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Textbook Ebook Finanzen Fur Berufseinsteiger Fur Dummies Bjorn Kirchhoff All Chapter PDF
Textbook Ebook Finanzen Fur Berufseinsteiger Fur Dummies Bjorn Kirchhoff All Chapter PDF
Kapitel 8: Anleihen
Was Anleihen sind
Wie Sie Anleihen handeln können
Vorteile von Anleihen
Nachteile von Anleihen
Kapitel 9: ETFs
Was ETFs sind
Wie Sie in ETFs investieren können
Vorteile von ETFs
Nachteile von ETFs
Stichwortverzeichnis
End User License Agreement
Tabellenverzeichnis
Kapitel 1
Tabelle 1.1: Vor- und Nachteile des Girokontos
Kapitel 2
Tabelle 2.1: Das Drei-Konten-Modell bei einem Nettogehalt von 1.700 Euro netto
Tabelle 2.2: Ihr Bankenvergleich
Tabelle 2.3: Ihr Drei-Konten-Modell
Kapitel 3
Tabelle 3.1: Beispielrechnung: Eileens Einnahmen
Tabelle 3.2: Eileens wiederkehrende Ausgaben
Tabelle 3.3: Eileens variable Ausgaben
Tabelle 3.4: Eileens finanzielle Situation
Kapitel 4
Tabelle 4.1: Beispiel Vermögensaufstellung
Tabelle 4.2: Beispiel Vermögensaufstellung: Vermögenswerte
Tabelle 4.3: Beispiel Vermögensaufstellung: Verbindlichkeiten
Tabelle 4.4: Beispiel Vermögensaufstellung: Nettovermögen
Kapitel 6
Tabelle 6.1: Anlagemöglichkeiten und das damit verbundene Risiko, die Anlagedauer...
Kapitel 7
Tabelle 7.1: Vor- und Nachteile von Aktien
Tabelle 7.2: Handelsvolumen für das Beispiel
Kapitel 8
Tabelle 8.1: Vor- und Nachteile von Anleihen
Kapitel 9
Tabelle 9.1: Vor- und Nachteile von ETFs
Kapitel 10
Tabelle 10.1: Beispielhafter Vergleich von Depot-Anbietern
Kapitel 11
Tabelle 11.1: Vor- und Nachteile vom Investment in Immobilien
Tabelle 11.2: Das Eis wird immer teurer – ein Beispiel für Inflation
Kapitel 12
Tabelle 12.1: Standort-Brainstorming
Kapitel 13
Tabelle 13.1: Die Vor- und Nachteile von Gold
Tabelle 13.2: Vor- und Nachteile von Kryptowährungen
Tabelle 13.3: Vor- und Nachteile von P2P-Krediten
Kapitel 14
Tabelle 14.1: Gesetzliche versus private Krankenversicherung
Kapitel 15
Tabelle 15.1: Vor- und Nachteile der Riesterrente
Tabelle 15.2: Vor- und Nachteile der Rürup-Rente
Tabelle 15.3: Vor- und Nachteile der betrieblichen Altersvorsorge
Kapitel 17
Tabelle 17.1: Franks Kredite im Überblick
Kapitel 18
Tabelle 18.1: Vor- und Nachteile des digitalen Haushaltsbuches
Tabelle 18.2: Vor- und Nachteile des händischen Haushaltsbuches
Illustrationsverzeichnis
Kapitel 1
Abbildung 1.1: Das magische Anlagedreieck
Einleitung
Das Thema Finanzen begleitet Sie – egal in welchem Alter. Wenn Sie jung sind, möchten
Sie oft viel Geld haben, um sich großartige Dinge zu kaufen. Später freuen Sie sich auf
Ihre Rente und zwischendurch möchten Sie einfach gut leben können. Da ist es wichtig,
von Anfang an zu wissen, was Sie da genau machen, um kein böses Erwachen zu erleben.
»Finanzen für Berufseinsteiger für Dummies« ist genau das Richtige für Sie, wenn Sie
gerade dabei sind, Ihre finanziellen Weichen zu stellen. Vielleicht fragen Sie sich:
Diese Fragen werde ich Ihnen in diesem Buch beantworten. Nur wenn Sie die wichtigsten
Informationen besitzen, können Sie die Entscheidung treffen, die für Sie richtig ist.
Außerdem finden Sie in diesem Buch:
Ich möchte Ihnen mit »Finanzen für Berufseinsteiger für Dummies« den Einstieg in die
bunte Welt der Finanzen erleichtern. Es ist gar nicht so kompliziert, wie Sie vielleicht
meinen, und es ist für jeden machbar.
sind Sie wahrscheinlich gerade mit der Schule oder dem Studium fertig oder stehen
kurz vor Ihrem Abschluss,
möchten Sie sich vermutlich ein solides Grundwissen aufbauen, wie Sie Ihre Finanzen
managen können,
haben Sie bisher nicht viel mit dem Thema Finanzen am Hut gehabt.
Ich gehe davon aus, dass das Thema Finanzen für Sie relativ neu ist und werde deswegen
einmal ganz vorn bei A beginnen.
Das Beispielsymbol leitet ein Beispiel ein, das passend zum Thema ist.
Was genau Geld ist und warum so viele Menschen keines haben,
was ein Konto ist, welche Arten es gibt und wieso Sie eines brauchen,
welche Kontensysteme Ihnen helfen, Ihre Finanzen besser zu managen,
warum eine Haushaltsrechnung und eine Vermögensaufstellung so wichtig
sind und wie Sie diese erstellen.
Kapitel 1
Geld im Allgemeinen
IN DIESEM KAPITEL
Die wesentlichen Eigenschaften von Geld
Konten und Versicherungen
Das magische Anlagedreieck
Herzlich willkommen in Kapitel eins dieses Buches. In diesem Kapitel erfahren Sie:
Stellen Sie sich vor, Sie sind Bäcker und backen leckere Brote. Damit Sie nicht nur
den ganzen Tag Brot essen, gehen Sie auf den Markt, um eines Ihrer Brote
einzutauschen. Auf dem Markt treffen Sie einen Schweinewirt. Dieser würde
furchtbar gern mal etwas anderes als eine Schweineschwarte essen. Ein Brot würde
ihm da gerade recht kommen. Sie als Bäcker würden gern mal wieder so einen
richtig guten Schweinebraten essen und der Schweinewirt hätte gern ein Brot. So
weit, so gut. Allerdings ist ein Schwein deutlich mehr wert als ein Brot. Ein 1:1-
Tausch wäre also unfair. Und selbst wenn Sie dem Schweinewirt 100 Brote für das
Schwein geben würden, wäre das Problem nicht aus der Welt geschafft, denn obwohl
der Tausch nun fair wäre: Wie soll der Schweinewirt 100 Brote essen, bevor sie
verschimmeln?
Was Sie beide brauchen, ist ein Tauschmittel, …
Und genau diese Eigenschaften vereint unser Geld aktuell. Früher wurden schon andere
Dinge als Zahlungsmittel verwendet:
Muscheln,
Getreide,
seltene Steine.
Es muss teilbar sein: Eine wichtige Eigenschaft unseres Geldes ist die Teilbarkeit.
Was nützen Ihnen 500 Euro, wenn Sie damit nicht ein Objekt für 10 Euro kaufen
können, ohne Ihr ganzes Geld dafür einzutauschen?
Es muss für alle den gleichen Wert haben. Damit Sie mit dem Geld Tauschhandel
betreiben können, muss das Geld einen gleichen Wert für beide Parteien haben, und
dieser Wert muss auch Beständigkeit haben und nicht innerhalb von einem Tag nichtig
sein.
Wenn Geld eine Werthaltigkeit besitzt, also für alle den gleichen Wert hat, dann dient
das Geld auch als Rechengröße. Durch den Wert, der dahintersteckt, kann jedem
Objekt ein Wert beigemessen werden und jeder kann diesen Wert nachvollziehen.
Es muss nachhaltig sein.
Damit keiner von beiden Parteien beim Tausch benachteiligt wird, sollte das Geld
natürlich nachhaltig und nicht nach ein paar Tagen oder Wochen unbrauchbar sein.
Was Tauschhandel bedeutet
Jeder hat in seinem Leben schon einmal einen Tauschhandel gemacht. Damit ist gemeint, dass Sie einer
anderen Person etwas geben und als Gegenleistung etwas zurückbekommen. Zum Beispiel geben Sie
Person A ein Buch und bekommen dafür ein anderes Buch. Das ist der klassische Tauschhandel.
Hier hilft Ihnen ein Haushaltsbuch, in das Sie regelmäßig Ihre Einnahmen und Ausgaben
eintragen. Aber auch ein allgemeiner Überblick über Ihr Vermögen in Form einer
Vermögensaufstellung ist enorm wichtig. Mehr zu diesen Themen lesen Sie in Kapitel 3.
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these clumps of trees were seated the actors, dressed in large
sacks, covering every part of the body; the head most fantastically
decorated with strips of rags, damask silk, and cotton, of as many
glaring colours as it was possible. The king’s servants attended to
keep the peace, and to prevent the crowd from breaking into the
square in which the actors were assembled. Musicians also attended
with drums, horns, and whistles, which were beaten and blown
without intermission.
The first act consisted in dancing and tumbling in sacks, which
they performed to admiration, considering they could not see, and
had not the free use of their feet and hands. The second act
consisted in catching the boa constrictor: first, one of the sack-men
came in front and knelt down on his hands and feet; then came out a
tall majestic figure, having on a head-dress and masque which baffle
all description: it was of a glossy black colour, sometimes like a lion
couchant over the crest of a helmet; at another like a black head with
a large wig: at every turn he made it changed its appearance. This
figure held in its right hand a sword, and by its superior dress and
motions appeared to be the director of the scene, for not a word was
spoken by the actors. The manager, as I shall call the tall figure, then
came up to the man who was lying in the sack; another sack-dancer
was brought in his sack, who by a wave of the sword was laid down
at the other’s head or feet; he having unsown the end of both sacks,
the two crawled into one. There was now great waving of the
manager’s sword; indeed I thought that heads were going to be
taken off, as all the actors were assembled round the party lying
down; but in a few minutes they all cleared away except the
manager, who gave two or three flourishes with his sword, when the
representation of the boa constrictor began. The animal put its head
out of the bag in which it was contained, attempting to bite the
manager; but at a wave of the sword it threw its head in another
direction to avert the blow; it then began gradually to creep out of the
bag, and went through the motions of a snake in a very natural
manner, though it appeared to be rather full in the belly; opening and
shutting its mouth, which I suspect was the performer’s two hands, in
the most natural manner imaginable. The length of the creature was
spun out to about fourteen feet; and the colour and action were well
represented by a covering of painted cloth, imitating that of the boa.
After following the manager round the park for some time, and
attempting to bite him, which he averted by a wave of the sword, a
sign was made for the body of actors to come up; when the manager
approaching the tail, made flourishes with his sword as if hacking at
that part of the body. The snake gasped, twisted up, and seemed as
if in great torture; and when nearly dead, it was shouldered by the
masqued actors, still gasping and making attempts to bite, but was
carried off in triumph to the fetish house.
The third act consisted of the white devil. The actors having
retired to some distance in the back ground, one of them was left in
the centre, whose sack falling gradually down, exposed a white
head, at which all the crowd gave a shout, that rent the air; they
appeared indeed to enjoy this sight, as the perfection of the actor’s
art. The whole body was at last cleared of the incumbrance of the
sack, when it exhibited the appearance of a human figure cast in
white wax, of the middle size, miserably thin, and starved with cold. It
frequently went through the motion of taking snuff, and rubbing its
hands; when it walked, it was with the most awkward gait, treading
as the most tender-footed white man would do in walking bare-
footed, for the first time, over new frozen ground. The spectators
often appealed to us, as to the excellence of the performance, and
entreated I would look and be attentive to what was going on. I
pretended to be fully as much pleased with this caricature of a white
man as they could be, and certainly the actor burlesqued the part to
admiration. This being concluded, the performers all retired to the
fetish house. Between each act, we had choral songs by the king’s
women, in which the assembled crowd joined their voices.
The kingdom of Yourriba extends from Puka on the south, which
is within five miles of the sea, to Lagos and Whydah in that line; to
the north to about the 10th degree of north latitude. It is bounded by
Dahomey to the north-west, which is reckoned a tributary province:
Ketto and the Maha countries on the north, Borgoo on the north-
east, the Quorra or Niger to the east, Accoura, a province of Benin,
on the south-east, five days’ journey distant; Jaboo to the south and
west. Its tributaries are Dahomey, Alladah, Badagry, and Maha. From
the sea coast to Chocho in latitude 8° 8′ north, longitude 4° 2′ east,
the country rises by a gradual ascent; the soil of a strong red clay
and mould, and where the woods have not been cleared, they may
be considered as impervious. The trees are of great size, with most
luxuriant foliage. From Chocho to Koosoo is a range of granite hills,
running from west-north-west to east-south-east. These hills are of
grey granite, bare of vegetation, and in solid masses. They are from
four to eight hundred feet above the level of the valleys, which are
narrow, winding, and well cultivated, and watered with innumerable
small streams. The soil a thin black mould. From Koossoo to Eyeo,
the country is less hilly, the hills in broken irregular ranges, and
running principally from north-east to south-west, with here and there
detached masses thrown up, as if by some great convulsion of
nature. The granite of which they are composed is of a softer kind,
and crumbling away with the weather. The valleys between these
hills widen into plains, as they advance to the northward. In the hilly
region, the trees are thinly scattered, low and stunted. The domestic
animals are horses of a very small breed, and even these are
scarce; the horned cattle also near the coast are of a small size: but
as we approach the capital, they are as large as those in England.
Many of them have humps on their shoulders, the same as those in
Abyssinia and the East Indies. They have sheep of the common
kind, and also those which are found in other parts of Africa; hogs,
Muscovy ducks, fowls, pigeons, and a few turkeys. Of the wild
animals, and the feathered race, I can say but little, having seen
none of the former except monkeys; but the natives report that the
hyæna and the leopard are very common. The lion, also, is found in
some parts of the country; yams, Indian corn, millet, and challots;
fruits, such as oranges, limes, pears, apples, &c. are plentiful
throughout the kingdom. The cotton plant is cultivated to a
considerable extent, and the wool manufactured into cloth. The
commerce of this country is almost entirely confined to slaves,
though a considerable quantity of cloth is made, and bartered with
the people of the coast for rum, tobacco, European cloth, and other
articles. The medium of exchange throughout the interior is the
cowry shell. A prime slave at Jannah is worth in sterling money,
according to the value set on the articles of barter, from three to four
pounds.
The government of Yourriba is hereditary, and an absolute
despotism, every subject being considered the slave of the king; but
its administration is mild and humane, and appears to have been so
for a long period. The only distinction of rank that obtains is that of
caboceer, who may be considered as the governor of a distant town
or province; the appointment of these governors depending on the
will of the king. The military force consists of the caboceers and their
own immediate retainers, which, allowing one hundred and fifty to
each, will not give such immense armies as we have sometimes
heard stated; that of Yourriba is perhaps as numerous as any of the
kingdoms of Africa. I think the general appearance of the
Yourribanians has less of the characteristic features of the negro
than any other I have yet seen; their lips are less thick, and their
noses more inclined to the aquiline shape, than negroes in general.
The men are well made, and have an independent carriage, that
cannot fail to attract attention. The women are almost invariably of a
more ordinary appearance than the men, which may arise from their
being more exposed to the sun, and the drudgery they are obliged to
undergo; all the labour of the land devolving on them.
The city of Eyeo (in Houssa language, Katunga), the capital of
Yourriba, is situated in latitude 8° 59′ north, longitude 6° 12′ east. It is
built on the sloping side and round the base of a small range of
granite hills, which, as it were, forms the citadel of the town; they are
formed of stupendous blocks of gray granite of the softest kind,
some of which are seen hanging from the summits, in the most
frightful manner, while others, resting on very small bases, appear as
if the least touch would send them down into the valley beneath. The
soil on which the town is built is formed of clay and gravel, mixed
with sand, which has obviously been produced from the crumbling
granite. The appearance of these hills is that of a mass of rocks left
bare by the tide. A belt of thick wood runs round the walls, which are
built of clay, and about twenty feet high, and surrounded by a dry
ditch. There are ten gates in the walls, which are about fifteen miles
in circumference, of an oval shape, about four miles in diameter one
way, and six miles the other, the south end leaning against the rocky
hills, and forming an inaccessible barrier in that quarter. The king’s
houses and those of his women occupy about a square mile, and are
on the south side of the hills, having two large parks, one in front,
and another facing the north. They are all built of clay, and have
thatched roofs, similar to those nearer the coast. The posts
supporting the verandahs and the doors of the king’s and caboceers’
houses are generally carved in bas relief, with figures representing
the boa killing an antelope or a hog, or with processions of warriors
attended by drummers. The latter are by no means meanly
executed, conveying the expression and attitude of the principal man
in the groupe with a lofty air, and the drummer well pleased with his
own music, or rather deafening noise. There are seven different
markets, which are held every evening; being generally opened
about three or four o’clock. The chief articles exposed for sale are
yams, corn, calavances, plantains, and bananas; vegetable butter,
seeds of the colycynth, which forms a great article of food,
sweetmeats, goats, fowls, sheep, and lambs; and also cloth of the
manufacture of the country, and their various implements of
agriculture. The price of a small goat is from 1500 to 2000 cowries; a
large sheep, 3000 to 5,000; a fowl, 150 to 200; yams, 4000 per
hundred; a horse, 80 to 100,000; and a cow from 20 to 30,000; a
prime slave, 40 to 60,000;—2000 cowries being equal to one
Spanish dollar. Trona, or natron, is brought here from Bornou, and
sold to all parts of the coast, where it is much in request, to mix with
snuff, and also as a medicine.
Saturday, 25th.—This afternoon we had a visit from the king; he
brought with him a duck, some rice, and goora nuts. I told him I was
all ready to go, whenever he chose to give me the escort and
messengers. He said the caboceers of the different towns through
which I had to pass were still here, but as soon as they left I should
go. I asked him, as I was writing to England, what he wanted from
thence. He said, a brass crown, fine yellow and blue cloth, large
coral, some gaudy carpeting, an English drum, and about half a ton
of cowries. The whole of this curious catalogue would not cost, as I
suppose, more than £200. I told him, therefore, that I should send
the list home.
Sunday, 26th.—Morning dull and hazy, with an oppressive sultry
heat, the wind north-north-east, causing the same depression of
spirits as the siroc wind in the Mediterranean, and which affected
every one of the party, and made us all sigh for a breeze, and to
proceed on our journey.
Wednesday, 1st March.—On this day the weather began to clear
up, with a fine breeze from the eastward. Our friend the fat eunuch is
evidently playing the rogue with us, as we neither can get provisions,
wood, nor water, but with the greatest difficulty. He sees he has got
all I intend to give, either to the king or any body else. A messenger
of the caboceer of Jannah went and returned from Rakah to-day, to
buy trona. The Yourriba name of Rakah is Saguda: the Quorra is
only about two hours’ easy walking to the eastward of it. The
following day, in the afternoon, I had a visit from the king. I asked
him why I was longer detained; said I had waited with patience
through the several times he had appointed for my starting, but it
appeared I was just as far from getting away as ever. He hesitated,
and gave me an evasive answer. I asked him to tell me distinctly. No,
he could not do that, as he wished to get me a large horse to ride
before I went. I said I would ride a small one. He then said he had
only one. I asked him if he would allow me to hire horses from the
caboceers. “What,” he replied, “will they say of me, if I allow you to
go away in this way after your king sending me such a present?” He
then begged I would stop for three days more, until he could get
horses, and I should certainly go. I pointed out to him the number of
times he had broken his word: he said the reason he would not fix a
day now was, that he might not break his word again.
Monday, 6th.—It was not before the 6th that the king paid me
another visit, and told me, that the Yarro messengers were ready,
and that I might go to-morrow or next day, and that he intended to
give me a horse. I thanked him, and told him I was quite ready and
determined to set off to-morrow, as delays here were dangerous.
Accordingly, the next day, when every thing was ready for starting, I
was again visited by the king, who, after giving me in charge of what
he called the Yarro messenger, told me that the sultan Yarro would
take the greatest care of my baggage, and forward me to the king of
Youri. He then made me a present of a horse, for which I thanked
him, and took my leave.
CHAPTER III.
JOURNAL OF PROCEEDINGS FROM KATUNGA, OR EYEO, TO
BOUSA, ON THE NIGER, OR QUORRA, THE PLACE WHERE
MUNGO PARK PERISHED.