50)%QRp50)(TCPEGp50)X#WNQEMp 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5VCVGT X %JT I <YGK 4KPIGT5EJNGWFGTGT T FCXQT 6TKUMGNKU 50) %QR
50)(TCPEG50)X#WNQEM
(GKPG6ÌPWPINGKEJVGT&QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&TCEJOGX%JTI/QRUQUTGKVGVNOKV5RGGT'DGTT50)(TCPEG
4'EMKIGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP
460 461
2'4)' Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I #TVGOKUMQRH T ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT -Ì
EJGT#TVGOKU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF -TCP\ FCXQT *KTUEJ WPF Ι %QNKP 5GTKG 'OKUUKQP
CFKGU'ZGORNCT 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI#TVGOKUMQRHTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT-ÌEJGT#TVGOKU
UVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPF-TCP\FCXQT*KTUEJWPFΙ%QNKP5GTKG'OKUUKQP
5GJTUEJÌP
462 463
464 465
Õ*GOKQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I $CCNMQRH X X N CTCO·KUEJG .GIGPFG5RJKPZ UKV\V N
50)(TCPEGp50).GXCPVGp6TQZGNN-CICPp
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG CTCO·KUEJG .GIGPFG CWH FGO #XGTU KUV PKEJV ICP\ FGWVNKEJ WPU UEJGKPV CDGT FKG .GUWPI $GVJ #[KP .COGF
YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ>-QRHCWHFGO#XGTUKUVFCJGTCNU$CCNMQRH\WDG\GKEJPGP
82
CILICIA
467 468
2:1 2:1
2:1 2:1
Õ*GOKQDQN ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I 9KFFGTMQRH N,ÒPINKPIUMQRH N FCXQT MQRHUVGJGPFG
&QRRGNCZV 8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU5VÒEMJCVQHHGPDCTFKG9KFFGTMQRH,ÒPINKPIUMQRH*GOKQDQNGXQP*CNKMCTPCUUQU\WO8QTDKNFFGTITQDG5VKNFGU
5VÒEMGUXGTYGKUVPCEJ-KNKMKGP
Õ6GVCTVGOQTKQP ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I *GTOGUMQRH N OKV 2GVCUQU.ÌYGPMQRH N 6TQ
ZGNN-CICP5 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
469 470
471 472
473 474
2:1
2:1
2:1 2:1
-'.'0&'4+5Õ1DQNX%JTI2GICUQURTQVQOGT<KGIGT\WTÒEMDNKEMGPF50)
(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ1DQN X %JT I 2HGTF URTKPIV T<KGIGPDQEM MPKGV N \WTÒEMDNKEMGPF -NGKP
50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG /KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
475
/#..156KTKDC\QUX%JTÕ5VCVGTI#JWTC/C\FCOKV-TCP\WPF.QVQUT$CCN
UVGJVNOKV#FNGTWPF<GRVGT50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG
4-N5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP
476
477
0#)+&15 Õ1DQN X %JT I 2CPMQRH T&KQP[UQUMQRH T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ 50)
(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1.$##LCZU,CJT
DKUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-CRRG8KGT<GKNGP
5EJTKHV42% 5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
83
CAPPADOCIA
478 479
51.1+ Õ5VCVGT X %JT I #VJGPCMQRH T OKV CVVKUEJGO *GNO )TGKH CNU *GNO
\KGT9GKPVTCWDG50)(TCPEGH50).GXCPVGp 2TÒHGKPJKGDGUGJTUEJÌP
6#45152JCTPCDC\QUX%JTÕ5VCVGTI(TCWGPMQRHHCUVXX-QRHGKPGU-TKG
IGTUNOKV*GNO50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
480
1,5:1 1,5:1
&CVCOGUKP4GDGNNKQPIGIGPFGP)TQMÌPKIÕ5VCVGTI$CCNVCTUUKV\VTOKV#FNGT
\GRVGTJTGWPF9GKPVTCWDGFCXQT6J[OKCVGTKQP5CVTCRUKV\VTWPFRTÒHV2HGKNFCXQT(NÒIGNUEJGKDG
WPF$QIGP50)(TCPEGpXGTINHH50).GXCPVGpXGTIN
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
&KG(NÒIGNUEJGKDGCWHFGO4GXGTUTGRT·UGPVKGTVFCU(CTPCJFCUFGPTGDGNNKGTGPFGP5CVTCRGPUEJÒV\VWPFNGIKVKOKGTV
481 482
/C\CKQUX%JT5CVTCRÕ5VCVGTI$CCNVCTUUKV\VNOKV#FNGTJTG9GKPVTCWDG
WPF<GRVGT.ÌYGNUEJN·IV5VKGTN50).GXCPVG #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU$KNFFGU-CORHGU\YKUEJGP.ÌYGWPF5VKGTYCTKOCNVGP1TKGPVUGJTXGTDTGKVGVWPFU[ODQNKUKGTVGWTURTÒPINKEJ
FGPJGNKCMNKUEJGP7PVGTICPIFGU5VGTPDKNFU6CWTWUFGT\WP·EJUVOKVFGO6GTOKPFGT(TÒJNKPIUCWUUCCVCWHITWPFFGT
2T·\GUUKQP \WT <GKV FGT #UU[TGT WPF FGT HTÒJGP #EJ·OGPKFGP LGFQEJ GVYC OKV FGO (TÒJNKPIURWPMV \WUCOOGPHKGN
&CXKF 7NCPUG[ N·VFKG(TCIGQHHGPQDFCU5[ODQNFGU.ÌYG5VKGT-CORHGUCWHFGPVCTUKUEJGP/ÒP\GPKPFKGUGO
5KPPG GKPG CUVTQPQOKUEJG $GFGWVWPI JCVVG QFGT \W GKPGO JGTCNFKUEJGP 'ODNGO QJPG DGUQPFGTGP $G\WI IGYQTFGP
YCTIGJVLGFQEJFCXQPCWUFCFKGUGU5VKGTVÌVWPIUDKNFGKP'NGOGPVKPFGO2TQ\GUUIGYGUGPKUVKPFGUUGP8GTNCWH
FKG /KVJTCUXGTGJTGT FKG 6CWTQMVQPKGU\GPG CNU 5[ODQN HÒT FKG 2T·\GUUKQP CWUY·JNVGP
UKGJG JKGT\W WPF \WT
WOUVTKVVGPGP &GWVWPI FGU /KVJTCUMWNVDKNFGU CNU 5[ODQN FGT XQP *KRRCTEJ GPVFGEMVGP 2T·\GUUKQP FGT SWKPQMVKGP
7NCPUG[&KG7TURTÒPIGFGU/KVJTCUMWNVGU-QUOQNQIKGWPF'TNÌUWPIKPFGT#PVKMG5VWVVICTV
Õ5VCVGT I $CCNVCTU UKV\V N OKV #FNGT JTG 9GKPVTCWDG WPF <GRVGT.ÌYG N UEJN·IV 5VKGT N
50).GXCPVG /KPFG\GPVTKGTVMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
483
484 484
%;2475
-+6+10$CCNOGNGM++X%JTÕ5VCVGTI*GTCMNGUIGJVTOKV-GWNGWPF$Q
IGP.ÌYGTUEJN·IV*KTUEJT$/%6\KCODC\KU 45GJTUEJÌP
%#22#&1%+#
-¤0+)4'+%* #TKQDCT\CPGU +++ X %JT Õ&TCEJOG ,CJT
X %JT I
-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPCUVGJVNOKV0KMG5EJKNFWPF5RGGT5KOQPGVVCw
)WVGU2QTVT·VHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
84
SYRIA
485
1,5:1 1,5:1
5;4+#
-¤0+)4'+%*5GNGWMQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT5WUCI-QRH
FGU5GNGWMQU#NGZCPFGTQFGT&KQP[UQUTOKVGKPGOOKV2CPVJGTHGNNÒDGT\QIGPGPOKV5VKGTQJTGPWPF
*ÌTPGTP IGUEJOÒEMVGP *GNO0KMG UVGJV T WPF DGMT·P\V 6TQRJ·G WPVGP DQKQVKUEJGT 5EJKNF *QWIJ
VQP.QTDGT0GYGNN'5/p50)5RCGTp 448QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY;QTM0T
486
1,5:1
1,5:1
487
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGOÌINKEJGTYGKUGMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI
*GTCMNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN T<GWU #GVQRJQTQU UKV\V N FCXQT WPF FCJKPVGT LG GKP /QPQITCOO
*QWIJVQP.QTDGT50)5RCGTp
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV9QJNFCUDGUVGTJCNVGPG'ZGORNCTFKGUGU6[RU
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
*QWIJVQP WPF .QTDGT HÒJTGP PWT GKP 'ZGORNCT CWH DGK FGO FKG 2QUKVKQP FGU -ÌPKIUVKVGNU PKEJV MNCT YCT 7PUGT
'ZGORNCT\GKIVFCGTUKEJPKEJVKO#DUEJPKVVUQPFGTPNKO(GNFDGHKPFGV
488 489
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ 5GNGWMGKC CF 6KITKO I <GWUMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#VJGPC KP
'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKIC T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF QDGP #PMGT KO #DUEJPKVV \YGK /QPQITCOOG *QWIJ
VQP.QTDGTC0GYGNN'5/50)5RCGTp 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
#PVKQEJQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGPCEJX%JT'MDCVCPCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO#RQNNQUKV\VNOKV2HGKNGPWPF$QIGPFCXQTYGKFGPFGU2HGTFWPF\YGK/QPQITCOOG*QWIJ
VQP.QTDGTH0GYGNN'5/50)5RCGTp 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
85
SYRIA
490 491
5GNGWMQU+8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#RQNNQUKV\V
NCWH1ORJCNQUOKV2HGKNWPF$QIGPN-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0G
YGNN#PVKQEJKC50)5RCGT 5GJTUEJÌP
#PVKQEJQU+8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTC/QTMJQNO#0GYGNN#P
VKQEJKC 8QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
492 493
&GOGVTKQU + X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV
&KCFGO6[EJG UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT E 0GYGNN #PVKQEJ
50)5RCGT /KPMQTTQFKGTVMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
495
494 494
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGO,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV
&KCFGO6[EJG UKV\V N OKV<GRVGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ
50)5RCGT 5GJTUEJÌP
#NGZCPFGT + X %JT Õ&KQDQN X %JT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV &KC
FGO&TGKHW*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
496 497
86
SYRIA
498 499
500
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PVKQEJQU8+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT
#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&KG&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF
0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGTp 9KP\5VGORGNHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ
6T[RJQP FGT CWH FGO 4GXGTU FKGUGT WPF FGT HQNIGPFGP 6GVTCFTCEJOG GTY·JPV YKTF JCVVG #PVKQEJQU 8+ IGIGP
&GOGVTKQU++CWHFGP6JTQPIGDTCEJVNKGKJPCDGTYGPKIG,CJTGUR·VGTGTOQTFGPWOUGNDUVFKG-ÌPKIUDKPFG\WVTCIGP
87
SYRIA
504 505
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOMCRRCFQMKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPC0KMGRJQ
TQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJXGTIN50)5RCGT
$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIHGKPG6ÌPWPI(GNFGTFGU#XGTUGUOKPDGCTDGKVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGRQUVJWOMCRRCFQMKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPC0KMGRJQ
TQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
506 507
#PVKQEJQU8+++X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#MG2VQNGOCKUI-QRHT
OKV &KCFGO<GWU 7TCPKQU UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF 5VGTP *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT C 0GYGNN
.5/50)5RCGT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJTUGNGWMKFKUEJGTTC
X%JT&COCUMQUI-QRHTOKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\<GWU7TCPKQUUVGJVN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT0GYGNN.5/50)5RCGT
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
508
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO+O-TCP\<GWU7TCPKQU
UVGJVNN5VGTP*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJp50)5RCGTp
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK8++0GY;QTM0T
509 510
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO<GWU 0KMGRJQTQU UKV\V N
*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTF0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
#PVKQEJQU +: X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG X %JT I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO
#VJGPC 0KMGRJQTQU UVGJV N *QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGT C 0GYGNN #PVKQEJ 50) 5RCGT
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
88
PHOENICIA
2JKNKRRQU + X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG MKNKMKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH T OKV &KC
FGO<GWU0KMGRJQTQUUKV\VN*QWIJVQP.QTDGT*QQXGTC0GYGNN#PVKQEJ50)5RCGT
5GJTUEJÌP
2*1'0+%+#
#4#&15Õ&TCEJOG,CJT
X%JTI$KGPG*KTUEJUVGJVTXQT2CNOG&W[
TCVHH *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
X %JT I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 6[EJGDÒUVG T OKV /CWGT
MTQPG+P-TCP\0KMGUVGJVNOKV#RJNCUVQP&W[TCVHH (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
6;415Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVN
OKV2CNO\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN' 445GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
515 516
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
517 518
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42% 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
519 520
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 44-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ5EJGMGN,CJT
I/GNSCTVMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVNOKV2CNO
\YGKI(WCWH2TQTCFCXQT-GWNG42%5WRRN# 445GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
89
PERSIA
521
1,5:1 1,5:1
+7&#'#
#WHUVCPFÕ5EJGMGN,CJT
0KUCP0KUCP,GTWUCNGOI-GNEJ<YGKIOKV
)TCPCV·RHGNP/GUJQTGT6TGCUWT[ 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
522 523
#WHUVCPF $CT -QMJDC Õ&TCEJOG ,CJT
I +P -TCP\ 5EJKOy
,CJTFGT(TGKJGKV+UTCGNU-CPPGT2CNO\YGKI/KNFGPDGTI (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&TCEJOG,CJT
I5EJKOyQP9GKPVTCWDG,CJTFGT(TGKJGKV+UTCGNU2CNO
\YGKI/KNFGPDGTI (GKPG2CVKPCªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
524 525
Õ&TCEJOG I 5EJKOyQP 9GKPVTCWDG(ÒT FKG (TGKJGKV ,GTWUCNGOU .[TC /KNFGP
DGTI 5GJTUEJÌP
#4#$+#('.+:
*+/;#4+6'0 Õ*GOKFTCEJOG ,CJTJWPFGTV P %JT I /·PPNKEJGT -QRH N WPVGP UCD·K
UEJGU($WMTCPKQPOKV#PVKNQRGPJÌTPGTPXX/WPTQ*C[XCT
445VGORGNHTKUEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
526 527
$#$;.10+#
$#$;.10 Ô&CTGKMG PCEJ X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH T OKV $QIGP WPF
5RGGT+PEWUWOOKV9GNNGP/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMXGTIN0KEQNGV2KGTTGXGTINHH
445GJTUEJÌP
Ô&QRRGNFCTGKMGPCEJX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
OKV9GNNGP0KEQNGV2KGTTG 445EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
528
1,5:1 1,5:1
2'45+#
#EJ·OGPKFGPÔ&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF
5RGGT+PEWUWO50)$GTT[ (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG RGTUKUEJG &CTGKMG KUV PCEJ &CTGKQU + FGO )TQGP DGPCPPV FGT FKGUG 5VÒEMG \WGTUV RT·IVG 'U YCTGP FKG
DGMCPPVGUVGP )QNFOÒP\GP KJTGT <GKV DKU PCEJ FGT <GTUEJNCIWPI FGU 2GTUGTTGKEJGU FKG )QNFUVCVGTG #NGZCPFGTU FGU
)TQGP CP KJTG 5VGNNG VTCVGP /KV FGP &CTGKMGP YWTFG 9GNVIGUEJKEJVG IGUEJTKGDGP UQ DGTKEJVGV 2NWVCTEJ FC FGT
5RCTVCPGTMÌPKI #IGUKNCQU FGT UGKV X%JTKP-NGKPCUKGPUGJTGTHQNITGKEJ-TKGIIGIGPFKG2GTUGTHÒJTVGFWTEJ
IQNFGPG &CTGKMGP OKV FGPGP UGKPG )GIPGT KP )TKGEJGPNCPF DGUVQEJGP YWTFGP IGIGP KJP -TKGI \W HÒJTGP \WO
#DDTWEJ FGU -TKGIGU KP -NGKPCUKGP IGPÌVKIV YWTFG #IGUKNCQU UQNN IGUCIV JCDGP FC KJP RGTUKUEJG $QIGP
UEJÒV\GPCWU#UKGPXGTVTKGDGPJ·VVGP&KG$QIGPUEJÒV\GP
6QZQVCKUVGJGPHÒTFKG&CTGKMGP
FKGLCCWHFGO#XGTUGKPGP
$QIGPUEJÒV\GP\GKIGPOKVFGPGPFKG2QNKVKMGTKP#VJGPWPF6JGDGP\WO-TKGIIGIGP5RCTVCCPIGUVCEJGNVYWTFGP
90
PERSIA
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ *GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVHGKPGT5VKNIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ )WV\GPVTKGTVGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPFGT5COONWPI$WTVQP;$GTT[WPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKE#TV
#PEKGPV%QKPU0T
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
1,5:1 537
1,5:1
Ô&CTGKMG,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
FCTKP.ÌYGPMQRHT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T
FKGU'ZGORNCT
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV$QIGPWPF5RGGT+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ 5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
Õ5KINQU,CJTJWPFGTVX%JTI)TQMÌPKIKO-PKGNCWHTOKV&QNEJWPF$QIGP+PEWUWO
50)$GTT[ (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
91
BACTRIA
Õ 5KINQU ,CJTJWPFGTV X %JT I )TQMÌPKI KO -PKGNCWH N OKV $QIGP WPF
&QNEJ+PEWUWO 8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌP
542
1,5:1 1,5:1
5#5#0+&'0
5EJCRWT++U/ÒP\UV·VVGKP-CDWNKUVCPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPG(GWGTCNVCT
)ÌDN-WUJCP 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T
$#%64+#
&KQFQVQU+WOX%JTÔCVVKUEJGT5VCVGTOKV6KVGN#PVKQEJQU++$CNMJI-QRHFGU&KQ
FQVQU+TOKV&KCFGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ<GWUUVGJVNWPFUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\FCXQT0WPF#FNGT
$0$CEVp/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p
42TÒHGKPJKGDCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
#NU&KQFQVQUUKEJXQP#PVKQEJQUNÌUVGRT·IVGGT\WP·EJUVPQEJ/ÒP\GPKO0COGPFGU5GNGWMKFGPUGV\VGCDGTUGKP
GKIGPGU2QTVT·VCWHFKG/ÒP\GP
ÔCVVKUEJGT 5VCVGT OKV 6KVGN #PVKQEJQU ++ $CNMJ I -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KC
FGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ <GWU UVGJV N WPF UEJNGWFGTV $NKV\ FCXQT 0 WPF #FNGT $0 $CEV p
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p 42TÒHGKPJKGDCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
ÔCVVKUEJGT 5VCVGT OKV 6KVGN #PVKQEJQU ++ $CNMJ I -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KC
FGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣΑΝΤΙΟΞΟΥ<GWUUVGJVNWPFUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\FCXQT-TCP\WPF#FNGT$0$CEV#
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05 4-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUNGKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
546 1,5:1
1,5:1
'WVJ[FGOQU+WOX%JTÔCVVKUEJGT5VCVGT$CNMJI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGU
UKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05p
44-N5VGORGNHGJNGTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
92
BACTRIA
547
ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI-QRHTOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP
$0$CEV$/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGME50)#05HH
*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VKPJQJGO4GNKGHXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
'WVJ[FGOQU XGTVTKGD &KQFQVQU ++ WPF GTJQD UKEJ UGNDUV \WO -ÌPKI #NU FGT 5GNGWMKFG #PVKQEJQU +++ X
%JT XGTUWEJVG FKG ÌUVNKEJGP 5CVTCRKGP \WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP GTMN·TVG 'WVJ[FGOQU GT UGK MGKP 4GDGNN UQPFGTP GT JCDG
FKG4GDGNNGPDGUGKVKIV'TDNKGD-ÌPKIKPUGKPGO4GKEJFC#PVKQEJQU+++XQT$CEVTCUEJGKVGTVG
&GOGVTKQU + X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCP
VGPUMCNR*GTCMNGUUVGJVXXOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT
+PFQITGGMF50)#05 *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VCWHDTGKVGO5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
&GOGVTKQU+HQNIVGUGKPGO8CVGT'WVJ[FGOQU++JOIGNCPIGU#TCEJQUKCWPFFKG2CTQRCPKUCFGPYGNEJG5GNGWMQU+
CP%JCPFTCIWRVCCDIGVTGVGPJCVVGXQPFGP/CWT[C\WTÒEM\WGTQDGTP
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV
-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF50)#05
5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5RKPM.QPFQP0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG 2CPLJKT I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR*GTCMNGU UVGJV X X OKV
-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNNWPFMTÌPVUKEJUGNDUV$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF50)#05
5GJTUEJÌP
551
'WVJ[FGOQU++X%JTÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG2CPLJKTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUVGJVXXOKV-TCP\-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$0$CEV%/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMF
50)#05 4.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
1D'WVJ[FGOQU++GKP5QJPQFGTGKPLÒPIGTGT$TWFGTFGU&GOGVTKQU+YCTKUVDKUJGTPKEJVCDUEJNKGGPFIGMN·TV
93
BACTRIA
#ICVJQMNGU X %JT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG /GTX I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC
FGO<GWUUVGJVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF*GMCVGFKGUGJ·NV\YGK(CEMGNP$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQ
ITGGMC50)#05 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
#ICVJQMNGU KUV YQJN GKP LÒPIGTGT $TWFGT FGU 'WVJ[FGOQU ++ 5EJQP FKG 2QTVT·V·JPNKEJMGKV KUV ÒDGT\GWIGPF 'T YCT
XGTOWVNKEJ/KVTGIGPVUGKPGU$TWFGTU
#ICVJQMNGU X %JT /GOQTKCNRT·IWPI HÒT &KQFQVQU + ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG /GTX
I ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ -QRH FGU &KQFQVQU + T OKV &KCFGOΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΟΝΤΟΣΔΙΚΑΙΟΥ
ΑΓΑΘΟΚΛΕΟΥΣ<GWUOKV#GIKUUEJNGWFGTV$NKV\N\WUGKPGP(ÒGP#FNGTFCTÒDGT-TCP\FCJKPVGT
/QPQITCOO$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05
44$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
&KGUG /GOQTKCNRT·IWPIGP IGJGP DKU CWH 2JKNKRR ++ WPF #NGZCPFGT +++ \WTÒEM 'U IKDV YGKVGTG 2T·IWPIGP HÒT
#PVKQEJQU++DGKFG&KQFQVQK'WVJ[FGOQU+&GOGVTKQU+WPF2CPVCNGQP'UUKPF2GFKITGG/ÒP\GPKOYGKVGUVGP
5KPPG QJPG FC GKPG FKTGMVG #DUVCOOWPI CWUIGFTÒEMV YGTFGP UQNNVG 5KG MÌPPVG CDGT FKG .GIKVKOKV·V UGKPGT
*GTTUEJCHV IGIGP FGP 7UWTRCVQT 'WMTCVKFGU \GKIGP &CUUGNDG IKNV HÒT FKG GPVURTGEJGPFGP /ÒP\GP FGU #PVKQEJQU +
&KG$G\GKEJPWPIΒΑΣΙΛΕΥΟΝΤΟΣKUVCNUWPVGTFGT4GIKGTWPIFGU\WXGTUVGJGP
&GOGVTKQU ++ X %JT QFGT UR·VGT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG $CNMJ I &TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO#VJGPCUVGJVXXOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$0$CEV$/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC
50)#05 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
&KG &CVKGTWPI FGT 4GIKGTWPI FGU &GOGVTKQU ++ KUV WOUVTKVVGP &C KP FGP 4WKPGP XQP #K -JCPQWO
\GTUVÌTV WPVGT
'WMTCVKFGU + MGKPG /ÒP\GP FGU &GOGVTKQU ++ IGHWPFGP YWTFGP KUV GKPG UR·VG &CVKGTWPI
OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KP FKG
<GKVWOX%JTYCJTUEJGKPNKEJGTCNUGKPG&CVKGTWPIKPFKG,CJTGX%JT
555 555
1,5:1
#PVKOCEJQU + X %JT ÕCVVKUEJG 6GVTCFTCEJOG 2WUJMCNCXCVK I &TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV-CWUKC2QUGKFQPUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF2CNO\YGKI$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMH
50)#05 4/KPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI4KEJCTF9KPQMWT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T
94
SOGDIANA
556 557
ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-CWUKC2QUGKFQPUVGJVXXOKV&TGK
\CEMWPF2CNO\YGKIOKV6CGPKG$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMD50)#05
5GJTUEJÌP
/GOQTKCNRT·IWPIHÒT'WVJ[FGOQU+ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CNMJI-QRHFGU'WVJ[FG
OQU+TOKV&KCFGO*GTCMNGUUKV\VNOKV-GWNGCWH(GNUGP$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC
50)#05 44.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
'WMTCVKFGU+X%JTÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT/GTXI&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0$CEV&/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMC50)#05
/KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
0CEJFGO UKEJ &GOGVTKQU + +PFKGP \WIGYCPFV JCVVG ICD GU PÌTFNKEJ FGU *KPFWMWUJ GPVYGFGT GKP /CEJVXCMWWO
QFGTFKGFQTVKIGP)TKGEJGPHÒJNVGPUKEJXGTPCEJN·UUKIVLGFGPHCNNUICDGUX%JTGKPG4GDGNNKQPOKV'WMTCVKFGU
CP FGT 5RKV\G &KGUGT MQPPVG UKEJ KP $CMVTKGP DKU XÌNNKI FWTEJUGV\GP 5R·VGT ITKHH GT CWEJ PCEJ +PFKGP CWU WPF
GPIVGFGP/CEJVDGTGKEJ/GPCPFGTUGKP'TUGNDUVYWTFGXQPGKPGO5QJPXGTOWVNKEJ2NCVQITCWUCOGTOQTFGV
ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG2WUJMCNCXCVKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0
$CEV'/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMGG50)#05 8QT\ÒINKEJ
ÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG$CEVTCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$0$CEV9
/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGMH50)#05 $TGKVGT(NCPXQT\ÒINKEJ
561 562
/GOQTKCNRT·IWPIHÒT*GNKQMNGUWPF.CQFKMGÕCVVKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG/GTXI&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO$ÒUVGPFGU*GNKQMNGUWPFFGT.CQFKMGT$0$CEV#/KVEJKPGT+PFQITGGM
C50)#05 44'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
51)&+#0#
5E[VJGP EC X %JT Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG PCEJ 6[R 'WVJ[FGOQU I -QRH FGU 'WVJ[FGOQU
T*GTCMNGUUKV\VNCWH(GNUGPOKV-GWNG5GPKQT+PFQ5E[VJKCP%QKPUCPF*KUVQT[6[R#
.GKEJVG-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%#<ÒTKEJ0T
95
AEGYPTUS
563 564
+0&+#
5E[VJGP#\GU+X%JT-NKRRGWPDGMCPPVG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-ÌPKITGKVGVTCWH-COGN
OKV$QIGPWPF#ZV$WEMGNUVKGTT5GPKQT
44$TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
#');2675
2VQNGOCKQU+X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOGX%JT#NGZCPFTKCI#NGZCP
FGTMQRH T OKV 'NGHCPVGPUMCNR#VJGPC #NMKFGOQU T FCJKPVGT /QPQITCOO FCXQT /QPQITCOO WPF
#FNGT50)%QR5XQTQPQU )TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
565
1,5:1 1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU++X%JTHÒT#TUKPQë++Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQPX%JT#NGZCP
FTKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF5EJNGKGTFCJKPVGTΘ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR
5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
&KGUGUITQGCPVKMG)QNFPQOKPCNYWTFG\WGTUVWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU++
X%JTPCEJX%JTCWUIGRT·IV
CNU GT UGKPG 5EJYGUVGTIGOCJNKP #TUKPQG ++ PCEJ KJTGO 6QF \W IÌVVNKEJGP 'JTGP CWHUVGKIGP NKG &KGUGT 6[R YWTFG
KOOGTYKGFGTCWHIGITKHHGPUQCWEJWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU8+++'KPG1MVQFTCEJOG
&TCEJOGPYCTFGT)GIGPYGTVXQP
GKPGT/KPGFJ&TCEJOGPKP5KNDGTFCJGTCWEJFGTCPVKMG0COG/PCKQPFGTKP2CR[TKOGJTHCEJXQTMQOOV
+PFGT·I[RVKUEJGP-WRHGTY·JTWPIGPVURTCEJFCU5VÒEM6CNGPVGP-WRHGTQFGT-WRHGTFTCEJOGP
566
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT
FCJKPVGTΛ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
96
AEGYPTUS
Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQP X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH T OKV &KCFGO WPF 5EJNGKGT
FCJKPVGTΛ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
2VQNGOCKQU+++X%JTHÒT#TUKPQë++Ô1MVQFTCEJOG
/PCKQPX%JT#NGZ
CPFTKCI-QRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF5EJNGKGTFCJKPVGTΧ&QRRGNHÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR
5XQTQPQU6TQZGNN2N
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ
.GKEJVRQNKGTVUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
HÒT2VQNGOCKQU++#TUKPQG++2VQNGOCKQU+WPF$GTGPKMG+Ô6GVTCFTCEJOG#NGZCPFTKCI
$ÒUVGP FGU 2VQNGOCKQU ++ WPF FGT #TUKPQG ++ T FCJKPVGT 5EJKNF$ÒUVGP FGU 2VQNGOCKQU + WPF FGT
$GTGPKMG+T50)%QR5XQTQPQU 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T
&KGUGKPVGTGUUCPVGP6GVTCFTCEJOGPYWTFGPYCJTUEJGKPNKEJ\WOITÌVGP6GKNWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU+++IGRT·IVFGTFCOKV
UGKPG8QTHCJTGPGJTV'KPMNGKPGT6GKNKUVCDGTOÌINKEJGTYGKUGDGTGKVUWPVGT2VQNGOCKQU++IGRT·IVYQTFGPFGOFKG
5VÒEMGCWEJDGK5XQTQPQU\WIGYKGUGPYGTFGP
570
2:1 2:1
HÒT $GTGPKMG ++ Ô1MVQFTCEJOG #NGZCPFTKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO WPF
5EJNGKGT(ÒNNJQTPOKV6CGPKG50)%QR5XQTQPQU 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 0QOQU <ÒTKEJ 0T FGT 5COONWPI 0GNUQP $WPMGT *WPV #WMVKQP 5QVJGD[ U
0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T
$GTGPKMG++YWTFGWOX%JTCNU6QEJVGTFGU/CICUXQP-[TGPGWPFFGTU[TKUEJGP2TKP\GUUKP#RCOCIGDQTGP
7O X %JT YWTFG UKG XQP /CICU OKV 2VQNGOCKQU +++ XGTNQDV PCEJ FGO 6QF KJTGU 8CVGTU YWTFG FKGUG
8GTNQDWPI LGFQEJ IGNÌUV WPF KJTG /WVVGT XGTJGKTCVGVG $GTGPKMG OKV GKPGO $TWFGT FGU #PVKIQPQU )QPCVCU FGT
LGFQEJDCNFGTOQTFGVYWTFG$GTGPKMGJGKTCVGVGX%JT2VQNGOCKQU+++FGTKPFGP&TKVVGP5[TKUEJGP-TKGI\QI
WPF FKG 4GIKGTWPIUIGUEJ·HVG KP FGT *GKOCV UGKPGT )GOCJNKP ÒDGTNKG #WU FKGUGT <GKV UVCOOV FKG )GUEJKEJVG XQP
FGT .QEMG FGT $GTGPKMG &KG -ÌPKIKP IGNQDVG HÒT FKG INÒEMNKEJG *GKOMGJT KJTGU /CPPGU GKPG *CCTNQEMG \W
QRHGTP FKG KP FGP 6GORGN FGT #TUKPQG IGDTCEJV YWTFG FQTV LGFQEJ CO P·EJUVGP 6CI XGTUEJYWPFGP YCT >
/CVJGOCVKMGT WPF *QHCUVTQPQO -QPQP XQP 5COQU UQNN FKG .QEMG CNU 5VGTPDKNF CO *KOOGN YKGFGTGPVFGEMV JCDGP
#WU FGT 'JG OKV 2VQNGOCKQU +++ IKPIGP UGEJU -KPFGT JGTXQT W C 2VQNGOCKQU +8 FGT LGFQEJ UGKPG /WVVGT DCNF
PCEJFGO6QFFGU2VQNGOCKQU+++GTOQTFGPNKG$GTGPKMGYWTFGDGTGKVU\W.GD\GKVGPMWNVKUEJXGTGJTV2VQNGOCKQU
+8 TKEJVGVG X %JT CPN·NKEJ FGT 2VQNGOCKC GKP 2TKGUVGTCOV FKG #VJNQRJQTG FGT $GTGPKMG 'WGTIGVKU GKP
YGNEJGKO4CPIPQEJXQTFGO2TKGUVGTCOVFGT#TUKPQG++TCPIKGTVG
97
AEGYPTUS
571
1,5:1 1,5:1
2VQNGOCKQU+8X%JTÔ1MVQFTCEJOGX%JT#NGZCPFTKCI$ÒUVG2VQ
NGOCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG &TGK\CEM WPF #GIKU(ÒNNJQTP OKV &KCFGO WPF 5VTCJNGPDKPFG WPVGP
ΔΙ50)%QR5XQTQPQU 44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
> XGTIÌVVNKEJVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ VT·IV FKG #VVTKDWVG XQP *GNKQU 0GRVWP WPF #VJGPC GKPG KO *GNNGPKUOWU DGNKGDVG
-QODKPCVKQPXQP)ÌVVGTP
Ô1MVQFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I $ÒUVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG
&TGK\CEMWPF#GIKU(ÒNNJQTPOKV&KCFGOWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPVGPΔΙ50)%QR5XQTQPQU
44#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
> XGTIÌVVNKEJVG 2VQNGOCKQU +++ VT·IV FKG #VVTKDWVG XQP *GNKQU 0GRVWP WPF #VJGPC GKPG KO *GNNGPKUOWU DGNKGDVG
-QODKPCVKQPXQP)ÌVVGTP
574
573
2VQNGOCKQU8X%JTÕ6GVTCFTCEJOG#NGZCPFTKCI-QRH2VQNGOCKQU+T#FNGT
CWH$NKV\N50)%QR5XQTQPQU 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T
*GOKQDQNKQPX%JT$GT[VQUI#OOQPMQRHT#FNGTUVGJVNCWH$NKV\FCXQT&TGK
\CEM50)%QR5XQTQPQU9GKUGT &WPMGNDTCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
575 576
2VQNGOCKQU 8+ X %JT Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT #NGZCPFTKC I -QRH 2VQNG
OCKQU+TOKV&KCFGO#FNGTCWH$NKV\N0QGUMG50)%QRp5XQTQPQU
5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
98
ZEUGITANIA
577
578
2:1
2VQNGOCKQU8+++X%JTÕ&KFTCEJOGWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVGCWH<[RGTPI&TC
RKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU &KQP[UQU T OKV 'HGWMTCP\ WPF IGUEJWNVGTVGO 6J[TUQU#FNGT UVGJV N CWH $NKV\ 50)
%QRH5XQTQPQU 4(GKPG6ÌPWPINGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
-NGQRCVTC 8++ X %JT 1DQN #NGZCPFTKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T#FNGT CWH $NKV\ N
FCXQT&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP50)%QR5XQTQPQU9GKUGT 445GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
579
%;4'0#+%#
-;4'0' Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT I -CTPGKQUMQRH N5KNRJKWO N /QPQITCOO T
5VGTP$/%50)%QR (GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
<WT <GKV FGT 2T·IWPI FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU YCT /CICU GKP *CNDDTWFGT FGU 2VQNGOCKQU + )QWXGTPGWT XQP -[TGPG
> 5KNRJKWOJCPFGN OCEJVG -[TGPG TGKEJ KP 4QO YWTFG 5KNRJKWO OKV 5KNDGT CWHIGYQIGP &KG 2HNCP\G ICNVNCPIG
CNUCWUIGUVQTDGPUKGUQNNLGFQEJKP.KD[GPYKGFGTGPVFGEMVYQTFGPUGKP5KRJKWOYWTFGUQYQJNCNU)GYÒT\CNUCWEJ
CNU*GKNOKVVGNXGTYGPFGVªDGTFKG8GTYGPFWPICNU)GYÒT\DGTKEJVGVWPUFGT/GKUVGTMQEJ#RKEKWUKPUGKPGO9GTM
>GEQSWKPCTKC&CUIGIGPÒDGTFGOM[TGP·KUEJGPOKPFGTYGTVKIGTGRCTVJKUEJG5KNRJKWO
(GTWNCCUCHQGVKFCYKTF
JGWVG PQEJ KP FGT KPFKUEJGP -ÒEJG GKPIGUGV\V
WPVGT FGT $G\GKEJPWPI *KPI DGUQPFGTU DGK )GTKEJVGP OKV
*ÒNUGPHTÒEJVGP GU JCV GKPGP KPVGPUKXGP MPQDNCWEJCTVKIGP )GUEJOCEM > JQJG 2TGKU FGU 5KNRJKWOU GTMN·TV UKEJ
CDGTYQJNJCWRVU·EJNKEJFWTEJUGKPG8GTYGPFWPICNU8GTJÒVWPIUOKVVGN
UKGJG4KFFNG%QKPUCPF%QPVTCEGRVKXGU6JG
2NCPV VJCV OCFG -[TGPG (COQWU KP 6JG %GNCVQT 8QN
5 H 'KPG RKMCPVG #PURKGNWPI FCTCWH
HKPFGVUKEJDGK%CVWNN
%CTOKPC
5CIGPUQNNKEJYKGXKGNGFGKPGT-ÒUUG
.KGDUVG.GUDKCOKTIGPWIUKPFWPF\WXKGNUKPF!
5QXKGN-ÌTPGT5CPFGUFKG.KD[UEJG9ÒUVG
+PFGO5KNRJKWOVTCIGPFGP%[TGPG
<YKUEJGP#OOQPU1TCMGNWPFFGUCNVGP
$CVVWUJQEJIGJGKNKIVGO)TCDOCNCWHYGKUV
580 581
<'7)+6#0+#
-#46*#)1 Ô5VCVGT X %JT I 6CPKVMQRH N OKV JTGPMTCP\2HGTF UVGJV T ,GP
MKPU.GYKU)TWRRG+++# 5GNVGPG8CTKCPVG5EJÒTHUVGNNGPCWH4CPFWPF4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'N5VCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVT,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG8
#VVTCMVKXGUJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
582
1,5:1 1,5:1
'N5VCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVT,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG
8+ (GKPGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌP
99
LOTS
583
1,5:1 1,5:1
'N6TKJGOKUVCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTÒDGT5QP
PGPUEJGKDG\YKUEJGP\YGK7TCGK,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG:C:
449KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTKYKP\-TCV\GTUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
584 585
'N6TKJGOKUVCVGTX%JTI6CPKVMQRHNOKVJTGPMTCP\2HGTFUVGJVTFCTÒDGT5QP
PGPUEJGKDG\YKUEJGP\YGK7TCGK,GPMKPU.GYKU)TWRRG:D 445GJTUEJÌP
.+$;5%*'4 #7(56#0& X %JT $5EJGMGN .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I *GTCMNGUMQRH KO
.ÌYGPHGNNN.ÌYGT50)%QRH 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
> )GNFOCPIGN PCEJ FGO 2WPKUEJGP -TKGI HÒJTVG \WO #WHUVCPF FGT MCTVJCIKUEJGP 5ÌNFPGT FGO UKEJ DCNF FKG
PQTFCHTKMCPKUEJGP7PVGTVCPGPFGT5VCFVCPUEJNQUUGP'UMCOUQICT\WGKPGTUGNVGPGPGKIGPGP/ÒP\RT·IWPIFKGUKEJ
CPFKGNGV\VG5QNFRT·IWPI-CTVJCIQUFKTGMVCPUEJNQ
#:7/
,QGNWOUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\*CJPD/WPTQ*C[,WGN,GPUGP
8QT\ÒINKEJ
.16570&5#//.70)'0)4+'%*+5%*'4/ª0<'0
)TKGEJKUEJG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF CEJV 6GVTCFTCEJOGP
/CEGFQPKC 2JKNKRRQU ++ #NGZCPFGT
+++ Z #VJGP 6JCUQU #TCFQU GVE FTGK &KFTCEJOGP D\Y 5VCVGTG
6CTGPV #GIKPC /C\CKQU FTGK
%KUVQRJQTGPUQYKGFKXGTUGMNGKPGTG0QOKPCNG
OGKUV&TCEJOGPWC#OKUQU2GTUGWUXQP/CMGFQPKGP
KOTJQFKUEJGP6[RGVE*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM<YGK5VÒEMGOKV2TÒHGKPJKGDGPOGKUVUGJTUEJÌP
5GNGWMKFGP .QV XQP GKPGT 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU &GOGVTKQU + HÒPH 6GVTCFTCEJOGP FGU #PVKQEJQU 8++
\YGK6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU#PVKQEJQU8+++UQYKGHÒPH6GVTCFTCEJOGPFGU2JKNKRRQU+
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
7OHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI ÌUVNKEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C FTGK RCTVJKUEJG &TCEJOGP UKGDGP
-NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GPFGT-ÌPKIGFGT2GTUKUFKXGTUGDCMVTKUEJGWPFJGRJVCNKVKUEJG)GRT·IGGVE*QEJKPVGT
GUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
-NGKPGU.QVITKGEJKUEJGT/ÒP\GP'PVJCNVGPUKPF\YGKIQNFGPG5EJOWEMDTCMVGCVGPGKPGU[TKUEJG6GV
TCFTCEJOGFGU2JKNKRRQU+GKPHTÒJGT5VCVGTXQP-QTKPVJGKPG&TCEJOGXQP'RJGUQUGKP6TKQDQNXQP
#VJGP GKPG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\G XQP $[DNQU UQYKG FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP 5GJT KPVGTGUUCPVGU .QV DKVVG
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
.QV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP KP 5KNDGT WPF $TQP\G 'PVJCNVGP UKPF GKPG 6GVTCFTCEJOG FGU .[UKOCEJQU
FTGK&TCEJOGP
Z#NGZCPFGTFGT)TQGZ-KD[TC\YGK&KFTCEJOGPXQP0GCRQNKUUQYKGHÒPH$TQP
\GOÒP\GP 5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
-NGKPGU .QV ITKGEJKUEJGT /ÒP\GP 'PVJCNVGP UKPF \YGK 6GVTCFTCEJOGP
#NGZCPFGT ++ +PFQUE[VJGP
\YGK&TCEJOGP
#NGZCPFGT+++XQP/CMGFQPKGP5GNGWMKFGPWPF\YGKUCUCPKFKUEJG$TQP\GOÒP\GP
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
.QV 5KEKNKC 'PVJCNVGP UKPF XKGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP *KOGTC
Z -CKPQP -GPVQTKRCK +PVGTGUUCPVGU .QV
DKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP
100
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
4¤/+5%*'/ª0<'0
594
/ª0<'0&'44¤/+5%*'04'27$.+-
6TKGPU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I 2HGTFGMQRH T FCTWPVGT XKGT 9GTVMWIGNP
2HGTFGMQRHNFCTWPVGTXKGT9GTVMWIGNP$/%%TCYH5[F )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
595
1,5:1 1,5:1
UX%JT/GUUCPCCPQP[OI/KPGTXCMQRHNOKVMQTKPVJKUEJGO*GNO#FNGTUVGJVN
-QRHTKO(GNFN5EJYGTV$/%%TCYH5[F
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKVDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:0GY;QTM0T
596
3WCFTCPU X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I *GTEWNGUMQRH KO .ÌYGPHGNN N FCJKPVGT FTGK
9GTVMWIGNP2TQTCTFCTWPVGTFTGK9GTVMWIGNP$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QDGTV5EJWNOCP#OUVGTFCO0T
597 598
Õ&KFTCEJOG X %JT 4QO CPQP[O I ,CPWUMQRH,WRKVGT OKV $NKV\ WPF <GRVGT KP
3WCFTKICTXQP8KEVQTKCIGNGPMVWPVGPCWH$QFGPKP4CJOGP41/#$/%XGTIN%TCYH
2N+85[FXCT (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTPCEJX%JT4QOCPQP[OI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCJKPVGT:&KG
&KQUMWTGPTGKVGPT$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI .GQ $GP\ #WMVKQP .CP\ /ÒPEJGP 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP -TKEJGNFQTH
5VWVVICTV0T
101
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
599 600
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO5CHTCI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCJKPVGT:8KEVQTKC
KP$KICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
5CHTCKUVJÌEJUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJFCUEQIPQOGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUHTÒJGTYWTFGGUCNU5
RWTKWU#HTCIGFGWVGV
601
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#DWTKWU)GOKPWUI4QOCMQRHTOKVIGHNÒIGNVGO*GNOFCXQT
5VGTP5QNKP3WCFTKICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
/#DWTKWUJCVVGXGTOWVNKEJGKPGP<YKNNKPIUDTWFGTFGP/ÒP\OGKUVGTFGU,CJTGUX%JT%#DWTKWUFCJGTFGT
$GKPCOG)GOKPWU
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / (WTKWU 2JKNWU I ,CPWUMQRH4QOC UVGJV N WPF DGMT·P\V 6TQ
RJ·G$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 5GJTUEJÌP
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPIDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFGP5KGIÒDGTFKG#NNQDTQIGTWPF#TXGTPGT
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . (NCOKPKWU %JKNQ I 4QOCMQRH T OKV IGHNÒIGNVGO *GNO
FCXQT:8KEVQTKCKP$KICT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.8CNGTKWU(NCEEWUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8KEVQTKCT/CTU
IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 6TQRJ·G FCXQT #RGZ FCJKPVGT JTG $CD $/% %TCYH
5[F -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGYGKUVFCTCWHJKPFCFGT8CVGTFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUFCU#OVGKPGU(NCOGP/CTVKCNKUKPPGJCVVG
605 606
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/*GTGPPKWUI2KGVCUMQRHT#ORJKPQOWUVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
T$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
#ORJKPQOWUWPF#PCRKCUYCTGP\YGK$TÒFGTCWU-CVCPKCFKGDGKGKPGO#GVPC#WUDTWEJKJTG'NVGTPTGVVGVGP*KGT
UGJGPYKT2KGVCU
FGT8QTFGTUGKVGKP#MVKQP
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X %JT 4QO % 5WNRKEKWU I -ÌRHG FGT 2GPCVGP N<YGK 5QNFCVGP
UVGJGPGKPCPFGTOKV5RGGTGPIGIGPÒDGTWPF\GKIGPCWHGKP5EJYGKP$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
5QYQJN 8QTFGT CNU CWEJ 4ÒEMUGKVG FGU 5VÒEMGU DG\KGJGP UKEJ XGTOWVNKEJ CWH FKG *GTMWPHV FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU CWU
.CXKPKWO#GPGCUJCVFKGUG5VCFVFQTVIGITÒPFGVYQGTWPVGTGKPGT'KEJGGKPGYGKG5CWOKVFTGKKI(GTMGNPHCPF
#WH FGO (QTWO XQP .CXKPKWO UVCPF GKPG $TQP\GUVCVWG FGT 5CW KJT -ÌTRGT YWTFG XQP FGP 2TKGUVGTP KP 5CN\NCMG
MQPUGTXKGTV&GP2GPCVGPFGU\GTUVÌTVGP6TQKCICD#GPGCUKP.CXKPKWOGKPGPGWG*GKOCV
102
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
607
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.6JQTKWU$CNDWUI-QRHFGTNCXKPKUEJGP,WPQT5VKGTURTKPIVT
QDGP:$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
608 609
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 /KPWEKWU 6JGTOWU I /CTUMQRHN5QNFCVXGTVGKFKIVGKPGPIG
UVÒT\VGP-COGTCFGPXQTGKPGO$CTDCTGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'KPINGKEJPCOKIGT8QTHCJTGFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUJCVVGUKEJDGK-·ORHGPKP.KIWTKGPDGUQPFGTUCWUIG\GKEJPGV
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%#NNKWU$CNCI(TCWGPMQRHTFCXQT#&KCPCKP*KTUEJDKICT
FCTWPVGT*GWUEJTGEMG$CD
#GNKWU$/%p%TCYHD5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTOKV
2CNO\YGKI$CD$/%pXGTINHH%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP
.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQ(TWIKI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\FCJKP
VGTWPDGUVKOOVGU5[ODQN4GKVGTTOKV2CNO\YGKI%TCYH 2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.%CNRWTPKWU2KUQ(TWIKI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\FCJKP
VGT .GFGTOGUUGT
EWNVGT ETGRKFCTKWU4GKVGT N OKV (CEMGN FCJKPVGT 5VGTP KO #DUEJPKVV &QNCDTC
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
613 614
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO36KVKWUI-QRHFGU)QVVGU/WVKPWU6KVKPWUT2GICUWUURTKPIVT
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GNKQU0WOKUOCVKM/ÒPEJGP0T
/WVKPWU6KVKPWUGPVURTKEJVFGO2TKCRWUWPFYWTFGXQTCNNGOXQPLWPIGP(TCWGPXGTGJTV
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO36KVKWUI-QRHFGU)QVVGU/WVKPWU6KVKPWUT2GICUWUURTKPIVT
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
103
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
615
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X %JT 4QO 3 #PVQPKWU $CNDWU I ,WRKVGTMQRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\8KEVQTKCKP3WCFTKICTWPVGP*$CD$/%%TCYHF5[FD
(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
#WH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG FGU 5VÒEMGU KUV GKPG CWH FGO (QTWO KP FGT 0·JG FGU RT·VQTKUEJGP 6TKDWPCNU DGHKPFNKEJG 5VCVWG
FCTIGUVGNNV -QRKGP FKGUGT 5VCVWG KP XGTUEJKGFGPGP 5V·FVGP FGU 4GKEJGU XGTMÒPFGVGP KP UR·VGTGT <GKV FC FKG
LGYGKNKIG5VCFVOKVFGO+WU+VCNKEQTWODGUEJGPMVYQTFGPYCT
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%4<ÒTKEJ0T
619 620
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CTEKWU%GPUQTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU[CU
IGJVNOKV9GKPUEJNCWEJFCJKPVGT5·WNGOKV5VCVWGFGT8KEVQTKC$CD$/%%TCYHF
5[F (GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG./CPNKWU6QTSWCVWUI4QOCMQRHT5WNNCOKV%CFW
EGWU KP 3WCFTKIC T DGMT·P\V XQP N HNKGIGPFGT 8KEVQTKC $CD $/% XGTIN HH %TCYH
5[FXGTIN (GKPG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
621 622
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWUX%JT4QO%/CTKWU%CRKVQI%GTGUMQRHTFCXQT#PVKNQRGPMQRH
QDGP %:::8++2HNÒIGT OKV 1EJUGPIGURCPP N QDGP %:::=8++? $CD $/% p %TCYH E
5[FD 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.2TQEKNKWUI,WRKVGTMQRHT,WPQ5QURKVCUVGJVTOKV5EJKNFWPF
5RGGTFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%1<ÒTKEJ0T
104
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
623 624
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.(CTUWNGKWU/GPUQTI.KDGTVCUDÒUVGT4QOCKP3WCFTKICTGKP
6QICVWUUVGKIV\W$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[F
9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%2QUVWOKWUI&KCPCDÒUVGTOKV$QIGPWPF-ÌEJGT*WPFN·WHVT
WPVGP5RGGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
625
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU4WHWUI,WRKVGTMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGT
UVGJVNOKV<GRVGTWPF-TCP\WPVGP++++T8QIGN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
> #XGTU \GKIV FGP UKGITGKEJGP ,WRKVGT FGT 4GXGTU
FGT 8QTNCIG HÒT FKG 5VCVGTG FGU -QUQP YCT FGP #FNGT CNU
/KVVNGT,WRKVGTUFGT.QTDGGTMTCP\WPF6TKWORJCN\GRVGTGKPGOPKEJVP·JGTHCDCTGP6TKWORJCVQTÒDGTDTKPIV%TCY
HQTFU &CVKGTWPI KP FCU ,CJT X %JT MCPP PKEJV MQTTGMV UGKP FC KP FKGUGO ,CJT KP4QOMGKP6TKWORJUVCVVHCPF
9CJTUEJGKPNKEJ YWTFG FCU 5VÒEM X %JT QFGT X %JT IGRT·IV 5KGJG *QNNUVGKP 9 &KG UVCFVTÌOKUEJG
/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTGX%JT\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·VWPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5HH
626 627
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X %JT 4QO 3 (WHKWU %CNGPWU WPF 2 /WEKWU 5ECGXQNC %QTFWU I
-ÌRHG FGT *QPQU WPF FGT 8KTVWU T+VCNKC WPF 4QOC TGKEJGP UKEJ FKG *CPF $CD $/%
%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPI#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWU X %JT 4QO 3 (WHKWU %CNGPWU WPF 2 /WEKWU 5ECGXQNC %QTFWU I
-ÌRHG FGT *QPQU WPF FGT 8KTVWU T+VCNKC WPF 4QOC TGKEJGP UKEJ FKG *CPF $CD $/%
%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPI#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
>%GPUWUFGU,CJTGUX%JTUQNNVG+VCNKGPWPF4QOXGTUÌJPGP
628 629
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWUX%JT4QO68GVVKWU5CDKPWUI-QRHFGU-ÌPKIU6CVKWUT0WOCKP
TKEJVGTNKEJGT(WPMVKQPKP$KICNFCJKPVGTJTG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%4<ÒTKEJ0T
&KG&CVKGTWPIKUVPKEJVIGUKEJGTVPCEJ*GTUJ9CNMGTYWTFGFCU5VÒEMOÌINKEJGTYGKUGCWEJX%JTIGRT·IV9KT
JCNVGP CNNGTFKPIU GKPG 2T·IWPI KO ,CJTG X %JT HÒT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJGT UKGJG JKGT\W CWEJ *QNNUVGKP 9 &KG
UVCFVTÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGT ,CJTG X %JT \YKUEJGP RQNKVKUEJGT #MVWCNKV·V WPF (COKNKGPVJGOCVKM
/ÒPEJGP5#PO
> UCDKPKUEJG -ÌPKI 6CVKWU HÒJTVG FGT .GIGPFG PCEJ -TKGI OKV 4QO UEJNQ FCPP CDGT GKP $ÒPFPKU OKV 4QOWNWU
WPFJGTTUEJVGIGOGKPUCOOKVKJO>/ÒP\OGKUVGTITGKHVYGIGPUGKPGTUCDKPKUEJGP#DUVCOOWPICWHKJP\WTÒEM
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / 2NCGVQTKWU %GUVKCPWU I 9GKDNKEJG $ÒUVG T FCJKPVGT .QTDGGT
\YGKI%CFWEGWU$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[F )TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
105
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
630
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%*QUKFKWU)GVCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT&KCPCTOKV&KCFGOÒDGT
FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT'DGT T XQPGKPGO5RGGTXGTYWPFGVWPFXQPGKPGO*WPFCVVCEMKGTV
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIRGTHGMV\GPVTKGTVIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
631 632
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%*QUKFKWU)GVCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT&KCPCTOKV&KCFGOÒDGT
FGT 5EJWNVGT $QIGP WPF -ÌEJGT'DGT T XQPGKPGO5RGGTXGTYWPFGVWPFXQPGKPGO*WPFCVVCEMKGTV
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % %CNRWTPKWU 2KUQ I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ FCJKPVGT
5EJNCPIGWO%CFWEGWUIGYWPFGP4GKVGTTOKV2GKVUEJG$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FG
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
633 634
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % %CNRWTPKWU 2KUQ I #RQNNQMQRH T FCJKPVGT +++ 4GKVGT T OKV
2CNO\YGKIWPVGP&GNRJKPT$CD$/%p%TCYHD5[FN 8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/2NCGVQTKWU%GUVKCPWUI+UKUDÒUVG
!TOKV#VVTKDWVGPXGTUEJKGFG
PGT)QVVJGKVGP#FNGTCWH$NKV\T-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
635 636
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC I #RQNNQMQRH T OKV &KCFGO*GTEWNGU
/WUCTWOKO.ÌYGPHGNNTOKV.[TCWPF-GWNG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
44GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
> 6GORGN FGU *GTEWNGU /WUCTWO YWTFG WO X %JT XQP / (WNXKWU 0QDKNKQT CWH FGO 5ÒFVGKN FGU
/CTUHGNFGU GTTKEJVGV (WNXKWU JCVVG PCEJ UGKPGO 5KGI ÒDGT FKG #GVQNKGT 5VCVWGP FGT /WUGP CWU )TKGEJGPNCPF PCEJ
4QOIGDTCEJV
2NKPKWU0*
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT$WEJTQNNG-NKQUVGJV
NOKV$WEJTQNNGCWH5·WNGIGUVÒV\V$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
-NKQYCTFKG/WUGFGT)GUEJKEJVUUEJTGKDWPI
106
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
637 638
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT\YGKIGMTGW\VG(NÌ
VGP'WVGTRGUVGJVTCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV\YGK(NÌVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'WVGTRGYCTFKG/WUGFGTN[TKUEJGP&KEJVWPIWPFFGU(NÌVGPURKGNU
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT\YGKIGMTGW\VG(NÌ
VGP'WVGTRGUVGJVTCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV\YGK(NÌVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
45GJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
639
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 2QORQPKWU /WUC I #RQNNQMQRH T FCJKPVGT 5EJKNF
MTÌVG6GTRUKEJQTGUVGJVTOKV.[TCWPF2NGEVTWO$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FC
42WP\GCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
6GTRUKEJQTGYCTFKG/WUGFGU6CP\GUWPFFGT%JQTN[TKM
640 641
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT5VGTP7TCPKCUVGJVN
WPF\GKIVOKVGKPGO5VCDCWHGKPGP)NQDWUFGTCWHGKPGO&TGKHWTWJV$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 45GJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
7TCPKCYCTFKG5VGTP/WUGUQYQJNFKG#UVTQPQOKGYKGFKG#UVTQNQIKGUEJÒV\GPF
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO32QORQPKWU/WUCI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT5CPFCNG6JCNKCUVGJVN
OKV/CUMG$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F
4(GKPG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T/G[GT%QNQPKGPUKU#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
6JCNKCYCTFKG/WUGFGT-QOÌFKG
642
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO./CPNKWU6QTSWCVWUI+P.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGT5KD[NNGTOKV
'HGWMTCP\&TGKHWFCTCWH#ORJQTC\YKUEJGP5VGTPGP$CD$/%%TCYHC5[FC
48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
&KG &CTUVGNNWPI CWH 8QTFGT WPF 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV FC . /CPNKWU 6QTSWCVWU FGO -QNNGIKWO FGT 3WKPFGEKOXKTK
UCETKUHCEKWPFKUCPIGJÌTVG
643
Õ&GPCT
5GTTCVWUX%JT4QO.4QUEKWU(CDCVWUI-QRHFGT,WPQ5QURKVCTKO<KGIGP
HGNN/·FEJGPUVGJVTFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%p%TCYH
$GK\5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJ
#PN·NKEJFGUL·JTNKEJYKGFGTMGJTGPFGP(GUVGUFGT,WPQ5QURKVCKP.CPWXKWOOWVGGKPG,WPIHTCWFKGKO-GNNGTFGU
6GORGNU NGDGPFG 5EJNCPIG HÒVVGTP 9GPP FCU /·FEJGP MGWUEJ YCT DNKGD GU FCDGK WPXGTUGJTV CPUQPUVGP YWTFG GU
XQPFGT5EJNCPIGIGVÌVGV
107
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
644
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . (WTKWU $TQEEJWU I %GTGUMQRH T \YKUEJGP JTG WPF
-QTP%WTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\WDGKFGP5GKVGP(CUEGU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
>6[RDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFKGEWTCCPPQPCGWOFKGUKEJFKGFKNG\WMÒOOGTPJCVVGP
645 646
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . (WTKWU $TQEEJWU I %GTGUMQRH T \YKUEJGP JTG WPF
-QTP%WTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\WDGKFGP5GKVGP(CUEGU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
(GKPG2CVKPCJGTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU2CWNNWUI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHFGT%QPEQTFKC
OKV &KCFGO T6TQRJ·G 2GTUGWU UVGJV OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP 5ÌJPGP T #GOKNKWU 2CWNNWU UVGJV N QDGP
6'4$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KG/ÒP\GHGKGTVFGP6TKWORJFGTGKPGO8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTU.#GOKNKWU2CWNNWU/CEGFQPKEWUKO,CJT
X%JTPCEJFGO5KGIDGK2[FPCÒDGT2GTUGWUXQP/CMGFQPKGP\WVGKNYWTFG
647 648
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU2CWNNWUI8GTUEJNGKGTVGT-QRHFGT%QPEQTFKC
OKV &KCFGO T6TQRJ·G 2GTUGWU UVGJV OKV UGKPGP DGKFGP 5ÌJPGP T #GOKNKWU 2CWNNWU UVGJV N QDGP
6'4$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWO OKV )KTNCPFGP WPF \YGK .[TGP IGUEJOÒEMV CP FGT $CUKU *COOGT $CD XCT $/%
%TCYHC5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
&CU2WVGCNUVGJVCWHFGO(QTWO4QOCPWO
$QPWU 'XGPVWU YCT WTURTÒPINKEJ GKP )QVV FGU #EMGTDCWU YCPFGNVG UKEJ LGFQEJ \W GKPGO )QVV FGU INÒEMNKEJGP
#WUICPIU +P IGPCW FKGUGT (WPMVKQP XGTYGKUV FGT )QVV CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM CWH GKP ICP\ CMVWGNNGU 'TGKIPKU &CU
GPFIÒNVKIG'PFGFGT%CVKNKPCTKUEJGP8GTUEJYÌTWPI%CVKNKPCYCTKO,CPWCTX%JTKPFGT5EJNCEJVXQP2KUVQTKC
IGHCNNGP
5KGJGJKGT\W*QNNUVGKP9&KGUVCFVTÌOKUEJG/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTGX%JT\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·V
WPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5H
649 650
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWO OKV )KTNCPFGP WPF \YGK .[TGP IGUEJOÒEMV CP FGT $CUKU *COOGT $CD XCT $/%
%TCYHC5[F -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.5ETKDQPKWU.KDQI-QRHFGU$QPWU'XGPVWUT2WVGCN5ETKDQPKC
PWOOKV)KTNCPFGPWPF\YGK.[TGPIGUEJOÒEMVCPFGT$CUKU<CPIG$CD$/%%TCYHD
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
108
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
651 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWUI(TCWGPMQRHTOKV&KCFGO4GKVGTOKV6TQ
RJ·GT$CDXCT$/%%TCYHC5[F 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVFCU5VCPFDKNFFGU/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWU-QPUWNKO,CJTX%JT
652 653
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/#GOKNKWU.GRKFWUI(TCWGPMQRHTOKV&KCFGOWPF.QDGGTMTCP\
N2CNO\YGKI4GKVGTOKV6TQRJ·GT$CD$/%%TCYHE5[FC
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / 0QPKWU 5WHGPCU I -QRH FGU 5CVWTP T FCJKPVGT *CTRC WPF
MQPKUEJGU 1DLGMV4QOC UKV\V N OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJYGTV XQP 8KEVQTKC DGMT·P\V $CD $/%
%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVGP7OUEJTKHV NCWVGV 5':VWU 010+WU 24CGVQT .WFQU 8KEVQTKCG 2TKOWU (GEKV WPF DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG
'KPHÒJTWPI FGT .WFK 8KEVQTKCG PCEJ 5WNNCU 5KGICO%QNKPKUEJGP6QTX%JT>5VGKPCWHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGYCT
XGTOWVNKEJFGTLGPKIGFGPOCP5CVWTPCP5VGNNGXQP<GWUWPVGTUEJQD'TYWTFGKP&GNRJKIG\GKIVWPFXGTGJTV
654
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2NCWVKWU *[RUCGWU I $ÒUVG FGT .GWEQPQG T FCJKPVGT &GN
RJKP,WRKVGTKP3WCFTKICN$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
*GTXQTTCIGPF\GPVTKGTVGU'ZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ
.GWEQPQG FKG 6QEJVGT 0GRVWPU WPF FGT VJGUUCNKUEJGP 'TFIÌVVKP 6JGOKUVQ IKNV CNU IÌVVNKEJG #JPJGTTKP FGU
/ÒP\OGKUVGTU
XGTIN*[IKPWUHCDWNCG&KG4ÒEMUGKVGDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFKG'TQDGTWPIXQP2TKXGTPWOFWTEJFGP
-QPUWNFGU,CJTGUX%JTGKPGPFGT8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTU
655 656
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2NCWVKWU *[RUCGWU I $ÒUVG FGT .GWEQPQG T FCJKPVGT &GN
RJKP,WRKVGTKP3WCFTKICN$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . /CTEKWU 2JKNKRRWU I -QRH FGU #PEWU /CTEKWU T OKV &KCFGO
FCJKPVGT .KVWWU4GKVGTUVCVWG T CWH #SW·FWMV CWU FGO GKPG $NWOG Y·EJUV $CD $/%
%TCYH5[F *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
6KVGNUVÒEM
3/CTEKWU4GZFGTFWTEJFCU5VCPFDKNFIGGJTVYWTFGXQNNGPFGVGFKG9CUUGTNGKVWPI#SWC/CTEKCFKG\WO-CRKVQN
HÒJTVG
109
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
657
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&KCPCDÒUVGTFCJKPVGT.KVWWU5WNNCUKV\VN
\YKUEJGPMPKGGPFGO$QEEJWUOKV1NKXGP\YGKIWPFIGHGUUGNVGO,WIWTVJC$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGPU\GPGFGT7PVGTYGTHWPI,WIWTVJCUYCTCWH5WNNCU5KGIGNTKPIFCTIGUVGNNV
658 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU*GTEWNGUTOKV&KC
FGO&KCPCKP$KICTFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPGFCTWPVGT\YGK5VGTPG$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
>/ÒP\OGKUVGTYCTFGT5QJPFGU&KMVCVQTU5WNNCWPFFGT5EJYKGIGTUQJPFGU2QORGKWU\WFGUUGP.GICVGPGTDGK
UGKPGO (GNF\WI KO ÌUVNKEJGP /KVVGNOGGT IGJÌTVG > -QRH FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG UKGJV PKEJV WPDGFKPIV FGP DGMCPPVGP
*GTEWNGUFCTUVGNNWPIGP ·JPNKEJ WPF GU JCDGP XGTUEJKGFGPG (QTUEJGT FCTCP IGFCEJV KP KJO FCU 2QTVT·V FGU $QEEJWU
\WUGJGPFGTUKEJFGO8CVGTFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUCPUEJNQWPFKJO,WIJWTVCCWUNKGHGTVG#WEJCPFKGUGPJCVOCP
UEJQP IGFCEJV DG\ÒINKEJ FGU &CTIGUVGNNVGP .[FKC * .GPCIJCP KP #05/0 :+ R HH URTKEJV UKEJ HÒT
*GTCMNGU/GNSCTVCWUXQPFGT'ZKUVGP\FKGUGU)QVVGUJCVVGFGT/ÒP\OGKUVGTCWHFGO(GNF\WIKO1UVGPX%JT
GTHCJTGP
659 660
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO(CWUVWU%QTPGNKWU5WNNCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV&KCFGO
ÒDGT FGT 5EJWNVGT <GRVGT&TGK 6TQRJ·GP \YKUEJGP %CRKU WPF .KVWWU $CD $/%
%TCYH5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
&KGFTGK6TQRJ·GPCWHFGO4GXGTUGPVURTGEJGPFGT&CTUVGNNWPICWHFGO5KGIGNTKPIFGU2QORGKWU
UKGJG&KQ:.+++
661 662
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%/GOOKWUI%GTGUMQRHT)GHCPIGPGTMPKGVTFCJKPVGT6TQRJ·G
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
>/ÒP\OGKUVGTYCTFGT5EJYKGIGTUQJP5WNNCUGTYCT2TQRT·VQTKP$KVJ[PKGP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%/GOOKWUI3WKTKPWUMQRHT%GTGUUKV\VTOKV(CEMGNWPFJ
TGPFCXQT5EJNCPIG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5VCEM U4QUGOQPV#RTKN0T
110
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
663
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 3 %CUUKWU .QPIKPWU I 8GTUEJNGKGTVG 8GUVCDÒUVG T8GUVCVGORGN
FCTKPMWTWNKUEJGT5VWJN\YKUEJGP5VKOOWTPGWPF5VKOOVCHGNOKV#%$CD$/%%TCYH
5[F 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)GOKPK0GY;QTM0T
#WHFGP5VKOOVCHGNPUVGJV#
DUQNXQWPF%
QPFGOPQ&KGUDG\KGJVUKEJCWHFGP2TQ\GKO,CJTX%JTIGIGP
FKG8GUVCNKPPGPXQTFGO)GUEJYQTGPGPIGTKEJVWPVGT.GKVWPIFGU.%CUUKWU.QPIKPWU4CXKNNC5KGJG*QNNUVGKP9
&KG UVCFVTÌOKUEJG /ÒP\RT·IWPI FGT ,CJTG X %JT \YKUEJGP RQNKVKUEJGT #MVWCNKV·V WPF (COKNKGPVJGOCVKM
/ÒPEJGP5H
664 665
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO3%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUI-QRHFGU)GPKWU2QRWNK4QOCPKTFCJKPVGT
<GRVGT#FNGTUVGJVTCWH$NKV\N.KVWWUT-CPPG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
#FNGT WPF $NKV\ CWH FGO 4GXGTU UKPF 5[ODQNG ,WRKVGTU FGU 6TKWORJ WPF 5KGIGUIQVVGU WPF TWHGP CNU UQNEJG FKG
OKNKV·TKUEJGP'THQNIGFGU2QORGKWUFGUCOVKGTGPFGP-QPUWNUKP'TKPPGTWPI5KGJG*QNNUVGKP9&KGUVCFVTÌOKUEJG
/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGT,CJTG\YKUEJGPRQNKVKUEJGT#MVWCNKV·VWPF(COKNKGPVJGOCVKM/ÒPEJGP5H
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO3%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUI-QRHFGU)GPKWU2QRWNK4QOCPKTFCJKPVGT
<GRVGT#FNGTUVGJVTCWH$NKV\N.KVWWUT-CPPG$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
666 667
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2(QPVGKWU%CRKVQI/CTUDÒUVGTOKV*GNOWPF6TQRJ·G4GKVGTT
M·ORHV)CNNKGTPKGFGTFGTKO$GITKHHKUVGKPGPTÌOKUEJGP5QNFCVGP\WGTUEJNCIGPT*GNOWPF5EJKNF
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
&KG4ÒEMUGKVGUVGNNVGKPG*GNFGPVCVFGU/(QPVGKWUGKPGU8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUCNU5VCVVJCNVGTKPFGT)CNNKC
0CTDQPGPUKUFCT
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU%TCUUWU/HI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\ WPF &KCFGO9GKDNKEJG (KIWT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF J·NV 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN \W KJTGP (ÒGP
2CP\GTWPF5EJKNF$CD$/%%TCYH5[F .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
2 .KEKPKWU %TCUUWU KUV FGT LÒPIGTG 5QJP FGU 6TKWOXKTP /CTEWU .KEKPKWU %TCUUWU +O ,CJTG X %JT YCTGP
%TCUUWUWPF2QORGKWU-QPUWNP
668 669
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU%TCUUWU/HI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT8GPWUTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\ WPF &KCFGO9GKDNKEJG (KIWT UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF J·NV 2HGTF CO <ÒIGN \W KJTGP (ÒGP
2CP\GTWPF5EJKNF$CD$/%%TCYH5[F .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO/,WPKWU$TWVWUI.KDGTVCUDÒUVGT>-QPUWN.,WPKWU$TWVWU
IGJV\YKUEJGP\YGK.KMVQTGPNFCXQT#EEGPUWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
3%CGRKWU$TWVWUUGKVUGKPGT#FQRVKQP/,WPKWU$TWVWUYCTGKPGTFGTUR·VGTGP%CGUCTOÌTFGTWPFDGIGIPGV&CPVG
CNUUQNEJGTCWHUGKPGO9GIFWTEJFKG*ÌNNG&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVFGP8QTHCJTGPFGU/ÒP\OGKUVGTUFGTX%JT
FGT6TCFKVKQPPCEJFGPNGV\VGP-ÌPKI6CTSWKPKWU5WRGTDWUCWU4QOXGTVTKGDWPFFCOKVFKG4GRWDNKMDGITÒPFGVG&KG
4ÒEMUGKVGKUVFCU8QTDKNFHÒTFKG)QNFUVCVGTGFGU-QUQP
111
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
> /ÒP\OGKUVGT KUV FGT UR·VGTG %CGUCTOÌTFGT 'T \GKIV JKGT FWTEJ FKG $KNFGT \YGKGT 8QTHCJTGP UGKPG UVTGPI
TGRWDNKMCPKUEJG)GUKPPWPI\WOGKPGP.,WPKWU$TWVWUFGTFKGVCTSWKPKUEJGP-ÌPKIGXGTVTKGDWPF\WOCPFGTGP%
5GTXKNKWU #JCNC FGT FGP 5VCCV XQT 5RWTKWU /CGNKWU TGVVGVG -QPMTGV TKEJVGV UKEJ FKG /ÒP\RTQRCICPFC IGIGP
2QORGKWU
671 672
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
#XGTUOKPFG\GPVTKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO / ,WPKWU $TWVWU I -QRH FGU . ,WPKWU $TWVWU T-QRH FGU %
5GTXKNKWU#JCNCT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌP
673
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO35KEKPKWUI(QTVWPCMQRHTOKV&KCFGO%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKI
ÒDGT-TGW\QDGP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
>/ÒP\OGKUVGTIKPIPQEJKOUGNDGP,CJTOKV2QORGKWUKPFGP1UVGP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO35KEKPKWUI(QTVWPCMQRHTOKV&KCFGO%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKI
ÒDGT-TGW\QDGP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO /P #EKNKWU I 5CNWUMQRH T8CNGVWFQ UVGJV N OKV 5EJNCPIG CWH
5·WNGIGUVÒV\V$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
5CNWU WPF 8CNGVWFQ UVGJGP HÒT FKG IWVG )GUWPFJGKV > /ÒP\OGKUVGT YKNN FCOKV \WO #WUFTWEM DTKPIGP FC FGT
IGPU#EKNKCFGP8GTFKGPUVFGT'KPHÒJTWPICPUV·PFKIGTOGFK\KPKUEJGT8GTUQTIWPIKP4QO\WMQOOV+O,CJTGX
%JT JCVVG FGT ITKGEJKUEJG #T\V #TEJCICVJWU CP GKPGT PCEJ FGT IGPU #EKNKC DGPCPPVGP 5VTCGPMTGW\WPI GKPG 2TCZKU
GKPIGTKEJVGV
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.*QUVKNKWU5CUGTPCI8GPWUDÒUVGT8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV6TQRJ·G
WPF%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
112
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . *QUVKNKWU 5CUGTPC I -QRH GKPGU ICNNKUEJGP -TKGIGTU
YQJN FGU
8GTEKPIGVQTKZT)CNNKUEJGT-TKGIGTUVGJVNOKV5EJKNFWPF5RGGTKPTHCJTGPFGO5VTGKVYCIGP$CD
$/%%TCYHC5[F 44(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI.GQ$GP\#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
8GTEKPIGVQTKZYCTFGT(ÒJTGTFGUITQGP)CNNKGTCWHUVCPFGUIGIGP%CGUCTKO,CJTGX%JT0CEJFGO(CNN#NGUKCU
OWVG8GTEKPIGVQTKZUKEJGTIGDGP&KGDGTÒJOVGENGOGPVKC%CGUCTKUYWTFGKJOPKEJV\WVGKNPCEJUGEJU,CJTGP*CHV
YWTFG GT KO 6WNNKCPWO JKPIGTKEJVGV > 4GXGTU \GKIV GKPGP ICNNKUEJGP 5VTGKVYCIGP
'UUGFWO OKV 9CIGPM·ORHGT
'UUGFCTKWUWPF.GPMGT
#WTKIC&KG5VTGKVYCIGPYWTFGPXQTCNNGOIGIGPFKG-CXCNNGTKGGKPIGUGV\V
678 679
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.*QUVKNKWU5CUGTPCI-QRHFGT)CNNKCTFCJKPVGT%CTP[Z#TVGOKU
UVGJVXXOKV5RGGTNURTKPIV*KTUEJN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI.GQ$GP\#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
<WT&GWVWPIFGT#XGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5#PO
680 681
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGT,WRKVGT#ZWTWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
682 683
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGTFCJKPVGT2GFWO,WRKVGT#ZWTWU
UKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI5KNGPUOCUMGTFCJKPVGT2GFWO,WRKVGT#ZWTWU
UKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYHD5[F
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
684 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU2CPUCI$CEEJWUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\%GTGUIGJVTOKV
\YGK(CEMGNPFCXQT2HNWI$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 48QT\ÒINKEJ
113
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
685 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H I 2KGVCUMQRH T<YGK *·PFG
JCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
> /ÒP\OGKUVGT KUV GKPGT FGT UR·VGTGP %CGUCTOÌTFGT &KG 4ÒEMUGKVGPFCTUVGNNWPI FGU XQTNKGIGPFGP 5VÒEMGU U[ODQ
NKUKGTVFKGENGOGPVKC%CGUCTKU
1,5:1
686 686
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO &GEKOWU 2QUVWOKWU #NDKPWU $TWVK H I -QRH FGU %QPUWNU #WNWU
2QUVWOKWU#NDKPWUT5EJTKHVKP-TCP\$CD$/%%TCYHD5[FC
4(GKPG6ÌPWPI2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
687 688
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 2CPUC WPF & +WPKWU $TWVWU #NDKPWU I 5KNGPUOCUMG
T<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
)TCHHKVKCWHFGO#XGTU2T·IGUEJY·EJGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 2CPUC WPF & +WPKWU $TWVWU #NDKPWU I 5KNGPUOCUMG
T<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP%CFWEGWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
689 690
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
4-N2WP\GCWHFGO#XGTU4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
&CU$KNFFGU4GXGTUGUMQRKGTVGKP)GO·NFGFGU0KMQOCEJQUYGNEJGUUKEJ\WO<GKVRWPMVFGT2T·IWPIFGU5VÒEMGU
KO $GUKV\ FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU DGHCPF > $TWFGT FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU /WPCVKWU 2NCPEWU IGNCPIVG PCEJ FGT
'TOQTFWPIFGU2NCWVKWUX%JTKPFGP$GUKV\FGU)GO·NFGUWPFYGKJVGGUFGO,WRKVGT
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
691 692
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHC5[F
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
114
RÖMISCHE REPUBLIK
693 694
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . 2NCWVKWU 2NCPEWU I /GFWUGPJCWRV X X#WTQTC HNKGIV T WPF
HÒJTVFKG2HGTFGFGU5QPPGPIQVVGU$CD$/%%TCYHE5[FD
42T·IGUEJY·EJGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO#.KEKPKWU0GTXCI(KFGUMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTTUEJNGKHV
)GHCPIGPGPJKPVGTUKEJJGT$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.QNNKWU2CNKMCPWUI-QRHFGT.KDGTVCUT4QUVTCFCTCWH5WDUGNNKWO
$CD$/%%TCYH5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
696
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%%NQFKWU8GUVCNKUI(NQTCMQRHTFCJKPVGT.KNKGPDNÒVG8GUVCUKV\V
NOKV%WNNWNWU$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH
697 698
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2%NQFKWU6WTTKPWUI#RQNNQMQRHTFCJKPVGT.[TC&KCPC.WEKHGTC
OKV\YGK(CEMGNPUVGJVXX$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU I -QRH FGU 2TCGVQTU . .KXKPGKWU 4GIWNWU
T/QFKWU\YKUEJGP\YGKJTGP$CD$/%%TCYH5[F 445GJTUEJÌP
&CU 2QTVT·V \GKIV FGP 8CVGT FGU /ÒP\OGKUVGTU &KG 4ÒEMUGKVG DG\KGJV UKEJ CWH FKG -QTPXGTVGKNWPI FKG FKGUGT
FWTEJ\WHÒJTGPJCVVG
699
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUX%JT4QO%8KDKWU8CTWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8GPWUUVGJVN
WPFDGVTCEJVGVUKEJKPGKPGO5RKGIGNFCJKPVGT5·WNG$CD$/%%CNKEQC%TCYH
5[F 449KP\5VGORGNDTWEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
&CXKF5GCTDG\KGJVUQYQJNFGP#RQNNQMQRHFGT8QTFGTUGKVGCNUCWEJFKG8GPWUFGU4GXGTUGUCWHFCU)GUEJNGEJVFGT
,WNKGT > #WTGWU GTKPPGTV CNUQ CP FGP GTOQTFGVGP %CGUCT YCU UKEJGTNKEJ KP <WUCOOGPJCPI OKV FGO -CORH FGT
6TKWOXKTPIGIGPFKG%CGUCTOÌTFGTUVGJV
115
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
700
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO%8KDKWU8CTWUI$CEEJWUMQRHTOKV'HGWMTCP\2CPVJGTURTKPIVN
CP#NVCTCPFGO6J[TUWUNGJPV$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
&KGUG/ÒP\G\GKIVCWHDGKFGP5GKVGPFKQP[UKUEJG$G\ÒIGXGTOWVNKEJGKP*KPYGKUCWHFKG(COKNKGPVTCFKVKQP
701 701
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % 8KDKWU 8CTWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT /KPGTXC T OKV
*GNO*GTEWNGUUVGJVNOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$CD$/%%TCYH5[F
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
702
1,5:1 1,5:1
+/2'4#614+5%*'24)70)'0
%P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OCKQT Ŏ X %JT Õ&GPCT X %JT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG 3
5KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHTOKV&KCFGOFCTWPVGT5VGTP-GWNGFCTÒDGT.ÌYGPHGNN
N2HGKNT$QIGP$CD$/%%TCYHC5GCT5[F
9KP\2WP\GCWHFGO#XGTUFGPPQEJXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
703 704
Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG35KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHT
OKV &KCFGO FCTWPVGT 5VGTP-GWNG FCTÒDGT .ÌYGPHGNN N 2HGKN T $QIGP $CD $/%
%TCYHC5GCT5[F (GKPG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT 1UPCDTÒEM 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP (TKV\ 4WFQNH -ÒPMGT
1UPCDTÒEM0T
Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG35KEKPKWUWPF%%QRQPKWUI#RQNNQMQRHT
OKV &KCFGO FCTWPVGT 5VGTP-GWNG FCTÒDGT .ÌYGPHGNN N 2HGKN T $QIGP $CD $/%
%TCYHC5GCT5[F -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
116
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
705
2:1 2:1
KJTGP 7TURTWPI CWH %CNRWU GKPGP 5QJP FGU 0WOC 2QORKNKWU \WTÒEM &CJGT HKPFGV UKEJ 0WOC 2QORKNKWU CWH FGO
#XGTUFGU5VÒEMGU
706
1,5:1 1,5:1
%P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU OKPQT Ŏ X %JT Õ&GPCT X %JT %QTFWDC /CTEWU 2QDNKEKWU
I -QRH FGU LWIGPFNKEJGP /CTU T OKV *GNO*KURCPKC WPF 2QORGKWU JCNVGP <YGKI $CD
$/%%TCYHG5GCTC5[FC (GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
>4GXGTUFGU5VÒEMGUDTKPIV\WO#WUFTWEMFCFKG5[OOCEJKG\YKUEJGP5RCPKGPWPFFGO2QORGKCPGTJGGT\WO
5KGIHÒJTGPYKTF
<WT#XGTUWPF4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH
707 708
1,5:1
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ Ŏ X %JT Õ&GPCT X %JT CHTKMCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG
I,WRKVGTMQRHT'NGHCPVT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
0CEJ 2JCTUCNQU UCOOGNVG UKEJ GKP ITQGT 6GKN FGT 2QORGKCPGT WPVGT FGO -QOOCPFQ XQP 3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU
7PUGTG /ÒP\G KUV FCU 2TQFWMV FGT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG > CTEJCKUEJG ,WRKVGTMQRH DGIGIPGV CWEJ CWH GKPGO #WTGWU
7PKMWO KP 2CTKU WPF GKPGO &GPCT
%TCYH YQ GT FWTEJ GKPGP #FNGTMQRH CNU $GK\GKEJGP GKPFGWVKI
KFGPVKHK\KGTVKUV
Õ&GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP
VGPUMCNRTFCXQTJTGFCTWPVGT2HNWI*GTEWNGUUVGJVXXOKV-GWNGWPF.ÌYGPHGNN$CD$/%
%TCYH5GCT5[F (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ YCT FGT -QOOCPFGWT FGT 2QORGKCPGT KP #HTKMC 'T ÒDGTNGDVG FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK
6JCRUWUWPFY·JNVGDCNFFCTCWHKP*KRRQ4GIKWUFGP(TGKVQF/CTEWU'RRKWUNKGFKGUGU5VÒEMYQJNCNUNGICVWUHKUEK
ECUVTGPUKURT·IGP
117
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
709
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP #HTKMC /CTEWU 'RRKWU I #HTKMCMQRH KO 'NGHCP
VGPUMCNR T FCXQT JTG FCTWPVGT 2HNWI*GTEWNGU UVGJV X X OKV -GWNG WPF .ÌYGPHGNN $CD
$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
3 %CGEKNKWU /GVGNNWU 2KWU 5EKRKQ YCT FGT -QOOCPFGWT FGT 2QORGKCPGT KP #HTKMC 'T ÒDGTNGDVG FKG 5EJNCEJV DGK
6JCRUWUWPFY·JNVGDCNFFCTCWHKP*KRRQ4GIKWUFGP(TGKVQF/CTEWU'RRKWUNKGFKGUGU5VÒEMYQJNCNUNGICVWUHKUEK
ECUVTGPUKURT·IGP
710 711
% ,WNKWU %CGUCT Ŏ X %JT Õ&GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG I 'NGHCPV T
2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F (GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
<WT&CVKGTWPIUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG \GKIV %CGUCTU #OV CNU 2QPVKHGZ OCZKOWU CP FKG GKP\KIG QHHK\KGNNG 5VGNNWPI FKG GT \W $GIKPP FGU
$ÒTIGTMTKGIGUDGMNGKFGVG
Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI8GPWUMQRHT#GPGCUNVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
#PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO
CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT
5[F (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH
%CGUCT UVGNNVG KP UGKPGT 2TQRCICPFC KOOGT YKGFGT UGKPG #DUVCOOWPI XQP FGP CWH FKGUGT /ÒP\G FCTIGUVGNNVGP
O[VJKUEJGP 8QTHCJTGP JGTCWU #UECPKWU+WNWU FGT 5QJP FGU #GPGCU IKNV CNU 5VCOOXCVGT FGT ,WNKGT #GPGCU
YKGFGTWOUVCOOVGXQP8GPWUCD*KGTXGTDKPFGVUKEJFKG)TÒPFWPIUUCIG4QOUU[ODQNKUKGTVFWTEJFCU2CNNCFKWO
OKVFGO7TURTWPIFGTIGPU+WNKC
712 713
Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI8GPWUMQRHT#GPGCUNVT·IVUGKPGP8CVGT
#PEJKUGU WPF FCU 2CNNCFKWO
CWU FGO DTGPPGPFGP 6TQLC $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT
5[F #XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT X %JT URCPKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I -QRH FGT 8GPWU )GPGVTKZ T FCJKPVGT
%WRKFQ6TQRJ·G FCTWPVGT \YGK ICNNKUEJG )GHCPIGPG $CD $/% %TCYH 5GCT
5[F (GKPG6ÌPWPIMPCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KGUGU 5VÒEM YWTFG \WT $G\CJNWPI FGT 8GVGTCPGP %CGUCTU Y·JTGPF FGU -CORHGU IGIGP FKG 2QORGKCPGTKP5RCPKGP
IGRT·IV &KG )GHCPIGPGP CWH FGT 4ÒEMUGKVG UKPF GKPG VTCWGTPFG (TCW WPF GKP IGHGUUGNVGT /CPP FGUUGP -QRH FGO
6[RFGU8GTEKPIGVQTKZGPVURTKEJV
714
2:1 2:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO//GVVKWUI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\FCJKPVGT.KVWWUWPF%W
NWNNWU8GPWU UVGJV N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT CP GKPGP CWH GKPGO )NQDWU UVGJGPFGP 5EJKNF IGNGJPV
$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$TWWP4CUOWUUGP-QRGPJCIGP0T
/GVVKWU HÒJTV CWH FKGUGO 5VÒEM FKG 8GTYGPFWPI XQP -QPVTQNNDWEJUVCDGP PGW GKP FKG UGKV NCPIGO PKEJV OGJT
XGTYGPFGVYQTFGPYCTGP
118
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
715 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO//GVVKWUI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQ
TKC<GRVGTWPF5EJKNFCWH)NQDWU$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
42T·EJVKIGU2QTVT·VHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'U KUV WOUVTKVVGP QD FKGUGT &GPCT XQT QFGT PCEJ %CGUCTU 'TOQTFWPI IGRT·IV YQTFGP KUV 5KEJGT KUV FC FKGUG
/ÒP\GP WPVGT JCTVGO <GKVFTWEM KP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG GPVUVCPFGP UKPF /ÌINKEJGTYGKUG YWTFGP FKGUG /ÒP\GP HÒT FGP
IGRNCPVGP2CTVJGTMTKGI%CGUCTUIGRT·IVFCPPY·TGPUKGPCVÒTNKEJPQEJ\WUGKPGP.GD\GKVGPIGRT·IVYQTFGP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.$WECI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF
<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.$WECI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
WPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP-ÌNPGT/ÒP\MCDKPGVV-ÌNP0T
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO25GRWNNKWU/CEGTI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWUUVGJVNOKV
8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGTOKV5VGTP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCTD5[F
4'VYCU$GNCIUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO.(NCOKPKWU%JKNQI-QRH%CGUCTUTOKV-TCP\8GPWU
OKV(GNK
EKVCUCURGMVUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF<GRVGT$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
4GRCTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
<W &CVKGTWPI WPF 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI UKGJG 9Q[VGM $ #TOC GV 0WOOK 9KGP 5 HH &CU JGTTNKEJG
KFGCNKUKGTVG2QTVT·VCWHFGO#XGTUUQNNXGTOWVNKEJFKG)ÌVVNKEJMGKV%CGUCTUWPFFCOKVFGP*GTTUEJCHVUCPURTWEJUGKPGU
#FQRVKXUQJPGU 1EVCXKCPWU WPVGTUVTGKEJGP Y·JTGPF FGT 4GXGTU OKV FGT &CTUVGNNWPI FGT 8GPWU CWH FKG IÌVVNKEJG
#DUVCOOWPIFGTIGPU+WNKCXGTYGKUV
720 1,5:1
1,5:1
/ +WPKWU $TWVWU Õ&GPCT X %JT MNGKPCUKCVKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG . 5GUVKWU 3WKTKPCNKU I
.KDGTVCUMQRH T OKV 5EJNGKGT&TGKHW \YKUEJGP #ZV WPF 5KORWNWO $CD $/% %TCYH
5GCT5[F 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
.5GUVKWU3WKTKPCNKUNKGHUR·VGT\W#WIWUVWUÒDGTWPFYWTFGX%JT%QPUWNUWHHGEVWU9·JTGPFUGKPGT<GKVKO
*GGTFGU$TWVWUFÒTHVGGTUKEJOKV*QTC\CPIGHTGWPFGVJCDGPFGTKJOGKPGUGKPGT1FGP
%CTOGPYKFOGVG
119
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
721
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JTMNGKPCUKCVKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG%(NCXKWU*GOKE
I&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU
#RQNNQTFCXQT.[TC8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKIFCXQT6TQRJ·G$CD$/%
%TCYH5GCT5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
722 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP -NGKPCUKGP QFGT 0QTFITKGEJGPNCPF .GICV 2GFCPKWU %QUVC
I .')%156# #RQNNQMQRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+/2$48685 6TQRJ·G $CD $/%
%TCYH5GCT5[F 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
2GFCPKWU%QUVCYCTGKPGTFGT.GICVGPFGU$TWVWUKO-CORHIGIGPFKG6TKWOXKTP
723
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT .CIGTOÒP\UV·VVG KP -NGKPCUKGP QFGT 0QTFITKGEJGPNCPF 2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC
.QPIWUI0GRVWPMQRHTÒDGTFGT5EJWNVGT&TGK\CEM8KEVQTKCUVGJTTCWHIGDTQEJGPGO<GRVGT
OKV2CNO\YGKIWPFFWTEJVTGPPVGO&KCFGO$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV(GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
2WDNKWU 5GTXKNKWU %CUEC .QPIWU YCT GKPGT FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT GT HÒJTVG FGP GTUVGP &QNEJUVQ > 0GRVWPMQRH CWH
FGO#XGTUURKGNVCWHFKGOKNKV·TKUEJGP'THQNIGFGU%CUUKWUWPFFKGªDGTNGIGPJGKVFGT%CGUCTOÌTFGT\WT5GGCP>
4GXGTU \GKIV FKG <KGNG FGT %CGUCTOÌTFGT /KV KJTGO 5KGI
XGTMÌTRGTV FWTEJ FKG 8KEVQTKC YKTF FKG $GUVTGDWPI \WT
'TTKEJVWPI GKPGT -ÌPKIUJGTTUEJCHV \WPKEJVG IGOCEJV
U[ODQNKUKGTV FWTEJ FCU \GTDTQEJGPG <GRVGT WPF FCU FWTEJ
VTGPPVG&KCFGOWPFFKG4GRWDNKMYKGFGTJGTIGUVGNNV
724
%%CUUKWU.QPIKPWUÕ&GPCTX%JT5O[TPC
!2%QTPGNKWU.GPVWNWU5RKPVJGTI.K
DGTVCUMQRHTOKV&KCFGO-CPPGWPF.KVWWU$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5RKPVJGT YCT X %JT KP FCU -QNNGIKWO FGT #WIWTGP IGY·JNV YQTFGP WPF XGTYGKUV FWTEJ FKG 2TKGUVGTIGT·VG CWH
FGO4GXGTUCWHUGKP#OV
725 1,5:1
1,5:1
5GZVWU2QORGKWUŎX%JTÕ&GPCTX%JTUK\KNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG30CUKFKWUI
-QRH FGU 2QORGKWU /CIPWU T FCTWPVGT &GNRJKP T FCXQT &TGK\CEM)CNGGTG T KO (GNF N 5VGTP
$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 42T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ
<W&CVKGTWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9Q[VGM$#TOCGV0WOOK9KGP5HH
120
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
726
2:1 2:1
/CTEWU #PVQPKWU Ŏ X %JT Õ&GPCT X %JT #VJGP / +WPKWU 5KNCPWU I -QRH
T5EJTKHVKP\YGK<GKNGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0QOQU#)<ÒTKEJ0T
727
2:1 2:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
!I)CNGGTGT.')++.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
'UFÒTHVGFKG.GIKQ++#WIWUVCIGOGKPVUGKP5KGYCTUR·VGTKP/QIQPVKCEWO
/CKP\UVCVKQPKGTVCDKP)NQXGU
)NQWEGUVGTKP$TKVCPPKGP
728 729
Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
!I)CNGGTGT.')8.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KG .GIKQ 8 #NCWFCG YWTFG XQP %CGUCT CWHIGUVGNNV 7PVGT #WIWUVWU MCO UKG CP FGP 4JGKP WPF YWTFG KP %CUVTC
8GVGTC
:CPVGP UVCVKQPKGTV 5KG UEJNQ UKEJ 8KVGNNKWU CP 0CEJ FGT 0KGFGTNCIG IGIGP 8GURCUKCP YWTFG UKG PCEJ
/QGUKGPIGUEJKEMVYQUKGKPGKPGOHTÒJGP&CMGTMTKGIWPVGTIKPI
Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
!I)CNGGTGT.'):8.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCT
VGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KG.GIKQ:8XQP1EVCXKCPWUIGITÒPFGVYCTPCEJFGO$ÒTIGTMTKGIKP+NN[TKGPUVCVKQPKGTV
730 731
Õ&GPCTX%JT2CVTCU
!I)CNGGTGT.')::+++.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCP
FCTVGP$CD$/%%TCYH5GCT5[F 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT(WNXKCUX%JT'WOGPGKCCNU(WNXKC
2JT[IKC/CIKUVTCV<OGTVQTKZ2JKNQPKFQWI
)GHNÒIGNVG$ÒUVGFGT(WNXKCT#VJGPCIGJVN42% )TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
121
IMPERATORISCHE PRÄGUNGEN
732
1,5:1 1,5:1
WPF.WEKWU#PVQPKWUÕ&GPCTX%JT'RJGUWU/%QEEGKWU0GTXCI$GKFGTUGKVU-QRHT
$CD$/%%TCYHC5GCT5[F 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
/ %QEEGKWU 0GTXC %QPUWN FGU ,CJTGU X %JT YCT FGT 7TITQXCVGT FGU UR·VGTGP -CKUGTU 0GTXC .WEKWU
#PVQPKWU GKP LÒPIGTGT $TWFGT FGU /CTEWU #PVQPKWU YCT KP UGKPGT ,WIGPF HÒT UGKP NQVVGTJCHVGU .GDGP DGMCPPV +O
,CJTGX%JTYCTGT%QPUWN
WPF-NGQRCVTCUX%JT%JCNEKU
5[TKCI-QRHFGU/CTEWU#PVQPKWUT&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGFGT-NGQRCVTCTOKV&KCFGO42%5GCT
44)TÒPG2CVKPCJGTTNKEJGU2QTVT·VFGT-NGQRCVTCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
734
1,5:1 1,5:1
1EVCXKCPWU Õ&GPCT X %JT KVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I 8GPWUMQRH T-CKUGT IGJV N OKV
<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
<WT&CVKGTWPIUKGJG5GCT6JG*KUVQT[CPF%QKPCIGQHVJG4QOCP+ORGTCVQTU$%.QPFQP0T
735
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT/GTEWTUKV\VTCWH(GNUGPOKV2GVCUWU
WPF.[TC$/%%QJ4+%w 48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
<W &CVKGTWPI WPF 4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPI UKGJG 5GCT 6JG *KUVQT[ CPF %QKPCIG QH VJG 4QOCP +ORGTCVQTU $%
.QPFQP0T
736
WPF&KXWU,WNKWU%CGUCT&WRQPFKWUWOX%JT8KGPPCI-QRH%CGUCTUNWPF-QRH
1EVCXKCPUT2TQTCT42%5GCT )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI4KEJCTF2TKFGCWZ#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
122
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
737 738
/ª0<'0&'44¤/+5%*'0-#+5'4<'+6
#WIWUVWUXP%JTÕ3WKPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT8KEVQTKC
UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI CWH %KUVC O[UVKEC \YKUEJGP \YGK 5EJNCPIGP $/% %QJ
-KPI4+%w 2TÒHRWP\GCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ3WKPCTX%JTKVCNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKICWH%KUVCO[UVKEC\YKUEJGP\YGK5EJNCPIGP$/%%QJ-KPI4+%w
'VYCUFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI-CTN5KHHGTOCP%0)'NGEVTQPKE#WEVKQP.CPECUVGT0T
Õ&GPCTX%JT'OGTKVC2%CTKUKWUI-QRHT*GNO\YKUEJGP&QNEJWPF$KRGPPKU
$/%%QJ4+%wC (GKPG6ÌPWPICVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
740
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC%CGUCTCWIWUVC!I-QRH
T+P-TCP\1$%+8+55'48#615$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%wC 445GJTUEJÌP
741
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC!I-QRHNOKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\#NVCT$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%wD 44-TCV\GTUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
123
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
742
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JTRGNQRQPPGUKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI-QRHT5GEJUU·WNKIGT6GORGN$/%
%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
>6GORGNFÒTHVGFGP6GORGNFGU<GWUKP1N[ORKCFCTUVGNNGPFGO#WIWUVWUCWHUGKPGT4GKUGKPFGP1UVGPUKEJGT
UGKPG4GHGTGP\GTYKGUGPJCV
743
1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC!I-QRHT8KEVQTKC
HNKGIVTWPFJ·NV5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV%.8$/%%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
&KGXQP%TCUUWUX%JTCPFKG2CTVJGTXGTNQTGPGP(GNF\GKEJGPJCDGPFKG4ÌOGTX%JTCWHFKRNQOCVKUEJGO
9GIG \WTÒEMIGYKPPGP MÌPPGP /KV FGO KJO GKIGPGP TQDWUVGP 5GNDUVDGYWVUGKP UVGNNVG #WIWUVWU FKGU KP UGKPGO
6CVGPDGTKEJV
UQ FCT &KG 2CTVJGT JCDG KEJ IG\YWPIGP FKG $GWVG WPF (GNF\GKEJGP FTGKGT TÌOKUEJGT *GGTG
\WTÒEM\WIGDGPWPFFKG(TGWPFUEJCHVFGU4ÌOKUEJGP8QNMGU\WGTHNGJGP
124
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
748
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
749 749
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU I (GTQPKCDÒUVG T-PKGPFGT 2CTVJGT T
RT·UGPVKGTV5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%w .GKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
750
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO 2 2GVTQPKWU 6WTRKNKCPWU I -QRH T5GEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP ÒDGT
*CNDOQPF$/%%QJ4+%w 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT.CIGTNKUVG/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP
#)$CUGN0T
751
2:1 2:1
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO . #SWKNNKWU (NQTWU I 8KTVWUDÒUVG T OKV *GNO'NGHCPVGPDKIC N
$/%%QJ4+%w 448QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0QOQU#)<ÒTKEJ0T
125
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
752
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU X %JT 'RJGUWU I -QRH T%CRTKEQTP T $/% %CNKEQ %QJ
4+%w *GPMGNURWTUGJTUEJÌP
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV YKG 5WGVQP UEJTGKDV
#WI FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP %CRTKEQTP
5VGKPDQEM CDIGDKNFGV WPVGT
FGO#WIWUVWUIGDQTGPYWTFG&KGUG#WUUCIG5WGVQPUUVGJVKPGKPGOUEJGKPDCTGP9KFGTURTWEJ\WO)GDWTVUVCIFGU
#WIWUVWU
WPVGT$GTÒEMUKEJVKIWPIFGUTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP-CNGPFGTUWPFCPFGTGT(CMVQTGPFGTQFGT5GRVGODGT
X %JT FGPP FKG 5QPPG UVCPF GPVYGFGT
YGPP OCP FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV KP FGT
,WPIHTCWQFGTCDGTKPFGT9CCIG
YGPPOCPPCEJGKPGTEJCNF·KUEJGP/GVJQFGFGT$GTGEJPWPIFGU*QTQUMQRGUFGP
(TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV 5Q KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FC 5WGVQP FCU 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP
FCU
5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT )GDWTV OKV FGO -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP
FGO 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT <GWIWPI FGU #WIWUVWU XGTYGEJUGNV
JCV
\WNGV\V-C['JNKPI9GTYKTFLGV\VPQEJCP5EJKEMUCNUGTHQTUEJWPIWPF*QTQUMQRINCWDGP!
'RJTCKOF5[TGT
$GOGTMWPIGP \W ,WNKCPU 5VKGTOÒP\GP WPF FGO )GDWTVUFCVWO FGU -CKUGTU KP ,0)
5
'U YKTF CDGT DGK /CPKNKWU GDGPHCNNU FGT %CRTKEQTP CNU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU DG\GKEJPGV
#UVTQPQOKEC++/CPKNKWUPGPPVCWEJFCU)GDWTVU\GKEJGPFGU6KDGTKWUFKG9CCIG
#UVTQPQOKEC+8$GK
FGT)GDWTVFGU6KDGTKWUCO0QXGODGTX%JTUVCPFFKG5QPPGCNNGTFKPIUKO5MQTRKQPJKGTNKGIVFGTUGNDG
UEJGKPDCTG 9KFGTURTWEJ YKG DGK #WIWUVWU XQT FGT CDGT MGKPGUHCNNU FCFWTEJ CWH\WNÌUGP KUV FC OCP FCU
)GDWTVU\GKEJGP\WGKPGO-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGPWOFGWVGV
GUUGKFGPPOCPIGJVXQPGKPGOOGFK\KPKUEJGP9WPFGTCWU
6KDGTKWU OÒVG GKPGP /QPCV XQT UGKPGT )GDWTV IG\GWIV YQTFGP UGKP 'U IKDV GKPG CPFGTG .ÌUWPI (ÒT FCU
5VGTP\GKEJGPFGT)GDWTVKUVPKEJVFGT5VCPFFGT5QPPGUQPFGTPFGTFGU/QPFGUTGNGXCPV.GIVOCPFKGUG#WHHCUUWPI
\WITWPFGUQUVKOOVFKG#WUUCIGFGT3WGNNGP\WFGP0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGPFGT-CKUGTUQYQJNDGK#WIWUVWUCNUCWEJDGK
6KDGTKWU > 4GXGTU WPUGTGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV CNUQ LGPGU 6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGP KP FGO DGKO <GKVRWPMV FGT )GDWTV FGU
#WIWUVWUFGT/QPFUVCPF5KGJG5EJÒV\>%CRTKEQTPCNU5VGTP\GKEJGPFGU#WIWUVWUKP#PVKMGWPF#DGPFNCPF
5
<WT<WYGKUWPIFGT/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG9GKUUGT$>%CRTKEQTPWUFGU#WIWUVWUKP2GTICOQPKP#NHCTQ/CTEQU
1VGTQ
*TUI:+++%QPITGUUQ+PVGTPCVKQPCNFG0WOKUO±VKEC/CFTKF#EVCU2TQEGGFKPIU#EVGU+/CFTKF
5WPF5
753
Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVGURCPKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%QNQPKC2CVTKEKC!I-QRHTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\8KGTU·WNKIGT 6GORGN FCTKP 6TKWORJCNYCIGP OKV .GIKQPUCFNGT WPF XKGT /KPKCVWTRHGTFGP
$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T#FQNH9KNF#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
754
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JT4QO2.KEKPKWU5VQNQI-QRHT#RGZ\YKUEJGP\YGK#PEKNKC$/%
%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
&KG#PEKNKCYCTGPFKGJGKNKIGP5EJKNFGFGU/CTU'KPUQNEJGT5EJKNFUQNNFGT5CIGPCEJKPFKGDGVGPFXQTIGUVTGEMVGP
*·PFGFGU0WOCIGHCNNGPUGKPWPFFKGUGOUQNNGKPG5VKOOGXGTMÒPFGVJCDGPFC*GKNWPF/CEJVFGU5VCCVGUXQP
FGT'TJCNVWPIFGU5EJKNFGUCDJKPIG&CTCWHJKPNKG0WOCFWTEJ/COWTKWU8GVWTKWUGNHIGPCWG-QRKGPFGU5EJKNFGU
JGTUVGNNGPWPFDGVTCWVGFCU-QNNGIKWOFGT5CNKGTOKVFGT$GYCEJWPIFGT#PEKNKC
126
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
755
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCTX%JTWPDGUVKOOVG/ÒP\UV·VVG
%[\KEWU!I-QRHTKP'KEJGPMTCP\-CPFGNCDGT
KPGKPGOOKV\YGK2CVGTCGWPF\YGK$WETCPKCIGUEJOÒEMVGP-TCP\$/%%QJ
)CKWU%CGUCT
4+%w 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0GY;QTM5KIPCVWTG5CNG0GY
;QTM0T
'UYKTFIGNGIGPVNKEJCWEJJGWVGPQEJFKG#WHHCUUWPI%QJGPUXGTVTGVGPFCU2QTVT·VFGT8QTFGTUGKVGUVGNNGFGP'PMGN
FGU#WIWUVWU)CKWU%CGUCTFCTQDYQJNFKGUG&GWVWPIUQYQJNKO$/%KO%$0CNUCWEJKO4+%wN·PIUVYKFGTNGIV
KUV &CU 2QTVT·V FGT 8QTFGTUGKVG KUV UKEJGT LWIGPFNKEJ GKP FTGKL·JTKIGT -PCDG
)CKWU %CGUCT YWTFG KO #WIWUV QFGT
5GRVGODGT X %JT IGDQTGP KUV CDGT DGUVKOOV PKEJV FCTIGUVGNNV &CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FKG NWFK UCGEWNCTGU FKG KP FGT
0CEJV\WO,WPKX%JTGTÌHHPGVYWTFGPWPFFTGK6CIGWPFFTGK0·EJVGFCWGTVGPFGT-CPFGNCDGTDG\KGJVUKEJ
UKEJGTCWHFKGP·EJVNKEJGP(GKGTPFGT-TCP\OKVFGP2CVGTCGWPF$WETCPKCURKGNVOÌINKEJGTYGKUGCWHFKG(GKGTPCO
6CIGCPFGPP4KPFGTYWTFGPXQP#WIWUVWUWPF#ITKRRCPWTCOWPF,WPKVCIUÒDGTIGQRHGTV
XGTIN5WVJGTNCPF
6JGFCVGCPFVJGUKIPKHKECPEGQHVJGECPFGNCDTWOEQKPUQH#WIWUVWUKP%NCUUKECN4GXKGY5HH
756 757
Õ&GPCTX%JT.WIFWPWOI-QRHT5VKGTUVÌVT$/%%QJ4+%wC
-N2TÒHRWP\GPUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT X %JT 4QO % #PVKUVKWU 4GIKPWU I -QRH T5KORWNWO .KVWWU &TGKHW WPF
2CVGTC$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
>4GXGTUUVGNNVFKG/KVINKGFUEJCHVFGU#WIWUVWUKPDGFGWVGPFGP2TKGUVGTMQNNGIKGPJGTCWUGTYCT2QPVKHGZ#WIWT
3WKPFGEKOXKTUHWPFIGJÌTVGFGO-QNNGIKWOFGT5GRVGOXKTK'RWNQPGUCP
758
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWUX%JT.WIFWPWOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&KCPCUVGJVJCNDN-QRHT
OKV5RGGTWPF$QIGP\WKJTGP(ÒGP*WPFN$/%#PO%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV
%QJ4+%wD 8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
759
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU %CGUCT TGKVGV T OKV
5EJYGTVWPF5EJKNFFCJKPVGT.GIKQPUCFNGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 42TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPF5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
)CKWU%CGUCTGKPGTFGT'PMGNFGU#WIWUVWUYWTFGXQPUGKPGO)TQXCVGTCNU0CEJHQNIGTCWUGTMQTGP+O,CJTX
%JT PCJO )CKWU %CGUCT GTUVOCNU CP OKNKV·TKUEJGP 1RGTCVKQPGP VGKN YKG FGT 4GXGTU WPUGTGU #WTGWU GKPFTWEMUXQNN
\GKIV X %JT XGTVGKNVG #WIWUVWU CWEJ )GNFIGUEJGPMG CP FKG 5QNFCVGP FGPGP OKV FKGUGP 5VÒEMGP MNCT FKG
OKNKV·TKUEJG-CTTKGTGUGKPGU'PMGNUXQT#WIGPIGHÒJTVYWTFG
127
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
760
#U X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#TC .WIFWPGPUKU $/%
%QJ4+%w )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
#O #WIWUV LGFGP ,CJTGU HGKGTVGP FKG EKXKVCVGU FGT FTGK )CNNKGP CP FKGUGO #NVCT GKP (GUV OKV FGO UKG KJTG
4GKEJUVTGWGDGUV·VKIVGP>#NVCTYCTKO,CJTGX%JTXQP&TWUWUGTTKEJVGVYQTFGP
761
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWUWPF5KORWNWO$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 4-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
>XQTNKGIGPFG6[RMCPPPCEJPGWGTGT(QTUEJWPIGZCMVGTFCVKGTVYGTFGPCNUFKGUKO4+%IGOCEJVYWTFG
X
P%JT&KG5VÒEMGYWTFGPX%JTIGRT·IVYKGUKEJCWUFGT6CVUCEJGGTIKDVFC)CKWU%CGUCTKO,CJTP
%JTFGP-QPUWNCVKPPGJCVVGWPFUQOKVPKEJVOGJTFGUKIPKGTVGT-QPUWNYCT
-GJPG<WT&CVKGTWPIFGT(WPFOÒP\GP
CWU -CNMTKGUG KP 9KGIGNU 4CKPGT
*TUI &KG (WPFOÒP\GP XQP -CNMTKGUG WPF FKG HTÒJMCKUGT\GKVNKEJG
/ÒP\RT·IWPI/ÌJPGUGG5H5KGJG\WT&CVKGTWPIWPF\WT&GWVWPIFGU4GXGTUGUCWEJ9QNVGTU)CKWU
WPF.WEKWU%CGUCTGUCNUFGUKIPKGTVG-QPUWNPWPFRTKPEKRGUKWXGPVWVKU&KGNGZ8CNGTKC%QTPGNKCWPF4+%+wHH
KP%JKTQP
5HH
762 763
Ô#WTGWU X %JT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWUWPF5KORWNWO$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT .WIFWPWO QFGT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU
UVGJGPXXOKV5RGGTGPWPF5EJKNFGPFCTÒDGT.KVWWU5KORWNWOWPF:$/%%QJ4+%w
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&CU5VÒEMHGKGTVYKG4GKPJCTF9QNVGTUPCEJYGKUGPMQPPVGFKGNGZ8CNGTKC%QTPGNKCWPFYWTFGP%JTGPVYGFGT
KP .WIFWPWO HÒT GKP UVCFVTÌOKUEJGU 2WDNKMWO QFGT OÌINKEJGTYGKUG UQICT KP 4QO UGNDUV IGRT·IV &CU )GUGV\
DGUVKOOVGFKG'KPTKEJVWPIXQP9CJN\GPVWTKGP\WT8QTYCJNFGT-QPUWNPWPF2T·VQTGP&CU:CWHFGO4GXGTUWPF
FKG 9CJN FGU )CKWU.WEKWU6[RU PQEJ PCEJ FGO 6QFG FGT 'PMGN FGU #WIWUVWU GTMN·TV UKEJ FCFWTEJ FC FKG
<GPVWTKGPPCEJ)CKWUWPF.WEKWU%CGUCTGUDGPCPPVYWTFGP5KGJG\WT&CVKGTWPI&GWVWPIWPF/ÒP\UV·VVG9QNVGTU
)CKWU WPF .WEKWU %CGUCTGU CNU FGUKIPKGTVG -QPUWNP WPF RTKPEKRGU KWXGPVWVKU &KG NGZ 8CNGTKC %QTPGNKC WPF 4+% +w
HHKP%JKTQP
5HH
Õ%KUVQRJQTX%JT2GTICOQP
!/[UKCI-QRHTFCXQT.KVWWU$ÒPFGNXQPUGEJU
JTGP42% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
128
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
765
Õ%KUVQRJQT X %JT 'RJGUWU
+QPKC I -QRH T+O .QTDGGTMTCP\ %CRTKEQTP T OKV
(ÒNNJQTP42% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
#WH FGO 4GXGTU KUV YKG 5WGVQP UEJTGKDV
#WI FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP %CRTKEQTP
5VGKPDQEM CDIGDKNFGV WPVGT
FGO#WIWUVWUIGDQTGPYWTFG&KGUG#WUUCIG5WGVQPUUVGJVKPGKPGOUEJGKPDCTGP9KFGTURTWEJ\WO)GDWTVUVCIFGU
#WIWUVWU
WPVGT$GTÒEMUKEJVKIWPIFGUTGRWDNKMCPKUEJGP-CNGPFGTUWPFCPFGTGT(CMVQTGPFGTQFGT5GRVGODGT
X %JT FGPP FKG 5QPPG UVCPF GPVYGFGT
YGPP OCP FGP (TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV KP FGT
,WPIHTCWQFGTCDGTKPFGT9CCIG
YGPPOCPPCEJGKPGTEJCNF·KUEJGP/GVJQFGFGT$GTGEJPWPIFGU*QTQUMQRGUFGP
(TÒJNKPIURWPMV KP )TCF 9KFFGT CPPKOOV 5Q KUV XGTOWVGV YQTFGP FC 5WGVQP FCU 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP OKV FGO
-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU XGTYGEJUGNV JCV
\WNGV\V -C[ 'JNKPI 9GT YKTF LGV\V PQEJ CP 5EJKEMUCNU
GTHQTUEJWPI WPF *QTQUMQR INCWDGP!
'RJTCKO F 5[TGT $GOGTMWPIGP \W ,WNKCPU 5VKGTOÒP\GP WPF FGO
)GDWTVUFCVWO FGU -CKUGTU KP ,0)
5 'U YKTF CDGT DGK /CPKNKWU GDGPHCNNU FGT
%CRTKEQTP CNU )GDWTVU\GKEJGP FGU #WIWUVWU DG\GKEJPGV
#UVTQPQOKEC ++ /CPKNKWU PGPPV CWEJ FCU
)GDWTVU\GKEJGPFGU6KDGTKWUFKG9CCIG
#UVTQPQOKEC+8$GKFGT)GDWTVFGU6KDGTKWUCO0QXGODGT
X %JT UVCPF FKG 5QPPG CNNGTFKPIU KO 5MQTRKQP JKGT NKGIV UEJGKPDCT FGTUGNDG 9KFGTURTWEJ YKG DGK #WIWUVWU XQT
FGTCDGTMGKPGUHCNNUFCFWTEJCWH\WNÌUGPKUVFCOCPFCU)GDWTVU\GKEJGP\WGKPGO-QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGPWOFGWVGV
GU
UGK FGPP OCP IGJV XQP GKPGO OGFK\KPKUEJGP 9WPFGT CWU 'U IKDV GKPG CPFGTG .ÌUWPI (ÒT FCU 5VGTP\GKEJGP FGT
)GDWTV KUV PKEJV FGT 5VCPF FGT 5QPPG UQPFGTP FGT FGU /QPFGU TGNGXCPV .GIV OCP FKGUG #WHHCUUWPI \WITWPFG UQ
UVKOOV FKG #WUUCIG FGT 3WGNNGP \W FGP 0CVKXKV·VU\GKEJGP FGT -CKUGT UQYQJN DGK #WIWUVWU CNU CWEJ DGK 6KDGTKWU
> 4GXGTU WPUGTGU5VÒEMGU\GKIVCNUQLGPGU6KGTMTGKU\GKEJGPKPFGODGKO<GKVRWPMVFGT)GDWTVFGU#WIWUVWUFGT
/QPFUVCPF
766
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
P%JT#PVKQEJKC
5[TKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJG
UKV\VTWPVGPUEJYKOOGPFGT1TQPVGU/E#NGG2TKGWT42%
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP5VGTPDGTI8+++<ÒTKEJ
0T
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU 5VÒEMGU \GKIV FKG DGTÒJOVG 5VCVWG FGT 6[EJG XQP #PVKQEJKC FKG 'WV[EJKFGU GKP 5EJÒNGT FGU
.[UKRRQUIGUEJCHHGPJCVVG
768
WPF #ITKRRC #U 0GOCWUWU I $GKFGT -ÌRHG PCEJ CWGP DNKEMGPF-TQMQFKN CP
2CNOGIGMGVVGVT4+%w42% )TÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
#ITKRRC FGT (TGWPF WPF )GPGTCN FGU #WIWUVWU YCT DGTGKVU X %JT IGUVQTDGP &CU -TQMQFKN JCVVGP YQJN
5QNFCVGP XQO ·I[RVKUEJGP (GNF\WI FGU ,CJTGU X %JT OKVIGDTCEJV XGTOWVNKEJ YCTGP UKG CNU 8GVGTCPGP KP
0GOCWUWUCPIGUKGFGNVYQTFGP
129
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
769
770 770
6KDGTKWUÕ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTKP3WCFTKICT
OKV#FNGT\GRVGTWPF<YGKI$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
#U4QOI-QRHT.KXKCUKV\VTOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
771
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
/ÒP\UVGORGN FKGUGU 6[RU
OKV .KXKC CNU 2CZ CWH FGO 4GXGTU CNUQ FGO 6[R FGU DGTÒJOVGP 6TKDWVG 2GPP[U FGT
$KDGN YWTFGP MÒT\NKEJ KO .GIKQPUNCIGT 8KPFQPKUUC
JGWVG 9KPFKUEJ GPVFGEMV 0CEJ FGO CTEJ·QNQIKUEJGP $GHWPF
KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC KP 8KPFQPKUUC GKPG QHHK\KGNNG /ÒP\UV·VVG GZKUVKGTV JCV &KGUG UGPUCVKQPGNNG 'PVFGEMWPI
UVGNNV XKGNG /ÒP\UV·VVGP\WYGKUWPIGP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV KP (TCIG FGPP GU KUV FCXQP CWU\WIGJGP FC CWEJ KP
CPFGTGP.GIKQPUNCIGTP/ÒP\UV·VVGPGZKUVKGTVJCDGP
1,5:1 772
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w .GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
773 774
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
775
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
130
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Ô#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VT$/%%QJ4+%w
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
>5KNDGTNKPIFGT$KDGN
6TKDWVG2GPP[
Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+0GY;QTM0T
Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KXKCCNU2CZUKV\VTOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&TCEJOG %CGUCTGC
%CRRCFQEKC I -QRH T OKV.QTDGGTMTCP\$GTI#TICKQUFCTCWH
5VCVWGOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT42%5[FGPJCO 5GJTUEJÌP
131
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
UPCEJ1GC
5[TVKECI-QRHNFCXQT#FNGTFCJKPVGT.QTDGGT\YGKI+P-TCP\&TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGFGU#RQNNQPTFCXQT.[TC42% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ
0T
HÒT&KXWU#WIWUVWU5GUVGT\X%JT4QOI&KXWU#WIWUVWUUKV\VNOKV5VTCJNGP
DKPFG<YGKIWPF<GRVGTFCXQT#NVCT5%$/%%QJ4+%w
4$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG+P 'KEJGPMTCP\ 5% $/%
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
#U 4QO I -QRH N OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG#NVCT $/% %QJ 4+%w
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\4QOI#WIWUVWUOKV.QTDGGT\YGKIWPF<GRVGTKP'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKICN5%
$/%%QJ4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
HÒT,WNKC5GUVGT\4QOI5234+8.+#'#8)856%CTRGPVWOTXQP\YGK/CWN
VKGTGPIG\QIGP5%$/%%QJ4+%w 4$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
&GP MCKUGTNKEJGP &COGP YWTFGP FKG 2TKXKNGIKGP XQP 8GUVCNKPPGP XGTNKGJGP
HTGKNKEJ QJPG KJPGP FGTGP 2HNKEJVGP
CWH\WGTNGIGP W C 5CETQUCPEVKVCU FCU KWU VTKWO NKDGTQTWO
YGNEJGU KJPGP LWTKUVKUEJG 7PCDJ·PIKIMGKV WPF FKG
/ÌINKEJMGKV KJTGP $GUKV\ UGNDUV \W XGTYCNVGP XGTNKGJ WPF UEJNKGNKEJ FCU CWGTIGYÌJPNKEJG 4GEJV KP GKPGO
%CTRGPVWO\WHCJTGPYCUCWHFGO#XGTUWPUGTGT/ÒP\GJGTCWUIGUVGNNVYKTF
132
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
790
791 791
WPF.KXKCU'FGUUC
/CEGFQPKCI$GKFGTUGKVU-QRHT2CRCGHVJ[OKQW42%
44)N·P\GPFGUEJYCT\G2CVKPCHCUVUVGORGNHTKUEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
HÒT.KXKC&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT.KXKCCNU5CNWUT5%$/%
%QJ4+%w &WPMNG2CVKPCHGKPGT5VKNUGJTUEJÌP
)CKWU%CNKIWNC5GUVGT\4QOI2KGVCUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC5GEJUU·WNKIGT6GO
RGN FGU &KXWU #WIWUVWU FCXQT QRHGTV %CNKIWNC GKPGP 5VKGT WPVGTUVÒV\V XQP \YGK *GNHGTP $/%
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCOUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
>6GORGNFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUYWTFGGTUVWPVGT%CNKIWNCHGTVKIIGUVGNNV
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5234221$ %+8'55'48#615 KP
-TCP\$/%%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPC#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
#U4QOI-QRHN8GUVCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+%w
)TÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
795 796
1,5:1
WPF&KXWU#WIWUVWUÕ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHFGU%CNKIWNCT-QRHFGU&KXWU#W
IWUVWUTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG\YKUEJGP\YGK5VGTPGP$/%%QJ4+%w
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU%CNKIWNCTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
133
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
797
1,5:1 1,5:1
WPF )GTOCPKEWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH FGU )CKWU %CNKIWNC T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\-QRHFGU)GTOCPKEWUT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP
798
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU)CKWU%CNKIWNCTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU)GTOCPKEWUT
$/%%QJ4+%w 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
799 800
HÒT)GTOCPKEWU#U4QOI-QRHN5%$/%%QJp4+%w
(GJNGTKPFGT
.GIGPFGPDGUEJTGKDWPI 4&WPMNG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU &WRQPFKWU 4QO I 0GTQ WPF &TWUWU %CGUCTGU
TGKVGPT5%$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
801
1,5:1 1,5:1
%NCWFKWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPUVCPVKC UKV\V N OKV
GTJQDGPGT4GEJVGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
802
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4GKVGTUVCPFDKNF CWH 6TKWORJDQIGP
$/%%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'KPG)GFGPMRT·IWPIHÒTUGKPGP8CVGT0GTQ%NCWFKWU&TWUWU)GTOCPKEWUFGPDGFGWVGPFGP(GNFJGTTPFGU#WIWUVWU
FGT FWTEJ GKPGP 5VWT\ XQO 2HGTF CWH UGKPGO NGV\VGP )GTOCPGPHGNF\WI UVCTD
X %JT +P /CKP\ YWTFG KJO GKP
-GPQVCRJGTTKEJVGV
134
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
803
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ0GOGUKUUVGJVTOKV%CFWEGWUFCXQT
5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w
-N2TÒHUVGNNGCO4CPFCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
804
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P'KEJGPMTCP\5234221$%5$/%
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
805
#U4QOI-QRHN%QPUVCPVKCUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF5RGGT$/%
%QJ4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
806 806
1,5:1
#U 4QO I -QRH N.KDGTVCU UVGJV T OKV 2KNGWU $/% %QJ 4+%w
-CDKPGVVUVÒEM&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
807
135
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
808
809 809
1DQN,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVT
-QRHN&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY42% 45GJTUEJÌP
HÒT#PVQPKC&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%NCWFKWUUVGJVNOKV5KORWNWO
$/%%QJ4+%w 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
810
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT#ITKRRKPCOCVGT5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5%$/%%QJ
4+%w 4*GTTNKEJGITÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
#ITKRRKPC OCVGT YCT FKG 6QEJVGT FGU #ITKRRC WPF FGT ,WNKC FGT 6QEJVGT FGU #WIWUVWU 5KG JGKTCVGVG )GTOCPKEWU
0CEJ FGO 6QFG KJTGU /CPPGU YWTFG UKG XQP 6KDGTKWU PCEJ 2CPFCVGTKC XGTDCPPV YQ UKG CO 1MVQDGT
XGTJWPIGTVUGKPUQNN
811 812
136
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
813
2:1 2:1
WPF #ITKRRKPC HKNKC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH FGU %NCWFKWU T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT #ITKRRKPC T OKV JTGPMTCP\ $/% %CNKEQ %QJ 4+%w X
-CGPGN
84
FKGU'ZGORNCT 45GJTUEJÌP
&KGLÒPIGTG#ITKRRKPC6QEJVGTFGU)GTOCPKEWUYWTFGKP1RRKFWO7DKQTWOIGDQTGP&CJGTNKGUKGFKG5VCFVKO
,CJT\WT%QNQPKC%NCWFKC#TC#ITKRRKPGPUKWOFGOJGWVKIGP-ÌNPGTJGDGP
814
815
2:1 2:1
HÒT 0GTQ %NCWFKWU &TWUWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\6TKWORJ
DQIGPFCTCWH4GKVGTUVCVWGT\YKUEJGP6TQRJ·GPWPF)GHCPIGPGPCWHFGO#TEJKVTCX&')'4/#0+5
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
816
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GZKNNWO FCXQT \YGK IGMTGW\VG 5EJKNFG
$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC.W\GTP0T
137
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
817 818
819
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT0GTQÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGN2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 44GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FKG #WHPCJOG 0GTQU KP FKG XKGT ITQGP 2TKGUVGTMQNNGIKGP 2QPVKHKEGU #WIWTGP 3WKPFGEKOXKTK
UCETKUHCEKGPFKUWPF5GRVGOXKTKGRWNQPGU
820
1,5:1 1,5:1
0GTQ Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T+P 'KEJGPMTCP\ ': 5% $/% %CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
821 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT4QOCUVGJVTWPFUEJTGKDVCWH5EJKNF$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 4-N2TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
822 823
5GUVGT\WO4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%GTGUUKV\VN#PPQPCUVGJVTFC\YKUEJGP
(ÒNNJQTP/QFKWUWPF5EJKHHUDWI$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ WO 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N0GTQ TGKVGV T DGINGKVGV XQP
GKPGO1HHK\KGTOKV8GZKNNWOKO#DUEJPKVV&'%845+1$/%p%QJ4+%w
4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
138
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
824 825
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
+O ,CJTG YWTFG 4QO XQP FGO ITQGP $TCPF XGTYÒUVGV HÒT FGP 0GTQ UEJNKGNKEJ FKG UVCFVTÌOKUEJGP %JTKUVGP
XGTCPVYQTVNKEJOCEJVGFQEJFKG)GTÒEJVGFC0GTQUGNDUVFGP$TCPFNGIGPNKGXGTUVWOOVGPPKG&KG%QPEQTFKC
CNUQ'KPVTCEJVXQPFGTFKG4ÒEMUGKVGFGT/ÒP\GURTKEJVYCTKPFGT4GCNKV·VPKEJVIGIGDGP
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\)GUEJNQUUGPG 6ÒTGP FGU ,CPWUVGORGNU
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
7PVGT0GTQMQPPVGPFKG6ÒTGPFGU,CPWUVGORGNUKP4QOIGUEJNQUUGPYGTFGPFJGUJGTTUEJVG(TKGFGP5EJYKGTKI
KUVFKG&CVKGTWPIFKGUGU'TGKIPKUUGUPCEJFGO<GWIPKUFGT/ÒP\GPIGUEJCJGUKO,CJTGPCEJ5WGVQPKO,CJTG
826 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
&GO+WRRKVGT%WUVQUYCT0GTQPCEJFGT'PVFGEMWPIFGT8GTUEJYÌTWPIFGU2KUQKO#RTKN
6CEKVWU#PP:8
HHDGUQPFGTUXGTDWPFGP
827 828
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w -TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V N CWH 9CHHGP OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF
2CTC\QPKWO$/%%QJp4+%wXCT &WPMNG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
5GUVGT\.WIFWPWOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF2CTC\Q
PKWO$/%p%QJp4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG,CPWUVGORGN OKV IGUEJNQUUGPGP 6ÒTGP
$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
139
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
832
5GUVGT\ .WIFWPWO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT WPF GKP 5QNFCV TGKVGP T OKV LG
GKPGT.CP\G$/%%QJ4+%w 4&WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG4ÒEMUGKVG\GKIVGKPG&GEWTUKQFJFGP-CKUGTDGKGKPGT2CTCFG
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+822+6'4%85615 ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV
$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&GO+WRRKVGT%WUVQUYCT0GTQPCEJFGT'PVFGEMWPIFGT8GTUEJYÌTWPIFGU2KUQKO#RTKN
6CEKVWU#PP:8
HHDGUQPFGTUXGTDWPFGP
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+822+6'4%85615 ,WRKVGT UKV\V N OKV
$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w -N-TCV\GTHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5CNWU FGTGP -WNV KP 4QO PCEJ FGO 5COPKVGPMTKGI 'PFG FGU XKGTVGP ,CJTJWPFGTVU X %JT GKPIGHÒJTV YQTFGP YCT
JCVVG KP FGT HTÒJGP -CKUGT\GKV XGTUEJKGFGPG $GFGWVWPIGP 7PVGT #WIWUVWU YWTFG FKG 5CNWU RWDNKEC FWTEJ FKG
MQPMTGVGP6CVGPFGU*GTTUEJGTUICTCPVKGTVWPVGT6KDGTKWUFWTEJFCU#OVFGU-CKUGTUWPVGT0GTQUEJNKGNKEJYCTFKG
5CNWU RWDNKEC OKV FGT 5CNWU #WIWUVK KFGPVKUEJ 5KGJG CWEJ .QTGP\ 9KPMNGT 5CNWU 8QO 5VCCVUMWNV \WT RQNKVKUEJGP
+FGG'KPGCTEJ·QNQIKUEJG7PVGTUWEJWPI*GKFGNDGTI
836 837
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT$/%5
#PO%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
U WO 5KFG
2CORJ[NKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T#VJGPC IGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF )TCPCVCRHGN
FCXQT5EJNCPIG42% )N·P\GPFGFWPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
838
1,5:1 1,5:1
WPF#ITKRRKPCHKNKCÔ#WTGWU4QOI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT+P-TCP\':5
%$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
140
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
$ÒTIGTMTKGI Õ&GPCT ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I +1/ %#2+61.+085 &TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGFGU,WRKVGTNOKV&KCFGOFCXQT2CNO\YGKI8'56#2=438+?4+6+8/8GUVCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF(CEMGN$/%/CTVKP4+%wC 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM YWTFG XQP FGP 5[ORCVJKUCPVGP FGU 8KVGNNKWU IGRT·IV ,WRKVGT FGT1DGTUVGFGTTÌOKUEJGP)ÌVVGTKUVOKV
FGO JKOONKUEJGP NKEJVGP $GTGKEJ XGTDWPFGP 8GUVC UVGJV HÒT FKG GTFIGDWPFGPGP EJVJQPKUEJGP )ÌVVGT &KG
8GUVCNKPPGP DTKPIGP 6QVGPQRHGT XGTVGKNGP FCU $QJPGPUVTQJ \WT 4GKPKIWPI FGT $ÒTIGT XGTDTGPPGP FKG HÒT 6GNNWU
IGQRHGTVGP 4KPFGT W X O /KV FGT 0GPPWPI XQP ,WRKVGT WPF 8GUVC UKPF FKG DGKFGP ·NVGUVGP WPF YKEJVKIUVGP
TÌOKUEJGP-WNVGIGPCPPV
841 843
842
)CNDC Õ&GPCT ICNNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVNCWH)NQDWUOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%w
445GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI
$/%p%QJp-TCC[D
FKGU'ZGORNCT4+%w
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TU%NCUUKEC:++.W\GTP0T
844 845
846
1,5:1 1,5:1
1VJQÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT5GEWTKVCUUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w )GUVQRHVGU.QEJUGJTUEJÌP
141
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
847
U#PVKQEJKC
5[TKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\5%/E#NGGC42%
45GJTUEJÌP
848
1,5:1 1,5:1
849
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w *GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·V44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGU0CEJNCUUGU&T,CEQD*KTUEJ#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T
850
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVC UKV\V T OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%
%CNKEQC%QJ4+%w 445GJTUEJÌP
851
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-ÌRHG FGU 5QJPGU WPF FGT 6QEJVGT FGU 8KVGNNKWU
GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%5#PO%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
&KG 4ÒEMUGKVG FKGUGU UGNVGPGP 5VÒEMGU \GKIV FKG DGKFGP -KPFGT CWU FGT \YGKVGP 'JG FGU 8KVGNNKWU 8KVGNNKWU
)GTOCPKEWUWPF8KVGNNKC8KVGNNKWU)GTOCPKEWUFGTXQPUGKPGO8CVGTKO#NVGTXQPUKGDGP,CJTGPKPFGP4CPIGKPGU
MCKUGTNKEJGP2TKP\GPGTJQDGPYQTFGPYCTYWTFGKO,CJTGXQP/WEKCPWUGTOQTFGV8KVGNNKCÒDGTNGDVGFGP5VWT\
KJTGU8CVGTUWPFYWTFGXQP8GURCUKCPWUOKVGKPGTTGKEJGP/KVIKHVXGTUGJGPKPFCU*CWUFGT#PVQPKKXGTJGKTCVGV
142
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
852
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF (ÒNNJQTP
$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
853 854
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$ÒUVGP FGU 5QJPU WPF FGT 6QEJVGT FGU 8KVGNNKWU
GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%%QJ4+%w *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVC UKV\V T OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%
%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
855 856
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8GUVCUKV\VTOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
8GURCUKCPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TCWGTPFG,WF·CUKV\VT
FCJKPVGT6TQRJ·G$/%%QJ4+%w
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
8GURCUKCP DGHCPF UKEJ KP #NGZCPFTKC CNU GT \WO -CKUGT CWUIGTWHGP YWTFG 'T YCT 1DGTMQOOCPFKGTGPFGT KO
LÒFKUEJGP-TKGIFGPUGKP5QJP6KVWUUKGITGKEJ\W'PFGHÒJTVG
857
858
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUKV\VNOKV<YGKIWPF%CFWEGWU$/%
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w 9KP\2TQDKGTURWTUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
143
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
859 860
861 861
Õ&GPCT 'RJGUWU I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV JTGP /QJPMWIGN
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+%w
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ&GPCT'RJGUWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVGT(TCWGPMQRHTOKV/CWGTMTQPG
$/%XGTIN%QJXGTIN4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF5RGGT$/%
%QJ4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF UEJTGKDV CWH GKPGP CP
GKPGT2CNOGDGHGUVKIVGP5EJKNFTUKV\VVTCWGTPFG,WF·C$/%%QJ4+%w
44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
863 864
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%
%QJ4+%w )TÒPG2CVKPCGVYCUIGIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌP
#U .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#NVCT $/% p %QJ p 4+%w p XGTIN
5GJTUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG5GJTUEJÌP
1,5:1 865
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\Q
PKWOFCXQT2CNOGWPFVTCWGTPFG,WF·C$/%%QJ4+%w
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
144
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
866
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKICP
5·WNGIGNGJPVFCXQT&TGKHW$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP5$8<ÒTKEJ0T
867
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF2CNO\YGKICP
5·WNGIGNGJPVFCXQT&TGKHW$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%w
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
868
869 869
Õ&GPCT'RJGUWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\#8)WPF5VGTP$/%5#PO
%QJ4+%w 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%CFWEGWU\YKUEJGP\YGKIGMTGW\VGP(ÒNN
JÌTPGTP$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
870 871
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5VKGTUVÌVT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GVGTPKVCUUVGJVNOKVFGP-ÌRHGPXQP5QNWPF
.WPCFCXQT#NVCT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
145
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
872 873
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GVGTPKVCUUVGJVNOKVFGP-ÌRHGPXQP5QPPG
WPF/QPF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
874 874
1,5:1
OKV6KVWUWPF&QOKVKCPWUÔ#WTGWU.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6KVWUWPF
&QOKVKCPWU UKV\GP PGDGPGKPCPFGT N CWH EWTWNKUEJGP 5VÒJNGP LGFGT OKV <YGKI $/% %CNKEQ
%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP
876
875 875
HÒT6KVWU&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%p%QJp4+%w $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CZUVGJVNCP5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
1NKXGP\YGKIFCXQT&TGKHW$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
877
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6KVWUUKV\VTOKV<GRVGTWPF<YGKI$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
878
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4WPFVGORGN FGT 8GUVCFCTKP5VCVWGUQYKGN
WPFTLGGKPGYGKVGTG5VCVWG$/%p%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
146
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
879
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
CWH$CUKU$/%%CNKEQ%QJXGTIN4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
880
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
CWH$CUKU$/%%CNKEQ%QJXGTIN4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
881
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCOKV-TCP\WPF<YGKIUVGJVNCWH%KUVC
O[UVKECXQP\YGK5EJNCPIGPWOIGDGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w
42TÒHUVGNNGCO4CPFXQT\ÒINKEJ
882 883
HÒT &QOKVKCPWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(ÒNNJQTP $/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+%w (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
884 885
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2GICUWU UVGJV T $/% %QJ
4+%w 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒEJGP0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2GICUWU UVGJV T $/% %QJ
4+%w 4-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
1,5:1 886
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK*·PFGJCNVGP.GIKQPUCFNGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
147
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT CWH 2TQTC
$/%%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
888
2:1 2:1
6KVWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%GTGU UKV\V N OKV JTGP WPF
(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
889
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%CRTKEQTP N FCTWPVGT )NQDWU $/%
%QJ4+%w 4(GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1,5:1 890
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPVUVGJVN$/%XGTIN
&GPCT%CNKEQ
%QJXGTIN
&GPCT4+%wXGTIN 445GJTUEJÌP
891 892
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-TCP\ CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN $/% %QJ
4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT&KXWU8GURCUKCPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK%CRTKEQTPG
FCTÒDGT5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV5%FCTWPVGT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%w
#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
&KG4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIKUVXQPGKPGO\W'JTGPFGU&KXWU#WIWUVWUWPVGT6KDGTKWUIGRT·IVGP5GUVGT\GPÒDGTPQOOGP
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGYCTFGT%CRTKEQTPCWEJFCU5VGTPDKNFFGU8GURCUKCPWU
&KG8QTUVGNNWPIUGKPGT-QPUGMTCVKQPFÒTHVG8GURCUKCPCOÒUCPVIGHWPFGPJCDGP5QUCIVFGT-CKUGTDGK5WGVQPCNUGT
UVKTDV8CGRWVQFGWUHKQ
1YGJKEJINCWDGKEJYGTFGGKP)QVV
148
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK %CRTKEQTPG FCTÒDGT 5EJKNF OKV FGT
#WHUEJTKHV5%FCTWPVGT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%w 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\3WCFTKICN$/%%QJ4+%w
(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVNWPFDGHGUVKIV5EJKNFCP6TQ
RJ·GWPVGTFGTFKGVTCWGTPFG,WFCGCNUKV\V$/%%QJ4+%w
45EJTÌVNKPIUTKHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
896
HÒT &QOKVKCPWU #U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC IGJV T OKV 5RGGT
WPF5EJKNF$/%XCT%QJXCT4+%wXCT 444GXGTUNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
897
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT ,WNKC 6KVK Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV T CP
5·WNGIGNGJPVOKV<GRVGTWPF*GNO$/%%QJ4+%w 48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
898
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV T CP 5·WNG IGNGJPV OKV
<GRVGTWPF*GNO$/%%QJ4+%w 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
899 900
4GUVKVWVKQPHÒT6KDGTKWU#U4QOI-QRHN5%$/%%QJ-QOPKEM6[R
4+%w &WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
4GUVKVWVKQP HÒT )CNDC #U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5% $/% 5
#PO%QJ-QOPKEM4+%w 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
149
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
901
1,5:1 1,5:1
&QOKVKCPWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\&GNRJKP WO #PMGT IG
YWPFGP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.*5<ÒTKEJ0T
902
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-QRH FGT /KPGTXC N OKV *GNO WPF #GIKU
$/%p%CNKEQD%QJp4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
903
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-QRH FGT /KPGTXC N OKV *GNO WPF #GIKU
$/%p%CNKEQD%QJp4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI2TQH&T*9KPV\WPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
904 905
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXXCWH$NKV\-QRHN$/%
%QJ4+%w -TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNG$/%%QJ4+%w #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
906
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 5VGWGTTWFGT WPF (ÒNNJQTP
$/%%QJ4+%w &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
150
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
907
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TCWGTPFG)GTOCPKCUKV\VTCWH5EJKNFWPVGP
\GTDTQEJGPGT5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%w 45GJTUEJÌP
908
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCIGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%p
%CNKEQp%QJp4+%w )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w (CUV5VGORGNINCP\
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWH
FGO-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
912
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT $/%
%QJ4+%w 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
913 914
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV TOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%
#PO%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
151
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
915 916
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT $/%
%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXC UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNFCWHFGO
-CRKVGNNGKPGT4QUVTCNU·WNGT'WNG$/%%QJ4+%w 8QT\ÒINKEJ
U,CJT
(NCXKQRQNKU
%KNKEKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJGUKV\VTOKV\YGK
JTGPFCXQT(NWIQVV2[TCOQU42% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
U ,CJT
2QORGKQRQNKU
%KNKEKC I -QRH FGU %P 2QORGKWU /CIPWU T FCXQT
5VGTP#VJGPCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF5EJKNF42% 5GJTUEJÌP
0GTXCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
921
&WRQPFKWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG.KDGTVCU UVGJV N OKV 2KNGWU WPF <GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
922
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTVCUUVGJVNOKV2KNGWUWPF<GRVGT$/%
%QJ4+% 5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
923 924
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKVJTGP$/%%QJ
4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIMPCRRXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/% %QJ 4+%
*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
152
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
926 927
925 925
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/% %QJ 4+%
(GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
928 929
1,5:1
6TCKCPWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N8GUVC UKV\V N
OKV2CVGTCWPF(CEMGN$/%XCT%QJXCT/+4E
FKGU'ZGORNCTGTY·JPV4+%XCT
8QT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTCWH2TQTCWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+4C4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
931 932
930 930
#U4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCGKNVNOKV5EJKNFFCTCWH5234$/%
%QJ/+4C4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN8KEVQTKCUVGJVXXOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%p%QJ/+4E4+% *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV8KEVQTKC UVGJV T CWH 2TQTC OKV
-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
933 934
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4E4+% (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWUUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%QJ/+4C4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
153
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1 935
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\+P -TCP\ 5234126+/1
24+0%+2+$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+4H4+%XCT 445GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV%GTGUUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF(CE
MGN$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV5RGUUVGJVNOKV$NWOG$/%
%QJ/+4D4+% #VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+%
2TCEJVGZGORNCTFWPMNG5VGNNGCWHFGO#XGTUHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
939 940
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
941 941
1,5:1
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV#EJVU·WNKIGT6GORGNFCTKP
5VCVWGFGT*QPQU
!$/%%QJ/+4D4+%
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\
/ÒPEJGP0T
154
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
942
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV-CKUGTTGKVGVTWPFUEJNGW
FGTV5RGGTCWHIGUVÒT\VGP&CMGT$/%%QJ/+4D4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
943
1,5:1 1,5:1
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV$NKV\WPF5RGGTXQP
8KEVQTKCDGMT·P\V$/%p%QJp/+4C
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGVCWH6H4+%p
8CTKCPVGXQPCNNGTITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV)TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GNKQU/ÒPEJGP0T
$GTJCTF9Q[VGMMQPPVGPWTFKGUGUGKPG'ZGORNCTOKVFKGUGT$ÒUVGPXCTKCPVGPCEJYGKUGP
944 945
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ #GIKU N&CEKC UKV\V VTCWGTPF N CWH
5EJKNFFCXQT6TQRJ·G$/%XGTINHH%QJXGTIN/+4D4+%XGTIN
$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV5VGWGTTW
FGTWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT2TQTC$/%%QJ/+4D4+%
&WPMNG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ
0T
946
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV4QOCUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF
.CP\G$/%%QJ/+4D4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
155
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
947
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTVCUUVGJVNOKV2KNGWUWPF
<GRVGT $/% %CNKEQ C %QJ XCT /+4 H
FKGU 'ZGORNCT GTY·JPV 4+% XCT
8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU.GW.W\GTP0T
948 948
1,5:1
Õ3WKPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUKV\VNOKV-TCP\WPF
2CNO\YGKI$/%p%QJp-KPI/+4X4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
949
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%%CNKEQC%QJXCT/+4H4+%
5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
950
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF
6TQRJ·G$/%%QJXCT/+4X4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
951
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X OKV $NKV\
WPF<GRVGTWPFJ·NVUGKPGP/CPVGNUEJÒV\GPFÒDGTFGPOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGTNUVGJGPFGP-CKUGT$/%
%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4H4+%XCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
156
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
952
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4H4+%p 45GJTUEJÌP
953
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPFJTGP$/%p%CNKEQ%QJXCT/+4X4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+%
$TCWPG2CVKPCGVYCUIGIN·VVGVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VCWH2NCVVHQTOT
FCPGDGP\YGK1HHK\KGTGFCXQTHÒPH5QNFCVGP$/%%QJXGTIN/+4X4+%
4&WPMNG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
#WHFGT4ÒEMUGKVGKUVGKPG#FNQEWVKQFCTIGUVGNNV
&WRQPFKWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%C
FWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+%
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\$QPWU 'XGPVWU UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPFJTG$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
157
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
958
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU5QNTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%CNKEQC%QJp/+4H4+% 445GJTUEJÌP
959
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU5QNTOKV
5VTCJNGPDKPFG$/%%CNKEQC%QJp/+4H4+% 44(CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
960 961
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%QJXGTINHH/+4J4+%pXGTIN
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPCUKV\VNOKV5VGWGTTWFGT
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ/+4X4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
U5KFG
2CORJ[NKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#RQNNQ5KFGVGUUVGJVNOKV2JKCNGWPF<GRVGT
50)(TCPEG &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
WPF2NQVKPC#UUCTKC,CJT
#PC\CTDQU
%KNKEKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VGRJCPG50)(TCPEGp50).GXCPVG<KGINGT
4&WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
1,5:1 964
1,5:1
HÒT2NQVKPCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO#NVCTOKVFGT#DDKN
FWPIFGTCWHGKPGOEWTWNKUEJGP5VWJNUVGJGPFGP2WFKEKVKC$/%%QJ/+4
FKGU'ZGORNCT
GTY·JPVWPFCDIGDKNFGV4+% 5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
158
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1,5:1 965
1,5:1
HÒT /CVKFKC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2KGVCU UVGJV X X
-QRHNWPFJ·NVFKG*·PFGÒDGT\YGK-KPFGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ/+44+%
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVCWUFTWEMUXQNNGO2QTVT·V
/CVKFKCYCTFKG6QEJVGTFGT/CTEKCPCCNUQGKPG0KEJVGFGU-CKUGTU5KGURKGNVGDGKFGTªDGTVTCIWPIFGT*GTTUEJCHV
CWH*CFTKCPGKPGDGFGWVGPFG4QNNG
966
1,5:1 1,5:1
4GUVKVWVKQP HÒT #WIWUVWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I =#8)?85685 -QRH T+/2 %#'5 64#+#0
#8))'4&#%224'56%15585%0(.'068.854GKVGTUVCPFDKNFFGU/CTEWU#ITKRRCCWH5QE
MGNT$/%%QJ-QOPKEM4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJÌP
968
967 967
*CFTKCPWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(QTVWPC
UKV\VNOKV5VGWGTTWFGTWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%XGTIN%QJXGTIN4+%XGTINC
'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVXÌNNKIÒDGTCTDGKVGVOKVWPUKPPKIWOIGUEJPKVVGPGT#XGTUNGIGPFG
UQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC
$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP
969
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV,CPWUUVGJVXX
OKV<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 44(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
970
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X OKV $NKV\
WPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
159
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
971 972
973 973
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
$/%pXGTINHH%QJXGTIN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG*KNCTKVCUUVGJVNOKV2CNO\YGKIWPF
(ÒNNJQTP\YKUEJGP\YGK-KPFGTP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
974
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV9ÌNHKPNU·WIV4QOWNWUWPF
4GOWU$/%%CNKEQC%QJXGTIN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T
975
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N#&8'068+#8)#(4+%#' *CFTKCP UVGJV T
OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP FCXQT UVGJV #HTKEC N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <YGKI FC\YKUEJGP #NVCT WPF 1RHGTUVKGT
$/%p%CNKEQ%QJp4+%p (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
976
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T4QOC UKV\V N OKV FGP -ÌRHGP XQP 5QPPG WPF
/QPFUQYKG5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%E
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
160
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
977 978
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GI[RVQUNCIGTVNOKV5KUVTWOFCXQT+DKU
$/%%QJ4+% 4GXGTUFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGUGU5VÒEMUVCOOVCWUFGT5GTKGFGT2T·IWPIGP\W*CFTKCPU\YGKVGTITQGT4GKUGFWTEJFKG2TQXKP\GP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#HTKECNCIGTVNOKV'NGHCPVGPJCWDG5MQT
RKQPWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT-QTDOKV(TÒEJVGP$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
1,5:1 979
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\0KN NCIGTV T OKV 5EJKNH WPF (ÒNNJQTP
FCXQT0KNRHGTF$/%%QJ4+%
42TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
981
980 980
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\0KN NCIGTV TOKV5EJKNHWPF
(ÒNNJQTPCWH5RJKPZIGUVÒV\VFCJKPVGTGKP-KPFOKV<YGKI\YGK-KPFGTURKGNGPOKVFGO(ÒNNJQTPTGKP
YGKVGTGU-KPFOKV<YGKI$/%XCT%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#HTKEC NCIGTV N OKV 'NGHCP
VGPUMCNR5MQTRKQPWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT-QTDOKVJTGP$/%%QJ4+%
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
982
2:1 2:1
*CFTKCPWUOKV&KXWU6TCKCPWUWPF&KXC2NQVKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRH
FGU*CFTKCPWUTNFTCRKGTV&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGPFGU6TCKCPWUWPFFGT2NQVKPCGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTÒDGT
KJTGP-ÌRHGP5VGTPG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%$
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
161
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
HÒT5CDKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+WPQUVGJVNOKV2C
VGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQTUVGJV2HCWN$/%HH%CNKEQ%QJ4+% (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
984
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8GUVC UKV\V N OKV 2CNNCFKWO WPF <GRVGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%D (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
985
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%GTGUUKV\VNCWH-QTDOKVJTGPWPF(CEMGN
$/%pXGTIN%QJ4+%CXCT
5GNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T
986
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO8GPWUUVGJVTOKV#RHGN$/%%QJ
4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP
$/%#PO%QJ4+%
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO+WPQ UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF <GRVGT $/%
%QJ4+%XCT &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
162
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
989
2:1 2:1
HÒT#GNKWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVTOKV9GKJTCWEJIGH·FCXQT#NVCT
$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCT%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
.WEKWU %GKQPKWU %QOOQFWU YWTFG KO ,CJTG UGKPGU GTUVGP -QPUWNCVU XQP *CFTKCP CFQRVKGTV WPF PCJO FGP
0COGP.#GNKWU%CGUCTCP'TUVCTDCO,CPWCTPQEJXQTUGKPGO#FQRVKXXCVGT*CFTKCP
990
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHN%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWH(ÒNNJQTPIGUVÒV\V
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%E 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
*CFTKCP MGJTVG CWU FGO LÒFKUEJGP -TKGI \WTÒEM 5GKPG )GUWPFJGKV YCT CPIGITKHHGP UQ FC FGT -CKUGT
KOOGTJKP,CJTGCNVGKPG0CEJHQNIGTGIGNWPIVTGHHGPOWVG*CFTKCPU9CJNHKGNCWH.%GKQPKWU%QOOQFWUFGP
GTCNU.#GNKWU8GTWU\WO0CEJHQNIGTDGUVKOOVG#GNKWUYCT\WO<GKVRWPMVUGKPGT'TPGPPWPI%QPUWNQTFKPCTKWU
JCVVGCDGTMGKPGTNGKOKNKV·TKUEJG'THCJTWPI'TUVCTDCO0GWLCJTUVCI
991 992
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWH(ÒNNJQTPIGUVÒV\V
$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%3<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVTOKV9GKJTCWEJFQUGXQT#NVCT$/%%QJ
4+% )WVGU2QTVT·VXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
994
993 993
HÒT#PVKPQWUU6CTUQU
%KNKEKCI-QRHNOKV*GO*GO-TQPGNFTCRKGTV(NWIQVV-[F
PQUNCIGTVNOKV5EJKNHFCXQT2JCTQU
!$NWOXGTIN50)(TCPEGXGTIN50).GXCPVG
(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP8++0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+0GY;QTM0T
163
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
995
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT#PVQPKPWU+2KWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2C
VGTCWPVGTFGO6JTQP(ÒNNJQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJXCT4+%p 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
996 997
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT2KGVCUUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPFCXQT#NVCT$/%
%QJ4+%C 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
#PVQPKPWU+2KWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VN
CWH2NCVVHQTOWPFYKTHVIGOGKPUCOOKV.KDGTCNKVCU/ÒP\GPKPFKG6QICGKPGU$ÒTIGTU$/%#PO
%CNKEQ%QJp4+%F 445GJTUEJÌP
998
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%NGOGPVKCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
&WRQPFKWU4QOI-QRHTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
XQT#NVCTWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+%
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCOKPMQTTQFKGTVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVTOKVJTGPWPFGKPGT5EJCNG
OKV(TÒEJVGP$/%%QJ4+% /KPMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV6TQRJ·G
$/%%QJ4+%D $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
164
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1002
1003
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWU UVGJV N OKV 5RGGT WPF 2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGT4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF5RGGTWPVGP
5EJKNF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%D 5GJTUEJÌP
1004
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNN
JQTP$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
1005
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN+P-TCP\24+/+&'%'0%15
++++$/%p%CNKEQXCT%QJXCT4+%XCT
WGTUVUGNVGPG8CTKCPVGGKPGUQJPGJKPUGNVGPGP5VÒEMGU-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
1,5:1 1006
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
1007
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT2CZUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJp4+%C )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
165
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1008
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1009
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCFCXQT&TGKHW
WPF1RHGTUVKGT$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%
44-N(GKNUVGNNGCO4CPFMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
1010
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#GIKUN-CKUGTUVGJVNWPFQRHGTVÒDGT
&TGKHW$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV%QJp4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1011
U6CTUQU
%KNKEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\<GJPU·WNKIGT6GORGN50)(TCPEG
50).GXCPVG )TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
1012
1,5:1 1,5:1
&KXC (CWUVKPC OCVGT Ô#WTGWU PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPF5VGWGTTWFGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
166
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1013
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU PCEJ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(QTVWPC UVGJV N OKV 2CVGTC WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT
$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
1,5:1 1014
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%GTGUUVGJVNOKV(CEMGNWPF<GRVGT$/%
%CNKEQC%QJ4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP
1015
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(QTVWPCUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF5VGWGTTWFGTCWH
)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
1016
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWUPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUQRHGTVNÒDGT#NVCT$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP
1017 1018
1019 1019
Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUUVGJVNOKV<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWIGJVT-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV$/%
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T
5GUVGT\PCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5EJNGKGTWPF5VGRJCPG2KGVCUUVGJVNWPF
QRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT$/%%QJXGTIN4+%#
$TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
167
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1020
#UPCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT#GVGTPKVCUUKV\VNCWH)NQDWUOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGP
WPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% .GKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
1021
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT (CWUVKPC HKNKC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N6CWDG UVGJV T $/% %CNKEQ
%QJ4+%D -N-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
1022
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUVGJVNOKV#RHGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGT$/%p%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%D -CDKPGVVUVÒEM(CUV5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1023
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN WPF 5VGWGTTWFGT CWH &GNRJKP
$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%C 5GJTUEJÌP
1024 1025
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNGPDCPF.CGVKVKC UVGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF <GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+%D #VVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUVGJVNOKV#RHGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGTWOFCUUKEJGKP
&GNRJKPYKPFGV$/%%QJ4+%E 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
168
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1027 1028
1026 1026
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VGRJCPG8GPWU UVGJV N OKV#RHGNWPF-KPF$/%
%QJ4+%D
)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVWPFNGKEJVÒDGTCTDGKVGVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
WPF/CTEWU#WTGNKWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU+2KWUT-QRHFGU#PVQ
PKPWU++/CTEWU#WTGNKWUT$/%%QJ4+%C
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T4QNCPF/CN[#WMVKQP.*50WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP
0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCTPCEJ4QOI-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU+2KWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-QRHFGU#PVQPKPWU++
/CTEWU#WTGNKWUT$/%%QJ4+%C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT /CTEWU #WTGNKWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T2TKGUVGTIGT·VG $/% %QJ
4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
1030
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHT*KNCTKVCUUVGJVNOKV2CNO\YGKIWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+%C 9KP\-TCV\GTUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1031 1032
1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT/KPGTXCUVGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%%QJ
4+% -CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T8KTVWU UVGJV TOKV5RGGTWPF2CTC\QPKWO(WCWH*GNO
$/%%QJ4+%G 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP*CWEMWPF#WHJ·WUGT
/ÒPEJGP0T
169
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1033
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PVQPKPWU ++ /CTEWU #WTGNKWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I -QRH T/CTEWU #WTGNKWU
WPF.WEKWU8GTWUUVGJGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTWPFTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T/CTEWU #WTGNKWU WPF .WEKWU 8GTWU TGKEJGP
UKEJFKG*CPF$/%%QJ4+% )N·P\GPFGITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'KP5VÒEMCWUFGT#PVTKVVUGOKUUKQPFGTDGKFGP-CKUGT
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPF
HÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+%
)TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCFGPN#TOCWHGKPGCWHGKPGO
(ÒNNJQTPUVGJGPFG5VCVWGFGT5RGUIGUVÒV\V$/%XGTIN%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1037
1,5:1 1,5:1
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF
<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJp4+%
5GNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:++0GY;QTM0T
170
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1038
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV%QJ
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI$F$#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1039
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP
(WCWH)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
1040 1041
1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
(ÒNNJQTP(WCWH)NQDWU$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI/#0610+085#8)#4/2#46*/#:-QRHTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF2CTC\QPKWOQFGT5RGGT$/%pXGTIN%QJpXGTIN
4+%pXGTIN #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'KPGJ[DTKFG2T·IWPIFKGGKPGP4GXGTUFGU,CJTGUOKVGKPGOUR·VGTGP#XGTUMQODKPKGTV
1042
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI
WPF DGHGUVKIV GKPGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 8+%2#4 CP GKPGO 2CNODCWO $/% %CNKEQ
%QJ4+% 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM HGKGTV FGP 5KGI FGU .WEKWU 8GTWU ÒDGT FKG 2CTVJGT > 6TKWORJ\WI FGT DGKFGP -CKUGT HCPF CO
1MVQDGTUVCVV+O8GTNCWHFGU2CTVJGTMTKGIGU
YCTGUFGO)GPGTCN#XKFKWU%CUUKWU
FGTUKEJIGIGP
/CTEWU#WTGNKWUGTJQDWPFFGP-CKUGTVKVGNCPPCJOIGNWPIGPPCEJ/GUQRQVCOKGPXQT\WFTKPIGPWPFFKGRCTVJKUEJG
*CWRVUVCFV-VGUKRJQPGKP\WPGJOGP
171
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1043
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV%QJp4+%
(CUUWPIUURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1044
1,5:1 1,5:1
1045
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTXQT
#NVCTWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+%
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1046
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNN
JQTP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
1047
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#PPQPCUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF(ÒNNJQTP
FCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJ4+% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
172
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1048
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU
WPF<GRVGT$/%pXGTIN%CNKEQpXGTIN%QJpXGTIN4+%pXGTIN
WGTUVUGNVGPG$ÒUVGPXCTKCPVG-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
1049
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT &KXWU #PVQPKPWU Ô#WTGWU PCEJ 4QO I -QRH T4QIWU FCTCWH3WCFTKIC$/%
%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
1050
1051 1052
1,5:1
HÒT(CWUVKPCHKNKCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPVGT
FGO6JTQP(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGN&KCPCUVGJVNOKV(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ%QJ
4+% 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1053
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQC
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
173
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1054
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP .GW <ÒTKEJ 0T WPF FGT #WMVKQP (TCPMHWTVGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI ' $WVVQP
(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
1055 1056
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GEWPFKVCUUVGJVTOKV<GRVGTWPF-KPF$/%%QJ
4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT<YGK-NGKPMKPFGTCWH6JTQP$/%%QJ4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T(GEWPFKVCU UVGJV N OKV \YGK-KPFGTPKO#TO\YKUEJGP
\YGK-KPFGTP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VGRJCPG,WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT
2HCW$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV\YGK-KPFGTP\WKJTGP5GKVGPLG\YGK
-KPFGT$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
1061
1060
#U 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T&KCPC UVGJV N OKV (CEMGN $/% %QJ 4+%
)TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT&KXC(CWUVKPCHKNKCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWUVGJVT$/%
%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
174
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1063
1062 1062
5GUVGT\PCEJ4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2HCWHNKGIVTOKV&KXC$/%%QJ
4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCOKPIGIN·VVGVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
HÒT&KXWU.WEKWU8GTWUÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHT#FNGTUVGJVT-QRH\WTÒEMIGYCPFV
$/%%QJ4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
1064 1065
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHT#FNGTCWH)NQDWUT-QRHN$/%%QJ4+%
4)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T&KXWU UKV\V T KP 'NGHCPVGPSWCFTKIC OKV XKGT /CJQWVU $/%
%QJ4+% 4)TÒPG2CVKPCUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
1066
.WEKWU 8GTWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
1067
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5CNWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%#PO%CNKEQ%QJ4+%
)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1068
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU WPF (ÒNNJQTP $/%
%QJ4+% 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
175
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1069
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVTWPFUEJTGKDV
8+%#8)CWH5EJKNF$/%p%CNKEQ%QJp4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
>#WTGWUHGKGTVFGPKO8GTNCWHGFGU2GTUGTMTKGIGUGTTWPIGPGP5KGIKP#TOGPKGPYQ.WEKWU8GTWU5QJCGOWUCNU
-ÌPKIGKPUGV\VG
1070
5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
WPF6TQRJ·G$/%5#PO%QJ4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
1071
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTWPFUEJNGWFGTV5RGGTCWHGKPGP
IGUVÒT\VGP)GIPGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1072
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT .WEKNNC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T+P -TCP\ 816#28$.+%# $/%
%CNKEQC%QJ4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1073
1074 1074
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2KGVCUUVGJVNWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT$/%%QJ
4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UKV\V N OKV 8KEVQTKC WPF <GRVGT $/%
%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
176
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1075
2:1 2:1
%QOOQFWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%CUVQTUVGJV
NOKV5RGGTWPFJ·NVUGKP2HGTFCO<ÒIGN$/%%CNKEQD%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
%CUVQT GTUEJGKPV CWH FGO 4GXGTU FGU RT·EJVKIGP 5VÒEMGU CNU 5EJWV\RCVTQP FGU 4KVVGTUVCPFGU WPF CNU $GUEJÒV\GT FGU
LWPIGP-CKUGTUFGTFKG,WIGPF4QOUXGTMÌTRGTV
1076
1077 1077
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF 2CNO\YGKI
$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\%QOOQFWU UKV\V N CWH 2NCVVHQTO FCJKPVGT
1HHK\KGTFCXQT.KDGTCNKVCUOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNNJQTPWPF$ÒTIGT$/%%QJ4+%
5GJTUEJÌP
1078 1079
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTOKV5RGGTFCXQT.ÌYG
$/%%QJ4+%C 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌPUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVTOKVJTGPWPF-QTDOKV
(TÒEJVGP$/%#PO%QJp4+%p 5GJTUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
1081
1080 1080
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH5EJKNFGP
WPFUEJTGKDVCWH5EJKNF$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%XCT $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%QOOQFWUUVGJVNCWH2QFKWOOKV5RGGTWPF
ITÒVFTGK5QNFCVGP#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
FQTVOKVKTTVÒONK
EJGT$GUEJTGKDWPI$/%pXGTINHH%QJp4+%p 445GJTUEJÌP
177
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UKV\V N CWH EWTWNKUEJGO 5VWJN OKV
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT &KXWU /CTEWU #WTGNKWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T&KXWU UKV\V T KP 'NGHCPVGP
SWCFTKICOKVXKGT/CJQWVU$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
1085
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT%TKURKPCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2WFKEKVKCUVGJVN$/%%C
NKEQ%QJ4+% 4(GNFGTFGU4GXGTUGUNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
1086
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGTWPVGTFGO
6JTQP6CWDG$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV N OKV #RHGN $/% %QJ
4+%C 8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
178
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%
%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T5CNWU UKV\V N OKV 2CVGTC WPF HÒVVGTV GKPG WO
GKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+%D
4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
#U4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ
4+% *GTTNKEJGITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1091 1092
2GTVKPCZ Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+%C 4(CUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTQRHGTVNÒDGT&TGKHW$/%%QJ
4+%C 4-N4CPFHGJNGTUQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
1093 1,5:1
1,5:1
&KFKWU ,WNKCPWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU
WPF5EJTKHVTQNNG$/%%QJ4+%C
4*GTXQTTCIGPFGU2QTVT·VCVVTCMVKXGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1094
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV )NQDWU $/% %QJ
4+%C 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌPUEJÌP
179
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1095
2:1 2:1
HÒT/CPNKC5ECPVKNNCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GR
VGTFCXQT2HCW$/%XCT%CNKEQ%QJ4+%XCT
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1096
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT2HCW$/%
%QJ4+% 44(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌP
1097
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT+WPQUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGTFCXQT2HCW$/%
%QJ4+%C 445EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
1098
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT &KFKC %NCTC Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T*KNCTKVCU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 5GJTUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ1MVQDGT0T
1099
1,5:1 1,5:1
2GUEGPPKWU0KIGTÕ&GPCT#PVKQEJKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5RGUIGJVNOKV
$NWOG$/%XGTIN%QJXGTINHH4+%
44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI *GPT[ 2NCVV*CNN++#WMVKQP)NGPFKPKPI.QPFQP0QXGODGT0TWPFFGT
5COONWPI#%CPVQPK#WMVKQP5CPVCOCTKC4QO0QXGODGT0T
180
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1100
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ&GPCT #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\6TQRJ·G WPVGP 9CHHGP $/% 5 #PO
%QJXGTIN4+%p (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1102
1101 1101
%NQFKWU#NDKPWU5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
WPF&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+%
4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1104
1103 1103
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T/KPGTXC UVGJV N OKV 1NKXGP\YGKI 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
$/%%QJ4+%C 44$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT
$/%%QJ4+%D 44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
1105 1106
Õ&GPCT .WIFWPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\<YGK *·PFG JCNVGP .GIKQPUCFNGT
$/%%QJ4+%D 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT.WIFWPWOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPFHÒVVGTV
GKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG$/%5%QJ4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1107
1,5:1 1,5:1
5GRVKOKWU5GXGTWUÕ&GPCT.CIGTOÒP\UV·VVGQFGT'OGUCI+/2%#'.5'2
5'8 2'46 #8) -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5KGDGP 5VGTPG ÒDGT /QPFUKEJGN $KEMHQTF5OKVJ XGTIN
6CX+
#XGTU$/%p%QJp4+%p
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV5GJTUEJÌPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
181
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1108
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\4QOCUKV\VNOKV2CNNCFKWOWPF5RGGT
$/%%CNKEQC%QJ4+% /KPIGYGNNVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1109 1110
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF5EJTKHVTQNNG
$/%%QJ4+% -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\1EGCPWUNCIGTVTOKV/WUEJGNWPF5VGWGTTWFGT
CWHGKPG7TPGIGUVÒV\VCWUFGT9CUUGTHNKGVT5GGRHGTF$/%%QJXGTIN4+%
44(GKPG6ÌPWPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
1111 1112
#U 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V T OKV 2CNNCFKWO WPF <GRVGT
FCXQT)GHCPIGPGT$/%%QJ4+% &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG .CQFKEGC CF OCTG
5[TKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGNWPVGP5VGTP2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1113
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT ,WNKC &QOPC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T8GPWU UVGJV T OKV 2CNO
\YGKIWPF#RHGNCP5·WNGIGNGJPV$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1114
2:1 2:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT&KCPCUVGJVNOKV(CEMGN$/%%CNKEQ
%QJ4+%p 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN
0T
182
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1115 1116
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T%GTGU UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (CEMGN FCXQT
#NVCT$/%%QJ4+% 4)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T-CKUGTKP UVGJV NWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCTFCXQT
FTGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
1117
1,5:1 1,5:1
OKV,WNKC&QOPCWPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT,WNKC&QOC
T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF IGRCP\GTVG WPF FTCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU
%CTCECNNCOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\GKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%XCT%QJ4+%DXCT
44-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP+:0GY;QTM0T
1118
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT,WNKC&QOPC%CTCECNNCWPF)GVCÔ#WTGWU4QOI5'8'485#8)2/642
: %15 +++ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\('.+%+6#5 5#'%8.+ &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT ,WNKC
&QOPC X X \YKUEJGP FGT FTCRKGTVGP $ÒUVG FGU %CTCECNNC P T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF FGT FTCRKGTVGP
$ÒUVGFGU)GVCPN$/%p%CNKEQC
FKGU'ZGORNCT%QJp4+%p
449KP\-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1119 1120
1121 1121
WPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT$/%
%QJ4+% 4#VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
HÒT)GVCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
U &KWO
&GMCRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T-TKGIUIQVV UVGJV X X OKV <GRVGT WPF
0KMGWPVGP5VKGT5RKLMGTOCP 45GJTUEJÌP
183
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1122
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PVQPKPWU +++ %CTCECNNC Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV -TCP\ WPF 2CNO\YGKI $/% 5 #PO %CNKEQ
FKGU 'ZGORNCT
CDIGDKNFGV%QJ4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1123 1124
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\&KG5RKPCFGU%KTEWU/CZKOWUCNU5EJKHH
WOIGDGPXQP3WCFTKIGPWPF6KGTGP$/%%QJ4+% 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KTVWU UVGJV T OKV 5RGGT WPF 2CTC\QPKWO
$/%%QJ4+%D (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF GTTKEJVGV
6TQRJ·GTMKGGPFGT)GHCPIGPGTWPFUVGJGPFG(TCW$/%%QJp4+%p
44)TÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
5GUVGT\4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5GEWTKVCUUKV\VTOKV<YGKI$/%%QJ
4+%C $TCWPG2CVKPCIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ N FTCRKGTV5GEWTKVCU UKV\V T OKV <YGKI
$/%#PO%QJXCT4+%D
$TCWPG2CVKPCMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI/C\\KPK0T
1128
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF
6TQRJ·G$/%%CNKEQ%QJ4+%
/KPIGYGNNVMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUUQPUVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
184
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1129 1130
Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8GPWUUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKC
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF$/%%QJ4+%E 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8GPWUUVGJVNOKV*GNO
<GRVGTWPF5EJKNF\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP$/%%QJ4+%E
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW0WOKUOCVKM<ÒTKEJ0T
1131
1132 1132
#U4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.ÌYGUVGJVNOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPF$NKV\KO/CWN
$/%%QJp4+%C 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
U$CIGKU
.[FKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVTFCTWPVGT\YGK)G
HCPIGPG T UVGJV 0KMG CWH )NQDWU N OKV -TCP\ WPF 6TQRJ·G #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI
/ÒPEJGP0TUQPUVYQJNWPGFKGTV $TCWPG2CVKPCÒDGTCTDGKVGVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
1134
1133
U/KFCKQP
2JT[IKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\2CPUVGJVNOKV5[TKPZWPF2GFWOX#W
NQEM/ÒP\GPWPF5V·FVG2JT[IKGPU++XCT )N·P\GPFGITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT &KXWU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T4QIWU FCTCWH 3WCFTKIC
$/%%QJ4+%( 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1135 1136
1,5:1
HÒT,WNKC&QOPCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV#RHGNWPF
<GRVGTFCXQT%WRKFQ$/%%QJ4+%D 2TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUVUVGORGNHTKUEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
)GVCCNU%CGUCTOKV5GRVKOKWU5GXGTWUWPF%CTCECNNCÕ&GPCT4QOI
&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU )GVC T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVGP FGU 5GRVKOKWU 5GXGTWU WPF FGU %CTCECNNC OKV .QTDGGT
MT·P\GPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGT$/%%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
185
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1137 1138
)GVCÕ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% (CUVUVGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ/CK0T
-KGPCUVFCVKGTVFKGHÒPHVG.KDGTCNKVCUKPFGP(GDTWCT
/CETKPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVX
XOKV\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJXCT4+%# (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP$/%#PO%QJ4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUKV\VNOKV)NQDWUWPF<GR
VGT$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1142 1143
1141 1141
#U 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%pXGTIN%QJpXGTIN4+%pXGTIN )GIN·VVGVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCU UVGJV N OKV %CFWEGWU WPF
<GRVGT$/%%QJp4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNN
JQTPFCXQT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+%XCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
5GUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(KFGUUVGJVXXOKV\YGK5VCPFCTVGP
$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT &KCFWOGPKCPWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF
<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
186
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1146
1147 1147
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT5RGUIGJVNOKV$NWOG$/%%QJXCT4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV T OKV 5VCPFCTVG WPF <GRVGT FCJKPVGT \YGK
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% &QRRGNUEJNCICWHFGO4GXGTUUEJÌP
#PVQPKPWU +8 'NCICDCN Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+%
4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG/CTU IGJV T OKV 5RGGT
WPF6TQRJ·G$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF *QTP-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV
2CVGTCWPF<YGKIFCXQT#NVCTWPF5VGTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
$GKFGOUQIGPPCPVGP*QTPUQNNGUUKEJWOGKPG5VKGTRGPKUURKV\GJCPFGNP
'NMG-TGPIGNKP,DPWO5
HH6QDKCU$TGPFNGKP00$5HH)GIGPFKGUG&GWVWPICTIWOGPVKGTV99GKUGT
)0/·T\
5HH
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCYKP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTKIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT,WNKC/CGUCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT(GEWPFKVCUUVGJVNOKV(ÒNNJQTPWPFJ·NV
FKG*CPFÒDGTGKP-KPF$/%%QJ4+% 5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1153 1154
HÒT,WNKC2CWNCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTC
FCXQT5VGTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
,WNKC 2CWNC FKG 6QEJVGT FGU 2TCGVQTKCPGTRT·HGMVGP ,WNKWU 2CWNWU YCT FKG GTUVG 'JGHTCW FGU 'NCICDCN &KG 'JG YCT
XGTOWVNKEJ XQP ,WNKC /CGUC CTTCPIKGTV YQTFGP WPF YWTFG OKV ITQGO 2QOR IGHGKGTV DGK FGP 5RKGNGP HCPFGP
\CJNTGKEJG)NCFKCVQTGP6KIGTWPFGKP'NGHCPVFGP6QF'NCICDCNYWTFGUGKPGT(TCWDCNFÒDGTFTÒUUKIWPFNKGUKEJ
PCEJGKPGOMPCRRGP,CJTUEJGKFGP
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT8GPWUUKV\VNOKV)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT$/%
%QJ4+% .GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
187
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1155
1,5:1 1,5:1
5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\
/CTUUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF5RGGT$/%%CNKEQ%QJp4+%
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP.GW<ÒTKEJ0T
1156 1157
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#GSWKVCU UVGJV N OKV 9CCIG WPF
(ÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT6ÌPWPI
Õ&GPCT4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV2TQXKFGPVKCUVGJVNOKVJTGPWPF
#PMGTFCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJXCT4+% *GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF #PMGT
FCXQT/QFKWU$/%%QJXCT4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\,WRKVGT UVGJV X X -QRH T OKV
$NKV\WPF#FNGT$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
HÒT,WNKC/COCGCÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV
%CFWEGWUCP5·WNGIGNGJPV$/%%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT 1TDKCPC Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV
2CVGTCWPF&QRRGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 9KP\5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP$CNFYKP U.QPFQP0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QRRGN
HÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 4GXGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QR
RGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 44$TCWPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
188
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1165 1166
1164 1164
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QR
RGNHÒNNJQTP$/%%QJ4+% 44.GKEJVMQTTQFKGTVHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
/CZKOKPWU + 6JTCZ Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\5CNWUUKV\VNWPFHÒVVGTV5EJNCPIG$/%%QJ4+% -CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJ
VGPWPF5RGGT\YKUEJGP\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT
4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGTFCXQT\YGK5VCPFCTVGPFCJKPVGTGKPG5VCPFCTVG$/%%QJ4+%
)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
U6CTUQU
%KNKEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG#VJGPCIGJVTOKV0KMG5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG 5GJTUEJÌP
HÒT /CZKOWU 5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T2TKP\ UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF
5RGGTFCJKPVGT\YGK5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6JG0GY;QTM5CNG0GY;QTM0T
1170
1171 1171
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2TKP\UVGJVNOKV5VCDWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT2TKP\UVGJVNOKV5VCDWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT\YGK
5VCPFCTVGP$/%%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
189
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1173
1172
U2GTIG
2CORJ[NKCI-QRHT#TVGOKUUVGJVTOKV$QIGPWPF(CEMGN50)(TCPEGH
4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1174
1,5:1 1,5:1
)QTFKCPWU + #HTKECPWU Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT
UVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF<GRVGT$/%%QJ4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
)QTFKCPWU + YWTFG \WUCOOGP OKV UGKPGO INGKEJPCOKIGP 5QJP KP #HTKMC #PHCPI ,CPWCT \WO #WIWUVWU
CWUIGTWHGP WPF XQO 5GPCV CPGTMCPPV 0CEJFGO UGKP 5QJP 5EJNCEJV WPF .GDGP IGIGP FGP .GICVGP XQP 0WOKFKGP
XGTNQTGPJCVVGDGIKPIGTPCEJPQEJPKEJVGKPOCNGKPGO/QPCV4GIKGTWPI5GNDUVOQTF
1175
1,5:1 1,5:1
)QTFKCPWU++#HTKECPWUÕ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKC
IGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+%
44#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
)QTFKCPWU++#HTKECPWUYWTFGWOCNU5QJPFGU)QTFKCPWU+IGDQTGP>0COGUGKPGT/WVVGTKUVPKEJVDGMCPPV
FGTKPFGT*KUVQTKC#WIWUVCIGPCPPVG0COG(CDKC1TGUVKNNCKUVHKMVKXCDGTUKGYCTOÌINKEJGTYGKUGGKPG'PMGNKPFGU
5QRJKUVGP*GTQFGU#VVKEWUªDGT.GDGPWPF-CTTKGTGFGU)QTFKCPWUKUVYGPKIDGMCPPV\YCTHCDWNKGTVFGT#WVQTFGT
*KUVQTKC#WIWUVCNWUVNQUGKPGPEWTUWUJQPQTWO\WUCOOGPKUVCDGTOGJTFCTCPKPVGTGUUKGTVFGO-CKUGTXGTUEJKGFGPG
)GNÒUVG \W\WUEJTGKDGP UQ FKEJVGV GT FGO )QTFKCPWU -QPMWDKPGP CP XQP FGPGP KJO LGFG -KPFGT IGDQTGP
JCDGP UQNN UQYKG GKPG $KDNKQVJGM OKV
$·PFGP 5KEJGT KUV PWT FC )QTFKCPWU ++ EQPUWN UWHHGEVWU YCT
DGXQT GT UGKPGO 8CVGT CNU .GICV KP #HTKEC FKGPVG 'U KUV WPMNCT QD GT KP 6J[UFTWU IGOGKPUCO OKV UGKPGO 8CVGT
YGPKIG6CIGUR·VGTKP-CTVJCIQQFGTGTUVFWTEJFGP5GPCVKP4QO\WO-CKUGTGTJQDGPYQTFGPKUV#NU%CRGNKCPWU
FGTFGO/CZKOKPWU6JTCZVTGWIGDNKGDGPG5VCVVJCNVGTXQP0WOKFKGPOKVUGKPGT#TOGGPCEJ-CTVJCIQOCTUEJKGTVG
YWTFG )QTFKCPWU ++ \WO -QOOCPFGWT GKPGT VGKNU CWU (TGKYKNNKIGP DWPV \WUCOOGPIGYÒTHGNVGP #TOGG WPF UVGNNVG
UKEJ FGO (GKPF \WO -CORH 'T HKGN UGKP 8CVGT DGIKPI FCTCWHJKP 5GNDUVOQTF &KG /ÒP\GP FGT DGKFGP )QTFKCPK
#HTKECPK\·JNGP\WFGPUGNVGPGPWPFDGUQPFGTUDGIGJTVGP2T·IWPIGPFGTTÌOKUEJGP-CKUGT\GKV
1176 1177
$CNDKPWUÕ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG*CPFUEJNCI$/%
%QJ4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF 2CTC\Q
PKWO$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
190
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF 2CTC\Q
PKWO$/%%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2TQXKFGPVKC UVGJV N OKV 5VCD WPF (ÒNN
JQTPFCXQT)NQDWU$/%%QJ4+% -N-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% (GKPG6ÌPWPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1181
1182 1182
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+% )WVGU2QTVT·VCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI&T0KEQNCU#WMVKQP/CKUQP2NCVV2CTKU/·T\0TWPFFGT5COONWPI.CHCKNNG
#WMVKQP8KPEJQP2CTKU0QXGODGT0T
1183 1184
2WRKGPWU Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG*CPFUEJNCI
$/%%QJ4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ UKV\V N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+% 2T·EJVKIGU2QTVT·V4GXGTUUEJYCEJCWUIGRT·IVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
1185 1186
Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGT UVGJV N OKV <YGKI WPF <GRVGT
$/%%QJ4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF<GR
VGT$/%%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
191
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1187
1187 1,5:1
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KEVQTKCUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI$/%%QJ4+%C &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCNGKEJVIGIN·VVGVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1188
$CNDKPWU WPF 2WRKGPWU HÒT )QTFKCPWU +++ Õ&GPCT 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T
2TKGUVGTIGT·VG$/%%QJ4+% 45GJTUEJÌP
1189
1,5:1 1,5:1
)QTFKCPWU +++ Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\
#RQNNQUKV\VNOKV1NKXGP\YGKIFGP'NNDQIGPCWH.[TCIGUVÒV\V%CNKEQC%QJ4+%
-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1190
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\*GTEWNGU UVGJV T WPF UVÒV\V
-GWNGCWH5·WNG%CNKEQ%QJ4+%
*GTTNKEJG)QNFRCVKPCYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI(TCP\6TCW#WMVKQP)KNJQHGT4CPUEJDWTI#FQNRJ*GUU#)9KGP0T
1191
1192
Õ&GPCT4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CGVKVKCUVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF
#PMGT%QJ4+% 5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
$6GVTCFTCEJOG#PVKQEJKC
5[TKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJV
XX-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGG2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
192
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1193 1194
2JKNKRRWU+5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#PVKNQRG
UVGJVN%QJ4+% $TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPV OKV /CJQWV N %QJ
4+% (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
1195 1196
#U4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\'NGHCPVOKV/CJQWVN%QJ4+%D
-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
Õ#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKCI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG#GSWKVCUUVGJVNOKV9CCIG
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJXGTIN4+%XGTIND
4QOD\Y
$ÒUVGN 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\#PPQPC UVGJV N OKV JTGP WPF (ÒNN
JQTPFCXQT/QFKWU%QJ4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
U5COQU
+QPKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF<GRVGT
KO *KPVGTITWPF )CNGGTG $/% &C\W 'KP U FGU 2JKNKRRWU ++
/\UV 5COQU 4GXGTU -WNVUVCVWG
FGT*GTCXQP5COQU$/% 5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
U#PVKQEJKC2KUKFKCGKP*QOQPQKCOKV+MQPKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6[EJG
XQP#PVKQEJKCWPF6[EJGXQP+MQPKQPTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF(TCPMG0QNN¾
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
1200 1201
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG4QOHÒT5[TKGPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX
-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGG2TKGWT 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ6GVTCFTCEJOG4QOHÒT5[TKGPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\#FNGTUVGJVXX
-QRHNOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN/E#NGGE2TKGWT 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
193
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1202
$6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\#FNGTUVGJVN-QRHTOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY
44$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
2T·IWPIGP FGU UKGDVGP ·I[RVKUEJGP ,CJTGU UKPF UGJT UGNVGP FC FCU ·I[RVKUEJG ,CJT GTUV CO #WIWUV DGICPP WPF
2JKNKRRWU+MWT\FCTCWHKPFGT5EJNCEJVXQP8GTQPCHKGN
1203
1,5:1 1,5:1
HÒT1VCEKNKC5GXGTCÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO2WFKEKVKCUKV\V
NOKV<GRVGTWPFNÒHVGVKJTGP5EJNGKGT%QJ4+%
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)GUVQRHVGU.QEJHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI9KNNKCO*9KNNKCOU#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO5#'%8.#4'5 #8)) 0KNRHGTF T
%QJ4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&CU5VÒEMYWTFGCPN·NKEJFGT6CWUGPFLCJTHGKGT4QOUIGRT·IV
5GUVGT\4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO%QPEQTFKCUKV\VNOKV2CVGTCWPF&QRRGNHÒNN
JQTP%QJ4+%G 4)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2KGVCU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP WPF
9GKJTCWEJIGH·%QJ4+%C &WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1208
1207 1207
5GUVGT\ 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO2WFKEKVKC UKV\V N OKV <GRVGT %QJ
4+%C )TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
$6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VG
RJCPG&KMCKQU[PGUVGJVNOKV9CCIGWPF(ÒNNJQTP&CVVCTK5CXKQ
FKGU'ZGORNCT)GKUUGP
XCT-COROCPP)CPUEJQY 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI)KQXCPPK&CVVCTK
194
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1209 1210
HÒT 2JKNKRRWU ++ $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I &TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVG T&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 5GNGPG T FCXQT /QPFUKEJGN &CVVCTK )GKUUGP -COROCPP
)CPUEJQY 45GJTUEJÌP
2JKNKRRWU ++ $6GVTCFTCEJOG ,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWU I &TC
RKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\*GTOCPWDKUUVGJVTOKV-GT[MGKQPWPF2CNO\YGKIFCJKPVGT5EJCMCN
&CVVCTK)GKUUGPXCT-COROCPP)CPUEJQY &WPMGNDTCWPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1211
1,5:1 1,5:1
6TCKCPWU&GEKWUÔ#WTGWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGV
NOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGT%CNKEQC%QJ4+%C 48QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG-CKUGTTGKVGVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJ
VGPWPF<GRVGT%QJ4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
1214 1215
&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
&QRRGNUGUVGT\4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWU
WPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% 44CPFCWUDTWEJ5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUGJTUEJÌPHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
1216 1217
5GOKU4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\NFTCRKGTV/CTUUVGJVNOKV5EJKNFWPF
5RGGT%QJ4+% 445GJTUEJÌP
6TGDQPKCPWU )CNNWU Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG
(GNKEKVCUUVGJVNOKV%CFWEGWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP%QJ4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
195
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1218
2:1 2:1
8QNWUKCPWUÔ$KPKQ4QOI+/2%#'%8+$81.85+#01#8)&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG2+'6#5 #8)) 2KGVCU UVGJV N OKV GTJQDGPGP *·PFGP FCXQT #NVCT %CNKEQ
%QJp4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'KP$KPKQGKPFQRRGNVGT#WTGWUOÒVGGKIGPVNKEJUEJYGTGTUGKPFQEJUEJQPWPVGT)QTFKCPWU+++YCTFCU)GYKEJV
UVCTMIGHCNNGP)CNNWUUEJGKPVGKPG4GHQTOXQTIGPQOOGP\WJCDGPOKVGKPGOFWTEJUEJPKVVNKEJGP)GYKEJVFGU$KPKQ
XQPWPFFGU#WTGWUXQPI9KGFKG$GYGTVWPIKP#PVQPKPKCPGPYCTKUVWPMNCT+O4+%YKTFXGTOWVGV
FGT#WTGWUMÌPPVGOKV#PVQPKPKCPGPDGYGTVGVYQTFGPUGKPWPFFGT$KPKQOKV#PVQPKPKCPGP&CU&QRRGNUVÒEM
OKV5VTCJNGPDKPFGOÒVGCDGTFGPFQRRGNVGP9GTVIGJCDVJCDGPCNUQ#PVQPKPKCPG'UKUVYCJTUEJGKPNKEJUQFC
FCU)QNFDGK6TCPUCMVKQPGPIGYQIGPYWTFG/GKUVFÒTHVGGUCDGTHÒT
)GNFIGUEJGPMGIGFKGPVJCDGP
1219 1220
#GOKNKCPWU Õ#PVQPKPKCP 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG#RQNNQ UVGJV N
OKV<YGKIWPF.[TCCWH(GNUGP%QJ4+% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KTVWUUVGJVNOKV<YGKIWPF
5RGGT%QJ4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
1221
1222 1222
U#KIGCK
%KNKEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\*GTQU
#NGZCPFGTFGT)TQG!UVGJVN
OKV5RGGTWPF1RHGTUEJCNGFCXQT1RHGTUVKGTWPF6QTDQIGP50)(TCPEG50).GXCPVG
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV)TÒPDTCWPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
8CNGTKCPWUU-QT[MQU
%KNKEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&KQP[UQU
UVGJVNOKV6J[TUQUWPF9GKPVTCWDGPÒDGT2CPVJGTFCXQT2TGKUMTQPGCWH&TGKHW50)(TCPEGXGTIN
HH50).GXCPVG 5EJYCT\DTCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
1223
1224
HÒT&KXC/CTKPKCPCÕ#PVQPKPKCP8KOKPCEKWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5EJNGKGTCWH/QPF
UKEJGN2HCWHNKGIVTOKV&KXC/+4D4+% (CUV5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ#RTKN0T
)CNNKGPWU5GUVGT\4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGT
MTCP\.KDGTCNKVCUUVGJVNOKV#DCEWUWPF(ÒNNJQTP/+44+%
445EJTÌVNKPIUHGJNGTCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
196
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Õ#PVQPKPKCP4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG2CZUVGJVNOKV
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT/+4M4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
2QUVWOWU5GUVGT\%QNQPKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\6TQRJ·G
\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP$CUVKGP%QJ'NOGT4+%
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
5GUVGT\ %QNQPKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\ WPF GTJQDGPGT 4GEJVGP
*GTEWNGUXQP-ÌNP&GWV\UVGJVTOKV-GWNG.ÌYGPHGNNWPF$QIGP$CUVKGP%QJ'NOGT
4+% 445GJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\%QNQPKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT)CNGGTGN$CUVKGP
%QJ'NOGT4+% 44#DURNKVVGTWPIGPCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
5GUVGT\ %QNQPKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\5CNWU UVGJV N OKV 2CNO\YGKI CP
5·WNGIGNGJPVWPFHÒVVGTVGKPGWOGKPGP#NVCTIGYWPFGPG5EJNCPIG#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT
1UPCDTÒEM0T$CUVKGPp%QJp'NOGTp4+%p<UEJWEMGp 445GJTUEJÌP
1230
1,5:1 1,5:1
.CGNKCPWU #PVQPKPKCP /QIQPVKCEWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KEVQTKC
IGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI'NOGT4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPIFGT#OGTKECP0WOKUOCVKE5QEKGV[#WMVKQP)GOKPK0GY;QTM0T
)GQTI 'NOGT IGJV FCXQP CWU FC .CGNKCPWU FKG XQP 2QUVWOWU HTKUEJ GKPIGTKEJVGVG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT KP UGKPG
)GYCNV IGDTCEJV JCV WPF FQTV UGKPG /ÒP\GP RT·IGP NKG #WEJ %( <UEJWEMG PKOOV FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG KP 6TKGT CP
&KGTÌOKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVG-ÌNP6TKGT5&KGUYWTFGWCXQP+-ÌPKICPIG\YGKHGNVFGTFKG/ÒP\UV·VVG
KP /CKP\ XGTOWVGV
&KG ICNNKUEJGP 7UWTRCVQTGP XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU /ÒPEJGP 5 UQ CWEJ
)KNNLCO#PVQPKPKCPKWPF#WTGKFGU7NRKWU%QTPGNKWU.CGNKCPWU-ÌNP50CEJGKPGTCPFGTGP#WHHCUUWPI
JCV .CGNKCPWU MWT\HTKUVKI -ÌNP GKPIGPQOOGP WPF FKG /ÒP\UV·VVG PCEJ /CKP\ XGTNCIGTV
$GUN[$NCPF 6JG %WPGVKQ
6TGCUWTG4QOCP%QKPCIGQHVJG6JKTF%GPVWT[#&.QPFQP5WPF&GOYKFGTURTKEJV$5EJWNVG
FGTCPPKOOVFC.CGNKCPWUUKEJKPFGP$GUKV\GKPGT/ÒP\UV·VVGFGU2QUVWOWUUGV\VGWPFFQTVUGKPG/ÒP\GPRT·IGP
NKG FQTV MQPPVG GT UKEJ CDGT PWT MWT\ JCNVGP YCU FKG 5GNVGPJGKV UGKPGT 2T·IWPIGP GTMN·TV
5EJWNVG &KG
)QNFRT·IWPI FGT ICNNKUEJGP -CKUGT XQP 2QUVWOWU DKU 6GVTKEWU #CTCW 5 9GKUGT /CKP\ TÌOKUEJG
/ÒP\UV·VVG!KP&KG/ÒP\UV·VVGP/CKP\WPF9KGUDCFGP5RG[GTNGIVUKEJCWH/CKP\HGUV
197
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1231
%NCWFKWU++)QVJKEWU$6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWUI
)GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\&TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU *GTOCPWDKU T OKV -CNCVJQU FCXQT -GT[
MGKQPOKV2CNO\YGKI&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1232
1,5:1 1,5:1
#WTGNKCPWUÔ#WTGWU/GFKQNCPWO'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QT
DGGTMTCP\%QPEQTFKC UKV\V N OKV \YGK 5VCPFCTVGP %CNKEQ %QJ 'UVKQV #WTGNKGP
/+4F4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
0CEJ #WTGNKCPU 4GIKGTWPIUCPVTKVV UCJ UKEJ FGT -CKUGT IG\YWPIGP KP 0QTFKVCNKGP WPF CP FGT &QPCWHTQPV IGIGP
8CPFCNGP ,WVWPIGP WPF 5CTOCVGP \W M·ORHGP > &TWEM CWH FKG )TGP\GP FGU 4GKEJGU HÒJTVG \W OGJTGTGP
7UWTRCVKQPGP
5GRVKOKWU 7TDCPWU &QOKVKCPWU WPF YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ (GNKEKUUKOWU 9KG UQ QHV IKDV FGT 4GXGTU
WPUGTGU5VÒEMGUPKEJVFKG4GCNKV·VYKGFGTXQPFGT'KPVTCEJVFGT5QNFCVGPMQPPVGHCMVKUEJPKEJVFKG4GFGUGKP
1233
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU /GFKQNCPWO 'OKUUKQP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU
IGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5VCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ%$0HH%QJ'UVKQV#WTG
NKGP
/+4S
4QO4+%WPF 4)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%1<ÒTKEJ0T
1234
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU /GFKQNCPWO 'OKUUKQP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\/CTU
IGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF5VCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ%$0HH%QJ'UVKQV#WTG
NKGP
D
FKGU'ZGORNCT/+4S
4QO4+%WPF 48QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0TWPFFGT5COONWPI,COIQEJKCP#WMVKQP
2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
1235
5GUVGT\4QO'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTWPF-CKUGTKP
TGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPFFCTÒDGT$ÒUVGFGU5QNT%$0XCT/+44+%
)TÒPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
198
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
HÒT5GXGTKPC#PVQPKPKCP5GTFKEC'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO
CWH/QPFUKEJGN-CKUGTWPF-CKUGTKPTGKEJGPUKEJFKG*CPF%$0/+44+%
5KNDGTUWFXQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF8CDCNCVJWU$#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGFGU#WTG
NKCPWUTOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU8CDCNCVJWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%$0/+4
4+% )TÒPG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
$#PVQPKPKCP#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGFGU#WTGNKCPWUTOKV5VTCJNGP
DKPFG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGU8CDCNCVJWUTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\%$0/+44+%
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
1239 1240
6CEKVWU#PVQPKPKCP.WIFWPWO'OKUUKQPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV5VTCJ
NGPDKPFG5RGUIGJVNOKV$NWOG%$0HH%QJ4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKV5KNDGTUWF
(NQTKCPWU #PVQPKPKCP %[\KEWU 'OKUUQP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGP
DKPFG8KEVQTKC UVGJV T OKV 2CNO\YGKI WPF DGMT·P\V -CKUGT %$0 p XGTIN HH %QJ XCT
4+%XCT 5KNDGTUWFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
1241
2:1 2:1
2TQDWUÔ#WTGWU5GTFKECI+/2%241$85+08+%685#8)&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVG
TOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\/#458+%614/CTUIGJVTOKV5RGGTWPF6TQRJ·GT)GHCPIGPGT%CNKEQ
FKGU'ZGORNCT%QJp2KPM#WHDCW54+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\
1242 1243
#PVQPKPKCP 4QO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG N OKV *GNO 5VTCJNGPDKPFG 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF-CKUGT
TGKVGVNOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF<GRVGTFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT%QJ4+% 5KNDGTUWFXQT\ÒINKEJ
#PVQPKPKCP 5GTFKEC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG5QN KP 3WCFTKIC X X OKVGTJQ
DGPGT4GEJVGP%QJXGTIN4+%XCT 5VGORGNINCP\
199
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1244
2:1 2:1
5CVWTPKPWU HÒT 2TQDWU Ô#WTGWU #PVKQEJKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGU 2TQDWU T OKV
.QTDGGTMTCP\8+%614+#' 8KEVQTKC KP $KIC T KO #DUEJPKVV #8))
UKE %CNKEQ
2TQDWU
%QJp'UVKQV.GV[TCP5CVWTPKPWU52KPM#WHDCW5#PO4+%
2TQDWU
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV&KGDGMCPPVG/ÒP\GFGU5CVWTPKPWU/KPIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
+O 4GXGTUUVGORGN YWTFG FCU \YGKVG ) XQP #8)) PCEJVT·INKEJ CNUQ DGYWV JKP\WIGHÒIV 'U JCPFGNV UKEJ UQOKV
PKEJV WO GKPGP (GJNGT FGU 5VGORGNUEJPGKFGTU 'KPGP \YGKVGP XQP 2TQDWU CPGTMCPPVGP #WIWUVWU ICD GU KP FGUUGP
4GIKGTWPIU\GKV PKEJV 9GT KUV CNUQ FGT \YGKVG CWH FGO 4GXGTU GTY·JPVG #WIWUVWU WPF YCTWO YKTF GT CWH GKPGT
/ÒP\GFGU2TQDWUGTY·JPV!
&KG 'TMN·TWPI NKGHGTV 5CTCJ $ 2QOGTQ[
6JG 4GXQNV QH 5CVWTPKPWU KP 5EJYGK\GT /ÒP\DN·VVGT
5
&CU5VÒEMYWTFGY·JTGPFFGT7UWTRCVKQPFGU5CVWTPKPWUIGRT·IVFGT
YQJNCWHITWPFUGKPGTWCXQP<QUKOQU
DG\GWIVGP(TGWPFUEJCHVOKV2TQDWUJQHHVGCNU/KVTGIGPVCPGTMCPPV\WYGTFGP5[NXKCPG'UVKQVDGUV·VKIVFKGUKPKJTGT
UGJTCWUHÒJTNKEJGP7PVGTUWEJWPIFGT/ÒP\RT·IWPIFGU5CVWTPKPWU
'UVKQV5[NXKCPG.GV[TCP5CVWTPKPWU.GFQUUKGT
PWOKUOCVKSWG KP $QPCOGPVG2CUEJQWF
*TUI *KUVQTKCG #WIWUVCG %QNNQSWKWO 2GTWUKPWO $CTK 5
WPF XGTINGKEJV FCU 8QTIGJGP FGU 5CVWTPKPWU OKV FGO FGU 8CDCNCVJWU
FGT \WP·EJUV CWEJ #WTGNKCP CWH UGKPG
/ÒP\GP UGV\VG QFGT %CTCWUKWU FGT UKEJ CWEJ KP UGKPGT /ÒP\RT·IWPI \WP·EJUV &KQENGVKCPWU WPF /CZKOKCPWU CNU
-QNNGIGGORHCJN
#WHITWPF FGT UGJT CWUHÒJTNKEJGP 7PVGTUWEJWPI XQP 5[NXKCPG 'UVKQV KUV IGUKEJGTV FC GU UKEJ DGK FGT XQTNKGIGPFGP
1245 1246
%CTWU #PVQPKPKCP .WIFWPWO I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 5VTCJNGPDKPFG8KEVQTKC
UVGJVNCWH)NQDWUOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI\YKUEJGP\YGK)GHCPIGPGP%QJ4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
WPF%CTKPWU$#PVQPKPKCP.WIFWPWOI$ÒUVGPFGU%CTWUOKV2CP\GTWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGWPF
FGU%CTKPWUOKV2CNWFCOGPVWPF5VTCJNGPDKPFGPGDGPGKPCPFGTT8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO
\YGKI4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1247
2:1 2:1
HÒT %CTKPWU Ô#WTGWU 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\2CZ IGJV N OKV
<YGKIWPF<GRVGT%CNKEQ%QJ4+% 44$TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIXQT\ÒINKEJ
200
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1248
1,5:1 1,5:1
&KQENGVKCPWU Ô#WTGWU WO #PVKQEJKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGT%CNKEQC4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
&KQENGVKCPHÒJTVGFGP$GKPCOGP+QXKWUFKGUMQOOVCWHFGO4GXGTU\WO#WUFTWEM
1249
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ/GFCKNNQPOKV4GUVGPGKPGT8GTIQNFWPIWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV5VTCJNGPDKPFG
WPF#FNGT\GRVGT<YGK8KEVQTKGPDGHGUVKIGPGKPGP5EJKNFCPGKPGT2CNOG#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ5GR
VGODGT0T
FKGU'ZGORNCT%QJ)PGEEJK4+%
8QPCNNGTITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1250 1251
Õ#TIGPVGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%C
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ#TIGPVGWU 5KUEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C *GTTNKEJG2CVKPC5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI'IQP$GEMGPDCWGT
1252 1253
Õ#TIGPVGWU 6KEKPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C 442TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\5VGORGNINCP\
Õ#TIGPVGWU 6KEKPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C 448QT\ÒINKEJ
1254
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT
/CWGTTKPI4+%C 445VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
201
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1255
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT4+%C
8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
.CWV/CTKC4CFPQVK#NHÌNFK
#PVKMG0WOKUOCVKM6GKN+5UVGJVFKG4GXGTUCDDKNFWPIHÒTFGPJGTXQTTCIGPFGP
#WUDCW FGU )TGP\XGTVGKFKIWPIUU[UVGOU YGNEJGU FKG 5KEJGTJGKV FGU 4GKEJGU ICTCPVKGTVG WPF FKG (GKPFG DQVO·KI
OCEJVG&CUQHHGPG6QT\GKIVFCFKG(GUVWPIGPYKGFGTFKG6QTGHÒT*CPFGNWPF9CPFGNÌHHPGPMÌPPGP
1256 1257
Õ#TIGPVGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ#TIGPVGWU 4QO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C (GKPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1258
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTKI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\816+5::5+%:::%CNKEQ
4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1259
1,5:1 1,5:1
/CZKOKCPWU+Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
*GTCMNGUNKO-CORHOKVFGT.GTP·KUEJGP*[FTC%CNKEQ4+%
449KP\4CPFHGJNGTXQT\ÒINKEJ
1260
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU 4QO 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\*GTEWNGU UKV\V X X CWH
(GNUGPN-GWNGT-ÌEJGTWPF$QIGP%CNKEQ
FQTVWPVGT6TGXGTK4+%p 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
202
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1262
1261 1263
Õ#TIGPVGWU4QOI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%D
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ#TIGPVGWU 5KUEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%D 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
Õ#TIGPVGWU 4QO 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT
/CWGTTKPI4+%D )WVGUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1264 1,5:1
1,5:1
Õ#TIGPVGWU%CTVJCIQI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\:%8+
9GTVCPICDG
FGU4ÌOKUEJGP2HWPFGU4+%D 44*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT #WMVKQP 4QOC 0WOKUOCVKEU .QPFQP 0T FGT #WMVKQP *GUU&KXQ <ÒTKEJ
0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\GPWPF/GFCKNNGP#)$CUGN0T
1265 1266
(QNNKU #SWKNGKC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\4QOC UKV\V N OKV )NQDWU WPF
<GRVGTKPUGEJUU·WNKIGO6GORGN4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
&QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU (QNNKU #NGZCPFTKC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\)GPKWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT#FNGT4+% 4$TCWPG2CVKPCIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
ªDGT &QOKVKWU &QOKVKCPWU GKPGP MWT\NGDKIGP 7UWTRCVQT KP I[RVGP KUV YGPKI DGMCPPV &KG 4GXQNVG FKG YCJT
UEJGKPNKEJ OKV FGT /ÒP\TGHQTO FGU &KQENGVKCPWU KP <WUCOOGPJCPI UVGJV DGICPP KP FGT GTUVGP #WIWUVJ·NHVG
CWGTJCND#NGZCPFTKCUFKG5VCFVMCOCDGTYCJTUEJGKPNKEJPQEJKO.CWHGFGU#WIWUVKPFKG*·PFGFGU7UWTRCVQTU
/ÌINKEJGTYGKUGUVCTDFGT-CKUGTDGTGKVUKO&G\GODGTFKG4GXQNVGFCWGTVGLGFQEJ\WOKPFGUVKP#NGZCPFTKCDKU
KPFGP/·T\CP
1267
1,5:1 1,5:1
(QNNKU#NGZCPFTKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\)GPKWUUVGJVNOKV2CVGTCWPF
(ÒNNJQTPFCXQT#FNGT4+%
4'VYCU5KNDGTUWFCWHFGO4GXGTU#XGTUOKPMQTTQFKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
203
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1268
1,5:1 1,5:1
$6GVTCFTCEJOG,CJT
#NGZCPFTKC
#GI[RVWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\0KMG
UVGJVNOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI&CVVCTK)GKUUGP-COROCPP)CPUEJQY
44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
1269
1,5:1 1,5:1
%QPUVCPVKWU+Ô#WTGWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\
,WRKVGTUKV\VNOKV$NKV\WPF<GRVGTFCXQTUVGJV#FNGTOKV-TCP\KO5EJPCDGN%CNKEQ4+%
448QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
1270 1271
Õ#TIGPVGWU%[\KEWUI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI
4+%
ªDNKEJGT5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVRTCEJVXQNNGO2QTVTCKVWPFJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
Õ#TIGPVGWU 6KEKPWO I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT /CWGTTKPI
4+%C
FKGU'ZGORNCTGTY·JPV 4-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGU'ZGORNCTKUVDGK,GNQEPKM2NCDIGDKNFGV
1272
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô#WTGWU4QO1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT%CNKEQ4+%C
44-N5EJÒTHURWTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
Õ#TIGPVGWU 5GTFKEC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT 4+% C
5VGORGNHTKUEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
/CZKOKCPWU ++ )CNGTKWU Õ#TIGPVGWU 5KUEKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI4+%D 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Õ#TIGPVGWU *GTCENGC 1HHK\KP I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT -CKUGT QRHGTP XQT
/CWGTTKPI4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
204
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1276 1277
1,5:1
Õ#TIGPVGWU0KEQOGFKCI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\8KGT-CKUGTQRHGTPXQT/CWGTTKPI
4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV-QTTQFKGTVUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
Õ#TIGPVGWU #PVKQEJKC I -QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\.CIGTVQT 4+% p XGTIN WPF
4GXGTU 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
/CZGPVKWU (QNNKU #SWKNGKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG N OKV
*GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF8KEVQTKC UVGJV T WPF UEJTGKDV 816::('. CWH 5EJKNF N )GHCPIGPGT
4+% 4)TÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
.KEKPKWU+WPF.KEKPKWU++(QNNKU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&&00+18++
.+%+0++ +08+%6#8)'6%#'5$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTOKV6TQRJ·G,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV
<GRVGTFCXQT6TQRJ·GWPVGTFGT\YGK)GHCPIGPGJQEMGP$CUVKGP%QKPUYKVJCFQWDNGGHHKI[KUUWGFD[
.KEKPKWUKP0%2N4+% 44&WPMNG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
HÒT .KEKPKWU ++ (QNNKU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGT
MTCP\/CRRC<GRVGTWPF)NQDWU,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCXQT)GHCPIG
PGT4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1281
2:1 2:1
%QPUVCPVKPWU+Ô5QNKFWU#TGNCVG1HHK\KPI%1056#06+0852(#8)
-QRH T OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\24+0%+2+5 241 8+&'0+55+/+ 5·WNG OKV FGT +PUEJTKHV 5#2+'06+#
FCTCWH'WNGN*GNOT5EJKNFWPF5RGGTKO#DUEJPKVV5#4.4+%
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
205
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1283
2:1 2:1
Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5GEWTKVCUUVGJVXX-QRHT
CP5·WNGIGNGJPV4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ
1284
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKC IGJV N OKV
6TQRJ·GWPF2CNO\YGKINKO(GNF%JTKUVQITCOOTKO(GNF.::++
9GTVCPICDGFGU4ÌOK
UEJGP2HWPFGU4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT%TKURWU(QNNKU6KEKPWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\WPF5EJKNF
GKP2HGTFHÒJTGPF+P-TCP\816:4+%p 445GJTUEJÌP
(QNNKU6TGXGTK1HHK\KP'OKUUKQPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\5EJKNF
WPF5RGGT)NQDWUCWH#NVCTFCTÒDGTFTGK5VGTPG4+%
)TÒPG2CVKPC#XGTUNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
(QNNKU5KUEKC1HHK\KPI-QRHTOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\+P-TCP\816:4+%
8QT\ÒINKEJ
1288 1289
HÒT %QPUVCPVKPWU ++ (QNNKU %[\KEWU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV 2GTN
FKCFGO/CRRC)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT,WRKVGTUVGJVNOKV8KEVQTKCWPF<GRVGT4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
(QNNKU 6TGXGTK 1HHK\KP 'OKUUKQP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG N OKV .QTDGGTMTCP\
.CIGTVQTOKV\YGK6ÒTOGPFCTÒDGT5VGTP4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
206
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1290
1,5:1 1,5:1
%QPUVCPU Ô5QNKFWU 6JGUUCNQPKEC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKC
FGO+P-TCP\5+%85+%:4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJ
1291
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ/KNKCTGPUG
UEJYGT #SWKNGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKC
FGO8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH2CP\GTWPFUEJTGKDV8168/8.6::CWH5EJKNF2CQNWEEK<WD4+%
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
1292
Õ5KNKSWC5KUEKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJVNOKV-TCP\
WPF2CNO\YGKI4+% (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
1293
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1294 1295
Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNF
OKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816:/8.6::4+% -N$GCTDGKVWPIUUVGNNGCO4CPFHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
207
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1296
1,5:1 1,5:1
%QPUVCPVKWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKCUKV\VTWPFUEJTGKDV816::/8.6:::CWHGKPGPXQPGKPGO)GPKWUIGJCNVGPGP
5EJKNF4+% 44(CUUWPIUURWTGPHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1297 1297
1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P -TCP\
816+5:8/8.6+5::4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
1298
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU5KUEKCI+P-TCP\&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV.QTDGGTWPF4QUGVVGPFKCFGO+P
-TCP\<YGK8KEVQTKGPJCNVGP5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV816::/8.6:::4+%
448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
1299 1300
Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTKI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV%JTK
UVQITCOOUVCPFCTVG4+% 4'VYCUMQTTQFKGTVMN-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV .QTDGGT WPF 4QUGVVGPFKC
FGO4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV
816::/8.6:::4+% 445GJTUEJÌP
1301 1302
/CKQTKPC5KUEKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVNOKV
%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGXQP8KEVQTKCDGMT·P\V4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KNKSWC 6JGUUCNQPKEC I -QRH T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5:::: KP
-TCP\4+% 4(GKPG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
208
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1303 1304
Ô5QNKFWU 0KMQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV
816:::/8.6::::4+% 45GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU 0KMQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV
816:::/8.6::::4+% 44CPFOKPDGHGKNVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ5KNKSWC 5KTOKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5
::::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KNKSWC #SWKNGKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5
::::KP-TCP\4+% 42TCEJVGZGORNCTXQT\ÒINKEJ5VGORGNINCP\
Ô5QNKFWU5KTOKWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCWPF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU
UKV\GPOKV5EJKNFFCTCWH816::/8.6:::4+% 44-N-TCV\GTHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1308
2:1 2:1
Ô5QNKFWU#TGNCVGI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT4QOCWPF
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUJCNVGP5EJKNFOKV816:::/8.6::::4+%
45VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1309 1310
Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF4QOC WPF %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP UKEJ IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV
816:::/8.6::::4+% 445GJTUEJÌP
Õ5KNKSWC 5KTOKWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816+5:::/8.6+5
::::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
209
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1312
1311 1311
/CIPGPVKWU &QRRGNOCKQTKPC PCEJ 6TGXGTK I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T%JTKUVQ
ITCOO\YKUEJGP#NRJCWPF1OGIC4+% &WPMNG2CVKPCNGKEJVMQTTQFKGTVXQT\ÒINKEJ
,WNKCPWU ++ #RQUVCVC Õ5KNKSWC #TGNCVG 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T
OKV2GTNFKCFGO816:/8.6::KP-TCP\4+%
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
1313 1314
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC#TGNCVG1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO5VKGTUVGJV
TFCXQT#FNGTUVGJVCWH-TCP\TFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPG4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
&CU /ÒP\DKNF TKGH WPVGT FGT EJTKUVNKEJGP $GXÌNMGTWPI XQP #PVKQEJKC ITQGP #WHTWJT JGTXQT &KG #PVKQEJGPGT
FGWVGVGPFGP5VKGTCNU1RHGTUVKGTUKGJG5\KFCV<WT9KTMWPIWPF#WHPCJOGFGT/ÒP\RTQRCICPFC
+WN/KUQR
F KP /WUGWO *GNXGVKEWO
5 &C KP #PVKQEJKC GKPG *WPIGTUPQV JGTTUEJVG WPF FGP %JTKUVGP FGT
)GPW FGU 1RHGTHNGKUEJGU FGT KP ITQGT <CJN IGQRHGTVGP 5VKGTG XGTDQVGP YCT KUV KJTG XQO -CKUGT KP UGKPGT 5CVKTG
/KUQRQIQP
$CTVJCUUGT IGUEJKNFGTVG URÌVVKUEJG 4GCMVKQP CWH FKG /ÒP\G PKEJV XÌNNKI WPXGTUV·PFNKEJ &C FGT 5VKGT
CWEJ XQP 5QETCVGU 5EJQNCUVKEWU CNU 1RHGTUVKGT DG\GKEJPGV YKTF
JKUV GEEN WPF FKG ÒDTKIGP &GWVWPIGP FGU
5VKGTGU
#RKUUVKGT /KVJTCUUVKGT IQNFGPGU -CND RJKNQUQRJKUEJGU 5[ODQN HÒT GKPGP IWVGP -CKUGT WPF <QFKCMCNUVKGT
CWU XKGNGTNGK )TÒPFGP CWUUEJGKFGP JCPFGNV GU UKEJ DGK FGO CWH FGO 4GXGTU CDIGDKNFGVGP 5VKGT YCJTUEJGKPNKEJ
VCVU·EJNKEJWOGKPGP1RHGTUVKGTUKGJG6JQTOCPP<WT&GWVWPIFGU5VKGTGUCWHFGP(QNNGU-CKUGT,WNKCPUKP$TGOGT
$GKVT·IG \WT /ÒP\ WPF )GNFIGUEJKEJVG
&KG LÒPIUVG &GWVWPI FGU 5VKGTGU CNU -QP\GRVKQPU\GKEJGP
-C[
'JNKPIKP,0)5UVGJVKO9KFGTURTWEJ\WTXQP,WNKCPXGTVTGVGPGP2JKNQUQRJKGFGU+CODNKEJQUWPF
FGTEJCNF·KUEJGP1TCMGN
&QRRGNOCKQTKPC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO5VKGTUVGJVTFCTÒDGT\YGK5VGTPG4+%
/KPMQTTQFKGTVUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKV5KNDGTUWF
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
%GPVGPKQPCNKU5KTOKWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGNOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF5RGGT816:
/8.6::KP-TCP\4+% 8QT\ÒINKEJ
,QXKCPWUÔ5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVN
OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGFCXQT)GHCPIGPGT4+% #VVTCMVKXGUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TV%QKPU4QOC4QO0T
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCWPF%QPUVCP
VKPQRQNKUUKV\GPHCUVXXWPFJCNVGP5EJKNFOKVFGT#WHUEJTKHV8168/8.:4+%
445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P -TCP\
8168/8.:4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
210
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1319 1320
1,5:1
8CNGPVKPKCPWU+Ô5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKC
FGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%D 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVT
OKV-TGW\UVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUN-TGW\4+%D 5GJTUEJÌP
1321 1322
Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGT
UVGJVTOKV-TGW\UVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUN-TGW\4+%D
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Õ5KNKSWC#PVKQEJKCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV%JTKUVQ
ITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%C 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUGJTUEJÌP
1323 1324
8CNGPU Ô5QNKFWU #PVKQEJKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%F 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVT
OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%F )TCHKVVKCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT.CIGTNKUVG(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
1325 1326
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV T
OKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%D /KPIGYGNNVUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU 0KEQOGFKC 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO4QOC WPF
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\GP GKPCPFGT IGIGPÒDGT WPF JCNVGP 5EJKNF OKV FGT #WHUEJTKHV 8168/8.6:
4+%pXGTIND 445GJTUEJÌP
1327 1328
1,5:1
Õ5KNKSWC 0KEQOGFKC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO816:/8.6:: KP
-TCP\4+%D -N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
2TQEQRKWU Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO8168KP-TCP\4+%G 47PTGIGNO·KIGT5EJTÌVNKPIIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
2TQEQRKWU YCT -QOOCPFCPV GKPGU 6TWRRGPVGKNU KO 2GTUGTMTKGI #NU 8CNGPU PCEJ 5[TKGP \QI YWTFG 2TQEQRKWU
XQPWP\WHTKGFGPGP6TWRRGP\WO-CKUGTRTQMNCOKGTVWPFICDXQTGKP8GTYCPFVGT,WNKCPU\WUGKP+PFGT5EJNCEJVDGK
0CEQNGKC KP 2JT[IKGP WPVGTNCI GT8CNGPUPCEJFGOUGKPGIGTOCPKUEJGP*KNHUVTWRRGPKJPXGTNCUUGPJCVVGP'TYWTFG
JKPIGTKEJVGVWPFXGTHKGNKO/CKFGTFCOPCVKQOGOQTKCG
211
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1329 1330
%GPVGPKQPCNKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
XXOKV.CDCTWOWPF5EJKNFFCTÒDGT%JTKUVQITCOON2CNO\YGKIWPFWPDGUVKOOVGU1DLGMV4+%p
XGTINCD 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
)TCVKCPWUÔ5QNKFWU#PVKQEJKC1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T CWH 2CP\GT WPF UEJTGKDV 8168/8.: CWH 5EJKNF T %JTKUVQITCOO
4+%E 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
1331
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ/KNKCTGPUG
NGKEJV6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGT
UVGJVNOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF5EJKNF4+%G 448QT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVJGTTNKEJGT2CVKPC
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP:+80GY;QTM0TFGT5COONWPI/CTM2QPEKP#WMVKQP6TKVQP:0GY
;QTMWPFFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T
Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNOKV
5RGGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%E (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCTOKVHGKPGT2CVKPC
Õ5KNKSWC6TGXGTK1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNOKV
5RGGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU4+%H *GTTNKEJG6ÌPWPIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KNKSWC 6TGXGTK 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO4QOC UKV\V X X
OKV)NQDWUWPF<GRVGT4+%C (GKPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
8CNGPVKPKCPWU ++ Ô5QNKFWU 6TGXGTK 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV
2GTNFKCFGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%E 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU PQTFKVCNKUEJG /ÒP\UV·VVG
/GFKQNCPWO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXXOKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%G 5GJTUEJÌP
<WT/ÒP\UV·VVGUKGJG&GRG[TQV5
Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO<YGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXX
OKV)NQDWUFCJKPVGT8KEVQTKC4+%C 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
6JGQFQUKWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV 4QUGVVGPFKCFGO%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF FCTCWH 816:/8.6:8
4+%D $GUEJPKVVGPNGKEJVIGYGNNVMN-TCV\GTUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
212
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1340
1339
1,5:1
HÒT #GNKC (NCEEKNNC /CKQTKPC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG
T-CKUGTKPUVGJVXXT%JTKUVQITCOO4+% 4&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP)KGUUGPGT/ÒP\JCPFNWPI/ÒPEJGP0T
'WIGPKWUÕ5KNKSWC.WIFWPWO1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOC
UKV\VNCWH2CP\GTOKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP7$5<ÒTKEJ0T
0CEJ FGO 6QF FGU 8CNGPVKPKCP ++ GTJQD FGT OCIKUVGT OKNKVWO #TDQICUV 'WIGPKWU \WO #WIWUVWU 'WIGPKWU FGT
GKIGPVNKEJ GKP %JTKUV YCT YCPFVG UKEJ DCNF GKPGT TÌOGTHTGWPFNKEJGP 4GNKIKQPURQNKVKM \W FGT #NVCT FGT 8KEVQTKC
YWTFGKPFKG%WTKC\WTÒEMIGDTCEJV6GORGNYWTFGPYKGFGTIGÌHHPGVTGNKIKÌUG(GUVGIGHGKGTVWPF1RHGTFCTIGDTCEJV
OCTUEJKGTVG 6JGQFQUKWU + IGIGP'WIGPKWUWPFCO5GRVGODGTVTCHGPUKEJFKG*GGTGCO(TKIKFWU#TDQICUV
NKG ,WRKVGTUVCVWGP CWHUVGNNGP FGTGP $NKV\G PCEJ 1UVGP IGTKEJVGV YCTGP CWH FGP 5VCPFCTVGP FGT 6TWRRGP YWTFGP
$KNFGT FGU *GTEWNGU CPIGDTCEJV > 5EJNCEJVXGTNCWH YCT CO GTUVGP 6CIG IÒPUVKI FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU
YWTFGP UVCTM FG\KOKGTV 0CEJ GKPGO XQT CNNGT #WIGP XQNN\QIGPGP )GDGV FGU 6JGQFQUKWU DTCEJVG GKP
9GVVGTWOUEJYWPI CO 5GRVGODGT FKG 9GPFG FKG 6TWRRGP FGU 'WIGPKWU YWTFGP XGTPKEJVGV GT UGNDUV
IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP WPF IGVÌVGV FGT RTQOKPGPVG 5GPCVQT WPF 2T·VQTKCPGTRT·HGMV 8KTKWU 0KEQOCEJWU (NCXKCPWU FGT
NKGDGT UVGTDGP YQNNVG CNU UGKPG 4QOCPKVCU CWH\WIGDGP Y·JNVG FGP (TGKVQF /KV FGO 4KPIGP CO (TKIKFWU FCU FGP
%JCTCMVGTGKPGU4GNKIKQPUMTKGIGUJCVVGUGV\VGUKEJFCU%JTKUVGPVWOKOTÌOKUEJGP4GKEJGPFIÒNVKIFWTEJ
Õ5KNKSWC/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO4QOCUKV\VNCWH2CP\GT
OKV8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+%E 4'VYCUDGUEJPKVVGPWPFXGTRT·IVIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
&KG/ÒP\UV·VVGPUKINGKUVPKEJVGKPFGWVKI\WNGUGPCWHITWPFFGU5VKNGUFGU#XGTUGUXGTOWVGPYKTCDGT/GFKQNCPWO
#TECFKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
4QUGVVGPFKCFGO%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF5EJKNFOKV8168/8.6:4+%E
(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Õ5KNKSWC /GFKQNCPWO 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO8168
/8.6:KP-TCP\4+% 4*GTTNKEJG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP(TKV\4WFQNH-ÒPMGT1UPCDTÒEM0T
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH2TQTC4+%
)TCHKVVKCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI)KNDGTV5VGKPDGTI#WMVKQP0#%<ÒTKEJ0T
1345 1346
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
8KEVQTKCUKV\VTCWH2CP\GTWPFUEJTGKDV:::::CWH5EJKNF4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
*QPQTKWUÔ5QNKFWU5KTOKWO1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKC
FGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH)GHCPIGPGO4+%F
9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
213
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1348
1347 1347
Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCP
FCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH)GHCPIGPGO4+%
-N-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUMN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKC X X
-QRHNOKV-TCP\WPF-TGW\INQDWU4+% (CUV5VGORGNINCP\
1349 1350
Ô5QNKFWU4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVG
WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWUPCEJ4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVTOKV5VCPFCTVG
WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH)GHCPIGPGO4+% 9KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
1351
2:1 2:1
,QJCPPGUÔ5QNKFWU4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
TOKV5VCPFCTVGWPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWH)GHCPIGPGO4+%
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
0CEJ FGO 6QFG FGU *QPQTKWU NKG FGUUGP /CIKUVGT /KNKVWO %CUVKPWU ,QJCPPGU \WO #WIWUVWU RTQMNCOKGTGP
6JGQFQUKWU ++ UCPFVG FCTCWHJKP FGP )GPGTCN #TFCDWTKWU WPF FGUUGP 5QJP #URCT PCEJ +VCNKGP WO FKG 4GDGNNKQP
PKGFGT\WUEJNCIGP WPF FGP 6JTQPCPURTWEJ FGU 5QJPGU FGU *QPQTKWU 8CNGPVKPKCPWU +++ FWTEJ\WUGV\GP #TFCDWTKWU
IGTKGV OKV UGKPGT (NQVVG KP GKPGP 5VWTO WPF YWTFG DGK FGT .CPFWPI IGHCPIGPIGPQOOGP #URCT CDGT IGNCPIVG OKV
UGKPGP6TWRRGPYQJNDGJCNVGPPCEJ+VCNKGPWPFPCJO,QJCPPGUKP4CXGPPCIGHCPIGP>7UWTRCVQTYWTFG\WO6QFG
XGTWTVGKNV \WGTUV YWTFG KJO FKG TGEJVG *CPF CDIGUEJNCIGP CPUEJNKGGPF YWTFG GT CWH GKPGP 'UGN IGHGUUGNV WPF KO
%KTEWUXQP#SWKNGKC\WT5EJCWIGUVGNNVDGXQTGTGPFNKEJGPVJCWRVGVYWTFG
1352
1,5:1 1,5:1
6JGQFQUKWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVG
X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU UKV\V X X OKV <GRVGT WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU N
5VGTP4+% 2TCEJVGZGORNCT5VGORGNINCP\
214
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
1353
1,5:1 1,5:1
Õ/KNKCTGPUG
NGKEJV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV2GTNFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJV
XXOKVGTJQDGPGT4GEJVGPWPF)NQDWUN5VGTP4+% 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP4QOC0WOKUOCVKEU.QPFQP0T
1354 1355
Ô5QNKFWU6JGUUCNQPKECI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF-CKUGT
UVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWUN5VGTP4+% 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5GOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T WPF
UEJTGKDV:::::CWH5EJKNFN5VGTP4+%XCT -N-TCV\GTIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP*GUU&KXQ<ÒTKEJ0T
1356 1357
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+%
)TCHHKVKUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+%
/KPIGYGNNVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1358 1359
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCJKPVGT5VGTP4+%
-N-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTN5VGTP4+% 5GJTUEJÌP
HÒT #GNKC 'WFQEKC Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KC
FGO-TGW\KP-TCP\4+% 4)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
#GNKC 'WFQEKC 6QEJVGT GKPGU #VJGPGTU .GQPVKWU VTWI CNU #PJ·PIGTKP FGT CNVGP 4GNKIKQP FGP 0COGP #VJGPCKU GTUV
YWTFG UKG IGVCWHV #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC HÒJTVG UKG KJTGO $TWFGT \W 5KG JGKTCVGVG 6JGQFQUKWU ++ WPF HÒJTVG DKU
YGKVIGJGPF FKG 4GIKGTWPI &CPCEJ \QI UKG UKEJ PCEJ ,GTWUCNGO \WTÒEM WPF HÒJTVG GKP TGNKIKÌUGU .GDGP DKU \W
KJTGO6QF
Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\ KP -TCP\
4+% 45VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
215
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\ KP -TCP\
4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
HÒT #GNKC 2WNEJGTKC Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO-TGW\KP-TCP\4+% 448QT\ÒINKEJ
8CNGPVKPKCPWU+++Ô5QNKFWU/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV4QUGV
VGPFKCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .CPIMTGW\ WPF 8KEVQTKC CWH )NQDWU (W CWH OGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT
5EJNCPIG4+% 48QT\ÒINKEJ
/CTEKCPWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 45GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 4)TQDGT5VKN5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGXQT\ÒINKEJ
.GQ+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+%
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% #VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU
!1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGT
WPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+%
#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
216
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
/CKQTKCPWUÕ5KNKSWCWPDGUVKOOVGICNNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\4+%pXGTINHH
WGTUVUGNVGPDGUQPFGTUKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI9KP\5EJNCIURWTGPXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
&KG 2T·IWPI FGT UGNVGPGP ICNNKUEJGP *CNDUKNKSWGP FGU /CKQTKCPWU GTHQNIVG OÌINKEJGTYGKUG KO #WHVTCI FGU /CIKUVGT
/KNKVWORGT)CNNKCU#GIKFKWU
XGTIN4+%:5
1372
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PVJGOKWUÔ5QNKFWUWO4QOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF<YGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXXWPFJCNVGP-TGW\INQDWU4+% 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
<GPQ Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+%
5VGORGNDTWEJCWHFGO#XGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP4+% 2T·IGUEJY·EJGUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
$CUKNKUEWUWPF/CTEWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCJKPVGT5VGTP4+% 45GJTUEJÌP
$CUKNKUEWUYCTFGT$TWFGTFGT#GNKC<GPQPKUFKGGTHQNITGKEJIGIGP<GPQKPVTKIKGTVGWPFKJTGO$TWFGTCWHFGP6JTQP
XGTJCNH#DGTFKG-QUVGPFGU-TKGIGUIGIGPFGPIGHNQJGPGP<GPQWPRQRWN·TGTGNKIKÌUG/CPCJOGPWPFUEJNKGNKEJ
GKP (GWGT KP FGT *CWRVUVCFV \YCPIGP KJP FKG /CEJV YKGFGT <GPQ \W ÒDGTNCUUGP &KGUGT JCVVG XGTURTQEJGP
$CUKNKUEWUWPFUGKPG(COKNKGPKEJV\WVÌVGPGTUEJKEMVGUKGFCJGTPCEJ.KOPCKP-CRRCFQMKGPKPU'ZKNWPFNKGUKG
FQTVXGTJWPIGTP
.1654¤/+5%*'4/ª0<'0
7OHCPITGKEJG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT/ÒP\GPXQPFGT4GRWDNKMDKUKPFKG5R·VCPVKMG&KG5COONWPI
GPVJ·NVWCGKPGPGKPGP#WTGWUFGU0GTQ
(CUUWPIUURWTGPGKPGP5QNKFWUFGU6JGQFQUKWU++&GP
CTG
WC2GUEGPPKWU0KIGT5GUVGT\G
WC%NQFKWU#NDKPWU&KXC2CWNKPC$CNDKPWUGVEFKXGTUG
YGKVGTGTGKEJUTÌOKUEJG$TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV(QNNGUCDGTCWEJ\$#UFGU#GNKWU&QRRGNUGUVGT\FGU
2QUVWOWUGVEFKXGTUG#PVQPKPKCPG2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGPGKPGP#TIGPVGWUCEJV5KNKSWGPGVE*QEJKPVGT
GUUCPVG 5COONWPI FKG UKEJ FWTEJ \CJNTGKEJG XGTVTGVGPG 4GIGPVGP WPF 0QOKPCNG JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU
)TWPFUVQEMGKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPICDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGTGKVUDGUVGJGPFGP5COONWPIGKIPGV
$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP
%C5VÒEM9GPKIGIGNQEJVQFGTOKVCPFGTGPMNGKPGP/·PIGNPUEJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
217
RÖMISCHE KAISERZEIT
5RG\KCNUCOONWPI6TCKCPWU'PVJCNVGPUKPF\GJP$TQP\GOÒP\GP
Z5GUVGT\Z&WRQPFKWUZ#UZ
3WCFTCPUZ2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPI&GPCTGKPVGKNUXQT\ÒINKEJGT'TJCNVWPIWPFOKVVGKNUUGNVGPGPWPF
KPVGTGUUCPVGP4GXGTUFCTUVGNNWPIGP
\$&KXWU6TCKCPWU2CVGT#.+/+6#.6TCKCPUU·WNGGVEUQYKG
\YGK&TCEJOGP
WC.[EKCXQT\ÒINKEJ*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVG5RG\KCNUCOONWPIDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVK
IGP 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌP
.QVTÌOKUEJGT5KNDGTOÒP\GP&CU.QVGPVJ·NVTÌOKUEJG5KNDGTOÒP\GPXQPFGT4GRWDNKMDKUKPFCUFTKVVG
,CJTJWPFGTVP%JTÒDGTYKGIGPF&GPCTG
5VÒEMFCTWPVGT\CJNTGKEJG2T·IWPIGPFGT4GRWDNKMGKP
.GIKQPUFGPCTFGU/CTEWU#PVQPKWUZ6KDGTKWU)CNDC8KVGNNKWUGVE(GTPGTUKPFXKGTMNGKPGTG0QOK
PCNGGPVJCNVGP
WC\YGK*GOKFTCEJOGPCWF%CGUCTGC%CRRCFQEKCG*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGWP
DGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
7OHCPITGKEJG5RG\KCNUCOONWPIXQP2T·IWPIGPFGT(COKNKGFGU2JKNKRRWU+#TCDU&KG5COONWPI
GPVJ·NV W C TGKEJUTÌOKUEJG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
5GUVGT\GP WPF #UUG #PVQPKPKCPG
FCTWPVGT CWEJ
UGNVGPGTG 6[RGP WPF /ÒP\UV·VVGP UQYKG 2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGP 'KP JQEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV FCU UQ
YQJNCNU)TWPFUVQEMGKPGT5COONWPIXQP2T·IWPIGPFGU2JKNKRRWU#TCDUCDGT\WT'TYGKVGTWPIGKPGT
DGTGKVUDGUVGJGPFGP5COONWPIJGTXQTTCIGPFIGGKIPGVKUV$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
.QV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP FGT -CKUGT\GKV 'PVJCNVGP UKPF &GPCTG FCTWPVGT #WIWUVWU 6KDGTKWU
6TKDWVGRGPP[0GTQ8GURCUKCPWU6KVWU
WC4GXGTU'NGHCPV&QOKVKCPWU0GTXC*CFTKCP
4GXGTU
4GUVKVWVQTK*KURCPKCG5CDKPC&KCFWOGPKCPWUGVEHGTPGTGKP&WRQPFKWU
&KXWU#WIWUVWUXKGT#UUGU
)GTOCPKEWU%CNKIWNC%NCWFKWU0GTQUQYKGGKP3WCFTCPU*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVFCUUKEJFWTEJ
\CJNTGKEJGXGTUEJKGFGPG4GIGPVGPGKPKIGUGJTIWVG'TJCNVWPIGPWPFKPVGTGUUCPVG4GXGTUOQVKXGJGTXQTTC
IGPFCNU)TWPFUVQEMHÒTFGP#WHDCWGKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPICDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGUVGJGPFGP
5COONWPIGKIPGVWPFWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIVYGTFGPUQNNVG 5VÒEM5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
5VWFKGPUCOONWPI UR·VTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP
OGKUV (QNNGU 'KPG WPVGT YKUUGPUEJCHVNKEJGP
#URGMVGPGPVUVCPFGPG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT$TQP\GOÒP\GP
)TQWPF-NGKPHQNNGUUQYKGCPFGTG0QOK
PCNG\CJNTGKEJGT4GIGPVGPFCTWPVGTGKPKIG·WGTUVUGNVGPG5VÒEMG'KP#WHUCV\KPFGOGKPKIGFGT4CTK
V·VGPDGUEJTKGDGPYGTFGPNKGIVDGK*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
.QV XQP &GPCTGP FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM 'PVJCNVGP UKPF W C %TCYH GVE
&C\WGKP0GOCWUWU#U+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌPVGKNUDGUUGT
5COONWPIOGKUVTÌOKUEJGT4GKEJUOÒP\GP&CUKPVGTGUUCPVG1DLGMVGPVJ·NV2T·IWPIGPXQPFGT4GRW
DNKMDKUKPFKG5R·VCPVKMGFCTWPVGTWCXKGT5QNKFK
Z8CNGPVKPKCPWU6JGQFQUKWU<GPQCEJV&GPCTG
W C Z 4GRWDNKM #WIWUVWU GVE UQYKG FKXGTUG #PVQPKPKCPG (QNNGU GVE +PVGTGUUCPVGU 1DLGMV DKVVG
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌPGKPKIGDGUUGT
7OHCPITGKEJG5COONWPITÌOKUEJGT/ÒP\GPFGUFTKVVGPWPFXKGTVGP,CJTJWPFGTVUP%JT'PVJCN
VGP UKPF PGDGP GKPGO &GPCT FGU 5GXGTWU #NGZCPFGT #PVQPKPKCPG
5EJYGTRWPMV )QTFKCPWU +++ WPF
(COKNKG FGU 2JKNKRRWU #TCDU CDGT CWEJ &KXWU %CTWU GVE UQYKG FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
W C 8GVTC
PKQ5GJTKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVOKVJÒDUEJGP3WCNKV·VGPDKVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM/GKUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
.QV XQP &GPCTGP WPF #PVQPKPKCPGP UQYKG $TQP\GOÒP\GP &KG &GPCTG UVCOOGP ÒDGT
YKGIGPFCWUFGO,CJTJWPFGTVP%JT
FCTWPVGTWC&KCFWOGPKCPWUFKG#PVQPKPKCPGUVCOOGPCWU
FGT<GKVXQP)QTFKCPWU+++DKU\WT6GVTCTEJKG+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP
%C5VÒEM)GTKPIGTJCNVGPDKUXQT\ÒINKEJFGT)GUCOVGKPFTWEMKUVUGJTUEJÌP
5COONWPI OGKUV TÌOKUEJGT /ÒP\GP &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV ÒDGTYKGIGPF &GPCTG #PVQPKPKCPG WPF
(QNNGU &WTEJ \CJNTGKEJG XGTVTGVGPG 4GIGPVGP GKIPGV UKEJ FKG 5COONWPI JGTXQTTCIGPF CNU )TWPFUVQEM
GKPGT4ÌOGTUCOONWPI$KVVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIGP %C5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
5COONWPI 2JKNKRRWU + #TCDU WPF 2JKNKRRWU ++ &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV 2T·IWPIGP FGT /ÒP\UV·VVG
#NGZCPFTKCFCXQP$6GVTCFTCEJOGP
PWTZ4GXGTU#FNGTCDGTGKPKIGUGJTKPVGTGUUCPVG4GXGTUGYKG
\ $ $ÒUVG FGU 5CTCRKU 2CPVJGQU WPF GKPG &TCEJOG 5GJT KPVGTGUUCPVG 5COONWPI DKVVG WPDGFKPIV
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
&GPCTG FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM .QV XQP XGTUEJKGFGPGP &GPCTGP FGT TÌOKUEJGP 4GRWDNKM
W C
%TCYHGVE+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP
5VÒEM/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
7OHCPITGKEJGU .QVÒDGTYKGIGPFTGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT$TQP\GOÒP\GP &CUKPVGTGUUCPVG.QVGPVJ·NVWC
)TQHQNNGU\CJNTGKEJG5GUVGT\GFKXGTUG(QNNGUGKPKIG2TQXKP\KCNRT·IWPIGPKP$TQP\GWPF$KNNQPGVE
+PVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP %C5VÒEM)GTKPIGTJCNVGPpUGJTUEJÌP
.QV TGKEJUTÌOKUEJGT $TQP\GOÒP\GP &CU .QV GPVJ·NV 5GUVGT\G
W C Z 0GTQ %NCWFKWU &TWUWU
5CDKPC (CWUVKPC ++ HKNKC .WEKNNC /CZKOWU GVE FKXGTUG MNGKPGTG 0QOKPCNG
OGKUV #UUGU W C
/ÒP\OGKUVGTCUFGU#WIWUVWU#PVQPKCGVEUQYKGGKPGCNGZCPFTKPKUEJG6GVTCFTCEJOG+PVGTGUUCPVGU.QV
DKVVGDGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
218
VÖLKERWANDERUNG
8¤.-'49#0&'470)
1401 1402
8#0&#.'0
)WPVJCOWPFÕ5KNKSWC%CTVJCIQI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO-TCP\FCTKP
&0*CJP/+$ 45GJTUEJÌP
)GNKOGT Õ &GPCTKK %CTVJCIQ I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO+P -TCP\ &0
ÒDGT.QDGP-TGW\*CJP/+$ 445GJTUEJÌP
1403
1,5:1 1,5:1
+6#.+#
4KEKOGTÔ5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU.GQ+
!4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CPIMTGW\WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWHOGPUEJGPMÌRHKIGT
5EJNCPIG.CECOXGTIN2N4+%
8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKMN-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTUUGJTUEJÌP
219
VÖLKERWANDERUNG
1404
1,5:1 1,5:1
1FQCMGTÔ5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU<GPQ/GFKQNCPWOI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV
*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\FCXQTCEJVUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP.CECO2N
4+% 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU<GPQ/GFKQNCPWOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO-TGW\KP
-TCP\.CECO2NXGTINHH
FQTVWPVGT,WNKWU0GRQU4+%
49KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#TVGOKFG#UVG5CP/CTKPQ0T
9'56)16'0
#PQP[O Õ5KNKSWC KO 0COGP FGU *QPQTKWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO).148+
UKE41/#0148/4QOCUKV\VXXOKV)NQDWUWPF5RGGT4+%XCT
44(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
1408
1,5:1 1,5:1
1409 1410
1,5:1
'TXKEKWUÔ6TGOKUUKU+URCNKI$ÒUVGXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP%08p
6[R
/KNGUp
6[R2NKGIQp
6[R 444CPFCWUDTWEJUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP2QPVGTKQ0GY;QTM0TWPFFGT#WMVKQP4CWEJ9KGP0T
'IKECOKV9KVK\\C'N6TGOKUUKU'IKVCPKCI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTFC\YK
UEJGP-TGW\/QPQITCOO%08XGTINHH/KNGUXGTINDHH2NKGIQXGTINHH
44-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKMN2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
220
OSTGOTEN
1411
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô6TGOKUUKU6WFGI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPGKPCPFGTIGIGPÒDGTFC\YKUEJGP-TGW\/QPQITCOO%08p
/KNGUp2NKGIQp 8QPCNNGTITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV5EJGKPVWPGFKGTV-N5EJTÌVNKPIUTKXQT\ÒINKEJ
1412 1413
156)16'0
6JGQFGTKEJ Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPWU + 4CXGPPC I )GRCP\GTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV2GTNFKCFGO/QPQITCOO*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ
-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPWU + 4CXGPPC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKC
FGO/QPQITCOO*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP
1414 1415
0WOOK 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 4QOC T OKV *GNO#FNGT UVGJV N -QRH T *CJP
/+$D-TCWU
SWCUKpCWVQPQO/GVNKEJC
&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
&GECPWOOKWO4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT4CXGPPCTOKV/CWGTMTQPG+P-TCP\/QPQ
ITCOO*CJP/+$C-TCWU/GVNKEJC $TGKVGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP
1416 1416
1,5:1
&GECPWOOKWO4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGFGT4CXGPPCTOKV/CWGTMTQPG+P-TCP\/QPQ
ITCOO*CJP/+$C-TCWU/GVNKEJC (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
1417 1418
#VJCNCTKEJ Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+P-TCP\&0#6*#.#4+%854+:*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ
5GJTUEJÌP
Õ5KNKSWCOKV0COGP+WUVKPKCPWU+4CXGPPCI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO+P
-TCP\&0#6*#.#4+%854+:*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP
221
OSTGOTEN
1419
1,5:1 1,5:1
0WOOK4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV*GNO9ÌNHKPNU·WIV4QOWNWUWPF4GOWU*CJP
/+$C
6JGQFGTKEJ-TCWUp/GVNKEJD
5GJTUGNVGPKPFKGUGT'TJCNVWPI$TCWPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1420
1,5:1 1,5:1
&GECPWOOKWO 4QO I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG FGT 4QOC T OKV *GNO+P -TCP\ & 0#6*#.
#4+%854':*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ 4)TÒPG2CVKPCHCUVUGJTUEJÌP
1421 1422
1,5:1 1,5:1
1,5:1 1,5:1
6JGQFCJCF Õ 5KNKSWC 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV 2GTNFKCFGO+P-TCP\
&06*'1&#*#6854+:*CJP/+$
4QO-TCWU/GVNKEJ 5GJTUEJÌP
9KVKIKU Õ 5KNKSWC OKV 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + 4CXGPPC I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV
&KCFGO+P-TCP\&088+6+%'54':*CJP/+$-TCWU/GVNKEJ
(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
.#0)1$#4&'0
1,5:1 1423
1,5:1
$'0'8'06#FGNEJKUÕ&GPCTKO0COGPFGU-CKUGTU.WFYKI++WPFFGT-CKUGTKP#PIKN
DGTICI-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGP-TGW\%0+:8+++5)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTP
44*ÒDUEJG2CVKPCXQT\ÒINKEJ
1424
1,5:1 1,5:1
$74)70&'4
Ô5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU8CNGPVKPKCPWU+++PCEJICNNKUEJG/ÒP\UV·VVGI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGT
OKV4QUGVVGPFKCFGO-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CPIMTGW\WPF8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU(WCWHOGPUEJGPMÌRHK
IGT5EJNCPIG4+%pXGTIN )1.&8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
222
OSTGOTEN
1425 1426
Ô6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU#PCUVCUKWU+.[QPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV&KCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJV
TOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI6QOCUKPK)TWRRG# )1.&5GJTUEJÌP
)WPFQDCFÔ6TGOKUUKUKO0COGPFGU#PCUVCUKWU+.[QPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV
2GTNFKCFGO8KEVQTKCIGJVTOKV-TCP\WPF2CNO\YGKI$GNHQTVXGTINHH)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTP
448QT\ÒINKEJ
1427 1428
/'419+0)'4
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCD$GNHQTVp)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPXGTINHH
9KP\-TCV\GTCVVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP%0).CPECUVGT0T
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP #PCUVCUKWU + I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCD$GNHQTVpXGTIN)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPHH
445GJTUEJÌP
1429
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP +WUVKPKCPWU + I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCDN5VGTP$GNHQTVpXGTINHH)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPp
)1.&44/KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6TKVQP8+0GY;QTM0T
&CU 5VÒEM KOKVKGTV QUVIQVKUEJG 5QNKFK KO 0COGP FGU +WUVKPKCPWU +
/GVNKEJ WPF \GKIV LGFQEJ UVCVV FGU HÒT
QUVIQVKUEJG2T·IWPIGPV[RKUEJGP2
KWU(
GNKZKPFGT#XGTUNGIGPFG2
GT2
GVWWU
1431
223
ANONYM
1432
1,5:1 1,5:1
#010;/
Ô#WTGWUKO0COGPFGU/CZKOKCPWU+I-QRHNOKV.QTDGGTMTCP\-CKUGTTGKVGVNOKVGTJQDG
PGT4GEJVGP%CNKEQ\W 445GJTUEJÌP
'UJCPFGNVUKEJYQJNWOGKPGP$CNMCPDGKUEJNCI
1433
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU ++ I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP(CIGTNKG00/XGTINHH
448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP,GCP'NUGP$TÒUUGN0T
1434 1435
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU 6JGQFQUKWU ++ I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQKUUKV\VNOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF<GRVGTFCXQT\YGK5VGTPG(CIGTNKG00/
XGTINHH 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP&ÒTT/KEJGN)GPH0QXGODGT0T
Ô5QNKFWU KO 0COGP FGU /CTEKCPWU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF
8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV.CPIMTGW\T5VGTP(CIGTNKG00/XGTIN 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP&ÒTT/KEJGN)GPH0QXGODGT0T
1436
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWUKO0COGPFGU<GPQI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF8KEVQTKC
UVGJVNOKV-TGW\T5VGTP)TKGTUQP$NCEMDWTPp.CECOp4+%p
449KP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
'UJCPFGNVUKEJWOGKPGPYGUVNKEJGP$GKUEJNCI\WGKPGO5QNKFWUFGU<GPQFGTNGKFGTPKEJVIGPCW\W\WQTFPGPKUV
224
BYZANZ
$;<#06+0+5%*'/ª0<'0
1437 1438
$;<#0<
#PCUVCUKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV .CPIMTGW\ FCJKPVGT 5VGTP &1% C 5GCT
8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%C5GCT
#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%D5GCT
/KPIGYGNNVNGKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%F5GCT
5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%L5GCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1442
1,5:1 1,5:1
+WUVKPWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV *GNO 5EJKNF WPF 5RGGT8KEVQTKC UVGJV N OKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%C5GCT
-CDKPGVVUVÒEM5VGORGNIN·P\GPFGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
1443 1444
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO5EJKNFWPF
5RGGT8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDFCXQT5VGTP&1%D5GCT
/KPIGYGNNVYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
+WUVKPKCPWU+Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVG
HCUVXXOKV*GNO5RGGTWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\UVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%K
5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
225
BYZANZ
1445 1446
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGHCUVXXOKV*GNO5RGGT
WPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\UVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%K5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU 6JGUUCNQPKEC I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG HCUV X X OKV *GNO 5RGGT WPF
5EJKNF8KEVQTKCUVGJVNOKV-TGW\UVCDNWPFTLGGKP5VGTP&1%p5GCT#
44/KPIGYGNNVYKP\-TCV\GTUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%D5GCT
9KP\-TCV\GTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\XQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGPCO4CPFYKP\-TCV\GTCWHFGO#XGTU
UQPUVCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%E5GCT
-TCV\GTCWHFGO4GXGTUIWVGUUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
1451 1452
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%F5GCT
/KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO-TGW\INQ
DWUWPF5EJKNF'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWUT5VGTP&1%G5GCT
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUGJTUEJÌP
1453
1,5:1 1,5:1
226
BYZANZ
1454 1455
Ô5QNKFWU WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO -TGW\INQDWU WPF
5EJKNF'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU T UGEJUUVTCJNKIGT 5VGTP &1%
QJPGFKGUGP$WEJUVCDGPCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG5GCT 4-N2TQDKGTURWTGPCO4CPF
&KGWPVGT5GCT\WUCOOGPIGHCVGP5VÒEMGYGTFGPKO/+$'%QPVKPWGFVGKNU4CXGPPCVGKNGKPGT/ÒP\UV·VVGCWH
5K\KNKGP\WIGUEJTKGDGP&CU5VÒEMOKV+CO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFGKUVKO/+$'%QPVKPWGFPKEJVCWHIGHÒJTV
Ô5GOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO8KEVQTKC UKV\V T OKV 5EJKNF
FCXQT%JTKUVQITCOO&1%5GCT )WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
2GPVCPWOOKQP WPDGUVKOOVG /ÒP\UV·VVG I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO9GTV FCTÒDGT
5VGTP&1%5GCT (CUVUGJTUEJÌP
+WUVKPWU ++ Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV
*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWUWPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%D
5GCT ªDGTRT·IWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU
WPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWUN5VGTP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK
\KP5GCT 5GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO8KEVQTKCCWH)NQDWU
WPF5EJKNF%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUUKV\VXXOKV<GRVGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%E5GCT
2T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1460
1461 1461
Õ5KNKSWC %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG T OKV &KCFGO-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV 0KODWU
5RGGTWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 4(GKPG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌP
WPF 5QRJKC (QNNKU 4GIKGTWPIULCJT
%CTVJCIQ I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X
X9GTV&1%XCT5GCTXCT 45GJTUEJÌP
&CU 5VÒEM \GKIV KO #DUEJPKVV FGU 4GXGTUGU $+6# UVCVV 8+6# &KG 6CVUCEJG FC FGT QHHGPMWPFKI ITKGEJKUEJG
5VGORGNUEJPGKFGT FCU NCVGKPKUEJG 8 FWTEJ GKP ITKGEJKUEJGU $GVC GTUGV\V JCV \GKIV FC FCU $GVC \W FKGUGT <GKV
DGTGKVUCNU=X?CWUIGURTQEJGPYWTFG
227
BYZANZ
1463 1464
1462 1462
/CWTKEKWU 6KDGTKWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG
$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNOWPF-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%D
5GCT 45GJTUEJÌP
2GPVCPWOOKQP6JGWRQNKU
#PVKQEJKCI/QPQITCOO9GTVFCTÒDGT-TGW\&1%p5GCT
44&WPMGNITÒPG2CVKPCHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJUGJTUEJÌP
6JGQFQUKWUÕ5KNKSWC%CTVJCIQI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNO+P
-TCP\#/'0+6#5&'+&1%5GCT 445EJTÌVNKPIUTKUGJTUEJÌP
1465 1466
2JQECU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV
/CRRCWPF-TGW\CWH)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT
445GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ CWH
)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT
445VCTMGT&QRRGNUEJNCIUQPUVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I -QPUWNCTDÒUVG X X OKV /CRRC WPF -TGW\ CWH
)NQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT
445GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%G5GCT
/KPIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGN UVGJV X X OKV %JTKUVQITCOOUVCD WPF -TGW\INQDWU &1% G 5GCT
5VGORGNINCP\
1470 1471
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF
-TGW\INQDWU'PIGNUVGJVXXOKV%JTKUVQITCOOUVCDWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%I5GCT
5GJTUEJÌP
*GTCENKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV*GNOWPF-TGW\-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%F5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
228
BYZANZ
Ô5QNKFWUWPDGUVKOOVG
KVCNKUEJG!/ÒP\UV·VVGI10J'4#%.+7522#8%)GRCP
\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV*GNOWPF-TGW\-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%p5GCTp
8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
WPF*GTCENKWU%QPUVCPVKPWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$GKFGT$Ò
UVGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGPT+&1%C5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP
&1%F5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU 6JGUUCNQPKEC I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP &1% D
#NGZCPFTKC5GCT# 44.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGWPFYKP\-TCV\GTXQT\ÒINKEJ
1477
1,5:1 1,5:1
1476 1476
(QNNKU4GIKGTWPIULCJT
+UCWTCI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXX9GTV&1%5GCT
45GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU
FKEM
+PFKMVKQP
+PFKMVKQP%CTVJCIQI$GKFGT$ÒUVGPX
X-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGP&1%
#XGTU4GXGTU5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ
*[DTKFG2T·IWPIOKVFGT+PFKMVKQPCWHFGO#XGTUWPFFGT+PFKMVKQPCWHFGO4GXGTU
OKV*GTCENKWU%QPUVCPVKPWUWPF*GTCENQPCUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI
&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%E5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK
5VWHGP&1%FXCT5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTXQPXQTP-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP
&1%D5GCT 2TCEJVGZGORNCTHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWH5VWHGP
&1%F5GCT 9KP\)TCHHKVQCWHFGO4GXGTUXQT\ÒINKEJ
229
BYZANZ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TGK-CKUGTUVGJGPXX-TGW\CWH5VWHGP
&1%HXCT
2WPMVCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG5GCTXCT
2WPMVCO'PFGFGT4GXGTUNGIGPFG
5GJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK
5VWHGPN*GTCENKWU/QPQITCOO&1%G5GCT
&QRRGNUEJNCIYKP\)TCHHKVQCWHFGO4GXGTUUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TGK -CKUGT UVGJGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK
5VWHGPN*GTCENKWU/QPQITCOO&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
%QPUVCPU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXX
OKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%C5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1486 1487
Õ*GZCITCOO %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQ
DWU-TGW\CWH)NQDWUÒDGTFTGK5VWHGP&1%5GCT
(GKPG2CVKPC2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFUGJTUEJÌP
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF
-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%D5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU \W 5KNKSWCG %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV
-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGPT5VGTP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT
44(CUUWPIUURWTGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
OKV %QPUVCPVKPWU +8 *GTCENKWU WPF 6KDGTKWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP
I $GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK 2TKP\GP &1% I 5GCT
8QT\ÒINKEJ
OKV*GTCENKWUWPF6KDGTKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG
$ÒUVG X X OKV *GNO WPF 5RGGT-TGW\ CWH FTGK 5VWHGP \YKUEJGP \YGK -CKUGTP &1% H5GCT
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
230
BYZANZ
1492 1493
+WUVKPKCPWU ++ 4GIKGTWPI Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I
&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%G5GCT
8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG WPF -TGW\INQ
DWU-TGW\&1%5GCT 4GXGTUNGKEJVFG\GPVTKGTVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJXQT\ÒINKEJ
1494
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV
-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGPWPF#MCMKC&1%C5GCT 44.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KGGTUVG%JTKUVWUFCTUVGNNWPICWHGKPGT/ÒP\G
1495
1,5:1 1,5:1
Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV
-TGW\CWH\YGK5VWHGPWPF#MCMKC&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT
447PDGFGWVGPFG2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
1496
Ô6TGOKUUKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV-TGW\CWH
)NQDWUWPF#MCMKC&1%5GCT 44/KP&QRRGNUEJNCIHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
1497
1,5:1 1,5:1
.GQPVKWUÔ5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG#MCMKCWPF
-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP5GCT
QJPGFKGUG1HHK\KP
WGTUVUGNVGPG8CTKCPVG/KVFKGUGT1HHK\KPYQJNWPGFKGTV8QT\ÒINKEJ
>+UCWTKGT.GQPVKWUJCVVGWPVGTUGKPGP8QTI·PIGTPGKPGIN·P\GPFGOKNKV·TKUEJG-CTTKGTGIGOCEJVWPFKPUDGUQPFGTG
FKG #TCDGT OGJTHCEJ IGUEJNCIGP OCEJVG LGFQEJ +WUVKPKCPWU ++ .GQPVKWU HÒT FKG 0KGFGTNCIG DGK 5GDCUVQRQNKU
XGTCPVYQTVNKEJ WPF NKG KJP GKPMGTMGTP +P FGP HQNIGPFGP ,CJTGP XGTUEJNGEJVGTVG UKEJ FKG OKNKV·TKUEJG .CIG FGU
4GKEJGU WPF YWTFG .GQPVKWU DGHTGKV WPF \WO 5VTCVGIQU XQP *GNNCU GTPCPPV 'T QTICPKUKGTVG OKV ITQGT
7PVGTUVÒV\WPIGKPG4GDGNNKQPIGIGP+WUVKPKCPWU++WPFUGV\VGKJPCD0CEJFGOFKG#TCDGT-CTVJCIQGKPPGJOGP
MQPPVGPWPFFKGOKVFGT4ÒEMGTQDGTWPIDGVTCWVGP6TWRRGPGTHQNINQUDNKGDGPMCOGU\WGKPGT4GXQNVGFKG\WT
#DUGV\WPIFGU.GQPVKWUHÒJTVG
231
BYZANZ
Ô6TGOKUUKU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPGWPF-TGW\INQDWU-TGW\&1%5GCT
.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGCO4CPFHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
1502
1500 1501
6KDGTKWU+++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG
5RGGTWPF5EJKNF-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%H5GCT 42T·IGUEJY·EJGPUQPUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP6MCNGE<ÒTKEJ0T
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU1HHK\KPI)GRCP\GTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG5RGGTWPF5EJKNF
-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%I5GCT (CUV5VGORGNINCP\
Ô6TGOKUUKU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I )GRCP\GTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TQPG 5RGGT WPF 5EJKNF-TGW\
&1%5GCT 4.GKEJVG2T·IGUEJY·EJGHCUV5VGORGNINCP\
1503
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PCUVCUKWU ++ #TVGOKWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU 1HHK\KP I $ÒUVG X X OKV
-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC-TGW\CWHFTGK5VWHGP&1%F5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJ
1504
%QPUVCPVKPWU8WPF.GQ+8Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$GKFGT$ÒUVGP
XX$ÒUVG.GQU+++XXOKV-TGW\&1%F5GCT -N2T·IGUEJY·EJGPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1505
1,5:1 1,5:1
'N5QNKFWU4QOI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGX
XOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC&1%XCT5GCT 8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌP
232
BYZANZ
1506
1,5:1 1,5:1
%QPUVCPVKPWU 8+ WPF +TGPG OKV .GQ +++ %QPUVCPVKPWU 8 WPF .GQ +8 Ô5QNKFWU
%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVGP %QPUVCPVKPU 8+ OKV -TGW\INQDWU WPF FGT +TGPG OKV -TGW\
\GRVGTXX&TGK-CKUGTUKV\GPXX&1%p5GCT 448QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
1507
1,5:1 1,5:1
0KEGRJQTWU + WPF 5VCWTCEKWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I &TCRKGTVG
$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\WPF#MCMKC&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TQPG-TGW\INQDWUWPF#MCMKC
&1%E5GCT 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
/KEJCGN++WPF6JGQRJKNWUÔ5QNKFWU5[TCMWUI$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\$ÒUVGXX
OKV-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
6JGQRJKNWU Ô5QNKFWU 5[TCMWU I &TCRKGTVG $ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\ WPF
-TQPG&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\INQDWUWPF-TQPG&1%5GCT
5GJTCVVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
$CUKNKWU+WPF%QPUVCPVKPWUÔ5GOKUUKU5[TCMWUI$GKFGTUGKVU$ÒUVGXX
OKV-GW\INQDWU&1%C5GCT (CUV5VGORGNINCP\
1511 1512
%QPUVCPVKPWU8++WPF4QOCPWU++Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG
%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô5QNKFWU%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGP
MTGW\&1%5GCT .GKEJVG(CUUWPIUURWTGPUGJTUEJÌP
1513
1,5:1 1,5:1
4QOCPWU + WPF %JTKUVQRJQTWU Ô5QNKFWU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU
VJTQPVXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%5GCT
48QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP.CP\/ÒPEJGP0T
233
BYZANZ
1514
1515 1516
,QJCPPGU + Ô6GVCTVGTQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X/CTKC MTÌPV FGP
-CKUGTFGTGKP2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\J·NVQDGPFKG*CPF)QVVGU&1%E5GCT# 5GJTUEJÌP
$CUKNKWU++WPF%QPUVCPVKPWU8+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI
$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV-TGW\&1%5GCT 44)WVGUUGJTUEJÌP
Ô*KUVCOGPQP %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X$GKFGT $ÒUVGP X X OKV
-TGW\&1%5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
1517 1,5:1
1,5:1
Ô6GVCTVGTQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$GKFGT$ÒUVGPXXOKV2CVTK
CTEJGPMTGW\&1%D5GCT 4#VVTCMVKXGUXQT\ÒINKEJGU'ZGORNCT
1518
1,5:1 1,5:1
%QPUVCPVKPWU8+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI$ÒUVG%JTKUVKXX$ÒUVGX
XOKV.CDCTWOWPF#MCMKC&1%5GCT 48QT\ÒINKEJ
1519
1,5:1 1,5:1
4QOCPWU+++Ô*KUVCOGPQP%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX/CTKCMTÌPV
-CKUGT&1%5GCT 45VGORGNINCP\
234
BYZANZ
1520 1521
%QPUVCPVKPWU+:Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
$ÒUVGXXOKV-TGW\\GRVGTWPF)NQDWUOKV2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\&1%C5GCT (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I $ÒUVG %JTKUVK X X$ÒUVG X X OKV -TGW\\GRVGT
WPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1522 1523
+UCCEKWU+%QOPGPWUÔ*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV5EJYGTV&1%5GCT
4-N-TCV\GTNGKEJVTQUVKIGT4GXGTUUVGORGNHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
%QPUVCPVKPWU:Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX
-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
1524 1525
Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X-CKUGT UVGJV X X OKV .C
DCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
4QOCPWU+8OKV/KEJCGN8++%QPUVCPVKWU#PFTQPKEWUWPF'WFQEKCÔ*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU MTÌPV -CKUGTRCCT&TGK 2TKP\GP UVGJGP X X &1%
5GCT 5GJTUEJÌP
1526 1527
Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT &QRRGNUEJNCIUGJTUEJÌP
Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT 8QT\ÒINKEJ
1528 1529
Ô*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUMTÌPV-CKUGTRCCT&TGK2TKP\GPUVGJGPXX
&1%5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUUGUGJTUEJÌP
0KEGRJQTWU +++ 'N*KUVCOGPQP
5E[RJCV %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X
X-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%5GCT 5EJTÌVNKPIUTKUGJTUEJÌP
235
KREUZFAHRER
1530 1531
#NGZKWU+Ô*[RGTR[TQP
5E[RJCV%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUI%JTKUVWUVJTQPV
XX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%C5GCT
.GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
Ô*[RGTR[TQP
5E[RJCV6JGUUCNQPKECI%JTKUVWUVJTQPVXX-CKUGTUVGJVXXOKV
.CDCTWOWPF-TGW\INQDWU&1%J5GCT .GKEJVIGYGNNVUGJTUEJÌP
1532
1,5:1 1,5:1
.#6'+0+5%*'-#+5'44'+%*810%1056#06+012'.
$CNFWKP++XQP%QWTVGPC[Ô*[RGTRGTQP
5E[RJCVPCEJ6[RFGT*[RGTRGTCFGU,QJCP
PGU +++ &WMCU8CVCV\GU %QPUVCPVKPQRQNKU I %JTKUVWU VJTQPV X X T ÒDGT FGO 6JTQP XKGT
2WPMVG/CTKCMTÌPV-CKUGT&1%H/GVECNHwpXGTIN5H5GCTp
44)TCHHKVK2T·IGUEJY·EJGXQT\ÒINKEJ
#WHITWPFFGTXGTVTCINKEJGP8GTGKPDCTWPIGP\YKUEJGPFGO-CKUGTTGKEJ0KMCKCWPFFGO.CVGKPKUEJGP-CKUGTTGKEJXQP
%QPUVCPVKPQRGN YCT GU DGKFGP 5GKVGP WPVGTUCIV /ÒP\GP FGU LGYGKNU CPFGTGP 5VCCVGU PCEJ\WRT·IGP $CNFWKP ++ XQP
%QWTVGPC[ DTCEJ FKGUGP 8GTVTCI WPF NKG *[RGTRGTC OKV 0COGP WPF 6[R FGU ,QJCPPGU +++ &WMCU8CVCV\GU XQP
0KMCKCRT·IGP9KTMÌPPGPFCPMFGT24#6+%#&'..#/'4%#674+#
GPVUVCPFGPWOFGU(NQTGPVKPKUEJGP
-CWHOCPPU(TCPEGUEQ$CNFWEEK2GIQNQVVKFKG2T·IWPIGPFGT.CVGKPGTKFGPVKHK\KGTGPFC2GIQNQVVKKPUGKPGO*CPFDWEJ
HÒT -CWHNGWVG FKG XQP FGP .CVGKPGTP XGTYGPFGVGP 5KINC CPHÒJTV YKG KO XQTNKGIGPFGP (CNN FKG )TWRRG XQP XKGT
2WPMVGP
JGTCNFKUEJNKPMUCNUQXQO$GVTCEJVGTIGUGJGPTGEJVUÒDGTFGO6JTQP
'+0'5#//.70)$;<#06+0+5%*'4/ª0<'0
5COONWPID[\CPVKPKUEJGT/ÒP\GP&CUKPVGTGUUCPVG1DLGMVGPVJ·NVWC)QNFOÒP\GP
UGEJU5QNKFK
CEJV *KUVCOGPC*[RGTRGTC GKPG 6TGOKUUKU GKPKIG UGNVGPG -NGKPUKNDGTOÒP\GP FKXGTUG $TQP\GOÒP\GP
WPF$NGKUKGIGNUQYKGUGEJU#URTCFGU-CKUGTTGKEJGU6TCRG\WPV*QEJKPVGTGUUCPVGU1DLGMVDKVVGWPDGFKPIV
DGUKEJVKIGP 5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
-4'7<(#*4'4
1534
,'475#.'/-¤0+)4'+%*
#PQP[O Ô&KPCT I $GKFGTUGKVU CTCDKUEJG .GIGPFG /CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP
/GVECNHwp5EJNWODGTIGT8 5GJTUEJÌP
236
KREUZFAHRER
1536
1535 1535
%*+15
/#10# 0#%* #PQP[O Õ)KINKCVQ I &QIG UKV\V X X-TGW\ .WPCTFK
5 45GJTUEJÌP
1537 1538
(KNKRRQ /CTKC 8KUEQPVK Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R I
/'&+1.#0&05+#08'&QIIGXQT*GKNKIGO%JTKUVWUKP/CPFQTNC(Dp)CODGTKPKp.WPCTFKp
XGTIN5/C\CTCMKUp 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK5
QJPG
FKGUG8CTKCPVG/C\CTCMKU 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1539 1540
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK5
QJPG
FKGUG8CTKCPVG/C\CTCMKU 45GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
'UMÌPPVGUKEJDGKFKGUGO5VÒEMCWEJWOGKPGP$GKUEJNCIJCPFGNP
6QOCUQ FK %CORQHTGIQUQ Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R I (D )CO
DGTKPKXCT.WPCTFK5FXCT/C\CTCMKU 48QT\ÒINKEJ
1,5:1 1,5:1
8KPEGP\Q )KWUVKPKCPK )CTKDCNFK Õ)TQUUQ I )GMTÌPVGT #FNGT ÒDGT 5VCFV
OCWGT-TGW\.WPCTFK5 445GJTUEJÌP
#PQP[O Ô<GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R KO 0COGP FGU #PVQPKQ 8GPGTKQ I (D E
)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK%5GXCT/C\CTCMKUpXGTIN
2GTR[TQ 4(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
&KG<WYGKUWPIKUVPKEJVIGUKEJGTV
237
KREUZFAHRER
1544
1,5:1 1,5:1
2'4#
(KNKRRQ/CTKC8KUEQPVKÔ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D
)CODGTKPK.WPCTFK2 44(CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
2GTCGKPGGKIGPG5VCFVCO)QNFGPGP*QTPKPWPOKVVGNDCTGT0CEJDCTUEJCHV\W%QPUVCPVKPQRQNKUYCT\YKUEJGP
WPFGKPGIGPWGUKUEJG-QNQPKG
1545
1,5:1 1,5:1
/;6+.'0'
&QOGPKEQ%CVVCPGQ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RIΔΕ%2/Δ1/+'1N5
/8'0'6+WPVGTFGT(CJPG&8:&QOGPKEQMPKGVNXQT*GKNKIGOOKV(CJPG%JTKUVWUKP/CPFQTNC
)CODGTKPKp.WPCTFKp5EJNWODGTIGTp 8QPITÌVGT5GNVGPJGKV8QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
1546
1,5:1 1,5:1
)KCEQOQ )CVVKNWUKQ <GEEJKPG PCEJ XGPG\KCPKUEJGO 6[R I (D )CODGTKPK
.WPCTFK)XCT 48QT\ÒINKEJp5VGORGNINCP\
1548
1547 1549
(1).+#8'%%*+#
2*1%#'#
&QTKPQ)CVVKNWUKQÔ<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(D)CODGTKPK
.WPCTFK&/GVECNHw (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
238
KREUZFAHRER
1550
,1*#00+6'4#7(4*1&15
*GNKQPFG8KNNGPGWXGÕ#URGTI)TQOGKUVGTMPKGVNXQT2CVTKCTEJGPMTGW\-TGW\
/GVECNHw5EJNWODGTIGT2N+: 444CPFHGJNGTUGJTUEJÌP
1551
1,5:1 1,5:1
#PVQPKWU(NWXKCPWU<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI(DpXGTINHH-CU
FCINKp/GVECNHwp5EJNWODGTIGTp )1.&8QPITQGT5GNVGPJGKV5GJTUEJÌPXQT\ÒINKEJ
1552 1553
2KGTTGF #WDWUUQP<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI>)TQOGKUVGTMPKGVXQT
FGOJGKNKIGP,QJCPPGU%JTKUVWUXQP5VGTPGPWOIGDGPUVGJVXXKP/CPFQTNC(D)CODGTKPK
NGKEJVXCT-CUFCINKXGTIN45EJNWODGTIGT2N:+XCT 5EJÌPpUGJTUEJÌP
'OGT[F #ODQKUG<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI>)TQOGKUVGTMPKGVXQT
FGOJGKNKIGP,QJCPPGU%JTKUVWUXQP5VGTPGPWOIGDGPUVGJVXXKP/CPFQTNC(D)CODGTKPKXCT
-CUFCINKXGTIN4
#XGTUUVGORGNINGKEJ5EJN2N:+ 445GJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
1554 1555
<;2'40
*GKPTKEJ++WPFÕ)TQUEJGPQ,
4GIKGTWPII-ÌPKI
VJTQPVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGNNUGEJUUVTCJNKIGT5VGTP-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU
-TGW\/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP/GVECNHwHH *ÒDUEJG2CVKPCUGJTUEJÌPpXQT\ÒINKEJ
*WIQ+8Õ)TQUEJGPI-ÌPKIVJTQPVXXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGN-TGW\KP
FGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP/GVECNHwp 5GJTUEJÌP
1556 1557
.WFYKI XQP 5CXQ[GP Õ)TQUEJGP Q , I -ÌPKI VJTQPV X X OKV <GRVGT WPF
4GKEJUCRHGNT9CRRGPUEJKNF-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\%.%6[R#5VGORGN$F
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKNFGV/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCP
4$TGKVGUIWVCWUIGRT·IVGU'ZGORNCTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT#WMVKQP#WEVKQPGU#)$CUGN0T
-CVJCTKPC%QTPCTQÕ)TQUEJGPQ,
4GIKGTWPIPCEJI-ÌPKIKPVJTQPV
XXOKV<GRVGTWPF4GKEJUCRHGNN2-TGW\KPFGP9KPMGNPLGGKPMNGKPGU-TGW\%.%pXGTIN6[R$
/CNNQ[2TGUVQP5GNVOCPXCT 44-PCRRGT5EJTÌVNKPIUGJTUEJÌP
#WHITWPFFGTDGKFKGUGO5VÒEMUVCTMXGTYKNFGTVGP.GIGPFGMÌPPVGOCPGKPGP$GKUEJNCIXGTOWVGP
239
ORIENTALEN
1558 1559
.'8#06+0+5%*'$'+5%*.)'
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU#PFTGC&CPFQNQI)CODGTKPKXGTIN
/GVECNHwXGTIN5NI5NQEWOXGTINHH 8QT\ÒINKEJ
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RKO0COGPFGU/KEJGNG5VGPQI(DpXGTINF
%JKQU
)CODGTKPKpXGTIN
%JKQU 5GJTUEJÌP
JPNKEJG5VÒEMGIKDVGUKP%JKQU&KGUGO5VÒEMHGJNGPLGFQEJFKGFTGK2WPMVGFKGFCU<GKEJGPFGT/ÒP\UV·VVG%JKQU
UKPF
Ô<GEEJKPGPCEJXGPG\KCPKUEJGO6[RI.WPCTFK%5 /KPIGYGNNVHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'+0'5#//.70)810/ª0<'0&'4-4'7<(#*4'4<'+6
7OHCPITGKEJG 5COONWPI -TGW\HCJTGT 1TKGPVCNGP /KVVGNCNVGT &KG 5COONWPI GPVJ·NV W C
)QNFOÒP\GP
WC<GEEJKPGP\YGKQUOCPKUEJG#NVKP0QTOCPPGPCWH5K\KNKGPGVE\CJNTGKEJGVGKNU
UGNVGPG 5KNDGTOÒP\GP
GKPKIG )KINKCVK FGT ,QJCPPKVGT CWH 4JQFQU \CJNTGKEJG CTOGPKUEJG 2T·IWPIGP
FCTWPVGT *GVQWO OKV -C[MJWUTCY <[RGTP GKPKIG /CMTQFKTJCOU 5GNFUEJWMGP KP 4WO GVE UQYKG
KPVGTGUUCPVG$TQP\GOÒP\GP&KGKPNCPIGT5COOGNV·VKIMGKVGPVUVCPFGPG5COONWPIGKIPGVUKEJICP\JGT
XQTTCIGPFCNU'KPUVKGIKPFKGUGUHCU\KPKGTGPFG5COOGNIGDKGVCDGTCWEJ\WO#WUDCWGKPGTDGTGKVUDGUVG
JGPFGP5COONWPIWPFUQNNVGWPDGFKPIVDGUKEJVKIVYGTFGP
%C5VÒEM<WO6GKNUGJTUGNVGP/GKUVUGJTUEJÌP
14+'06#.+5%*'/ª0<'0
1564
1,5:1 1,5:1
-75*#0
8KOC -CFRJKUGU Ô&QRRGNUVCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPGWPFIGUEJWNVGTVGT
-GWNGCWH$GTIU[ODQNKM1GUJQUVGJVXX-QRHNOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTT)ÌDN
445GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP
0T
240
ORIENTALEN
1566
Ô5VCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGTOKV-TQPGWPFIGUEJWNVGTVGT-GWNGÒDGT$GTIU[ODQNKM1GUJQUVGJV
NOKV&TGK\CEM)ÌDN 445GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Ô5VCVGTI+P4CJOGP-QRHTOKV&KCFGO&TGK\CEM)ÌDN (CUVUGJTUEJÌPUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP
1568 1569
1567 1567
UI-ÌPKIQRHGTVNÒDGT#NVCTN&TGK\CEMT-GWNG1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT
5VKGTT)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP
0T
-CPKUJMC Ô5VCVGT 2GUJCYCT I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #N
VCT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMWPFQRHGTVÒDGT#NVCT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV
<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T
1570
2:1 2:1
Ô 5VCVGT I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV <GRVGT WPF QRHGTV ÒDGT #NVCT#VJUJQ UVGJV N OKV +PXGUVKVWT
MTCP\)ÌDN 448QT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP
0T
1571 1572
*WXKUJMCÔ5VCVGTI&TCRKGTVG$ÒUVGNOKV-TQPGWPF<GRVGT0CPCUJCQUVGJVTOKV
<GRVGTWPF&QUG)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T
Ô5VCVGTI$ÒUVGNOKV-TQPG0KODWU-GWNGWPF<GRVGT#TFQMUJQUVGJVTOKV(ÒNNJQTP)ÌDN
5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGP'TYQTDGPCWUFGO.CIGT'IQP$GEMGPDCWGT
241
ORIENTALEN
1573 1574
8CUWFGXC+Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP*KTUEJ0CEJH/ÒPEJGP0T
Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXX
OKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN (CUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT
1576
1575 1575
Ô5VCVGT 6CZKNC I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT1GUJQ UVGJV X X OKV &TGK\CEM WPF
-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
Ô5VCVGTI-ÌPKIUVGJVN1GUJQUVGJVXXXQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN
*GPMGNURWTUGJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCT FGT 5COONWPI 6JGQ 4GWVGT /ÒPEJGP WPF FGT #WMVKQP )KGUUGPGT /ÒP\JCPFNWPI /ÒPEJGP
0T
1577 1578
8CUWFGXC ++ Ô5VCVGT -CDWN I -ÌPKI UVGJV N1GUJQ UVGJV N XQT $WEMGNUVKGT
)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT 5GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T
Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV
&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN /KP&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
1579
1580 1580
242
ORIENTALEN
1581 1582
:QFGUJCJ WO Ô5VCVGT -CDWN I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT FCXQT &TGK
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCTCDIGDKN
FGV 448QT\ÒINKEJGU2TCEJVGZGORNCT
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
WPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
:QFGUJCJ KUV MGKP 0COG UQPFGTP GKP 6KVGN *GTT -ÌPKI > GKIGPVNKEJG 0COG FGU 7UWTRCVQTU FGT IGIGP
8CUWFGXC++TGDGNNKGTVGKUVWPDGMCPPV
Ô5VCVGT-CDWNI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMXQT#NVCTFCXQT&TGK\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV
&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN 445GJTUEJÌP
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP2GWU0CEJH(TCPMHWTVCO/CKP0T
1583 1584
8CUKUJMC Ô5VCVGT 2GUJCYCT I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM XQT #NVCT FCXQT &TGK
\CEM1GUJQUVGJVXXOKV&TGK\CEMWPF-TCP\XQT$WEMGNUVKGTN)ÌDN
/KP&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP/ÒP\<GPVTWO-ÌNP0T
Ô5VCVGT2GUJCYCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVN#TFQMUJQUKV\VXX)ÌDN
FKGU'ZGORNCT
8QT\ÒINKEJHCUVXQT\ÒINKEJ
'ZGORNCTFGT5COONWPI6JGQ4GWVGT/ÒPEJGPWPFFGT#WMVKQP0WOKUOCVKEC9KGP0T
1585 1586
1587 1588
/CKQTGU&QOWUÔ5VCVGTPCEJI-ÌPKIUVGJVN)ÌVVKP#TFQMUJQOKV(ÒNNJQTPVJTQPVXX
)ÌDN 8QT\ÒINKEJ
243
ORIENTALEN
1593 1594
-75*#015#5#0+&'0
1JTOC\FWOÔ&KPCTI-ÌPKIUVGJVNOKV&TGK\CEMFCXQT#NVCT5JKXCUVGJVXX
OKV&TGK\CEMFCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDN 44#VVTCMVKXGUUGJTUEJÌPGU'ZGORNCT
Ô&KPCT $CNMJ I -ÌPKI UVGJV N OKV &TGK\CEM FCXQT #NVCT5JKXC UVGJV X X OKV &TGK\CEM
FCJKPVGT5VKGTN)ÌDNpXGTIN 44.GKEJVGT&QRRGNUEJNCIXQT\ÒINKEJ
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1596
1595 1595
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ORIENTALEN
1597
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1611 1612
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ORIENTALEN
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1623 1623
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1624 1625
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1630 1630
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249
STICHWORTINDEX
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eLive Auction
NEU Mit unseren eLive Auctions bie- NEW With our eLive Auctions, we of-
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ter www.elive-auction.de/hilfe www.elive-auction.com/help
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Wie entsteht der Preis einer Auktion?
Der im Auktionskatalog angegebene Preis ist ein Schätzpreis, der durch unsere Experten festgelegt wurde. Das Mindestgebot liegt bei
80 % dieses Wertes. Die Zuschlagpreise sind oft deutlich höher als die Schätzpreise. Als Auktionshaus müssen wir bereits vor der Auktion
alle schriftlichen Gebote koordinieren. Folgende Beispiele sind im Bietverfahren möglich:
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• Rücklosverkauf: Alle Lose, die in der Auktion nicht verkauft wurden, können Sie innerhalb von vier Wochen nach der Versteigerung
zu 80 % des Schätzpreises (zzgl. Aufgeld und Mehrwertsteuer) erwerben. Achtung: Viele Rücklose sind schnell vergriffen.
• Unser Spezialservice: Alle Bieter erhalten gratis die Ergebnisliste innerhalb von zwei Wochen nach der Auktion. Im Internet können
Sie die Ergebnisliste der Auktion sofort nach der Auktion unter www.kuenker.de einsehen.
* Die Kosten für Versand und Versicherung werden nach Aufwand berechnet.
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Важная информация об участии на аукционе
• Наши аукционные правила и условия Вы можете найти в конце каталога.
• Мы просим Вас присылать Ваши ставки заранее. В противном случае вероятность ошибки при обработке заказа,
присланного перед самым аукционом, возрастает.
• Приложенный образец заполнения письменного заказа поможет Вам при отправлении Ваших письменных ста-
вок. Ставки можно отправить как по почте, так и по факсу : +49 (0)541–96 20 222 круглосуточно.
• Успешные заказы будут обрабатываться в порядке их поступления к нам. Все участники, которым не удалось
что-либо купить на аукционе, будут также проинформированы после аукциона.
• Если Вы впервые принимаете участие в нашем аукционе, то мы рекомендуем Вам сообщить нам Ваш референц –
аукционные дома, с которыми Вы уже сотрудничали. Или свяжитесь с нами по телефону.
• Мы гарантируем подлинность всех предметов, проданных на нашем аукционе, в течении неограниченного вре-
мени.
• Все участники нашего аукциона получают в течении 2-ух недель результаты торгов бесплатно.
• У Вас есть вопросы по определенной монете? Вы хотели бы лично принять участие в аукционе? У Вас возникли
другие вопросы? Звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268, и мы будем рады Вам помочь.
Участие по интернету
Все каталоги доступны для просмотра на нашем сайте в интернете по адресу www.kuenker.de. На сайте Вы можете
выбрать интересующие Вас лоты и отправить Ваши ставки на нашу электронную почту service@kuenker.de. Если у
Вас возникнут дополнительные вопросы, мы просим Вас связаться с нами по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268.
Участие по телефону
Для участия в торгах по телефону просим Вас связаться с нами не позднее 48 часов до начала аукциона. Условием
проведения телефонных торгов является письменное подтверждение ставки, равной как минимум стартовой цене.
Участие в телефонных торгах возможно только для лотов со стартовой ценой свыше 500 евро.
Для получения дополнительной информации и регистрации на аукционе звоните Анастасии Кепселль до аукциона
по телефону +49 (0)5 41-96 20 268 и во время аукциона по телефону, указанному на первой странице каталога.
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Как образовывается цена на аукционе?
• Все лоты в нашем каталоге были предварительно оценены нашими экпертами. Минимальная ставка составляет
80 % от оценочной стоимости лота. Конечные цены зачастую намного превышают оценочные.
• Ваши письменные ( заочные ) ставки должны быть обязательно обработаны нашими сотрудниками до начала
аукциона. Рассмотрим несколько возможных примеров:
• Вы можете лично забрать Ваши лоты. По окончании торгов мы готовим все необходимые документы на вывоз
из Германии. При вывозе за пределы Евросоюза, НДС Вам возвращается.
• Почтовые отправки в Россию ( Беларусь, Украину ) приобретенных Вами лотов осуществляются по
предварительной договоренности. Для связи с нами звоните нам по телефону +49 (0)541-96 20 268.
С 1971 года имя Кюнкер является гарантией надежности и компетентности. Мы не станем изменять нашим
принципам и в будущем. Спасибо Вам за Ваше доверие, которое является не только самым сильным стимулом в
нашей работе, но и наилучшей ее оценкой.
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Versteigerungsbedingungen
Die Versteigerung erfolgt im Auftrag und für Rechnung der Eigentümer Schriftliche Aufträge werden von uns ohne Auftragsprovision gewissenhaft
unter Einhaltung der sich aus der Versteigerungsordnung (BGB1 I 1976, ausgeführt. Aufträge von uns unbekannten Sammlern können nur ausge-
1346) ergebenden und für Kommissionäre geltenden gesetzlichen Bestim- führt werden, wenn ein Depot hinterlegt wird oder Referenzen benannt
mungen des BGB und HGB gegen Barzahlung des Kaufpreises in €-Wäh- werden. Schriftliche Gebote können nur bis 24 Stunden vor Auktionsbe-
rung. Durch Abgabe eines Gebotes werden die Versteigerungsbedingungen ginn verbindlich berücksichtigt werden. Im Bedarfsfall ist der Auktionator
anerkannt, dies gilt auch für die schriftlichen Gebote. berechtigt, die Limits um 3 – 5 % zu überschreiten. Bei mehreren gleich-
hohen Geboten erhält das zuerst eingegangene den Zuschlag. Unlimitierte
Der Zuschlagpreis ist Nettopreis im Sinne des Umsatzsteuergesetzes und Aufträge haben keinen Anspruch auf unbedingte Ausführung. Telefoni-
bildet die Berechnungsgrundlage für das vom Käufer zu zahlende Aufgeld sches Bieten ist nur in Ausnahmefällen möglich. Telefonische Bieter müssen
in Höhe von 15 %. Auf den daraus entstehenden Gesamtpreis (Zuschlag + sich mindestens einen Werktag vor der Auktion voranmelden.
Aufgeld) wird die jeweils gültige Umsatzsteuer erhoben, soweit dies gesetz-
lich vorgeschrieben ist. Der Versand geht zu Lasten und auf Risiko des Ersteigerers bzw. Emp-
fängers. Das Auktionsgut bleibt bis zur vollständigen Bezahlung aller For-
Ausländischen Käufern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemeinschaft wird derungen aus Anlass der Versteigerung Eigentum des Verkäufers. Ist der
die in Deutschland gültige Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Anderen ausländischen Käufer Vollkaufmann, so ist Osnabrück als Gerichtsstand vereinbart. Für
Käufern (aus Drittländern) wird, sofern die Münzen durch uns exportiert das Mahnverfahren gilt die Zuständigkeit des Amtsgerichts Osnabrück
werden, ein Aufgeld von 15 % netto auf den Zuschlagpreis berechnet; sie auch in allen anderen Fällen als vereinbart. Ansonsten ist es Osnabrück nur,
erhalten die Lieferung nur gegen Zahlung des Kaufpreises in €-Währung, wenn nur die Firma Fritz Rudolf Künker GmbH & Co. KG ihren allge-
bankspesenfrei. meinen Gerichtsstand in der BRD hat, oder wenn alle Ansprüche im Wege
des Mahnverfahrens geltend gemacht werden, oder wenn die im Klageweg
Ausländischen Münzhändlern aus Ländern der europäischen Gemein- in Anspruch zu nehmende Vertragspartei nach Vertragsabschluss ihren ge-
schaft wird bei Nachweis der Umsatzsteuer-Identifi kationsnummer (§ 27 wöhnlichen Aufenthaltsort aus dem Geltungsbereich der BRD verlegt hat,
a USTG) und der sonstigen Voraussetzungen gemäß § 4 Nr. 1 b USTG in oder ihr Wohnsitz oder gewöhnlicher Aufenthaltsort zum Zeitpunkt der
Verbindung mit § 6 a USTG die Lieferung ohne Umsatzsteuer berechnet. Klage nicht bekannt ist.
Sofern nichts anderes vereinbart wird, ist die Zahlung der Auktionsrech- Die Beschreibung im Katalog ist gewissenhaft durchgeführt. Sie begründet
nung bei anwesenden Käufern sofort, bei schriftlichen Bietern spätestens jedoch keine Rechts- oder Sachmängelhaftung gemäß §§ 434, 459 ff BGB.
20 Tage nach Erhalt fällig. Bei Zahlungsverzug werden Zinsen von 1 % pro Die Angabe der Erhaltung ist streng nach den im deutschen Münzhandel
Monat berechnet. üblichen Erhaltungseinstufungen vorgenommen und gilt als persönliche
Beurteilung. Bei der Auktion anwesende Käufer kaufen grundsätzlich „wie
Wird die Zahlung nicht sofort an den Versteigerer geleistet oder die Abnah- besehen“.
me der zugeschlagenen Sache verweigert, so findet die Übergabe der Sache
an den Ersteigerer nicht statt. Der Ersteigerer verliert vielmehr seine Rechte Da durch Vorbesichtigung Gelegenheit gegeben ist, sich vom Erhaltungs-
aus dem Zuschlag, und die Sache kann auf seine Kosten erneut versteigert zustand des Versteigerungsgutes zu überzeugen, können nach erfolgtem
werden. In diesem Fall haftet der Ersteigerer für den Ausfall, dagegen hat er Zuschlag Reklamationen nur bei irrtümlich übersehener Henkel- oder
auf den Mehrerlös keinen Anspruch. Fassungsspur oder gestopftem Loch berücksichtigt werden. Bei Losen mit
mehreren Stücken sind die Stückzahlen nur Circa-Angaben, irrtümliche
Der Zuschlag erfolgt nach dreimaligem Ausruf des höchsten Gebotes und Zuschreibungen sind im Einzelfall nicht ausgeschlossen. Diese Lose sind
verpflichtet zur Abnahme und Zahlung. Bei Meinungsverschiedenheiten nach erfolgtem Zuschlag von jeder Reklamation ausgeschlossen. Der Ver-
über den Zuschlag wird die Nummer noch einmal ausgerufen. Der Verstei- steigerer kann bei eventuellen Meinungsverschiedenheiten bzw. Beanstan-
gerer ist berechtigt, Nummern zu vereinigen oder zu trennen. Eine Voraus- dungen einen vereidigten Sachverständigen seiner Wahl (die Kosten trägt
nahme von Nummern erfolgt nicht. Der Zutritt zur Versteigerung ist nur der unterliegende Teil) beauftragen. Eventuelle Beanstandungen können nur
Interessenten gestattet, die einen Katalog besitzen. innerhalb von 8 Tagen nach der Auktion bzw. nach Erhalt der ersteigerten
Stücke berücksichtigt werden. Die Echtheit der Stücke wird bis zur Höhe
Die Mindeststeigerungsstufen für das Bietungsverfahren betragen: des Kaufpreises garantiert. Die beigedruckten Preise sind Schätzpreise, die
unter- oder überschritten werden können. Aufträge, die unter 80 % des
Gebote Mindeststeigerungsstufe Schätzpreises liegen, können nicht bearbeitet werden.
bis zu € 100,– € 5,–
Ausländische Kunden kaufen nach den Devisen-, Zoll- und Steuerbestim-
bis zu € 200,– € 10,– mungen ihres Landes. Versandformalitäten werden vom Versteigerer erledigt.
bis zu € 500,– € 20,–
Soweit nicht anders vermerkt, gelten im übrigen die allgemeinen Versteige-
bis zu € 1.000,– € 50,– rungsbestimmungen und – auch im Verhältnis zu ausländischen Kunden –
bis zu € 2.000,– € 100,– gilt Deutsches Recht.
bis zu € 5.000,– € 200,– Die Ergebnisliste erscheint sofort nach der Auktion.
bis zu € 10.000,– € 500,–
bis zu € 20.000,– € 1.000,– Die Versteigerer: Fritz Rudolf Künker
Dr. Andreas Kaiser
bis zu € 50.000,– € 2.000,– Arne Kirsch
bis zu € 100.000,– € 5.000,– Oliver Köpp
ab € 100.000,– € 10.000,–
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Terms and Conditions of Auction
The auction is conducted on behalf and for the account of the appropriate pro- lot, the bid first received by the auctioneer shall be given the award. Unlimited bids
prietors of the goods and is subject to the federal Auction Regulation (Versteige- shall not oblige the auctioneer to consider, accept or carry out such order. Telephone
rungsordnung, BGB1 I 1976, 1346) published in the Federal Law Gazette Vol. I, bidding is generally an option for lots of substantial value only. The registration is
1976, 1346 and the relevant provisions for factors in accordance with the German required at the latest a day before auction.
Civil Code (BGB) and Commercial Code (HGB). Payment of the hammer-price
has to be made in cash and in Euro. The submission of an offer implies the express Shipment (by mail or otherwise) of the goods shall be for the sole cost and risk of
acknowledgement of these Terms and Conditions of Auction; the same applies to the the purchaser or recipient, respectively. The auctioned goods remain the sole and ex-
submission of an offer in writing. clusive property of the vendor until full payment and settlement of any and all dues
and claims in connection with the auction. In the event the purchaser is a merchant
The hammer-price is exclusive of applicable German VAT according to the prevailing (in the sense of the German commercial laws) Osnabrück shall be the agreed and
VAT-legislation and represents the basis for calculating the surcharge of 15 percent exclusive place of jurisdiction. The competence of the District Court (Amtsgericht)
payable by the purchaser. The total price so calculated (hammer-price plus surcharge) is of Osnabrück is agreed in respect of summary proceedings for the collection of
subject to the VAT (value added tax = Mehrwertsteuer), which is payable additionally. defaulted payments (Mahnverfahren) as well as in any and all other cases. Should the
purchaser not be a merchant Osnabrück shall be the place of jurisdiction with the
Purchasers from abroad will be charged a surcharge of 15 percent net on the hammer- District Court of Osnabrück’s competence, if only the auctioneer has his ordinary
price, provided the export of the coins is undertaken by the auctioneer. Buyers in legal domicile in the Federal Republic of Germany or if claims are made by way of
European Community (EEC) countries (other than Germany) will be charged value summary proceedings of collection (Mahnverfahren) or if the defendant has moved
added tax at the rates prevailing in Germany. his ordinary legal domicile outside the jurisdiction of the Federal Republic of Ger-
many or if the legal domicile of the defendant is unknown to the auctioneer at the
Dealers from EEC countries (other than Germany) will receive goods free of tax time of filing a suit. To the exclusion of any other legislation German law, as in force
upon presentation of their VAT ID number, and upon fulfillment of the other con- at the time, shall be applied for the settlement of any and all legal or judicial matters.
ditions set forth in Paragraph 4, Nr. 1 b, and Paragraph 6 a of the German Turnover
Tax Law Buyers from other countries are not charged value added tax. Delivery will The specifications and descriptions in the catalogue have been prepared diligently
be made against payment in Euro with no bank charges to the auctioneer. and in good faith, however, do not constitute the acceptance by the auctioneer of any
warranty or liability in respect of defect in material or title. The state of preservation
Unless mutually agreed otherwise, payment of the auction bill from purchasers of items is strictly assessed in accordance with the grades accepted by the German
present at the auction is due immediately. From purchasers who have submitted a coin trade and only represents an individual and personal assessment. Purchasers
bid in writing, payment is due within 20 days after receipt of the goods. Defaulted present at the auction acquire items strictly on the basis of “as is where is” and “as
payments shall bear an interest charge of 1 % per month in the amount in default. inspected”.
Should payment to the auctioneer not be made immediately or should the acceptance In view of the opportunity of prior inspection to ascertain the state and condi-
of the awarded item be refused, such item shall not be handed over to the purchaser. tion of the auction lots, complaints and objections made after the sale will only be
Instead the purchaser shall forfeit all right and title in and to such item from the considered, if by obvious error or mistake loop or traces or mountings, traces of
award and the item may again be put to auction at this buyer’s cost. In this event the trimmings or settings, or the plugging of a hole (eyelet) have remained unnoticed. If
buyer shall be liable for any shortfall, while he shall have no right or claim towards and when auctioned in lots, the quantities of individual pieces given, only represent
any excess proceeds. an approximate figure. An error in the allocation of individual pieces to a certain
lot cannot be excluded. Such lots are, therefore, excluded from any complaints or
An item will be knocked down after the highest bid has been called three times. The objections after the lot is knocked down. In the event of disputes or complaints as
award shall be a binding commitment and liability on the part of the bidder to take to the quality of an item the auctioneer may call upon a generally sworn expert of
acceptance and delivery of the item or items so awarded. In the event of any dispute the trade, which the auctioneer may choose at his sole discretion, for assessment and
with regard to the award the lot will be put up again for bidding. The auctioneer the rendering of a decision as to the justification of such dispute or complaint. The
reserves the right to combine or to separate lots. Lots will not be called out of costs of such expert shall be borne by the party loosing the dispute according to the
sequence. Access to the auction will only be permitted to interested persons who are expert’s decision. Complaints or objections, if justified, will only be considered if
in possession of the catalogue. made and received by the auctioneer within 8 days after the auction or after receiving
the lots, respectively.
The minimum rates of increase for the bidding procedure are:
The authenticity of the coins is warranted up to the total purchase price. The prices
offers minimum increase rate set out in the catalogue are estimates only, which may be exceeded or undercut. Or-
up to € 100.– € 5.– ders for less than 80 per cent of the estimated price cannot be accepted.
up to € 200.– € 10.– Purchasers from abroad will have to observe all applicable laws and regulations in
up to € 500.– € 20.– respect of foreign exchange, customs duties and taxation of their country. The auc-
up to € 1,000.– € 50.– tioneer will only discharge such formalities, which have to be observed, in the Federal
Republic of Germany in connection with the export of the purchased item(s).
up to € 2,000.– € 100.–
up to € 5,000.– € 200.– Unless stipulated otherwise herein, the general rules regulations for auctions ap-
up to € 10,000.– € 500.– plicable in Germany shall govern any transaction in respect of the auction; German
Law shall also be applicable in relation to purchasers from abroad. Only the German
up to € 20,000.– € 1,000.–
text has legal force.
up to € 50,000.– € 2,000.–
up to € 100,000.– € 5,000.– The prices realized will be published in the form of a list immediately after the
auction.
above € 100,000.– € 10,000.–
The auctioneers: Fritz Rudolf Künker
Orders submitted in writing will be carried out diligently and without charge of an
Dr. Andreas Kaiser
extra commission. Orders from collectors unknown to the auctioneer can only be ac-
Arne Kirsch
cepted and carried out if a deposit or references to the satisfaction on the auctioneer
Oliver Köpp
are given. To be bindingly accepted, written bids need to be received at least 24 hours
before auction. If necessary, the auctioneer is allowed to increase the bids by 3 – 5 %.
Should several bids be obtained in writing bidding the same price or prices for a given
TEL +49 (0)541 96 20 20, FAX +49 (0)541 96 20 222, SERVICE@KUENKER.DE, WWW.KUENKER.DE
Numismatische Ausdrücke/Numismatic Terms/Expressions Numismatiques/
Termini di Numismatica/Нумизматические Термины
DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
Abschlag struck frappe coniazione оттиск
Am Rand at the rim/border en tranche al bordo на гурте
Berieben slightly polished frotté trattato потертая
Blei lead plomb piombo свинец
Dezentriert uncentered décentré non centrato ассиметричный
Doppelschlag double struck double frappe ribattitura двойной чекан
Einfassung frame encadrement cornice кайма
Einseitig uniface uniface uniface односторонняя
Emailliert enamelled émaillé smaltato эмалированная
Erhaltung condition/preservation conservation conservazione сохранность
Etwas slightly un peu un poco слегка
Exemplar specimen, copy exemplaire esemplare экземпляр
Fassungsspuren trace of mounting traces de monture tracce di montatura следы обработки
Fehlprägung mis-strike défaut de frappe difetto di coniazione ошибка в процессе
чеканки
Feld(er) field(s) champ campo поле
Fundexemplar specimen from a hoard exemplaire de trouvaille da tesoretto экземпляр
Gedenkmünze commemorative coin monnaie commémorative moneta commemorativa памятная монета
Geglättet tooled retouché liscio отглаженная
Gelocht holed troué bucato проколатая
Geprägt minted frappé coniato отчеканенная
Gewellt bent ondulé ondolato волнистая
Goldpatina golden patina patine dorée patina d´oro золотая патина
Henkelspur mount mark trace de monture tracce di appicagnolo следы от ушка
Hübsch attractive joli carino красивая
Jahrh. = Jahrhundert century siècle secolo столетие
Kl. = klein small petit piccolo маленький
Korrosionsspuren traces of corrosion traces de corrosion segni di corrosione следы коррозии
Kratzer scratch(es) rayure graffio(i) царапина
Kupfer copper cuivre rame медь
Legierung alloy alliage lega сплав
Leicht(e) slightly légèrement leggero легкий
l. = links left gauche sinistra слева
Min. = minimal minimal minime minimamente минимальный
Nachahmung imitation imitation contraffazione имитация
Prachtexemplar attractive, perfect piece pièce magnifique esemplare magnifico превосходный экземпляр
Prägeschwäche weakly struck de frappe faible conio stanco издержкн при чеканкe
Randdelle edge nick défaut sur la tranche ammaccatura al bordo вмятина на гурте
Randfehler edge faults défaut sur la tranche errore nel bordo ошибка на гурте
Randschrift lettered edge tranche inscrite inscrizione sul bordo гуртовая надпись
r. = rechts to right droite destra справа
Rückseite reverse revers rovescio реверс
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DEUTSCH ENGLISH FRANCAIS ITALIANO RUSSKIJ
Schriftspuren traces of inscription traces de légende tracce di leggenda следы предыдущей
надписи
Schrötling flan flan tondello заготовка
Schrötlingsfehler flan defect flan défectueux errore di tondello брак заготовки
Schwach ausgeprägt weakly struck de frappe faible conio stanco слабо отчеканeна
Selten in dieser Erhaltung rare in this condition rare en cet état conservazione rara редкая в такой
сохранности
Seltener Jahrgang rare year année rare annata rara редкий год
Stempel die(s) coin conio штамп
Stempelfehler mistake in the die erreur de frappe errore di conio ошибка штампа
Überdurchschnittlich extraordinary condition conservation extraordinaire conservazione estraordi- сохранность выше
erhalten naria среднего
Überprägt overstruck surfrappé ribattuto перечекан
Unediert unpublished inédit inedito неопубликованная монета
Unikum unique specimen unique pezzo unico уникальная
Vergoldet gilt doré dorato позолоченная
Von allergrößter Seltenheit extremely rare de toute rareté di estrema raritá наиредчайшая
Vorderseite averse en face diritto аверс
Winz.= winzig tiny petit veramente piccolo незначительный
Zain flan flan tondello заготовка
Zierrand ornamental border tranche ornée taglio ornato декоративный гурт
Zinn tin étain stagno цинк
ziseliert chased ciselé cesellato гравированный
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IMPRESSUM
NUMISMATISCHE Alexandra Spreu, Dr. Sebastian Steinbach,
BEARBEITUNG Jens Ulrich Thormann M. A., Eva Weber, Manuela Weiß
FOTOS Lübke & Wiedemann, Stuttgart
LAYOUT danner pc - gesteuerte systeme waiblingen
DRUCK meister print und media, Kassel August 2012
Jeglicher Nachdruck, auch auszugsweise,
bedarf der Genehmigung des Auktionshauses