I.1. Gii thiu v phn mm surfer 8.

Surfer 8.0 l phn mm chy trong mi trng Windows, l phn mm dng ng ng ct nc, ng ng ng sut,), th hin trng dng mt

phng hoc khng gian 3 chiu. Ngoi ra, Surfer cn c th tnh khi lng o

Surfer c th kt hp vi AutoCAD cho ta b bn v hon thin nht v

ac dia

co n

gtr

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/tr

I.2. Cch vo s liu trong Surfer 8.0

inh

.co

Hnh 1.1 Giao din ca phn mm Surfer 8.0

m/ for um

(su

pe r.

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Giao din ca phn mm Surfer 8.0

un

mt cng trnh.

gle 6

78

p ca h mng, xc nh mt ct dc ca mt tuyn n nh trc.

9@

gm

tnh v v cc ng ng gi tr (v d: ng ng mc ca a hnh,

ail .co m)

- Dng file: Mt file c t nht 3 ct: mt ct c gi tr honh OX, th c ct ghi tn im hoc ghi ch ca im. - Dng hm s bit z = f(x,y) I.2.1. Vo s liu theo file Sau khi vo Surfer, ta vo File, vo New

mt ct l cc gi tr tung OY v mt ct l gi tr OZ; ngoi ra cn c

Hnh 1.2 Cch to mt file mi trong Surfer 8.0

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/tr

ac dia

Vo s liu tnh ton

co n

Lm vic vi file v

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Lc s xut hin ca s

.co

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(su

pe r.

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un

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Surfer 8.0 cho php vo s 2 dng sau:

Khi chn WorkSheet OK, khi xut hin mt bng tnh in t (ging nh Excel) bt u vo s liu.

Cng nh bng tnh ca cc phn mm khc, cu to ca bng tnh in t gm cc hng v cc ct, tn ca im c nh s (1, 2, 3, 4), tn ct c nh du bng vy, tn ca s l: Ch-s, v d trn hnh v trn, con tr ang A1. I.2.2. Mt s chc nng ca Menu: ch (A, B, C, , AA, BB, CC ). Giao gia mt ct v mt hng ta c 1 . Nh

.co

File

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co n

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/tr

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Hnh 1.3 Bng s liu mi trong Surfer 8.0

To file mi M file d liu c ng file d liu ang lm vic Ghi vo file hin hnh Ghi file ang lm vic vi tn khc Thot khi Surfer v Window

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Edit

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Data

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Nhng thuc tnh ca Thay i rng ca ct Chiu cao ca hng

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Tnh ton gia cc hng, ct trong bng Thng k d liu

Bng tnh ca Surfer ch yu dng son file d liu, kh nng tnh ton Khi vo s liu, nn vo theo kiu:

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p:/

/tr

ac dia

Sau vo file Save, t tn cho file mun lu.

co n

- Ct A: ta X ca im - Ct B: ta Y ca im - Ct C: ta Z ca im - Ct D: tn ca im ( ct ny c th c hoc khng)

gtr

inh

gia cc hng, ct v cc rt hn ch.

.co

y-H

Format

un

Loi d liu

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Surfer bng cch: vo File Open:

Hnh 1.4 Cch m mt file s liu trong Surfer 8.0 Sau khi chn Open ta c bng sau:

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co n

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.co

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Surfer cn cho php c mt file ca mt phn mm khc lm s liu ca

Trong file s liu qunlan.txt s liu c vo: - Ct A: th t im - Ct B: ta X ca im - Ct C: ta Y ca im - Ct D: ta Z ca im - Ct E: ghi ch im

I.3. Ni suy li im

T file s liu ngi dng (*.DAT) , Surfer khng v ngay m phi qua bc trung gian "tnh ton, ni suy li im", (t file *.DAT sau khi tnh ton, ni suy c dng ng ng mc hoc dng b mt ( t file *.GRID thnh file *.SRF) Cch to li im nh sau: Surfer chia vng v thnh mt li hnh ch nht u, mc ch ca ni suy li im l t s liu ca cc im c, xc nh Mun ni suy li im, vo chc nng GRID trong thanh Menu ngang, li im s cho ra file *.GRID), sau khi ni suy li im, Surfer mi c th v

chn DATA, xut hin ca s:

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p:/

/tr

ac dia

co n

gi tr OZ ti tng im nt ca li ch nht .

gtr

inh

.co

m/ for um

I.3.1. Thao tc ni suy li im

(su

Function) vi iu kin phi bit hm z = f(x,y) v gii hn ca vng v.

pe r.

khun dng ny, khng cn vo WorkSheet m vo trc tip (vo GRID, trong

su

Ta cng c th vo s liu theo hm hi quy z = f(x,y). Khi vo s liu theo

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Hnh 1.5 M bng s liu c

ail .co m)

Hnh 1.7 Ca s ni suy s liu trong Surfer 8.0 Data Columns: cc ct s liu, Surfer mc nh ct u tin thng l ct A, nhng trong s liu ny ta bt u chn t ct B cha cc ta X, ln lt cc ct tip Grid Line Geometry: cc thng s hnh hc ca li , bao gm: - X Direction (phm vi khng ch ca X): b nht (Minimum); ln nht

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p:/

/tr

(Maximum); Spacing (khong cch X ca li); # of Lines ( s ng k li

theo phng OX); ta c th cho gi tr ca Spacing hoc # of Lines.

ac dia

co n

theo cha cc ta Y, Z

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.co

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pe r.

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Chn quanlan.DAT, chn OK. Xut hin tip ca s v ni suy s liu:

un

Hnh 1.6 M file s liu khi ni suy

gle 6

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ail .co m)

(Maximum); Spacing (khong cch Y ca li); # of Lines (s ng k li theo phng OY); ta c th cho gi tr ca Spacing hoc # of Lines. thng c kiu mc nh l *.GRID, c th vo Change thay i.

liu vo l cc im ri rc, cng mt s liu, chn phng php ni suy khc nhau cc im o. tng ng chng trnh s tnh ton cho ra kt qu.

Vi mi phng php ni suy, s c mt cp Options (tham s ty chn) Sau khi chn c phng php vi Options v Search hp l, chn Ok, I.3.2. Cc phng php ni suy

Trong Surfer 8.0 c 12 phng php ni suy: - Inverse Distance to a Power (t l nghch khong cch) - Kriging (phng php Kriging) - Minimum Curvature ( cong ti thiu) - Modified Shepads Method (phng php Shepard) - Triangulation with Linear Interpolation (ni suy tam gic) - Plynomial Regression (hm hi quy a thc)

ac dia

/tr

p:/

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Cc phng php ny u s dng thut ton ni suy theo trng s.

co n

gtr

- Radial Basis Functions ( hm s c bn tia) - Natural Neighbor - Nearest Neighbor - Moving Average - Data Metrics - Local Polynomial

inh

.co

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pe r.

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s cho kt qu khc nhau. C s ca vic chn phng php l s phn b v mt

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ni suy li im, vic chn phng php nh hng rt ln n kt qu v. Khi s

78

Gridding Method: (phng php ni suy) y l im quan trng nht khi

9@

gm

Output Grid File: tp kt qu ca vic ni suy li im; nhng tp ny

ail .co m)

- Y Direction (phm vi khng ch ca Y): b nht (Minimum); ln nht

(Z1, Z2, Z3 , Z4) th gi tr ni suy ti im nt li (v d G) c tnh nh sau: G= Trong : G gi tr cn ni suy ti mt im nt li N s im lm c s ni suy Zi - gi tr ti im th i

N

W .Z
i 1 i

Trng s Wi c chn 0 <= Wi <= 1 v ph thuc vo khong cch gia Wi gn vi 0), ph thuc vo phng php ni suy.

li im, Surfer cho php ta t cch tm kim (Search): tm kim trn ton b d liu (khi N = s im o) hoc ch mt s im xung quanh im ni suy. nhng pht sinh xu hng "bulls eye" hay xut hin cc ng ng tm xung quanh im o. - Phng php Kriging l mt trong nhng phng php rt mm do, dng c vi hu ht cc s liu, rt hiu qu. y l phng php thng c dng nht. V vy, phng php ni suy mc nh ca Surfer l Kriging. suy cho kt qu kh trn, tnh rt nhanh nhng t chnh xc, nn dng khi cc gi tr ban u phn b rt u n. cho khuynh hng phn tch b mt (dng v dng b mt 3 chiu Surfer 3D). - Phng php cong ti thiu (Minimum Curvature) l phng php ni - Phng php t l nghch khong cch (Inverse Distance to a Power) nhanh

htt

p:/

/tr

y l phng php tnh rt nhanh nhng xut hin xu hng cc b khng st thc t trong li im.

ac dia

- Phng php hi quy a thc (Plynomial Regression) thng c s dng

co n

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inh

.co

m/ for um

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pe r.

Lu rng s im N lun nh hn hoc bng s im o bi khi ni suy

su

rve

im cn ni suy v im th i (im cng gn th Wi gn vi 1, im cng xa

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un

Wi trng s ca im th i i vi im cn ni suy

gle 6

78

9@

gm

ail .co m)

Gi s c N im vi gi tr l:

Kriging. Kt qu ni suy gn ging vi kt qu ni suy theo Kriging.

- Phng php Shepard (Modified Shepards Method) tng t phng php lm trn li.

- Phng php ni suy tam gic (Triangulation with Linear Interpolation) tnh nhanh nht. L phng php ni suy tuyn tnh nn kt qu ni suy khng trn, hay xut hin cc on thng gia cc im o. Khi ni suy mt im no , Di y l hnh v khi thc hin ni suy vi mt s phng php khc nhau: ch da vo 3 im ln cn.

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ac dia

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Hnh 1.8 Inverse Distiance to a Power ( t l nghch khong cch)

inh

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t l nghch khong cch nhng t xut hin xu hng "bulls eye" hn, nht l khi

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- Phng php Radial Basis Functions l mt phng php kh linh hot nh

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p:/

/tr inh .co m/ for um (su pe r. su rve y-H

ac dia

co n

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Hnh 1.9 Kriging (

78
phng

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php

Kriging)

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Hnh 1.10 Minimum Curvature ( cong ti thiu)

Hnh 1.11 Radial Basis Functions (hm s c bn tia)

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ac dia

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Hnh 1.12 Triangulation with Linear Interpolation (ni suy tam gic)

phng php ni suy: Spline hoc Matrix. Thng thng hay dng phng php Spline. C th lm trn trong phm vi n nh. Cch lm nh sau:

htt

p:/

/tr

ac dia

co n

Vo GIRD chn Spline Smooth

gtr

inh

Surfer cho php lm trn cc ng cong ca bn v trn li *.GRD, c hai

.co

I.4. Lm trn ng ni suy

m/ for um

Hnh 1.13 Modified Shepads Method (phng php Shepard)

(su

pe r.

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inh

.co

/tr

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ac dia

I.5. V ng ng tr b mt I.5.1. V ng ng tr

co n

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Hnh 1.15 Cc thng s khi lm trn

(su

pe r.

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Sau khi chn xong, nhp chut vo Open

un

Hnh 1.14 M file s liu cn lm trn

gle 6

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9@

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ail .co m)

Contour Map

Khi s hin ra bng

ac dia

co n

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inh

p:/

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/tr

Khi Surfer s cho ra

.co

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Hnh 1.16 M tp tin cn v ng bnh

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Ta c tp quanlan.GRD, vo Map chn Contour Map chn tip New

Hnh 1.17 Ni suy bng phng php Kriging Sau ta kick p chut vo bn v s hin ra bng

Chn General

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ac dia

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Hnh 1.18 Bng thng s v ng ng tr

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htt

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ac dia

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Fill: mu t (ch c ch Fill Contour)

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inh

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Line: kiu ng ng tr

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Level: tr s ca ng ng tr

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Chn Levels

Label: c hiu nhn (tn) ca ng ng tr khng

Surfer cho php xem nhiu ch , nhng ch xem u nm trong

m/ for um

chc nng View:

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I.5.2. Xem bn v

.co

inh

gtr

htt

p:/

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mn hnh lm vic

ac dia

Fill to Window: Khi vo chc nng ny, Surfer s cho hin phm vi bn v kn

co n

pe r.

Xem y mn hnh Xem vi t l 1:1 Dnh ton b mn hnh xem bn v V li T ng v li

su

Xem tng quan

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Hach: c hin nt chi ca ng ng tr khng

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Page: cho php hin ton b trang lm vic (l tri, phi, trn, di), bn v nm trong trang lm vic

htt

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ac dia

co n

bn v)

gtr

Actal Size: Xem bn v ch 100% (t l 1cm trn mn hnh = 1cm trong

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(su

pe r.

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I.6. T l bn v cho tng i tng la chn.

). Cch lm nh sau: tng cn chn)

- Vo Map Scale (lu rng nu cha chn c i tng hoc chn c i tng nhng i tng thuc loi khng p c t l th chc nng Scale b m, khng c p dng):

X Scale: t l theo phng ngang OX tc l 1cm trong bn v in ra bng bao nhiu (?) n v tht. V d, ta ca

co n

gtr

p:/

/tr

cc im o c khi vo s liu tnh theo mt, khi in ra giy mun c t l 1/200 (1cm trong bn v = 2m trong thc t th (?) = 2 - Length: chiu di theo phng ngang OX ca i tng khi in

htt

ac dia

inh

- 1cm = ? Map units (n v bn v)

.co

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(su

pe r.

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- Dng chut chn i tng cn t t l (nhp chut vo vng i

un

gle 6

bng tay v vn bn (s dng thanh cng c v cc hnh ch nht, elip, on thng

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Trong cc i tng, Surfer khng cho php t t l cho cc i tng v

9@

gm

Trc tin, ta lu rng t l bn v khng phi p t cho ton bn v m ch

ail .co m)

Thng thng, trong k thut ta hay n nh t l, khi chiu di OX Length c th nm trn trong bn v, nhng cng c khi vt ra ngoi kh bn v. Y Scale: t l theo phng ng OY cch lm tng t OY cng nh th

Z Scale: t l ca gi tr OZ (ch dng trong trng hp v dng khng gian 3 chiu Surfer 3D) cch lm cng tng t nh X Scale. I.7.1. Hin thanh t l I.7. B sung cho bn v

Mun hin thanh t l ca mt bn v, tun t cc bc nh sau: - Nhp chut v khu vc bn v xut hin 8 vung 4 gc v trung

/tr

mt khong en) Label Increnment: bc nhy (s gia) ca nhn thanh t l (v d nu bng 1 nhn thanh t l l: 0.00, 1.00, 2.00, 3.00, 4.00; nu bng 2: 0.00, 2.00, 4.00,

htt

p:/

ac dia

Cycle Spacing: di tht ca n v thc o t l (mt khong trng hoc

co n

gtr

inh

.co

m/ for um

(su

trn chc nng ny s b m, khng c tc dng), xut hin khung hi thoi:

pe r.

- Vo Menu MAP, chn Scale Bar (nu khng c thao tc nhp chut nh

su

im cnh

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y-H

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Proportional: nu c du x th xc nh t l i tng theo OX th no, theo

gm

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ra giy. Nh vy, Length ph thuc vo (?) v ngc li

Thng thng, nn chn Cycle Spacing = Label Increment

Font, Format: chn kiu ch v dng hin th nhn ca thanh t l I.7.2. Mu nn bn v

L thao tc vi i tng (l bn v) nn trc khi chn chc nng ny, phi nhp chut vo khu vc bn v xut hin 8 vung 4 gc v trung im 4 cnh. Sau khi nhp chut s hin ra bng

nhp chut vo OK

I.7.3. V ng gp khc khp kn (polygon)

s ni ti (lc ny ng gp khc nhn kh trn). Khi ang r chut, nu: - Nhp chut phi, kt qu s Undo li mt bc (im gy cui cng) - Nhn phm ESC, s hy b lnh trn - Nhp p chut, kt thc thao tc v ny, im cui cng s t ng ni

/tr

vi im u tin tr thnh ng khp kn I.7.4. V ng gp khc (polyLine) Nhp chut vo biu tng trn thanh cng c, cc thao tc cng tng t

htt

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co n

gtr

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chut s c mt im gy, nu gi chut tri th khi r chut n u con tr chut

.co

Nhp chut vo biu tng

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Ta chn Background. Sau ta chn mu ca vng v mu ca ng thng,

(su

pe r.

trong thanh cng c, khi , mi ln nhp

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6.00, 8.00,

im u tin I.7.5. Thm biu tng (Symbol) Dng biu tng

chut vo biu tng chnh sa I.7.6. Thay i thuc tnh

Khi mun thay i thuc tnh (i khi c ty chn) ca mt i tng, hy thoi tng ng, cho php ta thay i cc thuc tnh ca i tng Cc thuc tnh c th thay i c l: - Thuc tnh ng thng (Line Attributes)

I.8. In bn v v chuyn sang phn mm ng dng khc Surfer c th in trc tip t Windows. V bn thn khng c Driver ring cho my in nn Surfer tha k tt c cc Driver cho cc my in c trong Printer thuc Control Panel ca Windows. I.8.1. In bn v t SURFER

p:/

/tr

htt

ac dia

Ta chn my in v kh giy thch hp sau nhp chut vo OK.

co n

gtr

inh

Vo chc nng File sau chn Print:

.co

m/ for um

(su

- Thay i thuc tnh ca biu tng (Symbol Attributes)

pe r.

- Thuc tnh vn bn (Text Attributes)

su

- Thuc tnh mu t (Fill Attributes)

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un

nhp p chut vo biu tng . Ty theo loi i tng ta s c mt bng hi

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78

9@

v (cng ging nh Symbol ca im). Nu mun thay i hnh dng, nhp p

gm

ta c th thm biu tng vo mt v tr no trn bn

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nh trn nhng khi kt thc (nhp chut tri) im cui cng s khng ni vi

1. Chuyn sang [.WMF] chuyn bn thnh mt File dng [.WMF ], ta lm nh sau: ang lm vic sang phn mm ng dng khc s:

Ta chn kiu file l Windows Picture [.WMF], t tn file cn lu v nhp chut vo Save 2. Chuyn sang [.CLP]

Cc thao tc ging nh khi chuyn sang [.WMF] nhng khi chn kiu ta chn l 3. Chuyn sang [.DXF] lm nh sau:

Vo chc nng FILE trong thc n chnh, chn Export, sau vit tn file.DXF, nhp chut vo OK, xut hin khung ca s ty chn cc thng s khi chuyn i

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ac dia

co n

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Khi ang lm vic vi mt bn v, mun chuyn bn v sang AutoCad ta

inh

.co

Windows Clipboard [.CLP]

m/ for um

(su

pe r.

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- Vo chc nng FILE trong thc n chnh, chn Export s xut hin khung ca

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- To mt bn hoc m mt bn t 1 file c sn, bi ch c th chuyn bn

ail .co m)

I.8.2. Chuyn sang ng dng khc

chn c cc thng s thch hp ta nhp chut vo OK, bn v s c chuyn sang 1 file [.DXF] Cc thng s ty chn khi chuyn i

xut. Khi , cc i tng trong bn v ca Surfer c th c nhiu mu khc nhau nhng khi chuyn sang AutoCad s c cng mt mu, l mu mc nh ca AutoCad. - All lines same width: n nh b rng mc nh cho tt c cc i tng c truy hoc mnh khc nhau nhng khi chc nng no c kch hot th b rng ca cc on thng khi chuyn sang AutoCad u bng nhau v bng gi tr mc nh trong AutoCad. - All lines same style: n nh kiu(dng) mc nh cho tt c cc i tng (l nhiu on thng c kiu khc nhau: ng lin nt, ng nt t tha, nt t

htt

p:/

/tr

dy, khi chc nng ny c kch hot th kiu ca cc on thng trong bn v AutoCad s c cng mt kiu, l kiu mc nh (thng l ng lin nt)

ac dia

on thng) c truy xut sang AutoCad. Ngha l trong bn v ca Surfer c

co n

gtr

inh

.co

xut sang AutoCad. V d, cc on thng trong bn v c th c kch thc m

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(su

- All lines same color: n nh mu mc nh cho tt c cc i tng c truy

pe r.

- Format: dng ca file s truy xut [.DXF] l ASCII hay dng m Binary

su

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Sau

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- All Text as Areas: khi chc nng ny c kch hot, trong qu trnh chuyn bn v t Surfer sang AutoCad tt c cc ch (Text) c coi l cc vng (Areas) ghp li vi nhau. Nu chc nng ny khng c kch hot thi cc ch trong bn v ca Surfer vn l cc k t trong bn v ca AutoCad.