REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE UNIVERSITY

Guang – guang, Dahican, City of Mati

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND TRADE

Various Types of Trade

Group 4

MAGAHIN, JOWANE

GEPUIT DONNA VIE

CUANAN, ANGELO ACE

Instructor:
Mr. Ruel Campo
Various types of Trade
-Trade and exchange activities have been taking place between people since the
establishment of complex societies.

Bilateral trade
-Bilateral trade or clearing trade is trade exclusively between two states , particularly,
barter trade based on bilateral deals between governments, and without using hard
currency for payment. Bilateral trade agreements often aim to keep trade deficits at
minimum by keeping a clearing account where deficit would accumulate.

Old China trade

The old China trade refers to the early commerce between the Qing Empire and the
United States under the Canton system, spanning from shortly after the end of the
American revolutionary war in 1783 to the treaty of wanghsia in 1844. The old China
trade represented the beginning of relations between the United States and east
asia, including eventually U.S.- China relations. The maritime fur trade was a major
aspect of the old China trade.

The development of Canton system-

The co-hong Monopoly and supercargoes
The major characteristics of the system developed between 1760 and 1842, when all
foreign trade coming into China was confined to Canton and the foreign traders
entering the city were subject to a services of regulations by the Chinese
government.Within the city of canton the cohong were granted the Qing empire’s
Monopoly on foreign, trade, overseeing the trade between Western silver from the
new world and valued goods from the Qing empire cohong merchant guilds.

Finding medium of exchange-

One of the most largest problem faced by foreign in Guangzhou was finding a
reliable medium of exchange that would enable sustainable trade with the Chinese.
The Chinese were always willing to accept bullion, in exchange for tea and other
products.

American Diplomacy in china

The American trade in Guangzhou existed primarily through private traders and
without the pervision and supporting private authority of the United States
government.

Category of the trade

Fine art
Porcelain
-In the late 18th century, Chinese porcelain could be purchased from two source the
licensed Hong merchants or the porcelain specialized shopkeepers. From the
records, the original porcelain markets was concentrated on a street several blocks
North in the thirteen factory area.

Legacy of the old China trade in Salem Massachusetts

-In Salem, Massachusetts there are important examples of American colonial
architecture and federal architecture from the old China trade in two historicts
districts, chest nuts street district, part of the Samuel Mclntire historic district
containing 407 buildings and the Salem maritime National historic site, consisting of
12 historic structures and about 9 acres ( 3.6 ha) of land along the water front in
Salem Massachusetts.

Noted China trade Merchants

• William Henry Aspiwall

• George Cabot
• John Perkins Cushing
• Elias Hasket Derby
• Panning & Coles
• John Murry Forbes
• Robert Bennet Forbes
• Charles W. King
• Abriel Abbot low
• Gideon Nye
• Joseph Peabody
• Thomas Handasyd Perkins
• Russell Sturgis
• John Renshaw Thomson
 • Israel Thordike
• William Shepard Wetmore

FUR TRADE

-it is a worldwide industry dealing in the acquisition and sale of animal fur . Since
the establishment of a world fur market in the early modern period, furs of boreal,
polar and cold temperate mammalian animals have been the most valued.

Russian Fur Trade

- before the European colonization

Of the Americas, Russia was a major Supplier of fur pelts to western Europe and
parts of Asia. It’s Trade developed in the early middle ages (500-1000 AD). It’s main
trading market destination was the German City of Leipzig.

•16th- 18th centuries- Russians began settle in Siberia.

•17th- 18th century- Russia was the world’s largest supplier of Fur.

North America Fur Trade

- began as early 1500s and was a central part of the early history of contact between
European’s and the native people of what is now the United States and Canada. The
first pelts in demand were beaver and sea otter, as well as deer, bear, ermine and
skunk.

- 1580s beaver “wool” was the major starting material of the French felt-hatters. Hat
makers began to use it in England. Animals pelts for beaver wool felt hats, which
were an expensive status symbol in Europe.

Maritime Fur Trade

- was a ship-based fur trade system that focused on acquiring fur of sea otters and
other animals from the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast and
natives of Alaska . The furs were mostly trades in china for tea, silks, porcelain, and
other Chinese goods which were then sold in Europe and the United States.
- the Maritime Fur Trade brought the Pacific Northwest Coast into vast, new
international trade network, centered in the north Pacific ocean, global in scope, and
based on capitalism.

ARMS INDUSTRY

- It is also known as a defense industry of the arms trade, is a global business that is
responsible for the manufacturing and sales of weapon and military technology and
Equipment. Arm Industry also provides other logistics and operational support.

- many industrialized countries have a domestic arms- industry to supply their own
military forces.

*History

- During the Early Modern Period, France, United Kingdom, Netherlands and some
States in Germany became self-sufficient in arms production, with diffusion and
migration of skilled workers to more peripheral countries such as Portugal and
Russia

Sectors

•Land based weapon

•Small arms

•Aerospace System

•Naval System

•Cybersecurity Industry

SPICE TRADE

- Refers to the trade between historical civilization in Asia, Northest Africa and
Europe. Spice such as Cinnamon, Ginger, Pepper, and Turmeric were known
and used for commerce in the Eastern world well into antiquity.
*Arab Trade and Medieval Europe

- the spice began the Middle East over 4000 years ago. Arabic spice merchants
would create a sense of mystery by withholding the origins of their wares, and
ensure high prices by telling fantastic tales.

- they sold their spice in Egypt, Babylon, and Nineveth and were the first one to
introduce spices into the European market in Rome.

TRIANGULAR TRADE

-The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade in the 16 th century between
Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The first leg of the trip was sending European
products from Europe to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. Then, the slaves
were transported to the Americas and sold.

Atlantic Triangular Slave Trade

-The triangular trade was a system of transatlantic trade in the 16 th century between
Europe, Africa, and the Americas. The first leg of the trip was sending European
products from Europe to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. Then, the slaves
were transported to the Americas and sold.

New England

-New England traders imported sugar and molasses produced by enslaved people
on Caribbean plantations and manufactured rum that they shipped to West Africa,
where it was exchanged for enslaved Africans, who were sold to Caribbean …

TRANS- SAHARAN TRADE

Trans-Saharan trade, conducted across the Sahara Desert, was a web of

commercial interactions between the Arab world (North Africa and the Persian Gulf)
and sub-Saharan Africa. The main objects of this trade were gold and salt; gold was
in abundance in the western part of Africa, but scarce in North Africa.

Early Trans-Saharan Trade

Early trans-Saharan trade. Ancient trade spanned the northeastern corner of the
Sahara in the Naqadan era. Predynastic Egyptians in the Naqada I period traded
with Nubia to the south, the oases of the Western Desert to the west, and the
cultures of the eastern Mediterranean to the east.

Trans-Saharan Trade in the Middle Ages

An extensive network of trade routes that linked the Mediterranean world with West
Africa during the Middle Ages. The trade routes facilitated the exchange of goods,
ideas, and cultures between the people of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.

Decline of Trans- Saharan Trade

-The opening to the Atlantic, the slave trade, particularly the high demand for slave
labor, and the introduction of new European trade goods attracted the covetousness
of local chiefs and contributed greatly to the decline of the old trans-Saharan trade.

The Future of Trans-Saharan Trade

-The Trans-Sahara Highway, which intends to promote trans-Saharan trade, runs

from Algiers to Lagos via Tamanrasset. It is supported by the African Union and
African Development Bank. With the exception of a 120-mile (200-kilometer) stretch
in northern Niger, the road is paved, although traffic is still hampered by border
restrictions.