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Todays Lecture

Todays Lecture: The Petroleum System

What is a system ? What are the elements of the petroleum system ? Why is it important ?
The Petroleum System

Elements: Source rock Reservoir Seal Trap Maturation and Migration Timing Product Example: Bolivian Subandean System Links and Literature

What is a Petroleum System ?

What is a Petroleum System ?

Product Source Rock Reservoir

In geology, the most integrative fields of all

Actually a very interesting, creative and stimulating task

Seal Maturation and Migration

Timing

Trap

Own data (observational / deductive), and data from nearly all other sciences

Elements of the Petroleum System

Timing: Source rock Reservoir Trap/Seal - Migration Product: Oil, Gas, CO2

Seal

Trap

Source rock
n ratio Mig

Maturation

Reservoir

Source Rock

Source rocks

Source rocks

Phyto- and Zooplankton Organic-rich shale Petroleum, Gas

Diatomite

Petroleum, Gas

O2
Plants

Coal

Gas

Properties of source rocks

Sapropel black anoxic shale

Fine-grained (usually shale): Low grade of oxidation, low permeability

Sedimentation in deep water: lack of oxygen, no water mixing Laminated: low oxygen, no bioturbation, no banthos

Low-oxygen depositional environment: organic material (Corg) does not become oxidized

Coal

The Late Devonian

Terrestrial Material (Cellulose)

Exshaw Shale

Domanik Fm.

Woodford Shale
http://www.laubag.de/Presse_Dienst/presse.htm

Low in protein; low in H

Yields gases and solids upon heating no liquids

Associated with terrestrial depositional environments

Los Monos Fm.

Los Monos Formation, Subandean Belt, Bolivia Late Devonian

Late Jurassic shale: The Posidonia shale

Thaumatosaurus, Holzmaden

http://www.naturkunde-bw.de/cgi-bin/stuttgart

Steinbruch Dotternhausen

Migration Primary migration: the process of leaving the source rock, mostly across stratification, largely due to compaction.
Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Porosity (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Depth (km)

Maturation and Migration

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

80-200C

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Migration Secondary migration: collecting oil and gas in reservoir rocks, largely along stratification, caused by buoyancy differences and rock properties

Sa Se nd al sto ne re se rv oir Se al

Reservoir

0.3 g/cm3 gas

0.9 g/cm3 petroleum

1.1 g/cm3 brine

Fundamental Reservoir Properties Porosity (; to store) Permeability (k; to flow)

Reservoir

high ; high k

high ; low k

Geologists Reservoir

Engineers Reservoir

low ; high k

low ; low k
http://www.soton.ac.uk/~imw/coorong.htm

What kind of reservoirs ?

Fractured reservoirs

Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity

max min
Kmax ? Kmin ?
1-10 cm

0.11m

Trap
1- 100 m 0.1-10 km

0.1-10 mm

1-100

Trap Traps form where the ability of migrating hydrocarbons to move is somehow arrested or slowed down.

Stuctural Traps Anticline

Normal fault

Stratigraphic traps

Structural traps

Diapir

above a thrust ramp

Structural Traps

Structural Traps

Saudi Aramco Publication Chabot Anticline in SE Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, US. Dag Nummedal

Structural Traps

Structural Traps

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004, Gulf of Mexico

AAPG Explorer ads, 2004

Structural Traps

Structural Traps

Salz

Deepwater GOM, Green Canyon; AAPG Explorer ad, 2003

Structural Traps

Stratigraphic Traps

Paleohigh, e.g. reef or mound

Angular unconformity

Lateral pinchout
Deepwater GOM, Alaminos Canyon; Fulgro Multiclient Services, AAPG Explorer ad, 2003

Stratigraphic Traps

Stratigraphic Traps

Jurassic lagoonal washover fans, Moose Mountain, Front Reage, Canada; May 2000

Saudi Aramco brochure

Capillary seals
low permeability high capillary entry pressure

Seal

Seal Reservoir
1.1 g/cm3

0.9 g/cm3 0.3 g/cm3

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Timing: The Petroleum System Chart

Timing

Maturation / Migration Trap Formation Seal Reservoir Source

Elements of the Petroleum System

Timing: Source rock Reservoir Trap/Seal - Migration Product: Oil, Gas, CO2

Seal

Trap

Migration before Trap Formation

n ratio Mig

n ratio Mig

Maturation

Reservoir

Maturation

Reservoir

Source Rock

Source Rock

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Deformation after Migration: Seal failure, Trap breaching

Trap

Seal

Product
n ratio Mig

Maturation

Reservoir

Source Rock

Water, oil, CH4, CO2

Oil generation
0 5 10 15

CO2 gas generation generation

Porosity (%)
20 25 30 35 40

Depth (km)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Example

80-200C

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Chaco Basin: Geologic setting

Hydrocarbon significance

Br az

ilia n

Sh ie

ld

Pipeline to Arica

Pipeline to Sao Paulo

Chaco Basin

Source rock: Los Monos Fm., Late Devonian

modified after Linquiat (1998)

Subandean Belt

Izozog Arch

4089 MMBOE Ultimate Recovery: 8% Oil 77% Gas 15% Cond

Traps: Thrust-related anticlines

7 700 000

7 600 000

400 000

Quaternary Tertiary Cretaceous

Triassic Carboniferous Devonian

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Traps: Thrust-related anticlines

0 0

Reservoir and Seal

Iquiri Fm., shelf, Dev.Carb.

Two-way travel time (TWT)

1.0

1.0

2.0

2.0

3.0

3.0

4.0

4.0

Reservoir: Fluvial, shoreline, turbidite sandstone Source: -4 km thick marine shales

8km

Top Guandacay Top Petaca

Top Tariquia Top Cretaceous

Top Yecua Unconformity

Fault

Timing: The Chaco System

Timing: The Chaco System

Depth (km)
Rifting Andean Rift Anticl/Th Los Monos etc. C Los Monos etc. C K T

Maturation / Migration Trap Formation Seal Reservoir Source 140C 80C 110C 1 2 3 4 5 6 Los Monos Fm.

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Timing: The Chaco System

Summary: What is a Petroleum System ?

Product
Depth (km)

Source Rock

Reservoir

1 2 110C Erosion 3 4 5 170C 6 Los Monos Fm.

Seal

Timing

Migration

Trap

Elements of the Petroleum System

Seal
Quality Thickness Composition

Trap
Geometry Age

Where from ? Size of drainage area ? Efficiency ? When ? Where? How fast? T history?

Reservoir
Lithology, Mineralogy Porosity, permeability Internal heterogeneity Water saturation Hydrocarbon characteristics Thickness, geometry, facies, extent Faulting / fracturing

Migration

Maturation

Source Rock

Quantity Quality Temperature history

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