!

"" # " $
% &' ( &

) * % ! & + + ! ,
% &( % ! %
-
. + , %
. % , +
/ %
0 %
1 ! , % & "" ! ,

) * " " ] −∞ [ - 2 3= + (− ) 2 3= + . -

1 ∈ ] −∞ [ & 4( ) = ( )
1 ∈ ] −∞ [ & 4( ) =
/ 1 ∈ ] −∞ [& ( )≥ 0 ] −∞ [ ( ) = +∞
→−∞

0
+ −
" " 5 ( )= . -

( )
= −∞ 1 ∈] + ∞ [ & 4( )=
( 0
+ )
→−∞ /

/ ] −∞ [ 0
→
( )=
→
( )
> <

( )= ≤
" " - . -
( )= ( + ) >

/ (%
0 (

( ) = − −0 ∈ [ −0 − ]
" " [ −0 0 ] -
( )= − − ∈]− 0]
) 2 3 % * . -
 ( )− ( − ) ( )− ( − )
=
→− + →− +
<− >−

(% 67
/ 2 3 + 8
0 + 2 3 ,% 67 ! , ( 2 3
+ 2 3 ,% 6 ! , ( 2 3

" " " (% ) 2 3 % (

* &&
,! = + + 2 3 ,% 6
,! = + + 2 3 ,% 67 ) -

67 6 / 6
0 6 ( )= (− ) < ∈[ − ] ! 4( )=

− − − +0 (
)
= +∞ = / =
→/
>/
−/ →
<
− → ( + )
−
+/ =
0 =− →−∞
→−∞ +

1 " " & 2 3 % ( *

2 &3 . -
2 3 ( ) 9 ∈ &
( − )=− ( )
2 3 ( ) 9 ∈ &
( − ) = 0− ( )
/ 2 3 ( ) 9 ∈ &
( − ) = 0− ( + )
0 ( )= /
−/ + 2 3 ( ) 9

( )= /
−/ +0 2 3 ( ) 9

1 " " " (% & 2 3 % (

* 2: 3 ,! = −/ . -
 ( )
2: 3 9 2 3 +∞ =
→+∞

( )
= 2: 3 9 2 3 +∞
→+∞

/ 2: 3 9 2 3 −∞ ( ) = +∞
→−∞

0 2: 3 9 2 3 +∞ 2 3 , 9 8
( )=/ 2: 3 ; 9 2 3
→+∞

π
( 0 − / )( 0 − )
0 π
/ + = = −0 / =
/ 0
π π
π
0 = =
0

) * % ! & + + ! ,
% &( % ! , ,9 ! % ! + &
-
+ %
, %
/ 1 ! , % & "" ! , +
0 1 ! , ( & " ! , +
. ( , +

= =
( ) ( ) " - . -
+ = + = + +

( ) + !

( ) !

/ 1 ∈ 5& + + + + = −

+
0 1 ∈ & + = + +

=
→+∞

1 ( ) -

/
 ( ) ( + ( ) ( + ( ) ( + ( ) ( +

/ ( ) % ( ) ( + 0 ( ) ( + ( ) %

( ) % ( ) %

1 % &< 2 3 + &= 2 3 + +2 3
+ . -
< (( + )0 ) = 0< ( + ) + (( + )0 ) = 0 +( + ) π

(− ) (− ) (− )
/ /
/ = + / = /= + / 0 + / =/ − + /

( + )0
=−
(− )
/
+ /

: 1& * 2 3& 2 3 27 3 , + &

+ 1 2 3 & -
∈[ ] ! ( -

∈[ ]& = + ( − )
∈[ ] ! ( -
π θ
θ∈ & =
θ+ θ
/ ∈[ ] ! ( -
π
∈[ ]& = 0 −

π
0 ∈[ ] ! ( - θ∈ π & = θ
θ− θ
∈ ! ( - ≤= ( )≤ = ( )− ≤ < ( ) ≤ −= ( )

) * % ! & + + ! ,
% &( % ) * ( -
1-> + % ( ?
@ - >= ( % + ?
) -
1 ( @ "
% 1 (
/ % @ "
0 ( + 1 "
( + @ "
0
 ∈ : * 2 & 3& * ∆ ∆ -
∆ - +( − ) = ∆ - + =
. -
1 ∈ A{ − } &∆ ∆
1 6 &∆ ∆ "
/ ∆ ∆ * 6

0 ∆ ∆ =
/

1 = & ∆ + ∆
/

: , * 1 ∆ ∆ ! ∆ ∩1 = ∅ &
-
∆ ∩1 = ∅ ∆ ∩∆ = ∅ ∆ 1 ∆ ∩∆ ≠ ∅
/ ∆ ∩∆ ≠ ∅ ∆ ∩1 ≠ ∅ 0 ∆ * 1 ∆ ∩∆ ≠ ∅
∆ * ∆ ∆ ∩1 ≠ ∅

) , ( 9 B / - =&C&D "" - & &/&0 E

, ( / "" 2 "" 3
< ! - D // D/ /
. ( ( -
/ F =

F = ""
/
/ F
0
G ""

E ! ; * , + & + & +
( -
/ , + &
, + &
&
, + , + &
G , + &
, +
) + & -

% % ! , + ! , +
/

% % ! , + ! ,
B

/ % % ! , ! , +
/
0 "" I % ,
+
"" % % ! , +