2OHMH

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2/(-(35(&+/$',$&(=$5,$'(1,$
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDDLFKG{OHLWp]iNODGQpYODVWQRVWL
1DMG{OHLWHMLHYODVWQRVWLROHMRYRYSO\YXM~FHLFKYEHU
0LHDWHQRV"
3RODULWDDPLHDWHQRV"
6WiORV"YVW\NXVFKODGLYRP
+\JURVNRSLFLWD
9LVNR]LWD
,QGH[YLVNR]LW\9,
%RGWXKQXWLD(pourpoint)
%RGYORNRYDQLDFloc point
&KHPLFNiVWDELOLWD
7HUPLFNiVWDELOLWD
0D]DYRV"
LVWLDFDVFKRSQRV"ROHMRY
3RSLVGUXKRYROHMRYSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLD
2OHMHQDEi]HXKRYRGtNRYPLQHUiOQHXKRYRGtN\
6\QWHWLFNpXKRYRGtN\
DLHV\QWHWLFNpRUJDQLFNpNYDSDOLQ\
3RO\(alkylnov)JO\NRO\ (PAG
3RO\ROHVWHU(POE)
6\QWp]D32(
+\GURO]D32(
.RPSOH[QpHVWHU\
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDDFKODGLYi
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDV&)&FKODGLYDPL
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDVDPRQLDNRP
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDVXKRYRGtNPL
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDVR[LGRPXKOLLWP
2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDV+)&FKODGLYDPL
.RPSDWLELOLWD32(VPDWHULiOPL
=QiDQOLYRV"32(5DVRUJDQLFNPLV\QWHWLFNPLPDWHULiOPL
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0HDHOH]R
=LQRNDVWULHEUR
+OLQtN
9OKNRV"D32(
2SDWUHQLDNY\SDURYDQLXVDYOKNRVWLYFKODGLDFLFK]DULDGHQLDFK
6XL
3OQLDFHV\VWpP\ROHMD
1RYpROHMHSUH+)&
9OKNRV"Y]DULDGHQLDFKDHVWHURYpROHMH
$QDO]\WHVW\ROHMRY
2OHMHSRUHWURILWH
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2OHMH



2/(-(35(&+/$',$&(=$5,$'(1,$

2OHMHYFKODGLDFLFK]DULDGHQLDFKSOQLD]DSUtWRPQRVWLFKODGLYDQLHNRNR~ORK
 S{VRELD DNR ROHMRYp WHVQHQLH QD UR]KUDQt PHG]L VDFRX D YWODQRX VWUDQRX Y
kompresore,
 FKODGLDORLVNiDRGYiG]DM~WHSORRGPLHVWDY]QLNXNYRQNDMLHPXSOi"XNRPSUHVRUD
 tlmia vibrcie a hluk vznikajci pri chode zariadenia,
 PD~NO]QpSORFK\NRPSUHVRURY]DPHG]XM~NRUy]LLV~LDVWRN












9KRGQROHMPXVtPD"FHOUDGYODVWQRVWt0XVt
E\"GREUPPD]LYRP
E\"FKHPLFN\VWDELOQGREUHPLHDWHQGREUHWHNXWQt]NRSHQLY
E\"VFKRSQWUDQVSRUWXYRNUXKXDVSRREPHG]HQiPLHDWHQRV"VFKODGLYRP
SRVN\WRYD"GREU~HQHUJHWLFN~~LQQRV"
PD"GREU~WHSHOQ~YRGLYRV"
E\"HOHNWULFN\QHYRGLYDRGROQYRLHOHNWULFNpPXSULHUD]X
E\"HNRORJLFN\SULMDWHQ ELRORJLFN\GHJUDGRYDWHQ
E\"PLQLPiOQHK\JURVNRSLFN
E\"NRPSDWLELOQVNRQWUXNQPLPDWHULiOPL

2OHMHSUHFKODGLDFH]DULDGHQLDDLFKG{OHLWp]iNODGQpYODVWQRVWL

9ODVWQRVWL ROHMRY SUH FKODGLDFH ]DULDGHQLD PDM~ RNUHP Y\VRNHM FKHPLFNHM

K\GURO\WLFNHM D WHSORWQHM VWDELOLW\ DM GREUp PD]DFLH YODVWQRVWL 0D]DFLH YODVWQRVWL
PLQHUiOQHKR ROHMD SUH FKODGLDFH ]DULDGHQLD V &)& FKODGLYDPL EROL SRGSRUHQp DNWLYLWRX
FKOyUX QDFKiG]DM~FHKR VD Y FKODGLYH &KOyURYp SDUDItQ\ GQHV X ] HNRORJLFNFK G{YRGRY
PHQHM SRXtYDQp V~ ]QiPH DNR ]OHSRYDWHOH PD]DFtFK YODVWQRVWt 6WUDWD W]Y FKOyURYpKR
HIHNWX MH NRPSHQ]RYDQi OHStPL YODVWQRV"DPL HVWHURY DOH QDSULHN WRPX VD VSRLDWNX
SRXtYDOLNRPELQiFLHDGLWtYQD]OHSHQLHPD]DFtFK YODVWQRVWtDVWDELOLW\DNNRPSUHVRURYp
V~LDVWN\ V~ Y\UREHQp ] OLDWHKR D QLH NXMQpKR KOLQtND 7DNWR GUVQ SRYUFK Y\DGXMH N
SUHNOHQXWLXQHURYQRVWtVLOQHMtPD]DFtILOP7iWRSRLDGDYNDVDXPLQLPDOL]XMH
6WDELOLWX EHQFK HVWHURYFK ROHMRY QLH MH WUHED ]OHSRYD" 6~ WHUPLFN\ D FKHPLFN\
VWDELOQHMLH DNR PLQHUiOQH D V\QWHWLFNp ROHMH QD XKRYRGtNRYHM Ei]L /HQ K\GURO\WLFNi
VWDELOLWDHVWHURYMHQLLDDNRXRVWDWQFKROHMRY
'UXK\ROHMRY
 PLQHUiOQHROHMH(MO- charakteru naftenickho,
- alebo parafinickho,

 V\QWHWLFNpROHMH(maziv),
 QDEi]HXKRYRGtNRY- alkyl-benzny (AB),

- poly-alfa-olefny (PAO),

 QDEi]HJO\NRORY(PAG)- poly-alkyln-glykoly,
 QDEi]HHVWHURY(POE)- poly-ol-estery,

 LQpFKHPLFNpSRGVWDW\QHXYHGHQp(siliknov, flursiliknov a

SRGNWRUFKSRXLWLHMHRMHGLQHOpY zvltnych prpadoch,
SRORV\QWHWLFNp
ROHMH maziv) - zmesi takmer vhradne z minerlnych


olejov a alkylbenznov.
=KDGLVNDIXQNQHMVSRDKOLYRVWLDKRVSRGiUQRVWLSUHYiG]N\FKODGLDFLFK]DULDGHQtD
YSUYRPUDGHNRPSUHVRURYPDM~UR]KRGXM~FLY]QDPI\]LNiOQHDFKHPLFNpYODVWQRVWL]PHVL
FKODGtY D ROHMD 9 VWXGHQHM DVWL RNUXKX VD Y\DGXMH SUHGRYHWNP Qt]ND WHSORWD WXKQXWLD




2OHMH
DOHERGREUiWHNXWRV"SULQt]N\FKWHSORWiFK7HSORWDWXKQXWLDPiE\"QDMPHQHMR&QLt
DNR QDMQLLD WHSORWD Y VWXGHQHM DVWL RNUXKX = KDGLVND PD]DFHM IXQNFLH V~ YKRGQHMLH
FKODGLYi V ROHMPL Y]iMRPQH QHPLHDWHQPL DE\ QHGRFKiG]DOR N ]PHQH YLVNR]LW\ ROHMD
=QLRYDQLHYLVNR]LW\Y]iMRPQHPLHDWHQFKROHMRYDFKODGtYMHWUHEDUHSHNWRYD"SULYREH
ROHMD



1DMG{OHLWHMLHYODVWQRVWLROHMRYRYSO\YXM~FHLFKYEHU

0LHDWHQRV"
0LHDWHQRV"DOHERUR]SXVWQRV"FKODGLYDDROHMDMHWHRUHWLFN\GDQiSROiUQRV"RXROHMD
DFKODGLYD&KODGLYRDROHMVDSULVYRMRPY]iMRPQRPVW\NXNYDSDOQFKIi]
a) PLHDM~QHREPHG]HQHW]QH]DYHWNFKWODNRYDWHSO{WY\WYiUDM~UR]WRN
b) mieaj obmedzene sREODV"RXQHPLHDWHQRVWL]iYLVORXRGGUXKXRERFKOiWRN
c) mieaj vUR]VDKXWDNQHSDWUQRPHKRYRUtPHSUDNWLFN\RQHPLHDWHQRVWL
+DGLVNR PLHDWHQRVWL MH SRGVWDWQp SUH ULHHQLH FHOpKR FKODGLDFHKR RNUXKX
1HPLHDWHQp GYRMLFH VD Y]DSODYHQRP YSDUQtNX UR]GHXM~ VHGLPHQWiFLRX D ROHM VD PXVt
SUDYLGHOQHRGS~"D"9VXFKFKYSDUQtNRFKROHMRYiYUVWYDQDWHSORVPHQQHMSORFKHYUD]QH
]QLXMH SUHVWXS WHSOD 5R]WRN FKODGLYD VROHMRP VD ]R ]DSODYHQFK YSDUQtNRY WUYDOR
RGREHUi D FKODGLYR VD Y\SDUt Y]YOiWQRP SUtGDYQRP ]DULDGHQt 5R]KRGXM~FX YKRGX Pi
PLHDWHQRV" RERFK OiWRN SUH PRQRV" SRXLWLD VXFKFK YSDUQtNRY NWRUp YHPL YUD]QH
]QLXM~ QiSO FKODGLYD YRNUXKX R MH G{OHLWp HNRQRPLFN\ cena nplne) HNRORJLFN\
(niky)DEH]SHQRVWQHu amoniaku)2EHOiWN\VDYQLFKRGGHXM~Y\SDURYDQtPFKODGLYD
NWRUpVRVHERXSRWRPXQiD]E\WN\ROHMDYNYDSDOQHMIi]H$VSRLDVWRQiPLHDWHQRV"MH
LDG~FD DYDN ~SOQi PLHDWHQRV" QLH MH QXWQi SUL GRVWDWRQHM WXUEXOHQFLL ]DLV"XM~FHM
HPXO]LILNiFLXROHMDDMHKRWUDQVSRUWRNUXKRP3ULV\VWpPRFKV&)&VDFKODGLYiSOQHPLHDOL
VROHMPL
S prchodom novch chladv sa znovu v ostrejch rysoch objavila otzka cirkulcie olejov
v chladiacich okruhoch. Nhrady starch chladv sa vWRPWRRKDGHYRY]"DKXN minerlnemu oleju
VN{U EOtLOL N FKRYDQLX DPRQLDNX 9UDFDQLH ROHMRY NWRUp VD QHPLHDM~ V FKODGLYRP VSl" GR
NRPSUHVRURY EROR ULHLWHQp X YltFK V\VWpPRY DYDN SUL KHUPHWLFNFK RNUXKRFK D PDOFK
V\VWpPRYE\]DLVWHQLHYUDFDQLDROHMDSUHGVWDYRYDORDOHNR]ORLWHMtSUREOpP)LUP\NWRUpY\UiEDM~
FKODGLYiSUHWRRG]DLDWNXKDGDOLYKRGQHMLHW\S\ROHMRYNWRUpE\VDV chladivom transportovali
RNUXKRP D NWRUp E\ QHY\DGRYDOL ]ORLWp RGOXRYDH 'R ~YDK\ SULFKiG]DOL SRO\DON\OHQJO\NRORYp
ROHMH WDN]YDQp 3$* D SRO\ROHVWHURYp ROHMH WDN]YDQp 32( 9HPL VNRUR VD XNi]DOR H DQL MHGQD
sWFKWR VNXStQ QHSRVN\WQH ~SOQX PLHDWHQRV"  V alternatvnymi HFC chladivami na bze R134a,
R125, R143a a R32, alebo nhrada za R22, chladivo R407C.
0LHDWHQRV"
3RGSRMPRPPLHDWHQRV"VDUR]XPLH WDNp FKRYDQLH GYRFK DOHER YLDFHM OiWRN NH SUL LFK
]PLHDYDQtY]QLNQHMHGLQiFHONRPKRPRJHQQiIi]DWR]QDPHQiMHGQDYUVWYDNWRUiQLHMH]DNDOHQi
DVWiWLPVDQHUR]GHXMHQDGYHDOHERYLDFHMSRKDGRPUR]OtLWHQFKYUVWLHY
9]iMRPQiUR]SXVWQRV"
3RMHPY]iMRPQiUR]SXVWQRV"VDSRSLVXMHWDNpFKRYDQLHNHSR]PLHDQtGYRFKDOHERYLDFHM
OiWRN D SR LFK SRWUDVHQt G{MGH NY]QLNX VSUDYLGOD ]DNDOHQHM DOHER POLHQHM NYDSDOLQ\ 7iWR
NYDSDOLQD DN MH SRQHFKDQi YNXGH VD SR XULWHM GREH VWiWLD UR]GHOt QD GYH D YLDF UR]OtLWHQFK
YUVWLHY7HQWRUR]GHRYDFtSURFHVP{HQLHNHG\WUYD"YHPLGOKRKODYQHYSUtWRPQRVWLSRYUFKRYR
DNWtYQ\FKOiWRN
.DGiVWFKWRIi](vrstiev)SULWRPREVDKXMHYHWN\]ORN\YU{]QRPSRPHUH
0LHDWHQRV"DUR]SXVWQRV"VDQDSUYSRKDGP{X]GD"YHPLSRGREQRXYODVWQRV"RX-H
WX YDN MHGHQ YHPL G{OHLW UR]GLHO 'YH PLHDWHQp OiWN\ VD VSROX PLHDM~ YXERYRQRP
SRPHUHDSULWRPYG\Y]QLNQHMHGLQiKRPRJpQQD(jednoliata) Ii]D(vrstva)7LHWROiWN\V~QDY]iMRP
QHREPHG]HQHUR]SXVWQp


2OHMH

2OHMH

1DSURWLWRPXGYHUR]SXVWQpDOHYLDGQRPSUtSDGHQHREPHG]HQHUR]SXVWQpOiWN\PDM~OHQ
XULW~REPHG]HQ~NDSDFLWXUR]SXVWL"YVHEHXULWpPQRVWYRGUXKHMOiWN\$N SULGiYDPHNMHGQHM
WDNHMWR OiWNH GUXK~ EXGH VD D GRVWDYX QDVWHQLD WYRUL" OHQ MHGLQi KRPRJpQQi Ii]D $NRQiKOH VD
SUHNURtPLHUDQDVWHQLDG{MGHSULDORPSULGiYDQtGUXKHMOiWN\NY]QLNXGUXKHMIi]\0QRVWYR
RELGYRFK WFKWR Ii] EXGH WDNp H RELGYH EXG~ YVWDYH QDVWHQLD 3UYi Ii]D EXGH WYRUHQi KODYQH
]ORNRXEXGHQDVWHQi]DGDQFKSRPLHQRN]DGDQFKSRGPLHQRN]ORNRXD]iURYHGUXKiIi]D
WYRUHQiKODYQH]ORNRXEXGHQDVWHQi]ORNRX7RPXWRVWDYXVDKRYRUtURYQRYiKD
5R]SXVWQRV" GYRFK OiWRN MH RYSO\YQHQi YRQNDMtPL SRGPLHQNDPL KODYQH WHSORWRX 0LHUD
UR]SXVWQRVWLP{HE\"YHPLU{]QD2GWRWiOQHMPLHDWHQRVWLDNWDNPHU~SOQHMQHPLHDWHQRVWL

&KODGLDFHRNUXK\
9FKODGLDFLFKRNUXKRFKVDVWUHWiYDPHVRV\VWpPRPFKODGLYRROHM9RYlLQHS{YRGQFK
]DULDGHQt WR ERO V\VWpP &)& (alebo HCFC)  PLQHUiOQ\ ROHM 7LHWR ]ORN\ V~ PLHDWHQp WR
]QDPHQi H YXERYROQRP SRPHUH RERFK NRPSRQHQWRY Y]QLNi MHGLQi KRPRJpQQi Ii]D 7DNpWR
FKRYDQLH]QDPHQiHREH]ORN\VDDKNRSRK\EXM~FKODGLDFLPRNUXKRPDQHY]QLNiSRYODNROHMD
QD YQ~WRUQHM VWUDQH YSDUQtND NWRU E\ ]KRURYDO SUHVWXS WHSOD 5R]SXVWHQp FKODGLYR ]QLXMH
YLVNR]LWXROHMDDMHKRSRYUFKRYpQDSlWLH
3UL ]PLHDQt PLQHUiOQHKR ROHMD VFKODGLYRP W\SX +)& ]tVNDPH V~VWDYX WDNPHU LGHiOQH
QHPLHDWHQ~ WR ]QDPHQi H RELGYH ]ORN\ VD YVHEH UR]SXVWLD OHQ QHSDWUQH $N ]PLHDPH
PLQHUiOQ\ROHMV+)&FKODGLYRPYSULHKDGQHMWODNRYHMQiGRENHD]PHVGREUHSRWUHSHPHY]QLNQH
POLHQDNYDSDOLQDNWRUiDNVDQHFKiVWi"YNXGHVDSRVWXSQHUR]GHOtQDGYHMDVQHRGGHOHQpYUVWY\
9Q~WRUQ SRYUFK SULWRP ]RVWDQH SRNU\W YLVNy]QHMRX YUVWYRX ROHMD 9FKODGLDFRP RNUXKX WDNpWR
FKRYDQLH]QDPHQiHROHMMH]OH WUDQVSRUWRYDQ FKODGLYRP OLSQH QD YQ~WRUQHM VWUDQH YSDUQtND D
]KRUXMH WDN NRHILFLHQW SUHVWXSX WHSOD 1DSULHN WRPX H[LVWXM~ FKODGLDFH RNUXK\ YNWRUFK VD
SRXtYD NRPELQiFLD Y]iMRPQH QHPLHDWHQpKR FKODGLYD D ROHMD 1DSUtNODG V~ WR HUSDGOi DOHER
DPRQLDNRYp V\VWpP\ VPLQHUiOQ\PL ROHMPL 9WFKWR SUtSDGRFK YDN RNUXK PXVt E\" Y\EDYHQ
YHPL ~LQQPL VHSDUiWRUPL ROHMD NWRUp ]DUXLD YUDFDQLH ROHMD GR NRPSUHVRUD D ]DEUiQLD  MHKR
KURPDGHQLXYLQFKDVWLDFKRNUXKX
32( ROHMH V+)& FKODGLYDPL QLH V~ QHREPHG]HQH PLHDWHQPL ]ORNDPL YFHORP
WHSORWQRP UR]VDKX NWRU VD Y\VN\WXMH YFKODGLDFLFK RNUXKRFK 2ELGYH WLHWR ]ORN\ V~ YDN
Y]iMRPQHSRPHUQHGRV"UR]SXVWQp9\VRNREVDKUR]SXVWHQHM]ORN\YNDGHMIi]HYHGLHNWRPXH
RELGYHIi]HPDM~]QtHQ~YLVNR]LWXDSRYUFKRYpQDSlWLH$NY\NRQiPHREGREQSUHWUHSiYDFtWHVW
VR]PHVRX+)&FKODGLYDD32(ROHMDG{MGHNY]QLNXGLVSHU]LHDNYDSDOQiDV"FKODGLYDVDQDVWL
HVWHURYPROHMRP3UHE\WRNROHMDEXGHSRWRPURYQDNRQDVWHQNYDSDOQPFKODGLYRP1DVWHQiFK
IODWLN\ DOH QHY]QLNQH LDGQ\ YLVNR]Q ILOP 5RYQDNR DNR SUL WRPWR WHVWH EXGH ROHM YUHiOQRP
V\VWpPH GRVWDWRQH GREUH UR]SWOHQ GR FKODGLYD D WUDQVSRUWRYDQ FKODGLDFLP RNUXKRP WDNH
QHP{H SUtV" NMHKR ~SOQHPX Y\QHVHQLX ]NRPSUHVRUD =iURYH  QHEXGH GRFKiG]D" N]DQiDQLX
YQ~WRUQFKVWLHQYSDUQtNDWDNHNRHILFLHQWSUHVWXSXWHSODQHEXGHRYSO\YQHQ
0LHDWHQRV"32(ROHMRY
$NR X EROR XYHGHQp WDP NGH GRFKiG]D OHQ NLDVWRQHM PLHDWHQRVWL MH YMHGQHM ]ORNH
OHQ SUHVQH REPHG]HQp PQRVWYR GUXKHM ]ORN\ 7iWR KUDQLFD MH YDN VLOQH ]iYLVOi RG WHSORW\ 3UH
NDG~ NRPELQiFLX +)& FKODGLYD D 32( ROHMD VD Gi QiMV" NULWLFNi WHSORWD SUL NWRUHM ]DQH
GRFKiG]D" NRGGHRYDQLX GUXKHM Ii]H SUL GDQRP Y\FKiG]DM~FRP ]ORHQt ]PHVL 7R VD SUHMDYt
]DPOHQtP 3UH U{]QH NRQFHQWURYDQp ]PHVL VD WDN Gi QiMV" NRPSOHWQi NULYND NULWLFNHM WHSORW\
3UtNODGWDNFKWRNULYLHNMHQDREUi]NX
+RUQ ERG NDGHM WDNHMWR NULYN\ XGiYD QDMQLLX WHSORWX SUL NWRUHM V~ RELGYH ]ORN\
QDY]iMRPPLHDWHQpYNDGRPSRPHUH9REODVWLWHSO{WSRGWRXWRQDMY\RXNULWLFNRXWHSORWRX
VD ]PHV UR]SDGi QD GYH Ii]H LFK ]ORHQLH MH GDQp ERGPL QD NULYNH NULWLFNHM WHSORW\ ([LVWHQFLD
GYRFKIi]V~DVQHQLMDNRQHRYSO\YXMHYNRQQRV"RNUXKXDQLWHSHOQSUHQRV
=PHQDPL PROHNXOiUQHM WUXNW~U\ 32( ROHMD DNR MH SRXLWLH UR]OLQFK W\SRY ]iNODGQpKR
YLDF IXQNQpKR DONRKROX D U{]Q\FK W\SRY RUJDQLFNFK N\VHOtQ VD Gi GR ]QDQHM PLHU\ RYSO\YQL"
PLHUDUR]SXVQRVWLROHMDYFKODGLYiFK+)&7LHWR]PHQ\YDNSRVWLKXM~DMRVWDWQpG{OHLWpYODVWQRVWL
ROHMRYSRODULWXWHSHOQ~VWDELOLWXK\GURO\WLFN~LFKHPLFN~VWDELOLWXPD]DFLHVFKRSQRVWLDDOLH


9YRMROHMDMHSUHWRYG\RSWLPiOQ\PNRPSURPLVRPPHG]LGRVLDKQXWtPFHOpKRUDGXSRLDGDYLHN
QDYODVWQRVWLROHMD2OHMH(PNDUDWH5/QDSUtNODGXGiYDM~KRGQRW\NULWLFNFKWHSO{WRGGRo&

Obrzok 1

0LHDWHQRV"YQt]NRWHSORWQHMREODVWL

Podiel oleja v hm. %

=KUQXWLHRPLHDWHQRVWLROHMRYDFKODGtY
&HONRYi YNRQQRV" FKODGLDFHKR RNUXKX  PXVt E\" Y\YiHQP NRPSURPLVRP PHG]L
U{]Q\PLYNRQQRVWQPLDSUHYiG]NRYPLNULWpULDPL'{OHLWPSUYNRPRSWLPDOL]iFLHFKODGLDFHKR
RNUXKX MH RSWLPiOQD YRED  NRPELQiFLH FKODGLYD D ROHMD 2Wi]ND PLHDWHQRVWL MH LVWH MHGQP
]NULWpULt SUH YEHU YKRGQHM NRPELQiFLH YLDGQRP SUtSDGH E\ VD YDN REPHG]HQi PLHDWHQRV"
QHPDOD VWD" SUYP Y\OXRYDFtP NULWpULRP NWRUP PXVt QDYUKRYDQi NRPELQiFLD EH]SRGPLHQHQH
SUHMV" QD ]DLDWNX Y\KRGQRFRYDFLHKR SURFHVX 7RWiOQD PLHDWHQRV" QHPi ]iVDGQ YSO\Y QD
]OHSHQLHWUDQVSRUWXROHMDLSUHVWXSXWHSODDSUHWRKODYQRXSRLDGDYNRXE\PDODE\"OHQH[LVWHQFLD
Y]iMRPQHM UR]SXVWQRVWL YR Y\LH XYHGHQRP YNODGH WRKRWR WHUPtQX 7LHWR ]iYHU\ Y\FKiG]DM~ ]
YVNXPQFKSUiFYUREFXFKODGtYD32(ROHMRYILUP\,&,

3RODULWDDPLHDWHQRV"
/iWN\QLHV~YRVYRMLFKPROHNXOiFK~SOQHHOHNWULFN\QHXWUiOQH1DSlWLHPHG]LSyOPL
PROHNXO\ SUHGVWDYXMH W]Y GLSyO tP YlLH MH WRWR QDSlWLH WP YlLD MH SRODULWD 7iWR
YODVWQRV" RYSO\YXMH PLHDWHQRV" GYRFK OiWRN tP PHQt MH UR]GLHO PHG]L SRODULWDPL
RERFKNYDSDOtQQDSlWLHPHG]LSyOPLPROHN~OWPOHSLDMHPLHDWHQRV"WFKWROiWRNtP
YlLDMHSRODULWDWPMHPHQLDPLHDWHQRV"WFKWROiWRNDVDFHONRPVWUiFD
7DNPHUQHSROiUQHXKRYRGtN\DNRFKODGLYiL]REXWiQSURSiQVD"DNRPLHDM~V
SROiUQ\PLROHMPLDNRV~SRO\JO\NRO\

REODV"
PLHDWHQRVWL
REODV"
QHPLHDWHQRVWL
FKODGLYDDROHMD

PLQHUiOQHKRROHMDYHVWHURYRP


=iYLVORV"PLHDWHQRVWL
FKODGLYD5DV
HVWHURYPROHMRPRG
REVDKXPLQHUiOQHKR
ROHMD

2OHMH
0LHDWHQRV"FKODGtYDROHMRYMHGHILQRYDQiW]YNULYNRXPLHDWHQRVWL1RYpSROiUQH
FKODGLYiVDQHPLHDM~VQHSROiUQ\PLPLQHUiOQ\PLROHMPL3RNLDVDQDFKiG]DROHMDFKODGLYR
YSRK\EHY\WYiUDVDGLVSHU]LDNWRUiVWDWLFN~NULYNXPLHDWHQRVWLSRV~YDGRQLtFKWHSO{W
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