Chapter 4

4.1-1
vi (t ) = v1 (t ) + v2 (t) c o s α vq (t ) = v2 (t) s i n α
A(t ) = v12 ( t ) + 2 v1(t ) v2 (t) c o s α + v22 (t ) ≈ v1 (t ) + v2 ()cos
t α
v2 (t) s i n α v (t) s i n α
φ (t ) = arctan ≈ 2
v1(t ) + v2 (t) c o s α v1 (t )

4.1-2
vi (t ) = [ v1( t ) + v2 (t )] cos ω 0t vq (t ) = [ v2 ( t ) − v1 (t )] sinω 0t

A(t ) = v12 ( t ) + 2 v1 (t ) v2 ( t) c o s 2ω0t + v 22 (t ) ≈ v1 (t ) + v2 (t) c o s 2ω 0t

[ v2 (t) − v1(t )] sinω 0t
φ (t ) = arctan ≈ −ω 0t
[ v1 (t) + v2 (t )] cos ω0t

4.1-3
∞ ∞ ∞
(a) ∫−∞
vbp (t )dt = ∫ vi (t) c o s ω ct dt − ∫ vq ()sin
−∞
t
−∞
ωc t dt
∞ ∞
vi (t) c o s ω ct dt = ∫ Vi ( f ) δ ( f − f c ) + δ ( f + f c )  df = [Vi ( f c ) +Vi ( − fc) ] = 0
1 ∗ 1
∫ −∞ −∞ 2 2
since f c > W and Vi ( f ) = 0 for f > W
∞ ∞ 1 ∗
∫ vq (t) s i n ω ct dt = ∫ Vq ( f ) e − jπ / 2δ ( f − fc ) + e jπ / 2δ ( f + f c )  df
−∞ −∞ 2
1
= Vq ( f c ) e− jπ / 2 + Vq (− fc )e jπ / 2  = 0
2
∞
Thus, ∫
−∞ bp
v (t ) dt = 0
(cont).

4-1
 ( v (t) c o s ω t − v sinω ct ) dt
∞
(b) Ebp = ∫
2
i c q
−∞

1 ∞ 2 ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
= ∫ vi dt + ∫ vq2dt + ∫ vi2 cos2ωc t dt + ∫ vq2 sin2ω ct dt + ∫ vivq sin2ωc t dt 
2  −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ −∞ 
but vi , vq , and vi vq are bandlimited in 2W < 2 fc so, from the analysis in part (a)
2 2

∞ ∞ ∞
∫−∞
vi2 cos2ω ct dt = ∫ vq2 sin2ω ct dt = ∫ vivq sin2ωc t dt = 0
−∞ −∞

vi dt + ∫ vq2 dt  = ( Ei + Eq )
1 ∞ 2 ∞ 1
Hence, Ebp = ∫
2  −∞ −∞  2

4.1-4
f + 100 
Vlp ( f ) = Π  
 400 
vlp (t ) = 400sinc400t e − j 2π 100t
= 400sinc400t ( cos2π 100t + j sin2π 100t )
vi (t ) = 800sinc400t cos2π 100t vq (t ) = −800sinc400t sin2π 100t

4.1-5
1  f − 75   f + 50 
Vlp ( f ) = Π  +Π  
2  100   150 
150 j 2 π 75 t − j 2π 50 t
vlp (t ) = sinc150t e + 100sinc100t e
2
vi (t ) = 2Re  vlp (t )  = 150sinc150t cos2π 75t + 200sinc100t cos2π 50t
vq (t ) = 2Im  vl p (t )  = 150sinc150t sin2π 75t − 200sinc100t sin2π 50t

4.1-6
vbp (t ) = 2 z( t ) cos ( ±ω 0t + α ) cos ω ct − sin ( ±ω 0t + α ) sinω c t 
so vi (t ) = 2 z( t) cos ( ±ω0t + α ) vq (t ) = 2 z( t )sin ( ±ω 0t + α )
1
vlp (t ) = 2 z ( t )  cos ( ±ω 0t + α ) + j sin ( ±ω 0t + α )  = z (t) e j( ±ω 0 t+α )
2

4.1-7
−1
 f0  
2
2 f 1  f f 
H ( f ) = 1 + Q  −   =
2
⇒ Q  − 0  = ±1
  f 0 f   2  f0 f 

so
Q 2
f0
f
f ± f = Qf 0 = 0 ⇒ f l , f u = 0 1 + 4Q 2 ± 1
2Q
( )
f
2Q
( f
B = f l − f u = 0 1 + 4Q2 + 1 − 0 1 + 4Q2 − 1 = 0
2Q
) f
Q
( )
4-2
4.1-8
f f0
= (1 + δ ) ≈ 1 − δ , so
−1
= 1+ δ ,
f0 f

{ }
−1 1
H ( f ) ≈ 1 + jQ  1+ δ − ( 1− δ )  =
1 + j 2Qδ
f f − f0
But δ = −1 = so
f0 f0
1 f = f 0 (1 + δ ) > 0
H(f ) ≈ for
1 + j 2 Q( f − f 0 ) / f 0 f − f0 = δ f0 = f 0

4.1-9
1
H(f ) ≈ stagger-tuned
1 + ( f − fc + b) / b 2 1 + ( f − fc − b) / b2
2 2

1
≈ single tuned
1 + ( f − f c ) / 2b 2
2

4.1-10
1 πB
H lp ( f ) = = ⇒ hlp (t ) = π Be −π Bt u(t )
1 + j 2 f / B π B + j2π f
A jω t  A
xbp (t ) = 2Re  u (t )e c  ⇒ xlp (t ) = u (t )
2  2
π BA t −π B(t −λ )
d λ = (1 − e− π Bt ) u (t )
A
ylp (t ) = hlp ∗ xlp (t ) =
2 ∫0
e
2
ybp (t ) = 2Re  ylp (t ) e  = A (1 − e ) cos ωc t u(t )
j ωc t −π Bt

4-3
4.1-11
H lp ( f ) = Π   e− j(ω +ω c )td ⇒ hlp ( t ) = Be − jω ctd sinc B ( t − t d )
f
B
A  A
xbp (t ) = 2Re  u (t )e jω ct  ⇒ xlp (t ) = u (t )
2  2
BA − jωc td t
ylp (t ) = hlp ∗ xlp (t ) =
2
e ∫−∞ sinc B ( λ − td ) d λ
B ( t− td )
= e − jω ctd  ∫ sinc µ d µ + ∫ sinc µ d µ 
A 0

2 
 −∞ 0 

= e − jω ctd  + Siπ B ( t − t d ) 
A 1 1
2 2 π 
1 1 
ybp (t ) = 2Re  ylp (t )e jωc t  = A  + Si π B ( t − t d )  cos ω c ( t − t d )
2 π 

4.1-12
 1 
+ δ ( f m f0 ) 
jα ± jω 0t jα
xlp (t ) = 2e u( t) e ⇒ Xlp ( f ) = e 
 jπ ( f m f 0 ) 
 f  B
H lp ( f ) = Π   with = f 0 so δ ( f m f 0 ) falls outside passband.
B 2
e jα f  eα f  B
Thus, Ylp ( f ) = Π ≈ Π   since f 0 ? f for f <
jπ ( f m f 0 )  B  m jπ f 0  B  2
 e jα 
ylp (t ) ≈ ± j   B sinc Bt
 π f 0 
2B 2B
ybp (t ) ≈ sinc Bt Re  ± je jα e jω ct  = m sinc Bt sin (ω ct + α )
π f0 π f0

4-4
4.1-13
f  1 B
H lp ( f ) = e jf X lp ( f ) = Z ( f ) = 0 f ≤ W ≤
2
/b
B
  2 2
2 1 1 f 2 f2
Ylp ( f ) = e jf /b Z ( f ) ≈ 1 + j  Z ( f ) since = 1 for f ≤ W
2 2 b  b
1 j  1 j d2 
≈  Z ( f ) − 2 ( j 2π f ) Z ( f )  ⇒ ylp (t ) ≈  z ( t ) − 2
2
z (t)
2 4π b  2 4π b dt 2

1  d2 
Thus, ybp (t ) ≈ z ()cos
t ω ct − 2 
z (t )  sin ω ct
4π b  dt 2


4.2-1

4.2-2

4.2-3
Ac (1 + µ 2 Sx ) = (1 + 0.6 2 ) = 68W
1 2 100
AM: BT = 400Hz ST =
2 2
1 100
DSB: BT = 400Hz ST = Ac2S x = = 50W
2 2

4-5
4.2-4
1  f 
sinc2 40t ↔Λ 
40  40 
BT = 2W = 80 Hz

4.2-5
= ( 2 Ac ) = 32kW ⇒ A c2 = 8kW
2 2
Amax

A (1+ µ 2 S x ) = 6kW
1 1 2
µ = 1, S x = ⇒ ST =
2 2 c

4.2-6
1 1  µ2  4
Sx = , ST = Ac2 1 +  = 1kW ⇒ Ac =
2
kW
2 2  2  2+ µ2
(1 + µ )2
= (1 + µ ) A = 4
2
A 2 2
kW ≤ 4kW
2 + µ2
max c

so 1 + 2 µ + µ 2 ≤ 2 + µ 2 ⇒ µ ≤ 0.5

4.2-7
x max = x(0) =3 K (1 + 2) ≤1 ⇒ K ≤1 / 9
2
13  1 45 2 2 45 2
Psb =  KAc  + ( 3KAc ) = K Ac =
2
K Pc
2 2  2 8 4
45 2
K Pc
2Psb 2 45K 2 45
= = ≤ ≈ 22%
ST 45 2 + 45 K 2
207
Pc + K 2 Pc
2

4-6
4.2-8
x (t ) = 2 K cos20π t + K cos12π t + K cos28π t x max = x(0) = K (2 +1 + 1) ≤ 1 ⇒ K ≤ 1 / 4
2
1 11  3 3
Psb = ( KAc ) + 2 ×  KAc  = K 2 Ac2 = K 2 Pc
2

2 22  4 2
2Psb 3K 2 Pc 3
= =≤ ≈ 16%
ST Pc + 3K Pc
2
19

4.2-9
π 1 1
x (t ) = 4sin t = 4sin2π t B T = 2W = kHz
2 4 2
BT
0.01 < < 0.1 ⇒ 10BT < f c < 100 BT
fc
5 kHz < f c < 50 kHz

4.2-10
xc (t ) = Ac [1 + x (t )] cos ω ct ⇒ A(t ) = Ac [1 + x (t )] ≥ 0 for no phase reversals to occur
Since x(t ) min = −4 there is no value of Ac that can keep A( t) from going negative.
Therefore phase reversals will occur whenever x (t ) goes negative.

4.2-11
 1 
xc (t ) = Ac  cos2π 40t + cos2π 90t  cos2π f ct
 2 

4-7
4.3-1
 2a 
(a) vout = a1 x(t ) + a2 x 2 (t ) + a2 cos 2 ω c t + a1 1 + 2 x (t ) cos ω c t

1444
a1
424444  3
desired term

Select a filter centered at f c =10 kHz with a bandwidth of 2W = 2 ×120 = 240 Hz.
 2a   1 
(b) a1 1 + 2 x(t ) cos ωc t = Ac [1 + µ x( t )] cos ω ct = 10 1 + x(t ) cos ωc t
 a1   2 
2a2 1 5
⇒ a1 = 10 = ⇒ a2 =
a1 2 2

4.3-2
xc (t ) = aK 2 ( x + A cos ω c t ) − b ( x − A cos ω ct )
2 2

= ( aK 2 − b )( x2 + A2 cos 2 ω c t ) + 2 A ( aK 2 + b ) x cos ω c t

b
= 4 Abx(t) c o s ωc t if K =
a

4.3-3
xc (t ) = aK 2 ( v + A cos ω ct ) − b ( v − A cos ω c t )
2 2

= ( aK 2 − b )( v 2 + A2 cos 2 ω ct ) + 2 A ( aK 2 + b ) v cos ω ct

= 4 Ab [1 + µ x (t )] cos ω ct
b
if K = and v(t ) = 1 + µ x( t )
a

4-8
4.3-4
Take vin = x + cos ω 0t so
vout = a1 ( x + cos ω 0t ) + a3 ( x3 + 3x 2 cos ω0t + 3x cos 3 ω0t + cos3 ω 0t )
 3   3  3 1
=  a1 + a3  x + a 3x3 +  a1 + a 3 + 3a3 x 2  cos ω 0t + a3 x cos2ω 0t + a3 cos3ω0t
 2   4  2 4

Take f c = 2 f 0 where f 0 + 2W < 2 f 0 − W so f c > 6W

4.3-5
Take vin = y + cos ω 0t , where y = Kx (t) , so
vout = a1 ( y + cos ω 0t ) + a3 ( y 3 + 3 y 2 cos ω0t + 3 y cos 2 ω 0t + cos 3 ω0t )
 3   3  3 1
=  a1 + a3  y + a 3 y 3 +  a1 + a 3 + 3a3 y 2  cos ω 0t + a3 y cos2ω 0t + a 3 cos3ω 0t
 2   4  2 4

Take f c = 2 f 0 where f 0 + 2W < 2 f 0 − W so f c > 6W

3   3a K 
xc (t ) =  a3Kx( t ) + Ac  cos ω ct = Ac 1 + 3 x (t )  cos ω ct
2   2 Ac 

4-9
4.3-6
2 3
 1   1   1 
Let vout+ = a1  Ac cos ω c t + x  +a 2  Ac cos ω c t + x  + a3  Ac cos ω c t + x 
 2   2   2 
2 3
 1   1   1 
vout− = b1  Ac cos ω c t − x  + b2  Ac cos ωc t − x  + b3  Ac cos ω c t − x 
 2   2   2 
1 1 3 1
Expanding using cos 2 ω ct = + cos2ω c t , cos3 ωc t = cos ωc t + cos3ω c t
2 2 4 4
Since BPFs reject components outside f c − W < f < f c + W ,
xc (t ) = vout+ − vout−
BPF BPF

 3 3 
=  a1 + a3 − b1 − b3  cos ω c t + 2 ( a2 + b2 ) x (t) c o s ω ct + 3 ( a3 − b3 ) x ()cos ω ct
2
t
 4 4 
so there's unsuppressed carrier and 2nd harmonic distor tion

4.3-7
20  f  1  f 
x (t ) = 20sinc 2 400t ↔ X(f)= Λ = Λ
400  400  20  400 
4 4 4
vout (t ) = x(t) c o s ω c t − x(t) c o s 3ω ct + x (t) c o s 5ωc t −L
π 3π 5π

need f c + 200 < 3 f c − 200 ⇒ f c > 100 Hz

But f c must meet fractional bandwidth requirements as well
so 400 < 0.1 f c ⇒ f c > 4000 Hz which meets the earlier requirements as well.

4.4-1

xc (t ) = 2Re  Ac [ x( t ) ± jxˆ (t ) ] e jω ct 
1
4 
= c Re {[ x( t) c o s ωct ± ( −1) xˆ( t )sin ω c t ] + j [x (t) s i n ω ct ± xˆ ()cos ωc t ]}
A
t
2
A
= c [ x (t) c o s ω ct m xˆ ()sin
t ωc t ]
2

4-10
4.4-2
1 1
x ()cos
t ω ct ↔ X ( f − fc ) + X ( f + fc )
2 2

( )
1 jω c t − jωc t
sin ω ct = e −e and Xˆ ( f ) = ( − j sgn f ) X ( f ) so
j2
1 1
xˆ (t) s i n ωc t ↔ − sgn ( f − f c ) X ( f − f c ) + sgn ( f + f c ) X ( f + f c )
2 2
Thus, X c ( f ) =
Ac
{
4 
}
1 ± sgn ( f − fc )  X ( f − f c ) + 1 m sgn ( f + fc )  X ( f + f c )

4.4-3
Upper signs for USSB, so
2 f > fc 0 f > − fc
1 + sgn ( f − f c ) =  , 1 − sgn ( f + f c ) =  ,
0 f < fc 2 f < − fc
 Ac
 2 X(f − fc ) f > fc
 f < fc
Xc ( f ) =  0
A
 c X(f + fc ) f < − fc
2

4.4-4
1
Let θ = ω mt so xˆ (t ) = sin θ + sin3θ
9
2 2
 1   1 
x + xˆ =  cos θ + cos3θ  +  sinθ + sin3θ 
2 2

 9   9 
1 2 2 82 2
= 1 + + cos θ cos3θ + sin θ sin3θ = + cos2θ
81 9 9 81 9
1 1 1 9
A(t ) = Ac x2 (t ) + xˆ 2 ( t ) = × 81× 82 + 18cos2θ = 82 + 18cos2θ
2 2 9 2

4-11
4.4-5

For LSSB, upper cutoffs of BPFs should be f 1 and f 2 , respectively.

4.4-6
2 β = 400 ≥ 0.01 f1 ⇒ f1 ≤ 40kHz
0.01 f 2 ≤ 2 f1 + 400 ≤ 80.4kHz
f 2 ≤ 8.04MHz and f c = f 1 + f 2 ≤ 8.08MHz

4.4-7

1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 7 or calculate directly from

ST = Ac S x = Ac2  (1) + ( 3) + ( 2 )  = Ac2
4 4 2 2 2  4 the line spectrum
BT = W = 400 Hz

4-12
4.4-8

Check to make sure BPF meets requirements:

B B 10,000 − 9600
0.01 < < 0.1 ⇒ = ⇒ 0.01 < 0.04 < 0.1 P
fc fc 10 4
Also f c < 200 β = 200× 100 = 20 kHz P
Note that a LPF at 10 kHz would have violated the fractional bandwidth
requirements so a BPF must be used.

4.4-9
cos ( ωc t − 90° + δ ) = sin (ω ct + δ ) = cos δ sin ωc t + sin δ cos ω c t ≈ sin ω ct + δ cos ωc t

{[ x (t) m δ xˆ(t )] cos ω t m xˆ()sin ω t}

Ac
Thus, xc ( t ) ≈ c t c
2
A 2 1/2
A(t ) ≈  x (t ) + xˆ 2 ( t ) m 2δ xˆ ( t )x( t ) 
2

4.4-10

(1 − ε ) cos (ω mt − 90° + δ ) = (1 − ε ) [ cos δ sin ω mt + sin δ cos ω mt ] ≈ (1 − ε ) sinω mt +δ cosω mt

Ac
xc (t ) ≈  cos ω m cos ω c t − (1 − ε ) sin ω mt sin ω c t − δ cos ω mt sinω ct 
2 
A
{
= c 2cos ( ωc + ωm ) t + ε cos ( ωc − ω m ) t − cos (ω c + ω m ) t 
4
−δ sin (ω c − ω m ) t + sin ( ωc + ω m ) t  }
But ε cos θ − δ sin θ = ε 2 + δ 2 cos (θ + arctan ( δ / ε ) )
δ 
( 2 − ε ) cosθ − δ sin θ = ( 2 − ε ) 2 + δ 2 cos  θ + arctan
 2 − ε 
≈ 2 1 − ε /2cos (θ + δ / 2)
Ac A  δ
Thus xc ( t ) ≈ 1 − ε / 2 c o s  (ω c + ω m ) t + δ / 2 + c ε 2 + δ 2 cos  (ω c − ωm ) t + arctan 
2 4  ε

4-13
4.4-11

The easiest way to find the quadrature component is graphically from the phasor diagram.
1 1  1
xcq (t ) = aAm Ac sin2π f mt − (1 − a ) Am Ac sin2π f mt =  a −  Am Ac sin2π f mt
2 2  2

4.4-12
Ac
xc (t ) = ( 0.5 + a ) cos (ω c + ω m ) t + ( 0.5 − a ) cos (ω c − ω m ) t 
2 
A 1 1 
= c   cos (ω c + ω m ) t + cos (ω c − ωm ) t  + 2a  cos (ω c + ω m ) t − cos ( ωc − ω m ) t  
2 2 2 
Ac
= [ cos ω mt cos ωc t − 2a sin ω mt sinω ct ]
2
A
a = 0 ⇒ xc (t ) = c cos ωmt cos ω ct DSB
2
A A
a = ±0.5 ⇒ xc (t ) = c [ cos ω mt cos ωc t m sin ω mt sin ω ct ] = c cos (ω c ± ω m ) t SSB
2 2

4.4-13
 µ 
xc (t ) = Ac  cos ω ct + cos (ω c + ω m ) t 
 2 
1/2
 µ  µ
2
 
2

A(t ) = Ac  1 + cos ω mt  +  sinω mt  

  2  2  
1/2
 µ2 
= Ac 1 + µ cos ω mt + 
 4

4-14
4.5-1
f1 ± 199.25 = 66 MHz ⇒ f1 = 265.25 or 133.25
f 2 ± 66 = 67.25 MHz ⇒ f 2 = 133.25 or 1.25
Take f LO = 133.25 MHz

4.5-2
f1 ± 651.25 = 66 MHz ⇒ f 1 = 717.25 or 585.25
f 2 ± 66 = 519.25 MHz ⇒ f 2 = 585.25 or 453.25
Take f LO = 585.25 MHz

4.5-3

Output is unintelligible because spectrum is reversed, so low- frequency components

become high frequencies, and vice versa.
Output signal can be unscrambled by passing it through a second, identical scrambler
which again reverses the spectrum.

4.5-4
LPF input = ( Kc + K µ x ) cos ω ct − K µ xq sin ω ct  cos (ω ct + φ )

= ( Kc + K µ x ) cos φ + ( Kc + K µ x ) cos ( 2ω ct + φ ) + Kµ xq sin φ − K µ xq sin ( 2ω ct + φ )

yD (t ) =  Kc + K µx (t ) cos φ + K µ xq ( t) s i n φ

Modulation Kc Kµ xq (t ) y D (t )
AM Ac µ Ac 0 Ac [1 + µ x(t )] cos φ
DSB 0 Ac 0 Ac x()cos
t φ
SSB 0 Ac / 2 m xˆ (t ) Ac / 2 [ x(t) c o s φ m xˆ (t) s i n φ ]
VSB 0 Ac / 2 xˆ (t ) + xβ ( t ) {
Ac / 2 x( t) c o s φ +  xˆ ( t ) + xβ (t ) sinφ }
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4.5-5
From equation for xc (t ) we see that
1
a = will produce standard AM with no distortion at the output.
2
a = 1 will produce USSB + C 
 maximum distortion from envelope detector.
a = 0 will produce LSSB + C

4.5-6
Envelope detector follows the shape of the positive amplitude portions of xc ( t ) .

Envelope detector output is proportional to x(t ) .

4.5-7
A square wave, like any other periodic signal, can be written as a Fourier series of
harmonically spaced sinusoids. If the square wave has even symmetry and a fundamental
of f c , it will have terms like a1 cos ω c t + a3 cos ω 3t + a5 cos ω ct +L . This will cause
signals at f c , 3 f c , 5 f c K to be shifted to the origin. If f c is large enough, and our desired
signal can be isolated, our synchronous detector will work fine. Otherwise there may be
noise or intelligible crosstalk. Note that any phase shift will cause amplitude distortion.
For any periodic signal in general, as long as the Fourier series has a term at f c and our
signal can be isolated, this can also serve as our local oscillator signal.

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4.5-8
Between peaks v (t ) ≈ Ac [1 + cos2π Wt1 ] e −( t− t1 ) /τ , t1 < t < t1 +1/ f c
1
Maximum negative envelope slope occurs at t1 = and we want
4W
 1   1   2π W 
v  t1 +  ≈ Ac e−1/τ fc < Ac 1 + cos2π W  t1 +   = Ac 1− sin 
 fc    fc    fc 
1 2π W 1
so 1 − <1 − if τ ? and f c ? W
τ fc fc fc
1
We also want τ ? for linear decay between peaks.
fc
Thus 2π W ≤ R1C1 = f c and f c / W ≥ 2π ×10 ≈ 60

4-17