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ãÖ„Éèí=∞ Ñ¨~°KÕ"åix ÉèíÜ«∞ÃÑ@ì=^Œ∞Ì
''^Õx#~Ú<å #Ü«∞O KÕ¿ãk LÑ¨C hˆ~: K≥=∞@ HÍ=K«∞Û, Hõhfl~°∞ HÍ=K«∞Û. ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù hˆ~ HÍ=K«∞Û——.
™ê¯O_ç<ÕqÜ«∂‰õΩ K≥Ok# #=ÖÏHÍ~°∞_»∞ S™êH± ÔHxã¨<£ ~åã≤# „Ñ¨MÏº`« "åHõºO Wn.
WO^Œ∞Ö’ Hõq`å`«‡Hõ`Õ HÍ^Œ∞. =∂#= â◊s~° ã¨fiÉèÏ=O QÆ∞iOz# "åã¨Î=O =ÙOk. =∞# Éè∫uHõ
â◊s~°O ã¨=Ú„^ŒO #∞O_Õ Ñ¨Ù\˜ìOk. JO^Œ∞ˆH =∞# â◊s~°O Ö’Ñ¨Å ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù LÑ¨Ê^Œ#O =ÙO@∞Ok. =∞#
â◊s~° =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ LÑ¨C `«Ñ¨ÊxãïQÍ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# áÈ+¨HõO. =∞# â◊s~°O ã¨=∞`å ã≤÷uH˜ =ã¨∂Î =ÙO_®ÅO>Ë
`«QÆ∞ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ Jk LO_®eûO^Õ.
LÑ¨C HÀ~°∞HÀ=_»=∞O>Ë ã¨fiÜ«∞O q^èŒfiOã¨Hõ =ºã¨#OQÍ ÉèÏqOz# HÍ~°}OQÍ QÆ`« â◊`å|Ì HÍÖÏxH˜
ÃÑ·QÍ =∞# ãÖã¨¯ $u D âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~åxfl x~åHõiOzOk. PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ ¿Ñi@ Z<Àfl POHõ∆Å∞
=KåÛ~Ú. ãÖ`«$Ñ¨Î H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ `«yæOK«=∞<åfl~°∞. ã≤QÆÔ~@∞¡ =∂<≥Ü«∞º=∞<åfl~°∞. *ÏyOQ∑ K≥Ü«∞º=∞<åfl~°∞.
q„â◊q∞OK«=∞<åfl~°∞... "å\˜`À áê@∞ Pâ◊Û~°ºHõ~°OQÍ LÑ¨C ÃÑ· ‰õÄ_» POHõ∆Å∞ ÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ H˘xfl
Ñ¨xH˜ =KÕÛ"Õ HÍ=K«∞Û. HÍx LÑ¨C `«yæOK«∞‰õΩx u<åeû# J=ã¨~°O =∞#Ö’ J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ‰õΩ ÖË^Œ∞. x[O
K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∞#Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞OkH˜ LÑ¨C `«yOæ K«_O» HÍ^Œ∞. J^Œ#OQÍ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ZO`À „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#Hõ~O° .
nxH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ `≥Å¡ ã¨Êù\ ˜Hõ"≥∞ÿ# ÑÖK«^•~° Ç¨xHõ~°O HÍ^Œ∞ J#∞‰õΩO@∂ Z‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜
JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_®¤O. LÑ¨C =Å¡ HÍ^Œ∞, K≥ÔH¯~° J^Œ#OQÍ u#_»O =Å¡<Õ JkèHõ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞, QÆ∞O_≥ <åàÏÅ
[|∞ƒÅ∞, n~°…HÍÅ H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ ^•i fã¨∞ÎOk.
`«‰õΩ¯= ÑÖK«^•~° QÆÅ PÇ¨~åÅ „áê=ÚYº`«#∞ ã¨∂zã¨∂Î ÑÖK«^•~° J<Õk "Õ∞Hõ `ÀÅ∞ HõÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl
`À_ÕÅ∞ ÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#^Œ#fl ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõÅ∞ D =∞^èŒº g∞_çÜ«∂Ö’ =ã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. KÕÑ¨Å∞, J=HÍ_À,
Pe"£ #∂<≥ =O\˜ H˘=Ùfi PÇ¨~åÅ∞ =∞Oz=#fl H˘=Ùfi J#∞‰õÄÅ „Ñ¨Kå~°O ‰õÄ_» =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~å=_»O
J#∞‰õÄÖÏOâßÅ∞.
JÖÏO@Ñ¨C_»∞ =∞#O PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅ ÖË|∞à◊§ÃÑ· LÑ¨C ZO`« LO^À K«∂_®eû# J=ã¨~O° U=ÚOk?
ÉèíÜ«∞ÃÑ>Ëì D „HÕ^Œ ~åã≤# ÖÏO\˜ ji¬HõÅ#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O LO^•?
LÑ¨C#∞ Jq∞`«OQÍ u#_»O =Å¡ q∞eÜ«∞#¡ =∞Okx K«OÑ¨Ù`ÀOk.

– 'á¶È~üƒû— Ñ¨„uHõ – 24/3/2013
JkèHõ LÑ¨C "å_»HõO =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ`À ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ 16 ÅHõ∆Å =∞Ok =∞~°}˜ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
–'ÃÇÏÖòÎ Öˇ·<£ #∂ºãπ— – 14/8/2014
J"≥∞iHõ<£ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅÖ’ JkèHõ LÑ¨C "å_»HõO`À T|HÍÜ«∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`ÀOk.
– 'ÃÇÏbÎ _Õ — – 3/2/2014
g∞ QÆ∞O_≥ Ñ¨kÅOQÍ LO_®ÅO>Ë, LÑ¨C#∞ HõuÎiOK«O_ç.
– 'Ç¨~°fi~ü¤ ÃÇÏÖòÎ ÉÏ¡Q∑— – 11/7/2016
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"åã¨=Î "Õ∞=∞O>Ë _˘Å¡QÍ `«Ü∂« ~Ô #· =∞# "≥^· ºŒ ãÖã¨Å÷ ∞ LÑ¨C‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz HÍÅO K≥e#¡ , ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞
ÖËx ã≤^•úO`åÅ#∞ Ñ¨@∞ì‰Ωõ x "ÕàÏ§_»∞`«∞#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ ã¨`åºxfl QÆ∞iÎOK« x~åHõiã¨∂Î „Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÍºxfl „Ñ¨=∂^ŒOÖ’
<≥\ ˜ì"Õã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞<Õ D `«Ñ¨C_»∞ ã≤^•úO`åxfl ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«OQÍ Z^Œ∞~˘¯x F_çOK«#O`« HÍÅO
=∞# â◊s~åÅ∞ LÑ¨CÖËx #ëêìÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞~“`«∂<Õ LO\Ï~Ú. ÑÖK«^•~°‰õΩ =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°∞Å∞QÍ `«Ü«∂Ô~· H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ#
áÈ+¨HÍÅ H˘~°`« =Å¡ #+¨ìáÈ`å~Ú. =∞#Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Okq∞ PHõe #∞O_ç `«$Ñ≤Î á⁄O^ŒÖËHõ W|ƒOk
Ñ¨_»∞`«∂<Õ =ÙO\ÏO. |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ‰õΩO_®<Õ HÕ^Œ K≥Ñ≤Ê# r=# â‹·e =∂~°∞ÊÅ QÆ∞iOz PÖ’z™êÎO.
g∞ P~ÀQÆºO QÆ∞iOz ÉˇOQÆÑ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~°O>Ë WÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH g∞~°∞ ~ÀA LÑ¨C "å_»HÍxfl XHõ ã¨∂Ê#∞‰õΩ
(2,300 q∞.„QÍ.), `«yæOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flOÖ’ =ÙO_ç =ÙO\Ï~°∞. g∞~°∞ P„Ñ¶≤Hõ<£ J"≥∞iHõ<£ J~Ú=Ù<åfl ÖËHõ
WÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. =Ù<åfl ^•xfl WOHÍ 3/4 ã¨∂Ê#∞‰õΩ (1,500 q∞.„QÍ.) ‰õΩ `«yæOK«∞HÀEã¨∞ÎO_ç
=ÙO\Ï~°∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x ~ÀQÆ x"å~°}, xÜ«∞O„`«} ˆHO„^ŒO (ã≤_çã≤) "åà◊√§ J"≥∞iHõ#¡Ö’ ã¨QÆO [<åÉèÏ#∞
LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOK«∞HÀ=∞h, 25 âß`«O *Ï<åÉèÏ#∞ LÑ¨C ^•^•Ñ¨Ù =∂x"ÕÜ«∞=∞h ã¨ÅÇ¨ Wã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
g∞~°∞ WÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH D *Ïa`åÖ’ LO_ç =ÙO>Ë g∞‰õΩ W+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# PÇ¨~åÅ#∞ H˘#∞H˘¯<Õ@Ñ¨C_»∞ "å\˜Ö’
LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= ~°HÍÅ#∞ "≥`«∞H˘¯<Õ „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flOÖ’ =ÙO_ç =ÙO\Ï~°∞. ã≤x=∂ Ç¨Å∞Ö’ Ñ¨Hõ¯"åà◊§ ^ŒQÆæ~° HÍã≤xfl
áêÑπHÍ~üfl u#_®xH˜ ÉèíÜ«∞Ñ¨_»`å~°∞. XHõ=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ~°∞zHõ~°OQÍ u<Õ J^Œ$ëêìxfl HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞.
^ŒÑ≤ÊHõ J~Ú#Ñ¨C_»ÖÏ¡ =∞Ozh~°∞ ZÖÏ `åQÆ∞`å"≥∂ LÑ¨C#∞ ‰õÄ_» HÀiHõ Hõey# "Õ∞~°‰õΩ u<åe.
JÖÏ K«∂¿ãÎ „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ U =¸Å# L#fl, U "å`å=~°}OÖ’ L#fl =∞#∞+¨µÅHõ~Ú<å ~ÀA‰õΩ 3,000
q∞.„QÍ. #∞O_ç 4,000 q∞.„QÍ. =~°‰Ωõ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~=° ∞x âßG"Õ`ÅÎ« ∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. U =$uÎÖ’, U ãÖã¨¯ $uÖ’
=Ù#fl =∞#∞+¨µÅHõ~Ú<å Wk J=ã¨~°O.
g∞ â◊s~°O K≥¿ÑÊ ^•xfl g∞~°∞ qxÑ≤OK«∞HÀ"åe. g∞~°∞ LÑ¨C#∞ U =∂„`«O `«yOæ K«∞HÀ#=ã¨~O° ÖË^#Œ flk
g∞~°∞ qO@∞#fl =∞Oz "å~°Î. x*ÏxH˜ g∞‰õΩ WO`«Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯"Õ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O HÍ=K«∞Û. LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡
g∞‰õΩ#fl HÀiHõ#∞ J}K«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® ^•xfl ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î Ñ¨~°K«_»O ^•fi~å<Õ "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# P~ÀQÆºO á⁄O^ŒQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
<Õ#∞ ~åã¨∞Î#fl D Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõOÖ’ LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# =∞# „Éèí=∞Å#∞ `Õ@`≥Å¡O KÕã≤ LÑ¨C ÖËHõáÈ=_»O =Å¡
HõeˆQ ^Œ∞¢+¨ÊÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ qâ◊^ŒÑ¨~°∞™êÎ#∞. ã¨=Ú„^ŒO #∞O_Õ Ñ¨Ù\˜ì Ñï}Ï=∞O K≥Ok# =∞#O â◊s~°O LÑ¨C`À
ZÖÏ =Ú_çÑ¨_ç =ÙO^À K≥áêÎ#∞. QÆ`« â◊`å|ÌOÖ’ [iy# LÑ¨C Ü«Ú^•úÅ#∂ – PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞
~°∂Ñ¨Ùk^Œ∞Ì‰õΩ#fl f~°∞#∂ K≥Ñ¨Ù`å#∞. P^èŒ∞xHõ r=#O Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O âßs~°HõOQÍ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ
ÃÑiyO^À, ^•xfl HõuÎiOK«∞`«∞#flO^Œ∞ =Å¡ HõeˆQ ^Œ∞+¨Êe`åÅ#∞ QÆ`«"≥∞#fl\˜ Hõ<åfl ZÖÏ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åfl"≥∂
‰õÄ_» K≥|∞`å#∞. LÑ¨C `«yæOK«∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« „Ñ¨ÑÖK« [<åÉèÏÖ’x =¸_çO@ Ô~O_»∞ =O`«∞Å
=∞Ok (2/3) 2, 3 ~°HÍÅ n~°H… ÍÅ P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åfl~°∞. „Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î O« J#∞ãïã¨∞#Î fl =∞O^Œ∞Å
q^è•<åÅ∞, _≥·\ò, PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞ LÑ¨C#∞ â◊s~åxH˜ JO^Œ‰õΩO_® *Ëã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C =Å¡
HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl=#∞‰õΩO@∞#fl =ÚÑ¨CÅ∞ x*ÏxH˜ ^•x=Å¡ HõÅQÆ_»O ÖË^Œh† JkèHõ ÑÖK«^•~° =Å¡ =ã¨∞Î#fl D
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ LÑ¨C ÃÑOz fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ ZÖÏ Ñïëê¯~°=∞=Ù`åÜ≥∂ ‰õÄ_» qâ◊^ŒÑ¨~°∞™êÎ#∞.
Ñ¨xÖ’ Ñ¨xQÍ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ g∞ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã ™ê=∞~°úº=¸, HõO_»~åÅ Ñ¨@∞`«fi=¸,
ZÖÏ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À K≥Ñ¨Ê_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# JÜ≥∂_ç<£ Ö’ÑÖ ~å‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜ `«y# ã≤á¶ê~°∞ûÅ∞
KÕ™êÎ#∞. =∞#∞+¨µÅ J=ã¨~åÖ’¡ `Õ_®Å#∞ |\˜ì Z=iÔHO`« J=ã¨~°"≥∂, ã¨Ô~·# LÑ¨C#∞ `«QÆ∞ q^èŒOQÍ ZÖÏ
fã¨∞HÀ"åÖ’ xiú+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ã¨∂K«#Å∞ KÕ™êÎ#∞. ã¨Ô~·# Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Ö’¡ LÑ¨C "å_»HõO g∞ r=#OÖ’ `≥KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞
– =∞Oz x„^Œ‰õΩ, â◊H˜Î ™ê÷~ÚÅ (Z#s˚ Öˇ"≥Öòû) ÃÑOÑ¨Ù‰õΩ, "≥∞^Œ_»∞ ˆHO„nHõ~°} ÃÑOÑ¨Ù‰õΩ, Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`«ÊuÎ
™ê=∞~åúºxH˜, Öˇ·OyHõ Ñ¨@∞`åfixH˜ ZÖÏ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^Œ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O^À g∞ˆ~ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. JOu=∞OQÍ J<ÕHõ
~°HÍÅ =∞O^Œ∞Å "å_»HÍÅ∞, [|∞ƒÅ Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å∞, r=# ã¨~°à◊√Å∞ LÑ¨C =Å¡ HõeˆQ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ#∞ ZÖÏ
2
=$^è• KÕã¨∞Î<åflÜ≥∂ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ=_»O ^•fi~å LÑ¨C H˘~°`« =Å¡ HõeˆQ #ëêìÅ#∞ QÆ∞iOz g∞~°∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï#
ÃÑOK«∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
<å ÑïjÅ# J#∞Éèí"åÅ#∞ ÑÖK«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ J<ÕHõ =∞Ok n~°…HÍeHõ [|∞ƒÅ`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»¤"åi
Hõ^èŒ<åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» K≥áêÎ#∞. JkèHõ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞, QÆ∞O_≥ "≥·Ñ¶¨ÅºO, T|HÍÜ«∞O, H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒ, P@QÍà◊§ âßs~°Hõ
™ê=∞~°úºO ^≥|ƒu#fl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ "åi J#∞Éèí"åÅ∞ g∞‰õΩ `≥Å∞™êÎ~Ú. ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡
"åi [|∞ƒÅ∞ ZÖÏ =∂Ü«∞=∞Ü«∂ºÜ≥∂ g∞ˆ~ K«∂™êÎ~°∞. A . J. J<Õ =ºH˜Îx `«# 30 ãÖII =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’<Õ a.Ñ≤.
HÀãÖ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞<åfl~°∞. J~Ú<å J`«x a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæÖË^Œ∞. â◊H˜ÎÇ‘Ï#OQÍ `«Ü«∂~°=_»O, `«~°K«∞ f„="≥∞ÿ#
`«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl_»∞. LÑ¨C#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩx, Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ `«yæOK«_»O`À J`«x `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê áÈ~ÚOk. 65
áœO_»∞¡ (30 H˜Ö’Å) |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ a.Ñ≤. 80 áê~ÚO@∞¡ `«yæOk. Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO z=iH˘KÕÛãïH˜ <Õ#∞
g∞‰õΩ Ñ¨xH˘KÕÛ 5 ã¨∂„`åÅ ~°∂áêÖ’¡ LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÆO QÆ∞iOz K≥áêÎ#∞.
<å Ñïâ’^èŒ<å Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ ##∞fl Pâ◊Û~åºxH˜ QÆ∞iKÕã≤#>Ë¡ g∞~°∞ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl â◊H˜Îx `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩx
ãÖ„Éèí=∂xH˜ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~°∞. D ã¨`åºxfl QÆ∞iÎOK«‰õΩO_® x~°O`«~°OQÍ, ^Œ$_è»OQÍ J_»∞¤Ñ¨_»∞`«∞#fl â◊‰õΩÎÖËq∞\’
<Õ#∞ ÑïjeOKå#∞. HÍÅO K≥e¡# "åi ã≤^•úO`åÅ‰õΩ =ÚyOÑ¨Ù =zÛOk. Ãã·#∞û Ñïâ’^èŒ# Ñ¶ë`åÅ‰õΩ
J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ =∂~åeû =ÙOk. QÆ∞O_≥Å ¿Ñ~°∞`À, P~ÀQÆºO ¿Ñ~°∞`À, ãÖ`À+Ö
¿Ñ~°∞`À LÑ¨CÃÑ· =∞#O ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩ#fl xÜ«∞O„`«}Å#∞ =^Œe "Õ^•ÌO. uiy =∞# Éè’[# >Ë|∞Å∞ ÃÑ·H˜ LÑ¨C#∞
`≥K«∞Û‰õΩO^•O. HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# rq`åxfl, ãÖ`Àëêxfl uiy á⁄O^Œ∞^•O.
LÑ¨C u#O_ç, |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæO_ç!

<å q∞„`«∞_≥·# "≥·^Œ∞º_»∞ A . J. ‰õΩ "≥·^ŒºO "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ>Ëì ãïH˜ J`«#∞
T|HÍÜ«Ú_»∞, a.Ñ≤. 220/170 LO_Õk. `«~°K«∞ `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_Õ "å_»∞.
™ê^è•~°} "≥·^Œº ã≤á¶ê~°∞ûÅ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O J`«#∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOz u#flO`« HÍÅ=¸
JÅã¨@‰õΩ QÆ∞~°~Ú, =à◊§O`å K«eK«eQÍ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞ºk. a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæÖË^Œ∞. =∂
q∞„`«∞_»∞ _®II ™È\’ D "≥·^•ºxfl =∂~åÛ_»∞. Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ `«yæOz LÑ¨C
J=ã¨~åxfl |\˜ì u#=∞<åfl_»∞. Ñ¶ë`«O "≥O@<Õ =zÛOk. â◊H˜Î á⁄O^•_»∞, K«e,
=}∞‰õΩ =∂Ü«∞=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê f¿ãã≤#@∞¡ =∂Ü«∞"≥∞ÿáÈ~ÚOk. |~°∞=Ù
`«ˆQæ H˘nÌ a.Ñ≤. `«yæOk. 1 ãÖII QÆ_çKÕãïH˜ 65 áœO_»∞¡ |~°∞=Ù `«QÍæ_»∞. a.Ñ≤.
140/90 =^ŒÌ ã≤÷~°Ñ¨_çOk. U =∞O^Œ∞Å∂ ÖË‰õΩO_®<Õ D Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ ™êkèOKå_»∞.
3
J^è•ºÜ«∞O – I
JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.H˜ LÑ¨C HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞O^•?
40 ãÖII‰õΩ ÃÑ·QÍ =∞# (J"≥∞iHÍ) "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞, „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi=¸ ¿Ñ~°∞ "≥∂ã≤# "≥·^Œº ãÖÑ¶¨∂Å∂ JO^Œ~°∂
LÑ¨C u#_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œh, Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ n~°…HÍeHõOQÍ JkèHõ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx K≥|∞`«∂
=KåÛ~°∞.
HÍh x[O Uq∞@O>Ë: D PÖ’K«##∞ |ÅÑ¨~°KÕ U âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞ ~°∞A=Ó U<å_»∂ ÖË^Œ∞. 1977 Ö’,
"≥Å∞=_ç# J"≥∞iHõ<£ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞x K≥áêÊ~Ú. J~Ú`Õ J^Õ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’<Õ
"≥Å∞=_»¤ J"≥∞iHõ<£ ã¨~°˚<£ [#~°Öò iáÈ~°∞ì =Ü«∞ã¨∞`À áê@∞ ÃÑiˆQ a.Ñ≤.x LÑ¨C "å_»HõO `«yæã¨∞ÎO^Œx
K≥ÑC¨ HÀ_®xH˜ `«y# P^è•~åÅ∞ ÖË=Ù Jx K≥ÑÊ≤ Ok. 1991 =~°‰Ωõ a.Ñ≤.ÃÑ· LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O QÆ∞iOz#
âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞ J^èŒºÜ«∞#"Õ∞ ÖË^Œ∞. JÑ¨C_»∞ ‰õÄ_» [iyOk J`«ºO`« ¿ÑÅ="≥∞ÿ#, á⁄O`«#ÖËx QÆ}ÏOHÍÅÃÑ·
P^è•~°Ñ¨_çOk =∂„`«"Õ∞. J~Ú`Õ nxH˜ 15 ãÖII =ÚO^Œ∞ #∞O_Õ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«∞HÀ=∞#fl „Ñ¨Kå~°O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂
=zÛOk. nx Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ „Ñ¨[Å =∞#ã¨∞Ö’¡ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.H˜ HÍ~°}O LÑ¨C J#fl =Ú„^Œ |ÅOQÍ Ñ¨_ç Jk
D<å\˜H© H˘#™êQÆ∞`«∞#flk.
JkèHõ LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÆO =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx K≥¿ÑÊ 'LÑ¨C – a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`«O— âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞
q=~°}Å‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩOk. W`«~° áê`« ã≤^•úO`åÅ ÖÏˆQ nx Hõ^äŒ =∞iO`« ãÖH˜¡+¨ì`« á⁄OkOk.
D ã≤^•úO`«O WÖÏ q=iã¨∞ÎOk: â◊s~°Ñ¨Ù ~°HõÎáÈ@∞#∞ Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ H˘Å∞™êÎO. ÃÑ·# LO_Õ
ãÖYº#∞ ã≤™ÈìeH± a.Ñ≤. JO\Ï~°∞. QÆ∞O_≥ ãÖHÀzOKÕ@Ñ¨C_»∞ ^èŒ=∞#∞ÅÖ’ =ÙO_Õ ~°HõÎ Ñ‘_»#O J#fl=∂@.
HÕk JOÔH#∞ _»Ü«∂™ÈìeH± a.Ñ≤. JO\Ï~°∞. ãÖHÀK«O #∞O_ç QÆ∞O_≥ =∂=¸Å∞ ã≤÷uH˜ =zÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞
^è=Œ ∞#∞ÅÖ’x ~°HÎõ Ñ‘_<» åxfl Wk ã¨∂zã¨∞OÎ k. LÑ¨C#∞ =∞#O u#flÑ¨C_»∞ ^•Ç¨ÏO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œh, Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ
h\˜x Z‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï=∞h D ã≤^•úO`«O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. ~°HõÎOÖ’x Å=}ÏÅ#∞ Ñ¨ÅK«|~°K«_»O HÀãÖ
J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù h\˜x Ñ¨\ ì̃ =ÙOKåeû =ã¨∞OÎ ^Œh, ~°HÑÎõ Ù¨ Ñï=∂}O ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» =Å¡ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù ~°HáÎõ È@∞ P\’"Õ∞\˜HQ± Í
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#flk D ã≤^•úO`«Ñ¨Ù ™ê~åOâ◊O.
D ã≤^•úO`«O J~°ú=O`«"≥∞ÿ#^Õ<å J#fl „Ñ¨â◊fl#∞ Ñïje^•ÌO.
D ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ L#fl^ŒÖÏ¡ H˘kÌáê\˜ ~°∞A"Õ. <Õ~°∞QÍ ™êHõ∆ ºO ÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å JHõ¯_» [iˆQ^•xfl |\˜ì
TÇ≤ÏOK«=K«∞Û. qaè#fl „Ñ¨*Ï ã¨=¸Ç¨ÅÖ’ "åi LÑ¨C "å_»HÍxfl, "åi ~°HõÎáÈ@∞#∞ ¿ãHõiOz ãïáÈeÛ
K«∂âß~°∞. H˘xfl áÈeHõÅ∞ xÅHõ_»QÍ =Ù#flO`« =∂„`å# ‰õÄ_» =∞#O XHõ\ ˜ =∞~˘Hõ ^•xH˜ ^•i fã¨∞ÎO^Œx
K≥Ñ¨ÊÖË=Ú. LÑ¨C a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞ÎO^Œ#∞‰õΩO^•O. nx Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
=KåÛÜ«∞#∞‰õΩO^•O. D Ñ¶ë`«O ^•fi~å "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ# LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ 3 = Ñ¶ë`«"≥∞ÿ#
~°HõÎ„Ñ¨ã¨~°} ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ `«Öˇ`«∞Î`«∞<åflÜ«∞x ã¨∂„fHõ~°}‰õΩ ~å=_»O ãïHÍ^Œ∞.
D LÑ¨C – a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`åxfl ã¨=∞iúOKÕ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ`À ÉÏ@∞ qÉèËkOKÕ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_»
„Ñ¨K∞« iã¨∂Î =KåÛ~°∞. Wk âß¢ãÎ¨ =~åæÖ’¡ q"å^•xH˜, "Õ_ç K«~Û° Å‰õΩ ^•i fã≤Ok. Z=i TÇ¨ÏÅ‰õΩ, ãÖ^ÕÇ¨ Å‰õΩ
4
"åà◊√§ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º~°∞. x*ÏxH˜ W`«~° U áÈ+¨HÍÅ QÆ∞iOp H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò, ãÖ`«$Ñ¨Î H˘=ÙfiÅ QÆ∞iOz ‰õÄ_»
~å#O`« q"å^Œ Ñ¨Ó~°fiHõ"≥∞ÿ# K«~°Û LÑ¨C q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩOk. XHõ™êi D K«~°ÛÖ’H˜ „Ñ¨"ÕtOKåHõ
|Ü«∞@‰õΩ ~å=_»O Hõ+¨ì"≥∞ÿOk. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi=¸, "≥·^Œº ãÖã¨÷Å∂ XHõ "≥·Yi fã¨∞‰õΩx LÑ¨C#∞ `«yæOK«=∞x
K≥áêÊ~Ú QÆ#∞Hõ ^•x #∞O_ç "≥#‰õΩ¯ ~å=_»O "åà◊§‰õΩ Hõ+¨ìOQÍ =∂iOk. `«Ñ¨C#∞ XÑ¨CHÀÖËHõ áÈÜ«∂~°∞.
`å=Ú K≥¿ÑÊ^•xH˜ aè#flOQÍ âß¢ã¨Î ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞ L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H©† JÑïÑ¨HõfiOQÍ, `«y# P^è•~åÅ∞ ÖË‰õΩO_® `å=Ú
K≥|∞`«∂ =zÛ# `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C ã¨∂„`«"Õ∞ "åà◊√§ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. `«=∞‰õΩ `å=Ú ''LÑ¨C `«yæOK«∞H˘=∞‡x
K≥ÑÊ¨ É’ÜÕ∞ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ ^•xH˜ ãÖ|OkèOz# ~°∞A=ÙÅ QÆ∞iOz ãïK«∂ã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl=∂?—— J#fl „Ñ¨âfl◊ "Õã∞¨ HÀÖËHõ
áÈ`«∞<åfl~°∞.
P~ÀQÍºxH˜ H˘Å=∂#OQÍ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞#∞ K«∂ã¨∞Î<åflO QÆ#∞Hõ LÑ¨CÃÑ· POHõ∆Å∞ ÃÑ@ì_»O ã¨Ô~·#^Õ#x
QÆ\ ˜ìQÍ #=Ú‡`«∂ =KåÛO. D ã≤^•úO`« ã¨=∞~°ú‰õΩÅ∞ a.Ñ≤.Ö’ XHõ áê~ÚO@∞ `«QÆ∞æ^ŒÅ =zÛ<å HÀ\Ï¡k
„Ñ¨*ÏhHÍxH˜ "≥∞^Œ_»∞áÈ@∞, QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ `«Ñ≤Ê#>Ë¡ Hõ^• Jx ÉèÏqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. HÍx "≥·^Œº ~°OQÆÑ¨Ù ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’
nxH˜ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ# ™êHõ∆ ºO =ÙOk. =∂=¸Å∞ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞QÍ K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ<Õ 120/80 a.Ñ≤.Ö’ LÑ¨C u#_»O =Å¡
80 âß`«O [<åÉèÏÖ’ ZÖÏO\˜ =∂~°∂Ê ~åÖË^Œ∞. =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î a.Ñ≤. ˆHã¨∞Å∞ K«∂ã≤<å 75 âß`«O =∞OkÃÑ·
LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖË^Œ∞. ÉÏQÍ Z‰õΩ¯= a.Ñ≤. L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ 55 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ LÑ¨C ÃÑOz<å, `«yæOz<å
`Õ_® Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞.
JkèHõ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ ã¨QÆO=∞OkÃÑ· LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖË^Œx ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿOk. LÑ¨C
`«yæOKåÅ<Õ Hõiî# =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ‰õΩ =¸ÅO TÇ¨Ï =∂„`«"Õ∞. H˘kÌ =∞Okx =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«∂ã≤, q™êÎ~°"≥∞ÿ#
„Ñ¨*Ï~åâ◊√Å‰õΩ ^•xfl J#fi~ÚOK«|∂#∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. P Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ "åà◊§‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» "Õ∞Å∞ KÕ™êÎÜ«∞xTÇ≤ÏOKå~°∞.
WHõ¯_Õ gàÁ§Hõ =ÚYº q+¨Ü«∞OÃÑ· K«~°Û#∞ `«Ñ≤ÊOKå~°∞. LÑ¨C =Å¡ H˘O^ŒiÖ’ =∂„`«O a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂,
q∞ye# "åà◊§ÃÑ· U „Ñ¨ÉèÏ==¸ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ HõÅQÆ_»O ÖË^À K«∂_» x~åHõiOKå~°∞. nxÃÑ· „â◊^Œú ÃÑ\˜ì=ÙO>Ë
LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ Z=iÔHO`« ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO =ÙO^Œ#flk "å~°∞ u<Õ LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞#∞ |\˜ì ÖË^Œx QÆ∞iÎOK«QÆeˆQ
"åà◊√§. J^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ =∞#∞+¨µÅ a.Ñ≤.Ö’ =KÕÛ ÃÇÏK«∞Û `«QÆ∞æefl „Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«O KÕ¿ã J<ÕHõ W`«~° JOâßÅ#∞
=kÖËã≤ LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÃÑ·<Õ ^Œ$+≤ìÃÑ>Ëì `«Ñ¨C [iˆQk HÍ^Œ∞. P^è•~åÅ∞ ÖËx TÇ¨ÏÅ‰õΩÖ’<≥· LÑ¨C#∞
JkèHõOQÍ "å_»_»O =Å¡ "≥∞^Œ_»∞áÈ@∞ (Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O), QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ =O\˜ f„= J<å~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡
ÉèÏqOKå~°∞.
D `«Ñ¨C‰õΩ =¸ÅO JuH˘kÌ =∞Okx =∂„`«"Õ∞ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆOÖ’H˜ fã¨∞HÀ=_»OÖ’ =ÙOk. LÑ¨C
`«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ HõeˆQ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ K«∂âß~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ [iˆQ H©_»∞#∞ qã¨‡iOKå~°∞.
a.Ñ≤. H˘kÌQÍ `«QÆæ_»O QÆ∞iOz K«∂âß~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê LÑ¨C H˘~°`« =Å¡ HõeˆQ ^Œ∞+¨Êe`åÖˇ·# QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO
ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» , H˜_flô Ñ¨x`«#O `«yæ J„_ç#e<£ Ö’ÑÖ ~å=_»O, ^è~·≥ å~Ú_£ L`«ÊuÎ `«Q_æÆ O» , ¢>yÿ̌ [¡ ~Ô _· ∞» ,¡ H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖòÅ∞
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑiy Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«‰õΩ ^•ifã≤ T|HÍÜ«∞O, 2 = ~°HõO =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO
~å=_»O =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ K«∂_»_»OÖ’ qÑ¶¨Å=∞Ü«∂º~°∞.
L^ÕÌâ◊Ñ¨Ói`«OQÍ q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ãïQÍ K«∂_» x~åHõiOz# Ñ¶ë`«O =∞# QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°QÆ_»OÖ’
K«∂_»=K«∞Û. LÑ¨C `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡ ~°∞A"≥·Ok. LÑ¨C `«yæOz# "åà◊§O^ŒiH© Wk
J#∞Éèí="Õ∞. "≥·^Œº ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ nxH˜ `«y# ™êH∆ÍºÅ∞ q™êÎ~°OQÍ, ã¨=∞„QÆOQÍ L<åfl~Ú. J~Ú<å U PÇ¨~°
=∂~°æ^Œ~°≈Hõ=¸ ÖË^• PÇ¨~° „Ñ¨Hõ@# ‰õÄ_® ''LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ g∞ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx——
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ „Ñ¨[efl ÃÇÏK«ÛiOK«ÖË^Œ#flk „Ñ¨â◊fl. XHõ áê~ÚO@∞ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæ_»O HÀãÖ xq∞ëêxH˜ 4 ™ê~°∞¡
J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù "ÕQÆO`À QÆ∞O_≥#∞ H˘@∞ìHÀx^•Ì=∂ J#flk „Ñ¨â◊fl.
5
=∞#‰õΩ, =∞# â◊s~åÅ‰õΩ g\˜Ö’ U iã¨∞¯#∞ LOK«∞‰õΩx, ^Õxfl =^Œe "Õã¨∞HÀ=K«Û#fl ¿ãfiK«Ûù LO>Ë
ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. HÍx JÖÏO\˜k ÖË^!Õ LÑ¨C `«yOæ K«_O» =Å¡ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl Ç¨x JO`« Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞, „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O
JO`« `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ#∞ LOk. a.Ñ≤.x XHõ áê~ÚO@∞ `«yæOKÕ ¿Ñi@ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO@∞#fl =ÚÑ¨C Z<Àfl Ô~@∞¡.
WÑ¨C_»∞ =∞#O ÉÏkè`« „Ñ¨[Å Ñ¨H∆Í# „Ñ¨tflOKåe. g∞~°∞ J#∞ãïOz# 'zH˜`«û— Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å =Å¡
P~ÀQÆºO "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨_çO^•? =∞iO`«QÍ kQÆ*ÏiO^•?
=∞# â◊s~åÅÃÑ· Ñ¨_»∞`«∞#fl ÉèÏ~åÅ s`åº D „Ñ¨â◊fl =∞iO`«QÍ „áê^è•<åºxfl ãÖ`«iOK«∞‰õΩOk.
`«‰õΩ¯= Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ (LCHF), H©\’, ÖË^• áêeÜ≥∂ _≥·\òÅ#∞ J#∞ãïOK«_»OÖ’ ‰õÄ_», â◊s~°OÖ’
LÑ¨C#∞ ^≥|ƒf¿ã "≥·^Œº Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å ^•fi~å =∞#O =∞# r~å‚â◊Ü«∞ =º=ã¨÷#∞ ^≥|ƒfã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åflO. „HÀ<£û
[|∞ƒ, JÅû~°∞¡, Wi@|∞Öò ÉÁ"≥Öò ã≤O„_À"£∞, ¿ÑQÆ∞Ö’¡ Ñ¨Ó`« (bH© QÆ\ò) =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ<Õ QÍHõ â◊√nÌHõiOz#
Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞, ÑÖK«^•~°Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= u#_»O ^•fi~å H˜_ôflÅ‰õΩ Z‰õΩ¯= Ç¨x KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åflO.
Ç¨~À‡#¡ xÑ¨Ù}∞Å∞ (ZO_À¢HÔ <· åÅlã¨∞Åì ∞) ''JO`«~`æ° « PHõe—— (WO@~°flÖò ™êì~ˆ fi+¨<)£ QÍ Ñ≤eKÕ ã¨=∞ã¨º‰õΩ
=¸ÅHÍ~°}O ‰õÄ_» n~°…HÍeHõ LÑ¨C H©∆}`Õ#x P^èŒ∞xHõ Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å∞ "≥Å¡_çã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ_»O
`«yæOK«QÍ<Õ â◊s~°O ÉèíÜ«∂O^Àà◊#‰õΩ (áêxH±) QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞Ok. P`«‡~°Hõ∆} K«~°ºÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ â◊s~°O W#∞ûe<£
™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»O ^•fi~å H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® Ñ¨\ ˜ì LOKÕÖÏ `À_»Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ
W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ â◊s~° Hõ}ÏÖ’¡x H˘=Ùfi#∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ HÍ‰õΩO_® KÕã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ H˘=ÙfiÅ#∞,
=∂Oã¨H$õ `«∞ÅÎ #∞ â◊HQÎ˜ Í â◊s~°O "å_»∞HÀÖËx Ñïã≤u÷ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. ÃÑiy# W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Jx"å~°ºOQÍ
Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ HÀ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú.
Ñ¶ë`«O? Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ HÀãÖ â◊s~°O P~å@Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. â◊√núHõiOz# Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ u<Õ
H˘nÌ =∞iO`«QÍ u<ÕÖÏ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ áÈQÆ∞Ñ¨_»_»O, |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«,
JOu=∞OQÍ 2 = ~°HõO =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜ ^•ifÜ«∞_»O [iyáÈ`«∞Ok.
n#O`«\ ˜H© HÍ~°}O =∞#O LÑ¨C#∞ ^À+≤QÍ K«∂_»_»OÖ’<Õ =ÙOk. ™êHõ∆ ºO ÖË‰õΩO_®<Õ tHõ∆ "Õã≤#@∞¡
J~ÚOk. =¸ÅºO K≥e¡ã¨∞Î#flk =∞# â◊s~°O. LÑ¨C‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ =kÖË¿ãÎ Ñ¶ë`«O =∞~À ~°HõOQÍ
LO_Õk.
HõhãÖ WÑ¨C_»~Ú<å `«Ñ¨C#∞ ãïk^Œ∞Ì‰õΩO^•O. <Õ~åxfl =kÖËã≤ uiy LÑ¨C#∞ P™êfik^•ÌO.
ã¨`åºxfl QÆ∞iÎOKåeû# ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Wk
ÃÇ·Ï ã¨∂¯Öò ™ê÷~Ú #∞O_Õ <Õ#∞ P@QÍ}˜fl. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ <å‰õΩ áÈ+¨HÍÅ =∞Oz K≥_»∞Å∞ â◊s~°OÃÑ·
HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O `≥Å∞ã¨∞. „H©_®HÍ~°∞Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C ZO`«\ ˜ J=ã¨~"° ∂≥ ã¨∂¯Å∞ ~ÀAÖ’¡<Õ <Õ#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå#O\Ï_»∞
_®II *Ë"£∞û.
`«~åfi`« |ÃÑ¶Ö’ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O #∞O_ç Ñ¨\Ïì á⁄Ok á¶ê~°‡ã≤ã¨∞ìQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ\Ïì#∞. <å
=^ŒÌ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ XHõ ~Ày Ñ¨_»∞`«∞#fl W|ƒOkx QÆ∞iÎOKå#∞. qã¨∞QÆ∞, z~å‰õΩ, |^ŒúHõO =O\˜
W|ƒO^Œ∞Å∞ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O_»_»O QÆ=∞xOKå#∞. P"≥∞ ‰õΩOQÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ ã¨=∞ã¨º‰õΩ (_ç„ÃÑ+¨<£) =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ "å_»∞`«∂
LO_çO^Œx QÆ∞iÎOKå#∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ P"≥∞ ~°HOÎõ Ö’ ™È_çÜ∞« O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_áç ÈÜ«∂ÜÕ∞"≥∂ Ñ¨sHÕ∆ K«∞HÀ=∞<åfl#∞.
K«∂¿ãÎ Jq `«yæ L<åfl~Ú. ^•O`À LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl#∞. P"≥∞ "å_Õ =∞O^Œ∞efl "≥·^Œ∞º_»∞ `«yæOKå_»∞. LÑ¨C
u#QÍ<Õ P"≥∞ rq`«"Õ∞ =∂iáÈ~ÚOk. ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ J^Œ$â◊º=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. Ug∞ Y~°∞Û ÖË‰õΩO_®<Õ P"≥∞ ã¨=∞ã¨º
Ñïëê¯~°O HÍ=_»O <åÔHO`À `«$Ñ≤Îx HõeyOzOk.
6
D J#∞Éèí=O ##∞fl =∞iO`«QÍ LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# Ñïâ’^èŒ#‰õΩ ÑïH˘eÊOk. Ñïjeã¨∂Î áÈÜÕ∞ H˘nÌ
LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O U =∂„`«O ãïHÍ^Œx J~°÷"≥∞ÿOk. ^•^•Ñ¨Ù D HÍÅOÖ’<Õ 2013 Ö’ ~°HõÎ
<åàÏÅÃÑ· J^èŒºÜ«∞#O HÀãÖ âß¢ã¨Î"Õ`«ÎQÍ Ãã~ÚO\ò Å∂H± q∞_£ J"≥∞iHÍ Ç¨~üì W<£ã≤ì@∂º\òÖ’ KÕ~°_»O
[iyOk. =∂#= P~ÀQÆºOÃÑ· LÑ¨C, ÑÖK«^•~°Å∞ Hõeyã¨∞Î#fl „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ QÆ∞iOz ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 200 Ñïâ’^èŒ<å
Ñ¨„`åÅ#∞ "≥·^Œº Ñ¨„uHõÅ‰õΩ ~åâß#∞. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ „a\©+π HÍi¤Ü≥∂ "åã¨∞¯Å~ü ™⁄Ãã·\ © "åà◊√§ #_ç¿Ñ Ñ¨„uHõ‰õΩ
##∞fl LÑ¨ ãÖáê^Œ‰õΩxQÍ LO_»=∞x HÀ~å~°∞.
"≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ <Õ#∞ LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O QÆ∞iOz# Ñïâ’^èŒ#Ö’ "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ`À HõÅã≤ 10 ãÖIIÅ∞ Hõ$+≤ KÕâß#∞.
LÑ¨C ÃÑ· HÍÅO K≥e¡# x¿+^èŒO WOHÍ H˘#™êyOKåÖÏ? Z=iH˜ ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O. Uk ã¨Ô~·# Ñ¨^ŒÌu?
LÑ¨C#∞ ÃÑOz u#_»O ^•fi~å T|HÍÜ«∞O, 2 = ~°HõO =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =O\˜ „Ñ¨ÑÖKåxfl =}˜H˜ã¨∞Î#fl [|∞ƒÅ
#∞O_ç |Ü«∞@ Ñ¨_»"ÕÜ«∞=K«Ûx ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿOk.
WÑ¨C_»∞ =∞#O x*ÏÅ∞ K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩO^•O:
– LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O ^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ìHõ~°O/^ŒÜ«∞hÜ«∞O.

– LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°O.
– =∞# â◊s~° x~å‡}O LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O`À =Ú_çÑ¨_ç#k.
– LÑ¨C `«yOæ KÕ =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ‰õΩ âß¢ãÜ
Î‘ ∞« Ñ¨Ù<åk ÖË^∞Œ . TÇ¨ÏÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ #ç `«ÑC¨ _»∞ q*Ï˝#O =∂„`«"∞Õ .
– P~ÀQÍºÅ‰õΩ Jã¨Öˇ·# K≥~°∞Ñ¨Ù KÕã¨∞Î#flk ÑÖK«^•~°. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ *Ïu Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞#fl P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õΩ
HÍ~°}O LÑ¨C HÍ^Œ∞. LÑ¨C n~°…HÍeHõ [|∞ƒefl Ñï+¨¯iã¨∞ÎOk.
â◊s~åxH˜ J#=ã¨~°Ñ¨Ù =uÎ_ç ÖË‰õΩO_®, ã¨=∞`å ã≤÷uÖ’ #_»"åÅO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 8 #∞O_ç 10 „QÍ.
LÑ¨C =∞# â◊s~åxH˜ J=ã¨~°O. ÑÖK«^•~° u#_»O ÃÑOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® J^Œ∞Ñ¨ÙÖ’ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ QÆey`Õ n~°…HÍÅO
Ç¨~ÚQÍ P~ÀQÆºOQÍ |`«Hõ QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz =∞#‰õΩ#fl ^Œ∞~°aè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ `˘ÅyOK«_®xˆH <Õ#∞ D Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHõO ~åÜ«∞_®xH˜
Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩ<åfl#∞. LÑ¨C#∞ uiy u#_»O "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ_ç`Õ ZO`« P~ÀQÆº=O`«∞Å∞QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞HÍ=KÀÛ WO^Œ∞Ö’
g∞~°∞ `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
=∂#= P~ÀQÍºxfl HÍáê_»_»OÖ’ H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O HõeyOKÕ LÑ¨C#∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ J#∞=∂xOK«_»O
"≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\ÏìO? LÑ¨C ã¨~°fi"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ ^˘~°Hõ_»O nx „áê^è•#º`« `«QÆæ_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O HÍ=K«∞Û. =∂#=Ù_ç
Ñ¨Ù@∞ìHõ „Hõ=∞O P~°OÉè"í ∞≥ Oÿ k ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’<Õ. P^è∞Œ xHõ "≥^· ºŒ q*Ï˝#O Pq~°ƒqù OKÕ =~°‰Ωõ LÑ¨C`À =Ú_çÑ_¨ #ç
„Ñ¨™ê÷<åxfl =∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl „áê^è•<åºxfl, Jk QÆ`«OÖ’ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOz# H©ÅHõ áê„`«#∞
=∞#O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩx HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ^•x "≥·Éèí"åxfl, Q“~°"åxfl uiy ^•xH˜ JOk^•ÌO.
7
J^è•ºÜ«∞O–II
=∞#O ã¨=Ú„^Œ *Ïu "åà◊§O
J=Ù#∞ =∞#O x[OQÍ LÑ¨C =∞#∞+¨µÅO. LÑ¨C#∞ uO\ÏO. K≥=∞@ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞ =^Œ∞Å∞`åO,
=∞# â◊s~°OÖ’x „Ñü Hõ}=¸ LÑ¨C „^•=HõOÖ’ `ÕeÜ«∂_»∞`«∞O\Ï~Ú. LÑ¨C ÖË‰õΩO_® =∞#O rqOK«ÖËO.
z\˜ÔH_»∞ LÑ¨C `«ye`Õ K«Ñ¨Ê\˜ =O@Å∞ ‰õÄ_» J^Œ∞ƒù`«"≥∞ÿ# ~°∞zx á⁄O^Œ∞`å~Ú. Ñ¨^•~åúÅÖ’x
KÕ^Œ∞#∞ LÑ¨C qiKÕã≤ "å\˜x fÑ≤QÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. fÑ≤ J=ã¨~åxfl `«yæã¨∞ÎOk. PÇ¨~åÅ‰õΩ ~°∞K«∞Å∞
ã¨=∞‰õÄiÛ#>Ë¡ =∞# â◊s~° ^èŒ~å‡Å#∞ x~°fiiÎOK«_»OÖ’ _»[#¡ H˘nÌ H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨#∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
~°HõÎO `«QÆ∞ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ LO_»_®xH©, ^•xfl QÆ∞O_≥ ãïQÍ â◊s~° ÉèÏQÍÅxfl\˜H© KÕ~°Û_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_»
LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O. u#flk J~°»QÍÅ<åfl, Hõ}O #∞O_ç Hõ}ÏxH˜ ã¨=∂Kå~°O KÕ~åÅ<åfl, Z=ÚHõÅ x~å‡}ÏxH©
â◊H˜ÎH©, â◊s~°O x~°˚bHõ~°} (_ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£) K≥O^Œ‰õΩO_® LO_®ÅO>Ë ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C HÍ"åe. Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`«ÊuÎ K«~°º‰õΩ
™È_çÜ∞« O ZO`À J=ã¨~O° . Hõ}ÏÅ∞, HõO_»~åÅ∞ ãïQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ∂« Å<åfl, <å_ô =º=ã¨÷ ^•fi~å QÆ∞O_≥, "≥∞^Œ_∞» Å
ãÖˆH`åÅ∞ #_»"åÅO>Ë ‰õÄ_» ™È_çÜ«∞O ZO`À J=ã¨~°O. ™È_çÜ«∞O, á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O, "≥∞wfl+≤Ü«∞O, HÍe¬Ü«∞O
=O\˜ "å\˜x ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·@∞¡ JO\Ï~°∞. â◊s~° ^èŒ~å‡Å#∞, q^Œ∞º`ü „¿Ñ~°}Å#∞ HõeyOK«_®xH˜ â◊s~åxH˜ Wq
ZO`À J=ã¨~°O. ™È_çÜ«∞O `«y# "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ ÖËHõáÈ`Õ ~°HõÎÑ¨Ù Ñï=∂}O `«yæáÈ`«∞Ok. "≥∞^Œ_»∞, H˜_ôflÅ
=O\˜ H©ÅHõ J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞x ^Œ∞ã≤÷u ‰õÄ_» `«Öˇ`«Î=K«∞Û.
XHõ¯=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∞# PÇ¨~åÅ #∞O_ç ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ `«Ñ≤Ê¿ãÎ K«zÛ ‰õÄK«∞O\ÏO/=∞~°}˜™êÎO.
=∞#O ZO`« LÑ¨C#∞ u<åÖ’, ZO`« â’+≤OK«∞HÀ"åÖ’, ZO`« qãïO˚ KåÖ’ =∞# "≥∞^Œ_∂» , ^ÕÇÏ¨ =¸
ã¨Ç¨Ï[ ã≤^ŒúOQÍ<Õ x~°‚~ÚOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. =∞# "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x ÃÇ·ÏáÈ^è•Å=∞ãπ ÉèÏQÆO =∞#‰õΩ ZO`« LÑ¨C,
ZO`« h~°∞ J=ã¨~°"≥∂ x~°‚~Úã¨∞ÎO@∞Ok.
"≥∞^Œ_∞» WKÕÛ D ãÖHˆ `åÅ#∞ Ñ¨\ Oì˜ K«∞‰õΩO>Ë Ñï}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ<Õ h~°∞, LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞Å
J=ã¨~åxfl QÆ∞iÎ™êÎO. „Ñ¨Hõ$uÖ’ `˘e r=O U~°Ê_çOk ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’<Õ. P r=ÙÅ∞ Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ·H˜ KÕˆ~@Ñ¨C_»∞
`«=∞`À áê@∞ ã¨=Ú„^ŒO #∞O_ç LÑ¨C#∞ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. WÑ¨C_»∞ HÀ@¡ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞ QÆ_çKåHõ PÖ’z¿ãÎ
=∞# â◊s~°OÖ’x „^Œ"åÅ‰õΩ, ã¨=Ú„^•xH˜ =∞^èŒº QÆÅ eO‰õΩ#∞ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åflO.
ã¨=Ú„^ŒO #∞O_Õ
Éèí∂ LÑï`«ÅOÖ’ 71 âß`«O „Ñ¨^Õâßxfl ã¨=Ú„^Œ"Õ∞ P„Hõq∞Oz =ÙOk. J~Ú`Õ Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ· x"åã¨
Ü≥∂QÆº"≥∞ÿ# ã¨÷ÅOÖ’ 99 âß`åxfl ã¨=Ú„^Œ"Õ∞ P„Hõq∞Oz =ÙOk. ™È_çÜ«∞O HÀ¡Ô~·_£QÍ Ñ≤eKÕ LÑ¨C (JHÍ
™êÖòì) ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù Å=} ãÖÑ¨^ŒÖ’ 90 âß`«OQÍ LO@∞Ok. =∞# ~°HõÎOÖ’ LÑ¨C ‰õÄ_» WÖÏˆQ =ÙO@∞Ok.
ˆH=ÅO `Õ_® JÖÏ¡ QÍ_è»`«Ö’<Õ. =∞# ~°HõÎÑ¨Ù zHõ¯^Œ#OÖ’ Hõ<åfl ã¨=Ú„^ŒO 4 Ô~@∞¡ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨CQÍ
LO@∞Ok. ã¨=Ú„^•Ö’¡<Õ QÍHõ W`«~° h\˜ =#~°∞Ö’¡ – „ÉÏH˜+π "å@~üÖ’, =~°¬Ñ¨Ù [ÅOÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C
LO@∞Ok. q™êÎ~°"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨^Õâ◊OÖ’ ^˘iˆH LÑ¨C Jxfl r= *Ï`«∞Å‰õÄ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#^Õ.
~°HõÎÑ¨Ù LÑ¨Ê^Œ<åxH˜, ã¨=Ú„^Œ h\˜ LÑ¨Ê^Œ<åxH˜ =Ù#fl áÈeHõ J<ÕHõ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ `≥eã≤# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞.
ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·\ò „^•=HÍÅ =∞^èŒº LO_Õ Hõ}ÏÅ∞ "å\˜H˜ "≥Å∞Ñ¨Å =∞#QÆÅQÆ_»O Hõ+¨ìO. ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ rqOKÕ
8
r=ÙÅ∞ <ÕÅÃÑ· rqOKåÅO>Ë H˘xfl ~°HÍÅ ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@∞¡ [~°QÍe. =∞# K«~°‡O, J„_ç#Öò „QÆO^èŒ∞Å∞, H˜_ôflÅÖ’
D LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„u`« =º=ã¨÷Å∞ ~°∂á⁄Ok Z^ŒQÍe.
r=O P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨Ê\˜ #∞O_ç r= Hõ}Ïxfl ™œÅÉèíºÑïKÕ JÜ«∂xHõ „Hõ=∞O Hõ}OÖ’ ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ =∂~°∞Ê
KÀ@∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀÖË^∞Œ . WÑ¨Ê\˜H© =∞# â◊s~°O Å=}Ïefl J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Ñ¨C_»∞ LOzÃÑ@∞ì‰Ωõ O@∞Ok. ^•xH˜ J=ã¨~O°
ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù Å=}Ïefl qãï˚ã¨∞ÎOk. „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’x qq^èŒ Éè∫QÀoHõ „áêO`åÖ’¡ x=ã≤OKÕ „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’
WÖÏO\˜ ã¨ÇÏ¨ [ ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞ =º=ã¨÷ LOk. ™ê~°OÖ’ `˘e<å\˜ r= Pq~åƒù= HÍÅÑ¨Ù J#∞|O^èOŒ ã¨=Ú„^ŒO`À
JÖÏˆQ ™êQÆ∞`ÀOk.
ã¨Hõâı~°∞HÍÅ∞QÍ ~°∂áêO`«~°O K≥O^Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ r=ÙÅ PHÍ~°O, x~å‡}O, J=Ü«∞"åÅ Ñ¨xf~°∞Ö’
KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ Jhfl ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·\ò „^Œ"åÅ#∞ ã¨=∞`«∞Å#OQÍ =ÙOK«_»O K«∂¿ãÎ Ñï}Ï=∞„Hõ=∂xH˜
J#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ D =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ [iQÍÜ«∞x J~°÷=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. Ñïã≤÷`«∞ÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ [iy# D ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@∞
ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’x JHõâ~ı ∞° HÍÅ‰õΩ, ã¨=Ú„^Œ KÕÑÅ¨ ∞ =∞Ozh\˜Ö’H˜ =∂~°_O» Ö’#∞, `åÉËà√◊ §, ã¨sã¨$áêÅ∞ (Ô~ÃÑÖÂì òû),
Ñ¨‰õ∆ΩÅ∞, LÉèíÜ«∞K«~åÅ∞, ã¨Î#º r=ÙÅ∞ (=∂=∞Öòû) Jxfl\˜Ö’#∞ K«∂_»=K«∞Û. r=ÙÅxfl\˜ (=∞#∞+¨µÅ`À
ã¨Ç¨) Pq~åƒù=O ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ U~°Ê_ç# `˘e r=O #∞O_Õ##fl „áê^äŒq∞Hõ ã¨`åºxfl =∞#O =∞~°=~å^Œ∞.
ã¨=Ú„^Œ JHõâı~°∞HÍÅ∞ XHõ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} =º=ã¨÷#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ H˜_ôflÅ∞ U~°Ê_®¤~Ú.
Wq Å=}Ïefl, h\˜x J=ã¨~"° ∞≥ #ÿ Ñ¨C_»∞ Ñ¨\=ì˜ ÙOK«∞‰õΩx, J=ã¨~O° ÖË#Ñ¨C_»∞ qãïO˚ KÕ â◊HxÎ˜ Hõey =ÙO\Ï~Ú.
D Ñï}Ï=∞O KÀ@∞ KÕã∞¨ HÀHõ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO Å=}ÏÅ`À ‰õÄ_ç# ã¨=Ú„^Œ"∞Õ JHõâ~ı ∞° HÍÅ‰õΩ `À_»Ê_Õk. ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’<Õ
[iy# Ñï}Ï=∞„Hõ=∞OÖ’ ~°∂á⁄Ok# H˜_ôflÅ∞ Å=}Ïefl â◊„`«∞=ÙÅ∞QÍ QÍHõ q∞„`«∞Å∞QÍ<Õ ÉèÏq™êÎ~Ú.
ZO`« LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« K«~°ÛÖ’ D H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ# J=QÍÇ¨Ï##∞ HÀÖ’Ê`«∞<åfl=∞x QÆ∞iÎOKåe.
rq`«O xÅ|_®ÅO>Ë Hõ}ÏÅ∞ ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞_»O`À áê@∞ `«y#O`« „^Œ"åÅ∞ â◊s~°OÖ’
=ÙO_®e. D Ñ¨x x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕÖÏ Å=}Ïefl „QÆÇ≤ÏOKÕ, qãï˚OKÕ Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO â◊s~åxH˜ H©ÅHõ J=ã¨~°O.
KÕÑ¨Å∞ LÑ¨C h\˜Ö’#∞, =∞Oz h\˜Ö’#∞ rqOK«QÆÅQÆ_»O nxH˜ =∞Oz L^•Ç¨Ï~°}. KÕÑ¨Å∞ `«=∞ "≥ÚÑ¨ÊÅ
^•fi~å<Õ Å=}Ïefl fã¨∞HÀ=_»O, qãï˚OK«_»O KÕ™êÎ~Ú QÆ#∞Hõ<Õ Å=} ™êO„^Œ`«Ö’ =zÛ# J™ê^è•~°}
ZQÆ∞_»∞kQÆ∞à◊§#∞ ‰õÄ_» `«@∞ìHÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. =∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’ H˜_flô Å∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ Hõ~"Î° åº<Õfl KÕÑÅ¨ Ö’ "≥ÚÑ¨ÊÅ∞
x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú. `«^•fi~å ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·\òÅ, h\˜ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ â◊s~° J=ã¨~åÅ Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
=∞Ozh\˜Ö’ rqOKÕ ã¨sã¨$áêÅ∞ `«=∞‰õΩ ~°Hõ∆} Hõ=KåÅ#∞ U~°Ê~°K«∞HÀ=_»O ^•fi~å Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å`À
ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. D Hõ=KåÅ ^•fi~å ã¨=Ú„^Œ h\˜H˜, =∞Oz h\˜H˜ =∞^èŒº Å=} QÍ_è»`«Ö’ =Ù#fl
`Õ_®Å#∞ P r=ÙÅ∞ ã¨~°∞Ì‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú.
[O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ rqOKÕ "å`å=~°} Ñïã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’ Å=} QÍ_è»`«ÅÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ
J=Ü«∞"åÅ Ñï}Ï=∞O [iyOk. `«^•fi~å Å=}ÏÅ QÍ_è`» Å« "≥∂`å^Œ∞Å#∞, h\˜ J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ ã¨=∞`«∞Å#O
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú. ~°HõÎOÖ’x Å=}ÏÅ ™êO„^Œ`«#∞ ‰õÄ_» =∂i# Ñïã≤÷`«∞ÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ xÅÉˇ@∞ì
‰õΩO@∞<åfl~Ú.
ã¨=Ú„^•xH˜ |Ü«∞@ [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ „áêHõ_»O
LÉèÜí ∞« K«~åÅ∞, ã¨sã¨$áêÅ∞, áêeKÕÛ [O`«∞=ÙÅ‰õΩ z@ìz=i "å~°ã∞¨ Å∞QÍ K«`∞« ëêÊ^Œ ã¨Hâõ ~ı ∞° HÍÅ#∞
ÉèÏq™êÎ~°∞. ã¨=Ú„^•xfl =kÖË@Ñ¨C_»∞ D r=ÙÅ∞ ¿ÑQÆ∞Ö’¡H˜ QÍex ÉÏQÍ Ñ‘Å∞Û‰õΩ<Õq. Wq Éèí∂q∞ÃÑ·H˜
=KåÛHõ QÆ`«OÖ’ ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ Å=}ÏÅ =∞^èŒº #∞O_ç Å=}ÏÅ∞ ÖËx/™ê¿ÑHõ∆OQÍ `«‰õΩ¯"≥·# "å`å=~°}OÖ’H˜
=∂ˆ~@Ñ¨C_»∞ H˜_ôflÅ∞ ^•xHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.
9
<ÕÅ g∞kH˜ r=ÙÅ∞ ZÖÏ =KåÛÜ«∞#fl ^•xH˜ Ñ¨Å∞ ~°HÍÅ ã≤^•úO`« q=~°}Å∞<åfl~Ú. J~Ú`Õ
=∂#= Ñï}Ï=∞O =∞Ozh\˜ #∞O_ç HÍHõ ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù h\˜ #∞O_Õ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿO^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. D
r=ÙÅ∞ <ÕÅg∞^Œ ~°H~õ H° ÍÅ "å`å=~°}ÏÅ =∞^èºŒ – Z_®~°∞Å∞, =~°¬ÑÙ¨ J_»=ÙÅ∞, Ñ¨~fi° `åÅ∞, `«k`«~° ã¨=Ú„^Õ`~« °
"å`å=~°}ÏÖ’¡ „|`«HÍeû =zÛOk. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’ Jq LÑ¨C/Å=} H˘~°`«#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl~Ú. D H˘~°`«#∞
f~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ =∂~åæÅ HÀãÖ J<Õfi+≤OKå~Ú. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ Å=}ÏÅ/h\˜ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ ã¨=∞`«∞ÅºO KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ
„Hõ=∞=¸ – JO^Œ∞Hõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ â◊s~°OÖ’ H˜_ôflÅ∞, ÉÏ¡_»~°∞, K«~°‡O, ¿ÑQÆ∞Å∞, Ç¨~À‡<£ „QÆO^èŒ∞Å =O\˜ `˘e
ã¨=Ú„^Œ r=ÙÅÖ’ ÖËx J=Ü«∞"åÅ∞ ~°∂Ñ¨Ùk^Œ∞Ì‰õΩ<åfl~Ú.
[O`«∞ HÀ\˜H˜ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖËg∞ ÖË=Ù. =∞O^Œ∞Å∂ LO_»=Ù QÆ^•! JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C#∞
xÜ«∞O„uOK«∞HÀ"åÅ#fl PÖ’K«<Õ "å\˜H˜ J#=ã¨~O° QÆ^•! ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’ "Õ\Ï_Õ [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ LÑ¨C#∞ `«y#O`«
fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õq. ã¨sã¨$áêÅ∞, Ñ¨‰õ∆ΩÅ∞, ã¨=Ú„^Œ ã¨Î#º r=ÙÖˇ·# ã¨=Ú„^Œ ã≤OÇ¨ÏO, ã¨=Ú„^Œ [OQÆ∞ Ñ≤e¡, ã‘Öò, h\˜
QÆ∞„~°=Ú, ^èŒ$=Ñ¨Ù ZÅ∞QÆ∞|O\˜, =O\˜=hfl ã¨=Ú„^ŒOÖ’<Õ W`«~° r=Ùefl "Õ\Ï_Õq. ã¨=Ú„^ŒO #∞O_ç <Õ~°∞QÍ
ZO`« LÑ¨C#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"À, "Õ@Ö’ u<Õ W`«~° [O`«∞=ÙÅ =∂OãÖ ^•fi~å ‰õÄ_» JO`« LÑ¨C u#QÆeˆQq.
J~Ú`Õ D ã¨=Ú„^Œ r=ÙÅ ~°HõÎOÖ’x QÍ_è»`«‰õΩ, |Ü«∞\˜ [O`«∞=ÙÅ ~°HõÎOÖ’x QÍ_è»`«‰õΩ `Õ_® =ÙO_Õk
HÍ^Œ∞. JO>Ë `«=∞‰õΩ J^Œ#"≥∞ÿ# LÑ¨C#∞ D ã¨=Ú„^Œ r=ÙÅ∞ qãï˚OK«QÆeˆQ=#fl =∂@.
WOHÀ =∂@Ö’ K≥Ñ¨CHÀ"åÅO>Ë P [O`«∞=ÙÅ H˜_ôflÅ∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞ qãï˚OKÕ â◊H˜Î QÆey
=ÙO_Õ=#fl =∂@.
=∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’x H˜_ôfl x~å‡}O ‰õÄ_» WÖÏO\˜ ÅHõ∆}"Õ∞ Hõey =ÙO@∞Ok. âßG Ñïâ’^èŒ#Ö’
|Ü«∞@Ñ¨_ç# q+¨Ü«∞O U=∞O>Ë – ™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞, ™ê^è•~°} H˜_ôfl Ñ¨x`«#O =Ù#fl "åà◊√§ `å=Ú ~ÀE
u<Õ ^•xH˜ 10 Ô~@∞¡ LÑ¨C#∞ ‰õÄ_» qãï˚OKÕ ™ê=∞~°úºO Hõey =ÙO\Ï~°∞. HÍ‰õΩO>Ë =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^ŒO
hà◊§ÃÑ·<Õ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»ÖË^ŒO>Ë – LÑ¨C#∞ qãï˚OKÕ â◊H˜ÎÖË#O^Œ∞ =Å¡ HÍ^Œ∞QÍh – P h\˜ =∞^èŒºÖ’<Õ
=ÙO>Ë _ôÃÇÏ· „_Õ+<¨ £ =ã¨∞OÎ k QÆ#∞Hõ Jk Kå=Ù‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞OÎ k QÆ#∞Hõ LO_»Ö^Ë OŒ `Õ. `å=Ú qãïO˚ KÕ Å=}ÏxH˜
|^Œ∞Å∞QÍ =∞Ozh~°∞ `åˆQ ™œHõ~°ºO =ÙO>Ë =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù h~°∞ ‰õÄ_» `åy |`«HõQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞.
Jxfl „áê^äŒq∞Hõ r=ÙÅ‰õΩ, =∞#∞+¨µÅ`À ã¨Ç¨ U q∞#Ç¨~ÚOÑ¨Ù ÖË‰õΩO_® LÑ¨C#∞, h\˜x
xÜ«∞O„uOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ =∞Oz Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO â◊s~åÅÖ’<Õ Wq∞_ç =ÙO^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
=∂#= Ñ¨Ó~°fi r=ÙÅ∞
=∂#= Ñï}Ï=∂xH˜ Ñ¨Ó~°fi ~°∂áêÖˇ·# F~°OQÆ∞@<£ HÀ`«∞Å∞, HÀ`«∞Å∞, QÆO_»∞ HÀ`«∞Å∞, "å#~åÅ∞
ÑÖ_»∞¡, ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å∞ u<Õ |uHÍ~Ú. nxfl|\˜ì âßGA˝Ö’¡ H˘O`«=∞Ok =∞# Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨CÃÑ·
P^è•~°Ñ¨_®¤~°x "åk™êÎ~°∞. HÍh Jk ãïHÍ^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
HÀ@¡ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ „HÕ^Œ@ P [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ ãÖH˜¡+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# "å`å=~°} =∂~°∞Êefl K«q K«∂âß~Ú.
z#∞‰õΩÖËx HÍÖÏxfl Z^Œ∞~˘¯#fl „Hõ=∞OÖ’ `«_ç <ÕÅÅ#∞ "≥`«∞‰õΩ¯<åfl~Ú. "≥∞ÿ^•# "≥ÚHõ¯Å`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞
500 Ô~@∞¡ LÑ¨Ê^Œ#O LO_Õ ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù "≥ÚHõ¯ÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_®eû =zÛOk. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ q™êÎ~°OQÍ
^˘iˆH KÕÑ¨Å∞ u#_®xH˜ D r=ÙÅ∞ JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_®¤~Ú. QÍÜ«∞Ñ¨_ç ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù QÆ@∞ì‰õΩ H˘@∞ì‰õΩ =zÛ# HÍ\ò
Ñ¶≤+π#∞ u#_»O`À D „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ =ÙO_ç =ÙO_»=K«∞Û.
J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù H˘=Ùfiefl, X"Õ∞QÍ – 3 x u#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ D r=ÙÅ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ "ÕQÆOQÍ Jaè=$kú K≥Ok
=ÙO_»=K«∞Û. =∂#"Õ`«~°"≥∞ÿ# `˘er=ÙÅ∞ KÕÑëfl, W`«~° ã¨=Ú„^Œ r=Ùefl u#_»O ^•fi~å LÑ¨C#∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ
"≥Ú`åÎÖ’¡ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. Z<Àfl ~°HÍÅ W`«~° ã¨=Ú„^Œ r=ÙÅ∞ g\˜H˜ PÇ¨~°OQÍ ^˘iHÍ~Ú. D P^è•~åÅ#∞
10
|\˜ì =∂#= Ñ¨Ó~°fir=ÙÅ∞, `˘e =∂#=ÙÅ∞ ÉÏQÍ LÑ¨C`À ‰õÄ_ç# PÇ¨~åÅ∞ u<åfl~°x x~°ÌfiO^ŒfiOQÍ
K≥Ñ¨CHÀ=K«∞Û.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ =∂#=ÙÅ∞ KÕÑ¨Å∞ Ñ¨>Ëì <≥·Ñ¨Ù}ºO, JO^Œ∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# "Õ@ ÑïHõ~åÅ∞
~°∂á⁄OkOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ *Ï˝<åxfl ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩx LO\Ï~°∞. =∂#=Ù_ç Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅÖ’ W^˘Hõ Q˘Ñ¨Ê =ÚO^ŒO[ J~Ú
=ÙO@∞Ok. =∂#= Ñ¨Ó~°fi r=ÙÅ∞, `˘e =∂#=ÙÅ∞ D PÇ¨~° ãÖáê^Œ<å „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ "≥∞^Œ_»∞
ÃÑOK«∞HÀQÆeQÍ~°∞.
`˘e =∂#=ÙÅ∞
24 ÅHõ∆Å ãÖ=`«û~åÅ „HÕ^Œ\ ˜ =∂#= Ñ¨Ó~°fir=ÙÅ∞ "Õ@ ÑïHõ~åÅ ™êÜ«∞O`À KÕÑ¨Å∞ "Õ@
"≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ@ì_O» `«=∂ëêQÍ "≥Ú^ŒÖO·ˇ k. `˘Å∞`« ã¨=Ú„^Œ "≥ÚHõ¯efl uO@∂ XHõ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ [O`«∞ =∂O™êxH˜
JÅ"å@∞Ñ¨_ç LO_»=K«∞Û. H˘O^Œ~°∞ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ D Ñï}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∞O ZÖÏ [iy=ÙO_»=KÀÛ q=iOKå~°∞.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ _ç ÃÇÏKü Z – _˘HÍ™ê ÃÇÏHÍûeH± P=∞¡O =O\˜ qÅ∞"≥·# áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜
=KåÛ~Ú. P=â◊ºHõ H˘=Ùfi P=∂¡Å∞ ‰õÄ_» ^˘~°Hõ_»O =Å¡ Pk=∂#=ÙÅ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ Ãã·A ÃÑiyOk.
D ~ÀA =∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’ Zky# "≥∞^Œ_»∞ ~å=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O P<å_»∞ P~°OÉèí"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨„H˜ÜÕ∞. _ç ÃÇÏKü
Z J#fl Ñ¨^•~°÷O WO^Œ∞Ö’ H©ÅHõ áê„`« áÈ+≤OzOk. LÑ¨C HÀãÖ "≥^Œ∞‰õΩÖÏ_Õ „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ P `˘e =∂#=
r=ÙÅ∞ ã¨=Ú„^Œ "≥ÚHõ¯Å∞, r=ÙÅ#∞ u#fl Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ<Õ D Q˘Ñ¨Ê ÔQO`«∞ ™ê^èŒºÑ¨_çOk.
WHõ ã¨=Ú„^•xH˜ ^Œ∂~°OQÍ rqOz# [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ 14 #∞O_ç 24 ÅHõÅ∆ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ „H˜Ò« =∞~À~°HOõ
J#∞Éèí=O Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl~Ú. ZO_»∞ Ñ¶¨ÖÏefl (#\òû) Ñ¨QÆÅQ˘@∞ì‰õΩx u<åfl~Ú. 1959 Ö’ \ÏO*ÏxÜ«∂Ö’
^˘iH˜# =∂#= tÖÏ*ÏÅ#∞ qâı+¡ O≤ z P |e+¨"ì ∞≥ #ÿ HõO_»~åÅ x~å‡}O #\òû u#_»O =Å¡ [iy =ÙO@∞O^Œ#fl
JOK«<åH˘KåÛ~°∞. P #\òû ÉÏQÍ LÑ¨ÊQÍ LO_Õq. 100 „QÍ=ÚÅÖ’ 3,383 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O LO_Õk.
Ñ≤_çÔH_»∞ (3 B#∞ûÅ∞) #\òû uO>Ë ‰õÄ_» ~À[O`«\ ˜H˜ ãïÑ¨_ÕO`« ™È_çÜ«∞O "å\˜Ö’ ÅaèOKÕk.
J~Ú`Õ PÇ¨~°O HÀãÖ =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ ˆH=ÅO #\òûÃÑ·<Õ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. z=∞@Å∞, q∞_»`«Å =O\˜
"å\˜x ‰õÄ_» u<åfl~°∞. D H©@HÍÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_» ™È_çÜ«∞O ã¨=∞$kúQÍ LO_Õk. WÑ¨Ê\˜H© =∞#O á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞#fl
=∂Oã¨Hõ$`«∞ÎÅ∞, ã¨∂Hõ∆ ‡ áÈ+¨HÍÅ#∞ D J@g „H˜q∞ H©@HÍÅ∞, [O`«∞=ÙÅ #∞O_Õ á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åflO.
q+¨Ü«∞O ã¨Ê+¨ìOQÍ<Õ =ÙOk
r= Ñï}Ï=∞ HÀ}O #∞O_ç K«∂¿ãÎ =∞#O `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C"å_Õ ãÖ„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞O #∞O_ç =KåÛ=∞#_®xH˜
P^è•~åÅ∞ ÖË=Ù. nxH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅÃÑ·<Õ =∞# Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅ∞ P^è•~°Ñ¨_®¤~°<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ñ¨Å∞
~°∞A=ÙÅ∞<åfl~Ú.
1985 Ö’ #∂º WOQÆ¡O_£ [~°flÖò PÑ¶π "≥∞_çã≤<£Ö’ „Ñ¨K«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ# "åºãÖÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ 26 ÅHõ∆Å
„H˜`«O #∞O_ç 10 "ÕÅ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ „H˜`«O =~°‰õΩ ~ÀA‰õΩ 700 q∞.„QÍ. LÑ¨C =∂„`«"Õ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl@∞¡
~åâß~°∞. Wk Ñ¨ÓiÎ "åã¨Î= JOK«<åÅÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_ç ~åã≤Ok HÍ^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. P HÍÅOÖ’ XHõ"≥·Ñ¨Ù
#\òû#∞, =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨Ù~°∞QÆ∞efl, ÑÖ_»¡#∞ – =∂O™êxfl ‰õÄ_» u<åfl~°#fl "åã¨Î"åxfl g~°∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜
fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
[O`«∞=ÙÅ HõO_»Å =∂OãÖÖ’ H˜Ö’‰õΩ 1,150 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O LO@∞Ok. P¢¿ãìeÜ«∂Ö’x =∞#
Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅ∞ XHõ "Õ@Ö’<Õ 2 #∞O_ç 3 H˜Ö’Å =∂OãÖ u<Õ"åà◊√§. JO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 3,450 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O
11
JO^Œ∞Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl@∞¡. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« J"≥∞iHõ#¡ PÇ¨~åxfl áÈÅ∞Û‰õΩ<åfl áê=Ù H˜Ö’ Z^Œ∞Ì =∂OãÖÖ’ 1,500
q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O =ÙO@∞Ok. J^Õ Z^Œ∞ÌÅ H˜_ôfl, e=~ü =∂Oã¨ ÉèÏQÍÖ’¡ =∞iO`« Z‰õΩ¯= ™È_çÜ«∞O
=ÙO@∞Ok. W`«~° ÉèÏQÍÖˇ·# K«~°‡O, =∂Oã¨Ñ¨Ù „^Œ"åÅ∞, ~°HõÎO, É’<£ =∂~À (Z=ÚHõÅ =¸Å∞QÆ∞) ÅÖ’
=∞iO`«QÍ ™È_çÜ«∞O =ÙO@∞Ok.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ZÖÏ K«∂ã≤<å =∞# PÇ¨~åÖ’¡ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ<Õ LO_ÕÔŒ \Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"∞£ û. „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’
U =¸Å rqOz# „Ñ¨[Å PÇ¨~åÅ∞ QÆ=∞xOz<å W^Õ x~åú~°}‰õΩ ~å=Åã≤ =ã¨∞ÎO^Œ<åfl_»∞.
áê`«~åu Ü«ÚQÍÅ <å\˜ =∂#=ÙÅ∞ xiÌ+¨ìOQÍ ZO`« LÑ¨C u<åfl~°#fl ÖˇHõ¯Å∞ K≥Ñ¨ÊÖËHõáÈ~Ú<å
=∞# xÑ¨Ù}∞Å∞ TÇ≤ÏOz# ^•xHõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯"Õ u<åfl~°O\Ï_»∞. P `«~°O fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl PÇ¨~åÖ’¡ 45 #∞O_ç 60
âß`«O =~°‰õΩ ÔHÅsÅ∞ [O`«∞ PÇ¨~åÅ #∞O_Õ á⁄O^Õ "åà◊§h JO^Œ∞Ö’ LÑ¨C ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ ÉÏQÍ LO_Õ^Œh
K≥áêÎ~°∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
=∂#=ÙÖˇÑ¨Ù_»∂ LÑ¨C#∞ "å_»∞‰õΩO@∂<Õ =KåÛ~°∞
WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ Pk =∂#=ÙÅ∞ LÑ¨C`À =Ú_çÑ¨_ç ZÖÏ rqOKå~À K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ<åflO. WÑ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C
J=ã¨~°=∂ Jx K«iÛOKÕ ^ŒQÆæ~°‰õΩ KÕ~åO. x[OQÍ nx J=ã¨~°O Uq∞\˜?
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QÍ#∞ q_çáÈ`å~Ú. WO^Œ∞Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ^èŒ<å`«‡Hõ ˆH@Ü«∂<£QÍ =ÙO_ç Hõ}ÏÅ#∞ `«#Ö’ `ÕeÜ«∂_ÕÖÏ
KÕã¨∞ÎOk. HÀ¡Ô~·_£ ~°∞}Ï`«‡Hõ P#Ü«∂<£QÍ ~°HõÎOÖ’ „Ñ¨^è•# ™ê÷#O P„Hõq∞ã¨∞ÎOk. á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O, =∂OQÆhã¨∞,
HÍe¬Ü«∞O =O\˜ W`«~° ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·@∞¡ ‰õÄ_® =Ù#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© =∞# ~°HõÎOÖ’ „Ñ¨^è•# ™ê÷#OÖ’, JkèHõ QÍ_è»`«Ö’
=ÙO_Õk ™È_çÜ«∞O ({), HÀ¡i<£ÖË (–).
g\˜ÖÏˆQ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ Å=}O Ju `«‰Ωõ ¯= "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’¡ â◊s~°OÖ’ =ÙO@∞Ok. J~°∞^≥#· Å=}"≥∞#ÿ Ñ¨Ê\˜H©
â◊s~°O P~ÀQÆºOQÍ =ÙO_»_®xH˜ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ `«ÑÊ¨ xãï J=ã¨~O° . ^è~·≥ å~Ú_£ Ç¨~À‡<£ nx`À<Õ ~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞Ok.
3 JÜ≥Ú_ç#∞¡ Hõe¿ãÎ T3 („@Ü≥∂_À ^è≥·~Àx<£), 4 Hõe¿ãÎ T4 (^è≥·~åH˜û<£) U~°Ê_»`å~Ú. JÜ≥∂_ç<£ Ö’ÑÖ =Å¡
T3, T4 Å∞ L`«ÊuÎ `«yæ`Õ ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ „QÆOkè L|∞ƒ`«∞Ok. QÍ~Ú@~ü ã¨=∞ã¨º =ã¨∞ÎOk. ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ `«yæ ÃÇ·ÏáÈ
^è≥·~å~Ú_ç[OQÍ<À, ÃÑiy ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ QÍ<À U^À XHõ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ ã¨=∞ã¨º =ã¨∞ÎOk.
â◊s~°OÖ’x h~°∞, ™È_çÜ∞« O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ x~°O`«~O° ÉÏºÅ#∞û KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_®xfl P™È‡ ~Ô QÆ∞ºÖË+<¨ £ JO\Ï~°∞.
~°HOÎõ Ö’ ™È_çÜ∞« O ™êO„^Œ`« ÃÑiy`Õ H˜_flô Å∞ H˘kÌáê\˜ ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ =ÙOK«∞‰õΩx J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞
=¸„`«O ^•fi~å q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕã≤ ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Úx ãïKÕ™êÎ~Ú. „^Œ"åÅÖ’x Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅÖ’ D
Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO LO_»_»O =Å¡ Hõ}ÏÅ H©∆}`« ÖË‰õΩO_® ZÑ¨Ê\˜HõÑ¨C_»∞ ~°Hõ∆} KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok.
nxH˜ aè#flOQÍ ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏQÍ `«yæáÈ`Õ ~°HõÎOÖ’x h~°∞ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÖ’¡H˜ KÕi ~°HõÎOÖ’x
™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ ™ê^è•~°}O KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú QÍh, nx=Å¡ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ∞ L|∞ƒ`å~Ú.
~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÃÑiy`Õ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÖ’¡x h~°∞ ~°HõÎOÖ’H˜ KÕi ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ ÉÏÅ#∞û KÕã¨∞ÎOk. D „Hõ=∞OÖ’
Hõ}ÏÅ∞ ‰õΩzOK«∞‰õΩáÈ=K«∞Û. ™È_çÜ«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=, `«‰õΩ¯=Öˇ·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ [iˆQ D Hõ}ÏÅ L|ƒiOÑ¨Ù (Ããfie¡OQ∑)
QÍh, ‰õΩOzOK«_»O („+≤OˆH*ò) QÍh Ô~O_»∂ f„= „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° Ñïã≤÷`«∞ÖË. JO^Œ∞ˆH `«QÆ∞ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ LÑ¨C
fã¨∞HÀ=_»O, ^•xfl xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’ x~°O`«~°O LOK«∞HÀ_®xH˜ â◊s~°O „Ñ¨Ü«∞uflã¨∞ÎOk. â◊s~°O D Ñ¨x
KÕã¨∞HÀ_»OÖ’ qÑ¶¨Å"≥∞ÿ`Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ JkèHõOQÍ h~°∞ KÕi =∞~°}ÏxH˜ ^•i
fÜ«∞=K«∞Û ‰õÄ_».
12
=∞#∞QÆ_» Éèí∂q∞ g∞^Œ‰õΩ =∂ˆ~ Ñï}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ [iy# =∞~˘Hõ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ Ñï}Ï=∞O U=∞O>Ë
J„_ç#Öò Ç¨~À‡#¡ L`«ÊuÎ [~°QÆ_»O. LÑ¨C h\˜ r=ÙÖˇ·# JÅÊ ã¨Hõâı~°∞HÍÅ∞ HÍiì™ÈÖò, HÍiìHÀã≤ì~À<£Å#∞
L`«ÊuÎ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. <ÕÅÃÑ·H˜ =∂i# [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ HÍiìHÀã≤ì~À<£#∞, JÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£#∞ L`«ÊuÎ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. Zky#
=∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’ HÍiì™ÈÖò, PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£Å L`«Ê`«Î=Ù`å~Ú. áÈ~å_»∞ ÖË^• ÃÑiÔQ`«∞Î ÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° Ñïã≤÷u
Z^Œ∞Ô~·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ D Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ H©ÅHõOQÍ =∂~°`å~Ú. <å_ô =º=ã¨÷ xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’, LÑ¨C ™ê÷~Úx ÉÏÅ#∞û
KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ g\˜ áê„`« H©ÅHõO.
=∂#ã≤Hõ XuÎ_çH˜ QÆ∞Ô~·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =∞# J„_ç#Öò „QÆO^èŒ∞Å #∞O_ç HÍiì™ÈÖò J<Õ =uÎ_ç Ç¨~À‡#∞
q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok. D ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ =∞# K«~°‡OÖ’ xÅfi L#fl LÑ¨C#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕã≤ `À_»Ê_»_»OÖ’
‰õÄ_» HÍiì™ÈÖò *’HõºO KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. LÑ¨C`À ‰õÄ_ç# H©@HÍÅ∞ Z‰õΩ¯= "ÕQÆOQÍ ZÖÏ ZQÆ~°
QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú? ã≤OÇ¨ÏO "≥O@|_»¤Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =∞x+≤ Ñïã≤÷u WÖÏˆQ =ÙO@∞Ok. J„_ç#Öò „QÆO^èŒ∞Å∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ
KÕ¿ã PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ K«~°‡O #∞O_ç LÑ¨C#∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ«∞_»O`À áê@∞, H˘~°=_ç# ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ H˜_ôflÅ∞ LÑ¨C#∞
„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«_»OÖ’ ‰õÄ_» `À_»Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£#∞ LÑ¨C xÅfi ^•~°∞QÍ#∂, HÍiì™ÈÖò#∞ LÑ¨C
q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕ¿ãkQÍ#∞ K≥Ñ¨CHÀ=K«∞Û. D Ô~O_»∞ Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O`À =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«_»O ^•fi~å LÑ¨C
™ê÷~Úx ã¨=∞`«∞Å#O KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
LÑ¨C ã≤÷ux xÜ«∞O„uOKÕ XHõ Ô~QÆ∞ºÖË@~°∞ =∞# â◊s~°OÖ’ =ÙOk. HÍ~åì~Ú_£ ^èŒ=∞#∞ÅÖ’#∞,
F~åìQÍ Ñ≤eKÕ Ju ÃÑ^ŒÌ ~°H<Îõ åà◊OÖ’#∞ =ÙO_Õ Ñï=∂} QÆ}ÏOHõO ("åÅ∂º"£∞ Ãã<åû~ü) ÖÏQÍ, „QÍÇ¨ÏHõOÖÏQÍ
Wk Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. â◊s~°OÖ’ =ÙO_Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O xÅfiÅ#∞ Wq QÆ=∞xã¨∂Î =uÎ_çÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O
"≥∞^Œ_»∞ÃÑ· ZÖÏ =ÙO^À QÆ=∞x™êÎ~Ú. J=ã¨~åxfl |\˜ì h\˜x, LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì =ÙOKåÖÏ ÖËHõ q_»∞^ŒÅ
KÕÜ«∂ÖÏ J#fl ãÖˆH`åe™êÎ~Ú. ã¨QÆ@∞# ÖˇH˜¯¿ãÎ =∞# H˜_ôflÅ∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 3.2 #∞O_ç 3.6 áœO_»¡ (1.45
#∞O_ç 1.63 H˜Ö’Å) |~°∞=Ù QÆÅ LÑ¨C#∞ (580 „QÍ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç 653 „QÍ=ÚÅ ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞) =_»áÈÜ«∞QÆÅ=Ù.
=∞#O ~ÀE ã¨QÆ@∞# fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ LÑ¨C‰õΩ Wk 150 Ô~@¡#fl =∂@. =∞# "≥·^Œº ãÖã¨÷Å∞ LÑ¨C#∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 6
„QÍ=ÚÅ‰õΩ (2,300 q∞.„QÍ.) Ñïq∞`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ=∞O@∞<åfl~Ú. D LÑ¨C#∞ =∞# H˜_ôflÅ∞ =_»áÈÜ«∞_®xH˜
5 xq∞ëêÅ∞ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O^ŒO`Õ.
âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~åÅ HÀ}O #∞O_ç LÑ¨CÃÑ· ÃÑ_»∞`«∞#fl POHõ∆Å#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ =∞iO`« ã¨Ê+¨ì`« =ã¨∞ÎOk.
XHõ~ÀAÖ’ H˜_ôfl =_»áÈÜ«∞ QÆÅ Ñï=∂}O`À áÈe¿ãÎ =∞#O fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#flk |ÔH¯\òÖ’ XHõ¯ aO^Œ∞=Ù
"≥∂`å^Œ∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞. ~ÀE =∞# H˜_ôflÅ∞ =_»áÈÜ«∞QÆey# 1.45 #∞O_ç 1.63 H˜Ö’Å LÑ¨C#∞ =_»áÈã≤
uiy â’+≤OKåeû =¿ãÎ H˜_ôflÅÃÑ· =uÎ_ç Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û. D Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+¨} (Reabsorption) HÀãÖ =∞#O u#fl
PÇ¨~åÅ #∞O_ç `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º Z \˜ Ñ≤ (J_ç<Àã≤<£ ¢>ˇÿ á¶ê¿ãÊù\ò) `À J=ã¨~°O Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û. =∞# â◊s~°O
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOKÕ J<ÕHõ Ñ¨#∞Å‰õΩ D â◊ˆHÎ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C `«yæ# PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅÃÑ· =uÎ_ç
Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. H˜_ôflÅ∞ Y~°∞ÛÃÑ>Ëì â◊H˜ÎÖ’ 70 âß`åxfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÑÖÑ¨Ù LÑ¨Ü≥∂yã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C
`«yæOKÕ PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O D HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ. =∞# â◊H˜Î xÅfiÅ∞ „Hõ=∞OQÍ H©∆}Õz =∞iO`«
„â◊=∞ÖËx rq`åxH˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk. LO_Õ L¿ÑÊ ã¨fiÅÊ"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’ #∞O_ç K≥=∞@ Ñ¨>Ëì J=HÍâ◊O ZÖÏ
=ã¨∞ÎOk?
JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ D LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~°O H˜_ôflÅ â◊H˜Îx, QÆ∞O_≥ â◊H˜Îx ‰õÄ_» H©∆}ÕÑ¨*Ëã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C#∞
xÜ«∞O„uOKÕ H˘nÌ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ~°HõÎÑ¨Ù, PH˜û[<£ „Ñ¨™ê~åÅ#∞ `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥‰õΩ
PH˜û[<£ J=ã¨~°O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C `«yæ# Ñ¨~°º=™ê#OQÍ U~°Ê_Õ g\˜Ö’x U XHõ¯ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ="≥∞ÿ<å
QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ =ÚÑ¨C‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk.
13
WOHÍ J<ÕHõ Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_® LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O `«y#O`« J=ã¨~°O. qˆ~K«<åÅ∞, "åO`«∞Å∞,
K≥=∞@Å∞ Ñ¨@ì_»O =Å¡ LÑ¨C H˘~°`« U~°Ê_»=K«∞Û. „H©_®HÍ~°∞ÅÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæ`Õ "åi â◊s~° LëÈ‚„QÆ`«Ö’ `Õ_®
=zÛ "åi "ÕQÆO, L`åûÇ¨ÏO `«yæáÈ`«∞Ok. `«y#O`« LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨C_»∞ „^Œ"åÅ∞ – ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞
ÉÏºÖˇ#∞û J=Ù`å~Ú. ^•x=Å¡ q~ÀK«<åÅ#∞ PÑ¨=K«∞Û. `«y#æ ~°HáÎõ È@∞#∞ ãïKÕÜ∞« =K«∞Û. "≥∞Hÿ Oõ , Ñ¨_áç È=_»O,
ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∞O ^≥|ƒu#_»O =O\˜ Ö’áêÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» ãï J=Ù`å~Ú. g\˜`À áê@∞ =∞~À =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# JOâ◊O
=∂#=*Ïu „Ñ¨`«∞º`«ÊuÎH˜ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# â◊H˜ÎH˜ LÑ¨C ZO`À J=ã¨~°O.
"≥∞ÿ^èŒ∞# „H˜Ü«∞ – LÑ¨C
LÑ¨C ‰õΩ#fl =∞~À J^Œ∞ƒù`« QÆ∞}O Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`«ÊuÎ ™ê=∞~°÷ºO ÃÑOK«_»O. Ãã‰õΩû HÀiHõ HõÅQÆ_»O #∞O_ç
QÆ~°ƒù^è•~°} =~°‰õΩ, Ñ≤O_À`«ÊuÎ #∞O_ç áêÅ∞ ~å=_»O =~°‰õΩ Jxfl ^Œâ◊Ö’¡#∞ LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl „áê^è•#º`«#∞
Ñ¨Ù~å`«# „w‰õΩÅ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. UlÜ«∞<£ „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«OÖ’ „¿Ñ=∞ ^Õ=`« J~Ú# P„á¶⁄_≥\· ò [`«H@ õ _ì ®xfl,
a_»¤efl Hõ#_®xfl „áÈ`«ûÇ≤ÏOK«_»O ^•fi~å =ºO^èŒfi`åfixfl x"åiOzOk. P„á¶⁄_≥·\ò ã¨=Ú„^ŒÑ¨Ù #∞~°QÆ #∞O_ç
Ñ¨Ù\˜ìO^Œx K≥áêÎ~°∞. P"≥∞#∞ Ñ¨Ù~å`«# „w‰õΩÅ∞ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`ÕÎ[ â◊H˜ÎQÍ P~åkèOKå~°∞.
„w‰õΩ `«`«fi"Õ`«Î J~Ú# Ji™êì\ ˜Öò =º=™êÜ«∞ [O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’x D `«`åfixfl QÆ∞iÎOz ^•xfl QÆ∞iOz
K≥áêÊ_»∞. Q˘„Ô~Å‰õΩ `«y# LÑ¨C h\˜x W=fi_»=∞<åfl_»∞. Jq Hõ<Õ, áêeKÕÛ HÍÅOÖ’ LÑ¨C `«Ñ¨Êxã¨~°x
K≥áêÊ_»∞. Ji™êì\ ˜Öò ã¨=∞HÍe‰õΩÅ‰õΩ `«y#O`« LÑ¨C u#fl [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ =∞OzQÍ áêÅ∞ W=fi_»=¸,
[`«Hõ\ÏìÅ#fl HÀiHõ HõeyOK«_»=¸ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« P^èŒ∞xHõ Ô~·`«∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» áê_ç, Ñ¨â◊√=ÙÅ ÃÑOÑ¨HõÑ¨Ù Ñï*Ï˝#O LOk. LÑ¨C `«yæ`Õ ^Œ∂_»Å
|~°∞=Ù, Ãã·A `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C `«yæ`Õ ã¨∂_çHõ@ì_®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. ÑÖ^Œ∞ÅÖ’ [`«Hõ>Ëì
™ê=∞~°úºO `«QÆæ_»O K«∂âß~°∞. ZÅ∞HõÅÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`«ÊuÎ ^≥|ƒu#_»O QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞.
Jxfl [O`«∞=ÙÅ∂ LÑ¨C H˘~°`«#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯#flÑ¨Ù_»ÖÏ¡ ^•xfl Ñï+¨¯iOKÕ =∂~åæÅ HÀãÖ "Õˆ~ ^•~°∞Å∞
ZOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. ÔH<åºÖ’ U#∞QÆ∞Å∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O ã¨ÖËÊù\ò HÀãÖ QÆ∞Ç¨ÏÅ QÀ_»Å#∞ `«qfi Ñ¨_»"Õâß~Ú. QÆÉ’<£Ö’
U#∞QÆ∞Å∞ "≥ÚHõ¯Å#∞ ÃÑHõeOz "å\˜ "Õà§◊ HÕ^Œ LÑ¨C =∞\˜ì u<åfl~Ú. Q˘iÖÏ¡Å∞ ‰õÄ_» U#∞QÆ∞efl J#∞ãïOz
LÑ¨C =∞\˜ìx, =$H∆ÍÅ =∂#∞ÅÃÑ· LO_Õ Ñ¨Ù~°∞QÆ∞Å#∞ u<åfl~°∞. HÀ`«∞Å∞ XHõ^•x K«~å‡xfl =∞~˘Hõ\ ˜ <åˆHk
LÑ¨C K«~‡° Ñ¨Ù á⁄~°Å HÀã¨"∞Õ . H˘xfl [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ `«=∞ =¸„`å<Õfl uiy `åQÆ∞`å~Ú. WÖÏ Z<Àfl ^Œ$ëêìO`åÅ#∞
=i‚™êÎ_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
[O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’#∞, =∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’#∞, P_», =∞QÆ W~°∞=ÙiÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C ÖËHõáÈ=_»=∞#flk ãÖ`å#
x~À^èŒHõOQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C ÖËHõáÈ`Õ ÃãH±û HÀiHõ `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÖËÛ J=HÍâ◊O `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. Ñ¨Ù>Ëì
^Œ∂_»Å |~°∞=Ù, ÃãA · `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok. JOQÆãOÎ¨ Éè#í ™ê=∞~°ºú O áÈ`«∞Ok, qã¨∞QÆ∞, x„^ŒÖHË õ áÈ=_»O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÖËÛ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ü«∞#"≥∂"≥∂ *Ïu WO_çÜ«∞#∞¡ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= u<Õ JÅ"å@∞ =Å¡
4 #∞O_ç 6 ãÖ=`«û~åÖ’¡ XHõ™êi =∂„`«"Õ∞ QÆ~°ƒùO ^•Å∞ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. J„_ç#Öò „QÆOkè ^≥|ƒux H˜_ôflÅ∞
LÑ¨C#∞ xÅfi KÕ¿ã ™ê=∞~°úºO HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å ãÖ`å# ™êÑ¶¨Åº â◊H˜Î, Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ Hõ<Õ ™ê=∞~°úºO `«yæ#@∞¡
Ñïâ’^èŒ#ÅÖ’ |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_çOk.
LÑ¨C q+ÖÖÏO\˜^Œx, =ºã¨#OÖÏO\˜^Œx, J#=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# PÇ¨~°=∞x [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ =Å¡
P^èŒ∞xHõ "≥·^Œº q*Ï˝#O =∞#efl r= Ñï}Ï=∞ J=QÍÇ¨Ï# #∞O_ç Ñ¨Hõ¯^•i Ñ¨\ ˜ìOzOk. 100 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ
„H˜`«"Õ∞ Wk "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#Ñ¨Ê\˜H©, WÑ¨Ê\H© ^•x Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ#∞ =∞#O J#∞Éèíqã¨∞Î<åflO.
14
P"≥∞ âßfiã¨ fã¨∞HÀ_®xH˜ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_ç# LÑ¨C
<å ã¿ flÇ≤Ï`«∞_»∂, ã¨ÇÏ¨ Ÿ^Àºy J~Ú# ã≤Ü∂≥ <£ Å∂HÍ<£ J<Õ "≥^· ºŒ á„ ⁄ÃÑã¶ ~¨ ∞°
LÑ¨CÃÑ· `«# Jaè„áêÜ«∞O =∂~°∞Û‰õΩ#fl@∞¡QÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞. JO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^•ifã≤# „Hõ=∞O
WÖÏ =ÙOk.
''<Õ#∞ LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~H˜x. <å =^ŒÌ‰õΩ =KÕÛ ~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» "å_»=^ŒÌx
K≥¿ÑÊ"å_çx. LÑ¨C`À a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx, QÆ∞O_≥ áÈ@∞¡ =ã¨∞<Î åflÜ«∞x J#∞‰õΩ<Õ
"å_çfl. J~Ú`Õ áÈ+¨Hõ PÇ¨~°O QÆ∞iOz `≥Å∞ã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ H˘nÌ ~°∞A=ÙÅ HÀãÖ
"≥uHÍ#∞. „Hõ=∞OQÍ LÑ¨C#∞ fã¨∞HÀHõ áÈ=_»O `«¿ÑÊ"≥∂##fl Jaè„áêÜ«∞O <åÖ’
KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩOk——.
D Ñï}Ï=∂xH˜ ^•i fã≤# Ñ¶¨∞@# PÜ«∞# XHõ ã≤OáÈlÜ«∂xH˜
Ç¨[~°=_»O. JHõ¯_ç =O@Å∞ K«∂âßHõ LÑ¨C "Õã¨∞‰õΩx =O_»∞HÀ=_»O`À `«Hõ∆}O,
TÇ≤ÏOK«ÖËx, Pâ◊Û~°º~°Hõ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ =KåÛÜ«∞x K≥áêÊ_»∞.
LÑ¨C "å_»HõO`À PÜ«∞# ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨Éèí∞ºÅO^Œi P~ÀQÆºO ZO`À
"≥∞~°∞ÔQ·Ok. XHõ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ "≥·^Œº ã¨ÅÇ¨ÃÑ· LÑ¨C#∞ ãÖÑ¨ÓiÎQÍ =∂<Õã≤Ok. P"≥∞‰õΩ
QÆ∞O_≥ ã¨=∞ã¨º =ÙOk. P"≥∞ ‰õΩ@∞O|O D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ QÆ\˜ìQÍ =ÙO_ç P"≥∞#∞
u#xKÕÛk HÍ^Œ∞. ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¨É∞íè ºÅ‰õΩ #K«ÛK≥ÑÊ≤ _®II ã≤"∂≥ <£ JOwHõiOÑ¨*âË ß_»∞.
nO`À P"≥∞ H„ =õ ∞O `«ÑÊ¨ ‰õΩO_® Pã¨∞Ñü„ H˜ ~å=Åã≤# J=ã¨~O° `«ÑÊ≤ Ok.
a.Ñ≤. `«yæáÈ~Ú ZO`À Ç¨~Ú J#∞ÉèíqOzOk. ~°∞zHõ~°OQÍ u#QÆeyOk.
P"≥∞ =Úk =∞#=_»∞ ‰õÄ_» D J#∞Éèí=O #∞O_ç „¿Ñ~°} á⁄Ok LÑ¨C ux
Ç¨~ÚQÍ ÉèÏqOK«_O» <å‰õΩ QÆ∞~°∞OÎ k Jx *Ï˝ÑH¨ Oõ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩ<åfl_»∞ _®II ã≤Ü∂≥ <£.
15
J^è•ºÜ«∞O – III
LÑ¨CÃÑ· Ü«Ú^ŒúO – ^•xfl ZÖÏ J<åºÜ«∞OQÍ ^À+≤QÍ K«∂âßO?
„Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O =∞#O "å_»∞`«∞#fl LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞ QÆ∞iOz PÖ’z¿ãÎ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# ^•xHõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯=
uO@∞<åfl=∂, `«Ñ¨C KÕã¨∞Î<åfl=∂?
ÃÑÃ· Ñ#· K«∂¿ãÎ Wk #=∞‡^Œy# "å^Œ#QÍ<Õ HõxÑ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k. J=ã¨~åx Hõ<åfl ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ Z‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞HÀ"åe
J#fl „Ñ¨â◊fl =ã¨∞ÎOk. W`«~° J<ÕHõ áÈ+¨HÍÅ ÖÏˆQ LÑ¨C#∞ `«y#O`« fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë P~ÀQÆºOQÍ, n~°…HÍÅO
rqOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åO. J~Ú`Õ QÆi+¨ìO ZO`«? Hõx+¨ìOQÍ ZO`«?
HÍe¬Ü«∞O#∞ QÍh, q@q∞<£ D QÍh J=ã¨~°O Hõ<åfl J^Œ#OQÍ fã¨∞HÀ=∞x Z=~°=¸ ã≤á¶ê~°∞û
KÕÜ«∞O. g\˜x `«‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë Pã≤ìÜ≥∂ áÈ~Àã≤ãπ, iÔH@∞û ÖÏO\˜ [|∞ƒÅ∞ =™êÎÜ«∞x =∞#‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
ã¨=∞ã¨º JO`å JuQÍ ÖË^• Ju ã¨fiÅÊOQÍ fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® LO_»_»"Õ∞. LÑ¨C `«y#O`« fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O =Å¡
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl #+Öì Uq∞\’ ãïQÍ QÆ∞iÎOK«x HÍÅOÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O Z‰õΩ¯= J=_»O =Å¡ ~°HáÎõ È@∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl^Œ#fl
ÉèíÜ«∞O KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩOk. WÑ¨Ù_»∞ PÖ’z¿ãÎ WO`« `≥eq `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ, „Ç¨Ïã¨fi ^Œ$+≤ì`À, J„Ñ¨=∞`«ÎOQÍ ÖË‰õΩO_®
ZÖÏ PÖ’zOKå=∂ JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk.
LÑ¨CÃÑ· POHõ∆Å∞ ÃÑ\ÏìÅx „ÑüáêkOz# "åà◊√§ Ñ¨@∞ì=^ŒÅx q„Hõ=∂~°∞¯ÖÏ¡ ™È_çÜ«∞O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx, ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =™êÎÜ«∞x „Ñ¨ÑÖK«=∞O`«\Ï „Ñ¨Kå~°O ÅOHÕK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. HÀ@¡
ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ ~ÀA‰õΩ 1 „QÍ. LÑ¨C (400 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O) =∂„`«"Õ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°x `«Ñ¨C_»∞ ÖˇHõ¯Å∞
K≥áêÊ~°∞. HÍx x["Õ∞=∞O>Ë LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞#fl „Ñ¨Kå~°O *’~°∞QÍ ™êy# HÍÅOÖ’<Õ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞, W`«~°
n~°…HÍeHõ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∂áÈÜ«∂~Ú.
WO`« H˘\ÁìzÛ#@∞¡ J|^ŒúÑ¨Ù „Ñ¨Kå~åÅ‰õΩ ZÖÏ QÆ∞~°Ü«∂º"≥∂ Pâ◊Û~°º"Õ∞. ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 100 ãÖII
áê@∞ LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. `À áê@∞ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞#fl ^Œ∞~°aè„áêÜ«∞O "≥·^Œº ~°OQÍxfl
P„Hõq∞OzOk.
`«~åÅ `«~°|_ç HÍHõáÈ~Ú<å H˘xfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ HÍÅO `«Ñ¨C_»∞ JOÔHÅ∞ Ãã·#∞û „Ñ¨QÆux Ñ¨Hõ¯^•i
Ñ¨\ Oì˜ Kå~Ú. D `«ÑC¨ _»∞ #=∞‡HÍÅ =¸ÖÏefl QÆ∞iÎOK«_®xH˜, "å\˜ "≥#∞Hõ =Ù#fl "åã¨"Î åÅ∞ "≥eH˜ fÜ«∞_®xH˜
=∞#O <åQÆiHõ`« qã¨ÎiOKÕ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ LÑ¨C`À ZÖÏ =º=Ç¨ÏiOKå~À ÑïjeOKåe. K«i„`«#∞,
LÑ¨C`À =∂#ã≤HõOQÍ =∞#‰õΩ#fl J#∞|O^è•xfl J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀQÆey`Õ H˘O`«=∞Ok Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ ZÖÏ
`«Ñ¨C^•i Ñ¨\ ˜ìOKå~À J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åO. D `«Ñ¨C^•i Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«_»O "≥#∞Hõ PÇ¨~° Ñï„â◊=∞‰õΩ#fl
™êfi~åúxfl, âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ QÆ∞Ô~·# [_»`åfixfl, âßG Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å „Ñ¨K«∞~°}Å Ñ¨Hõ∆áê`« "≥·Yix "≥eH˜ f¿ãÎ<Õ "≥·^Œº
=~åæÅÖ’ D `«Ñ¨C_»∞ ÉèÏ"åÅ∞, `«Ñ¨C_»∞ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ‰õΩ ZÖÏ ^•ifÜ«∞âßÜ≥∂ J~°÷O
KÕã¨∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`åO.
`≥Å¡ |OQÍ~°O ÖÏO\˜ LÑ¨C HÀãÖ ™êy# `«=fiHÍÅ∞
8,000 ãÖII HÍÅO HÕ^Œ@ #∞O_ç =∂#=ÙÅ∞ LÑ¨C HÀãÖ J<Õfi+¨}Å∞ ™êyOz# K«i„`« =ÙOk.
K≥<· åÖ’ "≥Ú^ŒÖ·ˇ DlÑ¨Ù,ì *ˇ~∂° ã¨ÖOË , W@b, ÃãÊ~Ú<£, „wãπ, Ñ¨Ù~å`«# ÃãeìH± Éè∂í ÉèÏQÍÅ =~°‰Ωõ „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«=∞O`«\H˜ ˜
LÑ¨C "≥∞xÿ OQ∑ qãïÎ OzOk. LÑ¨C#∞ <Õ~∞° QÍ#∞, W`«~° LÑ¨C HõeÑ≤# Ñ¨^•~åúÅ`À "åºáê~°O ‰õÄ_» [iyOk.
16
KÕÑ¨Å∞, KÕÑ¨QÆ∞_»∞¡, Pe"£Å∞, HÍeÛ# =∂OãÖ, QÆ∞_»∞¡, ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞ Ñ¨K«Ûà◊√§ =O\˜ "å\˜ "åºáê~°O
„Ñ¨ÑÖKåxHõO`«\ ˜H˜ qã¨ÎiOzOk. "ÕÅ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ Wk ™êQÆ∞`ÀOk. =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# ~À=∞<£ #QÆ~åÅhfl
LÑ¨C ^˘iˆH „áêO`åÖ’¡<Õ xi‡`«=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. ã¨QÆ@∞# ~À=∞#∞¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ 25 „QÍ=ÚÅ LÑ¨C (10 „QÍ.
™È_çÜ«∞O), JO>Ë „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`« =∞# "å_»HÍxH˜ Ô~O_»∞#fl~° Ô~@∞¡ u<Õ"åà◊√§.
Ñ¨Ù~å`«# HÍÅOÖ’ LÑ¨C L`«ÊuÎH˜ Z<Àfl H˘`«Î ã¨$[<å`«‡Hõ Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å#∞ HõxÃÑ\Ïì~°∞. <ÕÅÖ’ ÉÏ=ÙÅ∞
`«qfi P LÑ¨C h\˜x =∞~°yOz LÑ¨C ã¨Êù\ ˜HÍÅ∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕâß~°∞. ZO_ç# #n f~åÅÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞
¿ãHõiOKå~°∞. =∂#= xi‡`« ã¨~°ã¨∞ûÅ∞, H˘Å#∞Å h\˜x Pqi KÕâß~°∞. Ñ¨~°fi`åÅ#∞ `«qfi LÑ¨C fâß~°∞.
Z_®~°∞ÅÖ’, "≥ÚHõ¯Å#∞ `«QÆ∞ÅÉˇ\ ˜ì ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕâß~°∞. z`«Î_ç <ÕÅÖ’x h\˜x, K≥`«Î#∞ =∞~°yOz
‰õÄ_» fâß~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã∞¨ `Î « j`«bHõ~}
° Ü«∞O„`åÅ∞ ~åHõ =ÚO^Œ∞ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ ã¨∂Hõr∆ =ÙÅ #∞O_ç ~°HO∆˜ KÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ xÅfiKÕ¿ã
U[O@∞QÍ LÑ¨Ü≥∂yOzOk LÑ¨C<Õ. PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^•~å÷Å#∞ <≥ÅÅ `«~°|_ç `å*ÏQÍ =ÙOz xÅfi KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ
LÑ¨C<Õ "å_®~°∞. ~À=∞<£ Ãã·x‰õΩÅ∞ Ñ¨~°ã¨Ê~° XÑ¨ÊO^ŒO KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕÑ¨C_»∞ LÑ¨C#∞ Q“~°=OQÍ "å_Õ"åà◊√§.
Éè’[# |Å¡ÃÑ· LÑ¨C ÖË‰õΩO>Ë J==∂#OQÍ ÑïQÆ}ÕKÕ "åà◊√§. JÑ¨ qâßfiãÖ HÕ^Œ K«∂¿ã"åà◊√§. „áêp#
„Ñ¨ÑÖKåxH˜ J^˘Hõ ã¨r= â◊H˜Î.
16 = â◊`å|ÌO <å\˜ Ü«¸~°Ñ≤Ü«∞#∞¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ 40 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ LÑ¨C "å_Õ"åà◊√§. 18 = â◊`å|ÌO
<å\˜H˜ 70 „QÍ=ÚÅ‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk. LÑ¨C KÕÑ¨Å∞, ã¨=Ú„^Œ KÕÑ¨Å ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊√§. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O
áêâßÛ`«º „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞‰õΩ Wk 4 #∞O_ç 7 Ô~@¡#fl =∂@. 1725 <å\˜
„á¶ê#∞û iHÍ~°∞¤Å „Ñ¨HÍ~°O LÑ¨CÃÑ· Ñ¨#∞fl ÉèÏsQÍ L#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ ~ÀA"åi qxÜ≥∂QÆO 13 #∞O_ç 15
„QÍ. =ÙO_Õk. ã≤fi@˚~å¡O_£Ö’x EiKüÖ’ 23 „QÍ. =ÙO_Õk. ™ê¯O_<ÕqÜ«∞<£ ^ÕâßÖ’¡ WOHÍ Z‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ
"åà◊√§. _≥<å‡~ü¯, ã‘fi_»<£ÅÖ’ 50 #∞O_ç 100 „QÍ. =~°‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊√§. (Wk ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C KÕÑ¨Å∞,
HÍeÛ# =∂OãÖ ~°∂áêÖ’¡).
nxfl|\˜ì QÆ`« H˘xfl =O^ŒÅ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ Ü«¸~ÀÑπ JO`«\Ï „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O =∞#O fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞#fl
LÑ¨C‰õΩ 2 #∞O_ç 10 Ô~@¡ =~°‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. WÑ¨C_çHõ Ü«¸~°Ñ¨ÙÖ’ n~°…HÍeHõ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ZÖÏ ÃÑiQÍÜ≥∂
K«∂^•ÌO. LÑ¨C "å_»HõO =Å¡<Õ =∞# QÆ∞O_≥Å∞ ^≥|ƒu<åflÜ«∂?
1500 – 1800 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ =~°‰õΩ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ ã¨=∞ã¨º Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ ÖË^Œ∞. 1800 =~°‰õΩ a.Ñ≤.x
H˘eKÕ ÑïHõ~°"Õ∞ ÖË^Œ∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ 1900 <å\˜H˜ ˆH=ÅO 5 #∞O_ç 10 âß`«O [<åÉèÏÖ’<Õ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.
ã¨=∞ã¨º =ÙO_çOk. 1939 Ö’ zHÍQÀ #QÆ~°OÖ’ ã¨=∞ã¨º =Ù#fl [<åÉèÏ 11 #∞O_ç 13 âß`«O =∂„`«"Õ∞.
1975 <å\˜H˜ Wk Ô~\˜ìOÃÑ· 25 âß`åxH˜ KÕiOk. 2004 <å\˜H˜ 31 âß`«=∞~ÚºOk. 2014 <å\˜H˜ Wk
=∞iO`« ÃÑiy J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ „Ñü =ÚQÆ∞æiÖ’ XHõiH˜ (33.3 âß`«O) ã¨=∞ã¨º =zÛOk.
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ 1900 ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ 50 ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ Wk ˆH=ÅO 10 âß`«"Õ∞. WÑ¨C_»k 3 Ô~@∞¡
ÃÑiyOk. LÑ¨C "å_»HõO `«yæ# HÍÅOÖ’<Õ D ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =zÛOk.
QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨C_»∞ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ a.Ñ≤. Hˆ ã¨∞Å ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ ã¨=∂O`«~O° QÍ LÑ¨C "å_»H"õ ∞Õ g∞
ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞. =∞i QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∂>Ëq∞\˜?
WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ =∞#O K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’, 1500 ãÖIIÅÖ’ ~ÀA‰õΩ 40 #∞O_ç 100 „QÍ.
LÑ¨C u#fl HÍÅO =ÙOk. LÑ¨C QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ‰õΩ HÍ~°}"≥∞ÿ`Õ =∞i P HÍÅOÖ’ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ`À ZO`À
=∞Ok K«xáÈ~Ú LO_®e QÆ^•! 1650 Å <å\˜H˜ =∂„`«"Õ∞ JHõ¯_» `˘e ˆHã¨∞Å∞ #"≥∂^ŒÜ«∂º~Ú. 1900
P~°OÉèÏxH˜ QÍh QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ Hˆ ã¨∞Å∞ K≥ÑC¨ HÀ ^ŒQæÆ ã≤u÷ H˜ KÕ~Ö° ^Ë ∞Œ . x*ÏxH˜ LÑ¨C ÃÑ~°Q_Æ ®xH˜ J#∞Ö’=∞OQÍ
QÍHõ, LÑ¨C `«ˆQæ H˘nÌ qÖ’=∞OQÍ QÆ∞O_≥ ˆHã¨∞Å∞ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú.
17
g@xfl\˜h K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨C_»∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOKåÅ#fl P~ÀQÆº =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ#∞ ZÖÏ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe?
Ñïâ’^è#Œ Ö’ `«ÑÊ¨ @_»∞QÆ∞Å∞, PÇ¨ÏOHÍ~°O, x^è∞Œ Å Hˆ \Ï~ÚOÑ¨ÙÖ’ `«QÍ^•Å∞, "åã¨"Î åÅ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù‰õΩ x~åHõ~}° Å∞
Jhfl Hõeã≤ „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«Ñ¨Ù `«Ñ≤Ê^•Å‰õΩ ^•ifâß~Ú.
ZO`« áê`«^À JO`« `«Ñ¨C ã≤^•úO`«O
LÑ¨C =Å¡ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl ã≤^•úO`«O 100 Uà◊§‰õΩ ÃÑ·QÍ Ñ¨Ó~°fiO "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok. JOÉÏ~ü¤,
|∞ºKå~ü¤ J<Õ W^ŒÌ~°∞ „ÃÑ¶Oz âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ 1904 Ö’ ˆH=ÅO 6 =∞Ok ~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz# J#∞Éèí=OÃÑ·
nxfl „ÑüáêkOKå~°∞. LÑ¨C ÃÑOz WzÛ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨C_»∞ "åi ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ ÃÑiyO^Œ<åfl~°∞. P `«~åfi`« 3
ãÖ=`«û~åÅˆH 1907 Ö’ Ö’Ü≥∞<£ã¨ì~Ú<£ H˜_ôflÅ "åÑ¨Ù (<≥¢ÃÑ¶·\ ˜ãπ) `À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_Õ ~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ ãÖ|OkèOz#
"≥·~°∞^èŒºÑ¨Ói`«"≥∞ÿ# ÑïjÅ#Å#∞ „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå_»∞. `«~åfi`« 100 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ =~°‰õΩ LÑ¨C =Å¡ HõeˆQ ™ê¿ÑHõ∆
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞, #ëêìÅ QÆ∞iOz âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ `«~°˚# Éèí~°˚# Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ "åà◊§ Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å <å}º`«
„Ñ¨âßfl~°÷HõOQÍ<Õ =ÙO_çOk.
LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# D q"å^ŒO J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ 1920 Å P~°OÉèíOÖ’ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok. #∂ºÜ«∂~ü¯ "≥·^Œ∞º_≥·#
JÖˇ<£ `˘Å∞`« a.Ñ≤. `«yæOKåÅO>Ë LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKåÅx „ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. "å~°∞ 1920 Ö’ Ô~O_»∞,
1922 Ö’ =∞~À Ô~O_»∞ Ñ¨„`åÅ#∞ „Ñ¨K«∞iOK«_»O`À J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ D q"å^ŒO ~åA‰õΩOk. JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.
=Ù#fl "åiÖ’ 60 âß`«O =∞OkH˜ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. `«yæ#@∞¡ K≥áêÊ_»∞. n<˘flHõ ã¨=∞~°÷=O`«"≥∞ÿ#
zH˜`«ûQÍ „ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ L#fl "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C H˜_ôflÅÃÑ· J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù ÉèÏ~°O "Õã≤,
J^Œ#OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ~ÚOKåeû ~å=_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑOz#@∞¡ „ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. J~Ú`Õ nxH˜ PÜ«∞# =^ŒÌ U
~°∞A=Ó ÖË^∞Œ . K«∂_»_®xH˜ D q=~°} ÉÏQÆ∞#fl@∞¡ HõxÑ≤OzOk. LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} H˜_flô Å#∞ ~°Hã∆˜ ∞¨ OÎ ^Œ<åfl_»∞.
J~Ú`Õ P HÍÅOÖ’<Õ "≥Å∞=_»¤ J<ÕHõ Ñ¨„`åÅ∞ D „Ñüáê^Œ#`À qÉèËkOKå~Ú. ^•O`À Jk Ñ¨Hõ¯‰õΩ
áÈ~ÚOk. J~Ú`Õ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 20 ãÖIIÅ `«~åfi`« "åÅì~ü ÔHOÃÑ#~ü nxfl =∞m§ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥KåÛ_»∞. áê`«
`«Ñ¨C_»∞ ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ "å~°ã¨∞_çQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞H˘KåÛ~°∞. H˜_ôflÃÑ· ÉèÏ~°O `«yæOK«_»O ¿Ñi@ LÑ¨C#∞
xÜ«∞O„uKåÅ<åfl_»∞. ''™È_çÜ∞« O#∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ `«y¿æ ãÎ KåÅ^Œ∞, H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò#∞ `«y¿æ ãÎ KåÅ^Œ∞, „^Œ"åÅ#∞, Jq∞<À
P=∂¡Å#∞ `«yæ¿ãÎ KåÅ^Œ∞. ˆH=ÅO XHõ JOâ◊O HÍ^Œ∞. =¸„`« =º=ã¨÷ÃÑ· ÉèÏ~åxfl Ju HõxëêìxH˜ `«yæOKåe——
Jx ~åâß_»∞. Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò#∞ „ÑüáêkOK«_»O ^•fi~å „Ñ¨ÑÖK« "åºÑ≤`«OQÍ QÆ∞iÎOÑ¨Ù á⁄O^•_»∞. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C
PÇ¨~åÅ∞ a.Ñ≤. zH˜`û« Ö’ ã¨=∞~°=ú O`«OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎ=∞O@∂ HÔ OÃÑ#~ü =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥zÛ# ã≤^•úO`«O Ñïâ’^è#Œ Å
`«Ñ¨C_»∞ J#fiÜ«∂xH˜ ^Œ$ëêìO`«OQÍ xezOk.
ÔHOÃÑ#~ü „ÑüáêkOz# Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò
1939 Ö’ ÔHOÃÑ#~ü nxfl „ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. WO^Œ∞Ö’ „Ñ¨^è•#OQÍ =i J#flO, ÑÖ_»∞¡ =ÙO_ç LÑ¨C
`«yæOKå_»∞. „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# a.Ñ≤., n~°…HÍÅ H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒ (ã≤ÔH_ç), =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =Ù#fl ~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ =O^ŒÅ
=∞OkH˜ D PÇ¨~°O WKåÛ_»∞. PÜ«∞# ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’ LÑ¨C J#flk =$^è• Ñ¨^•~°úO. Wk `«yæ¿ãÎ H˜_ôflÅÃÑ· ÉèÏ~°O
`«yæOK«QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å=∞<Õk PÜ«∞# K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨∂„`«O.
ÔHOÃÑ#~ü K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò J<Õk U P^èŒ∞xHõ ZO_À¢ÔH·<åÅlã¨∂ì JOwHõiOK« ÖËxk. 2000 ÔHÅsÅ
PÇ¨~°O, JO^Œ∞Ö’ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ 5 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞, =∂Oã¨Hõ$`«∞ÎÅ∞ 20 „QÍ. HÀ¡Ô~·_£ ˆH=ÅO 200 q∞.„QÍ., ™È_çÜ«∞O
18
150 q∞.„QÍ., (ã¨∂Ê#∞Ö’ 15 = =O`«∞). aÜ«∞ºO U ~°HÍx"≥·<å 9 #∞O_ç 12 B#∞ûÅ∞ u#=∞<åfl_»∞. Jxfl
~°HÍÅ ÑÖ_»¡ ~°™êÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl_»∞. ZO_»∞ Ñ≤Hõ¯Å∞, Y~°∂˚~åÅ∞, J=HÍ_ÀÅ∞, ZO_»∞ Ñ¶¨ÖÏÅ∞, ÑÖ_»¡
L`åÊk`åÅ∞ =^ŒÌ<åfl_»∞. ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ J#∞=∞uOKå_»∞. J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ 500 „QÍ=ÚÅ =~°‰õΩ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞
(JO>Ë 125 ã¨∂Ê#∞¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ) fã¨∞HÀ=K«Û<åfl_»∞. ÑÖ_»∞¡, @"≥∂\Ï ~°™êÅ∞ HÍh, h~°∞ HÍh =^ŒÌ<åfl_»∞.
ÑÖ_»¡ ~°™êÅ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ 700 #∞O_ç 1000 q∞.b. =~°‰õΩ =∂„`«O fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl_»∞. z‰õΩ¯_»∞ *ÏuH˜ K≥O^Œx
‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å∞, |OQÍàÏ ^Œ∞OÑ¨Å∞, =∂OãÖ ÖË^• KÕÑ¨Å∞ (LÑ¨C ÖË‰õΩO_® =O_ç#q) J#∞=∞uOKå_»∞.
J~Ú`Õ HÔ OÃÑ#~ü =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥zÛ# Hˆ ã¨∞ iáÈ~°∞Åì ‰õΩ U „áêuÑ¨kHÍ ÖË^∞Œ . âßG P"≥∂^ŒO á⁄O^ŒQeÆ y#
H˜¡xHõÖò Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å∞ HÍ=Ù. `«# _≥·\ò WKÕÛ ~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ PÜ«∞# HÍÑ¨ÖÏ =ÙO_ç „Ñ¨`«ºHõ∆OQÍ ÑïjeOKå_»O`Õ.
PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨Ï Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ P PÇ¨~°Ñ¨Ù ^ŒHõ∆`«#∞ „Ñ¨tflOKå~°∞. XHõ ~ÀyH˜ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤., JÃã·\òû,
Z_≥=∂ J#fl =¸_»∞ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞O_»QÍ D _≥·\ò áê\ÕKåHõ JO^Œ∞Ö’ U XHõ\ © Ñïëê¯~°O HÍÖË^Œ∞. 14
H˜Ö’Å |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ 2 <≥ÅÅ `«~åfi`« PÜ«∞# a.Ñ≤. 174/97 #∞O_ç 137/82 H˜ `«yæOk.
Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò â◊s~°OÖ’ L#fl LÑ¨C#∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°OQÍ H©∆}ÕÑ¨*Ëã≤Ok. D `«yæOÑ¨Ù „áê}ÏO`«HõO ‰õÄ_®.
500 =∞OkÖ’ 178 =∞OkH˜ (36 âß`«O) QÆ∞iÎOK«^Œy#@∞¡QÍ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú`Õ PÜ«∞# q∞ye#
322 =∞Ok Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ =ÚO^Œ∞ ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞. 20 áê~ÚO@¡ a.Ñ≤. `«yæO^Œ<åfl_»∞. J~Ú`Õ D Ñ¶ë`«O LÑ¨C
`«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ =zÛO^Œ#∞HÀ_®xH˜ gÅ∞ÖË^Œ∞. Ô~·ãπ _≥·\òÖ’ ÔHÅsÅ xÜ«∞O„`«}, á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O, Ñ‘K«∞ Ñ¨^•~°÷O
LO_»_»O, „á⁄\©<£, H˘=ÙfiÅ∞, Hõ$„u=∞ H˘=ÙfiÅ `«yæOÑ¨Ù =ÙO_»_»O =Å¡ |~°∞=Ù `«yæOKÕ ÅHõ∆}O =ÙOk. D
JOâßÅÃÑ·H˜ ^Œ$+≤ì áÈ‰õΩO_® LÑ¨C `«yæOz# Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ<Õ PÜ«∞# K≥Ñ¨ÊEâß_»∞.
J~Ú`Õ WO^Œ∞Ö’ ‰õÄ_» „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O JO^ŒiH© HõeyO^• JO>Ë ÖË^Œ∞. 322 =∞OkÖ’ =¸_À
=O`«∞ =∞OkH˜ U „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#=¸ ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°ÖË^Œ∞. WÑ¨Ê\˜H© D _≥·\ò#∞ H˘O^Œ~°∞ a.Ñ≤. H˜, H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ,
QÆ∞O_≥ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õÄ ã≤á¶ê~°∞û KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
ÔHOÃÑ#~ü ^•zÃÑ\˜ì# =∞~À q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞=∞O>Ë PÜ«∞# ~ÀQÆ∞Ö’¡ J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ∞ _≥·\ò "≥Ú^Œ\’¡ f„=OQÍ
[|∞ƒ Ñ¨_®¤~°∞. "åiÖ’ a.Ñ≤. „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ 199/117 =ÙO_Õk. D _≥·\ò "≥·Ñ¶¨ÖÏºxH˜ D JOâß<Õfl
`å~å¯}OQÍ K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û. ÔHOÃÑ#~ü HÍ‰õΩO_® W`«~°∞Å∞ D _≥·\ò KÕ~ÚOz#Ñ¨C_»∞ =zÛ# Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ =∞iO`«
x~åâß[#HõOQÍ =Ù<åflÜ«∞<åfl~°∞.
WÖÏO\˜ XHõ J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ 83 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ D _≥·\ò =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæÖË^Œ∞. H˜_ôfl Ñ¨xf~°∞ ‰õÄ_»
nx=Å¡ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨_»HõáÈQÍ H©∆}ÕzOk.
1950 Ö’ ÖÏ<≥û\ò Ñ¨„uHÖ’ „Ñ¨K«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ# iáÈ~°∞ìÖ’ D Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò =Å¡ Ü«Úˆ~q∞Ü«∂ (=¸„`«O
Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ=_»O) ã¨=∞ã¨º`À XHõ ~Ày K«xáÈÜ«∂_»∞. D Ñïâ’^èŒ<å Ñ¨„`« ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O
=Å¡<Õ D ^Œ∞+¨Êe`«O =zÛO^Œx K≥áêÊ~°∞.
1983 Ö’ ‰õÄ_» D _≥\· òÃÑ· Ñïâ’^è#Œ Å∞ [iQÍ~Ú. *Ï<£ ÖÏ~åQ∑ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#OÖ’ HÔ OÃÑ#~ü K≥ÑÊ≤ #@∞¡
64 âß`«O =∞OkH˜ HÍ‰õΩO_® ˆH=ÅO 20 #∞O_ç 40 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’<Õ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O Hõey#@∞¡ `ÕeOk.
JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ LÑ¨C#∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 1.15 „QÍ. Hõ<åfl `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò =Å¡ HõeˆQ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_»
u~ÀQÆq∞OK«_»O K«∂âß~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ ÔHOÃÑ#~ü K≥Ñ≤Ê# Ô~·ãπ _≥·\òÖ’ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O U^≥·<å =zÛO^ŒO>Ë Jk
á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O, Ñ‘K«∞ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ (ÑÖ_»∞¡, ^è•<åºÅ ^•fi~å) HõeyO^Õ#x "≥Å¡_»~ÚOk.
ÖÏ~åQ∑, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ 35 ãÖII „HÕ^Œ>Ë LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} =Å¡ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ
"Õ∞Å∞ HõeyOK«_»O ÖË^Œx ã¨Ê+¨ìO KÕâß~°∞. =zÛ# Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ J`«ºO`« ¿ÑÅ==∞x K≥áêÊ~°∞. Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò =Å¡
|~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ_»O, a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæ_»O J#fl Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ LÑ¨C`À ãÖ|O^èŒO ÖËx=x K≥áêÊ~°∞. Z=iÖ’#~Ú`Õ
™È_çÜ«∞O `«yæOÑ¨Ù‰õΩ J#∞‰õÄÅ Ñ¶ë`«O HõxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎO^À "åiH˜ =∂„`«O LÑ¨C `«yæOKåÅ<åfl~°∞.
19
P~°ú~ü H˘~üHÀ~å<£, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ KÕã≤# Ñïâ’^èŒ#ÅÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ 25 =∞OkˆH
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O =zÛO^Œ<åfl~°∞. J^Õ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ ^•x=Å¡ J*’>ˇq∞Ü«∂ (~°HõÎOÖ’ Ü«¸iÜ«∂, „H˜Ü«∂\˜x<£,
<≥·„\’[<£ =ÔQ·~åÅ∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O) ÖÏO\˜ Ç¨xHõ~° Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞, H˜_ôflÅ Ñ¨x`«#O H©∆}ÕK«_»O HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú.
a.Ñ≤.x `«yæOK«_»O HÀãÖ ~ÀA‰õΩ LÑ¨C#∞ ã¨∂Ê#∞Ö’ 11 = =O`«∞‰õΩ `«yæOK«_»O (200 q∞.„QÍ.) J™ê^èŒºO
HÍHõáÈ=K«∞Û HÍh PK«~°} ™ê^èŒºO =∂„`«O HÍ^Œ<åfl~°∞.
ÔHOÃÑ#~ü `«# _≥·\ò áê\Õz# 62 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ a.Ñ≤. `«yæOz#@∞¡ K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© W`«~°
Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ ^•x`À JOwHõiOK«ÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑ·QÍ Ô~·ãπ _≥·\ò =Å¡ Ç¨x ‰õÄ_» [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ<åfl~°∞.
LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} =Å¡ ~°HOÎõ Ö’ ™È_çÜ∞« O, HÀ¡~Ô _· £ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«yæ =∞~°}ÏÅ‰õΩ ^•ifÜ«∞_»O KåÖÏHÍÅO
„HÕ^Œ>Ë QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. J*’>ˇq∞Ü«∂, H˜_flô "≥Ñ· Å¨¶ ºO, Ñ¨Å∞ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù ~Ô ãπ _≥\· ò HÍ~°}OQÍ
HõÅQÆ_»O K«∂âß~°∞. JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ â◊H˜Î Ç‘Ï#`«, J<ÀÔ~H˜ûÜ«∂, <åã≤Ü«∂, K«∞Hõ¯Å∞ K«∞Hõ¯Å∞QÍ =¸„`«O Ñ¨_»_»O
(FeQÆ∂iÜ«∂), HõO_»~åÅÖ’ Ñ¨QÆ∞à◊√§, Ü«¸ˆ~q∞Ü«∂ H˜_ôfl "≥·Ñ¶¨ÅºO ÖÏO\˜ ^Œ∞Ñ¶¨Êe`åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» nxÖ’
|Ü«∞@Ñ¨_®¤~Ú. ÔHOÃÑ#~ü HÍÅOÖ’#∞, WÑ¨C_»∞ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ `≥zÛ# ^Œ∞+¨Êe`åÅ∞ Wq.
*Ï=∂ Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ 1949 Ö’ „Ñ¨K«∞i`«"≥∞ÿ# "åºãÖÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ Ç¨x HõÅQÆ^Œx K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O
x~°∂Ñ¨} HÍÖË^Œ<åfl~°∞. „Ñ¨[ÅO^ŒiH© ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«∞HÀ=∞x ã≤á¶ê~°∞û KÕÜ«∞ÖË=∞x `«~åfiu
^ŒâßÉÏÌÖ’¡ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. ÔHOÃÑ#~ü _≥·\ò „áê^è•#º`« P ~°HõOQÍ "≥#‰õΩ¯áÈ~ÚOk.
Å∂~Úãπ ÔH. _®Öò
_®II Å∂~ÚãπH˜ K≥#~ü _®Öò ‰õΩ `«#∞ #q∞‡#^•xH˜ QÆ\ ˜ìQÍ Hõ@∞ì|_Õ"å_»#fl ¿Ñ~°∞Ok. Pk=∞ `≥QÆÅ
„Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ Z=Ô~·`Õ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C u<åfl~À "åiH˜ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ ~åÖË^Œ#fl ÉèÏ=# PÜ«∞#Ö’ =ÙO_çOk.
[áê<£ „Ñ¨[Å∞ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= u#_»O =Å¡<Õ "åiÖ’ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º Z‰õΩ¯=x áÈÖÏÛ_»∞. nO`À z>ˇìÅHõÅÃÑ·
LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ZÖÏ LO@∞O^À J^èŒºÜ«∞#O KÕÜ«∂Å#fl Pã¨H˜Î HõeyOk. =∂=¸Å∞ ZÅ∞HõÅ a.Ñ≤.ÃÑ·
LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖË^Œx PÜ«∞#‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ ã¨∞xfl`«O`«fiO QÆÅ ZÅ∞HõÅ *Ïux
~°∂á⁄OkOK«_®xH˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆâßÅ#∞ "ÕkHõ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
áêâßÛ`«º „Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ JkèHõ ™È_çÜ«∞O PÇ¨~°O JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.H˜ ^•i fã¨∞Î#fl^Œx 1954 Ö’ _®Öò
=∞~˘Hõ "≥·^Œ∞ºx`À Hõeã≤ Ñïâ’^èŒ# Ñ¨„`«O „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå_»∞. Pk=∞ *Ï`«∞Ö’¡ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ u#fl "åà◊√§
ã¨#flQÍ, K«∞~°∞QÍæ, a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º ÖË‰õΩO_® rqOKå~°x ~åâß~°∞. J~Ú`Õ ÑÖK«^•~° u#_»O =Å¡ T|HÍÜ«∞O
=zÛ ^•x Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xfl "åà◊√§ Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. 1983 =~°‰õΩ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ· ÑÖK«^•~° „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O
QÆ∞iOz# Ñïâ’^èŒ# Ñ¨„`«"Õ∞ ÖË^Œ∞.
1950 ^ŒâH◊ Oõ =∞^èºŒ Ö’<Õ a.Ñ≤.x ÃÑOKÕ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHÍiQÍ LÑ¨C‰õΩ =Ú„^Œ "Õâß~°∞. ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞
JÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH `«#∞ #+¨ìO HõÅQÆ*ËÜ«∞_»O ÖË^Œx #q∞‡OKÕ „Ñ¨Ü«∞`«flOÖ’ <Õ~åxfl H˘=ÙfiÅ "≥·Ñ¨Ù =∞o§OK« Eã≤Ok.
D „Hõ=∞OÖ’<Õ LÑ¨C#∞ =Ú^•Ì~ÚQÍ KÕâß~°∞. P HÍÅO<å\˜ âßG"Õ`ÅÎ« ∞, ™ê^è•~°} „Ñ¨[Å∞ ‰õÄ_» ÑÖK«^•~°#∞
Ç¨x ÖËxkQÍ<Õ K«∂âß~°∞.
LÑ¨C ~°∞z HÀãÖ "å_Õ Ñ¨^•~°÷O =∂„`«"Õ∞#h, Jk áÈ+¨HÍÇ¨~°O HÍ^Œh _®Öò "≥Ú^Œ@QÍ,
„ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. 1954 #∞O_ç `«#∞ ¿ãHõiOz# ã¨=∂Kå~å#flO`«\ ˜h 1960 Ö’ „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå_»∞. 5 ~°HÍÅ
„Ñ¨*Ï ã¨=¸Ç¨Ö’¡ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ÃÑiˆQ H˘nÌ "åi a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiy#@∞¡ K≥áêÊ_»∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ 1 „QÍ=ÚHõ<åfl
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C`À<Õ =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ „|`«Hõ=K«Û<åfl_»∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ 100 #∞O_ç 375 q∞.„QÍ.‰õΩ LÑ¨C `«yæ<å 3
#∞O_ç 12 <≥ÅÅ =~°‰õΩ W|ƒOk ~åÖË^Œ<åfl_»∞. =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 250 #∞O_ç 365 q∞.„QÍ. LÑ¨C`À 2
20
#∞O_ç 5 ãÖIIÅ∞, 17 ãÖII =Ü«∞ã¨∞ QÆÅ =∞~À ÉÏeHõ ˆH=ÅO 10 #∞O_ç 12 q∞.„QÍ. LÑ¨C`À<Õ J<ÕHõ
<≥ÅÅ∞ =∞#QÆey#@∞¡ ~åâß_»∞. J~Ú`Õ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞ K«∂Ñ¨ÖË^Œ∞. _®Öò K≥Ñ≤Ê# D q+¨Ü«∂ÖËg
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C =Å¡ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O =ÙO^Œh, Ç¨xÖË^Œh x[OQÍ ~°∞A=Ù Ñ¨~°K«ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂~Ú.
ZÅ∞HõÅÃÑ· _®Öò KÕã≤# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÍÅ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» xiú+¨ì`« ÖË^Œ∞. ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ x~å‡}OÃÑ· 400 "åº™êÅ∞
~åã≤# *’~üfl á¶È‰õΩ ~ÀA‰õΩ 40 „QÍ. =~°‰õΩ (™ê^è•~°} "å_»HÍxH˜ 4 Ô~@∞¡) LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=K«Û<åfl_»∞. LÑ¨C
x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ#fl ZÅ∞HõÅÖ’ LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ 100 „QÍ. LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl
=∞#∞+¨µÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_» a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞.
ZÅ∞HõÅÃÑ· _®Öò KÕã≤# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÍÅ`À =∞#∞+¨µÅ‰õΩ ãÖ|O^èŒO Ug∞ÖË^Œ∞. J~Ú<å _®Öò "≥ÚO_çQÍ
`«# "å^Œ#Å∞ ã¨=∞iúOK«∞HÀEâß_»∞. 1945 Ö’ *Ï=∂ Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOz#Ñ¨C_»∞ a.Ñ≤. `«yæ#@∞¡
=zÛ# "åº™êxfl ã¨=∞~°ú#QÍ `≥K«∞Û‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. x*ÏxH˜ P "åºãÖ LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} =Å¡ „Ñü XHõ¯i a.Ñ≤.
`«yæ#@∞¡ K≥Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞. ÃÑ·QÍ Ö’`«∞QÍ `«~°z K«∂¿ãÎ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C =Å¡ =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ K«xáÈÜÕ∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO LO^Œx
K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. LÑ¨C `«yæOz# XHõ =ºH˜ÎH˜ ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú PH˜û[<£, áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ Hõ}*ÏÖÏÅ‰õΩ JO^ŒÖË^Œ∞.
uiy LÑ¨C W=fiQÍ<Õ ~Ày „Ñ¨ã¨~°} =º=ã¨÷ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨_çOk.
D =ÚYº q+¨Ü∂« Å „Ñ¨™êÎ=# _®Öò ¿ÑÑ¨~∞° Ö’ ÖË^∞Œ . LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ<Õ x~åúiOKå_»∞.
D `«Ñ¨C_»∞ ã≤^•úO`«O P `«~åfi`« =∞iH˘xfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ =~°‰õΩ „Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÆº áêÅã‘QÍ K«ÖÏ=∞}˜ J~ÚOk.
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ z#fl Ñ≤Å¡Å PÇ¨~åÖ’¡ ÃÑiy# LÑ¨C =Å¡ Ñ≤Å¡Å =∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ ÃÑiy#@∞¡ ‰õÄ_» _®Öò
~åâß_»∞. WÖÏO\˜ PÇ¨~åÅ∞ u#fl ZÅ∞HõÅ∞ K«xáÈÜ«∂Ü«∞<åfl_»∞. ZÅ∞HõÅ Ãã·A‰õΩ =∂#= Ñ≤Å¡Å Ãã·A‰õΩ
L#fl `Õ_®#∞ ‰õÄ_» PÜ«∞# K«∂_» x~åHõiOKå_»∞, ÉËa á¶ê~°∞‡ÖÏ PÇ¨~åÖ’¡x LÑ¨C „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°=∞x
K≥áêÊ_»∞. _®Öò „Ñ¨Kå~åxH˜ „Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«"≥∞ÿ# J"≥∞iHõ<£ z#fl Ñ≤Å¡Å "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ JHÍ_»q∞ z#fl Ñ≤Å¡Å PÇ¨~åÖ’¡
LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO^Œh – ^•xfl `«yæOK«=∞x P L`«Ê`«∞ÎÅ `«Ü«∂s^•~°¡‰õΩ ã¨∂zOzOk.
LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# D q"å^•Ö’¡ Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å <å}º`«‰õΩO_®eû# „áê^è•#º`« áÈ~ÚOk. "≥ÚO_çH˜
xÅ|_ç =∂\Ï¡_#ç "åà◊¡ =∂>Ë K≥eO¡ k. =∞#O ^•xH˜ =¸ÅºO JÑ¨Ê\˜ #∞O_ç WÑ¨Ê\˜H© K≥eã¡ ∞¨ <Î åfl=∞O\Ï_»∞
_®II *Ë"£∞û.
*Ïi˚"≥∞hb, Ç¨~ÀÖò¤ |@ì~ü cÅ∞
1977 PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ LÑ¨CÃÑ· xÜ«∞O„`«} KÕ~°Û_»OÖ’ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_»"Õã≤# "å~°∞ ÃÑ· W^ŒÌ~°∞.
gi~°∞=Ù~°∂ JÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞QÍ „Ñ¨ã≤^Œ∞úÅ∞, JkèHõ ™È_çÜ«∞O`À áê@∞ "≥∞yfl+≤Ü«∞O Ö’ÑÖ [`«Hõe¿ãÎ
a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∞O`À "å~°∞O_Õ "å~°∞. J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C â◊s~° „^Œ"åÅ#∞ ÃÑOK«_»O ^•fi~å
a.Ñ≤.H˜ ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xH˜ ^•i fã¨∞ÎO^Œx K≥áêÊ~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê P J^Œ#O ZO`«#flk xiÌ+¨ìÑ¨~°K«ÖË^Œ∞.
1977 PÇ¨~° =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ‰õΩ H˘kÌQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞ 1976 Ö’ gi^Œ~Ì ∞° Ñïâ’^è<Œ å Ñ¨„`«O „Ñ¨K∞« iOKå~°∞.
nx=Å¡ g~°∞ „áêK«∞~°ºO á⁄O^•~°∞. gi Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ Ãã<Õ\ò Hõq∞\© „Ñ¨^è•# ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ HÍHõ J#∞|O^è•Ö’¡
„Ñ¨™êÎqOK«|_®¤~Ú. g~°∞ „ÑüáêkOz# JkèHõ LÑ¨C, JÅÊ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞OÅ PÇ¨~°O a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`«O
„Ñ¨[ÅO^ŒiH© J#fi~ÚOKÕkHÍ^Œh, [#∞ºÑ¨~°OQÍ JÖÏO\˜ J#∞‰õÄÅ`« =Ù#fl"åà◊§ˆH#h ‰õÄ_» K≥áêÊ~°∞.
J~Ú<å LÑ¨C a.Ñ≤.H˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk J#fl ÉèÏ=# x<å^ŒO ÖÏQÍ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `Õ|_ç ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 40 Uà◊§ áê@∞
Jk K≥Ü«∂ºeû# #+¨ìO KÕã≤ ÃÑ\˜ìOk. "≥·^Œº âßG ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ nxH˜ ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞ P<å_»∞QÍh, D<å\˜H˜ QÍh
ÖËHõáÈ~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ~å‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=K«Ûx, =zÛ# "åà◊§‰õΩ `«yæOK«_»O
zH˜`«û Jh =Ú„^ŒÑ¨_çáÈ~ÚOk.
21
1977 =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ J"≥∞iHõ#¡#∞ `«=∞ ~ÀA"åi LÑ¨C "å_»HÍxfl 3 „QÍ=ÚÅ‰õΩ (1.2 „QÍ.
™È_çÜ∞« O) Ñïq∞`«O KÕã∞¨ H˘=∞‡x K≥áêÊ~Ú. P HÍÅOÖ’ KÕã#≤ „Ñüáê^Œ#Å‰õΩ âß¢ãÜ Î‘ ∞« ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞ =Ù<åflÜ«∂
ÖË"å J#flk „áêuÑ¨kHõ HÍ^Œ∞. „áê=ÚYºO á⁄Ok# "åà◊§ h\˜=∂@ÖË ~°∞A=ÙÖÜ«∂º~Ú. `å=Ú xëê‚`«∞Å∞
HÍx ~°OQÍÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_» âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞QÍ „Ñ¨Kå~°OÖ’ =Ù#fl H˘O^Œ~°∞ KÕã≤# „Ñüáê^Œ#Å`À PÇ¨~° áêÅã‘,
áêi„âßq∞Hõ +¨~°`«∞Å∞, ã¨∂¯Å∞ Ñ≤Å¡Å =∞^è•ºÇ¨Ïfl Éè’[# Ñ¨^äŒHÍÅ∞, "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ zH˜`«û Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞ ~°∂á⁄O^•~Ú.
Ñ¶¨„|=i 21 Ö’ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ „Ñ¨K«∞i`«=∞Ü«∂ºHõ =∂iÛ 24, 26 `ÕnÖ’¡ Jaè„áêÜ«∞ ¿ãHõ~°}
[iyOk. P<å\˜ J"≥∞iHõ<£ *ÏfÜ«∞ Ãã·<£û JHÍ_»g∞`À áê@∞ g∞<£Öò, |@ì~ü cÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∂Å∞ D
iáÈ~°∞ì#∞ „Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«O KÕâß~Ú. J"≥∞iHõ#¡O^ŒiH© HõhãÖ 3 „QÍ. LÑ¨C#~Ú<å J#∞=∞uOK«_»O ^•fi~å
H˘O`« "Õ∞Å∞ KÕâß~°O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. x"ÕkHõ 1 ãÖII HÍÅOÖ’ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞‡„^Œ} á⁄OkOk.
LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ#∞ ÖÏOKè«#OQÍ „Ñü+≤ìOK«_»O
=ÚQÆ=x >ˇxflãπ =∂KüÖÏˆQ LÑ¨C ÃÑ· [iy# J^èºŒ Ü«∞<åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_® XHõ^•x`À =∞~˘Hõ\ ˜ qÉèkË OKå~Ú.
H˘xfl\˜Ö’ LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiy`Õ =∞iH˘xfl\˜Ö’ ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`« ã¨=∞~°ú‰õΩÅ^Õ „Hõ=∞OQÍ
ÃÑ· KÕ~Ú J~ÚOk.
1980 Å P~°OÉèíOÖ’ J"≥∞iHõ<£ Ñ¶≤lÜ«∂Ålã¨∞ì J~Ú# P~°ú~ü QÆ∂º@<£ â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ "åkOKå_»∞.
LÑ¨C ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ Hõ}*ÏÅ „^Œ"åÅ∞ ÃÑiy a.Ñ≤. =ã¨∞ÎO^Œ<åfl_»∞. LÑ¨C J^Œ#"≥∞ÿ`Õ H˜_ôflÅ∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜
ÑÖÑ¨Ù`å~Ú QÆ^• J#fl „Ñ¨â◊fl Ñ¨@¡ ã¨Ê+¨ì`« ÖË^Œ∞.
XHõ „Ñ¨*Ï ã¨=¸Ç¨#flO`«\ h˜ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O KÕã#≤ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ a.Ñ≤.H˜ <Õ~∞° QÍ ãÖ|O^èOŒ
|Ü«∞@Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O `«QÆæ_»=¸, ÑÖK«^•~°, â◊√nÌHõiOz# Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ qxÜ≥∂QÆO ÃÑ~°y#
„Ñ¨ÉÏè "åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_» ÑïjeKå~°∞. J^˘Hõ „Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÆº q^è•#OQÍ LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKåÖÏ J#fl K«~Û° #_çzOk.
J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C u<Õ"åà◊√§ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù „â◊=∞ K≥Ü«∂ºÅ#fl ã¨∂K«# ‰õÄ_» KÕâß~°∞.
PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ q_»∞^ŒÖˇ·# 1977 H˜ 6 ãÖIIÅ∞ QÆ_çKåHõ 1983 Ö’ *Ï<£ ÖÏ~åQ∑, PÜ«∞#
ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ Ñïâ’^èŒ<å Ñ¨„`«O „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå~°∞. nxHÀãÖ "å~°∞ KÕã≤# Ñïâ’^èŒ# KåÖÏ ¿ÑÅ="≥∞ÿ#k.
ˆH=ÅO 200 =∞OkÃÑ· Ju `«‰õΩ¯= HÍÅO =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ñïâ’^èŒ# KÕã≤ ^•xfl ™ê^è•~°}©HõiOK«Eâß~°∞.
LÑ¨C#∞ `«yæOK«∞‰õΩ#fl "åà◊§ a.Ñ≤. `«yæ#@∞¡ ‰õÄ_» x~åú~°} HÍÖË^Œ∞.
1982 Ö’ ÅO_»<£Ö’ „QÍÇ¨ÏO "≥∞H± „ÔQQÀ~ü |$O^ŒÑ¨Ù J^èŒºÜ«∞#O H˘xfl q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ K«~°Û‰õΩ
`≥zÛOk. 19 =∞OkÃÑ· xiú+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# ÑïjÅ# KÕÜ«∞QÍ q∞„â◊=∞ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ =KåÛ~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡
H˘O^ŒiÖ’ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæQÍ =∞iH˘O^ŒiÖ’ ÃÑiyOk. J~Ú`Õ ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C Hõeã≤ =O_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
Z‰õΩ¯= ‰õÄ~° u#QÆÅQÆ_»O =Å¡ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O J^Œ#OQÍ JO^Œ∞`«∞O^Œh, ^•x=Å¡ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O LO^Œh
`ÕÖÏÛ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ qëê^Œ"∞Õ =∞O>Ë "≥∞H± „yQÀ~ü LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù J#fl `«ÑC¨ _»∞ ã¨∂„`åxˆH "≥Úyæ „Ñ¨ÑO¨ K«=∞O`«\Ï
^•xH˜ qã¨Î $`« „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕâß_»∞. 1995 Ö’ CASH (Ãã#ûãπ Ü«∂Hõ∆<£ P<£ ™êÖòì JO_£ ÃÇÏÖòÎ) J#fl
ãÖã¨÷#∂, 2005 Ö’ WASH (=~°Öò¤ Ü«∂Hõ∆<£ P<£ ™êÖòì JO_£ ÃÇÏÖòÎ) #∞ U~°Ê~°Kå_»∞. g\˜ ^•fi~å LÑ¨C#∞
xÜ«∞O„uOKÕÖÏ „Ñ¨É∞íè `åfiÅÃÑ· =uÎ_ç `≥KåÛ_»∞. LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤., QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ<åfl_»∞. „a@<£Ö’x
PÇ¨~° Ñï„â◊=∞Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C `«yæOKÕÖÏ =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕâß~°∞. 80 ^ÕâßÅ‰õΩ nxfl qã¨ÎiOKå_»∞.
LÑ¨C`À áê@∞ J<å~ÀQÆºHõ~"° ∞≥ #ÿ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞, ÑÖK«^•~°Å#∞ `«yOæ K«=∞#_»O`À PÜ«∞# „Ñ¨Kå~åxH˜ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ`«
=zÛOk.
22
CASH, WASH ãÖã¨Å
÷ ∞ LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù`À a.Ñ≤. `«Q_æÆ O» QÆ∞iOz =∂„`«"∞Õ K≥ÑÊ≤ W`«~° ^Œ∞+¨Êeù `åÅ#∞
=∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°Kå~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, ¢>ˇÿy¡[Ô~·_»∞¡, H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò, W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O ÖÏO\˜ <Õ~°∞QÍ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ`À ãÖ|O^èŒ=Ú#fl JOâßÅ#∞ =kÖËâß~Ú. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C „áê}Ïxfl
HÍáê_»∞`«∞O^Œ#fl ZÖÏO\˜ x~°∂Ñ¨}Ï ÖËx ã¨∂„`åxfl D Ô~O_»∞ ãÖã¨÷Å∂ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜
`≥KåÛ~Ú.
XHõ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O „Ñ¨[Å =∞#ã¨∞Å#∞ KÕi`Õ ^•xfl =∂~°Û_»O KåÖÏ Hõ+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. ^•xH˜ aè#fl"≥∞ÿ#
Ñïâ’^èŒ#, ^•x J#fiÜ«∂Å∞ ‰õÄ_» J"≥∞iHõ<£ „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ KÕ~°ÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C `«yæOKåÅ#fl PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞
1980 Å #∞O_Õ „Ñ¨[ÅÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O "Õâß~Ú. H˘O^Œ~°∞ xÑ¨Ù}∞Å∞ nxH˜ aè#flOQÍ =Ù<åfl JkèHÍiHõ áêÅã‘
„Ñ¨[ÅÃÑ· Ñ¨xKÕã≤Ok.
PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ J=∞Å∞ Ñ¶ë`åÅÃÑ· ã¨g∞Hõ∆ Jq "≥Å∞=_»¤ (1977) 15 ãÖII =~°‰õΩ (1991)
„Ñ¨K«∞~°} HÍÖË^Œ∞. ÖÏ, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å x"ÕkˆH WO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜k. "åi Jaè„áêÜ«∞O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O `«‰õΩ¯=
LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ „a@<£Ö’<Õ ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ 70 "ÕÅ =∞~°}Ïefl x"åiã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞<åfl~°∞.
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ D q+¨Ü«∞"≥∞ÿ [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅÖ’ U "Õ∞~°‰õΩ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆ∞æ`«∞#fl^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’
ã¨Ê+¨ì`« ÖË^Œ∞. [~°flÖò PÑ¶π ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü >ˇ#¬<£ ãÖáê^Œ‰õΩ_≥·# ¿ãfiÖòû 2000 ãÖIIÖ’ XHõ Ñ¨„`åxfl „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå_»∞.
LÑ¨C#∞ ÉÏQÍ `«yæOz K«∂¿ãÎ ‰õÄ_» ™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ =Ù#fl "åà◊§Ö’ 1,2 áê~ÚO@¡ Hõ<åfl `Õ_® ~åÖË^Œ∞.
™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ ¿ãfiÖòû Ñïâ’^èŒ# Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù P~ÀQÍºxH˜ `À_»Ê_çO^Õg∞ ÖË^Œx K≥áêÊ~Ú.
J~Ú`Õ Ñïâ’^èŒ# Ñ¨„`åÅ<ÕHõO D q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ Ñ¨Hõ∆áê`«O`À =º=Ç¨ÏiOKå~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù‰õΩ
J#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ =Ù#fl "å\˜<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥KåÛ~Ú. D ~°H"õ ∞≥ #ÿ =„H©H~õ }° iáÈ~°∞Öì Ë WÑ¨Ê\˜H© #_»∞ã¨∞<Î åflÜ«∞O\Ï_»∞
_®II *Ë"£∞û.
WO@~ü ™êÖòì ã¨ˆ~fi x"ÕkHõ `≥zÛ# ã¨Ê+¨ì`«Å∞
1989 Ö’ PÇ¨~°, áÈ+¨Hõ qÅ∞=Å É’~°∞¤ ''PÇ¨~°O – P~ÀQÆºO: n~°…HÍÅ [|∞ƒÅ `«yæOÑ¨ÙÃÑ· ^•x
„Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O—— J#fl x"ÕkHõÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ~ÀA"åi QÆi+¨ì Ñïq∞ux 2400 q∞.„QÍ. QÍ x~°‚~ÚOzOk. ÅO_»<£
JO@∞"åº^è∞Œ Å xÑ¨Ù}∞_≥#· _®II áœÖò ZeÜ«∞\ò <Õ`$« `«fiOÖ’ 1988 Ö’ KÕã#≤ J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O nxH˜ „áêuÑ¨kHõ.
52 ~°HÍÅ „Ñ¨*Ï ã¨=¸Ç¨ÅÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÑÖK«"åºÑ≤`«OQÍ [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#q∞k. PÇ¨~°, áÈ+¨HÍÅ É’~°∞¤ D
ã¨ˆ~fi P^è•~°OQÍ ~ÀA‰õΩ 2400 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl ™È_çÜ«∞O J^Œ#OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë =Ü«∞ã¨∞ ÃÑiˆQ H˘nÌ a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O Hõ#Ñ¨_ç#@∞¡ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. J~Ú`Õ x*ÏxH˜ J^èŒºÜ«∞# x"ÕkHõ nxH˜ aè#flOQÍ =ÙOk. ã¨ˆ~fi [iy#
52 *Ï`«∞Ö’¡ J~ÚkO\˜Ö’ =∂„`«"Õ∞ 2400 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= "å_®~°∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’ 4 Pk=∞ *Ï`«∞Å∞.
2400 Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= "å_ç# 5 = *Ï`«∞Å∞. Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C "å_Õ qq^èŒ [<åÉèÏÅ`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ã≤™ÈìeH±
=uÎ_ç Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ Hõ#Ñ¨_çOk. Ô~O_»∞ Ô~@∞¡ LÑ¨C "å_ç<å XHõ *Ïu „Ñ¨[Ö’¡ ã≤™ÈìeH± =uÎ_ç `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ
=ÙO_çOk. P 4 Pk=∞ *Ïu ã¨=¸Ç¨Å#∞ Ñ¨Hõ¯# ÃÑ\˜ì ÖˇH˜¯Oz K«∂¿ãÎ LÑ¨C u#_»O ÃÑiˆQ H˘nÌ a.Ñ≤.
`«QÆæ_»O HõxÑ≤OzOk.
PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅ ÖË|∞à◊§ÃÑ· ~ÀA‰õΩ ™È_çÜ«∞O QÆi+¨ì Ñïq∞ux 2400 q∞.„QÍ. ‰õΩ Ñïq∞`«O
KÕ¿ãÖÏ LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~Hõ ã≤^•úO`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ KÕÜ«∞QÆeQÍ~°∞. nxH˜ ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞, ™êH∆ÍºÅ∞ ÖËHõáÈ~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© LÑ¨C
"å_»HõO ÃÑiˆQ H˘nÌ a.Ñ≤. `«yæ# x"ÕkHõÅ∞ L#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© 1995 J"≥∞iHõ<£ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅÖ’H˜ 2400
q∞.„QÍ. KÕiOk.
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a.Ñ≤. x QÆ∞iOz# „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕã≤# D x"ÕkHõÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO (Ç¨~üì ˆ~\ò) ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl JOâßxfl
`˘H˜¯ Ñ¨\Ïì~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù`À Jk ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#flO^Œ∞ =Å¡<Õ ^•xfl ^•Kå~°∞. ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^•Kå~°#fl „Ñ¨â◊flÅ‰õΩ
WO@~ü ™êÖòì |$O^ŒO ["å|∞ K≥Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞.
x*ÏxH˜ QÆ∞O_≥ ˆ~@∞ q+¨Ü«∞OÖ’ =zÛ# QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥zÛ =ÙO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C =Å¡
[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl Ç¨x K«~°Û‰õΩ =KÕÛk. x*ÏxH˜ QÆ∞O_≥, ^èŒ=∞#∞ÅÃÑ· Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã "≥Ú`«ÎO =uÎ_çÃÑ· a.Ñ≤. `À áê@∞
QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆÑ¨Ù „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O LO@∞O^Œ#flk "≥·^Œº =~åæÅhfl JOwHõiOz# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞#O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. á¶ÈHÀ
D q+¨Ü«∂xfl x~åúiã¨∂Î LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ =uÎ_çx ÃÑOK«_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤.x, QÆ∞O_≥
"≥·Ñ¶¨ÖÏºxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞<åfl~°∞.
Ju Hõx+¨ì Ñï=∂}Ïxfl x~°‚~ÚOz# f~°∞
W<£ã≤ì@∂º\ò PÑ¶π "≥∞_çã≤<£ (S X Z"£∞) ãÖã¨÷ 2005 Ö’ ZO`« ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ãïáÈ`«∞O^À
(Z_çˆHfi\ò W<>ËˇH± – Z S), JO>Ë ZO`«Hõ<åfl `«yæ`Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O Ö’ÑÖ U~°Ê_»∞`«∞O^À JOK«<å "Õã≤Ok.
P~ÀQÆºOQÍ, K«∞~°∞‰õΩQÍ =ÙO_Õ "åà◊§`À ã¨Ç¨ K≥=∞@ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’, W`«~° ~°∂áêÖ’¡ ZO`« ™È_çÜ«∞O |Ü«∞\˜H˜
áÈ`«∞O^À ‰õÄ_» ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. 9 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ Ñ≤Å¡Å #∞O_ç 50 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ "åà◊§ =~°‰õΩ
Z S #∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 1500 q∞.„QÍ QÍ K≥áêÊ~°∞. D Ñïq∞u ÉÏQÍ „â◊=∞KÕ¿ã, "Õ_ç "å`å=~°}OÖ’ LO_Õ
"åà◊§‰õΩ =iÎOK«^Œ∞.
D JOK«<å‰õΩ ~å=_®xH˜ Ô~O_»∞ H˘Å`«Å∞ ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
1. LÑ¨C `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤.Ö’ =KÕÛ `«yæOÑ¨Ù#∞, „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ#∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ ÖˇH˜¯OKå~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê ^•x=Å¡
~å^Œy# #ëêìÅ#∞ (Ô~x<£ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£, <ÀÔ~Ñ≤<≥„Ñ¶≤<£, eÑ≤_»∞¡, W#∞ûe<£, QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO =O\˜q)
ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞.
2. =¸„`«O ^•fi~å, K«~°‡O ^•fi~å, =∞ÅO ^•fi~å |Ü«∞\˜H˜ áÈÜÕ∞ LÑ¨C #ëêìÅ∞QÍh, fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞,
fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ PÇ¨~åÅ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ∞, [|∞ƒÅ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ =O\˜q Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀÖË^Œ∞.
S X ZO u#^Œy# QÆi+¨ì (Ü«Ú ZÖò) ™È_çÜ«∞O Ñï=∂}Ïxfl 2300 q∞.„QÍ., Jxfl =Ü«∞ã¨∞Å
"åà◊§‰õΩ x~°‚~ÚOKå~°∞. D QÆi+¨ì Ñï}Ï=∞O (Ü«Ú ZÖò) JO>Ë =ºuˆ~Hõ P~ÀQÆº Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ ~å‰õΩO_®,
W|ƒOkÖËx áÈ+¨Hõ ™ê÷~Ú J#fl=∂@. a.Ñ≤. x P¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# PÇ¨~° ã¨~°à◊√Å∞ (_≥·@s J„áÈK≥ãπ
@∞ ™êìÑπ ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü >ˇ#¬<£ – _ç Z Zãπ ÃÇÏKü) J<Õ ^•x`À ã¨Ç¨ W`«~° J<ÕHõ Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞
ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩx D ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Úx x~°‚~ÚOKå~°∞. `«QÆ∞ "≥∂`å^Œ∞ (Z S) QÍ K≥Ñ≤Ê# 1500
q∞.„QÍ., QÆi+¨ì Ñïq∞u (Ü«Ú ZÖò) 2300 q∞.„QÍ. QÍ#∞ x~°‚~ÚOK«_»OÖ’ `å`å¯eHõ"≥∞ÿ# a.Ñ≤. J#fl
H˘Å`«#∞ ÑïQÆ}ÕKå~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê n~°…HÍeHõ Ñ¶ë`åÖˇ·# QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞, Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O ("≥∞^Œ_»∞áÈ@∞) =O\˜ "å\˜
QÆ∞iOz ÑïjeOK«ÖË^Œ∞.
P ~°HõOQÍ 2005 PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ J"≥∞iHõ#¡‰õΩ D 1500 Hõx+¨ì, 2300 QÆi+¨ì ™È_çÜ«∞O
Ñïq∞`«∞Å∞ K«@ì|^ŒÌ=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. a.Ñ≤. ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ Ñ¨Ó_»∞‰õΩáÈ=_»O, =∞^èŒºã¨Î ÖË^• ÃÑ· |_»¤ =Ü«∞ã¨∞ "åà◊§‰õΩ
1500 q∞.„QÍ =∂„`«"∞Õ fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl~°∞. 1980 ÅÖ’ a.Ñ≤. `À ÉÏ^èÑŒ _¨ Õ "åà◊§‰õΩ =∂„`«"∞Õ LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«}
ã¨∂zOKå~°∞. 2005 Ö’ nxfl JO^ŒiH© =iÎOÑ¨*Ü Ë ∞« _®xH˜ "≥#∞Hõ HÍ~°}O? _®II ÖÏÔ~<£û JÃÑÊÖò „Ñ¨ÉÏè ="≥∞ÿ
LO_»=K«∞Û. PÜ«∞# 2005 <å\˜H˜ H©ÅHõ ™ê÷#OÖ’ =Ù<åfl~°∞. W`«~° LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù ã¨=∞~°ú‰õΩÅ ÖÏˆQ PÜ«∞#
‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù =Å¡ HõeQˆ ^Œ∞+¨Êe`åÅ#∞ Ñ¨\Oì˜ K«∞HÀÖËÔŒ \Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"∞£ û. 2010 PÇ¨~° =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ‰õΩ
‰õÄ_» JÃÑÊÖò ™ê~°^èŒºO =Ç≤ÏOKå_»∞. "å\˜Ö’ ã¨QÆO =∞Ok J"≥∞iHõ#¡‰õΩ 1500 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O Ñïq∞u
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qkèOKå~°∞. 2015 =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ 1500 q∞.„QÍ. `˘ÅyOz 2300 q∞.„QÍ. Ñïq∞ux LOKå~°∞. JO>Ë
=∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ z#fláê\˜ ã¨_»eOÑ¨Ù =zÛO^Œ#fl =∂@. _®II *Ë"£∞û Jaè„áêÜ«∞OÖ’ Ju z#fl „QÆ∂Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ
=∂„`«"Õ∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_Õ LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«}#∞ „Ñ¨[ÅO^ŒiH© =iÎOÑ¨*Ëâß~°∞.
„Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÍºxfl ^≥|ƒfã≤, H˜_ôflÅ‰õΩ Ç¨x KÕ¿ã áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤Ïã¨∞Î#flk ÑÖK«^•~°. ^•xfl =∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°z
LÑ¨CÃÑ· <Õ~°O <≥\Ïì~°O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ ÃÑiy# ÑÖK«^•~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO
1950 ÅÖ’ PÇ¨~° H˘=ÙfiÅ =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞ =ã¨∞Î<åflÜ«∞x „ÑüáêkOKå_»∞ J<≥ûÖò H©ãπ.
WOQÆ¡O_£‰õΩ K≥Ok# *Ï<£ Ü«Ú_ç¯<£ ^•xfl YO_çOKå_»∞. ÑÖK«^•ˆ~ Jã¨Å∞ HÍ~°}=∞<åfl_»∞. 1965 Ö’
J"≥∞iHõ<£ Ç¨~üì J™Èã≤ÜÕ∞+¨<£ ãÖ`«$ÑÎ̈ H˘=ÙfiÅ HÍ~°}OQÍ ã¨=∞ã¨º =ã¨∞Î#fl^Œh – JO^Œ∞=Å¡ [O`«∞ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞
`«yæOK«∞HÀ=∞h, âßHÍÇ¨~° #∂<≥Å∞ u#=∞x K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. nO`À ÑÖK«^•~° K«~°Û #∞O_ç `«Ñ≤ÊOK«|_çOk.
ã≤fi@˚~å¡O_£ ^Õâßxfl `«@ã¨÷ ^Õâ◊OQÍ ÑïQÆ}Õz#>Ë¡ PÇ¨~°Ñ¨~°OQÍ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ `«@ã¨÷OQÍ#∂,
„Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÖËxkQÍ#∂ ÖˇH˜¯OKÕ ^èÀ~°}˜ =zÛOk. U W`«~° PÇ¨~°O Hõ<åfl ÑÖK«^•~° „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°=∞O\Ï_»∞
_®II *Ë"£∞û.
ÑÖK«^•~° q∞Å∞¡Å J™Èã≤Ü∞Õ +¨<£ "åà◊√§ PÇ¨~° =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ#∞ ~°∂á⁄OkOKÕ „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi qÉèÏQÍÅ#∞
„Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«O KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ ZO`«QÍ<À „Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOz ^•x „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl KåÖÏHÍÅO |Ü«∞\˜H˜ "≥Å¡_ç HÍ‰õΩO_®
`˘H˜¯ Ñ¨\Ïì~∞° . XeOÑ≤H± „H©_Å» #∞, Lz`« ^ŒO`« ta~åÅ =O\˜ HÍ~°º„Hõ=∂Å#∞ KÕÑ\¨ ì˜ „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ`«
HÀãÖ „Ñ¨Ü«∞uflOKå~°∞. á⁄@ìÅ∞ ÃÑOK«∞HÀ=_»=¸, "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ ÖËHõáÈ=_»"Õ∞ J<å~ÀQÆº ¿ÇÏ`«∞=ÙÅx
„Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕ¿ãO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =zÛ# âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» +¨µQÆ~ü q∞Å¡~°∞¡ x^èŒ∞Å∞ JOkOKå~°∞. r<£
"Õ∞Ü«∞~ü D HÀ=Ö’x "å_Õ. T|HÍÜ«∂xH˜ „â◊=∞ÖËx rq`«"Õ∞ (Ãã_≥O@s Öˇ·Ñ¶π) HÍ~°}=∞x K≥áêÊ_»∞. H˘=Ùfi
1 „QÍ=ÚÖ’ 9 ÔHÅsÅ∞ =ÙO_»_»O =Å¡ Jk uO>Ë T|HÍÜ«∞O =ã¨∞ÎO^Œx #q∞‡OK«Eâß~°∞.
1975 Ö’ JÖˇHÍûO_»~ü P~ü "åHõ~ü J<Õ PÜ«∞# `≥zÛ# Ñ¨„`«OÖ’ a.Ñ≤.H˜ QÍh, QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ
QÍh ÑÖK«^•~° HÍ~°}O HÍ^Œx K≥áêÊ_»∞. DÜ«∞#‰õΩ ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞ x^èŒ∞ezÛOk.
1977 PÇ¨~° =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ∞ ~ÀA "≥Ú`«OÎ Ö’ u<Õ HÔ ÅsÅÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~° ^•fi~å =KÕÛq 15 âß`åxH˜
q∞OK«~å^Œx K≥áêÊ~Ú. Ô~O_À „Ñ¨K«∞~°}Ö’ â◊√nÌHõiOz# Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_» HõeÑ≤ 10 âß`åxˆH
`«yæOK«=∞<åfl~Ú. J~Ú`Õ g∞_çÜ«∂Ö’ g\˜H˜ „Ñ¨Kå~°O ~å‰õΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÑ¨_®¤~°∞. >ˇÿ"£∞ Ñ¨„uHõ 1982 Ö’
LÑ¨C "å_»HõOÃÑ·<å, 1984 Ö’ H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖòÃÑ·<å, 1961 Ö’ ãÖ`«$Ñ¨Î H˘=ÙfiÅÃÑ·<å ^•_çKÕã¨∂Î „Ñ¨Kå~°O
KÕã≤Ok. 1980 #∞O_ç 2000 =~°‰õΩ =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜ QÍh, QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ QÍh ÑÖK«^•~° HÍ~°}O
HÍ^Œ#fl „Ñ¨Kå~°"Õ∞ [iyOk.
1979, 81 Ö’#∞ [iy# Ñïâ’^è#Œ ÅÖ’ QÀ^è∞Œ =∞ Ñ≤O_çH˜ ã¨=∂#"≥∞#ÿ HÔ ÅsÅ<Õ ÑÖK«^•~° ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë Jk =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜, =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH© („Ñ‘ _»Ü«∂É\˜ãπ) ^•ifã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ "≥Å¡_»~ÚOk.
J~Ú<å 1985 =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_» ÑÖK«^•~° =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜ HÍ~°}O HÍ^Œ<Õ K≥áêÊ~°∞. âßG ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºO
K≥Ñ≤Ê# ^•xH˜ Wk Ñ¨ÓiÎ q~°∞^ŒúO.
ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞ x~°O`«~O° „Ñ¨[efl `«ÑC¨ ^•i Ñ¨\Oì˜ zOk. ÑÖK«^•~°Ö’ Hˆ =ÅO HÔ ÅsÅ∞ =∂„`«"∞Õ
LO\Ï~Ú `«Ñ¨Ê H˘=ÙfiQÍh, H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò QÍh =ÙO_»=x K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. „á⁄\©#¡‰õΩ `À_»∞QÍ =∞Oz PÇ¨~°=∞x
#=∞‡|eHÕk. u#fl ÑÖK«^•~°Ö’x ÔHÅsÅ#∞ Y~°∞Û KÕ¿ãÖÏ „â◊=∞ KÕ¿ãÎ U #+¨ì=¸ [~°QÆ^Œx K≥Ñ≤ÊOk.
25
HÍx x["Õ∞=∞O>Ë W`«~° Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅÖ’ HÔ ÅsÅ Hõ<åfl ÑÖK«^•~°Ö’x HÔ ÅsÅ∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒH~õ "° ∞≥ #ÿ q.
ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ·<å, "≥∞^Œ_»∞ ÃÑ·<å, ~ÀQÆ x~À^èŒHõ =º=ã¨÷ ÃÑ·<å, "åÑ¨Ù ÖÏO\˜ W`«~° âßs~°Hõ
JOâßÅÃÑ·<å Jk HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ç¨xHõ~°O. „Hõ=∞OQÍ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅÖ’,
n~°…HÍeHõ "åº^èŒ∞Å#∞ HõeyOK«_»OÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~° KÕã¨∞Î#fl Ç¨xx QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. J~Ú`Õ ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞
âßG ™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’H˜ WÖÏO\˜ q+¨Ü«∂Å∞ ~å‰õΩO_® `«# Ñ¨~°Ñüx „Ñ¨Ü≥∂yOzOk.
2013Ö’ PLUS "≥∞_çã≤<£ J#fl Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ =zÛ# ã¨g∞Hõ∆Ö’ D #ëêìxfl „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå~°∞. |~°∞=Ù
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ, T|HÍÜ«∂ÅÃÑ·# ÑÖK«^•~°`À ‰õÄ_ç# „_çO‰õΩÅ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O 83.3 âß`«O =ÙO^Œ<åfl~°∞. ÔH#_®
Ãã<Õ\ò =ÚO^Œ∞ _®II*Ë"£∞û D q+¨Ü«∂Åxfl\˜ÃÑ· ™êHõ∆ ºO WKåÛ~°∞.
ÑÖK«^•~°ÃÑ· „¿Ñ=∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩ#fl J"≥∞iHÍ
1776 Ö’ J"≥∞iHÍ „Ñ¨[Å `«Åãï ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ÑÖK«^•~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO ˆH=ÅO 2 H˜Ö’Å Ö’¿Ñ
LO_Õk. JO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 1 ã¨∂Ê#∞ HÍÑ¶Ö‘ ’ =∂„`«"∞Õ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ"å~°∞. 1909 – 1913 =KÕÛãïH˜ ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜
`«Å‰õΩ 35 ˆHrÅ‰õΩ (<≥Å‰õΩ 3 H˜Ö’Å‰õΩ) ÃÑiyOk. JO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 4 HõÑ¨CÅ ˆH‰õΩÅ∞ u#fl@∞¡. WOQÆ¡O_»∞Ö’
‰õÄ_» ÖˇH¯õ Å∞ WÖÏˆQ =Ù<åfl~Ú. (1700 Ö’ 2 H˜Ö’Å∞ 1950 Ö’ 45 H˜Ö’Å∞). QÆ=∞xOKåeû# q+¨Ü∞« "Õ∞=∞O>Ë
W^Õ HÍÅOÖ’ LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÆO `«Å‰õΩ ~ÀA‰õΩ 70 „QÍ=ÚÅ #∞O_ç 1950 <å\˜H˜ 10 „QÍ=ÚÅ‰õΩ
Ñ¨_áç È~ÚOk. S~ÀáêÖ’#∞, J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ ÃÑiy# LÑ¨C HÍHõ ÑÖK«^•~° =Å¡<Õ n~°H… ÍÅ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍÜ«∞#fl
=∂@.
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~° ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ QÍh, ÃÇÏ· „Ñ¨HÀìã∞¨ HÍ~°<£ ã≤~Ñ° π ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ QÍh fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "≥∂`å^Œ∞
1920 <å\˜H˜ `«Å‰õΩ 45 H˜Ö’Å‰õΩ ÃÑiy 1980 Å =~°‰õΩ ™êyOk. 2002 <å\˜H˜ 54 H˜Ö’Å‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk.
JO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 150 „QÍ. ÖË^• 6 HõÑ¨C ˆH‰õΩÅ∞. fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ "≥Ú`«ÎO "å_»HõO (`Õ<≥, QÆ∂¡HÀA, _≥¢HÀì ûA
`«k`«~° ~°∂áêÖ’¡) ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ 70 ˆHrÅ‰õΩ ÃÑiyOk.
JO>Ë 1776 Ö’ áÈeÛ`Õ 2002 <å\˜H˜ 30 ~Ô @∞¡ ÃÑiyOk. nxH˜ ã¨=∂O`«~O° QÍ a.Ñ≤., =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO,
T|HÍÜ«∞O, H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» ÃÑiQÍ~Ú.
J"≥∞iHÍ LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÆÑ¨Ù QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ <Õ~°∞QÍ ^˘~°HõÖË^Œ∞. q∞e@s ˆ~+¨#∞ Ñïje¿ãÎ 1800
#∞O_ç 1950 Å =∞^èŒº LÑ¨C ã¨QÍxH˜ (50 âß`«O) `«yæOk. Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’ ‰õÄ_» WÖÏˆQ =ÙOk.1800 <å\˜H˜
J"≥∞iHÍ `«Åãï LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÆO 20 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ JO>Ë „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O =∞#O "å_Õ ^•xHõ<åfl Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù ÃÑ·QÍ
LO_çOk.
áêâßÛ`«º ^ÕâßÖ’¡ LÑ¨C "å_»HOõ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» `À n~°H… ÍeHõ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍÜ«∞#fl ^•xH˜ D QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞
ãïáÈÅ=Ù. ÃÑ·QÍ [|∞ƒÅ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ qÖ’=∞OQÍ JO>Ë LÑ¨C `«ˆQæ H˘nÌ ÃÑiyO^Œ#fl =∂@. WO_»¡Ö’
j`«bHõ~°} 1911Ö’ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#Ñ¨Ê\˜ #∞O_ç LÑ¨C "å_»HõO `«yæOk. W^Õ HÍÅOÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~°
"å_»HõO ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O QÆ=∞xOKåe.
1935 <å\˜H˜ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ 20 âß`«O =ÙO_Õq. 1950 ˆH Wk 35
âß`åxH˜ ÃÑiyOk. ã¨ÇÏ¨ [OQÍ PÇ¨~°OÖ’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞ÊÅ „Ñ¨ÉÏè =O [|∞ƒÅ∞ ãÖÉèqí OK«_O» ÃÑ· HõxÑ≤OK«_®xH˜
2, 3 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. 1935 Ö’ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍÜ«∞O>Ë PÇ¨~° =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ 1905 Ö’<À,
1915 Ö’<À [iy =ÙO_®e. D HÍÅOÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOk, ÑÖK«^•~° "å_»HõO ÃÑiyOk. Ü«¸~°ÑπÖ’#∞,
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’#∞ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅhfl n<Õfl ã¨∂zã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
26
1977 J"≥∞iHÍ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ 6 Ñ¨^•~åúÅÃÑ· (LÑ¨C, ãÖ`«$Ñ¨Î H˘=Ùfi, H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò =ÔQ·~å)
xÜ«∞O„`«} ÃÑ@ìQÍ JO^Œ∞Ö’ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ =∂„`«O ¿ãfiK«ÛQù Í =kÖÏ~°∞. 4 ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ `«~åfi`« QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ
H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò JO`« „Ñ¨^è•#O HÍ^Œx `ÕÖÏÛ~°∞.
1980 =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ J"≥∞iHõ#∞¡ ãÖ=`«û~åxH˜ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ 60 H˜Ö’Å ÑÖK«^•~°, fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞
"å_»∞`«∞#fl@∞¡ K≥áêÊ~°∞. |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ=∞O\Ï~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜, QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ‰õΩ ÑÖK«^•~° HÍ~°}=∞x
JO^Œ∞Ö’ K≥Ñ¨ÊÖË^Œ∞.
1980 Ö’ "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ ÃÑ\˜ì 1985 Ö’, 1995 Ö’ ‰õÄ_» ÑÖK«^•~° "å_»HÍxfl `«yæOK«=∞x Ju
ã¨∞xfl`«OQÍ, #Oy #OyQÍ K≥áêÊ~°∞. 2002 Ö’ =∂„`«O ÑÖK«^•~° fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ ÔHÅsÅÖ’ 25
âß`åxH˜ Ñïq∞`«O KÕÜ∞« =∞<åfl~°∞. JO>Ë 25 ãÖ=`«û~åÅ `«~åfi`« nxÃÑ· w`« wâß~°∞. Jk ‰õÄ_» "å_®eû#
^•xHõ<åfl ~Ô \Õì Ñ¨Ù ÃÑQ· Í J#∞=∞uOKå~°∞. 2005 =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÖ’¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ 72 „QÍ=ÚÅ fÑ≤x J#∞=∞uOKå~°∞.
2010 H˘KÕÛ ãïH˜ ~ÀA"åi J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# 3000 ÔHÅsÅÖ’ 19 âß`«O (143 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞)
J#∞=∞uOKå~°∞.
2015 =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÖ’¡ ÃÑ· `«Ñ¨CÅ#∞ „Ñ¨™êÎqOKå~°∞. 10 âß`åxH˜ ‰õΩkOKå~°∞. PÇ¨~° ÖË|∞à◊§ÃÑ·
ÑÖK«^•~° (Ü«∂_≥_£ +¨µQÆ~ü) "≥∂`å^Œ∞Å∞ "Õâß~°∞. J~Ú`Õ LÑ¨C ÖË|∞à◊√§ =∂„`«O `˘ÅQÆÖË^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II
*Ë"£∞û.
WÑ¨Ê\˜H© g∞_çÜ∂« Ö’, Pã¨∞Ñ¨„`«∞ÅÖ’, Ç¨ÏŸ@à◊§Ö’ `«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# ÃÇÏK«ÛiHõÅ∞ ™êQÆ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
JO^Œ∞ˆH =KÕÛ J^è•ºÜ«∞OÖ’ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ Jã¨Å∞ HÍ~°}ÏÖËq∞\’ Ñïje^•ÌO.
_®II *Ë"£∞û 45 ãÖII ã¨∞=∂~°∞ =Ü«∞ã¨∞#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊#∞ H“xûeOQ∑ KÕâß_»∞.

`ÕeHõáê\˜ `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê, Hõà◊√§ u~°QÆ_»O`À ÉÏ^èŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞#fl P"≥∞ LÑ¨C u<åÅx
HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õk. P"≥∞‰õΩ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. =ÙOk. =¸„`« qã¨~°˚#HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å∞
"å_Õk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ LÑ¨C qãï˚OKÕk. "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞ P"≥∞#∞ LÑ¨C u#=^ŒÌx
K≥áêÊ~°∞. P"≥∞ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ JO^Œ∞Ö’ U^À ãïKÕÜ«∂eû =ÙO^Œx
*Ë"£∞û‰õΩ JxÑ≤OzOk.
*Ë"£∞û ã¨ÅÇ¨ÃÑ· P"≥∞ ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú Ñ¨sHõ∆ KÕ~ÚOK«∞HÀQÍ
HõhãÖQÍ LO_®eû# ^•xHõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= (128) LO_çOk. (™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~Ú
13–142 mEq/L JÑ¨Ù_»∞ P"≥∞ "å_Õ =∂„`«Å#∞ ã¨QÍxH˜ `«yæOz,
u<åÅxÑ≤Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C`À u#=∞x "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞ K≥áêÊ~°∞.
D K«~°ºÅ Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ P"≥∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú ™ê^è•~°}ÏxH˜ KÕiOk.
QÆ∞_ç¤QÍ PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ#∞ J#∞ãïOK«~å^Œ#_®xH˜ W^˘Hõ =∞Oz
L^•Ç¨Ï~°}.
27
J^è•ºÜ«∞O – IV
"åã¨Î=OÖ’ U JOâßÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ‰õΩ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú?
H˘iÜ«∞#∞¡ `«=∞ LáêÇ¨~°OQÍ, Éè’[#OQÍ u<Õ PÇ¨~åÅ ^•fi~å ~ÀAÖ’ 4,000 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ∞« O
uO\Ï~°∞. J~Ú<å H˘iÜ«∞#∞¡ a.Ñ≤. Hõ~˘#i QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ, ~°HõÎ<åà◊ ãÖ|O^èŒ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ÅÖ’#∞
„Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’ Ju `«‰õΩ¯= ™ê÷#OÖ’ L<åfl~°∞. nxfl H˘iÜ«∞<£ "≥·~°∞^èŒºO JO\Ï~°∞. =∞~À 13 ^ÕâßÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_»
WÖÏO\˜ Ñïã≤÷`Õ K«∂™êÎO.
QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ Ju Hõx+¨ìOQÍ L#fl 3 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ([áê<£, „á¶ê#∞û, ^ŒH˜∆} H˘iÜ«∂)
LÑ¨C#∞ JkèHõOQÍ<Õ uO\Ï~°∞. QÆ∞O_≥ P~ÀQÆºO HÀãÖ „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’ =Ù#fl "≥∞_ç@ˆ~xÜ«∞<£ _≥·\òÖ’ LÑ¨C
JkèHõOQÍ<Õ =ÙO@∞Ok. „ÃÑ¶Oz „Ñ¨[Å PÇ¨~åÅ∞ Jhfl LÑ¨C`À ‰õÄ_»∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞
`«‰õΩ¯=. <åˆ~fin J^Õ Ñïã≤÷u. ã≤fi@˚~å¡O_£, ÔH#_®Å J#∞Éèí==¸ W^Õ.
=∞~À =ÚYº JOâ◊O [áê<£`À ã¨Ç¨, D LÑ¨C JkèHõOQÍ u<Õ ^ÕâßÅ „Ñ¨[Å PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∞O
„Ñ¨ÑÖK«OÖ’<Õ JkèHõOQÍ =ÙOk. =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù [áê<£ „Ñ¨[Å LÑ¨CÖ’ ã¨QÆO =∂„`«"Õ∞ u<Õ ÖÏ\˜fiÜ«∂ ^Õâ◊OÖ’
=∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ [áê#∞ Hõ<åfl 10 Ô~@∞¡ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LOk.
LÑ¨C J"≥∞iHõ#¡ "≥∂`å^Œ∞‰õΩ `«QÆæ‰õΩO_® fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ 14 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ
L<åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C`À áê@∞ QÆ∞O_≥ áÈ@∞, Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O ˆHã¨∞Å∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`åÜ«∞x =∞#‰õΩ K≥|∞`«∂ =KåÛ~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ D ^ÕâßÅ J#∞Éèí=O ^•xH˜ aè#flOQÍ =ÙOk. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ, ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ, Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ
u#flÑ¨C_»∞ UO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∂O^À K«∂^•ÌO.
∗ W@bÖ’x ¢ÔH·ã¨Î= ã¨<åºã≤#∞ÅÃÑ· [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ 30 ãÖII Ñïâ’^èŒ# `«~åfi`« ‰õÄ_» 90 âß`«O
=∞Ok P~ÀQÆºOQÍ =Ù<åfl~°∞. LÑ¨C ™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ u#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© a.Ñ≤., ~°H<Îõ åàÏÅ [|∞ƒ, PHÍÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞
[~°QÆ_»O ÖË^Œx QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ K≥|∞`«∞<åfl~Ú.
∗ WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ ^ŒH˜∆} H˘iÜ«∂, „á¶ê#∞û, [áê<£, áÈ~°∞ÛQÆÖò, ÃãÊ~Ú<£, W@b, Éˇe˚Ü«∞O,
_≥<å‡~ü¯, ÔH#_®, P¢¿ãìeÜ«∂, <åˆ~fi, <≥^Œ~°¡O_»∞, lOÉÏÉËfi, ã≤fi@˚~å¡O_»∞ – D ^ÕâßÅÖ’ J"≥∞iHÍ Hõ<åfl
J^Œ#OQÍ LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. JxflKÀ\Ï¡ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯"Õ. n~°…HÍÅO rqã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
LÑ¨C – a.Ñ≤. Å =∞^èŒº QÆÅ ãÖ|O^èŒO
D ã≤^•úO`« „Ñüáê^Œ‰õΩÅ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C â◊s~°OÖ’H˜ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù h\˜x xÅfi LOK«∞`«∞Ok.
Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C `«yæ¿ãÎ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. Wk ÖÏlHõÖòQÍ Hõ#Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O^ŒO`Õ. "åãÎ̈=O
HÍ^Œ∞.
x["Õ∞=∞O>Ë =∞# ™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ 120/80 mm Hg. 1 ã¨∂Ê#∞ LÑ¨C (2300 q∞.„QÍ.) ‰õΩ
`«yæOz fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ‰õÄ_» a.Ñ≤.Ö’ =KÕÛ =∂~°∞Ê 0.8/0.2 =∂„`«"Õ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ K«Ñ≤Ê_ç uO_ç uO>Ë ‰õÄ_»
a.Ñ≤. 119/80 Hõ<åfl `«QÆæ^Œ∞.
™ê^è•~°} a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl "åiÖ’ 80 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ug∞ LO_»^Œ∞.
=ÚO^Œã¨∞Î a.Ñ≤. ^Œâ◊‰õΩ KÕi# "åà◊§Ö’ 75 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO ÖË^Œ∞. ÉÏQÍ Z‰õΩ¯=
28
a.Ñ≤. L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ 55 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖË^Œ∞. 140/90 =~°‰õΩ a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl "åiÖ’ ‰õÄ_»
LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O 3.6/1.6 Hõ<åfl `«yæOÑ¨Ù Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞.
ÃÑ·QÍ D =¸_»∞ ~°HÍÅ "åiÖ’#∂ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xfl QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. nxH˜
HÍ~°}O LÑ¨C JO^Œ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~°O `«# ~°Hõ∆} =º=ã¨÷Å#∞ L`ÕÎ[Ñ¨~°z PÇ¨~°O #∞O_ç gÖˇ·#O`« LÑ¨C#∞,
h\˜x xÅfi KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. Ô~x<£ – JÜ«∂lÜ≥∂ >ˇxû<£, PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ =º=ã¨÷`À áê@∞
ã≤OÑ¨kè\ ˜H± #~°fiãπ ã≤ã¨ìOÅ∞ D ~°Hõ∆} =º=ã¨÷Ö’ ÉèÏQÍÖË. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ =ºuˆ~Hõ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞
=™êÎ~Ú. a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù HõeyOKÕ =∞~À Ñ¶ë`«O ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O H©∆}ÕK«_»O =Å¡ ^èŒ=∞#∞Å∞ ãÖHÀzOK«_»O.
Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ QÆ∞O_≥ =∞iO`« „â◊=∞Ñ¨_ç Ñ‘_»<åxfl ÃÑOKåeû =ã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ HÀˆ~ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åxH˜ aè#flOQÍ
a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
#∂º„\˜+¨<£ @∞_Õ Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ ~å|~üÇ‘Ï<Õ WÖÏ ~åâß_»∞. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞H˘#_»OÖ’ =∞#O HÀ~°∞‰õΩ<Õ
âßs~°Hõ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O a.Ñ≤.x ã¨„Hõ=∞OQÍ LOKÕO^Œ∞ˆH. ^•xfl `«yæOK«_»=∞O>Ë ã¨Î#º r=ÙÅ‰õΩ ™È_çÜ«∞O
JOkOKåeû# J=ã¨~åxfl QÆ∞iÎOK« x~åHõiOK«_»"Õ∞. =ºuˆ~Hõ âßs~°Hõ Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ HÀ~°∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞. 1900
ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ `«ÑC¨ _»∞ ÉèÏ"åÅ =Å¡ LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl Ç¨x KÕÜ∞« x ÅHõ}∆ Ïxfl H˘O^Œ~∞° âßG"Õ`ÅÎ« ∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«Háõ È=_»O
qKå~°Hõ~°=∞O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
WO`« n~°…HÍÅO J|^•Ìxfl ZÖÏ #=∂‡O?
1970 Å z=~°Ö’ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ñ¨Kå~åxH˜ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ =∞^ŒÌ`«∞ LO^Œ#fl Jaè„áêÜ«∞O
HõeyOKå~°∞. „Ñ¨É∞íè `«fi ãÖã¨Ö÷ Ë LÑ¨C Ç¨xHõ~=° ∞x K≥ÑÊ¨ _»O`À „Ñ¨[Å∞ qâ◊fiã≤OKå~°∞. *Ï=∂ Ñ¨„uHõ ãÖáê^Œ‰Ωõ Å∞
~åã≤#@∞¡ ''âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞ P^è•~åÅ‰õΩ aè#flOQÍ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi ãÖã¨÷Å∞ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C u#=∞#fl ãÖ^Õâßxfl „Ñ¨Kå~°OÖ’
ÃÑ\Ïì~Ú——.
1904 Ö’ D LÑ¨C – a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`«O =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛ# HÍÅOÖ’ [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅÖ’ ÉÏQÍ
Z‰õΩ¯= "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ LÑ¨C u#flÑ¨C_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ a.Ñ≤.ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. =∂=¸Å∞QÍ u<Õ LÑ¨C‰õΩ
5 Ô~@∞¡ (18,000 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O) u#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ =∂„`«"Õ∞ D „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Hõ#Ñ¨_çOk. ™ê^è•~°} a.Ñ≤.
L#fl"åiÖ’ 8 Ô~@∞¡ LÑ¨C u#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œx H˘xfl Ñïâ’^èŒ<å Ñ¨„`åÅ∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl~Ú.
LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~Hõ âßG"Õ`ÅÎ« ∞ `«=∞ "≥Ñ· Ö¨¶ Ïºxfl JOwHõiOK«Hõ n~°H… ÍeHõ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åefl J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O K≥Ü∂« ºe
QÆ^• J<åfl~°∞. D "Õ∞~°‰õΩ W`«~°∞Å∞ J<ÕHõ "å~åÅ áê@∞ KÕã≤# ÑïjÅ#ÅÖ’ ã≤™ÈìeH±, _»Ü«∂™ÈìeH±, ÖËHõ
g∞<£ |¡_£ „ÃÑ[~ü Un ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞.
"å+≤OQÆì<£ "≥·^Œº HõàÏâßÅ‰õΩ K≥Ok# „ã≤¯Éò#~ü 70, 80 âß`«O „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C ÃÑiy# „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O
Ug∞ ÖË^xŒ `ÕÖÏÛ_»∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨CÃÑ· xÜ«∞O„`«} ÃÑ\ÏìeûOk ^•xÑ¨@¡ ã¨∞xfl`«`fi« O L<åfl z#fl ãÖYºÖ’x
„Ñ¨[ÅˆH#<åfl_»∞. Wk J~°ú=O`«OQÍ LO^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ =∞iO`« xt`«OQÍ Ñïje¿ãÎ ™ê^è•~°} a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl 5 QÆ∞iÖ’ =ÚQÆ∞æ~°∞, =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î
a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl 5 QÆ∞iÖ’ W^ŒÌ~°∞, a.Ñ≤. L#fl =ÚQÆ∞æiÖ’ XHõiH˜ LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOz K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑiy#@∞¡ "≥Å¡_»~ÚOk.
LÑ¨C `«QÆ∞æ^ŒÅ =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. LÑ¨C `«yæ#O^Œ∞ =Å¡
ÃÑiy# QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆ=¸, a.Ñ≤. Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok P~ÀQÍºÅÃÑ· Ç¨xHõ~° „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ K«∂áê~Ú. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi
29
"≥·^Œº =~åæÅ∞ H˘kÌ =∞OkH˜ Ñïq∞`«O KÕÜ«∂eû# ã¨∂„`åxfl ™ê~°fi„uHõOQÍ „Ñ¨Kå~°O KÕÜ«∞_»O „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ
`«Ñ¨C ã¨=∂Kå~°O W=fi_»"Õ∞ #O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
LÑ¨C =Å¡ â◊s~°OÖ’ h~°∞ xÅfi LO_»_»O U=∂„`«O #+¨ì^•Ü«∞HõO HÍHõáÈQÍ J^˘Hõ „áê}Ïxfl
HÍáê_Õ ÅHõ∆}O. a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl "åiÖ’ ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. XHõ "Õà◊ ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#∞‰õΩ<åfl ^•xH˜ 75 xq∞ëêÅ ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. XHõ "Õà◊ LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ LO>Ë H˜_ôflÅ∞
^•xfl qãïO˚ K«_®xH˜ D ã¨=∞Ü«∞O KåÅ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ =Å¡ =KÕÛ ã¨=∞ã¨º Ug∞ LO_»ÔŒ \Ï_»∞
_®II *Ë"£∞û.
™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ L#fl"åà◊√§ `å=Ú fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ LÑ¨C‰õΩ 10 Ô~@∞¡ LÑ¨C#∞ H˜_ôflÅ ^•fi~å
qãï˚OK«QÆÅ~°∞. (~ÀA‰õΩ 80 „QÍ. LÑ¨C) H˜~°¯O_ÕÖò, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å ÑïjÅ#Ö’ ™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞
L#fl "å~°∞ 41 ~Ô @∞¡ ™È_çÜ∞« O fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© â◊s~°ÑÙ¨ h\˜ Ñï=∂}OÖ’ `Õ_® LO_»Háõ È=_®xfl QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞.
™È_çÜ«∞O Ñï=∂}Ïxfl f„=OQÍ xÜ«∞O„uOz#Ñ¨C_»∞ ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O 10 #∞O_ç 15 âß`«O
`«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. nx J~°÷O â◊s~°O x~°˚bHõ~°}‰õΩ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º (_ô ÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£) =uÎ_çÖ’ =Ù#fl@∞¡. Wk â◊s~åxH˜
J`«º=ã¨~° Ñïã≤u÷ ÖÏO\˜k. â◊s~° ã¨=∞`«∞Å<åxfl xÅÉˇ@∞ìHÀ_®xH˜, ~°HáÎõ È@∞ Ñ¨_áç È‰õΩO_® HÍáê_»∞HÀ_®xH˜
LÑ¨C#∞ xÅÉˇ@∞ì‰õΩ<Õ Ç¨~À‡#¡#∞ â◊s~°O q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ«∂eû =ã¨∞ÎOk.
"Õˆ~ ~°HõOQÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O â◊s~åxfl P~ÀQÆºHõ~°OQÍ =ÙOK«_®xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞
ãÖH∆ÀÉèíOÖ’H˜ <≥_»∞`«∞Ok ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 "ÕÅ #∞O_ç 5 "ÕÅ q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë LÑ¨C#∞ xÅÉˇ>Ëì
Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ«∂eû# =uÎ_ç â◊s~åxH˜ LO_»^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C P ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡<Õ
â◊s~°OÃÑ· =uÎ_ç LO_»‰õΩO_® KÕÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ ã¨=∞`å ã≤÷ux xÅÉˇ@ì_»O ã¨∞Å∞==Ù`«∞Ok.
WÑ¨Ù_»∞ =∞#H˘KÕÛ „Ñ¨â◊fl WO`«\ ˜ Ç¨xHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# Ãã·#∞û WO`«HÍÅO ZÖÏ K«ÖÏ=∞}˜ J~Ú#@∞¡?
~ÀQÆ∞Å‰õΩ ÃÑ·# =∞#O K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ QÆ∞iOz# Ãã·#∞û#∞ q=iOKÕ Hõëêìxfl
Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO fã¨∞HÀ^ŒÅK«ÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨ÙÊ ÃÑiy`Õ h~°∞ ÃÑiy a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl ã≤OÑ¨ÙÖò ã¨∂„`«O K≥a`Õ
ÖÏlHõÖòQÍ flÑ¨[Å‰õΩ K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O `ÕeHõQÆ#∞Hõ P =∂~°æO ZOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi Ü«∞O„`åOQÆ=∞O`å ÉÏ^èŒº`å
~°Ç≤Ï`«OQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã≤Ok. LÑ¨C#∞ ^À+≤QÍ xÅÉˇ\ ˜ìOk. ^•xfl q+¨ Ñ¨^•~°úOQÍ =Ú„^Œ "Õã≤Ok.
=º‰õΩÎÅ ~°HõÎÑ‘_»#O ZO`« LO^Œ#fl ^•x`À ãÖ|O^èŒO ÖË‰õΩO_® JkèHõ LÑ¨C "å_»HõO^•~°∞Ö’¡,
~°HõÎÑ¨Ù Ñï=∂}O ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O [~°QÆ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. ^•O`À D ã≤^•úO`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ ~°∂@∞ =∂~åÛ~°∞. ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ
x~À^èŒO QÆ∞iOz K≥áêÊ~°∞. ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ ãÖHÀz™êÎÜ«∞<åfl~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞ nxfl ‰õÄ_» H˘\˜ì "Õâß~Ú. JkèHõ LÑ¨C "å_»_»O =Å¡ ~°HõÎ<åà◊ x~À^èŒO
`«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« #fl^Œx, ~°H<Îõ åàÏÅ∞ "åºHÀzã¨∞<Î åflÜ«∞x `ÕeOk. LÑ¨C `«y¿æ ãÎ ~°H<Îõ åàÏÅ x~À^èOŒ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞.
XHõ "Õà◊ Z=iÔH·<å a.Ñ≤. `«yæ`Õ ‰õÄ_» P „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åx HõO>Ë Z‰õΩ¯= #+¨ìO HõeyOKÕÖÏ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO
ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» K«∂âß~°∞. á¶ÈH±Ö’ =O\˜ a.Ñ≤. Ñïâ’^è‰Œ Ωõ Å∞ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ÃÑ#· , ^è=Œ ∞#∞ÅÃÑ#·
=uÎ_ç ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl^Œh – Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, QÆ∞O_≥ "≥·Ñ¶¨ÅºÑ¨Ù „Ñ¨=∂^•Å∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞x
K≥áêÊ~°∞.
^Œ∞~°^Œ$+¨ì=âß`«∞Î á¶ÈH±Ö’‰õΩ g∞_çÜ«∂Ö’ „áêK«∞~°ºO ~åÖË^Œ∞. „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi "≥·^Œº =~åæÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_» PÜ«∞#
ÃÑ^ŒÌQÍ „Ñ¨ÉèÏq`«O KÕÜ«∞ÖËHõáÈÜ«∂_»∞. a.Ñ≤.H˜ <Õ„\˜Ü«Úi\˜H± Ç¨~À‡#∞ (LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+≤OK«_®xfl
J_»∞¤Ñ¨_Õk) HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œ#fl H˘`«Î JOâ◊O =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ =zÛOk.
LÑ¨C JkèHõOQÍ LO_Õ PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ D Ç¨~À‡#∞ JkèHõ=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œh, P HÍ~°}OQÍ ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞
ãÖHÀzOz ~°HÎõ Ñ‘_#» O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ<åfl~°∞. D <Õ„\˜ Ü«¸~Ô \˜H± Ç¨~À‡#∞ – a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`«O „áêK«∞~°ºOÖ’H˜
=zÛOk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ LÑ¨C ÃÑ· <Õ~°O "≥∂áê~°∞.
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KåÖÏHÍÅO =~°‰õΩ D Ç¨~À‡#∞ Uq∞\’ YzÛ`«OQÍ Z=iH© `≥eÜ«∞^Œ∞. WÑ¨Ù_»∞ J„_ç#Öò „QÆOkè
q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕ¿ã =∂i<À|∞á¶ê[x<£QÍ `≥eã≤Ok. D Ç¨~À‡<£ =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O>Ë, LÑ¨C =Å¡ a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O>Ë – J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O =Å¡ =∂i<À|∞á¶ê[x<£ ÃÑ~°QÍe. HÍx ZÅ∞HõÅ‰õΩ JkèHõ LÑ¨C
WzÛ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ WO^Œ∞‰õΩ ~°∞A=Ù ^˘~°HõÖË^Œ∞. =∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_» D <Õ„\˜Ü«¸i\˜H± Ç¨~À‡<£ ã≤^•úO`«O
~°∞A=Ù HÍÖË^Œ∞.
D x<å^ŒOÖ’ Hõ#Ñ¨_»‰õΩO_® ^•y=Ù#fl q+¨Ü«∂ÖËq∞\˜ J#fl K«~°Û ™êyO^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«, =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏOÅ∞ Ô~O_»∂ LÑ¨C ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO`À#∞, JkèHõ <Õ„\˜Ü«¸i\˜H± Ç¨~À‡<£Å
™ê÷~ÚÅ`À =Ú_çÑ_¨ ç HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. >ˇÑÿ –π 1, >ˇÑÿ –π 2 ~°HÍÅ =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÅÖ’#∂ D <Õ„\Ü«¸i\˜H± Ç¨~À‡#∞
Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk. =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏOÖ’ qzÛ#fl"≥∞ÿ# Na-K-ATP ase Ñ¶ÖHõ∆#∞`À W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«,
=¸„`«<åà◊OÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O xÅÉˇ@_ì O» , a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» Hõeã≤ =ÙO_»_®xfl XHõ Ñïâ’^èHŒ õ |$O^ŒO QÆ∞iÎOzOk.
=∞~À ~°HOõ QÍ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO ~å=_®xH˜ ^•ifã¨∞#Î fl HÍ~°}ÏÅ =ÖË¡ =∂i<À|∞á¶ê[x<£ Ç¨~À‡#∞#∞
ÃÑOK«_»O ^•fi~å ™È_çÜ«∞O–á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O–ATP Q˘Å∞ã¨∞#∞ ^≥|ƒfã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú, LÑ¨C ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO`À ‰õÄ_ç#
a.Ñ≤.x ÃÑOK«∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH˜ ^•ifã¨∞Î#fl PÇ¨~°O K«ÔH¯~°ÖË#x =∞#‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
<Õ„\˜Ü«¸i\˜H± Ç¨~À‡<£ JO>Ë =∂i<À|∞á¶ê[x<£ Jx x~åúiOK«Hõ =ÚO^Œ∞ HÍÅOÖ’ >ˇÿÑπ–1
=∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅ =¸„`«OÖ’ Wk Z‰õΩ¯= LO_»_®xfl QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞.
=∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =Å¡<Õ ™È_çÜ∞« O, á⁄\Ï+≤Ü∞« O ÑÖÑ¨Ù x~À^èHŒ `õ « (Na-K-ATP ase inhibition) =ã¨∞#Î fl@∞¡
Hõ#|_»∞`«∞Ok. JkèHõ LÑ¨C =Å¡ QÍHõ JkèHõ K«ÔH¯~°Å =Å¡ =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨Ï =ÚÑ¨C „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑ~°QÆ∞`ÀOk.
HÔ ÅsÅ∞ JO`Õ =Ù#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© PÇ¨~°OÖ’ K«HÔ ¯~°Å∞ ÃÑiy`Õ =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO, =ÚO^Œã∞¨ Î =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨Å∞ =ã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ JkèHõ K«ÔH¯~°Å PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡<Õ =∂i<À|∞á¶ê[x<£ ÃÑiy a.Ñ≤. x ÃÑOK«∞`«∞fl^Œh, H˜_ôflx
^≥|ƒfÜ«∞_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`« „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl ‰õÄ_» ÃÑOK«∞`«∞#fl@∞¡ J~°÷"≥∞ÿOk.
K«HÔ ¯~°Å =Å¡ LÑ¨C ã¨∞xfl`«`fi« O`À ‰õÄ_ç# a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl PÖ’K«##∞ áÈ+¨HÍÇ¨~° Ñ¨q„`«`#« ∞
HÕK«Ñ~¨ K° _« O» QÍ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. (1988 =~°‰Ωõ ). F\ÏìeÜ≥∂ yÜ«∂O Ñ≤Ü∞« „\’, PÜ«∞# ã¨ÇÏ¨ K«~∞° Å∞ =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO
a.Ñ≤. x ZÖÏ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞O^Œ#fl „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞#∞ q=iOK«_»O`À ã¨Ê+¨ì`« KÕ‰õÄiOk.
JÑ¨Ê\˜ˆH =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞OkH˜ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_» =ÙO@∞#fl ãÖQÆu `≥Å∞ã¨∞.
yÜ«∂O Ñ≤Ü≥∂„\’, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ W#∞ûe<£ "å_»∞`«∞#fl =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ‰õÄ_» ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O
QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. ~°HõÎOÖ’ ÃÑiy =Ù#fl W#∞ûe<£ =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅ∞ =¸„`«OÖ’H˜ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_®
J\˜ìÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+≤OK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. JO>Ë =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅ∞ =¸„`«O #∞O_ç LÑ¨C#∞ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ
ÑÖÑ¨‰õΩO_®, â◊s~°OÖ’<Õ xeÑ≤ LOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_Õ >ˇÿÑπ–1 =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅÖ’ „QÀ`ü
Ç¨~À‡<£ ™ê÷~Ú Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ =ÙO@∞Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ "åiÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O qã¨~#˚° HÍ‰õΩO_® Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+¨} [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅ JkèHõ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl ÃÑ· âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞
ã¨Ê+¨ìO KÕâß~°∞.
ã¨#fl\˜ "åà◊§`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ T|HÍÜ«∞O LO_ç a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_» L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞
JkèHõOQÍ L#fl@∞¡ ‰õÄ_» QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ TÉHÍÜ«∂xH˜ ^•if¿ã JOâßÖË ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞
ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xH˜ ‰õÄ_» HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
1980 ÅÖ’ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.x r=„H˜Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ [|∞ƒQÍ K«∂âß~°∞. nxH˜ HÍ~°}OQÍ W#∞ûe<£
x~À^èŒHõ`«#∞ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. JkèHõ QÆ∂¡HÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞, W#∞ûe<£ LO_ç T|HÍÜ«∞O
L#fl"åà◊§Ö’ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. =ÙO@∞#fl@∞¡ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. L#fl"åiÖ’ 80 âß`«O =∞OkH˜ W#∞ûe<£
x~À^èŒHõ`« L#fl@∞¡ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. #∂º WOQÆ¡O_£ [~°flÖòÖ’ ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« =Å¡ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.
31
=ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ ~åâß~°∞. ÑÖK«^•~° =Å¡ Ñ¨~°QÆ_»∞Ñ¨Ù# W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞x *Ï<£ Ü«Ú_ç¯<£
K≥áêÊ_»∞. ÑÖK«^•~°`À „Ñ¨"Õ∞Ü«∞O ÖË‰õΩO_®<Õ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«#∞ ÃÑOK«_»O
^•fi~å JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. H˜ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
=∞~À JOâ◊OÃÑ· K«~°Û [iyOk. J#∞=OtHõ`« áê„`« QÆ∞iOz.90 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤.
ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ =ã¨∞ÎO^À HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ xiÌ+¨ìOQÍ `≥eÜ«∞ÖË^Œ∞. ‰õΩ@∞O|OÖ’ Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅÖ’ a.Ñ≤. =ÙO>Ë a.Ñ≤. =KÕÛ
J=HÍâ◊O Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù =Ù#fl@∞¡ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. HÀ_ç =ÚO^•? QÆ∞_»∞¤ =ÚO^•? J#fl K«~°ÛÖÏˆQ – a.Ñ≤. =Å¡
W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« =ã¨∞Î#fl^•? ÖËHõ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. =ã¨∞Î#fl^•? J#fl K«~°Û [iyOk.
z=~°‰õΩ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`Õ =ÚO^Œ∞ =zÛ P HÍ~°}OQÍ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. =ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ `ÕÖÏÛ~°∞. U JOâßÅ~Ú`Õ
W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«‰õΩ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åflÜ≥∂ J"Õ a.Ñ≤. H˜ ‰õÄ_» HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú.
1980 Å #∞O_ç 2005 =~°‰õΩ [iy# Ñïâ’^èŒ#Ö’ Ç¨~À‡#¡ Jã¨=∞`«∞Åº`« JO^Œ∞<å ÃÑiy#
W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ =Å¡<Õ T|HÍÜ«∞O =ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ `ÕeOk. W#∞ûe<£#∞ `«yæOK«QÆey`Õ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_»
Ñïëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. 2007 Ö’ [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O nxfl ~°∞A=Ù KÕã≤Ok. 1989 Ö’ [iy# =∞~À
J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ |~°∞=ÙÖ’ 8 âß`«O `«yæOK« QÆey#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ T|HÍÜ«∞=Ú#fl Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅÖ’ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_»
`«yæOk.
D Ñïâ’^è#Œ JO`«\Ö˜ ’#∞ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ JkèHõ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞, W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ Ö« #Ë x
ã¨Ê+¨"ì ∞≥ Oÿ k. K«HÔ ¯~°Å#∞ `«yOæ z W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ #« ∞ Ñï+¨¯iOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_» `«yOæ k. J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H©
áê`« „Éèí=∞ÖË H˘#™êQÍ~Ú. K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ `«yæOK«_»O Hõ<åfl LÑ¨C `«yæOK«_»O ÃÑ·<Õ „Ñ¨Kå~°O [iyOk.
LÑ¨C `«yæOK«‰õΩO_®<Õ |~°∞=Ù `«yæ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ a.Ñ≤. `«yæOk. H˘xfl Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å∞ nxfl x~åúiOKå~Ú.
a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O K«∂¿Ñ JOâ◊OQÍ HÍiì™ÈÖò#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. nx=Å¡ ÃÑiˆQ a.Ñ≤. x LÑ¨C =Å¡
ÃÑiy#@∞¡QÍ<Õ ÉèÏqOz QÍÉè~í åÑ¨_`» å~°∞. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë HÍiì™ÈÖò ÃÑiy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ™È_çÜ∞« O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú.
~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O, a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_» ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. HÍiì™ÈÖò ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ W#∞ûe<£#∞ ‰õÄ_» ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. HÍiì™ÈÖò
=Å¡ T| á⁄@ì ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok, QÆ∂¡HÀA \ÏÅÔ~#∞û, ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü ÔQ¡Âã‘q∞Ü«∂, ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü eÑ≤_≥q∞Ü«∂, a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, J^äŒ~Àã≤¡¯~Àã≤ãπ =O\˜q ‰õÄ_» [~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. HÍiì™ÈÖò =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiy#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© xO^Œ =∂„`«O
LÑ¨C g∞^Õ LO\’Ok. HÍiì™ÈÖò ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«yæ`Õ a.Ñ≤. ‰õÄ_» `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok.
HÍiì™ÈÖò ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ZO^Œ∞‰õΩ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡? ^•xH˜ HÍ~°}O K«ÔH¯~°ÖË. 1974 Ö’<Õ *Ï<£ Ü«Ú_ç¯<£
nxfl x~°∂Ñ≤OKå_»∞. ÃÑiˆQ HÍiì™ÈÖò ™ê÷~ÚÅ =Å¡<Õ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`ÀOk.
_®II *Ïi˚ Z ÃÑ~å~å a.Ñ≤.H˜ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ HÍiìHÀ ã≤~ì å~Ú_»∞¡ ZÖÏ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åflÜ≥∂ q=iOKå_»∞.
ACTH J<Õ Ç¨~À‡#∞, HÍiì™ÈÖò, J„_ç#Öò „QÆOkè #∞O_ç q_»∞^ŒÅÜÕ∞º PÖ’¤ ã≤~ ì À<£Å∞ HõeÑ≤ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ
HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åflÜ«∞<åfl~°∞. "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ KÕˆ~ „Ñ¨HÀìA „¿Ñˆ~Ñ¨} =ÖË¡ ACTH ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ^•xH˜ `À_»∞QÍ
HÍiì™ÈÖò ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« =Å¡ "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’H˜ QÆ∂¡HÀA ^•fi~å „Ñ¶¨¶HÀìA KÕ~°∞`«∞Ok.
HÍiìHÀ ã≤ì~å~Ú_»∞û Ö’Ñ≤Oz# ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ „Ñ¨=∂^•xH˜ ^•i f™êÎÜ«∞x
‰õÄ_» _®II ÃÑÔ~~å K≥áêÊ_»∞. WÖÏO\˜ ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ LÑ¨C `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÉÏQÍ `«QÆæ_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ, ~°HõÎOÖ’
™È_çÜ«∞O `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ f„="≥∞ÿ# h~°ãÖ =ã¨∞ÎOk. HÍiìHÀ ã≤ì~å~Ú_»∞¡ JOkOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ uiy a.Ñ≤. ™ê^è•~°}
™ê÷~ÚH˜ KÕiOk. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ QÆ∂¡HÀ HÍiìHÀ~Ú_»∞¡, q∞#~°Ö’ HÍiìHÀ~Ú_»∞¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ· H©ÅHõOQÍ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O
K«∂Ñ¨Ù`å~Ú. QÆ∂¡HÀ HÍiìHÀ~Ú_»∞¡ ÃÑiˆQk K«ÔH¯~°Å =Å¡. ^•x=ÖË¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
JO^Œ∞=Å¡ Jã¨Å∞ =Ú^•Ì~Ú K«ÔH¯~°ÖË. nxfl QÆ∞iÎOK«_®xH˜ KåÖÏHÍÅO Ñ¨\ ˜ìOk. nxH˜ H˘O`«
HÍ~°}O Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ‰õΩ#fl `«Ñ¨C_»∞ #=∞‡HÍÅ∞. =∞~À „Ñ¨^è•# HÍ~°}O ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞ ™êfi~°÷Ñ¨Ói`«
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ`À ã¨$+≤ìOz# QÆO^Œ~°QÀà◊O. Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å∞ Jã¨Å∞ x*Ïefl |Ü«∞@ÃÑ\Ïì~Ú.
32
LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞ – ~°HõÎáÈ@∞: [<åÉèÏ J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞
PÇ¨~°O ãÖã¨¯ $uÖ’ ÉèÏQÆO. PÇ¨~°Ñ¨Ù JÅ"å@∞¡ ‰õÄ_» ãÖã¨¯ $uÖ’ ÉèÏQÆOQÍ KÀ@∞
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞O\Ï~Ú. D JOâßxfl ‰õÄ_» ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ fã¨∞‰õΩx a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xfl ÑïjeOKå~°∞. LÑ¨C
JkèHõOQÍ u#fl *<åÉèÏÅÖ’ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞.
LÑ¨C – a.Ñ≤. ã≤^•úO`«O K≥¿ÑÊ"åà◊√§ `«=∞ "å^Œ#‰õΩ =∞^Œ`Ì ∞« QÍ [áê<£ J#∞Éè"í åxfl K«∂Ñ¨Ù`«∞O\Ï~°∞.
[áê<£ „Ñ¨[Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ q∞™È ã¨∂Ñπ, ™ÈÜ«∂ ™êãπÅ∞, =∞™êÖÏÅ∞, xÅfi =ÙO_Õ T~°QÍÜ«∞ Ñ¨KÛ« à◊§ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’
~ÀA‰õΩ ã¨QÆ@∞# 27 „QÍ=ÚÅ LÑ¨C uO@∞#fl@∞¡ (H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÖ’¡ 50 #∞O_ç 61 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_»)
QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. "åiÖ’ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯"Õ Hõ#Ñ¨_ç#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© – JkèHõ a.Ñ≤., Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O ("≥∞^Œ_»∞ áÈ@∞)
ˆHã¨∞Å∞ JkèHõOQÍ K«∂âß~°∞. Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ nxfl ˆH=ÅO LÑ¨C ã¨=∞ã¨ºQÍ K«∂_»ÖË^Œ∞. "å~°∞ u<Õ PÇ¨~°OÖ’
áêe+π KÕã≤#/â◊√nÌHõiOz# aÜ«∞ºO LO_»_»O =Å¡ PÇ¨~°OÖ’ W`«~° áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ H˘~°=_Õq. q@q∞<£ ã≤
H˘~°`« LO_Õk. `åˆQ h\˜Ö’#∞, PÇ¨~°OÖ’#∞ ã≤eã≤eH± P=∞¡O LO_Õk. "å~°∞ u<Õ #n KÕÑ¨Å ^•fi~å
HÍ_ç‡Ü«∞O á⁄@ìÖ’H˜ KÕˆ~k. #n h\˜Ö’ ã¨ÅÊ~ü/HÍ~˘ƒ<Õ\ò x+¨ÊuÎ Jã¨=∞`«∞ÅOQÍ LO_Õk. Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`åxH˜
^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ¨_Õ JOâßÅ∞QÍ Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ g@xfl\˜x K«∂âß~°∞. 17 âß`«O Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O ˆHã¨∞ÅÖ’ HÍ_ç‡Ü«∞O
HÍ~°}OQÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk. "åi PÇ¨~°OÖ’ ãÖ`«$Ñ¨Î H˘=Ùfi H˘~°=_»_»O ‰õÄ_» Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`« =∞~°} HÍ~°}OQÍ
QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞.
[áê<£Ö’<Õ J"≥∂i`À áÈe¿ãÎ JH˜\Ï „áêO`«OÖ’ Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`« ˆ~@∞ Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù HõxÑ≤OzOk. (J"≥∂iÖ’
LÑ¨C "å_»HõÑ¨Ù ã¨QÆ@∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 15.2 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞). J"≥∂iÖ’ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ 131.4/78.6 =ÙO_çOk. 30–59
=∞^èŒº =Ü«∞ã¨∞ "åiÖ’ „Ñü ÅHõ∆ [<åÉèÏ‰õΩ J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`« =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ 139.2 =ÙO_»QÍ JH˜\ÏÖ’
218.6 =Ù<åfl~Ú. D `Õ_®‰õΩ HÍ~°}ÏÖËq∞\˜?
LÑ¨C "å_»HõO Z‰õΩ¯= LO_ç ‰õÄ_» a.Ñ≤. ÖËx [<åÉèÏÅ∞
– W\ÏeÜ«∞<£ ã¨<åºã≤#∞ÅÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O "å_»HOõ 3,300 q∞.„QÍ. _»Ü∂« ™ÈìeH± ~°HáÎõ È@∞ 90 H˜ q∞OK«Ö^Ë ∞Œ .
– W\ÏeÜ«∞<£ x~°Hõ∆~åâ◊º ¢ã‘ÎÅ∞ – ™È_çÜ«∞O – 3,300 q∞.„QÍ. ã¨<åºã≤#∞Å HõO>Ë giÖ’ a.Ñ≤. 30/15
áê~ÚO@∞¡ J^Œ#OQÍ HõxÑ≤OzOk.
– Ñ¨<å=∂ ^ŒQÆæ~°Ö’x ‰õΩ"å WO_çÜ«∞#∞¡ ™È_çÜ«∞O 3,450 q∞.„QÍ. giÖ’ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º L#fl [<åÉèÏ
ˆH=ÅO 2 âß`«O. =Ü«∞ã¨∞`À áê@∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ Ug∞ Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞.
– 7 = ~ÀA J_≥fiO\˜ã¨∞ì âßHÍÇ¨~°∞Å∞. ™È_çÜ«∞O 3,600 q∞.„QÍ. J_≥fiO\˜ã¨∞ì âßHÍÇ¨~°∞Å a.Ñ≤. 114/
67 (=∞QÆ) 108.6/66.6 (P_»).
J_≥fiO\˜ã¨∞ì âßHõ, =∂O™êÇ¨~°∞Å∞: a.Ñ≤. 121.9/72 (=∞QÆ) 110/66 (P_»).
=∂~°‡<£ âßHõ, =∂O™êÇ¨~°∞Å∞: a.Ñ≤. 122.2/73.2 (=∞QÆ) 117.2/74.5 (P_»).
– *Ï"å (WO_À<Õ+≤Ü«∂) ™È_çÜ«∞O 3,600 q∞.„QÍ.
a.Ñ≤. 124/73 (=∞QÆ) 128/75 (P_»).
– ^ä•Üü∞ÖÏO_£ – ™È_çÜ«∞O 3,600 q∞.„QÍ.
a.Ñ≤. 120/75 (=∞QÆ) 118/77 (P_»).
33
– `≥·"å<£ (=º=™êÜ«∞^•~°∞Å∞) ™È_çÜ«∞O – 4,000 q∞.„QÍ. a.Ñ≤. 128/83 (=∞QÆ).
– ™êO|∞~°∞ =™êÎ^Œ∞Å∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O 4,000 – 5,000 q∞.„QÍ. (3500 – 4,000 H˘O`«HÍÅO).
a.Ñ≤. 106/72.
– H˘\ÏºOQ∑, <ÕáêÖò =Åã¨^•~°∞Å∞ – ™È_çÜ«∞O 4,600 q∞.„QÍ.
=∞QÆ"åiÖ’ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. =Ü«∞ã¨∞`À ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ÖË^Œ∞. =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÖ’ J`«ºO`« J~°∞^Œ∞QÍ
=∂„`«"Õ∞ a.Ñ≤. Hõ#Ñ¨_çOk. gi LÑ¨C "å_»HõO ã¨QÆ@∞# ~ÀA‰õΩ 12 „QÍ.LO^Œh, ÑÖK«^•~° "å_»HõO
~ÀA‰õΩ 1 „QÍ. Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯=h Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ ÖˇH˜¯OKå~°∞. ÑÖK«^•~° "å_»HõO =∞QÆ"åà◊§Ö’ ~ÀA‰õΩ 25.5
„QÍ, P_»"åiÖ’ 16.3 „QÍ. =ÙO_»QÍ JHõ¯_» =∞QÆ"åà◊§Ö’ 10.9 âß`«OÖ’, P_»"åà◊§Ö’ 4.9 âß`«OÖ’
JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. HõxÑ≤OzOk.
– L`«Î~° WO_çÜ«∂ ™È_çÜ«∞O – 5,600 q∞.„QÍ.

a.Ñ≤. 133/81.
– ^ŒH˜∆} WO_çÜ«∂ ™È_çÜ«∞O – 3,200 q∞.„QÍ.
a.Ñ≤. 141/88.
(L`«Î~° WO_çÜ«∂ Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© a.Ñ≤. J^Œ#OQÍ =ÙOk.)
– J"≥∂i, [áê<£ (PÑ≤Öò u<Õ „Ñ¨[Å∞) ™È_çÜ«∞O – 6,000 q∞.„QÍ.
a.Ñ≤. 131.4/78.6.
– XHõÜ«∂=∂, [áê<£ ™È_çÜ«∞O 6,000 q∞.„QÍ. ("Õã¨qÖ’).
a.Ñ≤. 122/75 (=∞QÆ) 122/72 (P_»).
– |O@∞ („QÍg∞}) ™È_çÜ«∞O 7,600 q∞.„QÍ.
a.Ñ≤. 128/79.
– ^è•Üü∞ÖÏO_£Ö’x |∞kúã¨∞ì Ô~·`«∞Å∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O – 8,000 q∞.„QÍ.
=Ü«∞ã¨∞ ÃÑiy<å a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞.
ÃÑ· QÆ}ÏOHÍÅÖ’ Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O áê„`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. PÑ≤Öò ÑÖ_»∞Ö’ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O

Åaèã¨∞ÎOk.150 a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl "åiH˜ ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 PÑ≤Öòû u#Ñ≤Oz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ a.Ñ≤. 140 Hõ<åfl `«yæOk. [áê<£Ö’
[iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÖ’¡ nxfl Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ x~åúiOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~°∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ 15 „QÍ. LÑ¨C u<Õ "åiH˜ ‰õÄ_»
~ÀA‰õΩ 3 #∞O_ç 7 „QÍ. á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O WzÛ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "åi a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæ_»O QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞.
7 = ~ÀA J_≥fiO\˜ã¨∞ì âßHÍÇ¨~°∞Å`À áê@∞, J_≥fiO\˜ã¨∞ì =∂~°‡<£ `≥QÆÅ =∂Oã¨, âßHÍÇ¨~°∞ÅÃÑ·
J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ ‰õÄ_» nxfl QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. gi LÑ¨C "å_»HõO ã¨QÆ@∞ J"≥∞iHõ<£ Hõ<åfl HÍã¨Î Z‰õΩ¯"Õ. J~Ú<å
D =¸_»∞ „QÆ∂Ñ¨ÙÖ’¡#∞ a.Ñ≤. `«‰õΩ¯"Õ =ÙO_çOk. J~Ú`Õ g~°∞ J"≥∞iHõ<£Å ã¨QÆ@∞ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O Hõ<åfl
J^Œ#OQÍ (3,000 – 3,600 q∞.„QÍ/~ÀA‰õΩ) u<Õ"åà◊√§. a.Ñ≤. xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O
=ÙO^Œx WHõ¯_» ‰õÄ_» ~°∞A"≥·Ok.
D [<åÉèÏ J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ#∞ |\˜ì LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOK«_»O Hõ<åfl ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ u#xzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ P~ÀQÆºO
"≥∞~°∞QÆ∞QÍ =ÙOk. ÑÖ_»∞¡, ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å "å_»HõO `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ L#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ J"≥∞iHõ#¡ ã¨QÆ@∞ á⁄\Ï+≤Ü«∞O
`«‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO^Œx QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ P~ÀQÆºOQÍ =ÙO_»_®xH˜ LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOK«_»O QÍHõ – =$Hõ∆
ãÖ|Okè`«"≥∞ÿ# P‰õΩ ‰õÄ~°Å∞, Ñ¨Ù@ì Q˘_»∞QÆ∞Å∞, ™ê¯ fi+π (squash), J=HÍ_ÀÅ =O\˜q uO>Ë P~ÀQÆºO
"≥∞~°∞QÆ∞ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O^Œx J~°÷"≥∞ÿOk.
34
LÑ¨C#∞ `«yæOK«_»O =Å¡ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º JO@∞"åºkè ÖÏQÍ ZÖÏ qã¨ÎiOz LO_»=K«∞Û?
`«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C ã≤^•úO`«ÑÙ¨ _˘Å¡`<« åxfl =ºuˆ~H˜ã∂¨ Î =zÛ# Ñïâ’^è‰Œ Ωõ Å∞ KåÖÏHÍÅO `«=∞ "å^Œ#Å#∞
Ñ¨\ Oì˜ K«∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O`À ZO`« <≥~· åâßºxH˜ QÆ∞~°Ü∂« º~À TÇ≤ÏOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. ~åAQÍi ^Õ=`å =¢™êÎÅ Hõ^ÖŒä ÏQÍ
D LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ ~°∞A=ÙÅ∞ ÖË=x "åà◊√§ K≥áêÊ~°∞. J~Ú<å Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞‰õΩ#fl
"åà◊√§ ÖË~°∞. J`«ºkèHõ „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ LÑ¨C u#_»O =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆÖË^Œ∞. a.Ñ≤. JkèHõOQÍ =Ù#fl "åà◊§‰õΩ ‰õÄ_»
LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= u#_»O =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO `«QÆæ_»O, W#∞ûe<£ `«QÆæ_»O, J„_ç#Öò Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ ÉÏÅ#∞û HÍ=_»O,
H˜_ôflÅ Ñ¨x`«#O "≥∞~°∞QÆ=_»O =O\˜ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÖË KÕ‰õÄ~å~Ú.
W^Õ ã¨=∞Ü«∞OÖ’ QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ∞ ã¨∂zOzO^Õ=∞O>Ë – K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ a.Ñ≤.x, QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÍxfl Ô~O\˜h
ÃÑOKå~Ú. nxfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ `«~°|_ç QÆ∞iÎOK« ÖË^Œ∞. `«‰õΩ¯= K«ÔH¯~°Å PÇ¨~åÅ`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞ Z‰õΩ¯=
K«ÔH¯~°Å PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ 3 Ô~@∞¡ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. Ü«Ú_ç¯<£ D q+¨Ü«∂xfl ~°∞A=Ù
KÕâß_»∞. Hõ~˘#i QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞#fl "åiÖ’ eÑ≤_»∞¡ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, W#∞ûe<£, Ü«¸iH± P=∞¡O, ¿Ñ¡\òÖˇ\òÅ∞
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =O\˜ J<ÕHõ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ H˘kÌ "å~åÅ áê@∞ JkèHõ K«ÔH¯~°Å PÇ¨~°O fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨C_»∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú.
Ü«Ú_ç¯<£ HÍÅOÖ’<Õ HÍ^Œ∞, WÑ¨Ê\˜H© ‰õÄ_» QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ‰õΩ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ HÍ~°}=∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O f„= JOâ◊OQÍ
ÑïQÆ}#Ö’H˜ ~å=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. ™ê^è•~°} „Ñ¨*ÏhHõO ^Œ$+≤ìÖ’<Õ QÍ^Œ∞, "≥·^Œº =$uÎÖ’ =Ù#fl "åà◊§‰õΩ ‰õÄ_»
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õΩ HÍ~°}OQÍ LÑ¨C Hõ#Ñ¨_»∞`ÀOk `«Ñ¨Ê ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ QÆ∞iÎOK«_»O ÖË^Œ∞.
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x [|∞ƒÅ xÜ«∞O„`«}, x"å~°} ˆHO„^ŒO (CDC) W\©=ÖË "≥·^Œº ãÖã¨÷ (IOM) #∞O_ç
x"ÕkHõ HÀiOk. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ ãÖ|Okè`« iã¨∞¯ÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Uq∞\’ Ñ¨Ù#~°OK«<å
Hõ@=ì ∞Ok. 2013 Ö’ ÑÖÑ≤# x"ÕkHõ ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞ 2,300 q∞.„QÍ./ ~ÀAHõ<åfl `«yOæ K«_O» =Å¡ „Ñ¨Ü∂≥ [#O
ÖË^Œx K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. ÃÑ·QÍ =ºuˆ~Hõ Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ∞O\ÏÜ«∞x ‰õÄ_» ÃÇÏK«ÛiOzOk. J~Ú<å 2004/05 Ö’
x~°‚~ÚOz# 2,300 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O Ñïq∞ux ÃÑOK«_®xH˜ =∂„`«O Ñ¨Ó#∞HÀÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡
QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞ `«QÆæHõáÈQÍ ÃÑiQÍÜ«∞#fl "åã¨Î=O QÆ∞iÎ¿ãÎ<Õ D q"å^ŒO =ÚQÆ∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
"≥∞@ÉÏeH± ã≤O„_À"£∞ (r=„H˜Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ [|∞ƒÅ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞)`À áê@∞ Hõ~˘#i QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒ
=Ù#fl"åiÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ qHõ$`« Ñ¨~º° =™ê<åÅ∞ Hõeyã¨∞<Î åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C ã¨∞xfl`«`fi« =¸, x~À^èHŒ `õ å
=Ù#fl Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ "åiÖ’#∂ Wq Hõ#Ñ¨_®¤~Ú.
[O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^èŒ=∞#∞Å∞ `«fi~°QÍ QÆ\ ˜ìÑ¨_ç H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò, ¢>ˇÿy¡[Ô~·_»∞¡ ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xfl
QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º =Ù#fl =∞#∞+¨µÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ áê¡™ê‡ eáÈ „á⁄\©#∞¡,
"åÑ¨Ù ã¨∂zHõÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. n~°…HÍÅOQÍ JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. L#fl"åà◊¡‰õΩ LÑ¨C `«yæOz#Ñ¨C_»∞ ~°HõÎOÖ’ LDL
(K≥_»∞ H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò) ÃÑiyOk. J^Õ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ WzÛ#Ñ¨C_»∞ ~°HõÎOÖ’x J<ÕHõ ã¨∂zHõÅ∞
`«y# ™ê÷~ÚH˜ KÕ~å~Ú.
™ê^è•~°} |~°∞=Ù, a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl"åà◊§Ö’ ‰õÄ_» `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ H˜_ôfl Ñ¨x`«<åxfl ^≥|ƒfâß~Ú.
HDL (=∞Oz H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò) #∞ `«yæOKå~Ú. W#∞ûe<£ ã¨∞xfl`«`åfixfl ÃÑOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘=Ùfi Hõ}ÏÅ∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ
KÕ¿ã J_çáÈ<≥H˜ì<£#∞ `«yæOKå~Ú. 170 ^ÕâßÅÖ’ q™êÎ~°OQÍ [iy# H˘„ˆH<£ "≥∞\Ï qâı¡+¨}Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O
`«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. Ö’ `«QÆ∞æ^ŒÅ Ju ã¨fiÅÊ=∞x `ÕeOk. J^Õ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ H˜_ôflÅ Ç¨~À‡<£Å#∞ ÃÑOK«_»O,
=uÎ_ç Ç¨~À‡#∞¡, ¢>ˇÿy¡[Ô~·_»∞¡ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =O\˜ Ç¨xHõ~° Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞ K«∂âß~°∞. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞
"≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ P~ÀQÆºOÃÑ· K≥_»∞ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ Ñ¨_»"Õã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ D Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ x~åúiOKå~°∞.
nx=Å¡ Hõey# =∞~À K≥_»∞ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ~°HõÎO zHõ¯Ñ¨_»_»O. T|HÍÜ«∞O L#fl "åà◊§Ö’ nx Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ
~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ z@¡_»O (Deep vein thrombosis) ~°HõÎOÖ’ QÆ_»¤Å∞ U~°Ê_»_»O =O\˜ „Ñ¨=∂^•Å‰õΩ ^•ifâß~Ú.
35
QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÍxfl ÃÑOKÕ <ÀiÑ≤<≥„Ñ¶≤<£ J<Õ Ñ¨^•~åúxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ PH˜û[<£ ã¨~°Ñ¶¨~å QÆ∞O_≥‰õΩ
`«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. QÆ∞O_≥ Ãã·A ÃÑiy QÆ∞O_≥ "≥·Ñ¶¨ÖÏºxH˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk.
x*ÏxH˜ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ=_»O =Å¡ =™êÎÜ«∞#fl QÆ∞O_≥, H˜_ôfl ãÖ|Okè`« ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù
PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡<Õ =ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ x~åúiOKå~°O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
1991 Ö’<Õ "≥_~» ,ü DQÍ<£ J<Õ W^Œ~Ì ∞° Ñïâ’^è‰Œ Ωõ Å∞ „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C `«yOæ K«=∞<Õ ã¨∂K«# KÕÜ∞« É’ÜÕ∞
=ÚO^Œ∞ ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅÃÑ· =∞iO`« xiÌ+¨ì J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞ [~°QÍeû# J=ã¨~åxfl <˘H˜¯ K≥áêÊ~°∞.
1995 Ö’ "≥∞ÿˆHÖò PÅ¤~ü=∞<£, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨Ï ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥ ãÖ|O^èŒ
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`åÜ«∞x ÃÇÏK«ÛiOKå~°∞. LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= u<Õ"åi`À áÈeÛ`Õ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞
u<Õ =∞QÆ"åà◊§Ö’ QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO 4 Ô~@∞¡ J^Œ#OQÍ =Ù#fl@∞¡ K≥áêÊ~°∞.
qã¨Î $`« „áêuÑ¨kHõ# [iy# J^èºŒ Ü«∞<åÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» n<Õfl x~åúiOKå~Ú.4,000 =∞Ok Ü«¸~°ÑÜ ≤ ∞« #¡ÃÑ·
[iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ =∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ 5 Ô~@∞¡ ÃÑiy#@∞¡ K≥áêÊ~°∞. PURE
¿Ñ~°∞`À [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O 17 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ 1 ÅHõ∆=∞Ok ÃÑ· [iyOk. 3,000 #∞O_ç 6,000 q∞.„QÍ.
™È_çÜ«∞O ~ÀA‰õΩ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§Ö’ Ju `«‰õΩ¯= QÆ∞O_≥ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. 3000 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl
`«‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊√§ Z‰õΩ¯= iã¨∞¯Ö’ =ÙO@∞<åfl~°∞. „Q“_®Öò, PÜ«∞# ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ 2 ÅHõ∆Å 75 "ÕÅ
=∞OkÃÑ· J^èŒºÜ«∞#O KÕâß~°∞. ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 2,645 #∞O_ç 4,945 q∞.„QÍ. fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§Ö’
QÆ∞O_≥ [|∞ƒÅ∞, =∞~°}ÏÅ∞ Ju `«‰õΩ¯=x `ÕÖÏÛ~°∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ 2,645 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ
"åà◊§Ö’ Jxfl ~°HÍÅ =∞~°}ÏÅ ˆ~@∞ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO_»_»O K«∂âß~°∞. 4,945 q∞.„QÍ. fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§Ö’ D
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ ~åÖË^Œ∞.
D Ñ¶ë`åÅ#∞ |\˜ì K«∂¿ãÎ =∞#Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞OkH˜ ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 #∞O_ç 6 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O J=ã¨~°O.
2,300 Hõ<åfl `«yæ<å, 6,000 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl ÃÑiy<å ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ JkèHõ LÑ¨C
PÇ¨~åÅ Hõ<åfl JÅÊ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ =ÖË¡ =ÚÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯=x `ÕÖÏÛ~°∞.
ÃÑ·# =∞#O K«∂ã≤# [<åÉèÏ J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞, âßG Ñïâ’^èŒ<å Ñ¨„`åÅ∂ Ô~O_»∂ XˆH q+¨Ü«∞O
K≥áêÊ~Ú. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ P^Œ~°≈=O`«"≥∞ÿ#q U =∂„`«=¸ HÍ=Ù. ÃÑ·QÍ Ç¨xHõ~°"≥∞ÿ#=x ‰õÄ_»
`ÕeOk. U^À XHõ~ÀA `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ x"åiOK«HõáÈQÍ ÃÑOKåÜ«∞x
x~åúiOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï=∞O\Ï~°∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. =∞# HÍÅOÖ’ „Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÍºxfl ^≥|ƒfã≤# ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅÖ’ W^˘Hõ@x
JOu=∞OQÍ qâı¡+≤OK«∞HÀ"åeû =ã¨∞ÎOk.
36
J^è•ºÜ«∞O – V
J`«~°æ`« PHõe
J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ T|HÍÜ«∞O 1950 ÅÖ’ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ· 1980 H˜ ÔQO`«∞ "Õã≤Ok. 1980–2000 =∞^èŒº
ã¨=∞ã¨º Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù J~ÚOk. WÑ¨Ù_»∞ 69 âß`«O =∞Ok JkèHõ |~°∞=Ù`À<À, T|HÍÜ«∞O`À<À =Ù<åfl~°∞.
„Ñ¨[Å P~ÀQÍºxfl, PÜ«Ú~åÌÜ«∂xfl ^≥|ƒf¿ã ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ Wk =ÚO^Œ∞H˘zÛOk.
„QÆÇ≤ÏOKÕ ÔHÅsÅ Hõ<åfl â◊s~°O Y~°∞Û KÕ¿ã ÔHÅsÅ∞ `«‰õΩ¯= HÍ=_»O =Å¡ JO>Ë uO_ç ÃÑiy, „â◊=∞
`«~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ =zÛ# ã¨=∞ã¨ºQÍ nxfl ™êO„Ñ¨^•Ü«∞ q*Ï˝#O q=iã¨∞ÎOk. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ uO_ç `«yæOz, „â◊=∞
ÃÑOK«_»"Õ∞ Ñïëê¯~°=∞O\Ï~°∞ "åà◊√§. ÑÖK«^•~° Ñï„â◊=∞^•~°∞Å∞ D ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ JO_»QÍ xÅ|_®¤~°∞.
J~Ú`Õ D "å^Œ# ãïHÍ^Œx, fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ PÇ¨~° „Ñ¨ÉÏè =OÖ’ =∂~°∞Ê KÕ¿ãÎ ã¨=∞ã¨º Ñïëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx
QÍºs\ÏÉòû ÖÏO\˜ "åà◊√§ „ÑüáêkOKå~°∞. QÆ∞_£ HÍÅsãπ – ÉÏ_£ HÍÅsãπ J#fl `«# Ñ¨Ùã¨ÎHÍÅÖ’ ÔHÅsÅ
Ñï=∂}Ï<Õfl QÍHõ ÔHÅsÅ ã¨fiÉèÏ"åxfl K«∂_®Åx PÜ«∞# q=iOKå~°∞. ÑÖK«^•~°, â◊√nÌHõiOz# Ñ≤O_ç
Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞, ÃÇÏ· „Ñ¶H¨ ÀìA HÍ~°<£ ã≤~Ñ° π =O\˜ "å_»HOõ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» `À T|HÍÜ«∞O JO@∞"åºkèÖÏ ZÖÏ ÃÑiyO^À
D „Ñ¨`åº=∂flÜ«∞ ã≤^•úO`«HÍ~°∞Å∞ q=iOKå~°∞. l"£∞Å`À, "åºÜ«∂=∂Å`À ã¨=∞ã¨º Ñïëê¯~°O HÍ^Œh,
PÇ¨~° =∂~°∞Ê H©ÅHõ=∞h K≥áêÊ~°∞.
=∞# P~ÀQÍºÅ‰õΩ K≥~°∞Ñ¨Ù KÕÜ«∞_»OÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~° "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ â◊„`«∞=x ~°∞A==Ù`ÀOk. ÉÏ# á⁄@ì
ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» (#_»∞=Ú K«∞@∞ìH˘Å`«) nx Ñ¶e¨ `«"∞Õ . W^Õ `«~Ç° ¨ âßs~°Hõ Ñ¨~º° =™ê<åÅ#∞ `«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞
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Hõ#Ñ¨_Õ "åà◊§Ö’ D JO`«~°æ`« PHõe =Ù#fl>Ë¡ ÉèÏqOKåe.
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ÃÇ·Ï*ÏH± KÕ™êÎ~Ú. â◊s~°OÖ’ xÅfi =Ù#fl H˘=ÙfiÅ#∞, =∂Oã¨Hõ$`«∞ÎÅ#∞ Hõ~°yOz â◊H˜Îx á⁄O^Œ‰õΩO_®
J_»∞¤‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. J<å~ÀQÆºHõ~° fÑ≤ PÇ¨~åÅ Ñ¨@¡ HÀiHõ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. =∞# JÅ"å@¡ÃÑ· =∞# xÜ«∞O„`«}
`«Ñ¨C`«∞Ok. â◊s~°O u<Õ, Y~°∞Û KÕ¿ã â◊H˜Îx xÜ«∞O„uOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ â◊H˜Îx HÀÖ’Ê`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOK«QÍ<Õ â◊s~°O ^•xHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ L#fl LÑ¨C#∞ xÅÉˇ@∞ì‰õΩ<ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ
Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. D ~°H}∆õ K«~º° ÅÖ’ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ ÃÑOK«_O» XHõ\ .˜ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ #« ∞ ÃÑOK«_O»
^•fi~å D Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. Hõ}ÏÅ∞ x~À^èŒHõOQÍ `«Ü«∂~°=_»O`À QÆ∂¡HÀA#∞ "å\˜Ö’H˜ ÑÖÑ¨_»O W#∞ûe<£H˜
Hõ+=ì¨ ∞=Ù`«∞Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ =∞iO`« W#∞ûe<£ „ã¨qã¨∞OÎ k. nx`À áê@∞ LÑ¨C `«QQæÆ Í<Õ LÑ¨C#∞ xÅÉˇ@∞ì‰Ωõ <Õ
Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ J~Ú# Ô~x<£, POlÜ≥∂>ˇxû<£, PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£Å∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`å~Ú. Wq ‰õÄ_»
H˘=ÙfiÅ#∞ â’+≤OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ (Y~°∞Û KÕÜ«∞‰õΩO_®) Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎ~Ú. ^•O`À =∞#O u<Õ H˘=ÙfiÅHõ<åfl Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù
Ñï=∂}OÖ’ "å\˜x â’+≤OKÕ Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO â◊s~°OÖ’ `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞Ok. â◊s~° |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ Jk H˘=ÙfiÅ∞, =∂Oã¨Hõ$`«∞ÎÅ∞ Hõ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ~å‰õΩO_®
J_»∞Ñ¤ _¨ ∞» `«∞Ok. =∞~À"≥Ñ· Ù¨ W#∞ûe<£ Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ HÀ~°∞`«∞Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ Ñ¨Ù_»∞`«∞Ok.
â◊√nÌHiõ Oz# Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ uO\Ï~°∞. Jq =∞m§ W#∞ûe<£#∞ „¿Ñ~ˆ Ñ≤™êÎ~Ú. W^˘Hõ K«„HõOÖÏ ™êQÆ∞`«∞Ok.
JO`«∞ÖË‰õΩO_® ™êˆQ D K«„HõO z=~°‰õΩ T|HÍÜ«∂xH˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk.
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nx=Å¡ HõeˆQ =∞~À Ñ¨~°º=™ê#O JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`« U~°Ê_»_»O. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ „QÆOkèÃÑ·
„Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú ÃÇ·ÏáÈ ^è≥·~å~Ú_ç[O =ã¨∞ÎOk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ â◊s~°Ñ¨Ù r=„H˜Ü«∞Å
ˆ~@∞ (BMR) Ñ¨_çáÈ`«∞Ok. â◊s~°OÖ’, =ÚYºOQÍ JO`«~°æ`« J=Ü«∞"åÅÖ’ H˘=Ùfi xÅfi `ÕÅ∞`«∞Ok.
W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑiy |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. nx Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ ‰õÄ_» JO`«~°æ`« PHõe ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ (x~°˚bHõ~°}) #∞ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ Hõ}ÏÅ∞ ‰õÄ_»
_ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~Ú. ÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ =Ù#fl Hõ}ÏÅ Hõ<åfl Wq Z‰õΩ¯= â◊HÎ̃x HÀ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’
=Ù#fl â◊H˜Î `«‰õΩ¯=, _ç=∂O_»∞ Z‰õΩ¯= J=Ù`«∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ JO`«~°æ`« PHõe ÃÑiy Z‰õΩ¯= ÔHÅsÅ∞
fã¨∞HÀ"åeû =ã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ Wxfl ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ Ñ¨xKÕã≤ |~°∞=Ù#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`åÜ«∞O\Ï_»∞ _®II
*Ë"£∞û.
â◊s~°HõOQÍ [iˆQ D =∂~°∞ÊÅ Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ H˘O^ŒiÖ’ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O <Õ~°∞QÍ =ÙO_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û.
BMI (ÉÏ_ô=∂ãπ WO_≥H±û) Ö’ `Õ_® ~åHõáÈ=K«∞Û ÃÑ·H˜ ã¨#flQÍ<Õ Hõ#Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û. HÍh Ö’Ñ¨Å =∂„`«O H˘=Ùfi
ÃÑ~°QÆ∞`«∞Ok. (Thin on the outside and fat on the inside - TOFI). JO>Ë á⁄@ìÖ’ H˘=Ùfi (q[~°Öò á¶ê\ò)
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JO`«~°æ`« J=Ü«∞"åÅ (QÆ∞O_≥, TÑ≤iu`«∞ÎÅ∞) "≥∞@ÉÏeH± ã≤O„_À"£∞ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ =zÛ#
Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ #_»∞=Ú ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok, Ñ¨~°QÆ_»∞Ñ¨Ù ~°HõÎ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞, JkèHõ a.Ñ≤., JkèHõ ¢>ˇÿy¡[Ô~·_»∞¡ `«yæ# HDC
H˘Öˇ¢™êìÖò `«k`«~° ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ =™êÎ~Ú. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ QÆ∞O_≥[|∞ƒ, =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO, Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
D JO`«~°æ`« PHõe Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« H˘=Ùfi "≥∞@ÉÏe*Ïxfl ^≥|ƒfã¨∞ÎOk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ
u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ Jxfl ÔHÅsÅ∞ H˘=Ùfi Hõ}ÏÅÖ’H˜ KÕi, â◊H˜Î J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ‰õÄ_»
|Ü«∞\˜H˜ ~å‰õΩO_® xÅfi LO_çáÈ`å~Ú. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ Hõ}*ÏÅO `«y#
â◊H˜Î JO^ŒHõ W|ƒOk Ñ¨_»∞`«∂<Õ =ÙO@∞Ok. xÅfi L#fl â◊H˜Îx Y~°∞Û KÕÜ«∞ÖËx Ñïã≤÷u U~°Ê_»_»O =Å¡
âßs~°Hõ "åºÜ«∂=∞O ‰õÄ_» KÕÜ«∞|∞kú HÍ^Œ∞. ™ê¿ÑHõ∆OQÍ xâ◊ÛÅ`« KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩx "≥∞^Œ_»∞, â◊s~°O ÔHÅsÅ#∞
xÅfi KÕ¿ã "≥∂_£Ö’H˜ "≥àÏÎ~Ú. LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ Õ â◊HÎ˜ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«O `≥eã≤O^Õ–=∞iO`«QÍ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» .
LÑ¨C q"å^•Å∞ "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·# `˘e ^Œâ◊Ö’<Õ D JO`«~°æ`« PHõex QÆ∞iÎOz ã¨∂„fHõiOKå~°∞. ^•xfl
ã‘fiHõiOKÕ@Ñ¨Ê\˜H˜ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ìOk. „ÃÑ¶Oz #∂º~åÅlã¨∞ì Ü«∞O.*ˇ. ÉÏa<£ ã‘¯ nxH˜ ''ÃÇ·ÏáÈ^è•Åq∞H±
XÉËã≤\ ˜—— J#fl ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ 1900 ãÖIIÖ’ ÃÑ\Ïì_»∞. PHõex, ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Îx xÜ«∞O„uOKÕ "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x ÉèÏQÆO
(ÃÇ·ÏáÈ^è•Å=∞ãπ) ^≥|ƒ uO@∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ r=„H˜Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. JuQÍ
u#_»O, "ÕQÆOQÍ, x~°O`«~°OQÍ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«Å∞ nx Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ∞. #∂º~åÅl
qÉèÏQÆ _≥·Ô~Hõì~°∞ J~Ú ã‘ìÃÑ¶<£ "åÅì~ü ~å#û<£ 1940 Å Ö’<Õ nxfl ã¨∂„fHõiOKå_»∞. T|HÍÜ«∞=∞O>Ë
Hõ}ÏÅÖ’ ^•y =Ù#fl áêH˜∆Hõ PHõÖË (hidden cellular semistar vation) #<åfl_»∞. ~å#û<£ Jaè„áêÜ«∞OÖ’ D
Ñïã≤÷u ~å=_®xH˜ HÍ~°}O áÈ+¨HÍÅ H˘~°`«. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ â◊s~°O PÇ¨~åxfl ÃÑOK«=∞x HÀ~°∞`«∞Ok. âßs~°Hõ
Ñ¨x `«yæOK«_»O ^•fi~å â◊H˜Î Y~°∞Û#∞ `«yæOK«=∞O@∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«O |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»"Õ∞. nxH˜ 20 ãÖIIÅ
`«~åfi`« (1960 ÅÖ’) ZO_À¢ÔH·<åÅlã¨∞ì J~Ú# Z_çfi<£ Pãπì =Ù_£ D „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞‰õΩ ''WO@~°flÖò ™êìˆ~fi+¨<£——
J#fl ¿Ñ~°∞#∞ Y~å~°∞ KÕâß_»∞.
¿Ñ~°∞ U^≥`· <Õ OÕ . T|HÍÜ«∂xH˜ ~Ô O_»∞ q~°∞^Œú ÅHõ}∆ ÏÅ∞O\Ï~Ú. =∞iO`«QÍ u#_»O, „â◊=∞ ÖË‰Ωõ O_®
=ÙO_»_O» . D uHõ=∞Hõ ÃÑ>Ëì ã¨=∞ã¨ºÃÑ· T|HÍÜ«∞ xÑ¨Ù}∞Å∞, ZO_À¢HÔ <· åÅlã¨∞Åì ∞ =∞iO`« Ö’`≥#· J^èºŒ Ü«∞#O
KÕã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞. JuQÍ u#_»O =Å¡ H˘=Ùfi ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» ÖË^∞Œ – H˘=ÙfiQÍ `«Ü∂« ~°Ü∂« ºO QÆ#∞Hõ JuQÍ uO@∞<åfl~°O`Õ.
Ñïâ’^èŒ#Å∞ `ÕeÛ# =∞~˘Hõ JOâ◊O Uq∞@O>Ë a_»¤ QÆ~°ƒùOÖ’ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ `«e¡ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~°O
fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë P „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨Ù\ÏìHõ a_»¤ Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅÃÑ· Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. a_»¤ JO`«~°æ`« J=Ü«∞"åÅ K«∞@∂ì á⁄@ìÖ’
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H˘=Ùfi KÕ~°_»O, J™ê^è•~°} ÖˇÑ≤ì<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞, W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ Ñ¨Ù@ìQÍ<Õ =™êÎ~Ú. [O`«∞=ÙÅ#∞
Ñïje¿ãÎ nxH˜ P^è•~åÅ∞ ^˘iHÍ~Ú. x[OQÍ Pâ◊Û~°ºHõ~° Ñ¶ë`«O QÆ^•!
LÑ¨Ê\˜ x[O
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O HõeyOKÕ âßs~°Hõ =∂~°Êefl ÃÑ·# K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ<åflO. P~ÀQÆºHõ~°OQÍ, ã¨#flQÍ
=ÙO_Õ "åiÖ’ Ñ¨~°QÆ_»∞Ñ¨Ù# W#∞ûe<£ 5 Ü«¸x@∞¡ =ÙO_»_»O W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« Ñ¶ë`«"Õ∞. ™ê^è•~°}O
Hõ<åfl 10 #∞O_ç 50 âß`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Wk =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =ã¨∞ÎO^Œ#_®xH˜ ã¨∂K«#. T|HÍÜ«∞O, JkèHõ
a.Ñ≤. =Ù#fl"åà◊§‰õΩ 1, 2 "å~åÅ áê@∞ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ~°yOk. LÑ¨C#∞
XHõ "≥∂ã¨Î~°∞QÍ (~ÀA‰õΩ 2 „QÍ.) `«yæOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ‰õÄ_» W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõxÑ≤OzOk. "å~°Oáê@∞
LÑ¨C#∞ ÉÏQÍ `«yæOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ (460 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O) á¶êã≤ìOQ∑ W#∞ûe<£`À áê@∞ á¶êã≤ìOQ∑ „@Ü«∂ã≤Öò
y¡[~åÖò, áê¡™ê‡ á¶ê\˜ Ü«∂ã≤_»∞¡, PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£, Ô~x<£ – Jhfl ÃÑiQÍ~Ú.
fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ ÔHÅsÅÖ’ =∂~°∞ÊÖË#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© ÃÑiy# W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ H˘=Ùfi _çáêl@¡#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú.
~°HõÎOÖ’ á¶ê\© P=∂¡Å ™êO„^Œ`« ÃÑiy ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ‰õΩ #+¨ìO KÕã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ `«ˆQæ ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°}
e=~üH˜ ‰õÄ_» ~°HÎõ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å#∞ `«yãæ ∞¨ OÎ k. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ W#∞ûe<£#∞ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÃÑ>Ëì ™ê=∞~°ºú O e=~ü‰Ωõ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok.
^•x Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ<Õ W#∞ûe<£ ÃÑiy Hõ#Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C ÃÑOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ZO`À "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ HõxÊã¨∞ÎOk. ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ#∞ "≥_»Å∞Ê (dilation) KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
LÑ¨C `«yOæ z#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ~°H<Îõ åàÏÅ∞ ãÖHÀz™êÎ~Ú. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ HõO_»~åÅ‰õΩ QÆ∂H¡ ÀA#∞ „QÆÇÏ≤ OKÕ â◊HÎ˜ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok.
Jkè H õ W#∞ûe<£ n~° … H ÍÅO H˘#™êQÆ _ » O =Å¡ H˘=Ùfi xÅfiÅ∞ ÃÑ~° ∞ QÆ ∞ `å~Ú. WOHÀ ~° H õ O QÍ
K≥áêÊÅO>Ë–^•~°∞Öˇ<Àfl. QÆ=∞ºO XHõ>Ë. H˘=Ùfi ÃÑ~°QÆ_»"Õ∞.
D q+¨Ü«∂Å#∞ ~°∞A=Ù Ñ¨~°KÕ H˘xfl J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ#∞ ¿Ñ~˘¯<åfl_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. g\˜ #∞O_ç
QÆ=∞xOKåeûOk U=∞O>Ë LÑ¨C =∞# â◊s~° Hõ}ÏÅ QÆ∂¡HÀA „QÍÇ¨ÏHõ ™ê=∞~åúºxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok. H˘=Ùfi
Hõ}*ÏÅOÖ’#∞, HõO_»~åÅÖ’#∞ ‰õÄ_» WO^Œ∞‰õΩ `À_»Ê_Õ GLUT4 „á⁄\©<£ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. ~°HõÎO #∞O_ç
QÆ∂¡HÀA#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ f¿ã D „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O =Å¡ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» `«yæáÈ`å~Ú. ~°HõÎ <åàÏÅÃÑ· JkèHõ
QÆ∂¡HÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ HõeyOKÕ #ëêìxfl JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O x"åiã¨∞ÎOk. JÅÊ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O W#∞ûe<£
ãÖHˆ `åÅ#∞ ^≥|ƒfã¨∞OÎ _»QÍ JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O W#∞ûe<£ ãÖHˆ `åefl "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~∞° ã¨∞OÎ k. LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«}ÃÑ·
[iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÖ’¡ QÆ∂¡HÀA, eÑ≤_£ "≥∞@ÉÏe*ÏÅÃÑ· =ºuˆ~Hõ Ñ¶ë`åÅ∞#fl@∞¡ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿOk. [O`«∞=ÙÅÃÑ·
[iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~°O =Å¡ "å\˜ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O`À áê@∞, ÉÏ# Hõ_»∞Ñ¨Ù
=zÛOk. ~°HõÎ QÆ∂¡HÀA, áê¡™ê‡ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. e=~ü (HÍÖËÜ«∞O) Ö’#∞, HõO_»~° Hõ}ÏÖ’¡#∞
W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑiyOk.
™ê^è•~°} LÑ¨C "å_»HõO`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ á¶ê\© e=~ü =KÕÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ (<å<£
PÅ¯Ç¨eH© á¶ê\˜ e=~ü _çã‘ãπ – NAFLD ) ^•ifã≤#@∞¡ ã¨Ê+¨ì"≥∞ÿOk. JO`ÕHÍ^Œ∞ J_çáÈãπ HõO_»~åÖ’¡
HÔ ÅsÅ#∞ Y~°∞Û KÕ¿ã =∞Oz H˘=Ùfi#∞ H©}∆ O˜ Ñ¨ KÕã∞¨ OÎ k. r=„H˜Ü∞« Å ~ˆ @∞#∞ `«yOæ z, "å~°Hú Íºxfl `«fii`«Ñ~¨ z° #@∞¡
‰õÄ_» `ÕeOk.
T|HÍÜ«ÚÅ<ÕHõ =∞Ok |~°∞=Ù `«QÆæ_®xH˜ Ñ≤O_ç Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ HõuÎi™êÎ~°∞. JO>Ë H©\’ PÇ¨~åxfl
ZOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. â◊s~°OÖ’ [iˆQ H©\’ã≤ãπ Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ LÑ¨C qã¨~°˚# ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Z‰õΩ¯= =∞Ok "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞
nxfl J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀHõ LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞x ã¨∂z™êÎ~°∞. nx=Å¡ #+¨ìO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ö’HÍ~üƒ PÇ¨~åÅ∞
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fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ "å~°OÖ’ ~ÀA‰õΩ 2 „QÍ=ÚÅ∞, Ô~O_À "å~°OÖ’ ~ÀA‰õΩ 1 „QÍ. LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ
fã¨∞HÀ"åÅO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
LÑ¨C ÃÑOz# PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ W#∞ûe<£ ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÖ’¡ Wk ~°∞A"≥·Ok.
=∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅÖ’ nx „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÑïjeOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ W#∞ûe<£ ã¨ÊO^Œ~° "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·Ok. JO^Œ∞ˆH =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO,
JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. LÑ¨C ã¨∞xfl`«OQÍ LO_Õ"åà◊§‰õΩ JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~°O "Õ∞Å∞ KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
`«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ â◊s~°OÖ’x H˘=Ùfi Hõ}ÏÅÖ’ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ #« ∞ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ
~°HõÎOÖ’ QÆ∂¡HÀA, PH©ûHõ~°} =uÎ_ç, "åÑ¨Ù, ^èŒ=∞#∞Å∞ ^≥|ƒu#_»O, g\˜ Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ =∞iO`«QÍ W#∞ûe<£
x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JO`«~°æ`« PHõe Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ ãÖÉèíqOKÕ q+¨ K«„HõOQÍ nxfl K≥Ñ¨Ê=K«∞Û.
LÑ¨C#∞ |Ü«∞@‰õΩ ÑÖ¿Ñ =¸„`«HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ (divretics) W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«#∞ ÃÑOz =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO
=KÕÛO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ¨_»`åÜ«∞#fl q+¨Ü«∞O =∞# "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ‰õΩ J<ÕHõ ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞QÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù =Å¡
HõeˆQ Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÖË =¸„`«HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å =Å¡ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. ÃÑ·# K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl "å\˜ ™ê~åOâßxfl WÖÏ
‰õΩ¡Ñ‘ÎHõiOK«=K«∞Û.
● W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ ,« JkèHõ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ~Ô O_»∂ LÑ¨C `«yOæ Ñ¨Ù =Å¡ â◊s~°OÃÑ· HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åÅ∞.
● LÑ¨C#∞ xÅfi LOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ_¨ ÖÕ Ï H˜_flô Å∞ LÑ¨C Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+¨} (reabsorb) KÕã∞¨ HÀ=_»OÖ’ W#∞ûe<£
ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok.
● W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°QÆ_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ JO`«~°æ`« PHõeH˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk.
● Jã≤÷ ÑÖ[~° HõO_»~åÅ∞, H˘=Ùfi Hõ}ÏÅ∞ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èHŒ `õ #« ∞ ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. ~°HOÎõ Ö’ QÆ∂H¡ ÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞
Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú ÃÇ·ÏáÈ ÔQ¡Âã‘q∞Ü«∂ ~å‰õΩO_®, JkèHõ W#∞ûe<£ ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ x"åiOKÕO^Œ∞ˆH JÖÏ KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
● JkèHõ QÆ∂H¡ ÀA, H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ ~°HOÎõ Ö’ LO_»_O» =Å¡ ~°H<Îõ åàÏÅ#∞ ^≥|ƒf™êÎ~Ú. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ Jq xÅfi
LO_®eû# H˘=Ùfi Hõ}*ÏÅOÖ’ HÍ‰õΩO_® JO`«~°æ`« J=Ü«∞"åÅ K«∞@∂ì ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú.
● J^Œ#OQÍ u<Õ |^Œ∞Å∞ =∞s ã¨fiÅÊOQÍ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ D J#=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ, ã¨fiÜ«∞O ã¨=∞~°úHõ,
#+¨^ì •Ü«∞Hõ P~ÀQÆº ™êÖˇQÆ∂_»∞Ö’H˜ „Ñ¨"Õtã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞.
nx #∞O_ç ZÑ¨Ù_≥·<å |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ~å=_®xH˜ =∂~°æO LÑ¨C u#_»"Õ∞. LÑ¨C u#_»O =Å¡ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞
u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ ‰õÄ_» `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. â◊s~° „^Œ"åÅ∞ ã¨=∞`«∞Å#OÖ’ =ÙO_ç r=„H˜Ü«∞Å∞ ãïQÍ [iˆQO^Œ∞‰õΩ
LÑ¨C `À_»Ê_»∞`«∞Ok.
D ãÖ|O^èŒOÖ’ ÑÖK«^•~°
JO`«~°æ`« PHõex x"åiOK«_®xH˜ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=O ZO`« J=ã¨~°"≥∂ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ =kÖËÜ«∞_»O

JO`«Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= J=ã¨~°O. ÑÖK«^•~° =Å¡ ÔHÅsÅ∞ |~°∞=Ù#∞ ÃÑOz P~ÀQÍºxfl ^≥|ƒf™êÎÜ«∞x =∞#‰õΩ
`≥Å∞ã¨∞. W`«~° ~°HÍÅ ÔHÅsÅ Hõ<åfl ÑÖK«^•~° #∞O_ç =KÕÛ ÔHÅsÅ∞ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«#∞, H˘=Ùfi xÅfiÅ#∞
L`ÕÎ[Ñ¨~°∞™êÎ~Ú.
„Ñ¨`ºÕ HÕz „Ñ¶H¨ ÀìA =Å¡ (ÑÖK«^•~°Ö’ ã¨QOÆ ã¨∞„HÀA ã¨QOÆ „Ñ¶H¨ ÀìA ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ =ÙO@∞Ok) HÍÖËÜ∞« OÖ’
H˘=Ùfi ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. D H©ÅHõ J=Ü«∞=OÖ’ ÃÑiˆQ W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« =Å¡ â◊s~°=∞O`«\ ˜Ö’ x~À^èŒHõ`«
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. JkèHõ „Ñ¶¨HÀìA J_ç™Èãπ HõO_»~åÅ H˘=Ùfi xÅfi ™ê=∞~åúºxfl ‰õÄ_» ^≥|ƒfã¨∞ÎOk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ P
H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥, áêO„H˜Ü«∂ãπ, e=~üÅ Ö’Ñ¨Å K«∞@∂ì ¿Ñ~°∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. n~°…HÍeHõOQÍ "åÑ¨Ù#∞, PH©ûHõ~°}
40
=uÎ_çx, WOHÍ W`«~° „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ#∞ ‰õÄ_» „Ñ¶¨HÀìA Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk. Hõ}OÖ’x â◊H˜Î ˆHO„^Œ"≥∞ÿ#
"≥∞ÿ\’ HÍO„_çÜ«∂#∞ ^≥|ƒfÜ«∞_»O =Å¡, PÇ¨~°O r~°‚O HÍQÍ<Õ `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º ATP x ^≥|ƒfã¨∞ÎOk ~°HõÎOÖ’
ÃÑiˆQ QÆ∂H¡ ÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Hõ}ÏÅÖ’x h\˜x ‰õÄ_» |Ü«∞@‰õΩ ÖÏQÆ_O» =Å¡ Hõ}ÏÅ∞ _ôÃÇÏ· „_Õ+<¨ ‰£ Ωõ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~Ú.
Hõ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç h~°∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =zÛ ~°HõÎOÖ’ KÕ~°_»O =Å¡ ~°HõÎOÖ’ LÑ¨C ™ê÷~Ú `«yæáÈ`«∞Ok.
™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ JkèHõ ÑÖK«^•~° PÇ¨~°O ~°HõÎO Ñ¨Å∞K«|_»_»O =Å¡ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~åxfl Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk.
nxfl J~°O÷ KÕã∞¨ ‰õΩO>Ë LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ZO`« J=ã¨~"° ∂≥ QÆ∞iÎ™êÎO. LÑ¨C#∞ `«Q∞Æ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë
ÑÖK«^•~° u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ HõÅQÆ‰õΩO_® PQÆ∞`«∞Ok.
=¸„`«HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å`À =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO

^•"Õ J<Õ PÜ«∞# i>ˇÿ~°~Ú# <Õg JkèHÍi. JkèHõ a.Ñ≤., =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO,
T|á⁄@ì`À =ÙO_»_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ W\©=ÖË H˜_ôfl "≥·Ñ¶¨ÅºO‰õÄ_» "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·Ok. LÑ¨C#∞,
h\˜x â◊s~°O #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@‰õΩ ÑÖÑ¨_»O ^•fi~å a.Ñ≤.x `«yæOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ PÜ«∞#
KåÖÏ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ =¸„`«HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ "å_»∞`«∞<åfl_»∞. P =∞O^Œ∞Å =Å¡
~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ Ñï=∂}O H©∆}Õz ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} ÉÏQÍ `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅ Ñ¨x`«#O
^≥|ƒuOk. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ LÑ¨C#∞ xÅÉˇ>Ëì Ç¨~À‡<£Å∞ L`ÕÎl`«=∞Ü«∂º~Ú. PÇ¨~°O
^•fi~å PÜ«∞# fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù â’+¨} [~°QÆ_»O =Å¡ J`«x W#∞ûe<£
™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. r=„H˜Ü«∞Å∞ <≥=∞‡kOKå~Ú. JO`«~°æ`« PHõe ÅHõ∆}ÏÅhfl
=KåÛ~Ú.
PÜ« ∞ # =¸„ ` « H Íi =∞O^Œ ∞ Å∞ xeÑ≤ " Õ â ß_» ∞ . J`« x P~ÀQÆ º O
"≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨__» ®xH˜ D XHõ¯ K«~ˆ º ãïáÈÖË^∞Œ . ^•O`À _®Hõ~ì ∞° JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åefl
Ö’ HÍ~üƒ PÇ¨~åefl fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl_»∞. 4 <≥ÅÅ `«~åfi`« H˜_flô Ñ¨x`«#O "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨_Oç k.
ÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ ÃÑiyOk. 6 H˜Ö’Å |~°∞=Ù `«QÍæ_»∞ (H˘=Ùfi). JO`«~°æ`« PHõe #∞O_ç
|Ü«∞@Ñ¨_ç "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# P~ÀQÆºO á⁄O^•_»∞.
41
J^è•Ü«∞ºO – VI
LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù Ñ¨~°º=™ê#O – ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨#O ÃÑ~°QÆ_»"Õ∞
J<åk ~°∞K«∞Öˇ·# J~ÚkO\˜Ö’ (fÑ≤, Ñ¨ÙÅ∞Ñ¨Ù, KÕ^Œ∞, =QÆ~°∞, LÑ¨Ê^Œ#O) LÑ¨Ê^Œ#O XHõ@x
=∞#‰õΩ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. PÇ¨~åÅ‰õΩ ~°∞z `Õ=_»O`À áê@∞ =∞# P~ÀQÍºxH˜ Wk ZO`« H©ÅHõ"≥∂ K«∂ã¨∞Î<åflO.
^è~Œ å‡ g∞@~°∞ ÖÏO\˜ Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO =ÙO_»_O» =Å¡ LÑ¨C ZO`« "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ"åÖ’ â◊s~°"∞Õ K≥ÑÙ¨ `«∞Ok.
âßs~°HõOQÍ J=ã¨~°Ñ¨_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ =∞~˘H˜ã¨Ì u#=∞x ãÖˆH`åeã¨∞ÎOk. Z‰õΩ¯"≥·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ `«yæOK«=∞x
‰õÄ_» K≥|∞`«∞Ok. JO`«ifli‡`«"∞≥ #ÿ =º=ã¨÷ â◊s~°OÖ’ =Ù#flO^Œ∞ =Å¡ â◊s~°OÖ’ „^Œ"åÅ∞ – LÑ¨C – ZÅ¢H˘ìÖ\·ˇ òÅ
ã¨=∞`å ã≤÷ux J^Õ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. „Ñ¨`ÕºHÕz =∞#O *Ï„QÆ`«Î fã¨∞HÀ#Hõ¯~°ÖË^ŒO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
ÑÖK«^•~° nxH˜ Ñ¨ÓiÎQÍ aè#flO. LÑ¨C ZO`« J=ã¨~"° ∂≥ =∞# â◊s~°"∞Õ K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. ÑÖK«^•~°
=∂#ã≤Hõ HÀiHõÅ =Å¡, H˘O^ŒiÖ’ Wk =ºã¨#OÖÏ ‰õÄ_® – u<åÅxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. ~°HõÎ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ `«QÆæ_»O ÖÏO\˜
Éè∫uHõ J=ã¨~åÅ s`åº ‰õÄ_® u<åeû ~å=K«∞Û. LÑ¨CÖÏQÍ ÑÖK«^•~° âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~°O U =∂„`«=¸
HÍ^Œ∞. Jã¨Å∞ ÑÖK«^•~° ÖË‰õΩO_® =∞#QÆÅQÆ=K«∞Û. LÑ¨Ck <≥QÆ\ ˜"£ Ñ¶‘_£ ÉÏH± ã≤ã¨ìO (Ñïã≤÷ux |\˜ì
â◊s~°"∞Õ `«yOæ K«∞H˘=∞‡O@∞Ok). ÑÖK«^•~°k áêl\˜"£ Ñ¶_‘ £ ÉÏH± ã≤ãOì̈ (u<Õ H˘nÌ =∞iO`« u<åÅxÑ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k.
^•O`À uO@∂ áÈ`å~°∞). LÑ¨C âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ`Õ ÑÖK«^•~° =∞#O HõeÊOK«∞‰õΩ#fl J=ã¨~°O.
PÜ«Ú^•ÌÜ«∂xfl `«yæOKÕ, #+¨ìÑ¨~°KÕ =ºã¨#O. â◊s~°O K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ q#_»O ^•fi~å =∞#efl =∞#O
ÉÏQÆ∞Ñ¨~°K«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl P~ÀQÍºxfl ~°H˜∆OKÕ, „áê}Ïefl HÍáê_Õ ã¨fiÉèÏ=O =Å¡ ^•xfl =∞# J=ã¨~åxfl
|\˜ì fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
LÑ¨C‰õΩ =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°KÕ QÆ∞}=ÚO^•?
LÑ¨C =∞Oz ~°∞zxã¨∞ÎOk, u#_»O ^•fi~å â◊s~åÅ∞ `«$Ñ≤ÎÑ¨_»`å~Ú. J=ã¨~°O L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C
u<åÅxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C ~°∞z Ñ¨@¡ ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
H˘kÌQÍ LÑ¨C `«ye<å =∞iO`« LÑ¨ÊQÍ JxÑ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k. LÑ¨C "åã¨#‰õΩ â◊s~°O ã¨ÊOkã¨∞OÎ k. LÑ¨C `«‰Ωõ ¯"≥#· Ñ¨Ù_»∞
^•xfl QÆ∞iÎOz fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ`Õ K«xáÈ`å~°∞ ‰õÄ_». HÀ@¡ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ∞QÍ J<ÕHõ r= *Ï`«∞Å∞ LÑ¨C#∞ "≥`∞« ‰õΩ¯<Õ
â◊H˜Îx ãÖ`«iOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl~Ú. Ñ¨^•~°úO LÑ¨ÊQÍ `«yeO^ŒO>Ë â◊s~åxH˜ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°=∞x QÆ∞iÎOKåe. JuQÍ
u##Hõ¯~°ÖË^Œ∞. JÅ"å@∞ H˘nÌ PÇ¨~åÅ‰õΩ LÑ¨C HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩO>Ë <åÅ∞HõÃÑ· =ÙO_Õ >Ëãπì |_£û P ™ê÷~ÚH˜
JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_»`å~Ú. LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞ ÃÑiy`Õ H˜_ôflÅ∞ "≥#H˜¯ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "≥∂`å^Œ∞#∞ `«yæ™êÎ~Ú. Ç¨x Ug∞
LO_»^Œ∞. #+¨ìO LO_»^Œ∞. WÑ¨Ê\˜H© =∞#O K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ J^Œ#OQÍ u<Õ LÑ¨C n~°…HÍÅOÖ’ P~ÀQÍºxH˜
`À_»Ê_»∞`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C u<åÅx h‰õΩ JxÑ≤OzO^ŒO>Ë JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ „^Œ"åÅ∞ – LÑ¨C – ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·\òÅ ÉÏÅ#∞û
`«ÑÊ≤ #@∞¡. HÔ Ñ¶<≤ £ =Å¡ ™È_çÜ∞« O qã¨~#°̊ QÆ∞}O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ Jaè~∞° z ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
42
LÑ¨C`À âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~°O =Ù#fl@∞¡. ÉÏQÍ P@ÖÏ_ç, "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã"åà◊§‰õΩ XHõ QÆO@Ö’<Õ 2 „QÍ.
™È_çÜ«∞O HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞. D #ëêìxfl Ñ¨Ó_»Û_®xH˜ "åiH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
W^ŒO`å x~åú~°} J~Ú# âßG"Õ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ LÑ¨C =ºã¨#O QÆ∞iOz# „Éèí=∞ =∞#`À WOHÍ
™êQÆ∞`«∞#fl@∞¡? LÑ¨C#∞ `«ÑÊ¨ x J=ã¨~O° QÍ#∞, „áê} ~°H}
∆õ â◊HQÎ˜ Í#∞, K«∂_»_O» "≥Ú^ŒÖ`·ˇ Õ „Éè=í ∞Å∞ áÈ`å~Ú.
ã‘fiÜ«∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Îx á⁄O^ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞Ñ¨_ç`Õ ^•<˘flHõ áÈ+¨HõOQÍ QÆ∞iÎ™êÎ=Ú.
LÑ¨C =∞™êÖÏÅ *Ïa`åÖ’ ZÑ¨C_»∞ KÕiOk?
ZO. ÖÏÑ≤‰õΩº ™ê÷xHõ J„Ñ¶≤Hõ#¡ LÑ¨C JÅ"å@¡#∞ JOQÀx lÖÏ¡Ö’ J^èŒºÜ«∞#O KÕâß_»∞. 1896 Ö’
PÜ«∞# `˘e™êiQÍ q∞iÜ«∂Å∞, HÍ~°Oá⁄_ç, HÍÑ≤ûHõO =O\˜ á⁄@ìÖ’ PHõe HõeyOKÕ =∞™êÖÏ k#∞ã¨∞Å
*Ïa`åÖ’H˜ LÑ¨C#∞ KÕ~åÛ_»∞. ™ê÷xHõOQÍ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= u<Õ JÅ"å@∞#fl „Ñ¨[Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C ~°∞z K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
^•x "å_»HõO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ñ¨Kå~°‰õΩ_≥·# „QÍÇ¨ÏO "≥∞H± „yQÀ~ü LÑ¨C#∞ Hõx+¨ì ™ê÷~Ú
=ºã¨#OQÍ K≥áêÊ_»∞. 1977 PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ‰õΩ "≥#∞Hõ L#fl"åà◊√§ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C‰õΩ =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°KÕ QÆ∞}O
=ÙO^Œ<åfl~°∞.
g~°O`å LÑ¨C#∞ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# PÇ¨~°OQÍ QÍHõ Ñï=∞àÏxfl ÃÑOK =∞™êÖÏ k#∞ã¨∞ÖÏˆQ K«∂âß~°∞.
LÑ¨C#∞ `«‰õΩ¯= u#_»O JÅ"å@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_»`å=∞x, J^Œ#OQÍ u#_»O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ_ç`Õ ^•xˆH
JÅ"å@∞Ñ¨_»`å=∞<åfl~°∞. LÑ¨C =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ñ¨Kå~°‰õΩÅ‰õΩ W^˘Hõ J=ã¨~°OQÍ Hõ#Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. U âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞
P^è•~åÅÃÑ·<å "å~°∞ P^è•~°Ñ¨_»ÖË^Œ∞. âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~åxfl |\˜ì ^•Ç¨ÏO ZÖÏ "Õã¨∞ÎO^À LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ HÀiHõ
‰õÄ_» JÖÏO\˜^Õ. ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ K≥=∞@áÈ`«∞Ok QÆ#∞Hõ Z‰õΩ¯= hà◊√§ `åQÆ∞`åO. K«eHÍÅOÖ’ `«yæ™êÎO.
^•Ç¨ÏO K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ h~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO\ÏO. LÑ¨C‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» W^Õ áÈeHõ =iÎã¨∞ÎOk.
xÑ¨Ù}∞Å Hõ<åfl â◊s~åxH˜ ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°"≥∂ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ^ŒÑ≤ÊHõ J=Ù`«∞<åfl hà◊√§ `åQÆ=^ŒÌO>Ë
ZÖÏ LO@∞O^À LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ Hõey#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^•xfl xÜ«∞O„uOK«_»O JÖÏ =ÙO@∞Ok.
LÑ¨C `«yæOKåÅ#fl `«Ñ¨C_»∞ PÖ’K«# Z‰õ¯_» "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ·#@∞¡? PÅ¯Ç¨Öò, á⁄QÍ‰õΩ, HÍÑ¶‘Å‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞
Ñ¨_»¤>Ë¡ LÑ¨C ‰õÄ_» JÅ"å>Ë#x H˘O^Œ~°∞ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ J<åfl~°∞. HÍx Wk x[O HÍ^Œ∞. LÑ¨C ¿ãfiK«ÛùQÍ
ÅÉèíº"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ‰õÄ_» [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ HÍh, =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ QÍh J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞~°ˆH fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°O\Ï_»∞ _®II
*Ë"£∞û. =∞#‰õΩ `≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_®<Õ â◊s~°OÖ’ JO`«ifli‡`«"≥∞ÿ# g∞@~°∞ nxfl xÜ«∞O„uã¨∞ÎOk.
XO>ˇÅ∞ `«=∞ =¸Ñ¨Ù~°OÖ’ H˘=ÙfiÅ∞ xÅfi KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl>Ë¡ =∞# â◊s~°OÖ’ K«~°‡O LÑ¨C#∞ xÅfi
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ Ç¨~À‡<£ D xÅfi‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^Œ Ñ¨_»∞`«∞O_»QÍ HÍiì™ÈÖò Ç¨~À‡#∞ P xÅfiefl
H©∆}ÕÑ¨ *Ëã¨∞ÎOk. rq`« Ñ¨~°ºO`«=¸ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ `«yæ ã¨=¸Ç¨Å „Ñ¨[Å∞ LÑ¨C ^˘~°HõQÍ<Õ
J^Œ#OQÍ uO\Ï~°∞. JÑ¨Ù_»∞ K«~‡° OÖ’ xÅfiKÕÜ∂« eû# J=ã¨~O° `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok. WÖÏO\˜ ãÖ^Œ~ƒ° Où Ö’ ~À[~°∞‰õΩ
8 #∞O_ç 10 „QÍ=ÚÅ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ K≥Ñ¨CHÀ"åÅO>Ë `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞
Ñ¨_»¤"åà◊√§ ^˘iH˜#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ J^Œ#OQÍ uO\Ï~°∞ `«Ñ¨Ê =ºã¨#OÖÏQÍ HÍ^Œ∞. âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~åÅHõ#∞QÆ∞}OQÍ<Õ
Wk LO@∞Ok. `«y#O`« JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜ =zÛ# HÍ~°}OQÍ ^•K«∞‰õΩ<Õ xÅfiÅ#∞ =kÖËã≤ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#@∞¡
uO\Ï~°∞.
™ê^è•~°} LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ â◊s~°OÃÑ· =uÎ_çx ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú.
LÑ¨C `«yæ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^•xfl xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ<Õ Ç¨~À‡#∞¡ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =™êÎ~Ú. LÑ¨C `«y#O`« ^˘iH˜#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~°O D
=uÎ_ç #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. H˜_ôflÅ ^•fi~å Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+≤OK«∞HÀ"åeû# J=ã¨~°O LO_»^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞=Å¡
â◊s~°OÖ’ JO`«ifli‡`«"≥∞ÿ# Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ã¨=∞ã¨º =ÙO_»^Œ∞.
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`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ P^Œ~°≈=O`«"≥∞ÿ#=x K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O HÀãÖ H˘O^Œ~°∞ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨CˆH JÅ"å@∞
Ñ¨_∞» `«∞<åfl~°∞ QÆ^• Jx K«∂Ñ¨Ù`«∞<åfl~°∞. D ã≤^•úO`åxH˜ ~°∞A=Ù ÖË^∞Œ . H˘O^Œ~∞° `«=∞ "Õ∞Å∞ [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx
ÉèÏqOz JÖÏ `«yæOK«∞‰õΩO@∞<åfl~°∞. WÖÏO\˜ "åiÖ’ H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì =ÙOK«_®xH˜ JÅ"å@∞
Ñ¨_»`å~Ú. WÖÏ `«yæOK«∞HÀ QÆeˆQk ‰õÄ_» 25 âß`«O Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= =∞O^Õ. D LÑ¨C x~À^èŒO =Å¡ â◊s~°O
`«# â◊H˜Î#O`«\ ˜h ‰õÄ_»QÆ@∞ì‰õΩx =uÎ_çx Z^Œ∞~À¯"åeû =ã¨∞ÎOk. Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C u<Õ"åà◊√§ `«=∞‰õΩ
`≥eÜ«∞‰õΩO_®<Õ ~°HõÎÑ¨Ù Ñï=∂}Ïxfl QÆi+¨ìOQÍ xÅÉˇ@∞ì‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. ZHõ¯_≥·<å Ô~™êìÔ~O\òÅ Éè’[# >Ë|∞à◊§ÃÑ·
Z=Ô~·<å LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ =_ç¤OK«∞HÀ=_»O =∞# HõO@Ñ¨_ç`Õ ^•xfl `«Ñ¨CQÍ J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ#Hõ¯~° ÖË^Œ∞. "åà◊§
â◊s~åÅ∞ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C#∞ HÀ~°∞`«∞<åflÜ«∞#∞HÀ"åe.
g∞ â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C H©∆}˜¿ãÎ ^•xfl ZÖÏ `≥Å∞ã¨∞HÀ"åe? JO`«Hõ<åfl =ÚYºOQÍ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ^•xfl
uiy á⁄O^Œ=∞<ÕÖÏ â◊s~°O ZÖÏ =uÎ_ç KÕã¨∞ÎOk?
LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ "≥#∞Hõ pHõ\ ˜ HÀ}O
`«yæ# LÑ¨C#∞ uiy fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~°O KåÖÏ ™œHõ~°º=O`«OQÍ#∂, "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x i"å~°∞¤ ã≤ã¨ìO
Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨∞xfl`«OQÍ ã¨ÊOkOz LÑ¨C#∞ P#O^ŒOQÍ u<ÕÖÏ „áÈ`«ûÇ≤Ïã¨∞ÎOk. D ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO LÑ¨C H©∆}`«
Hõey#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =ã¨∞OÎ k. Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ u<åÅ#fl PHÍOHõ∆ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C H©}∆ `« =∞iO`«QÍ LÑ¨C#∞ W+¨Ñì _¨ ÖÕ Ï
KÕã∞¨ OÎ k. 10 HÀ@¡ ãÖ=`«û~åÅ Ñï}Ï=∂ÅÖ’ r= *Ï`«∞ÅxflO\˜Ö’#∞ D Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO Jaè=$kú K≥OkOk.
=∂#= *ÏuÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C H˘~°`« U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^•xfl f~°∞Û‰õΩ<ÕÖÏ "≥∞^Œ_»∞, â◊s~åÖ’¡ „Ñü ã¨ÊO^Œ#Å∞
Hõey LO_»HõáÈ`Õ ZÑ¨Ù_»∞ *Ï`Õ JO`«iOz =ÙO_Õk.
nxH˜ Ô~O_À "≥·Ñ¨Ù K«∂¿ãÎ LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOz#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ [iˆQ „Ñüã¨ÊO^Œ#Å∞ =∞iO`«
LÑ¨C#∞ u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ`À áê@∞ W`«~° =ºã¨<åÅ "≥·Ñ¨Ù "≥ÚˆQæÖÏ KÕ™êÎ~Ú. "Õ\ ˜x uO>Ë "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x i"å~°∞¤
ã≤ã¨ìO `«$Ñ≤Î á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl "≥`«∞‰õΩÖÏ@ "≥Ú^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok. â◊√nÌHõiOz# ÑÖK«^•~°, =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å "≥·Ñ¨Ù
ã¨ÊOkã¨∞ÎOk.
LÑ¨C ÃÑOz fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ 'LÑ¨C =ºã¨#O— HõÅQÆ_»O ÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„uOz#O^Œ∞ =Å¡
â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C H©∆}`« ~å=_»O =Å¡ ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î ˆHO„^ŒO (i"å~°∞¤ ÃãO@~°∞) Ö’
=∂~° ∞ ûÅ‰õ Ω ^•ifã¨ ∞ Î O k. "≥ ∞ ^Œ _ » ∞ Ö’x P#O^Œ O á⁄O^Õ Hõ } *ÏÅÖ’ x~å‡}Ï`« ‡ Hõ =∂~° ∞ ÊÅ∞
KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_»¤Ñ¨Ù_»∞ KÀ@∞KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ ÖÏO\˜ =∂~°∞ÊÖË LÑ¨C H©∆}`«
=Å¡ "å™êÎ~Ú. LÑ¨C ^˘~°HõHõáÈ`Õ W`«~° =ºã¨# Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ P ™ê÷<åxfl P„Hõq∞™êÎ~Ú.
Wk Pâ◊Û~°ºOQÍ LO@∞Ok. LÑ¨C H©∆}`« [iy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C HÀãÖ HõeˆQ PHõe Ç¨Ï^Œ∞ÌÅ∞ ^•\˜
â◊√nÌHõiOz# ÑÖK«^•~°, =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å "≥·Ñ¨Ù ^•ifã¨∞ÎO^• J#fl „Ñ¨â◊fl‰õΩ ã¨=∂^è•#O "≥uH˜`Õ âßG
™êÇ≤Ï`«ºOÖ’ nxH˜ ™êH∆ÍºÅ∞ ^˘iHÍÜ«∞O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`«#∞ H˘ÔH·<£#∞
áÈe# =∞O^Œ∞ POÃÑ¶@q∞<£`À „HÍãπ Ããxû>ˇÿ*ò HÍ=_»O QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. „HÍãπ Ããxû>ˇÿ*Ë+¨<£ J<Õ „Ñ¨„H˜Ü«∞#∞
K≥_»∞ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=Ñ¨Ù f„=`«#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok. =∞#O K«iÛOKÕ ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`« ^•xHõ^Õ =∞`«∞Î Ñ¨^•~°úOÖÏQÆ
Ñ¨xKÕã∞¨ OÎ ^Œ#fl =∂@. W`«~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åxfl f„=`«~O° KÕã∞¨ OÎ ^Œ#fl =∂@. á¶Èi¡ _® Ü«¸x=iû\©
"≥∞_çHõÖò HÍÖËl 2009 Ö’ [iÑ≤# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x <å_ô =º=ã¨÷ÃÑ· Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã D „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ#∞
K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. LÑ¨C‰õΩ#fl =ºã¨#Ñ¨~° ÅHõ∆}O QÆ∞iOz# ã≤^•úO`«OÃÑ· [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O Wk. LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞
"≥∞^Œ_»∞ÃÑ· HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞efl áÈe =ÙO@∞O^Œ#flk ã≤^•úO`«O. "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x „QÍÇ¨ÏHÍÅÃÑ·
ãÖ`«$Ñ≤HÎ ~õ ° ÉèÏ=#Å∞ HõeyOK«_O» =Å¡ LÑ¨C ^˘~°H#õ Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ^•xHÀãÖ `«$+¨‚ (f„="≥∞#ÿ HÀiHõ) HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œx
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D ã≤^•úO`«O K≥|∞`«∞Ok. Ñïâ’^è‰Œ Ωõ Å∞ QÆ∞iÎOzOk U=∞O>Ë LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ‰õΩ H˘kÌQÍ PHõex L`Õ[Î Ñ¨~K° Õ
ÅHõ∆}O Jk ‰õÄ_» =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ JÅ"å@∞ Ñ¨_»¤"åà◊§Ö’ Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk. =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°∞Å∞ HÍx"åà◊§ÃÑ· P
„Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C x¿+^èŒO HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ZO`« „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿO^À Wk ZuÎ K«∂Ñ≤Ok. "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’x
=ºã¨# „Ñ¨ÉèÏ= <åw =º=ã¨÷#∞ ã¨∞xfl`«OQÍ `«Ü«∂~°∞ KÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å LÑ¨C x~À^èŒO „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° =∞O^Œ∞Å
HÀãÖ ÖË^• PÇ¨~°O HÀãÖ =ºã¨<åxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} =Å¡ LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞OkQÍh Jk n~°…HÍÅO ™êQÆ^Œ∞. LÑ¨C
H©∆}`« Ñ¨Ó_»QÍ<Õ PyáÈ`«∞Ok. Jk ãïJÜ«∂ºHõ JO`«~°æ`«OQÍ HõeˆQ ÉèÏ=#Å∞ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ W+¨ìO (Liking)
QÍHõ q=ÚY`« (Aversion) ãÖˆH`åÅ∞ =™êÎ~Ú. H©∆}`«‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î KÀ@∞ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åflHõ <åÅ∞HõÃÑ·
LO_Õ „QÍÇ¨ÏHÍÅ∞ LÑ¨C#∞ ã‘fiHõiOK« x~åHõi™êÎ~Ú. =∞#O =ÚO^Œ∞ K≥ÑC¨ ‰õΩ#fl 5 ~°∞K«∞Ö’¡ q∞QÆ`å <åÅ∞yO\˜H˜
aè#flOQÍ Ãã<åû~°∞¡ LÑ¨C`À `«$Ñ≤Î HõeQÍHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ#∞ `«y™æ êÎ~Ú. â◊s~°OÖ’ JO`«ifli‡`«"∞≥ #ÿ xÜ«∞O„`«}
=º=ã¨÷ Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎO^Œ#fl =∂@!
_®II *Ë"£∞û J"≥∞iHõ<£ ã¨=∂[OÖ’ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å ÅÉèíº`«#∞ „Ñ¨™êÎqOKå~°∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ „Ñü
ãÖ=`«û~°=¸ 30 "ÕÅ=∞Ok XÑ≤Ü«∂_»∞¡, H˘ÔH·<£, ÃÇÏ~å~Ú<£ =O@ "å\˜ F=~ü _Àã¨∞ =Å¡ K«xáÈ`«∞<åfl~°∞.
JO@∞"åºkè ÖÏQÍ „Ñ¨|e# D =∞~°}ÏÅ x[ ãÖYº#∞ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ nxH˜ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞#fl JOâßÅÃÑ·
P"Õ^Œ# HõÅ∞QÆ∞Ok. LÑ¨C H©∆}`«Å∞, `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ =∞`«∞Î Ñ¨^•~åúÅ K≥_»∞#∞ f„=`«#∞
ÃÑOK«∞`«∞#flÑ¨C_»∞ =∞#efl =∞#O „Ñ¨tflOK«∞HÀ"åÅO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. LÑ¨C x~À^èŒO ÖË^• POHõ∆Å =Å¡ U
„Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∂ ÖË^Œx ~°∞A"≥·#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© ^•x=Å¡ HõeˆQ |Ç¨ïà◊, „áê}ÏO`«Hõ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åefl =∞#O WOÔHO`«
HÍÅO ÉèíiOKåe? „Ñ¨*Ï~ÀQÆº q^è•# ~°∂Ñ¨Hõ~°ÎÅ∞ D #ëêìÅ#∞ WOÔHxfl ^ŒâßÉÏÌÅ∞ Hõey™êÎ~°∞. âß¢ã‘ÎÜ«∞
™êH∆ÍºÅ#∞ ZO`«HÍÅO L^ÕÌâ◊Ñ¨Ói`«OQÍ<Õ fã¨∞HÀ x~åHõi™êÎ~°x P"Õ^Œ#QÍ „Ñ¨tfl™êÎ_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
=∞# â◊s~°OÖ’ JO`«ifli‡`«"≥∞ÿ# xÜ«∞O„`«} =º=ã¨÷ LO^Œ#fl q+¨Ü«∂xfl =∞~°záÈ~Ú LÑ¨C
xÜ«∞O„`«}#∞ J#=ã¨~O° QÍ H˘x `≥K∞« Û‰õΩO@∞<åflO. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ â◊s~åxfl W`«~° =∞O^Œ∞Å, PÇ¨~° =ºã¨<åÅ‰õΩ
QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞ºÖÏ KÕã¨∞Î<åflO. â◊√nÌHõiOz# K«ÔH¯~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅ‰õΩ, =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å "≥·Ñ¨Ù H˘@∞ì‰õΩ áÈÜÕ∞ „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl
HÀi `≥K«∞Û‰õΩO@∞<åflO. nx #∞O_ç q_»Q˘@∞ì‰õΩx =∞# ã¨Ç¨Ï[ ã≤^Œú â◊s~° xÜ«∞O„`«} =º=ã¨÷ÃÑ·
P^è•~°Ñ¨_»^•=∞O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
TÜ«∞Å #∞O_ç ã¨‡âß#O =~°‰õΩ – =∞#O LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} =º=ã¨÷#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀÖËHõ áÈ`«∞<åflO
`«Å∞¡Å∞ QÆ~°ƒùO`À =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_Õ LÑ¨C `«yæOz# Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ∞ tâ◊√=ÙÅÃÑ· Ñ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. rq`«OÖ’H˜

„Ñ¨"ÕtOKåHõ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ∞ áê\˜ã¨∞Î<åflO. D Ô~O_»∞ ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ =∞#O #+¨ìáÈ`«∞<åflO.
`«Å∞¡Å∞ `«=∞ P~ÀQÆºO HÀã¨"∞Õ QÍHõ `«=∞ Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ HÀãÖ LÑ¨Ü∂≥ QÆÑ_¨ ÖÕ Ï LÑ¨C `«yOæ K«∞‰õΩO@∞<åflÜ«∞x
„Éèí=∞Ñ¨_»`å~°∞. ^•O`À Ñ≤O_» ^Œâ◊Ö’<Õ LÑ¨C H©∆}`« „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. tâ◊√=Ù "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’<Õ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡
Ju ã¨∞xfl`«`«fiO U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. WÖÏ Ñ¨Ù\˜ì# a_»¤Å∞ `«=∞ ÉÏÅºOÖ’, ÃÑ^ŒÌÜ«∂ºHõ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl
fHõ∆} HÀiHõ`À<Õ #_»∞™êÎ~°x J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞ "≥Å¡_çOKå~Ú. ZO_®HÍÅOÖ’ _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£‰õΩ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ÖÏO\˜
„Ñ¨=∂^•Å #∞O_ç D LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ ÅHõ∆}O ~°H˜∆ã¨∞ÎOk. LÑ¨C `«yæ# ^•x Ñ¨~°º=™ê#OQÍ W`«~°
=∞`«∞Î ^•~åúÅ‰õΩ =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°∞ÅÜÕ∞º „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ‰õÄ_» "≥O\Ï_»∞`«∞O@∞Ok.
ÃÑ¶ã¨¡~ü J<Õ PÜ«∞# Ñ≤O_» ^Œâ◊Ö’<Õ LÑ¨C ZO`« J=ã¨~°"≥∂ H˘eKÕ =º=ã¨÷ „áê~°OÉèí=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx
„ÑüáêkOKå_»∞. ãÖH˜¡+¨ì"≥∞ÿ# <å_ô âßs~°Hõ Ü«∞O„`åOQÆO (complex neurophysiological machinery)
â◊s~°OÖ’ =ÙO_»_»O =Å¡ Ñ¨Ù@∞ìHõ`À<Õ LÑ¨C ZO`« fã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl Ãã\ò áê~ÚO@∞¡ `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`åÜ«∞h,
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`«~åfiu rq`«OÖ’ ã¨=∞`«∞Åº`« x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_®xH˜ Jk `À_»Ê_»∞`«∞O^Œh K≥áêÊ_»∞. D Ãã\ò áê~ÚO>Ë¡ =∞#
Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅ#∞ _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£H˜, ¿ÑQÆ∞Ö’¡ ã¨∂Hõ∆ ‡„H˜=ÚÅ∞ ™ÈHõ_»O =Å¡ =KÕÛ qˆ~K«<åÅ∞ (_»ÜÕ∞iÜ«∂) "åO`«∞Å∞
(<˘q∞\ÕQ∑) ÖÏO\˜ „Ñ¨=∂^•Å #∞O_ç HÍáê_®~Ú. "å~°ã¨`«fi ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ H˘#™êyOÑ¨Ù =Å¡ `«~åfiu `«~åÅ‰õΩ
‰õÄ_» D ~°Hõ∆}Å∞, ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@∞¡ =KåÛ~Ú.
Ñï}Ï=∞ „Hõ=∞O H˘#™êyOÑ¨ÙÖ’ =∂i# Ñïã≤`÷ ∞« Å‰õΩ `«@∞ì‰Ωõ <Õ â◊HÎ˜ =zÛOk. QÆ~ƒ° Où Ö’#∞, #=*Ï`«
tâ◊√=ÙÖ’#∞ LÑ¨C H©}∆ `« Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ "åà◊√§ `«~åfi`« rq`«OÖ’ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= u<åeû =ã¨∞OÎ k. nx Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ<Õ
WÖÏO\˜ "åà◊√§ â◊√nÌHõiOz# ÑÖK«^•~°Å‰õΩ, =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°∞Å∞QÍ =∂ˆ~ „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl
Z^Œ∞~˘¯O\Ï~°∞.
nxH˜ HÍ~°}O QÆ~°ƒùOÖ’ =Ù#fl `«Å∞¡Å∞, ÉÏeO`«Å∞ `«=∞ "≥·^Œ∞ºÅ∞ K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨ÅÇ¨Å∞ áê\Õz LÑ¨C
`«yæOK«_»"Õ∞. ^•x Ñ¨~°º=™ê#OQÍ Ñ≤Å¡Å‰õΩ ÃÑ· K≥Ñ≤Ê# W|ƒO^Œ∞Å∞ "å™êÎ~Ú. Wq x"åiOK«^Œy# `«Ñ¨C_»∞
ã¨ÅÇ¨ÖË. =∞#O HÀ~°∞‰õΩx Ñ¨~°º=™ê<åÅ QÆ∞iOz K«∂^•ÌO.
ZO`« LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl q+¨Ü«∞O â◊s~åxˆH ÉÏQÍ `≥Å∞ã¨∞. L^ÕÌâ◊Ñ¨Ói`«OQÍ LÑ¨C#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOz#
^•xHõ<åfl â◊s~°O K≥Ñ≤Ê# "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ LÑ¨C#∞ uO>Ë LÑ¨C H©∆}`« ÖÏO\˜ Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å∞ `«ÖˇuÎ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Ç¨x
[~°QÆ‰õΩO_® ~°H˜∆ã¨∞ÎOk. ÑÖK«^•~°‰õΩ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°∞Å∞ HÍ‰õΩO_® ‰õÄ_® ~°H˜∆ã¨∞ÎOk.
=∂#ã≤Hõ HõOQÍ~°∞/P`«$`«#∞ Ñï+¨¯iOKÕ LÑ¨C
W„*ÏÜ≥∞ÖòÖ’x ÃÇÏ· áê qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O 2011 Ö’ XHõ Ñïâ’^è#Œ KÕãO≤ k. LÑ¨C#∞ JkèHõ "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’
fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ =∂#ã≤Hõ =uÎ_ç =Å¡ HõeˆQ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ#∞ `«yæOK«∞HÀ=K«Ûh, âßs~°Hõ, =∂#ã≤Hõ =uÎ_çH˜ Wk
Ñïëê¯~°OQÍ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞O^Œx JO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Å¡_»~ÚOk. D J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’<Õ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
Z^Œ∞Ô~·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl "åà◊√§ "å\˜x ã¨=∞~°ú=O`«OQÍ Z^Œ∞~À¯ÖËHõ áÈ=_®xfl
Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. W^Õ q^èŒOQÍ IOWA Ü«¸x=iû\©Ö’ ZÅ∞HõÅÃÑ· [iy# Ñïâ’^èŒ#Ö’ LÑ¨C
H˘~°`« Z^Œ∞~˘¯#fl ZÅ∞HõÅ∞ ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ „Ñ¨=iÎOKåHõ Éˇ~°∞‰õΩQÍ =º=Ç¨ÏiOK«_®xfl QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. nx|\˜ì
‰õÄ_» =∂#ã≤Hõ „Ñ¨=~°Î# (Mood) ÃÑ· LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ™ê#∞‰õÄÅOQÍ LO@∞O^Œx J~°÷"≥∞ÿOk. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C
PÇ¨~åÅ∞ u#fl"åà◊√§ D q^èŒOQÍ ÃÑ^ŒÌ `åºQÍÅ∞ KÕ¿ã HõëêìÅ‰õΩ, Hõ_»QÆO_»¡‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~°∞. ÃÑ·<£û, PÜ«∞#
ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ f„="≥∞ÿ# P`«$`«‰õΩ, [|∞ƒÑ¨_»¤ ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ, Ñ¨xH˜=∂e# "å_ç##fl
=∞<À |ÅÇ‘Ï#`«‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~°x K≥áêÊ~°∞. XHõ¯=∂@Ö’ K≥áêÊÅO>Ë =∂#ã≤Hõ PO^Àà◊#‰õΩ, ~ÀQÆ „QÆã¨Î
ÉèÏ=#‰õΩ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ <≥_»`å~Ú.
D P`«$`« (Ü«∂OÔQ˚Â\ ©) #∞O_ç `å`å¯eHõOQÍ |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˘O^ŒiÖ’ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ u<åÅ#fl
HÍOHõÅ∆ ∞ HõÅ∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. K«HÔ ¯~°Å∞ "≥∞^Œ_∞» Ö’ #∂º~À HÔ q∞HõÅ∞û#∞ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ∞« _»O nx #∞O_ç `å`å¯eHõOQÍ
|Ü«∞@Ñ¨_"» ãÕ ∞¨ OÎ k. ™ê#∞‰õÄÅ =¸_£ ~å=_®xH˜ K«HÔ ¯~°Å∞ `À_»Ê_»`åÜ«∞#∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞ QÍh Jk #=∞‡^ŒyOk
QÍ^Œ∞. LÑ¨C‰õΩ `«‰Ωõ ¯= PÇ¨~°OÖ’ K«HÔ ¯~° u#_®xH˜ Ñ¨Ó#∞HÀ=_»O =∞iO`« =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ñ¨ÉÏè "åÅ<Õ Hõeyã¨∞OÎ k.
K«ÔH¯~°Å =ºã¨<åxH˜ ‰õÄ_» <≥_»∞`«∞Ok.
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C u#_»O K«ÔH¯~°Å =ºã¨<åxfl ZÖÏ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok?
"åi WëêìxH˜ =kÖË¿ãÎ [O`«∞=ÙÅ∞ QÍh, =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ QÍh LÑ¨C#∞ J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ# "Õ∞~° =∂„`«"Õ∞ ux
P¿Ñ™êÎ~°∞. LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõÅ∞ HõÅQÆ#fl ÖË^• J^Œ#"≥∞ÿ`Õ q_»∞^ŒÅ (Excreet) KÕÜ«∂eû# J=ã¨~°=¸
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LO_»^Œ∞. HÍh ÑÖK«^•~° Ñïã≤÷u JkHÍ^Œ∞. H˘O^Œ~°∞ ^•xfl H˘kÌQÍ<Õ uO\Ï~°∞. HÍh JkèHõ ãÖMÏº‰õΩÅ∞
„Ñ¨`ÕºHÕz Ñ≤Å¡Å∞, â◊√nÌHõiOz# ÑÖK«^•~°#∞, HÍ~°<£ ã≤~°Ñπ (HFCS) #∞ PÑ¨‰õΩO_® ÃÑ^ŒÌ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’
uO@∂<Õ áÈ`å~°∞. Ü«Ú_ç¯<£ "Õã≤# ÖˇHõ¯Ö’¡ 14–18 ãÖII =Ü«∞ã¨∞ QÆÅ Ü«Ú=‰õΩÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "≥Ú`«ÎO
ÔHÅsÅÖ’ 52 âß`«O ÑÖK«^•~°ÖË =Ù<åflÜ«∞<åfl_»∞.
LÑ¨C HÀiHõ ã¨Ç¨Ï*Ï`«OQÍ<Õ Ñïq∞u`À ‰õÄ_çOk. ÑÖK«^•~° Ñïã≤÷u JÖÏ HÍ^Œ∞. JO^Œ∞Ö’
„Ñ¨^è•# JOâ◊O =∂#ã≤Hõ HÀiHõ. âßs~°Hõ HÀiHõ ^•xÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. ZO`« |Å"≥∞ÿ# u<åÅ#fl
HÀiHõÅ∞<åflÜ«∞#fl ^•xfl |\˜ì â◊s~åxH˜ ^•xfl J=ã¨~åefl QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖË=Ú. WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ J^è•ºÜ«∞OÖ’<Õ
JkèHõ "≥Ú`åÎÅ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞ u#_»O JO`«~°æ`« PHõeH˜ ZÖÏ ^•ifã¨∞ÎO^À K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ<åflO. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ =∞iO`«QÍ
fÑ≤ u<åÅ#fl HÀiHõ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. K≥~‰° Ωõ ^Œ∞OÑ¨ #∞O_ç, K≥~‰° Ωõ QÆ_» #∞O_ç, "≥ÚHõ¯*Á#fl #∞O_ç `«Ü∂« ~°Ü∞Õ º
„Ñ¶¨HÀìã¨∞#∞ J`«ºO`« „Ñ¨^èŒ=∞ =Ú^•Ì~ÚQÍ JO`«~°æ`« PHõeH˜ HÍ~°}OQÍ K≥Ñ¨CHÀ=K«∞Û. „Ñ¶¨HÀìã¨∞#∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[ã≤^Œú
~°∂ÑÖÖ’ u#fl^•x HõO>Ë ^•xfl ã¨Ç¨Ï[ ÑÖ@Å #∞O_ç |Ü«∞\˜H˜ fã≤, =∞~°yOz, ™êO„nHõiOz (Concen-
tration), W`«~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅ`À HõeÑ≤ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =∞iO`« Z‰õΩ¯= Ç¨xHõ~°O. "≥ÚHõ¯Å #∞O_ç `«Ü«∂~°ÜÕ∞º
Ñ¨^•~åúÖË =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å∞QÍ ~°∂á⁄O^Œ∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. HÀHÍ P‰õΩÅ #∞O_ç H˘ÔH·<£#∞, áêÑ‘ q`«Î<åÅ∞/HÍÜ«∞Å
#∞O_ç ÃÇÏ~å~Ú<£#∞ `«Ü«∂~°∞KÕ™êÎ~°∞. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ W=hfl "≥ÚHõ¯Å #∞O_ç `«Ü«∂Ô~·# ™êO„nHõiOz#
=ºã¨# Ñ¨^•~åúÖË.
u#QÆey# LÑ¨C Ñï=∂}OÖ’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ LO_»^Œ∞. HÍh ÑÖK«^•~° q+¨Ü«∞O JÖÏ HÍ^Œ∞.
[O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’#∞, =∞#∞+¨µÅÖ’#∞ fÑ≤ u#_»OÖ’ 30 Ô~@∞¡ Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ#∞ âßG"Õ`«ÎÅ∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. nx
Ñ¶ë`«O "≥∞^Œ_»∞ÃÑ· Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. =ºã¨# QÆ∞}O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. PÅ¯Ç¨Öò`À nxfl áÈÅÛ=K«∞Û. H˘O^Œ~°∞ H˘kÌ
"≥∂`å^Œ∞`À ãïÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩO>Ë =∞iH˘O^Œ~°∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ "≥Ú`åÎÖ’¡ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. WOw¡+¨µ Hõq *Ï<£QÀÜ«∞~ü XHõ
H˘`«Î Ñ¨^•xfl =ÚO^Œ∞‰õΩ `≥KåÛ_»∞. 1300 ãÖ=`«û~åÖ’¡<Õ fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ "≥∂A#∞ QÆ∞iÎOz ^•x f„=`«#∞
K≥¿ÑÊO^Œ∞‰õΩ 'fÑ≤ Ñ¨#∞fl ^ŒO`«O— (Sweet tooth) J#fl Ñ¨ÔŒ "å_®_»∞. ^ŒO`«O fÑ≤ ~°∞zx =∞iy`Õ (JÅ"å@∞
Ñ¨_ç`Õ) P fÑ≤ ÅHõ∆}O ÃÑiˆQH˘nÌ QÆ`«OÖ’ fÑ≤QÍ JxÑ≤Oz#q ‰õÄ_» K«Ñ¨ÊQÍ JxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. z~°∞ KÕ^Œ∞QÍ
‰õÄ_» JxÑ≤OK« =K«∞Û. <åÅ∞HõÃÑ· ~°∞z „QÍÇ¨ÏHÍÅ∞ =∂ˆ~ H˘nÌ fÑ≤ÖxË Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ u#ÖËx ^Œâ‰◊ Ωõ KÕ~∞° ‰õΩO\Ï~°∞.
=∞# Ñ¨Ósfi‰õΩÅ∞ áÈ+¨HÍÅ#∞ á⁄O^Œ_»O HÀã¨"Õ∞ Éˇ„s ÑÖ_»∞¡, W`«~° ÑÖ_»¡#∞ u<åfl~°∞. "å\˜ ^•fi~å
`«=∞‰õΩ HÍ=Åã≤# â◊H˜Îx (ÔHÅsÅ#∞) á⁄^•~°∞. HÍh P^èŒ∞xHõ PÇ¨~åÖ’¡ P~ÀQÍºxH˜ `À_»Ê_Õ Ñ‘K«∞#∞,
h\˜x, "≥ÚHõ¯ áÈ+¨HÍÅ#∞ (Phytonutrients) `˘ÅyOz `≥Å¡\ ˜ ã¨Êù\ ˜HÍÅ#∞, ÖË^• ~°™êÜ«∞xHõ ã≤~°ÑπÅ#∞
`«Ü«∂~°∞KÕã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ã¨Ç¨Ï[ fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÖˇ·# ÑÖ_»¡#∞, ‰õÄ~°QÍÜ«∞Å#∞ u#_®xH˜ |^Œ∞Å∞ â◊√nÌHõiOz#
ÑÖK«^•~°Å qxÜ≥∂QÆO ÃÑiyOk. áêH± KÕã≤# PÇ¨~åÅ∞, ÖË^• ‰õÄÖò„_çO‰õΩÅ =O\˜q „áêÃããπ KÕã≤#
ÑÖK«^•~°ÅÖ’ =ÚOK≥`«Î|_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. =∞# â◊s~åÅ∞ g\˜x "ÕQÆOQÍ ã‘fiHõi™êÎ~Ú. "≥∞^Œ_»∞ÃÑ· Wq Ñ¨x
KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ HõeyOKÕ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O ÖÏO\˜^Õ Hõey xÜ«∞O„`«} HÀÖ’Ê`«∞<åfl~°∞. D fÑ≤
PÇ¨~åÅ∞ u#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ "≥∞^Œ_»∞#∞ ™ê¯<£ KÕã≤ Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ K«∂âß~°∞. ÃÑ^ŒÌ "≥Ú`åÎÖ’¡ ÑÖK«^•~° u#flÑ¨Ù_»∞
"≥∞^Œ_∞» Ö’ HõeQˆ =∂~°∞ÊÅ∞ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Öˇ#· ÃÇÏ~å~Ú<£, XÑ≤Ü∞« O, =∂iÊù<Å£ ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl "å\˜`À ãïáÈ`å~Ú.
fÑ≤ Ñ¨#∞fl#∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤Î Ñ¨~°K«_®xH˜ ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ JO`«HõO`«‰õΩ Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~°∞. JkèHõOQÍ
fÑ≤ u<Õ H˘nÌ =∂#ã≤Hõ J^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞. fÑ≤ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =∂<Õ¿ãÎ ‰õÄ_» =∞m§ ™ê^è•~°} ã≤÷uH˜ "≥O@<Õ
~åÖË~°∞. ADHD ÅHõ∆}ÏÖˇ·# ^ÕxÃÑ·<å ˆHO„nHõ~°} ÃÑ@ìÖËHõ áÈ=_»O, =}∞‰õΩ, K≥=∞@Å∞ Ñ¨@ì_»O ÖÏO\q˜
(QÆ∂H¡ ÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_áç È~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =KÕÛ ÅHõ} ∆ ÏÅ∞) "å™êÎ~Ú. =∂#ã≤Hõ HõOQÍ~°∞, P`«~åfi`« ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú.
T|HÍÜ«∞O, ADHD =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞ =ºã¨#O ÖÏO\˜q =ÙO_Õ"åà◊§Ö’ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ XˆH ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ#
ãÖHˆ `åÅxã¨∞OÎ k. ™ê^è•~°} _ÀÑ¨"∞≥ <ÿ £ Ñ¶O¨ Hõ#∆ ∞ "≥∞^Œ_∞» Ö’ =ÙO_»^∞Œ . ÉÏQÍ fÑ≤ u<Õ"åà◊√§ ^•xfl u#ÖË#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
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ã¨fiÅÊOQÍ ‰õΩOQÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ (depression) ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ ‰õÄ_» =™êÎ~Ú. `˘Å∞`« fÑ≤ u#_»O =Å¡ "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’
q_»∞^ŒÅÜÕ∞º _ÀÑ¨"≥∞ÿ<£ =Å¡ PÇ¨¡^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# ÉèÏ=# HõÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. nx `«~åfi`« ‰õΩOQÆ∞ÉÏ@∞ =ã¨∞ÎOk. nxH˜
Ñïëê¯~°OQÍ =∞iO`« fÑ≤ u<åeû =ã¨∞ÎOk. D K«„HõO ~ÀAÖ’ uiy uiy Ñ¨Ù#~å=$`«=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
D ÉèÏ"À^ÕfiQÍÅ Ñ¨~ånè#`« #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_»_»O Hõ+¨ì=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. â◊s~°O Éè∫uHõ Ñ¨~ånè#`«#∞
ÃÑOK«∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« L#fl"åà◊√§ ÑÖK«^•~°Å∞ u#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ JkèHõ "≥Ú`«ÎOÖ’ W#∞ûe<£
q_»∞^ŒÅ=Ù`«∞Ok. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ K«HÔ ¯~° ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_áç È~Ú =}∞‰õΩ, K≥=∞@Å∞ Ñ¨@_ì O» , ^Œ_,» P`«$`«Å∞ =™êÎ~Ú.
g\˜ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_®ÅO>Ë =∞m§ ÑÖK«^•~° u<åe. Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú# ~°HõÎ K«ÔH¯~°Å#∞ Ñï+¨¯iOK«_®xH˜
ÑÖK«^•~° fã¨∞HÀ=_»O XHõ q+¨Ñ¨Ù K«„HõOÖÏ `«Ü«∂~°∞ J=Ù`«∞Ok. 11 HÀ@¡ =∞Ok J"≥∞iHõ#¡Ö’ W#∞ûe<£
x~À^èŒHõ`« =ÙOk. g~°O`å >ÿ̌Ñπ–2 =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒOÖ’#∞, ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨#Ñ¨Ù JOK«∞# L#fl>Ë¡.
W`«~° =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞ =ºã¨#O Hõ<åfl ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨#O =∞iO`« f„=OQÍ LO@∞Ok. ZÅ∞HõÅ‰õΩ
H˘ÔH·<£, ÑÖK«^•~°Å∞ WzÛ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Jq ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨<åxˆH "≥ÚQÍæ~Ú. =ºã¨<åÅ‰õΩ KÕ¿ã zH˜`«û#∞
K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨#O ZO`« |Å"≥∞ÿ#^À J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. XÑ≤Ü«∞O‰õΩ q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞ =∞O^Œ∞ÖË
K«ÔH¯~° =ºã¨<åxH˜ ‰õÄ_» Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎ~Ú. J"≥∞iHõ<£ PÇ¨~° B+¨^èŒ xÜ«∞O„`«} ãÖã¨÷ (FDA) P"≥∂kOz#
=∞O^Œ∞Å *Ïa`å#∞ HÕ^Œ K«∂_»=K«∞Û.
=∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞‰õΩ, ÑÖK«^•~°‰õΩ L#fl ™ê^è•~°} ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞
#∂º~À ÔHq∞HõÖò/„Ñ¨=~°Î# ÃÑ· ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅ∞ =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ ÑÖK«^•~°
xeÑ≤"ÕâßHõ "≥#H˜¯ ~å=_»O {{{ {

XÑ≤"Õ∞\ò =ºuˆ~Hõ`« #∞O_ç "≥#H˜¯ ~å=_»O {{{ {{
u<åflHõ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O {{ {{{
(„Ñ¨=~°Î<å`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞)
_ÀÑ¨"≥∞ÿ<£ D q_»∞^ŒÅ (iÃãÑ¨ì~ü Éˇ·O_çOQ∑)
1 NCD NCD
_ÀÑ¨"≥∞ÿ<£ D `«QÆ∞æ^ŒÅ (iÃãÑ¨ì~ü Éˇ·O_çOQ∑)
2 NCD NCD
D `«QÆ∞æ^ŒÅ (iÃãÑ¨ì~ü m RNA #∂ºH˜¡Ü«∞ãπÖ’)
2 NCD NCD
µ XÑ≤Ü«∂_£Ö’ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ (iÃãã¨ì~°∞ Éˇ·O_çOQ∑) NCD NCD
_ÀÑ¨"≥∞ÿ<£/Zã≤>ˇÿÖò HÀÖˇ·<£ Jã¨=∞`«∞Åº`« NCD NCD
(<åÖ’H˜û<£#∞ q`ü„_® KÕâßHõ)
JO`«~°˚x`« XÑ≤Ü«∂_»¡ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ¨_»_»O {{{ {{
D µ XÑ≤Ü«∂_£ iã≤Ñ¨ì~üÅ ã¨|O^èŒO
1, {{ {{
"≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ `«yæ# _ÀÑ¨"≥∞ÿ<£ =Å¡ P^è•~°Ñ¨_Õ ÅHõ∆}O {{{ {{
{ XHõ "≥∂ã¨Î~°∞QÍ {{ |ÅOQÍ {{{ â◊H˜Î=O`«OQÍ NCD - _Õ\Ï ÖË^Œ∞.
48
f„="≥∞ÿ# ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨<åxH˜ zH˜`«û
á¶ê~°‡ã‘ _®Hõì~°∞QÍ =∞# P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ Ñïëê¯~°OÖ’ =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ#fl â◊H˜ÎÃÑ· <å‰õΩ qâßfiãÖ LOk.
|∞„ÃÑ#Hõ∆ Ô~ÊùÂ<£, <åÖ’HÀû<£ J<Õ =∞O^Œ∞Å‰õΩ XÑ≤ÜÕ∞\ò Ñ¨~ånè#`«ÃÑ· =∂„`«"Õ∞ Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎÜ«∞x =Ú„^Œ LOk.
f„="≥∞ÿ# ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨<åxH˜ ‰õÄ_» W^Õ =∞O^Œ∞Å ãïáÈ`åÜ«∞x <å Jaè„áêÜ«∞O.
ÑÖK«^•~° =ºã¨<åxH˜ zH˜`«û P~°OÉèíOÖ’:
ÑÖK«^•~° =∂#QÍ#∞ |∞„ÃÑ<ÀÔ~ÊùÂ<£ 8 mg aà◊§Å∞ 1,

2 = ~ÀA 16 mg .
3 = ~ÀA `«~åfi`« – H˘#™êyOÑ¨Ù zH˜`«û
ã¨∞É’HÀû<£ (|∞„ÃÑ<À Ô~ÊùÂ<£, <åÖ’HÀû#<£Å∞ HõeÑ≤# =∞O^Œ∞)
2 mg /0.5 mg aà◊§ (<åÅ∞Hõ HÕ^Œ ÃÑ@∞ìHÀ"åe)
ã¨∞QÆ~ü ÖËx PÇ¨~åxH˜ =∞~˘Hõ ã¨∞É’HÀû<£ 16 /4 mg .
>ˇÿ„>Ë\ò 2–4 mg |∞„ÃÑ<ÀÔ~ÊùÂ<£.
„Ñ¶H¨ Àìã∞¨ `À ‰õÄ_ç# fÑ≤ Ñ¨^•~åúÅ∞ u#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ ãÖ`«$Ñ≤xÎ HõeyOKÕ Ç¨~À‡<£ J~Ú# ÖˇÑ<ì≤ ‰£ Ωõ x~À^èHŒ `õ «
ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ PHõeÃÑ·#, H˘=Ùfi#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕ =º=ã¨÷ ÃÑ·<å J^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù áÈ`«∞Ok. H˘=Ùfi Hõ}ÏÅ
#∞O_ç ã¨ÇÏ¨ [OQÍ q_»∞^ŒÅÜÕ∞º ÖˇÑ<ì≤ £ "≥∞^Œ_∞» ÃÑ· Ñ¨xKÕã≤ ZO`« HÔ ÅsÅ PÇ¨~°O ãïáÈ`«∞O^À xÜ«∞O„uã¨∞OÎ k.
u#_»O ZÑ¨Ù_»∞ PáêÖ’, ZÑ¨Ù_»∞ "åºÜ«∂=∞O ÃÑOK«_»O J=ã¨~°"≥∂ ÖˇÑ≤ì<£ Ç¨~À‡<£ K≥Ñ¨Ù`«∞Ok. ˆHO„^Œ <å_ô
=º=ã¨#÷ ∞ K«∞~°∞‰õΩQÍ `«Ü∂« ~°∞KÕã∞¨ OÎ k. â◊HÎ˜ HÀãÖ H˘=ÙfiÅ#∞ Hõ~y° OKÕÖÏ H˘=Ùfi Hõ}*ÏÖÏxfl L`Õ[Î Ñ¨~∞° ã¨∞OÎ k.
ÖˇÑ≤ì<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« ÃÑiy`Õ Ô~\˜ìOÑ¨Ù #+¨ìO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. Jk Ñ¨xKÕÜ«∞#O^Œ∞ =Å¡ "≥∞^Œ_»∞ u#_»O PÑ¨=∞#fl
ãÖˆH`åÅ#∞ ÑÖÑ¨ÖË^Œ∞. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ q∞ug∞i uO\Ï~°∞. Z‰õΩ¯= W#∞ûe<£ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ Ñ≤O_ç
Ñ¨^•~åúÖË Z‰õΩ¯= uO\Ï~°∞. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ â◊s~°O JO`«~`æ° « PHõ$uÖ’H˜ "≥à√◊ `«∞Ok. JkèHõ ÑÖK«^•~° qxÜ≥∂QÆO
=∞Oz áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ u#_®xfl `«yãæ ∞¨ OÎ k. "≥∞^Œ_∞» Ö’ [iˆQ =∂~°∞ÊÅ =Å¡ K«HÔ ¯~°ÃÑ· P^è•~°Ñ_¨ _» ®xfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok.
„Hõ=∞O `«Ñ¨Ê‰õΩO_® ÑÖK«^•~° fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ`Õ qÑ¨s`«"≥∞ÿ# u<åÅ#fl HÍOHõ∆, J^Œ∞Ñ¨Ù ÖËHõáÈ=_»O =O\˜
ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ =™êÎ~Ú. LÑ¨C `«y#O`«ÖË#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ D ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ =∞iO`«QÍ |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_»`å~Ú.
ÃÑ· HÍ~°}ÏÅxfl\˜ s`åº =ºã¨#ÑïKÕ ÅHõ∆}O =ÙO_Õk LÑ¨C‰õΩ HÍ^Œh, ÑÖK«^•~°Hõh =∞#O
x~åúiOK«∞HÀ=K«∞Û. D q=~åÅhfl K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ LÑ¨C Ñ¨@¡ =∞# ^Œ∞~°aè„áêÜ«∂xfl áÈQ˘@∞ìHÀ=_»O ZO`«
J=ã¨~°"≥∂ `≥Å∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
49
JO`«~°æ`« PHõex "≥#‰õΩ¯ `Õ=_»O
« „ Eb XHõ ãÖÑ¨#fl ™ê=∂lHõ HÍ~°ºHõ~.Î° =∞#∞=∞ãÖ`«Å∞ Hõey

q„âßO`« rq`«OÖ’ LOk. Ãã·H˜¡OQ∑ KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ P"≥∞ HÍà◊√§ ã≤¡"£∞QÍ
LO_Õq. |~°∞=Ù ‰õÄ_» ™ê^è•~°}"Õ∞. P"≥∞‰õΩ á⁄@ì ÉèÏQÆOÖ’ W\©=Å
H˘=Ùfi ZO^Œ∞=Å¡ KÕiO^À J~°O÷ HÍÖË^∞Œ . H˘kÌáê\˜ H˘Öˇ™¢ êìÖò LO_»_O» `À
^•xHÀãÖ _®Hõì~°∞ P"≥∞‰õΩ ™êìe<£ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ WKåÛ_»∞. 2 ãÖII „H˜`«O
J#∞=∂#O =zÛ Ñ¨sHõ∆ KÕ~ÚOK«∞‰õΩO>Ë =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO
=zÛ#@∞¡ J~°÷"≥∞ÿOk.
HÀ_ç =ÚO^•? QÆ∞_»∞¤ =ÚO^• J#fl@∞¡ ™êì\<˜ £ =Å¡ =∞^è∞Œ "Õ∞Ç¨ÏO
=zÛO^• ÖË^• PÇ¨~°O =Å¡ =zÛO^• J#fl@¡~ÚOk P"≥∞ Ñïã≤÷u.
ZÖÏ [iy<å Ñ¶ë`«O =∂„`«O J^Õ. P"≥∞Ö’ JO`«~°æ`« PHõe`À
áê@∞ =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO (2) ÃÑiyOk. P"≥∞ HÀiHõ "Õ∞~°‰õΩ _®Hõì~°∞ ™êì\˜<£
=∞O^Œ∞ xeÑ≤ "ÕÜ«∞=∞<åfl_»∞. =ºÜ«∂=∞O ÃÑOz Ö’ HÍ~üƒ PÇ¨~åÅ∞
fã¨∞HÀ#∞<åfl_»∞. ^•O`À P"≥∞ á⁄@ì H˘=Ùfi `«yæOk. JO`«~°æ`« PHõe
`«yæOk. =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_» |Ü«∞@ Ñ¨_çOk.
50
J^è•ºÜ«∞O – VII
=∞#‰õΩ x[OQÍ ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O?
rq`«OÖ’ J<ÕHõ W`«~° q+¨Ü«∂ÅÖÏˆQ LÑ¨C qxÜ≥∂QÍxH˜ ‰õÄ_» ã¨Ô~·# "≥∂`å^Œ∞ LOk. J~Ú`Õ
Wk JO^ŒiH© XˆH ~°HõOQÍ HÍHõ =∞x+≤ =∞x+≤H© =∂~°∞`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C xÜ«∞O„`«} QÆ∞iOz =∂\Ï¡_Õ "åà◊√§
=∞#∞+¨µÅ Jaè=$kú ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°"≥∂ K≥Ñ¨Ê~°∞. =∞#∞QÆ_» ™êyOK«_®xH˜ ZO`« J=ã¨~°"≥∂ =∂„`«"Õ∞
K≥|∞`å~°∞. JuQÍ HÍ‰õΩO_® ã¨Ô~·# qxÜ≥∂QÍxfl ZÖÏ ÖˇH˜¯OKåe?
P~ÀQÆº=O`«"≥∞ÿ# =∞#∞+¨µÅ∞ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ=_»O QÆ∞iOz ÉˇOQÆÑ¨_»#Hõ¯~° ÖË^Œ∞. XHõ"Õà◊ Z‰õΩ¯"≥·`Õ
â◊s~°"Õ∞ *Ï„QÆ`«Î fã¨∞‰õΩO@∞Ok. âßG Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ Jaè„áêÜ«∞O „Ñ¨HÍ~°O P~ÀQÆº=O`«∞Å∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ 3
#∞O_ç 6 „QÍ. =~°‰õΩ (11/3 #∞O_ç 21/3 ã¨∂Ê#¡ LÑ¨C) ~ÀA‰õΩ fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û. „Ñ¨Kå~°OÖ’ =Ù#fl 2,300
q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O (ã¨∂Ê#∞ Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C) ãïáÈ^Œ∞. =∞iH˘O^ŒiH˜ ÃÑ· K≥Ñ≤Ê# ^•xHõ<åfl WOHÍ
Z‰õΩ¯"Õ J=ã¨~°Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok.
ZO`« "≥∂`å^Œ∞ ã¨Ô~·#^Œx K«iÛOKÕ ãÖ^Œ~°ƒùOÖ’ D „HÕ^Œ K≥Ñ≤Ê# ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞#fl "åà◊√¡ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C
fã¨∞HÀ‰õΩO_® *Ï„QÆ`«ÎÑ¨_®e.
< ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü PÖ’¤ Ããì~À~Úx[O (LÑ¨C#∞ xeÑ≤ =ÙOKÕ PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ Ç¨~À‡<£ Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ=_»=∞<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º
L#fl"åà◊√§).
< ‰õΩ+≤OQ∑ [|∞ƒ L#fl"åà◊√§ (Ñ≤@∞º@i „QÆOkèÖ’ ã¨=∞ã¨º =Å¡ ~°HõÎOÖ’ HÍiì™ÈÖò Ç¨~À‡#∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O).
< e_çÖò ã≤O„_À"£∞ (JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+≤OK«∞‰õΩ<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º.
D ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞#fl "åà◊√§ ÑïjeOK«∞‰õΩO@∂ LÑ¨C#∞ Ñïq∞`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åe. ÖË‰õΩO_® ™È_çÜ«∞O
=Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ· =ºuˆ~Hõ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_Õ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO =ÙOk. J~Ú`Õ giH˜ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C „Ñ¨^è•# ã¨=∞ã¨º HÍ^Œ∞. P
[|∞ƒ‰õΩ zH˜`«û KÕ¿ãÎ J^Œ#OQÍ LÑ¨C#∞ xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩ<Õ ã¨=∞ã¨º ‰õÄ_» Ñïëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
XHõ"àÕ ◊ â◊s~°OÖ’ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C#∞ xÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩO>Ë ^•xH˜ =ºuˆ~HõOQÍ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã ~°H} ∆õ Ü«∞O„`åOQÍÅ∞
=∞# â◊s~°OÖ’ KåÖÏ =Ù<åfl~Ú. ~°HõÎOÖ’, â◊s~° „^Œ"åÖ’¡ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑiy`Õ H˜_ôflÅ ^•fi~å Ñ¨Ù#ó
â’+≤OK«∞HÀ=_»=¸, PÇ¨~åÅ #∞O_ç ãÖ„QÆÇÏ≤ OKÕ LÑ¨C ‰õÄ_» `«Q∞Æ `æ å~Ú. ¿ÑQÆ∞ÖË WO^Œ∞‰õΩ `«y# ã¨~∞° ÉÌ Ï@∞¡
KÕã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. LÑ¨C áÈQÆ∞Ñ¨_»_»O ÃÑiy`Õ, â◊s~°"Õ∞ ^•xfl `«yæOKÕÖÏ J@∞ K«~°‡OÖ’HÀ, W`«~°
J=Ü«∞"åÅÖ’HÀ ÑÖÑ¨Ù`«∞Ok. [~°‡<£ qâ◊fiq^•ºÅÜ«∞O "åà◊√§ W\©=Å KÕã≤# Ñïâ’^èŒ#Ö’ =∞# K«~°‡OÖ’
™È_çÜ«∞O xÅfiÅ∞ LO_»_»O =Å¡ _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£#∞, K«~å‡xH˜ ã¨∂Hõ∆ ‡„H˜q∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ ~å‰õΩO_®#∞
x"åiã¨∞Î<åfl~Ú.
x*ÏxH˜ ~À[‰õΩ =¸_»∞ #∞O_ç P~°∞ „QÍ=ÚÅ Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ<Õ ™È_çÜ∞« O =∞#‰õΩ J=ã¨~=° ∞=Ù`«∞Ok.
P~ÀQÆº, r=# â‹·e ãÖ|O^èŒ"≥∞ÿ# D „HÕk JOâßÅ∞ JO^Œ∞‰õΩ HÍ~°}O.
< ÑÖK«^•~°#∞ JuQÍ u#_»O =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅÖ’ „Ñ¨`ÕºHõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =zÛ LÑ¨C#∞ =$^è• KÕã¨∞ÎOk.
< ÃÇÏ· áÈ ^è~ ·≥ å~Ú_ç[O, J„_ç#Öò Ç¨~À‡<£ H˘~°`,« ~°HÎõ „Ñ¨ã~¨ }° `«Q_æÆ O» =Å¡ QÆ∞O_≥ "≥Ñ· Å¨¶ ºO ÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ
=Å¡ ÃÇÏ· áÈ<Õ\q© ∞Ü«∂ (~°HÎõ ™È_çÜ∞« O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«Q_æÆ O» ) ‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞OÎ k.
< =¸„`« qã¨~°˚Hõ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞, ‰õΩOQÆ∞ÉÏ@∞‰õΩ "å_Õ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞, =∂#ã≤Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ =∞O^Œ∞ÖË QÍHõ
H˘xfl =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨Ï =∞O^Œ∞Å =Å¡ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C H©∆}`« ã¨=∞ã¨º =ã¨∞ÎOk.
51
< =∞# J<å~ÀQÆºHõ~° PÇ¨~° JÅ"å@∞¡. Z#s˚ „_çO‰õΩÅ∞, \©Å∞, W`«~° ÔHÑ¶≤<£ =ÙO_Õ áêhÜ«∂Å∞ LÑ¨C
H©∆}`«#∞ Hõey™êÎ~Ú. ÔHÑ¶≤<£ ã¨Ç¨Ï[ ã≤^ŒÌ =¸„`«HÍi HÍ=_»O =Å¡ H˜_ôflÅ #∞O_ç h\˜x, LÑ¨C#∞
|Ü«∞\˜H˜ <≥_»∞`«∞Ok.
< f„="≥∞ÿ# "åºÜ«∂=∂Å =Å¡ K≥=∞@Å∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì LÑ¨C, h~°∞ QÆ}hÜ«∞OQÍ HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞.
< Ö’ HÍ~üƒ _≥·\òÅ∞, J_»áê^Œ_»áê LÑ¨"å™êÅ∞ n~°…HÍÅO KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ T_» H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞, h\˜x
|Ü«∞\˜H˜ ÑÖÑ¨_»O =Å¡ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O ~å=K«∞Û.
=∞#Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= =∞OkH˜ ÃÑ· K≥Ñ≤Ê# *Ïa`åÖ’ U^À XHõ\ ˜ J#fi~ÚOK« =K«∞Û. Z=iH˜ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C
J=ã¨~°O, Z=iH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= J=ã¨~°O, g∞‰õΩ ZO`« "≥∂`å^Œ∞ HÍ"åÖ’ ZÖÏ x~°‚~Ú™êÎ=∞#fl JOâßÅ#∞
Ö’`«∞QÍ ÑïjeOKåe. =ÚyOÑ¨Ù J^è•ºÜ«∞O P xiú+¨ì JOâßÅ#∞ Ñïje^•ÌO.
=∞#‰õΩ x[OQÍ ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O?
„Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi "≥·^Œº qÉèÏQÍÅ#fl LÑ¨C‰õΩ, a.Ñ≤. H˜ =∞^èŒº =Ù#fl ãÖ|O^è•xfl =∂„`«"Õ∞ K«∂âß~°∞. `«y#O`«
LÑ¨C ÖËHõáÈ=_»O =Å¡ [iˆQ #ëêìÅ QÆ∞iOz# JOâ◊O "åiH˜ Ñ¨@ìÖË^Œ∞. LÑ¨C H©∆}`« J<ÕHõ ~°HÍÅ #ëêìÅ∞
Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk. QÆ∞O_≥ ˆ~@∞#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok. _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk. PÖ’K«#ÅÖ’ ã¨=∞#fiÜ«∂xfl
^≥|ƒfã¨∞OÎ k. Z=ÚHõÅ∞ q~°Q_Æ ®xH˜, PÇ¨~°OÖ’ ÉÏH©iì Ü«∂ =ÔQ~· å #ëêìÅ‰õΩ, PH˜û[<£ ã¨~Ñ° ~¨¶ å ^≥|ƒu#_®xH˜,
Hõ}*ÏÅÖ’H˜ áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ JO^Œ_»OÖ’ Ö’áêxH˜, J~åúO`«~° =∞~°}ÏÅ‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk. D ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ z#flq
HÍ=Ù. W"ÕHÍHõ LÑ¨C Ö’ÑÖ =Å¡ â◊s~åxH˜ U^≥·<å „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~° =uÎ_ç U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ JO>Ë PÇ¨~° <åà◊
W<£ÃÑ¶Hõ∆#∞¡, ~°HõÎ #+¨ìO, Ñ¨Hõ∆"å`«O, QÆ∞O_≥áÈ@∞ =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ Z^Œ∞Ô~·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ `«@∞ì‰õΩ<Õ â◊H˜Î =ÙO_»^Œ∞.
WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Õ K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ#fl@∞¡ LÑ¨C HÀ~°`« =Å¡ ÑÖK«^•~°‰õΩ, W`«~° =∞`«∞Î =∞O^Œ∞Å =ºã¨<åxH˜ ‰õÄ_»
QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO LOk.
ZO`« LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°=∞#flk =ºHÎ̃H˜, =ºHÎ̃H˜ `Õ_® =ÙO@∞Ok. Z=i Ñïã≤÷ux |\ì̃ "å~°∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åeû
=ã¨∞ÎOk. D J^è•ºÜ«∞OÖ’ =KÕÛ H˘xfl Ñ¨^•Å x~°fiK«<åÅ#∞ =ÚO^Œ∞QÍ K«∂^•ÌO.
™êÖòì Ãã\ò áê~ÚO\ò: U ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë P~ÀQÆºO ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞O^À, rq`« HÍÖÏxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞O^À,
P *Ïu =∞#∞QÆ_»‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞O^À J^Õ Ãã\ò áê~ÚO\ò. nxfl "≥∞^Œ_»∞`À áê@∞ â◊s~°O x~°‚~Úã¨∞ÎOk.
Z‰õΩ¯= =∞OkÖ’ Wk ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 #∞O_ç 4 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞OQÍ =ÙO>Ë KåÅ∞. â◊s~°OÖ’ JO`«ifli‡`«OQÍ
=ÙO_Õ ^èŒ~À‡ ™êì\ò ÖÏO\˜k Z=Ô~=i â◊s~° J=ã¨~åÅ#∞ |\˜ì fã¨∞‰õΩ<ÕÅ KÕã¨∞ÎOk. P~ÀQÆº=O`«∞x Hõ<åfl
H˜_ôflÅ‰õΩ LÑ¨C =$^è• KÕ¿ã ÅHõ∆}=Ú#fl "åiH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok. =ºã¨#Ñ¨~°K«_»"≥∂ =∞~˘Hõ\’
HÍHõ âßs~°Hõ J=ã¨~°"Õ∞ nxH˜ „áêuÑ¨kHõ.
™È_çÜ«∞O ã¨=∞`«∞Åº`« (ÉÏºÅ#∞û): =∞ÅOÖ’#∞, K≥=∞@ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜áÈÜÕ∞ LÑ¨C#∞ H˜_ôflÜÕ∞`«~°
#+¨ìO JO\Ï~°∞. nx`À ãÖ|O^èŒO ÖË‰õΩO_® u<Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O Ñï=∂}O =¸„`«OÖ’x ™È_çÜ«∞O`À
ãïáÈÅ_®xfl ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞û JO\Ï~°∞. â◊s~°O #∞O_ç LÑ¨C#∞ #+¨ìáÈ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞† ÖË^• J^Œ#OQÍ
LÑ¨C#∞ xÅ∞Ñ¨ÙHÀ=_»O ÖË^Œ∞. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ Ãã\ò áê~ÚO@∞ ^ŒQÆæ~° D ÉÏÅ#∞û =ÙO@∞Ok. ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 #∞O_ç
4 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O J`«ºkè‰õΩÅ‰õΩ ãïáÈ`«∞Ok. ~ÀA‰õΩ 230 #∞O_ç 300 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O JOk`Õ ‰õÄ_»
P~ÀQÆº=O`«∞ÅÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞û #_»∞ã¨∞ÎOk. n#~°úO P~ÀQÍºxH©, n~°…HÍÅ rq`åxH˜ Wk ãïáÈÜÕ∞
"≥∂`å^Œ∞ Jx U =¸„`«O J~°÷O KÕã¨∞HÀ‰õÄ_»^Œ∞. Wk â◊s~°O ãÖH∆ÀÉèíÑ¨Ù ^Œâ◊Ö’ =Ù#fl@∞¡ ã¨∂zHõ. D
~°HõOQÍ `«yæ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì =ÙOKÕ Ç¨Ï~À‡#∞¡ K«∞~°∞‰õΩQÍ Hõ^Œe ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞û#∞
xÅÉˇ_»`å~Ú.
52
™È_çÜ«∞O H˘~°`«: nxfl `≥Åã¨∞HÀ=_»O ã¨∞ÅÉèíO. LÑ¨C uxÑ≤Oz, P =ºH˜Î =¸„`åxfl Ñ¨sH˜∆¿ãÎ =¸„`«OÖ’
™È_çÜ«∞O Ug∞ÖË#@¡~Ú`Õ LÑ¨C H˘~°`« L#fl@∞¡ ÖˇH˜¯OKåe.
™êÖòì ^èŒ~À‡™êì\ò: â◊s~°Ñ¨Ù ^èŒ~À‡™êì\ò ™êÖòì Ãã\ò áê~ÚO@∞#∞ xÜ«∞O„uã¨∞ÎOk. "≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã Ãã#û~°¡
=º=ã¨`÷ À J#∞|OkèÒ« QÍ =ÙO_Õ ™êÖòì ^è~Œ À‡ ™êì\ò ZO`« ™È_çÜ∞« O ãïáÈ`«∞O^À#x K≥¿ÑÊ ã¨∂zHõ ÖÏO\˜k.
LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì =ÙOKÕ ÅHõ∆}O QÆÅ Ç¨~À‡#¡`À â◊s~åxH˜ J=ã¨~°O Ñ¨_»‰õΩO_® K«∂_»_®xH˜ Wk ZÑ¨Ê\˜HõÑ¨C_»∞
„Ñ¨Ü«∞uflã¨∂Î LO@∞Ok. â◊s~° ÉèÏQÍÅ ^•fi~å |Ü«∞\˜H˜ áÈÜÕ∞ ^•xHõ<åfl J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C<Õ fã¨∞HÀ=∞x
"≥∞^Œ_»∞ ZÑ¨C_»∂ K≥|∞`«∞Ok. â◊s~°OÖ’ =ÙO_Õ D P`«‡ ~°Hõ∆} Ü«∞O„`åOQÍÅ∞ LÑ¨C ZO`« u<åÖ’ K≥Ñ¨Ù`«∂
LÑ¨C u<åÅx â◊s~°OÖ’ HÍOHõ∆ („ˆHeOQ∑) HõÅQÆ‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. LÑ¨C u<åÅx â◊s~°O
H˘@ìHõÖÏ_çO^ŒO>Ë ™È_çÜ«∞O =∞s `«‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO^Œx ^èŒ~À‡™êì\ò K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ ÖˇHõ¯. ™êÖòì Ãã\ò áê~ÚO@∞‰õΩ
KÕˆ~ =~°‰õΩ ãïÑ¨_® LÑ¨C u<åÅx Jk ã¨∂zã¨∞ÎOk. â◊s~°OÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O xÅfi `«y#O`« LOK«∞HÀ=∞x
K≥|∞`«∞Ok.
ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ ÉÏQÍ `«yæOz JO>Ë ~ÀA‰õΩ 300 q∞.„QÍ. Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ù_»∞
H˜_ôflÅ∞ 3, 4 ~ÀAÖ’¡ x^•#OQÍ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =^ŒÅ‰õΩO_® ay™êÎ~Ú. ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞û#∞
â◊s~°"Õ∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«∞‰õΩ<Õ Ñ¨^Œúu Wk. ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ uO>Ë<Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞û
™êÖòì Ãã\ò áê~ÚO\ò ^ŒQÆæ~° xÅ|_»∞`«∞Ok. ™È_çÜ«∞O ÉÏÅ#∞ûÖ’ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C#∞ uO>Ë
JO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Ú`«ÎO HÍ‰õΩ<åfl J`«ºkèHõ ÉèÏQÆO H˜_ôflÅ ^•fi~å |Ü«∞\˜H˜ áÈ`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C HõxëêìxH˜ KÕi#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
‰õÄ_» P~ÀQÆº=O`«∞Å∞ ™êÖòì ÉÏºÅ#∞û KÕã¨∞HÀQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. J~Ú`Õ nx=Å¡ LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì=ÙOKÕ Ç¨~À‡#∞¡
q_»∞^ŒÖˇ· ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O =Å¡ â◊s~° P~åæ#∞¡ ^≥|ƒu#_®xH˜, a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xH˜ ^•i fÜ«∞=K«∞Û. QÆ∞O_≥ Ãã·A
ÃÑ~°QÆ_®xH©, QÆ∞O_≥`À áê@∞ ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ QÆ\ ˜ìÑ¨_»_®xH© ^•ifÜ«∞=K«∞Û. LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ QÆ∞O_≥,
~°HõÎ<åà◊ ãÖ|O^èŒ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑiy =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î =∞~°}ÏÅ‰õΩ HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞
LÑ¨C H©∆}`«‰õΩ ^•ifã≤ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒOÖ’H˜ <≥@ì_»O ã¨~°fi ™ê^è•~°}O. XHõ =ºH˜ÎÖ’ `«y#O`« LÑ¨C xÅfi L#fl^•
ÖË^• J#flk K≥Ñ¨Ê_»O JO`« ã¨∞Å∞=Ù HÍ^Œ∞.
LÑ¨C #ëêìxfl xeÑ≤# J#∞Éèí=O

_®II *Ë"£∞û‰õΩ ^Œ∂~°Ñ¨Ù |O^èŒ∞"≥·# =∞Ç≤Ïà◊‰õΩ 40 ãÖII =Ü«∞ã¨∞Ö’<Õ H˘Ö’<£ ˆH#û~°∞#∞
QÆ∞iÎOz â◊G zH˜`û« KÕâß~°∞. H˘Ö’<£Ö’ JkèHõ ÉèÏQÍxfl `˘ÅyOz HÀÖ’Hõgì ∞ ãÖzx J=∞~åÛ~°∞.
PÇ¨~°OÖ’x LÑ¨C#∞ ãÖ„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«_»OÖ’ H˘Ö’<£k H©ÅHõ áê„`«. LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+≤OK«_»OÖ’#∞
~°HõÎOÖ’x q+¨Ñ¨Ói`« Ñ¨^•~åúÅ#∞ `˘ÅyOK«_»OÖ’#∞ H˜_ôflÅk „Ñ¨^è•# áê„`« H˘ÖÁ<£
ÖËHõáÈ=_»OÖ’#∞, =Ü«∞ã¨∞`À áê@∞ H˜_ôflÅ Ñ¨x`«#O `«yæ#O^Œ∞ =Å¡ LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\˜ì=ÙOKÕ â◊H˜Î
Ñ¨_çáÈ~ÚOk. ^•O`À P"≥∞ â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞ LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆ ÃÑ>Ëì â◊H˜Î Ñ¨_çáÈ~ÚOk.
83 ãÖII =Ü«∞ã¨∞ H˘KÕÛ ãïH˜ P"≥∞‰õΩ JÅã¨@, =∂#ã≤Hõ z~å‰õΩ ÃÑiQÍ~Ú. `«~°K«∞QÍ
ÃÇÏ· _„ +Õ <¨ £ ~å=_»O`À Pã¨Êu„ Ö’<Õ =ÙO_®eû ~å=_»O ZO^Œ∞=Ö’¡ QÆ∞iÎOK«ÖHË õ áÈÜ«∂~°∞. *Ë"∞£ û‰õΩ
LÑ¨C QÆ∞iOz# Ñï*Ï˝#O LO_»_»O =Å¡ ã¨=∞ã¨º J~°ú"≥∞ÿOk. H˘Ö’<£ ÖËHõáÈ=_»O, H˜_ôflÅ∞
^≥|ƒu#_»O =Å¡ ã¨=∞ã¨º =zÛO^Œx *Ë"∞£ û P"≥∞‰õΩ K≥áêÊ_»∞. LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ÃÑOz`Õ _ôÃÇÏ· _„ +Õ H¨ õ
Ñïëê¯~°=∞=Ù`«∞O^Œx *Ë"£∞û ã¨∂zOKå_»∞. P"≥∞ áê\ÕK«_»O`À ã¨=∞ã¨º Ñïëê¯~°"≥∞ÿOk.
53
g∞~°∞ ™È_çÜ∞« O `«‰Ωõ ¯= fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ ™È_çÜ∞« O ™ê^è•~°} ™ê÷~Úx xe¿ÑO^Œ∞‰õΩ, â◊s~° „^Œ"åÅÖ’#∞
`«Q∞Æ Ñï=∂}OÖ’ =ÙOKÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ H˜_flô Å∞ Ñ¨Ó#∞‰õΩx ™È_çÜ∞« O qã¨~#°̊ #∞ `«y™æ êÎ~Ú. ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞ Ñ¨\ =ì̃ ÙOKÕ
â◊H˜Îx H˜_ôflÅ∞ HÀÖ’Ê`Õ `«fi~°QÍ g∞Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O H˘~°`« U~°Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. ÃÑ· K≥Ñ≤Ê# J#∞Éèí=OÖ’ *Ë"£∞ûQÍi
|O^èŒ∞=Ù J#∞Éèí"åxfl K«∂âßO. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ~°HõÎ„™ê=O [iy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ H˜_ôflÅ∞ "≥O@<Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O q_»∞^ŒÅ#∞
xeÑ≤ "ÕÜ«∞_»O ^•fi~å ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O `«QÆæ‰õΩO_® K«∂™êÎ~Ú. H˜_ôflÅ∞ WO^Œ∞Ö’ qÑ¶¨Å"≥∞ÿ`Õ, ~°HõÎO |Ü«∞\˜H˜
áÈ=_»O (c¡_çOQ∑) [iy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Ñïã≤÷u Ñ¶¨∞’~°OQÍ `«Ü«∂~°=Ù`«∞Ok. JO^Œ∞<å LÑ¨C `«yæOz u<Õ"åà◊§‰õΩ
ã¨=∞ã¨º WOHÍ f„=OQÍ LO@∞Ok.
1950 ÅÖ’ XHõ J™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÍxfl „Ñ¨K«∞iOKå~°∞. Jã¨ÖË LÑ¨C `«yæOz uO@∂#fl
"åà◊§‰õΩ Ç¨Ï~îå`«∞ÎQÍ LÑ¨C H˘~°`« Z^Œ∞Ô~·`Õ – JO>Ë QÍÔ~¤xOQ∑ Ñ¨x "Õã¨qÖ’ QÆO@Å `«~°|_ç KÕã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞,
ÃÑiy# a.Ñ≤. x `«yæOK«_®xH˜ =¸„`« qã¨~°˚# =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ "å_Õ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞, „\Ï=∂, =à◊√§ HÍÅ_»O, "åO`«∞Å∞,
qˆ~K«<åÅ∞ =O\˜ ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ – UO [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^À K«∂âß~°∞. =¸„`« qã¨~°˚# =∞O^Œ∞Å =Å¡ ~Ày
=¸„`«O ^•fi~å 2,300 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆOÖ’ ~Ày =∞m§ LÑ¨C u#_»O "≥Ú^ŒÖˇ_ç`Õ
P HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# 2,300 q∞.„QÍ. â◊s~°OÖ’ uiy xO_Õ =~°‰õΩ â◊s~°O ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ qãï˚OK«‰õΩO_® PyOk.
=∞# â◊s~°Ñ¨Ù Ñ¨xf~°∞#∞ D J#∞Éèí=O K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ^•xfl uiy ã¨=∞‰õÄ~°∞Û‰õΩ<Õ f~°∞#∞ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk.
J~Ú`Õ H˜_flô Å∞ ^≥|ƒux J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ì˜ =ÙOKÕ â◊HxÎ˜ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÃÑ^ŒÌ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO Z^Œ∞~°=Ù`«∞Ok.
JO^Œ∞ˆH LÑ¨C `«yæOÑ¨Ù PÇ¨~åÅ∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§Ö’ (2.3 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O) áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ™ê^è•~°}
™ê÷~ÚÖ’ LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊√§ (3 #∞O_ç 4 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O) ZÑ¨Ù_»∂ "≥∞~°∞ÔQ·# ã≤÷uÖ’ =ÙO\Ï~°∞.
Ç¨Ï~îå`«∞QÎ Í U^Õx HÍ~°}O`À â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C H©} ∆ `« Hõey<å Z^Œ∞~À¯QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`å~°∞. xÑ¨Ù}∞Å∞ #"Õ∞‡^Õq∞@O>Ë
–WÖÏO\˜ LÑ¨C H©∆}`« Hõey# ãÖ^•~åƒùÅ#∞ Z^Œ∞~À¯_®xˆH =∞# â◊s~°OÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O xÅfi KÕ¿ã
J=∞iHõÅ∞<åfl~Ú. Hõx+¨ì ™È_çÜ«∞O J~Ú# ~ÀA‰õΩ 300 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ‰õÄ_» ÉÏºÅ#∞û
x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_®xH˜ =∞# â◊s~°OÖ’x =º=ã¨÷Å∞ Ñ¨xKÕ™êÎ~Ú.
~ÀA‰õΩ ZO`« ™È_çÜ«∞O HÍ"åÅ#fl ^•xÃÑ· 1936 Ö’ ZO.ã≤. ˆH<£û KÕã≤# Ñïâ’^èŒ# „áê^è•#ºO
QÆÅk. `«#ÃÑ·<Õ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆO KÕã¨∞‰õΩ#fl PÜ«∞# K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å 17.4 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O `«yæOK«∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞.
PÜ«∞# =¸„`åxfl Ñ¨sH˜∆¿ãÎ JO^Œ∞Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ^•^•Ñ¨Ù ÖË^Œ∞ (~À[O`«\ ˜H© HõeÑ≤ 23 q∞.„QÍ. =∂„`«"Õ∞).
D H˘~°`«#∞ f~°Û_®xH˜ `«~åfiu Ô~O_»∞ ~ÀAÅ∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ 11.5 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞‰õΩ<åfl_»∞. J~Ú<å
=¸„`«OÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞ JO`«‰Ωõ =ÚO^Œ∞ L#fl>Ë¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ 23 q∞.„QÍ. =∂„`«"∞Õ LO_çOk. JO>Ë ™È_çÜ∞« O
H˘~°`«#∞ f~°∞ÛHÀ_®xH˜ â◊s~°O u#fl ™È_çÜ«∞O "≥Ú`åÎhfl ãÖ„QÆÇ≤ÏOK«∞‰õΩ#fl^Œ#fl =∂@. 3 = ~ÀA 5,382
q∞.„QÍ. fã¨∞‰õΩx 3 ~ÀAÅ∞ "≥Ú`«ÎO 16.836 „QÍ. (`«yæ# ^•xfl ã¨∞=∂~°∞QÍ) ÉèísÎ KÕâß_»∞. J~Ú<å 3 =
~ÀA =¸„`«O K«∂¿ãÎ Hˆ =ÅO 386 q∞.„QÍ. =∂„`«"∞Õ áÈ~ÚOk. =∞#O ™ê^è•~°}OQÍ ~ÀA"åiQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ
3,400 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞OÖ’ ^•^•Ñ¨Ù JO`«\ ˜h qãï˚™êÎO. 5,382 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O fã¨∞HÀ"åeû =¿ãÎ
JO^Œ∞Ö’ 5,000 q∞.„QÍ. =¸„`«O ^•fi~å<Õ áÈ`«∞Ok. q∞ye#k K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å<À, =∞ÅO ^•fi~å<À
áÈ`«∞Ok. HÍx ˆH<£û â◊s~°OÖ’ LÑ¨C H˘~°`« LO_»_»O =Å¡ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl "≥Ú`åÎxfl â◊s~°O J\˜ìÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩOk.
PÜ«∞# KÕã≤# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O ^•fi~å 1 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O #+¨ìO ‰õÄ_» ã¨=∞¿ãº J=Ù`«∞Ok. g∞ â◊s~åxH˜
1 „QÍ. Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯= #+¨ìO J=ã¨~°"≥∞ÿ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~°O uiy =∞m§ `«y#O`« ™È_çÜ«∞O JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞Ö’H˜
=KåÛHõ q_»∞^ŒÅ KÕÜ«∞_»O [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«#∞ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú# ^•#flO`«\ ˜h uiy ÉèísÎ KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<åflˆH (H˘xfl
=O^ŒÅ q∞.„QÍ. `Õ_®`À) Wk [~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. J<ÕHõ _»[#¡ „QÍ=ÚÅ LÑ¨C HÀÖ’Ê`Õ ‰õÄ_» â◊s~°O
=∞#QÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. WÖÏO@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ gÖˇ#· O`« `«fi~°QÍ ^•xfl Éèsí Î KÕã∞¨ HÀ"åÅ#fl P`«$`«#∞ â◊s~°O „Ñ¨îŒ ≈ã¨∞OÎ k.
LÑ¨C `«y#O`« ™ê÷~ÚH˜ =KåÛHõ WHõ J^Œ#OQÍ fã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl HÀiˆH HõeˆQ J=HÍâ◊O ÖË^Œ∞.
54
J^èŒºÜ«∞<åÅ∞ `ÕeÛO^Õq∞@O>Ë ™È_çÜ«∞O J^Œ#OQÍ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ =∞# r=„H˜Ü«∞ =º=ã¨÷ Éèí„^ŒOQÍ
=ÙO@∞Ok. ZÑ¨Ù_≥<· å H©}∆ `« U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ (J<å~ÀQÆºO, _»Ü∞Õ iÜ«∂, W<£ÃÑH¶ #∆õ ∞, ~°HOÎõ HÀÖ’Ê=_»O, K≥=∞@Å∞
Ñ¨@ì_»O `«k`«~° ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’) ‰õÄ_» â◊s~°O `«@∞ì‰õΩO@∞Ok. WOHÍ =ÚYº"≥∞ÿ# q+¨Ü«∞"Õ∞=∞O>Ë J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù
™È_çÜ«∞O LÑ¨C#∞ Ñ¨\ ˜ì =ÙOKÕ Ç¨ÏŸ~À‡#¡`À J=ã¨~°O ÖË‰õΩO_® KÕã¨∞ÎOk. `«^•fi~å â◊s~°OÖ’x H©ÅHõ"≥∞ÿ#
J=Ü«∞"åÅ‰õΩ #+¨ìO HõÅ∞QÆ‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞ÎOk.
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ â◊s~°OÃÑ· =uÎ_ç Hõey™êÎÜ«∞#fl JOâß<Õfl J"≥∞iHõ<£ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi "≥·^Œº =~åæÅ∞
Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀHõ áÈ=_»O qKå~°Hõ~°=∞O\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. f„="≥∞ÿ# P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ #∞O_ç JkèHõ LÑ¨C
PÇ¨~åÅ∞ ~°H˜∆OKÕ H˘xfl ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅ QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩO^•O.
_ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£#∞ x"åiOK«_®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ™È_çÜ«∞O J=ã¨~°=∞=Ù`«∞Ok
_ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£H˜ HÍ~°}ÏÖËq∞\’ ÑïjeOK«O_ç. Jk ZO`« `«~°K«∞QÍ =ã¨∞ÎOk? ÅHõ∆}ÏÖËq∞\˜? =∞#‰õΩ L+¨‚O

Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ <åeHõ Ñ≤_»K«Hõ\ ˜ì#Ñ¨Ù_»∞, Q˘O`«∞ ZO_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£QÍ J#∞‰õΩO\ÏO. JÖÏ =Ù#flÑ¨Ù_»∞
^•Ç¨ÏO J=Ù`«∞#fl@∞¡ h~°∞ `åQÆ=∞#fl@∞¡ ã¨∂zHõQÍ =∂„`«"∞Õ fã¨∞HÀ"åe `«ÑÊ¨ J^Õ _ôÃÇÏ· „_Õ+<¨ H£ ˜ H˘Å|^ŒHÌ Í^Œ∞.
^•x HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞ J<ÕHõO. =ÚYºOQÍ `«y#O`« h~°∞ fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O, "åºÜ«∂=∞O =Å¡, LÑ¨C `«y#O`«
fã¨∞HÀHõáÈ=_»O =O\˜q ‰õÄ_» HÍ~°}ÏÅ∞. _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ =ÙO^Œx K≥áêÊÅO>Ë ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ZO`«
LO^À Ñ¨sH˜∆OKåe. Jk Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ LO>Ë _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ =Ù#fl@∞¡ ÖˇHõ¯. JO>Ë ~°HõÎO Ñï=∂}O `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡
™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
LÑ¨C =∞iO`« â◊s~åxH˜ J=ã¨~°=∞x K≥¿ÑÊ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞
K«e"ÕÜ«∞_»O, =¸„`«O zHõ¯QÍ =ÙO_»_»O, K«~å‡xfl "Õà◊§`À Ñ¨@∞ì‰õΩx ÃÑ·H˜ ÖÏy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ™êˆQ QÆ∞}O
Ö’Ñ≤OK«_»O, fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl LÑ¨C`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ `«y#O`« q_»∞^ŒÅ HÍHõáÈ=_»O (=¸„`«OÖ’), =¸„`«O
ÉÏQÍ `«‰õΩ¯==_»O, <åÅ∞Hõ Ñ≤_»K«Hõ@ì_»O, ~°HõÎ<åàÏÅ∞ ~°HõÎO xOÑ¨ÙHÀ=_»O PÅâ◊ºO HÍ=_»O, QÆ∞O_≥ "ÕQÆO
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, JÅÊ ~°HõÎáÈ@∞, LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl HÍOHõ∆ HõÅQÆ_»O, a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæ_»O =Å¡ ã¨Ê $Ç¨Ï HÀÖ’Ê=_»O, ^•Ç¨ÏO
=O\˜=hfl ^•x ÅHõ∆}ÏÖË.
_ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£ ^Œâ◊Ö’ H˜_ôflÅ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ "≥#‰õΩ¯ fã¨∞‰õΩO\Ï~Ú. Hõ}ÏÅÖ’x, Hõ}ÏÅ |Ü«∞@ h\˜
Hõ^ŒeHõ#∞ ÃÑOK«_®xH˜ ™È_çÜ«∞O ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. D Ñ¨xÖ’ =ÙO_»_»O =Å¡<Õ ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O
™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ÃÑiQÆ HõxÑ≤™êÎ~Ú. Jk =∞# ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ñ¨_Õ áê„`«#∞ x~°fiÇ≤ÏOK«_»O =ÖË¡ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú ÃÑiy
Hõ#Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok `«Ñ¨Ê J^Õg∞ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°O HÍ^Œ∞.
LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ =¸„`«O `«yæáÈ`«∞Ok. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ r=„H˜Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ =º~åúÅ#∞
|Ü«∞\˜H˜ ÑÖ¿Ñ â◊H˜Î `«yæ =¸„`«<åà◊OÖ’ W<£ÃÑ¶Hõ∆#∞¡ =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. `«~°K«∞QÍ =¸„`«O
J~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ =¸„`«<åà◊OÖ’ ã¨∂Hõ∆ ‡„H˜=ÚÅ∞ |Ü«∞\˜H˜ =™êÎ~Ú. =¸„`« L`«ÊuÎ J<Õk â◊s~° =º=ã¨÷#∞ â◊√kÌ
KÕã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ =∂~°æO. LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= u#_»O â◊s~°OÖ’ h\˜ Ñï=∂}Ïxfl `«yæã¨∞ÎOk, `«^•fi~å _ôÃÇ·Ï„_Õ+¨<£‰õΩ
^•ifã¨∞ÎOk JO`ÕQÍHõ QÆ∞O_≥, ~°HõÎ<åà◊ ãÖ|O^èŒ, ˆHO„^Œ<å_ô =º=ã¨÷ÅÃÑ· „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_ç, ^èŒ~À‡ Ô~QÆ∞ºÖË+¨<£
(L+¨‚ xÜ«∞O„`«}), r=„H˜Ü«∞ ãÖ|O^èŒ J™ê^è•~°}`åfiÅ∞, „Ñ¨=~°Î<å`«‡Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õΩ ^•if™êÎ~Ú. nx=Å¡
=¸~°Û =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO, "åO`«∞Å∞, ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} Ñ¨_çáÈ=_»O, =_»^≥|ƒ z=~°‰õΩ =∞~°}O ‰õÄ_» ãÖÉèíqOK«
=K«∞Û.
55
Ñ¨~°∞ÔQ`ÕÎ "åiH˜ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O
_®II *Ë"∞£ û‰õΩ ‰õΩ@∞O| ã¿ flÇ≤Ï`«∞_≥#· =∞^èºŒ =Ü«∞ã¨∞¯_»∞ =∞Oz
HõO_»Å∞ =O_ç ~ÀA‰õΩ 10 "≥∞àÿ §◊ =~°‰Ωõ Ñ¨~∞° QÔ `Õ"Î å_»∞. Uà◊§ `«~|° _ç
Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞ KÕã≤#Ñ¨Ê\˜H˜ Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Å =∞^èŒºÖ’ LÑ¨CÅÑ¨Ù_»∂ fã¨∞HÀÖË^Œ∞
ã¨∞^Œ∂~° Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Ö’ LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë HõeˆQ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O <Õ#∞
PÜ« ∞ #‰õ Ω K≥ á êÊ#∞. JÖÏ fã¨ ∞ ‰õ Ω <åflHõ U"≥ ∞ ÿ < å =∂~° ∞ Ê
HõxÑ≤OzO^• Jx *Ë"£∞û PÜ«∞##∞ „Ñ¨tflOz#Ñ¨C_»∞ QÆ=∞º ™ê÷#O
KÕ~åHõ, Ñ¨~∞° QÆ∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕâßHõ _ôÃÇÏ· _„ +Õ <¨ £ ÖË‰Ωõ O_® ™œHõ~º° =O`«OQÍ
JxÑ≤Oz#@∞¡ PÜ«∞# K≥áêÊ_»∞. 65 _ç„wÅ‰õΩ xÅz# "Õ_çÖ’#∞,
"å`å=~°}OÖ’ `Õ=∞ L#fl Ñïã≤÷`«∞ÅÖ’#∞ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O WOHÍ
Z‰õΩ¯=.
ëêH±‰õΩ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ (=à◊√§ HÍÅ_»O, QÍÜ«∞Ñ¨_»_»O, ~°HõÎ„™ê=O) LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= HÍ"åe
„Ñ¨=∂^•Å #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_ÕO^Œ∞‰õΩ LÑ¨C ã¨Ç¨Ü«∞Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok. f„= ~°HõÎ„™ê=O [iy#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ HÍe#

ÖË^• W`«~° QÍÜ«∂Å∞ J~Ú#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ â◊s~° „^Œ"åÅ∞ `«yæ ëêH±‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~°∞. D ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ hˆ~g∞ â◊s~°O
#∞O_ç |Ü«∞\˜H˜ áÈ^Œ∞. QÍÜ«∞"≥∞ÿ# KÀ\˜H˜, ^•xfl =∂<ÕÊO^Œ∞‰õΩ „^Œ"åÅ∞ KÕ~°`å~Ú. Ñ¶ë`«OQÍ W`«~° â◊s~°
ÉèÏQÍÅ‰õΩ „^Œ"åÅ∞ JO^Œ∞ÉÏ@∞ `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. â◊s~° „^Œ"åÅ xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O^Õ x~°‚Ü«∂`«‡Hõ áê„`«
J=_»O =Å¡ WÖÏO\˜ ëêH±Å‰õΩ QÆ∞Ô~·#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "åiH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O. h~°∞ `«QÆæ_»O Hõ<åfl LÑ¨C
`«QÆæ_»"Õ∞ „Ñ¨=∂^Œ=∞#_®xH˜ x^Œ~°≈<åÅ∞<åfl~Ú. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë h\˜Hõ<åfl LÑ¨CˆH ~°HõÎ„Ñ¨ã¨~°}#∞ xÜ«∞O„uOKÕ
ÅHõ∆}O Z‰õΩ¯= LO_ç Jk `«yæ`Õ ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O ‰õÄ_» `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. [O`«∞=ÙÅÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C H©∆}`«
U~°Ê_ç#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ëêH±‰õΩ QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ HõxÑ≤Oz#@∞¡ ~°HõÎ „Ñ¨ã¨~°} Ñ¨_çáÈ=_»O HõxÑ≤OzOk. h~°∞ `«yæ`Õ
JO`« „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO LO_»^Œ∞.
™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_çáÈ‰õΩO_® =ÙO_®ÅO>Ë LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O
~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«QÆæ_®xfl ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ JO\Ï~°∞. ZÅ¢H˘ìÖˇ·\ò J™ê^è•~°}`åfiÅÖ’

W^Õ `«~°K«∞QÍ =KÕÛ ã¨=∞ã¨º. 65 âß`«O ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ ˆHã¨∞Å∞ PÇ¨~° <åà◊OÖ’ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ =ÖË¡ =™êÎ~Ú.
ÃÑ^ŒÌ"åà◊§Ö’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ÃÑiy =KÕÛ ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂`À áÈeÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ =KÕÛ J=HÍâ◊O
31 ~Ô @∞¡ Z‰õΩ¯=x `ÕeOk. WO^Œ∞Ö’ =∞~°}O˜ KÕ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO`À ÉÏ@∞ n~°H… ÍÅO Pã¨∞Ñ¨„uÖ’ LO_®eû~å=_»O,
á¶êÖòû, HõO_»~åÅ∞ "ÕQÆOQÍ H©∆}ÕK«_»O, Z=ÚHõÅ∞ q~°QÆ_»O, "≥~°ã≤ "≥·^Œº Y~°∞ÛÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú ã¨fiÅÊ
ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ ‰õÄ_» QÆ∞O_≥ ~°HõÎ<åà◊ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ HõeyOK«_»O =Å¡ =∞~°}ÕKÕ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk.
ÉÏeO`«ÅÖ’ 18 âß`«OÖ’ D ã¨=∞ã¨º Hõ#Ñ¨_çOk. 50 âß`«O =∞Ok ãÖ=`«û~°OÖ’ XHõ™êi
J~Ú<å D ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ K«qK«∂ã¨∞Î<åfl~°∞. ÉÏeO`«Å‰õΩ ÃÑ>Ëì PÇ¨~°"Õ∞ D ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ `≥™ÈÎOk.
56
H˘xfl ~°HÍÅ =∞O^Œ∞ÅÖ’ (SSRI) Å∞ ‰õÄ_» ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂#∞ Hõey™êÎ~Ú. ™ê‡Öò ÃãÖò ÅOQ∑
HÍ#û~°∞, áÈ+¨HÍÇ¨~°ÖËq∞, \˜.a. (Hõ∆Ü«∞), #∂º"≥∂xÜ«∂ =O\˜ W<£ÃÑ¶Hõ∆#∞¡ ‰õÄ_» D ~°Hõ"≥∞ÿ# „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åxfl
Hõey™êÎ~Ú. e=~ü ã≤„~Àã≤ã,π #∂º"≥∂xÜ«∂, Z~Ú_£û ÖÏO\˜ [|∞ƒÖˇ<Àfl ÃÇÏ· áÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ =KÕÛÖÏ KÕ™êÎ~Ú.
ÃÇÏ· áÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ =Å¡ =KÕÛ ÅHõ} ∆ ÏÅ∞ – PHõe =∞O^ŒyOK«_O» , HõO_»~åÅ Ñ¨Q∞Æ à◊√§, `«Åu~°Q_Æ O» , "åO`«∞Å∞,
`«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê, z~å‰õΩ, ˆH„nHõ~°} xÅ|_»HõáÈ=_»O, QÆO^Œ~°QÀà◊ Ñ¨_»_»O, h~°ãÖ, |^ŒúHõO, Z=ÚHõÅ q~°∞QÆ∞à◊§
– JO^Œ∞Ö’ H˘xfl. ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~Ú 125 m Eq/c Hõ<åfl `«yæ`Õ =¸~°Ûù, HÀ=∂, âßâ◊fi`«OQÍ "≥∞^Œ_»∞
^≥|ƒu#_»O, âßfiã¨ PQÆ_»O, =∞~°}O ‰õÄ_» ~å=K«∞Û. n~°…HÍÅOQÍ ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ LO>Ë ™È_çÜ«∞O
™ê÷~Ú 125 ÖË^• P kQÆ∞=#‰õΩ Ñ¨_çáÈÜÕ∞ =~°‰õΩ <å_ô ãÖ|O^èŒ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞ Hõ#Ñ¨_»HõáÈ=K«∞Û. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë
"≥∞^Œ_»∞Ö’ nxH˜ ã¨~°∞ÌÉÏ@∞ Ü«∞O„`åOQÍÅ∞<åfl~Ú. Z‰õΩ¯= ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞O_ç "åHÕQ∑ KÕ¿ã "åà◊§‰õΩ P
q+¨Ü«∞O ‰õÄ_» `≥eÜ«∞HõáÈ=K«∞Û.
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=$^• KÕ¿ã ÅHõ∆}O ~å=K«∞Û. P™ê‡\˜H±„>Ëk =∞O^Œ∞ (ÖÏˆHû\˜"£Å∞) áêe Wkèe<£ ÔQ¡ÂHÀÖò =O\˜q LÑ¨C
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™ê~°∞¡ qˆ~K«<åÅ∞ J~Ú LÑ¨C `«yæ ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂ ~å=K«∞Û.
NSAID Å ÖÏO\˜q, Ü«∂„ã≤Ê<£, Ü«∂O\˜ ¿Ñ¡\òÖˇ\òû, <À\˜`À fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ ~°HÍÎxfl QÆ_»¤Hõ@ì‰õΩO_®
x"åiOKÕ =∞O^Œ∞Å =O\˜q ~°HõÎ„™ê==∞ÜÕ∞º „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl ÃÑOK«_»O ^•fi~å LÑ¨C#∞ ~°HõÎO ^•fi~å HÀÖ’ÊÜÕ∞
„Ñ¨=∂^ŒO HõeyOK«=K«∞Û. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’ NSAID =∞O^Œ∞Å =Å¡ ¿ÑQÆ∞Ö’¡ ~°HõÎ„™ê=O [iy „Ñü U\Ï 16,500
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[~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. QÆ#∞Hõ Jk `≥e¿ã J=HÍâ◊O `«‰õΩ¯=. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ D `«~°Ç¨ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§‰õΩ
`«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ W=fi_»O U =∂„`«O „âıÜ«∞ã¨¯~°O HÍ^Œ∞.
K≥=∞@Å∞ ÉÏQÍ Ñ¨>Ëì "åiH˜ LÑ¨C J=ã¨~°O
â◊s~° ™œ+¨=ì O (Ñ¶\≤ ò<ã≥ )π ÃÑOK«HÀ=_»O ~å#∞~å#∞ „áê^è•#º`« ãÖ`«iOK«∞‰õΩO\’Ok. „H©_® tHõ‰∆ Ωõ Å∞
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LÑ¨C `«yOæ KåÅ#fl PÇ¨~° =∂~°^æ ~Œ ≈° HÍÅ#∞ J#∞ãïã¨∞OÎ \Ï~°∞. ^Œ∞~°^$Œ +¨=ì âß`«∞Î gˆ~ LÑ¨C H©}∆ `« „Ñ¨=∂^•xH˜
QÆ∞~°=Ù`«∞O\Ï~°∞. K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å LÑ¨C áÈ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ =∞Ozh~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯= `åQÆ∞`«∞O\Ï~°∞ QÆ#∞Hõ ‰õÄ_» giH˜
D ã¨=∞ã¨º Z^Œ∞~°=Ù`«∞Ok. D ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅhfl ~°HõÎOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«QÆæ_®xH˜ ^•if™êÎ~Ú.
K≥=∞@ Ñ¨@ì_»O J#fl^Œ =∞# â◊s~°O fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ ~°Hõ∆} K«~°º. â◊s~° LëÈ‚„QÆ`« ÃÑ~°QÆ‰õΩO_® q~°∞QÆ∞_»∞QÍ
KÕÑ¨>Ëì K«~°º. K≥=∞@Ö’ =ÙO_Õ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[OQÍ 40 #∞O_ç 60 m Eq/L =∞^èŒºÖ’ =ÙO@∞Ok.
XHõ "≥∂ã¨Î~°∞ "å`å=~°}OÖ’ QÆO@‰õΩ 1 #∞O_ç 11/2 b@~°¡ h\˜x, J^Õ ÉÏQÍ "Õ_ç "å`å=~°}OÖ’#~Ú`Õ
2 #∞O_ç 3 b@~°¡ h\˜x K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å HÀÖ’Ê`åO. ã¨~åãï# QÆO@‰õΩ 1,437 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞
"åºÜ«∂=∞OÖ’ HÀÖ’Ê`åO. "Õ_ç "å`å=~°}OÖ’ Wk 2,875 q∞.„QÍ. =~°‰Ωõ LO@∞Ok. "åºÜ«∂=∞ f„=`«#∞
|\˜ì, LëÈ‚„QÆ`«#∞ |\˜ì – ã¨Ç¨Ï["≥∞ÿ# Ñïã≤÷Ö’ XHõ ~À[O`«\ ˜Ö’ =∞#O u<Õ LÑ¨C#∞ 1 QÆO@Ö’<Õ
HÀÖ’Ê`åO. WO_çÜ«∂ ÖÏO\˜ "Õ_ç ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ~ÀA‰õΩ 14,720 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞. D
QÆ}ÏOHÍÅ#∞ K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fiO =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ~ÀA‰õΩ 2,300 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O =∂„`«"Õ∞
uO>Ë ZÖÏ ãïáÈ`«∞O^Œx „Ñ¨tfl™êÎ_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û.
57
=∂"À J`«x ã¨Ç¨ÏK«~°∞Å∞ KÕã≤# J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ 1 QÆO@¿ãÑ¨Ù Ñ¶¨Ù\òÉÏÖò P@#∞ 89.6° F #∞O_ç
98.6° F LëÈ‚„QÆ`«, QÍeÖ’ `Õ=∞ 50 âß`«OQÍ L#fl "å`å=~°}OÖ’ P_ç`Õ 1,896 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞
K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å HÀÖ’Ê`å~°x `ÕeOk. XHõ P@QÍ_»∞ 1 QÆO@ P@Ö’<Õ 6,000 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ∞« O HÀÖ’ÊÜ«∂_»∞.
Ñ¶¨Ù\òÉÏÖò P@QÍà◊√§ JÜ≥∂_ç<£#∞ ‰õÄ_» HÀÖ’Ê`«∞<åfl~°∞. ~ÀA‰õΩ ã¨QÆ@∞# 150 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ =∞#‰õΩ
J=ã¨~°O. P@ ^•fi~å WO^Œ∞Ö’ =¸_»= =O`«∞ (50 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞) HÀÖ’Ê`«∞<åfl~°∞. âßs~°Hõ „â◊=∞ÖËx
"åà◊§Ö’ QÍ~Ú@~ü [|∞ƒ ˆH=ÅO 1 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ =ÙO@∞Ok. J~Ú`Õ P@QÍà◊§Ö’ 50 âß`«O =∞OkH˜
„ˆQ_£ 1 QÍ~Ú@~ü [|∞ƒ =ã¨∞Î#fl@∞¡ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. f„="≥∞ÿ# ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ ã¨=∞ã¨º‰õΩ x^Œ~°≈#O Wk. `«y#O`«
JÜ≥∂_≥·*ò_£ LÑ¨C#∞ u#HõáÈ=_»O, =∞~À"≥·Ñ¨Ù K≥=∞@ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ JÜ≥∂_ç<£#∞ HÀÖ’Ê`«∞#fl HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ D
ã¨=∞ã¨º =™ÈÎOk. PÇ¨~° =∂~°æ^Œ~°≈HÍÅ „Ñ¨HÍ~°O ~ÀA‰õΩ 100 #∞O_ç 300 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ JÜ≥∂_ç<£
fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ "åà◊§Ö’ ‰õÄ_» D ã¨=∞ã¨º =zÛOk. "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ K≥Ü«∞ºx "åà◊§ HõO>Ë KÕ¿ã "åà◊§‰õΩ Z‰õΩ¯=
LÑ¨C, JÜ≥∂_ç<£Å∞ J=ã¨~°O. H˘O`«=∞OkH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ‰õÄ_» HÍ"åe.
„H©_®HÍ~°∞_»∞ HÍx ã¨Q@Æ ∞ =∞x+≤ ~ÀA‰õΩ 600 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ∞« O#∞, 22 "≥∞„ÿ HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ JÜ≥∞_ç<#£ ∞
„Ñü~ÀE K≥=∞@ ~°∂ÑÖÖ’ qãï˚™êÎ_»∞. ã¨QÆ@∞ P@QÍ_»∞ 3 #∞O_ç 5 bÅ~°¡ K≥=∞@ Ñ¨>Ëì"åà◊√§ K≥=∞@Ö’<Õ
111 #∞O_ç 185 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ PÜ≥∂_ç<£ HÀÖ’Ê`å_»∞. K≥=∞@, =¸„`«O, =∞ÅO Jxfl ~°∂áêÖ’¡
HÀÖ’ÊÜÕ∞k HõeÑ≤`Õ ~ÀA‰õΩ HÀÖ’ÊÜÕ∞ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ 195 #∞O_ç 270 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ LO@∞O^Œx JOK«<å
"Õâß~°∞. „Ñ¨ã¨∞Î`«O u#=∞O@∞#fl 150 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ‰õΩ |^Œ∞Å∞QÍ ~ÀA‰õΩ 340 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞
fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ê\˜H© H˘O^Œ~°∞ „H©_®HÍ~°∞Ö’¡ QÍ~Ú@~ü ã¨=∞ã¨º =zÛOk. |_çH˜ áÈÜÕ∞ Ñ≤Å¡Ö’ ‰õÄ_» QÍ~Ú@~ü
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O HõxÑ≤OzOk. „Ñ¨`ÕºHÕz "Õã¨q ÖÏO\˜ ãÖ^Œ~åƒùÅÖ’ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ Ö’ÑÖ ~å‰õΩO_®
JÜ≥∂_ç<£ ^˘iˆH PÇ¨~åÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ZO`Õx J=ã¨~°O.
QÍ~Ú@~ü XHõ¯>Ë ã¨=∞ã¨º HÍ^Œ∞. â◊s~°OÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}ÕK«_»O =∞#O `«yæO^Œx QÆ∞iÎOKÕ Ö’Ñ¨ÖË
JuQÍ "åºÜ«∂=∞O KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ `«Öˇ`ÕÎ ÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ ã¨$+≤ìã¨∞ÎOk. â◊s~°O`À Ñ¨xKÕ~ÚOK«_»O
JO`«HõO`« ÉèÏQÆO J=Ù`«∞Ok. tHõ∆} Ñ¨Ó~°ÎÜÕ∞º =∞^èŒºÖ’<Õ ÉèÏ~°O JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. âßs~°Hõ â◊H˜Î `«yæáÈ~Ú,
~°H}∆õ QÍ Ñ¨xKÕ¿ã <å_ô =º=ã¨Å÷ â◊HÇÎ˜ Ï‘ #=∞=Ù`å~Ú. a.Ñ≤. Ñ¨_áç È~Ú =¸~°Ûù =KÕÛ „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl Z^Œ∞~˘¯O\Ï~°∞.
™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`« HõO_»~° â◊H˜Îx ^≥|ƒfã¨∞ÎOk. Hõ}*ÏÅOÖ’ Jã≤_ç\ © ÃÑiy r=„H˜Ü«∞ â◊H˜Îx ^≥|ƒfã¨∞ÎOk.
„H©_®HÍ~°∞ÅÖ’ ã¨~Ô #· PHÍ~°OÖ’ ÖËx"åà◊√§ áÈ\©Å#∞ Ñ¨ÓiÎ KÕÜ∞« _®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞O Ñ¨@=ì K«∞Û.
P á⁄_çyOÑ¨Ù HÍÅÑ¨Ù "åºÜ«∂=∞O =Å¡ ™È_çÜ∞« O Ö’ÑÖ ~å=K«∞Û. Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ _ôÃÇÏ· „_Õ+#¨ ∞, =}∞‰õΩ, HõO_»~åÖ’¡
|ÅÇ‘Ï#`«, QÆ∞O_≥ HõO_»~åÖ’¡ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ‰õΩ QÆ∞~°=Ù`å~°∞. JkèHõ "ÕQÆO`À ‰õÄ_ç# "åºÜ«∂=∂ÅÖ’ LÑ¨C
`«yæOz fã¨∞‰õΩ#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ HõO_»~åÅ Ñ¨QÆ∞à◊√§, HõO_»~åÅ JÅã¨@, F~°∞Ê #tOK«_»O, [#~°Öò JÅã¨@, H©à◊§
"åÑ¨Ù, x„^ŒÖ’ Ö’áêÅ∞, „Ñ¨ã¨~°} =fi=ã¨÷ ^≥|ƒu#_»O, JO`«∞ÖËx ^•Ç¨ÏO ÖÏO\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =™êÎ~Ú.
™È_çÜ«∞O Z‰õΩ¯=QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩx K«∂ã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ JkèHõ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å =KÕÛ ÃÑ· ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅxfl Ñïëê¯~°O JÜ«∂º~Ú.
=∞#‰õΩ JkèHõ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å =Å¡ HõxÑ≤OKÕ ^•Ç¨ÏO =∞Ozh\˜ HÀãÖ HÍ^Œh, LÑ¨C Ö’áêxfl ÉèísÎ
KÕÜ«∞_®xHõh QÆ=∞xOKå~°∞. LÑ¨C#∞ ÃÑOz ux K«∂¿ãÎ D ^•Ç¨ÏO `«yæOk. ‰õΩàÏ~Ú hà◊§Ö’ LO_Õ
™È_çÜ«∞O 1 #∞O_ç 3 mmol/c =∂„`«"Õ∞ LO@∞Ok. K≥=∞@Ö’ 20 #∞O_ç 80 mmol ™È_çÜ«∞O =ÙO@∞Ok.
JO>Ë ‰õΩàÏ~Ú h\˜Hõ<åfl K≥=∞@ 7 #∞O_ç 80 Ô~@¡ ™È_çÜ«∞O zHõ¯^Œ#O`À =ÙO@∞O^Œ#fl =∂@. JO^Œ∞=Å¡
D #ëêìxfl ÉèísÎ KÕÜ«∂ÅO>Ë ‰õΩàÏ~Ú h~°∞ HÍHõ LÑ¨C LO_Õ „^Œ"åÅ∞ fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
H©à§◊ <˘Ñ≤Ê`À ÉÏ^èÑŒ _¨ Õ P@QÍà◊√§ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C uO>Ë LÑ¨â=◊ ∞#O Åaèã∞¨ OÎ k. ZO^Œ∞HõO>Ë =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷
Hõ}ÏÅÖ’ ™È_çÜ∞« O/ÃÇÏ· „_À[<£Å#∞ UHõ HÍÅOÖ’ ~°"å}Ï KÕ¿ã =º=ã¨Å÷ ∞OQÍ~Ú. ™È_çÜ∞« O `«y`æ Õ ÃÇÏ· „_À[<£
(P=∞¡) Ñï=∂}O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷H˜ QÍh, H©à◊§‰õΩQÍh Wk =∞Ozk HÍ^Œ∞. Pã≤ìÜ≥∂ P~°úÔ~·\ ˜ãπÖ’
58
QÍh, ~°∞=∞\Ï~Ú_£ P~°úÔ~·\ ˜ãπÖ’ QÍh =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷ Hõ}ÏÅ#∞ K«∞\˜ì J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù „^Œ"åÅ∞ =ÙO_»_»O =Å¡ P
„áêO`åÅÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨ÅK«|_ç <˘Ñ¨CÅ#∞ =∞iO`«QÍ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. ~ÀQÆ x~À^èŒHõ =º=ã¨÷
^≥|ƒu#_»O =Å¡ =KÕÛ [|∞ƒÅ∞ (P\’ W=¸º<£ _çã‘[ãπ) L#fl"åà◊§Ö’#∞, ÖËx"åà◊§Ö’#∞ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C
PÇ¨~åÅ∞ =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷ Hõ}ÏÅ P~ÀQÍºxfl =∞iO`«QÍ H©∆}ÕÑ¨*Ë™êÎ~Ú. ^•O`À "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ KÕã≤#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
<˘Ñ¨CÅ∞ ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`å~Ú. D ~°HõOQÍ `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ Ñ¨~°∞ÔQ`ÕÎ "åà◊§Ö’ 3 ~°HÍÅ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
`≥™êÎ~Ú. K≥=∞@ ^•fi~å LÑ¨C#∞ HÀÖ’Ê`å~°∞. =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷ Hõ}ÏÅ#∞ K«∞@∂ì =ÙO_Õ „^Œ"åÅ #∞O_ç, =∞$^Œ∞ÖÏã≤÷
Hõ}ÏÅ #∞O_ç ‰õÄ_» ™È_çÜ«∞O `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok.
"Õ_çx [~ÚOK«_»O
_Õq_£ Ç¨iãπ J<Õ Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Å áÈ\©^•~°∞ É’ã¨ì<£Ö’ `˘e =∂~°^è•<£
Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞ KÕâß_»∞. P ~ÀA 90 _ç„wÅ "Õ_ç =ÙO_ç =ÙO_çOk. ^Œ∂~° Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Å
JÅ"å@∞ J~Ú#Ñ¨Ê\˜H© PÜ«∞#‰õΩ P~ÀA 18 = "≥∞Åÿ ∞‰õΩ KÕ~ˆ ãïH˜ HõO_»~åÅ
Ñ¨QÆ∞à◊√§ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. D ã¨=∞ã¨º#∞ PÜ«∞# _®II *Ë"£∞û`À K«iÛOKå_»∞.
WÖÏO\˜ áÈ\©ÅÖ’ áÈÖÁæ<Õ =ÚO^Œ∞, =∞^ŒºÖ’ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C \ÏÉˇ@¡ ∞¡ fã¨∞H˘=∞‡x
*Ë"£∞û ã¨∂zOKå_»∞. ^•xfl áê\ÕKåHõ PÜ«∞# ZO`« n~°…"≥∞ÿ# Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞Å
áÈ\©Å<≥·<å ã¨∞<åÜ«∂ãÖQÍ Z^Œ∞~˘¯<åfl_»∞. =∞m§ HõO_»~åÅ Ñ¨QÆ∞à◊§ ã¨=∞ã¨º
~åÖË^∞Œ .
"åºÜ«∂=∂Å HÀãÖ UO KÕÜ«∂e
nxH˜ ["å|∞ ã¨∞ÅÉèíO. "åºÜ«∂=∂Å‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞, =∞^èŒºÖ’ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀO_ç. Wk g∞ â◊s~åxfl

`«fii`«OQÍ K«Å¡|~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk. 1 b@~°∞ hà◊§Ö’ XHõ ã¨∂Ê#∞ LÑ¨C "Õã¨∞‰õΩx `åy`Õ "åºÜ«∂=∞OÖ’ HÀÖ’Ê~Ú#
„^Œ"åÅ#∞ Ñ¨Ó_»∞ã¨∞ÎOk. ˆH∆„`« ™ê÷~ÚÖ’ [iy# Ju ÃÑ^ŒÌ J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ ã¨∞=∂~°∞ Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞ ÑÖ^•ÅÖ’
ÃÇÏ· áÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂‰õΩ 18 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ HõxÑ≤OzOk. h~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯= `åy#"åˆ~ WO^Œ∞Ö’ Z‰õΩ¯= (Å=}ÏÅ∞
ÖË‰Ωõ O_®). n#~°O÷ `«‰Ωõ ¯= h~°∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ÃÇÏ· áÈ<≥„· \©q∞Ü«∂ ~å^Œx HÍ^Œ∞. `åˆQ h\˜Ö’ LÑ¨C HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩO>Ë
ã¨=∞ã¨º ~å‰õΩO_® áÈ`«∞O^ŒO`Õ.
h\˜`ÀQÍh, <Õ~°∞QÍ QÍh =\˜ì LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ_»O HõO>Ë P~åæxH± "≥Å∞¡e¡`À ‰õÄ_ç# LÑ¨C ~°∞zQÍ
=ÙO@∞Ok. 1 QÆO@Ö’ HÀÖ’ÊÜÕ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ ÉèísÎ KÕÜ«∞_®xH˜ 1/2 ã¨∂Ê#∞ Hõ<åfl HÍã¨Î Z‰õΩ¯= "≥Å∞¡e¡
LÑ¨C#∞ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ãïáÈ`«∞Ok. "åºÜ«∂=∂Å‰õΩ 1/2 QÆO@ =ÚO^Œ∞ D "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ fã¨∞HÀ_»O`À
áê@∞ „Ñü QÆO@ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å `«~åfi`« 1/2 ã¨∂Ê#∞ ÖˇHõ¯# fã¨∞‰õΩO@∂ áÈ`Õ ™ê=∞~°úºO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok.
hà◊§`À HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩx `åQÆ_»O Hõ<åfl P LÑ¨C#∞ <Õ~°∞QÍ K«Ñ¨ÊiOz Q˘O`«∞ `«_»∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩO>Ë =∞iO`« PÇ¨¡^ŒOQÍ
JxÑ≤ã¨∞ÎOk. x=∞‡~°ãÖ, |`åÎ~Ú ~°™êÖ’¡ LÑ¨C#∞ HõÅ∞Ñ¨ÙH˘x fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =∞iO`« ÉÏQÆ∞O@∞Ok. _®II
*Ë"£∞û "åºÜ«∂=∂Å =ÚO^Œ∞ 1 ã¨∂Ê#∞ LÑ¨C#∞ ™ÈÜ«∂™êãπÖ’ ÖË^• T~°QÍÜ«∞ ~°ãÖÖ’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩx
`åQÆ_»O =Å¡ =∞iO`«QÍ â◊H˜Î ™ê=∞~åúºÅ#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞O^ŒO\Ï_»∞.
59
ã¨∞n~°… Ñ¨~°∞QÆ∞ ÑÖ^•ÅÖ’ áêÖÁæ<Õ@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ XHõ Hõ=~üÖ’ LÑ¨C`À áê@∞ 1/2 ã¨∂Ê#∞ Ãã·AÖ’ =ÙO_Õ
ã¨∂Ê#∞ XHõ\ ˜ "≥O@ÃÑ@∞ì‰õΩx „ÑüQÆO@‰õÄ P "≥∂`å^Œ∞Ö’ fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë ZO`« "Õ_ç LëÈ‚„QÆ`«#~Ú<å
`«@∞ìHÀ=K«∞Û. K≥=∞@Ö’ áÈÜÕ∞ ™È_çÜ«∞O H˘~°`«#∞ Ñ¨Ó_çÛ#@¡~Ú`Õ â◊s~°OÖ’ ^•Ç¨ÏÑ¨Ù Ü«∞O„`åOQÍxH˜
`À_»Ê_»∞`«∞Ok. ZO`« h~°∞ J=ã¨~°=∞#flk â◊s~°"Õ∞ K≥|∞`«∞Ok.
D ~°HõOQÍ KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡ â◊s~°O `«fi~°QÍ K«Å¡|_»_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ ~°HõÎ„Ñ¨ã¨~°} =º=ã¨÷ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok.
h\˜x Ñ¨\ ì̃ =ÙOKÕ ™ê=∞~°úºO ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞Ok. "≥Ú`«ÎOQÍ Ñ¨xf~°∞#∞, â◊HÎ̃ ™ê=∞~åúºÅ#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok. h~°ãÖ,
HõO_»~åÅ Ñ¨QÆ∞à◊§ =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ#∞ x"åiã¨∞ÎOk.
"åºÜ«∂=∂Å‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞, =∞^èŒºÖ’ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ HõeˆQ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[<åÅ∞
4 ^•Ç¨xfl `«yæã¨∞ÎOk. h~°∞ Z‰õΩ¯==_»O, ™È_çÜ«∞O `«‰õΩ¯==_®Å#∞ Ñï+¨¯iã¨∞ÎOk.

4 "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ KÕ¿ã ™ê=∞~åúºxfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok.
4 Ñ¨x f~°∞#∞ "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
4 HõO_»~åÅ‰õΩ ÖÏÉèíO KÕ‰õÄ~°∞ã¨∞ÎOk.
4 LÑ¨C H˘~°`« (ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂) ~å‰õΩO_® x"åiã¨∞ÎOk.
4 JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`« ~å‰õΩO_® K«∂ã¨∞ÎOk.
4 H˜_ôflÅ ™ê=∞~°÷ºO "≥∞~°∞QÆ=Ù`«∞Ok.
"åºÜ«∂=∂Å‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞, =∞^èŒºÖ’H˜ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=Åã≤# Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞
4 á⁄_ç LÑ¨C<Õ \© ã¨∂Ê<£`À fã¨∞‰õΩx h\˜`À Ñ¨ÙH˜¯e¿ãÎ ãïáÈ`«∞Ok. (T~°QÍÜ«∞ ~°ãÖ`À<≥·<å).

4 =¸_»∞ "≥∞Ou T~°QÍÜ«∞efl ÖË^• 5 Pe"£Å#∞ T~°QÍÜ«∞/Pe"£ Eºãπ`À HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩx fã¨∞HÀ=K«∞Û.
4 zÔH<£ ÉËeÜ«∞<£ ‰õÄºÉò#∞ "å_ç h\˜Ö’ Hõ~°yOz `åQÆ=K«∞Û.
4 1/2 ã¨∂Ê#∞ LÑ¨C#∞ b@~°∞ h\˜Ö’ HõÅ∞Ñ¨ÙHÀ=K«∞Û (K≥=∞@ÖÏO\˜ ~°∞z =ã¨∞OÎ k QÆ#∞Hõ WÖÏ fã¨∞HÀ=^Œ∞)Ì .
4 LÑ¨C#∞ x=∞‡, |`åÎ~Ú ~°™êÅ`À HõÅ∞Ñ¨Ù‰õΩx `åQÆ=K«∞Û. JÜ≥∂_ç<£ HõeÑ≤# LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =∞iO`«
=∞Ozk.
"åºÜ«∂=∂Å =ÚO^Œ∞, =∞^èŒºÖ’ fã¨∞HÀ^Œy# LÑ¨C "≥∂`å^Œ∞Å∞
80∞F Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= "Õ_çÖ’ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞: 1/2 \©ã¨∂Ê#∞ =ÚO^Œ∞, „Ñü QÆO@ `«~åfi`«.
80∞F #∞O_ç 89∞F =~°‰õΩ "Õ_çÖ’: 1/2 #∞O_ç 1 ã¨∂Ê#∞ =~°‰õΩ.
ÉÏQÍ "Õ_ç (90∞F, PÃÑ·#): 1 #∞O_ç 2 ã¨∂Ê#¡ =~°‰õΩ.
=¸„`«HÍi =∞O^Œ∞Å∞, LÑ¨C H©∆}`« x"å~°} =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ "å_Õ "åà◊§‰õΩ ÃÑ· "≥∂`å^Œ∞ Hõ<åfl Z‰õΩ¯=
‰õÄ_» J=ã¨~°Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û. xÑ¨Ù}∞Å ã¨ÅÇ¨ fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
60
PqiÖ’ L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ =∞iO`« LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ"åe.
PqiÖ’, ã¨<£ÉÏ`ü =O\˜ "å\˜Ö’ K≥=∞@Å∞ Ñ¨\ì̃OK«_»O

P~ÀQÆºO "≥∞~°∞QÆ∞Ñ¨~K
° Õ Ñ¨^`úŒ ∞« Å∞ KåÖÏHÍÅOQÍ áê\˜ã∞¨ <Î åfl~°∞.
nx=Å¡ Hõ}*ÏÅOÖ’ ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`« ~å=K«∞Û. D `«~°Ç¨
zH˜`û« Å‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O =Å¡ _ôÃÇÏ· _„ +Õ <¨ £ ~å‰õΩO_®
x"åiOK«=K«∞Û.
QÆ~°ƒù=`«∞Å‰õΩ, ÉÏeO`«Å‰õΩ LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= J=ã¨~°Ñ¨_»=K«∞Û
WO`«‰õΩ =ÚO^Œ∞ J^è•ºÜ«∂ÅÖ’<Õ Ñ¨Ù#~°∞`åÊ^Œ#ÃÑ· LÑ¨C „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O QÆ∞iOz K≥Ñ¨C‰õΩ<åflO. LÑ¨C

`«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ =∞QÆ, P_» W^ŒÌiÖ’#∞ ã¨Ç¨Ï[ QÆ~°ƒù x~À^èŒHõOQÍ Ñ¨xKÕã¨∞ÎOk. Öˇ·OyHõ ™ê=∞~åúºxfl, QÆ~°ƒùO
=KÕÛ J=HÍâßxfl, Jk ^≥|ƒ fã¨∞ÎOk. QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÖËÛ =Ü«∞ã¨∞#∞ ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok JÜ«∞<À=∂"À WO_çÜ«∞#¡
=O\˜ *Ï`«∞ÅÖ’ 4 #∞O_ç 6 ãÖ=`«û~åÅÖ’ XHõ™êi =∂„`«"Õ∞ QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÅÛQÆÅ∞QÆ∞`«∞<åfl~°∞. nxH˜ HÍ~°}O
LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= =_»_»"Õ∞. LÑ¨C#∞ =$^è• KÕã≤# HÍ~°}OQÍ ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_çáÈÜÕ∞ J„_ç#Öò ÃÇ·ÏÑ¨~ü
áê¡ã≤Ü«∂ ÖÏO\˜ P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊ÅÖ’ QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÖËÛ, a_»¤efl Hõ<Õ ™ê=∞~°úºO `«yæáÈ`«∞#flk.
=∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å∞ QÆ~°ƒùO ^•ÖËÛ â◊H˜Î<Õ QÍHõ, Ñ¨Ù>Ëì a_»¤Å P~ÀQÆºOÃÑ· ‰õÄ_» ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O =ÙO@∞Ok. LÑ¨C
fã¨∞HÀ=_»"Õ∞ `«‰õΩ¯= J~Ú<å, ÖËHõ âßs~°Hõ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ`À LÑ¨C H©∆}`« ã¨=∞ã¨º =Å¡#~Ú<å ™È_çÜ«∞O
™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ `«yæáÈ`Õ `«e¡ P~ÀQÆºO ÃÑ·<Õ HÍHõ a_»¤ P~ÀQÆºOÃÑ· ZkˆQ „Hõ=∞OÖ’ ‰õÄ_» „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O Ñ¨_»∞`«∞Ok.
`«e¡H˜ áÈ+¨HÍÅ∞ `«yæ`Õ a_»¤‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» ^•x „Ñ¨ÉèÏ=O LO@∞Ok. LÑ¨C ‰õÄ_» WO^Œ∞Ö’ XHõ áÈ+¨Hõ"Õ∞.
QÆ~ƒ° Où `À L#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ `«eH¡ ˜ LÑ¨C `«y`æ Õ a_»¤ ZkQÍHõ a.Ñ≤. ã¨=∞ã¨º ~å=_®xH˜ H˜_flô Å∞ ^≥|ƒu#_®xH˜
^•ifÜ«∞_»O Hõ#Ñ¨_çOk. eÑ≤_»¡ ™ê÷~Ú J™ê^è•~°}OQÍ LO_»_®xH˜, =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨xH©, T|HÍÜ«∞O, a.Ñ≤.
ÃÑ~°QÆ_»O, n~°…HÍÅ H˜_ôfl [|∞ƒ (CKD) =O\˜q ~å=_®xH˜ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk.
„Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi "≥·^Œº =~åæÅ∞ =¸„`«O D ã¨=∞ã¨ºefl Ñ¨\ ˜ìOK«∞HÀ‰õΩO_® LÑ¨C `«yæOK«=∞x K≥Ñ¨Ù`«∂<Õ
áÈ`«∞<åfl~°∞. QÆiƒù}˜ ¢ã‘ÎÅ#∞, áêeKÕÛ `«Å∞¡Å#∞ nx #∞O_ç q∞#Ç¨~ÚO¿Ñg∞ W=fiÖË^Œ∞. J"≥∞iHõ<£ Ç¨~üì
J™Èã≤ÜÕ∞+¨<£ ~ÀA‰õΩ ™È_çÜ«∞O Ñïq∞ux 1,500 q∞.„QÍ. QÍ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. „Ñ¨ÑÖK« P~ÀQÆº ãÖã¨÷ (WHO)
QÆiƒù}∞Å‰õΩ, ÉÏeO`«Å‰õΩ ~ÀA‰õΩ 2 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O Hõ<åfl `«‰õΩ¯= LO_ÕÖÏ K«∂ã¨∞HÀ=∞x K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. Wq
J"åOKè«hÜ«∞ Ñï}Ï=∂Å‰õΩ ^ÀÇ¨Ï^ŒÑ¨_»∞`«∞<åfl~Ú. QÆiƒù}∞Å‰õΩ, ÉÏeO`«Å‰õΩ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ J=ã¨~°O 50
âß`«O ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«∞O^Œ#fl JOâ◊O ‰õÄ_» "åà◊§‰õΩ Ñ¨@ìÖË^Œ∞. "åà◊√§ K≥Ñ≤Ê# „Ñ¨HÍ~°O LÑ¨C fã¨∞‰õΩO>Ë JO^Œ∞Ö’
=KÕÛ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ "åà◊√§ K≥Ñ≤Ê#@∞¡ 250 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ LO_Õ J=HÍâ◊"Õ∞ ÖË^Œ∞. JÜ≥∂_ç<£ =ÙO_Õ PÇ¨~åefl
u#_»O ^•fi~å J~Ú<å D H˘~°`«#∞ f~°∞ÛHÀ"åÅx P `«Å∞¡Å‰õΩ K≥¿ÑÊ"å~°∞ ÖË~°∞.
JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`« =Å¡ QÆiƒù}∞Å∞ =∂#ã≤Hõ ã≤÷u ^≥|ƒuO\’Ok. JO^Œ∞=Å¡ „Ñ¨Éèí∞`«fi "≥·^Œº =~åæÅ∞
`«=∞ ã¨∂K«#Å#∞ u~°QÆ ~åÜ«∂ÅO\Ï_»∞ _®II *Ë"£∞û. QÆ~°ƒùã¨Î, ÉÏeO`« ^Œâ◊ÅÖ’ =KÕÛ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`«
Ñ≤ÅÅ¡ <å_ô =º=ã¨÷ ^≥|ƒu#_®xH˜, Z^Œ∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ ãïQÍÖËHõ áÈ=_®xH˜, ^è~·≥ å~Ú_£ L`«ÊuÎ `«Q_æÆ ®xH˜, „Ñ¨ã=¨ OÖ’<Õ
61
=∞~°}ÏÅ‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» HÍ~°}=∞=Ù`«∞<åfl~Ú. áêÅ∞ =∞~°z# Ñ≤Å¡Å‰õΩ `«y#O`« JÜ≥∂_ç<£ =ÙO_»^Œ∞ QÆ#∞Hõ
"åiH˜ JÜ≥∂_≥·*ò¤ LÑ¨C W¿ãÎ „Ñ¨Ü≥∂[#O á⁄O^Œ∞`å~°∞.
QÆ~°ƒùO ^•eÛ# "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ 3 <≥ÅÖ’ `«y#O`« JÜ≥∂_ç<£ L#fl@∞¡ iáÈ~°∞ìÅ∞#fl =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_»
^è≥·~å~Ú_£ ã¨=∞ã¨º HõxÑ≤OzOk. 36 âß`«O =∞OkÖ’ ^è≥·~å~Ú_£ H˘~°`« (ÃÇ·ÏáÈ ^è≥·~å~Ú_ç[O) HõxÑ≤OzOk.
áêi„âßq∞‰õOQÍ Zky#, Z^Œ∞QÆ∞`«∞#fl ^ÕâßÖ’¡ ‰õÄ_» „Ñ¨ÑÖK«=∞O`«\Ï 54 ^ÕâßÖ’¡ QÆ∞iÎOK« ^Œy# P~ÀQÆº
ã¨=∞ã¨ºQÍ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`«#∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. D HÍ~°}OQÍ<Õ ÉÏ^èŒº`åÜ«Ú`« áÈ+¨HÍ~° H“xûÖò (CRN)
W\©=ÖË XHõ ã≤áê¶ ~°∞û KÕãO≤ k. J"≥∞iHõ<£ QÆiƒù}˜ ¢ãÅÎ‘ ‰õΩ, áêeKÕÛ `«Å∞¡Å‰õΩ L^ÕtÌ Oz# PÇ¨~° Ñ¨^•~åúÅxfl\˜Ö’
HõhãÖ 150 "≥∞ÿ„HÀ „QÍ=ÚÅ∞ JÜ≥∂_ç<£ LO_ÕÖÏ K«∂_»=∞x ã≤á¶ê~°∞û KÕâß~°∞. JÑ¨Ê\˜ =~°‰õΩ LÑ¨C
Ñïq∞`«O KÕã¨∞HÀ"åÅ#fl POHõ∆Å =Å¡ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒHõ~°"≥∞ÿ# JÜ≥∂_ç<£ H˘~°`« "≥O\Ï_»∞`«∂<Õ LO@∞Ok.
XHõ J"åã¨Î=O „Ñ¨Kå~°OÖ’ =ÙOk. LÑ¨C Z‰õΩ¯= u#_»O =Å¡ „Ñ‘ ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂ J#fl P~ÀQÆº
ã¨=∞ã¨º =Å¡ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiy <≥ÅÅ∞ xO_»‰õΩO_®<Õ „Ñ¨ã¨=O [iy `«e¡, a_»¤ W^ŒÌ~°∂ „Ñ¨=∂^ŒOÖ’ Ñ¨_»`å~°#fl
„Ñ¨Kå~°O =ÙOk. 5 Uà◊§ „H˜`«O 'ÖÏ<≥û\ò— Ñ¨„uHõÖ’ 2,000 =∞Ok QÆiƒù}∞ÅÃÑ· [iy# J^èŒºÜ«∞#O
„Ñ¨K«∞iOKå~°∞. JkèHõ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅÖ’ áÈ\˜ÛÑ¨Ù_»∞ JÅÊ LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ QÆ~°ƒù„™ê"åÅ∞, <≥ÅÅ∞
xO_»x =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î HÍ#∞ÊÅ∞, =∞$`« tâ◊√ [#<åÅ∞, „Ñ¨ã¨=O HÍQÍ<Õ #=*Ï`« tâ◊√ =∞~°}ÏÅ∞, h~°∞ KÕ~°_»O
(Z_≥=∂), „Ñ‘ ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂, ~°HõÎ„™ê=O HÍ=_»O =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =KåÛÜ«∞x P J^èŒºÜ«∞#OÖ’ `ÕeOk. „Ñ‘
ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂ ã¨=∞ã¨º Ñïëê¯~åxH˜ J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Ñïëê¯~°O J~ÚOk. JÖÏ WzÛ# "åiH˜
P~ÀQÆºHõ~° a_»¤Å∞ Ñ¨Ù\Ïì~°∞. ZO`« ÉÏQÍ LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀQÆey`Õ JO`« `«fi~°QÍ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ #∞O_ç |Ü«∞@Ñ¨_®¤~°∞.
„Ñ¨ã¨=O JÜÕ∞º =~°‰õΩ LÑ¨C ÃÑOz fã¨∞HÀ=∞<åfl~°∞.
16 =∞Ok ¢ã‘ÎÅ‰õΩ JkèHõ LÑ¨C W=fiQÍ JO^ŒiH© <≥ÅÅ∞ xO_®Hõ P~ÀQÆº=O`«"≥∞ÿ# Ñ≤Å¡Å∞ Ñ¨Ù\Ïì~°∞.
LÑ¨C Ñïq∞`«OQÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ#fl 8 =∞OkÖ’ P~ÀQÆº ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. HõO_»~åÅ |ÅÇ‘Ï#`«, „Ñ¨`ºÕ HÕz
HÍeHõO_»~åÖ’¡ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ =KåÛ~Ú. P "åºã¨ ~°K«~Ú`«Å∞ QÆiƒù}˜ =∞Ç≤Ïà◊Å, "åi Hõ_»∞Ñ¨ÙÖ’x Ñ≤O_®Å
P~ÀQÍºxH˜ `«y#O`« LÑ¨C fã¨∞HÀ=_»O ZO`À J=ã¨~°=∞x x~åúiOKå~°∞.
=∞~À ¿ÑÑ¨~°∞Ö’ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiy, P~À¤ã≤ì~Àãπ ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Ñ¨_çáÈ~Ú# QÆiƒù#∞Å‰õΩ ~ÀA‰õΩ 20 „QÍ. LÑ¨C
WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "åi a.Ñ≤. `«yæ#@∞¡ K≥Ñ≤ÊOk. ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O `«QÆæ_®xH˜ HÍ~°}OQÍ PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ `«QÆæ_»OQÍ
QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. J^Œ#Ñ¨Ù LÑ¨C WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "å~°∞ ÖÏÉèíÑ¨_®¤~°∞. =∞~À J^èŒºÜ«∞#O ‰õÄ_» n<Õfl x~åúiOzOk.
LÑ¨C W=fi_»O ã¨=∞~°=ú O`«=∞~Ú#, KÒHõ J~Ú# Ñïëê¯~°=∞x K≥áêÊ~°∞. LÑ¨C `«‰Ωõ ¯=QÍ fã¨∞‰õΩ<Õ QÆiƒù}∞Å‰õΩ
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ "≥O\Ï_®Ü«∞<åfl~°∞.
™ê^è•~°} ~°HõÎáÈ@∞ =Ù#fl QÆiƒù}∞Å‰õΩ ‰õÄ_» LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ W=fi_»O LÑ¨Ü≥∂QÆÑ¨_çOk. JkèHõ
a.Ñ≤.H˜, „Ñ‘ ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ ~å‰õΩO_® HÍáê_çOk. ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O `«yæ`Õ ¢ã‘ÎÅÖ’ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑiˆQ
„Ñ¨=∂^ŒO LOk. „Ñ‘ ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂ ã¨=∞ã¨º =Ù#fl "åiÅ ~°HõÎ Ñï=∂}O `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok. LÑ¨C WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞
ã¨=∞ã¨º Ñïëê¯~°"≥∞ÿOk.
QÆ~°ƒùO‰õΩˆ~"åà◊§Ö’#∞, QÆ~°ƒùO ^èŒiOz# "åà◊§Ö’#∂ LÑ¨C `«‰õΩ¯= PÇ¨~åÅ∞ HõeyOKÕ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞
→ QÆ~°ƒù^•ÖËÛ J=HÍâßÅ#∞ `«yæ™êÎ~Ú.

→ QÆ~°ƒù„™ê=Ñ¨Ù J=HÍâßefl ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú.
→ <≥ÅÅ∞ xO_»‰õΩO_®<Õ HÍ#∞ûÖÜÕ∞º „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú.
62
→ #=*Ï`« tâ◊√ =∞~°}Ïefl ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú.
→ `«e¡ QÆ~°ƒùOÖ’<Õ ~°HõÎ „™ê=O „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO Z‰õΩ¯=.
→ „Ñ‘ ZHÍ¡OÑ≤ûÜ«∂ „Ñ¨=∂^•xfl ÃÑOK«∞`«∞Ok.
→ `«‰õΩ¯= |~°∞=Ù QÆÅ a_»¤Å∞ Ñ¨Ù_»`å~°∞. "åiH˜ LÑ¨C u<åÅ#fl HÍOHõ∆ "≥O\Ï_»∞`«∞Ok. =ºã¨<åÅ‰õΩ
QÆ∞~°ÜÕ∞º „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO Z‰õΩ¯=. T|HÍÜ«∞O, W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`«, JkèHõ a.Ñ≤. H˜_ôflÅ∞ ^≥|ƒu#_»O ÖÏO\˜
ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ "å™êÎ~Ú.
HõO_»~åÅ P~ÀQÆºO, â◊H˜Î HÀãÖ LÑ¨C J^Œ#OQÍ J=ã¨~°O
LÑ¨C `«‰Ωõ ¯= u<Õ „Ñ¨*Ï~åâ◊√Ö’¡ â◊HÎ˜ H©}∆ `«, JÅã¨@ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» HõxÑ≤ã∞¨ OÎ k. ã¨fiÅÊ a.Ñ≤. ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞^ŒÅ‰õΩ
zH˜`«û QÆ∞iOz 9 ~°HÍÅ PÇ¨~åÅ∞, =∞O^Œ∞Å HõÅ~ÚHõÅ „Ñ¨ÉèÏ"åÅÃÑ· TAIM J<Õ J^èŒºÜ«∞#O [iyOk.
WO^Œ∞Ö’ "≥Ú^Œ\ ˜ ~ÀA‰õΩ 3,128 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O`À "≥Ú^ŒÅ∞ÃÑ\˜ì 6 <≥ÅÅ HÍÅOÖ’ 2,484 q∞.„QÍ.‰õΩ
`«yOæ z WzÛ K«∂âß~°∞. 600 q∞.„QÍ. ™È_çÜ∞« O `«Q∞Æ ^æ ÅŒ Ñ¶e¨ `«OQÍ "åiÖ’ JÅã¨@ ÃÑ~°Q_Æ O» , x„^•ÉèOí QÆO,
JOQÆã¨ÎOÉèí# HÍHõáÈ=_»O =O\˜ ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ Hõ#Ñ¨_®¤~Ú. ™ê~åOâ◊OÖ’ LÑ¨C#∞ Ñïq∞`«O KÕÜ«∞_»O =Å¡
r=# <å}º`« `«yæOk. „Ñ¨Ü≥∂QÆOÖ’ áêÖÁæ#fl "åiÖ’ 25 âß`«O =∞Ok =∂„`«"Õ∞ ~ÀA‰õΩ ™È_çÜ«∞O
"å_»HÍxfl 1,610 q∞.„QÍ.H˜ `«yæOK«QÆeQÍ~°∞. "å~°O`å JÅã¨@QÍ =Ù#fl@∞¡ K≥áêÊ~°∞.
n~°…HÍeHõ JÅã¨@ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞#fl ~ÀQÆ∞ÅÖ’ 61 âß`«O =∞Ok LÑ¨C#∞, LÑ¨C`À ‰õÄ_ç# PÇ¨~åÅ#∞
u#_»O =∂x"Õâß~°∞. JÖÏ `«yæ¿ãÎ<Õ P~ÀQÆºOQÍ =ÙO\Ï=∞x "å~°∞ ÉèÏqOKå~°∞. HÍx Wk J<å~ÀQÆºOHõ~°
x~°‚Ü«∞O. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ HõO_»~åÅ#∞ |ÅÇ‘Ï#Ñ¨~°z, n~°…HÍÅ JÅã¨@ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ#∞ ÃÑOKå~Ú.
giÖ’ a.Ñ≤. `«QÆæ_»O, "≥∞ÿHõO Hõ=∞‡#@∞¡O_»_»O, `ÕeHõáê\˜ `«Å<˘Ñ≤Ê, `å`å¯eHõOQÍ „ã¨ÊÇ¨Ï HÀÖ’Ê=_»O
(áêi¯<£ã¨<£ [|∞ƒÖÏQÍ) HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú.
g∞Ö’ WÖÏO\˜ ÅHõ∆}ÏÅ∞/ã¨=∞ã¨ºÅ∞ LO_ç "å\˜x "åºÜ«∂=∂Å ^•fi~å Ñï+¨¯iOK«∞‰õΩO^•=∞x
„Ñ¨Ü∞« uflã¨∞OÎ >Ë, `«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ =ºÜ«∂=∂Ö’¡ QÍÜ«∂Å=_®xH˜, `Õ~∞° HÀ_®xH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= ã¨=∞Ü«∞O
fã¨∞HÀ"åeû ~å=_»O, HõO_»~åÅ â◊H˜Î H©∆}ÕK«_»O HõxÑ≤OKå~Ú. H˘xfl ~°HÍÅ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ ‰õÄ_» ^Œ∞„+¨ÊÉèÏ"åÅ∞
Hõey™êÎ~Ú. L^•Ç¨Ï~°}‰õΩ ™êì\ ˜<£ =∞O^Œ∞Å∞ "å_Õ "åiÖ’ HõO_»~åÅ <˘Ñ≤Ê ™ê^è•~°}"≥∞ÿ# ^Œ∞+¨Êùe`«O
`«‰Ωõ ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ∞ D ã¨=∞ã¨º##∞ ÃÑOK«∞`å~Ú. ™êì\<˜ Å£ =Å¡ "åºÜ«∂=∂Å∞ PÑ≤`Õ |~°∞=Ù ÃÑ~°Q∞Æ `å~°∞.
JkèHõ fÑ≤ PÇ¨~åÅ =Å¡ LÑ¨C =$^è• JÜÕ∞º@Ñ¨Ù_»∞ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C u<åe.
ÃÑiy# ~°HõÎ QÆ∂¡HÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ LÑ¨C#∞ qãï˚OK«_»O ^•fi~å ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`«#∞ Hõey™êÎ~Ú.
"≥Ú`«ÎO ~°HõÎ ™È_çÜ«∞O#∞ Ñ¨_»Q˘_»`å~Ú. JkèHõ QÆ∂¡HÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ Hõ}ÏÅÖ’x h\˜x |Ü«∞\˜H˜ ÖÏy
~°HõÎOÖ’H˜ KÕ~°Û_»O ^•fi~å ™È_çÜ«∞O ™ê÷~ÚÅ#∞ `«yæ™êÎ~Ú. xÜ«∞O„`«}Ö’ ÖËx =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏOÖ’ ~°HõÎ K«ÔH¯~°Å∞
ÃÑiy ™È_çÜ«∞O H©∆}`«‰õΩ QÆ∞iKÕ¿ã „Ñ¨=∂^ŒO =ÙOk. JkèHõ QÆ∂¡HÀA =Å¡ =¸„`« qã¨~°˚# ÃÑ~°QÆ_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ
LÑ¨C =$^è•, ÃÇ·ÏáÈ<Õ„\©q∞Ü«∂‰õΩ ^•ifã¨∞ÎOk. ÑÖK«^•~° LÑ¨C H©∆}`«‰õΩ 22 ~°HÍÅ∞QÍ Hõeyã¨∞ÎOk.
QÆ∂¡HÀA ™ê÷~ÚÅ∞ n~°…HÍÅOQÍ ÃÑiy =ÙO@∞#flÑ¨Ù_»∞ "åiH˜ Z‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C W=fi_»O =Å¡ P~ÀQÆºO
ÉÏQÆ=_»"Õ∞ QÍHõ XHÀ¯™êi „áê}ÏÅ<Õ ~°H˜∆ã¨∞ÎOk. ~ÀA‰õΩ 3 „QÍ. ™È_çÜ«∞O WzÛ#Ñ¨Ê\˜ HõO>Ë 6 „QÍ.
WzÛ#Ñ¨Ù_»∞ "åi W#∞ûe<£ x~À^èŒHõ`« `«yæO^Œx Ñïâ’^èŒ‰õΩÅ∞ QÆ∞iÎOKå~°∞. J"≥∞iHÍÖ’x „Ñ¨[ÅÖ’ 50
63
âß`«O =∞Ok =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ïÅ`À<À, =ÚO^Œã¨∞Î =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨Ï *Ïa`åÖ’<À =Ù<åfl~°∞. `«‰õΩ¯= LÑ¨C PÇ¨~åÅ
=Å¡ J"≥∞iHõ#¡Ö’ 50 âß`«O =∞Ok Ç¨xHõ~° Ñïã≤÷`«∞Å#∞ Z^Œ∞~˘¯O@∞<åfl~°∞.
ÑÖK«^•~° =Å¡ LÑ¨C H©∆}`« HõeˆQ 22 Ñ¨^Œú`«∞Å∞
1. ÑÖK«^•~° → ¿ÑQÆ∞Ö’¡x Hõ}ÏÅ#∞ #+¨ìO KÕã¨∞ÎOk. → ã‘eÜ«∂H±/„HÀ<£û/JÅûˆ~\˜"£ H˘Öˇ·\ ˜ãπ [|∞ƒÅ∞

→ ¿ÑQÆ∞Å∞ LÑ¨C#∞ ãÖ„QÆÇ≤ÏOKÕ â◊H˜Î `«QÆ∞æ`«∞Ok.
2. ÑÖK«^•~° → „Ñ¶¨HÀìA â’+¨} ãïQÍ [~°QÆ^Œ∞ → Wi@|∞Öò ÉÁ"≥Öò ã≤„_À"£∞ (IBS) → qˆ~K«<åÅ∞ →
¿ÑQÆ∞Å ^•fi~å ÃÑiˆQ LÑ¨C qã¨~°˚#.
3. ÑÖK«^•~° → Ñ¶ÖQÆãπ ™ÈHõ_»O → IBS → =ˆ~K«<åÅ∞ → ¿ÑQÆ∞Å ^•fi~å LÑ¨C =$^è• HÍ=_»O.
4. ÑÖK«^•~° → H˜_ôflÅ Ñ¨Ù#ó â’+¨} ™ê=∞~°úºO Ñ¨_çáÈ=_»O → H˜_ôflÅ #∞O_ç LÑ¨C =$^è•.
5. ÑÖK«^•~° → H˜_flô Å#∞ ^≥|ƒfã¨∞OÎ k. → =_»áÈ`« ™ê=∞~°ºú O ^≥|ƒuO@∞Ok. → h\˜x Ñ¨\ ì˜ =ÙOK«∞`«∞Ok
→ ~°HõÎÑ¨Ù ™È_çÜ«∞O, HÀ¡Ô~_£Å∞ `«yæáÈ`å~Ú.
6. ÑÖK«^•~° → AHÍìû QÀ¡"∞≥ ~°∞ÖÏ~ü Hõ}ÏÅ∞ ^≥|ƒu#_»O, =¸„`«ÑO≤ _» Q˘\ÏìÅ∞ → ~Ô q<£ L`«ÊuÎ `«Q∞Æ `æ ∞« Ok.→
™È_çÜ«∞O qã¨~°˚# ÃÑ~°∞QÆ∞`«Ok. → ™È_çÜ«∞O =$^è•.
7. ÑÖK«^•~° → ã¨fiÜ«∞O „ÑüÑüÎ <å_ô =º=ã¨÷ =∞^èŒ∞"Õ∞Ç¨ÏO =Å¡ ^≥|ƒu#_»O → H˜_ôflÅ∞ „áÈÔ~x<£#∞
Ô~x<£QÍ =∂~°Û_»O `«QÆæ_»O → `«‰õΩ¯= PÖ’¤ã≤ì~À<£ → ™È_çÜ«∞O =$^è•.
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