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  • 4.2.1 Feyerabend PDF

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    17 Ansichten18 Seiten

    4.2.1 Feyerabend PDF

    Hochgeladen von

    inkognita

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 18
    Herbert Feigl 36, Reichesbach, Hans. Experience and Prediction. Chicago: Univeity of Chic Pres 1958, ee eee 37 Schell, fuel. The Anatomy of Inui, New Yok: Koop 1963, 35 SS Mons Algemene Ecce 2d, Bein Spring, 925 (it 2. Sat J.C. ewe Sand Phi. New Yo: Random Ho, 49, Woodger, Joueph Henry. The Techniqes of Theory Constrecton, Chicago: Unk verity of Chiago Pres, 1939, PAUL K, FEYERABEND ————— Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge ee pi aT he i po rps ana ates need tedicewierra isles aclligicecst ESsoa ae nutter sats tas Epic Pete ‘Teflon nth cnn hat sim while perhaps not the most attrctive political philosophy, is certainly Inet tin ten an ot iyo “een ic fo “Toy ena nde ny of sli in pty, spats ne ee noe a “Sts thet ht sn he ot etn Sane! hd sd sony sl ee eo sr te ey be of ty ad he cpl fr sm ag ond wpe ci fe elt cee goons of oy gen mor cn fe at emp {Ste Area teeth ther me and tink ite plies pig ch on fr Som?" it ot Sth oe prin om pros iid led yi iso ote ngage atid tot Thi nel the fon a he en ey nie ad so tp of i he Si vezi sca begin om p. 4, 0 Paul K. Feyerabend ‘thoughtful observers, “From this [character of the historical process ‘writes Lenin, continuing the pasage just quoted, “follow two very im portant practical concosions: Sst that in order to full its task, the revolutionary clas (ie, the class of those who want to change either pat of society, such at science, or society asa whole] must be able to raster al forms and sides of socal activity [it mast be able to under stand, and to apply not only one particular methodology, but any meth- cology, and any variation threo it can imagine), without exception; second it] must be ready to pass from one to another in the quickest and mast unexpected manne.” * “The external conditions,” writes Eine stein, “which ae set for [the scientist] by the facts of experience do not permit him to let himself be too much restricted in the construc: tion of his conceptual world by the adherence to an epistemological sj tem. He therefore mast appear tothe systematic epstemologist asa type of unserupalous opportunist. .£"* ‘The difference between epistemological (politcal, theological) theory snd sient (politica, religious) practice that merges from these quo- tation i sually fommulated asa difference between “certain and infal- ible” (or, at any rate, clear, systematic, and objective) rules, o standards, and “our faible and uncertain faculties (which) depart from them and {al into exo." Science ait should be third-world science ® agrees with the proscribed rules. Science at we actually find it in history isa com- bination of sch rules and of ero. I follows thatthe scientist who works ina particular historical sitaation must lear how to ecognize or and Tow to lve with it, always Keeping ia mind that he himself is lable to add fresh erior at any tage ofthe investigation. He needs a theory of ‘error in addition to the “certain and infallible” rules which define the “approach to the truth "Now error, being an expression of the idiosyncrasies of an individual thinker, observer, even of an individual measuring instrument, depends ‘on circumstances, on the particular phenomena or theories one wants to analyze, and it develops in highly unexpected ways. Error is itself a historical phenomenon. A. theory of error will therefore contain rules of thumb, usefl hints, heuristic suggestions rather than general laws, and it will relate these hints and these sugestions to historical episodes $0 that one ses in detail how some of them have led some people to succest in some situations. It will develop the imagination of the st dent without ever providing him with eutanddried prescriptions and 8 AGAINST METHOD procedures. It will be more a collection of stories than a theory in the proper sense and it will contain a sizable amount of aimless gossip from ‘which everyone may choose what ft in with his intentions. Good books ‘on the art of recognizing and avoiding error will have much in common with good books on the art of singing, or boxing, or making love, Such books consider the great variety of character, of vocal (muscular, gland- lar, emotional) equipment, of personal idiosynerases, and they pay at tention to the fact that each element of this variety may develop in ‘most unexpected directions (a woman's voice may bloom forth after her fist abortion). They contain numerous rules of thumb, useful hints, and ‘they leave it to the reader to choose what fits his cae. Clearly the reader will not be able to make the correct choice unless he has already some knowledge of vocal (muscule, emotional) matters and this knowledge Ihe can acquite only by throwing himself into the process of learning and hoping for the best. In the case of singing he must start using his congans, his throat, his brain, his diaphragm, his buttocks before he relly Jknows how to wie them, and he must learn from their reactions the ‘way of leaming most appropriate to him, And this is true ofall leam- ing: choosing a certain way the student, or the “mature scientist,” ere- ates a situation as yet unknown to him from which he must learn how ‘best to approach situations of this kind, This is not as paradoxical as it sounds as long as we keep ous options open and as long as we refuse to vette fora particular method, including a particular st of rules, with- ‘out having examined alternatives, “Let people emancipate themselves,” says Bakunin, “and they will instruct themselves of their own accord.” * In the case of science the necessary tact can be developed only by di rect participation (where “participation” means something different for different individuals) or, if such dliect paticipation cannot be had, oF seems undesirable, from a study of past episodes in the history of the subject, Considering their great and difficult compleity these episodes ‘must be approached with a novelst’s love for character and for detail, ‘or with a gossip columnit’s love for scandal and for surprising turns; they must be approached with insight into the positive function of strength as well as of weakness, of intelligence as well as of stupidity, ‘of Jove for truth as well as of the will to deceive, of modesty as well as of conceit rather than with the crude and laughably inadequate instru: ‘ments of the logician. For nobody can say in abstract terms, without paying attention to idiosyncrasies of person and circumstance, what pre- 19 Paul K. Feyerabend cisely it was that led to progres in the pest, end nobody can say what moves will succeed in the future. [Now it is of course possible to simplify the historical medium in which a scientist works by simplifying its main ator. The history of sci ‘ence, after all, consists not only of facts and conelusions drawn there- from. It consist also of ideas, interpretations of facts, problems created by a clash of interpretations, actions of scientists, and so on. On closer analysis we even find that there are no “bare facts” at all but that the facts that enter our knowledge are aleady viewed in a certain way and are therefore essentially ideational. This being the case the history of science will be as complex, as chaotic, as fall of ertor, and as entertain ing as the ideas it contains and these ideas in turn will be a complex, as chaotic, as fll of enor, and as entetaning as are the minds of those who invented them. Conversely, a litle brainwashing will goa long way in making the history of science more simple, more uniform, more dull, more “objective,” and more accesible to treatment by “certain and in fallible” rules: a theory of errors is superfluous when we are dealing with welltained scientists who are kept in place by an internal slave master

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