Mc lc

ii

Li ni u
Bn ang c trong tay tp I ca mt trong nhng sch bi tp gii tch (theo chng ti) hay nht th gii . Trc y, hu ht nhng ngi lm ton ca Vit Nam thng s dng hai cun sch ni ting sau (bng ting Nga v c dch ra ting Vit): 1. Bi tp gii tch ton hc ca Demidovich (B. P. Demidoviq; 1969,
Sbornik Zadaq i Upraneni i po Matematiqeskomu Analizu, Izdatel~stvo "Nauka", Moskva)

v 2. Gii tch ton hc, cc v d v bi tp ca Ljaszko, Bojachuk, Gai, G. P. Golobaq; 1975, MatemGolovach (I. I. Lxko, A. K. Boquk, . G. Ga,
Analiz v Primerah i Zadaqah, Tom 1, 2, Izdatel~stvo Vixa atiqeski Xkola).

ging dy hoc hc gii tch. Cn ch rng, cun th nht ch c bi tp v p s. Cun th hai cho li gii chi tit i vi phn ln bi tp ca cun th nht v mt s bi ton khc. Ln ny chng ti chn cun sch (bng ting Ba Lan v c dch ra ting Anh): 3. Bi tp gii tch. Tp I: S thc, Dy s v Chui s (W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Zadania z Analizy Matematycznej, Cze sc Pierwsza, Liczby Rzeczywiste, Ciagi i Szeregi Liczbowe, Wydawnictwo Universytetu Marii Curie Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 1996), iii

iv

Li ni u

4. Bi tp gii tch. Tp II: Lin tc v Vi phn (W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Zadania z Analizy Matematycznej, Czes c Druga, Funkcje Jednej ZmiennejRachunek Ro zniczowy, Wydawnictwo Universytetu Marii Curie Sklodowskiej, Lublin, 1998). bin dch nhm cung cp thm mt ti liu tt gip bn c hc v dy gii tch. Khi bin dch, chng ti tham kho bn ting Anh: 3*. W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis I, Real Numbers, Sequences and Series, AMS, 2000. 4*. W. J. Kaczkor, M. T. Nowak, Problems in Mathematical Analysis II, Continuity and Differentiation, AMS, 2001. Sch ny c cc u im sau: Cc bi tp c xp xp t d cho ti kh v c nhiu bi tp hay. Li gii kh y v chi tit. Kt hp c nhng tng hay gia ton hc s cp v ton hc hin i. Nhiu bi tp c ly t cc tp ch ni ting nh, American Mathematical Monthly (ting Anh), Mathematics Today (ting Nga), Delta (ting Balan). V th, sch ny c th dng lm ti liu cho cc hc sinh ph thng cc lp chuyn cng nh cho cc sinh vin i hc ngnh ton. Cc kin thc c bn gii cc bi tp trong sch ny c th tm trong 5. Nguyn Duy Tin, Bi Ging Gii Tch, Tp I, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni, 2000. 6. W. Rudin, Principles of Mathematical Analysis, McGraw -Hil Book Company, New York, 1964. Tuy vy, trc mi chng chng ti trnh by tm tt l thuyt gip bn c nh li cc kin thc c bn cn thit khi gii bi tp trong chng tng ng.

Li ni u

Tp I v II ca sch ch bn n hm s mt bin s (tr phn khng gian metric trong tp II). Kaczkor, Nowak chc s cn vit Bi Tp Gii Tch cho hm nhiu bin v php tnh tch phn. Chng ti ang bin dch tp II, sp ti s xut bn. Chng ti rt bit n : - Gio s Phm Xun Ym (Php) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting Anh tp I ca sch ny, - Gio s Nguyn Hu Vit Hng (Vit Nam) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting Anh tp II ca sch ny, - Gio s Spencer Shaw (M) gi cho chng ti bn gc ting Anh cun sch ni ting ca W. Rudin (ni trn), xut bn ln th ba, 1976, - TS Dng Tt Thng c v v to iu kin chng ti bin dch cun sch ny. Chng ti chn thnh cm n tp th sinh vin Ton - L K5 H o To C Nhn Khoa Hc Ti Nng, Trng HKHTN, HQGHN, c k bn tho v sa nhiu li ch bn ca bn nh my u tin. Chng ti hy vng rng cun sch ny s c ng o bn c n nhn v gp nhiu kin qu bu v phn bin dch v trnh by. Rt mong nhn c s ch gio ca qu v bn c, nhng kin gp xin gi v: Chi on cn b, Khoa
Ton C Tin hc, trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni, 334 Nguyn Tri, Thanh Xun, H Ni.

Xin chn thnh cm n. H Ni, Xun 2002. Nhm bin dch on Chi

Cc k hiu v khi nim

R - tp cc s thc R+ - tp cc s thc dng Z - tp cc s nguyn N - tp cc s nguyn dng hay cc s t nhin Q - tp cc s hu t (a; b) - khong m c hai u mt l a v b [a; b] - on (khong ng) c hai u mt l a v b [x] - phn nguyn ca s thc x Vi x 2 R, hm du ca x l 8 > <1 sgn x = 1 > : 0 vi x > 0; vi x < 0; vi x = 0:

Vi x 2 N,

(2n 1)!! = 1 3 5 ::: (2n 3) (2n 1): K hiu Newton. n

k

(2n)!! = 2 4 6 ::: (2n 2) (2n);

n! = 1 2 3 ::: n;

n! ; k!(nk)!

n; k 2 N; n k , l h s ca khai trin nh thc vii

viii

Cc k hiu v khi nim

Nu A R khc rng v b chn trn th ta k hiu sup A l cn trn ng ca n, nu n khng b chn trn th ta quy c rng sup A = +1. Nu A R khc rng v b chn di th ta k hiu inf A l cn di ng ca n, nu n khng b chn di th ta quy c rng inf A = 1. Dy fan g cc s thc c gi l n iu tng (tng ng n iu gim) nu an+1 an (tng ng nu an+1 an ) vi mi n 2 N. Lp cc dy n iu cha cc dy tng v gim. S thc c c gi l im gii hn ca dy fan g nu tn ti mt dy con fank g ca fan g hi t v c. Cho S l tp cc im t ca dy fan g. Cn di ng v cn trn ng ca dy , k hiu ln lt l lim an v lim an c xc nh nh sau 8 > <+1 lim an = 1 n!1 > : sup S 8 > <1 lim an = +1 > n!1 : inf S
n=1 1 Q n!1 n!1

nu fan g khng b chn trn; nu fan g b chn trn v S = ;; nu fan g b chn trn v S 6= ;; nu fan g khng b chn di; nu fan g b chn di v S = ;; nu fan g b chn di v S 6= ;;

Tch v hn

an hi t nu tn ti n0 2 N sao cho an 6= 0 vi n n0 v

dy fan0 an0 +1 ::: an0 +ng hi t khi n ! 1 ti mt gii hn P0 6= 0. S P = an0 an0 +1 ::: an0 +n P0 c gi l gi tr ca tch v hn. Trong phn ln cc sch ton nc ta t trc n nay, cc hm tang v ctang cng nh cc hm ngc ca chng c k hiu l tg x, cotg x, arctg x, arccotg x theo cch k hiu ca cc sch c ngun gc t Php v Nga, tuy nhin trong cc sch ton ca M v phn ln cc nc chu u, chng c k hiu tng t l tan x, cot x, arctan x, arccot x. Trong cun sch ny chng ti s s dng nhng k hiu ny bn c lm quen vi nhng k hiu c chun ho trn th gii.

Bi tp

Chng 1 Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.1 Gii hn ca hm s
Chng ta dng cc nh ngha sau. nh ngha 1. Hm f gi l tng (tng ng, tng thc s, gim, gim thc s) trn tp khc rng A 2 R nu x1 < x2 ; x1 ; x2 2 A ko theo f (x1 ) f (x2 ) (tng ng f (x1 ) < f (x2 ), f (x1 ) f (x2 ), f (x1 ) > f (x2 ) ). Hm tng hay gim

(tng ng, tng thc s hay gim thc s) gi l hm n iu (tng ng, n iu thc s)

nh ngha 2. Tp (a "; a + ") n fag, y " > 0 gi l ln cn khuyt ca im a 2 R

1.1.1. Tm cc gii hn hoc chng minh chng khng tn ti. 1 1 ; (a) lim x cos ; (b) lim x x!0 x!0 x x x b [x] ; a; b > 0; ; (c) lim (d) lim x!0 a x!0 x x p p cos( cos x) 3 2 : (e) lim x( x2 + 1 x3 + 1); (f) lim x!1 x!0 sin(sin x) 1.1.2. Gi s f : (a; a) n f0g ! R. Chng minh rng
(a) lim f (x) = l nu v ch nu lim f (sin x) = l,
x!0 x!0

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

(b) lim f (x) = l th lim f (jxj) = l. iu ngc li c ng khng ?

x!0 x!0

Chng minh rng lim f (x) = 1.

x!0

1.1.3. Gi s hm f : (a; a) n f0g ! (0; +1) tho mn lim (f (x) + f (1x) ) = 2.

x!0

1.1.4. Gi s f c xc nh trn ln cn khuyt ca a v lim (f (x)+ jf (1x)j ) = x!a 0. Tm lim f (x).

x!0

1.1.5. Chng minh rng nu f l hm b chn trn [0; 1] tho mn f (ax) = 1 bf (x) vi 0 x a v a; b > 1 th lim f (x) = f (0). +
x!0

1.1.6. Tnh
(a) (b)
x!0 1 lim (x2 (1 + 2 + 3 + + [ jx ])); j 1 2 k lim (x([ x ] + [x ] + + [x ])); k 2 N. [P (x)] , x!1 P (jxj)

x!0+

1.1.7. Tnh lim

y P (x) l a thc vi h s dng.

1.1.8. Ch ra bng v d rng iu kin ()

x!0

lim (f (x) + f (2x)) = 0

khng suy ra f c gii hn ti 0. Chng minh rng nu tn ti hm ' sao cho bt ng thc f (x) '(x) c tho mn trong mt ln cn khuyt ca

0 v lim '(x) = 0 , th () suy ra lim f (x) = 0.

x!0 x!0

1.1.9.
(a) Cho v d hm f tho mn iu kin
x!0

lim (f (x)f (2x)) = 0

v lim f (x) khng tn ti.

x!0

(b) Chng minh rng nu trong mt ln cn khuyt ca 0, cc bt ng thc f (x) jxj ;

x!0 1 2

lim f (x) = 0.

< < 1; v f (x)f (2x) jxj c tho mn, th

1.1.10. Cho trc s thc , gi s lim

Chng minh rng tn ti c sao cho g (a) = ca .

x!1

f (ax) x

= g (a) vi mi s dng a.

1.1.11. Gi s f : R ! R l hm n iu sao cho lim

minh rng lim
f (cx) x!1 f (x)

= 1 vi mi c > 0.

f (2x) x!1 f (x)

= 1. Chng

1.1.12. Chng minh rng nu a > 1 v 2 R th

(a)

ax = +1; x!1 x lim

(b)

ax = +1: x!1 x lim = 0.-

1.1.13. Chng minh rng nu > 0, th lim

ln x x!1 x

1.1.14. Cho a > 0, chng minh lim ax = 1. Dng ng thc ny chng x!0 minh tnh lin tc ca hm m. 1.1.15. Chng minh rng x 1 = e; (a) lim 1 + x!1 x
(c)
x!1

(b)

x!1

lim

lim (1 + x) x = e:

1 1+ x

= e;

1.1.16. Chng minh rng lim ln(1 + x) = 0. Dng ng thc ny, suy ra hm x!0 logarit lin tc trn (0; 1). 1.1.17. Tnh cc gii hn sau :
(a) (c)

ln(1 + x) ; lim x!0 x (1 + x) 1 ; 2 R: lim x!0 x

ax 1 ; a > 0; (b) lim x!0 x

1.1.18. Tm
(a) (c) (e)
x!1 x!0

lim (ln x) x ;
1

(b) (d)

x!0+ x!1

lim xsin x;
1

lim (cos x) sin2 x ;

x!0

lim (ex 1) x ;

lim (sin x) ln x :

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.1.19. Tm cc gii hn sau:

(a) (c)

sin 2x + 2 arctg 3x + 3x2 ; x!0 ln(1 + 3x + sin2 x) + xex p p 1 ex 1 cos x p lim ; x!0+ sin x lim x 1 )x ; 2x + 1
x!0

(b) (d)

ln cos x ; x!0 tg x2 lim

x!0

lim (1 + x2 )cotg x :

1.1.20. Tnh
(a)
x!1

lim (tg

(b)

x x lim x(ln(1 + ) ln ): x!1 2 2

1.1.21. Gi s rng lim g (x) = 0 v tn ti 2 R , cc s dng m; M sao +

cho m

M vi nhng gi tr dng ca x trong ln cn ca 0. Chng minh rng nu lim g (x) ln x = ; th lim f (x)g(x) = e . Trng hp = 1 + +
hoc = 1, ta gi s e1 = 1 v e1 = 0.
x!0 x!0

f (x) x

x!0

lim g (x)(f (x) 1) = , th lim f (x)g(x) = e .

x!0

1.1.22. Bit rng lim f (x) = 1 v lim g (x) = 1. Chng minh rng nu
x!0 x!0

1.1.23. Tnh p p 1 x x + x sin 2 sin (a) lim , x +

x!0

(b) lim 1 + xe
x!0

1 x2

1 sin x 4

e x12

1 x2

(c) lim 1 + e
x!0

1 x2

arctg

1 x2

+ xe

sin

1 x4

1.1.24. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho mi dyf (a + n); a 0; hi t ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f (x) c tn ti khng ?
x!1

e x12

1.1.25. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi s dng a, dyff (an)g, hi t ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f (x) c tn ti khng ?
x!1

1.1.26. Cho f : [0; +1) ! R l hm sao cho vi mi a 0 v mi b > 0, dyff (a + bn)g; a 0; hi t ti khng. Hi gii hn lim f (x) c tn ti x!1 khng ?

f (x) x) 1.1.27. Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) = 0 v lim f (2x)x = 0 th lim f ( = x!0 x!0 x!0 x 0.

1.1.28. Gi s f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn x) (a; b) ; a < b. Chng minh rng nu lim (f (x + 1) f (x)) = l, th lim f ( = l. x
x!+1 x!0

1.1.29. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn di trn mi khong hu hn (a; b) ; a < b. Chng minh rng nu lim (f (x + 1) f (x)) = +1, th lim f (x) x!0 x = +1.
x!+1

1.1.30. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn f (x) (a; b) ; a < b. Nu vi s nguyn khng m k , lim f (x+1) tn ti, th xk
x!+1

1 f (x) f (x + 1) f (x) = lim : k +1 x!+1 x k + 1 x!+1 xk lim 1.1.31. Cho f xc nh trn (a; +1), b chn trn mi khong hu hn (a; b) ; a < b v gi s f (x) c > 0 vi x 2 (a; +1). Chng minh rng nu 1 x+1) tn ti, th lim f (x) x cng tn ti v lim f ( f (x)
x!+1 x!+1

x!+1

lim (f (x)) x = lim 1 1

x

x!+1

f (x + 1) : f (x)
x!0

1.1.32. Gi thit rng lim f x!0 khng ?

= 0. T c suy ra lim f (x) tn ti

a 1.1.33. Cho f : R ! R sao cho vi mi a 2 R, dy f ( n ) hi t ti khng. Hi f c gii hn ti 0 khng ? 1 1 1.1.34. Chng minh rng nu lim f x x x = 0, th lim f (x) = 0.
x!0 x!0

1.1.35. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng ( gim ) trn (a; b), th vi mi x0 2 (a; b), f (x) = inf f (x) (a) f (x+ 0 ) = lim +
x!x0 x>x0

(f (x+ 0 ) = sup f (x));

x>x0

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

(b) f (x f (x) = sup f (x) 0 ) = lim

x!x0 x<x0 + (c) f (x 0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 )

(f (x 0 ) = inf f (x));
x<x0

+ (f (x 0 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 )).

1.1.36. Chng minh rng nu f n iu tng trn (a; b), th vi mi x0 2 (a; b),
(a) (b)
x!x0 x!x0

lim+ f (x ) = f (x+ 0 ); lim f (x+ ) = f (x 0 ):

1.1.37. Chng minh nh l Cauchy sau y. f c gii hn hu hn khi x ! a, iu kin cn v l vi mi " > 0 tn ti > 0 sao cho 0 0 jf (x) f (x )j < " bt c khi no 0 < jx aj < v 0 < jx aj < . Lp cng thc v chng minh iu kin cn v tng t lim f (x) tn ti.
x!1

1.1.38. Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) = A v lim g (y ) = B , th lim g (f (x)) = B vi gi thit (g f )(x) = g (f (x)) c xc nh v f khng nhn gi tr A trong ln cn khuyt ca a. 1.1.39. Tm cc hm f v g sao cho lim f (x) = A v lim g (y ) = B , nhng
x!a x!a y!A x!a y !A x!a

lim g (f (x)) 6= B .

1.1.40. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. K hiu f n l php lp th n ca f ; tc l, f 1 = f v f n = f f n1 vi n 2. Chng n (0) n (x) n (0) = lim f n minh rng nu lim f n tn ti, th vi mi x 2 R; lim f n 1.1.41. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. Ngoi ra, gi s f (0) > 0 v p l s nguyn dng c nh. K hiu f n l php lp th n ca f . Chng minh rng nu mp l s nguyn dng nh nht sao cho f mp (0) > 0, th p f n (0) f n (0) p 1 + f (0) lim lim + : n!1 n mp n!1 n mp mp 1.1.42. Gi s f : R ! R l hm tng v x 7! f (x) x c chu k 1. Chng n (x) minh rng lim f n tn ti v nhn cng gi tr vi mi x 2 R, y f n k n!1 hiu php lp th n ca f .
n!1 n!1 n!1

1.2 Cc tnh cht ca hm lin tc

1.2.1. Tm tt c cc im lin tc ca hm f xc nh bi ( 0 nu x v t, f (x) = sin jxj nu x hu t. 1.2.2. Xcnh tp cc im lin tc ca hm f c cho bi ( x2 1 nu x v t, f (x) = 0 nu x hu t. 1.2.3. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca cc hm sau: 8 > <0 nu x v t hoc x = 0, f (x) = 1 (a) nu x = p=q; p 2 Z; q 2 N, v q > : p; q nguyn t cng nhau, 8 > nu x v t hoc x = 0, <jxj f (x) = qx=(qx + 1) nu x = p=q; p 2 Z; q 2 N, v (b) > : p; q nguyn t cng nhau,

(Hm nh ngha (a) c gi l hm Riemann.)

1.2.4. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C ([a; b]), th jf j 2 C ([a; b]). Ch ra bng v d rng iu ngc li khng ng. 1.2.5. Xc nh tt c cc an v bn sao cho hm xc nh bi ( an + sin x nu x 2 [2n; 2n + 1]; n 2 Z , f (x) = bn + cos x nu x 2 (2n 1; 2n); n 2 Z ,
lin tc trn R.

1.2.6. Cho f (x) = [x2 ] sin x vi x 2 R. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca f . 1 f (x) = [x] + (x [x])[x] vi x : 2 Chng minh rng f lin tc v tng thc s trn [1; 1). 1.2.7. Bit

10

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.2.8. Nghin cu tnh lin tc ca cc hm sau y v v th ca chng

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

f (x) = lim f (x) = lim f (x) = lim

nx nx x x ; n!1 n +n x2 enx +x ; nx n!1 e +1 ln(en +xn ) ; n n!1

x 2 R; x 2 R; x 0;
1 ; x2n

q f (x) = lim n 4n + x2n +

n!1 n!1

x 6= 0; x 2 R:

f (x) = lim

2n

p cos2n x + sin2n x;

1.2.9. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R lin tc v tun hon th n c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht. 1.2.10. Cho P (x) = x2n + a2n1 x2n1 + + a1 x + a0 , chng minh rng tn ti x 2 R sao cho P (x ) = inf fP (x) : x 2 Rg. Cng chng minh rng gi tr tuyt i ca mi a thc P c gi tr nh nht; tc l, tn ti x 2 R sao cho jP (x )j = inf fjP (x)j : x 2 Rg. 1.2.11.
(a) Cho v d v hm b chn trn [0; 1] nhng khng c gi tr nh nht, cng khng c gi tr ln nht. (b) Cho v d v hm b chn trn [0; 1] nhng khng c gi tr nh nht trn mi on [a; b] [0; 1]; a < b.

1.2.12. Cho f : R ! R; x0 2 R v > 0, t !f (x0 ; ) = supfjf (x) f (x0 )j : x 2 R; jx x0 j < g !f (x0 ; ). Chng minh rng f lin tc ti x0 nu v ch nu v !f (x0 ) = lim + !f (x0 ) = 0. 1.2.13.
!0

11

(a) Cho f; g 2 C ([a; b]) v vi x 2 [a; b], t h(x) = minff (x); g (x)g v

H (x) = maxff (x); g (x)g. Chng minh rng h; H 2 C ([a; b]).

(b) Cho f1 ; f2 ; f3 2 C ([a; b]) v vi x 2 [a; b], t f (x) l mt trong ba gi tr

f1 (x); f2 (x) v f3 (x) m nm gia hai gi tr cn li. Chng minh rng f 2 C ([a; b]).

1.2.14. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C ([a; b]), th cc hm c xc nh bi m(x) = inf ff ( ) : 2 [a; x]g v M (x) = supff ( ) : 2 [a; x]g
cng lin tc trn [a; b].

1.2.15. Gi f l hm b chn trn [a; b]. Chng minh rng cc hm c xc nh bi m(x) = inf ff ( ) : 2 [a; x)g v M (x) = supff ( ) : 2 [a; x)g
cng lin tc trn (a; b).

1.2.16. Vi cc gi thit ca bi ton trc, kim tra cc hm m (x) = inf ff ( ) : 2 [a; x]g v M (x) = supff ( ) : 2 [a; x]g
c lin tc tri trn (a; b) hay khng ?

1.2.17. Gi s f lin tc trn [a; 1) v lim f (x) hu hn. Chng minh rng x!1 f b chn trn [a; 1). 1.2.18. Cho f l hm lin tc trn R v t fxn g l dy b chn. Cc bt ng thc sau lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ) v lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn )
n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

c ng khng ?

1.2.19. Cho f : R ! R l hm lin tc, tng v gi fxn g l dy b chn. Chng minh rng

12

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

(a) (b)

lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn );

n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ):

1.2.20. Cho f : R ! R l hm lin tc, gim v gi fxn g l dy b chn. Chng minh rng
(a) (b)

lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn );

n!1 n!1 n!1 n!1

lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ):

x!1

1.2.21. Gi s f lin tc trn R;

nh g bng cch t

lim f (x) = 1 v lim f (x) = +1. Xc

x!1

g (x) = supft : f (t) < xg vi x 2 R:

(a) Chng minh rng g lin tc tri. (b) g c lin tc khng ?

1.2.22. Cho f : R ! R l hm tun hon lin tc vi hai chu k khng thng 1 c T1 v T2 ; tc l T v t. Chng minh rng f l hm hng. Cho v d T2 hm tun hon khc hm hng c hai chu k khng thng c. 1.2.23.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm lin tc, tun hon, khc hm hng, th n c chu k dng nh nht, gi l chu k c bn. (b) Cho v d hm tun hon khc hm hng m khng c chu k c bn. (c) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm tun hon khng c chu k c bn, th tp tt c cc chu k ca f tr mt trong R.

1.2.24.

13

(a) Chng minh rng nh l trong mc (a) ca bi ton trc vn cn ng khi tnh lin tc ca f trn R c thay th bi tnh lin tc ti mt im. (b) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l hm tun hon khng c chu k c bn v nu n lin tc ti t nht mt im, th n l hm hng.

x!1

1.2.25. Chng minh rng nu f; g : R ! R l hm lin tc, tun hon v lim (f (x) g (x)) = 0 th f = g .

1.2.26. Cho v d hai hm tun hon f v g sao cho mi chu k ca f khng thng c vi mi chu k ca g v sao cho f + g
(a) khng tun hon, (b) tun hon.

1.2.27. Cho f; g : R ! R l cc hm lin tc v tun hon ln lt vi chu 1 2 = Q, th h = f + g khng k c bn dng T1 v T2 . Chng minh rng nu T T2 l hm tun hon. 1.2.28. Cho f; g : R ! R l cc hm tun hon .Gi s f lin tc v khng c chu k no ca g thng c vi chu k c bn ca f . Chng minh rng f + g khng l hm tun hon. 1.2.29. Chng minh rng tp cc im gin on ca hm n iu f : R ! R khng qu m c. 1.2.30. Gi s f lin tc trn [0; 1]. Chng minh rng 1X k (1)k f ( ) = 0: n!1 n n k=1 lim 1.2.31. Cho f lin tc trn [0; 1]. Chng minh rng n 1 X k k n lim n (1) f ( ) = 0: n!1 2 k n k=0
n

14

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.2.32. Gi s f : (0; 1) ! R l hm lin tc sao cho f (x) f (nx) vi mi s dng x v mi s t nhin n. Chng minh rng lim f (x) tn ti (hu x!1 hn hoc v hn). 1.2.33. Hm f xc nh trn khong I R c gi l li trn I nu f (x1 + (1 )x2 ) f (x1 ) + (1 )f (x2 )
th n lin tc. Hm li trn khong bt k c nht thit lin tc khng ? vi mi x1 ; x2 2 I v 2 (0; 1). Chng minh rng nu f li trn khong m,

1.2.34. Chng minh rng nu dy ffn g cc hm lin tc trn A hi t u ti f trn A, th f lin tc trn A.

1.3 Tnh cht gi tr trung gian

Ta nhc li nh ngha sau: nh ngha 3. Hm thc f c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong I cha [a; b] nu f (a) < v < f (b) hoc f (b) < v < f (a); tc l, nu v nm gia

f (a) v f (b), th tn ti c nm gia a v b sao cho f (c) = v . 1.3.1. Cho cc v d cc hm c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong I nhng khng lin tc trn khong ny. 1.3.2. Chng minh rng hm tng thc s f : [a; b] ! R c tnh cht gi tr trung gian th lin tc trn [a; b]. 1.3.3. Cho f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] lin tc. Chng minh rng f c im c nh trong [0; 1]; tc l, tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho f (x0 ) = x0 . 1.3.4. Gi s f; g : [a; b] ! R lin tc sao cho f (a) < g (a) v f (b) > g (b). Chng minh rng tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho f (x0 ) = g (x0 ).

15

1.3.5. Cho f : R ! R lin tc v tun hon vi chu k T > 0. Chng minh rng tn ti x0 sao cho T f x0 + = f (x0 ): 2 1.3.6. Hm f : (a; b) ! R lin tc. Chng minh rng, vi x1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn cho trc trong (a; b), tn ti x0 2 (a; b) sao cho f (x0 ) = 1.3.7.
(a) Chng minh rng phng trnh (1 x) cos x = sin x c t nht mt nghim trong (0; 1). (b) Vi a thc khc khng P , chng minh rng phng trnh jP (x)j = ex c t nht mt nghim.

1 (f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )): n

u l thc.

1.3.8. Vi a0 < b0 < a1 < b1 < < an < bn , chng minh rng mi nghim ca a thc n n Y Y P (x) = (x + ak ) + 2 (x + bk ); x 2 R;
k=0 k=0

1.3.9. Gi s f v g c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn [a; b]. Hi f + g c tnh cht gi tr trung gian trn khong khng ? 1.3.10. Gi s f 2 C ([0; 2]) v f (0) = f (2). Chng minh rng tn ti x1 v x2 trong [0; 2] sao cho x2 x1 = 1 v f (x2 ) = f (x1 ):
Gii thch ngha hnh hc kt qu trn.

1.3.11. Cho f 2 C ([0; 2]). Chng minh rng tn ti x1 v x2 trong [0; 2] sao cho 1 x2 x1 = 1 v f (x2 ) f (x1 ) = (f (2) f (0)): 2

16

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.3.12. Vi n 2 N, gi f 2 C ([0; n]) sao cho f (0) = f (n). Chng minh rng tn ti x1 v x2 trong [0; n] tho mn x2 x1 = 1 v f (x2 ) = f (x1 ): 1.3.13. Hm lin tc f trn [0; n]; n 2 N, tho mn f (0) = f (n). Chng minh 0 0 rng vi mi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g, tn ti xk v xk sao cho f (xk ) = f (xk ), 0 0 y xk xk = k hoc xk xk = n k . Hi vi mi k 2 f1; 2; : : : ; n 1g, c tn 0 0 0 ti xk v xk sao cho f (xk ) = f (xk ), y xk xk = k ? 1.3.14. 6 Vi n 2 N, gi f 2 C ([0; n]) sao cho f (0) = f (n). Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = f (y ) c t nht n nghim vi x y 2 N. 1.3.15. Gi s cc hm thc lin tc f v g xc nh trn R giao hon vi nhau; tc l, f (g (x)) = g (f (x)) vi mi x 2 R. Chng minh rng nu phng trnh f 2 (x) = g 2 (x) c nghim, th phng trnh f (x) = g (x) cng c nghim ( y f 2 (x) = f (f (x)) v g 2 (x) = g (g (x)) ). Ch ra v d rng gi thit v tnh lin tc ca f v g trong bi ton trn khng th b qua. 1.3.16. Chng minh rng n nh lin tc f : R ! R th hoc tng thc s, hoc gim thc s. 1.3.17. Gi s f : R ! R l dn nh lin tc. Chng minh rng nu tn ti n sao cho php lp th n ca f l nh x ng nht, tc l, f n (x) = x vi mi x 2 R, th
(a) f (x) = x; x 2 R, nu f tng thc s, (b) f 2 (x) = x; x 2 R, nu f gim thc s.

1.3.18. Gi s f : R ! R tho mn iu kin f (f (x)) = f 2 (x) = x; x 2 R.Chng minh rng f khng th lin tc. 1.3.19. Tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R c tnh cht gi tr trung gian v tn ti n 2 N sao cho f n (x) = x; x 2 R, y f n k hiu php lp th n ca f .

17

1.3.20. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R c tnh cht gi tr trung gian v f 1 (fq g) ng vi mi q hu t, th f lin tc. 1.3.21. Gi s f : (a; 1) ! R lin tc v b chn. Chng minh rng, vi T cho trc, tn ti dy fxng sao cho
n!1

lim xn = +1 v lim (f (xn + T ) f (xn )):

n!1

1.3.22. Cho v d hm lin tc f : R ! R t mi gi tr ca n ng ba ln. Hi c tn ti hay khng hm lin tc f : R ! R t mi gi tr ca n ng hai ln ? 1.3.23. Cho f : [0; 1] ! R lin tc v n iu thc s tng mnh. (Hm f gi l n iu thc s tng mnh trn [0; 1], nu tn ti phn hoch ca [0; 1] thnh hu hn khong con [ti1 ; ti ], y i = 1; 2; : : : ; n v 0 = t0 < t1 < < tn = 1, sao cho f n iu trn mi khong con .) Chng minh rng f nhn mt trong cc gi tr ca n mt s l ln. 1.3.24. Hm lin tc f : [0; 1] ! R nhn mi gi tr ca n hu hn ln v f (0) 6= f (1). Chng minh rng f nhn mt trong cc gi tr ca n mt s l ln. 1.3.25. Gi s f : K ! K lin tctrn tp con compact K R. Ngoi ra, gi s x0 2 K l s sao cho mi im gii hn ca dy lp ff n (x0 )g l im c nh ca f . Chng minh rng ff n (x0 )g hi t. 1.3.26. Hm f : R ! R lin tc, tng sao cho F xc nh bi F (x) = f (x) x n (0) tun hon vi chu k 1. Chng minh rng nu (f ) = lim f n , th tn ti x0 2 [0; 1] sao cho F (x0 ) = (f ). Chng minh thm rng f c im bt ng trong [0; 1] nu v ch nu (f ) = 0. (Xem cc bi ton 1.1.40 - 1.1.42.) 1.3.27. Hm f : [0; 1] ! R tho mn f (0) < 0 v f (1) > 0, v tn ti hm g lin tc trn [0; 1] sao cho f + g gim. Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim trong khong m (0; 1).
n!1

18

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.3.28. Chng minh rng mi song nh f : R ! [0; 1) c v hn im gin on. 1.3.29. Nhc li rng mi x 2 (0; 1) c th c biu din bi s nh phn (binary fraction) :a1 a2 a3 : : : , y ai 2 f0; 1g; i = 1; 2; : : : . Trong trng hp x c hai khai trin nh phn khc nhau, ta chn khai trin c v hn ch s 1. Tip , gi hm f : (0; 1) ! [0; 1] c xc nh bi 1X f (x) = lim ai : n!1 n i=1
n

gi tr trung gian.

Chng minh rng f gin on ti mi x 2 (0; 1), tuy nhin, n c tnh cht

1.4 Hm na lin tc
nh ngha 4. H thng s thc m rng R bao gm h thng s thc v hai k hiu +1,1 vi cc tnh cht sau : (i) Nu x thc, th 1 < x < +1, v x + 1 = +1; x 1 = 1;
x 1 x +1

= 0.

(ii) Nu x > 0, th x (+1) = +1, x (1) = 1. (iii) Nu x < 0, th x (+1) = 1, x (1) = +1. nh ngha 5. Nu A R l tp khc rng, th sup A (tng ng inf A) l hn) hoc bng mi phn t ca A. Cho f l hm thc xc nh trn tp khc rng A R. nh ngha 6. Nu x0 l im gii hn ca A, th gii hn di (tng ng gii hn trn) ca f (x) khi x ! x0 c nh ngha l inf (tng ng sup) hi t ti x0 v y = lim f (xn ). Gii hn di v gii hn trn ca f (x) khi ca tp tt c cc y 2 R sao cho tn ti dy fxn g cc im trong A khc x0 ,
n!1 x!x0

s thc m rng nh nht (tng ng, ln nht) m ln hn (tng ng, nh

x ! x0 c k hiu tng ng bi lim f (x) v lim f (x).

x!x0

19

nh ngha 7. Mt hm gi tr thc gi l na lin tc di (tng ng trn) ti x0 2 A; x0 l im gii hn ca A, nu lim f (x) f (x0 ) (tng ng lin tc trn v di ti im ny.
x!x0 x!x0

lim f (x) f (x0 )). Nu x0 l im c lp ca A, th ta gi s rng f l na 1.4.1. Chng minh rng nu x0 l im gii hn ca A v f : A ! R, th
(a) (b)
x!x0 x!x0

lim f (x) = sup inf ff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < ;

>0

lim f (x) = inf supff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < :

>0

1.4.2. Chng minh rng nu x0 l im gii hn ca A v f : A ! R, th

(a) (b)
x!x0 x!x0

lim f (x) = sup inf ff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < ;

!0+ !0

lim f (x) = inf+ supff (x)g : x 2 A; 0 < jx x0 j < :

1.4.3. Chng minh rng y0 2 R l gii hn di ca f : A ! R ti im gii hn x0 ca A nu v ch nu vi mi " > 0, hai iu kin sau y c tho mn :
(i) tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) > y0 " vi mi x 2 A v 0 < jx x0 j < ; (ii) vi mi > 0, tn ti x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x) < y0 + ": Thit lp bi ton tng t cho gii hn trn ca f ti x0 :
0 0

1.4.4. Cho f : A ! R v x0 l im ti hn ca A. Chng minh rng

(a) lim f (x) = 1 nu v ch nu vi mi y thc v vi mi > 0, tn ti
x!x0
0 0 0

x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x ) < y .

(b) lim f (x) = +1 nu v ch nu vi mi y thc v vi mi > 0, tn ti

x 2 A sao cho 0 < jx x0 j < v f (x ) > y .

x!x0
0

20

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.4.5. Gi s f : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng nu l = lim f (x) (tng ng L = lim f (x)), th tn ti dy fxn g; xn 2 A; xn 6= x0 ,
hi t ti x0 sao cho l = lim f (xn ) (tng ng L = lim f (xn )).
n!1 n!1 x!x0 x!x0

1.4.6. Cho f : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng

x!x0

lim (f (x)) = lim f (x) v lim (f (x)) = lim f (x):

x!x0 x!x0 x!x0

1.4.7. Cho f : A ! (0; 1) v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng 1 1 1 1 = = : v lim x!x0 f (x) lim f (x) lim f (x) x!x0 f (x) lim
x!x0 1 0+ x!x0

(Ta gi s rng

1 +1

= 0 v

= +1.)

1.4.8. Gi s f; g : A ! R v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng cc bt ng thc sau y ng (tr trng hp cc dng bt nh +1 1 v 1 + 1):
x!x0

lim f (x) + lim g (x) lim (f (x) + g (x)) lim f (x) + lim g (x)
x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) + g (x)) lim f (x) + lim g (x):

Cho v d cc hm sao cho
00 00

<00 .

00 trong cc bt ng thc trn c thay bi

1.4.9. Gi s f; g : A ! [0; 1) v x0 l im gii hn ca A. Chng minh rng cc bt ng thc sau y ng (tr trng hp cc dng bt nh 0 (+1) v (+1) 0):
x!x0

lim f (x) lim g (x) lim (f (x) g (x)) lim f (x) lim g (x)
x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) g (x)) lim f (x) lim g (x):

Cho v d cc hm sao cho
00 00

<00 .

00 trong cc bt ng thc trn c thay bi

21

1.4.10. Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) tn ti, th (tr trng hp cc dng
bt nh +1 1 v 1 + 1):
x!x0 x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x);

x!0 x!0 x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) + g (x)) = lim f (x) + lim g (x):

Ngoi ra, nu f v g l cc hm khng m, th (tr trng hp cc dng bt nh 0 (+1) v (+1) 0):

x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) g (x)) = lim f (x) lim g (x);

x!0 x!0 x!x0 x!x0

lim (f (x) g (x)) = lim f (x) lim g (x):

x!a

1.4.11. Chng minh rng nu f lin tc trn (a; b); l = lim f (x) v L = lim f (x), th vi mi 2 [l; L], tn ti dy fxn g gm cc im trong (a; b) hi x!a t ti a sao cho lim f (xn ) = .
n!1

1.4.12. Tm tt c cc im ti f : R ! R xc nh bi f (x) =
l na lin tc.

0 nu x v t, sin x nu x hu t

1.4.13. Xc nh tt c cc im ti f xc nh bi ( x2 1 nu x v t, f (x) = 0 nu x hu t
l na lin tc.

1.4.14. Chng minh rng 8 > <0

1 >q

f (x) =
l na lin tc trn.

v p; q nguyn t cng nhau,

nu x v t hoc x = 0, nu x = p ; p 2 Z; q 2 N, q

22

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.4.15. Tm tt c cc im ti hm xc nh bi 8 > <jxj :

nu x v t hoc x = 0, ; p 2 Z; q 2 N, nu x = p q

(a)

f (x) =

qx qx > +1

v p; q nguyn t cng nhau

(b)

f (x) =

8 (1)q > < q+1 > : 0

v p; q nguyn t cng nhau, nu x 2 (0; 1) v t

; p; q 2 N, nu x 2 Q \ (0; 1] v x = p q

khng na lin tc trn, cng khng na lin tc di.

1.4.16. Cho f; g : A ! R na lin tc trn (tng ng, di) ti x0 2 A. Chng minh rng
(a) nu a > 0 th af na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 2 A. Nu

a > 0 th af na lin tc trn (tng ng, di) ti x0 .

(b) f + g na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 .

1.4.17. Gi s rng fn : A ! R; n 2 N, na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 2 A. Chng minh rng sup fn (tng ng, sup fn ) na lin tc di
(tng ng, trn) ti x0 .
n2N n2N

1.4.18. Chng minh rng gii hn theo tng im ca mt dy tng (tng ng, gim) cc hm na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) l na lin tc di (tng ng, trn). 1.4.19. Vi f : A ! R v x l im gii hn ca A, nh ngha dao ca f ti x bi of (x) = lim supfjf (z ) f (u)j : z; u 2 A; jz xj < ; ju xj < g +
!0

Chng minh rng of (x) = f1 (x) f2 (x), y

f1 (x) = maxff (x); lim f (z )g v f2 (x) = minff (x); lim f (z )g:

z !x z!x

23

1.4.20. Gi f1 ; f2 , v of nh trong bi ton trc. Chng minh rng f1 v of

l na lin tc trn, v f2 l na lin tc di.

1.4.21. Chng minh rng f : A ! R l na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 2 A, iu kin cn v l vi mi a < f (x0 ) (tng ng, a > f (x0 )), tn ti > 0 sao cho f (x) > a (tng ng, f (x) < a) bt c khi no jx x0 j < ; x 2 A. 1.4.22. Chng minh rng f : A ! R l na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) ti x0 2 A, iu kin cn v l vi mi a 2 R, tp fx 2 A : f (x) > ag (tng ng, fx 2 A : f (x) < ag) l m trong A. 1.4.23. Chng minh rng f : R ! R l na lin tc di nu v ch nu tp f(x; y ) 2 R2 : y f (x)g l ng trong R2 . Lp cng thc v chng minh iu kin cn v cho tnh na lin tc trn ca f trn R. 1.4.24. Chng minh nh l Baire sau y. Mi hm na lin tc di (tng ng, trn) f : A ! R l gii hn ca dy tng (tng ng, gim) cc hm lin tc trn A. 1.4.25. Chng minh rng nu f : A ! R na lin tc trn, g : A ! R na lin tc di v f (x) g (x) khp ni trn A, th tn ti hm lin tc h trn A sao cho f (x) h(x) g (x); x 2 A:

1.5 Tnh lin tc u

trn A nu, vi " cho trc, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi x v y trong A m nh ngha 8. Hm thc f xc nh trn tp A 2 R c gi l lin tc u

jx y j < , ta c jf (x) f (y )j < ".

24

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.5.1. Kim tra cc hm sau y c lin tc u trn (0; 1) hay khng :

(a) (c) (e) (g) (i)

f (x) = ex ; 1 f (x) = x sin ; x f (x) = e x ; f (x) = ln x; f (x) = cotg x:

1

(b) (d) (f) (h)

1 f (x) = sin ; x f (x ) = e x ; 1 f (x) = ex cos ; x f (x) = cos x cos ; x

1

1.5.2. Hm no trong s cc hm sau y lin tc u trn [0; 1) ?

(a) f (x) =

p x;

(b) f (x) = x sin x; (d) f (x) = sin x2 ; (f) f (x) = esin(x ) ; (h) f (x) = sin(x sin x);
2

(c) f (x) = sin2 x; (e) f (x) = ex ; (g) f (x) = sin sin x; p (i) f (x) = sin x:

1.5.3. Chng minh rng nu f lin tc u trn (a; b); a; b 2 R, th lim+ f (x)
v lim f (x) tn ti nh cc gii hn hu hn.
x!b x!a

1.5.4. Gi s f v g lin tc du trn (a; b) ([a; 1)). T c suy ra tnh lin tc u trn (a; b) ([a; 1)) ca cc hm
(a) f + g; (b) f g; (c) x 7! f (x) sin x ?

1.5.5.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f l lin tc u trn (a; b] v trn [b; c) , th n cng lin tc trn (a; c).

25

(b) Gi s A v B l cc tp ng trong R v gi f : A [ B ! R l lin tc u trn A v B . Hi f c nht thit lin tc u trn A [ B ?

1.5.6. Chng minh rng mi hm lin tc v tun hon trn R th lin tc u trn R. 1.5.7.
(a) Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R lin tc sao cho lim f (x) v lim f (x) l hu hn, th f cng lin tc u trn R.
x!1 x!1

(b) Chng minh rng nu f : [a; +1) ! R lin tc v lim f (x) l hu hn, th f cng lin tc u trn [a; 1).
x!1

1.5.8. Kim tra tnh lin tc u ca

(a) f (x) = arctg x trn (1; +1);
1 (b) f (x) = x sin x trn (0; +1);

(c) f (x) = e x trn (0; +1):

1.5.9. Gi s f lin tc u trn (0; 1). Hi cc gii hn lim f (x) v +

x!1

lim f (x) c tn ti khng ?

x! 0

1.5.10. Chng minh rng mi hm b chn, n iu v lin tc trn khong I R l lin tc u trn I . 1.5.11. Gi s f lin tc u v khng b chn trn [0; 1). Phi chng hoc lim f (x) = +1 , hoc lim f (x) = 1 ?
x!1

x!1

1.5.12. Hm f : [0; 1) ! R lin tc u v vi mi x 0, dy ff (x + n)g hi t ti khng. Chng minh rng lim f (x) = 0.
x!1

1.5.13. Gi s f : [1; 1) ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng tn ti s x)j M vi x 1. dng M sao cho jf ( x

26

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.5.14. Gi f : [0; 1) ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng tn ti s dng M vi tnh cht sau y : supfjf (x + u) f (u)jg M (x + 1) vi mi x 0:
u>0

1.5.15. Cho f : A ! R; A R; lin tc u. Chng minh rng nu fxn g l dy Cauchy cc phn t trong A, th ff (xn )g cng l dy Cauchy. 1.5.16. Gi s A R b chn. Chng minh rng nu f : A ! R bin dy Cauchy cc phn t ca A thnh dy Cauchy, th f lin tc u trn A. Tnh b chn c A c phi l gi thit ct yu khng ? 1.5.17. Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn A 2 R nu v ch nu vi mi dy fxn g v fyn g cc phn t ca A,
n!1

lim (xn yn ) = 0 suy ra lim (f (xn ) f (yn )) = 0:

n!1

1.5.18. Gi s f : (0; 1) ! (0; 1) lin tc u. T c suy ra

1 f (x + x ) = 1? x!1 f (x)

lim

1.5.19. Hm f : R ! R lin tc ti 0 v tho mn cc iu kin sau y f (0) = 0 v f (x1 + x2 ) f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) vi mi x1 ; x2 2 R:

Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn R.

1.5.20. Vi f : A ! R; A R, ta nh ngha !f ( ) = supfjf (x1 f (x2 ))j : x1 ; x2 2 A; jx1 x2 j < g

v gi !f l m un lin tc ca f . Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn A nu v ch nu lim !f ( ) = 0:
!0+

1.5.21. Cho f : R ! R lin tc u. Chng minh rng cc pht biu sau tng ng.

27

(a) Vi mi hm lin tc u g : R ! R; f g lin tc u trn R (b) Hm x 7! jxjf (x) lin tc u trn R.

1.5.22. Chng minh iu kin cn v sau y f l hm lin tc u trn khong I . Vi " > 0 cho trc, tn ti N > 0 sao cho vi mi x1 ; x2 2 I; x1 6= x2 , f (x1 ) f (x2 ) x1 x 2 > N suy ra jf (x1 ) f (x2 )j < ":

1.6 Phng trnh hm

1.6.1. Chng minh rng hm duy nht lin tc trn R v tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y )
l hm tuyn tnh dng f (x) = ax:

1.6.2. Chng minh rng nu f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh hm Cauchy f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y )

v mt trong cc iu kin (a) f lin tc ti x0 2 R, (b) f b ch trn khong (a; b) no , (c) f n iu trn R, th f (x) = ax.

1.6.3. Xc nh tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R sao cho f (1) > 0 v f (x + y ) = f (x)f (y ):

28

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.6.4. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht m khng ng nht bng khng v lin tc trn (0; 1) ca phng trnh hm f (xy ) = f (x) + f (y )
l cc hm logarit.

1.6.5. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht m khng ng nht bng khng v lin tc trn (0; 1) ca phng trnh hm f (xy ) = f (x)f (y )
l cc hm dng f (x) = xa .

1.6.6. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R sao cho f (x) f (y ) hu t vi x y hu t. 1.6.7. Vi jqj < 1, tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R lin tc ti khng v tho mn phng trnh hm f (x) + f (qx) = 0: 1.6.8. Tm tt c cc hm f : R ! R lin tc ti khng v tho mn phng trnh hm 2 x = x: f (x) + f 3 1.6.9. Xc nh mi nghim f : R ! R lin tc ti khng ca phng trnh hm 2f (2x) = f (x) + x: 1.6.10. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh Jensen x+y f (x) + f (y ) f = : 2 2 1.6.11. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc trn (a; b); a; b 2 R, tho mn phng trnh Jensen x+y f (x) + f (y ) f = : 2 2

29

1.6.12. Xc nh tt c cc nghim lin tc ti 1 ca phng trnh hm f (2x + 1) = f (x): 1.6.13. Vi a thc, chng minh rng nu f : R ! R l nghim lin tc ca phng trnh f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) + axy; x2 + bx, y b = f (1) a th f (x) = a . 2 2 1.6.14. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti 0 ca phng trnh hm x ; x= 6 1: f (x) = f 1x 1.6.15. Gi f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] l hm lin tc, n iu gim sao cho f (f (x)) = x vi x 2 [0; 1]. Hi f (x) = 1 x c phi l hm duy nht nh vy khng ? 1.6.16. Gi s rng f v g tho mn phng trnh f (x + y ) + f (x y ) = 2f (x)f (y );
th ta cng c jg (x)j 1 vi x 2 R.

x; y 2 R:

Chng minh rng nu f khng ng nht bng khng v jf (x)j 1 vi x 2 R,

1.6.17. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc tho mn phng trnh hm f (x + y ) = f (x)ey + f (y )ex : 1.6.18. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc ti khng f : R ! R ca f (x + y ) f (x y ) = f (x)f (y ): 1.6.19. Gii phng trnh hm x1 f (x) + f = 1 + x vi x 6= 0; 1: x

30

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.6.20. Dy fxn g hi t theo ngha Cesro nu C lim xn = lim

n!1

x1 + x2 + x3 + + xn n!1 n

tn ti v hu hn. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc Cesro, tc l

f (C lim xn ) = C lim f (xn )

n!1 n!1

vi mi dy hi t Cesro fxng:

1.6.21. Cho f : [0; 1] ! [0; 1] l n nh sao cho f (2x f (x)) = x vi x 2 [0; 1]. Chng minh rng f (x) = x; x 2 [0; 1]. 1.6.22. Vi m khc khng, chng minh rng nu hm lin tc f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh f (x) = mx; f 2x m
th f (x) = m(x c):

1.6.23. Chng minh rng cc nghim duy nht ca phng trnh hm f (x + y ) + f (y x) = 2f (x)f (y )
lin tc trn R v khng ng nht bng khng l f (x) = cos(ax) v f (x) =

cosh(ax) vi a thc. 1.6.24. Xc nh mi nghim lin tc trn (1; 1) ca f x+y 1 + xy = f (x) + f (y ):

1.6.25. Tm mi a thc P sao cho P (2x x2 ) = (P (x))2 :

31

1.6.26. Cho m; n 2 l cc s nguyn. Tm tt c cc hm f : [0; 1) ! R lin tc ti t nht mt im trong [0; 1) v sao cho n ! n 1X 1X m f x = (f (xi ))m vi xi 0; i = 1; 2; : : : ; n: n i=1 i n i=1 1.6.27. Tm tt c cc hm khng ng nht bng khng f : R ! R tho mn phng trnh f (xy ) = f (x)f (y ) v f (x + z ) = f (x) + f (z )
vi z 6= 0 no .

1.6.28. Tm tt c cc hm f : R n f0g ! R sao cho 1 ; x 6= 0: f (x) = f x 1.6.29. Tm tt c cc hm f : R n f0g ! R tho mn phng trnh hm 1 1 2 +f ; x 6= 0 f (x) + f (x ) = f x x2 1.6.30. Chng minh rng cc hm f; g; : R ! R tho mn phng trnh x+y f (x) g (y ) = ; y 6= x; xy 2
nu v ch nu tn ti a; b v c sao cho

f (x) = g (x) = ax2 + bx + c;

(x) = 2ax + b:

1.6.31. Chng minh rng tn ti hm f : R ! Q tho mn ba iu kin sau y :

(a) f (x + y ) = f (x) + f (y ) vi x; y 2 R; (b) f (x) = x vi x 2 Q; (c) f khng lin tc trn R:

32

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.7 Hm lin tc trong khng gian metric

Trong mc ny, X v Y ln lt k hiu l cc khng gian metric (X; d1 ) v (Y; d2 ). n gin, ta ni rng X l khng gian metric thay cho (X; d1 ) l khng gian metric. R v Rn lun gi s c trang b metric Euclide, nu khng pht biu ngc li.

1.7.1. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y ; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y . Chng minh rng cc iu kin sau y tng ng.
(a) Hm f lin tc. (b) Vi mi tp ng F Y , tp f 1 (F) ng trong X: (c) Vi mi tp m G Y, tp f 1 (G) m trong X: (d) Vi mi tp con A ca X, f (A f (A)): (e) Vi mi tp con B ca Y, f 1 (B) f 1 (B):

1.7.2. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y ; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y lin tc. Chng minh rng nghch nh f 1 (B) ca tp Borel B trong (Y; d2 ) l tp Borel trong (X; d1 ): 1.7.3. Cho v d hm lin tc f : X ! Y sao cho nh f (F) (tng ng, f (G)) khng ng (tng ng, m) trong Y vi F ng (tng ng, G m) trong X. 1.7.4. Gi (X; d1 ) v (Y ; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric v f : X ! Y lin tc. Chng minh rng nh ca tp compact F trong X l tp compact trong Y. 1.7.5. Cho f xc nh trn hp cc tp ng F1 ; F2 ; : : : ; Fm . Chng minh rng nu gii hn ca f trn mi Fi ; i = 1; 2; : : : ; m, l lin tc, th f lin Ch ra v d rng pht biu trn khng ng tc trn F1 [ F2 [ : : : [ Fm . trong trng hp v hn Fi . 1.7.6. Cho f xc nh trn hp cc tp m Gt ; t 2 T. Chng minh rng nu S Gt . vi mi t 2 T, gii hn fjGt l lin tc, th f lin tc trn
t2T

33

1.7.7. Cho (X; d1 ) v (Y ; d2 ) l cc khng gian metric. Chng minh rng f : X ! Y lin tc nu v ch nu vi mi A trong X, hm fjA lin tc. 1.7.8. Gi s f l song nh lin tc t khng gian metric compact X ln khng gian metric Y. Chng minh rng hm ngc f 1 lin tc trn Y. Cng chng minh rng gi thit compact khng th b b qua. 1.7.9. Gi f l nh x lin tc t khng gian metric compact X vo khng gian metric Y. Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn X. 1.7.10. Gi (X; d) l khng gian metric v A l tp con khc rng ca X. Chng minh rng hm f : X ! [0; 1) xc nh bi f (x) = dist(x; A) = inf fd(x; y ) : y 2 Ag
lin tc u trn X.

1.7.11. Gi s f l nh x lin tc ca khng gian metric lin thng X vo khng gian metric Y. Chng minh rng f (X) lin thng trong Y . 1.7.12. Cho f : A ! Y ; ; = 6 A X. Vi x 2 A nh ngha of (x; ) = diam (f (A \ B(x; ))):
Giao ca f ti x c xc nh bi

of (x) = lim of (x; ): +

!0

Chng minh rng f lin tc ti x0 2 A nu v ch nu of (x0 ) = 0 (so snh vi 1.4.19 v 1.4.20).

1.7.13. Gi s f : A ! Y; ; 6= A X v vi x 2 A, gi of (x) l giao ca f ti x oc xc nh nh trong bi ton trc. Chng minh rng vi mi " > 0, tp fx 2 A : of (x) "g l ng trong X. 1.7.14. Chng minh rng tp im lin tc ca f : X ! Y l giao m c cc tp m, ni cch khc, l G trong (X; d1 ). Cng chng minh rng tp im gin on ca f l hp m c cc tp ng, ni cch khc, l F trong (X; d1 ).

34

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.7.15. Cho v d hm f : R ! R c tp im gin on l Q. 1.7.16. Chng minh rng vi mi tp con F ca R l tp im gin on ca hm f : R ! R. 1.7.17. Cho A l tp con F ca khng gian metric X. C tn ti hay khng hm f : X ! R m tp im gin on l A ? 1.7.18. Gi A l hm c trng ca A X. Chng minh rng fx 2 X : oA (x) > 0g = @ A, y f (x) l giao ca f ti x c xc nh nh trong 1.7.12. Suy ra rng A lin tc trn X nu v ch nu A va m, va ng trong X. 1.7.19. Gi s g1 v g2 l cc nh x lin tc ca khng gian metric (X; d1 ) vo khng gian metric (X; d2 ), v tp A c phn trong rng, tr mt trong X.Chng minh rng nu ( g1 (x) vi x 2 A, f (x) = g2 (x) vi x 2 X n A,
th

of (x) = d2 (g1 (x); g2 (x));

x 2 X:

y of (x) l giao ca f ti x c xc nh nh trong 1.7.12.

1.7.20. Ta ni rng hm thc f xc nh trn khng gian metric X l thuc lp Baire th nht nu f l gii hn im ca dy hm lin tc trn X. Chng minh rng nu f thuc lp Baire th nht, th tp cc im gin on ca f l tp thuc phm tr th nht; tc l, n l hp ca mt s m c cc tp khng u tr mt. 1.7.21. Chng minh rng nu X l khng gian metric y v f thuc lp Baire th nht trn X, th tp cc im lin tc ca f tr mt trong X. x 1.7.22. Gi f : (0; 1) ! R lin tc sao cho vi mi s dng x, dy ff n g hi t ti khng. T c suy ra lim f (x) = 0 khng ? (so snh vi 1.1.33.) +
x!0

35

1.7.23. K hiu F l h cc hm lin tc trn khng gian metric compact X sao cho vi mi x 2 X, tn ti Mx tho mn jf (x)j Mx vi mi f 2 F :
cho Chng minh rng tn ti hng s dng M v tp m khc rng G X so

jf (x)j M vi mi f 2 F v vi mi x 2 G: 1.7.24. Gi F1 F2 F3 : : : l dy cc tp con khc rng lng nhau ca khng gian metric y X sao cho lim diam Fn = 0. Chng minh rng
nu f lin tc trn X, th
n!1

n=1

1 \

Fn

n=1

1 \

f (Fn ):

1.7.25. Gi (X; d) l khng gian metric v p l im c nh trong X. Vi a 2 X, xc nh hm fu bi fu (x) = d1 (u; x) d1 (p; x); x 2 X. Chng minh rng u 7! fu l nh x bo ton khong cch, ni cch khc, l ng c ca (X; d1 ) vo khng gian C (X; R) cc hm thc lin tc trn X c trang b metric d(f; g ) = supff (x) g (x) : x 2 Xg. 1.7.26. Chng minh rng khng gian metric X l compact nu v ch nu vi mi hm lin tc f : X ! R l b chn. 1.7.27. Cho (X; d1 ) l khng gian metric v vi x 2 X, xc nh (x) = dist(x; X n fxg). Chng minh rng hai iu kin sau y tngng.
(a) Mi hm f : X ! R l lin tc u. (b) Mi dy fxn g cc phn t ca X sao cho
n!1

lim (xn ) = 0

cha dy con hi t.

36

Chng 1. Gii hn v tnh lin tc

1.7.28. Chng minh rng khng gian metric X l compact nu v ch nu mi hm thc lin tc trn X l lin tc u v vi mi " > 0, tp fx 2 X : (x) > "g, y c xc nh nh trong 1.7.27, l hu hn. 1.7.29. Cho v d khng gian metric khng compact sao cho mi hm lin tc f : X ! R l lin tc u trn X. 1.7.30. Xt hm nh ngha bi (so snh vi 1.2.3 (a)) 8 > nu xhu t. <0 f (x) = 0 nu x = 0; > :1 ; p 2 Z; q 2 N; v p; q nguyn t cng nhau nu x = p q q 1.7.31. 1.7.32. 1.7.33. 1.7.34. 1.7.35. 1.7.36. 1.7.37. 1.7.38. 1.7.39. 1.7.40. 1.7.41. 1.7.42. 1.7.43. 1.7.44. Chng minh. Khng c chi a2 = 1 Chng minh. Li gii tip theo

Chng 2 Php tnh vi phn

2.1 o hm ca hm s thc
2.1.1. Tnh o hm (nu c) ca cc hm sau:
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)

f (x) = [x] sin2 (x);

f (x) = xjxj; x 2 R; p f (x) = jxj; x 2 R;

x 2 R; x 2 R;

f (x) = (x [x]) sin2 (x); f (x) = ln jxj; x 2 Rnf0g; jxj > 1:

1 f (x) = arccos jx ; j

2.1.2. o hm cc hm s sau:
(a) (b)

2.1.3. Nghin cu tnh kh vi ca cc hm s sau: ( arctan x vi jxj 1; (a) f (x) = x1 vi jxj > 1; sgn x + 2 4 37

x > 0; x 6= 1; f (x) = logx cos x; x 2 0; nf1g: 2 f (x) = logx 2;

38

Chng 2. Vi phn

(b)

f (x) =

( 2 x2 ex
1 e

(c)

f (x) =

( 1 arctan jx j
2

vi jxj 1; vi jxj > 1; vi x 6= 0; vi x = 0:

2.1.4. Chng minh rng hm s ( vi x 6= 0; x2 cos x f (x) = 0 vi x = 0:

khng kh vi ti cc im xn = hn ca dy fxn g.
2 ; 2n+1

n 2 Z, nhng kh vi ti 0 l im gii

2.1.6. Tnh tng: (a) (b) (c)

2.1.5. Xc nh cc gi tr a; b; c; d sao cho hm f kh vi trn R: 8 > x 0; <4x 2 f (x) = ax + bx + c 0 < x < 1; (a) > : 3 2x x1 8 > x 0; <ax + b f (x) = cx2 + dx 0 < x 1; (b) > : 1 1 x x>1 8 > <ax + b x 1; (c) f (x) = ax2 + c 1 < x 2; > : dx2 +1 x > 2: x
n X k=0

kekx;

x 2 R; n 1;

2n X k 2n (1) kn; k k=0

n X k=1

k cos(kx);

x 2 R:

2.1. o hm ca hm s thc

39

x 2 R th ja1 + 2a2 + + nan j 1.

2.1.7. Chng minh rng nu ja1 sin x + aj2 sin 2x + + an sin nxj j sin xj vi 2.1.8. Gi s rng f v g kh vi ti a, hy xc nh
(a)

xf (a) af (x) ; x!a xa lim

(b)

f (x)g (a) f (a)g (x) x!a xa lim

2.1.9. Gi s rng f (a) > 0 v f kh vi ti a. Hy tnh cc gii hn sau: ! 1 1 f a+ n f (x) ln xln a (b) lim ; ; a > 0: (a) lim n!1 x!a f (a) f (a) 2.1.10. Cho f kh vi ti a. Hy tnh cc gii hn sau: (a) (b) (c) (d) an f (x) xn f (a) ; n 2 N; x!a xa f (x)ex f (a) ; a = 0; f 0 (0) 6= 0; lim x!a f (x) cos x f (a) 1 2 k +f a+ + + f a + kf (a) ; k 2 N; lim n f a + n!1 n n n 1 2 n lim f a + 2 + f a + 2 + + f a + 2 nf (a) : n!1 n n n lim

2.1.11. Vi a > 0 v m; k 2 N hy tnh (n + 1)m + (n + 2)m + + (n + k )m (a) lim kn ; n!1 nm1 1 n 2 n k n a + n a+ n a+ n (b) lim ; n!1 ank 2a na a (c) 1 + 2 1 + 2 : lim 1+ 2 n!1 n n n 2.1.12. Gi s rng f (0) = 0 v f kh vi ti im 0. Hy tnh tng x x x 1 lim f (x) + f +f + + f ; x!0 x 2 3 k

vi k l mt s nguyn dng cho trc.

40

Chng 2. Vi phn

a sao cho xn 6= a, zn 6= a, xn 6= zn , n 2 N. Hy ch ra hm f sao cho gii hn f (xn ) f (zn ) n!1 xn zn lim

(a) bng f 0 (a), (b) khng tn ti hoc c tn ti nhng khc f 0 (a).

2.1.13. Cho f l hm kh vi ti im a v fxn g v fzn g l cc dy hi t ti

2.1.14. Cho f l hm kh vi ti a v xt hai dy fxn g v fzn g cng hi t v a sao cho xn < a < zn vi mi n 2 N. Chng minh rng f (xn ) f (zn ) = f 0 (a): n!1 xn z n lim 2.1.15.
(a) Chng minh rng hm f xc nh trong khong (0; 2) theo cng thc ( x2 vi cc gi tr x hu t trong khong (0; 2); f (x) = 2x 1 vi cc gi tr x v t trong khong (0; 2) kh vi ti im 1 = y = f (1) khng? (b) Cho ch kh vi ti duy nht im x = 1 v f 0 (1) 6= 0. Hm ngc ca f c

p A = fy 2 (0; 3) : y 2 Q; y 2 = Qg; 1 B = x : x = (y + 4); y 2 A : 2

Xt hm

Chng minh rng khong (0; 3) cha trong min gi tr ca f v hm ngc ca f khng kh vi ti im 1.

8 2 > vi x hu t thuc (0; 2); <x f (x) = 2x 1 vi x v t thuc (0; 2); > : 2x 4 vi x 2 B:

2.1. o hm ca hm s thc

41

2.1.16. Xt hm f xc nh trn R sau ( 0 nu x v t hoc bng 0, f (x ) = aq nu x = p ; p 2 Z; q 2 N v p; q nguyn t cng nhau, q

trong dy faq g tho mn iu kin lim nk an = 0 vi k 2. Chng minh rng f kh vi ti mi iu v t c bc i s nh hn hoc bng k , tc l...
n!1

2.1.17. Cho P l mt a thc bc n vi n nghim thc khc nhau x1 ; : : : ; xn v Q l a thc bc khng qu n 1. Chng minh rng Q(x) X Q(xk ) = P (x) P 0 (xk )(x xk )
n k=1

vi x 2 Rnfx1 ; x2 ; : : : ; xn g. Tm tng
n X k=1

1 P 0 (xk )

n 2:

2.1.18. S dng kt qu bi trc hy kim tra cc ng thc sau: n X n (1)k n! (a) = k x+k x(x + 1)(x + 2) (x + n) k=0 (b)
n X k=0

vi x 2 Rnfn; (n 1); : : : ; 1; 0g, n!2n n (1)k = x(x + 2)(x + 4) (x + 2n) k x + 2k

vi x 2 Rnf2n; 2(n 1); : : : ; 2; 0g.

2.1.19. Cho f kh vi trn R. Hy kho st tnh kh vi ca hm jf j. 2.1.20. Gi s f1 ; f2 ; : : : ; fn xc nh trong mt ln cn ca x, khc 0 v kh vi ti x. Chng minh rng n 0 Q fk n 0 X fk (x ) k=1 ( x ) = : n Q f k (x ) k=1 fk
k=1

42

Chng 2. Vi phn

2.1.21. Gi s cc hm f1 ; f2 ; : : : ; fn ; g1 ; g2 ; : : : ; gn xc nh trong ln cn ca x, khc 0 va kh vi ti x. Chng minh rng n !0 n n 0 0 Y fk Y X fk fk (x) gk (x) (x) = (x) : gk gk fk (x) gk (x) k=1 k=1 k=1 2.1.22. Nghin cu tnh kh vi ca f v jf j vi ( nu x 2 Q; x f (x ) = (a) sin x nu x 2 RnQ: ( 1 ; k 2; x 23k nu x 2 Q \ 2k1 1 ; 2k2 1 (b) f (x ) = 3 sin x 2k ; k 2: nu x 2 (RnQ) \ 2k1 ; 2k1 2

0 0 2.1.23. Chng minh rng nu o hm mt pha f (x0 ) v f+ (x0 ) tn ti th f lin tc ti x0 .

2.1.24. Chng minh rng nu f : (a; b) ! R t cc i ti c 2 (a; b), tc l f (c) = maxff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g v tn ti cc o hm tri v o hm phi 0 0 0 0 f (c) v f+ (c), th f (x0 ) 0 v f+ (x0 ) 0. Hy pht biu bi ton tng ng trng hp f t cc tiu.
0 2.1.25. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C ([a; b]); f (a) = f (b) v f tn ti trn (a; b) th 0 0 inf ff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g 0 supff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g: 0 2.1.26. Chng minh rng nu f 2 C ([a; b]) v f tn ti trn (a; b) th 0 inf ff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g

f (b) f (a) 0 supff (x) : x 2 (a; b)g: ba

0 2.1.27. Chng minh rng nu f tn ti v lin tc trn (a; b) th f kh vi 0 0 trn (a; b) v f (x) = f (x) vi x 2 (a; b). 0 0 2.1.28. Tn ti hay khng hm f : (1; 2) ! R sao cho f (x) = x v f+ (x) = 2x vi x 2 (1; 2) ?