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ÖSTERREICHISCHE AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
PHILOSOPHISCH-HISTORISCHE KLASSE
SITZUNGSBERICHTE, 856. BAND
Cultural Flows
across the Western Himalaya
Patrick Mc Allister, Cristina Scherrer-Schaub,
and Helmut Krasser †
Vorgelegt von k. M. HELMUT KRASSER †
in der Sitzung vom 27. Juni 2014
Diese Publikation wurde einem anonymen, internationalen
Peer-Review-Verfahren unterzogen.
This publication has undergone the process of anonymous, international peer review.
Die verwendete Papiersorte ist aus chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff hergestellt,
frei von säurebildenden Bestandteilen und alterungsbeständig.
Alle Rechte vorbehalten.
ISBN 978-3-7001-7585-8
Copyright © 2015 by
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
Druck und Bindung: Ferdinand Berger & Söhne Ges.m.b.H., 3580 Horn
Printed and bound in the EU
http://hw.oeaw.ac.at/7585-8
http://verlag.oeaw.ac.at
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@Cc TbC VĞCjw nGj ơ Ua jC$ N0@ cC00@ nW. 8aRL s@C,@ s3 L w 0a s j@3
c3\n3N,3- TbC ¼ !TbCbY
SY !KTaTG S Cc nN L$C<nRnc- Ȓ Ij@Rn<@ )Cjc* cn$cj N,3VgnjCICjwW @ c
) Ia3 0w* $33N Ua3c3Nj30 CN 03j CI IRN< sCj@ j@3 a38nj jCRN R8 )Rna*
RUURN3Njcȕ LCc,RN,3UjCRNc ) $Rnj Cj. s3 @3a3* $aC0<3 N0 Ua3c3Nj
< CN )j@3 jan3 3uURcCjCRN R8* 3UCcj3LC, q IC0CjwYȓ:e
lY !bTaTG S $ Cc NR I3cc ,I3 a- Ȓ Ij@Rn<@ )s3 @ q3 Ia3 0w* $aC0<30
)Cj 3Ic3s@3a3. s3* <a33 jR $aC0<3 )j@3 jan3 3uURcCjCRN R8* 3UCcj3LC,
q IC0Cjw c3,RN0 jCL3 V0qCa UCWYȓ:4 7aRL j@Cc s3 , N URcCj j@3 c3A
\n3N,3- !#TaT ¼ !KTaT ¼ !bTaTY
kYSYl i@3 c L3 @RI0c jan3 R8 j@3 jsR sRaGc 030C, j30 jR RLNCc,C3N,3-
Ȓ Ij@Rn<@ j@3 L3j@R0 ) ,,Ra0CN< jR s@C,@* RN3 03LRNcja j3c )j@3 URccC$CIA
Cjw R8* N RLNCc,C3Nj )$3CN<* @ c ) Ia3 0w* $33N 3uURnN030 CN 03j CI. )s3
c@ II* 3N03 qRna )@3a3* jR UaRq3 )Cj* < CN ,RN,Cc3IwYȓ:O 7aRL j@Cc s3 , N
c 83Iw ,RN,In03- bbC ¼ bbCbY
:e
!KTaTG S- qCcj a3Ƶ¯Nw 0na0ȣȼɐ Ua jCȼ30@ Una Řc a L g nGj¯aj@ L UC c ƳGȼCUw
Ua¯L¯Ƶw ơ UnN a n,w j3 ggY MRj3 IcR !KTaTG Sf- NCaƵ w¯U3GȼCƵR w3 ȕaj@¯Ř Gq ,C0 nGj¯
UC cq w L g j3 ȕja c ƳGȼCUw NCaƵŴj¯ N Ua c Ƴ<R ȕNw <R, a Ř ggY
:4
!bTaTG S $- c ƳGȼCUj L UC c ƳGȼ3Ujnơ Ua¯L¯Ƶw ơ 0qCa UŴȼw j3 gY
:O
bbCbG S- qCcj aR0Cj c aq EƸ c ơc¯0@ N qC0@¯q UC g UnN c j jcC00@ w3 w jN Ř
c ƳGȼ3U3Ƶ Ua q ajw j3 ggY
klf
Ta L¯Ƶ qCNCȱ, w¯Nnc¯aCƵŴ V:- TpCN Nd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYSY:W
r3IIA3cj $ICc@30 c3\n3N,3
+RNE3,jna I c3\n3N,3 #ȣ@ jUa¯L¯Ƶw VU aŴGȼ¯W VO- !#TaTd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlY9W
Ta L¯Ƶ q¯ajjCG¯Nnc¯aCƵŴ VS- Tp Nd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYSYSW
K 0@w Ua¯L¯Ƶw U aŴGȼ¯ V4- !KTaTd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlY:W
Nw¯UR@ cC00@C VSz- bd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlYfW
bʇGȼL Ua¯L¯Ƶw VU aŴGȼ¯W Ve- !bTaTd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlYkW
/@ aL¯I ƳG¯a VSS- /@ d bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlYeW
Ta jC$ N0@ cC00@C V9- TbCd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlYSW
b L$ N0@ U aŴGȼ¯Nnc¯aCƵŴ Vl- bT Nd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYSYlW H <@nUa jC$ N0@ cC00@C Vf- !TbCbd bζΫАϔϱϩ lYlYlW
7C<na3 SSYS b3\n3N,3c R8 Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc sRaGcY i@3 T . j@3 ®b. j@3 bbC)gbbCb*. j@3 !pM N. N0 j@3 ų )gų b* , N
NRj $3 UI ,30 CN j@Cc c,@3L Y
pCN,3Nj 2Ijc,@CN<3a
H j3cj M3sc 8aRL F c@LCaC N Ȓb3,RN0 /@ aL GŴajCȓ kle
kYSYk /3cUCj3 j@3 8 ,j j@ j N3Cj@3a c ƳAșGȼCU. NRa Nw R8 Cjc 03aCq jCq3c
R,,nac CN ų bG S.9z B L CN,ICN30 jR @wURj@3cCy3 j@ j j@3 ų b cnLL aCy30
j@3 jsC,3 IRN<3a ų Y B sRnI0. j@3a38Ra3. ,RNE3,jna3- ų !¼ ų bY
kYl MRNAj@3L jC, b3aC3c i@3 CNj3aN I ,@aRNRIR<w R8 j@3 j@3L jA
C, IIw 0CcjCN,j sRaGc Cc LRa3 8a <L3Nj awY ?Rs3q3a. j@a33 c3\n3N,3c a3
$3wRN0 0Rn$jY
kYlYS c s3 @ q3 c33N.9S Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N a383ac jsC,3. s@CI3 ,RLA
L3NjCN< RN !#TaTG kl N0 !#TaTG :S. jR @Cc TpCN N. 8aRL s@C,@ s3
, N ,RN,In03- TpCN N ¼ !#TaT )¼ !KTaT ¼ !bTaT*Y
kYlYl r3 IcR c s9l j@ j Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N a383ac jsC,3 jR @Cc TpCN N
CN j@3 Tp Nd s@CI3 ,RLL3NjCN< RN /@ G kYe $ VKb /g/@ Lc lz$fĢeW.
Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N a383ac jR @Cc bd9k cCN,3 j@3 I jj3a a383ac jR j@3 Tp N.9:
s3 , N URcCj j@3 c3\n3N,3- TpCN N ¼ Tp N ¼ b ¼ /@ Y
kYlYk r@CI3 ,RLL3NjCN< RN bTG :,0. Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N a383ac @Cc a3 0A
3ac $ ,G jR j@3 Tp N.99 8aRL s@C,@ s3 , N c 83Iw ,RN,In03- Tp N ¼
bT NY
kYk + N j@3 j@3L jC, c3aC3c RU3N30 $w j@3 TbC N0 j@3 !#TaT $3
$aRn<@j $ ,G jR Nw R8 j@3c3 j@a33 s3IIA3cj $ICc@30 c3\n3N,3c]
9z
ų bG S VFa cc3a lzzl-BYSW- Gn0ȣȼɐC0@q¯Nj qC0@q ơc Ua w jN U a w¯ 0@Cw¯ g
c L¯c3N3ȱq a¯cjCjq Ua L¯Ƶ¯$@¯q n,w j3 ggY Ȓ n8<anN0 03a 2CNcC,@j V0@Cw¯W. $3C 03a
0C3 #3Lɫ@nN< nL qǑIIC<3 #3c3CjC<nN< VqC0@q ơc W 03a /nNG3I@3Cj c,@I3,@j3a NcC,@j3N
VGn0ȣȼɐCW 0 c @Ǒ,@cj3 Ccj. sCa0 Gnay 3aGI¡aj. 0 Ň 3c 8ɫa 0C3 2uCcj3Ny ;Rjj3c VŴȱq a W G3CN
2aG3NNjNCcLCjj3I <C$jYȓ ia NcI jCRN Fa cc3a lzzl-BBYSfeY
9S
b33 $Rq3. bζΫАϔϱϩ lYSY:Y
9l
b33 $Rq3. bζΫАϔϱϩ lYSY:Y
9k
Kb /g/@ Lc lz$fĢe- Ğ CjC NCaƵŴj L 3j 0 Nw¯UR@ cC00@ n gY
9:
Kb ;g bLc S9$e- q cjnqCL aȱ c jn qCcj a jR q¯ajjCG 3q q¯ajjCG¯Nnc¯aCƵŴjR ȕq < NA
j qw Ř gY bj /lO4$SgTklS k- 0ƳRc UR aN L U a 0Uw 0 U NC a<w c U a aM L ȕ<a3I ƸC0
0 L aM L ȕ<a3I <wC aE3c cn ȕ$a Ƴ $ I c G@RƳ 0n ,@n0 U a $w ȕR ggY
99
bT Nj /le$fgTk9 9- 03 w Ƴ! j@ 0 0 U a <an$ U L wCN NR ʱ3c $w $ I cR<c U
a<w c U a NC cUwC ƸC0 I aM L ȕ<a3I <wC aE3c cn ȕ$a Ƴ $ a cjRN U ȕC U@wCa aR!! ggY !/- 03 Ij a
Td !!/- U@wCa TY
kl4 pCN,3Nj 2Ijc,@CN<3a
kYkYS i@3 !#TaT ,RNj CNc c3q3a I 0Cc,nccCRNc 030C, j30 jR j@3 UR@
j@3RawY Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N s c ,3aj CNIw NRj CN URcCjCRN jR $aC0<3 @Cc
ja3 jL3Nj R8 UR@ $w a383aaCN< $ ,G jR @Cc TpCN N cCN,3 j@3 I jj3a. ICG3
Cjc LʇI . Cc NRj ICG3Iw jR @ q3 CN,In030 Nw cC<NC~, Nj 3I $Ra jCRN RN UR@ Y
i@3 b N0 j@3 Tp N VLRa3 j@ N jsR j@Ca0c R8 j@3 3uj Nj iC$3j N ja NcA
I jCRN $3 a RN UR@ W sRnI0 @ q3 IIRs30 @CL jR $aC0<3 j@3c3 0Cc,ncA
cCRNc. c @3 <3N3a IIw 0C0Y ?Rs3q3a. Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N N3q3a a383ac $ ,G
jR j@3L CN j@3 !#TaT N0 ICLCjc @CLc3I8 jR j@3 \nRj jCRN VUa jŴG W R8 Tp
SY94 gTpbp kl.SY9f B L CN,ICN30 jR $3IC3q3. 0LCjj30Iw RN a j@3a s3 G
<aRnN0c. j@ j Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N @ 0 NRj w3j ,RLL3Nj30 RN j@3 Tp Ra nA
j@Ra30 j@3 b s@3N @3 saRj3 @Cc !#TaTY B sRnI0. j@3N. ,RNE3,jna3 j@3
c3\n3N,3- TpCN N ¼ !#TaT !¼ Tp N ¼ bY
kYkYl j j@3 ,IRc3 R8 a j@3a I3N<j@w Ua3c3Nj jCRN R8 LRL3Nj aCA
N3cc VRN TbCG S4. Kb ;gTbCLc le$SW. Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N 03,I a3c- Ğw j@¯
qCU Ƹ,Cj L Nw ja Y +RN,3aNCN< Nw ja . j@a33 , N0C0 j3c a3 sRaj@w R8
,RNcC03a jCRN- TpCN N RN TpCN lYef.SSĢ4k.Sz. Tp N RN Tp SYSOkĢSOf.
N0 j@3 ~acj ,@ Uj3a R8 j@3 /@ VGȼ Ƶ $@ Ƴ< cC00@CWY c Cj @ c $33N Ua3A
c3aq30 CN iC$3j N ja NcI jCRN. j@3 Tp N 3N0c sCj@ Tp SYSl4d CN j@3 c L3
s w. Cj Cc 8 a 8aRL ,3aj CN j@ j j@3 TpCN N 3q3a 3uj3N030 $3wRN0 TpCN
SYS4Y B sRnI0 ,RNE3,jna3. j@Rn<@ RN 3q3N s3 G3a <aRnN0c j@ N CN bζΫАϔϱϩ
kYkYS. j@ j Nw ja a383ac $ ,G jR /@ S. N0 @3N,3- /@ !¼ TbCY
kYkYk r@CI3 ,RLL3NjCN< RN /@ G kY4 $ VKb /g/@ Lc lS eĢ$SW. Ȱ ƳA
G a N N0 N c wc- Ğ CjC qCU Ƹ,Cj L ¯,¯aw3Ƶ c L$ N0@ U aŴGȼ¯w¯Ld
N0 s@CI3 ,RLL3NjCN< RN TbCG Sz VKb ;gTbCLc lk 4Ģ$SW. @3 03,I a3c-
Ğ nGj Ř c L$ N0@ U aŴGȼ¯w¯LY +RNcC03aCN< j@ j Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N Cc
UaRN3 jR a383a jR @Cc RsN sRaGc s@3N3q3a URccC$I3. B L CN,ICN30 jR $3IC3q3
j@ j @3 @ 0 NRj w3j ,RLL3Nj30 RN j@3 bT s@3N @3 ,RLURc30 j@3 /@ N0
j@3 TbC. N0 jR ,RNE3,jna3 j@3 c3\n3N,3- /@ !¼ TbC !¼ bT NY
kY: QN3 , N RNIw a3<a3j j@3 LCc3a $I3 cj j3 R8 ja NcLCccCRN R8 j@3
T N0 @3N,3 j@3 CLURccC$CICjw R8 IR, jCN< Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc L <NnL
RUnc CN j@3 c3aC3c. 8Ra j@3 ,@aRNRIR<w R8 Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N @CLc3I8 Cc ,IRc3Iw
03U3N03Nj RN j@3 T Vc33 $3IRs. bζΫАϔϱϩ 9WY
9f
QN /@ G kY9 $. Kb /g/@ Lc S4 S- Ua jw Gȼ3Ƶ <ȣ@Ŵj Cjw¯0C jn ,CNjCj L Nw¯URA
@ Ua cj¯q3 gY
H j3cj M3sc 8aRL F c@LCaC N Ȓb3,RN0 /@ aL GŴajCȓ klO
: +RN83ccCRN I B03NjCjw R8 Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc
rRaGc
:YS bY +@Y pC0w¯$@ʇȼ Ƶ s c NRj s a3 R8 Nw Rj@3a sRaGc j@ N
j@Rc3 ,RNj CN30 CN j@3 $ci N ȕ<wna VTp N. b. TbC. bT NWd a j@3a j@ N
3I $Ra jCN< RN j@3Ca ,RN83ccCRN I C03NjCjw. j@3 BN0C N c,@RI a a3U3 j30
j@3 iC$3j N I3<3N0 URaja wCN< Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N c $a @LCN s@R ,RNA
q3aj30 jR #n00@CcL nN03a j@3 CNcUCa jCRN R8 K ƸEnȱaŴY9e i@3 q3aw 8 ,j
j@ j j@3c3 8Rna sRaGc $3IRN<30 jR j@3 iC$3j N , NRN CN,Cj30 `Y ;NRIC jR
,RNcC03a j@3L c ȒR8 #n00@Ccj N jna3ȓd94 @Rs3q3a. 8aRL j@3 8a <L3Njc R8
j@3 T j@ j @3 8RnN0 c, jj3a30 j@aRn<@Rnj F c@LCa Ȱ Cq ICj3a jna3. `Y
;NRIC a3q3ac30 j@3 UCRnc I3<3N0 N0 @wURj@3cCy30 Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc ,RNA
q3acCRN jR Ȱ CqCcL. N 3q3Nj j@3 T sRnI0 $3 a j3cjCLRNw jRY9O Ij@Rn<@
;Y #ɫ@N3L NN 0C0 NRj 03 I sCj@ j@3 ,RN83ccCRN I C03NjCjw R8 j@3 sRaGc c@3
C03NjC~30. c@3 a3L aG30 j@ j j@3 Kb Ȓ3Nj@¡Ij. sC3 0C3 ɪ$3acC,@j y3C<j.
i3uj3. 0C3 8 cj 0C3 < Ny3 i@3L jCG 03a qRII3NjsC,G3Ij3N Ta L¯Ƶ c,@nI3 $3A
ja3{3NYȓfz c s3 @ q3 c33N. ?Y Fa cc3a URaja wc Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N c
Ȱ Cq sCj@ cjaRN< #n00@Ccj I3 NCN<d @Cc ,RNq3acCRN jR #n00@CcL sRnI0
@ q3 j G3N UI ,3 I j3 CN Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc IC83 N0 a3cnIj30 CN j@3 ,RLA
URcCjCRN R8 Ȓ j@3CcjC,ȓ ja ,jc c s3II c ,RLL3Nj aC3c RN /@ aL GŴajCȕc
sRaGcY ?Y Fa cc3a Lncj $3 ,a30Cj30 sCj@ ,IRc3 ,RNcC03a jCRN R8 $Rj@ j@3
8a <L3Njc C03NjC~30 $w ;Y #ɫ@N3L NN N0 j@3 L Ƴ< I c R8 j@3 ų b. j@3
bT N. j@3 TbC N0 j@3 !#TaTYfS ?3 ,RN,In03c- Ȓi@Cc. @Rs3q3a. L3 Nc
j@ j II Ȱ) ƳG a N N0 N *ȕc sRaGc ,Cj30 $w Ra Ua3,30CN< $@CN q <nUj
Ia3 0w ,RNj CN cjaRN< #n00@Ccj j3N03N,C3c Ra 3u,IncCq3Iw #n00@Ccj C03 c.
N0 j@ j $@CN q <nUj 0C0 NRj GNRs Nw Una3Iw Ȱ CqCj3 sRaG $w @CL
jR s@C,@ @3 ,RnI0 @ q3 a383aa30 CN @Cc saCjCN<cYȓfl i@Cc ,RN,IncCRN ,IRc3Iw
L j,@3c Y b N03acRNȕc qC3sc RN j@3 jRUC,d NRj3. @Rs3q3a. j@ j j@3 #aCjCc@
c,@RI a c33c 3qC03N,3 N3Cj@3a 8Ra Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N ȕc @ qCN< $33N Ȱ Cq
j Nw URCNj R8 @Cc IC83 NRa 8Ra ,RNq3acCRN jR #n00@CcLY
9e
pC0w¯$@ʇȼ Ƶ SOlS-k::Ģk:9Y
94
;NRIC SOfz-uuCqY
9O
QN j@3 T . c33 $3IRs. bζΫАϔϱϩ :YeY
fz
#ɫ@N3L NN SO4z-SOkY
fS
`3cU3,jCq3Iw Fa cc3a lzzS-9zl. NY :O V b N0 bT NWd 9zl. NY 9Sd 9zk. NY 9fY
fl
Fa cc3a lzzS-9zkY
kkz pCN,3Nj 2Ijc,@CN<3a
BN s@ j 8RIIRsc. B c@ II jj3LUj jR 03LRNcja j3 j@ j II R8 Ȱ ƳG a N NA
0 N ȕc sRaGc a3 R8 cjaC,jIw #n00@Ccj U3acn cCRNY 7Ra 3 ,@ R8 j@3c3 sRaGc
V3u,3Uj. R8 ,Rnac3. j@3 TpCN N N0 j@3 !pM NW. B @ q3 3N03 qRna30 jR
3u@C$Cj j I3 cj RN3 L Ƴ< I N0gRa ,RN,In0CN<gqRjCq3 cj Ny Y r@3N3q3a
URccC$I3. B @ q3 IcR jaC30 jR $aC3w ,@ a ,j3aCy3 j@3 sRaGY bCN,3 j@3 b ƳA
Gȼ3U c I ,G L Ƴ< I c N0 ~N IgqRjCq3 cj Ny c. B @wURj@3cCy3 j@ j j@3Ca
,RN83ccCRN I C03NjCjw 0R3c NRj 0C{3a 8aRL j@ j R8 j@3 sRaG j@3w UnaURaj jR
cnLL aCy3Y
:Yl i@3 !#TaT RU3Nc sCj@ cj Ny U wCN< @RL <3 jR j@3 j@a33 #n0A
0@Ccj E3s3Ic-
rCj@ 03qRjCRN. sCj@ )Lw* @3 0 $Rs30 0RsN. sCj@ )Lw* LCN0
) N0* sRa0c. )B* U w a3q3a3N,3 jR j@3 #n00@ jR<3j@3a sCj@
)?Cc* I s c s3II c )?Cc* ,RLLnNCjw N0 030C, j3 j@Cc 3NA
03 qRna )R8 LCN3* jR Ua3c3Nj j@3 jan3 N jna3 R8 3UCcj3LC,
q IC0Cjw. j@3 ,Ra3 R8 s@C,@ @ c NRj $33N ) 03\n j3Iw* U3aA
,3Cq30Vg03j3aLCN30W $w )Rna* RUURN3NjcVgRj@3acW s@R a3 <RCN<
RN saRN< U j@Yfk
7aRL j@3 Rnjc3j. j@3 ja3 jCc3 UI ,3c Cjc3I8 nN03a j@3 nj@RaCjw R8 /@ aL A
GŴajC. 8Ra !#TaTG l $ Cc NRj@CN< $nj \nRj jCRN R8 Tp lYS $- Ua L¯Ƶ L
qCc ơq¯0C EƸ¯N L aj@ GaCw¯cj@CjCŘYf: c Ia3 0w NRjC,30 $w HY q N 03a
FnCEU N0 2Y bj3CNG3IIN3a. Ȱ ƳG a N N0 N s c NRj30 LRN< iC$3j N
U@CIRcRU@3ac 8Ra @ qCN< @3I0. < CNcj /@ aLRjj a N0 F L I ȱŴI . j@3
qC3s j@ j j@3 q IC0Cjw VUa¯L¯Ƶw W R8 ,R<NCjCRN , N RNIw $3 c,3aj CN30
3ujaCNcC, IIw VU a j ŘWYf9 2q3N c@Raj <I N,3 j Rna L j3aC Ic IIRsc
nc jR ,RN~aL j@3 iC$3j N nj@RaCjC3c CN j@3Ca RUCNCRNY !KTaTG l0 5
!bTaTG l0 ,I CLc j@ j Ua L¯Ƶ ơ U a jR ȕG@CI Ldff j@3 8RIIRsCN< a3L aG
Cc 3q3N LRa3 cja C<@j8Ras a0- j cL¯j c¯U3Gȼ L 3q c aq ơ Ua L¯Ƶ ơ N
fk
!#TaTG S. Kb : SĢl N0 Kb 2g!#TaTLc S S- $n00@ ơ c 0@ aL L! j@ c¯aw A
< Ƶ ơ Ua Ƶ Lw $@ Gjw¯ N j3N !! ȱCa c¯ L N c¯ q ,R$@CŘ g Ua¯L¯Ƶw j jjq L NCaʇUCA
j c¯a L Nw Ca nNL¯a< < Ca < 0CjnL ¯@Cj 3ȼ w jN Ř ggY ! < CNcj c 00@ aL L Kb
: S. nNL3jaC, Id !! < CNcj L j3N Kb : SY q c Nj jCI G¯ L3ja3Y
f:
Kb : l N0 Kb 2g!#TaTLc S SĢlY
f9
b33 3cU3,C IIw bj3CNG3IIN3a SOOl-l9O. lflĢlfkY
ff
Kb k f N0 Kb 7g!KTaTLc S SY
H j3cj M3sc 8aRL F c@LCaC N Ȓb3,RN0 /@ aL GŴajCȓ kkS
cq j Nja L cjCdfe Ra 3Ic3- U a j Ř Ua L¯Ƶ jq LYf4 c 8Ra j@3 ,RNN3,jCRN
sCj@ j@3 3UCcj3LRIR<C, I 0R,jaCN3 R8 Tp lYS $. Cj Cc c 8RIIRsc-
r@3N )/@ aL GŴajC* c wc j@ j q IC0 ,R<NCjCRN VUa L¯Ƶ W
,RNcCcjc CN a3IC $I3 ,R<NCjCRN VEƸ¯N W. j@3 L3 NCN< )@3 CNA
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ЃӠມƎԊࢺƎࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ԬေມƎ೭ྡЃ :4O
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:Oz ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎֽྡƎ ફƐ
ྡƎ ਤࠒƎફࠒေ೭ƎਤጭມƐ
ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ౣƎ ફ᎖Ǝ ԬနࢺƎ ौေఛྡƎ ӠေມƎ ࢺມƎ ફྡƎ ږ೭Ǝ ഌƎ ๐ေӠƎ ૬ફƎ ေࠒƎ ौఛྡƎ ఛ̽ЃມƎ ೭ေફƎ ϬྡມƎ ਤ๛ફມƎ ौఛྡƎ ო
ዼർƎေӠມƎྡЃƎྡࢺƐ ึƎዐມƎጿƎӠƎዶӠƎနມƎौఛྡƎ ౣർƎ͖ਤƎʈྡƎ ફӠఛƎ͖ေӠມƎࠒӠƏƐ ਤ೭ƎዐƎጴƎౣർƎო
ਤေࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ફӠఛƎ ͖ေӠມƐ ફఛƎ ફƎ ࠒƎ യƎ ਤർƎ ዼർƎ ർફƎ ࢺနƎ ौർƎ ౣർƎ ͖ਤƎ ʈྡƎ ફӠఛƎ ͖ေӠມƎ ጿƎ ЃݯေЃມƐ
ਤƎ ЃࢺફƎ ೭ྡƎ ေӠƎ ਤ૬ࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ౣർƎ ौေƎ ർྡЃƎ ફྡƎ ౙƎ ਤʌေӠມƎ ݯနƎ ਤေࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ԬਤƎ ྡࠒƎ Ǝ ਤࢺƎ ო
ਤደЃມƎ ौఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎ ౯ྡӠƎ ϰມƎ ྡЃƎ ေࠒƎ ԊྡӠƏƐ ӠƎ ዊࢺƎ ေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ྡЃƎ ౯ྡӠƎ യ೭Ǝ ࢺƎ ਤေࠒƎ ౣർƎ ͂ྡƎ ေӠƎ ო
ЃྡມƎ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ౣർƎ ौေƎ ർྡЃƎ ફྡƎ ౙƎ ਤʌေӠມƎ ौఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎ ྡЃƎ ေࠒƐ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ࠒौနƎ ౯ྡӠƎ ͖ЃƎ ዊƎ ͂ྡƎ ო
ေӠƎ ശနዻƎ ਤ૬ࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ౣർƎ ौေƎ ਤʌေӠມƎ ࢺມƎ ਤေࠒƎ ϬྡƎ ԬਤƎ ྡࠒƎ Ǝ ਤࢺƎ ਤደЃມƎ ौ೭Ǝ ਤࠒƐ
ЃӠƎ യ೭Ǝ ӠƎ ౣർƎ ർྡЃƎ ફྡƎ ౙƎ ਤေࠒƎ ౣർƎ ϬྡມƎ ਤʌေӠມƎ ौƎ ࠒӠေມƎ ေࠒƎ ዐƎ ኰ೭Ǝ ਤƎ ફƎ ௳ࠒƎ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ო
ౣർƎ ͖ਤƎ ࠒӠƎ ફྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƎ ೭ྡЃƎ ЃዶӠƎ ԬေມƎ ጟЃມƎ ਤԊມƎ ौƎ ֽફມƎ ኴࠒƎ ዤӠƏƐ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ਤေࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ફӠఛƎ ო
ఛေЃƎዊƎዱࠒƎौఛྡƎ ฮေ೭ƎዐມƎ೭ਤມƎ͖ƎЃມർƎӠနມƎਤࢺƎྡЃƎਤ౮ေࠒƎࠒ˃ఛƐ ЃӠƎയ೭ƎਤေࠒƎౣർƎ൶ƎມƎო
ࠒ೭Ǝ ફƎ ዻƎ ዐફƎ ਤ૬ࢺƎ ौေఛྡƎ ફኽЃƎ ዊƎ ਤေࠒƎ ມྡർƎ ዧ೭Ǝ ኰ೭Ǝ ౮နມƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ӠƎ ͂ർƎ ࠒӠƎ ዻƎ ർЃƎ ጂЃƎ ມఛྡƎ ო
ఛЃေƎ ࠒौေࢺƎ ફနࠒƎ ौఛྡƎ ዼർƎ ጟӠƎ ྡЃƎ ዊƎ ఛኰ೭Ǝ ࢺມƎ ർေƎ ફӠƎ ጟມƐ ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎ ӠఛƎ ೭ྡມƎ ኴӠƎ ӠƎ ЃྡƎ ო
ફӠఛƎ ఛေЃƎ ዊƎ ዱࠒƎ ौƎ ྡࢺƐ ફƎ ௳ࠒƎ ኴӠƎ ӠƎ ЃྡƎ ౣർƎ ጂࠒƎ ͂ྡƎ ౣർƎ ਤມေࠒƎ ࢺફມƎ ശနƎ ྡມƎ ೭ӠƎ ЃྡƎ ਤƎ ო
ફနມƎ ർƎ ફྡƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ਤఛྡƎ ๐ေࠒƎ ൶ေƎ ਐӠƎ ЃྡƎ ࠒϰƎ ๛နƎ ಡફມƎ ਤዊർƎ ݯနƎ Ѓມ೭Ǝ ዐƎ ጴƎ ೭ӠມƎ ફӠఛƎ ఛေЃƎ ዊƎ ਤጭມƐ
೭ӠƎЃྡƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ণྡƎ Ϭ೭ƎມေӠƎਤƎಡફມƎዱ೭ƎਤጭƎጒਤƎਐມƐ ೭ӠƎЃྡƎ ࠒફЃƎࠒौေࢺƎ͂ྡƎ ࠒौေࢺƎਐန೭ƎફྡƎ ԬေມƎสေӠƎო
ఛዧફƎ௳န೭ƎਤƎࠒနƎ ർƎർနЃມƎสနມƎጿƎϲေƎ ਤေƎ ๐ေࠒƎࠒƎЃֽྡມƐ ࠒေർƎণေЃມƎƎਤྡƎ ಡફມƎʈྡƎ ఛЃေƎ ࠒौေࢺƎዐƎო
ਤฮေƎ ਤЃƎ ਐມƐ ફƎ ௳ࠒƎ ࠒƎ യఛྡƎ ϲေƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ౣർƎ ጂࠒƎ ࠒနƎ ӠƎ ԬေມƎ สေӠƎ ఛዧફƎ ϬྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ौƎ ྡࢺƎ ौ೭Ǝ ਤࠒƐ
ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎർေƎ ೭ਤມƎફӠƎࠒЃƎԊྡЃƎЃྡƎ ೭ྡӠƎࠒေർƎौေƎ ϲေƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ફӠఛƎఛေЃƎዊƎዱࠒƎࢺມƎࠒरƎ͂ർƎϬྡƎ ਤጡƎЃေЃƎო
ྡࠒƎ ौေƎ ዤӠƏƐ ࠒƎ യఛྡƎ ዐມƎ ጿƎ ϲေƎ ࠒေർƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ફӠఛƎ ๛နƎ ມေƎ ມေƎ ਤƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ࢺနƎ ौർƎ ϬྡƎ ફӠఛƎ ఛေЃƎ ო
ዐƎዱࠒƎौఛྡƎ ዐມƎࢺྡƎ Ѓေ೭ƎਤေࠒƎࠒફЃƎఛካЃມƎዤӠƎਤఛྡƎ ዐມƎ೭ਤມƎࢺມƎྡࢺƐ
ࠒေർƎौఛྡƎ ఛ᎖ƎਤƎสနർƎ๐ӠມƐ
ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ਤఛྡƎ ఛ᎖Ǝ ਤƎ สနർƎ ๐ӠມƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေఛྡƎ ዼർƎ ጟӠƎ রർƎ Ԭန೭Ǝ ϬྡƎ ఛ᎖Ǝ ਤఛྡƎ ေӠƎ ิေƎ ມƎ ફƎ ఛေЃƎ ࠒӠƎ ო
᎖ӠƎ ർມƎ ૬ЃƎ ЃƎ ྡࢺƐ ྡӠƎ ͖ఛྡƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ေЃƎ ࢺྡƎ ࢺມƐ ϰေƐ Ǝ ਤေƐ ေƎ ͖ေЃ ዼӠƎ ફƐ ർƎ ዢЃƎ ૬ફƎ ო
ർມƎ ફနࠒƐ ఛေЃƎ ർມƎ ʈྡƎ ေЃƎ ࢺມƎ ఛေƎ ફƐ ေƐ ફ೭Ɛ ዠƎ ೭Ɛ ਤർƐ ዼࢺƎ ዧƐ ೂྡࠒƎ ौƐ ኬƎ ጟƐ
ौЃມƎ೭ྡЃມƎਤԊມƎྡࢺƐ ఛေЃƎौఛྡƎ ิေƎ ዠЃມƎʈӠƏƐ ఛྡƐ ЃЃ ફ᎘ƎફေƐ ફ᎘ƎরေƐ ݯေƎ ർနƎ রေƎ ફေƐ
ЃӠມƎԊࢺƎࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ԬေມƎ೭ྡЃ :OS
ਤƎ ફေƐ ϲӠƏƐ ೭Ɛ ጟЃ Ǝ ਤԊມƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒေർƎ ફྡƎ ᎖ມƎ ᎖ӠƎ ർມƎ ʈྡƎ ฮေ೭Ǝ ౣƎ ԬနࢺƎ ࠒနƎ ఛࠄƎ ਐနࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ફနࠒƎ ო
ʈӠƎఛ᎖ƎਤƎఛࠒӠƎӠနມƎԊࢺƎေࠒƐ ึƎዐມƎࢺມƎণྡƎ ർေƎ ƦƶƮƶ ૬ફƎϬྡƎ ࢺӠƎਤ೭ƎዐƎࠒေർƎዼർƎࢺྡƎ ਐӠƎЃྡƎ ო
ఛေЃƎ ौƎ ࠒӠƎ ೭ေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ફေࢺƎ ौƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ʈྡƎ ଟƎ ఛዥఛྡƎ ᎖ӠƎ ఛနർƎ ਐနࠒƎ ມఛྡƎ ਤ๐ྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ ЃർƎ ԬနࢺƎ ྡЃƎ ʈӠƎ ო
ྡࢺƎ ौƎ ફƎ ௳ࠒƐ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ਤມƎ ೭ေӠƎ ఛေЃƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ʈྡƎ ଟƎ ఛዥఛྡƎ ͖နƎ ေЃມƎ ફྡƎ ࠒફࢺƎ ौƎ ྡЃƎ ർနࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ေࠒƐ
ึေࢺƎ ዐມƎ ࢺມƎ ࠒƎ ਤ೭Ǝ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ਤఛྡƎ ఛ᎖Ǝ ਤƎ ࢺྡƎ ౣƎ ԬƎ ഌƎ ਤኻƎ ૬ફƎ ਐӠƎ ӠƎ ЃྡƎ ఛေЃƎ ौƎ ࠒӠƎ ೭ေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ફေࢺƎ ო
ौƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ʈྡƎ ມƎ ࢺມƎ ေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ေࠒƎ ԊྡӠƏƐ ਐӠƎ ӠƎ ࢺມƎ ଟƐ ફ೭Ɛ ነർƎ ጟƎ ਤԊມƎ ਤ௳ఛƎ ԬມƎ ʈྡƎ ო
೭ྡЃມƎ ࠒӠƏƐ ਤർƐ ኬƎ ጟƐ ೂྡࠒƎ ौƎ ມေЃມƎ ЃေࢺƎ ԬມƎ ਤ௳ေƎ ਐနࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƐ ೭Ɛ ጟЃ Ɛ ЃЃ
ఛྡƎ ມေЃມƎิေƎ ࢺေ೭ƎʈྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƎਤԊມƎေӠƎЃྡƎ ေࠒƐ ફေࢺƎ೭ေӠƎЃྡƎ ມƎࢺມƎఛዥƎ೭ྡЃມƎݯနƐ ફƎ಼ေມƎർေƎ ݯေЃ
ࢺມƐ ఛມƐ ມေƎ ਤƐ ƎਤေƐ ࢺƎફƎࠒӠƏƐ ˃Ǝ೭Ɛ ዧƎ೭ફƐ ӠƎೂྡƐ ೭ມƎԬƐ ᎖ࢺƐ ေࠒƎԬມƎʈྡƎ ო
೭ྡЃມƎມေЃມƎေӠƎЃྡƎ ေࠒƐ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ਤƎ᎖ມƎࠒနƎ ࠒЃƎЃྡƎ ͖နƎ ေЃມƎർƎࠒေມƎࠒနƎ ࠒӠƎጿફƎࠒနƐ ഌƎࠒနƐ ࠄྵЂƎࠒနƐ
ਤዐࢺƎࠒနƎ ௳န೭ƎਤƎມေЃມƎଟƎЃЃƎౣਤƎЃԊྡЃƎർƎఛዥƎЃЃƎౣਤƎЃֽྡມƎ೭နƎ ࢺມƎਤኻƎ೭နƎ ਤ೭ƎർနࢺƎϬྡƎ ေࠒƐ
ࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ફྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƎʈྡƎ ЃေફມƎЃྡມƐ
ફྡƎ ಡફມƎԬေມƎࠒࠒƎԊࢺƎફࢺఛƎࠒӠƎ͖ມƎർနࢺƎർƎਓေƎ ਤࢺƎौƐ ೭ӠƎጂࠒƎࠄӠƎਤƐ ફေƎ ೂྡມƎЃݯေƎ ࠒरࠒƎർƎო
ྡࠒƎԬနມƎौƐ ਐƎർມƎЃӠƎྡЃƎਐနࠒƎौ೭ƎЃ௳ఛƎฮ೭ƎఛথေࠒƎေ೭ƎਤೂྡƎ ਤƎԊࢺƎྡࢺƐ
ࠒေർƎौఛྡƎ ዼർƎϬྡƎ ԬေມƎਤጂࠒƎ͖Ѓ
ࠒေർƎ ौေఛྡƎ ዼർƎ ጟӠƎ ዐƎ ਤေࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ԬေມƎ ਤጂࠒƎ ͖ЃƎ ࢺມƎ ЃዼӠƎ ࠄྵӠƎ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ԬေມƎ ጟЃມƐ ึƎ ఛኰ೭Ǝ ౯ྡӠƎ ო
ફఛྡƎ ԬေມƎጟЃມƐ ౣർƎਤƎਤ˃ఛƎਤጂࠒƎौఛྡƎ ԬေມƎጟЃມƏƐ ࠒौർƎശࢺƎມƎสఛྡƎ ԬေມƎጟЃມƎਤԊມƎေࠒƐ
ՍေƎ ࢺӠƎ ЃྡƎ ԬေມƎ ਤጂࠒƎ ေർƎ ఛਐနࠒƎ ከࢺƎ ફ̽နࢺƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ມӠມƎ ౣມƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေ೭Ǝ ጥƎ ఛካӠມƎ ौƎ ૬ફƎ ർມƎ ՍေƎ ო
ࢺӠƎЃྡƎ ԬေມƎਤጂࠒƎࠒေർƎौေ೭Ǝࠒ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎફနࠒƐ ࠒနƎ ਤྡࢺƎ೭ྡƎ ਤေƎ ࠒЃနƎ ശࢺƎौఛྡƎ ԬေມƎਤጂࠒƎʈӠƎࠒေർƎო
ौေ೭Ǝࠒ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎફနࠒƐ ࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ዼർƎዐƎࠒ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ԬေມƎਤጂࠒƎౣƎԬနƎ ေມƎ౯ྡӠƎફƐ ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎਤေࢺƎौေƐ
ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎਤ˃ఛƎਤጂࠒƐ ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎມƎสƎਤԊມƎྡࢺƐ ਤ˃ఛƎਤጂࠒƎौఛྡƎ ԬေມƎጟЃມƎࢺྡƎ ఛྡƎ ኴӠƎौƐ ˃ફƎო
ଟӠƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ਤጂࠒƐ ЃມƎ ौေƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ਤጂࠒƐ ӠມƎ ौƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ਤጂࠒƎ ਤԊມƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ࢺມƎ ˃ફƎ ო
ଟӠƎࠒӠƎఛྡƎ ኴӠƎौƎౣƎԬနƐ ЃዼӠƎࠄྵӠƎਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ԬေມƎਤጂࠒƎࢺྡƎ ึƎࠒ೭ƎࢺມƎေࠒƐ
:Ol ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎֽྡƎ ફƐ
ࠒေർƎौေ೭Ǝࠒ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƐ
ฺနർƐ ਓƎ ફƎ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƐ ફఛƎ ਤྡƐ ኪӠƎ ौေƐ ఛዥƎ ྡЃ နർƎ ྡЃ ശေӠƎ ೭ྡЃມƐ ኴƎ ო
೭ྡਤƎ ມေЃມƎ ေࠒƐ ࠒနƎ ࠒЃƎ ЃྡƎ ዤӠƎ ኬӠມƎ ฮေ೭Ǝ ਤ౮ေࠒƎ ࢺƐ ฺနർƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ጂࠒƎ ࢺྡƎ ϲေƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ዼർƎ ዐƎ ึေࢺƎ ԬࠒƎ ო
ࢺມƎေࠒƎौఛྡƎ ӠƎዶӠƎЃྡƎ ફྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƎ౯ྡӠƎौƎྡࢺƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ጂࠒƎौƎർƎӠƎዶӠƎฺࢺƎጂࠒƎʈྡƎ ࢺӠƎЃྡƎ ϲေƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ო
ฺနർƎ ิေફƎ ఛካർƎ ྡЃƎ ௳န೭Ǝ ਤƎ ມေЃມƎ ਓƎ ೭ਤມƎ ફӠƎ ࠒЃƎ ԊྡЃƎ ਐေࢺƎ ေࠒƐ ਓƎ ફƎ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ौƎ ࢺྡƎ ო
ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎጿƎေӠມƎጿƎϰЃມƎौƎྡЃƎྡࢺƎौƎફƎ௳ࠒƎྡࢺƎዊƎЃർƎԬနƎ ਤఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƎԊྡЃƎྡࢺƐ
ึေࢺƎ ફƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ौƎ ЃနࢺƎ ೭ਤƎ ફྡƎ ਤေƎ ጥƎ ఛካӠມƎ ौఛྡƎ ዐມƎ ጿƎ ྡࢺƎ ਤေࢺƎ Ǝ ӠർƎ ϬྡફƎ ЃေӠƎ ௳န೭Ǝ ਤƎ ྡࢺƎ ौေƎ ო
ఛዐർƎਤఛྡƎ ਓƎફƎྡࢺƎԊྡӠƏƐ ਤေࠒƎౣർƎЃֽఛƎ͂ྡƎ ਤ૬ࢺƎौေఛྡƎ ዐມƎጿƎౣർƎौေƎ ЃֽఛƎ͂ྡఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎਓƎӠƎྡࢺƐ
๐ေࢺƎ ौఛྡƎ ಡફƎ ೭Ǝ ફࠒေƎ ఛዐມƎ ࠒӠƏƐ ࢺƎ ೭ྡఛྡƎ ફ͖ࢺƎ ೭ਤມƎ ֽန೭Ǝ ЃጿફƎ ौƎ ֽྡƎ ફƎ ਤ๐ࢺƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ೭ӠƎ ო
ಡફƎዐƐ a๐ေࢺƎौƎЃနࢺƎ೭ਤƎફྡƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ЃዐӠƎມƎ˃ေӠƎଟƎЃዼӠƎࠄྵӠƎࠒਤӠƎശࢺƎƎӠർƎϬྡફƎЃေӠƎਤఛྡƎ ო
ጂࠒƎ ौƎ ྡࢺƎ ौ೭Ǝ ਤࠒƐ ЃӠƎ യ೭Ǝ ਤေࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ึƎ ϰມƎ ྡЃƎ ྡࢺƐ Ǝ ӠർƎ ϬྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ေЃƎ ફ೭Ǝ ო
ࠒ೭ƎມఛྡƎ ມƎЃࢺມƎࢺྡƎ ˃ေӠƎौေƎ ๐ЃƎೂနƎ ਐƎ೭ྡƎ ௳န೭ƎਤƎࠒနƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒနƎ ࢺມƎ೭ྡફƎਤྡࢺƎϲေƎ ਤေƎ ࠒӠƎࠒေർƎौေƎ ມေЃມƎო
ጿƎ ࠒ೭Ǝ ਤƎ ફƎ ௳ࠒƎ ࠒƎ യƎ Ǝ ӠർƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ጂࠒƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ਐྡƎ ЃԊန೭Ǝ ࠒӠƏƐ Ǝ ೭ਤƐ ଟƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ਤԊມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ
ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƎࠒနƎ ࢺྡƎ ๐ေࠒƎફӠఛƎ೭ྡມƎݕနƎ ਤƎণေЃມƎࢺມƎዤӠƎਤƎྡࢺƎԊྡӠƏƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƎർƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎਤေࢺƎო
ֽྡࠒƎਤ௳ӠƎौေƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎࠒौർƐl ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎከࢺƎਤ௳ӠƎࠒौർƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎࢺફƎફ͖ఛƎౣർƎફଟࢺƐ
ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ዢࢺƎ ᎖ЃມƎ ϰЃມƎ ौƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ᎅƎ ࠒਤӠƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ਤေࢺƎ ֽྡࠒƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ო
ྡࠒƎౣർƎਤ௳ӠƎौေƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎֽྡƎ ફƎມနӠƎЃန ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎᎅƎࠒਤӠƎዱർƎ͂ྡફມƐk ફఛƎਤྡఛྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƎࠒနƎ ӠƎო
ေЃƎ ફ೭Ǝ ਤေࠒƎ ࢺມƎ ዤӠƎ ਤƎ ྡࢺƎ ԊྡӠƏƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ਓƎ ጂࠒƎ ർƎ ફఛƎ ਤྡƎ ఛዐർƎ ਤƎ ມနӠƎ ЃနƎ ௳န೭Ǝ ਤƎ ມေЃມƎ ਓƎ ო
೭ਤມƎฮࠒƎϰЃມƎԊࢺƎફӠƎौေƎ ዤӠƏƐ ࠒƎയƎӠƎࠒေർƎዼർƎࢺƎફఛƎਤྡƎ ਓƎફఛྡƎ ጂࠒƎौƎေࠒƐ aኪӠƎო
ौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ͖ફມƎዼർƎኪӠƎौေƎ ণေЃມƎࢺມƎዤӠƎਤఛྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎྡࢺƎԊྡӠƎࠒနƎ ӠƎኪӠƎौေƎ ࠒ˃೭ƎࢺЃƎມန೭ƎЃጿફƎო
ϬྡƎ ࢺӠƎЃྡƎ ኪӠƎौေƎ ࠒ˃೭ƎጒƎ௳န೭ƎਤƎࠒနƎ ྡࢺƐ ЃӠƎയ೭ƎኪӠƎौေఛྡƎ ਓƎጂࠒƎർƎኪӠƎौေƎ ዱർƎ͂ྡફມƎർနЃມƎौƐ
ኪӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ዱർƎ ͂ྡફມƎ ఛေࠒƎ ௳န೭Ɛ ਤƎ ಡફƎ ಡફƎ ౣർƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƐ ጴӠƎ ફေƎ ਤƎ ေਤƎ ೭ྡࢺƎ ო
ौေƎ ԬနƐ ЃနƎ ͖ေࠒƎ ೭ྡࢺƎ ԬနࢺƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ມေЃມƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ϰЃມƎ ԊࢺƎ ዐƎ ફƎ ዤӠƏƐ ࠒနƎ ਤྡࢺƎ ശေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ო
ࠒӠƎ ྡЃƎ ौေƎ ਤԊေƎ ਤౣࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ЃྡƎ ఛዥƎ ྡЃƎ နർƎ ྡЃƎ ЃྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ࠒӠƎ ਓƎ ጂࠒƎ ࠒƎ യƎ ေࠒƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ࠒӠƏƐ
l
͖ေӠƎ ࢺྡƎ ફଟࢺƎ ֽྡࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ೭ྡЃƎ ौƎ ർƎ ࠒေƎ ӠƎ ေࠒƎ ौఛྡƎ ફ͖ມƎ ौƎ ྡЃƎ ྡࢺƐ ͖ေӠƎ ЃྡມƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ጟӠƎ ྡƎ ྡƎ ఛϰနർƎ ਤƎ ਤေࢺƎ
ิေƎ ЃມർƎਐနࠒƎ௳န೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ࠒौနƎ ԬƎࠒနƎ ફଢ଼ࠒƎေࠒƐ
k
͖ေӠƎࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎਓƎࠒौေࢺƎዹӠƎఛနർƎԊࢺƎྡЃƎྡࢺƎौƎફƎ௳ࠒƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎ೭ਤມƎࢺӠƎࢺມƎฮࠒƎϰЃມƎ
ԊࢺƎྡЃƎྡࢺƐ
ЃӠມƎԊࢺƎࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ԬေມƎ೭ྡЃ :Ok
ฺနർƎϬྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎ ࢺྡƎ ྡࢺƎ ዊƎึƎਤఛྡƎ ӠƎዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ЃࢺఛƎ ਤေఛྡƎ ફྡƎ ೭ྡЃມƎྡࢺƐ ዐມƎ ೭ਤມƎਤኻƎ ЃԊྡЃƎौఛྡƎ ო
ࢺӠƎዐƎਐေࢺƎौƎӠƎ๐ေࢺƎနມƎ೭ਤƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡƎ ຌေਤƎጂࠒƎྡࢺƎौఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎေࠒƐ aኴƎ೭ྡਤƎরƎ೭ਤມƎო
௳န೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ྡЃƎ౯ྡӠƎയ೭ƎࢺƎࠒေർƎዼർƎዐƎึေࢺƎફƎኴƎ೭ྡਤƎʈྡƎ ફྡƎ ጂࠒƎࠒ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ർေƎ ጂມƎ͖ƎЃມർƎေࠒƐ
ࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ๛နƎ ͖Ѓ
ƦNJ ӠƎ๐ေࢺƎϬྡƎ ЃࠒࢺƎມƎਤࠒနƎ ശࢺƎਤມફƎϲྡӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎौƐ ફྡӠƎေӠມƎϰЃມƎጿƎਤມફƎϲྡӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎო
௳န೭Ɛ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ዐມƎ೭ਤມƎਤኻƎЃጿફƎौఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎዐƎӠƎ๐ေࢺƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎ೭ྡࢺƎԬနࢺƎϬྡມƎო
ণЃƎਤݯਤƎौఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎࠒЃေࢺƎྡЃƎྡࢺƐ ࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎࠒЃေࢺƎ͖ЃƎЃྡƎ ࢺӠƎࢺມƎફƎࠒЃေࢺƎയƎዧƎ೭နࠒƐ
ࠒƎ യƎ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ਓƎ ફƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ਤ๐ࢺƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ఛኒࢺƎ สေӠƎ ЃࢺӠƎ ਤྡࢺƎ ေࠒƎ ԊྡӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနƎ ო
ർƎ൶Ǝ๛နƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ေࠒƐ
ƨNJ ዹ೭Ǝࠒ˃೭ƎዼർƎौఛྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ఛࠒྡƎ ർƎફྡӠƎေӠມƎϰЃມƎਤေࢺƎौေƎ ൶Ǝ͖ӠƎ௳န೭Ɛ ዐມƎ೭ਤມƎਤኻƎო
ЃጿફƎ ौఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ዐƎ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ึЃມƎ ौມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနƎ ࢺྡƎ ਤມફƎ ϲྡӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ო
ौఛྡƎ ึေࢺƎዐƎေࠒƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎਓƎӠƎ๐ေࢺƎਓƎફƎਤ๐ࢺƎఛኒࢺƎࠒਤӠƎౣർƎྡࢺƐ
ƪNJ Ѓມန೭Ǝ ࠒЃေࢺƐ রർƎ Ԭန೭Ǝ ዐມƎ ೭ਤມƎ ਤኻƎ ЃԊྡЃƎ ૬ફƎ ϬྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ዐƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƎ ौƎ ఛࠄƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ມƎ ო
ఛዧ೭ƎྡЃƎർມƎફနࠒƐ
ƬNJ ਤʌƎौఛྡƎ ಡફƎౣർƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ફྡӠƎေӠມƎϰЃມƎਤʌƎौఛྡƎ ൶Ǝ͖ӠƎ௳န೭Ɛ ӠƎ๐ေࢺƎਓƎફƎЃዼӠƎო
ࠄྵӠƎ ࠒϰƎ ఛዐർƎ ϬྡມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ࠒƎ ਤ೭Ǝ ർေƎ ϰӠມƎ ਤྡƎ ਤኻƎ ૬ફƎ ণྡࢺƎ ौఛྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ྡЃƎ ྡࢺƐ
ࠒနఛྡƎ ఛኒࢺƎ สေӠƎ ਤʌƎ ौఛྡƎ ዼർƎ ौມƎ ਐနࠒƎ ਤྡࢺƎ ေࠒƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎ ਓƎ ࢺྡƎ ԬေມƎ ఛ͖ေ೭Ǝ ଟӠƎ ო
ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛေࠒƎ௳န೭ƎྡࢺƐ
ƮNJ န೭ƎዧƎЃƎ๐နӠƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ጿມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƎફƎနມƐ ࠒƎയƎࠒЃေࢺƎࠒနƎ ྡЃƎ೭ർƎዐƎণྡࢺƎࢺມƎఛኒࢺƎო
สေӠƎມေЃມƎફနࠒƎौ೭ƎϬӠƎ೭ေƎ ྡࢺƐ
ưNJ ྡਤƎӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎਤࠒနƎ ശࢺƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎϲྡӠƐ ફྡӠƎေӠມƎϰЃມƎጿƎྡਤƎণေЃມƎࠒЃေࢺƎ௳န೭Ɛ ӠƎო
๐ေࢺƎЃዼӠƎࠄྵӠƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ዐມƎ೭ਤມƎࠒနƎ ૬ફƎึƎਤေƎ ફྡࢺƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎო
ਓƎӠƎ๐ေࢺƎਓƎફƎਤ๐ࢺƎఛኒࢺƎ௫ƎਤƎྡࢺƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎࠒနƎ ർƎ൶Ǝ๛နƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ေࠒƐ
ƲNJ କƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ေЃƎ ർӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ࠒေർƎ ौေఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ЃྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ึƎ ϰມƎ ྡЃƎ ྡࢺƎ ʈӠƎ ণЃƎ ఛࠒနਤມƎ ო
ફ͖ࢺƎ ጿƎ ྡࢺƎ ફƎ နມƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ྡЃƎ ೭ർƎ ዐƎ ኰ೭Ǝ ࢺມƎ ϬӠƎ ೭ေఛྡƎ ಡફƎ ौ೭Ǝ ኰ೭Ɛ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ო
ࢺӠƎနࢺƎಡફມƎକƎࠒЃఛƎ๐೭ƎေӠƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎϲྡӠƎዐƎေມƎौ೭ƎϰЃມƐ
:O: ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎֽྡƎ ફƐ
ƴNJ କƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ๐೭Ǝ ေӠƎ ዢࢺƎ ᎖ЃມƎ ϲྡӠƏƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ କƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ေЃƎ ർӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ྡЃƎ ೭ർƎ ዐƎ ო
ኰ೭ƎਤఛྡƎ ౮နມƎጿƎေЃƎർӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ଟਤƎዐƎਤနӠມƎौ೭ƎϰЃມƐ
ƶNJ କƎ ࠒЃఛƎ ӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ફေӠƎ ϰေർƎ ϲྡӠƏƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ֽྡࠒƎ ণЃƎ ఛࠒနਤມƎ ौƎ ौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ਓƎ ო
ਤʌƎྡມƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎྡࢺƐ କƎࠒЃఛƎ๐೭ƎေӠƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎϲྡӠƎЃྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎࠒӠƎକƎࠒЃఛƎዼർƎო
ЃֽྡມƎʈྡƎ ਤ೭ƎዐƎЃ૬ӠƎኼມƎਤԊࠒƎࢺມƎਤϰေࠒƎࠒ˃ఛƎਤఛྡƎ ࠒਤӠƎЃྡມƐ ๐೭ƎေӠƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎϲྡӠƎო
ЃྡƎ နࢺƎࠒӠƎਤနࢺƎौƎಡફມƎӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎફေӠƎϰေർƎϲྡӠƎዐƎЃࢺມƎေມƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ƦƤNJ ਤࢺƎ ଟӠƎ ਤມફƎ ມƎ ϲྡӠƎ ዢƎ ࠒ˃೭Ǝ ौေƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနƎ ণЃƎ ఛࠒနਤມƎ ौƎ ौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ఛƎ রƎ ఛေࠒƎ ௳န೭Ǝ ྡࢺƎ ო
ԊྡӠƎ Ɛ ዐມƎ ೭ਤມƎ ਤԊေƎ ഌఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ૬ફƎ ዐƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƎ ौƎ ఛࠄƐ ЃӠƎ യ೭Ǝ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ო
สေӠƎЃࢺӠƎફ͖ࢺƎਓƎફƎֽྡƎ ࠒਤӠƎౣർƎફԬေЃƎྡࢺƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎণЃƎఛࠒနਤມƎौƎौေƎ ఛƎরƎఛေࠒƎ௳န೭Ǝო
ࢺມƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ֽྡƎ ફƎ ࠒਤӠƎ ౣർƎ ਤ೭Ǝ ਓƎ ೭ਤມƎ ਤኻƎ ਤዐࢺƎ ൶ЃƎ ૬ફƎ ণྡࢺƎ ฮࠒƎ ఛዐЃ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ϰေӠƎ ო
ौƎЃԊྡЃƎർມƎફနࠒƎዼർƎ๛နఛྡƎ ફྡƎ ફӠƎಡફມƎ౯ྡӠƎફƎौƎƎ๐ЃƎྡࢺƎʈӠƎਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ጾӠƎફƎਤ๐နࢺƎო
ਤྡࢺƎေࠒƎฮࠒƎေມƐ
ƦƦNJ ਤ೭ƎϲနƎ ਓƎӠƎਤ೭ƎौƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎఛࠒྡƎ ণЃƎఛࠒနਤມƎौƎौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ਐӠƎມနફມƎዱർƎ͂ྡફມƎ೭ྡࢺƎԬနࢺƎྡࢺƐ
͖ေӠƎࢺྡƎ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎᎅƎࠒਤӠƎዱർƎ͂ྡફມƎʈྡƎ ຌေਤƎફƎ೭နࠒƐ ྡЃƎ೭ർƎዐƎኰ೭ƎࢺມƎફနࠒƐ
ƦƨNJ ਤ೭Ǝ ϲနƎ ЃዼӠƎ ࠄྵӠƎ ጡЃƎ ଟർƎ ϲྡӠƏƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ণЃƎ ఛࠒနਤມƎ ौƎ ौေƎ ࢺྡƎ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ᎅƎ ࠒਤӠƎ ዱർƎ ო
͂ྡફມƎྡࢺƎԊྡӠƎƐ ࠒƎയƎࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ণྡƎ ࢺӠƎЃྡƎ ఛኒࢺƎสေӠƎಡફມƎਤ೭ƎϲနƎ ዼർƎࠒӠƎࠒዧƎਓƎਓƎફƎო
ࢺફƎફ͖ఛƎࠒਤӠƎശࢺƎϬྡມƎЃࢺӠƎਤྡࢺƎေࠒƐ
ƦƪNJ ਤ೭Ǝ ϲနƎ ЃƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ਤ೭Ǝ ϲနƎ ೭ྡࢺƎ ौေƎ ԬနƎ ЃደЃƎ ዢࠒƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ྡЃƎ ო
೭ർƎዐƎኰ೭ƎࢺມƎϬӠƎ೭ေఛྡƎ ಡફƎौ೭ƎਤዶЃມƎေࠒƐ
ƦƬNJ ਐӠƎ ЃྡƎ ມေફƎ ЃƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ጿມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƎ ફƎ နມƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ൶Ǝ ๛နƎ ϰေӠƎ ौƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ေࠒƐ
ఛኒࢺƎสေӠƎౣມƎौေƎ ફနࠒƐ
ƦƮNJ ફఛƎጾӠƎફ᎖ƎϲྡӠƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎᎅƎࠒਤӠƎዱർƎ͂ྡફມƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ࠒနƎ ึƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎࠒӠƎო
ફఛƎਤྡఛྡƎ ਓƎ೭ਤມƎફӠƎौေມƎਤࠒЃƎЃֽန೭ƎਐມƎौƎྡࢺƐ ࠒƎയƎఛዥƎྡЃƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎફ͖ࢺƎო
ौေƎ ਤມફƎఛਤƎֽྡƎ ફມƎఛኒࢺƎสေӠƎЃࢺӠƎਤྡࢺƎေࠒƐ
ƦưNJ ጡЃƎ ೭ྡƎ ֽྡƎ ೭Ǝ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ᎅƎ ࠒਤӠƎ ዱർƎ ͂ྡફມƎ ʈྡມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ೭ਤມƎ ო
ફӠƎौေఛྡƎ ЃࠒࢺƎມƎྡࢺƐ
ƦƲNJ ມƎർနƎ ఛေࠒƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎਤေࢺƎֽྡࠒƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ࠒƎയƎ͖ӠƎौƎ೭နƎ ЃֽྡມƎေࠒƐ
ЃӠມƎԊࢺƎࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ԬေມƎ೭ྡЃ :O9
ƦƴNJ ௳ມƎิӠƎࠒौർƎϬྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎေࢺƎ ർફƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎ ণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ྡЃƎ ೭ർƎዐƎኰ೭Ǝ ო
ࢺມƎફနࠒƐ
ƦƶNJ Ѓ௳ྡફƎ͖ӠƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎᎅƎࠒਤӠƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎࠒနƎ ণЃƎఛࠒနਤມƎມఛྡƎ ო
ມƎЃࢺມƎർƎਤʌƎർƎิӠƎ௳န೭Ɛ
ƨƤNJ ਤʌƎྡມƎЃມມƎ͖ӠƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎЃደЃƎዢࠒƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ
ƨƦNJ ЃዼӠƎࠄྵӠƎዠЃƎફေƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ေЃƎફ೭ƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ೭ྡࢺƎԬနࢺƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƎო
ौఛྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ Ѓມန೭Ǝ ๛ေӠƎ ௳န೭Ǝ ਤƎ ྡЃƎ ေࠒƎ ԊྡӠƎ Ɛ ণྡມƎ ጿƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ౯ྡӠƎ ࠒနƎ ֽྡࠒƎ ਤƎ ಡફƎ ౣർƎ ო
နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ྡЃƎ ЃມေƎ ࠒӠƎ ఛኒࢺƎ สေӠƎ ЃࢺӠƎ ਤມƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौఛྡƎ ફଟࢺƎ ർƎ ЃዼӠƎ ო
ࠄྵӠƎ ዠЃƎ ફေƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ နມƎ ફଟࢺƎ ЃມေർƎ ਤƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎ ਓƎ ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ო
ֽྡƎ ફມƎЃࢺӠƎਤྡࢺƎေࠒƐ
ƨƨNJ ጴӠມƎફေƎ ौࠒƎϲྡӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎࢺફƎနЃƎԬနࢺƎ೭ਤƎౣມƎϲྡӠƏƐ ጴӠƎફေƎ ਤƎေਤƎಡફƎౣർƎနມƎ೭ਤƎო
ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ફଟࢺƎ ർƎ နЃƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣມƎ ϲྡӠƎ နມƎ ौƎ ࢺྡƎ ࢺƎ ೭ྡఛྡƎ ო
ေӠມƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ຌေਤƎ ࠒौေࢺƎ ਤ๐ࢺƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ಡફƎ ࠒЃƎ ೭ྡࢺƎ ौေƎ ԬနມƎ ЃມေർƎ ਤƎ ྡࢺƐ ጴӠƎ ફေƎ ዼർƎ ϬྡƎ ო
ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎ೭နࠒƐ
ƨƪNJ ਤࠒနƎ ԬနࢺƎ ϲྡӠƏƐ ӠƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ྡࢺƎ ौƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƎ ौఛྡƎ ึ೭Ǝ ϬྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ Ѓມ೭Ǝ ફƎ ო
နມƎ ौƎ ྡЃƎ ေࠒƎ ʈӠƎ ণྡມƎ ጿƎ ਤƎ ಡફƎ ౣർƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ྡЃƎ ЃມေƎ ࠒӠƎ ఛኒࢺƎ ო
สေӠƎЃࢺӠƎਤມƎࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ફଟࢺƎർƎਤࠒနƎ ԬနࢺƎϲྡӠƎနມƎЃມေർƎਤƎྡࢺƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ࠒዧƎਓƎਓƎო
ફƎࢺေ೭ƎዧƎࠒӠƎມƎौေƎ ЃࢺફƎມƎມေЃມƎྡࢺƐ
ƨƬNJ Ѓ௳ྡફƎ͖ӠƎࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎᎅƎࠒਤӠƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡƎ ጨਤƎЃࢺມƎྡࢺƐ ጿມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƎફƎနມƐ
ྡЃƎ೭ർƎዐƎኰ೭ƎࢺມƎફနࠒƐ
ƨƮNJ ໓ေມƎ ʈྡƎ ࠒዮƎ ࠒ˃೭Ǝ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ึေࢺƎ ફƎ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ࠒЃƎ ЃྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ྡࢺƎ ʈӠƎ ྡЃƎ ೭ർƎ ዐƎ ო
ኰ೭ƎࢺມƎફနࠒƐ
ƨưNJ ଟർƎ ጟӠƎ ྡࠒƎ ౣർƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎ ྡࠒƎ ౣർƎ ਤ௳ӠƎ ौေມƎ ণЃƎ ਤݯਤƐ ਤ೭Ǝ ฮਤມƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौƎ ო
ֽફƎ ԬЃƎ ዊƎ ມေӠƎ ࢺມƎ ࠒ˃ఛƎ ӠർƎ ዤӠƏƐ ફ᎖Ǝ ࠒӠƎ ጴӠƎ ફေƎ ਤ೭Ǝ ϲနƎ ມေЃມƎ ࢺມƎ ർေƎ ๐೭Ǝ ਓƎ ϭƎ ო
ફӠƎ ौေƎ ਤƎ ફԬေࠒƎ ᎖ЃມƎ ौ೭Ǝ রနਤມƎ ေർƎ ਤ௳ӠƎ ौေƎ ఛዐЃ ࠒƎ യƎ ਓƎ ફƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ዢࢺƎ ᎖ЃມƎ ო
ʈྡມƎຌ೭ƎЃມေƎ ફଢ଼ࠒƎਤྡࢺƎေࠒƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎࠒနఛྡƎ ൶Ǝ๛နƎ ϰေӠƎौƎਤྡƎ ਤኻƎ૬ફƎေࠒƎ௳န೭Ɛ ࠒЃေࢺƎო
ौఛྡƎ ਤ๐ࢺƎਤࠒЃƎʈӠƎਓƎફƎနມƎ೭ਤƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎྡࢺƐ
:Of ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎዢࢺƎ᎖ЃມƎֽྡƎ ફƐ
ƨƲNJ ફေࢺƎ೭ྡƎ ዹ೭ƎЃጿફƎࠒЃေࢺƎौƐ ࠒЃေࢺƎौƎఛࠒྡƎ ေЃƎફ೭ƎശေӠƎ೭ྡЃມƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎࠒਤӠƎശࢺƎო
ࠒફƎौມƎ಼ӠƎਤྡݯӠƎӠƎౙနࢺƎӠࢺƎϬྡມƎ͖ေӠƎጥƎᎅƎફƎਤࢺƐ ࠒƎയƎနർƎྡЃƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎਤ๐ࢺƎო
ఛኒࢺƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛફƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛေࠒƎ௳န೭ƎϬྡມƎণЃƎఛࠒနਤມƎਤྡࢺƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ƨƴNJ ЃມƎ ఛዐർƎ ફࢺƎ ږർƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ึ೭Ǝ ϬྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ጡർƎ ေࠒƎ ʈӠƎ ఛኒࢺƎ สေӠƎ ફနࠒƎ ौມƎ ೂྡЃƎ ೭ർƎ ო
૬ફƎϬྡƎ ӠေƎ ਤေ೭Ǝኰ೭Ɛ ྡࢺƎࢺఛӠƎနർƎྡЃƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎਤ๐ࢺƎఛኒࢺƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛફƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎო
ఛေࠒƎ௳န೭ƎϬྡມƎЃມ೭ƎਤနӠມƎફଢ଼ࠒƎጂఛྡƎ ዌЃມƎఛЃࢺƎਤနມƎࢺມƎণЃƎർມƎఛЃေƎ ਤደЃມƎေࠒƐ
ƨƶNJ ዼർƎ ೭ྡƎ ฮေ೭Ǝ ЃዼӠƎ ࠄྵӠƎ ఛϰေƎ ఛዐർƎ ϲྡӠƎ ࠒЃေࢺƐ ફྡӠƎ ေӠມƎ ϰЃມƎ ఛዐƎ ർྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎ ौఛફƎ ო
ЃዼӠƎࠄྵӠƎࠒЃေࢺƎौƎ௳န೭Ɛ နർƎྡЃƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎਤ๐ࢺƎఛኒࢺƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛફƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛေࠒƎო
௳န೭ƎϬྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ࠒƎയఛྡƎ ণྡƎ ࢺӠƎЃྡƎ ఛኒࢺƎสေӠƎԬƎଟӠƎࠒЃနƎ ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎఛေࠒƎ௳န೭ƎϬྡມƎสေӠƎო
ਤྡࢺƎေࠒƐ
ƪƤNJ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ЃዼӠƎ ࠄྵӠƎਤေࢺƎ ᎖ЃມƎϲྡӠƏƐ ࠒေർƎ ौေఛྡƎ ေӠƎ ๛နఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎ ዐƎԬЃມƎ ေࠒƐ ጌƎ ೭ྡЃມƎࠒЃနƎ ო
ਤနມƎֽྡƎ ફƎከࢺƎ̽ਤƎʈྡມƎণЃƎਤݯਤƐ ࠒƎയƎЃມ೭ƎਤနӠມƎਐနࠒƎਤྡࢺƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ࠒေർƎौေƎ ኬർƎዐƎေࠒƎौఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ͖Ѓ
ƦNJ ફေࢺƎ ೭ྡƎ ዹ೭Ǝ ЃጿફƐ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ࠒƎ ণေЃມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ ફေࢺƎ ਤေࢺƎ Ǝ ೭Ǝ ԊྡƎ ौ೭Ǝ ϬྡƎ ო
ጨਤƎЃࢺມƎྡࢺƐ ફေࢺƎਤေࢺƎƎ೭ƎԊྡƎ ौ೭ƎࢺྡƎ ণྡƎ ർေఛྡƎ ึေࢺƎϬྡƎ ർေƎ ϰӠມƎƦƤƲư૬ફƎർƎዤӠƎਤఛྡƎ ო
ЃມӠƎ ึЃມƎ ർƎ ጨਤƎ ौƎ ေਤƎ ौఛྡƎ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ЃർƎ ԬနࢺƎ ྡЃƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ֽနƎ ఛࠒਤມƎ ጿƎ ྡࠒƎ ო
ौƎ ౣർƎ ફေఛྡƎ ਓƎ ફ᎖Ǝ ࠒӠƏƐ ӠƎ ӠƎ ฺࢺƎ ጂࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ጾӠƎ ౣർƎ ौေƎ ֽྡƎ ौӠƎ ມࠒƎ ࠒӠƎ ࢺƎ ફေƎ ო
ЃֽྡມƎʈྡƎ ਓƎફ᎖ƎມေЃມƎေࠒƐ
ƨNJ ЃࢺມƎԬနࢺƎਓƎફƎኼƎફྡЃ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎေࠒƐ ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎફƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎო
ਤေࢺƎֽྡࠒƎਤ௳ӠƎौေƎ ફՍఛƎጟມƎጿƎরနਤມƎມఛྡƎ ມƎЃࢺມƎਐྡࢺƎԊࢺƎྡࢺƎԊྡӠƎݕနƎ ๐ေࢺƎֽྡƎ ફƎມနӠƎЃနມƎო
ЃࢺມƎิေƎ ণနມƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ƪNJ ЃມƎ ఛዐർƐ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ࠒƎ ণေЃມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ ေЃມƎ ौƎ ԬနࢺƎ ौေƎ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ફနƎ ო
೭ྡఛƎྡ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒနƎ ࢺƎ೭ྡƎ ࠒӠƎફ᎖Ɛ ЃƎ೭ྡƎ ਐྡࢺƎԊࢺƎӠေƎ ફଟ೭ƎԊࢺƎફӠƎौေƎ ေࠒƐ ึေࢺƎዐມƎო
ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ጨਤƎ ԬနࢺƎ ફӠƎ ौေఛྡƎ ጨਤƎ ЃࢺມƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ӠƎ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ൶Ǝ ๛နƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ફӠƎ ौေມƎ ർေƎ ო
๐೭ƎЃࢺມƎฮေ೭ƎࠒӠƎণЃƎફԬေࠒƎਐနࠒƎਤྡࢺƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ЃӠມƎԊࢺƎࠒေർƎौေఛྡƎ ԬေມƎ೭ྡЃ :Oe
ƬNJ ኪӠƎ ዢЃ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ࠒƎ ণေЃມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ફఛƎ ਤྡƎ ఛዐർƎ ਤƎ ო
ມနӠƎ ЃနఛྡƎ ਤƎ ЃࢺມƎ ྡࢺƎ ԊྡӠƎ ণྡມƎ ጿƎ ጴӠƎ ફေƎ ਤƎ ေਤƎ ಡફƎ ౣർƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ϬྡມƎ ო
ЃࢺມƎ ิေƎ ণနມƎ ौƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒƎ യƎ ࠒနఛྡƎ ኬർƎ ϬྡƎ ਤေࢺƎ ఛਤӠມƎ ಡફມƎ ࢺມƎ ർေƎ ዐມƎ ጿƎ ЃࢺມƎ ફՍർƎ ო
ਐနࠒƎਤྡࢺƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ƮNJ ࢺມƎԬနࢺƎ೭ྡƎ ਤေƎ ࠒौർƎఛਤ೭Ɛ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎေࠒƐ ึေࢺƎዐມƎጿƎӠƎო
ዶӠƎ ЃྡƎ ਤƎ ԬနࢺƎ ᎖ఛྡƎ ਤƎ ЃࢺມƎ ྡࢺƎ ԊྡӠƎ Ɛ ਤေࢺƎ ϬྡƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ફနƎ ൶Ǝ ࠒӠƎ ఛྡƎ ኴӠƎ ਤ˃ఛƎ ਤጂࠒƎ ო
ʈྡƎ ਓƎ ફƎ ࢺЃƎ ौေƎ ఛዲફƎ ફနࠒƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ʈྡƎ ਤƎ ЃມƎ ఛϰࢺƎ ມఛྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ྡࢺƐ ЃࢺມƎ ิေƎ ఛਐနࠒƎ ო
ફ͖ࢺƎ ጴӠƎ ફေƎ ਤƎ ေਤƎ ೭ྡࢺƎ ौေƎ ԬနƎ ಡફƎ ౣർƎ နມƎ ೭ਤƎ ౣർƎ ફଟࢺƎ ફԬေЃƎ ྡࢺƎ ԊྡӠƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ྡݯƎ ო
ኼƎ ೭ေӠƎ ጂࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ਤࢺƎ ਤေࢺƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ʈྡƎ ൶Ǝ ๛နƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ಡફມƎ ʈྡມƎ ർေƎ ዐມƎ ጿƎ ЃࢺມƎ ફՍർƎ ਐနࠒƎ ਤྡࢺƎ ო
ौƎྡࢺƐ
ưNJ နർƎϬྡƎ ਤေࢺƎ೭ྡƐ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ๐ေࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎေࠒƐ ึ೭ƎӠƎዶӠƎЃྡƎ ጨਤƎေਤƎફӠƎო
ौေఛྡƎ ጨਤƎЃࢺມƎਐྡࢺƎԊࢺƎྡࢺƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ЃေࢺƎዹ೭ƎࢺƎࠒေർƎौေƎ နർƎϬྡƎ ೭ྡƎ ਤေƎ ఛዥЃƎำƎ௳န೭ƎਤƎࠒနƎ ေࠒƎო
ԊྡӠƎࠒနƎ ӠƎึ೭ƎӠƎዶӠƎЃྡƎ ዐມƎጿƎਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ྡࢺƐ ণྡມƎጿƎఛྡƎ ኴӠƎौƎਤƎေਤƎມနӠƎო
ЃနƎ နƎ နມƎ ʈྡມƎ ЃࢺມƎ ิေƎ ণနມƎ ࢺມƎ ਤዹӠƎ ਤေࢺƎ ԬေມƎ ЃֽྡມƎ ˃ఛྡƎ ዌࢺƎ ફေӠƎ ЃྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ԬЃມƐ
ਤေࢺƎϬྡƎ ਓƎફƎዻƎֽྡƎ ફƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡƎ ጨਤƎЃࢺມƎྡࢺƎौƎફƎ௳ࠒƎࠒƎയƎӠƎနർƎ೭ྡƎ ਤ૬ЃƎ͖ӠƎო
ЃྡƎ ԬေມƎौఛྡƎ ࠒЃေࢺƎौఛྡƎ ࢺӠƎࢺƎዻƎֽྡƎ ફƎౣർƎફଟࢺƎϬྡƎ ጥƎਤ౯ࢺƎࠒӠƎਤມƎ౮နມƎફՍർƎጂƎေࠒƐ
ƲNJ ྡƎ ࠒફƎફЃေࢺƎौေƎ ಡફƎЃጿફƎϬྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƐ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ๐ေࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎေࠒƐ ࠒနƎ ო
ӠƎ೭ྡફƎ ਤྡࢺƎ ዶມƎ ࢺƐ ൶Ǝ ਤ૬ࢺƎ ጌЃƎ ौေƎ ೭ေӠƏƐ ЃƎ ൶Ǝ ิေƐ ફᎇມƎ ौေƎ ೭ေӠƎ ਤԊມƎ ྡࢺƐ ЃࢺມƎ ო
ફԬေЃƎࠒနƎ ࠒЃƎࢺྡƎ ึ೭ƎӠƎዶӠƎЃྡƎ ጨਤƎေਤƎફӠƎौေఛྡƎ ጨਤƎЃࢺມƎྡࢺƎौƎਤࠒƎေർƎေࠒƐ
ƴNJ Ǝ ೭ਤƎ ʈྡƎ ࠒौఛƎ ਤေƎ ఛዥƎ ഌƐ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ๐ေࠒƎ ণေЃມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ኬർƎ ϬྡƎ ਤေࢺƎ ო
ԬေມƎ೭ྡມƎફနࠒƎʈྡƎ ફྡƎ ๛နƎ ફӠƎौေມƎർေƎ ๐೭ƎЃࢺມƎฮေ೭ƎࠒӠƎণЃƎફԬေࠒƎఛዧർƎਤྡࢺƎौƎྡࢺƐ
ƶNJ ਤࢺƎଟӠƎЃྡƎ ЃࢺມƎԬနࢺƎጥƎർƐ ЃࢺມƎ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎौေƎ ๐ေࠒƎণေЃມƎጿƎေࠒƎዶƎጂƎർມƎЃࢺƎო
ફྡƎ နມƐ
ƦƤNJ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ କƎ ࠒЃఛྡƎ ЃƎ ફƎ ЃƎ ေӠƎ ࠒӠƎ କƎ ࠒЃఛྡƎ ጌƎ ೭ྡƎ ጼЃƎ ौေƐ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ఛࠒྡƎ ࢺྡƎ ࠒေർƎ ौေƎ ๐ေࠒƎ ო
ণေЃມƎ ጿƎ ေࠒƐ ึ೭Ǝ ӠƎ ዶӠƎ ฺࢺƎ ጂࠒƎ ʈྡƎ ጨਤƎ ေਤƎ ࠒЃƎ ЃྡƎ ЃࢺມƎ ೭ྡƎ ਐྡࢺƎ ԊࢺƎ ྡࢺƐ ࠒနఛྡƎ ო
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