Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense 6

CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS

ZENTREN UND ELITEN IN
FRHMITTELALTERLICHEN OSTMITTELEUROPA
CENTRES AND ELITES IN
EARLY MEDIEVAL EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE
Herausgegeben von

Orsolya Heinrich-Tamska, Hajnalka Herold,

Pter Straub und Tivadar Vida

QVERENS INVENTI PVLANS H[I]C CAVDET AperTO

CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS

CASTELLUM PANNONICUM PELSONENSE

Vol. 6

Redigunt
A Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia
Blcsszettudomnyi Kutatkzpontjnak Rgszeti Intzete
(Archologisches Institut des Geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums
der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften)
Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V.
Balatoni Mzeum (Balatoni-Museum)

Budapest Leipzig Keszthely Rahden/Westf.

2015

CASTELLUM, CIVITAS, URBS

ZENTREN UND ELITEN
IM FRHMITTELALTERLICHEN
OSTMITTELEUROPA
CENTRES AND ELITES
IN EARLY MEDIEVAL
EAST-CENTRAL EUROPE

Herausgegeben von

Orsolya Heinrich-Tamska, Hajnalka Herold,

Pter Straub und Tivadar Vida

400 Seiten mit 174 Abbildungen und 7 Tabellen

Gedruckt mit Untersttzung

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Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Orsolya Heinrich-Tamska, Hajnalka Herold, Pter Straub und Tivadar Vida (Hrsg.), Castellum, civitas,
urbs Zentren und Eliten im frhmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa Centres and Elites in Early Medieval
East-Central Europe (Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense, Bd. 6, hrsg. v. Archologischen Institut des
Geisteswissenschaftlichen Forschungszentrums der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, dem
Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., dem Balatoni-Museum).
ISBN 978-3-89646-156-8

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Vorwort

Mit dem Titel Castellum, civitas, urbs setzt der vorliegende Band den
Themenschwerpunkt der Reihe Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense fort, in
der, von Keszthely-Fenkpuszta ausgehend, Forschungsergebnisse zur rmischen Kontinuitt, zur Zentralrtlichkeit und zu frhmittelalterlichen Eliten
im mittleren Donauraum und in seinen Grenzregionen prsentiert werden
sollen.
Civitates im frhmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa stehen seit langem
im Fokus archologischer und historischer Forschung. Sie gelten als politische, religise und wirtschaftliche Zentren, und als solche ermglichen sie einen wichtigen Einblick in die Gesellschafts- und Machtstrukturen ihrer Zeit.
Bei ihrer Untersuchung geht es um die Rekonstruktion und Bestimmung
der infrastrukturellen, wirtschaftlichen und topographischen Voraussetzungen und um die Erarbeitung der regionalen und berregionalen Netzwerke
der einzelnen Orte. Zugleich versucht man die einstigen Einwohner dieser
Siedlungen zu erfassen, wofr hug Grber und Grberfelder herangezogen werden. Die Analyse der Bestattungssitten und der Beigaben soll helfen,
einstige soziale Hierarchien zu entschlsseln.
Bei den Autoren dieses Bandes handelt es sich um ehemalige Alexandervon-Humboldt-Stipendiaten, sowie ihre Gastgeber und Kooperationspartner
in Deutschland und in Ostmitteleuropa. Dem Jubilar Dr. Bla Mikls Sz%ke,
dem langjhrigen Ausgrber und Erforscher des karolingischen Herrschaftsmittelpunkts Mosaburg/Zalavr und frheren Humboldt-Stipendiaten, zu
Ehre wurden in diesem Band Studien zusammengestellt, die eine Auswahl
an aktuellen Forschungen ber Zentren und Eliten im frhmittelalterlichen
Ostmitteleuropa bieten. Die Aufstze lassen sich in zwei groe Themenbereiche unterteilen. Einerseits geht es um siedlungshistorische Aspekte, um Zentren, ihre Formen und Aufgaben und andererseits um sozialgeschichtliche
Deutungsmuster anhand von Bestattungssitten und Grabbeigaben.
In beiden Kontexten tritt das frhe Christentum als ein wichtiger Faktor
hervor, dessen Entwicklung im Rahmen eines laufenden Forschungsprojektes am Geisteswissenschaftlichen Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V. untersucht wird. Unter dem Titel Kontinuitt und Diskontinuitt des Christentums an der mittleren und unteren Donau zwischen
Sptantike und hohem Mittelalter werden hier noch bis 2019 die komplexen
Prozesse untersucht, die mit der Ausbreitung, Mission und Institutionalisierung des Christentums zwischen dem 4. und 11. Jahrhundert einhergingen.
Die Herausgeber mchten an erster Stelle allen Autoren fr ihre Beitrge und Prof. Dr. Rbert Mller sowie Prof. Dr. Michael Schmauder fr die
wissenschaftliche Begutachtung der Austze danken. Ebenso gilt unser Dank
der Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stiftung, die sich anteilig an den Druckkosten
dieses Bandes beteiligte und somit die Verffentlichung neuer Forschungsergebnisse ermglichte. Wir danken auch dem Geisteswissenschaftlichen
Zentrum Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V., besonders Prof. Dr.

Vorwort

Christian Lbke und Prof. Dr. Matthias Hardt, dafr, dass sie das Erscheinen der Studien im Rahmen des oben erwhnten Forschungsprojektes untersttzt haben, und dem Bundesministerium fr Bildung und Forschung, das
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Januar 2015

Die Herausgeber

Der vorliegende Band ist

The present volume is dedicated to

Prof. Dr. Bla Mikls Sz%ke

zu seinem 65. Geburtstag gewidmet
on his 65th birthday

Bla Mikls Sz%ke hat mit seinen langjhrigen Ausgrabungen am karolingerzeitlichen Zentralort von Mosaburg/Zalavr derartig neue Erkenntnisse
erzielen knnen, dass sie das bisherige Bild ber das Pannonien des 9. Jahrhunderts komplett vernderten. Er hat nicht nur veraltete Ansichten und forschungsgeschichtliche Vorurteile revidiert, sondern vor allem die Bedeutung
von Zalavr mit seinen weit gefcherten historischen und kulturellen Beziehungen zwischen dem Karolingerreich und dem frhmittelalterlichen Mediterraneum herausarbeiten knnen. Damit hat er sowohl der ungarischen als
auch der europischen Archologie groe Dienste erwiesen.
Er hat in Zalavr und in seiner Umgebung mehrere aus den Schriftquellen
bekannte Kirchen archologisch identiziert und groe Teile der karolingerzeitlichen Pfalz sowie mehr als 2000 Bestattungen freigelegt. Bla Mikls
Sz%kes Verffentlichungen behandeln ebenso Fragen der sozialen Hierarchien, berregionalen Kontakte und prurbanen Entwicklung des frhmittelalterlichen Zalavr, wie die Bestattungssitten und Typologie im sptawarenzeitlichen Karpatenbecken.
Die internationale Anerkennung von Bla Mikls Sz%kes Forschungen
lsst sich an den regelmigen Einladungen zu Konferenzen und Workshops
sowie an seiner Mitarbeit an mehreren Ausstellungsprojekten ablesen. Als
ehemaliger Alexander-von-Humboldt-Stipendiat ist er ein aktives Mitglied
der archologisch-wissenschaftlichen Community. Seit 2002 ist er Chefredakteur des Jahrbuchs des Archologischen Instituts der Ungarischen Akademie der Wissenschaften (Anteus). Seit 1984 lehrt er am Archologischen
Institut der Lornd-Etvs-Universitt und betreut dort auch Master- und
Doktorarbeiten.

Inhalt
5

Vorwort

11

FRANZ GLASER
Teurnia civitas Tiburnia

27

MICHAEL HUBER
Tiburnia Liburnia Lurn: Philologische Beobachtungen zu einem alten
Namensproblem

35

NEVEN BUDAK
Early medieval boundaries in Dalmatia/Croatia (8th11th centuries)

45

ORSOLYA HEINRICH-TAMSKA
Civitates et castra im Lichte der Kontinuittsforschung: zwei Beispiele aus
Pannonien (5.7. Jh. n. Chr.)

71

PERICA PEHAR
Remarks to Christianisation and realms in the central Balkans in the light of
archaeological nds (7th11th c.)

95

PTER PROHSZKA
Aus der Forschungsgeschichte der Ruinen von Zalavr: Der Bericht des k. k.
Ingenieur-Assistenten Wenzel Schffer aus dem Jahr 1854

102

GNES RITOK
The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

112

IOAN STANCIU
The wells of the early medieval settlement of Lazuri-Lubi-tag (north-western
Romania, Upper Tisza Basin)

131

ANDRS GRYNAEUS, BOGLRKA TTH AND ISTVN BOTR

Dendrochronological dating of wooden nds from Transylvania: new results
from the early medieval sites of Lazuri-Lubi-tag and Kakasbarozda-Cszlik

135

PETER ETTEL
Befestigungen, Burgen und ihre Rolle im Rahmen der Erschlieung des
Wasserverkehrsweges zwischen Rhein und Donau im Frhmittelalter

155

FELIX BIERMANN
Mittelzentrum im frhgeschichtlichen Wegenetz eine slawenzeitliche
Siedlung bei Melzow (Uckermark)

177

MARCIN WOOSZYN, ANDRZEJ JANECZEK, RADOSAW DOBROWOLSKI, JAN RODZIK,

PRZEMYSAW MROCZEK, PIOTR ZAGRSKI, KRYSTYNA BAAGA, IRENA AGNIESZKA
PIDEK, IRKA HAJDAS
Beyond boundaries ... of medieval principalities, cultures and scientic
disciplines. Cherven Towns insights from archaeology, cartography and
paleogeography

10

Inhalt

197

SEBASTIAN BRATHER
Bestattungen und Grabbeigaben. Religise Vorstellungen und soziale
Praktiken in Sptantike und Frhmittelalter

209

RADU HARHOIU
Ein Grberfeld des stlichen Reihengrberkreises in Sighioara Dealul Viilor
(Grberfeld 3)

249

NAD`A PROFANTOV
Bronzefunde des 7. Jahrhunderts aus Mstec Krlov (Bez. Nymburk,
Bhmen)

265

JI MACHEK
Ein Gegenstand unbekannter Funktion im Kontext der gromhrischen und
karolingisch-pannonischen Elitengrber

277

JOSEF ZBOJNK
Zum Verhltnis zwischen Archologie und Anthropologie am Beispiel
frhmittelalterlicher Grberfelder aus dem Mitteldonauraum (7.10. Jahrhundert)

293

GERGELY SZENTHE
ber die Aussagekraft der Hinterlassenschaft einer Heidenelite: Sptawarenzeitliche Funde auf dem Prfstand

313

TIVADAR VIDA
Zur Frage des gelben Tafelgeschirrs der frhmittelalterlichen Eliten im
mittleren Donauraum

329

HAJNALKA HEROLD
Technological traditions in early medieval eastern Austria

345

DM BOLLK
A late Carolingian gilded copper plate from Rtkzberencs-Parom-domb

367

PTER LANG AND ANDRS PATAY-HORVTH

Moravian continuity and the conquering Hungarians a case study based on
grape-bunch pendants

381

GBOR LRINCZY, PTER STRAUB UND ATTILA TRK

Die Umstrukturierung der Herrschaftsverhltnisse an der Marosmndung
zu Beginn des 10. Jahrhunderts anhand der archologischen Quellen

397

Bildnachweis

399

Autoren

The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

gnes Ritok

The so-called county castles were at the centre of the elevenththirteenth century counties
of the Hungarian kingdom. The centre of Zala
County was located on Castle Island (Vrsziget),
within the boundaries of present-day Zalavr,
on the ruins of the ninth-century Mosaburg.
Most of the county castles had lost their
central role by the end of the thirteenth century. This process is typically attributed to the
socio-economic changes of the thirteenth century, which led to the end of the counties institutional system and military duties that had
developed in the eleventh century. The usual
corollary to this statement is that the Mongol invasion of 12411242 demonstrated the weakness
of the defence system and military potential of
these castles. Only those county centres of the
rpdian period (i.e. elevenththirteenth century) that were able to strengthen their position
within the process of urbanisation or become
seats of bishopric by utilising their geographical position and enjoying royal support1 were
able to retain a central function, albeit for a short
time. Given the lack of relevant sources written, archaeological, as well as derived from the
natural science research into the exact reasons
and circumstances behind the decline of the
centres that had lost their signicance is missing; research into the afterlife of the zones that
were fortied has also been similarly neglected.
The present article discusses and analyses those
features that had a role in the late medieval history of the centre at Zalavr.
1

For a recent summary of the question, see K. SZENDE, Von der Gespanschaftsburg zur Stadt: Warum,
wie oder warum nicht? Ein mglicher Weg
der Stadtentwicklung im mittelalterlichen Ungarn. In: F. Opll (ed.), Stadtgrndung und
Stadtwerdung. Beitrge von Archologie und
Stadtgeschichtsforschung (Linz 2011) 375406.

Site selection
Castle Island is the largest (c. 15 ha) island in
the marshy valley of the Lower Zala. The area
is mentioned as an island in the (false) deed of
foundation of the monastery of Saint Adrian,
which was founded in 10192. This type of environment is not unique; it is similar to the region
surrounding Szkesfehrvr, which was one of
the most signicant early centres of the Hungarian Kingdom. On the table-land that lies to the
east of Castle Island, a trade route had run from
the Adriatic Sea for thousands of years. This
route crossed the river Zala in this region at
Balatonhdvg and carried the transit between
the south and north shores of Lake Balaton. The
track and the crossing point are likely to have
played a role in the selection of the site as a
ninth-century centre3.
The social structure and management system
that had been at the origin of the Carolingian
settlement and maintained it4 were disbanded
with the appearance of the conquering Hungarians around AD 900. Although daily life continued on a smaller scale in the urban sphere,
the buildings became ruined, and poor families
found shelter there. The gradual development of
the new Hungarian Kingdom and its ecclesiastical system stopped the decline of Mosaburg/
Zalavr from the end of the tenth century.
The church of the monastery on Castle Island
was dedicated to Saint Adrian in 1019. A ninthcentury church undoubtedly played a decisive
part in the foundation of this new ecclesia, and
probably inuenced its chosen title and loca2

3
4

Diplomata Hungariae Antiquissima, ed. by G. Gyrffy

(Budapest 1992) No. 14.
SZKE/VNDOR 1987, 85.
B. M. SZKE, The Carolingian Age in The Carpathian
Basin (Budapest 2014).

104

gnes Ritok

tion. However the relics of the patron saint were

transferred not to the church of Saint Adrian but
to the rebuilt church of the Virgin Mary at the
beginning of the eleventh century5.
Ramparts, erected at the end of the ninth
century to defend the surrounding area6, were
still standing in the late tenth century and therefore offered a proper defence for the county
centre. Otherwise, the Carolingian heritage was
not signicant in the formation of the new settlement inside the ramparts. As the excavations
have revealed, only one structure was reconstructed, the church of the Virgin Mary mentioned above. A new settlement was established
after the reconstruction and restructuring of the
area, which differed from the previous one and
could satisfy the requirements that came with
its central role.

The centre in the rpdian period

(Fig. 1)
The historical sources are unclear about
the exact time of the secular centres occupation on Castle Island, owing to the changing
names of the county. The name Zala County is
rst documented in the twelfth century7, but
the same territory supposedly together with
the south-eastern neighbouring county later
called Somogy is called county Kolon rst and
last in 10098. The noted Hungarian historian
Gyrgy Gyrffy argued in 1958 on the basis of the different social development of the
Hungarians that they did not take over the
settings of the Carolingian administration, or
their centres. He notes: Mosaburg, presentday Zalavr, did not become a county seat of
the new Hungarian Kingdom; Kolon County
5

. RITOK, The Benedictine Monastery of Zala/

Zalavr (county Zala). In: O. Heinrich-Tamska/
P. Straub (eds), Mensch, Siedlung und Landschaft
im Wechsel der Jahrtausende am Balaton. Castellum
Pannonicum Pelsonense 4 (Budapest u. a. 2014) 281
304 here 281.
K. GERGELY, Erdtskutats Zalavr-Vrszigeten
keltezsi lehetsgek. Arch. rt. 140, 2015, in press.
J. HOLUB, Zala megye trtnete a kzpkorban I (Pcs
1929) 28.
A. ZSOLDOS, The Territory of Kolon County. In:
Gy. Kovcs (ed.), Quasi liber et pictura. Studies in
honour of Andrs Kubnyi on his seventieth birthday
(Budapest 2004) 701706.

was located in the territory of Zala in the eleventh century with Kolon Castle at its centre9.
The settlement, named Kolon after a personal
name, was situated 10 km south of Zalavr in
the Middle Ages; therefore some scholars following Gyrffy identied the earliest county
centre as lying within the boundaries of this
settlement10. Despite intensive excavations in
the region, the remains of Kolon Castle have
not been found. The archaeologists working in
the area, gnes Cs. Ss, Bla Mikls Szke and
Lszl Vndor, have identied the Castle Island
as the early centre of Zala county11. Their presumptions are well supported by the archaeological results of the past decade, but these have
yet to be published.
Compared to ninth-century circumstances,
the inhabited area inside the ramparts had
shrunk after the eleventh century: it had narrowed to, at most, c. 3.8 ha in the centre of Castle
Island, which lies at an altitude of at least 107.25
m asl (Adriatic sea level). The monastery founded in 1019 is located at the southern end of this
area. The monastic church was surrounded by
a large, extended graveyard. The central part of
the island was occupied by an area surrounded
by a timber fence, where wooden buildings,
wells, and storage pits were used for secular
purposes from the end of the tenth century onwards.
A graveyard was also established at the end
of the tenth century, north of the timber-fenced
early secular centre; a church (chapel) was
erected in the last third of the eleventh century
on the edge of the cemetery. Sources are silent
on the church, which had an open nave and a
semi-circular apse. The churchyard was in use
between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries
according to the dress accessories recovered in
the burials. As there were no fourteenth-century
or later burials in this churchyard, it is possible
that the ecclesia had been abandoned in the Late
Middle Ages. This is also supported by the absence of burials inside the church.
9

10

11

GY. GYRFFY, A magyar nemzetsgtl a vrmegyig, a

trzstl az orszgig I. Szzadok 92, 1958, 1287 here
34. Summary of reasons in German: GYRFFY 1988,
131142.
GY. KRIST, A vrmegyk kialakulsa Magyarorszgon (Budapest 1988) 247 f.; BNA 1998, 53 (Kolon was
an unfortied county seat).
CS. SS 1984, 19 f.; SZKE/VNDOR 1987, 90.

The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

105

4
2

100 m

Fig. 1 Main structures of the 11th13th century centre at Zalavr-Vrsziget (Castle Island): 1 Church of the
Virgin Mary (9th century) = Monastic church of Saint Adrian (11th century); 2 Pilgrim church of Saint Hadrian
(9th century); 3 Palace (9th century); 4 Secular centre (11th century); 5 Church and churchyard (11th13th
century); 6 Precinct wall of the monastery (end of 11th century); 7 Tower (12th century).

The church, as certain scholars argue, had

been the parish of the bondmen of the castle
(castrenses, cives, civiles, or populi castri12) or the
suburban settlement13. The possible connection
between the erection of the church and the development of the county centre was questioned
by the archaeologist gnes Cs. Ss, who directed
the excavation of the monument. She argued,
12

13

I. BNA, Arpadenzeitliche Kirche und Kirchhof im

sdlichen Stadtgebiet von Dunajvros. Alba Regia
16, 1978, 99150 here 136, note 70; BNA 1998, 53.
I. VALTER, Romanische Sakralbauten Westpannoniens
(Eisenstadt 1985) 40.

based on German examples, that the church

should have been closely connected to the monastery as the site of the monks pastoral work,
who were also proselytising in the region14. This
stands in contrast to the fact that monastic life on
the Castle Island ended only at the end of the sixteenth century, caused by war-time events, while
the use of the small church terminated in the last
decades of the thirteenth century at the latest.
The relationship between a monastery and
an associated church is well represented at the
14

CS. SS 1984, 26, note 55.

106

gnes Ritok

ZALAVR-VRSZIGET

CURIA

Cemetery (10th-11th c.)

(ruinous in 1203)

Settlements (10th-11th c.)

Church with churchyard
(from 11th c. onwards)

ALBA CURIA

Villages (from 12th-13th c.)

Church with churchyard
(from 12th-13th c. onwards)
Royal manor

CURIA

(1263)

Fig. 2

5 km

Settlement network of the 11th13th century in the area of Zalavr-Vrsziget.

nearby site of Somogyvr, which had also been a

county centre since the eleventh century. There,
a small church surrounded by a graveyard was
standing to the north of the Benedictine monastery founded in 1091, within the connes of
that county centre. The nds and the excavated
burials inside the church show that the use of
the cemetery was continuous, and took place in
parallel with the monastic life even in the late

medieval period15. Inhumation with arms bent

across the body is a popular burial custom of
the Late Middle Ages, and it appears frequently
already among the relatively early graves at Somogyvr. This feature raises the possibility that
15

K. BAKAY, Somogyvr. Szent Egyed-monostor. A somogyvri bencs aptsg s vdmveinek rgszeti

feltrsa 19722009 (Budapest 2011).

The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

there was a close connection between the monastic community and the church, that is, the
population that was buried around the church16.
Regarding the two ecclesiae of Zalavr, such
links could not be demonstrated, either for the
time of use, or with respect to burial customs.
Therefore the theory that links the church to the
county appears to be valid, and it is supported
by the location of the monument too. The graveyard, which preceded the church and is located
at the edge of the area later occupied by that
church, contained shallow burials without any
grave goods; thus it was the nal resting place of
the servant people who were landscaping Castle Island at the turn of the tenth-eleventh century. The ecclesia that was later founded there was
used by these people and their superiors, who
were on the lowest level of the county hierarchy
and locally in charge. Based on the signicantly
high number of martial injuries observed in the
anthropological material, the latters role might
have been to guard and defend the centre and
the goods collected there. The stone tower that
was built to the east of the church and its cemetery at the beginning of the twelfth century, at
the earliest, also formed part of the secular centre17.
In the new Hungarian kingdom the settlement recovered its ecclesiastic and secular function as a centre a position it had held at the
time of the Carolingian occupation by the end
of the eleventh century, operating within the
new power structure. Nevertheless, as the excavations have revealed so far, the rpdian-period occupation and density of structures did not
reach the level of the ninth century. Although
the countys use of space among the enclosures
of the county centres in the eleventh-thirteenth
century cannot be reconstructed at even a single site, the scattered data suggest a loose settlement structure similar to that of Zalavr18.

16
17

18

Ibid.
. RITOK, Zalavr rpd-kori tornya (A towerlike
building at Zalavr-Vrsziget). Zalai Mz. 17, 2008,
221228.
It was therefore possible in 1271 to settle the
inhabitants (hospites) of the suburbia in the territory
of Gyr county castle. See: Elenchus fontium historiae
urbanae, ed. by A. Kubinyi (Budapest 1997) vol. III,2,
62.

107

The environs: royal manors and

settlement concentration (Fig. 2)
Gyrgy Gyrffy presumed that a royal curia
was standing on Castle Island at the beginning
of the eleventh century and that it was the antecedent of the monastery founded there19. But
this site is not mentioned in the written sources
and its remains cannot be identied among the
features and structures excavated to date.
However, several other manor houses are
mentioned in the neighbourhood in thirteenthcentury charters, like the ruinous manor house
of (Zala) Merenye in 1203; it had to be renovated
by nine people who were serving as shermen20.
As stated in the document, the possession was
donated to the chapter of Veszprm by Queen
Adelaide of Rheinfelden, the wife of King Saint
Ladislaus I (10771095).
Alba curia, where King Bla IV (12351270)
signed two charters in 1256, stood in the
Kiskomrom district of Zalakomr. Because of
its marker alba this manor had been mistakenly identied as present-day Szkesfehrvr, but
the same marker refers to the archaic origin of
the manor house of Alba curia21. King Bla erected a new manor house on the same site in 126322.
In 1397 three parishes in the region were
recorded as being under the jurisdiction of the
archbishop of Esztergom instead of that of the
bishop of Veszprm. Initially these churches
could have served as royal chapels. Churches
of similar status were frequent in the area and
were the oft-visited residences of the royal family23.
As mentioned, some scholars argue that the
church (chapel) excavated on Castle Island
19
20

21

22

23

GYRFFY 1988, 166, 169.

1203: Habet etiam predictum piscaturam in Zala,
ad triginta homines, ad quam deputate sunt nouem
mansiones, quarum insuper incumbit debito curiae ruinas
resarcire, tribus tamen tantum diebus in ebdomada, ad
opus fratrum piscationi intendere. (CD VI,2, 360 f.).
I. SZENTPTERY, Alba curia. Magyar Nyelv 23, 1929,
513 f.
In Kamar domum pro nobis fecissemus. (CD VII,1,
322 f.).
M. JANKOVICH, Buda-krnyk plbniinak kzpkori kialakulsa s a kirlyi kpolnk intzmnye (Die
Entwicklung der Pfarreien in der Umgebung von
Buda im Mittelalter und die Institution der kniglichen Kapellen). Budapest Rg. 19, 1959, 5798 here 76.

108

gnes Ritok

could have been the parish church of the suburbium. In this case the settlement itself would
be located within the ramparts; the most suitable area would be the shallow, eastern third of
the island. The area has not been excavated, and
traces of an intensive rpdian-period presence
have not been recovered in eldwalking. This
suggests that the suburbium usually associated
with rpdian-period centres should not be
sought on Castle Island itself, but depending
on geographical circumstances in other areas,
either on other islands within the marshland or
on the table-lands alongside the river Zala that
were not on the oodplain.
Archaeological excavations have revealed
a chain of early settlement nuclei near Castle
Island: the church and cemetery of ZalavrKvecses (on a small island north of Castle Island), and a contiguous site located 3 km south
of Zalavr, with conjoined settlement features
(and imported ceramics among the nds), parts
of cemeteries, and a church (on the table-land)24.
These settlement nuclei developed into villages until the thirteenth century and their rst
references in charters are also dated to that period. The landowner of Zalavr village was the
monastery on Castle Island, but the settlements
south of the village, which lay on both shores
of the river Zala, were owned by the king and
certain castle warrior (iobagiones castri) families
who represented the highest social level of the
royal county system.

The Mongol invasion and the changes

from the second half of the thirteenth
century
The Mongols broke into Hungary in the
spring of 1241 both from the north and the east.
They crossed the Danube in January 1242 and
the Pope was informed of this by a letter written
in Szkesfehrvr on 2 February 1242. As that
letter documents, the Castle of Zala served as a
shelter against the Mongols who were spread-

ing into Transdanubia25. The defence of Szkesfehrvr, surrounded by marshland similar to

that at Zalavr, was helped by a sudden early
spring thaw26. It is possible that the mild weather rendered the marshy region around Zalavr
impregnable, and the fortress remained unharmed. The Mongols left the country in March
1242; the degree of destruction was probably
minimal in Transdanubia, but the local population was exposed to the general threat: certain
landowners next to the river Kerka joined the
guards of Zala along the Kerka with their possessions for proper protection and resistance,
given their small numbers and the large and
fearful war in the time of the Mongols, which
brought a chill to almost every human heart27.
After the Mongol invasion the region of Zalavr was one of the sites of King Bla IVs reform and settling policy. The king signed two
charters on 11th October 1244 apud castrum Zala.
A few years later a new curia was constructed
in Komr in the southern neighbourhood of
Zalavr. The settlement gained hospes privileges
in 126328. These privileges meant the rst stages
of urban development (an Augustine and a Dominican monastery were founded in Komr in
the mid-fourteenth century). In 1263 King Bla
IV signed a letter of protection in his and the
monasterys name for those who wanted to
settle on the land of the monastery of Zalavr;
that land was called Burulfeulde and it is located
between Castle Island and Komr29. The charters demonstrate that royal attention was not
focusing on Zalavr itself; instead it avoided it.
Although Zalavr-Castle Island was in a suitable defensive position, which was increasingly
important after the Mongol invasion, its territory was owned by the county centre and the
monastery. The privileging and population of
25

26

27

24

L. VNDOR, A kirlyi hadit mentn. Honfoglals

s rpd-kor. In: L. Klt/L. Vndor (eds), vezredek zenete a lpok vilgbl. Rgszeti kutatsok a
Kis- Balaton terletn 19791992 (Zalaegerszeg 1996)
144149.

28
29

F. SCHNEIDER, Ein Schreiben der Ungarn an die Kurie

aus der letzten Zeit des Tatareneinfalles. Mitt. Inst.
fr sterr. Geschichtsforsch. 36, 19151916, 668670.
A. KISS, Weather events during the rst Tatar invasion in Hungary (12411242). Acta Geographica Szegediensis 37, 2000, 149156 here 151.
rpdkori j okmnytr. Codex diplomaticus Arpadianus continuatus. VII. 12351260, ed. by G. Wenzel
(Pest 1869) No. 321.
SZCS 2002, 55.
T FSSY, A zalavri aptsg trtnete a legrgibb
idktl fogva napjainkig. A pannonhalmi Szent-Benedek-rend trtnete VII (Budapest 1902) 502, No. 7.

The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

the secular centre would lead to a complicated

situation similar to that of Szkesfehrvr or
Esztergom30.
Road networks play a signicant role in the
development of a settlement into a centre. Castle
Island was located close to the Zagreb-VeszprmBuda road31. The marshland of the Lower Zala
constituted a natural defence, but the location
of the road at a fair distance from Castle Island
became the main obstacle to the centres development from the fourteenth century onwards,
making it difcult to access. The settlement
could not retain its importance, even though
the monastery of Saint Adrian on Castle Island
held a signicant ofcial position (loca credibilia/
testimonialia) from the second half of the thirteenth century onwards32. From the geographical distribution of the transactions documented
there it can be argued that most of the clients
were the landowners of the monasterys neighbourhood. The humid climate of the late medieval period made access increasingly difcult33.
The settlements on both sides of the river
Zala were located immediately next to the main
road; however, none was able to become an important centre. Moreover, the whole region was
devoid of urban settlement during the Middle
Ages.
The precise location of the medieval military
and trading routes around Zalavr remains a
debated question34. The existence of an eastwest and two north-south roads can be reconstructed from sources of the rpdian period:
the latter were the main roads running on the
30

31
32

33

34

A long debate was documented among the citizens

and the provostry of Szkesfehrvr about the authority over the market and the ecclesiastical plots
during their occupation of the castle. Finally, both
parties had to make allowances. An armed conict
arose from the opposition between the citizens (who
occupied the northern plots of the narrow castle district of the archbishops) and the church in Esztergom,
but in the end the King allowed the citizens to move
back (SZCS 2002, 84 f.).
SZCS 2002, 326 f.
T. FSSY, A zalavri konvent, mint hiteles helynek trtnete. Szzadok 25, 1891, 809823 here 809 f.
Cs. ZATYK/I. JUHSZ/P. SMEGI (eds), Environmental
Archaeology of Transdanubia. Varia Arch. Hungarica
20 (Budapest 2007).
The different arguments are summarised in
L. GLASER, A Dunntl kzpkori thlzata. Szzadok 6364, 19291930, 257285 here 143 f.

109

table-land along the river Zala, while the former

(magna strata too) crossed the valley of the Zala
10 km south of Castle Island. This highlights
one of the main characteristics of the road network in Zala County, emphasised by Andrs
Kubinyi: the state-wide main roads (usually
parallel to each other) ran on the borders of
the county and did not cross it. The main roads
were connected by several, again parallel, sideroads; hence the countys road network was
denser than the country average. According to
Kubinyi, the absence of road junctions and the
dense road network hindered the development
of an important central place a town in the
region35. The settlement at Zalavr-Castle Island
had lost its central role in the Late Middle Ages
due to its unfavourable geographical position
from the perspective of access.
Although the monastery of Saint Adrian
functioned as a loca credibilia, no traces of a late
medieval settlement outside its walls were uncovered in excavations. Though the development of a village into a town had started in the
agglomeration of Castle Island, namely in the
case of (Zala)Komr, by the second half of the
thirteenth century, the characteristics of the settlement network made it impossible for it to become a signicant central place.

35

A. KUBINYI, Mezvrosok egy vrosmentes tjon. A

kzpkori Dlnyugat-Magyarorszg (Marktecken
in einer Region ohne Stdte. Sdwestungarn). A Tapolcai Vrosi Mz. Kzl. 1, 1989, 319335 here 321,
323.

110

gnes Ritok

Sources
CD
Codex diplomaticvs Hvngariae ecclesiasticvs ac civilis, ed. by G. Fejr (Buda 18291844).

References
BNA 1998
I. Bna, Az rpdok korai vrai (Debrecen
1998).
CS. SS 1984
. Cs. Ss, Zalavr-Kvecses. Ausgrabungen
197678. Rg. Fz. Ser. II, 24 (Budapest 1984).

GYRFFY 1988
Gy. Gyrffy, Knig Stephan der Heilige (Budapest 1988).
SZKE/VNDOR 1987
B. M. Szke/L. Vndor, Ksrlet egy tji egysg teleplstrtneti rekonstrukcijra. A Kisbalaton programot ksr rgszeti leletment
satsok (19801985) tapasztalatai (Versuch zur
siedlungsgeschichtlichen Rekonstruktion einer
Landschaftseinheit. Erfahrungen der archologischen Rettungsgrabungen des Kis-BalatonProgramms 1980 1985). Zalai Gyjtemny 26
(1987) 83100.
SZCS 2002
J. Szcs, Az utols rpdok (Budapest 2002).

Summary
The so-called county castles were at the centre of the eleventh-thirteenth century counties of
the Hungarian kingdom. The centre of Zala County was located on Castle Island (Vrsziget), within the boundaries of present-day Zalavr, on the ruins of the ninth-century Mosaburg. In the new
Hungarian kingdom, from the beginning of the eleventh century onwards the settlement recovered
its ecclesiastic and secular function as a centre a position it had held at the time of the Carolingian
occupation until the end of the eleventh century, operating within the new power structure. Nevertheless, excavations showed that the rpdian-period occupation and density of structures did not
reach the level of the ninth century. There were more royal curiae and royal chapels in the vicinity of
Zalavr, indicating that the region was among the preferred places for the royal family. A settlement
concentration also developed in the surroundings of Zalavr, on the table-lands alongside the river
Zala.
The Mongols invaded Transdanubia in the early spring of 1242. A rapid thaw that rendered the
marshland impassable probably helped the defenders of Zalavr, and the Mongols left Hungary in
March. After the invasion the surroundings of Zalavr were one of the sites of King Bla IVs reform
and settling policy. Documentary evidence demonstrates that royal attention was not focusing on
Zalavr itself, but avoided it. Although Zalavr-Castle Island was in a suitable defensive position, its
territory was owned by the county centre and the monastery. The privileging and population of the
secular centre would lead to a complicated situation, similar to that of Szkesfehrvr or Esztergom.
Castle Island was located close to the Zagreb-Veszprm-Buda road. The marshland of the Lower Zala
constituted a natural defence but the location of the road at a distance from Castle Island became
the main obstacle to the centres development from the fourteenth century onwards. The settlement
could not retain its importance, even though the monastery of Saint Adrian on Castle Island held a
signicant ofcial position. Though the development of a village into a town had started in the agglomeration of Castle Island, namely in the case of (Zala)Komr, by the second half of the thirteenth
century, the characteristics of the settlement network made it impossible for it to become a signicant
central place.

The decline of a central place in the Middle Ages: Zalavr

111

Zusammenfassung
Der Untergang eines Zentralortes im Mittelalter: der Fall von Zalavr
Die sog. Gespanschaftsburgen bildeten die Zentren der Verwaltungseinheiten des Ungarischen
Knigreichs whrend des 11.13. Jahrhunderts. Das Zentrum des Komitats Zala lag auf der Burginsel/Vrsziget in der Nhe des heutigen Zalavr, ber den Ruinen von Mosaburg aus dem 9. Jahrhundert. Im Verlauf der ungarischen Staats- und Kirchengrndung erhielt der Ort im Zuge neuer Machtverhltnisse bis Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts ihre zentrale kirchliche und weltliche Funktion zurck, die
er whrend der Karolingerzeit besa. Trotzdem erreichte die Bebauungs- und Bevlkerungsdichte
nach den bisherigen archologischen Untersuchungen nicht das Niveau des 9. Jahrhunderts. Mehrere knigliche curiae und Kapellen in der Umgebung von Zalavr belegen, dass die Region zu den
bevorzugten Aufenthaltsorten der kniglichen Familie gehrte. Die in der Umgebung von Zalavr
entstandenen Siedlungskonzentrationen sind fr Zentralorte typisch, sie befanden sich an den Lrcken entlang des Zala-Flusses.
Im Frhjahr 1242 berrannten die Mongolen Transdanubien. Das schnelle Eisschmelzen, das die
berquerung der Smpfe unmglich machte, drfte dem Schutz von Zalavr gedient haben, die Mongolen verlieen bereits im Mrz 1242 das Land. Nach der Invasion bildete die Umgebung von Zalavr
einen der Schaupltze der Reform- und Besiedlungspolitik von Bla IV. Das Interesse galt nicht Zalavr selbst, es schien es gar auszulassen. Obwohl der Platz perfekte Verteidigungsmglichkeiten bot,
teilte die Komitatsburg hier ihre Macht mit dem Kloster. Die Bevorzugung des weltlichen Zentrums
htte eine hnlich schwierige Situation heraufbeschworen wie in Szkesfehrvr oder Esztergom. Die
Burginsel lag in der Nhe der Route Zagreb-Veszprm-Buda. Das einen natrlichen Schutz bildende
Sumpfgebiet des unteren Zala-Tals wurde ab dem 14. Jahrhundert zu einem Hindernis in der Entwicklung von Zalavr als Zentralort. Die Siedlung konnte ihre Bedeutung nicht beibehalten, auch
wenn das Kloster des hl. Hadrians seit der zweiten Hlfte des 13. Jahrhunderts ein glaubwrdiger
Ort war. Um dieselbe Zeit begannen aus der Agglomeration der Burginsel heraus ein Dorf und eine
Stadt, (Zala) Komr, zu entstehen, die Siedlungs- und Infrastrukturspezika der Region verhinderten
jedoch ihre Entwicklung zu einem bedeutendem Zentrum.

Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations

1126

Franz Glaser: Abb. 1 Plan: Verf. unter Verwendung von Luftaufnahmen (S. Tichy) und geophysikalischen Messungen (St. Groh, V. Lindinger). Abb. 2 Zeichnung: G. Gruber. Abb. 3 Zeichnung: Verf.
und H. Mhlbacher. Abb. 4 und 6 Zeichnung: Verf. Abb. 5 Foto: Verf.

5544

Neven Budak: Figs. 12 Prof. Dr. Ivan Jurkovi, Univ. Pula (HR).

4570

Orsolya Heinrich-Tamska: Abb. 14 Verf., technische Bearbeitung K. Kolozsvri und L. Goldmann.

Abb. 5 Grundkarte: Erste militrische Vermessung der sterreich-Ungarischen Monarchie (1780),
Syrmien (Kriegsarchiv Wien, B IXa. 883), Plne nach JEREMI 2009, Abb. 1; POPOVI 2013, Fig. 36. Abb.
6 verndert nach JEREMI 2006, Abb. 7, und POPOVI 1982, Abb. 3; 12. Abb. 7,1 verndert nach POPOVI
2012, Fig. 1; 2 verndert nach JEREMI 2009, Abb. 20.

7194

Perica pehar: Fig. 1 Author. Fig. 2,12 after JOVANOVI/KORA/JANKOVI 1986, gs. 1819. Fig. 2.3a after
MILOEVI 1997, sl. 157. Fig. 3a after WERNER 1950, Abb. 2. Fig. 3b after IVANIEVI 2012, Fig. 1. Fig. 4 after
POPOVI/MRKOBRAD 1986, Fig. 3. Fig. 5 after PEHAR 2007, Pl. 2. Fig. 6 after BUGARSKI 2008, gs. 23. Fig.
9 after ILOEVI 1997, sl. 3940). Fig. 7 after GARAANIN/VASI 1987, sl. 14. Fig. 8,16 after ARJANOVIVUJOVI, Pl. 3. Fig. 8,7 after MARJANOVI-VUJOVI 1983, sl. 98. Fig. 10 after JOVANOVI/ VUKSAN 2005, Pl. II
IV, VIVII. Fig. 1114 after POPOVI/BIKI 2009, sl. 84, 86, 96, 102103, 106. Fig. 14,18 after POPOVI 1999,
sl. 89, 9293, 99100. Fig. 15A after POPOVI 1999, sl. 105106. Fig. 15B after MINI 1984, Pl. 23. Fig.
16 after BIKI 1994, sl. 1215. Fig. 17 after JANKOVI 1981, sl. 7. Fig. 18 after ERCEGOVI-PAVLOVI , 1986,
T. II-III. Fig. 19 after INI/MI 1974, Pl. III. Fig. 20 after ANKOVI 1984, Pl. 125126.

95101

Pter Prohszka: Abb. 1. Militrmuseum Budapest, Archiv, Nr. XXIV-58. CS. SS 1963, Abb. 29. Abb.
3 nach ENTZ 1964, 18, Abb. 1011; Abb. 45 nach RCSEY 1892, 67, Abb. 34.

102111 gnes Ritok: Fig. 1 Author. Fig. 2 Modied by the author after VNDOR 1996 (note 24) 162.
112130 Ioan Stanciu: Fig. 1 Graphic representation based on a 1938 map that used prior cartographic sources
(http://foldepites.wordpress.com/terkepek/). Figs 28 Author. Fig. 9, 11a; 33a Author; 2 after
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135154 Peter Ettel: Abb. 1 nach Grundkarte KOCH 2008, Abb. 1, ergnzt, Graphik A. Schroeter. Abb. 2,1 Verf.;
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Abb. 3,1 nach KORTM 2005, 155, Abb. 166; 2a n. L. WAMSER, Befestigte Anlagen des frhen bis spten Mittelalters in den Ruinen des Rmerkastells Miltenberg - Altstadt. In: BHME 1991, 243, Abb. 5,3;
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Arch. Jahr Bayern 1982, 136, Abb. 117,2 (1), 138, Abb. 120,1 (2). Abb. 9 Kartengrundlage Digitales
Gelndemodell (DGM1) Geobasisdaten Bayerische Vermessungsverwaltung, kartiert von Verf./
R. Obst/L. Werther/A. Wunschel. Abb. 10,1 erstellt v. M. Kirmair u. U. Wittki im Jahre 1975, nderungen u. Ergnzungen durch R. Obst 2008; 2 LiDAR-Scan, Bayer. Landesamt f. Vermessung u. Geoinformation; 35 Verf.; 6 R. Obst aus Ausstellung Eine Welt in Bewegung in Paderborn u. Wrzburg
2008.
155176 Felix Biermann: Abb. 1 Kartierung Verf. Abb. 2 Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Brandenburg, Kartierung S. Schwarzlnder. Abb. 3 Landesvermessung und Geobasisinformation Brandenburg, Bearbeitung Verf. Abb. 4 Foto: Verf. Abb. 59 Zeichnung O. Blum. Abb. 10 Fotos: 1 Verf;
311 D. und K. Sommer (teils vor Restaurierung). Abb. 1112 Fotos: K. Sommer.
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NIERZ
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197208 Sebastian Brather: Abb. 1 verndert nach WILLIAMS 2006, 21 Abb. 1.3. Abb. 2 verndert nach P. JEZLER,
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398

Bildnachweis / Sources of illustrations

209248 Radu Harhoiu: Tab. 12 Verf. Abb. 1a nach Army Map Service. Sheets 3887 II III, Ausgabe 1-AMS,
1960: b Kartengrundlage: Erste militrische Vermessung der sterreich-Ungarischen Monarchie.
Abb. 2 Grak: Daniel Spnu. Abb. 36 Verf., Bearbeitung: Daniel Spnu. Abb. 7AC und 814 Zeichnung: Daniel Spnu. Abb. 15 nach BRZU/HARHOIU 2001, Abb. 1. Abb. 16 Verf., bearb. von Daniel
Spnu. Abb. 17ac Grak. Daniel Spnu. Abb. 18 nach KOVCS 1913, Abb. 1. Abb. 19a nach HARHOIU u. a. 2011, Abb. 36A; b umgezeichnet nach HOREDT 1986, 35 Abb. 15. Abb. 20a nach HARHOIU/
SPNU/GLL 2011, Abb. 37.
249264 Naa Profantov: Tab. 1 erstellt von D. Perlk. Abb. 1 Zeichnung: Helena Minar kov. Abb. 2,2
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BICHEK im Druck (vgl. Anm. 74). Abb. 5 Foto: D. Perlk.
265276 Ji Mach ek: Abb. 1 Karte: Verf. Abb. 2 Plan: Petr Dresler. Abb. 3 Foto: Archiv des Inst. fr Arch.
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5 Foto: Josef pa ek. Abb. 6,14 Zeichnung: Soa Plchov. Umgezeichnet nach GALUKA 1996, Abb.
85; PROFANTOV 2003, Abb. 36; SZKE 2010, Abb. 19. Abb. 7 nach POULK 1963, Abb. 14. Abb. 8 Plan:
imon Ungerman, nachbearbeitet von Verf. Abb. 9 nach GALUKA 1996, Abb. 34.
277292 Jozef Zbojnk: Abb. 12; 4 Zeichnung: Helena Vanglov (unverff. Ausgrabungen des Verf.). Abb. 3
nach TOK 1992, Abb. 71,6. Abb. 5 nach ILINSK 1982, Abb. 1,2. Abb. 6 nach NEVIZNSKY, 2006, Taf.
IV,1.
293312 Gergely Szenthe: Abb. 12; 3,1; 4,2; 5,1; 6,23; 9 Ungarisches Nationalmuseum, Budapest, Fotos: Verf.,
Dabasi und Kardos. Abb. 3,1 nach GSCHWANTLER 2002, 22; 3 Zeichnung nach GARAM 1993, Taf. 98,4;
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Grberfeld von Pilismart-Basaharc. Stud. Arch. 3 (Budapest 1965) Taf. 24; 3 HORVTH 1935, Taf. 17;
4 Magyar Nemzeti Mzeum. Nr. 161 125., Foto: Tibor Kdas. Abb. 3,1 NORDHEDGE 1992, Fig. 132,2;
2 PICCIRILLO/ALLIATA 1994, 283 f., Fig. 95; 3 DELOUGAZ/HAINES 1960, Pl. 57,24; 4, 6 SMITH/MCNICOLL/
HENESSY 1983, 55 f., Figs. 11,12; 5 BUKO 1998, 255, g. 2,2; 78 CURTA 2000, 268, Fig. 1. Abb. 4,13
DANNHEIMER 1989, Taf. 27,49; 21,38; 25,46. Abb. 5 JOTOV/PAVLOVA 2004, 35 f., Nr. 13. Abb. 6 KLT/
SZENTPTERI 1996, 115 (Abb. Buchrcken, oben links). Abb. 7 SZKE 2014, 110 f., Abb. 9299.
239344 Hajnalka Herold: Fig. 1 Author; Figs. 25 Photo Laboratory, Dep. of Prehist. and Medieval Arch., Univ.
of Vienna; Figs. 67 and Tab. 12 Author.
345366 dm Bollk: Fig. 1 Photographs: Author/dm Br. Fig. 2,12 Photographs: Author/dm Br;
3 Drawing: Istvn . Dienes, after DIENES 1986, 111, g. 54. Fig. 3,12 after WILHELMY 2013, 153, Cat.
no. 31; 3 after LENNARTSSON 1997/1998, pl. 5.2. Fig. 4 after HINTON/KEENE/QUALMANN 1981 (note 51)
g. 6. Fig. 5,12 after LENNARTSSON 19971998, pl. 15,3; 3 after HAUCK 1974 (note 50), pl. II,2. Fig. 6,1
after BERTELLI/BROGIOLO 2000, 508, g. 366; 2 after BERTELLI/BROGIOLO 2000, 510, g. 370; 3 after I. BELLI
BARSALI, La diocese di Lucca. Corpus della scultura altomedievale I (Spoleto 1959) pl. XIIb. Fig. 7 after
WINTERER 2013, 76, g. 46. Fig. 8 after STEENBOCK 1965, g. 42.
367380 Pter Lang and Andrs Patay-Horvth: Fig. 1,1 after REJHOLCOV 1995, Tab. LVII; 2 after FUSEK 2003,
Abb. 2. Fig. 2,1 after REJHOLCOV 1995, Tab. LXVIII; 2 photographs: . Br; drawing after TOK 1971
(note 64), Taf. XXXV. Fig. 3,1 after GIESLER 1981, Taf. 3; 2 after GRIGOROV 2007, 136; 3 after HANULIAK
2004, Obr. 171a. Fig. 4,17 and Fig. 5 Authors.
381396 Gbor Lrinczy u. a.: Tab. 1 Autoren. Abb. 1 Kartengrundlage: Zweite militrische Vermessung der
sterreich-Ungarischen Monarchie, Bearbeitung: G. Lrinczy. Abb. 2 Grasche Bearbeitung: Edit
Ambrus.

Autoren / Authors

Dr. Krystyna Ba aga

Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin

A. o. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Franz Glaser

Landesmuseum Krnten
Museumgasse 2
A9020 Klagenfurt
franz.glaser@ktn.gv.at

PD Dr. Felix Biermann

Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen
Seminar fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte
Nikolausberger Weg 15
D-37073 Gttingen
felix.biermann@phil.uni-goettingen.de

Dr. Andrs Grynaeus, PhD

Hungarian Dendrochronological Laboratory
Szher t 76/A
H1021 Budapest
dendro@ludens.elte.hu

Dr. dm Bollk, PhD

Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Research Centre for the Humanities
Institute of Archaeology
ri u. 49
H1014 Budapest
bollokadam@yahoo.de
Istvn Botr
Cski Szkely Museum
Dendrochronological Laboratory of Transylvania
Szabadsg-tr 10/B/35
RO530100 Cskszereda
botaristvan@yahoo.com
dendrolabor@gmail.com
Prof. Dr. Sebastian Brather
Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg
Institut fr Archologische Wissenschaften
Frhgeschichtliche Archologie und Archologie des
Mittelalters
Belfortstrae 22
D79085 Freiburg
sebastian.brather@ufg.uni-freiburg.de
Prof. Dr. Neven Budak
University of Zagreb
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences
Ivana Lu ia 3
HR10000 Zagreb
nbudak@ffzg.hr
Prof. Dr. habil. Rados aw Dobrowolski
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin
Prof. Dr. Peter Ettel
Lehrstuhl fr Ur- und Frhgeschichte
der Friedrich-Schiller-Universitt
Lbdergraben 24a
D07743 Jena
P.Ettel@uni-jena.de

Dr. Irka Hajdas

ETH Zrich,
Institute of Particle Physics (IPP)
Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics
Schafmattstrasse 20
CH8093 Zrich
Dr. Radu Harhoiu
Institut fr Archologie Vasile Prvan
der Rumnischen Akademie
Str. Henri Coand Nr. 11
RO71119 Bukarest
rzharh@yahoo.de
Dr. Orsolya Heinrich-Tamska
Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum
Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V.
an der Universitt Leipzig
Reichsstrae 46
D04109 Leipzig
heintama@uni-leipzig.de
Dr. Hajnalka Herold
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter
Laver Building, North Park Road
UKExeter EX4 4QE
h.herold@exeter.ac.uk
Dr. Michael Huber
Mariahilferstrae 99/23
A1060 Wien
m.huber@sachsenbrunn.at
Prof. Dr. habil. Andrzej Janeczek
Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute Archaeology and Ethnology
Solidarnoci 105
PL00-140 Warsaw
Dr. Pter Lang, PhD
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Research Centre for the Humanities
Institute of Archaeology
ri u. 49
H1014 Budapest
lango.peter@btk.mta.hu

Autoren / Authors

400
Dr. Gbor Lrinczy
Mra Ferenc Mzeum
Roosevelt tr 13
H6720 Szeged
email: lorinczyg@gmail.com

Dr. Ioan Stanciu

Romanian Academy Cluj Branch
Institute of Archaeology and Art History Cluj-Napoca
M. Koglniceanu str. 1214
RO400084 Cluj-Napoca
istanciu2001@yahoo.fr

Prof. Mgr. Ji Mach ek, Ph.D.

Masaryk Universitt
Institut fr Archologie und Museologie
A. Novka 1
CZ602 00 Brno
machacek@phil.muni.cz

Pter Straub
Gcseji Mzeum
Batthyny u. 2
H8900 Zalaegerszeg
straub@zmmi.hu

Dr. Przemys aw Mroczek

Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin
Dr. Andrs Patay-Horvth, PhD
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Research Centre for the Humanities
Institute of Archaeology
ri u. 49
H1014 Budapest
patay-horvath.andras@btk.mta.hu
Dr. Irena Agnieszka Pidek
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin
Dr. Naa Profantov, CSc
Akademie der Wissenschaften der
Tschechischen Republik, Prag
Archologisches Institut
Letensk 4
CZPraha 1, 118 01
profantova@arup.cas.cz
Dr. Pter Prohszka
Jzsef Attila tr 2
H2500 Esztergom
prohaszkapeter1975@gmail.com
Dr. gnes Ritok, PhD
Hungarian National Museum
Dep. for Archaeology
Mzeum krt. 1416
H1088 Budapest
ritook.agnes@hnm.hu
Dr. habil. Jan Rodzik
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin
Dr. Perica pehar
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Philosophy, Dep. of Archaeology
ika-Ljubina 1820
SRB11000 Belgrade
perica.spehar@gmail.com

Dr. Gergely Szenthe, PhD

Ungarisches Nationalmuseum
Mzeum krt. 1416
H1088 Budapest,
szenthe.gergely@hnm.hu
Boglrka Tth
Dendrochronological Laboratory of Transylvania
Szabadsg-tr 10/B/35
RO530100 Cskszereda
tothboglarka1@yahoo.com
Dr. Attila Trk, PhD
Pter Pzmny Katholische Universitt
Archologisches Institut
Egyetem t 1.
H2087 Piliscsaba
turk.attila@btk.mta.hu
PD Dr. Tivadar Vida
Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Research Centre for the Humanities
Institute of Archaeology
ri u. 49
H1014 Budapest
Institute of Archaeological Sciences
at the Etvs Lornd University
Mzeum krt. 68
H1088 Budapest
vidativadar@btk.elte.hu
vida.tivadar@btk.mta.hu
Dr. habil. Marcin Wo oszyn
Polish Academy of Sciences
Institute for Archaeology and Ethnology
S awkowska 17,
PL31-016 Cracow
Geisteswissenschaftliches Zentrum
Geschichte und Kultur Ostmitteleuropas e. V.
an der Universitt Leipzig
Reichsstrae 46
D04109 Leipzig
marcinwoloszyn@gmail.com
Doc. PhDr. Jozef Zbojnk, CSc.
Slowakische Akademie der Wissenschaften
Archologisches Institut
Akademick 2
SK94921 Nitra
jozef.zabojnik@savba.sk
Dr. Piotr Zagrski
Maria Curie-Sklodowska University
Dep. of Geoecology and Palaeogeography
Krasnicka 2cd
PL20-718 Lublin

Stdte und befestigte Siedlungen sind whrend des frhen Mittelalters aus vielen Regionen
Ostmitteleuropas bekannt. In den einstigen rmischen Provinzen lsst sich die Weiterbzw. Neunutzung rmischer civitates bzw. castra und castella ebenso beobachten,
wie die Entstehung neuer Zentren. Die Verlagerung oder Ortskontinuitt einzelner
Siedlungsagglomerationen kann jedoch auch in den nichtrmischen Territorien nrdlich der
Donaulinie studiert werden.
Die Beitrge des vorliegenden Sammelbandes versuchen, dieses Phnomen aus zwei
Blickwinkeln zu beleuchten. Sie untersuchen einerseits siedlungs- und andererseits
sozialgeschichtliche Aspekte, um Strukturen und Akteure dieser Prozesse gleichermaen
erfassen zu knnen. Kontinuitt und Wandel von Zentren, Eliten und religisen sowie
gesellschaftlichen Werten werden anhand einzelner Beispiele von der Sptantike bis zum
hohen Mittelalter beleuchtet.
Der Band ist dem 65. Geburtstag von Bla Mikls Szke gewidmet, der seit Jahren den
wichtigsten karolingerzeitlichen Fundort, Zalavr/Mosaburg, erforscht. Dem Jubilar zu
Ehren wurde diese Auswahl an Studien ber Zentren und Eliten im frhmittelalterlichen
Ostmitteleuropa zusammengestellt.
Towns and fortications are known from many regions of East-Central Europe in the Early
Middle Ages. In the former Roman provinces there is evidence for both the continued or
renewed use of Roman civitates, castra or castella and the emergence of new central places.
Settlement shift and continuity of occupation at specic sites can, however, also be studied
in the non-Roman territories located north of the Danube.
The contributions in this volume attempt to throw light on two aspects of this phenomenon
settlements and social aspects in order to understand in equal measure the structures and
actors operating within this process. Continuity and transformations of central places, elites
and religious as well as social values are examined on the basis of case studies ranging from
the Late Roman period to the High Middle Ages.
This volume is dedicated to Bla Mikls Szke who has devoted years of research to Zalavr/
Mosaburg, one of the most important sites of the Carolingian period, on the occasion of his
65th birthday. The selection of studies on central places and elites in Early Medieval EastCentral Europe is offered here to honour him.

ISBN 978-3-89646-156-8
ISSN 1869-9901