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 IDEULaNH DWHVWH XJUD_HQH RSUHPH SULERUD L PDWHULMDOD XNROLNR MH
WR SUHGYL_HQR VWDQGDUGRP
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XTD NDR L SRGDWNH R RVWDOLP XTLPD NRMD PRJX GD VH PH^DMX X WRNX
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WRUD
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WDaNH YH^DZD NRQVWUXNFLMD WUDQVIRUPDWRUVNRJ VXGD WHCLQD SRUH
NOR L]RODFLRQRJ XTD IDEULNDW L WLS RSUHPH L SULERUD QH PRJX GD
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6UELMH XJUD_XMX WUDQVIRUPDWRUL  N9  N9 L  
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WDNR GD VH YL]XHOQR ODNR UD]OLNXMX RG WUDQVIRUPDWRUD  N9
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7UDQVIRUPDWRUL  N9  N9 L  N9 QRUPDOQR
VH LVSRUXaXMX VD PHZDaHP NRML MH SRVWDYTHQ X SRORCDM  L]YRG
VD QDMYH`LP EURMHP QDYRMDND 2YDM SRORCDM VH SORPELUD

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6DYH]QL ]DYRG ]D VWDQGDUGL]DFLMX %HRJUDG 

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WUR^NRYLPD QDEDYNH L WUR^NRYLPD X SRJRQX ,]UD] SUHPD NRMHP VH
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7 = 3 & + 3FX &  + . & 

JGH VX
3  JXELFL SUD]QRJ KRGD  N: 
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FX

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& = &J W DD 
Q

6 EQ D

& = &J 6 E  D

Q

& = (SG + SD + SL ) DD   
Q

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2  SURVHaQR JRGL^ZH WUDMDZH JXELWND NRG YU^QRJ RSWHUH`HZD K

6  SRaHWQR RSWHUH`HZH WUDQVIRUPDWRUD N9$
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S  VWRSD GUX^WYHQH DNXPXODFLMH 

Q

S  DNWXHOL]RYDQD VWRSD DPRUWL]DFLMH 

G

S  VWRSD RGUCDYDZD 
D
L

2VQRYLFH D L E RGUH_XMX VH L]UD]LPD

SG
D =  + 
S
E =  + 

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JGH MH
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J 66Q
Q = + JE
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SG
D

SD =
S 7
 + G 
D



JGH MH 7D YHN WUDMDZD WUDQVIRUPDWRUD JRG

PDUW  '2'$7$. 35(3258.( 

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