4.

1 àmñVm{dH$ :
_Ü``wJrZ H$mimV _§JidoT>m ho dMZgm{hË`mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr hmoVo, Va _amR>r
g§Vgm{hË`mÀ`m H|$ÐñWmZr n§T>arMm nmQ>rc "lr{dÇ>c' ho _mZco Amho. Ë`m_wio g§Vgm{hË`
Am{U dMZgm{hË`mMo H|$ÐñWmZo hr Ho$di ^m¡Jmo{cH$M Zìho; Va gm§ñH¥${VH$ ÑîQ>çm EH$mM
n[aKmVrc Agë`mZo `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`mMr VwcZm hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. VgoM `m XmoÝhr
dmL²_`mMr VwcZm hr àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo. H$maU `m XmoÝhr Y_©gৠXm`m§Zr
~hþOZ g_mOmcm H$ioc-C_Ooc Aem cmoH$^mfoVyZ gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Ho$cocr Amho.
Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§Zr ~«m÷Ur dM©ñdmcm hmXam XoD$Z g_VoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. ~mamì`m eVH$mV
~gdoídam§Zr gd©joÌmV g_Vm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r, àmUnUmZo cT>m {Xcm. Va Voamì`m
eVH$mV kmZoídam{X _§S>irZr hr g_Vm Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌmnwaVoM {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$co.
^maVr` Y_©OrdZm_Ü`o _Ü``wJrZ H$mc ho AZoH$ Ñ{ï>Zo H«$m§{VH$maH$
H$mcI§S> åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. `mM gw_mamg {d{dY Y_©g§àXm` Amnmnë`m narZo H$m`©
H$arV hmoVo. _hmË_m ~gdoídam§Zr ~hþOZm§À`m CÕmamgmR>r drae¡d Y_m©Mr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z
Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao VÎdkmZ Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVco. Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m AZw^d
_§Q>nm_Ü`o gd© OmVrMo Am{U ì`dgm` H$aUmao cmoH$ EH$Ì `oD$Z Y_©{df`H$ MMm© H$arV.
`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoco Oo VÎdkmZ, {dMma, OrdZÑîQ>r, AmË_mZw^d ho gd© dMZgm{hË`mV
A{^ì`º$ Ho$co Joco. Ë`m_Ü`o CƒdUu`m§~amo~aM eyÐm§{VeyÐ g_Oë`m OmUmè`m
dMZH$mam§Zrhr H$mì`coIZ Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVmV. ~gdoídam§Zr MmVwd©Ê`©ì`dñWo{déÕ ~§S>
nwH$maco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr VÎH$mcrZ g_mOOrdZm_Ü`o gd© àH$maÀ`m g_VoMm {har{harZo nwañH$ma
Ho$cm. Ë`m_wioM _moR>çm à_mUmV `m H$mimVrc ~hþOZ dMZH$mam§Zr Amnë`m ì`Wm-doXZm§Zm
gm{hË`ê$n {Xco. H$mì` øm AmË_{ZîR> H$cmàH$mam§VyZ Amncr A{^ì`º$s OmoaH$gnUo
_m§S>cr Am{U `mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr cmoH$^mfoMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$cm. Aem `m
dMZH$mam§À`m H$mì`{Z{_©Vr_mJrc àoaUm§Mm, ^y{_H$m§Mm emoY KoUo, VgoM Ë`mVrc ^mfm,
ê$nH$, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo. Ë`mVrc cmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mgm~amo~aM Ame`,
{df` Am{U Am{dîH$manÕVrMm emoY KoUo, Ë`mMà_mUo dMZgm{hË`mMm dmL²>_`rZ Am{U
gm_m{OH$ _mhmËå`mMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm KoUo ho `m àH$aUmMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> Amho.
4.2 dMZgm{hË`mMr nyd©nr{R>H$m :
àmMrZ ^maVr` gm{hË`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV _yi Ðm{dS> ^mfm Hw$cmVrc AZoH$
^mfm AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s H$ÞS> hr X{jU ^maVmÀ`m à_wI ^mfm§n¡H$s EH$ hmo`. gmYmaUnUo
187
XmoZ hOma dfmªnmgyZ H$mZS>r hr ì`dhmamMr ^mfm åhUyZ àM{cV Agë`mMo nwamdo
1
gmnS>VmV. Bgdr gZmÀ`m Ama§^H$mcr J«rH$ ^yJmocVÁk "Q>m°co_rZo' (Ptolemy) ~Xm_r,
h§S>r, H$cHo$ar, _wXJc dJ¡ao Zmdm§er OwiUmè`m Jmdm§Mr Zmdo gm§{JVcr AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s
H$mhr ewÕ H$mZS>r (H$ÞS>) Zmdo AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm H$ÞS> hr V{_i, VocJy, _ë`mir
^mfm§à_mUo Ðm{dS> ^mfm dJm©V _moS>Umar Amho.
`m{edm` AmnUmg àmMrZ X{jUoVrc ^{º$MidirMm YmdVm AmT>mdm
¿`mdm cmJoc. `m ÑpîQ>Zo {dMma Ho$cm AgVm, X{jUoVrc Aidma g§Vm§À`m Midir_mJrc
^y{_H$m§Mm emoY KoVë`mg VoWrc ^{º$Midi hr nXX{cV g_mOmÀ`m AmË_moÕmamÀ`m
àoaUoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo. øm MidirZo VoWrc H$_©R> ~«m÷UY_m©{déÕ \$ma _moR>o
OZm§XmocZ C^o Ho$co hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr V{_i `m cmoH$^mfoVyZ H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z ~hþOZ
g_mOmÀ`m AmË_m{dîH$mamMm n{hcm à`ËZ Ho$cm. nwT>o hr ^{º$MidirMr cmQ> hiyiiy
CÎmaoH$S>o gaH$V Jocr Agmdr. Aidma g§Vm§Mr hr Midi ì`{º${ZîR> Am{U ^mdZmàYmZ
Agcr; Varhr {VZo Ho$ìhmhr Agm_m{OH$ VÎdmMm pñdH$ma Ho$cm Zmhr. hoM `m MidirMo
d¡{eîQ>ço åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c. ""AmOhr "lra§J_²>' `oWrc Xodmc`mV XodmÀ`m nwT>o `m V{_i
2
JrV åhQ>co OmVo. d¡{XH$ _§Ì ho XodmÀ`m _mJo åhQ>co OmVo.'' hr \$ma _moR>r H«$m§{VH$maH$ KQ>Zm
åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. {deofV: Aidma g§Vm§Zr Amnë`m H¥${VCº$sVyZ XmIdyZ {Xco H$s,
AÜ`mpË_H$ joÌmV Om{VdU© ho Aà_mU AmhoV. {VWo ^º$s hrM gdm}Îm_ H$gmoQ>r _mZcr
OmVo. ^º$ hm H$moUË`mhr Om{VdUm©Mm Agcm, Var na_oída Ë`mcm Odi H$aVmo, ho `m
^{º$_mJm©Mo VÎdkmZ Amho. Aem `m Midircm am_mZwOmMm`mªMo VmpÎdH$ A{YîR>mZ cm^co
hmoVo.
ñdV: am_mZwOmMm`© OÝ_mZo X{jUoVrc ~«m÷U AgyZhr Ë`m§Zr Amncm Jwê$
åhUyZ "H$m§MrnyU©' `m eyÐHw$cmoËnÞ gËnwéfmcm Jwê$Vwë` _m{Zco. Ë`mÀ`m AZw`m`m§V
~«m÷Umà_mUo AÝ`dUu`m§Zmhr àdoe hmoVm. am_mZwOmMm`mªÀ`m H$mimn`ªV AmÜ`mË_mÀ`m
joÌmV CXma_VdmX {Q>Hy$Z hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va d¡îUd n§WmV XmoZ JQ> nS>co. `m§Vrc EH$
JQ> gZmVZ _Vm§Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmam "dS>H$cB©' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIcm Jocm. Va Xwgam
CXma_VdmXmMm nwañH$Vm© åhUOoM Iè`m AWm©Zo am_mZwOmZmMm`mªMm dmagXma åhUyZ
"VoZH$cmB©'Mm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. V{_i ^mfoÀ`m AJXr OdiMr nU doJir Ðm{dS>
~mocrMr ^mfm åhUyZ H$ÞS> ^mfoMm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. `m XmoÝhr ^mfoVrc {ZH$Q>Îd
gmYmaUnUo Zdì`m Xhmì`m eVH$m§nmgyZ Agë`mMo {XgVo.

188
 ~gdnyd© H$Zm©Q>H$mV H$Zm©Q>H$m§_Ü`o gmYmaUnUo Zdì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Vo
~mamì`m eVH$m§n`ªV "hiH$ÞS>' hr gm{hË`mMr ^mfm åhUyZ àM{cV hmoVr. nwT>o Vr Mm¡Xmì`m
eVH$mn`ªV H$mhr à_mUV nmhm`cm {_iVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `mM gw_mam_ "ZSw>H$ÞS>'
(_Ü`H$mcrZ H$ÞS>) hr XoIrc gm{hË`{Z{_©VrMr ^mfm åhUyZ cmoH${à` R>acr. VgoM
hiH$ÞS> ^mfoVrc gm{hË` ho g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m à^mdmZo à^m{dV Pmco hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr e¡cr
nyU©nUo g§ñH¥$VàMwa AerM hmoVr. Ë`m_wio H$ÞS> gm{hË` ho _yR>^a n§{S>VdJm©nwaVoM _`m©{XV
hmoVo. AemarVrZo _Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc ^mfoÀ`m pñWVrJVrMm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` AmnUmg
KS>Vmo. ~gdoída nyd©H$mimV dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoV hmoVr. Iè`m
AWm©Zo drae¡d g§Vm§Zr (dMZH$mam§Zr) ho H$mhr Ym{_©H$ CnXoe `m H$mimV Ho$co. Ë`m_Ü`o
n«m_w»`mZo Xoda AWdm OoS>a Xm{g_æ`m, e§H$a Xm{g_æ`m, EH$XÝV am_æ`m, A„_ à^y Am{U
H$m|S>Jmoir Ho${eamOm, BË`mXr à_wI dMZH$mam§Mr Zmdo gm§JVm `oVrc. `m g§X^m©V H$mhr
Aä`mgH$ Agmhr AZw_mZ cmdVmV H$s, drae¡d g§Vm§Mo AÜ`mpË_H$ H$m`©o {d{dY joÌmV `m
H$mimV gwê$ hmoVo. H$maU `m gw_mamg H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc amOH$s` Am{U Ym{_©H$ eº$s hr O¡Z-
~«m÷Um§À`m hmVmV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio drae¡d g§Vm§Zm CKS>-CKS> H$m`© H$aVm Amco Zgmdo.
_Ü``wJrZ amOH$s` d Ym{_©H$ n[apñWVrV drae¡d g§Vm§Mo H$m`© _`m©{XV
ñdê$nmV hmoVo. Vo ì`mnH$ à_mUmV g_mOmn`ªV nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m`© _hmË_m ~gdoídam§Zr
Ho$co. Vo ñdV: {~ÁOcmMo àYmZ_§Ìr hmoVo. Varhr amOH$s` \$m`Xm Z CR>{dVm. Ë`m§Zr
amOH$s` ^y{_H$m Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$m`© `m XmoÝhrV A§Va R>odco. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m nXmMm
Xwê$n`moJ H$YrM Ho$cm Zmhr. Aemhr pñWVrV Ë`m§Mo AmMma-{dMma, VÎdkmZ g§nyU©
H$Zm©Q>H$mV nga{dÊ`mMo H$m`© Vo Am{U Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zr _moR>çm {ZîR>oZo Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo.
dMZ åhUOo Oo ghOnUo AZw^dmMo ~moc dMZH$mam§À`m _wImVyZ ~mhoa nS>co. VoM dMZ
ê$nmZo {c{hco Am{U Jm`co Joco. dmñV{dH$ Vo CX²>Jma CËñ\y$V©nUo OrdZmVrc gImoc
AZw^d _m§S>Umao hmoVo. `mcmM "dMZgm{hË`' åhUyZ _mÝ`Vm cm^cr. gdmªZr OmZnX
OrdZmVrc Amnco AZw^d H$WZ Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m dMZH$mam§Mo _hÎdmMo VÎd åhUOo
Ë`m§Zr "AmYr Ho$co Am{U _J BVam§Zm gm§{JVco' `m Ý`m`mà_mUo OrdZ OJco.
AH$amì`m-~mamì`m eVH$m§V H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü`o dMZgm{hË`mMr CÁÁdc na§nam
nmhm`cm {_iVo. Aem `m gm{hË`mMm "\$m°_©' hm H$Zm©Q>H$mV ApñVËdmV Amcm Am{U
{dH${gV Pmcm. Ia§ åhUOo dMZ ho JÚmV AgyZhr Ë`mcm H${dVoMm "Vmc' Amho. àË`oH$
dMZmV EImXm _w»` {df` qH$dm H$ënZm AgVmo. `mcmM AmnU B§J«OrV Proselyrics Ago

189
åhUy eH$Vmo. _w»`V: dMZm_Ü`o Ym{_©H$ VÎdo AgVmV. `m{edm` dMZgm{hË`m§VyZ
coIH$mMo ñdV:Mo ì`{º$_Îd ì`º$ hmoVo, Am{U dMZm§À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ dMZH$mam§Zm
g_mOn[adV©Z KS>dm`Mo hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zr cmoH$^mfoMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z EH$màH$mao
na§nao{déÕ ~§S> nwH$maco Am{U Zdg_mO{Z{_©VrMo ñdßZ nm{hco. Ë`mgmR>r àmUnUmZo cT>mhr
{Xcm, Ë`mV Ë`m§Zm OZVoMo Ano{jV ghH$m`© cm^co. nma§n[aH$ _Z ho Am{X_ cmoH$_mZgmer
_m¡{cH$ g§~§Y amIyZ àJVr H$arV AgVo. `mÑîQ>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg "OmZnX gm{hË`' ho
cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrer, cmoH$na§naoer Am{U cmoH$_mZgmer g§~Õ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oBc © . `mdê$Z
OmZnX JrVm§Mm AZw~§Y cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrer {H$Vr AVyQ> Amho. qH$~hþZm OmZnX JrV ho
cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVyZ H$go {Z_m©U hmoVo ho ghO cjmV `oVo. Aä`mgH$m§Zr `m gm{hË`mH$S>o Xoer
^mfoVrc gm{hË` åhUyZM nhmdoV.
_Ü``wJrZ dMZgm{hË`mMr g_rjm H$aVmZm Á`oîR> Aä`mgH$ S>m°. EM. Q>r.
gmgZya `m§Zr Amnë`m “Eleventh And Twelfth Century Kannada Literature” `m
Amnë`m emoYà~§YmV åhUVmV :
“Vachana means Saying, Speech or utteronce. The prose used in
champus is called vachana. This Convention of calling the prose in champus as
vachana might have ceen in vogue since long… In the course of time, all prose
literature might have been called vachanas. But the vachanas in virashaiva
literature have a particular connotation. They are the sayings of virashaiva
saints expounding the religious doctrines or embalming their experiences in
different situations.
As for as we know, Devara Dasimayya (1008-1040) is the oldest
vachanawriter. His vachanas show that the vachana, as a particular form, was
perfected by his time i.e.,… All the characteristics of vachanas that we find in
Basavanna, Allamaprabhu, channabasaveshware are found in the vachanas of
3
Devara Dasimayya.”
_Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü`o OmZnX JrVm§VyZ OmZnX OrdZmMo {MÌU _moR>çm
à_mUmV gmH$macoco AgyZ, ho cmoH$OrdZ OmZnX JrV JmUmao H$dr OJV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Xoer
^mfm, ê$nHo$, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
_hÎdmMo åhUOo `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm gT>i dmna Am{U dmda Ë`m§À`m OrdZmZw^dmV Ogo Pmco,
VgoM Vo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ ghOnUo AdVaco. Aem àH$maMo OrdZ OJUmam H$îQ>H$ar dJ©
hm gm_m{OH$ÑîQ>çm Am{U Ym{_©H$ÑîQ>çm Aà{VpîR>V åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmV hmoVm. H$maU
Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV (g_yh OrdZmcm) g_yhnUmcm A{YH$ dmd hmoVm. åhUyZ Va Ë`m§À`m
190
JrVm§VyZ g_yh_ZmMo à{Vq~~ C_Q>coco {XgVmV. Ë`mVrc Xw:I, X¡Ý`, AdhocZm ho Ë`m
EH$Q>çm H$dtMo Z amhVm. Vo Á`m g_yhmV amhVmV Ë`m§Mo àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$n ~ZVmV.
Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ ì`m{_lVoMm AZw^d Am{U ÑpîQ>H$moZ nmhm`cm {_iVmo. Aem `m
~gdnyd© dMZH$mam§À`m H$mì`m§À`m g§X^m©V _hmË_m ~gdoídam§Zr \$ma gw§Xa dU©Z Ho$ë`mMo
{XgyZ `oVo.
_hmË_m ~gdoída nyd©gyarÀ`m H$dtÀ`m g§X^m©V AË`§V gyMH$nUo C„oI
H$aVmZm EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV :
""AmYrMo dMZo AgVm,
doJir {d{ha ImoXyZ Imao nmUr go{dë`mgmaIr
Pmcr, H$s hr _mPr `wº$s!
ho Hy$S>cg§J_ Xodm...''
Aem VèhoZo Amnë`m nyd©gyarÀ`m H$mì`m§Mm C„oI H$aVmV. Ago ho H$dr
Amnë`m {dMmam§Zr Am{U cmoH$g§dmXr d¥Îmr_wioM, Vo drae¡d gm{hË` OZ_mZgmn`ªV nmhMdy
eH$bo. Ë`m_wio OZ_mZgmV Ë`mMr `mo½` Vr à{V_m {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo {XgVo. `m dMZH$mam§Zr
"AmYr Ho$co AZ² _J BVam§Zm gm§{JVco>' `m åhUr-dmŠ`àMmamà_mUo Amnco OrdZ OJco.
~mamdo eVH$ ho "~gd`wJ' åhUyZ Ogo AmoiIco OmVo, Vgo Vo "gwdU©`wJ'
åhUyZhr n[a{MV Amho. goVw _mYdamd nJS>r `mÀ`m "_hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc gwdU©H$mi' `m
J«§WmÀ`m àñVmdZoV XwJm© ^mJdV {c{hVmV H$s, ""gwdU©`wJmMr H$ënZm hr _wimV J«rH$m§Zr
CnO{dcr AgyZ, ^maVmÀ`m B{VhmgmMo {ZarjU H$aVmZm nmíMmV` {dÛmZm§Zr Jwá`wJmcm
gwdU©`wJ åhQ>co d Vo AOyZ H$m`_ Amho. na§Vw nJS>r `m§À`m _Vo, "gwdU©H$mc' hm gmYmaU
Xhmì`m eVH$mnmgyZ Vmo H$mcndm©n`ªV _hmamîQ´> d H$Zm©Q>H$ àm§Vm§Vë`m _hÎdmÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$
gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm Ë`mV H¥${Verc _hmamîQ´>r`mZo H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrcm
4
H$m` `moJXmZ Ho$co, Vo _moR>çm R>merd d amoMH$ nÕVrZo gm§{JVcoco Amho...''
A„_à^y AWdm à^yXodm ho d`mZo ~gdoídam§nojm Á`oîR> hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo
H$mì`coIZ AH$amì`m eVH$mV gwê$ hmoVo. Vo AZw^d _§Q>nmMo AÜ`j hmoVo. A„_à^yÀ`m
g§X^m©V Aä`mgH$m§V _V^oX Amho. H$maU Vo _wimV ZmW{gÕ hmoVo Am{U nwT>o Ë`m§Zr drae¡d
n§WmMo VÎdkmZ gm§{JVco, Agm EH$ à{VdmX Ho$cm OmVmo. A„_à^yÀ`m OÝ_mg§X^m©Vrc _V
{dO`ZJaMm Hw$_ma ~§H$ZmWmMm {eî` OH$ÊUm `m§Zr B.g. 1413 _Ü`o {c{hcoë`m
"à^yXodmMo dMZ' `m {Q>H$mJ«§WmÀ`m àñVmdZoV "{n§S> g§^d' `m JÚmV g{dñVa _m§S>co Amho.

191
Ë`m§À`m AmB©-d{S>cm§Mo Zmd ho gwkmZXodr-ZmJdmgmXonVr Ago hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo A„_à^yMo
OÝ_Jmd {e_moJm {OëømVrc {eH$marnya VmcwŠ`mVrc "~pùiJmdo' `m JmdmV Pmë`mMm
C„oI ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc H$dr h[aha H$aVmo. Va H$dr Mm_ag `m§Mo _V {Zamio Amho. Vmo
åhUVmo H$s, à^yqcJ {cc`mÀ`mÛmao {Za§H$a Zm_H$ d{S>c Am{U gwkmZr Zm_H$ _mVoÀ`m nmoQ>r
A„_mMm OÝ_ Pmcm. `m{R>H$mUr OH$ÊUm hm (B.g. 1413) H$dr Agmo, dm h[aha Am{U
Mm_ga ho XmoZ {d»`mV H$dr AgmoV. `m {VKm§Zrhr AmB©Mo Zmd "gwkmZr' Agë`mMo åhQ>co
Amho. na§Vw d{S>cm§Mo Zmd {OH$ÊUm d h[aha `m§Zr ZmJdmgmXonVr Agë`mMo åhQ>co Amho. Va
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192
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193
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H$mì`aMZm Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo.

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hiH$ÞS> ^mfoVrc gm{hË` ho g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m à^mdmImcr hmoVo. Ë`m§Mr e¡cr hr nyUn© Uo
g§ñH¥$VàMwa AerM hmoVr. Ë`m_wio ~mamì`m eVH$mV H$ÞS> gm{hË` ho _yR>^a n§{S>Vm§nwaVoM
_`m©{XV hmoVo. dMZgm{hË`mZo gd©àW_ hr na§nam `m eVH$m§À`m nydm©Ym©VM _moSy>Z H$mT>cr
Am{U H$ÞS> `m "cmoH$^mfoM§' _hÎd OmUrdnyd©H$ dmT>{dco. H$maU ~hþg§»` g_mO
cmoH$^mfoVyZ Amnco X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ OJV hmoVm. VgoM OmZnX AZw^d H$WZ H$arV hmoVm.
Ë`m_wio dMZH$mam§Zr H$ÞS> ^mfm hr Cƒ kmZ ì`º$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gj_ Amho. ho Ë`m§Zr
H$mì`{Z{_©VrÀ`mÛmam XmIdyZ {Xco. VgoM Ë`m§Zr Amnco VÎdkmZ hOmamo IoS>çm§nmS>çmn`ªV
nmohM{dco Am{U dMZgm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$ÞS> "gm{hË`mMm narK' dmT>{dcm.
AemàH$mao ""H$ÞS> gm{hË`mÀ`m amUrcm g§ñH¥$VÀ`m gmoZoar e¥§IcmVyZ _wº$ Ho$co Am{U `m
amUrcm gmÜ`m doeoV (gmYm doe n[aYmZ H$ê$Z) OZgm_mÝ`m§n`ªV nmohM{dco. `m gmÜ`m
19
doeoZo {VMo gm¢X`© A{YH$ Iwcco. Oo g§ñH¥$VÀ`m doen[aYmZmZo EdT>o {Xdg cnyZ hmoVo.'
dMZgm{hË`mVrc {d{dYVoÀ`m g§X^m©V Á`oîR> Aä`mgH$ S>m°. EM. Q>r.
gmgZya Amnë`m à~§YmV {c{hVmV : “The literature of the eleventh century that is

207
available to us, small in quantity, shows us beyond douct that literature of a
fine quality might have been produced during this century. The inscriptional
literature, not in any way inferior in language and style to the great kavyas,
amply testifies to this… The literary output of this century is very vast and
varied. It is the period of vachana writers ranging from two to three hundred. In
addition to the Virashaiva writers, Jainas and Brahmanas too have contricuted
their quota to the golden harvest of literature. This literature produced in these
20
centuries is not stereotyped. It is varied in theme and style.’’ VgoM `m gw_mamg
O¡Z AmMm`© draZ§Xr hm H$mì`coIZ H$arV hmoVm. Ë`mMm {nVm _oKM§Ð VmoM Ë`mMm Jwê$hr
hmoVm. "AmMmagma' hm Ë`m§Mm g§ñH¥$V J«§W O¡Z {dÛmZm§Zr {eamoYm`© _mZcm. Agm hm C„oI
^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrH$moe I§S>-9 (n¥. 18) da nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
_¡cma d _miÊd `m§Mm C„oI H$aUmè`m `m {ecmcoIm§dê$Z Ago {gÕ hmoVo
H$s, `m H$mZS>r XodVm Bgdr gZmÀ`m AH$amì`m eVH$mV H$Zm©Q>H$mV cmoH${à` hmoD$ cmJë`m
hmoË`m,... Ë`mÀ`m jwÐVoMm {ZfoY H$aUmao C„oI ~mamì`m-eVH$m§Vrc H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mV
{dnwc AmhoV. ~«÷{ed ZmdmMm O¡Z H$ÞS> H$dr (~mamdo eVH$) O¡ZoVa XodVm§Mr MoîQ>m
H$aVmZm åhUVmo :
`m gw_mamg ~hþg§»` dMZH$mam§Zr H$mZS>rVyZ "OmZnX JrV' aMZm H$aVmZm
AmT>iVmV. Ë`m§Zr AmË_mZw^m§dmda AmYm[aV Ago ~moYna {dMma ì`º$ Ho$co AmhoV. Ë`mV Vo
Ame` Am{U {df` _moOŠ`m eãXmV _m§S>coco AgyZ Vo naIS>nUo _m§S>co AmhoV. `m
dMZm§À`m g§X^m©V a§. am. {XdmH$a `m§Zr "g§Vmo H$m dMZm_¥V' `m Amnë`m J«§WmV åhUVmV
H$s, ""dMZo hr kmZmMo AmJma AgyZ Vr {Xì`Ëdmcm H$dQ>miUmar A_¥VdmUr Amho... Ë`m§Zr
Amnë`m AZw`m`m§Zm ewÕ AmMmamÀ`m kmZmgmR>r Am{U ñdV:Mo ^«_-à_mX gwYmaÊ`mgmR>r
dMZgm{hË`mMo qMVZ-_ZZ H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVco Amho. Agm hm C„oI AmnUmg ^maVr`
g§ñH¥$VrH$moe I§S>-9 (n¥. 456-457) nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
~gdoídam§Zr dUm©l_Y_m©Mm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m nmI§S>r cmoH$m§Mm g_mMma
KoVcm Amho. dUm©l_ Y_© åhUOo eyÐm§À`m gm_m{OH$ Jwcm_{JarMr gZX hmo`, Ago Ë`m§Mo
ñnîQ> _V hmoVo. hr Jwcm_{Jar ZîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr àmUnUmZo cT>m {Xcm. `m_mJo Ë`m§Mo
{ZpíMV Ago {dMma Am{U VÎdkmZ hmoVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§Zr nyduÀ`m Y_©n§WmMm
Aä`mg Ho$cm hmoVm. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc Ë`m§Mo H$m`© Am{U VÎdkmZ ho
Y_©gwYmaUoÀ`m Midircm àoaUmXm`H$ R>aco. AemarVrZo hr Midi EH$àH$mao Y_©H«$m§VrM
hmoVr. `m Ym{_©H$ n`m©daUm_Ü`o EH$m ~mOycm d¡{XH$ Y_m©{^_mÝ`m§er Ë`m§Mm cT>m gwê$ hmoVm,
208
Va Xwgè`m ~mOycm g_Vm{YpîR>V Zdg_mOmMo ~rO Ë`m§Zm noam`Mo hmoVo. `m H$m_mV
g_H$mcrZ g_mOmMo ghH$m`© Ë`m§Zm cm^co. Ë`m§Zr OmVrnmVrVrc Cƒ-ZrMVm PwJmê$Z gd©
"{edeaU-{edeaUr' ho {ed^º$ åhUyZ g_mZ AmhoV hm {dMma _m§S>cm. Ë`m§À`mV OmVr,
qcJ, n§W, Y_©, CnmgZm Aem àH$maMo H$moUVohr ^oX AgUma ZmhrV, Ago AmídmgZ
g_mOmcm {Xco.
g_H$mcrZ g_mOmVrc {^jmd¥Îmrg {damoY Ho$cm, Am{U Ë`m§Zr H$moUVohr
H$m_ ho "loîR>-H${ZîR>' ZgVo Ago gm§{JVco. àË`oH$ H$m`© H$arV AgVmZm (H$m_mV) à^yMr
godmd¥Îmr hm ^md R>odë`mg _Zmcm g_mYmZ {_iVo. Agm hm "H$m`H$do H¡$cmg' ho ZdVÎd
_m§S>co. VgoM "Xmgmoh'gmaIm Zdm {dMma g_mOmV ê$O{dcm. g§nyU© OJmV Vo "Xmgmoh' `m
ZdVÎdmMo àUoVo åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. "Xmgmoh'Mm AW© gm§JVmZm ~gdoída EHo$ {R>H$mUr
åhUVmV, _mUgm§Zr Amnë`m JaOonwaVoM (AÞ, dó, {Zdmam, n¡gm, g§nÎmr, B.) {_i{dco
nm{hOoV. Ë`mnojm OmñVrMo Oo H$mhr ñdV:Odi Agoc Vo {ZY©Z cmoH$m§Zm, JmoaJ[a~m§Zm, XmZ
Ho$co nm{hOo. Ë`mVhr "XmZ' XoVmZm, Á`mcm AmnU XmZ H$aVmo, Vmo H$moUË`m Om{VdUm©Mm,
dJm©Mm, Y_m©Mm, n§Wm§Mm Am{U qcJm§Mm Amho ho Z nmhVm. Ho$di Vmo "_mUyg' Amho Am{U
JaOd§V Amho, åhUyZ Ë`mcm XmZ {Xco nm{hOoV. Agm hm _mZdVoMm g„m g§àXm`mVrc
cmoH$m§Zm Am{U g_mOmcm XoVmZm {XgVmV.
chmZnUmnmgyZM ~gdoída ho _mZdVmdmXr {dMmamMo hmoVo. `m JmoîQ>rMr
à{MVr XmoZ KQ>Zodê$Z ghO cjmV `oVo. n{hcr KQ>Zm Ë`m§À`m _moR>çm ~{hUrMo
(A¸$ZmJå_mMo) "CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma {dYr' Z Ho$ë`mZo AZoH$ àíZ Ë`m§À`m ~mcgwc^ ~w{Õcm
nS>co hmoVo. Vo Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m d{S>cm§Zm d _moR>çm ~{hUrcm AZoH$ àíZ {dMmaVmV. `mdê$Z
Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr Agcoë`m "gyú_ {ZarjH$mMr' à{MVr `oVo. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr d`mÀ`m Zdì`m dfu
CnZ`Z g§ñH$mamcm {damoY Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ë`m§À`m `m H¥$Vr g§X^m©V àmo\o$ga ~r.
{dê$nmjßnm `m§Zr Amnë`m ‘Basava And His Teachings’ `m N>moQ>oImZr nwñVH$mV
{c{hVmV : ‘He refused to undergo thread ceremony at the age of eight years on
the ground that it was a symbol of discrimination of man against man and man
against women.’ `m g§X^m©V ~gdoída g_H$mcrZ Am{U CÎmaH$mcrZ H$dr ""h[aha Am¡a
21
qgJamO Ho$ AZwgma ~gdÊUm H$m CnZ`Z hþAm Wm, ~mX _| CÝhm|Zo `kmondrV N>moS> {X`m.''
Agm hm C„oI "eyÝ` gånmXZ ^mJ-2' `m S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© `m§Zr Ho$coë`m qhXr AZwdm{XV
nwñVH$mV AmT>iVmo. na§Vw AmOhr drae¡d g_mOmV Am{U EHy$U _hmamîQ´> H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc

209
gr_mdVu ^mJmV àM{cV cmoH$H$WoV _mÌ ~gdoída chmZnUr "{ed^º$s' H$arV hmoVo. Vgo
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m d{S>cm§Zm ñnîQ> eãXmV gm§{JVco hmoVo H$s, _r {edmonmgZoÀ`m ì`{V[aº$
AmUIr Hw$R>ë`mhr XodmMr nyOm-AMm© H$aUma Zmhr. _mPo ZmVo \$º$ {edmerM Amho BVa
H$moUmMr ^{º$ H$aÊ`mMm àíZM CX²>^dV Zmhr. Aem àH$maMr cmoH$YmaUm Am{U cmoH$H$Wm
chmZnUr àñVwV Aä`mgH$m§Zr d{S>cYmè`m§H$Sy>Z EoH$coco Amho. Odinmg AemM àH$maMo
_V àmo\o$ga ~r. {dê$nmjßnm `m§À`m nwñVH$mVyZhr nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
A¸$ZmJå_mgmo~V d`mÀ`m Zdì`mdfu ~gdoída KamXmamMm Am{U
AmáJUm§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z "OmVrXod {edmMm`©' ZmdmÀ`m ñdm_rÀ`m Aml_mV åhUOoM
Hw$S>cg§J_mV `oD$Z amhVmV. A¸$ZmJ_mÀ`m Zmdmg§~§YrMr N>moQ>rer H$Wm lr_Vr e{eH$cm
_S>H$s `m§Zr Amnë`m "H«$m§{VJ§JmoÌr A¸$ZmJ§{~H$m' `m M[aÌmË_H$ nwpñVHo$V gm§{JVco Amho.
Ë`m {c{hVmV H$s, A¸$ZmJå_mMm OÝ_ ZmJn§M_rÀ`m {Xder Pmë`mZo {Vcm KamVrc gd©
cmoH$ ZmJm§{~H$m, ZmJcmB©, ZmJå_m `m ZmdmZo hmH$ _marV AgV. `m{R>H$mUr "A¸$ZmJå_m
Am{U ~gdÊUm' `m§Mo CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma Z Pmë`mZo VoìhmÀ`m àWoZwgma Vo "{ÛOoÎma' R>aVmV.
d¡{XH$ na§naoÀ`m _VmZwgma "{ÛOoÎmam§Zm kmZmMm A{YH$ma Y_©J«§WmZr ZmH$macocm hmoVm. Voìhm
_hm_mZd ~gdoída ho kmZoídam§à_mUoM {ÛOoÎma R>aVmV.' åhUyZ àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm
_hmË_m ~gdoída ho ~hþOZ dMZH$mam§n¡H$sM EH$ AJ«JÊ` d g_VmdmXr ^y{_H$m KoUmao
dmQ>VmV. H$Xm{MV `m{df`r _V^oX Agy eH$VmV.
~gdoídam§À`m _Vo Y_©J«§W hoM _mUgm§À`m AYmoJVrcm H$maUr^yV Amho.
Ë`m_wio Ho$di Y_m©Mm AW© AmåhmcmM R>md, hr ^y{_H$m VÎH$mcrZ ~«÷d¥§XmMr hmoVr. Á`m
J§«WmV "_mUgmcm' H$gcrM qH$_V Zmhr. Vo gd© Y_©J«§W ~gdoídam§Zr ZmH$maco. Ë`m§Zr ZdrZ
"drae¡d Y_m©Mr' ñWmnZm Ho$cr. Ë`mV H$gë`mhr H$_©H$m§S>m§Zm Wmam {Xco Zmhr. {VWo Ë`m§Zr
\$º$ g_Vm, _mZdVmdmX Am{U EHo$ídadmX d Aqhgm `m VÎdm§ZmM _hÎd {Xco. Ë`m_wio
H$mhr {dÛmZ Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, ~gdoída ho Y_©g§ñWmnH$ ZgyZ Vo Y_©gwYmaH$ AmhoV Ago
_mZVmV. Va H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr ~gdoídam§Zm drae¡d Y_m©Mo "g§ñWmnH$' åhQ>co AmhoV. `m
g§X^m©V g§Vgm{hË`mMo Á`oîR> Aä`mgH$ am. qM. T>oao åhUVmV, "...qcJm`V ho drae¡dmhÿZ
àmMrZ AmhoV. drae¡d hr g§km ~gdà{UV e¡d Am§XmocZmV CX` nmdcr Agmdr.' Ago
åhQ>co Amho. Va H$mhr Aä`mgH$ drae¡d Am{U qcJm`V `m XmoÝhr eãXm§Mm _yi AW© EH$M
22
Agë`mMo gm§JVmV. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. gwYmaH$ _moJcodma `m§À`m _Vo, ""drae¡d d qcJm`V
ho XmoÝhr eãX EH$mM ZmÊ`mÀ`m XmoZ ~mOy gmaIoM _hÎdmMo AmhoV...'' VgoM

210
S>m°. amOeoIa {hao_R> `m§Zr ì`mnH$ ^y{_H$m KoVmZm åhUVmV H$s, drae¡d qH$dm qcJm`V
`mnojm e¡d hm eãX AW©nyU© åhUyZ H$m ñdrH$mê$ Z`o? Agm àíZ CnpñWV Ho$cocm Amho. Va
àm. gmIao `m§Zr Y_©J«§WmV d EHy$U dmL²>_`mV drae¡d hm eãX qcJm`V `m eãXmhÿZ A{YH$
g_¥ÕVoZo, {dnwcVoZo Cn`mo{Ocm Jocm Ago åhQ>co Amho. Agm hm C„oI AmnUmg "drae¡d
{dídH$moe' (n¥. 15) da nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
~gdoídam§À`m {ddmhmÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr Aä`mgH$ Am{U M[aÌH$mam§_Ü`o
{d{dY _Vo AmT>iVmV. `m g§X^m©V ~gdoída g_H$mcrZ H$dr ""h[aha Ho$ AZwgma ~gdÊUm
Zo J§JmXodr Am¡a _m{`Xodr Ho$ gmW {~ÁOc H$s amOYmZr _§JcdmS> _| Ohm± do ^§S>mar H$m ^r
H$m_ H$aVo Wo, dhm± {ddmh {H$`mŸ& co{H$Z CZ XmoÝhmoHo$ _mVm-{nVm Ho$ ~mao_| Hw$N> Zhr
~VmVoŸ&'' Bgr Vah Xwgam H$dr ""^r_H$dr (13 do eVH$) Ho$ AZwgma {~ÁOc Ho$ _§Ìr
~cXod, Omo ~gdÊUm Ho$ _m_m ^r Wo ~gdÊUm Ho$ cm¡{H$H$ AmMmam| Ho$ à{V {dÐmoh go ~hþV
23
àgÞ hþEŸ& àgÞVm ñdê$n CÝhm|Zo AnZr ~oQ>r J§Jmpå~H$m CZHo$ gmW ã`mh XrŸ&&'' àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo, Ogo ~cXodmZr Amnë`m _wcrMo {ddmh ~gdoídam~amo~a cmdyZ {Xco.
Vgo AmOÀ`m _hmamîQ´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc ~hþg§»` OmVr_Ü`o {deofV: Á`m OmVrVrc
drae¡d dMZH$ma AmT>iVmV. Ë`m g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§_Ü`o _m_mÀ`m _wcrer c¾ H$aÊ`mMm
àKmV nydunmgyZ nmiV Amë`mMo AmT>iVo. Aer hr àWm gwê$ hmoÊ`mg ~gdoídam§Mo c¾
H$maUr^yV R>aco Agmdo. Ë`mMà_mUo AmOhr AZoH$ Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV hr àWm n«M{cV
Agë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. (CXm. H$moir, H¡$H$mS>r, YZJa, qcJS>oa, T>moa BË`mXr)
H$ÞS>_Yrc gwà{gÕ coIH$ EM. Xodaßnm `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$coë`m
"qg{JamOnwamU' `m nwñVH$mV qg{JamOmÀ`m _Vo, ""{~ÁOc H$s YmÌr H$s nwÌr (Ym`oÌr, Ym`
H$s ~oQ>r) ZrccmoMZ Ho$ gmW ~gdÊUmZo {ddmh {H$`mŸ& eyÝ` gånmXZ H$m ^r `hr _V h¡Ÿ&''
àñVwV {df` Ho$ ~mao _| c¸$U X§S>oe H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$@Zrcmpå~Ho$ `mZr ZrccmoM {~ÁOc H$s
AnZr ~hZ Wr {edVÎd {MÝVm_{U-AÜ`m` 31, (n¥. 265) da nmhm`cm {_iVmo. `m
g§X^m©V àñVwV Aä`mgH$mMo _V WmoS>ogo {Zamio Amho. ~gdoídam§Zr XmoZ {ddmh Ho$co hmoVo.
EH$ åhUOo Ë`m§À`m _m_mMr _wcJr J§Jmpå~H$m H$s, Or {~ÁOcamOmMm _§Ìr ~cXodmMr
_wcJr hmoVr. Xwgar nËZr hr amOm {~ÁOcmÀ`m _mZcoë`m ~{hUrMr _wcJr (Ym`oÌr H$s ~oQ>r)
Agë`mMm C„oI S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© H$aVmV. `m {RH$mUr qgJamOnwamUmV XoIrc ZrccmoMZ
åhUOoM Zrcmpå~H$m Agmdr, {OÀ`m gmo~V ~gdoídamZo Xwgao c¾ Ho$co hmoVo, Ago àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. VgoM H$ë`mUMm amOm {~ÁOc hm {ed^º$ hmoVm Ago _V S>m°. ~r.

211
{ed_y{V© emór ~|Jcya `m§Zr ("~gdoída g_H$mcrZdê$') `m nwñVH$mV (n¥. 189) da
Zm|X{dVmV.
"~gd-nwamU' hm J«§W ^r_H$dr {c{hcm Ë`m_Ü`o {~ÁOc amOmMm _§Ìr
~cXodmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va amOmZo ~cXodm§À`m ZmVodmB©©H$m§er g„m_gcV H$ê$Z Vo nX
~gdoídamcm ~hmc Ho$co, Am{U Ë`m§Zo Vo nX amOmÀ`m AmJ«hmñVd pñdH$maco Agm C„oI
AmT>iVmo. H$mcm§VamZo EHo$ {Xder EH$ AZmoIr KQ>Zm KS>cr. Xa~mam_Ü`o EH$m AZmo»`m
{cnr_Ü`o {c{hcoco _OHy$amVrc EH$ Vm_«nQ> gmnS>co. Xa~mamVrc EH$mhr {dÛmZmcm
Ë`mVrc _OHy$a dmMVm Amco Zmhr. _mÌ ~gdoídam§Zr Ë`m {cnrVrc _OHy$a dmMyZ
XmI{dco. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. a. am. Jmogmdr `mMo _V {Zamio Agë`mMo nmhm`cm {_iVo.
Ë`m§Zr Vo "nmM ^{º$g§àXm`' `m Amnë`m Aä`mgnyU© J«§WmVrc n[a{eîQ>-1 (n¥. 378) da
Zm|X{dco Amho. gZ 1143 _Ü`o Ë`mÀ`m ~{hUrMm _wcJm MÞ~gdm§Mm OÝ_ hmoD$Z AmUIr
EH$ {Xì` Á`moV ~gdoídam§~amo~a à^md JmOdy cmJcr. `m§Mo _V `mo½` dmQ>Vo Am{U Vo
B{Vhmgmcm Yê$Z Amho.
"~gdoída g_H$mcrZdê$' `m lrAÞXmZæ` nwam{UH$, gr. E. P_I§S>r _R>
`m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$coë`m J«§WmV _mÌ T>moa H$¸$æ`mÀ`m _hmàgmXmZo J§Jmq~Ho$À`m nmoQ>r
"MÞ~gdoídamMm OÝ_ Pmcm, Ago åhQ>co Amho. `mcm B{VhmgmVrc H$moUVohr à_mU
gmnS>V Zmhr.' Ago AZoH$ H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmMo Aä`mgH$ _mZVmV.
A¸$ZmJå_m hr ~gdoídamMr _moR>r ~hrU {VZo EHy$U Mm¡Xm dMZo {c{hcocr
AmhoV. Ë`m dMZm§À`m eodQ>r A§{H$V Zm_ åhUyZ ~gdÊU{à` MÞg§Jæ`m Ago {XgyZ `oVo.
`mVrc MÞg§Jæ`m (~mcg§Jæ`m) hm ~gdoída Am{U Zrcm§{~Ho$À`m nmoQ>r OÝ_mcm Amco.
na§Vw AënH$mi Or{dV amhÿZ H$mhr dfm©VM {ed¡Š` Pmco. A¸$ZmJå_mMr Iar AmoiI
drae¡d n§WmV {ZamirM Amho Am{U Vo åhUOo "JUmMma' `m gm_m{OH$ AmMmamMr g§ñWmnH$
åhUyZ C„oI AmT>iVmo. "JUmMma' åhUOo doiàg§Jr Y_©a§jUmW© {edeaUm§Zr hmVm_Ü`o
"eó' KoUo. `m ÑîQ>rZo {dMma Ho$cm AgVm, Vr ^maVmVrc n{hcr geó H«$m§Vr-XcmMr
goZmnVr R>aVo. {VÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImcr ~mamì`m eVH$mV "H$ë`mU-H«$m§VrÀ`m'doir Odinmg
500-600 _{hcm§Zr hmVmV eó KoD$Z àË`jmV `wÕm_Ü`o cT>co. `m H$mimVrc
{edeaUm§Zr Ho$di H$mì`coIZ, Ym{_©H$ MMm©, EdT>oM Ë`m§Mo H$m`© _`m©{XV ZìhVo, Va
doiàg§Jr Ë`m§Zr hmVmV "Vcdma' KoD$Z aUmJUm§V cT>ë`mMo B{Vhmgmdê$Z nmhm`cm
{_iVmo.

212
 ~gdoídam§Zr g_mOmcm S>moig ^{º$_mJ© XmI{dcm Am{U ewÕ AmMaUmMm
ñdrH$ma H$am`cm {eH${dco. Vo ñdV: AmMma-{dMma Am{U Amhma-{dhmamÀ`m ~m~VrV
ñdV:Mo H$mhr {Z`_ R>a{dco hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm Hw$R>ë`mhr àH$maMr qhgm _mÝ` ZìhVr. {deofV:
Ë`m§Zr kmZoídam§À`mhr nyduM emH$mhmamMm nwañH$ma d àMma Ho$cm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio H$Xm{MV
Ë`m§À`m `m {dMmam§Mm à^md Voamì`m eVH$mVrc _amR>r g§Vm§da nS>cm Agmdm. `m{edm`
~gdoída ho _Ü``wJrZ H$mim_Yrc "X{cV CÕmaH$' åhUyZhr AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m§Zr
ZmWg§àXm`mà_mUo eyX«m§{VeyÐm§Zm Amnë`m n§WmMr Xrjm {Xcr. Ë`m§À`m `m H¥$VrMm à^md
Z§VaÀ`m AZoH$ g§àXm`m§da nS>ë`mMo AmT>iVo. VgoM EH$mo{Ugmì`m eVH$mVrc AZoH$
{dMmad§V, g_mOgwYmaH$, g_mOgodH$ Am{U Aä`mgH$m§dahr Ë`m§Mm à^md {XgVmo. CXm.
1. _hmË_m Jm§YtÀ`m "h[aOZ CÕmamMm' {dMma ~gdoídam§À`m AmMma-{dMmam§VyZ
Amcm Agmdm.
2. _mŠg©À`m {dMmam§dagwÕm ~gdoídam§Mm à^md OmUdVmo.
3. ~m~m Am_Q>oMo g_mOgodoMo d«V ho XoIrc ~gdoídam§À`m {dMmam§er gwg§JV hmoVo.
WmoS>Š`mV H$m` Va nwamoJm_r MidirMo "AmÚ àdV©H$' åhUyZ ~gdoídam§Mo
Zmd gm§JVm `oVo. Ë`m§Mo H$m`© nwT>rc H$mimVrc cmoH$m§Zm àoaUmXm`H$ hmoVo. Oar dMZgm{hË`
ho drae¡dm§À`m _werVyZ {ZKmco Agco, Varhr Vo g§àXm`mÀ`m H$jm (narK) Amocm§Sy>Z
Joë`mMo {XgVo. `mVrc Z¡{VH$ CnXoe Ho$di gm§àXm{`H$m§gmR>r _`m©{XV ZìhVo, Va Vo A{Ic
_mZdOmVrgmR>r AmhoV. `m {dMmam§Mm nm`mM _wir "g_ÎdÑîQ>r' Agë`mMo AmT>iVo.
~gdoídam§À`m gm{hË`mda Am{U g_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$/amOH$s` Am{U
Ym{_©H$ n`m©daUm§da AZoH$ {dÛmZm§Zr Ogo g§emoYZ Ho$co AmhoV. VgoM H$mhtZr Va H$mX§~ar
Am{U ZmQ>çcoIZhr Ho$co AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V emoY KoVco AgVm. S>m°. {dO`Hw$_ma
_hmZ^mdrJiy Zmdm§À`m g§emoYH$ Aä`mgH$mZo amîQ´>H$dr Or. E_. gw~«÷Ê`_²> `m§À`m
24
_mJ©Xe©ZmImcr nrEM.S>r. nXdr {_i{dcr. Va Xwgao Aä`mgH$ S>m°. EM. {Vßnoê$Ðoñdm_r
`m§Zr ~gdoídam§À`m OrdZmda AmYm[aV "H$mX§~ar' {c{hcr. hr H$mX§~ar "H$Vm©aU H§$å_Q>m'
Am{U "~gd ~oiIy' `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ AgyZ `mV ~gdoídam§À`m _mZdH$ë`mUH$mar
VÎdm§Mm, {dMmam§Mm Am{U Ë`m§Zr nm{hcoco Zdg_mO{Z{_©VrMo ñdßZmMm D$hmnmoh Ho$cm Amho.
`m{edm` Ë`m§Zr ñdmV§Í`, g_Vm, ~§YwVm Am{U gd©Y_©g_^md `m _mZdr _yë`mMr _m§S>Ur
Ho$cr Amho. Ë`m§Mr H¥${VCº$s åhUOoM ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$
H«$m§Vr hmo`.

213
 cmoH$emhrMm nm`m hm "_mZd_wº$sMm Am{U _mZdH$ë`mUmMm' hmoVm.
H$Xm{MV hmM \$aH$ Voìhm§À`m cmoH$emhr VÎdmV Am{U AmOÀ`m cmoH$emhr à{H«$`oVrc
åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c. AmOMr cmoH$emhr hr ^m§S>dcXma dJm©gmR>rM Agë`mMo {MÌ {XgVo.
BWcm eoVH$ar, H$îQ>H$ar, Am{Xdmgr hm {nT>çm§Z{nT>çm Amnë`m Ý`m` h¸$mnmgyZ AmOhr
d§{MV Amho. Vgy^ahr Ë`m§Mo OrdZ_mZ C§Mmdco Zmhr, Ago IoXmZo Z_yX H$amdo cmJVo. na§Vw
S>m°. {Jare H$Zm©S> `m§Zr "VcoXÊS>' ho ZmQ>H$ _§S>c Am`moJmÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda {c{hë`mMo
AZoH$ Aä`mgH$mMo _V Amho. Ë`m§Zr ~gdH$mcrZ gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U amOH$s`
OrdZmMm Zdm AÝd`mW© cmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ `m ZmQ>H$mÛmao Ho$cm. Ë`m_Ü`o Ë`m§Zm `ehr Amco,
Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§Zr "VwKcH$' `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ qhXy-
_wpñc_ `m§À`mVrc OmVr` VoT AYmoao{IV Ho$co Amho.
~gdoídam§Zr g_H$mcrZ g_mOmVrc H$_©H$m§S>, A§YlÕm, AZoH$ XodVm§Mo
dmT>coco _mhmËå` nmhÿZ Vo EHo$ {R>H$mUr åhUVmV, ~hþOZm§Mo Xod H$gco, Oo aº$mMm _m§gmMr
_mJUr H$aVmV Am{U EImÚm àmÊ`m§Mm ~ir _mJVmV. `m§Mm Xod ~ir {Xë`mZo àgÞ hmoVmo,
hr YmaUm Ë`m§H$mimVrc g_mO OrdZmV ÑT> hmoVr. ho gd© nmhÿZ ~gdoída§mZr A§YlÕoda
Zo_Ho$ ~moQ> R>odVmZm åhUVmV :
""XJS>r ZmJmMr nyOm ^{º$^mdmZo Ho$cr OmVo,
nU Iam (Ord§V) ZmJ {XgVmM Ë`mcm R>ma _maco OmVo.''
g_H$mcrZ Aer g_mOmVrc {damoYm^mg Ë`m§Zr cmoH$m§g_moa {Z{^©S>nUo
_m§S>co. ~gdoída {dídmË_H$ Xodm~Ôc gm§JVmZm EHo$ {R>H$mUr åhUVmV :
""XJS>_mVrMo Xod Zmhr gË`Ÿ&
YmVy, PmS>, A{ZË`, Xod Vo H$m`?''
Ia§ åhUOo XodXe©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r BVaÌ Hw$R>o OmÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. Xod hm
Vw_À`m H$m_mV Amho, Vw_À`m gX²>dV©ZmV Amho, H$îQ>m§V Amho, Mm§JwcnUmV Amho,
gX²>^mdZoV Amho, Ë`mgmR>r A§V_w©I hmoD$Z WmoS>m {dMma Ho$cm nm{hOo. Ë`m§Zr MamMamV XodmMo
ApñVÎd _mZco. Ogo Zm_Xodm§Mo Jwê$ "{dgmo~m IoMa' Zm_Xodm§Mr narjm KoVmZm åhUVmV.
"{OWo Xod Zmhr, {VWo _mPo nm` R>od?' Voìhm Zm_Xod {OWo-{OWo åhUyZ Jwê$Mo nm` R>odVmV.
{VWo-{VWo ñd`§^y EH$ qnS> {Z_m©U hmoVo. AemarVrZo ~gdoídam§Zr Amnë`m ^º$m§Zm MamMamV
XodmMo ApñVÎd nhm`cm gm§JVmV. Vo åhUVmV, "X`m hmM Y_© Amho.' Vwåhr àmUr_mÌm§da
X`m Ho$cr nm{hOo, MwH$coë`m§Zm j_m Ho$co nm{hOo. Agm hm _yi ^maVr` VÎdkmZmVrc

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{dMmam§Zm ~gdoídam§Zr _hÎd {Xco. Ë`m§Zr H$ë`mUZJamV OUy H$mhr ^yH¡$cmg AdVrU© Ho$co
hmoVo. VgoMr g_mOm_Ü`o {díd~§YwËdmMo gwJ§Y ngadyZ OUy H$mhr drae¡dY_© ho àH$me_mZ
Ho$co Amho, Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr.
S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m§Zr 2008 amoOr nwUo {dÚmnrR> _amR>r {d^mJ d lrg_W©
am_Xmg AÜ`mgZ nwUo `m§À`m g§`wº$ {dÚ_mZo Am`mo{OV MMm©gÌmV "g_WmªMm ór{df`H$
ÑpîQ>H$moZ' `m {df`mda emoY{Z~§Y gmXa Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m emoY{Z~§YmÀ`m (n¥. 6 d
7) darc _wÔm H«$. 2.2 : "drae¡ drae¡d g§àXm` Am{U am_Xmg : `m§À`mV H$mhr A§V:gyÌo
OmUdmV Ago åhQ>co Amho.>' VgoM Ë`m§Zr drae¡d _R> Am{U am_Xmgr _R> `m§À`mV
ì`dñWmnZmVhr H$mhr g_mZ dmQ>mdoV Aem aMZm Agë`mMo åhQ>co AmhoV. Ë`m nwT>o
åhUVmV H$s, am_Xmg drae¡d lÕmñWmZm§er Ho$di n{a{MV ZìhVo; Va Ë`m§Mm Ë`m§À`mer ÑT
AZw~§Y Agmdm, Aer na§naoMr gmj {_iVo, Agohr Ë`m§Zr åhQ>co Amho. na§Vw àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo _wimVM drae¡d Y_©gwYmaH$ "lr~gdoída Am{U g_W© am_Xmg' `m§Mr
VwcZm hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr, qH$dm Ago Ho$ë`mg Vmo ~mXam`U g§~§Y R>aoc. H$maU ~gdoída ho
dU©ì`dñWm ZmH$maUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Om{VdU© loîR>Vocm ZH$ma {Xcocm Amho. Va g_W©
am_Xmg ho Hw$R>oM dU©ì`dñWm ZmH$maVmZm {XgV ZmhrV. {edm` Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m g§àXm`mV
~«m÷Um{edm` H$moUË`mhr nwéfmcm àdoe {Xë`mMo {XgV Zmhr. {VWo "~«m÷U' AWdm
(~«m÷Ê`) hmM {ZH$f nmicm OmV hmoVm, Am{U am_Xmgñdm_r ho Om{VdU© loîR>Vm nmiUmao
hmoVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo ~godídam§Zr g§Ý`mgd¥Îmrcm H$S>mSy>Z {damoY Ho$cm hmoVm. Va g_W©
am_Xmg ho g§Ý`mgd¥ÎmrMo H$Å>a nwañH$V} hmoVo. ~gdoída ^º$scm loîR> _mZVmV Ë`mgmR>r hmo_-
hdZ-`k-`mJ-~cr B. gd© JmoîQ>tZm àM§S> {damoY Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. g_W© g§àXm`mV _mÌ
`k-`mJ-ewÕ-_§Ìmoƒma `m§Zm _hÎd Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `m{edm` AmnU EHy$UM
~gdoídamMr Y_©{df`H$, gm_m{OH$ ^y{_H$m, VÎdkmZ, AmMma-{dMma Aä`mgco AgVm,
Ë`m§Zr H$_m©Zwgma dU© Agmdm øm _VmMm nwañH$ma Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. VgoM Ë`m§Zr {^jm d¥Îmrcm
{damoY H$ê$Z "H$m`H$do H¡$cmg' ho VÎd A§{JH$maco Am{U "Xmgmoh' gma»`m ZdVÎdmcm OÝ_
XoD$Z, H$îQ>H$ar-AZmW-JmoaJ[a~-{ZY©Zm§À`m ^moOZmMr gmo` Ho$cr. `m{edm` ~mc-
{ddmhmcm {damoY H$ê$Z àm¡T> {ddmhmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr "{edqcJ' ì`{V[aº$ AÝ`
Hw$R>ë`mhr XodVoMr nyOm-AMm© _mÝ` Ho$cr Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m _Vo "{edeº$s' ho doJdoJio ZgyZ
XmoÝhr EH$M AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr "{edqcJm'Mr åhUOoM "nwéf Am{U àH¥$Vr'Mr nyOm-AMm©
ñdrH$macr. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm n{hco ór CÕmaH$ åhUyZ ~gdoídam§Mm C„oI Ho$cm nm{hOo

215
hmoVm. na§Vw S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo hm _mZ g_W© am_Xmgm§Zm XoVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m§Mr hr H¥$Vr
B{Vhmgmcm Yê$Z Zmhr, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mMo R>m_ _V Amho.
drae¡d _R> d am_Xmgr _R> `m§À`m ì`dñWmnZoV Hw$R>oM H$gë`mhr àH$maMr
g_mZVm {XgyZ `oV Zmhr.
1. ~gdoída ho qcJmonmgH$ hmoVo, Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ XodVm§Zm ZmH$maco AmhoV.
2. ~godídam§À`m _R>m_Ü`o Oar O§J_ _R>m{YnVr Agco, Varhr Ë`m§À`m VÎmdkmZmV
d¡{XH$ A{Yð>mZ ZìhVo.
3. _hÎdmMo åhUOo drae¡d g§àXm` ñdV:cm qhXy g_mOmhÿZ doJim _mZVmo.
4. ~gdoídam§Zr Om{VdU© {da{hV g_mOmMo ñdßZ nm{hco hmoVo, Am{U Vo àË`jmV
AmUÊ`mgmR>r àmUàUmZo cT>m {Xcm. Aem àH$maMo H$m`© g_W© am_XmgmÀ`m
g§àXm`mV AmT>iV Zmhr.
5. g_W© am_Xmgm§Zr am_mMr Am{U hZw_mZmMr CnmgZm Ho$br. BWo Ë`m§Zm XmoZ XodVm§Mr
CnmgZm _mÝ` hmoVr.
6. g_Wm©À`m _R>m_Ü`o _R>m{YnVr åhUyZ "~«m÷U' ì`º$s AgV. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV H$mhr
{ó`m§Zmhr "_R>m{YnVr' ~Z{dë`mMo CXm. gmnS>VmV. na§Vw øm gd© {ó`m Cƒ
Hw$R>mVrc hmoË`m.
7. _hÎdmMo åhUOo g_W© g§nÐm` ñdV:cm d¡{XH$ _mZVmV. n`m©`mZo Ë`m§Zr
dU©ì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cocm hmoVm, Agm {ZîH$f© Zm|X{dÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$ g§X^©
CncãY AmhoV.
8. am_XmgmMo H$m`© gm_m{OH$ AgÊ`mnojm Vo amOH$s` ì`º$s åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m H$mimV
cmoH${à` R>aco.
S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `mMo EHy$U {Z~§YmVrc gya hm AemM àH$maMm Amho.
dmñV{dH$ nmhVm `m XmoÝhr Wmoa g§Vm§À`m H$m`mªMm AmT>mdm doJù`m n[aàojm§VyZ KoVm Amcm
AgVm. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Vgo Z H$aVm EH$V\$s© g_WmªMo _moR>onU gm§JÊ`mMm ^m~S>m à`ËZ
Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo. A{cH$S>À`m ~hþOZ gw{e{jV Aä`mgH$m§Zr g§Vgm{hË`mMm S>moignUo
AmT>mdm KoD$Z, Zì`mZo VÏ`Xe©Z, Zdo AmH$cZ, Zdr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. ho H$arV
AgVmZm VQ>ñWd¥ÎmrZo, àm_m{UH$nUo, Amnco {ZarjU Zm|Xdy nmhVmV. hr ^y{_H$m àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo dmL²>_`rZ joÌm_Ü`o Ý`m` XoUmar R>aVo.

216
 25
S>m°. ^JdmZXmg {Vdmar `m§Zr "dMZ
dMZgm{hË`
dMZgm{hË` : EH$ qMVZ' hm coI
{c{hcm AgyZ Ë`mZo Amnë`m coImV dMZgm{hË`mMm _mJmodm KoVmZm H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m
_V_Vm§VamMm AmT>mdm KoVco AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V Ë`m§Zr àmo. S>r. Ec. ZaqghmMm`© `mMo _V
Zm|X{dcoco Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "dMZgm{hË` ho V{_i gm{hË`mVhr nhm`cm {_iVmo. Va
`mM g§X^m©V Xwgao Aä`mgH$ S>m°. Ec. ~gdamO `m§À`m _Vo, "dMZgm{hË` ho g§ñH¥$V
gm{hË`m§VyZ AmT>iyZ `oVmV, Ago åhQ>co Amho. na§Vw `m darc Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vmcm N>oX
XoUmao _V àmo. lr{Zdmg_y{V©, S>m°. Eg. Eg. ~gdZmS> Am{U S>m°. E_. {MXmZ§X `m§Zr
_m§S>coco AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "dMZgm{hË`mMm CJ_ H$ÞS> ì`{V[aº$ BVa H$moUË`mhr ^mfoV
Zmhr.' Va S>m°. Eg. {dÚme§H$a `m§À`m åhUÊ`mà_mUo H$ÞS> dMZgm{hË`mMm AmYma
OZ^mfm Amho. àñVwV Aä`mgH$mg àmo. lr{Zdmg_y{V©, S>m°. ~gdZmS>, S>m°. {MXmZ§X Am{U
S>m°. Eg. {dÚme§H$a `m§Mo åhUUo A{YH$ amñV dmQ>Vo. H$maU ~gdH$mcrZ gd© dMZH$ma
{d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmao hmoVo. `m{edm` Vo OmZnX OrdZ OJUmao hmoVo. Ë`m_wio
ñdm^m{dH$nUo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ OmZnX (~mocr) ^mfm åhUOoM H$ÞS> OZ^mfm AdVaUo
eŠ` Amho. na§Vw _hmË_m ~gdoída d {gÕam_oída `m§Mo H$mhr dMZgm{hË` g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV
{c{hcoco gmnS>VmV. `mdê$Z ~gdoída Am{U {gÕam_oída ho g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mMo JmT>o
Aä`mgH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmV.
dMZH$mì` ho AZw^y{VàYmZ, qMVZna, ^mdJrVm§À`m _mYw`m©Zo n[anyU© JÚ,
nÙñdénmMo Anyd© H$mì` AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o H$mì`JwU, H$mì`mc§H$ma Am{U C{º$ H$m¡eë`mZo Vo
ZQ>coco AmhoV. Ia§ Va øm dMZmà_mUo OJUo - to live according to the philosophy
and given in the vacanas EH$àH$mao Amnë`mcm Vo AmìhmZ R>aVoo, Ago åhQ>ë`mg
A{Ve`moº$s R>aUma Zmhr. Ago ho dMZmVrc VÎdo (VÎdkmZ) Oa _mZdr OrdZmV AdVaco,
Va cmoH$H$ë`mU Am{U cmoH$moÕma ìhm`cm \$ma doi cmJUma Zmhr. dMZgm{hË` OcmgmaIo
ewÕ, ^m¡{VH$ d AÜ`mpË_H$ OrdZmMm em§V, erVc àdmh Amho. _ZmVrc dmB©Q>
{dMmam§nmgyZ namd¥Îm H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© dMZmà_mUo A^§Jm§Vhr nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
AemàH$maMo g§Vgm{hË` ho _mUgmcm AmpË_H$ g§Vmof d {Xì`mZ§XmÀ`m AZw^yVrMo ñn§XZ
H$aUmam ómoV Amho.
g§Vgm{hË` Am{U drae¡d gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V `m§Zr
Amnë`m "_hmË_m ~gdoída' `m J«§WmV H$ÞS> g§Vm§Zr Am{U Y_©àdV©H$m§Zr Ho$coë`m H$m`m©Mr
àoaUm _amR>r g§Vgm{hË`mÀ`m _mJo Amho, Ago åhQ>co Amho. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. am. {M§. T>oao `m§Zr

217
Va `m XmoÝhr àXoemMr EH$g§KVm AmOhr {Q>Hy$Z Agë`mMo åhQ>co Amho. Ë`m~amo~a `m XmoZ
àXoem§Vrc àmMrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ gmYå`©hr ñnîQ> Amho. àmMrZ _amR>rda H$ÞS> ^mfoMm à^md
AZoH$ A§Jm§Zr XmI{dVm `oVmo... Am{U ~mamì`m eVH$mn`ªV åhUOoM _wgc_mZnyd© H$mimV
_hmamîQ´> ^mdmWm©Zo H$Zm©Q>H$mer OdirH$ R>odyZ hmoVm. ...Va lr a§JZmW í`m_mMm`© cmoH$mnya
`m§Zr n[al_nyd©H$ kmZoídar J«§WmVrc ~mameo H$ÞS> eãXm§Mo _m{_©H$ {ddoMZ Ho$coco AmhoV,
hm g§X^© AmnUmg S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V {c{IV "_hmË_m ~gdoída' (n¥. 39) da nmhm`cm
{_iVmo.
drae¡d g§àXm`mMo Y_©g§KQ>H$ åhUyZ Á`mMm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. Vo gmocmnyaMo
{gÕam_oída ho AgyZ Ë`m§Zr _moR>çm à_mUmV H$mZS>rVyZ dMZgm{hË` coIZ Ho$co AmhoV.
{gÕam_oídam§À`m OÝ_H$mcm{df`rMo {d{dY _V-_Vm§Îmao AmhoV. _hmH$dr amKdm§H$ a{MV
"lr{gÕam_oídanwamU' `m J§«WmÀ`m AmYmao {c{hë`m Jocoë`m _amR>r Am{U B§J«Or J«§WmV
{gÕam_oídam§Mm H$mc hm eHo$ 1010-1111 (B.g. 1088-1189) Agm {Xcocm Amho.
_amR>rV hmM J«§W "lr{gÕam_oída H$Wmgma' `m ZmdmZo à{gÕ AgyZ (B§JO « rV hm J«§W
lr. `moJramO|Ð {edmMm`© _hmamO, hmoQ>Jr ñdm_rOr `m§Zr - 1994) gmcr {c{hcm.
`m{edm` H$Zm©Q>H$m§Vrc à{gÕ Aä`mgH$ ""S>m°. E_. ~r. H$moQ´>eoÅ>r `m§Zr Amnë`m "{gÕam_
{ed`moJr' (àH$meH$-H$Zm©Q>H$ {díd{dÚmc`, YmadmS>, 1975) `m H$ÞS> J«§WmV
{gÕam_oídamMm H$mi B.g. 1130 Vo 1180 Agm _mZmd`mg haH$V Zmhr, Ago _V ì`º$
26
Ho$co Amho.'' (n¥. 68) da nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
{gÕam_oídam§Mr EHy$U dMZo 1992 BVH$s CncãY Agë`mMo _V S>m°. E_.
E_. H$c~wJu `m§Zr Amnë`m "~gddMZ g§nwQ>' `m g§J«{hV J«§WmV Ho$co Amho. ({ÛVr` Amd¥.
2001). {gÕmam_oída ho ~gdoída g_H$mcrZ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m_wio àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mg S>m°. E_. ~r. H$moÐeoÅ>r `mMo _V A{YH$ _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. {gÕam_oídam§À`m
dMZm§VyZ BVa dMZH$mam§à_mUo gd© d¡{eîQ>ço nmhm`cm {_iVmV. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m dMZm§À`m
eodQ>r A§{H$V Zm_ åhUyZ "H${nc{gÕ _{„H$mOw©Z' VgoM H${nc{gÕ_„|Ð,
H${nc{gÕ_„oída, H${nc{gÕ_„æ`m, H${nc{gÕ qcJXodm AmXr. Ë`m§À`m
dMZgm{hË`mMm H|$Ðq~Xy _mZd hm Amho. Ë`m§Zr XoIrc nma§nm[aH$ gd© {dMma ZmH$maco hmoVo.
Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m EH$m dMZmV nmn-nwÊ`mÀ`m g§X^m©V åhUVmV, "gÁOZm§Mm ghdmg ho
gwImMo H$maU Amho Am{U XwO©Zm§Mm ghdmg ho Xw:ImMo H$maU Amho.' (dMZ
H«$. 83) {ejUmÀ`m g§X^m©V EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV, "{ejU ho gX²>JwUm§À`m àmárgmR>r

218
AgVo, Vo H$mZ \w§$H$Ê`mgmR>r AgVo H$m`?' Agm _m{_©H$ àíZ Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m (dMZ H«$.
97) CnpñWV Ho$cm Amho. VgoM "Añn¥í`Vm nmiUo ho H$go {ZaW©H$ Amho,' ho gm§JVmZm
{gÕam_oída åhUVmV :
""H$moUr {edco åhUyZ nmÊ`mV ~wS>ë`mZo Ë`mnmgyZ _wº$s {_iVo H$m`?
(dMZ H«$. 127)'' Ë`mMà_mUo kmZr nyéfmMo cjU gm§JVmZm åhUVmV :
""kmZr nwéfmMo ~mocUo AË`§V Z_« Agmdo,
^mfm em{cZ Agmdr, Va ÑîQ>r hr
g_Îdmda AmYm[aV Agcr nm{hOo.''
(dMZ H«$. 150)
Oo cmoH$ ñdV:À`m OmVrMm, Hw$imMm, dUm©Mm d¥Wm A{^_mZ ~miJVmV.
Ë`m§À`m Om{VloîR>ËdmÀ`m doS>mMmamÀ`m g§X^m©V {gÕmam_oída EH$ gw§Xa dMZ gm§JVmV :
""Hy$i Hy$i åhUyZ PJS>Umè`m ~§Yw§Zmo EoH$m
eaU S>mohma (T>moa) H$ŠH$`mMo Hy$i H$moUVo?
eaU _mXa (_m§J) MÞ`mMo Hy$i H$moUVo?
Hy$i H$moUVo Xwdm©gmMo? Hy$i H$moUVo ì`mgmMo?
H$moUVo Hy$i dmpë_H$sMo? H$moUVo Hy$i H$m¢{S>Ê`mMo...''
(dMZ H«$. 5)
Ago ho nwamUmVrc ÑîQ>m§V XoD$Z Hw$io, OmVr, dU© Am{U Ë`mZwgma OÝ_ d
ì`dgm` `mda loîR> H${ZîR>Vm H$er R>a{dVm `oB©c Agm _m{_©H$ àíZ BWë`m ì`dñWocmM
{dMmacocm Amho. AemarVrZo ~gdH$mcrZ dMZH$mam§Mr ÑîQ>r hr OÝ_mda AmYm[aV ZìhVr.
Va Vr H$_m©da AmMaUmda AmYm[aV Agë`mMo nmhm`cm {_iVo.
`m dMZH$mam§À`m~amo~a AZw^d_§Q>nmV Y_©{df`H$ MM}V _{hcm§Zmhr g_mZ
A{YH$ma hmoVm. Ë`m§Zrhr gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o _moR>o `moJXmZ {Xcoco AmT>iVo. `m_Ü`o
XmgrnmgyZ Vo amUrn`ªVÀ`m gd© ñVamVrc _{hcm gh^mJr Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmV.
~gdoídamMr nËZr ZrcZrcm§{~H$m d J§Jm{~H$m
m{~H$m,
{~H$m Am{U ~{hU ZmJm§{~H$m hr hmo`. _hm`moJr
A¸$_hmXodr, amOHw$_mar ~m|VmXodr B. gw{e{jV eaUH$d{`Ìr H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$arV hmoË`m. `m
gdmªMr dMZo S>m°. E_. E_. H$c~wJu g§nm. "dMZ g§nwQ>Jiy' `m ZmdmZo Mm¡Xm I§S> AmhoV.
Ë`m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo A¸$å_m (154 dMZo), A_wJoam`å_m (116 dMZo), Am`X¸$sc¸$å_m
(25 dMZo), H$miìdo (H$miìdm) (12 dMZo), _gZå_m (01 dMZ), H${XaH$m`H$do

219
H$miìdo (1 dMZ), aodå_m (01 dMZ), aoMìdo (01 dMZ), H$m_å_m (01 dMZ),
cj_å_m, gmo_å_m, am`å_m, JwS>ìdo, aoH$å_m, H$miìdo (X{cV), gyio g§¸$ìdo (doí`m), `m
gd© X{cV _{hcm§Zr \$º$ EH$M dMZ {c{hë`mMo "dMZg§ånwQ>Jiy' `m S>m°. E_. E_.
H$c~wJu (g§nm.) `m§Mo EH$ Vo n§Yam I§S> AgyZ Vo H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` gm§ñH¥${VH$ _§S>imZo
àH$m{eV Ho$coco AmhoV.
A¸$_hmXodrÀ`m ì`{º$ÎdmV H$mì` d VÎdkmZ `m§Mm H$cmË_H$ g§J_
AmT>iVmo. Vr EH$m dMZm_Ü`o na_oídamMo ApñVÎd H$go AZmH$cZr` Amho ho gm§JVmZm Vr
åhUVo :
""O{_ZrÀ`m AmV Agcoë`m {ZYrgmaIoŸ&
\$imV Agcoë`m ê$MrgmaIoŸ&
{ecoÀ`m AmS> Agcoë`m gwdUm©gmaIoŸ&
{VimV cncoë`m VocmgmaIoŸ&...
MÞ_{„H$mOw©Zm VwPo ApñVÎd H$iy eH$V Zmhr.''
VgoM H$ë`mU ZJarÀ`m nm{dÍ`m{df`r A¸$_hmXodr EH$m dMZmV åhUVo :
""...Ah§nUmMm Ah§H$ma ZîQ> Ho$ë`m{dZm H$ë`mU_Ü`o nm` R>ody Z`o.
27
MÞ_{„H$mOw©Zm qOHy$Z C^` cÁOm ZîQ> Ho$cr. H$ë`mUmcm nmhVmM Z_mo Z_mo H$aVo _r.''
Aer ^mdZm Vr ì`º$ H$aVo. Ë`mMà_mUo AmUIr EH$m {R>H$mUr MÞ_{„H$mOw©ZmÀ`m g§X^m©V
åhUVo, _r Xodê$nr àH$me nm§Kaë`m_wio, _cm dó-àmdaUm§Mr JaO Zmhr, Ago Vr ñnîQ>nUo
A„_à^yZm gm§JVo.
A¸$_hmXodrZo EoZ VméÊ`mV amOd¡^d gmoSy>Z, A§Jmdarc C§Mr
XmJXm{JÊ`mMm _moh gmoSy>Z, VgoM C§Mr dóàmdUm§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z {ddónUo amOdmS>çm§VyZ
~mhoa nS>Vo. cÁOmñWmZo Amnë`m Ho$enmem§Zr PmHy$Z KoVco hmoVo. {VMr narjm nmhÊ`mgmR>r
A„_mZo ~mo_æ` ZmdmÀ`m {H$Þamcm {VÀ`m _ZmMr pñWVr OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r nmR>{dVmV. Ia§
åhUOo A¸$m§Zr Amnë`m _Zmda, earamda {dO` {_i{dcm homVm. Vr Amncm nVr åhUyZ
{edmcm gd©ñd An©U Ho$co hmoVo. {Vcm `m cm¡{H$H$ g§gmamV H$gë`mM àH$maMm _moh ZìhVm.
åhUyZ Va amOd¡^dmcm R>moH$a _mê$Z {VZo O§JcmÀ`m {XeoZo à`mU Ho$bo. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. E_.
E_. H$c~wJu `m§À`m _Vo A¸$_hmXodtMo EHy$U 710 dMZo CncãY AmhoV.
_Ü``wJrZ H$mcI§S> hm g_yhOrdZmcm àmYmÝ` XoUmao `wJ åhUyZhr AmoiIco
OmVo. {VWo ì`{º$dmXmcm Adga ZìhVm, Am{U åhUyZ Va dMZgm{hË`mVyZ d

220
g§Vgm{hË`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoUmao ^{º$H$mì` ho g_yh_ZmMo àm{V{Z{YH$ ñdê$n AmhoV. Oar
`mVrc AmË_mZw^yVr Ë`m-Ë`m dMZH$mam§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ AWdm g§Vm§À`m A^§JmVyZ àH$Q>
Pmcocm Agcm Varhr Vmo g_yh_Zm§À`m ^md-^mdZm§Mo àm{V{Z{YH$ ê$n Agë`mMo OmUdVo.
`m ÑpîQ>H$moZmVyZ _Ü``wJrZ dmL²>_`mMm YmS>m|im KoVcm AgVm. H$mimVrc H$dtÀ`m
H$mì`m§VyZ AmË_{dîH$mam§À`m C_uZo ^{º$ H$mì`m§Mo OUy _hmnya Amog§Sy>Z dmhVmZm {XgVmo.
H$dtZr _mÌ Amnë`m AZw^yVrer, AmË_m{dîH$mamer B_mZ amIco hmoVo. åhUyZ Va Ë`m§À`m
H$mì`m§VyZ AñgcnUm Am{U Aìdc XOm©Mo JwUd¡{eîQ>ço AdVaco hmoVo, Ago àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
AH$amì`m Am{U ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc H$ÞS> gm{hË`mMo OoîR> Aä`mgH$ S>m°.
EM. Q>r. gmgZya `m§Zr Amnë`m à~§Ym_Ü`o A¸$_hmXodrÀ`m OrdZM[aÌmMm emoY KoVcm
Amho. Vo Amnë`m à~§YmV åhUVmV : “Akkamahadevi, one of the finest and noblest
personalities of the age and perhaps the greatest of Basaveshwara’s disciples,
was the very synthesis of all that was sublime in the three great leaders of the
Virashaiva movement whom she adored as divinities; she comcined in herself
the inimitable bhakti of Basavanna, the jnana of channacasava and the vairagya
of Allama… She is one of the great women mystics of the world….
Akkamahadevi was born at Udutadi near Balligave of historical importance in
shimoga district in Mysore state.’’ (nhm. n¥. 87)
A¸$_hmXodr hr chmZnUmnmgyZM {edmMr AmamYmZm H$arV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio
Vr gVV Ü`mZ, YmaUm, ^{º$ AmXrV a__mU Ago. {VÀ`m `m gmYZocm KamVrc dmVmdaU
AZwHy$c hmoVo, {edm` Vr A{Ve` cmdÊ`c{VH$m hmoVr. `m_wio {VÀ`m ^º$sMo Am{U
gm¢X`m©Mr H$rVu eoOmaÀ`m amOm H$m¡{eH$mn`ªV OmdyZ nmohMcr. amOmÀ`m _ZmV {VÀ`mer
{ddmh H$aÊ`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m Pmcr. Ë`mZo `mgmR>r {VÀ`m AmB©-d{S>cm§er ~mocUr Ho$cr.
na§Vw {VMr EH$ AQ> hmoVr, Vr åhUOo Á`m§À`m _ZmV ({R>H$mUr) MÞ_{„H$mOw©ZmMr ^{º$
Zmhr, Aem ì`{º$er _r _wirM c½Z H$aUma Zmhr. Ia§ Va H$m¡{eH$ amÁ`mg Vr nËZr åhUyZ
H$moUË`mhr n[apñWVrV hdrM hmoVr. Ë`m_wio H$m¡{eH$mZo gd©àH$maÀ`m _mJÊ`m d AQ>r _mÝ`
Ho$ë`m. Voìhm Hw$R>o A¸$_hmXodr c¾mcm V`ma Pmcr. na§Vw `m g§X^m©V Ago _V nmhm`cm
{_iVo H$s, amOm H$m¡{eH$ hm O¡Z hmoVm. Aem pñWVrV Vr EH$ {ed^º$ hmoVr, Voìhm {VZo
Ë`m O¡Z amOmMm nVr åhUyZ ñdrH$ma Ho$cm Zgmdm. Aem VèhoMm `w{º$dmX H$mhr
Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$co AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. EM. Q>r. gmgZya `m§Zr H$mhr dMZmMm AmYma XoV

221
åhUVmV H$s, "H$moUË`mhr àH$maMo d¡dm{hH$ g§~§Y Z R>odVm Vr amOm H$m¡{eH$Mr nËZr åhUyZ
am{hcr.' EH$Xm Vr g§Ü`mñZmZ H$ê$Z {ed^º$sV V„rZ AgVmZm amOm H$m¡{eH$mÀ`m _ZmV
{VÀ`m{df`rMr Amgº$s {Z_m©U Pmcr. Vmo {Vcm {Xcoë`m dMZmMm ^§J H$aVmo. Ë`mM jUr
Vr amOd¡^d gmoSy>Z d A§Jmdarc gd© H$nS>çm§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Amnë`m Ho$ggm§^mamZo eara
PmHy$Z Vr AZw^d _§Q>nmV åhUOoM A„_à^yÀ`m eaU_§Q>nmV gm{_c hmoVo. Aer hr H$Wm
AmOhr gm§{JVcr OmVo.
S>m°. EM. Q>r. gmgZya `m§Zr A¸$_hmXodrÀ`m OÝ_ñWmZm{df`r Á`m JmdmMm
C„oI Ho$cocm Amho. VemM àH$maMm C„oI AmnUmg "eyÝ` gånmXZ' ^mJ-2 `m
S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© AZwdm{XV nwñVH$mVhr nmhm`cm {_iVmo. Ë`m {c{hVmV : ^maV Ho$ g^r
H$moZm| go ì`{º$ AmEŸ& O¡go Cê$qcJXod _hmamîQ´> go, ZÞæ`m CS>rgm go, {edc|H$ _mMÊUm
H$mer go, _mo{cJo` _maæ`m AnZr amZr Ho$ gmW H$mí_ra goŸ& Cg _| {ó`m± ^r ^mJ coVr WtŸ&
{e_moJm {Oco Ho$ CS>V{S> ZJa H$s A¸$_hmXodr Am¡a H$mí_ra Ho$ amOKamZo H$s ~moÝVmXodr CZ_|
_w»` WtŸ&
XyaXaÀ`m àXoem§Vrc AZoH$ {ed^º$ AÜ`mpË_H$ {Okmgm_wio AZw^d
_§Q>nmV gh^mJr Pmco hmoVo, Am{U {VWo {d{dY {df`mda JhZ MMm© H$arV AgV. Ë`m_Ü`o
`moJr {gÕmam_oída ho XoIrc gm{_c hmoV {edm` Vo CÎm_ g§KQ>H$ åhUyZhr AmoiIco
OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZmË_H$ H$m_mMr XIc ñdV: ~gdoídam§Zr KoVë`mMo {XgVo. dmñV{dH$
nmhVm AZw^d _§Q>nm_Ü`o gd© Om{VdUm©Vrc cmoH$m§Zm g_mZVoZo dmJ{dco OmV hmoVo. na§Vw
Ooìhm VrM JmoîQ> àË`jnUo AmMaUmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r ~gdoída AmJ«h YaVmV. Voìhm _mÌ
g_mOm_Ü`o `m {damoYmV OZm§XmocZ C^o am{hco. Ë`m§cm àË`j-AàË`jnUo {~ÁOc
amOmÀ`m Xa~mamVrc AZoH$ _§Í`m§Mm d goZmnVrMm nmqR>~m hmoVm. Aem n[apñWVrV amOmcm
OZVoÀ`m ~mOyZo C^o amhmdo cmJco. hr `m MidirMr emoH$m§pÝVH$m Amho.
àm. X. am. ~|Ðo `m§À`m _VmZwgma A„_à^y d JmoaIZmW (JmoajZmW) ho
XmoKohr _Ëñ`|ÐZmWmMo {eî` Agë`m_wio Jwé~§Yy R>aVmV. `mcm Ë`m§Zr n§Yamì`m eVH$mVrc
H$mZS>r H$dr "Mm_ga' `mZo {c{hcoë`m "à^yqcJ{cco' `m H$mZS>r J«§WmMm AmYma {Xcoco
Amho. Va A„_mZo JmoajZmWmcm H$m`m{gÕrMo _hÎd gm§{JVco. Aem àH$maMm C„oI
AmnUmg Eg. nr. Z§Xr_R> `m§À`m "E h°ÊS>~wH$ Am°\$ drae¡{dP_, YmadmS> 1942, hm
g§X^©, nm§. ^r. XogmB©, ~gdoída A°ÊS> {hO Q>mB©åg, YmadmS>, 1986 (n¥. 250) dahr
nmhm`cm {_iVmo.' `m g§X^m©V S>m°. am. {M§. T>oao `m§Zr Amnë`m "MH«$nm{U' `m J«§WmV

222
`mXdH$mcrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{VhmgmMo Zdo AmH$cZ _m§S>VmZm åhUVmV H$s, JmoajZmW-
A„_à^y-MH«$Yañdm_r-A¸$_hmXodr B. M[aÌmg§X^m©V Á`m lrnd©VmMm C„oI dma§dma `oVmo.
Vmo lrnd©V _Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` gmYZoÀ`m B{VhmgmV Ho$dT>o AÝ`Ý` gmYmaU ñWmZ nmdcm
hmoVm. Vo nwT>o åhUVmV H$s, _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH$cZmgmR>r lrnd©VmÀ`m
_{h_mZmH$S>o EdT>m ñnîQ> g§Ho$V `oWo àW_M Ho$cm Jocm. Ë`m§Mo ho ZdVÏ` Xe©Z àñVwV
{df`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo AË`§V _hÎdmMo Amho. {edm` Vo `m XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§À`m A§V:gyÌmÀ`m
ÑîQ>rZo _hÎdmMm Xwdm R>aVmo.
drae¡dm§Zm lrnd©V H¡$cmgmhÿZ A{YH$ {à` hmoVm. {deofV: A¸$_hmXodrÀ`m
dMZmV ~è`mM doim H$Xcr~ZmMo C„oI {deof Jm§^r`m©Zo Ho$coco AmT>iVo. EH$m dMZmV
A¸$_hmXodr åhUVo :
""VZ H$XcrMo ~Z, _Z H$XcrMo ~Z,
{df` OmU H$XcrMo ~Z,
H$XcrMo ~Z ^damoJm»`,...
H$Xcr~Zr KoD$Z ^dhamMo Xe©Z,
^d qOHy$Z Amcr _mPr coH$ åhUyZ,
_O KÅ> H$dQ>m{ico MÞ_{„H$mOw©Z|,
V`mÀ`m öX`H$_cr Joco _r PmHy$Z!'' 28
~gdoídam§À`m _Vo "Xmgmoh' åhUOo XmZY_© hmo`. Iao åhUOo hr ^mdZm
_Zwî`mcm EH$_ooH$m§À`mOdi AmUUmar Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo XmZY_m©Mr ^mdZm g_mOmV OodT>r
A{YH$ dmT>oc VodT>r Vr cmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar d gwIr hmoB©b. Ago XmgmohmMo _hÎd ~gdoída
EH$m dMZmV gm§JVmV:
""_m{JVcr ^rH$ H$ŠŠ`m§À`m Xmar, MZæ`m§À`m Kar _m{JVcrŸ&
Xmgæ`m§À`m Kar {^jm _m{JVcr, {^jm§Xohr Jocr hmH$ EogrŸ&...
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(lr~gdoídam` Z_: n¥. 18)
Á`mà_mUo {^jm dmT>Umè`m ^º$mMr OmV _hÎdmMr ZgVo, Ë`mMà_mUo
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AZoH$XodVm dmXmMm Ë`m§Zr H$R>moa eãXmV {Y¸$ma Ho$cm Amho. EH$XodmonmgZm hr gd©M
{edeaUm§Zr ÑT> {ZîR>oZo H$amdr åhUyZ Vo EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV :

223
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`mMm ^mdmW© Agm :
Á`mà_mUo n{Vd«Vog Zdam EH$Q>mM AgVmo, Ë`mMà_mUo lÕmdmZ ^º$m§g Xod
EH$Q>mM Agco nm{hOo, AÝ` Xodm§Mm g§J ZH$mo. naŠ`m XodmMm g§J åhUOo n{Vd«VoZo
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F$fr, _wZr, ~«÷Mmar n§Wm§À`m {damoYr hmoVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Zr Zoh_rM _Zmo{dO`, _Zmo{ZJ«h `mda
^a {Xcocm hmoVm. gmao _mZdr OrdZmVrc Mm§Më`, e¡{Wë`, Amcñ` ho _Zm_wio `oVo. Ë`m§da
à`ËZnyd©H$ {Z`§ÌU R>odmdo cmJVo. ~hþVoH$ àmUr `m ~m~VrV Xw~io R>aVmV. `m àmÊ`m§nojm
_mUgmMo doJionU Agm`cm hdo. ho Ë`m§Zr EH$m dMZmV gm§JVmZm åhUVmV :
""~o„d qVX H$moS>JZ§Vo, {ghr` ZoZo`w{Xa _Zdo,
H$ãd qVX Zar`§Vo, {hX¸o$igXram _Zdo,...
Hy$S>cg§J_eaU H§$Sw, qcJd|Xo Z§~w _ZdoŸ&&''29
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
"_mUgmÀ`m _ZmMr AdñWm _moR>r M_ËH$m[aH$ AgVo. Ë`mcm EImÚm
JmoîQ>rMr AmoT> cmJcr H$s, Vo cJoM AmoT>mi hmoD$Z OmVo. _mH$S> Ogo JwimMr Md
KoVë`mZ§Va gmaIo JwimÀ`m _mJoM cmJVo. VerM hr _mZdr _ZmMr Vèhm Amho. H$moëømcm
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gmaIm D$gmÀ`m _mJo AgVmo.
ho Hy$S>cg§J_ Xodm, `m _Zmcm Amda KmcÊ`mMr eº$s Ho$di Vw_À`m
H¥$nmàgmXmV Amho... Ë`mgmR>r Vo g§V-g§VOZm§À`m MaUm§er {d{ZV Agy Xo Am{U _cm `mMr
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EH${ZîR> AZw`m`r {_imco. Ë`m_wioM Vo gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ H«$m§VrMo ~rOo {VWë`m
_mVrV noê$ eH$co.

224
 g_H$mcrZ g_mO OrdZmVrc {df_Vm-Ag_mZVm Ë`m§À`m ~mcgwc^
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åhUVmV :
""Xod cmoH$ _Ë`©cmoH$d|~wXw ~oar„ H$m{U ^mo!
gË`d Zw{S>dwXo XodcmoH$,
{_ÏWd Zw{S>dwXo _Ë`©cmoH$!
AmMmado ñdJ©, AZmMmado ZaH$,
Hy$S>cg§J_ Xodm! Zrdo à_mUwŸ&&''
(~gd-dMZo)
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åhUVmV ho Hy$S>cg§J_ Xodm, VyM à_mU Amhog.
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àoaUm XoUmao Amho.
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{R>H$mUr åhUVmo :
""cm¡{H$H$ gwImcm hd§ AgUmao, hÎmr {Xco Var _cm ZH$moŸ&
H$moUVohr amOH$s` d¡^d, gwI, g§nÎmr Oar {Xco Var Vo _cm ZH$moŸ&''

225
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nmhm`cm {_iVo.
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226
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Va AZw^dmÀ`m Am{U AZw^mdm§À`m nmíd©^y_rda _m§S>Ê`mMr eº$s Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr Amho.''
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g§X^m©V H$miìdo EH$m dMZmV åhUVo :
""H¥$Îm H$m`H$ {d„dmXdê$ ^º$ A„m
gË` ewÕ {d„dmXdê$ H$m`H$ A„m
Ameo `§~wXw ^dX ~rOm...''
darc dMZmVrc ^mdmW© Agm :
Omo H¥$Vr H$[aV Zmhr Vmo ^º$ Zìho
Oo gË` Am{U ewÕ (dV©ZmMo) ZmhrV. Vo H$m`H$ Zìho,
Amem åhUOoM _mohmMo ~rO...
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H$mì`m§VyZ A{^ì`º$ hmoVmZm AmT>iVmo.
_mXa Ywiæ`m hm (Mm§^ma) H$mVS>§ H$_mdÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$arV Ago. Vmohr
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227
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dV©Z H$amdo, ho _mÂ`m hmVmV ZgyZ. Vo Ë`m§À`mM hmVmV Amho. Ia§ åhUOo `m_Ü`o Xmof VwPo
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~gdoídamZo {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m AZw^d _§Q>nmV Amë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Mr _cm à{MVr Amcr. Ago Vmo
àm§OinUo H$~ychr H$aVmo.
`m{edm` g§V ZJo_mar V§Xo ZmdmMm {edeaU EH$m {dÛmZ ~«m÷Umcm Aqhgm
VÎdmMm CnXoe H$aVmZm AmT>iVmoo. H$maU Vmo ~«m÷U EH$m _wŠ`m ~¡cmcm Mm~H$m§Zr \$moSy>Z
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Amho. Ë`mcm Vm|S> Zmhr åhUyZ Va, Vmo Amnë`m doXZm _mUgmà_mUo ì`º$ H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.
hr Om{Ud Ë`m n§{S>Vmcm H$ê$Z XoVmo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm MamMamV ^Jd§VmMo ê$n nmhUmam
AWdm _mZUmam hm drae¡d g§àXm` Amho. åhUyZ Va ZJ_mar V§Xo `m {edeaUm§À`m CnXoemV
drae¡d VÎdkmZmVrc {dMma nmhm`cm {_iVmo. `m{edm` Vmo AZoH$m§Mr Z¸$c H$ar. na§Vw

228
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Iar H$cm Am{U g_^mdd¥Îmr {XgVo.
~gdoída OrdZì`dhmamV AË`§V H$V©ì`Xj hmoVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr {d{dY
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Zmhr. ho Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H¥${VCº$s¨VyZ g_mOmcm XmI{dco. Ë`m_wioM hm {ed^º$ g_mOmcm
àíZ {dMmaVmo, H$s X`o{dZm Xwgam Y_© Vmo H$moUVm? Hw$Ur _cm gm§Joc H$m`? daH$aUr Ë`mMm
hm àíZ Oar AË`§V gmonm dmQ>V Agcm, Var Vmo _yi ^maVr` {dMmam§VyZ Amcocm Amho.
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g_H$mcrZ Á`oîR> Am{U Zm_d§V dMZH$ma åhUyZ Am`X¸$s _maæ`mMm C„oI
Ho$cm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_ eHo$ 1160 AgyZ Vo am`MyaZOrH$À`m A_aoída `m JmdmVrc
AmhoV. chmZnUmnmgyZM Vo ~gdoídam§Mr dMZo Am{U Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©{df`rMo _mhmËå`
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Amncr nËZr (cH$å_m) gmo~V H$ë`mU JmR>co. ~mOmamV XiU-H$m§S>U hmoVmZm Oo YmÝ`
añË`mda nS>coco AgVo AWdm gm§S>coco AgVo. Vo doMyZ-{ZdSy>Z Ë`mMm gXwn`moJ H$aUo ho
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229
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{c§JnyOZmMo {dñ_aU Pmco AWdm EImÚm doiog g_moê$Z O§J_ Oar Amcm, Var Ë`m§À`m
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g_mOmMr Vo ñdßZo nm{hë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. VgoM Ë`mMr nËZr cH$å_m EH$m dMZmV åhUVo :
""Bgw A¸$s Amgo {Z_Jo `m¸o$ _maæ`m
{ZË` H$mæ`¸o$ V§{nXaoZmZo d§ßny{X„m...''
`mMm ^mdmW© Agm :
EdT>çm Vm§XimMr Amem Vwåhmcm H$m _maæ`m amoO H$am`Mo H$m`© Oa Vwåhr
MwH${dcmV Va Vo _r _mZUma Zmhr. AemarVrZo OmñVrMo YmÝ` Jmoim H$aUmè`m Amnë`m
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{dMmaVo, Am{U OmñVrMo AmUcoco Vm§Xyi Vr KamV KoÊ`mg ZmH$maVo. H$maU Vo AmUÊ`m_mJo
Z¸$sM Amnë`m nVrcm _moh Pmcm nm{hOo (Agmdm). Ë`m_wio {ZË`mMo Vw_Mo H$m`© MwH$co
Am{U nwT>o Vr dmB©Q> gd` cmJy Z`o åhUyZ AmUIr EH$m dMZmV Am`X¸$s c¸$dm åhUVo :
""_Z ewÕ ZgUmè`mg YZmMr J[a~r nU
{MÎm ewÕ R>odyZ H$m`H$ H$aUmè`m gX^º$mcm
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¿`m`Mo, ho AmnU R>adm`cm hdo. Agm cmI_mocmMm CnXoe Amnë`m nVrcm H$aVo. Aem
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AË`§V öÚ AmhoV. AmUIr EH$m dMZmV Vr _Vo :
^º$s hr Jdm©Zo H$aÊ`mMr JmoîQ> Zmhr. Vgo Ho$co Va gmar hmZr hmoVo.
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230
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Kmcdm`M§ AgV§. ZH$mo Vo Joë`mZ§Va {MÎm, AmË_m, eara ewÕ hmoVo. {VWoM Xod dmg H$aVmo.
Aer YmaUm nwamUH$mimnmgyZ MmcV Amcocr nmhm`cm {_iVo.
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Aer Amho :
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231
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_mXa MÞ`mMm OÝ_ eHo$ 1140 AgyZ Vmo OmVrZo (_m§J/_mV§J)
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Va AmUIr EHo${R>H$mUr Vo åhUyZ OmVmV : "_mPr dmUr _mPr Zmhr. Vr MÞ`m§MrM Amho.
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232
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{_iVmo.
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kmVr {hZ Agë`mMo gm§JyZ Ë`mcm _§{Xaàdoe ZmH$maco hmoVo. Vmo A{Ve` eya cT>dæ`m hmoVm.
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H$ë`mU_Yrc {edmZw^md _§Q>nmMr _m{hVr g_Ocr. ""Vmo Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr {VWo Amncm
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ào_ H$arV. ñdV: ~gdoídam§Zr EH$m dMZmV åhQ>co :
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233
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à^md JmOdy cmJcr.
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H$nQ>, X§^ `m§Mm dmg Oar Amcm Var, hm Ë`mda VwQy>Z nS>o. VgoM Vmo AË`§V {dZ_« hmoVm.

234
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dMZmV åhUVmo :
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OJmV ZmdmS>r IoiVmo.
Wm§~coë`m ZmdoV MT>ë`mda
Ë`mbm OÝ_mMo ahñ` H$ico.
Vmo Zmd MmcdrV hmoVm
dmQ> MwH$coco gJio ZmdoV MT>co...
Eogo åhUo ZmdmS>çm§Mm Mm¡S>æ`m''
(eaUm§Mo EH$eo EH$ dMZo n¥. 55)
""~gdoídam§À`m KamV gmao {edeaU ({edJU) nyOm-AMm© H$arV
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VÎdmMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho., Iao åhUOo ~gdàUrV VÎdkmZM Ë`m§À`m H¥${VCº$s¨VyZ nmhm`cm
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`mÀ`m _Vo Mm¡S>æ`mMo EHy$U XmoZeo dMZo AmhoV.
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Mm¡S>æ`mÀ`m nwT>rc dMZmdê$Z ghO cjmV `oVo Vo åhUVmV :
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Oar OodU {_imco, Var H$nS>çmMr qMVm,
Oar H$nS>o {_imco, Var Vo R>odÊ`mMr qMVm,
Oar R>odm`cm gmnS>co, Var nËZrMr qMVm,
235
 nËZr Oar Agcr, Var _wcmMr qMVm,
_yc Pmco Var, Ë`m§Zm gm§^miÊ`mMr qMVm,
gm§^mico Var, Hw$UrVar Ë`m§Zm H$m`Var H$aVrc,
Ë`m§Zm H$m`Var Ho$co, Va Ë`mÀ`m _aÊ`mMr qMVm...''
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OrdZ OJVmZm AmT>iVmo.
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31
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^adVmV Am{U Ë`m§À`m dMZH$mì`mMo (OmZnX JrVm§Mo) _moR>çm ^{º$^mdmZo Jm`Z H$aVmV.

236
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dMZH$ma åhUyZ Zmdcm¡{H$H$ hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m gm{hË`mMr XIc åh¡gya {díd{dÚmc`mZo 1970
_Ü`o KoVcr. àñVwV C„oI "~gdoída g_H$mcrZê$' `m J«§WmVrc (n¥. 195) `oWo nmhm`cm
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AZÝ`^mdmZo {edmcm eaU Jocoë`m {ed^º$mcm _r A{^dmXZ H$aVmo. Aer hr drae¡dm§Mr
gm§àXm{`H$ n[a^mfm Amho.
haiæ`mÀ`m ñd^mdmcm AZwê$n nËZr åhUyZ H$ë`mUrAå_m cm^cr hmoVr.
~gdà{UV VÎdmMm à^md `m nVr-nËZrda Iyn nS>cocm hmoVm. Á`mà_mUo {edmZo Amnë`m
nËZrcm (nmd©Vr) Amnë`mV gm_mdyZ KoVco hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo àË`oH$ {edeaUm§Zr Amnë`m
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32
n{dÌ _mZyZ {eamda Yma H$aVmo.''
Aem `m Wmoa {ed^º$m§Mm A§V _mÌ _Zmcm MQ>H$m cmdUmam hmoVm.
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{edeaU `m VÎdmZwgma Om{V^oX Z _mZVm "à{Vcmo_' {ddmh KS>{dcm. Ë`m_wio
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237
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haiæ`m Am{U _Ywdag `m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm hÎmrÀ`m nm`r XoÊ`mV Amco. Va H$mhr
Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, OZàjmo^mZo Cgicoë`m X§JcrV `m XmoKm§Mm IyZ Pmcm. na§Vw àñVwV
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H$ë`mU ZJarV {\$a{dco AgmdoV Am{U Z§Va Ë`m§Zm hÎmrÀ`m nm`r {Xco Agmdo. Ago
H$aÊ`mMo H$maU CKS>M hmoVo H$s, nwÝhm Aem àH$maMr H¥${V BVa H$moUrhr H$ê$ Z`o. Ho$ë`mg
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J{^©V Bemam `m_mJo hmoVm.
~mamì`m eVH$mV doJdoJù`m OmVrMr, O_mVrMr Am{U ì`dgm` H$aUmar
{ed^º$ ho gm{hË` {Z{_©Vr H$arV hmooVo. aoMå_m Am{U H$Þßnm ho ì`dgm`mZo _mgo_mar H$arV
hmoVo. _mÌ H$ÞßnmMr {ed^º$s hr {ZVm§V d¡`{º$H$ hmoVr. Vr BVam§Zm H$iy Z`o Aer Vo
I~aXmar KoV. ~gd VÎdkmZmÀ`m àMmaH$m§Zm EH$Ì AmUmdo, ghO^moOZ KS>dmdo Aer
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Iè`m {ed^º$mMr à{MVr `oVo. `mVyZ EH$ {eH$dU {_iVo H$s ~mø JmoîQ>rnojm Ë`mMo A§Va§J

238
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_V V`ma H$ê$ Z`o.
JOoe _gUæ`m hm ~gdH$mcrZ dMZH$ma A¸$cH$moQ> VmcwŠ`mVrc
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AZoH$m§Zm dmMdVmo. na§Vw eodQ>r godrXodmÀ`m g¡Ý`mMr Am{U Ë`m§Mr JmR> H$mXamoir, _waJmoS>

239
`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo. VoWrc cT>mB©V _mMæ`mcm dra_aU `oVo Agm hm C„oI H¥$îUm _oUgo `m§À`m
"lr ~gdoída Vo lr kmZoída : EH$ {M§VZ' `m nwñVH$mVrc (n¥. 19) `oWo nmhm`cm {_iVo.
`m g§X^m©V S>m°. à^we§H$a `m§Zr (g§nm.) Ho$coë`m "eaUm§Mr EH$eo EH$ dMZo'
`m N>moQ>oImZr nwñVH$mV "{~ÁOcmÀ`m g¡Ý`mÀ`m EH$m VwH$S>r~amo~a g§Kf© H$aVm H$aVm,
VmoaJc `oWo Vo _¥Ë`y nmdco, Ago B{VhmgmV Zm|X AmT>iVo.' H$m[a_Zo `m {R>H$mUr _mMr
XodmMr g_mYr Amho. Agm hm C„oI (n¥. 63) da AmT>iVmo. _{S>dmi _mMæ`m `m§Mr EHy$U
345 dMZo CncãY AmhoV, Agohr Vo nwT>o {c{hVmV.
AßnÊUm Am{U Ë`mMr nËZr qcJå_m `m XmoKm§Zm {ZË` ~gdoídamMm ghdmg
cm^cm hmoVm. AßnÊUm hm OmVrZo Ýhmdr hmoVm. qcJå_mZo gw_Ywa ^mfoV dMZo {c{hcr. Vr
EH$m dMZmV åhUVo :
""_r N>moQ>çmV N>moQ>çm _mZë`m OmUmè`m
_§S>irV chmZmMr _moR>r Pmco.
nU _cm _moR>çmV _moR>çm _mUgm§Mm
{ZË` ghdmg cm^cm...
{edeaUm§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mZo _mPo OrdZ gmW©H$s cmJco.''
(_hmË_m ~gdoída n¥. 160)
Ë`mMà_mUo Á`oîR> H$d{`Ìr åhUyZ H$m{Xao aoå_ìdo ZmdmMr eoVH$ar Hw$Qw>§~mVrc
ór hr `mM H$mimV H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$arV hmoVr. {VMm OÝ_ `mXJraOdiÀ`m "`ocao r' `m
chmZí`m IoS>çmV Pmcm. {Vcm eoVrMo gd© H$m_ `oV hmoVo. {edm` ZdZdo eoVrMo à`moJ
H$am`cm {Vcm AmdS>V hmoVo. hiyhiy g^modVmcÀ`m IoS>çm§V EH$ ór eoVH$ar åhUyZ {VZo
Amnco Zmdcm¡{H$H$ {_i{dco. {VMr {ZîR>m ^JdmZ e§H$amda hmoVr. {VZo EH$Xm g§Ý`mem§Zm
Iè`m g§Ý`mg Y_m©Mm AW© gm§{JVcm. Vr åhUmcr, "OJ {_Ï`m Amho åhUyZ Vwåhr H$moUVohr
H$m_ Z H$aUmao H$mhr "~«÷' R>aV Zmhr. Vw_À`m kmZmMm {Zajam§Zm \$m`Xm hmoD$ Úm, Ë`mgmR>r
l_ H$am Am{U _JM {^jm {_idm. Vr EdT>çmda Z Wm§~Vm. {VZo g§Ý`mem§Zm JmdmVrc
_wcm§gmR>r nmR>emim H$mTy>Z {Xcr Am{U H$m_mcm cmdco. Aem àH$maMr AZoH$
g_mO{hVmMr H$m_o {VZo Ho$cr. nwéfmÀ`m ~amo~arZo órXoIrc eoVrgmaIm ì`dgm` hm
g_W©nUo H$ê$ eH$Vo. ho {VZo XmIdyZ {Xco. `mV ór hr XoIrc Hw$R>oM H$_r Zmhr. {Vcmhr
H$îQ>mMr H$m_o H$aVm `oVmV. Aem àH$maMm g§Xoe Vr g_H$mcrZ g_mOmcm XoVo. VoìhmnmgyZ

240
drae¡d AmMm`mªZr gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Îd åhUyZ "nmR>emcm' H$mT>V AgmdoV, Ago àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
{gÕam_oída ho gmoÞcJrMo. AmOÀ`m _hmamîQ´>mVrc gmocmnya ho Ë`m JmdMo
Zmd Amho. Ë`mZo ~gdoídan«{UV drae¡d VÎdkmZ ho _hmamîQ´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ`m gr_mdVu
^mJmV nmohM{dco. Ë`m_wioM drae¡d g§àXm`mV {gÕmam_ ho CÎm_ g§KQ>H$ åhUyZ AmoiIco
OmVmV. {gÕam_ ho `moJramO hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ {gÕr AdJV hmoV Joë`m. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr
AZoH$m§Mo AgmÜ` AmOma-{dH$ma ~ao Ho$co. Aer YmaUm `oWrc OZ_mZgmV AmOhr Amho.
Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ Xw:Ir, H$îQ>r, Xw~©cm§Zm {Xcmgm {Xcm. Ë`m§Mr dMZo hr "H${nc{gÕ
_{„H$mOw©Z' `m dMZ_wÐmZr AmoiIco OmVo. Ë`m§À`m dMZmVyZ drae¡d-{dMma Am{U
AmMmaY_© n[aUm_H$maH$ arVrZo ñnîQ> hmoD$ eH$cm. àË`oH$ órcm CÔoeyZ Vo "_mV¥Xdo mo ^d!'
Ago åhUVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, Á`m§À`m _ZmV _hmXod dgV AgVmo, Ë`mcmM drae¡d
_mZmdo.
A„_à^y§Zr gmoÞctJ `oWo OmD$Z {ed`moJr {gÕam_mMr ^oQ> KoVcr. Ë`m§Zr
{gÕam_m§Zm CnXoe Ho$cm H$s, Ho$di _mUgm§Zm AmÜ`mpË_H$ _wº$s {_idyZ Cn`moJmMo Zmhr,
newnjm§Zmhr _wº$s {_imcr nm{hOo. `m{edm` Ë`m§Zr Ho$di H$_©`moJmdaM g_mYmZ Z _mZVm
kmZ`moJmMo _hÎdhr OmUyZ ¿`mdo, Ago A„_à^y§Zm _Zmo_Z dmQ>o. Ë`m§Zr {gÕam_mÀ`m
^º$mg_moa Ë`mÀ`m H$m`m©Mr WÅ>m CS>{dVmZm åhUVmV :
""Vio ~m§YUmè`m nmWadQ>mMm namH«$_ Vmo H$m`?
O_rZ IUyZ nmUr H$mT>ë`mgmaIo {_a{dVmo nhm! ...
åhUOoM AkmZM Zìho H$m? Jwhoídam,...''
{gÕam_mcm A„_mZo nmWadQ> åhQ>ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {eî`m§Zm IynM amJ `oVmo.
Ë`m§Zr A„_à^yda XJS>m§Mm dfm©d H$aVmV. na§Vw {gÕam_oída Ë`mÀ`m {dYmZmMo dmB©Q> Z
_mZyZ KoVm Ë`mMo ñdmJV H$aVmV. Agm C„oI da nmhm`cm {_iVmo. (S>m°. à^we§H$a (g§nm.)
"eaUm§Mr EH$eo EH$ dMZo' n¥. 31-32.)
`m{edm` hm{dZhmi H$„æ`m
H$„æ`m hm gmoZma hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m d{S>cm§Mo Zmd
{edZæ`m Va AmB©Mo H$„ìdm hmoVo. Ë`mMo dSr>c gmoZmamMo H$m_ H$arV AgV.
_§JidoT>çmÀ`m amOmcm gwdUm©c§H$ma ~ZdyZ hdo hmoVo. Voìhm Ë`mZo Amnë`m d{S>cm§Zm ñnîQ>
gm§{JVco H$s, "_r {edÜ`mZm{edm` Xwgao H$mhrM H$aUma Zmhr.' d{S>cm§Zr amJmÀ`m ^amV
Ë`mcm Iyn _maco. Vmo Ka gmoSy>Z H${„ZmWmÀ`m XodimV OmD$Z H$Q>çmarZo nmoQ> H$mnyZ KoVco.

241
nU Ë`mcm _¥Ë`y Amcm Zmhr. Aer X§VH$Wm à{gÕ Amho. nwT>o Ë`m§Zr CÎm_ H$m`H$ H$ê$Z
Amncr CnmgZm gwê$ R>odcr. Ë`m§Zo {ed`moJr {gÕam_oídamH$Sy>Z qcJXrjm KoVcr. Aem `m
Wmoa dMZH$mamMr dMZo Amnë`m ^m{fH$ Am{U Xme©{ZH$ loîR>Ëdm_wio {deof à{gÕ AgyZ
Ë`mZo g_H$mcrZ dMZH$mam§Mm YmdVm AmT>mdm KoVcm Amho. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ~gdoída,
A„_à^y, A¸$_hmXodr, {gÕam_oída Am{U A§{~Jma Mm¡S>æ`m `m gdmªZr {dnwc à_mUmV
dMZo {c{hcocr. BVam§Mo dMZo VwcZoZo \$maM WmoS>o AmhoV. VgoM g_H$mcrZ {ó`m§Zr XoIrc
Amnmnë`m narZo dMZgm{hË` {Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ë`m§À`m dMZm§VyZ ~gdà{UV
VÎdkmZ, AmMma-{dMmam§~amo~aM OrdZmVrc {d{dY AZw^dm§À`mÛmao g_mOmcm _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr "_mUyg' hm H|$ÐdVu R>odyZ H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.
Ë`m_wio _mUgm§À`m {R>H$mUr AmT>iyZ `oUmao JwU-Xmof, amJ-cmo^, _moh-_Ëga, BË`mXr gd©
JwUm§Mo Xe©Z Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ nmhm`cm {_iVmV.
{edm` ~gdàUrV {edmZw^d _§Q>nmVrc {d{dY OmVrMo, ì`dgm`mÀ`m
{edeaUm§Zm _mJ©Xe©Zna CnXoe H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© A„_à^y Am{U A§{~Jma Mm¡S>æ`m
`m§À`mgmaIo _hmZ AZw^m§dr H$arV Agë`mMo EHy$U dMZgm{hË`mÀ`m B{Vhmgmdê$Z ñnîQ>
hmoVo.
4.5 dMZgm{hË`mVrc
dMZgm{hË`mVrc ^mfm, {ZdoXZ, ê$nH$, à{V_m Am{U à{VH$m§Mm emoY :
_Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc dMZgm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm gd©àW_
dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$ìhm Am{U H$er Pmcr `m§Mm emoY ¿`mdm cmJoc. VgoM
g_H$mcrZ ^mfoMm emoY ho XoIrc _hÎdmMm {df` Amho. `m g§X^m©V emoY KoVco AgVm,
dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr AH$amì`m eVH$mV hmoV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. hm gm{hË`àH$ma
{VWoM ApñVÎdmV Amcm Am{U {dH${gV Pmë`mMo {XgVo. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV H$mì`coIZ
H$aUmè`m dMZH$mam§_Ü`o ~hþOZ g_mOmVrc H$dtMm A§V^m©d Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo. `m§_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo Xoda AWdm OoS>a Xm{g_æ`m, e§H$a Xm{g_æ`m ho XmoKohr ì`dgm`mZo {dUH$a hmoVo.
VgoM `m H$mimV H$mì`coIZ H$aUmè`m_Ü`o EH$XÝV am_æ`m, A„_à^y AWdm à^yXdo m
Am{U H$moS>Jm|ir Ho${eamOm ZmdmMm (amOm) nmhm`cm {_iVmo. `m H$mimVrc ~hþg§»`
dMZH$ma ho OmZnX OrdZ OJUmao hmoVo, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mV J«m_rU ~mocr, g§X^©,
ê$nH$, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm _moR>çm à_mUmV dmna Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo. `mVrc ^mfm
g_H$mcrZ g_mOmV A{Ve` cmoH${à` hmoVr. _hÎdmMo åhUOo {d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmè`mMr
Vr amoOÀ`m ì`dhmamVrc ^mfm hmoVr. Ë`m_wio dMZ{Z{_©VrV Ë`m§Mm dmna gT>inUo
242
AmT>iVo. `m ^mfoV EH$ n«H$maMo "c`' AgyZ Ë`mV JÚnÚ {_{lV ^mfm dMZgm{hË`mVyZ
nmhm`cm {_iVo.
àmMrZ d _Ü``wJrZ H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mMm Aä`mg Ho$cm AgVm. Ë`m
H$mimVrc H$ÞS>, g§ñH¥$V Am{U O¡Z dmL²>_`mVyZ "M§ßnyH$mì`' Am{U "{ÌnXr' `m H$mì`aMZm
àM{cV hmoVo. {deofV: "M§ßnyH$mì`' ho O¡Z d g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`m§VyZ nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
Ë`mMà_mUo _Ü``wJrZ H$ÞS> (hiH$ÞS>) ^mfoVhr H$mhr à_mUmV AmT>iVo. `m H$mimVrc
H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mda g§ñH¥$V dmL²>_`mMo dM©ñd {XgyZ `oVo. H$mhr doim Vo dM©ñd H$ÞS>
gm{hË`mcm nmofH$ Ogo R>aco, Vgo ~è`mMXm _maH$ (~mYH$hr) R>aco. Aem n`m©daUmV
~gdnyU© dMZH$mam§Zr _mÌ "cmoH$^mfoVyZ' dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. Ë`m§Zr AWm©V
Ë`m§Mo ho ~§S> Ho$di gm{hË`{Z{_©VrnwaVoM _`m©{XV Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. àñVwV ^mfo{déÕ
Am{U aMZo{déÕ OUy H$mhr Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ ~hþOZ
kmVr~m§YZmdm§Zm {c{hVo Ho$co. Ë`m_wio {d{dY ì`dgm`mVrc, OmVrVrc cmoH$m§Zr Amnmnë`m
X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrc ñdmZw^d gm{hË`{Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVmo. Ë`m_wio g_H$mcrZ
dMZgm{hË`m§VyZ EH$ n«H$maMo ^m{fH$, à{V_m, à{VH$m§Mr d¡{dÜ`Vm nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
n[aUm_r g_H$mcrZ OZ_mZgmV `m gm{hË`mZo EH$ àH$maMr AmË_r`Vm {Z_m©U Ho$co.
cmoH$m§Zm ho gm{hË` A{Ve` ^mdco, Am{U Ë`m§Zm Vo ñdV:À`m ^md^mdZm§Mo àm{V{Z{YH$
ñdê$n dmQ>co. g_H$mcrZ gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmMo {MÌU Ë`m§À`m
H$mì`m§VyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV gmH$maco hmoVo.
~mamì`m eVH$mVrc ~gdoída g_H$mcrZ dMZH$mamMo gm{hË` ho
H$mì`JwUmË_H$-ÑîQ>çm AË`§V Cƒ àVrMo hmoVo. `m dMZH$mam§_wio Am{U EHy$UM Ë`m§À`m
H$mì`m_wio dMZgm{hË`mMr à{VîR>m H$ÞS> dmL²>_`m_Ü`o dmT>cr. EoH$Umè`m§À`m (öX`mcm)
OmD$Z {^S>oc, Ago dMZo Ë`m§Zr {c{hco Am{U Jm`cr.
CXm. ~gdoída EH$m dMZm§V {c{hVmV :
""gn©X§e Pmcoë`mbm ~mocVo H$aVm `oB©c.
^yV~mYm Pmcoë`mbm ~mocVo H$aVm `oB©c.
(nU) lr_§VrMo {df {^Zcoë`mbm ~mocVo
H$aVm `oUma Zmhr... Hy$S>cg§J_Xodm''
(eaUm§Mr 101 dMZo, n¥. 52)

243
 `m{R>H$mUr ~gdoídam§Zr _mZdr-d¥Îmr, àd¥ÎmrMo AMyH$ {ZarjU H$aVmV. Iao
åhUOo lr_§VrMo {df {^Zcoë`mcm ~mocVo H$aVm `oB©c. na§Vw Á`m§À`m Kar J[a~rMo MoQy>H$
OmB©c. Voìhm Vmo Iè`m AWm©Zo ^mZmda `oB©c.
AmUIr EH$m àVrH$mË_H$ dMZmV ~gdoída åhUVmV :
""hm _¥Ë`ycmoH$ åhUOo na_oídamMr Q>mH$gmir Amho.
BWo {Q>H$Umao {VWohr {Q>H$VmV. Oo BWo {Q>H$V ZmhrV,
Vo {VWohr {Q>H$Uma ZmhrV Hy$S>cg§J_Xodm'' (eaUm§Mr 101 dMZo, n¥. 52)
dMZgm{hË`m_Ü`o "~oS>JrZ dMZJiy' hm JwT>mW© dMZm§Mm àH$ma AgyZ
Ë`m_Ü`o ^mdmW© Am{U cjmW© doJio AgVmV. AemàH$maMr dMZo A„_à^y, ~gdoída,
A¸$_hmXodr, _wº$m`¸$m CaqcJnoÔr, A§{~Jma Mm¡S>æ`m BË`mXtZr _moR>çm à_mUmV {c{hco
AmhoV. Aem dMZm§Zm B§J«OrV Surface Meaning is deffrent and deeper AWdm (iner
Meaning) Ago åhUVmV.
CXm. A„_à^y EH$m dMZm§V åhUVmV :
""g§gma ì`~§ `Um {~{Ôao {VZ~Ô Zm` OJid Zmo{S>ao
Zm` OJid H§$Sy> `Umæ`§Ôÿ ZJw{Vao''
_amR>r ^mdmW© :
g§gma ZmdmMo àoV nS>co, Vo Im`cm, Amcoë`m Hw$Í`m§Mo ^m§S>U nhm! Hw$Í`m§Mo
^m§S>U ~KyZ àoV CRy>Z hgy cmJco.
`mMm cjmW© Agm :
g§gma hm _mZdr earamgmaIm Zída Amho. Á`mà_mUo _mZdr earamVrc
n§Mo{Ð`o ho gwImgmR>r Amgwgcoco AgVo. Ë`mMo AmgwgconU ho OUy Hw$Í`m§À`m ^m§S>UmgmaIoM
AgVo. gm_mÝ`mMo OrdZ `m àH$maMo AgVo. g§Vàd¥ÎmrMm _mUyg emídV AmZ§XmÀ`m _mJo
OmVmo. Ago ho AmZ§X {edmonmgZoZo Ë`mcm {_iVo. hmM H$m` Vmo gm_mÝ` Am{U
Agm_mÝ`m§Vrc \$aH$ gm§JVm `oB©c.
~gdoída Amnë`m JyT> Agcoë`m (~oS>JrZ) EH$m dMZm§V åhUVmV :
""eJUr` ~oZH§$Jo g§nJo Aai{„ ny{O{gXm|S>o
a§OZo `hÿ„Xo AXa J§Oi {~S>Xæ`m''

244
 _amR>r ^mdmW© :
eoUmMm JUnVr H$ê$Z _moJè`mÀ`m \w$cm§Zr Oar nyOm Ho$cr Varhr Ë`m§Vcm
eoUmMm dmg H$mhr OmV Zmhr.
`mMm cjmW© Agm :
qcJ{ZîR>m Zgcoë`m ì`º$scm {edXrjm {Xë`mg Ë`mMr nyOm hr ì`W© Amho.
Ë`mVyZ A^º$sM {XgyZ `oVo. {VWo ^º$sMm cdcoehr ZgVmo.
Ë`mMà_mUo A¸$_hmXodr Amnë`m EH$m dMZmV _mZdr _ZmMo M§McnUm
Xe©{dVmZm åhUVmV :
""doX, emóo, nwamU, AmJ_ ho Va gmao
CIimV H$m§S>coë`m ^wí`mgmaIo! _J
VoM H$m Hw$Q>V ~gm`Mo? BWo{VWo dmhdV
OmUmao ho _Z, {ZéÕ H$ê$Z nhmdo åhQ>co,
Va {VWo {XgVo eyÝ`M eyZ` ho MoÞ_{„H$mOw©Z!''
(eaUm§Mr 101 dMZo, n¥. 19)
`mMm cjmW© Agm :
gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m OrdZmV doX, nwamU, emóo, AmJ_ øm§Mo H$mhrM
ñWmZ ZgVo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo Vo gd© H$mhr H$m|S>m Amho. _mZdr _Z ho M§Mc Amho. Vo gVV
gwImÀ`m _mJo YmdV Amho. Ago ho _Z {edqcJmda pñWa H$amdo åhQ>bo, Va {VWo Ë`mcm
eyÝ`M eyÝ` {XgVo.
`m dMZm§VyZ A¸$_hmXodr drae¡d VÎdkmZmVrc eyÝ`dmX hm BVŠ`m gmÜ`m-
gmoß`m ^mfoV Hw$UrM gm§{JVco ZìhVo. Vo A¸$_hmXodrZo gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm Amho.
_hmË_m ~gdoídamZo Amnë`m dMZm§V ê$nH$mMm `Wmo{MV dmna Ho$ë`mMo
AmT>iVo. Vo EH$m dMZm§V åhUVmV :
""Xodm VwPr _m`m OJmcm ì`mnyZ Amho.
_mPo _Z Vwcm ì`mnyZ Amho...
hÎmr _moR>m Agcm, Var Vmo Amaí`mV
_mdVmoM Zm Xodm, _mÂ`mV Vy ì`mnyZ Amhog
Hy$S>cg§J_Xodm!''

245
 `m{R>H$mUr EHo$ídamMm nwañH$ma H$aVmZm {XgVmV. BWo Amagm ho _mZdr
_ZmMo ê$nH$ åhUyZ dmnaco Amho. {dídì`mnH$ Agcocm Xod Á`mà_mUo _mZdr _ZmV
S>moù`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo _ZmV gmR>dVmo, Ë`mà_mUo N>moQ>çmem Amaí`mV {H$Vrhr _moR>r AmH¥$Vr
Agoc Vr ghO _mdVo.
EImXr JmoîQ>, H¥$Vr Oa _mUgmÀ`m _Zm{déÕ Agoc, Va Ë`mo _Z ~§S> H$ê$Z
CR>Vo. BWo {edeaUm§Zm eaU Z OmUmè`m _Zmcm ~gdoída åhUVmV :
""Hy$S>cg§J_mÀ`m eaUm§Zm eaU Z OmUmè`m
_Zmcm AmJ cmdm.''
_mUgmM§ _Z ho Ë`mÀ`m Vmã`mV AgVo. Aem _Zmcm {edeaUm§Mm ghdmg
KS>mdm Am{U Ë`m§Mo OrdZ COiyZ {ZKoc hr ^y{_H$m ~gdoída _m§S>VmV. Ë`m_wio Vo
BVam§Zmhr eaU OmÊ`mg gm§JVmV.
drae¡d dMZH$ma OmZnX JrVm§VyZ OrdZm§Zw^d _m§S>VmZm, Amnë`m
_m§S>Urer Vo àm_m{UH$ am{hco. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo H$mì` (dMZo) hr Ë`m§Mr Z amhVm Vr g_yhmMr
~Zcr. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zr g_whmMo Xw:I, X¡Ý`, AdhocZm, An_mZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm
H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr V_m Z ~miJVm _m§S>co. `mVrc ^mfm JÚnÚ {_{lV Agë`mZo B§J«OrV
`mcm ‘Poetic Prose’ åhUVmV. `m_Ü`o JÚmVrc gmYonUm Am{U H${dVoMm "c`' AmT>iyZ
`oVmo. Ë`m§Mr dMZo åhUOo ag, ^md, Ac§H$ma `m§Mo gw§Xa {_lU hmoV. Ë`m_Ü`o
eãXmc§H$mam~amo~aM, ê$nH$mgmaIo AWm©c§H$mahr nmhm`cm {_iVmV. VgoM Cn_o`,
CËàojm~amo~a à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm gT>inUo Cn`moJ H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio Oo H$mhr
gm§Jm`Mo Amho, Vo cmoH$OrdZmVrc, cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVrc AZoH$ g§X^© XoV-KoV _m§S>VmZm
AmT>iVmV.
~mamì`m eVH$mVrc dMZgm{hË` ho cmoH$mXamg nmÌ R>aco. EdT>oM Zìho; Va
cmoH$m§Zm Ë`mVyZ OrdZag {_iV Joco, Am{U OrdZ OJÊ`mcm Zdr ÑîQ>r cm^cr.
Ë`mMà_mUo Iè`m-ImoQ>çm§Mr nmaI H$aVm `oD$ cmJco. Iar B©ída^º$s hr gmodionUmV.
_§ÌCƒmamV, VmgZ²Vmg nyOm-AMm©V ZgVo, Va Vr _mUgm§V ewÕ {dMmamV-AmMmamV, gË`
~mocÊ`mV, gXmMmamV AgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r BVaÌ VrW©joÌmg OmÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr. ho ~gdoída
EH$m dMZmV _m§S>VmZm {c{hVmV :

246
 ""XodcmoH$ _Ë`©cmoH$ BWo doJimco ZmhrV.
{OWo gË`g§^mfU VmoM XodcmoH$!
{OWo AgË` g§^mfU VmoM _Ë`©cmoH$!...''
eodQ>r Vo Hy$S>cg§J_mMm hdmcm XoD$Z åhUVmV, `mcm VyM à_mU Amhog.
H$mhr {dÛmZ Aä`mgH$ dMZm§Zm "AÜ`mpË_H$ ^mdJrV' (Spiritual Lyric)
Ago g§~mo{Yco AmhoV Am{U Vo Iaohr Amho. H$maU dMZmVyZ AX²>^wV Aer àoaUm
EoH$Umè`mcm Am{U dmMUmè`mcm {_iVo. Ë`m§À`m _Zmda Mm§Jco g§ñH$ma KS>Vo Am{U Vem
àH$maMo AmMaU H$aÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ H$aVmo. Ago ho gm{hË` {edeaUm§À`m A§V:H$aUmVrc
AmË_kmZmMr ImUM Amho, Ago åhQ>ë`mg A{Ve`moº$s R>aUma Zmhr. Ë`m_wiM o H$s H$m`
AZoH$ {edeaUm§Zr Ë`m g§X^m©V nwT>rc _V _m§S>VmZm {XgVmV.
""...dMZ _moË`m§À`m _mioà_mUo Agmdo.
...dMZ ñ\${Q>H${eioà_mUo Agmdo.''
(lr {gÕam_oídam§Mr dMZo I§S>-1 àñVmdZm)
`mVrc _moË`mMm Am{U ñ\${Q>H$mMm Omo JwUY_© Amho. VmoM dMZgm{hË`mMm
Amho.
`m H$mimVrc gd©M dMZH$ma AZoH$ ê$nHo$, à{VH$m§Mm dmna H$aVmZm
{XgVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Ë`m {R>H$mUr CXmhaUo XoIrc XoVmV. AemM EH$m dMZmV
Ë`m§Zr _oê$, nwéf, gmYy Am{U M§XZ `m§À`mÛmao _mZdr OrdZmV JwUmMo _hÎd gm§{JVco
AmhoV. `mVyZ Ë`m§Zr g_mOmcm H$mhr g§Xoe XoD$ nmhVmV. Vo åhUOo àË`oH$m§Zr Amncr
`mo½`Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$co nm{hOoV. na§Vw Vo gdmªZm O_VoM Ago Zmhr. CXm.
H$mdim H$mim Vmo H$mimM amhVmo. Vmo H$gm Jmoam hmoB©c? Ë`mMà_mUo cmoh (cmoI§S>) H$Yr
narg hmoB©c H$m? Ogo M§XZmMm gwJ§Y M§XZmÀ`m ImoS>mcmM AgVmo Vo eoOmaÀ`m ~m~i d
~moarcm ZgVmo. AemarVrZo AdVr-^modVrÀ`m ì`{º$Mo, {ZgJm©Vrc dñVwMo, g§X^© XoV-KoV
g_mOà~moYZhr H$aVmV. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ñVwVr EoHy$Z _mUgm§Mm Ah§H$ma dmT>Vmo. OUy H$mhr Vr
gwdUm©Mr gyiM hmo`. Ë`mda _mUgmcm MT>{dco OmVo Am{U Vmo g§nVmo. Xwgao åhUOo
Ah§H$mam_wio gmYH$mcm _wº$sMm _mJ© gmnS>V Zmhr. åhUyZ Va Vo Hw$S>cg§J_mcm gVV
{dZdUr H$aVmV. Vy O§J_ê$nmV `oD$Z gVV gmYH$mMr narjm KoV ahm. Ë`mZo gmYH$m§À`m
{R>H$mUr Jd©, Ah§H$ma dmT>Uma Zmhr. Ë`mcm gVV Amnë`m H$m`mªMr AmR>dU am{hc, Am{U
H$m`m©Zo ^º$sZo Vmo {edê$nmer EH$ê$n hmoB©c.

247
 Ë`m_wio H$moUr H$go dV©Z H$amdo ho Á`mÀ`m-Ë`mÀ`m hmVmV AgVo. `m
g§X^m©V Prof. C. Virupakshappa `m§Zr Amnë`m ‘BASAVA AND HIS
TEACHINGS’ `m N>moQ>oImZr nwñVH$mV {c{hVmV : “All his social reforms are based
on spiritual values emanated from his religious revolution mentioned earlier,
He regards all human beings as children of one and only one God or the
products of one Ultimate Reality. No one is low or high born. These
distinctions are man-made. One becomes great or small by virtue of one’s own
33
action and not by birth.’’ Ë`mMà_mUo Y_©, OmV, dU© `m§Mm d¥Wm{^_mZ
~miJUmè`m§À`m S>moù`m§V Vo OiOirV A§OZ KmcVmV. EH$m dMZmV ~gdoída åhUVmV :
""ì`mg ~moS>{`{V` _Jm
_mHª$S>oS>ç _mV§{J` _Jm
_§XmoXar H$ßno` _Jiw...
Xwdm©g _{ƒJ, H$í`_ H$å_ma
H$m¢{S>Ý`V|~F${f, dmpë_H$s ~oS>a''
`mMm _amR>rV AW© Agm :
""_hmH$dr ì`mg ^w{`ZrMm _wcJm
_mHª$S>o` _mV§{JZrMm _wcJm
_§XmoXar ~oSy>H$mMr nwÌr...
Xwdm©g Mm§^ma, H$í`n cmohma
H$m¢{S>Ê` Ýhmdr, dmpë_H$s ~oS>a hmoVm.''
Ago ho gd© cmoH$ dU©ì`dñWoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eyÐM hmoVo. Varhr Vo Ë`m§À`m H$_m©Zo
loîR> R>aco, Am{U AmnU Ë`m§Zm F${f åhUyZ d§XZ H$aVmoM Zm? dmpë_H$s hm H$moir hmoVm.
na§Vw H$Zm©Q>H$m§V dmQ>_mar H$aUmar, JwÝhoJma ~oS>a O_mV Amho. Ë`m§Zr dmpë_H$scm Amncm
nyd©O _mZco. _hmamîQ´>mV _mÌ H$moir O_mV Ë`m§Zm Amncm _yi nwéf _mZVmo.
drae¡d g§àXm`mVrc gmÜdr åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmUmar A¸$_hmXodr
d¡am½`m§Mr _y{V©_§V CXmhaU Amho. åhUyZ Va {VZo EoZ VméÊ`mV amOd¡^d gmoSy>Z, A§Jmdarc
C§Mrdó, XmJ-Xm{JZo Q>mHy$Z Amnë`m {demc Ho$egm§^mamZr cÁOmajU Ho$co. VemM
pñWVrV AZw^d _§Q>nmV XmIc hmoVo. Voìhm A„_à^y {VMr narjm KoVmZm åhUVmV : "Vy
Ho$egm§^mamZr VwPo ñVZ, {ZV§~ cndcog H$m?' Ë`mda {VZo {Xcoco CÎma AË`§V _m{_©H$
Am{U g§VÎdmcm gmOog§ Amho. A¸$_hmXodr åhUVo : "_mPo VméÊ` eara BWo ~gcoë`m

248
{edeaUm§À`m _Zmcm BOm hmoD$ Z`oV. åhUyZ Vo _r _mÂ`m Ho$gm§Zr PmH$co Amho.' Aer hr
_hmZ `mo{JZr AZw^d _§Q>nmV Y_©{df`H$ MM}V gh^mJr hmoVo. `m{edm` {VZo Amnë`m
dMZmVyZ ~è`mM doim H$Xcr~ZmMo C„oI {deof Jm§^r`m©Zo Ho$coco AmT>iVo. EH$m dMZmV
A¸$_hmXodr åhUVo :
""VZ H$XcrMo ~Z, _Z H$XcrMo ~Z
{df` OmU H$XcrMo ~Z
H$XcrMo ~Z ^damoJmaÊ`...''
Aem àH$maMm C„oI O`Xodr {cJmS>o `m§À`m "_hm`mo{JZr A¸$_hmXodr' `m
(n¥. 95) nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
dMZgm{hË` ho gwédmVrnmgyZM Jm`co OmV hmoVo. H$maU dMZgm{hË` ho
"OmZnX JrV' AgyZ Ë`mcm cmoH$JrVmMr "c`' Amho. `mVrc "c`' hr Ë`mcm na§naoH$Sy>Z
{_imcr Amho. dMZ ho Ac§H$mam§À`m {Z`_mcm ~m§{Yc ZmhrV. VgoM Vo JÚmgmaIo _wº$hr
Zmhr. Ë`mcm ñdV:Mr åhUyZ EH$ c` Amho. Ë`m_wio "dMZJrV' JmUo gmono Pmco. Ë`mcm hr
c` cmoH$na§naoVyZ cm^cocr hmoVr. _wimV H$moUË`mhr cmoH$JrVmV "c`' hm AgVmo. \$º$
Ë`mcm JmÊ`mgmR>r EH$ R>oH$m nwaogm AgVmo. Vo ghO JmVm `oVo. {VWo JmUmè`m§cm emór`
g§JrVmMo kmZ AgUo Amdí`H$ Zmhr. Va Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr cmoH$JrVmMo kmZ AgUo, qH$dm
cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo kmZ AgUo nwaogo R>aVo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm dMZgm{hË`mV JÚmMo gmYonUm
Am{U H${dVoMr c` hmoVr. `m_Ü`o ag, ^md, Ac§H$ma `m§Mo gw§Xa {_lU AgyZ `_H$,
AZwàmg `mgmaIo eãXmc§H$ma AmhoV. Cn_o`, ê$nH$m§gmaIo AWm©c§H$mahr AmT>iVmV.
Ë`m_wioM H$s H$m` ^maVr` g§ñH¥${VH$moe H$V} n§. _hmXodemór Omoer `m§Zr
dMZgm{hË`mcm "gy{º$gm{hË`' åhQ>co Amho. `mVrc {dMma AJXr _moOŠ`m eãXmV d
naIS> ^mfoV _m§S>co AmhoV. dMZgm{hË`mVrc Ame` ñnîQ> Am{U {Z:g§{X½Y AgVmo.
`m{edm` àË`oH$ dMZmV EH$ _w»` H$ënZm AWdm {df` AgVmo. `mcm B§J«OrV
‘Proselyrics’ Ago åhUVmV. _w»`V: dMZmV gm_m{OH$ Am{U Ym{_©H$ VÎdo d Ame`,
{df` AmT>iVmV. ho gd© dMZgm{hË`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c.
drae¡d dMZH$mam§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ Ym{_©H$ CnXoe, Z¡{VH$ CnXoe, na§nao{déÕ
cT>m, ^{º$, kmZ, d¡amJ` Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_agVm BË`mXr _yë`m§Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd
Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `mgmR>r J«m§{WH$ ^mfm Z dmnaVm, Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m X¡Z{§ XZ
~mocr^mfoÀ`mÛmam ñdmZw^d ì`º$ Ho$co. ~gdoída EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV :

249
 ""_mSw>dmV ZmZ„æ`m,
ZrSw>dmV ZmZ„æ`m,
~oSw>dmV ZmZ„æ`m,
E„o ZrUo Xodm...'' (~gd-dMZo)
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
_r Oo H$mhr H$aVmo, Ë`mMm H$Vm©-H$a{dVm VyM Amhog, VwÂ`m {edm`
g¥îQ>rVrc H$moUVrM KQ>Zm KS>V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _mP§ ñdV:M§ åhUyZ H$mhr ZgVo, Vo gd© VyM
_mÂ`mH$Sy>Z H$adyZ KoVmog. EImÚmcm H$mhr dmT>m`M§ åhQ>c§, Var XoIrc VyM _mÂ`mH$Sy>Z Vo
H$m`} H$adyZ KoVmog. EImÚmcm H$mhr _mJm`M§ åhQ>c§ Varhr VyM `mMZm H$am`cm gm§JVmog.
{VWohr ^º$ ^º$ Z amhVm, Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr VyM AgVmo. `m{R>H$mUr "E„oo Xodm' åhUOoM gd©
H$mhr VyM Amhog. VwÂ`m H¥$nm{edm©Xm{edm` H$mhrM KS>V Zmhr. AemàH$maMo {ZdoXZmË_H$
^mfm ~gdoída H$mì`m§V dmnaVmV.
dmñV{dH$ nmhVm dMZH$ma OrdZmVrc gImoc Ago VÎdkmZ _m§S>VmZm
{XgVmV. Ë`mZr AZoH$ dMZm§VyZ g^modVmcÀ`m _mUgm§À`m {R>H$mUr {XgUmè`m cmo^rnUmMo
Xe©Z KS>dVmV. Omo ^º$ AgVmo Ë`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr pñWVàkVm {XgVo. Vmo `m Zída JmoîQ>rÀ`m
_mJo Z cmJVm. na_oídamcm EH$M _mJU§ _mJVmo, Vo åhUOo "AmË_kmZ' hmo`. Ë`m§À`m
~imda Vmo OrdZmVrc AZoH$ H$îQ>, Xw:I ghOnUo gmogoc Am{U Ë`m ~imda gma§ H$mhr
ghZ H$aoc. `mdê$Z drae¡d {edeaUm§À`m {R>H$mUr Agcoë`m gX²>gX{ddoH$ ~wÕrMo Xe©Z
KS>Vo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo emídV gwI åhUOo Ho$di Ë`m na_oídamMo Zm_ñ_aU (Zm_^{º$) hoM
hmo`. AÝ` gd© gwI ho jU^§Jwa AmhoV. åhUyZM Xoda Xm{g_æ`m EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV :
""cm¡{H$H$ gwIH$ ~oH$mXy§ A§Wm AmUo H$moÅ>Xê$ ~oH$m{J„m
`§Wm amOH$s` lrg§nÎmr ZZJo ~oH$m{J„m
amÁ`dZy H$moÅ>Xao ZZJo ~oH$m{J„m...'' 34
(S>m°. e§H$aJm¡S>m {~amOXma)
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
cm¡{H$H$ gwImcm hdo Agcoco hÎmr Oar {Xco, Var Vo _cm ZH$mo. H$moUVohr
amOH$s` lrg§nÎmr {Xco Var _cm ZH$mo. Hw$Ur _cm Oar amÁ` Xody Ho$co Varhr Vo _cm ZH$mo...
H$maU ho gd© ApñWa Am{U Zída AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Á`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr øm JmoîQ>r (dñVy)
ZmhrV. Ë`mcm Vo {_imdoV åhUyZ Ë`m§À`m _ZmV A{^cmem (Amem) CËnÞ hmoB©c. Vo
{_i{dÊ`mgmR>r cmoH$m§_Ü`o g§Kf© hmoB©c, Am{U Ë`m§V AZoH$ {Zînmn cmoH$m§Mm ~ir OmB©c,

250
gd©Ì hmhmH$ma _mOoc, AZoH$m§À`m KamVrc H$Vm©nwéf g§Kfm©V _macm OmB©c Am{U AZoH$
Hw$Qw>§~ CÕdñV hmoVrc. n[aUm_r g_mOmV ApñWaVm {Z_m©U hmoB©c. ho gd© H$emgmR>r Va Ë`m
Zída JmoîQ>r {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r Oa _cm aº$nmV H$amdo cmJoc, Va `mVrc _cm H$mhrM ZH$mo.
OrdZmV AgVmZm _mUgm§H$Sy>Z AZoH$ ~ao-dmB©Q> JmoîQ>r KS>V AgVmV. dmB©Q>
JmoîQ>tMm n[aUm_hr OrdZmV dmB©Q> (VmnXm`H$) R>aVmo. EImÚmZo H$Sy{Z§~mÀ`m {~`m noaë`m,
Va Ë`mcm H$Sy>qZ~mMoM \$io `oUma. hm Ogm {ZgJm©Mm {Z`_ Amho. Vgo EImÚmZo ewÕ
^mdZoZo ^Jd§VmMr ^{º$ Ho$cr, Va ^Jd§V Ë`më`m ^º$mcm H¥$nm{edm©X {Xë`m{edm` amhUma
Zmhr. AgmM {dMma ~gdoídamÀ`m EH$m dMZmV nhm`cm {_iVmo. Vo åhUVmV :
""~o{dZ ~rOd {~{Îm,
~o„X H${Å>` H${Å>,
AmH$i hmc ZoaoXw
Oo>Zw Vwßnd hmoæXao...''
(~gd-dMZo)
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
H$Sy>qZ~mÀ`m {~`m noê$Z,
JwimMr Wmnr cmD$Z,
JmB©À`m XwYmZo A{^foH$ KmcyZ
_YmMo qgMZ ({e§nS>co) Va JmoS>r {Z_m©U hmoB©c H$m?...
Oa EImÚmÀ`m A§V:H$aUmVM {ed^º$sMm A§e Zgoc, Am{U darc gd©
JmoîQ>r Oar AmnU Ho$ë`m, Varhr Vo Xodmcm nmdUma ZmhrV. H$maU Vo H$aVmZm Amncr ^mdZm
ewÕ ZìhVr. Ë`mnojm darc JmoîQ>r H$mhrM Z H$aVm. Ho$di ewÕ A§V:H$aUmZo Oar ^º$s Ho$cr
Varhr Vo Hy$S>cg§J_ZmWmcm nmdUmar AWdm nmdë`mgmaIrM AgVo. Xod ^º$sMm
^wHo$Ococm AgVmo. Ë`mcm BVa JmoîQ>rMo AdS>§~amMr JaO ZgVo. AemM àH$maMm ^md Wmoa
dMZH$ma {gÕmam_oída Amnë`m EH$m dMZm§VyZ ì`º$ H$aVmZm åhUVmV :
""ho Xodm, _mPo hmV VmoS>co Var _r Vwåhmcm gmoS>Uma Zmhr.
_mÂ`m earamMo VwH$S>o H$ê$Z BH$S>o-{VH$S>o \o$dco Varhr _r Vw_Mo
MaU gmoS>Uma Zmhr...'' 34
(lr {gÕmam_oídam§Mr dMZo dMZo H«$. 539)
Va AmUIr EH$m dMZmV åhUVmV :

251
 ""hþ{Å>X _JZ aMZo hþÅ>{c¸o$ `mo½`dmX§Vo
hþ{Å>X _m`o ~oÅ>OZ A[ad n[a`§Vo
Zr{Zßno Ord^mdX{„, H${nc{gÕ_{„H$mOw©Zm''
(lr {gÕmam_oídam§Mr dMZo I§S>-1)
`mMm ^mdmW© Agm :
OÝ_coë`m _wcm§Mr KS>U OÝ_Ê`mg `mo½` Aer AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo OÝ_cocr
(_m`m) nmd©Vr na_oídamcm OmUUmar AgVo. ho _{„H$mOw©Zm AmnU Ord^mdmV gwpñWa
AmhmV.
{gÕmam_oídam§Mr dMZo hr Z¡{VH$Vm OnUmar Am{U g_mOmcm _mJ©Xe©Z
H$aUmar AmhoV. VgoM g_mOmcm S>moignUo ^{º$ H$am`cm gm§JUmar Am{U _Zwî`mcm C{MV
H$m`, AZw{MV H$m`, Ý`m` H$moUVo AÝ`m` H$moUVo, gÝ_mJ© H$moUVm Hw$_mJ© H$moUVm, `mVrc
\$aH$ XmI{dUmao AmhoV.
Va AmUIr EH$m dMZmV {gÕam_oída åhUVmV :
"H$m_wH$ ZoÌm§Zr OrdmMr {eH$ma H$aUmè`m H$m_XodmMm ghdmg _cm KSy> XoD$
ZH$mo. Va _cm _§Jc_` d loîR> Aem ^º$mMm ghdmg KS>dm, hr {dZ§Vr
H${nc{gÕ_{„H$mOw©Zmcm H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr dMZo AmOÀ`m g_mOmcm Am{U {deofV:
VéU {nT>rcm A{YH$ _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aUmar AmhoV Agohr `m Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. AmOhr
`mVrc {dMma, VÎdkmZ, _mJ©Xe©Z Am{U Z¡{VH$ CnXoe gd© H$mimV Cn`moJr nS>Umao Ago
AmhoV. åhUyZ Va `m gm{hË`mMo _hÎd _mÂ`mgma»`m AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zm dmQ>V am{hco. Vo
`m gm{hË`mVrc emídV {dMmam§_wioM.'

4.6 dMZgm{hË`mVrc
dMZgm{hË`mVrc cmoH$VÎdo :
_Ü``wJrZH$mcrZ dMZgm{hË`mVrc cmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm
gd©àW_ X{jUoVrc "{ed-C_m nyOm' g§àXm`mMm emoY ¿`mdm cmJoc. hm g§àXm` ^maVmV
Am`©nyd© H$mimnmgyZ àM{cV Agë`mMo {XgVo. Vmo Ðm{dS>m§Zr `oWo àñWm{nV Ho$cm Am{U
{deofV: dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr XoIrc cJVÀ`m H$Zm©Q>H$mV Pmco. `m H$mimVrc AR>am-
nJS> OmVrVrc dMZH$ma ho qhXwñWmZmÀ`m {d{dY àXoemVyZ Amcoco hmoVo. `m{edm`
{ó`m§Zrhr H$ë`mU_Yrc AZw^d _§Q>nmV Y_©{df`H$ MM}V gh^mJ KoVcm hmoVm. `m_Ü`o
252
XmgrnmgyZ Vo amUrn`ªVÀ`m gd© ñVamVrc {ó`m§Zr H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
Ago ho {edeaU Am{U {edeaUr Ho$di {d{dY àXoemMo à{V{Z{YËd H$arV hmoVo, Ago Zìho
Va Vo _Ü``wJrZ "OmZnX OrdZmMo' à{V{Z{YH$ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`mda Ë`m-Ë`m àXoeVrc
cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMm, cmoH$na§naoMm, cmoH$_mZgmMm Am{U cmoH$JrVm§Mm H$mhr EH$ à^md nS>cocm
hmoVm. VgoM Ë`m§À`mV EH$ àH$maMo Am§V[aH$ AZw~§Yhr nmhm`cm {_iVmo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo
cmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mo AÜ``Z H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr øm gd© JmoîQ>rMr XIc KoUo
Amdí`H$ AmhoV.
`m darc {ddoMZmÀ`m g§X^m©V "eyÝ` gånmXZ ^mJ-2' øm H$ÞS> J«§WmMo
AZwdmXZ S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© `m§Zr qhXrV nwñVH$ g§nmXZ Ho$co Amho. `mV (n¥. 8) da Agm
C„oI nmhm`cm {_iVmo. ""^maV Ho$ g^r H$moZm| go ì`{º$ AmEŸ& O¡go Cê$qcJXod _hmamîQ´> go,
ZÞæ`m CS>rgm go, {edc|H$ _mMÊUm H$mer g|, _mo{cJo` _maæ`m AnZr amZr Ho$ gmW
35
H$mí_ra goŸ&...'' Ë`mMà_mUo T>moa H$¸$æ`m hm _miì`m§Vrc EH$m {ed^º$ Hw$Qw>§~mV
OÝ_mcm Amcm, Ago _V S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V `m§Zr Amnë`m "_hmË_m ~gdoída' `m
nwñVH$mVrc (n¥. 148) da Zm|X{dVmV. Va `m g§X^m©V Xwgao Aä`mgH$ S>m°. e§H$aJm¡S>m
{~amOXma `m§Zr åhQ>co Amho, H$s S>mohma H$¸$æ`mMm OÝ_ {~OdmS>/_Ü`àXoemV Pmbm Vmo eya
g¡{ZH$ hmoVm. na§Vw àñVwV Aä`mgH$mg H$¸$`m hm _Ü`àXoemVrc _mdi n«mV§ mVrc EH$m
{ed^º$ Hw$Qw>§~mV Pmcm Agmdm Ago dmQ>Vo. `mdê$Z darc XmoÝhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m åhUÊ`mV
H$mhr à_mUmV EH$dmŠ`Vm OmUdVo.
drae¡dmZr hm gm{hË`àH$ma AmH¥${V~§Y åhUyZ AH$amì`m eVH$mV
ApñVÎdmV AmUcm Am{U {dH${gV Ho$cm. gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmao H$dr
ho "OmZnX OrdZ' OJUmao hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr OmZnX OrdZmVrc {d{dY AZw^d dMZgm{hË`mVyZ
_m§S>cm. `m gm{hË`mcm cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, cmoH$na§nam Am{U cmoH$JrV `m§Mm ~mO hmoVm. VgoM ho
gm{hË` cmoH$dmL²>_`mcm A{YH$m{YH$ Odi OmUmao AmhoV. H$ÞS> g§ñH¥$V H$dtZr `m
OmZnX JrVmcm "dU©H$ {H$„ cjU_²>' Ago åhUyZ `mcm ZmH$maco. Ago ho gm{hË`
H$îQ>H$ar, _Oya Am{U {d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m H$dtZr {Z_m©U Ho$ë`mZo ho gm{hË` ZrM
cmoH$m§Mo Amho, åhUyZ Ë`mcm ZH$ma {Xcm. Va "dñVyH$' åhUOo g§ñH¥$V H$mì`m§Mm Ë`m§Zr
nwañH$ma Ho$cm. H$maU g§ñH¥$V H$mì` ho A{^OZmMo AgyZ Ë`mcm amO_mÝ`Vm hmoVr. åhUyZ `m
gm{hË`mMm nwañH$ma VÎH$mcrZ ~«m÷Um§~amo~a O¡Z H$dtZr XoIrc Ho$cm. na§Vw AH$amì`m,
~mamì`m eVH$mVrc "dMZH$mam§Zr' `m "dñVwH$' gm{hË`mMm Am{U Ë`mÀ`m aMZmàH$mamcm

253
ZH$ma XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr ñdV:Mr Aer ZdrZ aMZm V`ma Ho$cr. Ë`m§Zo "N>mXg' `m cmoH$aMZm
àH$mamMm ñdrH$ma Ho$cm.
dMZgm{hË`mMm cmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mg H$aVmZm `m gm{hË`mMm ^yJmochr
cjmV ¿`mdm cmJoc. Iao åhUOo dMZgm{hË` Agmo dm g§Vgm{hË` AgmoV, Ë`mVyZ
~hþcn[aUm_dmXr Ago {ZîH$f© {ZKV AgyZhr, `m gm{hË`mZo OmoS>cocm lmoV¥dJ© _mÌ EH$M
AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. {dÚm ì`dhmao `m§Zr Amnë`m "cmoH$gm{hË` cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr' `m
nwñVH$mV Aä`mgnyU© {ddoMZ Ho$coco Amho. Ë`m åhUVmV : ""àXoe{d{eîQ>Vm hm
cmoH$gm{hË`mMm EH$ _hÎdmMm {deof Amho. cmoH$g_yh Á`m ^m¡Jmo{cH$ àXoemV OrdZ
OJVmo. Ë`m àXoe {deofm§Mm VoWrc cmoH$gm{hË`mda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. {ZgJm©cm OdiMo
Agcoco cmoH$OrdZ, cmoH$gm{hË` {Z{_©Vrcm nyaH$ AgVo. {edm` Ë`m-Ë`m àXoemÀ`m
^m¡Jmo{cH$ {deofm§Mm à^md cmoH$OrdZmda nSy>Z Ë`mVyZhr cmoH$OrdZ AmH$mamg `oV
36
AgVo.''
^maVm_Ü`o `m àH$maÀ`m Aä`mgH$mcm gwédmV nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr
Ho$cm. Ë`mH$[aVm Ë`m§Zr 1784 _Ü`o "E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r Am°\$ ~|Jmc'Mr ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
Ë`mÛmao ^maVr` cmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$cZ Am{U à{gÕ H$aÊ`mMm CÔoe Ë`m_mJo hmoVm. Aem
àH$maMm n{hcm à`ËZ H$Z©c Q>m°S> `m§Zr Ho$cm. `m g§X^m©Vrc Ë`m§Mm "EZëg A°ÊS>
E§{Q>{¹${Q>P Am°\$ amOñWmZ' hm J«§W _mocmMm (_hÎdmMm) _mZcm OmVmo. VgoM S>m°. lrYa
ì`§H$Q>oe Ho$VH$a `m§Zr Ho$cocm g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo A{YH$ _hÎdmMm
Amho. `m{edm` AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr "cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U cmoH$VÎdr`' ÑîQ>rZo Aä`mg
Am{U g§emoYZ Ho$ë`mMo nmhm`cm {_iVmo. AemM àH$maMo H$m`© H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc H$moUH$moUË`m
Aä`mgH$, g§emoYH$m§Zr Ho$co AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V emoY KoVco AgVm H$mhr hmVmÀ`m ~moQ>mda
_moOVm `oÊ`mBVnV Zmdo gm§JVm `oVrc. X. am. ~|Ðo, ~r. E_. lrI§Q>æ`m, E_. E_. H$c~wJu,
S>m°. gmo_oeoIa B~«mhnya (YmadmS>), S>m°. em{cZr aKwZmW, S>m°. E_. Or. {~amOXma
(Jwc~wJm©) B. Aä`mg AmhoV. A{cH$S>oM g§X^m©V S>m°. {g. Ho$. ZmdcJr `m§Zr S>m°. Eg.
E_. ê$f^|Ðñdm{_ `mÀ`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImcr "dMZgm{hË`X„r OmZnX A§eJiy' ZmdmMm à~§Y
H$Zm©Q>H$ {dÚmnrR>mV gmXa Ho$cocm Amho. Vo gÜ`m Oo. Eg. Eg. H$m°coO JmoH$m§H$ ~oiJmd
{OëømVrc _hm{dÚmc`mV {d^mJà_wI åhUyZ H$m`©aV AmhoV. OmZnX gm{hË`joÌm§Vrc
Ë`m§À`m `moJXmZm~Ôc H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` gaH$ma `m§Zr OyZ, 2009 amoOr S>m°. ~r. Eg. JXJr_R
`m§À`m ZmdmMm amÁ`nwañH$ma XoD$Z `Wmo{MV gÝ_mZ Ho$cm.

254
 dMZgm{hË` åhUOoM "OmZnX JrV qH$dm OmZnX H$mì`' Agohr åhQ>co
OmVo. OmZnX JrV ho cmoH$na§naoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmcoco AgVo. `m g§X^m©V _amR>rVrc
cmoH$dmL²>_`mcm A{YH$m{YH$ Odi OmUma§ kmZoídam§Mo "h[anmR>' hm J«§W Amho. g§Vgm{hË`
ho _m¡{IH$ dmL²>_` AgyZ Vo na§naoZo nmR>mÎmamZo Oncoco AmhoV. Ago Oar Agco Varhr g§Vm§Mo
gm{hË` _mÌ ""_m¡{IH$ Zmhr. Vo AmO J«§Wê$nmZo, nwñVH$ê$nmZo à{gÕ Pmë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo.
cmoH$gm{hË` ho _ycV: _m¡{IH$ AgVo, H$Yr-H$Yr Vo g§{hVogmR>r {c{IV H$ê$Z R>odmdo
cmJVo, Ago _V àmMm`© am_Xmg S>m§Jo `m§Zr {S>go. 2008 amoOr nwUo {dÚmnrR> _amR>r {d^mJ
Am{U gañdVr ZmB©Q> H$m°coO, nwUo `m§À`m g§`wº$ {dÚ_mZo Am`mo{OV amÁ`ñVar` MMm©gÌmV
"~rO^mfU' H$aVmZm _m§S>co.'' `m MMm©gÌmMm {df` "g§Vgm{hË` Am{U cmoH$gm{hË` :
g§emoYZmÀ`m Zì`m {Xem' Agm hmoVm.
S>m°. gamo{OZr ~m~a `m§Zr (g§nm.) Ho$cocm "OZcmoH$m§Mm gm_doX' hm J«§W
_hmamîQ´> amÁ` cmoH$gm{hË` g{_VrZo, 1965 amoOr àH$m{eV Ho$cocm Amho.
cmoH$gm{hË`mVrc Xod hm "_Zwî`' ê$n YmaU H$ê$Z, Vmo Vw_À`m Am_À`mgmaIm OJVmZm,
dmJVmZm nmhm`cm {_iVmo. CXm. {dRy>am`m OZrÀ`m _mJo-_mJo H$gm {\$aVmo`.
""OZr qhS>o AmS>amZm
nmR>rer C^m H$mÝhm
OZr åhUo ZH$mo `oD$
OJ Vwcm R>o{dc Zmdy''
(OZcmoH$m§Mm gm_doX n¥. 22)
AemM àH$maMm H$ÞS>_Yrc "hcg§Jr hmSy>' hm OmZnX JrV-g§J«h, H$ÞS>
{díd{dÚmc` h§ßnr `m§Zr àH$m{eV Ho$coco Amho. hm J«§W hcg§Jr MÞ_„ßnm, qcJßnm,
aodßnm `m OmZnX JrV JmUmè`m H$qdZr H$mhr g§J«hrV JrV J«§W~Õ Ho$co AmhoV. `mcm
àñVmdZm ~r. E_. lrI§S>æ`m `m§Mr AgyZ Vo H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc OmZnX gm{hË`mMo Wmoa
Aä`mgH$ AmhoV. Vo àñVmdZoV {c{hVmV : "H$îQ>H$ar, eoVH$ar, {ó`m Am{U _wco Á`m§Zm
emó Am{U H$mì`mMo n[aM` Zmhr, Agco OZgm_mÝ` cmoH$ `m JmÊ`mMr nmVir åhUOoM
VodT>o Ë`m "N>§Xg' emómMo kmZ Amho.' Ë`mMà_mUo `m J«§Wm§Mo n[aM` H$ê$Z XoVmZm X. am.
~|Ðo åhUVmV : ""gm{hË`m{edm` OrdZ Zmhr. OrdZgÎdmV Cƒ-ZrM Zmhr. OrdZ gJio
EH$ AX²>^yV agm`Z Amho. Vo nwT>o åhUVmV, OmZnX gm{hË`mMm A§V:ñ\y$Vu lÕoV AgyZ Ë`m
37
ÑîQ>rZo OrdZ EH$ H$mì` Amho.'' ñdV: ~|Ðo ho loîR> H$dr AgyZ Ë`m§Zm kmZnrR> nwañH$mamZo

255
^maV gaH$maZo gÝ_m{ZV Ho$co Amho. Ë`m§Zr OmZnX gm{hË`mcm dU©H$, ~ÞdmSy> (JrV),
hmSy>Jã~ åhUOo (JmVm `oÊ`mgmaIo H$mì`) Ago OwZo Zm§do gm§{JVcr AmhoV. "dU©H$ {H$„
cjU_' Ago gm§JV g§ñH¥$V H$dtZr `mcm ZmH$maco. Va "dñVyH$' åhUOo g§ñH¥$V ho amO_mJ©
AgyZ "dU©H$' OmZnX JrV ho J«m_rU aË`mà_mUo Amho. OmZnX gm{hË`mMo Ooìhm {dH$mgmMm
H$mi Amcm. Voìhm øm "dU©H$' gm{hË`mcm OmñV C^mar Amcr. fQ>nXr, gmJË`, eaUm§Mo
dMZ, XmganXJiw åhUOo (XmgmMo OmZnX JrV) BË`mXr gm{hË` OÝ_mcm Amco.
OmZnX gm{hË` ho cmoH$gm{hË`mVrc EH$ KQ>H$ AgyZ Ë`mMm {Z_m©Vm AkmV
AgVmo. cmoH$gm{hË` na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmV hñVm§V[aV
hmoV AgVo. Ago ho gm{hË` "g_yh-OrdZ' OJUmè`m cmoH$m§Mo cmoH${à` gm{hË` åhUyZ
AmoiIco OmVo. OmZnX gm{hË`mMo H$mhr CXm.
1. ""^§ËZmi eaUæ`m Zm {ZÞ _Jiæ`m
cog {JÎmæ`m ~S>doæ` ZZ_°c
gmgdr H$miÅz> X`{dacr''
(hcg§Jr hmSy>)
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
^§ËZmi eaUæ`m _r VwPr Jar~ _wcJr Amho. VwÂ`m Jar~ _wcrda _moarÀ`m
XmÊ`mEdT>o Var VwPr X`m Agy Xo.
2. ""gmocmnya dmoiJ go„ _{„Jr
hmgy _§ƒ„ hdid {gÕam_Z
X§Sy>H$moco„m XdZd.''
(hmcg§Jr hmSy>)

_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :

gmocmnwamVrc {gÕam_mMm nc§J _moJè`m§À`m \w$cm§Zr AÀN>mXcocm Amho, Am{U
Ë`mMo X§Sy>H$ ho _admÀ`m gwdmgmZr XidiV Amho.
3. ""eaUa ZoUoXa ga{J©` B§Å>§J
hdi _§{„Jr _y{S>X§½J H$ë`mU
eaU ZoUo`mo ZZ _Zdo''
(hmcg§Jr hmSy>)

256
_amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
eaUm§À`m ZmdmMo nR>U Ho$ë`mZo, OUy H$mhr g{J©` (qMMnoQ>r) gma»`m
Xm{JÊ`m§à_mUo Amho. `m{edm` nmodim Am{U _moJam ho YmaU Ho$ë`mà_mUo _mÂ`m _Zm Vy
H$ë`mUÀ`m eaUm§Mr AmR>dU R>od.
AemàH$maMo cmoH$JrV AmOhr H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc OmZnX OrdZmV Jm`co OmVo.
na§Vw Ago JrV JmUmè`m cmoH$JrVH$mam§Mr g§»`m _mÌ _`m©{XV AmhoV. H$maU hm dmagm nwT>o
ZoÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Urhr Om{Udnyd©H$ à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgV ZmhrV. VgoM emgZ nmVirda XoIrc
38
BÀN>meº$sMm A^md AmT>iVo. `m OmZnX JrVm§Mo ^mfm§Va gm¡. `emoXm _moao `m§Zr H$ê$Z
{Xco AmhoV.
d¡{XH$ dmL²>_`mV _mÌ qcJmonmgZoMm C„oI gmnS>V Zmhr. na§Vw Vmo doXnyd©
^maVr` gmYZm_mJm©V gmnS>Vmo. A{VàmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ `oWrc Ðm{dS> d§er` cmoH$ {edmMr
CnmgZm H$arV hmoVo. {edqcJ ho OZZ|{Ð`mMo àVrH$ AgyZ Ë`mMr CnmgZm Ad¡{XH$ na§naoVyZ
nwT>o Amë`mMo AZoH$ _mÝ`da Aä`mgH$m§Zr gà_mU XmI{dco AmhoV. `mÑîQ>rZo {dMma
Ho$ë`mg _Ü``wJrZ ^maVm_Ü`o AZoH$ "qcJê$n' {ed_§{Xao nmhm`cm {_iVmV. `m§n¡H$s H$mhr
H$Zm©Q>H$mV AmhoV. Va H$mhr _hmamîQ´>mV AmT>iVmV. ~mamì`m eVH$mV ~gdoídam§Zr drae¡d
n§WmMr nwZ©ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`mVrc H$_©R> ê$T>rMm, {dMmam§Mm Ë`mJ H$ê$Z _yi ^maVr`
VÎdkmZmVrc g_VoMm {dMma _m§S>cm. AemàH$mao EH$ ^mfm, EH$ Xoe, EH$ g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U
EHo$ídamMr H$ënZm _Ü``wJrZ H$mimV H$mhr à_mUmV ApñVÎdmV Amë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo.
""dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr Ðm{dS> ^mfmHw$imV Pmcocr Amho. Vr ^mfm V{_icm AJXr
OdiMr nU doJir Aer _yi Ðm{dS> ~mocrMr ^mfm åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo... `m
XmoÝhrVrc {ZH$Q>nUmMm emoY KoVcm AgVm... `m XmoÝhr ^mfoVrc H$_r-A{YH$ g§nH$m©_i w o
39
Agmo dm Xoe-n[apñWVr_wio AgmoV.'' `m{edm` ^m¡Jmo{cH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ g_mZVo_wio
XoIrc `m§À`mVrc {ZH$Q>ËdmMm emoY KoVm `oVmo, Am{U Ë`m§À`mV A§V[aH$ AZw~§Y Xe©{dVm
`oVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo darc XmoÝhr ~mocrMm {ZH$Q>ËdmMm g§~§Y Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mimVrc {ecmcoI
d Vm_«nQ>mÀ`mÛmao XmI{dVm `oD$ eH$Vmo. Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
{deofV: "{ed-C_m nyOm' g§àXm`mÀ`m g§X^m©V nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$
hoamoS>moQ>gZo "H«$sQ>_Yrc OZ hoM V{_i qH$dm Ðm{dS> OZ hmoV. (Termilau) `m eãXmZo `m
40
OZm§Mm C„oI Ho$cm Amho. `m g§X^m©V Xwgao EH$m nmíMmË` Aä`mg {~enŠcS²>~oc Am{U
^maVr` Aä`mgH$ H¡$. nr. Q>r. lr{Zdmg Aæ`§Jma `m§Zr ""àmMrZ V{_i ^mfoÀ`m aMZoMo

257
AÜ``Z H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr `m Cƒ g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©H$ Agë`mMo åhQ>co AmhoV.'' (nhm : Pre-
Aryan Tamil Cultere, 1930, Madrass)
dMZgm{hË`mMo {Z_m©Vo ho cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVrc KQ>H$ Agë`mZo Ë`m_Ü`o
cmoH$na§nam, cmoH$_mZg, cmoH$ê$T>r BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm A§V^m©d Pmë`mMo {XgVmo. Ë`m_wio
ñdm^m{dH$M ê$nH$, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm dmna H$mì`{Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVmo. ho
gd© dMZH$ma gd©àW_ cmoH$H$dr hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$mì`m§VyZ cmoH$àVrH$m§Mm AË`§V
Iw~rZo dmna Ho$cm. AemarVrZo Ooìhm EImÚm H$mì`m§VyZ "cmoH$_mZg' S>moH$mdy cmJVo. Voìhm
Vo H$mì` Iè`m AWm©Zo cmoH$VÎdm§À`m A§JmZo Am{dîH¥$V hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr
cmoH$moÕmamgmR>r Am{U cmoH$a§OZmgmR>r Pmcocr AgVo. VgoM cmoH${ejUmMm gwá hoVy XoIrc
Ë`m_mJo AgVmo, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ~gdoída nyd© Am{U
~gd g_H$mcrZ dMZgm{hË`mMm S>moignUo YmS>m|im KoVcm. Va _w»`V: "~hþOZ {hVm`
Am{U ~hþOZ gwIm`' hrM ^y{_H$m H$mì`{Z{_©Vr_mJo Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `mVrc "~hþOZ'
hr g§H$ënZm OmVrdmMH$ Z KoVm. Vr gm_m{OH$ Om{UdoÀ`m A§JmZo AWdm nmVirda
A{^àoV Amho. Ho$di EdT>oM Zìho, Va AmÜ`mpË_H$, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, H$m{`H$ Am{U
Xmgmoh BË`mXtÀ`m nmVirda A{^àoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. _wimV "OmZnX JrVm'Mr {Z{_©Vr
cmoH$VÎdr` Om{UdoVyZ hmoV Agë`mH$maUmZo `m gm{hË`{Z{_©Ë`m§Mr ^y{_H$m hr
cmoH${ejH$mMr hmoVr. `m{edm` `m H$mimVrc gd© Y_©g§àXm`m§Zr "cmoH$^mfoMm' AmJ«h
Yaë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo. cmoH$^mfoMm ñdrH$ma hoM `m {d{dY g§àXm`m§Zm OmoS>Umam "g_mZ Xwdm'
Amho, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
_Ü``wJrZ {d{dY Y_©g§àXm`m§À`m {Z{_©Vr_mJo cmoH$VÎdr` YmaUm H$er
à~i hmoVr. `m g§X^m©Vrc _hÎdmMo {ddoMZ S>m°. am. qM. T>oao `m§Zr Amnë`m g§Vgm{hË`
Am{U cmoH$gm{hË` `m§À`mVrc AZw~§Y Xe©{dVmZm åhUVmV, ""_amR>r cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrda
^mJdV Y_m©Mm _amR>r g§Vm§À`m CnXoemMm à^md {deof OmUdVmo... `m à^mdmVyZ _amR>r
_mUgmMr Z¡{VH$ KS>U Pmcocr Amho...''41 AemM àH$maMm `w{º$dmX AWdm {dícofU
AmnUmg drae¡d g§Vm§À`m g§X^m©Vhr H$aVm `oB©c. \$º$ Ë`mV ^mJdV Y_m©À`mEodOr drae¡d
Y_m©Mm Agm ~Xc H$amdm cmJoc. _wimV H$moUË`mhr àXoemVrc cmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg ho
àm_w»`mZo g_mOo{VhmgmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎdnyU© gmYZ AgVmo. eVH$mZweVHo$ à{Vq~{~V
hmoV am{hcoë`m g_mOOrdZmV _mZ{gH$ n[adV©ZmgmR>r na§naoVrc ~cñWmZo A{YH$ Cn`moJr
nS>VmV. VgoM n[adV©ZmgmR>r na§naoV AZoH$ ~rOo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Zo_Ho$ hoM _Ü``wJrZ

258
g§Vm§Zr hoaco AgmdoV, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. `m AZwf§JmZo cmoH$VÎdr`
ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Aä`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
Iao åhUOo cmoH$OrdZmVrc "cmoH$' hr g§km ì`{º$dmMH$ ZgyZ, Vr
g_yhdmMH$ g§km Amho. `m{edm` cmoH$ê$T>r, cmoH$lÕm, cmoH$_mZg, cmoH$g_OwVr Am{U
Mmcr[aVr BË`mXr gd© KQ>H$m§Mm A§V^m©d `mV hmoV AgVmo. Aem `m gm{hË`mMr na§nam hr
_m¡{IH$ AgVo. Vgo nm{hco Va cmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n ho ì`m{_l AgVo. Vmo g_J«
OrdZmZw^dm§Mm Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. _w»`V: ^maVr` g_mO hm H¥${fàYmZ Agë`mZo {VWo
ór-nwéf, _wco gJioM H$îQ> H$arV AgVmV. {edm` X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhma _wir H$îQ> Am{U qMVm
`m§Zr J«mgcoco AgVmV. åhUyZ Va "OmË`mda ~gc§ H$s Amodr gwMVo' hm cmoH$g_O `mMmM
ÚmoVH$ Amho. _ZmVrc AWdm _ZmdaMo VmU AmË_àH$Q>rH$aUm§VyZ g¡c hmoVmZm AmnmoAmn
Vmc-c`~Õ eãX C_Q>VmV. VoM JmUo hmoD$Z OmVo. _mUgmMo nma§n[aH$ _Z ho ^mdmHw$c _Z
AgVo. Ogm _mUyg Vgm-Ë`mMm Xod Ago åhQ>co OmVo. Amnë`m XoemV ~hþnËZrËdmMr Mmc
H$er gwê$ Pmcr ho gm§JVmZm, EH$m cmoH$JrVmVrc nwT>rc Amoi nhm :
""Xodm _ëhmarZ§ ~mZy KmVcr {IemVŸ&
XmoZ ~m`H$m§Mr Mmc nS>cr XoemVŸ&&''
`mgma»`m cmoH$JrVm§VyZ nma§n[aH$ cmoH$_mZg àH$Q>VmZm {XgVmo.
cmoH$JrVmMm {Z_m©Vm hm AkmV AgVmo. Ago ho JrV {nT>çmZ-{nT>çm _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmcV
Amcoco AgVo. Ë`mV H$mimZwê$n ~Xchr hmoVmV, Va H$mhr Zì`mZo g_m{dîQ> Ho$co OmVmV.
_mÌ Ë`mVrc "cmoH$_mZg' hm KQ>H$ H$m`_ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo.' CXmhaU Úm`Mo Pmë`mg
nyduÀ`m H$mir cmoH$ "OoOwarÀ`m I§S>mo~mMo Xe©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r MmcV OmV AgV. AmVm H$mi
~Xccm. na§Vw "cmoH$_mZg' _mÌ H$m`_ Amho. åhUyZ Va Vmo MmcV Z OmVm _moQ>marZo
OoOwarcm OmD$Z Xe©Z KoD$Z `oVmo. hm ~Xc H$mimZwê$n nS>ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo.
`m g§X^m©V I§S>mo~mMo _yi emoYVmZm am. {M§. T>oao "_„m[a' hm X{jUoMm
cmoH$XodVm I§S>mo~m Amho, Ago _V Zm|X{dVmV. Va ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc _hmË_m
~godídam§À`m EH$ dMZmV "_¡cma' Agm C„oI AmT>iVmo. Vmo Agm :
""AmVm gU ^ê$Z danm§Jr
gO{dcoë`m _¡cmamMm''
Agm hm "_¡cma' AmOhr H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc AZoH$ _§{XamV "qcJ Am{U _yVu' `m
àVrH$m§À`m ê$nmV nyOcm OmVmo. "_wIS>m' `mMm H$mZS>r AW© "_mar' nwT>o `mMm "_wIS>m +

259
_mar + Vm|S> = _maVm|S>/ _mVªS> Agm g§ñH¥$V ÜdZrê$nm§Va Pmco Agmdo Ago T>ao o åhUVmV.
`m _mVªS> ^¡admZo _ë`mi XoemV "_¡ami' ZmdmÀ`m AmgwamMm dY Ho$cm. Aer cmoH$H$Wm
à{gÕ Amho. Va OoOwarÀ`m I§S>mo~mZo _{U_„gwamMm dY Ho$cm åhUyZ Ë`mcm _„m[a_mVªS>
åhUVmV.
Á`mà_mUo drae¡d-Y_m©V {ed^º$s hrM A§{V_ {ZîR>m _mZcr. drae¡d
g§àXm` Ad¡{XH$ Agë`mZo Ë`mZo g§Ý`mgd¥Îmrcm Am{U `k-`mJ `mcm {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr
gd© àH$maÀ`m g_VoMm AmJ«h Yacm. Ë`mgmR>r àg§Jr àmUnUmZo cT>m {Xcm.
_mUgm_mUgm§Vrc ^oXmg ZH$ma XoD$Z Ë`m§Zr H$_m©Zwgmar dUmªMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm. Ë`mà_mUo
^mJdVY_m©V H¥$îU^º$s hrM A§{V_ {ZîR>m åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo. `m g§àXm`mZo
Ad¡{XH$m§Mr àoaUm KoD$Z `kg§ñH¥$Vrcm Am{U d¡{XH$ Y_©J«§Wmcm {damoY Ho$cm. Ë`m§Zr nwamU
J«§W à_mU _mZco. H$maU nwamUJ«§WmZo dU©ì`dñWm ZmH$macoco hmoVo Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$
g_VoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm hmoVm. _Ü``wJrZ drae¡dgm{hË` Am{U _amR>r g§Vgm{hË`mVrc
cmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mg H$aVmZm `mV ~aoM gmå` Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m{edm` XmoÝhr
amÁ`mVrc gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$ Am{U amOH$s` nmíd©^y_r Odinmg gmaIrM
Agë`mMo AmT>iVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§Vrc AmMma-{dMma-VÎdkmZ Am{U
^y{_H$m hr nañnanyaH$ Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmV. VgoM `m XmoÝhr Y_©g§àXm`m§Mm ZmWn§Wmer
AZw~§Y Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m§Zr ZmWm§à_mUoM "cmoH$^mfoMm' ñdrH$ma Ho$cm hmoVm. hm
_Ü``wJrZ gd©M Y_©n§Wm_Yrc "g_mZ Xwdm' åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c.
4.7 dMZgm{hË`mVrc
dMZgm{hË`mVrc Ame` Am{U Am{dîH$ma :
_Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc dMZgm{hË`mVyZ ì`º$ hmoUmam {dMma hm OmZnX
OrdZmVrc cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrcm à_mU _mZUmam AgyZ, Ë`mV g_yhOrdZmMo à{Vq~~ nmhm`cm
{_iVmo. `m gm{hË`mV g_yhmcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo Z¡{VH$ nmR>~i cm^co AgyZ, Ë`m§V
AR>am-nJS> OmVrVrc dMZH$mam§Zr Amnco OrdZmZw^d ì`º$ Ho$co AmhoV. Amnco g_mO~Õ
OrdZ H$m`_ R>odyZ cmoH$m§Zm gÝ_mJ© XmI{dcm. `m{edm` dMZgm{hË`mVyZ ñdV:Mo
ì`{º$_Îd ì`º$ Ho$co, Am{U Ë`m§Zm dMZm§À`mÛmam g_mOn[ad©VZ KS>dm`Mo hmoVo. Ë`mH$[aVm
na§nao{déÕ Ë`m§Zr cT>m {Xcm, Am{U Zdg_mO {Z{_©VrMo ñdßZ nm{hco. Ë`m§Zr "AmYr Ho$co
Am{U _JM BVam§Zm gm§{JVco' `m {Z`_mZo Vo ñdV: OJco. Ë`m_wio ~gdoídam§Zm Amdí`H$
AgUmar gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$ nmíd©^y_r AmYrÀ`m dMZH$mam§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$co hmoVo. ~mamì`m
eVH$mV Á`m gm{hË`mZo "gwdU©`wJ' {Z_m©U Ho$co. Ë`mcm ~gdà{UV VÎdkmZmMo A{YîR>mZ
260
cm^co hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOm_Ü`o EH$ àH$maMo ZdM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U Pmco. n[aUm_r gd© OmVr
g_yhmVrc Am{U {d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmao cmoH$ `m _mZdH$ë`mUH$mar Y_m©H$S>o AmoT>co Joco.
dMZgm{hË`mZo g_H$mcrZ g_mOmMo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$ Am{U _mZdVoMo ZoV¥Ëd
Ho$co. Ë`m§Zm _mZdr OrdZ_mZ C§MmdÊ`mMr EH$ gmaIr Vi_i cmJcr hmoVr. `m H$m`m©V
Ë`m§Zm g_mOmMo ghH$m`© cm^co, Am{U Z§Va Aënmd{YVM g§nyU© g_mOmZo Amncr Hy$g
~Xë`mMo AmT>iVo. ho `m Y_©n§WmÀ`m cmoH${à`VoMo d¡{eîQ>ç åhUyZ gm§JVm `oVo.
~gdoídam§À`m gm{hË`mda AmYm[aV AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr g§emo{YV J«§W
{c{hco, H$mhtZr nwñVHo$ {c{hcr, H$mhtZr H$mX§~ar d ZmQ>Ho$ {c{hcr. WmoS>Š`mV {d{dY
dmL²>_` àH$mam§VyZ ~goídam§Mo VÎdkmZ, Ë`m§Mo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, {dMma OZ_mZgmn`ªV
nmohM{dÊ`mMo H$m`© Ho$co. AemM àH$maMm à`ËZ _mOr Hw$cJwê$ S>m°. Ama. gr. {hao_R> `m§Zr
g§nmXZ Ho$coë`m "~gdÊUdê$ dMZJiw' `m nwñVH$mVrc EH$m dMZmV Ago åhQ>co Amho H$s:
""Aæ`m, ^º$sJo, ~rS>mXwXw H$ë`mU _wdÎmmê$ dê$fŸ&
Aæ`m, AZw^d¸o$ {edgXZ dmXwXw BßnÎmoiw dê$fŸ&
Aæ`m, qh{XZ§VZw^d qh{XZ§Vo ^º$s B„m...
Hy$S>cg§J_Xodm'' (dMZ H«$. 1162 n¥. 523)
`mMm _amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
""ho à^y, H$ë`mU N>Îmrg dfmªn`ªV ^º$sMo H|$Ð hmoVoŸ&
ho à^y, H$ë`mU gÎmmdrg dfmªn`ªV AZw^md _§Q>nmMo H|$Ð hmoVo
ho à^y, Zm AmO AZw^d Amho Zm ^º$sMo H|$Ð...
Hy$S>cg§J_ZmWm''
~mamì`m eVH$mV dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao ~hþg§»` dMZH$ma ho
OmZnX (J«m_rU) OrdZ OJUmao hmoVo. AemM àH$maMm dmagm _Ü``wJrZ g§Vgm{hË`mMr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUmè`m AR>am-nJS> OmVrVrc g§Vm§Zm cm^cr hmoVr. qH$~hþZm Agohr åhUVm
`oB©c H$s, g§nyU© ^maVmVrc _Ü``wJrZ gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr cmoH$g_yhmVrc g§Vm§Zr AWdm
cmoH$H$dtZrM Ho$co AmhoV. {deof åhUOo OmZnX OrdZ Am{U JrV (H$mì`) ho H${ZîR>
àVrMo åhUyZ AmoiIco OmV hmoVo. Aem n`m©daUmV (nmíd©^y_rV) {Z_m©U Pmcoco
gm{hË`XoIrc H${ZîR> åhUyZM g§~moYco Joco. `m g§X^m©V WmoS>mgm YmS>moi
§ m KoVco AgVm.
AmR>ì`m-Zdì`m eVH$mVrc _amR>rÀ`m CÎnÎmrnydu _ahÅ> cmoH$m§V _hmamîQ´>r An^§«e hr ^mfm
~moccr OmV Agmdr... VgoM "{ccmdB©' ho H$mì`J«§W "_ahÅ> Xoer ^mfoV' {c{hë`mMo

261
H$moD$hc H$dr gm§JVmo. Agm hm C„oI "_hmamîQ´> g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U {dH$mg' øm h. lr.
eoUmocrH$a d S>m°. à. Z. Xoenm§S>o (g§nm.) J«§WmÀ`m n¥. (48-52) nmhm`cm {_iVmo.
`mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©c H$s, AH$amì`m eVH$mV hm AmH¥${V~§Y
(dMZgm{hË`mMm/ OmZnX JrV) H$Zm©Q>H$mV ApñVÎdmV Amcm Am{U {dH${gV Pmcm.
`m_Ü`o _hÎdmMo `moJXmZ cmoH$H$dtMo AmhoV. Á`mH$mimV M§ßnyH$mì` ho A{Ve` cmoH${n«`
hmoVo. Ë`mH$mimV dMZH$mam§Zr "{ÌnXr' aMZmàH$mamV dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. `mVrc
^mfm gmYr-gai-gmonr Am{U AmoKdVr AgyZ Vr EoH$Umè`mÀ`m _Zmcm OmD$Z {^S>Vo.
Ë`m_wio OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm ho H$mì` AmOhr Amnco dmQ>Vo.
~hþOZ dMZH$mam§Zr öX`mcm OmD$Z {^S>Umar dMZo {c{hcr Am{U Vr
Jm`cr XoIrc. Ë`m§À`m dMZm§_wioM `m gm{hË`mMr à{VîR>m H$ÞS> dmL²>_`m_Ü`o Iè`m
AWm©Zo {Z_m©U Pmcr. `m gm{hË`mZo OmJ{VH$ gm{hË`m_Ü`o Amnco ñdV:Mo Ago XmcZ
{Z_m©U Ho$co. `m_Ü`o àm_w»`mZo ~gdà{UV VÎdkmZ, ewÕ Z¡{VH$ AmMma-{dMma Am{U
H$m`H$ d Xmgmoh gma»`m ZdVÎdmMm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ago ho VÎdkmZ amoOÀ`m ~mocr^mfoVyZ
_m§S>co Amho. `mV X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrc AZoH$ ê$nH$, à{V_m, àVrH$m§Mm dmna Ho$cocm Amho.
Ë`m~amo~a g_H$mcrZ g_mOmV àM{cV Agcoë`m åhUr-dmŠ`àMmam§Mm dmna AË`§V
Iw~rZo Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVmV. `m dMZH$mam§Zr VÎdkmZmnojm Y_m©MaUmda A{YH$ ^a {Xcm.
~gdoídam§à_mUo Ë`m§Zrhr EHo$ídadmXmMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm, Am{U ~hþXodVmdmXmda àH$Q>nUo
{Q>H$m Ho$cr. `m{edm` Á`m§Zr dUm©l_Y_m©À`m AmYmao g_mOm_Ü`o Om{V^oX Ho$cm Ë`m§Zm Vo
nmI§S>r åhUyZ Ë`mMm {ZfoY Ho$cm.
~gdoídam§Zr _mZdr _yë`m§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd {Xë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. Ë`m§Zr
"Zdg_mO' aMZogmR>r Zì`m Y_m©Mr Amdí`H$Vm AmoiIyZ "drae¡d Y_m©Mr' ñWmnZm Ho$cr.
Ë`mÛmao _mUgm_mUgm§Vrc ^oXm^oX JmSy>Z "g_VoMm' nwañH$ma Ho$cm. `m{edm` g_H$mcrZ
g_mOmVrc "{^jm' d¥Îmrcm {damoY H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr "H$m`H$ d Xmgmoh' `m ZdVÎdmMr OmoS>
{Xcr. drae¡d g§àXm` hm ^maVmVrc n{hco g§àXm` Amho H$s, Á`mZo Amhma Am{U
{dhmam{df`rMo {Z`_Z Ho$co. ~gdoídam§Zr Amnë`m AmamÜ`XodVocm à_mU (gmj) R>odyZ
H$mì`{Z{_©Vr Ho$cr. AemM arVrZo g_H$mcrZ H$dtZr XoIrc H$mì` aMë`mMo AmT>iVo.
Ë`mÀ`m AZw^dmV, AmË_m{dîH$ma Am{U A{^ì`{º$V H$gë`mhr àH$maMo A{Ve`moº$s
AmT>iV Zmhr. Oo nm{hco, Oo AZw^dco, Oo ^moJco VoM dMZm§VyZ _m§S>co. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo
H$mì` ho Ë`m§Mo Z amhVm g_H$mcrZ g_mOOrdZmMo à{V{ZYr R>aVo. åhUyZM BVam§Zm Vo

262
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g_ÎdmMr ^y{_H$m hrM cmoH$m§Zm àoaUm XoUmar R>aVo.
_Ü``wJrZ dMZH$mam§Zr dMZgm{hË`mcm àË`jmV XoddmUrMr åhUOoM
g§ñH¥$VMr à{VîR>m {_idyZ {Xcr. `mÛmao H$ÞS> cmoH$^mfoVyZ VÎdkmZ, Y_©kmZ,
AmÜ`mË_kmZ _m§S>Vm `oVmo hm AmemdmX dMZH$mam§Zr OZ_mZgmV {Z_m©U Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio
AZoH$ Cno{jV g_Oë`m OmUmè`m g_mOmVrc ór-nwéf {c{hVo Pmco. Ë`m§Zrhr Amnë`m
ì`Wm, doXZm, AmË_mZw^yVr dMZm§À`mÛmao cmoH$m§n`ªV nmohM{dco. n[aUm_r OZ_mZgmV ho
gm{hË` cmoH$mXamg nmÌ R>aco, Vo `mVrc g_ÎdmÀ`m {dMmam§_wioM. Ë`m_wio Aënmd{YVM
hm g§àXm` OZ_mZgmV cmoH${à` Pmcm. `m g§àXm`mMo g§ñWmnH$ _hmË_m ~gdoída ho
_mZdH$ë`mUH$mar hmoVo, Va AZw^md _§Q>nmMo AÜ`j A„_à^y ho eyÝ`{g§hmgZmMo amOo hmoVo.
_{S>dmi _mMæ`m hm namH«$_r {ed^º$ hmoVm. T>moa H$H$æ`m Am{U A§{~Jma Mm¡S>æ`m ho Wmoa
{edeaU hmoVo. AßnÊUm hS>nX²> MÞæ`m ho Va ~gdoídam§Mo {dídmgy åhUyZ AmoiIco
OmVmV. `m{edm` `mVrc A¸$_hmXodr hr {daº$sgmR>r à{gÕ Amho. Va MÞæ`m hm
kmZmgmR>r Am{U àMmaH$ åhUyZ {gÕam_oída à{gÕ hmoVo. Va ~gdÊUm ho {ed ^{º$gmR>r
AmoiIco OmVmV.
~gdoídam§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va n§WmMo (g§àXm`mMo) ZoV¥Ëd MÞ~gdoídamZr
ñdV:H$S>o KoD$Z, Ë`m§Zr A„_à^y, A¸$_hmXodr `m§À`m ghH$m`m©Zo Ë`mMm àMma Am{U àgma
Ho$cm. dmñV{dH$ H$ë`mU H«$m§VrÀ`m doir eaUm§Mo d dMZgm{hË`mMm gm§^mi H$aÊ`mMr
O~m~Xmar MÞ~godídam§da `oD$Z nS>cr hmoVr. Voìhm ""MÞ~gdoídam§Zr H$ë`mUZJarMm
eodQ>Mm {Zamon KoD$Z amÌrÀ`m A§YmamV npíM_ KmQ>mVrc "Cidr'H$S>o _mJ©H«$_U Ho$co. Ë`m§Zo
Amnë`m BVa {edeaUm§Zm eaUgm{hË`mMr àmUnUmZo OmonmgZm H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$cr.
àg§Jr hmVmV eó KoD$Z cT>m... C>idrH$S>o OmÊ`mgmR>r Amnë`m nWH$mV MÞ~gdoídam§Zr
Amncr AmB© A¸$ZmJå_m, ~gdoídam§À`m XmoZ nËZr J§Jm§{~H$m Am{U {Zcm§{~H$m, qcJå_m,
H$ë`mUå_m, H$miìdm AmXr _{hcm eaUr VgoM _S>rdmi _mMæ`m, A§{~Jma Mm¡S>æ`m, T>moa
42
H$¸$æ`m BË`mXr kmZr eaUhr ~amo~a KoVco.''
dMZgm{hË`mVrc {df`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm gd©àW_ ho gm{hË`-coIZ
H$aUmè`m AR>am-nJS> OmVrVrc dMZH$mam§Mm emoY ¿`mdm cmJoc. `mÑîQ>rZo emoY KoVco
AgVm `m H$mimV H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmao g§V (eaU) {d{dY OmVrMo Am{U {d{dY ì`dgm`
H$aUmao hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Om{V{ZîR> d OrdZ{ZîR> AZw^dm§Vrc {d{dYVm Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ

263
nmhm`cm {_iVmo. VgoM {d{dY ì`dgm`mVrc ~mocrMm g§X^© Am{U ~mocr^mfoVrc àM{cV
eãXm§Mm dmnahr dMZm§VyZ ghOnUo Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ë`m_wio EH$ àH$mao d¡{dÜ`,
ì`m{_lVm, g{_lVm dMZgm{hË`mcm àmá Pmco AmhoV. `m{edm` ñdV: ~gdoídam§Zr
Amnë`m gm{hË`m§VyZ X`m, Y_©, {ZVr, namonH$ma, ~§Yw^md, g_Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ g_agVm
{Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. åhUyZ EHo$ {R>H$mUr åhQ>co :
""X`{d„X Y_©dXmCXæ`mŸ&
X`do ~oHw$ gH$c àm{UJio„a{„Ÿ&
X`do Y_©X _ycdæ`mŸ&
Hy$S>cg§Jæ`Z§V„Xmo„Zæ`Ÿ&&''
(_hmË_m ~gdoída n¥. 239)
`mMm _amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :
X`m åhUOoM Y_©. X`o{dZm Y_© AgyM eH$V Zmhr. X`m hr gH$i
àm{U_mÌm§da Ho$cr nm{hOoV. Ia§ åhUOo X`m hmM Y_m©Mm _yi VÎd Amho. Aer hr OmUrd
_cm Hy$S>cg§J_ZmWmZrM H$ê$Z {Xcr. AemàH$maMm àm§Oi H$~wcr Vo XoVmV.
~mamì`m eVH$mV _hmË_m ~gdoídam§À`m ê$nmZo "_hm_mZdmMm' OÝ_ Pmcm.
Ë`mZr _mZdH$ë`mUH$mar ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gd© g_mOmVrc cmoH$m§Zm AZw^d
_§Q>nmÀ`mÛmam EH$Ì AmUco. {VWo H$gë`mhr àH$maMo loîR>-H${ZîR> Agm ^md Z _mZVm
gd©OU "_mUyg' åhUyZ g_mZ AmhmoV, hm _§Ì {Xcm. nydu _mUgm_mUgm§Vrc Agcoë`m
^oX^md JmSy>Z Q>mH$co, Am{U Zì`m _mZdY_m©Mr {eH$dU g_mOmcm {Xcr. `m_mJrc Ë`m§Mm
hoVy ewÕ hmoVm, Vmo åhUOo gm_m{OH$ A{^gaU Pmco nm{hOo. Aer {eH$dU cmoH$m§Zm XoVmZm
Ë`m§Zr nwamUmVrc AZoH$ g§X^© XoV-KoV, g_mOà~moYZ Ho$co. àg§Jr H$R>moa hmoD$Z IS>o ~mochr
EoH$dco. `mVyZM gd©Ì ~moH$micocr "{^jwH$d¥Îmr' H$mhr à_mUmV H$_r Pmcr. g_mOmcm
_mJ©Xe©Z H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zm C_Ooc-H$ioc Aem nÕVrMm Adc§~ Ho$cm. àg§Jr AdVr-
^modVrMo g§X^©, CXmhaUo {Xcr. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrc gd© ñVamVrc cmoH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mo {dMma
nQ>co, Am{U _Zmcm ^mdco XoIrc. n[aUm_r AZoH$m§Zr `m _mZdH$ë`mUH$mar Y_m©Mr Xrjm
KoVcr. H$maU `m g§àXm`mV H$moUrhr loîR>-H${ZîR> ZìhVm, lr_§V-Jar~ Aer {d^mJUr
ZìhVr. Vo {edeaU åhUyZ g_mZ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmV EH$ "ZdM¡VÝ`' {Z_m©U Pmco.
`m§Mo _w»` H$maU åhUOo ~gdà{UV VÎdkmZ Am{U AmMmaY_© ho hmo`. Ë`m§Zm `mH$m_r BVa

264
AZw`m`m§Zr {Xcocr CÎm_ gmW ho XoIrc {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo hmoVo, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm
dmQ>Vo.
g_H$mcrZ g_mOmV Oo cmoH$ ñdV:À`m Y_©, OmVr, dU©, `m§Mm d¥Wm{^_mZ
~miJyZ hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m S>moù`m§V ~gdoídam§Zr OiOirV A§OZ KmVco. `mVyZM Ë`m§À`m
{R>H$mUr AgUmè`m {ZñdmW© d¥ÎmrMo AmnUmg Xe©Z KS>Vo. EH$m dMZmV Vo åhUVmV :
""ì`mg ~moO{`{VZ _Jm,
_mHª$S>o` _mV§{J` _Jm,
_§XmoXar H$ßn`o _Jiw...
Xwdm©g _{ƒJ, H$í`n H$å_ma
H$m¢{S>Ý`V|~F${f...'' (~gd-dMZo)
`mMm _amR>rV ^mdmW© Agm :
_hmH$dr ì`mg ^w{`ZrMm _wcJm,
_mHª$S>o` _mV§{JZrMm _wcJm,
_§XmoXar ~oSy>H$ nwÌr...
Xwdmªg Mm§^ma, H$í`n cmohma
H$m¢{S>ì`F${f Ýhmdr hmoVo.
Ago ho F${f_wZr dU©ì`dñWoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo eyÐ hmoVo. Varhr Vo loîR F$fr åhUyZ
AmnU Ë`m§Zm d§XZr` _mZVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo T>moa H$¸$æ`m, _mXa MÞæ`m, Mm§^ma haiæ`m
hS>nX AßnÊUm (Ýhmdr) Am{U _Ywdag (~«m÷U) Oar Agco, Var Vo gd© "{ed^º$'
åhUyZ g_mZ AmhoV. ~hþg§»` dMZH$ma ho VÎH$mcrZ Añn¥í` _mZcoë`m g_mOmVrc hmoVo.
Varhr Vo {ed^º$ åhUyZ Hw$crZ AmhoV. Agm hm nwamoJm_r {dMma ~mamì`m eVH$mV
~gdoídam§Zr _m§S>cm d Ë`mcm H¥$VrMr OmoS> {Xcr.
~gdoída AmUIr EH$m dMZmV lÕm, AlÕ d¥ÎmrÀ`m _mUgm-_mUgmVrc
^oX (\$aH$) gm§JVmZm åhUVmV :
""Z§{~Xao àgmX
Z§~{XÔao {dfdw!
VwSw>H$~maXw ZmoÈ>m qcJZ àgmX!...''
`mMm _amR>r ^mdmW© Agm :

265
 lÕoZo ñdrH$macoë`m nXmWm©g àgmX åhUVmV. Oa EImÚmÀ`m _ZmV Aer
dñVy dm "àgmX' pñdH$maVmZm lÕm^md Zgoc Va Vr n{dÌ (_§Jc) dñVy AWdm
nXmW©XoIrc {dfdV dmQ>Vo. àgmX hm nyÁ`^mdmZo ñdrH$maco nm{hOo, Vo hmdaonUmZo Amoa~Sy>Z
KoD$ Z`o... AemarVrZo ^{º$`wº$ lÕm^dmcm Am{U H$moUVohr ^{º$JrV JmVmZm, Ë`m§Mo AW©
OmUyZ Vo Jm`co nm{hOo. VaM Vo EoH$Umè`m§À`m öX`mcm OmD$Z {^S>Vo, AÝ`Wm ZwgVo _Ywa
JrV R>aÊ`mMm A{YH$ g§^d AgVmo. `m g§X^m©V åhUVmV :
""hVw gm{da JrVd hm{S> AW©{dÅ>{„ \$cdoZw
_wÅ>d VoaZZ[a`XÞH$?
H$moÅ>XaoZ>Zw {~{Å>ao>Zw?...''
BWo ~gdoída åhUVmV H$mhr cmoH$m§Zr hOmamo JrV (nXo) Jm`cr. na§Vw Ë`m§Zm
Ë`mMm AW© H$icm Zgoc, Va H$m` Cn`moJ. ZwgVr JrVo nmR> H$ê$Z, H$moUr kmZr hmoV Zmhr.
Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m JrVmVrc ^mdmW© OmUyZ Oa Vo JrV Jm`co, VaM EoH$Umè`m§À`m _Zmcm Vo
OmD$Z {^S>Vmo. Ë`mgmR>r Jm`H$mMr (H$dtMr) à^yda ^º$r (lÕm) Agmdr cmJVo. _ZmZo
à^yer (e§H$amer) OwidyZ KoVco nm{hOo, Vmo ZQ>oída Amho, Am{XZmW Amho, `m g¥îQ>rMm
{Z_m©Vm Amho. åhUyZ Va ~gdoídam§Zr "cmoH$g§dmXmgmR>r' dMZgm{hË`mMm à^mdr _mÜ`_
åhUyZ Om{Udnyd©H$ dmna Ho$cm, Am{U H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMma Ë`mÛmao OZ_mZgmn`ªV
nmohM{dco. n[aUm_r gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm ho H$mì` Amncogo dmQ>co. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm
""~gdoídam§Zr ^º$sMm _mJ© A{YH$ àeñV Ho$cm. AmË_moÕmamgmR>r g§Ý`mgmMm añVm Z
43
ñdrH$maVm OrdZg§Kfm©cm gm_moao OmD$Z OZ{hV hoM Ë`m§Zr na_Ü`o` _mZco.''
S>m°. H$m_Vm§Zr "g§Vgm{hË` : H$mhr AZw~§Y' `m g§emo{YV nwñVH$mVyZ "_hmË_m ~gdoída
Am{U g§V Zm_Xod' `m§À`m OrdZnmWo`mV Ogo gmå` AmT>iVo. VgoM Vo Ë`m§À`m CncãY
aMZoVyZhr XmI{dVmV. `m g§X^m©V H$mhr CXmhaUo XoD$Z A{YH$ ñnîQ>nUo MMm© H$aVmZm
{XgVmV.
"eyÝ`dmX' hm drae¡d qcJm`V Y_m©Mm VÎdkmZ{df`H$ nm`m Amho.
H$ë`mUZJamV Omo AZw^d _§Q>n hmoVm Ë`m {R>H$mUr EH$ qghmgZ hmoVo. Ë`mda A„_à^y
~gV AgV.Ë`mcm "eyÝ`qghmgZ' åhUyZhr g§~mo{Yco OmVo. eyÝ`dmX (Teaching on the
void) hm VÎdkmZmVrc JhZ {df` AgyZ `m dmXmMm CJ_ _hmË_m ~wÕmÀ`m ~m¡Õ Y_m©V
Pmcm. B.g. nyd© n{hë`m Am{U Xwgè`m eVH$mV ZmJmOw©Z ZmdmMm _moR>m {dMmad§V hmoD$Z
Jocm. H$mhr Aä`mgH$ `mcm JmoajZmWmMm g_H$mcrZ _mZVmV. dmñV{dH$ "`moJdm{gîR>' hm

266
J§«W kmZXodm§À`m Zmdmda Amho. Va "VÎdgma' hm J«§W Mm§JXodmZr {c{hcm Amho. `m XmoKm§Zmhr
cwB© d _Ëñ`|Ðm§Zm doJio _mZco -
""_Ëñ`|Ð Mm¡a§Jr JhZ& ^yMa OmVrŸ&&...
drê$dm cmoB©crim nm§Jir...'' Ë`mMà_mUo Mm§JXod {chVmo -
""_qN>Ð n«~moYoŸ& àJQ> Pmco
gd© gwImdarŸ& ZmJmOw©Z H$Uoar
cwB©cmcm Hw$H$arŸ& aËZKmofw''
`m XmoÝhr H$dtÀ`m C„oIm§VyZ cwB©, _Ëñ`|Ð Am{U ZmJmOw©Z `m§Mm C„oI
nmhm`cm {_iVmo. (ZmWg§àXm`, _. am. Omoer n¥. 19)
`m{edm` "eyÝ`nXmZo' Jmoajm§Zm ~m¡ÕmMm {dkmZdmX A{^àoV ZìhVm. Va
e{º$`wº$ {edmMm {ZX}e eyÝ`nXmZo Ho$cm. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. H$ë`mUr `m§À`m _VmZwgma
"`moJgmYZoMo' dU©Z eyÝ` nXmZo `oVo Ago åhQ>co Amho. (nhm. `moJd{eîR> J«§WmVhr na~«÷mMm
C„oI eyÝ` nXmZo Ho$cm.)
Ë`mZo eyÝ`dmXmda ~aoM {chÿZ R>odco hmoVo. Ë`m {dMmam§Mr N>Q>m drae¡dm§À`m
VÎdkmZmda C_Q>cocr {XgyZ `oVmV. ì`dhmamV AmnU nmhVmo H$s, H$m`©H$maU^mdm{edm`
OJmV H$mhrM KS>V Zmhr. nyU©nUo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd Agcocr H$moUVrM JmoîQ> (dñVy) `m
OJmV Zmhr. Ho$di AZw^d Am{U VH©$ `mÛmao H$mT>co Jococo {ZîH$f© åhUOo nyU© gË` Ago
_mZVm `oV Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV Ago H$s, H$m`©H$maU^mdmn{cH$S>o ApñVÎdmV Agcocr dñVy
åhUOo eyÝ`dmX hmo`.
drae¡dm§À`m eyÝ`dmXmÀ`m g§X^m©V {dMma _m§S>VmZm A„_à^yZr "{Z:eyÝ`'
hr pñWVr ^º$mg_moa R>odcr. Aer hr pñWVr H$mcmVrV d ñWcmVrV åhUyZ AmoiIcr OmVo.
Ë`mcmM {Z:eyÝ` hmoUo Ago åhQ>co Amho. n¥Ïdr, AmH$me, dm`y, nmUr, VoO hr n§M_hm^yVo
_mZcr OmVmV. hr n§M_hm^yVo ñdV§Ì ZgyZ Vr EH$_oH$m§V J§wVcocr AmhoV. `m§À`mV
H$m`©H$maU^md AmT>iVmo. åhUyZM drae¡dm§Zr A§Jm§J A{YH$ qcJm§J åhUOoM eyÝ`dmX!
hmM Ho$dcmZ§X (Sublimation) hoM {edeaUm§Zm A{^àoV Amho.
g§Vgm{hË`mMo gm_m{OH$ Cn`moOZ H$aUmao Aä`mgH$ H$mH$mgmho~
H$maImZrg `m§Zr Amnë`m "g§V Am{U g_mO' ho N>moQ>oImZr nwñVH$ {c{hco Amho. ho
_amR>rVrc _hÎdmMm J«§W åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. `m_Ü`o "kmZoídar{df`H$ VrZ {Q>nU|' `m
coImV JrVoÀ`m ~mamì`m AÜ`m`mVrc AH$amì`m ícmoH$mVrc "eyÝ`dmXm'Mm C„oI Amho :

267
 ""n[a _mV| _Zr Yamd|Ÿ& H$m§ _O CÔoe| H$amd|Ÿ&
ho H$mhr ZH$mo, AmKd|Ÿ& OmD$§ Xo eyÝ`tŸ&&130
dÝhrMm§ Ádmim O¡erŸ& dm`m§ Om` AmH$merŸ&
{H«$`m {Oam| Xo V¡grŸ& eyÝ`m_mOtŸ&&133''
`m àg§JmMm nydm©nma g§X^© Agm Amho H$s, na_ H$mê${UH$ ^JdmZ² lrH¥$îU
AOw©Zmcm {MÎmmÀ`m em§VrMo _mJ© gm§JyZ am{hco AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr Ë`mcm VrZ-Mma
{Za{Zamio Cnm` gwM{dco AmhoV. A„_à^yà_mUoM kmZoídam§Zr XoIrc "eyÝ`' hr pñWVr
AOw©Zmg_moa R>odcr Amho, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
_Ü``wJrZ H$mimV dMZgm{hË` VmS>nÌmda Am{dîH¥$V H$aÊ`mMm àKmV
hmoVm. Agm hm C„oI AmnUmg XñVwaIwÔ ~gdoída g_H$mcrZ {M¸$æ`m (S>mHy$) ZmdmÀ`m
JwÝhoJmamÀ`m M[aÌJ«§Wmdê$Z nmhm`cm {_iVmo. AemM àH$maMo Xwgam C„oI S>m°. AemoH$
H$m_V `m§À`m "_hmË_m ~gdoída' `m nwñVH$mÀ`m (n¥. 183) da AmT>iVmo. `mV coIH$
{c{hVmV H$s, {M¸$æ`mZo VmS>nÌo AmUÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`mZo {ZîR>mnyd©H$ ñdrH$maco. ñdV: "Cair
C_oídam' `m A§{H$V Zm_mZo Ë`m§Mo AZoH$ dMZo {c{hco AmhoV. `m{edm` AemM ñdê$nmMm
C„oI _hmamîQ´>mVrc _hmZw^md n§WmMo àdV©H$ Agcoë`m MH«$Yam§À`m doir _hmamîQ´>mÀ`m
H$mhr ^mJmV Var VmS>nÌmda {c{hÊ`mMm àKmV Agmdm, Ago `m n§WmVrc J«§WmVë`m H$mhr
C„oIm§dê$Z dmQ>Vo. `m n§WmVrc _hX§~m ZmdmÀ`m EH$m {dXwfrZo H¥$îUH$WmdU©Zna H$mhr
Ydio a{Mco. `mn¡H$s EH$m Amodr_Ü`o Vr åhUVo,
""VmS>nÌ hmVr : {XÝhcr lrnVr : {c{IVw {dZ§Vr : ^r_H$s`mŸ&&''44
VgoM _mV¥H$s-épŠ_Urñd`§da hr Amodr N>§X Vmo _moamon§VmÀ`m "grVmJrVm'
à_mUo A^§JmgmaIm åhUVm `oVmo.
_Ü``wJmV eVH$mV `mXdmMo amÁ` _hmamîQ´> d H$Zm©Q>H$mÀ`m H$mhr ^mJmV
Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m gw_mamg {Z_m©U Pmcoco dMZgm{hË` R>odÊ`mgmR>r ñdV:
~gdoídam§Mr Y_©nËZr J§Jm§q~H$m {hZo Amncm "amO_hmc' A{n©V Ho$cm. `m H$mimVrc
45
{edeaU "em§Vag' ho `m dMZgm{hË` ^m§S>mamMo à_wI hmoVo. {deofV: `m H$mimV
dMZgm{hË` VmS>nÌmda {c{hcr OmV. VgoM `m g§X^m©V S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m§Zr nwUo
{dÚmnrR>, _amR>r {d^mJ Am`mo{OV amîQ´>r` MMm© gÌmV, ~mocVmZm åhUVmV H$s, ""Cidr,
46
hë`mi BWo VmS>nÌmdarc hñV{c{IVo nmhm`cm {_iVmV.'' Ago Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
emoY{Z~§YmV åhUVmV.

268
 ~gdoídam§Zr _yi ^maVr` {dMma (VÎdkmZmVrc) à_mU _mZyZ drae¡d
VÎdkmZ {Z_m©U Ho$co. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm hmM {dMma ~gdoídanyd© O¡Z VÎdkmZmVhr
AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§Zr drae¡dmÀ`m AJmoXaM gd© _Zwî`OmVr EH$M Agë`mMo åhQ>co AmhoV.
\$º$ Vmo d¥ÎmrZo AWdm {H«$`oZoM {ÛO R>aVmo. `mdê$Z O¡Z VÎdkmZmMm H$mhr EH$ à^md
drae¡d VÎdkmZmda Pmcm Agmdm H$Xm{MV O¡Z Am{U ~m¡Õ VÎdkmZmVrc "Aqhgm' `m
VÎdmMm à^md ~gdoídam§À`m {dMmam§da nS>cm Agmdm. Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
Añn¥í`VoÀ`m g§X^m©V ~gdoídamMr ^y{_H$m nwamoJm_r Agë`mMo {XgVo. Vo åhUVmV : ""Omo
{h§gm H$aVmo, Xwgè`m§À`m {Odmcm R>ma _maVmo VmoM _hma. Omo _Ú-_m§g ^jU H$aVmo Vmo _m§J.
VgoM Omo AgË` ~mocVmo Am{U Omo qZXm, _Ëga H$aVmo. Vmo T>moa hmo`. Aer _mUgm§À`m
JwUmda AmYm[aV ì`m»`m _hmË_m ~gdoída H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV.
~gdÊUm§Zr "g_VoMo VÎd' ~mamì`m eVH$mV _m§S>co Am{U \$ma _moR>çm
Ym{_©H$ d gm_m{OH$ H«$m§VrMo Vo OZH$ R>aco.'' åhUyZ Va S>m°. ^JdmZXmg {Vdmar
`mÀ`mgma»`m {dÛmZ Aä`mgH$m§Zr åhQ>co Amho, H$s "dMZm§à_mUo OJUo ho IamoIa AdKS>
Aer JmoîQ> Amho.' Vo åhUVmV : ‘to live according to the philosophy and guideline,
given in the vacanas.’ Agm hm C„oI Ë`mÀ`m "dMZ gm{hË` : EH$ qMVZ `m coImV
AmT>iyZ `oVmo. daH$aUr nmhVm Ë`mMo åhUUo ho A{Ve` gmYo-gai Amho. na§Vw AmOÀ`m
EH${dgmì`m eVH$mV dMZm§à_mUo OUJo åhUOoM EH$ {Xì` Aer JmoîQ> AgyZ, Vo
gd©gm_mÝ`mMo H$m_ Zmhr. {VWo nm{hOo OmVrMo, åhUOoM g§Vàd¥ÎmrMo cmoH$M AemàH$maMo
OrdZ OJy eH$VmV.
~gd H$mimV Aem d¥ÎmrMo AZoH$ {edeaU Am{U {edeaUr hmoË`m.
Ë`m_wioM Va Ë`m§À`m AmMma-{dMam§da, gm{hË`mda, VÎdkmZmda Am{U g_Vm{YîR>rV
g_mOOrdZmda gm_§V, nwamo{hV Am{U XÊS>Zm`H$ d H$mhr amOo BË`mXr _§S>itMm "H$mon'
(amJ) hmoVm. `m§Mo _w»` H$maU åhUOo "eaUgm{hË`mZo' OmVr`dmXmcm _yR>_mVr XoÊ`mam
{dMma _m§S>cm hmoVm. _mUgm_mUgm§Vrc ^oX^md JmSy>Z Q>mHy$Z Iè`m AWm©Zo _mZdY_m©Mr
{eH$dU {Xcr. ho VÎH$mcrZ gZmVZ ~«m÷UY_m©cm ê$Mco Zmhr. åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr {~ÁOcmÀ`m
Xa~mamVrc dOZXma ì`qº$Zm hmVmer Yê$Z g_mOm_Ü`o {edeaUm§À`m{df`r {dfmar àMma
Ho$cm. H$mhr cmoH$ Ë`m§À`m `m àMmamcm ~ir nS>co, Am{U Ë`m§Zr ~gdoídam§À`m nwT>mH$mamZo
hmoUmè`m "à{Vcmo_' {ddmhmcm {damoY Ho$cm. nwT>o `mMm n[aUm_ H$ë`mU H«$m§Vr_Ü`o Pmcm.
Ia§ åhUOo drae¡d eaUm§À`m (g§Vm§À`m) {R>H$mUr _¥Ë`yMr {^Vr ZìhVr. Vr ~gdÊUm§Zr

269
Ho$ìhmM Ë`m§À`m _ZmVyZ H$mTy>Z Q>mH$cr hmoVr. Ago ho {Z^©` Pmcoco drae¡d AqOŠ` hmoVo.
Ë`m§Mm AmË_{dídmg Xm§S>Jm hmoVm. `m dra d¥ÎmrMo ÚmoVH$ Agcoco dMZ Ago :
""CÚmMo _aU AmOM `odmoŸ&
AmOMo _aU AmÎmmM `odmŸoŸ&
Zmhr Amåhr _aUmcm {^UmaŸ&
Amcm AIoa Odi _¥Ë`y... Va
Amåhr V`mg _hmZd_r g_OyŸ&'' (~gd-dMZo)
Aem VèhoMo {Z^©` CX²>Jma Ë`mÀ`m _wImVyZ ~mhoa nS>VmZm AmT>iVmV. Vo
Ho$di CX²>JmamÀ`m nmVirda Z amhVm dMZgm{hË`mMr àoaUm ~ZVo. Aem `m H«$m§{VH$maH$
{dMmam§_wio H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mÀ`m B{VhmgmV "~gdoídê$ dMZJiy§' `m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.
Ago ho gm{hË` EH$m hmVmV Am{U IS²>J Xwgè`m hmVmV KoD$Z MÞ~gdoídam§À`m ~amo~a
AZoH$m§Zr H$ë`mUZJamMm {Zamon KoVcm Am{U nwT>o "Cidr'H$S>o _mJ©ñW Pmco.
4.8 dMZgm{hË`mMo dmL²>_`rZ d gm_m{OH$ _mhmËå` :
_Ü``wJrZ dMZgm{hË`mMm emoY KoV AgVmZm `m gm{hË`àH$mam{df`rMr
_m{hVr AZoH$ {ecmcoIm§VyZ, Vm_«nQ>mVyZ nmhm`cm {_iVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo `m gw_mamg
H$mì`aMZoV "{ÌnXr' `m aMZmàH$mamV dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV hmoVr. dMZgm{hË`mMm
"\$m°_©' `mM H$mimV H$Zm©Q>H$mV ApñVÎdmV Amcm Am{U {dH${gV Pmcm. àË`oH$ dMZmV
EH$ _w»` H$ënZm AWdm {df` AgVo. `mcmM AmnU B§J«OrV ‘Prose Lyrics’ Ago
åhUVmo. drae¡d dMZH$mam§Zr Ym{_©H$ VÎdmMm àgma Am{U àMma dMZgm{hË`mÀ`mÛmao g§nyU©
H$Zm©Q>H$mV nga{dcm hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr dMZo A{YH$ cmoH${à` Pmco. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m
dMZmVyZ OmZnX OrdZmZw^d n«m_m{UH$nUo _m§S>co. Ë`mH$[aVm cmoH$^mfoVrc ê$nH$, à{V_m,
àVrH$m§Mm dmna gT>inUo Ho$cm. n[aUm_r Ë`m§Mo H$mì` ho Ë`mMo Z amhVm g§nyU© OZVoMo Pmco.
~gdnyd©H$mcI§S>mV AZoH$ n§Wm§Vrc H$dr H$mì`{Z{_©Vr H$arV hmoVo. `m_Ü`o
àm_w»`mZo JwUZ§Xr d n{hcm JwUd_© Am{U a{damO_mJ© BË`mXr cmoH${à` H$mì`J«§Wm§Mr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUmao Wmoa O¡Z H$dr hmoD$Z Joco. `mn¡H$s "H${damO_mJ©' hm H$mì`J«§W X§S>rÀ`m
"H$mì`Xe©' `m H$mì`emó J«§WmMm AZwdmX åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. Ago Oar Agco Varhr
47
^maVr` Am{U H$ÞS> Aem§Mm g_Ýd`mgmR>r cmJUmar à{V^m `m J«§WmV nmhm`cm {_iVo.
"H${damO_mJ©' hm J«§W AZoH$ ÑîQ>rZo Vmo AmVmn`ªVÀ`m H$ÞS>Mm AmÚJ«§W åhUyZ AmoiIcm
OmVmo. `mVrc CXmhaUo ñdV§Ì AgyZ Vr _yiÀ`m nÚm§Zm {ZamimM COmim XoVmV. `m g§X^m©V
270
AJXr CXmhaUM Úm`Mo Pmco. Va X§S>rZo AmR>M agm§Mm C„oI Ho$cm, Va BWo Zdag åhUyZ
"em§VYma Zd{dÚ {dH$ën_m ag_mJ©' Ago gm§{JVco Amho. (nhm : H${damO_mJ©. 3-189)
~mamì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`^mJr "~«÷{ed' ZmdmMm Wmoa H$dr hmoD$Z Jocm
Agmdm, Ago H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Mo _V Amho. Ë`mZo "g_`narjm' hm VmpÎdH$ J«§W nÚmV
aMcm. VgoM Ë`m§Zr "Ì¡cmoŠ`MwS>m_{U' ho ñVmoÌhr aMco Amho. `mVrc "g_`narjm' hm J«§W
H$ÞS>_Yrc Anyd© VÎdMM}Mo {dS>§~ZmË_H$ H$mì` AgyZ, Amnë`m {_VrV gai d
g_H$mcrZ OZOrdZmMo {MÌ `m J«§WmVyZ CÎm_arVrZo {M{ÌV Ho$coco AmhoV. AemarVrZo
nwT>rc H$mimVrc H«$m§VrMo ~rO `m H$mimV amodco Joco. n[aUm_r dMZgm{hË`H$mam§Zr
Amnë`m Zì`m OrdZÑîQ>rZo, AZw^yVrZo, {dMmamZo, à^m{dV hmoD$Z H$mì`coIZmcm gwédmV
Ho$cr. Ë`m§À`mnwT>o nyd©gyarÀ`m gm{hË`mMo AmXe© hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr gd© àH$maÀ`m {df_VoMm {damoY
Amnë`m H$mì`m§VyZ àm_m{UH$nUo _m§S>cm hmoVm.
AH$amì`m-~mamì`m eVH$m§V Amnë`m d¥ÎmrZo g§nyU© H$mimda R>gm C_Q>{dUmao
_hmZ VÎdqMVH$, AZw^md _§Q>nmMo AÜ`j, eyÝ`qghmgZmMm amOm åhUyZ Á`mMm C„oI
Ho$cm OmVmo, Vo Á`oîR> dMZH$ma à^yXodm AWdm (A„_à^y) Ë`mMr dMZo gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m
AmH$cZmÀ`m n{cH$S>Mo AmhoV. H$maU Ë`m_Ü`o OrdZmMo VÎdkmZ, drae¡d VÎdkmZ
AmoVàmoV ^acoco AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr dMZo hr H$mhrer JyT>dmXr AgyZ Vo g_OÊ`mg
AdKS> AmhoV. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm Ë`m§À`m dMZm§Zm _§ÌmMo ñdê$n àmá Pmcoco Amho. VgoM
Ë`m§À`m dMZmVyZ _mZdr OrdZmVrc {damoYm^mg, X§^, {dg§JVr Ë`mZo {Z^©`nUmZo _m§S>co.
Agm hm dMZH$ma, VÎddoÎmm g^modVmcÀ`m g_mO Amnë`m C§Mrdê$Z nmhUmam d ÐîQ>m
Y_©Jwê$ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m§À`m dMZgm{hË`mZo OUy H$mhr H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mcm
OmJ{VH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m XmcZm_Ü`o EH$ _hÎdmMo ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z {Xco.
~gdoídam§Zr Zdg_mO ì`dñWoÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r Ho$di H$ënZm Z _m§S>Vm
Ë`mcm H$m`m©Mr CÎm_ OmoS> {Xcr. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Zdg_mO {Z{_©Vr H$aVm Amco. Ë`m§À`m _Vo
H$moUVmhr _mUyg H$moUË`mhr Om{VdUm©Mm, qcJmMm, n§Wm§Mm dm Y_m©Mm Agcm, Var Vo
{edeaU åhUyZ g_mZ AmhoV. Aer g_ÎdmMr Zdr {eH$dU {Xcr. `mVrc {dMma Am{U
H$ënZm {H$Vrhr CXmÎm Agë`m, Varhr Ë`m§nmgyZ g§ñWm {Z_m©U Pmë`m H$s, Ë`m_YyZ èhmg
Am{U Hw$àd¥ÎmrMm CX` hmoVmo. `mMr g§nyU© H$ënZm Ë`m§Zm hmoVr. XwX¡dm©Zo Ë`m§À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va
_mÌ ~gdoída Am{U Ë`m§À`m g_H$mcrZ à_wI eaUm§Zm X¡dr ê$n {Xco Joco Am{U
Ë`m§À`m~ÔcÀ`m M_ËH$m[aH$ H$Wm aMë`m Joë`m. H$mcm§VamZo Ë`mMo ê$nm§Va H$_©H$m§S>m_Ü`o

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 48
Pmco. `m g§X^m©V drae¡d g§àXm`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V `m§Zr Amnë`m
"_hmË_m ~gdoída' `m J«§WmV {c{hVmV : ""drae¡d VÎdkmZmcm, doXm§ÎmmVrc Û¡V, AÛ¡V
Am{U {d{eîQ>mÛ¡V VÎdkmZm§BVH$s à{VîR>m {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r e{º${d{eîQ>mÛ¡V VÎdkmZmMr
{Z{_©Vr Pmcr... g§àXm`mMm A{YH¥$V J«§W, n{dÌ J«§W åhUyZ g§ñH¥$V_Yrc "{gÕmÝV-
{eIm_{U' hm J«§W gm§{JVcm Jocm. `m J«§Wm_Ü`o ~gdÊUm§À`m Wmoa _mZdVmdmXr
{eH$dUrVrc H$moUVmhr ^mJ AmT>iV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hm J«§W \$º$ doJù`m ZmdmImcr,
dU©ì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma gwÕm H$aVmo, Ago åhQ>co Joco `mV Zdc Zmhr.'' n«ñVwV Aä`mgH$mg
S>m°. H$m_Vm§Mo _V _mÝ` Amho. H$maU "{gYmÝV-{eIm_{U' hm J«§W g§ñH¥$V_Ü`o Amho. Ë`mV
~gdoídam§Mo _mZdVmdmXr VÎdo ZmhrV. {edm` Ë`mVyZ dU©ì`dñWoMm nwañH$ma Ho$ë`mMo
AmT>iVo. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm ~gdoídam§Zr Á`m JmoîQ>r Am`wî`^a ZmH$maV Amco hmoVo. Ë`mMm
A§V^m©d darc J«§WmV Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. Ë`mV Hw$Rohr g_VoMm {dMma nmhm`cm {_iV
Zmhr. åhUyZ S>m°. H$m_Vm§Mo {ZarjU `mo½` dmQ>Vo.
"qcJm`V Am{U drae¡d' ho eãX ~gdÊUm§À`m AmYr {c{hë`m Jocoë`m
EH$m gm{hË`H¥$VrV gmnS>VmV Ago _V e§H$aÊUm nmQ>rc `m§Zr "_hmË_m ~gdoída' `m J«§WmV
"Am_wI' _Ü`o Zm|X{dVmV. na§Vw "drae¡d' hm eãX gd©àW_ ~gdoídam§ZrM dmnacocm Amho
Ago EHy$U H$ÞS> dmL²>_`mMo Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va dmQ>Vo. {edm` Ë`mZoM "drae¡d Y_m©Mr'
ñWmnZm Ho$ë`mMo AZoH$ {dÛm§ZmMo _V AmhoV. Ë`m_wio lr. e§H$aÊUm nmQ>rc `m§Mo _V àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm _`m©{XV à_mUmV _mÝ` Amhoo.
{díd_mZdY_© gm§JUmam Jm¡V_ ~wÕmZ§Va Oa Xwgè`m Hw$UmMo Zmd ¿`m`Mo
Pmë`mg Vo _mhmË_ ~gdoídam§Mo ¿`mdo cmJoc. ho {OVHo$ Iao Amho. {VVHo$M `m H$m`m©V
{d{dY Om{Vn§WmVrc, ì`dgm`mVrc cmoH$m§Mo ghH$m`©o Am{U AZw`m`r ~gdoídam§À`m
nm{R>er I§~ranUo C^o hmoVo. ho H$moUmVmhr OmUH$ma Aä`mgH$ ZmH$mê$ eH$V Zmhr. "drae¡d
g_mO' ñdV:Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmZm _mÌ Vmo ñdV: qhXy g_mOmhÿZ doJim Agë`mMo
gm§JVmo. `m {R>H$mUr àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm "drae¡d n§W' hm A{VàmMrZ ^maVr` g_mOmMm
à_wI KQ>H$ Agmdm. H$maU nyduÀ`m g_mOmV "qcJmonmgZm' hr à_wI CnmgZm _mZcr
Jococr Amho. `m{edm` Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV X{jUoVrc "Zm`Zma' {ed^º$m§Zo EH$m§{VH$
{ed^º$sMo _mhmËå` Jm`co, Am{U VX²>Z§Va ~mamì`m eVH$mV hoM _mhmËå` ~gdoídam§Zr
H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc ~hþOg_mOmcm nQ>dyZ {Xco. n[aUm_r `mVrc g_VoMo VÎd ho Ho$di J§«W~Õ

272
ZìhVo, Va àË`jnUo OrdZ OJVmZm `m§Mo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmcZhr Ho$co Joco. åhUyZ AZoH$m§Zr
`m H$mimV drae¡d n§Wm§Mr Xrjm KoVcr.
`m g§X^m©V qhXrVrc Aä`mgH$ S>m°. E_. dr. ZmS>H$Uu `m§Mo XoIrc hoM _V
Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. Vo EHo$ {R>H$mUr åhUVmV : ""Hw$N> qcJm`V AnZo AmnH$mo A{hÝXy
Kmo{fV H$aVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$ do doX Am¡a dU©Y_© H$mo ñdrH$ma Zht H$aVo, co{H$Z do ^r Bg Om{V
nÕ{V go Ym{_©H$ loUrH$aU go _wº$ Zht hþEŸ& ~gdoída (~gdÊUm) {OÝhm|Zo ^{º$ AmÝXmocZ
H$m ZoV¥Îd {H$`m Am¡a {OZHo$ AZw`m`r H$Zm©Q>H$ àXoe _| drae¡d AWdm qcJm`V Ho$ Zm_ go
49
nhMmZo OmVo h¢,... co{H$Z XwX¡demV nmEŸ&'' àñVwV Aä`mgH$mg S>m°. ZmS>H$Ur© `m§Mo _V
_mÝ` H$maU ~gdoídam§Mo "H«$m§{VH$maH$' {dMma hm Ë`m§À`mM AZw`m`m§Zr nwT>o `oD$ {Xcm Zmhr.
ho H$Qw>g§Ë` H$moUrhr ZmH$maUma Zmhr. `m_Ü`o Ë`m§Mo ì`{º$JV ñdmW© hmoVm. Ë`m§Zm
~«m÷Umn«_mUo ñdV:Mo loîR>Ëd {Q>H$dm`Mo hmoVo. ì`mnma, CÚmoJm_Ü`o Vmo nwT>o Agë`mZo Ë`mcm
ho OmUrdnyd©H$ H$aVm Amco. AmO _mÌ hmM g_mO Amåhr "qcJS>oa' AmhmoV åhUyZ
gm§JVmZm AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§Mo Ago åhUUo àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm gm§ñH¥${VH$Ÿ/Ym{_©H$ Am{U
CnmgZoÀ`m nmVirda amñV dmQ>Vo.
_Ü``wJrZH$mcrZ _hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$mcm OmoS>Umam _hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUyZ
"{edmonmgZoMm' C„oI H$amdm cmJoc. `m{edm` `m H$mimVrc AZoH$ IoS>çm§Vrc J«m_XodVm
øm {edm§Mo AdVma åhUyZ nwOco OmV hmoVo. `m_Ü`o _„m[a, I§S>mo~m, _mVªS>, ^¡adZmW,
Á`mo{V~m, adiZmW, _{„H$mOw©Z, A_moJ{gÕ, ^¡amo~m Z§{Xída Aem {H$VrVar J«m_XodVoMo
Zmdo gm§JVm `oVrc. hm `m XmoÝhr àXoem§Zm OmoS>Umam _hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c.
VgoM `m darc gd© X¡dVm§Mr `m g§X^m©V gmjhr H$mT>Vm `oB©c, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm
dmQ>Vo. {deofV: `m g§X^m©V ^maVmVrc ~mam Á`mo{V©qcJmn¡H$s H$mhr à_wI {R>H$mU _hmamîQ´>mV
AmT>iVmV. Va H$mhr H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü`o gwà{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`mMà_mUo "e¡d Am{U d¡îUd'
na§naoVrc gmaIonUmÀ`m IwUm øm cmoH$na§nam, cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, cmoH$ê$T>r, BË`mXtÀ`mÛmao
XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§er XmI{dVm `oVmo. {dÇ>c g§àXm`mÀ`m _wimer Agcocr "cmoH$na§nam Am{U
cmoH$Y_©' `m§Mm n§T>anyaÀ`m Amg_§VmVrc Q>moù`m§À`m d JmonOZmÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vrer {ZH$Q>Mm
g§~§Y Amho. qH$~hþZm XwJm©~mB© ^mJdVm§Zr åhQ>ë`mà_mUo ""ho g§ñH¥$VrVyZ EH$mËå` `m {VÝhr
^mJm§Vë`m S>m|Jami (_hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$-Am§Y«) J«m_{d^mJmVë`m Jmong§ñH¥$VrVyZ ñ\w$acoco
50
Amho.'' `m{edm` H$Zm©Q>H$mV AZoH$ _w½Y H$aUmè`m {dÇ>cmÀ`m _yVu AmhoV, Am{U {dÇ>c
ZmdmMo A§{H$V Pmcoë`m hOmamo H$mZS>r JrVà~§Y AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V X. am. ~|Ðo `m§Zr

273
Amnë`m "H$Zm©Q>H$ _hmamîQ´>mVrc JmT> _¡ÌrMr __©ñWio' `m coImV åhUVmV H$s, kmZoídarMo
^mfm§Va H$mZS>rV Pmcoco Amho.
Á`mà_mUo _mZdr g§koMr Am{X_ ê$no hr g_yh{ZîR> Agë`mMo {XgVmV.
Ë`mà_mUo H$ÞS>_Yrc {edeaUm§À`m dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vrhr g_yh{ZîR> hmoVr.
g_yh{ZîR>Vm hr EH$ àH$mao {ZgJ©{ZîR> Agë`mZo Ë`mMo gd© à`ËZ ho Ogo OJÊ`mer g§~§{YV
AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo `mVrc ì`qº$Zm ñdV:Mo åhUyZ ñWmZ AgVo, Vmo Ë`m g_yhmMm KQ>H$
åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmVmo. åhUyZ _Ü``wJrZ drae¡d dMZH$mam§Zm AmnU g_yhmnmgyZ doJio
AmhmoV hr OmUrd H$YrM Pmcocr ZìhVr. Ë`mcm g_yhmH$Sy>Z OrdZYmaUogmR>r Amdí`H$
AgUmao OrdZag ho d§ena§naoZo {_iV hmoVo. _hÎdmMo åhUOo drae¡d dMZH$mam§_Ü`o Ogo
~hþOZ g_mOmVrc H$dr H$mì`coIZ H$arV hmoVo. VgoM _Ü``wJrZ _amR>r g§Vgm{hË`m_Ü`ohr
AR>am-nJS> OmVrVrc H$dtZr H$mì`aMZm Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m XmoÝhr àXoem§Vrc H$dtZr
Amnmnë`m H$mì`mVyZ ê$nH$, à{V_m-àVrH$m§Mm ghOVoUo dmna Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVo. `m{edm`
OrdZmVrc AZoH$ g§X^© XoVmZm {XgVmV. ho g§X^© Ë`m§Zr "cmoH$^mfoVyZ dmnê$Z EH$àH$mao
àñWm{nV ì`dñWo{déÕ {dÐmoh Ho$cm, Am{U Ë`m§Zm g_H$mcrZ g_mOmVyZ _moR>çm à_mUmV
nmqR>~mhr {_imcm. `m_mJrc H$maUm§Mm emoY KoVcm AgVm. `mV Ë`m§Zr ñdrH$macocr
"_mZdVmdmXr' ^y{_H$m Am{U "g_VoMm' nwañH$ma ho _w»` H$maU hmoVo.'
dMZgm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. eo. Xo. ngmaH$a `m§Zr ""^maVr` g§Vm§À`m
gm{hË`mÀ`m_mJo AÜ`mË_mMr EH$ {demcÑîQ>r Agë`mMo åhQ>co Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo gd©M
g§Vm§À`m gm{hË`m§Mm H|$Ðq~Xy _mUyg/_mZd hmM Amho. Ë`m_wio {^Þ àm§VmVrc, {^Þ
^mfoVrc Am{U {^Þ H$mimVrc g§Vm§Mo {dMma EH$gmaIo dmQ>VmV. H$moUr H$moUmMo AZwH$aU
50
Ho$coco ZgVo, Va Ë`m§À`m {dMmamMr ~¡R>H$ EH$ Agë`m_wio ho gmao KS>Vo...'' Ago Ë`m§Zr
åhQ>co Agco, Varhr gm{hË`H¥$VrMm g§~§Y hm Ogm Ë`m§À`m {Z_m©Ë`m§er AgVmo. VgoM
H$_r-A{YH$ à_mUV Ë`m coIH$m§À`m OS>UKS>UrV, Ë`m§Mr Y_©gmYZm, OrdZÑîQ>r Am{U
Vmo Á`m g§àXm`mMm AgVmo. Ë`m§Mo g§ñH$aU ho Ë`m§À`mda d Ë`m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$coë`m
dmL²_`mda Pmcocm AgVmo. Voìhm H$moUË`mhr {dMmaàUmcrV (Ideology) OrdZmH$S>o
nmhÊ`mMr {d{eîQ> EH$ _yë`dñWm AgVo. coIH$mÀ`m ì`{º$_ÎdmMm Am{U Ë`m§À`m
gm{hpË`H$ OrdZÑîQ>rMm d Ë`m§À`m gm{hpË`H$ àoaUm§Mm `m-Zm-Ë`m à_mUmV H$_r-A{YH$
à^md nS>cocm {XgyZ `oVmV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo _Ü``wJrZ ì`º$sMo OrdZ Y_©g§~Õ Agë`mZo
Y_m©Mm à^md ì`º$sÀ`m OrdZmda Ogm hmoVm Vgm Ë`m§À`m dmL²_`mdahr Agë`mMo {XgyZ

274
`oVmo. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimVrc gm{hË`m§VyZ Ogo AmË_emoY hmoVm VgoM OrdZemoYhr nmhm`cm
{_iVmV. åhUyZ Va ~mamì`m eVH$mV _hmË_m ~gdoídam§Zr OÝ_OmV-ì`dgm`-Am{W©H$
CËnÞ-gm_m{OH$ à{VîR>m hr e§¥IcmM ZmH$macr, Am{U gd© àH$maÀ`m g_VoMm {har{harZo
nwañH$ma Ho$cm.
dmñV{dH$ nmhVm OJmVrc àË`oH$ g§àXm`mÀ`m _mJo ñdV:Mo åhUyZ H$mhr
gm{hpË`H$ YmaUm Agë`mMo nmhm`cm {_iVmV. `mcm _Ü``wJrZ H$mimVrc {d{dY
Y_©g§àXm` AndmX ZmhrV. `m g§X^m©V am. {M§. T>oao åhUVmV, àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`àH$ma ho
H$moUË`m Var gmYZmg§àXm`mMo AZw`m`r AmhoV... Ë`m§Mo ho åhUUo Oar _amR>r dmL²>_`mÀ`m
g§X^m©V Agco Varhr Vo àmMrZ ^maVr` gm{hË`mcm H$mhr à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm B§V^yV cmJy
nS>Vo, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
drae¡d n§Wm§Zr ñdrH$macoë`m g_Ýd`mË_H$ d¥ÎmrMm {dMma H$aVm. `m
gm§àXm{`H$m§Mr ì`m{_l _mZ{gH$Vm A{YH$ cjmV amhVo. Aem `m n§WmV "AîQ>mdaU' Am{U
"n§MmMma' `m VÎdm§Zm A{YH$ _hÎd Agë`mMo {XgVo. VÎdkmZmMm Jm^m åhUyZ "fQ>ñWc'
`m J«§WmMm C„oI Ho$cm OmVmo. ~gdoídam§Zr Iè`m AWm©Zo l_mcm à{VîR>m {_idyZ {Xcr.
VgoM Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ JaOonojm OmñVrMo AÞ d n¡go ho "Xmgmoh'À`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ g_mOmVrc
{ZY©Z/{ZamlrVm§gmR>r/JmoaJ[a~m§gmR>r XmZ XoÊ`mg gm§{JVco. ~gdoída ho chmZnUmnmgyZ
ñdV§Ì {dMmamMo hmoVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Zr Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmMm {ZU©` XoIrc _Ywdag Am{U
haiæ`m `m {edeaUmÀ`mda gmon{dcm hmoVm. Ë`m XmoKm§À`m g§_VrZoM Vmo à{Vcmo_ {ddmh
KS>cm. Á`m H$ë`mU H«§$mVrMr XyaJm_r n[aUm_ g_mOmcm Vm|S> Úmdo cmJco. Aer hr KQ>Zm
Voamì`m eVH$mVrc kmZXodm§{X g§V_§S>irZm kmV hmoVr. Ë`m_wio "drae¡d Am{U dmaH$ar'
g§àXm`m§Mm Ho$cocm VwcZmË_H$ {dMma ho XoIrc `m XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§À`m nañna à^mdmÀ`m
gmj XoVmV. åhUyZM àñVwV Aä`mgH$mZo hm {df` g§emoYZmgmR>r {ZdS>cm Amho.
_Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>mMm gr_m~§YmMm {dMma H$aVmZm `mXdnyd©
H$mcI§S>mV `m gr_m H$mhrem Ywga Agë`mZo AZw^d _§Q>nmMo ~rO ho AmOÀ`m
_§JidoT>çmV amodco Joco. "H$ë`mU-H«$m§VrÀ`m' XyaJmVr n[aUm_mMm {dMma H$ê$Z _amR>r
g§Vm§Zr Ho$di AmÜ`mpË_H$ joÌmnwaVrM g_Vm _`m©{XV R>odë`mZo nwT>rc g§Kf© Q>icm.
AÝ`Wm _hmamîQ´>mcm XoIrc H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc H$ë`mUH«$m§Vrà_mUo EH$m _moR>çm H«$m§{Vcm gm_moao
Omdo cmJco AgVoo. _Ü``wJrZ Y_©OrdZmMm à^md Ogo g_mOOrdZmda hmoVm. VgoM
VÎH$mcrZ amOgÎmodahr Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo. Ë`m_wio H$moUË`mhr amOmZo ñdV: hmoD$Z

275
Ym{_©H$ JmoîQ>rV T>dimT>di Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iV Zmhr. _J Vmo H$cMyar {~ÁOi Agmo, dm
am_Xodamd `mXd AgmoV. `mn¡H$s Hw$Urhr Y_©ì`dñWocm Am{U Ë`m§Zr nwañH¥$V Ho$coë`m
MmVwd©Ê`©ì`dñWocm Y¸$m cmdÊ`mMo H$m_ H$moUË`mhr amOdQ>rZo Ho$co ZmhrV. H$Xm{MV
AmOÀ`m amOH$maUmVhr g_VoMm {dMma hm H$YrM _yi Yê$ eH$cm Zmhr.
~gdoídam§Zr n§MgyVH$mMo ~§YZ ZmH$maco, Om{V^oX ZmH$maco, {ó`m§Mr
{edm{ed ZmH$maco, A{¾nyOm ZmH$macr. Ë`mM~amo~a qhXy Y_©H$m§S> d g§ñH$ma `mMm Ë`m§Zr
Ë`mJ Ho$cm. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrc gd© WamVrc d OmVr_Yrc cmoH$ Ë`m§À`m g§àXm`mH$S>o
AmoT>co Joco. Aem `m H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMmam§Mr ~rOo {~ÁOcmMr n{hcr amOYmZrV åhUOoM
_§JidoT>çmV amodco Joco. ñdV: ~gdoída amÁ`ì`dñWoMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$mê$Z B.g.
1132 Vo 1153 `m H$mimV _§JidoT>çmV hmoVo. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, Ë`m§À`m
{ed^º$sna {dMmam§Mr OS>UKS>U AmOÀ`m _hmamîQ´>^y_r daM Pmcr, Ago àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. `m AWm©ZoXo{Ic `m dmL²_`mMo gm_m{OH$ _mhmËå` gm§JVm `oB©c Am{U
`m§Vrc nwamoJm_r {dMmam§À`m ÑpîQ>Zo {dMma Ho$ë`mg dMZgm{hË`mMo dmL²>_`rZ _mhmËå`
H$moUmhr g_VmÑîQ>rV Aä`mgH$mcm ZmH$maVm `oUma ZmhrV.
~gdoídam§Zr AZoH$ Y_©J«§WmMo Aä`mg Ho$co Am{U Ë`mVrc _yi ^maVr`
VÎdkmZmVrc g_ÎdÑîQ>r ~hþOZ g_mOmg_moa _m§S>cr. `m{edm` Ë`m§Zr Y_© Am{U VÎdkmZ
`m {df`mda ~«÷d¥§Xmer dmX{ddmXhr Ho$cm. ~gdoídam§Zr ZrVremómVyZ AmÜ`mË_
gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$cm. Ë`mÀ`m AÜ`mË_mMm nm`mM _wir g_ÎdÑîQ>r Agë`mZo AZoH$m§Zm
Ë`m§Mo {dMma nQ>co, Am{U Vo `m Zì`m Y_©g§àXm`mH$S>o AmoT>co Joco. `m_Ü`o AZoH$
Om{VdUm©Vrc cmoH$ Ogo hmoVo, Vgo AZoH$ ì`dgm` H$aUmaohr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio Aën H$mimVM
hm Y_©n§W cmoH${à` Pmcm. `mMo lo` Ogo ~gdoídam§Zm Úmdo cmJoc VgoM Ë`m§À`m
g_H$mcrZ g§Vm§Zm Am{U AZw`m`m§Zmhr Úmdo cmJoc. Ë`m§Zr g_mOmMo AMyH$ {ZarjU H$ê$Z
_mUgm§À`m d¥Îmr, àd¥ÎmrZwgma OmVrÀ`m g§H$ënZm Zì`mZo _m§S>co. _hma, _m§J, Mm§^ma Am{U
Mm§S>mimMr ì`m»`mM ~XcyZ Q>mH$cr. Agm hm eyÐm{VeyÐ g_mO Jmdm~mhoa amhV ZgyZ Vmo
Amnë`m g_mOmVM H$gm Amho ho gà_mU XmI{dco. CXm.
1. Oo ñdV:À`m AmB©©-d{S>cm§Zm {edrJmi H$aVmo, Vmo Añn¥í` hmo`.
2. Omo namonH$mamV {d¿Z AmUVmo, Vmo Mm§S>mi hmo`.
3. YZmgmR>r Xwgè`mMo àmU KoVmo, Vmo _m§J Am{U naórMr H$m_Zm H$aVmo (YaVmo), Vo YoS.

276
 ~gdoída Amnë`m AmamÜ` Xodmcm (åhUOoM Hw$S>cg§J_mcm) {dMmaVmV,
Ago ho Añn¥í` JmdmV AZ² Jmdm~mhoa H$m R>odm`Mo? Agm amoH$S>m gdmc Ë`m§Zr Ho$cm Amho.
Ë`mMm Añn¥í`VoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrc {dMma VWmH${WV na§namdmÚm§Zm Pm|~Umam \$Q>H$mM hmoVm.
Ë`m§Mo {dMma AmOÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr OgoÀ`m Vgo cmJy nS>VmZm {XgVmV. åhUyZ àñVwV
Aä`mgH$mcm Ë`m§Mo {dMma H$mimVrc dmQ>VmV. Ë`mMo {dMma Oa àË`oH$m§Zr AmË_gmV
Ho$cm. Va Iè`m AWm©Zo gm_m{OH$ A{^gaU Pmë`m{edm` amhUma Zmhr. "g_Vm' hm eãX
eãX Z amhVm Ë`mcm dmñVd H¥$VrMr OmoS> {_ioc, Am{U g§nyU© Xoe EH${OZgr ~Zoc, Agm
AmemdmX àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vmo.
~mamì`m eVH$mVrc drae¡d dMZH$ma AgmoV, dm Voamì`m eVH$mVrc ~hþOZ
_amR>r g§V H$dr AgmoV. `mVrc àË`oH$ g§V hm Amnmnë`m à{V^oÀ`m Omoamda H$mì` {Z{_©Vr
H$arV hmoVm. Amnë`m OrdZm§Zw^yVrMr Ë`mcm OmoS> XoV hmoVm. Ë`mVyZ ì`Wm, doXZm, Xw:I,
AdhocZm àm_m{UH$nUo A{^ì`º$ H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. `m_Ü`o >XmoÝhrhr g§àXm`mVrc
g§Vm§Zr Amnmnë`m ì`dgm`mVrc g§X^©, ^mfm, ê$nH$-à{V_m§Mm dmna H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
Aem `m g§Vm§À`m à{V^oÀ`m g§X^m©V g§V gm{hË`mMo Á`oîR> Aä`mgH$ am. {M. T>oao `m§Zr
Amnë`m "g§Vgm{hË` Am{U cmoH$gm{hË` : H$mhr AZw~§Y' (n¥. 124) `m nwñVH$mV
{c{hVmV H$s, "Vcñneu àkoMo Am{U JJZñneu à{V^oMo X¡dr XoUo ho OmV-nmV nmhÿZ WmoS>oM
cm^Vo? Ë`m AVŠ`© eº$sMm g§Mma Ho$ìhmhr Hw$R>ohr hmoD$ eH$Vmo.' Ë`mH$[aVm OmV-nmV dU©
ho Jm¡U AmhoV. Ë`mZr CnpñWV Ho$cocm àíZ àñVwV Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo Ho$di _Ü``wJrZ
H$mimVrc H$dtÀ`m g§X^m©VM _`m©{XV Z R>odVm, Ë`mg ì`mnH$ n[a_mUmVyZ nmhVm `oD$
eH$Vo. hm g§X^© gd© H$mimVrc loîR> H$cmH¥$VrÀ`m {Z_m©Ë`mÀ`m g§X^m©Vhr Am{U
g_VmÑîQ>rV {dMma _m§S>Umè`m g§emoYH$, Aä`mgH$, {dMmad§V, g_mOgwYmaH$ Am{U
g_mOgodH$m§Zm XoIrc `m H$joV (H$doV) g_m{dîQ> H$aVm `oB©c.
dra¡edm§_Ü`o d¡{XH$ Am{U Ad¡{XH$ na§naoer ZmVo gm§JUmè`m AZwH«$_o
"n§MmMm`©' Am{U "{daº$' Aem XmoZ na§nam nmhm`cm {_iVmV. _hmamîQ´>mVrc drae¡d
n§WmVrc "n§MmMm`©' ho d¡{XH$ na§nam _mZUmar Amho. Va H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc "{daº$' na§nam hr
Ad¡{XH$ na§nam _mZVo. Ë`m_wioM H$s H$m` hm Y_©g§àXm` d¡{XH$ H$s Ad¡{XH$ Agm àíZ
Aä`mgH$/{dMmad§V CnpñWV H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. `m g§X^m©V S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m
Aä`m{gHo$Zo, ""drae¡d àmMrZ Y_©J«§Wm§Ymao, {deofV: "{gÕmÝV-
"{gÕmÝV-{eIm_Ur'À`m AmYmao hm
Y_©J«§W d¡{XH$ R>aVmo. na§Vw ~gdoídam§À`m H«$m§{VH$maH$ g_mO{ZU©`m§_wio {deofV:

277
Am§VaOmVr` {ddmhmcm {Xcoë`m nadmZJr Am{U Om{V^oXm§Mm Ë`m§Zr Ho$cocm Vrd« {ZfoYm_wio
52
`m g§àXm`mcm Ad¡{XH$ _mZco Joco,'' Ago Ë`m åhUVmV. na§Vw àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm
S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m§Mo _V A_mÝ` Amho. H$maU A{VàmMrZ åhUyZ AmoiIcm OmUmam
qcJm`V n§W d drae¡d n§W EH$M AmhoV. {edm` _hmË_m ~gdoídam§Zr drae¡d n§WmV _yi
^maVr` VÎdkmZ ho Zì`mZo gm§{JVco Amho.
qcJmonmgZm hr A{VàmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmVrc Ad¡{XH$ na§nam
_mZUmè`m cmoH$g_yhmM àM{cV hmoVr. _hÎdmMo åhUOo _mohmo§OmoXmamo d hmS>ßnm `oWo
CËIZZmV AmT>icoë`m "{eñZ d qcJgÑí`' _yVu øm doXnyd©H$mcrZ g§ñH¥$VrMo Adeof
åhUyZ gd©_mÝ` Pmcoco AmhoV. Voìhm qcJYmaU H$aUmam d qcJmonmgZm à_mU _mZUmam
"EH$m§{VH$ {ed^º$' hm d¡{XH$ H$gm Agy eHo$c? d¡{XH$ na§naoV AZoH$ XodVm AmT>iVmV.
Vgo drae¡d n§WmV AmT>iV Zmhr. {VWo \$º$ "{edeº$sMt'M AmamYZm Ho$cr OmVo.
Ë`m~amo~aM Ho$di ~gdoídam§Zr "à{Vcmo_' {ddmhmcm _mÝ`Vm {Xë`mZo, Am{U dU©ì`dñWm
ZmH$maë`mZo Ad¡{XH$ _mZco Joco Ago åhUUo H$mhrgo YmS>gmMo R>aoc. _wimV Ad¡{XH$ na§naoV
g_yh{ZîR> OrdZna§naocm A{YH$Îma ñWmZ Agë`mMo nmhm`cm {_iVmo. `mCcQ> d¡{XH$
na§naoV ì`{º${ZîR> OrdZ Om{Udocm A{YH$Îma _hÎd Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ë`m_wio g_ËdmÀ`m
VÎdmda Ad¡{XH$ na§nam A{YpîR>V Agë`mg Ë`mV Zdc dmQ>Ê`mOmoJo H$mhrM Zmhr, Ago
àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
^maVr` gmYZm_mJm©Vrc "e¡d Am{U d¡îUd' ho XmoÝhr àdmh A{VàmMrZ
Agco, Varhr AmÜ`mpË_H$ ÑîQ>çm _mÌ Vo XmoÝhr g§àXm` EH$mM na_VÎdmMr AZw^yVr XoVmV.
`mMr à{MVr AmnUmg doXnyd©H$mimnmgyZ Vo _Ü``wJrZ H$mimn`ªVÀ`m {d{dY Y_©n§Wm§À`m
{Z{_©VrÀ`m _wier Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmo. (CXm. AidmamMm d¡îUd g§àXm`, "Zm`Zmam'Mm
e¡d, ZmW, _hmZw^md, drae¡d dmaH$ar, ZmJoe, g§àXm` BË`mXtÀ`m.) Á`mà_mUo n§T>arMm
amUm hm _y{V©_§V "h[aha¡Š`m§Mr ½dmhr XoV Jocr AÇ>mdrg `wJo M§Ð^mJoÀ`m {Vamda C^m Amho.
{VWo `oUmam ^º$ hm H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>mVrc JmonOZ g§ñH¥$VrMm dmagm gm§JUmam d OnUmam
Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo "{ed d {dîUy' ho doJio ZgyZ EH$M AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V nwamUH$mam§Mohr
hoM _V Agë`mMo nhm`cm {_iVo.' ~mamì`m eVH$mV H$Zm©Q>H$m_Ü`o "{ed' `m XodVmcm
Ogo _hÎd àmá Pmco homVo, VgoM _hmamîQ´>mV "{dîUy-lrH¥$îU-{dÇ>c' `m XodVmcm _hÎd
Amë`mMo AmT>iyZ `oVo. n§T>arÀ`m {dÇ>cmZo Va h[aha¡Š` gmYë`mMo _amR>r g§V gm§JVmV,
Am{U Ë`m§Zrhr Ë`mM ñdê$nmV Ë`mcm ^Oco d Ë`m§Mr nyOm-AMm© Am{U Zm_ñ_aUhr Ho$co.

278
 {OWo A{^ì`º$sMo gm_Ï`© nUmcm cmJVo. {VWo EH$m narZo {edVÎdmMrM
AmamYZm Mmccocr AgVo. åhUyZ Va AmÚ d¡æ`H$aUH$mamcm {edmÀ`m S>_ê$VyZ ZmX EoHy$
Amco, Ë`mMo ahñ` hoM Amho. VgoM A{^ZdJwámcm "g_mYmZVoMm' {gÕm§V XoIrc `m
{edVÎdmVyZM ñ\w$aco hmoVo. Ë`m~amo~aM ^maVr` Z¥Ë` Am{U ZmQ>ç na§naoV "ZQ>amO' åhUyZ
{edmcm àW_ d§XZ Ho$co OmVo, na§Vw d¡{XH$ XodVm_§S>imV "éÐ' `m XodVog Xwæ`_ ñWmZ hmoVo,
ho CKS>M Amho. `m g§X^m©V AWd©doXmÀ`m n§Yamì`m _§S>cmV Amcocm éÐmMm C„oI A{YH$
cj doYyZ KoUmam AgyZ Ë`mV éÐmcm "d«mË`' Ago åhQ>co Amho. Ë`m H$mimV "d«mË` ñVmo_'
ZmdmMm {dYr Am`}Îma O_mVrVrc cmoH$m§gmR>r gm§{JVcocm Amho. {deof åhUOo hoM cmoH$
"`moJ d Ü`mZ' `m gmYZm _mJm©Mo nwañH$V} Agë`mMo AmT>iVmV. Voìhm Ë`m§Mm à^md
Am`m©da nS>co AgUo ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. A{VàmMrZ H$mimnmgZy ^maVmV {edmMr CnmgZm
"qcJñdê$nmV' H$aVmZm {XgVmV. {edqcJ ho OZZ|{Ð`mMo àVrH$ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo.
Ë`mMr CnmgZm nydunmgyZM Ad¡{XH$ na§naoV Ho$co OmVo. nwT>o d¡{XH$m§Zr _yVr©ñdê$n {edmMr
nyOm-AMm© H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV. Ago _V AZoH$ g§emoYH$m§Zr _m§S>co AmhoV. qcJm`V
drae¡dm§Zr qcJmonmgZm {eamoYm`© _mZco AgyZ Ë`m§Zr _mZdr Xohmda {edqcJmMr YmaUm hr
{dYr Amdí`H$ AWdm An[ahm`© åhUyZ gm§{JVco. nyduÀ`m H$mir {edqcJ _ñVH$mda
YmaU Ho$co OmV hmoVo. Z§Va Vo Jù`mV AWdm öX`mer YmaU H$ê$ cmJco. drae¡dm§À`m _Vo
AmË_qcJmMo dmñVì` A§VamËå`m§À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV Agmdo, hr YmaUm Ë`m_mJo Agmdr, Ago
àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo. `mcmM Vo "BîQ>qcJ' Ago åhUVmV.
dMZgm{hË`mMo dmL²_`rZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ _mhmËå` Aä`mgVmZm
VÎH$mcrZ O¡Z H$dr draZ§XrÀ`m gm{hË`mMm Am{U {dMmam§Mm WmoS>Š`mV nam_e© KoUo
Amdí`H$ Amho. draZ§Xr hm Ý`m`, gm{hË`, ì`mH$aU BË`mXrMm JmT>m Aä`mgH$ hmoVm.
"AmMmagma' hm Ë`mMm g§ñH¥$V J«§W O¡Z {dÛmZm§Zr {eamoYm`© _mZcm. (^maVr` g§ñH¥${VH$moe
I§S> 9 dm. n¥. 18-20) da nmhm`cm {_iVo. VgoM Ho$ai g§ñH¥$VrVrc H${i`mÅ>_² (H$mcr
+ AmÅ>_² = H$mcr Z¥Ë`>) `m cmoH$Z¥Ë`àH$mamMm n[aM` XoIrc _hÎdmMm Amho. ho Z¥Ë`

cmoH$Y{_©` AgyZ, Vo "{edeº$s' d Ë`m§À`m n[admaXodVm§À`m VwîQ>rH$aUmgmR>r H$aVmV.

darc Z¥Ë` àH$mam§n¡H$s {Vg©`mÅ>_² `m àH$ma>>mMm g§~§Y dranyOoer `oVmo. `mV
{edeº$s~amo~aM, cmoH$H$cmH$mam§Zm Am{U dram§Zmhr ñWmZ Amho. ho drañ_maHo$ AmOhr
IoS>monmS>r AmT>iVmV. Ë`m§ZmM nwT>o J«m_X¡dVm§Mr à{VîR>m àmá Pmcocr AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo

279
H$Zm©Q>H$mV Oo "draH$„ÿ' åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. Ë`m§ZmM _hmamîQ´>mV "draJi' Ago
åhUVmV.
`m g§X^m©V _hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$m§Vrc H$moir O_mVrVrc cmoH$ "dra' nyOm
H$aVmV Am{U c¾m§_Ü`o "dra' ZmMdVmV. Agm hm àH$ma _hmamîQ´>-H$Zm©Q>H$mVhr nmhm`cm
{_iVmo. hm "dra' Ë`m§Mm _yi nwéf AgyZ Ë`m§À`m namH«$_mMr AmR>dU åhUyZ c¾m§V dra
ZmMdÊ`mMr àWm nS>cr Amho. S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m§Zr nwUo {dÚmnrR>mVrc amÁ`ñVar`
MMm©gÌm§Vc {Z~§YmV åhQ>co Amho H$s, qcJm`V g_mOmV c¾mV dra ZmM{dÊ`mMr àWm
Agë`mMo åhQ>co Amho. VgoM _hm^maVmVrc órnd©V (26.14) `m ícmoH$m§_Ü`o "eóoU
{ZYZ§ àmám JVmñVo Jwh`H$mÝà{V' Ago EH$ dMZ Amho. `mMm AW© Agm Á`mMm eómZo _¥Ë`y
hmoVmo. Vo `j cmoH$mV OmVmV. `mdê$Z "dra Am{U `j' `m§Mm AZw~§Y OmoS>VmZm S>m°. am. {M.
T>oao `m§Zr "nwÊ`mVrc dra-_méVr'Mr nyOm H$s àmMrZ `jnyOoMmM EH$ Adeof Agmdm, Ago
åhQ>co Amho. (^maVr` g§ñH¥${VH$moe I§S>-9 dm n¥. 20) da {Xcoco Amho. Amnë`mH$S>rc
"draJi' ho dranwéfm§À`m ñ_ma{H$eim åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVmV. {deofV: "_hmXod H$moir'
`m O_mVrÀ`m OmV nS>VmiUr H$aVmZm nwÊ`mVrc Am{Xdmgr g§emoYZ g{_Vr hr C_oXdmam§g
O_mVrÀ`m Mmcr[aVr, àWm, _yi nwéf, gU, CËgd `mg§~§Yr {dMmaë`m OmUmè`m
àíZm§dcr_Ü`o "c¾m§V dra ZmMdVmV H$m?' Agm àíZ {dMmaVmV. `mdê$Z "dra' nyOm
Am{U "dra' ZmMdUo hr àWm {H$Vr Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ gwê$ Amho ho Ogo cjmV `oVo. VgoM
Ë`m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ _hÎd XoIrc ñnîQ> hmoVo.
H$Zm©Q>H$mVrc dMZ gm{hË` ho àm_w»`mZo "{ed^{º$na' AgyZ Vo drae¡d
g§àXm`mÀ`m Hw$erVyZ OÝ_mcm Amco. drae¡d g§àXm`mVrc g§Vm§Zm AZw^mdr åhUVmV.
AZw^mdr åhUOo gmjmËH$mar qH$dm AZw^d{gÕ hmo`. AZw^d hr Ë`m§À`m kmZmMr H$gmoQ>r
_mZcr Amho. Ë`m§Mr dMZo hr Cƒ AmË_pñWVrMm Am{dîH$ma H$aVmV. VgoM Vo drae¡d
gmYH$mcm _mJ©Xe©Zhr H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mr dMZo ho Ho$di H$mì` ZgVo, Va Ë`m_Ü`o
OrdZmZw^yVrMr amoH$S>r à{MVr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM àË`oH$ H$mimVrc g_mOOrdZmcm EH$
àH$maMo _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎd ~Zcoco AmhoV. Ë`m§Mo dMZgm{hË` Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$, Z¡{VH$,
AmÜ`mpË_H$ Am{U d¡Mm[aH$ H$gmoQ>çm§Zm nyU©nUo CVacoco AmhoV. _hÎdmMo åhUOo Ë`m§À`m
H$mì`m§VyZ EH$ n«H$maMo {Z{^©S> {dMma AWdm ~moc EoH$m`cm {_iVmV. VgoM Ë`m§Mr dMZo hr
^mdJrVmà_mUo JmVmhr `oVmV. Ë`mcm \$º$ cmoH$ JrVm§Vrc EImXm "R>oH$m qH$dm c`' Agco

280
Var nwaogo Amho. {VWo emór` g§JrVmMr JaO Zmhr. `m g§X^m©V ewÕ Z¡{VH$ AmMaUmcm
~gdoídam§À`m {R>H$mUr {H$Vr _hÎd hmoVo. ho EH$m ê$nH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Vo ì`º$ H$aVmV :

""\w$cmV Ogm J§Y Jwá Agmdm,

g_wÐmV Ogm A¾r Jwá Agmdm,
órÀ`m A§V:H$aUmV Og§ ào_ gwá Agmd§,
Vgm hm {ed gXmMmar cmoH$m§À`m gX²>JwUmV gwá AgVmo.'' 53
_Ü``wJrZ H$Zm©Q>H$mV drae¡d Y_m©gmR>r haiæ`m Am{U _Ywdag `m XmoZ
kmZr {edeaUmg hm¡VmËå`o nËH$amdo cmJco na§Vw Ë`m§Mo ~{cXmZ dm`m Joco Zmhr. `m XmoKm§Mo
~ir KoD$Zhr VoWrc dmVmdaU _mÌ em§V Pmco Zmhr. `m{edm` ñdV: ~gdoídam§Zm
n§VàYmZnXmMr dóo Am{U _wHw$Q> Imcr CVê$Z H$ë`mU ehamVyZ namJ§Xm ìhmdo cmJco.
BVH$m OZàjmo^ H$ë`mUZJarV Cgicm hmoVm. `m AJmoXahr ~aoM {edeaU "dMZgm{hË`'
KoD$Z {Za{Zamù`m {Xem§Zr Joco hmoVo. Ë`mdoir amOmMo g¡{ZH$ drae¡dm§Mm nmR>cmJ H$ê$Z
Ë`m§Mo {eaÀN>oX H$arV. Ë`m§Mo eaUgm{hË` OmiyZ Q>mH$sV. Ë`m§À`m _R>m§Zm Am{U
{ZdmgñWmZm§Zm AmJr cmdrV. WmoS>Š`mV åhUOo drae¡dm§Zm Ë`m§Zr eóm§À`m Omoamda
H$ë`mUZJarVyZ Am{U n[agamVyZ hþgHy$Z cmdco. Ago _V H$m°. H¥$îUm _oUgo `m§Zr Amnë`m
"lr ~gdoída Vo lr kmZoída : EH$ qMVZ' `m nwñVH$mV (n¥. 28) da _m§S>co. ~gdoída
Am{U Ë`m§À`m AZw`m`m§Zmhr eaUgm{hË` Am{U drae¡d AZw`m`r `m§À`m ajUmgmR>r hmVmV
eó ¿`mdo cmJco. àg§Jr `m eaUm§VyZ H$mhr cT>dæ`o "JUmMmar' emoYyZ Ë`m§Mo g¡Ý` C^mamdo
cmJco, Agm hm B{Vhmg AmnUmg {dgê$Z MmcUma Zmhr, Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm
dmQ>Vo.
drae¡d n§Wm_Ü`o "JUmMma' ZmdmMm EH$ gm_m{OH$ AmMma AmT>iyZ `oVmo.
JUmMma `mMm AW© Y_©ajUmW© àg§Jr eó YmaU H$aUo. `mH$m_r ~mamì`m eVH$mV n{hcr
_{hcm goZmnVr åhUyZ ~gdoídam§À`m Á`oîR> ^{JZrMm C„oI H$amdm cmJoc. `mH$mimV
A¸$ZmJå_m {hÀ`m ZoV¥ÎdmImcr "H$ë`mU H«$m§VrÀ`m'doir Odinmg nmMeo Vo ghmeo geó
_{hcm§Zr `wÕmV àË`jnUo gh^mJ KoVcm hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zr AZoH$ {edeaU-{edeaUrMo ajU
Ho$ë`mMo g§X^© B{VhmgmV AmT>iVmV. `mdê$Z Ago åhUVm `oB©c H$s, ~gdH$mcrZ
dMZH$mam§Mm ({edeaUm§Mm) g§~§Y Ho$di H$mì`{Z{_©VrnwaVmM _`m©{XV hmoVm Ago Zìho, Va
doiàg§Jr hmVmV eó KoD$Z eaUgm{hË`mMo Am{U {edeaUm§Mo ajU H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© Ë`m§Zm

281
H$amdo cmJco. dmñV{dH$ nmhVm `m H$mimVrc `wÕ ho Hw$Um ì`{º${déÕ Z _mZVm Vo
AÝ`m`m{déÕ _mZco OmV hmoVo. Aem `m JUmMmamcm Xwgè`m eãXm§V "a§jU^md' Agohr
åhQ>co OmVo. Agm hm JUmMm`© Zoh_rM {Z:ñdmW© ~wÕrZo H$m`© H$arV AgVmo. hr {eH$dUM
_wimV Ë`m§Zm ~gdoídam§H$Sy>Z {_imcocr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr Ho$coë`m n§VàYmZnXmMm Ë`mJ ho
{Z:ñdmW© nUmMo CÎm_ CXmhaU åhUyZ gm§JVm `oB©c. AemàH$maMr {Zñn¥hVm AmOÀ`m
^maVr` amOH$maUm AdVacr. Va Vr Iè`m AWm©Zo ~gdoídam§À`m {dMmam§Zm, AmMmam§Zm
Am{U H¥$VtZm {Xcocr EH$ gX²>^mdZm R>aoc Ago àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm dmQ>Vo.
dMZgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Oar ~mamì`m eVH$mV Pmcr Agcr, Varhr
Ë`mVrc gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, d¡Mm[aH$, Z¡{VH$, amOH$s` Am{U H$m_mg§~§YrMm {dMma ho
AmOÀ`m EH${dgmì`m eVH$mVhr OgoÀ`m Vgo nyU©nUo cmJy nS>Umao AmhoV. Iao åhUOo
~gdoídam§Mo {dMma, VÎdkmZ ho H$mimÀ`m gr_maofm Amocm§S>Umao AgyZ, Vo {MaH$mc {Q>H$Umao
AmhoV. Omon`ªV `m n¥Ïdrda _mZdg_yh Agoc, Vmon`ªVÀ`m _mZdr g_yhmcm Z¡{VH$
_mJ©Xe©H$ R>aoc. g_mOmcm _mJ©Xe©Z H$aÊ`mMo gm_W© EHy$UM dMZgm{hË` Am{U
g§Vgm{hË`m_Ü`o Amho, Ago åhQ>ë`mg dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr.
_hmamîQ´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$ `m§Mo gm§ñH¥${VH$ d ^m{fH$ g§~§Y BVHo$ g§{_l
AmhoV. `m XmoÝhr ^mfH$m§Vrc {dÛmZm§Zr, g§emoYH$m§Zr nañna ^mfm§Mm Aä`mgmMo _hÎd
gm§{JVco AmhoV. `m g§X^m©V EH$m Aä`mgH$mMm Oê$a C„oI H$amdm cmJoc. Vo åhUOo lr.
e§. ~m. Omoer `m§Zr ""Am`©-Ð{dS> g_ñ`oMm CcJS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$Ë`oH$ df} qMVZ Ho$coco
Amho. Ë`m§À`m gm_m{OH$ g§emoYH$mMr ^y{_H$m AmnUmg "_èhmQ>r g§ñH¥$Vr H$mhr g_ñ`m' `m
54
nwñVH$mVyZ ghO cjmV `oVo. `m g§X^m©V _mocmMo H$m`© Am§Va^maVr `m g§ñWoZo Ho$ë`mMo
nmhm`cm {_iVo. Ë`m§Zr EHy$U ^maVr` ^mfoVrc gm{hË`mMm n[aM` EH$_oH$m§Zm H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mMo _w»` à`moOZ hmVr KoVë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. `m H$m`m©gmR>r gmZoJwéOr, d|H$Q>e o
Aæ`§Jma, e§. ~m. Omoer Am{U AmMm`© g. O. ^mJdV BË`mXrMo `moJXmZ _mocmMo R>aco
AmhoV.''
dMZgm{hË`mÀ`m `wJàdV©H$mÀ`m g§X^m©V "eyÝ` gånmXZ' ^mJ-2 `m H$ÞS>
J«§WmMo AZwdmX H$aVmZm S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© (H$Zm©Q>H$ {díd{dÚmc`, YmadmS>) `oWo H$m`©aV
AmhoV. Vo _hmË_m ~gdoídam§À`m g§X^m©V åhUVmV, ""gÝVm| H$m OrdZ A{YH$m§e _| B{Vhmg
Am¡a nwamU H$m VmZm ~mZm hmoVm h¡& dmñV{dH$ VÏ`m| Ho$ gmW CZ na Am{lV H$hm{Z`m±, Omo
CZHo$ Mm[a{ÌH$ {deofVmAm| na A{YH$ àH$me S>mcVr h¡, OZVm _| A{YH$ àM{cV hmo OmVr

282
h¡Ÿ& h_mao Xoe _|, Img Vm¡a go Ohm± dmñV{dH$ B{Vhmg H$s àd¥{Îm Xoa go nZnr, Bg Vah H$m
Vmc_oc ~hþV h¡Ÿ& AV: ^maVr` gÝVm| H$m OrdZ M[aÌ àmá H$aZm ~hþV H${R>Z hmo OmVm h¡Ÿ&
Omo {OVZm ~S>m gÝV hmoVm h¡ CgH$s nm¡am{UH$ H$WmAm| H$m CVZm hr ~S>m Aå~ma ahVm h¡ Omo
dmñV{dH$ _ycVÏ`m| H$mo T>m±H$ XoVm h¡Ÿ&
~gdÊUm Ho$ OrdZ na CncãY gm_J«r ~hþV h¡ na Bg gm_J«r _| go ~hþV gr
{ddmXmñnX h¡Ÿ& `h H$moB© ZB© ~mV ZhtŸ& g^r OJh gÝVm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m `hr hmc h¡Ÿ&
dmñV{dH$Vm _| gÝVm| Ho$ OrdZ H$m `hr hmc h¡Ÿ& dmñV{dH$Vm _| gÝVmo Ho$ {dídmg, {gÕmÝV
55
Am¡a ì`{º$Îd CZHo$ OrdZ Ho$ _hÎdnyU© nhcy h¢Ÿ&''
àñVwV Aä`mgH$mcm S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© `m§Mo _V nyU©nUo _mÝ` Amho. Odi-
nmg gd©M cmoH${à` g§Vm§À`m g§X^m©V Aem àH$maMm S>m_S>m¡c AWdm M_ËH¥$VrnyU© dU©Zo
nmhm`cm {_iVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m-Ë`m g§Vm§Mm Omo gm_m{OH$ {dMma, amOH$s` {dMma,
gm§àXm{`H$ {dMma Vmo `m M_ËH¥$VrnyU© dU©Zm_wio _mJo nS>Vmo, Am{U ZH$mo Ë`m JmoîQ>tZm _hÎd
àmá hmoVo. n[aUm_r Ë`m g§Vm§À`m H$m`m©Mm Am{U OrdZ M[aÌm§Mo nyU©nUo AmH$cZ hmoV Zmhr.
H$mhr JmoîQ>r Ë`m§À`m M_ËH¥$Vr coIZm_wio dm dU©Zm_wio dmMH$m§À`m, Aä`mgH$m§À`m ZOaoVyZ
Ë`m JmoîQ>r gwQ>VmV. n[aUm_r `mo½` Vr _m{hVr Aä`mgH$m§g_moa `oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio MwH$sMo
OrdZM[aÌ cmoH$m§nwT>o OmÊ`mMr g§^dZm A{YH$ AgVo.
4.9 g_mamon :
_Ü``wJrZ ^maVr` g§Vgm{hË`mVyZ H$mhr g_mZ àoaUm, ^y{_H$m Am{U Ame`
nmhm`cm {_iVmV. `m gdmªZm OmoS>Umam _hÎdmMm Xwdm åhUyZ "cmoH$^mfoMm' C„oI H$amdm
cmJoc. `m{edm` `m Y_©g§àXm`m§À`m àdV©H$m§Mr åhUyZ EH$ {d{eîQ> gm§ñH¥${VH$ d Ym{_©H$
nmíd©^y_r gm§JVm `oVo. Ë`m_wio `m H$mimVrc dmL²>_`mMo gm_m{OH$ d dmL²_`rZ _yë`
Odinmg gmaIo AmT>iVmV. àË`oH$ g§àXm`m§Zr dU©ì`dñWocm {damoY Ho$ë`mMo Ogo
AmT>iVo. VgoM Ë`m§Zr _mZdr _yë`m§Zm A{YH$Îma _hÎd {Xë`mMo {XgyZ `oVmV. `m H$mimV
dmL²_`{Z{_©Vr H$aUmao ~hþg§»` H$dr ho OmZnX OrdZ OJUmao Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ
cmoH$_mZg Am{U cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.
dMZgm{hË` Am{U g§Vgm{hË`m§Mo H|$ÐñWmZo hr EH$mM n[aKmVrc Agë`mZo
`m XmoÝhr gm{hË`mMr VwcZm hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. `m XmoÝhr gm{hË`m§VyZ H$mì`{Z{_©Vr
H$aUmao g§V ho AR>am-nJS> OmVrVrc hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m H$mì`m§VyZ cmoH$à{V_m,
cmoH$ê$nH$m§Mm Am{U cmoH$àVrH$m§Mm _moR>çm Iw~rZo dmna Ho$ë`mMo AmT>iVmV. Ë`m_wio
283
Ë`m§À`m Ame`, {df` Am{U Am{dîH$ma nÕVrV EH$ g_mZVm AmT>iVo. Vgo nmhVm
_Ü``wJrZ H$mc ho AZoH$ ÑpîQ>Zo H«$m§{VH$maH$ åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. ~gdoída Am{U
kmZoída `m§Zr Amnmnë`m narZo ~hþOZ g_mOmÀ`m AmË_moÕamgmR>r ^º$sMm Zdm _mJ©
MmoImicm Am{U Ë`m§Zm _mojàmárMm _mJ© XmI{dcm. ~mamì`m eVH$mV ~gdoídam§Zr
_mUgm_mUgmVrc ^oXmg JmSy>Z Q>mH$co Am{U gd©àH$maÀ`m g_VoMm nwañH$ma Ho$cm.
H$Xm{MV `m H«$m§{VH$maH$ {dMmam§Mm à^md Voamì`m eVH$mVrc g§Vgm{hË`mda nS>cm Agmdm.
~gdoídam§Mm {dMma g_ËdÑîQ>rÀ`m nm`mda A{YpîR>V hmoVm. kmZXodm§Zr ~hþOZ g_mOmcm
_wº$sMm amO_mJ© XmI{dcm. Ë`mgmR>r "^{º$' hoM à_mU _mZco. ^º$s H$aUmam ^º$
H$moUË`mhr Om{VdUm©Mm Agcm, Varhr Ë`mcm "na_oída' (lr{dÇ>c) A§Va XoUma Zmhr.
AemàH$maMm AmemdmX Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr {Z_m©U Ho$cm.
Á`mà_mUo dMZgm{hË` Am{U g§Vgm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmao g§V ho OmZnX
OrdZ OJUmao hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§À`m H$mì`m§VyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmam {dMma, Ame` Am{U
{df` ho AmË_m{dîH$mamÀ`mÛmao H$mì`m§VyZ A{^ì`º$ hmoVmZm AmT>iVmo. `m{edm` _Ü``wJrZ
H$moard coImÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZhr cmoH$VÎdr` ÑîQ>rMm Adc§~ H$aVm `oVmo. `mg§X^m©V {dMma
Ho$cm AgVm X{jUoVrc AZoH$ amOnwéfm§À`m H$moard coImV "{haÊ`J^© g§^yV' `m ñdê$nmMm
C„oI AmT>iVmo. `m {dYrMo _w»` C{ÔîQ> åhUOo Á`m§Zm CnZ`ZmMm, {ÛOËdmMm Am{U X¡d
nwZO©Ý_mMm A{YH$ma ZmH$macm hmoVm. Aem§Zm gm_m{OH$ à{VîR>m àmá H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r
~«m÷Um§H$Sy>Z hr {dYr gm§{JVcr OmV hmoVr. `mdê$Z à{VîR>m (Status) Am{U gÎmm (Pawer)
`m§À`m g§~§YmMm CcJS>m hmoVmo.
cmoH$VÎdr` ÑîQ>rZo {dMma Ho$ë`mg g_yh_ZmÀ`m A§V_©ZmMm R>md KoVm `oVmo.
VËH$m{cZ ~hþOZmVrc H$Ë`m©nwéfm§Zm à{VîR>m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r "~«m÷Um§H$Sy>Z' hm {dYr
H$adyZ ¿`mdo cmJo. VgoM H$mZS>r cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrda drae¡dY_m©Mm dMZH$mam§À`m CnXoemMm
à^md {deofËdmZo OmUdVmo. åhUyZ Va dMZgm{hË` ho Ac§H$mam§À`m {Z`_mcm ~m§{Yc
ZmhrV Am{U Vo JÚmà_mUo _wº$hr Zmhr. Ë`mcm ñdV:Mr åhUyZ EH$ "c` qH$dm Vmc' Amho.
Ë`m_wio OmZnX JrV JmUo gmono hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm hr c` cmoH$na§naoVyZ {_imcocr Amho. Ia§
åhUOo dMZmVM "c`' A§V©^yV AgVmo. Ë`mcm EH$ R>odm hm nwaogm AgVmo. dMZgm{hË` dm
A^§J JmUmè`m§Zm emór` g§JrVmMo kmZ AgUo Oê$arMo Zmhr. \$º$ Ë`mcm cmoH$JrVm§Mo
AWdm cmoH$na§naoMo kmZ Agco Var nwao.

284
 OmZnX gm{hË`mVrc (JrVmVrc) ^mfm hr cmoH$^mfm Agë`mZo Vo
~hþOZmÀ`m AmË_m{dfH$amMr ^mfm R>acr. n[aUm_r gd©gm_mÝ`m§Zm "OmZnX JrV' Amncogo
dmQ>co. Ë`mVrc Xw:I, doXZm Am{U AdhocZm ho Ho$di H$dtMo Z amhVm g§nyU© g_yhmMo
åhUyZ AmoiIco OmVo. H$maU dMZH$mam§Mo AZw^d ho Ë`m§Mo Z amhVm Vo g_yhmMo R>aco. åhUyZ
Va ~mamì`m eVH$mVrc dMZgm{hË` Am{U Voamì`m eVH$mVrc g§V gm{hË`mVrc H$dtZr
"_wº$N>§X/N>mX§g' Aem n«H$maÀ`m aMZmV§ÌmMm Adc§~ Ho$cm. øm V§Ìm§Mo kmZ Ë`m§Zm
d§ena§naoZo MmcZ Amcoë`m "OmZnX JrVm§VyZ' cm^co. Aem gm{hË`mVyZ _mZdr OrdZmMo
{MÌU AmT>iVo. ho gm{hË` _mUgmÀ`m A§Vñ\y$VuVyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`mZo Ë`m_Ü`o EH$ àH$maMr
ghOVm, àm_m{UH$nUm Am{U AZw^dm§Vrc àm§OinUm nmhm`cm {_iVmo. dMZgm{hË`mV
AmT>iyZ `oUmè`m cmoH$VÎdr` ñdê$n nwT>rc H$mimVrc Xmgna§naoVhr nhm`cm {_iVmo.
{deof åhUOo `m XmoÝhr g§àXm`m§Vrc cmoH$VÎdmMo ñdê$n Odi-Odi gmaIoM AmhoV.

285
4.10 g§X^©J«§WgyMr :
1. lr. a§. _w§Jir, ""H$ÞS> gm{hË`mMm B{Vhmg'', AZwdmXH$, Jm¡are H$m`{H$Ur, gm{hË`
AH$mXo_r, Zdr {X„r, àW_md¥Îmr 1978 n¥.9.
2. S>m°. g. am. JmS>Jri, ""d¡{XH$ `k, _Ü``wJrZ V§ÌgmYZm Am{U kmZoídaà{UV ^{º$`moJ'',
XmñVmZo àH$meZ, nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr _mM© 1979 n¥. 248-251.
3. Dr. H. T. Sansur, “Eleventh And Twelfth Century Kannada Litorature” Ph.D.
Thesis, First Edition : 1991, Printed by Brindavan Printers and Publishers Pvt.
Ltd., Bangalore-4.
4. XwJm© ^mJdV, ""^mfm {^Þ, g§ñH¥$Vr EH$'' hm coI S>m°. A. am. Vmoamo (g§nm.), "_hmamîQ´>-
H$Zm©Q>H$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AZw~§Y' `mV g_m{dîQ> AgyZ, àW_md¥Îmr, Am°ŠQ>mo. 2001, à{V_m
àH$meZ, nwUo, n¥. 68-72.
5 n§{S>V _hmXodemór Omoer (g§nm.), ""^maVr` g§ñH¥${VH$moe'', I§S> AmR>dm n¥.456-457.
6. S>m°. gwYmH$a _moJcodma (g§nm.) ""dMZgm{hË` qMVZ'', I§S> 1, 2 àW_md¥Îmr gßQ>|. 2000
ZQ>amO àH$meZ, ZmJnya, n¥. 58-59.
7. S>m°. ~r. {ed_yVuemór, ""EH$XÝV am_æ`m'', hm coI "~gdoída g_H$mcrZdê$', `m H$ÞS>
g§nm{XV J«§WmVrc AgyZ, àH$meH$ lr AÞXmZæ`m nwam{UH$, V¥Vr` Amd¥Îmr, 1989 n¥.
235-236.
8. X. am. ~|Ðo, ""H$Zm©Q>H$-_hmamîQ´>mVrc JmT> _¡ÌrMr __©ñWio'', hm coI nyd©{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°.
A. am. Vmoamo, n¥. 73-79.
9. S>m°. a. am. Jmogmdr, ""^maVr` {edmonmgZm Am{U drae¡dm§Mm {ed'', hm coI S>m°. a. ~m.
_§MaH$a (g§nm.) "drae¡d g§àXm` VWm S>m°. dm. J. H$ë`mUH$a Jm¡ad J«§W', n¥. 44-57.
10. S>m°. {d. {^. H$mocVo, ""àmMrZ _amR>r gm{hË` g§emoYZ'', n{hcr Amd¥Îmr, OmZo. 1968,
n¥. 7-8.
11. H$m°. H¥$îUm _oZgo, ""lr ~gdoída Vo lr kmZoída : EH$ {M§VZ'', {Vgar Amd¥Îmr, E{àc
2005, cmoH$dmL²>_` J¥h, _w§~B©, n¥. 8.
12. S>m°. {Jare H$Zm©S>, ""VcoXÊS>'', AZwdm{XV C_m Hw$cH$Uu, àH$meH$ Cfm dmK, gwJmdm
àH$meZ, nwUo, n¥. 51-63.
13. àm. _m{UH$ YZncdma, ""d¡îUdm§À`m n§T>arMr e¡d na§nam'' Ord{ZdH$mg 16, 7 gßQ>|.
1972, n¥. 360-364; "ZmJoe na§naoVrc nw§S>{cH$ M[aÌ', VÌ¡d, n¥. 11-24; _amR>r
ñdmÜ`m`-g§emoYZn{ÌH$m, A§H$ 7, n¥. 71-68.
14. àm. Jmo. _. Hw$cH$Uu Am{U Í`. {d. eoQ>o (g§nm.), ""_hmamîQ´>mMr gÎdYmam'' `m J«§WmVrc
n¥. 111 dê$Z, goÝga Am°\$ B§{S>`m : 1961, I§S> 10 dm, _hmamîQ´> ^mJ 7 ~r, "\o$Ag©
Am°S> \o$pñQ>ìh cg² BZ _hmamîQ´> ', 1969 n¥. 98, "crimM[aÌ' (H$mocVo-àV), nydm©Y©,

286
 crim H«$. 460.
15. am. {M. T>oao, ""MH«$nm{U'', {dídH$_m© gm{hË`mc`, nwUo 1977, n¥. 50.
16. àm. a. J. Xm§S>oH$a, ""drae¡d VÎdkmZmMm EH$ _ycmYma'' lrnVr n§{S>VH¥$V "lrH$a^mî`',
drae¡d gm{hË` g§emoYZ, I§S>-1, ^mJ-2, Am°ŠQ>mo, 1988, n¥. 5.
17. a§. lr. _w§Jir, Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W, àW_md¥Îmr 1978, n¥. 14-16.
18. VÌ¡d, n¥. 75.
19. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V à~§Y S>m°. EM. Q>r. gmgZya, `m à~§YmVrc n¥. 117-118 Mo ^mfm§Va
àm. MoVZ gmoZmdUo, \$½`w©gZ _hm{dÚmc` B§J«Or {d^mJ
20. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V à~§Y S>m°. EM. Q>r. gmgZya, n¥. 25.
21. S>m°. Eg. E_. d¥f^|Ðñdm{_ (àYmZ g§nmXH$ H$ÞS> J«§W), ""eyÝ` gånmXZ ^mJ-2''
(AZwdmX) S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© (H$ÞS> AÜ``ZnrR> H$Zm©Q>H$ {díd{dÚmc` YmadmS)>, àW_
_wÐU : 1982, n¥. 4.
22. S>m°. gwYmH$a _moJcodma (g§nm.), ""drae¡d {dídH$moe'' I§S>-1, n¥. 16.
23. EM. Xodaßnm (g§nm.), ""qg{JamOnwamU'', àH$meH$ : Amo[a`ÝQ>c [agM© BpÝñQ>Q>`yQ>, _¡gya
1950; AÜ``Z 7 n¥. 107; n¥. 67-68. hm g§X^© S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© (AZw.), "eyÝ`
gånmXZ ^mJ-2', n¥. 6
24. lr. E_. EZ. JwcJ§Or (godm{Zd¥Îm _w»`mÜ`mnH$) ({~Omnya) `m§À`mer àñVwV Aä`mgH$mZo
""drae¡d dMZgm{hË`'' `mda {dñV¥V MMm© {X. 14, 15, 16 {S>g|. 2008 amoOr {~Omnya
`oWrc Ë`mÀ`m {ZdmgñWmZr Ho$cr.
25. S>m°. ^JdmZXmg {Vdmar `m§Mm ""dMZ gm{hË` : EH$ qMVZ'' hm coI S>m°. gwYmH$a
_moJcodma (g§nm.), "dMZ gm{hË` qMVZ I§S> 1, 2,', n¥. 9-10.
26. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© (AZwdmXH$), n¥. 8.
27. O`Xodr {cJmS>o, ""_hm`mo{JZr A¸$_hmXodr'', gmocmnya, 1955, n¥. 95.
28. A{dZme har {c_`o, ""~gddMZo'', lrJwê$Hw$c à{VîR>mZ, nwUo, S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V `m§Mr,
"àñVmdZm' n¥îR>.
29. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. gwYmH$a _moJcodma `mVrc _Zmoha JìhmUo `m§Mm ""dMZ gm{hË`mVrc
g_mOXe©Z'' hm coI n¥. 54.
30. S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V, ""_hmË_m ~gdoída'', gËg§J à{VîR>mZ, nwUo-9, àW_md¥Îmr, Am°JñQ>
1999, n¥. 175-176.

287
31. MÞßnm Eoao{g_o `m§Mm, ""Zy{c` M§Xæ`m'' hm coI "~gdoída g_H$mcrZdê$' àH$meH$ê$,
lr AÞXmZæ` nwam{UH$, gr. E. P_I§S>r _R>, V¥Vr` Amd¥. 1989, n¥. 283.
32. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V, n¥. 200.
33. Prof. C. Virupakshappa, “Basava And His Teachings” Basava Samithi, Bangalore,
2nd Edition : 202 PP. 11-12.
34. S>m°. e§H$aJm¡S>m {~amOXma `m§À`mer Ho$cocr MMm©
35. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. eo. Xo. ngmaH$a (g§nm.) "àñVmdZm' n¥îR>.
36. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. Jm`Ìr d_m© (AZwdm{XV), n¥. 8.
37. S>m°. {dÚm ì`dhmao, ""cmoH$gm{hË` cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr'', à{V_m àH$meZ nwUo, àW_md¥Îmr,
OyZ 2002, n¥. 35.
38. hcg§Jr MÞ_„ßnm, qcJßnm Am{U aodßnm (g§J«hmH$), ""hmcg§Jr hmSy>'' n[aM` X.am. ~|Ðo.
39. VÌ¡d, n¥. 8-9.
40. VH©$VrW© cú_Uemór Omoer, Amd¥Îmr Xwgar, 1972, àmknmR>emim _§S>i, dmB©, n¥. 38.
41. am. qM. T>oao, ""g§Vgm{hË` Am{U cmoH$gm{hË` : H$mhr AZw~§Y'', lr{dÚm àH$meZ, nwUo,
àW_md¥Îmr, Owc¡ 1978, n¥. 15.
42. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W H$m°. H¥$îUm _oUgo, n¥. 16.
43. S>m°. AemoH$ H$m_V, ""g§Vgm{hË` : H$mhr AZw~§Y'', nÙJ§Ym àH$meZ, nwUo àW_md¥Îmr _mM©
2003, n¥. 56.
44. e§. Jmo. Vinwio, ""nwadUr _hmamîQ´>-gmañdV'', I§S> 2, n¥. 709.
45. VÌ¡d, n¥. 3.
46. S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo, ""drae¡d gm{hË`mVrc hñV{c{IVm§Mm emoY'' `m {df`mda nwUo
{dÚmnrR> Am`mo{OV amîQ´>r` MMm©gÌmV dmMcocm emoY{Z~§Y. _mM© 2007 amoOr nwUo
{dÚmnrR> _amR>r {d^mJmV dmMbm.
47. VÌ¡d, n¥. 24-29.
48. VÌ¡d, n¥. 13-15.
49. S>m°. E_. {d. ZmS>H$Uu, ""g_`, ñ_¥{V Am¡a gm{hË`'' hm coI "AcmoMZm', OmZo-_mM©
2004, n¥. 32.
50. XwJm© ^mJdV, ""n§T>arMm {dR>mo~m (n¡g)'' _m¡O àH$meZ, _w§~B©-1973, n¥. 38.
51. Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V J«§W S>m°. eo. Xo. ngmaH$a (g§nm.) "àñVmdZm... n¥îR>'

288
52. S>m°. _wHw§$X XmVma (g§nm.), ""_Ü``wJrZ Y_©g§àXm`r dmL²>_` : EH$ {dh§J Xe©Z'' `mVrc
S>m°. í`m_m KmoUgo `m§Mm "drae¡d Y_u` dmL²>_`' hm coI, ñZohc àH$meZ, nwUo,
àW_md¥Îmr, Am°ŠQ>mo. 2004, n¥. 205-220.
53. S>m°. a. ~m. _§MaH$a (g§nm.), ""drae¡d g§àXm`'', hm J«§W S>m°. dm. J. H$ë`mUH$a Jm¡ad
J«§W åhUyZhr AmoiIcm OmVmo. `mVrc S>m°. a. am. Jmogmdr `m§Mm ""^maVr` {edmonmgZm
Am{U drae¡dm§Mm {ed'', n¥. 44-56.
54. AmMm`© g. O. ^mJdV, ""Am§Va^maVr'' hm coI S>m°. A. am. Vmoamo (g§nm.) Cn{Z{X©pîQ>V
J«§W. n¥. 38-39.
55. VÌ¡d, n¥. 1-2.

289