Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
A N N ALS
of ANATOWY
ANATOMISCHER
ANZEIGER
Managing Editor:
W. Khnel, Lbeck
Editors:
D. Drenckhahn, Wrzburg
J . Fanghnel, Greifswald
C h . Heym, Heidelberg
A. F. Holstein, Hamburg
W. Lin, Jena
W. Platzer, Innsbruck
B. Tillmann, Kiel
K. Unsicker, Heidelberg
L. Vollrath, Mainz
K. Zilles, Dsseldorf
E. van der Zypen, Bern
Volume 17^
1IGUSTAV
1992
I FISCHER
JENA* STUTTGART NEW YORK
Contents
In memory
Original articles
II
Isotupa K . P., Mkinen, K . K . , Carlson, D. S.: Proteinase, Phosphatase and
glucuronidase activities in the growing mandible and temporomandibular Joint of
the guinea pig 441
Iwahori, N . , Nakamura, K . , Mameya, C : Differentiation of the brain stem structures
in the Salamander, H y n o b i u s nebulosus 461
Iwasaki, S.-I.: Fine structure of the dorsal lingual epithelium of the domestic,
newborn kitten, F e l i s c a t i t s 293
Iwasaki, S.-I.: Fine structure of the dorsal lingual epithelium of the crab-eating
monkey, M a c a c a i r u s 523
Kitamura, S., Nagase, Y . , Nishiguchi, T . , Shigenaga, Y . : A n H R P study of the
location of the motoneurons supplying the tensor veli palatini muscle of the
rabbit 353
Kogerman-Lepp, E . : August Rauber 6
Krammer, H . - J . , Khnel, W . : Immunohistochemistry for intermediate filaments in
the enteric nervous System of the porcine small intestine 275
Krause, W . J . , Sherman, D . M . : Immunohistochemical localization of relaxin in the
reproductive system of the female Opossum ( D i d e l p h i s v i r g i n i a n a ) 341
Kummer, B . : Biomechanische Probleme der aufrechten Haltung 33
Kummer, W . : Neuronal specificity and plasticity in the autonomic nervous System . . 409
Lavelle, C . L . B . : A preliminary study of craniofacial Classification 561
Lolova, I., Davidoff, M . : Age-related changes in cholinergic and noradrenergic
transmission in the rat cerebellum. A histochemical and immunocytochemical
study 453
Luque, E . , Pena, J . , Alonso, P . J . , Jimena, I.: Microvascular pattern during growth
of regenerating muscle fibers in the rat 245
Mendoza. A . S . . Krishna, A . , Endler, J . , Khnel, W . : Die Regio olfactoria der
Fledermaus S c o t o p h i l u s h e a t h i . Licht- und elektronenrnikroskopische Studien . . 207
Mller, W . , Firsching, R.: Differentiation of oxytalan fibres with reagents for
detection of magnesium 357
Mller-Gerbl. M . : Die Rolle der Wirbelgelenke fr die Kinematik der Bewegungsele-
mente 48
Ngerl, H . , Kubein-Meesenburg. D . . Fanghnel, J.: Elements of a general theory of
joints. 7. Mechanical structures of the relative motion of adjacent vertebrae . . . 66
Neiss, W . F . . Lichius. O . G . , Angelov. D . N . , Gunkel, A . , Stennert, E . : The hypo-
glossal-facial anastomosis as model of neuronal plasticity in the rat 419
Ocal, M . K . , Ozer. M . : The circulus arteriosus cerebri in the guinea pig 259
Persaud, T . V . N . , Sam, G . O . : Prenatal influence of alcohol following a single
exposure in two inbred strains of mice 301
Plishka, J . , Bardack, D.: Bending strenglh of Upper canine tooth in domestic dogs . . 321
Putz. R.: The detailed functional analomy of the ligaments of the vertebral column . . 40
Quacci, D . , DelTOrbo. C . , Diaz, G . : Collagen fibril ultrastructure alters alter
glycanolytic digestion 569
Reimann, R., Lax, S.: Recessus und Bursae synoviales an den Lumbosakralge-
lenken 201
Roberts, W . H . : Anomalous course of the median nerve medial to the trochlea and
anterior to the medial epicondyle of the numerus 309
Schulze. C : Interaktionen zwischen Leydigzellen - peritubulren Zellen - Sertoli-
zellen und ihre Bedeutung fr die Steuerung der Spermatogenese 509
Sottovia-Filho. D . , Taga. R.: Ultrastructure of the exocrine pancreas in the snake
Waglerophis mcrremii (Wagler) 345
Spanel-Borowski, K . , Kuhri, P., Khnel, W . : Endothelial cell helix in small
arteriolcs of human Ureters. A study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) . . . 213
Sturrock. R . R . : Stability of neuron number in the lateral part of the nucleus of the
solitary tract in the ageing mouse brain 335
Sturrock, R . R . : Stability of neuron number in the ageing mouse paraventricular
nucleus 337
S z a b . K . . Horvth. S., Csnyi, K . , Palkovits. M . : Vascular ontogeny of the septal
region in rats 467
Teofilovski, G . , Filipovic, B . , Bogdanovic, D . , Trpinac. D . , Rankovic. A . . Stanko-
vic, G . . DiDio. L . J . A . : Myocardial bridges over coronary arteries in Cercopi-
thecus 435
Thiel, W . : Die Konservierung ganzer Leichen in natrlichen Farben 185
Thiel, W . : Eine Arterienmasse zur Nachinjektion bei der Konservierung ganzer
Leichen 197
III
Unsicker, K . , Engels, S., Hamm, C , Ldecke, G . , Meier, C . , Renzing, J . ,
Terbrack, H . G . , Flanders, K . : Molecular control of neural plasticity by the
rnultifunctional growth factor families of the FGFs and T G F - s 405
Vasconcellos, H . A . de, Prates, J . C . , Belo de Moraes, L . G . : A study of human foot
length growth in the early fetal period 473
Wassilev, W . , Khnel, W . : Struktur und Funktion der Zwischenwirbelscheibe . . . 54
Weihe. E . : Neurochemical anatomy of mammalian spinal cord. Functional implica-
tions 89
Wiking. J . . Christ, B.: A morphological study of the rabbit corneal assay 549
Wolff, J . R . , Missler, M . : Synaptic reorganization in developing and adult nervous
Systems 393
Zidorn, T..Tillmann, B.: Morphological variants of the suprapatellar bursa 287
Zilles, K . : Neuronal plasticity as an adaptive property of the central nervous System . 383
Conferences
Laudations
244. 250, 286, 304, 312, 316, 320, 334, 392, 404, 408, 418, 434, 452, 516, 530, 568
Indexed in C U R R E N T C O N T E N T S
IV
C 11829 F
ANATOMISCHER
ANZEIGER
Managing Editor:
W. Khnel, Lbeck
Editors:
D. Drenckhahn, Wrzburg
J . Fanghnel, Greifswald
Ch. Heym, Heidelberg
A.F. Holstein, Hamburg
W. Lin, Jena
W. Platzer, Innsbruck
B. Tillmann, Kiel
K. Unsicker, Marburg
L Vollrath, Mainz
K. Zilles, Dsseldorf
E. van der Zypen, Bern
ISSN 0940-9602
1
Ann. Anat. Volume 174
lena 174 (1992) 1 Numtxer 1
p. 1-88 JENA STUTTGART NEW YORK February 1992
A N N A L S OF ANATOMY
ANATOMISCHER A N Z E I G E R
Managing Editor
Prof. Dr. W . Khnel: Institut fr Anatomie der M U L , Ratzeburger Allee 160, D - W - 2400
Lbeck 1 (Deutschland), F A X : 00 49-(0)4 51-5 00 40 34
Editors
Prof. Dr. C h . Heym: Institut fr Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, D -
W - 6900 Heidelberg (Deutschland), F A X : 00 49-(0)62 21-56 31 11
Prof. Dr. W . Platzer: Institut fr Anatomie, Mllerstrae 59, A-6010 Innsbruck (ster-
reich), F A X : 0 04 35 12-5 07 23 35
Prof. Dr. E . van der Zypen: Anatomisches Institut, Bhlstrae 26, CH-3012 Bern 9
(Schweiz), F A X : 00 41 31-24 54 49
A N N A L S OF ANATOMY
ANATOMISCHER ANZEIGER
Contents
Editorial 1
In memoriam Edward C. Roosen-Runge (F. Holstein) 3
Kogerman-Lepp, E.: August Rauber 6
Orlandini, G . , Gncz, A . , Surjn, L . , Lipai, P., Szilrd: Gruworte zur 86.
Versammlung der Anatomischen Gesellschaft zusammmen mit dem 7.
Kongre der Ungarischen Gesellschaft der Anatomen, Histologen und
Embryologen 11
Orlandini, G.: Erffnungsrede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Csillik, B.: Anatomie in Ungarn und die Anatomische Gesellschaft 19
Christ, B . , and Wilting, J.: From somites to vertebral column 23
Kummer, B . : Biomechanische Probleme der aufrechten Haltung 33
Putz, R.: The detailed functional anatomy of the ligaments of the vertebral
column 40
Mller-Gerbl, M . : Die Rolle der Wirbelgelenke fr die Kinematik der
Bewegungselemente 48
Wassilev, W . , und Khnel, W . : Struktur und Funktion der Zwischenwirbel-
scheibe 54
Ngerl, H . , Kubein-Meesenburg, D . , and Fanghnel, J.: Elements of a
general theory of joints. 7. Mechanical structures of the relative motion of
adjacent vertebrae '. 66
Csillik, B . , and Knyihr-Cslik, E . : Structural and molecular plasticity in
the dorsal hrn: A genuine model for neuronal and synaptic group
selection 76
Andreas Oksche. In honor of his 65th birthday (K. Unsicker) 85
Prof. Hans Frick zum 70. Geburtstag (R. Putz) 86
Reinhard Putz
41
both elastin and elaunin fibres can be demonstrated, Rinning
among the fine collagen fibres.
Even during relaxation the ligamenta flava of the lumbar
vertebrae show a remarkable tension, varying from 1,500 N
in young subjects down to 400 N in old people. Chazal et al.
(1985) showed it as the most resistant ligament of the spine.
Indeed, cutting them across in a fresh specimen, or during an
Operation, causes the cut ends to fly apart (Grieve 1988).
Whereas the ligamenta flava in the cervical region are
relatively thin, they increase both in width and thickness as
the caudal regions of the vertebral column are approached.
In the lumbar region, they take up the entire interlaminar
space and reach from the anterior border of the intervertebral
Joint to the middle of the intervertebral foramen (Fig. 4). At
this point they therefore form the entire posterior wall of the
lumbar lateral recesses and the corresponding foramina (Putz
1981). The bracket-like projection of the caudal attachment
Fig. 2. Architecture of spongy bone within the vertebral body. The
area is of great clinical significance, since it is precisely this
trabeculae are orientated perpendicular to the end-plates: part which often projects forwards right into the lateral
a) 5th lumbar vertebra recess, and it is here that compression of the nerve roots can
b) 6th cervical vertebra arise. The shape of the lumbar vertebral foramina in cross-
PLLd
PLLs
Fig. 3. Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) in lumbar region P L L d deep layer, PLLs superficial layer, AI interlacement with peripheral
zone of anulus fibrosus, A 2 attachment on upper marginal border of vertebral body, A 3 attachment on periosteum of pedicle (P):
a) specimen viewed from behind,
b) schematic representation from behind.
Ligaments of the vertebral arch section, which is of diagnostic importance, is brought about
in this way.
Ligamenta flava One Observation, the clinical importance of which is not
The yellow ligaments of the vertebral column consist almost yet established, is the frequently seen calcification or ossifi-
entirely of elastic tissue. According to Yahia et al. (1990), cation of the attachment area of the ligamenta flava. This is
42
i
LR
most commonly found in the lower thoracic region (Fig. 5). Position. Occasionally the opposite is found with lateral
Biochemical experiments carried out by Sikoryn et al. flexion (Fig. 7).
(1990) have shown that the attachment area of the ligament According to Adams (1988) and Panjabi (1982), the
is far from strong, the breaking strain in the lumbar column increase in tension during the end stages of dorsiflexion
being, according to Myklebust et al. (1988), only 200 N . particularly when the interspinous Spaces are large is
During ventral flexion the ligamenta flava become tense, associated with a significant limitation of movement. On the
allowing the erector trunci muscles to relax so much that, other hand, Bogduk et al. (1987) see this as limiting rota-
during the final stages of the movement, no activity can be tion.
detected with E M G . Near the upper and lower borders of the individual lumbar
In close association with the morphology of the ligament- zygopophyseal jonts, this increase in tension is lost, so that
ous attachment, the question arises: is the narrowing pecul- here as well as in the other regions of the vertebral column
iar to the lumbar lateral recesses due to an independent the zygaopophyseal joints are enclosed only by thin
hypertrophy of the ligamentum flavum, or should it be capsules. In the angle between the lower parts of the Joint
attributed to changes in the vertebral arch at the point where capsule and the ligamenta flava of the lumbar vertebrae a gap
the lamina merges with the pedicle? The high degree of normally remains in which distensible connective tissue can
subchondral mineralisation of the anterior part of the zyga- move from the inside to the outside of the Joint according to
opophyseal joints suggests, in our opinion, that the so-called the local pressure conditions (Schwarzenberger 1990).
hypertrophy of the ligamenta flava probably occurs because,
as a result of ageing or due to loading over a period of time, a
kink has appeared in the arch near the superior articular
Interspinous ligaments
process.
The ligaments which run between the vertebral spines vary a
great deal from region to region (Prestar et al. 1985). In the
cervical and upper two-thirds of the thoracic column, their
The Joint capsule
course is directed towards aligning the spinous processes,
In contrast to the Situation in the rest of the vertebral column, and they connect and cover the margins of adjacent pro-
the joints of the lumbar vertebrae are strengthened by a firm cesses.
transverse sheet of fibres (Fig. 6). Their thickness and The interspinous ligaments of the thoracic vertebral col-
structure of strong Collagen fibres almost justifies their umn are made up of the membranes of parallel fibres, which
4
separate description as transverse ligaments ' (Putz 1981, run diagonally as in the cervical column and fill up the space
1985 a, 1985 b). Taking advantage of limited movements in between the spinous processes. Longitudinal bundles of
the principal plane, their functional significance has been fibres, some 2 to 3 mm thick, are attached dorsally, and in
demonstrated experimentally. These "transverse ligaments" places bind the vertebral spines together. These longitudinal
come under tension during rotation to the ipsilateral side, or traction fibres consist of both collagen and elastic tissue. In
when an attempt is made to push the vertebra backwards. older people, it is not uncommon to find spurs 2 to 3 mm in
During flexion (particularly ventral flexion) in the sagittal length in the attachment area on the caudal side of the
plane, the tension in them slowly rises as the articular spinous processes (Prestar et al. 1985). The interspinous
processes undergo parallel displacement from the resting spaces of the lower thoracic vertebrae, and those at the
43
Fig. 6. Ligaments ("transverse ligaments" T L ) reinforcing the
capsule of lumbar zygapophyseal joints. U A P upper articular pro-
cess, L A P lower articular process.
a) Transverse section (ligamentum flavum removed).
b) Schematic representation from behind.
44
Thoracolumbar fascia
In general, the thoracolumbar fascia (lumbodorsal
aponeurosis) is included as a supplementary component of
the deep muscles of the back. However, because its attach-
ment reaches up as far as the middle thoracic vertebrae, and
particularly because of its functional significance for the
movements of the entire lower part of the vertebral column,
it is also regarded as part of the ligamentous apparatus of that
structure.
The thoracolumbar fascia consists of two sheets which lie
very close together. Its fibres cross at an angle which can
vary, rather like the struts in the gat of a lift (Prestar 1982). It
is more strongly developed in the middle of the thoracic
region and, reaching down to the sacrum and the medial
extensions of the iliac crests, becomes remarkably thick.
Both sheets arise from the tips of the spines, maintaining
between these, however, a direct association with the inter-
spinous ligaments (Fig. 8). One can even regard parts of the
lower interspinous ligaments as deep components of the
fascia. On account of its gate-like structure, the thoracolum-
bar fascia provides no longitudinal bracing System over the
Fig. 8. Interspinous ligaments (IL) and thoracolumbar fascia (TF)
vertebrae, but, in spite of being constructed of Collagen
of vertebral column in lumbar region (oblique lateral view). L F
ligamenta flava, S L supraspinous ligament, B synovial bursa, T L
fibres, it slowly but increasingly limits ventral flexion only
transverse ligament", ZJ capsule of zygapophyseal Joint, TFs in its end stages.
superficial layer, T F d deep layer, A M origin of lateral abdominal Below, the thoracolumbar fascia is attached only to the
muscles (internal oblique and transversus). sacrum and iliac crests. More cranially, it serves especially
to give attachment to the internal and external oblique
muscles, and to the transversus abdominis. In general, the
thoracolumbar fascia constitutes the dorsal wall of an
only contain additional elastic fibres at the lumbosacral
osteofibrous tube in which lie the various subdivisions of the
junction. They are nevertheless in a position, because of
erector Spinae. Increase in pressure in this tube leads to the
their direction and their close association with the dorsal
development of an elastic cushioning "conducting rod",
fascial sheets, to act as guides during flexion in the sagittal
which determines the movements of the lumbar vertebrae.
plane. Owing to their oblique course, they slowly become
The active influence of the tensile load produced by the
increasingly stretched during the final stages of both ventral
lateral abdominal muscles must be emphasised, but the
and dorsal flexion, and thereby act against the accompanying
importance of the osteofibrous tube itself is not open to
shearing stress (Putz 1985). The tensile strength varies
question (Tesh 1987; Reiman 1991).
greatly from region to region. According to Myklebust et al.
(1988), this is significantly less in the cervical and thoracic
parts of the column than in the lumbar region, where values
of 100 to 200 N can be attained. Iliolumbar ligaments
When one is considering functional analysis of the caudal
fixation of the vertebral column in the region of the lum-
bosacral junction, the iliolumbar ligaments are particularly
Supraspinous ligament
to be mentioned. Each ligament runs from the tip of the
The supraspinous ligament is only developed as a separate costal process of L 5 , which it encloses like a stocking, to
structure in the thoracic and upper lumbar column (Prestar diverge laterally towards the posterior inferior iliac spine. It
1982, 1985). It consists both of elastic and collagenous is usually possible to distinguish a transverse sheet from one
fibres (Chazal et al. 1985) and runs close together with the which angles forwards. Often there are also fibres anchored
superficial fibres of the interspinous ligaments and with to the costal process of L 4 (Boebel 1961). In small children
those of the thoracolumbar fascia. It can nevertheless be this band may contain muscle fibres.
isolated as a separate thin band. In the lumbar region its The iliolumbar ligament has in the past given rise to a
tensile strength can be as much as 700 N . Although the number of different functional interpretations. One of the
supraspinous ligament is relatively thin, its great mechanical commonest appearing in the literature is that it prevents
advantage allows it to exercise considerable turning force Subluxation of L 5 from the base of the sacrum (Benninghoff-
during the end stages of ventral flexion, thereby supplement- Goerttler 1985; Rauber-Kopsch 1987). Our own researches
ing the action of the ligamenta flava. with a method which employs strain gauges have, on
45
the contrary, demonstrated that significant tension in the can only be carried out satisfactorily if the single fibres are
iliolumbar ligaments is firstly associated with increasing already in play from the resting position onwards, which
ventral flexion, and secondly with extreme rotation and lateral implies the existence of a certain initial tension. This initial
flexion (Paul 1989). This has also been confirmed by the tension is supplied by the internal pressure within the nucleus
researches of Yamamoto et al. (1990). A simple axial load pulposus, which is therefore not required by the anulus
does not increase tension in the ligaments; on the contrary, it fibrosus alone, but is also a decisive factor in determining the
is more like to result in shortening. State of tension in the motion segment as whole. Only by
As a result of these findings it is necessary, according to the means of this initial tension can a strict control of activity be
basic principles of function, to include the iliolumbar liga- achieved and jerky, haphazard movements avoided.
ment among the short segmental ligaments of the vertebral Should the internal pressure in the disc be decreased,
column. Starting with a basic tension of zero (rest position), it jerkiness, especially at the beginning of the movement, is to
is, as a result of certain everyday movements, brought slowly be expected. This can lead to short-term tension peaks in the
under increasing tension. In this way it prevents the sudden individual fibre bundles.
appearance of tension peaks in the final stages of individual
movements.
46
Kummer B (1983) Welchen Beitrag leisten die Wirbelgelenke zur
Tragefunktion der W i r b e l s u l e ? In: Biomechanik der Wirbel-
s u l e , Hrsg. Hackenbroch M H , HJ Refior, M . Jger, Thieme,
Stuttgart
Kummer B (1991) Biomechanische Probleme der aufrechten Hal-
tung, Verh Anat Ges 86: 158
Myklebust J B , Pintar F , Yoganandan N . Cusick JF, Maiman D ,
Myers T J , Sances A (1988) Tensile strength of spinal ligaments.
Spine 13: 526-531
Panjabi M M , Goel V K , Takata K (1982) Physiologie strains in the
lumbar spinal ligaments. Spine 7: 192-203
Paul HJ (1989) Experimentelle Untersuchung zur Funktion des L i g .
Fig. 10. Action of ligaments of the lumbar motion segment: iliolumbale. Diss Freiburg
a) dorsal flexion, Putz R (1981) Funktionelle Anatomie der Wirbelgelenke, Normale
b) ventral flexion. und Pathologische Anatomie. B d 43, Thieme, Stuttgart
Putz R (1985) Action conjugee des ligaments et des articulations des
apophyses articulaires au niveau de la colonne lombaire dans la
limitations des mouvements. Ann Kinesither 12: 14
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ligaments are to be found in all the larger joints of the body. processes of the lumbar vertebrae. J Anat 143: 181 187
Putz R (1985) Wirbelsule. In: Benninghoff-Goerttler, Makros-
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47