‫جو‪,‬نهوهی نهتهوهی باشوری‬

‫كوردستان‬

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‫… له بهڵگهنامه نهێنییهكانی وهزارهتی دهرهوهی بهریتانیا‪ ،‬چاپی دو‪2017‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪" ‬ك("س"د"ر‪"#$‬ن‪ ‬‬‫"ج("و‪" 023‬ه"و ‪" 02 ‬ت "‪ 0‬ه"و‪"- ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"#‬ش("ر‬

‫)‪" )1977- 1961‬ل‪" 0‬ب‪" 0‬ڵ ‪"#2 0‬م‪"82 0‬ێ‪" 0556‬ك‪"2#‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫"ه" "و‪ ‬ه"ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت "‪ ‬ه"د‪" ‬ه"ر‪" ‬ه"و ‪" ‬ب‪" 0‬ر‪"#52#$-‬ا"د‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫'ئ‪'#‬م‪'#‬ك' د‪'4‬ن'د‪' ‬و‪' ‬س‪'#‬غ‪'45‬د"'ی' و'ە '‪ ‬ە'ل '‪ ‬ش'ر'ە'ئ‪'" !-.‬و'ە'ت'ە ‪ ' !%‬ر'ە'ب‪!"#$%‬‬

‫'ر'ە'ش‪'%‬ف '‪ ‬ی'ر'ا'ژ'ە'ه‬

‫‪" ‬ك("س"د"ر‪"#$‬ن‪ ‬‬‫"ج("و‪" 023‬ه"و ‪" 02 ‬ت "‪ 0‬ه"و‪"- ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"#‬ش("ر‬

‫)‪" )1977- 1961‬ل‪" 0‬ب‪" 0‬ڵ ‪"#2 0‬م‪"82 0‬ێ‪" 0556‬ك‪"2#‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫"ه" "و‪ ‬ه"ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت "‪ ‬ه"د‪" ‬ه"ر‪" ‬ه"و ‪" ‬ب‪" 0‬ر‪"#52#$-‬ا"د‬
‫'ن'ا'ڕ'ێ'گ'ر' و‪' ‬ۆ'ب‪' ‬ك?'ی'د'ر‬
‫‪'#‬س‪'#‬ر '‪ ‬ێ'ش‪'4‬ۆ'ك‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ث&‪"$ ‬ت"س‬

‫&و‪! ##########################################################################################################!"#$َ&' ()*#*+‬‬
‫'&َ ‪&8‬ـ*)‪& 6‬ئ‪&141‬ة&د)‪&1‬ر‪& ‬و‪&*/012 ‬ة&و&ة&ر ‪% ###############################################################################‬‬
‫;*&َ‪&' ######################################################################################## &(!& 6َ&12 691)*419*:‬‬
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‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"و‪",-)-.‬ي‪" ‬ث&‪"()* ‬ت‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&  ‬ي&ا&و&د‪&:9*H  ‬ـ&ـ(‪&  ‬ة&و&و&د‪&4‬ـ&ـ(‪&91GCH  ‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و ‪&ِ& @F  ‬ر&ا‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪&1B  ‬و‪&2‬ـ&ـ*‪& َB&  (C:9‬ـ&ـ‪&=  A‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪&19‬و‪&)*N‬ـ*&ا&د‪& ‬ا&و‪&/#‬ـ‪&K‬د‪& ‬و‪&+O‬ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&#*N‬ـ(‪& ‬و‪&$ َ&9 ‬و&ة&د&َ *‪&CC+‬ـ*)‪&1‬ن‪&2 ‬ـ*&ر‪& (M9‬ز‪&+1#‬ـ‪&9*J; K‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ&ـ*&ر‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪& ‬و‪&*91C; ‬و&َ ـ&ـ!‪& ‬ا&ر‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&*Q‬و‪&# @P‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&ِ& 19 ‬ر&ا‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&*Q‬و‪&; @P‬ـ&ـ*&و&ة&ر‪&K/+*4AP  ‬د‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫;*&ة&و&ة&ذ&ر‪&91)*C#R9‬ـ&ـ(‪&#@P ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&  ‬ئ‪&1‬ا&ر‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&1#*Q‬ن‪&/; ‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪#‬‬
‫&َ‪&K‬ا&و‪&TC9‬ـ(‪&C91Q#K; ‬ـ‪&1‬ي‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ*‪&4‬ـ*&ي‪&= ‬ـ*&م‪&V َ&Q) ‬ـ*&ا&د &‪ ‬ة&د‪&QCTَ&$J#‬ـ*&ة&و &‪ ‬ة&د‪&U‬ـ(‪&َ& ; ‬ـ(‪& ‬ر‪&$+‬و?&ـ(‪ِ& + ‬‬
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‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&Q َ&9@N ‬ـ&ـ(‪&)* َ&*414 ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&د‪&F*= ‬ـ&ـ* &َ&ل‪&9RTَ&$P ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ة&و‪&91)*419*: َ&*; ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&*; ‬ئ‪&#1F1‬ـ&ـ* ‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*‪&O‬م‪ ‬‬
‫‪&P*H‬ـ&ـ!‪&K) ‬د‪&9‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*&م‪& ‬و&و&د‪& َ&1P ‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&P ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&و&ة&ر&ا ‪&" َ&; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&و‪ َ&;19 ‬ـ&ـ!‪:‬‬
‫‪&)*#‬ـ*&م‪ & :‬ـ&ئ*&م‪&91419*:َ&*; ‬ـ*‪& ِ& / َ&+ ‬‬
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‫‪&9‬ـ‪&1‬ي&و‪& َ'&  ‬ـ>‪&T َ&B19 ‬ـ\‪& ‬و ‪&= ‬ـ*‪&?1; ‬ـ‪&+*َ&1Y \#KQ‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪ِ& + ‬‬
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‫=*‪&2‬ـ*&ر‪&2K' ‬ـ(‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ة&د &;َ &ـ!‪&; ‬ـ*‪&4*B ‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪&@H ‬ر‪&#‬ـ^‪&#*َ&*414 ‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪&F*= ‬ـ* &َ&ل‪& َK& /; ‬ـ!‪ #‬‬
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‫]‪&9*#‬ـ&ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&#@P‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ة&ر&ة&د)‪&91)*CC‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬د‪&/#‬ـ&ـ*&ش &‪ ‬ر&ة&و;‪ َ&KC:‬ـ&ـ!‪#‬‬
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‫‪& َN‬ـ!‪&) ‬ـ*‪&= ‬ـ*‪&*419*:َ&*; ‬ي‪ ‬‬
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‫‪6‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ث&‪ " 8,-9 ‬ة"د"ا"م"ا"ئ‪",‬ر"ا‪" ‬و‪" ‬غ"ا"س‪"-2‬ة"و"ة"ر‬
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‫‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪# ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#8P7‬ر‪#78D*P$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#87 ‬و‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# VeC‬و‪#$*1*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫@‪#$G‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#0+E78$*Y ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#Y*A  3‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ‪#9*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬و‪# ‬ئ*‪#789‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪#'-J :‬ـ‪#‬ـ&‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ر‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#0+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+ 3‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬د‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫‪#i0J‬ا‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#  ‬و‪#  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#-+‬و‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#  ‬و‪#*+  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ر‪#8D‬ر‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#P1*2  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#4  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪.30?0:7‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#A‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#EPC‬ا‪#78D*987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  .‬پ‪#0AG‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#D  V‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#  ‬و‪#A  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#'-J‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7*_  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#/0e0CD  E‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*2‬و‪#1‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#p+ ‬و‪#BD‬د‪#*7‬ە‪#‬و‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪# ‬م‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ە‪#‬د ‪# ‬پ‪#j0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#S*+ m$BC‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#A .78P/0‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#e0CD ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#“ :‬ژ‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ڕ‪#JO*2‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#-D‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن ‪#A )٠#٨#٩#١-# ٩#٧#٩#١(#‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#78D*987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬ا‪#‬د”‪#p+ ‬و‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪# ‬و ‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪ ‬‬
‫‪#S*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#P78D*987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#J*e$8J m‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#GS ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪# ‬و‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#E1*2‬ا‪#GS !7‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#'-7‬ـ!‪#S8+ ‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪#A ‬ـ*‪#78D*987*:1*+ ‬ـ!‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪ # 8‬ا‪#‬د ‪# n2 ‬ر‪#$G+‬ـ‪#+ n‬ـ‪#S8+ n‬ـ]=‪#‬ا‪ !7‬‬
‫‪#87‬و‪#jP7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# !78‬پ‪# n‬ر‪#-J‬و‪#w nw‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#9 nv+ n‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-f“ :n‬و‪#7O‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ی‪ n# J n7 ‬ه‪#‬و‪#$ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#S8+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫)‪#A )٧#٧#٩#١#-٩#١6# ١#‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#78Dn  PP?0^7 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ه‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ه‪#‬د‪# ‬ه‪# #‬ر‪ ‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ی‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬ا‪#‬د”‪.‬‬
‫‪#4‬ـ*‪#8+‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#‬م‪# ‬پ*‪#‬ر‪#-J‬و‪#D‬ـ*‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#S*+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#P78D*987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪ # m‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#k7-Y ‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#87‬ا‪#‬ز‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# .‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ* ‪ #‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪# ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#8P7‬ر‪#78D*P$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#1*J*J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#/+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬م ‪#*2 ‬ر_*‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ە‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#4 3'BD‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#8P/09*1*X‬ن‪#8+*A ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#*9*Q+ ‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#O*+ .‬م ‪ #‬ا‪#‬و‪#S8+‬ـ‪#BC‬ە‪#*+ *C'BQ+ ‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪ 3‬‬
‫“‪#'-J‬ـ‪#‬ـ&‪#‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬ر‪#‬ە”‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#Z1*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+ !7E78:7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#/+ G‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#*2 .‬ر‪#$G+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن “‪#+*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ y‬‬
‫‪#‬ز‪#$‬ـ‪#8‬د‪# ‬و‪#D ‬ـ*‪#‬م‪# ‬و‪#+ ‬ـ‪ # y‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#8/C‬ی‪#‬ر”‪#A ‬ـ*‪#$` ‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#B‬ی‪#‬ا‪#BY ‬ا‪#d7‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪#8D ‬ک “‪#‬پ‪#48‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪#S ‬ـ‪ ”GwB0‬‬
‫‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#0Y‬ـ‪#i‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪# ‬و‪#SG@ ‬ـ‪#+ .‬ـ*‪# ‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪# ‬پ‪#-_8P‬و‪#7‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪#BD ‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#J*7‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪.‬‬
‫‪#0f‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ‪#898‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#$‬ـ* ‪# ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#+ .‬ـ‪#8‬ش‪#+*7 ‬ـ‪#-‬و‪#D ‬ـ*‪#*2 ‬ر‪#-@ ‬ی‪#‬د‪#G@ ‬م‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#8D ‬ی‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#i0Y‬ا‪#8$*D*7‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#4*2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#/7-_  .C‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#-]0‬ا‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#$`*A :‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ک‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪# ‬ئ*‪#J*789‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#&09 ‬و‪#‬و‪#P$‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ە‪#‬د@*‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#*+ ‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ !C‬‬
‫‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#/'i0Y‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#-J*+ ‬ا‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬و ‪#D*$`*A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬د‪#/$‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش‪# ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8_ m‬پ‪#B/‬د‪#P7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#SG@ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+ .‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#i0Y‬ا‪#D*7‬ـ*‪# ‬و‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#9*D‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪#*J*+ ‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#$‬ـ‪#+ m‬ـ‪#G‬م‪#4 ‬ـ*‪#8]A‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ* “‪#D8D‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#48‬ـ‪#8‬ر” ‪ #‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪# !C‬پ‪#8‬ا‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪# !?C‬ئ*‪#J*789‬ـ! ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#i0Y‬ا‪#7‬ـ!‪#E0J ‬ا‪#$‬ـ*‪# ‬و ‪#*+ ‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#4‬ـ‪ mPC‬‬
‫‪#A‬ـ*‪#‬و ‪ #‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#$*:7‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#7*2 ‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#8f ‬ر‪#4*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#*$ ‬ک‪# ‬و‪#S‬ـ*‪#‬ی ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#  mP7*]Y‬پ‪#/0‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#*2 ‬و‪#E78]1‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫“‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#X‬ـ‪#8‬ق‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬و”‪#D8789 ‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#?$*/+ ‬ـ*‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر ‪#+ ‬ـ‪ # G‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و “‪#‬ئ‪#Z0‬ـ‪#$ 8C‬ـ‪#7*_ 8‬ـ‪#4 E‬ـ‪# !/018‬د‪#/$‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#$‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#*2 ‬ر‪#/0J8D‬ـ!‪#J ‬ـ‪#2  ”B‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#4*D ‬ـ‪#-J I0‬ا‪#7‬ـ! ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+ ‬ـ*‪#$ ‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#S*+ ‬ـ‪ # !78P/0‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪ 3‬‬
‫‪#*/+‬و'‪#‬ـ‪ # 3‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬و ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#4‬ـ‪#*PPC‬ی‪#+ ‬ـ‪#Z+ G‬ـ*‪#D 30]A‬ـ*‪#J ‬ـ‪#'E7*_ 8‬ـ‪#A I‬ـ*‪# ‬پ*‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ر‪#S‬ـ! ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#i0Y‬ا‪#/07‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#J‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬و ‪ #‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪# 3‬و‪#+ ‬ـ‪ # y‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#8/C‬ر‪#EP$‬ا‪#-+ ‬و‪#$‬ـ‪# V‬و ‪#_ ‬ـ‪#G‬ن ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪# ‬ئ*‪#J*789‬ـ*‪#&09 ‬و‪#‬و‪#9*P$‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪“#‬ک‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#@ ‬ـ‪#G‬ی”‪#Z@ ‬ـ‪#*+ *JGC‬د‪#‬ر‪#$‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪#*?'-@ ‬ا‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#7‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪.‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#ZP7  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#*e‬ت‪#  ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#8P7‬ر‪#78D*P$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#P78D*987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#   m‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ* “‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر ‪ ‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#BD‬ە‪#‬د‪#S   !P78w‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#G‬ش‪#‬ڕ‪#  ‬و‪#48P4  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#B/J‬ن‪#‬د‪#  ‬و‪#  ‬ا‪#‬د‪#-7‬و‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪#  ‬و‪#  ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#P$E7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬

‫‪#-07‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#8D*PPJ*1‬ن”‪#]78$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬پ‪# y‬ئ*‪#487‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#A - 30?0‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬د‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# E‬و‪# ‬و‪#‬د‪#P?P+8P7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ا‪#‬ر‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#Pl:?P‬ـ‪#‬ـ=‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە ‪#*2 .-‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#0J8D  8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#?'-@ I‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ*@‪#C0?'-‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و‪#78P0J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ڕ_‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#   3‬ە‪#‬ڕ‪#:7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#?PX*$  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8:‬ت‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#J*7  -“ :‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#  ‬و‪#BJ  ‬ژ‪#‬ا‪#$E$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  8‬و‪ ‬‬
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‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

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‫‪#A‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#S ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E?$-‬ا‪# ‬ا‪#‬د‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬و‪# .‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪# ‬پ‪#B‬ۆ‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#4G?Pf ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E$8‬ە‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# ٩#١6# ١# !18‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ !C‬‬
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‫‪#787*J‬ـ*‪#‬ت‪#Bvbw ‬د‪#7‬ـ! ‪ #‬ه‪  #‬د‪#E:7‬ا‪#7‬ـ ‪n #‬ه‪  #‬و‪#‬ی ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#BJ ‬ژ‪#‬ا‪#$E$‬ـ‪#4G?Pf 8‬ـ‪#8DE$8‬ر‪#*78P$‬ش‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#Gf ‬ر'‪#‬ـ‪ I‬‬
‫@‪#BvSG98‬ه‪#‬و‪#‬ا ‪#*J*7 ‬ە‪#‬و‪#-JB:D*$‬ە‪#‬و‪#8D‬ن‪# ‬و‪# ‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪# !78J*1‬ز‪ # y+ m$=0^A‬ە‪#‬د‪#8P:7‬ن‪# *A ‬ئ‪ # 348‬ا‪#‬د‪ ‬‬
‫‪#&e1*2‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#-]7 G+ .‬و‪#8D*987*:1*+ *7‬ن‪#4 ‬ـ‪# !g8‬ە‪#‬د‪#*J8D‬ە‪#‬و‪#*J*7“ :*D ‬ە‪#‬و‪#-JB:D*$ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#8D‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ‪#8Y8‬ی‪#A ‬ـ* ‪ #‬ۆ‪#‬د@‪#‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪# ‬و‪#4G?Pf ‬ـ‪#BDE$8‬د‪#BD*7‬د‪#8P78D*7‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و ‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#O‬م‪#+*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪# ‬ز‪#$‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#E78$*Y*7‬ن‪# *+ ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#G@ !78D*P$E7‬ی‪#*Y*A ‬ڵ ‪ #‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪# !78J*1‬ئ‪#B0‬ن‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د ‪# ‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#*J*7 ‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#JB:D*$‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#8D‬ن‪#@ ‬ـ‪#G‬ی‪#A ‬ـ* ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#Z'-1*2 !?$i+‬ـ‪#B9 !C‬ڤ‪#‬ۆ‪# *78‬پ‪#8‬ا‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#-C‬ە‪#‬و”‪.‬‬
‫‪#787*J‬ـ*‪#‬ت‪#8D ‬ر‪#S*Y ‬ـ‪# *JGC‬ئ‪#48‬ـ‪ # I0C‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬و‪#-D ‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#S*7‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ*‪#J8^1*2 ‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و‪#+ ‬ـ‪# G‬ئ*‪#‬ـ‪#‬پ‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪  8‬‬
‫‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#J*1‬ـ*‪#  ‬ئ‪# n‬پ‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#PP‬ـ‪#8D n‬ن‪#+  ‬ـ*‪#9  ‬ـ*‪#‬ج‪#‬ر “‪#‬ڤ‪#P‬ـ=‪#‬ا‪#$  ‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#  ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#‬ە‪#‬ڕ‪#7*9‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪#789  ‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#jPJ8D  ‬ـ‪#8P‬ن”‪ ‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#  G‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#$i+‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و‪#+  .‬ـ‪#-]7  G‬و‪#7‬ـ*‪#7*_  ‬ـ‪#$*987*:1*+  E‬ـ*‪#‬ک‪#  ‬ئ*‪#Z$‬ـ*‪#D  V?0]A‬ـ*‪#*+“ :‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#+  8‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*9‬ر‪#0f‬ـ‪# I‬ڤ‪#P‬ـ=‪#‬ی‪#‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬و ‪#^7 nJ ‬ـ‪#2 8‬ـ‪# n‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#*9 ‬ر‪#f‬ـ‪# n‬ش‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#789 ‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#PJ8D ‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬پ*‪#+87‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#8D‬ن‪#A ‬ـ*‪#7 ‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪ # 8‬ی‪#‬ز‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#-+ ‬ە‪#‬و ‪#D ‬ـ*‪# :‬پ*‪#*+87‬ە‪#‬ر‪#-D ‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#8D‬ن‪ !PD`8_ ‬‬
‫‪#48P4‬ـ‪#  !P‬ئ*‪#k7‬ـ‪#8‬م‪#7  ‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#‬ە‪#‬د!!” ‪#D  ‬ـ*‪#'-J  ‬ـ&‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#  ‬ە‪#‬د‪#-J‬ا‪#07‬ـ‪#  3‬ا‪#‬ز‪#P7‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ر‪#  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#J‬ـ‪#S  B‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#  ‬و‪#D  ‬ـ*‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#8/‬ت‪#A ‬ـ*‪#7 ‬ـ‪#8‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ا‪#‬د ‪#4 ‬ـ*‪#8+‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ* ‪ #‬ڕ‪#‬د‪#E7‬ا‪#PJ*$‬ـ!‪#+ ‬ـ‪ # y‬ە‪#‬د‪#-e:7‬و‪#7‬ـ!‪#78^Pf ‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د ‪# *A ‬ئ‪#48‬ـ‪#BDiX 3‬د‪#*J*7 !7‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪#-07 nA ‬ن‪#‬ا‪#4 ‬ـ‪ # ٧#٧#٩#١ # 8J ٩#١6# ١# !7O8‬ا‪#‬د‪.‬‬
‫‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8+‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ?‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#S8+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪# ‬و‪# ‬ژ‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪# ‬ا‪#‬د‪#-CjP7‬ا‪#‬و‪#S*D*7‬ـ‪#‬ـ! ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#7*2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪# ‬ئ‪#98‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#A“ :‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#J8D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬ژ‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ع‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا‪# ‬ا‪#‬د “‪#Pl9 ٣#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#G‬ن”‪# ‬و‪# ‬ژ‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪# ‬ع*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#P+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#Pl9 ٧#.٥#“ m‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#G‬ن”‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و”‪# .‬د‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ە‪#‬ر‪#2*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#G‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫‪#S‬ـ‪#O8‬ی‪#‬و‪#*J ‬ع‪#$B‬ـ‪ Ü‬و‪#4G?Pf ‬ـ‪#E$8‬ە‪#lD*$ ‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#78D*D*$ ‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#A ‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ‪#Z0‬ـ‪#8C‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬ژ‪#9‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#_ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ع*‪#‬ب‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ع‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا‪# ‬ا‪#‬د‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ڕ'&‪#‬ە‪#D*$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#BD ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#2 .‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#P78D*987*:1*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#@*f m‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 3‬ە‪#‬د‪#7*D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#“ :‬ع*‪#X‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە ‪#S ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8:7‬ل‪ ‬و‪#PX*78@ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#D  V‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬و ‪#GS ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪#‬و‪# ‬ی‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#*D ‬ر‪#-D‬و‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#J8/P+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#C@*C$8‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*2 ‬ر']‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#9G7GJG‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#S8+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪#-D  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن”‪#+  .‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش‪#“ :‬پ‪#B‬ۆ‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫‪#S*Y ٧#٩#١6‬ـ‪#-A *JGC‬و‪#/J‬ـ*‪# ‬و ‪#^7*J ‬ـ‪#A 8‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪ ٥#٧#٩#١# !18‬‬
‫‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#-Y‬ا‪#4‬ـ‪#J VC‬ـ‪#4 8‬ـ‪#+ ٥#٧#٩#١# !18‬ـ‪# G‬‬
‫‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#PX*78@ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#2 6٠#“ V‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ز”‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#'-Y‬ـ‪#‬ـ=‪#‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ر”‪.‬‬
‫‪#A‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#  ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#78D*P$E7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#GS  ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪#  ‬و‪#78^Pf  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#  ‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#*+  mP78/0‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#4  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#BD‬ا‪#‬د‪#GS !J*$‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪#4*+*9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ !C‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#D ‬ـ*‪# ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#7‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪#E7-J ‬و‪#1GJ‬ـ!‪#Y*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ “‪#‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪# ‬ئ‪#ZP‬ـ‪#B‬ئ‪#‬ا‪# àP‬و‪# ‬ئ*‪#$B9‬ـ‪ # ”8/‬ا‪#‬د‪#0+*2 ‬ـ‪ .3‬‬
‫‪#*2‬ر_*‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ە‪#$*987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ک‪#7*$` ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*7  ‬ر'?‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#78D*P$E7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#GS  ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د@‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ت‪# ‬و “‪#GS‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ل ‪ #‬ک‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#-+ ‬و‪#D*$*1*D‬ـ‪#‬ـ! ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# !C‬ح*‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#‬ە‪#‬ڕ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#S‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪# ‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪#A ‬ـ*‪#1*X ‬ـ*‪#‬م ‪ #‬ت‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ە‪#‬د”‪#+ .‬ـ*‪#O‬م‪# ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#78D*P$E7‬ـ!‪#GS ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#-l$‬ل‪# ‬و‪# ‬ئ‪#ZP‬ـ‪#B‬ئ‪#‬ا‪ àP‬‬
‫‪#0f‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#$8+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬خ‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و‪#  ‬و‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#8P7‬ر‪#78D*P$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#S*9“ :‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ !78D*d‬‬
‫‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ'&‪#8D‬ا‪#‬ر‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ‪#ZP‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ئ‪#‬ا‪# àP‬و‪#87 ‬د‪#‬ر‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#_ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ک‪# ‬و‪#7*9*X*J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# G‬پ‪#j0‬ـ‪#‬ـ]*‪#‬ر‪# *Y‬ا‪#‬و‪#/$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ه‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#j0‬ـ‪#‬ـ]*‪#‬ر‪#8D*Y‬ن‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#07 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬ا‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#J ٩#١6# ٣# !7O8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#S8+*+ ٩#١#6٧# 8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# BC‬ڕ'‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#'BQ+ I‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# V‬و ‪ ‬‬
‫@‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬پ‪#E0‬و‪#‬ا‪#Z$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#P:7*f !PC‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#‬د‪#i~ ‬ۆ‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪.”V‬‬
‫‪#4‬ـ*‪#8+‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ*‪# ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#P78D*$E7‬ـ‪#Y*A m‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ‪#@ ‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬د‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#$G@ 8‬ـ‪#E‬ا ‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪ 8‬‬
‫‪#J*+‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#*+ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#‬ر‪#-Q$E7‬ا‪#‬ز‪#‬ا‪#7‬ـ*‪#Y*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ‪#GS ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#-‬ل‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ی‪#‬ز‪#‬ۆ‪#‬د‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪#*1*989 ‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د ‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#Gf ‬ر'‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#7*2“ :I‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#f ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪#+*A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#-@ ‬ا‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ # !C‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#J*1‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ع‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا ‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ 8‬‬
‫‪#‬ی‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#A ‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪#D ‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#e$8J*+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ت‪#A ‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪ # ٩#١#6٥# !18‬ا‪#‬د ‪#D ‬ـ*‪#2 ‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#8D‬ی‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ‪#GS G‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#l$‬ـ‪#-‬ل ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#'BY‬ـ‪.”3‬‬
‫‪#‬ز‪#J8$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#789*A  B‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش ‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#78987*:1*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪“# :‬ز‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#  8Y‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ر‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#87‬و@‪#78D*P$G‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*+  ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#*+   8‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬د_‪#-‬و‪#P7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  G‬و‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ر‪#  ‬ژ‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ڕ‪#987‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#  ‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*+‬ر‪#987‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#78D*7G$=~*A*J ‬ـ!‪#7 ‬ـ‪#8‬و‪# ‬و‪#$*D*JO‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪# ‬و ‪#P782 ‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪# ‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#D ‬ـ*‪#f*+ ‬ـ‪#G‬ێ‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ڕ~‪#C‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#/+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#*+ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#‬ر‪#P$E7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ە‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#78D*PPD‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#7*@*7 8‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#4BJ*9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#*PP‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪# ‬ی‪#‬ز‪#‬ۆ‪#‬د‪ ‬‬

‫‪11‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#D‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪# A ‬ـ*‪# ‬و‪#J‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪# ‬و‪#*+ ‬ر‪#987‬ـ*‪#*A*J ‬ڤ=‪#P78D*PP7G$‬ـ‪ # m‬ا‪#‬د ‪ #‬ق‪#‬ە‪#‬ز‪#7*D*7 ‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# D ‬ـ*‪# ‬د‪#1‬ـ! “‪#‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪ ‬‬

‫‪#‬و‪#-J ‬ر‪#PD‬ـ‪# 8‬و‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا”‪#$‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#A ‬ـ‪#i+ y‬ە‪#0k7‬ـ‪#_*D .”3‬ـ!‪#A ‬ـ* ‪ #‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#/P?P7‬ـ!‪# ‬د‪#/$‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪#2 ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#@ ‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬د‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*+‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬پ‪#E/0‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ا‪#78D*7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#07 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬ا ‪ #‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#J*1‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ع‪#P‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪#GS ‬ر‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ*‪#A-l$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ` ‬پ*‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ E7‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و ‪#/7-_ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬و‪#J8w ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ا‪#‬د‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ا‪#‬و‪#+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪:‬‬
‫“‪#‬ئ*‪#Y‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪# ‬ع‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬پ‪#*D8‬ی‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#D8+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ر‪# ‬و‪#$*D*JO‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#S G‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ڕ ‪ #‬ژ‪#‬د‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#C0ä02*7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#-J  ‬و‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#1*/1*D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#*4  ‬ر‪#j0D‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ە‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ە‪#‬د‪#0+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#A  3‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#7*D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬و‪#‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#  ‬و ‪#  ‬ژ‪#‬د‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#-D  ‬ە‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  3‬و‪#*2  ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  8‬ژ‪#‬د‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬ه‪#‬د‪# ‬و‪#J nA‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ح‪#9 n‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  n‬ه‪#‬ڕ‪# ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#S  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#  ‬ئ‪#B0‬ا‪#P7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ m‬‬
‫‪#S‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ڕ‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#8D‬ت ‪#*2 ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬ئ*‪#*Y‬ر‪#j$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#$*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬پ‪#*D8‬ی‪#jY*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+ !C‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#S G‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ڕ ‪ #‬ژ‪#‬د‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#ZP‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ئ‪#‬ا‪#*J àP‬ر@‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#8/‬ت”‪# .‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ‪#PA 8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ە‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ڤ‪#‬ا‪#‬ر*‪#8D‬ر‪#J  ‬ـ‪# y‬ە‪#‬د‪#8Y‬ت‪# D ‬ـ*‪#8_ ‬ە‪#‬ر‪#D‬ـ*‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#*$‬ک‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬پ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ # m‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#:7*f ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا‪#-‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪# ‬و ‪# ‬ا‪#‬د‪#BDBPY‬د‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#-D ‬ە‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#$`*A 3‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ا‪#X‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#*+ ‬ر‪#P78C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#1*/1*D 8‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪# ‬پ‪#7Ç‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#48P4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# !P‬ع‪#B0‬ا‪#X‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#E?'-@ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و!!‪.‬‬
‫‪#8+ *A‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪# ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪#G4 !C0D*$“ !78D*P$E7‬ڤ‪#*P‬ت‪# ‬و‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪# ‬ئ‪#B0‬ن‪#‬ا”‪# ‬و‪# ‬پ‪#*:0‬ی‪#GS ‬ڕ‪ !S‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#*A  mPA-l$‬و‪#  ‬ئ*‪#  *PP48P4  *d1‬ئ‪#  *PP]PldP‬ا‪#‬د ‪#8D*987*:1*+  ‬ن‪#  3@*f  ‬ە‪#‬د‪#*7*D‬ە‪#‬و‪ :*D  ‬‬
‫“‪#G4  !C0D*$‬ڤ‪#*P‬ت‪#  ‬و‪#-CZ$‬و‪#G2*+  !J*$‬ی‪#GS  ‬ڕ‪#  !S‬ئ*‪#*A-l$‬ە‪#‬و‪#  *A  !489  ‬ئ‪#8‬ی‪#‬و‪#Eä0A  ‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪# 3'B:+‬و ‪ #‬ۆ‪#‬ڕ‪# *A !jP1‬ڕ'‪#*/‬و‪#*98??J‬ی ‪# ١#١ #‬ی‪# ‬ئ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪ # ٠#٧#٩#١# ‬ا‪#‬د‪#-+*2 ‬ە‪#‬و”‪.‬‬
‫‪#*2‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#4 82‬ـ*‪#8+‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪# *+ ‬پ*‪#-$‬ە‪# !78D*P$E7‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪# ‬ئ‪#B0‬ا‪# *+ mP7‬پ‪#8D*987*:1*+ !0‬ن‪ :‬‬
‫“‪#/'E7*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#?0^7  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#A  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#7  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#  ‬ڕ'‪#*/‬و‪#98??J‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#*f  ‬ئ‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#P‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ی‪#  ٥#٧#٩#١#  ‬ا‪#‬د‪#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ :‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#P?0^7 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬پ*‪#+87‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪# ‬ع‪#B0‬ا‪#PPX‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#e$8J*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ت‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#BD‬ە‪#‬د‪# ‬و‪#4*D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫_‪#P78D*D`8‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#4*J ‬ـ‪#+ .Pl‬ـ* ‪ #‬ژ‪#‬ڕ']‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ع‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ق‪#‬ا‪#J8/+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و‪#J ‬ـ‪# 8‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#D*$‬ـ! ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#$‬ـ‪# m‬ئ‪#0‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#7*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪#‬ە‪#f ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+ y‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#f ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#D y‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د”‪.‬‬
‫‪#+*A‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#8DG2 ‬ر'‪#/‬ـ!‪#87 ‬و‪#78+‬گ‪#‬ـ‪# ‬پ*‪#E$‬ا‪#BD‬د‪#7‬ـ!‪#4 ‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬ح‪#Z‬ـ‪#D V0‬ـ*‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬و‪#8D‬ت‪#:0f ‬ـ‪#B‬ی‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ح]‪#‬ـ*‪#‬د‪# ‬ح*‪#4‬ـ*‪#‬ن‪#D*+ ‬ـ‪#+ B‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#987*:1*+ ‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪ G‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#7i0Y‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#4“ :‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪ ‬‬
‫‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ر‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#4*A  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#  ‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ژ‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#BD  ‬د‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ڕ'‪#*/‬و‪#98?J‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#  ١#١#  ‬ی‪#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#Y*A  ٥#٧#٩#١#  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬و ‪# ‬ئ*‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ش‪# ‬ژ‪#‬د‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#-_G+ ‬و‪#78D*7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز'‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#A I‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ*‪#E7‬ا‪#789‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#BD‬ا‪#‬د‪ !J*$‬‬
‫‪#‬ح‪#+=P‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ع‪#+ å‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#J8D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ا‪#‬د”‪.‬‬

‫‪12‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#78D*987*:1*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬م‪#e0CD ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬س‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#07Ç]l9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#07 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬ا “‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر”‪#SG@ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#8D‬ت‪ ‬‬
‫‪#e$8J*+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ت‪#PDGD87  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬و‪#P78/07Ç]l9  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#07  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬ا‪#2  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#S*+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#4  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#  !D‬پ‪#8‬ر‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬د‪#BD-]$‬ا‪#J‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#-D  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#18+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#4  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#9  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*`‪#Z9  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8~*C‬ی‪#8+  ‬ا‪#‬ز‪#‬ر‪#P7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬و ‪#18+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#BeP‬ا‪#P2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  .‬ئ*‪#‬ح]*‪#‬د‪#9-‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬م‪#f  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*`‪#‬ل‪#+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و‪.‬‬
‫‪#4‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#9*2 ‬ـ‪#-‬و‪# ‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#7‬ـ*‪#‬ش‪#D ‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ‪#98‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#+ ‬ـ‪#D G‬ـ‪#B‬ا ‪#Y*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ڵ ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ #‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز'‪#‬ـ‪#A I‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#987*:1*+‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#PC@*f ‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#A ‬ـ*‪#8@ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#E7‬ر‪#‬ا'‪#PC‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#4*A ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪ # !D8@ ‬ە‪#‬ڕ‪#4‬ـ*‪#8$G@ !7‬ن‪ *D ‬‬
‫@‪#D8‬ـ!‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#+  *78C‬ـ‪#&09 G‬و‪#‬و‪#D*$‬ـ! ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#2 ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#4 ‬ـ‪#*Y *18‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#E7‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#J‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#8@ ‬ە‪#‬و‪#7‬ـ!‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#4‬ـ‪#*?PX*C‬ی‪#D8@ ‬ـ!‪#-D ‬د‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#8C‬ن‪#87 ‬و‪#P$‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د ‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ئ ‪ n#‬ا‪#‬و‪#7*2 ‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#f ‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪# ‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?*‪#S‬ـ‪#8P‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ‪#8‬ا‪#‬ر‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#*C‬ی‪#7*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#78D*P$E7*]J*e$8J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*7 ‬ر‪#C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#48P4 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# !P‬و‪#PJ*$O*9GD ‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#JBY‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و ‪#D ‬ـ*‪#'-J ‬ـ&‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ڤ‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ*‪#8D‬ر ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#-J‬ا‪#7‬ـ‪#+*7*QP+ V‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪# ‬پ‪#-0‬ا‪#7‬ـ! ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#GA ‬ژ‪#PP/$‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ‪#$8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# 8‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?*‪#78D‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ا‪#‬ر‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ئ‪#Pl:?P‬ـ‪#‬ـ=‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#7*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ێ‪#*7 ‬ر‪#C$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪#PdPC7*9‬ـ‪#GA“ V‬ژ‪#P/$‬ـ‪#@8$ ”V‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#7 ‬ـ‪ !8‬‬
‫‪#‬ئ*‪#*Y‬ر ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?*‪#8P78D‬ن‪#GA ‬ژ‪#-D G+  VP/$‬د‪#‬ر‪#-4 ‬د‪# ‬و‪# ‬پ*‪#8$E7‬ن‪ # yA ‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#BY87‬ێ‪# ‬و‪#8+E7*_ ‬ە‪#‬ر‪#8$‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#*J8D‬ە‪#‬و! ‪#-]7 G+  ‬و‪#E7*2  :*7‬ێ‪#  *A  ‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬ر‪#E78D*987*:1*+  *A  ‬ا‪#  3@*f ‬ە‪#‬د‪#*7*D‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#“ *D‬ا‪#‬ز‪#8P7‬ی‪#‬ر‪#  ‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#8$‬ن‪#E7*2  *A  *D  *$`  ‬ێ‪#87  ‬و_*‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#-D  ‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#8D‬ن‪#8$G@  ‬ن‪#  ‬ە‪#‬د‪#EJO*4‬ن‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬و‪#  ‬ه‪  #‬د‪#  !J`n  4‬ه‪  #‬د‪#‬و‪#87  nJn  A‬ه‪  #‬و‪#  !78wn  P$E7‬ئ‪#B0‬ن‪#‬ا‪#  ‬و‪#  ‬ع‪#B0‬ق‪#‬ا‪#  ‬ڵ‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪#n  4n  +  nPP7  ‬ر‪#E78$‬ا ‪#O*+  ‬م‪ ‬‬
‫‪#-w‬ه‪#‬د‪  #‬ر‪#8w‬ن‪#87n  A ‬و‪#Ewn  $‬ا‪#E?02 ‬ە‪#G@G@ ‬ن‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ژ‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ڕ‪#*4*A *7‬ر‪#*A ‬ڕ‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#8P78D8Y‬ن ‪#-07*A ‬ن‪#‬ا‪#E78$G@ ‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*S‬ڕ ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#*D‬ن‪# ‬و‪ # BCwn  $ nA ‬ه‪  #‬د‪#-w‬ن‪#‬ژ‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪#-7‬و‪#8$‬ن‪# ‬پ‪#*/0‬ە‪#‬و‪#-D87 ‬و‪.”301‬‬
‫‪#*2‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#*2 82‬ر‪#8+*4 ‬ت‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#G@G@ *+ ‬ی‪#‬ر‪#87 *A ‬و‪#-D !78D*D8J ‬د‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د ‪# ‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ر'‪ !/‬‬
‫‪#‬د‪#/$‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪# ‬ئ‪#Pl:?P‬ـ=‪#@*f ‬ـ‪ # 3‬ە‪#‬د‪#J8D‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪#D ‬ـ*‪#A“ :‬ـ* ‪ #‬ی‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#48P4 ‬ـ‪#*PP‬ە‪#‬و‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#*2 ‬ر‪#PY‬ـ= ‪ #‬ک‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#*J*7‬ە‪#‬و‪#$‬ـ*‪#‬ک‪#JB:D*$ ‬ـ‪#-‬و‪#+*7 ‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪#+ ‬ـ* ‪ #‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#A ‬ـ*‪#-_ ‬ر‪#‬ا_‪#0‬ـ‪#-‬ی‪#‬ە‪# ‬ژ‪#78$‬ـ!‪#PPD*ä0@ ‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#PDGD87‬ـ!‪# ‬و‪#8Pf ‬ز‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#P$‬ـ*‪# ‬ز‪#*789‬ا‪#‬و‪#P7‬ـ!‪# ‬و‪#*7 ‬ر‪#*78P78D*PPC$‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬ژ‪#8$‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬و”‪.‬‬
‫‪#A‬ـ*‪#‬م‪#8+ ‬ە‪#‬ر‪#$‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#78D*987*:1*+ ‬ـ!‪#7*_ ‬ـ‪# E‬د‪#8/J89Gl+‬ر'‪#P/‬ـ‪# m‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?*‪#P78D‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪# ‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ز‪#X‬ـ‪ V‬‬
‫‪#+*A‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر ‪#-]7G+ ‬و‪#7‬ـ*‪# ‬ئ‪#98‬ـ‪#8‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ #‬ن‪#‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ە‪#‬د ‪#D ‬ـ*‪#A“ :‬ـ* ‪ #‬ی‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#*PPJ*$O*9GD ‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#8D‬ن‪#A  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#  ‬ۆ‪#‬د@‪#/0‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ن‪#‬ا‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#A  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#J  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  y‬پ‪# n‬ا‪#‬ڕ‪#7E7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#g87GX  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬ژ‪#78$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*9  ‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ڕ‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬و ‪ ‬‬

‫‪13‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪#4‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬ر‪#8J‬ی‪#jP7 ‬ـ‪#-+ yf*C‬و‪#8S !7‬ر‪#j7‬ـ‪ # mP?P‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬و ‪#GS *A I'E7*2 ‬ڕ‪#S‬ـ*‪#-D !78D‬د‪#‬ر‪ -‬‬

‫‪#S‬ـ‪#G‬ش‪#‬ڕ‪#+*7 ‬ـ‪#-‬ن‪#‬و ‪#:+ ‬ـ‪#B‬ە ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ح*‪#‬ی‪#‬ز‪#4 ‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#BD‬ە‪#‬د‪#78D*PPD*ä0@ ‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ‪#-‬ە‪#‬و‪#+ ‬ـ‪ # G‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪ ‬‬
‫‪#b9*A‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# G‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ‪#8‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ا‪#‬ز‪# ‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#8P78D*JO‬ن‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#87 ‬و_*‪#78P78D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# G‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#0+*7 3‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#D  ”3‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ک‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬ئ‪#98‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ە‪#‬ژ‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#D G‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ا‪#'-J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ&‪#‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬ە‪#Z1*2 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ڕ ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#0+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+ 3‬ـ‪#‬ـ* ‪ #‬ی‪#‬د‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ز‪#Z7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#A *78PPC‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬م‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?‪#78‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#CP1G/+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪# ‬و ‪ #‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬و ‪ #‬ە‪#‬ڕ@?‪#78‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ی‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#PdPC7*9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# V‬ئ‪#P‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ی‪#'Bw87 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#9*D*A*Y 3‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬پ‪#P$E7 n‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#0A ‬ـ‪#-‬ه‪# ‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#'BY*7‬ـ‪#/7-_  3‬ـ*‪# ‬پ‪#-]0‬ا‪#$‬ـ‪# :n‬ئ*‪#Y‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#1*2 ‬ـ*‪#8D‬ن‪#+E7*_ ‬ـ‪#8‬ە‪#‬ر‪#?e+ ‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و ‪ -‬‬
‫‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ*‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#BJ ‬ژ‪#‬ا‪#P78D8$E$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#4*+ m‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر‪#*J*7 ‬ە‪#‬و‪#789*D‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#E‬ا‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ه‪#‬د‪# #‬ر‪ ‬م‪#‬ا‪#‬و ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#?+‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪.‬‬
‫@‪#*?'-‬ا‪#‬ر‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#*+  ‬ڕ'=‪#$‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  m‬د‪#P?1‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#  8‬ە‪#‬د‪#9*D‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#D  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#78w n987 n:1 n+  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#  ‬د‪#S nv$‬ـ‪#‬ـ]‪#8‬ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ر‪#0Y‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#i‬ه‪#‬و‪#‬ا‪# ‬و‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ* ‪ #‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د‪#'-J ‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#7*_ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#/0e0CD E‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬د‪#/$‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪# ‬ئ‪#898‬ه‪#‬د‪#9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#w ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#B‬ن‪#‬و‪#‬و‪#‬د ‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#O n‬م‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ه‪#‬د‪#0+ ‬ـ‪#8_ 3‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ا‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#e7‬ـ‪#J .‬ـ‪# 8‬ئ‪# n‬و‪#J8w‬ـ‪# n‬ی‪#7n  $` ‬ـ! ‪ #‬ا‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#$‬ـ‪#2 .‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#8w‬م‪#‬ر‪# ‬ئ‪#0+ n‬ـ‪#+ 3‬ـ‪#8_ G‬پ‪#Bv‬د‪#P7‬ـ‪#8‬ن ‪ ‬‬
‫‪#+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# G‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ ‪ n#‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ی‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#78D*:789 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ! ‪ #‬ا‪#‬د‪#J82‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬و‪#*/+ ‬و‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ*‪#‬ر ‪ #‬ە‪#‬د‪#4‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ # !C‬و‪#‬و‪#‬ڕ‪#BPeD87‬ا‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#D ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬د‪#‬ر‪.‬‬

‫‪#‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#-4 ‬پ‪#48‬ـ!‪#+ ‬ـ‪#B‬ى‪#‬ا‪# nSG@ ‬و‪#Z$‬ـ‪#8w .C‬ك‪# ‬پ‪#48‬ـ‪#8‬ر‪# ‬ئ‪#w n‬ـ‪# n‬م ‪#w ‬ـ‪#A n‬ـ‪# n‬ه‪#‬و‪# ‬ر‪#i0Y‬ا‪#w n7‬ـ‪# n‬ا‪#‬د‪ ‬‬
‫‪#‬ر‪#‬ۆ‪#‬ز‪#E789 ‬و‪#‬و'‪#PC‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ n# J n7 G‬ه‪#‬و‪#w ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ی‪#j0w ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#+  8‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-Y y‬و‪#9‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#w8w ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#4 n‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#BP‬ن‪#‬ا‪#‬و‪#PlPA n@ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪ m‬‬
‫‪#2‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬و‪#8w‬ی‪#‬ر‪# nY ‬ه‪#‬ر‪#‬و‪#9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#+ ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬و‪#A ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#Bvb$8J n‬د‪#7‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ئ‪# n‬م‪# n+ ‬ر‪#9 n2‬ـ‪#‬ـ ‪ n#‬ا‪#‬د‪.‬‬

‫‪#+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-4 n‬پ‪#jP48‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ه‪#‬و‪# n+ ‬ڕ'‪#‬ـ‪#‬ـ= (‪#484‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪# ‬ع‪#4-‬ـ‪#‬ـ]‪#8‬ن‪#9 ‬ـ‪#‬ـ ‪#X `n ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬د‪# ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#‬ص‪# n‬ف‪#‬ا‪#‬ڕ)‪# ‬ئ‪# n‬ر‪#w‬ـ‪#‬ـ!‪ ‬‬

‫_‪#8‬پ‪#Bv‬د‪#w n7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪# n‬ی‪# nJBY  ‬ئ‪#4 n‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#P2   GC‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-‬م‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬د‪#‬ا‪#jP9n  2  ‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#-]7  n‬و‪#$n  7‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪#8‬ن‪#  ‬ز‪#8$‬د‪#0+‬ـ‪#‬ـ‪.3‬‬
‫‪#*Y*A‬ڵ‪# ‬ئ*‪#‬پ‪#‬و*‪#‬ی‪#‬ڕ‪# ‬ڕ'=‪# ‬و‪# ‬ح‪#-‬ر‪#*2 G+ .J*9‬ر‪#*b78]PCjP7 ‬ر‪#‬ە‪#‬و‪#‬ر'‪#-D !/‬د‪#‬ر‪.‬‬

‫‪#*S‬ر‪#*2 ë$‬ی‪#‬ر‪#‬ا‪#‬ژ‬
‫‪١#٠#٢6# -١#١-# ١#١#‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪!78]0l4 ‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ب‪" -‬ط‪"=-‬م"ا‪",-‬ا=‪ " 8‬ا"س‪ ٦"٩" 8 ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫&ا&ز‪&1C9‬ي&ر‬
‫=*]‪&*#‬ن‪&*F1; ‬ة&و‬
‫‪&19‬د&ر‪ & *= 69‬ة&ر&ا&ز&ة&و‪ & (+‬ة&و&ة&ر&ة&د‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ا&و‪&َ& @GQ#‬ل‬
‫=* &‪ ‬ة&ر&ا&ز&ة&و‪ & (+‬ة&و&ة&ر&ة&د‪&*Tَ&$9 R9*N @; ‬ر&َ‪& (/‬د‪&1#‬ر‪&K/#‬ي&و&ا‪&1P ‬ة&و‪&1?“ @/89‬ن&ذ”‬
‫&ذ‪&14‬ة&ر *‪& &0‬ى &‪ ‬ا&ز‪&1C9‬ي&ر‬
‫‪&00‬ي‪& ‬ئ*‪&(!& (=$b#‬‬

‫‪"($‬ة"د"ر‪"#$‬ن‪:‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ*&ن&ا&د‪&2 ‬ـ‪&) * َ&1‬ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&)*#*N‬ـ(‪&? ‬ـ‪&1P1‬و‪&R#‬ا‪&8C9 ‬ـ‪&) \َ&H*Q‬ـ*‪&?*; ‬ـ&َ‪ (/‬‬
‫&ي&ر&ؤ&ز‪&= ‬ـ&ـ* &‪ ‬ئ&َ "&ـ&ـ‪&1Q‬ا&د‪&2*; ‬ـ&ـ*&ر‪& ‬و‪&91+O‬ـ&ـ(‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪& 1‬و &‪&  ‬ئَ &ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪& ‬و‪&K َ&c ‬ا‪&U‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا &‪ ‬ا&د;*?&ـ&ـ‪&K/‬ة&و&ا‪ #‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ*&ر&ة &ِ &&ري&ا &‪ ‬ا&د‪&K)KCF‬د‪&9‬ـ(‪&8C9 ‬ـ‪&1#*)*91`Q‬ن‪&#]*= ‬ـ*&ن &‪ ‬ا&د‪&1)KCF‬ر‪&91)*C#‬ـ(‪&*c ‬ة&ر;&ـ*&ة&و ‪&) ‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ة&د)‪&?*? (91‬ـ&ـ*&م‪&1+ ‬ة&و)&ـ&ـ‪&$‬و‪&4*#@9 ‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬ا&ز‪&TC#‬ـ&ـ( &‪ ‬ر& &دَ &ـ&ـ‪&e‬ي&ة‪&8 َ&) ‬ـ&ـ‪& 1‬و ‪&#]*= ‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪ ‬‬
‫‪&$+‬ر)&ـ*‪&2$c ‬ـ`‪&1)*CC91‬ن‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ئ&َ ‪&K‬ا‪&*91)*CC9‬ة&و‪&2 *= ‬ـ*&ة&د)‪&? (91‬ـ‪&A91‬ة‪& ‬و‪&f*Y ‬ـ‪&R‬ا&د&ة &‪ ‬ر&د&َ ‪&e‬ى&ة‪ ‬‬
‫;‪& َK‬ـ>‪&= ‬ـ*‪& ‬ئ@‪&CC4@9@+‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪ !َ&;*B ‬‬
‫‪&;*B‬ـ‪&$‬و &‪ ‬ـ&ئ*&ا&و‪&+*9 ‬ـ*&ي&ة&و‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪&8C4*B ‬ـ*‪&$+ ‬ا‪&91#$C9‬ـ*‪& ِ&  ‬‬
‫&و‪&+ ‬ـ&ـ‪& 1‬ة&د&د&ا&ر‪&)*#‬ـ&ـ( &‪ ‬ر&ؤ&ز‪&#@P ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$+ ‬ا‪&9‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‪&9*= ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬و‪&*+*9 ‬ة&و)‪&91‬ـ&ـ(‪&+ ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ا&د‪&1' ‬ا&ر‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&$Q‬ة&و‪ #‬‬
‫&ئ*‪& K4‬ؤ?&ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا ‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*&و‪& ‬و‪&91+O‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&2*; ‬ـ&ـ*&ر‪&R#‬ا‪& ‬ا&د;*?&ـ&ـ‪&K/‬ن&و&ا ‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ذ&ؤ&ر‪&F‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي&ر‪ِ&  ‬‬
‫‪&KF‬و'&َ ‪&/‬ـ(‪&ِ&  ‬ر&ة‪&F‬ـ*&ى&ز‪&CH ‬ـ‪&1‬ن&ز&ا&و‪& ‬و‪&)*#*TC4*) ‬ـ(‪&*+*9 ‬ة&و‪&#‬ـ(‪& َ'&  ‬ـ> &‪ ‬ة&د‪&T َ&B‬ـ\‪&) ‬ـ*‪&:9KF ‬ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫‪&21C2‬ـ‪&1CC‬ن‪&#*B ‬ـ*‪#‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫"ذ‪"#/‬ة"ر‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ا"د‪",-‬ش*("ن"و‬

‫‪&) #0‬ـ&ـ@&ي‪&8F ‬ـ&ـ‪& (CQ‬ذ‪&4‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي&ة&ر‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&*; ‬ز&ر‪&#K+‬ـ&ـ\‪&9R9g4*P ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪& ‬ة&د‪&+1F‬ـ&ـ* '‪ '.‬‬
‫‪&Cb4‬ـ&ـ@&ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*&س‪&= #‬ـ&ـ*‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪&2  1‬ـ&ـ*&ذ&ر‪&*)*C#Kَ&4‬ي‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪& &('' 6َ&1‬ذ‪&4‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي&ة&ر‪&$) ‬ة&د&ر)‪&91‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬

‫‪17‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫;&ـ* '‪&Cb4 &.‬ـ@&ن‪&) ‬ـ*&س‪&R4* َ&*U*= ‬ا;&ـ‪&$‬و ‪&; ‬ـ*‪&O‬م‪&9*B ‬ـ‪&َ& R‬ي‪&= ‬ـ*‪&1N ‬د& &وَ &ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪& ِ&  ‬‬

‫;‪K‬ا&و‪&#‬ـ‪&1‬ن &‪ ‬ا&و‪&#‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫&ذ‪&14‬ة&ر)*‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&+1:; ‬ـ&ـ* '‪&Cb4 0.‬ـ&ـ@&ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*&س ‪&19 ‬و‪&N‬ـ&ـ*‪&$) ‬د&ر‪&91)*C#‬ـ&ـ(‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪&CQ#K;  1‬ـ&ـ\‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&N‬ـ&ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&$T‬ر‪& (91)*C#‬ـ&ـ&ئ*&و‪& ‬و‪&+O‬ـ&ـ*‪&F*= ‬ـ&ـ* &َ&ل‪& َc&  ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ق&ا‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ئ&َ ‪&K‬ا‪&9‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا ‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&91)*N‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫&ر&ة&د‪&N1#‬ـ&ـ*&ي &‪ ‬ن&ا&و‪& ‬و‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ر‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&و&ر‪& ‬و&ر;‪&1‬ة&ر)‪&91‬ـ&ـ(‪&  ‬د‪&bM#‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬و‪&X ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ت&ا&ر ‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*&م‪&?1;  ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ي&ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪&@P‬ر‪&+O*B‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&  ‬و‪&+O‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و ‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&1B ‬و?&ـ&ـ&َ ‪&$‬ي&ة‪&$) ‬ا&د&ر‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪&  ‬ئ*&و'&ـ&ـ* &ِ&ر&ي‪&)1; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ر‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫&ة&د)‪&+1‬ـ*‪&1) ‬س&ر‪& ‬و &‪ ‬ـ&ئ*&م&و&ر&ز&ر‪& ‬و‪& ‬ئ*&ز&ر‪&M9‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪& ‬و‪& ‬ئ*&ا&و‪&9‬ـ*&ي‪& ‬ئ*&و'&ـ* &ِ&ر&ي‪&@P ‬ئ&ر‪&1‬ا&و‪&) ‬ـ* &‪ ‬ة&د)‪ *+1‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&$C‬س&ا‪& ‬و‪&4 ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬س&ا&ر‪& ‬و‪&0 ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي&ز‪&Q9*c ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ب ‪&= ‬ـ&ـ* &‪ ‬ي&و&ر‪& ‬ذ‪&4‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ة&و&ة&ر‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$V4*) ‬و‪&9‬ـ&ـ*&ن&ا&د&ة&و‪#‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ* &‪&  ‬ئَ &ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪& ‬و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&K َ&c ‬ا‪&CU‬ـ&ـ^ ‪&TC4*) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$) ‬د&ر‪&)*C#‬ـ&ـ*‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ي&و&و&ر‪& ‬ذ‪&4‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ة&و&ة&ر‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫'‪&Cb4 &.0‬ـ&ـ@&ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*&س‪& ‬ة&د‪ َ&KTَ&َ&4*P‬ـ&ـ\‪&= #‬ـ&ـ* &‪&  ‬ئَ &ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&91)*N‬ـ&ـ(‪&?1; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ر‪ ‬‬
‫&و‪&@P ‬ـ&ـ&ئ&ر‪&1‬ي&ا&و‪& ‬ئ‪&$‬ر‪&C4‬ـ&ـ*‪&8C9 ‬ـ&ـ‪& \َ&H*Q‬و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&?1; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&و&ة&ر‪&1+ ‬ة&و)&ـ&ـ‪&$‬و‪&?14K) ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪& ‬ر&د&َ ـ&ـ‪ e‬‬
‫&ة&د;‪&T‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‪#‬‬
‫=&ـ*‪& َc&  ‬ـ‪&K‬ق&ا &‪ ‬ر&و&ز;&ـ*&ي‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ*‪&)1; ‬ـ‪&$‬ر‪& ‬و‪&)1; ‬ـ‪&$‬ي&ر‪&@P ‬ر‪&B‬ـ*‪&O‬ت &‪ ‬ذ&ة&د‪&#‬ـ\ ‪&= ‬ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫'‪&1‬ر&َ‪&FA‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&*B  (91`َ&b‬ة&و&ر‪&B‬ـ&ـ‪&= 1‬ـ&ـ*‪&1' ‬ر&َ‪&91)1FA‬ـ&ـ(‪&2$4 ‬ـ &َ‬
‫&ـ‪& m‬و‪&*B ‬و=&َ ـ&ـ‪& K‬و‪&*) ‬ر)&ـ&ـ‪&$‬ك‪ ‬‬
‫(=&ـ&ـ‪&ِ& $‬ر)&ة‪&1X ‬ر‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&1)*914AC‬ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&= ‬ـ&ـ* &‪&  ‬ئَ &ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪ ‬‬
‫&و‪& ‬د‪&=1#‬ـ&ـ*&ش‪&B ‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪&; #‬ـ&ـ*]&ي‪&$) ‬ة&د&ر)‪&91‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‬
‫‪&8C9‬ـ‪& \َ&H*Q‬و‪&; ‬ـ*‪&4*B ‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪& ‬ذ‪&4‬ـ‪&1‬ة&و&ة&ر‪&= ‬ـ*‪&K َ&c ‬ا‪&8CU‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪&B ‬ـ*&ن &‪ ‬ـ&ئ*&ا&و‪&; ‬ـ*‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬د&ر &‪ ‬ا&ز&ة&د‪ #\َ&K9‬‬
‫‪&+1oH‬ـ( &‪ ‬ئ&َ ‪&A‬د‪&C#‬ـ*)‪&1‬ن (“?*‪&*n91Q#‬ر‪&2‬ـ‪&1)*Q‬ن”)‪&= ‬ـ*‪&K َ&c ‬ا‪&CU‬ـ^‪&B ‬ـ*&ر‪&; ‬ـ*‪& ‬ز‪&914‬ـ(‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬ي&د&ر‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ&ة&د‪&pP1‬ـ\‪#‬‬

‫‪&=  #+‬ـ&ـ*‪&*B  ‬ر&َ `&ـ&ـ(‪&2  ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ر‪&1#‬ي‪&4@)  ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي&ر‪&+K:)*#  ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ي‪&*c  ‬ة&ر;&ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&)  ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪&B  ‬ـ&ـ*&ن ‪ ‬‬
‫;*‪&C+*V#1+‬ـ(‪&= ‬ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&91)*N‬ـ(‪& ‬د‪&?*`#‬ـ‪& q‬و‪&19 ‬و‪&N‬ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ‪&$T‬ر‪&#A9 (91)*C#‬ـ>‪&= ‬ـ*‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ‪&1‬ا&د ‪ ‬‬
‫&ذ‪&14‬ة&ر)*?&ـ&ـ‪&1C‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&Q4*) ‬ـ&ـ‪&= K‬ـ&ـ* **&‪&B ‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و&ة&ر&ا&ز‪&1+ ‬ة&و)&ـ&ـ‪& $‬ز‪&+1#‬ـ&ـ‪&= K‬ـ&ـ* **‪&B 0‬ـ&ـ*&ر&ا&ز‪ ‬‬
‫)&ـ&ـ*&س &‪ ‬ة&د‪ َ&KTَ&َ&4*P‬ـ&ـ!‪&CQَ&)*# #‬ـ&ـ(‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ@‪&*Cf‬ت ('‪&B ‬ـ&ـ*&ر&ا&ز‪&1B ‬و&و‪&+O‬ـ&ـ(‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ي&د&ر‪&B ‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪ ‬‬
‫)&ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ر&و&ز;*‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&4@) ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ة&ر‪&"C=1C?@2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&  (91)*Q‬ئ*&ر‪&CTC4‬ـ&ـ‪& 1‬و‪&@H ‬ر‪&CH‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ي‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ@‪&R+*Cf‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪&8C9‬ـ&ـ‪#\َ&H*Q‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫"ئ‪" 234#‬و‪" ‬ز‪"#/‬ن‬
‫‪ & #4‬ر&و&ز;&ـ*&ي‪&$) ‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&2$4 ‬ـ‪&2 (91`َ&$‬ـ‪&*T9$‬ن ‪&َ& *F*= ‬ل‪& ‬ئ*&ة&و?&ـ‪&R‬ا &‪ ‬ر&و&ز;*‪&1#‬ن‪&2 ‬ـ*&ر‪ ‬‬
‫;&ـ* &‪ ‬ر&َ‪&1V‬ة&ز)‪&91‬ـ( &‪ ‬و&ر&ة&د&َ ‪&8‬ـ‪& (C‬و‪&2*+ ‬ـ*&و‪&; #\X‬ـ*‪&9*N ‬ـ‪&? R‬ـ&َ ‪&$‬ر&ا&ز&ة&َ‪& (/‬ز‪&914‬ـ(‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬ي&د&ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪&"U‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ة&د)&ـ&ـ*&ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$#*' ‬ة‪&#R9‬ـ&ـ(‪&F*= ‬ـ&ـ* &َ&ل‪& ‬ز‪&914‬ـ&ـ(‪&1X ‬ر‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&RC‬ا‪&#*B ‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬و‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ر&ؤ&ز‪&C#‬ـ&ـ^‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ*=‪& َ;& $p‬ـ(‪&*c ‬ة&ر;&ـ( &‪ ‬ة&د‪&$9‬و‪&2‬ـ‪&F*=  !َ&K‬ـ* &َ&ل‪& ‬ئ*&ة&و?&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&= ‬ـ*‪&9*B ‬ـ‪&َ& R‬ي‪&= ‬ـ*‪&g; ‬و)‪&K‬ة&و&ا)‪&91‬ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ‪&$‬ر‪& 1#‬و‪&91T;$=  ‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪&;  ‬ـ*‪& ‬ر&َ‪&2$T‬ـ(‪&TC+] ‬ـ(‪&  ‬ة&د‪&$9‬و‪&2‬ـ‪& !َ&K‬و‪&=  ‬ـ*‪&Q َ&)*# ‬ـ(‪&8C+*Cf@2 ‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ‪&$‬د‪&= ‬ـ*‪& ‬ئ*=‪& َ;& $p‬ـ( (‪&2‬ـ‪ & )(b#KC‬ة&د&ر&ة&و‪& َK& CF‬ـ!‪#‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫"ش ‪"(3 ‬ي"ز"ا‪" ‬ذ‪"#4‬ن‬

‫'‪&) #‬ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&+ ‬ـ‪ & 1‬ئ&َ "&ـ‪&1Q‬ش‪&; ‬ـ*&ي&ر&ؤ&ز‪&2*) ‬ـ‪&89R9$F (/َ&91‬ـ‪& \C‬و‪&8) ‬ـ‪& \CCَ&1)$Q‬و ‪ ‬‬
‫&ـ‪ (H*Q‬‬
‫=&ـ*&و‪& ‬ؤ&د‪&P‬ـ*&ن&ا&د‪&) ‬ـ*‪&? ‬ـ&َ ‪&$‬ي&ز&ا‪& ‬ذ‪&91#‬ـ(‪&4 ‬ـ* &ِ&ر&ي&ر&ا&د‪&ِ& *nَ&+ ‬ر&َ ‪&T‬ـ\‪& ‬و‪&= ‬ـ*‪&9$F ‬ـ‪&R‬ا&د‪َ& 8C9 ‬‬
‫;‪&V‬ـ\‪&9*B #‬ـ‪&َ& R‬ي‪&= ‬ـ*‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&*; ‬و&ة&ر‪&? ‬ـ‪&1‬ة&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&`H ‬ـ‪&1‬ن&و ‪&; ‬ـ*‪&O‬م‪&89R9$F */ َ&*P ‬ـ‪ *)*TC‬‬
‫;&ـ*&ي&ر&ؤ&ز‪&2*= ‬ـ*&ر‪&4*T; ‬ـ‪&1‬ي‪&)*َ&َ&P ‬ـ( &‪ ‬ر&َ‪&J/‬ـ‪&K‬ن&و&ا‪& ‬و ‪&4*B ‬ـ‪&$‬و‪&9*N ‬ـ‪& َR& 9$F R‬ـ>‪&/ َ&' ‬ـ*&ة&و‪ ‬‬
‫=*& &ذَ &ـ&ـ‪&H K‬ـ&ـ@&ة&ر &‪ ‬ة&د‪&2‬ـ&ـ*‪ & (/َ&+O‬ة&ر&ة&د;*‪&91F‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ر)‪&K‬ة&د‪&C)*َ&َ&P ()*#‬ـ&ـ(‪&P1# ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ‪&CTC#1‬ـ(‪&P1# ‬ـ‪&$‬د‪&P ‬ـ‪&1‬ن&ة&و‪& ‬و&ة&ز‪&#‬ـ‪&R‬ن&ا‪#‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫;‪",:,‬خ"ة"و("ز"ا‪"($ 84‬ي"د"ر‬
‫!‪&)  #‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&د&ر)‪&1‬ن‪&  ‬ر&ؤ&ز‪&H‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ر‪&=  ‬ـ&ـ*&ى&ذ&د‪&  ‬ة&د‪&2‬ـ&ـ*‪&R+O‬ة&ر&ا‪&CC91C;  ‬ـ&ـ*)‪&1‬ن‪&  ‬ا&ر'* &ِ&ر‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ن&و ‪ ‬‬
‫&ر&و&ز;&ـ&ـ*&ي‪&1H ‬ر‪&#‬ـ&ـ^‪&ِ& @? ‬ر?&ـ&ـ*)‪&1C91‬ن ‪&= -‬ـ&ـ*&م‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&*9O1‬ي‪& ‬ا&و&د‪&#‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&  ‬ا&ر;‪&K‬و&و&د?&ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا ‪ -‬‬
‫=*;&ـ&ـ*&ر‪&Y ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ز‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ر)‪&K‬ة&د‪&CC)*َ&َ&P ‬ـ&ـ*)‪&1‬ن‪&; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ة&و‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&*Y ‬ز‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ة&و&و&د‪&;*; ‬ـ &َ‬
‫&ـ(‪&CB ‬ـ&ـ‪ r‬‬
‫=*‪&& ِ& *n4‬رَ &ـ>‪&; ‬ـ* &‪ ‬ـ&ئ‪&1‬ي&د&ا&ز &‪ ‬ة&د‪&2‬ـ*‪&1C91)*+O‬ن‪&C' ‬ـ‪&1‬ة&د‪&/; ‬ـ*&ن‪&:H #‬ـ*‪&= ‬ـ*&و‪&2 ‬ـ‪&$T‬ة&ر‪&21C2 ‬ـ‪ *CC‬‬
‫‪&$ َ&9‬و&ة&د&َ*‪&91CC+‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$) ‬ة&د&ر)‪&91‬ـ&ـ( &‪ ‬ا&د;&ـ&ـ*&ش‪&)  ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ة&و&و&د &‪ ‬ر&ؤ&ز &‪ ‬ة&د‪&/ َ&4‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ر)‪&*;1‬ر‪&#‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫‪&91CC)*َ&َ&P‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬و‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*‪&$#*' (91)*CCQP‬ة‪&/C#R9‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ن&د‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*&و‪&  ‬و‪&+O‬ـ&ـ*‪&?  ‬ـ&ـ‪&1P1‬و‪&*C#‬ا&د‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪&#1C+ ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪ ‬‬
‫‪&8C9‬ـ&ـ‪&$;  \َ&H*Q‬ة&و‪&+‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ر&َ ‪&:‬ـ&ـ‪&;*= K‬ـ&ـ*&م&ة&د&ر‪&$; ‬و‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪&)*CCQَ&)*# ‬ـ&ـ(‪&*Q' ‬و‪&+‬ـ&ـ‪&19*= K‬و‪&91#‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪#‬‬
‫&ة&د‪&$+‬ا‪& َK& 9‬ـ!‪&2 ‬ـ*&ة&ر‪&1+‬ي‪&*+*9 ‬ة&و‪&$P‬ز&ا‪&C#‬ـ*‪&1B ‬و‪&*N‬ر‪&*)*P‬ي &‪ ‬ئ&َ "&ـ‪&1#1Q‬ن‪&ِ& *:; ‬ر&َ‪&*Qَ&KT‬ة&و‪ ‬‬

‫‪19‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز "‪ ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫;&ـ&ـ@‪&91)*C#1+@)  ‬ـ&ـ(‪&2  ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ة&د‪&9  ‬ـ&ـ@&ة&د&ز‪&  ‬و‪&2  ‬ـ&ـ*&ة&ر‪&2  (91)1+‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ة&د‪&"C;  ‬ـ&ـ!‪&)*#  #‬ـ&ـ*&م‪ ‬‬

‫&ذ&ؤ&ر‪&419‬ـ*&ي‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬ي&د&ر‪&= ‬ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ‪&= &8(% 6َ&1‬ـ*‪&CB1U ‬ـ‪&K‬ة‪&/'1N ‬ـ‪&K‬ا‪& ‬و‪&= ‬ـ*&و‪&+1) ‬ـ*&ة&و‪&4 ‬ـ‪&1‬ة&و‪&14 ‬ة&و‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&? ‬ـ&ـ‪&CH1CH (Tَ&$‬ـ&ـ‪&; 1‬ـ&ـ‪&g‬و‪&K) ‬ة&و&ا‪&+‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و (;&ـ&ـ@‪&9$`9 ‬ـ&ـ*‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&891? ‬ـ&ـ‪&+K:)*# (TC‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬و)‪&= #‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫‪&2‬ـ‪&& (*( 6َ&1‬ا&د‪&= ‬ـ*‪&2$U ‬ـ‪&)*#*91# *CTQ9*Q‬ـ(‪&21C2 ‬ـ‪&) (C‬ـ‪&$‬د&ر &‪ ‬ا&د‪&*4‬ر&ز&َ ‪&T‬ـ‪&K‬ا ‪& ‬ا&و&د‪&#K+‬ـ^‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ*‪&0*; ‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪& ‬و‪َ& 2$4 ‬‬
‫&ـ‪&91# m‬ـ*&ي‪&+ ‬ـ‪&K‬ي‪&*=  ‬و‪&H‬ـ@&ة&ر‪& ‬ا&د‪&*4‬ر&ز&َ ‪&T‬ـ‪&K‬ن&ا‪&= #‬ـ*&و‪&+1) ‬ـ*&ا&د ‪&$) ‬ا&د&ر‪&9‬ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫&د‪&#‬ـ‪&$‬ن&ا‪& ‬و‪& ‬ئ*‪&9*4$M9‬ـ(‪&KC' ‬ا‪&9‬ـ( &‪ ‬و&ة&د&َ*‪&+‬ـ(‪&2$c ‬ـ`‪ & 691‬ة&د‪&2‬ـ‪&1CQ‬ن‪&) ‬ـ‪&K‬د‪&; ‬ـ*&ي&ة&و‪&T َ&'*= ‬ـ‪&1‬و‪ ‬‬
‫&ي&ز&ؤ&د‪&)  ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ا&د&د&ر‪&;*P ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ت‪&/; ‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪#‬‬

‫‪&= #%‬ـ&ـ* &‪ ‬ي&ا&و&د‪&:9*H ‬ـ&ـ(‪&4*)*# ‬ـ&ـ‪&CC91GCH 6‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‪&*Tَ&$9 ‬ا&ر‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&Kp9@) ‬ا‪&"9‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ‪&?1‬ـ&ـ‪&1' (CQ‬ر‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪& s‬و‪&*B ‬ة&و&ر‪&B‬ـ&ـ‪&= 1‬ـ&ـ*‪&41T91`#*' ‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&8#KoC2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&?*; ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ر&ا‪&; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ن&و ‪&) ‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬
‫&ئ*‪&4‬ـ*&ي‪& ‬ا&و&د‪&C#‬ـ‪&1‬ن‪&891? ‬ـ‪&+K:)*# (TC‬ـ‪& $‬و‪&*X ‬ة&ر‪&"9‬ـ‪& 1‬و‪& ‬ئ‪&C َ&1QC‬ـ‪&1‬ي‪& َ+&  ‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪&?*; ‬ـ‪&R‬ر&ا‪&; ‬ـ‪&$‬ن&و‪ ‬‬
‫&و‪& ‬ا&و&د‪&+‬ـ&ـ‪&F*= K‬ـ&ـ* &َ&ل‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ا&د‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&:914 ‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬ئ‪&;1‬ـ&ـ( *‪& &(0‬ا&د‪&C#1+@) ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪&' ‬ـ &َ‬
‫&ـ(‪&T َ&B ‬ـ&ـ‪&  1‬ـ&ـ&ئ*&و‪ ‬‬
‫'*‪&#*41T91`#‬ـ*‪&X14 ‬ـ(‪& ‬ئ@‪&4@+@9‬ـ(‪&2*= ‬ـ*&ر‪&4*T; ‬ـ‪&1‬ي‪&*B ‬ر&َ`‪&C‬ـ(‪&= ‬ـ*&و‪&19 ‬و‪&*91N‬ا&د‪&) ‬ـ*‪&$) ‬د&ر‪ ‬‬
‫&ر&ؤ&ز‪&T#‬ـ&ـ*&ن‪& ‬و ‪&; -‬ـ&ـ*&و‪&*4 ‬ر‪&H‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&)*/َ&*P ‬ـ&ـ*‪&*91C; ‬و&َ ـ&ـ!‪& ‬و‪&َ&*4@) ‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&F ‬ـ&ـ*]&ن‪& ‬ا&ز&ة&ر‪&9*4‬ـ&ـ‪ R‬‬
‫;&َ ـ&ـ! ‪&X14 -‬ـ&ـ(‪& ‬و&ر&د‪&2‬ـ&ـ‪&K/Q‬د‪ & (9‬و&ة&د&َ *‪&+‬ـ&ـ(‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ر;*‪&@P‬ي‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&19 ‬و‪&N‬ـ&ـ*‪&$) ‬د&ر‪&91)*C#‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫‪&$+‬ر)‪&C‬ـ‪& 1‬و‪&K َ&c ‬ا‪&U‬ـ‪&R‬ا‪&; ‬ـ*‪&) ‬ـ‪&$‬د&ر &‪ ‬ا&و&ة&ر‪&VCTC; ‬ـ‪&$‬و‪&; #‬ـ*‪&O‬م‪&B*; ‬ـ@&ى‪&& ِ& 19 ‬را&ز&ة‪&#‬ـ(‪&$+ ‬ر)*)‪&91‬ـ*&ة&و‪ ‬‬
‫)&ـ&ـ*‪&*= ‬ذ&َ ـ&ـ‪&2 K‬ـ&ـ*&ر)‪&K‬ا&د‪&4*) (C+*#‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ل‪& ‬ئ*‪&$+1+‬ر)&ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ن&و ‪& ‬ـ&ـ&ئ*&م‪&#*41T91`#*' ‬ـ&ـ*‪&VU ‬ـ&ـ‪&َ& $‬ل‪ ‬‬
‫‪&)*9‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ا‪& ‬و‪&8َ&' ‬ـ&ـ‪&1CT‬ة&ر)‪&2 (91‬ـ&ـ*;‪&1‬ت&ة&ر‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&41T91`#*' ‬ـ&ـ*&ي‪&@= ‬ا&ز‪&9‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪& ‬و&و&د;&ـ&ـ‪&1‬ة&ر‪ ‬‬
‫‪&K)*9‬ا‪&9‬ـ*&ة&و ‪&) ‬ـ* &‪ ‬ـ&ئ*&م‪&#*41T91`#*' ‬ـ*&ي &‪ ‬ا&و&د‪&= (#‬ـ*‪&4*+ ‬ـ‪&$‬ي&ز ‪&& (0+‬ا&د‪&$ َ&9*= ‬ن&ا‪&891? ‬ـ‪ (TC‬‬
‫‪&+K:)*#‬ـ&ـ‪& $‬و‪&$+ ‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ا&د &‪ ‬و&و&ذ&ا&و‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ا‪#‬‬

‫‪&M4*)*# #8‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ر‪&1' ‬ر‪&+‬ـ&ـ(‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ*&ر;*‪&) (#@P‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ا&و&د‪&:9*H ‬ـ&ـ(‪&4*)*# ‬ـ&ـ‪&CC91GCH  6‬ـ&ـ*&ة&و‪ ‬‬
‫=&ـ&ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ر‪& 1#‬ا&د‪&4‬ـ&ـ*&ا&ر&ز‪&$) #‬ا&د&ر‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪&#*; ‬ـ&ـ‪&K‬ت&و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&T;$= ‬ـ&ـ‪&1‬ن‪& ‬و‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪& ‬ا&ر;‪&K‬و&و&د?&ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&$) ‬ا&د&ر‪&9‬ـ&ـ(‪ ‬‬
‫&د‪&?*`#‬ـ&ـ‪&91)]1N q‬ـ&ـ*‪&?*:91; ‬ـ&ـ*‪&1#‬ن‪&; ‬ـ&ـ@‪& ‬ي&ز&ؤ&د‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬د&ر‪& ‬و‪&A; ‬و‪&T+‬ـ&ـ*&ي&ة&و‪&1' ‬ن‪&$)-‬د&ر‪&#‬ـ&ـ‪ 6‬‬
‫&ة&د)&ـ&ـ‪&K‬د‪#‬‬

‫‪20‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫"ج‪"8‬و‪" &:‬و ‪" & ‬ت‪" ‬و‪"( ‬ی‪" ‬ب‪"$‬ش‪"8‬ر ‪" ‬ك‪"8‬س"د"ر'‪"$‬ن (‪" )1977-1961‬ل ‪" ‬ب‪" ‬ڵ ‪"$& ‬م ‪"2& ‬ێ‪" %%0‬ك‪"&$‬ی‪" ‬و "‪ ‬ر"ا"ز‪" ‬ی"ت‪" ‬د‪" ‬ر‪" ‬و ‪" ‬ب‪"  ‬ر('‪"$%&$‬ا"د‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪"(:‬ر‪#3$‬‬
‫(‪ & #‬ـ&ئ*&و‪&21C2 ‬ـ*‪&@P*; (+‬ئ&ر‪&1‬ا&و‪&VC#‬ـ‪&$‬ن&و‪& ‬و‪&$VC91`=*c*; ‬و‪&9‬ـ*&ي‪&) ‬ـ*‪&4@) ‬ـ‪&1‬ي&ر‪& َ$& 9 ‬ـ‪ 6‬‬
‫‪&$+‬ر)‪&C‬ـ&ـ‪&C+*#$+KF 1‬ـ&ـ*‪&; ‬ـ&ـ*&ر ‪&ِ& @? ‬ر?&ـ&ـ&َ‪&9$+ (/‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ي‪&) ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬ي&د&ر‪&= ‬ـ&ـ*‪&2 ‬ـ&ـ‪ & 0! - &(0' (9O1‬ا&د‪ ‬‬
‫;&ـ&ـ*&ي&ا&و&د‪&#@P ‬ـ&ـ‪&R‬ا‪&T َ&B ‬ـ&ـ‪&)  1‬ـ&ـ*‪&?*; ‬ـ&ـ&َ ‪&$‬ة‪&2 ()*#‬ـ&ـ*&ة&ر)(‪&1)@B ‬ة&ر)&ـ&ـ*&ي‪&Q#K; ‬ـ&ـ(‪&; ‬ـ&ـ‪&$‬و‪&= :‬ـ&ـ*‪ ‬‬