139

àH$aU Xþgao
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n

"Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n' `m àñVwV àH$aUmV AmnUmg Am{Xdmgr O_mVr,
Am{XdmgtMo bmoH$gm{hË`, bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, JrV, g§JrV Am{U bmoH$H$Wm nmhmd`mÀ`m
AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m AZwf§JmZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©VràoaUm,
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WH$, Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n, Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgmMo
Pmbobo à`ËZ, Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo _ybKQ>H$, _ybKQ>H$m§_Yrb ì`{ŠVaoIm, KQ>Zmàg§J, H$ënZm~§Y,
dmVmdaU Am{U bmoH$_mZg `m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMr Amho. VgoM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m
Ame`m_Yrb OrdZmZw^d, g§Kf©, g¥{ï>gm¢X`©, gm_y{hH$Vm, _mZ{gH$Vm, H$m¡Q>w {§ ~H$Vm, Amem-AmH$m§jm `m
KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z eodQ>r Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z, _m§S>Ur
H$aÊ`mMo `mo{Obo Amho.
(1) Am{Xdmgr O_mVr
_hmamï´>mVrb EHy$U gÎmoMmirg Am{Xdmgr O_mVr n¡H$s gVam O_mVr g§»`oZo Am{U _mZdd§eemñÌmÀ`m
X¥ï>rZo _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. _hmamï´>mVrb Voam {Oëøm§_Ü`o Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMo dmñVì` AgyZ {VWo Am{Xdmgr
O_mVtMr XmQ> bmoH$dñVr Amho. nwT>rb ZH$memdê$Z Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr àmXo{eH$Vm ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV
hmoBb
© .
140

_hmamï´>mÀ`m ZH$memdê$Z JS>{Mamobr, M§Ðnya, A_amdVr, R>mUo, Zm{eH$, Ywi,o Z§Xaw ~ma, `dV_mi,
nwU,o Ah_XZJa, am`JS> `m {Oëøm§Vrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m àmXo{eH$VoMr _m{hVr {_iVo. _hmamï´>mVrb
gømÐr nd©VmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJm§V _hmXod H$moir, dmabr, R>mH$a, H$moH$Um, H$mVH$ar `m O_mVtMo
dmñVì` Amho. gmVnwS>m `m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV {^ëb, nmdam, H$moH$Um, Jm{dV, VS>dr `m Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr amhVmV. Jmo§S>dZm åhUOo qdÜ` nd©VmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV H$moaHy$, Jm|S>, _S>mdr, _m{S>`m,
H$mobm_, naYmZ Am{U Am§Y `m O_mVtMo dmñVì` Amho.
_hmamï´>mV Á`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr AmhoV Ë`m O_mVr§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ OrdZmV
gmaIonUm AmT>iV Zmhr. àË`oH$ O_mVrMr doJdoJir d¡{eîQ>ço AmT>iVmV. àË`oH$ O_mVrMo gm_m{OH$
OrdZ ho g^modVmbÀ`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{W©H$ Am{U na§namJV nÕVrZo MmbV
Amboë`m OrdZX¥ï>rZo ~Zbobo AgyZ Ë`mV hiyhiy ~Xb hmoV Agë`mMo {XgVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtda
AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmMm n[aUm_ hmoV Agbm Var Ë`m§Mr na§namJV gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZ_yë`o Am{U ñdê$n `m§V
gmaIonUm AmT>iVmZm {XgVmo, ho _hÎdmMo Amho.
Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Om{Udm§Mm {dMma H$aVm {d{eï> ^yàXoemV dmñVì` H$aUmè`m
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr gm_mÝ`nUo ~mø g§nH$m©nmgyZ A{bßV AgyZ àm_w»`mZo S>mJ| ami àXoemV Ë`m§Mo dmñVì`
Agbobo {XgVo. {d{eï> ^yàXoemda Am{Xdmgr O_mVr amhVmV Vmo ^yàXoe Am{XdmgtÀ`m bmoH$g§»`o~m~V
_`m©{XV ñdê$nmMm Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb àË`oH$ KQ>H$ nañnam§Zm aŠVg§~§{YV _mZVmV Am{U
Ë`m_wio Amnbr CËnÎmr EH$mM nydO© mnmgyZ Pmbobr Amho, hr ÑT> ^mdZm {Q>H$y Z Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr
ñdV§Ì ~mobr^mfm AgyZ g_mOmVrb gd© KQ>H$m§Zm EH$Ì ~m§YÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$m`© H$aÊ`mV Vr `eñdr
hmoVo, ho àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo. OrdZnÕVrVrb gm§ñH¥${VH$VoV AmMma{dMma, Ho$e^yfm, doe^yfm d EHy$U
OrdZ{df`H$ Ñ{ï>H$moZ `m§_Ü`o g_mZVm Amho. O_mVtMr gmYr AW©ì`dñWm AgyZ X¡Z§{XZ JaOm§Mr
n[anyVu hmoUo ho Ë`m§À`m AW©ì`dñWoMo gyÌ Amho. Ë`m_wio AmOhr Ë`m§Mr AW©ì`dñWm dñVw{d{Z_`
nÕVrda AmYm[aV {XgVo. CXa{Zdm©hmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ Agbobr eoVr, Ë`mVrb Vm§{ÌH$ gmYZo _`m©{XV
ñdê$nmMr AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm Y_© {ZgJ©Y_© AgyZ A{V_mZdr eŠVtZm g§VwîQ> H$aÊ`mgmR>r nyd©OnyOm,
^yVnyOm, {ZgJ©nyOm hmoV AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr EH${OZgrnUmZo amhV Agë`m_wio ~mobr^mfm,
Y_©{dYr, g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U gm_m{OH$ {Z`_ZmV EH$Ëd {XgyZ `oVo. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr O_mVr BVa
g_mOmnmgyZ doJù`m nÕVrMo OrdZ OJV AgyZ Ë`m§Mo dmñVì` XwJ©_, S>m|Jami àXoemV AgVo. àË`oH$
Am{Xdmgr gm_y{hH$ OrdZ OJVmZm d¡`{ŠVH$ ñdmW© Z nmhVm {ZgJm©À`m AZwH$aUmZo g_mOmVrb AmßV
 141

ñdH$r` bmoH$m§Zm ^a^ê$Z XoUmam Amho. na§namJV gm_m{OH$ OrdZmV ~§{XñVnU Agë`m_wio OrdZmMm
g_Vmob Z {~KS>dVm na§namJV nÕVrMo gmVË` amIyZ AI§S>nUo ho bmoH$ OJVmZm AmT>iVmV.
(2) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`
Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, JrV, g§JrV Am{U bmoH$H$Wm ho Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.
(A) bmoH$Z¥Ë`
bmoH$Z¥Ë`m_Ü`o gwJrMm AmZ§X ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmabr O_mVrV "Vmanm' Am{U {ZgJm©Vrb
gMoVZ JmoîQ>rMr nyOm H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m§~S>ZmM Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_Ü`o nO©Ý`Xodm{df`rMr lÕm A{^ì`ŠV
hmoVo. "H$m§_S>'Z¥Ë`mV dmabr O_mVr EH$Ì `oD$Z bmH$S>r Xm§S>rÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo "Kmoa'Z¥Ë` H$aVmV. R>mH$am§Mo
"T>mob'Z¥Ë` à{gÕ AgyZ nm¡{U©_m, A_mdmñ`m, ~¡bnmoim, dmK~mag Am{U hmoirÀ`m doir "T>mob'Z¥Ë`
H$aÊ`mMr àWm Amho. {^ëb O_mVrVrb "{S>§S>U' Z¥Ë`mV 10-11 bmoH$m§Mm g_yh gh^mJr hmoD$Z
JmdmoJmdr ^«_§Vr H$ê$Z Z¥Ë` gmXa H$aVmV. {dX^m©Vrb Jm|S> d _m{S>`m O_mVr§V "aobm' Z¥Ë` à{gÕ AgyZ
VéU-VéUr EH${ÌV `oD$Z ho Z¥Ë` Ho$bo OmVo. _m{S>`m Z¥Ë`mVrb H$a_m Z¥Ë` ho d¥jXodVoMo àVrH$ Agë`mZo
Ë`mVyZ d¥jm~ÔbMm AmXa^md ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo.
Am{Xdmgr {^ëb O_mVrV hmobm, Kw~S> Am{U H$mdim ho njr ew^ _mZbobo AmhoV. na§namJV
nÕVrZo MmbV Ambobm hm AmXa amÌ^a `m nú`m§Mm emoY KoD$Z Á`m PmS>mda Ë`mMo dmñVì` Amho Ë`m
PmS>m^modVr Vo Z¥Ë` H$aVmV; H$maU hoM njr Amnë`m AÞYmÝ`mV dmT> H$aUmao AmhoV hm lÕm^md Ë`mV
Amho.
(~) Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç
Am{XdmgtÀ`m Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çmV "^dmS>m' qH$dm "~mohmS>m' hm Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çmMm àH$ma Amho. _hmXod H$moir,
H$moH$Um Am{U R>mH$a `m O_mVr§V bmoH${à` Agbobo ho Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç JmdR>mU, Sw>H$è`m Am{U M§XZ `m
{ZgJ©Xdo Vm§À`m AmamYZogmR>r gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. AmYw{ZH$ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§nH$m©_i
w o nma§n[aH$ àmUr {ZgJ©Xdo Vm§Mo
_wIdQ>o H$_r hmoD$Z hZw_mZ, amdU, dmbr d gwJr« d `m§Mo _wIdQ>o KmbyZ "~mohmS>m' ho Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç gmXa Ho$bo
OmVo. "~mohmS>m' hm JmdmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ `mÌoÀ`m doir Ho$bm OmUmam Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çàH$ma AmOhr bmoH${à`
Amho. Am{Xdmgr {^„m§_Ü`o Jmd{XdmirÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo "gm|JmSo' hm Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç àH$ma gmXa H$ê$Z bmoH$m§Mo
_ZmoaO§ Z Am{U à~moYZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. {^ëbm§Mo "~m|S>m' Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç dma>br, R>mH$a `m O_mVr§à_mUoM
hZw_mZ, amdU, ~H$mgwa `m§Mo _wIdQ>o KmbyZ gmXa Ho$bo OmVo.
142

{dX^m©Vrb Jm|S> O_mVtÀ`m "X§S>ma' Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çmV nhmS>mVrb "qbJmoXdo ' CËgdmV ho Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç gmXa
Ho$bo OmVo. Jm|S>, O_mVtÀ`m g_OwVrà_mUo hm Ë`m§Mm nhmS>Xod Amho. O_mVrVrb nwéf a§Jr~oa§Jr nmoemI
n[aYmZ H$ê$Z JmdmoJmdr ^oQ>r XoD$Z "X§S>ma' Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç gmXa H$aVmV.
(H$) bmoH$JrVo
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$JrVm§_Ü`o Ym{_©H$ JrVo, g§ñH$maJrVo, F$VyJrVo, ~mbJrVo Am{U _Zmoa§OZ JrVo Ago
{d{dY àH$ma nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. g§ñH$maJrVm§_Ü`o {ddmhJrVo, OÝ_JrVo Am{U nmR>dUrJrVo Aer
{d{dYVm {ZXe©Zmg `oV.o gwI Am{U Xw…I `m§Mm gwaI
o g§J_ AgUmè`m `m JrVm§_Ü`o {d{dY ^md^mdZm§Mr
_m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AgVo. VgoM g¥ï>r_Ü`o hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo Am{Xdmgr OrdZmda Oo n[aUm_ hmoVmV, Vo
A{^ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r JrVm§Mo gmXarH$aU hmoV AgVo. F$VwJrVm§Mo gmXarH$aU H$aVmZm F$¥V§yMo hmoUmao
ñdmJV Ë`m§Mo eoVrCËnÞmda hmoUmao n[aUm_ hm CÔoe {XgyZ `oVmo. àñVwV JrVm§_YyZ àmMrZ ^maVr`
g§ñH¥$VrMo Adeof nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
(S>) bmoH$g§JrV
Am{Xdmgr Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç Am{U JrV `m bmoH$m{dîH$mam§~amo~aM bmoH$g§JrVmMo _hÎd Amho. Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrÀ`m àË`oH$ Z¥Ë`mbm g§JrVmMr gmW AgVo. X¡Z§{XZ AZ§V AS>MUr§VyZ _Zmbm {_iUmam {da§Jwim
åhUOo Ë`m§Mr g§JrVH$bm hmo`. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$g§JrVmVrb dmÚo ~mOmamV {_iV ZgyZ dmXH$ Vr ñdV:
V`ma H$arV AgVmo. Am{XdmgtÀ`m nma§n[aH$ g§JrVdmÚm§_Ü`o T>mob, ~mgar, Kw§Jê$ Am{U ~m~y§À`m bm§~
H$mR>rÀ`m Q>mHo $mbm ~m§Yboë`m bmoIS§ >r nÅ>çm `m _mÜ`_m§VZy ÜdZr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç Am{U JrVm§Zm
gmW {Xbr OmVo. {nVi qH$dm ñQr>b `m YmV§yda nmVi H$mR>r AmnQy>Z ÜdZr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Vo Amnbo
bmoH$g§JrV A{^ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmV. VgoM Am|S>H$m, VmS>nmZo, ^monim, haUmMo qeJ, ~m§~y, bmoI§S>r
nÅ>çm Am{U VmJmMr Xmoar hr Ë`mMr na§namJV dmÚ{Z{_©VrMr gmYZo AmhoV.
Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, JrV Am{U g§JrV `m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m àH$mamZ§Va "bmoH$H$Wm gm{hË`àH$mamMr
g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n' `m§Mm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtV g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>r_Ü`o
AZmH$bZr` Á`m KQ>Zm nm{hë`m OmVmV Ë`mVyZ bmoH$H$Wm {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m AgyZ Ë`m§Mo {dñV¥V ñdê$n
nwT>rbà_mUo nmhVm `oB©b. n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WH$mMr _m{hVr KoUo H«$_àmá R>aVo.
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3) bmoH$H$WH$

na§namJV nÜXVrZo MmbV Amboë`m _m¡{IH$ KQ>Zmàg§Jm§Mr `mo½` nÜXVrZo _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`m
ì`ŠVr_Ëdmbm "bmoH$H$WH$' åhUVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm gm§JUmao H$WH$ Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb
AgVmV. eoVmVrb YmÝ`mÀ`m amIUrÀ`m, H$mnUrÀ`m h§Jm_mV amÌrÀ`m doir eoVmV, Iù`mda H$Wm
gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. bmoH$H$WmH$ma H$WoMo {Zê$nU H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m g^modVmbr O_mVrVrb bmoH$ EH$Ì
¶oD$Z H$Wm EoH$VmV. Iù`mda H$Wm gm§JUmam Omo H$WH$ AgVmo Ë`mMr n{hë`m§Xm gÝ_mZmZo nyOm H$ê$Z
AmaVr AmodiyZ H$Wm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mbm ào[aV Ho$bo OmVo. `mdê$Z {dYrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$WH$mMr Am{U
H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo ho ñnï> hmoVo.

H$WH$ Ooìhm H$Wm gm§JVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o A{^ì`ŠVrMr {d{eï> H$bm AdJV AgVo. Ë`m_wio
Vmo Amnbr H$Wm n[aUm_H$maH$nUo bmoH$m§n`ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. H$WH$ bmoH$H$Wm gm§JVmZm
hmd^md, AmdmOmMr YraJ§^raVm `m§Mm dmna H$arV Agë`m_wio EoH$Umè`m§Zm CËgmh {Z_m©U hmoVmo. H$WH$
O|ìhm H$Wm gm§JVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm hþ§H$ma XoUmè`m _mUgm§Mr JaO AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r Vmo OdiMm {_Ì,
ZmVodmB©H$ `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmo. ZmVodmB©H$ qH$dm {_Ì Zgob Va EoH$Umè`m§nH¡ $s EH$mbm hþH§ $mamMr O~m~Xmar
XoD$Z H$Wm gm§JÊ`mg gwédmV Ho$br OmVo. hþ§H$ma XoUmè`m _mUgmZo hþ§H$ma XoUo ho ~§YZH$maH$ _mZbo OmVo.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$mam§nH¡ $s H$mhr H$WH$ ì`mdgm{`H$ Va H$mhrOU gm_m{OH$ ~m§YrbH$s_wio H$Wm

gm§JV AgVmV. _`V {dYrZ§VaÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mV H$WH$mambm Am_§{ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m BÀN>oà_mUo
OodU d H$mhr aŠH$_ {Xbr OmVo. lmoË`m§Zm H$Wm gm§JÊ`mÀ`m a§OH$VoV Ë`mMo `e _mZbo OmVo. `mVyZ
{_imboë`m n¡em§À`m ~m~VrV Z_«Vm ñdrH$mê$Z ho nwÊ`H$_© Ho$bo Amho Ago _mZyZ OodT>r Ë`mbm aŠH$_ {Xbr
OmVo, VodT>çmV Vmo g_mYmZ _mZVmo VgoM {_iUmè`m {Z_§ÌUmdoir Vmo {H$Vr n¡go XoUma `mMr {dMmaUm
H$arV Zmhr. \$ŠV OmÊ`m-`oÊ`mgmR>r dmhZmMr ì`dñWm ìhmdr, hr _m\$H$ Anojm AgVo. bmoH$H$WmH$ma
Amnbr H$Wm gm§JÊ`mgmR>r amÌr 10 dmOVm gwédmV H$aVmo Am{U nhmQ>o 4-5-6 dmOon`ªV H$Wm gm§JV
AgVmo. \$ŠV VmgmVmgmbm Mhm Oar {_imbm Var Vo Ë`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo nwîH$i hmoVo. `m doir \$ŠV
H$WmH$mambmM Mhm Z XoVm EoH$Umao Oo BVa lmoVo AgVmV, Ë`m§Zmhr Mhm {Xbm OmVmo.

_`V {dYrVrb H$WH$ H$Wm gm§JVmZm _¥V ì`ŠVrÀ`m AmËå`mbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoD$Z Vmo gÜ`m
144

H$moR>o Amho, Ë`mbm H$moUË`m AS>MUr Amboë`m AmhoV, Ë`mÀ`m _XVrbm H$moU H$moU YmdyZ `oV Amho, ho
gm§JV AgVmo. EImÚm g§H$Q>mV H$moUr _XV H$aUma Zgob Va Hw$Qw>§~mVrb H$moUr ì`ŠVr V`ma Amho H$m?
Aer {dMmaUm H$ê$Z H$WoVrb AmË_m Vmo gwa{jV {R>H$mUr nmohmoM[dÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. bmoH$H$WH$m§nH¡ $s
Oo Aì`mdgm{`H$ H$WH$ AgVmV Vo _ZmoaO§ Z CX²~moYZ Am{U ZrVr `m hoVZy o H$Wm gm§JV AgVmV bmoH$m§Mo
_Zmoa§OZ H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm AmZ§X XoUo d ZrVrMo _hÎd gm§JUo `mbm _hÎd XoVmo.

bmoH$H$WH$ g§dmX Am{U bhmZ dmŠ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amnbr H$Wm H$WZ H$aVmo. {_iUmam
à{VgmX ho àíZmW©H$ ñdê$nmMo AgVrb Va H$WZmbm A{YH$ a§OH$Vm `oVo Am{U Ë`m§Mm CËgmh {ÛJw{UV
hmoVmo. H$WH$ H$Wm H$WZ H$aVmZm OodT>o ZmQ>ç C^o H$aVm `oB©b VodT>o C^o H$ê$Z EoH$Umè`mÀ`m Mohè`mda
àíZ{MÝh {Z_m©U H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. H$Wm n[aUm_H$maH$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r Mohè`mdarb ^md, hmVdmao,
JmUr, ^m§S>Uo, aS>Uo `m gd© gmXarH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_m§Mm Vmo _wŠVnUo dmna H$ê$Z H$Wobm Ý`m` XoÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo. bmoH$H$WH$ ñdV…À`m {nedrVrb àmÊ`m§Mo n§Oo, nú`m§Mr {ngo, YmÝ`, IS>o,
H$mQ>Š`m `m dñVy§Mm dmna H$aVmV. bmoH$H$WH$ Á`m dmVmdaUmV ~gbobm AgVmo, Ë`m dmVmdaUmVrb
KQ>H$m§Zm Am{U ñWim§Zm Amnë`m H$WoV ñWmZ XoD$Z dmñVdmZw^dmMr AZw^yVr XoVmo. `m_Ü`o O§Jb, eoV,
{dhra, ZXr, AmoT>m `m ñWim§Mr {ZdS> H$aVmo. CXm. øm S>m|JamEdT>m amjg hmoVm. g_moaÀ`m {d{harEdT>o
S>moio hmoVo Ago dU©Z H$aVmo. VgoM Ë`mÀ`m {ZdoXZmda Ë`mÀ`m H$WoMo `ehr Adb§~yZ AgVo. {ZdoXZ
em§VnUo bhmZ bhmZ dmŠ`m§VyZ Ooìhm Vmo H$ê$ bmJVmo Voìhm EoH$Umè`mbm ZdrZ AZw^dmMr d OrdZmMr
_m{hVr {_iÊ`mg _XV hmoV.o EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$ma {Zaja Agbm Var Ë`mMr à{V^meŠVr,
H$ënZmeŠVr loð> AgyZ O_mVrVrb g_yhmMo n«{V{Z{YËd H$aÊ`mg Am{U Ë`mMo _ZmoaO§ Z H$aÊ`mg `eñdr
hmoVmo, Ago åhUmdo bmJob. Am{Xdmgr H$WH$ na§namJV nÕVrZo EoH$boë`m H$Wm gm§JyZ na§nam§Mm Am{U
AmYw{ZH$VoMm _oi KmbVmZm VgoM ñdV:À`m à{V^oZo H$Wm {Z_m©U H$ê$Z H$Wm gm§JUmao H$WH$ Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrV nhmd`mg {_iVmV. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m g§H$bZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Oo H$mhr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WH$
^oQ>bo, Ë`m§Mm nwT>rbà_mUo n[aM` H$ê$Z XoV Amho :
4) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr n«oaUm
Am{Xdmgr hm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm {Z_m©Vm Amho. `m g§X^m©V eaX ì`dhmao åhUVmV, ""^maVr`
 145

bmoH$dmL²>_`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m X¥ï>rZo emoY KoVmZm Ago {XgyZ `oVo H$s, `oWrb _yi a{hdmgr Á`m§Zm AmO
AmnU Am{Xdmgr åhUVmo, Ë`m§À`mV àW_ bmoH$dmL>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. ^maVmV Am`mªÀ`m
AmJ_Zmnydu `oWo amhV Agboë`m {d{dY Q>mù
o `m§Vrb bmoH$g_yhm§V åhUOoM Am{XdmgrV bmoH$dmL>_² `mÀ`m
àMbZmMm AmT>i hmoVmo. {^ëb, H$moaHy$, Am§Y, H$mobm_, Jm¢S>, _m{S>`m, ZmJm, dmabr, BË`mXr Am{XdmgtÀ`m
Q>moù`m d bmoH$g_yh `m§À`mV n{hbm ÜdZr Cƒmabm Jobm. Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr hoM bmoH$dmL>_`mMo Iao
dmagXma R>aVmV. AmOhr Xè`mImoè`m§VyZ S>m|JaH$nmarVyZ, amZmdZmVyZ amhUmè`m Am{Xdmgr OmVr-
1
O_mVr§V hOmamo dfmªnyduÀ`m H$mhr na§nam, OrdZ{deof àM{bV Agë`mMo nmhmd`mg {_iVo.'' S>m°.
eaX ì`dhmao `m§À`m g§X^m©dê$Z Am{XdmgtMm Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`{Z{_©VrMm B{Vhmg ñnîQ> hmoD$Z Am{Xdmgr
hoM bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Iao dmagXma AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo. VgoM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr na§nam \$ma
nwamVZ AgyZ Am`mªÀ`m AmJ_ZmnydunmgyZ bmoH$H$Wm gm§{JVë`m OmV hmoË`m Am{U Ë`m àM{bV hmoË`m
`mMr _r_m§gm hmoVmZm {XgVo.
O§JbmVrb EH$m§VdmgmÀ`m ghdmgm_wio `m bmoH$m§Mm X¥{ï>H$moZ g§H$« {_V hmoV AgVmo. gy`© d M§Ð `m
J«hm§ì`{V[aŠV Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr Agbobm Vmam åhUOo ewH«$ hm hmo`. {Xdg CJdÊ`mnydu M_H$Umè`m `m
Vmè`mbm Vo "AmoJè`m Vmam' `m ZmdmZo g§~moYVmV d Amnë`m narZo AW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Am{U
`mVyZM Ë`m§À`m ZjÌH$Wm {Z_m©U hmoVmZm {XgVmV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$H$WH$ {Zaja Agbm Var
Ë`mÀ`m H$ënZmeŠVrMr Pon CëboIZr` AgVo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o eãXgm_Ï`© A\$mQ> Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m
bmoH$H$Wm ghO {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ~hþVoH$ bmoH$H$Wm§V gm§ñH¥${VH$ nmíd©^y_r Agë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§À`m
nmR>r_mJo na§namJV g§ñH$ma Agë`m_wio EoH$Umam lmoVm Vr H$Wm Amnë`m ñ_aUmV R>odyZ nwT>rb {nT>rbm
gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. VgoM EoH$Umè`m§À`m _Z…pñWVrMm, AmdS>r{ZdS>rMm {dMma H$ê$Z
H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. åhUyZ bmoH$H$Wm{Z{_©VrgmR>r lmoË`m§Mm gh^mJ _hÎdmMm _mZbm OmVmo.
bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm H$WH$ Á`m KQ>H$m§Mm AmYma KoVmo Ë`m_Ü`o g_mO, g_mOmVrb Hw$Qw>~§ ,o
Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVr, ì`ŠVtÀ`m AZwf§JmZo `oUmao àmUr, ney, njr `m§Zm _hÎd {Xbobo AgVo. VgoM gmoZo,
Mm§Xr, bmoI§S>, Vm§~o, {nVi, H$mM, Vm§~S>m, nm§T>am, H$mim a§J `m§Zmhr _hÎd {Xbo OmVo.
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr Ooìhm Am{X_ AdñWoV OrdZ OJV hmoË`m Voìhm g¥ï>r_Ü`o KS>Umè`m doJdoJù`m
KQ>Zm Ë`m§Zr nm{hë`m Am{U Á`m AZmH$bZr`, A_mZdr` AX²^Vw KQ>Zm hmoË`m, Ë`m§Mm AW© Z H$ië`m_wio
Amnë`m ~wÕrZwgma Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mm AW© bmdyZ H$ënZmeŠVtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. VgoM
146

g^modVmbÀ`m AX²^wV KQ>Zm KS>VmZm Ë`m§Zr nm{hë`m, Ë`mbm Ë`m§Zr XodËd ~hmb H$ê$Z Ym{_©H$ VgoM
X¡dVH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br; H$maU `m KQ>Zm Ë`m§À`m _ZmV ^rVr {Z_m©U H$aUmè`m hmoË`m Am{U Ë`m§Zm Oa
AmnU XodËd ~hmb Ho$bo Va Ë`m AmnUmbm Ìmg XoUma Zmhr, hm {dMma hmoD$Z Ë`m KQ>Zm Ë`m§Zr nwT>À`m
{nT>rbm H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$Z gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. VgoM g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>rVrb {_imbobo kmZ
{dYr_m\©$V Xwgè`mbm gm§JyZ Ë`mVyZ {d{YH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$
n[agamV amhVmV VoWrb dmVmdaUmMm, g§ñH¥$VrMm Ë`m§À`mda à^md nS>ë`mZo Ë`mVyZhr Ë`m§À`m H$mhr H$Wm
{Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV. àñVwVÀ`m Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m {Z{_©Vr àoaUm§Mm {dMma Ho$ë`mg Ë`m
ì`pŠVJV Am{U gm_y{hH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AgyZ ì`pŠVJV H$Wm gm§JUmam H$WmH$ma Amnbr H$Wm g_yhmbm
gm§JVmo Voìhm Vr H$Wm Ë`mMr ì`pŠVJV Z amhVm g_yhmMr ~Zbobr AgVo g_yhmVyZ Vr nwÝhm g_yhmV
{nT>çmZ²{nT>çm {\$aV AgVo. g_yhmVrb KQ>H$m§Mo a§OZ, kmZ, ZrVr, CnXoe, AmZ§X, ì`ŠVrMr _m{hVr,
Y_©g§H$ënZm `m§À`m CÔoemZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm g_mOmMo à{V{Z{YËd H$aVmV Ago
dmQ>Vo.
5) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm Aä`mgmMo à`ËZ …
Xw J m© ^mJdV, gamo { OZr ~m~a, à^mH$a _m§ S > o , _Yw H $a dmH$mo S > o , S> r . Or. nmQ> r b,
e¡bOm XodJmdH$a, {dO`m OS>go moZma, {dZm`H$ Vw_am_, Mm_wbmb amR>dm, JUoe Xodr BË`mXtZr Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.
VËnydu "~¥hËH$Wm' `m J«§WmMo boIH$ JwUmT>ç `m§Zr "Jm|S>' O_mVrVrb H$mhr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo g§H$bZ
H$ê$Z n{hë`m§Xm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z {Xbm, ho {dgaVm `oV Zmhr. Iè`m AWm©Zo
JwUmT>çmnmgyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m g§H$bZmMo à`ËZ hmoVmZm {XgVmV. Aem `m JwUmT>çmMm Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm~ÔbÀ¶m `moJXmZm~Ôb XwJm© ^mJdV {b{hVmV, ""àmMrZ ^maVmVrb bmoH$gm{hË`H$mam§V JwUmT>ç
d daê$Mr ¶m§Mr Zmdo àm_w»`mZo KoVmV. JwUmT>ç hm qdÜ` nd©VmVrb dÝ`m§À`m H$Wm§Mm g§Jm« hH$ Va daê$Mr
2
bmoH$m§V {deofV… {ñÌ`m§À`m ê$T> Agboë`m Jmoï>tda H$mì`g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z åhUUmam H$dr.'' XwJm© ^mJdVm§À`m
`m g§X^m©dê$Z Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ~m~VrVrb JwUmT>çmÀ¶mà`ËZm§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. {_eZar
bmoH$m§Zr Y_©àgmamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{Xdmgr àXoemV ^«_V§ r H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm OmUdboë`m Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm
g§H${bV Ho$boë`m AmhoV. JwUmT>ç Am{U {_eZar `m§Mr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§~ÔbMr AmñWm C„oIZr`
Amho. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr Amnë`m "bmoH$gm{hË`mMr énaoIm' `m J«§WmV Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb
 147

bmoH$H$Wm§~ÔbMo _hÎd {deX Ho$bobo Amho. ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎd
ñnï> H$aVmZm XwJm© ^mJdV {b{hVmV, ""Am{XdmgtÀ`m {d{dY na§nam MmbyM AmhoV. Ë`m_wio ^maVr`
bmoH$gm{hË` ho Ho$di Adeof am{hbobo Zmhr. `m gZmVZ ~hþa§Jr, ~hwT§Jr Am{U A{V{dembVoZo Ho$di
3
AJå` ^mgUmè`m ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMm Vmo EH$ _hÎdmMm Wa Amho.'' ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm
{~«{Q>e gm_«mÁ`mV Oar gwédmV _mZbr Var Ë`mhr AmYrnmgyZ JwUmT>çmgma»`m bmoH$gm{hpË`H$mZo Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$gm{hË`mbm gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho, Ago _mZUo `mo½` dmQ>Vo.
^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m g§J«hmMm àma§^ _oar {\«$`aÀ`m 'Old Deccan Days'
`m nwñVH$mbm {Xbm OmVmo. ga Ooåg \«$o Aa `m bmoH$gm{hpË`H$mZo Am{\«$Ho$Vrb dÝ`m§À`m H$Wm Jmoim Ho$ë`m,
Va h~©Q> ñnoÝgagma»`m Aä`mgH$mZo Am{\«$H$m Am{U n°{g{\$H$ ~oQ>mV§ rb dÝ`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrdaÀ`m H$Wm§À`m
Xe©ZmZo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm Zdr {Xem XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. amZQ>r bmoH$m§À`m X¡dVH$Wm§dê$Z
Am±S>´ bm±J `m Aä`mgH$mZo amZQ>r bmoH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr hrM Amnë`m àJë^ g§ñH¥$VrMm _ybmYma Amho, Agm
{ZîH$f© ì`ŠV Ho$bm. VgoM _yiÀ`m H$Wm amZQ>r bmoH$m§V AmT>iVmV Am{U Ë`m§MoM {Od§V Adeof
gwg§ñH¥$V bmoH$m§À`m _mJmhÿZ ~Zboë`m H$WmV AmT>iyZ `oVmV hm {ZîH$f© _m§S>bm. Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr hoM
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m {Z{_©VrMo _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AmhoV.
~moAmg `m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr ñnï> H$aVmZm {b{hbo
Amho, ""X¡dVH$Wm§_YyZ H$mhr _yb^yV H$ënZm Aem AgVmV H$s, Ë`m dÝ` _mUgmbm ghOmghOr
4
gwMVmV.'' dÝ` g§ñH¥$VrVrb X¡dVH$Wm na§namJV MmbV Agboë`m lÕm§Mo g_W©Z H$ê$Z, ñ_¥{Vê$nmZo
Ë`m d¥qÕJV hmoD$Z Zr{V_ÎmoMo g§ajU H$aVmV ho S>m°. ~m°{Zñbmo _°{bZm°ñH$s `m§Mo _V Amho. EHy$UM
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mMo nmíMmÎ` Am{U ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bobo à`ËZ _hÎdmMo AgyZ g§ñH¥$Vr
Am{U _mZdd§eemñÌmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ho$bobo AmhoV, Ago {XgVo.
XwJm© ^mJdV `m§À`mn«_mUoM gamo{OZr ~m~a `m§Zr "_hmamï´> bmoH$gm{hË`_mbm' `m J«W§ mV Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrVrb bmoH$H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo doJionU XmIdyZ {Xbo Amho. Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§Vrb X¡dVH$Wm, X§VH$Wm Am{U BVa H$Wm§Mo gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZ H$aUmè`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd nQ>dZy
{Xbobo Amho. VgoM Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMo OrdZXe©Z g_OyZ ¿`md`mMo Agob Va Ë`m§À`m bmoH$H$Wm \$ma
Cn`moJr nS>VmV, Ago {ZX}eZ Ho$bobo Amho. gamo{OZr ~m~a `m§À`mà_mUoM bú_U Mm\$oH$a `m§Zr
~XbmnyaÀ`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtVrb H$mhr H$Wm§Mm g§J«h H$ê$Z Ë`m H$Wm§Mr _mS>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.
148

à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr "^maVr` Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmÀ`m g_ñ`m' `m J«§WmV Am{XdmgtMo ^mdOrdZ
Am{U H$bmOrdZ XmIdyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Aem `m Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o {b{hVmV, ""JmÊ`m§à_mUoM H$Wm Am{U XodH$hmÊ`m
gm§JÊ`mMr na§nam gd© Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr Amho. Am{XdmgrÀ`m XodH$hmÊ`m§_YyZ Am{XdmgtÀ`m {_WH$m§Mo
5
^md{díd ñnï> hmoVo.'' Am{XdmgtÀ`m XodH$hmÊ`m§~ÔbÀ`m Ame`mMr à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr _m§S>UrH$ê$Z
XodH$hmÊ`m§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho. XwJm© ^mJdV, gamo{OZr ~m~a, à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`mà_mUoM JUoe
Xodr, I§S>ao md gmdo, e¡bOm XodJmdH$a, S>r. Or. nmQ>rb, {dO`m OS>go moZma `m§Zrhr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m
g§J«hmV _hÎdmMr ^a KmVbobr Amho.
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb {dZm`H$ Vw_am_, JmoqdX Jmao `m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm
Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$mhr H$Wmg§Jh« g§nm{XV H$ê$Z Zì`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm {Xem XoÊ`mMm Ho$bobm à`ËZ _hÎdmMm
Amho. àñVwVÀ`m gd© Aä`mgH$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm _mZdd§e, g§ñH¥$Vr, g§J«mhH$, g§nmXH$ `m nÕVtZr
g§emoYZ Pmbobo Amho; na§Vw Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm dmL>²_`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Aä`mgmMo Pmbobo à`ËZ
AË`ën AmhoV, Ago dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm hmoUmam Aä`mg hm _amR>r gm{hË`mbm
`moJXmZ XoUmam Amho, Ago åhUVm `oB©b.
6) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb dS>rbYmar bmoH$ na§namJV nÕVrZo MmbV Amboë`m bmoH$H$Wm Amnë`m
Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb bhmZ _wbm§Zm, ZmVodmBH$m§Zm Ë`m§Mr H$a_UyH$ Am{U à~moYZ ìhmdo `m CÔoemZo gm§JV AgVmV.
bmoH$H$Wm gm§JÊ`mMr na§nam gd© Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§_Ü`o AgyZ {ZgJ© XodVm§Mr _m{hVr Ë`m§À`m X¡dVH$Wm§_YyZ
{_iV AgVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr Amnë`m nyd©Om§À`m Ag§»` AZw^dm§Zm eãXê$n XoD$Z à{V^m Am{U
àVrH$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$Wm gm§JV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio O_mVrVrb _mZdr ^mdZm§er {ZJ{S>V Y_©OrdZmMo
{MÌU hmoV AgVo. `m {MÌUmV Am{X_ ^mdZm, {díd{Z{_©Vr, {dídmMo {Z`§ÌU H$aUmar eŠVr Am{U
{VÀ`m~Ôb Agbobo Hw$Vyhb, ^rVr, AmXa Am{U Ë`mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar lÕm, g_OwV, CnmgZm, ê$T>r,
na§nam `m gd© Jmoï>r {M{ÌV hmoV AgVmV. VgoM bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Ame`mVyZ gm_m{OH$, _mZ{gH$
Am§XmobZo, Y_©g§H$ënZm, g§ñH¥${VXe©Z, A{ZpíMVVm, AX²^wVVm, àmMrZ B{Vhmg, àmMrZ _mZdr OrdZ,
ì`dhmamMo YmJoXmoao `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. O_mVtÀ`m Á`m X§VH$Wm AmhoV Ë`m§_Ü`o {ZgJ©
Am{U _mZdr OrdZ `mVrb X¡Z{§ XZ g_ñ`m§Mo {MÌU hmoV AgVo Am{Xdmgr g_mO Á`m _mZ{gH$VoVZy OmV
 149

AgVmo, Ë`mMr _Zmod¥Îmr d Ym{_©H$ {Zð>m Ë`mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoV AgVo. na§namJV nÕVrZo Mmbbobm Omo
Ë`m§Mm B{Vhmg Amho, Oo AZmH$bZr` Amho Vo gË` Amho, hm Ë`mMm {dídmg AgVmo. ñdV…bm gwI
{_imdo, Xwgam Xw…ImV amhmdm Aer ñdmWr© A{^bmfm nmhmd`mg {_iV Zmhr. H$WoVyZ `oUmar Or ê$nHo$,
àVrHo$ Am{U à{V_m AmhoV Ë`m g¥ï>rÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda AmYm[aV AgyZ Ë`m§Zm bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
eãX~Õ Ho$bobo AgVo. Am{Xdmgr VÎdkmZ ho àmW{_H$ ñdénmMo AgVo. Ë`mMo à{Vq~~hr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ
C_Q>VmZm {XgVo. Am{Xdmgr OrdZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ åhUOo {eH$ma hmo`. {eH$marVyZ Ambobo AZw^d,
g§H$Q>mVrb àdmg, {eH$marZ§Va _`Vm§À`m AmËå`m§Zm g§Vwï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ho$bm OmUmam {dYr åhUOo nmaY
Pmboë`m àmÊ`mMo H$mZ Am{U Or^ H$mnyZ _`VmÀ`m AmËå`mbm An©U H$aUo. `mMo H$maU `mM AmËå`m§Zr
AmnUmbm {eH$margmR>r _XV Ho$bobr Amho, Agm g_O Amho. g_mOmVrb _¥V ì`ŠVrMm AmË_m nwÝhm
Amnë`m Kar `oD$ Z`o `mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>Ë`m dñVy Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a X\$Z Ho$ë`m OmVmV. ho g§X^©hr
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ `oVmV. VgoM X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb gwIXw…Im§Mo àg§J, Zdg, ~iràWm, àU`,
AmoT>, {ddmh, nbm`Z Ago AZoH$ g§X^© `oVmV. {H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o Ambr Var OrdZàdmg gwImMm Amho,
`mVyZM gwI AZw^dm`Mo Amho, Aer Ë`m§Mr gwImMr H$ënZm {XgyZ `oVo.
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ZrVrÀ`m H$ënZm àmUr Am{U njr `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ `oVmZm {XgVmV. M§Ð, gy`,©
ZjÌo, J«hUo `mÀ`m AZwfJ§ mZo `oUmè`m H$Wm _mZdr OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoUmè`m AgyZ _mZdr OrdZmà_mUo
OrdZ OJV AgVmV. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ñdê$nmMm {dMma H$aVm OrdZXe©Z, bmoH$_mZg,
Ame`, {df`, AX²^wVVm, JyT>Vm, àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^©, Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm, _ybKQ>H$, H$WoMr A{^ì`ŠVr
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Ë`mMm nwT>rbà_mUo {dMma Ho$ë`mg Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n g_OÊ`mg _XV hmoBb
© . n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb OrdZXe©ZmMm {dMma nwT>rbà_mUo _m§S>Vm `oB©b.
A) OrdZXe©Z
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb OrdZXe©ZmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Ambobr {d{dYVm bj doYyZ KoUmar Amho.
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZXe©ZmVyZ doJdoJù`m O_mVr§Mr OrdZnÕVr {M{ÌV hmoV AgVo. bmoH$H$WoVrb
OrdZ OJUmar _mUgo eoVr, _mgo_mar, O§JbVmoS>, _YmMr nmoir Jmoim H$aUo Ago OrdZ OJUmar AmhoV.
VgoM H$mhr _mUgo PmS>mda ~m§~yMr PmonS>r ~m§YyZ OrdZ OJVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Am{XdmgtÀ`m
OrdZmMm _hÎdmMm AmYma åhUOo eoVr. eoVrgmR>r bmJUmao ~r Ë`m§Zm nú`m§Zr {Xbobo Amho, Ago
{ZXe©Zmg `oVo. Am{Xdmgr OrdZ ho nyU©V… O§Jbmda AmYm[aV AgyZ ^Q>H§$Vrda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
150

amZmdZmV, O§JbnhmS>mV ^Q>H$Umar hr _mUgo O§Jbm§À`m AmYmamZo Amnbm CXa{Zdm©h H$arV AgVmV.
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb OrdZ dñVw{d{Z_` nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmao AgyZ bmH$S>mMr _moir {dHy$Z {_iUmè`m
YmÝ`mnmgyZ Am{Xdmgr OrdZ OJV AgVmV. H$WoVrb ~mimMr AmB© ~mimgmR>r PmS>mbm H$mnS>mMm PmoH$m
~m§YyZ eoVmVrb H$m_ H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVo. H$WoVrb amOm gd©gm_mÝ` Am{Xdmgr _mUgm§à_mUo OrdZ
OJVmZm Am{Xdmgtà_mUo {eH$marbm OmD$Z {eH$ma H$arV Hw$Qw>~§ mMm CXa{Zdm©h H$aVmo. àmÊ`m§À`m ~amo~arZo
OJUmar hr _mUgo Amnë`m _wbm§Zm H$moëhm, dmK, Jm`, Hw$Ìm, _moa, _m§Oa `m àmÊ`m§~amo~a AmZ§XmZo OrdZ
OJÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoVmV.
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmar Jmdo Am{U Jmdm§Vrb _mUgo EH$_oH$m§er ghH$m`m©À`m ^mdZoZo OrdZ
OJV AgVmV Am{U EH$_oH$m§À`m gwIXw…ImV AmZ§XmZo gh^mJr hmoV AgVmV. H$mhr _mUgo AmH$me,
nmVmi Am{U g_wÐ `m§À`mVyZ g§Mma H$aVmV. Ë`m§Zm g§Mma H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr A_mZdr KQ>H$ _XV H$aV
AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Am{Xdmgr§Mo Xod O§JbmVrb AgyZ Vo Am{Xdmgr _mUgm§à_mUo
_moR>çm BÀN>m, AmH$m§jm, Anojm Z H$aVm S>mJ| amda, PmS>mImbr, ZXràdmhmV dmñVì` H$aVmV. {ZgJm©db§~r
OrdZ OJUmao Am{Xdmgr O§JbmVrb PmS>o {dZmH$maU VmoS>V ZmhrV, H$maU PmS>mdarb nmZo-\w$bo nú`m§Zm
OJdUmar AmhoV. Oa hr PmS>o AmnU VmoS>br Va njr Cnmer _aVrb, hm ^m~S>m ^md nmhmd`mg {_iVmo.
eoVrH$m_mgmR>r _XV H$aUmam ~¡b hm Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _hÎdmMm g^mgX AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va Ë`mbm
ñdV…À`m eoVmÀ`m ~m§Ymda X\$Z H$ê$Z à{Vdfu Ë`mMr nyOm H$aÊ`mV `oV.o Aer hr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb
OrdZnÕVr bú`doYr AgyZ bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Ame`mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoV AgVo.
~) bmoH$_mZg
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb bmoH$_mZgmMm nam_e© KoVm Vo gm_y{hH$Vm, dmgZm, ^rVr, g_OwVr,
H$ënZm, AmËå`mMo ApñVËd, Amem, AmH$m§jm Am{U ^mdZm `m§_YyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb
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AgVmo. EH$mH$snUo ^«_V§ r H$aUmar hr _mUgo {ZgJm©Vrb ^r{VXm`H$ n[apñWVrZo Km~ê$Z OmD$Z EH$Ì amhÿ
bmJbr. EH$Ì amhV AgVmZm Vo EH$mMo gwI gdmªMo gwI _mZVmV. {ddmh, _{V©H$, eoVr, {eH$ma,
_mgo_mar, AZmoiIr OmJoMm àdmg, ~mOmamÀ`m {XeoZo OmUo dJ¡ao gm_y{hH$ nÕVrZo hmoV AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Zr AZmdí`H$ PwS>no VmoSy>Z gm_y{hH$ eoVr Ho$br Amho. JdV, nmZo d PmS>m§À`m \$m§Úm
OmiyZ O_rZ ^mOyZ eoVrg gwédmV Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. O_mVrVrb gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vr åhUOo Ë`m§Mr
àdmgmMr gmYZo hmoV. g_yhmZo EH$Ì `oD$Z ZmaimÀ`m PmS>mÀ§ `m bmH$S>mnmgyZ hmoS>r ~ZdyZ XmoZ g_mOm§Vrb
 151

ñZoh~§Y dmT>dyZ _mgo_marbm gwédmV Ho$bobr Amho. Hw$Q>§w~mVrb A¾rMr d ^m§S>çm§Mr hmoUmar {Z{_©Vr hr
g_yh_ZmMr H$ënZm Amho. _mgo_mar H$aVmZm ^yH$ bmJbr Va XmoZ gmJmÀ`m nmZm§À`m _Ü`o bhmZ _mgo
R>do Zy , gd© ~mOy H$mQ>H$sZo {edyZ _mgo ^mOyZ ImVmZm {XgVmV. ZmaimÀ`m dmiboë`m H$ad§Q>rnmgyZ Ë`m§Zr
^m§S>çmMr H$ënZm ê$T> Ho$br. ho Ë`m§À`m bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ nmhmd`mg {_iVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ hmoUmar {eH$ma
hr gm_y{hH$ nÕVrMr AgVo. {eH$marbm OmVmZm Vo {dYr H$aVmV Am{U {eH$ma Ho$ë`mZ§Va {OWo {dYr
Ho$bobm Amho, {VWo Ë`mÀ`m ZmdmMm EH$ dmQ>m R>odVmV Am{U Amnë`m dñVr_Ü`o `oVmV.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$_mZgmVrb dmgZmV¥ár bj doYZy KoUmar Amho. H$mhr Am{Xdmgr _wbr Añdbm~amo~a
{ddmh H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a g§gma H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. O§JbmV ^Q>H$§ Vr H$aUmè`m VéUr~amo~a Añdb
{ddmh H$aVmV. XmoKo nVr-nËZr EH$_oH$m§er EH$ê$n hmoD$Z AnË`m§Zm OÝ_ XoVmZm AmT>iVmV. AñdbmMm
AmË_m hm _mZdmÀ`m AmËå`mer OdirH$ Agë`mMo _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m_wioM Añdb ho _mZd Am{U
àm{Ug§~Y§ mMo àVrH$ _mZbo Amho. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMr _¥V ì`ŠVr{df`r Anma lÕm Amho. Ë`mbm KamV
qH$dm JmdmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mUr amÌ^a R>odyZ gy`mo©X`mn`ªV Ë`mÀ`m ghdmgmV amhV AgVmV. X\$Z
H$aVmZm Ë`mbm OodUmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Agbobr ^m§S>r X\$Z H$aVmV. Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb EImXo ~mbH$ aS>V Agbo
Va {OWo Ë`mMr Zmi nwabobr AmhoV {VWo XJS>mZo _mê$Z ~mimbm em§V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.
S>m|JamVë`m Jwhm§_Ü`o S>m|JaXodmMo dmñVd Amho. hr Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. ^yH§$n, dmXi, Ádmbm_wIr
CÐoH$ åhUOo AV¥á AmËå`m§Mm Amnë`mda amJ Amho Ago Vo _mZVmV.
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$mhr _mUgo ~oQ>m§da Va H$mhr _mUgo Jwhm§_Ü`o amhUmar AmhoV. O§JbmVrb
dmñVì`mV hr _mUgo H$Yr Sw>H$am§Mr Va H$Yr dmKm§Mr {eH$ma H$aVmV. hmoUmar {eH$ma Vo g_yhmZo H$aVmV.
H$WoVrb amOm H$Yr g_yhmV ^Q>H§$Vr H$aVmo, Va H$Yr AnË`m§À`m emoYmgmR>r gmYy _hmamOm§À`m emoYmV
^Q>H$Vmo.
Y_©{dYrVrb ^yVm{nemÀMm§Zm nidyZ bmdUmao ^JV _mUgm§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm AmoiIyZ Ë`m§À`m
Xw…ImMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aVmV, Va H$mhr ^yV{nemÀMo g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`m _mUgm§Zm _XV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm
Ë`m§À`m Kamn`ªV gmoS>dVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. \$ma \$ma dfmªnydu O§JbmVrb PmS>o MmbV hmoVr; na§Vw _mUgo
Amier hmoV AmhoV, ho PmS>m§Zm g_OVmM Vr EH$m OmJr pñWa amhÿ bmJbr. d¥jm§~ÔbMr _mUgm§Mr
_mZ{gH$Vm bj doYyZ KoUmar dmQ>Vo.
{ZgJ©eŠVrÀ`m H«$moYmMr AZw^yVr åhUOo S>m|Jam§Mo H$mogiUo hmo`. A{YnVr g§VmnyZ S>m|Ja \$moS>Vmo
152

Amho; Ë`m_wio Vo H$mogiVmV hr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. AZmoiIr {R>H$mUr H$mhr ^r{VXm`H$ hmbMmbr
{Xgë`mg Am{Xdmgr _mUgo {VWo {~S>r, V§~mIy R>odyZ Ë`mbm em§V H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Am{U Amnbo
_mZ{gH$ _ZmoY`¡ © dmT>dVmV. J^©dVr _{hboZo EImÚm {d{MÌ àmÊ`mbm nm{hbo Va Ë`m àmÊ`mgmaIo AnË`
{Z_m©U hmoVo hr Ë`m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. O§JbmV _mJ©H«$_U H$aVmZm g§H$Q>o `oD$ Z`oV åhUyZ Vo Hw$Í`mbm
~amo~a KoVmV. H$maU Hw$Ìm hm g§doXZerb àmUr AgyZ `oUmè`m g§H$Q>m§Mr Ë`m§bm Mmhÿb bmJVo. Aer hr
Hw$Í`m~ÔbMr AZwH$y b _mZ{gH$Vm Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm {dMma H$aVm {M{ÌV hmoUmar _mZ{gH$Vm
Am{Xdmgr§À`m _ZmMr H$ënZm Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo.
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{ZXe©Zmg `oVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb _mUgm§_Ü`o, nwéf, amOm, amUr, ^wVo, doS>m, ehmUm, JwamIr, ^JV,
OmXyJma, ~hrU, ^mD$, AmOr, AmOmo~m, _wbJm `m§Mo g§X^© `oVmV.
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb amOm {Znw{ÌH$ nËZrbm _hmamOmZo {Xboë`m \w$bmMm ag XoVmo Am{U Vr J^©dVr
amhVo, Ago XmI{dbo Amho; na§Vw {VMr {Znw{ÌH$ gdV ~mimbm amOmMm dmagXma hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ O§JbmV
gmoS>y Z XoV.o amOnwÌ nwT>o _moR>m hmoD$Z d{S>bm§À`m Aml`mbm `oVmo. H$mhr amOmMo _moR>o nyÌ O§JbmV {eH$marbm
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H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. nwZ{d©dmh nÕVr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {XgyZ `oVo. amOm Agboë`m _moR>ç>m^mdmÀ`m
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bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb åhmVmar _mUgo O_mVrVrb g_yhmV amhÿZ O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Mr _mJ©Xe©H$ ~ZVmV. eoVr,
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 153

H$m|~S>m, {Zam{lV ~mbH$mbm AmYma XoUmam H$moëhm hr Ë`mMr H$mhr CXmhaUo gm§JVm `oVrb. VgoM H$mhr
dmKmgma»`o àmUr _mH$S>mÀ`m _wbrer {ddm{hV hmoÊ`mMm àñVmd R>do VmV. H$mhr njr Amnë`m dV©Zmdê$Z
_mUgmda `oUmè`m g§H$Q>m§da _mV H$aVmV, Va H$mhr nmdgmMr, ^yH§$nmMr, dmXimMr gyMZm XoVmV.
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XoVmo.
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H$aVmV. àg§Jr _YmMr nmoir Jmoim H$ê$Z CXa{Zdm©h H$aVmV. VgoM eoVr H$ê$Z CXa{Zdm©hmMm àíZ
gmoS>{dVmV.
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_wbrbm O§JbmV gmoSy>Z XoUmao ~mnhr Ambobo AmhoV.
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154

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Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Ame`{df`mV AX²^wVaå`Vobm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Agë`mMo {XgVo. hr
AX²^wVVm H$ënZm Am{U {df`m§À`m ~m~VrV bú`doYr Agë`mMr {XgVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr Á`m
^y^mJmV Am{U n[agamV amhVmV VoWrb àmXo{eH$ ^y^mJr` n`m©` Ë`m§À`m AX²^wV àg§JmV `oVmZm
{XgVmV. VgoM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr {H$Vr àmMrZ, àJë^ Am{U à{V^mg§nÞ Amho `mMr _m{hVr
{_iVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^yV àg§Jm§À`m AZwf§JmZo `oUmè`m g§X^mªMm A{^àm` ì`ŠV
H$aVmZm XwJm© ^mJdV {b{hVmV, ""Am{X_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo Adeof åhUyZ Or H$mhr AX²^wVVm H$Wm§V
AmT>iyZ `oVo Ë`mMm CÔoe Ë`m H$Wm§Mm H$mb eŠ` VodT>m àmMrZ, A{VàmMrZ Xe©dyZ Ë`m§À`m Jm§^r`m©bm
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CR>md XoÊ`mMm AgVmo.'' Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$VrMr àmMrZ ê$no Oa AmnUmbm nmhmd`mMr Agë`mg
Ë`mgmR>r Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^Vw Vm H$er Cn`moJr nS>Vo ho nwT>rb H$mhr H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^Vw VoÀ`m
AZwfJ§ mZo nmhVm `oBb
© . Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ AX²^Vw VoMm {dMma H$aVm nwéf, ñÌr, ney, njr, àmUr,
ZÚm, Xè`m, nmVmi, S>m|Ja, nd©V, PmS>o `m§À`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobr Amho. AX²^wV H$Wm§Mm _w»`
CÔoe Oar _Zmoa§OZ Agbm Var doJù`m H$mën{ZH$ OrdZmZw^dmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUo hm EH$ à`ËZ
Ë`m_mJo Agë`mMm {XgVmo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^Vw VoV ~oQ>mM§ r hmoUmar {Z{_©Vr hr g_wXm« da nmS>bb
o o O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o
hmoV. amOm H$mbm§Hy$Q> {Zio \w$b emoYm`bm OmVmo. H$maU Ë`m \w$bm{edm` dZXodVm M§{ÐHo$Mr nyOm hmoD$
eH$V ZgVo. Pmonboë`m _moir{dŠ`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mda CÝhmnmgyZ g§ajU ìhmdo åhUyZ N>Ì YaUmam ZmJ,
VhmZbobm H$moëhm hmobm nú`m§À`m nmoQ>mV OmD$Z Amnbr VhmZ ^mJdVmo, AmH$memVyZ `oUmè`m aWmV ~gyZ
OmUmar _wbJr, gmV g_wÐmÀ`m ~oQ>m§da amhUmar _Ja, ~¡bmÀ`m AmJ«hmImVa Ë`mMo VwH$S>o H$aUmam _mbH$
Am{U Ë`mMo gmoÝ`mV hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, {ngmibobm Hw$Ìm ^JVmÀ`m Aml`mbm `oVmo Voìhm Vmo Ë`mMo nmonQ>mV
ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z OrdXmZ XoVmo. _wbrZo Ab§H$mam§Mr _mJUr H$aVmM Jar~ ~mn gm§^miboë`m eoirÀ`m
VwH$S>çm§nmgyZ Ab§H$ma ~ZdyZ _wbrÀ`m BÀN>m nyU© H$aVmo. {ddmhmgmR>r ZH$ma XoUmè`m _wbrÀ`m JmdmMo XmoZ
VwH$S>o H$aUmam {à`H$a Am{U Ë`mVyZ hmoUmar ZdrZ ^y^mJmMr {Z{_©Vr, aŠVemofU H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mo
 155

dQ>dmKimV hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, n¥Ïdrdarb H$mhr _mUgo O{_ZrVrb JwhVo Zy nmVmimVrb Xwgè`m OJmV OmD$Z
_Zmoa§OZmÀ`m H$m`©H«$_mV gh^mJr hmoVmV. _mUgo nú`m§Zm Ìmg XoVmV åhUyZ "gmH$m' nú`mZo O{_ZrMm
^y^mJ Amnë`m MmoMrV nH$S>bm Am{U g_wÐ_mJm©Zo OmVmZm g_wÐmda R>do bm Am{U Ë`mVyZ Pmbobr ~oQ>mM§ r
{Z{_©Vr, gmoÝ`mMm CS>Vm amOdmS>m, g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bëo `m _wbrbm _XV H$aUmam IS>H$ Am{U Ë`mMo nd©VmV
hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, n¥Ïdr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam åhmVmam T>Jm§da H$mR>r Q>oH$V OmVmo Am{U n¥ÏdrMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo,
^yJ^m©Vrb _wbrbm AmoTy>Z KoD$Z OmUmam dmam, KamVyZ amJmdyZ {ZKyZ Jobobr _wbJr PmS>mÀ`m ImoS>mVrb
nmoH$irV Aml` KoVo. JwhoV àdoe H$aUmao Añdb _mZdmà_mUo Amnbo ê$n ~XbyZ ñdV:Mo dZ_mZdmV
ê$nm§Va H$aVmo, S>moHo$ Am{U nm` nm§T>ao Agbobm _mZd, _mZdr hmS>m§À`m {T>Jm§VyZ {Od§V hmoUmam _mUyg,
Am^mimÀ`m {XeoZo dmT>Umam bmoI§S>r Im§~ Am{U Ë`mda dmñVì` H$aUmar ñÌr, _mUgm§gmaIo ~mobUmao
~Jio, H$moëho, _m§Oa, dmK, hdoV CS>Umam KmoS>m, ZmJmÀ`m aŠVmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao ~mbH$, JmimV
AS>H$boë`m ~mbH$mMr JmimVrb ^w`mamVyZ hmoUmar gwQ>H$m, {d[harEdT>r gmoÝ`mMr ZmUr XoD$Z amOH$Ý`oMm
ñdrH$ma H$aUmam VéU, g_wÐmÀ`m _Ü`^mJr Agbobm gmoÝ`mMm amOdmS>m OÝ_mbm `oVmM A§JUmV
IoiUmar ~mbHo$, g_wÐmVrb _mem§Zm Mm~H$mZo _maVmM g_wÐmVrb gd© nmUr {nD$Z Q>mH$Umao _mgo,
CS>Umè`m {M_UrMo {MS>d§Vr amUrV hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, g§nyU© eara gmnmMo Am{U S>moio _mZdmMo AgUmam
_mUyg, bmH$S>mÀ`m _moirbm gmnmZo ~m§YUmar Am{U Ë`mÀ`m H$nmimda {Q>im bmdUmar åhmVmar, {Znw{ÌH$
amUrÀ`m _m§S>rda ~gboë`m nmonQ>mMo ~mimV hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, n¥ÏdrnwÌmZo OJmMm {Xdm AgUmè`m gy`m©bm
hmVmV KoD$Z `oUo, Obàb`mVrb åhmVmam-åhmVmarbm nmZm§À`m nmbIrV ~gdyZ ajU H$aUmam _mgm,
XwîH$mi AgVmZm Am_amB©Vrb gmoÝ`mÀ`m nb§Jmda Pmonbobm H$mbmamUm, gmoÝ`mÀ`m CIimV Vm§Xi
y Hw$Qy>Z
Ë`mMr Xmê$ ~ZdyZ Xodm§Mm nmhþUMma H$aUmam _mUyg, ñÌrda AË`mMma H$aUmè`m nwéfm§nmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z
KoÊ`mgmR>r _merMo KoVbobo ê$n Aem {d{dY, AX²^Vw KQ>Zm àg§JmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb
AX²^Vw VoMr AmoiI hmoV.o n¥ÏdrVbmda AmH$memVrb Am{U nmVmimVrb KQ>H$m§Zm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$mam§Zr
Amnë`m bmoH$H$WoV A{^ì`ŠV H$ê$Z doJù`m {dídmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho.
B) JyT>Vm
g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>rMm {dMma H$aVm, Amnë`m AmYw{ZH$ {dídmV Ago H$mhr KQ>H$ AmhoV H$s
Ë`mMr JyT>Vm _mUgmbm AOyZhr CH$bVm Ambobr Zmhr. {dkmZmZo {H$Vrhr àJVr Ho$bobr Agbr Var
_mVoMo XyY Ë`mbm {Z_m©U H$aVm Ambobo Zmhr. H$maU Vo {ZgJm©Mo JyT> Amho. H$WH$ Amnbm H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur
H$aVmZm g¥ï>rVrb Ë`mÀ`m H$ënZoVrb Oo H$mhr JyT>VoMo g§X^© AmhoV Vo g§X^© XoD$Z Vmo Amnbr H$Wm a§OH$
156

~Z{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. H$WH$ Amnbr H$Wm gm§JV AgVmZm {OWo Vmo Amnbr H$Wm gm§JV AgVmo VoWrb
H$mhr JyT>aå`VoMo XmIbo XoD$Z VoWrb dmVmdaU ^mamdyZ Q>mH$Vmo. ZXr, {dhra, n[aga, JmdmVrb nS>H$s
PmonS>r, eoVmVrb YmÝ`mMo Iio, O§JbmVrb XmQ> PmS>r, JmdmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ {R>H$mU, eoVmMm ~m§Y,
Ë`m_wio dmVmdaUmVrb JyT>VoMo g§X^© AmnmoAmnM `oVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ JyT>VoMo g§X^©
nwT>rbà_mUo Ambobo {XgVmV.
VrZ nm`m§Mm _mUyg, Xhm nm`m§Mm dZ_mZd, Ho$irÀ`m nmZmgma»`m amjgmÀ`m {O^m, ñ_¥{VñV§^
O§JbmV {XgUmam Yya, g_wÐmVyZ OmUmar nmD$bdmQ>, ~¡bJmS>rÀ`m MmH$mEdT>r ^mH$ar, ^JVmMo {MÌ{d{MÌ
AmdmO, VmQ>mVrb nmUr C§M CS>dyZ A§Kmoi H$aUmè`m S>mH$Ê`m, ~¡bJmS>rVrb AZmoiIr _mUgmMo
{XgUmao CbQ>o nm`, _m§Oa, Hw$Ìm `m§À`m A§Jmda ~gyZ `oUmè`m ^wVmiÊ`m, EH$m g_wÐmVyZ Xwgè`m g_wÐmV
OmUmar _Ja, nmoQ>mV YS>nS>Umao nmIê$, gmnmMr H$S>r {eOdyZ ImUmam ggm, ZmJS>m ~wdm, VobdV
S>m|JamVrb bmbdV H$Ý`m, gmV g_wÐ Imao, gmV g_wÐ JmoS>o, IwiIwiUmar H$mR>r, _mH$S>mÀ`m H$inmVyZ
`oUmam K§Q>rMm AmdmO, nmoQ>mImbyZ KoD$Z OmUmar KmoanS>, Ho$irÀ`m nmZmda ~gUmar _wbJr, Sw>H$amÀ`m
H$inmVrb åhmoaŠ`mda ~gUmao ^yV, _mUgmMo aŠV emofyZ hmS>m§Mm gmnim R>odUmar ^wVmir, J^m©dñWoV
_¥V Pmbobr ñÌr amÌrÀ`m doir Kar `oD$Z XmamMr ImS>ImS> H$S>r dmOdyZ _bm _mPo ~mi Úm åhUUmar
_mVm. Aem AZoH$ KQ>Zm àg§Jm§Vrb g§X^m©dê$Z Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb JyT>Vm {ZXe©Zmg `oVo. JyT>VoMo
g§X^© XoD$Z H$WH$ lmoË`m§Zm JyT>aå` dmVmdaUmV KoD$Z OmD$Z Ë`m§À¶m _ZmV ^r{VXm`H$ dmVmdaU {Z_m©U
H$arV AgVmo. àñVwVÀ`m gd© JyT>aå` g§X^mªVyZ g^modVmbÀ`m OJmV ZgVrbhr; na§Vw bmoH$H$WmH$mamZo
Amnë`m H$ënZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g^modVmbÀ`m dmñVdmbm doJim JyT>mË_ AW© {Xbobm Amho, Ago
nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
B©) àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$Vm
{dídmVrb Á`m H$mhr {eëbH$ am{hboë`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr AmhoV, Ë`m AmYw{ZH$ _mZdmÀ`m
nydm©dñWoVrb H$mhr g§X^© ñdrH$mê$Z AmOhr OJVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. _mZdd§eemñÌmÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr
Am{Xdmgr g_mO ho Zoh_r Amnë`m g§emoYZmMm _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AmhoV Ago _mZbobo AgyZ AmOhr Ë`m§Mo
g§emoYZ Mmby Amho. H$maU Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm AmOhr AmYw{ZH$ OJmnmgyZ eoH$S>mo _¡b Xya Amho.
{ZgJm©dñWoV OrdZ OJUmè`m Am{Xdmgr g_mOmbm AmOhr nmUr, drO, añVo, emim, Amamo½` ¶m gw{dYm
{_imboë`m ZmhrV. AmOÀ`m Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ OrdZmVrb Oo H$mhr g§X^© AmhoV, Vo
Ë`m§À`m bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ AmOhr nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMo bmoH$gm{hË` nmhVm àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$VoMo
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O>o H$mhr g§X^© Ë`m§À`m bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ nmhmd`mg {_iVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
VËnydu àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mimVrb g§X^m©Mr XoVmZm {Za§OZ KmQ>o {b{hVmV, ""dmñVdemñÌkm§À`m _Vo
n¥Ïdr gwédmVrg EH$ {dVibobm, Ja_ Jmoim hmoVm. {VMm n¥ð>^mJ W§S> hmoV hmoV AmVm KÅ> ~Zbobm hmoVm;
7
nU {VMm Jm^m AOyZhr {dViboë`m AdñWoVM hmoVm.'' Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$mhr H$Wm§_Ü`o
g¥ï>r{Z{_©VrMo àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© `m g§X^m©er EH$ê$n hmoUmao dmQ>VmV; H$maU bmoH$H$WoVrb H$WH$
gm§JVmo, gwédmVrbm n¥Ïdr hr Ðdê$n hmoVr Am{U Z§Va Vr hiyhiy W§S> hmoD$Z d¥j, nmZo, \w$bo, nmUr, njr,
H$sQ>H$, Añdb, _mH$S> Am{U Z§Va _mUyg OÝ_mbm Ambm Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. VgoM àmMrZ H$mir g_mO
{Z_m©U hmoV AgVmZm VéU VéUr Amnë`m AmdS>rZwgma Amnë`m OmoS>rXmamMr {ZdS> H$arV hmoVo Am{U
nmbH$ g§_Vr XoV hmoVo. AmOhr Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb VéU-VéUr Amnë`m g§_VrZo OmoS>rXmamMr {ZdS>
H$aVmV ho g§X^© bmoH$H$WoV `oVmZm {XgVmV. Am{Xdmgr {^„m§Mm amOm \$mZQ>m gmd©O{ZH$ gUmoËgdmV
dmÚm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoÊ`mnydu, KwJ§ am§Mm emoY bmJÊ`mnydu nm`mV H$m|~S>rMr bhmZ {nëbo ~m§YZy ÜdZr {Z_m©U
H$ê$Z Z¥Ë` H$arV hmoVm. dmabr O_mVrVrb {hadm XodmMr ~hrU _moamMo VmOo aŠV nrV hmoVr ho ñÌrÀ`m
OrdZmVrb H$mhr àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© bmoH$H$WoV `oVmV. eoVrMm emoY bmJÊ`mnydu nú`m§Zr AmUboë`m
{~`m§nmgyZ d¥jm§Mm Am{U Z§Va eoVrMm emoY bmJbm Ago {XgyZ `oVo. eoVrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r eoVm_Ü`o
_mVrMo nwVio V`ma H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m hmVr YZwî`~mU XoD$Z eoVrMo ajU Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. _mR>mVrb nmUr
H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r gwH$boë`m bm§~Q> ^monù`mgma»`m \$imMm Cn`moJ hmoVmZm {XgVmo. O{_ZrMm A§XmO Z
Amë`m_wio XbXbrÀ`m {MIbmV _ê$Z OmUmam hÎmr _mUgm§À`m g§H$Q>mMr Mmhÿb XoVmo. amJ Ambobm ~mn
Amnë`m _wbm§Zm JwhoV H$m|Sy>Z R>odVmo. Zm§Jambm dmK d Sw>ŠH$a `m§Zm Ow§nyZ eoVr H$aUmam Am{Xdmgr d¥f^
g§ñH¥$VrMr nydm©dñWm ñnï> H$aVmo; H$maU Vmon`ªV Ë`m§Zm ~¡bmMo _hÎd g_Obobo ZìhVo, ho {XgyZ `oVo.
dmKmÀ`m {eH$marbm Jobb
o r _mUgo n{hë`m§Xm _mVrÀ`m dmKmMr nyOm H$ê$Z {eH$marbm OmVmV `oWo {dYrMr
gwédmV nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
nmdgmù`mV ~m§~yÀ`m ~oQ>mbm CJdbobr H$modir nmZo AmhmamV dmnaUmar AZoH$ _mUgo {XgVmV.
Am{Xdmgr Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb Á`m KamV {ddmh AgVmo, Ë`m KamVrb _mUyg bmoH$m§À`m nmhþUMmamgmR>r ñdV… Xmê$
V`ma H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mm nmhwUMma H$aVmo. VgoM Xmê$Mr Am{U YmÝ`mMr nyOm Ho$ë`m{edm`
{ddmhg§ñH$mambm gwédmV hmoV Zmhr, `mVyZ g_mOmVrb Xmê$Mo _hÎd ñnï> hmoVo. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV Or
H$mhr dmñVì`mMr {R>H$mUo bmoH$H$Wm§V nmhmd`mg {_iVmV, Ë`m§_Ü`o Jwhm, PmS>mdarb Kao, _moR>çm PmS>mMm
nmoIabobm ImoS>mMm ^mJ hr hmoV. bmoH$H$WoVrb {eH$ma Ho$boë`m àmÊ`mMo Mma nm` H$mR>rbm ~m§YyZ
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dñVrH$S>o `oVmZm {XgVmV. {eH$margmR>r dmnabobm YZwî`~mU doVmÀ`m H$mR>rnmgyZ Va Xmoar OZmdam§À`m
AmVS>çmnmgyZ ~Z{dbobr AgVo. YZwî`~mUmbm JVr `oÊ`mgmR>r ~mÊ`mÀ`m nmR>r_mJo nú`m§Mr hbH$s$ {ngo
~m§Ybobr AgVmV. O§JbmV OodU H$aUmar _mUgo gmJmÀ`m nmZmda OodU dmTy>Z ImVmV Am{U nigmÀ`m
nmZm§Mm ÐmoU ~ZdyZ Ë`mV Xmê$ Am{U nmUr {nVmV. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Or dmÚo AmhoV Vr bmH$S>r Am|S>H$m,
OZmdam§Mo H$mVS>o `m§Zr V`ma Ho$bobr AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb g¥îQ>r CËnÎmr _Ü`o Jm§Sy>i,
IoH$S>m, _mgm `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z _mVr AmUÊ`mg gm§{JVbo OmVo. H$WoVrb EImXm ~mn Amnë`m _wbm§Zm
eoVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§JVmo, Voìhm Vr _wbo O§JbmVrb PwS>no, nmZo d \$m§Úm VmoSy>Z, O_rZ ñdÀN> H$ê$Z Vr
^mOyZ noaUr H$aVmV. ZmaimÀ`m nmZm§nmgyZ ~Z{dbobr PmonS>r, H$ad§Q>rV {eO{dbo OmUmao _mgo, O§JbmVrb
^«_§VrV H§$X_wio, _Y, \$io ImUmar _mUgo; EImXr ì`ŠVr _¥V Pmbr Agob Va KamVrb d g_mOmVrb
gd© _mUgo XmamV Am|S>Š`m§Mm Omi H$ê$Z _¥V ì`ŠVrÀ`m ghdmgmV dmdaVmZm {XgVmV. emSy>, ~m§~y
Am{U ~moê$ `m§À`mnmgyZ YmÝ` gmR>{dÊ`mgmR>r V`ma Ho$bobr _moR>r ^m§S>r, bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb _wbo ZXrVrb
bhmZ _mgo nmZm§Mm Omi H$ê$Z Ë`mV ^mOyZ ImVmV. H$WoVrb _mUgo gmoZ-o Mm§Xr `m§Mr ZmUr MwbrOdi,
KamÀ`m C§~è`mOdi R>odVmZm nmhmdm`g {_iVmV. àñVwVMo gd© àJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© Am{U Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrVrb AmOMo g§X^© ho EH$ AgyZ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ OrdZmMm Iam dmagXma åhUyZy Am{Xdmgr§H$S>o nm{hbo
OmVo. àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© nmhÊ`mgmR>r Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm \$ma _XV H$aVmV, ho ñnï> hmoVo.
C) Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm
_mUyg hm _mUgmZoM {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m B{VhmgmMm AmXe© KoD$Z OJV AgVmo, Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.
dV©_mZH$mbrZ OrdZ OJUmar _mUgo nydu H$moUË`m nÕVrMo OrdZ OJV hmoVr, ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmbm
Agm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg AZoH$ g§X^mªMr _m{hVr {_iVo. dV©_mZH$mbrZ OrdZ OJUmam
Am{Xdmgr g_mO Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mbI§S>mV H$em nÕVrZo OJV hmoVm `mgmR>r bmoH$H$WoVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$
g§X^© _hÎdmMo AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb bmoH$H$WmH$ma Ooìhm EImXr H$Wm gm§JVmo Voìhm Ë`mZo Oo
H$mhr nm{hbobo Amho, AZw^dbobo Amho, Ë`mMo g§X^© KoD$Z Vmo H$Wm§Mo {Zê$nU H$aVmo. `m ~m~VrV
bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U B{Vhmg `m§Mm F$UmZw~§Y ñnï> H$aVmZm eaX ì`dhmao {b{hVmV, ""EImÚm H$WoMm,
H$WmJrVmMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m H$WoÀ`m {d{dY n`m©`m§Mr {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z, Ë`mMo _yi H$Wm{deof
emoYyZ, ho H$Wm{deof H$moR>o CJ_ nmdbo `mMm emoY KoUo åhUOoM H$WoÀ`m CJ_ñWmZmMm B{Vhmg
8
emoYUo.'' bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Á`m doir Aä`mg hmoVmo Ë`mdoir bmoH$H$WoVrb Oo H$mhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^©
{_iVmV, Vo H$moUË`m ^mJmVrb, dmVmdaUmVrb Am{U ^yàXoemVrb AmhoV `mMr _m{hVr {_iÊ`mg _XV
 159

hmoVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm nyduMm Am{Xdmgr g_mO Á`m _mZ{gH$VoVyZ Am{U
n[apñWVrVyZ OmV hmoVm qH$dm Eo{Vhm{gH$ OrdZmV H$moUH$moUË`m g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> XoV hmoVm, `mMr _m{hVr
{_iÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Oo H$mhr Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© {XgyZ `oVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo
hmoV.
Am{Xdmgr Jm¢S> O_mVrVrb EH$m aOnyV amOmÀ`m _wbrbm ~mXehmZo _mJUr KmVbr. g§H$Q>mV gmnSy>
Z`o åhUyZ Vmo aOnyV amOm Jm|S>dmZm àXoemV Ambm Am{U Amnë`m _wbrMo ajU H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br
Voìhm Jm|S>dmZm amÁ`mVrb Jm|S> amOmZo Ë`mbm Aml` {Xbm, Agm B{Vhmg EH$m H$WoV nmhmd`mg {_iVmo.
Jm¢S> O_mVrà_mUoM aOnyV amOm Amnë`m nwÌmMm amÁ`m{^foH$ H$aVmZm {^ëbm§À`m aŠVmMm {Q>im H$nmimbm
bmdyZ amÁ`m{^foH$ H$aVmo. VgoM gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb {^ëb ho _yiMo amOñWmZmVrb hmoVo Am{U ^Q>H§$Vr
H$arV gmVnwS>m nd©VmV amhÿ bmJbo Agm B{Vhmg Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$ma gm§JV AgVmV. Jm|S>dmZm
amÁ`mVrb e§^e
y Ho $ ZmdmMm amOm OmXy{dÚm, _m§{ÌH$ {dÚm, eñÌ{dÚm `m {dÚm§_Ü`o nma§JV hmoVm. Am`mªZr
Ë`mMm nam^d H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm; na§Vw Vmo nam^yV Pmbm Zmhr, Aem e§^yeoH$À`m H$Wm gm§{JVë`m
OmVmV. H$mhr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ n¥ÏdrMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm gd© {R>H$mUr nmUrM nmUr hmoVo Am{U _mZd {Z_m©U
Pmbm Agm B{Vhmg EoH$m`bm {_iVmo. _hmXod H$moir g_mOmVrb H$igy~mB© hr ñÌr e§H$amMr ^ŠV hmoVr.
amoO gH$mir gømÐrÀ`m C§M {eIamda Agboë`m e§H$amÀ`m qnS>rbm A{^foH$ H$amd`mg OmV hmoVr. H$mhr
{Xdgm§Z§Va {VMo {ZYZ Pmbo Am{U bmoH$ Ë`m n[agambm "H$igy~mB©Mo {eIa' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIy bmJbo.
H$igy~mB© {eIamdarb ho XodrMo {R>H$mU nydu _hmXod H$moir O_mVrÀ`m nwOmè`mÀ`m Vmã`mV hmoVo; na§Vw
noedmB©V Ë`mMm Am{XdmgtH$Sy>Z Vm~m H$mTy>Z KoD$Z nwamo{hVm§H$S>o {Xbm Ago _hmXod H$moir O_mVrVrb
H$WmH$ma gm§JV AgVmo. gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb {^ëb O_mVrVrb `mhm_moJr hr XodVm {^ëb O_mVr§Vrb
~odmag _wbJr hmoVr. {VÀ`m _ZmV g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§~Ôb Anma lÕm hmoVr. gd© Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb
bmoH$m§Zm Vr g§H$Q>mnmgyZ _wŠV H$aV Ago. nyduMo {VMo _§{Xa åhUOo PmS>mImbr R>do bobr XJS>r _yVu. AmVm
_mÌ Ë`m OmJr _moR>o _§{Xa C^m H$ê$Z hr Am{Xdmgr XodVm YZXm§S>½`mÀ`m hmVmV OmÊ`mMr {MÝho {Xgy
bmJbr AmhoV. {VMo qhXy g§ñH¥$VrV {dH¥$VrH$aU hmoD$ bmJbobo Amho. {Vbm A§~m_mVoMm AdVma _mZy
bmJbo AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$Vrda hmoUmao ho AmH«$_U {H$Vr YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho ho nQ>dyZ XoVmZm dmhê$
gmoZdUo åhUVmV, ""Am{Xdmgr Xodr `mhm_moJr `m XodrMo qhXwH$aU hmoVmZm {XgV Amho. Aem VèhoZo
9
Am{Xdmgr Xodm§Mo Zmd nwgZy qhXyM§ o Xod VoM Am{XdmgtMo Xod hrM {eH$dU {Xbr OmV Amho.'' àñVwVÀ`m
Am{Xdmgr XodVm§Mo Ho$bo OmUmao qhXyH$aU Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m B{Vhmgmbm YmoH$mXm`H$ Amho. `mhm_moJr
160

hr O§JbmV dmT>bobr, Q>monbrV gm§^mibobr _wbJr hmoVr, Agm g§X^© bmoH$H$WoV Ambobm Amho.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^mªMm {dMma H$aVm Am{Xdmgr {ZgJ© XodVm§Mo hmoUmao AmYw{ZH$sH$aU
Am{Xdmgr g§ñH¥$VrMr Eo{Vhm{gH$Vm g§nwï>mV AmUUmao Amho. åhUyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Oo H$mhr
Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© `oVmV Vo Am{XdmgtÀ`m B{VhmgmMo XñVEodO AmhoV, Ago dmQ>Vo.
H$) _ybKQ>H$
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _ybKQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVmZm bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Or H$mhr _Vo ì`ŠV
Ho$bobr AmhoV, Vr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb _ybKQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg _hÎdmMr dmQ>VmV.
bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr "bmoH$gm{hË`mMo A§V…àdmh' ¶m J«§WmV [aMS>© Q>|nb `m§Zr
gm§{JVboë`m KQ>H$m§nH¡ $s ""n{hë`m KQ>H$mV nmÌmMm g_mdoe AgyZ Xwgè`m KQ>H$mV H$WoVrb A{^d¥ÕrMm
g_mdoe Amho. {Vgam KQ>H$ A{^d¥ÕrÀ`m nyaH$ Aem gmYZm§Mm Am{U Mm¡Wm KQ>H$ g§H$sU© KQ>Zm§Mm
10
`mà_mUo hmoV.'' ga [aMS>© Q>n| b `m§Zr gm§{JVbobo Oo H$mhr _ybKQ>H$ AmhoV. Vo _`m©{XV ñdê$nmMo AgyZ
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ì`mnH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r eaX ì`dhmao `m§Zr gm§{JVobo _ybKQ>H$ _hÎdmMo dmQ>VmV. eaX
ì`dhmao `m§Zr gm§{JVboë`m _ybKQ>H$m§À`m AmYmamZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Zm Ý`m` {Xë`mgmaIo hmoB©b, Ago dmQ>Vo. bmoH$H$WoVrb _ybKQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr XoVmZm eaX
ì`dhmao {b{hVmV, ""bmoH$H$Wm§Mm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg H$aVmZm bmoH$H$Wm§V nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe
Agë`mMo {XgVo : 1) H$Wmê$n, 2) H$WoVrb ì`ŠVr Am{U àmUr, 3) H$WoVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmao g_mO_Z,
4) H$ënZm~§Y, 5) H$WoMr KQ>Zm, 6) dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr, 7) H$WoMm hoV,y 8) H$WoVrb VÎd bmoH$H$Wm§Mo
11
ho KQ>H$ bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n KS>{dV AgVmV.'' `m gd© KQ>H$m§À`m AmYmamZo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm
Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoB©b, Ago dmQ>Vo.
1. H$Wmê$n
H$moUVrhr H$bmH¥$Vr hr {d{eï> ê$nm§Mr AZoH${dY _m§S>Ur AgVo. H$bmH¥$Vr_Ü`o dmñVy, {eën,
{MÌ, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, JrV, g§JrV Am{U gm{hË` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. n«ñVwVÀ`m gd© H$bmH¥$Vr§V
AmH$ma, AmH¥$Vr, KmQ>, aMZm, ^mfm, aofm Am{U ñda ho _yi KQ>H$ hmoV. ho gd© AmH$ma X¥í` qH$dm AX¥í`
ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. bmoH$H$WmË_H$ H$bmH¥$VrMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV AgVmZm _mZdr ^mdZm, OrdZme`mVrb
à{V_m, àVrHo$, g§dmX Am{U ^mfm `m à_wI KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎd {Xbobo AgVo. _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mVrb
bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o Á`m H$Wm `oVmV, Ë`m H$Wm§Mm ê$n{dMma, H$ënZm, ~mobr^mfoVrb b`, hob, ^md Am{U
 161

ag `m§VyZ eãXm§Zm AW© XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm AgVmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoÀ`m ê$nm§_Ü`o bKwH$Wm,
XrK©H$Wm, gmIi H$Wm Am{U JrVmË_H$ H$Wm `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.
(1) bKwH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV bhmZ KQ>Zmàg§Jm§À`m AmYmamZo gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m Á`m H$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m§Mo
ñdê$n bKwH$WmË_H$ Amho. ~hþVHo $ bhmZ _wbm§Zm gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m `m H$Wm AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVmV.
CXm. nmdgmbm Xmof XoUmè`m _mUgm§À`m ñd^mdmMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aUmè`m H$WoV AmB© Am{U _wbJm `m XmoZ
ì`pŠV_Îdm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$Wm AmH$mambm `oVo. nmD$g_mVoMo ~mi nmD$gAmB©bm H$m_ H$ê$ XoV Zmhr.
gmaIo H$nS>o Amobo H$aVo. amJmdbobr AmB© ~mimbm gm§JVo, _bm Ìmg XoVmog Zm ? Voìhm bmoH$ Vy Ambm
Var Xmof XoVrb, Zmhr Ambmg Var Xmof XoVrb. AmOhr A{YH$ nmD$g Pmbm Var bmoH$ qZXm H$aVmV.
nmD$g Pmbm Zmhr Var bmoH$ qZXm H$aVmV. ~oQ>md§ a dmñVì` H$aUmè`m {ZanamY Am{XdmgtMm ~ir KoUmè`m
Ibmem§Mo OhmO \w$Q>Vo Am{U Ë`m§À`m _¥VXohm§Mo dQ>dmKimV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. àñVwVÀ`m XmoÝhr H$Wm§Mr ê$no
nmhVm Vo bKwÎm_ Amho. Aem H$mhr Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ê$n ho bKwH$Wm ñdê$nmMo Amho. doiMo r ~MV
Am{U bmoH$H$WH$mH$S>o Agboë`m doioMm Cn`moJ bhmZ bhmZ H$Wm gm§JÊ`mV Ho$bm OmVmo.
(2) XrK©H$Wm
Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb Á`m H$mhr XrK©H$Wm AmhoV Ë`m _{V©H$mÀ`m {XdgmÀ`m {Xder qH$dm _¥V
ì`ŠVrÀ`m ñ_aUmW© Omo XJS>r qH$dm bmH$S>r Im§~ ~gdbm OmVmo, Voìhm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. àñVwV àg§Jr
gm§{JVboë`m H$Wm XrK© ñdê$nmÀ`m AgyZ amÌr 9 dmOVm Mmby Pmbobr H$Wm Xþgè¶m {Xder gH$mir 7
dmOVm g§ndbr OmVo. XrK©H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n H$méÊ`_` AgVo. H$WoVrb Ame`mV _¥V ì`ŠVrMm AmË_m Á`m
nÕVrZo àdmg H$aVmo, Ë`m nÕVrZo H$Wm AmH$ma KoV AgVo. gÜ`mMo AmËå`mMo ApñVËd H$moR>o Amho ho
gm§{JVbo OmVo. CXm. : AmË_m hm ZXrÀ`m nmÌmVyZ OmV AgVmZm Ë`mbm nwT>o OmÊ`mgmR>r _mJ© gmnS>V
Zmhr. Ë`mbm _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUr Zmhr. nmUr Imob Amho. OJ AZmoiIr Amho. OmUo eŠ` Zmhr Ë`mbm
Vw_À`mn¡H$s H$moUr _XV H$aUma Amho H$m? ho {dMmê$Z _XV H$aUmam Hw$Qw>§~mVrb H$moUr V`ma Pmë`mg
AmË_m nwT>o _mJ©H«$_U H$aVmo. gH$mir H$Wm g§ndVmZm AmËå`mbm `mo½` {R>H$mUr nmohmoMdyZ ^{dî`mV
H$moUVrhr AS>MU `oUma Zmhr Aer BÀN>m ì`ŠV H$aVmo. EImÚm ì`ŠVr Z¡g{J©H$arË`m _¥V Z nmdVm
AnKmVmZo _¥V Pmbr Agob Va {VÀ`m ñ_¥VràrË`W© Im§~ ~gdVmV. Ago Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mMm AmË_m Amnë`m
Kar `oV Zmhr, hm g_O Amho. AZ¡g{J©H$ _¥Ë`y_Ü`o ~wSy>Z _aUo, Ji\$mg bmdyZ KoUo, gn©X§e hmoUo,
162

PmS>mdê$Z nS>U,o drO nS>Uo Aem àg§JmVyZ {ZYZ hmoUo Aem _mUgm§Zm X\$Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Hw$Qw>~§ mÀ`m gmoBM© m
{Xdg {ZdS>bm OmVmo. bmoH$H$WmH$mamÀ`m _XVrZo ^JV ñ_¥{VñV§^mMr OmJm, {Xem, doi XmIdVmo Am{U
Z§Va Im§~ ~gdbm OmVmo AmOhr Am{Xdmgr nmS>çmVyZ dfm©bm EH$ XmoZ KQ>Zm Aem KS>V AgVmV.
Ë`m§À`m {dYrdoir XrK©H$Wm gm§JÊ`mMr na§nam Amho. XrK©H$WoMo ho ê$n _hÎdmMo AgyZ Ë`mMo na§namJV
nmbZ AmOhr hmoVmZm {XgVo.
(3) gmIiH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m énm§n¡H$s gmIiH$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$mhr H$Wm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV.
H$mVH$ar O_mVrVrb hiXrdV amOmMr H$Wm gmIiH$Wm åhUyZ CXmhaUmgmR>r KoVm `oB©b. H$WoVrb
hiXrdV amOm ~m`H$moÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z {eH$marbm OmVmo. Ë`mbm O§JbmVrb amjg R>ma _maVmo. BH$S>o
Ë`mMr ~m`H$mo dmQ> nmhVo. nVr {eH$marbm Jobobm AgVmZm Vr J^©dVr AgVo. Z§Va Vr àgyV hmoD$Z
_wbmbm OÝ_ XoVo. d{S>bm§à_mUoM _wbJm M§XZd§XZ S>m|Jamda {eH$marbm OmVmo. {d{harda ~mnmMm ~mU
{XgVmo Vmo d{S>bm§Mm Amho ho Vmo AmoiIVmo. amjgmbm ~§X ImobrV S>m§~yZ R>odVmo. AmB©bm KoD$Z `oVmo.
S>m~§ bobr amjgmMr Imobr CKSy> ZH$mo gm§{JVbobo AgVmZm Vr CKS>Vmo. amjg AmB©bm nH$S>Vmo. {VÀ`mer
{ddmhmMm àñVmd R>do Vmo. {ddmh Ho$bm Zmhr Va _wbmbm R>ma _maÊ`mMr Y_H$s XoVmo. _wbJm AS>MUrV ¶mdm
åhUyZ AmB©H$adr dm{KUrMo XyY AmUmd`mg gm§JVmo. Ooìhm Vmo _wbJm ~mhoa nS>Vmo Voìhm dm{KUrMr H$Wm
gwê$ hmoVo. Z§Va JéS>mH$Sy>Z `oVmZm _wbJr ^oQ>Vo. Vmo dmXimV R>ma hmoVmo. nwÝhm {Od§V hmoVmo. _wbrer {ddmh
H$aVmo. AmB©Mr gwQ>H$m H$aVmo. àñVwVÀ`m gmIiH$WoV amOm~amo~a amOnwÌ, dmKrU, Jê$S>, KmoanS>, _wbJr
`m§À`m bhmZ bhmZ H$Wm OmoS>yZ EH$ gmIiH$Wm {Z_m©U Ho$bobr AgVo. n{hë`m H$WoVZy Xwgè`m H$WoV OmVmZm
H$WmH$ma gm§JVmo BWbr Jmoïo > BWoM g§nbr, nwT>Mr Jmoï> gwê$ Pmbr Ago gm§JZy nwT>À`m H$Wobm gwédmV H$aVmo.
gmIiH$Wm `m ~hþVHo $ amOm, amUr, {Zam{lV _wbJm, JwamIr `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm§{JVë`m OmVmV.
(4) bmoH$H$WmJrVo
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o H$mhr H$Wm JrVmË_H$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. JrVm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm§{JVë`m
OmUmè`m H$Wm§_Ü`o H$Wm gm§JUmam bmoH$H$WH$ JrVm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$WmZHo$ gm§JV AgVmo. bmoH$H$WmJrVo
à^mdr Am{U àË``H$mar ñdê$nmMr AgyZ lmoË`m§Zm àmoËgm{hV H$aUmar AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo
ñdê$n gm§JVmZm {dZm`H$ Vw_am_ {b{hVmV, ""bmoH$H$Wm JrVo hr bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb na§namàmßV H$Wm§Mo,
Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§M,o n«gJ§ m§Mo JrVmË_H$ ê$n AgyZ _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo Vr ^yVH$mimVyZ dV©_mZmn`ªV {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm
 163
12
Ÿ{PanV Ambobr AgVmV.'' {dZm`H$ Vw_am_ `m§À`m _VmZwgma, bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> hmoD$Z
Ë`m§Mm g§ñH¥$Vrer Agbobm AZw~§Y ñnï> hmoVmo. bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo ñdê$n XrK© AgyZ H$WH$mÀ`m OmoS>rbm
Ë`mMm ghH$mar Omo Ambmn XoUmam Amho, Ë`mMr Ë`mbm JaO AgVo. XmoKohr JrV JmD$Z H$Wm gm§JVmV.
Ambmn XoUmè`m _mUgmbm H$WmZH$mV nwT>o H$m` hmoUma Amho qH$dm Ho$ìhm Ambmn Úmd`mMm, `mMr OmUrd
hmoV Agë`m_wio Vmo H$WH$mÀ`m g_Ýd`mVyZ H$WH$mbm _XV H$aV AgVmo. H$WmJrVo gm§JVmZm {nVir
Wmirbm bm§~ doVmMr H$mR>r _oUmZo {MH$Qy>Z ÜdZr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z H$WmJrV gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$H$WmJrVo
ñWm{ZH$ ñdê$nmMr AgyZ g_mOOrdZmMr nmíd©^y_r Agbobr AgVmV. gmYonUmZo gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m
H$WmJrVm_Ü`o CnXoemMo à_mU H$_r AgVo. {^ëb, Jm¢S>, H$mVH$ar `m O_mVr§V bmoH${à` Agbobr
H$WmJrVo AmOhr gmXa Ho$br OmVmV. Am{Xdmgr {^ëb O_mVr§Vrb H$WmJrVm§Mo ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo
gm§JVm `oB©b. {^ëb O_mVrVrb H$mby hm eoVH$ar Y_r©amOmH$Sy>Z nÞmg naVmÊ`m O_rZ KoVmo. lr_§V
AgyZhr g_mOmVrb H$moUmÀ`mhr gwIXw…ImV gh^mJr hmoV Zmhr Y_r©amOm _mÌ JmoaJ[a~m§Zm _XV H$aUmam
AgVmo. H$mhr dfm©§Z§Va H$mbmamUm X[aÐçmMo OrdZ OJy bmJVmo Am{U Xw…I Pmë`m_wio _ê$Z OmVmo.
Ë`mÀ`m _`V{dYrgmR>r JmdmVrb H$moUrhr `oV Zmhr. Voìhm Ë`mMr nËZr emoH$ H$aVmZm Oo H$WmË_H$ JrV
JmVo Vo nwT>rbn«_mUo hmo` -
""AmOr R>o{dbm H$mbm amUm
_hm JmoamoOo Zm _m {_bo Zm
{hdm bmJo Xodmo Xodr hmo
{e~br hmoXm bmJ¡br H$mbr dUdm
Wr H$mbr dm ^war dUdm bo
Vr OmJo dm Jobr `mhmdm''
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb `m H$WmË_H$ emoH$JrVmV H$mbmMr nËZr nVrÀ`m A§Ë`g§ñH$mam§gmR>r bmJUmar
Q>mno br JmdmVrb H$moUr XoV Zmhr Voìhm Vr ñdV… O§JbmV Q>mno brgmR>r bmJUmao ~m§~,y H$mR>çm AmUÊ`mgmR>r
OmVo. H$maU {e~br{edm` _{V©H${dYr nyU© hmoV Zmhr, ho Xw…I `oWo ñnï> hmoVo. Xwgè`m H$WoVrb {Znw{ÌH$
amOm XmoZ nËZtZm nwÌàmßVr ìhmdr `mgmR>r gmYw_hmamOm§À`m emoYmV ^Q>H$V AgVmZm gmYyZo {Xboë`m
Am§ã`mÀ`m \$imnmgyZ Ë`mÀ`m EH$m amUrbm nwÌ àmßVr hmoVo. na§Vw gwB©UrÀ`m _XVrZo Xwgar amUr Ë`m
~mimbm O§JbmV gmoSy>Z XoVo. hm Omo H$méÊ`mMm àg§J Amho, Vmo JrVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm§JVmZm H$WH$ Oo
H$WmË_H$ JrV JmVmo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo hmo` -
164
""S>mohbr dmbo Om ~m`y hÿ±
~m`wbm `mHo$ ho
S>m`m dohoVm gmoSw>bm
_moS>r goQ>mo gmoSw>bm
OÝ_ ~mbmZo bo Ho$
Xodby m gmoS>y bm
OÝ_m _amoUm {bHo$
O§Jb dmQ>o gmoSw>bm
hmoam-gmJm nm{S>ao''
`m JrVmVyZ Am{Xdmgr H$WH$ ~mimbm gmoS>ë`mmZ§Va Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb åhmVmè`m ~m`H$m§Zm _mUgm§Zm Oody
ImD$ Kmbm, OÝ__aU {b{hUmam Omo Xod Amho Ë`mbm ~mobmdyZ Oody Kmbm, Oo bmoH$ Oodm`bm `oVrb
Ë`m§gmR>r Jhÿ ^aSy>Z AmUm Am{U _¥Vm§Mo AmËå`m§Zm Xmê$ An©U H$am Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Ago Ho$ë`mZo
~mimMo H$ë`mU hmoB©b. ~mobr^mfoV gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m `m H$WmJrVmV CËH¥$îQ> nÕVrMm H$méÊ`_`
n«gJ§ m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mMo H$g~ CëboIZr` Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb bKwH$Wm, XrK©H$Wm, gmIiH$Wm
Am{U H$WmË_H$ JrVm§Mo ñdê$n Aem nÕVrMo Agë`mMo nmhd`mg {_iVo.
2. bmoH$H$WoVrb ì`ŠVr Am{U n«mUr
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ì`ŠVr d àmUr ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ hmoV. KQ>Zmàg§Jm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
A{^ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m ì`ŠVr Am{U àmUr `m KQ>H$m§_wio Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoMr a§OH$Vm dmT>VmZm {XgVo.
H$mhr ì`ŠVr àm{Uñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV, Va H$mhr àmUr ì`ŠVtMr ê$no KoVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. ì`ŠVr Am{U
àmUr `m XmoZ _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>H$m§n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ì`ŠVrMm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$.
A) bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ì`ŠVr
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Or ì`pŠV_Îdo Ambobr AmhoV, Vr O§Jb-nhmS>mV§ , S>mJ| aXè`m§V amhUmar
AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr _w§S>m§À`m CËnÎmrH$WoV _mZdr CËnÎmr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ZgJ©XodVoZo EH$ VéU Am{U VéUr
`m§Zm JwhoV H$m|Sy>Z 7 _wbm§Zm OÝ_ XoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo. dmabr `m§À`m X¡dVH$WoVrb {hadm Xod _moamÀ`m
n§ImV dmñVì` H$aUmam Amho, Va {^ëbm§Mr XodVm `mhm_moJr YmÝ`mÀ`m ê$nmV dmñVì` H$aVmZm
nmhmd`mg {_iVo. J«hUH$WoVrb {Jamamjg gy`© Am{U M§Ð `m§Zm {JiVmo; Ë`m_wio gy`© Am{U M§ÐJ«hU
hmoV Amho, Ago _mZbo OmVo. ^yV{Z{_©VrÀ`m H$Wm§_Ü`o dmB©Q> àd¥ÎmrÀ`m {ñÌ`m EH$Ì `oD$Z JmdmVrb Ìmg
 165

XoUmè`m _mUgm§da Amnë`m OmXyZo Vm~m {_idyZ Ë`m§Zm doS>o ~Z{dVmV. Ë`m§Mr Jwá g§KQ>Zm AgyZ amÌr Ë`m
EH$Ì `oD$Z {dYr H$aVmZm {XgVmV. R>mH$am§À`m bmoH$H$WoV J^m©Vrb _mZdr ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr hmoUmar dmT>
ñnï> hmoVo. H$mVH$è`m§À`m EH$ bmoH$H$WoV _mZd OÝ_mbm Amë`mZ§Va Vmo Mma nm`m§da MmbV hmoVm Am{U
gy`m}X`mMr dmQ> nmhÊ`mÀ`m gd`rVyZ XmoZ nm`m§da C^m am{hbm ho gm§{JVbo Amho. Am{Xdmgr H$moaHy$
O_mVrMr CËnÎmr gm§JVmZm amdUmZo _hmXodmbm _mZdmMr CËnÎmr H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$br, Voìhm _hmXodmZo
gmdbrJS> Am{U ^mdmJS> `oWo OmD$Z _yR>^a _mVr AmUyZ nwéf Am{U ñÌr `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho Ago
gm§{JVbo OmVo. {^ëbm§À`m EH$ bmoH$H$WoV _ZOr {^ëbmZo JmdmV XwîH$mi nS>bm åhUyZ ñdV…À`m eoVmV
{dhra IUbr Am{U JmdmVrb _mUgo Am{U àmUr `m§Mr V¥îUm ^mJdbr. Am{Xdmgr§Zr Z¥Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma
_moa-bm§S>moa `m§Zr Ho$boë`m Z¥Ë`mVyZ Ho$bobm Amho, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Am{Xdmgr§Mr JmobmH$ma Ho$br
OmUmar Z¥Ë`o nmhVm _moa Am{U bm§S>mao `m§À`m AZwH$aUmVyZ Vr Ambobr AmhoV, ho ñnï> hmoV.o eoVrMm emoY
bmdUmè`m _mUgm§Zr nú`m§Zr AmUboë`m ~rOmnmgyZ eoVrMm emoY bmdbm, Ago gm§{JVbo. VgoM
nú`m§À`m {dîR>_o YyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar PmS>o nmhyZ Ë`m§Zm eoVrMo kmZ àmßV Pmbo. eoVmV am~Ê`mgmR>r O§JbmV
Omir bmdyZ, _mUgm§Zm nH$Sy>Z Ë`m§Zm doR>{~JmarZo _Owar H$aÊ`mgmR>r àd¥Îm Ho$bo OmV hmoV.o bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb
ì`ŠVr CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r eoVr, {eH$ma, _mgo_mar, H§$X_wio d \$io Jmoim H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m {ñÌ`m _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>VmV. ~hþVoH$ {ñÌ`m Amnë`m
nVr~amo~a H$ï> H$aUmè`m AgyZ nVrÀ`m gwIXw…ImV gh^mJr hmoVmV. ñdV… O§JbmV OmD$Z nVrda
`oUmè`m g§H$Q>mM§ m _wH$m~bm H$aVmV. H$mhr {ñÌ`m bmoH$m§Zm Ìmg XoUmè`m, bmoH$m§Mr _XV H$aUmè`m, ~hrU
`m ZmË`mMo àm_m{UH$nUo nmbZ H$aUmè`m AmhoV. {dZmoXr H$Wm§_Yrb ì`pŠV_Îdm§_Ü`o OmdB©, _wbJm,
åhmVmam `m§Mo {MÌU hmoV AgVo. VgoM H$mhr ì`ŠVr JmdmVrb OZmdam§Mo nmbZnmofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmird
OZmdam§Zm amoO O§JbmV KoD$Z OmVmV Am{U gm`§H$mir Jmdm_Ü`o AmUVmV. Aem ì`ŠVrbm "T>moaŠ`m'
`m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. Am{XdmgtÀ`m X¥ï>rZo Vmo Ë`m§Mm JwamIr Xod Amho. àñVwVÀ`m gd© ì`{ŠV_ËdmMm
n[aM` H$ê$Z KoVë`mZ§Va bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m àmÊ`m§À`m Am{U nú`m§À`m OrdZmMm {dMma
H$aUo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo.
~) bmoH$H$Wm§‘Yrb àmUr Am{U njr
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb àmUr Am{U njr {dnwb Am{U doJdoJù`m ñdê$nmMo Agë`mMo
{ZXe©Zmg `oVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m àmUr Am{U nú`m§_Ü`o dmK, H$moëhm, _mH$S>, Añdb,
hÎmr, _moa, bm§S>moa, _Ja, Jm`, ~¡b, H$mgd, ZmJ, H$m|~S>m, H$m|~S>r, haU, _m§Oa Am{U Hw$Ìm ho newnjr
166

hmoV. njr H$WoVrb _moa _r gd© O§JbmMm amOm Amho; na§Vw Kw~S>mZo _rgwÕm amOm Amho `mMo g_W©Z H$aVmZm
~Jim, {Q>Q>dr gm§JVmV Kw~S>mMo S>moHo$ _moR>o AgVo, AmdmO J§^ra AgVmo. Vmo C§Xam§Zm R>ma _mê$Z eoVrMo
ajU H$aVmo. Ë`mbm amÌrMo {XgVo, Ago gm§JyZ amOm hmoÊ`mMo R>adboo, OmVo H$m|~S>m eoVmMo ajU H$ê$Z
AmOmar _mbH$mMr godm H$aVmo Am{U MmoaQ>çm§nmgyZ eoVrMo ajU H$ê$Z Amnbo àmU J_mdVmoo. _m§Oa hm
àmUr nydu O§JbmV amhV hmoVm EH$Xm dmKmZo Ë`mbm JmdmVyZ {dñVd AmUÊ`mgmR>r nmR>{dbo.JmdmV Jobëo `m
_m§Oambm Jmd AmdS>bo Am{U Vo H$m`_Mo amhÿ bmJbo. Amnbr Kao gw§Xa ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r gd© njr
AmH$meXodmH$S>o OmVmV. hmobm nú`mbm MwH$dyZ gwJaU Am{U H$moir OmVmV Ë`m§Zm Ka gw§Xa ~ZdÊ`mMr
_m{hVr {_iVo; na§Vw hmobm njr Z Joë`m_wio Ë`mMo Ka H$mQ>çm§Mo AgVo, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. {^ëb
bmoH$H$WoVrb H$mdim XwîH$mi nS>bobm AgVmZm Cnmer _aUmè`m eoVH$è`mbm YmÝ` AmUyZ XoVmo Am{U
eoVr H$aÊ`mg gm§JyZ EH$ àH$mao _XV H$aVmo. dmT>boë`m eoVmVrb YmÝ` ImÊ`mgmR>r C§Xra `oVmV Voìhm Vmo
H$mdim _m§OamÀ`m _XVrZo C§Xam§Zm R>ma _maVmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb H$mdim eoVH$è`mbm _XV
H$aUmam, Ë`mÀ`m Xw…ImV gh^mJr hmoUmam Amho. BVa bmoH$H$WoV H$mdim Xwï> XmI{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
OmVmo; na§Vw Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV Ë`mbm _mZmMo ñWmZ {_imbobo Amho. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^Vw àmÊ`m§_Ü`o
AmH$memV CS>Umam nm§T>am KmoS>m, _wbrMm gm§^mi H$aUmam emH©$ _mgm Amnë`m g_wÐmVrb KamV KoD$Z
OmVmo. Aem `m Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb àm{U{dídmMr _m{hVr XoVmZm ìhr. Eg. Hw$bH$Uu åhUVmV,
""Am{XdmgtÀ`m bmoH$H$WoV àmÊ`m§da AmYm[aV H$Wmhr AmhoV. H$mhr H$mhr Jmoï>r§V gd© nmÌo àmUrM
AgVmV, Va H$mhr n«mUr d _mZd `m§Mo {_lU AgVo. _mZd d àmUr `m§Mo b½Zg§~Y§ Agë`mMohr {H$Ë`oH$
13
H$Wm§Mo CëboI AmhoV.'' ìhr. Eg. Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m _Vmà_mUo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$mhr
{ó`m§Mo Añdbm§~amo~a {ddmh hmoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. OÝ_mbm `oUmar Or AnË`o AmhoV Vr
"Añdb-_mZd' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVmV. M§ÐJ«hU g§X^m©Vrb H$WoV qdMy hm ñÌr`m§da AmË`mMma
H$arV hmoVm. EH$Xm Ë`mZo M§Ðmda AË`mMma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm; na§Vw M§Ð Ë`mbm gmnS>V Zmhr Var Vmo
à`ËZ H$arV Amho. eodQ>r Ë`mZo EH$Xm M§Ðmbm nH$Sy>Z Ë`mÀ`mda AË`mMma Ho$bm AmOhr Vmo AË`mMma
H$aÊ`mgmR>r M§Ðmbm KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U Voìhm M§ÐJ«hU hmoV AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Oo H$mhr àmUr Am{U
njr `oV AgVmV, Ë`m§Zm _mZdr ê$n àmßV hmoV Agë`m_wio _mZdmà_mUo AgUmao Ë`m§Mo dV©Z bj doYyZ
KoUmao Amho Am{U hoM Ë`m§Mo doJionU Amho, Ago dmQ>Vo. _mUgm§Zm Á`m nÕVrZo ào_, {ddmh, gwIXw:I
AgVmV, `m ^mdZm Ë`mMà_mUo àmUr Am{U njr `m§Zmhr AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm _mZdmà_mUo ñWmZ
{Xbobo Amho.
 167

3) g_mO_mZg
Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm nmS>çmnmS>çm§À`m gmhmæ`mZo dmñVì` H$aUmam Amho. 10-12 PmonS>rdOm
Kam§Mo nmS>o 1 Vo 2 {H$._r. A§Vamda {dIwaboë`m ñdê$nmMo AgVmV. 4-5 dmS>çm§Mo {_iyZ EH$ Jmd ~ZVo
Am{U Ë`m nmS>çmbm Ë`mÀ`m d¡{eîQ>çm_wio Zmd àmßV hmoVo. CXm. Om§^imMr PmS>o Agbobm Om§^irnmS>m
ZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmVmo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmao g_mO_mZg bj doYZy KoUmao AgVo. g_mO hm gm_y{hH$
nÕVrZo OrdZ OJUmam AgyZ g_mOmVrb àË`oH$ KQ>H$ EH$_oH$m§er _mZ{gH$X¥îQ>çm ~m§Ybobm AgyZ
àË`oH$mÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoMm {dMma H$aUmam AgVmo. g_mOmVrb OÝ_{dYr, {ddmh, _{V©H$n«Wm, `mÌm,
gUmoËgd, {ZgJ©nyOm hr gdmªÀ`m gm_y{hH$ {dMmam§da d g_mOmÀ`m _mZ{gH$Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo.
_`m©{XV bmoH$g§»`m Agë`m_wio gdmªZm EH$_oH$m§À`m ^md^mdZm§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo.
Ë`m_wio EH$_oH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$Vm OnUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g_mO _mZgmMm {dMma H$aVmZm _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~ì`dñWoÀ`m AZoH$
nmD$bIwUm {XgyZ `oVmV. AmOhr _wbm-_wbtMo {ddmh Ë`m§À`m g§_VrZo Ho$bo OmVmV. _wbtZm XoO XoÊ`mMr
nÕV Amho. Jmdn§Mm`VrZo Or H$mhr aŠH$_ R>a{dbobr AgVo, Vr XoUo _wbmH$S>rb Hw$Qw>§~m§Zm ~§YZH$maH$
AgVo. _wbmH$S>rb bmoH$ aŠH$_ XoÊ`mg Ag_W© AgVrb Va H$O©ê$nmZo Hw$Qw>~§ mda aŠH$_ R>do Zy {ddmh nma
nmS>bo OmVmV. {ddmhmMr VmarI R>a{dVmZm g_mOmVrb n§Mm`VrMr g§_Vr AgVo. n§Mm`VrZo Á`m {Xder
VmarI {ZdS>br Ë`m {Xder JmdmV Xwgao b½Z AgV Zmhr. {ddmhmZ§Va g_mOmVrb àË`oH$ _mUgm§À`m
_mZ{gH$VoMm {dMma hmoVmo. n«Ë`oH$mbm ho b½Z Amnë`m KamVrb Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. {ddmh g§ñH$mamVrb
~hþn{VËdmMo AZoH$ g§X^© Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV Ambobo Amho. g_mOmVrb {Znw{ÌH$ nwéf nËZrbm _yb~mi
hmoV Zgob Va Xwgam {ddmh H$aVmo. Am{Xdmgr X¡dVH$Wm§_Yrb ì`ŠVr g_mOmVrb _mUgm§À`m g§H$Q>mMo
{ZamH$aU H$aVmV. XwîH$mi nS>bm Agob Va g_mOmVrb gYZ ì`ŠVr Amnbr YmÝ`mMr H$moR>mao g_mOmgmR>r
Iwbr H$aVmV. EImXr ì`ŠVr _¥V Pmbr Agob Va g_mOmVrb àË`oH$ KQ>H$ _¥VmÀ`m AmËå`mbm em§Vr
{_iÊ`mgmR>r Xmê$ nmS>VmV. `mV XmoZ VrZ W|~ Xmê$ _`VmÀ`m AmËå`mbm An©U H$aVmV. `m doir
_`VmMm AmË_m Xmê${edm` AV¥ßV Amho, hr g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm ~ZVo. H$WoVrb _mUgo nmZo, \w$bo,
njr `m§Zm Ìmg XoV ZmhrV Vr Ë`m§À`mer EH$ê$n Pmbobr AgVmV. \w$bm§Zm, d¥jm§Zm Ìmg XoUma ZmhrV hr
g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm AgVo. eoVmV am~Umè`m ~¡bmbm _¥Ë`yZ§Va eoVrÀ`m ~m§Ymda X\$Z Ho$bo OmVo.
168

~mi§VnUm_Ü`o EImÚm ñÌrMo {ZYZ Pmbo Agob Va {Vbm Á`m {R>H$mUr X\$Z Ho$bobo AgVo {VWo
PmoirgX¥í` nmiUm ~m§Ybm OmVmo. Pmoir ~m§Ybr Zmhr Va Kar `oD$Z ~mimMr _mJUr H$ê$ eH$Vo. hr
g_mOmMr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho.
{^ëbm§Mr _hÿÀ`m d¥jH$WoV dmK, nmonQ> Am{U JmT>d EH$_oH$m§Mo {_Ì AmhoV. ^wHo$bobm dmK
JmT>dmbm ImÊ`mMm {dMma _m§S>Vmo Voìhm nmonQ> d JmT>d Amnbo {_Ì AmhoV {_Ìm§Zm R>ma _maUo ~amo~a Zmhr.
eodQ>r {VKohr VS>\$Sy>Z _aVmV. _mZdVoMr hr {eH$dU dmKmÀ`m _mZ{gH$VoV Amho. Ë`m_wio H$WoVrb
dmKmMo dV©Z g_mOmVrb _mUgmà_mUo ì`ŠV hmoVo.
AmB©d{S>bm§Mo {ZYZ Pmboë`m {Zam{lV ~mbH$mMo nmbH$Ëd gd© g_mO KoVmo. JmdmVrb gd©
OZmdam§À`m nmbZnmofUmMr O~m~Xmar Ë`mÀ`mda gmondyZ gd© Jmd Ë`mMm gm§^mi H$aVo. dm{f©H$ gUmoËgdmÀ`m
doir Ë`mbm XodËd ~hmb H$ê$Z Ë`mMr nyOm H$aVmV. Amnë`m OZmdam§Zm gm§^miUmam nmofH$ hm Ë`m§À`m
_mZ{gHo$VVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobm Xod AgVmo.
eoVrMo ajU H$aUmao åhmVmao ^yV JmdmVrb gd© eoVrMr aIdmbr H$aVo. hr Ë`mMr _mZ{gH$Vm Amho.
YmÝ` ImÊ`mg AmUë`mZ§Va YmÝ`mMr nyOm H$ê$Z H$m|~S>m Am{U Xmê$ An©U Ho$ë`m{edm` Vo YmÝ` Kar
AmUbo OmV Zmhr. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb _mUgo nmird àmÊ`m§da A{YH$ ào_ H$aUmar AmhoV. àmÊ`m§Zm
Amnë`m ^mdZm g_OVmV hm Ë`m§Mm {dídmg Amho. Ë`m_wio gd© àmUr Amnë`m _mbH$mbm _XV H$aVmZm
nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. eoVmV, {eH$marbm OmUmam Am{Xdmgr gmo~V Amnë`m Hw$Í`m§Zm KoD$Z OmVmo; H$maU
O{_ZrVrb {N>Ðm_Ü`o gmn Amho H$m ggm Amho? ho Hw$Í`m§Zm nQ>H$Z g_OVo.
Am{Xdmgr b½Z{dYrV nigmMo nmZ, gmJmMm nmQ> `m§Zm {deof _hÎd Amho. n¡H$s nigmÀ`m
d¥jH$WoV O_mVrVrb _wbm~amo~a ào_ H$aUmè`m EH$m _wbrMm {VÀ`m BÀN>{o dê$ÜX g_mOmVrb bmoH$ Xwgè`m
_wbm~amo~a {ddmh H$ê$Z XoVmV. nVrÀ`m níMmV Vr {à`H$ambm ^oQ>V Ago. Ooìhm `m XmoKm§Mr ^oQ> nVrZo
nm{hbr, Voìhm Ë`m XmoKm§Zm R>ma _mabo Am{U Ë`m§À`m aŠVmVyZ nig hm d¥j {Z_m©U Pmbm Ago _mZbo OmVo.
VoìhmnmgyZ g_mOmMr hr _mZ{gH$Vm ~Zbr H$s, _wbrÀ`m BÀN>oZo {VMm {ddmh Ho$bm nm{hOo. AmOhr
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb EImXr _wbJr {à`H$am~amo~a {ZKyZ Jobr Va H$moUrhr hñVjon H$arV Zmhr. Z§Va
gd© g_mOmVrb bmoH$ EH$Ì `oD$Z _wbm-_wbrbm emoYyZ Ë`m§Mm {ddmh H$ê$Z XoVmV. AmB©-d{S>bm§À`m
g§_Vrnojm _wbrMr g§_Vr {_iUo ho n§Mm`VrÀ`m X¥ï>rZo _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo Am{U {VÀ`m g§_VrZoM
{ddmhmMr VmarI R>adbr OmVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g_mO_ZmMm {dMma H$aVm àË`oH$mbm g_mOmÀ`m
 169

_mZ{gH$VoMm {dMma hmoUo ho _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo, ho `oWo ñnï> hmoVo.

4) H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb H$ënZm~§Y hm \$ma$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. åhUyZ `m H$ënZm~§YmMo _hÎd
AYmoao{IV H$aUo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$ënZm~§YmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o
{b{hVmV, ""H$ënZm~§YmMo ñdê$n nmhVmZm EH$ Jmoï> {ZpíMV ZOaoV ^aVo Vr hr H$s, H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y
ñdV§Ì H$Wm~rOmMo ñdê$n YmaU H$aVmZm {XgVmV d ñd`§nUy © AgVmV, Va H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y H$Wm~rOm§Mo
14
qH$dm H$Wm{deofm§Mo bhmZ KQ>H$ AgVmV.'' à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`m H$ënZm~§YmÀ`m `m _VmZwgma bmoH$H$WoVrb
H$Wm~rO Am{U H$Wm{deof `m KQ>H$m§À`m_YyZ H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV, ho ñnï> hmoVo. bmoH$H$Wm Á`m
g_yhmÀ`m AgVmV, Ë`m g_yhmVrb H$ënZm~§Y Ë`m Ë`m H$Wm§_Ü`o `oV AgVmV. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr `m
H$ënZm~§YmMr {Xbobr Or ì`m»`m Amho Ë`mV ""H$Wm{deof åhUOo na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr, ñdV§Ì
ApñVËd Agbobr Aer à{V{Z{YH$ g§nyU© H$Wm AgVo. Or ñdV§ÌnUo gm§{JVbr OmD$ eH$Vo. {VMm
Ame` Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr H$Woda AmYmabobm ZgVmo. Vr Xwgè`m H$Wo~amo~a OmoS>y Z gm§{JVbr OmD$ eH$Vo
qH$dm ñdV§ÌnUo doJirhr `oD$ eH$Vo. `m H$WoV EH$M H$ënZm~§Y Agy eHo$b qH$dm AZoH$ H$ënZm~§Y
15
{_iyZ Vr V`ma Pmbobr Agob.'' àñVwVÀ`m XmoÝhr H$ënZm~§Ym§À`m ñdê$nmdê$Z H$Wm{deof, H$Wm~rO
`mVyZ H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV ho ñnï> hmoV.o H$_rV H$_r eãXm§V ì`mnH$ AW© Am{U ñdê$n ñnï> H$aUmar
à^mH$a ‘m§S>o `m§Zr H$ënZm~§YmMr Or ì`m»`m Ho$bobr Amho, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo hmo`, ""H$Wm{deofm§À`m `m
16
_ybKQ>H$mbm H$ënZm~§Y åhUVmV.'' VmËn`©, H$WoVrb H$Wm{deof, H$Wm~rO ho _hÎdmMo KQ>H$ AgyZ
`m§VyZM H$ënZm~§YmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$Wm{deofm§_YyZ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y X¥ï>rg nS>VmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo
gm§JVm `oVrb -
1) X¡dV{df`H$, 2) àmUr{df`H$, 3) njr{df`H$, 4) g¥ï>r{df`H$, 5) CËnÎmr{df`H$, 6) gm_m{OH$
{df`H$, 7) amOm{df`H$, 8) M_ËH$mam{df`H$, 9) ^m½`moX`, 10) OrdZ{df`H$, 11) H$m_, ào_,
{ddmh 12) ~ir, 13) {ZfoYna, 14) _¥Ë`y, 15) ew^g§Ho$V, 16) narjm, 17) nU, 18) ~w{Õ_mZ,
19) \$gdUyH$, 20) emn, 21) H¡$Xr, 22) ^yV, 23) OÝ_, 24) d¥j{df`H$, 25) hmñ`, 26) H«$m¡`©
Am{U 27) BVa H$ënZm~§Y n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm X¡dV{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmMo ñdê$n nmhÿ.
170

1. X¡dV{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmar X¡dVo {ZgJm©er EH$ê$n hmoUmar AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrVrb bmoH$ Amnë`m Am`wî`mVrb ~hþVoH$ doi {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV ì`{VV H$arV AgVmV
`mnojmhr Ago åhUVm `oB©b H$s, Am{Xdmgr O_mVr {ZgJm©db§~r AgVmV. {ZgJm©Vrb àË`oH$ KQ>H$mbm
X¡dV _mZbo nm{hOo hr Ë`m§Mr na§nam Amho H$maU Vmo Ë`m§Mm _mZ{gH$ AmYma AgVmo. VgoM Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§Vrb AmË_{dídmg dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm X¡dVm§Mo gmø {_iV AgVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ
Oo H$mhr X¡dV{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb:
u ZmJbrMo H$Ugar _mVoVrb ê$nm§Va
dmabr Am{U R>mH$a O_mVr§V "ZmJbr' `m YmÝ`mbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. ZmJbr ho Ë`m§À`m
CXa{Zdm©hmMo _w»` gmYZ Amho. ZmJbr YmÝ`mMo A{YH$ CËnmXZ Pmë`m_wio dmabr Am{U R>mH$a O_mVtZr
Vo YmÝ` \o$Hy$Z {Xbo Am{U YmÝ`mMm An_mZ Ho$bm. ho AÞXodVobm ghZ Pmbo Zmhr. {VZo AÞYmÝ`mMo
CËnmXZ Z H$aVm XwîH$mi {Z_m©U Ho$bm. bmoH$ Cnmer _ê$ bmJbo Voìhm ZmaZXod Am{U ~{ha_ XodmZo
{VÀ`mnwT>o Z¥Ë` H$ê$Z {Vbm àgÝZ Ho$bo. `mnwT>o VwPm An_mZ hmoUma Zmhr, ho dMZ {Xbo. AmOhr ZmJbr
`m YmÝ`mMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo.
u _moamÀ`m n§ImVrb {hadm Xod
dmabr O_mVrVrb {hadm Xod ho Ë`m§Mo X¡dV Amho. Ë`mbm _moamÀ`m n§ImV ~gdyZ Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br
OmVo. {hadm XodmMr ~hrU _moamMo VmOo aŠV {nVo Am{U g_mYmZr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio _moambm _hÎd XoD$Z
Ë`mÀ`m n§ImV {hadm Xodmbm R>odbo OmVo.
u ñdV…Mo nm` MwbrV KmbyZ Xmê$ JmiUmam Xod
Am{Xdmgr {^ëb O_mVrVrb amOm \$mZR>m hm _hÎdmMm Xod _mZbm OmVmo. Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV
amOm \$mZR>m OÝ_mbm Ambobm AgyZ Amnë`m O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§À`m nmhþUMmamgmR>r Xmê$ JmiVmZm bmH$S>o
g§nbr Voìhm Ë`mZo Amnbo nm` VmoSy>Z MwbrV KmVbo d Xmê$ JmiyZ nmhwÊ`m§Mm g_mYmZH$maH$ nmhþUMma
Ho$bm.
u noQ>rVrb amdUmMm Ord
Am{Xdmgr Jm¢S> O_mVrV amdU Am{U _oKZmX `m§Zm Amnbo X¡dV _mZVmV. am_ amdU `wÕmÀ`m doir
 171

YaUrda nS>bobm amdU VS>\$S>V hmoVm. _¥Ë`y bdH$a hmoV ZìhVm Voìhm hZw_mZ Am{U bú_U amdUmÀ`m
_hmbmV OmD$Z Ë`mMm noQ>rVrb Ord KoD$Z `oVmV. Voìhm Ë`mMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo n«ñVwVÀ`m H$ënZm~§YmV d¡{XH$
g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§nH$m©Vrb g§X^© `oVmo.
u {^pëbUrÀ`m ê$nmVrb nmd©Vr
gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb `mhm_moJr _mVm ho nmd©VrMo ê$n Amho, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. H$Yr Vr A§~m_mVoMo
ê$n Amho, Agohr gm§{JVbo OmVo. na§Vw Am{Xdmgr {^„m§À`m bmoH$H$WoV _mÌ Vr O§JbmV Q>monbrV
gmnS>bobr {Zam{lV _wbJr hmoVr Ago gm§JVmV.
e§H$a nmd©Vr~amo~a gmarnmQ> IoiVmZm nam^yV hmoVmo Am{U gmVnwS>m nd©Vmda dmñVì` H$aVmo
amJmdboë`m e§H$ambm em§V H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmd©VrZo {^{ëbUrMo ê$n KoD$Z Ë`mbm em§V Ho$bo Ago gm§{JVbo
OmVo. àñVwVÀ`m bmoH$H$WoVrb nmd©VrZo {^{ëbUrMo ê$n KoUo hm H$ënZm~§Y {^ëb O_mVrÀ`m dmñVì`mMr
AmoiI nQ>dyZ XoUmam Amho. VgoM e§H$a hm Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb nwéf hmoD$Z Jobm Amho Ago {^ëb,
Jm¢S>, _hmXod H$moir O_mVrV _mZbo OmVo.
u e§H$amMm H§$R> {Zim H$m
Jm¢S> O_mVrV e§^e
y Ho $ ZmdmMm Jm|S> amOnwÌ hmoVm. Am`mªÀ`m AmH«$_Umdoir Vmo nam^yV hmoV ZìhVm,
Voìhm Ë`mbm OodUmVyZ {dfà`moJ Ho$bm. 15 {Xdgm§À`m d¡ÚH$ H$bm§À`m à`ËZmZ§Va {dfmMm à^md H$_r
Pmbm. Vmo H§$R>mV VgmM am{hbm åhUyZ Ë`mMm H§$R> {Zim Amho, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u J^m©Mr aMZm H$aUmam Xod
R>mH$a O_mVrV J^m©Mr dmT> H$aUmam Xod AgVmo Ago _mZbo OmVo. _{hbm Mma _{hÝ`m§Mr J^©dVr
AgVmZm J^m©Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam Xod J^m©V àdoe H$aVmo. _mZdr Ad`dm§Vrb AmVS>r, \w$â\w$g, H$mirO,
öX` `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$ë`mZ§Va JwX²Ûma Am{U qbJ `m§À`m_Yrb OmJoVyZ ~mhoa
nS>Vmo Am{U OmVmZm Vr {edyZ Q>mH$Vmo AmOhr hr J^m©Mr {Z{_©Vr Mmby Amho Am{U {edbobr OmJm AmOhr
{XgVo.
u \w$bm§VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam qbJXod
Jm|S> O_mVrV qbJXod hm Ho$ear a§JmÀ`m \w$bmer drO Am{U T>JmVrb nmUr `m§À`m_wio J^©YmaUm
hmoD$Z gy`m©oX`m~amo~a \w$bo C_bVmZm, \w$bm§Vrb namJm§VyZ OÝ_mbm `oVmo.
172

u grVobm qOH$Umam bú_U

dmabr O_mVrVrb bmoH$H$WoV grVm ZmdmMr ñÌr hmoVr. {Vbm b¾ H$amd`mMo hmoV.o AZoH$ amOo Ambo
hmoV.o Ë`m§V am_ Am{U bú_U hohr Ambobo hmoV.o am_mZo ~mU Mmb{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm; nU O_bo Zmhr.
bú_UmZo à`ËZ H$ê$Z grVobm qOH$bo; na§Vw _moR>m ^mD$ A{ddm{hV AgVmZm _r H$go b¾ H$ê$, hm àíZ
{Z_m©U Pmbm Voìhm bú_UmZo am_mbm grVoMm nVr åhUyZ ñdrH$ma H$aÊ`mg gm§{JVbo.
u amOm \$mZR>mer {ddm{hV hmoUmar `mhm_moJr
{^ëb O_mVrb `mhm_moJr hr Am{Xdmgr ñÌr hmoVr. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vr {^ëb amOm \$mZR>mer
{ddm{hV hmoVo. XmoKo amOKamÊ`mMm Ë`mJ H$aVmV, Amnbr g§nÎmr d YZYmÝ` bmoH$m§Zm dmQy>Z XoVmV Am{U
àOoMm gm§^mi H$arV AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJVmV.
u amUrbm nidyZ ZoUmao nmM ^mD$
IwS>m_oK ZmdmMm amOm AgVmo. Ë`mbm amUr H$mOb ZmdmMr _wbJr hmoVr. b¾mgmR>r Q>monë`m
~Z[dUmè`m nmM ^mdm§Zr {Vbm nm{hbo Am{U {VÀ`mer {ddm{hV hmoÊ`mgmR>r {VÀ`m d{S>bm§Mr nadmZJr
_m{JVbr. nmM ^mdm§Zr b¾mMm hÅ> Ho$bm. eodQ>r _moR>çm Mma ^mdm§Zr VS>OmoS> H$ê$Z bhmZ ^mD$ Amho
Ë`mÀ`mer {VMm {ddmh H$ê$Z {Xbm. Mm¡Km ^mdm§Zr {Vbm AmXamZo dmJdbo Am{U AmZ§XmV am{hbo. hrM
amUr H$mOb nwT>o Am{XdmgtMr XodVm ~Zbr. àñVwVÀ`m bmoH$H$WoV Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb ~hþnpËZËdmMr
gm_m{OH$Vm nmhmd`mg {_iVo. AmOhr Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV {dYdm {ñÌ`m nwZ{d©dmh H$ê$Z AmZ§XmZo
OrdZ OJVmV, Va nwê$f XmoZ-VrZ nËZr§er {ddm{hV hmoD$Z AmZ§XmZo g§gma H$aVmV. hm g_mOmMm Xmof
Z _mZVm Vr Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr Amho Ago _mZbo OmVo.
gd© X¡dVH$Wm§_Yrb H$ënZm~§YmMm {dMma H$aVm Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMr Or X¡dVo AmhoV, Ë`m
X¡dVm§Mo OrdZ, Ë`mJ, g_mOm~ÔbMr AmñWm Am{U O_mVrÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmVrb X¡dVm§Mo ñWmZ
ñnï> hmoVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr _mV¥gÎmmH$ Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aV Agë`m_wio ñÌr XodVoMo à_mU
A{YH$ Amho Ago {XgyZ `oV.o bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb X¡dVH$Wm§À`m H$ënZm~§YmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va àmUr{df`H$
H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbn«_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
2) àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV àmÊ`m§{df`r \$ma AmXa^md ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§VZy {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m
 173

àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§§YmV doJionU A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. ~hþVoH$ gd© àmUr Hw$Q>§w~mVrb g^mgXmà_mUo dV©Z
H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV _mUgo Am{U O§JbmVrb àmUr `m§Mo nañnag§~§Y ho
^mdnyU© AgyZ nañnam§Zm _XV H$aUmao AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m H$ënZm~§YmMm
nwT>rbà_mUo {dMma H$aVm `oB©b.
u S>moio ~§X Z H$aUmè`m _w§½`m
nmVmi{dídmVrb n[agamV g§nyU© A§Yma hmoVm nwéf Am{U ñÌr {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va Omo n{hbm Ord
V`ma Pmbm Vmo _wJ§ r hmo`. A§Ymè`m OJmV dmñVì` H$aUmè`m _w½§ `m§Zm S>mi
o o CKS>o R>do Zy OrdZ OJmdo bmJV
hmoVo. AmO `mM _w§½`m n¥Ïdrda dmñVì` H$aV AgVmZm nmVmimVrb S>moio CKS>o R>odÊ`mMr Ë`m§Mr gd`
Jobb
o r Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _w½§ `m {Xdgm S>mi
o o CKS>o R>do Zy MmbVmZm {XgVmV. S>mi
o o ~§X H$ê$Z _mZdmMo H$ë`mU
hmoUma Zmhr; Voìhm Vwåhr S>moio CKS>o R>odyZ OrdZ OJm ho {ZgJm©Zo {Xbobo daXmZ hmo`.
u S>moŠ`mda N>Ì YaUmam ZmJ
Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb _moir{dŠ`m bmH$S>o VmoSy>Z XwnmaÀ`m doir PmS>mImbr {dlm§Vr KoVmZm
gy`©{H$aUo Ë`mÀ`m Mohè`mda nS>VmV. Ë`mMr Pmon_moS> hmoV hmoVr ho PmS>mOdi amhUmè`m ZmJmZo nm{hbo
Am{U gy`©{H$aUm§nmgyZ g§ajU hmoÊ`mgmR>r S>moŠ`mda N>Ì Yabo Am{U Ë`m§Mo g§ajU Ho$bo.
u hmoë`mMo H$mirO ImUmam H$moëhm
O§JbmV EH$ H$moëhm Am{U hmobm amhV hmoVo. XmoKo VhmZbobo AgVmV. H$moëhm n{hë`m§Xm hmoë`mbm
nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. hmoë`mZo nmUr {nVmM nmUr g§nZy OmVo. nmUr g§në`m_wio H$moëømbm nmUr
{_iV Zmhr. Vmo VhmZoZo ì`mHw$i hmoVmo. Voìhm hmobm H$moëømbm åhUVmo, "Vy _mÂ`m nmoQ>mV Om Am{U nmUr
{nD$Z bJoM ~mhoa `o.' na§Vw b~mS> H$moëhm hmoë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV OmVmo Am{U nmUr {nVmZm H$mirO ~KVmo
H$mirO ImD$Z hmoë`mÀ`m _aUmg H$maUr^yV hmoVmo.
u ~mbH$mbm MQ>B©V Jw§S>miUmao ZmJ nVrnËZr
H$moaHy$ Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$H$WoV ZmJnVr H$moaHy$ O‘mVrVrb ñÌrZo AmnË`mbm OÝ_ {Xë`mZ§Va
g§ajUmgmR>r JdVmÀ`m MQ>B©V Jw§S>miyZ Ë`mMm gm§^mi H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
u {dð>m PmH$Umao _m§Oa
n¥ÏdrÀ`m {Z{_©VrZ§Va O§JbmVrb àmÊ`m§Mm amOm dmK gd© n«mÊ`m§gh ñZoh^moOZ H$aÊ`mMo R>adVmo,
174

Voìhm Odirb JmdmVyZ {dñVd AmUÊ`mgmR>r _m§Oambm nmR>{dbo OmVo. JmdmVrb KamV AgUmè`m
MwbrOdirb XyY _m§OamZo ß`më`mZ§Va Ë`mbm AmZ§X dmQ>bm Am{U Vo nwÝhm O§JbmV Jobo Zmhr; na§Vw
O§JbmVrb dmK _mÌ _m§OamMr dmQ> AmOhr ~KVmo Amho. _m§Oambm Ë`mZo gm§{JVbo, "Vy {H$Vrhr bnbmg
Var _r VwÂ`m {dð>Ào `m dmgmdê$Z Vwbm emoYZy H$mT>Uma.' åhUyZ _m§Oa AmOhr Amnbr {dð>m _mVrZo PmHy$Z
R>odVo.
u gemMo nwT>Mo nm` AmIyS> H$m
Am{Xdmgr {^„mMm _hmnwéf amOm \$mZR>m Am{U Jm§S>m R>mHy$a Xwgè`m amÁ`mMo {ZarjU H$aÊ`mgmR>r
OmVmV; na§Vw bdH$a `oV ZmhrV. BH$S>o amOm \$mZR>mMr nËZr Amnë`m nVrMo {Xdg H$ê$Z ImV AgVmZm
Omo H$m`©H«$_ Ho$bm OmVmo, Ë`m H$m`©H«$_mV ggm gh^mJr hmoD$Z {VÀ`mer ào_ H$ê$ bmJVmo Am{U {ddmh
H$aÊ`mMo g§Ho$V XoVmo. `mM Xaå`mZ amOm \$mZR>mMo AmJ_Z hmoVo. nËZrgh Z¥Ë` H$aUmam ggm nmhVmM Vmo
amJmdVmo Am{U Amnë`m hmVmVrb eñÌmZo Ë`mMo nwT>Mo nm` VmoS>Vmo. VoìhmnmgyZ ggm hm AmIyS> nm`m§Zr
{\$aVmZm {XgVmo.
u gmdÌ _wbmbm _XV H$aUmam H$moëhm
AmB©À`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va gmdÌ AmB©Zo gm§^mibobm _wbJm Xw:ImV OrdZ OJV AgVmo. Ë`mMm ~mn
Xwgè`m nËZrMo EoHy$Z Ë`mbm Ìmg XoVmo O§JbmV Jwao MmaÊ`mgmR>r nmR>dVmo Jwao nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Joë`mZ§Va
_Ja Ë`m§Zm ^rVr XmIdyZ nmUr {nD$ XoV Zmhr. VhmZbobr OZmdao Kar `oVmV ho ~mnmbm g_OVo. ~mn
amJmdVmo aS>Umè`m _wbmbm H$moëhm _XV H$aÊ`mMo R>adVmo. dmiboë`m nmZm§Odi _Jarbm AmUyZ H$moëhm
nmZm§Zm AmJ bmdVmo Am{U _wbmbm _XV H$aVmo.
u ~¡bmMo VwH$S>o H$aUmam _wbJm
EH$m JmdmVrb Jar~ _wbJm eoVmV ^anya H$ï> H$ê$Z eoVr {nH${dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo.na§Vw Ë`mbm
`e `oV Zmhr. ~¡bmbm Ë`mMr X`m `oVo d Vmo Amnë`m _mbH$mbm Amnbm dY H$aÊ`mg gm§JVmo. Ë`m
VwH$S>çmMo gmoÝ`mV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. {_imbobo gmoZo _wbJm KoV Zmhr. Á`m KamV Vo gmoZo AgVo Ë`m Kambm
H$S>r bmdyZ {d_ZñH$ hmoD$Z ^Q>Hy$ bmJVmo.
u amOmbm Hw$Ìm ~ZdUmar amUr
EH$m amUrMo JmdmOdirb _hmamOmgmo~V AZ¡{VH$ g§‘§Y AgVmV. amOmÀ`m ZH$iV Vr Ë`mbm
 175

^oQ>V AgVo. _mÌ EH$Xm amOm nËZrbm _hmamOmer ^oQ>VmZm nmhVmo Am{U amUrÀ`m bjmV `oVmM Vr
_hmamOmbm hr AS>MU gm§JVo. _hmamO Amnë`m _m§{ÌH$ eŠVrZo Ë`m amOmbm Hw$Ìm ~Z{dVmo Am{U amUrgh
AmZ§XmV amhVmo.
u _mH${S>Ur~amo~a {ddm{hV hmoUmam dmK
EH$Xm gd© n«mUr gm`§H$miÀ`m doir Jßnm _maV ~gbobo AgVmZm _mH$S>m§À`m H$inmVrb EH$
_mH$S>r>U ~mgar dmOdrV AgVo. dmK ~mgarMo gya EoH$Vmo Am{U _mH${S>Urer {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd
R>do Vmo. _mH$S>mM§ m H$in 7 {Xdgm§Mr _wXV KoVmo. b¾m{Xder _mH${S>Urbm ZdrZ nmoemI d Ab§H$ma KmbyZ
V`ma H$aVmV. dmKmMo AmJ_Z hmoVmM gd© _mH$S>o aSy> bmJVmV Am{U _mH${S>UrMo {ZYZ Pmë`mMr ~mV_r
gm§JVmV Am{U nwÝhm aSy> bmJVmV. aS>Ê`mMm AmdmO EoH$VmM dmK VoWZy {ZKyZ OmVmo Am{U _mH${S>Ur~amo~a
hmoUmam {ddmh aÔ hmoVmo, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u haUm§À`m nmoQ>mV {nÎmme` H$m Zmhr?
O§JbmVrb harU Amnë`m JVrda Jd© H$arV hmoVo. Km|Ko ZmdmMm H$sQ>H$ haUm~amo~a YmdÊ`mMr
e`©V bmdVmo. Km|Ko ZmdmMo H$sQ>H$ àË`oH$ R>amdrH$ A§Vamda JdVmV bnyZ ~gVmV. haU Ymdm`Mo
Wm§~m`Mo. Km|Ko H$sQ>H$mMr Mm¡H$er H$arV Voìhm Vmo åhUVmo _r BWoM Amho. eodQ>r {OWo ñnYm© g§nUma hmoVr
{VWn`ªV haU nmohmoMVo; na§Vw A{YH$ Ymdë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb H$mhr Ad`d ~mhoa nS>VmV Ë`mV
Ë`mMo {nÎmme` ~mhoa nS>Vo. VoìhmnmgyZ haUmbm {nÎmme` Zmhr, Aer H$mën{ZH$ H$Wm ê$T> Amho.
u _wbmMm gm§^mi H$aUmao gmqiXa
gmdÌ AmB©À`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z _wbmMm ~mn O§JbmV {eH$marMo {Z{_Îm H$ê$Z KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U JwhVo
H$m|Sy>Z R>odVmo. H$m|S>boë`m _wbmMm AmdmO EoHy$Z O§JbmVrb àmUr O_m hmoVmV. O_boë`m§n¡H$s gmqiXa
Amnë`m H$mQ>çm§Zr _mVr nmoIê$Z _wbmMr gwQ>H$m H$aVo.
u Añdbm~amo~a niyZ OmUmar ñÌr
EH$m PmonS>rV EH$ ñÌr amhV hmoVr. O§JbmVrb EH$ Añdb {\$aV {\$aV VoWo `oV.o Ë`m ñÌrbm {ddmh
H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVo. PmonS>r>Vrb ñÌr AñdbmMm àñVmd _mÝ` H$ê$Z Añdbm~amo~a {ddmh H$ê$Z
AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va {VMm nVr `oVmo. AñdbmÀ`m nm`m§Mo R>go AmoiIyZ _mJ H$mTy>Z
Ë`mbm R>ma _maVmo Am{U nËZrbm hmH$byZ XoVmo. àmUr Am{U ñÌr `m§Mo hmoUmao {ddmh `oWo ñnï> hmoVmV.
176

u H$moëømbm O§JbmMm amOm ~ZdUmam dmK

H$moëhm, dmK Am{U Sw>ŠH$a `m§À`m_Ü`o ^m§S>Uo bmdyZ OI_r Pmë`mZ§Va dmK H$moëømbm O§JbmMm
amOm åhUyZ Kmo{fV H$aVmo.
u dmK S>aH$mù`m H$m \$moS>Vmo?
Am{Xdmgr {^ëbm§Mr ê$nbm ZmdmMr Xodr hmoVr. EH$m JmdmVrb S>mH$Ê`m§Zr {VÀ`mda OmXy Ho$br.
Ë`m_wio Vr doS>çmgmaIr amhÿ bmJbr. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr {Vbm Kam~mhoa H$mT>b.o JmdmVyZ O§JbmV hmH$byZ
{Xbo. Zdam amOm \$mZQ>m {Vbm O§JbmV KoD$Z OmVmo. PmonS>r ~m§YZy XoVmo. Vr AmZ§XmZo O§JbmV amhVo. H$mhr
{Xdgm§Z§Va Vr àgyV hmoD$Z {Vbm dmK hr AnË`o OÝ_mbm `oVmV. Vr AmZ§XmZo Amnë`m _wbm§~amo~a amhÿ
bmJVo; na§Vw dmKm§Zm AmB©Mm Pmbobm An_mZ ghZ hmoV Zmhr. åhUyZ Vr amoO O§JbmVyZ JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm
S>aH$mir \$moSy>Z AmdmhZ XoVmV, Vo AmdmhZ AmOhr Mmby Amho. Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u ggm WaWa H$m H$mnVmo ?
{^ëb amOm \$mZR>m EH$Xm amÁ`mVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zm ~mobmdVmo nyOm H$aVmo. àË`oH$mÀ`m Jmdr OmÊ`mMo
R>adVmo. na§Vw bdH$a `oV Zmhr. _m{V©H$ {dYr H$aVmV. Ë`mV ggm gh^mJr hmoD$Z amOm \$mZR>mÀ`m
~m`H$moer gbJr H$aVmo. Kar Ambobm amOm \$mZR>m gembm Z¥Ë` H$aVmZm nmhVmo. hmVmVrb eñÌ Imbr
R>odyZ gemMo H$mZ nH$Sy>Z CMë`mda ggm Km~ê$Z WaWa H$mnVmo. AmOhr _mUgmZo gembm nH$S>VmM
Vmo amOm \$mZR>mMr AmR>dU H$mT>Vmo Am{U WaWa H$mnVmo. gemÀ`m WaWa H$mnÊ`mMo ahñ` `oWo gm§{JVbo
OmVo.
u H$moëhm Hw$B© Hw$B© H$m H$aVmo ?
H$moëhm gd© àmÊ`m§Mr g^m KoD$Z AmnU dmKmbm amOm åhUm`Mo Zmhr Ago R>a{dVmo H$maU Ë`m§Mr
g§»` Aën Amho AmnU ~hþg§»` Amho. AmnU O§JbmMo amOo AmhmoV ho ^mg{dÊ`mgmR>r XaamoO amÌr
EH$_oH$m§Zm Hw$B© Hw$B© gmX XoD$Z AmnU amOo AmhmoV ho ^mg{dVmV.
u _m§gmhma Z H$aUmar _m§Oa
O§JbmVrb nú`m§Mr KaQ>r AgUmè`m PmS>mda _m§Oa amhÿ bmJVo. njr {dMma H$aVmV, "_m§Oa~mB©
Vy BWo H$m amhVo? Am_Mr {nëbo ImD$Z Q>mH$erb.' _m§Oa åhUVo," _r _m§gmhma ~§X Ho$bobm Amho.' njr
{dœmg R>do VmV. Z§Va _mÌ KaQ>çm§Vrb {nëbm§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoD$ bmJVo. gd© njr {dMma H$aVmV Am{U
 177

PmS>mMm Ë`mJ H$aVmV.

u dmKmbm Km~adUmam H$moëhm
àM§S> nmdgmù`mV EH$ H$moëhm dmKmÀ`m JwhoV amhVmo. dmKmMm {_Ì Añdb JwhoV `oVo. H$moëhm
^r{VXm`H$ AmdmO H$mTy>Z Añdbmbm nidyZ bmdVmo. dmKmbm gm§JVmo, {d{MÌ àmUr VwÂ`m JwhoV Amho.
dmK `oVmo. dmKmbm {d{MÌ AmdmO H$mTy>Z H$moëhm nwÝhm Km~adVmo. XmoKo Km~aVmV Z§Va nmD$g H$_r hmoVmM
H$moëhm {ZKyZ OmVmo. A{Ve`moŠVr Agboë`m H$WoVrb H$ënZm ~§YmVyZ H$moëømMo MmVw`© ñnï> hmoVo.
u K§Q>r dmO{dUmao _mH$S>
O§JbmOdi Agboë`m JmdmVrb JmB© amoO O§JbmV Mmam ImÊ`mgmR>r OmVmV. EH$Xm EH$m JmB©Mr
K§Q>r O§JbmV nS>V.o _mH$S> CMbVo hmVmV YaVo. O§JbmV OmUmar _mUgo PmS>mdê$Z `oUmam K§Q>rMm AmdmO
EoHy$Z Km~aVmV. EH$Xm åhmVmar O§JbmV bmH$S>o AmUm`bm Jobobr AgVmZm K§Q>r Mm AmdmO EoH$Vo. Ë`m
Xaå`mZ amOm g§H$Q>mMo {ZdmaU H$aÊ`mgmR>r JmdmV AmdmhZ H$aVmo. åhmVmar Vo AmdmhZ ñdrH$maVo.
O§JbmV OmVmZm \$io KoD$Z OmVo. _mH$S>mÀ§ `m H$inmImbr \$io R>do Vo. _mH$S> `oV,o K§Q>r Imbr R>do Vo Am{U
\$io ImVmZm åhmVmar K§Q>r CMbVo. JmdH$è`m§Zm g§H$Q>mVyZ _wŠV H$aVo.
u Xodm§Zm \$gdUmao JmT>d
EH$Xm nmZXod Am{U dmamXod _mUgm§À¶m ghdmgmV `oVmV Ë`m§Zm _mZ {_iV Zmhr. Vo amJmdVmV
nmD$g Am{U dmam ~§X H$aVmV. Xodm§Zm H$miOr dmQ>Vo. JmT>dmbm XyV åhUyZ nmR>dVmV. JmT>dmbm Mmam-
nmUr {_iVo Vo Xodmbm {dgaVo {Zamon KoD$Z OmV Zmhr. Xodm§Zm ho g_OVmM Vo `oVmV Am{U JmT>dmbm {ejm
H$aVmZm ZmH$ AmoT>VmV. AmOhr JmT>dmMo Xodm§Zr AmoT>bobo ZmH$ nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
u dmKmMm nam^d H$aUmam ggm
EH$Xm nmUr {nÊ`mÀ`m H$maUmñVd dmK Am{U ggm `m§À`mV ^m§S>Uo bmJVmV. XmoKo EH$_oH$m§er
bT>mB© H$aÊ`mMo R>adVmV. bT>mB©À`m {Xder ggm {MIbmZo Amnbm Xoh gOdVmo. bT>mB© hmoVmZm dmK Ooìhm
gembm nH$S>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m Vm|S>mV _mVr OmVo. g§Yr nmhÿZ ggm dmKmMo bMHo$ VmoS>Vmo.
OI_r Am{U aŠV~§~mi Pmbobm dmK Amnbm nam^d _mÝ` H$aVmo Am{U nwÝhm H$Yrhr ggm Á`m {R>H$mUr
nmUr nrV Agob {VWo OmUma Zmhr Ago R>adVmo.
178

u eoirMm gm§^mi H$aUmam H$moëhm

EH$Xm EH$m H$moëømZo eoirbm \$gdyZ AmUbo Am{U PmonS>r ~m§YyZ R>odbo. amoO Vr eoir OodT>o XyY
XoB©b, VodT>o XyY H$moëhm nrV Ago. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va H$moëømÀ`m {_Ìm§Zm ho g_OVo. H$moëhm ~mOmambm
Jobb
o m Amho nmhÿZ gd© H$moëho eoirMo VwH$S>o H$ê$Z ImVmV. amJmdbobm H$moëhm \$gdyZ _oOdmZr XoVmo, gd©
H$moëøm§Zm gm§JyZ PmonS>rV H$m|Sy>Z PmonS>rbm AmJ bmdVmo.
u JmB©Mm gm§^mi H$aUmam dmK
EH$Xm EH$m O§JbmV nmÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr J^©dVr Jm` Am{U dmK `m§Mr ^oQ> hmoV.o dmK _moR>çm _ZmZo
JmB©bm gm§JVmo," _mÂ`m {_em§_wio nmUr {dfmar hmoB©b. Vy n{hë`m§Xm nmUr nr,' Jm` _mÝ` H$aVo. Z§Va Vmo
dmK Ë`m JmB©bm JwhoV KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U {VMo ~mi§VnU H$ê$Z {VÀ`m ajUmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maVmo H«y$a
àmUr _mZdVoMm {dMma H$aVmo, hr H$ënZm `oWo ñnï> hmoVo.
u ~mbH$mMm gm§^mi H$aUmar KmoanS
EH$m O§JbmV EH$ {Zam{lV ~mbH$ hadboë`m AmB©d{S>bm§À`m emoYmV {ZKmbobm AgVmo. dmK, qgh
{OWo dmñVì` H$aVmV, Aem dmQ>Zo o OmV AgVmZm Km~aVo Voìhm KmoanS> Ë`m ~mbH$mbm Amnë`m nmoQ>mImbr
AmYma XoVo Am{U gwa{jV {R>H$mUr nmohmoMdVo.
darb gd© àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmVrb àmUr Am{Xdmgr, O_mVrVrb n[agamV amhUmao AgyZ
àg§Jr Vo Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aUmao AmhoV. Ogo JmdmVrb _mUgo EH$_oH$m§À`m ghdmgmV AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJVmV
Ë`mMà_mUo bmoH$H$WoVrb àmUr OrdZ OJV AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb ho àmUr {díd {dbmo^Zr`
AgyZ bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Ame`mbm ~iH$Q>r AmUmd`mg _XV H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
3) njr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Ym à_mUoM nú`m§À`m AZwfJ§ mZo Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y
AmhoV, Vo _hÎdmMo AgyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Vmo EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho Ago dmQ>Vo. Aem `m
bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmao njr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
u g_wÐmMo nmUr ImaQ> H$m ?
nmdgmù`mnydu nmH$m ZmdmMm njr Amnë`m Kar _rR> KoD$Z OmVmZm nmdgmbm gwédmV hmoVo Am{U
Ë`mMo gd© _rR> g_wÐmV gm§S>Vo. AmOhr nmdgmù`mnydu ho Ë`mMo H$mê$Ê` ñda> Ë`mÀ`m AmdmOmVyZ ì`ŠV
 179

hmoVmV.
u nú`m§Mm amOm ~Zbobm Kw~S
n¥ÏdrÀ`m {Z{_©VrZ§Va gd© njr EH$Ì `oVmV. Amnbm amOm H$moU `m{df`r MMm© H$aVmZm _moamMm
AmJ«h Yabm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mbm {damoY H$ê$Z gd© njr Kw~S>mMr {ZdS> H$aVmV. `mMo H$maU Vm|S>, AmdmO
Vmo amÌ^«_§Vr H$aVmo Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u Xodm§Mm nam^d H$aUmam eoVH$ar
EH$ eoVH$ar {Z`moOZ~Õ eoVr H$arV AgVmo. Xodm§Zm Ë`mMm _Ëga dmQ>Vmo. Vo XwîH$mi {Z_m©U H$ê$Z
eoVH$è`mbm AÔb KS>dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV Voìhm H$mdim Xodm§Mr Jwág^m EoHy$Z eoVH$è`mbm gëbm
XoD$Z Xodm§Mm nwÝhm nam^d H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Vmo. eoVH$è`mbm _XV H$aUmam H$mdim _mZdr ì`{ŠV_Ëdmer
EH$ê$n hmoVmo.
u {Q>Q>drMm nmR>bmJ H$aUmar Kma
\$ma dfmªnydu EH$m JmdmV n{VnËZr AmZ§XmZo amhV hmoVo. nËZr \$ma gw§Xa hmoVr. JmdmVrb bmoH$
{VÀ`m gm¢X`mªMr dmhdm H$arV hmoVo. Amnë`m amÁ`mV gww§Xa ñÌr Amho, ho amOmbm g_OVmM Vmo {ddmhmMm
àñVmd R>odVmo. nËZr ZH$ma XoVo. amOm {VÀ`m nVrda {dfà`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`mbm R>ma _maVmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m
{dYdm ñÌrbm nËZr ~ZdÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. ñÌr KamMm JmdmMm Ë`mJ H$aVo. O§JbmVrb gmYy
_hmamOmH$S>o Aml` KoVo. amOm {VWo nmohmoMVmo. Voìhm gmYw_hmamO {Vbm Am{U {VÀ`m nVrbm {Q>Q>drÀ`m
énmV ~XbVmo. gmYyZo Ho$bobm ~Xb amOmÀ`m bjmV `oVmo. Vmohr _m§{ÌH$ {dÚm OmUUmam AgVmo. Vmo KmarMo
ê$n KoD$Z {Q>Q>drV ê$nm§Va Pmboë`m ñÌrÀ`m nmR>r_mJo YmdVmo. Vmo {VMm nmR>bmJ AmOn`ªV H$arV Amho.
u H$~wVa JwQw>aJw§J H$m H$aVo?
\$ma dfmªnyduMr Jmoï> Amho. H$~wVa \$ma gw§Xa AmdmO H$mT>V hmoVo. EH$Xm Vo EH$m _mXr H$~wVamÀ`m
ào_mV nS>Vo _mXr H$~wVa {ddmhmgmR>r Hw$Qw>~§ mMr nadmZJr KoV.o _mÌ Hw$Q>>w ~§ mVrb bmoH$ nadmZJr XoV ZmhrV.
XmoKm§À`m ^oQ>rÀ`m {R>H$mUr amoO Za H$~wVa {VMr dmQ> nmhVmo; na§Vw Vr `oV Zmhr. {VÀ`m àVrjoV AgUmam
H$~wVa AmoaSy>Z AmoaSy>Z JVàmU hmoVo; hr KQ>Zm Ë`mÀ`m KamVrb bmoH$m§Zm ghZ hmoV Zmhr. Vo H$H©$e
AmdmOmV emoH$ ì`ŠV H$aVmV; Ë`m_wio gw§Xa AmdmO AgUmao ho H$~wVa JwQw>aJw§J H$aVo.
180

u H$m|~S>çmMm Vwam bmb H$m?

EH$Xm Am{XdmgtÀ`m Z¥Ë`mV gy`©, M§Ð gh^mJr hmoVmV; na§Vw Ë`m§À`mH$S>o H$moUr bj XoV Zmhr. Vo
amJmdVmV Am{U CJdÊ`mMo ~§X H$aVmV. gy`© Am{U M§Ð `m§À`mV g_OyV H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r H$moUVm njr V`ma
hmoVmo H$m? `mMr {dMmaUm Mmbbobr AgVmZm H$m|~S>m hm njr V`ma hmoVmo; na§Vw Vmo {Xgm`bm ~oS>m¡b
AgVmo. gd© njr Ë`mÀ`m _Vmà_mUo Ë`mbm S>moŠ`mda Vwam eonQ>rMm {ngmam ~hmb H$aVmV. H$m|~S>m V`ma
hmoVmo. gy`© Am{U M§Ð `m§À`mH$S>o OmD$Z {dZdUr H$aVmo. gd© _mUgm§Mo à{V{Z{YËd H$aUmam H$m|~S>m _r
_mPm àmUË`mJ H$arZ; na§Vw Vwåhmbm Xw:I XoUma Zmhr Ago AmídmgZ XoVmo. gy`©, M§Ð ho _mÝ` H$aVmV.
AmOhr Xod Am{U _mUgo `m§À`m_Yrb _Ü`ñWmMr ^y{_H$m nma nmS>VmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
u _moamMo n§I gw§Xa H$m?
\$ma \$ma dfmªnydu _moa hm Yyga a§JmMm njr hmoVm. Ë`mMr eonQ>r bm§~ hmoVr. EHo$ {Xder gd© njr
gy`m©bm A{^dmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmÊ`mMo R>a{dVmV. gJù`m nú`m§Zr OmÊ`mnojm _moambm à{V{Z{YËd
XoVmV. _moa gy`m©H$S>o OmVmo. gy`©amUrer EH$ê$n hmoVmo. ào_ H$ê$ bmJVmo Am{U {VWoM amhVmo. n¥Ïdrda
`oÊ`mg ZH$ma XoVmo. åhmVmarÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z n¥Ïdrda gagmMo nrH$ bmdVmV. Ë`mÀ`m \w$bm§Zm nmhÿZ _moa
n¥Ïdrda `oÊ`mMo R>adVmo. gy`m©amUr Xw:Ir hmoVo _moa n¥Ïdrda `oVmZm Vr Amnbo Aly _moamÀ`m n§Im§da
T>miVo. Voìhm {VÀ`m Aml§yVyZ _moamMo n§I gw§Xa hmoVmV Am{U Vmo nwÝhm gy`m©amUrH$S>o OmV Zmhr...
åhUyZ..._mamMo n§I gw§Xa AgVmV Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u H$m|~S>çmer {ddm{hV hmoUmar amOH$Ý`m :
EH$m JmdmV EH$ åhmVmar amhV hmoVr. {Vbm EH$Xm C{H$aS>çmda A§S>o gmnS>Vo. Ë`m A§S>çmbm Vr
H$m|~S>r Odi R>odVo. H$m|~S>çmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vmo H$m|~S>m _moR>m hmoVmo. amOdmS>çm§À`m
{IS>H$sV Cä`m Agboë`m amOH$Ý`obm nmhVmo. åhmVmarH$Sy>Z b¾mMr _mJUr KmbVmo. amOm ZH$ma XoVmo;
na§Vw H$m|~S>m dmKmMr _XV KoD$Z amOmbm Ìmg XoVmo. _mUgo _ê$ bmJë`mZ§Va amOmMm ZmBbmO hmoVmo Am{U
Vmo Amnbr _wbJr H$m|~S>çmÀ`m hdmbr H$aVmo.
u _mbH$mMo àmU dmM{dUmam H$m|~S>m
\$ma dfmªnydu EH$m JmdmV EH$ bmë`m ZmdmMm ‘mUyg amhV AgVmo. Ë`mMo _aU Odi Ambo Amho
ho H$m|~S>çmbm g_OVmM `_mÀ`m XyVmbm H$m|S>y Z R>do Ê`mMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmV. EHo$ {Xder `_mMm XyV `oVmM
Ë`mbm \$gdyZ H$m|Sy>Z R>odVmo. `_mbm hr ~mV_r H$iVo. Vmo n¥Ïdrda `oD$Z bmë`mÀ`m JmdmV gd©gm_mÝ`
 181

_mUgmà_mUo amhVmo. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm Xmê$ nmOVmo. bmë`m Xmê$À`m ZeoV `_mÀ`m XyVmbm H$m|Sy>Z
R>odë`mMo gm§JVmo. `_ Ë`mMr gwQ>H$m H$aVmo Am{U bmë`mMm àmU KoD$Z OmVmo.
u hmoë`mÀ`m Jù`mVrb hma
b§Ho$Mm amOm amdU grVobm nidyZ ZoÊ`mgmR>r grVoÀ`m PmonS>rOdi `oVmo. hmoë`mbm ho g_OVmM
Vmo grVobm gmdY H$aVmo; na§Vw Vr Xwb©j H$aVo. H$mhr doimZ§Va amdU `oVmo Am{U grVobm KoD$Z OmVmZm
hmoë`m nú`mMo EoH$bo AgVo Va ~ao Pmbo AgVo, Ago {Vbm dmQ>Vo; na§Vw doi {ZKyZ Jobobr AgVo. eodQ>r
OmVmZm Vr Amnë`m Jù`mVrb hma hmoë`mbm XoVo Am{U {ZKyZ OmVo.
u nmZ{eì`m nú`mMo KaQ>o gw§Xa H$m ?
n¥Ïdrda AÝ`m` dmT>bb
o m hmoVm. {ZgJ©Xdo Vobm hr n¥Ïdr Zï> H$amd`mMr hmoVr. Vr nú`m§Zm OrdXmZ
XoÊ`mgmR>r ~mobmdVo. H$moUr njr OmV Zmhr. bhmZ nmZ{eì¶m njr OmVmo. {ZgJ©XodVm gm§JVo,"Obàb`
hmoUma Amho. Vy nmZm§Mr Jw§S>mir H$ê$Z àmU dmMd.' bhmZ nmZ{eì¶m njr EoH$Vmo. nmZm§Mo KaQ>o ~m§YVmo
Am{U _aUmnmgyZ Xya amhVmo.
u ~mimMm gm§^mi H$aUmar Kma
EH$ eoVH$ar hmoVm. Ë`mbm _yb~mi ZìhVo. n{hbr, Xwgar, {Vgar Aem VrZ ~m`H$m§Mm ñdrH$ma
Ho$bm. {Vgar nËZr J^©dVr hmoD$Z àgyV hmoVo. n{hë`m XmoÝhr ~m`H$m {VMm Ûof H$aVmV Am{U {VÀ`m
~mimbm O§JbmV H$ad§XrÀ`m PwS>nmV \o$Hy$Z XoVmV. aS>Umè`m ~mimMm AmdmO EoHy$Z Kma `oVo. Ë`mbm
CMbVo, KaQ>çmV KoD$Z OmVo Am{U gm§^mi H$aVo.
u _mbH$mÀ`m YmÝ`mgmR>r ~{bXmZ H$aUmam H$m|~S>m
gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb {^ëb O_mVrV EH$ eoVH$ar amhV hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m eoVmV Á`m doir ^aKmog nrH$
AgVo hmoVo Voìhm Vmo AmOmar nS>Vmo. AmOmar _mbH$mMo Xw…I H$m|~S>m AmoiIVmo. eoVrÀ`m amIUrMr
O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maVmo. amÌrÀ`m doir Mmoa `oVmV Voìhm H$m|~S>m _mbH$mbm hmH$m _maVmo Am{U Mmoar
Pmë`mMr gyMZm H$aVmo. Mmoam§Zm ho g_OVmM Vo H$m|~>S>çmbm R>ma _mê$Z YmÝ`mMr H$Ugo KoD$Z OmVmV.
u IoH$S>çmÀ`m nmR>rda ~gUmam H$mdim
g¥ï>r{Z{_©VrÀ`m doir Jm|S> O_mVrVrb EH$m bmoH$H$WoV _mVr AmUmd`mg Jobb
o m H$mdim {dlm§VrgmR>r
IoH$S>çmÀ`m nmR>rda ~gVmo Am{U {dlm§Vr KoVmo. Ooìhm H$mdim nmR>rda ~gVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m nm`mMo R>go
182

IoH$S>çmÀ`m nmR>rda C_Q>VmV, Vo AmOn`ªV C_Q>bobo AmhoV.

u amOmMm dY H$aUmao brZ nmIê$
H$mVH$ar O_mVrVrb EH$m bmoH$H$WoVrb brZ ZmdmMo nmIê$ amOmbm AmdmhZ H$aVmZm _mÂ`mOdi
Amho Vo amOmOdi Zmhr Ago gm§Jy bmJVo. amJmdbobm amOm nmIambm nH$S>Vmo Am{U {Od§V {JiyZ Q>mH$Vmo.
{Jibobo nmIê$ amOmÀ`m nmoQ>mV {Od§V AgVmZmhr AmdmhZ XoVo. amOmbm Ìmg hmoVmo. Z§Va Vmo ZmoH$am§Zm
gm§JyZ JwX²ÛmamOdi Vbdmar KoD$Z C^o H$aVmo. nmIê$ ~mhoa `oÊ`mMr dmQ>> nmhUmao g¡{ZH$ nmIambm
VbdmarZo R>ma _maÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV; na§Vw nmIê$ {ZKyZ OmVo Am{U amOm OI_r hmoD$Z _ê$Z OmVmo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb njr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmVyZ g^modVmbMo gd© njr Am{Xdmgr
ghdmgmVrb gh^mJr hmoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. n¡H$s _rR> KoD$Z OmUmam njr, H$mdim Am{U {Q>Q>drMm
nmR>bmJ H$aUmar Kma, JwQ>a©Jw_ H$aUmao H$~wVa ho gd© njr Amnë`m ñd^md{deofmZo Am{U OrdZnÕVrZo
Amnbo doJionU {gÕ H$aVmV. doJù`m OrdZmZw^dmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmao njr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
doJionU {gÕ H$aÊ`mg _XV H$aVmZm {XgVmV.
4) g¥ï>r CËnÎmr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
g¥ï>rMr Pmbobr {Z{_©Vr {dkmZmbm AmdmhZ Amho. _mÌ \$ma \$ma dfmªnydu hr gd© g¥ï>r O§Jb_`
hmoVr Am{U Z§Va OrdO§Vy OÝ_mbm Ambo, Agm A§XmO ~m§Ybm OmVmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ g¥ï>r
CËnÎmr{df`H$ Á`m H$ënZm AmhoV Ë`m {dbmo^Zr` AmhoV Am{U Ë`m {dkmZmÀ`m _mJm©Zo OmUmè`m AmhoV,
Ago dmQ>Vo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr {Zaja AgyZ O§Jbm_Yrb Ë`m§À`m dmñVì`mV {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm O§JbmVrb
g¥ï>rMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m AmYmamZo _m§S>boë`m H$ënZm _hÎdmÀ`m dmQ>VmV.
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoUmao g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr {df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm
`oVrb :
u ‘mZdr ApñVËdmMo _hÎd
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m g¥ï>rÀ`m ApñVËdmMr H$ënZm åhUOo Omon`ªV gy`© Am{U M§Ð `m§Mo
ApñVËd Amho Vmon`ªV _mZdmMo ApñVËd amhUma Amho. gy`©, M§Ð Am{U g_wÐmMo nmUr `m§Mo ApñVËd
Ooìhm g§nob Voìhm _mUgmMo ApñVËd g§nUma Amho. g¥ï>rMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm n{hë`m§Xm gy`© Am{U Z§Va
nmD$g nS>ë`mZ§Va g¥ï>r ApñVËdmV Ambobr Amho, Ago _mZbo OmVo.
 183

u H$mgdmZo AmUboë`m _mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>rMr {Z{_©Vr

g¥ï>rÀ`m {Z{_©Vr{df`r Am{Xdmgr H$WoV {d{dY {df` `oVmV. Ë`m§n¡H$s hm EH$ {df` Amho.
H$mgdmZo g_wÐmÀ`m Vimer ~wS>r _mê$Z g_wÐVimVrb _mVr AmUbr Am{U g¥ï>rMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr.
H$mgdmMo Am`wî` 1000 df} _mZbo OmVo, Voìhm g¥ï>r{Z{_©VrVrb Ë`mMo `moJXmZ _hÎdmMo Amho.
u _memZo AmUboë`m _mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr …
H$moaHy$ O_mVrV _memZo AmUboë`m _mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr Pmbr Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u Jm§Sw>imZo AmUboë`m _mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
Jm|S> O_mVrV nmÊ`mVrb H$_imÀ`m nmZmda Agboë`m g¥ï>rXodmZo IoH$S>m {Z_m©U Ho$bm. g_wÐmÀ`m
Vimer ~wS>r _mê$Z Jm§S>w imÀ`m _mZobm nH$Sy>Z da AmUbo. Jm§S>w imZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m _mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
Pmbr.
u bmoI§S>mÀ`m {Iù`mnmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
_m{S>`m O_mVr_Ü`o O_mVrÀ`m à_wI nwéfmZo bmoI§S>mMm _moR>m {Iim V`ma H$ê$Z Vmo nmÊ`mV
_mabm; Ë`m_wio CîUVm {Z_m©U Pmbr. Q>oH$S>çm, _¡XmZo {Z_m©U Pmbobr CîUVm hiyhiy W§S> Pmbr. _mVr,
dmiy, XJS> {Z_m©U hmoD$Z ~oQ>mM§ r {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. {Z_m©U Pmbobr ~oQ>o nmÊ`mda Va§Jy bmJbr Am{U g¥ï>rMr
{Z{_©Vr Pmbr Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u åhmVmarÀ`m Ho$agwUrZo AmH$memMr {Z{_©Vr
Jm|S> O_mVrV Jm|S> O_mVrVrb åhmVmarZo hmVmVrb Ho$agwUrZo \$Q>H$mam _mê$Z AmH$memMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br; Va dmabr O_mVrV åhmVmarZo S>moŠ`mda Agboë`m ^m§S>çmÀ`m AmKmVmZo AmH$me {Z_m©U Ho$bo.
u _imÀ`m M|Sy>nmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr …
g¥ï>rH$Vm© {\$aV AgVmZm Ë`mbm Km_ Ambm. Ë`m Km_mMm Ë`mZo M|Sy> V`ma Ho$bm. Vmo Ë`mZo
VihmVmda Pobbm. VrZ doim Pobbm. Mm¡Ï`m doir hdoÀ`m _Ü`^mJr pñWa Pmbm Am{U g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
Pmbr.
u bm§S>½`mZo \o$H$boë`m ñ\${Q>H$m§Zr Vmam§JUmMr {Z{_©Vr
g¥ï>rdarb n{hë`m _mZdmOdi ñ\${Q>H$mMo XmoZ VwH$S>o hmoVo Ë`m§Zm nmÊ`mVrb Vd§JmZo OmoS>bo Vo
184

ñ\${Q>H$mMo VwH$S>o H$moëømZo hdoV {^aH$mdbo Am{U Ë`mVyZ Vmam§JUm {Z_m©U Pmë`m Ago _mZbo OmVo.
u Hw§$^maUr _mernmgyZ g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
dmabr O_mVrVrb ZmaZXodmZo Hw$§ ^maUrH$Sy>Z _mVrÀ`m XmoZ MmUŠ`m ~Z{dë`m Ë`m EH$_oH$m§da R>do Zy
~bmT>ç _mUgmbm ~mobmdyZ Xm~ XoÊ`mg gm§{JVbo. n{hë`m§Xm g¥ï>r {b~{b~rV {MIbmMr hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va
Vr hiyhiy KÅ> hmoD$ bmJbr. g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr Aer Pmbr.
u _m§Jya _memnmgyZ n¥ÏdrMr {Z{_©Vr
n¥ÏdrH$Ë`m©Zo g¥ï>rMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm _m§Jay _N>brbm g_wÐmVrb Amobr _mVr AmUmd`mg gm§JZy Ë`m
_mVrnmgyZ g¥ï>r {Z_m©U Ho$br.
u YZwî`~mUm§À`m _mè`mZo g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
\$ma \$ma dfmªnydu Am^mi Iyn Imbr bm|~iH$V hmoVo. g¥ï>rdarb _mUgm§Zm Vo AS>MUrMo dmQ>bo.
VgoM g¥ï>r hr EH$ \$g\$gUmè`m ÁdmboÀ`m M|Sy>gmaIr dñVy hmooVr Am{U {VMo Vmn_mZ àM§S> hmoVo.
CîUVo_i
w o g¥ï>rdarb _mUgm§Zr bm§~ YZwî` Ho$bm Voìhm O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o Pmbo Ë`mVyZ M§Ð gy`© {Z_m©U Pmbo.
u MmH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr
\$ma \$ma dfmªnydu g¥ï>r hm _mVrMm Jmoim hmoVm. Ë`m Jmoù`mbm MmH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {\$adrV S>m|Ja
Xè`m ~Z{dbo Am{U g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr Ho$br.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© g¥ï>r {Z{_©VrÀ`m H$ënZm~§YmMm {dMma H$aVm nydu gd© ^y^mJ hm Ob_` hmoVm. Z§Va
_mVr d {MIbgÑí` ^y^mJmMo S>mJ| Xè`m§V énm§Va Pmbo. VgoM \$ma CîUVm {Z_m©U hmoVr. n¥ÏdrMo Vmn_mZ
dmTy>Z ^yJ^m©Vrb gd© KQ>H$ n¥Ïdrda Ambo Am{U S>m|Ja, nd©V {Z_m©U Pmbo. VgoM g¥ï>r{Z{_©Vr_Ü`o
IoH$S>m, Jm§S>y i, H$mgd, {MIbmVrb _mgm `m§Mm g§~Y§ OmoS>bm OmVmo. AmOhr IoH$S>çm Am{U Jm§S>i
y mÀ`m
{N>ÐmOdi _mVrÀ`m bhmZ bhmZ Jmoù`m {XgVmV. H$Xm{MV `m {ZarjUmVyZ g¥ï>r {Z{_©VrMr H$ënZm
gwMbr Agmdr Ago dmQ>Vo.
5) _mZdr CËnÎmr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
_mZdrCËnÎmr {df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmMm {dMma H$aVm, Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ _mZdmMr hmoUmar
CËnÎmr {dbjU ñdê$nmMr OmUdVo. bmoH$H$WmH$mam§À`m H$ënZoVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar _mZdmMr CËnÎmr bj
doYyZ KoUmar Amho. Ë`mM nÕVrZo g¥ï>rCËnÎmrÀ`m JyT> mà_mUo _mZdr CËnÎmrMo JyT> _mUgmbm hmoVo, `mMr
 185

_m{hVr {_iVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ _mZdr CËnÎmr{df`H$ AgUmè`m JyT>VoMo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y
nmhmd`mg {_iVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
u _wR>^a _mVrnmgyZ _mZdr CËnÎmr
Am{Xdmgr "H$moaHy$' O_mVrV Ago _mZbo OmVo H$s, _hmXodmZo gmdbrJS> Am{U nmdmJS> `oWyZ
_wR>^a _mVr AmUbr d Ë`mVyZ nwéf d ñÌr `m§Mo nwVio {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm gOrd Ho$bo. hoM H$moaHy$§ Mo _yi
nwéf hmoV.
u ZÚm-~oQ>m§darb _mZdr CËnÎmr
"H$moH$Um' `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr_Ü`o ZmJoídar Am{U dmKoídar `m XmoZ {díd_mZdm§nmgyZ g_wÐH$mR>À`m
~oQ>m§da n{hbo XmoZ _mZd V`ma Ho$bo. `mMr nwT>Mr {nT>r åhUOo AmOMm H$moH$Um Am{Xdmgr hmo`. _mZdr
CËnÎmr{df`H$ H$moH$Um Am{XdmgrÀ`m bmoH$H$WoV Ambobr H$ënZm _hÎdmMr dmQ>Vo; H$maU nmÊ`mVrb
H$moUË`m Var OrdO§Vy nmgyZ _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Ago _mZbo OmVo. `m emoYmer H$moH$UmMr bmoH$H$Wm
H$mhr gmå`ñWio XmI{dVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
u {~bm \$imnmgyZ {^ëbm§Mr CËnÎmr
e§H$amZo {~bm d¥j {Z_m©U Ho$bm. H¥$VkVm nyd©H$ EH$ _mUyg Ë`mMr nmZo d \w$bo e§H$ambm dmhÿ
bmJbm. H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a {VWo JXu dmTy> bmJbr Am{U Vmo nwéf VoWrb nwOmar ~Zbm. hm Omo n{hbm nwOmar
hmoVm Vmo {~b Am{U {~b `m eãXmnmgyZ {^b Am{U {^b nmgyZ "{^ëb' `m eãXmMr CÎnÎmr Pmbr.
àñVwVÀ`m VrÝhr bmoH$H$Wm§VZy gm§{JVbr OmUmar _mZdr CËnÎmr g_mYmZH$maH$ dmQ>V Zmhr. d¡{XH$
g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§nH$m©Mo AZoH$ g§X^© `oWo nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
6) gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm AZoH$ nmSçm§nmgyZ ~Zbobm AgVmo. Am{XdmgrMr gd© nmS>o gÑí` Jmdo
EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ Xya AgVmV. Mma-nmM nmS>çm§Mm {_iyZ EH$ Jmd ~ZVmo. 20-25 Kam§Mr g§»`m Agboë`m
nmS>çmVrb bmoH$ EH$_oH$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV Am{U EH$_oH$m§À`m ghdmgmV OrdZ OJV AgVmV.
~hþVoH$ gdmªMo OrdZ ho gm_y{hH$ nÕVrMo AgyZ EH$_oH$m§À`m aŠVg§~§Ymda Am{U ~mobr^mfoVyZ EH$g§Y
AgVmV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Oo H$mhr gm_m{OH$ OrdZ{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
{Z_m©U hmoVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
186

u gy`m©bm {JiUmam amjg

Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV gy`©J«hU åhUOo AmH$memVrb {Jam ZmdmMm amjg. Vmo gy`m©bm {JiVmo Voìhm
gy`©J«hU hmoVo, Ago _mZbo OmVo.
u Kam~mhoa OÝ_bm Vmo naYmZ
Jm|S> Am{U Jm|Sr>U ho ór nwéf eoVrMr amIU H$arV hmoVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Jm|S>rU eoVmV àgyV
hmoVo. n¡H$s n{hbr 6 ~mbHo$ KamV OÝ_br Am{U gmVdo ~mi Kam~mhoa OÝ_bo; åhUyZ Vmo naYmZ hmo`.
naYmZmÀ`m _yi nwéfmZo "doZm' ho dmÚ dmOdyZ Xodmbm àgÝZ Ho$bo. hmM naYmZMm nydO© hmo`, Ago _mZbo
OmVo.
u {^ëb O§JbmV H$m amhÿ bmJbo
nhmS>H$Ý`o~amo~a _hmXod {ddmhrV Pmbm. Ë`mbm _wbo Pmbr. Vr _wbo _moR>r Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Vrb EH$m
_wbmZo _hmXodmÀ`m ~¡bmbm R>ma _mabo. amJmdboë`m _hmXodmZo Ë`m gd© {^ëbm§Zm O§JbmV hmH$byZ {Xbo;
Ë`m_wio gd© {^ëb O§JbmV amhÿ bmJbo, Ago g_Obo OmVo.
u Iå_ CËgdmMr {Z{_©Vr
Am{Xdmgr H$moaHy$ g_mO O§JbmV dmñVì` H$arV hmoVm. Voìhm O§JbmVrb EH$ amjg Ë`m§Zm Ìmg XoV
hmoVm. Voìhm gd© H$moaHy$ _hmXodmH$S>o OmD$Z Amnbr AS>MU gm§JVmV Voìhm _hmXod amdUmbm Am{U amdU
_oKZmXmbm {dZ§Vr H$ê$Z amjgmMm dY H$aVmV. VoìhmnmgyZ _oKZmXmÀ`m ñ_aUmW© ñ_¥{VñV§^ ê$nmZo
_oKZmXmMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. amdU Am{U am_ `m§À`m `wÕmV _¥V Pmboë`m _oKZmXmMr ñ_¥{Vê$nmZo nyOm
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Iå_ CËgdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Agohr gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u EH$m Zdè`mMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmè`m gmV _wbr
EH$m JmdmV EH$ amOm hmoVm. Ë`mbm gmV _wbr hmoË`m. EH$Xm Ë`m {\$am`bm Jobëo `m AgVmZm Xwgè`m
amÁ`mVrb amOnwÌmÀ`m MmVw`m©da à^m{dV hmoD$Z Ë`mÀ`mer {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd R>odVmV Am{U
amOnwÌmMr g§_Vr `oVmM gmVhr _wbr Ë`mMm nVr åhUyZ ñdrH$ma H$aVmV, àñVwVÀ`m H$ënZm~§YmVyZ
~hþn{VËdmMr g§ñH¥$Vr ñnîQ> hmoVo.
u Xodmbm Xmê$ An©U H$aUmam ^ŠV
{^ëb O_mVrV {ddmhàg§Jr Á`mÀ`m Kar {ddmh AgVmo Vmo _mUyg g_mOmVrb Xmê$ JmiUmè`m
 187

_mUgmbm H$mhr aŠH$_ XoD$Z nmhþÊ`m§Zm nmhþUMmamgmR>r Xmê$ JmiÊ`mg gm§JVmo. Xmê$ JmiUmè`mZo Xmê$
JmiyZ Pmë`mZ§Va _¥Vm§À`m AmËå`mg d X¡dVm§Zm Xmê$ An©U Ho$br Zmhr Va Xmê$ JmiUmè`m _mUgmbm Vo
Ìmg XoVmV Agm g_O Amho.
u _Y_merÀ`m Am{U _mZdr hmS>m§À`m gmnù`mVyZ KamMr {Z{_©Vr
gwédmVrbm _mUgo Jwhm Am{U S>m|JaH$nmarV amhV hmoVr dmXi, dmam d nmD$g `mnmgyZ Ìmg hmoV
hmoVm. ^Q>H§$Vr H$aVmZm `m _mUgm§Zr _Y_mem§Mr nmoir Am{U PmS>mda Q>m§Jbobo _mZdr hmS>m§Mo gmnio
nm{hbo Am{U Ë`m§À`m AZwH$aUmVyZ Vo PmonS>r ~m§YZy amhÿ bmJbo. _{V©H$m§_Ü`o àmMrZ H$mir _¥V ì`ŠVrbm
PmS>mbm Q>m§Jbo OmV hmoVo. hm B{Vhmg `oWo nmhmd`mg {_iVmo.
u d¥jmnmgyZ eñÌm§Mr hmoUmar {Z{_©Vr
Am{Xdmgr g_mO eñÌm§Mm emoY bmJÊ`mnydu gd© H$m_o hmVm§Zr H$arV hmoVm. `m _mUgm§Zr PmS>mÀ§ `m
\$m§Úm§nmgyZ AUHw$MrXma eñÌm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. `mgmR>r Ë`mZo gmJ, XodXma d nig `m d¥jm§Mr {ZdS>
Ho$br Am{U Amnbr eñÌo ~Z{dbr.
u _¥VmËå`m§Mm AmXa ~miJUmar _wbo
EH$m JmdmVrb H$mhr _wbo Amnë`m AmOmo~m§~amo~a {eH$marbm OmVmV. nd©Vm_Yrb Q>oH$S>rdê$Z
OmVmZm Añdbmbm ~KyZ Ë`m§Zr qH$H$mir \$moS>br. Añdb amJmdVo Voìhm åhmVmam AñdbmMr _m\$s
_mJVmo. _wbm§Mo àmU dmMVmV. Vr _wbo åhmVmè`m AmOmo~m§Mo Am^ma _mZVmV. _¥Ë`yZ§Va hr ~mbHo$
åhmVmè`m _mUgm§À`m ñ_¥Vr AmR>dVmV Am{U _¥V åhmVmè`mÀ`m AmËå`mMm AmXa ~miJVmV; H$maU `m
åhmVmè`m _mUgmZo Amnbo àmU dmM{dbo AmhoV, hm {dídmg AgVmo. na§namJV {eH$ma nÕVrMo g§ñH$ma
àñVwVÀ`m H$ënZm~§YmV ñnîQ> hmoVmV.
u nVrÀ`m gwImgmR>r AmB©d{S>bm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUmar nËZr
EH$m JmdmV åhmVmam Am{U åhmVmar amhV hmoVo. Ë`m§Zm EH$ _wbJr hmoVo. {Vbm XmoZ ^mD$ AgVmV.
XmoKm ^mdm§Mr b¾o hmoVmV. XmoKm§À`m ~m`H$m ZU§XMo m N>i H$aVmV Voìhm Vr KamVyZ {ZKyZ OmVo. O§JbmVrb
^«_§VrV {Vbm EH$ _wbJm ^oQ>Vmo, Vmo àm_m{UH$ Am{U H$ï>miy hmoVm. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vmo lr_§V hmoVmo.
Omd`mMr lr_§Vr nmhÿZ AmB© Am{U {VMr _wbo Ë`mbm gmnmÀ`m A§S>çm§Mr ^mOr ImD$ KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ
H$aVmV. ho Ooìhm Ë`m _wbrbm g_OVo Voìhm Vr AmB©dS>rb Am{U ^mdm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aVo.
188

u _wbm§Mm Ë`mJ H$aUmam ~mn

EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ nwéf nËZrÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va nwZ{d©dmh H$aVmo. gmdÌ AmB©bm _wbmMm Ìmg hmoVmM
{VÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z ~mn Ë`m _wbmbm O§JbmV KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U Ë`mbm JwhoV H$m|Sy>Z R>odVmo.
u ~mobH$m Xod ~ZUmam åhmVmam
EH$m JmdmV åhmVmam Am{U åhmVmar AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJV hmoVo. åhmVmam amoO eoVmda H$m_
H$aÊ`mgmR>r OmV hmoVm, Va åhmVmar XwnmaMo OodU KoD$Z OmV hmoVr. _mÌ añË`mV EH$ H$moëhm åhmVmarbm
Ìmg XoD$Z åhmVmè`mMo OodU O~aXñVrZo ImV hmoVm. åhmVmam H$moëømbm PmoS>nyZ H$mT>Vmo Voìhm H$moëhm
amJmdyZ ~mobŠ`m XodmMm emoY KoV AgVmZm åhmVmè`mbm g_OVo. Vmo ~mobŠ`m XodmMo ê$n KoD$Z H$moëømbm
R>ma _maVmo Am{U AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJVmo.
u Mmoambm Aml` XoUmar _mUgo
d{hZrÀ`m AZ¡{VH$ g§~§YmMr {Xambm _m{hVr {_iVmM Vmo Ka gmoS>Vmo Am{U ~mbnUr {ddmh
R>aboë`m _wbrÀ`m Kar {Vbm H$iUma Zmhr Aem nÕVrZo ZmoH$a åhUyZ amhVmo. H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a Ë`m JmdmV
EH$ Mmoa `oVmo. Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o ZD$ bmIm§Mm hma AgVmo. nËZrMr narjm KoÊ`mgmR>r Vmo Mmoa ZD$ bmIm§Mm hma
nËZrbm XoD$Z Vr {ddm{hV hmoVo H$m ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r Aml` XoVmo; na§Vw ñdm{^_mZr nËZr ZD$ bmIm§À`m
hmambm _hÎd XoV Zmhr. ñdm^r_mZr ñÌrÀ`m Mm[aÍ`mMr _m{hVr `m H$ënZm~§YmV {XgyZ `oVo.
u {Od§V _wbmMo _`VH$m`© ImUmar AmB©
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$m åhmVmarMm _wbJm C‚db ^{dî` AO_m{dÊ`mgmR>r Kam~mhoa nS>Vmo. Iyn
dfmªZVa _wbJm `oV Zmhr Voìhm Vr _wbmMo _`VH$m`© nyU© H$aVo Am{U _wbmÀ`m _`VH$m`m©Mo OodU OodVo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm~Ym§VyZ Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb _mUgm§À`m àd¥ÎmrMr _m{hVr
{_iVo. ~hþVHo $ _mUgo gd©gm_mÝ` OrdZ OJUmar AmhoV. H$WmH$mamÀ`m H$ënZoVrb hr _mUgo Am{XdmgtMr
OrdZnÕVr d Ë`m§Mr g§ñH¥$Vr ñnï> H$aUmar AmhoV. VgoM H$mhr H$ënZm~§Ym§V n«mJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mimVrb
g§X^mªMr _m{hVr {_iVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~hþnVrÎd Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~hþnpËZËdmMr _m{hVr {_iVo.
EHy$UM gm_m{OH$ OrdZmMo g§X^© Am{Xdmgr OrdZmMr _m{hVr XoUmao AmhoV, Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.
7) M_ËH$ma{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb M_ËH$ma{df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo bj doYyZ KoUmao
 189

AmhoV. H$WoVrb M_ËH$ma{df`H$ g§X^m©Zo _mUgo, àmUr, ney, njr, d¥j `m§Mm g§~§Y `oVmo Aem `m
M_ËH$ma{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmMr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo XoVm `oB©b.
u CS>Ë`m nm§T>è`m KmoS>çmda ~gUmar amUr
EH$m amÁ`mVrb EH$m amÁ`mÀ`m 1,600 amÊ`m AgVmV. Ë`m§n¡H$s gdmªV eodQ>Mr amUr doJù`m
ñd^mdmMr hmoVr. {VÀ`mH$S>o CS>Vm nm§T>am KmoS>m hmoVm. Ë`m KmoS>çmda ~gyZ Vr {VÀ`m amÁ`mVrb
_hmamOmbm ^oQ>m`bm OmV hmoVr. CS>Umè`m KmoS>çmgh _hmamOmbm ^oQ>m`bm OmD$Z AZ¡{VH$ g§‘Y§ R>do Umar
amUr `m H$ënZm~§YmV {XgyZ `oVo.
u amjg_m§gmVyZ amjgmMo {Od§V hmoUo
EH$m O§JbmV EH$ amjg amhV hmoVm. VoWrb amjgmZo Añdbrbm MQ>H$m {Xbobm AgVmo. AñdbrMm
J¡ag_O hmoVmo H$s O§JbmVrb ñÌrZoM MQ>H$m {Xbm. XmoKtMr ^m§S>Uo hmoVmV Z§Va amjgmZo MQ>H$m {Xbobm
Amho, Ago g_OVmM Ë`m XmoKr amjgmbm R>ma _maVmV Ë`mMo _m§g {eO{dÊ`mgmR>r ^m§S>çmV Q>mH$VmM Vmo
nwÝhm {Od§V hmoVmo Am{U O§JbmV {ZKyZ OmVmo. Za_m§g ^jU H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mo {MÌU `oWo {XgyZ `oVo.
u _¡Zobm {Xbobo OmXyMo nmVobo
EH$m O§JbmV EH$ nmaYr C§~amÀ`m PmS>mbm MrH$ bmdyZ nú`m§Mr {eH$ma H$arV AgVmZm EH$ _¡Zm
Ë`mMm PmS>mbm bmdboë`m {MH$mbm {MH$Qy>Z ~gVo. nmaYr {Vbm nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r Jobb
o m AgVmZm Vr Ë`mbm
gmoÝ`mMo ^m§S>o XoD$Z Amnbo àmU dmM{dVo. njr Am{U _mUgo `m§Mo ^md~§Y ñnîQ> hmoVmV.
u ñne© hmoVmM OiyZ OmUmam amOm
n¥Ïdr pñWa hmoVmZm amOm P§H$ma OÝ_mbm `oVmo. Ë`mMo A§H$mB© ZmdmÀ`m {ñÌer b¾ hmoVo {ddmhmZ§Va
{Vbm ñne© H$aVmM Vr OiyZ OmB©b hr ^rVr AgVo. Voìhm Vmo _§Ì{_bZmZo {VÀ`mer EH$ê$n hmoVmo Am{U
Vr J^©dVr hmoVo. _§Ì{_bZmVyZ J^©dVr amhUmè`m {ó`m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.
u M§XZmÀ`m bmH$Sm>nmgyZ ~Zbobm CS>Vm KmoS>m
EH$m Hw$Qw>~§ mV {VKo ^mD$ amhV hmoV.o {VKo {VÝhr dmQ>mZ§ m {ZKyZ OmVmV. n¡H$s EH$ {d{harV Omio Q>mHy$Z
_membm nH$S>Vmo. _mgm J`md`m H$aVmo. AY} amÁ` XoÊ`mMo H$~yb H$ê$Z gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z KoVmo. Ë`mM
_memÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z Vmo M§XZmÀ`m bmH$S>mnmgyZ CS>Vm KmoS>m V`ma H$aVmo Am{U Amnbo amÁ` dmT>{dVmo.
190

àñVwVÀ`m gd© bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb M_ËH$ma{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m bmoH$H$Wm nmhmd`mg

{_iVmV.
8) ^m½`moX`{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr OrdZmV g§H$Q>mV dmdaUmar Or _mUgo AmhoV, Ë`m§À`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZm_Ü`o Ago H$mhr
àg§J `oVmV H$s Á`m àg§Jm§_wio Ë`mMo ^m½` CKS>Vo Am{U Vr gwIr OrdZ OJy bmJVmV. Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§Vrb Aem H$mhr bmoH$H$Wm AmhoV Ë`m bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ^m½`moX`m_wio H$Wm§_Yrb _mUgmMo ^{dî`
C‚db Pmbobo Amho. Ago ^m½`moX` {df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV.
u gmoÝ`mMm amOdmS>m {_i{dUmam amOnwÌ
EH$m amÁ`mVrb amOnwÌ O§JbmÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmbobm AgVmZm Ë`mbm gmoÝ`mMm CS>Vm amOdmS>m
{XgVmo. Ë`m amOdmS>çmMm emoY KoD$Z {VWo nmohmoMVmo. VoWrb amjgmÀ`m _wbrÀ`m _XVrZo amjgmbm R>ma
_mê$Z gmoÝ`mMm amOdmS>m Am{U _wbrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo.
u åhmVmarbm _XV H$aUmam IoH$S>m
\$ma dfmªnydu åhmVmam Am{U åhmVmar EH$m JmdmV amhV hmoVo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va åhmVmè`mMo {ZYZ
hmoV.o åhmVmar Xw:Ir hmoV.o eoVmV _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$moUr ZgVo. Voìhm Vr Xw:I ì`ŠV H$aVo. åhmVmè`mÀ`m
{H«$`mH$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Vr ZXrda Jobb
o r AgVmZm {Vbm IoH$S>m ^oQ>Vmo. IoH$S>çmMr ^mOr H$ê$Z ImD$`m
Agm Vr {dMma H$aVo na§Vw IoH$S>m åhUVmo, "_bm OrdXmZ Xo _r Vwbm _XV H$aVmo' H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a amOmMo
{enmB© åhmVmarbm O~aXñVrZo Jhÿ H$mnÊ`mgmR>r KoD$Z OmVmZm IoH$S>m Jhÿ H$mnyZ XoVmo.
u ZmJmÀ`m VwH$S>çm§VyZ gmoÝ`mÀ`m {dQ>m V`ma hmoUo
{ddm{hV ~hrU nmhþUMmamgmR>r ^mdmÀ`m Kar OmVo Voìhm {Vbm Cnmer R>odbo OmVo. Vr amJmZo
^mdmÀ`m KamMm Ë`mJ H$aVo Am{U Kar `oVo. _wbm§Zm H$mhrVar OoD$ Kmbmdo åhUyZ ZXrnmgyZ KaÀ`m dmQ>oZo
`oVmZm {Vbm ZmJ {XgVmo ZmJmbm Vr nH$S>Vo Am{U ^mOr ~Z{dÊ`mgmR>r nmVoë`mV {eO{dVmZm Ë`mMo
gmoÝ`mÀ`m VwH$S>çmV ê$nm§Va hmoVo.
n«ñVwVÀ`m ^mJmoX`{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmVyZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Mr ^m½`moX`{dfQ>H$ Or
H$mhr _mÜ`_o AmhoV Ë`m_Ü`o IoH$S>m, amjg Am{U ZmJ Amho, `m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo.
 191

9) OrdZ{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
_mZdr OrdZmMm {dMma H$aVm AmYw{ZH$ H$mbI§S>mVrb _mZdmMr àJVr nmhVm OrdZm_Ü`o AZoH$
KS>m_moS>r hmoVmZm {XgVmV. Aem `m Am{Xdmgr OrdZmÀ`m AZwf§JmZo Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y nmhmd`mg
{_iVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV.
u _mZdr OrdZmVrb C^o amhÊ`mMr gwédmV
Am{Xdmgr H$mVH$ar O_mVrV _mUyg H$gm C^m amhÿ bmJbm, ho _mUgmbm nS>bobo EH$ JyT> H$moS>o
Amho. H$mVH$ar Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb EH$m bmoH$H$WoV _mUyg H$gm C^m am{hbm ho gm§{JVbo Amho. Ë`m§À`m
_Vo _mZd n{hë`m§Xm Mma nm`m§da MmbV hmoVm. amÌ^a Cnmer amhUmam _mZd gy`m}X`mMr dmQ> nmhVmZm
C§M S>mJ| amÀ`m A{bH$S>o XmoZ nm`m§da C^o amhÿZ nmhV Ago hr Ë`mMr {ZË`mMr gd` Ë`mbm C^m H$aÊ`mg
H$maUr^yV Pmbr Am{U Vmo H$m`_Mm C^m amhÿ bmJbm, Ago gm§JÊ`mV `oVo.
10) {ddmh Am{U ào_{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb {ddmh Am{U ào_{df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo
hmoV.
u amjgm~amo~a {ddm{hV hmoUmar _wbmMr AmB©
EH$m amÁ`mVrb EH$ amOm O§JbmV OmVmo Am{U amjmgmÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>Vmo. amjg Ë`mMm dY
H$aVmo. hadboë`m d{S>bm§À`m emoYmV _wbJm O§JbmV OmVmo. VéUmbm H$m|Sy>Z R>odVmo Z§Va gwQ>H$m H$ê$Z
AmB©bm amjgmÀ`m VéUmÀ`m gmoÝ`mÀ`m dmS>çmV KoD$Z `oVmo. amjgmbm H$m|S>yZ R>odVmo. ImobrMm XadmOm
CKSy> ZH$mo gm§JVmo; na§Vw Vr EoH$V Zmhr. XadmOm CKS>Vo. amjg {Vbm nH$S>Vmo Am{U _wbmbm R>ma
_maÊ`mMr Y_H$s XoD$Z {ddmh H$aÊ`mMr gŠVr H$aVmo.
u _wbtda ào_ H$aUmam emH©$ _mgm
EH$m JmdmVrb XmoZ _wbr g_wÐmVrb emH©$ _memÀ`m ghdmgmV AgVmZm Vmo emH©$ _mgm Ë`m _wbtZm
Amnë`m nmoQ>mV OmJm XoVmo Am{U g_wÐmÀ`m VimV Amnë`m Kar KoD$Z OmVmo. _wbtZm ^yH$ bmJVmM
Amnbo ñdV:Mo H$mirO ImÊ`mMr nadmZJr XoVmo.
192

11) emn {df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y

u Hw$Í`mbm em{nV H$aUmam amOm
Am~mHw§$~r ZmdmMm EH$ amOm hmoVm. Ë`mMm EH$ AmdS>Vm Hw$Ìm hmoVm. Vmo ^ag^oV _Ü`^mJr ~gV
Ago. EH$Xm amÁ`mVrb gd© bmoH$m§Mr g^m AgVmZm EH$m bhmZ _wbmZo H$bobr {dîR>m Hw$Ìm hþJ§þ Vmo. amOmbm
Amnbm An_mZ dmQ>Vmo Am{U Ë`mbm emn XoVmo. Vwbm H$moUrhr Odi H$aUma Zmhr. hmS> hmS> H$aVrb.
12) `mVw{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm `mVw{df`H$ Jmoï>tda {dídmg R>odUmam Amho. Ë`m§Mm OrdZmVrb `mVw{df`H$
Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
u emH©$ _memV ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z _mUgm§Mm dY H$aUo
Am{Xdmgr Am{U ñWm{ZH$ _mUgo `m§Mm EH$m ~oQ>mda dmX Mmbbobm AgVmo. EHo$ {Xder XmoZ^mD$
O§JbmV Mmbbobo AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm ^më`mZo Q>moMyZ _maÊ`mV Ambo. ho Ooìhm Am{XdmgtZm g_Obo Voìhm Vo
¶mVw{dYr H$ê$Z Amnbo emH©$ _memV ê$nm§Va H$ê$Z ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$m§Zm R>ma _maVmV.
13) _¥Ë`y{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
àË`oH$ _mUyg OÝ_mbm Ambm åhUOo Vmo _aUma Amho. ho gmYo VÎdkmZ Am{Xdmgr _mÝ` H$arV
ZmhrV. _mUgm§À`m _¥Ë`y Z§Va Xoh {ZKyZ OmVmo. AmË_m A_a AgVmo Ago Ë`m§Mo _V Amho. `m g_OwVrVyZ
_¥Ë`y {df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U Pmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü`o -
u B§Jim d qnJim ZmS>çm ~§X hmooVmM _mUyg _aVmo
_mUyg Ooìhm OÝ_mbm `oVmo Voìhm Ë`mÀ`m earamVyZ B§Jim Am{U qnJim `m ZmS>çm V`ma hmoVmV.
VgoM Ë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV hdm AgVo. B§Jim d qnJim ZmS>çm ~§X hmoVmM hdm _mUgmÀ`m H$mZm§VZy ~mhoa nS>Vo
Am{U _mUgmMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. H$mZm§VyZ hdm ~mhoa nS>Vo; H$maU _mUyg Zoh_r H$mZm§Zr Mm§Jbo EoH$Vmo.
14) ew^g§Ho$V {df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
u Vmo\$m ~oQ>mda CVaVmM Vimer Jobobr OhmOo
Iyn dfmªnydu ~oQ>m§da Am{Xdmgr O_mVr amhV AgVmZm Ibmer bmoH$ ~oQ>m§da CVaVmM _moR>_moR>çm
Vmo\$m R>odVmV. H$mhr doimZ§Va Á`m OhmOmVyZ Vo Ambobo AgVmV, Vr OhmOo g_wÐmV ~wSy> bmJVmM
 193

Am{XdmgtZm hm ew^g§Ho$V {_iVmo. Vm~S>Vmo~ Vo Ibmem§da hëbm H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm R>ma _maVmV.
15) nU {df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
u noQ>boë`m ZmJë`m doMyZ AmUë`mZ§Va b½Z H$aUo
H$mVH$ar O_mVrVrb EH$m bmoH$H$WoV `eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r {ZKmbobm _wbJm Xodm§JZmn`ªV OmVmo
Am{U {ddmhmMm àñVmd R>odVmo Voìhm Ë`m Xodm§JZm Ë`mbm gm§JVmV H$s, ZmJbr noê$Z `o. Ë`m§À`m
åhUÊ`mZwgma ZmJbr noaVmo. nwÝhm Ë`m gm§JVmV H$s, noaboë`m ZmJë`m Jmoim H$ê$Z AmU. Vmo {M_Ê`m§À`m
_XVrZo ZmJë`m AmUVmo Am{U {ddm{hV hmoVmo.
16) MmVw`©, \$gdUyH$ Am{U emn{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV MmVw`,© \$gdUyH$ Am{U emn{df`H$ Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV Vo _hÎdmMo
dmQ>VmV. MmVw`©, \$gdUyH$ Am{U emn{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb :
u Mmoam§Zm CJdUmar qeJo
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ amOm {eH$marbm Jobb
o m AgVmZm Ë`mbm gm§~amMo {nëby gmnS>V.o Ë`m {nëbmMm
amOm gm§^mi H$aVmo. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vo _moR>o hmoVo Am{U O§JbmV {ZKyZ OmVo. O§JbmVrb nmaYr Ë`mMr
{eH$ma H$aVmV. amOmbm `mMr _m{hVr hmoVo. Vmo Mmoam§Mm emoY KoVmo. Mmoa gmnS>V ZmhrV. Mma _mUgm§Zm
g§e{`V åhUyZ AmUbo OmVo. Mm¡Ko H$~yb hmoV ZmhrV. àYmZ gm§JVmo, "CÚm gH$mir Á`m§Zr nmaY Ho$bobr
Amho Ë`m§Zm qeJo CJdVrb.' Xwgè`m {Xder g§e{`V Mm¡Ko `oVmV. H$~yb hmoV ZmhrV. àYmZ gm§JVmo,
"amOm, nm{hbo H$m, `m§nH¡ $s XmoKm§Zm qeJo Ambobr AmhoV.' XmoKo Mmoa MmMnUr H$aVmV. qeJo ZgVmV. _mÌ
nmaY H$aUmao XmoKo gmnS>VmV.
u EH$m JmoîQ>rMm EH$ én`m KoUmam gmYy
AmB©d{S>bm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va AZmW Pmbobm ~mbH$ {Znw{ÌH$ åhmVmam-åhmVmarOdi amhVmo. àm_m{UH$nUo>
H$ï> H$ê$Z åhmVmam-åhmVmar lr_§V hmoVmV. lr_§VrÀ`m H§$Q>mim `oVmM AZmW ~mbH$ Kam~mhoa nS>Vo.
añË`mZo MmbV OmVmZm gmYy _hmamO ^oQ>Vmo. XmoKo H$mhr Z ~mobVm MmbV {ZKmbobo AgVmV. Voìhm AZmW
_wbJm H$mhrVar Jßnm _mam Aer {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. gmYy _hmamO EH$m JmoîQ>rMm EH$ én`m Aer _mJUr H$aVmo.
AZmW ~mbH$ V`ma hmoV.o 1) H$mR>r CMb, 2) IoH$S>m Ko, 3) añË`mÀ`m ~mOyZo Mmbmdo, 4) EH$m S>mù
o `mZo
Pmonmdo, 5) EofAmam_mV amhÿ ZH$mo. AZmW _wbJm ho _mÝ` H$aVmo Am{U AmUIr `eñdr hmoVmo.
194

u nËZrMo ê$n KoD$Z nVrbm \$gdUmar amjgrU

EH$m JmdmV EH$ eoVH$ar amhV hmoVm. Ë`mbm XmoZ ~m`H$m hmoË`m. n¡H$s EH$ _mZdr ê$nmVrb d Xwgar
amjgrU ê$nmVrb hmoVr. amoO amÌr Vr Zdè`mbm \$gdyZ JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Mo IyZ H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo aŠV nrV
Ago. {Vbm 7 ~{hUr hmoË`m. Zdè`mbm ho _mhrV hmoVmM Vr Hw$ÌrMo ê$n KoVo Am{U {ZKyZ OmVo.
u amOmbm Am§Yim ~Z{dUmar {M_Ur
EH$m amÁ`mV EH$ Ý`m`r amOm amhV hmoVm. gdmªMm Vmo `mo½` nÕVrZo Ý`m` H$arV hmoVm. O§JbmVrb
{M_Um-{M_Ur Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o Ý`m` _mJÊ`mgmR>r `oVmV Voìhm amOm {M_Ur{déÕ Ý`m` XoVmo. {M_Ur
àm_m{UH$ AgVmZm, {nbm§Zm OÝ_ XoUmar AgVmZm {Vbm {n„m§Mm hŠH$ {_iV Zmhr. Voìhm Vr AÝ`m`r
amOmbm emn XoVo, "Vy AÝ`m` Ho$bmg., Vy Am§Yim hmoerb'. amOm H$mhr {Xdgm§VM Am§Yim hmoVmo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© H$ënZm~§Ym§_Ü`o Am{Xdmgr g_mO OrdZmVrb amOm, gmYy, {M_Ur, åhmVmam,
åhmVmar Am{U amjgrU `oVmV Am{U doJù`m OrdZmZw^dmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoVmV.
17) H«$m¡`©{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV H«$m¡`{© df`H$ H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ AmhoV H«$m¡`{© df`H$ H$ënZm~§Ym§V
_mUgo, àmUr, d¥j BË`mXr KQ>H$ `oVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV :
u _mUyg ImUmao Jmd
{^„ O_mVrVrb EH$m JmdmV ~odmag _wbm§Mo nmbZnmofU H$aUmam nmohmobmo Xod hmoVm. g^modVmbÀ`m
JmdmVrb Or {Zam{lV ~mbHo$ AmhoV Ë`m§Mm gm§^mi H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm OJ{dÊ`mMm Vmo à`ËZ H$arV hmoVm. EH$m
JmdmVrb EH$ {Zam{lV _wbJr MwH$bobr AgVmZm _mUyg ImUmè`m JmdmVyZ {Vbm Om`Mo hmoVo. Vr aSy>
bmJVo Voìhm nmohmobmo Xod {VÀ`m _XVrbm YmdyZ `oVmo Am{U {Vbm {VÀ`m Jmdr nmohmoMdVmo.
u S>moio \$moS>Umar ñÌr
Jm|S> O_mVrVrb A§Hw$_ amOm AmZ§XmZo amÁ` H$arV hmoVm. Ë`mMr drê$~mB© ZmdmMr {ddm{hV _ohþUr
{Xgm`bm gw§Xa hmoVr. EH$Xm ~hrU AmOmar Amho Ago gm§JyZ Amnë`m nËZrÀ`m g§JZ_VmZo {VÀ`mda
AÝ`m` H$aVmo. Jar~ _ohþUr Amnë`m nVrbm àm_m{UH$nUo gm§JVo. nVr Am{U Vr XmoKo g§JZ_V H$aVmV
Am{U Ë`m amOmbm ~mobmdyZ Ë`mMo S>mi
o o \$moS>VmV. ñÌrda AË`mMma H$aUmè`m nwéfmbm {Xbr OmUmar {ejm
`oWo ñnîQ> hmoVo.
 195

u H$m|~S>m Am{U ~H$arMo aŠV {nUmao ~mbH$

H$mVH$ar O_mVrVrb EH$m JmdmV EH$ ~mbH$ OÝ_mbm Ambobo AgVo. Vo ~mbH$ WmoS>o _moR>o hmoD$
bmJë`mZ§Va AmB© nmUr AmUm`bm Jobb
o r AgVmZm XmamVrb H$m|~S>r d ~H$ar `m§Mr _mZ nH$Sy>Z aŠV nrV
Ago. JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zm ^{dî`mVrb Mmhÿb bmJVmM Ë`m ñÌrbm gm§JyZ Ë`m ~mbH$mbm O§JbmV gmoS>bo
OmVo.
u aŠV {Z_m©U H$aUmar \$io
C§M JdVmZo AmÀN>mXboë`m ~oQ>mda EH$ Jmd hmoVo. nmUr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr eŠVr Agbobm _mUyg
Ë`m JmdmV amhV hmoVm. {eH$marbm Amboë`m {_ÌmMm Ë`mZo {eaÀN>Xo Ho$bm Am{U Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$bo. H$mhr
{Xdgm§Zr {VWo EH$ PmS> CJdbo. Ë`mMr \$io _mUgm§À`m S>moŠ`mgmaIr hmoVr. _mUgm§Zr Vr \$io \$moS>br
Voìhm Ë`m§VyZ bmb aŠVmMo nmUr dmhÿ bmJbo.
u nËZrMm ~ir XoUmam nVr
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ VéU OmXy{dÚm {eH$Ê`mgmR>r OmXyJmamH$S>o Jobb
o m AgVmZm Ë`mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV
YmÝ`, ^mV, H$m|~S>m d ~H$am ~ir XoÊ`mMm àñVmd R>odVmo. na§Vw OmXyJma "VwPr ~m`H$mo ~ir XoV Agob
Va _r OmXy {eH${dÊ`mg V`ma Amho.' Ago gm§JVmo. Voìhm Vmo OmXy {eH$Vmo Am{U nËZrÀ`m g§_VrZo
ZmoH$amUrbm nËZr åhUyZ OmXyJmamH$S>o KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U ~ir XoVmo. OmXy{dÚogmR>r Za~ir {Xë`m OmUmè`m
A§YlÕoMr `oWo _m{hVr {_iVo.
u ~Jù`mMr _mZ H$mnUmam IoH$S>m
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ ~Jim VbmdmÀ`m H$mR>r amhV hmoVm. {Xdg|{Xdg ~Jù`mbm {eH$ma {_iV
ZìhVr. Voìhm Vmo gd© _mem§Zm gm§JVmo, hm Vbmd AmQ>Uma Amho _r Vwåhmbm Xwgè`m VbmdmH$S>o KoD$Z
OmVmo. _mgo V`ma hmoVmV; na§Vw ~Jim Ë`m§Zm añË`mV IS>H$mda Q>mHy$Z Ë`m§Zm R>ma _mê$Z ImV hmoVm. EH$Xm
~Jim IoH$S>çmbm KoD$Z IS>H$mOdi `oVmo. IoH$S>m _mem§Mo H$mQ>o ~KVmo, nQ>H$Z ~Jù`mMr _mZ YaVmo
Am{U VmoSy>Z Q>mH$Vmo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© H«$m¡`©{df`H$ H$ënZm~§Ym§VyZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb Á`m H$mhr H$m¡`m©À`m KQ>Zm
AmhoV. Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr {_iVo. H$m¡`m©À`m H$ënZm~§YmV Za~ir, njr~ir, _mUgmÀ`m S>mŠo `mgmaIr \$io
Aer H$ënZm _m§S>bobr Amho.
196

18) OÝ_ Am{U hmñ`moËnmXH$ H$ënZm~§Y

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o OÝ_ Am{U hmñ`moËnmXH$ `m H$ënZm~§YmÀ`m _m§S>UrVyZ H$Wm§Mr aMZm
Ho$br Jobr Amho. bmoH$H$WZH$ma OÝ_ Am{U hmñ`moËnmXH$ `mVyZ Oo H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U H$ê$Z gm§JVmV, Vo
nwT>rbà_mUo AmhoV.
u ñÌrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb W¡brV hmoUmè`m J^m©Mr dmT>
_mZdmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo `m g§X^m©V Am{Xdmgr H$WH$ doJdoJù`m H$ënZm _m§S>VmZm AmT>iVmV.
gXaÀ`m H$ënZm AmíM`©H$maH$ AgyZ H$WH$ gm§JVmo : n{hbm _{hZm S>moio, Xwgam _{hZm aŠVdm{hÝ`m,
{Vgam _{hZm Vm|S>mMr aMZm, Mm¡Wm _{hZm hmS>,o nmMdm _{hZm AmVrb ^mJ, ghmdm _{hZm ËdMm, gmVdm
_{hZm _|XyMr Am{U earamVrb hdoMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Z§Va hm J^© ñÌrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb W¡brV COì`m ~mOybm
AgVmo. ZD$ _{hÝ`m§Z§Va Vm|S> Mma-nmM {_{ZQ>o CKS>Vo Am{U ~mimMm OÝ_ hmoVmo.
u àmÊ`m§À`m nwZO©Ý_mZ§Va _mZdmMm OÝ_ `oVmo
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrMm nwZO©Ý_mda {dídmg Amho. _¥V ì`ŠVrMm AmË_m {Od§V AgVmo. Vmo _¥V hmoV
Zmhr hm g_O Amho. _Zwî`OÝ_m{df`rMr nmíd©^y_r gm§JVmZm _mZdr OÝ_mnydu n{hë`m§Xm Hw$Í`mMm OÝ_,
Z§Va Xwgè`m§Xm _mH$S>mMm OÝ_, {Vgè`m doir AñdbmMm OÝ_, Mm¡Ï`m doir _m§OamMm, nmMì`m doir
KmoanS>rMm, ghmdm OÝ_ Sw>H$amMm, gmVdm OÝ_ dmKmMm hmoVmo Am{U Z§Va Vmo _mZdmÀ`m ê$nmV `oVmo.
u {H$S>çmZ§Va _mZdmMm OÝ_
_mZdOÝ_ `oÊ`mnydu nmÊ`mVrb {H$S>m {Z_m©U Pmbm. Z§Va ~oS>y H$ {Z_m©U Pmbm. Z§Va _mH$S> {Z_m©U
Pmbo Am{U _mH$S>mZ§Va _mZdmMm OÝ_ Pmbm, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
_mZdr OÝ_m{df`rÀ`m Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$mamÀ`m H$ënZm nmhVm doJdoJù`m àmÊ`m§À`m Am{U
Z§Va {H$S>m, ~oSy>H$, _mH$S> `m§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va _mZdmMm OÝ_ hmoVmo. hr H$ënZm Ë`m§À`m {ZarjUeŠVrÀ`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVmZm AmT>iVo.
_mZdr OÝ_mÀ`m H$ënZoZV§ a hmñ`moËnmXH$Vm {Z_m©U hmoUmao Oo H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y AmhoV Ë`m§V {dZmoXr
àg§Jm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z hmñ`moËnmXH$ H$ënZm~§Y Oo H$mhr {Z_m©U hmoVmV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV.
 197

u Mmoam§Mr \${OVr H$aUmam gmdH$ma

dmJgonm ZmdmÀ`m nmS>çmV EH$ gmdH$ma amhV hmoVm. Amnë`m Kar Mmoa `oUma AmhoV `mMr Ë`mbm
OmUrd hmoVmM Amnë`m nËZrÀ`m _XVrZo Vmo KamVrb gd© Xm{JZo KamVrb EH$m bmoIS§ >r noQ>rV R>do Vmo Am{U
Xwgè`m noQ>rV XJS> ^ê$Z Vr noQ>r Ë`mÀ`m KamOdirb {d{harV \o$H$Vmo. Mmoam§Zm dmQ>Vo gmdH$mamZo Xm{JZo
{d{har_Ü`o Q>mHy$Z {Xbo. amÌ^a Vo Mmoa {d{harVrb nmUr H$mTy>Z noQ>r emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. nhmQ> hmoVo
Mmoa Km~aVmV Am{U Xm{JÝ`m§Mm {dMma gmoSy>Z naV OmVmV. MbmI gmdH$ma à{V{H«$`m XoVmZm gm§JVmo,
"Mmoam§Zr _mPo H$mhr Zobo Zmhr. CbQ> _mÂ`m ~{JÀ`mbm nmUr XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo.'
u gmYy _hmamOmbm ImUmam C§Xra
EH$m JmdmV EH$ gmYy _hmamO amhV hmoVm. _m§Oam§À`m hëë`mVyZ dmMbobm C§Xra _hmamOmH$S>o `oVmo
Am{U _XV H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. _hmamO Ë`mbm _m§Oa ~ZdVmo. Z§Va Vmo Hw$Í`mÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>Vmo.
_hmamOmH$S>o `oVmo. _XV _mJVmo. _hmamO Ë`mbm dmK ~ZdVmo. dmK ~Z{dë`mZ§Va C§Xra Pmbobm dmK
åhUVmo, "_bm ^yH$ bmJbr. Vwbm ImVmo.' _hmamO Ë`mbm nwÝhm C§Xra ~ZdVmo. hmñ`moËnmXH$ H$ënZm~§YmVyZ
Amnë`mbm A{Ve`moŠVr Am{U H$mën{ZH$Vm nmhmd`mg {_iVo. A{Ve`moŠVrÀ`m AmYmamZo {dZmoX
{Z_m©U H$aUmao bmoH$H$WmH$ma bmoH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoVmV.
19) BVa g§H$sU© H$ënZm~§Y
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Oo H$mhr BVa g§H$sU© H$ënZm~§Y {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Vo nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm
`oVrb :
u _wbrÀ`m Jmbm§da XmT>rMo Ho$g `oUo
_m{S>`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV _wIdQ>m V`ma H$aUmè`m _mUgmZo AñdbmMm _wIdQ>m V`ma Ho$bm.
Añdb OmVrMm Ë`mZo An_mZ Ho$bm åhUyZ Ë`mMr {ejm Ë`mÀ`m _wbrbm XoD$Z {VÀ`m Jmbm§da Ho$g
C_Q>bo.
u Vmon ^mJdUmar VßVr - Za_mXr Agbobr Z_©Xm
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb {^ëb, nmdam `m O_mVr gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb S>mJ| aam§Jm§_Ü`o dmñVì` H$arV
AmhoV. gmVnwS>m nd©VmV CJ_ nmdUmè`m Vmnr Am{U Z_©Xm `m XmoÝhr ZÚm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z Am{Xdmgr
_mUgmMr Vmon ^mJ{dUmar åhUOo CîUVm, VhmZ ^mJdUmar Or ZXr Vr VmonVr - VßVr - Vmnr hmo` Am{U
198

Á`m ZXrÀ`m n[agamV Za _mXr `m§À`m OmoS>çm amhVmV, Vr Z_©Xm ZXr hmo`, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u nú`mZo AmUbobo H$mngmMo ~r
\$ma nydu bmoH$ PmS>mÀ§ `m gmbrMr dëH$bo ZogV hmoVo Am{U b‚mmajU H$aV hmoVo H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a
eoVrMm emoY bmJVmM Ë`m§Zr YmÝ` {nH$[dbo. {_imboë`m YmÝ`mÀ`m AmZ§XmZo Vo AmZ§Xr hmoD$Z A§JmdaMr
gd© dëH$bo H$mTy>Z ZmMy bmJbo. nè`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr X`m Ambr Am{U Ë`m§Zr H$mngmMo ~r AmUyZ Vo ZXr{H$Zmar
éOdbo Am{U _mUgm§À`m bÁOm ajUmMr O~m~Xmar nyU© Ho$br.
u bmoH$ V§~mIy H$m MKiVmV ?
n¥Ïdrda ^anya _mUgo hmoVr. ney, njr d _mgo `m§Zr g^m KoD$Z Amnbr KQ>Umar g§»`m d _mUgm§Mr
dmT>Umar g§»`m `m§da Cnm` åhUyZ qdMyMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Vmo qdMy _mUgm§Zm MmdV hmoVm Am{U _mUgo
_aV hmoVr. EH$m _wbmMm ~mn _ê$Z Joë`mZ§Va Á`m {R>H$mUr Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$bo hmoVo {VWo Vmo ~gbm Odi
Agboë`m PwS>nmMr nmZo Ë`mZo MKibr Am{U Jw§JrV Amnbo Xw…I {dgê$ bmJbm. V§~mIy Imëë`m_wio
Amnbo Xw…I AmnU {dgê$ eH$Vmo, ho Ë`mbm _m{hVr hmoVmM Vmo V§~mIy MKiy bmJbm.
u YaUrH§$n H$m hmoVmV ?
nmVmimVrb S>m|JamEdT>m _mUyg AgyZ Vmo EH$m nm`mZo b§JS>m Amho Am{U Ë`mbm qeJo AmhoV.
n¥Ïdrdarb EImXm `moÕm _mabm OmVmo Am{U Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$ë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm AmË_m nmVmimVrb _mUgmer
g§Kf© H$aVmo Voìhm YaUrH§$n hmoVmV.
u T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> H$m hmoVmo
EH$m JmdmV EH$ Jar~ _mUyg amhV hmoVm. Ë`mbm gw§Xa _wbJr hmoVr. EH$Xm O§JbmVrb dmK {Vbm
nidyZ ZoVmo Am{U gd© {_Ìm§Zm _r Mm§Jbr _oOdmZr AmUbr Amho Ago gm§JVmo. O§JbmVrb C§Xambm X`m
`oVo. Vmo OmXyJmamH$Sy>Z {Vbm ~oS>H$sMo ê$n XoVmo Am{U PmS>mda gwa{jV {R>H$mUr ~gdVmo. gw§Xa _wbrbm
nmhÿZ gy`© Amnë`m _wbmgmR>r nËZr åhUyZ {VMr {ZdS> H$aVmo. C§Xambm ho g_OVmM Vmo OmXyJmambm hr
_m{hVr XoVmo. OmXyJma gy`m©~amo~a bT>mB© H$aVmo. Vr bT>mB© T>Jm§À`m JS>JS>mQ>mVyZ AmOhr AmnUmbm EoHy$
`oVo.
u nmZ XoÊ`mMm Ama§^
EH$m JmdmV XmoZ {_Ì amhV hmoVo n¡H$s EH$ Jar~ Am{U Xwgam lr_§V hmoVm. Jar~ {_ÌmMr ~m`H$mo
 199

åhUVo, "Vwåhr lr_§V {_ÌmH$S>o OmVm; Vmo H$Yrhr Vw_À`mH$S>o `oV Zmhr. Ë`mbm Amnë`m Kar OodUmgmR>r
KoD$Z `m.' lr_§V {_Ì _mÝ` H$aVmo. Jar~ {_ÌmÀ`m Kar lr_§V {_Ì `oUma Amho. OodUmMr ì`dñWm Ho$br
nm{hOo; na§Vw Vmo Jar~ Agë`m_wio OodU H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o H$mhr ZgVo. Ë`mbm Amnbm An_mZ
dmQ>Vmo. nmoQ>mV MmHy$ IwngyZ Vmo JVàmU hmoVmo. lr_§V {_Ì Kar `oVmo {_ÌmMm nmhþUMma H$aÊ`mg Ag_W©
Agboë`m {_ÌmMm _¥VXoh nmhÿZ Vmo Xw…Ir hmoVmo Am{U Vmohr nmoQ>mV MmHy$ IwngyZ _¥V hmoVmo. nmhþUMmamnm`r
XmoÝhr _¥V Pmbobo {_Ì _¥Ë`yXodVobm AmdS>bo Zmhr. nmhþÊ`mMm AmXa nmhþUMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mZo nmZ
V§~mIy Am{U gwnmarMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
u AmVS>o ZgUmam IoH$S>m
Am{Xdmgr {^ëb amOm \$mZR>m Am{U Ë`mMm {_Ì amÁ`mVrb bmoH$m§Mr hmbMmb nmhÊ`mgmR>r {ZKyZ
OmVmV. H$mhr {ñÌ`m _wbm§Zm MmbVm MmbVm XyY nmOV hmoË`m. amOm \$mZR>m S>moHo$ YwÊ`mgmR>r ñÌrH$S>o
XwYmMr _mJUr H$aVmo. amOm \$mZR>mMr {dZ§Vr _mÝ` H$ê$Z Vr XyY XoVo. na§Vw amOm \$mZR>m ñdrH$maV Zmhr.
ñÌr dmQ>rVrb XyY amOm \$mZR>mÀ`m A§Jmda \o$Hy$Z XoV.o Vmo An{dÌ hmoVmo. Ë`mbm n{dÌ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`mMm
{_Ì Ë`mMo nmoQ> \$mSy>Z AmVS>r ~mhoa H$mT>Vmo. AmVS>r ZXrÀ`m nmÌmV YwD$Z IS>H$mda dmiV KmbVmo.
AmH$memVyZ `oUmar Kma Vo AmVS>o CMbVo. {_Ì Km~aVmo Odi AgUmè`m IoH$S>çmbm nH$S>Vmo. AmVS>o
H$mT>Vmo. amOm \$mZR>mbm {Od§V H$aVmo. VoìhmnmgyZ IoH$S>çmbm AmVS>o Zmhr.
u _merMr H§$~a bhmZ H$m?
g¥ï>r {Z_m©U hmoVmZm n{hë`m§Xm g¥{ï>Xdo mZo H$sQ>H$ d newnjr {Z_m©U Ho$bo. g¥{ï>Xdo Pmonbobm AgVmZm
_mer AmdmO H$arV H$mZmOdi `oVo. amOmbm amJ `oVmo. XmoZ ~moQ>m§_Ü`o {Vbm nH$S>Vmo Voìhm {VMr H§$~a
bhmZ hmoVo.
u nmÊ`m~mhoa amhUmam _ai _mgm
ZXrVrb _ai _mgm nmÊ`m~mhoa ~amM doi {Od§V amhVmo ho Ë`mMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. nmÊ`mVyZ ~mhoa
nS>Umam _ai _mgm Amnë`m {nëbm§Zm gm§JVmo, Vwåhr Km~ê$ ZH$m. _bm _mgo_mar H$aUmè`m _mUgmZo
nH$S>bo Var Omon`ªV Vmo _mPo VwH$S>o H$arV Zmhr Vmon`ªV _r Vw_À`mH$S>o `oÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. Oa _r Ambmo
Zmhr Va _r _ê$Z Jobobmo Amho, Ago g_Omdo. _mPr dmQ> nmhÿ Z`o.
200

u nmdgmMr {Z^©Ëg©Zm H$aUmar _mUgo

nmdgmMr AmB© nmdgmMm gm§^mi H$aVo; na§Vw nmD$g gmaIo H$nS>o Amobo H$aVmo. AmB© amJmZo gm§JVo,
"Vy _bm Ìmg XoVmog Zm, bmoH$ Vwbm Xmof XoVrb; Vy Ambmg Var Xmof XoVrb Zmhr Ambmg Var Xmof XoVrb.'
AmOhr _mUgo nmD$g Ambm Var Xmof XoVmV; Zmhr Ambm Var Xmof XoVmV.
u {hdmù`mZ§VaMo {Xdg bhmZ H$m hmoVmV?
AmH$memV åhmVmar _mUgo AmhoV. Vr Ooìhm {~S>r AmoT>VmV Voìhm Ë`m àH$memVyZ drO {Z_m©U hmoV.o
Ooìhm Vr åhmVmar _mUgo ^m§S>Uo H$ê$ bmJVmV Voìhm T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> hmoVmo. Am{U qhdmù¶mZ§VaMo {Xdg
bhmZ hmoVmV. ho `wJmZw`wJo Mmby amhUma Amho.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© H$ënZm~§Ym§Mm {dMma H$aVm Ë`m§Mo doJionU bj doYyZ KoUmao Amho. Am{Xdmgr
H$WH$m§Zm CnOVM à{V^meŠVr AgyZ g^modVmbÀ`m {ZarjUmVyZ H$ënZmeŠVrbm _hÎd XoD$Z H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr
_m§S>Ur H$aVmV. Am{Xdmgr g_mO Oar {Zaja Agbm Var Amnë`m H$ënZmeŠVrÀ`m à{V^oZo g¥ï>r_Ü`o
Oo H$mhr AX²^yV KQ>Zmn«g§J KS>V AgVmV Ë`m§Mm Vmo Amnë`m H$ënZmeŠVrÀ`m AmYmao AW© bmdÊ`mMm
à`ËZ H$ê$Z Amnë`m H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y A{Ve`moŠVrMr dU©Zo
dmQ>V Agbr Var; Vr dU©Zo `oUo Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ dmQ>Vo. H$maU Ë`m§Zm dmñVdVoMm AmYma AgVmo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m H$ënZm~§Ym§Mo ñdê$n Aä`mgë`mZ§Va, Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm H$mhr KQ>Zm Am{U àg§J {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmVmV Vo _hÎdmMo AgyZ Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb KQ>Zmàg§JmMr _m§S>Ur nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
5) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb KQ>Zmàg§J
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Á`m H$mhr KQ>Zm àg§Jm§Mr _m§S>Ur nmhmd`mg {_iVmV Ë`mV {d{dYVm
Amho. H$maU H$moUË`mhr bmoH$H$WoMr _m§S>Ur hmoVmZm Ë`m_Ü`o `oUmao KQ>Zmàg§J bmoH$H$Wobm J{V_mZ
H$aÊ`mg Am{U lmoË`m§Mr CËgwH$Vm dmT>{dUmao AgVmV qH$dm Agohr åhUVm `oB©b H$s, bmoH$H$WoVrb
KQ>Zm§da H$WoMr `epñdVm Adb§~Zy AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _ybKQ>H$m§_Ü`o KQ>Zm Am{U àg§J `m§Zm {deof
_hÎd AgyZ Ë`m KQ>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$WoMr `epñdVm dmT>V AgVo Ago dmQ>V.o Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ
Á`m H$mhr KQ>Zm `oVmV Ë`m ì`ŠVr, àmUr, ney, njr, d¥j, XodVm, amjg Am{U ^yV `m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
`oVmV. n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm bmoH$H$WoVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m AZwf§JmZo `oUmè`m KQ>Zm nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
 201

A) ì`ŠVr{df`H$ KQ>Zm
_wbrbm dmKmZo nH$S>VmM ~oS>H$sMo ê$n XoUmam OmXyJma, b½ZmVrb ^oQ>dñV§yV H$m|~S>r, Jm`, eoir
AUUmar _mUgo, Hw$èhmS>r H$a dgyb H$aUmam amOm, T>mobm§Mm AmdmO H$mTy>Z ^wVm§Zm ni{dUmar _mUgo,
amjgmer XmoñVr H$aUmam _mUyg, {nH$boë`m C§~amÀ`m PmS>mImbr PmonyZ Vm|S>mV nS>boë`m C§~amÀ`m
gmhmæ`mZo ^yH$ ^mJ{dUmam _mUyg, _wbmMm Ûof H$ê$Z Ë`mbm R>ma _mê$Z nwZ{d©dmh H$aUmam ~mn, C§M
PmS>mda MTy>Z nmÊ`mMm emoY KoUmar _mUgo, {ddmhmbm {damoY H$aUmar _wbJr, JmdmVrb XwîH$mimMr
AS>MU AmoiIyZ {dhra ImoXUmam _mUyg, X\$Z H$aVmZm {N>Ð Z R>odUmar _mUgo, emH©$ _memÀ`m nmoQ>mV
àdoe H$ê$Z emH©$ _memÀ`m KamV amhUmè`m _wbr, ZmaimÀ`m H$ad§Q>rV _mgo ^mOyZ ImUmar _mUgo,
åherÀ`m Am{U AñdbmÀ`m H$mVS>rnmgyZ V`ma Ho$boë`m PmonS>rV amhUmar _mUgo, Añdbmer {ddm{hV
hmoUmar ñÌr, _¥V nú`mÀ`m AmYmamZo Añdb _mZdmbm R>ma _maUmao {eH$mar, _oboë`m ~¡bmMr H$mVS>r
{dHy$Z _moVr Am{U KmoS>m KoUmam eoVH$ar, H$m|~S>çm§~amo~a _wbrMm {ddmh H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUmam amOm,
_moR>çm ^mdmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZV§ a Ë`mÀ`m nËZrer {ddm{hV hmoUmam Ë`mMm bhmZ ^mD$, dS>mÀ`m PmS>mda PmonUmam
_wbJm, _wIdQ>çmMm An_mZ H$aUmè`m ~mnmÀ`m _wbrbm {_iUmar {ejm, _mUgm§À`m ~irZ§Va àmÊ`mMm
~ir XoUmar _mUgo, ñÌrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb W¡brV dmT>Umam J^© àmÊ`m§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va hmoUmè`m AdñWm§_YyZ
{Z_m©U hmoUmam _mUyg, g_wÐmOdirb ~oQ>m§da {Z_m©U hmoUmar _mUgo, AZoH$ {ñÌ`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aUmam
amOm, Va AZoH$ nwéfm§Mm ñdrH$maUmè`m {ñÌ`m, e§^y ZmdmÀ`m Am{Xdmgr `moÕçmda Ho$bm OmUmam
{dfà`moJ, CIimÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Am^mimbm da Kmb{dUmar ñÌr, nmÊ`mV bmoIS§ >r {Iim _mê$Z CîUVm
{Z_m©U H$ê$Z g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vr H$aUmam g¥{ï>Xdo EH$m nVrMm ñdrH$ma H$aUmè`m 7 _wbr, Am¡Vmbm dmK Own§ Zy eoVr
H$aUmam eoVH$ar, ì`{^Mmar nwéfmMo S>mi
o o \$moS>Umar ñÌr, àmÊ`m§Mo aŠV {nUmao ~mbH$, ~wiH$m§S>r bmdUmam
~mÝ`m ^JV Xodmbm gmJ nmS>Umam Xmê$ {dH«o$Vm, {à`H$a _hmamOmbm gm§JyZ Hw$Ìm ~Z{dUmar amUr, Xodmbm
~ir XoUmam nVr, _mZdr hmS>m§À`m gmnù`mdê$Z Kao ~m§YUmar _mUgo... àñVwVMo gd© KQ>Zmàg§J
ì`ŠVr{df`H$ ñdê$nmMo AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m AmYmao H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVo. ì`ŠVr{df`H$
KQ>Zmn«gJ§ nm{hë`mZ§Va Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m ney Am{U àmUr{df`H$ KQ>Zmàg§Jm§Mm
nwT>rbà_mUo {dMma H$aVm `oB©b.
~) ney Am{U àmUr{df`H$ KQ>Zm
Am{Xdmgr g_mO {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÝZÜ`mV amhV Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m ^md{dídmV O§JbmVrb ney
202

Am{U g^modVmbMo àmUr `m§Mo _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$ma Ooìhm Amnë`m H$Wm§Mr
_m§S>Ur H$aVmo, Voìhm Vmo Amnë`m H$Wm§_Yrb ney Am{U àmÊ`m§À`m AmYmamZo KQ>Zm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo.
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m ney Am{U àmUr{df`H$ KQ>Zm nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb :
dmKXodmMr O§JbmV hmoUmar nyOm, O§JbmV Mam`bm OmUmar Jm`, nmdgmgmR>r ~oS>H$sMr Ho$br
OmUmar nyOm, S>mJ| aXodmMr dñÌo \$mS>Umar Jm`, hmoë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mV OmD$Z nmUr {nUmam H$moëhm, dmiboë`m
nmUmV _Jarbm OmiUmam H$moëhm, Amnë`m XohmÀ`m VwH$S>çmVyZ gmoÝ`mV ê$nm§V H$aUmam ~¡b, M§Ð-gy`m©Mo
AnhaU H$aUmao Añdb, M§Ðmda AË`mMma H$aUmam qdMy, JVrda A{^_mZ ~miJUmam harU, PmS>mdarb
C§XamMm Am{U Vm§XimMm emoY bmdUmam Hw$Ìm, JwhVo H$m|S>bëo `m _wbmbm gmoS>{dUmao gmqiXa, Ma~rV eoJ§ m
^mOyZ gembm Oody KmbUmao Añdb, àmÊ`m§Zm \$gdyZ gw§Xa eonQ>r {_idUmam H$moëhm, AZmW _wbm§Mm
gm§^mi H$aUmao harU, Xmê$Mm AmñdmX KoD$Z T>mob dmOdUmam H$moëhm, _wbmÀ`m gwQ>Ho$gmR>r aŠV~§~mi
hmoUmar Jm`, {Zam{lV ~mimbm XyY nmOyZ gm§^mi H$aUmao harU, amOmÀ`m ^ag^oV amOmMm An‘mZ
H$aUmam Hw$Ìm, dUì`mV gmnS>boë`m _wbmbm g§ajU XoUmam qdMy, àñVwVÀ`m gd© àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV KQ>Zm KS>VmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
H$) njr{df`H$ KQ>Zm
g¥{ï>{Z{_©VrgmR>r _mVr AmUUmam njr, _rR> KoD$Z `oUmam nmH$m njr, XodH¥$nogmR>r H$mnbm OmUmam
H$m|~S>m, Pmonboë`m _mUgmMo S>mi
o o \$moS>Umam H$mdim, Kw~S>mbm amOm H$aÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Umar {Q>Q>dr Am{U
~Jim, CbQ>çmgwbQ>çm H$mQ>Š`m§Mo Ka ~m§YUmam hmobm, _mUgm§gmR>r ~ir OmUmam H$m|~S>m, gy`m©amUrda ào_
H$aUmam _moa, ~oQ> nidyZ ZoUmam gmH$m njr, g_wÐmMo nmUr AmQ>dZy XwîH$mi {Z_m©U H$aUmam ~Jim, amOm
\$mZR>mMo AmVS>o KoD$Z OmUmar Kma, _mbH$mbm _¥Ë`yMr gyMZm H$aUmam H$m|~S>m, EH$_oH$m§Mo Hw$eb
{dMmaUmao H$mdim Am{U {JYmS>, hmobm nú`mÀ`m Jù`mV hma KmbUmar grVm, Xodm{déÕ eoVH$è`m§Mr
_XV H$aUmam q^Jma njr, A§S>çmMo Am{U {nëbm§Mo ajU H$aUmam nmZ{eì`m njr, _mUgm§Zm nmÊ`mÀ`m
ApñVËdmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUmar {Q>Q>dr, {à`grgmR>r AmdmOmMo ~{bXmZ H$aUmao H$~wVa, nmaÜ`mbm
gmoÝ`mMo nmVobo XoUmar _¡Zm... àñVwV gd© njr{df`H$ KQ>Zmàg§Jm§_Ü`o H$mdim, H$m|~S>m, _¡Zm, H$~wVa,
{Q>Q>dr, {JYmS>, ~Jim, hmobm `mMr _m§S>Ur hmoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
S>) d¥j{df`H$ KQ>Zm
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr O§JbmVrb d¥jm§da {Z^©a AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m X¥ï>rZo O§JbmVrb d¥j ho XodVmñdê$n
 203

AmhoV Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$ma H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm d¥jmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ KQ>Zm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo. Ë`m
KQ>Zm_Ü`o {_Ìm§À`m ~{bXmZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao nmZmMo PmS>, {Zam{lVm§Zm Aml` XoUmam d¥j, H§$X_wim§À`m
PmS>mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam Jm|S> amOm, Z_«VoZo OrdZ OJUmar gmda, {Zam{lV ~mimbm N>m`m XoUmar H$ad§X,
dmK, nmonQ> Am{U JmT>dmÀ`m ~{bXmZmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao _hÿMo PmS>, {_ÌmÀ`m dYmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar
_mZdr _wS§ >Š`mMr PmS>,o _wbrbm M§Ðmda OmÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aUmam d¥j, àñVwVÀ`m KQ>Zmàg§Jm_Yrb `oUmao
d¥j Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m g^modVmbMo AgyZ Ë`m d¥jm_Ü`o gmda, _hÿ, nmZ, nig, gmJ `m d¥jm§Zm
_hÎd XoD$Z bmoH$H$WmH$ma Amnë`m H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVo.
B) XodVm{df`H$ `oUmè`m KQ>Zm
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m XodVm {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>H$m§_YyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>H$m§Zm Xodñdê$n
_mZyZ Am{Xdmgr H$WH$ Á`m X¡dVH$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo, Ë`mVrb XodVm§_Ü`o amJmdboë`m H$UgarMr
hmoUmar nyOm, ~m§~yÀ`m H$m|~mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam ZmaZXod, O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o nmSy>Z n¥ÏdrMr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmam
gy`©Xod, nm§T>è`m Xodmda ~gyZ `oUmam g¥{ï>Xod, grVobm qOH$Umam bú_U, C§~è`mda ~gUmam C§~aXod,
Za~irMr àWm ~§X H$aUmam amOm \$mZR>m, ~m§~Ày `m gmhmæ`mZo H$m_ H$aUmè`m _wbm~amo~a {ddm{hV hmoUmar
hmobr_mVm, ~¡bmbm _mahmU H$ê$Z n¥Ïdrda nmR>dUmam g¥{ï>Xod, Mmoam§nmgyZ g§ajU XoUmar nm§T>a_mVm,
{Zam{lV ~mbH$mMm gm§^mi H$aUmam nmohmobmo Xod, _hmXod H$moir O_mVrVrb H$igy ZmdmÀ`m ñÌrnmgyZ
hmoUmar H$igy~mB© {eIamMr {Z{_©Vr, Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb Á`m H$mhr X¡dVH$Wm AmhoV Ë`m§Vrb
KQ>Zm§_Ü`o àñVwVMo Xod `oVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
B©) amjg{df`H$ KQ>Zm
gy`m©bm {JiUmam Jram amjg, _oKZmXmZo dY Ho$bobm amjg, _mUgm§Mm dmg `oUmam amjg,
åhmVmarH$S>o amoO EH$m {Od§V _mUgm§Mr _mJUr H$aUmam amjg, ñdV…À`m _m§gmVyZ {Od§V hmoUmam amjg,
_wbmÀ`m dYmMr ^rVr XmI{dUmam Am{U _wbmÀ`m AmB©er {ddm{hV hmoUmam amjg Aem doJù`m
ñd^mdmMm dmB©Q> àd¥ÎmrÀ`m amjgm§Mr _m§S>Ur hmoD$Z KQ>Zm {Z_m©U hmoVmV.
C) ^yV{df`H$ KQ>Zm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ ^yV{df`H$ Á`m H$mhr KQ>Zm `oVmV, Ë`m§_Ü`o VéU-VéUtZm \$g{dUmè`m
^yVmù`m, nVrbm ImUmar nËZr, ~¡bJmS>rVrb àdmem§Mo {XgUmao CbQ>o nm`, {dZmH$maU Ìmg XoUmè`m
_mUgm§Zm R>ma H$aUmam Jmd, _mUgmMo ~oS>H$mV ê$nm§Va H$aUmao {nemÀM, IbmemMo dQ>dmKimV ê$nm§Va
204

hmoU,o nmoQ>À`m nmoambm ImUmao ^yV, AZmW ~mbH$mbm _XV H$aUmao ^yV, amZSw>H$am§À`m H$inmVrb åhmoaŠ`m
Agbobo ^yV àñVwVÀ`m KQ>Zmàg§JmgmR>r H$WH$ Amnë`m H$ënZmeŠVrÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Am{U g^modVmbÀ`m
{ZarjUmVyZ KQ>Zm {Z_m©U H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmo. bmoH$H$WoVrb ho _hÎdmMo KQ>Zmàg§J AgyZ
lmoË`m§Zm Zì`m OrdZmZw^dmMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmao AmhoV, Ago dmQ>Vo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb
KQ>Zmàg§J Aä`mgë`mZ§Va Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Or dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo {VMm {dMma H$ê$.
6) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr O§JbmÀ`m n[agamV amhUmè`m AgyZ bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Or dmVmdaUmMr _m§S>Ur
hmoV,o Vr O§JbmÀ`m nmíd©^_y rda hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oV.o bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m dmVmdaU{Z{_©VrÀ`m
KQ>H$m§_Ü`o S>m|Ja, nd©V, Jwhm, eoVr, ZXr, {dhra, g_wÐ, PmS>o, PwS>no, dobr, nmD$g, JdVmi Hw$aUo,
Vbmd, O§Jbo, Jmd BË`mXr KQ>H$ àm_w»`mZo AmT>iZy `oVmV. bmoH$H$WoVrb dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr hm _hÎdmMm
KQ>H$ AgyZ KQ>Zmàg§JmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m dmVmdaUmMm lmoË`m§da Imobda n[aUm_ hmoV
AgVmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmar Or dmVmdaUo AmhoV, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb :
H$WoVrb dmVmdaUmV Jmd{XdmirVrb gmd©O{ZH$ CËgd hmoVmV Voìhm ~mOmamVrb KQ>Zmàg§J bmoH$H$WoV
Ambobo AmhoV. {ddmhàg§Jr nig, gmJ, AmnQ>m `m§Zr AmÀN>mXbobo _m§S>d AgVmV. dmaë`m§Mr
amJmdbobr H$Ugar _mVm, gmVmg_wÐmÀ`m nbrH$S>o OmD$Z amhVo. àmÊ`m§Mo _wIdQ>o n[aYmZ H$ê$Z gmd©O{ZH$
CËgdmV gh^mJr hmoUo, _mZdr CËnÎmrMr Or {R>H$mUo `oVmV Ë`m_Ü`o ~oQ>o, Vbmd, g_wÐ, JS>, nd©V hr
hmoV. gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb amOm \$mZR>m, `mhm_moJr hr XodVm, gømÐr nd©VmVrb H$igy~mB©, ZmaZXod,
{hadm Xod, qdÜ` nd©VmVrb Jmo§S>m§Mm amOm qbJXod, {^bdmS>çmMm ^rb, Jm|S>dZmVrb Jm|S>, g_wÐmÀ`m
VimVyZ AmUbobr _mVr, ~m~yÀ§ `m H$m|~mVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam ZmaZXod. bmb \w$bm§Mm nig, bmb gmbrMm
gmJ, g_wÐmdarb _rR>, dQ>d¥jmImbr ~gUmar O_mV n§Mm`V, g_wÐmda Va§JUmao O{_ZrMo VwH$S>o,
nmÊ`mVrb CîUVo_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao S>m|Ja, nd©V, Q>oH$S>çm, Ydb{Jar nd©Vmda Agboë`m {ndù`m
\w$bm§VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmar J^m©Mr dmT>, CJdË`m ~mOyZo OmUmam Am{U _mdiË`m ~mOyZo `oUmam {eH$mar,
nVrMo _{V©H$H$m`© H$aÊ`mgmR>r A§JUmV Z¥Ë` H$aUmar nËZr, ñ\${Q>>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o hdoV {^aH$mdyZ Vmè`m§Mr
{Z{_©Vr H$aUmam H$moëhm, _oKmÀN>m{XV nd©V, nmVmimVrb A§Yma, A§YmamVrb ^yV Am{U amjgm§Mo AgUmao
amOdmS>,o _moa Am{U bm§S>mao `m§Mo Z¥Ë` nmhÿZ Z¥Ë` H$aUmao Jm|S>, amZmV, O§JbmV d JwhVo ^Q>H$Umar {Zam{lV
_wb,o JmB©, _mH$S>, eoir `m§Mo {XgUmao H$in, gmoÝ`mÀ`m nb§Jmda PmonUmam ^moJío da amOm, PmS>mda CbQ>r
 205

bQ>H$bobr dQ>dmKio, g_wÐmV ~wS>Umar OhmOo, _mUgm§À`m S>mŠo `mÀ`m AmH$mamMr `oUmar \$io... àñVwVÀ`m
gd© dmVmdaUmÀ`m KQ>H$m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm {XgVo. darb gd© dmVmdaUo nmhVm H$mhr
dmVmdaUo H$mën{ZH$ AmhoV, Va H$mhr dmVmdaUo g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>rVrb AmhoV. ^r{VXm`H$ àg§Jm§Mr
Ooìhm _m§S>Ur hmoV AgVo Voìhm nmVmi, Jwhm, A§Yma `m§Mm AmYma KoVbm OmVmo Ooìhm AmZ§X ì`ŠV hmoUma
Agob Voìhm ZÚm, O§Jbo, nd©V d nig `m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z H$Wm§_Yrb dmVmdaUmMr {ZdS> H$ê$Z H$Wm
{Z_m©U hmoVmZm AmT>iyZ `oVmV.
7) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoMr à`moOZo
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm {Z{_©Vr_mJo H$mhr {d{eï> Aer R>mog à`moOZo AmhoV Am{U Vr _hÎdmMr
AmhoV. hr à`moOZ nmhUo Aä`mgmÀ`m X¥ï>rZo _hÎdmMo Amho. VËnydu _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$mhr à`moOZo
nmhUo C{MV R>aob; H$maU Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_mJrb à`moOZm§Mo ñdê$n A{YH$ ñnï> hmoÊ`mg
_XV hmoBb
© . _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _m§S>Ur Am{U à`moOZm{df`r J§JmYa _moaOo åhUVmV, ""bmoH$gm{hË`mMr
à`moOZo ñWyb_mZmZo gm§Jm`Mr Agbr Va 1) _Zmoa§OZ, 2) Aew^{ZdmaU qH$dm ew^àmár, 3) ì`dhma
17
{dkmnZm Aer gm§JVm `oVrb.'' bmoH$H$Wm hm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm EH$ _hÎdmMm ^mJ Agë`m_wio
bmoH$H$Wm§Zm hr à`moOZo bmJy nS>VmV, Ago dmQ>Vo.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m à`moOZm§~m~V Or H$mhr à`moOZo X¥ï>rg nS>VmV Ë`m§_Ü`o 1) _ZmoaO§ Z, 2)
Xw…I{ZdmaU, 3) Zr{V{dMma, 4) lÕm^md Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$_U hr hmoV. n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm _Zmoa§OZ `m
à`moOZmMm {dMma H$ê$.
A) _Zmoa§OZ
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUmam H$WZH$ma Am{Xdmgr g_mOmMo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo ho à`moOZ
S>mŠo `mV R>do Zy H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$arV AgVmo. {da§Jù
w `mÀ`m doir bmoH$m§Mm doi OmV Zgob qH$dm eoVmVrb
H$mhr H$m_ Mmby Agob Am{U {VWoM _wŠH$m_mMr JaO Agob Va amÌrÀ`m doir g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mo
_Zmoa§OZ H$aUo hm Ë`m§Mm EH$ hoVy _mZmdm bmJVmo.
_mZdr g¥ï>rVrb bmoH$m§Zm g¥ï>rVrb AZmH$bZr` Jmoï>r{df`mVrb JyT> H$m`_ Amho. Vo JyT> Vmo
Amnë`m d¡`{ŠVH$ nmVirda CbJS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$arV AgVmo. _mUgmMm OÝ_ H$gm Pmbm? Agm
EImXm àíZ {dMmaVmM Vmo H$WH$ g^modVmbÀ`m àmÊ`m§À`m JwU{deofm§Mr Am{U _Zwî`mÀ`m JwU{deofm§Mr
VwbZm H$aVmo Am{U _mZdmMm OÝ_ hm àmÊ`m§À`m OÝ_mZ§Va Pmbobm Amho, Ago gm§JyZ _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m
206

_mÜ`_mVyZ H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aVmo. _Zmoa§OZ hm hoVy S>moù`m§g_moa R>odyZ H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur hmoVmZm gmqiXa,
_mH$S>, _m§Oa, Sw>ŠH$a Aem àmÊ`m§À`m dmT>rMr VwbZm _mZdr CËH«$m§Vrer H$aVmo qH$dm _mUyg H$gm C^m
am{hbm? Va n{hë`m§Xm _mUyg Mma nm`m§da MmbV hmoVm. amÌ^a Cnmer am{hë`m_wio Ë`mbm gy`m}X`mMr
dmQ> nmhUo JaOoMo dmQ>bo Am{U Vmo _mJrb XmoZ nm`m§da C^m amhÿ bmJbm. Vmo AmOn`ªV C^mM Amho.
_mUgo Á`mdoir àW_mdñWoV AgVmV V|ìhm Vr ~mbHo$ n{hë`m§Xm Mma nm`m§da MmbVmV Am{U Z§Va XmoZ
nm`m§da C^r amhVmV. ho nm{hë`mZ§Va H$mVH$ar Oo gm§JVmo H$s, _mUyg Mma nm`m§da MmbV hmoVm. Z§Va Vmo
XmoZ nm`m§da C^m am{hbm ho gË` dmQ>Vo. AmH$memVrb EH$Ì AgUmè`m nmM Vmè`m§n¡H$s Mma Vmao hr ImQ>
Amho Am{U _Ybm Vmam Mmoa Amho Am{U Vmo Pmonbm Amho ho gm§JZy bmoH$m§Mo _ZmoaO§ Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm
OmVmo. H$m|~S>çmbm ~ir {Xbo OmVo H$maU _mUgmMr Am{U XodmMr _Ü`ñWr H$aUmam n{hbm Omo H$moUr hmoVm
Vmo H$m|~S>m hmoVm Am{U Ë`mZo _Ü`ñWr H$aVmZm _mPo ~{bXmZ hmoB©b Ago H$~yb Ho$bobo Agë`m_wio
H$m|~S>çmbm ~ir {Xbo OmVo. Aem AZoH$ _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m _mÜ`_m§VyZ bmoH$m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.
~) Xw…I{ZdmaU
_¥Ë`y hr _mZdr OrdZmVrb gdmªV _moR>r Xw…IX KQ>Zm _mZbr OmVo. _mÌ Am{Xdmgr OrdZmV _¥Ë`y
hr KQ>Zm ew^ _mZbr OmVo. _¥Ë`yZ§Va _¥V ì`ŠVrÀ`m ào_mnmoQ>r gd© _mUgo amÌ^a Ë`mÀ`mOdi ~gyZ
A§JUmV T>mob Am{U WmirÀ`m ZmXmV Z¥Ë` H$aVmV. _¥V ì`ŠVrbm X\$Z H$aVmZm dmÚm§gh Z¥Ë`o H$arV
{Zamon XoVmV. {XdgmÀ`m {Xder _¥V ì`ŠVrbm Á`m AmdS>Umè`m ImÚdñVy AmhoV Ë`m KoD$Z OmVmV. _¥V
ì`ŠVrda ào_ H$aUmar Am{Xdmgr _mUgo X\$Z H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m AmËå`mbm PmonÊ`mgmR>r ImQ>, OodUmgmR>r
VmQ>-dmQ>r, nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r Vm§ã`m R>do VmV. _¥V ì`ŠVrÀ`m Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb _mUgo Ë`m§À`m gmoBà© _mUo Am{W©H$
{Z`moOZ H$ê$Z {XdgmMm H$m`©H«$_ H$aVmV. `m doir g_mOmVrb bmoH$H$WmH$mambm ~mobmdyZ amÌ^a
Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z H$Wm EoHy$Z Xwgè`m {Xder gH$mir gd© O_mV~m§Yd X\$Z Ho$boë`m {R>H$mUr OmVmV Am{U
_`V ì`ŠVrbm AmZ§XmZo {Zamon XoVmV. _¥Ë`y{df`H$ H$WoMr gwédmV H$ê$Z AmËå`mbm nwT>o OmÊ`mV
AS>MUr `oV AgVrb Va Ë`m AS>MUr§da _mV H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVr§Mr _XV KoD$Z H$WH$
Ano{jV {R>H$mUr AmËå`mbm ZoD$Z nmohM{dVmV. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _mUgm§Zm ^md{ZH$ AmYma XoÊ`mMo H$m_
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm H$arV. Agë`m_wio Xw:I {ZdmaUmgmR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mr _XV KoVbr OmVo, ho AmT>iyZ
`oVo.
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H$) Zr{V{dMma
Am{Xdmgr g_mO na§namJV nÕVrZo MmbV Amboë`m ZrVrMm AmYma KoD$Z _mJ©H«$_U H$arV
AgVmo. PmS>m§Zm doXZm hmoVmV ho Ë`m§Zr AZw^dm§Zr AmoiIbobo Amho. T>mob ~Z[dÊ`mgmR>r Á`m PmS>mMr
{ZdS> Ho$br OmVo, Ë`mMr AJmoXa nyOm H$ê$Z PmS> VmoS>bo OmVo. VgoM b½Z_§S>nmVrb bmoH$m§Zm gmdbr
{_imdr åhUyZ AmnQ>m `m PmS>mMr nmZo VmoSy>Z Vr A§Wabr OmVmV. ~hþVoH$ bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb {dYdm ñÌrMm
nwZ{d©dmh H$aVmV. Ë`mbm g_mOmMr _mÝ`Vm Amho. EH$mH$snUo {dYdm ñÌrZo g_mOmV dmdaUo Ë`m§Zm ê$MV
Zmhr. {ddmh H$aUmam Xwgam nVr nËZrMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm {VÀ`m _wbmgh ñdrH$ma H$aVmo. gy`m©Xodr hr
M§ÐmMr ~hrU Amho Am{U hm ^mD$ ~{hUrÀ`m ~m~VrV dmB©Q> {dMma ì`ŠV H$aVmo Voìhm Vy amÌrÀ`m doir
CJderb hm emn {Xbm OmVmo. _mUgm§À`m earamVrb CîUVm Vmn H$_r H$aUmar Vár Am{U Za-_mXr `m§Zm
AmZ§XmZo ñdrH$maUmar ZXr Vr Z_©Xm hr Ë`m§Mr ZrVr Amho. amOm gwImV OrdZ OJVmo, Vwåhrhr gwImV OrdZ
OJm, Ago gm§JZy Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb amOm Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV AmZ§XmZo dmnaVmo. PmS>mImbr CÝhmV
PmonUmè`m _mUgmbm D$Z bmJVo åhUyZ ZmJ Amnbo \$UrN>Ì YaVmo, Va J[a~rV OrdZ OJUmè`m _wbmbm
~¡b "_mPo VwH$S>o H$a' Ago gm§JVmo. Z§Va Ë`mMo gmoÝ`mV ê$nm§Va hmoVo. ZmJmà_mUo AmnUhr Xwgè`m§Zm N>Ì
{Xbo nm{hOo, hm ZrVrMm {dMma gm§{JVbm OmVmo. {Zam{lV _wbmbm KmoanS> Ë`mMm AmYma ~ZVo Am{U
gwa{jV {R>H$mUr nmohmoMdVo. J^©dVr JmB©Odi H$moUr ZgVo, Voìhm dmK Amnbr H«y$aVm {dgê$Z {VMo
~mi§VnU H$aVmo. O§JbmVrb _wbmbm _Ja Ìmg XoVo ho H$moëømbm g_OVmM H$moëhm _wbmbm _XV H$aVmo
Am{U àmU dmM{dVmo. àñVwVÀ`m gd© Zr{V{dMmam§VyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WmH$ma Amnë`m bmoH$H$Wm§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ ZrVrMr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm Zr{V{dMma XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo, Ago {XgyZ `oV.o
S>) lÕm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr g§H«$_U
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb {^ëb, Jm|S>, _hmXod H$moir, R>mH$ma, dmabr, H$moH$Um `m Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§Vrb X¡dVm§_Ü`o amOm \$mZR>m, `mhm_moJr, {b§JmoXod, H$Ugar, H$igy~mB© dmKXod, {hadmXod,
_mdë`m `m à_wI XodVm AmhoV. n«ñVwV gd© XodVm Am{X_Ëd {gÕ H$aVmV. hr gd© X¡dVo Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§_Yrb _hmnwéf Am{U {ñÌ`m AmhoV Ë`m hmoD$Z Jobëo `m AgyZ Ë`m§À`m~Ôb lÕm^md ì`ŠV hmoVmo.
`m gd© XodVm O_mVrÀ`m ghdmgmV dmdaUmè`m AgyZ Ë`m§Zm _mZ{gH$ AmYma XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$arV
AgVmV. XodVm§~Ôb lÕm^md ì`ŠV ìhmdm åhUyZ AmOhr `m XodVm§À`m OÌm H$aVmV Am{U `mÌm§À`m
_mÜ`_mVyZ Ë`m§À`m H$Wm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. g_mOmV {H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o Ambr, {H$Vrhr AmYw{ZH$VoMm
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à^md Agbm Var lÕm^md {Xdg|{Xdg dmT>VmZm {XgyZ `oVmo. `m_Ü`o Am{XdmgtÀ`m X¡dVH$Wm _hÎdmMr
^y{_H$m ~OmdV AgyZ lÕm^md g§H«${_V H$aÊ`mg Ë`m `eñdr hmoVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. EH$m {nT>rV
nm{hbobm lÕm^md nwT>Mr {nT>r AmZ§XmZo ñdrH$mê$Z {VMo àm_m{UH$nUo nmbZ H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oV.o EHy$UM
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm hoVy Am{U à`moOZ nmhVm lÕm^md A{^ì`ŠV H$aUo hm ^mJ _hÎdmMm _mZbm
OmVmo, Ago åhUUo `mo½` R>aVo.
8) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb VÎd{dMma
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb gm_m{OH$ OrdZmÀ`m AZwfJ§ mZo àmUr, njr Am{U d¥j `m§À`m g§X^m©Vrb
Á`m ZrVr{df`H$ H$Wm AmhoV Ë`m Zr{VVÎdmMr _m§S>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo.
`m bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb àmUr, njr Am{U d¥j ho _mUgmÀ`m OrdZmbm {XemXe©H$ ~Z{dboë`m AmhoV, Ago
dmQ>V.o O§JbmVrb dmKmbm qH$dm Añdbmbm AmnU Ìmg {Xbm Zmhr Va Vohr AmnUmbm Ìmg XoUma Zmhr,
ho gmYo VÎd Amho. d¥j, ZÚm, S>mJ| a d nd©V ho _mUgmbm {Z…ñdmWunUo ^a^ê$Z XoVmV. H$moUVrhr Anojm
R>odV ZmhrV. Ë`mÀ`m ghdmgmV dmdaVmZm Am{Xdmgr g_mO Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo AZwH$aU H$ê$Z Amnë`m
OrdZmMo VÎd {Z_m©U H$aVmo Am{U H$Wm§_YyZ A{^ì`ŠVr H$aVmo. d¥j ho _mZdmMm _hÎdmMm AmYma Amho.
Kao ~m§YÊ`mgmR>r, {ddmhmgmR>r d {eH$margmR>r Ë`m§Zm O§JbmMr JaO Amho. H$Wm§_Yrb ~hþVoH$ àmUr
PmS>mda amhVmZm AmT>iyZ `oVmV. ho {ZgJm©er EH$ê$n hmoUmao _hÎdmMo VÎd Amho. hrM d¥jo AmnUmbm
AmYma XoVmV. hm Ë`m§Zm _hÎdmMm AmYma dmQ>Vmo. O§JbmVrb njr Ë`m§Zm hdm_mZmMm A§XmO XoVmV.
Ë`m_wio O§JbmVrb njr Ë`m§À`m X¥ï>rZo n{dÌ ~ZVmV. H$mhr H$Wm§_YyZ Kw~S>mgmaIm njr amOm hmoVmo `mMo
H$maU eoVmVrb C§Xra ImD$Z eoVrMo ajU H$aUo ho Ë`mMo n{dÌ H$m_ Amho; Ë`m_wio Vmo nú`m§Mm amOm
XmI{dbobm Amho. H$mdim C§Mmda Ka ~m§YVmo Voìhm `m dfu nmD$g ^anya hmoUma, `mMr _m{hVr {_iVo.
{OWo {Q>Q>dr Am{U ~Jio AmhoV, {VWo nmÊ`mMo gmR>o AgUma, ho Am{XdmgtZm AZw^dmVyZ g_OVo. VgoM
{OWo _mH$S>m§Mm X§Jm hmoVmo {VWo dmK ZŠH$s AgUma ho Ë`m§À`m {ZgJm©{df`rÀ`m kmZmMo VÎd Amho.
_mUgm§Zm eoVrgmR>r _XV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H¥${fX¡dVmZo ~¡b {Z_m©U Ho$bm. Vmo Amnbm _hÎdmMm AmYma Amho,
ho Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo VÎd Amho. Ë`m_wio ~¡bmbm AmXamZo dmJ{dbo, nm{hOo hr na§nam {Q>Hy$Z Amho.
bmoH$H$WoV Hw$Ìm hm àmUr YmoŠ`mMr gyMZm XoUmam Amho. {~im_Ü`o ggm Amho, gmn Amho, ho Ë`m§Zm Hw$Ìm
gm§JVmo. Ë`m_wio Hw$Í`mbm Amnë`m KamVrb g^mgX _mZUo Ë`m§Zm `mo½` dmQ>V.o Hw$Í`mà_mUoM _mgm, _mH$S>,
IoH$S>m, Jm§Sy>i ho àmUr$ AmnUmbm _XV H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mm AmXa amIUo ho _hÎdmMo _mZVmV. EHy$UM
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Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb VËdmMm {dMma H$aVm àmUr, njr Am{U d¥j ho Ë`m§Zm _XV H$aUmao AgyZ Vo
Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMm ^mJ ~ZVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb VÎdmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mZ§Va Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmMm {dMma hmoUo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo. Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVm `oB©b.
9) Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU
_hmamï´>mVrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVr gømÐr, gmVnwS>m Am{U qdÜ` nd©Vm§À`m n[agamV dmñVì`
H$aUmè`m AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr dñVr, S>mJ| a, Xè`m, nd©Vm§À`m am§Jm Am{U O§Jb Aem ^y^m§Jmda
AgVo. ì`dhmaHw$eb, VÎdk, ~w{Õd¡^dg§nÞ Agboë`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm g_¥Õ AmhoV.
Ë`m_wio Am{Xdmgr O_mVtVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmMm {dMma H$aUo g§`w{ŠVH$ dmQ>Vo. Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm 1) CËnÎmr H$Wm, 2) X¡dVH$Wm, 3) AX²^wV H$Wm, 4) X§VH$Wm, 5)
Zr{VH$Wm, 6) g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vr H$Wm , 7) ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm, 8) MmVw`© H$Wm, 9) {dYrH$Wm, 10) draH$Wm,
11) hmñ`{dZmoXr H$Wm, 12) ZjÌ H$Wm, 13) amOm, amUr Am{U amjgH$Wm, 14) BVa H$Wm BË`mXtMm
g_mdoe hmoVmo. àñVwVMo Ho$bobo dJuH$aU ho H$mQ>Ho $moa nÕVrZo Pmbobo Amho Ago åhUUo `mo½` hmoUma Zmhr;
H$maU AmOn`ªVÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUm~m~V AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr AZoH$ Am{U doJdoJù`m nÕVr§Zr
dJuH$aU Ho$bobo Amho. Vo dJuH$aU _mJ©Xe©H$ AgyZ XwJm© ^mJdV, à^mH$a _m§S>o, {dídZmW qeXo, eaX
ì`dhmao, J§JmYa _moaOo `m§Zr Ho$boë`m dJuH$aUm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z g_m§Va gyÌ `m nÕVrZo Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bobo Amho. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmVrb `oUmè`m AS>MUr~m~V A{^àm` ì`ŠV
H$aVmZm eaX ì`dhmao {b{hVmV, ""bmoH$H$WoÀ`m dJuH$aUmV ~è`mM AS>MUr `oV Agë`m_wio CnbãY
bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe H$aVm `oBb
© , Ago emñÌr` dJuH$aU H$aVm `oUo ghOeŠ` hmoBb
© , Ago dmQ>V Zmhr.
bmoH$H$Wm§V bmoH$H$WoMo _m¡{IH$ ñdê$n {Zamio Agy eH$Vo. Ë`mMo doJdoJio n`m©` AmT>iy eH$VmV.
`m{edm` bmoH$H$WoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb g§~§{YV {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm (lmoVm, H$WH$, àXoe, {df`, aMZm,
BË`mXr) à^md bmoH$H$Woda n«Ë`j dm AàË`j nS>V Agë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmV ~è`mM
18
AS>MUr `oVmV.'' eaX ì`dhmao `m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmVrb gm§{JVboë`m AS>MUr nmhVm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo hmoUmao dJuH$aU ho H$mQ>oH$moa Amho, Ago åhUUo YmS>gmMo hmoB©b. Aä`mgmÀ`m
gmoB©gmR>r Ho$bobo ho dJuH$aU H$mhr Zdr {Xem XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aob, Aer Amem dmQ>Vo. n¡H$s n{hë`m§Xm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb CËnÎmr H$Wm§Mm nam_e© KoUo _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo.
210

1) Am{Xdmgr§À`m _mZdr CËn{ÎmH$Wm

Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb CËn{ÎmH$Wm d¡{eîQ>çnyU© AgyZ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ g§X^© Agboë`m AmhoV.
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§À`m ~hwVoH$ CËn{ÎmH$Wm _mVr, g_wÐ, ZÚm `m§À`m AmYmamZo KS>boë`m AmhoV, Ago
OmUdVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§À`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mo H$WH$ Amnë`m H$ënH$eŠVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ O_mVrÀ`m
CËnÎmr~m~V Or H$mhr {ZarjUo AmhoV Vr Ë`m§À`m bmoH$H$WoVyZ _m§S>V AgVmV.
amdUmZo _hmXodmbm g¥ï>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr Ho$ë`mZ§Va _hmXodmZo _yR>^a _mVr KoD$Z Ë`mVyZ
nwéf Am{U ñÌr Aem XmoZ à{V_m {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm {Od§V Ho$bo Am{U hoM nydO© H$moaHy$§ Mo nydO© AmhoV,
Ago _mZbo OmVo. H$moH$Um O_mVrV ZmJoídar Am{U dmKoídar `m XmoZ ~oQ>mdarb _mZdm§Mr CËnÎmr Ho$br
Am{U H$moH$Um O_mVrMr CËnÎmr Pmbr Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Jm|S> Am{U Jm|S>rU ho nVr-nËZr amZmV amhV
hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo Oo gmVdo AnË` OÝ_mbm Ambo Vo naYmZ hmo` Aer naYmZ O_mVrMr CËnÎmr Amho. "~rëd'
hm V_rir eãX Amho. Ë`mMm AW© "YZwî`' Agm hmoVmo. ~rëd hmVmV nH$S>Umar O§JbmVrb Or _mUgo
AmhoV Vo ~rb = ^rb = {^ëb hmo`, Aer {^ëb O_mVrMr CËnÎmr _mZbr OmVo. nmdmJS>mda OÝ_mbm
Ambobo ñÌr-nwéf hr nmdam§Mr CËnÎmr hmo`. _m{S>`m O_mVrV O§JbmVrb dobrda Oo \$i hmoVo, Ë`m
\$imVyZ _mZdmMr CËnÎmr Pmbobr Amho, Ago _mZVmV. O§JbmVrb ‘mH$S>mnmgyZ, dZ_mZdmnmgyZ _mUgm§Mm
OÝ_ Pmbobm Amho, Ago H$mVH$ar O_mVrV _mZbo OmVo. n«ñVwVÀ`m gd© _mZdr CËn{ÎmH$Wm§Mm {dMma H$aVm
_mVr, nmUr, \$io, dZ_mZd `m§À`mVyZ _mZdmMr CËnÎmr Pmbobr Amho, Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Uo `mo½` dmQ>V.o
darb _mZdr CËnÎmr{df`H$ gd© H$ënZm AmhoV. Ë`m O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Zr H$ënZm§À`m AmYmamZo Am{U
nmR>r_mJÀ`m {nT>çm§Zr Or CËnÎmr gm§{JVbr Amho, {VMm AmYma KoD$Z _mZdmMr CËnÎmr ñnîQ> Ho$bobr
Amho, Ago OmUdVo. EHy$UM _mZdr OÝ_m{df`rMo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Oo Hw$Vyhb Amho, Vo
_hÎdmMo Amho.
2) X¡dVH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr H$WoV X¡dVH$Wm§Zm \$ma _hÎd Amho. Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm {ZgJm©À`m gm{ÞÜ`mV dmdaV
Agë`mZo {ZgJm©Mo em§V d gm¡å` ñdê$n Ë`mÀ`m {ZË`mÀ`m n[aM`mMo AgVo. {ZgJm©À`m em§V ê$nmMr
Ë`m§Zm Oer AmoiI Amho, Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mÀ`m am¡Ð ê$nmMr Ë`m§Zm AmoiI Amho, Ë`mVyZM Vo {ZgJ©nyOH$
~Zbobo AmhoV. {ZgJm©Vrb Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVtZm Ë`m§Zr XodËd ~hmb H$ê$Z Amnë`m H$ënZm eŠVtÀ`m
AmYmamZo X¡dH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$bobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr X¡dVH$Wm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm XwJm© ^mJdV
 211

{b{hVmV, ""Am{XdmgtÀ`m X¡dVH$WoV Ë`m§Zm {dñVdmMm Cn`moJ H$gm H$am`Mm, YZwî`~mU H$go Mmbdm`Mo
19
OrdZmVbr EH$ EH$ Hw$ga Hw$Ur, Ho$ìhm {eH$dbr, `m~ÔbÀ`m H$WZm§Zr a§Jboë`m AgVmV.'' XwJm©
^mJdV `m§À`m Am{XdmgtÀ`m X¡dVH$Wm§À`m ñdê$nm{df`r _m{hVr KoVë`mZ§Va Ë`m§À`m X¡dVH$WmMr
_m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oB©b.
Am{Xdmgr dmabr `m§À`m {hadm XodmÀ`m X¡dVH$WoV _moamMo VmOo aŠV Ë`mÀ`m ~{hUrbm nmOyZ Á`m
_moamMr {eH$ma Ho$bobr Amho, Ë`mÀ`m n§Im§V {hadm Xodmbm ~g[dbo OmVo. gy`© hm g¥ï>rMm à_wI Amho. Vmo
OJmMo nmofU H$aVmo. g§nyU© OJ ho gy`m©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm Ë`m§Zr OJmMm à_wI _mZyZ
Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$bobr Amho. dmabr O_mVrMm ZmaZXod ~m§~yÀ`m H$m|~mVyZ OÝ_mbm Ambm Ago _mZë`m_wio
{ddmhàg§Jr ~m§~Ày `m AmYmamZo b½Z_§S>nmV àdoe H$aUmè`m Zdè`mbm AS>{dbo OmVo. dmabr O_mVrà_mUoM
{^ëb `m O_mVrVhr Zdè`mbm ~m§~yZo AS>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio KamMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm Ë`m§Zm ~m§~yMm
_hÎdmMm AmYma dmQ>Vmo. åhUyZ Ë`mbm Ë`m§Zr Xod _mZbo Amho. {^ëb Am{U dmabr `m O_mVr§V
YmÝ`XodVm åhUyZ ^mVmMr gmi Am{U ZmJbrÀ`m YmÝ`mbm _hÎd Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtZm `m
AÞYmÝ`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo åhUyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§Zm Xod _mZbo Amho. {ddmhàg§Jr _ÚnmZmbm _hÎd XoD$Z,
n{hë`m§Xm Ë`mMr nyOm H$ê$Z _¥Vm§À`m AmËå`m§Zm Xmê$ An©U H$ê$Z {ddmhg§ñH$ma gwê$ Ho$bm OmVmo.
{ddmhgmohù`mVrb nmhþÊ`m§Mm nmhþUMma Xmê$Zo Pmbm nm{hOo hm Am{Xdmgr§V {Z`_ Amho. EH$m {ddmhàg§Jr
Xmê$ JmiVmZm bmH$S>o g§nbr åhUyZ {^ëbm§Mm amOm \$mZQ>m `m XodmZo nm`m§Zr Myb noQ>dbr, Xmê$ Jmibr,
nmhþUMma Ho$bm Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Voìhm amOm \$mZQ>m hm {^ëbm§Mm Xod ~ZVmo. _mZdmn«_mUo Am{Xdmgr
O_mVrV ^yVmù`m§Mm AmXa ~miJbm OmVmo; H$maU ^wVmù`m g_mOmVrb _mUgm§Zm Ìmg XoVmV. hm g_O
Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$ Z¥Ë`m{dîH$mambm \$ma _hÎd XoVmV Jm|S>, {^ëb, dmabr, R>mH$a,
_hmXod H$moir O_mVr§V _wIdQ>çmÀ`m ê$nmZo àmÊ`m§~Ôb lÕm^md Onbm OmVmo. Z¥Ë`mVrb _wIdQ>çm§V
dmK, Añdb ho àmUr hmoV. n¡H$s Añdb `m àmÊ`m{df`r lÕm^md ì`ŠV H$aVmZm AéU à^wUo {b{hVmV,
""X¡dVH$Wm§_Ü`o Añdbmbm {deof ñWmZ Amho. AñdbmMm AmË_m hm _mUgmÀ`m AmËå`mbm OdiMm
20
g_Obm OmV Ago; åhUyZ Añdb ho _mUyg Am{U àmUr `m§À`mg§~§YmMo àVrH$ g_Obo OmV Ago.''
AéU à^wUo `m§À`m `m _VmZwgma Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb X¡dV H$WoVrb AñdbmMo _hÎd ñnï> hmoVo. Jm|S>
O_mVrVrb _wIdQ>m ~Z{dUmè`m _mUgmZo Añdb `m àmÊ`mMm An_mZ Ho$bm; Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm {ejm {Xbr,
Aer EH$ bmoH$H$Wm Amho. Z¥Ë`mVrb _wIdQ>o lÕoZo dmnê$Z Ë`m§Zm Xodñdê$n _mZyZ Ë`mMr nyOm H$aUo
Am{Xdmgr g_mOmV _hÎdmMo _mZbo OmVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr nyd©Om§Zm \$ma _hÎd XoVmV _mUgmÀ`m
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_¥Ë`yZ§Va JmdmVrb ^JV nyd©OmMo {R>H$mU H$moR>o Amho qH$dm nyd©Om§Zm H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr ñWmZ Úmdo, `mMr
_m{hVr XoV AgVmo. `m doir KamVrb q^Vr§da {MÌo H$mTy>Z, Ë`m§Mr nyOm H$ê$Z _J nydO© m§Mr OmJm {ZpíMV
Ho$br OmVo. {MÌmV ~H$am ~ir XoVmZmMo {MÌ H$mTy>Z, Ë`mMr {d{YdV nyOm H$ê$Z _¥Vm§À`m AmËå`m§Zm em§V
Ho$bo OmVo.
H$moaHy$ O_mVrV _oKZmXmbm \$ma _hÎd Amho. à{Vdfu _oKZmXmMr nyOm H$ê$Z Ë`mÀ`m~ÔbMm
lÕm^md ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo. AmXa^md ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r "Iå_' ho _oKZmXmMo àVrH$ _mZyZ Ë`mMr nyOm
Ho$br OmVo. H$moH$Um Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV S>m|JaXod ZmdmMm Xod Amho. S>m|JaXod hm S>m|Jamdarb JwamT>moam§Zm
MmamnmUr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmo; Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br nm{hOo Ago _mZbo OmVo. VgoM S>mJ| aXodmMr nyOm
Ho$ë`mZ§Va nmD$g Am{U YaVmar Amnë`mda H¥$nm H$aUma AmhoV, hm {dídmg Amho.
_hmXod H$moir O_mVrVrb ""H$igy~mB©'' _hmXodmMr ^ŠV hmoVr Vr amoO {eIamda OmD$Z _hmXodmMr
AmamYZm H$arV hmoVr. {VÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Ë`m S>m|Jambm H$igy~mB© ho Zmd XoÊ`mV Ambo. Jm|S> O_mVrVrb
YmÝ`, njr, PmS>, n«mUr, nmoH$ir `m gdmªV Xodm§Mo àVrH$ _mZyZ nyOm H$aVmV. gd© Xodm§Mo àVrH$ Agbobm
bmH$S>r IwÅ> C^m H$ê$Z Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. dmabr O_mVrVrb EH$ åhmVmar dmXi, dmam Am{U
ZXrÀ`m nwamV gmnS>bobr AgVmZm {Vbm nmÊ`mVyZ dmhV `oUmè`m {hadm XodmÀ`m _yVuZo dmM{dbo Agm
g_OH$ê$Z Vr {hadm XodmÀ`m _yVubm Kar AmUVo; na§Vw Vr MmbV C§~è`mOdi `oD$Z C^r amhVo Am{U
_bm KamV amh`Mo Zmhr, Kam~mhoa amhm`Mo Amho Ago gm§JVo Voìhm {Vbm Kam~mhoa R>odyZ C§~è`mOdi
Wm§~br åhUyZ C§~è¶mbm n{dÌ _mZbobo Amho.
{^ëb O_mVrV {haì`m Mmè`mbm "{Zbnm Xod' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIVmV. {hadm Mmam hm OZmdam§Zm
AmYma XoUmam Amho åhUyZ Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. O§JbmV Mam`bm Joboë¶m OZmdam§Mo "dmKXod' ajU
H$aVmo åhUyZ Ë`mMrhr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. _mVrÀ`m dmKXodmMr nyOm Ho$ë`mZ§Va dmKXod AmnUmbm Ìmg XoUma
Zmhr hm lÕm^md Amho. Jm|S> O_mVrV "{^_bmnoU' ZmdmMm Xod Amho. "{^_bmnoU' XodmMr AmB© O§JbmV
àgyV Pmbr. O§JbmV àgyV hmoUo ho An{dÌ _mZbo OmVo. ^wVmù`m {Vbm Ìmg XoVmV åhUyZ Ym{_©H$ {dYr
H$ê$Z {^_bmnoUÀ`m AmB©bm JmdmV àdoe {Xbm Jobm. {^ëbm§Mr Xodr "`mhm_moJr' hr OÝ_mbm Ambobr
AgVmZm {Vbm Q>monbrV R>odyZ O§JbmV gmoSy>Z {Xbo hmoVo, `mMo àVrH$$ åhUyZ AmOhr Q>monbrMr {d{YdV
nyOm H$ê$Z `mhm_moJr Xodr~Ôb AmXa^md ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo. {VMm `mhm_moJr nwT>o {ddm{hV hmoD$Z
g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Mm AmYma ~ZVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV "B§XbXod' ZmdmMm Xod Amho. PmonS>rMm Omo _Ybm
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Im§~ AgVmo, Ë`mbm "B§XbXod' _mZyZ Ë`mMr nyOm H$aVmV. _mUgm§Zm AmYma XoUmar hr PmonS>r Am{XdmgtÀ`m
B§XbXodmÀ`m ê$nmV nmhmd`mg {_iVo. B§XbXodmn«_mUoM "IoVè`mnmD$' ZmdmMm Omo Xod Amho Vmo eoVrMo
ajU H$aVmo. eoVm_Ü`o noaUr H$aVmZm n{hë`m§Xm {~`mUo "IoVmè`mnmD$' g_moa R>do Zy nyOm Ho$br OmVo Am{U
Z§Va noaUr Ho$br OmVo. "IoVè`mnmD$' åhUOo eoVmÀ`m ~m§Ymda R>odbobo XmoZ-VrZ JwiJwirV XJS> hmoV.
aUOy Xod hm _hÎdmMm Xod AgyZ H$më`m ZmdmÀ`m _mUgmMm hm _wbJm JmdmVrb _wbrer ào_ H$ê$Z nidyZ
KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U {ddmh H$aVmo. `mà_mUoM "hmobr_mVm', "JmdXod', "M§Ðgy`'© ," _|T>çmVmamo', "H$mbmamUm',
"_oKamUm', "IarIm§~' (bmoIS§ >r Im§~)o Agboë`m AZoH$ XodVm Am{Xdmgr X¡dVH$Wm§‘ܶo {M{ÌV hmoVmZm
{XgVmV. àñVwVÀ`m gd© X¡dVH$Wm§_Ü`o {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>H$m§er EH$ê$n hmoUmè`m `m XodVm Am{Xdmgr lÕoMr
{R>H$mUo ~ZVmV.
3) AX²^wVH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb AX²^wVH$Wm Amnë`m doJionUmZo bj doYyZ KoUmè`m AmhoV.
AX²^Vw H$Wm§Zm n[aH$Wm `m ZmdmZohr AmoiIbo OmVo. gd©gm_mÝ` OrdZmVrb dmVmdaUmnojm AX²^Vw H$Wm§Vrb
dmVmdaU doJù`m nÕVrMo AgyZ AX²^wVH$Wm§{df`rÀ`m ñdê$nm{df`r eaX ì`dhmao {b{hVmV,
""AX²^wVH$Wm§Mm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr {dH$mgmMm OdiMm g§~§Y AgVmo. Am{X_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo Adeof
21
AX²^yVH$Wm§_YyZ nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.'' Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb AX²^wV H$Wm§Zm Odi OmUmam hm
A{^àm` _hÎdmMm dmQ>Vmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoVrb AX²^Vw H$Wm§_Ü`o ì`ŠVr Am{U g¥ï>r `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Zm
_hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoD$Z AX²^Vw H$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr AgVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ AX²^Vw H$Wm§{df`rMr
_m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oB©b.
g¥ï>rdarb _mZdmbm nmÊ`mMr JaO bmJbr Voìhm {Q>H$_ Xodmbm ~mobmdyZ {dhra IUÊ`mgmR>r
gm§{JVbo; na§Vw Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z Vo O_bo Zmhr. Voìhm gwéJ§ Xodmbm ~mobmdyZ {d{harMr IwXmB© H$ê$Z n¥Ïdrdarb
_mZdmbm nmUr CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbo. Jar~ eoVH$ar O§JbmVrb bmH$S>m§Mr _moir ~m§YVmZm Xmoar gmnS>br
Zmhr Voìhm Á`m XmoarZo bmH$S>mMr _moir ~m§YyZ Kar AmUVmo, nmhVmo Va XmoarMo ZmJmV ê$nm§Va Pmbobo
AgVo, Vmo ZmJ _moir{dŠ`mer ~mobVmo," _r VwPm \$m`Xm H$ê$Z XoB©Z; _bm R>ma _mê$ ZH$mo.' Zdam Am{U
~m`H$mo XmoKo Ë`mMm gm§^mi H$aVmV; na§Vw EH$Xm _moir{dŠ`mMr ~m`H$mo ZmJmbm Ja_ XyY nmOVo. Ë`mV
Ë`mMo {ZYZ hmoVo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m _¥VXohmMm _moË`mMm hma hmoVmo. EH$ eoVH$ar eoVr H$aVmZm Zm§Jambm dmKmbm
Own§ Vmo Am{U eoVr H$aVmo. O§JbmV gmoS>bëo `m {Zam{lV ~mimbm Kma> AmYma XoVo Am{U Amnë`m KaQ>çmV
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gm§^mi H$aVo. EH$m amÁ`mVrb amOnwÌ Z{e~ AO_m{dÊ`mgmR>r Kam~mhoa nS>Vmo. O§JbmVyZ Mmbbobm
AgVmZm Ë`mbm gmoÝ`mMm CS>Vm amOdmS>m {XgVmo. amjgmMm nam^d H$ê$Z Vmo Ë`m amOdmS>çmMm _mbH$
~ZVmo. EH$m J[a~ eoVH$è`mMm ~¡b _mbH$m~amo~a àm_m{UH$nUo H$ï> H$ê$Z _mbH$mMo Xm[aÐ` g§nV Zmhr
åhUyZ Amnë`m _¥Ë`yZV§ a _¥VXohmVyZ gmoÝ`mMo VwH$S>o _mbH$mbm An©U H$aVmo. g¥ï>rda O|ìhm gJirH$S>o nmUr
hmoVo Voìhm XmT>r dmT>bobm C§M _mUyg `oVmo Am{U H$mhr ~wQ>Š`m bmoH$m§Zm OrdZ OJÊ`mMr nÕV {eH${dVmo
Am{U {ZKyZ OmVmo. EH$m O§JbmVyZ XmoZ {_Ì Mmbbobo AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm CS>Vm nm§T>am KmoS>m {XgVmo. XmoKo
Ë`mbm nH$S>VmV Am{U hdoV CS>Ê`mÀ`m à`ËZmV AgVmV. Vmo KmoS>m XmoKm§Zm PQ>Hy$Z XoVmo Am{U {ZKyZ
OmVmZm {XgVmo.
Iyn dfmªnydu g¥ï>rdarb _mUgo dm{f©H$ CËgd gmOam H$aÊ`mgmR>r O§JbmV OmV hmoVr. O§JbmV
OmD$Z ^mOr Am{U \$io H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r Jobobr AgVmZm Ë`m§Zm VhmZ bmJVo. Voìhm Vo gd©OU ZmaimMo
nmUr {nVmV. g_yhmVrb EH$ _mUyg _mÌ O§JbmVM amhVmo. Kar `oV Zmhr. H$mhr {XdgmZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m
earamda Ma~r gmMVo H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va Vo EH$m AOJambm nH$S>VmV Am{U \$mS>VmV V|ìhm O§JbmV
amhUmam _mUyg Ë`mÀ`m nmoQ>mVyZ§ ~mhoa nS>Vmo. g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mdarb EH$m ~oQ>mda Am{Xdmgr _mUgo amhV
hmoVr. ~mhoê$Z `oUmè`m Ibmem§Zr Ë`m§À`mda hëbo Ho$bo. hmoUmao hëbo bjmV `oVmM Ë`m§Zr OmXyH$boZo
Amnbo ê$nm§Va emH©$ _memV H$ê$Z Ibmem§Zm R>ma _mabo. O§JbmVrb H$mhr _mUgo O{_ZrVrb ^w`mamVyZ
nmVmimV OmVmV Am{U nmVmimVrb A§S>r Jmoim H$ê$Z OmXyJmambm {dMmaUm H$aVmV Voìhm Ë`mZo hr A§S>r
nmVmimV ZV©Z H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mr AmhoV Ago gm§JyZ AmnU {VH$S>o Om`Mo Zmhr Ago R>a{dVmV.
EH$m JmdmVrb åhmVmam Am{U åhmVmar O§JbmVrb nmZo Jmoim H$ê$Z KamÀ`m {XeoZo {ZKmbobo
AgVmZm OdiÀ`m _mUgmbm _XVrgmR>r ~mobmdVmV. Voìhm Vmo _XV H$aUmam _mUyg earamZo ZmJmgmaIm
Am{U S>moio _mUgmgmaIo AgUmam hmoVm. EH$m amÁ`mVrb amOm Amnë`m _wbrbm OmdB© emoYm`bm
{ZKmbobm AgVmZm "~oSy>H$ OmdB© Mmbob H$m?' Aer ~oSy>H$ {dMmaUm H$aVmo. OmdB© ~oS>H$mbm Kar KoD$Z
`oVmV, _wbrMr nadmZJr KoVmV Am{U {ddmh H$ê$Z XoVmV. KaOmdB© Pmbobm ~oSy>H$ eoVmV H$ï> H$ê$Z
gmgè`mbm lr_§V H$aVmo, Voìhm gmgy Ûof H$ê$Z ~oSy>H$ Omd`mer {ddmh H$aÊ`mMm àñVmd R>odVo; na§Vw Vmo
ZH$ma XoVmo. eodQ>r H$nQ>mZo Vr gmgy Omd`mbm ZmJmÀ`m A§S>çm§Mr ^mOr ImD$ KmbÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© AX²^wVH$Wm§Mm {dMma H$aVm, bmoH$H$WoVrb gd© KQ>Zmàg§J AX²^wVVm {Z_m©U
H$aUmao AgyZ AX²^wVVoÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb gmoÝ`mMm CS>Vm amOdmS>m, ~¡bmÀ`m VwH$S>çm§VyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao
 215

gmoZo, XmT>r dmT>{dbobm n¥Ïdrdarb n{hbm nwéf, hdoV CS>Umam nm§T>am KmoS>m, AOJamÀ`m nmoQ>mVyZ {Od§V
_mUgmbm ~mhoa H$mT>Uo, ZV©Z H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Mr A§S>r, eara gmnmgmaIo Am{U S>moio _mUgmgmaIo
AgUmam _mUyg, amOmMm ~oS>y H$ OmdB© Aem KQ>Zm§_YyZ AX²^Vw Vm {Z_m©U Ho$bobr Amho. àñVwVÀ`m AX²>^Vw
H$Wm§À`m H$mhr {R>H$mUr Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m àm{MZ g§ñH¥$VrMo Adeof nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. VgoM
n¥Ïdrdarb àmMrZ H$mimVrb _mUgm§Mr AmoiI hmoVo.
4) X§VH$Wm
gË`mda AmYmaboë`m KQ>Zm§da X§VH$Wm {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. bmoH$OrdZmV na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m
gË`mda Á`m H$mhr H$Wm {Z_m©U hmoVmV, Ë`m H$Wm§Zm H$ënZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$m§À`m _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r
{Z_m©U Ho$boë`m "X§VH$Wm' åhUVm `oB©b. X§VH$Wm ì`ŠVr, JwßVYZ, dñVy, ^yV `m nmíd©^y_rda V`ma
Ho$boë`m AgVmV. g_mOmMo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo, B{VhmgmVrb _mUgm§Mr, {R>H$mUm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z XoUo hm
hoVy Oar `m§V Agbm Var Oo Eo{Vhm{gH$ OrdZ hmoD$Z Jobo, Ë`mMr _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r X§VH$Wm gm§{JVë`m
OmVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Á`m H$mhr X§VH$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m§Mr _m{hVr nwT>rbà_mUo XoVm `oB©b.
H$mir _rZm ZmdmMo O§JbmV EH$ PmS> AgVo. Ë`mMr nmZo H$X©irÀ`m nmZmgmaIr AgyZ Ë`m
PmS>mImbr JwßVYZ AgVo, Ago _mZbo OmVo. qdÜ` nd©VmV {haÊ`YZy ZmdmMm amOm hmoD$Z Jobm. Ë`mÀ`m
_wbmMo Zmd EH$bì` hmoVo. YZw{d©ÚoV nma§JV Agbobm hm nwÌ {^ëbm§Mo ajU H$arV hmoVm, Ago gm§{JVbo
OmVo. nydu AmH$memVyZ H$mhr _mUgo d¥jm§À`m AmYmamZo O{_Zrda `oV hmoVr. n¡H$s Ë`mVrb EH$m _mUgmZo
Vo PmS> VmoS>bo VoìhmnmgyZ _mUgo O{_Zrda amhÿ bmJbr. n¥Ïdrdarb àmÊ`m§Mr {eH$ma H$amdr, Ago
_mUgmZo R>adbo; na§Vw Ë`mbm ~irMr Amdí`H$Vm hmoVr, Voìhm Ë`mZo H$m|~S>çmbm YmÝ` ImD$ KmbyZ
dmT>dbo Am{U Ë`mMm ~ir XoD$Z {eH$ma H$ê$ bmJbm. Jm|S> O_mVrVrb O§JbmV ^«_§Vr H$aUmè`m
_mUgm§Zr _moa Am{U bm§S>moa `m§Mo Z¥Ë` nm{hbo Am{U Z¥Ë`mMr H$bm Omonmgbr. EH$ {ZfmX Am{U ~«m÷U
XmoKo e§H$amMo ^ŠV hmoVo. EH$Xm e§H$amZo Iam ^ŠV H$moU ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r ^yH§$n {Z_m©U Ho$bm. {ZfmX `m
Iè`m ^ŠVmZo e§H$amÀ`m qnS>rbm H$dQ>miyZ ñdV:Mo ajU Ho$bo, Va ~«m÷U ^yH$§ nmÀ`m ^rVrZo niyZ Jobm.
EH$Xm S>m|JaH$moir {eH$marbm Jobobo hmoVo. {eH$ma gmnS>br Zmhr åhUyZ Vo PmS>mImbr aSy> bmJbo, Voìhm
e§H$amZo Vwåhmbm AmOnmgyZ {eH$ma {_iob Agm Amerdm©X {Xbm. VoìhmnmgyZ H$moUVmhr S>m|JaH$moir
{eH$mar{edm` _mKmar naV Ambm Zmhr. àñVwVÀ`m X§VH$WoVrb S>m|JaH$moir Am{U _hmXod H$moir ho nydu
EH$ hmoVo; na§Vw Z§Va Ë`m§Mo doJdoJù`m O_mVr§V ê$nm§Va Pmbo.
216

OÝ_mZ§Va ~mimÀ`m A§Jmda H$moS> Agob Va ~a§^m _wbmZo J^m©V àdoe Ho$bm, Ago _mZbo OmVo;
H$maU ~a§^m ho ^yV J^©dVr _{hbm§da Amnbm n«^md nmS>V,o Aer g_OyV Amho. H$mhr dfm§n© dy u n¥Ïdrdarb
amoJamB©_wio _mUgo _aV hmoVr. gd© bmoH$ Xodm§Zm Xmof XoV hmoVo. Voìhm Xodm§Zr ^wVmù`m {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m Am{U
Amnë`mda `oUmao Xmof ^wVmù`m§da bmXy bmJbm, VoìhmnmgyZ bmoH$ ^wVmù`m§Mo Zmd KoD$ bmJbo. ^moJXmar
ZmdmMo Jmd Amho. Ë`m JmdmVrb EH$m Am{XdmgrZo ^moJXmarMo n«VrH$ Agbobm bmH$S>r Am|S>H$m AmUbm
Am{U JmdmVrb ^wVm§Zm nidyZ bmdbo. hmM bmH$Sm>Mm Am|S>H$m Ë`mMr J«m_XodVm ~Zbr. {VÀ`m Xe©ZmZo
g§H$Q>o Xya hmoVmV Agm {dídmg Amho. EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ Am{Xdmgr Xmê${dH«o$Vm b½Zàg§Jr Xmê$ V`ma
H$ê$Z {ZKmbobm AgVmZm _¥V ì`ŠVtÀ`m AmËå`m§Zr Xmê$Mr _mJUr Ho$bobr AgVmZm "hr Xmê$ _mPr Zmhr,
bmoH$m§Mr,' Amho Ago gm§JZy ZH$ma XoVmo Voìhm Vmo AmË_m Ë`mÀ`m {_Ìm§Mo ê$n KoD$Z Ë`mbm Jmdm~mhoa AmUyZ
_mahmU H$aVmo. VoìhmnmgyZ àË`oH$ Xmê$ {dH«o$Vm Xmê$ Jmië`mZ§Va Vr _¥V ì`ŠVrÀ`m AËå`m§Zm An©U
H$aVmo Am{U JmdmV àdoe H$aVmo.
n¥Ïdrdarb EH$m A{V_mZdr eŠVrMr ^anya eoVr hmoVr. eoVmV H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Oya {_iV
ZìhVo, Voìhm Vmo M§Ð Am{U gy`© `m§Zm _Owarbm bmdVmo. Ooìhm ho M§Ð-gy`© eoVH$è`m§À`m eoVmV _Owarbm
`oVmV Voìhm Vo J«hUm§À`m ê$nmZo {XgV Zmhr. ^m§JS>m ZmdmMm EH$ Am{Xdmgr {à`H$a hmoVm Vmo ~m§~ynmgyZ
doJdoJù`m dñVy V`ma H$arV hmoVm.Ë`mMr ào`gr Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a {ddmh H$aÊ`mg V`ma AgVmZm KamVrb
bmoH$ {damoY H$aVmV; Voìhm Vr A½Zr noQ>dZy A½ZrV CS>r KoV.o VoìhmnmgyZ hmoir `m gUmbm gwédmV Pmbr,
Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Jwbmë`m ZmdmMm EH$ àm_m{UH$ Am{Xdmgr _wbJm hmoVm. Vmo ^anya eoVr {nH$dVmo;
na§Vw eoV_mbH$mMm Ë`mÀ`mda {dídmg ZìhVm Vmo eoVH$ar Ë`mbm _mahmU H$aVmo Am{U hmH$byZ XoVmo.
àm_m{UH$ Jwbmë`mbm amJ `oVmo. Vmo eoV_mbH$mMm IyZ H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mMr gd© g§nÎmr J[a~m§Zm dmQy>Z
Q>mH$Vmo. AmOhr Jwbmë`m~Ôb Am{Xdmgr ñÌr-nwéfm§_Ü`o AmXa Amho. hmM Jwbmë`m JmdmVrb Jar~
_wbtZm gmS>rMmoir XoD$Z Ë`m§Mm ~{hUrà_mUo gm§^mi H$aVmo.
Z¥Ë`mÀ`m doir T>mob dmOdbo OmVmV, `mMo H$maU ^Q>H§$Vr H$aUmar ^wVo T>mobm§Mm AmdmO `oVmM
S>m|Jamda niyZ OmVmV> Am{U gwa{jV {R>H$mUr bnyZ ~gVmV. EH$m amÁ`mVrb amOm Xwgè`m amÁ`mVrb
amOm~amo~a _r loð> Amho, `mdê$Z ^m§S>Uo H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`m XmoKm§_Ü`o _|T>nmi _Ü`ñWr H$aVmo Am{U Vwåhr
XmoKho r loð> Zmhr, _oK hm loð> Amho H$maU Vmo gdmªZm nmUr XoVmo Ago gm§JZy Ë`m§Mr ^m§S>Uo {_Q>dVmo. ^yVm§À`m
àH$mam§V "S>mH$U' ZmdmMm EH$ àH$ma Amho. {dÚm {eH$Ê`mgmR>r _wbmMm qH$dm _wbrMm ~ir {Xbm OmVmo.
{dÚm {eH$V AgVmZm Vr AY©dQ> {eH$br Joë`mg Vr {dÚm {eH$Umè`m _mUgmbm doS>onUm `oVmo qH$dm
 217

Á`mda S>mH$U{dÚm Ho$bobr Amho, Vr _mUgo JmdmVyZ doS>çmgmaIr {\$aV AgVmV. S>mH$Ê`m AmoiIÊ`mÀ`m
Á`m H$mhr IwUm AmhoV Ë`m§_Ü`o d`modÕ
¥ åhmVmar, {dñH$Q>bb
o o nm§T>ao Ho$g, ZOaoV ^r{VXm`H$ ^md, Vm|S>mV
XmV Zgboë`m Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m ñÌr S>mH$U {ñÌ`m AgVmV, Ago _mZbo OmVo. amÌrÀ`m doir ~mhoa
nS>Umè`m `m {ñÌ`m ZXrÀ`m S>mohmVrb nmÊ`mV amÌr gd© EH$Ì `oD$Z S>mH$U{dÚm {eH$dë`m OmVmV.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© X§VH$Wm§_YyZ H$mën{ZH$ ñdê$nmMr _m§S>Ur Agbr Var H$mënm{ZH$Vobm Am{Xdmgr dmñVd
_mZVmV Am{U X§VH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr EoH$sd _m{hVrda AmYm[aV AgyZ Ë`m_Ü`o H$WH$ ñdV…À`m H$ënZoZo
KQ>Zmn«g§Jm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$ê$Z Ë`m H$Wm Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm gm§JV AgVmo. d¥j, _mUgo, ^yV
d ZXr `m§À`m AZwf§JmZo {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m Am{XdmgtÀ`m X§VH$Wm AmOhr bmoH${à` AmhoV.
5) Zr{VH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm CnXoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Zr{VVÎd gm§JÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV;
H$maU _mZdr OrdZmV AmOhr ZrVrMo AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ~hþVHo $ Zr{VH$Wm§_Ü`o àmUr, njr, d¥j
`m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z Zr{VH$Wm§Mr _m§S>Ur hmoVmZm {XgVo. _mUgm§Zm ~moY H$aUo hm hoVy Oar Agbm Var
Zr{VH$Wm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm {dídZmW qeXo {b{hVmV, ""Zr{VH$WoV àmÊ`m§Mo _mZdrH$aU Ho$bobo
22
AgVo. _mUgm§À`m ^md^mdZm, d¥{Îmàd¥Îmr ñd^mdd¡{eîQ>ço àmÊ`m§Zr AmË_gmV Ho$bobo AgVo.'' àñVwVÀ`m
{dídZmW qeXo `m§À`m Zr{VH$WoÀ`m ñdê$nmV àmÊ`m§Zm _mZdrH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m_m\©$V bmoH$m§Zm ZrVrMr
{eH$dU XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo, Ago _V _m§S>bo Amho. Am{Xdmgr g_mO hm {Zaja Agë¶m_wio Zr{VH$Wm§Mr
_m§S>Ur H$aUo Ë`m§À`m X¥ï>rZo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Á`m H$mhr ZrVr{df`H$ H$Wm
AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb.
EH$m JmdmV EH$ ~¡b, EH$ ~H$am, EH$ _|T>m Am{U EH$ Jm` amhV hmoVr. gdmªZr O§JbmV Mam`bm
Om`Mo R>a{dVmV Voìhm nwT>rb g§H$Q>mMr JmB©bm Mmhÿb bmJVmM Vr O§JbmV OmÊ`mMm àñVmd YwS>H$mdyZ
bmdVo. _r O§JbmV Jobr Va dmK _bm ImD$Z Q>mHo$b, hr ^rVr ì`ŠV hmoVo. nmdgmù`mV O§JbmVrb
a§JrV ~oS>Š`m _mUgm§À`m PmonS>rOdi dmñVì` H$ê$Z KamV àdoe H$aVmV. KamV Amboë`m ~oS>H$sbm
KamVrb J¥{hUr hmH$byZ XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmM Vr ~oS>H$s {Vbm åhUVo,"Vy _bm H$moU hmH$bUma? Vy
~mhoê$Z Ambobr Amhog. KamMm _mbH$ VwPm Zdam Ooìhm _bm hmH$bob Ë`mM doir _r OmUma Amho.'
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV Kw~S>mbm _mZmMo ñWmZ {Xbo OmVo; H$maU Kw~S> XyaX¥ï>r Agbobo, _moR>çm S>moŠ`mMo,
A§YmamV _mJ© H$mT>Umao Am{U eoVmVrb C§Xam§Zm ImUmao Amho. Ë`m_wio Vo Kw~S>mbm n{dÌ _mZVmV.
àm_m{UH$nUo eoVmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ~¡bmbm _mbH$mÀ`m _¥Ë`yMr Mmhÿb bmJVmM Vmo _mbH$mbm gmdY
218

H$aVmo Am{U Ë`mMr _¥Ë`ynmgyZ gwQ>H$m H$aVmo. H$moëhm Am{U hÎmr XbXb Agboë`m O§JbmVrb ^mJmVyZ
MmbV OmVmV. H$moëhm MmVw`m©Zo CS>çm _maV {ZKyZ OmVmo. hÎmr _mÌ {MIbmV AS>Hy$Z ~gVmo. Voìhm
Hw$UmÀ`m gm§JÊ`mdê$Z AmnU Z OmVm ñdV…À`m _ZmMm, nwT>rb g§H$Q>m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z _mUgm§Zr
_mJ©H«$_U H$amdo; AÝ`Wm hÎmrgmaIr AdñWm hmoVo.
EH$m JmdmVrb eoVH$è`mMr XmoZ _wbo Amnë`m g§nÎmrMr dmQ>Ur H$ê$Z KoVmV. g§nÎmrÀ`m dmQ>UrMm
AmJ«h YaUmam _wbJm Xm[aÐçmV OrdZ OJVmo. M[aVmWm©gmR>r lr_§V _mbH$mMr Sw>H$ao nmiVmo. _mbH$mZo
A{YH$ Ìmg XoVmM _r lr_§V _wbmMm ~mn Amho, Ago gm§JVmM lr_§V eoVH$ar åhUVmo, "Vy lr_§V VwÂ`m
Kar BWo _r gm§Job Ë`mà_mUo H$m_ H$amdo bmJob.' hmobm Am{U H$moëhm EHo$ {R>H$mUr nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r
OmVmV. nmUr H$_r AgVo. hmobm gd© nmUr {nD$Z Q>mH$Vmo. H$moëømbm nmUr {_iV Zmhr; Voìhm hmobm
{dídmgmZo H$moëømbm nmoQ>mV OmD$Z nmUr {nÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aVmo; Voìhm H$moëhm nmUr {nÊ`mgmR>r hmoë`mÀ`m
nmoQ>mV OmVmo Am{U H$mirO ImD$Z Q>mH$Vmo. b~mS> ì`ŠVrbm _XV H$aUo {H$Vr ÌmgXm`H$ Amho ho `oWo ñnï>
hmoVo. g¥{ï>XodmZo Kao H$er ~m§Ymdr ho g_OÊ`mgmR>r nú`m§Zm {Z_§ÌU {Xbo. gwJaU njr hmoë`mbm \$gdyZ
OmVmo Am{U gwX§ a Ka ~m§YÊ`mMr H$bm AdJV H$aVmo. hmobm _mÌ H$mQ>Š`m-H$mQ>Š`m§À`m KamV amhVmo. amOm
\$mZQ>mÀ`m Z¥Ë`mÀ`m H$m`©H$« _mV ggm amOm \$mZQ>mÀ`m nËZrMm Zdam Amho Aem Am{d^m©dmV$ Z¥Ë` H$aVmo,
Voìhm amOm \$mZQ>m Ë`mMo nm` VmoS>Vmo. Xwgè`m ñÌrH$S>o dmB©Q> ZOaoZo ~{KVë`mg H$moUVr {ejm ¿`mdr
bmJVo, ho `oWo gm§{JVbo Amho. {Zam{lV ~mbH$mbm ^rVr XmI{dUmè`m _Jarbm H$moëhm Am{U ~mbH$
{_iyZ R>ma _maVmV. EH$_oH$m§Zm g§H$Q>mVyZ gmoS>dbo nm{hOo, hr ZrVr `oWo nmhmd`mg {_iVo.
J^©dVr _{hbm§Mo ^m§S>U gmoS>dUmam Hw$Ìm EH$m ñÌrbm VwÂ`m nmoQ>mV _wbJm Amho, Ago gm§JVmo H$mhr
{Xdgm§ZV§ a Vr àgyV hmoVo {Vbm _wbJr hmoV.o amJmdbobr _{hbm Hw$Í`mbm R>ma _maÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVo. Voìhm
OÝ_mbm Ambobr _wbJr Hw$Í`mMo àmU dmMdVo Am{U H$mhr {Xdgm§ZV§ a Hw$Í`mgh KamMm Ë`mJ H$aVo Am{U
O§JbmV amhÿ bmJVo. O§JbmVrb dmñVì`mV Vmo Hw$Ìm Ë`m _wbrMm gm§^mi H$aVmo. Vr _wbJr amOnwÌm~amo~a
{ddm{hV hmoVmM Hw$Ìm _ê$Z OmVmo. Z¥Ë` H$m`©H$« _mV gy`-© M§Ð gh^mJr hmoVmV. _mÌ Ë`m§Zm `mo½` _mZ {Xbm
OmV Zmhr, Voìhm Vo amJmdyZ n¥Ïdrbm àH$me XoÊ`mMo ZmH$maVmV. n¥ÏdrVrb bmoH$m§Mo hmb nmhÿZ H$m|~S>m
_Ü`ñWr H$aVmo Am{U gy`m©Mm amJ Kmb{dVmo. harU Am{U nmS>g EH$m O§JbmV AmZ§XmZo amhV hmoV.o H$mhr
{Xdgm§Z§Va nmS>gmbm JmdmOdirb eoVmV MaÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmoVo. Vmo AmB©Odi hÅ> YaVmo. AmB© ZH$ma
XoVo; na§Vw nmS>g EoH$V Zmhr. JmdmOdirb eoVmV MaV AgVmZm eoVmVrb _mUgo Ë`mMr {eH$ma H$aVmV
Mmar nm` ~m§YyZ nmS>gmbm CbQ>o AS>H${dVmV Am{U Kar KoD$Z OmVmV AmB©Mo _wbm§Zr EoH$bo Zmhr Va
 219

_¥Ë`ybm Odi H$amdo bmJVo, ho {ZVrVËd `oWo gm§{JVbo Amho.

~oQ>mOdirb XmoZ _wbr emH©$ _memÀ`m nmoQ>mV àdoe H$aVmV Am{U g_wÐmV ^«_§Vr H$aVmV. H$mhr
{Xdgm§Z§Va _wbtZm ^yH$ bmJVo, Voìhm Vmo emH©$ _mgm åhUVmo," _mPo H$mirO Imdm'. H$mhr {Xdgm§Z§Va
emH©$ _memMo H$mirO g§ny bmJVo. Vmo AmOmar nS>Vmo. Amnbm _¥Ë`y Odi Ambobm Amho ho g_OVmM Vmo
_wbm§Zr g_wÐmÀ`m H$mR>mda AmUyZ gwa{jV {R>H$mUr gmoS>Vmo Am{U _¥Ë`ybm H$dQ>miVmo. Xwgè`mgmR>r àmUmMr
AmhþVr XoUmè`m _mZdr ñd^mdmMr _m§S>Ur hmoVo. O§JbmOdirb H$mhr _wbo AmOmo~m~amo~a {eH$marbm
OmVmV. _wbo AñdbmMr Moï>m H$aVmV Voìhm Vo Añdb A§Jmda YmdyZ `oVo. åhmVmam AñdbmMr _m\$s
_mJVmo. Añdb _mKmar OmVo. VoìhmnmgyZ _wbo Hw$Qw>§~mVrb d`mod¥Õ _mUgm§~Ôb AmXa ~miJy bmJbr.
Mmoar H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Zm ~mÝ`m ^JV ~wiH$m§S>çm amooJ bmdVmo. åhUyZ _mUgm§Zr Mmoar H$ê$ Z`o, O§JbmV
MwH$bobr J^©dVr Jm` dmKmbm gmnS>VmM dmK {VMo ~mi§VnU H$aVmo Am{U {VMm AmYma ~ZVmo. {Zam{lV
d AS>MUrVrb _mUgm§Zm _XV H$aUo ho àË`oH$mMo H$V©ì` Amho ho BWo gm§{JVbo Amho. Hw$Ìm, dmK d _wbJm
ho {VKo Jßnm _maV ~gbobo AgVmZm Hw$Ìm Am{U dmK XmoKm§_Ü`o loð> H$moU Aer MMm© H$aVmV Voìhm Hw$Ìm
dmKmbm åhUVmo Vy ê$~m~Xma Amhog Vy _moR>m; dmK Hw$Í`mbm åhUVmo, "Vy _mÂ`mnojm loð> Amhog H$maU VwPr
ldUo{§ Ð`o VrúU AmhoV. Vwbm dmgmZo gd© H$mhr g_OVo. Vy loð> Amhog; EoH$_oH$m§À`m gwImV OrdZ OJUmao
ho XmoÝhr àmUr _mUgm§Zm ZrVr {eH$drV AmhoV. nmZ{eì`m nú`mbm _XV H$aUmam g¥{ï>Xod, g¥{ï>XodmMo
EoHy$Z {_iUmao Am`wî`, YÝ`mgmR>r ~ir OmUmam H$m|~S>m Aem Zr{VH$Wm§_YyZ Am{Xdmgr g_mOmVrb
H$WH$ bmoH$m§Zm ZrVrMo kmZ XoV AgVmo. g_mO à~moYZmMo H$moUVohr _mÜ`_ Zgboë`m Zr{VH$Wm Am{XdmgtZm
`mo½` OrdZmMm _mJ© gm§JVmZm nmhmdm`g {_iVmV.
6) g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vr H$Wm
g¥ï>r {Z{_©Vr hr _mZdr _ZmMr JyT>Vm Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g¥ï>r {Z{_©VrÀ`m Á`m H$mhr
H$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m _hÎdmÀ`m AgyZ g¥ï>r {Z{_©Vrg§~§YrÀ`m Ë`m§À`m H$ënZm§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUmè`m AmhoV.
Am{Xdmgr O_mVtZr g¥{ï>Mo {ZarjU H$ê$Z Amnë`m VH$m©da AmYm[aV g¥ï>r {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo ho gm§{JVbo
Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ g¥ïr> {Z{_©Vrg§X^m©V Or H$mhr _m§S>Ur Pmbobr Amho, Vr nwT>rbà_mUo
gm§JVm `oB©b.
qgJm~m|Jm Am{U AmoVo~m|Jm øm§Zr JdV, d¥j d n¥Ïdr {Z_m©U Ho$br. g¥{ï>Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm
n{hë`m§Xm H$sQ>H$ d Z§Va àmUr {Z_m©U Ho$bo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. dZ_mZd Am{U
220

_mH$S> `m§À`m g§H«$_UmVyZ _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. g_wÐmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo A½ZrZo
Omibm, bmoI§S>mMm ^wgm noQ>dyZ g¥{ï>Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. g¥{ï>da A{¾àb` {Z_m©U hmoD$Z, Ádmbm_wIrMm
CÐoH$ hmoD$Z Z§Va g¥ï>r W§S> Pmbr. g¥ï>r {Z{_©Vrnydu hr g¥ï>r ~\$m©ÀN>m{XV hmoVr. Ë`mZ§Va _mVr {Z_m©U hmoD$Z
_mUyg OÝ_mbm Ambm. _mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmë`mZ§Va _mZdm~amo~a H$mhr àmÊ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. àm{U{Z{_©VrV
n{hë`m§Xm KmoS>m {Z_m©U Pmbm. `m KmoS>çmbm nH$Sy>Z _mUgo EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m {R>H$mUr OmD$ >bmJbr.
g¥ïr> {Z{_©VrZ§Va g¥pîQ>XodmZo g¥{ï>da {\$aVmZm Amnë`m Km_mÀ`m _imnmgyZ n¥Ïdr {Z_m©U Ho$br. Vr
VihmVmda Pobbr Am{U g¥{ï>À`m nmoH$irV Vr pñWa Ho$br. R>mH$am§À`m bmoH$H$WoV g¥{ï>Xdo mZo _mVrÀ`m XmoZ
MmUŠ`m ~Zdë`m. nmZmVrb d§JUmZo Ë`m KÅ> {_Q>{dë`m. Ë`m EH$_oH$m§da R>do Zy Ë`m§da Xm~ {Xbm. Ë`mVyZ
g¥ï>r Am{U AmH$me `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. g¥ï>r XodmZo _mZdmÀ`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r {M_UrÀ`m Za_mXrbm OÝ_
{Xbm. Ë`m§Mr Or VrZ A§S>r hmoVr Vr AZoH$ {Xdg Z C~{dë`m_wio _mXrZo Vr A§S>r \$moS>br d Mmar {Xem§Zm
{^aH$mdbr. Ë`mVyZ g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. nmÊ`mVrb _m§Jwar _memZo nmÊ`mVrb _mVr AmUyZ g¥ï>r
{Z{_©Vr Ho$br. _m§Jaw r _mem~amo~a IoH$S>m, Jm§S>y i, H$mgd, H$mdim `m nú`m§Zm g¥{ï>{Z{_©VrgmR>r _hÎdmMo
_mZbo OmVo. `m§Zr g_wÐmVrb _mVr AmUyZ g¥{ï>Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. g¥ï>r hr ZdrZ hmoVr. Vr åhUOo
\$g\$gUmè`m Ádmbm_wIrMm ^mJ hmoVm. Z§Va hm ag hiyhiy W§S> hmoD$Z dm`y, dm\$, _mVr, XJS> V`ma
hmoD$Z g¥ï>r {Z_m©U Pmbr. {dXy>~mB©Zo H$mdù`mbm dmê$imMr _mVr AmUÊ`mgmR>r gm§{JVbr Ë`mZo Or _mVr
AmUbr Ë`mnmgyZ g¥ï>r {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho. àñVwVÀ`m g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vrg§X^m©V bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o _mgm, IoH$S>m,
Jm§Sy>i, H$mgd d H$mdim `m KQ>H$m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g¥{ï>{Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
àñVwVÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm {dMma H$aVm n¥Ïdr hr n{hë`m§Xm nmUr d _mVr{_{lV hmoVr Am{U Z§Va Vr W§S>
hmoD$Z g¥ï>r {Z_m©U Pmbobr Amho, ho g_mZ gyÌ _m§S>Vm `oVo.
7) ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm
g¥{ï>À`m g^modVmbr Á`m H$mhr AX²^wV KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmV, Ë`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU emoYÊ`mÀ`m
à`ËZm§VZy ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm {Z_m©U hmoVmZm {XgVmV. ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm§À`m g§X^m©V {dídZmW qeXo {b{hVmV,
""H$moUË`m Var EImÚm KQ>ZMo o ñnï>rH$aU `m ñnï>rH$aU H$WoVZy Ho$bobo AgVo; åhUyZ `m H$Wobm ñnï>rH$aU
23
H$Wm Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.'' {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm§Mo Oo ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho, Vo
_hÎdmMo AgyZ Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm ñnï> hmoÊ`mg _XV H$aUmao Amho. Am{Xdmgr
O_mVtZm g^modVmbÀ`m g¥{ï>Vrb Á`m H$mhr KQ>Zm KS>V AgVmV Ë`m§Mo CÎma {_imbo Zmhr. Ë`m§Mm emoY
KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Am{U ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Á`m H$mhr
 221

ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm nmhmdm`g {_iVmV, Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb. ^{dî`mVrb _mZdmÀ`m ApñVËdmMr
_m{hVr XoVmZm Am{Xdmgr H$mVH$ar H$WH$ gm§JVmo, Omon`ªV gy`© Am{U M§Ð AmhoV Vmon`ªV _mZdmMo
ApñVËd amhUma Amho. R>mH$a O_mVrV Jram ZmdmMm amjg gy`m©bm {JiVmo, åhUyZ J«hU bmJVo. dmabr
O_mVrV ñÌrÀ`m nmoQ>mVrb J^m©Mr dmT> hmoVmZm n{hë`m§Xm S>mHo $o , Z§Va aŠVdm{hÝ`m, Z§Va _m§g, Z§Va hmS>,o
Z§Va _mUgmÀ`m AmVrb ^mJ Am{U Z§Va _mUgmMr ËdMm {Z_m©U hmoVo, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. dmabr
bmoH$H$WoV _mUgmÀ`m earamVrb B§Jim Am{U qnJim `m ZmS>çm ~§X nS>ë`mZ§Va _mUgmMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo.
amÌ^a Cnmer Agbobm _mUyg gy`m}X`mMr dmQ> nmhVmZm XmoZ nm`m§da Ooìhm C^m am{hbm VoìhmnmgyZ _mUgo
XmoZ nm`m§da Mmby bmJbr, Ago VwH$mam_ H$mVH$ar `m§Mo åhUUo Amho. VgoM hmVmVrb \$i nSy> Z`o åhUyZ
_mZdmZo hmV KÅ> nH$S>bm. Vmo AdKSy> bmJë`mZ§Va Vmo hmV hbdy bmJbm. VoìhmnmgyZ hmV hb{dÊ`mMr
gwédmV Pmbr, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. Z¥Ë`mÀ`m emoYmMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm O§JbmVrb EH$ ^w§Jm EH$m
\w$bm^modVr, VgoM EH$m \w$bmdê$Z Xwgè`m \w$bmda OmVmZm Am{XdmgtZr nm{hbm Am{U Z¥Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr
Ho$br. ho Jm|S> O_mVrVrb H$WH$ {dZmoX Hw$_ao gm§JVmV. \$ma \$ma dfm©nydu Am^mi _mUgm§À`m S>moŠ`mbm
bmJV hmoV.o EH$m åhmVmarZo S>mŠo `mbm bmJUmè`m Am^mimbm hmVmVrb _wgimZo da T>H$bbo Am{U Vo da
Jobo VgoM. H$mhr Am{XdmgtZr ~mUmÀ`m dfm©dmZo Am^mi da Kmb{dbo Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
gmJmÀ`m PmS>mMr gmb bmb Pmbr ho gm§JVmZm {^ëb H$WH$ gm§JVmo, nydu _mUgmbm H$mIoVyZ
_m{gH$ nmir `oV hmoVr. Ë`mMr Ë`mbm AS>MU hmoD$ bmJë`mZ§Va Vmo XodmH$S>o Jobm Am{U Amnbr AS>MU
gm§{JVbr. XodmZo AS>MUrMo {ZamH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r _mUgmMr _m{gH$ nmir gmJmÀ`m PmS>mbm ~hmb
Ho$br. _memÀ`m _wbmZo AÞ H$go ^mObo OmVo ho Ooìhm Ë`mÀ`m AmB©bm {dMmabo Voìhm {VZo ~m§~My m ~m§~dy a
Kmd KmbyZ, A½Zr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z A½ZrMr {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo ho gm§{JVbo. _¥Ë`ydoir AmZ§XmoËgd gmOam
H$aVmV; H$maU _mUgmÀ`m _¥Ë`yZ§Va AmnU aS>Vmo Voìhm S>moù`m§Vrb Aly dmhÿ bmJVmV. `m Aly§V
_mUgmMm AmË_m ^aH$Qy> eH$Vmo åhUyZ _mUgmZo Aly Jmiy Z`o Vmo AmZ§XmoËgd gmOam H$amdm, Ago {^ëb
H$WH$ gm§JVmo.
Am{Xdmgr Jm|S> {Z{_©VrMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm Jm|S> O_mVrVrb EH$ H$mbr H§$H$mbr ZmdmMr ñÌr Hw$_mar
_mVm hmoVr. {Vbm JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr Jmdm~mhoa hmH$byZ {Xbo Vr Jmdm~mhoarb PmonS>rV amhmdr `mgmR>r
JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr {Vbm PmonS>r ~m§YZy {Xbr. `mVyZ JmoQ>w b {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho. AmOhr Jm|S> O_mVrVrb
VéU VéUr JmoQw>bmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Amnë`m ng§VrÀ`m nVr-nËZrMr {ZdS> H$aVmV. {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMo Vo
EH$ _mÜ`_ Amho. _mUgmMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo åhUOo Zo_Ho$ H$m` hmoVo? _mUyg hm {ZgJ©ào_r Amho. {ZgJm©Vrb
222

{nH$bobo \$i, C_bbobo \w$b JiyZ nS>Vo Ë`mMà_mUo _mUgmMo OrdZ g§nVmM Vmo JiyZ nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio
_mUgmMm _¥Ë`y hmoVmo. Ago dmabr bmoH$H$WoV gm§JrVbo OmVo. _mUgo V§~mIy H$m MKiy bmJbr, _mUgmÀ`m
_¥Ë`yZ§Va emoH$ H$aUmè`m _mUgm§Zm EH$m Xw…ImVyZ ~mhoa nS>Ê`mgmR>r Ë`mbm V§~mIy Jw§Jr AmUVo. Xw:I
{dgaÊ`mgmR>r Vmo V§~mIy MKiy bmJbm.
M§ÐJ«hU hmoVo; H$maU EH$ _moR>m qdMy {ñÌ`m§da AË`mMma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm KoD$Z OmVmo Voìhm
M§ÐJ«hU hmoVo. Ooìhm Ooìhm Vmo {ñÌ`m§da AË`mMma H$aVmo Voìhm Voìhm M§ÐJ«hU hmoVo. T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> H$m
hmoVmo; Va EH$m gw§Xa _wbrbm OmXyJmamZo ~oS>H$sMo ê$n {Xbo. Vr AmH$memVrb PmS>mda amhÿ bmJbr. {Vbm
nmhÿZ gy`© {VÀ`mda AÝ`m` H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$ê$ bmJbm Voìhm OmXyJmamZo Ë`mbm {damoY Ho$bm. hm {damoY
AmOhr Mmby Amho. Ë`m_wio T>Jm§Mm JS>JS>mQ> hmoVmo. Z¥Ë`mdoir T>mob dmOdbo OmVmV; H$maU Z¥Ë`mV
g^modVmbMo _¥Vm§Mo AmË_o gh^mJy hmoD$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Zm nidyZ bmdÊ`mgmR>r T>mob dmOdbo OmVmV.
gy`© {Xdgm Am{U M§Ð amÌr CJdVmo; H$maU XmoKo ~hrU-^mD$ hmoVo. M§Ð hm ^mD$ gy`© `m ~{hUrda
n«o_ H$ê$ bmJVmo. {VÀ`mda AË`mMma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aV AgVm, gy`m©Zo Ë`mbm {ejm {Xbr. Vy amÌr
CJderb VoìhmnmgyZ M§Ð amÌr Am{U gy`© {Xdgm CJdVmo. haUmbm {nÎmme` Zmhr. `mMo {^ëb O_mVrV
ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm gm§JVmV h[aU Am{U Km|Ko {H$Q>H$ `m§Mr niÊ`mMr ñnYm© bmdVmZm haUmMr X_N>mH$
hmoD$Z nmoQ>mVrb gd© Ad`d Imbr nS>bo. Ë`mV {nÎmme`hr hmoVo. Ë`m_wio haUmbm {nÎmme` Zmhr.
dQ>dmKio CbQ>r bQ>H$VmV; H$maU _¥V IbmemMo Vo AmË_o hmoV åhUyZ Vr CbQ>r bQ>H$VmV.
g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmbr ho gm§JVmZm H$WH$ gm§JVmo : EH$m ~oQ>mdarb bmoH$m§Zr bmH$S>mMr hmoS>r Xwgè`m
~oQ>m§da nmR{dbr. Ë`m§Zr Ë`m hmoS>rVyZ H$mhr \$igX¥e dñVy nmR>{dë`m `m ~oQ>mdarb bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§Mm
ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z XodmUKodmU gwê$ Pmbr Am{U g_mOmMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. _¥V ì`ŠVrbm X\$Z H$aVmZm {N>Ð
R>do bo OmV Zmhr; H$maU Ë`m {N>ÐmVyZ _¥V ì`ŠVrMm AmË_m `D$ eH$Vmo Am{U AmnUmbm Ìmg XoD$ eH$Vmo.
Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo.
M§Ðmda S>mJ H$m, `mMo ñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm H$moH$Um H$WH$ gm§JVmo : EH$m Hw$Qw>§~mV VrZ _wbr hmoË`m.
XmoKr Amier d EH$ H$ï>miy hmoVr. XmoKr {_iyZ AmB©H$S>o H$ï>miy _wbrMr VH«$ma H$aV AgV Voìhm AmB©
{Vbm amJmdy bmJbr. amJmÀ`m ^amV {VZo KamMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm. Vr O§JbmV ^Q>Hy$ bmJbr. O§JbmVrb
_hmamOmbm {VMr X`m Ambr. Ë`mZo {Vbm M§Ðmda OmJm {Xbr. Vr AmOhr {VWo AmZ§XmZo OrdZ OJV
Amho. VgoM {^ëbm§À`m AmUIr EH$m bmoH$H$WoV M§Ðmda åhmVmar dS>mÀ`m PmS>mbm ~m§Yboë`m Pmo³¶mV
 223

PmoHo$ KoV IoiV Amho Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. àñVwVÀ`m gd© ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm nm{hë`m Va Am{Xdmgr
g_mOmbm hmoUmè`m KQ>Zm§Mr dmñVd _m{hVr hmoV Zmhr Ë`m KQ>Zm H$m hmoVmV `mMr _m{hVr KoÊ`mÀ`m
CËgwH$VoVyZ ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm {Z_m©U hmoVmZm {XgVmV. ~hþVoH$ gd© H$Wm H$mën{ZH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV;
na§Vw Ë`m§Zm dmñVdVoÀ`m H$mhr KQ>Zm§Mm AmYma Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`m Iè`m dmQy> bmJVmV. àñVwVÀ`m
ñnîQ>rH$aU H$Wm§~amo~a ggm WaWa H$m H$mnVmo, _moam§Mo n§I gw§Xa H$m, H$~wVa JwQy>aJw§J H$m H$aVo, _merMr
H§$~a bhmZ H$m, Aem {^ëb O_mVrÀ`m AmUIr H$mhr ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm AgyZ Ë`m§Mr CÎmao emoYÊ`mÀ`m
à`ËZmV ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho Ago {ZXe©Zmg `oVo. Am{XdmgtZm Á`m àíZm§Mr CÎmao
{_iV ZmhrV Vr CÎmao XoD$Z H$WH$ Ë`m§À`m e§H$mMo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmo.
8) MmVw`©H$Wm
Am`wî`^a O§Jb Xè`mImoè`m§V dmñVì` H$arV Agë`m_wio àË`j OrdKoÊ`m OJÊ`mVyZ Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$m§V ghOJË`m MmVw`©Vm Ambobr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§Mr ì`mdhm[aH$ ~wpÜX_Îmm ì`mnH$ AgyZ
hOaO~m~rnUmMo H$m¡eë` hr Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AgVo. g^modVmbÀ`m OrdZmVrb MmVw`m©Mr Or Ë`m§Zm _m{hVr
{_imbobr Amho, Vr _m{hVr Amnë`m g_mOmVrb bmoH$m§Zm XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr ì`mdhm[aH$ MmVw`m©er AmoiI
ìhmdr, hr Ë`m§Mr àm_m{UH$ BÀN>m AgVo. Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§V Á`m H$mhr MmVw`H© $Wm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV,
Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oBb
© . H$mVH$ar bmoH$H$WoVrb EH$m JmdmV {~KmSy> Am{U gwYmê$ ZmdmMo
XmoZ {_Ì AgVmV. n¡H$s EH$ {~KS>[dÊ`mMo Va Xwgam gwYmaÊ`mMo H$m_ H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m JmdmVrb amOm
amUrÀ`m hmVMo OodU OodV ZgVmo. amOmMo OodU KoD$Z OmUmè`m VmQ>mV {~KmSy> _mVr Q>mH$Vmo. gwYmê$
Km~aVmo. amOmbm ho g_Obo Va {ejm H$arb åhUyZ Vmo OodU {_iÊ`mnydu amOmH$S>o OmVmo Am{U ho OodU
Oody ZH$m, `mV gmnmMo VwH$S>o nS>bobo AmhoV, Ago gm§JVmo.
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ eoVH$ar Xodm§nj
o m A{YH$ YmÝ` {nH$drV hmoVm. Xodm§Zr Ë`mMm Ûof Ho$bm. `mÀ`m
CËnÝZmV H$er KQ> hmoB©b ho nm{hbo. ZwH$gmZ H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Voìhm Ë`mMm nmonQ> Xodm§À`m g^oVrb
_m{hVr eoVH$è`m§Zm gm§JZy n{hë`mnojm OmñV CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mg _XV H$aVmo.H$mVH$ar bmoH$H$WoVrb EH$m
JmdmV Jm§OoH$g ZmdmMm Am§Yim _mUyg hmoVm. Vmo amÌr ~m`H$mobm gm§JVmo _bm Jm§OmMr nwS>r Xo. _r Vwbm
_hÎdmÀ`m Mma Jmoï>r gm§JoZ. Am§Yim H$YrM Jmoï> gm§JV Zmhr. ~m`H$mo _mÌ dmQ> nmhVo. Ë`mM JmdmVrb
àYmZ ho EoH$Vmo Am{U amOmH$S>o OmVmo. Ë`mbm gm§JVmo amOm Ë`mbm ~mobmdyZ KoVmo Am{U Mma _hÎdmÀ`m Jmoï>r
gm§JÊ`mMm AmJ«h YaVmo. Voìhm Vmo gm§JVmo : 1) XmamV qnnimMo PmS> bmdUma Zmhr, 2) Mm§Jbm CnXoe
224

_mZUma Zmhr, 3) Ho$ir Am{U ~moar bmdUma Zmhr, 4) EH$Q>mM IoH$S>çmgh àdmg H$aUma. amOm àYmZmbm
Mma Jmoï>rMo nmbZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r nmR>{dVmo. OmVmZm Vmo IoH$S>m KoVmo. Mmby bmJVmo. {dlm§Vr KoVmZm EH$m
PmS>mImbr PmonVmo. Vm~S>Vmo~ VoWo ZmJ `oVmo. Ë`mbm X§e H$aVmo. H$mdim `oVmo. Vmo S>mi
o o \$moS>Uma BVŠ`mV
IoH$S>m _mZ nH$S>Vmo Am{U ZmJmbm gm§JyZ {df CVadVmo. àYmZ {Od§V hmoVmo Am{U nwT>o {ZKyZ OmVmo. `mV
IoH$S>çmMo MmVw`m©Mo dU©Z Ambobo Amho.
{^ëb bmoH$H$WoV Iyn dfm©nydu XodmZo gd© àmÊ`m§Zm eonQ>çm dmQ>Ê`mMo R>a{dbo. H$moëhm, H$mgd
Am{U ggm {ZKVmV. H$moëhm gm§JVmo, AmnU {dlm§Vr KoD$. H$mgd Am{U ggm PmonVmV. H$moëhm CRy>Z
{ZKVmo. eonQ>r {_idVmo. Z§Va ggm Am{U H$mgd OmVo. EH$M eonQ>r {eëbH$ AgVo. XmoZ VwH$S>o H$ê$Z
XmoKm§Zm {Xbo OmVmV. EH$m H$WoVrb H$moëhm JmdmV Jobobm AgVmZm naQ>mÀ`m {Zù`m ^m§S>çmV nS>Vmo.
{Zim hmoVmo. {Zim H$moëhm ‘bm amOm åhUm Agm {_Ìm§Zm AmJ«h YaVmo. åhmVmam H$moëhm AmoiIVmo. Hw$B©
H$aVmo. {Zim amOm Hw$B© H$aVmo gmnS>Vmo gd© Ë`mbm _mê$Z O§JbmVyZ hmH$byZ XoVmV. {^ëb bmoH$H$WoVrb
EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ eoVH$ar ^anya YmÝ` {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r _¥Vm§À`m AËå`m§Zm Zdg H$aVmo. Zdg nyU©
H$aÊ`mgmR>r Xmê$, T>mb
o H§$ Am{U H$m|~S>m KoD$Z OmVmo. _aUmMo gm|J KoD$Z Pmonbobm H$moëhm åhmVmam nmhVmo.
hmVmVrb gm{hË` Imbr R>do Vmo. Ë`mbm nmë`mImbr PmHy$Z R>do Vmo. H$moëhm CR>Vmo Am{U _¥Ë`mÀ`m AmËå`mMr
Xmê$, H$m|~S>m \$ñV H$ê$Z Ë`mMo T>mb
o J§ dmO{dVmo. dmOUmè`m T>mb
o ½`mMm AmdmO EoH$y U åhmVmam H$moëømOdi
OmD$Z Ë`mbm H$mR>rZo _mahmU H$aVmo. EH$m JmdmV åhmVmam Am{U åhmVmar amhV hmoVo. åhmVmaråhmVmè`mMo
OodU KoD$Z OmVmZm H$moëhm ~iO~arZo OodU OodVmo. åhmVmam H$moëømbm H$mR>rZo _maVmo. Voìhm H$moëhm X_
XoVmo. _r ~mobH$m Xod AmUyZ Vwbm {ejm H$aVmo, Ago åhUVmo åhmVmam ñdV… ~mobH$m Xod hmoVmo Am{U
H$moëømbm H$mR>rZo _mahmU H$aVmo.
O§JbmVrb EH$m nmaÜ`mÀ`m qnOè`mV H$moëhm gmnS>Vmo. gwQ>H$m H$aÊ`mgmR>r YS>nS>Vmo. eonQ>r VwQ>V.o
bmO dmQ>V.o {_Ìm§Zm gm§JVmo, eonQ>r AS>MU Amho. Vwåhr Vr VmoS>y Z Q>mH$m. H$moëho AmoiIVmV Am{U Ë`mbm
_mahmU H$ê$Z hmH$byZ XoVmV. {^ëbm§À`m EH$m bmoH$H$WoVrb EH$ gmdH$ma AgVmo. Kar Mmoa `oUma Amho
Ago H$iVmM Xm{JZo KamV bn{dVmo. XJS> ^ê$Z bmoI§S>r noQ>r {dhrarV Q>mH$Vmo. amÌr Mmoa `oVmV. nmUr
CngVmV. nhmQ> hmoVo. Mmoa niyZ OmVmV. gmdH$ma åhUVmo _mPo H$mhr ZwH$gmZ Pmbo Zmhr. _mÂ`m ~mJobm
Mmoam§Zr nmUr {Xbo.
EH$m amOmZo nmiboë`m haUmÀ`m nmS>gmbm nmaYr bmoH$ nH$S>VmV Am{U R>ma _mê$Z ImVmV. amOm
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Ë`m§Mm emoY KoV AgVmZm Mma g§e{`V bmoH$m§Zm KoD$Z `oVmo. H$moUrhr JwÝhm H$~yb H$[aV Zmhr. àYmZ
åhUVmo, H$moUr H$~yb hmoV Zmhr. ZH$mo hmoD$ Xo. Á`m§Zr nmaY Ho$br Agob Ë`m§Zm amÌr qeJo `oVrb. Xwgè`m
{Xder Mmahr g§e{`Vm§Zm amOmg_moa AmUbo OmVo. amOm {dMmaVmo," Hw$R>o qeJo AmhoV?' àYmZ åhUVmo,"
Vr ~Km, XmoKm§À`m S>moŠ`mda qeJo AmhoV.' Mm¡Km§n¡H$s XmoKo S>moŠ`mbm hmV bmdyZ qeJo H$er CJdbr
nmhVmV Am{U Vo Mmoa {gÕ hmoVmV.
H$mVH$ar O_mVrVrb H$WoV nmdgmV gmnS>bobm ggm dmKmÀ`m JwhoMm AmYma KoVmo. dmKmMm {_Ì
Añdb dmKmÀ`m JwhoV `oVmo Voìhm ggm JwhoV ^r{VXm`H$ AmdmO H$mTy>Z Añdbmbm Km~a{dVmo. Añdb
Km~aVo. dmKmbm gm§JVo. dmK `oVmo. nwÝhm ggm ^r{VXm`H$ AmdmO H$mT>Vmo. dmK Km~aVmo. nmD$g g§nVmM
ggm ~mhoa {ZKyZ OmVmo. àmÊ`m§À`m MmVw`©H$WoV H$moëhm, gmdH$ma, ggm, Añdb, åhmVmam-åhmVmar Ago
àmUr Am{U _mZdr KQ>H$ `oVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m MmVw`H© $Wm _hÎdmÀ`m
AgyZ O_mVrVrb H$WH$m§À`m MmVw`m©Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmè`m AmhoV.
9) {d{YH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$ _mUgm§À`m OÝ_mnydunmgyZ _¥Ë`yZV§ aÀ`m H$mbmdYrn`ªV na§namJV {dYtZm _hÎdmMo
ñWmZ XoVmV. Am{XdmgtMo gd© {dYr {ZgJ©{Z^©a AgyZ Ë`m§Zr Ë`m§_Ü`o {ZgJm©bm _hÎd {Xbobo Amho.
{eg_, nig, Am§~m, C§~a Am{U gmJ `m d¥jm§Zm {dYr_Ü`o _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. b½Z{dYrV _wbm-
_wbtZm gmJmÀ`m \$irgX¥e nmQ>mda ~gdyZ O_mVrVrb gd© bmoH$ ZD$ \o$è`m _mê$Z hiXrMm H$m`©H«$_
H$aVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Á`m {d{YH$Wm Amboë`m AmhoV, Ë`m _hÎdmÀ`m AgyZ
Am{Xdmgr OrdZmVrb {dYr§Mo _hÎd ñnï> H$aUmè`m AmhoV. {^ëb O_mVtMr Jmd{Xdmir åhUOo
J«m_X¡dVm§À`m ê$nmVyZ Z¥Ë`m{dîH$ma H$ê$Z J«m_XodVm§Mr AmamYZm Ho$br OmVo. "Kw§Ja' `m dmÚmMm emoY
bmJÊ`mnydu Am{Xdmgr {^ëbm§_Yrb amOm \$mZR>m nm`mbm H$m|~S>rMr {nëbo ~m§YyZ ÜdZr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z
J«m_X¡dVmMr AmamYZm H$aVmo.
Z¥Ë`m{dîH$mam§_Ü`o O§JbmVrb àmÊ`m§À`m _wIdQ>çm§Ûmao {ZgJm©Vrb àmÊ`m~Ôb AmXa ì`ŠV Ho$bm
OmVmo. _wIdQm ~Z[dUmè`m _mUgmZo Añdb OmVrMm An_mZ Ho$bm, åhUyZ Ë`mMr {ejm Ë`mÀ`m _wbrbm
{_iVo, ho {d{YH$WoVyZ gm§{JVbo OmVo. _hmXod H$moir O_mVrV noaUrZ§Va nmD$g bm§~bm Va JmdmVrb
bhmZ _wbr ZXrdarb nmUr AmUyZ A§JUmV H$ê$Z nmdgmMr AmaYZm Ho$br OmVo. {^ëb O_mVrVrb EH$
Am{Xdmgr BVH$m Amier hmoVm H$s Vmo C§~amÀ`m PmS>mImbr PmonyZ nmoQ> ^aV hmoVm. Voìhm amOm \$mZQ>mZo
226

Ë`mbm CMbyZ Jmd{XdmirÀ`m {dYrV gh^mJr H$ê$Z AmiernUmMm Ë`mJ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm§{JVbo.
H$moH$Um§À`m {d{YH$WoV Am{XdmgrÀ`m H¥${fg§ñH¥$VrVrb ~¡bmbm \$ma _hÎd {Xbobo Amho. dm{f©H$ gUmoËgdmÀ`m
doir Ë`mbm XwYmZo A§Kmoi KmbyZ _¥V Pmboë`m ~¡bm§Mo {OWo X\$Z Ho$bobo Amho, {VWo KoD$Z OmVmV Am{U
AJmoXaMm ~¡b Á`m nÕVrZo eoVrgmR>r am~bm, Ë`mà_mUo Vyhr am~bo nm{hOog hr BÀN>m ì`ŠV Ho$br OmVo.
H$mVH$ar O_mVrV _mgo_marbm Jobobo Am{Xdmgr Ooìhm _mKmar `oV ZmhrV Voìhm g_wÐ{H$Zmar bmb
H$mnS>, nm§T>ar H$mR>r, qenbo, Ho$irÀ`m nmZm§Mm hma dJ¡ao KoD$Z Imo~aob Vob Mohè`mbm bmdyZ O_mVrVrb
^JV ha{dboë`m bmoH$m§Mm emoY KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. {^ëb Am{XdmgtÀ`m {d{YH$WoV EH$m d¥Õ
_mUgmbm ~ir {Xbo OmV hmoVo. Voìhm hr àWm `mo½` Zmhr åhUyZ åhmVmè`m _mUgmMo àVrH$ Agboë`m
~moH$S>mbm hma KmbyZ Ë`mbm ~ir XoÊ`mMr gwédmV Ho$br, Aem Ame`mMr {d{YH$Wm Amho. O_mVrVrb
EH$m _mUgmbm OmXy{dÚm {eH$Ê`mMr hmoVr. OmXy{dÚm {eH${dUmè`m _mUgmZo Ë`mbm VwÂ`m nËZrMm ~ir
{Xbm nm{hOo, Ago gm§{JVë`mZ§Va OmXy{dÚm {eH$ë`mZ§Va KamVrb _mobH$aUrbm nËZr Amho Ago ^mgdyZ
{VMm ~ir {Xbobm Amho, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. {^ëbm§À`m hmoirH$WoV H$më`m Am{U ~wë`m ho XmoKo O§JbmV
{eH$marbm OmVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Zm EH$ _wbJr gmnS>Vo. Vo XmoKo {VMm gm§^mi H$aVmV. Vr _moR>r Pmë`mda
~m§~yMo H$m_ H$aUmè`m VéUmda ào_ H$ê$Z {ddm{hV hmoÊ`mMm àñVmd R>odVo. Voìhm KamVrb bmoH$ {damoY
H$aVmV. {Zð>mdmZ d ào_ H$aUmar _wbJr A½ZrV CS>r _maVo. Voìhm {VÀ`m ñ_aUmW© hmoir CËgd gmOam
Ho$bm OmVmo.
_¥V _mUgm§À`m {ZYZmZ§Va {dYr H$ê$Z Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$bo OmVo. X\$Z H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m AmdS>rÀ`m
dñVy Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a X\$Z H$aUo qH$dm {OWo Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$bo Amho {VWo `m dñVy R>odUo ho bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ
gm§{JVbo OmVo.H$moaHy$ bmoH$H$WoV _oKZmXmZo H$moaHy$ O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Mo amjgmnmgyZ àmU dmM[dbo åhUyZ
Ë`mÀ`m ñ_aUmW© Im§~ C^m H$ê$Z Ë`mMr {d{YdV nyOm H$ê$Z "Iå_' CËgd gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. EH$m
Am{Xdmgr Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb EH$m _mUgmbm Z¥Ë`mMr AmdS> hmoVr. KamVrb bmoH$ {damoY H$aVmV Voìhm Vmo KamMm
Ë`mJ H$ê$Z Z¥Ë`m_Ü`o gh^mJr hmoVmo. VoìhmnmgyZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb bmoH$m§Zm Z¥Ë`mgmR>>r H$moUrhr
AS>d>V ZmhrV. n«ñVwVÀ`m gd© {d{YH$Wm§_Yrb Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb {dYrMr _m{hVr {_iVo.
10) draH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr g_mOOrdZmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ^yVH$mbrZ g_mOmV Á`m ì`ŠVtZr namH«$_
Ho$bobm Amho Ë`mda AmYm[aV bmoH$H$Wm gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. VgoM Oo H$moUr namH«$_r nwéf hmoD$Z Jobo,
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Ë`m§À`m ñ_¥Vr {àË`W© Jmdm~mhoa ñ_¥{VñV§^ C^o Ho$bo OmVmV. hr ñ_¥{VñV§^m§Mr àWm AmOhr Mmby Amho.
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Á`m H$mhr draH$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m§Mm Ame` nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVm `oB©b.
Am{Xdmgr {^ëb O_mVrV _ZOr {^ëb ZmdmMm d`mod¥Õ _mUyg hmoD$Z Jobm. Á`m doir JmdmV
XwîH$mi nS>bobm hmoVm, Voìhm hm _ZOr ñdV…À`m eoVmV {dhra ImoXyZ {_iUmè`m nmÊ`mnmgyZ bmoH$m§Mr
VhmZ ^mJdV hmoVm. EH$ amOm {^ëbm§da O~aXñVrZo Hw$èhmS> H$a bmdV hmoVm. Hw$èhmS> H$amVyZ {_iUmè`m
g§nÎmrVyZ Vmo Amnë`m _wbrMo b½Z H$aUma hmoVm. Voìhm gd© {^ëb EH$Ì `oD$Z Hw$èhmS> H$a dgyb H$aUmè`m
amOmda VwQy>Z nS>VmV Am{U Ë`mMm Hw$èhmS> H$a aÔ H$aVmV. _h_§X ~oJS>m ZmdmMm _w{ñb_ ~mXehm
gmVnwS>m nd©VmVrb {^ëbm§À`m amÁ`mV Kwgbm Voìhm _mo{V`m {^ëbm§À`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr Ë`mZo g§Kf© H$ê$Z
~oJS>m _h_§XMm nam^d Ho$bm. _mo{V`m nam^yV hmoV Zmhr Voìhm Ë`mbm ñZoh^moOZmMo Am_§ÌU XoD$Z Ë`mda
{dfmar Xmê$Mm à`moJ H$ê$Z Ë`mMm dY Ho$bm. dYmZ§Va Ë`mMo XmoZ VwH$S>o Ho$bo. {OWo Ë`mMo YS> Q>mH$bo Vo
{R>H$mU AmOhr "YS>Jmd' `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmVo. EH$Xm EH$ {eH$mar O§JbmV Jobobm AgVmZm Xhm
nm`m§À`m AñdbmÀ`m VmdS>rV Vmo gmnS>Vmo Am{U ni H$mT>Vmo. Xhm nm`m§Mo Añdbhr Ë`mMm nmR>bmJ
H$aVo. Voìhm Vmo Añdbmg_moa Amnbm ^mbm AmS>dm Yê$Z Ë`mÀ`m N>mVrV IwngVmo Am{U Xhm nm`m§À`m
AñdbmMm dY Ho$bm. àñVwVÀ`m gd© draH$Wm X§VH$Wm§À`m _mJm©Zo OmUmè`m Agë`m Var Am{Xdmgr
O_mVr§Vrb bmoH$m§Zr Or H$mhr draVm XmI{dbobr Amho, Vr Ë`m§À`m draH$Wm§_YyZ nmhmd`mg {_iVo. darb
gd© H$Wm§Zm àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ço AgyZ Ë`m§Vrb H$mhr YS>Jmd, gmVnwS>m ho àXoe AmOhr Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV
bmoH${à` AmhoV.
11) hmñ`H$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb dJuH$aUmV hmñ`H$Wm hm AmUIr EH$ àH$ma Amho. _mZdr OrdZmVrb
Xw…ImÀ`m {ZdmaUmgmR>r hmñ`H$Wm \$ma _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. {Xdg^a H$ï> H$aUmè`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§Vrb
bmoH$m§Zm hmñ`H$Wm _mZ{gH$ AmYma XoVmZm nmhmdm`g {_iVmV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb Á`m hmñ`H$Wm
AmhoV, Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo hmoV. H$mVH$ar bmoH$H$WoV ~mbnUr {ddmh Pmbobm OmdB© _moR>m Pmë`mZ§Va
Amnë`m ~m`H$mobm AmUm`bm {ZKmbobm AgVmZm Ë`mMo dSr>b gm§JVmV, "_wbm, _mUgmZo Zoh_r dmHy$Z
Mmbmdo.' Vmo eoVmVrb dmQ>Zo o dmHy$Z Mmbbobm AgVmZm eoVmMm _mbH$ J¡ag_O H$ê$Z KoVmo Am{U Ë`mbm
_mahmU H$aVmo. Vmo dñVwpñWVr gm§JVmo Voìhm Vmo eoVH$ar gm§JVmo," _mUgmZo VmR> C^o amhÿZ Mmbbo nm{hOo.'
VmR> C^o amhÿZ Mmbbobm AgVmZm O§JbmV nmaYr bmoH$m§Zr nú`m§Zm nH$S>Ê`mgmR>r Omio bmdbobo AgVo.
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{VWo H$mhr njr `oV AgVmZm OmdB© {VWo nmohmoMdVmo. njr gmdY hmoVmV. {ZKyZ OmVmV. nmaYr bmoH$
{eH$ma Kmbdbr åhUyZ _mahmU H$aVmV. ~m`H$mobm AmUm`bm OmVmZm _ma Imë`mZ§Va gmgadmS>rV
AmUIr {H$Vr _ma Imdm bmJob `mMr H$ënZm H$ê$Z Vmo OmdB© _mKmar Amnë`m Kar `oVmo.
EH$m eoVH$è`mÀ`m eoVmV nm§T>am hÎmr eoVmVrb nrH$ ImÊ`mgmR>r `oVmo hÎmrZo nmoQ>^a Imëë`mZ§Va
Vmo {ZKmbobm AgVmZm eoVmMm _mbH$ hÎmrMr eonQ>r nH$S>Vmo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m gmo~V XodXa~mamV OmD$Z
lr_§V hmoD$Z Kar `oVmo. lr_§V hmoUmam eoVH$ar lr_§VrMr H$Wm gm§JVmo. ~mH$s eoVH$ar hÎmrMo eonyQ>
nH$S>VmV. hÎmr hdoVyZ Mmbbobm AgVmZm Vy {H$Vr g§nÎmr AmUUma? Voìhm Vmo eoVH$ar nH$S>bobo XmoÝhr
hmV ngadyZ "EdT>r g§nÎmr AmUUma' Ago åhUVmo Voìhm bQ>H$bobo gd©OU O{_Zrda H$mogiVmV Am{U
_ê$Z OmVmV. {^ëb O_mVrVrb bmoH$ H$WoV EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ Ýhmdr ì`dgm`mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {ZKmbobm
AgVmZm dmKmÀ`m VmdS>rV gmnS>Vmo. dmK åhUVmo, Vwbm ImD$Z Q>mH$Vmo. Voìhm Ýhmdr åhUVmo,"VwÂ`mnojm
_moR>m dmK _mÂ`mH$S>o Amho.' Ago gm§JZy Odirb Amagm Ë`mbm XmIdVmo. AmaemVrb Amnbo N>m`m{MÌ
~KVmM dmK Km~aVmo, Am{U Ýhmì`mbm JwhoV KoD$Z OmVmo R>ma Ho$boë`m _mUgm§Mo Xm{JZo XoVmo.
EH$m JmdmVrb Km~aUmar åhmVmar _mÂ`m nmoQ>mV gaS>m Jobm Amho Ago g_OyZ Xw…Ir hmoV.o d¡Ú `oVmo
Am{U _obobm gaS>m {Vbm XmIdyZ gaS>m H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bm Ago gm§JyZ ^rVr Kmb[dVmo. EH$m JmdmVrb EH$
C§Xra Hw$Í`mÀ`m VmdS>rVyZ gwQ>Vmo Am{U _hmamOmH$S>o `oVmo, Voìhm Vmo Ë`mbm _m§Oa ~Z[dVmo. Ooìhm Vmo dmK
~ZVmo Voìhm Vmo dmK ~Zbobm C§Xra åhUVmo, " _bm ^yH$ bmJbr Amho Voìhm _r Vwbm ImVmo.' _hmamO Ë`mbm
C§Xra ~Z[dVmo EH$m O§JbmV JmB©Mr K§Q>r _mH$S>mbm gmnS>Vo. Vr K§Q>r dmOdyZ _mH$S> AmnU amjg Amho
Ago ^mgdVo. O§JbmV OmUmè`m _mUgm§Zm \$ŠV K§Q>rMm AmdmO `oVmo. _mH$S> {XgV Zmhr. JmdmVrb EH$
åhmVmar O§JbmVrb _mH$S>mÀ`m hmVmVrb K§Q>r ~KVo. H$mhr \$im§Mo Am{_f XmIdyZ Vr K§Q>r H$mTy>Z KoVo
Am{U amOmH$Sy>Z ~jrg {_i[dVo. àñVwV gd© hmñ`H$Wm `m A{Ve`moŠVrda AmYm[aV AmhoV. VargwÕm
Ë`m bmoH${à` AgyZ Am{Xdmgr O_mVtZm AmZ§X XoUmè`m AmhoV, Ago åhUmdo bmJVo.
12) ZjÌH$Wm
Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m ZjÌH$Wm {dbmo^Zr` AmhoV. em§V O§Jb n[agamV AmH$memMr nmoH$ir
nm{hë`mZ§Va Am{U Ë`mÀ`m nmíd©^y_rda Agboë`m ZjÌm§Mo {ZarjU Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$ënZm§À`m AmYmamZo
Ë`m§Zr ZjÌH$Wm {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m AmhoV. Am{XdmgtÀ`m ZjÌH$Wm§{df`r Amnbo _V ì`ŠV H$aVmZm XwJm©
^mJdV {b{hVmV, "gy`© d M§Ð' `m XmoKm§Mo ZmVo g§Vmi _mZVmV. Ë`mà_mUo n{VnËZrMo Agbo Var XmoKo
 229
24
_wbm§Mr dmQ>Ur H$aVmV. gy`m©Mr _wbo doJir Am{U M§ÐmMr _wbo doJir Am{Xdmgr ZjÌm§Vrb gy`© d
M§Ð `m§Zm {Xbobo n{VnËZrMo _hÎd {d{eï> dmQ>Vo AdH$memVrb gyd© ZjÌo hr gy`© Am{U M§Ð `m§À`m
ghdmgmV _wbm§à_mUo amhVmV, ho \$ma _hÎdmMo dmQ>Vo Am{U Ë`m _mZdr OrdZmer EH$ê$n hmoVmZm
nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
g¥{ï>_Ü`o ZjÌm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVmZm H$~wVamZo A§S>o KmVbo. Ë`m A§S>çmda hmVmoS>m _mabm Ë`mMo VwH$S>o
Pmbo Am{U AmH$memVrb ZjÌmÀ`m ê$nmZo pñWa Pmbo. gáfu Vmè`m§Mm nb§J Amho. AñdbmÀ¶m nmR>r_mJo
VrZ Am{Xdmgr {eH$marbm {ZKmbobo AmhoV, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. g¥{ï>XodVoZo ñ\${Q>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o \$moS>bo
Am{U Ë`mMr nmÊ`mMr Myi ^ê$Z AmH$memÀ`m {XeoZo \o$H$br Voìhm ZjÌm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. g¥{ï>H$Ë`m©Odi
ñ\${Q>H$m§Mo XmoZ VwH$S>o hmoVo. Ë`mda nmÊ`mVrb Vd§J Q>mHy$Z Vo OmoS>bo. Vo ñ\${Q>H$m§Mo VwH$S>o bm§S>½`mZo
AmH$memV \o$H$bo. Ë`mVyZ AmH$meJ§Jm Am{U ZjÌm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. AmH$meJ§JoVrb Yy_Ho$Vy hm Vmam
H$moUË`mhr dmB©Q> KQ>Zm§Mr nydg© My Zm XoUmam Amho. Yy_Ho$Vy Ooìhm AmH$memVyZ O{_Zrda H$mogiVmo Voìhm Vmo
g§H$Q>mMr Mmhÿb XoD$Z Am{Xdmgr _mUgm§Zm gmdY H$aVmV Ago H$mVH$ar O_mVrV gm§JrVbo OmVo. gy`©
Am{U M§Ð ho g¥ï>rMo XmoZ S>mi
o o AgyZ Vo Zoh_r _mUgm§da bj R>do VmV. Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. nhmQ>o CJdUmam
Vmam hm COoS> KoD$Z `oUmam Vmam AgyZ Am{Xdmgr {^ëb `m Vmè`mbm AmoJè`m Vmam åhUOo àV{d©YrMr
gyMZm XoUmam Vmam _mZVmV. AmH$memVrb _moR>m {XgUmam Omo Vmam Amho Vmo "T>moaŠ`m' Vmam hmo`. JwamIr
Amnë`m Jwam§À`m _Ü`o amhÿZ gd© Jwam§da bj R>odVmo, Vgm Vmo Vmam Amho. PmS>mÀ`m AmH$mamMo {XgUmao Oo
Vmao AmhoV, Vo {eH$margmR>r X~m Yê$Z ~gboë`m nmaÜ`mMo _hÎd ñnï> H$aUmao AmhoV. {eH$mar bmoH$ Á`m
àmÊ`mMr {eH$ma H$aVmV Ë`m§V harU hm àmUr XmI{dbm Amho. {MÌmË_H$H$WoÀ`m AmYmao gm§{JVë`m
OmUmè`m ¶m ZjÌH$Wm Am{XdmgrÀ`m {MÌH$bm§À`m {Z{_©VrVrb _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ hmo`. gáfu VmaH$m§Mr
{Z{_©Vr gm§JVmZm O§JbmOdirb JmdmVrb EH$ _wbJr O§JbmV Jobb
o r AgVmZm O§JbmVrb Añdb {VMm
nmR>bmJ H$aVo. Km~abobr _wbJr IS>H$mÀ`m AmYmamZo C^r amhVo. Varhr Añdb {VMm nmR>bmJ H$arV
AgVmZm nmhVmM Vr _wbJr IS>H$mbm {dZ§Vr H$aVo, Voìhm Vmo IS>H$ Ádmbm_wIrÀ`m CÐoH$mMr KQ>Zm
KS>dVmo, _wbrbm C§M KoD$Z OmVmo Am{U AmH$memVrb gáfu VmaH$m§À`m énmZo {Vbm AmH$memV ñWmZ XoVmo.
AmH$emVrb M§Ðmda _moR>o dS>mMo PmS> AgyZ Ë`mda åhmVmam _mUyg PmoH$m KoV AgVmo Amho, Aer
H$mVH$ar H$Wm gm§{JVbr OmVo. Am{Xdmgr§Zr ZjÌH$Wm {MÌH$boVrb ZjÌm§dê$Z Vm|S>m§Zr Z ~mobVm
{MÌmVyZ XmI{dë`m AmhoV. {MÌH$bm§_Yrb ZjÌm§dê$Z Ë`mÀ`m ZjÌH$Wm {Z_m©U hmoVmV.Am{XdmgtÀ`m
{MÌH$boVrb ZjÌH$Wm§{df`rMr _m{hVr XoVmZm O`§V ZmairH$a {b{hVmV," d¥f^ amerVrb VmaH$m§À`m
230

OmJm A_o[aHo$Vrb aoS> B§{S>`Z O_mVrZo IS>H$mda H$mT>boë`m {MÌmV Omo VmaH$m {XgVmo. Vmo IS>H$mÀ`m
ISy>Zo H$mT>bëo ¶m AmhoV. `m {MÌmV M§ÐH$moa Am{U {VÀ`meoOmar EH$ Jmob VmaH$m XmIdbr Amho.' nmhþÊ`m
25
Vmè`m§Mm hm XoImdm aoS> B§{S>`Z O_mVtZr emoYyZ H$mT>bm.'' Am{Xdmgr O_mVtZm Ooìhm ~mobVm `oV
ZìhVo Voìhm Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m _ZmVrb H$WmË_H$ ^md IS>H$mda ZjÌm§{df`r _m{hVr XoD$Z XmI{dÊ`mMm
à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr O_mVrÀ`m Á`m H$mhr ZjÌH$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m _hÎdmÀ`m AgyZ
ZjÌm§~ÔbMr Ë`m§Mr H$ënZm Am{U _m{hVr XoUmè`m AgyZ ZjÌm§À`m AmYmamZo OrdZ OJUmè`m `m
Am{Xdmgr O_mVr Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMm ^mJ ~ZVmV Am{U ZjÌm§{df`r _m{hVr XoÊ`mgmR>r Vo ZjÌH$Wm§Mm
AmOhr AmYma KoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
13) amOm, amUr Am{U amjg H$Wm
AX²^wV H$Wm§À`m _mJm©Zo OmUmè`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVr§À`m amOm, amUr Am{U amjgH$Wm _hÎdmÀ`m
AmhoV. Jm|S> O_mVrV nydu EH$Xm EH$ namH«$_r amOm Amnë`m O_mVrÀ`m ajUmgmR>r YamVrWu nS>Vmo.
JmdmOdirb ZXrH$mR>mbm Ë`mbm X\$Z Ho$bobo AgVo; na§Vw ZXrVrb S>mohmV Ë`mMm AmË_m K§Q>r dmOdyZ
Amnë`m namH«$_r g¡{ZH$m§Zm hmH$m _maVmo. Vwåhr H$moR>o AmhmV? _r _obb
o mo Agbmo Var bT>mB© Wm§~dy ZH$m,'
Ago gm§JVmo. H$mVH$è`m§À`m bmoH$H$WoVrb EH$m JmdmVrb EH$m amOmÀ`m _mS>rda brZ nmIê$ amOmbm
AmìhmZ XoVo," _r _moR>m Amho amOm _mÂ`mnojm bhmZ Amho.' amJmdbobm amOm nmIambm nH$S>Vmo Am{U
{JiyZ Q>mH$Vmo. _yb~mi Zgboë`m nwê$fmZo H$mo~rÀ`m \w$bm§Mm Mwam H$ê$Z nËZrbm Im`bm {Xbm Va
_wb~mi hmoVo Ago _mZbo OmVo. EH$m amÁ`mVrb EH$ amOm H$mo~rÀ`m \w$bm§Mm Mwam AmUVmo Am{U nËZrbm
Im`bm XoVmo. {Vbm _yb~mi hmoVo, Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. {^ëb bmoH$H$WoVrb hiXrdV ZmdmMm amOm
AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m _wbr {dQ>rXm§Sy> IoiV AgVmZm {dQ>r g_wÐmV nS>Vo.Xw:Ir Pmboë`m _wbrMr {dQ>r
AmUÊ`mgmR>r amOm g_wÐmV OmVmo. Ago gm§{JVbo Amho.
H$mVH$ar bmoH$H$WoVrb XmoZ _mUgo Hw$ñVr IoiÊ`mV nQ>mB©V AgVmV. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m amÁ`mVrb
amOm~amo~a Hw$ñVr Ioibr Am{U Ë`mbm nam^yV Ho$bo. EH$m amÁ`mVrb EH$m amOmMr nËZr Amnë`m nmVrbm
{eH$marbm nmR>{dVo. {eH$marbm Jobobm amOm nwÝhm Kar `oV Zmhr Voìhm Vr Amnë`m _wbmbm nmR>dVo.
d{S>bm§Mm emoY KoVë`mZ§Va O§JbmVrb EH$m amjgmZo Amnë`m d{S>bm§Zm R>ma _mabobo Amho ho g_OVo.
amOnwÌ Ë`m amjgmbm R>ma _mê$Z Ë`mÀ`m _wbrer {ddm{hV hmoVmo. EH$m JmdmVrb EH$ amOm AgVmo. Ë`mbm
JwbmqgJ ZmdmMm _wbJm AgVmo. JwbmqgJ amOm ~mnmÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va Amnë`m ~mnmMr OmJm MmbdVmo
Am{U Amnë`m amÁ`mMm {dñVma H$aVmo. darb gd© Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Ame`mVyZ `oUmao amOo ho
 231

gd©gm_mÝ` Am{Xdmgrà_mUo OrdZ OJVmV. {eH$ma d _mgo_mar H$arV Agë`mMo AmT>iZy `oV.o gd©gm_mÝ`
OrdZ OJUmao ho Am{Xdmgr amOo H$Wm§_Yrb Ame`mVyZ gd©gm_mÝ` Am{Xdmgr _mUmgm§er EH$ê$n hoVmZm
{XgyZ `oVmV.
amOmÀ`m H$Wm§~amo~a amÊ`m§À`m H$mhr bmoH$H$Wm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV. bmoH$H$WoVrb amUr JmdmVrb
_hmamOm~amo~a AZ¡{VH$ g§‘§Y AgUmar Amho. Amnbo AZ¡{VH$ g_§Y amOmbm _m{hVr hmoVmM Vr Ë`mbm
Hw$Ìm ~ZdVo. VgoM Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb amÊ`m doJdoJir ê$no KoVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
`m~amo~aM H$mhr amÊ`m _mob _Owar, _mgo_mar Am{U eoVr H$aVmZm {XgyZ `oVmV. EHy$UM Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ amOmà_mUoM bmoH$H$WoVrb amÊ`m gd©gm_mÝ`nUo OrdZOJUmè`m {ñÌ`m§À`mà_mUo OJV
AgVmV. `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb {ó`m§à_mUo OrdZ OJUmè`m AmhoV Ago dmQ>Vo.
14) BVa H$Wm
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Aem H$mhr H$Wm AgVmV H$s Ë`m H$Wm§Zm H$Wm§À`m dJuH$aUmV
~g{d>Uo AdKS> OmVo, V|ìhm Ë`m H$Wm BVa H$Wm `m dJuH$aUmV ~g{dUo `mo½` Amho. Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb Á`m H$mhr BVa H$Wm AmhoV Ë`m nwT>rb à_mUo gm§JVm `oVrb. BVa H$Wm§_Ü`o H$m¡Qw>§{~H$
H$Wm, ~mbH$Wm, ~irH$Wm, gyS>H$Wm `m hmoV.
Am{Xdmgr OrdZmVrb Á`m H$mhr H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$Wm AmhoV, Ë`m§_Ü`o ~{hUtMm dY H$ê$Z Vr nwÝhm
dmÚmÀ`m ê$nmZo {Od§V hmoVo Am{U ^mdm§Zm AÔb Z KS>dVm Ë`m§Zm _m\$ H$aUmè`m AmhoV. `mV Ë`m§Mr
emo{fH$Vm nmhmd`mg {_iVo. ^mdmÀ`m ~m`H$m§Zr Ìmg {Xbm Var H$moUVrhr VH«$ma Z H$aVm ^mD$ Am{U
d[hZr `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoD$ Z`o Agm {dMma H$aUmè`m ~{hUr AgVmV. ~hrU lr_§V Pmbobr
Agob Va {VÀ`mda {dfà`moJ H$ê$Z g§nÎmr {_idUmao H$mhr ^mD$ nmhmdm`g {_iVmV.
~mbH$Wm§_Ü`o ~mbH$mbm _XV H$aUmao ^yV qH$dm ~mbH$mMm àmU dmMdyZ Ë`mbm _XV H$aUmao àmUr
`oVmV. ~irH$Wm_Ü`o XodmMm Ìmg hmoD$ Z`o åhUyZ Ooìhm _wbmMm ~ir _m{JVbm OmVmo Voìhm Ë`mMr amI
An©U H$ê$Z Xodm§Zm em§V H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m gyS>H$Wm§_Ü`o EH$m ~oQ>mdarb H$mhr _mUgo Xwgè`m ~oQ>mdarb _mUgm§Zr Ìmg {Xbm
åhUyZ Ë`mMm ~Xbm KoVmV, Va Ibmem§Zr Am{XdmgtZm Ìmg {Xbm åhUyZ Ë`m§Mm dY H$aVmZm nmhmd`mg
{_iVmV. d{S>bm§Mm dY amjgmZo Ho$bobm Amho. Ë`mMm gyS> KoÊ`mgmR>r _wbJm OmVmo Am{U amjgmMm dY
H$aVmo, Agm Ame` `oVmo.
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àñVwVÀ`m gd© H$Wm§Mm {dMma H$aVm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo Ho$bobo ho dJuH$aU Am{Xdmgr H$Wm§Mo
ñdê$n ñnï> H$aÊ`mg _hÎdmMo R>aVo Am{U Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mg {XemXe©H$ R>aVo.
gmam§e …

"Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n' `m àñVwV àH$aUmV Á`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m
bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho, Ë`m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMr àmXo{eH$ d¡{eîQ>ço gm§{JVbobr AmhoV.
_hmamï´>mV EHy$U gÎmoMmirg Am{Xdmgr O_mVr AmhoV. n¡H$s gVam Am{Xdmgr O_mVr _mZdd§eemñÌmÀ`m
Ñï>rZo _hÎdmÀ`m AmhoV. _hmamï´>mVrb à_wI Am{Xdmgr O_mVt_Ü`o gømÐr nd©VmÀ`m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV
dmabr, R>mH$a, H$mVH$ar, _hmXod H$moir Am{U H$moH$Um, gmVnwS>m `m àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV {^ëb, nmdam,
Jm{dV, _mdMr, VS>dr Va {d§Ü¶ àmXo{eH$ {d^mJmV H$moaHy$, Jm|S>, _S>mdr, _m{S>`m, H$mobm_, naYmZ,
Am{U A§Y `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMo dmñVì` Amho. darb gd© O_mVtÀ`m àmXo{eH$VoMr d¡{eîQ>ço gm§JyZ
Ë`m§À¶m gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n nmhÊ`mnydu Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mMr

g{dñVanUo AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$Z¥Ë`mV gwJrMm AmZ§X ì`ŠV
H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmabr O_mVrVrb Vmanm, H$m§~S>ZmM, R>mH$am§Mm T>mb
o ZmM, {^ëbm§Mo qS>S>Z Z¥Ë` Va {dX^m©Vrb
Jm|S>, ‘m{S>`m O_mVrVrb aobmZ¥Ë` `m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. {^ëb O_mVrV Kw~S>, hmobm Am{U
H$mdim `m nú¶m§Zm ew^ H$m _mZbobo Amho. VgoM gwJrÀ¶m {Xdgm§V amÌ^a `m nú¶m§Mm emoY KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo
dmñVì` Á`m PmS>mda AgVo, Ë`mÀ`m g^modVr Z¥Ë` H$aVmV. Ago Ho$ë`mZo Amnë`m YZ-YmÝ`mV dmT>
hmoV,o ¶m g‘OyVrMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Am{XdmgtÀ`m Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çm_Ü`o ^dmS>m Am{U ~mohS>m ¶m
Z¥Ë`àH$mamMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. {ZgJ©XodVoÀ`m AmamYZogmR>r Z¥Ë`ZmQ>ç gmXa H$aVmZm Oo
‘wIdQ>o KmbVmV ˶m§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. {dX^m©Vrb Jm|S> O_mVrV X§S>ma Z¥Ë`ZmQ>çmbm {Xbo
OmUmao _hÎd {deX Ho$bobo Amho. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m bmoH$JrVmV {d{dYVm AgyZ Ym{_©H$JrVo g§ñH$maJrVo,
F$VwJrVo ~mbJrVo Am{U _Zmoa§OZ JrVo Aem {d{dY àH$mam§À¶m JrVm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho.
g§{_l ^md^mdZm ì`ŠV Ho$bobr bmoH$JrVo, g¥ï>r_Ü`o hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§Mo Am{Xdmgr OrdZmda hmoUmao
n[aUm_ ñnï> Ho$bobo AmhoV. Am{Xdmgr O_mVtÀ`m Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç Am{U JrV `m bmoH$m{dîH$mam~amo~aM
 233

bmoH$g§JrVmMo _hÎd ñnï> H$ê$Z Z¥Ë`m§À`m gmWrbm g§JrVmMr gmW Agë`m_wio Vr n[aUm_H$maH$ R>aVmV.
Am{XdmgtÀ`m g§JrVmgmR>r dmnaë¶m OmUmè¶m dmÚ§m‘Yo. T>mb
o , ~mgar, Vmanm, ~m§~Ày `m H$mR>rbm ~m§Yboë`m
bmoI§S>r YmVyÀ`m nÅ>çm, {nVioMr Wmir Am{U Pm§O ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho.

Am{Xdmgr O_mVrVrb Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, JrV Am{U g§JrV `m§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xë`mZ§Va Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$W§mMr g{dñVa _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm bmoH$H$Wm H$WZ
H$aUmam H$WH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgVmo. bmoH$H$Wm H$WZ H$aUmao H$WH$ gm_m{OH$ ~m§{YbH$s _mZyZ
H$WmH$WZ H$aVmV. bmoH$H$Wm_Yrb H$WH$ hm Omo _hÎdmMm KQH$> Amho, Ë`mMr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{‘©VràoaUm ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©VràoaUm nmhVm na§nam _hÎdmMr
AgVo. O§JbmVrb EH$m§VdmgmÀ`m ghdmgm_wio {Xdg^amÀ`m ^«_V§ rV Ambobo AZw^d H$WZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ
춳Îm H$aVmo. VgoM g¥[ï>V KS>Umè`m AZmH$bZr¶ KQ>Zm§gmR>r O~m~Xma AgUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mr _m{hVr XoVmoo
`mVyZ H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Amho ho ñnï> Ho$bobo Amho.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVmZm Hw$Qw>~§ mVrb bhmZ _wbm§M,o ZmVodmBH$m§M,o g_mOmMo
à~moYZ hmoD$Z Ë`m§Mr H$a_UyH$ ìhmdr hm CÔoe ñnï> Ho$bobm AgyZ; O_mVrVrb nyd©Om§Mo AZw^d nwT>À`m
{nT>rbm gm§JmdoV hr ^y{_H$mhr ñnï> hmoVmZm {XgVo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n nm{hë`mZ§Va {dídmMo
Hw$Vyhb, ^rVr, AmXa, lÕm, g_OwVr, ê$T>r, na§nam, Y_©gH§ $ënZm, g§ñH¥${VXe©Z, OrdZmVrb Am{ZpíMVVm,
AX²>^wVVm `m§Mr _m{hVr ñnï> Ho$bobr Amho. {eH$marVyZ Amboë`m AZw^dmMo H$WZ H$ê$Z nwT>À`m {nT>rbm
_mJ©Xe©Z H$amdo hm hoVy {eH$maH$WoV `oVmo. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ñdê$nmVyZ OrdZmVrb {d{dYVm,
_mZ{gH$ ^mdZm Ame`mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoUmao doJdoJio àmXo{eH$ KQ>H$ AX²>^wVVm g¥[ï>~ÕbMr JyT>Vm
àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ OrdZmVrb g§X^© ñnï> Ho$bobo AmhoV.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m _yb KQ>H$m§n¡H$s bmoH$H$WoMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z
bKwH$Wm, XrK©H$Wm, gmH$iH$Wm Am{U H$WmË_H$ JrV `m§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr
bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ {M{ÌV hmoUmè`m ì`p³VaoIm§_Ü`o ñÌr, nwé$f, bhmZ _wbo, VéU-Vé$Ur, amjg, amOm-
amUr, åhmVmam, OmdB©, JwamIr, gmYy `m§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb àmʶm§_Ü`o dmK,
H$moëhm, _mH$S>, Añdb, hÎmr, Jm`-~¡b, H$mgd ho àmUr Va _moa, bm§S>mao , H$m|~S>m-H$m|~S>r, nmU{eì`m,
234

njr ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr H$éZ {Xbobr Amho . Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ `oUmam g_mO nmS>çm§À`m AmYmamZo
amhUmam AgyZ àmXo{eH$ nmS>çm§Mr na§namJV d¡{eîQ>ço KoD$Z Ambobm Amho ho àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo. _mV¥gÎmmH$
Hw$Qw>§~nÕVrÀ`m AZoH$ nmD$bIwUm Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$WoV Amboë`m AgyZ hr d¡^dmË_H$ na§nam AmOhr
Onbr OmVo.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb H$ënZm~§Y _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. H$ënZm~§YmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z
Ë`mMr Or {d{dYVm Amho, Ë`mMr _m{hVr H$éZ {Xbobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Oo H$ënZm~§Y
AmT>iVmV Ë`m H$ënZm~§Ym§n¡H$s X¡dV{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmV ZmJbrMoo H$UgarV hmoUmao ê$nm§Va, _moamÀ`m
n§Im§Vrb {hadmXod, MwbrV nm` KmbyZ Xmê$ JmiUmam Xod, {^pëbUrÀ`m ê$nmVrb nmd©Vr, e§H$amMm
{ZimH§$R>, J^m©Mr aMZm H$aUmam Xod, \w$bmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmam qbJmoXdo , amOm \$mUR>mer {ddm{hV hmoUmar
`mhm_moJr ho hmoV. àmUr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmV S>moio ~§X Z H$aUmè`m _w§½`m, S>moŠ`mda N>Ì YaUmam ZmJ,
hmoë`mMo H$mirO ImUmam H$moëhm, ~mbH$mMm gm§^mi H$aUmam ZmJ, gemMo AmIyS> nm`, ~¡bmMo VwH$S>o
H$aUmam _mbH$, amOmbm Hw$Ìm H$aUmar amUr, _mH${S>Urer {ddmh H$aUmam dmK, _wbmMm gm§^mi H$aUmao
gm{i§Xa, Añdbm~amo~a niyZ OmUmar ñÌr, O§JbmMm amOm ~ZUmam H$moëhm hr hmoV. njr{df`H$
H$ënZm~§YmV nú¶m§Mm amOm Kw~S>, H$m|~S>çmMm bmb Vwam, _moamMo n§I, gwX§ a H$m|~S>çmer {ddm{hV hmoUmar
amOH$Ý`m, _mbH$mMo àmU dmM{dUmam H$moëhm, nmU{eì`m nú¶mMo KaQ>o, ~mimbm gm§^miUmar Kma,
amOmMm dY H$aUmao nmIê$ hr hmoV. g¥[ï>{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmV g¥ï>rMo ApñVËd, H$mgd, _mgm Am{U
Jm§S>y i `m§Zr AmUboë`m _mVrnmgyZ hmoUmar g¥[ï>Mr {Z{_©Vr; _mZdr CËnÎmr{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmV ~oQ>mdarb
_mZdmMr CËnÎmr, {~bm \$imnmgyZ {^ëbmMr CËnÎmr; gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm~§YmV gy`m©bm {JiUmam amjg,
Kam~mhoa OÝ_bobm naYmZ, {^ëbm§Mo O§JbmVrb dmñVì`, I§å‘CËgdmMr {Z{_©Vr, nVr åhUyZ ñdrH$ma
H$aUmè`m gmV _wbr, Xodmbm Xmê$ An©U H$aUmam ^ŠV, _¥VAmΑm§Mm AmXa ~miJUmar _wb,o ~mobH$m Xod
~Zbobm åhmVmam, Mmoambm Aml` XoUmar _mUgo hr hmoV. M_ËH$ma{df`H$ H$ënZm~§YmV CS>Umam nm§Tam
KmoS>m, _m§gmVyZ amjgmMo {Od§V hmoUo, OmXyMo nmVobo ñne© hmoVmM OiyZ OmUmam amOm, ^m½`moX`{df`H$
H$ënZm§_Ü`o gmoÝ`mMm amOdmS>m {_i{dUmam amOnwÌ, åhmVmarbm _XV H$aUmam IoH$S>m, ZmJmÀ`m VwH$S>çmVyZ
gmoÝ`mÀ`m {dQ>m V`ma hmoUo, XmoZ nm`m§da _mUgmMo C^o amhUo `m§~amo~a {ddmh, ào_{df`H$ ew^g§Ho$V,
 235

`mVw{df`H$, _¥Ë`y{df`H$, nU{df`H$ MmVw`,© H«$m¡`,© hmñ`moËnmXH$ H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr _m§S>Ur Ho$bobr Amho.

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb KQ>Zmàg§Jm§_Ü`o ì`ŠVr, ney, njr, àmUr, d¥j, XodVm, amjg,
^yV `m§À`m AZwfJ§ mZo KQ>Zmàg§J Ambobo AmhoV. bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb dmVmdaU{Z{_©VrgmR>r Am{Xdmgr H$WH$
S>mo§Ja, nd©V, Jwhm, eoVr, {dhra, g_wÐ, PmS>oPwS>no, dobr, O§Jb `m§À`m AmYmamZo Or dmVmdaU{Z{_©Vr
H$arV AgVmo, Ë`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Or à`moOZo {XgyZ `oVmV,
Ë`m_Ü`o _Zmoa§OZ, Xw:I{ZdmaU, Zr{V{dMma d lÕm^md ¶m§Mr ‘m{hVr H$ê$Z {Xbobr Amho .

Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVmZm bmoH$H$Wm§À`m àH$mamZwgma dJuH$aU Ho$bobo AgyZ

CËn{ÎmH$Wm, X¡dVH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, AX²>^Vw H$Wm, g¥ï>r{Z{_©VrH$Wm, MmVw`H© $Wm, {dYrH$Wm, draH$Wm, hmñ`
Am{U {dZmoXr H$Wm, ZjÌH$Wm, amOm-amUr Am{U amjgH$Wm `m à‘wI hmoV. EHy$UM àñVwVÀ`m gd©
KQ>H$m§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ XoD$Z Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n ñnï> Ho$bobr AgyZ
Am{Xdmgr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo doJionU XmI{dbo Amho.

g§X^© gyMr
1. ì`dhmao eaX "bmooH$gm{hË` … g§H$ënZm ñdê$n' {Vê$nVr àH$meZ, na^Ur, {ÛVr¶m
Amd¥Îmr 2004, n¥ð> H«$. 76.
2. ^mJdV XwJm© "bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naofm' _w§~B© _amR>r J«§Wg§J«hmb`, _w§~B© Amd¥Îmr
n{hbr 1956, n¥ð> H«$. 94
3. ^mJdV XwJm© VÌ¡d, n¥ð> H«$. 4
4. ^mJdV XwJm© VÌ¡d, n¥ð> H«$. 36
5. _m§S>o à^mH$a "^maVr¶ Am{Xdmgr {dH$mgmÀ¶m g‘ñ¶m' JmoXmdar àH$meZ, Am¡aJ§ m~mX,
Amd¥Îmr n{hbr, 2003, n¥ð> H«$. 97
6. ^mJdV XwJm© "bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naofm', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 185
7. KmQ>o {Za§OZ "H$moUo EHo$ H$mir', a{damO àH$meZ, nwUo. {Vgar Amd¥Îmr 2006,
n¥ð> H«$. 5
8. ì`dhmao eaX "bmoH$gm{hË` g§H$ënZm ñdê$n', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 52
236

9. Jmao JmoqdX "Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` g§ _ o b Z AÜ`jr` ^mfUo , ' gw J mdm

àH$meZ, nwUo, n«W_ Amd¥Îmr 2005, n¥ð> H«$. 43
10. _m§S>o à^mH$a "bmoH$gm{h˶mMo A§V:àdmh' H$m°pÝQ>ZÝo Q>b àH$meZ, nwU,o Amd¥Îmr n{hbr
1975, n¥ð> H«$. 46
11. ì`dhmao eaX "bmoH$gm{h˶ CX²J‘ Am{U {dH$mg' àW‘md¥Îmr 1987, n¥ð> H«$. 76
12. Vw_am_ {dZm`H$ "Am{Xdmgr gm{hË` … ñdê$n Am{U g_rjm' {dO` àH$meZ,
ZmJnya àW_ Amd¥Îmr 1994 n¥ð> H«$. 71
13. _wQ>mQ>H$a am_M§Ð "hmH$mam' OmZo.-OyZ 1998 _m{gH$, _hmamï´> _mZd {dkmZ
n[afX, nwUo 1989 OmZo.-OyZ, n¥ð> H«$. 5
14. _m§S>o à^mH$a "bmoH$gm{h˶mMo A§V:àdmh', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 74
15. _m§S>o à^mH$a VÌ¡d, n¥ð> H«$. 55
16. ‘m§S>o à^mH$a VÌ¡d n¥ð> H«$. 56
17. _moaOo J§JmYma "bmoH$gm{hË` - EH$ ñdV§Ì Aä`mgjoÌ' XmñVmZo am_M§Ð Am{U
H§$nZr, nwUo. Xwgar Amd¥Îmr 1993, n¥ð> H«$. 78
18. ì`dhmao eaX "bmoH$gm{h˶ CX²J‘ Am{U {dH$mg', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 68
19. ^mJdV XwJm© "bmoH$gm{h˶mMr ê$naoIm', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 30
20. à^wUo AéU "Zm° W © A_o [ aH$Z B§ { S> ` ÝgÀ`m Añdb bmo H $H$Wm' nÙJ§ Y m
àH$meZ nwUo, àW_ Amd¥Îmr 2006, n¥ð> H«$. 82
21. ì`dhmao eaX "bmoH$gm{h˶ CX²J‘ Am{U {dH$mg', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 69
22. qeXo {dídZmW "bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm : ^mJ n{hbm', ñZohdY©Z n{ãbqeJ hmD$g,
nwUo. àW_ Amd¥Îmr 1998, n¥ð> H«$. 141
23. qeXo {dídZmW VÌ¡d n¥ð> H«$. 140
24. ^mJdV XwJm© "bmoH$gm{h˶mMr ê$naoIm', C{Z. n¥ð> H«$. 157
25. ZmairH$a O`§V "AmH$memer OS>bo ZmVo', amOh§g àH$meZ, nwUo, àW‘md¥Îmr 1998,
n¥ð> H«$. 173.
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