Bhagavatarth Guj 1 12 Skandh (Gujarati Bhasha)

dlpcy uhgcpQpeQfZ rhfrQs shpvurb^dpy
ucpNhspL$fZ
ucpNhsp L$fZ fQhpy epS>-kp^kd|l:
L$d op A c[s epN A Z a$gp[sp dye kp^p Sy>vp-Sy>vp Frj-dyrApA L$lgp R>. s
L$u pQ L$pfp L$d A op gpL$ {Q s dpV$ kp^ sfuL$ L$lgp R>, R>sp s kp^ u Ad Z u.
L$du sp opu Z cNhp[s a$g ps pe R>, fsy cNhpu L$p S>p Df lpe s S> s
kpû a$g ps pe R>. su a$gp[sy dye kp^ sp cNhpu L$p S> R>, L$pfZ L$ Dh Dvi
Apsp cNhp uL$Z L$lg R> L$:""epN, kpe, vp, hs, s, eop, epep, hvp Aepk A kepk
u e L$fhp R>sp Z S>du p[s su u shp d(uL$Z) NpuAp, Npep, hnp, lfZp, pNp,
rkp A S> bu d|Y$ byrhpmpAp A dp cphu klgpCu ps L$fg R>... su l Dh! L$pe L$fhpu
A L$pe L$fhpu hvu ApopApp, hr A rhr dpNp, hZ L$fhpy R> sp A hZ L$fgpp
epN L$fu, prZdpp Apdp d AL$gp S> k|Z fus ifZ Aph, L$pfZ L$ dpfpu sy kh sfa$u
cefrls Ci'' (cpN.yfp.11&12&8,9-14,15).
L$d op hNf a$gp[sp hpsrhL$ kp^ lps sp cNhp s Aphp Dvi L$fs. L$d, op
hNfu cNhp L$V$ pe R>, cNhpy pL$V$ L$fphpfp s kp^p pe R>, fsy S>d gpqL$L$ dpV$p y{j OZu
Ap L$fhpu ep Ap sd Ap kp^pu cNhp Dvpku flu L$V$ sp lphpu dye a$g Apsp u.
fsy c[su sp cNhp OZp du L$V$ pe R> A su R>u pspp Apdpy Z vp L$f R> sp R>u
cs kyM Ap sdp L$lhy S> iy?(shp.vu.r.khr.307-311).
sfk gpN sp s v|f L$fpfp Z kp^ R>:1.sfk kl L$fhu; Ap op S>hy kp^ R>. 2.L|$hp Mpvhp
A pZu L$pY$u uhy; Ap epN(L$d) S>hy kp^ R>. 3.NP$Npp (S>gpiep) L$pW$ hpk L$fhp; Ap c[s S>hy
kp^ R>. sdp Z cNhp Df d fpMhp A Dd kp^ R>. d lpe sp NP$Np ps DpN L$fu
NP$NpS>gu Tpfu gphu S>d p L$fph sd cNhp Df d lpe sp cNhp ps Dd L$fu dhpmp cs
pk ^pfu s vi Apu sp Dpf L$f R>. S>hu fus rsp bpgL$ kyM pe shy ApQfZ L$f R> sd cNhp
cs kyM pe sd L$f R>. L$pfZ L$ NpuApA cNhpu du khp L$fu su cNhp sd vp L$fhp
epe L$pdy Z vp L$ey. ""khu Dd a$g cNhp pspu Aphu lgL$u [rs ip dpV$ L$f?'' Ahu Z
iL$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ ldpNdp lgL$u [rs ^pfZ L$fhpdp L$pC vpj u. cNhp NpuAp gpqL$L$ fus
L$pdy vp L$ey Ad Z dphy. L$pfZ L$ cNhp sp |ZL$pd (S>du L$pdp kvp |Z egu lphpu S>d
L$pdp L$fhp epe L$pC S> u shp) R>, A S> L$pC BR>p lpe shp L$pC Z gpL$dp Ahu fus L$pdy vp
L$fsp u (|hhs.312-315).
S>dp vi pe sdp Df d pe, fsy S>dp L$pC L$pf vi sp u sdp Df d L$d
C iL$? Ahu iL$p Z epe u. L$pfZ L$ rL$pd flu pspu epesp dpZ cNhpu AL$^pfu khp
L$fhpu S> kh cNhpp vi L$fu iL$ R>, bu L$pC fus cNhpp vi C iL$sp u. pspu epesp
dpZ klA khp L$fhu CA, khp h^pf L$fu R> L$ ApR>u sy L$pC epS> u. cNhpp vi L$fhpy Ap
Apsf kp^ R>.(|hhs316)
1
pZudp Df vep fpMhu, S> L$pC ps pe sdp kspj fpMhp A kh B[ep ips fpMhu.
Apd L$fhpu cNhp sfs k pe R>. Ap sdp vi L$fhpy blpfy kp^ R>.(|hhs317).
""S> dyep App Qqfy hZ L$f R>, Np L$f R>, hpfhpf ikp L$f R>, dfZ L$f R> A spu
Apv pd R>, sAp kkpfp hplp pi L$fpfp App QfZpfrhvp A kdedp S> vi pe R>''
(cpN.yfp.1&8&36) Ad cNhpu syrs L$fsp Ly$suA cNhpp vi hpy Dd kp^ L$lgy R>.
vpdpu BR>p Ahp S>qfeps p epN L$fu, cNhpp csp kp cNhpp fp$dpdp Apk[s fpMu
Apvf L$fhp A cNhpp vi L$fhpy Dd kp^ R> Ad 3&25&34 dp viphgy R> (|hhs318-19).
su cNhpp Ahspf L$rg dy[s ps L$fhpy kp^ op S>Zphg R> s dye kp^ u. fpu
W$ uL$Z L$pCL$ h L$pCL$ kpû a$g Ap sp s Dfu Ad dphy L$ kvp s kp^ L$fhpu cNhp
kh s a$g Api. fp L$pC kde pspu fpZu Z khL$ pk dpf dfph, su L$pC dpV$p Ar^L$pfu Z
fpZup rsfL$pf L$fhpp Ar^L$p ps C S>sp u. iy$pQpe L$Zpv hNf Dd dyrApu byrdp dpl D
L$fgp lphpu sApA R> vpp Ahp kpm vpp opu dpn ps pe R> Ahp bp^ L$fgp R>. Ap ipp
dplhpmu [rsdp sApA fQgp R>. s hvu rh{ lphpu A cdu fQpegp lphpu dpZ u
(|hhs320-25).
Ddkp^:
d S>hy buSy> L$pC Z Dd-dye kp^ gpL$dp u. cNhpu p[s L$fhpy Dd-dye kp^
d S> R>. cNhp Df d D L$fp{ Dd dye kp^ udvcpNhs S> R>. {rQ(Ndhp) hNf L$pfZpu
d D eg lpe sp vpj hpdp Aph epf s S>sp fl R>. hmu ipy op lpe sp gpqL$L$ ru
AgpqL$L$dp Z vpjp S>ZpC iL$. su kh ippp S>dp rZe L$fhpdp Aphg R> shy, cNhpy kh dplpe
S>Zphp{, udvcpNhs S> cNhp Df d L$fphp{ R>. ""cNhpu c[s Ap kpnps pi L$fpfu R>
Ad Zpf epk udvcpNhs ippp kpf fep, S>y hZ L$fhpu y{j ipL$ dpl A OX$Z p
pi L$fpfu fd y{j uL$Zdp c[s D pe R> S>'' (1&7&6&7) ""gpL$dp udvcpNhsy hZ
L$fpfpAp cNhp Df d lphpy hpdp Aphsy u. su sy hZ d L$V$ hpy kp^ u'' Ahu
iL$p L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ 1.ucpNhsp spey kfMu fus op, 2.csp dyMu sy hZ A 3.hZ
L$fpf kkpfdp hfpe A Z ucpNhsp hZp ANp R>. su pspp Ar^L$pf C, ucpNhsp
Arcpe kd csp dyMu sy hZ L$fhpdp Aph sp dp AL$hpf S> hZ L$fhpu uL$Zdp $u d
D pe R>. S> gpL$ (kkpf) dp k|Z hfpe lpe A udvcpNhsdp S> L$lg R> sdp L$pC
Akcrhs Ahp MpVy$ R> Ahp S> rhQpf sp u, A S>y As:L$fZ su hNfu iy eg lpe shp
rhvyf S>hp Ahp su Z Ar^L$ Dh S>hp S> lpe s s ucpNhsdp L$lgu cNhpu AL$ S> gugpy
hZ L$fhpu cNhpdp d D pe R>, sp R>u ApMp cpNhsy hZ L$f sp s d pe sdp iL$p S>
iu? su dye Ar^L$pf ps hpdp L$pC Z kvl S> u. su udvpQpeQfZ udvcpNhsp hpsrhL$
Ap rhQpf L$fu, s Ap rZe L$fu shpvurb^p ucpNhsp L$fZdp s A viphg R>. s Ay
op sp cNhpdp k|Z L$pf c[s pe R> S>. hmu D ep bpv c[s ips bu S>su u, fsy
gspu W$ qvhk-qvhk h^su S>C, uL$Z a$g ps L$fph shu D pe R>. su c[su BR>p
fpMpf Ahe ucpNhspL$fZy k|d rfunZ L$fhy (|hhs326&329)
2
d L$^-Ar^L$pf
dP$NgpQfZ:
uL$Z fdpv vigugpeys kvp&
khcskdypf rhazfs f yd:&&
udvcpNhsdp f hsy (fb) "uL$Z' L$lg R>. su Apfcdp d gpL$u
udvpQpeQfZ uL$Zu syrs L$f R>. fb pspu Avf flg ""fd kpve l L$V$ L$fy'' Ahu BR>pu
kpL$pf C L$V$ pe R>. s kpL$pf h s S> "uL$Z' R>. su uL$Z A L$pC rhc|rs u, fsy fb S>
R>. hmu s fdpv lpC a$g Z R>. s kvp vi L$pfu gugp L$ep L$f R>. s vi gugpAphpmp cNhp
uL$Zy hZ L$fhpu s ps pe R>. pspp kh cspp Dpf L$fhp A kpL$pf h ^pfZ L$fu L$V$
hpy AV$g Ahspf ghpy sdy epS> R>. sdpu Ar^L$ L$pC R> S> rl. s khu Dd R>. Ahspf g
epf sd syrs L$fhpdp Aph s re lphpu Apfcdp udvpQpeQfZ sd d L$f R>1
udvcpNhsp A sp Arcpe kpfu fus Zhpdp Aph s dpV$ S> udvpQpeQfZ cpNhsp
1
2
3
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5
6
7
L$fZ fQgy R>. s kpfu fus ZhpdpV$ ip L$^ L$fZ Aepe hpe (gpL$) v (iv) sp Anf
A kpsp A bfpbf Zhp CA. Ap kpsp Adp L$pC Z rhfp^ Aph shu fus, k|Z cpNhsdp
N|pegp AL$ S> A Zhpdp Aph epf ucpNhsp A sp Arcpe bfpbf S>Zpe. Ap kpsp A R>.
ee Anfpp Z A R>. L$V$L$-L$V$L$ A L$fhpdp Aph sp s A L$[s pe. S>d cNhp Ahe
hue ei u op A hfpe A R> NyZphpmp R> sd ucpNhsp A Z bpf L$^p hNfp Ahpmp R>.
Ahu fus ip hNf kpsp rhfp^ rhpp AL$ A S> Z s kkpfu dys pe R>. Aphu dy[s; c[s
hpdpV$ S>fu R>. Ap kps L$u ip, L$^, L$fZ A Aepe p A ucpNhspL$fZdp udvpQpeQfZ
viphg R> A bpL$up Zp A ukybprûdp S>Zphgp R>2
1.ipp A:
Apv lqfu gugp A ucpNhsipp A R>. Apv cNhpu gugp Z Apv S> R>,
A khp vy:Mp lfpfu R>. su vy:Mp pi L$fpfu A kyM (Apv) cNhpu gugp ps S>
y{jpp R> Ahp ucpNhsipp A R>.
udvcpNhs cNh R> su pW$ L$fu sy ^pfZ L$fhpu, cpNhsp hu cNhp S> ^pfZ
L$fgp Zhp. vedp flgp cNhp S> L$pe L$f R> s Ap dpZ cpNhsp hu ^pfZ L$fgp cNhp Z
L$f R>. sp A Z k|Z Zgp lpe sp Ap Aphy (cNh) R> Ahy op c[sp AN lphpu,
spu cNhpy op pe R> A su cNhp c[s Ap R>.
2.L$^p A:
Apv lqfu gugp udvcpNhsp A R> Ad Df L$lgy R>. Ap lqfu gugp vi L$pfu lphpy
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5
6
7
8
9
ucpNhsdp S> L$lgy R>: ""Al] kN rhkN p pjZ ErsAp dhsfp CipyL$p rfp^ dy[s
10
A Ape L$lgp R>''(cpN.yfp.2&10&1) Ap vi gugpApy uu bpfdp kyûp vi L$^pdp Ay$d
rZ L$fgy R>.
Ap vi Dfps "Ar^L$pf' Z cNhpu gugp R>. fsy s dye gugp u, Z dye gugpdp
DepNu gugp R>. Ar^L$pfu W$ S> kp^p AV$g kh L$pfp op Z cNhpu gugp R>. L$pfZ L$ kh
L$pfp op, hZ hNf c[sp ANp R>. Ap Z dye gugpApp AN lphpu dye gugp NZpe rl,
R>sp ipp Adp App Z kdphi hp CA. su vi dye gugp A b dye gugpApp AN gugp
A khy rZ udvcpNhsdp L$fgy R>. su sp bpf L$^ R>. lgp L$^dp Ar^L$pfuy A bu
L$^dp kp^py rZ L$fgy R>. dye gugpAp sp vi S> fl R>, u h^su L$ u OV$su. Ap dpZ
ucpNhsp bpf L$^p lphp R>sp s AL$ S> ip Ahp yfpZ R> A s lqf S> R>. Ap yfpZ ivu
A Au Z cNh R>.
ucpNhs cNh R> A cNhp y{j R>. ""y{j MfMf bpf ANhpmp R>'' A yrs dpZ
y{jp bpf ANp R>, su Z ucpNhsp bpf L$^p R>. yrs dpZ rhQpfsp b kpmp, b bplAp, rif,
ve, b lsp, b QfZp A b sp A y{jp bpf Ahehp R>.
1-2lgp A bu L$^ b QfZ R>. s dpZ Ar^L$pf A op A b cpNhs y{jp b QfZp
R>.
3-4kN A rhkN (u A Qpp L$^) b bpl (Mcpu L$pZu kyûp cpN bpl A L$pZuu
ApP$NmuAp kyûp cpN ls L$lgp lphpy A Y$]QZu uQp cpN QfZ L$lgp lphpy S>Zpe R>)
Ahp L$f R>.
5-6p A pjZ (pQdp A R>$p L$^) b kpmp R>.
7,12kpsdp L$^ A bpfdp L$^ b ls R>. kpsdp A bpfdp L$^ b ls lpe sp ucpNhs L$vy
gpNi Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ kpsdy L$^ hpdls R> A s KQp fpMu cNhp cs pspu pk
bpgph R>.
8-9 ApW$dp A hdp(dhsfp A CipyQqfs) b sp R>.
10 vidp L$^ (rfp^) "de' Ahp ve R>.
11 ArNepfdp L$^ (dy[s) rif R>.
12 bpfdp L$^ (Ape) vrnZ ls R>.
cNhp S>hp cpNhs ep, shpy Al] hZ L$fgy R>. Ap (ucpNhs) bpf ANhpmp lqf ps
4
S> R>.
L$V$gpL$ Dpkp L$fpfpAp Ad dp R> L$ $d dpZ Dpkp L$fhpu S> a$g ps pe. su sAp
y{jp Ahehpp $d dpZ S> L$^p lphpy L$l R>. b QfZp lgp b L$^p, b kpmp u A Qpp
L$^, L$qV$ pQdp, Ny Aheh R>$p, Dvf kpsdp, ve ApW$dp, b L$fp hdp, dyM vkdp, ggpV$ ArNepfdp
A rif bpfdp L$^ R>. sdp L$qV$dp AV$g pQdp L$^dp dgp pf S>hp fL$p R>. Dpkp L$fpf Aphu
fus Dpkp L$f s Z epe R>3-10&&
Z cpjpAp:
epk cNhpp Ahspf lphpu sdy sS> Adp R>. hu A NyZu s OZp dpV$p R>.
udvcpNhs A sdu kdpr^cpjp R>.
udvcpNhsdp L$pCL$ m op hNfu ikp L$fgu R>, epL$ L$pdp ApNm-pR>mp rhfp^ hpdp
Aph R> A epL$ sp s S> hps a$fu L$lhp (y{[s) hNf vpjp hpdp Aph R>. sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$
udvcpNhsdp Z cpjpAp R>:
1.kdpr^cpjp
2.dspsfcpjp A
3.gpqL$L$ cpjp.
1.epkA S>V$gp rhje kdprû Zu L$p s "kdpr^cpjp'.
2.spu rh{ rhje ep L$lg R> s "dspsfcpjp' R>.
3.A gpL$dp rk rhje ep L$lg lpe s "gpqL$L$u cpjp' R>.
s L$u dspsf cpjp A gpqL$L$u cpjp bpgpfp Arcpe |fsu dpZ R>, fsy sdp S> rhje
S>Zphg lpe s kb^dp kdpr^cpjpu W$ k|Z fus dpZ u. su S> Ap b cpjpAp kp kdpr^cpjpp rhfp^ flsp u. Ap b cpjpAp udvcpNhsdp ep L$lgu R> s ep viphhpdp Aphi.
Ap Z cpjpAp S>Zpe L$hu fus? Ahp EW$, sp Zhy L$ kpdpe red sfuL$
udvcpNhsdp kh kdpr^cpjp R>, fsy ep ""l buy L$lgy L$l Ry>'' Ad uiyL$ L$lg lpe ep sZ
fdscpjp L$lhp dpX$u R> Ad Zhy.
A 10&79&16 hNfu W$ ep gpqL$L$ fusu hZ L$fgy lpe ep gpqL$L$u cpjp L$lgu Zhu. Ap
b cpjpApdp kdpr^cpjpu rh{ S> L$pC L$lg R> s rhQpf|hL$ Zu C L$lg lphpu, Ap rhfp^ vpj
u.
Z cpjpApu hs y{jp uL$Zu gugp A S> cpNhsp rhje R>. Ap hZu cNhp
uL$Z Df Ahe d sp lphpu A d S> sd ps L$fhpy dye kp^ lphpu udvcpNhsp A
kpfu fus kd sy hZ hNf L$fhp CA&&10-12&&
5
Ar^L$pf, kp^p Ahp kh L$pfp op A kN hNf cNhpu vi gugp Ahp Ay$d

ucpNhsp bpf L$^pp A ep. vfL$ L$^dp L$V$gpL$ L$fZp A Aepep lpe R>, su lh vfL$ L$^
gC sp L$fZpp sp Aepepp A S>Zphhpdp Aph R>.
2-3L$fZpp sp Aepepp A:
d L$^dp Ar^L$pfy rZ L$fgy R>. su psp=hZ L$fpf A hsp=hZ L$fphpf p
Ar^L$pfy Ap L$^dp rZ R>. h S>Zphpfp Ar^L$pf R>. Ar^L$pf lpe s cpNhsp h, A
sp Arcpe y op C iL$sy u.
hZ L$fpf (psp) A hsp p Ar^L$pf A lgp L$^p A R>. App L$fZp b L$pf pX$u
iL$pe R>:
1.Aepep A dpZ A
2.vi A L$pg epdp gC.
1.Aepepp A dpZ L$fZ pX$sp, |g fus Ar^L$pf Z L$pfp R>:1.kp^pfZ, 2.Akp^pfZ
A 3.NyZu f Ahp rNyZ. k|d fus Ap Ar^L$pf ApNZuk L$pfp R>. kp^pfZ Ar^L$pf h L$pfp,
Akp^pfZ Ar^L$pf h L$pfp A NyZu f Ar^L$pf AL$ L$pfp A dpZ ApNZuk L$pfp Ar^L$pf
hpu ApNZuk Aepedp sy rZ L$fgy R>. lgp h Aepepdp kp^pfZ, vidpu AY$pfdp kyûp h
Aepepdp Akp^pfZ, A ApNZukdp Aepedp rNyZ Ar^L$pfy rZ L$fgy R>. lf L$pC h Nd s
rsp L$ Nd shp NyZ rhpp lpe sp Z ucpNhsy hZ L$fhpu BR>phpmp lpe sp s Ar^L$pfu R>,
Ahp Ap L$^p A R>.
2.vi A L$pg epdp gC L$fZ pX$sp Z Ap L$^p Z L$fZp pe R>:1.lu Ar^L$pfy
L$fZ. 2.ded Ar^L$pfy L$fZ A 3.Dd Ar^L$pfy L$fZ. Ap dpZ L$fZ pX$sp, lgp Z
Aepepy lgy, Qppu R>$p kyûp Z Aepepy buSy> A kpsdpu ApNZukdp kyûp sf Aepepy
uSy> L$fZ pe R>. Ap L$fZpdp psp A hsp bp Ar^L$pf S>Zphgp R>12&&-14&&
L$pu kNrs:
iL$p:udvcpNhsu L$pp kb^ bfpbf u, L$pfZ L$ s epkA fey A s iyL$vh S>Zpey
(12&13&19). iyL$ furns L$y epf k|s ep-ep s hZ L$ey A k|s ipL$p u ipL$ hNf
FrjAp s L$y Ad udvcpNhsp Apfcdp S> L$lgy R>. su epf epkA ucpNhs fey epf sp iyL$
s furns L$lg lsy A k|s-ipL$p khpv ep S> lsp R>sp Ap khpvp DM ucpNhsp
ApfcdpS> L$hu fus ep?''
kdp^p:Ahu iL$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ ulqfA ps epkp Ahspf gC dP$Ng hNf lgp L$lu, R>u
S> hps s kde eg lsp fsy crhedp hpp lsp s kdprû Zu (Sy>Ap 1&7&3-7) kN kp
gpL$u S>Zphg R>. su iyL$vh S> L$p furns crhedp L$lhpp lsp, sdp S> fp L$fhpp lsp A
6
uiyL$ sp S> Df Aphpp lsp s, A s L$p kpcmu ipL$ hNfp u k|s S> L$p sd L$lhpp
lsp s kh pspp vedp Apey s gpL$ ucpNhsdp L$lg R>14&&-17
ucpNhsu ffp:
""iy b kpL$pf R>, dpep su Dd i[s R>, spu kh g dpl (D) pe R> A c[s
(kkpfdpu) kpnps dys L$fphpfu R>''. Aphu L$p cNhp ps bp L$lgu A bpA s pfv L$lgu.
hmu epk, S>dy hpe kh dpZ NZpe R>, s ^d Zpf uL$Z dpl D L$fu (c[s
rkhpep), kh kp^p rfL$ R> Ad S>Zpey. pfv epk sd L$y, R>sp epk ps cNhpp
Ahspf lphpy Arcdp lphpu sd s bfpbf S>Zpey rl (Sy>Ap 1&4&14-33). su pfv S> L$lg s S>
rhje sdZ kdprû ep (1&7&3-7) A R>u kh kp^p L$fsp c[s Dd R> Ad cpNhsdp sdZ
S>Zpey. ucpNhs epku kdpr^cpjp lphpu dpZ R>. hmu cNhp sp bp bp^ L$ep, bpA
pfv A pfv epk bp^ L$ep, Ahu ffp gu^ Z s dpZ R>, fsy Arcdp gu^ ffp
vybg R>17&&-21&&
Df ucpNhsu ffp L$lgu R>. cNhp bp A bpA pfv S>hy ucpNhs L$y, shy
pfv epk Ahp k|s ipL$ L$lg u fsy sAp ps S>hp sp A kdS>gp shy pspp hQpu L$lg.
su ucpNhsp A sdZ ps-pspp Ar^L$pf dpZ ApR>p Ahp h^pf S>Zphg. su k|s Ahp
pfv Z ucpNhsp k|Z A S>Zpeg rl lphpu, sp k|Z Ay op hpdpV$ dye Ar^L$pfu
S>f R>, Ahp lgp L$^p A OV$phhpp R>. su Apdp Z L$fZp L$lgp R>. hmu ucpNhsp kN,
(sy op hpp) kp^p A sy a$g S>Zphhy A Z Ap Z L$fZpy epS> R>.
lgp L$fZdp As kN S>Zphg R> (1&3&39-45). bu L$fZu dedp ucpNhsy hZ
hNf cNhpu p[sy dye kp^ lphpy A bu kp^p L$pdp lphpy S>Zphg R> (1&5&8-22). A
u L$fZp Apfcdp S> ucpNhsu Dr, hr A spu c[s D hpy L$lg R> (1&7&38).
ucpNhsp kN ep-ep S>d-sd L$fhpp u, fsy iy, sup Ape L$fpfp, OZp dpV$p
y{jp s dpV$ pp L$f sp S> L$fhp epe R>. pspy op sd S>Zphu, sApp ucpNhs dpV$p Apvf
Y$ L$fu, R>u ucpNhsp kN L$fhp. sd L$fhpdp Aph sp kN (L$fhp)u a$g ps sy u. hmu epk
A pfvp khpvu kp^ S>Zphg R> (1&5&8-22). s khpvu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ opp Arcdphpmp
lpe, rkps Zhp R>sp Z ps opu R> Ad dpsp lpe, s ucpNhs L$lhy CA. su S>
""cNhpp NyZpy Np L$ey u su sdpfp Apdp kspj ep u'' Ad pfv epk S>Zpey, fsy
bpA S> cpNhs psp L$lg s epk L$lg u. pR>mu MpVy$ op ps L$fu, s dpV$p (psp Dvi
L$fpf)p opp Z pspp opdp khpvu sp kspj gu^ kdphi L$fhp BR> R> s Z ucpNhs
L$lhy CA. sdS> ucpNhsp hZu, hZ L$fpfdp kpnps cNhpp hi pe R>, sp kh kvlp
v|f pe R>, s kh rce pe R> A cNhp Df s OZp S> d pe R> Ahy ucpNhsy a$g furns
A iyL$ p kdpNdu epy Z Ap kdpNdp As S>Zphgy R> (12&6&2-7)21&&-22&&&
d Ar^L$pfhpmp psp:
7
cNhpu L$pu S> kkN egp R> shp sup A eop u rh egp Dd y{j e|hL$
uL$Zkbû L$f (1&1&4-5) epf ucpNhs L$lhpu hr C iL$. Aphp psp Z AL$pAL$
ucpNhsp Dvi L$fhp epe u, fsy sp veu funp L$fu S>, s epe S>Zpe sp S> Dvi L$fhp,
Ahp L$pf epkA ucpNhsdp viphg R>. ucpNhsy op kpdpe fus ps L$fhpu BR>p lpe sp
hspA ps s AV$L$phu vhu CA. su ipL$u Aphu BR>p lgp Aepedp hpdp Aphsp k|s bu
A u Aepepdp kpdpe hps S>Zphu s AV$L$phu. AV$L$phhp R>sp Z R>u rhij BR>p pe sp
L$pp hi L$fphhp. ipL$ 1&4&2-13 gpL$pu rhij Zhpu BR>p viphsp, k|s cpNhsu Dr L$hu
fus C s L$lu L$pp hi L$fpep. R>u Z Ar^L$ |R>hpdp Aph sp ucpNhsu L$p L$lhu. kpsdp
Aepedp cpNhsu Dr L$p R>u Z ipL$ Ar^L$ L$ep epf k|s L$p L$lhp dpX$u. ucpNhsu L$p
Aphu fus S> L$lhu CA. lf L$pC ep-ep L$lhu epe u22&&&-25
hspp Ar^L$pf:
1
2
3
hsp ucpNhsp Dvi L$fhpp Ar^L$pfhpmp, kh Zpf, kvpe dpZ Dd hspu S>Z
4
ucpNhsy hZ L$fgy lpe shp A cNhpp cs lphp CA.
ucpNhsdp S>Zphg d hsp(k|s) hfpefrls lsp. sZ uiyL$ pku cpNhsy hZ L$fgy
(1&3&45), R>sp s k|s "yfpZu' lphpu ucpNhsu L$p kcmphhu s sp ^^p lsp. su s hZy a$g
furns S>hy dey. L$ k|s ipL$ hNf hZ L$fpey epf sdu pku L$pC gu^g rl, R>sp ucpNhs
yfpZ A pd cNhpy h S> R>. su S> sp rh$e L$f (NyS>fpdpV$ DepN L$f), sd s rh$eu S>
(^ hNf) a$g ps pe s rkhpe buSy> a$g Apsy u. su k|s lu(lgL$p) Ar^L$pfhpmp hsp R>26-27
pfv bp pku cpNhsy hZ L$fg R>sp s Dd Ar^L$pfhpmp hsp u, L$pfZ L$ pfv brj
lpC kh g L$pd-L$pS>dp N|peg flsp lphpu sd Y$ hfpe ep lsp. pfv |Z op lsy R>sp
hfpe |Z lphpu s ded Ar^L$pfhpmp R>. k|s cpNhsy dp ip[vL$ ivy op lsy. pfv
ip[vL$u kp Ay op Z lsy, fsy hfpe krls shy op sp dp iyL$ S> lsy. cNhpp pspdp
Aphi pe s dpV$ hsp hfpeu S>f R>. hfpe lpe sp opu rhd|Y$ C S>hpe. dpZ(ip) L$fsp
de(cNhp)y bg Ar^L$ R>. su ipy k|Z op lphp R>sp cNhpu BR>pu pfv hfpe ey rl.
cpNhs sp ""S>y hZ L$fhpu ipL$ dpl A OX$Z v|f L$fpfu fd y{j uL$Zdp c[s
D pe R>'' (1&7&7) Ad su Drp kNdp L$lg a$g L$fsp Ar^L$ a$g Apsy u. su S>
Ar^L$pfp rhjedp hfpe Sy>vy L$lgy R>, A su S> furns hfpe ey Ad S>Zphhp kpsdpu AY$pfdp
kyûp bpf Aepep L$lgp R>. hfpe ps ey epf S> furns hZ L$fhpp Ar^L$pf ps ep A su
S> iyL$ pku qfnus hZ L$fsp lsp epf pfv epk hNf Z hZ L$fpfpApdp cmgp (1&19&17).
su kkpfdp hfpe ps L$fu ucpNhsy hZ L$fhy. Ad (hfpe ps) L$fhpu (hZ L$fhpp) Ar^L$pf
a$g R>. rhjepdp vpjp Aych hpu (kkpfdp) hfpe pe R>. hfpe hpy Ap kp^ lphp R>sp k|s
cNhpp pd cpNhsp rh$e L$fhpu A pfv vhrjZpp Ar^L$pf lphpu, Dd hsp ps
eg u. iyL$vh pd cNhp (ucpNhs)p rh$e L$fsp lsp A hmu sd kkpfdp hfpe Z lsp;
su sdpdp k|s sp pfv dp S> vpj lsp s lphpu s Dd hsp R>.
8
iyL$ Dd Ar^L$pfu lsp sp epk pku cpNhsy hZ L$ep R>u Dd c[s ps sp sd

sfs cNhpdp hi(dpn) ps L$d ep? Ahu iL$p L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ Y$ c[s ps pe epf
cNhpdp sfs hi hpy AV$L$phpfu Z cNhpu L$p S> R>. L$p S> cspy dey AV$L$phpfu R>2829
pspp Ar^L$pf:
pspApdp lu Ar^L$pfhpmp psp ipL$ R>. s 1eo hNf L$ddp Apk[shpmp lsp (1&1&4),
2
3
riep OZp fpMsp A hsp k|s (suu i| lphpu sp)u ps Dd R> Ahy dpsp, su s hZy
k|Z a$m ps ey rl. ucpNhs hZ L$ep R>u Z s kkpfdp hfpe hNf ps ep; R>sp sy
ucpNhsy hZ e Ney Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ s su ipy Y$ op hpu cNhpdp, cNhp[sp
kp^ OZu c[s C A su cNhpu L$pu (c[s kp^ lphpu) L$dpfp S> s dpn ps
hpp.
epk kkpfdp hfpe lsp, sdS> (sdp hsp) pfv Z lsp, R>sp epk lu
Ar^L$pfhpmp psp u, fsy ded Ar^L$pfhpmp psp R>. ( L$ eo hNf L$ddp Apk[s, riep fpMhp
A hsp L$fsp l Ar^L$ Ry> Ahu dpesp A vpjp epkdp Z lsp, R>sp) b NyZp gu^ s ipL$ L$fsp
Ar^L$ (Ar^L$pfhpmp) R>. 1.s sL$u pspu dm S> op ps L$fu isp A 2.sAp cNhpp opphspf
lsp. ApV$gy lphp R>sp sAp Dd psp u, L$pfZ L$ sAp cNhp[sp Sy>vp-Sy>vp OZp kp^p lphpy
dpsp. kp^p Sy>vp-Sy>vp OZp R> Ahy sdy op Y$ lsy A pfvp Dvi su vybg lsp. s Dviu
kp^p OZp lphpu dpesp v|f C su s ded psp R>, Dd psp u30-31&&
furns eo hNf L$ddp Apk[s lsu. riep sp lsp S> rl. hsp iyL$ L$fsp l h^pf ophpmp
Ry> Ahy Arcdp Z lsy. bpZp ip hpu fpe s NP$NpsV$ Neg, su s kkpfdp hfpe Z
eg. su uiyL$ s cpNhs L$y sV$gpu S> s sdp kvl flhpu hZy a$g ps ey, su furns
Dd Ar^L$pfhpmp psp R>. s Dd psp R> A hps Dd L$fZdp L$lhpdp Aphi31&&-32&&
d L$fZ:
k|s ApMyA cpNhs ipL$ hNf L$lgy R>. R>sp Ap lgy L$fZ pfcp Z Aepepy S> R>,
L$pfZ L$ ipL$ S> |R> R> sp k|s kpdpe fus pspp hsp sfuL$p Ar^L$pf S>ZphhpdpV$ Df Ap R>.
L$pp Apfc L$fhp A S> Ap Dfp dye A R>.
k|s b L$pfp Df L$l R>:1.Ap L$^p bu A u A b Aepep sZ hs fus L$lgp
R>. Ap b Aepepu s pspp ucpNhsu L$p L$lhpp Ar^L$pf S>Zph R> (Sy>Ap 1&3&40-45). 2.bu
Dfp S> s Ap R> s ucpNhs sfuL$ Ap R>. su s Dfpp Ap L$fZdp kdphi sp u. Ap lgp
L$fZu dp k|sp L$p L$lhpp Ar^L$pf S>Zphg R>. su Ap L$fZ Ap L$^p u Aepe kyûy S> R>,
fsy ApMy cpNhs k|s ipL$ hNf L$lg lphp R>sp L$p |fu pe ep kyûy Ap L$fZ u. Ap L$fZu
L$p L$lhpp k|sp Ar^L$pf rk ep epf R>u s L$p L$li. k|s Ap L$^p bu L$fZdp cpNhs fQpepy
L$pfZ L$li A u L$fZdp cpNhsu Dr A hr epy L$li, fsy s-s rhjep pspp Ar^L$pf
S>Zphhp L$lsp u, fsy ucpNhsp AN sfuL$ S> L$l R>. (su sp Ar^L$pf viphhp L$lgp u).
9
iL$p:cpNhsp AN sfuL$ L$lhpdp Aph su hspp Ar^L$pf rk sp lpe, sp ded L$fZ

(Aepe 4-6) A Dd L$fZ (Aepe 7-19) u pfvp A uiyL$p Ar^L$pf Z rk pe, L$pfZ
L$ s L$fZp ucpNhsp AN sfuL$ L$lgp R>.
kdp^p:Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ bup hQp L$lhpdp Aph epf s L$lpf ps s L$lhpp
Ar^L$pfhpmp u Ad rk pe R>. Z ps S> hQp L$lsp lpe sp s L$lhpp s Ar^L$pf R> S> Ad
S>Zpe. lu L$fZdp k|s pspp hQp L$l R>, su sp s L$lhpp Ar^L$pf rk pe R>, ded L$fZdp
pfv pspp hQp L$l R>, s k|s ipL$ hNf S>Zph R>, su s L$lhpp Ar^L$pf pfvp R>. Dd L$fZdp
sp psp(furns) p S> Ar^L$pf viphg R> A dp furns L$fg p S> L$lgp R>. sp Df bu
L$^p AY$u Aepepu iyL$ Apu pspp Ar^L$pf rk L$f R>. pspp Ar^L$pf dye lphpu Dd L$fZdp
s S> S>Zphg R>. hsp (iyL$)p Ar^L$pf V$ lphpu s Ap L$^dp S>Zphg u. Dd hsp (iyL$)p
Ar^L$pf cNhpp Qqf lphpu, cpNhsu kdp lpC lgp L$^dp S>Zphg u, fsy bu L$^p
lgp AY$u Aepepu S>Zphg R>. su S> dP$NgpQfZ Z s L$^p Qpp Aepedp L$fgy R> (Sy>Ap
2&4&12-24). su ded A Dd L$fZdp L$lgp Dfp pfv L$lgp A k|s L$lgp Ad b L$pfp
R>33&&-35
ded L$fZ:
ded L$fZp Z Qppu R>$p kyûp Z Aepe R>. sp hspp Ar^L$pf pfvp R>. L$pfZ L$
ucpNhs fQhpp epS> Ahp L$pfZ s epk L$l R>. pfv epk cpNhsp bp^ L$fhp Aphg u,
L$pfZ L$ epk (cNhpp opphspf lpC) pfvu Dd R>. epk ucpNhs fQhy Ay L$pfZ Ahp epS>
epk S>Zphhp S> s Aphg R>sp hsp sfuL$p s Ar^L$pfu R>.
Dd Ar^L$pfy L$fZ
Dd Ar^L$pfp L$fZdp Ap L$^p kpsdpu ApNZukdp kyûp sf Aepepu psp furnsp
Ar^L$pf viphg R>. hsp iyL$p Ar^L$pf sp lphpu Al] Mpk L$lg u. su Ap L$^dp pspp
Ar^L$pf S>Zphsp dp S> L$lg R> (1&19&38-39).
Ap p Df bu L$^dp lgp AY$u Aepepu iyL$ Api A sV$gpu sp hsp sfuL$p
Ar^L$pf rk i (Ad pR>m L$lgy R>). iyL$p ephlpqfL$ Ar^L$pf sp lphpu L$lhpu S>f u. AL$
(bu L$^) u S> kpdpe fus ucpNhsp ANp iyL$ L$lgp R> A lgp L$^p lgp Aepedp
kpdpe ( 1-2) A cNhp kbû Mpk Ahp b L$pfp p lphpu iyL$ b (L$^ bup bu
sp u) Aepepu Df Apgp R>, fsy Ap Aepepu V|$L$pZu dp Df k|Qhgp S> R>. hpsrhL$
k|Z cpNhsu kh pp Df pe R>. ucpNhsp bp^ L$fsp, Apfcdp bu L$û uiyL$ sp
ANp L$lgp R> A sp hsp sfuL$p Ar^L$pf Z ucpNhsy AN lphpu lgp b (AY$u) Aepepu s
Z L$lg R>. b^y cpNhs lgp L$^p lgp Aepedp S>Zphg pp Df S> R>, su s Aepe
ApMp cpNhsp Aepe L$lhpe R>37-39
Aepe lgp
10
Ap lgp Aepe Aepe R> Ad Df S>Zpey. ucpNhsdp b^ cNhpp bp^ L$fhpp R>.
cNhp AV$g cNhpmp. Ahe, hue, ei, u, op A hfpe A R> NyZp "cN' L$lhpe R>. su ipL$
hNf dyrAp cNhp kbû R> p L$f R>. ucpNhsp A gu^ Ahu L$p L$fhpdp Aph R> L$ b^pA
cpNhsdp cNhp kbû bp^ L$fhpp R> A "cN' ivp A Df S>Zphg R> NyZp lphpu, s NyZpy
S> op ps L$fhpy lphpu, R> p L$fgp R>. "cN' ivu Zusp R> NyZpy op cpNhsu sy lpe
sp cpNhsu hr rfL$ R>, su S> Aepep R> p L$fgp R>. A su k|s 1&2&5 dp Ap uL$Z
kbû L$fhpdpV$ ipL$ hNfy Arcv L$f R>. Ap R> p Ay$d Ap Aepep gpL$ 8-10, 1116, 17-22 A 23 gpL$u L$fgp R>. ApMye cpNhs Ap pp Df lphpu, sdp kh m gugp
uL$Zy S> rZ L$fgy R> A su S> ApMp Nu kNrs pe R>. Ap R> L$u vfL$ NyZy b-b L$^pu
rZ L$fgy R>.
lgp b L$^pdp opy, u A Qpp dp hfpey, pQdp A R>$pdp p A pjZ b
L$pfp huey kpsdp A ApW$dpdp lgpv dy hNfp hpsu Ahey, hdp A vidp dp eiy A
R>gp b L$^pdp cNhp hdp fdZ L$f R> Ad rk sy lphpu sdpu uy rZ L$f R>; Ahp
Ahe, ^d, ei, u, op A hfpe A R> L$u vfL$ ^dy lgp L$û Apfcu bpfdp kyûp b-b
L$^pu Ay$d rZ L$fgy R> Ad OV$phhy.
Ap pp k|s pspp Ar^L$pf OV$phhp b (bu A u) Aepepu Df Ap R>. bu
Aepedp Qpf pp A u Aepedp b pp Df Ap R>. Ahp ukybprûdp vipey R> sd A
b Aepepdp kfMp AV$g Z-Z pp Df Ap R>. ukybprûdp Ad S>Zphg R> L$ lgp a$m
kbû A bu kp^ kbû p cNp L$fu sdp Df bu Aepep 6-22 gpL$pu Apg R>
A 23-29 kyûp gpL$u L$pu c[s L$fhu s S>Zphg R>. cNhpp L$dpkbû Qpp p Df 3034 kyûp gpL$pu Apg R>. u Aepedp Ahspfp kbû pQdp p Df lgp R>huk gpL$pu
Apg R> A 27 sp 28 dp gpL$dp kpdpe fus sdp h sp a$m L$lgp R>. R>$p p Df 43 dp
gpL$u Apg R>. u uL$Zphspfp epS>kbû p Df Apg lphpu, s kbû pspp
Aopp bQph L$fhp Ahspfp Zu iL$pe shp lpsp u Ad 29 dp gpL$u Apfcu L$l R>. su
ukybprû dpZ lgp bu A Qpp pp Df bu Aepedp A pQdp-u-R>$p pp Df
u Aepedp k|s Apg R>. Qpf pp Df bu Aepedp Apg R> Ad NZuA epf s Aepep
23-29 kyûp gpL$pu u uL$Zphspf kbû p Df Apgp Zhp A u Aepep 142 kyûp gpL$pu Ahe S>Zphpfp Ahspfp kbû pp Df Apg Zhp. Ap dpZ Df Apg
lphpu Ad S>Zphg R> L$ vfL$ p Sy>vp sp b^pp cNp Df Aphp CA40-42&&
hpep:
hpep (gpL$p) A ukybprûdp Apg R>, R>sp hpepp Ap kfhpmp A S> Aepep A
R> Ad S>Zphhp uQ Ap Aepep hpepp A Aphpdp Aph R>.
gpL$:
1. dP$NgpQfZ.
2-3. ucpNhsu $sp.
11
4-5. ucpNhsp kN (sphp-)

6-8. k|su syrs.
9. R> p L$u lgp kp^pfZ (^d kbû) ,
10-11&&.bu opkbû .
12-23.uL$Zkbû Qpf p.
(1)uL$Zphspfp epS>kbû 12 sp uL$Zphspfy dplpe 13-16.
(2)uL$Zp Qqfskbû 17.
(3)uL$Zp Sy>vp-Sy>vp Ahspfpu L$p kbû 18.
Ap Z p AL$ kp L$fgp R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap pu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ cNhp uL$Z c|sg Df
rhfpS>sp lsp epf S> gpL$p lsp sd dy[sy vp L$fsp. sdZ Ahspf ^pfZ L$fu csp, epNuAp A
opuAp dy[s Apu. 1.csp dy[s Aphp sp sdZ Ahspf S> ^pfZ L$fg. 2.kr fQhu hNf pspp
Qqfpu (s Zpf) opuAp dy[s Apsp A 3.pspp hu (sy ep L$fpf) epNuAp dy[s
Apsp. Arhrls (hs) c[s L$fpfpApp Z sdp-Apdp kdphi pe R>, AV$g hs csp Z
cNhp hu kkpfdpu dys L$fphg. lh uL$Zkbû Qpp AL$ S> fp. s AL$gp S> Ap
Zu kdp bghpmp lphpu Sy>vp S> L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ crhedp ps Ahspf c|sg Df rhfpS>sp rl
lpe epf ep kpû kh dy[s Api s kbû A R>. A kp^ L$fhpu pspu epesp Z
S>Zphhu CA, su s |R>ep lgp FrjAp (ipL$ hNf) 19-22 gpL$u s kp^ (ucpNhsy
hZ) L$fhpu pspu epesp S>Zph R> A 23 dp gpL$u R>$p |R> R>.
cNhp uL$Z Qpf d|rshpmp lphpu, sdp kbû Qpf p |R>g R>. hvp L$dL$pX$ A
opL$pX$ Ahp b L$pX$ lphpu A uL$Z s b L$pX$pp A lphpu ^dkbû ( lgp) A
opkbû ( bu) Ahp b p |R>gp R>. su lgp b p uL$Z kp kb^ S> u Ad
dphy, fsy dpNp cvu S> A-A p L$fgp R>. Ap pu AV$g lgp Aepeu Ad S>Zphg R> L$ S>
ucpNhs Zhpu BR>phpmp lpe s Apfcdp sy hZ L$fhpp, A S>Z ucpNhsy hZ L$fgy R> s,
s L$lhpp Ar^L$pfu R>42-46
Aepe bu:
lh Ahu S> fus bu Aepep gpL$pp A L$luA R>uA.
1.dp k|sp Dkpl A L$p L$lhpy L$pfZ,
2-3.u k|s uiyL$ dL$pf L$f R>.
4.u k|s ipp Apfc L$fhpy S>Zph R>.
5.u k|s ipL$ hNfA |R>gp pp Arcpe S>Zphu
s py Arcv L$f R>.
6-10. A pQ gpL$u lgp ^d (L$d) kbû p Df Ap R>, L$pfZ L$ L$d (A[lp,
vi|Zdpk, rY$ iyepN, Qpsydpk A kpd) pQ L$pfy R>.
12
11-22 A bpf gpL$pu bu opkbû p Df Ap R>, L$pfZ L$ y{j bpf L$pfp

ANhpmp lphpu keop kbû rhQpf bpf gpL$u Ap R>. ""rs kf hpmp R>'' A yrs dpZ
hvp ApV$gp S> (pQ L$pfy L$d A y{j y op) A R>. su hvp Ap rZe S>Zphhpdp kf gpL$p
L$lgp R>. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ hvdp Au Ar^L$ Nrs u (AV$g Apu Ar^L$ a$g hvu ps sy u).
Ap d L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ L$d A y{jp opp rZe pe epf S> cNhpp NyZpy hZ hNf pe R>.
su hZ hNf C iL$ s dpV$ S> Ap b pp Df Apep. R>u Apvf|hL$ cNhpp NyZpy hZ hNf
L$fsp, cNhpdp d D pe R>. R>u cNhpu hZ hNf L$fpf Df urs pe R>. R>u sp Dpf
L$fhp cNhpp Ahspf hNf pe R>, Ahp $d R>47-49
23-29. A kps gpL$pu cNhpp S>d (Ahspfp) hpy L$pfZ L$lgy R>. (Ap u p
Df NZu iL$pe. sd L$fhpu Ap Aepedp Qpf pp Df Apgp NZpe). cNhpp Ahspfp cspp
Dpf L$fhp pe R>. Ap Ahspfpdp b L$pf R>. lgp pQ(23-27) gpL$pu khNyZ lphpp S>Apdp
rQe pe R> shp Ahspfpy cS> L$fhpy L$lgy R>, L$pfZ L$ rhQpf L$fpfp pQ R>. (cNhvNusp 18&14dp
S>Zphgp Ar^$p, L$sp, [h^ L$fZ, rhrh^ Qp A vh A pQ dye S> L$pC L$d L$f R>, sp L$pfZ
lphpy L$lgy R>) Dd c[s pe A rhQpfy epS> R>. hmu kpdpe fus b^p Ahspfpy d|m sp NyZpu f
cNhp hpkyvh R> Ahy Zhy A Z Ap rhQpfy buSy> epS> R>. bpL$up b (28-29) gpL$pu NyZpu
f hpkyvhp Ahspf L$lgp R>.
ipL$ hNfA uL$Z Ahspf ghpy epS> |R>gy, R>sp k|s kpdpe fus Ahspf ghpy epS>
Dfdp L$y. L$pfZ ipL$ hNf uL$Zp hy op lsy. S> hy op lpe s S> sdp S>d
(Ahspf)y epS> L$lhpe. S> hy op lpe s Z epS> L$lhpdp Aph sp S>d a$my
epS> lpe epf a$m L$pdy pe R> sd hp Aophpmp s (Ahspf)u sy a$m L$lhpdp Aph sp s
hQ L$pdy pe R>. Apu Ad k|Qey R> L$ kh g Ap dpZ hy op R> Ad Zu S> S>dy
epS> S>Zphhy CA. su S> Ap L$^p ApW$dp Aepedp Ly$suA L$fgu syrsdp d ""de y{j''
A gpL$u Apfcu k|s Z gpL$u ipL$ hNf uL$Zy h S>Zphi, R>u sdu OZu p hpu,
sdZ s ey R> Ahp rQe L$fu, R>u ""L$rQvplfS> s'' A gpL$u Apfcu uL$Zp Ahspfy epS>
sAp L$li50-52&&
30-34. A pQ gpL$u cNhpu gugp Ahp Qqfs L$l R>, AV$g Qpp p Df Ap R>.
Ap gpL$dp Ay$d 1.S>Ns D L$fhpu 2.sdp hi L$fhpu 3.b^p c|spdp ps AL$ lphp R>sp Sy>vpSy>vp lpe shp vMphpu 4.cpN L$fhpu A 5.fnZ L$fhpu Ahu pQ gugpAp L$lgu R>. Ahspf gu^p lgp;
pspp hdp flgp cNhpu Ap pQ L$pfu gugpAp L$lgu R>. Al] Ap Aepe |fp pe R>.
Ahspf gu^p R>u cNhp AL$ L$pfu S> gugpAp L$f R> s u Aepedp L$li. Ap u
Aepep A Ahp R> L$ (ucpNhs) hZ L$fpf Cep rhpp lphp CA. Ap lu Ar^L$pfhpmpp bu
NyZp S>Zpep52&&-53&&
Aepe u:
13
lh u Aepep Apfcu Ahspfp kbû pQdp p Df Ap R>. kdp khhpmp

ifufpdp cNhpp Aprhcph A Ahspfp iy A Aiy cvu pe R>. Aiy AV$g bu fS>k hNf
NyZp kp cmgp khhpmp. S>dp vldp L$pC kde epf khNyZ S> lpe epf cNhpp Aprhcph pe R>
sAp "Aphi'hpmp L$lhpe R>. A iy AV$g kvp khhpmp S> S>dp vldp cNhpp Aprhcph eg lpe
sAp "Ahspf' L$lhpe R>. S>d dlpfp pspp vidp a$fsp-a$fsp psp flhpdpV$ fQgp dL$ppdp fl R> A
L$pC kde fpS>^pudp pspp dlgdp Z fl R> A Ap b L$pfp Ofp ep kyû sApdp dlpfp fl ep
kyû dlpfpp S> Ofp L$lhpe R>, sd epf AphihpmpApdp Ap Aphi lpe epf Ahspfdp A sdpdp
L$pC cv lphpu sdu NZp Ahspfu kdp pe R>. Aphihpmp pfv hNf Ahspfp khNyZhpmp vldp
flsp lpC NyZhpmp R>. dp uL$Z S> rNyZ Ahp NyZu f R>.
blpfy A Avfy Ahp cvu vy:M b L$pfy lphpu cNhp b L$pfp Ahspfp ^pfZ L$f R>.
blpfy vy:M v|f L$fhp q$epi[shpmp Ahspf ^pfZ L$f R> A Avfy vy:M v|f L$fhp opi[shpmp Ahspf
^pfZ L$f R>. hfpl, L|$d, tkl hNf Ahspfp R>. s Ahspfp gC cNhp bgy L$pe L$f. shu S> fus vpe,
epk, L$rg hNf opi[shpmp Ahspfp R>. s Ahspfp gC cNhp sdpu opy L$pe L$f R>53&&-56
cNhpp Ahspfp uQ dpZ R>:
de, L|$d, hfpl, hpd, fiyfpd, dhsfpdpp Ahspfp (Sy>Ap gpL$ 27 kybprû kp),
epk, by, fpdQ, L$rg, vpe, Fjc, riiydpf, {rQp y (eo)pfpeZ, lqf, uL$Z, spk A
dy, drlvpk, lk, u dprlu, leiuj, hX$hpdyM, L$[L$, ^hsqf, cy hNf.
"Ahspf' AV$g Ahsfhy, eprhLy$W$dpu cNhpy S>Nsdp ^pfhy. S>d Ane S>gdpu OZu
lfp uL$m R> sd cNhpp Aphp AkP$e Ahspfp pe R>(gpL$ 26). su ucpNhsdp rl S>Zphgp
fsy pfv Qfp hNf ippdp S>Zphgp L$V$gpL$ Ahspfp Qpgy rhjedp DepNu lphpu Df S>Zphg
R>57-59&&
epf L$pe L$fhy lpe epf s L$pe L$fhp cNhp S>p vldp hi L$f s cNhpp Aphihpmp L$lhpe
R>. sAp uQ dpZ R>:
gdu, bp, iP$L$f, ij, N{X$, B, L$pd, L$pdp y Ar{, k|e, Q, blrs, ^d, Adu
uAp, vn hNf dyAp, dyp yp, FrjAp, pfv, hs(Frj), L$e, kL$ kv kps A
kLy$dpf A Qpf cpCAp, A[ hNf vhspAp, cfs A klpSy>, y hNf Q$hs} fpAp, Ne,
gdZ-cfs-iy A Z cpCAp, fprlZuy bgc, {[dZup y y, sdp y Ar{, fASy> hNf.
cpNhsdp rl S>Zphgp Z Qfp hNf ipdp S>Zphgp AphihpmpApp Z Apdp Ahspfp
W$ kdphi L$fg R>59&&-64
uL$Z Df, kpdpe fus, Ahspf sfuL$ NZphgp R> fsy sApu |Z cNhp (y{jpd) R>.
s |Z y{jpd iy khu pspu BR>pu AhsfZ L$f R>, su Ahspfdp sd NZgp R>. MfMf sp
sApu ps S> k|Z opi[s A k|Z q$epi[shpmp cNhp S> R>. A dpZ Ap Aepep 1-27&&
14
gpL$u cNhpp Ahspfp L$p. Ap pQdp p Df ep65-65&&

28-29.u Ahspfp ^pfZ L$fhpy kpdpe epS> L$y. A Ap epS> sp ucpNhs S>Zpey (gpL$
40-42) su hQ uQp Qpf rhjep L$lgp R>:
30-32.u cNhpy dplpe S>Zphhpdp Aph epf hu dy[s pe R>, su dy[s pe s dpV$ Ap
gpL$pu hp b^ A cNhpy dplpe S>Zphgp R>,
33-34.u hu dy[sp L$pf A dy[s S>Zphg R>.
35-36.u cNhp redys lphpy S>Zphg R>.
37.u cNhpu gugpy sp cNhpy op hy O vygc lphpy S>Zphg R>65&&-66
38-43.u lgpp y{jpA Ap rhjey rhhfZ (ucpNhs) L$fg lphpy, (40-43) sp s rhhfZu
lu Ar^L$pfhpmp sp ded Ar^L$pfhpmpAp Z c[s ps su lphpy (38-39) S>Zphg R>. Dd
Ar^L$pfhpmp sp kP$nu s L$lhpdp Aph su Z c[s ps pe R>, fsy lu A ded
Ar^L$pfhpmp shu fus c[s ps su lphpu, c[s ps pe s dpV$ Df S>Zphg rhhfZ
(ucpNhs) fQgy R>.
44.Ap gpL$u R>$p p Df Apg R>.
45.ucpNhs L$lhpu Ap gpL$u rsop L$f R>.
Ap Aepeu fley op lphy A hspp A s flep hZdp Apvf lphp A pspp u
NyZ lphpy S>Zphgy R>. Al] Aepe sp lu Ar^L$pfy lgy L$fZ |Z pe R>.
Ap L$fZp Z Aepepu Ay$d L$.ucpNhsy hZ L$fg lphy. M.Qpsye A N.fley op
A Z lu Ar^L$pfhpmp hspp A L$.hZ L$fhpu BR>p M.Cep lphu A N.flep hZdp Apvf
lphp A Z lu Ar^L$pfhpmp pspp NyZp lphpy S>Zphg R>65&&-66&&
ipL$p :
lgp Aepep hukdp gpL$dp ipL$ hNfA cNhp uL$Z hLy$W$dp ^pep epf ^d L$p ifZ
Nep Ahp dp rhQpf hpu S> L$fgp. sp Df Apsp k|s u Aepep sspgukdp gpL$dp S>Zpey
L$ ""ldZp (uL$Z hLy$W$ ^pep R>u) ucpNhs pdp yfpZ k|ey pL$V$ ey R>'' hNf. Ap kpcmu
ipL$ OZp lj ep, L$pfZ L$ gpL$ pspu {rQ dpZ lf L$pC rhjedp hr L$f R>, Z epf sd cp
pe L$ ps S> rhjedp hr L$f R> s S> ipdp dpZ NZpeg R> epf sd lj pe S>. su ipL$ k|s
ucpNhs kbû h^pf p L$f R>.
1.""cNhp iyL$ L$lgu ucpNhsu rh L$p Ad L$lp'' (Aepe 4&2) Ad ucpNhsp
hkbû L$ep. 2.""ep eyNdp ucpNhsu hr C?'' Ad su Dr kbû L$ep A
3.""L$pu fZpu epk s fey?'' Ad su Drp L$pfZ kbû L$ep. Apd Ap Z dye p
L$ep.
15
ApNm bu Z p L$f R>: 1.""iyL$ epk pku ucpNhs ip dpV$ cZ?'' Ap 1&4&4
dp iyL$p hcph S>Zphu k|Qhg R>. 2.""epk iyL$ ucpNhs L$hu fus cZph!'' Ap Z 1&4&6 dp
iyL$u q$epy hZ L$fu k|Qhgp R>. 3.""furns kphcpd fpS>gdup Apvf L$fu ip dpV$ NP$Np suf dfZ
es Dhpk L$fhp bk?'' (1&4&10). 1&3&42 dp k|s L$lg L$ ""dfZ es Dhpk L$fhp NP$Npp suf
bW$gp furns iyL$ ucpNhsy hZ L$fphg'' su Ap u Dvcep.
furnsy dplpe lgp ipL$ hNfp Zhpdp Aphgy. sZ dfZ es Dhpk Apvep su sy
dplpe S>hy kpcmgy shy R> L$ rl shp kvl hpu 4.sp S>d A L$d kbû Z AL$ L$ep
(1&4&9). Ap Qpp ep. Ap L$fhpy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ ucpNhsu Dr sp hr p rhjedp
S> sL$u rh{ lpe shy kpcmhpdp Aph sp psp Z Dd a$g ps pe. hmu Ap rhje AgpqL$L$
lphpu sdp pspu L$p L$fpe. gpqL$L$ rhjedp pspu BR>p dpZ L$p L$fu iL$pe. fsy AgpqL$L$
rhjedp shu L$p L$fpsu lphpu, S>hu L$p L$fhpu sL$p rhfp^ fl shu L$p Ap rhjedp L$fu
iL$pe sd lphpu, sL$p rhfp^ L$hu fus flsp u A Zhp ipL$ Ap p L$fg R>. Ap rhjedp ipL$
sL$p rhfp^ S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ s Ad S>Zph R> L$ ""Apdp S> a$g R>, A s ps L$fhpdp rhjep (^,
fpe hNf) S> rh L$fpfp R> A su b^p ipp; rhjepp S> epN L$fphhpdpV$ fQpegp R>. iyL$ sp pspu
dm S>du S> rhjepu v|f flgp, su sd ucpNhsy hZ L$fhpy iy epS>? s ucpNhsy hZ
L$fhpy (furns L$lhpy) sp S>fuA epS> lpe. pspy Dd S>Zphhp Z sd L$fhpy iyL$ L$pC
epS> lsy, L$pfZ L$ s Ap lgpp S>ddp S> khu Dd |Z ophpmp lsp A su Ap S>ddp s
S>pC ghpu Z S>f lsu. Ahp Dd opu ucpNhsy hZ Ahp Dvi L$fhpu ip gpc? hmu
uL$Zu L$p Z Ap Df Au dm S> egu. furns Z Aphp S> lsp. kphcpd fpS>gdu hNf
rhjepp epN L$fu NP$Npp suf dfZ kyû Dhpk L$fhp bW$gp A cNhpu Z Ap Df L$p lsu su
s Z ucpNhsy hZ L$fhpy iy epS>? Aphp sL$p rhfp^ S>Zphpu ipL$ Df S>Zphg Z p
L$ep A furns Df cNhpu L$p lsu s L$fhp sp S>d kbû L$ep.
buAp (bpvh) p Arcpe Ahp R> L$ pR>mu L$fg Z p sp furnsp S>dkbû
uL$Z rs c[s lphp gu^ ipL$ kNhi L$fg R>, L$pfZ L$ csp Df cNhpu L$p lpe R> Ad s
kpfu fus Zsp lsp. Ap Arcpe epe u. hpsrhL$ fus lgp S> Z ucpNhsp h, Dr
A (Drp) L$pfZ kbû L$fg sS> dye p R>. s pp Df Zhpdp Aphsp, bu pp
Dfp sdp S> kdphi C S>i, su dye p Z S> R>&&66-70
Ap Z dye p L$u lgp ucpNhsp h kbû p Df bu L$^dp Api.
bu A u pp Dfp Ap L$^dp Apg R>. sdp Z u p Df Ap ded L$fZ (Aepe
4-6) dp Apg R>. bu hr kbû pp Df Dd L$fZ (Aepe 7-19) dp Api. Apu Ad
k|Qhgy R> L$ AL$-AL$ p Df AL$-AL$ L$fZu Apg R>. L$pu fZpu epk ucpNhs fey? A
u p Df: pfvu fZpu fey, Ahp R>. s Df Ap L$^p Aepe 4-6 u Apg R>. Qpp
Aepedp s fQhpy L$pfZ L$lg R>. pQdp Aepedp s fQhpu epesp S>Zphgu R>. A R>$p Aepedp
pfv epk s fQhpu fZp L$f R> s R>u epk s fey A sp Ayhpv (s S> hps a$fu L$lhu s) ep. su
Ap L$fZ ucpNhsu Drsy L$pfZ S>Zphhpdp S> kdps pe R>. su Ap DpvOps ucpNhsu
Drsp L$pfZ R>.
16
ucpNhs fQhpy L$pfZ Atl DpvOps sfuL$ S>Zphgy lphpu, Ap L$fZdp L$pfZp Z rhQpf
L$fhp CA. su 1pfv epk ucpNhs kbû bp^ L$fhpp ep kN lsp 2sZ sd A bp^ L$fhpy iy
3
epS> lsy A pfv L$pZ (L$hp y{j) lsp, A Zy h Z S>Zphhy CA(s 4-6 kyûp Z
Aepepu Ay$d S>Zphgy R>).
iL$p:lgp Aepedp ipL$ S>hp L$fg shp S> Ap p R>. su lgp Aepedp L$fg p
A sp Dfpp S>d lu L$fZdp kdphi L$ep sd Ap p A sp Dfpu NZp Z lu L$fZdp
L$fhu CA, L$pfZ L$ kdpr^pfp S>Zpeg k|Z ucpNhsdp ucpNhsu Dry L$pfZ S>Zphpf sfuL$
Ap p sp Dfpp kdphi pe R> Ahu iL$p L$fhu. kdp^p: L$pfZ L$ Ap sp Dfpu psp epk
A hsp pfv A b a$g ps epy S>Zphgy R>. cNhpp cs hy A a$g psp sp hsp b
ps eg lphpy Al] S>Zphg R>. Aphy ipL$ A k|sp kb^dp Ap L$^p lgp Z Aepepdp
S>Zphg u. su Ap lgpu Sy>vy ded Ar^L$pf viphp{ L$fZ NZgy R>71-71&&
L$fZp Aepepp A:
pfv epk ucpNhs fQhpu S> kN gu^ fZp L$fu s kN Qpp Aepedp L$lgp R>. Qpp
Aepedp ipL$ L$fg Ap kNp AN R>. L$fZp Apfcdp L$fg Ap Aepep A MpV$p
W$fphu isp u. epk hvp Qpf cpN L$ep, Brslpk A yfpZ pQdp hv fep, uAp-i|p A
pddpp r hvp Aee hNfp Ar^L$pf lphpu sdy L$epZ k^pe s dpV$ cpfs fey, R>sp sdp
ddp kspj ep, sd ksp ps C, su sy L$pfZ rhQpfsp kfhsup suf s Mv L$fsp lsp
epf pfv ep sdp Apd Apep A kN R>.
S> epky hQ lphp gu^ kh S>dp rhhpk fl R> s epk S> hv hNfy a$g DgVy$ S>Zpey.
hvp rhcpN L$fhp R>sp, sdS> Brslpk A (ucpNhs rkhpep) bu yfpZp gMhp R>sp sd S>
ksp ps C, sp R>u sdZ L$lgp Ap Brslpk A yfpZp u Ae gpL$p a$g L$hu fus ps i,
Ad S>Zphhp sdu rQspy Ap Qpp Aepedp hZ L$fgy R>.
pQdp Aepedp epk pfv pspu Ap rQspy L$pfZ |R>sp(gp.5) pfv sd Df Ap R>.
pfv L$l R> L$ ""sd (epk) cNhpp NyZpy Np L$fgy u, su sd Ap rQsp C R>. su kdprû
cNhpy c[s D L$fp{ Qqf Zu, sy dfZ L$fp(gp.13), sdpfp Ahspfy epS> Zp A
cNhpp Qqfy V|$L$pZdp rZ L$fp. L$pfZ L$ cNhpy Qqf hpZu A du Z Zu iL$pe shy
lphpu sy k|Z rZ C iL$ sd u(gp.21)'' A dpZ kpdpe fus epkp p Df Apu,
Apfcdp L$fhpp kpû dpX$u a$g ps pe ep kyûp kp^p Ay$d L$lhpdpV$ ps sfuL$ pfv pspy
Qqf Z epk Ap Aepedp L$l R>.
R>$p Aepedp pfv L$fg kp^p kp s ps eg a$g L$l R>71-73&&
epk A pfv psp sp hsp sfuL$p Ar^L$pfu rkr:
Ap ded L$fZdp epk A pfv psp A hsp p Ar^L$pf Ay$d ps epy S>Zphg R>.
17
epk pspp hvp rhcpN L$fhp hNf L$peu ksp ps sp Mv ep A hps sdy cNhvue
lphpy viph R>. L$pfZ L$ S> cNhvue lpe A cNhpu Dvpku lpe s cNhp Ahu fus Mv L$fph.
su epk cNhvue R> Ad pQdp Aepe(gp.20-21) dp S>Zphgy R>. cNhvue lphy A ded
Ar^L$pfhpmpy a$g R> epf cNh ps hy A Dd Ar^L$pfhpmpy a$g R>. iyL$ cNh ps L$fg
A fp furns Z sdp S>hp S> egp, pfv Z cNhvue eg Ad pQdp A R>$p Aepepdp
S>Zphgy R>.
cNhvueZy b L$pfy R>: 1.cNhp pspp L$pedpV$ Apfcu S> L$pCL$ (L$pCL$ cNhvue) L$f R>
epf s kp^ L$fhpu S>f flsu u. epf 2.bu kp^p L$fu cNhvue ps L$f R>. kp^p L$fu
1
cNhvue L$hu fus hpe s S>Zphhp pfv pspp hps Ay$d L$l R>. Ap kp^pdp d kp^ kkN
2
R>(A. gp.23-28). R>uy kp^ hp hy op A cNhpp hy op R>(gp.30-31).
3
R>u cNhpp Aych pe R> L$ cNhp kh lphp R>sp L$pisp lphp R>sp L$V$ sp u, Ahp sdu
dpepp cph R>(gp.31). su cNhp kh L$pisp lphp gu^ sdu p[s L$fhpp rhjedp L$pC
L$fhp u Ahp cNhpp Aych pe R>. A dpZ psp cNhpp Aych ep epf R>u dp
rQlpu cNhpp Aych pe s rfL$ lphpu, psp cNvue ps ep R>u Z ""l pfv Ry>'' Ad
4
s dpsp lsp. s v|f pe AV$g ""l cNhpp vpk Ry>'' Ahu dpesp pe s dpV$ L$dp cNhp kdZ
L$fhpy Qpy kp^ L$ey(gp.32-39) epf sd cNhpp kdpr^dp Aych ep(A.6 gp.17). R>u
cNhpp hQu(gp.22-25) sd cNhvueZy ps ey. Aphy S> pfv hZ L$fgy R>(gpL$ 27,3234)
iL$p:kp^yApA pfv hp A cNhpp hp opp Dvi L$ep su a$g (cNhvue)
Au dm S> ps hpy. su R>$p Aepedp cNhpp s kdpr^dp Aych ep hNf L$lhpy L$pC epS>
lsy Ad dphy. kdp^p: L$pfZ L$ ivb AV$g hvdp S> huZ lpe s Z ep kyû fbp
kpnpL$pf pe ep kyû a$gu p[s su u. su pfv psp a$g (cNhvueZy) ps epy Ap R>$p
Aepedp L$lgy R>74-75&&
epk Z cNhpu opL$gpp Ahspf lsp. s Ahspf lphpu S> cNhvue lsp, R>sp sd
cNvueZpu p[s pfvp Dviy hZ L$ep R>u S> C, su s Ahspf lphpy a$g Z sd A Dviy
hZ L$ep R>u S> ps ey. cNhvue epk ps ey Ad S>Zphhp sdZ ucpNhs fey Ad Ap
L$fZdp L$lhpu S>f u, L$pfZ L$ ucpNhs sp sdZ Dd Ar^L$pfudpV$ fQgy, su s Dd Ar^L$pfp
L$fZdp L$lhpi. cNhvue sp epk ucpNhs fQhpp kN gu^ sp kbû pspu dm ps
p{ a$g R>, su s Ap ded L$fZdp L$lg u75&&-76&&
Ap dpZ ucpNhs fQhpp kN gu^ sp kbû pspu dm ps p{ a$m Ap L$fZdp
L$lg lphp R>sp Ap L$fZdp epkp sp pfvp ded Ar^L$pf lphpy rk pe R>.
1.epk cNhpp NyZNp rkhpep bu kp^pdp Apk[s lsu s cNhvueZpdp X$sf lsu; s
pfvp Dviu v|f C. pfv su dp cNhvue ps L$fhpdp X$sf lsu; s kvi sp su
AX$QZ Z v|f C.
2.epk pfvu | hNf kp^ L$ep(A.4&33). pfv kp^yApu khp hNf kp^p L$ep.
18
3.epk bu kp^pp ApNl fp A pspu MpduAp lpe s S>Zphhp sdZ pfv L$y(A.5&7).
pfvu kkpfdpu urs v|f C.
Ap Z L$pfZp gu^ sAp cNhvue NZpe.
pfv sp Ar^L$pfu(vhrj) lsp, s cNhvue L$hu fus lpC iL$? Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ cNhpp
hQu s cNhvue ep. ApL$pihpZuu cNhp s L$lg L$ ""sy dpfp khL$ Ci''(A.6&21) su
cNhvueZp ded a$g ps ey. epf R>u pfv yS>d ep (A.6&29, 31), R>sp su s A^d
Ar^L$pfhpmp sp u, L$pfZ L$ s yS>d hpu AV$g kkpfdp Aphhpu vy:M ey lsy, sdS> s fs
ep lsp fsy hs S> fp lsp(A.5&32). hmu sd kkpfp Ahp rhjepp ce sp lsp. su
sd ps eg pfvZy (cNhvue sfuL$ flhpu) a$g S> lsy(A.6&33). hmu sd kvp cNhpp vi
Z sp lsp(A.6&34) su sAp cNhvue lphpu, cNhp Df sd d lphpu, sd pfv h
yS>d ps ep s ded a$g lsp75&&-78&&
epk Z ded Ar^L$pf ps ep, fsy sd pfvu W$ Aphp Ar^L$pf ps L$fhpu S>f
lsu. S>d pfv kepku kp^yApA opp bp^ L$fgp sd epk bp^ L$fhpu S>f lsu. L$pfZ L$
sAp cNhpu opL$gpp Ahspf lsp. hmu gp s S>d cNhpp pdpp DQpf L$fsp pfv a$fsp sd
a$fhpu Z epk S>f lsu. L$pfZ L$ cNhpu sdp Df urs Au dm S> egu.
Apfcdp epk pfv Df rhhpk lsp, su S>d k|s ffpu ps eg ucpNhs
ipL$ hNf kcmpey sd ""bpp ^pddp l S> ucpNhs cZg s sd L$l Ry>'' Ad pfv epk s
L$lg u. L$pfZ L$ ucpNhsu ffp s kde gpL$dp rk lphpu s rhjedp khu kdrs lsu.
R>sp Z ""kdpr^hX$ cNhpp Qqfpy dfZ L$fp'' Ad sp kpdpe fus L$lg lpe sp Z, epk
pfv L$lgy kpQy R> Ad dp sp S> kdpr^ L$fhpu hr L$f. sd lpe sp ucpNhsu ffp pe. pfv
L$lgy kpQy R> Ad epkA ey epf sdZ su ""Alp! vhrj ê R>''(A.6&38) Ad syrs L$fu. Ap
syrsu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ pfv S> L$lg s epkp vedp Esey. epk s ke S>Zpey su Ap syrsu
S> L$fZ |Z pe R>79-80
ucpNhsu fQp A sp hZy a$g:
Ap dpZ ApMp Np DpvOps L$ep. ded L$fZ Ap Nu Dry L$pfZ viphp{ ey.
pfvp epk pku Nep R>u sfs S> epk ucpNhs fQ sp S> pfv L$fg Dvi Ap Nu
Dry L$pfZ NZpe. sd sp epf R>u gpbp kde N fQhpdp Aph sp pfvp Dvi sy L$pfZ
NZpe. su pfv A epk p Ap khpv ucpNhsp Ap rhQpf lpC Np DpvOps R>.
ucpNhsp b^pA hu |Zsp pe s dpV$ ipL$ AL$ (1&7&1) L$f R>. p Dfdp
epkA kdpr^ L$fu cpNhs fepy k|s s L$l R>(A.7&3,6). R>u iyL$ ucpNhsp hsp hpy OV$, dpV$
ipL$ bu L$f R>(A.7&9). Ap bu lgp L$lg(A.4&5,7) sp s S> R>. Ap L$lhy OZy
ApheL$ R> Ad S>Zphhp a$fuu Ap L$fg R>. iyL$ a$g (dpn) ps eg, A sp lgp S> (iyL$
cNh ps L$fg Ad) L$lgy R>. a$g ps eg lphpu iyL$ Dd hsp R>, Ahp Ap p Arcpe R>.
19
ucpNhsy hZ L$fhpu sy a$g gp.7dp k|s L$lgy. ""ucpNhsy hZ L$fsp S> dye ipL$,
dpl A ce p pi L$fpfu fdy{j uL$Zdp c[s D pe R>'' Ahy sy a$g L$lg. Ap rhje sL$u
MpV$p W$fphu iL$pe sd u. L$pfZ L$ ucpNhsdp cNhpy dplpe hZhgy R> A sdp kvl fl s dpV$
kh hsyApp rZe L$fgp R>. su ucpNhsy hZ L$fsp S> s hZu c[s D pe R>.
Ap^yrL$ hp ucpNhsp dp hZu cNhpdp c[s D su u. L$pfZ L$ ucpNhsdp
L$lgp rhjepdp sAp rhhpk u. su sdp L$lg rhjedp rhhpk lphp A c[s hpdpV$ h^pfpy S>fu
L$pfZ R>. epkp hQdp rhhpk lphpu ucpNhsdp L$lg rhjedp rhhpk pe, R>sp Z rhhpk sp
AV$L$phpf kkpfp u-y-^ hNf rhjep Df d lphpu sAp rhhpk sp u, Ad k|Qhhp
(kkpfdp d frls hfpehpmp) iyL$ epk ucpNhs cZpey Ad gp.8 dp L$lg R>.
ucpNhsy a$g dy[s R>. s a$g ps pe sp Z Ap Ny hZ hNf L$fhp CA. L$pfZ L$ Ap
N c[sp kb^hpmp R> A su a$g (dy[s) L$fsp kp^ (Np hZ hNf S>) Dd R>. kkpfdp
urs lpe sd S> Aphp Aych pe R>, bu sp u Ad k|s L$lg gp.10-11 Dfu rQe pe
R>. su Ad rk pe R> L$ kkpfu ^dpgdp dep flgpAp Z c[s ps pe s dpV$ Ap N fQpegp
R>. Aphp rhjeu y{jp Dd rhjep ps L$fhp S> hr L$f R> A Dd rhje ps pe s dpV$ lgL$p
rhjep epN L$f R>, su (rhjeu gpL$p Z Apy hZ hNf L$f s dpV$) Ap dpny kp^ R> Ad L$lg u
A shu L$p Z pe s dpV$ dys hp Z Apy hZ L$fhpu hr L$f R> Ad 10-11dp gpL$pdp
L$lgy R>. su epkA Ap N Ahp fQgp R> L$ sp rhjep kpve gu^ S> gpL$u sy hZ hNf
L$fhpdp hr pe. Aphp L$pfp N fQhpy pfv k|Qhgy Ad A. gp.16 Dfu S>Zpe R>. Ap gpL$dp
pfv epk L$lgy R> L$ S>Ap vl hNfp rhjepdp dep fl R>, sAp dpV$ AV$g sAp Dpf pe s dpV$
sd cNhpp NyZpy rZ L$fp.
iL$p:dyMpAp Dd rhjedp Z hr L$fsp u, su gpL$ Ap Np rhjep kpve gu^ sy
hZ hNf L$fi Ahu iu Mpsfu? Ahu iL$p L$fhu. kdp^p: L$pfZ L$ pfv crhey op lsy. epk
Ahp N fQ s dpV$ S> pfv pspp crhep op A.5&16 dp k|Qhgy R>. epk Ahp kyvf N fQ
epf S> sdZ pfvp L$p dpZ L$fgy NZpe. Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ S> ucpNhsp hZ hNf dpV$
hr L$f R> s sdp Y$ rhhpk pe R>. Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ pfvp Dviu epkA a$g ps
L$fph shy ucpNhs fQgy R>81-83
7 u 11 kyûp pQ Aepepp rhje:
iyL$ ucpNhs furns hZ L$fphg lphpu ucpNhsu hr S>ZphhpdpV$ furnsp S>d
hNf L$lhp CA su s bpfdp Aepedp L$lg R>. s lgp
-kpsdp Aepedp Ahpdp Df ASy> ps L$fg rhS>e,
-ApW$dpdp Ly$suu syrs,
-hdpdp cudu dy[s,
-vidpdp cNhpy pfL$p S>hp epZ A
-ArNepfdpdp pfL$pdp hi
Ahp pQ rhjep L$lgp R>. Ap rhjep Z furnsp S>dp AN sfuL$ S> L$lgp lphp CA.
20
L$V$gpL$ V$uL$pL$pfp Ad L$l R> L$ eyr^r$f hNf pspp kNpApp A cud hNf pX$hpp iyApp
Asfpe rhpp OZu kdrhpmp fpep epN L$ep, Ad furnsp Y$ hfpe S>Zphhp pQ Aepepdp Ap
pQ rhjep L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ furns dfZes Dhpk Apvep ep kyû kNpAp A iyAp leps lps
sp s rhjep (fpe) ps eg lphpu S> sp hfpe Dd NZps, su sp hfpe Dd S>Zpe
shp L$pfu L$p gu^ s OZy kd fpe ps egy A sdp Asfpe kNp sp iy Ap fp lsp.
Ap sApy L$lhy epe u, L$pfZ L$ Ahpdp Df rhS>e ASy> dmep (A.7 gp.17-56)
epf furnsp S>d Z ep lsp, sp R>u s fpe depy A s fpep Asfpe su v|f epy L$d
S> kch? su Ap rhS>e furnsp fpep Asfpe v|f L$fpfp u S>. hmu eyr^r$f sp furns fpe
Apgy. (A.15&38) su s sp fpep Asfpe lsp S>. Ly$suu syrs, cudu dy[s, cNhpy
pfL$p ^pfhp epZ A sdp pfL$pdp hi A rhjep furnsp fpe kp L$pC kb^ S> u. su s
rhjepu sp fpep Asfpep pi epy L$d L$lhpe? hmu Ap L$pedpV$ cNhpu L$p DepNu u.
cNhpu L$p sp epN L$fsp AV$L$phpfu R>. bpfdp Aepedp furnsp S>du L$p L$lgu R>. sfdp
Aepedp(gp.39-49) uL$Zu L$p L$lgu R>(Sy>Ap ukybp.gp.49p Apcpk). Qpvdp Aepedp
(gp.34-38dp) uL$Zy Ly$ig |R>sp eyr^r$f sdu syrs L$fgu R>. A vfdp Aepedp cNhp h^pd
^pepu dplL$p L$lgu R>. 7-11 kyûp pQ Aepep furnsp epN Dd lphpy S>Zphhp S> L$lgp
lphpy dpp sp s Aepepu sd sy rl lphpu A pQ Aepep sdS> 13-15 kyûp Z Aepep A
ApW$ Aepep L$pdp L$lgp NZpe. su A pQ Aepep kbû sApp ds epe u84-86
hsys: S>d pQ A[Ap iy L$fpfp R> sd Ap pQ Aepep furns S>du iy lsp Ad
viphpfp R>. bpfdp Aepedp furnsp S>d L$lgp R>. S>d ep R>u Z s dy[s ps hpdp L$pC
Asfpe hpp u, Ad S>Zphhp sfu vf kyûp Z Aepepu eyr^r$f hNfu dy[s L$lgu R>. L$pfZ L$
rspu dy[s C lpe sp s yu dy[s hpdp Asfpe R>. epf R>u L$pgu furns dy[sdp Asfpe
hpp u Ad viphhp kpmdp sp kfdp Aepe L$lgp R>. R>u AY$pfdp Aepedp Avcys L$d L$fpf
cNhpu furns Df ip L$p S>Zphgu R> A ApNZukdp Aepedp s psp b R>. su S>p Z
hX$hpAp iy lpe A S>p Df S>d kde Z cNhpu L$p egu lpe, s khp epN L$fu ky{jpp
kN L$f epf s ucpNhsu L$pdp k|Z rhhpk pe R>, Ahp furnsp Ar^L$pf rk L$fhp Ap Ndp
pX$hpy hZ L$fgy R>.
Ap L$fZp sf Aepeu kNrs uQ dpZ R>:iyrp R> rhcpN R>. s L$u ifufp L$pfZ S>
buS> s vy ffp gu^ pQ L$pf Aiy lpe R>. shu Aiyr lpe s pQ L$pfu iyr NZpe. s buS>
Ly$Vy$bp hX$p y{j gu^ Ahp u gu^ Ad b L$pf Aiy lpe.
1.furnsp kb^dp s y{j gu^ Aiy lsy Ad S>Zphhp kpsdp Aepedp ASy> Df uL$Zu
L$p lphpy L$lgy R>.
2.uu Aiy lsy Ad S>Zphsp Ly$su Df cNhpu OZu L$p lphpy ApW$dp Aepedp S>Zphgy R>.
(Ap Aepep gp.40-41dp Ly$su; yp hNf Dfp lp epN A cNhp Dfp ldpV$ Ay$d
pp L$f R> A gp.44dp sZ dpNgy cNhp s Ap R>).
3.hdp Aepedp pjZ L$fpfp Au iyr S>Zphhp cudp Dviy rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ h fl
21
ep kyû Ap vpj Ahe pe (vpjhpmy A ghpdp Aph). su opuAp S> iyr ps pe R>. L$pfhpp
Au pjpeg lphp R>sp cud dy[s ps C su Ad kde R> L$ opu su iyr u L$pfu
iyr R>.
4.buS> (furns) p kp^pfZ kbûAp Z cNhp Df dhpmp lphpy vidp Aepedp L$lgy R>. Ap
Qpp L$pfu iyr R>. cNhp pfL$p ^pfhp epZ L$f R> epf rhflp spu Ap Zhpdp Aph R>.
5.R>u vpj Aphu X$ s dpV$ cNhpp L$peu kdp[s (pfL$p lpQu S>hpy) ArNepfdp Aepedp L$lg
R>. Ap pQdp L$pfu iyr C.
6.cNhpu L$p A dye iyr R>. bpfdp Aepedp furnsp S>d kde cNhp ps furns Df L$p
L$epy(gp.7-11) sdS> L$pgh Z L$p L$epy(gp.12) L$lgy R>. Ap bpfdp Aepep A S> cNhp
S>d kde furns Df L$fgu L$p R>.
A dpZ R>A L$pfu iyr furnsdp lsu. sfdpu kfdp kyûp pQ Aepepdp furnsu
khp epN pe R> A R>hV$p b AY$pf sp ApNZukdp Aepepdp s kkN ps pe R>, epf s
ucpNhsdp rhhpk pe R>. ucpNhsp hZdp rhhpkS> (dye) AN R>. sp Z dye kp^p R>:
1.ky{jpp kN (A.18-19)
2.khp epN A (A. 13-17) A
3.Dd L$pfu iyr (A. 7-11).
su udvpQpeQfZp Ap ds dpZ sf Aepepu furns pspp Ar^L$pf ps pe R>. bu
L$pCp ds dpZ sd sy u. Ar^L$pf k|Z fus rk pe s dpV$ S>, ipL$ pXy$p ypp dey kbû
|R>g lphp R>sp, fpS>rj furnsp S>d L$d sp dpn A S> uL$Zu L$pdp qfZd R> s
pXy$ypy dey (s) l L$lui Ahu k|su rsop OV$ R>. Ap rsopdp "A' iv R> su cNhpu pX$hp
Dfu L$p L$lgu R> A iyr S> Ar^L$pfy d|g R> Ad S>Zphhp ""S> uL$Zu L$pdp qfZd R> s'' Ad
L$lgy R>. su Ap A ucpNhsdp S> k|Qhgp lphpu Apdp S>fpe vpj lphpy kchsy u87-88
furns S> psp ip dpV$?:
kL$ hNf hs:iy opuAp lphp R>sp, furns S> Al] psp eg R>, L$pfZ L$ dp Ar^L$pf
viphhp A S> epS> Al] u, fsy ucpNhsu S> khp Dpf pe R> Ad Z rk L$fhpy R>.
cNhp uL$Z Ahspf ^pfZ L$fu ep kyû c|sg Df rhfpep ep kyû sApuA pspp hu S>
kh dy[s ps L$fphu. sApu c|sg Dfu ^pfu Nep R>u ucpNhs S> dy[s ps L$fphp{ R>, L$pC
Z dpV$ L$pC Z kNdp dy[s ps L$fhpp bu L$pC Dpe u, Ad S>Zphhp cNhp ^pfu Nep R>u
sfs S> furnsp S>d ep A ucpNhsu S> s dy[s ps C Ad L$lgy R>. hmu S> pX$hpp Ap
gpL$p Z kh L$pedp uL$Zp cph hpdp Aphsp lsp, sApp hidp L$pC Z rhR>v rhp ku^p
furns S>dg lsp su S> s ucpNhsdp k|Z p lsu. kL$ hNf hs:iy opuAp X$sp d|L$u
furns S> psp sfuL$ hZhg R>. hmu ep pX$hpy kpde L$pCL$ R> Ahp rZe C iL$, shu Z cpfsu
L$p X$su d|L$u ep dp uL$Zy S> kpde S>Zpe shu S> cpfsu L$p ucpNhsdp L$lgu R>. hpsrhL$ fus
kh cyy S> kpde R>, R>sp Z Ahpdp Dfp ASy>p rhS>e hNf S> ucpNhsdp L$lg R> s sp
uL$Zp cphu S> eg lphpp rQe pe R>. su kpjy[sL$ (AhpdpA k|sgp pvup yp lep
s) L$pu Apfcu pX$hp hNdp Nep ep kyûu dlpcpfsu L$p, pX$hp Apk[shpmp R> Ad viphhp Al]
L$lgu R>. pX$hpdp pspp dm pspy fnZ L$fhpu i[s lsu A cNhp sApy fnZ L$ey, L$pfZ L$
cNhp rkhpe sd bu L$pCy ifZ lsy Ahy Ap L$lhpy epS> R>. sAp cNhp rkhpe bu L$pCy
22
ifZ lsy Ad S>Zphhp pvup yp AhpdpA lep epu Apfcu pX$hp hN Nep ep kyûu L$p
L$lgu R>. pX$hpu dy[s Z furnsp Ar^L$pf viphhp S> L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$ S>Ap dy[s ps C lpe
sAp cpN ApheL$ R> A pspp cpNdpV$ sAp yu dy[sdp L$pC kN Asfpe L$f. furnsp rsp
1
Arcdey Z Asfpe L$f sd lsy, L$pfZ L$ s kpdp dyM ey L$fsp dey pdgp. drsdp L$lgy R> L$
""gpL$dp Ap b y{jp k|ep dX$g cvpfp (Dd Nrs ps L$fpfp) R>:epN ApQfpf kepku A
2
eydp kpdp dyM lZpeg (huf)'' su sp Z dpn egp. sp AL$ Ai Q lpC sZ hmu vhu [rs
ps L$fgu s Apep[dL$ Ai lsp. 3hmu s cNhpp kbû lsp, Ap Ar^vrhL$ Ai lsp. Aphp dy[s
L$d ps pe? su Arcdeyp Apr^cprsL$, Apep[dL$, Apr^vrhL$ A Z Aiu furns Asfpe
pe sd lsy89-93&&
kpsdpu hdp kyûp Z Aepepp A:
1
2
pX$hp vy:M b L$pfy egy pspp vlu Sy>vp lpe s (y) pfp egy A pspp vlu egy.
y hNf pspp vlu Sy>vp R>, sApp kb^dp AL$ L$pfy vy:M egy. pspp vlu pRy> b L$pfy vy:M
A
Ap
L
M
eg: Aopu egy A iyu egy. Aop pRy> b L$pfy lsy: hp kbû A bp
1
2
3
kbû. Apd lphpu pspp vlu Z L$pfy vy:M ey: iyu hkbû Aopu A bkbû
Aopu. S>pu pspp vlu eg vy:M v|f pe, spu S> yp hNfu pfp egy vy:M Z v|f pe. su
Z L$pfy S> vy:M fl R>. su s vy:M v|f L$fhp Ap Z Aepep L$lgp R>. sdp kpsdp Aepedp ypp
hû eg vy:M L$lgy R>(gp.20-21). s kde ASy>u BR>p |Z L$fu(gp.27-28) cNhp S> s vy:M
v|f L$f R>. iy Df rhS>e ps sp(gp.29-56) spu eg vy:M v|f pe R>. ASy> cNhpu syrs
L$fgu(gp.22-26), su cNhp su BR>p |Z L$fgu. kh m vy:M v|f hpy L$pfZ cNhpu syrs A
sdu ksp R>. su Ap Z Aepepdp cNhpu syrs L$fgu R>. kpsdp Aepedp ASy> vy:Mp kN
syrs L$fu. ApW$dp Aepedp ASy> vy:Mp kN syrs L$fu. ApW$dp Aepedp S> pX$hpp pi L$fhp
AhpdpA bu hpf bp epS>g epf, spu Dfpp Ncy A pX$hpy cNhp fnZ L$ey, epf
pspy BR>gy (fnZ) ps sp Ly$suA kyMp kN syrs L$fu(17-42). Apu bkbû Aop v|f
epy S>Zphg R>. hdp Aepedp cud psp dpn ps pe s dpV$ syrs L$fu(gp.32-42). Apu
h kbû Aop v|f epy S>Zphgy R>. su S> s syrsp As cud dpn epy L$lgy AN. Ap
syrs L$fpfpAp cNhvue lphpu S> sdp vy:M sp v|f pe. vy:M v|f L$fhpdpV$ syrs L$fhpy epS> u,
fsy (c[s L$fhpp) Ar^L$pf ps pe s dpV$ syrs L$fhpu S>f lsu. Ap syrs (kkpfp Sy>vp
vppdpu) Apk[s v|f L$fhpp kp^ R>, L$pfZ L$ s Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp ps L$fhp fZp L$fsp Apr^vrhL$
cNhp Ap syrs gu^ sd L$fsp AV$L$ph R>93-97
khu dpV$p cpC eyr^r$f lsp, R>sp ASy> lgp syrs L$fu. L$pfZ L$ ASy> fp Ai lpC khdp
dye lsp. Ly$su uL$Zu a$pC lphpu cNhpp kb^ gu^ Dd lsu. cud khu $ (hX$ug) lsp
Z sdu $sp gpqL$L$ S> lsu. Ap Zdp ASy> Dd lsp, spu Dsfsp Ly$su A sdpu Dsfsp
cud. A[R>L$ syrs L$fgu Ad dphy, fsy kvp syrs L$fhu CA su L$fgu. dye y{j Ahe syrs
L$fhu CA. su syrs kvp ka$g pe R>. cNhp kh g kpdpe fus psppu fnp L$f R>, fsy syrs
L$fhpdp Aph epf OZp du fnp L$f R> A shu du L$fgu fnp csp cS>p Dkpl h^pfpfu R>.
sd C S> L$pf buAp Z cS> L$fhp gpN shp sdp cS>dp Dkpl pe R>98-99&&
23
bppu cNhp L$fgy fnZ:

pvup pQ yp JOsp lsp epf AhpdpA lep. pvu cNhpu cs lsu, ypp
deydpV$ fX$hy CA, R>sp Z yp bpZ Ahpdpu dep A s Z ey L$fsp dfg rl, su fX$hy
Apey. L$pfZ L$ bpZu dey ps L$fpf MfMf fL$dp X$ R>. L$dp a$g (fL$dp X$hp)y DP$O sp
cNhpu OZu L$p lpe sp S> pe R>, su cNhpu sAp Df L$p pe s dpV$ pvu fX$u(A.7&16).
ASy> s qvgpkpp hQp L$p(gp.16). Ap hQp ke lsp. L$pfZ L$ ""uAp pk, dL$fudp, rhhpldp
... Ake t u''(cpN.yfp.8&19&43). uL$Z sp csu BR>p |Z L$fpfp R>, su bpZ
lZhpdp vpj R> Ad Zhp R>sp, ASy> Ahu rsop L$fsp AV$L$phsp u. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$
cNhpp cspA Z iy L$fhy epe R> s ipu Zu S> L$fhy CA. L$pfZ L$ cNhp AdyL$ L$pedp vpj
R> Ad Zhp R>sp s L$pe L$fsp AV$L$phsp u. cNhp csp sd L$fsp AV$L$ph, sp b^pe cS> L$fhp
epe NZpe, L$pfZ L$ kkpf A R>.
iL$p:A sp lpe sp cNhp AV$L$phhp CA. s sdZ L$d AV$L$pep? Ahu iL$p Z L$fhu.
kdp^p:L$pfZ L$ A pe epf Z sdpu (csy) fnZ L$fhp cNhp i[shpmp R>. A Aphu
rsop ASy>p A sp Df pvup d L$fphpfp R>. hmu Ahpdp vep Ai lphpu ASy> shu
rsop L$fgu A cNhp Z s lZhp AS>y L$lgy(A.7&35-39). Ahpdp lZhpdp hvp rhfp^
fl s dpV$ cud Z sp h^ L$fhpdp Aph shp Dd L$ep(A.7&51). L$pfZ L$ pZhpey cud hv R>. s
vep rs Ly$vfsu j lpe R>. su dpZ (pZhpey-hv cud) A de (cNhp uL$Z) bp
Arcpe Ahpdp lZhpp ep R>sp sdp Arcpe dpZ ASy> ApQfZ L$ey. ASy> sdS> pvu
b gpqL$L$ lsp, su gpL$ AV$g Ly$gp rhQpf gu^ A ""bpZ lZhp rl'' Ahp hvp hpe gu^
Ahpdpp h^ L$ep. Ahpdp vep Ai lsp A pvu klpfi[s lpC vep AyL|$m lpe, su sZ
s R>pX$u d|L$hp L$y(A.7&43-48). cNhp sp s kh lphpu b n kdp R>, su sdZ ASy>
pspu rsop pmhp A cudk pspp re gpN sd L$fhp L$y(A.7&53-54). L$pfZ L$ rhr Aphu
X$ sp Z csy fnZ cNhp buS> L$pf Z L$fhpp S>. dpZ(cud) A de(cNhp), gp.3539 dp S>Zpey s dpZ, Ahpdp ASy> lZsp S>hp vu^p, su pX$hp rhr Aphu X$u, L$pfZ L$
bu hpf hpmu iL$pe shy bp ep sZ S>Nsdpu pX$hpy d|g L$pY$u pMhp epk L$ep.
AS>y Ahpdpp h^ L$fsp sp dppdpu drZ L$pY$u gC s d|X$p(A.7&55). sy dpy
d|X$hpy op ASy> s kde ey L$pfZ L$ s kde cNhpp spdp Aphi egp. cNhp ASy>dp Aphi
L$fu s dpZ L$fgy, su sZ sy dpy gphu Aphpu lgp rsop L$fgu(gp.16) sp rhfp^ flsp
u(gp.57). cNhp ASy>dp Aphi L$fu s dpZ L$ey lps sp klpf i[s-pvu cud hNfp Z
h^ L$fs. Aphy Dpep Z L$pC L$pC g rk R>. R>u $p^p Aphi S>sp fp epf lgpu
W$ANbpZu dey A ey L$fsp ey s dpV$) pvu A pX$hpA ypp deydpV$ rhgp L$ep. R>u
AhpdpA hpmu iL$pe shp bp epey. ASy> ps lgy bp hpmgy sp Nh fl s dpV$
cNhp Ap epN L$fphgp100-104&&
bp b L$pfp R>:hpmu iL$pe shp A hpmu iL$pe shp. lgp hpmu iL$pe shy bp
AhpdpA epS>gy, su cNhp s hpmhp ASy> L$lgy (A.7&28) A ASy> s hpmgy (A.7&32).
24
su ASy> Nh ep. s Nh fl s dpV$ hpmu iL$pe shy bp epS>hp cNhp Ahpdp fZp
L$fgu. pspy dey pe sd lpe shp kN Z hpmu iL$pe shy bp epS>hy CA. sy kpde
ipu A vhu ps egy lpe R>, su sy sS> Ar^L$ lpe R>. epf Ahpdp L$pC Dpe fp A
drZ S>hpu s dfgp S>hp C Nep, epf sZ rsp pku OZp-OZp |S>u ps L$fg Ap bp
epey. su cNhp s kyviu pX$hpy fnZ L$ey (A.8&12), su ASy> krls pX$hpp Nh S>sp
fp105-107
cNhp A dpZ pX$hpp Nhp pi L$ep, R>sp Nhp L$pfZ sdp hi, furnsy Dfpp
1
Ncdp fnZ L$fu, b^ X$hp vu^p. L$pfZ L$ Dfp cNhpu fd cs lpC, Apr^cprsL$ kfkpChpmu
2
khu $ lsu. su S> s cNhp ifZ Aphgu(A.8&8). hmu s fprlZup Ai lphpu sZ cNhpu
3
syrs L$fgu. Ap su Apep[dL$ kfkpC C(A.8&8-9). hmu cNhpp kb^hpmu AV$g cNhvue
lphpu sZ lgu S> bp ey. Ap su Apr^vrhL$ kfkpC C. Ahu fus s Z L$pfu kfkpChpmu
lphpu, sy re pe s dpV$ cNhp sp Ncy bpu fnZ L$ey. s cs lsu Ad S>Zphhp cNhp sp
Ncdp ^pfu Ncy fnZ L$ey. s cNhpu cs lphp R>sp, AhpdpA bpp epN L$ep epf uL$Z
spu v|f lphpu, s A sp Ncdp lgp hi L$fgp su cNhp pspu dpepu s Nc h]V$u gC, sy
bpu fnZ L$ey(A.8&13-14). Ncdp higp bp sy L$pe L$fsp AV$L$phhpp s S> Dpe lsp.
cNhp Ap dpZ furnsy fnZ L$fgy Ahy s op pe s dpV$ cNhp(Ncdp) OZp kde flgp108109&&
iL$p:cNhp pX$hpy kyviu A Dfpp Ncy pspu dpepu fnZ L$epy L$lg R>(A.8&1213), fsy bp, S>p pi L$vpr sp u, p L$pCdp ge epy L$lgy u. ""hZh sS> ps L$fu s
ips ey'' Ad (A.8&14 dp) L$lu, dp sy |$fZy AV$L$u Nepy S>Zphg R>, fsy bpp pspp ge
epy L$lgy u. furnsp S>d kde Z sZ pspu Nvpu Ap sS>p pi L$fsp cNhpp S> vi
L$fgp(A.12&10), su Al] Z A.8&14 W$ sp sS>p pi L$ep AV$g sips L$ey Ahp rZe pe R>.
epf s bpy iy ey? Ahu iL$p pe.
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ cNhp bpp pspu Avf S> ge L$fgp. bp cNhpu vybg lphpu
A cNhpdpu S> D eg lphpu, sp sp L$pfZ cNhpdp S> ge pe Ahp rQe pe R>.
bpp ge cNhpdp L$hu fus ep s L$pf ucpNhsdp L$lg u. ep-ep Aphu fus lf L$pC vpp
gep L$pf L$lg lpe ep-ep sp ge sp L$pfZdp S> eg lphpy Zhy Ad Ap hpsu k|Qhgy
R>109&&-110
bhy A hhy op:
lgp pX$hp Nh lsp. pRy> hpmu iL$pe shy bp AhpdpA epep R>u s Nh S>sp fp.
Nh gu^ lgp c[s lsu. Nh S>sp flsp cNhpdp c[s C. c[shpmp lpe s cS> L$f su cS>
L$fhpdpV$ (cNhpp dplpe kbû) kh kvlpp pi L$f shu syrs Ly$suA L$fu(A.8&17-42). s
op Ahp op L$fphpf kp^ lsp, R>sp cNhpdp c[s sp, sdp hp epg s pspu
L$pu Aphhp gpep A su s shu syrs L$fu iep. hmu cNhp pX$hpy sp Ncy fnZ L$ey su Z
sdp hy s cp ey. L$pfZ L$ lgp cNhp Aphu en fus sdy fnZ L$fgy lsy su As
25
NyZpu cf|f cNhp sdp As:L$fZdp L$pisp lphp R>sp, ""sdpfp hQ L$pCL$ eh^p (ApX$Mugu) R>''
A red dpZ ApX$Mugu lphpu sd cNhpy op lsy. ldZp cNhp en L$pf fnZ L$ey s gu^
ApX$Mugu gNcN uL$mu NC, AV$g cNhpp Ap L$pe gu^ sd cNhp uL$Zp hy kpfu fus op
ey111
pX$hp cNhpp hy op kpfu fus ey, R>sp Z pR>mu eyr^r$f dpl ep(A.8&4551), L$pfZ L$ du L$pu Ahp cNhpp viu egy op dpl v|f L$fsy u. L$pfZ L$ vpjy hZ
sp ivu dpl D pe R>. ipu cd gu^ D egp op gu^ eyr^r$f dpl egp, s ipp
L$pf S> v|f pe. su ep kyû khp rZe S>Zphu Ny{ bp^ L$f ep kyû h dpl fl S>, su
eyr^r$f eg dply hZ L$fgy R>. su ep kyû cud eyr^r$f shu fus bp^ L$f ep kyû sp dpl
e. hdp Aepedp cud eyr^r$f bp^ L$f R>(gp.12&38) su Ap Aepe hp hy op
L$fphpfp R>112
Al] cud eyr^r$f Ahp bp^ L$fgp L$ h cNhpy cS> L$fhpu S> L$sp pe R>(gp.2223). s bp^ pspp ApQfZu Y$ L$fhp cud epf R>u cNhpu syrs L$f R>(gp.32-42) su Ap
syrs kNrs frls u. L$pfZ L$ su cud kp^ A a$g en vMpX$ R>. syrsu kp^(cNhpp cS>)
kbû kvl v|f L$f R> A s dy[s ps pe R>(gp.44-45). su s kpû sp a$g kbû kvl
v|f L$f R>. A dpZ kpsu h kyûp Z Aepepu eyr^r$fp kh kvl v|f L$fgp R>. A fus pX$hpy vy:M
v|f epy L$lgy R>.
vidpu bpfdp kyûp Z Aepepp A:
vidpu bpfdp kyûp Z Aepepdp pX$hp kyM ps ey sy hZ L$fgy R>. vidp Aepedp
lgp eyr^r$fy uL$Z Dfp d krls fpe kbû kyM kpdpe fus L$lgy R>(gp.2-6). uL$Zp
rhepN pe epf su fp dy kyM O hû e, su cNhp l[spyfdpu pfL$p S>hp uL$mhpu L$p
ApNm L$lgu R>(gp.7-32). uL$Zp kyMdp S> eyr^r$fy kyM lsy Ad S>Zphhp eyr^r$fp kyMy hZ
L$fsp uL$Zu Ap L$p L$lgu R>. vidp A ArNepfdp A b Aepepdp cNhp kyM ey s L$lgy R>, L$pfZ
L$ uL$Z S> L$pedpV$ l[spyf ^pfgp s L$pe L$fu kyMu pe R>. s cspp Dpf L$fhp ^pfgp. A
sdZ csp Qdpu Dpf L$ep. hL$ue (pspp kb^hpmp) csp A fL$ue (shp kb^ hNfp)
cspp Dpf cNhp L$ep, su sy hZ vidp A ANuepfdp A b Aepepu L$fgy R>. bpfdp Aepedp
y (furns) u p[s sp eyr^r$f kyM pe R> sy Mpk L$pf hZ L$fgy R>. Ap Z Aepepdp
pX$hpp kyMy rZ L$ey su Ad rk pe R> L$ pX$hpy kh kyM uL$Z Aû lsy. Ap Z
Aepepp A Ay op vfL$ hpep A rhQpfhpu pe shu fus sy rZ L$fgy R> 113-115&&.
sfdpu vfdp kyûp Z Aepepp A:
sfdpu vfdp kyûp Z Aepepdp pX$hp dy[s ps C sy rZ L$fgy R>. s L$u sfdp
Aepedp ^sfpu dy[s L$lgu R>. ^sfp Ofdpu uL$mu Nep A buS> R>. epf ^sfp Z Ofdpu uL$mu
S>hpu dy[s ps C epf ApZ Z sd L$fhpu dy[s ps i, Ahp spu buAp Z rhhpk
pe, su ^sfpu buS> dy[s Ap sfdp Aepep A R>. pX$hpu dy[sy Ap buS> R> Ad S>Zphhp S>
pfv eyr^r$f ^sfpy Qqf L$l R>(gp.50-57). eyr^r$f Of s uL$mu S>hpy L$pfZ hfpe, A Ap
26
buS>dy[sy qfZpd R>. Ap Qpvdp Aepep A R>. vfdp Aepedp pX$hp dy[s ps pe R> sdp
dy[s a$gy rZ L$fgy R>.
hX$hpApu dy[s C lpe sp pspu dy[s hpdp s Asfpe pe R> Ad Df L$lgy R>, su
furnsu dy[sdp Aphp Asfpe fp lsp Ad S>Zphhp Al] pX$hpu dy[s epy L$lg R>. hmu hX$ugp
Of s hdp S>C dy[s dmh, shu sdu dy[s psp Z epN L$fhpp kp^ pe R>. pX$hpA epN
L$ep, sdy ps gC furns Z epN L$f A epN L$f epf uL$Zdp ge AV$g dy[s pe Ad khp
kb^dp L$lgy R>. su psp L$pfu Z pX$hpu dy[s furnsu dy[s hpdp DepNu R>. su
Al] sApu dy[sy rZ L$fgy R>. Al] vfdp Aepedp ASy> uL$Zp hy rZ L$fgy
R>(gp.7-21). pX$hp b^p uL$Zdp rQhpmp lsp Ad viphhp s L$fg, Ahu su kNrs shpvu
rb^ fep lgp udvpQpeQfZ S> k|d V$uL$p L$fgu sdp viphgu(Sy>Ap ukybprû A.15&7 p
Apcpkdpu L$pqfL$pAp). Ap Aepep A sp pX$hpu dy[s S> R>. su uL$Zp hy rZ ASy>
L$fg sp ip DepN R> s Al] rb^dp sApuA viphg u. furnsu dy[s hpdp Asfpe u Ad
S>Zphhp kpsdpu vfdp kyûp h NyZ Aepepp A S>Zpep A buS> hNfu iyrpfp s
furnsu dy[s hpdp DepNu R> Ahp sdp DepN Z L$p 115-117&&
kpmdpu ApNZuk kyûp Qpf Aepepp A:
a$g dy[s ps L$fph shy kp^ furns L$fgy Ad kpmdpu ApNZukdp kyûp Qpf Aepep
furnsp Ar^L$pf viphpfp R>. fpe A sp epN Ahp b Ap Aepepp rhcpN R>. kpmdp A kfdp
Aepedp sp fpey A AY$pfdp sp ApNZukdp Aepedp sp epNy rZ L$fgy R>. gpqL$L$ A
AgpqL$L$ Ahp b L$pfy sy kpde Ay$d viphhp fpey b Aepepu rZ L$fgy R>. kpmdp Aepedp
khc|rdp S>e gpqL$L$ kpdey A kfdp Aepedp L$pg(L$rg) Dfp rhS>e AgpqL$L$ kpdey rZ
L$fgy R>. kpmdp Aepedp ^fZu A ^d p khpv (gp.18-35) L$p, s kfdp Aepedp L$rg Dfp
rhS>e L$lg R> sp AN R>. L$pfZ L$ ^fZu A ^d b L$rgu ce pdgp L$lgp R> A sd ce
dpX$pf L$rg fp kfdp Aepedp hi L$f R>.
Ahp furns kh Apr^cprsL$ A Apep[dL$ ^dy p L$ey Ad ^fZu A ^d p khpvu
S>Zphgy R>. A kfdp Aepedp Apr^vrhL$ ^dp rhfpû L$rgp rNl L$fu s ^dp ce Z v|f L$ep Ahu
fpu kfkpC S>Zphgu R>118-120
Ap L$fZ bu L$pf Z ucpNhsy dlpe viph R>. ^fZu A ^d p Ap L$fZdp kN R>.
^fZu Df flpfpAp ^du S> L$sp pe. shp Z L$rgA rfpi L$ep. cNhp c|sg Dfu ^pfu Nep
R>u S>Z L$rg Z hi L$fu s ^fZu Df flpfpApy fnZ L$ey s furns Dd y{j S> lsp Ahp kpmdp
sp kfdp Aepep A ep. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ c|rd Dfp sup, vhp A Qpgy kde(L$rgL$pg)dp
L$fhpdp Aphsp ^d dpgp R>. L$pg Df rhS>e ps L$fpfpAp A dey Df rhS>e ps L$fpfpAp Z
cNhpu AV$g cNhpu L$pu Ahp ucpNhsu S> dpn ps L$f R>, buSy> L$pC sAp Z dpn Aphp
kd u sp R>u bu sp ucpNhs rhp dpn dm Adp L$lhy S> iy? 121-121&&
iL$p:pX$hp Df cNhpu L$p r lphp R>sp sApA L$rg spb L$fgp rl. su L$rg hi L$fpf
27
furns ps S> Dd y{j lphp CA, su ucpNhsu rsW$p pe s dpV$ S> iyL$ Dd y{j cpNhsy
hZ L$fphgy R> Ahu iL$p L$fhu.
kdp^p:L$pfZ L$ pX$hp cNhp Df dhpmp lphpu, cNhp ^pfu S>sp sAp i[shpmp lphp
R>sp QpepS> Nep. su furnsy S> kpdpe lsy s sy pspy lsy fsy pX$hp pku s dmgy lsy.
iL$p:ucpNhs dpn Aphpu OZu i[shpmy lpe sp sy Nd s hZ L$fsp dpn Ap,
furnsy S> iy epS>?
kdp^p:S>Ap L$rgp vpju OfpC Negp R> sAp cNhpy NyZNp L$fhpdp p lpsu u.
furns ucpNhsdp p lsu Ad S>Zphhp S> sp Ar^L$pfy rZ L$fgy R>. fsy hZ L$fpf
Ar^L$pf lphpu cpNhs S>f u. ucpNhs sy hZ L$fpf dpn AphpdpV$ spdp hZ L$fhpp
Ar^L$pf lphpu S>f lpe sp ""vl hNf S>X$ vppp NyZpdp hr L$fpfp Dpf pe s dpV$ cNhpp
NyZp L$lp'' Ad 1&5&16 dp L$lgy R> sp rhfp^ pe. su S> ucpNhsdp OZu p lpe s S> sy hZ
L$fhpp Ar^L$pfu R>. L$rg furns ce dpX$gp lphpu cNhpp csp X$sp u112-122&&
L$rg:
iL$p:furns Z L$rgA vybyr D L$fu. su pk Frjp Nmpdp dfgp k Mpep A su
sy kviu dey L$fpey. sp R>u buApu dy[s ucpNhsp hZu Z s L$d hp v?
kdp^p:Ahu iL$p Z fpMhu. L$pfZ L$ furns A vybyr L$rgA D L$fu lsu, fsy
cNhp S> D L$fgu Ahp rZe pe R>. furns L$rg flhpp p Apep(17&37&39) su
bpZy Adp L$fhpu su byr C. vy L$rg p Apey su Frjp Nmpdp dfgp k pMhp spdk
L$d L$fhpu su byr C. su shu byr A^d gu^ S> egu. op A[u bmgp sp vlp gpqL$L$ vpl
pe s epe rl su cNhp bpZp ipp blppu snL$p rhj A[ s bpmhp fZp L$fu A
s fpS>rjp vl hNgpL$p vMsp snL$p rhj A[u sfs S> bmu Nep(12&6&13).
iL$p:L$rg L$pg lpC ApL$rsfrls A kvp flpfp R>. s hi iu fus L$fpe A flhpy p Z
L$hu fus Ape? Ahp Dvch
kdp^p:L$rg L$rgeyNp Arcdphpmp vh R>. furnsp kdedp s L$pgp ^dpu hr hu,
AV$g L$rgp Ar^L$pf furnsp kdedp fl A S> L$rg hi L$fhpy ey A sp hy furns fnZ L$ey
(s lep rl) s S> s flhpy p Apey123-125
A^d L$rg p Apey A su spu Frjy Adp ey. shp L$peu Z furns dpn
ep, L$pfZ L$ L$rg Aes vy u. eo hNf ^d L$fhpdp vi, L$pg, e, L$sp, d A L$d A R>e iy lphp
CA, Z sApu iyr vi A L$pg dpZ L$fhpu lpe R>. L$rgdp A iy lphpu S>f u. dfZ kde
S>d fpN pe R> sd L$rgdp cNhpy dfZ pe sp dye Df S>Zphgp R>e kp^p rhp pspu dm
S> iy pe R>. su ^d ps L$fhpdp L$pC klpe L$fpf lphp R>sp, L$rg i|fp lphpu, sp hy fnZ
28
furns L$fhpu ^du hr C. su furnsp spdk L$du Z s dpnu p[s C.

iL$p:Ad lpe sp Ahp Dd L$rgy fnZ kp[hL$ L$d S> NZpe. shp L$du Frjy Adp L$fhpu
furnsu byr L$d C A ku sy dey L$d ey? Ahp pe.
kdp^p:L$rgdp ^d sp lphpu fpu shu byr A s L$pf dey ep. L$rgdp ^d sp lpe
sp ^d ps L$fphhpdp L$pCu klpe rhp Z L$rg i|fp lphpu sy fnZ kp[hL$ L$d NZpe; fsy s L$pgdp
^d C iL$sp lphpu, L$rgp fnZu fp Ahy a$m dey. hmu L$rg spdk R>. Qpf eyNpdp L$seyN kp[hL$
R>, sp fpS>k A kp[hL$ R>, pf fpS>k A spdk R>, A L$rg |fp spdk R>. spdky fnZ Z spdk
L$pe lphpu fp shy a$m dey. hmu L$rgdp L$fgp ^du rQu iyr su u fsy dp hN hNf a$g dm
R>. shp ^du Aydpv C iL$ shy S> a$m dm R>, Apvf L$fu iL$pe shy a$m dmsy u. S>d L$Qfphpmp
S>gp |fu ^phpdp Aphg L$pC vp iy sp u sd L$rgdp L$fgp ^du rQu iyr su u. p L$fg
lpe R>sp L$rgdp L$fg ^du rQu iyr su u L$pfZ L$ drg gpL$dp drgsp S> lpe, re gpN shy L$C
lpe. Ap drgsp vycpe R>. s fL$dp pMsu u fsy p gu^ Ap gpL$dp S> vy:M ps L$fph R>. s
vy:M spdk R>. suh hvp u, fsy d|Y$ (bu S>Zpe sd ApLy$gsp L$fphp{) lphpu kl L$fhy X$
R>. hmu s AgpqL$L$ AV$g S>u gpL$dp rvp hNf pe shy lpe R>. A L$pf L$rgdp kpfp NyZ lphpy L$y.
L$rgp Dd NyZ sp A R> L$ sdp ""uL$Zy L$us L$fhpu S> dye bû dys C cNhp ps L$f
R>''(12&3&51). fsy ucpNhsipu hr pe sp uL$Zp L$us hNf pe. shu hr pe rl ep
kyû L$us hNfdp Apvf lpsp u. A L$usp Apvf lpe sp A dpZ cNhpu p[s su u. su
Al] lgp L$^dp cpNhsu hr ep lgpp hps lphpu L$rgp Dd NyZ L$lgp u. ApNm bpfdp
L$^dp su L$p L$lhpu R> ep sp s Dd NyZ L$li. Ap S> L$rgp Dd NyZ R> Ahp rkpsp kpf
Zhp126-129
iL$p:dlpcpfsdp furns Dd lphpy L$lgy u. shp dpV$ egu cpNhsu hr Dd L$d
NZpe? Ahp pe.
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ dlpcpfsdp A cpNhsdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$u L$p L$lgu lphpu ucpNhsu
L$p dlpcpfsu L$pu rh{ u129&&
ucpNhsp hZdpV$ FrjApy ApNd:
FrjAp kho lsp, su sAp Zsp lsp L$ ep A epf ucpNhsy hZ iyL$ furns L$fphi.
su sAp epe kde ep L$p hpu lsu ep pspu dm Apep, fpu vepu Apep lsp. epk A
pfv ded Ar^L$pfhpmp lphp R>sp ucpNhsu Drp L$pfZ lphpu Apep rl lpe Ad gpN, fsy
ucpNhsu hr su hpu BR>pu s b Z Apep(A.19&10). sd hfpe rl lphpu sAp ded
Ar^L$pfhpmp lsp A su s hr hpu sdu BR>p C. fiyfpd sp cNhpu q$epi[sp Ahspf
lphpu q$epi[s A opi[s b i[shpmp uL$Zy rZ L$fpf ucpNhsy hZ L$fhp Aph s
epe S> R>(A.19&9)130-131
iyL$ iL$fp Ahspf:
29
iL$p:kh L$fsp cNhp Dd R>, su AdyL$ y{jdp AgpqL$L$ ^dp h^pf Ahp ApR>p R> Ahp rhQpf
ip dpV$ L$fhp? cNhp khu Dd lphpu cNhpp Aip Ahsfgp lpe s b^p iyL$u Dd S> R>. su iyL$
hsp pe A epk L$d pe?
kdp^p:Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ iyL$ A rih R>. s Z cNhpp NyZphspf lphpu Dd R>.
hmu s brhv(bp ophpmp) lphpu sdpdp gpqL$L$ kfkpC Z R>. hmu sdp hsp hpy buSy> A Z
epS> R> L$ Chf pku ps L$fgy op kpfu fus V$L$ R>, buSy> (Chf lpe sdu pku ps L$fgy)
op dpep hNfu S>sy fl R>. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ ""k|e pku Apfpeu BR>p L$fhu...'' A gpL$dp
S>Zphg Qpf vppu Ap S> dye ehp R>.
rih iyL$ sfuL$ ucpNhsu hr L$fphhp S> Ahspf gu^p R>. cNhp uL$Z kh dy[s Aphp
Ahspf gu^gp. s epf c|sg Dfu ^pfu Nep epf pspp p rih d|sp Nep. su ucpNhsu
hr L$fphhp S> rihp iyL$ sfuL$ Ahspf ep R>. L$piudp flu rih opp Dvi L$f R> S>, R>sp ps
"hjhS>' hp iyL$ sfuL$ Ahspf gu^p R>. "hj' AV$g ^d. ^d R> ^ S>du s "hjhS>'. su ^dp L$pf
kh dy[s ps L$fphhp Ap Ahspf sdZ gu^g R>. L|$dyfpZdp ""iyL$ rihp Ahspf R>'' Ahy hpe Z R>,
R>sp gnZpu Z iyL$ dlpy{j lphpy S>Zpe R>. s buk gnZhpmp A cspp L$hn R>. Aphp iyL$
epf fpA dfZ kyûp Dhpk Apvep epf su pk NP$Npp suf ^pep. s kde fpA sd b
|R>ep. 1.dye kvp iy L$fhy CA A 2.dfZ kde dye iy L$fhy CA? (A.19&37)132-133
30
L$^ bu-ANpkrls hZ
L$^p A:
Dd hsp iyL$ Dd psp furns S> L$ep s 1&19&37dp L$p. iyL$ s p Dfdp
ucpNhsy ANpkrls hZ L$fhy Ad L$l R>. h iy L$fhy CA A Zhpu furnsu BR>p sp,
ucpNhsy ANpkrls hZ L$fhy CA Ad L$l R>. ucpNhsp vi ANp lphpu Ap vi Aepepu L$l R>.
su ucpNhsp ANpy rZ A Ap L$^p A R>1
L$fZp:
k|Z cpNhsy hZ L$fhpy R>. s L$u S>y hZ L$fhpy R> s uu Apfcu bpfdp kyûp vi
L$^p R>. lgp L$^ Ar^L$pf viph R> A bu L$^ ucpNhsp ANp S>Zph R>. (ucpNhsp b
L$pfp ipp R>:1.Zhp epe A 2.L$fhp epe. s L$u vi gugphpmp cNhp (Aepe 3-12) Zhp
epe R> A ANp kp ucpNhsy hZ L$fhy A L$fhp epe R>. Ahp rhQpf L$fsp lgp L$^p A
(hZ)L$fpfp NyZ(Ar^L$pf) viph R>. bu L$^p A klL$pfuZpu a$g viph R> A uu bpfdp
kyûp L$^pp A hZy (S>dp NyZpy hZ L$fhpy R> s cNhpy h S>Zph R> AphfZ cP$N)
Ahp rhQpf L$fhpu ""hZ L$fhy CA'' Ahp ucpNhsp dlphpe (ApMp N)p A R>. epf s hZ
AV$g iy? Ahp pe.
v(ivp) A hpep p i[s* A spe p rQe s "hZ'. ivu i[sp Ly$vfsu, kP$L$pQ
rhp rQe L$fhp, Ahp iv A hpe bp i[s A spe A bp rQe L$fhp s.
*i[s AV$g ivu pspp A S>Zphhpu kp. Ap i[sAp Z R>:
1.Arc^p-ivp S> A kdsp lpe s S>Zphhpu kp.
2.gnZp-Ly$vfsu A b^ bksp lpe epf qY$ gu^ Ahp L$pC epS> gu^ sp kb^hpmp
bu A S>Zphhpu kp. A
3.eS>p-ApNm-pR>mp kbû OZp Ahpmp ivu AdyL$ A k|Qhhpui[s.
hZp Z AN R>:
1.shep
2.veu ksp A
3.d.
sh-hy rQs AV$g shpy rQs A hy rQs. Ap rQs s shep. Ap
L$^p lgp b Aepepdp Ay$d A L$lg R>.
veu ksp AV$g rQu iyr. Ap u A Qpp Aepedp L$lg R>.
uSy> AN d R> s pQdpu vidp kyûp R> Aepepdp L$lg R>. Apu Ap L$^p Z
L$fZpp rhcpN vipep2
ep ivpu i[s sp spe p rQe L$fhp? A Zhpu BR>p pe sp Zhy L$ ucNhp
1
hpkyvhu vi L$pfu gugp ucpNhsdp L$lhpu R> sy hZ L$fhy. cNhpu vi L$pfu gugp L$^ 3 u
12 kyûdp L$lgu R> sy hZ L$fhy. Apd (bu) R>up vi L$^pp A V|$L$pZdp L$lg R>.
^d} (gugp L$fpf) cNhpy sdp lf L$pC ^d (NyZ) krls hZ cg pe, vi L$pfu gugp
L$fpfp cNhpy S> hZ L$fhy Ahp ApNl ip dpV$ fpMhp? Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ vi L$pfu gugp
L$fpf cNhpy S> hZ pe s dpV$ S> pR>mp N (Aepe 3-12) fQg R>. gugp L$fpf cNhpy
hZ L$fhpy lpe sp uu bpfdp kyûp vi L$^p L$pdp pe. hmu hZ L$fpsp ivp A hpep Z
Aphhpu hZp ANpp rhQpf L$fhp Z e pe. su Nd s ^d kpp cNhpy hZ L$fhpu
pR>mp N L$pdp sp lphpu vi L$pfu gugphpmp cNhpy S> hZ L$fhy.
lgp L$fZp A:
iL$p:ivp A hpep p i[s A spe p rQe kpdpe fus L$hu fus L$fhp A L$pZ L$fhp?
Ahp pe.
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ hZp ANp S>Zphhpu S> ANu(hZ) Z S>Zphg pe R>, L$pfZ L$
b^pe ANp S>Zphhpdp Aph epf ANu S>Zphhpy bpL$u flsy u. Ap ANp S>Zphhp bu L$^ L$lgp R>.
Ahp hZp ANp(vi gugpAp) S>Zphhpdp Aph epf ANu(cNhp) S>Zphhpy bpL$u flsy u. ANp
S>Zphpf L$^dp ANu S>Zphhpdp Aph s Z epe S> R>.
ivp A hpep p i[s A spep rZe Ap bu L$^dp vMpsp u fsy sp ivp
A hpep Dfu Ahp rQe C iL$ R> L$ uL$Z kh R>. (uL$Z vpdp Ahp b^ye S>Ns egp
R>. cNhpp |g hdp d fphhpu sdp c|s, hsdp A crhe kh rhh, kh vpp hpdp Aph
R> (2&1&23-37).) i[sp kP$L$pQ L$fhpu Ahp A azfsp u fsy i[sp kP$L$pQ L$fsp, A k|s
ipL$ L$y R> L$ ""sd uL$Z kbû Dd L$ep R>''(1&2&5) A hpep ipL$p kh pp rhje
cNhp S> R> Ahp spep rhQpf L$fsp Al] S> ivp A hpep L$lgp R> s cNhpp S> bp^ L$fpfp R>
A s S> spehpmp R> Ad rk pe R>. Apd lphpu S> rhjey hZ L$fhpy R> s vi gugphpmp cNhp
S> R>. sd lpe sp ivp As lphpu hZ L$fhpu i[s flsp hZ L$fhpy L$pe A|Z S> fl. lf
L$pC m S> L$pC ivp A hpep lpe sApp Ap rZe L$fhp s hZ u. su pR>mp(L$^ 3-12
kyûp) b^pe Ny epS> R>.
iL$p:epkk|pdpS> Ap rZe L$fgp R> L$ ""Apdpy hZ L$fhy CA''. shuS> fus b^p Npdp
hZ L$fhpu Apop L$fguR>!
kdp^p:Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$ rNyZ yrsAp cNhpp NyZpsus (NyZpu f, NyZfrls)
hp rZe L$f R>. cNhpp b hp R>:1.NyZpsus h A 2.kNyZ h. s L$u hvdp NyZpsus
hy S> rZ R> su hvp rZe dpZ rZe L$fhpdp Aph sp NyZpsus hy S> hZ L$fhpy ps
pe su Al] Sy>vy rZ L$fhy epe R>. L$pfZ L$ yrsAp (hvp hpep) rNyZ R>. Apu Ad S>Zphg R> L$
shpy ep (cNhpp epy) AN R>, A Avfy AN R>, su Apfcdp s (shpp ep)y rZ
L$fhy epe R>3-5
2
bu L$fZp A:
s S> L$pf hZ L$fpfu A L$p L$lpfu p hZy buSy> AN R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhL$p
L$lpf A sy hZ L$fpf sdp p lpe sp Z hZ bfpbf sy u. d L$fZdp i[s A
spep rQe hZy AN lphpy S>Zpey, su S> W$ p Z hZy Avfy AN R>.
iL$p:lgp L$fZdp sp cNhp kh vpdp bgp lphpu b^p v hNfp Ap(khp A
cNhp R> Ahp) rZe pe. Al] bu L$fZdp p L$hu fus (hZdp) DepNu pe? L$pfZ L$ kh m
(vpdpdp) iy p lpC iL$ rl. hmu vi L$pfu gugphpmp Sy>vp pX$u sdp (hZdp S>) p fpMu
iL$pe, L$pfZ L$ sd L$fhpu NyZpsus hy hZ L$fhpdp p fl, su p hZp hdp DepNu
lphp R>sp L$ep hdp p fpMhu sp rZe sp lphpu, p hZy AN C iL$su u, Ahu iL$p
pe.
kdp^p:hZ L$fpf vi gugp L$fpf cNhp rkhpe buu khp L$fhpu brldyM sp lphpu,
sdpdp p lphu A hZy AN R>. S>d vi L$pfu gugp L$fpfu Sy>vp (vh hNf)y hZ L$fhpy u,
sd s (gugpApp hZ)dp viphg h rkhpe bu hdp p lphu CA. su ep hdp p
fpMhu Ap rZe Z R> S>. s hu Sy>vp bp hNf vhpy s dpV$ S> Ap pp L$fZdp rZ L$fgy
R>(2&3&2-9).
shp A$phuk lphpu Al] sh A$phuk vhp L$lgp R>. hvdp S>Zphgp suk vhpp Z Apdp
kdphi pe R>. Ap vhpp NyZpy Z hZ L$f sp s vi gugphpmp cNhp rkhpe budp p lphpu, s
Ap vi gugphpmp cNhpy hZ L$f s e pe. su hZ L$fpf vi gugphpmp cNhpp S> hZdp
p lphu CA. hspu p sp A.4&12-23 kyûdp s cNhp d L$f R> A sdp rs Apvf
viphu pspp L$p L$lhpp Dkpl L$V$ L$f R> s Dfu kde S> R>6
u L$fZp A:
uSy> L$fZ pQdpu vidp kyûp R> Aepepy R>. sp b rhcpNp R>:1.Dru L$fgy
rQs(d) A 2.Dru(sL$u) L$fgy rQs. vfL$ rhcpNp Z-Z Aepep R>. b L$pfp
rQsu cNhp kh R> (cNhp S> vpdp bgp R>) A khu Sy>vp Z R> Ahp rhQpf L$fgp R>.
hmu Drdp Drp A shuS> fus Drdp Drp Z rhQpf L$fgp R>. L$pfZ L$ kh (vpdpp)
Dru S> rZe L$fhpdp Aph sp cNhp vpdpy *Dpvp L$pfZ lpC kh vp R> Ahp rZe sp,
hndpu buS> pe R> A buS>dpu hn pe R> A red kh gpNy X$sp, L$pC Dr L$fpf fli rl.
AV$g cNhpy Sy>vy L$s h flhpu Dr S> kchi rl.
(*S> hsyp S> vp bgp lpe s hsy s vpy Dpvp L$pfZ L$lhpe R>; S>dL$ OX$p dpV$up
bgp lphpu dpV$u OX$py Dpvp L$pfZ R>.)
iL$p:cNhpy L$s dp Sy>vy h S> lpe sp Z s ApMy S>Ns fQpf lpC, sdy dplpe
S>Zpi A su l c[s Z i. su cNhp kh Z R> Ahy hZ L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahu iL$p
pe.
3
kdp^p:kh S>Nsu cNhpdpu Dr egu R> Ad L$lhpdp Aph sp S>d kNf A sp

i[slu ypu NP$Np c|rd Df gphhpu i[shpmp cNufu Dr C sd gpqL$L$ L$spp ^pfZ sdu
NZsfu sp, sdy dplpe Arsie Ahp Dd rl S>Zpe. cNhpdpu khu Dr pe R> Ahp
rhQpfu cNhpy Sy>vy h Drfrls lphpu sdy OZy dplpe S>Zpi.
iL$p:epf cNhpp s Sy>vp hu Dr lphpu A s rk L$fpf sL$ lphpu, sy h
lphpp rZe L$hu fus pe? Ahp pe.
kdp^p:sp rZe a$gu pe R>. Dr A sL$ b L$pfp rhQpfu rZe L$fgy s a$g (a$g
h) R> A hsys: a$g ps L$fphp{ R>, su sp rZe L$fhp kb^dp L$pC L$lhpy flsy u.
ANp(cNhpu vi gugpAp) L$lhpu S> ANu(s gugpAp L$fpf cNhp)y h Z S>Zphpegy Zhy7
su cNhpu vi gugpAp kvp L$lhu. cNhpp rZe L$fu cNhpu gugpApy L$us L$fhy,
L$pfZ L$ sd cNhpp rZe L$fhpdp Aph sp s gugpAp S> pe(NZpe). shu S> fus cNhpp rZe
L$fu hZ L$fpf Z gugpApy hZ L$fhy A shu S> fus sdy dfZ Z L$fhy. A fus dye S> kvp
L$fhpy R> s rk i.
Ap dpZ fp furns L$fg lgp (1&19&37)p Dfdp dye kvp L$fhp epe (vi gugp
L$fpf cNhpp)hZdp b^y ucpNhs DepNu R> Ad L$lu, bu (dfhp X$gp dye iy L$fhy? Sy>Ap
2&1&1 Dfp ukybprûp Apcpk) p Dfdp L$l R> L$ dfhp X$gp dye Mpk L$fu ApW$ ANhpmp epNy
ApQfZ L$fhy, L$pfZ L$ dfZ kde dyeu S>hu drs lpe R> shu Nrs pe R>. dfZ kde s S> rhQpfsp
lpe, S>dp sy d lpe, s a$m s dm R>. d OZy QQm A A[f R>, su sp (A[fZpp
kchsp Z) vpj v|f L$fhp OZp kp[hL$ lpe sApA epNp DepN L$fhp8-9
Aepepp A:Aepe 1 sp 2:
dye kvp iy L$fhy? A furnsp lgp p Dfdp khp Apdp cNhp lqfy kvp hZ
L$us A dfZ L$fhy(2&1&5) Ad iyL$ L$lgy R>. L$pfZ L$ As (dfZkde) pfpeZy dfZ pe A S>
S>dp Dd gpc R>(2&1&6). L$dp b^ S>d u shp rNyZ Ahphpmp dyrAp Z cNhpp
NyZpy L$us L$fhpdp Apv dp R>(gp.7) Ap hvu kdp ucpNhs yfpZp Dvi R>. s yfpZ, iyL$
furns L$lhpu rsop L$f R>.
furnsp bu p Dfdp L$l R> L$ dfhp X$gp dye epNy ApQfZ L$fhy. epNp Z ANp
R>:
1.Ofp epN
2.sudp hpk A
3.epNp Aepk.
dfZkde sp S> L$pf rQ cNhpu buS> epe e shu fus Ahe ApQfZ L$fhy.
4
L$V$gpL$ L$l R> L$ Al] Ahp rZe L$fgp R> L$ cNhpu gugpApy hZ Ahp epN, A bdpu
psp Nd s L$fhy. L$V$gpL$ Ad L$l R> L$ s b L$fhp. hmu buAp L$l R> L$ ps-pspp Ar^L$pf dpZ
hZ Ahp epN S> epe lpe s L$fhy. iy L$fhy sp rZe L$fphpf pspp dp kL$pf R>. hmu buAp
L$l R> L$ blpfu cNhp Zhpu BR>p lpe sp epN ApQfhp.
ApQpeup ds Ahp R> L$ iyL$ lgpp S>ddp rihu epNy ApQfZ L$fgy. s S> epN ApQfhpy
L$l R> s sp ps S> AS>dphg s L$l R> A hZ L$fhpy sp sZ epku Zgy, su S> dfZkde S>
L$pf rQ cNhpu buS> epe e s dpZ Ahe ApQfZ L$fhpy L$lgy R>10
opdpNp epN L$fu iyL$ A dpZ c[sepNp bp^ L$d L$ep(gp.21)? Ahp pe, sp
Zhy L$ S>Z pspp Apdp b R> Ad kpcmgy R> s kvp Apvp Aych sp u. ""Ap Apdp b
R>'' ""sy s R>'' hNf hpepu pspp Apdp b R>, Ad S>Z kpcmgy R> s buSy> L$pC L$fhp epe
flhpu Apvp Aych Ahe hp CA. fsy shp Aych s sp u, su sZ Apvp Aych
L$fhp buSy> L$pCL$ kp^ ip^hy CA. R>u S>dp a$g r[Qs R> shp kp^pdp hZ R>, s kp^p L$ep
lgp DepNu sy lphpu s kp^p S> Dvi L$fhp CA. sL$u ""Apdp S> b R>'' Ahp rk
egp ds Aychu rh{ R>, (L$pfZ L$ Ahy hZ L$fhpu Apv sp u). ""Ap rhopde Apdp b
R>'' Ad ipdp S> Apdp b lphpy L$lg R> s Aychu rh{ lpC S>d d|rs rh lphpu byr pe R>
sd Apdpdp b lphpu byr L$fphpf R> (su bk| 2&3&29 dp S>Zphg) evi (pd Aphpp)
ds NlZ L$fgp R>. (Apdp bp Ai lphpu A sdp bp NyZp lphpu, s b L$lg R>. ""Ap
rhopde Apdp b R>'' A yrs S> Ap dsp Ap^pf R>, L$pfZ L$ "rhopde' lphy A NyZ Apdp A
b bdp lphpu Apdp ipdp b L$lg R>). su Apdp ps S> b R> A ds sp, dp dpgp
fpe S>hp lpC, DepNu lphpu opdpNp iyL$ Dvi L$fg u.
bu kp^dp epN ApQfhp S>fu R> Ahp Dvi L$fgp R>. d QQg lphpu, epN ApQfu, s
[f L$fu, cNhpu NyZhpmu du L$gu bpX$ d|rsy, Ahp Asepdu hy khu cf|f
vedp ep ^fhy. A dpZ epNu rQ [f sp, sdp du L$gu cNhpu d|rsy ep L$fu, shp
epu rQ khu cf|f pe epf fdpv L$V$ pe R>, AV$g shu [rsdp kvp flhpu kyMu pe R>.
sd L$fhpu opy a$g (Apv) Z ps pe R>. fsy epf NyZp hr L$fph, epf fNyZ A
sdpNyZ bghp C rQu [fsp flhp v, epf sZ rQ [f L$fhpp epNp kp^ S> L$fhp
CA11-13
S> dfhp X$gp lpe sZ Df S>Zpep dpZ epNy ApQfZ L$fhy. S> dfhp X$gp lpe Z
dey BR>sp lpe sZ dey pe ep kyû Ahu fus epNy ApQfZ L$fhy. Z epNu Apeyeu hr pe
sp pspu BR>p dpZ vlp epN L$fhp. sdp Z b n R>: 1.kh L$pfu L$pC Z L$pdp lpe sp vlp
epN L$fhpp kde S> rgP$Nvlp Z epN L$fhp. sd L$fhpu sfs S> dy[s ps pe R>. 2.fsy L$pdpAp
lpe sp ûf-ûf rhcpNu (d |g vlp S>) epN L$fhp A rgP$N vl fpMu sp crhedp, L$pdp fl
epf, epN L$fhp. Ad L$fhpu $ddy[s ps pe R>. hN hNf ps L$fphpf ^dp lgp L$fgp lpe sp
s ^dp epN kpep R>u ûf-ûf v|f hp R>sp a$gp kb^dp hpkpu flu Nep lpe (a$g ps L$fhpu
hpkp d|L$u v|f ep lpe) sp fgpL$ (hN hNf) ps L$fhpu BR>p fl R>. shp kN Ap $ddy[sp dpN
5
NlZ L$fhpdp Aph R>14-14&&

cNhpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp hy ep L$fhpu Z Sy>vp-Sy>vp a$g ps pe R>. |g bpX$
hy ep L$fsp lpCA epf dey pe sp ""dey kde S>hu drs lpe shy a$g ps pe R>'' A red
dpZ ep ^fpf Z rhfpV$ pe R>. rhfpV$y gpL$dp ehlpqfL$ bp R> (su s bp pe R>); fsy
cNhpp k|d(Asepdu) hy ep L$fsp dey pe sp dye a$g sfs S> dy[s ps pe. Ahp
$ddy[s ps pe.
Ad lpe sp epNu S> dy[s ps su lphpu A c[su s ps su lphpu hZ hNf
c[sdpN L$pdp S> R> Ahu iL$p L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ ApW$ ANhpmp epNdp Z cNhpy ep S> a$g ps
L$fphp{ R>. sdp epNy pbe u Z epp rhje (AV$g S>dy ep ^fhpdp Aph R> s cNhpu
d|rs) y pbe R>. su du L$gu cNhpu d|rs Z dy[s Appfu L$lgu R> sp R>u c[sdpNdp
kpnps cNhpp hZ hNf L$fhpdp Aph su dy[s ps pe sdp L$lhy S> iy? hZ hNf L$fhpu sp
cNhp ps kpnps L$V$ pe R>. su c[s A epN dp sp OZp S> cv R>. (epN L$fsp c[s OZu S> $
R>)15-16
Df L$y sd dphpdp dpZ iy R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhpu |g bpX$ d|rsy
rQdp rQs L$fhpu cNhpdp c[s pe R> A c[s hpu cNhpp k|d Asepdu hdp hi L$f
R>. su sp iyL$ ep ^fhpu b d|rsAp L$lgu R>. s L$u |g d|rsy ep c[sy AN R> Ad 2&2&14 dp
S>Zphg R>. c[s C lpe A kkpfdp Apk[s lpe ep kyû cNhpp k|d hdp d hi L$fsy
u. hy op c[su ps sy lphpu S> a$g ps L$fphp{ R>17.
hmu hZ hNf L$fhp CA Ahp rZe Au Z pe R> L$ epN hNf kh kp^p c[sp AN
R> A hZ hNf c[s L$fphpfp R>. su S> Ap L$fZp Dklpf L$fsp 2&2&33 dp iyL$ L$lgy R> L$ ""Ap
kkpfdp hi L$fpf Ap dpN L$ S>u cNhp hpkyvhdp c[sepN Ahp fd d D pe R> su bu
L$epZL$pfL$ L$pC dpN u''. Ahu fus Dklpfdp kp^p dp c[sp AN lphpy L$lgy R> A c[s
L$fphpf hZ hNf R>. L$ epN hNf vfL$-vfL$ c[s L$fphpf R>, R>sp Z sAp AL$-buy pjZ
L$fphpfp R>, su (hZ, |g hy ep A k|dhy ep) Z L$lgp R>. sAp AL$-buy L$hu
fus pjZ L$fpfp pe R> A 2&2&33 Dfp ukybprûdp S>Zphgy R>18
iL$p:hZ A epN b c[s L$fphpfp lpC A bdpu Nd s L$fhpy lpC, kvp hZ L$fhpu ip
gpc? dey kde epN S> ApQfhp, L$pfZ L$ s pX$p kdedp S> C iL$? Ahu iL$p pe.
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ dey epf i sp kvl flsp lpe epf epN ApQfpf vy:Mu pe R>. dey
hpdp OZp kdep rhgb lpe epf sp Ap hZ S> klgpCu C iL$ shy R>. epN vy:Mu C iL$, epf
hZ-L$us-dfZ L$fhpdp sp kyM pe R>. su hZ kyMu C iL$ shy lphpu A Df S>Zpey sd
|g hp epu c[s ps ep rhp k|d hy ep sy lphpu hZ L$fhy S>fu lphpu hZ
L$fhy CA.
6
epN S> ApQfhp Ahp rhQpf fpMp sp Z hZ L$fhy S>fu R>. L$pfZ L$ hZ L$fp sp kvp h^sp
S>sp p gu^, epN L$ S> epNy AN R> s C iL$i rl A hZ li sp 2&8&5 dpZ s p h^hp
rl v. hZ rl pe sp epN Z C iL$i rl. fsy AL$gy hZ L$fip sp epN ApQfhpu Z S>f rl
fl, L$pfZ L$ epN lpe (epN ApQfg lpe) sp Z hZu k egp cNhp ps S> a$g ps
L$fph R>. su epN NpZ kp^ lphpu iyL$ Dklpfdp c[sdpNp S> Dvi L$fgp R>.
Ap lgp b Aepedp cNhp uL$Zy cS> L$fhpp S> Dvi L$fgp R>, L$pfZ L$ cS> S> re
L$fhpy R>. hZ hNf (cS>) S> dye kp^ R>, epN dye kp^ u. hZ (L$us A dfZ) S>
rQe a$g ps L$fph R>. hmu hZ hNf L$fhpdp vpj Z R>, L$pfZ L$ (2&1&5 sp 2&2&36) Ad Ap
L$fZp Apfc sp As dp ""pse: L$ursseQ dse:'' cNhpy hZ L$fhy CA, L$us L$fhy
CA A dfZ L$fhy CA Ad rhe S> "se' eep epN L$fgp R> s ipu Apop S>Zphpf R>
Ad gpL$dp huL$pfpeg R>. su lgp b Aepep Ap L$fZdp uL$Zy cS> L$fhpp S> Dvi R>. Ap S>
re L$fhp epe R>, buSy> L$pC re L$fhp epe u&&19-20&&
Aepe u : pdp bp^L$:
u Aepedp Sy>vp-Sy>vp vppu L$pdphpmpAp uL$Z rkhpe bu Sy>vp-Sy>vp vhpy cS> L$f R>
s L$lgy R>. Sy>vu L$pdp rk L$fhp Sy>vp vhpy cS> L$f R>(2&3&1-12). bu vhpy cS> L$fhy S>fu u,
sdS> s L$fhpdp Aph sp su cNhpy cS> L$fhpdp L$pC AX$QZ su u, su s L$fhy CA. fsy
Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$pdpAp lpe epf s Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$pdp |fu pX$pf Sy>vp-Sy>vp vhpy cS> pe R>. Ap L$pdpAp
ps L$fhpy L$pe dlpcy uL$Zy cS> L$fhpu Z pe R>. A uL$Zu khp L$fhpdp Aph sp kh
B[ep rha$g Z pe R>. su b L$pe L$fhpp R>:
1.bu vhpy cS> A
2.B[epu uL$Zu khp L$fhu s.
L$fhp epe lphp Ap bdp kdp lphpu Ap b AL$ kp u Aepedp L$lgp R>. su
uL$Zy cS> rlsL$pfL$ R> Ad S>Zphhp u Aepe epS>gp R>. Apu Ad L$lgy R> L$ cNhpy cS>
L$fpe sp opup vl A B[ep Z a$gfrls R>(gp.17). su opuA, L$pdp lphp R>sp, B[ep
rlsL$pfL$ pe s dpV$ cNhpy cS> L$fhy CA. s cS> L$f sp Sy>vu-Sy>vu B[epp Arcdphpmp
vhspAp cNhpp kb^ hpu vy:Mu sp dpn ps L$fhpdp Ahp opdp rh L$f. s Apdp ep lpe
(AV$g s |g vlp Ahp k|d vlp Z Aepk fp lpe) R>sp Z uL$Zy cS> L$fg lphpu
S>d L$d L$fhp Ais lpe s A[dp hi L$f R>, kp sp vl sp B[ep a$gfrls fl R> sd su bû
B[ep a$gfrls S> fl R>. su bû B[epu cNhpy cS> L$fhy CA Ad S>Zphu ucpNhsp hZ
hNfdp py hZ L$ey.
Ap u Aepedp 1.bu vhy cS> L$fhpy A 2.(vy B[epu) cNhpy cS> sy u
A b rhjep L$d L$lgp R>? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ bu vhpy cS> L$fhy A cNhpp cS>
rhpu B[ep fpMhu Ad L$fhpy bdp kdp lphpu A b rhjep Ap Aepedp L$lgp R>.
7
ipL$p Dkpl:
Ap u Aepedp ucpNhsy hZ L$fpfy sdp p lphpy L$lhpy R>. fp furns sp
hZdp p R> Ahp rQe C Nep R>, L$pfZ L$ lgp L$^dp s hZp Dd Ar^L$pfu S>Zphgp R>.
ipL$ hZdp p R> L$ rl sp kvl R>. Al] hZ L$fpf hZ L$fhpp Dkpl R> Ad L$lhpy R>
(L$pfZ L$ p lpe sp Dkpl lpe S> tl). Al] ipL$ Dkpl R> L$ rl s rhjedp kvl lphpu sZ
S> cNhpp cS> rhp Apeye vl A B[ep ra$g R> Ad Al](gp.17-24) L$lu, hZ L$fhpp
pspp Dkpl lphpy S>Zphgy R>.
uL$Zy cS> L$fhpdp bu vhpy cS> X$sf R> A rQe sp hZ L$fpf kh kdp R>.
vy B[ep Z X$sf R>. Ap b AX$QZp v|f L$fhpy AL$ S> L$pfu Aps cNhpy hZ hNf L$fhpu
rk sy lphpu Apop u Aepep A L$lgp R>. (iyL$ Ap A 2&1&5dp L$lg, sp ipL$ Al]
gp.36u Ayhpv L$fgp R>)*. bu vhy cS> A B[epp vpj hZ hNfdp X$sf R> Ahp Aepep
A R>. B[ep vpjhpmu lpe sp bu vhy cS> pe R>. sdS> bu vhy cS> L$fhpdp Aph sp B[ep
vpjhpmu pe R>. uL$Zy cS> (hZ hNf) L$fhpu Ap b AV$L$u e R> su cNhpy hZ, L$us
A dfZ L$fhy Ahu Apop L$fu AL$ S> L$pfu b vpj v|f L$fhpy L$y21-23
(*Ap Aepep gpL$ 10dp iyL$ Ap Aepep A Apop L$fgp R>(AphfZcP$N). 2&1&5 sp
2&2&36 dp "se' ee S> rhr^(ipu Apop) viphpf R> s epS>gp lphpu s gpL$p kb^ gu^p R>.
2&3&10 dp "eS>s'iv ipu Apop viphpf u. hmu Aepep A sp Asdp L$lhpe su gpL$10,
Aepep Asdp NZpe).
(2&2&36 gpL$ ipL$ L$lg lphpu) cNhpy cS> Ahe L$fhy CA Ahy op s lphpy rk
pe R>, sp R>u sZ gp.13 sp 25dp |R>ep s |R>hpu iu S>f lsu?'' Ahu iL$p pe, sp Zhy L$
ep kyû cyp h NyZp L$d hNf kpfu fus Zhpdp Aph ep kyû cS> hpdp kie fl R>.
cNhpp h hNfy op lpe ep kyû cS> C iL$sy u, su cNhpp h hNfy op ps
L$fhp ipL$ L$fg24
Aepe Qpp-furnsp Dkpl:
u Aepedp ipL$p Dkply rZ L$fu, Qpp Aepedp Apfcdp furnsp Dkply
rZ L$fgy R>. furnsu ddspp pi ep R> Ad lgp S>Zphu cNhpy cS> (hZ hNf) L$fhpdp
sp Dkpl S>Zphgp R>. furns iyL$ L$f R> s lgp Ap Aepep d Qpf gpL$pu iyL$ furnsp
Dkply rZ L$f R>. sdp gpL$ 2u su ddspp pi epy L$lgy R>. Ap ddspp pi kpdpe fus
hZdp p S>Zphpfp R>.
iL$p:furns sp lgp S> dfsp kyûp Dhpk Apvfgp AV$g fpe hNfdpu ddspp epN L$fg,
lh a$fuu sp epN L$fhpp L$hu fus lpe? Ahu iL$p pe.
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ rhjep epN L$fg lphp R>sp s du Avf flgp lpe R> A op ps
hpu S> s v|f pe R>. lqf cNhp kh egp R> Ahp cNhp lqf S> cS> L$fhp epe R>, Ahy op lh
8
s ey su ddp kvp hû S>su ddspp sZ epN L$ep. furns iyL$ S> L$f R>, Dd psp sp hsp
A b Ddpdp S> L$fpe R>, s uL$Z S> cS> L$fhp epe R> Ahy op ep R>u pe R>, AV$g furns
fpe hNf rhjedp ddspp epN L$fu L$fgp lphpu(gp.6-10) s sp hZ L$fhpp Dkpl
S>Zphpfp R>. *lgp hsp k|s dp ucpNhsy hZ L$fg lphpu dp op lsy bu hsp iyL$ epN
kp op lsy su iyL$ pspp Ar^L$pf dpZ d sp Apvf A pp p hQpu Df Ap R>.
(gp.12-17 d; gp.18-24 pp). Ap d A pp u iyL$p L$us L$fhpp Dkpl Z rk
pe R>.
(*Al] kde Aykfu lgp sp bu L$lgp u, Z ucpNhsdp lgp k|s hsp sfuL$ Aph R>
A R>u iyL$ Aph R>, su sd Ay$d lgp A bu L$lgp S>Zpe R>.)
A dpZ hZ-L$usdp khp Dkpl ep R>u furnsrhhpk fl s dpV$ iyL$ ps S> cNhpy
h hNf L$lhpy X$sy d|L$u, lgp bp A pfv p Ap rhjedp khpv egp, s khpvu S> s L$lhpdpV$
gp.25dp s khpvp hps L$l R>25-26&&
Aepe pQdp; cNhpdpu d|s-S>X$ vppu Dr:
cNhp S> vp dp pe R> A s S> cS> L$fhp epe R> Ahy op ucpNhsu S> pe R>,
bu L$pC L$pf sy u. pQdp Aepep Apfcdp (gp.1-2) pfv bp S> L$fg R> s Dfu S>
Ap S>Zpe R>. kh ippp Ap rZe kpdpe fus L$lhpdp Aph sp Z ucpNhsy hZ L$ep rhp kpfu
fus Zhpdp Aphsp u su S> pfv kh Zpf lphp R>sp sZ bp Ap L$fg R>. pfv kh
Zpf lphp R>sp sZ ucpNhsy hZ L$fg lphpu S> s kvl flsp lsp A su sZ bp Ap
L$ep(2&5&1-8). s kvl flsp lphpu L$fg, su S> bpA Z s Df Apep(A.5 gp.9
u A.7 gp.53). kvl rhp L$ep lps sp Z L$ bpu funp L$fhp |R> R> Ahy sy hQ
S>Zphpu bp su AhNZp S> L$fs A Df Aps. pfv A bp p Ap A Df u S>
cNhp kh S>Ns kh vp bgp R> A su Sy>vp Z R> Ahp rZe C S>i. Ahu fus pQdpu kpsdp
kyûp Z Aepepu kh S>Ns Dru b R> Ahp rZe L$fgp R>27-28
Drp L$pf: Aepe 5-7:
Dr Z L$pfu R> :
1.Are(d|s-S>X$) vpu Dr "S>' D hy L$l R>
2.re A lvhpmp vpp(hp)p "kdpNd' pe R> A
3.re A lvrhpp vldp cNhpy "pL$V$e' pe R>.
pL$V$e Z b L$pf pe R>:
A.khu AV$g Aphiu A
Ap.pspu dm
cNhp L$V$ pe s Ahspf L$l R>. Ap Z L$pf Ay$d pQdp, R>$p sp kpsdp Aepedp
S>Zphgp R>. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ gpL$dp Z hsyu Drp rQe L$fhpu, cS> L$fhpp rQe pe
R>. buA bphgu S> L$pC d|rs lpe s lgp (L$pfu Drhpmu), ps(h) Aphpl L$fu cS> L$fhy
s bu L$pfu, A pspu dm L$V$ egu d|rs u L$pfu Drhpmu. u L$pfu d|rsdp Z
9
cNhp kvp fl sp s Ahspf NZpe. h^pf rhNs ukybprûu Z Zhu. R>$p Aepeu dedp
y{jk|sp A L$lgp R>(Sy>Ap gpL$.15). s Ap S> A k|Qh R>. lgy (buA L$fg d|rsy) cS> gpqL$L$
R>, buSy> (pspy Aphpl L$fu L$fgy) cS> hqvL$ R>, uSy> (pspu dm L$V$ egu cNhpu d|rsy)
cS> Avfp Aychu rk egy R>. sdp ded(hqvL$) cS> b L$pfy R>29-29&&
1.""l b Ry>'' Ahp Aych cS> R>$p Aepep lgp 21 gpL$pu S>Zphgy R>. 2.eop
kp^ bgp kh vpp Z cNh lphpu eoy cS> s S> Aepep 22-29 kyûp gpL$pu L$lgy
R>.
d|ghu c[s L$fhpu S> c[sdpN dpZ cS> pe R>, su y{jpdu c[s C iL$ s dpV$
b^p Ahspfpp pL$V$eu S> L$p (7&1-25dp) L$lgu R>. kh Ahspfpy d|m Z uL$Z S> R> Ahp bp^
L$fhp sL$u uL$Z y{jpd R> Ad rk L$fgy R>. sd rk L$f sp hZ hNf kp^ Aepe pe A
bu Ahspfpu W$ uL$Zy Z Qqfs S> L$lhp epe(L$lgy) NZpe. su 27dp gpL$dp edgpSy>p
kNu uL$Zy dplpe S>Zphgy R>. 26dp gpL$dp uL$Zy h L$lgy R>. bu Ahspfpu W$ uL$Zu
Z L$p S> Al] L$lgu R> Ad dphy.
iL$p : 34dp gpL$dp gb-Mf hNf lep Ad S>Zphu, uL$Zu L$pdp Aphsp fpnkpy
uL$Zu L$p L$lhpdpV$ S> rZ L$fgy R> Ahu iL$p pe.
kdp^p : sp Zhy L$ uL$Zu OZp fpnkp Z a$g(dy[s) ps eg R> Ad Ap gpL$u L$lgy
R>. uL$Zu S> dpn ps pe R> Ad Apu S>Zphgy R>. s gpL$dp L$V$gpL$ (fpnkp) S> NZphgp R>, bu
L$V$gpL$ NZphgp u. S>V$gp NZpep sV$gp S> dpn ps ep R> buAp eg u Ad S>Zphhp S>d
dpn ps ep R> sd S> NZphgp R>. Ahu fus uL$Zy h sp dplpe S>Zphu uL$Z S> y{jpd
R> Ad Al] rk L$fgy R>30&&-32&&
Aepe 8-10: Dr(sL$)u rhQpf:
A dpZ pQdpu kpsdp kyûp Z AepephX$ Dru rhQpf L$fu, ApW$dpu vidp kyûp Z
AepephX$ Dr(sL$)u rhQpf L$f R>. Ap Z Z L$pfp R>:
1.iL$p
2.(iL$py) kdp^p A
3.a$m.
cNhp vp dp kh S>Ns bphg R> A rhjep sL$ Ap L$fZdp L$lhpdp Aphsp lphpu Ap
Drdp rhQpfy L$fZ R>. (hdp Aepedp L$pC sL$ viphg u, R>sp kh S>Ns bpdpu D eg
R> Ad pfv Aep.5&5dp L$fprmepp psu S>Zphgy R>.) s bpy Z d|m lqf R> Ad Ap L$fZdp
S>Zphgy lphpu, L$ L$fprmepy ps Al] L$lgy lphpu u, R>sp L$p Qpgy flsu lphpu, s
ps Al] Z gpNy X$ R>. S>d hy DpvpL$pfZ L$pk R>, sd bpu Dr Z cNhpdpu su
lphpu cNhp khy d|m R>, khy DpvpL$pfZ R>. kh S>Ns cNhpdpu S> egy R>, Ad cNhp S>
ApNm 9&32dp gpL$dp L$li.
10
iL$p : cNhpy Z d|m ip^hy CA, su cNhp S> khy d|m R> Ad sL$u rk egy L$d
L$lhpe? Ahu iL$p pe.
kdp^p : sp Zhy L$ bpA s L$ey epf cNhp sd pspp hp vi L$fphu(9&1416) R>u ps khy d|m lphpy (gp.32dp) L$l R> A pspy h S>Zph R> (gp.31-35). su
cNhp khy d|m lphpdp L$pC Z kvl flsp u A su sdy d|m ip^hp flsy u33&&-34
Ap Dru rhQpfy L$fZ R> Ad L$lhpy buSy> L$pfZ A R> L$ S> rhje Drp L$fZdp L$p,
s Al] furns ApW$dp Aepedp |hn L$f R> A s rhje rk pe s dpV$ s kb^dp bu p Z
L$f R>. (fp Dr L$fZdp L$lgp rhjedp S> kvlp viph R> A S> bu p L$f R> s 2&8&26 Dfp
ukybprûp Apcpkdp rhspfu viphg lphpu epu C ghy). fpA Dr L$fZp kb^dp S>
kvlp vipep sp Df hsp iyL$ hdp Aepedp Ap R> A sdy kdp^p L$f R>. A S> bu p
fpA |R>g sp Df sdp Apsp u. sp Z Df iyL$ hdp Aepedp Apep lps sp Ap L$p R>
Ad S> NZps. sp Df hdp Ahp vidp Aepedp Apep u, fsy S> kvl fp Dr L$fZdp
eg sp S> Df Apg R>, su Z Ap Dr L$fZ lphpy rk pe R>). bu p fpA |R>g
sp Z ffpu cNhpy dplpe Zhpdp DepN lphpu sp Df Z |g cpNhs(L$^ 3-12)
dp Apg R>. Apu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ Ap L$fZdp S> Dru rk pe R> s S> L$lgy R>35
bu pp Df |g cpNhsdp Apg lphpu |g cpNhsy hZ L$fhy CA Ad rk pe
R>. s cpNhsy h kN hNf vi cNhpu gugpAp R>, su s gugpAp a$g R>. su s virh^
cNhpu gugpAp hpmp ucpNhsy hZ L$fhy CA Ad rk ey. su a$gp(vidp) Aepedp
ucpNhsp hy S> rZ L$fgy R>. su dfhp X$gpApA kvp ucpNhsy hZ L$fhy CA, Ad
ucpNhs a$m lphpy rk ey. su sp a$gp(vidp) Aepedp ucpNhsy hu A Au hZ L$fu,
sy h S>Zphgy R>.
cNhpu vi gugpApu epepAp L$lu ucpNhsy h L$lgy R>(gp.3-7) A A(vpp)
Apr^vrhL$, Apep[dL$ A Apr^cprsL$ Ahp Z L$pfp lphpy S>Zphu (gp.14-32), Aepedp Z
cpNhsy h S>Zpey R>.
iL$p : vidp Aepedp hu A Au ucpNhsy rZ L$ey sp R>u |g cpNhsy hZ
L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe,
kdp^p : sp Zhy L$ Apr^vrhL$ hNf Z L$pfp Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp As R>, su s Al] L$lgp
u. |g cpNhsdp s L$lgp R>. su Ap vidp Aepedp sp gnZu S> s S>Zphgp R>. sApy rhij L$pf
op |g cpNhsdpu S> i. su |g cpNhsy hZ L$fhy CA 36-37
vidp Aepedp vpp A h kp ucpNhsy rZ L$fgy lphpu; sdS> cpNhsdp a$g
vp cNhpu L$pp Z kdphi L$fgp lphpu; A ivpu Z s Dd N lphpu sy hZ Ahe
L$fhy CA. ucpNhsp AdyL$ cpN, u A Qpp L$^p, y hZ L$fhpu Z rhvyf kvl rhp Dd
11
a$g ps egy. epf Ap dpZ kN A rhkN A b gugpApp S> hZu Z rhvyf k|Z a$g ps
ey, sp R>u k|Z ucpNhsy hZ L$f s Dd a$g ps pe Adp iu iL$p lpC iL$? ipL$ k|s pku
Zgy L$ rhvyf de pku hZ L$fhpu k|Z a$g ps egy(1&13&1-2), su ipL$ k|s rhvyfu S>
L$p L$lhp S>Zpey (2&10&48-50).
ucpNhsu hr OZp L$pf egu lphpu, ""L$pgy qfZpd A L$y gnZ sp rhNl lgpp
L$dp S>hp lsp shp l s L$lui. lh pL$y hZ L$f'' Ad(gp.47dp) iyL$ fp |m cpNhs
L$lhpu rsop L$fu, s kpcmu ""S> hZ L$fhpu sfs S> a$g ps pe s S> d L$lp'' Ahp Arcpeu
rhvyfu L$pp pfc pe s dpV$ ipL$ gp.48-50 L$lu, s L$p kbû L$ep, epf k|s s sfs S>
L$y L$ fp furns Z iyL$ Ap S> L$fg. L$pfZ L$ k|s sfs S> s sd L$l sp ipL$ L$pCL$ bu
s L$f sp pspy BR>gy spu C iL$ rl. ipL$ Ap ps L$sp pe shp Arcpeu k|s
L$fgp. L$pfZ L$ cNhpu kh gugpApy hZ C iL$i L$ rl s L$lu iL$pe. iyL$ Z Ap S> Arcpeu
rhvyfu L$pp L$^ up Apfcdp Apfc L$fgp, L$pfZ L$ bû gugpApy hZ L$fphsp hQ fp
furns Ahp iyL$ psp DN pe, Ahp buSy> L$pC L$pfZ Aphu X$ sp hZ L$fhpy L$pe C iL$
(A^|{ fl), su khu Dd cpN (S> b gugpp hZu S> rhvyf a$g ps ey s) p Apfc L$fhpu
BR>pu S> L$lhp dpX$y. su Ap S> L$lhpdp Aphi s cpNhs khu Dd R> 38-40
12
L$^ u:kN
L$^p A:
lgp L$^dp Ar^L$pf S>Zpep. buL$^dp ucpNhsp hZdp ANp kp hZ L$fhpp L$pf
L$p. lh Ap uu Apfcu bpfdp kyûp bpL$up L$^pdp S>y hZ L$fhpy R> s rhje L$lhpdp Aph R>.
cNhpu kN hNf vi gugpApy hZ L$fhpy R> s gugpAp Ay$d Ap uu bpfdp kyûp vi L$^pdp
L$lhpdp Aph R>. A dpZ Ap vi L$^pp kp^pfZ A L$p. 1
lh u L$^p A Ap L$pqfL$pdp L$l R>. Ap L$^p suk Aepep R>. s suk Aepepdp
kN(kr)y rZ L$fgy R>. Ap L$^p AdyL$ S> Aepedp kNy hZ L$fg R> Ad u. """kN' AV$g
L$pfZpu Dr'' A hpe dpZ suk Aepepp A kN R>.
kN hmu 1.gpqL$L$ A 2.AgpqL$L$ Ahp b L$pfp R>. AgpqL$L$ kNdp suk vhp D L$fhpdp
Aphsp, sAp eo L$fph R>, A rrhhpv R>. (ApW$ hkyAp, ANuepf {p, bpf Apqvep, B A rs A
suk vhp R>). gpqL$L$ kNdp Z A$phuk shp, Qpf L$pfp pZuApp buS> (d|g, Drp L$pfZ) A
L$pg Ahp suk L$pfu kr R>. su S> Ap kN ""1 pspp BR>gp, 2Akp^pfZ NyZhpmp A3 psp
DepNu pe shp a$ghpmp R>''. lf L$pC L$pfu krdp pe shp L$pfp Ap kN u fsy Df S>Zphg
Z NyZphpmp R>.
1.s L$u lgp L$lgp(NyZ) ""pspp BR>gp'' R> AV$g gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ Ahp L$pfp cvhpmp
R>(12&7&11dp kh yfpZpdpp kpdpe kN L$lg R> shp Ap kN u) A 2.sp Z Akp^pfZ NyZ A
R> L$ Ap kNdp kS>gp kh vp cNh R>. hmu 3.Ap kN psp DepNu pe shp dpn hNf a$ghpmp R>.
L$pfZ L$ hu kr b L$pfu R>:1.blpfu(vl hNfu) S>Zpsu A 2.hu kr. s L$u blpfu
S>Zpsu kr gpL$dp rk R>, su h dpn ps pe s S> su dye(hu) kr R>. fsy dpnp
Ar^L$pfhpmp vl ps ep rhp dpn ps hpy kchsy u, su dpn epy S>ZphhpdpV$ Dr epy
Z L$lgy R>. sdp Z Nl S> dpn ps hpy OZp kvlhpmy R>, su vsu (rs L$vd A u
vhlrs) dy[s ps epy Ap L$^dp S>Zphgy R>. Ap Nlu dy[s L$fphpf cNhpu ksp R> A
sdu ksp ps L$fphpf c[s, op, epN A cNhpu Apop dpZy hs R>. su Ap kNy hZ
L$fsp Ap kh L$lgp R>. AV$g Ap kN ""psp DepNu pe shp a$ghpmp'' lphpy L$lgy R>2
(iL$p:bu yfpZpdp kN A rhkN-pspy kpde NV$ L$fu dy[s ps L$fpf kpdehpmp
y{jpu kr- AL$ kp S> L$lgp R> A ucpNhs kh hv A yfpZp p kpf lphpu Al] Z s b
AL$ kp S> lphp CA, L$pfZ L$ bdp hu Dr vl ps L$fhpu pe R>. R>sp ucpNhsdp s Sy>vpSy>vp u A Qpp L$^dp L$lg R>, A gpL$dpu rkru rh{ R> Ahu iL$p pe sp Zhy L$)
kdp^p:S>hp kN A rhkN gpL$dp rk R> shp L$lhpy Al] BR>gy u, shpp Al] rhQpf
L$fgp u. Al] sp y{jp ps L$fphpfp kN A rhkN L$lgp R>. s vfL$, cNhpu gugp hs R>. A
su s vfL$ AL$-AL$ L$^dp L$lgu lphpu Al] s gugpAp b L$^dp L$lgu R>. hmu Ap b gugpAp de
A rhvyf p khpv S>Zphu s khpvu L$lgu R>. L$pfZ L$ rhvyf Ar^L$pfu lphpu Ap b S> gugpApp hZu
s dpn ps ep sp R>u S> ApMp ucpNhsy vi gugpApy-hZ L$f s dpn ps pe Adp kvl S>
ip 3-4
kNu epep:
1.""bdp NyZpdp hje L$V$ hp gu^ dlpc|sp, sdppAp, B[ep sp byrp S>d pe R>
s "kN' L$lg R>'' Ahu kNu epep 2&10&3dp Apgu R>. NyZpy hje fNyZ gu^ S> pe R>,
L$pfZ L$ fNyZ S> krp L$pfZ-kr L$fphpfp R>. cNhpdpu kr pe R> A rhjedp kvl fl s
dpV$ "bdp' Ahp iv kNu epepdp epS>g R>. "bdpu' AV$g cNhpdpu. dlpc|sp, sdppAp,
B[ep A byr p S>d pe R>. s L$pfZ A L$pe Ad b L$pfp lpe R>. Sy>vp-Sy>vp pZuApp
vldp S> dlpc|sp hNf flgp R> s L$pe R>, sdp S>d s Ap kN u; fsy L$pfZ dlpc|s hNfp
S>d s Ap kN R>. su 2.""fNyZhpmp cNhpu S>Nsp L$pfZpp S>d L$fpfu gugp s "kN''' Ahu
kNu epep C.
Df bu gpL$p epepdp 3.""kN AV$g L$pfZpu Dr.'' Ahu bu yfpZdp L$lgu kNu
epep Z S>Zphgu R>. Ap kNu epepAp L$lhpy epS> Sy>vp-Sy>vp kNpp kNdp kdphi L$fhpy R>.
1.fNyZhpmp cNhp Z gugpu kr fQgu R>. 2.kN dye (NyZpsus)bu gugp Z R>. 3.cNhp
L$pg lphpu L$pg fQgu kr Z cNhpu gugp R>. 4.h Z kr fQhpdp L$pfZ lphpu s Z
pspp hdp [rs L$f-dpn ps L$f s Z kr fQhpy epS> lphpu, hu hdp [rs AV$g
dy[sp Z kNdp kdphi pe R>.
2&10&3 dp ""c|sdp[erêp S>d kN Dvps:& bZp NyZhjeps'' Ahu kNu Apgu
epep Df S>Zphgu R> sdp ""bZp ANyZhjeps'' Ad AhNl ghpu Ahp A pe R> L$ bdp NyZp
L$V$ hpu bp Z S>d-pL$V$e pe R>. Aphp A pe epf bu epep Df L$lu sdp
""L$pfZS>dvp'' AV$g L$ L$pfZpp S>d L$fpfu, Ahy rhijZ L$lg, sp A "L$pfZp' AV$g hpp S>dp
"rs' pi L$fpfu, AV$g hp dpn Appfu Ahp L$fhp. Ahu fus Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp kN sp lphpu sp
Sy>vp L$fZp NZu, kNp L$pfp L$lhpdp Aph R>4&&
kNp L$pfp:
vh b L$pfp lphpu A L$pfZp Z L$pfp lphpu kr pQ L$pfu R>. A b^ sp dpn
Ahp cvu vfL$ kr ps S> b L$pfu pe R>, AV$g sp Ly$g vi L$pf ep.
vh (cNhp) 1.NyZpsus (NyZu f) A 2.kNyZ (NyZhpmp) Ahp b L$pfp pe R>. shpp
sp hpp Z cvp R>. 1.AlL$pf hNf shpu kr. 2.Adys hpu Ahp L$pgu kr, L$pfZ L$ Adys
Ahp b hp L$pgdp S>ep L$f R> A dey pep L$f R>. 3. dys hpu kr. su vhp sp L$pfZpp
dmu pQ L$pfp sp lphpu pQ L$pfu kr pe R>. s L$pfp uQ S>Zphhpdp Aphi. Ap pQ L$pfu
krdp AL$y p^pe (dye) lpe epf bu su rhc|rs (sp AN) lpe R>. S>dL$
1.shpu kr NyZpsus(vh)u kru rhc|rs R>.
2.bp hNfu Dr pe R> s rhkN R> A kNyZ kru rhc|rs R>.
2
3.vidp Aepedp S>Zphg vi L$pfu kr L$pgu rhc|rs R>.

4.kpe L$fZdp hukdp Aepedp S>Zphgu dlh hNfu kr shpu kru rhc|rs R>. A
5.Qpvdpu ApNZukdp kyûp R> Aepepdp dspsfu S>Zphgu dys hpu kr bpfdp Aepedp S>Zphg
kru rhc|rs R>.
A dpZ pQ L$pfu kN gugp C. s pQ b^ A dpn Ahp cvu b L$pfu sp vi L$pfu
pe R> (pQ krdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfu dy[s pe).
1.kNyZ kru dy[s dpn gugpp kb^ hpu pe R>. (L$pfZ L$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp cphu kr fQsp sd ce
hNf pe R> A s cphpp epN L$fsp sdu hdp [rs Ahp dy[s pe R>. rQu hrAp fpL$hpu
S> shu fus dy[s pe R>, su dpngugpp epN S> s dy[s L$fphpfp R>).
2.shu fus NyZpsus kru dy[s opu pe R> (L$pfZ L$ Ap kr 3&5&24 dp S>Zpep dpZ Aopu
pe R> A Aopp pi opu pe R>).
3.L$pgkrdp D egpp dpn c[su pe R>.
4.shpp dpn S> shdpu s uL$mg lpe sdp sp a$fu hi hpu pe R>.
5.hpu dy[s hfpeu pe R>.
su pQ L$pfu kr A sp pQ L$pfp dpn Ahp Ap L$^p Aepepp A gsp, sp vi L$fZ
pe5&&-5&&
krp L$pfp:
1.AL$ kr NyZpsus vhdpu pe R>. Ap kr pQdp sp R>$p Aepepdp L$lgu R>.
2.bu kr kNyZ bdpu pe R>. Ap kr kps, ApW$ sp h dp Aepepdp L$lgu R>.
3.u kr L$pgu Aepe 10-11dp L$lgu.
4.Qpu hpu kr Aepe 12dp L$lgu dys hpu, L$pfZ L$ Adys hpu krp L$pgkrdp kdphi
eg R>.
5.pdkr Aepe 12dp S> L$lgu R>.
hpsrhL$ fus shpu kr (kpP$e L$fZdp Aepe 20dp L$lgu) S> pQdu kr L$lhu CA,
fsy sdp pdkrp Z kdphi L$fhpp lphpu pdkr pQdu L$lgu R>. kr fQhpdp-lgu b kr
fQhpdp vh hs R>. u Qpu A pQdu kr fQhpdp-L$pg, hp Ahp shp hs u. sdu kr
cNhpu BR>pu S> pe R>; dp L$pg, hp Ahp shp u su u6&&-6&&
c|rdp Dpfu kNdp DeprNsp:
Ap L$^p AY$pfdp sp ApNZukdp Aepedp cNhp hpfplp Ahspf gC rlfepn lZu
c|rdp Dpf L$epu L$p L$lgu R>, s Z kN kbû S> L$p R>. L$pfZ L$ c|rdp Dpf kh L$pfu krdp
DepNu R>. s kh krApp Ap^pf lphpu, kh krAp kdp R> A su b^ gugpp As L$lg
R>7&&
dys hpu Dr:
dys hpu Dr epy bpfdp Aepedp (gpL$4 hNfdp) L$lgy R>, s Z L$pdy L$lg u.
3
L$pfZ L$ dys hp Z S>d pe R> Ad viphhp Aep.15&34dp S>e sp rhS>e kL$ hNfA ip
Apepu L$p L$lgu R>.
L$V$gpL$ L$l R> L$ bk| 4&4&22dp S>Zphg ""a$fu s (kkpfdp) Aphsp u'' A yrs dpZ dys
hpp a$fu S>d sp lphpu, Al] kL$ hNf S> dys hpu Dr L$lgu R>, sdu dy[s eg s dye
rl lpe, DQpfu dpegu li. Z Ap dpesp epe u. hpsrhL$ fus kL$ hNfu Dr C s lgp
sAp op ps egy S> lsy, L$pfZ L$ Dr ep R>u sd L$pCA opp Dvi L$fgp u. Dr C s
lgp sApu hpsrhL$ dy[s S> egu. shu S> fus hLy$W$dp hkpfp cNhpp csp S>e A rhS>e Z
hpsrhL$ fus dys S> lsp, fsy cNhpu BR>pu sdu kkpfdp Dr C. Ap viphhp S> Df
S>Zphg ipu L$p L$lgu R>. sdp kL$ hNf ip Appf R> A S>e sp rhS>e sdZ ip Apg R>.
A dpZ Ap ipu L$pu dys hpu Z Dr pe, su epesp L$lu (su sAp Dr lgp dy[s
egu s dye dy[s S> lsu, DQpfu dpAgu lpsu)7&&&
dys h ps sy a$g:
Ap dys hpu Dr pe s cNhp re u, su dy[s ps L$fhp epe hp ps hpy
a$g dpnp kb^dp Sy>vy kpP$e L$fZ L$lgy R>.
(iL$p:S>e A rhS>e u Dr C s cNhp B lsy. s cNhp B lpe sp L$V$gpL$
S>dp R>u sAp ""Ap dp{ p ps i'' Ad cNhp L$ls rl, Ahu iL$p pe. kdp^p:sp Zhy L$
Al] S> Ap L$p L$lgu R> s dspsf R>. L$pfZ L$ Aepe 14&6dp de L$lgy R> L$ ""Ap rhjedp S> Ap
Brslpk d |h hZ L$fgp R>''. su de kpcmg hps Al] L$lgp lphpu s dspsf R>).
S>e A rhS>e p ip gu^ Apkyfcph ep R>u sAp $pû cNhp ps L$fhpp lsp, A
sdp fpS>kcph gu^ dspsfu sd ps hpy a$g L$lgy R>.
iL$p:epf dys hp ps hpp a$g A bu dy[s ps L$fhp epe hp ps hpp a$gdp
cv R>, s b kfMp u Ahu iL$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ s bdp cv u Ad S>Zphhp cNhpy pL$V$e hpy dspsfdp sdS>
kpP$e L$fZdp b m L$lgy R>. cNhp ps S> L$V$ C (Ahspf gC) b a$m Ap R> Ad
S>Zphhp Ap kN gugpdp b cNhpp Ahspfp epy L$lg R>. hfplp Ahspf ep s cNhpu
q$epi[shpmp Ahspf R> A L$rgp Ahspf ep s cNhpu opi[shpmp Ahspf R>. krp
L$fZdp cNhpp Ahspf pe, sp hpp L$d gu^ S> sdp S>ddfZ pe R> A kr L$d S>
Aû R> Ad dphpdp Aph. hpsrhL$ fus cNhpu BR>pu S> kr pe R>. dys hpu Dr su
lpe, Ahp D eg hp dy[s ps su lpe, sp kr (b^ A dpn) Chfu BR>pu pe
R> A MpVy$ W$f A Chf fl rl. su kr Chfu BR>p S> Aû R> Ad S>Zphhp dys hpu
Dr hpy A D eg hp dpn ps sp lphpy Ap gugpdp L$lg R>7&&-11
kry epS>:
4
Ap kNdp u(vhlrs) A y{j(L$vd) dy[s ps epy L$lg R>. uAp A y{jp dy[s
ps pe s dpV$ cNhp kr fQgu R>. A cNhp k pe epf sd Ap gpL$p a$m(^-y hNf)
fgpL$p a$m(hN hNf) A dpn Z Ap R>, Ahy Ap L$^y spe R>. su cNhp fQgu krdp S>
D egp R> sdZ cNhpy du cS> L$fhy CA12&&
kry hZ hukdp Aepedp L$fgy R> s k|Z fus L$fgy u, Z kpdpe fus kr NZpe shu
lf L$pC kry hZ L$fhy CA, su s dpZ hZ L$fgy R>. kpP$e ds dpZ S> kry hZ L$fgy u.
L$pfZ L$ s ds dpZ ps su dy[sy rZ L$fhp s L$fZ L$lgy R>. R>sp A Aepedp AL$ R>u AL$
spdku, fpS>ku A kp[hL$u Ad Z L$pfu kr L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$ kpP$e ds dpZ NyZpu kr pe R>.
su A Aepedp NyZu egu kr L$lgu lphpu, kpedsu s rh{ u12&&-14
L$vd dy[s ps L$fhp L$pC Z kp^ L$fg lphpy kpP$e L$fZdp L$lgy u, R>sp s op sp
lgp S> ps egy lphpy S>Zphg R>. su cpN hNf kp s dy[s ps epy L$lgy R>. vhlrs L$rgp
Dviu op ps sp dy[s ps epy 25 u 33 dp kyûp h Aepepu L$lgy R>15
L$fZp:
L$fZp NZsp kNp Ap L$^p Qpf L$fZp pe R>:
1.Ar^L$pf
2.kr
3.Dr A
4.a$m (Ahp dy[s).
Ay$d Ap Qpf |g L$fZ L$lgp R>. k|d L$fZp NZsp Ap L$^p vi L$fZp pe R>, s
pR>m L$p.5dp S>Zphgp R>. Qpf |g L$fZp L$p s S> Ap vi k|d L$fZp pe R>. bu |g L$fZp
krp pQ L$pf pR>m L$lgp R>. pQdpu bpfdp kyûp Aepepdp Ap pQ L$pfu kr L$lgu R>. Dr,
AV$g dys hpu Dr sp dy[s hpu epesp b L$pfu R>. (s sfdpu hukdp kyûp ApW$ Aepepdp
L$lgu R>). dys hp D eg lpe sApu, uu A y{ju Ad dy[s Z L$pfu R>. su kr,
Dr A dy[sp (5+2+3) vi L$pf ep. Ar^L$pf (lgp Qpf Aepepdp S>Zphg R>, s) Ap vi k|d
L$fZpu Sy>vp R>, L$pfZ L$ s u A Qpp b L$^pdp DepNu R>. Ap b L$^ AL$ L$fZp S>hp
R>. b L$^p (33+31=64) QpkW$ Aepep R>. sdpp u L$^p lgp Qpf Aepep Ar^L$pf
S>Zphpfp R>. Ap b L$^dp cNhpu QpkW$ L$gpApy rZ L$fg R>16-17
Ar^L$pf L$fZ: Aepe 1-4:
Ap L$^p lgp Qpf Aepepu Ar^L$pf S>Zphgp R>:
L$.dpn ps hpdp 1.Ofdp Apk[s lpe s rh L$fpfu R>, su Ofdpu Apk[s uL$mu S>hu CA. lgp
Aepep 6-16 kyûp gpL$u rhvyfu Ofdp Apk[s v|f epy L$lg R>. 2.hs hNfu rhvyfp vl iy Z
ep (gp.17-19) A 3.rhvyf supdp a$ep(gp.22-24). furns L$fsp rhvyfdp Ap Z NyZp h^pf ep,
su furns L$fsp Z Dd Ap $ Ar^L$pfhpmp ep. supdp a$fhy A blpfu(vlu) iyr dpegu R>.
M.Aphu blpfu iyr ps L$fg rhvyf cNhpu L$py hZ L$f sp su Z Dd Ar^L$pfu pe.
N.lqfu L$pp hZu Avfu-B[epu iyr pe R>, su s L$pp hZu cNhpp NyZ spdp
5
hi L$f su B[ep Z iy pe sp su Z Ar^L$ Ar^L$pf ps pe.

O. sp Df cNhpu L$p pe sp su Z Ar^L$ Ar^L$pfu pe. (Ap L$ u O kyûp Qpf rhvyf ps
eg, Ad Ap lgp Qpf Aepepdp Ay$d viphg R>).
cNhvue lphp R>sp Z Ap Qpf NyZphpmp lpe sp s khu Dd Ar^L$pfu R>.
blpfu iyr b L$pfu R>:1.vpj v|f hpu su A 2.NyZp ps hpu su. Ap blpfu iyr
lgp Aepedp L$lgu R>. Ofdp Apk[s S> a$m ps hpdp rh L$fpfu R>, su s L$pY$u pMhu S>
CA18-19
iL$p:rhvyf i| lsp (L$pfZ L$ epk vpkudp D L$fgp lsp3&5&20) i| Ar^L$pf L$d ps pe?
hmu, furns nre lsp A cNhvue lsp, sp L$fsp Z rhvyfp Ar^L$pf Dd L$d lpC iL$? Ahu iL$p
L$fhu,
kdp^p:L$pfZ L$ rhvyf Au rS>vNup lgp AL$kp hj S> i| lsp. ""ip gu^ ed AL$kp hj
kyû i| egp'' A hpe dpZ s lgp AL$kp hj kyû S> i| lsp, epf R>u s nre egp.
bpZ(epk) u D eg ydp i| dye lphpy OV$sy u. rhrQhue R>u fpS>NpvudpV$ hpfk L$pC
lphpu fp hpdpV$ S> ksp D L$fhp epk pp L$fhpu rhvyfu Dr egu lphpu, AL$kp
hj R>u s nre S> lsp. su S> ^sfp s dZp L$fhp bpgphgp(A.1&10). su S> cNhp sp Of
su kp cpS> Z L$fgy(cpfs-DpNh A.93). rhvyf Ap kde AL$kpu h^pf hep lpC nre lphpu,
s ucpNhsy hZ L$fhpp Ar^L$pfu lsp. hmu s bpZ-epku D egp lsp s Z s Ar^L$pf
lphpy Ar^L$ L$pfZ R>.
iL$p:s AL$kp hj S> hi Ad dpu ""AL$kp hj i| fli'', Ahp ip L$d Apg rl lpe?
Ahu iL$p Z epe u,
kdp^p:L$pfZ L$ sL$u Zu iL$pe R> L$ s OZp gpbp kde hgp. s ^sfpu kdp hehpmp
lsp (L$pfZ L$ s b AL$ kp S> epk D L$fgp). ^sfpp y vyep^ cudu kdp hehpmp lsp.
cudu pp ASy>, A uL$Z sp ASy>u kdp hep lsp. uL$Z Z AL$kp Quk hj kyû c|sg
Df rhfpS>gp Ad 11&6&25u rk pe R> A sAp h^pd ^pfu Nep R>u rhvyf l[spyf
Aphgp(1&13&1-11) su rhvyf vpY$kp hj (Ahp su Ar^L$) hgp20-20&&
Aepep Aepe lgp:
rhvyf ^sfp dZp L$fhp bpgphg(gp.10) ep vyep^ sy Adp L$ey(gp.14-15) A
su s hfpe ep. pspudm hfpehpmp ep lpe sp L$pCL$ kde s pR>p Z Aph. su pR>p Aph
sd lsy Ad S>Zphhp vyep^ L$fgp Adpu hfpe epy S>Zphg R>. hfpehpmp Z bu L$pC
m S>C fl sp s a$fu kkpfdp Apk[s pe, su sZ R>u sup S> L$ep Ad L$lgy R>. s supdp Z
vhsp lphpu byr lpe sp S> supy kh gpcL$pfu pe. shu byr Z supdp rhvyf lsu(gp.23). sup
khhpu s rhiy AV$g L$pdpfrls egp. hmu sZ B[ep Df rhS>e sp lgp S> ps L$fgp lsp. R>u
s Dhp kkN ep A su s OZp Apv ep(gp.24-25). s sp Dhp kkNu S> OZp
6
Apv egp, Dh cNhp kbû L$fpi, Ahp rhQpfu Apv ep lsp. R>u sZ Dh Z
p L$ep:1.cNhpp Ly$ig kbû Mpk (gp.26) 2.khp Ly$igp blppu cNhpp Ly$ig
kbû kpdpe (gp.27-41) A 3.cNhpp Qqf kbû (gp.45)20&&-22
Ap p Df Dh Ay$d Apgp u, fsy u cNhpp Qqf kbû |R>ep R>,
s Qqf bu b p kp kb^ lphpu, sp Df hQ Apep R>. Apfcdp Aepe 2&7-11 hX$
cNhpp Mpk Ly$ig kbû |R>g p Df Apg R>. epf R>u cNhpy b L$pfy (b^ A
dpn p cvhpmy AphZcN)) Qqf L$lgy R> A epf R>u (A.4&1-2u) kpdpe fus epvhpp Ly$ig
kbû p Df Apgp R>. cNhpy Qqf hQ L$y, L$pfZ L$ bu b p su kp kb^ R>,
A Qqf L$p rhp sp Df Apu iL$pe
sd u.
iL$p:Al] L$lg cNhpy Qqf kp{ u, L$pfZ L$ sdp sp sdZ pspp cs A b^y epvhpp
h^ L$fphg R>. su rhvyf cNhpu gugpp hZp Ar^L$pf ps pe s dpV$ Aphy Qqf s L$d L$lgy?
Ahu iL$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ uL$Z Chf lphpu b^y A cs epvhpp h^ L$fphhpu Z sd vpj
gpNsp u. R>sp cNhp Z vpj gpN Ad dpp sp Z cNhp sdp h^ L$fphu s kh cspp
kkpfdpu Dpf L$fgp R>, su vpj flsp u23
iL$p:rhvyf Ofdpu Apk[s L$pY$u pMu iyr ps L$fu, R>sp cNhvue sp furns A s b kfMp
lsp, su furns L$fsp rhvyf Dd Ar^L$pfu L$d NZpe? Ahp pe,
1
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ rhvyf lgp S> cNhpu khp OZu L$fgu, hmu sZ cNhpu Apop dpZ
3
hs} pX$hpy fnZ L$fgy. A sdy dplpe Z OZy S> hZ L$fgy. Ap Z NyZp furnsdp lsp, su
rhvyf furns L$fsp Z Dd lsp. su L$Zdp rhhpk S>Zphpfu rhvyfu L$p Al] L$lgu R>. uL$Zdp
rhhpk fpMu sZ ce rhp (sup L$fhp hNf) hr L$fgu R>24-24&&
Aepe bu:
bu Aepedp kpdpe p Df L$lgp R>. cNhpy pspy S> dplpe L$lgy R>. Z Ap
h kbû lsp Ad NZuA sp cNhpy dplpe kpdpe hy S> dplpe NZpe. A
hkbû NZhpu Ahp A pe R> L$ cNhp kbû |R>ep s kh hp kbû kpdpe
|R>ep A vfL$ h kbû Sy>vp-Sy>vp sp s vfL$y pd gC |R>gp. Ad NZuA epf cNhp
bu Aû dpgp NZpe. (Ahp |R>pf cNhpdp rhhpk lpe) su rhvyf cNhpdp rhhpk
pe s dpV$ Dh Apfcdp cNhpy hpsrhL$ dplpe s S>Zph R>(gp.7-11) A R>u s cNhpy
Qqf L$l R>24&&-25&&
L$ cNhpy Qqf (bu p) Dfp AN R> A s u Aepedp L$lgy R> R>sp Z
Ap Aepedp L$lgy Qqf Z sp S>hy lphpu A Ap Aepedp S> p Df Ap R> su kp
7
kb^hpmy lphpu Al] L$lgy R>. hmu Al] Qqf L$lhpu L$p kp L$pp kb^ Z Qpgy fl, su Z s
Al] L$lgy R>. bu Aepedp rhvyf cNhpdp rhhpk pe s dpV$ cNhp |sp hNf ps L$fphg a$m
L$lg R>. shy a$m cNhpy Qqf kpcmhpu Z pe shu fus sp kb^hpmy Qqf Z L$lgy R>.
cNhpu hpsp(L$p) L$lhu s Ap Aepep A R>. sp pR>mp b ANp R>:1.cNhpdp rhhpk pe s
dpV$ sdy dplpe (S>Zphhy) A 2.cNhpu L$p L$lu sdpdp rhhpk D L$fhp. hpsp L$lhp dpX$p
lgpy AL$ AN (L$lpf Dhu) Dd c[s R>. cs lpe s L$p L$l sdp k|Z rhhpk pe, su
Dhp cNhp Dfp d Z Ap Aepedp L$lgp R>25&&-26&&
su Ap Aepedp Qpf rhjep uQ dpZ L$lgp R>:
gp.1-6 Dhp cNhp Dfp d.
gp.7 Ly$ig kbû kpdpe(cNhp kpdpe h Zu L$fg)p Df.
gp.8-24 cNhpy dplpe.
gp.25-34 cNhpy Qqf26&&-27&&
Aepe u:
u Aepedp A$phuk gpL$pu cNhpp Qqf (dp cNhp L$fg L$pe) y S> rZ L$fgy
R>27&&-28&&
Aepe Qpp:
1.Qpp Aepep lgp b gpL$pu rhvyf epvhpp Mpk pd vC |R>g Ly$igp Df kpdpe fus Apgp R>.
2.R>u cNhp cs A b^yepvhp p h^ L$fpep Ahp vpj cpk s v|f L$fhp cNhp sdp h^ L$fphu s
cspp Dpf S> L$fgp R> Ad epf R>up huk(3-22) gpL$pu L$lgy R>.
3.s kde S> cs lpsp s rhvyfp Dpf L$fhp kb^dp epf R>up Qpf(23-16) gpL$p L$lgp R>.
4.R>up(27dp gpL$) cNhpu Apop(gp.26dp S>Zphgu) rk pe s dpV$ Dh A rhvyf A b R|>V$p
X$py L$l R>.
5.R>u furns kvl pe R> L$ bpZp ipu ApMp epvhLy$gp pi hpp lsp sp Dh L$d bQu Nep?
s fpp kvl iyL$ v|f L$f R>. Ap kvl A sy rhpfZ pQ(28-32) gpL$pu L$fg R>.
6.epf R>up Qpf(33-36) gpL$pu rhvyf de depy S>Zphg R>.
A dpZ Ap Qpp Aepedp R> rhjep Ay$d L$lgp R>. cNhp op Apey epf lpS>f flpf
cs Dh lsp, rhvyf lpS>f lsp. cNhp Dh Ap bp sp buApp dpn pe shy (11dp
L$^dp L$lgy) op Apey lps sp cNhp epvhpp klpf L$fphg lphpu s |$f NZphpu cS> L$fhp epe
NZps rl&&29-30
A dpZ hZ L$fpf rhvyfp Ar^L$pf S>Zpep. lh de Ap gugpAp rhvyf L$lhpp Ar^L$pf
L$hu fus ps ep s Ap L$pqfL$pdp viphg R>. cNhp Dh S> Dvi L$fgp s de Z hZ L$fgp, L$pfZ
L$ s hZ L$fpf Dhu kp s Z cNhp pk lsp(gp.9-10) A cNhp Ap Dvi rhvyf L$lhpu
de Apop L$fgu(gp.26). de rhvyf Ap Dvi S>Zph A su cs rhvyfp Zhpdp Ap Aph A
pspy L$pe rk pe s dpV$ S> cNhp de s kde pspu pk fpMu sp kN L$fgp.
8
iL$p:de rhvyf Ap Dvi S>Zph s dpV$ cNhp s s L$lg lpe sp cNhp s dye hZ
L$fpf W$fphu Sy>vp L$pf Dvi L$fhp CA, Dh dye hZ L$fpf NZu s NpZ NZu Dvi L$d L$ep?
Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ cNhp Dvi L$fsu hMs de pk fpep, s de Df L$p lphpu pk
fpMg lsp, fsy rhvyf Dfu L$p gu^ s pk fpMgp. App A Ahp R> L$ cNhpp dpNdp cs
S> $ R> bu L$pC $ u.31
NyZpsus kr L$fZ sp Aepe 5-6p A:
A dpZ Qpf Aepepu Ar^L$pf viphu, psp rhvyf ps sp, lh dye NyZpsus kry pQdp
sp R>$p A b Aepepu rZ L$f R>.
pQdp Aepedp shpu Dr L$l R> A R>$p Aepedp L$peu AV$g y{jp ifufu Dr L$l
R>. Ap shp A y{jp ifufdpu R>u S>Nsu Dr su lphpu Ap b S>Nsp L$pfZ sfuL$ S>
S>Zphgp R>. s L$u shp S>Nsp L$pfZ R>, shpu S>Ns D pe R> sdp L$pC kvl u. kdr
(hdpp p y{jy ifuf) Z S>Nsy L$pfZ R>, L$pfZ L$ hZpp L$dp sdpu D pe
R>(A.6&30-34)32-32&&
Aepe pQdp; rhvyfp kbû rhQpf:
Ap pQdp Aepedp buu kpmdp kyûp vf gpL$pu rhvyf de L$f R>. Ap gpL$pdp
rhvyf ip p L$f R> s rhQpfhp epe R>. Ap pp de Df Ap R>, sdp S>Nsp Dr, [rs A
ge cNhpu gugp S> L$l R>. su Df gndp gsp, AL$ S> sZ L$fg lphp CA Ad S>Zpe R>;
fsy AL$ S> L$fg u, su kbû rhQpf L$fhp epe R>.
s rhjedp L$dp a$mp kb^dp rhvyf d kvl pe R>. a$m ps L$fhpdpV$ ipdp L$lgp L$dp
L$fhpdp Aph, R>sp BR>g a$mu rh{ a$m ps pe R>, Ahp AL$ (gp.2dp) pe R>. Ap p Z
cpN R>, L$pfZ L$ hqvL$ L$d L$fpf Z hZhpmpAp(bpZ, nre A hep) Ahu fus rh{ a$m ps
pe R>. sApA L$fgp Ap L$dp gpqL$L$ rl, fsy hqvL$ lphp R>sp, rh{ a$m ps pe R>. sd lpe A
gpqL$L$ L$d L$fhpu rh{ a$m ps sp lpe sp Ahp d|Mp rh{ a$m ps pe sdp L$pC vpj NZpe. su
1
2
Z hZhpmpApp L$dp kb^dp S> Ahp Z p Dvch R> L$ S> kyM ps L$fhpy Ahp S> vy:M
qa$V$pX$hpy gedp fpMu L$dp L$fgp lpe su rh{ a$m L$d ps pe R>? A3kyM rhpy dp vy:M S> L$d
1
pe R>? L$d dpN S> Ahp lpe sp lgp A pe R> L$ pZuA iy L$pe L$fhy(gp.2)? App Ahp
Df Apsp lp L$ pZuA cNhpy cS> L$fhy, sp cS> Z L$d S> lphpu 2L$hp L$pfu L$fgy cS>
cNhpp d L$fph s L$pf S>Zphp Ahp bu pe R>(gp.4).
3/A.u cNhpp Ahspfpp Qqf kbû R>(gp.5) 3/Ap.cNhp Ahspf gu^p rhp S>
Qqf L$f R> s kb^dp S>Nsu 1.Dr, 2.[rs, 3.ge A 4.rhrQ(cv) Ahp Qpf p
R>(gp.5-6). 5.pQdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp shpu bphg Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pep kbû R>(gp.8). 6.kh L$pepdp
9
Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pf L$fhpp L$pfZ kbû R>$p R>(gp.9). Ahspfp Qqf kbû (3.A) L$ep s
kp Ap R> NZsp kps p cNhpp L$dp kbû ep.
Apd lphpu Z dye pe R>:hp b L$pfp L$d kbû lgp b p: 1.h psp
dpV$ L$fhpp L$dp kbû A 2.sZ cNhpp epS>u cNhp k L$fhp L$fhpp L$dp kbû.
3.u cNhpp L$dp kbû ep. su kpdpe fus Z p epy L$lgy R>. Z hZhpmpAp
hqvL$ L$dp sdZ L$fgp lpe sy a$m Z BR>gy L$d dmsy u, Ad bu gpL$u Z Z p lphpy
k|Qhgy R>.
u cNhp Ahspf gu^p rhp sp Ahspf gC L$fgp L$dp kbû R>. sdp Ahspf gu^p
rhp L$fgp L$dpp R> L$pfp kbû R>. R>u cNhp Ahspfp g R> s Ahspfpp L$dp Ap L$pfp gpNy
X$sp u, su pspy h L$V$ L$ep rhp cNhp S> L$dp L$fgp sp kb^dp R> p L$fgp R> A s
p Dklpfdp Z (gp.15 u) S>Zphgp R>. A Ahspf ^pfZ L$fgp cNhpp L$dp kbû
Dklpfdp (gp.16 u) S>Zphgp R>. su Ap pp Dklpf cNhp b L$pf L$fgp L$dpu S> L$fgp
R>. (hp L$d kbû lgp A bu L$fg, sApp Dklpfdp kdphi L$fgp u). su de
cNhp b L$pf L$fg L$dp kbû u p S> Df Apgp R>, sdp L$pC vpj u, L$pfZ L$ h L$fg
(a$mp) kp^ L$d kbû p Dklpfdp kdphi L$fgp u, epf cNhp b L$pf L$fgp L$dp
Dklpfdp gp.15 sp 16u Sy>vp-Sy>vp kdphi L$fgp R>.
L$V$ hu Ahspf gC cNhp L$fg L$dp kbû AL$ S> R>. AL$V$ hu sdZ L$fg
L$dp kbû R> L$pfp R>:1.S>Nsp S>d 2.[rs 3.ge(gp.5) 4.hi L$fhp A Sy>vp-Sy>vp
vppdp hi L$fu Sy>vp-Sy>vp S>Zphy s. Ap bp AL$dp kdphi L$fgp R>(5-6). epf R>u Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pepp
L$pf A kh L$pepp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pf kbû b p gp.8 sp 9dp L$fgp b p32&&-34&&
A dpZ epf rhvyf cNhpp L$dp kbû L$ep epf hp L$dp kbû L$fgp lgp b
pp Df Aphpp fp rl (s b pp Df Aphpu S>f flu). L$pfZ L$ Ap p L$fhpy A
sApp Dfp Zhpy epS> 11 u 14 gpL$pu L$lgy R>. (sdp cNhpu L$py S> hZ L$fhpu pspu
BR>p rhvyf S>Zphgu R>). Ap epS> y su S> ipu sp rZe Z S>Zphg R>, L$pfZ L$ Ofdp
Apk[s fpMhpu vy:MvpeL$ kkpf(S>d-dfZ) ep L$f R> A hp L$dp sp Ofdp Apk[s fpMhpp
qfZpd R>; su L$dpu vy:M pe s epe S> R>.
epf hp L$dp kbû rhvyf ps L$fu sp Df Z ps S>(11-14gpL$pu) L$d Apep?
Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ ""l cNhpp cs Ry>'' Ad de S>Zphhp sZ A dpZ L$ey. L$pfZ L$ L$dp
L$fhp rfL$ R> Ad Zu cs cNhpp NyZpp hZ sp L$us dp Apv L$f R> A su s hp L$d
kbû L$f s Aepe R>. rhvyf (11-14 gpL$u) A dpZ S>Zphu ps cs lphpy S>Zpey. hmu
gpL$ 10dp sZ Qpf hZpp A kyM Appfp L$dp epku kpcmu ps su ^fpC Neg lphpy
S>Zphu, pspu {rQ Z S>Zphu R>. A gp.16dp Z "dd' "d'/"dpfpdpV$' cNhpp L$dp L$lp,
Ad L$lu pspu cNhpp L$dpy S> hZ L$fhpu {rQ S>Zphgu R>.
10
epf Ahspf gu^g cNhpp L$dp dep Dfdp L$d L$lgp u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
AL$V$ hp L$dp kbû R> L$pfp L$ep sp Dfdp Ahspfpp L$d kbû p Dfp kdphi
C e R>. L$pfZ L$ S> cNhpp Ahspfp lsp sApp y{jdp hi eg lphpy, Ahp Ahspfp ep R>u
sApp y{jdp hi eg lphpy de dp R>34&&-35&&
epf Qpp gpL$dp cNhp S> L$pf cS> L$fhpu k pe s kbû rhvyf L$ep s epe
u, L$pfZ L$ dp sdS> Dfdp sp S>hy L$pC u Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ kyM A vy:M lphy A
S> gpL$ BR>gp R> s ps L$fhpy A cNhp k L$fhpy L$pC rk epS> rhvyf S>Zphg lphpu,
ApZ sy buSy> epS> L$lhy-ip^hy CA. su Aphp gpL$p Df DL$pf pe s dpV$ rhvyf L$f s epe
R> Ad S>Zpe R>. su S> Ap Qpp gpL$u sdS> bu gpL$u S> lgp b p rhvyf L$ep R>, sp cphp
Ay$d Ahp R> L$ gpL$ Df DL$pf L$fhp A pspp hpdpV$ dye epk L$fhp CA. Ap lgp b
p dye dp kpdpe R>(kh dyep L$f shp R>) A Dd dpNdp L$fpe shp R>.
R>sp Ap pp Df de Apep u, epf L$fhpy iy L$pfZ? Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$
de sp Z epe L$pf Df Apg R>. de Df Aphpp Apfc L$f R> ep S> gpL$18dp L$l R> L$
""gpL$p Df kpfu fus L$p L$fsp s kpfp L$fgp R>'' (Df Zhp R>sp gpL$ Df kpfu fus L$p L$fhpdpV$
S> Ap s kpfp L$fgp R>). de Ahu fus rhvyfu ikp L$fu R> su sp Df sZ Apg lphp CA.
u p Dfdp S> Ap b p Df Aphu e R>. sdp Ap p Dfdp de cNhpy Qqf
rhvyf L$lgy R>, sdp Ap b pp Df Z Aphu e R>, (L$pfZ L$ cNhpu L$py hZ L$fhpu S>
kyM ps pe R> A vy:M dV$ R>. A cNhp Z su S> k pe R>. su S> de rhvyfu, Df
S>Zpey sd ikp Z L$fgu R>35&&-37&&
epf (38-50 kyûp gpL$dp) shpA cNhpu syrs L$fgu R> sp kNdp ip DepN R>? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ S>d p D L$fhpdp y hs lpe R>, sd shpu sp L$pep AV$g kr
fQhpdp shp hs u, Ad shpA L$fgu syrsu sApA S>Zphg R>. (shp kr fQhpdp hs u
Ad S>Zphhp sApA L$fgu syrs L$lgu R>. shp pspu dm S>Ns fQhp i[shpmp lphpu, cNhp
sAp shu i[s Ap s dpV$ sAp Ap cNhpu syrs L$f R>(gpL$ 50).
kpdpe fus shp S>Ns fQ R> Ad L$lhy A Qpgy kP$Ndp DepNu R>, L$pfZ L$ dlpcpfs hNfdp
Z sV$gy S> L$lgy R>. h^pf rhNshpf L$lhpy sp bp hNfu Z C iL$ shy u. epf (kpdpe fus
ApV$gy) L$lhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ (cNhpp NyZy) hZ A L$us L$fhpdp Ap
DepNu R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$lg R>37&&-39
Aepe R>$p:
y{jdpu kh Ahspfp egp R>, kh Ahspfpy d|g y{j R>, su y{jy R>$p Aepedp rZ
L$ey. su S> cNhpp kh AhspfpA L$fgp L$dpu L$p L$lhpC. Ahu fus pQdp A R>$p b Aepepu
NyZpsus cNhp L$fgu krgugp L$lu40
kNyZkr-Aepe 7-9:
11
kpsdpu hdp kyûp Z Aepepu kNyZ(vh) dpu egu kry rZ L$fgy R>. (hsys:
kNyZkrp Ap Z Aepepu DpvOps S> L$fgp R>) A vidp Aepeu kNyZ kry rZ L$fhpp
pfc L$fi. DpvOpsdp ApW$dp Aepep pX$p S> 13-15 gpL$pdp kNyZ kr L$lgu R>. Sy>Ap uQ
L$pqfL$p62. NyZpsus kr pQdp A R>$p A b S> Aepepu L$lu A Ap Z Aepepdp kNyZ kr L$l R>.
L$pfZ L$ Ap kNyZ krdp kr A cNhp u hQ NyZpu (kr fQhpu) kp L$lhpu R>. Ap rk
NyZpy rZ |hn sfuL$ dspsf cpjpu kpsdp Aepedp L$fgy R>. epf R>u L$pfZu Dr A L$peu
Drs ApW$dp A hdp A b Aepepdp L$lgu R>. s L$u L$pfZ bp R> A kh S>Ns L$pe R>. Ap L$pey
hZ L$pgp AP$N sfuL$ (vidp Aepeu Apfcu) L$fhpy lphpu hdp Aepedp bpA
(bu)cNhpu L$fgu syrs S> L$lgu R>. Ap syrs ka$g C AV$g A syrsu bp S>Ns fQhpp Dpe
S>Zpep A s S>Ns fQu iep. Ap kpsdpu hdp kyûp Z Aepepp kpdpe A (|hn, L$pfZu
Dr A L$peu Dr) R>.
Ap gugp kN R>, rhkN u:
ApW$dp Aepedp d kry h S>dpu ey s y{jy h hZey. Ap kNyZby h L$lgy
R>. epf R>u bp hNf S>du Dr L$lu s Ap hu rhc|rs R>. hmu bp hNfu rhkNdp Z
bu yfpZpdp NZp L$fu R>. bu yfpZpdp kpdpe fus rhkN L$lg R>. shp ucpNhsdp L$lgp u.
ucpNhsdp sp b^pA yfpZpp kpf L$pY$u L$lgp R> A Dd Ar^L$pfhpmpdpV$ s R>, su bu yfpZp S>hy
rhkNy L$ ucpNhsdp u. Al] rhkN L$lhpp R>, Z Al] S> rhkN L$lhpp R>, s Qpp L$^dp
L$li. s rhc|rs lphpy kchsy u41-43
ucpNhsh:
NyZpsus (vh) kru gugp L$fu, s cNhpu Apop lphp gu^ de ps S> rhvyf L$lu. sV$gpu
rhvyfu rS>opkp |fu C rl A sdp s kvl ep(A.7). ucpNhs S> kh kvlp v|f L$fp{ lphpu
S>d k|s ipL$ hNf (Sy>Ap1&3&40-44) A iyL$ furns (2&9&43-45) ucpNhs L$lhpy L$lg lsy
sd de rhvyf ucpNhs L$lhpp pfc L$f R>(A.8&2). de rhvyf S> cpNhs L$l R> s kP$L$jZ
kLy$dpf L$lgy, kLy$dpf kpP$epe, kpP$epe fpif A fpif de L$lgy (A.8&3-9). Ap
ffpdp bp Aphsp u su Ap ucpNhs u Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ uL$Z S> yfpZ L$lg lpe s
ucpNhs. cNhp L$lgy yfpZ ucpNhs. Nusp hNf cNhp L$lgp s Z cpNhs S> R>, Z s yfpZ
u. cNhp rkhpe bu L$pCp dyMu L$pC Z kde ucpNhsu Dr C iL$ rl, L$pfZ L$ bu
L$pC cNhpu gugpy op lpsy u.
de Ap gugpAp rhvyf L$l R> s sp fpif de cZphgy A fpif sp rhyfpZ L$lg
lphpy rk R>, su Ap ucpNhs u Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ rh yfpZ hNf bu yfpZp
ucpNhsp AP$N R> Ahp rQe R>. ""huk lf gpL$py rhyfpZ R>'' Ahy hpe lphpu huk
lf gpL$phpmy rhyfpZ Al] de L$l R> su Sy>vy S> R>. ""AY$pf yfpZp'' hpe dpZ Ap
(rhyfpZ) fpif de cZphg "fpifkrlsp' sp Sy>vp S> N R>, L$pfZ L$ fpif ucpNhsy
hZ L$fu R>u de sp bp^ L$fgp, su de Al] S>p bp^ rhvyf L$f R> s Z ucpNhs S> R>.
R>sp Z Al] ffp ucpNhsu ffpu Sy>vu S> L$lgu lphpu, Ap ucpNhs L$d NZpe? Ahu iP$L$p
12
pe, sp Zhy L$ ucpNhs lvfrls R>. cNhpy h cNhp S> cpNhsdp L$lhp epe R>. s h L$pC
hpf cNhp ps S> L$l R> A L$pC hpf (A.8&3 dpZ) kP$L$jZ hpkyvhh S> L$l R>.
cNhp bp L$lg cpNhsdp A Al] de rhvyf L$l R> sdp hpepp Ay$d Sy>vp lphpu, A
b AL$ (cpNhs) lphpy L$d NZpe? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap rhjedp A S> dye R> hpep dye
u. kN hNf rhjep S>hp cNhp L$lhp BR>gp s S> fpif L$lgp cpNhsdp R>, shp epk L$lgp
cpNhsdp Z R>, su Ap ucpNhs L$lhpdp L$pC Aepesp u.
bpvh hNf L$V$gpL$ sp Ad L$l R> L$ ""cNhp A bp p khpvu ffpu ps egy k|d
cpNhs dp bu L$^ S> R> A uu bpfdp kyû vi L$^hpmy |g cpNhs sp ij(kP$L$jZ) u
ps egy R>''. Ap svv MpVy$ R>. L$pfZ L$ pQdpu bpfdp L$^ kyûy cpNhs fpif L$lgy u, sdS>
epk s cpN fpif pku hZ L$fu L$lgp u. epk s cpN fpif pku hZ L$fu L$lgp lpe sp
12&13&19dp L$lgu ffp MpV$u W$f A Ap ffpdp hQ de Aph R> s Z L$pdp Aphgp pe. su
ucpNhs lvfrls R> Ad L$lhpdpV$, A cpNhsdp A S> dye R> Ad L$lhpu BR>pu, Ap iju (iju
cpNhs ps eg lphpu) L$p L$lgu R> Ahp rQe pe R>. A dpZ Ap de rhvyf L$lg gugpAp
ucpNhs u Ahp vpjy kdp^p L$fgy R>44-46&&
lh Ap kNyZ krp Qpgy kP$N kp kb^ S>Zphhpdp Aph R>. cNhp uL$Z Dh sp
de S> Dvi L$fg s rhvyf L$lhpu de Apop L$fgu. s Apop dpZ NyZu f(vhu) kr D
epu L$p OZu R|>u fpMhp epe lphpu de ps rhvyf L$lu. Ap L$p de fpif pku hZ L$fgu
lsu, L$pfZ L$ uL$Zp dyMu S> sZ hZ L$fgu(3&4&9,10) A s rhvyf L$lhp cNhp s Apop
L$fgu(3&4&26). su de uL$Zp dyMu S> ucpNhsy hZ L$fgy. cNhp pspp Apqv(d|g) hu
bp ucpNhs L$lgy A Ahspf gC de sp Dh L$lgy. Dhu ApNm ffp Qpepy
u. de s rhvyf uL$Zp dyMu kpcmg s S> L$lgy R>, hs L$pf L$lgy u.
Ap ucpNhs S>y rQ Aes iy lpe s a$g Ap. rhvyf sp shp lsp. Aes iy
rQhpmp Ap ucpNhsdp L$pC kie sp u A sy op Y$ hpdpV$ L$pC sL$u s S>f X$su u.
su de Apdp L$pC kvl eg rl, fsy rhvyf Aes iy rQhpmp lphpu s kvl ep, Apu
Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ ucpNhs OZp R>. su kpdpe epep Ahu R> L$ ""lf L$pC cNhvue cNhp L$lgy L$l s
ucpNhs'' L$pfZ L$ sL$u vpp rZe L$fhpdp Aph s gpqL$L$ R> A ucpNhsp A sp AgpqL$L$
R>46&&-48&&
rhvyf eg kvlp:
R>sp Z ucpNhsp A Zhpp Ar^L$pf lpe sp shp Ay cp sy lphpu sdp kvl
pe, epf s kvlp Df Ahe Aphp CA. Df Aphpy Ahy ^pfZ R> L$ S>V$gy L$lhpu S> A
kdS> sV$gy s L$lhy CA. su de Z rhvyfu byry Ahgb L$fu shp kvly kdp^p L$f R>. S>d
y{j udp huey Ap^p L$f epf bpmL$p S>d pe R>, A Zpf bpmL$, y{j cpS> A ipb
L$fsp S> C, s L$pepu Z bpmL$p S>d sp li Ahu L$p L$f A s Z Akcrhs lphpy Zu
bpmL$p S>d L$hu fus S>d pe R> s rhjedp kie L$f R>, epf bp^ Appf y{j lfL$pC L$pf s s
13
rhje S>Zph R>, fsy hpsrhL$ fus s rkps u, sd Al] Z de rhvyf S> L$pf bp^ L$f R> s
rkps u, fsy 3&5&23dp L$p s S> rkps R>.
rhvyf Ap rhjedp Ahp kvl pe R> L$
1.NyZu f(vh) u kr D su lphpu L$p S>fpe OV$su u, L$pfZ L$ L$pe(S>Ns) A
L$pfZ(NyZpsus b) Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp R>. NyZpsus b NyZfrls R>, epf L$pe(S>Ns) NyZhpmy R>.
2.hmu gpL$dp L$pe L$fhpy epS> L$pd R>. L$pd sp NyZpsus bdp u su NyZpsus bu kr pe rl.
Ahp b kvlp rhvyf NyZpsus bp AV$g Dpr^ rhpp(cNhpp) hp kb^dp ep48&&-50
Ap b kvlp v|f pe s dpV$ Ad L$lhpdp Aph L$ kr fQpf cNhp NyZpu Dpr^hpmp R>, sp
Df S>Zphgp bp kvlp S>sp fl. fsy bdp NyZp lpe rl, bdp NyZpu Dpr^ lphpy kchsy
u, Ahp bp kb^dp u kvl pe R>. bdp NyZpu Dpr^ R> Ad dphpu bdp vpj lphpy
S>Zpe R>. Ap vpjy kdp^p Z C iL$sy u. h Z bu Sy>vp lphpu s Z dpepp kb^
hpy kchsy u. b hu [rs ps L$f R> Ad dphpdp Z Ap S> vpj flgp R>. L$pfZ L$ dpepp
kb^ lphpy L$lu iL$pe epf S> hdp vycpNu lphp hNf kch R>. su 1.b dpepp kb^ sp
u, A 2.dpepp kb^y qfZpd (vycpNu hy hNf) sp u Ad rk L$fhpdp Aph sp Ap iP$L$pApy
kdp^p pe. Ap b L$u AL$ (b dpepp kb^ hpu) iP$L$p bp kb^dp egu R> A bu
(dpepp kb^y qfZpd vycpNu hy hNf) hp kb^dp egu R>. su b dpepp kb^ hpy
A hdp sp qfZpd (vycpNu lphp hNf) hpy kdp^p L$fhy CA51
lgu iP$L$py kdp^p:
Ay$d dpZ Ap iP$L$pAp rhQpfsp ""Ap s cNhpu dpep R> L$ S> sL$p rhfp^hpmu R>''
(cpN.yfp.3&7&8) A gpL$dp ""cNhpu dpep'' Ad R>$u rhc[sp epN L$ep su S> v|f pe R>. Ap
R>$u rhc[su Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ cNhpp A dpepp kb^ re(kvpp) S> R>.
cNhpp dpep kpp kb^ re lpe, sp cNhp S> fl rl Ahu iP$L$pA gpL$dpp
"cNhp' ivu S> v|f pe R>. dpepp re kb^ lphp A cNhpZpu rh{ u, Ad Ap "cNhp'
ivu k|Qhgy R>. ""dpep kh N|QhpX$p (Nfehp) L$fphpfu cNhpu i[s R>'' Ahp ds dpZ Z
sp kb^ lphp A cNhpZpu rh{ u, L$pfZ L$ A gpL$dp ""cNhpu dpep'' Ad L$lgy R>, AV$g
cNhpy dye R>. "cNhdpep' Ad kdpk L$ep lps, sp cNhpy dyeZy flsp dpepy
dye ps, AV$g sp kb^ lphp A cNhpZpu rh{ ps; fsy kdpk L$fsp ""cNhpu
dpep'' ivp ep, cNhp A dpep A b AL$ Ahpmp u Ad S>Zphu cNhp dye lphpy L$lg R>
su dpepp NyZp cNhpdp Aphsp u, fsy s vpkuu W$ cNhpu Sy>vu S> fl R> Ad S>Zphgy R>. su
dpep cNhpu Dpr^ su u. A dpZ cNhp kbû lgu iP$L$py de kdp^p L$ey52-53
bu iP$L$py kdp^p:
1
bu iP$L$pp rhQpf L$fsp, d rhQpfp L$ b A dpep ff rh{ lphpu, s bp kbû
2
L$pC L$pe (S>Ns, hy vycpNu lphp hNf) D sy u Ahu sdpfu iP$L$p R> L$ s b dp rhfp^
lphpu S> iP$L$p R>?
14
Ap L$u lgu L$pC L$pe D sy u Ahu iP$L$p lpe sp s MpV$u S> R>, L$pfZ L$ L$pe
(S>Ns, hy vycpNu lphp hNf) hpdp Aph R> S>. L$pe D sy lpe sp kkpf S> lpe.
Z kkpf sp hpdp Aph R>. kkpf hpdp Aph R>, Z b A dpepdp rhfp^ lphpu s bp kbû
kkpf D hp S> CA. Ad L$lsp lp sp Zhy L$ cNhpu dpepu kkpfu Dr pe R>.
2
cNhpu dpepu kkpf D hpdp sL$p rhfp^ R>, (su spu kkpf D pe) Ad
rhfp^ lphpu sdpfu iP$L$p lpe, sp Zp L$ sL$p rhfp^ lphp A sp dpepy c|jZ R>, vpj u. dpep S>
ff rh{ L$pepp kb^ L$fph R>. dpepu S> rh{ L$pe sp lphpy hpdp Aph R>. (h bu Sy>vp
lphpu Chf A dys lphp R>sp, spdp gpQpfu A b^ hpdp Aph R>. b^ L$fpf L$pC lphp
R>sp Z sd vMpe R> s dpepu vMpe R>). hsp y{j hdp pspy dpy L$psy Sy>A R>; ApsfX$p blpf
L$pY$u pMhpdp Aphsp lphp R>sp v|Nf h vMpe R>.
Ad hpdp Aph R>, Z sd L$hu fus C iL$? Ahp EW$, sp Zp L$ s rhfp^ dp vMpe
S> R>, kpQp u. hsydp rhfp^ u. bdp kh hpu i[s R> A dpep shp bu i[s R>, su h
Chfdp gpQpfu hNf rh{ L$pep hpdp Aph R>.
Chfdp gpQpfu hNf, Apdpdp lpe shp S> NyZp Apdpdp hpdp Aph R> s Apdpp hy
op pe epf hpdp rl Aph Ad Z dphy, L$pfZ L$ opuAp Z sd S>Zpe R>. hdp S> opu
lpe, s hp h Zpf lpe R>. hy h sp su kh AhpApdp Zu iL$pe R> S>, fsy
Chfy h Zu iL$psy u. h pf cNhp S> R> (2&1&39 Dfp ukybprûdp rk L$fgy R>)
A opu h ps Chfu Sy>vp u Ad Z R>, su s Z h_dp dpy L$psy lpe sd S>Zpe R>.
hpsrhL$ fus sp sy dpy L$psy u, fsy h hdp ps eg ifufy S> dpy L$pe R> Ad Chf
Sy>A R>, A Ap opu h Chfu Sy>vp lphpu s Sy>A R>. su hy h Zpf Aopu
hdp ps Chfu Sy>vp u, Ahy cp lphpu, pspy dpy L$psy Sy>A R>. epf hp h
Zpf opu, ps Chfu Sy>vp lphpu, (Chf dpy L$psy Sy>A R> s) ps Sy>A R>. A fus opu sp
Aopu b h_dp dpy L$psy lpe sd Sy>A R>. h_dp opu h ps cNhpu Sy>vp u Ad Z
R>. dp NpY$ rpdp A vldpu uL$mu S>hpp kde S> ps cNhpu Sy>vp R> Ad s Z R> Ad ""po
Apdpu kpfu fus cV$pegp ifufdp flgp Apdp su pR>m Df QY$ R>'' yrs L$l R>. b Zpf opu
NpY$ rpdp A ifufdpu uL$mu S>hpp kde ps cNhpu Sy>vp lphpy Z R>, buAp sp s kde
cp lpsy u. s fus 3&5&9dp h_p psu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ ke cNhpy h (h_dp
vMpsp) vlu Sy>vy R>, L$pfZ L$ s kde (h_dp) cNhp S> pf R>.
epf S> rif L$psy s Sy>A R> s hp ifufy dphpp ip Ap^pf? Ahp pe, s dpV$
gpL$.10dp S>gdp X$g Q p rsrbby buSy> ps Apgy R>. S> S>g S>hp vl hNf kkpfdp ""Ap
l Ry>'' Ad dp R>, s S> ^yS>hy hNf pe R>(S>g lpg epf S>gdp X$g Qy rsrbb ^yS>sy vMpe R>),
fsy ApL$pidp flg Q ^yfp hNf sp u. su Q A sy rsrbb AL$ lphp R>sp S>gdp X$gp
rsrbb S> ^yfp hNf pe R>, Q sp u sd Chf A dpep u kkpfdp kX$peg h (vl
""Ap l Ry>'' Ad dppf h) Sy>vp lphp R>sp s hp vly rif R>. Ap (dpepdp a$kpeg lphp) kP$L$V$
15
pspu v|f C iL$ shy lphpu gp.11u s v|f L$fhpp Dpe viphgp R>54-57
dpep v|f L$fhpp Dpe:
Ap kP$L$V$ c[sdpNu A opdpNu Ad b dpNu v|f pe shy R>. s L$u c[sdpNu s ûfûf pi pd shy R> Ahp dep Arcpe R>. k|Z kP$L$V$p pi sp cNhpp kpnpL$pf pe epf pe
R>. epf R>u h_ sy u. Nsp lpCA epf Z vldp ""Ap Apdp R>'' Ahu byr su u, fsy
NpY$ rpdp pe R> sd kvp bp Apvp Aych pe R>.
c[sdpN dpZ dy[s pe R> Ad Z L$lhy CA. su gp.13dp ""epf dyfpqfp L$us L$fhpdp
Aphsp NyZpy hZ S> kh vy:Mpp pi L$f R>, sp R>u sdp QfZL$dgu fS>u khpdp urs sd L$f sdp
L$lhy S> iy?'' Ad L$dyrsL$epeu de sd S>Zph R>. Ap rhjey ps klgpCu dm R>, L$pfZ L$
cNhpp NyZpy L$us L$fhpu kh fdpvp Aych pe R>. Ap NyZp hZ L$fhpy kp^ klgpCu
ps pe R>, L$pfZ L$ kh m ky{jp kvp cNhpp NyZpy L$us L$fsp lpe R>. hmu Ap NyZpp L$usy
hZ AdyL$ vidp sp AdyL$ kde S> L$fhy CA Ahp L$pC red lphpu sdp vi-L$pg hNfu vfL$pf
fpMhpu u.
Ad R> epf khy (dpepp qfZpdy) kP$L$V$ L$d pi pdsy u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
epe fus cNhpp Qqfy L$us R|>y pe R> A shu fus sp Qqfp L$usp hZu S> cNhpp
kpnpL$pf pe R>. (su) kpnpL$pf hp vygc lphpu S> khu dy[s su u. su S> c[sdpN vygc R>.
c[sdpN vygc lphpu S> opdpN L$lgp R>. opdpNu Z s S> L$pfy op pe R> L$ S>pu
cNhp Apdpu Sy>vp lphpy azfsy u. Ahu fus b dpNpy kp^ cNhpu khp R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhpu
khp L$fhpu b ps pe R>. s khp Z ipp d|ghpmu Qfp hNfdp S>Zphgp L$pf L$fgu lphu
CA. pspu BR>pu lf L$pC L$pf L$fgu lphu CA. Ap d Apfc L$fgu khp Apfcdp Ahu fus
L$fhu CA. pR>mu cNhp L$p L$f epf cNhp L$l s L$pf Ahp pspu BR>p dpZ Z sdu khp
C iL$ R>.
Df L$lgp kh rkps ZhpdpV$ S> rhvyf vygc (dep) kkP$N ps eg lphpu sZ
(14-19dp gpL$dp pspu iP$L$p sp de L$lg rkpsy k|d rZ L$fu) gp.20 u Ap Aepep
As kyû de p L$ep. bp hNf S>dp kbû Al] L$fg R> s rhfpV$h R>u D egp
lpC, kr fQpf cNhpu rhc|rsdp sApp kdphi pe R>. Ap p rhvyf cNhpu rhc|rsAp kbû
L$ep A cNhpu rhc|rsApy op ucpNhsu S> pe R>, su Ap pp Df Zhpdp Aph s dpV$
ucpNhsy S> hZ L$fhy CA. buSy> L$pC ip Ap rhc|rsApy op L$fph shy u. de ucpNhsy
op lsy Ad S>Zphhp sZ ApW$dp Aepedp Ap p Df Apsp 2-9 kyûp gpL$dp ucpNhsy
Dpep L$lsp, sy op psp L$hu fus ps ey s S>Zphhp su ffp L$lu, S>u rhvyf s bu pku
hZ L$fhpp Dd L$f.
Al] bp cNhpu rhc|rs L$lg R>, L$pfZ S> kps L$pf cNhpp kbû pe s cNhpu
rhc|rs R>.
16
1.bpu Dr cNhpdpu C(A.8&10-15)

2.cNhp sd kr fQhpp Dd L$fhpu A s dpV$ s L$fhpu Apop L$fgu.
3.bpA s L$fu cNhp k L$ep(A.8&21).
4.sdu syrs L$fu(A.9&1-21).
5.A sdu pp L$fu hf dpep(gp.22-25).
6.R>u cNhp sd kr L$hu fus fQhu s kh S>Zpey(gp.29,30)
7.bpA cNhpu Apop dpZ lgpu W$ kr fQu.
Ap kps L$pf bp cNhpp kb^dp Apep, su s cNhpu rhc|rs R>. Ap kh
S>ZphhpdpV$ rhvyf L$ep epf de Df Apep, Ad kpsu hdp kyûp Z Aepepu krp
DpvOps L$lgp R>. L$V$gpL$ L$l R> L$ bpdp cNhpp Aphi egp.
pQdp A R>$p Aepepdp NyZpsus vhu D egu kr L$lu. R>u kNyZ vhu egu kr
L$lhu CA. s L$lhpp Apfc sp ""bpA Z cNhp Apop L$fgu s dpZ AL$kp qve hjp kyû s
L$ey'' Ad A.10&4u L$fgp R>. epf hQgp kpsdpu hdp kyûp Aepepdp kNyZ vhu egu kr L$py
L$d NZpe? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ A Z Aepepu kNyZ vhu D egu krp DpvOps L$lgp
R>. su bp cNhpu rhc|rs R> sd S>Zphhy A S> Ap Z Aepepy spe R>, L$pfZ L$ sdp kry
rZ sp dp pX$p cpN (A.8&13-15)dp S> L$fgy R>58-62
L$y hZ L$fhpy epS>:
Ap krdp Mpk L$fu L$y hZ L$fgy R> (A.10&8u). kp[hL$ L$pdp L$ khu Dd
lphpu sy hZ L$fgy R>. s lgpp L$ spdk lphp CA. su s lgpp L$dp egp gey
hZ L$fgy R>(A.8&10). s lgpp L$dpp gedp S> bpL$u flg s ijipeu cNhpy rZ L$fgy
R>(A.8&10-12). epf R>up, AV$g L$dp kr sdpdpu D C Ad S>Zphhp sdy rZ
L$fgy R> (A.8&13-15) su L$ OZp S> iy R>63
Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pdp Sy>vu-Sy>vu ehp:
krp rZdp vppy Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pf hZ L$fgy hpdp Aph R>. Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp
L$pf vpp D sp lphpu sApp hZdp cv Aph s vpj u. hu rhfpV$hp S>O L$lgu
R>(2&1&27). bL$dp hu rhfpV$p S>O lpe R>. hmu s L$dg L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$ dp s
rhfpV$hu prcdpu uL$mgp L$dg lpe R>(3&9&21). hmu Apqvhfpl L$dp Asg hNf pQ uQp
gpL$ uQu hfpl pspp lsu s Df gphu L$dgp Df d|L$gu. hmu s S>gdp X|$bu NC epf cNhp
hfplL$dp sp Dpf L$ep. lgp pQ uQp gpL$ uQu Df gphg s hshpfpl Ahp ApqvhfplL$;
hfplL$u Sy>vp S> R>. su Sy>vp-Sy>vp hup h Zhpdp Ahp hZ
p dpZ Z sdu khp C iL$ R>.
Df L$lgp kh rkps ZhpdpV$ S> rhvyfL$fhpdp Aph sdp rhfp^ lphpp dphy rl(Ap Sy>vpSy>vp L$pdpV$ Sy>Ap A.11&34-36).
17
L$p sp OZp C Nep R>, R>sp hup Sy>vp-Sy>vp h Z L$pp S> Df viphgp R>, L$pfZ L$
bu L$p Ap Z L$pp S> rhL$pfp R>. su s bu vfL$ L$pdp hu hNfp h Ap Z L$pp S>
lpe s L$uy S> AL$ lpe R>. su ucpNhsdp huy h Z S> L$pfy ps sfuL$ S>Zphgy R>.
Ap L$pdp bu Z L$V$gpL$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp hpdp Aph R>. bL$dp Ahu ehp lpe R> L$
cNhpp y{jhp Ahehpdpu S> kh D pe R>. s kde hu Ahp kdyp hNfu cNhpu
Sy>vu [rs lpsu u. S>d MpCu de Nf lpe su W$ rhfpV$y h AL$gy S> s h]V$u flg S>gu
Avf flgy lpe R>. s L$dp b^y lqfp ifuf lphpu lqf S> lpe R>, L$pfZ L$ lqf (kh pspy ifuf)
Z R>.
buAp Ad L$l R> L$ cNhp pfpeZ rhfpV$ h pspu gugpAp L$fhpdpV$ kp^ sfuL$ NlZ
L$fgy lpe R>. sdp ds dpZ rhh cNhpy $uX$p L$fhpy p R>, cNhh u. (hsys: cNhp
rhh pspy ifuf Z R> s cNhpdpu S> D egy lphpu) cNhp sy kdhpeu L$pfZ lphp R>sp,
S>d L$pd^y hNfdpu D egp vpp L$pd^y ""Ap vp l Ry>'' Ad dpsu u s ps dpZ ""Ap
rhh l Ry>'' Ad cNhp dpsp u, fsy ""Ap dp{ R>'' Ad S> dp R> (su rhh pspy ifuf R> Ad
s Z R> Ad L$lgy R>)64-66&&
R>u L$dp epf L$dgdpu kh S>Ns D pe R>, epf s rhfpV$p Aheh lpsy u.
L$dp gey S>g Z lpsy u, fsy pfpeZ Ae fl R>. dp sdu prcdpu uL$mgy L$dm S>
c|rd Df flgp L$dmu W$ flgy lpe R> A S>g s L$dmu Avf a$fu D L$fgy lpe R>, Ahp
bpX$u Avf flgy lpe R>. rhfpV$ Ae flsp dp L$dm NV$ hpdp Aph R>. Ap dp L$dmdpu kh
S>Ns, cNhpp kh Aip(hp) cNhpu dpep kp cmgp D pe R>.
S>d L$dp S>gu Dr L$fhpdp Aph R>, sd hfplL$dp L$pC hpf c|rd Sy>vu S> D
L$fhpdp Aph R>. s kde s bpX$u R>pg pk uQ fkpsgdp S>su lphpy L$lgy R>. s kde kps kdyp
(Sy>Ap L$^ 5 Aepe 20) lphp kbû L$pC dpZ dmsy lphpu A dp kps kdyp lpsp u, su
A c|rd Qpk L$fpX$ epS> rhspfhpmu (Sy>Ap. 3&11&38) lphpy eprsj ipu rh{ lphpu, s
L$dp c|rd Z sV$gp rhspfhpmu lpsu u.
Ap L$dp bu Z cvp lpe R>. bL$dp pfpeZ ie L$fgy lpsy u, fsy s Ae S> fl
R>. bu L$dp s pY$gp lpe R>. u hfplL$dp Z L$pC hpf pY$gp lpe R> (A L$pC hpf pY$gp
lpsp u).
bL$ rkhpep L$pdp Z S>Nsy d|g cNhp S> R>, L$pfZ L$ hfplL$dp hup Dpf
cNhp S> L$f R>. L$dp Z L$dm cNhpp Ap^pf S> flgy lpe R>. su Sy>vp-Sy>vp pdp S>Ns
Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pf flg lphp R>sp, kh L$pdp S>Nsy d|g sp cNhp S> R>66&&-70&&
pfpeZp iep L$pf:
18
A.8&10dp S>dp iey hZ L$fgy R> s cNhp pfpeZ R>. rhfpV$ hy ie kchsy
lphpu Ahu iP$L$p pe L$ Ap ie L$fpf L$pZ li, fsy bpX$p Npm ApX$p X$g lpe epf sdp rhfpV$
ie L$f s kch R>. Ap L$u lgp Z S> lsp, L$pfZ L$ A.10&7dp bp L$l R> L$ ""S> gpL$p
lgp ge egp sAp l Ap L$dmu fQui''. (Apu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ bpp AL$ hj S>V$gp AL$ L$ lpe
R>, sdp 100 hjdp 100 L$p pe R>. bpp vfL$ qvhk, qvhk sp fpr |fp pe epf, ge pe R>
A pR>u s buS> qvhk kr D L$f R>. Z sdp cv OZp ApR>p lphpu s Sy>vp L$p pd Apgp
u. su L$ Z 360 pe R>. ukybprû). Ap bpp vfL$ qvhk sp gedp pspu Avf S> S>g
fQu pfpeZ s S>gdp ie L$f R>. vfL$ qvhk sp ge Aphp Z lpe R>. shp lpe sp pfpeZy ie
kch rl. Ahp bpX$u R>pgdp S>g lpe R> s S>gdp pfpeZ pY$ R>, Ahp ipdp S>Zphg s L$pfp
bu ds R>. s kde Z gpL$p ge rhfpV$u rpp L$pfZ eg lpe R>. s kde Df S>Zphg rhfpV$
y{ju pfpeZ Sy>vp Ahp sp Asepdu lpe R> A khp Aen lpe R>. b ds dpZ pfpeZ
S>gu Avf S> flgp lpe R>.
S>V$gp vpp kr kde D pe R>, sV$gpp ge kde pi A kr kde Dr pe R>
Ad S>Zphhy CA. Ap rhjedp rhfp^ hpu iP$L$p pe sp f u kh S>Ns ge vfep sdp Dvfdp
fl R>, Ad Zhpu s iP$L$p v|f pe R>.
""Ap rhh lgp S>gdp X|$bgy lsy'' Ad A.8&10dp lgp L$lu pfpeZ ""pspp vlu Avf
k|d dlpc|sp fpMu'' pY$gp lpe R> Ad A.8&11dp rhh, pfpeZp vlu Avf lphpy L$lgy R>. Ap
kb^dp Ahu ehp lphpy Zhy L$ Apr^cprsL$ vppp gedp pi pe R> A Apep[dL$ vpp
pfpeZ pspp vlu Avf fpMgp lpe R>. su s kde kh S>Ns f u pfpeZp Dvfdp flgy lpe
R>. s d|Y$ (sdpNyZhpmy) Ahp L$pi (khNyZhpmy) lpsy u. uL$Zu r sp Df X$sp su Dr
pe R>. s sdpNyZ Ahp khNyZhpmy (d|Y$ Ahp L$pisy) lpe sp sp kP$L$pQ(k|d[rs) sp
rhL$pk(rhspf Ahp Dr) hpy kch rl. su s f u S> ge vfep pfpeZp Dvfdp flgy
lpe R>70&&-73
Ap L$dp shpp red u:
lgp NyZu f vhu eg kNdp S>hy dlssh lsy shy epf R>up Ap L$dp L$dm R>.
(lgp kNdp S>d shdpu S>Nsu Dr egu sd Ap L$dp L$dmdpu kh S>Nsu Dr pe R>)
su dlssh bvg Ap L$dp L$dm R> A s L$dm S> S>Nsp Ap^pf R>.
L$dmdpu bpu Dr L$hu fus C? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp S> pg L$fpf
hu L$dmdp hi L$ep A sdp s bpp u L$V$ ep. sdZ L$dmdp ivbp hu hi L$fgp,
su lgp kNp y{j bvg Z Ap kNdp bp R> A y{ju pphu S>Zpegp fl R>. L$dp
rhfpV$ bvg Z Ap bp S> R>.
Ap ivb bp b L$pep L$fu iL$ s dpV$ sdp b p ep:1.s L$u Qpf dyMhpmp bp ps S>
hvp A ep A sdpu Q (S>Nsp Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp)u Dr C. 2.bp Avfu
ivb Z ep A sdpu hvp D ep. L$ Ap b hp AL$ lpe sd L$lhpdp Aph R>, R>sp
19
Au ivy Sy>vy R>.

L$dgdp D egp Ahp dpV$p bp pspy L$pfZ ip^hpdp byrp cd L$d ep? (A.8&19)
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Avfu r fpMhpu sd cd ep. epf a$fu sdu [V$ Avfu C
epf sd pspy L$pfZ Zhpdp Apey(A.8&22). Ap pspp L$pfZ S> cNhp sdZ ep s S>
by h (S>Ns s bp hu S> D egy). s b kpL$pf S> lsy Ad 23&31 kyûp gpL$dp
L$lgp hZu S>Zpe R>. A su S>Nsy L$pfZ Z kpL$pf b S> R>. Ap L$dp L$dm A bp b S>
lsp, s b rkhpe buSy> L$pC lsy. Ap by S> L$pfZ lsy s kpL$pf lpe sp S>Nsy L$pfZ-b shy S>
NZpe. L$pfZ L$ pspy L$pfZ ip^pf bp L$pfZ S> hpdp Aph. su s kpL$pf b S> L$pfZ R> Ad
Zu s by hZ (A.8&23-31 hX$) L$fgy R> A bpA hdp Aepedp syrs L$fgp R>. s b R>
Ad S>Zphhp Ap hZ sp syrs L$fgp R>74-76
bpA L$fgu syrs:
bpA hdp Aepedp S> syrs L$fu R> s cNhpp hp rZe L$fphpfu R>. bpA
Ap Aepep lgp AL$huk gpL$pu Ap syrs L$fgu R>. Ap gpL$pu kP$ep Z s kpL$pf b R> Ad
S>Zph R>: ""vi lpu ApNmuAp, vi Nu ApNmuAp A AL$hukdp Apdp, Ad y{j AL$huk AP$Nhpmp
R>''. Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ cNhpy kvp cS> L$fhy A shy cS> S> a$g R>. bp Aphp cS>u
pp 22-25 kyûp Qpf gpL$pu L$f R>. hpsrhL$ fus cNhpu L$pdpV$ S> pp L$fhu CA, A
Al] bp S>u pp L$f R> s-s L$p Z L$fphp{ R>, su bp Ap S> pp L$fu dpN R>, L$pfZ L$
kkpfdp Ap vygc R>. cS> C iL$ s dpV$ bp Qpf vppu pp L$f R>. A s Qpf vppu ppu S>
hpsrhL$ fus sdZ cS>u pp L$fgu R>. 1.kp[hL$ Ahp op 2.cNhpp NyZpdp Apk[s Ahp
cNhpp Qqfp L$usdp fep-ep flhp 3.hpQL$ AV$g b S>Zphpf hv ps c|gu e s A
4.kh kP$Npdp psp DN hp Ahp pspp ipL$p pi A Qpfu bpA 22-25 kyûp Qpf
gpL$pu Ay$d pp L$fu.
A Qpf sp dpZ (ipu Apop dpZ hs L$fhp) u S> ps L$fhp CA Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu,
L$pfZ L$ Ap Qpf cNhp S> Apu iL$, bu L$pC L$pf ps C iL$ shp u77-78
ppp Df:
bpA Ahu pp L$fu epf cNhp sd a$fuu s hNf kp^p L$fhpp S> Dvi L$ep(gp.30).
Z sdZ dpNg vpp sepf sd Apep rl, L$pfZ L$ bpA cNhpu du khp L$fu lsu. su
bpA iy L$fhy CA A rhjep cNhp sd Dvi S> L$ep. cNhp bpu ppp pp dpZ Df
Apgp u, fsy kp^p L$fhp Ahp Sy>vp S> Dvi L$fgp R>. lgp s L$fhpp Dvi L$ep(gp.30), L$pfZ
L$ su kp[hL$ ps pe R>. R>u op ps L$fhpy L$y. (A op su S> ps pe R> gp.32)
L$pfZ L$ opu cNhpp NyZpdp Apk[s pe R>. b S>Zphpf hv c|ghpy Z opu S> ps pe
R>. Ap Z ps sp, ipL$ hp A s Zp a$m lphpu Au dm S> ps pe R>. buSy> cNhpu
gugpp op a$m Z ps pe R>. epf cNhpu gugpy op pe epf vedp Dkpl A hv
c|ghpy Dd L$pf ps pe R>.
20
uL$Zdp Apk[s lphu A DN hpy buSy> L$pfZ R>. uL$Zdp Apk[s lpe sp DN sp
u, L$pfZ L$ lqf kvp cs Df k fl R>. ""uL$Z ps pe rl ep kyû sp cs OZpS> DN
fl'' Ad dphy L$pfZ L$ uL$Z Df re d fpMpf cs Df s kvp k fl R> A s DN hp
vsp u. Ap A S>Zphhp S> 35-42 kyûp ApW$ gpL$p cNhp bp L$lgp R>. R>u cNhp S> h
bp vi vu^gp s hu S> s rsfprls ep, AV$g s h re Z R>. A fus hdp Aepedp Ad
rk L$ey R> L$ bpp rsp b (cNhp) R>79-80
kNyZkr kbû sp Df y p:
kNyZ vhu D egu kr hdp Aepedp S> L$lhu CA A s kbû Z s S>
Aepedp L$fhp CA, s hdp Aepedp L$lsp vidp Aepedp L$pgL$fZdp L$d L$lgp R>? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ rhvyf kpsdp Aepedp L$fgp. R>u hQ DpvOps sfuL$ de cNhpy Qqf L$y,
epf rhvyfy rQ cNhpdp gpey. s cNhpp Qqfy hZ L$fsp s |Z ey ep kyû sZ L$pC
L$ep. L$ep AV$g de Df Z Apep. s Qqfy hZ y{ ep R>u rhvyf vidp Aepep
Apfcdp L$ep epf de Df Apep. su A kry rZ pR>mu L$fgy lphp R>sp lgpu L$pp
AP$N sfuL$ S> R> Ad Zhy. Apu Ad Z k|Qhgy R> L$ epf kP$N gu^ Z cNhpu L$py hZ
ps pe epf cNhpp cspA Qpgsp kP$Ndp Dvpkusp fpMhu. Ad L$f epf S> cs NZpe. rhvyf
cs R> L$ rl su funp L$fhpdpV$ S> de su fus hQ cNhpu L$p L$lu. s |fu pe R>u S> rhvyf
L$ep. su S> Ny de spf k ep Ad A.10&3u S>Zphg R>. de su k ep Ad S>Zphp{
rQl A R> L$ rhvyf S>-S> $du p L$fgp s S> $du de pR>mu sp Df Apep. lgp rhvyf S>
p L$fgp sp kb^hpmp S> Df Apep. s k ep lps sp lgpp pp kb^ rhp S>
s Df Aps81-81&&
L$p kb^:
L$p Z OZp C Nep. L$ AL$ S> lpe sp ""lgp ge pdgp gpL$p l Appu
fQui'' (A.10&7) A bpy hQ OV$ rl. L$p OZp egp lphpu S> bp Ahy op epy L$lgy R>.
Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ L$p (L$dm) gu^ bu b^p L$pu Sy>vp X$ R>.
epf ""sp S> As L$ ep s "L$' L$lhpe R>'' (A.11&35) A hpe MpVy$ W$fi, Ad
dphy. A hpe sp bu L$ Sy>vp lphpy S>Zph R>. hmu bu bpX$dp S> bp lpe s Sy>vp
bpp Apeyey lgy A^(50 hj) |{ sp L$ ep Ad dphpu Z L$pC vpj flsp u. Apu Ad
Z k|Qhgy R> L$ bp Z Sy>vp-Sy>vp lpe R>.
Ahp A.11&35 dp "As'iv hjp Adp epS>gp Zhp. Ahp A L$fsp Ad S>Zpe R> L$
bL$p Z 360 lpe R>. b^p L$pp Ap kpdpe rhcpN R>. dp hjpp R>p qvhkp Ap rhcpNp u,
fsy ApMp hjp R>. Apu bu L$pp Z (360) rhcpNp lphpy k|Qhgy R>.
kNyZ bu egu kr Sy>vu L$d hZhu u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ A.10&9 u kpdpe
fus kh L$pfu krp rhcpN L$lgp R>. A dpZ NyZpsus vhu A kNyZ vhu egu Ad b L$pfu kr
A.5 u Apfcu A.10&9 kyûu k|Z fus L$lu81&&-83&&
21
L$pgkr Aepe 10-11:

lh L$pgkr L$lhpdp Aph R>. (L$pgpfp shpu A dys ep lpe shp hpu kr L$lhpu R>).
Ap krdp rhc|rs dye lphpu lh L$pfZpu L$p L$lhpdp Aph R>. (vpp)u krdp L$pg A h A b
L$pfZp R> A pdkrdp hv L$pfZ L$lhpe R>. s L$u L$pgkr S> vidp A ArNepfdp A b Aepedp L$l R>.
L$pgp S>d L$peu (L$pgdp D sp vppu) pe R>, L$pfZ L$ L$pe L$pgu Dpr^ hi lpe R>.
hcphu L$pgu Dr Z(S>-kdpNd-pL$V$)dpu L$pC Z L$pfu su u. "S>' ^psyp A L$V$
hy; "vMphy' R>. epf L$ L$pg vMpsp u su, A hmu s cNhpp Ahspf lphpu su L$pC L$pfu
Dr su u. (s "Aes' vMpe rl shp lphpu kh m lphpu su kdpNd Dr su u A
cNhpp Ahspf lphpu su hpu W$ Dr su u). su Z L$pfu Dr L$u L$pC Z L$pfu
L$pgu Drs su u.
epf L$pgu L$p krp L$fZdp L$d L$lu? Ahp pesp Zhy L$ s kry L$pfZ R>. L$pg kry
L$pfZ lphpy Aychu S>Zpeg R>, sdS> ""S>p ceu Ap h pe R>'' hNf ipp hpepu Z rk
egy R>. su L$pg kbû rhvyf L$ep(A.10&10) A gp.11u Apfcu de sp Df Apg R> s
epeS> R>83&-85&&
de L$pgy gnZ(gp.11), h(gp.13) A s S>Nsy Dpvp L$pfZ lphpy(gp.13dp)
L$lg R>. kh(S>Ns) b R>, Z L$pg kh vppu lv bp^pfp R>, su s kh S>Nsy L$pfZ R>. S>Nsp
kh vppu lv L$pgu S> b^pe R>, su L$pg S> kh vpp fQpfp R>.
L$pg Aphy kpde epu ps ey? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ kh vppu lv bp^hpdpV$ S>
L$pg; L$pg R>. fk hNf L$V$ L$fhp pV$e L$fhpdp Aph, sdp lpu S> AdyL$ L$pfu Qp L$fu kh vpp
vMpX$hpdp Aph R>, shu fus b kh vp sfuL$ L$V$ pe s dpV$ s vppu lv cNhpu Qp L$pg S>
bp^ R>.
L$V$gpL$ bp Aprhcph L$fphpf L$pg R> Ad L$l R>, fsy s ke u. bp Aprhcph sp b
ps S> L$f R>. bp Aprhcph A rsfpcph b b ps pspu dm S> L$f R>. L$pg sp dp vppu lv
bp^hpy L$pe S> L$f R>85&&-87
Aepe 10; L$pgy kpdpe hZ:
lh L$pgy hZ L$fhpy R>. kpdpe fus A rhij (Mpk) L$pfu sy hZ Ay$d vidp sp
ArNepfdp Aepepdp L$fgy R>. vidp Aepedp L$pgp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pepy rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ L$pepy
rZ A S> L$pgy kpdpe fus hZ R>. L$pepu L$pgy hZ L$fhpdp Aph s S> kpdpe fus L$pgy hZ
L$fgy NZpe.
epf Al] vi L$pfu kr L$d L$lu? ""kpdpe fus ApMye S>Ns L$pgy L$pe R>'' Ad L$lhy Csy
lsy! Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Ad L$lhpu b^p L$pepy op ps rl. su b^p L$pep byru klgpCu
22
S>Zpe s dpV$ L$pCL$ L$pfp Ap^pf gC L$pepu NZp L$fhu CA. su vi L$pfu kr L$lgu R>.
Ap krdp nuApu NZsfu L$fsp "c|L$' NZg R> (gp.24) s bhpu sy AL$ L$pfy iy(f]R>)
lphpy gpL$dp rk R>, su nudp su NZsfu L$fu s epe u; Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ s hpX$p
pM lphpu s nudp NZgy R>, Ahp Al] f]R> c|L$ L$lg u. fsy "c|L$' Z AdyL$ sy nu R>
(L$ S> lpg hp dmsy u) s Al] "c|L$'ivu L$lgy R>88-89
""S>App MpfpL$u Nrs uQu lpe R> Ahp dyepu hdu kr AL$ L$pfu R>'' (A.10&25) Ad
dyepu kr AL$ L$pfu L$d L$lu R>? epf L$ ""S> ded dyep R> sAp sp...'' hNf m dyepp Sy>vp
L$pfp NZgp R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Al] S> dyep L$lgp R> s sp L$pgp L$pe L$rd dyep R>.
AL$rd hpcprhL$ dyep sp Z L$pfp R>. NyZp gu^ sAp Z L$pfp R>. kp[hL$ dyep Dd R>.
sApu opdp Ahp c[sdp p R>. buAp Z sApp NyZ dpZ Zhp. sAp ded A L$r$,
Ahp fpS>k A spdk dyep ""sy S>d g A dfZ pd'' A dpNdp L$lgp lphpy L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ sAp
L$d Apû R>90
cNhp AL$ L$pfu kr fQ R>. sdp L$V$gpL$ OZp kyMu A L$V$gpL$ vy:Mu lphpu s npsu A
|$f lphp vpj pe R>; Aphu iP$L$p Z L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ cNhp ps S> kh sp lphpu Ahp vpj
sdpdp u. (L$pC pspp S> nps L$f Ahp pspu Df S> |$fsp L$f Ad L$lhpe rl)91
Ap krp vi L$pfp kvp L$pgdpu D ep S> L$f R> L$ AL$ hpf S> D ep R>? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ L$pgdpu s AL$ hpf S> D egp R> A pR>mu Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfu krdpu s-s
L$pfu kr ep L$f R>. su L$pgu L$p s bû krApy d|g L$pfZ lphpu rhspfu L$lgu R>91&&
Aepe 11; L$pgy rhij hZ:
L$pe (vp)p pi pe R>. (vpp L$V$L$p L$fsp sp pi pe R>. L$V$L$p L$e S>CA sp R>hV$ khu
pp L$V$L$p Ahp pe L$ S>p L$V$L$p C iL$ rl, Aphp khu ppdp pp cpN, S>p rhcpN Ahp L$V$L$p C
iL$ s "fdp' L$lhpe R>). fdp kyû S> L$pep pi pe R>, L$pfZ L$ |g fl epf k|d
egy NZpe. A ep k|dZpu lv Aphu fl (AV$g S>u h^pf k|d C iL$) s fdp L$lhpe R>.
L$pgy fdp NZhpdp Ahp sL$ R> L$ dpk hsu Dfu c|rdp fdp S>V$gp cpN k|ep f S>V$gp
kdedp e, sV$gp L$pg "fdp' L$lhpe R>. (k|ep f sp dpNdp S>V$gp kdedp fdp c|rd ApmN,
sV$gp kde "fdp' L$pg R>(gp.4)91&&-93
k|ep f S>V$gp kdedp ApMy ApL$pi dX$g a$fu fl sV$gp dpV$p(gpbp) kde "khkf' L$lhpe
R>. khkf |fp ep R>u s a$fu pe R>, Ad hpfhpf s ep L$f R>. ch hNf kpW$ khkfp blrsu
Nrsu khkfy dp NZhpdp rk R>. ApL$pidp blrs bpf Apfp(fpri) hpmy L$pgQ$ bpf hj y{ a$fu
hm R>. kpW$ hjdp pQ hpf ndX$g a$fu hmsp lphpu khkf hNf hjp pQ cv egp R>(gp.14)
bpf hj ndX$m a$fsp blrsp Ahu fus kpW$ hjdp pQ khkf pe R>.
kP$ep "f' kyûu S> lpe R>, fu h^pf lpsu (NZu iL$psu) u. su fp^ (fy A^) u
23
Ar^L$ kP$ep a$fu Aphu iL$su u S>. khkfu (ApV$gu kP$ep kyûu) NZsfu L$fhpu bpp qvhku
NZsfu C iL$ rl. su khkfu ApNm hû eyNu L$p L$fu R> A bpp qvhku NZsfu eyNpu
NZsfuu L$fhpdp Aph R>94-95&&
^drZ:
L$seyN hNf eyNpy hZ L$fsp ""ep ^d fQhpdp Aph R>'' (gp.20) Ad ^dy hZ L$fgy R> s
L$pdy L$fg R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ ""rsu Ap L$sL$e lpe R>'' hNf hpe dpZ ^d gu^ S>
"L$seyN' hNf ivp epegp R>. su eyNy rZ L$fsp, s eyNdp D pf dyep rhi kvl sp,
sApy Z rZ L$fhy CA. A dyepp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ^dp(a$f)p rhcpN L$fpf ^d S> lphpu Sy>vpSy>vp eyNp Sy>vp ^dy hZ L$fgy R>.
Ad lpe sp L$s hNf eyNpdp qvhk A fp Z ^ddpV$ (kh) Dd L$fhp CA! Ahu iP$L$p pe,
sp Zhy L$ kh eyNpdp qvhk S> ^d L$fhp A fp L$fhp Ahu kpdpe ehp L$fgu R>. hmu vfL$ L$dp
fp A qvhk L$fhpp L$pep Sy>vp-Sy>vp lpe R>. s S>ZphhpdpV$ Z ^d hNfy hZ L$fhy CA. ^d C iL$
s dpV$ S> dhsfpy hZ L$fgy R>(gp.23-24).
^dp R> AP$Np (Sy>Ap khrZe L$fZ. gp.39-40.) S>ZphhpdpV$ S> dhsf R> L$pfp (R>
AP$Nhpmp) lphpy L$lg R>(gp.24). L$pfZ L$ s dy, dyp yp hNf R>e Sy>vp-Sy>vp R>, L$dL$ vi hNf ^dp
R> kp^p Z Sy>vp-Sy>vp R>. su dy hNf R> cNp pe epf S> ^d pe R> Ad $u eg R>.
dy hNf R> lf L$pC L$pf D pe R>sp ff rh{ NyZphpmp lpe sp sApp pi pe,
su khu rs$p fl, dpV$ cNhpp L$pe, sApp pg, y rZ L$fgy R>(gp.26).
cNhp sApy pg L$fsp lpe sp L$pC ge pe rl! Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ gey d|m
Z cNhp S> R>. ge Z cNhp S> L$f R>(gp.27-31).
fd vepmy cNhp ge ip dpV$ L$f? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ gedp cNhp ie L$f epf
kh kyMu pe R>. kvp S>d A dfZ ep L$fsp lphpu spu vy:Mu egp hp cNhp ie L$f epf S>
kyM ps L$f R>95&&-98&&
Z bpAp:
L$p As S> bp ie L$f R>. bpX$ s bpp vl R>. Ad bp ie L$fsp lpe, sp Z
gpL$pp pi S> pe. epf ""S>gpL$dp flpfpApu syrs L$fpsp'' Ad gp.31dp S> L$y R> s OV$sy u.
(L$pfZ L$ dlgpL$u uQ flg S>gdp bp ie L$f R> A syrs L$fpfpAp su Df S>gpL$dp lphpu sAp
rhelu NZpe). Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ ApMy bpX$ Ap bpp vl R>, Ahu fus Z gpL$dp L$
hNfu ehp L$fhu. sd L$fuA sp ""sp S> As L$ ep s L$ L$l R>''(gp.35) A hpe
OV$. (L$pfZ L$ bp bL$dp D egp A sdy lgy A^ Apeye y{ ey(gp.33) sdp R>p
L$ lsp(gp.34) sdp L$dgdpu bpu Dr C, s ep bp?) cNhpu prcdpu uL$mg
L$dgdpu D egp bp ep A kegpL$dp flgp bp ep? su ie L$fpf, (Z gpL$p)cpN
24
L$fpf A (Z gpL$)fQpf bp Sy>vp-Sy>vp R>. ApMy bpX$-bpX$p Arcdphpmp bpp vl R>.

v[v ge pe epf bpX$ fQpf bp L$dgpfp pfpeZp Dvfdp S>C kyMu pe R>. cpN L$fpf bp
kegpL$dp fl R>. su bp AL$ S> R> Ad Zhy. Df S>Zpep dpZ Z bp ep. epf AL$
L$p As bu L$ pe R> epf bp lgpp L$u W$ a$fu kr fQ R>. hpfplL$dp sp
Sy>vp L$pf kr pe R>. s kry hZ ApNm L$fhpdp Aphi.
cNhpu AL$ kry rZ L$fhpu S> cNhpu gugp rk su lphpu, AL$ krApy rZ
ip dpV$ L$fgy R>? A Zhpu BR>p pe, sp rhQpfhy L$ Ap bpX$dp bp, A hfpl Z L$p C
Nep R>. y{jpshpmp bp sdp rhc|rs R>. s Ap bpX$dp S>hp R> shp hZhhp CA. su kh
bpApu L$p Aphu e s dpV$ Z L$p L$lgp R>.
lgp bL$dp kr fQpf bp hv lphpy L$lgy R> s OV$sy u Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$
pdkry Sy>vy hZ L$fgy R>. s Z kr Df Ap^pf fpMpfu R> su pdkru kry Z hZ C
e R>, su L$pC vpj flsp u. hmu A.12&46dp ivb L$pC kde vehpmy A L$pC kde A
vehpmy lphpy L$lg R>. su s hpe dpZ spu cNhpy Apr^vrhL$ h S>Zphpe R>. Sy>vp L$pf
pdkru Z cNhpy S> hZ L$fgy R>. Apr^vrhL$ h Z ifuf ps L$fphhpy L$pe cNhp S> L$f
R>, bu L$pC sd L$fu isp u. su lgp L$y pd "bp' R>. "b' ivp A cNhp S> R>,
su s ivu rkru Z Df L$lgp A Y$ pe R>(98&&-102
Chf Df L$pgy cyh u:
L$pgp hZp Apfcdp kh Df L$pgy cyh lphpy L$lg R> (A.10&10-11) su L$pC Ad
S>Zpe L$ Anfb Df Z L$pgy cyh Qpgsy li! Z Anf Df L$pgy cyh u, L$pfZ L$ cv lpe
ep L$pZ Ar^L$ R> sp rZe L$fphpfu kP$ep R>. b fpû Ar^L$ kP$ep R> S> rl. su
Apep[dL$(hL$s) A Apr^cprsL$(pL$s) hNf S> L$pfu krAp L$pgu pe R> (A.10&14.) shp cv
Anfdp u. y{j (cNhp)dp L$pgu hr su S> u. bpy b fp^ S>V$gy S> Apeye L$y s Anfy
(cNhpy) dp rdj(ApMp gL$pfp pe sV$gp kde) S> L$lhpe R>. bpy AV$gy b^y Apeye Z
cNhpy rdj S> L$lhpe R>. hpsrhL$ fus sp s rdj Z sy u(A.11&37). Apu Ad S>Zpey L$
cNhp rhi L$pgu hr su u, sdp Df L$pgy cyh u. A dpZ ArNepfdp A bpfdp A b
Aepepu L$pgy rZ L$ey103
Aepe 12; hkr:
lh bpfdp Aepedp hu kry hZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. hp dys A Adys Ahp b L$pfp
R>. s L$u Adys hpy rZ dy[sL$fZdp L$fhpdp Aphi, L$pfZ L$ sAp kry L$pfZ u. dys hp sp
kry L$pfZ sp lphpu sApy Ap Aepedp rZ L$fgy R>.
dys hp kry L$pfZ L$hu fus pe? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ dys hp cNhpu kdu fl
R>, su epf cNhp kr fQhp BR> R> epf pspu gugp C iL$ s dpV$ sAp fZp L$f R>. su
cNhpu BR>p hi flu sAp S>Nsy L$pfZ pe R>104
25
dys hp Z b L$pfp R>:1.gpL$u f A 2.gpqL$L$. s L$u gpL$u f dys hp dy[sp

L$pfZ R>. L$pfZ L$ hp pspp hu S> L$V$ pe s dy[s, Ap dy[su epep lgp L$lgu R>. gpL$u
f(dys hp) hLy$W$dp Z hfpehpmp C fl R>, su sAp kr fQhpp Ar^L$pfu u A sApu
kkpfdp Dr hu L$W$Z R>. fsy dy[sdpV$ sAp D L$fhpp (kkpfdp S>d ghpp) lpe R>. sAp
opp Ai NlZ L$fu S> kkpfdp Ahsf R>, su sAp dpl L$fphhp Arhp D L$fhpdp Aph R>105
Ap Arhp, Arcdp L$fphpfu vhsp R>. s Apr^vrhL$ lphpu s b^p (gpL$u f dys hp
Z) dpl L$fphhpu, AV$g spu S> b^p L$pe hpp. Ap Arhp kbû b ds R>:AL$ ds dpZ d|g
Arh^p AL$ R>, bu ds dpZ L$pe sp rhcpN(gp.2) pQ R>. Arhp vhsp sp AL$ S> R> Ahp
rkps R>. gpL$u f dysp hpu Dr L$fphhp cNhp s D L$fgu R>106
Arhp D L$fu epf blpfp-bp rkhpep L$pC h lphpu sZ bp S> lgp dpl
L$ep. spu dpl pdgp Qpf dyMhpmp bpA uL$Zy ep êy. Arhp vhsp lphpu sZ epdp rh
L$ey. cNhpy bpA ep êy, su gpL$u f dys hp kL$ hNf D ep(gp.4). sAp D
ep R>u bpy ep kr D L$fhpdp gpey AV$g bpp ifufdp QpV$ey sy (gp.21u Apfcu L$lgy)
qfZpd R>uu i. hQdp s lgp A kL$ hNfu Dr R>u bp $p^ ep(gp.6). 1.bpp
vedp kr D L$fhpu BR>p C. kL$ hNfA su p pX$u sdp rh L$ey, su bp $p^ pe s epe
S> R> 2.hmu Arhp Z (sdZ D L$fgu s) sdu pk S> lsu su Z sd $p^ ep.
$p^ L$fhpu bpu BR>p lphp R>sp sd $p^ L$d ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ $p^ sp
Arhpy S> L$pe R> A Arhpdpu S> s D ep R>. hmu s $p^ Apr^vrhL$ R>, c|gu s Apep[dL$
Zu bpA s fpL$hp epk L$ep. kL$ hNf dpV$p dyrAp S>Ns op Aphp dpV$ S> D L$fgp, Ahp
sdp kbû rhQpf L$fu, bpA psp eg $p^ fpL$hp dpX$p. $p^ Apr^vrhL$ lphpu fpL$pe shp lsp,
su s fpL$hpp epk L$fpfp bpp ifuf bpmhp s sf ep, fsy s lgp bpA
pR>m(gp.107dp) L$y sd uL$Zy ep L$ey, AV$g $p^p ep kp kb^ ep. su ep kpp
$p^dp uL$Zp Ahspf hi L$ep, su bpp vl A kL$ hNf dyrAp b $pû bmsp bQu Nep. sd
hi L$ep lps sp bdpu AL$p pi ps107-109
epf s $p^ Ly$dpf fX$hp dpX$y s epe lsy!(gp.7&8) Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap
Ly$dpf(iP$L$f) cNhpu L$p Ai lsp. sdpu S> pZuAp D hpp sdy(h) Zhpu sd
fX$hy Apey. sdZ bp ""dpfp pd pX$p A p fQp''(gp.8) Ad L$y, su Ad dphy L$ pspp
pd X$pe A p fQpe s dpV$ s fX$gp. s {v kpy hQ sp sdZ bp k pe s dpV$ L$lgy. s
ps sp ""dpfpu sp kkpfdpV$ DepNu lpe shu S> kh fQpi'' Ahy dfZ L$fsp fX$gp. su Df
S>Zphg sdp hQy buSy> epS> A Z lsy L$ (bp sd D L$fhpu Apop L$f)
D L$fhpp Ar^L$pf bpp S> lphpu sdu Apop rhp D L$fhpy Aie lsy; fsy Ap cv
Zpf bpA sp lgpu W$ (kL$ hNf D L$fhpu Apop Apgu shu fus) Apd Z
D L$fhpu Apop Apu(gp.14) epf AdZ TX$u AL$ rsL|$g (krp L$pfZpp pi L$f shp)
pZuAp fep
110-111
26
Ap pZuApu krp L$pfZpp pi sp kr i rl, Ahp ceu bpA sd shu kr fQsp

AV$L$pep(gp.17). dp AV$L$phhpu s (bu kr fQhpdp) rh L$fi, Ahp rhQpfu sdpu rh pe
s dpV$ sd s L$fhpp Dvi L$ep(gp.18). bpA sd s L$fhp S> Dvi L$ep, s Ahy rhQpfu L$fgp L$
s L$fhpu $p^p L$pfZ Arhpp pi i A su iy $p^ epe li shy S> ( D L$fhpy) L$pe
L$fi.
Ad lsy epf dlpvhp $p^y L$pfZ bgu Arhpp su pi L$d ep? sp pi ep lpe
sp L$pfZ Arhpp pi hpu spu egu krp ge L$d pe? dp s bu kr fQhpdp rh L$fsp
S> L$d AV$L$u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Arhp dlpvhu Dry L$pfZ egu A s sp dlpvhy L$pe
lsy. s L$peu L$pfZp pi ep, fsy spu kr fQhpdp rh sy s AV$L$u Ney112
su bpu Apopp huL$pf L$fu dlpvh s L$fhp hdp Nep. A dpZ gpL$u f (dys hp)u
Dr L$lu. R>u bpA kr fQhp uL$Zy S> ep êy. gpqL$L$ hp Z bp ps S> D L$f sp
sdy BR>gy L$pe rk pe rl. su sAp D L$fhpp L$pf rhQpfu, sdZ kr fQhp cNhpy ep
êy. (s ep sdp ifufdp QpV$y, Sy>Ap pR>m gp.107) su (sdp ifufp Sy>vp-Sy>vp Ahehpdpu)
dfurQ hNf Sy>vp-Sy>vp FrjAp D ep(gp.21-27). ^d dpZ dy C iL$ s Aphu Dr L$fhpy
epS> lsy.
A dpZ kp[hL$ A fpS>k hpu Dr L$lu. R>u spdk hpu Dr bpA L$fhp dpX$u,
epf sdp yp (dfurQ hNf)A sd sd L$fsp fpep.
bpu spdk hpu Dr L$d pe? Ahp rhQpf Aph sp Zhy L$ sdZ R>p S> hp D
L$ep sApdp ^du dy C iL$ s dpV$ AL$ u D L$fgu A bu b^p y{jp D L$fgp. dyMdpu
hpZu u D L$fgu(gp.26) A bu b^p y{j D L$fgp.
Arhp sp bp pk S> lsu, hmu kr D L$fhpdp sdy d Z QpV$gy, su (u hpZu
D sp) sdp vedp L$pd ep. su h^pf kr D pe s dpV$ sd s u kp dy L$fhpu byr
C. Aphp dyu spdku kr pe. s Z ^dp pi L$fpfu lpe sp cNhp dS|>f fpM, Z s
^dp pi L$fpfu lpe sp lgp fQgu b L$pfu krp pi pe, su A^dhpmu kr D L$fhpu
^dp pi pe sd lphpu bp sd L$fsp AV$L$phhp A epe lsy. su uL$Z (S|>Ap gp.32 Dfp
ukybprû) bpp yppfp sd sd L$fsp AV$L$pep113-115
gp.33dp ""bpA s vlp epN L$ep'' Ad L$lgy R>. ep fdZ L$fhpu BR>p "vl' L$lgp R>.
bpA pspu A dphrp epN L$ep. su u spdk hpu kr D C. epf bpA a$fu kr
D L$fhp cNhpy ep êy AV$g hvpu Dr C. bpA |h-vrnZ-[Qd sp Df sfa$ dyM
L$ep(gp.37) su ivpp gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ L$pfpu Dr C. Ap gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ cvu u
pdkr D C. hp -pdu kr sp, pdpu AMX$ hr fl s dpV$ Ap kry d|g ivb
lphpy S>Zphu sy h L$lgy R>(gp.45-46)116-116&&
27
A dpZ NyZkry rZ L$fu, AL$gp NyZpu fQgu kru Q b i Ahu iP$L$p hpu,
rdZhpmu kr fQhpp bpA Dd L$ep. lgp sdZ pdkr fQhpu dphrp epN L$ep. A R>u
lgpu W$ kr fQhpu dphr L$fu(gp.47). bpy As:L$fZ rdZ lsy, su rdZhpmu kr
fQhp sd cNhpu S>f X$u. su cNhpy sdZ ep êy(gp.48) epf cNhpu BR>pu bpp
ifufp; ep A BR>p Ad b rhcpN ep(gp.49). Ap b cpNy rdy(X$Ly$) ey. sdp y{j dy A
u isp lsp. epf R>u dyu kr pspu dm h^hp gpNu. bpu L$ bu L$pCu Apopu S>f flu
rl(gp.50-51 kybprû). Ahu fus Qpf L$pfu kr L$lu:
1. kL$ hNf
2. dfurQ hNf
3.pdkr A
4.dy sp isp.
Ap Qpf L$pfu dys hpu kr L$lu. pdkr sp AP$N sfuL$ L$lgu R>116&&-118&&
Aepe13; fp krp DpvOps:
lh sfdp Aepedp u hfplL$u L$p L$lhpdp Aph R>. L$pg A h u kry rZ L$ey A
sy rZ L$fhp bL$ sp L$ y Z rZ L$ey. c|rd Z kry L$pfZ lphpu Ap Aepedp sy
rZ L$fhpdp Aph R> A c|rdy rZ L$fpe s dpV$ hfplL$y Z rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>.
Al] lgu Apfcu b^p shpy rZ L$fgy u, L$pfZ L$ krp vppu lgp Dr L$lu s
S> Al] Z lpe R>. lgp L$p vppp kp^pfZ NyZp kh L$pdp Qpgy fl R>. S> h^pfpp NyZp ep lpe
s S> L$lhpp fl R>. s h^pfpp NyZp L$pC vpp m pe sp s vpp ppp gp pe. hfplL$dp
c|rdu [rs lgpp S>hu lsu. su c|rd L$dgdpu Ahp cNhpp S>Odpu D egu lphpy
A bL$dp L$lgy R> sp Al] gp eg R>. c|rdu [rs A L$p L$fsp hfplL$dp Sy>vp
L$pfu lphpu s S> Ap Aepedp L$lgu R>. Nep L$p bu vppp L$pfp Ap L$dp Qpgy flgp R> Ad
S>Zphhp dyy DepNu Al] L$lgy R>. bpp ep A BR>p Ahp b rhcpN epy lgp L$lgy R>, s
L$u BR>p isp eg A ep dy eg, su bp kr fQhpy c|gu Neg lphp R>sp ep dyA S>
sd fZp L$fu(gp.15).
dyu Dr cNhpu rhc|rsApp rhspf pe s dpV$ L$fgu A rhc|rsAp rhspfhu A
cNhpu gugp R>, su (gugpdp DepNu pf) dy cNhpp cs R> Ad S>Zphhp rhvyf lgpu W$ Ap
Aepep Apfcdp(gpL$.2-4) dy kbû L$fg R>. kh kP$N L$pdpu Ahp buu fZpu L$pe
L$fhpu hr pe R>. s L$u Al] L$pdpu hr su lpe, sp hfplL$ dpn L$fphpfp pe, Ahu
iP$L$pu Al] dyu hr sp rsp bpu fZpu C lsu Ad gp.11 u S>Zphg R>. A gpL$dp
1
2
3
bpA dy ksp D L$fhpu, y Ahp huy ^d dpZ pg L$fhpu A cNhpp eop
L$fhpu Ahu Z L$pfp L$pe L$fhpu Apop L$fgu. bpu A Apopu S> dyA A Z L$pep L$ep Ad
S>Zphhp dy A bp p khpv(gp.7-15) L$lgp R>118&-120&&
iP$L$p:Ap hfpl L$dp kr fQhpu ehp L$hu R>? Ap lgpp L$dp cNhpu prcdpu
28
uL$mgp L$dgdp flu bpA kr fQgu, Ap L$dp L$dg lphpu bpA kr fQu L$ rl? shp kvl pe
R>. Ap L$dp bpA kr fQu lpe sp sdp dyy iy epS>? A bpA ep flu s fQu? Ahp
DW$,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ bpA kr sp Ap L$dp fQu R>, L$pfZ L$ u fQu Ad dphy gp.17u
rh{ R>. A gpL$dp bp L$l R> L$ ""l kr fQsp lsp sV$gpdp s S>gdp X|$bu NC''. bpA fQu S>
lps sp Ap hpe OV$ rl. Ap S> hpeu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ bpA ps lgp S>gdpu hu blpf L$pY$gu
A sy S> pg L$fhpu gp.11dp dy Apop L$fgu. Apd lphpu lgp (12dp Aepep Asdp) S>
rehs hNfu kr L$lu s Apqvhfpl L$dp egu Ad Zhy. A dyA S> rho[s bp L$fu
(A.13&14-15) s bu qvhk khpfdp L$fgu. bp kegpL$dp flu kr fQsp lsp. dy psp flhpy
p ip^hp Negp (epf hu S>gdp X|$bu Negu C). epu pR>p Aphu sZ bp Ap rho[s
L$fgu120&&-122
bp dyu Aphu rho[su iu S>f? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Apqvhfpl L$ bpp s
qvhkp As epf c|rd S>gdp X|$bu vMpsu b^ C, s kde S>(su klS> lgp) bp kegpL$dp Negp
A ep bu qvhku kr L$fsp lsp s kde khpf dyA sd Ap(gp.14-15u) rho[s L$fgu.
Ad lpe sp gp.17dp bpA ""ldZp S> hu X|$bsu fkpsgdp NC'' Ad L$d L$lg? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ dyA Ahu rho[s L$fu epf OZp rL$V$p kdedp S> hu X|$bu Negu lphpu bpA
""ldZp S> X|$bsu'' Ad L$lgy. bpA rhQpey L$ "" l a$fuu hu S>gdpu blpf L$pY$ui, sp Z lgpu
W$ s a$fu X|$bi'' su sdZ pspu kh B[ep hi L$fu Apvf|hL$ fdpdpy ep êy. S>hy sdZ
fdpdpy ep êy, shp S> sd S>Zpep rhp S>, sdp uL$msp lgp hpk kp S>, uL$Z sdp
pL$dpu blpf uL$ep(gp.18). Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ cs vy:Mp rhpk (rkpkp) d|L$ s lgp S>
cNhp NV$ pe R>. uL$Z bpp pL$dpu hfplhu blpf uL$mgp123-123&&
cNhp hfplhu bpp pL$dp uL$ep L$pfZ L$ hfpl eou kdp R> "dey'($p^) ivp A
eo R>. su S> iyAp lZ R> (eodp iyApp h^ pe R>). ""iyApp Ap(hfpl) dey R>'' A yrs
dpZ hfpl Z shp (dey) S> R>. su cNhp hfpl hu L$V$ ep. shp hu L$V$ hpy buSy> Z
L$pfZ A R> L$ lpu A hfpl A b S> S>gdpu vp blpf L$pY$hpu i[shpmp R>. su X|$bgu hu blpf
L$pY$hp pspy Ap bdpu AL$ h cNhp Ahe L$fhy CA. b L$u eo(dey) u S> NyZpu f L$pe C
iL$ shy lphpu, cNhp lpuy gu^y rl A hfplu L$V$ ep. hmu eo fus L$d R>, su s
krp L$pfZ Z R>. s L$d lphpu s krp L$pfZ R> Ad L$lhpu S>f flsu u L$pfZ L$ L$du S>
kr Ahp S>ddfZ ep L$f R>123&&-125
cNhpy pspy Ap h bpu Z rQs C iL$ shy R>(gp.19-23). su Ap h
cNhpu q$epi[sp dp Ai u, fsy cNhpp Ahspf R>. Aphy bpu Z rQs C iL$ shy
cNhpy pspy S> lpC iL$. Ap cNhpy Apv h S> R>. s cNhpu q$epi[sp Ahspf R> Ad
S>Zphhp sdZ eo dmsp Aphsp hfply gu^gy126
29
""pspu MfuApu vbpegp S>gdp hu pu'' Ad gp.46dp L$lg lphpu, s kde Ap c|rd
Qpk L$fpX$ epS> rhspfhpmu lsu, fsy dp AL$ gpM epS>hpmu lsu Ahp ApQpeup ds R>. L$pfZ
L$ S>byu S> L$d L$fhpu c|rd R> A Ap (hfpl Dpf L$fgu) c|rdp L$d L$fpe s dpV$ S> Dpf L$fgp.
Ap rhjedp buApu kdrs u. c|rd Qpk L$fpX$ epS> rhspfhpmu R> (3&11&39) A hpe
bu L$u c|rddpV$ epS>gy R>. eprsj ZpfpAp sp c|rd pQ lf epS> rhspfhpmu lphpy S> L$l
R>. AL$ gpMp hukdp cpN NZhpdp Aph sp Z pQ lf pe A sAp a$g S>Zphhp c|rd sV$gp
rhspfu lphpy L$l R>. Ap c|rd eprsQ$dp flgu R>.
eprs:ipy L$pd iyc Ahp Aiyc a$g S>Zphhpy R> A s hukdp cpN ghpu Z Zu iL$pe
shy lphpu A sd L$fhpu pp ApL$X$pApy klgpCu op C iL$ shy lphpu eprs:ip ZpfpApA
hukdp cpN gC pQ lf epS> rhspfhpmu c|rd lphpy L$lg S>Zpe R>. su AL$ gpM epS>
rhspfhpmu dphu epe R>, L$pfZ L$ S>byu S> L$d L$fhpu c|rd R> A sp rhspf AL$ gpM epS>p
R>. (Sy>Ap 5&16&5)
hfpl c|rdp Dpf L$ep(gp.32) A rlfepn lep(gp.33) epf Adpfu ""Ap hfplhdp
p u Ahy u'' Ad S>Zphhp FrjApA sdu syrs L$fu(gp.34-46) A R>u hfpl c|rdy p
L$ey(gp.47).
Ap L$fZ hfpl c|rdp Dpf L$ep ep S> y{ pe R>. hfpl rlfepn lep. s sp lfL$pC L$pf
lep. Ap L$fZdp sy epS> u. rlfepn lZhpy epS>hpmy lpe sp (FrjApu syrsdp s
L$lg lphpu) hQu Mpdu fl. su dye kP$N Aykfu bu kP$Npp kde hNfu epS>p L$fhu
CA. hmu rlfepn ve Ap L$dp dpgp lsp A eo(hfpl) s cd L$fpf (klgpCu lZpf) S>
lsp. su s S>hp Apep L$ sfs S> (c|rd pspu vpY$ Df fpMgu lphp R>sp) s lZg(gp.33).
FrjApA L$fgu syrs (hfpl) eo R> Ad S>Zphpfu R>127
S> L$dp rlfepn lZhpy L$pe dye lsy, sdp hfpl d c|rdp Dpf L$ep(A.18&2), R>u
sy p L$ey(gp.8) R>u bpA hfplu syrs L$fu(gp.22-28) A R>u hfpl rlfepn
lep(A.19&26). A L$dp A Qpf hpsp Ap $du egp. lep lgp syrs L$fhpdp Aph s L$
kvlhpmu S>Zpe, R>sp Z hfplu kfkpCy bp hZ L$f su rlfepn vy:M pe, s dpV$ s lep
lgp L$fgu R>127
L$p Apfcdp c|rdp Dpf hfpl L$ep epf rlfepn sdu kp ey L$fhp Apep s ep
kdep D egp? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ sp S>d Ap L$u lgpp L$dp egp. lgpu
krp pi sp dlpL$(by hj |Z hp) p kde S> pe R>. hQgp L$pdp Z gpL$dp S> hp lpe s
L$u Akyfp uQp gpL$dp e R> (A) dyepp sp pi pe R>. dy hNf vhp Zhp. FrjAp Z
Dfp gpL$dp e R> A kegpL$dp fl R> Ahu sdu kfkpC Z R>. su Ap L$ lgpp L$p As
L$e Dfp gpL$dp Neg A qvrs uQp gpL$dp Neg Ahp rZe pe R>. ge vfep rlfepn uQp
gpL$dp flgp. vhp Dfp gpL$dp Neg. dyep hNf buApp sp pi S> eg. FrjAp A sApp yp
30
bpu kdp R>, L$pfZ L$ su rh{ dphpy L$pC L$pfZ u. su sAp kegpL$dp S>C flgp127&&-129
Aepe 14-19; dspsf cpjp:
Qpvdpu ApNZukdp kyûp R> Aepep dspsfcpjpu ps egp rlfepnp h^p kP$Ndp
L$lgp R>, su sdp ucpNhsp Au rh{ lpe su NZp L$fhu.
Ap rhjedp Ahu ehp R> L$ Qpgsu L$pdp kP$Nu ps egu L$pp Mpk L$pfu p
|R>hpdp Aph, sp S> |R>gy lpe sV$gy S> dp L$lhy, fsy S> L$dp |R>g de(rhje) Dd L$pf rk
eg lpe s S> L$lhy CA. L$pfZ L$ L$fpfdp c[s D L$fhu s S> sp Dkpl h^pfp{ R>. su
S> L$dp rlfepn hNfu kfkpC egu s S> L$u L$p Ap Aepepdp L$lgu R>.
Ap L$pdp Ahp pe R> L$ hLy$W$dp Negp S>e A rhS>e a$fu kkpfdp L$d Apep? L$rd
hLy$W$dp Negp lphpu sAp a$fu kkpfdp Apep Ad Z L$lhpe rl, L$pfZ L$ L$rd hLy$W$dp NegpAp Z
dy[s S> ps pe R>. ""S>dZ rL$pd ^du lqf k L$fgp lpe sAp S> ep Z e R>''
(A.15&14) su a$fu kkpfdp Aphhy X$ shy S> p sAp ps pe R>. S>e A rhS>e hLy$W$dp
Negp, R>sp Z uL$Zu BR>pu sdp kkpfdp S>d ep. cNhpu Ahu BR>p lphpy epS> gpL$
Ahy S>Zphhpy lsy L$ hLy$W$u c egp khL$p Z L$hy a$g ps pe R>. Z gpL$dp rlfepn hNf S>
kyM dmg s B hNf Z vygc R>. Aphy kyM hLy$W$u c egp S>e sp rhS>e ps ey, R>sp s
Z sApu sp dpV$pdp dpV$u Apr lsu. Ap Dfu hLy$W$dp sAp L$hy kyM sy li sy Aydp L$fhy130
Ap dspsf dpZ hfpl A rlfepn y ey c|rd Df S> egy A cNhpp lpu dey hp
R>sp, cNhpu BR>pu S> rlfepn dy[s Z ps C, Ahp cNhpu q$epi[sA sp h^ L$fg
lphpu s dy[s ps C, Ahp dy[s AphpdpV$ cNhp Ahspf gu^p lpe epf S> sdpu dy[s
ps pe R>. hmu hfpl rlfepny Dvf Qufu s lep lsp, fsy lep R>u sy Dvf Qufgy.
lep lgp sy Dvf Quf sp sp pZp cNhpp dyMdp hi L$f (AV$g su dy[s pe, su cNhp sd
L$fsp) s a$fu ve S>d s dpV$ sp kL$pfhpmp Aip pspu Avf hi L$f Ahp Arcpeu s lep
R>u sy Dvf Qufgy131
hfply A rlfepny ey bpp AL$ qvhk kyû egy Ad S>Zpe R>, Apu rlfepnp bgp
epg Aph R>. Ap eydp S> hfplL$ huep. epf R>u hshpfplL$ ep sdp kr A rlfeL$riy y
fpe ep. Ahp bu ds dpZ S> qvhk ey Qpey s vhp qvhk lsp, AV$g dyepp R> dpk kyû A
ey Qpggy. R> dpk ey Qpey A ds dpZ bpu syrsp hQp OV$ s dpV$ Ad dphy CA L$ c|rdy
hfpl p L$ep R>u bp lgpu W$ d{ hs Df S> S>C flgp132
Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ dys hp cNhpu BR>pu kkpfdp Aph R>. cNhpu BR>p Z
cNh lphpu sdp kkpfy Ap R> Aepepu hZ L$fgy R>. "kkpf' AV$g Dr A dfZ. R> L$u
lgp Z Aepepu S>e A rhS>e u rlfepn A rlfeL$riy sfuL$ Dr A pR>mp Z
Aepepu rlfepny dfZ hZhgy R>.
31
Are vppp "S>d', re A lvhpmpp "kdpNd' A lv hNfp rey "pL$V$e', Ahu fus
Dr Z L$pfu L$lgu R>. dey Z ""L$pg, e A NyZp u Ap S>Nsp Z L$pf ge pe
R>''(3&10&14) A hpe dpZ Z L$pfy R>.
Qpvdp Aepep A buS>u Dr(L$e qvrsdp L$fg Ncp^p) R>. Ap Aepedp lgp
Dprû-fpnk Nc fl sdp L$pfZu-Dr L$lgu R>.
vfdp Aepedp S>e A rhS>e sApp p hLy$W$dpu c epy L$lg R>. su sAp hp
kb^ hp A sp AR>.
kpmdp Aepedp sApA qvrsp Ncdp hi L$epy AV$g sApp S>d(Ncdp hi) epy L$lg R>.
cNhpu rhc|rs sApA qvrsp Ncdp hi L$ep. cNhpu rhc|rsp hi Ncdp ep lpe sp
A.17&3-17 kyûdp sApy dplpe hZhg R> shy OV$ rl.
kfdp Aepedp sApy S>d epy A sApy y{jps L$V$ epy L$lg R>. Ap sApu kfkpC
pi lsu Ad S>Zphhp piy rZ L$fpfp Aepepdp S>Zphgu R>.
AY$pfdp Aepedp h{Zp hQpu rlfepnp piy buS> S>Zphgy lphpu "pi pdsp lphp'
A sp A R>.
(A ApNZukdp Aepedp) sp pi epy L$lg R>. su 1.piy buS>, 2.pi pdsp lphp
A 3.pi Ahp cvu (dfZp Z Aepep L$lgp R>).
hLy$W$dp flpf cs Dd-hu Ahu [rs L$d C? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ Ap R>e
Aepepdp L$lgu L$py L$pfZ Chf BR>p S> R>. Chfu BR>p rhp Ad C iL$ rl
133-134
Ap R>e Aepepu L$p Chfu BR>pu C lsu Ad dpuA sp sdp Ahu AkP$Nrs S>Zpe R>
L$ Dd Ly$mdp D egu vnu yu A B[epu Zhpdp Aph shp vpp Zpf Frj L$eu
u, L$pd D sp, dp AL$ nZ(pX$p kde) fpL$phpdpV$ FrjA pp L$fhp R>sp fpL$pC rl A sZ
rg C kepp kdedp A[lp L$fsp Frjy h L$X$u kdhhp R>sp sd R|>V$p L$ep. Aphy
cNhpu BR>p rhp depvp dpZ pe rl135
uA sp Nd sd L$ey fsy dyrA Z S> L$ey s AOqV$s lsy.
sdZ dpp epN L$ep(gp.15)
2
su kp hpsQus L$fu s bu cpjp AOqV$s lsu
3
dyrA uu syrs L$fu(gp.16-20)
4
s hi ep
5
ipdp S>Zphgu Sy>vp L$pf u kp kb^ L$ep(gp.30)
1
32
sp rhfp^ L$ep.
Ap R> L$pe L$e dyrA L$ep s Aepe R>. R>u S> ^d khpv s b ep(gp.33-49) s
Ad S>Zph R> L$ Aphp Aepe L$pe L$fhp A sApp hcph lsp. AV$g cNhpu BR>pu S> sApu Ap
L$pe ey A dpZ lgp(Qpvdp) Aepep A AOqV$s lphpy Ad viphhp L$y R> L$ cNhpu BR>p rhp
Ad b rl136-136&&
bu(vfdp) Aepedp S>Zphg rhje Z uL$Zu BR>pu bg lpe sp Aepe R>, L$pfZ
L$ kv hNf dyrAp S>d L$pC Z vidp A L$pC Z kde $p^ pe A S>Ap L$pC Z rhjedp
Aepe L$pe L$f, sAp hLy$W$dp epf uL$Zy rQs L$fhpu Dd Ahpdp lsp epf uL$Zp khL$
S>e A rhS>e Df $p^ L$fu sAp kl C iL$ shp ip Apep. dyrApA Z Aphy Aepe L$pd
L$ey136&&-138
S>e A rhS>e Z shy S> Apepe L$pd L$ey. hLy$W$p gspAp, nuAp A uAp Z
cNhvcphhpmp, cNhpp NyZpy Np L$fhpdp fep-ep flpfp, AlP$L$pffrls, Cepfrls A Dd lpe
R>. shp hLy$W$dp S>dZ kpgpe, kpr, kpdue A kpe A Qpf L$pfp dpn k|Z fus ps L$fg, shp
S>e A rhS>e Nh L$fu csp, hLy$W$dp cNhpp vi L$fhp Aphgp, sAp rsb^ L$ep. Ap sApy L$pe
Z Aepe lsy. s L$pe L$ep R>u s bA dyrApp QfZ L$X$p(gp.35) sp sdu L$p dpNu(gp.36)
s Ad viph R> L$ sdZ S> Aepe L$pe L$ey shy L$fhpp sApp hcph lsp138-140&&
u(kpmdp) Aepedp S>Zphg rhje Z uL$Zu BR>pu bg lpe sp Aepe R>. Ap
Aepedp cNhp dpl L$f shp hQpu kL$ hNf dpl D L$f R>(gp.4-11). cs S>e A rhS>e
rs bvfL$pfu S>Zph R>. hmu hLy$W$dp Neg kkpfdp pR>p Aph s Aie lphp R>sp s b hLy$W$dpu X$ R>.
cNhp rs Ap b csp j pe R>, L$pfZ L$ j ep lpe sp crhedp sAp cNhp Df j
fpMhpu byr pe. su Ap Z Aepepp rhje cNhpu BR>pu eg lpe sp hp Aie
R>140&&-141&&
R>up kfdpu ApNZukdp kyûp Z Aepepp rhje Z cNhpu BR>pu bg lpe sp
bhp Aie S> R>. Ap Aepepdp rlfepn A rlfeL$riyu AgpqL$L$ Dr hZhgu R>, L$pfZ L$ dpV$p
y{ju kpdpe fus Dr su lpe epf Mfpb iLy$p(A.17&3-15) sp u. hmu sApu
hr(gp.16-17) sp qv[hS>e(gp.19-23) Z AgpqL$L$ R>. pQdp(AY$pfdp) Aepedp rlfepn
hpdu cNhp hfpl vy hQp(gp.3-5) L$l R> A sdu kp ey Z L$f R>. Ap kh Aepe R>. hmu
bp hfpl cNhp, rlfepn L$vpQ lZu rl iL$ Ahp cd pe R>. A s sd s sfs lZhp pp
L$f R>(gp.22-28). bp Aphp cd pe s bl S> Aepe R>.
R>$p(ApNZukdp) Aepedp S>Zphg rhje Z uL$Zu BR>p rhp bg lpe sp OZp S>
Aepe R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap Aepedp rlfepn cNhpu kdyM sdp dyMy vi L$fsp sdpu lZpep R>sp
Z s dy[s ps C. Apu h^pf buSy> ApQeL$pfL$ iy lpe?141&&-143
su Ap R>e Aepepp rhje uL$Zu BR>pu S> bgp, Ahy sL$ kpy Apep Ap Aepepdp L$lgy R>.
33
dys hpp S>d pe R> A cNhp S> sAp Ap gpL$p A fgpL$p a$my vp L$fhp kkpfdp sApp
S>d L$fph R>, bu L$pC L$pfZu L$fphsp u. su kN(kr) cNhpu gugp R> Ad rk pe R>. 144
Aepe 20; kpekr:
Ahu fus dspsf cpjpu cNhpu BR>p S> khu bghp R> Ad S>Zphu, kdpr^cpjpdp Z
Ap S> rhje S>Zphg R> Ad L$lhp kpeds dpZ kr hNfy hZ L$fgy R>. (dlhu bp kyûp
gp.12-16) kpe y{jp hdys R>, su Ad rk pe R> L$ s ds dpZ D egp dy[s ps
L$fhp S> D egp R>. s ds dpZ kr Sy>vp-Sy>vp ArNepf L$pfu R>(gp.18-52). (R>pep gp.18u
Apfcu epN gp.52 kyûp kp^pu s bpA D L$fgu R>). s krdp D egpApdp kh hNf
NyZp dye R>. (L$pfZ L$ fpr gp.19 hNf eg bpy ifuf sApA NlZ L$fg lphpu sApdp bpy
shy Sy>vp-Sy>vp hpmy ifuf ^p R>) su S> Apfcdp NyZhpmu h L$pfu kr L$lgu R>(gp.1848)145
Al] cNhpu L$pp Apfcdp dyu L$p kbû ipL$ L$f R>(gp.1-4) s epe u
Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Al] ipL$ ps L$fg R> s Z, Sy>vp L$pfu, cNhpu L$p kbû S>
R>. A sZ buA(rhvyf gp.4dp) L$fg |R>ep s Z shu fus cNhpu L$p kbû S>
R>, L$pfZ L$ dy cNhpp cs lsp A sZ S> L$pC L$fgy s cNhp k pe shy S> L$fgy lphpu, s
gugpp epS>u L$fg lphpu, cNhpu gugp S> R>146
epf ""A dpZ yR>pegp k|s kpcmp Ad sd L$y''(gp.7) A epky hpe OV$sy u Ahp
kvl pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap Sy>vp L$fZp Apfc pe R> Ad S>Zphhp epk A hpe L$lgy R>. shu S> fus
iyL$ A k|s Z S> hQp Dfdp L$lgp s k|sp hQu S> S>Zphgp R>. rhvyf S> L$ep(gp.9-11) s
k|s L$lgp R>(gp.8). Ap hQp iyL$ furns A k|s ipL$ hNf L$lgp. rhvyfp sp dep khpvp iyL$
Apfc L$fgp(A.5&1) su Ap p iyL$ L$lhp CA, R>sp iyL$ L$lgp u A k|s L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ k|s
A iyL$ bA iv sp Au Ap AL$ S> L$pfp kfMp hQp L$lgp. su bu np iyL$ A furns
hQ Z Ap S> khpv eg lphpy Zhy. S>hp ipL$ L$ep R> shp S> fp furns L$fgp; A S>hp
Df k|s Apep R> shp S> iyL$ Apgp; su bp khpv hZhsp lfL$pC AL$p khpv L$lgp R>147
kpedsu kr ep L$dp C? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Z gpL$ Xy$bpX$pf gep S>mdp
S> L$dm egy(A.8&9) s L$hg L$u Sy>vp (su R>up) S> L$ bpX$dp egp, sdp S>
kpedsu rkr egu, L$pfZ L$ s S> L$dp kpepQpe L$rg egp.
L$rgp opu shk|dp epkA rvp L$fgu R> R>sp su dy[s L$d ps pe? Ahp pe
sp Zhy L$ cNhpu BR>pu AL$ L$pf dy[s S>pu ps pe shy op vedp ps L$fu, L$rg cNhp
ps L$fgp R>, Ad viphhp kpedsdp Ap L$y hZ L$fgy R>. su Ap Aepedp Ap L$y Dd L$pf
hZ L$fgy R> A Ap hfplL$y Z hZ L$fgy R>. hfplL$y hZ Al] L$fg lpe sp S>u L$p
Qpg R> s hshpfpl L$dp kpedsu dy[s ps pe148-149
kpe kr lgp S> kr(A.5&23u Apfcu) L$lu s kr L$fsp Ap kr Sy>vp L$pfu R>, L$pfZ L$
34
Ap krdp pQ-pQp kd|lu pL$s vppu Dr pe R>, Ad Aepe 26&11u Apfcu S>Zphi.
Ahu fus pL$s vppu Dr kep krls L$lgu lphpu Ap kpeds L$lhpe R>. Ap dsdp vpp shp
egp R>, Ap dsu kry Al] rhspfu hZ L$fgy u, L$pfZ L$ lgp kry hZ L$fgy R> s S> kr Al]
Sy>vp L$pfu D su lphpy S>Zphg R>. su sy hZ L$fpf hpe dp rQl sfuL$ L$lgy R>. su Ap
AL$hukdp Aepedp ArNepf L$pfu kr hZhgu R>. hcph A NyZp p Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pf gu^ sdp L$pe
sfuL$ s Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfu kr hZhgu R> sdp hcphp b L$pf R> A NyZpp h L$pf R>.
NyZp Z R> (s vfL$ Z-Z L$pfp sp h NyZp pe R>). vidu rNyZ lphpu [rs op
R> A ArNepfdy cNhpy rQs. Ahu fus NyZp A hcph p 11 cvp L$lgp R>. s L$u NyZpu su
kr Ap Aepedp V|$L$pZu L$lgu R>. hcph -kr op-c[sp cvu Qpf(21-24) A h(25-33)
Aepepu rhspfu L$lgu R>, s ApNm pspu dm i150-151&&
1
NyZpu kr L$u lgp spdkkr Z L$pfu D C; enp A fpnkp vhp A vep. Ap

Ay$d spdk-spdk, spdk-kp[hL$ A spdk-fpS>k kr C. Arhp Al] lgpp (bpfdp Aepedp
S>Zphg R> s) L$pf S> D egu. cv AV$gp R> L$ Ap krdp enp A fpnkp Z Arhp Dpr^
(sAp D L$fpf bpp ifuf) kp S> D egp Ad gp.18-19dp L$lgy R> (epf bpfdp
Aepedp pQ L$pfu Arhp Sy>vu D egu A.12&2) shu S> fus bu NyZu vhp Z D ep
(A bu NyZu vep Z D ep. gp.19,22,23)151&&-152&&
Sy>vp L$pfu kr D pe s dpV$ bpA ifufp epN L$epy L$lg R>, su dy hgZ bvgpe
s dpV$ bp ifufp epN L$fsp Ad Zhy. bpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ifufp AV$g Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgp Arcdphpmp
vhp. sAp bpp vlu Sy>vp flsp152&&-153&&
pQ rhcpNhpmu Arhp D ep R>u bpA L$d pspp ifufp A dpZ epN L$ep? (L$pfZ
L$ lgp bpfdp Aepedp Arhp D C epf sdZ vlp epN L$ep lsp) Ahp pe, sp Zhy
L$ pQ rhcpNhpmu Arhp vhsp R>. s epf bpu Dpr^ (s D L$fpf bpp ifuf) C s
S> kde enp A fpnkp u Dr C. R>u bpA ey L$ Ap fpnkp Arhpu kp S> D egp, s
bp Ney rl. su cNhpu fZpu enp A fpnkp A sd MpC S>hpp Dd L$ep.
epf bp MpC S>sp L$d AV$ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ sAp spdk-spdk lpC OZp d|Y$
lsp, su sAp dp bpp hQ(gp.21)u S> sd MpC S>sp AV$L$u Nep153&&-154&&
vhpu Drp rhje sp klgpCu kde shp R>. sdp rhjedp (sAp bp ANhX$ L$f shu)
iP$L$p S> u. fpS>kpp rhjedp bp OZp S> d ep, L$pfZ L$ bpu Sy>vu flgu vhspy s vy
byrhpmpAp hZ L$fhp gpep, su s vypA dy L$fhp epk L$ep epu(gp.23) Apfcu bpA s
ifufp epN L$ep(gp.28) ep kyûu L$p L$lu, bpp bu ifufp sfs S> L$pg sp, Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgp
pdu L$lgp R>. fsy fNyZ gu^ fpS>k egy Ap ifuf sp kep kp cmu Ney, fsy L$V$gpL$ kde
kyû Sy>vy fy, su vepA sy hZ L$ey(gp.32-38). R>u L$pg(kep) kp s cmu Ney epf vepA
pspp Dd L$fhpy b^ fpey154&&-155&&
35
epf R>u kp[hL$ Z L$pfu kr D L$fu, sdp N^hp ripQp A rsAp (kp[hL$kp[hL$, kp[hL$-spdk A kp[hL$-fpS>k) A Z L$pfp NyZpu Ay$d D ep(gp.39,40,42).
sApp vpjy hZ L$fgy u, L$pfZ L$ NyZhpmp lphp R>sp, sApdp vpj L$fhpp hcph lsp. bu L$pCA
vpju sApdp hi L$fg lphpu sApdp vpj L$fhpp hcph lsp155&&-156
epf R>u fpS>k Z L$pfu k[V$dp rkp, qL$fp A kp D epy L$l
R>(gp.45,46,48). Ap Ay$d fpS>k-kp[hL$, fpS>k-fpS>k A fpS>k-spdk k[V$ C156-157
L$sL$e lphy A rNyZ Ahp R>. L$sL$e lphy AV$g ps S> fd y{jp hy. s hNf kp^pu
L$Z ps pe R>. Al] "L$Z' ivu Frju [rs L$lgu R>. su bpA Z s [rs ^pfZ L$fhp
epe R>.
bpA Frju [rs ^pfZ L$fhp epe lpe su iy? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ sd lphpu s
kr fQsp AV$ep. sd lps sp byrdp bp kr fep S> L$fs, kr fQsp AV$L$s rl. A fus AL$hukdp
Aepep A L$p158
Aepe 21-23; dy[s L$fZ:
lh op A c[s y rhspfu rZ L$fhpy R>, s 21-33 kyûp sf Aepepdp L$lgy R>. sp
b rhcpN R>. lgp Qpf(21-24) Aepepu y{ju kyM|hL$ su dy[sy rZ L$fgy R>. A pR>mp
h(25-33) Aepepu uu dy[sy rZ L$fgy R>.
A fus AL$u dy[sy pXy$ A buu dy[sy OZy rZ L$d L$ey? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$
y{j sp uL$Zu L$pu op Au dm S> ps egy. y{j sp Qpf y{jpp ps pe R>, Ad S>Zphhp
Qpf Aepep L$lgp R>. A sdp Z y{jpp ps L$fhpp kp^ op s Au dm S> ps egy, L$pfZ
L$ cNhpu L$pu S> kp^p kp s y{jpp ps egp159
y{j y{jp ps ep su S>, u su kp lphpu, s Z ^d, A A L$pd y{jpp ps
ep. R>sp s ps eg dpny Sy>vy rZ L$fhpy fy. dpn sp Sy>vy fl s S> ps pe. u-y{j cNp
fl sd ps pe. su y{ju dy[sp rhjedp OZy L$lhpy lphpu, su dy[s Qphukdp Aepeu
L$lu R>. uu dy[s sp As:L$fZp h NyZ vpjpp epN L$fphhp h(25-33) Aepepu L$lgu R>. s
u lphpu s Dvi L$fhpdp Aph epf S> kh sp Zhpdp Aph R>, AV$g OZpA kp^pp kP$Nl
S>Zphg R>.
Ap udy[sdp s h L$epAp epy L$lhy epe u Ad gpN, sp Zhy L$ krp L$pfZ sfuL$ s
h L$epAp D epy L$lgy R>. Al] (Apu) Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ uhp L$rs Aû R>160
hp kry L$pfZ lphpy lgp (gp.5 Dfp L$pidp) S> L$lgy R>, a$fuu s ip dpV$ L$lhpdp Aph
R>? (dy[s L$fZdp Ap L$lg R>) Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ L$rs L$pfZ R> Ad S>Zphhp s L$lhpdp Aph
36
R>, su kp[hL$ oppfp L$rs, dy[sy Z L$pfZ pe R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$lg R> (A.26&10 Dfp
ukybprûdp Ap viphg R>).
uh L$rs Aû lpe R>, su uh L$pfZ sp lpe sp L$rs L$pfZ lphpy rk pe
(su uhp L$pfZ R> Ad L$lgy R>). R>sp h L$epAp lphpp ip DepN? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
cNhpu dpepi[s shu h hhpmu R>, L$pfZ L$ s Z NyZhpmu R> A s vfL$ NyZ Z L$pfp lphpu
s h hhpmu R>.
u AV$g iy? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ iykh hNf NyZpp cv gu^ L$rs fdZ L$fhp
epe hhpmu pe s u.
""L$rs Z NyZphpmu R>. NyZp dyeZp gu^ $p^ hNf hi egp y{jp Z u pe R>.
NyZp rhpu sp L$rs lpsu S> u'' Ahp ds MpV$p lphpy Al] S>Zphg R>. NyZpu [rsp epN L$fu S>
y{j fdZ L$fphsp pspp h (i[sh)u fl s L$rs u L$lhpe R>.
kh shpdp y{jp A L$rsp Aip Sy>vp-Sy>vp flg lpe R>. sdp S>Zpe shp, f Ahp pfu
rsp rQl, sp S>Zpe shp ^d-A^d hNf L$pfZp gu^ cpN hp epe [rs ps L$fgp L$rsp
Aip S>dp flu buS>u [rs ps L$f A R>u sAp h^ epf s u pe R> Aphp Arcpeu ""iy kh
hNf NyZpp cv gu^ L$rs fdZ L$fhp epe hhpmu pe s u'' Ad Df L$lgy R>. AL$-bu kp
cmgp lpe s S> NyZp L$lhpe R>. sdp khNyZ dye lpe epf vhu u pe R>, fNyZ dye lpe epf
dyeu u pe R> A sdpNyZ dye lpe epf iyu pe R>161
sy h Apvp Aihpmy lpe R>, L$pfZ L$ Apvp Aip sdp hi egp lphpu s cpN
L$fhp epe pe R>. sd R>sp iykh hNf NyZpp h gu^ i[s sdp dye lphpu s u pe R>. L$
y{jdp Z Apvp Aip hi pe R>, L$pfZ L$ y{j Z uu cpN L$fhp epe pe R>, R>sp Z udp
NyZp OZp bghp lphpu i[sp dyeZp gu^ s u pe R>. y{jp vl sp shpu bgp lpe R>.
ep y{jp Aip cNp sp, y{j pe R>.
Ap rhjep rZe L$fphpf iy? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ uAp y{j dpl L$fph R> (s App
rZe L$fphpf R>) uAp dpl L$fphpfu lpe R>, su sApdp L$rsy h^pf R>, (L$rsy h^pf lpe
sp sdpu y{j dpl pe)162-162&&
kNgugpdp dyp hiu S>p Apfc L$fg s {rQ hNfp hipy rZ L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahp
pe sp Zhy L$ dyu yuAp ApL|$rs sp k|rs Ay$d {rQ sp vn fZphgu(A.21&5) sApp
hip rhkN gugpdp DepNu R> (Al] sp dp kP$Nu L$lg R> A rhkNgugpdp rhspfu L$li.
Sy>Ap. 4&1&2-8 A 4&1&11).
epf hQ L$vdy Qqf Ap L$^dp ip dpV$ L$lgy R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ L$rs A y{j
p kb^ kvpp R> Ad S>Zphhp Al] L$vdy Qqf L$lgy R>. L$rs sp y{j p kb^ kNdp DepNu R>.
37
L$rs A y{j Sy>vp-Sy>vp lphpy rk lphp R>sp hcphu S> sAp dy[s C lpe ep kyû AL$
buu BR>p fl R>. su Ap rhje kNdp S>Zphhp epe lphpu L$vdy kNdp rZ L$fg R>. hmu ""kp
D egp (Ly$vfsu kb^hpmp) Z R|>V$p X$ epf dy[s ps L$f R>'' A red dpZ kkpfp epN
L$fhpu bu dy[s C Ad kNdp L$lhy epe S> R>. A dpZ L$fZp A L$p162&&-163&&
Aepe 21; ^d:
AL$hukdp Aepedp L$vd cNhp k L$fhp s L$epy L$lg R> sy iy epS>? Ahp pe
sp Zhy L$ uL$Zu ksp khy L$pfZ R>. uL$Zu kspu S> kh y{jpp ps pe R> Ad
S>Zphhp s L$p L$lgu R>.
epf cNhp ipu L$vd Df k ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ L$vd cNhpu syrs
L$fu(gp.13-21) su s cNhpp cs R> Ahp rZe hpu cNhp sp Df k ep. cNhp sp
su k ep lsp, sdS> su syrsu k ep lsp; fsy sZ syrsdp S> ke hps L$p
A sdp Z pspy Ofy rR>(pspu Mpdu gp.15) L$y su cNhp sp Df k ep. pspp rR>
S>Ap epf S>Zph epf sAp cs R> Ahp rZe pe R>. shy hQ pspp hpdpV$ L$vd L$lgy A Dd
y{j L$V$ frls cS> L$fhpdp Aph epf k pe R>. L$vd cNhpp cs lsp A rZe kNgugp(kr)
dp DepNu R>163&&-164&&
L$vd Df cNhp L$p L$fu (su L$pdp |Z L$fu) s L$p kvpu rl lpe Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy
L$ L$vd L$pdp |Z L$fhp pp L$fu s lgp S> cNhp s s Apg lphpu(gp.23) s L$pdp sZ L$fg
kp^(s-pp) hNfu s a$mgu lsu. s s ps hpy L$pfZ Z cNhpu L$p S> lsu. cNhvue
vpp cpN L$fu iL$pe s dpV$ S>fu ifuf sp B[e p kL$pf A s hNf (sp cNhpu L$pp) a$m R>,
su cNhp sZ S> L$pdp |Z L$fhp ppp hQ L$p s L$pdp S> lsp. cNhpp hQ(gp.23)u S>
Ap S>Zpe R>. cNhp su L$pdp L$p L$fu lgpu S> rk L$fu lps sp s hps L$p(gp.25-32) s
L$ls rl. su su ppp hQ L$pdp R> Ad cNhp s Df Apep su S> S>Zphg R>164&&165&&
Aepe 22; A:
cNhp dy fZp L$fu lps sp L$vd vhlrs L$hu fus ps ps? cNhp s fZpL$fu sy
L$pfZ iy? cNhp L$pfZ rhp Ahu fZp L$fsp lpe sp b^p sdp BR>gp vpp ps pe! Ahu iP$L$p
pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp S> re lpe s kh y{jpp pspu dm S> Aphu dm R> Ad S>Zphhp dyA
ps S> Dd L$fu vhlrsp huL$pf L$fhp L$vd pp L$fu R>(gp.2-14). su cNhp re hy s S>
ps L$fhp epe R>. buSy> L$pC ps L$fhp epe u cNhp re hpu S> kh vpp A y{jpp ps
pe R>.
dy A L$vdp khpvdp vhlrsy hZ L$fhpdp Aphg R> s Aepe R> Ahp rhQpf Aph, sp Zhy
L$, L$vd vhlrsy hZ L$fgy R>(gp.16-18) s sp Df pspp d S>Zphhp L$fgy R>. dyA vhlrsy
hZ L$fg(gp.9-11) s L$vdp sp Df d pe s dpV$ L$fg. su sdp L$pC Aepe u.
38
L$vd dp AL$hpf S> vhlrs kp kb^ L$fhpu rsop L$fu(gp.19) R>sp dyA s su kp L$d
fZphu? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ fp dy cNhpp cs lphpu s kh kdp sp. ""b^p
y{jppu p[s pAp'' Ahp rhQpf fpMhp s kh kdp hpy R>. su L$vd Z sp yjp cg ps
L$f Ahp rhQpfu L$vd Ahu rsop L$fgu lphp R>sp sZ vhlrs s fZphu165&&-167
Aepe 23; L$pd:
rhhpl ep R>u vhlrsA c[su L$vdu khp L$epy ip dpV$ L$lg R>? L$vd rhhpl R>u Z s ip
dpV$ L$ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ sApp L$pe-yuAp iy pe s dpV$ vhlrsA rhhpl R>u c[su
L$vdu khp L$fgu(gp.1-3). sZ sd L$fg lpe sp S>d yp vpju rsp fL$dp e R> sd
L$pe(yuAp)p vpju L$pfZ(vhlrs A L$vd) Z vpj gpN. hmu vhlrsA c[su R|>V$p X$ shp rsp
Arcpe Zhp(gp.1) NyZp Z kpQhgp. L$vd S> s L$fgy s sp psp A vhlrs Z dy[s ps
pe Ahp Sy>vp epS>u L$fgy. Ahp L$vdp sp Z c[sdp kdphi L$fhp, epf vhlrsA s L$fg s
lgpu W$ (iy yuAp pe s dpV$) rh kpQhhp L$fgy. rhjecpNdp Apk[s pe s dpV$ rhdp
hNf cpNp kp^p(gp.12-21) L$vd AgpqL$L$ ps L$fgp168
gp.12dp L$vd epNp Ape L$epy L$lg R>. "epN' AV$g cNhpy ep. sZ cNhpy ep
L$ey lps sp cNhpu L$pu D egp(rhdp hNf s) ps ps A rhjecpNu sy b^
ps.
epf rhdp L$hu fus D ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp s dpL$ggy. spdk
rhdp(gp.12-21), fpS>ku L$epAp(gp.25-28) A bpX$p vipy op(gp.40-43) L$vd
cNhpu L$pu S> ps eg169
epf Ad L$lsp, L$vd s D L$epy L$d L$y R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ u vhlrs
L$vdy dplpe S>Zpe s dpV$ s L$vd D L$epy L$lgy R>.
R>sp Z s cNhp Apg A rhje Qp$k rk L$f shp sL$ L$lhp CA Ahp rhQpf Aph, sp
Zhy L$ cNhp s Apg lphpu S> L$vd kepk gC hdp Nep R>u Z s rhdp vhlrs pk flgy.
cNhp s rhdp hNf dpL$gg A L$vd epNu D L$fg lsp suS> s flgp, L$vd epNu cpNdpV$
D L$fg lps sp cpN L$fhpy b^ fy epf s S>spS> fls170
L$vd pspp hp h rhcpNp L$fu vhlrsdp Ncp^p L$d L$ey? (gp.47) Ahp pe, sp
Zhy L$ pspu L$pepp h rhcpNp L$fu pspp h hp L$fu, Sy>vp-Sy>vp hu Ncp^p L$ey. crhedp
ksppdp ff rhhpl C iL$ s dpV$ Sy>vu-Sy>vu ffp(Np) eg, Ad S>Zphhp sZ s dpZ Ncp^p
L$fg. Ap kr NyZhpmu S> R> su h rhcpNp L$fgp. NyZu f kr sp cNh R> su NyZhpmu kr
lphpu L$pepp rhcpN L$fu Sy>vp-Sy>vp h L$pf Ncp^p L$ey.
"Ad L$fhpdp vhlrs klds L$d C? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ sp s hp AL$ kfMp lphpu
vhlrs s Zhpdp Aphhpu L$pC rh ey rl. su S> kspp vpj rhpp Z ep A huep
39
kQ a$m sp Sy>vy-Sy>vy S> ey.

huey kQ Sy>vy-Sy>vy hp R>sp vhlrs su Mbf L$d X$u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ huey
kQ AL$ R>u AL$ sfs S> ey A sdu hQp L$pg OZp k|d(A) lphpu vhlrs s Sy>vy-Sy>vy epy
Zu iL$u rl171-172&&
dy ^du S> kr D pAp Ahu cNhpu BR>p lsu, su dfurQ hNf uApu S>f
lphpu rhhpl L$fhpu BR>p lsu; sdS> u vhlrs Z OZp kspp psp pe Ahu BR>p lsu. hmu
L$vd Z Ahp L$fpf L$fg L$ dp{ pspy (Apd:) sS> s ^pfZ L$f ep kyû l su kp ehlpf L$fu R>u
kepk gCi(A.22&19) A s rsop Z sZ pmhu CA, (dfurQ hNf uAp ps pe,
vhlrsu OZp ksppu BR>p |Z pe A pspu rsop Z kQhpe) A epS>pu L$vd pspu L$pepp
h rhcpNp L$fu Sy>vp-Sy>vp h L$pf Ncp^p L$ey.
Ad lpe sp Z L$vdu pspu rsop kQhpC rl, L$pfZ L$ sZ vhlrsdp d|L$g sS>(hue) AL$
lsy. DgVy$, OZp y{jp kb^ hpu, sd L$fhpu, s psp A su u vhlrs vpj S> gpN! Ahp
rhQpf L$fhp. L$pfZ L$ ""Apd: d'' ""dpfp Apdp (AlP$L$pf)y sS> ^pfZ L$f''(A.22&19) Ahu su
rsop lphpu, Al] AlP$L$pfy h S>Zphhy CA A s Z NyZphpmp lphpu, sp h hp pe R>.
hmu Ap kpe L$fZ R>. "Apd:' ivdp rs epdp gC AL$hQp epN L$fgp R>. A s
hQ(rsop) Z dy hNfp rQu funp L$fhp S> L$lgy lphpu, s Z epe S> lsy.
Aphu i[shpmp L$vd epNu vl sS> sp Z dys hpp kch lphpu, s hdp ip dpV$ Nep?
(A.24&41) Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ u vhlrs kkpfdp hfpe pe s dpV$ s hdp Nep. hpsrhL$
fus epNdp Z Ofp epN L$fhpu S>f R>. Ofp epN L$fhpu (A.24&45) A^ dy[s pe R>. R>u A^
dpn (bpL$u fl s dpV$) vlp(A.24&42) A As:L$fZp(A.24&43) cvu b L$pf Qp epN L$f
epf S> dy[s ps pe R> Ahy kpey A epNy spe R>. cNhdpNdp sp Apu S|>vp S> L$pf R>. L$pfZ
L$ sdp cNhpp Ap^pf lpe R>. cNhdpNdp S> L$pf cNhp ps S> a$m pe R> s V$uL$p(ukybprû)dp
S>Zphg R>171&&-172&&
Aepe 24; dpn:
cNhp L$rgp Ahspf ghpy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ hfpehpmp y{j psp
op ps pe s dpV$ cNhp uL$Zy rQs L$f sp cNhpp op Ai L$V$ pe R>, A su su
kh L$pdp a$m R>. hfpehpmp L$vd op ps pe s dpV$ cNhpy rQs L$ey. su cNhpp op Ai
L$rgp Ahspf ep. Apu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ ""ep kyû dpfp sS> NlZ L$f'' Ahp S> W$fph L$vd
A.22&19dp L$fg s W$fph L$rgp pL$V$eu |Z ep. S> h yuAp Ahsfgu s sp Sy>vp S> h lsp.
(AlP$L$pfp hu D eg lsp)172&&-173&&
op ps pe s dpV$ L$vd cNhpy rQs L$f A cNhpp op Aiy pL$V$e pe Ap kh
bp kv lphpu bp L$vdp Apd Nep(gp.9) L$rg cNhpp Ahspf lphpu gpL$ Mpsfu pe s
dpV$ bpA ep S>hpy buSy> Z A epS> L$lgy R> L$ epf-epf cNhpp Ahspf pe R> epf bp
40
pspu dm ep e R>.
Ad lpe sp cNhpp kh Ahspf kde bpA ep S>hy CA! L$V$gpL$ Ahspf ep epf bp
ep Nepy L$lgy u! Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ bpA cNhpu Ahu syrs L$fgu L$ cNhp Ahspf
^pfZ L$fu S>-S> L$dp L$f sdp dpfp du hr L$fph(A.9&23) A cNhp sd Ahy hfvp L$fg L$ bp
D L$f R>sp fNyZy sd b^ pe A sdy d cNhpdp S> kvp Apks fl (A.9&35)
su cNhpp Ahspf kde bp Neg lphpy L$lg lpe s m Z s Negp lsp Ad Ap hfvp gu^
Zhy. fsy dye fus k|Z syrs sp s |Z cNhp uL$Zp Ahspf pe epf S> L$f R>. bpA
L$vdp Apd S>C s dfurQ hNf su L$epAp fZphhp L$y(gp.15) A Ap L$rg cNhp R> Ad
L$y(gp.18-19). s kh gpL$p Zhpdp Aph s dpV$ L$lgy. L$vd A vhlrs A sp lgpS> Ap
Zg(A.22&32 A A.24&2).
epf dfurQ hNf FrjAp rhhpl R>u ps-pspp Apd Nepy L$lg R>(gp.25) sy iy epS>?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ L$vd sd pspu yuAp fZphgu R> A khp Zhpdp Aph s dpV$ Ad
L$lg R>. L$pfZ L$ sd L$lg lpe sp Ap L$dp uAp pspu BR>pu rsp kb^ L$f R> Ad S>Zphg
pe(NZpe).
op lqf L$rgp epN L$fu L$vd hdp Nep s Aepe lsy, Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ lqf y
ep lpe sp Z khp epN L$fu sdy cS> L$fhy ApheL$ R>. su cNhpy cS> L$fhp s hdp Neg. A
dpZ 21-24 kyûp Qpf Aepepu, cpNu Apfcu dy[s kyûp y{jpp y{j L$hu fus ps ep s
L$y173&&-176
Aepe 25-33; u dy[s:
y{ju dy[s Qpf Aepepu L$lu, lh uu dy[s Qukdpu Apfcu sukdp kyûp h
Aepepu L$l R>.
^d A A L$pd y{jp kP$Ndp L$lg lphpu s L$lhpp flsp lphpu, dp uu dy[s S>
L$lhpu lphpu s AL$ Aepedp lh L$li Ahu iP$L$p fpMhu, L$pfZ L$ uu dy[sdp hfpe hNf kp^p
h^pfpdp L$lhpp lphpu s AL$ Aepeu L$lu iL$pe shu u.
epf y{ju dy[su uu dy[s (sp Ar^L$pf lgL$p lphpu) lgL$u li Ahu Z iP$L$p L$fhu,
L$pfZ L$ kp^pp L$pf gu^ uu Dd dy[s pe R>176&&
L$rg Drjvpdp viphg op X$sy d|L$u kpeipdp S>Zphg opp vhlrs Dvi L$d L$ep?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Drjvpdp viphgy op sdS> ucpNhsdp L$lgy op Z bpZ, nre A
he A Z hZp y{jp S> ps pe, uAp A i|p s ps pe. NpN}, deu hNf uAp
sApp rs kp eop Ahp hvp kb^ lphpu s uAp A op ps egy, fsy L$vdp kb^dp
sd lsy; (su kp vhlrs eop Ahp hvp kb^ ep lsp). shu fus eo Ahp hvp kb^
ep rhp uAp s op ps sy lpe sp ""uAp, i|p A A^d (dp L$lhpsp) Z hZhpmpAp hv
41
kpcmhpp Ar^L$pf u'' (cpN.yfp.1&4&25) Ad L$lgy R> sdp uApp kdphi MpV$p L$fgp NZpe.
ucpNhsy op Z Z hZp y{jp S> ps pe, L$pfZ L$ sdp Dpkp (cNhpy rQs) dye R>.
su S> L$C op cNhp bp L$lg s S> Z hZp y{jp S> Ape Ad Zhy176-178
Ap L$fZdp rhvyf dye psp R>. s Z kpey op S> AyL|$g lsy. (s 3&5&33 u Apfcu
ucpNhsdp S>Zphg opp Dvi de L$fhp dpX$g, R>sp Z s su vedp Esey rl, AV$g s; s
opp Ar^L$pfu u Ad Zu de s kpe opp S> Dvi 3&8&10 u Apfcu L$fhp dpX$g).
rhvyf i| lphpu kpeopp Z s Ar^L$pfu lsp Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$
bpZ(epk)p buS>u D egp A (nrep hidp S>dg lpC) nre vlhpmp lsp su bpZ
A nrey ^p spdp lphpu s Ar^L$pfhpmp lsp. su kpep L$pfu L$rg vhlrs opp bp^
L$fg R>179
rhvyf bpZp buS>u nre vlhpmp lsp epf cNhp Apg opp S> de s Dvi L$fhp
Csp lsp, kpeop s AyL|$g L$hu fus NZpe? Ahp pe, sp rkpsp bg Aykfu sy
kdp^p shu fus L$fhy L$ lfL$pC L$pf Apdpy op ps L$fhpy R>. (A s) a$m Y$ kp^(epN)
ApQfhpu, op ps L$fhpu Ahp c[su k|Z fus ps pe shy R>. su Ap L$fZdp kpe, epN
A c[sdpN A Zp Dvi L$fgp R>. s L$u epN ApQfhpu Ap vhlrs cNhpu p[s C. sZ
epNdpN cNhp ps L$fg lphpu cNhp L$rg su kdrsu su pku ^pfu Neg(A.33&12) A
sZ cNhp L$rg Df y sfuL$p l sS>g lsp(A.33&20-21) R>sp Z s vpj gpep rl (A
s cNhpu p[s C. A.33&30) 180-180&&
vhlrs ""vy B[epy pjZ L$fhpu l OZu L$V$pmu Negu Ry>''(A.25&7) hNf hpep ip dpV$ L$l
R>? shp hpep L$lhpy s iy epS> R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ kkpfu L$V$pmgpA Ny{ pk S>C
p A c[s u ps S> sS>hpp rhje lpe s Ny{ S>Zphhp CA. sd L$f s S> Ny{A shp Dvi
L$fhp CA. sd L$f sp Dvi L$fhp CA. pspp rs L$vdp L$lhpu(A.24&4) A bpp hQu
(A.24&18-19) vhlrs Zsu lsu L$ L$rg cNhp R> A kpeip fQpf R>, su sd Ny{ Zu
sZ s hQp(gp.7-10) L$lgp R>. s L$u d gpL$dp ps kkpfu L$V$pmu sp L$pf L$lg R>. rsp
L$lhpu A bpp hQu L$rg cNhp R> Ahp s rQe eg lphpu A Ny{ L$fhpp epS>u A
hQ sZ L$lg R>, su cNhp sZ A hQ L$y sdp L$pC ApQeL$pfL$ u.(dpsp y Ahy hQ L$l s
Aepe lphpu, ApQpeuA A hQ L$lhpy epS> Al] S>Zphg R>.)180&&-182&&
kpdpe fus L$vd vhlrs kpP$ep L$pf (A.24&3-4 dp) S>Zphgp, su vhlrs Zsu lsu L$
vl hNf Apdp R> Ad Zhpu sApdp dpl pe R>, A Ahp dplu Ap gpL$dp hpfhpf S>d-dfZ ep
L$f R>(gp.10). dpl hpu S> kkpf ep L$f R>. kpe(op) ps sp sp kbû dpl v|f pe R>,
A s kpe fQpf L$rg S> R>, su L$rs A y{j y op S>Zphhp sZ L$rg pp
L$fu(gp.11)182&&-183&&
vhlrsA L$rs A y{j p cv Zhp L$ep. epf L$rg s epNp Dvi L$ep(gp.1342
14) s Aepe lsy Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ iv dpu ps sy kpey op dpl v|f L$fhpdp DepNu
u, fsy s rQ(L$rs A y{j p cv Zhpdp) klpe L$fp{ R>(gp.15) A s opdp S> iP$L$pAp
pe s v|f L$fhp d klpe L$fp{ R>(gp.16-18). su S> L$pfy rQ Apdpp kpnpL$pf L$fph, shy rQ
kp^p L$fu ps L$fhy CA, Ad Ny{ L$rg vhlrs du L$lgy R>(gp.19,24,27). epN vpjp v|f
L$fpfp lphpu Apfcdp s dye R> su vpjp v|f L$fhp lgp epNy ApQfZ L$fhp L$rg vhlrs Dvi L$fgp
R>. vpjp v|f pe ep kyû epN ApQfhp CA, L$pfZ L$ vpjfrls(rQ) S> Apdpdp fdZ L$f R>. epf rQ
kh kdrhpmy pe epf s vpjfrls egy Zhy(kh kdr pe A vpjfrls S>Zphp{ rQl
R>)183&&-186&&
dp epNu Z epS> kfsy u, su epS> rk pe s dpV$ L$rg vhlrs c[sp Z
Dvi L$fgp R>(gp.19). c[s rhpp L$pfp epN rQ iy L$fu iL$sp u, spu rQu iyr C iL$su
u. shp epN pspp Z rcph L$fu isp u. epN Z Ad (c[s rhp) ApQfu iL$psp u su
cNhpu c[s S> kh epS> rk L$fphpfu R>. su L$rg vhlrs cNhpu c[s L$fhpp Dvi L$fgp
R>(gp.19-23). ky{jpp kP$N rhp c[s Z L$pC kde su u. pspu dm D egu c[su
sdS> buu c[s C D egu c[su Z y{jpu p[s su u su c[s ps L$fhp
kkP$N L$fhpp Dvi Z L$rg vhlrs L$fg R>. gp.25-26. L$pfZ L$ hp-hp kvlp D pe, s
ky{jpu S> v|f C iL$ R>
186&&-187&&
ky{jp Z sApp rQlpu S> ApmMhp. gpL$dp ky{j sfuL$ rk lpe, Ahp pspu
S>dp Df ky{j sfuL$ urs lpe, sAp ky{j dphp, fsy ky{jp Mpk rQlpu S> sd
ApmMhp. hmu sApp kP$N Z cNhpu L$pdpV$ S> L$fhp. cNhpu L$pdp S> Ahp L$p L$fhpp kp^
L$fhpdp S> sApp kP$N L$fhp. Ahu fus kpL$mp L$pfu (AL$-bu kpp kb^ S>Zphu) L$rg vhlrs
pk vppy hZ L$ey. Ap dpZ L$fhpu DgV$p L$pf Apdpp kpnpL$pf (hpy) rk pe R>. Ap DgV$p
L$pf Ahp R> L$ ky{jpp kP$N sp kh d sp cNhpu L$py hZ pe A sApA L$lgp L$pf epN
ApQfhpu rQ rdm pe, R>u cNhpp NyZpp hZdp urs sp sdp Df Dd d sp cNhpp
kpnpL$pf pe. su kh Zhpdp Aph R>u cNhpp hy op pe187&&-188&&
kpe (op ps L$fhp)dp c[s sy AP$N R> Ad L$lu L$rg, pspp dpN (cNhdpN)dp
c[s dye lphpy (gp.25-27u) L$l R>. vhlrsA ey L$ ky{jpu c[su S> kh y{jpp rk pe
R> Ad L$rg L$y, A d sp kP$N gu^ S> sdZ c[s L$fhpy L$y, su vhlrsA ky{jpp kP$N
L$fhpp epk L$ep, A rhij (gp.28-30) Ahp epS>u L$ep L$ d c[s Ahp epN S> L$fhpy
L$li s l L$fui. dp hv kh vppy kpdpe fus rZ L$f R>. buAp sp L$fpfp Ar^L$pf dpZ s
L$l R>, su sZ 28-29 gpL$pu a$fuu epN A c[s A b kbû L$ep. Ap p sZ pu
A c[su L$ep, su L$rg sp Df k ep, L$pfZ L$ sZ c[su L$ep AV$g ps y lphpu
1
2
[rs flu. su k C sdZ c[sp A opp Dvi L$fhpp rQe L$ep. A c[s Apdp A
3
4
Apdp (S>X$ vp)p cv op A epN A Qpf vppp bp^ L$ep. s L$u Apdp A Apdp p cv
opy AN lphpu, sdZ Z vpp vhlrs L$lhpu gp.31dp rsop L$fu. A gpL$dp "shppe' L$lg R>
sp A "kpe(op)' R>. (s) A c[sp rhspf kp epN L$lhpu rsop L$fu Ahu fus Z L$lhpu
43
rsop C.
Ad lpe sp d S>Zphg kpey rZ L$ep lgp L$rg c[sy rZ L$d L$ey? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ kpeipu op a$m ps pe R>. op dye R> A s L$lhpu rsop L$rg A ivu
L$fgu Zhu. sd lpe sp dp kpe L$lhpu rsop rfL$ pe. su op sp kp^p kp L$lhpy lphpu
A sdp OZy L$lhpy lphpu, L$rg lgp (32-44 kyûp gpL$pu) c[sy rZ L$ey191&&-192
rsop kvlhpmu S>Zpe sp Df S>Zphg A Au pe R> L$ Df S>Zphg Qpf-Qpf
vpp(25-29 kyûp) Qpf Aepepu L$lg R>. sdp lgp(Qukdp) Aepedp c[s L$lgu R>. epf R>up
Aepepdp Ay$d kpe, op A epN L$lgp R>.
buSy> L$pC klpe L$fpf lpe epf Z c[s (csp y{jpy vp L$fhpu) i[shpmu lphpu
Qpf vpp ip dpV$ L$p? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap vhlrs c[s L$fhpp Ar^L$pf u Ad hpsrhL$
fus S>Zphgy R>. c[sy S> rZ L$fgy R> s vhlrsdpV$ L$fgy u, L$pfZ L$ s u lphpu s ky{jpp
kP$N pe sd lsy A ""lh l s kpe L$lui''(A.26&1) Ad Sy>vp Apfcu S> kpe hNf
vhlrsdpV$ S> L$lgp R>. su S> (L$rg s bu) Z vpp L$p. s L$u kpe A epN p L$pfp Sy>vpSy>vp lphpu vhlrs ip dpV$ A ep dpNu a$m ps ey? A Zhpu BR>p pe, sp Zp L$ sZ epNy
ApQfZ L$ey A s dpNu s a$gu p[s C Ahp rQe pe R>. kpey rZ L$rg L$ey su S>
S>Zpe R> L$ c[sdpNu W$ kpe Z s DepNu lsy190&&-192
Ap Qukdp Aepedp c[sy h L$lgy u, fsy b^pe c[sdpN L$lgp R>. (32 u 44
kyûp) sf gpL$pu c[sdpNp r^pf L$fgp R>. Ap sf gpL$pp Avfp epN Ahp R> L$ Ap gpL$pdp kps
rhjep L$lgp R>:
1.c[sy h
2.c[su Ahe ps p{ a$m
3.dpn
4.gpL$dp cefrls hpp rQe. Al] "gpL$dp' ivu ""Ap gpL$dp A fgpL$p vppp kb^dp'' Ad
Zhy. S>dy op ps L$fhpy R> sdp (cNhpp) kb^dp sp, sd (cefrls) hpsy u Ahp cph
R>.
5.cefrls hpy L$pfZ
6.Ap rhjedp Dd y{jpu kdrs A
7.L$se kbû k|Z rQe.
Ap rhjep Ay$d b, Z, R>u Z b-b gpL$pu Z A (bpL$up) Z AL$-AL$ gpL$u L$lgp R>.
1.(32 A 33 A) b gpL$pu c[sy h L$lgy R>.
2.34-36 kyûp Z gpL$pu c[s kp Ahe ps p{ a$m L$lgy R>.
3.37 A 38 A b gpL$pu kpgpe dpn S>Zphg R>.
4.39 A 40 A b gpL$pu dpnp rZe L$fgp R>. A fus b L$pfp dpn L$p. lgp k|Z fus
cNhpy cS> L$fhpu sp A bu kkpfp hfpeu sp.
5.R>up 41 A 42 gpL$pu ce flhp dpn L$lgp R>. su vfL$ b-b gpL$pu Ad Z L$pfp
44
(dpn) ep.
6-8.ApNmp (ce flhpy L$pfZ) hNf Z rhjep(6-7-8) AL$-AL$ gpL$u L$lgp R> (gp.42 u
Apfcu Ap Z rhjep L$lgp R>).
Ahu fus Al] kps Ahp ApW$ rhjep L$lgp R>. A dpZ sL$ krls c[sdpNy rZ L$ey193-194
Ap c[sdpNp vhlrs Ar^L$pf lsp, L$pfZ L$ 1.s ky{jpp kP$N lsp. 2.hmu s dpn
ps L$fhp BR>su lsu. dpn ps L$fhpu BR>p Z c[sdpNdp AX$QZ R>. 3.hmu cNhpu p[sdp
X$sf uApp Z epN L$fhp CA (vhlrsu khpdp fpgP$L$pfpu ipcsu uAp flsu-Sy>Ap
A.33&17). hmu 4.vhlrs; u lphpu spu kkpfp fpN s iL$pe sd lsp su s dye c[s
L$fhpdpV$ Aepe lsu. su s L$rg kpe hNf bu rhjepp Dvi L$ep195
Aepe 26; kpe:shppe Ahp Apdp-Apdp p cv:
kpe rZ L$fsp Apfcdp opp Z Dvi L$fhpu L$rg rsop L$f R>. Apfcdp b rhjep
L$lhpu rsop L$f R>, lgp gpL$dp kpey rZ L$fhpu A bu gpL$dp opy rZ L$fhpu.
epfR>up R>(3-8) gpL$pu opy rZ C iL$ s dpV$ Aepk(AL$ vp s lpe shp Sy>vp vp
Zhp s)y hZ L$fgy R>. su gp.3-8 Z kP$Nrs (epe kb^) rhpp u.
kh S>Ns b R> Ahp opp Dvi L$fhp CA; Apdp vlu Sy>vp R> Ahp opy iy epS>?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ u dye op ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lphpu Ap A|Z op s L$lg R> s
epe R>. S>Ap hvp Ar^L$pf u, sAp dye opp Z Ar^L$pf u. uAp hvp Ar^L$pf lphpu
dye opp Z Ar^L$pf u. Apdp kh S>X$ vppu Sy>vp R> Ahy op A|Z op R> A uAp A
S>Ap hvp Ar^L$pf u sAp s op S> Ape, su Aepk Y$ lphpy Zhpdp Aph s dpV$ kpeop
L$lgy R>, L$pfZ L$ hpsrhL$ cv lpe sp S> Aepk pe196-196&&
kpeopdp Dru(gp.11-52) A sL$u(gp.53-72) Apdp kh vppu Sy>vp lphpy
viphgy R>. vhlrs op ps pe s dpV$ kpeip L$lgy R>, L$pfZ L$ opp[s dpV$ S> sZ(gp.10dp)
L$fg. Apdp bu vppu Sy>vp R> Ahp opu ps kkpfu Sy>vu R> Ahy op vhlrs pe s dpV$ Ap
L$lg R>. S>Ap dye opp Ar^L$pf u sAp ps A kkpfu Sy>vp R> Ahy op X$sf
u196&&-197&&
Aepe 27; op:
kphukdp Aepedp opp Dvi L$fgp R>. Ap Aepedp lgp pQ gpL$pu Apdp L$rsu Sy>vp
lphp R>sp s L$rsp kb^ sp kkpf ps pe R> A rhjeu epesp viphu R>. R> u vi kyûp
gpL$pu Apdpy op ps L$fhpp kp^p L$lgp R>. 11-16 gpL$pu Apdpp kpnpL$pf hp kbû
rhQpf L$fg R>; s Z kp^ R>. rhQpf kp^ lphpu S> y{j L$rsu R|>V$p L$hu fus L$fpe A kbû
rhQpf (gp.17-30 kyûdp L$fg R> s) Z OV$ R>. Apdpp hy op pe s dpV$ Ap L$lg R>.
Aepe 28; epN:
A$phukdp Aepedp epNy rZ L$fgy R>. epNp ApW$ AP$Np R>:
45
(1-2. ed A redp, Ap b cNp L$fu buu kps kyûp gpL$u L$lgp R>.
3. Apk ApW$dp gpL$dp
4. pZpepd gp.9 sp 10dp,
5-6. ^pfZp A eplpf gp.11 dp
7. ep 12-34 kyûp gpL$pdp A
8. kdpr^ gp.35dp L$lg R>.)
hmu epN vhlrsA ApQfhpp R>, su Ap Aepedp epN rhspfu L$lgp R>197&&-198&&
Aepe 29; c[s:
ApNZukdp Aepep Apfcdp(gp.2-4) vhlrs c[s A hfpe kbû L$f R> s
Aepe R> Ad dphy; L$pfZ L$ c[s A hfpe (epNp) Dd kp^p R>. c[s A hfpe b lpe
sp epN ApQfu iL$pe rl, su Ap c[sp Aepedp cNhpp dplpey cp L$fphhp cep L$pfZ
L$pgy rZ L$fgy R>, s Ad S>Zphhp L$fgy R> L$ cNhpy dplpe c[sy Z AP$N R>. Ap Aepep 7
u 34dp kyûp kpX$p A$phuk gpL$pu c[sp hy hZ L$fgy R> A 36dpu 45dp kyûp vi
gpL$pu hfpe hpp L$pfZ cNhp (L$pg)y dplpe S>Zphgy R>198&&-199&&
Aepe 30-31; hfpe:
ukdp A AL$ukdp, A b Aepepu hfpey rZ L$fgy R>. vpj dey A S>d L$fphpf lpC
s bp cvu hfpep Dvi L$fph R> su hfpe Ap b Aepepu S>Zphgp R>. hfpe ce gu^ pe R>.
Ap b L$u ukdp Aepedp deyy rZ L$fgy R>. a$fu S>d pe ep kyû dey NZpe R>, su Ap
Aepep As ""a$fu Al] Aph R>'' Ad L$lgy R>199&&-200&&
AL$ukdp Aepedp S>dp cey, hfpe pe s dpV$, rZ L$fgy R>. kP$Np epN L$ep rhp
op DepNu sy u Ad viphhp Ap Aepedp Ncsyrs (gp.12-21) L$lgu R>. Ncdp b^p op pe
R>, L$pfZ L$ Ncdp kh shp(ophpmp) lpe R>. kP$N hp R>sp op DepNu sy lpe sp shp ophpmp
kkpf hpy L$lhy OV$ rl. su Ap syrsu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ hfpe L$fZdp op DepNu u (op
hfpe L$fphsy u)200&&-201&&
hfpep bp^ L$fpf (30 A 31 A) b Aepepu Ad rk L$fgy R> L$ op hfpe L$fphsy
lphpu khp epN L$fu c|rd Df cdhy A Dd kp^ R>. Ahu fus 29-31 kyûp Z Aepepu c[s
A hfpe A b kp^ L$p. (S>d dey A Ncsyrs, A Zu hfpe A cdZ A b kp^
L$p AphfZcP$N)
Aepe 32; khrZe:
bukdp Aepe kh NyZhpmp hpA L$fhpp kp^ A a$mp rZe L$fphpfp R>. sdp fpS>k,
kp[hL$ A spdk, sp NyZu f hpp kb^dp rZe L$fgp R>.
gp.1u Apfcu fpS>k (ukybprûdp gp. 1 p Apcpkdp "spdk' gMg R>, fsy gp. 2 p
ukybprû sp ep "fpS>k' C Ad S>Zpe R>.) hpp kb^dp rZe L$fgp R>.
46
gp.5u Apfcu kp[hL$ hpp kb^dp rZe L$fgp R>. sdp bp hNf kbû rZe gp.12dp
S>Zphg R>.
gp.16u Apfcu spdk hpp kb^p rZe L$lgp R>
gp.22u Apfcu NyZpu f Ahphpmp hpp kb^dp rZe L$lgp R>.
A dpZ kh (NyZhpmp) hpp kb^dp Ap AL$ Aepedp rhspfu rZe L$fgp R>. kP$nu
khp rZe S>Zphhp R>p sukdp Aepe L$lgp R>201&&-202&&
Ap bukdp Aepep 39dp Mg(A^d y{j) hNf Ap Dvi L$fhp vhlrs L$rg L$l R>. s
AV$gp dpV$ L$lgy R> L$ Ap khpv epk hNf ucpNhs hNfdp Ahe L$lhpp. su (Ap Dvi L$fhp epe
A L$fhp epe y{jp) NyZp A vpjp 39-42 kyûp gpL$pdp AL$ L$pf L$lgp R>. Qpgy kP$Ndp sp
A gpL$pp DepN u. Ahu fus 25dpu 32dp kyûp ApW$ Aepepu kh kp^pp rZe pe s dpV$
rhcpN pX$u rhspfu sh L$lgy R>202&&-204
Aepe 33:
s S> sh klgpCu kd iL$pe s dpV$ sukdp Aepeu knu L$lgy R>. Ap Aepe a$gfrls
R> Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ sdp lgpp kh Aepepp kpf MQu L$lgp R> A su s sfs S> a$m ps
L$fphpfp A kN |Z L$fpfp R>. Aepeu Avfp gpL$pp A Ahp R> L$ vhlrs; Ny{ L$rgu L$p ps
L$fhpdpV$ sdu buu ApW$dp kyûp kps gpL$pu syrs L$f R>. L$rg dp syrsu S> k ep, L$pfZ L$
s hpZu S> dpegp R>. s cNhpu opL$gpp Ahspf lphpu kfhsu(hpZu) lsp205
vhlrsA pspp vlp kL$pf (Ap Aepep gpL$ 14-29 dp) S>Zpep dpZ ip dpV$ L$ep?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ L$pC Z L$pe L$ep rhp s bdp gu pe sp sy iy ey A L$pZ Z? su
OZu byrhpmu vhlrsA S>g ^pfZ L$fu pspp vl S>g bpep(gp.32). vhlrs ps u lsu A Ny{
L$rg kfhsu lsp (kdydp sdZ hpk L$fgp, gp.34). su pspu c|rd Df ApX$u Nrs pe A ps
kdydp lpQ s dpV$ Z vhlrsA S>g S> ^pfZ L$fu vl S>g S> L$ep. vl A[(Sy>Ap gp.28)
L$ep lps sp Z (kfhsu=hpZu A[ lphpu) Ny{ kp kpeye hpu KQu Nrs i Ad Zu S>
sZ vl S>g L$ep, su s OZu byrhpmu lsu. (S>gu sdS> A[u Z Ny{ kp kpeye hpy
lsy. A[u kpeye sp rkr sp, S>gu kpeye sp "rkv' su pe sd lsy(gp.31)
su sZ vl S>g L$ep, A su OZu byr viph R>, Ahp cphp S>Zpe R>.)206
Ap L$pdp cNhpp Ahspf L$rgy Qqf lphpu, Ap Qqfy hZ Z a$m ps L$fphp{ R>
Ad gp.37dp L$lgy R>206&&
47
48
L$^ Qpp-rhkN
rhkNp A A gnZ:
ssue L$^dp suk Aepepu a$m krls kNy hZ L$ey. Ap Qpp L$^dp AL$uk Aepepu
"rhkN'y rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>, su L$pC Aepesp u. Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ cNhpu bû gugpAp
AL$ kpL$m (AL$ bu kp kb^hpmu) lphp R>sp vfL$ Sy>vu-Sy>vu a$m Appfu R>, su lfL$pC gugp
Ahp bûp kd|l a$m ps L$fphpfp R>.
"rhkN' AV$g "rhrh^:'=Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp "kN', gpqL$L$ kN tl, fsy "rhri:'=Dd L$pfp
"kN'. Ap Dd L$pfp kN(rhkN) vhsp R>. 8 hkyAp, 11 {p A 12 Apqvep vhp R>. cNhpu
gugp rhfus lphpu, hkyApy As, {py de A Apqvepy Apfcdp rZ L$fgy R>.
12+11+8=31 Ad AL$uk vhpy rZ L$fhpy lphpu, Ap L$^p AL$uk Aepep R>1
kh hpp kb^hpmu q$epi[s (fS>k)hpmp cNhpu dysh (L$pe)u Dr L$fphpfu
gugp s "rhkN'.
rhkNgugp kh hpp kb^hpmu q$epi[shpmp (cNhp)u gugp lphpu, Ap gugpdp D
pfp (hp) khi[shpmp hpp, A Ap kry Dd. Ap gugpdp D egp kh hp kpde L$V$
L$fu dys i. su rhkN AgpqL$L$ R>. Ap rhkN S> Ap L$^p A R>.
ucpNhsdp ""rhkN: p{j: ds:''dp rhkN huehpmp L$lgp R>, Ahy rhkNy gnZ Apgy
R>(2&10&3). Ap gnZdp S> "p{j:'iv R> sp A, y{jdpu bp hNfu Dr L$fphpfp, Ahp u,
fsy S>dpu dplpe k|Z L$pf Zhpdp Aph shp, Ahp A R>. su rhkN y{jp ApL$pfhpmp Ahp
y{jps S>Zphpfp R>.
"p{j:' ivp A, y{jdpu bp hNfu Dr L$fphpfp, Ahp lpe sp dyp hip
rZu Ap L$^p pfc L$d L$fgp R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ kP$N S>Zphhp hip rZu
pfc L$fgp R>. L$pfZ L$ kb^ rhpp hps L$lhpu gugpp Ay op pe rl. su kb^ viphhp
kP$N L$lhp CA. gpqL$L$ y{jp L$py hZ L$fpfp lpe sdp Df Z DL$pf L$fhp CA. kP$N
S>Zpep rhp L$p L$lhpdp Aph sp sAp s kdS> su kP$N L$lhp CA. kP$N L$lhpdpV$ L$^p
hip hZu pfc L$fgp R>. su Ap y{jpshpmp y{jpu kr R>, kp^pfZu kr u. ucpNhsu
khp Dpf pe s dpV$ kh hvp sp Brslpkp kpf L$pY$u s fQgy R> (1&3&42) (y{jpshpmp y{jpu
krp rZp hZu Dpf pe, kp^pfZ y{jpu krp rZp hZu Dpf pe. su
y{jpshpmp y{jpp kN Ap L$^p A R>2-3&&
L$fZ rhcpN:
1
cNhpy kpde As L$pfy R>, R>sp Z kvbyru ^d, A, L$pd A dpn A Qpf y{jpp
ps L$fhpp lphpu Ap L$^p Qpf L$fZp R>. ^d, A, L$pd A dpn A Qpf y{jpp ps L$fhpy L$pe
b^p hp uL$Zp QfZ L$dgu khpu S> rk L$fu iL$, bu L$pC L$pf s C iL$ rl Ad S>Zphhp Ap
L$^ L$lgp R>3&&-4&&
Ap Qpf y{jpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp y{jpA rk L$ep R>. vn ^d, ^yh A, yA L$pd A QskpA dpn
ps L$fgp. uL$Zp QfZL$dgu khpu S> Ap y{jpp sdZ ps L$fgp. s lgp Ap sd ps egp
lsp. uL$Zp QfZL$dgu khp L$ep lgp vn ^d ps L$fg lsp. ^yh A su dpsp ky{rQA A ps
L$fg lsp. B (A.19&33) yA L$pd ps L$ep lsp. A h yfS> (QskpA) dpn Z
ps L$ep lsp. su uL$Zp QfZL$dgu khpu S> y{jp ps pe R>, bu L$pC kpû ps sp
u Ad rk ey. su huehpmp rhkN s y{jp ps L$fpfp S> R>, Ahp y{jp L$fpfpApu kr R>,
bu sp A u, L$pfZ L$ y{jp ps L$fhp A S> sy Dd R>4&&-6&&
u y{jpu rhfpû:
L$V$gpL$p ds Ahp R> L$ Ap rhkN; u(ksu), bpgL$(^yh), Sy>hp(y) A h(pQubl}) y
L$fZ R>, AV$g "rhkN'p A u A y{j p cv A Ahpp cv pe R>. Ap ds MpV$p R>. L$pfZ L$
k|Z fus kpnps cNhp L$fgy L$pe y{jp rhpy L$d lpe? A hvdp shy L$pe vy:Mdp qfZpd Aph shy L$d
lpe? su Ap uy L$fZ u. uu L$pC Z L$pe rk sy u. hu sp u pkpl L$fphp{
u, L$pfZ L$ kp{ A fky ApmMpfp y{jp dpZ, B[ehpmp lphy A S> cS>dpV$ S>fu R>. dyepp
S> cS> L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lphpy sp d|MpA L$gy R>, L$pfZ L$ hpvfpAp hNf Z cS> L$fhpp Ar^L$pf R>.
epf lgp L$fZdp u ksup kP$N L$d Aph R>? Ad |R>p, sp s kP$N u A L$fphpfu R>
Ad S>Zphhp d|L$gp R>. dp u S> rl, fsy yu, dpsp A bu vhspu uAp Z A L$fphpfu
lphpy S> R>. sAp y{jpu rhfpû (y{jp ps L$fhpdp rh L$fpfu) R> Ad L$lhp Ap kP$N L$lgp
R>6&&-9&&
L$fZ 1; ^d A.1-7; kps Aepep lphpy L$pfZ:
lgp ^dp L$fZdp kps A bu Ap L$fZdp pQ dmu bpf Aepep pe R>. Ap b
dmu Apqve pe R>. ^d AV$g eo kps ssyAphpmp R>, su kps Aepep R>. "ssy' p A k| Ahp
ksrs pe R>. eo k| lphpu ssy R> A ksrs R>, su eprspd eo kps L$pfp lphpu kps
ssyhpmp R>. (A[pd, Ae[pd, DL$e, jpX$iu, Arsfp, Apspepd A hpS>e Ahp sp L$pf R>.
blrskh hpS>eu lgp A su R>u L$fhpdp Aphsp lphpu s hpS>ey AP$N S> R>. su)
hpS>e kpsdp NZgp R>. su R>u L$fhpdp Aphsp, sp pR>mp AP$N, blrskhdp Al] rh
hpy L$lgy R>. s Ahp Arcpeu L$lgy R> L$ ^d Z cNhpu kplpeu S> C iL$ R> s rkhpe C iL$sp
u. hrk$ hNf ep lphp R>sp ^d ApQfhpdp vn dye lphpu vn S> ^d rk epy L$lg R>. "vn' pd
s ivp A dpZ S> L$lgy R>. s L$ddpNdp OZp "vn' AV$g Qsyf lsp9&&-11
kps Aepepp cphp:
Ap L$fZu L$p ^ddpV$ DepNu R>, Ad sp kps Aepepp cphpu S>Zpe R>.
2
lgp Aepedp uqW$L$p kp Ap kP$N, Ay pjZ L$fpf krls L$lgp R>. ksup kb^
(gp.49) Ap kP$N R>, sy rZ L$fg R>.
bu Aepedp s kP$Ny qfZpd AV$g Ay L$pfZ, sp AP$L$fp S>hu ff ip Aphpu L$p
(gp.10-32) L$lgu R>. Ap crhedp pf hps S>Zphhp L$lg R>. L$pfZ L$ AP$L$f D ep rhp
buS>dpu a$m sy u.
u Aepe AP$L$fdpu b pvX$p uL$mhp R>, sdp Au Dr pe R>(gp.8-14) A rih pspu
i[s dpZ s A sp AV$L$phhp epk L$f R>(gp.16-25). Ap Aepedp j kpfu fus [f pe s
dpV$ A hnu kpfu fus Dr pe R>. j Ay L$pfZ R> Ad S>Zphhp j L$fhp rl Ahp rihp
hpe(gp.25)p cphp R>. su pspu i[s dpZ pspu byru L$p L$fu sdZ A AV$L$phhpp
epk L$epy L$lgR>.
Qpp Aepedp ksup vlp pi pe R> (gp.24-27), fsy s A Aepep A u. Aepep A
sp Ap L$pfZ ju dedp egu q$ep R>.
pQdp Aepedp eop pi pe R>, L$pfZ L$ A[lp hNf pQ sp cpN R>.
R>$p Aepedp eo rk hpp lgp rhcpN L$lg R>. eou rkr sy pR>my R>.
kps ssyhpmp eo kpsdp Aepedp rk pe R>. sdp cNhp rhu syrs sp s cNhp
rhu S> rk pe R> Ahp Ai Ap L$fZu Y$ pe R>.
(cNhpu S> Qpf y{jp ps pe R> A rkpsp)Aphp Ap kps Aepepp A R>12-13&&
Aepe lgp ^drZ:
Ap Aepedp OZp pkqP$NL$ rhjep L$lgp R>. s b^p ^ddpV$ DepNu R>, Ap Aepedp ^du
Dr L$lgu R>. ""dhsfp Dd ^d R>''(2&10&4) A hpe dpZ dhsf ^d R>. (vfL$ dhsfdp
dy, dyp yp, F[h, vhp, B A cNhp p Ahspf A R> ^d L$fphpfp lpe R>). Ap Aepedp
d dhsfp Ap R>ey rZ L$fgy lphpu, ^dy rZ L$fhpy Ap Aepey epS> lphpy
S>Zpe R>.
(1.dyy rZ gp.1dp R>. 2.dyp yp rehs A Dppvy rZ gp.9dp R>). 3.^d
L$fpf A[ ^pfZ L$fpfp OZp y L$vdp dfurQ hNf kps S>dpCAp F[h lphpy gp.8dp L$lgy R>. Ap
kps (dfurQ, A[, AqP$Nfp, yge, hrk$, Ahp A cNy) F[h dpegp lphpu sApp AL$ R>u
AL$p Sy>vp-Sy>vp hi Z Ap Aepedp L$lgp R>(gp.12-45).
Ad hiy rZ L$fu ^dp Arcdphpmu vhsp Z L$lu. (4.eop cpsp gdupfpeZ eoh
3
Ahsep s Ap dhsfdp cNhpp Ahspf eg R>). bpp vfL$ qvhk "L$' L$lhpe R>. Ap S> L$u
L$p L$lhpe R> s lgpp L$dp "{rQ' Frju Dr egu, R>u s L$p ge ep(hu S>gdp X|$bu
NC), epf {rQ ke gpL$dp flgp. Ap hps u L$^dp L$lhpy L$pC epS> lphpu ep L$lg lsp.
Ap Frj bpp ypu kdp AV$g sdpu L$CL$ lgL$p lsp. su dyu yu ApL|$rs s "yrL$p' sfuL$
fZgp, S> yu yrL$p sfuL$ fZgu lpe, s S> y pe s; s yup rspp y NZpe, sp rsp y
NZpe. su khu Ddy{jp yrL$pp rs hp BR>sp u. {rQ bpp ypu lgL$p lphpu sdZ
ApL|$rs Ahu fus u sfuL$ huL$pfu A yrL$pp rs ep(gp.2). 13&&-16&&
{rQA ApL|$rsdp u-y{jy X$Ly$ D L$ey. y{j sfuL$ eop cpsp kpnps rh eohu
Ahsep A u sfuL$ cNhpu R|>V$u X$pfu gdup Ai "vrnZp' Ahsfu. eo R>u vrnZp
fep(gp.5) Apdp L$pC Aepesp u, L$pfZ L$ ip hpp Ar^L$pf viph R>, cNhp s gpNy X$sy
u. cNhp A gdu p kb^ kvpp lphpu eo cNhp vrnZp fep. Ap gdupfpeZ eop
cpsp R> Ad Z Apu S>Zpey R>, (s Ap dhsfp cNhpp Ahspf R>).
5.s S> pspp Aiu Sy>vp h Ap dhsfp B Z ep, L$pfZ L$ s kde Bp Ar^L$pf
kpQh shp L$pC hp lsp. su S> Ap dhsfdp hp cvu R> Sy>vp AP$N lsp, fsy pQ S> lsp,
R>sp cpNp cvu R> AP$Np lsp, L$pfZ L$ eopfpeZ; cNhpp Aip Ahspf sfuL$ khp cpN L$fpf
lsp A B sfuL$ lrhjp cpN L$fsp lsp, Ad s b L$pfp cpN L$fsp. su sdp b h NZsp
dhsfp R> AP$Np pe R>.
6.Ap dhsfdp s kde vhp Z lphpu eo cNhp vrnZpdp pspp Ai bpf yp D
L$ep, s Ap dhsfdp vhp ep(gp.6-8). A dpZ dhsfdp R>e AP$Np rk epy Ap Aepedp L$y,
su ^dy rZ L$fhy A Ap Aepey epS> S>Zpe R>. Apu Ad S>Zpey R> L$ ^dp L$pfZ L$pg
(dyp kde) R>, (L$pfZ L$ bpp vfL$ qvhk AV$g dp Qpv dyAp pe R>)16&&-18&&
cNhpp Ahspfp:
Ap lgp Aepedp cNhpp Z Ahspfp L$lgp R>:
1.q$ephspf eo (gp.4)
2.opphspf v (gp.15) A
3.op A q$ep Dcep Ahspf pfpeZ (gp.52).
^d rk pe s dpV$ cNhpp Ap Z Ahspfp Ap lgp dhsfdp egp R>. Ap Z L$u v
A pfpeZ Ap AL$ S> dhsfdp DepNu u, fsy kh dhsfpdp Z DepNu R>, su bu
dhsfpdp opphspf sp op A q$ep Dcep Ahspf L$lgp u. q$ephspf vfL$ dhsfdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp
L$li18&&-20
rhkNdp dy[s pdpf hpu kr L$lhpu R>, su S> L$pf b^ S> pe s L$pfu dy[s
pdpf hpu Ap kr R>, su Ap krdp kh m cNhpp cS>y rZ R>.
ArA L$fg cNhpy cS> gp.27-28dp S>Zphgy R>. Ap kpdpe fus L$fgy vhy cS> R>,
4
fby cS> u. sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ Ap ^dy L$fZ R> A fdhf ep, sp rQe lgp Ar
ep rl, su sZ kpdpe fus cS> L$fgy R>. L$ddpNdp b^p vhp kfMp R>, fb (yjpd) Z dp
vh S> R>. ArA kpdpe fus cS> L$ey su, L$d Z L$pfy lphpu, su pk Z vhp L$V$ ep. ^d
L$fhpy L$d Z L$pfy lphpu sp Ar^vh Z (bp-rh-rih A) Z R>. sdpu L$pCp Z j sp
lpe sp AV$L$, j pe s dpV$ lqfA Z ""S> AL$y sd kekP$L$hpmpA ep êy s Ad Z S>
R>uA'' Ahp Df Apg Ahp cNhp R>u j pe s dpV$ vn Ahp bp^ L$fg L$ ""l, bp sp iP$L$f
S>Nsp fd L$pfZ R>uA... l S> Arsue b L$hg fdpdp Ry> sdp bp, { sp pZuAp Aopu
cvu Sy>A R>''(A.7&50-52). su L$pCp Z j L$fhpu lgLy$ L$pe Z rk sy u21-24
Al] ucpNhsdp S>Zphg FrjAp sp kho R>. sAp L$d Sy>vp-Sy>vp AL$-buu rh{ hps L$l
R>? L$vd dp rhu S> khp L$d L$f R>? (Sy>Ap L$^ 3 Aepe 21). Ar Z kp^pfZ L$d flg R>?
Ahp pe. sp Zhy L$ b^p FrjAp b Zpf lphp R>sp S> Frju S> hdp p lpe s Frj s
dpZ bp^ L$f R>. sAp b^p kh Zpf lphp R>sp sApp hcphp Sy>vp-Sy>vp lphpu sApu {rQ Sy>vuSy>vu lpe R>. su ps-pspu {rQ dpZ sAp bp^ L$f R>.
Ad Z dphy L$ Frju {rQ dpZ cNhpp hdp a$fa$pf sp lphpu L$V$gpL$ FrjApp
hQ MpV$p S> lphp CA, L$pfZ L$ cNhp S> sAp pk q$epp Sy>vp-Sy>vp Aip hNfu L$V$ C pspp
shp Sy>vp hp bp^ L$f sdp L$pC vpj u25
""epNu Apdpy vi L$fhy Ap Dd ^d R>'' A hpe dpZ ^ddpNdp O s L$fhy epe R>. v
opphspf lphpu sdZ s L$fgy. Ad dphy DrQs u L$ vpe NyZp Arcdphpmp vh lphpu Qu W$
s cNhpp Ahspf u. L$pfZ L$ MX$rkps dpZ S> rh NyZp Arcdphpmp R>. dye rkps
dpZ sp khNyZdp Z S>d f hNfp Ahspf ep R> sd v rhp Ahspf S> eg R>. L$pfZ L$ S>d
rhA pspp dpR>gy hNfp h L$V$ L$fgp, sd Ap Arcdphpmy h L$V$ L$fgy. hp de s
Ahsfgp R>sp s cNhpp S> Ahspf R>, L$pfZ L$ MX$hZh ds dpZ v Chf S> R>, su hp de
Ahsfg lphpu s cNhpp Ahspf u Ahp kvl flsp u26
dye rkps dpZ cNhpu (AdyL$)Ai rh Sy>vp u, s cNhp S> R>, L$pfZ L$ s kh L$pe
L$f R>. (bp, rh A rih Ay$d Dr, [rs A rhpi L$fpfp R>) s L$u Dr A rhpi sp
L$pC Z L$pf pe, [rs L$fhpdp sp kh (Oe) L$fhpy lpe R>. su fdhfu pspu S> pku ([rs
kbû) kh a$m ps pe R>, Ai pku ps sy u. L$pfZ L$ sdpdp Arcdp lpe R>. rh Ai
lpe A shp (Arcdpfrls) lpe, sp spdk hpy pg L$f, yrdpN dpZ L$pe L$f A rhcpN
dpZ (Sy>vp-Sy>vp) kh dpNu hr sdpu pe. (rhdp Arcdp lpsy u. Sy>Ap 10&86&1-8).
su bp hNf kpdpe fus (rhv ps L$fhpu) BR>p fl R>. rh ps S> Dd lphpu bp sp
rihu kdp lphy hNf vpj sdpdp u. su vpe rhp Ahspf lphpu cNhp R> A bfpbf R>2727&&
bp Arp y kpd sfuL$, rh vpe sfuL$; A iP$L$f vyhpkp sfuL$ S>dgp. fsy s-s
vhp NyZp sdpdp hpdp Aphsp u. sy L$pfZ A R> L$ sApu Dr Sy>vp L$pf egu. su kpd sfuL$
5
bp S>, A vyhpkp sfuL$ iP$L$f S> S>dgp. sAp pspp S> hu Ahsf sp sdZ BR>gy L$pe C iL$
rl, su sAp Sy>vp L$pf S> D egp. (bp kpd eg lphpu) kpd hi Qgphhpy, v epNu fnZ
L$fhpy A vyhpkpA s L$fu AyNl L$fhpy sp rinp L$fhpy (ip Aphpy) L$pe L$fhpp lsp. ps L$fhpp
L$pep C iL$ s dpV$ sAp (NyZp) Ar^L$ Arcdpp epN L$fu Aiu S>dgp. su sdpdp NyZy Aes
Arcdp lsy. R>sp s Z NyZp Arcdphpmp vhp S> kpd, v A vyhpkp sfuL$ S>dgp27&&-28&&
vn:
A dpZ ^ddp ffpu DepNu vhp kbû rhQpf L$fu, ^ddp vnp kpnps DepN kbû
rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph R>. rsAp A vhp p hs ApQfpf y{j vn, OZp ^prdL$ A Arcdpu lsp. s
Arcdpu lphpu spdk lsp. su Ap kpm L$gphpmp dpde (^prdL$)vn kpm L$epAp egu(gp.4748). sdpu vf kNyZ lsu, A AL$ sdpu Sy>vp hcphu lsu. sdpu sf sp sZ ^d
fZphu(gp.48). b^p drlpApdp ^d pe R> A spu iyr S> pe R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$pg S> ^d
L$fphpfp R>. su bpf drlpp Arcdphpmu bpf A iyrp Arcdphpmu AL$ Ahu sf L$epAp vn
^d(Frj) fZphu28&&-30&&
Dd L$pfu iyr kh NyZu pe R>, su cNhp Ahsf s dpV$ pp L$fgu lphp R>sp Z
iy khdp, AV$g iy khhpmu iyrp Arcdphpmu L$ep d|rsdp L$p As kyû S>Nsy fnZ
L$fhpdpV$ lqfp Ahspf ep. "d|rs' A vnu sfdu uy pd R>. L$p As kyû S>Nsy fnZ L$fhy A
Ap Ahspfy epS> R>.
Ap "rhkN' Dd kr lphpu yr rhpp AL$gp ^d Ap krdp OZp DepNu pe rl Ad
viphhp lqf d|rsdp f A pfpeZ Ahp b hu NV$ ep. yrdpN A depvpdpN A b dpN
kbû q$ep op hNf S>Zphhp 1.kh bpX$ d y{jp hu A 2.bu Asepdup hu
Ad b hu pfpeZ Ahspf gu^p. pfpeZ s L$fp{ h R>; s S> L$f R>, fsy dy[s Ahp c[s
Apsy u. s rkhpey c[s-dy[s hNf Aphpy L$pe sp ""S>dpu Ap S>Ns dys pe
R>''(10&26&16) hNf hpep dpZ |Z uL$Z S> L$f R>. pfpeZ kh L$pe L$fsp lphpu kh R>. yry
L$pe L$fhp sdp Sy>vp (uL$Zp) Ahspf egp R>. fdp sp pfpeZp Aphi S> pe R>. s cNhpp
Ahspf u. pfpeZ cNhpp Ahspf R> A f Aphihpmp R> Ad pR>gp lgp L$^p u
Aepedp Z S>Zphgy R>. uL$Z sp ps cNhp S> R>. pfpeZ yr A depvp b dpNy p L$fhp
Ahsfg lphp R>sp |Z cNhpy pL$V$e ep rhp s L$pe rk pe sd lphpu, pfpeZ A f A b
cNhpp AipA "Bl'(Al]) |Z uL$Zdp S> hi L$ep A c|rdp cpf Dspfhp epvhpp A Ly${App
peL$p(uL$Z A ASy>) ep(gp.59). b hhpmp pfpeZ Ai sp cNhpdp S> fp. f Ai sp
cNhpdp hi L$fu R>u ASy>dp hi L$ep30&&-33&&
vn rsApy hs ApQfpf lphpu "h^p' A vhpy hs ApQfpf lphpu "hplp' A b yuAp
Z s egu. sdp "hplp' kh vhsp lsu. ""A[ khvhspAp R>'' A yrs dpZ A[ Z kh
vhsp R>, su vn hplp A[ kp fZphu. h^p khrs lsu. rsApy AL$ h rl lphpu A
sAp R|>V$p X$sp lphpu sZ h^p kh rsAp kp fZphu34
6
vnu kpmdu khu pu yu "ksu' lsu. S>d vuhpdpu L$pS>m pe R> sd vnp Arcdpp Ai
NlZ L$fu Ap kpmdu L$ep spu Sy>vu D egu. su Ap Arcdp lsu. ^d} vn flhp vC, vuhpp
L$pS>mu W$ sp Arcdpp Ai S> spu R|>V$p X$u Ap L$ep eg. S>d sS> hs: iy lphp R>sp s
sgdpu D pe R> epf sgp dg L$pS>m sgu Sy>vy X$ R>, shu fus kh hsyApp ep h
L$pip{ hqvL$ L$d Z Al] vpjhpmp L$spA(vn) L$fgy lphpu sp vpj Arcdp spu "ksu' L$ep R|>Vy$
X$y. su s pspp rspp Ofp piy A rs drg L$fpf ipy L$pfZ bu. hmu s kpmdu(R>u)
D egu, L$pfZ L$ R>hV$ S> Arcdpu Dr pe R>. bpA sy h ey ""s spdk lphpu
pspp d|m L$pfZ (sdpNyZp Ar^$psp rih) fZphhpdp Aph sp pspp d|m L$pfZ sgdp pMgp L$pS>m
W$ pspy L$pe L$fhp i[shpmp rl pe, fsy bu Aphpdp Aphi sp kde S>sp hpeyA DX$pX$gp
L$pS>mu W$ kh m pspp Qpf L$fi'' Ad rhQpey A s(Arcdp sdpNyZ)p Ar^$psp vh rih
fZphfphu. L$pfZ L$ sd L$fhpu S> sy h c shy lsy. kp[hL$ hNf (y{j) fZphhpdp Aph, sp
s spdk lphpu sp hp pi hpy b. su s rih fZphfphu Ahp sp sp pspp d|m
hdp ge pe s dpV$ bpA s rih fZphfphu (A.2&16)35-36
Aepe 2; j A ip:
ksu Arcdp vnu Ry>Vy$ X$gy lphpu sZ rihp Of Z pspy L$pe L$ey. rih Z Arcdp
ey A rsApp eodp vn Apep epf rih bku fp, Ecp C kL$pf L$ep. ksup kbû rih
A dpZ j ep. Arcdp ksu pspu R|>Vy$ X$g lphpu vn j hp CA, R>sp yu ksuy kvp
dfZ hpu vny Arcdp A su j Z h^sp S> lsp. hmu rih ^d ApQfsp rl A vn ^d
ApQfsp sp j L$fsp, su rih sZ ip Apep. j pspp vlu Avf S> fl R> A rih eodp cpN
dmsp lphpu eo L$fsp sdp vi pe epf j hpy kch A su blpf Z j L$pe L$fhpu hr
L$f. shy pe s dpV$ ^d(eo) L$pedp rihp vi pe s dpV$ sZ rih Ahp ip Apep L$ vhp
kd|lpdp A^d rih vhp kp eodp cpN dm(gp.18). eo L$d kp rih kb^ fl s dpV$ vn
sd Ahp ip Apep37-38
rih sp ip kpcmu Z ips S> fp Z sdp dye khL$ ^d vu pspp Ar^vh
(rih)y Ap Adp kl L$fu iep rl, su sZ vn A vnp A r L$pey Aydpv L$fpfp
bpZp ip Apep. lgp sp s shu rhdyM pe Ahp shu lpr L$fphpfp ip Apep(gp.21).
L$pfZ L$ b^pe ^du ps hpy a$m shop R>. ^du shop ps pe sp Z L$pCL$ kde kkP$N
hNfu Ahp hfpe hNf kp^p sp shop ps pe, su shu fus Z s ps pe s dpV$ kp^p
Z sdpu C iL$ shp Sy>vp ip Apep(gp.23-26). Ap bu ip Aphpp lsy A S> lsp L$
kkP$N, hfpe hNf kp^p L$fu Z sAp shop ps L$f. Ahp lsy lpe sp kp^p ps
y{jp lphpu a$m (shop) ps hpp lgp ip Apep su S> L$pe rk sy lphpu kp^p
C iL$ Ahp ip Aphp rfL$ NZpe39-39&&
vuA Aphp ip Apu bpZpp kh L$dp pi L$ep Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ ^d vnp ipu
sp Ar^vh rihp kb^ flsp, s ps S> dpgp C S>hpu, sy a$m L$pC ps S> pe. Ap L$lg
lphp R>sp Au dm S>Zpe R>, su vuA L$pC Ar^L$ L$y u fsy vnp ipy qfZpd S> fus
L$lgy R>40
7
^dp pi pe shp vup ip cNy kl L$fu iep rl, L$pfZ L$ cNy ^d bpp vlu
hQp lsp A Apfcdp blpfy vy:M sp hQp S> pe, su eodp rihp vi pe s dpV$ ^ddp
sdp kb^ AV$L$phpf C sZ ip Apep, L$pfZ L$ rih eodp cpN Aphp Ahp ^d fl sp, eodp
sdp vi hpu $p^ D hpy kch39&&-40
cNyA Ahp ip Apep L$
1.hqvL$ dye ^ddp rih L$lg pjX$ ^dp hi pe, shp pjX$ ^d L$fpfpApp Z hi pe.
2.s rih L$lg ^d A^d S> fl, ^d S> pe A s ApQfpfpAp Z A^d} S> lpe A fL$ Z ps
L$f.
3.sdp A^du lv ""S>dp dqvfp A vp vh R>''(gp.29) A ivp dpZ L$pprgL$ (rihp khL$pp AL$
kd|l. sAp dpZkp dppu MpfuApu dpmp lf R> A Mpfudp MpfpL$ hNf fpMu sdpu DepNdp g
R>.) kyûu R>, L$pfZ L$ rihp hs Aykpfpfp shp R>.
4.sApu Dpr^ AV$g pjX$Zpu Dpr^ Ahp pjX$ L$fphpf hvu rvp s sApp pspp Ap
^ddp Ar^vh S> NZpe. Ahp s pjX$uAp hvdpNdp rvhpepe lphpu, sdu Dpr^ AV$g A^dspp
pi L$fpf hv, s pspp (hv)dpNdp Ar^vh fli. Ahp sv AV$g b(hv) A Dpr^ AV$g
pjX$Zpp pi L$fpfp ^du rvp, s bp kd|l AV$g hv A hqvL$ ^du rvp A b Ay$d hqvL$
^dp A pjX$^dp Ar^vh fli. cNyp pspp hqvL$ ^ddp hv Ar^vh fli A Ap rih L$lgp
pjX$^ddp hvu rvp dye fli. Ahp rih ps; ps L$lg ^d ApQfsp lphpu A shp ^du
hr L$fphpf shp vlhpmp flsp lphpu rih S> pjX$^du Dpr^ R> A ""S>dp c|spp fp sdpfp vh
R>'' A hpe dpZ pspp Ap pjX$ ^ddp Ar^vh R>. rih rkhpe bu L$pC s ^ddp Ar^vh u A
rih s ^dp hsp Z R>.
28-32 kyûp pQ gpL$u cNyA Ahp cphpp ip Apep40&&-42
vuA Apgp ip L$fsp Ap ip DP$N C iL$ shp bvX$(gp.27) lpC OZp cpf
lsp. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ hv dpZ cNhpy cS> L$fhpy X$sy d|L$u, bu dpN cS> L$fhpp epk
L$fhp. vuA Z ip Apu bpZpp ^d kpp kb^ b^ L$fgp, R>sp sZ ""rihp j L$fpfpAp
dpl pAp''(gp.25) Ad L$lgy lphpu, sp ip rihp j L$fpfpAp S> gpN shp lphpu epf rihp
j L$fhp b^ L$f epf ^d C iL$ shp lsp, fsy Ap cNyp ip sp L$pC kde AV$L$ shp u. vup
ip dpZ rihp j L$fhp b^ L$f sp ^d hpy kchsy Z u, fsy rihp j L$f A L$pC
kP$N L$d cNhp kdZ L$fhpdp Aph, sp spu ^d pe Z Mfp43
rih sp lgu b^y Zsp lsp, R>sp Apd ff ip sp s Mv pep. pjX$^du Dr
hpu sd dvy:M ey, R>sp sd psp L$pC lpr C rl, L$pfZ L$ klS> S> dvy:M egy. rihp j
L$f sdpu ^d sp hpp S> lsp. R>sp S>d lgp ^dp Qpf sp lsp shp pjX$p OZp h^hpu
crhedp i rl Ahp rhQpfu sd dvy:M ey. L$pgu depvp gu^ (L$pg Mfpb Aphhpu) ^dp
lgpp S>hp Qpf sp AV$L$ep lps sp rih dvy:M ps. fsy pspp S> L$pfZu sd ey su sd
dvy:M pe A epe R>. dvy:M hpu rih epu Qpep Nep(gp.33).
8
eou dedp S> eop pi L$f shy rh D hpu FrjAp Z ce pep, fsy FrjAp
lphpu sdZ ey L$ cNhp S> vpj fl s L$pf eo |Z L$fphi. su sdZ s L$d cNhp Aû L$fu
sd kdZ L$fu sdy AL$gpy S> sdp |S> L$ey(gp.34). Ad L$fu eo k|Z pe shy kp^ L$ey, A
R>u ep cNhpp su epNdp kh vpj v|f L$fpf cNhpu QfZu fS>hpmu NP$Npu AgpqL$L$ ifuf ps
i A lgpp vpjpp pi i, A L$prgvu yrdpN}e lphpu depvpdpNu A dpZ AgpqL$L$ ifufu
p[s A vpjp v|f L$fhpy rl pe sp Z cNhp yrdpNu s kh L$fi Ad rhQpfu, s b vuApp
kP$Nddp p L$fu rdg ep(gp.35 A A.7&56). A dpZ crhedp ^d ps hpy L$pfZ L$y4444&&
Aepe 3; Au Dr A rih L$fg rhpfZp epk:
L$d L$fhpu D eg Arcdp ksup kb^ gu^ rih j eg A sd eg ipu
sd L$d(eo) kp kb^ fp rl su L$dp kb^ gu^ eg j flhpy Z kchsy u. s S>
L$pfZ vn Z j flhpy kchsy u. R>sp Al] j epy S>Zphg R> L$pfZ L$ ipu ^d kpp kb^
AV$L$pep, R>sp jp L$pfZ ksu kp vlu kb^ fp. su jp L$pfZ ^d kp kb^ flhp
R>sp, lgpp sp ^dp L$pe Arcdp ksup vl vnu D eg lphpu A s vl flg lphpu
spu D eg kb^ Z fp su j Z sy L$pfZ bg ksup vl lsp ep kyû h^pf h^sp
lsp. ksup vlp kb^ (vn kp yu sfuL$p A rih kp u sfuL$p) Ahp b L$pfp lphpu
bp ju L$p L$lgu R>
44&&-46
vn rihp OZp j L$fsp lphp R>sp, bpA sp rsApp Ar^rsp v ArcjL$ L$ep. Ap
v Arcdp O h^pf shy lsy A bpA Ap v sp Ahp rhQpfu ArcjL$ L$ep L$ rihp j L$fsp
lphpu s X$hpp sp R>S>. sp sy Arcdp OZyS> hû e sp s hlgp X$ A X$sp, rihp j gu^
s pe R> Ad s Zi epf sdp j L$fhpy d|L$u vi. Ap rsApp Ar^rsp Ar^L$pfy n OZy
rhipm lphpu s Ar^L$pf ^dp pi L$fpfp lsp. s vdp vnp rsfL$pf hpp kch lsp A su rihy
Adp L$fhpdpV$ s Ar^L$pf epe S> lsp, su bp sp A Ar^L$pf s Apu rihp j gu^ sy S> s
hpy lsy, sdp kplpe L$fpf S> ep. vn dpsp lsp L$ bp d dp Ap R>, fsy bpp Arcpe sp
Df S>Zpey shp S> lsp, su Qpf bpSy>A r S>dp fpMg shy Ap L$pe Qpf dyMhpmp bpA L$ey. Ap
Ar^L$pf dmhpu vn Arcdp ey47
hmu vn hpS>e eo L$ep su A br$ y{jpy Adp L$ey(gp.3) su Z s Arcdp ey.
hpS>e eo kh eopu Ar^L$ R> su s L$fhpu Arcdp ey. bpZpdpV$ blrskh dye eo R>, su s
eo L$fhpdpV$ S> vn hpS>e eo L$ep, L$pfZ L$ ""hpS>e eo L$fu blrskh L$fhp'' Ahu hvu Apop R>.
Ap hvu Apopdp dp $d L$lgp R>. Ahp $d fpMhpy L$pfZ A R> L$ blrskh L$fhp A rs$pu Ahr^
R>. s eo rs$pu Ahr^ lphpu, s L$fu R>u hpS>e hNf bu eop L$fhpy kchsy u. A
hpS>e khu Ar^L$ lphpu s X$p dyL$pe, s dpV$ s brskh lgp L$fhpu hvu Apop R>. hpS>e
eodp A[ kpQhhpy R>pvpe Drjvdp L$lgy R>, R>sp vn sd L$fg rl, L$pfZ L$ hpfhpf eo L$fsp lpe
sdZ sd L$fhpu S>f u48-48&&
9
vn Dd hqvL$ eo L$ep, s Z rs$pu Ahr^ eo L$ep. s ps br$ lsp. hmu ""hv pp

pi L$fpf R>'' Ahu yrs Z R>. R>sp Aphp hqvL$ eop Z pi ep(Aepe pQdp), L$pfZ L$ Ap eo
L$pgNs c|rddp egp. ""App eo L$pgu NlZ L$fphy Ahu S>p rhj BR>p L$f su pk L$pgNs
eoc|rddp eo L$fph. vhy |S> L$fhpu L$pgNs c|rd R>. sp S>hu pe s dpV$ ksu Aphp d eo L$pgu
S> NlZ L$fph R>'' A yrs dpZ vhy |S> L$fhpu shu L$pgNs c|rddp vnp eo eg lphpu sp pi
Ahe hpp S> lsp. sp pi ep A hqvL$ dpNdp vpj u, fsy yrsdp sd L$lg lphpu s DgV$p
hqvL$ dpNdp c|jZ R>.
cNy hNf eo L$fphpf FrjAp kho lsp, R>sp vh gu^ AV$g cNhpu BR>p gu^ Ahp vn
hNfp vycpe gu^ sdZ shu L$pgNs c|rddp eo L$fpep, su vnp Z vpj ep:1.rsp
Ar^rsp Ar^L$pf. 2.S>dp br$py Adp L$ey shp hpS>e eo L$ep s. Ap b vpjpu sy Arcdp O
hey. 3.L$pgNs eoc|rddp eo L$ep s48&&-49&&
epf Aphp Z vpj lsp, sp Qpp gpL$u Apfcu vnp Ap eop Dkhy hZ L$fhpy iy
epS>? A rscs ksu ep Nep lsp epf sd ep S>hpu BR>p L$d C? A p pe, sp Zhy
L$ S> rihp j L$fsp lpe shp L$pCu Z Aphu Drs pe rl. ""Dd y{jp rsfL$pf y{jp kh
L$epZpp pi L$f R>'' (10&4&46) A hpe dpZ rihp j L$fpf vnu Aphu Drs kchsu u Ad
Zpfu ksuA s Drs C eodp rh L$fhpdpV$ S> hr L$fu, Ad S>Zphhp s eop Dkhy hZ
L$fgy R>. ksuA A Dkhdp hZ L$fgu vnu Drs C lps sp rh L$fs S> rl, s rscs
lphpu rsp j L$fpfu Aphu Drs Sy>A epf s rh L$f s epe S> R>. vnu Ap Drs sp pf^
L$d gu^ egu, cNhp Apgu(L$fgu) lsu. cNhp L$fgu lpe sp sdp rh L$fhpy Aie S> pe.
ksu rh L$fpfu C su Drs vnp pf^ S> L$fgu, cNhp L$fgu rl.
iP$L$p:pf^ ( S> L$dp a$m cpNhhpp Apfc egp R> s pf^ L$d A S>p a$m cpNhhpp
Apfc l eg u s Apf^ L$d.) sp dp cpN L$fhpu S> pi C iL$ shy lphpu vnp pf^ L$fg
Drsp ksuu pi L$d pe? Ad Z L$lu iL$pe L$ sy pf^ AV$gy S> lsy, L$pfZ L$ s (pf^) L$fp{
L$pfZ fl epf S> Drs fl, AV$g ksu Drsp pi hpdp L$pfZ C iL$. ksuA Drs L$fpf
L$pfZp S> pi L$ep Ad Z L$lhpe. L$pfZ L$ Ad dpuA sp ""S>dp L$dp cpNp Apfc eg u
shp S> ye-p opu pi pd R>, S>p L$dp cpNp Apfc eg R> shp ye-pp opu pi
sp u. L$pfZ L$ kh L$pfZpu lgpu lv cNhpu BR>p shu R>'' (bk| 4&1&15) sp ""pf^p
cpN L$fu bu b |g A rgP$N ifufp ne L$fphu R>u AgpqL$L$ cpN ps L$f R>'' (bk| 4&1&19)
A shk|pp rhfp^ pe. ksu vnu Drsp pi L$fhpdp kp^ C Ad Z L$lhpe, L$pfZ L$ sZ s
Drsp hs fus pi L$epy L$lg R> sp rhfp^ pe, A hmu crhedp vn cpN ps hpy L$lgy
R>(Aepe 7&57) Ahu iP$L$p L$fhpdp Aph sp,
kdp^p:A bfpbf R> L$ Al] pf^p pi epy L$lgy u, fsy kh L$dp bpmu pMpf
shopu Z S> b^ C isp u shp pfû D egp cpNp Apfc (cpNhhpy i eg
cpN) Z dpV$p y{jp ju b^ C Nep. Ad dpV$p y{jp j shopu Z Ar^L$ bghpmp lphpy
10
L$lgy R>, Ad kvpe ZpfpAp L$l R>. hpsrhL$ fus sp dpV$p y{j rihp j gu^ vnp iyc pf^p
Z pi ep. ksu s iyc pf^p pi L$fphpfu lsu Ad Z dphy, L$pfZ L$ j sp gu^ D
eg lphpu s sy a$m ps L$fphpfu C. bk| 4&1&15 sp 4&1&19 p rhfp^ Z sp u, L$pfZ
L$ sdp rhje Apu Sy>vp L$pfp R>. S>dp dpV$p y{jp j lpe shp kP$N s k| gpNy X$ R>. su S>
rihp vn j L$fsp lphpu S> S>dp a$mp cpNp Apfc eg shp iyc pf^hpmp vnp ifufp Z pi
ep. crhedp s ps egu kr sp cNhp S> s Apgu. sdS> sy h Z cNhp Apgy,
su S> cNhp epk shopuApp ye A p b L$pfp L$dp pi hpy rk L$fu ""Asp@epr
L$jpdycep:''(bk|.4&1&17) L$l R>. Df L$lgu yrsu Sy>vp L$pfu bu Z yrs R> "As:' s L$pfZu
L$V$gpL$ y{jpp pf^ A Apf^ b L$pfp L$dpp pi pe R>, Ahp sp A R>. ""sp yp hpfkp
g R>, rdp kyL$s g R> A iyAp p g R>'' A s bu yrs Ahpmu R>. Ap yrs L$pe L$dp
kb^dp L$lgu R> Ad Z L$lhpe sd u, L$pfZ L$ ""s (op) ps pe epf R>up p gpNsp u
A lgpp pp pi pe R>, L$pfZ L$ s L$lg R>'' (bk| 4&1&13) k|u opu p[s ep R>u s
lgpp A R>up ppp kb^ lpsp u Ad L$lu ""s pe sp Z bup Z A fus kb^
lpsp u'' (bk| 4&1&24) k|u yep Z A S> L$pf kb^ lphpy L$lg lphpu, L$pe L$dp
L$lhpC Negp lphpu, a$fuu L$pe L$d kbû L$pC L$l s Aepe S> NZpe. hmu ""iyAp p g R>'' A
ivp Afrls pe, L$pfZ L$ p L$pe lphpy kchsy u. bk| 4&1&17 dp "Dcep:' iv R>, su
S>rdr A epk A b S>Zphg lphpy kchsy u, L$pfZ L$ S>rdry A k|u L$dp epe pd Aphg
u A kpdpe ("b' A kpdpe iv R>. ep b ghp A pe. L$dp L$lgp b ghp CA, p
A ye L$dp L$lg lphpu A ivu s b S>Zphg R>.) ivp A L$dp L$lg rhje lphp CA.
p A ye L$pC |g vp u A su s L$pCu ghpe shp vp rl lphpu yrsdp A
L$lg R> s dpZ hpy kchsy lphpu, yrsy spe b Zpf Df l fpMhp A sp j
L$fhp Ahy S> R> Ad Z L$lu iL$pe sd u, L$pfZ L$ AL$pviup Dhpk L$fhp S> Ais lpe s su
u ps L$fgp Dhpk Ap sp s Dhpky ye s dm R>. hmu y{A Z eeprsy OX$Z gu^py
S>Zphg lphpu Al] Z p A ye iyAp A rdp g s kch R>.
AL$pviup Dhpkp kb^dp sp u rs gedp fpMu Dhpk L$f, su sy ye rs S>
dm R> Ad dpe, L$pfZ L$ Ad lpe sp yey vp L$epy Alu(MpVy$) pe. A hmu eeprsp OX$Zp
kb^dp sp Ad L$lhpe shy Z u. hmu s gedp fpep rhp S> L$fg AL$pviu, fpry NfZ
hNfy pXy$ Z ye Aphpu su dy[s epy Dpeppdp S>Zphgy R>. Dpepp MpV$p R> Ad Z
dpe rl, L$pfZ L$ sAp MpV$p W$fphp{ L$pC u. |g vp lpe s gC L$ Apu iL$pe rl, A L$pfZu
yey vp S>Zphpfp Dpepp MpV$p R> Ad L$lsp lp sp sd rhQpfp L$ AgpqL$L$ vp S>Zphhpdp Aphsp
lpe s gpqL$L$ ey[su MpV$p W$fphu iL$pe? W$fphu iL$pe. L$pfZ L$ s bp rhjep Sy>vp R>. gpqL$L$ sL$u
AgpqL$L$ vp MpV$p W$fphu iL$psp lpe sp AL$ dpZk L$d L$f sy a$m bu dm s sL$u rh{ lphpu, sd
Z bu gedp fpMu L$d L$fhpu, dfg rsp dpV$ Nepdp p L$fhpu hNf, hrAp L$fp. ipp
hQ S> rspdpV$ y L$fg py a$m rsp Aph R> Ad L$lp, sp Al] Z Ad S> R>. ""rdp ye g R>
A iyAp p g R>'' Ad yrs S> L$l R>.
""rdp ye g R>'' hNf hpedp, Apfcdp hpep A kdsp lpe sp A yrsp hQ
11
gu^ ye A p ghp-vhpy bu iL$ R> Ad dps. fsy A hpep A S> kdsp u, L$pfZ L$ ye
A p |g vp lphpu, s gC vC iL$psp u Ahy op sp A L$fhpdp X$ R>. Ap A sp
lpe sp ""A[ iusm R>'' Ahp hpep Z A kde. A kdsp lphpu A s "yrs' lpC dpZ
hQ lphpu sp bu A L$hpdp Aph R>, (L$ b Zpf Df l fpMhp A sp j L$fhp, Ahy
A yrsy spe R>)'' Ad L$lp, sp s Z bfpbf u. Aop gu^ sd Ad L$lp R>p. L$pfZ L$ S>u c
r gu^ bNX$gu lpe s lgu hpf kpL$f Mpe epf ""kpL$f Nmu R>'' A hpe MpV$p Ahpmy (MpVy$) R> Ahy
s op pe R>, s L$pfZu s hpe MpVy$ sy u, L$pfZ L$ Arhpu MfX$pegu byrhpmpApp Aych hNf,
hvp rhje S>p b ZpfpAp Aych pe R>, s MpV$p W$fphu iL$sp u. su ""yp hpfkp g R>''
Ad Ap Z su (hpfkp ghpu) kdp R> Ad k|Qhhp L$lgy R>, su dpV$p y{ju L$pu ye rhp Z,
buu fpL$pC iL$ shy iyc a$m ps pe R> A sdp j L$fhpu p rhp Z buu fpL$pC iL$ shy
vy:M ps pe R> Ad rk pe R>. vnp kb^dp Z Ad S> ey. cNhp S> ^du rkr L$fphu iL$ R>,
Ahp L$fZp A Z su S> OV$ R>. su dpV$p y{jp j Ahp L$p lpe epf S> iyc Ahp Aiyc
pf^ dp cpN L$fhpu pi C iL$ shp lpe R>.
Ahp vn crhedp rh D L$f shy S> pf^ sZ ksu D L$fgu, Ad ksuA rh
L$fhpy S>fu lphpy L$pfZ L$lgy R>.
ksuA rsdpV$ S> Ahu hr L$fu epf rih s sd L$fsp AV$L$phu ip dpV$? Ahp pe, sp
Zhy L$ rih ksup sdS> eop Z Ar^vh lsp. su ksu vnp eodp S>i sp ksup A eop
bp pi i, Ahp rhQpfu s by fnZ pe s dpV$ rih ksu ep S>sp AV$L$phpfp hQ L$lgp,
fsy sdZ sd ep S>sp AV$L$phgp lsp, L$pfZ L$ rih Of S> fl A eodp e sp Z ep
S>hp vu^pp OZp vy:M gu^ ksu dfhpp sp lsp S>. hmu eodp S>C dey pd sp L$vpQ j L$fsp vn
AV$L$, fsy pspp Of dey pd sp ""dpfu yu dpfp Of Aphhp BR>su lsu, su rih dpfp j gu^
s dpfu pMu'' Ahy kd vn h^pf S> j L$f. su rih ksu eodp S>sp AV$L$phhpp hQ S> L$p, Z
AV$L$pep rl. ep eodp e sp Z ksuy dey sp hpy S> lsy, su ep S>hpu f Z Apu,
fsy S>hp vu^p49&&-51&&
Aepe 4; jy dey L$pe-ksuvlp pi:
A dpZ ksu eodp S>sp AV$L$phhpp hQp L$lu rih ips fp, fsy ksu ip[s C rl,
sdZ sp pspy S> Akp^pfZ L$pe k|Z fus L$ey. rsp ep kdp hpu sdZ pspp vl bpmu
sp pi L$ep L$pfZ L$ sdp vlp pi bu L$pCu, rihu vnu Ahp bu L$pCu Z, C iL$ sd
lsy. A sp pi ep rhp sApp jp Z L$pC L$pf pi pe sd lsy. pspp prshey fnZ pe,
rsu c[s pe, vuA bpZp Apgp ip ke pe, bu S>ddp Z rihy S> cS> pe, sdp
j L$fpf vnu D eg vl Z fl A vn bpL$X$pp dyMhpmp b s dpV$ sy rif R>vhpdp Ap
pspy L$pe DepNu pe. Ad k|Z fus pspy Akp^pfZ L$pe pe s dpV$ sdZ pspp vlp pi
L$ep51&&-52
Aepe 5; vnp eop pi:
ksu Arcdp lphpu sdZ pspp vl bpmu pep A R>u sdZ rihp vldp hi L$ep.
12
pfv ksu dey pepp kdpQpf rih Aphpu vnp eop pi hpp kch lsp, R>sp Z Arcdp
ksuA rihp vldp hi L$fg lphpu, ksu rihdp Z Arcdp D L$f sp vl OZu S> lpr pe, su
sd pe s dpV$, eop pi L$fph shp kdpQpf rih Apu, vMusu fus vhpy Arls L$fpf fsy R|>u fus
(rih Arcdpfrls fpMu) sApy rls L$fpf pfv s kdpQpf rih Apep. L$pfZ L$ rihp khL$p ksu kp
Negp sApA, pspp fpch hp R>sp, hsp pR>p Apep su A ce gu^ rih s kdpQpf Apg
rl. rih kdpQpf dmsp, pspu Avf higp Arcdp L$pY$u pMhp sdZ pspu S>V$p L$pY$u pMu.
Arcdp L$pCu Z uQ flsy u, s rihp dsL$ Df sdu S>V$pdp O|ku Negy. su rih S>V$p sp L$pe
Arcdp kp L$pY$u, S>du Df pMu, sdpu j kpp Arcdp hufc D L$ep. Ar^L$pf,
hpS>e eo L$d hNfdp D egy vny Arcdp Z Ap Arcdp hufcp fpch L$fu iL$ sd
lsy, L$pfZ L$ Ap OZp S> vyS>e lsp. Ap hufcpfp rih vnp eop pi L$fpep. vnp eop pi ep sdp
rihp vpj lsp, L$pfZ L$ s eo sp Ar^vh rhpp lsp. S>d dpp rhpp vl pspdpu D egp
L$uX$pApu MhpC S>C pi pd R>, sd dye AP$N Ar^vh rhpp eop, s Ar^vh (rih) D L$fgp
Arcdp hufc pi L$ep(gp.14-26). su vnp vpj gu^ S> sp eop pi ep, Z rih sp
pi L$fg rl. shp-Ar^vh rhpp eo L$V$ L$fpfp eoipgp, eopp hNfp Z hufc pi
L$ep(gp.14-15) L$ S>u shp eo epf R>u L$V$ pe53-55
""eo MfMf eS>dp R>'' A yrs A ""S>u S>dp p lpe R> s sS> R>''(cNhusp 17&3)
A hpe dpZ vn eo Df OZp S> d lphpu eo vn egp, su vn lZhpdp Aph ep kyû
eop k|Z fus pi pe sd lsy, su vn hufc lep. s lZhpu eop Z pi ep, L$pfZ L$
eo vn egp. kh Ahehpdp dye Aheh dpy R>. hmu dppdp S> ApM, pL$, L$p hNf bû op[ep
Sy>vp-Sy>vp cpNdp fl R> A vnu op[ep S> vpjhpmu lsu su vny dpy S> L$pep Dfu lfu
gu^y(gp.16). eo cNhpy h R> su kpnps eop rifp R>v L$fpe rl, su eo vnp rif lfu
gu^y A R>u sp vrnZ A[dp lpd L$fu s bpmu pey. sp dppdp vpjhpmu B[ep lphpu, s spdk
lpC fpnkpp cpN lsy A ""iyy S> h{Zp piu b^ L$fph R>, su sp vrnZ A[dp lpd L$f R>''
""{hpmp A[ bpf L$pghpmy brg Aphy'' hNf yrsAp dpZ |$f lpd vrnZ A[dp S> L$fhpp
lphpu, A vn |$f lphpu sp dppp vrnZ A[dp S> lpd L$ep. sp dpp bpmhpdp Aph A s S>
dpy pR>mu sp ^X$ kp X$hpdp Aph sp s a$fu pR>p rihp j L$f, L$pfZ L$ vy op[ephpmy lpC s
shp kL$pfhpmy lsy; su a$fuu rihp j L$f s dpV$ s bpmu pey56,58-59&&
R>u bpA epf vn hsp L$fhp iP$L$f pp L$fu A s hsp L$fhp lsp epf sp ^X$
bpL$X$py dpy X$u vC hsp L$ep. bpL$X$py dpy X$hpy L$pfZ A lsy L$ S>d eodp lpdhpp iyy dpy
korhrû(hpk Avf fpMu) Dspfhpdp Aph R>, s dpZ vny dpy Dspfhpdp Aphgy. s dpZ sy
dpy Dspfhpy L$pfZ A lsy L$ S>d bopu dpn ps pe R> epf sp pZp bdp S> gu pe R>. A
s cNhpp cpNdpV$ epe R>, sd Al] L$ddpNdp korhrû dpy Dspfg lpe sp sp pZp eodp S>
ge pe R> Ahu L$ddpNhpmpApu dpesp R>. ""App pZp blpf S>sp flsp u, pZpp Apdp S> ge
pe R>'', ""b S> lpC b ps L$f R>'' A yrsAp dpZ b Zpfp pZp s op ps pe
epf bdp S> gu pe sp s "Apv' MpfpL$ pe R>, AV$g cNhpp cpN dpV$ epe pe R>. ""S>y
b A n (b MpfpL$ pe R>)'' A yrs Z Ap kb^dp epdp ghu. shu fus eou cphpu
eo bg vnp pZp Z sp Apdpdp S> ge pd sp ""eo MfMf rh R>'' A yrs dpZ s eo
13
S> C, pspp Ar^vh h rhdp S> gu C, a$fu sdpu blpf uL$mhpu iP$L$p fl shp pe. Aphp
epS>u sy dpy korhrû Dspfgy.
""App pZp blpf S>sp flsp u'' hNf yrsAp dpZ b Zpfp s dpZ bdp ge
pe. L$ddpNp kb^dp Ahu yrs lphpu sd L$hu fus b? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ L$ddpNp
kb^dp shu yrs lphp R>sp Z iyp h^ L$fhpp bu L$pfp kchsp lphp R>sp S> korhrû S>
sp h^ L$fhpy L$y, su s rhr^ S>Zphhpp L$pC Mpk NyZ lphp CA Ad Ahe L$lhy CA. su Avf
hpk fpMu dfZ pdpf opdpNhpmpp S>d pspp op Apdpdp ge pe R> A rk ps gpNy
pX$u, rhhdp b^p AL$ kfMp ^pfp lpe R> A red dpZ korhrû(hpk Avf fpMu) dfZ pdpf
L$ddpNhpmp lphpu sdp eo pspp Apdpdp S> ge pe R> Ahp L$ddpNhpmpApp ds R>; su vnp
sp eo Apdpdp ge pe s dpV$ sy dpy korhrû Dspfgy57&&
""dfZ pep R>u L$dy S> a$m fl R> s sp L$sp, su Apop L$fpf A sdp kdrs
Appf kdp R>'' Ahy ipy hpe lphpu, kcpdp vn rih ip Apsp lsp epf vpY$u-d|R> vMpX$u
lkpf cNyu vpY$u-d|R> MQu L$pY$ep, ApMu k|Qp L$fpf cNu ApMp MQu L$pY$u A vps vMpX$u lkpf
|jpp vps pX$u pep. Ap sZ pspp kpdeu A su kpp kpbsuApp ip hNfu L$fg. fsy
vn lZhpdp sy kpde sp sp kpbsuApp ip ra$m egp. suZ ^pfhpmu sghpf Z s L$pC B
L$fu iL$u rl. su OZy ApQe pdu gpbp kde kyû rhQpf L$fu sZ korhrû sy dpy ^X$u R|>Vy$ pX$gy,
su S>d korhrû lZpegp iyAp bu vl ps pe R>, sd vn Z hsp L$fu iL$pep, fsy
cNy, |jp sp cN buu B[ep Aphpdp Aphu. s Z ipu lep lps sp s Z bpL$X$py
dpy kpû hsp L$fps; fsy s Z ip hNf ra$m S>sp hufc rhde ep. sZ L$fg ep
hNfu sp $p^p ne ep, R>sp hpdu rihu Apopu vnp h^ L$fhpy S>fu lsy, su sp h^ L$fhpy
kp^ iyApp h^p kp^ S>hy S> lpe Ad Zu, sZ korhrû s lep. AV$g vuA Apg ip
ke pe s dpV$ Chfu BR>pu S> ip hNf ra$m egp. S>hy vny p shy S> p k|Qp L$fu sp
lku |jp, cN sp cNyA L$fg lphpu sdp Z vps, sp vpY$u hNfp pi L$fgp.
korhrû h^ L$fhpdp Aph s sp ^d R>. su shp L$pfp Ap vnp h^y L$pfZ p L$d lpe?
Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ s L$fsp lsp s eodp Ar^vh rl lphpu s eo hqvL$ lsp. su gpqL$L$ iyu
tlkpp L$pfZ S> p lpe su kdp vny p lsy, su s p L$lg R>. eo sp gpqL$L$ lphp R>sp eop
S>hp lphpu s eo L$lgp R>59&&-60&&
A dpZ eop pi L$fu hufc L$pC eop dX$dp fl rl s dpV$ s bpmu pep. s dX$dp
L$pC R>pepdpV$ bk sp Z sp Df dX$u eg DL$pfu ^d pe, su shp ^d Z pe s dpV$
dX$ bpmu d|ep. lh hufc L$fhpy b^y y{ ey, L$pC bpL$u fy rl, su s epu sp kpbsuAp kp
Qpep Nep60&&-61&&
Aepe 6; eorkrp lgp rhcpN:
Df S>Zpey sd |jp, cN hNf vhpA rihp Afp^ sp L$fgp, su psp vy:M ey s L$lhp
bu L$pC pk sAp e sp s EgVy$ sdp Df S> L$p L$f, fsy pspp rsp pk e sp rsp L$p
14
L$f A hcph gu^ sApp Df k S> pe. su 1.sAp b^p pspp rsp bp pk Nep.
2.bpA sd Dvi L$ep. Ap b hps Ap Aepep lgp Z A Qpf gpL$pu L$lgp R>. 3.epf R>u
sAp Ly$bf A rih p ^pd L$gpkdp bp kp e R> A suk gpL$pu s ^pdy hZ L$fgy R>. R>u
4.ApW$ gpL$pu bpA rihu syrs L$fu R> A 5.R>u Qpf gpL$pu pp L$fgu R>.
1.Ap L$u vhpA bp pk S>hpy L$pfZ Df S>Zpey. sAp sp bp pk Ahp rhQpfu Negp L$
bp ApZp rsp lphpu ApZp nps L$fu rih ApZp npsu L$pCL$ L$fi. Aphu fus rihdp vpju
byr fpMu sAp bp pk Aphgp lphpu A v|f i rl Ad rhQpfu 2.bpA sAp bp^ Apep. rih
A bp b AL$ S> R>, s bdp cv u Ahy vhp op pe s dpV$ bpA sd bp^ Apep61&&-62&&
3.epf R>u L$gpkp h hNfy kyvf hZ AV$gpdpV$ L$fgy R> L$ ep Nep R>u vhp rih vqf
Sy>A sp ""Ad Apd lrhjp cpN Aphp b^ L$ep su Ap Aphp vqf ep R>'' Ahp rhQpfu vhp Nh
pe, sp sy qfZpd kp{ Aph. su vhp rihp Ahey op pe s dpV$ rihp A sdp kMp Ly$bfp
h, Nfu, vu, hph hNfy kyvf hZ L$fgy R>. A y, a$g, kyN^, nu, dN, Akfp, sApp rhgpk,
dyrAp hNf Qpf y{jp dpV$ DepNu vppy rZ L$fgy R>62&&-63&&
4.R>u bp rihu syrs Ahp lsyu L$f R> L$ s (rih) b R> Ad kdhu vhp sdy dplpe
S>Zphhy. Ap sp AL$(gp.42) gpL$u S> S>Zpey. epf R>up gpL$dp rih b R> A sd $p^ sp
u(gp.46) Ad S>Zphpfu ey[sAp L$lgu R>. epf R>u 5.S>d khp L$sp rih b lphpy L$y, sd s
S> NyZhX$ Ap vhp hNfp S>-S> Ahehpp pi egp R> s Z fQp Ahu pp L$fgu R>. vhpp Ahehpp
cNhpu krdp kdphi sp lphpu s AgpqL$L$ lphpu sd L$fhy (sd a$fu fQhp) A epe S> R> Ahp Ap
ppp cph R>63&&-64
Aepe 7; rhu eou rkr:
bpA S>hu pp L$fu s dpZ rih s-s vhp hNfp Ahehp fep rl, L$pfZ L$ rih |Z
cNhp u, s dp cNhpu klpfi[s lphpu dp sdpNyZp Ar^vh R> A su bpA pp L$fu
shp vhpp Ahehp fQhpu sdpdp i[s lsu. pp gu^ cNhp rhrs L$fu sdp pfp Z s vhpp
Ahehpu kr rih fQphu rl, L$pfZ L$ pp dpZ Ahehp fQhpdp Aph sp rih ps (hufcpfp)
sAp S> rinp L$fgu s L$fgu C e. bu L$pCA rinp L$fgu lps sp rih A dpZ Ahehp fQphu
lgpp S>hp sd bph s epe NZpe, fsy ps S> rinp L$fg lphpu s sd L$fph s epe lsy. hmu
vny dpy L$phy hNf S> rinpAp rih L$fgu sy L$pfZ A lsy L$ bu vhp kp rih S> lrhjp cpN dmsp
s sZ b^ L$fphg. su vn hNfA S> cpN Aphpy b^ L$fphg, s lgy sdZ S> a$fhu pMu, lgp rih
cpN dmsp shp Aphp CA. sZ lgpu W$ rih cpN dm sd L$ey lsy, su rih Z sApp
Ahehp lgpp S>hp L$fpep rl. S>d rih lgp eop cpN dmsp shp Apsp eodp S> D[R> fl
s cpN Aphp dpX$ep(A.6&53) sd rih Z buApu D[R> B[epu S> cN, |jp hNf L$pe L$f shy
S> L$ey(A.7&2-5).
rihp hQu S> sApy kh L$pe rk pe sd lsy, R>sp rih hNf b^p eodp lpS>f lpe sp eo
|fp sp a$mp[s kyvf rkr ps pe, s dpV$ rih, bp hNf kp F[h vhp hNf s eoc|rdA
15
Nep(gp.7)65-65&&
rih vnp ^X$ kp bpL$X$py dpy X$phu s bpL$X$pp dyMhpmp L$ep s Z epe S> lsy, L$pfZ L$
""eS>dp iy R>'', ""S>d iy buy (vhpy) pjZ L$fpf R>, sd eS>dp Z iy hNf pfp vhpy pjZ
L$fpfp R>'' Ahp Drjvp hQp lphpu, eS>dp A iy b iy R>, L$pfZ L$ vhpy pjZ L$fhpy
by epS> AL$ S> R>. Z eS>dp gpqL$L$ iy u. lpd L$fhpdp Aph R> s eoy iy R>. vny dpy sp
bpmu pMgy. su buy dpy sp ^X$ kp X$hpy fy, epf ep iyy dpy X$hy? eo pe A sdp
vhpy pjZ pe shy dpy X$hpy epS> lphpu lpdhpp iyy S> dpy s L$pedp dye lphpu eS>dpp
dpp epe NZpe. s iyp bu Ahehp sp eop pi L$ep s lgp S> lpdpC Negp A dp dpy bpL$u
flg A Al] s dppu S> S>f lsu su s S> X$u vu^y(gp.8)65&&-67
R>u vn hZh eo L$ep, lgp sZ eo L$fhp dpX$g sp Apr^cprsL$, Apep[dL$ sp Ar^vrhL$
Z hp pi eg. A[Ap Apghu pMhp hNf rhp gu^ sp Apr^cprsL$ hp, {p
NZpp kd|lp i vpj gu^ sp Apep[dL$ hp A eS>dp vnp deyu sp Apr^vrhL$
hp pi eg, su s eop k|Z fus pi egp. a$fuu s S> eo L$fhpy Aie lsy. a$fu shu S>
q$ep L$fhpu Z s eo L$V$ pe sd lsy, L$pfZ L$ ps:kh L$fhpp kde hlu Nep lsp A |hdyMu
eoipgp hNf pdp rh L$fgp eo L$fhpp epp pi ep lsp. eop kp^pp pi eg lphpu s
|fp L$fhpy Aie lsy. pg L$fpf rh S> lphpu s eoy pg L$f s dpV$ rhy cS> Ahe L$fhy X$
sd lpsy. syrs hNfu sdy cS> L$f sp s hqvL$ lphpu s eo dey NZpe rl, su pspy L$fgy L$pe
hqvL$ pe s dpV$ sApA rhp eo L$ep(gp.17).
Ap eo sApA dye eo sfuL$ S> L$ep. lgp L$fhp dpX$g eo S>fpe flg lsp su Ap eo sp
AP$N sfuL$ L$d NZpe (Ap eou lgp L$fhp dpX$g eo |fp epy L$d NZpe)? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
lgpp eop Apr^cprsL$ hNf Z fp lsp, R>sp Z S> eo cNhp Ap Z lsp s
eoh ^d} AL$gp sp lsp S>. su ^d} eoh lsp s L$pfZu S> Ap eo L$ep, su Ap eo e
lsp68-69
vi L$pg hNf kpy s eoy h rsfprls egy. shp S> eohu L$pe C iL$, su s S> h
L$V$ pe s dpV$ Ap rhp eo L$ep A kh L$pe rk pe s dpV$ vn rhy ep êy. cNhp L$V$
ep(gp.18). eoy h ps(L$V$) pe, vpjp fl A pg pe hNf kh L$pe rk pe s dpV$
rhy vn ep êy. rh ksy AV$g eo hNfy pg L$fpfp R>. Ap kP$N eoh L$V$ L$fhy A s
eoy pg L$fhy Ahp b L$pe L$fhpp lphpu bdZu q$epi[s(ApW$ lsp)hpmp cNhp L$V$ ep(gp.20).
su L$du S> a$m ps pe R> A rkps MpV$p W$f R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp ps Z a$m Ap R>. iy kh
X$vp L$fu sp Ape L$fu cNhp ep eodp L$V$ ep70
Ap h ipdp "cy' Ahspf L$lg R>. pR>gp lgp L$^p u Aepep rb^ sp
kybprûdp Ahspfpy rZ L$fsp L$[L$, ^hsqf A cy Apd Ahspf NZphgp R>. hZh spdp Ap
Ahspf NZphgp R>. Df S>Zpey s kh L$pe Ap Ahspfu rk ey.
16
dp eo S> |Z L$fhp lsp, A cy h L$V$ hpu S> s |Z ep, sp s R>u s hy Ar^L$

hZ sp syrs L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap h khu Dd R> Ahy op L$fphhp
A hZ sp syrs L$fgp R>. syrs Zpd hNf L$fhpu s dpV$ S>f R>, s b^p eo |Z L$fhp L$fgp u71
dye A Dd lpe s S> khu hsu AL$ S> syrs L$f, Ad Al] bg u, fsy vfL$ Sy>vu-Sy>vu
syrs L$fgu R>. L$pfZ L$ ps-pspp Afp^ v|f pe s dpV$ syrs L$fhpu S>f R>. Afp^ vfL$p Sy>vp-Sy>vp
lsp. su vfL$ s v|f L$fphhp syrs L$fu. vnu bpZp kyûp ApNZuk sfa$u ApNZuk Sy>vu-Sy>vu syrsAp
egu R>(gp.26-47).
iP$L$p:S>d eop vpjp v|f L$fhp hqvL$ L$d S> L$ey sd ps-pspp vpjp v|f L$fhp Z Ap b^pA hqvL$
L$d S> L$fhy Csy lsy, L$pfZ L$ b^p eop kb^hpmp S> lsp! R>sp sdZ sd L$fsp cNhpu syrs S>
L$d L$fu?
kdp^p:Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ cNhpu p[s C lpe ep kyû S> bu kp^p L$fpe,
Z cNhp ps ep R>u sp L$fpe, L$pfZ L$ cNhp uL$Z kvpv R>. L$pC Z L$pf sdp kb^
sp S>, "ks'u s vpjp v|f L$f R> A "Apv'u ^d hNf NyZp ps L$fph R>. Aphp (ks+Apv)u
kvpvp Ahspf pe epf b^pA khL$ sfuL$ ps-pspy ve viphu S> vpj v|f L$fphhp s hqvL$ L$d L$fhp
L$fsp Dd R>. su khA sdu syrs L$fu s epe S> R>. hqvL$ L$d L$ep lps sp s rhL$pfL$ ps. S>d dye
eop pi ep epf ""Z L$hpmp hZh lpd L$fhp'' Ad s p rhepN L$lg R>, shu fus Apdp
vpj v|f L$fp{ L$pC L$d L$fhpy L$lg rl lphpu, sAp vpj v|f L$fhp L$d L$f sp s ^ddpNu rh{ pe. hmu
cNhp L$V$ ep R>u sd L$d L$f sp s cNhdpNu Z rh{ pe72-72&&
L$fZp Dklpf:
cNhp uL$Z cyh Ahspf gC vnp eo |fp L$fpep su vn ^d OZp Dd L$pf rk
ep. cNhp rk L$fpep A sy Dd lsy. L$pg husu Neg lphp R>sp s S> L$pg kp eo rk ep A
vnp epk rhp rk ep, su s OZp Dd L$pf rk epy L$lg R>. hmu bp, rh A rih AL$
S> Zhp Ahp bp^ bpA lgp vhp L$fg, s Dvi cNhp Y$ L$ep(gp.50-52), su A Dvi MpV$p
lsp Ad rk ey. ""S>d rh rihde R> sd rih rhde R>'' hNf cphpp hpepu s Dvi ^dp
AP$N sfuL$ Y$ L$fgp lphpu spu ^d S> Y$ ep A ^dy kh L$pe rk ey. cNhp S> Ap kh L$ey,
R>sp vhpA vn hfvp Apey L$ spfu kvp ^ddp S> byr flp(gp.57). Ap hfvp AV$gp dpV$ L$fg L$ vup
ip gu^ crhedp Ly$vfsu ^d pe sd lphpu, vhpp hfvpu ip v|f pe A su AP$Np krls ^du
hr pe.
A dpZ vnp eou L$p |fu sp k|rs L$epp hi L$lsp, ksu yu p[s L$d C lsu s
L$p Qpgsu lsu. sdp Ap vnp eou L$p hQ L$lhpegu(Sy>Ap 4&1&47-66) su lgpu L$p Qpgy pe s
dpV$ a$fu ksuu L$p L$lhp dpX$u(gp.58-59). ksu a$fuu rihdpV$ S> S>dgp lphpu, a$fu s rih fep.
""S>-S> cs S>-S> h pu cS>hp BR> R>...''(c.Nu.7&21) A hpe dpZ rihdpV$ S> a$fu
rldpgeu u dpu sdZ S>d gu^p. hmu ps Z spdk lphpu s rih S> fep. s spdk lphpu
S> S>X$ hs rldpge ep S>dgp Ad Zhy. Ap L$fZ |{ ey Ad S>Zphhp As Ap hZ L$fhpy a$g
17
L$lgy R>(gp.61)72&&-74&&
L$fZ 2; A (Aepe 8-12):
ApW$u bpf kyûp pQ Aepepu A L$fZy rZ L$fgy R>. L$V$gpL$ Ahp Arcpe ^fph R> L$
ApW$dpu ArNepfdp kyûp Qpf Aepepu bpgL$fZ L$lgy R>; fsy s Arcpe bfpbf u Ad lgp
^dL$fZp Apfcdp Al] S>Zphgy R>.(Sy>Ap L$p.7 bpgL$u L$p)
cNhp S>Ap y{jp ps L$fphg R> shp dpV$p y{jp lphp R>sp Al] bpgL$ ^yhu L$p L$d L$lu
R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ dpV$p y{jp L$vpQ A y{jp ps L$fu iL$, fsy pQ hjp bpgL$u, ^yh
ps L$ep shp y{jp ps L$fhp Akcrhs R>; su epf lqf k pe epf bpgL$ Z Dd L$pfp
A ps L$fu iL$ R> Ad S>Zphhp ^yhu L$p L$lgu R>. ^yh Df lqf k hpu S> s A y{jp ps
eg lphpu, A ps L$fphpfp s hNf kp^p spu C iep sy L$pfZ Z lqfu sp Df L$p S>
lsu Ad k|Qhgy R>74&&-75&&
A b L$pfp R>:1.Ap gpL$p A 2.fgpL$p. ^yhu dpsp kyursA s b L$pfp A
kbû cp L$fphgy. "" sy Ddu W$ fpepk BR>sp lp sp cNhpp QfZL$dgy Apfp^
L$f''(A.8&19) u Ap gpL$p Ay A ""spfp vpvp dyA eop L$fu Ap gpL$y sp qve(fgpL$y) kyM ps
L$fg'' Ad b L$pfp Ay cp L$fphgy. su ^yh s b L$pfp A ps L$fhpu L$pdp C. fsy
spu Ap AL$ A ps L$fu iL$pe shu su [rs lsu. s Dppvp pV$hu Ly$hf lphpu gpqL$L$ A
(fpe)Df sp S> lL$ lsp A M{, fsy sp rsp A rspu dpusu fpZu ky{rQ b spu rh{
lsp. su fpe s Ap shp kch lsp. fgpL$p A S>hy L$ By p hNf Ahd^-rQpeo
hNfu ps pe, su W$ su Z ps pe; fsy s De kL$pf Z eg lphpu s L$fhpp
sp Ar^L$pf Z lpsp. hmu sy Adp L$fpf kphL$u dpsp ky{rQ A Adp L$fphpf sp cpC Ddp
dey pe, Ahu Z L$pdp, dpsp s s ilf blpf uL$ep epf, su lphu CA. L$pfZ L$ su Ahu
L$pdp lps sp cNhp sdp dfZ hpy L$ls rl(Sy>Ap A.9&23). hmu Ap gpL$p A fgpL$ p A
AL$ kp AL$ dpZk ps hp ff rh{ R>, su su Z s ps C iL$ rl. R>sp ^yhu Ap bû
L$pdpAp a$mu. dpsp-rsp pku fpe dey A fgpL$p A rQg p (^yhv) dey. su cNhp
S> Ap s ps L$fpep. cNhpu L$pu S> s b L$pfp A ps ep Ahp rQe pe R>.
^yh pfv dpN viphhp pp L$fu sdp ""hX$hpApA ps L$fg, rcyhdp Dd p ps
L$fhpu'' pspu L$pdp S> L$lg (A.8&37), fpeu L$pdp S>Zphg u, su Ad dphy L$ Ap gpL$p
A (fpe)u s L$pdp lsu A dp AL$ fgpL$p y{jp S> ps L$fhpu su L$pdp lsu. fpeu
L$pdp sZ S>Zphg rl sy L$pfZ Ahy lsy L$ ps pV$hu Ly$hf lphpu fpe sp s epeu S> ps pe shy
lphpu, cNhp s dpV$ Mpk kp^ L$fpep rhp S>, dp s ps hpdp rh lsp s v|f L$fu S> s s
Aphpy lsy, fsy bu, ^yhp p, fgpL$p y{jp bu L$pC red dpZ s dm sd rl lphpu
s dmhhpp dpN viphhp S> pfv sZ pp L$fgu. Qspp eodp pfv ^yhu ikp L$fu(A.12&40-44)
sdp fgpL$u L$pdp S> su rk hpy L$lg R>. sy L$pfZ A R> L$ fpe sp s epeu S> ps ey lsy;
su ^yh fpeu L$pdp lsu Ad dphy75&&-77
18
Aepepp A:
ApW$dp Aepedp Ap[sy kp^ pfv ^yh L$lgy R>. c[skrls cNhpu khp L$fhpu cNhp
^d hNf S> y{jp B lpe s Ap R>(gp.60). hmu Ap Dvi ps hpy kp^ ky{rQA L$fgp rsfL$pf
sp kyursA Apg bp^ Z Ap Aepedp L$lg R>.
hdp Aepedp S> ps L$fhpy R> s, cNhpp vi, fpeu p[s hNf L$lgp R>.
vidp Aepedp fpe ps sp $p^ hNf vpj s ep A L$lgy R>. ApNm Df s dyp Dvi a$g
ps hpy R> s S>Zphhp Ap L$lg R>.
ArNepfdp Aepedp dy Aphu ^yh Dvi L$f R> A su sp $p^ v|f pe R>. su vpj v|f hp A Ap
Aepep A R>.
bpfdp Aepedp ^yh a$g ps pe R> s A pfv hNfA L$fgu syrs ^yhu L$ursy rZ R>.
A dpZ Ap bu A L$fZp pQ Aepep R>78
Aepe 8; kp^ A kp^y kp^:
Ap Aepedp lgp gpL$dp kL$ hNf bpp ypA Nlpd dpX$p lsp Ad L$lg R>. Ap
kL$ hNfy rZ dyshpu kr L$lu sdp L$fgy R>(Sy>Ap 3&12&4). Apd R>sp Nlpd ^d ApQfhp
A bl epe lphpu rhhL$hpmp y{j sp $u epN L$f R> Ad S>Zphhp Al] s a$fu L$lg R>.
depvpdpNdp Nlpd ApQfhpu Apop lphpu s ApQfhp epe R>, R>sp Z yr y{jpgugpdp s
DepNu lphpu, s ApQfhpy bl epe u. su Ap cv Zpf y{j Ahe sp epN L$fhp CA,
Ad S>Zphhp Al] kL$ hNfu L$p a$fu L$lgu lphpu s L$pdu u79
A^du L$py epS>:
Nlpd ApQfhpu ipdp Apop lphp R>sp, s ApQfhp A A^d u. A^d sp ^dp rhfpû
R>. ^dp rhfpû A^d L$hp lpe s S>Zphhp Al] A^du L$p L$lgu R>(gp.2-4). Ap A^du L$p ^dp
L$fZdp L$lu iL$pe fsy A^du W$ Ay d|g A lphpu, A D L$fphpf sfuL$ Ap A^d
kp kb^ lphpu, s Ap Ap L$fZdp L$lgu R>. A (^ fpe hNf A) y{jp pe R>.
cNhpu L$pu ps eg A A(y{jp) R>, bu A R> Ahp cv R>. cNhpu L$p lpe sp
A^d hp R>sp a$m ps pe R>. cNhpu L$p rhp bu L$pCu Ap L$pfZ A^d lpe sp a$m ps
L$fphpsy u. dpV$p lphp R>sp pp fpe L$f s A^d R>. Dppvu lepsudp ^yh fpe L$ey A.9&66-67
R>sp s cNhpu L$pu Dd a$g ps ey. A ps S> A u, fsy A kkpfu hr
L$fphpfp lphpu s A R>. cNhpu L$pu ps eg A kkpfu hr L$fphsp u. fsy su
DgVy$ kkpfdp hfpe L$fph R>, su s A R>, A L$fphsp u&&80-81
Ar^L$pf dpZ Ay$d lphpy L$pfZ:
dy b yp lsp:rehs A Dppv. bdp rehs dpV$p lsp, R>sp rehsu L$p L$lsp, Al]
19
Dppvp hi ^yh hNfu L$p lgu L$lhpdp Aph R>. sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ Al] dy hNf L$pCy Z
sdp KQp-uQp Ar^L$pf dpZ dye fus rZ L$fhpdp Aphsy u. fsy cNhpu gugpApy rZ
dye fus L$fhpdp Aph R>. su cNhpu gugpApy rZ L$fsp S>p rZu S> gugpdp epf S>f X$
epf sy rZ L$fgy R>. dyp hidp ApNm p-gugpdp rehsy epS> lphpu sy ep S> rZ
i(Sy>Ap L$^5 Aepe1).
dy, vhp, dyp yp, B, FrjAp A cNhpp Aiphspf Ahp R> L$pfp dhsf lphpu,
dyp yp hNf dhsf lphpu, dy hNfu Dr ApW$dp L$^dp L$lhpdp Aphi, fsy bu L$^dp
epS> dpZ sdu L$p L$lhpdp L$pC vpj u. Al] Dppvp hiu L$p L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$ Qpf y{jpu
kr cNhpu gugp(rhkN)dp S> S> y{jp ps ep sy Z rZ L$fhy S>fu R>. A A, L$pd
A dpn Ay$d ^yh, y A Qskp ps eg lphpu A s b^p Dppvp hidp D egp
lphpu, Al] sp hiy rZ L$fgy R>82&&
cNhpu ps eg fpe hNfy Dd:
fpe sp OZp ps eg. ^yh Z fpe ps L$ey. Z s cNhp s ps L$fphg lphpu su
p[s buu fpepu p[s L$fsp OZp Dd L$pfu lsu. ^yh A ps L$ep su lgpu su [rs,
AV$g s ps L$fhpp kp^ L$fsu hMsu su [rs Z OZu kyM Appfu lsu, L$pfZ L$ shu [rsdp
cNhp L$V$ C s vi Apgp. hmu Ap fpe hNf A s ps ep, s Z A kpû ps
ep. L$pfZ L$ su kphL$u dp ky{rQp rsfL$pf s Arcdp gu^ kl L$fu iep tl A s Arcdp gu^
s A ps ep. cNhpu L$rs rhp Aphu fus Arcdpu A ps hpy kchsy u, su ^yh
Au p[s C s Dd L$pf egu82&&-83
A A L$pd dp cv:
yA ps BR>gp vppu p[s Z Ahu S> fus L$fgu, R>sp y L$pd (BR>gp vp)u p[s
egu A ^yh Au p[s egu. "" rhdp: |h: hksuep ee kp A:'' u pspu sp
vp lgp L$pCp S>p shp vp "A' L$lhpe R>. ^yhy p lgp L$pC Z ps egy rl, ^yh Z
sy op lsy, su su sp vp lgp lphpu, s "A' R>.
S> vp lpe shp vpu p[s "L$pd' R>. yA L$pd ps L$ep. L$pfZ L$ c|rd Df S> vpp lgp
lsp s S> hky^p vplu ps L$ep. A A L$pd A b vppdp Ap S> cv R>. yA L$pd L$hu fus ps L$ep
s ApNmp L$pd L$fZdp S> L$lhpdp Aphi. Ay Ap L$fZdp S> rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>84
^yhu L$p:
^yhp rsp Dppv dyp y lsp A ""dy, dyp yp'' hNf dhsf lpC ""dhsfp
Dd ^d R>'' 2&10&4 A hpe dpZ ^dy fnZ L$fhp S> Ahsfgp. R>sp sdZ ^yhp Apvf L$ep(gp.914). Ap sp A^d lsp, L$pfZ L$ ""Apvf L$fgp bpgL$p A Ly$g p h y{jp bpm R>'' Ahy ipy hQ
R>. Apd hpy L$pfZ A R> L$ ^d L$fhp Ahsfg lpe s Z udp Apk[s hpu S>X$ b R>, su su u
ky{rQdp OZu Apk[s lphpu s S>X$ bgp, A su pspp y sp Mpmpdp QX$hp BR>sp lsp epf sp
Apvf L$ep. Ap L$fZp Apfcdp S> Ap hps L$lg lphpu, cNhpu L$pu ps eg A kkpfdp
20
hfpe L$fph R> Ad Df S> L$lgy R> s Apu Y$ pe R>85

rspA ^yhp Apvf L$ep A su kphL$u dpsp ky{rQA s L$y L$:"" spf pku BR>p lpe
sp su cNhp k L$fu sdu S> L$pu sy dpfp Ncdp spfp vl D L$f''(gp.13). App cphp
Ahp pe R> L$ cNhp Z ^yh pk Aphp BR>sp lpe sp sdZ ^yhu ky{rQp Ncdpu Dr
L$fhu X$. L$ sZ cNhpy cS> L$fhpp ^yh Dvi L$ep, R>sp cNhp Z s L$pedpV$ pspp Ncu
^yh S>d ghfphhpu S>f X$ Ad L$lg lphpu crhedp sy dey pe R> (A.10&3). buSy> spdp v|jZ
lsy. hmu su deyu ^yh BR>gp L$pC vp ps hpp lsp. EgVy$ sy (sp yy) dey kpcmu s
fX$p A s Apf vy:M ey(A.10&4)86-86&&
ky{rQy A (A.8&13) hQ S> ^yh kp^ ey. dfZu sp s vfL$pf S> lsu, L$pfZ L$ bp
hNf Z sdpu ps C iL$ shy cNhp s ps L$fphgy R>. R>sp pfv ^yh s L$fhp S>sp
AV$L$phhpp epk L$ep(gp.27-34). Ap pfvy L$pe Aepe lsy, L$pfZ L$ ^yh kL$pd cS> L$fhpp lsp.
rL$pd cS> L$fhy lpe sp s dpV$ ipu Apop hNfu S>f u, Z kL$pd cS> L$fhy lpe sp S> a$g
Csy lpe shp a$gu L$pdphpmpA L$fhpu rhr^ Zu s dpZ cS> L$fhy CA. ^yh sp Aphu rhr^
kpcmu Z lsu A s; s Zsp lphpu MpV$u fus L$f A hmu bpgL$ lsp su sy dey S> pe.
Apd Zu pfv Aphu s L$pdp L$fsp AV$L$phhp epk L$ep.
L$V$gpL$ kde kyû cS> L$fu, a$g ps sp vy:Mu C ^yh ps S> s L$fhy X$sy dys, su pfv
L$pdp S> epk L$ep Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ cS> L$fhpu Ahe a$g ps i Ad su dpspA A L$lg,
sdp s rhhpk lphpu s; s L$fhy X$sy dys, su pfv s bu L$pC kp^p Dvi L$ep. L$pfZ L$
""bûA rkrApy d|m cNhpp QfZy |S> R>'' A hpe dpZ kp^ sp cNhpy cS> S> R>, buSy>
kp^ u. sdZ s cNhpp hy ep L$fhpy L$y(gp.52) s dp s L$pdp L$fsp AV$L$phhp S>.
L$pfZ L$ ep S>Zphg ep A gp.61dp S>Zphg hfpe hNf kp^pp DepN cS> L$fhpdp S> R> Ad
61dp gpL$dp L$lg R>86&&-89
^yh L$pdp lsu su S> cS>u kpdNu lphp R>sp Z rh ey. pfv su L$pdpAp b^ L$fphhp
ApNl fpMg. ^yh L$pdp fpMsp lphpu S> sfs cNhpu p[s hpp kp^ R>sp, cNhp ps hpdp
pfvp ApNd rh pfv L$ey. pfv Apep lps sp S>hu vuspu [rsdp s cS> L$fhp uL$mg,
shu [rs gu^ s bpgL$ lphpu A sp cph iy lphpu s L$V$gpL$ v|f S>sp cNhp, k C, ps S>
su pk L$V$ ps, A cNhp dmsp s cS> L$fhpp L$pf S>Zphpdp Aphsp cS>p kp^ Y$ sp,
su shu vusp S>su fls. su pfv Aphu rh L$ey. pfv ^yhp Y$ rQe ep(gp.36-37) su ^yh
L$pdphpmp lphpu ldZp s rh ey, Z crhedp rh pe Ahp lsyu s cS> L$hu fus L$fhy s
Dvi vu^p.sp Y$ rQe C S>dp vep lpsp u A S>dp cNhp kvp fl R> shp d^yhdp S>C
cS> L$fhpp pfv s bp^ L$ep(gp.42).
pfvp Dviu ^yh L$pdpp epN L$ep, epf pfv s kdhhp L$d Neg? Ahp Dvch,
sp Zhy L$ pfv cNhpu fZpu S> s kdhhp Neg. cNhp pfv Ahu fZp L$fgu. L$pfZ L$
pfv ^yh pk e sp, Df S>Zpey sd, cNhp ps L$fhpdpV$ s L$fsp ^yhy dey ps A sp
21
cNhpdp ge ps. Ad pe sp A y{jpu rkr hpu, Z S> y{jpu rkr ps. su A

y{jp Z rk pe, A Qpf y{jp pe s dpV$ cNhp pfv Ahu fZp L$fgu. L$pfZ L$ rhkNgugpdp
A y{jp rk L$fhp cNhp ^yhp S> AP$NuL$pf L$fgp. ^yh cNhpy ep hNf kp^p L$ep, R>sp su
L$pdp v|f C, L$pfZ L$ sp Dd p ps L$fhpp Y$ rQe lphpu pfvp Dvi s a$ep rl9090&&
^yh s L$fhp hdp Nep A sp rsp Dppv ey epf s rQsp hp gpNu. sZ rhQpey L$
^yh y{jp kp^hp s L$fhp Nep R>, Z hdp h{ hNfu L$vpQ sy hp dfZ i. Ahp S> vygc A R>
shp dpV$ epk L$fsp s L$vpQ dfZ pdi. Aphu rQsp hp R>sp sZ pspu re u ky{rQp ceu
L$V$gpL$ kde kyû s Mpmu hdpu pR>p gC Aphhp dpZk dpL$ep rl, L$pfZ L$ ep kyû ky{rQ pk lsu
ep kyû s s hi S> lsp. R>sp L$vpQ s ^yh Mpmu gphhp dpZk dpL$g sp su ^yh cS>dp rh pe.
^yh cNhpu BR>pu S> cS> L$fhp Nep R>, sd Zu s rrh cS> L$fu iL$ s dpV$, fp s ipû
gphhp dpZkp dpL$gu rh L$f rl shp rhQpfu pfv fp pk Nep A ^yh kbû spf rQsp L$fhp S>hy
u, Ad kdhu sy kph L$ey(gp.68-69). pfv dyr lpC d L$fhpp Aepkhpmp lsp, su ^yh
Dd v ps L$fu pR>p Aphi A rhjedp sd S>fpe kie lsp.
^yh sp lgpp S>ddp Frj lsp. su pQ hjp lsp epf Z s DN s L$fu iep. s lgpp
S>ddp Frj lpC s L$fsp lsp epf sZ L$pC fpp Ly$hf ep A shp hpu s BR>p C. R>u Ahu
hpkp kp S> Ay dey ey, su bu S>ddp ^yh ep Ad bu yfpZdp L$lgy R>. fpS>Ly$hf hpu hpkp
kp dfZ pdg lphpu s R>up S>ddp ^yh ep, epf Z L$pdphpmp S> fp90&&-92&&
^yh d^yhdp S>C pfv dpN vMpX$g s dpZ cNhpy ep êy, epf rhhp Ap^pf
cNhpy h sp vedp L$V$ ey(gp.75-77). epf gpL$pp hpk b^ hpu kh pZuAp vy:M hp
gpey, su vhpA cNhp pk S>C psp A vy:Mdpu dys L$fhpu pp L$fu.
S> h ^yhp vedp L$V$ egy A S> hu vhpA pp L$fu s b AL$ S> lsp L$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp?
Ahp Dvch, sp Zhy L$ ^yhp vedp L$V$ ey s cNhpy Anf h lsy. Anfdpu L$rs A
yj b pe R>. A s S>Nsy L$pfZ R>. ^yhp vedp cNhpp Aprhcph ep s lgp, kh pZuApp
pZ dye pZ kp Anf h sdp L$V$ ey. cNhp ^yhp c[scphu k C, sp Df L$p L$fu,
Ap ^yh kh L$pd ps pe s dpV$ pspp khu sp vedp L$V$ pe s dpV$ d Anf dye pZ kp
sdp hi L$ep. su ^yh khu Dfp cpNp gpL$pu p[s egu(A.9&20). dye pZ ep fpL$pC S>sp
kh gpL$pp pZy b^ ey A ^yh hpk gsp lphpu prZdp uX$p hp gpNu (gp.80). dye pZ
kp Anf ^yhp vedp L$V$ hp R>sp, cNhp khu sdp L$V$ ep. A pZ fpL$phpu pZu dp
uX$p hp gpNu su vhpA s vy:Mu dys L$fhp cNhp pp L$fu (gp.81). cNhp khu ^yhp
vedp L$V$ pe, sp khu lfhp a$fhpu A bu bû i[sApp Z pi pe, su cNhp lgp vhp
ps-pspp p S>sp flhp L$y (gp.82) 92&&-96
Aepe 9; Au p[s:
lh cNhp khu L$V$ hpy fy. s ^yhp vedp L$V$ pe sp Df S>Zpep dpZ khu
22
bû i[sApp pi pe sp lgpu W$ dye pZ kp S>Nsp L$pfZ Anf sdp (fpL$pC) flg lphpu
rhhp pi pe. blpf L$V$ pe sp ^yh hpk g Ad kchsy lphpu pZudpp pZ su uX$p S>su
fl.
Z cNhp blpf L$V$ pe sp ^yhp vedp dye pZ kp Anfy L$V$ hy rfL$ pe! Ahu
iP$L$p Z epe u, L$pfZ L$ S> Aph s d pspy QfZ d|L$u Aph R>, su cNhpp QfZ Anf
d L$V$ hy CA. hmu dp Anf L$V$ hpy lpe sp s veu Avf S> L$V$ pe Ahp red lphpu sy
veu Avf L$V$ hy rfL$ lsy. su blpf flgp cNhpp QfZ sfuL$ S> Anf A blpf flg S>Nsp
pZ sfuL$ dye pZ ^yhp vedp L$V$ egp.
cNhp blpf (^yh pk) L$V$ C S> Anfu pspp QfZ kp A dye pZu S>Nsp pZ
kp AL$sp rk L$fi; fsy ^yhp vedp S> h s vMpsy lsy, s vMpsy b^ pe, ep kyû s
blpfy cp pe. A s dpV$ Avf vMpsp hp rsfpcph pe A dye pZp sp L$pfZdp ge
pe, sp rhh S>d hpk ^phpu uX$p eg sd sp pi S> pe. su S> h dp ru S> pg L$f
R> s h ^pfZ L$fu cNhp kp ps L$fphu L$ S>u pi pe. R>u dp fnZ S> L$fhpy lphpu A s
dp cNhp L$V$ hpu S> sy lphpu, gpbp kde kyû ep (^yhp vedp) flhpy epS> lphpu,
Apv ps L$fphpf cNhp sp vedp huS>muu W$ Tbep. cNhpy pg L$fp{ h kp lphpu,
^yhp Ahp rhhp pi ep rl. cNhp Ahu fus huS>muu W$ ^yhp vedp Tbep sdp ^yhp L$pC
epk rhp cNhp ps S> sd L$fgy. sp vedp Tbep R>u sfs ep rsfprls C cNhp blpf ^yh pk
s S> Ahpdp L$V$ ep(A.9&2). cNhp Ap kde N{X$ Df rhfp ^pfgp, L$pfZ L$ N{X$ L$pg R>
A s cNhpu ^yh Df Aphu L$p lphpy ps Sy>A sp s ^yhp Npk L$f. su ^yh Df L$p L$fhp
cNhp ^pep epf N{X$ pspu kp fpMgp97-98
R>u ^yhu bû L$pdpAp |Z pe s dpV$ cNhp pspp iP$Mu ^yhp Npgp i
L$ep(gp.4). cNhp A fus s iP$Mu i L$ep su ^yh hpZu C A sZ cNhpu syrs L$fhp
dpX$u(gp.5) Ad S> L$lgy R>, s sp dp rQl sfuL$ S> L$lgy R>. hsys: spu ^yh b^p L$pfu i[sAp
ps C. Ap gu^ S> spdp ip sp Ap p DepN L$fhpu i[s Aphu A sZ iyAp Df rhS>e
hNf ps L$ep, L$pfZ L$ S>p AhpS> vphpp dv lfpfp R> shp cNhpp iP$Mu cNhp sp i L$ep.
""Dd iP$M S>gy sh R>'' A hpe dpZ iP$M S>gy sh lphpu sp i hpu ^yh
ivby cp (cNhpu syrs L$fhpu i[s) ey, L$pfZ L$ Aphp iP$Mdp s azL$hpdpV$ cNhp pspp
pZhpey |f R>, A s cNhpp pZhpey hvu Dry L$pfZ lpC ivbde R>. psp s[s pe s
dpV$ cNhpp pZhpey kvp iP$Mdp fl R>, L$pfZ L$ S>gu pZ s[s pe R> A rk R>, su
cNhpp iP$Mdp sdp pZhpey kvp flsp lphpu, s iP$M bde R>. ucpNhsdp Z s iP$M
"bde' L$lgp R>(gp.4)99-99&&
buSy> QnyApu vi L$fhpy, cyApu cV$hpy hNf(gp.3) L$lg R>, s ^yhp cNhp Df d
S>Zph R>. iP$Mu i ep su sp s dp hvp ivy S> rl Z Ay Z op ey, L$pfZ L$ kh
hvpy d|g cNhpp pZ R> A iP$M su yfpegp lpe R>.
23
nre A s Z kL$pf ep rhpp (Dhus rl Apgp), shp hvp Apy op epu pe?
su S>d dp hNfu ivop pe R> sd iMp iu s dp ivop ey li! Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$
Ap |hS>ddp Frj lphpu hvp Ay op ps L$fhp epe lsp; fsy Apy kh L$pe yru S> rk
egy. su depvpdpNu MpduApu Apdp vpj sp u. Frj lsp Ad sp s Ay op ps L$fhp epe lsp
Ad S>Zphhp S> L$lgy R>. s op sp s iP$Mp iu S> egy. su hvp Ap ophpmpu S>hu byr
lpe shu S> su byr C99-100&&
R>sp cNhpu syrs ^yh pspp Ar^L$pf dpZ S> L$fu. sZ khp Chf sfuL$ S> cNhp
cep, pspp Apdp sfuL$ Ahp psppdpV$ S> L$V$ egp sfuL$ cep rl, L$pfZ L$ khp Chf sfuL$
cS> L$fhpu S> Au p[s pe. s dpV$ Aphy cS> S> Dd lsy, L$pfZ L$ khp Chf, kh A ps
L$fphpfp lphpu ^yhp dpV$ A L$pfy cS> S> DepNu lsy. Ap rhkNu gugp lphpu cS> L$fhpy L$lg
R>. L$pfZ L$ Ap gugpdp flg lpe sAp As dy[s ps L$f R>. A Ap s lgpp y{jp-Ay L$fZ R>
A khp Chf S> A ps L$fphpfp R>.
^yh cNhpu syrs L$fu sdp cNhpp cspp psp kP$N pe A cNhpp NyZpu L$p
Adsy psp p pe shu pp L$fgu(gp.11) sy cNhp Arcv L$ey, A syrsp As ps
BR>gp A |fp pX$hp kbû pp L$fu(gp.17) sy S> cNhp Arcv L$ey, s cNhp pspy
BR>gy L$pe pe s dpV$ L$fg. cNhp s Dd ^yhp Aphp BR>gy su s R>u ppy S> Arcv
L$ey, L$pfZ L$ Ap rhkNgugpy A L$fZ R>. ArNepfdp gpL$dp sZ c[su pp L$fu s s Aphpdp
Aph sp s sfs dpn ps hpu Au p[s pe A su cNhp L$fhp BR>gu gugp S> pe rl.
yrdpNdp cNhpu BR>p S> khu bghp R>. su AdyL$ vpu pp L$fhpdp Aph sp Z cNhp ps
rhQpfgp vpu ppy S> Arcv L$f R> A bu ppy Arcv L$fsp u. L$fZp cv gu^
A dpZ ey A bu kP$Npdp Z A dpZ pe100&&-102
Apu L$pC e|sp su u, L$pfZ L$ C iL$pe shp vppu ^yh rkhpe bu L$pCu kfkpC su
u. Zu iL$pe shp vppu su kfkpC C u, L$pfZ L$ Ap Ay L$fZ R>, A A Zu iL$pe
shp vp R>. Apu ""buA lSy> kyû dmhgy p'' (gp.20) Ad cNhp L$lgy sy epS>
S>Zphgy R>.
p i L$ep(gp.4).
^yhp cpC Dd A su dpsp ky{rQ ^yh AyL|$g C flu iL$s, R>sp ^yh pspp vedp sApy
dfZ OZp vy:M kp rhQpfgy, su sAp dfZ pdi Ad cNhp L$lgy(gp.23). su ^yh rhQpfgy shy
BR>gy Dd p fpe hNf cNhp ps L$fpey A sZ BR>hp epe rhQpfgp cpC sp kphL$u
dpspp pi L$ep. Ap cpN cNhpy rhdfZ L$fphpfp R>, su ^yh cNhpy rhdfZ pe s dpV$
cNhpy dfZ L$fphpf sp ^d y pg sp eo L$fhpy cNhp s L$y(gp.22-24). Ap Z
Zu iL$pe shp a$ghpmp lphpu Ap S>ddp S> sd L$fhpy L$lg R>.
udvcpNhs 1&2&9 u S>Zpe R> L$ ^d S> S>y epS> R> shp A lpe R> A dpn S> S>pu
24
pe shp ^d Z lpe R>. su ^yhp Au s ^d ps hpp A s ^du dpn ps hpp. su s

dpn ps hpp lphpu cNhpy dfZ flhpy S>. Ap dfZ OZy kp{ flhpy AV$g buy dfZ
sp dp cNhpy S> dfZ hpy103
R>u cNhp pk dp A S> dpep su ^yh Qpp ep(gp.30-35). Qppu hfpe
pe R>sp s psp Of S> Nep, L$pfZ L$ Ny{p Dviu A cNhpp viu sy As:L$fZ iy hpu
psp Of S>hy Ahu cNhpu BR>p lphpy s op ey. sp Ny{, su dpsp kyursA s cNhpu
Apfp^p L$fhpp Dvi L$fgp(A.8&19). hmu sp Ny{ pfv cNhp hpkyvhy cS> L$fhpp A su
dpspA L$lg s S> dpN s dpV$ Dd lphpy L$lg(A.8&40). Ap Ny{App Dviu A s eg
cNhpp viu sp A rk ep A s L$pfZpu sy As:L$fZ Z iy ey. Ahp A rk ep A
lgp s cNhpp viu egu iyr gu^, sp As:L$fZdp pfv ""cNhp k L$fhp vygc R> Ad
l dpy Ry>''A.8&30) Ad S> L$lg s Dvi azep A cNhpp vi sp sy As:L$fZ iy ey, A
su s hfpe ep. hfpe hpu Qpp egp. su S> s cNhpu BR>py op ey, A cNhpu
Ahu BR>p lphpy Zu s psp Of Nep104
Ahp cNhpp ce gu^ s psp Of Nep. rsp fpe kpu e epf c|rdy fnZ
L$fhpu(gp.22) A eopu pspy |S> L$fhpu(gp.24) cNhp s Apop L$fgu. Ap cNhpu
ApopApy DO L$fhpdp Aph sp L$pZ Z cNhp iy L$f Ahp ceu ^yh hfpe hp R>sp psp Of Nep.
hmu cNhp psp ps L$fhpp S> Dpe L$lgp, s X$sp d|L$u s kde s eg hfpe gu^ s fpe-Of
hNfp epN L$f, sp su s cNhpu p[s pe su Z s psp Of Nep. ep sp e lgp j
L$fpf su kphL$udp ky{rQA Z sp Apvf L$ep(gp.46). rspA Z Apvf L$fpep(gp.53-59). pspp
lgp j L$fpfp Z Aphu fus pspp Apvf L$f R> A Zu ^yhp ddp cNhp L$lg A S>f ps i
Ahp Y$ rhhpk pe s dpV$ Ap Apvfy hZ L$fgy R>. epf psp Of S>sp Z Aphp Apvf pe R> sp
R>u cNhp L$lg Dd [rs ps hpdp L$pC kvl flsp u, ^yh dmp{ a$g Dd lphpy Ap Apvfu
k|Qhgy R>105
Aepe 10; fpep[su eg vpj:
^yh sp cpC Ddy dfZ i Ad cNhp S> L$lgy(A.9&23). hmu ^yh hZh lsp su dNep
L$fsp Ddy dey enu ey s Zu sZ $p^ L$fhp epe lsp R>sp s OZp $p^ ep(A.10&3-4),
L$pfZ L$ fpe A R>. Adp dye rhQpf Ahp gpNZu lpe R>. vf Apdp fpep Z kdphi
1
egp R>. R>sp hZh lphpu ^yh $p^ L$fhp CA R>sp gpqL$L$dp Aphp kP$N $p^ pe R>. cpCp deyu
vfL$pf L$fhpdp Aph sp gpL$dp AL$urs pe R>. cpCp deyu ^yh $p^ ep. ""gpqL$L$ S>'' AV$g b^p
2
gpqL$L$ dyep. s b^p AL$ L$pfp S> lpe R>. hmu s cpC Df d lsp Ad rk pe s dpV$ $p^ egp.
R>sp enp lZhp s epe lsy R>sp 3fp kps ekp lpe R> A iy dpfhp A sdpy AL$ R>. su
sZ enp lep. A dpZ fpe ps hpu ^yhp Z vpjp ep. s $pû eg dlpfpN sp Aphi
gu^ s cNhpy Z rhdfZ ey. R>sp ^yh cNhvue lphpu s cNhpy dfZ sp S> sp b^p A
v|f i Ahp rhQpfu dyrApA Aphu s cNhpy dfZ L$fpey(gp.30)106-106&&
hmu sp vpvp dyA Aphu sp vpj A Arcdp v|f L$fpep. $p^p Aphi vpj dyA v|f L$fpep.
25
dyrApA sp dey a$uV$pX$pf sfuL$ S> s cNhpy dfZ L$fphgy, fsy cNhp khp Apdp R>, ApZp
pspp cy R> A kh L$fpfp R> Ad S>Zphgy rl. su sdZ S> L$pf cNhpy dfZ L$fpey shp
dfZu ""S>Ap d S> L$pf cS> R>...''(cN.Nusp8&11) A hpe dpZ ^yhy s kdey vy:M S> v|f pe,
fsy bu L$pC gpc pe. DgVy$ vy:M v|f hpu vpj fp A su ^yh pspy kpde S>Zphpu Nh ep.
s vpj A Nh dyp Dviu v|f ep(A.11&7-34). dyA ^yh Ly$bf k L$fhpp Dvi
L$fgp(gp.34) R>sp ^yh kkpfu lphpu A spdp dyep cph lphpu s Ly$bf pk Nep rl. R>sp ^yh
bpgL$ lsp su ""bpgL$pdp NyZ sp vpj p u'' A hpe dpZ Ly$bf sp Afp^ Nep
rl106&&-107&&
Aepe 12; ^yh ps eg a$m:
Ly$bf ^yhp Afp^ Nep u Ad S>Zphhp Ly$bf ^yh sp dy pk Apep A ps ^yh Df
k ep R> Ad S>Zphhp sZ ^yh hf Apep. ^yh cNhpdp pspu AQg c[s fl shp hf
dpep(gp.8). s Ly$bf s Apep(gp. 9).
iP$L$p:c[s sp ^yhdp lgp Z lsu, Z fpe dmsp vpj egp A su cNhpy rhdfZ
egy, dyrApA cNhpy dfZ L$fpey A dyA Aphu vpj v|f L$fpep. su c[s pR>u s ps pe S>,
s R>u Ly$bf s cNhpdp ArhQg c[s fl shp hf Apep su iy gpc ep? Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ enpp h^ L$fhpu A sApu kp ey L$fhpu ^yhp As:L$fZp
kb^hpmp A su q$epp kb^hpmp vpp fpnkpp kb^ egp. S> uL$Zp kb^ lsp
shp S> Dd enpA dpfu pMgp sApp ^yh h^ L$ep. cNhvue L$pC Z pZup h^ L$fhp epe u A
sdp Z cNhpp epS> rhp sp S> L$fhp CA. cNhpp epS>dpV$ Z pZuAp h^ L$fhpp lpe
epf Z cNhpu cdf sfa$ r L$fhu (cNhpu BR>p Zhu) S> epe R>, fsy pspu dm S> ey
L$fhy epe u. A enp kp ^yh ey L$f shu cNhpu BR>p lphpy dyp hpep(A.11&7-10) u
S>Zpe R>. ^yh enpp h^ L$ep A ey L$ey su sp As:L$fZp kb^hpmp A su q$epp
kb^hpmp vpp fpnkpp kb^ hpu s fpnkp ep. su lgpu Df S>Zphgu c[s hNf ^yhdp
buS>cphu flg lphp R>sp spu s a$m ps pe. su Ly$bf s Df S>Zphg vpjp pi L$f shu
c[s Apu. Ap vpj v|f pe s dpV$ S> ^yh eo hNf L$ep(gp.10). eo L$fhpu su q$epp vpj v|f ep,
cNhpy dfZ L$fhpu sZ L$fg h^p vpj v|f ep A cNhpp epu cNhpp kb^ flhpu
(fpnkpp kb^ hpu) eg vpj v|f ep. Ahu fus dyp Dviu, eopu, cNhpy dfZ sp
cNhpp epu sp Apr^vrhL$, Apep[dL$ A Apr^cprsL$ vpjp v|f hpu s iy ep, A R>u s
a$mu p[s C107&&-109
L$ ^yh vpjfrls ep A c[s gu^ s Qy Z rhdfZ egy, su s fd dy[s S>
a$m depy L$lhy CA, R>sp Z Ap L$fZdp sd L$lhy DepNu lphpu ^yhp kp^pu s Dd a$m
dey Ad S> S>Zphgy R>. cNhp Apgp gpL$u s p[s C, bup kP$Ndp S|>p vl s S> s
ps hpy rk R>, R>sp ^yh s sep rhp S>, pspp vlu S> s gpL$ ps L$ep s buAp L$fsp su
kfkpC R>. s vlp epN L$ep rhp s gpL$ ps ep, L$pfZ L$ Df S>Zpey s dpZ sp vl vpjfrls
lsp. su cNhp Apg gpL$ ps L$fhpdpV$ s bu vlu S>f lsu. L$pfZ L$ s dpV$ vl vpjfrls lphpy
26
S> S>fu R>, A sp vl shp lsp s S>Zphgy R>. bu gpL$ ps L$fhpp Ap S> Dd L$pf R>. De
kL$pf, hvp Aepk, sp Ap rhQpf A s rhQpf L$ep R>u L$fhpp eo-s A b^y L$fhp L$fsp,
rhjepdp Apk[s lpe shu vipdp S>, Ny{p Dviu L$pCL$ cNhpu krr^hpmp vidp cNhpy cS>
L$fhy A Dd R> Ad Ap L$fZdp S>Zphgy R>. Ad L$fhpu cNhpu L$p sfs pe R>. su S> hvhpvuApp
b^p kp^p ^yh ps L$ey shy a$m ps L$fphhp kd u(gp.41) Ad L$lu, pfv Qskpp kdp ^yhu
ikp L$fgu(gp.40). bu kh kp^p Aphy a$m ps L$fphu iL$sp u Aphu ikp pfv Ad S>Zphhp
L$fgu L$ cNhpp kpnpL$pf hp R>sp Z cNhpu khp vygc R> S> pfv ""cNhp k L$fhp vygc
lphpy l dpy Ry>''(A.8&30) Ad ^yh L$lgy s S> pfv Qskpp kdp ^yhu Ahu fus syrs L$fu110&111
L$fZ 3; L$pd (Aepe13-23):
sfdpu hukdp kyûp ArNepf Aepepy Ap uSy> L$pd L$fZ R>. L$pd yA ps L$ep. Ap
L$fZp As y dpn ps epy L$lgy R>(A.23&18). R>sp Ap dpn L$fZ u, L$pd L$fZ S> R>.
L$pfZ L$
sfdpu kpmdp kyûp Qpf Aepepdp khu L$pdpu yu Dr epy L$lgy R>.
kfdp A AY$pfdp A b Aepepdp y khu L$pdpAp |Z L$f R> s S>Zpey R>. A
ApNZukdpu hukdp kyûp pQ Aepepdp y pspu L$pdpAp ps epy L$lgy R>.
su Ap L$fZp Apfcdp, dedp A As L$pdy S> rZ L$fgy lphpu Ap L$pdL$fZ S> R>.
hmu Ap L$fZp ArNepf Aepep R>, su Z L$pdy L$fZ lphpy rk pe R>, L$pfZ L$ ArNepf
B[epu L$pd |Z pe R>112-112&&
Aepep rhcpN sp A:
Df S>Zpey sd sfdpu kpmdp kyûp Aepepu yy pL$V$e sp L$pfZ krls R>. Ap Qpf
Aepepp Z b rhcpN R>: lgp b AV$g sfdp A Qpvdp Aepepdp L$pdy h S>Zphgy R> A
vfdp sp kpmdp Aepepdp NyZp L$lgp R>. Ap vfL$ rhcpNp pR>p b-b rhcpN R>:
sfdp Aepedp L$pC fnZ L$fpf lsy Ahy (fnZ L$fpfu Dr) L$pd hpy L$pfZ L$lgy R>.
Qpvdp Aepedp h A^dy p L$ey A sy L$pe S>Zphgy R>. (Apu yu Dry L$pfZ
L$lhpey).
bu rhcpNp lgp AV$g vfdp Aepedp yu Dr A s eg fpeu p[s L$lgp R>.
A
kpmdp Aepedp ydp cNhpp Aphip NyZp lphpy L$lgy R>.(yu Dr C A spdp
Aphp NyZp lsp).
su khu L$pdp (fnZ L$fpfu p[s) rk C. A fus Ap Qpf Aepepy lgy V$p-L$fZ
27
ey112&&-114
bu V$p-L$fZdp y khu L$pdpAp |Z L$f R>. Ap kfdp A AY$pfdp A b Aepepy R>.
sp b rhcpN R>:
kfdp Aepedp hup rNl L$fhp yu q$ep L$lgu R>,A AY$pfdp Aepedp su kh
ps eg a$m (khu L$pdpu p[s) L$lg R>114&&
u V$p-L$fZdp pQ Aepep R>:
1.yu iyr
2.sp Df egu cNhpu L$p
3.sZ ApQfg pspp ^d
4.sZ ps L$fg op A
5.sp dpn.
A pQ rhjep Ay$d Ap pQ AV$g ApNZuku huk kyûp Aepepdp L$lgp R>. Ap
V$pL$fZdp y pspu L$pdpAp ps epy S>Zphgy R>114&&-115&&
iP$L$p:L$pd sp ukcpN hNfu sp kyM u y{jp R> A dpndp u hNf bu L$pCu S>f
u lpsu. su s hs R>. sZ dpn ps L$ep, sZ L$pd |Z L$ep Ad S>Zphu, dpn L$pd L$d L$lg R>?
Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ cNhR>p dpZ dpnu L$pdphpmp sd S> vpdpu L$pdphpmp cNhpy
kL$pd cS> L$fu iL$ R>, fsy uu L$pdphpmp shy cS> L$fu isp u, L$pfZ L$ uu L$pdp syR> R>. iyL$
""uu L$pdphpmpA Dhi} Akfpy |S> L$fhy''(2&3&6) Ad L$lu ""kh (lf L$pC vp)u L$pdphpmpA
Z Dd y{jy |S> L$fhy''(2&3&10) Ad L$lgy R> M{, fsy ep sp cphp Ahp R> L$ cNhpy
cS> L$fhpdpV$ S> uu L$pdp lpe sp s dpV$ cNhpy cS> L$fhy. Ap s hpep Dfu V$uL$p (ukybprû)
dp S> L$lgy R>. Ap y kL$pd (cs) lphpu, s dpnu L$pdp L$f s Z epe S> R>. ""L$pdpfrls Ahp
kh (lfL$pC vp)u L$pdphpmpA Dd y{jy cS> L$fhy''(2&3&10) A hpe dpZ dpnu L$pdphpmp
Z cNhpy cS> L$f s epe R>. pfv Qskpp kdp ^yhu syrs L$fgu(A.12&40) Ad de rhvyf
L$y epf rhvyf ""Qskp L$pZ lsp?'' hNf sdp kbû p |R>ep(A.13&2) epf de Qskpy
rZ L$fhp Ap L$pp Apfc L$ep. QskpA c[sdpN}e dy[s ps L$fgu Ad L$lhpy lphpu dpn L$fZ
L$lhpdpV$ S> Ap yu iyr hNf L$fZu L$p L$lgu R>. R>sp Ap yu L$p dpnL$fZ u, L$pfZ L$ yu
c[s, sZ ps L$fhpp opp kp^ S> lsu A s opu y dy[s ps epy S>Zphg R>. hmu
yu c[s kL$pd lphpu, c[sdpN}e dy[su sZ ps L$fg dy[s Sy>vp L$pfu lsu. y kh vpu
L$pdphpmp lsp, su dpny L$fZ L$lhpdpV$ S> Ap L$fZp pfc L$fgp R>, Z Ap dpny L$fZ
u115&&-116&&
Aepe 13; fnZ L$fpfu L$pdpy L$pfZ:
L$pp hidp Qskp egp?(A.13&2) Ahp rhvyf |R>g. ""^yhp hidp eg'' AV$gp S> sp
28
Df Aphp epe lsp. R>sp Al] ^yhp hiy rZ ip dpV$ L$ey? L$pd y{jpu gugp L$lhpu lphpu L$pdy
rZ L$fgy R>; Ad L$lhpdp Aph sp s Z rfL$ R>, L$pfZ L$ dp yy Qqf L$lhpu L$pdy rZ C
s! Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ uL$Zu c[s L$fgu lpe sp s y Ahp hi a$m Ap R>, dp
NpZ(lgLy$) a$g Apu AV$L$su u Ad S>Zphhp ^yhp hiy hZ L$fgy R>. uL$Zu c[s AV$g
c[sdpN}e c[s. sy dye a$g y{jpdp hu p[s S>, Ahp sdu c[s Qpgy flhu s R>. su
bpv kyûy a$m Z sy NpZ S> a$m R>. NpZ a$m ps L$fphu Z dye a$m ps L$fphhpu su i[s
AV$L$su u, Ad S>Zphhp ^yhp hiy hZ L$fgy R>. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ ^yhu c[su k egp
cNhp Qskp dye a$m Apey A y hNf NpZ a$m Apey. Qskp dye a$m Aphpy lps sp
Aepe 42&33-79 dp rih Qskp Dvi L$fgp R> shp Dvi s AL$dps sAp ip dpV$ L$f?116&&117&&
AP$Np hps:
^yhp dpV$p y L$, cNhp pku ^yh hf ps L$fu Apep R>u S>dgp. sp S>d lgpp
pspp vy:M gu^ ^yh rhfs lsp epf s S>dgp lphpu s Z rhfs lsp. s fpeu BR>p
lsu(gp.6). ^yh fpe cpNep R>u s hfpe ep epf sp pp y DL$gp S>d eg lphpu s Z
shp hfpehpmp lsp. su s bA dy[s ps L$fgu. hQ epf ^yh kkpfdp fpN lsp epf hkfp
S>d egp. su s fp ep(gp.11). hkfp ypZ, sp ey$, sp khsS>k, sp dy, sp DdyL$
A sp AP$N eg. hkfu DdyL$ kyûp R>dp cNhpp Ahe hNf R> NyZp(vfL$dp AL$-AL$) Ay$d
lsp, su s NyZ sApy fnZ L$fsp lphpu, sAp vpjfrls lsp. AP$N kpsdu Y$uA (kpsdp) ep, su sy
fnZ L$fpf cNhpp NyZ lphpu s vpjhpmp lsp. su S> crhedp vpj v|f L$fu cNhp fnZ L$fi.
hkfp bu y rsdL$sy(gp.12) hNfp hi Al] L$lgp u, L$pfZ L$ sdp hidp L$V$gpL$ vh sfuL$ A
L$V$gpL$ dy[sdpNdp Ahsfgp A Ap L$pdy L$fZ lphpu sApp Ap L$fZdp L$pC DepN lphpu sApp
hi L$lgp u. R>sp Al] hkfp ypp pd Apgp R>(gp.12) s L$pdp Apep lphpy dphy, L$pfZ L$
L$pgQ$p Ar^$psp ^yhp y hkf; hkf (hj) S> lsp, A vrnZpeZ A DfpeZ Ahp sp b
Ahehp lphpu L$pCL$ L$pg dy[sdpV$ DepNu A L$pCL$ L$pg L$d L$fhp dpV$ DepNu lphpu, s(b L$pfp
L$pg)p Ahehp S> vhp, s vh S> Ap b^p lsp Ad S>Zphhp sdp pd L$lgp R>, Apu hkf;
hkf (hj) lphpy Y$ pe R>117&&-119
AP$N Df S>Zpey sd vpjhpmp lsp. sZ L$fg A^d L$pg dpZ ^d ApQfhp lsp. sd
hpy L$pfZ sp dpv(Na$gs) lsp. su Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ hcphu sp s ^dhpmp lsp. hX$hpApA L$fg
A^d spdp Apep lsp, fsy sZ ps S> Ahp A^d L$fgp. su S> sp vpj sp y h ""L$pCA
lpd L$fhp rl''(A.14&6) Ahp Y$Y$fp uV$phgp.
Ap AP$Np A^d gu^ s deyu yu kyup fZgp. A^d gu^ S> dey kp s kb^
ep. s deyp S>dpC ep. deyu A^d yu kyupdp s d ep A sp kb^ ep. su kp
kb^ L$fhpy S> s Ney A hiy d|g ^d lphpu s hcprhL$ fus y ep. Ahp A^d(dey) kp
s kb^ ep s vhp Ney rl A sp hiy d|g ^d lphpu, deyu yu kyup kp; sp vpj s
29
Zsp lphpu, kb^ L$fhpy s Ndsy S> lsy A su s y ep, L$pfZ L$ y D L$fhp u
kp kb^ hp ApheL$ R>. s hpcprhL$ fus AV$g FsyL$pgdp Ncp^p L$fhpu y pe R> shu fus y
ep rl, L$pfZ L$ shu fus y hpy L$pfZ ^d R> A sp L$pfZ ^d spdp lsp S>, su S> s
kh lZpf (dey) kp kb^ ep lsp120-120&&
iP$L$p:pspp vpj v|f pe s dpV$ AP$N Ahd^ eo L$ep. ""Ahd^ eou vpj v|f sp lpe sp sp
eodp vhp bpgphhp R>sp L$d Apep A sZ hZhepN L$d L$ep? Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$, L$ ""S> Ahdû cNhpy |S> L$f R> s kh p sf R>, blep sf
R>'' A yrs dpZ L$hg Ahd^ eo p hNf v|f L$f R>, sp Z ""yfrls f gpL$ ps sp u'' A
yrs dpZ y lpe s dy[s ps su u. su cNhpp L$pedpV$ eo L$fhpu S> vpj v|f C hi A
dy[s ps sp lphpu A AP$N by epS> lphpu sZ uL$ZdpV$ hZhepN L$ep(gp.35). lgp
S> Ahd^ eo L$fgp s dp vpj v|f L$fhp S> L$fgp cNhpdpV$ L$fgp rl A sp vpj OZp bghp lsp,
su s eodp vhp Aphgp lsp. yrsdp S> L$hg Ahd^ eou p sfhpy L$lgy R>, s Apr^cprsL$ sp
Apep[dL$ p v|f hpy L$lg R>. Apr^vrhL$ p sp cNhpdpV$ L$fgp eou S> sfpe. sd lpe (A
Apr^vrhL$ p Z L$hg eou v|f sp lpe) sp, Ahdû vpj v|f pe A vpj v|f hpu (vhp eodp Aph
AV$g) vhp hNf AP$Np kp eo pe, Ad AL$bup Ape (Aepepe) vpju yrsp Adp rhfp^
pe.
epf hZhepN L$fhpu h S>hp pu y L$d D ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ AP$N
vpjfrls pe s dpV$ AP$Np vpj gC h D ep, su s vy lsp. AP$N vpjfrls pe A hi Qpgy fl
s b epS>u hZhepN L$fgp. s L$u hi Qpgy fl s dpV$ h D ep. hZhepN Ap b
epS>u L$fgp lps sp Ap AP$Np S> kpgy d L$fhpu shp L$pCL$ vy y D ps, fsy sd
hpu dy[s ps L$f shp hi Qpgs rl120&&-122
hZh Q{p cnZu D egp y(gp.38) vy L$d ep? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$
AP$Np vpj ydp Dsep A Q{ cnZ L$fhpy a$m p ps ey. vpj A Q{ p cnZy a$m ff
rh{ lphpu AL$dp flhpy kchsy S> u A s kde AP$Np vpj v|f hpy S>fu lsy, su vpj AP$Np
y hdp Dsep A Q{ cnZ L$fhpy a$m sp p y dey. Apd hpu y h vy lphpu AP$N
kkpfdp hfpe ep(gp.47) A su su sfs dy[s C. hmu hi Z Qpep A AP$N vpjfrls
ep123
yp |$f L$epu L$V$pmu AP$N fpe hNf s S>sp fp(gp.47) epf -yfprls hNf s
ip^hp Nep(gp.48). sp vy y h lsp, s fpe Apsp AP$N ip^hp Nep, L$pfZ L$ kpdpe fus
fp epf fpep epN L$f epf "ip' AV$g ipk Ahp Apop L$fhp fpp ^d pspp y
kpu e R>, A su sp s y fp pe R>. AP$N sp s ^d; y kpep rhp pspu kp fpMu S>
S>sp fp lsp, su yfprls hNf s ip^hp Nep. eydp fpy dey pe sp sp y fpe Aphpy S>fu
b R>, shu fus AP$N S>sp flsp sp y h fpe Aphy S>fu bg, R>sp s fpe Apsp AP$N
ip^hp S> Nep, L$pfZ L$ h fnZ L$fhpp u Ad sAp Zsp lsp. sAp AP$Np p dep. FrjAp
30
AgpqL$L$ ophpmp lphpu sAp AP$N ep R> s S>Zphu iL$s; fsy sAp s kb^dp bvfL$pf fp, L$pfZ L$
sAp AP$N ep R> s S>Zph A AP$N pR>p gph, sp AP$N Aphu shp vy y fpe Ap sp s
pl hNf S> vpj L$f su AP$N vpj gpNhpp kch lphpu, AP$N dy[s ps pe. A AP$N
ps fpe L$f sp Z sdS> pe. su sApA AP$N ep R> s S>Zpey rl, Apu fnZ L$fpf L$pC y S>Ap
D pe shu kh L$pdp hpy L$pfZ L$lhpey124-124&&
Aepe 14; A^dy p-hp hps:
cNy hNf dyrAp kho lphpu, h crhedp vy:Mu L$fhpp R> s Zsp lsp, su sdZ
s fpe Apsp sp kpmy s S> kde d L$fu y D L$fhp Csp lsp, Z s fpe Aphy
Csy lsy, Ad S>Zpe. fsy hp ArcjL$ L$fu s fp bphhpdp Aph sp s p pi L$fs Ad
Z rl A sfdp Aepedp S>Zpey sd fnZ L$fpf lphp A khu L$pdpy L$pfZ lsy, s lphpu
khy fnZ L$fhpdpV$ hp kpm du y D L$fhpdp Aph sp gpL$p iP$L$p pe L$ kpm dhpy L$pe
S>fu lsy, (L$pfZ L$ h fp L$ep lps sp s fnZ L$fs. shu iP$L$p gpL$p pe s dpV$ cNy hNfA
hp fpepk ArcjL$ L$ep-A.14&1-2) hmu sp ArcjL$ L$fhpy buSy> dye L$pfZ A lsy L$ s huf
lphpu cpdp lpe ep kyû sp kpmy d L$fhpy kchsy lsy. hmu ep kyû sZ p pl L$ep
lpe ep kyû sd L$fhy Aepe lphpu, sd L$fhpu gpL$dp AL$urs hpp kch lsp A b^y Aepe ps.
su L$pC Aepesp pe A crhedp kh L$pe bfpbf pe s dpV$ FrjAp kho lphpu cNhpp
(yp) Ahspf hp dey R>u sp kpm dhpu S> i Ad Zu sdZ h fp bpep. R>sp Z
sd L$fhpu s kde pfp ^dp pi sAp kl L$fu iL$hpu h fp bphhpy sd Ndsy sp lsy
S>. s fp bphhpdp dp su dp kyupu kdrs lsu A s Z |fu rl, R>sp FrjApA Ad rhQpey
L$ h uX$hp sy L$pe L$fi sp sp p |fp C S>i, Z sd rl pe, sp s p hidp Qpgy
fli; sdZ Ad rhQpfu s fp L$ep.
hdp b Aip lsp 1.fpp Ai A 2.vpjp Ai. vpjp Ai bpv L$fu, sp fpp Aip
rhQpf L$fu s fp bphhp A epe S> lsy. R>sp sp vpj DN lphpu ArcjL$ L$fg fpp Aiu Z
^dp pi ep. Al] khu L$pdpp hy rZ L$fsp, gpL$p Dh epy L$lgy R>(gp.4-6). su
Ad Z k|Qhgy R> L$ L$pd A R>. ""Ap vf Ap R>'' Ad Apy rZ L$fgy R> sdp L$pdp Z
kdphi egp R>. h A^dy S> p L$ey. Ap sp vpjy Akp^pfZ L$pe lsy. ""L$pCA eo vp Ahp lpd
L$fhp rl'' Ahp sZ Y$Y$fp uV$pep. Apd sZ ^d L$fhpu dp L$fu A ^d L$fhp s S> A^d; L$pfZ L$
^d S> ^dy fnZ L$f R>. s fnZ L$fpf ^d fl AV$g A^d S> pe124&&-127
h uX$hp gpep. ^dp pi hp gpep. A fus gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ bp pi hp
gpep. Ahp A^dp pu OZp ce D ep. fp lsp epf ce sp su Z OZp h^pf ce
hp gpep. l Ap A^d h^ sp gpL$pp As:L$fZdp flgp ^dp Z pi pe, su A^d A vpj h^
s dpV$ FrjApA h A^d L$fsp AV$L$phhp epk L$ep.
sAp kho lsp A su Zsp lsp L$ h A^d L$fhpp ApNl fpMi A ApZy dpi rl;
R>sp h ps S> fp bphgp lphpu, ""vpj L$fpf, s L$fhpu Apop L$fpf A sdp kdrs Appf
Z vpjp gpN R>'' A red dpZ sp vpj psp Z gpN A sAp s A^d L$fsp AV$L$ph, sp s
31
vpj psp gpN rl. Ahp rhQpfu sApA s A^d L$fhp bp^ Apep(gp.14-22)128
h sAp Ahp cphpp Df Apep L$ fp S> Chf R> A kh vhp sp vldp flgp R> su
sd d S> brg App(gp.23-28).
""dyepdp f Ry>'' ""fp pspp sS>u gpL$pgpp y{jps ^pfZ L$f R>'' A ippp hQ
dpZ h L$p s S> ^d R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp s epe u. FrjApA sp ^dy fnZ L$fhp A hdp vhp
fl s dpV$ sApp rsfL$pf L$fhpp S> s Dvi L$fgp, epf h sp sdp hpepp Ahp A L$ep L$ b^p
vhp dpfpdp(hdp) S> flgp lphpu, dp{ |S> L$fhpu S> s b^py kdp i. A^du ipMp R>gu
A^d L$fhpdpV$ S> sZ sdp hpepp Ahp A L$ep. Df S> ipp hQ L$p, s sp cNhpu rhc|rs
NZphsp L$lgp R> A | hNf ^d L$fhpu cNhpp S> Ai fpdp hi R> s S>Zph R>. su S> "f'
Ad "B' iv epS>gp R>. su A hQp hp Df kp b^ bksp u. Ahp fp sfuL$ dp ArcjL$
hpu vhp cg fpp vldp Aphsp lpe, R>sp h gp.23-28 kyûdp S> L$y s sp A^d S> R>, L$pfZ L$
""Aedh rl pjX$p giprMgbp^d''(129). ""Aiu ApMpp rfpk L$fhp'' Ap S> pjX$ R>. S>d
""L$pC Z pZu lZhp rl'' A yrsp Aiu bpp hNf bûA yrsApdp L$lgp L$dL$pX$p rfpk L$fu,
S> eodp ^d L$fhpdp Aph R> sp Z rfpk L$f R> s pjX$ S> R>, sd pspu Avf flgp vhpp sS>p
Aiu h b^pA vhpp rfpk L$ep. su s Z pjX$ lphpu A^d S> R>129
h Ahp A^dhpmp Df Apep su FrjApA cNhpu rvpu lZpegp s lL$pf L$fu dpfu
pep(gp.34). s fp lsp A fp lZhp A dpVy$ p R> R>sp s lZhpu sAp vpj gpep,
L$pfZ L$ ""S> OZu |$fspu hs L$f s hsp lphp R>sp MfMf dfgp R>''(10&2&22) A hpe dpZ
sApA s lep s lgp Z s hsp lphp R>sp dfgp lsp. su FrjApA s lZhpu sAp L$pC vpj
gpep.
iP$L$p:dX$vy AdP$Ng R> A fpp hi Qpgy fl s dpV$ shp AdP$Ng dX$vpy d L$fhy epe u,
L$pfZ L$ sd L$fhpu byr (byrhpmp) u Dr hpy kchsy u, L$dL$ S>gy d L$fhpu A[ D
hpp kch u! Ahu iP$L$p pe
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ FrjApA op|hL$ d L$fgy. hp dX$vpdp fpp Ai lsp Ahp sdp
rQe hpu blpfu S>Zpsy Qse sp vldp R> Ad sAp Zsp lsp. A crhedp S> hps
bhpp lsp s Z sAp Zsp lsp. su sApA d L$ey s epe S> lsy. d L$fhpy L$pfZ gp.3643 kyûdp L$lgy R>, sp Ap cphp S>Zpep.
FrjApA lgp hp kpmy d L$ey L$ S>u sp vpj uL$mu e. vpjhpmpy d L$fhpu s S>
vpj pe A cNhpp Aiu Dr pe Ad Zu sApA lgp sp A^d vpjhpmp AP$N kpmy
d L$ey. ""y{ju prcu Dfp cpN rh R>, su uQp cpN Arh R>'' A yrs dpZ kpm
vpjhpmp cpN lphpu lgp sy d L$fu vpj L$pY$u pep. du D eg jpv (cugp)dp s vpj
Nep130
32
Aepe 15; y fpe p[s:

R>u FrjApA hp b bplApy d L$ey(A.15&1), L$pfZ L$ sAp sp vey d L$f sp
pfpeZu W$ cNhpp hs Ahspf sp s Ahspfu ^dy fnZ hpy kch; R>sp s nre lphpu
sp hiy fnZ pe. su hi Qpgy fl s dpV$ nrepp ^dp Ap^pf bplApy d L$ey. hmu Ap L$pd
L$fZ R> A fpApp bplApu S> p L$pd |Z pe R>. su L$pd |Z pe s dpV$ bplApy S> d
L$ey. vpj sp lh fp lsp A L$pd rdy (u-y{jp X$L$p)u S> rk pe shp lphpu, sdpu vpjfrls
rdy D ey.
L$ gpL$y fnZ L$fhpdpV$ sp AL$ y D hpu S> S>f lsu, L$pfZ L$ AL$ y D hpu
S> gpL$y fnZ C is, R>sp Ap D eg y{j(y) cNhpp Ahspf lsp, L$pfZ L$ pL$s y{j
D pe sp pL$s fpp NyZhpmp lphpu ""Ap FrjApA dpfp rsp lZg'' Ad Zu s p j
S> L$f A su L$pdu rkr pe. shy pe A khp L$pd rkr pe s dpV$ yp vldp lqfp
Aprhcph ep. sd hpu spdp ApL$s NyZp Aphsp khu L$pdpAp spu rk C131
rdy D ep R>u FrjApA s "y' A "ArQ' pdu rk pf rh A gdu p
Ai R> Ad L$y(gp.3-6) A rhpA sdu ikp L$fu yp fp sfuL$ ArcjL$ L$ep(gp.11). ydp S>
fpp Ly$vfsu NyZp lsp sdu Ap ArcjL$ A FrjApp hQu hr C. R>u k|s, dpN^ A
bvuS>pA yu syrs L$fhp dpX$u(gp.20) epf yA sAp syrs L$fsp AV$L$pep (gp.22-26). Ap
yp dpV$p NyZ viph R>. L$pfZ L$ lgL$p y{j pspu kdn pspu syrs L$fph R>. dpV$p y{j sp L$pC su
kdn syrs L$f sp g pe R>. su ydp cNhpp Aphi lphpu s pspu kdn pspu syrs su
AV$L$ph s epe S> R>131&&
Aepe 16; ydp cNhpp Aphip NyZp:
yA AV$L$phhp R>sp dyrApu fZpu k|s dpN^ A bvuS>pA su syrs L$fu. Ap syrsdp
dyrApA Ahp k|s hNfA Ad u L$y L$ y pspp Df L$p L$fu pspy fnZ L$fhp L$V$ ep lsp,
fsy gpL$py fnZ L$fhp L$V$ eg lphpy L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ gpL$p kp S> y sdu L$pdpAp |Z L$fhpp
kb^ lsp A su, sApp Df S> sAp Apv Aphp su L$p hpy sApA L$lg R>. dyrApA
k|s hNf yu syrs L$fhpu fZp L$fu, Z ps S> syrs L$fu, sy L$pfZ Z ApS> R>. ydp
cNhpp NyZp Aph s dpV$ Ap syrsdp crhe L$lgy R>. L$pfZ L$ crhedp y huy vpl hNf S> L$fhpp
s cNhpp Aphip S> L$pe R>.
k|s yfpZpp ophpmp lphpu s crhey op lphpy epe R>, fsy dpN^ A bvuS>p
crhey op lpe rl R>sp sApA crhe L$hu fus L$y? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ k|s lgp crhep
hps L$lsp, A dpN^ A bvuS> sp R>u sp Df Ap^pf fpMu s hps L$lsp. A dpZ ydp
cNhpp Aphip NyZp lphpy sdZ L$lg R>131&&-132&&
Aepe 17; hup rNl yu q$ep:
yp Qqfp lgp sfdp Aepeu S> pfc L$fgp A sp hps L$lsp de AV$ep lpsp,
R>sp hQ rhvyf yp Qqf kbû L$ep(A.17&3-7), L$pfZ L$ yy Qqf L$lhpp de pfc L$fg
33
lphp R>sp rhvyf hZh lphpu; ydp AgpqL$L$ Aphihpmp cNhpp S> Qqfy dye fus s hZ L$fhy
lsy, A de dp yy kpdpe Qqf S> L$vpQ L$l, Ahu iP$L$p rhvyf hpu sZ Ap ydp Aphihpmp
cNhp uL$Zp Qqf rhj Mpk L$ep(gp.6-7). su cNhpp AgpqL$L$ Qqf kbû S> Ap
lsp.
hu vhu R>, u R> A khp sp Df Ap^pf fl R>. su c|rd lZhpp yA DpN L$ep s
epe lsp, Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ hu lZhpdpV$ ^ye Df bpZ QY$phu su pR>m X$hpu,
hu ceu Npey h ^pfZ L$fi A b^y L$pe pf pX$i. Ad crhedp S> L$pC hpy lsy s Zu,
Apu L$pdpAp |fu L$fhp y ^ye Df bpZ QY$phu hu pR>m X$gp. ydp cNhpp Aphi eg
lphpu Ap L$pe L$fhpu spdp i[s lsu132&&-133&
Aepe 18; huy vpl A a$m p[s:
FrjAp, vhp, vep hNfA Z huy vpl L$fu, ps-psp B vp su pku ps
L$ep(A.18&14-25). sApdp cNhpp Aphi lsp R>sp ydp cNhpp Aphi lphpu sAp Z
huy vpl L$fu iep. FrjAp hNfdp cNhpp Aphi lphpu sApdp huy Aphu fus vpl L$fu a$m
ps L$fhpu i[s lsu R>sp ydp cNhpp Aphi lphpu A yu hu, "cprhsp'(gp.13), pg
L$fpegu lphpu sAp Z sy vpl L$fu a$m ps L$fu iep.133&-133&&
Aepe 19; yu iyr:
A dpZ khu L$pdp |fu L$fhpy L$fZ L$y. lh yu pspu L$pdpAp |fu L$fhpp L$fZp
rhQpf L$fsp d A Dvch R> L$ y Ahd^ eo L$fhpu A s Z AL$kp eop L$fhpu iu S>f lsu
L$ S>u sZ AL$kp Ahd^ eo L$fhpu vunp guû?(A.19&1). y AL$kp Ahd^ eo L$fhpu AV$gpdpV$
S>f X$u L$ S> vppu s L$pdp lsu s b^pdpV$ Apfcdp ps L$pdpAp rk L$fu iL$ s dpV$ pspu
iyru S>f lsu, L$pfZ L$ iy y{j S> L$pe L$f R> s rk pe R>, epf ps iy pe. psp iyru p[s
pe s dpV$ iy L$fhy sp rhQpf L$fsp ""Ap kh rh L$fpf R>'' ""kh ppy Apj^ R>'' A yrsAp dpZ
L$pdpp kp^ iyru DrdpV$ Ahd^ rkhpe buSy> L$d s ps L$fph shy lphpy kchsy u, su
sZ Ahd^ L$ep. iyr ps L$fhp AL$kpu h^pf Ahd^ L$fhpu S>f u su sZ sV$gp Ahd^ L$fhpu
vunp guû.
iP$L$p:""R>u kpsdp, {rQu ApL|$rsdp eop Ahspf ep''(1&3&12) A hpe (Sy>Ap-4&1&2-5.
ydp cNhpp Aphi S> lsp Sy>Ap-1&3&14) dpZ Ap eo dhsfdp B eg, s cNhpu L$gpp
Ahspf lphpu, sZ App eodp rh L$fhy epe lsy'' Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ B hpdpV$ b hsyApu S>f R>. 1.AL$kp Ahd^ L$fhp CA A
2.B hpu L$pdp lphu CA. y B hpu L$pdp pe sp s By p sfs ps pe. s fsy
cNhpu Ap L$pd gugpu rh{ lsy. su AL$kp Ahd^ |fp sp, L$vpQ Bvu L$pdp pe sp A vpj
pe. shp prnL$ vpj Z v|f L$fhp CA A red dpZ "eo' pdp B(Sy>Ap 4&1&8) Ahy lfZ L$fu
R>p eodp rh L$ey. y Bp pu L$pdp lsu S> rl A hmu s cNhpp cs lsp. s L$pdp
lphpu sp eodp cNhp ^pfgp A s cs lphpu cNhp pspp csp kp ^pfgp(gp.3-6).
34
csp kp cNhp sp eodp ^pfgp. Ahe hNf cNhpp b^p NyZp A bp hNf kh vhpp A
fpS>k, spdk A kp[hL$ sp rd NyZhpmp cspp kh NyZp ep L$V$ egp. su Ap yp eo khu
Dd lsp.
B L$dy a$m R>. A L$d (AL$kp Ahd^ Bp A yp) kfMp lphpu A B sp s
L$dy a$m(B) ps C Negy lphpu, ""y d lV$phu dp{ Bv lfu gi'' Ahp ce s L$d ep?
Ahu iP$L$p v|f pe R>. L$pfZ L$ yp eo, Df S>Zpep dpZ, khu Dd lsp A B L$fgp eo sp
eou kdp lsp133&&-136
iP$L$p:"eo' pdp Bp Ahspf ^dy fnZ L$fhp egp. su s y B gC gi Ahp ce
ep lpe, sd R>sp Z sZ Sy>vp-Sy>vp hj ^pfZ L$fu ^dp pi L$fpf pjX$pp Qpf L$d L$ep? Ahu iP$L$p
pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ sZ pjX$pp Qpf Ahp rhQpfu L$ep L$ bpp hpepu lfL$pC L$pf s
kde R>p Ahd^ |fp ep, R>sp Z epf s |fp L$f epf s Bp pu L$pdp L$f sp pspy
p S>sy fl. y sp Bp pu L$pdp lsu A sp OZp iy As:L$fZdp s pu BR>p pe
Z rl, R>sp Z fpe vpj R> A y fp lphpu crhedp spdp vpjp D pe A s Bp
pu BR>p L$f Ahp ce lsp. su sZ pjX$p AV$gpdpV$ D L$ep L$ s pjX$pu eop pi pe
A hN ps hpy L$pfZ S> flhpu fp(y) hNdp e rl. hmu s pjX$pp pR>mu gpL$dp
Qpf sp gpL$p p h^ A s pp fpdp Aphsp s hN ps pe. j gu^ sZ hpfhpf
pjX$pp Qpf L$ep. bhpf pjX$p L$fhp R>sp yA eo b^ fpep, su ""y dp{ p S> ghpu
BR>p fpM R>'' Ahy S>Zphpu s j ep A su sZ pjX$u hr OZu h^pf L$fu. su S> s lZhp
kyûu sp Dfp j yp rQu Aiyr C. s Aiyr AV$gu bû Y$ C L$ bpA k[^ L$fhp
dpX$u, R>sp s v|f C. rQu iyrdpV$ y eo L$fsp lsp, epf Df L$p dpZ spu kde S>sp rQ
Aiy S> sy Ney. su bpA s eo b^ L$fpep137-138&&
bpZp Z kho lsp. su bpu W$ sdZ ps S> eo b^ L$d L$fpep? Bp h^ L$fhp
DpN L$fhp L$d L$y(gp.13,15,21)? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ eop pi L$fpfp d|g rhpp S>
pjX$p, sdu Dr Bdpu su lphpu, Bp h^ L$fhpdp Aph sp, pjX$pp sdp d|g(B)
kp pi hpu eoy fnZ i, Ahp rhQpfu eoy fnZ pe s dpV$ S> bpZpA Bp h^ L$fhpp
DpN L$fphgp; Z yu W$ bpZpy rQ Z ju Aiy ey lsy A su B Dfp ju sdZ
sp h^p DpN L$fpep lsp.
B lep rl su pjX$pu Dr C A s pjX$pu lgp L$fgp eopp Z pi ep
li, Ahu iP$L$p bfpbf u, L$pfZ L$ R>p eo b^ fpep R>u(gp.39), Ahp bpp hpep yA
huL$pf L$ep R>u bpp hQu, lgp L$fgp eopp pi sp s b^p fp. bpA L$y L$ ""epf OZu
L$urshpmp yp cg hp eop flp''(gp.32). Ap bpp hQ gu^ AL$ eo ApR>p flhp R>sp, hp
eopu S> yu iyr C. AL$kp eop iyrdpV$ L$fhpp lsp, s hp eopu S> bpp A hpe gu^ C.
35
hp eopu iyr L$fphu epf AL$kp eop bpA |fp L$d L$fpep? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$
bp Ahu iP$L$p C L$ AL$kp eop |fp i sp y B Df j egp lphpu, s ps S> L$vpQ B
hpu L$pdp L$fu B i, su sdZ sp AL$kp eop |fp L$fpep. R>sp hp eop L$fu y rh ep.
su iyr C.138&&-140
Aepe 20; y Df egu cNhpu L$p:
bpA yu B kp k[^ L$fphu, R>sp Z yp B Dfp j v|f ep. sy L$pfZ yu
L$d(eo)dp Apk[s lsy. L$d ps A pspp L$pe(L$dp a$m) pfp MmcmpV$ L$fphp{ lphpu, L$ddp
Apk[s lphp gu^ y ip[s ps pe A su crhedp S> op ps L$fphpy R> s ps L$fhpp
Ar^L$pf fl su su L$ddp flgu Apk[s v|f L$fhp uL$Z ps ey[s|hL$ s bp^ L$ep(A.20&2-16).
a$g (kvpv uL$Z) S> kp^pdpu Apk[s v|f L$fu iL$, su sdZ S> y bp^ L$ep. su S> S>d
bppfp R>p eo |fp L$fsp y fpL$pep A crhedp kLy$dpfpfp opp Dvi L$fphi, sd Ap bp^
Z bu L$pC pfp L$fpep. cNhp y k|Z bp^ L$f sp crhedp L$fphhpp opp Dvi L$pdp
pe A Ap bp^ L$fhpp S> kde yu dy[s pe A su su pk L$fphhpp bu L$pep rk pe.
su cNhp s pX$p; S>V$gp su L$ddpu Apk[s v|f L$fhpdpV$ DepNu lsp sV$gp S>, sy rls L$fpfp bp^
Apep. eo L$fhpu ipdp Apop lphpu sdpu yu Apk[s v|f L$fhpu sy Arls pe, Ad dphy.
L$pfZ L$ cNhp sy rls pe shp S> bp^ Apgp. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ yp cNhp y[V$dpNdp hi
L$fphgp. su S> sp eodp Z Bpfp rh Z L$fphgy141
cNhpp bp^p hpepu S> jy L$pfZ S>sy fy lsy. R>sp cNhp k[^ L$fphu(gp.18) s
L$pdu lsu, L$pfZ L$ j lpe R>sp d dmgp lphpu AL$-bu Df urs lphpu, kde S>sp j
a$fuu D pe. su shy pe s dpV$ y A B bu cNhp k[^ L$fphu. cNhp sp yy ve
Zsp lsp, R>sp sdZ y L$pCL$ hf dpNhp L$y(gp.16), L$pfZ L$ As:L$fZu iyr yu L$V$gu C
lsu, ep kyû sy As:L$fZ iy ey lsy, s k|Z iy ey R> L$ rl, s kh S>Zpe s dpV$ cNhp
ps glfu s hf dpNhp L$lgy. su S> iyr L$hu L$V$gu C s S>Zpe shu epf R>u yA cNhpu syrs
L$fu(gp.23-41).
Ap syrs Dfu S>Zpe R> L$ yp As:L$fZdp S>fpe Aiyr flu lsu. sp As:L$fZdp
c[s L$fhp epe iyr C su S> cNhp s ""spfu dpfpdp c[s lp''(gp.32) Ad c[sy hfvp
Apey, A buSy> Z S> yA A ps BR>g s Z Apey. ""dpfu Apopy pg L$fp''(gp.32) Ad
L$y su pg(gp.13) c|rdfnZ(gp.15) hNf Apep. S>y As:L$fZ iy lpe A S> c[s
ps egu lpe, s buSy> L$pC Aphy epe u. R>sp y c[s AL$gu Aphpdp Aph sp s fpep
cpN L$f, A c[s hs lphpu depvpy Z pg L$f, A sd hpu sp Ahspf S> e
pe.142-143
iP$L$p:ydp cNhpp Aphi lphpu s depvpy pg L$fu is A Aphihpmpu c[s Z C
is. su spu b hpy kchsy lphpu dp c[s S> L$d Apu, buSy> L$pC ip dpV$ Apey? Ahu
iP$L$p pe,
36
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ c[s hu vygc R>. lgp kkP$N pe A ky{jpp Dviu kh shpy
Dd op pe, R>u hvdp L$lgu rhr^ dpZ a$my Ayk^p fpep rhp S> L$dp L$fgp lpe s b^p b
AZ L$fhp, rhjepp vpj Zu sApdp Apk[s fpMhu hNf epNp kp^p rfsf ApQfhpu kkpfdp
hfpe hp R>sp Z, cNhpu Apopy pg L$fhp sd Aû flu kh L$fhpu Dd [rs S>Z ps
L$fu lpe, spu S> c[s C iL$ R>. ""l fp! dpfpdp spfu c[s lp!''(gp.32) A cNhpp hpey
spe Z ApS> R> Ad Zhy.
Apd lphpu cNhp ""c[s pAp'' Ahy hfvp Apey s rfL$ R> Ad Z dphy, L$pfZ L$
kp^p L$fhp R>sp Z cNhpu L$p rhp c[s ps su u.
c[s ps hpdpV$ cNhpu L$p lphpy S>fu R> A cNhpu L$pu S> c[s ps pe R>
Ad dphpdp (bp L$fsp AL$u S> ssy lphpu rfL$ gbpZ sy lpC) gpOh R>, su cNhpu L$pu
S> c[s pe R> A kp^pu S>f u, Ad Z dphy, L$pfZ L$ kp^p c[sdpV$ hu (ApZu)
epesp ps L$fph R>. fp L$L$X$pApdp hu epesp lphpu klL$pfu(f Df rQ L$fpfp hNf)u
epesp lphp R>sp Z L$pe(rQ) D sy u. A cX$pfdp fpMgp QpMpdp MpfpL$ hpdpV$u
hepesp lphp R>sp klL$pfu (fp^pf hNf) lphpu L$pe sy u, Ad hpdp Aph R>.
cNhpu L$p bu L$pC kpû S>f u A kpQy R>. epf c[sy vp L$fhy lpe epf cNhp
S> c[s C iL$ shu hu epesp ps L$fphu shu L$p L$f R>. su S> ""S> Df QY$phhp BR>p L$f R>
su pk kL$d L$fph R>'' Ahu yrs R>. (fsy cNhp Ahu L$p L$fsp, ""kp^ L$f sp S> c[s ps
pe'' Ahu L$p L$f, epf kp^p L$fhpu Z S>f fl R>)144
Aepe 21; yA ApQfg ^d:
hmu cNhpu BR>p Ahu lpe L$ dpfp hfvpu S> kh ps pe, sp sd Z pe R>. Al]
yfp sd S> egy. cNhpp hfvpu S> s cpN Z ps ep. su S> s c[shpmp lphp R>sp sp
kpcpey hZ L$fgy R> (A.21&1-6). cNhp s cpN Apg lphpu cpN Z s ps ep
(gp.11-12). sZ pspp ^dpy Z ApQfZ L$ey.
fpp ^d Z Z L$pfp R>, 1.eo L$fhp 2.fnZ L$fhy A 3.Dvi L$fhp. y fnZ sp sZ
L$epy rk S> R>, AV$g Ap Aepedp s Mpk L$lg u. eop sZ L$fgp s Z lgp L$lgy S> R>. R>sp.
lgp S> eop L$fgp s eop NZpe, L$pfZ L$ R>hV$p eodp pjX$pp Qpf hpu s eop Z fp rl,
Ahu iP$L$p fl A sp eop sZ L$fgp S> NZpe A sp eop flgp R> Ad S>Zpe, s dpV$ Ap
Aepedp a$fuu sZ eo L$epy L$lgy R>(gp.13). hmu sZ Dvi Z Apep(gp.21-44) ""l
S>p! Cepfrls C cNhpdp byr fpMu sd L$d L$fp''(gp.25) A hpeu S> Dvi C e
R>, R>sp S>Apu pjX$ L$fhpu byr lsu, sApu shu byr fl s dpV$ yA gbpZu OZp L$pf Dvi
L$ep, L$pfZ L$ sd L$fhpu sp Dvidp khu kdrs pe A khu kdrs hpu pjX$dp byrhpmpApp
Z dpl v|f pe. hmu kp^pfZ gpL$p FrjApp hQ S> dpZ dp A su sApu kdrs lpe sp
yp hQdp Z sAp rhhpk fpM. su kh gpL$pu yp hQdp kdrs pe s dpV$ FrjApA pspu
kdrs viphpf Df y Apep(gp.46-52). Ap Dfu yp Dvidp kh gpL$pu kdrs C. A
37
dpZ yA fpp Z ^dpy ApQfZ L$ey145-146&&

Aepe 22; y opu p[s:
Qskpu W$ dpnp kp^ sfuL$ c[sp Dvi L$fpf pfv hNfp kP$N y fp ep, L$pfZ
L$ Ap L$pdy L$fZ lphpu, "dpNc[s' AV$g dpN BR>gp vpp ps L$fph shu Ahp kp^ c[s
rk pe s dpV$ y op Appf sfuL$ rk Ahp kL$ hNf Ly$dpfpp S> vi ep. y op ps
pe s dpV$, kp^ c[s AV$g L$ op S>pu ps pe shu c[s rk pe s dpV$ s kL$ hNfp S>
vi ep. Ap kL$ hNfA op ps L$fph shu kp^ c[sp S> y Dvi L$ep, L$pfZ L$ sAp dp
opu S> rk egp, fsy c[su rk eg rl lphpu OZp Dd lsp. c[sdp Z sAp
rk lps sp S>d cfsp Dviu flNZ op A c[s ps ep sd sApp Dviu y op A
c[s b ps ps146&&-147&&
Apdpdp S> fdZ L$fpfp kL$ hNf Ly$dpfpu yA | L$fu(A.22&4), fsy sApp Ly$ig
kbû L$ep(gp.14) L$pfZ L$ opdpNdp Ahp L$fhpu S> fus R>. hmu ""l b! pZp,
u, yp, OfhMfu kpp Ofp, fpe, ke, c|rd, Mp A kh Ap rhv L${ Ry>''(gp.44) Ad S>
yA pspy khh rhv L$fgy R> s rhv Z opdpN}e R>, c[sdpNy u. opdpN}e rhv lphpu
S> A rhv L$ep R>u Z sZ lgpu W$ A khp DcpN L$epy L$lgy R>(gp.52-53). c[sdpN
dpZ (AV$g ipue Ahp depvp c[sdpN dpZ) rhv L$ey lps sp epf R>u sp s DcpN L$fu
iL$s A rhv L$fsu hMs S> s khp epN Z L$fs. yA sp s kLy$dpf opp Dvi
L$ep(gp.18-40) epf R>u Z rhjepp cpN L$ep(gp.52-53). A s cpNu s dy[s ps L$fhpdp
L$pC rsb^ S> ep, Ap b (cpN A dpn) cNhpu L$p rhp ps hpy kchsy lphpu,
sdy hZ L$fu y Df cNhpu L$p lphpy S> S>Zphgy R>. L$pfZ L$ sd lpe, sp Dvi hNfu S> shu
opu L$pdp |Z sp, cNhp S> sp L$pd |Z L$ep NZpe.
L$dp b AZ L$fhp L$fsp cNhpu c[s ps L$fhp L$d L$fhp A h^pf kp{ R>, L$pfZ L$ L$dp
b AZ L$fhpu Apdpdp [rs dy[s ps pe s L$fsp c[s ps L$fu cNhpp L$us hNf L$fhp
s h^pf kp{ R>, L$pfZ L$ sdp Ar^L$ fk R>. sS> dpZ Apk[s rhp L$dp L$fhp L$fsp cNhp L$d rhv
L$fhp A kp{ R>; R>sp yA c[sdpV$ L$d L$fsp b AZ L$ep A cNhp L$d rhv L$fsp
Apk[s rhp L$d L$ep, L$pfZ L$ y opdpN}e lphpu sZ s dpNu fus dpZ Apdpdp [rs dpn pe
s dpV$ s dpZ L$ey. Apd lphpu S> Ap L$fZp L$d A Z OV$ R>. cpN cpNhsp S> y dpV$p y{jpdp
ANkf ep A Apdpdp S> [rs L$fsp psp |ZL$pd dpsp lsp(gp.49). A dpZ cpN cpNhsp S>
opdpN dpZ opp kp^p AL$ R>u AL$ s ps ep A cNhpu L$p S> S>Zph R>147&&-149
Aepe 23; y dpn p[s:
cNhpu S>p Df L$p lsu shp yA AL$ R>u AL$ kp^p L$ep epf s d c[s ps L$d
C? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ y dpn ps L$fhp BR>sp lsp su s dc[s ps C. s
cNhpu L$gpp Ahspf lsp, R>sp c|rdy vpl L$fhy, ^dy A y pg L$fhy hNf L$pep L$fhp cNhpp
Ai yp Ahspf egp. shu S> fus s klpe L$fhp gdu su u ArQdp L$V$ egp. R>u epf
sZ pspy L$pe y{ L$ey epf cNhpp Ai spdpu rsfprls ep, su S> ""S> dpV$ sZ Ahspf gu^g s
38
Chfu Apop |fu L$fu''(A.23&2) Ad L$lgy R>.

yp Ahspfy L$pe |{ sp spdpu cNhpp Ai rsfprls ep AV$g s L$hg h S> fp,
su s dpn ps L$fhpu BR>p pe s epe S> R>. lgp cNhp L$V$ egp epf sdu syrs L$fsp
""S>dp App QfZL$dgp fk u shp dpnu Z d BR>p u''(A.20&24) Ad sZ L$lgy, L$pfZ L$
s kde spdp cNhpp Aphi lsp A cNhp su pk L$V$ ep lsp. su s kde spdp c[sfk
L$V$ eg lphpu sZ sd L$lgy. Z Df L$lgp L$pep s L$fu iL$ s dpV$ S> spdp cNhpp Aphi egp.
lh L$pe y{ ey epf Aphi flhpu s dpnu BR>p C. hmu ^d hNfy pg L$fhp S> ydp cNhpp
Aphi egp, c[sdpNp Qpf L$fphhp spdp cNhpp Aphi ep lsp, su spdp cNhpp Aphi
lphp R>sp s dpn ps L$fhpu BR>p pe s epe S> R>. L$pfZ L$ cNhpu BR>p khu bghp R>.
Ahp, L$pedpV$ AV$g op ps pe s dpV$ y A su u Ofdpu blpf uL$mu
Negp(gp.2-11). L$pfZ L$ epN opy AP$N R>.
y{jpdu c[s op hNf L$fsp Ar^L$ R>, A y opu BR>p lphpy L$y, su sZ
y{jpdy rl fsy Asepduy Ahp bu L$pC hy cS> L$ey li! Ad dphy. cS> sp sZ
y{jpdy S> L$fgy, su S> ""uL$Zy Apfp^ L$fhp sZ Dd s L$fhp dpX$y''(gp.7) Ad L$lgy R>. R>sp
s opu BR>p C, L$pfZ L$ sZ h^pf kde kyû y{jpdu khp L$fu rl A shp cS> rhp fk L$V$
hpu, dye c[sfkp Aych L$ep rl. su c[s opp kp^ sfuL$ S> yA Zg lphpu s
a$g; op hNfu vfL$pf rhp a$g Aphp i[shpmu, hs-c[s ps C. c[s rhp dpn ps
sp lphpu, dpnp L$pfZ kp^c[s S> ps C. (Aphu c[sA Z s dpn ps L$fpep AV$g)
kp^ lphp R>sp c[sp a$g Aphpp hu lpr C150-150&&
iP$L$p:dpn ps L$fhp c[s S>fu R> A c[su dpn ps pe R> Ad L$lhpdp gpOh (rfL$
gbpZ hy s) R>, sp R>u c[su S> dpn ps pe R> Ad L$lp; A sd lpe sp yA c[su op
ps L$ey(gp.11) Ad L$y R> s e pe, Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ c[sp hcph L$s{p S>hp lphpu, S> opu S> dpn pe Ad Zsp
lpe s op ps L$fphu Z c[s dpn Ap R>. su c[sA y hfpe A op ps
L$fpep(gp.11), su Arhp A rhpp Z pi L$ep(gp.12), epNu sp rgP$Nifufp Z pi L$ep
A kv AV$g b hLy$W$ Ahp epr hLy$W$ s ps pe s dpV$ s hLy$W$ Y$pL$u fpMpfu dpep epNu
lV$phu s epr hLy$W$u p[s L$fphu. su u ArQ: pspp prshe NyZdp phpmu lpC lgp
rsgpL$dp NC A ep kvp pspp rsy rQs L$fsu lphpu A sp rs hLy$W$dp Neg lphpu s Z
$d-$d hLy$W$dp NC150&&-152
Ap cpNhs ip c[s a$g App{ lphpu, Apdp bu a$g ps epy L$lhy epe u, Ad
S>Zpe sp Zhy L$ Ap L$fZdp c[s hs a$g sfuL$ L$lgu u su Ap L$fZ BR>gp hhpmy u,
A su "" X|$b sp pspgdp hi L$f'' A ^pfZ dpZ b^p (a$g) a$g sfuL$ L$lhp epe R>, Ahp
Arcpeu Ap a$g L$lg R>. epf, Ap a$g L$lg lphpu Ap L$fZ Ap ipdp b^bksy u Ahu iP$L$p
39
pe, su s v|f L$fhp c[s Z a$g sfuL$ L$lgu R>, su c[s Z Al] a$g L$lg lphpu L$fZp ip
kp kb^ OV$ R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$fZy A ipy AL$ S> (c[s) a$g ey. A Ap L$fZp Df L$lg
bu Z a$g ep. R>sp Ap L$fZdp c[s hs y{jp sfuL$ a$g L$lgu u, L$pfZ L$ ""S>dp QfZ
kkpf kdyp hlpZ R> shp cNhp ps L$f R>''(gp.39) Ad L$lgy R>. (su kkpf qa$V$pX$pfu
Ahp dpn Aphpfu kp^c[s Ap L$fZy a$g R>). Al] a$g L$y s Ap L$fZu kdp[s epy k|Qh
R>153
L$fZ Qpy:dpn, Aepe 24-31:
lh Qpp L$fZp rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph R>. dpn L$fZ L$lhpdpV$ S> L$pd L$fZ L$lgy, Ad L$pd
L$fZp Apfcdp L$lgy R>. dpn L$fZ kbû Z rhvyf lgp L$pd L$fZp Apfcdp(A.13&2-5)
L$fgp, su Al] a$fuu L$fgp u. hmu rhvyf sp dp c[s ps L$fhpu BR>pu L$fgp A L$pd
L$fZdp sp s rkhpep OZp a$g L$p su rhvyf ey L$ Ap L$fZ dpfp dpV$ L$lgy u, fsy Sy>vp-Sy>vp
a$g L$p s a$gu L$pdphpmpAp dpV$ Ap L$pd L$fZ L$lgy lphpu dpfp p Df l Aphg u. su
de pspu dm S> sp Df L$li. Aphp rhQpfu sZ a$fu L$ep u.
Ap L$fZp 24-31 kyûp ApW$ Aepep R>. ipp L$fZdp L$lgy R> L$ ""rhpu Arhpp pi
sp bcph ps pe R> A uL$Zu khpu kpeye ps pe R>''. dpn b L$pfp R> Ad ep
S>Zphgy R>. bcph A uL$Zy kpeye. A b L$pfp dpny Ay$d Ap L$fZdp rZ L$fhpdp
Aph R>.
AlP$L$pf hNfp epN L$fu ddspfrls ips y{j bcph ps L$f R>. ""bcph ps L$fgp,
k As:L$fZhpmp, kh pZuAp rs kdpcph fpMpf y{j cNhpu c[s ps L$f R> A R>u
c[su cNhpy ep op ps L$fu cNhpdp hi L$f R>''(cN.Nusp18&53-55). su bcph S>
ps egp R> s c[sp gpcu y{jpdy op pe epf s y{jpddp hi kpeye ps hpy
L$lgy R>. hi Sy>vp flhpu S> C iL$, A Sy>vp fluA sp S> fkp Aych hpp kch lphpu kpeyedp
Ar^L$ fku p[s pe R>. bcphdp sp b kp cmu S>hpy lphpu b kp Ae hpu kpeyedp pe
R> shp fkp Aych sp u. su bcph NpZ R> A kpeye S> dye (L$pfp dpn) lphpy L$lgy
lphpu, Ap b L$pfp dpny rZ L$fsp bcph dpn Ap L$fZu hQ L$lgp R> A sp Apfcdp
A Asdp kpeyep Ar^L$pfu Qskp csp lphpu sdu S> L$p L$lgu R>. Aphu fus kpeyeu L$p
Qurep (Apfcdp A Asdp Ahp b R>X$ flgu) L$pu L$lgu R> A d bcphp Ar^L$pfu
Qskpp rspA ps L$fg bcphu L$p hQ L$lgu R>. su Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ bcph Z kpeyey
kp^ R>. A pR>mu Qskpp dpny rZ L$fhpy R> R>sp Z lgp sdu c[s L$lu hQ sdp
rsp brljvu L$p L$lu, su Ad Z k|Qhgy L$ cNhp csp dye a$gy vp L$f R> A sAp c[sdpNdp
kpfu fus [f egp lphpu, sdp kbûAp sdp kb^ S> a$g ps L$fphpfp lphpu NpZ a$g
Ap R>.
d bcphp Ar^L$pfup kb^dp 25-29 kyûp pQ Aepep L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ bcph
ps L$fhpy L$pe cpf R>. csp pX$p S> epk u cNhpu L$p A a$g ps pe R>, su Qskpp
kb^dp Z(24,30,31) S> Aepep L$lgp R>. Qskpp rsp brljv lgp L$ddpNdp lsp, su s sp
40
OZp epk a$g ps pe, su s OZy L$pe L$fhpy lphpu su L$p pQ Aepepu L$lu R>154-156
iP$L$p:Qphukdp Aepe Z brljvp kbû S> L$lgp R>. QskpA s L$epy Ap Aepedp
L$lgy R>(gp.14) s sp sdp rspu Apop pmu(gp.19) Ad S>Zphhp L$lgy R>. sd iP$L$f S> Dvi
L$epy L$y(gp.27-31, 33-79), s sp rhvyf de L$lgy L$ dpNdp dmgp dlpvh sdp Df k C
sd Dvi L$fgp(gp.15). s Dfu rhvyf S> L$fg L$ sd dlpvhp kdpNd L$hu fus egp A
dlpvh sAp iy Dvi L$fgp(gp.16) sp Df sfuL$ L$lg R>. Qskpp kb^p Ap Aepe lps sp
de ps S> rhp S> Ap L$p L$ls. su Al] S> Qskp kbû L$p L$lu R> s sp kP$N gu^ L$lgu
lphpu, Ap Aepe sdp kb^hpmp u. su brljvp kb^hpmp 24-29 kyûp R> Aepep R>,
Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Ap Aepedp dye fus Qskpy S> rZ L$fgy R>. ""rspA D
L$fhpu Apop L$fgu''(gp.14) Ad S> L$lgy R> s sp Ad S>Zphhp L$lgy R> L$ ""L$fpf, Apop L$fpf A
kdrs Appf kfMy a$m dm R>'' A red dpZ rspu Apopu cNhpp L$pedpV$ QskpA s L$ey,
su brljvp As:L$fZu iyr s Z gpc ep. A shu fus rspu fZpu QskpA s L$fsp
sd cNhpu p[s C A sApp Df sdp rspp DL$pf ep. hmu sdp su brljvp
As:L$fZu iyr C A Qskpp sdp rsp Df DL$pf ep, L$pfZ L$ sy As:L$fZ Qskpp
su iy ey lps sp ""d rdg op App'' ""dpZk L$V$ ^dhpmp Ofpdp flsp dpn ps L$fu isp
u''(A.25&5-6)
Ad s AL$dps L$hu fus L$l? su A hpep sp rsp ypp ff DL$pf ep lsp Ad S>Zphhp
L$lgp R>. Dvi OZp vygc lphpu s ps L$fhp u S>f fl R> su rhvyf L$fgp. Ap lgp L$^p
rb^dp L$lg R> L$ ""kpdpe fus Zhpu BR>p lpe sp hsp ps S> s AV$L$ph R>, su Z h^pf BR>p
lpe sp L$pp Apfc L$f R> A R>u Mpk L$fhpdp Aph sp s L$l R>. Aphu kvpu fus
R>''(L$^1&24&&-25). Al] rhvyf Qskp kbû S> L$fg R> su Ap Aepe brljvp
kb^hpmp u; sp kb^hpmp 25-29 kyûp pQ Aepep S> R>157-157&
kpeye L$fZp Aepepp A:
kpeye L$fZp 24, 30 A 31 dp Ad Z Aepep R>.
Qphukdp Aepedp kpeyey kp^, dlpvh Qskp L$lgp Dvi A A kp^p kp^ rsp
brljvu Apop, dlpvhy vi hNf L$lgp R>.
ukdp Aepep A cNhpu Qskp Df L$p A fpecpN(gp.17) hNf NpZ ksp
R>.
AL$ukdp Aepepp A Qskp ps eg a$g kpeye dy[s(gp.14) A Ap L$p hZ
L$fpf rhvyf Z c[s a$g ps sp sy l[spyf S>hp epZ R>157&&
brljv Ahp pQubrlju dy[s Qukdpu ApNZukdp kyûp pQ Aepepu L$lgu R>.
41
L$V$gpL$ Ap ApW$ Aepepu su dy[s L$lg lphpy dp R> s MpVy$ R>, L$pfZ L$ s bcph dy[s
S> ps hpy L$lhpy R>, A shu dy[s dp Arhp v|f hpu S> pe. Arhp rhpu v|f pe. A
rhpp pQ Ahehp lphpu bcph dy[s pQ Aepepu S> L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$ sdp dye fus opy S>
rZ L$fgy R>. hmu Apdpu kp flgp S>Zpsp vldp flgp kh vppp hp rZe pe epf kvl
rhp by A Apdpy op pe, A s Al] pQ S> Aepepu L$lgy lphpu Ap bcphp L$fZp
sV$gp S> Aepep R>158
kpeye L$fZ Ap Z Aepepu S> L$lgy lphpu s bcph L$fsp lgLy$ li Ad dphy.
bcphdp kh hsyApp ep opu by A Apdpy op hpu Apdpdp S> kyM pe R>, B[ep
hNfdp kyM sy u, epf kpeyedp sp bûA B[ep A Apdp Z (buSy>)kh cygph shp AdyL$
L$pfp Apv Dkh egp lpe R>, s ps L$fhpp flsp u. su kpeyedp |Z Apv lphpu A
bcphdp lvhpmp Apv lphpu kpeye bcph L$fsp Dd R>. pQubrlj bcph; pfvp Dviu
S> ps ep A spu S> s a$gu p[s C.
:dp pfvp Dviu, cNhpu L$p rhp pQubrlj dpn L$hu fus ps ep? L$pfZ L$
Ahu fus a$g ps hpdp ""a$g cNhpu ps pe R>'' (bk| 3&2&38) A k|p rhfp^ pe R>. su
S>d Qskp pk cNhp L$V$ egp sd pQubrlj pk Z s L$V$ epy L$lhy CA! Ahu iP$L$p MpV$u
R>.
kdp^p:"pf'(dyep kd|lZpy) "rs' MX$ L$f s "pfv' Ahu eyr dpZ pfv hu
[rsp As gphpf R>. A shy L$pe sp cNhpu S> C iL$ shy lphpu pfvdp S>dp Aphi eg R>
shp cNhpp hy S> s "pfv' Ahy pd R>. A sdpu S> bcph dpn pQubrlj ps ep.
hmu cNhp blpf L$V$ ep rhp Z Apdp by h lphpy cp hpu Z Df L$lgy a$g (bcph)
ps pe R>.
pfv L$fg Dvi dp opp Dvi lphpu bcph ps hpy s dye L$pfZ rl lpe, Ad Z
dphy, L$pfZ L$ cNhp kpp Ny{A L$fgp opp Dviu Z a$g ps pe R>159
Aepe 24; Qskp ps eg kpeyey kp^:
yu hiphrg Ap dpZ R>:
yp rhrS>sph Da$ As^p
sp lrh^p,
lrh^pp brljv Da$ pQubrlj A
sp Qskp.
Ap L$fZdp yp pp y brljv A sp yp Qskpu dy[s L$lhpu R>. sApp
hX$hpApdpu L$pCu dy[s C lpe sp rspp vpj y hNfdp Z Aphsp lphpu Apdu dy[s hpdp
Z X$sf pe. su brljvu dy[s L$lhpdpV$ d As^pu dy[s L$lgu R>(gp.7).
rspu dy[s ep rhp yu dy[s su u. rspu dy[s ep R>u S> y dy[sp Ar^L$pf
42
ps pe R>, su yu A brljvu dy[sApu hQ As^pu dy[s L$lu.

epf yp p lrh^pu dy[s L$lu u, su brljvu dy[sdp rh i! Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu,
L$pfZ L$ su dy[s L$lgu lphp R>sp kvi(Qurep)p epeu C e R>. lrh^pp rspu A sp
yu dy[sAp L$lu, su su dy[s L$lgu lphp R>sp s C S> Nepy S>Zpe su s Sy>vu L$lu u. Apu
Qskpu Apep[dL$ iyr L$lhpC. Aphu sdu iyr S>Zphhu A Ap Aepep lgp kps gpL$py spe
R>160-160&&
8 u 12 kyûp pQ gpL$pu sApu Apr^cprsL$ iyr S>Zphgu R>. dpsp A rsp iy lpe sp
Apr^cprsL$ iyr pe. s L$u rspu iyr epN A L$du egu(gp.9-10). kLy$gdp D eg lphpu
iyr L$fsp Ap epN A L$d u egu iyr Dd R>. sApu dpsp kLy$gdp D egu A OZu kyvf
lphpu(gp.11-12) iy lsu, ercQpf hNf vpj spdp lsp. dpsp A rsp b iy lphpu, sdp
yp Z iy lpe S>, R>sp Z rhjedp d fpMu hr L$fhpu D egp kspp buS>p kL$pf gu^
rhjedp fpNfrls lpe. shu fus Qskpu Dr C lphpu iP$L$p fl s dpV$, sApp dpsp sp rsp
rhjeu rhfs lsp Ad L$lhp, sApp rhhpl bpp hpeu S> egp Ad L$lgy R>(gp.11). Aphp dpsprspu Qskpp S>d egp. hmu sAp kL$ hNf W$ rspu Apopy DgP$O L$fpfp lsp, fsy sdu
Apop dpZ hspf lsp. Ny{(rsp)u Apopy pg L$fhpp NyZ Z sApdp lsp.
hmu rspA D L$fhpu S> Apop L$fgu, s hrdpNu Apop lphpu, s dpZ L$fhpu
kr D L$fhpu sy b^ psp ps pe, Z su sd L$f sp shy b^ psp pe rl, Ahp
rhQpfu sAp s L$fhp gpep(gp.14). A s Z s AL$gy S> rl, fsy sdp Z y{jpdy cS>
L$fuiy A su L$sp Ciy, Ahp rQe L$fu, sAp s dpZ s A uL$Zu khp L$fhp gpep(gp.14).
Apd hpu sdu Apr^vrhL$ iyr Z C, su kh L$pf sAp iy ep.
sAp shp iy C, dlpvh sAp bp^ L$ep. Ap dlpvh Avfp ophpmp Chf R>, Ad
S>Zphhp 20-25 kyûp R> gpL$pu sdy Ahe S>Zphgy R>. hmu lqf sd re lphpu, sd lqfc[sy
op lsy. lqf sd re lsp Ad 27-30 kyûp Qpf gpL$pu S>Zphgy R>. lqf sd re lpe sp
AL$dps s blpf Qskp pk ip dpV$ ^pf? sdZ kh kvlpp pi L$f A khy op L$fph shp spp
Qskp bp^ L$ep. cNhp sApu pk L$V$ pe s dpV$ S> s spp bp^ L$ep. cNhp du S> L$V$
pe A OZp kyvf cNhpp hy rQs A L$us L$fhpu cNhp Df d S>u pe shp spp
sAp bp^ L$ep. lqf S>pu sApp Df sfs (A kdedp) k pe shp spp bp^ L$ep Ad ""sd
cs R>p''(gp. 30) Ad L$lu sp L$lhpp Apfc L$ep su S>Zpe R>. S> L$fhpp d Ap spu Sy>vp
lsp, Ad ""sd Ap spp S> L$fp''(gp.69) Dviu S>Zphgy R>. Qskp rhhpk fl s dpV$
dlpvh sd L$y L$:""kr L$fhpu BR>phpmp bpA kr D L$fpf Adp cNy hNf lgp Ap spp
bp^ L$fgp''(gp.72). L$ dlpvhp hQdp Z Qskp rhhpk lsp S>, L$pfZ L$ sdp hQdp rhhpk
lpe sp s ffp S>Zph sdp Z rhhpk hpu khpi S> pe, R>sp Z Apd L$lhpu buAp
Z Apu a$g ps i, Ahy hZ sp OZu p pe s dpV$ dlpvh A ffp L$lg160&&-166
cNhp sfs k pe shp spp dlpvh Qskp Dvi L$ep, epf sAp a$g ps hpdp
43
rhgb L$d ep? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ sAp c[sfk gu^ buSy> kh c|gu e, sp OZp kde
kyû s L$fhp R>sp sp gi gu^ sAp vy:M pe. AV$g sd s L$fsp DN pe R> L$ rl Ahu
sApu funp L$fhp cNhp S> sAp a$g Aphpdp rhgb L$ep. sAp sp c[sdp OZp S> fk lsp, su
Apfcu S> sApA OZp KX$p S>gdp s L$fhpp rQe Ahp rhQpfu L$fgp L$ ep buSy> L$pC S>C iL$ rl
A S>gQfp Z lpe rl A su sAp rh rhp ep cNhpy cS> L$fu iL$. sApA cS> hs
y{jp sfuL$ Zgy A su c|rd Df ge pe sp Z c|rdp piu cS>dp rh pe, Ahp
rhQpfu Z sApA S>gdp s L$fhp dpX$gy167
Ap Aepedp QskpA L$fgp kp^ L$lhpp R> A sp sp s A kp^p sdZ L$fgp. R>sp
Ap Aepedp s L$p rhp, dp sp L$lu S> Aepe |fp L$d L$ep? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp sd Aepe |fp
L$fhpy spe A R> L$ ApdZ sp S> dye kp^ Zgy, s dye kp^ dpg rl Ad S>Zphhp s
L$p rhp S> Aepe |fp L$fgp R>167&&
bcph L$fZp 25-29Aepepp A:
kh hsyApp hy op Ns A h_ Ahpdp Ad b L$pf pe R>. Qukdp Aepedp
Ns Ahpy A R>hukdp Aepedp h_ Ahpy rZ L$fgy R>.
kphukdp Aepep A rhpi L$fpfp kh kp^py L$dp Aphu lpQhy R>.
A$phukdp Aepep A rhpi R>. kkP$N, c[s sp op Z Ap Aepedp L$lgp lphpu,
kkpfp rhpi Z Ap Aepep A R>. crhedp kkP$N pe, sp lgpp vy vlp Z pi DepNu
pe, Z kkP$N pe, sp shp vlp Z pi hp S>hp AV$g rfL$ S> R>. su DepNu pe shp
vlp pi c[s kp Ap Aepedp L$lgp R>.
ApNZukdp Aepedp kh kvlp Ay$d v|f L$fu a$g ps epy L$lgy R>.
Ap bcph L$fZp 1.kkpf A 2.dpnp dpN; Ahp b rhcpNp R>. Ap bp h Ap
L$fZdp L$lhpp R>. s AL$u kp Z L$lu iL$pe, R>sp Al] Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$lgp R>. sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ kkpfdp
S> L$pf hu Nrs pe R>, s L$pf dpnp dpNdp su u. su bu Nrsp cv S>Zphhp kkpfp A
dy[sdpNp kp^pu L$p Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$lgu R>. hmu hu y{ju sdS> uu Ap b dpNdp Nrs pe
R>, su sd S>ZphhpdpV$ uu A y{ju bu b dpNdp su Nrs S>Zphgu R>. Apu, up vl
ps L$fg h S> dy[s ps epy Ap L$fZdp L$lgy lphpu uvlhpmp h S> dy[s ps pe R>,
Ahu iP$L$p MpV$u lphpy rk pe R>, L$pfZ L$ lgpu hpkp dpZ h u Ahp y{j p vl ps pe
R>, Ahy S> up vlu p[s L$lhpy spe R>. su kkP$N hNf dpnp kp^p ps sp u Z dy[s
ps pe R> Ad k|Qhgy R>. ""l p! dpfp Ape L$fpf uAp Z Dd Nrs ps pe
R>''(cN.Nusp9&32) A cNhpp hpe dpZ A k|Qhgy R>171
epf kkP$N hNf kp^p ps sp u sp y{j b dy[s ps pe R> Ad L$pf
L$d L$y u? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ u Ahp y{j sfuL$ S>d hp hNf L$pfu Ad L$lhpdp Aph
sp sdp QdL$pf lphpu, dp dyevlu L$p L$lu Ahu byru, Dviu AhNZp pe A opdpNdp
byrp hi pe. fsy kde rl shu fus L$lhpu Dvidp Apvf pe A opdpNdp
44
byrp hi pe. su yfS>u L$p shu fus L$lgu R>.

Aepe 25; Ns Ahpy rZ:
Ap Qukdp Aepep Apfcdp QskpA L$fg su L$p L$lg R> s epe u, Ad dphy
L$pfZ L$ L$fpf A Apop L$fpf A kdrs Appf kfMy a$g ps pe R>; A red dpZ, sApp
s brljv kp Z sp rQ iy L$fhp kb^ R> Ad S>Zphhp, bcphp L$fZp Apfcdp S>
A su L$p L$lgu R>(A.25&2).
Qskp s L$fhp uL$ep epf R>u pfv brljv pk Aphg lphpu, pfv ep Apep epf R>u
Qskpy s egy. su A su pfv Apep epf brljvy rQ iy L$hu fus eg lpe? Ahu iP$L$p pe
sp Zhy L$ Qskpy s y{ ep R>u pfv brljv pk Aphu s L$p L$lgu. Ap rhjey dpZ u Ad
Z dphy, L$pfZ L$ pfv Apep epf brljv hfpe egp Ad sZ DQpfg gpL$6 hNfu S>Zpe R>.
A rQ iy ep rhp hfpe hpy kchsy u. Qskpp s rkhpe sy rQ iy hpy L$pC L$pfZ
u. su brljv S> hfpep hQp L$p s bu fus OV$sp lphpu Qskpy s ep R>u S> pfv
brljv pk Aphg Ad dphy fy. brljvp L$du S> sy rQ iy ey lsy Ad Z dpu iL$pe shy u.
L$pfZ L$ sZ kL$pd L$d L$fgp, Ad pfv s ""spfu W$ Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$pdpAp fpMu...'' (A.27&11) L$lgy su
S>Zpe R>. s ep R>u pfv yfS>u L$p L$lgu A s brljv L$lgu167&&-172
brljv a$g ps ey u Ad Zhp R>sp pfv s ""L$d L$fu sy sp{ iy L$epZ ps L$fhp
BR> R>?'' Ahp L$ep(gp.4), s brljvp rQu iyr C R> L$ rl su funp L$fhp |R>g. L$pfZ L$
rQu iyr C lpe sp s Dvi L$fhp L$pdp R>. pfvp p s gp.5-6u Df Ap R>. su
sp rQu iyr epy Zu pfv s yfS>y Qqfs L$lu bp^ Ap R>.
yfS> (h) hpf(vlp h rR>p: b L$p, b L$pfp, b ApM, dyM, rgP$N A Nyvp) A
qL$p(hpX$, vl Y$pL$pfu hQp) hpmy yf(vl) C sdp {rQ pe R>. bu pZuApp vldp Z Aphp
hpf A L$pf lpe R>, R>sp dyep vl Df S> s {rQ pe R>, L$pfZ L$ h kh L$pfp cpN
cpNhhpu BR>p lpe R>. bu pZuAp Of hNf lphpu sAp b^p cpN ps sp u. epf
dye Of hNf lphpu su bû L$pdpAp |Z pe R>. su dyep vldp S> hu {rQ pe R>, bu
pZuApp vldp {rQ lpsu u. Al] s L$lg lphpu "yf' ivu Of, ^ hNf kpp S> vl L$lgp R>. su
S> ""L$pdu L$pdphpmp sZ Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pd rk pe s dpV$ c|sg Df S>V$gp yf ep s b^p kpfp
dpep''(gp.12) Ad L$lgy R> A epepdp L$lgy R> L$:""epf L$rsp NyZp k|Z fus NlZ L$fhpu
BR>p L$fu epf y{j hpfhpmy A b lp sp b Nhpmy (yf=dyey ifuf) kp{ dpey''(A.29&4).
iP$L$p:epf rhjedp [f egu byrp h kb^ pe, epf S> vlp kb^ pe R> Ad
L$lhpu BR>pu, ""qve hnp A gspApu cf|f yfu blpfu hpX$udp...'' gp.17), hNfdp rhjep yfu
blpf lphpy L$y s OV$sy u, Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ rhjepy gp.17 hNfdp S> rZ L$fgy R> s yfp hZ(gp.12-16) A
hp hZ (yfhi gp.43) u hQ L$fgy lphpu, s Z yfu Avf S> Aphgy NZgy R>. Ahp h
45
A yf(vl), s by de AV$g s bu hQ flg Alsp-ddsp kb^ S>(gp.17 hNfu) L$lgp

lphpu sp Z yfdp S> kdphi pe R>. L$pfZ L$ Al] h kkpf ps epy L$lhpy R> A s kkpf
Alsp-ddspuS> egp lpe R>, L$pfZL$ Alsp ddsp S> Arhpu egp lpe R>. vl hNfp sp Qdp
kdphi sp lphpu, s sp cNhp bphgp lpe R> A h vl hNf kp bu L$pC kb^ lphpy L$lu
iL$pe sd lphpu, Alsp A ddsp S> s kb^ R>. su S> ""l-dp{'' Ahu byr (Alsp-ddsp)
Arhpu egu lphpu, vl hNfu Df L$y sd Sy>vp L$pfu R> Ad S>Zphhp, s yfu blpf lphpy L$lgy
R>. su s b (Alsp-ddsp) S> opu pi pd shp R>.
yf ep R>u Ap(gp.17) L$lg lphpu App yfdp kdphi sp u, Ad Z L$lu iL$pe sd
u, L$pfZ L$ yfu Avf s flg R> Ahp S> s L$lhpp Arcpe R>. su S> Apy epep L$fsp
""hpfhpmy A b lp sp b Nhpmy...'' AV$gy S> L$lu ""s kp{ dpey''(A.29&4) Ad L$lgy R>. sd
(App yfdp kdphi) lpe sp ""kp{ dpey'' Ad L$y s OV$ rl, L$pfZ L$ rhjepp cpNdp DepNu
lphpu Ap kp{ dphpy R> A s (rhjepp cpNdp DepNu lphpy) hpdp Aph, sp Ap kp{ L$d
dp? Ahp bu AV$g h A Asepdu A bu de Asfpe rhjepdp [f egu byrhpmy
yf(ifuf) R>, L$pfZ L$ ""Apkyfu ks b^ L$fphpfu dpegu R>'' (c.Nu. 16&5) Ahy cNhpy hpe
R>, A (gp.17dp) L$lgu kpdNu b^ L$fphpfu R>&&173&&
yf (vl)dp hi L$fhp A S>d R> A S>d b L$pfp R>, sp Al] ep L$pfp S>d L$p?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ S>d b L$pfp R>:
1.hvpspy op ps L$fhpdpV$ pQ A[u rhpu (Dhus ghpu) ps L$fgp AL$ A
2.""S>d g, dfZ pd'' Ahp u (L$d) dpNu sp bu.
s L$u lgp L$pfp S>d sp Al] u L$p, L$pfZ L$ Al] L$lg S>d sp lgp vpj lphpy
kch R> A lgp L$pfp S>d vpjfrls R>. bu L$pfp S>d Al] L$lgp R>. s L$lhpy Z ApS>
epS> R>, L$pfZ L$ s vpju ps pe R>. ""L$pdpu L$pdp L$fsp''(gp.12) A ivpu Al] rhjep
cpNu BR>p lphpy L$lgy R>, A ""Ap L$pdu op Y$L$pegy R>''(cN.Nusp3&39) A hpe dpZ L$pd opu
rh{ lpC vpj R>. shp L$pdhpmpp S> S>d Al] L$lgp R>.
h A Asepdu kp S> vldp hi L$f R> A fl R>. Asepduu fZp rhp h L$pC Z
L$pe L$fhp kd lphpu AsepduS> kh L$pep L$sp R>, R>sp Z h S>dpqv kkpf pe R>, shp
Asepdu sp u, L$pfZ L$ Asepdu ChfR>.
Asepdu hu kp vldp fl R>, fsy hs R> A L$pg sp L$d Aû lpe s S> S>d
hNf pe R>. su Asepdu S>d hNf kkpf sp u. Asepdu h L$d L$fhp f R>, su dlpfp
khL$ f R> su W$ s b^ L$fphpf L$d ps pe, Z s Apk[s fpMu fZp L$fsp lpe sp pe,
Asepdu Apk[s lpsu u, su s L$d b^ L$fp{ sy u. su S> ""bu Mp^p rhp ep L$f R>''
Ad yrs L$l R>. hmu h sp vy:Mu R> A Ap Asepdu sp oppfp (op ps L$fphu) sy Z vy:M lf
R>. ""l bl pJ, D pJ'' Ahu sdZ (cNhp) L$pdp L$fu'' Ahu cNhpu S> KQu A lgL$u
46
[rsdp L$V$ hpu L$pdp gu^ Asepdu Sy>vp-Sy>vp vlpdp hi L$f R>, su s kkpfu u. Ahp s
hu "L$pds:' L$pdp ep R>u lqf (Asepdu) L$pe (fZp) L$f R>. s fZp L$fpf lphpu fZp rkhpe
buSy> L$pe L$fsp u.
Apy Ahy spe R> L$ vl ps ep R>u L$d L$fhpu b^ pe R>. Al] vl ps ep lgp S>
h L$pd lphpy L$lg R>, A Asepduu fZp rhp s L$pd (L$pdp) hpy kchsy u. su S>d h
vl ps L$ep lgp Z s fZp L$fhpu Asepdu kkpfu sp u, sd vl ps L$ep R>u Z fZp
L$fhpu s kkpfu sp u. Asepdu L$pC vpdp Apk[s lphpu s L$pC vpu L$pdp su u,
L$pfZ L$ Apk[shpmp L$pdp L$f. s Chf lphpu s L$pC vpdp Apk[s lpsu u. s L$pC vpdp
Apk[s lpe sp s ps L$fhp L$lgp L$du b^ hpy kchsy lphpu, s s Aû sp sy Chf
fl174-175
vlu p[s(yfhi gp.43) ep lgp byry hZ L$ey (gp.20) sy spe Ahy R> L$
rgP$Nvl kpp h |gvldp kyMu pe R>, su Ncdp hi L$ep lgp s rgP$Nvlu p[s peR>.
Aepk Arhpu sp lphpu, byr, pZ A B[ep Z Arhpu D sp li, Ahu
dpesp MpV$u R>, L$pfZ L$ byr pZ A B[ep cNhp bphgp R>, Arhpu sp u. A h S>d
vlp Aepk pe R> ""l vl Ry>'' Ahu S>d su dpesp pe R>, sd s byr pZ A B[epp
kd|l(rgP$Nvl)p Z Aepk pe R>. 43dp gpL$ kyûy Aphy spe R>176-176&&
yfS> (h) s dvp (byr) kp s yf (vl)dp hi L$ep AV$g s ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu
vlpdbyr C. Aphu byr Arhpp pQ cpN L$up AL$ cpN R>. L$pdhpmp h Arhpp kb^ pe
s epe S> R>. yf kps vfhp Dfp cpNdp lphpy L$y(gp.45) s (b L$pfp, b ApMp, b L$p A
AL$ dyM) |g B[ep L$lgu R> sApp Z Aepk h pe R> S>.
y{j-u A vlp NyZp R>, hp u. Al] h vlu p[s ep lgp s y{j Ahp
u lphpy L$d L$lg R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ h hs lpC s y{j L$lg R>. yrs-cpNhs hNf
ip Aû fp rhp vl hNfdp h fdZ L$fsp lphpu s "y{j' L$lgp R>. S> yrs hNf Aû fl
s "u' L$lg R>. su S> pR>m u h c[s ps epy L$li176&&-177&&
byr dvp(u) L$lu R>, s sp s dpep lphpu L$lgu R>; ip Aû flpfu lphpu L$lgu u.
Ap byr Aû h fl R>. byr ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu dpesp lphpu AL$ L$pfu Arhp R>.
Arhp dpl D L$fphpfu lpC u R>, su byr u L$lgu R>. Aphy u Sy>vp L$pfy R>. byr sp
vlu Avf flgu lpe R>, su sp NyZp blpf Z Aychpe s dpV$ s u L$lgu R>. s dpep lphpu dpl
L$fphpfu R> A blpfu Z dpl L$fph R> A spu dpl pdgp s Aykf R> Ad S>Zphhp s u
L$lgu R>. su S> yfS>; Ap dvpu BR>p dpZ hssp A s S>d L$fsu sd L$fsp Ad L$lgy
R>(gp.56-62)177&&-178
h dvp (byr) S> hQp(gp.26-31) L$p, s Ahp rhQpfu L$lgp L$ S> s ps L$fhp BR>
47
R> s S> L$fhpu s dvpu Z BR>p lpe sp yfu Avf s su kp cpN pspu BR>p dpZ
hsspu cpNhu iL$. Z s dpZ L$fhpu su BR>p lpe sp rcespu ps cpN L$fu iL$ rl.
su hs fus cpN C iL$ s dpV$ A hQp L$lgp R>.
h l kyû yfdp hi L$fg lphpu spmhy, dyM hNfu q$ep spu C iL$, R>sp s spmhy
hNf B[ep vh lphpu DQpf C iL$, L$pfZ L$ L$pfZp hdp spmhy hNf sdp lpe R>. su S> ""Qny
blpf uL$ey'' hNf yrsAp Ad L$l R>. hmu u L$^dp shpA syrs Z L$fgu (3&5&38-50).
epf B[epp vh hdp lpe sp s dvpy h Z Zsp S> lphp CA, R>sp ""sy L$pZ
R>?''(gp.26) Ahp sZ L$d L$ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ gpL$dp pe R> shu fus sZ L$ep.
S>d L$pC L$pdu Dd u Sy>A A su kp bu uAp Sy>A, epf Dd u ApmMsp lphp R>sp fk
D pe s dpV$ s L$f R>, shu fus ApZ L$ep. vhpu u gdu, phsu, kfhsu hNfdpu
L$pCL$ Ap u lphpu L$p L$fu(gp.28), sApdpu L$pC s u Ad R>u L$l R>(gp.29), L$pfZ L$ vhp
sp gugpdpV$ S> vlp kb^ sp lphpu, sd ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu byr lpsu u. A Ap dvp sp
""vl A Apdp R>'' Ahu byrhpmu R>, su Ap sApdpu L$pC u Ad L$l R>. hmu Ap sApdpu L$pC u
Ad L$lhpy buSy> A epS> R> L$ Ny{u u hNf kb^ C iL$ shu u kp kb^ L$fhpu Aepe
BR>p L$fpfy s S> pe R> sdp L$pC S> kie u. Apdpdp ""Ap hup rhL$pf R>'' Ahu byr fpMhu s
vlpddrs R>. Ap dvp c|rdp i (kb^)hpmu lphpu(gp.29), shu vlpddrshpmu lphpu s gdu
hNfdpu L$pC u Ad L$lgy R>179-180
iP$L$p:Al] rgP$Nvlp Aepk L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ s Aepk |gvl ps L$fphpfp R>. hmu bp
hNf vhp Z |gvl lpe R>, su s |gvlp L$pfZ byr pZ A B[ep p kd|l rgP$Nvlp
Aepk Ahe lphp CA A s byr hNf S> Al] L$lhpdp Aph R> s S> lphp CA, su bp hNf
vlpdbyr u lpsu Ad L$d L$lhpe? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:bp hNfp vl pZ A B[epp h Zhp CA. bp hNf vhp epNuAp R> A
opu cf|f lpe R>. su op S>dp dye R> shu sApu byr A Qny hNf op[ep opde R>. A
S>dp q$ep dye lpe R> shp pZ, hpZu hNf L$d[ep epNde lpe R>. Ap opde A epNde lphpy L$pfZ
Ahy R> L$ ""Ap hpu l Ap L$pe L$fui'' Ahu epf cNhpu BR>p pe R> Ahp epf sApu pspu
Ahu BR>p pe R> epf sApdp s opde A epNde b L$pfp byr B[ep hNf lphpu, spu S>
lgp S> ps L$fgp vl-B[ep hNf L$pihpmp pe R>, su sdu byr B[ep hNf op A epN
lphpu AlP$L$pfu D egp u. hmu dp (cNhpu Ahp pspu) BR>p Aû lphpu dpep
Aû u. Ap L$pfZ dpepp L$pe Arhpp vl hNfp Aepk rhcpN sAppdp lpsp u.
yfS> (h)u dvp(byr) sp shu u. ""sy gdu phsu L$ kfhsu R>p?'' hNf sp
kb^dp S> iP$L$p C, s sp s dpep lphpy S> rk L$f R>. sd lps sp yfS> s(dvp) sdpu L$pC
AL$ lphpy S> rk L$fs, L$pfZ L$ dp s sApu kdp lsu A ""sApdpu L$pC sy u'' (gp.29) Ad
L$ls. hmu dpl L$fpfu lphpu s dvpA pspdp lsp shp Dd h lgp pspdp S>Zpep, su S>
s dpep S> lsu. su S> ""Ap dvp bu L$pC dpl dpX$u d fdZ L$fph'' Ahu iP$L$pu ""Ap yfdp
48
hi L$fhp epe R>'' (gp.29) hNf pp s s gdu hNfu Sy>vu lphpy kchhpu yfS> L$fgu R>.
hmu Ap kde s dvp L$pC L$pe L$fsu lsu, R>sp Z s dp pspu pk lphpu S> yfS> sp rhp
AL$ nZ Z flhp Ais hpu ""s D L$fg cNhp L$pdvh d uX$p L$f R>''(gp.30) Ad s L$l
R>. Ahp vlpddrsu k[r^(lpS>fu) ps sp, vl rhp flhp Ais C sZ sd L$y. su hp Ap
hQp dpZ s dpl L$fpfu lphpu dpep S> lphpy rk pe R>.
lh s dvp(byr) s Df Ap R> s hQpp rhQpf L$fuA. s Z vhsp lphpu s hpZu pe
R>. ""h Qs lphpu vh lpe s epe R>, fsy Ap byr S>X$ lphpu vhsp lpC iL$. R>sp Apr^vrhL$
byr vhsp cg lpe, fsy Al] sp Ap Apr^cprsL$ byrp S> hQp R> Ad L$lhy CA. su s hpZu
L$hu fus pe? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ hu kdu lphpu s hpZu C. hmu Df L$y sd Apr^vrhL$
byr L$pfZp hdp Apr^cprsL$ byrdp flgu lphpu s vhsp R>. hmu s pZ B[ep hNfu Z
kdu lphpu s hpZu C181-182&&
""sy L$pZ R>? L$pu R>?''(gp.26)A p Df Ap R> L$ ""l d Ahp bu Z fQpf
Zsu u, A dp{ L$ buy Np sp pd L$pZ L$ey s Zsu u''(gp.33). Al] s pspp sp
hp fQpf(L$sp) Z Zsu u Ad L$l R>.
(L$pe Ahu byr A h p vi sp lphp R>sp, Zhpdp Aphg. su sApy L$pfZ cNhp
S> lphp CA ) su Z byr hNfp L$sp cNhp S> R>, s dpreL$ u Ad S> rk pe R>. Apu S>
""dpep Aopy L$pe R>'' Ahp rh{ dshpmp dpephpv hNf b^p hpvp MpV$p lphpy rk pe R>.
hmu ""l Zsu u'' Ad gp.33 dp s dvpA L$y, AV$g psp D L$fpf vp Aop R>
Ad sZ L$lg lphpy dphy, L$pfZ L$ Aop sp hdp flsy lphpu spu Ap lgp y{jy hQ
epe.
""Ad Zsp u'' Ad lgp y{jy blhQ sZ epS>gy lphpu pspu kp h cmhu
sZ ""Ad Zsp u'' Ad L$lgy lphpu, sZ lgp y{jp epN bfpbf L$ep R>, Ad Z L$lu iL$pe sd
u, L$pfZ L$ shp ophpmu lpe sp S> sd L$lu iL$. (L$spZp hNf frls en bop s lpe sp
S> psp fQpf Aop R> Ad Zu s h pspu kp cmhu Ad L$lu iL$). A shy by op
s lpe sp s Arhpp sp L$pep kp pi L$fp{ lphpu Arhpp pi sp Ap vlpddrs (dpep)p
hp S> pi C e A s ps S> lpe. hmu op h S> lphpy kchsy lphpu s shy op lpe
S> rl.
dpephpvu:byr dpepy h Z Zsu u, su pspp L$sp Zsu u Ad sZ s S> gpL$
33dp L$lgy R>.
rkpsuu iP$L$p:""hp L$sp Z l Zsu u'' Ad Z sZ L$lgy R>. (sy pspy h
L$pe R> Ad Zhpdp lphpu sp L$sp L$pZ s Zhpu BR>p sp) su pspu S> Arhp sy L$pfZ lpC
iL$, L$dL$ s L$pfZ su lpe sp (pspdp flgu Arhp S> pspy L$pfZ lphpu hpe vpj pe, A byry
49
L$pfZ su Arhp A sp Ape byr Ad Aepe-Ape vpj Z pe ) A hu Arhp S> sy

L$pfZ R> Ad sd (dpephpvu) Z huL$pfp R>p, su dpepp hy s op u Ad sdpfpu L$lu iL$pe.
dpephpvu:h sp Apqv Arhpu L$pegp R>. byr s Apqv Arhpp hy op u, A S>
AZ ""hp fQpf l Zsu u'' A ivpu L$lg R>.
rkpsu:epf hy h Apqv S> R> epf s Arhpu L$gp lphpy iy dpZ R>? rhpu
sp pi pe R> s S> sp Arhpu L$gp lphpdp dpZ R> Ad L$lp sp, s MpVy$ R>, L$pfZ L$ rhpu
pi sp Arhpu D egp kkpfp S> pe R>, cNhp fQgp Qp pi sp u. Qp pi
hpy sp MpVy$ lphpy lgp S> Ad rk L$fgy R>.
hmu A dpZ dpn A hp pi lpe R> A s y{jp lphpu kv L$fhp epe lpe R> Ahy
sd S> L$lp R>p A rgsp R>.
dpn pdgpdp Z hu [rs lpe sp a$fu s kkpf ps pe, Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ kkpfp
L$pfZ su Arhpp pi egp R>, A s kvp cNhpu kP$Nsdp fl R>. hmu ""L$pse! d ps L$ep
R>u sp yS>d sp u''(cN.Nusp8&16) Ahy cNhpy hQ Z R>.
dpep pspp hy op R>, L$pfZ L$ s pspp h Sy>A R>(gp.34). fsy sy Z s
ep op u, L$pfZ L$, ""Al] Ad R>uA Ad ZuA R>uA''(gp.34) AV$gy S> s L$l R>183
S>u pp L$fgu lpe sy S> Arcv L$fhy epe R>, s rkhpepy Arcv L$fhy epe u.
yfS> s dvp yfdp hi L$fhp S> rh[s L$fgu(gp.29) R>sp sZ AL$kp hj kyû sdp cpN
cpNhhpy L$d L$y?(gp.30)
kdp^p:Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ AL$kp hj kyû cpN cpNhsp L$pC Z kde hfpe sp u.
hmu yfS> pp L$fu, sdp Z """yL$m dhpmp dpfu kp Ap yf ipcph''(gp.29), Ad "yL$m
dhpmp' rhijZu AL$kp hj kyû cpN cpNhhpu pp k|Qhgu R>. L$pfZ L$ ep kyû yf(vl)dp fl
sV$gp kdeu Avf rhjedp hfpe pe sp ûf-ûf vlpddrsp epN sp, Ap (dvp=byr)u kp
yfdp hi L$fhpdp L$V$ S> L$ey NZpe. s kdeu Avf sp epN L$f, rhjep cpNep L$f, sp OZp
L$dhpmp NZpe.
hmu yfdp AL$kp hj kyû S> flhpy lpe R>, su ""sd cg Apep''(gp.36) hNf ivpu
dvpA Arcv L$fgy R>. hmu dvp bu L$pC kp kb^ ep li (Sy>Ap gp.26) Ahu iP$L$pu
yfS> yfdp hi L$fhpu pp (gp.29) L$fgu lphpu s ""spfp rkhpe bu L$p l fdZ L$fphui?''
(gp.38) Ad L$lu bu L$pC kp kb^ eg lphpy S>Zph R>. op vlpddrsp pi L$fp{ lphpu
yfS> ophpmp pe sp ps S> flu iL$ rl, su s q$ephpmp pe s dpV$ Ap dvp sp bplApy
hZ L$f R> (gp.42). L$pfZ L$ s q$ephpmp pe sp s (dvp)y L$pe rk pe. Al] bpmZu Ns
Ahpy sp rpy rZ L$fg R>. fpn ( Zu iL$pe shp) hpvdp vp rhjedp Np L$fhpy S>
50
L$lgy lpe R>, su (epf s yfudp yfS> A dvp Apv L$fsp epf) NhepAp Np L$fsp Ad L$lgy R>
(gp.43-44). Ahp gpL$dp epf S>dg h fX$ R> epf S> b^p Np(Apv) pe R>, su v S>
Np lpe shy hZ L$fgy R>.
yfS> ""uAp kp $uX$p L$fsp kfphfdp hi L$ep''
(gp.44) ivpu rpy hZ L$fgy R>. kh L$pepdp byr dye R>. 45-55 kyûp gpL$dp cpNp
kp^py hZ L$fgy R> A cpN byr Aû lphpu, Ap gpL$pu byr hi egp hu S> L$p Dd
L$pf L$lgu R>. h byr Apû flu S> kh L$pep L$f R> Ad 56-62 kyûp gpL$pu viphgy R>. bpgL$u
[rsdp Ns Ahp A rp S> lpe R>, h_ lpsy u, su Ap b AhpApy S> rZ L$fu Ap
Aepe |fp L$fgp R>.
bpgL$u Ahpdp lgpu hpkp gu^ h_ hpy kch, sp Z s rhjep rQe L$fphp{
L$pC dpZ lphpu Ap Aepedp h_y rZ L$fgy u, A h lpsy u Ad S>Zphg R>.
Ap Aepep 45-55 kyûp gpL$pdp yfy hZ L$fgy R> A sdp yfS> S> L$pe L$fsp s
S>Zphgy R>. ""dlpfpZu S> BR>p L$fsu s dpZ S> s hs L$fsp''(gp.56) Ad kpdpe fus L$lhpu S>
kh s sd lphp R>sp, ""s p L$fsu epf p L$fsp'' (gp.57-62) hZ Ad S>Zphhp L$fgy R> L$
bpgL$u Ahpdp [f lpsy u184-186
Aepe 26; h_php:
L$pCL$ pY$ hep pe epf h_ Z pe R>, Ad S>Zphhp R>hukdp Aepedp h_y rZ
L$fgy R>. pY$ Ahp sp hp Aych sp lphpu Ap Aepedp hy rZ L$fgy R>. pY$
Ahphpmp hp hy sp kp^p kp hZ L$fgy R>(gp.1-3), epf R>up kps (4-10) gpL$pu
h_y h L$lgy R>.
iP$L$p:kkpfp kb^dp L$ey sd N^hNf sfuL$ h_y rZ L$d u L$ey, A sdp hi
L$fhpu egp kyMp Apvfu kyMu egp sfuL$ hy rZ L$d u L$ey? dNep L$fhp S>hp vy:My L$d
rZ L$ey R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ S>d pR>gp Aepedp bpgL$u Ahp L$lu sd Al] L$pCL$ pY$ egpu
Ahp L$lhpdp Aph R>. A s (pY$ egp) A[f lpe R>, dNepdp Z shy A[f lpe R> su Ahu
L$p L$lgu R>. A dpZ lgp vi gpL$pu h_y rZ L$fu R>u ApNmp L$fZpp rhcpN Ap
Aepedp S> viphgp R>. 11-16 kyûp gpL$pu sZ b|dfpZ L$fu d|ey s L$lgy R>, A kfdp gpL$u
uAp s Df Ap R>. 18-20 kyûp gpL$pdp dlpfpZup L$p hpy L$pfZ sZ ip^hp dpX$ey s L$lgy A
R>hV$p R> (21-26) gpL$pu s sy rQs (dphhpp epk) L$f R>. yfS> kkpfu lphpu brldyM
lsp, R>sp rQs L$fsp cNhp rs rQ S>hpu, cNhpp cs Ahp bpZ rkhpe S>Z sp Afp^
L$fg lpe s rinp L$fhpy L$l R> (gp.24). A dpZ pY$ Ahphpmp hu L$p L$lu187-188
Aepe 27; rhpi L$fpfp kp^py kpre:
51
rhpi L$fpfp kp^py Aphu lpQhy A kphukdp Aepep A R>.

Ap Aepedp yp hNfu p[s Z L$lgu R> (gp.6-9) R>sp sp Ahp A L$d lpe? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ kkpfdp Y$ Apk[s ep R>u vl Apdp dphpu byru S> qfZpd Aph R> s
Ap Aepedp L$lgy R>. rhpi L$fpfp kp^py kpre AV$g h OX$Z, hf hNfp kb^ hp s S>
R>, A shp kb^ vl hNf vppdp Y$ Apk[s ep R>u pfp, vl Apdp dphpu byrA D
L$fgp, shu vy B[epp qfZpdp(L$pep), byru q$epAp A rhjepp cpNpu pe R>. Ahp cpNp hNf
L$f A epNy ApQfZ L$f sp h OX$Z hNfp kb^ S> pe. Ap Aepedp Aphp kb^ L$lgp
R> s rhpi L$fpfp kp^p kdudp Aphhpy S> L$lgy R>. vl Apdp dphpu byru hu S> [rs pe
R> sy Ap Aepedp hZ L$fgy R>. Apdp vl Apdp dphpu byr S> dye R>, su Ap Aepep lgp
S> gpL$dp shu byr yfS>uy hs S>Zphgy R>. vl Apdp R> Ahu byr rhp, S> cpN hNf Ap
Aepedp L$lhpp R> s hpy kchsy lphpu Ahu byry rZ Al] L$fhy S> CA. Aphu byr
spdku R> R>sp Z Al] pY$ Ahphpmpu L$p L$lgu R>, A s fpS>k lphpu su uA Z s
AyL|$g flhy CA, su s Z fpS>ku S>Zphgu R>. su s spdku lphp R>sp s fpS>ku L$lgu R>.
rhjepp cpN fNyZu S> pe R>, A su s rhjepp cpN L$fhpdp AyL|$g S> i Ad S>Zphgy R>189
Ap Aepep 6-9 kyûp gpL$pdp B[epp qfZpdp yp, A byru q$epAp yuAp
S>Zphu yfS>p hiu hry rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ S> y{jp S>V$gp kkpf blpf lpe R> sV$gp Avf
sp As:L$fZdp Z lphp CA. L$pfZ L$ Avf As:L$fZdp kkpf lpe sp blpf Z kkpf hpy
kchsy u. su sp As:L$fZdp Z kkpf R> Ad S>Zphhp blpf y hNf krsu W$ As:L$fZdp
Z shu S> y hNf krs lphpy L$lgy R>.
iP$L$p:b^pA hp sV$gp (1100) B[epp qfZpdp A sV$gu (110) byru q$epAp lpe
shp red u, L$pfZ L$ L$X$gpL$ sp sV$gp qfZpdp A q$epAp ep lgp hQ S> dfZ pd R>. hmu Ap
AL$kp hj hpfp kb^dp S> L$lgy R> Ad Z L$lu iL$pe rl, L$pfZ L$ Ad L$lhpu Ap kh hpp
kbû kp^pfZ L$p lphpy MpVy$ W$f R>. R>sp 1100 B[epp qfZpdp A 110 byru q$epAp lphpy
L$d L$lgy R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ As:L$fZdp kkpf ep R>u S> blpfp kkpf pe R> Ahy Ap L$py spe
R>. A Avfp kkpf khdp flgp R>. su Ap kh hpp kbû kp^pfZ L$p L$lgu R>190
blpfu kh hp eo L$f s kfMp lphpy kchsy u. su ArNepfdp gpL$u Ad S>Zphgy R> L$
hp vpp ps L$fhpp Z dpf h fpM R>. A a$g Appfp vhp rsAp hNfy s |S> L$f R>
su Ad S>Zpe R> L$ App dpf hp vp ps L$fhpp R>. A a$g Appf vhp hNfy |S> S>dp
sy lpe s rkhpep eop s L$fsp u. Aphp eopdp Z S> L$pf buAp uX$p pe shp L$pfu S> s L$f
R> Ad Ap gpL$dp L$lgy R>. pQubrlj Z Sy>vp-Sy>vp vppu L$pdp L$fu shp S> eop L$fsp lsp, su
gpL$dp sy V$ps Apgy R>.
cNh; A[lp, vi|Zdpk, iy, Qpsydpe A kpd A pQ (Sy>Ap khrZe gp.1-3 )
52
re L$d rkhpe bu L$dpdp iy hNfp h^ L$fhpu vpj pe R>. re L$ddp DepNu lphpp L$pfZu iy
hNfu L$pdpu S> L$d L$fhpdp Aph, shp L$ddp Z iy hNfp h^ L$fhpu vpj sp u. A dpZ
dpuA sp hvhpep rhfp^ pe, App rZe khrZe L$fZdp L$fgp R>.
Ap gpL$dp sp ""spfu W$ Sy>vp Sy>vp vppu L$pdp fpMu'' Ad L$lgy lphpu, Ap L$d sp vpj
D L$fp{ S> R>. su pQubrljy V$ps Apey s epe S> R>. su S> ""l rs! l fp! s
rve eodp S> lfp iyApu lep L$fgu R>, s hpp kd|l sy '' (A.25&7) Ad pQubrlj sZ
lZgp iyAp pfv vMpX$ R> s Z OV$ R>. Df S>Zphg pQ L$pfp re L$ddp lZpegp iyApu Dd
Nrs pe R> Ahy ipdp L$lgy R>. pQubrlj lZgp iyApu shu Nrs C u(Sy>Ap A.25&8) su sZ
pQ L$pfp re L$ddp Ap iyAp lZgp Ad dphpdp A ipp hQp rhfp^ pe191
bpfdpu Qpvdp kyûp gpL$pdp L$pg k|Z L$pf kvp pi L$fpfp R> s S>Zphg R>. Al] qvhk
sp fpr N^h sfuL$ hZhgp R> A kpmdp gpL$dp sApu kp pZ ey L$f R> Ad L$lgy R>. sp Ahp
Arcpe R> L$ L$pg k|Z L$pf, kvp pi L$fpfp R>. bpmZdp Z s pi L$f R>. R>sp Z pZ dfZ
sp AV$L$ph R>, fsy Qpf L$pfp gep L$u kvp dey L$fpf hu L$pgu S> kvpu [rs R> s AV$L$phu
iL$sp u192
Qpvdp gpL$ kyûdp A dpZ L$lu 15-17 kyûp gpL$dp Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ k|Z L$pf S> pi
(L$pgu) pe, s AV$L$phpf L$pfZ pZ S> R>, L$pfZ L$ pZ fl ep kyû S> vl c R>, B[ep Z
pZu S> bg ps pe R>. B[ep Ais pe epf rQsp L$fphpf pZp ney op h pe R>, epf
|g pZp ne ep Ad s Z R>. S>pu B[ep O L$pe L$fhpu i[shpmu fl s |g pZ R> Ahp
B[epdp Ahu i[s lphu A S> pZy |g Zhy. dp rS>vNu cph s k|d pZ. su B[epdp
i[s fl, |gpZp L$pe B[epu i[s S>su fl epf sp L$pfZ |g pZ fp u Ahy Aydp
pe R>193
Ahu fus h rQsp L$fphpf pZp ney op pe R>. s kde Z pZ A B[ep hu
lpe R>, A sdpu cpN hpy Z kch, R>sp B[epp qfZpdp, byru q$epAp sp u hNf L$pm
L$p sp pi L$fgp lpe R> Ahp sd r{epNu L$fgp lpe R>. L$V$gpL$p pi L$fgp lpe R> A L$V$gpL$
r{epNu L$fgp lpe R>. L$ L$pg sp kvp Dd R>, L$pfZ L$ App rhpi hpdp DepNu pe shu L$pC Z
q$ep s kde L$pg L$fsp u, A s S> kde buu B[epp bg hNfu hr egu hpdp Aph R>,
R>sp Z sV$gp (AL$kp hjp) L$pg esus pe epf khp B[epp bg hNf khp ne pe R>, su s
L$pg L$fgp Ad L$lhpe R>, fsy B[ep hNf ps S> sV$gp L$pg esus sp bglu pe shp R>.
epf sV$gp kde huep lgp S> shp bglu L$d sp u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ pspp
kb^hpmp sV$gp L$pg bglu hpdp rrd lphpu sV$gp kde lgp bglu sp u. R>sp B[ep hNf
1
ps S> shp R>, L$pfZ L$ sp s S> L$pg L$pC AL$kp hj kyû A L$pC kpm hNf hj kyû bghpmp fpM
R> Ad hpdp Aph R>. su sApu rcsp L$fphp{ L$CL$ Ahe lphy CA; A s L$CL$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp vl
2
kp kb^ L$fpfp Sy>vp-Sy>vp vp S> lphp CA. L$pg kdp lphp R>sp L$pCL$u B[epu i[sp ne
sp u, shp kP$Np Chfu BR>pu Ahp pfû pe R> Ad Zhy. Ahp AY$pfdp gpL$dp S> ny
53
cpN A L$pgp cey Aop L$lgp R> s b pspu dm S> AV$g pf^ gu^ S> pe R>, fsy B[epu
i[su sp u194
(1.AL$kp hj hpX$pf vl R>. vl D ep R>u su kp kb^dp Aphpf Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp
B[epu i[s hNf L$fphpfp R>. Apd lphpu L$pg B[epu i[s DrS>s L$fpfp lp L$ sdp dp klL$pfu
lp, fsy s D L$fpf sp cpN Ahp cpN L$fhpp vp S> R>. su "ps S>'p A ""cpN gu^
Ahp cpN L$fhpp vp gu^'' Ahp pe R>.
2.h vlp kb^ ep R>u sp cpN L$fhpp vpp Au ps egp cpN L$fhpp vp: S>hp L$
cpS> O L$fhpu Apmk, rh{ cpS> L$fhpu fpN, pXy$ cpS> L$fhpu bglu, CA sV$gy epe
cpS> L$fhpu i[s. AphfZcP$N)
A dpZ B[epu i[sp pi hpy S>Zphu, ApNZukdp gpL$u Apfcu vlu i[sp pip
L$pfZ OX$Zy rZ L$f R>.
lgp Qpf(19-22) gpL$py spe Ahy R> L$ L$pgu L$ep S>fp(OX$Z) vhsp R>. sZ | Df
AyNl L$fgp, A pfv ip Apgp(gp.22). Ap vhsp S>fp; dey hpy R> Ad S>Zphpfu R>. epf
S>fp vldp hi L$f epf S> dey Apey R> Ahy cp pe R>. S>fp S> vlu Z Ai[s L$fphpfu R>. S>fp
Aph epf vlu Z Ai[s pe R>. s v|f L$fhpp L$pC Dpe S> u Ad S>Zphhp hukdp gpL$u
Apfcu Aepep As kyû su L$p L$lgu R>. Aphu fus ApS> rhpiL$pfu kpdNuy kpre L$fphpfu R>.
su L$pg gu^ hu i[sp rNl hp A S> Ap Aepep A R>.
L$V$gpL$ Ad dp R> L$ Ap hu i[sp rNl A.28&22 kyû L$lgp R>, fsy s bfpbf u.
Ap Aepep As kyû S> s L$lg R>. L$pfZ L$ Al] hu i[sp S> rNl hZhgp R> s dye epS>
lphpu hZhgp u fsy pi hpp R> sp L$pfZ sfuL$ hZhgp R> Ad sp sApA Z dphy X$i. A
su Aepep A pi R> Ad L$lhp L$fsp B[ep hNfu i[sApp OV$hpu sy pi L$fpfp kp^py
kpre S> Ap Aepep A R> Ad L$lhy h^pf epe R>.
Ad lpe sp Z A.28&22 kyû Ap Aepe Qpgy R> Ad dphy CA, fsy Ad L$lhy epe
u, L$pfZ L$ Ap Aepedp pi L$fpfp kp^py kpre S> hZhhpy R>. shy kpre Ap Aepep
gp.30dp L$lgp Ahpmy S> R>. su uk gpL$p S> Ap Aepe R>. epf R>u 28dp Aepedp piy hZ
L$fgy R>195-196
Aepe 28; rhpi:
A$phukdp Aepep A rhpi R>. sp lgp pQ gpL$pdp S> rhpi L$fpf "ce' pdp
ehfpp cpC hpf sp ehkrL$p L$lgp R> s hsspu pi L$fpfp u, fsy hpf AV$g hf
hNf fpNp kp dmu S>fp S> kh rhpi L$fpfu R>, L$pfZ L$ Nep Aepep ApNZukdp gpL$dp ""dpfp ke
kp sy '' Ad ce S>fp L$lg. su cep L$lhp dpZ hpf(hf) A sp krL$p(fpNp) rhpi
L$fhpdp dp S>fp kp L$pe L$fpfp S> R>, A kh rhpi L$fpfu sp S>fp S> R>. vlu i[s, byr hNfp
pi L$fpfu lphp R>sp S>fp ps AL$gu khrhpi L$fu isu u. fsy hpf A krL$p u klpeu S>
khrhpi L$f R>. R>sp lqfp csp vlp rhpi L$fu isu u.
54
S>fp ps pe L$ sfs S> vlp pi sp u, su S>fp sp pi L$fpfu u, fsy "S> S>p

R>u sfs S> L$lgp R> s s R>' A red dpZ ce(dey) S> pi L$fpfp R>, Ahu iP$L$p pe sp s MpVy$ R>.
L$pfZ L$ Qpp gpL$dp ""bû yfu uX$p L$fhp gpNu'' Ad kpdpe fus krL$p vy:M vhp gpep Ad L$lu R>u
R>$p gpL$dp ""L$epu Ofpegp A su L$p[sfrls egp'' Ad L$ep(S>fp)y Mpk rZ L$fgy R>. sy
spe Ahy R> L$ L$d L$fhpp Ar^L$pfhpmp AV$g L$d L$fhpu i[shpmp ifufdp L$p[sfrls hNf vpjp D
L$fu S>fp sp pi L$f S> R>197
iP$L$p:gpL$ 18-21 kyûdp yfS> rQsp epy L$lg R>. s kde su lgpu byru q$epAp
lphpy kchsy u, R>sp ""vuL$fuAp, yp, pp, S>dpCAp hNfdp ddsp fpMu flgp''(gp.16) Ad L$d
L$lgy R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ yp hNf S> rQspp rhjep As:L$fZdp hpkp flgp s khp pi i
Ad dpu s rQsp L$fhp gpep. vl S> Apdp R> Ad s dpsp lsp. Ahu dpesp S> byru q$epAp hNf
khp pi L$fphpfu R>. vl S> Apdp R> Ahu su dpesp lphpu vlp pi sp khp pi i Ahp
rhQpfu s rQsp L$fhp gpep. Ap lgp L$lgy lsy A lh L$l R>, L$pfZ L$ vlp pi L$fphpf Nmpy ^phy
A (MpfpL$ Dsfhp hNf) sp L$pep lh hp gpep A su s vy:Mu hp gpep. Aphp kde Z
gp.18-21dp S>Zpep dpZ s rQsp L$fhp gpep, s L$p Ad S>Zphhp L$lgu R> L$ dfZp kde Z s
cNhp uL$Zy dfZ sy u. h epf vldpu uL$mu e R> epf su pR>m pZ, B[ep, byr
Z uL$mu e R>. h bp Ai lphpu s uL$mu S>hy X$ s epe u, R>sp Z ed pspp
Ar^L$pf gu^ s bg|hL$ ifufdpu blpf L$pY$ R>, AV$g hy vldpu uL$mhy ed Aû R>198-199&&
iP$L$p:"iy' eo re L$d R>. ipdp shp eo L$fhpu Apop R>. R>sp ""Ap veplu S> eop
iyApp h^ L$fgp sAp App s py dfZ L$fsp, $p^ L$fu s Ly$lpX$pu L$p R>''(gp.26) A hpe L$d
OV$? Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ re eo Z rhr^ rhp AV$g ipdp L$lg lpe su Sy>vp L$pf L$fhpdp
Aph, sp s fL$ S> ps L$fph R>, Z rhr^ dpZ L$fhpdp Aph sp sd sy u199&&-200
kphukdp gpL$u Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ h Ly$Vy$by pjZ L$fhpp a$gp gpbp kde kyû Aych
L$fu, ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu byr Y$ lphp gu^, ""As kde S>-S> vpy dfZ L$fsp vl sS> R> s
-s vp S> ps L$f R>'' (cN.Nusp8&6) A cNhpe dpZ a$fuu pL$s vl ^pfZ L$fu S>d R>. A
dpZ hpfhpf S>d dfZ ps L$ep L$f R> A dpZ kkpfp dpNy hZ y{ L$fgy R>.
bu S>dpdpu su Avfu A blpfu [rsy rZ L$fgy u L$pfZ L$ yfS>u Avfu
A blpfu [rs Df L$lgu S> R>. su lh S> dpN s dy[s ps L$f R> s dpNy gp.28u Apfcu
hZ L$f R>201-202&&
iP$L$p:kkpfdpN A dy[sdpN dp Ahp S> cv R> L$ kkpfdpN blpfp R>, epf dy[sdpN Avfp
55
R>, bu L$pC cv u. su kkpfdpNp S>hp S> dy[sdpN R>, fsy dy[sdpN Avfp rhQpfu NlZ sp
lphpu Avfp R>, epf kkpfdpN blpfp rhQpfu NlZ sp lphpu blpfp R>, Ahp cv R>. su
kkpfdpNp redp S> gpNy pX$hpu dy[sdpN Z Zu iL$pe shp lphpu sy hZ L$fhy L$pdy R>.
L$pfZ L$ kkpfdpNdp vl S> Apdp R> Ahu byrp kP$Nu A B[ep hNf Apdp dphp gu^ S>d
sApp qfZpdp A q$epAp y A yuAp L$lgp R>, sd dy[sdpNdp cNhp Apdp R> Ahu byr
lphpu sdpdp l sp, sdp Dvi L$fpf Ny{p kP$Nu lqfu khpdp {rQ-hZ hNf kspp R>.
S>d kkpfdpNdp hpf hNf Avfu A blpfu vy:M L$fpfp R>, shp dy[sdpNdp s vy:M v|f L$fpfp
Avfp A blpfp hfpe R>.
S>d kkpfdpNdp N^hp Apeyep ne L$fpfp R> sd dy[sdpNdp cNhpu c[s sp ne AV$L$phpfu R>
Ahy ""sp rhp S> nZ esus pe R>...'' (2&3&17) A hpeu L$lgy R>.
kkpfdpNdp S>d S>fp B[ep bmu L$f R>, sd dy[sdpNdp epNu sApp Df rhS>e ps pe R>.
kkpfdpNdp S>d pL$s byru pL$s hpe R>, sd dy[sdpNdp Apdp b R> Ahu byru bcph ps
pe R>.
dy[sdpNy rhij L$pf hZ S> L$fhy BR>gy lpe, sp S>d B[epp qfZpdp hNf Avfp rhjepy;
yp hNf blpfp rhjep sfuL$ hZ L$ey, shu fus blpfp S> rhjepy Avfp rhjep sfuL$ hZ L$fhy epe
NZpe. Apd lphpu yfS> S> u sfuL$ S>ep, sp kbû Z kh V$ kde sd lphpu hZ
L$fhy L$pdy R>.
hmu lgp kkpfdpNy hZ L$fsp Avfp rhjepy blpfp rhjep sfuL$ hZ L$ey, A dy[sdpNdp kkP$N
hNf blpfp vppy blpfp sfuL$ S> hZ L$fhpdp Aph, sp Adp N|Y$ fl fsy dp ivdp S>
N|Y$ fl, AV$g S> N|Y$ A L$lhpp Apfc L$fg sp rhfp^ pe
Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ L$ Ad b dpNdp kdpsp S> R>, R>sp pQubrljdp s bp cv
Zhpu i[s lphpu, lfL$pC L$pf N|Y$ A L$lhpy huL$pfu S> dy[sdpNy hZ L$fgy R>. pQubrlj
L$ddp Apk[shpmp lphpu b dpN kdp lphp R>sp (AL$ dpNp hZu) s bp cv Zhpu i[sfrls
lpe s epe S> R>.
iP$L$p:Avfp byr hNf vppy blpfp u hNf vpp sfuL$ hZ L$fu N|Y$ A L$p. Ap
dy[sdpNdp sp kkP$N-hZ hNf blpfp vppy blpfp vpp sfuL$ S> hZ L$fhpdp Aphi, sp R>u
L$py N|Y$ Ahpmy lphp ep fy? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Al] cNhpp ^dpp kb^ gu^ dy[s hpy L$lhpy R>, A s kb^
blpfp A Avfp Ahp cvu b L$pfp R>. s L$u blpfp kb^ Z Avfp S> R> Ad Zhy, L$pfZ
L$ ""App kP$Nu l L$sp pJ'' Ahu byr ep R>u S> egp ky{jp kb^ dy[s ps L$fphpfp pe
R>. sd lpe sp csp pl L$fhp dpV$ L$fgp ky{jp kP$N Z dy[s ps L$fph, fsy sd sy u,
L$pfZ L$ s fL$dp Mph R>. su dy[sdpNdp blpfp sfuL$ S>Zpsp Z kkP$N hNf Avfp S> lphpu,
sApy blpfp sfuL$ hZ L$fhpdp Aph sdp lgp L$fsp L$pC cv sp u. Apu, u sfuL$ S>dg lpe s
dy[s ps hpy L$lhy A bu ipu rh{ R> Ahu iP$L$p Z MpV$u W$f R>, L$pfZ L$ Al] vlp ^dy u
sfuL$ hZ L$fgy u, fsy Apdpp ^dy shy hZ L$fgy R>; A Apdpp kb^dp su hssp A
56
y{j A fssp A u R>, Ad Df(L$pqf.178 dp) L$lgy R>. Apy su kp Ayk^p L$fhy.
su y{j hNf sfuL$ S>y hZ L$fgy R> s blpfp vpp epf Avfp C u sfuL$ D pe, epf sdp
L$pC cv sp u.
epf uy fs Sy>vy L$d hZhgy u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ s cNhp Ahp
cNhvue Aû R> Ahy uy hZ L$fgy R> s S> sp fsZpy hZ lphpu, fsZpy Sy>vy hZ
L$fhpy S>fu u. Ap dpZ Ap L$fZ k|Z fus N|Y$ Ahpmy R>.
"kkP$N hNf blpfp vpp blpfp sfuL$ S> hZhgp R>' Ahp ds dpZ s blpfp lphpu kP$N
hNfp A N|Y$ u, R>sp Z ""dgehS> fep''(gp.29) hNf ivpu s L$lg lphpu, dp ivp
kb^dp N|Y$ fl R>203-203&&
Ap dpZ Ap L$fZ N|Y$ Ahpmy lphpy S>Zpey. lh yfS>p u sfuL$p S>dp rhQpf L$fuA.
Df S>Zpey s L$pf y{j hNfdp L$pC cv u, R>sp ""Dd u C''(gp.29) Ad su
pL$s [rs L$lu, hQ bu S>dpy hZ L$fsp, u ep R>up hsps L$p, su Ahp rZe pe R>
L$ s up S>d ps L$fg yfS>uS> L$p R>. yfS> S>hp kkpfu h dpn ps pe s kchsy
lphpu, sp u sfuL$p S>dy hZ Sy>vp Apfcu L$fhpdp Aph R>.
cNhpu BR>pu sp S>d vhpge hNf pdp cNhpp khL$pdp ep, A su uL$Zp
L$pep L$fhpdp s cspp kP$N ep. L$ kkpfu h pL$s [rsdp Aphp S>d hpy kchsy u, R>sp
Z cNhpu BR>pu sp Aphp S>d ep S>. pL$s [rsdp S> cNhpu L$p pe, A ApL$s
[rsdp S> pe, sp h Df L$pC Z kde cNhpu L$p pe S> rl; L$pfZ L$ ApL$s [rs pe epf
S> cNhpu L$p pe A cNhpu L$p pe epf S> pL$s [rs V$mu ApL$s [rs pe AV$g
cNhpu L$p hu A ApL$s [rs hu A bp AL$-bu Df Ap^pf fl. su lgp cNhpu L$p
pe A S> epe R>.
cNhpu L$p sp kkpfu h ArhhL$u AV$g cNhpy L$pe AgpqL$L$ R> Ahp cp rhp uL$Zu
khpp L$pepdp cNhpp csp kp X$pe R>. Aphp ArhhL$u S> kkpfu h sfuL$ ApmMpspp sp S>d
cspdp pe R>. vrnZdp rhvc vidp (gp.29) sp S>d epy L$lgy R> s Z Ap epS>u L$lgy R>.
L$pfZ L$ vrnZ vi rkhpe buS> cNhpu |p hpl lpsp u. vrnZdp cspdp s u sfuL$ S>ep
AV$g s uL$Zp L$pep L$fhpdp csp kp X$pep203&&-204&&
R>up ukdp gpL$p Ahp A pe R> L$ uL$Z u khpp L$pepdp gpNgp s uL$Zdp d
ep, AV$g hZ L$us dfZ pvkh AQ hv A vpe A kps L$pfu c[s C. A dpZ kvp A
kps L$pfu c[s L$fhpdp Aphsp s vfL$p L$fpX$p L$pfp ep. Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ hZ hNf AL$hpf
L$fhpu sp OZp L$pfp sp u, fsy hpfhpf L$fhpu sp OZp L$pfp pe R>. AV$g L$fpX$p hpf hZ hNf
L$fhpdp Aph epf S> y{jp ps L$fph R>, AL$hpf L$fhpu ps L$fphsp u(gp.31).
57
bukdp gpL$p Ahp A pe R> L$ cNhpp L$pey rQs L$fsp sp ddp cNhp Df Y$ d
ep. lgp sp pspp Ar^L$pf gu^ cNhpy L$pe lfL$pC L$pf L$fhy Ahu byru s A L$pe L$fsp, A yp
hNf bu pk s L$pe L$fphhpdp dp fpMsp (bu pk L$fphsp rl). epf R>u kvp cNhpp L$pey
rQs L$fhpu sp ddp cNhp Df d ep, A s Z v|f pe shp Y$ ep. Ap d gu^ khp
L$fpf buSy> L$pC lpe sp Z ps khp L$ep rhp flu isp lsp. shp Y$ cNhpdp d ep epf buAp
khpdp rh L$fi Ahp op gu^ hcphu S> buApdp hfpe ep. R>u csp kp S> kP$N L$fsp; A
sdu pku kvp cNhpu L$py hZ L$fhpu cNhpp dplpey op C R>u cNhp Df OZp S>
Y$ khu Ar^L$ l ep. shp lu cNhpu c[s L$fhp gpep. Apu Ad S>Zpey L$ sp pZ B[e
A As:L$fZ p Aepkp v|f ep, L$pfZ L$ cNhp pZu Z Ar^L$ re ep A B[epp cNhp
dpV$ S> DepN L$fhp gpep204&&-206&&
R>u d, byr, rQ A AlP$L$pf A Qpf L$pfp As:L$fZ L$u AlP$L$pf S> bpL$u fp. ""l dpfp
epku S> kh ps L$fui'' Ahp L$pfp AlP$L$pf bpL$u fp. sukdp gpL$u Apfcu s v|f L$fhpp L$pf
L$lgp R>.
AlP$L$pf gu^ S> hr L$f R> s S> gi pe R> sy Ap gpL$u Apfcu hZ L$fgy R>.
cNhp Aû C fl, sp sd flhpu S> kh y{jp rk pe. ""l; d ps ps L$fgp kp^pu y{jp
ps L$fui'' Ahp rhQpfu dpZ Df Ap^pf fpMu hr L$fpf Apr^cprsL$ hNf S> gi pe R> s
Al]u L$lgp R>. Ap gpL$dp AlP$L$pfp L$pe uL$Zy S> L$pe, s "dgehS>' L$lg R>, A su S>
"Ly$gpQg'(gp.33) "dqvfnZp'(gp.34) A ivp epS>gp R>. L$pe (uL$Zy L$pe=dgehS>) A sy
L$pfZ(AlP$L$pf) b AL$ lphpu, s (dgehS>) S> AlP$L$pf Z L$lg R>. yp Z epN L$fg lphpy
(gp.34) L$lg lphpu, lgpu W$ hZ hNf Z L$fsp u Ad S>Zpey. ""uL$Z k L$fhpu
BR>pu''(gp.33) Ad L$lgy lphpu hZ hNfp k|Z epN L$fg u, A su S> AlP$L$pf gu^ s
L$fhpu hr L$fpf L$lg R>.
L$V$gpL$ kde R>u kp[hL$ As:L$fZdp ""ep OZp uQ l A ep bp hNf ps hp vygc
cNhp!'' Ahp L$pfp cNhpp dplpep Aych sp, vusp L$V$ hpu ""l dpfp epku ps
L$fui'' Ahp L$pfp AlP$L$pfp pi pe R>, A ""dpfp S>hp uQu cNhpu khp L$d i?'' Ahu rQsp
pe R>. lgp S> rQsp su s sp ps S> cS> L$fhp epe lphpu su. epf R>u lh Df S>Zpep
dpZ, cNhp ps hp bl L$W$Z R>, Ahp op gu^ cS> R>pX$u v, sp c[sdpNp pi sp kh
y{jppp pi i, Ahp rhQpfu OZu cpf rQsp hp gpNu. A rQsp gu^ S> O vy:M hp gpey.
46dp gpL$u Ap A L$lgp R>206&&-208
42dp gpL$dp AlP$L$pfp pi (dgehS>y dey) epy L$y. epf R>u Z s uL$Zy L$pe
AlP$L$pfu L$fsp lphpy L$y s Aepe R>, Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ AlP$L$pfp Ai flhpu sZ a$fu s
S> dpZ uL$Zy L$pe L$ey. Al] dgehS>y ds ifuf S> AlP$L$pfp Ai R>. s gu^ ""dpfu vuspu S>
cNhp k i'' Ahp rhQpfu uL$Zy L$pe L$fhp gpep, R>sp Z cNhpu p[s C rl. epf s
AlP$L$pfp Aip Z pi ep. dgehS>p ifuf rQspdp bpey A AlP$L$pfp Z pi. A dpZ
AlP$L$pfp Aip pi sp ""b^y cNhp Aû R>, A cNhp k L$fhp bl S> L$W$Z lphpu
58
dpfpu L$pC Z C iL$ sd u'' Ahp rhQpfu, pspp hy op lphpu pspp pip S> rhQpf
L$fsp lsp, epf Asepdu lqf ps S> su pk L$V$ ep. Arhpp lgp Aheh hpopp lqfA
ps S> pi L$ep, AV$g pspp hy op ey, A bu L$pCu pi pe shp AlP$L$pfp pi lqfA
L$ep209-209&&
""pQ bNuQp pQ B[epp rhjep R>...''(gp.57) hNfu epep L$fgy R> sy L$pC epS>
u, L$pfZ L$ Asepdup kpnpL$pf sp, Ar^L$pfhpmp h pspu dm S> sy op pe R>, Ahu iP$L$p
pe, sp Zhy L$ epep L$ey epf S> s op ey. epep rhp op ps L$pfZ L$ hpep A R|>p
lpe shp hpeu k|Z k|d op ps sy u. s kh vppy ep op lphpu, shu fus epep
L$fhy epe S> R>. Asepduy pL$V$ sp dp op L$fphhp S> egy su sp dp L$V$ hpu S> kh op pe
rl. dp pL$V$u S> op L$fph shy de bg sp y{jpddp S> R>, A s Z y{jpd L$V$ L$fgy lpe
epf S> L$pe rk L$f R>. su, y{jpd debg L$V$ L$fg lphpu S>, dyQyLy$v uL$Zp vi hp R>sp
dy[sdp rhgb Ag, Ad su L$pdp (Sy>Ap 10&49&64) L$lgy R>. Ap sp Asepdu L$V$ Ag su
epep L$fhy epe S> R>.
iP$L$p:epf S>d AsepduA L$fgp epepu hvc} eg yfS> op ey, sd brljv s
epep kpcmhpu op L$d ey?(Sy>Ap A.29&1) Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ yfS> iy L$fhp epe R> A kh rhjedp svv d|Y$ lsp(iy L$fhy epe A iy
rl s L$pC Zsp S> lsp), A su epep L$fu N|Y$ A L$p s Dfu S> s op ey. epf Ap
brljv sp Ahp rQe L$fgp L$ L$d S> L$fhy CA, A buSy> L$pC L$fhy epe u. Aphp rQe gu^ s S>X$
S>hp egp, su rh{ ophpmp lphpu A epepu s op ey. S>X$ op pe s epe S> R>.
Ahu fus uL$Zu L$pu Ap yfS> hdy[s ps C(gp.64). cNhp OZu L$p L$f sp c[sy
Z s S> kde vp L$fu ps L$V$ C fd dy[sy Z vp L$f, fsy yfS> Df ApR>u S> L$p L$fgu
lphpu s hdy[s S> ps C
209&&-211
R>u Ap dp yfS>u L$p S> L$lu R> Ad brljv dp s dpV$ pfv s L$l R> L$ (Ap L$p
L$lu) sZ hsys: s Aepdopp Dvi S> L$fgp R>(gp.65); L$pfZ L$ brljv s dp L$p S> Z sp
s Aepdop ps L$fhpu BR>p S> pe A su pfv L$lg bû L$p e pe. su l Ap kdep
u Ad brljv Z, A su s op ps L$fhpu BR>p pe s dpV$ d s Ap L$p L$lu Aepdopp
S> Dvi L$fgp R> Ad pfv s L$lgy R>.
Aepe 29; kvl rhr A a$g p[s:
A$phukdp Aepep gp.57 u Apfcu N|Y$ Ahpmu L$pp pX$p cpNy epep L$fu sp A
V$ L$fg R>, bpL$uu L$pp A V$ L$fg u, su s N|Y$ Ahpmu u Ad dphy. brljvp du
funp L$fhpdpV$ pZ A B[ep kyû bpZp hQpfp pfv epep L$ey. A epep Ahp lsyu L$fgy L$
brljv sV$gp epepu op ps pe sp R>u s fd dy[s ps L$fhpdp DepNu pe shp Dvi
L$fhp, fsy sV$gpu s op pe sp rhspfu bpL$uu L$py Z epep L$fhy. ApNZukdp
59
Aepep lgp gpL$ brljv L$p su s op ey u Ad S>Zpsp, pfv pR>u N|Y$ Ahpmu L$p L$lhu
X$su d|L$u, L$lgu bû L$py V$ epep L$ey. L$pfZ L$ lfL$pC L$pf brljv op L$fphhy lsy. epep
ps a$g u, Z op L$fphp{ R> A s pXy$ S> L$fgy. sV$gpu op Z pe. pfv R>u rhspfu
R|>p A V$ L$p (gp.2-28) sdp 24dp gpL$ kyû lgpp S>dp hps L$p. 25dp gpL$dp
vpjy hZ L$fgy R>. 26dp gpL$dp pZ hNfp NyZp pspp NyZp dphpdp L$pfZ eg hp Aopy
hZ L$ey R>. 27dp gpL$dp NyZpp Arcdp gu^ s S> L$dp L$f R> s L$lg R>. 28 sp 29 dp gpL$dp s
Ahp L$dpu ps sp b L$pfp a$gy hZ L$fgy R>. brljv L$ddp Apk[s gu^ S>X$ Agp lphpu pX$p
epepu s op S> ey. su 29 dp gpL$u Apfcu R|>p Ahpmu L$pdp L$lg Au, Ar^L$ A
s pfv L$lg R>. 30dp gpL$dp s Of-Of cV$L$sp L|$sfp S>hp L$lgp R>, A 31dp gpL$dp shp L|$sfpu W$
h Z L$d dpZ kpfp Ahp Mfpb a$g ps L$f R> Ad L$lgy R>. R>u dy[s ps pe ep kyû vy:Mu
ffp S> Qpgy fl R> Ad 32dp gpL$dp L$lu, 33dp gpL$dp Ad L$l R> L$ cNhpu c[s rkhpe vy:M v|f
L$fhpp bu Dpepu vy:M v|f sy u. A bu Dpep sp dpp Dfp cpf Mcp Df d|L$hp S>hp S> R>
Ahp V$psu A rhje Dd L$pf kdep R>. R>u 34 sp 35 dp gpL$u vy:Mp L$pfZpp rQe L$fu,
36dp gpL$dp cNhpu c[s S> vy:M v|f L$fhpp Dpe R> Ad S>Zphgy R>. R>u 37-41 kyûp pQ
gpL$u vy:M v|f L$fhpp Dpe c[s ps L$fhpy kp^ cNhpu L$py hZ R>, Ad L$lu 42-45
kyûp gpL$pu c[s rkhpep b^p kp^p cNhpu p[s L$fphu isp u A X$sf R> Ad S>Zphgy
R>. R>u c[sdpNdp cNhpu L$p S> cNhp ps L$fhpy dye kp^ R> Ad 46dp gpL$dp S>Zphu,
47dp gpL$dp hqvL$ L$dp brljv L$fsp lsp, sp epN L$fhpp Dvi L$fgp R>. R>u 48 sp 49 A b
gpL$pu Ad S>Zphg R> L$ y{jp ps L$fhpy kp^ L$d R> Ahy Ap L$p hZ L$fpf brljv S> op lsy
s dp cd lsp, A R>up AY$u(48&&-51) gpL$pu ke L$dp rZe sp Ace ps L$fphpf
ulqfp QfZprhv S> R> Ahp rZe L$fgp R>. R>u yp s L$fu pR>p Aph ep kyû brljv fpe Qgphhp
fpL$pC fl s dpV$ gpL$ 53dp pfv s lfZy V$ps Ap R> A gpL$ 54dp s brljv S> gpNy pX$u
s A epf R>up 55dp gpL$u fpe hNfp epN L$fu Ofdpu sfs S> uL$mu S>hpp Dvi L$f R>f1f217&&
brljv ""Apdp L$dp L$sp u'' Ad dpsp lphpu s iP$L$p pe R>. s Ahu iP$L$p L$f R> L$:
1.L$dp L$sp sp a$g cpNhpp lpe R> su L$sp A cpN b AL$ vpdp S> lphp
CA(gp.58) hmu
2.epf L$d L$f epf S> sp a$g cpNhhp CA(gp.59) fsy sd sy u. cpN kde S>
Apdp L$d L$fsp lpe sp cpN L$fhpdpV$ sZ L$d L$ey L$lhpe. Ap sp Ad sy u. bu S>ddp a$gp cpN
hpp lpe s dpV$ Ap S>ddp L$d L$fhpy L$d kch? k|d vl sp L$d L$fu isp u. su |g vl S> L$d L$f
R>. L$d L$f s S> a$g cpNhhpy lpe. su Ad dphy CA L$ cpN L$fsu hMs S> rgP$N(k|d) vl lpe
sZ S> L$d L$fgy lphy CA (L$pfZ L$ R>up S>ddp cpN ps pe R>, epf L$d L$fsu hMsp |g vlp
sp pi eg lpe R>). fsy rgP$N vl sp L$d L$fg lpe Ahy kchsy u, L$pfZ L$ spdp L$d L$fhpu i[s
u. su |g vl S> L$d L$fgy lphy CA. pR>mp S>ddp S> cpN ps pe R> s S> L$dy a$g R> s L$d
L$fpf lgpp S>dp vl sp s kde lpsp u. epf a$g L$pZ cpNh? hmu L$sp lpe s L$d L$f (pR>mp
S>ddp lgpp S>dp L$d L$f) shp vl Z lphpu L$d Z ep fl (L$ppu pe)? S> pe. su AL$
S>ddp L$fg L$dp a$g bu S>ddp cpNhhpy kchsy u. bu S>ddp L$d L$fpf lgp S>dp vl
sp sZ L$fgy L$d Z lphpu, L$d L$fpf a$g dmhpy L$hu fus OV$?217&&-218&&
60
Apy kdp^p pfv Ad L$f R> L$:rgP$N vl S> L$sp R> Ahp rQe R>. |g vldp S> L$d L$fhpu
i[s hpdp Aph R>, s rgP$N(k|d) vlu S> R>. sd lpe sp dfgp |g vldp Z shu i[s lphu
CA; Z k|d vl lpe epf |g vldp L$d L$fhpu i[s lpe R>, fsy s vl sdpu S>sp fl epf R>u
Ahu i[s lpsu u, su Ad rk pe R> L$ k|d vlu S> s i[s R>. k|d vl S> L$dp L$sp R>.
Z |g vl lpe epf s k|d vlu Z cpN C isp u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
S>d AhpS> L$fhpu i[s Npfpu R> A X$L$p sp s i[sy pjZ L$fpfp R>, sd L$d L$fhpu i[s k|d
ifufu R> A |g ifuf sy pjZ L$fp{ R>.
lgpp S>dp |g vl L$fgp pjZu S> k|d vl L$d L$ey, sp a$gp cpN L$fhpdp Ap S>dp
|g vl L$hu fus pjZ L$f? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ pjZ L$fhpdpV$ |g vlu S>f u, fsy L$pC
Z vl lphp CA. su L$pC Z vlu sy pjZ C iL$. su rgP$N vl L$dp L$sp lphpu A bu
S>ddp Z sp s S> rgP$Nvl lphpu L$dp L$fpf L$pC u; Ahp S> vpj S>Zpep s flsp u.
Ap kdp^p sp kpP$Meds dpZ L$ey.
hpsrhL$ fus sp Apdp S> L$dp L$sp R>, L$pfZ L$ s Qs R>. rgP$Nvl sp S>X$ lphpu s L$sp R>
Ad L$lu iL$pe. Apdp S>dp flg R> shp rgP$Nvl S> L$sp R> A Apdp(h) sp dp L$d L$fphpfp R>,
Ad Z L$lu iL$pe, L$pfZ L$ Ad lpe sp kyspf S> hpkgpp DepN L$f R> s hpkgp S> L$d L$fpf NZpe,
kyspf L$sp NZpe.
L$d L$fphpf sp s NZpe L$ S>u Apop rhp L$d pe S> rl. rgP$Nvl lpe ep fl A s lpe
ep fl, Ad rgP$Nvl hi flpf Apdp sp rgP$Nvlp flW$pZhX$ L$d L$fhp rkhpe buSy> L$pC L$pe L$fsp
u, su s L$d L$fphpfp u. su Apdp S> L$d L$fpf R>, kkpf sfu NAgp ApdpAp A sApdp Z
cNhp Dfp d gu^ NyZpsus Agp iyL$ rhNf S> cNhpp NyZpy hZ hNf L$f R> s L$fpf Apdp
S> R> Ad dphy X$i, L$pfZ L$ rgP$Nvl sp NyZpu cf|f R>. hmu rgP$Nvl L$sp R> Ad dppf Z
Apdpp kb^hpmp S> rgP$Nvl L$sp R> Ad dphy X$i, A Ap kb^ ""l rgP$Nvl Ry>'' Ahu Apdpu
dpesp Aepk S> R>, A Aepk Arhp R>. kkpf sfu Negp hpu Arhp sp v|f egu R>, su
sAp Df S>Zpep dpZ hZ L$f R> s L$fpf rgP$Nvl R> Ad L$lu iL$pe sd u. kkpfu hp sp rgP$N
ifufhpmp Apdp S> L$f R> Ahp Aych sp lphpu, sdp kb^dp rgP$Nvlhpmp Apdp S> L$sp R>. AV$g
rgP$Nvl Z L$sp R>. AV$g |Zop lpe ep kyû rgP$Nvlhpmp Apdp S> L$sp R>. sdp rgP$Nvl Apdpy
kp^ R>(gp.60). S>d kyspfy kp^ hpkgp R>, sd rgP$Nvl Apdpy kp^ R>. gp.60dp rgP$Nvl kp^
R> Ad V$ L$lgy R>.
rgP$Nvl cpN cpNhhpdp Apdpy L$ep L$pf kp^ R> A hp V$psu gp.61dp rk L$fgy R>, A
gp.62dp L$d gu^ ych L$hu fus pe R> s kbû rkps L$lgp R>218&&-221&&
A dpZ brljvu iP$L$py kdp^p L$fu, L$d hpdp Aphsy lphpu a$g cpNhhy X$ R> s
61
Aepe R>, Ahu iP$L$p v|f L$fhp, L$d hpdp Aphsy lpe sp Z lpe R>; A L$d Apdpp Ap^pf flsy
lphpu sp Ap^pf Apdp sp L$sp R> Ad rk L$f R>. A Aepk rhp L$d sy lphpu Aepky hZ
L$f R>. s L$u d kps gpL$pu Ad S>Zph R> L$ L$d hpdp Aphsy u, su s u Ad L$lu iL$pe rl
(gp.63-69) A R>u vi (70-79) gpL$pu Aepky hZ L$f R>.
L$d hpdp Aphsy u su u Ad L$lu iL$pe, L$pfZ L$ qvipAp, L$pg rhNf OZp vpp R>, R>sp
hpdp Aphsp u.
epf L$d R> A rhjey dpZ iy? Ahp pe, su pfv L$l R> L$, rQu s-su
hrAp; L$pe lsyu lgpp S>ddp L$fg L$d lphpy Aydp pe R>(gp.63).
iP$L$p:Ap S>ddp L$fg lpe shy L$d vMpsy u, su a$g cpNhhy X$ s Aepe R>, Ahu iP$L$p R>,
epf Dfdp sd L$lp R>p L$ lgpp S>ddp L$d L$fg sy a$g cpNhhy X$ R>. fsy Ap Adpfu iP$L$py
kdp^p u.
kdp^p:Ad L$lp sp s epe u; L$pfZ L$ sd sp L$d dp AV$g L$pC Z L$d, hpdp Aphsy u
su, u Ad L$lp R>p. s dpZ rZe sp lpe sp Ap S>dp kb^hpmy Z L$pC Z L$d lphpy rk
rl pe, L$pfZ L$ sy L$pC Z L$pe AV$g ipps L$d L$fhpu fgpL$dp ps hpy L$pC Z a$g hpdp
Aphsy u. su lpgdp S> a$gp Aych pe R>, s a$g lsy (rQl) gsp, lgpp S>ddp L$fg L$d
lphpy rk pe R>. s V$ps dpZ Ap S>ddp Z S> L$d L$fhpdp Aph R>, s Z epf R>up S>dp
vl lpe ep kyû fl R> Ad S>Zphhp dpV$ 63-79 kyûp kf gpL$pu L$dy A Aepky rZ L$fgy
R>.
s L$u lgp kps(63-69) gpL$pu L$dy rZ L$f R>. 63dp gpL$dp rQdp sp Sy>vp-Sy>vp
rhQpfp Dfu sp Aydpu L$d lphpy rk L$f R>. gpqL$L$ L$pfZ lphp R>sp rQdp S> Sy>vp-Sy>vp rhQpfp
Ahp Sy>vu-Sy>vu gpNZuAp pe R> s rhrQ L$pfZu pe R>; L$pfZ L$ s rhrQ L$pe R>. su S>d Sy>vp-Sy>vp
fP$Nhpmy h Sy>vp-Sy>vp fP$Np spsZpApu pe, sd s rhrQ(Sy>vp-Sy>vp) L$pfZu Ag R>. Ap Aydpu
Sy>vp-Sy>vp |hp S>dp L$d rk pe R>.
R>u 64 sp 65dp gpL$pdp sL$u |h S>dp L$d lphpy rk L$f R>. du S>p Aych C iL$
shp A lpg ApZu pk lpe A lpg S> hpdp Aphsp u shp vppp L$pC hpf hdp Ahp
dpfdp Aych pe R>. Ap vpp lgp L$pC hpf Aychgp lpe sp S> sApp Aphu fus Aych pe.
lgp L$pC hpf sdp Aych ep lpe sp lpg Z ddp sdp Aych pe. su |h S>ddp
Aychgp vpp lpg ddp gphpf buSy> L$pC lphpp kch lphpu, sd ddp gphpf |h S>dp
L$dp S> R> Ad rk pe R>.
66dp gpL$dp d S> |h S>dp L$dp S>Zphp{ R> Ad L$l R>. 67,68 A 69dp gpL$pdp Ap
S>ddp L$pC hpf ep-kpcep Ahp Aychgp lpe shp, Ahp hsys: lpe su Sy>vp S> L$pfp
vppp S> Aych pe R> s Dfu Z |h S>dp L$dp lphpy rk pe R> Ad L$lgy R>. A dpZ |h
62
S>dp L$dp lphpp rQe pe R>221&&-224

brljv S> iP$L$p L$fg sy ApV$gpu kdp^p C e R>. R>sp ApNm 70-79 kyûp vi gpL$pu
Aepky rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ Aepky rZ L$ep rhp Apdp L$sp lphpy A rgP$N vl L$d L$fhpy
kp^ lphpy S>Zphu iL$pe sd u, L$pfZ L$ S>d kyspf lp lpe sp s hpkgp L$X$u isp u, sd
Aepk lpe sp Apdp rgP$Nvlu L$d L$fu isp u. hmu Qs (kyspf)p dp kepNu S>X$ (hpkgp)u
q$ep C isu u, shu S> fus rgP$N vl A Apdp kb^ lpe sp, rgP$N vl L$fgp ye Ahp p
p L$dp kp Apdp L$pC kb^ lphpu hrdpN A rhrdpN b e pe. su Aepky rZ
L$fu Apdp sp rgP$Nvl p kb^ viphhpu Apdp L$sp A rgP$Nvl L$d L$fhpy kp^ R> Ad S>Zpsp
kh OV$. su Aepky rZ L$fgy R>. s L$ey lps, sp brljvu iP$L$py kdp^p L$ey s L$ep S>hy S> fl,
L$pfZ L$ Aepk rhp L$d S> C isp u. su S> R>hV$ gpL$ 79dp Aepk Arhp R> A s v|f L$fpf
cNhpy cS> L$fhpp Dvi L$fgp R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp L$lgy R> L$ ""S>Ap dpfp S> Ape L$f R> sAp Ap
dpep(Arhp) sf R>''(cN.Nusp7&14)225
epf R>up Z(80-82) gpL$pu brljv pfvp Dvi dpZ hs} dy[s ps L$fu Ad L$lgy
R>. rspu dy[s pe sp, yp, rspu dy[s hp gu^, rspu sy b^ flsy u. su Qskp
dy[s ps L$fhpdp AX$QZ fl s dpV$ brljv dy[s ps epy L$lgy R>. epf R>up Z(83-85)
gpL$pdp Ap pfv L$lgp Apepp hZ hNfy a$g L$lgy R>.
Aepe 30; Qskp Ap gpL$dp a$gu p[s:
ApNZukdp Aepedp brljvu L$p |fu C ukdp sp AL$ukdp Aepepdp dp Qskpu
L$p L$lgu R>. ukdp Aepedp sd Ap gpL$y a$g ps hpy, A AL$ukdp Aepedp sd fgpL$y a$g
ps epy L$lgy R>226
iP$L$p:"cNhpp vi Qskp ep(gp.4) epf lgp sAp sdu syrs L$f s epe R>; Z
Al] sp d syrs L$lsp cNhpp hQp(gp.8-20)S> d L$d L$lgp R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Qskp Ap gpL$y A fgpL$y kh a$g cNhp S> Apgy R>. y{jps kp
ei, kyM A fdpvu p[s Z uL$Z S> Apd L$fphg R> Ad ""dpfu L$pu sd Ap gpL$p A
fgpL$p cpNp cpNhip''(gp.17) A cNhpp hQu rk pe R>. Ap kh sdZ pspp su ps
L$fgy u, fsy cNhp S> sd Apg R> Ad S>Zphhp, d cNhpp hQpu cNhp s Apg
lphpy L$lg R>.
cNhpp vi A uL$Z kp kpeye A fdpvu p[s R>. sdp rsp L$fsp sd Ap
Ar^L$ dmgy. brljv cNhpp vi ep lsp s dp Apv ps ep lsp, fsy |Zpv ps
ep lsp, QskpA hnp bpep(gp.45-46) A sAp y{jps ps eg lphpy viph R>
epf sdZ syrs L$fu(gp.22-42) sp iy DepN? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ cNhpp
h a$g S>pu ps pe shp Ar^L$pf ps L$fhp sApA syrs L$fgu. Ahp bu dpNpdp syrs
63
L$fhpu k Agp cNhp pku cs a$g ps L$f R>, fsy c[sdpNdp cNhp ps S> epf csp
pspp sfuL$ kh a$g ps L$fph R>, epf cs pspp k|Z AP$NuL$pf cNhp L$ep R> Ad Zu, syrs
rhNf L$fhpp psp Ar^L$pf ps ep R> Ad Zu R>u cNhpu syrs L$f R>. Ahp pspp k|Z
AP$NuL$pf cNhp L$ep R> Ahp opu csp vl Avfp Apvu cf|f C, epf blpf Z bû
B[epdp Apv L$V$ pe R>, epf hpZupfp vlu blpf uL$msp s syrs sp lphpu Apv S>
Ar^L$pf R>. su S> c[sdpNdp lgp cNhpp hQpu Apv ps pe epf R>u cs syrs L$f R>.
su cNhpp hQp(gp.8-20) R>u syrs(gp.22-44) L$fgu R>227
Aepe 31; Qskp fgpL$p a$gu p[s:
epf 31dp Aepedp pfv Qskp Dvi L$ep, s e L$ep! Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$
""ApQpehpmp y{j cNhp Z R>'' A ipy hQ ke pe s dpV$ pfv Qskp A Dvi L$fgp R>.
L$ Qskp rih Z Dvi L$fgp R>sp s Dvi cNhp L$V$ L$fhpy kp^ C, bu L$pedpV$
L$pdp ep. hmu k[V$ L$fhpdp (hi Qgphhpdp) DepNu pe s dpV$ rih s Dvi sd L$fgp lphpu, dpn
ps L$fhpdpV$ DepNu lsp. hmu ""rih A cNhp S> Dvi L$fgp s Ad rhkfu Nep R>uA, su Ap
Ad Aepd opp Dvi L$fp'' (gp.6-7) Ahu Qskpu pp gu^ pfv rih A cNhp L$fgp
Dviy dfZ L$fphhp Ap Dvi sd L$fgp su s Dviy dfZ L$fphhy A S> Dviy epS> R>. rih
A cNhp L$fgp Dvi rhkfu S>hpy L$pfZ cNhpy cS> L$fhy s S> R>; L$pfZ L$ kkpfdp Of L$fu
flsp sdpu cS> C iL$ rl. su cS>u S> kh a$g ps i Ahp lsyu pfv Dvidp sAp
cNhpy cS> L$fhpy L$lgy R>228
cNhpy dplpe Zu Apvfu cNhpu k|Z fus khp L$fhu. Ap S> Ap ApMp L$^dp
sp sp Qpf L$fZpdp A sp V$p L$fZpdp Z rQe L$fgp R>. su Ap k|Z L$fZpy hZ L$fu
rhvyf OZp k ep A epf R>u S> de pku Nep. cNhpy cS> L$fhpu S> kha$g ps pe R>,
bu L$pC L$pf sy u Ahp khipp A Zu cS> L$fhpdpV$ S> epu uL$mu Nep. s kde sZ
cNhpp QfZpfrhv vedp A pspp Ny{ dep QfZpfrhv dsL$ Df ^pfZ L$fgp(gp.28).
L$pfZ L$ Ny{A Ap ipp A L$p su s OZp k egp. cNhpp cS>dp rh L$fpf vpj S> R>,
A Ap rhvyf cS>u p[s C lsu AV$g sp kh vpjp v|f egp. Apu V$ S>Zpe R> L$ s
fpedpu A Ofdpu L$pY$u d|L$pf AV$g sp rs AL$pf L$fpf ^sfpV$ Df Z sZ Ap de L$fg
Dviy hZ L$ep R>u DL$pf L$fgp(Sy>Ap 1&13&1 sp 17-27). AV$g s khp vpjfrls egp229230&&
64
L$^ pQdp:p
byrfL$L$Ze pv kuvsy&
eppkdhppd AdpL$ khvp hs:&&
ep L$fhpu Ai[shpmp Ad hp Df; byr fZp L$fpf uL$Zy QfZdg pspu dm kvp
k flp&&1&&
L$^p A:
lh cNhpu AgpqL$L$ pgugpy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. Qpp L$^dp rhkNgugpy rZ L$ey.
s gugpdp bu kp^pu depvpu ps C iL$ shp ^d hNf y{jpp cNhp pspp p{ju AV$g pspu
i[su vn hNf ps L$fpep. Ap L$^dp sp cNhpu depvp gugpy S> rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>, Ahp
Qpp A Ap pQdp L$^dp cv R>.
""hLy$W$p rhS>e s [rs'' Ahu pu epep 2&10&4 dp Apgu R>. psp Aû L$fhy s
rhS>e. pL$s vpp (shp Qphuk lphpu sd) Qphuk L$pf, h A b Ahp Apdpp b cv lphpu
Apdp b L$pf; Ad Ly$g R>huk L$pf kh pspp Aû L$fpe, su sV$gp R>huk Aepepu Ap pQdp
L$^dp p gugpy rZ L$fgy R>.
ucpNhsdp "p'iv b Adp epS>gp R>:
1."ues' flhpe R> "A[d' Apdp(S>dp) s p(2&10&1).A
2.[rs A S> p (2&10&4).
su S> gugpApp pd L$lsp 2&10&1dp "p'iv epep A gnZ (epep) Apsp
2&10&4 dp "[rs' iv epS>g R>. su AdyL$ y{j AdyL$ L$d L$fhpu AdyL$ p ps pe, Ahp AL$
bup kb^p red cNhp S> L$fgp R>, s redy Ap L$^dp rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. su S> Ap
cNhpp "rhS>e' AV$g Dd L$pfp S>e L$lg R>2
p Z Z L$pfy R>: 1.vidp 2.L$pgdp A 3.Apdpp hdp.
1.hN, c|rd A pspg Ahp Z gpL$ (Al] gpL$ ivu gpL$dp flpfpAp L$lgp R>. su rhfp^
u AphfZcP$N) gpL$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp lphpu vip Z L$pf R>.
2.""bpf drlpAp, pQ FsyAp, Ap Z gpL$ A s k|e AL$hukdp'' A yrs dpZ L$pg AL$huk L$pfp R>
A
3.Apdp, b A h Ahp, b L$pfp R>.
Ap Z Ly$g R>huk L$pfp ep, su py R>huk Aepepu rZ L$fgy R>3
iP$L$p:""hLy$W$p rhS>e s [rs'' Ahy S> py ucpNhsdp gnZ Apgy R> s epe u,
L$pfZ L$ vi hNf Df cNhpp S>e sp u, Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ "ues' flhpe R> "A[d' Apdp(S>dp) s p A eyr dpZ

pp A Dd L$pfu [rs pe R>. A vi L$pg sp Apdp y h Zdp AL$ kp [rs cNhpu
S> C iL$ R> su shu [rsy rZ A cNhpp S>ey S> rZ R>. su cNhpu A Zdp AL$kp
[rs R> Ad rk L$fhp shu [rsp ff rh{ kp^p L$lhpdp Aph R>.
Ap L$u L$pg Chf lphpu Apdpy h A L$pg A bp AL$ hN ep A vi bu hN ep.
su hdp [rsy hZ L$fhpdp Aph su S> L$pgdpu [rsy hZ C e. L$pg Df cNhp rhS>e
dmh, L$pg cNhp Aû pe, epf S> L$pgdp [rs C NZpe. L$pg pspp AV$g psp Aû pe,
Ahp pspu Avf [rs pe epf L$pgdp [rs C L$lhpe. Apdpp hdp [rs L$fhpdp L$pg X$sf
R>, su s X$sf fl sd L$fhpu sp Df rhS>e ps L$fg NZpe. bu L$pf L$pgdp [rs pe rl.
hvdpN sp pspp hu S> Apdpdp [rs L$fphpfp R>. su hvdpNy Sy>vy L$fZ L$fgy u3
L$du depvpu vidp [rs pe Ahp rQe R>. Ap L$d L$fhpu Al](Ap vidp) S> [rs pe
Ahp red vidp [rs R>. L$d Z kp[hL$ hNf Z L$pfy lphpu, S>hy L$d L$fg lpe shp vidp S>
spu [rs pe R>. Apdpp hdp [rs L$fphpf sp hvdpN S> R>. bu dpN Apdpp hdp [rs
L$fphsp u 1.rQ iy L$f shy L$d L$fhpu pspp Apdpp hdp [rs pe R>. A 2.op pe epf
"cNhp Apdp R>' Ahy op hpu cNhpp hdp [rs pe R>. Ap b L$fphpf hv lphpu, hv S>
Apdpp hdp [rs L$fphpfp R>.
vidp [rs L$fphpfp kp^ S> L$dp R>, s sp hvdp S>Zphgp lphp R>sp Z hvdpN}e u,
L$pfZ L$ hvy spe Ahp L$dp L$fhpy u. ""kh hvp S>dp py ep ^f R>'' A yrs A ""kh hvpu
Zhp epe l S> Ry>'' (cN.Nusp15&15) A drs dpZ hvpy spe b S> R>. S>y dye fus S>dp
spe lpe s; s dpNy R>. hmu BR>gp p lpQpX$ s dpN, A hvdpN b BV$ p lpQpX$pfp
R>, L$pfZ L$ hvpy spe bdp S> R>. su Z gpL$ vidp lpQpX$pfp L$dp bu p[s L$fphpfp
lphpu s b Ahp hv dpNp NZpe s epe S> R>. ""kkpfu hp kv X$ s dpV$ L$dp L$lgp R>'' A
hpe dpZ L$dp sp OZp brldyM, kkpfdp Apk[shpmp y{jp L$pC Z L$pf hqvL$ L$dp L$fhp dpX$ s dpV$
L$lgp R>.
eprsQ$dp Nlp R> s Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgh S>Zphpfp A s-s kdeu lv bp^pf lphpy L$lgy
R>. sAp L$pgp Akp^pfZ NyZ lpe sp S> sAp L$pgy h S>Zphpfp A lv bp^pf lphpy OV$,
A sAp L$pgdp flpf lpe sp S> sp Akp^pfZ NyZ lpC iL$. Nlpu Dr [rs A pi lphpy
ipdp L$lgy lphpu, sAp L$pgp hpcprhL$ NyZ R> Ad L$lu iL$pe rl A Nlpdp pspu dm L$pgp NyZ
sfuL$ eprsQ$dp flhpu i[s Z u. su epf Apr^vrhL$ L$pg Df rhS>e pe epf s psp Aû
sp Apep[dL$ sp Apr^cprsL$ L$pg Z psp Aû sp lphpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp Nlp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgp NyZ
lpe shp L$pfu eprsQ$dp d|L$hp A sdpu s-s L$pgu lv b^pe sd L$fhy A L$pe cNhpu S> C
iL$ shy R>. bu L$pCu L$pg Df rhS>e ps L$fpsp lphpu Nl hNf sd Aû lpsp u. su
eprsQ$ hZ L$fhpu lqfp Dd rhS>ey S> hZ pe R>.
L$dpp Ahp vip (gpL$)p A hpcprhL$ NyZ u L$ L$dy iy a$g Aphy sp rZe L$f, Ahp
Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$dp a$g sfuL$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp vidp [rs hpp rZe L$f. Ap L$dpp Ahp vipp hpcprhL$ NyZ
lpe sp s rhjedp cNhp L$sp (a$g Appf) lpe rl, A ""pZuApp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp cphp dpfpu
S> pe R>'' (cN.Nusp10&5) sp ""a$g Apdpu (Chfu) dm R> L$pfZ L$ shp rZe R>''
(bk|3&2&38) A bk|u rh{ lphpu cNhp s rhjedp (a$gvp L$fhpdp) L$sp u Ad L$lu iL$pe
sd u. Apd lphpu L$dp Df rhS>e eg lpe sp Ahp L$pfu depvp L$fpf lphp OV$ rl. hmu L$d
cNh S> R> Ad lgp (khrZeL$fZ gp.1-2 S>Zphgy R> su Z cNhp rkhpe bu L$pCu L$d
Df rhS>e C iL$ sd kchsy u. su Df S>Zphg L$du depvpy hZ L$fhpu cNhpp L$d Dfp
Dd rhS>e S> S>Zphpe R>.
shu S> fus ""hy L$sp lphp sp Chfu S> ps egy R> L$pfZ L$ shu yrs R>''
(b.k|.2&3&41) A bk| dpZ L$dp L$spAp Z cNhp Aû lphpu, hvdpN hdp [rs
L$fphpfp R> s Z pspu i[su L$fphsp u L$pfZ L$ ""S> cNhpp rhjedp hvp op L$fphpfp u''
""epu hpZu pR>u a$f R>'' A yrsAp A ""hvpu dp{ vi C isy u'' (cN.Nusp11&53) A drs
dpZ cNhpy h b lphpu hv Aû rl lphpu, hv pspu i[su Apdpp hdp [rs
L$fphpfp R> Ad L$lu iL$pe sd u. hmu ""Ap y{j kP$Nfrls R>'' A yrs dpZ cNhpdp bu L$pCu
[rs lphpy kchsy u, A sd cNhpdp buu [rs lpe sp hv L$pdp pe, A dpnp rhpi
pe. ""kh hvp S>dp py ep ^f R>'' ""b Zpf f-cNhp ps L$f R>'' hNf yrsAp hvu
DeprNsp A dpny rZ L$f R>. Apd lphpu S>d hy h A by h psp Aû R> A
S> hv hNf kh dpZp hi fpMpf R> sdpu S> Ap L$pe C iL$, buu C iL$ rl. Apd lphpu Al]
hdp [rs lphpy L$y, su Apdpp h Dfp Dd rhS>e S> L$lhpep. cNhp kP$Nfrls lphp R>sp
dys hpp Ap^pf pe R> s cNhpp pspp h Dfp rhS>e R>. su (L$pg Df rhS>e, vi Df
rhS>e A Apdpp h Dfp rhS>e) Ap Z cNhp S> L$fu iL$, bu L$pCu C iL$ rl.
cNhpu Ahu BR>p pe L$ AdyL$ h pk l Aphy AdyL$ L$pe L$fphy sp cNhp s pspu
i[s Apu su pk shy L$pe L$fph R>. su S> rehs fps Z qvhk L$fhp i[sdp egp(&1&30).
Ad lpe sp Apdpp hdp S>u [rs lsu shp cfs lfZu eprdp S>d gC flhy X$ey s
OV$sy u, Ahu iP$L$p Z MpV$u R>, L$pfZ L$ s hsps Z cNhpp Dd L$pfp rhS>e S> viphpfp R>,
L$pfZ L$ cNhpu Ahu BR>p pe sp pspu BR>pu A Z L$pfu [rs a$fhu Ahp bvgphu pMhpy
(ps L$fg rhS>e ps L$fg L$fhpy AphfZcP$N) L$pe Z cNhpu S> C iL$ shy R>. su cfs
lfZ C flhy X$ey A hsps Z cNhpp Dd L$pfp rhS>e viph R>. Ahu fus Ap L$^dp kh
L$pfu cNhpp rhS>ey S> rZ L$fgy R>. su S> ""hLy$W$p rhS>e'' Ahy py gnZ L$lgy R>. S>d
L$[s hLy$W$dpu S>e A rhS>e pjvpp yS>d ep, sd Ap cfsp Z cNhp yS>d L$fphi Ad
S>Zphhp dpV$ S> pp gnZdp "hLy$W$' iv Z epS>gp R>. b A (S>e-rhS>e sp cfs) L$ddpNu
cS> L$fg lphpu, ""S>Ap L$pfZ rhpp L$pfZu..'' (3&15&14) A hpe dpZ sdp yS>d egp.
L$ bu yfpZpdp Z vidp A hdp [rs lphpy hZ L$fgy R>, fsy sp pgugpdp kdphi
sp u L$pfZ L$ Ap pQdp L$^dp S>hu pgugpy hZ L$fgy R> shp hu s u4-5
Ap pgugpy R>huk Aepepu rZ L$fgy R>. sy spe Ahy R> L$ pQ sdppAp, pQ

dlpc|sp, pQ L$d[ep, pQ op[ep, d-byr-rQ-AlP$L$pf A Qpf As:L$fZ A y{j dmu Quk
shp pe R>. L$pg kp Ap R>huk pe R>. su sV$gu S> kepp AV$g R>huk Aepepu Ap pgugpy
rZ khu (L$pCu) shpdp Apk[s fl s dpV$ L$fgy R>.
L$pg shpdp hi L$fg lphpu shp L$pgp ce R> Ad S>Zphhp L$pg shpu f lphp R>sp
ApQpeuA su shp kp NZp L$fgu R>, A su L$pgp ce kpp shpu kdp kepp Aepep
L$lu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ Ap pgugpdp flgp hp Z L$pgp ce R>, L$pfZ L$ depvpdpNdp L$pg kpp
shp khu bghp R>. dp y[V$dpNdp c[su sdp gp pe R>. su S> cfs sdpu ce epy
L$li. S>d b^pA kOdp flgp shp L$pgp ce fl R> A L$pC kde L$pCp pi ep lpe sp Z sp
ce v|f sp u L$pfZ L$ sAp hu S> cehpmp R>, shu S> fus pdpNdp flgp S> hpu L$p Ap
L$^dp L$lhpdp Aphi s b^pAp AL$ S>; L$pgp ce lphpy L$li. S>d AL$ hn L$phpdp Aph epf Z
"h L$pey' Ad L$lhpdp Aph R>, sd Ap L$^dp AL$ cfs L$pgp ce lphpy L$li AV$g depvpdpNdp
flgp b^pAp sp ce lpe R> Ad L$lgy i (NZpi) A su depvpdpN S> cehpmp R> Ahp cphp
S>Zpi6
L$fZpp A. L$fZ 1:
Ap L$^p dye Z L$fZp Df S>Zpep
1.vidp [rs
2.L$pgdp [rs A
3.Apdpp hdp [rs.
Ap L$u L$pgdp [rs A Apdpp hdp [rs bp AL$dp kdphi pe R> Ad Z Df
S>Zphgy R>. su Ap by AL$ hdp [rsy L$fZ R>. Ap hdp [rs depvpy lgp vf Aepepu
rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ hdp [rs ps L$fhpdp d kp^ R>. d Q R> A vf L$gpApp
kb^hpmp (|rZdpp) Q S> |Z pe R>. kh kp^p ps L$fgy d Z s S> L$pf |Z pe R>. su
Qu L$gp kp^ (vf) Aepepu S> Ap L$fZ L$lgy R>. vhpp A Akyfpp nps L$fpf dpk
L$pgp A^ cpN vh L$pg R>, A s Z hdp [rs L$fphpfp R> Ad cNhp ""A[ sS> qvhk
iyL$gn..'' (cN.Nusp8&24) dp L$lgy R>. su Aepepu kep vfu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ A^ dpkp
Ar^W$psp vh L$pgu L$gp Ap lgp vf Aepep R>. R>huku kepdp L$pgp Z kdphi L$fgp lphpu,
su L$gpApy Z Al] rZ L$fgy R>7
Ap lgp L$fZp Z V$p L$fZp R>. hvdp S>Zphgp L$ddpN hNf khdpNp L$u [fsp ps
L$fphpf dye dpN b R> 1.uL$Zp dpN A 2.epNdpN hmu 3.L$pC-L$pC hpf opu [fsp ps pe R>.
uL$Zp dpN lgp R> Aepepu S>Zphgp R>, s lgy V$p-L$fZ R>. epNp dpN kpsdpu
Qpvdp kyûp ApW$ Aepepu S>Zphgp R>, s buSy> V$p-L$fZ R>. opdpN vfdp AL$ Aepeu S>Zphg
R>, s uSy> V$p-L$fZ R>.
cNhp R> NyZphpmp R>, epNp ApW$ AP$Np R> A op AL$ L$pfy R>, su Ap V$p-L$fZp
Ay$d R>, ApW$ A AL$ Aepeu L$lgp R>8-8&&
hdp [rs AL$ S> L$fZu ps hpy kchsy lphpu Z L$fZp L$pdp L$p, Ahu iP$L$p
L$fhu. L$pfZ L$ cNhpu shu [rs ps pe s Dd R>. s C iL$ sd lpe sp epNu ps pe s
ded R> A s Z C iL$ sd lpe, sp opu ps pe s A^d R>. su Dd, ded A A^d
Ahp cv gu^ Z L$fZp L$lgp R>. opu AV$g buA Apgp, AV$ L$pf L$lg L$pp epep
opu hdp [rs ps pe s A^d R>.
Ap Z V$pL$fZ L$lhpy buSy> A Z epS> R> L$ Ap Z rkhpep kpm vpp shopu
Ahp R> vppp shopu dpn dm R> Ahp L$pfp dpn S>Zphpf dpNp (epe hirjL$ hNf dpNp) hqvL$
lphpu hdp [rs(dpn) ps L$fphpfp u Ad Z S>Zphhy, L$pfZ L$ Al] hvdpNpdp Df S>Zphg
Dd hNf Z L$pfp rkhpe bu L$pC hdp [rs L$fphpf L$pf u. A Al] A Z S> hdp
[rs L$fphpf L$lgp R>8&&-9&&
bu L$fZp A:
buSy>; vidp [rsy L$fZ, 16 u 26 dp kyûp ArNepf Aepepu L$lgy R>. kh, fS> A
sd A Z NyZp AL$-bu kp dmu h L$pfp pe R> A Ap h L$pfp NyZp c|rd kp cmsp, c|rd
Df h L$pfp p pe R>. su kpmdp Aepedp Ap h L$pfp p Ahp h MX$py hZ L$fgy
R>. kh NyZu Df S>hpe R> A sdpNyZu uQ S>hpe R> Ahp rQe R>. c|rd Dfp h MX$p L$lu,
de vi (c|rd) Dfu h L$pfu [rs S>Zphu A kh sp sdp NyZu S> Dfp gpL$u A uQp
gpL$u [rs ps pe R>, Ad S>Zphhp vidp [rsy hZ L$fhpdp ArNepf Aepe L$lgp R>9&&-11&&
kh NyZ Z NyZpdp Dd R> A Dfp gpL$dp [rs ps hu A sy a$g R>, R>sp Dd
gpL$dpu [rsy Al] lgp hZ L$fsp de vi (c|rd)y lgp hZ L$fgy R>, A c|rd Dfp h
MX$p L$u S>byuy d hZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ Z NyZpp kdp cph c|rd Df R> A Mpk L$fu
S>byudp R>. c|rd Df Z NyZpy rZ L$fhpdp Aphi, epf Dfp gpL$dp A uQp gpL$dp kh
A AL$gp sdpNyZy Ay$d rZ L$fhpdp Aphi.
c|rd Dfp ppy hZ L$fsp Z Apfcdp S>byuy hZ Ad S>Zphhp L$fgy R> L$
S>byudp S>hp NyZpp kdp cph R>, shp S> bu updp R> Ahu fus S>byudp L$fgy NyZpp kdp
cphy hZ bu up Z gpNy pX$hp dpV$ Apfcdp S>byuy hZ L$fgy R>. bu up cpN
(L$fhp)p pp R>, A cpNu Dr L$du pe R> A L$d L$fhpy Al] (S>byudp) S> kch R>. su
bu updp [rs hpp Ap^pf S>byudp L$fg L$dp Df flg lphpu Z S>byuy lgp hZ L$fgy
R>. hpsrhL$ fus sp S>byudp c[sy Ar^L$ lphpu S> sy hZ lgp L$fgy R>, A su S>
A.19&21-28 kyûdp vhpA L$lgp hQp Z OV$ R>11&&-13
Ap L$fZp ArNepf Aepep L$u lgp pQ (16-20) Aepepu c|rdy hZ L$fgy R>. c|rd
Df dlpc|spy S> p^pe lphpu (A dlpc|sp pQ lphpu) c|rdy pQ Aepepu hZ L$fgy R>. Dfp
5
gpL$dp A uQp gpL$dp NyZpy S> p^pe lphpu (A NyZp Z lphpu) s vfL$y (21-23 A 24-26
Ad) Z-Z Aepepu hZ L$fgy R>. uQp gpL$y dpZ (A.24&7) L$lu, R>hV$ A.26dp fL$py
hZ Ahp Arcpeu L$fgy R> L$ NyZpdp [rs L$fhpu uQp gpL$ ps pe R>. ""spdkp uQ e R>''
(cN.Nusp14&18) A cNhpp hQ dpZ sdpNyZdp [rs L$fpfpAp As fL$dp S> X$ R> Ad
S>Zphhp fL$py L$fZp As hZ L$fgy R>14-14&&
d L$fZdp d V$pL$fZp Aepepp rhcpN:
Ap L$fZp lgp R> Aepepu Ad S>Zphhpdp Aph R> L$ Apdpu pspp hdp [rs
uL$Zvhu S> pe R>. "vh' ivu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ cNhpu khp L$fhpu S> a$g ps pe R>, L$pfZ L$
vh khp L$fhp epe R>. su S> lgp rhr ^ddp Apv dppf A (Apdpdp [rs AV$g dpn ps
L$fhpp) kp^hpmp rehsu Apdpdp [rs C lsu, fsy cNhp DgV$p S> L$pfu s hr ^ddp
L$pd gNpX$u, su pk pspy L$pe L$fphu, R>u s pspu Avf pep (dpn Apep), A Ahu fus cNhp
sp kp^p pspp L$fu, pspy L$pe L$fhpdp hpfhpdp S> sdp DepN L$ep. su S> cNhp s S>
hr ^d ApQfhpy S>Zpey, bu S>Zphg rl.
Ap L$fZp R> Aepep R>. s L$u lgp Aepedp cNhpp Ahe A hue A b NyZpy hZ
L$fgy R>. bu Aepedp uy, udp L$ursy (eiy), Qppdp NyZhpmp cNhpy pspy, pQdpdp opy
A R>$pdp hfpey hZ L$fgy R>. lgp Aepedp b NyZpy A bu u, pQdp sp R>$p A Qpfdp
AL$-AL$ NyZy Ad pQ Aepepdp cNhpp R> NyZpy rZ L$fgy R>14&&-16
hdp [rs L$fphpf Ahe hNf NyZp L$V$ L$fu gugp L$fpf cNhpp L$pC AL$ Ahspfu S>
L$p Al] L$lhu CA. R>sp sd L$fsp Al] rehsu L$p L$d L$lu R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ dpgp
y{jdp Z cNhp pspp NyZpy p L$f sp s dpgp y{j Z bp sp dy A Z pp L$fhp
epe pe R>. su cNhpp NyZpy dplpe L$V$ L$fhp rehsdp R> NyZp cNhp d|L$gp lphpu, rehsu
L$p Al] L$lgu R>. Al] cNhpy A sdp NyZpy dplpe L$lhpy R>. s kb^dp cNhpp
Ahspfy rZ L$fhpdp Aph sp NyZpp cNhpdp S> kdphi C S>hpu NyZpy dplpe L$lgy pe
(NZpe), s kNpdp NyZpp dplpeu egy cNhpy Z Dd dplpe L$V$ pe. su dp
cNhpp NyZpy S> dplpe L$V$ pe s dpV$ rehs shp NyZhpmp lphpu Al] su L$p L$lgu R>.
rehsdp cNhp pspp Ahe A hue A b S> NyZp d|L$gp A bpL$up Qpf NyZp sp sp hidp S>
d|L$gp. su rehsp hidp bu y{jpy rZ L$fhpdp Aph, sp cNhpp R>A NyZpy rZ pe
A dplpe Z S>Zpe. su sp hiy Z hZ Ap V$pL$fZdp L$fgy R>.
rehs cNhpy cS> L$fgy, su S> cNhp rehsdp A sp hidp pspp NyZpy p
L$fgy. bu ippdp L$ ^d Z Ahe hNf ps L$fphpf L$lgp R>, R>sp Z cNhpp dpNdp
cNhpy cS> S> kh a$g ps L$fphp{ lphpp rQe egp R>.
lgp Aepep Apfcdp A sp As cNhpp cS>y S> rZ L$fgy lphpu rehs S>
fpe hNf cpNhsp s Z cNhpu Apopp pg cS> S> lsy Ad "Apfcdp A As lpe s S>
hQdp lphy CA' A red dpZ dphy CA. su Ap Aepep A cNhpy cS> S> R>, Ahe
6
A hue u, Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ Aepep As ""rehs L$fgy L$d Chf rhp L$pZ S> L$f?''
hNf hpepu Ahey S> rZ L$fgy R> A sp Apfcdp ""kkpfdp hfpehpmp rehs Ahe S>y
L$pfZ R> shp rhjep Df urs L$d C?'' Ahp L$fg lphpu Ap Aepep A Ahe S> R>.
epf rehs cNhpy cS> L$epy L$lg R> s OV$sy u, Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ Ap dpZ
cNhpp hdp [rsy rZ L$fhpy R>, A s cNhpp cS> rhp su lphpu Al] cS> L$epy
L$lgy R>17-18&&
rehs Ny{ pfv (pfv Apdshp Dvi L$fg(A.1&6) su sZ pfvu Apop dpZ Apdpy
S> rQs L$fhy CA. s L$fsp cNhp hpkyvhdp kh q$epAp AZ L$fu s, Ahp pR>mu cpN cpNep
s pfvu Apopy DgP$O ey.) A rsp dy u (A.1&6) ApopApy DgP$O L$ey s shp y{jdpV$ epe
lsy, Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ s dpn Ahp bcph Csp lsp Ad S>Zphhp sdu ApopApp
sZ DgP$O L$epy L$lgy R>. Ny{ Dvi L$fu sp pfp dpn Ap R>, A rsp ""sy b R>'' Ahu riMpdZ
Apu bcph L$fph R>. shp s bp hQpp rehs AP$NuL$pf L$ep Ad L$y, su s bpû ps sp
a$gp Z sZ huL$pf L$ep Ad L$lhpey. Apu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ sZ hs c[s L$fhpp rQe L$fgp.
R>sp Z cs cNhpu BR>p Aykfu S> kh L$fhy epe lphpu sZ, Ahep huL$pf L$fhp
Ahu cNhpu BR>p Zu sZ, pspu dm Ahep huL$pf L$d L$ep? A pR>mu cNhpp
hpeu (Apopu) sp L$d huL$pf L$ep? (gp.19 bpy hpe cNhpu S> Apop R> Ad pR>m S>Zphg
R> s Sy>Ap), Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhpu Ahu BR>p Zhp R>sp rehs fpep huL$pf L$ep
A sdu Apopu sp huL$pf L$ep Ad S> L$y, s Ad S>Zphhp L$lgy R> L$ cNhpu BR>p L$fsp
cNhpu Apop s Ar^L$ lsu, L$pfZ L$ depvp dpNdp cNhpy hQ S> bghp R>, A y[V$dpNdp sdu
BR>p bghp R> rehs depvpdpNp lphpu s cNhpu BR>p L$fsp cNhpu Apop Ar^L$ dp s epe
S> R>.
bp rehsp vpvp A cphhpmp R>. sdZ ps Apop L$fsp cNhpp hQ S> rehs L$d
L$p? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ rehs dpn sp bcph ps L$fphpfp Ny{ A rsp p hQ huL$pep
rl Ad L$y su bpp hQp Z s huL$pf rl L$f Ad kpfu fus L$lhpC S> Ney, L$pfZ L$ bp dpn
Ahp bcph bdpu AL$ ps L$fphpf lsp.
epf cS>p fkp Aych L$fhp sZ khp hQpp huL$pf L$ep. Apd lphpu cNhpp
hpep huL$pf L$fhpu Z s fk sp s ps hpp lsp S> (L$pfZ L$ cNhpu Apop fpe huL$pfhpu
lsu) su sZ cNhpp hQp huL$pf L$d L$ep? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ cNhpp hpeu rsW$p fl
s dpV$ sZ sp huL$pf L$ep. cNhpp hpey s DP$O L$f sp spu cS> S> C iL$, sp R>u
cS>p fkp Aych sp s epu S> pe? Ad L$fhpu sp b (depvp A y[V$) dpNdpu s X$s, su
cNhpp hpep huL$pf L$fhpy S>fu lsy. Ad L$fhpu Ahe hNf cNhpp NyZp spdp Aphhpu
pR>mu fpe L$fhpu [rs lpe epf Z cS>p fkp Aych L$fhpdp s AX$QZ i rl, Ahp
rhQpfu Z sZ cNhpp hpep huL$pf L$ep19-19&&
""S> qvhk kkpfdpu Apk[s v|f pe, s S> qvhk kepk ghp'' A yrs dpZ kkpfdp S>
hfpe ep lpe, s kepk ghpp S> Ar^L$pf R>. kkpfdpu Apk[s v|f C lpe s S> Nlpddp
flhpu ipu Apop R>. Ap rehs kkpfdp d lphpu Nlpd dpX$hpp Ar^L$pf lsp A su
Nlpd L$fhpp Dvi L$fp{ hpe hvu rh{ lphpu sZ sp huL$pf L$fhp epe lsp Ahu iP$L$p
pe, sp s epe u, L$pfZ L$ hvp bpp dyMdpu uL$ep A kh L$byg R>, s S> dpZ Ap hpep Z
cNhpp S> lphpu bpA L$lgp R>. hvp sp cNhpp rhpk R>, R>sp ""FL$ eyj kpd A Ah
pdp hvp bpA pspp |h hNf dyMpu Ay$d L$lgp R>'' A hpe dpZ s bpp dyMdpu uL$mgp R>
A kh L$byg R>, A su S> gpL$dp sdp dpZ sfuL$ huL$pf pe R>. sdu W$ S> Ap hpep Z hv
S> R>, fsy bpA dp sdp Ayhpv L$fgp R>, Ad S>Zphhp bpp hQ sfuL$ L$lgp R>. A su Ap
hpep hvu Avfp lphpy S>Zphhy, A S> cNhp ps rehs Apop L$fsp bpu pfp S> Apop L$fhpy
epS> R>. Apu Ad S>Zphg R> L$ Ap hpep hvu vybg u, A su Ahp rZe egp Zhp L$ S>Ap
kepk g Ahu cNhpu BR>p lpe, sdp kb^dp S> Df S>Zphgu ""S> qvhk kkpfdpu Apk[s v|f
pe, s S> qvhk kepk ghp'' A yrs L$lgu R>, A S>Ap kepk g Ahu cNhpu BR>p lpe,
sdp kb^dp Ap bpp hpep L$lgp R>. su rehs Ap hpepp huL$pf L$fhp S>fu lsp19&&-20&&
bpA ""dys h Z ep kyû pf^ L$d lpe ep kyû sp a$g cpNhsp pspp vl ^pfZ
L$fhp CA'' (gp.16) Ad L$lg R>, s rehsy shy pf^ lphpu S> sp cpN L$fhpdpV$ S> L$lgy. hmu
""vhpy FrjApy A rsApy A Z vhp cfpC L$ep rhp kkpfp epN L$fhpu ps pe R>'' Ahy
ipy hQ lphpu Z rehs bpp hpep huL$pf L$fg lphpy kch R>. A su b L$pf rehs
pspp hpdpV$ S> Nlpdp AP$NuL$pf L$fg lphpu sdp huL$pfu cNhpp hQu rsW$p su
u Ahu iP$L$p pe; sp Zhy L$ Ap bpp hpepdp pp rZe L$fgp R>. pp Ap hpepu Ahp
rZe pe R> L$ Ap cNhp lqf S> hy ep p L$f s sy p R>. L$pfZ L$ hvdp Z Aphp S>
rZe eg lphpy rk R>. ""hvdp S>Zphgp L$ddpN hNf kh dpNp L$u [fsp ps L$fphpf dye dpN
b S> R> 1.uL$Zp dpN A 2.epNdpN Ad Df ApS> A L$lgp R>. ""S> Ap KQ gC S>hp BR> R>
su pk Ap S> kp L$pd L$fph R>'' A yrs Z Ap S> A L$l R>20&&-21&&
dp cNhpu Apopy pg L$fhpdpV$ hr L$fpf A S> psp kkpfdp hfpe lsp shp
rehs -^d hNfy fnZ S> L$fhy epe lsy, su h^pf L$fhy epe lsy. cpNdp Z Apk[s fpMhu
epe lsu, L$pfZ L$ ""kh S>Nsp b^pp pi L$fhpu i[shpmp'' (gp.23) s lsp. hmu
(gp.29dp) s OZp huehpmp A rhjepdp Apk[shpmp lphpy S>Zphg R> s Z s dpV$ epe
lsy Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ L$dp dpN Ahe rhhL$p pi L$fpfp R>, L$ cNhpu BR>p gu^
hr L$fpfp rhhL$p pi pe s kchsy u R>sp Z cNhpu Apopp hQp hv lphpy Df L$lgy
R>, A hv L$dpy rZ L$fpfp lphpu rehs S> fpe L$ey s sy L$pe L$ddpNy lsy A L$ddpNdp rhhL$p
Ahe pi pe R> Ad S>Zphhp, sp hue A L$pddp(rhjepdp) Apvy hZ gp.29 dp L$fgy R>. su S>
gp.23dp ""S>Z L$dp Ar^L$pf ps L$ep lsp'' Ahy sy rhijZ L$lgy R>21&&-22&&
iP$L$p:R>sp Z rehsu c[s khu bghp lphpu sp rhhL$p pi pe s epe lsy.
""uX$pegp lphp R>sp Z dpfp cs rhhL$ sS>sp u'' A hpe dpZ S>Z B[ep Df rhS>e dmhgp
u shp csp rhhL$p Z pi sp u sp R>u S>Z B[ep Df rhS>e dmhgp shp Ap rehsp
8
rhhL$p pi L$d S> pe! hmu csp rhhL$p pi sp lpe, sp shpdp rhhL$ S> flhpu su c[sp Z
pi hpy kch, A rehsu c[sp pi ep lpe sp gp.30dp S>Zphgu su c[s A s c[sp
qfZpd fpr Z qvhk L$fhpy L$pe OV$ rl. hmu cs fprp Apvf L$fhpp A (s) qvhk L$fhpy
Z L$pC epS> lpe. A epS> lpe sp Z kps hpf sd L$fhpy iy epS> lpe? hmu Ap Aepep
A cNhpp Ahe A hue lphpy L$lg lphpu rehsu u A yp y Ap Aepedp hZ L$fhy epe
u, L$pfZ L$ u A yp dp cNhpp Ahe Ahp hue u Ahu iP$L$pAp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Ap b^yA L$pe rehsdp Aphi L$fgp cNhpy R>. ""Chf Apgp cpN sy
cpNh'' Ad (gp.19dp) L$lgy lphpu rehsp cpN Z cNhp S> s ps L$fphg. su S>-S> L$pe
rhp cpN C iL$ rl s-s L$pe cNhp S> L$fgy Ad dphy CA, A su rhhL$ lpe sp cpN (sdp
Aphihpmp) hpy kchsy lphpu, sp rhhL$p pi Z cNhp S> L$fgp. ""uX$pAgp lphp R>sp dpfp
cs rhhL$ sS>sp u'' Ahy S> hpe Df L$y sp rhfp^ Z sp u, L$pfZ L$ L$ddpNu depvp A s
dpNdp rehsu hr Z cNhp L$fgu R>. su S> cpN cpNhhp R>sp su c[sp Z pi ep lsp
L$pfZ L$ sp rhhL$p pi dp s cpN L$f s dpV$ S> cNhp L$fgp. fpr qvhk bphu s Z cNhpy S>
L$pe lsy L$pfZ L$ cNhp rhp bu L$pC L$pg a$fhhp i[sdp u, cNhp s L$pe pspp R> NyZpu A
hu L$fg lphpu, s kps hpf S> ey. R> NyZphpmp |Z cNhp c|rd Df R> Ad S>Zphhp, cNhp
kpshpf s L$pey c|rd Df p L$ey. su S> Ap cNhpp Ahey S> L$pe R> Ad S>Zphhp Sy>vp L$pf
upp rhcpN Z L$fgp rl, sdS> qvhk S> fdp a$fu upp rhcpN L$fgp rl. R>sp fpr qvhk
bphsp su kp-kp upp rhcpN L$fhpy A Z buu C iL$ shy u, L$pfZ L$ upp rhcpN A
kdy L$fhp A sd L$fsp Z sAp Z Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp L$fhp A hu C iL$ shy u. Apd Sy>vp-Sy>vp
up A kdyp hpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp m sdy fnZ L$fu iL$ shu i[shpmp fnZ L$fpf Z lphp CA. su
shp yp D L$fhp(gp.33) A Z cNhpp huey L$pe lphpu, u A ypp hZu Aepesp L$lu
s Z flsu u.
iP$L$p:dyp y sfuL$ dhsfdp Ar^L$pfhpmp Ap rehs cNhpy L$pe X$sy d|L$u c[sdp hr
L$fhu epe lsu, A pfv kh Zpf lphpu sZ c[sdpNp Dvi L$fhp epe lsp, Ahu iP$L$p
pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ rehsdp pspdp vpj lpe sp spu lqfy L$pe C iL$ rl. s lqfy L$pe
L$fhpy lsy, A cNhpp spdp Aphi ep rhp spu s C iL$ sd lsy, A spdp vpj lpe sp
spdp cNhpp Aphi pe rl. rehs dyp y lphpu s s Ar^L$pfu ps egy L$pe L$fhpy lphpu,
lqfy L$pe A s Z Akp^pfZ L$pe L$fhpdp vpjhpmp flu S> s hr L$f sp cNhpp Aphi spdp pe
rl A cNhpy L$pe spu C S> iL$. Apr^vrhL$ vpj rhpp hp gu^ cNhpp Aphi hpdp c[s
S> L$pfZ lphpu sZ lgp c[s dpV$ S> hr L$fu, A su S> pfv Z s c[sdpNp Dvi L$fgp
cNhp vpjfrls lphpu vpjhpmpdp sdp Aphi pe s epe u. su y{j vpjfrls pe epf lqf ps
spdp Aphi hi L$fu pspy(lqfy) L$pe L$f R>. Ahp lqf spdp Aphi L$fu pspy AV$g s csy L$pe L$f
R>. rehs (dhsfp) Ar^L$pfu lphpu upy fnZ L$fhy hNf sy L$pe lsy. s rehsu pspu C iL$
sd lphpu cNhp ps S>hu fus s L$pe L$f s dpV$ s L$pf pspu Avf sdp Aphi hp CA, A
rhp(vpjp) v|f L$fu, shp lqfp pspu Avf Aphi L$fphpfu c[s S> R>. su S> sZ c[su S> hr
L$fu.
iP$L$p:epf rehsdp cNhpp Aphi sp, sZ ps S> fpe L$fhpp Dd L$d L$ep A
rspu Apopu Z L$d L$ep? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ lgp c[su vpj v|f sp cNhpp Aphi sp ps upy fnZ hNf L$fu
iL$i shp rhQpfu c[s dpV$ hr L$fu, R>sp pR>mu c[sp fkp Aych sp, fpe L$fhpu s AV$L$u
S>i, Ahp rhQpfu sZ fpe L$fhpy huL$pey rl. hmu pspu dm Ahp rspu Apopu sZ fpe L$fhpy
huL$pey lps sp s huL$pfhpdp cNhpp Aphi Agp s Z S>sp fls A su L$pC Z L$pe C iL$s
rl. fsy cNhpu Apopu sp huL$pf L$fhpdp L$pC Z vpj fl rl, su sdu Apop sZ huL$pfu.
hpsrhL$ fus sp DrS>s Agp Aphi S> L$pe L$f R> A su cNhpp bpA L$lgp hpep Aphi
DrS>s L$fhp S> L$lgp, A su S> crhedp kh L$pe C iep. Ap khp rhQpf L$fu S> Ap kh lqfy
L$pe lphpy hNf L$lg R>22&&-23&&
rehsu lgp c[s L$lu A R>u sZ pspp rsp dyu Apopy DP$O L$epy L$y (gp.6),
sy buSy> spe Ahy Z R> L$ gp.13 dpZ h cNhp rhQpfgy L$pe L$fhp dpV$ S> vl ^pfZ L$f R>,
fsy cNhpp kb^ rhp s shy L$pe L$fu isp u. A c[s rhp cNhpp kb^ sp u. su
depvpdpNdp y{j; Apfcu S> vpj fl s dpV$ hsp S>hp Y$ rQhpmp C c[sdpNdp h hy.
cNhpy cS> S> L$fhy A buSy> L$pC L$fhy Ahp Y$ rQhpmp hy. su S> rehs rspp hQy Z
DP$O L$ey. rspu Apopy DP$O L$fhpu rehs L$pC vpj Z ep lsp, L$pfZ L$ sdu Apop
cNhpp cS>u rh{ lsu, A Ahu Apopy DP$O L$fhpu L$pC vpj Z sp u, L$pfZ L$ cNhpp
dpNu depvp Z Ahu S> R>. depvpdpNdp b^pApA Ad S> L$fhy CA23&&-24&&
cNhpp rhS>e AMX$ R> A khu Dd R>. sy Ap L$^dp rZ L$fhpdp Aphsy lphpu
Ap L$^dp AMX$ Np epN L$fgp R>. Ap L$^dp L$p S> cNhpp Dd AMX$ rhS>ey rZ L$fsu
lphpu, L$p S> Ndp L$lgu R>, A su S> Dvi Aphpp lpe ep gpL$p epS>gp R>. hmu y{j
ucpNhsu L$qV$ (L$X$)p cpN Ap L$^ R>, A L$X$ N hNfu W$ Sy>vp cpNhpmp u. su lgp hNf
L$^pu W$ Ap L$^ gpL$pdp u, fsy AMX$ hhpmp Ndp L$lgp R>.
Ap depvpp L$^ lphpu kkpfdp hfpehpmp, bopu rehs S>Z pR>mu cpNdp hr L$fu,
su L$p Ap L$û rh{ R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ depvp uL$Z Aû A S> (h) psp
Aû R> s y[V$ L$lhpe R>. Df L$p shp NyZphpmp rehs ps cpNdp hr L$fu lps sp depvpp
cP$N ps. cNhp Aû flu sdu Apop dpZ cpN L$fhp s depvp S> R>, su su L$p Ap L$û
rh{ u. ep cs ps hs fl A vpdpvfgugpdp ey sd su BR>p dpZ cNhp L$pe L$f, s y[V$
R>&&24-25&&
10
Ap rehs k|Z fus uL$Z Aû flgp L$pfZ L$ Apfcdp s 1.op ps eg, R>u
2.cpN ps ep A R>u 3.dpn ps ep; A Z, lgp sZ cNhpp QfZL$dgp S> fkp Aych
L$fg sp bgu S> ps egp.
kpdpe fus 1.eo hNf L$fhpu rQ iy sp kepk (S>Nsdp Apk[s) sp Ny{p Dviu
R>hV$ op ps pe. epf R>u S> op ps eg R> s cpNdp Apks sp u, A Apks pe sp s
epNu cV$ eg lphpu sp, s S> S>ddp s dpn ps pe (cN.Nusp6&41-45). Ap rehs sp
kh su DgVy$ ey A s sZ pspp epku ps L$fg lsp. su S> s pspu rhjepdp Apk[shpmp
S> lsp A kkpfdp hfpehpmp lsp Ad S>Zphhp gp.6 dp s fpp y L$lg R>. hmu s op,
cpN A dpn pspp epku ps ep lps, sp hsyu depvp AV$g hcphy DP$O ps, (AV$g
cpN L$fsp lphpu) s op S> ps ps. L$vpQ pfvp Dviu op ps ps, sp R>u pL$s
y{ju W$ su cpNdp Apk[s ps, A cpNdp Apk[s ps sp R>u dpn ps ps. su (cpN
R>sp op, op R>sp cpNdp Apk[s A cpNdp Ak[s lphp R>sp s dpn ps ep s) bu L$pC L$pf
OV$sy lphp gu^ S> s kh cNhpy L$e R> Ad S>Zpe R>. cNhp L$fgy lpe, sp hsyu depvpy
DP$O pe Ad Df L$lgy R>. Ap b^y lgp sZ cNhpp QfZrhvp S> fkp Aych L$fgp sp
dfZu ey Ad R>ukdp Nu Apfcu Aepe |fp sp kyûp gpL$pu S>Zphgy R>.
Ap rehsp depvpdp S> AP$NuL$pf lphpu, As s hfpe epy L$lgy R> (N.36-37). S>d
rehs op hNf lqfA ps L$fphg sd rehsp kb^dp b^p L$dp lqfA S> L$fgp R> su ""rehs
L$fgy L$d Chf rhp bu L$pZ S> L$f?'' (gp.39) Ad bfpbf S> L$lgy R>.
pQu kL$pf gu^ S> rehs op ps egy A de sZ cpN L$ep s sp pf^ L$dp pi
L$fhp S> L$fgp Ad Z L$lu iL$pe L$pfZ L$ Ad lpe sp rspu Apopy sZ DP$O L$ey s OV$sy u,
L$pfZ L$ pspp dpndp flgu AX$QZ v|f pe s L$pC Nd shy lpe. hmu bpp hQp Z L$pdp pe
A ""Chfu BR>pA S> S> L$dp Ar^L$pf ps ep lsp''(N 23) A ""cNhp Apgp cpN
cpNh'' (N 19) A hpepp Z rhfp^ pe25&&-26&&
rehs L$fgy L$d b^y S> cNhp S> L$fgy lpe, sp shp rehsp y Apu^ OZp L$pdu L$d
ep? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ bpp hpepu Apfcdp rehsy rQ L$pddp k|Z fus Apks
Agy, epf Apu^ S>dgp lphpu s OZp L$pdu ep.
Ap rehsdp Z Aip lsp 1.kkpfdp hfpe kp cNhpu c[s 2.bpp hpepu D
egu kh rhjepu L$pdp A 3.dyp y lphp; A su s Sy>vp-Sy>vp Aiu Sy>vy-Sy>vy L$pe L$fhpdpV$
shp L$pe L$fu iL$ shp yp D egp. s L$u Apfcdp s OZp S> L$pd lsp Ahu su Ahpdp Apu^
D egp, su s L$pd S> S>dgp. su R>u D egpAp Z L$pdu S> D egp(N 25), L$pdu
lps, sp upy Ar^rs huL$pfs (N 33). dp L$rh, dlphuf A kh A Z yp L$pdu lsp
(N 26). s Z ypA S> dpn ps L$ep, L$pfZ L$ sAp c[sp Aiu D egp. N 27dp sApu
c[sy rZ Ad S>Zphhp L$fgy R> L$ sApu khpu rehs lgpp S>hu cNhpdp urs C. Ap
38dp Ndp ""vedp S>Z lqfp rhlpfp cph ^pfZ L$ep lsp'' A rhijZu L$lgy R>. cNhpdp urs
11
lpe sp L$pg dpn hpdp rh L$f, L$pfZ L$ rhjepA ep hi L$ep lpe ep s Ahe rh L$fpfp
pe26&&-28&&
cNhpdp urs sp a$g ps ey, sp epf R>u rehs Ny{ pfvy kh (N 38) a$fu ip
epS>u L$ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ depvpdpNdp khy kp^ Ny{u khp S> R>. L$ddpN A
opdpNdp Ny{u khp kp^ R>. shu S> depvpc[sdp Z s kp^ R> su csy kp^ Z Ny{u
khp S> R>, L$pfZ L$ depvpdpN S> shp R>. depvpdpN dpZ s dy[s ps hu S>fu R>, su sZ As Ny{
pfvu khp L$epy A pfv Dvi L$fgp dpN s Nepy L$lg R>. s S> rehsu dy[s C. pfv dy[s ps
sp, Ap Z dy[s ps C Ad Zhy28&&-29&&
Aepe 2; Apu^ uy vp:
Ap V$p-L$fZdp Ahy S>Zphhpy R> L$ cNhp pspp NyZ rehsp hiS> Apu, sy pspdp
p L$f R> (dpn Ap R>).
iP$L$p:Apu^dp ffpu Z cNhpp L$pC Z NyZ lphpy S>Zpsy u (L$pfZL$ s OZp L$pdu
lsp) Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ S>d cNhpu Apopu S> rehs Ahep huL$pf L$f s dpV$ bpA hQp
L$lgp, shu S> fus Apu^ uu p[s pe shu cNhpu BR>p Zu bpA su pk "|hrQr'
pdu Akfp L$pdcpN dpV$ dpL$gu(N 3). cNhpu Apopu S> L$pd D egp shp Apuû
L$rs S> s Akfp lsu. su S> ""Np L$fsu'' Ahy sy rhijZ N 2dp epS>gy R>. hmu NyZp ff
cmsp h L$pfp sp lphpu s L$rs AkfpA h yp S>d Apep(N 19) su s L$rs S>
lsu. A bpA S> s Apu^ hi L$fgu. su S> Apu^ s N 7-16dp S>Zphgp, fk D L$f
shp hpepu dpl dpX$u. Ap hpepu spdp fk D ep A su s fkipdp dpl D L$fpf sfuL$
rk fkhpmp S> hpep R>. s L$rs lps A bpA s Apu^ hi L$fu lps, sp Apu^
OZp S>X$ (d|M)R> (Sy>Ap N 6), Ad Zu s spu L$V$pmu S> s, Z dpl pds. hmu
|hrQr Apu^ cNhp Apgu lps, sp epf cNhpp cs rehs Z cNhpp hpepu D
egp L$pdhpmp s lphpu; Apu^ S>hp L$pdu y ep, sp R>u Ap Apu^p Z Ahp L$pdu S> y pe.
fsy ""cNhp dpf ep y C Ahsf'' Ahu cNhpu L$pdp fpMpf prc S>hp y pe. rspdp S>
NyZ Ar^L$ lpe s khu dpV$p ydp Aph A Ap Apu^p khu dpV$p y prc, Df S>Zpey sd,
cNhpu L$pdphpmp lphpu Apu^dp Z cNhpu L$pdp lphu CA. (su spdp cNhpp uNyZ
lphp CA) Ahp |hrQr L$rs lpe, sp Apu^p y prc kp[hL$ L$d ps?29&&-31
Apu^ rsgpL$u p[s epy L$lg R> (N 22) s Ap L$fZu rh{ R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp
Zhy L$ Apu^dp L$pd lsp s vpj lsp, A vpjhpmpu cNhpdp [rs su u. hmu L$pd fpMhp epe
Z u. sp pspu L$rsdp S> ge hpu s vpj v|f pe A AkfpAp L$pdu L$r R>. su
AkfpApp gpL$dp S> L$pdp ge L$fhpu Apu^ iy pe, epf su cNhpp [rs pe. su
AkfpApp gpL$ S>dp rsAp Apv L$f R>, su s p[s epy L$lgy R> (N 22).
12
""L$pdpApp DcpN L$epu L$pd ips sp u S>, Z S>d brgApu A[ h^ R> sd s OZp
S> h^ R>'' A hpe dpZ AkfpApp gpL$dp L$pdp ge hpy kchsy u'' Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy
L$ s gpL$dp AkfpApp Ofdp L$pd |Z pe R>. S>d brgApu A[ OZp S> |fu vhpdp Aph sp s ips
S> C e R> sd Apu^p L$pd ep |Z hpu ips S> pe. ep s kvp AkfpAp ps pe AV$g
sAp k|Z fus psp hpû lphpu s pspp L$pd sApdp d|L$ A sp L$pd ips pe, su s s gpL$u
p[s epy L$lg R>32
Apu^ yu BR>pu s L$fhp dpX$ey (N 2) s lgp A epf R>u sZ L$fg cpN L$dy a$g
lsy L$pfZ L$ s cpN R>u s dpn ps hpp lsp A A dpVy$ a$g R>. L$dy S> a$g ps pe, L$dp
kbû S> ps ps s pXy$ S> lpe R>. su sZ L$fg OZp cpN Z L$dy a$g lsy. su sZ ps
L$fg b^y a$g cNhp Apg u S> lsy. s dy[s epy V$ L$lg u, R>sp sp rsp rehs
(A.1&38) A sp y prc (A.4&5) dy[s ps epy L$y, su hQgp Apu^ Z dy[s ps
epy epe S> R>. rsp A y b L$sp ep, su Ap Z L$sp ep Adp kie u. kvi epe
Apu^ Z dy[s pe s epe R>&&33&&
Apu^p rsp A y cs lsp, R>sp s cs lsp, su sdu dy[s hp R>sp Apu^
dy[s ps pe Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Apu^p L$pd uL$Zp hQu D egp. shp L$pd
ps |Z pe s S>fu R> A s; L$pdp fk Zpf lpe sdp S> |Z pe. Ap Apu^ L$pdp fk
Zpf lsp, L$pfZ L$ s uL$Zp hQu (bpA rehs L$lgp hQp A.1&11-19) D eg
L$pd S> lsp. s Aphp L$pd lphpu, A fZgu udp L$pdp dye fk ps sp lphpu, gpqL$L$ u
tvpAg lpC s cNhpp hQu D Ag L$pdp kb^ hpy Akcrhs lphpu, Df L$p dpZ
cNhp Apgu Akfp |hrQrdp sp L$pd |Z ep. L$pdfkp hcph gu^ sZ S> S>X$-d|Mp S>d (N
6) su kp kcpjZ L$fgy, L$pfZ L$ Aphu fusu S> L$pd fk kp L$V$ pe R>, bu L$pf L$V$ sp u.
su Ap c[s ps epy L$lg u, L$pfZ L$ c[s L$pd fpL$u vpfu R>. su S> N 6dp s S>X$ S>hp
L$lu N 17dp ""uAp dphu ghpdp Qsyf'' L$lgp R>. hmu uL$Zp hQu S> s D egp lphpu
S> s Ahe dy[s ps hu CA. (su c[s lphp R>sp su dy[s C). su s hpepefrQs
L$pdipdp rk L$pd lsp. s cNhpp hQu D eg L$pd lps, sp s dpn ps L$fhp shpp
rhQpf L$fhp X$s (op ps L$fhpu S>f fls)34
Aepe 3; prc eiy vp:
u Aepep rhQpf L$fsp Ad S>Zpe R> L$ L$pd Apu^dp S> ips Agp lphpu, sp y
prcdp lphp CA. R>sp s L$pd lphpy N 1dp L$lgy R> s OV$sy u Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$
rehs A Apu^dp Apr^cprsL$ A Apep[dL$ L$pd ips ep. Apr^vrhL$ L$pd S> fp su Apuû
Z ApNm sp ydp L$pd Apr^vrhL$ cphu Nep. Ap u y{j prcdp s Apr^vrhL$ cphu uL$Z
ep L$pfZ L$ cNhp khy Apr^vrhL$ h R>.
iP$L$p:cs cNhpdp urs fpL$pf L$pdy kh L$f sd Ap L$y s kh Aepe R>. sApdp Z
pspp y cNhpu kdp lphpy rhQpfpf prc S>hp d|Mu sp AhNZp S> L$fhu epe R>, sp Df
L$p L$fhu epe u, L$pfZ L$ sp rhQpf Mfpb sp. cNhp S>hp d y pe, Ahp sp rhQpf Afp^
13
lsp(N 15). A cNhpp hQp(N 17-18) dpZ spu shp y S>d Ahp kch lsp. hmu
rhjep kb^hpmp L$pd cNhpp kb^hpmp pe s epe u Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ ps L$fhp BR>gy L$pe rk pe s dpV$ cNhp; kkpfp b^hpmp Ahp
dys hpdp L$V$ hy Ahp rZe cNhp S> Aû R>, hpp kp^ Apû u Ad S>Zphhp, S>d
dyrApp hpepu dys h; S>e A rhS>e Z cNhp Df sdu rh{ $p^ ep, sd Ap prc
cNhp rhj L$pd ep. S>d $p^ gu^ sAp kvp cNhpp rhj vyV$ rhQpf fpMsp lsp, sd Ap prc sd
yu kdp dpsp lsp. S>d $p^ iy Df lpe shp red gu^, cNhp iy R> Ad S>e A rhS>e
Zsp lphpu sd cNhp Df $p^ Z ep, sd y Z kkpfp rhje lphpu, prcp ""cNhp
dpfp y R>'' Ahu cphp sp, rhjep kb^hpmp L$pd Z cNhpp kb^hpmp ep. Ap Apr^vrhL$
L$pdy hv A sp L$pfu bpZpA rQs L$fu, prcp vedp L$V$ L$fgp. Qpf cyAphpmp hy
rQs L$fhy A sp L$pf R> (A eoy{j, b Ahp rlfe y rQs L$fhy A hqvL$ L$pf R>)3535&&
S>d S>e sp rhS>e cNhpp kb^ Z S>dp kyû ep, sd uL$Zp hpepu D egp
L$pdu rehsp hi L$Z (cNh) ps ey. S>d S>e A rhS>e p rlfepn hNf S>dpdp
cNhp sd pspu kdu dpep R>sp Z sd dy[s ps C, fsy ""vhp Zhpf ke R>'' hNf yrs
dpZ sApp Z S>dp ep, epf R>u sAp cNhpu p[s C, shu fus L$pd hi lphpu, Al]
rehsp L$pd hi cNh ps L$ey. epf dyrApp hQu D egp $p^ S>e sp rhS>e Z
S>dp kyû cNhpp kb^ L$fpep, epf cNhpp hpeu D egp L$pd hi cNh L$f sdp L$lhy
S> iy? Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ cNhp khu kdp R>, Z gpL$dp cNhpu kdp L$pC u.
""cNhp kdp dpf y pe'' Ahp prcp rhQpf Afp^ lsp, shp y hpy kchsy u
hNf S> iP$L$pAp L$fu s MpV$u W$f R>. y pe epf cNhp S> s ydp L$V$ pe, sp s dpfp y
cNhpu kdp R> Ahy op pe Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ cNhpy cS> y sfuL$ Ahp lfL$pC L$pf
L$fgy lpe sp s ka$g pe R>35&&-37
prc y lphpu sZ yu S> L$pdp fpMhu epe lsu, cNhpu kdp yu L$pdp sZ
L$d L$fu? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ su BR>p hpsrhL$ fus sp Ahu lsu L$ cNhp S> sp y pe L$pfZ
L$ cNhp y lpe sp hi L$pdu sp lphpu, spu hry S> L$pe pe, rhr sp sp a$g ps
pe. cNhpp hQu y hp gu^ dy[s ps pe, sp Z Apr^vrhL$ L$pdp hdp S> ge pe, fsy
y{jpdp hdp ge pe. su pspu Apfcu b^pA hi ^du Apfcu dy[s kyûp kh y{jp
ps pe s dpV$ prcA cNhp y pe Ahu L$pdp L$fgu. fsy Chf kpnps ""Ap dpfp y pAp''
Ad L$lu iL$pe sd rl lphpu "App S>hp' Ad N 13dp L$lgy R>. cNhp y sfuL$ L$V$ pe sp hi
L$sp pe A sL$u rk R>.
^du Apfcu c[s kyûp y{jp ps pe shu i[s hi hfvp dmhhpu Z ps pe,
su cNhp y sfuL$ L$V$ pe s S>fu lsy Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ hfvpu shu i[s hi ps
pe, L$pfZ L$ hf hpZu R>, A su L$pdu yu Dr pe Ahu lgpu (cNhpu) hpZup rhfp^
14
hpy kchsy lphpu, cNhp hpZuu Ahp hf Ap shp kch lpsp. hmu hfu hpZuu lgpu hpZuy
bg lW$phu iL$pe rl, L$pfZ L$ b hpZu kdp bghpmu pe, A hfu hi shu i[s hNf ps hpp
Z kch lpsp, fsy cNhpp hu S> shu i[s ps C iL$, L$pfZ L$ h hpZu L$fsp rhij
bghp R>. su cNhp ps S> sp y ep. hi Df S>Zphu shu i[s cNhp y hpu S> ps
pe sd lsy. su S> "" [rsdp flpfpp (dZpp A bQpfu FrjApp) ^dp viphhpu BR>phpmp
khNyZhpmp vlu dvhudp Ahsep'' Ad (N 20) L$lgy R>.
""epf L$pvhdp X$u N ^php L$fsp L$pvh i L$ep rhp v|f flhy A h^pf kp{'' A red dpZ
L$pdu y D hpy cNhp L$lgy s epe S>Zpsy u, su s ip Arcpeu L$lgy? Ahu iP$L$p pe sp
sy rfpL$fZ Df ""cNhpp NyZpy dplpe L$V$ L$fhp cNhp Ahe sp hue NyZp rehsdp d|L$gp A
m L$lgy R>. rehsdp A b NyZp d|L$gp sd prcdp L$urs d|L$gu. cNhp prcp y ep Ahu L$urs
prc ps C.
Ap Aepedp bpZpu Z c[sy rZ L$fgy R>. prcp vedp rQsu cNhp L$V$
L$fphpf bpZp cNhpp csp lpe sp S> cNhp L$V$ pe su dp eo A eop kp^ eS>dpu
p, eoc|rd hNfu cNhp L$V$ ep lsp, fsy bpZp cs lphpu L$V$ ep lsp Ad S>Zphhp
bpZpu c[sy rZ L$fgy R>. cNhp hip kb^ pe, s dpV$ eo DepNu lsp. Z dp eo sp
sp kp^pu cNhp L$V$ ep lsp&&38-39&&
Aepe 4. ^d} Fjcvh:
Qpp Aepedp Z prcu L$p Ad S>Zphhp L$lgu R> L$ cNhpdp gpqL$L$ yp cph fpMhpu
Z prc kkpfp b^dpu R|>V$ep(N 5). S>d cNhp Fjcvh sdp rsp prcu L$pdpu ps y
sfuL$ D ep, shu S> fus sdZ fpe hNf kh gpqL$L$ L$pep Z L$ep Ad S>Zphhp sdZ L$fg fpe
hNfy hZ L$fgy R>. su u Aepedp (N 20) rhrp ^dp L$V$ L$fhp Fjcvh Ahspf gu^g lphpy
L$lg lphpu sdZ fpe hNf L$ep s A hpeu rh{ lphpy dphy. (Ap h^pfpp L$pepy L$ R>)4040&&
cNhpp Ap Fjcvh Ahspfu B ^p L$fgu(N 3). L$pfZ L$ lgp dhsfdp S> lqfp
Aiphspf eo lsp, (Sy>Ap 4&1&3 sp 8&1&5) s S> Ap kde B eg. su s Z lgp dhsfp
cNhvhspf lsp A Fjcvh Z cNhp lsp (N 8). su s sdu ^p L$fhp epe lsp.
epf b AL$ lphpu ^p hpp kch S> lsp! Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$ eop
cNhvhspf dhsfp L$pedpV$ eg lphpu sdpdp cNhpu dp q$epi[s S> L$V$ egu Z ^p
L$fhpdp Csu h^pfpu opi[s ps C lsu. A sdZ BZpp huL$pf L$ep epf Bp NyZpp
Z huL$pf L$fhp CA. su sdZ Fjcvhu ^p L$fu. Ahp Fjcvhp Ahspf rhrdpN L$V$
L$fhp L$pe dpV$ egp lphpu hr L$f R> L$ rl, shp B kie hpu sd pspu L$ep S>esu
Aphu L$ rl shp kvl ep. su Df sd d R> L$ rl s Dfu s hr L$f shp R> L$ rl sp
rZe L$fhp, A pspu L$ep AgpqL$L$ hueu D egu A Fjcvh rhrp ^dp Df urs fpMpfp
lphpu s gpL$dp pspy AgpqL$L$ hue L$V$ L$fi L$ rl, Ahp rhQpfu sdp AgpqL$L$ hueu funp L$fhp B
15
h[V$ L$fu(N3). h[V$ b^ fpMu sZ sdp |Z AgpqL$L$ NyZu funp L$fu R>u L$ep sd
Apu(N8).
N 3dp ^p L$epy L$lg R> s sp gpL$u dpespp Arcpeu L$lgy R> hpsrhL$ fus L$ep Aphp
dpV$ AgpqL$L$ hueu funp L$fhp h[V$ b^ fpMgu41&&-43&&
funp L$fhpy epS> A lsy L$ L$ep A sp rs b cNhv lpe, sp sdp yp L$sp
pe. Fjcvhu funp sp, s gpqL$L$ hpvmpAp MQu gC sdpu h[V$ L$f, sp s hpvmpAp Bp
lphpu Fjcvhp hueu h[V$ C NZpe. su s ps dO ep A sdZ dO C OZu kyvf h[V$
L$fu, AV$g S> Msfdp epf S>V$gy S>g CA s Msfdp epf sV$gy S> S>g pMu h[V$ L$fu. B h[V$ L$fsp
s MpV$u lsu (su ep epf S>V$gy CA ep s kde sV$gy S>g dmsy rl. h^pf Z X$ A ApRy> Z
X$). su Fjcvh L$fgu h[V$ OZu kyvf lsu. dO ep rhp Z Fjcvh ps S> h[V$ L$fhp i[sdp
lsp, R>sp Ap depvpdpN R> A depvpdpNdp rk kp^pu S> S> L$pe L$fhpy lpe s L$fhy CA40&&43&&
Fjcvh cNhp Ofdp lsp R>sp prc hdp Nep s sZ Aepe L$pe L$ey, A s Z pspp dpV$
L$V$ Ag cNhpp Ahspfu Dpkp s buS> S>hy s Aepe S> lsy Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$
Fjcvh cNhp prc L$pdp |Z L$fhp y sfuL$ L$V$ egp su s su L$pdp |Z L$f, Z s dpn
Ap L$pfZ L$ AdyL$ BR>pu S> cNhp L$V$ egp. prcp dpn f-pfpeZu Dpkpu hpp lsp. su
s Of s bvqfL$pd Negp(N 5), L$pfZ L$ depvpdpNdp Ahu S> fus Ofp epN hNf kp^p L$fhpu dy[s
pe R>.
f-pfpeZ L$u AL$ f; red(rhr^) Aykfpfp lpC s kpû opdpN dpZ dy[s
ps L$fphpfp R>. epf cNhp (pfpeZ)p cS>y iy epS>? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ depvpdpNdp
Df L$lg opp Ar^L$pf u rl lphpu, cNhpp cS> rhp s dy[s ps su u. Z
cNhpu khp L$fhpu dy[s ps L$fhpdp Aph sp OZpApu Z kp dy[s pe. riiypg hNf W$ cNhp
Df j fpMu sdpNyZu dy[s ps L$fhu lpe, sp AL$ S> pspu S> dy[s s kpû ps L$fu iL$, Z
sp Df Ap^pf fpMpfpApu shp kpû dy[s pe. shu fus opdpN dpZ dy[s dmhhpdp Z
AL$u S> dy[s pe. su AL$ (y{j) S> Ofp epN L$fhpy L$lg R>. cS> L$fu dy[s dmhhpdp sp
cS>dp AX$QZ lpe sp S> epN L$fhpp R>, cS>dp Z dvv L$fpfp epN L$fhpp u. su prc
pspu u dvhu kp bvqfL$pd Negp. dvhu cS>dp AX$QZ lsu44-45&&
R>sp Z depvpdpNdp up epN L$fhpu ipu Apop lphpu prc u kp bvqfL$pd Nep s
epe lsy, L$pfZ L$ ""up kP$Nu y{j S>hy vy:M pe R>'' A hpe dpZ shp vy:MvpeL$ up
kb^ gu^ prc Z dy[s ps hpp kch flsp u Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Al] prcu
dy[s hdp flgpp (hp Apdp) L$pf hpy L$lg R>. prc bvqfL$pd Nep s kepk gC Nep
lsp, L$pfZ L$ s ep Nep ep kyû Z kepkup NyZp sZ L$V$ L$ep lsp. Ap u Apd sZ NlZ
L$ep, su s ep u kp Negp.
16
rehs Ny{u khp dye NZsp lphpu s bQpfu flhp BR>sp lsp, sp y Apu^ V$
fus Nlpd kpQhgp A s dy[s ps epy L$lgy R>. Ap u prcA u hp Apddp flu
dy[s ps L$fu.
iP$L$p:prcA khp epN L$fg lphpu s hdp ip dpV$ Nep? L$pfZ L$ su L$pdp |Z L$fhp L$V$
eg Fjcvhp Z cS>u sdu L$pu s Of bW$p Z dy[s ps ps. hmu Ofp epN L$fhp S>fu
lpe sp Z hdp sZ Fjcvhy cS> L$d L$ey? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ prc Fjcvh dpfp y R> Ahy cp flsy Z s cNhp R> Ahy cp sy
rl. su spu Fjcvhy cS> ps rl, L$pfZ L$ depvpdpNdp lfL$pC L$pfp opu dy[s su u. su
s hdp Nep A ep f-pfpeZu Dpkp L$fu45&&-48
""prcp iy L$du lqf sp y ep'' Ad S> N 6dp L$lgy R> s iyL$y hQ u, fsy s
gpL$dp bpgpsp hQ L$lg R> su s hQu c[sipp rhfp^ sp u. gpL$pA ipy hZ L$fg lpe sp
Z sd kh blpfu S> [V$ fl R>. su shu gpqL$L$u (gpL$u) [V$u ipp hQ MpV$p sp u.
gpL$pdp bpZp hNfdp p rhpu c[s lphpu sd op sy u. (su sd blpfu S> [V$ fl R>).
kh L$pdu hr pe sp s dpV$ Fjcvh AL$kp L$pf L$pd L$ep Ahp AL$kp yp D L$ep. hi
L$pd R> A L$pd AL$kp L$pfp R>, su Fjcvh kh L$pfp L$pdu hr pe s dpV$ sV$gp yp D
L$ep49-50
dy[s AL$ L$pfu R>, NyZp gu^ cpN h L$pfp R>, kp^c[s Z NyZp gu^ h L$pfu R>
A L$dp a$g Aepku L$pfp R>. su s Sy>vp-Sy>vp a$gu L$pdp Z AL$, h-h sp Aepku L$pfu
lpC, L$pd AL$vf AL$kp L$pfp pe R>. L$dp a$m AV$g L$ddpNu ps L$fhp BR>gp vppu L$pdp Aepiu
L$pfu R>, L$pfZ L$ h L$pfp L$d R> A h L$pfp L$sp R>. vfL$ L$pfp L$sp h L$pfp L$dp L$u vfL$
L$dp a$gu BR>p L$f, AV$g 9X9=81 L$pfp L$dp a$g pe R>49-50
Ap rehsp hiu k[V$ DgV$p $du y{jp ps L$fhpu L$pdphpmu lsu, L$pfZ L$ Ap hidp
Apfcdp rehs ep, s dpnp ^dpdp urs lsu, sp y Apu^ L$pddp urs lsu, sp y prc
A s eo L$fphpf bpZp c[sdp (kp^c[s Ahp depvpc[sdp) urs lsu, A Fjcvh ^du
depvpy p L$ey.
Al] Qpf y{jp L$u A y{jp L$lsp s bvg c[s L$lgu R>, sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ S>d A
kh kyM Appfp R> A kh vpp ps L$fphpfp R>, shu fus depvpdpNdp c[s (depvpc[s) kh
kyM Appfu A kh vpp ps L$fphpfu R>. su A dpZ Ay$dhpmu L$p R>, A su S> Ap Qpf
y{jp cNhp S> kpQhgp. cNhp Ahu fus Ap hip ypdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp y{jppu L$pdp kpfu fus k|Z
d|L$gu, su sdu L$pdpfrls lsu, A cNhp S> s y fnZ L$fsp lsp(N 18). (ApL$pidp
DNgp y S>hp) S> vp u S> su S>d L$pC Z L$pdp L$fsy u, sd bup L$pC Z vpu L$pC
17
Z kde Ap p L$pC dpZk L$pdp L$fsp lsp, A V$psu k|Z fus L$pdpfrls lsu Ad
S>Zphgy R>.
L$d op A c[s A Z dpNdp cNhp Dfp l hs hvp red(b^) rhpu
c[s; dpnu Z Ar^L$ W$ R>. s hs c[s sp fku W$ dp Aychu S> ps pe shu lphpu
sp Aych L$fpf y[V$dpN}e csp S> s BV$ R>, buAp sp sy h S> Zsp lphpu sd s
BV$ u51-53&&
Aepe 5; Fjcvh L$fg opy rZ:
Fjcvhp yp op ps L$fhpu BR>p lsu, R>sp Fjcvh ps sdu pk S>C p
kpcmsp sAp opp Dvi L$ep, L$pfZL$ L$ddpN dpZ S>Ap L$pd lphpy L$lgy R>, sAp kh L$pf
opp Dvi L$fhp CA. sAp shu fus opp Dvi L$fhpdp Aph sp sAp S>X$ pe, Aopu fl
A su sApp pi pe. su Fjcvh yp pk S>C (A.4&19) sAp opp Dvi L$ep (A.&-27).
lqfA ps y{jp ps L$fphgp lpe, epf s y{jp kQhpe shp kh Dpep Z lqf L$f R>, su Ap
Dvidp lqf Fjcvh pspp yp kp^pu AlP$L$pf v|f L$fhpp Dvi L$f R> (gp.10-13). Al] OZp
rhjep L$lgp lphpu L$ddp Apk[s fpMhu s lprL$pfL$ lphpy S>Zphg R> s epe R>. Ap Dviy spe
AlP$L$pf fpMhpy R> s vidp gpL$u Apfcu S>Zphgy R>. epf R>u kkpfdp cdZ L$fpfp Ap gpL$dp
sp fgpL$dp S> vy:M pe R> sy hZ L$fgy R>. Fjcvh AlP$L$pf lphpu Ap vy:M gpey lsy
(N29-30). Alsp A ddspp epN A S> dye opdpN R>. s cNhp Fjcvh Ap Npdp S>Zpep
dpZ ApQfZ L$fu gpL$p vMpX$p. epf R>u 32-34 kyûp Nu sdZ S> epNdpNy ApQfZ gpL$p A
dpN vMpX$hp L$ey, s L$lgy R>. Ahu fus sdZ gpL$p kpe A epN A b dpNp vMpX$p, L$pfZ L$
rhrdpNp s b kp^ R>. epN Z rhrdpNdp kp^ lphpu R>$p Aepedp du L$p L$li53&&-57
epNdpNdp khp epN L$fhpp lphpu Atl epNdpN vMpX$hp epe lsp Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp
Zhy L$ Ap Aepedp kpedpN S> viphgp R>. epN A kpe dp cv lphpu kpedpN viphgp R>. Ap
kpedpN}e kepk S> R>. epNy ApQfZ sp kpedp A epNdp cv lphpu Fjcvh L$fgy R>. A
cNhp uL$Z Z ""kpe A epN Sy>vp lphpy Abyrhpmp gpL$p L$l R>, qX$sp L$lsp u''
(cN.Nusp5&4) hNfu Ad S> L$lgy R>. kh AhpApdp k|Z fus rhjepp epN L$fhp CA Ad
viphhp Fjcvh epNdp huZ lphp R>sp sdZ epNu rkrApu vfL$pf L$fu lsu (N 35). rhjep kh
AhpApdp sS>hp epe lphpu S> sdZ s rkrApu vfL$pf L$fu lsu58-58&&
Aepe 6; Fjcvhp kepky rZ:
rhjep kh AhpApdp k|Z fus sS>hp epe lphpu Fjcvh pspp dyMdp f d|L$gp. s
Ahp lsyu d|L$gp L$ dyMdp L$pC Z-kpeye dy[sp Ar^L$pfu Z hi L$f. Apu Ad viphgy R> L$ epNu
rkrAp ps L$fgp rkpA k|Z fus kP$Np epN L$fhp CA. hmu sdZ dyMdp f d|ep AV$g
rhjepp k|Z fus epN L$ep, L$pfZ L$ rhjepp cpN lgp dyMu pe R>. S> hsy ps C lpe sp
epN L$fu iL$pe. S> ps C u sp epN C iL$. su Fjcvh rhjepp epN L$f s dpV$ lgp sd
rhjep ps egp Ad viphhp S> (A.&32dp) ""k|sgp S> Mpsp lsp'' hNf L$lg R>. sd s kde Z
rhjep Df urs lsu. rdg epNu rkr ps L$fgp rkpy gnZ R>. su s rdg lsp Ad
18
S>Zphhp S> sdu rhW$pu kyN^hpmp hpey Qpf sfa$ vi epS> kyûp vi kyNû bphsp lsp Ad
A.&33dp L$lgy R>58&&-60
Fjcvhp vl A[u bmu Negpy L$lgy R> (A.6&8). kh Nrs As A[dp S> R> Ad
S>Zphhp s A[u bmu Nepy L$lgy R>. Fjcvh epNp ApQfZy rinZ Aphp S>hu-S>hu vip eprNApu
pe shu pspu hpy vMpX$sp lsp, su S> sdZ rkrApp AP$NuL$pf L$ep. App L$pfZ sfuL$ gp.3-5
L$lgp R>. L$pfZ L$ sdZ rkrApp AP$NuL$pf L$ep lps sp Z d sdp sp pi L$fu is rl, sd S>
L$pd-$p^ hNf sdp kb^dp AhL$pi dms rl. shu S> fus epN ApQfpfp ifufu As Aphu S>
Nrs pe R> Ad S>Zphhp sdp vl A[u bmu S>hpu L$p L$lgu R>. hpsrhL$ fus sp Apvde vl
A[ Ofu g epf sp rsfpcph pe R> (su sdp vl bep lsp). su S> ""epNuAp fgpL$ S>hpu
rhr^p bp^ Apsp pspp vlp epN L$fhpu BR>pu sdZ vlp Arcdpp epN L$ep'' Ad N 6dp
L$lu, R>u s vl A[u bepy N 7dp L$lgy R>.
lqfA pspp hdp [rs L$epu Ap L$p Ahu fus hZhgu R>, 18dp gpL$dp Ad L$lgy R> L$
""cNhp dyLy$v pspy cS> L$fpf dpn Ap R>, fsy L$pC hpf c[s Apsp u'' sy spe Ahy R> L$
csp Df O k egp cNhp Fjcvh, Ap L$pdp L$y sd, OZp epk L$fhp X$ep. depvpdpNdp
csp dpV$ cNhp Aphp epk L$fhp X$ R>. su uL$Z L$pC c[sy vp L$fsp u. depvp gu^ S>
cNhp epk L$fhp X$ R>
61-62
V$pL$fZ 2; epNu hdp [rs:
7 u 14 dp kyûp Aepepy buSy> V$pL$fZ R>. epNp ApW$ AP$Np lphpu Ap ApW$ Aepepu
epNu p[su su hdp [rsy rZ L$fgy R>. Al] epNdpNy hZ AV$gp dpV$ L$fgy R> L$ epNy
ApQfZ L$fhpdp Aph sp d O QQg lphpu, bu kp^p L$fhp R>sp epNu d hi L$fhpdp
Aph sp hdp [rs ps pe, A bu kh kp^ ra$m pe, Fjcvhp y cfs Ad S> egy.
su Al] cfsu S> L$p L$lgu R>.
Aepe 7; hdp [rs pe shp epN rkhpep kp^p:
kpsdp Aepedp cfs hdp [rs ps pe shp epN rkhpep bu kp^p L$fgp s hZhgp
R>.
sZ y pg L$fgy A ps Z dpV$p opu lsp(N 4). s AL$ eop L$fsp(N 5) A
a$gy hpkyvhdp rQs L$fsp lsp. s fpN fp lsp(N 6). sy As:L$fZ iy egy A s cNhpu
depvp c[s ps egu(N 7). ^ hNf b^y yp hlQu vC s lqfndp NX$L$u vup suf Negp(N
8-9). ep fd rhr ps L$fgu(N 11). hdp [rs pe shp Ap b^p kp^p sZ ApQfgp, R>sp
sZ epNy ApQfZ L$fgy rl A su sy d QQg flgy62&&-64
Aepe 8; cfsp dy QQg A sy qfZpd:
19
ApW$dp Aepedp cfsy d QQg lphpy viphgy R>. d QQg lpe, s dfZ kde S>y rQs
L$fsy lpe s a$g ps pe R>. d epN ApQfhpu [f pe R>, A epN ApQfg lpe sy d QQg fl
s epe R>. su cfsy d QQg lphpu sp hpldp ps ep (s lfZ S>ep), Ahy Ap Aepedp
S>Zphgy R>.
cfs dpn ps L$fhpu BR>phpmp lsp A sp kp^p Z sZ ApQfgp R>sp pf^L$d, L$pg
A hcph dy[s ps hpdp kvp rh L$fsp lphpu sp hpldp ps ep. depvpdp dy[s ps hpdp Ap
kh rh L$fpfp R>.
epf c[s Z L$du W$ dpn ps L$fphhpu i[s rhpu S> li! Ahu iP$L$p pe sp Zhy L$
rh L$fpfp lpe sp Z c[s S> dpn ps L$fphu iL$ R>. L$d hNf rh L$fpfp bghp lpe sp Z c[s
op ps L$fph R> (A dpn Aph R>). su S> uL$Zu khpu cfs |hS>du drs flhpy, A s
kP$Nfrls flu a$fsp lphpy L$lgy R> (A.12&15) su pR>my b^y a$g s c[s gu^ S> ps egy Ad
L$lhpey. L$pfZ L$ c[s gu^ s |hS>dy op fy lps, sp bu hp W$ s rhjepdp Apks ps,
A bu S>dp kyû L$sp ps.
Aepe 9:
epf c[sA cfsu s S>ddp S> dy[s L$d L$fphu? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cfs op
ps L$fhp, opp kp^ sfuL$ c[s L$fgu, su spu s S> S>ddp s dpn ps ep rl. c[sy h
dpn Aphp{ S> R>, R>sp k|Z fus depvp kQhpe s dpV$ S> sZ s S> S>ddp cfs dpn ps L$fpep
rl. R>sp u S>ddp bpZ Ahsep epf sp dpn ep.
epf u S>ddp Z cfs dpn ps epy L$d L$lgy u? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
dy[sp ANuepfdp L$^ R>. sdp ""S>p cpN L$fgp shu Ap hu s s fpedpu uL$mu Nep, A
su lqfu Dpkp L$fsp sZ Z S>ddp sdy p ps L$ey'' (11&2&18&) Ad s dy[s ps
epy L$lhpy lphpu Ap L$^dp s L$lg u.
iP$L$p:vl sp (c[sy) blpfy kp^ lphpu s lfZ S>dgp epf Z c[s L$fhpu s L$sp ps
S>, R>sp bpZ S>ep epf Z sZ c[s L$d L$fu A L$pg(dey)u fpl ip dpV$ C? Ahp pe
sp Zhy L$ dpndp rh L$fpfp L$pg L$d hcph hNf v|f L$fhpy kp^ epN R> Ad S> s dpsp lsp, su
S> lfZ S>ep epf Qpp L$fsp; dpnp kp^ kh ps L$fgp s L$lsp ""[f d'' S> ps L$fhp epe
lphpy sZ L$lgy A ""d [f L$fhy A Dd epN R>'' A hpe dpZ sZ s L$lgy. L$d hNf s dpnp
kp^ dpsp lsp. L$ cNhpu Dpkp L$d dpny kp^ R>, Z cfs OZp vy:Mu eg lphpu
(bpZS>ddp) dpn ps L$fhpdp L$pgp rhgb kl L$fu isp rl, A L$d AV$ pfp S> rlsL$pfu pe
shy lphpu A s L$ep R>u dpn dmsp lgp hQ L$pg hNfu AV$p pi hpp kch lphpu, s L$d
rlsL$pqf dpsp lsp. L$pfZ L$ s Zu iL$pe shp L$pf rls L$fpf u. hmu su c[s cNhp Df
l lps sp s c[s kpp a$g sfuL$ S> sy d [f ps, fsy su c[s hs (cNhp Dfp
l) lsu, fsy s opp kp^ S> lsu, su u bpZp S>ddp Z s c[su s op S>
ey, A s op Z kkpfdp hfpe L$fph shy S> ey, Z buSy> L$pC a$g Ap shy lsy. S>d rQspdrZ
20
L$pC L$pQp QpMp Appf dp (A su pk L$pQp QpMp dpN ), s s fp^gp cps Apsp u A c|M
dV$pX$sp u, sd c[s s opy kp^ S> dpsp lphpu c[su s op S> ps ey. R>u s c[s
pspu sp L$us dfZ hNf L$pepu hr pd epf s dpn Ap R>. su sZ dpnp S> kp^p L$fgp
sdp; sZ epN ApQfhpu buSy> a$g ps L$fphhpdp DepN C Nep. su R>u sZ epNu S> du
[fsp ps L$fhp dpV$ sfs S> s ApQep65-69
kkpfdp hfpehpmp Z dfZ L$us hNf L$f epf sdp fk s Ahe gpN S>, A sd pe
epf epN fkfrls R> Ad Zu su s vfL$pf L$f Ahu iP$L$p pe; sp Zhy L$ cNhp depvpdpNdp L$d
hNf k|Z fus bghp lphpy rhQpfgy R>. S>d bpgL$ up i pe sp Z s iNpffkp Aych
sp u, shu fus depvpdpN}e c[su S>V$gp (fk)u op A hfpep Aych pe, sV$gp S> c[sfkp
Aych pe R>, h^pf c[sfkp Aych sp u. h^pf c[sfkp Aych pe sp sp Aych
L$fpfu cpN C iL$ rl, A su depvpp S> pi pe. su depvpdpNdp L$d hNf S> khu bghp
lphpy cNhp rhQpfgy R>. cNhp s dpN S> Ahp L$fgp R> L$ L$dy DP$O pe sp a$g ps pe. R>sp
su c[sipp rhfp^ sp u. L$pfZ L$ y[V$dpN}e c[s L$dp a$g Apsp AV$L$phu v R>. c[sy h
sp kvp L$dp AV$L$phu vp{ S> R>. fsy cNhp S>p kb^dp depvp kQhpe sd rhQpf R> sp
kb^dp, c[s pspu i[s L$V$ L$f, sp depvpp pi S> pe. su cNhpu BR>pu S> pspu
i[s L$V$ L$fsp AV$L$u S>C, c[s s Ar^L$ fky vp L$fsu u. A[ fpMu Y$L$pegp lpe epf vTpX$sp
lphpu, vTpX$hpu i[s spdp u Ad dpe. su depvpdpNdp L$d bghp lphpu c[sipp rhfp^
sp u.
y[V$dpNdp c[s; L$dp a$g Apsp AV$L$phu v R> Ad ApNm y[V$y rZ L$fpfp R>$p L$^dp
L$li. Adrg sp vyV$ L$dpp a$g Apsp, c[sA L$d fpL$u vu^p Ad L$li. hmu pfv lehp Dvi
Apep (6&5&7-9) Ap Dviy epep lehpA ps pspu dm L$fgy R> (Sy>Ap 6&5&11-20)) sdp
kpfp L$dp Z Dd a$g Apu isp u Ad S>Zphgy R>. hmu c[s dpn ps L$fph R> Ad hp kP$Ndp
viphgy R>. rQL$sy ksu phsup ip hpu h Apkyf eprdp S>ep (6&18&38). lgp s cs lsp,
su Aphy Apkyfy Aepe ifuf ps hp R>sp Z s cNhpu p[s C (6&12&35). Qpgy kP$Ndp
cfs su DgVy$ ey. s bpZp Dd vl ps egp(A.9&2) R>sp c[su s dp opu S> p[s
C. kpnps cNhpu p[s L$fhp dpV$ epe vl ps eg lphp R>sp depvpdpNdp s lphpu s c[su
du [fsp S> ps C. su depvpdpNdp cNhp[sdpV$ epe vl ps ep lpe sp Z *AL$pg hNf
s a$g ps hpdp rh L$f R> Ad V$ L$lgy R>. cfs hvy Aee rspA L$fphhp epk L$fg s, sp
hjgp lpu sy dey sy lsy s, hNf su c[s gu^ b^ flg. su depvpdpNdp Z k|Z fus dys
L$fphpfu cNhpu c[s R>. su S> S> gu^ epeu ce sp u, shp cNhpp QfZL$dg ifZ
Aphgpy kpnps cNhp ps S> fnZ L$f R>(A.9&20) Ad L$lgy R>. Ahu fus kpsdpu hdp kyûp Z
Aepepu cfsu hdp [rs epy L$lgy R>&&70-72&&
(*rZekpNfhpmu sp "L$pgv:' pW$ gu^p R> A A.9&17p "cNhL$gphufLy$g' ivdp L$lgu
"L$gp' Al] 71du L$pqfL$pdp S>Zphgu R> Ad L$lg R> fsy hjg Ops L$fu iep u, su Ap epe gpNsy
u. L$pg depvpdpNdp rh L$f R> y[V$dp L$fsp u, su s pW$ gu^g R>)
Aepe 10; flNZ cfs L$fg d A :
21
cfs flNZ S> *Dvi L$ep (A.11&12-13) s cfsu hdp [rs L$fphpfp lphpu Ap
L$fZdp su kP$Nrs su u Ahu iP$L$p pe
(*AphfZcP$N Fjc L$fg (A..)p Dvi Ap lphpy L$l R> fsy s Dvi Ap L$fZdp
lphpu s epe gpNsy u)
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ cfs op lphpu s Z S>dp ghp X$ep, Ahu iP$L$p fl s dpV$ Ap
Dvip Ap L$fZdp kdphi L$fgp R>.
epf R>u ""opu kkpfdp pR>p Aphsp u'' A yrs dpZ bpZp S>ddp cfs ey li
(L$pfZ L$ lgpp S>ddp op ey lpe sp Ap yrs dpZ s S> S>ddp sp dpn hpu lfZp Ahp
bpZp S>d S> pe) Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp s MpV$u R>. Ap op sp s fp cfsp S>ddp S> Agy L$pfZ L$ Ny{A sp fpA
pspp riep, yp sp op Aphy CA (A.&15), Ad Fjcvh L$lg lphpu sdZ epf
pspp yp Ap op Apey (A.4&19), epf sdp y cfs Z ep lphp S> CA, A s Z
sdZ op Apgy. hmu bu S>ddp s lfZ ep, epf Qpp L$fsp ""ApdophpmpA d d [f
L$fgy...''(A.8&29) Ad sZ pspp lgpp S>dy hZ L$fsp L$lgy R>. hmu ""ApQpehpmp y{j lpe s
op pe R>'' Ad yrs L$l R> A s bu L$pCA opp Dvi L$fg lphpy L$lgy u, hmu R>u ""opu
kkpfdp pR>p Aphsp u'' A yrsp Z (Apd dphpdp) rhfp^ sp u. L$pfZ L$ b Zpf Z
pf^ L$dp a$gp cpN L$fhpp lpe R> A L$byg fpMgy lphpu, s yrs S>-S> shp cpN L$fhpp lpe
sdp kb^dp L$lgu R>. (cfs pf^ L$fgp L$dp a$g cpNhsp lsp) su S> sZ flNZ Dvi Apep.
sd lps, sp ""A dpZ bl kb^frls bpgsp, Arcdphpmp, dvu csy Adp L$fsp, psp
qX$s dpsp''(A.10&8) s Dvi dmhhpp Ar^L$pf rhpp Zu S>d s bu kp bpgsp lsp, sd
su kp Z bpgs rl. R>sp spdp p op ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lsp (N15) A s dpV$ s
e L$fsp lsp (N19) su op ps L$fhp dpV$ s epe R> Ad dpu s Dvi L$ep. cfs su
AhNZp L$fu lps, sp sZ cfsp Afp^ L$fgp lphpu hjgp(i|p)u W$ sp pi ps. s cNhp
kdyM lphpu sp pi pe s epe lsy. sZ pspp 2NyZhpmp hcph gu^ cfsp Afp^ L$fgp,
su sp shp hcph v|f L$fhp cfs lgp hQp(N9-13) sL$p. epf R>u shp vpj v|f sp sZ
cfs(bpZ) d L$ey A L$ep (A.10&15-16hNf), A Ap vidp Aepep A R>73
rie Ny{ S> L$pf d A L$f s L$pf flNZ cfs d A L$fgp R> L$pfZ L$ shu
fus d A L$ep lpe, A (cfs Ny{p L$pfu rl Z) Dvpkuspu bp^ Ap sp flNZ op
pe. cfs Fjcvh pku; S>d rie Ny{ pku op ps L$f shu fus, s fp lsp epf op ps
L$fgy sp Al] Dvi L$f R> su Ap dpZfrls u.
Aepe 11; epNp Dvi:
flNZ kkpfdp hfpe ep lsp A sZ kepk gu^p lsp. su s kpeipy op
ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lphpu cfs s epNip dpZ opp Dvi L$ep, s Ap ANuepfdp Aepedp
L$lg R>.
22
cfs Z Fjcvh Ap S> opp Dvi L$fgp. su S> fp lsp epf sZ op ps L$fgy sp
Dvi L$ep Ad L$lgy R>. Ap flNZ Z fp lsp. su cfs ps S> s opp Dvi L$ep, sd lps
(A flNZ kpey op ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pfhpmp lps) sp cNhp L$rg pk op ps L$fhp L$fhp
S>sp flNZ (A.10&19) sZ sdu pk S> dpL$ghp epe lphpu ps Dvi Apep s Aepe ps, hmu
psp s s epNp Dvi Aphpp Ar^L$pf lphpu, Dvi dpV$ L$rg pk S>hpp flNZp d Z L$pdp
pe, s Z epe lsy. su cNhpu BR>pu S> sZ s epNp Dvi L$ep A s S> Aepedp epNp
kp^ sfuL$ d hi fpMhp Zpey74
Aepe 12-13; hfpep bp^:
epf R>up bpfdp Aepedp A N|Y$ Ahpmp sfdp Aepedp Z cfs flNZ hfpep bp^
L$fgp R>. c[sp kp^ sfuL$ Ap hfpep bp^ L$fgp R>. cNhpdp S> d D L$fpf hfpep bp^ L$fg
lphpu s Dd L$pfp hfpe R>. epN A hfpe A b bplApu Al] c[sy rZ L$fgy R>. ApS> Ap
Dviu ps sy a$g R>. Dvidp kh m
""l flNZ! cspp QfZu fS> ^pep rhp bop ps sy u'' (A.12&12)
""l flNZ! sy Z lqfu khpu ^pfhpmu Ag sghpf gC ce S>Ng hV$u '' (A.13&20)
""Ny{ A lqf p QfZu khp iu Apdpp hy op hp vpf iy dp pi L$f''
(A.11&17)
""cNhpp Qqfpp L$us sp dfZ u dye dpl v|f L$fu dpN pf e R>'' (A.12&16)
Aphp hpepu c[sy hZ L$fgy lphpu sdp c[s S> dye R>. su cNhpp ip Aykfsp
epNp sdp Dvi L$fgp R>. ""b^p epNuApdp Z S> dpfpdp As:L$fZ fpMu phpmp C, dp{ cS> L$f
R> s l khu Dd epNu Ry>'' (cN.Nusp6&47) A hpedp cNhp Z s S> A L$lg R>. su
cNhpdp dp rNl L$fhp, bu b^pdp hfpe fpMhp, A A b fpMu cNhpdp l L$fhp Ad L$lgy
R>. epN A hfpe; c[s L$fphpfp lphpu sd "bpl' L$lgp R>75
Aepe 14; N|Y$ Ahpmp hpepy epep:
Al] Aepe 14dp N|Y$ Ahpmp hQ L$lgp R>. Qpp L$^p Aepe 28dp A R>$p L$^dp
Aepe 5dp shp S> N|Y$ Ahpmp hQp L$lgp R>. Ap kh N|Y$ Ahpmp hQp Ar^L$pfu funp L$fhp dpV$
L$lgp R>. Ap L$^dp Aepe 13dp L$lgp Aphp hQp flNZp Ar^L$pf sp furnsp Ar^L$pf L$hp R> s
S>Zphpfp R>. furns Ap N|Y$ Ahpmp hpepy epep iyL$ |R>ey (A.13&26). iyL$ s epep Aepe
14dp L$ey, su furns s ey.
iP$L$p:N|Y$ Ahpmp hpepdp L$lgp Ay op hpu dye Ar^L$pf ps pe. iyL$ epep L$ey epf
furns s A ep AV$g s Z flNZp S>hy op hpu su kdp Ar^L$pf ps ep Ahu iP$L$p
pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ epep L$fhpu hpep Ay op S> pe. fsy su Ar^L$pf ps pe.
S>d L$pC AL$ rhflhpmu u pspp S>hu S> pspp rs Df urs fpMpfu pspu ipe L$l L$ ""hR>vu
d^y lh bpm R>'' epf bu L$pC u sp A |R> A s u A hpedp pspp re (rs) d^y
L$lgp R> Ahy epep L$f, R>sp Z |R>pfu u su rhepN fkp Ar^L$ Aych sp u L$pfZ L$
23
spdp s kdS>hpp Ar^L$pf urs u sd S> s sV$ u s epepu urs D su u shy S>
Al] Z kdS>hy. hmu A kdS>hpu Ar^L$pf ps sp u, fsy su DgVy$ Ar^L$pf lpe sp A
kde R>. Aphp N|Y$ Ahpmp hpep Ar^L$pfu funp L$fhp dpV$ S> L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ Df S>Zpey sd Qpp
pQdp A R>$p A Z L$^pdp s Ar^L$pfu funp pe s dpV$ L$lgp R>.
Ar^L$pf Z L$pfp lphpu Ahp hpep Z L$^pdp L$lgp R>. s L$u lgp Qpp L$^dp L$lgp
hpep pQubrlj kd iep, L$pfZ L$ s L$ddp Apk[shpmp lphpu lu (lgL$p) Ar^L$pfhpmp lsp.
hQgp Ap L$^dp L$lgp N|Y$ Ahpmp hpep kdS>hp klgp lphpu ded Ar^L$pfhpmp flNZ s kd
iep. s shop ps L$fhpu BR>phpmp lsp, A L$ddp Apk[sfrls lsp, R>sp Z s Arcdp lsy.
Ofp sp fpep sZ epN L$ep lsp, A opp Dvi ghp Z fpS>kcph gu^ W$pW$dpW$u pgMudp
bku S>sp lsp, su s ded Ar^L$pfhpmp lsp. R>sp ""S>p pf Aph shp dpN 2NyZ sdpNyZ A
khNyZ p rhcpNhpmp L$dpdp S> [V$ fpMpf...'' (A.13&1) hNf hpepdp klgpCu kd iL$pe shu
fus A L$lhpeg lphpu s kd iep, fsy furns sp N|Y$ Ahpmp hpep kdS>hpp Ar^L$pfu lsp.
su s kd iL$hpu sZ iyL$ s kbû L$ep (A.13&26). lehp sp dy[sp Ar^L$pfu lpC Dd
Ar^L$pfhpmp lsp, su sdZ sp pfv L$lgp N|Y$ Ahpmp R>$p L$^p hpepy ps S> epep L$ey7678&&
flNZ Aepe 13p N|Y$ Ahpmp hpepp A Zsp lsp, epf Qpvdp Aepedp epep e
R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ flNZp A furnsp Ar^L$pfp cv Zhp s L$fgy R>. flNZ epep
rhp S> pspu dm Zgy s epep Atl Qpvdp Aepedp L$lgy R>. du Z S>f fl shu fus
flNZ s hpepp A ep. su flNZp Ar^L$pf furnsp Ar^L$pfu Dd lsp Ad S>Zphhp
furnsp A Ap epep L$lg R>. rie Dd lphpy L$y, su sp Ny{ Z Dd lphpy L$lhpey S>.
Ahp cfs Dd Ny{ lphpy flNZ S> A.12&1 sp A.13&21dp L$lgy R> Ahp iyL$ S> A.7&1 hNfu
cfsp fp sfuL$p S>d Dd lphpy L$lgy R>.
iP$L$p:kpnps cNhp S>p vl bmu S>sp hp vl ps L$fphgp, S> cNhpp vi Agp, A
hmu S> hip cNhp AP$NuL$pf L$fgp shp hidp S>dgp, cNhpu L$gp f AS>yp p, bpvfperZA
(iyL$) S>p Df L$p L$fgu A S> Ar^L$pf (lgp) L$^dp Dd Ar^L$pfu sfuL$ hZhgp R> shp cNhpp
cs furns shp b^p L$pC NyZ rhpp flNZp Ar^L$pf L$fsp ApR>p Ar^L$pfhpmp lphpy Ad huL$pfu isp
u Ad L$lhpdp Aph,
kdp^p:sp cg, fsy Ny{ A riep L$pfu Dvi L$fhpdp Aphsp lpe sdp dpn dmhhp
BR>pf pspp Apdpy op ps L$fhpdp DepNu, Ap depvpdpN}e phprlL$ Ar^L$pfu hps R>. su S>
Df L$lgp b^pA lehp (pfv L$lgp Dvi) lgp hfpe rhpp A u BR>p fpMpfp S> lsp.
sApA pfvp *Dviy hZ L$ey s Z opp kp^ sfuL$, cNhpu gugp sfuL$ rl. furns sp
gugpu Adsy p L$fhpdp Dd Ar^L$pfu lsp. su S> ucpNhsy hZ L$fhp dpX$ey s lgp S> s
""uL$Zp QfZu khpp khu Ar^L$ Apvf L$fpf'' (1&19&5) lphpy L$lgy R>, A sZ ps Z ""snL$
d cg bl S> vi L$f, sd rhu L$pApy Np L$fp'' (1&19&15) ""Ap S>fpA kl C iL$ shu
sfk Z d uX$p L$fsu u'' (10&1&13) hNf hpep L$lgp R>. su s y{jpdp sh Zhpu
24
BR>pu sdu gugpp fkdp X|$bgp dhpmp lphpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp y{jp hfpe pe s dpV$ L$lgu ifuf kbû
Ahp kkpf kbû hpspApp kb^hpmu N|Y$ Ahpmu hpspAp kd iL$ sp Z su L$pC e|sp
su u. hmu Ap A.13-2u Apfcu L$lgu hpsp sZ Nlpd cpNep epf Aychgu hpsp lps,
sp sy dfZ hpu, s ps Aychgu hpspu kdp NyZhpmu R> Ahy op sp, dmsu Aphsu lphp gu^
s kd is, fsy Ap furnsu sp B[ep hNf cNhpy cS> L$fhpp kp^ lpC, s sdp rd
hNfp hu S> Aych ep lphp gu^, s Ap hpsp kdS> s epe S> R>. hmu pfL$pApu hsyApu
[rsy op L$pdy Z R>. iyL$ hNf opdpNp bophpmp lphpu kh Zpf lpC sd s hpspApy Z
op pe. su S> N|Y$ Ahpmp khpvu hfpe D L$fhp S> hsy[rs L$lu s S> furns Aychu
Ahpdp Z shu lsu, su s Z cNhpu gugp S> R> Ad dpu sZ s Zhp dpV$ L$fgp.
hpsrhL$ fus sp S>d-S>d bu dpNu hpspApy op pe, A c[sdpNu hpspy S> op pe, sdsd y[V$dpNdp sp Dd sy e R> Ad Ad rQe|hL$ L$luA R>uA. Ap A S>Zphhp cNhp S>
pQubrlj (4&29&1) A furns (5&13&26) pk Ap hpspApy op pe s dpV$ p L$fphgp, Ahp
OZp N|Y$ Arcpeu S> ApQpeuA Ahu depvp lphpy L$lgy R>. opdpNhpmu depvp Aphu S> R>78&&-80
(*"|h dysp:' A pW$ R> s "|hdysp:' CA Ad S>Zpe R>. AL$ Ayhpf h^pf R>peg lphpy S>Zpe
R>.)
cfs flNZ Aphp bp^ Apepy L$lgy R>, s L$p Ad S>Zphhpp epS>u L$lgu R> L$ cfs
Z S>dp egp s L$u lgp bdp s dy[s ps egu lphpu s L$pdp Nep Ahu iP$L$p MpV$u R>. s b
S>dp k|Z fus L$pdp Nep lsp sdp su dy[s egu rl fsy dy[su Ar^L$ fkhpmu c[s s
S>dpu ps eg lphpu s L$pdp lsp. su Ap flNZ A cfsp khpvu cfsp lgp b S>dpu
kfkpCy rZ egy R>. Ahu fus kpsdpu Qpvdp kyûp ApW$ Aepepu c|rd pp fpApu L$p
L$lu. sAp c|rdp Chf lsp, A Ahe ApW$ L$pfy lphpu ApW$ Aepepu sApu L$p L$lu 81
V$pL$fZ 3; op. Aepe 15:
Ap hip lgp fp rehs L$p. vfdp Aepedp R>p fp rhfS> lphpy L$lgy R>. lgp A
R>p Dd L$lhpdp Aph, epf hQgpAp Z shp lphpy S>Zpe. su vfdp Aepedp cfsp y kydrsu
Apfcu R>p rhfS> kyûp fpApy rZ L$fgy R>. cfsp y kydrs pjX$dpNdp Z O a$g ps
L$fphpf ep (A.15&1). sp hidp N Dd fp ep. s rhp Aiphspf lsp, A Apdopu
dlpy{j lsp. uL$Zp spdp Aphi sp (6-13). Ap hidp b^p fpAp Dd lsp Ad S>Zphhp R>p
fp rhfS>y hZ L$ey R>. sZ pspu L$ursu Ap hi ipcphgp (gp.16)82-83
L$fZ 2; vidp [rs:
vidp [rsy buSy> L$fZ 17 u 26 kyûp ANuepf Aepepy R>. s L$u lgp pQ Aepepdp
c|rdy rZ L$fgy R>. R>up Z (21-23) Aepepdp Dfp gpL$y A R>p Z (24-26)
Aepepdp uQp gpL$y rZ L$fgy R>.
iv, i, , fk A N^ A pQ NyZp c|rddp lphpu (Sy>Ap 32&6&49) A pQ NyZpp c|rd
hX$ cpN C iL$ sd lphpu c|rdy pQ Aepepu rZ L$fgy R>. hmu ApL$pi, hpey, sS>, S>g A c|rd
A pQ dlpc|sp R> s L$u lgpp dlpc|sp pR>mp dlpc|sdp cmgp lpe R>. su S>g hNf cmgu c|rd
25
Qpf L$pfu A c|rd ps (hu) Ad pQ L$pfu c|rd lphpu sy pQ Aepepu rZ L$fgy R>.
hmu dlpc|s sfuL$ spdp sdpNyZ dye lphpu, kh, fS>: A L$hg sd: Ahu fus Z L$pfu A S>dp
2NyZ kp sp khNyZ kp sp sdpNyZ dye lpe shu fus b L$pfu Ad NyZpu Z c|rd pQ
L$pfu lphpu pQ Aepepu sy rZ L$fgy R>.
sdp lgp Qpf (16-19) Aepepdp S>byu kh c|rddp Dd R>, A Qpf y{jp ps
L$fphpf lphpu sy Qpf Aepepu hZ L$fgy R> A R>u pQdp (hukdp) Aepedp bpL$uu c|rdy rZ
L$fgy R>&&84-85&&
Aepe 16; S>byu:
s L$u lgp (kpmdp) Aepedp S>b|uy qfdpZ(L$v) sp h L$lgp R>. S>-S> MX$ ep
S>hp L$pf Aphg R> sy hZ L$fgy R>. cNhpy cS> L$fhpdp DepNu lphpu Apy hZ L$fgy R>. su S>
ApNm (Sy>Ap A.19&21-28) vhp Apy Np L$f R> s lgy R>. Ap cNhp uL$Zu L$qV$ (L$X$) vi
lphpu sdy cS> L$fhpdp DepNu R>, A cNhpy ep C iL$ s dpV$ Apy hZ L$fgy R>. qfdpZy
sp hy rZ pQdp Ndp kpdpe fus L$fgy R> A R>$p Nu Apfcu sp MX$p, MX$pp kudpX$p
Dfp hsp, hnp, dpV$u vuAp, vuAp, lfZp, hsp A sdp dp(L$v) S>Zphu rhspfu hZ L$fgy R>.
cNhpu L$qV$ Ap u "S>b|u' pd Aphpy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ Ap udp dp S>d hpu S> kh iy
sS>hp epe R> A iy NlZ L$fhp epe R> Ay op pe R>. ("S>' AV$g S>dhy + "by^' AV$g op ps
hy = S>by^. b ^psyAp X$sp k[^p red dpZ "'p "d' pe R>. Apdpu R>p "^' L$pY$u pMu,
R>p "D' vuO L$fsp "S>b|' pe R>) Ap "S>b|udp' S>d sp S> op pe R> Ad, rhL$pf rhpp (AV$g
"S>'p rhL$pf "' A "by^'p "bp^' pe R>, s L$fsp dp) ^psyAp ghpu S>Zpe R>. su S>App
S>d rhL$pffrls lpe sAp Ap udp S>du S> op pe R> Ad S>Zpe R>.
"rhL$pffrls S>d' AV$g vhu k[V$dp S>d. bu updp sdS> hN hNfdp Z rhL$pffrls
S>dhpmp lpe sAp Z cpNdp fep-ep S> fl R>, Z Aphp opu lpsp u. Ap udp b^p kpdpe
fus Qpf L$pfp y{jp Zpf lphp Dfps, L$V$gpL$ y{jpdy A sdp NyZpy op lphpy hpdp
Aph R> Ahy Ap uy opp rhjedp Dd lphpu, op S>Zphpf ^psy ("by^'dp dpp h^pfu "by'p
"b|' L$fg) R> Ad Zhy. Apu Ap uy bu L$fsp Dd S>Zphgy R>, su Ap up kh vhpA
Ape L$fgp R>. op; khNyZy L$pe R>, A vhp khNyZhpmp R>. su sApA Ap up Ape L$fgp R>.
Ap udp khNyZ dye lphpy Apu S>Zpey.
Ahp vhpA Ap up Ape L$fgp R>, A Ap u Dd lphpy buSy> L$pfZ L$lgy R>. bu updp
Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZpp L$pe lpe R>, fsy s NyZp S>d Aû R> shp vhp sdp lpsp u. Al] sp vhp Z fl
R>, su Ap u Dd R>. Ap udp vhp fl R> s A.17&14 u Apfcu A.19&9 kyûdp L$lgy R>. cNhp
Ap "S>b|' pdp udp fl R>, su S> Ap u khu Dd R>. su S> Ap uy Apdp hZ L$fgy u,
fsy Ap kpmdp Aepedp pspu S> iy Ap uu c|rdy S> hZ L$fgy R>86-88
Aepe 17; Aphg NP$Npp S>gu Dd:
26
Ap S>b|uu c|rd; S>gu Z Dd pe s dpV$ cNhp sdp NP$Np Z ApZgu R>(N 1).
S>b|udp kh g NP$Npp kb^ pe s dpV$ kusp hNf NP$Npp Qpf rhcpNp L$lgp R> (N -9).
NP$Npp kb^ S>b|uu kh c|rd pe s epe S> R> L$pfZ L$ JQp L$fgp QfZdpu uL$mgy S>g L$qV$
Df X$ A V$ S> R> (Sy>Ap N 1). c|rd cNhpu L$qV$ R>, A hpd rhfpV$ h ^pfZ L$fsp X$pbp
QfZ JQp L$fu spu bpX$p L$V$pl cvsp Dfy S>g sdp s QfZ kp kb^dp Aphu, sdu L$qV$ Df
X$ey.
iP$L$p:gpL$dp QfZy S>g A s Z QfZp Mp kb^hpmy S>g Arh NZpe R>, sp shp
S>gu S>b|uy Dd L$d pe? hmu L$vpQ s S>g bu rh L$f, fsy S>dp QfZp kb^hpmy
lpe sd sp rh S> L$f, su s shy S> pspu L$qV$ Df pX$hy epe u. hmu cNhpp cS>dp
DepNu hpu sy Dd Ap S>gu C iL$, L$pfZ L$ cNhpp QfZp kb^hpmy S>g sdp
cS>dp DepNdp ghp epe u Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Al] cNhpy b^y Avc|s Qqf viphgy R>. S>d bpX$p L$V$plp piu
q$epu NP$NpS>g S>b|udp gpep A Avcys R>, sd s QfZp My S>g lphp R>sp rh L$fp{ R> A
Z Avcys R>. Ap rhje sL$p kdu S>f lpe sp Zhy L$ cNhpy QfZ Ar^vh(cNhp) R>.
su sp kb^hpmp Z Apr^vrhL$ sp lpC, cS>dp DepNu vppu sp lphpu, cS>dp DepNu
lphp vpj Df L$p s sdp u. L$qV$ hr lphpu, sdp flpfpApp kkpf v|f hpy kchsy
lphpu A cNhpp QfZ S> c[s lpC kkpf v|f L$fphpf lphpu A kkpfuAp sp kpnps kb^
hpy bu iL$ sd lphpu, sApp kkpf a$uV$hpp kch lphpu, cNhpp QfZp kpnps
kb^hpmu Apr^vrhL$ hhpmu NP$Np cNhp (Ap udp) gpep. hmu s gphhp cNhp QfZ JQp
L$fg, su Ad S>Zphg R> L$ JQp L$fg QfZp kb^hpmy S>g Z JQu Nrs ps L$fphp{ R>. Ap L$hu
fus JQu Nrs ps L$fph R> s udvpQpeQfZ 1&19&6 Dfp ukybprûdp viphgy R>. Apd lphpu khp
L$fpf NP$Np c[s Appfu lphpu sp S>gu Ap u O Dd ps egy R>. Ap udp
flpfpAp S> dy[s ps hpp kch lphpu, Apdp L$pC v|jZ u89-90
NP$Npp S>gu cNhpu | hNf kh L$fhpdp Aph s epe R>. NP$Npp Z hp R> 1.
Apr^cprsL$ S>g h. s h pspu BR>p dpZ ehlpfdp DepNdp ghp epe R>. 2.Apep[dL$
hpl lphpu su h. Apdp p L$fhpu sp Apy p L$fhpu vpjp v|f pe R> A ye ps pe
R>. 3.cNhpp QfZp kb^hpmy Apr^vrhL$ S>g h cNhpy cS> L$fhp epe vl ps L$fphp{
R>. bu vuApp sp ifuApp S>g Z Ap u hp kb^ hpu S> NP$Npy buSy> (Apep[dL$)
h ps L$f R>. Ap u hy S>g bpA pspp L$dX$gyp S>gu hpdp QfZ ^pAg s lphpu
(Sy>Ap8&21&3-4) lvhpmy S> R>, fsy pspp kbû s kh rh L$f R>. su shp OZp rh S>gu
cNhpu | hNf kh L$fhpdp Aph s epe S> R>. spu cNhpu | L$fhu Aepe lpe sp cNhpp
du dgp A hNf Z cNhp AZ L$fhp Z Aepe pe. hmu spu | L$fhpu QfZp
S>gu c]Agu hsy AZ L$epy bsy u, L$pfZ L$ Ahu hsy kpnps QfZp S>gp kb^ lpe R>,
epf Al] (NP$NpS>gu |S> L$fhpdp) sp S>g NP$Npy Apep[dL$ vhsphy flW$pZ lphpu su R>.
su spu | L$fhpdp vpj u.
27
fpApu L$p L$p R>u Ap L$^dp c|rdu L$p sdp cpe vp sfuL$ L$lhpdp Aph R>, A
su c|rdy p fpApp cpNp rhje sfuL$ vpj S> lpC, sp hZdp cNhpu | hNf L$lhp s
epe u, L$pfZ L$ c|rd fpAp cpN L$fhp epe lpC, cNhpu | L$fhpdp DepNu u Ahu iP$L$p
pe sp Zhy L$ ep cNhpy |S> sy lpe s S> ky{jpy p R>. fpAp ps S> rhje sfuL$
c|rdp cpN L$fsp lpe, sp c|rd |dp DepNu fl A |y hZ Al] Aepe NZpe. fsy
cNhpu BR>p dpZ S> sp cpN L$f R> shp fpAp dpV$ sp cNhpu | ep su lpe shy S> p
epe lphpu Al] cNhpu |y rZ L$fgy R>91
iP$L$p:epf cNhpp lfL$pC Ahspfu | L$fhpy c|rdp p DepNu lphpu, Sy>vp-Sy>vp
Ahspfpu | Sy>vp-Sy>vp cL$sp L$f R>, Ad L$lhpy spe iy li? Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ Al] S>b|up h MX$pdp cNhpp rhrc Ahspfpu | Sy>vp-Sy>vp
cL$sp L$f R> Ad L$lgy R>; sy spe Ahy R> L$ Ap Ahspfdp Ap NyZ S> flgp lphpu Ap S> epS>u
su khp L$fhpdp Aph R>, Ad vfL$ MX$dp khp L$fhp epe Ahspfp rZe L$fgp R>, A Aphp S>
NyZhpmp cL$sp Ap MX$dp S> Aphp S> L$pf cS> L$f R>, Ad cL$spp rZe L$fgp R>. su Al]
cNhpp Ahspfp sp sdu | L$fpf cL$sp NyZdpNu (sdp NyZpu) rZe L$fgp R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap
depvpp L$^ R> A depvpdpN kNyZ R>. cNhp sp kh m NyZpu f R>, fsy sdy Ar^W$p
(flhpy p) NyZhpmy lphpu cNhpp Ahspf Z NyZhpmp L$lhpe R>. su shp S> NyZhpmp cL$sp s
Ahspfu Apv ps pe R>; fsy NyZpu f cL$sp sp y[V$dpNp lphpu Ar^W$p Asfpe (X$vp)
rhp kpnps L$V$ eg uL$Zp hdp S> Y$sp fpM R>. su y[V$dpNu [rsy hZ L$fhpy li epf
sApy hZ L$fhpdp Aphi. Al] y[V$dpNu [rsy hZ u, su shy hZ L$fgy R>92-93
s L$u 1.Bgphs MX$dp kP$L$jZu spdku d|rs lphpy V$ L$lgy R>. ""pspu L$rs spdku
d|rs'' lphpy N 16dp S> V$ L$lgy R>, s spdk Ahspf kP$L$jZp cL$s dlpvh Z iy sdpNyZhpmp
lpC spdk R>. s fNyZ Ahp khNyZ kp cmgp sdpNyZhpmp u, Z iy NyZhpmp S> lpC S>
spdk R>.
kP$L$jZ sdpNyZhpmp lphpu S> dlpvh sdy cS> L$fsp lpe, sp kp hNf Z spdk lphpu
sdy Z cS> sdZ L$fhy fy! Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ kP$L$jZ S> sdpNyZp Ar^W$psp(resp)
lphpu s S> s NyZ v|f L$fu iL$ R>. su pspp sdpNyZ v|f pe s dpV$ dlpvh sd cS> R>. sdpNyZp
d|m C flg kP$L$jZp cS> rhp, dp kp^p L$fhpu s NyZp k|Z fus pi sp u. dp rih S>
Aphp epS>u cS> L$f R> Ad u, fsy ApNm Z S> cL$sp bu Ahspfpy cS> L$fsp lphpy
L$lhpdp Aph R>, s b^p sdpdp flg Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZpp pi s Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZpp Ar^vh Ahspfpp cS>
rhp sp lphpu S> pspp Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZpp pi L$fhp S> s-s Ahspfpy cS> L$f R>94-94
Aepe 18:
2.cph MX$dp leNuh cNhp fl R>; sdpdp fNyZ sp sdpNyZ cmgp flg R>, s L$u
sdpNyZ dye R>. sdp khL$ chp Z shp(fpS>k-spdk) S> R>. sdp b^p khL$p "chp' L$lgp
lphpu b^p shp S> R>, L$pfZ L$ sAp spdk lpC OZp d|Y$ lphpu pspApp dye (chp)p pdu S>
28
ApmMpe R>, fsy Sy>vp S>Zpegp u. su dye khL$ chpp Z sdpdp kdphi eg lphpu s Z
shp S> R>. (gp.3 sp 4 Dfu) sApy fpS>k V$ S>Zpe R>. Sy>vp-Sy>vp Ahspfpu sApp NyZ
dpZ (sdp khL$pA) syrs L$fgu R>. su s syrs Dfu sApp Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZp S>Zpe R>. S> Ahspfdp
S> Mpk NyZ R> sdp shp d A s Aykfsu syrs L$lgp R>. su d A syrs Dfu S>
Ahspfpp hy op pe R>. Apu S> khL$pp hy Z op pe R>94&&-96
Al] kdpr^, syrs A d hX$ Ay$d d hpZu A L$pep u | L$epy L$lg R> (N 1). Ap
| syrsu S> su lphpu dp iy DepN? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ |dpNdp | L$fpf |
dpZ S> a$m dm R>. Apd lphpu syrs cNhpp L$V$ NyZp S> S>Zphpfu lphpu spu khL$p L$V$ vpjp
S> v|f pe. d sp Nys lphpu sp S> L$fhpu s AL$V$ vpjpp Z pi L$f R>. su AL$V$ vpjpp pi
L$fhp du Z S>f R>.
dp | S> L$lhpu R>. sdp | L$fpfu uAp S> lphu CA Ad L$lhy (A.17&16) L$pdy
R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zp L$ Ad L$lhpy spe Ahy R> L$ up kP$Ndp flpf (dlpvh)u s syrs
L$rsu sp vpjp pi L$fhpu i[shpmu u, L$pfZ L$ (up kP$N lphpu sdpdp) hfpe u. dlpvh
uApp kP$N lphpy L$y, su S> sdpdp hfpe lphpu S>, cNhp L$V$ pe shp epS> gu^ sp
sdp ipL$p Z pi sp u. (Al] L$pidp "Z' flu Neg lpe sd S>Zphpu Aphp A L$fg R>) su
S> sdp ddp s ""AL$V$ cNhp dL$pf'' (A.17&17) Ad L$l R>. chpApu syrsdp sd
hfpe lphpy (A.18&3) S>Zphgy lphpu, sdp s ipL$p pi eg R>. dlpvh |Z sdpNyZ lphpu A
ipL$ Z sdpNyZ lphpu sdp ipL$ v|f hpy kch R>, fsy L$ |fp sp kyû s cS> L$f epf sdp
kP$L$jZdp S> ge pe epf s v|f pe. chpdp fNyZp Aip hi eg lphpu S>V$gp fNyZ Apep
sV$gp ipL$hpmp sdpNyZ uL$mu Nep, Apd viphpf sApp hfpe S> R>. L$pfZ L$ hfpe lpe epu sdpNyZ
Ahe v|f pe. su sApA | L$fgp cNhp S> sd hfpe Apu sdp sdpNyZ v|f L$fgp, fsy s
hfpep cphu v|f egp rl Ad ApQpeuA "rhpqfs:' (ipL$ v|f L$fgp) Ad 97 du L$pqfL$pdp L$lg R>
su S>Zpe R>. Apu kP$L$jZ A leNuh p csp ps sp a$m Sy>vp lphpy L$lgy R>, Ad S>Zphg
R>97
3.lqfhj MX$dp ftkl cNhp R>, s kp[hL$-spdk R> A sdpdp sdpNyZ dye R>. sdp
khL$ lgpv Z shp S> R>. lgpv cL$sp lpe sdu cpf tvp gp.10,12,13dp L$fgu R>. sZ
gp.10dp kepk L$epZL$pfL$ lphpy L$lg R>, A gp.14dp cNhp rs pspp ApNl S>Zphgp R>.
sp cL$sp rs nps, kepk L$epZL$pfL$ lphpp hQ A cNhpdp ApNl; A sp khNyZp L$pe
R>, su s kp[hL$ spdk R>98-98&&
4.L$sydpg MX$dp L$pdvh pdu rk cNhp ^y R>. gduvhu sdu khp L$f R>. s sdpNyZ
A khNyZ u cmgp fNyZhpmu R>. sdpdp fNyZ dye R>, L$pfZ L$ L$pdp cpNdp sdu Apk[s
lphpy gp.19 sp 20 Dfu S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ bu uAp L$pdvh rkhpe bu rsu BR>p L$f R>
sdp Ap gpL$dp s vpj Sy>A R>. Apr^cprsL$ (kpkpqfL$) y{j spdk lphpu, shpu L$pdp Z spdku R>
A fpS>ku u sdp vpj Sy>A s epe R>. gp.22 dp gdu pspu kfkpC S>Zph R>. Aphu fus s bu
uApp vpj Sy>A R> A pspu kfkpC Npe R>, R>sp Z s cL$s NZgu R>. gp.23 u s c[s L$fsu
29
lphpy S>Zphgy R>. cNhpp dlpey op ps L$fu lu s cNhpy cS> L$fsu lphpu, Df L$lgp
csp L$fsp Z s Dd cL$s R>98&&-100
5.feL$ MX$dp de cNhp fl R>. s fpS>k-spdk R>. sdpdp fNyZ dye R>. sdp cL$s
dy Z shp S> R>, Ad sZ L$fgu syrs (gp.26-28) Dfu S> S>Zpe R>. sZ gpL$pgpu tvp L$fu R>
(gp.27), A sdp NyZy L$pe R>. bpL$up fNyZp L$pe R>. sZ syrs Z sp hcph dpZ S> L$fgu
R>101
6.rlfde MX$dp L|$d cNhp fl R>; s fpS>k-kp[hL$ R>. sdpdp khNyZ dye R>. sdp
khL$ Aedp Z shp S> R>.
7.DfLy${ MX$dp cNhp hfpl fl R>. s kp[hL$-spdk R>. sdpdp khNyZ dye R>. Ap hfpl
eoh R>. sdu khL$ c|rd Z sdp S>hp S> NyZhpmu R>. spdp khNyZ lphpu opy dye lphp
R>sp s ""Y$ c[sepNu'' (N 34) cNhpy cS> L$fsu lphpu cL$s R>. A su sy op c[sdpN
dpZy S> lphpy su syrsdp viphg R>102-102&&
Ap syrsdp c|rdy cS> Z L$pf L$fgy lphpu Z L$pfy R>. s L$u lgp 34dp gpL$dp epNu
hi L$fgy d AL$ S> kp^ lphpy L$lgy R>. ""S>dy h hpu BR>phpmp L$rhAp...'' (gp.36) Adp
"hpu BR>phpmp' rhijZu d c[sdpN}e lphpy L$lg R>. ""L$ddp Ly$igsp epN R>'' A hpL$e dpZ s
L$ddpN Aykfp S>Zphgy R>.
bu L$pfdp gp.37dp e hNf R> kp^p L$lgp R>. cNhpdp dpep A sp qfZpdp u Ahy
op Al] vipey s opdpN}e R>. R>hV$ bhpf dL$pf L$ep s c[sdpN}e R>.
u L$pfp b hpL$ep (gp.38-39) u Ay$d cNhpp dlpey op A sdZ pspp Df
L$fg DL$pf S>Zphu Apvf viphg R>. A c[sdpNdp sp Ap b S> fpMhp epe R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap b kp[hL$
R>. epf lgp S>Zphgp b L$pfp Sy>vp-Sy>vp kp^p gu^ gi L$fphpfp lpC kp[hL$ u.
Ahp sdpNyZ 2NyZ A khNyZ A Z NyZp dpZ c|rdA syrs L$fgu R>.
1.spdk hp cNhpp blpf S> vi L$fhpu BR>p lpe R>, A sd d A AL$ S> kp^
lpe R>. (gp.36) ""S>d L$pW$dp d L$fu A[ D L$f R>'' Ad L$lu sAp kpû sy vy:M k|Qhgy
R>. su sAp spdk R>.
2.fpS>k hp L$ddpN dpZ cS> L$f R>. su sApp R> kp^p lphpy L$lgy R> (gp.37).
3.kp[hL$ hp sp gp.38-39dp Df S>Zphgp b kp^p S> lphpy L$lgy R>. depvpc[s kpû su
lphpu s b fpMhp epe lphpy L$lg R>, A s lgp L$lgp kp^p kp[hL$ lphpu sS>hp epe R>, Ad
k|Qhgy R>102&&-103&&
Aepe 19:
30
8.qL$y{j MX$dp cNhp fpd fl R>. s fpS>k-kp[hL$ R>. sdp cL$s lydp Z shp S> R>.
fpd cNhpp Ahspf R>. s hpkyvhp Ahspf lphpu sdpdp khNyZ dye R>. yfpZdpu Ahp rQe
pe R> L$ L$pChpf fpd y{jpdp Ahspf lpe R>, Z Ap ds bfpbf u. su s fpS>k-kp[hL$ lphpy
dphy epe R>. S>d gpY$pp Npmpdp A[ hi L$f sd Ar^W$p (flhpp g vl)dp cNhp ^pf s
Ahspf R>. Al] Ar^W$p (fpdp vl) kh A f NyZp rdZhpmy A S>dp khNyZ dye R> shp s
rdZhpmy lphpu, fpd fpS>k-kp[hL$ L$lg R>. hmu cpfshjdp c[s OZu lphpu A s L$d L$fhpy
p lphpu, A kh S>dp dye R> shp kp[hL$-fpS>k vidp Z sdp Ahspf eg A s flgp R>,
A s vidp Z Apephsdp S> flgp R>. su S> sdp cs Z pspu BR>p lpe epf dyep vl
^pfZ L$f shp (hpf)lydp fpS>k-kp[hL$ R>. su lydp khp L$fhp epe h Z Df S>Zphg shy
fpS>k-kp[hL$ R>.
buApp ds (""buAp Apdp kds lphpu Ad Z Apd dpuA R>uA'' Ahp A L$fu
AphfZcP$Ndp L$lg R> L$ fpd rkps dpZ y{jpdp Ahspf R>. yfpZdp sd R> Z s bfpbf u
Ad S>Zphhp ApQpeuA L$pqfL$p 105dp "sy' iv epS>g R> Ad Df Aphu Neg lphpu fpd y{jpd R>
Ahp Ap dpNp rkps S>Zpsp u) kp dmsp flu Ad Z Apd dpuA R>uA. S>kd|ldp AL$urs
hpp ce hNf OZp L$pfu dpl L$fph shu gugpAp sdZ L$fgu lphpu s kp[hL$-fpS>k R>103&&-105&&
9.cpfshjdp cNhp pfpeZ; f kp s L$fsp fl R>. sdu pfv khp L$f R>. s b^p
^dpdpAp iykp[hL$ ^d R>. cpfshjdp b^p L$sp pe s dpV$ S> cNhp pfpeZ s L$f R> A sdp
su S> cpfshjdp b^p L$sp egp R>
105&&-106&&
hmu Ap cpfshjy S>g Z rh R>. su su vuApy hZ N 16-18 kyûdp L$fgy R>. Ap
MX$p vpp kp[hL$ lphpu khu vhpA syrs L$fgu R> (gp.21-38).
Al] cpfshjdp Akyfp Z D egp R> su kpdpe fus khu syrs vhpA L$d L$fu? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ lgp S> Qpf hZ sp Apdhpmu y hZ L$fgy R> sd C A sdp NyZp
pspdp u Ad C vhpA c[s|hL$ s ApMp MX$u syrs L$fgu R>. su S> ""dyLy$vu khpdp DepNu
pe shp S>d ps L$ep R>''(gp.21) Ad sApA L$lg R>.
Ahp, cpNdp Apk[shpmp vhpA s dpZ syrs L$d L$fu? A s syrs Z khu L$d L$fu?
Ahp Dvch sp Zhy L$ vhp khNyZhpmp lpC kp[hL$ lphpu b^p vhpp kd|lpA Ahu fus syrs
L$fgu R>106&&-107&&
dyp y rehs ps ANuepf L$fpX$ hj fpe L$fgy R>, A sp hi ApMp hpecyh dhsf kyû
fpe L$ey.
dhsfdp dy, dyp y, FrjAp, vhp, B A cNhpp Ahspf lpe R>. su dy A sp
y rehs dpn pep R>u dhsf flhpy kchsy u Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ dy A sp y S>
31
lphp CA Ad s L$lhpp cphp u, fsy dyp hip bu Z sp Ar^L$pf ps hpu dhsf

flhpy kch S> R>. A Ap hpecyh dhsfdp Z dyp b^p hidp s Ar^L$pf lsp. su dhsf
flgp. dhsfp As kyû rehs fpe L$fgy Ahu iP$L$p fl, s dpV$ sZ 11 Abyv AV$g 11 L$fpX$ hj
fpe L$ey Ad hjpu kep S>Zphgu R> (A.1&29). "Abyv' AV$g L$fpX$ A rk S> R>.
rehsp hidp Z Apu^ A sp yp S> AL$ R>u AL$ dhsfp Ar^L$pfuAp egp, fsy
buAp s Ar^L$pf ps ep lsp. rehsp yp Dd, spdk A fhs (A.1&28) sp L$rh, dlphuf
A kh (A.1&26) sp BdrS> hNf (A.1&25); S> S>b|u rkhpep upp Ar^rsAp egp
sAp L$pC Ar^L$pf ps ep lsp. sAp fpe s hdp Negp, R>sp L$ |fp sp kyû c|rd Df
flgp. ep kyû sApA pspspp Ar^L$pf kpQep A epf R>u cNhpy cS> L$fsp lsp. Ap b^p
hdp Negp AV$g sAp dhsfp Ar^L$pfu ep lsp.
Ap b^p Apuû W$ S> dyp y (rehs)p yp lsp. su sAp bu updp Ar^L$pf
dep A sdpdp h^pfpp NyZ Apep, Z dyp hiS> lphpp sdp NyZp su pi ep lsp. su Ap
b^p dhsfp Ar^L$pfu pe s epe rl Ahu iP$L$p pe. sp Ad dphy L$ Bd hNfA pspsp
cpN Aphg fpe dhsf |fp sp kyû L$ey, A epf R>u sp epN L$ep. ucpNhsdp Ap A V$
L$lg u. Z S>d Apu^ 10 L$fpX$ hj fpe L$ey, sd sApA Z ep kyû fpe L$ey, L$pfZ L$ S>hp
Apu^ shp S> s b^p. su Apu^ rhj S> L$y s sdp kb^dp Z L$lgy Zhy. su sdp
kb^dp Sy>vy L$pC L$lgy u107&&-110&&
Aepe 20; c|rdp bu R> MX$p:
S>b|u A s R>up bu up R|>V$p pX$pf L$pC hs Ahp kdy L$lg u, Z s up
R|>V$p pX$pf kdyp R>, A s su lgpp u L$fsp bdZp R>. Ap kdyp up R|>V$p pX$sp lphpy Al]
L$lg u, L$pfZ L$ rehs fpu L$p L$lsp s L$lg R> (A.1&31). su Al] s L$lhpdp Aph sp
y{[s pe. rehsp f sS>hu lphpu rehsu BR>p dpZ S>sp lsp. su sp X$pu MpX$p X$hpu
egp kdyp su BR>p dpZ fy Xy$ bd hp(a$fhp) gu^ pspspu ApNmp u L$fsp bdZp sp
lsp. AL$ S> fy Xy$ A dpZ lgp L$fsp bd ep L$fsy lsy. L$pfZ L$ f sS>hu lsp.
rehsu BR>pu S> kh hpy OV$sy lpe, sp fy Xy$ bd hpu S>f flsu u Ahu iP$L$p
pe, sp Zhy L$ sV$gp sV$gp S> kdedp lgp L$fsp bdZp Asfdp a$fhpy fp hN hep rhp kch
rl, su lgpu bdZp Asfdp a$fhpy Ahe X$pp h^pf fu a$fhpu su q$epu c|rdp Ahehp
h^pf R|>V$p X$hpu pe, su shu fus bdZp kdyp egp110&&-112
lgp S>b|u a$fsp kdy Mpfp ep, L$pfZ L$ s up b^pA vpj Ap dpV$p kdydp X$ep. su
s Mpfp ep. s kdy vep flhpy p Ap R> su S> S>Zpe R> L$ S>b|up b^pA vpj sdp X$g R>.
su S>b|u vpjfrls hpu sdp W$ cS> pe R>, A khu Dd ^d Z R>. Ap u ps S> Dd
lphpu eps R> Ad "S>b|' u eyr pR>m L$lu su S>Zpe R>.
32
bu gnuy pd su Avfp gn (uf)p dpV$p hn Dfu X$gy R>, Ap u S>b|u W$

rk lphpu su Avfp hnp pdu ApmMpe R> (N 2). Ap gnudp cNhpy cS> sy lphpy
L$lg u. L$pfZ L$ S>b|u R>u L$d L$fhpu c|rd L$epe u. su Ap udp dp cpN lphpy L$lgy R>.(N
6). ep Z Qpf hZp lphpy L$lg R> fsy s hZp ehlpf dpV$ S> lpe R>. A b^p hZp k|eu Dpkp
L$f R> (N 4). b^p hZp AL$ S> d bpg R> A AL$ S> L$pfu Dpkp L$f R>. s Dpkpu sdu
hdp [rs pe R>, fsy Dd a$g ps sy u. su Ap udp Dpkp su lphp R>sp Ap L$dc|rd
u113-116
gn, ipdg, Ly$i, $pQ A ipL$ udpp vuAp hsp kh cNh R> Ad S>Zphhp vfL$ (R>
cNhpp Ahe hNf ^dp A AL$ cNhp ^d} Ad) kps-kps lphpy L$lgy R>. c|rd Z cNh R>
Ad S>Zphhp sp Z kps up lphpy L$lgy R>. A s b^pp Ar^rs Z rehsp kps yp lphpy
L$lg R>. hu, Df S>Zpey sd, pQ L$pfu lphpu gn hNf pQ upp S> vu sp hsp kps-kps
lphpy L$lg R>(Sy>Ap N 2-26)117
S>b|udp L$d[ep dye lphpu s L$dc|rd R>. bu gn hNf pQ updp cpN dye lphpu
op[epy ^p R> A bu (L$d[ep) NpZ R>. yL$fudp cNhpp dy p c|rd A
rehsp y (Ap up Ar^rs hurslp) y d R>. su Ap udp d dye R>, A kL$ A rhL$
A b dp rhcpN L$fpf lphpu Ap up b rhcpN dpkpf hsu egp R> (N 30). Ap AL$ S>
hs Ap up rhcpN L$fsp lphpu Ap up b MX$p R>. su hurslp Z b yp lsp (N 31).
rehsp f kpshpf a$fgp lphpu kdyp kps S> egp. su yL$fu R>u c|rddp kdyp lphpu c|rdp
rhcpN L$fpf hsp S> R>. su S>ep kdyp lpe ep hspu c|rdp rhcpN X$gp R>. cNhp bpy
Apk L$dg Z Ap yL$fudp R> (N 29)118-118&&
rehs lgp S>d c|rdp rhcpN L$ep shu S> fus sp hidp yp ep. S>V$gp S>p up MX$,
sV$gp S> sp yp. MX$ S>V$gp lpe sV$gp S> yp D L$fhp (Sy>Ap A.2&19,
A.20&2,9,14,21,25,31) A S> kekP$L$hpmp lpe, AV$g S>p rhQpf dpZ S> L$pe pe shp lpe,
spu S> bu iL$, A Aphp sp Chf S> R>. su Ap Dd depvp Chf L$fgu R>. Chf L$fgu lphpu S>
Ap depvp Dd R>.
BdrS>u L$p L$lu, s kh gpNy X$hpu S> b^pu L$p L$lhpp kch lphpu, vfL$u L$p Sy>vu
L$pdu L$lu Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap b^pdp cNhpp Aphi lphpu s b^pu L$p L$lgu R>. Ap
cNhpp Ahspf lsp fsy b^pdp cNhpp Aphi sp. Al] ucpNhsdp cNhpu L$p kh L$lgu
R>, Anf Anfdp sdu S> L$p R>. su BdrS> hNfdp cNhpp Aphi sp lps, sp sApu L$p
ucpNhsdp L$lu lps, su s khdp cNhpp Aphi sp118&&-120
rehsp f a$fhpu kps kdyp ep s Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp ep. sy L$pfZ Ahy R> L$ hup Sy>vpSy>vp m S>ep f a$ep ep hudpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp fkp uL$ep. S>b|u a$fsp cpNdpu fpS>k Mpfp fk
uL$msp; Mpfp S>gp kdy ep. gnup a$fsp cpNdpu kp[hL$ d^yfk uL$msp; ep ifX$up fkp kdy
ep. ipdgu a$fsp s cpNdpu spdk L$kgp fk uL$msp; ep byrp pi L$fpfu dqvfpp kdy ep.
33
Ly$iu a$fsp s cpNdpu kp[hL$ fk uL$msp, ep Ou p kdy ep. $pQu a$fsp s cpNdpu fpS>kfk
uL$msp ep v|^p kdy ep. ipL$u a$fsp s cpNdpu spdk fk uL$msp, ep vl]p kdy ep. vl]u sf
sp OZu S> spdk R>. yL$fu a$fsp NyZpsus(rNyZ) fk uL$msp, ep iy duW$p S>gp kdy ep. fp
Q$u c|rd OZu vbpsp, S>ep vbpC ep flgp fk s-s m uL$ep. c|rdp s Sy>vp-Sy>vp fku s Sy>vp-Sy>vp
MpX$p |fpep. Ahu fus Al] kdypu ehp C121-123
hu rNyZ A NyZhpmu Ahp cvu b L$pfu R>. kNyZ hup Z h A S>X$ Ahp S>Nd
A phf Ahp b cv R>. su lgp Z phf hup NyZp uL$ep, R>u Z S>Nd hup NyZp;
AV$g Npe hNfdp flgp fkp uL$ep, A R>hV$ yL$fu a$fsp rNyZ hup fk uL$ep. yL$fudp
cNhpy Apk lphpu s c|rd rNyZ R>124
duW$p S>gp kdyu R>u gpL$pgpL$ hs kyû 9,96,50,000 epS> c|rd R>. s L$u
1,57,50,000 epS> gpL$pgpL$ hs AX$su su pku c|rd kppu R>, A bpL$uu 8,39,00,000
epS> duW$p kdy AX$su gpL$pgpL$ hs sfa$u c|rd kppu u, Ahp ucpNhsp rkps R>. su S>
N 35 dp L$lg R> L$ dpkpf A d{hsy S>V$gy Asf (1,57,50,000 epS>) R>, sV$gu kppu
c|rd R>. bû 9,96,50,000 epS> c|rd kppu lps, sp yL$fu (duW$p S>gp kdy) A gpL$pgpL$
hs hQu c|rd kppu R> Ad S> gMs. su bpL$uu 8,39,00,000 epS> c|rd kppu u. Ap
kppu c|rd gpL$pgpL$ hs pku R> Ad Zhy. su S> N 34dp gpL$pgpL$ hsy rZ L$fu R>u N
35dp kyhZu c|rd lphpy L$lg R>. bpL$uu c|rd pZuApA sS>gu R>, L$pfZ L$ sdp d|L$g L$pC vp a$fu lp
Aphsp u. buAp ihs Aykfu Ap bû 8,96,50,000 epS> c|rd kppu lphpy L$l R>. Sy>vp
L$dp L$vpQ sd li125-126
0,000 A^ (d{u Dfp) S>b|u
1,00,000 Mpfp kdy
2,00,000 gnu
2,00,000 ifX$up fkp kdy
4,00,000 ipdgu
4,00,000 dqvfpp kdy
8,00,000 Ly$iu
8,00,000 Oup kdy
16,00,000 $pQu
16,00,000 v|^p kdy
32,00,000 ipL$u
32,00,000 vl]p kdy
32,00,000 A^yL$fu (dpkpf hs kyû)
1,57,50,000
32,00,000 bpL$up A^ yL$fu
64,00,000 duW$p S>gp kdy
8,39,00,000 duW$p S>gp kdy R>uu c|rd
34
1,57,50,000 kyhZu c|rd

12,50,00,000 gpL$pgpL$ hs kyû
Dfu W$ vrnZ, |h A [Qd Ad d{u Qpf bpSy>A gpL$pgpL$ hs kyû 12,50,00,000
epS> c|rd R>. su Ly$g 50,00,00,000 epS> c|rd C. L$V$gpL$ rhyfpZp Ap^pf Ad L$l R> L$
ApV$gu c|rddp gpL$pgpL$ hsp A bpX$p L$V$plp kdphi C e R>, fsy s Sy>vp L$u hps R>.
gpL$pgpL$ hs ucpNhs dpZ depvprNqf (rhcpN L$fpfp hs) lphpu su c|rddp NZp L$fu u.
bpX$y L$V$pl Z c|rd u, s sp huy Y$pL$Z R>. s ps S> Qpk L$fpX$ epS> rhspfy R> A hup
Y$pL$Z S> lphpu, Qpk L$fpX$ c|rddp sp kdphi hpy kchsy u. su bpX$dp vi rhcpN R>.
(Sy>Ap uQ L$p.130)126&&-129
gpL$pgpL$ hs AL$ L$fpX$ epS> KQp R>, A vilf epS> gpbp R>. sy sV$gy L$v lphpy
rhyfpZdp L$lg R>. L$ ucpNhsdp sy L$v S>Zphgy u. s hs Df Qpf qvN (qvipApp
lpuAp) A cNhp fl R> (N 39-40). sp Df Qpf gpL$pgpu NfuAp Z R>. (ucpNhsdp
gpL$pgu NfuAp dpkpf hs Df lphpy L$lg R> (N 30). qvNu A gpL$pgpu i[sApu
hr L$fhp cNhp Al] flsp lphpu (N 40); gpL$pgpu NfuAp Al] lphpy rb^dp L$lg S>Zpe R>).
Apd lphpu rk bpX$u c|rdp AphfZ kp vi rhcpN pe R>. (1-7)kps up A
sd a$fsp kps kdyp, d{u Apfcu AL$ qvipA S>sp Apdp rhspf 2,53,50,000 R> (8)duW$p S>gp
kdy R>uu c|rd, kyhZu c|rd kp. App rhspf 9,96,50,000 epS> R>. A dpZ d{u gpL$pgpL$
hs kyû 12,50,00,000 epS> rhspf ep. Qpf bpSy>A shp rhspf lphpu 50,00,00,000 epS>
rhspf ep. (9)gpL$pgpL$ hs A (10)bpX$y L$V$pl; Ap L$V$plp rhspf Z 50,00,00,000
epS> R>130
bpX$dp Qpv gpL$ R>. sdp uQ kps pspg R> A c|rd, cyhgpL$, hNgpL$, dlgpL$, S>gpL$,
sgpL$ A kegpL$ Df R>. pspgpdp c|rd uQ lgy pspg Asg R>. su JQpBy dpZ sp c|rd A
Asgu hQ bpX$y de Aph. su c|rd A Asg bpX$ y{j (cNhp)p L$qV$ A S>O R>,
A y{jp decpN su S> L$qV$ S> R>. hmu 2&5&38 dpZ c|rd QfZpu L$pegu A Dfp cyhgpL$
prcu NZgp R>. su c|rd L$qV$ kyû Aphgu R>. Apd lphpu c|rd cNhpu L$qV$ R>, A k|e c|rdu
AL$ gpM epS> JQp R> su k|e bpX$u dedp u Ahp kvl pe, sp s v|f L$fhp bpX$u dedp k|e
lphpy N 43dp L$lgy R>. Dfp gpL$ A uQp gpL$(pspgp)y dp kfMy lphpu Z bpX$y de
L$ep Apey sp rQe C iL$sp u, Ahp rhQpfu Ahp kvl pe. su N 43dp bpX$p dedp k|e
lphpy L$lgy R>. y{jy de L$qV$ R> A c|rd Df AL$ gpM epS> k|e R> s; s de R>. A su k|eu
qvipAp sp ApL$pi, hN A hu, cpNp p sp dpn hNf rhcpNp X$ R> (N 45). Dfp gpL$
A uQp gpL$y dp kfMy u Ahu iP$L$p fl s dpV$ S> k|eu vfL$ bpSy>A bpX$p R>X$p kyû Quk
L$fpX$ epS>y Asf lphpy N 43dp L$lgy R>.
35
epf pspgp AL$ buu vi vi lf epS> v|f uQ lphpy A.24&7dp L$d L$lg R>? Ahu iP$L$p
pe, sp Zhy L$ sApu hQ sV$gy Asf Z R> Ahp Arcpeu sd L$lgy R> (h^pf Asf u Ahp sd
L$lhpp Apie u). L$y su Ar^L$ sdp R>, Z su ApRy> u; Ahp ^pfZ sd L$lg lphpu sdu hQ
vi lf epS>y S> Asf R> Ad L$lhpp Arcpe u.
bpX$u uQ dlpvh kP$L$jZ R> (A.25&2). sdu A dlpvh k|eu hQ Quk L$fpX$ epS>y
Asf lphpy L$lgy R> (N 43) su pspgp hQ S>V$gy Asf ghpu A b hQy Asf Quk L$fpX$ epS>
pe, sV$gy pspgp hQy Asf NZhy BA. sd NZuA sp N 43p rhfp^ pe.
epf ApQpeuA Al] rb^dp pspgp hQ L$V$gy Asf R> s L$d L$lg u? Ahp pe, sp
Zhy L$ ""c|rddp kps rR>p R>'' Ad (A.24&7dp) L$lhpy R>, A ""c|gpL$ (c|rd) QfZpdp L$gp R>''
Ad 2&5&38 dp L$lgy R>. su kps pspgp c|rddp Aphgp lphpu sdu hQy Asf Mpk (Sy>vy) L$lgy
u131-132
cNhpp rhfpV$ hy ep L$fhpdp Aph epf dedp L$qV$ Df flg k|e (L$qV$ Dfp) kppp
L$vpfpdp S>X$gp drZ S>hp S>Zpe su Asqfndp flgp k|ey hZ c|rdp L$fZdp L$fhy epe u Ahu
iP$L$p Apu v|f pe R>. L$pfZ L$ k|e L$qV$ Dfp L$vpfpdp S>X$gp drZ S>hp lphpu L$qV$y hZ L$fsp, sy hZ
L$fhy CA. S>d vl B[ep pZ sp As:L$fZp kd|ldp sdpu h]V$pegp h dfgp S>hp fl R>, fsy
Ly$X$rgu(i[s) s Ns L$f epf kyjyZp pX$up rR>dp hi sp s ûf-ûf Adf (L$pe L$fhpu
i[shpmp) pe R>. Ap bpX$ d AQs-S>X$ lsy, A epf k|e rhfpV$h sdp hi L$ep, epf s
L$pe L$fhp i[shpmy ey, Ad k|ep kb^dp N 44u S>Zphgy R>132&&
Dfp gpL$ Aepe 21 u 23:
lh 21-23 A Z Aepepu Dfp gpL$y hZ L$f R>. s L$u A.21dp k|ey hZ L$fgy R>.
A.22dp Q iy$ by^ dNg Ny{ ir A ksFrjAp y hZ L$fgy R>. A A.23dp riiydpfy hZ L$fgy
R>. Ap Dfp gpL$ khNyZp L$pe R>, A khNyZ-iykh, frdkh A sdprdkh-Ahp Z
L$pfp lphpu Z Aepepu Dfp gpL$y hZ L$fgy R>132&&-133&&
Aepe 21; k|e:
AL$hukdp Aepedp k|ey rZ L$fgy R>. sdp u Nu k|e a$fsp lphpy S>Zphgy R>, 3-12
kyûp Ndp s a$fhpy AL$ p A R>u buSy> p L$lgy R>, 13-15 kyûp Ndp sp fy A
15-19 Ndp sp fp kp^ Ahp sp kpfr hNfy rZ L$fgy R>. A Sy>vp-Sy>vp rhjep As sp
dp L$lgp R>. (Sy>Ap N 7,12,19)133&&-134&&
hukdp Aepedp S> k|ey rZ L$fgy lphpu su Nrs hNf ep S> L$lhp epe lsp. su Al]
N 1-3 L$lhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Al] k|eu Nrsy dye L$pf hZ L$fgy u,
fsy Dfp gpL$y Ap L$fZ lphpu sy dpZ(dp) hNf L$lhpp R>. hukdp Aepedp Ap L$lhpu S>f
lsu L$pfZ L$ ep Dfp gpL$y rZ L$fhpy lsy, su ep s L$lg rl. N budp kpdpe fus
Dfp gpL$y dp L$lgy R>, L$pfZ L$ c|rdy dp L$y s s sdp gpNy X$sy lphpy S>Zphg R>, R>sp Z
36
c|rd Dfp gpL$u Sy>vu pX$pf L$lu iL$pe shy k|e rhp buSy> L$pC lphpu; k|eu AdyL$ Nrs S>Zpep
rhp Dfp gpL$y dp kpfu fus hZhu iL$pe sd lphpu, N 3dp k|eu Nrsy rZ L$fgy R>.134&&135&&
(udvrh$gcyA rb^ Df L$pi Al] kyû S> gMgp R>. lh L$pi rhp S> rb^p cphp
S>Zphhpp fli. Nphpdu uy{jpdgpg dlpfpS> fQgu epS>pp cphpp epe gpNi ep L$pkdp d|L$u
kdphi L$fhpdp Aphi)
c|rd kp Dfp (hN)gpL$ Asdp (R>X$) kpfu fus k^peg R> A hQdp Asqfn cyhgpL$ Mpgu
R>. (Asqfn cNhpp rhfpV$h R>. su Asqfn cNhpu prc kfphf L$lg R> (2&1&27).
kfphfdpu L$dm uL$m, sd cNhpu prcdpu L$dm uL$mg; sdpu bpu Dr egu. spfpApp
kd|l (hNgpL$) cNhpp Ap rhfpV$hu R>psu R> (2&1&28). s As c|rd kp kpfu fus k^peg
lphpu(N 2), sp sp cyhgpL$p rhspf c|rd S>V$gp Qpk L$fpX$ epS> S> R>.
c|rdp rhspf p hNf furnsp gu^ rhfpV$hy ep ^fu iL$pe s dpV$ L$lgp R>.
su hNgpL$, dlgpL$, S>gpL$, spgpL$ A kegpL$p p Z Ahe L$lhp BA; s L$d L$lg u?
Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ uQp kps gpL$ (Asg rhsg hNf kps pspgp)p rhspf sp Asf Aepe
Qphuk (N 7)dp L$lhpp R>, s Dfu Ap Dfp gpL$p rhspf hNf Z S>Zpe sd lphpu (spu S>
rhfpV$y ep C iL$ sd lpC s Al] Sy>vp L$lg u)135&&-136&&
Ap Aepedp k|ey rZ L$fhpdp Aph R> su Ad S>Zpi L$ 1.fpriApdp flg c|rd (AhL$pi)
ApR>u h^pf R> A 2.eprsQ$ Z a$ep L$f R>.
Ap kb^dp dpkpf hsy (Sy>Ap N 7) rZ L$fg lphpu A s b^y bL$dp rehs
L$fg lphpu; Ap bL$p hsps S> li Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$ ""lh L$y hZ L$f'' (2&10&47)
Ad L$lg lphpu, Ap L$p hsps lphpy Z kch R>. hmu 3&11&10dp Qpf-Qpf lfp qvhk A
fprp lphpy A vf qvhky MhpX$uey lphpy L$lg R>, R>sp qvhk A fpr sp MhpX$uey pp-dpV$p pe
R>, sy L$pfZ Zhpdp Aph sp s hpep enu rhfp^ pe. su s kh pp-dpV$p hpy L$pfZ
Zhpdp Aph s dpV$ Ap Aepedp k|ekbû op Sy>vy S> S>Zphg R>. su k|ekbû rhQpf S> Ap
Aepedp L$fgp R>136&&-138&&
iP$L$p:hukdp Aepep N 30dp L$y R> L$ k|ep fy khkf Q$ dpkpf hs Df a$ep L$f
R> A s hs vi lf epS> JQp R>. d{ AL$ gpM epS> JQp R> (A.16&5-7), su dpkpf d{u
OZp S> uQp R>. sp Df a$fsy k|ep fy Q$ su Df 1000 Ahp b lf epS> a$fsy lpe sp Z s
d{u OZp uQ a$fsp lphpu d{ Df qvhk A fpr spu L$hu fus pe? hmu s Q$p a$fhpu ApZp
fpr A qvhk S>d pp-dpV$p pe R> sd fps-qvhk (cNp gsp) L$d pp-dpV$p sp u, L$pfZ L$ s Q$u
Nrs sp vfL$ kde kfMu S> lpe R>! Aphu iP$L$pAp pe,
37
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ k|ep AL$-AL$ Q$hpmp b fp R>. AL$ dpV$p A bu pp R>. bdp
L$pg AL$k| R>, s S> fu S>hu Nrs hp dpV$ S>hu [rsdp Q$ lphy BA shu [rsdp s fpM R>.
k|e k|d fdp lpe R> A s |g fy Z reZ L$fu su epe hr L$fph R>. sp kpfr (A{Z)
AL$ S> hu b f Qgph R>, Ahp Sy>vp hu bu f Qgph R>138&&-140
fplu Apfcu ks FrjAp kyûp (Sy>Ap A.24&1 sp A.22&8-17) S> Nlp spfp hNf R>
sAp AL$-AL$ f lpe R> A S>d fV$dp X$pgp fl R> sd sAp KQ ndX$gdp a$f R>. L$ ks FrjAp
f lphpy gMg u, R>sp sAp Z a$fsp lphpu sd Z f lphpu L$p pe R>. Apd epf JQp
QY$hpy lpe R> epf sdu Nrs ûfu pe R> epf uQ Dsfhpy pe R> epf Nrs Dsphmu pe R> A epf
kpV$ pdp a$fhpy lpe epf Nrs AL$ kfMu lpe R>. sdu Nrs Sy>vp-Sy>vp g su lphpu, sdS> hpey
gu^, vffpS> Sy>vu-Sy>vu TX$u lpe R>. eprsQ$u Nrs kvp AL$ kfMu S> fl R>&&141-142&&
eprsQ$p pp bpf cpN L$fu, su bpf fpriAp L$fgu R>. dj, hjc, rdy, L$L$, tkl,
L$ep, sygp, h[QL$, ^, dL$f, Ly$c A du A bpf fpriAp R>. s L$u dj A sygpp p kpV$ R>. Ap
bpf fprihpmy eprsQ$ Ly$cpfp QpL$X$pu W$ dpkpf hsu Df Af AL$kfMu Nrsu a$ep L$f R>.
k|ep |g fu ^fup AL$ R>X$p d{ hsp riMf Df flgp R> (N 13). su kuû guV$udp sp kfMu
JQpBA dpkpf hs Df AL$ bpSy> dj fpri A su kpdu bpSy>A sygp fpri flg R>. Ap b
fpriApp vi kpV$ R>. dju Q$dp ApNm hjc JQp vihpmu R> A sygpu Q$dp JQu S>su L$ep fpri
hjcp kdp vihpmu R>. hjcu Q$dp ApNm JQ rdy fpri R> A L$epu Q$dp JQu S>su tkl fpri
su kdp vihpmu R>. rdyu ApNm Q$dp JQ Qpgsp A tklu Q$dp pR>m JQ Qpgsp L$L$ fpri R>. s
khu JQu R>. L$L$u Apfcu sygpu iAps kyû p uQy sy e R>. sygpdp p kpV$ R> A Df L$lgy
R>. sygpu ApNm Q$dp pR>m uQ S>sp h[QL$ fpri R> A dju Q$dp pR>m uQ S>sp uQ du fpri R>.
h[QL$ A du kdp vihpmu R>. h[QL$u ApNm Q$dp uQ S>sp ^ fpri Aph R> A duu Q$dp
pR>m uQ S>sp Ly$c fpri Aph R>. ^ A Ly$c kdp vihpmu R>. û ApNm Q$dp uQ S>sp A
Ly$cu pR>m Q$dp uQ S>sp dL$ffpri Aph R>, s khu uQu R>. su sygp fpriu dL$f fpriu iAps kyû
uQ S>hpy lpe R>, A dL$fu dju iAps kyû JQ S>hpy lpe R>. Ahu fus fpriApp dpN S>pCu W$
JQp-uQp R>. Ap fpriQ$dp fplu Apfcu ksrj kyûp (Nlp sp spfpAp) ps-psp a$fhpp dpNdp
JQp sp uQp Aphsp gpdp JQp QY$sp sp uQp Dsfsp a$f R>. sdp Z k|e a$fhpp gdp hpey R>.
A s Z AL$kfMp lphpu k|eu Nrs vffpS> bvgpe R>. hpey k|ep dpNdp lps sp qvhk A fps dp
epf AL$ h^ epf buSy> OV$ R> shy ps. hjcu Apfcu L$ep kyûu pQ fpriApdp qvhk h^ R> A
fps OV$ R>. A sygpdp fps-qvhk kfMp fl R>. h[QL$u Apfcu pQ fpriApdp qvhk OV$ R> A fps h^
R>. djdp fps-qvhk kfMp fl R>. vhpp fpr-qvhk Z Ap k|ep eprsQ$dp a$fhpu S> pe R>. epf
k|e djdp Aph epf sApp k|epve pe R>, L$L$dp Aph epf depl pe R>, sygpdp Aph epf kpeL$pg pe
R> A dL$fdp Aph epf d^fps pe R>&&143&&
eprsQ$ a$fsy lphpu k|e kvp a$fsp lpe R>. (eprsQ$p a$fhp gu^ k|e vffpS> hpdp Aph
R>, A d{; k|eu ApX$ Aph epf vMpsp u. c|rd Df flpfpApp qvhk A fps Aphu fus pe R>.
vfL$ fprip kpdpe fus uk-uk Aip fps-qvhk R>, AV$g fps sp qvhk p dmu uk dylsp R>. A
dpZ kdep OX$u g hNf rhcpNp Z L$fgp R>. eprsQ$u bpf fpriAp L$u) S> fpridp S>V$gp Ai S>
38
g (L$gp sp rhL$gp Df) k|e lpe s ps:L$pgp kde S>Zphpf R> L$pfZ L$ s |hdp Aph epf k|e d
vMpe R>. (su S> fprip S>V$gp Ai, sp L$gp-rhL$gpp p lgp k|e vMpe s ps: R>) s S> g
k|eu S> Nrs lpe s g AV$g k|ey |h qvipdp S> rnrsS> Df vMphpy p hNfp kde dyL$ff L$fpfu
R> (L$pfZ L$ k|eu ApR>u Ahp h^pf Nrs gu^ fpri hNf a$fhpp kde Sy>vp-Sy>vp pe R>). su
eprsQ$u Nrs AL$kfMu lphp R>sp Z k|ep Dve hNf hpp kde Z a$f R>. (cphp Ahp R> L$
QpL$k dphpmp kdep Mpk NyZ S>hp L$ fps-qvhk kvp ApW$ OX$up S> lphp, s eprsQ$u Nrsu pe
R>. pp-dpV$p dphpmp kdep Mpk NyZ S>hp L$ pp-dpV$p qvhk, pu-dpV$u fps hNf eprsQ$u Sy>vuSy>vu fpridp k|eu Nrs hpu pe R>. A AQp$k (dphpmp) kdep Mpk NyZ S>hp L$ eprsQ$dp ep
k|ep Dve i hNf, eprsQ$u Nrs A k|eu eprsQ$u fpriApdp Nrs A b Nrsu pe
R>)&&144-145&&
(Df k|e Npm JQ a$fsp lphpy L$y, s enu rh{ R>, L$pfZ L$ k|e uQ S>sp A uQu
DNsp hpdp Aph R>.) su Df L$lg hsps Qpgy kdep u. bp hNf L$dp sd lsy ldZp sp c|rd
hQ fl R> A c|rdp Npm a$fu k|e S>gdpu Df Aph R>, A (su Df a$fu uQ) S>gdp Apd
R>. (hvdp Z L$lg R> L$ ""S>gdpu Ap (k|e)p Dve pe R> A a$fu S>gdp s hi L$f R>''
udvcpNhsdp Z ""S>gdpu k|e blpf uL$ep epf'' (10&39&32) hNf hpepu A S> A L$lgp R>.
su Df S>Zphgu ehp bpL$u lphpu A Qpgy kdedp k|e S>gdp hi L$fsp lphp gu^ Df
a$fsp lphpu, enp S> rhfp^ hpdp Aph R> s vpj u) L$pfZ L$ eprs:ip ZpfpAp Ad L$l
R> L$ Qpgy kdedp fplu Apfcu ksrj kyûp Nlp A spfpAp a$fhpp p S>gdp hi L$fsp lphpu
eprsQ$ S> hpeyp ApL$jZ gu^ S>gdpu blpf Aph R>. A S>gdp hi L$f R>. su Df L$lgp L$pf
S> fps A qvhk pp sp dpV$p pe R>. su b L$pf pQ dpk kyû qvhk dpV$p sp fps pu su e
R>, A pQ dpk kyû fps dpV$u A qvhk pp sp e R>, R>sp fps-qvhk cNp gsp s kvp kfMp
S>(kpW$ OX$up)lpeR>.
(Qu Nrs Z AL$kfMu lpsu u, fsy ApR>u-h^pf pe R>. su rsrAp pu-dpV$u pe R>
(Q k|eu S>V$gp Ai eprsQ$dp ApNm Nep lpe, s bpf cpNhpu C Negu rsr Aph R> A s
cpNpL$pfp AP$L$dp 1 Ddfhpu Qpgy rsr Aph R>. rsrAp iyv 1 u Apfcu 0)) kyûu 30 pe R>.).
MhpX$uey Z AL$ kfMy lpsy u. rsr pu-dpV$u hpy hpdp Aphsy u, fsy MhpX$uey py-dpVy$
sy lphpu rsrAp Z shu su lphpy Aydp pe R>)146-148
L$pC hpf k|e AL$ fpridpu bu fpridp S>sp AV$g AL$ fpri S>V$gy Asf a$fsp 29 qvhk gpN
R> A L$pC hpf 31 qvhk gpN R>. (Ap L$pC red dpZ sy u. a$fhpp vi gu^ sd sy lps sp
AdyL$ Asf a$fhpdp AdyL$ S> kde e, Z AQpL$k kde gpN. su Aphy k|eu Nrs ApR>u Ahp
h^pf hp gu^ pe R>. su) k|eu Nrs Z b^ AL$kfMu u, |g Q$dp L$ug (S>u Apkpk Q$ a$f
shp Mugp, Sy>Ap A.23&2) R>. A su s L$ug gu^ s dpVy$ L$lhpe R>. s Q$dp Sy>vu-Sy>vu fpriApu
Sy>vu-Sy>vu JQu-uQu c|rd R>, fsy k|dQ$dp Aphy L$pC u. (su Nrs AL$kfMu lphpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp
L$pfu c|rd L$hpy L$pC epS> u)&&149-150&&
39
lh |gQ$u c|rdp vip; S> fps sp qvhk pp sp dpV$p L$f R> s CA. eprsQ$ kp
a$fsp k|e S> m DN R> su kuû guV$udp (AV$g k|dQ$u su bfpbf kpdu bpSy>A) s Apd R> (N
9). k|e epf dL$f A su R>uu Qpf fpridp lpe R> epf qvhk h^ R> A fps V|$L$u pe R> (khu
ppdp pp qvhk L$fsp s kde qvhk h^hp gpN R>. A khu dpV$pdp dpV$u fps L$fsp fps V|$L$u hp gpN
R>). shu fus epf k|e L$L$ A su R>uu Qpf fpridp lpe R>, epf qvhk V|$L$p hp dpX$ R> A fps gpbu
su e R> (dpV$pdp dpV$p qvhku s V|$L$p sp e R> A ppdp pu fpsu; fps dpV$u hp gpN R>) N
3. (epf k|e dj fpridp A sygp fpridp lpe R> epf qvhk A fps kfMp lpe R>, N 4). djdp k|e
Apep R>u (s L$L$dp S>sp kyû) qvhk fps L$fsp dpV$p sp e R>. A shu S> fus sygpdp k|e Apep R>u
(s dL$fdp Aphsp kyû) fps qvhk L$fsp dpV$u lpe R>. su |gQ$u c|rd JQu-uQu lpe R>, AL$kfMu
u. epf k|e Df QY$hpy pe R> epf su Nrs OV$ R> A epf s uQ Dsfhpy pe R> epf su
Nrs h^ R>. k|e qvhkp rs R>, su epf su Nrs OV$ R> epf qvhk dpV$p pe R>&&151-153&&
(d{u deu dpkpf hs kyû AL$ bpSy>A c|rdp rhspf 1,57,50,000 epS> R> Ad
ApZ Df ey. su Df sfa$p dpkpf hsu vrnZ sfa$p s S> hs kyû 3,15,00,000 epS>
c|rdp rhspfu gbpC C. eprsQ$ a$fhpp dpNp Ap epk (X$pepduV$f) ep. epku qfr^
(kfL$k) Z N A su L$pCL$ dpVy$ lpe R>. su 3,15,00,000X3=9,45,00,000+6,00,000
dmu 9,51,00,000 epS> qfrOp rhspf R>(N 20). Ap Asf eprsQ$ vffpS> L$p R>. Sy>vu-Sy>vu
fus NZhpu dscv pe su Al] qfr^dX$gp rhspf L$lgp R>154-154&&
(dpkpf hs Df Qpf qvipApdp B hNf Qpf gpL$pgpu Qpf NfuAp Aphgu R>, A. 20
N 30. eprsQ$ dpkpf Df a$fsy Ap Qpf NfuAp Dfu e R> epf sdp flg k|e Z A
NfuAp Dfu e R>.) Ap eprsQ$u A su k|eu Nrs AL$kfMu R>. A su Ap NfuAp
qvipApy op L$fph R>. d{u Qpf qvipApA Ap Qpf NfuAp lphpu Ap NfuApdp qvipAp S>X$gu lpe sd
S>Zpe R> (N 7). (d{ Df flpfpAp Ap fus qvipApy op pe R>). S>Ap d{u uQ(vrnZ) fl R>
sAp sp d{u Df qvip S>Zpe R>, A d{u Y$L$pAgp djfprip k|e ep d vMpe; s sApu |h
qvip R>154&&-157
L$pfZ L$ c|rdp Npg Df d{ L$dgp S>hu ApL$rshpmp R> A c|rd Z sp S>hu S> Npm R>. su
Ap rhjedp Ahu L$p L$fgu R> L$ dpkpf hs Df d{p riMf S>V$g (JQ) k|ep Q$u ^fup de
cpN flgp R> (Aphu fus c|rd Dfp gpL$ qvipApy op Ap eprsQ$u Nrsu pe R>. spu k|epve
hNf pe R> s N 7-9 kyûdp S>Zphg R>. Ap Q$u Nrs AL$ kfMu R> Ad N 9-10 dp S>Zphgy R>.
d{ Df flpfpApp qvhk L$hu fus pe R> s N 8-9 dp S>Zphgy R>. A eprsQ$ kp k|e vf
OX$udp 2,37,75,000 epS> dpN L$p R>, A N 10 dp L$lgy R>. k|eu Nrs kbû kvl fl s dpV$
s Al] L$lgy R>. N 12 dp su AL$ dylsu Nrs Z L$lgu R>. Q hNf eprsQ$ kp a$fsp Nlp hNf
Z Ap L$pf hpdp Aph R> Ad N 11 dp S>Zphgy R>158-158&&
N 13 u AP$Np kpp AV$g Apfp, qfO, prc hNf AP$Np kpp |g Q$y rZ L$fgy R>.
L$pg vhu hr sp ne pe R> (qvhk sp fpr, rsr sp MhpX$uAp; pp-dpV$p pe R>) Ad viphhp
Ap Q$y rZ L$fgy R>. su dpkpfp riMf Df a$fsy qfOhpmy S> Q$ L$y s Ap khkf |g
40
Q$u W$ cdZ L$fsy u, fsy vh (k|e) kyM|hL$ cdZ L$f s dpV$ qfOhpmy s ikp pdgy R>158&&160&&
eprsQ$y dplpe S>Zpe s dpV$ Q hNf bu Nlp Z sp a$fhp gu^ Dve sp As
pdsp lphpy N 11 dp L$lgy R>. d{y riMf AL$ gpM epS> DQy R>. dpkpf hs 10,000 epS>
JQp lphpu spu uQp R>. su sg L$pY$hpu OpZup Dfp cpN S>hp d{ lphpy N 13 dp L$lgy R>.
(su s N; khkf |g Q$y dpVy$ L$v sp JQy flu cdZ L$fhpu q$ep S>Zphhp L$lgy R>. ^fup AL$
R>X$pu 90,000 epS> uQ e R> A Df sp R>huk gpM (ksrjAp c|rdu 24 gpM epS> JQ
lphpu 24 gpM BA Ad S>Zpe R>.) epS> L$fsp Z h^pf JQy e R>, L$pfZL$ ksrj kyûp vMpe R>
s spfpAp (A Nlp) sp; u vMpsp s A[, B, rs, L$e A ^d Z Ap Q$dp S>
qfcdZ L$f R>.) lgp Q$u ^fuy dp (gbpC) L$lg s V$ S> R>. 1,57,50,000 epS>; d{u
deu Apfcu dpkpf hs kyûy Asf R>, sV$gu su ^fu lsu. sp Qpp cpNu AV$g ApNZQpguk
gpM epS>u Ap bu fu ^fu R> (N 14). (1,57,50,000X1/4=39,37,500 pe. su Al]
AL$ bpSy>A X$p kp X$g cpN, sp bu bpSy> ^yh Dfp cpN bpv L$fu ^fup bpL$up cpN
39,00,000 epS> lphpy L$lg S>Zpe R>.) ^yh Z d{u W$ (c|rdp de cpNdp) Aphg R>, A d{
L$fsp Z OZp JQp flgp R> (Aepe 22 dpZ rhQpfsp d{u 36,00,000 epS> JQp R>.). su k|ep
Ap bu f Z sg L$pY$hpu OpZuu W$ a$fsp lpe R> Ad OZp rhQpf L$fpfpAp L$l R>161-163&&
fu Avf sp Df bkhpy p 36,00,000 epS> ("jqX$his' R>pg Ndp R> s
"jV$tis' CA, Ad S>Zpe R>.) gpby A 9,00,000 epS> lpmy R> A f Ahp X$hpu ^ykfu
Z sV$gu S> (gpbu) R>. Apep[dL$ vh Ahp Ap f ApL$pidp (^yhu Apkpk) gC e R>. Ap
Ahp kps R> A vfL$ Ah AL$ gpM epS> S>ep fpL$ R> su kps Ahp dpV$ (Ahp hQy Asf
NZsp) h gpM epS> gpbu ^ykfu fpMgu R>. A su Ahp ApL$pidp OZp hNu e R>. Ahp
ApL$pidp a$fhpy lphpu sd R>vpde (hvp R>vpp pdhpmp) lphpy L$lgy R> N 15. A (""kyZpp
yp R>vp R>'' A yrs dpZ NX$p cpC, kyZpp y) A{Z kpfr Z shp R>vpde lphpy L$lg R>.
A R>v AV$g iv Ahp A kpfr ApL$pidp a$f sdp L$pC ApQeL$pfL$ u (""Ap s Z hv rhp
S> s R>'' A yrs dpZ k|e Z iv (hv) lphpu s Z ApL$pidp Nrs L$f R> Adp L$pB ApQeL$pfL$
u)163&&-167
(""Ap S> k|edp rlfede rlfe (umu) vpY$uhpmp y{j vMpe R>...'' A yrs k|eu Avf
cNhp flgp R> Ad L$l R>. Al] Z A. 22 ^ 3 dp sd L$li. su sdp cNhp R> Ad S>Zphpfu
kpdNu Z bû lphu CA. su) fdp syrs L$fpfp, e L$fpfp hNf Z lphp CA. su N 1718dp syrs sp e Dpkp hNf sp lphpy L$lgy R>. |g fdp Ap kpdNu R> S>, A A{Z k|eu
pR>m bW$gp lpe R>, (L$pfZ L$ eprsQ$ S> qvipdp a$f R>, su DgV$u qvipdp k|e Ahp k|ep Ap f S>sp
lpe R>). fpriQ$dp AV$g k|dfdp k|eu ApNm A{Z bW$gp lpe R>168-168&&
("" b fpu Nrs AL$ sfa$ S> S>su lpe, sp AL$ S> A{Z b fp lpL$sp lphpy L$pC fus
kch, fsy AL$ [Qddp A bu |hdp Ad DV$u qvipApdp f S>sp lpe sdp AL$ S> kpfr L$d lpC
iL$?'' Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$) A{Z bû kpdNu kp pspp b h L$fu kvp s b fdp fl R>
41
A khp L$pe pf pX$ R>. Ahp (cNhp k|e) rQs C iL$ shp Ahehpmp lphpu, sdu i[s b
L$pfu R>, (A su b rh{ Nrshpmp fdp s a$f R>). Sy>vp-Sy>vp A ds dpZ (Nrsp) L$pf S>hu fus
epe S>Zpe shp rhQpfhp. hmu vfL$ dpk FrjAp N^hp hNf bb cNp C k|eu Dpkp L$fsp lphpy
L$lg R> (N 18), su vfL$ dpk k|e, s a$fhpy dX$g sp f hNf sdu kpdNu kp Sy>vp-Sy>vp lpe R>
Ahu L$p L$fhu. Apdp L$pC kie u168&&-171&&
iP$L$p:"N 19 dp c|dX$gy dp 9,51,00,000 epS> L$lgy R> A N 12 dp k|ep f AL$
dylsdp 34,00,800 epS> S>sp lphpy L$lgy R>. AL$ qvhkp uk dyls lphpu s f AL$ qvhkdp
34,00,800 X30=10,20,24,000 epS> a$f R>. su dpkpf c|rdy dp ApV$gy lphy BA,
9,51,00,000 epS> L$d L$p? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ pspp ds dpZ dpkpf c|rd 10,20,24,000 epS> R>, A qvhkp
30 dyls lphpu k|ep f AL$ dylsdp 34,00,800 epS> a$f R>. su bpfdp Ndp sd L$lgy R>.
3,15,00,000 epS> epku gbpB L$lgu, A epku Z NZp L$fsp L$pCL$ h^pf qfO lphpy L$lg R>,
su Ap rhjedp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ds lphp gu^ qfOu kP$Mep OZp L$pfu C R>. su lgp (S>b|uy)
dp AL$ gpM epS> lphpy L$lgy s AL$ gpM epS> S> lphpy dphy fsy S>V$gy epe S>Zpe sV$gy
lphpp rZe L$fhp, L$pfZ L$ Al] S> dp L$lg R> s (bfpbf kP$Meep S>Zphhp L$lgp u, fsy
cNhpy) dplpe S>Zphhp S> L$lgp R>. su L$pC rhfp^ u. (Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp dp lphpu
Z sd L$lg lphpy kch R>)171&&-176&&
Aepe 22; Q hNfu Nrs:
bphukdp Aepedp Q hNf Nlp sp ksrjApu Nrsy rZ L$f R>. Ap Aepep Apfcdp
furns iP$L$p L$f R> L$ ""k|e eprsQ$ kp a$f R> epf d{ A ^yh pspu S>dZu bpSy>A fpMu a$f R>.
A Sy>vu-Sy>vu fpriApdp Nrs L$f R> epf d{ A ^yh X$pbu bpSy>A fpMu a$f R>. Ahu b ff rh{
Nrs L$hu fus kch?'' (N 1). App Df Apsp iyL$ Ly$cpfp a$fsp QpL$X$p Df Qpgsu L$uX$up V$psu
Ahu ff rh{ Nrs L$d pe R> s kdh R> (N 2). Aphu S> Qp hNf b^p Nlpu b L$pfu Nrs
pe R>. su Ap V$ps k|e A bu khp kb^dp L$lgy R>. Nep (21 dp) Aepep 11 dp Ndp
Q hNf Nlpp Z eprsQ$ kp a$fsp Dve A As sp lphpy L$lgy Z R>. su L$ fpA Al]
k|eu b ff rh{ Nrs kbû S> L$fgp, L$pfZ L$ sZ l k|eu S> Aphu ff rh{ Nrs
lphpy hZ L$fg R>, A sp kbû S> s L$fu iL$. R>sp Z bu Nlpp kb^dp Z a$fu kvl
pe s dpV$ sdp kb^dp Z sy rfpL$fZ L$fhy epe lphpu; kh Zpf iyL$ s khp kbû Df
Apep. su AL$ S> kde b ff rh{ NrsAp hpy k|ep kb^dp kpcmgy s Akcrhs lphpu
iP$L$p, Apfcdp QpL$X$p Dfu L$uX$up V$psu MpV$u W$fphgu R>. R>sp Ap V$ps S>V$gy bu Nlpu b
ff rh{ NrsAp rk L$fhp DepNu R>, sV$gy k|eu shu NrsAp rk L$fhp S>fu u, L$pfZ L$ k|e sp
cNh lphpu b hhpmp C Z pspu shu b NrsAp pspp kpdeu L$fu iL$. ""kh gp L$pisp
y{jdpu D egu R>. L$gpAp, dyls hNf, L$pW$pAp A qvhk sp fps MhpX$uApAp A drlpAp,
FsyAp A hj sdpdpu egp R>'' A yrsdp S> Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgp rhcpN L$fpf k|e L$lgp R> su, ""Ap
s Z hv rhp S> s R>'' yrsdp s hv L$p su A ""Ap S> k|eu Avf rlfede y{j vMpe
R>'' yrsdp k|edp flgp cNhp L$lgp R>, su k|e cNhp lphpy rk pe R>. hmu bk| 1&1&19 dp
42
k|edp flg y{j; cNhp lphpp rZe L$fgp R> (A Ap Aepep 3-7 kyûp Ndp sy kd L$fgy
R>). k|ep (fpri hNfp) cpNu Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pg pe R>. su s cNhp R>, A s hv lphpu Z
cNhp R> (Ad Df L$lgu yrsApu S>Zpe R>). k|edp flg cNhp i[shpmp R>, su s eprsQ$
Qgphsp pspp Aip (dX$mp Arcdphpmp bpf hp A Nlp hNfp Asepdu sfuL$p h) u
(FsyAp khkf hNf L$pgp Sy>vp-Sy>vp rhcpNpp) cpN L$f R>, su L$pgp Ap Sy>vp-Sy>vp rhcpNp L$lgp R>.
hmu opu lphp hNf kh k|eu S> ps pe R>, su Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pgp cvp L$lgp R>177-181
ApL$pidX$gdp Dfp A^ ApL$pidp k|e psp dpV$ cpNhhpp 180 qvhk pe R> A pspp
Aipu kh g (ApMpA ApL$pidp) a$fsp s AL$ hj (360 qvhk) pe R>. pspp bpf L$up AdyL$
hu eprsQ$ kvp a$fhsp flsp s; qvhk, drlp, Fsy sp Ae (R> dpkp DfpeZ sp
vrnZpep kde)p cpN L$fsp ApMp hjp cpN L$f R>. Ahu fus s pQ i[sAphpmp lphpu sp pQ
pdp L$lgp R>(N 7). Ahp k|eu Nrs Sy>vu-Sy>vu su lphpu vfL$ Nrs ded AV$g kdpNrs kp cmsp
1
2
3
4
5
TX$u ûfu TX$u-ded ûfuded ded; Ap pQ cvp sp lphpu pQ L$pfp hj L$lgp R>182184
(Q hNf b^p Nlp eprsQ$dp flgp R>. A sdu hr Z k|eu S> pe R>. su k|eu
Nrsy hZ L$fsp sApu Nrsy Z hZ L$fgy R>) Q hNf Nlpu ikp L$fhpdpV$ sApu JQpB S>Zphu
R>, A Q; fpri hNfp cpN TX$u L$f R> s L$lgy R>. (N 8). bu (by^ sp iy$) Nlpu (k|eu)
kdp Nrs L$lgu R>. (k|eu) kdp Nrs L$lgu R>. A bu Nlp (eprsQ$dp a$fsp) rhgb pe R> s
Z L$lg R>. (Ap Nlp k|eu Ar^L$ R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$lg u, fsy sdu dp ikp L$fhp S> L$lg
R>. npp fpriApdp kdphi sp lphpu sAp [f S> R> (eprsQ$ a$f su kp np a$f R>, Z
sApu k|e hNf Nlp W$ bu Nrs u.) bu k|e hNf Nlp a$fsp fl R>). rsApp fpr A qvhk
Qu pe R>, L$pfZ L$ Qu uQ rsgpL$dp flpfp rsAp Q S> Sy>A R>, k|e sp u. (npu
Avf Qu uQ A k|eu Df rsgpL$ [f R>. s eprsQ$ kp a$fsp u. su rsAp pspu Df
flgp Q S> Sy>A R>, uQ flgp k|e sp u, L$pfZ L$ k|e sdu uQ lpe R>. Apd lphpu epf
k|eu uL$mu, hv ApW$d Q k|eu Df spu kuû guV$uhpmp vidp Aph R> epf rsApp qvhk DN R>.
epf k|e bfpbf Qu uQ Adpkp qvhk Aph R> epf rsAp depl pe R>, A ApZ c|rd
Dfp gpL$ k|eu uQ lphpu Q ApZ vMpsp u. epf Q k|eu ApNm Qpghp dpX$ epf rsAp
dep R>up qvhkp cpN i pe R>, A iyv 8 p qvhk kpS> X$ R>. R>u iyv 8 u hv 8 kyû sd
Q vMpsp u, su fps lpe R>. k|e sp sdu uQ lphpu, fp k|e Nd ep lpe sy sd epS> lpsy
u.) su hv 8 u Apfcu sdp qvhk i pe R>, A epf k|e Q cNp pe epf Adpkp qvhk
sAp depl pe R>. (cpL$fpQpep Npgpepep rhpkpepep gp. 13-14 dpZ S> Ap L$
R>.) Q ne gu^ Ah fl R> Ahp L$dp AP$Np Sy>vp ds lphpy Zhy. shu S> fus Qu L$gpApy
p vhp L$f R> A Z Sy>vp ds Zhp. (Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$dp Ad Z lpe R> sd Zhy)185-187&&
DfpeZp R> dpkdp vhp k|e hNfp fpp vi pe R>, (L$pfZ L$ s kde k|e eprsQ$u
Df a$fsp-a$fsp flg lpe R>. Ap dL$fkL$p[su rdy fpridp k|e lpe ep kyû b R>. ""np vhpp Ofp
R>'' A yrs dpZ vhp npdp flsp lphpu Ap R> dpk kyû sdu Df flsp k|ep f sd vMpe R>.)
su s kde sdp qvhk lpe R>. (R>u L$L$u Apfcu ^ kyûu fpridp k|e lpe epf s eprsQ$u uQ
43
a$fsp lphpu) vhp pspu uQ flgp fp C iL$sp u L$pfZ L$ sApu [V$ Df e R>. (su Ap
kde vhpu fpr R>. (vhpp fps-qvhk Qu pe R>. sygpu Apfcu du kyû DfpeZ R> s sdu fps R>
A dju Apfcu L$ep kyû vrnZpe R> s sdp qvhk R> (epS>p); Ap kdsy u. L$pfZ L$
Dfpep Apfc dL$fu pe R>, A Dfpep kde S> vhpp qvhk NZpe R>. Qu qvhk sp Z
u.)187&&-189
blrs sp ch hNf (kpW$ hjpu) ehp L$f R>. (blrs AL$ hj AL$ fpri a$f R>. bpf hj
ApMy eprsQ$ a$f R> A kpW$ hjdp pQhpf eprsQ$ a$f R>. Ap kpW$ hjpp ch hNf Sy>vp-Sy>vp pd
Apgp R>. s blrsu Nrsu pe R> N 15).
by^ A iy$ u Nrs k|eu Nrs S>V$gu S> R>. su k|ey hZ L$fhpu Ap b Nlpy hZ Z C
Ney. (N 12-13)&&190&&
k|ep y ir A dP$Ng A b Nlp |$f lphpu sdy hZ L$fgy u (N 14-16).
k|eu Df AL$ gpM epS> Q fl R>, A Qu Df sV$gp S> Asf (AL$ gpM epS>)
np flgp R> (N 11 dp Z gpM epS> L$lgp R> s c|rdu Z gpM epS> kdS>hp c|rdu AL$ gpM
epS> JQ k|e A spu AL$ gpM epS> JQ Q R>. s b gpM epS> NZsp np Z gpM epS> JQ
lphpy L$lg R>-epS>p). npu Df iy$, by^, dP$Nm, blrs A ir A Nlp AL$bu Df bb
gpM epS> JQ flgp R> (N 12-17). ksrjAp ir Df 11 gpM epS> JQ Aphgp R> (N 17).
sdpp uQp pQ ir Df AL$-buu bb gpM epS> JQ AV$g vkgpM epS> kyûdp R> A Dfp
b S> AL$ guV$udp kfMu JQpCA R>, s khu Dfpu AL$ gpM epS> JQ R>. Ahu fus ksrjAp iru
11 gpM epS> JQ R>191-193&
Aepe 23; riiydpf:
ksrjApu sf gpM epS> JQ ^yh R>, ( L$ Ap riiydpfy L$fZ R>, R>sp ^yhy lgp hZ
L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ sp Ap^pf kh spfpAp hNf flgp R>); L$dL$ dj hNf L$pgp Apep[dL$ hhpmu bpf
fpriApy Ars$dZ L$fu, fpriApdp khu Df flg ksrjApu Z sf gpM epS> JQ cNhpp fd
^pddp s flgp R>. ep s A[, B, rs, L$e A ^d A pQ epe y{jp kp uL$Zu khpdp
sf flsp Apv L$f R>(N 1). kh L$pe cNhpp khL$u S> rk pe R>, su bu b^p (spfpAp
hNf) ^yhp Ap^pf fl R> A ^yh [f flsp cNhpy L$pe L$ep L$f R>(N 2). khpf depl A kpS>
Ad kpd L$pY$hpp Z kde L$fhpdp Aphsp ^d b^p spfpApu NrsAp reddp fpM R>, A (Asepdup
kpde gu^) sAp k|eu W$ ApL$pidp a$ep L$f R>. Ap sApu Nrs cNhp S> L$fph R> A s reddp
fpM R>. L$V$gpL$p ds dpZ hpey gu^ A L$V$gpL$p ds dpZ L$d gu^ sAp c|rd Df X$sp u(N
3). hpsrhL$ fus sp riiydpf cNhp S> sdp Ap^pf lphpu sAp X$sp u. su S> 5-7 kyûp Npdp
s kh cNhp riiydpfdp flgp lphpy L$lg R> 193&-198
""A[ |R>X$pp d cpN R>, R>u B, R>u rs A Ace Qpp R>'' Ad riiydpfp
pu yrsdp L$lgy R>. Al] sp |R>X$pu R>X$ ^yh lphpy L$lu, sp |R>X$pdp rs A[, B A ^d
44
lphpy L$lgy R>(N 5), su yrsu Ap rh{ R> Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ ^yhp Qpf klQfp lphpy
Al] Z L$lgy R>. N 1 dp L$e L$lg R> s S> rs Zhp (AV$g ep "rs' L$ey rhijZ
lphpy kdS>hy). yrsdp "Ace' L$lg R> s Al] "^d' L$lg R>, su yrs kp Ahp kh L$pCu kp rhfp^
sp u. (kh vhspAp riiydpfdp flg lphpy Al] L$lg R> shu fus yrsdp Z L$lg R>. sdp flhpp
pdp cv R> s Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$u hps lphpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp p lphpy kch R>. su L$pC rhfp^ u)199
ku W$ N|Qmyhpmu ApX$p-Ahmp flsp kh spfpAp hNf pspu Avf fpMhp; A cNhpp
Ahspfy L$pe R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp rkhpe bu L$pC Ahu fus AL$ nZ Z flu iL$ sd u. cNhp
(riiydpf) Ahu fus fl (JQy dyM fpMu Ahp ApXy$ dyM fpMu fl), sp kh kyM pe s dpV$ ApMu
hu Sy>A R>, sd Sy>A rl. (su hup vy:M v|f L$fhp A s kyM L$fhy Ahp Apieu s Ahu fus
flg R>). Ahu fus AL$hukdpu hukdp kyûp Z Aepepu Dfp gpL$u lvy hZ L$fgy R>. Ap
Dfp gpL$u lvy hZ L$fgy R>. Ap Dfp gpL$ (c|rd Ahp pspgp sp c|rd A dlgpL$ hNfu) de
flgp R> Ahu su depvp S>Zphu200-201
uQp gpL$: Aepe 24; pspgp:
Qphukdpu R>hukdp kyûp Z Aepepu uQp b^p gpL$y rZ L$fgy R>. s L$u 24dp
Aepedp pspgpy hZ L$fgy R>. Ap hZp k|eu Apfc L$fgp. su k|eu uQpy hZ L$fhpy lphpu
lgp fply hZ L$fgy R> (k|eu uQ vi lf epS> fpl flgp R>) N 1. fply hZ L$fsp kP$N gu^
NlZpy hZ L$fgy R>, N 2-3. Apu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ fpl k|e hNfp Nhp pi L$fpfp R>. NlZ
gpL$dp rk R>, fsy hvdp L$pC Z L$pf sy hZ L$fg u. fplu uQ Asqfn Aphgy R>. vhpu uQ
flpfpAp Ap Asqfn rlsL$pfu R>. (sdp ripQp, sp sp c|sp fl R>, N 5) Asqfnu uQ Ap c|rd
Aphgu R>. sy hZ C Ney R>(N 6-7)
202-203&&
c|rdu uQ AL$ R>u AL$ vi-vi lf epS> uQ kps pspgp Aphgp R>. Asg, rhsg, kysg,
sgpsg, dlpsg, fkpsg, A pspg A kps pspgp; AL$ R>u AL$ Ay$d c|rdu vi-vi lf epS>
uQ Aphgp R>(N 7).
Ars bghp vep, epNuAp A cNhpp csp; Ap uQp gpL$pdp fl R>. sAp L$u brg hNfy
hZ Ap Aepedp L$fgy R>. (sdpNyZy d|g Apv R> su sdpNyZhpmp Ap vep hNfp) Apv Ap
uQp gpL$dp S> flgp R> Ad L$lgy R> (N 8-10).
sAp hNu Z Ar^L$ kyM sy lphpu, vhp s ppu L$d BR>p fpMsp u? Ahu iP$L$p pe
sp Zhy L$ sdp Apv dpepu pe R> A su s hNu Z h^pf lphpy S>Zpe R>. op epN hNfu
dpepp sp dpepu egp Ap Apvp pi pe R> A kyvip hiu s gpL$dp O vy:M pe R>(N
14-15). ep kyM S>Zpe R> s Aop gu^ S> S>Zpe R>. A shy kyM kp[hL$ vhp Ndsy u. su
Asg hNf pspgpdp b^ shy kyM hpy L$lg R>. su vhp s gpL$u BR>p fpMsp u203&&-207&&
45
kysgdp brgfp S> kyM R> s Aphy dpreL$ u, L$pfZ L$ B hNf Z brgp S>hy kyM dmsy
u, N 18. Ap cNhpu L$pu ps egy kyM R>, s Aopu eg lpC iL$. c[s khu Dd R>
A su uQp gpL$dp Z s Dd S> fl R> Ad Ap brgp kyMu S>Zphgy R>. (Ap brgy kyM uQp
gpL$y kyM u, fsy c[su eg kyM R>. su vhp uQp gpL$p kyMu BR>p fpMsp u.)
epf cNhpu brg Df ApV$gu bû L$p R>. sp cNhp s ip dpV$ bp^gp? Ahp pe,
sp Zhy L$ Mfp ^d iy R> s S>Zphhp cNhp brg bp^gp. (brg; Apgy hQ pmpf lsp Ad
S>Zphhp, sp hu kpQu vuspu A ps A^d R> Ahp opu sp AlP$L$pffrls flhpu lqf k pe
R> Ad S>Zphhp, Ap brgp kb^y h^y hZ L$fgy R>.)
cNhpu brg Df L$p R> A brgp Aphp Dd hcph R> s brgy hZ L$ey su S>Zpe R>
R>sp brgp hQp 24 u 26 Ndp L$p sy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp pspg
hNfy Dd kyM brg Apey s kyMp epN L$fu, sdp Apv dpsp ep Z s vy:M L$d vpkZpu
flsp lsp. cNhpy vpk Z gpL$ L$fsp Ar^L$ R> A cNhpu L$p S>p Df lpe s S> Dd R> Ahy
op B ey, Z brg ey, A vy:M (cNhp d d L$fpep shy vy:M brg sy lsy epS>p)
L$d vpkZpu uQp gpL$dp flhpy sZ Z gpL$p fpe L$fsp Ar^L$ Ney Ad S>Zphhp brgp Ap hQp
L$lgp R>207-209&&
N 28dp devphu L$p L$lu R> s dlpvhp cs lpC, dlpvhu L$phpmp R>, A B hNfu
Dd R>, fsy brgu lgL$p R>. de sgpsgdp fl R>.
sgpsgu uQ dlpsg, fkpsg A pspg A Z gpL$ R> A ep flpfpAp NX$, kyvi
hNfp L$pCL$ ce fl R>(N 28-30)209&&-210&&
Aepe 25; kP$L$jZ:
pspgu uk lf epS> uQ cNhp kP$L$jZ fl R>. (uQp gpL$dp flpfpAp; ep flhpy
vy:M, spdk L$dpu sy Aop A fpS>k L$dpu Akyf A vy:M pe R>. su) sAp kyM pe s dpV$
cNhp kP$L$jZ ep fl R>. ( cNhp kP$L$jZ flsp lpe sp Apdp kyMy hZ L$fgy lps L$pfZ L$
sd kyM lps S> rl. A fL$dp X$gp Z kyM lps.
kP$L$jZ pspgp d|gdp fl R> L$ bpX$p d|gu uQ fl R>? Ahp kvl fl s dpV$ Zhy L$
Ap ij S> ^pfZ L$f R> s c|rd; AL$ gpM (c|rd uQ kps pspg 70,000 epS> A su uQ ij
30,000 epS>. Ad AL$ gpM epS> C.) epS>u R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$du fZp hp gu^ DepNdp
Aph shu R>. (S>V$gu hpfpl Ahspf kdydpu L$pY$gu sV$gu L$lgu R>. su pspgp d|g uQ S> kP$L$jZ fl
R> Ahp Apie R> Apd lpe, sp Ahpsf - AV$g bpp qvhk hQp - ge hpy kch rl). hu
ApV$gu S> R> Ad dphy. (ApMp bpX$ kP$L$jZ ^pfZ L$fsp u, L$pfZ L$ kh AphfZphpmu ApMu
hu NyZpp hpldp Ahp Anfbdp flgu lphpu s hu R> A s bu L$pCp Ap^pfu S>f u)
kP$L$jZ pspgp d|gdp Z epS>u fl R> 1.S>Nsp kkpf (AV$g gpL$y L$epZ pe s dpV$) 2.s
46
vidp sy lphpy L$lg kyM pe s dpV$ A 3.sdu L$urs (AV$g dpn ps L$fhpu BR>p fpMpfpApp
Df sdpu DL$pf) pe s dpV$.
Ap Aepep lgp Ndp kP$L$jZ cNhpu "spdku' A "kphsu' Ad b L$pfu d|rs
lphpy L$lgy R>, su kP$L$jZ sdp eu S> spdk R>, fsy hpsrhL$ fus kp[hL$ R>, A.17&20dp
sdp khL$ dlpvh sdy hZ L$fgy R> su Apd S>Zpe R>210&&-213&&
Aepe 26; fL$p:
R>hukdp Aepedp fL$py hZ L$fgy R>. Apfcdp furns L$f R> L$ Qukdp Aepep
vfdp Ndp ^dp Sy>vp-Sy>vp a$g ps hpy L$y, shp a$g ps hpy L$pfZ iy? (kyM Dd lphpy kh
g R>, A kyM ps hpp L$pfZ sfuL$ L$pd A L$d L$lgp R>. su L$pd A L$d u kyM D eg lphp
R>sp s lgLy$ L$d L$lgy R>?) Dd L$pfy (uQp gpL$dp ps sy) kyM lgLy$ L$d NZg R>? (N 1).
Dfdp iyL$ L$l R> L$ (y{ju p sp y{j ps Z NyZhpmp lphpu L$dp a$g Sy>vp-Sy>vp ps pe R>.
L$d Z NyZu sp lphpu sp a$g lgL$p lpe R>. furns a$fu N 4 dp L$f R> L$, fL$ Sy>vp vi R>?
Ap p cphp Ahp R> L$ fL$pp DepN pp cpN L$fhpp R> A py a$g vy:M R>.).
vy:M kh AL$kfMy R>. R>sp fL$p OZp lphpy A pp-dpV$p AV$g dye A NpZ lphpy N
3dp L$y s L$d kch? su Ap fL$ kbû ep, App Df iyL$ Ahp Ap R> L$ fL$p Sy>vp vip u,
(hu s Sy>vp-Sy>vp vip u) fsy L$d gu^ s Sy>vp-Sy>vp a$g ps L$fph R>. (su AL$ S> g L$d
L$fgp lphp R>sp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$d gu^ Sy>vp-Sy>vp fL$p ps sp lphpu fL$p OZp R> A pp-dpV$p Z
lpe R>.) p L$fpfp rsAp ep lpe R> A ed Z ep lpe R>, N 5-6; (R>sp rsAp s dvv L$fu
isp u A S> S> fL$dp pX$pfp S>hp-S>hp S>dp L$dp lpe, s b^p shp-shp fL$dp pMu ed epe
rinp L$f R>). iyc L$d L$fpf hN ps pe R>, su R>hV$ N 37dp hNy rZ L$fgy R>.
udvcpNhsdp cNhp rkhpe bu L$pCy hZ L$fhy epe u S>, (R>sp Aphy hZ L$d L$fg R>?) Ahu
iP$L$p pe su R>hV$ N 39 u 40 kyûdp Ap kh cNhpp |g h bpX$y S> hZ R> Ad
Dklpfdp S>Zphgy R>213&&-217&&
47
L$^ R>$p-y[V$
L$^p: y[V$
A dpZ pQdp L$^dp uL$Zp rhS>e py hZ L$ey. lh R>$p L$^dp ApNZuk
Aepepu y[V$y rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. (S>hy AgpqL$L$ py rZ L$ey, shy S> AgpqL$L$ "Dd L$pfp
fnZ' y[V$y rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. bpfdp L$^dp fnZu Ahu epep Apu R> L$ ""rhhu Dr
R>u vfL$ eyNdp hp pZuAp dyep sp FrjAp dp S> Z hvpp juAp lpe R>, sdp S> Aeys
cNhpp Ahspfpu QV$p pi L$f R> s fnp'' 12&7&14. Ap hvp rhfp^ L$fpfpApp pi L$fpfu
cNhpu gugp C. Ahp hvp rhfp^ L$fpfpApp pi L$fpf cNhpp Ahspfpu gugp C. bu
yfpZpdp hvp rhfp^ L$fpfp pi L$fhpp S> L$pf L$lg R> s gpqL$L$ R> epf Al] ucpNhsdp s L$pf Z
AgpqL$L$ lphpy L$lhpy lphpu,) Ap AyNl cNhpu gugp L$lgu R>. (bu yfpZpdp S> fnZ L$lg R>
s hvp rhfp^ L$fpfpApp dp hp S> pi L$fhpu eg lpe R>, fsy sdp hvp jp d|g L$pfZ
sdp hcph A sd sdp kplpe L$fpf L$pg hNf v|f L$fp{ lpsy u, sd S> s juAp dy[s
Aphp{ lpsy u. epf ucpNhsdp hZhgu y[V$ sp sApp hcphp Z Ahu fus pi L$f R> L$ sAp
hu flhp R>sp Z hvp j L$fsp u A dy[s ps L$f R>. su Al] S> fnZp L$pf L$lgp R> s
AgpqL$L$ R>.) y[V$ AV$g uL$Zp L$pg hNf v|f L$fpfp AyNl. (Ap dp Ahp Apdpp BR>pu Sy>vp
AdyL$ NyZ R>. sy buSy> pd "L$p' R>) Ap AyNl gpL$dp rk R>. (gpL$dp vhy cfu iL$ shp vZvpf
pku pX$u fL$d gC gZvpf s vhpdpu dys L$f R>. drsdp Z pe[Qs L$fu iL$ shp puApp pp
pi L$fhp lgL$p pe[Qs L$lgp R>. Ahu fus Ap AyNl gpL$dp rk R>) cNhpdp Z AyNl N|Y$ L$pf
flgp R>. (S> yrsp L$pr^L$fZ AV$g bk| 1&3&39dp rhQpf L$fgp R>, s yrsdp cNhp ge L$fpf
S>Zphgp lphpu cNhp |$f R> Ahy cp sy lphpu sdpdp AyNl rk u, Z hsys: sdpdp
AyNl R>. AyL$rs Ar^L$fZ AV$g bk| 1&3&22,23dp kh cNhpy AyL$fZ L$f R> Ad rk eg R>
su gpL$dp AyNl lphpu cNhpdp Z s R> Ahy Aydp pe R>) s N|Y$cphu S>Zphg R>. (L$pe gpL$dp
AyNl R> s d|gh cNhpdpu S> s ps egp R> Ahp rQe pe R>)1-2
Ap cNhpp AyNl vhpu Z R|>p fpMhp epe vhp Z S>Zpe rl shp lphpu cNhpy
pd ep |S> hNfp Apvf L$fu, sApu Avf cNhpy hue lphpy Al] ucpNhsdp L$lgy R> (su
cNhpy pd hNf L$pg hNf v|f L$f R> Ad Al] L$lgy R>. cNhpp AyNl Ahp y[V$; L$pg hNf v|f
L$fpf R> Ad dyep S> S>Zpsy u Ahy u, fsy vhp Z s Zu isp u. vhp Z Ap Zu isp
u Ad S>Zphhp dpV$ sp L$pe cNhpy pd hNf L$pg hNf v|f L$fpfp R> Ad Al] L$lgy R>.
cNhpp hue gu^ sdy pd; kh dpV$p ppy Z pe[Qs pe R>, Ad 6&2&10 u sp 6&18&73
u S>Zpe R>. su Ap dp pdy dplpe u, fsy cNhpp huey dplpe R>. su L$pg hNf v|f
L$fpf cNhpp Dd hue cNhpp NyZ, S>y buSy> pd AyNl R> s y[V$. hvp spe Zpf
edv|sp rhv|spA lpL$u L$pY$ep-A.2&21, MpV$p L$pf eo L$fpf rhh A pu h lep-A.9&4
A 12&33, qvrsp Ncp B L$V$L$p L$ep-A.18&62. Ap b^y kpdpe L$pfy fnZ ey, fsy
Ardgp vyV$ L$epp pi L$ep, By dey AV$L$pey, hp hcph A L$dp a$fhu pep, qvrsp hcph
a$fhu pep-A.18&68 sp 77; A d{spp dey AV$L$pey A L$d sp hcph bvgpep-A.18&65
sp 67. Ap b^p Dd AgpqL$L$ L$pfp fnZ ep)3
L$fZ rhcpN:
Ap L$^dp Z L$fZp R>:
1.pd L$fZ Ahp dyepy L$fZ
lgp Z Aepepy Ap L$fZ R>.
2.L$fZ, ep L$fZ Ahp vhpy L$fZ,
Qppu kfdp kyûp Qpv Aepepy Ap L$fZ R>.
3.AQ L$fZ Ahp ve L$fZ,
AY$pfdp sp ApNZukdp A b Aepepy Ap L$fZ R>.
lgp pd L$fZdp dspsfcpjp R>. ep L$fZdp epu lqfp hi pe R> Ad V$ R>
(A.13-17). |S> L$fZdp |S> L$fhpu Z lqfp hi hpy S>Zphgy R> (A.18-66)4-5
pd L$fZp Z Aepep R>. L$pfZ L$ pdy hZ-L$us-dfZ L$fhpu, A Z L$pfp
kbû pd Apdpp kb^ pe R>. cNhpp p Qpv NyZp R> A s vfL$ NyZhpmp y vedp
rQs L$fhpu s a$g Ap R> S>. su bu L$fZp Qppu kfdp kyûp Qpv Aepep R>. Ap
L$fZdp cNhp
1.u dpn Appf
2.fku Apv Appf
3.Nû c[s Appf
4.iu kh vy:M lfpf
5.pvu dplf
6.epN gu^ pspp hi Appf (L$fpf)
7. ju dey L$fphu dpn Appf
8.hpdu Zpf kh kyM Appf
9.lgL$p dppf vy:M Appf
10.L$hg kehy ep L$fpf kh y{jp ps L$fphpf
11.pspy op ps L$fpf epN ps L$fphpf
12.psp Sy>vp Zpfy dey L$fphpf
13.epe [rsdp flgp op Appf A
14.lu MfMf hi pf
hZhgp R>. blpfp A Avfp cvu | Z b L$pfu L$lgu R>, su u AQ L$fZp
b Aepep R>. AQ Ahp |S>dp q$ep rk R>. Al] lqfp pd, A q$ep L$lgp R>, AV$g lqf Z
L$pfp S>Zphgp R>. khy L$epZ L$fpf lqf k pe AV$g L$p L$f sp Ap Z (cNhpp pd
A q$ep)y vp L$f R>, Z k ep lpe sp L$fsp u.
(""cNhp L$p L$f sp pspp pd A L$dpy vp L$f sd L$y, sp s L$p L$f epf S> c[sy
Z vp L$f R>, L$pfZ L$ dy[sy vp L$f Z c[sy vp L$fsp u 5&6&18. su pd sp q$ep A
c[sy vp L$fhpy L$pfZ AL$ L$p S> lphpu, Ap L$^dp c[sy rZ L$fgy lphpy L$d dphy?'' Ahu
2
iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$) y[V$ pspp AV$g hp L$pe dpV$, hy L$epZ L$fpfu R>, epf c[s fy
AV$g cNhpy L$pe L$fpfu cNhpp L$pep dpV$ DepNu R>. A c[sy hZ hdp L$^dp L$fgy R>613
d L$fZ-pd L$fZp A:
Ardg cNhpp vpk hp epe lsp, A cNhp s lgp S> pspp vpk L$fhp rhQpf L$fgp.
R>sp sp AlP$L$pf v|f pe s dpV$ s sp hcphu S> vyV$ ep, L$pfZ L$ hp hcphu S> vyV$ R> A
pspp NyZpu ps Dd lphpy dppfp lpe R>. (sAp Arhpu Ofpegp lphpu pspp |g sp k|d A
vlp S> Apdp dp R>. A pspp NyZp sp L$dp Dd dp R>, ""l Aphp dlp Ry>. l Apd L$fui, dpfp
S>hp L$pC u'' Ad sAp dp R> A sApp vpj R>, su s vpj v|f L$fhp) cNhp lqf h shp vyV$ hp
vC, s pspp L$f R>. (lqf kh vy:M lfpf R>. S> h pspp vpk dp s h epf pspp vpj gu^
brldyM pe R>, epf ps sp Df L$p L$fhpp rhQpf L$fu s rhQpf dpZ S> su brldyMsp v|f L$fu,
sp vpjp pi L$fpfu L$p sp Df L$f R> s y[V$ R>. Df y[V$ hy L$pe Ahp L$epZ L$fpfu L$lu R>
s Apu Y$ pe R>. depvp S>Zphpf L$^ "p' R>u sfs S> Ap "pjZ' y[V$p L$^ Apep, su Ap
depvp kp cmgu Ahp depvp-y[V$ Zhu). cs Ahp vyV$ pe s kdpr^cpjpdp BR>g u su Ap
L$fZu cpjp dspsfcpjp R>.
(epf dspsfcpjp lpe A kdpr^cpjpdp BR>g lpe, sp s ip dpV$ S>Zphhy CA? Ahp
pe sp Zhy L$) cNhpy pd hs R>, (pd ps S> hsspu pp pi L$f R>) Ad
S>Zphhp Ap L$lg R>. (su bl BR>g u)14-16&&
Aepepp A:
lgp Aepedp Ardgp hsps L$lgp R> (gp.20-68). R>u bu Aepedp cNhpy pd
ghpu ikp L$fgu R> A s pd ghpy a$g A b^y L$lg R> (gp.20-44). u Aepedp cNhpp pd
kbû rkps L$fgp R> (gp.12-30) A edv|sp pd gpf Df bgpL$pf L$f (gp.27) s dpV$ Ap
edp dyMu L$lgp R>. L$pfZ L$ edp hpey dfZ sp kh lqfp pdy dfZ L$f. (Apu Ap dspsf Z
BR>g lphpp sL$ S>Zpep)17-18
Aepe 1; cNhpp pdy dplpe:
lgp Aepedp pe[Qsp kP$Nu cNhpp pdy dplpe L$lgy R> R>sp Z Ap y[V$p
L$fZdp y[V$gugpy rZ L$fsp L$lgy lphpu uQ dpZ rZe pe R>:
S> cNhpp khL$p L$pCZ L$pf cNhpu rhM|V$p X$gp lpe sApp S> pp (cNhpy pd
ghpu) k|Z fus pi pe R> Ap r[Qs R>, buAp S> opu Ahp L$dp L$fu pp pi L$fhp epk
L$f R>, sApp p b^p pi pdsp u, fsy L$V$gpL$ bpL$u fl R>. sdp Z L$dpu pp S> pi pe R>,
s sp lpup p S>hp R>. (S>d p L$fu hR> egp lpu sfs S> ^|m DX$pX$u pspp vl drg L$f
R>, sd L$du S>Z pp pi L$ep lpe, s sfs pR>p bu L$dp L$fu pu pe R>.) A^d gpqL$L$ y{jp
cNhpp pddp rhhpk lpsp u S>. (su sAp L$du Ahp opu pp pi L$fhp epk L$f R>. L$du
sp pp pi lpup p S>hp lphpy Df L$y. op ps sp) vl S> Apdp R> Ahu byrp pi
3
pe, epf p hpdp Aphsy u fsy epf op S>sy fl R> epf (Dfp hp hcphp vpj L$p s
sp p) kh AL$pAL$ L$V$ pe R>. R>u L$dp vpj hp gu^ pp pi L$fhpu BR>p pe sp s
h; c[sdp hi L$f R> A epf R>u c[s s pu dys L$fph R>. su cNhpy pd csp sp
opuAp pu dys L$fph R> buApp pp pi sp u. su cNhpy pd cspp pp pi L$f
R>, Ad (Ardgp hpsu ) L$lgy . R>u p pe, sp depvpdp flhpu, (hvdp S>Zphgu depvp
dpZ hs L$fhpu) sAp L$sp pe R>. su pp k|Z fus pi pe s dpV$ "y[V$' (cNhpu L$p)
dpV$ epk L$fhp CA. su pe[Qsp kP$Nu y[V$gugpy rZ L$fhpp Apfc L$fgp R>.
App cphp Ap dpZ R>: furns rhfpV$ hp epp AP$N sfuL$ kN rhkN A p A
Z gugpApy hZ L$ey epf py hZ L$fsp; cNhp Sy>vu-Sy>vu depvpApy p L$f R> Ad sZ
ey. sZ ps sp bpZ iduL$ Frju Ahop L$fgu A sy pe[Qs L$fgy rl. su cNhp d Ace
Api L$ rl, Ahp rhQpfu cNhpu p[s hpdp rhgb hpp ceu ""dpZk fL$ L$hp Dpe L$fhpu
ps pe s d dpfpdpV$ L$lp'' Ad iyL$ |R> R> (gp.6). iyL$ furnsp Ar^L$pfu funp L$fhp gp.78 u kpdpe Df Apep, epf fpA shp pe[Qs e lphpy lpup pp V$psu S>Zpey
(gp.10). sp cphp kd L$d pe[Q AopuAp L$f R>, Ad S>Zphu iyL$; b L$pfp pe[Qs sp
Ar^L$pf dpZ s S>Zph R>. sdp 12-14 kyûp gpL$pu vl A Apdp Sy>vp Zhp ophpmpApA
L$fhpy pe[Qs L$l R>. sdp 12dp gpL$dp rlsL$pfu MpfpL$ S> Mppf S>d fpN sp u, sd redp
pmpfy L$epZ S> pe R>. Ap V$psu vl A Apdp Sy>vp lphp op ps L$fhpy L$lg R>. 13 A
14 gpL$dp opp AP$N; s hNf ApQfhpu ^d Zpf phpmp gpL$p pspp ppp pi L$f R> Ad
A[p V$psu L$lgy R>, sdp Z p bpL$u fl R> Ad k|Qhgy R>, L$pfZ L$ A[ hpk bpm epf Z
hpkp d|m S>dudp fl R>. A[ byTpep R>u s DN R>. R>u 15-19 gpL$pu cNhpdp fd d
c[shpmpApp pp k|Z fus pi pe R> Ad k|e TpL$mp pi L$f R>, A V$psu L$lg R>. ""fp
pR>p TpL$m vMpe R> su c[shpmpp p Z bpL$u fl R>'' Ahu iP$L$p fl s dpV$ 16dp gpL$dp Df
L$lg s hNf kp^p L$fhpu su rhsp Ap c[su su rhsp L$fsp ApR>u lphpy L$lg R>. R>u 17dp
gpL$dp c[sdpNy Dd S>Zphgy R>. Apu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ c[su b^p pp pi TpL$mu W$ pe
R>, A fp S> a$fu TpL$m vMpe R> s bu TpL$m R>. 18dp gpL$dp L$du sp pe[Qs pp pi L$fsp
u, Ahp fpA gp.10dp S>Zphgp rZe dpZ S> pspp Z rZe lphpy S>Zph R>. pe[Qs
cNhpu rhdyM y{j rh L$fsp u, Ad Al] L$lg R>. A cNhpu rhdyM flpfp AopuAp S> R>.
R>u 19dp gpL$dp AL$ hpf A Z c[s L$fpf ed hNfp vi sp u Ad L$lu, s rkps Y$
L$fhp Ardgp hps L$lhpp Apfc L$f R>. su S>dZ uL$Z pspp pZp kdZ L$fgp R> shp
cNhpp khL$pp pp S> k|Z fus pi pe R>. sAp pspp NyZp Dd lphpy dp sp S> sd p
hpp Z kch lpe R>. ApS> rkps 11&5&42 dp Z S>Zphgp R>19-26
Ap kdedp cNhpp pdp DQpf L$fpfp Z OZpMfp Df S>Zpey shy a$m L$d dmsy u?
Ahp kie pe sp Zhy L$ Ap kdedp cNhpp pdp DQpf L$fpfp Z L$pfp R> 1.pL$s lgL$p y{jp
2.csp A 3.kp^pfZ y{jp.
(pL$s lgL$p y{jp Z 1/A.spdk 1/Ap.fpS>k A 1/B.kp[hL$; Ahp cvu Z L$pfp R>.)
Ap Z L$pfp pL$s y{jpdp op A c[s L$pC lpsp u, su sAp Sy>vp L$pfy a$g dm R>.
4
1/A.cNhpp pdp DQpf L$fhpu spdk pL$s y{jpp pp sp L$pC Z fus pi pe R> (b^p
pp pi sp u)
1/Ap.fpS>k pL$s y{jpp kh ppp cNhpp pdp DQpf L$fhpu kvp pi pe R>, A
1/B.kp[hL$ pL$s y{jp cNhpy pd ghpu As (L$pChpf) dy[s ps pe R>, fsy dy[s Qp$k
ps su u.
2. csp cNhpy pd g s sp sApu c[s S> R>. 3.bu kp^pfZ y{jp cNhpy pd g epf sApp
Df cNhpu L$p pe R>. sAp pspp L$pe dpV$ cNhpp khL$p egp lphpu cNhp sd shp
(cNhpu L$pu pspy L$pe rk L$fpfp) L$fgp R>. csp A Ap kp^fZ y{jp rhhL$hpmp lpe R>. Ap
kp^pfZ y{jp Z cNhpp pdp rhhL$u DQpf L$f R>, (AV$g cNhpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pe L$fpfp, Sy>vpSy>vp NyZhpmp, Sy>vp-Sy>vp hp, A s hpp pdp k|Z L$pf k[Qvp R> Ahp op kp s pdp
DQpf L$f R>.) csp sp cNhp Df dhpmp lpe R>. sAp cNhpp vpk C fl R>. s [rsdpu
sAp X$ A c[sdpN sApdp flg lpe, sp Z a$fu sAp cNhpp vpk pe R>. 1. cNhpp NyZpy
L$us L$fhpdp Apv dp R>, A sdu khp L$ep L$f R>. 2.frkL$ A L$pdp rhpp csp lpe sd
cNhp ps hi C bg|hL$ pspy kpeye ps L$fph R>27-32
gp.19dp cNhpdp d fpMhy s pe[Qs L$lgy R>. ( L$fZdp ep L$lgy R>. e kpu
rQu q$ep ep R>, su sdp Z d cNhpdp fpMhpy R>). u L$fZdp L$lg |S>dp Z d
cNhpdp fpMhpu S>f R> su cNhpdp d fpMhy Ahp sdp pdp DQpf L$fhp, sdy ep A
|S> Z AL$ L$pfp R>. su pd L$fZdp S> L$p. shp S> rZe bu b L$fZp Z Zhp. (pd
L$fZp S>hp S> bu L$fZpp Ar^L$pfuAp sp a$g lphpy Zhy; furnsp sp iyL$ Apgp Dfp
Aphp cphp R>)32&&-33&&
Ap Aepedp gp.21u Apfcu Ardgy Qqf L$lgy R>, gp. 56-57dp sp lgpp hsps
L$p R>. s; d s iy lsp Ad S>Zphhp L$lgp R> (cN.Nusp6&41dp epNu cV$ egpp S>d rh
A udp y{jp Of hpy L$lgy R>), sp S>hp rh A udp y{jp ^f sp S>d egp. R>u sp
h yp L$p s sy b^ L$fphpf h NyZp, vidp pfpeZ y L$p s dys L$fphpf lpC NyZpsus
Ahp Zhp (gp.24).
Ardg rsp hNf Ly$Vy$buAp kp kb^ spX$u pep (A.2&27-28) A û vpku
kspju sy cS> L$fhp gpep (A.1&66). sZ k|Z fus vpkuy S> cS> L$fhp dpX$ey, su sp dpn
ep(A.f&40-45). (yfpZp pspgMX$dp hipM dplpedp qvhpvpku yuy Dpep L$lgy R> sdp
Ap V$ S>Zpe R>. lgpp S>ddp s OZu ercQpqfZu lsu, R>u Ly$$Zu egu. R>u bpZ Arsru
u C. s k|Z fus kspj Apu sp kP$Nu, fpu Ly$dpfu C A R>u L$sp C.) Ardg
vpku Of Nep lps A rspp Ofdp S> fp lps, sp sp rspu W$ s Z kkpfdp S> cdhpy fls,
fsy S> L$pC As:L$fZ|hL$ khp L$f R> s S> Dd a$g ps pe R>. y[V$dpNdp sp As:L$fZ|hL$ khp
L$fpfu Dd L$pf kvNrs pe R>, Ap kpfu fus rZe L$fgp rkps R>. ^pmp X$pO OZp gpN sd rh
drg (pu)p kb^ sp O S> p pe R>, Ahp ^d kbû rZe edp qL$L$fpA L$fgp (gp.40-
45), L$pfZ L$ sAp Chfu BR>p Zsp lsp. Ap rkps dpZ y[V$ (cNhpu L$p) lpC iL$ S>
rl. Ap edp qL$L$fpA L$lgp |hn S> R>33&&-39
Aepe 2-cNhpp pdu ikp A a$g:
iP$L$p:^dy S> gnZ edv|spA L$y sdp L$pC vpj lphpy rhv|spA sdp Dfdp L$lg u, su
sAp s dSy>f R>. dp pe[Qp kb^dp sApp dscv R>. sApp Dfdp cNhpp pdy dplpe
S>Zphgy R> A pe[Qsp huL$pf L$fgp u, epf hvdp ""S> Ahd^ eo L$f R> s kh p sf R>,
blep sf R>'' hNf hpepdp pe[Qp L$lgp R>. pe[Qp huL$pf rhv|sp L$fsp lphpu hvp
sV$gp cpNy dpZ sAp huL$pfsp u. Ad L$fhpdp Aphsp hvp bu cpNp Df Z p fli
rl Ahu iP$L$p pe, s v|f L$fhp; hv dpZ R> Ad rk pe s dpV$ rhp v|sp sdp Dfdp cNhpp
pdy dplpe S>Zph R> (gp.7-19).
iP$L$p:rhv|spp Dfdp s hNf pe[Qsu pp pi pe R>, fsy sp ve (hpkp)p
pi sp u (gp.17), Ad hv pdu lgL$p S>Zphg lphpu, s Dfu hv dpZ lphpy L$d S>Zpe?
Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ hvdp L$lgp pe[Qs L$pC hpf L$fhp epe u Ahp A hpep cphp lps sp s
hpe pQdp L$^dp depvpp L$fZdp L$ls. sd L$fsp Al] L$lhpu) L$^p Au s rh{ pe. hmu
A.1&15 dp "L$rQs' "L$V$gpL$' iv epS>g R>, su Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ hpe Sy>vp dshpmpp kb^y R>.
su s cNhpp csp kbû S> L$lgy R>. hvdp L$lgp pe[Qp cs rkhpep buAp dpV$ L$lgp R>.
su rhv|spp Df hv dpZ R> A rkpsu S>fpA rh{ u. hv "Ap{je' Ahp Chf fQgp R>.
s Chfp r:hpk R>, sp Chfy hpe R>. su s dpZ R>. hvp A cNhp S> R> 11&21&43.
""Ad kpcey R> L$ hv pspu dm L$V$ eg kpnps pfpeZ R>'' A yrs dpZ hv Z cNhp S> R>.
hmu ""ûf kh hp Sy>vp L$fu, sdp pdp L$fu sd d L$fsp fp'' A yrs dpZ, cNhp pspp
S>-S> hdp S>-S> pd L$ep s hqvL$ S> R>, L$pfZ L$ k[V$p Apfcdp bu iv S> lsp. su hv Z
lqfy pd R>. su cNhpy pd A hvp Adp L$pC Z cv u, Ad ""pdp L$fu sd d L$fsp
fp'' A yrsu S>Zpe R>. su cNhpy pd hv A hvp A Z lphpu kh rh L$fp{ R>.
pe[Qdp A pddp cv AV$gp R> L$ hvdp L$lgp pe[Qp hNf L$dpu i[sp ""l bl pJ''
Ahu cNhpu BR>pu rhcpN egp lphpu, Sy>vp-Sy>vp pe[Qp AdyL$ L$pe L$fpfp s-s pp S> v|f L$f
R>, fsy kh p v|f L$fsp u. A S>dp kh p v|f L$f R> sdp Z ve rh L$fsp u, A sp
sdy a$g S>Zphpf hpepu sp enu rZe pe R>. cNhpy pd sp hv A hvp A lphpu
|Z i[shpmy lpC kh pp pi L$fu kh rh L$f R> su hvy Aee L$fpfp rhQpfu ps Ag
pe[Q sp cNhpp pdu vybg S> R>40-42
11&14&3 u 11&14&7 kyûdp S>Zpep dpZ Sy>vp-Sy>vp y{jp sdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp hcph dpZ
hvy op Sy>vy-Sy>vy pe R> A su sApp ds Sy>vp-Sy>vp Agp R>. sAp hvp A k|Z fus Zsp
u, A ""gpL$p L$epZ sfa$ [V$ fpMu spf L$d L$fhy CA'' (cN.Nusp3&20) A cNhpp hpe
dpZ gpqL$L$ y{jp dpV$ sdy; pspp rhQpf dpZ, L$epZ pe shu fus hvp A L$f R>. sAp sd
L$fsp lpe sp gpL$py L$epZ L$fhpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp L$lgp R> s L$p lps. (su cNhpu BR>p
Zpf FrjAp hvp A Zhp R>sp Z gpqL$L$ y{jp dpV$ s L$lsp lphpu Sy>vp-Sy>vp A L$lhpeg R>).
6
hmu hvp A L$fpfpAp Z s Adp kvl lpe R>, (L$pfZ L$ sApu hvp spep rZe Agp lpsp
u) su hvdp S>Zphgp S> pe[Qp sApA L$lgp R> sdpu pp k|Z fus pi sp u43-44
cNhpy pd rh L$fp{ A pe[Qu Dd cg lpe, R>sp cN.Nusp4&37dp op Z kh
L$dpp (pp) pi L$fp{ lphpy L$lg lphpu, cNhpp pdu Ahp opu kh ppp pi pe R> Ad
dphy CA Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ ed hNf kp^phpmy (Sy>Ap 3&27&6-9 ukybprû kp ) op
kepk kpy lpe sp s pe[Q C pp pi L$f, fsy shy op ps L$fhpu i[s lphpu, b^p s
ps L$fu isp u. hmu S> A[ h bpmu pM R>, s h rh L$fsp u, shu fus op vlp
k|Z fus epN L$fphp{ R>, fsy s iy L$fphsy u. hmu sp kp^ Z C iL$ shp u, A s
dpn ps L$fphp{ R>. ep kyû iyr C lpe ep kyû op ps pe Z rl, A L$dpu hpkp-d
Df X$gp kL$pf-Z OZp bghp lpe R>, (AV$g s op hp vsp u). hmu op Z hvdp L$lgy ps
pe, epf pe[Q C p v|f L$f, (A Sy>vp-Sy>vp FrjApp Sy>vp-Sy>vp hcphu s kbû Sy>vp-Sy>vp
ds Agp lphpy Df L$lgy R>. sp opu p v|f L$fhpy O L$W$Z; gNcN Aie R>. L$pfZ L$ op ps
L$fhpdp OZp kp^pu S>f fl R>. s vlp pi L$fp{ R>. Ap kdedp op ps L$fhp dpV$ S>fu iyr
lphpu s ps pe shy u. hmu s A[ hn bpm A V$psu S>Zpep dpZ b^p pp pi L$fsy
u, A hvdp S>Zphg lphpu dp Z hZpu S> ps pe shy R>. su cNhpy pd ghp bvg op
ps L$fhpu b^p pp pi L$fiy Ahp rhQpf fpMhp45-47&
iP$L$p:cg cNhpp pdu S> b^p pp pi pe, R>sp hv sfuL$ Zgp, A shp op kp
DQpfgp pdu S> sy a$g ps pe, fsy lfL$pC L$pf DQpfgp cNhpp pd S>hp bup pdu p
iu fus v|f pe? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ cNhpy pd hv R>. (""rrsAp S>V$gp hvp Anfpp pW$ L$f sV$gp
lqfp pdpy sdZ L$us L$fgy R> sdp kie u'' A hpedp hvp Anfp lqfp pd L$lg R>) su
cNhpp pd hv R>. hmu bu ipdp Z ""l iy uX$pf! pdpdp dye "uL$Z' pdy pd kh
ppy pe[Q A Dd L$pf dy[s L$fphp{ R>'' Ahp hpep R>. sdS> klpd, AL$kp ApW$ pd,
hNfdp Z sd L$lgy lphpu cNhpy pd ghpu py pe[Q C e R>. cNhpy pd bup
kb^dp ghpdp Aphgy lpe sp Z cNhpp Ahspfu W$ Dd L$pe L$f R>, (S>d Ahsfgp cNhp
ApZp rhQpfdp Z Aph shp L$pe L$f R>. sd cNhpy pd Z shp L$pe L$f R>, L$pfZ L$ shp pdu
hpduqL$p g|V$pfp vl Z bpZ ps egy. su yp pd sfuL$ gu^gy Z cNhpy pd kh
ppp pi L$f R>47&-48&&
Aepe 3; pd kbû ed L$lgp rkps:
cNhpp pdy dplpe Df S>Zpey s lfL$pC L$pfZu ^dp Ar^L$pfu (L$dS>X$) ed L$byg
fpM, sp pddp OZu p gu^ egp ApNlu sy shy dplpe L$y li Ahp kie fl, su edp
hQpu(gp.12-30) s dplpe Y$ L$fgy R> A Ahu fus dey bg S>Zphgy R>. hmu rihp cs
ANe Ap rkps iyL$ L$lgp su pfL$p (rihp cs)p dyMu cNhpp pdu ikp egu lphpu,
s kpQu S> R> Ahp rQe pe R>. ANe cNhpy pd ghp MpV$u fus ggQphhp dpV$ iyL$ pk su ikp
L$fu li Ahu iP$L$p, ANe cNhpp L$fgp |S>u v|f pe R>(gp.35). lqfp pdp dplpey hZ
7
sp ANe Z (s rihp cs lphp R>sp) lqfy |S> L$fhpu byr C. hmu (ed sp v|sp
cNhpp pd kbû rkps L$p epfu) s v|sp cNhpp cspp ce hp gpep(gp.34). su
Z Ad rk pe R> L$ cNhpy pd kh ppp pi L$fp{ Y$ pe[Q R>48&&-52&&
buSy> L$fZ: Aepe 4-6:
Qppu kfdp kyûp Qpv Aepepy buSy> L$fZ R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$fZdp ep L$fpegy
cNhpy h y[V$u q$ep (L$p) L$fp{ pe R>. lgp L$fZdp DQpfgp cNhpp pd S> L$p L$fgu.
lgp L$fZdp cNhpu L$pp Ar^L$pfu dyep lsp shp Ap L$fZdp L$pp Ar^L$pfu vhp R>.
vn Df cNhp sp s gu^ (gp.20-21 sp 43-44) L$p L$fgu, A Qpp Aepedp
S>Zphg R>.
pQdp Aepedp vnp yp lehp hNf Df op gu^ (gp.10-20 sp 21-33) cNhp
L$p L$fgu, A
R>$p Aepedp su yuAp Df S>Nsp Dpf L$fhp dpV$ cNhp L$p L$fgu.
A dpZ Z L$pfu cNhpu L$p L$lhpC. khNyZ gu^, sdpNyZ gu^ A fNyZ gu^
L$fgu Ahu Z L$pfu L$p C52&&-54
Aepe 7-8:
A Z L$pfu L$p L$fpf cNhp S> R>, A rhhp dpV$ cNhp vn hNf Df k egp.
su s, op A S>Nsp Dpf A Z rhh kpfu fus ps ep (A.7&25,31,32,40).
iP$L$p:cNhpu rhh Df Ahu L$p lpe, sp sp h^ L$d ep? Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ rhh pku (s, op A S>Nsp Dpf Z) gC cNhp s B
Apep. (B s dpV$ kp^ L$fgp lphp R>sp cNhp s Apep, L$pfZ L$ B Df cNhpu L$p lsu).
depvph Ny{ blrs kcpdp Apep epf B sdp Apvf L$ep(A.7&7-8). cNhpu L$p pspp
Df pe s dpV$ B; cNhpy ep ^fhpp lsp(A.13&17), su s y[V$dp lphpu sZ Ny{p Apvf
L$fu depvp rh{ L$pe L$fgy. Ny{ blrs Z kh Zpf lphpu cNhpu ksp pe s dpV$ s Z
Ae C Nep(A.7&16-17). bp sp depvpdp flpfp, su Ny{ S>sp flsp sd Q X$y
rl(gp.21). R>sp sdZ Z lqf iy L$fhp BR> R> s Zu rhh Ny{ L$fhpp vhp Dvi
Apep(gp.25). vhp Akyfpu lpfgp (gp.19), A sdp Apr^cprsL$ vy:M L$fsp, epf R>u rhhu
lep L$fhpu p{ Apep[dL$ vy:M O h^pf cpf lsy, su blrs S>sp flsp vhpA ips flhy A S>
Dd lsy. R>sp y[V$; hy pspy L$epZ L$fpfu lphpu, spu L$pC Z OZp kde kyû kyM sy u.
(su rhh Ny{ L$fu su pku L$hQ gC vhpA Akyfpp fpS>e L$ep R>sp) bpA L$lgy (gp.25) s
dpZ Ny{ rhhy Akyfp eo cpN Aphp L$e B kl L$fu iep rl (A.9&2-4) A sZ
rhhp h^ L$ep, (A cNhp rhh ps eg s hNf B Apep. cNhpp Aphp rhQpf
lps sp blrsp Apvf sp s Ae ps, Z B ip S> Aps. bp Z vhp W$L$p Apu
blrs dmhu Aps, Z rhh Ny{ L$fhp L$l) rhh Z L$hQ B Apey (A.7&40), (s
cNhp BR>gy lphpu) A Afp^ gu^ sp Z h^ ep. y[V$dp cNhp veZpu S>fpA N^
fpMhp BR>sp u. su B rhh L$hQ Apey s sdZ BR>gy lsy55-60&&
Aepe 9:
pspp cph kp pfpeZL$hQ rhh pk lsy, R>sp cNhpu BR>pu y[V$p epS> dpV$
sp h^ ep. rhh Z h ^pfZ L$fsp; s vh, ve A dye lsp. lgp s dye (A.9&1 A
Mppf dpphpmp) lsp. vhpp yfprls ep, epf s blrsu kdp hpu vh egp(A.7&37,38). R>u
MpV$p L$pf sZ eo L$ep(A.9&3) s veZpy gnZ R>. su rhhdp Ahp Z NyZp lphpu cNhp sy
fnZ L$ey rl60&&-63&&
b L$pfu yr Ap L$^dp S>Zphgu R>: 1.depvpy[V$ A 2.y[V$y[V$. rhh depvpy[V$dp
lsp. h bu L$pfu y[V$dp lsp. su rhh L$fsp h Df cNhpu h^pf L$p lsu, Z cs lphp
R>sp Z L$pC kkpfp vp W$ vhpp pl L$fsp fl, sp S>d AL$ L$pV$p hpNg lpe s bu L$pV$pu
ifufdpu blpf L$pY$hpdp Aph R> sd, s vhplu lZhp epe pe R>. vhp eo L$fphpf L$ddpN}e rhh,
(A[huLy$dpfp brhpp Dvi L$fpf) opdpN}e vûrQ A cs hpkyf Z y[V$p L$pedpV$ lZpep
R>. su y[V$-cNhpu L$p L$hu fus ps pe sd R> (cNhpu iy BR>p R>), s spku S> bu
dpNdp Apvu flhy.
(cNhpdp vpjp Apfp L$fhp, L$pfZ L$ cNhp ps lgp S> rhQpfgy lpe s dpZ S> s kh
L$f R>. csp h^ pe s Z cNhp sy rls L$fhp S>, sp vpjpp pi L$fhp S> L$f R> Ad Zhy. su
Ap Zp h^ L$fhpy epS> Ahy lsy L$ S>-S> dpNp S> lpe, sdu s-s dpNdp S> urs L$fphhu).
cNhp lgp B Df L$p L$fhpy rhQpfgy, A Bp rhfp^ L$fhpu Ap Zp h^ ep63&&-67&&
h^ L$fu vpjp pi L$fhpy rhh A h p kb^dp ey, fsy vûrQdp vpj lsp, su
sp h^ L$fhpu iy a$g ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$) b^pp b^p NyZp cNhpu ksp ps L$fhp
dpV$ R> su cNhpu pspp Df L$p pe s dpV$ cNhpp S> khA Ape L$fhp CA. (cNhp S>
rhQpfgy s pspp A[ h bphhp Aphpy L$pe vûrQA L$ey, su sp Df cNhpu L$p C. su Ap
vûrQA Apv|hL$ pspp vly vp L$ey. A L$pu Ahp bp^ L$fgp R> L$) cNhp rhQpfgy L$pe rk pe s
dpV$ k|Z fus vlu sp Apdpu cNhpp Ape L$fhp. Aphp kh bp^ Aphp A vûrQ vlepN
L$fphhpy epS> lsy67&&-68&&
rhh kbû (Qppu hdp kyûp) R> Aepep L$lgp R>, (L$pfZ L$ spdp cNhpp pQ
NyZp |Z lsp A R>$p hfpe L$pCL$ ApR>p lsp, L$dL$ s dpsp Dfp l Aû flsp, A.9&3. Ap R>
NyZp cNhpu L$p S> lsp) su sp; sp kb^dp R>$p, AV$g L$^p hdp Aepedp h^ ep
(L$pfZ L$ hfpep R>$p NyZ |Z lsp). rhh Df S>V$gu cNhpu L$p lsu, s uL$Z kpsdp AV$g
L$^p vidp Aepedp B Apu (A.7&13). su sp Dfu L$p, B Aphpu lphpu B sp
h^ L$ep A.9&4.
B b lpu sp h^ L$fgp su s blepp p B b lp cNp L$fu Mpbpdp gu^y, A s

p Apep[dL$ lphpu sZ s ^pfZ L$fu fpey. s (s pdpu hlgp R|>V$pe sd lphpu) sZ s AL$ hj
kyû Mpbpdp ^pfZ L$fu fpey (gp.6) A AL$ hj R>u s rh ep A blepu R|>V$ep, L$pfZ L$ AL$
hj R>u sZ s p Ay$d ks rQs A Apv c|rd, hnp A uAp dp d|ey (gp.7). Apd s
cNhpu L$pu L$fu iep, sdu L$p rhp s; s p budp d|L$u is rl.
(hvdp B rhhp hû eg p; c|rd, hn A uAp dp S> fpepy L$lg R>, A s
dpZ ApQpeuA rb^dp L$lg R>. ucpNhsdp S>gdp Z s p sZ d|L$g lphpy L$lg R>. su sdp
L$pC Ar^L$ L$lgy R>, Z S> hvdp L$lg R> su rh{ L$pC L$lg u. su L$pC vpj u) Ahu fus B Df
L$p lphpy L$y. c|rd cNhpu cs R>. hnp Z (hrs hZh lphpu) cNhpp cs R> A
uApdp Z gdup Ai lphpu sAp Z cs R>. AdZ blepy p gC B Df AyNl L$epy
L$lg R>68&&-73
R>u rhhp h^ B L$fg lphpu, sp rsp hV$pA B lZ Ahp y ps L$fhpu
BR>pu h D L$ep. h dy[s pd s dpV$ Apvfu cNhp ps sp S>d Aplhue (Nl Ofdp
kpQhhpu) A[dp lpdgp kpddpu L$fpep. A hv dpZ lphpy kQhpC fl s dpV$ lpd L$fsu hMs sp
rspp hfcP$N L$fpep. (sp rspA B lZpf y D pe s dpV$ ""Bip rhh^h'' Ahu
L$pdp L$fu. Apdp sy{j kdpk gsp "Bp iy' AV$g B lZpf Ahp A pe, Ahp kdpk ghp
"ip' iv dye NZhp CA sp Df cpf d|L$pe s bvg spu "B' iv Df d|L$pep A A fus
hfcP$N sp "B' iv dye sp blhurl kdpk ep. sp A "B iy R> S>p' Ahp ep. su s
y B lep. A hqvL$ lpd S>hu L$pdpu ep shu L$pdp rk C, su hv dpZ lphpy kQhpC
Ney).
Ap h sp Apu lgpp S>ddp "rQL$sy' pdp rhp^f lsp. s phsup ip hpu s
Akyf egp. s pspy dey sp dy[s ps L$fi, AV$g s dy[s ps pe s dpV$ cNhp lpd L$fsu hMs
sp rspp hfcP$N L$fpep. sp rsp hV$pA A[dp D[R>V$ kpd lpdgp, A dp DQpf L$fhpdp
Z hfcP$N L$fu c|g L$fgu su s ve egp. A[lpu rhr^dp ""Ae hplp'' A S> d lphp
CA. A R>u ps S> L$pdp L$fgu lpe s L$lhu CA, Ahp Ap rhr^p kb^dp rZe R>&&74-76&&
Aepe 10-13:
hp vl Aplhue A[dpu kpd lpdhpu AV$g L$du D ep lsp, A L$du D egp
vlp opu S> pi pe Ahp rZe A[lpp L$fZdp L$lgp R>. su sp h^ L$fhp dpV$ (opu)
vûrQp op A[Apu S>f lsu. su (cNhpu Apop dpZ vhpA vûrQ pk S>C sdp A[
dpNu dmep, A.10&2-12) S>u Dr A ge b hvdpNu (Ay$d L$ddpNu A opdpNu lpd
L$fhpu Dr C A opu vûrQp op A[p bgp hu dey ey ) egp, s hp vedp
cNhpu c[s lsu, A dy[s Z s S> ps C (A.12&35). spdp c[s lpe sp s cNhpy
kpeye ps pe. (su hp S>du Apfcu sp dfZ kyûy kh cNhp sp rls dpV$ S> L$fgy).
d|rsdsu vh c[s hdp flgu lsu s sp h^ L$fhpdp Aph ep kyû sp vldpu blpf uL$m sd
lsy. su B hu hp h^ L$ep, epf kh vhp A rkpA Bu syrs L$fu (A.12&34)77-80
10
hy dey cNhp sp rlsdpV$ S> L$fphgy, R>sp cNhp s lZgp rl, L$pfZ L$ S>pdp S>fp Z
c[s lpe, s cNhp ps L$pC Z kP$Npdp lZsp u. s vhp vy:M vsp lsp su vhp dpV$ (sp A
su), sp vpjp pi bpZ (vûrQp A[App bgp h) u cNhp L$fpep81
Qskp Df sdu (kNyZ) c[s gu^ cNhpu L$p lsu, A vn Df sp s, gu^ sdS>
sp yp lehp hNf Df op gu^ S> cNhpu L$p lsu, s bû cNhp rhh Apgu. Qskp,
vn sp lehp p Ay$d c[s s A op Apr^cprsL$ lsp. rhhdp s Z Apep[dL$ lsp. rhh
opdp blrsp kdphX$uAp A shu lsp. hmu sZ B pfpeZL$hQp Dvi L$ep, su s
hZh(cs) Z L$lgp R>. shu S> fus hdp Z op, c[s A s y bg Z lsp. hdp Ap Z
Apr^vrhL$ lsp. A Z Apr^vrhL$ lps sp s cNhpy kpeye ps ps. B rhhp h^ L$ep
epf su s Ane Apep[dL$ p gpey. spu Z Ar^L$ Ap hu lep lsu, L$pfZ L$ h spdkpp
fp lsp (A ""dsL$ Df ArcjL$ L$fgp fpp h^ bpZp hû Z Ar^L$ R>'') su hp hû
eg p L$pC L$pf spu v|f pe shy lsy. s pp pi cNhpp epu ep (A.13&17). Ap p
v|f hpy L$pfZ cNhpy ep S> lsy, A hqvL$ fpS>k|e eo s sZ BR>g vp ps L$fphpfp lsp.
(spu sp s dl ep, A.13&21)82-87&&
Aepe 14-17:
Qpvdpu kfdp kyûp Qpf Aepepdp hp S>du L$p L$lgu R>. Ap L$p dspsf cpjp R>. vpj
kpu c[s gpL$dp L$pC Z kNpdp rk u. su Ap L$pdp c[s kp S> vpj lphpy L$lgy R> s
c[sp hpcprhL$ vpj u, fsy ipu egp AL$dpsu Aphu QX$gp vpjp R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap dspsf
L$lg R>.
Apfcdp furns; iyL$ L$f R> L$ vyV$ Akyf hu cNhpdp Y$ drs L$hu fus egu
(A.14&1). sp Dfdp Ap Qpf Aepepu hp lgpp S>du L$p L$lgu R>.
h sp lgpp S>ddp fp rQL$sy lsp. s kde s hfpe, op, iju c[s, sdp kpv
A phsup ip egp. y lphpu s kr, fpZuAp sp c|rdp kb^dp hfpe egp
(A.14&13). pfv A AP$Nufp p bpû s op ps egy (A.16&1f-15). pfv Apgu dlprhpu
s ijp vi sp c[s ps egp (A.16&30-31). ijp kpvu s rk ep (A.16&50) A
phsup ipu s Akyf ep (A.17&15)
c[sdpNdp cs Aphp hfpe hNf pe s epe u (c[sdpNdp hfpe A op L$epZL$pfL$
u Ad 11&20&31dp cNhp S> L$lgy R>. bu vhu c[s A sdp kpv Z L$pC DepNu u A
cs ip hpy kchsy Z u) su Ap pQ Akcrhs lphpu Ap L$p dspsf S> R>87&&-89&&
epf vh L$fZdp Ap L$p L$d flu R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ dspsfdp Z S> |Zsp
L$fphpf R> s kh cNhp B Apey Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$p L$lgu R>. su Bp kb^hpmu hpu Ap
L$p vh L$fZdp L$lgu R>.
11
Ahu fus L$pg, L$d A hcph A khp gp L$fpfu OZu L$p B Df cNhp L$epy Ap
L$fZdp L$lgy R>. B blrsu Ahop L$fgu. A.6&7-8 s L$dp a$gdpu s bQphu, pfpeZ L$hQ ps
L$fphu s Akyfp Df rhS>e Apep A.9&42. hmu bpu Apopu (A.7&25) AhNZp L$fu sZ
rhhp h^ L$ep (A.9&4) s L$dy p Z c|rd, hnp sp uAp Aphu sdpu Z B cNhp
bQpep (A.9&6). hu lepp pdpu cNhp pspp epu B bQpep (A.13&17). Ahu fus
cNhp Bp L$dpp gp L$ep. hV$p B lZpf y D L$fhp lpd L$fsp lsp epf sp hfp cP$N
L$fphu cNhp Bp L$pgp gp L$ep. hqvL$ L$d MpVy$ sy u. sy a$g Ahe D pe R> S>. su
hV$pp hfp cP$N ep lps, sp B lZpf hV$pp y D ps. su sp hfcP$N hpu S>
By dey sy AV$ey. Ahu fus cNhpu L$pu sp L$pgp gp ep. hmu hpkyfp hcphp gp L$fu,
sp Apkyfu hcph bvgphu pMu, cNhp B eydp rhS>e Apep Ad, A.11&19-27 kyûp
hp hQpu S> S>Zpe R>. Ahu fus cNhp (Bp L$d sp L$pg p A hpkyfp hcphp A) khp
gp L$fu B Df OZu L$p L$fu Ad L$lgy R>. (A fus Qppu kfdp kyûp Qpv Aepepu L$fZy
rZ ey)89&&-90&&
cNhpp p Qpv NyZp R>. s vfL$ NyZhpmp y vedp rQs L$fhpu s a$g Ap R> S>. Ap
Qpv NyZp A s-s NyZhpmp y a$g Z ep L$lg R>. s kbû lh rhQpf (L$pqfL$p 8-10&& kbû Ap
rhQpf L$fgp R> ) L$fuA.
1.cNhp hu dpn Appf R>. vn cNhpp hp vi egp, A.4&35, A sp
bu S>d eg lphpy L$lg u. su s cNhp hu dpn Apep Ad S>Zpey (epS>p).
2.kh B[ep A As:L$fZ u Zu iL$pe shp cNhk Apv R>. s lehp sp
ibgphp pfvp Dviu ps sp sApA kkpf sep. vn sp Ap cNhkp Aych ep lsp.
(L$)Ap lehpA pfpeZsup S>gp i L$fsp sdp As:L$fZ rdg ep(A.5&3,4) A
pfvp bp^ kdS>sp sAp cNhpp QfZdp AMX$ rQ fpMu gpL$dp a$fhp gpep (A.&22). S>gp NyZ
fk R>, sp i sp pfvp bp^ kdS>hpu byr ps C A su cNhpp QfZdp rQ fpey AV$g
Apv ps ep. ibgphp Z shy S> a$g dmgy (A.5&25,26,33). ("L$' L$qW$pirhhQ S>Zphhp
epS>g R>. Ap L$pZ gMg R> s R>pg Ndp S>Zphg u. su sp gML$ L$pZ R> s S>Zpeg u )
3.cNhp Nû c[s Appf R>. R>$p Aepedp vnu L$epApp hi L$lg R>, su cNhp
Nû c[s Appf lphpy S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ ksp Appf rs S> uAp dplpe op|hL$ l
(c[s) pe R>.
(ep)R>$p Aepedp bû k[V$ L$lsp, As rhhu Drs L$lu gp.44. spdp L$urs sp
cph cNhpu N^ lphpp bp Aych hpu sdZ s yfprls L$fhp vhp L$lgy A Akyfpu
yup y lphp R>sp vhpu spdp c[s C A sdZ s yfprls bpep.
(L$)rhhdp cNhpu N^ lphpy S>Zpe R> A su s cNhpp cs ep. sZ pfpeZ
L$hQp B Dvi L$ep su s hZh Z L$lgp R> Ad L$pqfL$p 85dp V$ R>.
12
4.cNhp iu kh vy:M lfpfp R>. A.7&16,17 dp B Ny{ blrs ip^hpu rQsp

epy L$lg R>. gp.15dp sdp QfZdp dpy dphu sd L$fhpp sp rhQpf lphpy L$lgy R>, su A
rQsp sdp i dpV$u lsu. R>u bpA rhh Ny{ L$fhpp Dvi L$ep epf vhpu rQsp v|f C
(gp.26), Ny{ cNh R>, su iu cNhp kh vy:M lfpfp ep.
(ep) rhh pk vhp Nep A sd cV$p AV$g sdp iu sdp kh vy:Mp Nep su S> sApA sdu
pp L$fu sd Ny{ bpep.
(L$) blrs Ae sp Akyfpu fpS>e pdgp vhp d dsL$ bp ifZ Nep(A.7&19), bpA
rhh Ny{ L$fhp L$y epf sdp kh vy:Mp V$ ep(gp.26). bp pk d dsL$ Nep AV$g bpp
QfZp dsL$u i L$ep. bpA cNhp iy L$fhpp R> s Zu sd rhh Ny{ L$fhpp Dvi L$fgp
(L$pqfL$p 58). su bpdp cNhpp Aphi lsp A sdp QfZp iu vhpp kh vy:M v|f ep. (bpdp
cNhpp Aphi pe R>. d L$^ rb^ L$pqfL$p 60).
5.cNhp pvu dplf-d lfpfp-pe R>. ApW$dp Aepedp pfpeZL$hQ L$lgy R>. sy ^pfZ
ep S> R>. sdp ""h ^pfZ L$fgp Nprhv kP$Np kde kyû fnZ L$fp'' Ad L$lgy R>. (gp.20), su
cNhp pvu dplf lphpy S>Zpe R>(ep).
cNhpp pv L$hQ vûrQ pku (rhh) ps egy. cNhpp pv Z gpL$y d lf R>, A su
vep Aihpmp lphp R>sp rhh hZh egp(L$).
6.cNhp epN gu^ pspp hi Appf (L$fpf) R>. hdp Aepedp syrsu k egp
cNhp 48-50 kyûp gpL$pu pspp sp pspp Ae cspp hcph L$lg lphpu s epNu pspp
hi Appf lphpy rk pe R>.
(ep) vh d|rsdsu c[s S>pu cNhp ps pe s hp Dvfdp lsu. R>sp cNhpp pv L$hQ B
pk lphpu spu S> AgpqL$L$ cNhpu syrs rkpp hQp vhpp vedp awep. s hQpu syrs
L$fpegp cNhp L$V$ C vhp kp kcpjZ L$ey. spu vhp pspu Avf hi L$fpep, sAp pspp L$ep,
A hp h^ L$fhpp Dpe S>Zpep. su hpZup rhje kcpjZ pspu Avf hi L$fphp{ ey.
(L$) hdp Aepedp cNhp vûrQ pk sp lpX$L$p dpNhp vhp S>Zpey. Ap vûrQA epN ApQfgp
(A.10&12) su sp lpX$L$py h bey. sdp cNhp hi L$fu, spu Bp rhS>e L$fphgp (A.9&55,
A.11&20).
7.cNhp ju dey L$fphu dpn Appfp R>. fZdp AN S>hpu dey pe s vygc R>, Ad
A.10&33dp L$lgy lphpu cNhp juy dey L$fphu s dpn Appfp R>. Ahp vhpp j L$fg lphpu
cNhpp ju bg rhhy dey L$fphu s cNhp dpn Apep.
(ep) vidp Aepedp lpu q$ep eyy L$pfZ j lphpu, ey L$fhp cNhp ju lphpy (Akyfp) rhQpf
epf cNhp Z sApu kp ey L$fu sdy dey L$fphu sd dpn Ap R> L$ S>u sAp a$fu L$pgu Ns
pe rl. khpdp sp lpu q$ep ff su u, su L$d[epu cNhp kp ff q$ep pe s dpV$
eyp L$pfZ j L$lgp R>. h sp krL$p S> hpe L$l R> sdp Ap V$ R>.
(L$) eydp cNhp B psp lZhp fZp L$fgu R> Ahu hu dpesp (A.11&20) A cNhp rs
j NZpe. Aphp juy cNhp dey L$fphu s dpn Ap R>. (A.12&33-35)
13
8.cNhp hpdu Zpf kh kyM Appfp R>. A.11&21u27 gpL$pu cNhp hpdu
Zpf kyM Appf lphpy rk peR>.
(ep) hdp d|rsdsu c[s lsu, A su s cNhp pspp hpdu Zsp, A psp u dpsp, A
Aphu dpesp gu^ ff D B[ep cpN (BR>sp). Apd lphpu S>d rs; u kyM Ap R>,
sd cNhp pspy kh kyM cs Ap R>. Ap hQsy:gpL$udp V$ R>.
(L$) B AhdO L$ep, epf sZ cNhpy |S> L$fgy (A.13, 19) AV$g sd hpdu dpgp. su
cNhp s kh kyM Apgy (A.13&20,21, A.12&34).
9.cNhp (psp) lgL$p dppf vy:M Appfp R>. bpfdp Aepedp B h pspu lgL$p
dpep (gp.3) A h cpNmp lpf L$fu Bp lpdpu h pX$u pey epf s pspu lgL$p dpep
(gp.4). su s b pspu bu lgL$p dpsp lphpu b cNhp vy:M Appfp ep.
(ep) h B pspy op c[s A bg kh S>Zpep, A sZ hu syrs L$fu, su s kh ey R>sp
pspp rhS>e L$fhp A By p pRy> dmhhp sZ ey S> L$ey fsy h cs Zu cNhpu urs
ps L$fhp sp Ape L$ep rl. sp Ape L$ep lps sp sfs cNhpu p[s ps A epk rhp S>
kh kyM ps ps. sd L$ey su lucphu cyp epN L$ep Ad ey. su cNhp Z sp epN L$fsp s
Apr^vrhL$ hlepy p ey.
(L$) By h cNhpp sS>u suZ eg lphpy h Zsp lphp R>sp (A.11-20) sZ B kp ey
L$ey. A sZ cNhp lgL$p dpep. su sp hu lp L$pep, V$ Qufpey (A.12&3,25,32) hNf vy:M
s ey.
10.cNhp L$hg (keh)y ep L$fpf kh y{jp ps L$fphpfp R>. kehy ep s
L$hgy ep R>. su L$hgp epu cNhp kh y{jp ps L$fphpfp R> (ep).
|h qvipdp L$dgdp flpfu gdu flgp R> A sdp cpN L$fhp cNhp Z pjvp rhp L$hg (AL$gp)
flgp R>. hlepu ce pdgp B b^ a$fsp, epe ifZ dmhpu dpkfphfdp e R> (A.13&14).
cNhp pspp hcph dpZ su kpdp ^pf R>. "Fscf (keh)p epu S>y p v|f egy R>'
(A.13-17)u Ap A L$lg R>. Nep (bpfdp) Aepedp B cNhp lgL$p lphpu byr egu lphp
R>sp, su lh a$fu Dd byr C, A su L$hg (cNhp) pk Nep. cNhp s kh y{jp ps
L$fpep, epu c[s Apu, hp h^ (p p)u R>pX$pep, eo L$fphu ^d ps L$fpep, dl bphu A
Apep A L$pd Apep.(L$)
11.cNhp pspy op ps L$fpf epN ps L$fphpfp R>. "rds:' AV$g dpgp cNhp epN
ps L$fphpfp R>. L$ cNhp sp sdp Apv As lphpu sdp dp C iL$ sd u, R>sp Z
byru sdp rkhpep b^pp dp L$fu, cNhp A sdp Apv s khu Dd A lvrhpp R> Ad
S>Ap rQepdL$ byru Z sdZ cNhp dpgp L$lhpe, shpAp cNhp lfL$pC L$pf kcpjZ
hNfp epN(kb^) L$fph R>. Qpvdp Aepedp rQL$syu shy C iey u Ad L$lu, S>Zphg R>. AqP$Nfp
Dvi L$fhp Apep epf sZ psp y lphpu kru kyM sy u Ad S>Zpey, A sp y s ps
A sp |h fgpL$dp Neg lphpy L$y, epf sZ ey L$ fgpL$ S> khu Dd A O kyM Appfp
R>. cNhpdp shy lphpu s Dvi ps ep, s cNhpu rhM|V$p fp A OZp vy:Mu ep (L$).
pfv rQL$sy rhpp Dvi L$ep (A.16,17) sdp cNhpp hy hZ L$fgy R>(gp.21). s rhp sZ
14
^pfZ L$fu (gp.27) su s cNhp ij kp epN (kb^) ps ep(gp.29), cNhpy h

Zhpu, sdy op sp s cNhp kp epN ps ep. ijdp Z cNhpp Aphi pe R>. (d
L$^ rb^-L$pqfL$p 60)
12.cNhp psp Sy>vp Zpfy dey L$fphpfp R>. "rc:' AV$g Sy>vp L$fgp, Ap AlP$L$pfy L$pe
A rhje R>, L$pfZ L$ AlP$L$pf; AL$-kh-bufrls-Apd cNhp Sy>vp L$fu h (sdpu) R|>V$p
pX$ R>. R>u lvu R|>V$p X$gp h ddsphX$ S>X$ Z cNhpu R|>Vy$ pX$ R>. su Sy>vp sfuL$ Zhy A S>
R|>V$p X$hy (Sy>vp hy). R>u cNhp Z b^pA pu R|>V$p X$hpy a$g vy:M S> Ap R>. sdp S>X$ A h
p pu vy:M; ipL$ dpl A ce L$fph R>. A d|gu pspy L$pgh L$fu dey L$fph R>. su S> Ap
Aepedp kh ipL$ dpl A ce vy:M Appfp L$lu R>u ""s Df ke vp lphp rhhpk sS>''
(A.15&26) Ad L$lgy R>. R>u cNhp pspu R|>V$p X$ s dpV$ Ap kkpfp vy:Mp L$pfZ AlP$L$pfp
pi pe s dpV$, AlP$L$pfp Apr^vrhL$ kP$L$jZu Dpkp L$fhpy L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ sdu Dpkp L$fhpu
sdpdp gu egp AlP$L$pf L$pC Z kde blpf uL$m rl. su kh m AlP$L$pf S> b^ L$fphpf
L$lgp R>.
(L$) iP$L$fdp Z cNhpp Aphi pe R> (d L$^ rb^ L$pqfL$p 63). sd pspu Sy>vp Zu
rQL$syA sdu lpku L$fu (A.17&6-8), su s phsup ipu dey pdu h C Ahsep.
(A.17&15,38).
13.epe [rsdp flgp cNhp op Appfp R>. kpmdp Aepedp pfv pspp epNbgu
bpgphg rQL$syp y S>hu [rsdp flg shu [rsdp Apep, A sZ gp.4-7 kyûdp b^hpmu
[rsdp flgp hp hy A gp.8-11dp epe [rsdp flgp hp hy op Apey. R>u pfv
iuMhgu rhpu rQL$sy rhp^fpp Ar^rs ep A ij kdu Nep, A ep flhpp cphu S> s
syrs L$fhpy op ps ey R>sp Ny{p Dvi pe ep kyû op [f pe, su ij Dvi L$ep.
gp.51dp S>Zpep dpZ ivb AV$g hv ij; A fb kp kvpp kb^hpmp lphpu, sdZ
S>hu [rsdp flgp lsp shu [rsdpS> fbp ep hp bp^ Apep, A s op; c[s ps
L$fphp{ lphpu gp.62 L$p. y{jpd fdpv lpC fda$g R> Ad S>Zphhp gp.63 L$p. su S> R>u
rQL$sy fda$g c[s ps C. su Ap Aepep Ahp cphp R> L$ pfvp Dviu rQL$syA
AlP$L$pfp epN L$fu Arc-Arsue-kh-Apdh cNhpdp rQ fpey, AV$g sdZ h ps
L$fphpfu c[s D L$f shy op kP$L$jZpfp rQL$sy Apey.
(L$) S>hu [rsdp kP$L$jZ flgp (A.16&30)shu [rsdp flgpA S> sdZ rQL$sy op Apey.
(A.16&50-64).
14.cNhp lu MfMf hi pfp R>. l dp rhje R> A AL$^pfu du Nrs c[s S>
l R>, A spu cNhp Qp$k hi C fl R>. As (ij)p Dviu rQL$sy c[s ps C Ad
S>Zphhp Ap Aepedp su lgpu cpNdp Apk[s viphpfu rhdpdp Nrs; gp.2dp L$lu, A gp.3dp
lqfp NyZpdp Np c[s L$lu. R>sp d kp^p bgu Ap ps L$fg R> Ahp hp pspu kfkpC
dphpp hcph flhpu, s vusphpmu c[s ps egu lphpu s fda$g ps ey A
rhp^fZpdp Apk[s flu. Ap csdpV$ epe u. su s vusp ps L$fphhp cNhp S> ip Apep.
Al] rihu sZ Ahop L$fu s sy cs lphpy Arcdp S>Zph R>. gp.10dp iyL$ L$lgp sp Qpf rhijZp
15
sp hcphp vpj; S>p gu^ s ip ep s S>Zph R>. rihu Ahopu phsu fpj ep A sdZ s
ip Apep, su s vusp ps C A hcphp vpj Nep, Ad sp phsu rsp hQpu S>Zpe R>.
csy A c[sy dplpe rih phsu L$lgp hQpu S>Zphgy R>. rQL$sy Apkyfepr ps hp R>sp
c[s Qpgy flu. su ipu s gpc S> ep Ad hQsy:gpL$u Dfu S>Zpe R>. h Apkyf vlp epN L$ep
epf cNhp su pk flgp, A Ad S>Zph R> L$ cNhp s hi egp. hmu kh vMsp cNhp s
pspu Avf hi L$fpep (A.12&35). Apu Ad rk pe R> L$ cNhpdp d fphhy s ep, A Ap
Qppu kfdp kyûp Qpv Aepepy ep L$fZ R>.
(L$) A.11&24-27 u Ad rk pe R> L$ h cNhp Df l lsp, A A.12&35 Dfu cNhp
s hi C flg lphpy rk pe R> *.
(*Ap cNhpy Qpv NyZphpmy Sy>vy-Sy>vy a$g Appf lphpy L$lg R>. s vfL$ NyZhpmy L$hu fus Sy>vy-Sy>vy
a$g Ap R> s ip^hy O L$W$Z R>. ApQpeuu Ahp urh$g cyu V$uL$p u. epS>pdp sp L$qW$pi
rhhQdp S> S>Zphg R> sp cphp Apep R>. epS>pdp S>Zphg R> s sp OZp m bfpbf lphpy S>Zpsy
u. L$qW$pi rhhQ uQ L$V$gpL$dp V|$L$u p^ L$fu R> s d L$fgu R>. Apdp Aepep A s-s NyZhpmy s
a$g App{ lphpy S>Zphhpp Ay$d kQhpegp u. L$qW$pi rhhQdp s Ay$d kQhpegp R>, Z L$V$gL$
W$L$pZ spZus|iu A L$ep lpe sd S>Zpe R>. su S> S> {Q s dpZ sdZ Ap rhjedp pspp rZe
L$fhp.)
L$fZ uSy>-vep Df y[V$:
lh (L$pg L$d A hcph A) khp gp L$fpfu cNhpu L$p vep Df hpy Ap u L$fZdp
L$l R>. (qvrsp yp d{spp kb^dp cNhp L$pg L$d A hcph A Zp gp L$ep Ad Ap L$fZdp
S>Zphi). sdp Z cNhp B Df L$p L$f R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$fZdp Z By dey sp cNhp
AV$L$ph R>. (vhp A vep b) rh{ nhpmpAp Df Z cNhp L$p L$fhpu i[shpmp R> Ad Ap
kP$Nu S>Zphg R>. cNhpy Agpr$ kpde S>Zphhp Ap R>p b L$fZp L$lgp R>90&&-92
Aepe 18:
qvrsp rs L$e A[ lsp. (pfu Oup OX$p S>hu lphpu sp kb^ sp s MmcmpV$ ep
su s A[ S>hp lsp) (Apd epS>pdp L$lgy R>, fsy Ap kh y{jp gpNy X$ R>. pfup kb^dp
Aphsp y{j ps L$i pe R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap gpL$ L$lg S>Zpe R>.) s opu lphpu sZ pspp
ApNZQpk L$pfp b^p huey (qvrsdp) p L$ey. s opu lphpu ksp Df cNhpu L$p i Ad
Zsp lphpu sZ sd L$ey.
cNhpu ksp Df L$p hpu lsu epf s Nc Bu L$d L$pep? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$
L$eu ksp, Aksp A s by rdZ Ahp Z NyZpp cvu (sZ huey p L$fg lphpu, R>
NyZp A NyZu Ahp kps cvpu) kps d|rshpmp uL$Z (A Z L$ep NyZpdp) kps C, s vfL$ kps
ep, AV$g (7X7=49) ApNZQpk d{sp ep.
epf L$eu ksp hNf Z NyZpdp cNhp flhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
L$e k eg lphpu A.18&33 u 36 s OZp kspp ep. s Ak hpu AV$g s $p^ hpu
qvrsA BR>gu [rs (AV$g B lZpf y) ps C rl, A ksp A Aksp A bp
16
rdZ gu^ Bp dvp pi L$fhpy d (ApNZQpk d{sp kp B cmu) AL$ Ar^L$ sp, L$pCL$ ApRy>
ey. (Ap A rdZdp cNhp flgp lphpu ey. su L$eu A Z [rsdp cNhp flgp93-95
Bp h^ L$fhpp qvrsp ApNl sp B su khp L$fu su OZp cpN S>sp fp.
Ap y[V$p L$^dp k[V$y hZ L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ y[V$ S> k[V$
R> s kp^pfZ S>Zphp R>sp Dd NyZhpmu R>. su bu k[V$dp y[V$ u Ad S>Zphhp iyL$ Ap k[V$ Al]
L$lgu R>, A su S> iyL$ furnsp Ap k[V$ kbû y Arcv L$fgy R> (A.18&22)96-96&&
Aepe 19:
hs L$fpf cNhpy |S> L$fhy A dye L$pe lpe R>, su Ap L$fZp As Aepe ApNZukdp
hsu L$p kpfu fus L$lgu R>96&&-97
ApQpeup ds dpZ cNhpu kh gugpApp y[V$dp hi pe R>. su kh k[V$ uL$Z dpV$
S> L$fhpdp Aphgu R> Ahp rQe R>. (cNhpu L$pu S> e L$d hNf kh c R> 2&10&12. su kh
k[V$ uL$Z dpV$ S> L$fgu R> Adp L$pC kie u). su c[su cNhpp Ape L$fhpu ApZp kh L$pep
rk pe R>, (L$pfZ L$ Ape cNh R> A cNhpu dye gugp R>)97-98&&
17
L$^ kpsdp-Ers
L$^p A:
Nep R>$p L$^dp Z L$pfu y[V$y hZ L$ey. (dye Df, vhp Df A vep Dfu
cNhpu L$py rZ L$ey. Ahp Ardgp L$dp, Bp deyp A d{spp hcphp gp L$fpfu
Z L$pfu y[V$y hZ L$ey. S>Ap vy:M ey; s edv|s, rhh, vûrQ, h hNfy Z L$epZ L$fpfu
y[V$ R> Ad k|d fus rhQpf L$fu vipey). hmu vy:Mp pi sp Ap gpL$y A fgpL$y Ad b L$pfp
kyMy Z rZ L$ey. epf R>u kpsdp L$^dp 15 Aepepu Ersy rZ L$fhpdp AphR>.
cNhp L$pCp Df L$p(y[V$) L$f, sp sdZ nps L$fgp NZpe. y[V$dp A nps vpj
cNhp Df Aph s v|f L$fhp Ersgugpy hZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. y[V$dp cNhp Df npsu lphpp vpj
S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp vhp Df d sp ve Df j lphp R>sp s nps L$f R> Ad S>Zpe, su
cNhpdp Ahp vpj u Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$^dp cNhp fQgu hpkpApy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>.
(hpkp ffp lpC, AdyL$ L$pfp hi R>, A hiy gnZ 12&7&16 dp Apgy R>. s gnZdp Ad
S>Zphgy R> L$ b AV$g fb Ahp bpu D egu urs D L$fpfu Z L$pgdp flpfu
ffp s hi. Ap gnZ hpkp A Ers b gpNy X$sy lphpu Ersp Ar^L$ NyZ AgpqL$L$
viphhp Ers ""cNhp fQgu'' L$lgu R>.) su cNhp fQgu hpkp Ahp Ersy Ap kpsdp L$^dp
rZ L$fgy R> (A Ap L$^p A L$p)1-3
L$fZp A Aepep:
Apep[dL$ Apr^cprsL$ A Apr^vrhL$ A rhcpN dpZ L$d Z L$pfy R>. hmu L$d pQ
(Arhpp pQ rhcpNpu sy, A Ar^W$p hNf pQu D sy (epS>p). pQ eop lphpu pQ L$d
L$lg li, (khrZe gp.1-2). epreL$p KQ a$L$hy, uQ pMhy, kL$pQhy, rhspfhy A S>hy. Ahp pQ L$d
lphpy L$l R>) R>. su (3X5=15) vf Aepepu hpkpApy rZ L$fgy R>. hpkpAp L$du S> pe R>
(2&10&4 dp ""L$du egu hpkpAp A Ers'' Ahy Ersy gnZ Apgy R>, sdp Z hpkpAp L$du su
lphpy L$lgy R>), A L$du Sy>vu R>. s L$du su lphpu A L$d vf L$pfy sy lphpu, hpkpApy rZ
vf Aepepu L$fgy R>. (hpkpAp y[V$u klpeL$ R> L$pfZ L$) cNhp pspu y[V$gugpu Z S>-S> L$pep
L$f R>, s L$pe shp S> L$pf pe s, hp hpkpAp hi lphpu sd re lpe R> A V$ R>. (su
cNhp S> L$pC L$f R> s hp Z re lpe R> Ad hpkpAp S>Zphsu lphpu, s y[V$u klpeL$ R>)45&&
hdp flgu hpkp k|d lpe R>. hp vldp kdphi pe, AV$g h vldp hi L$f epf hpkp
ded L$pfu pe R>. Ap ded hpkp S>X$ A h p X$pZ R> A Arcdpu D pe R>. Ap
k|d A ded A b L$pfu hpkpAp hp kb^hpmu R>. u L$du hpkp pe R>. s ddp pe
R>, Ahp dp kb^hpmu R>. hp kb^hpmu hpkp vhp A vep (kh)y rls L$fhpu BR>pu
cNhp fQgu Zhu. Ap h vh bphu, A Ap bu h ve bphu l by rls Aphu fus
L$fui, Ahu cNhpu BR>pu epf hp fbdpu R|>V$p X$ epf S> hpkp cNhp fQgu lpe s hdp
flgu "k|d' hpkp Zhu A s hpkp h k|d vldp hi L$fphpfu R>. R>u s hpkpu h (vhp
Ahp vep vl) pspp Z epf s vh Ahp ve p |g vldp Arcdp fpMpfp s h s vldp
hi L$f R>. (Ap ded hpkp Z hp S> kb^hpmu R>). A fus b hpkpApp kb^ pe epf
S> kp[hL$ hNf L$pfp L$d L$fhpu hdp i[s Aph R>, Ahp ApQpeup ds R>. Apd lphpu hp
hpkpAp hi R> Ad Zu cNhp sApy rls L$fhp y[V$dpN L$fgp R>. ( cNhp AL$y L$epZ L$f
A buy ArV$ L$f, sp sdpdp npsu lphpp vpj S>Zpe, fsy hpu hpkp dpZ L$epZ hNf
L$f sp sdpdp A vpj flsp u bk| 2&1&34dp Z ApS> rk L$fgy R>. hmu S> vep cNhp lZ R>
sd Z dy[s Ap R> AV$g sdy Z rls S> L$f R>. su cNhp npsu lphpy sp brldyMp S>
S>Zpe R>. su y[V$ A Ers AL$-bup klpeL$ R> A y[V$dp vpj S>Zpe s Ersu v|f pe R>. Ap S>;
lgp Aepep Apfcdp furns L$fgp u sp uiyL$ Apgp sp Dfu rk pe R>)5&&-8&&
Ap vf Aepepp vfL$ pQ-pQp Ahp Z L$fZp R> (k|d, ded A blpfu Ahp L$dp
kb^hpmu Ahp hpkpp Z L$pfp cvu Ap Z L$fZp L$lgp R>.) lgp A bu L$fZdp vep
Ai sfuL$ A vhp Ai sfuL$ rsp rlfeL$riy A sp y lgpv Ay$d S>Zphgp R>, A Ap (b
hpkpAp) L$du S> pe R> Ad S>Zphhp u L$fZdp L$dy rZ L$fgy R>. (rlfL$riy vep Ai lsp
Ad 3&17&16 Dfu A lgpv vhp Ai lsp Ad 10&82&47 sp 48 Dfu rk pe R>)8&&-10
Ap L$^dp (vh, ve A dye A) Zp Aphihpmp pfv hsp R>. (spdp vep Aphi
egp Ad 7&15&69 sp 70 Dfu rk pe R>, L$pfZ L$ sp N^h S>ddp pfv gV$ eg lphpy
L$lg R> A 3&20&23 dpZ gV$ vepp Ly$vfsu NyZ R>.) opu cs A L$d (eo) L$fpf eyr^[W$f
Ap L$^dp psp S>Zphgp R>, (Zp Aphihpmp lphpu pfv Z L$pfu hpkphpmp lphpu hsp sfuL$,
A eyr^[W$f op hNf Z NyZhpmp lphpu psp sfuL$ Ap L$^dp epe R>)11
lgp L$fZp A:
lgp L$fZdp ve rlfeL$riyp pQ L$dpy rZ L$fgy R>. L$dp gpr$ sp Agpr$ b L$pfp
R>. sdp gpqL$L$ L$e b L$pfp R>. 1.kh (pZudp) sZ uX$p L$fu s A 2.sZ L$pdcpN L$ep s (kh
uX$p L$fu s, A ps s hNf L$ep s b gpr$ L$e bu A u Aepedp L$lgp R>, A y Dfp
l hNfu bu b L$pfp L$e. Ad Qpf Aepepu L$p. lgp Aepedp kL$ hNfp rsfL$pf A
Agpr$ L$e L$y. Ad pQ L$dp L$p (epS>p) s gpqL$L$ NZpe.) (Ap Ay$d bu A Qpp Aepedp
L$lgp R>. bpL$up lgp, u A pQdp Aepedp L$lgp Z L$dp Agpr$ L$dp R>12
kL$ hNfu S>e sp rhS>e AhNZp L$fu s sApy L$pe cNhpu khpp ^dy L$pe lsy, L$pfZ
L$ s cNhpu khpp ^dy L$pe lps sp dyrApu AhNZp ps rl, (gpL$X$uu sAp dyrAp Avf
S>sp AV$L$phs rl, A sdu dL$fu L$fs rl. fsy ""ldZp vip Ahkf u'' Ad S> L$ls) A
pspu ey[su sAp Avf S>hp kdhs. Apd sApA L$ey rl su Ad S>Zpe R> L$ sAp cNhpp
khL$ lsp, khpu JQu [rs sdZ ps L$fgu A s kde vl B[e pZ hNfp Aepk sd lsp
AV$g Arhpp kb^ sAp pe shy kchsy lsy, R>sp Z Ap sApy dyrApu AhNZp L$fhpy
L$pe Arhpu S> egy lsy. AV$g sApdp vep hcph DR>mu Aphhpu S> egy, (cNhpu hp R|>V$p
X$hpp kde sApdp cNhp S> vep hcph rhQpfgp A S> hcph vlp kb^ sp lgp sp
Arhpp kbû pe R>, shp vep hcph DR>mu Aphhpu S> egy. sApA Ahu fus dyrApu
2
AhNZp L$fu epf cNhp S> rhQpfgy s dyrAp Z Zsp lphpu sAp hLy$W$dp hpk L$fhpdpV$ epe pe
s dpV$ dyrApA sAp Z S>dp kyû Akyf hpp ip Apep (A.1&37-38).
Z L$pfu (k|d, ded A L$du egu) vyV$ hpkp S>e sp rhS>e dp lsu s V$ L$pf
Aes blpf Aphu, A su sApA dyrApu AhNZp L$fu. S>d Aes cpN pe epf L$pd ips pe
R>, shu fus Aes blpf Aphhpu hpkpAp Z v|f pe R>. su S>e-rhS>eu hpkpAp v|f pe s dpV$
ipy L$pfZ Z kh vy:M lfpf lqfA S> D L$fgy.
(k|d [V$u sp Ap hpkp v|f L$fhpy L$pfZ Z lqfu L$p S> R>. L$pfZ L$ lqfu BR>pu S>
kh sy lphpu s khy L$pfZ R>. su Ap kP$Ndp Z y[V$ sp Ers gugp klpeL$ S> ep).
u L$^dp S>e sp rhS>e ""cNhpu rh{ hcphhpmp'' A.15-30, sp cNhpu
AhNZp L$fpfp A.16-2 L$lgp R> s L$p kdpr^cpjp u, fsy dspsf R>. (u L$^dp 14 u
19dp kyûp R> Aepeu L$p dspsf R>, Ad Qpvdp Aepep Apfcdp ukybprûu lgu L$pqfL$pdp S>
L$lgy R> A u L$^p rbû 135-144 kyûu L$pqfL$pApu Z S>Zphgy R>)13-16
S>e A rhS>e p Ap ip R>u Z S>dp ep. Z S>dpdp $p^, L$pd A gpc sdpdp
hpdp Apep. vy hpkpAp gu^ h ve ps pe R>, A Ahu hpkpAp lphp gu^ gpL$dp $p^,
L$pd sp gpc sAp Z S>dpdp epy rk R>. Ap rlfepn A rlfeL$riy p lgp S>dp ep,
sdp sAp kpdpe fus gpc OZp rhij egp. sApdp fNyZ OZp bghp lphpu A cN.Nusp14&16
dpZ fNyZu gpc sp lphpu sAp Ap S>ddp OZp gpc egp. su kh L$phpf sApp vy:M
lfpf lqf cNhp sApp Ap S>ddp S> tkl C Ahsfgp, L$pfZ L$ sp NyZ($p^ hNf) cNhp NlZ
L$f sp S> s e, bu L$pC L$pf e rl. s NyZ S>sp hpkpp pi pe S>, Adp L$pC kie u.
Ap tkl Ahspf $p^ S> R>. (rlfepnp h^ L$fpf hfpl Z ""Ap S> hfpl R> s iyApp
$p^ R>'' A yrs dpZ $p^ S> R>. su cNhp sdp Df Ahp $p^ Ahspf gC L$p L$fgu lphpu
cNhpdp npsp vpj u, A y[V$dp S> vpj S>Zpe s v|f L$fhp S> cNhp Ap gugp L$fgu R>. Ahu
fus Ap L$fZdp Ad S>Zpey R> L$ Ers L$fZ Ahp kp^ R>, $p^ hNf q$epAp R> A ve hNfp
hu flhy s a$g R>)17-19
rlfeL$riydp vepu hpkp Ly$vfsu lphpu, bu Aepedp hZ L$fgy op gp.20-60, u
Aepedp S>Zphg s gp.2-5 sp syrs gp.26-38, A Qpp Aepedp hZhg hfvpu p[s
gp.1-2; s L$d ep? L$pfZ L$ Akyfp Ahy op lphpy kchsy u! hmu bp kh Zpf lphpu shp
Akyf hfvp L$f rl Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ bpA s hfvp L$ey s ps L$fhpp s Ar^L$pf lsp
1
2 3
4
Ad S>Zphhp shp op s bpu sZ L$fgu syrs sp bpA L$fg hfvp A Qpfu su Ap gpL$dp
OZp hchhpmu JQu [rs (A.4&6-20) lphpy S>Zphg R>. sZ L$fg cpN A gpL$p vu^g vy:M A bu
de sZ s L$epy L$lg R>. A bpu sZ L$fgu syrs A bpA L$fg hfvpu s s Dd L$pfy
lphpy S>Zphg R>. (su bp kh Zpf lphp R>sp sdZ rhQpf L$ep rhp S> su blpfu kfkpC C
s hfvp L$ey, L$pfZ L$ Ar^L$pf cpNhsu hMs rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph rl epf kho flsy u. su S>
ApNm tkl cNhp sd Akyfp Ahp L$pfy hfvp L$fhpp bp^ (A.10&30dp) L$fi.
vepdp gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ b lphpu, hpkp gu^ sdpdp op hNf lphpy kchsy
lphp R>sp s sdp veZp fpL$u isy u, sd bu gpL$p Df DL$pf L$fphu iL$psy u20-21
S>d rbgpX$pAp fp C iL$ R> sd vep, bu Aepedp hZey shy, op lpe R>. s hpkpu
D egy lpC gpr$ S> R>, L$pfZ L$ shy ke op lpe sp Aes cpN ps hp R>sp Z s[s pe
shy b. hmu sp cpC rhA lep su s cNhp Df Y$ d|ghpmp j ps. hmu Aphp opu
s lgp lgpv Df lsp shp y Df d Z lpe, Mpk L$fu ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu byr Y$
lpe, A Mpk L$fu ""cNhp rhh ApMpp Apdp lphp R>sp vhpy Y$spu pg L$f R>'' Ahy cNhp
npsu lphpy cp Z lpe. rlfeL$riy sp Aes cpN ps hp R>sp s[s C rl, sp cpC
rhA lep su sdp Df Y$ d|ghpmp j ep A.4&4, s lgpv Df OZp d Z Apfcdp lsp
A.5&4,20,1, ""ps S> y pe R>'' A yrs dpZ A y Dfp d ""vl S> Apdp R>'' Ahu su drs
Z Y$ lphpy S>Zph R> A cNhp vhpp Y$ nps L$f R> Ad Z s dpsp, su hpkp gu^ s A
op egy, cNhp gu^ Ahp pfdprL$ eg lsy Ad S>Zpe R>22-23&&
rlfeL$riyy op hNf hpkpu S> s ps eg lpe, sp lgpv S>hp fd hZh y s
L$d pe? hmu 8&19&7dp hpd s hLy$W$ ps epy L$l R> s L$d kch? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$
uL$Z s vedp Aphi L$fgp epf spu lgpvu Dr egu. 8&19&9dp S> cNhp ps sp vedp
hi L$fhpy L$lgy R>. su sp vedp epf cNhp hi L$fgp epf spu lgpvu Dr egu A
Aphihpmp cNhpy kpde spdp lphpy kchsy lphpu S> s hLy$W$ Z Negp. su sp (hZhgp A
hZhgp) b^pA kpfp L$pepdp su op hpkp kpfu fus blpf L$V$ egu. s hpkp gu^ S> sZ
Apfcdp lgpv Df OZp l hNf L$fg, A ""S>u S>pdp p lpe s s S> R>'' Ahu byru
pR>mu s dpfu pMhpp Dd L$fhpu su drs C. A sZ shp Dd L$ep24&&-26
Ap L$^p Apfcdp cNhpp ju Z dy[s ps hpy L$lg R>, A rlfeL$riyA sdp
j L$ep, R>sp s dy[s ps L$d C? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ uL$Zp j Arhpp khu
dpV$p(dlpsdp) rhcpN R>, R>sp rlfeL$riy dyrApp Z S>d kyûp ip eg lphpu s s dy[s
a$g ps ey.
kvhpkpp (bu) L$fZdp s cNhp lep s hps L$lgp R>. iy y C Ahsf sp
L$pC-L$pC kde sp Df j pe, R>sp lgpv rlfeL$riyp iy lsp AV$g sp iy; lgpv sfuL$
Ahsfg lsp Ad S>Zphhp, sp lgpv Dfp (Apfcp) ly pQdp L$^dp hZ L$fgy R>. su
Ap L$fZp pQ Aepepdp Ay$d:
1.rlfeL$riyu DspC (kL$ hNfu AhNZp gp.36)
2.sZ kh L$fgu uX$p (gp.13-16)
3.sZ psp L$fgu uX$p AV$g sy s (gp.3-6)
4.sZ L$fg rfsf L$pdp cpN (gp.4-20) A
4
5.cNhpp cs L$fgu uX$p (gp.33-44)

A pQ L$pf su hpkp S>Zphu s hpkpp L$pep hZhgp R>27-29&&
L$fZ 2; Aepe 6-10:
lh bu L$fZdp R>$pu vidp kyûp pQ Aepepdp vhu kNp buS> kh dpn Appfu
(AV$g Arhpp pQ rhcpNpp pi L$fpfu) kpfu hpkpApy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>.
""Apkyfu ks b^ L$fphpfu dpegu R>'' (cN.Nusp16&5) A hpe dpZ vecph b^
L$fphpfp lphpu vecph S>sp fl epf khp dpn pe, sdp kie flsp u. su kpfu hpkp op ps
L$fphu sp L$dp L$fphu kh dpn ps L$fph R> A V$ R>. (kpfu hpkp vyV$ hpkpApp pi L$fpfu lphpu
vyV$ hpkpApy rZ L$ep R>u kpfu hpkpApy rZ Z L$fg R>.)
S> b^pe dy[s ps L$fph s S> kpfu hpkp L$lgu R>. su L$pdphpmp L$dpp ^d hNf kpfu
hpkpp rhjep u. Ap kpfu hpkpApp Z pQ rhcpN R>:
1.op ps L$fphpfu vep S>pu dpn ps pe R>, s kpfu hpkpApp d rhcpN R>, (Sy>Ap
A.6&24,25).
2.dpV$p cspu cphhpmu L$p sp bu rhcpN R>. Ap Dd L$pfp rhcpN R>, (sy rZ A.7&816 dp L$fgy R>).
3.R>u dpV$p vy:Mpp L$pfZpp pi L$fpf lqfy pL$V$, A pL$V$ AyL|$g q$ep ep R>u pe A sp u
rhcpN R>. (Apy rZ A.8&14-31dp L$fgy R>).
4.h S> L$pf k|Z fus cNhp kdyM pe s Qpp rhcpN R>. (lgpv cNhp kdyM ep, s
A.9&8-50dp S>Zphu Ap rhcpNy rZ L$fgy R>).
5.L$pep, hpZu A d u cNhpdp [rs hu A s Z cNhpu L$p kp hu s pQdp rhcpN R>.
(Apy rZ A.10&2-23dp L$fgy R>).
Ap pQ kpfu cphpp rhcpNp S>pdp lpe s vpjfrls A kh kyM cpNhpfp pe R>. A
su kh L$pdpAp |Z pe R>. (Ap pQ rhcpNpu Ap L$fZp pQ Aepepp A Z L$lgp R>)29&&34&&
vidp Aepedp ryfy Dpep ip dpV$ L$lgy R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ ryf sp vyV$
hpkpy d|g L$lgy R>. (kh, fS>k A sdk A Z NyZhpmu dpep vyV$ hpkpy d|g s ryf. vyV$
hpkp dplu D pe R> A dpl dpepu D pe R>. su dpep vyV$ hpkpy d|g R>. dpep) ryf
vyV$ hpkpy Apr^vrhL$ h R>. shu S> fus lqf kpfu hpkpy d|g R>. Adsfky p (A.10&62) sd S>
iP$L$fy fnZ (A.10&61-68) A kh L$pe uL$Zu L$pp bgu S> egy, (su kh L$pedp Ersu
klpeL$ y[V$ R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap ryfy Dpep L$lgy R>. Ap Dpep rfL$ R> Ahu iP$L$p L$fhu,
L$pfZ L$ Ap dpNdp depvpy[V$ klpeL$ R> Ad Ap Dpepu S>Zphg R>. L$pfZ L$ S>y S>V$gy L$pe L$fhpu
su L$pdp |Z pe, sV$gy sy L$pe cNhp rQe L$f R>, su Ar^L$ L$fsp u Ad spu rk pe R>.
vebpgL$pu |g hpkpApp sp lgpv sAp L$fgp bpû pi ep, A vepp rs
rlfL$riyp vlp pi L$fu cNhp sp gpcp pi L$ep, sd S> pspu Df d fpMpf lgpv Z
5
rlfeL$riy vly L$V$ Apsp lsp spu dys L$fpep. rhQpf rhp hfvp L$fpf bp Z Dvi Apu
(A.10&30) shy L$pe crhedp L$fsp AV$L$pep. dlpvh Z ryfp pi L$fu iL$hpu egp dp
vy:Mdpu R>pX$pep (A.10&61-70). rihp cs de Z vpjhp lsp, L$pfZ L$ sZ shy ryf bphgy, s
Z sZ bphg ryf e hpu egp dp vy:Mdpu R>pX$pep (A.10&63-64) A iP$L$f Z
ryfp pi L$fhpu sp AlP$L$pfu bQpep (A.10&65-66). su Ap Ersgugpdp depvpy[V$ klpeL$ R>
Ad S>Zphhp ryfu Ap L$p L$lgu R>34&&-39
Ap lgp b L$fZpdp rlfeL$riy A lgpv A b rsp A y kv L$fu vyV$ sp kpfu A
b hpkpApy rZ L$fgy R>. bu h R|>V$p X$ epf egu Ap b Ly$vfsu hpkpApy rZ ey. lqfp
kbû Ap Ersgugp y[V$gugp kp flgu R> Ad V$ pe R>. Ly$vfsu kpfu hpkp lpe sp kkP$Nu
su hr pe R>, A Ly$vfsu vyV$ hpkp lpe sp ky{jpy S> Adp L$fhpu s S> fus su hr pe
R>40-41
L$fZ 3:
vhu A Apkyfu Ahu b L$pfu ky[V$ (cN.Nusp16&6) lphpu sp d|g hpkp Z b L$pfu
S> lpe, su uSy> L$fZ L$d L$lgy R>? Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ bp rdZhpmu u ky[V$p d|g
Sy>vu hpkp h^pfpu R> su shu hpkpp pi pe s dpV$ Ap uSy> L$fZ L$lgy R>. (kpfu A Mfpb) b
hpkpAp Ly$vfsu S>d lpe sAp dpV$ Sy>vy L$fZ L$lgy R>.
Aphp y{j vyV$ hpkpp epN L$fhp A kpfu fpMhu. Ad L$fhp b L$pfp L$d L$fhpu b
L$pfp a$g dm A su dy[s pe S>. Ersu klpeL$ y[V$ sp Zhu L$W$Z, A ps L$fhu A pspu
kpdp rl. su Ap u L$fZy iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ pQ L$pfp L$d
(khr.gp.1-2) L$fhpu d|gc|s vyV$ hpkpp pi pe R>, shu S> fus hvdp S> L$dp L$fhpu dp L$fgu R>
s L$dp L$fhpu kpfu hpkpp Z pi pe R>, Ahp shp L$d L$fhpu rh{(vyV$) hpkpy pjZ hpu
kpfu hpkpp pi pe R>. s (yV$ egu vyV$ hpkp)p rhfp^ gu^ hZ hNfu kpfu hpkpy
c[sdpN dpZ pjZ L$fhpdp Aph, sp epe kde (s b hpkpp)b a$gp cpNh R>, A a$fuu
lgp eg shu fus S>d pe R>. Aphp L$pfZu S>e A bu rhS>e b (hLy$W$dp a$g cpNhu) a$fu
S>dgp. Ap k|d sh S> Z R> A sp ce fpM R> sZ ip Dpe L$fhp s Ap u L$fZdp L$lgy R>,
(epkp A pfvp Ap S> Apie R>). su vidp Aepep As gp.71dp pfv ""spf lh h^pf iy hZ
L$fhy R> (l s buSy> iy L$l)'' Ahp L$f R>, ( sdp Aphp Apie lps, sp furns S> Zhp
BR>gy s Zu gu^g lphpu, cNhpp fp$dpu syrs L$fsp, pfv Aphp L$fs)42-45&&
iP$L$p:lgpvp Qqfy hZ L$fu eyr^[W$f c[s kbû L$fsp, ^d kbû S> A s
Z hZpd^d kbû L$d L$ep? (A.12&2). hmu Al] ""y{j cNhp ps L$f'' Ad L$lgy
lphpu s cNhpu p[s rkhpe bu a$mu BR>p Z lsu, A cNhp sp c[su S> ps pe R>
Ad lgpvp hQp s L$lgp su sZ Zgy. hmu Ap p Dfdp pfv uk L$pfp ^d L$lgp R>
(gp.8-12), sdp hZ hNf h c[s Z L$lg R> S>. R>sp eyr^[W$f c[s kbû L$d L$ep?
Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ c[sdpN sp a$g Appfp (cNhpu p[s L$fphpfp) R>. s pe[Q
u. su s (a$gu p[s dpV$ S>fu lpe) sV$gu S> iyr L$f R>. su Ar^L$ (vyV$ hpkpp pi L$f shu)
iyr L$fsp u. (su lgpv c[s kbû L$ep rl). S>d A[ bpmu pMpfp dpegp R>, sd
L$dp L$jpe (hdp flgu vyV$hpkp) L$hu pMpfp (fd L$fpfp) dpegp R>. (su vyV$ hpkpp pi L$fhp
dpV$ eyr^[W$f hZpdp ^dp kbû S> L$ep46&&-47
iP$L$p:epf ""c[su cNhp NS> Df k ep'' (A.9&9), ""cNhp k pe epf iy
ps C iL$ shy R>?'' (A.6&25) hNf hpep lgpv L$d L$lgp? Ahp pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ S>u kpfu hpkp lpe A bu (vyV$) hpkp lpe, s S> AL$gp
c[sdpN a$g Ap R>. lgpv dp kpfu hpkp S> lsu, su sZ A gpL$dp pspp Aychy S> hZ
L$fgy R>. b hpkpAp lpe sp vyV$ hpkpp pL$(fd X$hpy) L$du pe R>, A fd X$gu vyV$
hpkpp sfs S>(pX$p kdedp) pi pe R>. (su pfv hZpdp ^dp L$p) Ahp c[su Ahp opu
Z vyV$ hpkpp pi pe. su (uk ^dp A.11&8 u 12 L$lsp h L$pfu c[s L$lgu R>, A) Ap
L$fZp Asdp Z op (A.15&62-65) A c[s (A.15&67-68) L$lgp R>. (su vyV$ hpkpp
pi L$pC hpf dp L$d L$fhpu A L$pC hpf L$d sp opu Ahp L$pC hpf L$d sp c[s u Z sp lphpu
pfv hZpd ^dp L$lgp R>)48-49
uk L$pfp S> kp^pfZ ^d (A.11&8-12dp) L$p s A S> hZp sp Apdp ^d, sdp
V$p ^dp kp ûf-ûf ApQfu vyV$ hpkp bpmhu BA. bpX$dp uk L$pfp ^dp S>V$gp kb^
R>, su s ^d ApQfu sV$gu (V$p) hpkpAp bpmhu. hvu rhfpV$ R>vdp uk hZp (Anfp) lpe R>, A
bpX$dp Z uk hZ R>, (L$pfZ L$ rhfpV$u W$ bpX$y Z hZ C iL$ sd u) su bpX$ uk
L$pfp ^dp kb^ R>. ksp Ahp kspj kp[hL$ R>, A cNhpu ksp D L$fhu A
byrp khNyZy rQl R>. su uk L$pfp ^dpdp S> kp^p L$p sApdpu S> kpû cNhp k
pe s S> kp^ ApQfhy50-52&&
hZpdp ^dp AV$gp dpV$ L$lgp R> L$ vyV$ y{j Z ps BR>g a$g ps pe, sp s
vyV$spp epN L$f R> S> Ahp rZe R>. su Sy>vp-Sy>vp hZ sp Apdp dpV$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp ApQfhpp Qpf ^dp
L$lgp R>. Ap cNhp pku ps egp ^dp R>, A sAp vedp en pe sp s kh vedp
cNhpp hpk L$fph R>, L$pfZ L$ sAp vecphp pi L$f R>52&&-55
Aepe 12-13:
bpfdp Aepedp bQpfup A hp Apdhpmp p ^dp L$lgp R>. bQpfu, hp A
kepk Apd JQu [rs ps L$fphhp epe Apdp R>. A bu Nl Apd R>. b L$pfp (JQu
[rs ps L$fphhp epe) ^dp S>Zphhp dpV$ bQpfu A hdp flpf bp ^dpy Ap AL$ (bpfdp)
Aepedp rZ L$fgy R>. sdp Z bQpfup ^dp L$lsp ""hvp Aepk L$fhp'' Ad u gpL$dp L$lu,
R>u bQpfu A Nlp kpdpe ^dp L$lu bp^ Apgp R>. R>u bu AV$g hp Apdy rZ
L$fsp, ""Alsp sp ddspp epN L$fu''(gp.24) Ad kepky epf R>up L$fZ (Aepe)y rZ
L$fgy R>. ""khdp cNhp flgp R> Ad Zpf S> bQpfu hp kepku Ahp Nl op ps L$fu
7
pspp ^dy ApQfZ L$f R> s fb ps L$f R>'' (gp.16), Ad S> kepky k|Q L$fgy R> s
kepkp ^d bu (sfdp)Aepedp L$lg R>. ^dy a$g s (kepk) S> R>, ^ A L$pdp u Ad sdp
S>Zphg R>56-57
Aepe 14-15:
Qpvdp Aepedp Nlp ^dp L$lgp R>. Nlp ^dy hZ L$fsp A(^) A L$pd S> dpZ
Nldp flgu L$pdpApp pi L$fpfp rhQpfpAgp R>, shp s b hZhgp R>, A s (shp ^ A L$pd A)
bp rZe pe s dpV$ Nlp ^dp AP$N L$pg hNfp rZe L$lgp R>. rhjedp hpkp lpe s vyV$
hpkp R> A ^dp ApQfZu S> sp pi pe R>. S>ep kyû shu vyV$ hpkpp pi pe ep kyû ^d
ApQfhpp Ar^L$pf R> A hpkpp pi ep R>u c[s L$fhpp Ar^L$pf ps pe R> Ahp ApQpeup ds
R>58-59
epf prZdp rhi sp fdpdp uL$Z rhi vyV$ rhQpf Aph rl, epf hpkpp ne egp
Zhp. epf S> c[s L$fhpp Ar^L$pf ps pe R>. buAp S>Apu hpkpp ne eg u, sAp
c[sp Ar^L$pfu u. c[sp Ar^L$pf ps L$ep rhp kpfu hpkp gu^ pspu dm Ahp cNhpp
csp kP$N gu^ c[s L$f A shp kde ^dp epN L$f, sp uL$Z Df s j pe R> Ahp ^Zu
S> vybyr pe R>. spu cNhpp Afp^ pe R> A su c[s vpjhpmu pe R>. Aphp kde L$pg
hNf uX$p L$f sp cNhp su vfL$pf L$fsp u. su vyV$ hpkpu Aes kphQs flhy. L$pfZ L$ vyV$ hpkp
hi hp gu^ cud, A|$f, ASy> hNf cs Z O S> Ar^L$ vy:M pep R>.
""rh^d, f^d, Apcpk, Ddp A R>g A pQ A^du ipMpAp R>'' (A.15&12-14).
sApp epN L$fhpu A uL$Zp cs eyr^[W$f pfv S> L$d (hZ sp Apdp ^dp) L$lg R>, s sp
L$lhp dpZ L$fhpu vyV$ hpkpp pi pe R>, fsy sd L$fhpdp Aph sp L$pC fus vyV$ hpkpp pi sp
u60-65&&
1.h bu [rs ps L$f epf hu hpkp (h bu R|>V$p X$sp D egu hpkp)p pi pe
R>. Ny{A L$fgp Dvip bgu sdS> opu sd pe R> (h bu [rs ps L$f R>). pL$u Negu
hpkpApp A fus opu Ahp cNhpp) cS>u pi pe R>.
2.As:L$fZu qf|Zsp sp As:L$fZu hpkpApy pi hpy L$pfZ lpe R>. As:L$fZ pspp
hZpdp L$dpu, epNu Ahp c[su A opu Z qf|Z pe R>, epf s As:L$fZp Aepkp
pi pe R>.
3.pZpu Y$ hpkpAp sp su S> pL$ R>.
4.B[epp kb^hpmu hpkpAp epNu S> pL$ R>, A
5.vlp kb^hpmu hpkpAp sp L$du S> pL$ R>. su b^p hZp dyepA; L$lg R> shp pQ L$pfp L$d
(L$fhp BA)65&&-69&&
epN, s, c[s A shu S> fus op sp hfpe u ûf-ûf As:L$fZ hNfp kb^hpmu
hpkpApp ne pe R>, fsy c[su iy Ar^L$pf ps pe R>. bu L$pC Z kpû s ps C iL$sp
u. kpfp ^dp ApQfhpu iy Ar^L$pf ps ep lpe sp s ps hpp $d Df L$lgp R> s dpZ

R>69&&-71
1.hvp Aepk A 2.s A 3.ddspp k|Z pi A 4.Dd vl-L$pg hNf ps sp L$fgy
Ddpd L$d Ap Qpf vl hNfu hpkpApp pip kp^ L$lgp R>. epf As:L$fZp ^dpp k|Z ne
pe epf S> bû hpkpp pi pe R>. su As:L$fZp ^dpp ne L$fhpp kp^py hZ L$fgy R>7273&&
khp Ap^pf rhp R>. sAp Ny{ L$lhpegp R>. sdu L$pu kh L$pe rk pe R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap AL$gy
kp^ pe R>. sdu khp kh L$d R>, A sdu khp L$fhpu hpkpApp pi pe R>, Ad S>Zphhp
pfv eg ip A sp Df egu bpZpu L$p L$lgp R>(A.15&72-73). uL$Zu c[s L$fhpu S>
bpZp hi pe R>, L$pfZ L$ eyr^[W$fp Ofdp uL$Zu khp su lphpu ep sAp Aphgp(A.15&75). su
kvp uL$Zu khp pe sp AL$ R>u AL$ kh hpkpApp pi pe R>, sdp kie u. su L$d L$fhpu
i[s lpe sp bpZpp hQ dpZ uL$Zu khp kvp L$fhu. bpZpA sp L$dp kp uL$Zu khp
L$fgu73&&-78
lh Ap L$^dp rZe L$fgp V$ rhje Al] L$lhpdp Aph R>. S> vyV$ A kpfu b L$pfu
hpkp lpe, sZ Ny{u kh cphu (As:L$fZ|hL$) khp L$fhu, A R>u Ny{p hQ dpZ cNhpy
cS> L$fhy. Ny{ A rie bu hpkp L$pC Z L$pf vyV$ lpe sp ipdp L$p dpZ L$dp L$fhp.
L$pC Z kP$N (uk L$pfp) kp^pfZ ^d(L$d)dp p pe A spu hpkpp pi pe, sp
cNhpu c[s L$fhpp S> Aepk fpMhp. A shu fus hpkpp pi pe, sp S>d ps L$fu,
bQe hNf Apdpp ^dp ApQfhp. Apd L$fhpu Ahe lgpp S>du rsy dfZ fli, Ahp
kL$pf Ns i. Ad pe epf byru Apdp ^dpp Qpf rhcpN L$fu Ay$d AL$ R>u AL$ Apdp
^dy ApQfZ L$fhy, A hpkpp pi pe epf $u c[s L$fhu. R>u ûf-ûf cNhp s hi S>f
hpp. A vyV$ hpkpp pi ep lpe, sp s S>f dy[s ps L$fhpp. cNhpu BR>pu dy[s
ps hpdp rhgb pe, sp ApW$dp L$^dp L$lgp Dd ^dpy ApQfZ L$fhy. Ad L$fhpu S> hdp L$^dp
L$lgu R> s c[s s S>f ps hpu. hQgp kdedp Dd y{jpp rsfL$pf pe, sp vyV$ hpkpu hr
pe R>. b L$pfdp a$g uL$Zu ps pe R>. Ap cNhpu Ersgugp R> cNhp kvp dy[s Ap
R>&&79-87&&
L$^ ApW$dp:dhsf
L$^p A:
Ap dpZ kpsdp L$^dp vf Aepepu hpkpApy A L$dy rZ L$ey. lh ApW$dp L$^dp
cNhpu dhsf gugp viphpfp iyc Qphuk Aepepu kpfp y{jpp ^dp L$lhpdp Aph R>.
""dy, vhp, dyp yp, Bp, FrjAp A cNhpp Aiphspf Ahp R> L$pfp dhsf R>''
(12&7&15) Ahy dhsfy gnZ bpfdp L$^dp L$lgy R>. Ap L$^dp s S>Zphsp kpfp y{jp ^d L$lgp
R>, AV$gy yfpZpdpp kpdpe gnZu Al] h^pf Dd R>. dhsfp AV$g kpfp y{jp ^d. cNhp
L$lgp kpfp y{jp ^dp s dhsfp1-1&&
Ap kpfp y{jp ^dp pL$s R>. sApu Dry p vl B[ep A As:L$fZ R>. Apdp Ahp
y{jdp s D sp u. y{j AV$g hpdp. sdp D hp epe lpe s p{j; Aphp p{j NyZ sp
c[s S> R>. (pL$s vpp Qphuk L$pfp lphpu (Sy>Ap 3&26&11 u 14) kpfp y{jp Ap pL$s ^dp
Qphuk L$pfu Sy>vu-Sy>vu pL$s hpkpp k|Z fus pi L$f R> S>. hdp flgu hpkpp hdp L$^dp
S>Zphgu Dd c[s pi L$f R>1&&-3
dudpkpdp S>d rhQpfgp R> sd Al] Z b L$pfp vpp R>. y[V$ kyûp lgp L$pfp L$lgp
R>, bu L$pfp Ape (L$^ 1 u 6 kyûdp S>Zphgp lgp L$pfp A L$^ 7 u 12 kyû S>Zphgp
bu L$pfp, Ahp A S>Zpe R>) kyûp R>. su pR>mp R> p kd|ldp hpkp (L$^ 7 dp L$lg Ers)
lgu NZpegu R>, s pL$s hpkp S> vyV$ R>, A kpfp y{jp ^dpu S> sp pi pe R>. su (hpkpp
kpfp y{jp ^dpu S> pi pe shu R> Ad S>Zphhp) sApp Ay$du DgV$p L$pf (gugpAp NZphsp
2&10&1dp lgp Ers A R>u dhsf L$p. gnZ L$lsp 2&10&4dp lgp dhsfy A R>u Ersy
gnZ L$y, Ahu fus $du rh{ gnZ L$p) sApp gnZ L$lgp R>. ""kpfp y{jp ^d s dhsfp A
L$du su hpkpAp s ErsAp'' (2&10&4) Ad lgp dhsfy gnZ L$lu R>u Ersy gnZ L$lgy R>.
L$du D egu hpkpAp pL$s S> R>, su lgp sApp pi L$fhpu L$p (dhsf Ahp kpfp y{jp
^d) L$lg R>. R>u pL$s hpkpAp bûp pi pe sp L$^ hdpdp L$lgu c[su hr pe R>. su
hpkpApp pi L$fhp kpfp y{jp ^d Zhp CA4-7&
L$fZp:
kpfp y{jp ^dp spdk, kp[hL$ A fpS>k Ahp rhcpNu Z L$pfp L$lgp R>. sAp Ay$d
Qpf L$pfp, vi L$pfp A h L$pfp L$lgp R>, A A Z L$pfp ^dpp hsp de R>. (su lgp
Qpf, vi A h Aepepp Z L$fZdp Ay$d spdk, kp[hL$ A fpS>k Ahp Z L$pfp kpfp y{jp
^d L$lgp R>, A R>p AL$, Qphukdp, Aepedp s ^dp hsp dey rZ L$fgy R>.) Ad Qpf L$fZp
Ap L$^p pe R>. vfL$ dhsfdp dy, vhp hNf R> lpe R>. sApA pspspp kdedp S> ^dp L$lgp lpe,
s ^dpy k|Z L$pf S> L$pC pg L$f, s S> pX$-pX$ bû hpkpAp bpmu pM R>, Ad Al] L$lhpdp
Aphi. su Sy>vp-Sy>vp dhsfdp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ^dy ApQfZ L$fhpy lpe R>7&-10&&
lgp "hpecyh' dhsfdp s kp Drjvp pW$ L$fhpy L$lg R> (A.1&7-6).

bu "hpfprQj' dhsfdp bQe pmhpy L$lg R> (A.1&22).
u Dd "dhsfdp' ke bpghpy L$lg R> (A.1&24-26).
Qpp "spdk' dhsfdp hvp Aepk L$fhpy A s epv fpMhpy L$lg R> (A.1&29).
pQdp "fhs' dhsfdp hsp hNfu cNhpu khp L$fhpy L$lgy R> (A.5&2-6). Ap dhsfdp fdpu
ppu cNhp hLy$W$ gpL$ fQgp. u A pQdp L$^dp u (gdu)y hs ApQfpfpApA AL$ gpM
sygkup p AZ L$fhpy hs hNfu S> cNhpu khp L$fhpy L$lg R> s Ap dhsfp cNhpp Ai
hLy$W$ Ahspf Qgphgu.
R>$p "Qpnyj' dhsfdp (cNhpp Ahspf As kdyy d L$fphu Ads L$Y$phg lphpy L$lg R> su)
kpfp y{jp vhp sp Dd y{jpu khp L$fhpy L$lg R>.
kpsdp "hhhs' dhsfdp hZhpA AL$pviu hNf hsp L$fhpy L$lgy R>. hspdp Dd AL$pviuy dye hs
L$lgy R>, L$pfZ L$ s vepp kb^ u. shu S> fus cNhpp pvycphp qvhk S>dpV$du hNfp hsp
Z L$fhpp L$lgp R>. (Ap dyu L$p A.13&6dp R>. hsp L$fhpy Al] L$lg u, Z bu yfpZpdp L$lgy
R>.)
ApW$dp "kphrZ' dhsfdp y[V$dpNp L$pfu ^dp L$fhpy L$lg R>. cNhpp kphcpd Ahspf brg
By p Apey, su Ap Ahspf y[V$dpNp ^dpu hr L$fgu R>, (A.13&11-17).
hdp "vnkphrZ' dhsfdp S>dp eo hNf OZp pe shp ^dp L$fhpy L$lgy R>. (cNhpp Fjc Ahspf
B Z gpL$ a$fu ps L$fphu sp cpN L$fpepy L$lgy R>. A s eo hNfu S> ps pe, su Ap eo
hNf ^dpu cNhp Fjc S> hr L$fphgu C (A.13&18-20).
vidp "bkphrZ' dhsfdp gpL$y fnZ pe shp A gpL$ kyM Ap shp ^dp L$fhpy L$lgy R>
(A.13&21-23).
ArNepfdp "^dkphrZ' dhsfdp Apdpdp p fpMhp kyûp iyc dps ^dp L$fhpy L$lgy R>. Ap dy
Apdphpmp L$lgp R> A cNhpp ^dksy Ahspf Z gpL$ ^pfZ L$epy L$lgy R>. su s bA Qgphgp
Apdpdp p fpMhp kyûp ^dp dps S> R>, L$pfZ L$ dps ^ddpV$ S> OZp cpN "^d' iv epe R>
(A.13&24-26).
bpfdp "{kphrZ' dhsfdp Apk[s rhpp ^dp L$fhpy L$lg R>, (A.13&27-29).
sfdp "vhkphrZ' dhsfdp Dpkp L$fhp epe vhspy pjZ L$fpfp ^dp L$fhpy L$lgy R>, (A.13&3032).
Qpvdp "BkphrZ' dhsfdp opdp qfZd shp cpNhpmp ^dp L$fhpy L$lgy R> (A.13&33-36).
(bpfdp sfdp A Qpvdp dhsfpdp L$fhpp ^dp ucpNhsdp L$lgp u, s bu yfpZpdpu L$lgp
Zhp)10&&-18
Sy>vp-Sy>vp dhsfpdp L$fhpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ^dp L$lgp R>, (lpg kpsdp dhsf Qpg R>, su Qpgy
dhsfdp ArNepfk hNfp hsp L$fhpu S> bû hpkpApp pi pe R>. Ap hsp yfpZpdp L$lgp R>. sdp
AL$pviup hsp cNhpu L$p ps L$fphpfp lphpu Dd R>, L$pfZ L$ pviu pe[Q R>. AL$pviup hs
hZhp sp khL$p b^pA L$fhp S>fu R>.
""vidp qvhk Akyfp S>dgp A ArNepfkp qvhk vhp S>dgp. S> S>p S>dqvhk lpe s su
hr L$fpfp R>'' Ad yfpZdp L$lgy R>. S>dpV$du, fpdhdu, hpdpviu A tklQsyviu A Qpf hsp
2
L$fhpy Z yfpZdp L$lgy R>. Ap hsp L$pgp ^dp AV$g AdyL$ kde ApQfhpp ^dp R>. s Ap dhsfdp
ApQfhpp kpfp y{jp ^dp R>). hmu shu S> fus Sy>vp-Sy>vp vidp ApQfhpp Sy>vp-Sy>vp vi ^dp Z R>. Ap
b^p cNhdp L$u Z ^dp dpV$p R>:
1.AprApdp lqfy kpfu fus dfZ L$fhy
2.krApdp kh vp L$fhp A
3.pmhp epe hQy pg L$fhy.
Ap Z dpV$p ^dpy rZ Ay$d lgp Qpf, pQdpu Qpvdp kyûp vi A vfu hukdp
kyûp Aepepdp L$fgy R>19-20
L$fZ lgy:
s Z ^dp L$u lqfy kpfu fus dfZ L$fhpp kb^dp lgp Qpf Aepep L$lgp R>. lqfp
dfZu Qpf y{jpp ps pe R> Ad rk pe s dpV$ Ap Qpf Aepepu L$lg R> Ahp rQe R>. dps
hNf ^d gu^ cNhd sp AV$L$u e, sp s ^d ApQfpfpAp |{ a$g dmsy u, fsy cNhd sd
A A L$pd ps L$fph R>, fsy lqfp dfZ cNhd Qpgy flgp lpe, sp pX$p kdedp dpn ps
L$fph R> Ad NS>u L$pu S>Zphgy R>. su s S>Zphhp dpV$ NS>u L$p Qpf Aepepu L$lg R>21-24
""cNhd ApQfpf y{jy Mg sy u'' Ad 11&12&35 dp L$lgy R>, R>sp B^y fp,
S> NS> egp, s dpn ps L$fhpdp rhgb L$d ep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ ANe dyr rihp
cs bpZ lsp. A ""S>u S>dpdp p lpe, s s S> R>'' cN.Nusp17&3 A rkps dpZ
sd(rih) S> bpZ (gp.10dp rh) L$lgp R>. sdp Apvf B^y L$fg, su s ANe ip
Apep, A s dpn ps L$fhpdp rhgb ep(A.4&6 u 10). hpsrhL$ fus sp y[V$hpldepvpcv
gp.18dp S>Zpep dpZ gpL$dp depvpy p pe s dpV$ cNhp S> s ip Aphgp. sdp (rihp
Ahp dps ^dp) rhfp^ rhpp S> cNhd lpe, s sfs S> a$g ps L$fphpfp R>25
cNhp csu Ahu fus kcpm fpM s epe u Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhpu
c[s L$fu lpe sp S> spu k C cNhp L$pg hNf sdS> bu (dps hNf) ^dhpmpAp sApy
L$pe L$fsp AV$L$ph R>, fsy c[s L$fu lpe sp epk L$fu AV$L$phsp u. (B^y dp cNhpu |
S> L$fsp A kpfp y{jp ^dy S> ApQfZ L$fsp A.4&7-8. s c[s L$fsp lsp. sZ L$fgu | kh
L$pfu L$pdp rhpu lphpu, spu s NS>p S>ddp (11&27&53 dpZ) c[s ps C. ""c[su
cNhp NS> Df k ep'' Ad s NS> lsp, epf S> s c[s ps epy L$lg R>. c[s lpe
sp cNhp; ANeu Z dpV$p vyhpkp S>hp sdS> L$pg Z cs rh{ pspy L$pe L$fsp AV$L$ph R>, A
Abfuj A vyhpkp p kP$Nu rk R>. Sy>Ap L$^ 9 Aepe 4. su cNhp Al] csu kcpm
fpepy bey u26
L$fZ bu-Aepe 2-4:
NS> A y{jp ps ep lsp Ad S>Zphhp bu Aepedp hnp hNf (kdr)y hZ
L$fgy R> (A.2&10-19). s L$pd Z ps epy (gp.23 sp 26dp) L$lu, R>u s L$pdp As vy:M
epy L$lgy R> (gp.27-30) L$pfZ L$ L$pd As vy:M L$fphpfp S> R>. R>u sZ u Aepedp cNhpu
syrs L$fu(gp.3-29).
3
u Aepedp u y{jp L$pd L$lhp BA R>sp syrs L$d L$lu R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$
NS>u syrs s cNhp ifZ Apepy S>Zphpfu R>. (""l ifZ Aphy Ry>'' gp.3 ""dp{ fnZ L$fp''
gp.6, Ad s syrsdp L$l R>. su syrs ifZ Aphg lphpy S>Zphpfu S> R>, A s s kde fnZ
L$fpfu S>f lphpu) fnZ L$fpf ps pe A S> su dye L$pdp lsu. su Ap sp dye L$pd S> L$lg
R>. (dps ^du cNhd b^ X$g lphp R>sp s sp lgpp cNhdu A A L$pd ps egp Ad
bu sp u Aepedp L$lgy R>). Al] cNhp uL$Z k pe s dpn R> Ad k|Z fus dpegy R>.
(NS> dpn ps epy A.4&6dp L$lgy R>). hmu cNhp NS> Df k ep (gp.16) epf lgp
S> csp MfMf lgL$p S> NZpsp lsp, s Z cNhpp hQu kh dpn Appfp ep(gp.17-25).
Ahu fus AprApdp lqfy dfZ L$fhpu S> a$g ps pe s Ap lgp L$fZdp L$lgy R>27-29&&
L$fZ buSy>; krdp kh vp:
R>u pQdpu Qpvdp kyûp vi Aepepu kh sdZ BR>g vp L$epy buSy> L$fZ L$lgy R>. NyZp
h L$pfp R> A vidp rNyZ; Ahp vi L$pf sp lphpu vi Aepepu Ap L$fZ L$lgy R>. vp Z
L$pfy R> A s vfL$ d|g L$pfZ h A a$gu Sy>vy-Sy>vy Z L$pfy pe R>. su NyZpu W$ vp Z h
L$pfy R>.
vpp Z d|g L$pfZ R>. pQdp Aepedp lgp kp[hL$-cNhp vpp d|g L$pfZ S>Zphgp R>
(gp.10). R>u R>$p Aepedp fpS>k vhp A Akyfp d|g L$pfZ (Ads L$pY$hpp Dd L$fpfp) L$lgp R>,
A kpsdp Aepedp spdk rih d|g L$pfZ L$lg R>. L$pfZ L$ kdydpu uL$mg lgplgy p L$fu, Ads
L$pY$hpdp S> rh eg s sdZ v|f L$ey.
Ahu fus s Z Ads L$pY$hpp epkdp S> vpj X$sp lsp s vpj v|f L$fsp kh vp C iey. su
s d|g L$pfZ lgp L$lg R>. epf uL$Z fZp L$fgp vhp y{jp d fZp L$f R>, A epf iP$L$f sp
gpcp pi L$f R> epf s y{j vpsp pe R>. ""h Acey vp L$fhpdp Aph sp kpmdp cpN hp Z
b^p vpp epe u'' A hpe dpZ Ap gpL$dp Aphp epe L$pC Z vp Adsu Ar^L$ u, L$pfZ L$
deyu Ofpegp gpL$dp s (Ads) dey AV$L$php{ R>30&&-35
Aepe pQdp:
rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph epf Adsp hy op pe, A O vy:M Aphu X$ epf S> shp rhQpf
pe. su Adsp hy op hp sp rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph s dpV$ vhp vy:M epu L$p L$lgu R>
(A.5&15-17). Ap rhjey op L$fphpf cNhp lqf S> R> (A.6&21-23). cNhp hLy$W$ S>hy
p epL$ L$fu sdp fl sp S> vhpy Ap L$pe rk pe. su cNhp hLy$W$ bpey Ad L$lhpdpV$ pQdp
op dhsf lgp L$lgp R> (A.5&1-6)36-38
R>$p hfpe dhsf sp Apfcdp vy:M Appfp pe (gp.15-17). shp kNpdp S> Ny{
(bp)p kb^ L$fhpy $u L$fu, vhp bpp pdp Nep. Adsy h hNfy bp op lps sp
cNhp L$fhpy iy lps? su bp op lphpu b^p vhp cNhpp pdp Nep (gp.24). cNhpp
vi sp L$pe L$fhpu S> pe. su bpA AL$pN B[epu sdu syrs L$fu (gp.26-50). Ap syrsu
4
cNhp k ep, (A sdZ sAp vi vu^p, A.6&1. epf b^p vhpA sdu syrs L$fu gp.8-15
A cNhp sAp Adsp hp A s ps L$fhpp L$pfp bp^ Apep, A.6&18-25. A R>u
hs rhlpf L$fpf cNhp As^p ep, A.6&26. Al] kyûp R>$p Aepe Z pQdp Aepep S>
rhcpN R>). Ahu fus vhpu syrsu cNhp k ep ep kyûp cpNu kp[hL$ cNhp d|g L$pfZ lphpy
S>Zphg R>. Adsp hp A s ps L$fhpp L$pfp cNhp bp^ L$ep, su s h kp[hL$ lphpy
Zhy39-41
Aepe 6:
vhp A vep fpS>k R> L$pfZ L$ sAp L$V$u Ads L$pY$hp cNp dep. hmu sApA L$fgy (dvpf
hs kdy gC S>hpy) vy:M L$d Z fpS>k L$lgy R> (A.6&20,29,30). s vhp A vepp Dd
d|g L$pfZ L$lgy R>42
Aepe 7:
epf R>uy O S> vy:M Appf d|gL$pfZ L$pgL|$V$ rhju Dr ey s (L$pfZ) spdk Zhy.
Apfcdp dvpf kdydp X|$bu S>hp q$ep Z spdku C (A.7&6). epf R>u iy sd: L$pgL|$V$ rhj
uL$ey (gp.18) fsy iP$L$f sy p L$ey (gp. 42), s L$pe kp[hL$ R>. (iP$L$f Z brhpp Dvi
L$ep gp. 37-40, s kp[hL$ L$pe L$ey). Ahu fus Z L$pfp rhcpN kh m pspu dm Zu ghp. A
dpZ pQdpu kpsdp kyûp Z Aepepu vpdp d|gL$pfZu L$p, vp L$fhpdp Aph s dpV$ L$lgu R>.
(R>sp Ap kpfp y{jp ^dp kP$Ndp L$lgu lphpu Apdp) 1.Agpr$ i[shpmp ps L$fphpf, 2.ps
L$fhpdp DepNu kp^p A 3.rh v|f L$fpf (L$lgp) R>. kpfp y{jp ^dp L$pedp kh g Ap Z lpe
R>. 1.cNhp lqf (Ap Ads L$pY$hpdp) Agpr$ i[shpmp ps L$fphpf dpegp R>. 2.vhp ps L$fhpdp
kp^pp kd|l R> A 3.rh v|f L$fpf Chf (iP$L$f) R>. (4&7&50dp cNhp vn L$y R> L$ l, bp A
iP$L$f S>Nsp d|g L$pfZ R>uA; s dpZ bp,rh A iP$L$f kh g L$pedpp L$pfZ R>, L$pfZ L$
Dr [rs A ge L$fpfp s Z R>, A s vfL$ L$pe L$fhp s-s L$pe L$fpfu S>f flg R>) A su
sApdpp AL$ Z lpe, sp L$pC Z g L$pe sy u43-47
kdydpu Ads L$pY$hpp epk L$fsp b L$pfp rhp Aphu X$ep, A s ps L$fhpp epk
L$fpfp vhp sp vep sp Dpe L$fhp i[sdp lsp. ("kp^L$pkp^ndp' pW$ R>. Al] L$pCL$ Aiy lphy
CA. "kp^L$pkp^ndd' pW$ NZu A L$fhp epk L$fgp R> Ahp ""kp^L$p: kp^ndp:'' pW$ gC, vhp
sp vep d L$fu Ads ps L$fhp gpeL$ ep, epf de rh ey Ahp A L$fhp) hQ AX$QZp
kb^ ep (rh ey) epf lgp rh (dvpf hsy pZudp X|$bu S>hy s) dp lqf Chf s rh v|f L$ey.
L$pfZ L$ Ads ps L$fpfp (hs [rsdp fpMpf s S> lsp epS>p) s S> lsp. sdZ L|$dy h ^pfZ
L$fu hs S>gdpu blpf L$pY$ep, vhp sp vep p bgdp hr L$fu A ps Z d L$fhp gpep.
kdydpu d L$pgL|$V$ uL$ey, s buSy> rh ey. s rh dlhf(iP$L$f) v|f L$ey. Al] cNhpu (gp.12)
A iP$L$fu (gp.21-35) bu syrs L$epy L$lg R>48-49
AL$ S> L$dp cNhpu A iP$L$fu sAp kh lpe sd syrs L$fgu R> s L$d kch? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp ds dpZ bu (Ahu) syrs kch R>, (hvu S> rh{ u s
piys ds dpZ iP$L$f Z kh lphpu, s ds dpZ sdy h S>Zphhp shu sdu syrs L$fgu R>).
5
L$pgL|$V$y gp.19dp S>Zpey shy kpde epu egy? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ lgp AV$g
lgpp L$dp cNhpu D eg d|g Akyf d^y Ahp L$V$c, Ahp AL$ eg s b, L$pgL|$V$ eg.
s L$dp sdp hcph dpZ p pi sApA L$fg rl, su lh p pi L$fhp pk Apey,
L$pfZ L$ p pi L$fhpp S> sp hcph lsp. lgpp L$dp s cNhpp L$Zp dgdpu D eg
A Ap L$dp s kdydpu D ey. cNhpp L$Zp dgdpu D egp lphpu spdp shy kpde
lsy s kdydpu khu lgy D ey. pR>mu D pe, sp su lgp S>-S> vpp D
egp lpe s b^p v|rjs L$f. su L$pC vp v|rjs pe s dpV$ S> s khu lgy D ey. dlpvhp
Dvfdp kh dys hp S> fl R>. su Ap kh vpju cf|f L$pgL|$V$ pdp Akyf Z s dys hpp kP$Nu
dys pe, shp rhQpfu epk L$fu dlpvh s MpC Nep. Ap vpjhpmp L$pgL|$V$ Akyf OZp bghp lphpu
kdydp flgp hX$hpg A[p dyMdpu uL$mu Nep, A iP$L$f sy cnZ L$ey fsy L$W$dp S> Apk
dmhpu ep S> fpL$pC Nep. (Dvfdp Nep fsy) L$W$dp S> NpW$hpC Nep (gp.42,43) A s vpjhpmp R>
Ad S>Zphhp iP$L$fp L$W$ Z rk epd ep. dlpge C iL$ s dpV$ s bghp L$pgL|$V$ Akyf iP$L$f
Z ep L$W$dp S> fpep, A chpuA Z iP$L$fp s L$pey Aydpv L$ey (gp.40,41,45)50-54&&
vpy V$p-L$fZ; Aepe 8-10:
R>u ApW$dpu vidp kyûp Z Aepepu vpp hy hZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. sdp Ay$d vpdp
Aphpp vppu Dr, vpy L$pe sp Mp^gy pRy> L$pY$hpy, A vpy a$g; A Z L$lgp R>. fplA Ads
u^y epf cNhp sy dpy L$pey. s kde sy dyM uQy lphpu sdpu dyMdp Qsp bpL$u flgy Ads uL$mu
Ney, s Z cNhpy L$pe lsy54&&-56
Aepe 8; vpdp Aphpp vppu Dr:
Al] Ads b^p Aphpy lphpu su Dr S> L$lhu CA, L$pd^y hNfu Dr L$lhpy iy
epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ lgp hZhgy b k[Qvpv A Dd R>. ""ApS> Apv L$fph
R>'' ""App S> Apvp pX$p Ai Df bu pZuAp c R>'' A yrsAp dpZ b S> Apv App{
R>. sp Ai lphpu S> kh Apv ps pe R>. su "ks' Aihpmp vl kh L$pfp Apv ps pe,
s dpV$ Al] L$pd^y hNfu Dr L$lgu R>. L$pfZ L$ ksp Apv blpfp vppp kbû S>Zpe shp
R>. fdp (gdu) dye Apv lphpp rZe egp R>. Ads sp hpp Apv (hp Apv App{)
R>, L$pfZ L$ s Adsp Apv hpdpV$ DepNu R>. gpL$dp S> khu Dd lpe, A S>p rhcpN C iL$
rl, s pspu BR>pu S> S>u pk e, s S> sp cpN L$f R> L$pC Z kde bu L$pC sp cpN L$fsp
u. su gdup hehfu L$p L$lg u R> (gp.8-27). gdu S> fdpp u kdydpu uL$mgp, su sdp
cNhp S> hfhpp rhQpf lsp, L$pfZ L$ s bpv R>, A "dlv b' L$lhpe R> (cN.Nusp14&3
Sy>Ap). sdp cpN L$fpf lqf rkhpe bu L$pC lpC iL$ S> rl. L$pfZ L$ lqf S> ""Anfu OZp Dd R>''
Ad yrs L$l R>. cN.Nusp15&18 dp Z s ""Anfu Z Dd'' lphpy L$lg R>. gduu Dd lqf S> R>,
A sdpu Dd lpe s S> sdp cpsp pe Ad S>Zphhp Ap hehfu L$p L$lgu R>. lqf rkhpep b^p
sp vpjp kb^hpmp R>, A Anfp Apvu lgL$p lphpu gdup cpN L$fu iL$ rl57-60&&
Ap gdu Apr^vrhL$ R>. Ads sp ded (Apep[dL$) NZpegy R>. L$pd^y hNf Apr^cprsL$ R>. Ap
Z L$pfp vpp kdydpu uL$ep, su s vp L$fpf NZpegp R>. hsys: cNhp S> vp L$fpfp R>.
6
vpdp Aphpp vppu Dr S> Ap Aepep A lphpu b^p vppu Dr L$lu s epe
R>, fsy Ads; Akyfp gC cpNu Nep A L$d Al] L$lg R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Adsu Dr
sy AkyfpA lfZ L$ey ep kyûu, Ad S>Zphhp L$lgu R> L$ cNhp sy hs fus vp vhp L$fgy R>,
L$pfZ L$ ep kyûu L$p L$lu lpe sp Ofdp S>dpX$hpp pL$p vpsp Of^Zu NZpe fsy ufkpf
NZpe, sd Adsy vp L$fpf kdy S> NZpe, A sy cNhp vp L$fgy NZpe S> rl. su cNhp
Adsy vp pspu hsspu L$fgy R> (kdyp rsrr^ sfuL$ L$fgy u) Ad S>Zphhp Ads Akyfp gC
S>sp fp A L$p L$lgu R>. hmu S>d rspu Dr pe R> sd Ads cNhpu S> D egy R> Ad
S>Zphhp, cNhp ^hsqfp hu(1&3&17 Sy>Ap) Adsp L$gi kp kdydpu L$V$ egp. hmu S>d
dpspu Dr pe R> sd Ads cNhpu D egy Ad S>Zphhp a$fuu dpep(dprlu)p hu
cNhp lpdp Adsp L$gi ^pfZ L$fu fp. Ahu fus b hu cNhp vygc Ads D L$fu vp
gpf Dd p kh vhp sy p L$fpey60&&-65&&
Aepe 9; vp:
lfL$pCA L$fgy vp Z cNhp S> L$fgy pe R> Ad S>Zphhp uL$Z ps Adsy vp L$fpf ep
L$pfZ L$ kdy sp Ay lsp. (Ap L$dp Q kdyp y lsp. L$pfZ L$ s sp Adsy vh sfuL$ p L$fhp
Aph R> A su Adsu cf|f lsp) A hmu cNhp, gdu sd hfgu lphpu, sp S>dpC lsp su
(kdy Ay lphpu sp) S>dpC (yu cNhp epS>p) cNhp ps kpkfpy (Ads Aphpy) L$pe
L$ey.
cNhp vhp Adsy p L$fpey A vep L$fpey Ahp nps L$ep Ad dphy, L$pfZ L$
cNhp vep hp{Zu (vp) Apg. s Z epf hndpu uL$mgu epf Adsu W$ su ^pfp egu.
cNhp vhp Ads pey A vep hp{Zu Apu, L$pfZ L$ S>Ap S> dpV$ epe lpe sAp s Ape.
(hpkpu h AdyL$ vpdpV$ epe pe R>, su hpkp gu^ vhp sp vep sApu epesp dpZ Ads
A hp{Zu Apep su nps ep u). vepdpp AL$ fpl Adsp NyZ S>ZphhpdpV$ Adsy p
L$fpey, A bu vep Adsy p S>d L$fphhpdp Aphsy lsy sdu [sdp ku e s dpV$ s dpep
(sy dpy ^X$u Sy>vy L$ey). L$pgQ$dp a$fpfp k|e A Q, fpl ve [sdp ku Nep lsp s cNhp
k|Qey, su sAp NlZ hp p ep. (sApA cNhp Ad k|Qey su S>, L$pC L$pf AV$L$phu iL$pe
shy ve kp dye hf ey Ad S>Zphhp NlZ epy L$lg R>). ky{jp vhp uL$Zu Ads ps hpu
kyM a$g ps ey Ad Ap Aepeu S>Zpey. (Ap ne pd shp Adsu L$p L$lu) L$pfZ L$ cNhpu
L$p Ane Adsy p L$fgy lpe, s dyMdpu pRy> blpf L$pY$u (L$us L$fphu) pspp cpNdpV$ DepNdp
ghy (hZ L$fhy) CA. (Ap rhjep 2&1&10p ukybprûdp rZe L$fgp R>)65&&-72
Aepe 10; vpy a$m:
epk L$ep (A.10&4). ""Ad Adsy p L$fgy R>'' Ahp AlP$L$pfu S> sAp ey L$fhp gpep,
fsy cNhp pspp Df DL$pf L$fgp, Ahy sAp cp fy. su ""Ap vhp L$su R>'' Ahu MpV$u
dpesp hpu Ads sdp Df DL$pf L$ep rl. (Ads hpp Apv lphpu Qs lpC, su Ahu
dpesp hpu sZ vhp kplpe L$ey rl, su vhp vy:M pdhp gpep) R>u cNhp ps ^pfu (gp.53)
Dd Akyfp lep, epf ""vhp L$s R>'' Ahu Adsu dpesp v|f C. su Ads pspy L$pe (vhp
7
kplpe) L$fhp dpX$ey, AV$g vhp ps ey L$fhp gpep A sdZ rhS>e ps L$ep. Ap Adsp vpy a$g
ps ey L$pfZ L$ vhpA hN hNf su gu^p. (Ap L$pu Ad k|Qhgy R> L$ rhpp Dvi L$fpfp A rhQpf
Ahp rZe L$fpfpAp Z AlP$L$pf fpM, sp ucpNhs hNf rhp sAp gpc L$fsu u. su sApA
Z vfL$ nZ Ahy S> rQs L$fhy CA L$ cNhp S> kh L$pe L$f R>. Ap rhjedp Z vp L$fhpp vppu
Dr kp[hL$ R> L$pfZ L$ s vpp kyM L$fphpfp lphpu kp[hL$ R>. s vpp vp L$d L$V$hpmy lphpu
fpS>k R>, A vpp a$g Akyfp lZhpy L$pe spdk R>)73-75
a$g L$fZ; Aepe 11-12-13:
Aepe 11:
eydp brg sp B hp lpf L$fu c|rd Df pX$ep (gp.12) A bu vep ey s Nep
(gp.46). Ads cnZ vhpA L$ey sy a$g sAp dey L$ rl? shu iP$L$p fl s dpV$ ApV$gp a$gy rZ
Ap Aepedp L$fgy R>. (Al] L$lgu lpf L$fhpu q$epAp spdku R>)76
Aepe 12; dlpvh eg dpl:
bpfdp Aepedp cNhpp dprlu hu dlpvh dpl ep, A L$p L$lgu R>. dlpvh dpl
ep lpe sp sdp Ape L$fpf vep pX$p S> kdedp a$fuu vhp vy:M Aphp dpX$. s dhsf Qpgy lsp
ep kyûdp vep a$fuu vhp uX$, sp vhpA L$fgy Ap Adsy p e S> NZpe (L$pqfL$p 78dp
"bp^fpds..' pW$ R>, s "bp^fds..' CA, Ad S>Zpe R>, A shp pW$ NZu A L$fg R>.) su
dhsf |fp sp kyû vep vhp uX$p L$f, s dpV$ vep Ape Appf dlpvh dprlu hu dpl
epu L$p L$lgu R>77-78
Aepe 13:
R>u sfdp Aepedp bpL$up kh dhsfp Ay$d L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ dhsfpdp b^p vhp
cNhpp Aphihpmp lsp. (cNhpp Aphi pspdp L$fphu bcph ps L$fhp, A dye a$g R> Ad Ap
Aepedp S>Zphg R>)79
Aepe 14; NyZpsus vp:
dy, vhp, dyp yp, B, FrjAp A cNhpp Ahspf A R> vfL$ dhsfdp lpe R>, A A
R> u ^d ps pe R>. s R>A iy-iy L$pe L$f R>, A Sy>vy-Sy>vy S>Zphu, cNhpu s kh L$pe rk pe R>,
Ad Ap Qpvdp Aepedp viphgy R>. (cNhpu S> kh rk pe R>. Ad Ap Aepedp S>Zphg lphpu,
Ap NyZpsusp Aepe L$lgp R>. ""vfL$ eyNdp cNhp op Ap R>'' Ad ApW$dp gpL$dp opy vp
cNhp L$fsp lphpy L$lg lphpu, Ap Aepep Z vpp L$fZdp kdphi pe R>)80-80&&
L$fZ 3; hQpg:
lh NyZ (15dpu 23dp kyûp) h Aepepu pspy hQ pg L$fhp ^d L$lhpdp Aph
R>. lfL$pC kepNpdp krp kde S> hQ L$lgy lpe, s Aprp kdedp MpVy$ hp vhy CA rl, L$pfZ
L$ rQ shy (hQ pg L$fhpdp sf lpe) sp hQ pmhpy khp (S>fpe) Aie u. Ap L$fZdp
shu fus ^du hr L$fphpf brg L$lgp R>80&&-82&&
vp L$fpf brgu (vp L$fhpu) i[s lsu, Ad vfdp Aepeu L$lgy R>.
brgu pk c|rd dmhpu epQp cNhp L$f s dpV$ kpmdpu AY$pfdp kyûp Z Aepepu cNhpp
pL$V$p kP$N L$lgp R>.
ApNZukdp Aepeu hpd brg pk L$fgu epQp A hukdp Aepeu brgA L$fgy vp L$lg R>.
AL$hukdp Aepeu brg Z Ngp hu Apu iL$hpu sZ pspp hQp cP$N L$ep, su b^
L$epy L$lgy R>.
epf R>u sZ pspy hQ bfpbf pey su s R|>V$p L$ep A s OZp vygc hfvp L$ep A L$p bphukdp
Aepedp L$lgu R>, A
hukdp Aepeu s sp BR>gp vpp ps pe s dpV$ s pspgdp fpep A L$p L$lgu R>.
A dpZ h Aepepu Ap L$fZdp kpfp y{jp ^d ke hQ sp kp^ A a$g krls
L$lgy R>82&&-86&&
lh NyZ gu^ Ap L$fZp h L$pf L$hu fus pe R> s L$lhpdp Aph R>. Ap c|rdy vp L$fpf,
pspy hQ pmpf brg fpS>k R>, A fpS>k vep kp kb^hpmp R> Ad vfdp Aepedp S>Zphg R>.
kpmdp Aepedp L$lgy ephs kh kpp sdp NyZhpmy R>. (s dplu L$fhpdp Aphgy lphpu
spdk R>, A kyM App{ lphpu kp[hL$ R>).
kfdp Aepedp S>Zphg (Aqvrsu) ksp fNyZ kp cmg kh NyZhpmu R>. (kyM
Appfu lphpu kp[hL$ R> A a$gu BR>phpmu lphpu fpS>k R>). hpdp Ahspf L$V$ L$fg lphp gu^
sdpNyZ kp cmgp fNyZhpmp R>. (Chf R|>phu dpNZ lphp S>Zphu L$V$ L$ey, su fNyZhpmp
A dpl D L$fhp gu^ sdpNyZhpmp R>).
ApNZukdp Aepedp L$lgy epQ-dpNZu L$V$u L$fg lphp gu^ fpS>k R>.
hukdp Aepedp S>Zphg iy$y hQ (gp.15 ip App{ lpC) spdk R>, A brgy hQ
(gp.2-13) ApNl|hL$ L$lgy lphpu spdk R>. s (ke hmNu flp{ lphpu) khNyZhpmy A (Ny{u
AhNZp L$fp{ lphpu) fNyZhpmy Z R>.
Ap vfdpu hukdp kyûp R> Aepep NyZp kb^dp dye NZpegp R>86&&-89&&
AL$hukdp Aepedp L$lgy vp kp[hL$ R>. A s L$urs sp kplkp kb^hpmy Z R>. epf
brgy b^ L$fg s spdk R>. brgA pspy hQ pmhpu (Z Ngp c|rdy vp L$fhpu) s vy:M
ey, A AL$hukdp Aepedp (gp.34) L$lgy R>.
A sZ pspy hQ bfpbf pmu |{ L$ey, su s kyM ey A bphukdp Aepedp (gp.31)
L$lgy R>.
B Z lgp su S> gdu (L$pqfL$p 92dp "|hpê' pW$ R> s "|hpe' CA Ad S>Zpe
R>. su s dpZ pW$ gC A L$fg R>.) lsu s ps C Ad hukdp Aepedp (gp.25) L$lgy R>.
Ahu fus 21-23 kyûp Z Aepepdp ps eg a$g A shy a$g ps L$fhpu epesp
S>Zphgp R>89&&-91&&
Aepe 15-16-17:
(Ahu fus Ap u L$fZp Z V$pL$fZ Z-Z Aepep R>. lgy V$p-L$fZ kp^y R>)
vfdp Aepedp rh iy$u L$pu vp L$fhpu i[s brg fp ps L$f R>. kpmdp Aepedp Aqvrs Akyfp
pku ZgpL$ pR>p gph Ahp y hpd ps L$fphp{ hs L$f R>. kfdp Aepedp Aqvrs cNhpu
L$pu cNhp hpd y ps L$f R>. su rhu L$p, L$d-hsu L$p(qfZpd) A cNhpu L$p Ahp
Z L$pfp kp^ Ap V$pL$fZdp S>Zpep.
buSy> V$pL$fZ vpy R>. AY$pfdpu hukdp kyûp Z Aepepdp vp L$lgy R>. (AY$pfdp Aepedp
gp.32, ""l bpgL$! spfu S> BR>p lpe s dpN'' Ad brg hpd Apmep rhp Aopu vp L$fhpy L$l
R>. ApNZukdp Aepedp ""S>V$gu CA sV$gu Z Ngp S> c|rd gp'' gp.28 Ahp opu brg vp
Aphp sf pe R>. hukdp Aepedp Ny{A ip Apg lphp R>sp brg rQe|hL$ vp L$f R>, gp.16.
hpsrhL$ fus ApNZukdp A hukdp A b Aepedp S> op|hL$ vp L$f R>, s b S> vp L$lgp R>. Ad Ap
Z Aepepdp vp L$lg R>).
uSy> V$p-L$fZ vpp a$gy R>. ApNZukdp sp hukdp Aepedp S> b vp L$p s by a$m
brgy b^ AL$hukdp Aepe gp.26dp L$lg R>. (bphukdp Aepedp uSy> Ngy pspp rif Df d|L$hpy
hpd L$lu brg dye vp hpd L$f R>, gp.2. Ap a$gy L$fZ R>. fsy Ap S> dye vp L$ey s
Apdrhv lpC a$g R> A su a$g L$fZdp L$lgy R>. hmu Ap Aepedp cNhp hpd; brg
kysgdp p sp ep rcespy vp L$f R>, gp.22-36. hukdp Aepedp cNhp hpd B hNy
vp L$fu, Aqvrsu L$pdp |Z L$f R>. gp.4,19). A fus Z-Z Aepepu vpy L$pfZ, vp A a$g
L$lgp R>91&&-93&&
Z L$fZp vpdp cv:
bu L$fZdp S> Adsy vp L$fg R>, s b^p vhp hlQu vp L$fgy R> su s kh pXy$-pXy$
eg R>. b^py vp L$pC eg u. epf u L$fZdp S> c|rdy vp brgA L$ey s bû c|rdy vp
AL$gp hpd cNhp L$ey. su u L$fZdp L$fgy vp khu W$ R>. Ap brgA S> dpZ vp L$fu ^d
L$ep, s S> kpfp y{jp ^d R>. cNhp sp s ^d cpep, su s c[s (hdp L$^)u lgp L$lg R>.
gduy vp S> L$pf ey, s sp ded L$pfy L$lgy R>, A Aprdp cNhp ifZ S>hpy L$y s su Z
lgy (lgLy$) R>. (lgp L$fZdp S>Zphg Aprdp cNhp ifZ S>hpp ^d hpdpV$ L$fpsp lpC, A
bu L$fZdp S>Zphg gduy vp fdpdpV$ lpC bu L$fZdp L$lg ^d lgp L$fZdp S>Zphg ^du
h^pf kpfp R>) kvp Dd ^dp lqf ps L$fhp dpV$ L$fhpp lpe sp sApp Ahp r^pf R>93&&-97
L$fZpp kpf:
10
k|Z L$pf cNhp ifZ S>hy A lgp L$fZp kpf R>. sd L$fu, khu Dd hsy(gdu)
cNhp rhv L$fu, sdp khL$p hmu sdu BR>p dpZp vpp cNhpu BR>p dpZ Aphp (A
bu L$fZp kpf R>). pspy khh pspp Apdp (vl) kp uL$Zp S> R>, s uL$Z S> kdZ
L$fhp (A u L$fZp kpf R>. Z L$fZpp kpf Ahp R> L$) 1. cNhp lf L$pC Ahp psp cpN
pX$u S> Ap sp s sdS> cg fl Ad rhQpfhy, 2.Arcdpp epN L$fu cNhp S> L$fg lpe s sdS> cg
lp Ahu fus sy Aydpv L$fhy A 3.Apd pe epf pspu S> rdL$s cNhp pspp iyAp Ap sp s
Z k|Z fus kl L$fhy98-100&&
L$fZ 4; Aepe 24:
Df S>Zphg Z rkps cNhp de ps Z R>, buSy> L$pC Zsy u. L$pfZ L$ kpsdp
hhhs dy dpV$ cNhp de ps ^pfgp (A.13&1 A A.24&10-12). Ap kpsdp dhsfdp kpfp
y{jp ^d (AL$pviup Dhpk hNf)u hpkp bpmhu, bu L$pf bpmhu rl Ahy rk pe s dpV$ Ap
Aepedp de cNhpy Qqf L$lgy R>. cNhp de S> leNuh lZu su pku hv gpep A hvp
Dpf sdZ S> L$fg R>, bu L$pCA L$fg u. su Ahp rQe pe R> L$ de cNhp rhp buSy> L$pC
^du k|d rhNsp Zsy u. A dpZ Ny{A L$lgp dpNu S> kpfp y{jp ^d ApQf R>, s bû vyV$
hpkpAp bpm R>, Ahp rQe R>.
(R>$p L$^dp cNhpp AyNlu flhpy, kpsdp L$^dp Sy>vu-Sy>vu hpkphpmp flhpy A
ApW$dp L$^dp bû vyV$ hpkpApp pi L$fu flhpy L$y. Ahu Z L$pfu [rsdpV$ cNhpu Z
L$pfu gugpAp L$lu)100&&-104&&
11
L$^ hdp: CipyQqfs

kP$Nrs:
hpkpApp ne pe s dpV$ Qphuk Aepepu kdy ApW$dp L$^dp rZ L$ey. ""k|Z L$pf
cNhp ifZ S>hy'' hNf kd ApQfhpy L$y. s dpZ ApQfpf h sp hcph gu^ uL$Z
rs iyc hpkp ps pe sp s c[s ps pe R>, A c[su Sy>vy (gpr$ a$g Ahp cy[s ps) sy
u, (Z cNhpu L$p sp Df Ar^L$ lpe, sp kpdpe L$p gu^ s dpn kyûp a$g ps L$f R>,
c[s ps L$fsp u. y[V$-hpl-depvpcvdp L$y sd spdp Ly$vfsu hZh lpe, sp S> ""uL$Z S>
dpfp cy R>'' Ahu iyc hpkp s pe R> A s c[s ps L$f R>. Ahu iyc hpkpu c[s ps pe R>.
Ahp kd A c[s L$pfZ sp L$pe lphpp sdp kb^ S>Zpep). hdp L$^dp Dd c[sy rZ
L$fhpdp Aph R>1-2
Ap c[s cNhpu A sdp khL$pu L$p R>. Ap L$pp hZu y{j cNhpp cs pe
R>. ("CipyL$p' AV$g Chfu A sdp khL$pu L$p. Apy gnZ 2&10&5 sp 12&7&16 dp L$lg R>.
2&10&5dp ucpNhsdp hZhgu CipyL$py gnZ L$lgy R>, A 12&7&16dp kpdpe Ahp bu
yfpZpdp L$lgu CipyL$py gnZ L$lgy R>. ""lqfp Ahspfy Qqf A Apdp khL$ y{jpy Qqf Sy>vp-Sy>vp
Apeppu y egu CiL$p L$lgu R>'' 2&10&5 "lqf' A "Ci' ivpu vy:M v|f L$fhpy A kyM ps
L$fhpy BR>gy S>Zphg R>. NyZpp cvu vy:M h L$pfy lphpu, s v|f L$fpf lqfp khL$p NyZp gu^ h
L$pfp R> A opu vy:M v|f L$fpf AL$ L$pfp R>, cNhpy Qqf op, L$d A c[s p cvu Z
L$pfy R>, A fus vy:M v|f L$fhpp sf L$pf ep. vi B[ep kyM Appfu lphpu cNhpp kyM Appf
khL$p vi L$pfp R>. A cNhp AL$ kyM Appf R>. A dpZ vy:M v|f L$fhpy sp kyM Aphpy Qphuk
L$pf sy lphpu CipyL$p Qphuk Aepepu L$lgu R>.
y{j uL$Zu gugp Aykfu (y, iy hNf pspp) kh gpr$ vppu khp Dpvp
L$pfZ sfuL$ rQe|hL$ uL$Zu khp L$f sp R>u gpr$ vppdp uL$Zp hi hp gu^, s gpr$
vppdp dp vyfpNl flsp u, Ad S>Zphhp lgp S> kd hNf L$p, sdpu Sy>vp L$pfu A
sdpu Dd CipyL$p Qphuk Aepepu Ap hdp L$^dp L$l R>.
Ap CipyL$p kdu Dd R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap gugpdp cNhp ps hp sApp S>du Apfcu
pspp khL$ L$fhpdpV$ pspp NZu fpM R>, A su S>du Apfcu sApu kh q$ep sAp Z shu fus
Ahp Z shu fus Chf Aykfu L$fgu lpe R>, (epf kv^ddp S>du Apfcu kh q$epAp Chf
Aykfu L$fgu lpsu u. BipyL$pdp S>Zphgp kh csp S>du Apfcu Chf Aykfu q$ep L$fpfp R>)
Ad S>Zphhp k|ehi A kpd hi, A b hipdp cNhp Ahspf gu^gp R>3-7
L$fZp A:
|Z NyZhpmp yfpZ y{j bpf AP$Nhpmp R>. su lgp k|ep hi Ap L$^p bpf Aepepu
L$lgp R>. (hip d|g y{j k|e bpf hpmp lphpu Z sp hi bpf Aepepu L$lgp R>). shu S> fus
Qp hi L$pC L$pf k|ep hiu lgL$p u Ad S>Zphhp su L$p Z bpf Aepepu L$lgu R>. su
hp hu (k|e h lpe shp L$pf) k|ep hiy rZ L$fgy R>. k|ehi A Qhi bp hZdp
kfMp AV$g bpf-bpf Aepep S> R>. (Ap hZ L$fsp) Ap L$^dp uL$Zu gugp Aykfu khu ssu c[sy rZ L$fgy R>, lqfu kp sdp kdedp S> hsp lsp s kh dpn a$g ps eg,
A cNhpu gugpu sAp O S> kyM eg. su (sdu) c[sy rZ Ap L$^dp L$fhpdp Aph R>.
epf fdprs cNhp kpnps c|sg Df Ahsfgp lsp, sp sdp debg ps L$fu hp dys
sp lsp. (cNhp pspp debgu S> sAp dy[sy vp L$fsp lsp) crhedp (cNhp gugp rhspfu
gu^p R>u) sdu L$ursy A sdp cspu L$ursy kpfu fus L$us L$fhpu hp dys ep A i.
cNhpp Ahspf lgp k|ep hip A Qp hip S> fpAp ep, sAp depvp A y[V$ p cvu
cNhpp cs ep. k|ehip fpAp depvpu A Qhip fpAp y[V$u cNhpp cs ep. s L$u
k|ep hidp S> fpApp S>d eg, sAp NyZp cv gu^ h L$pfp lsp, A S>d-S>d sdp vpj v|f
sp Nep, sd-sd sAp cs C OZp cphhpmp ep, Ahu sApu L$p Ap L$^dp L$lgu R>. (s Ahp
Apieu L$lgu R> L$ sdu Ap L$pp hZu buApdp Z c[s D pe, sAp a$g Z ps pe,
A sApu c[s Y$ pe) su dpn khp hpp lphp R>sp, Ap cNhpp Ahspf lgp egp fpApu
depvpu Ahp y[V$u egu c[s Ar^L$ cphhpmu lphpu (sApp Qqfp hZu buApu Z c[s
Y$ su lphpu Ap cNhpp khL$pp Qqfy Z Ap L$^dp rZ L$fgy R>)8-15
k|ehi L$fZ-cNhpp khL$pu L$p:
L$du vy:M v|f L$fpf cNhpp h L$pfp khL$pu L$p lgp h Aepepu L$lgu R>. R>u vidp
A ArNepfdp Aepepdp cNhp fpdQu L$p L$lu R>, A bpfdp sp sfdp Aepedp opdp phpmp
cNhpp khL$pu L$p L$lgu R>.
h L$pfp khL$p L$u lgp Z L$pfp khL$p op A hfpehpmp lpC ipu fus dpZ Dd
R>, bu Z L$pfp hvdp phpmp L$fsp Z Ar^L$ A gpL$u Z Ar^L$ R> A u Z L$pfp
gpL$p Dpf L$fhpp e L$fpf kh dy[s Aphpfp R>. lgp Z L$pfpdp kyy L$rh A ieprs
dye R>. pcpN, Abfuj A iipv hNf ded (bu Z L$pfp) rhQpfpegp R>, A bpL$up (u
Z L$pfp)dp lqfiQ kNf A cNuf dye R>16-18
Aepe 1:
lgp Z spdk L$pfp khL$p L$u lgp kyy R>. sp b^p L$pd v|f pe s dpV$ s uu A
y{j u [rs pdgp. bpA Apfcdp s u bphgp (gp.16), R>u rh cNhp s y{j bpep
(gp.22), R>u dlpvh s u A y{j b bpep (AV$g AL$ drlp s u fl A AL$ drlp y{j
pe Ahu NpW$hZ L$fu-gp.39). Ap Z vhpu s u sp y{j ep L$ep A su s hfpe ep
(gp.42). Ap ky^y; k|ehi A kpdhi b hiu Dr L$fpfp R>, (L$pfZ L$ s u lsp epf kpdp
y byû s y{fhp y egp. A spu kpd hi Qpep. s hhhs AV$g k|ep y dyp y lsp. Ap
kyyu k|ep hi Qpep s bl rk u, Z sp Qu eg y y{fhp S> OZp rk egp A
spu Qpgg Qp hi Z rk R>. su Ap lgp Aepe dyeh kpdhi kp S> kb^ ^fphpfp
lpC, hpsrhL$ fus lgp A Qpvu Qphuk kyûp ArNepf dmu bpf Aepe Qhiy rZ L$fpfp ep
A buu sfdp kyûp bpf Aepepdp k|ep hiy rZ L$fgy R>. hmu kyy k|ehidp D egp
2
lphpu lgp sf Aepe k|ehiy A R>up ArNepf Qhiy rZ L$fpfp Z NZpe. su bu

L$û kybprûdp sd L$lgy R> s Z OV$ R>.
Ap kyy b hipu Dr L$fpf Ap^pf A cNhpu rhc|rs lsp, (L$pfZ L$ hsp s
dpsp eg A rsp Z eg(gp.41) A dfZ R>u sZ cNhpy kpeye ps L$fg. R>sp Apu OZu
Na$gsp egu lphpu App spdk khL$pdp kdphi L$fgp R>). su Sy>vu-Sy>vu [rs egu lphpu s dye
NZgp R>19-20&&
Aepe 2:
epf R>u j^, L$rh, L$j, ^, N, qfes A qv A dyp yp lsp (Sy>Ap A.2&2-23).
qvp hidp d{ eg. j^ hNf R> dyp yp A qvp hidp eg d{ A kps h cNhp ps
^pfZ L$fgp. dyp R> yp cNhpp R> ^d egp A kpsdp d{ ^d} lsp. s L$u
1.j^ A^d L$d L$fg. sZ hpO ^pfu AZsp Npe lZgu (gp.6) A s hrk$p ip eg
(gp.9). su s L$du A ipu A^d lphp R>sp op lphpu (gp.11-33) s dy[s ps C
(gp.14).
2.bu L$rh hfpe lsp (gp.15).
3.L${j L$urs lsp (gp.16).
4.Qpp ^ huey h lsp. spu bpZpu Dr egu(gp.17).
5.pQdp N u lsp, L$pfZ L$ sp hidp As u (ApOhsu)u L$p L$lgu R> (gp.18).
6.R>$p qfes Chf (Ahe) lsp. (sp hidp "A[he' pdp A[ ps S> y egp A
spu A[hepe pdy bpZpy Ly$g D egy-gp.21-22.
7.kpsdp y qvV$p hidp d{ ep spdp cNhpp NyZp lsp (gpL$. 26-28).
Ap b^p fpS>k khL$p L$p. (L$dp Dd L$fpfp lphpu A gpL$dp c[shpmpu shu rkr
lphpu Apd fpS>k L$lgp R>. depvpp L$pfu Apdp Df cNhpu L$p lsu. Apfcdp j^ A L$rh
dy[s ps epy L$y su Ap b^p dy[s ps C Ad Zhy)20&&-24&&
Aepe 3:
ieprs kp[hL$ lsp A s ps S> ^du hr L$fphpfp lsp (gp.1). eou A hr
L$fphpfu kh L$pdpAp |Z L$fsp (gp.23-26). bp hNfu sp Df L$p lsu. hmu spdp
cNhvcph Z lsp. ( spdp cNhvcph lps sp sp Ly$gdp S>dgu L$ep fhsup bgc kp rhhpl
ep (gp.36) s ps rl), hmu s hvdp S>Zpep dpZ eop L$fpf lsp (A A[huLy$dpfp eodp
kpdp cpN Aphp B b^ L$fphg s sZ eh pk eo L$fphu Qpgy L$fphgp-gp.26). A dpZ Z
Aepepdp lgp Z L$pfp csp L$p24&&-26&&
bu Z L$pfp khL$p-Aepe 4:
c[s pspp cph L$V$ L$f sp s ^d S> pe R>, c[s s ps sy u, (crhedp
pf kh y{jp dy[s ps L$fphhu A c[sp cph R>. c[s sd L$fu iL$ sp s c[s rl Z ^d
S> NZpe). 1.(cspdp) pspp Df vhu L$p lphu, 2.ps vh hy A 3.ps vhy pjZ L$fpf lphy;
A AL$ R>u AL$ h^pf Dd R>. su Ap bu Z L$pfp cspy shp L$pfy rZ L$fgy R>26&&-28&&
S>p Df vhpu L$p egu s pcpN dp egp (gp.3-4). s icyu kdp, sd Z
kspj Appfp ep. ded (bu Z L$pfp) cspdp s lgp (lgp L$pfp, S>p Df vhu L$p
egu shp) NZgp R>. bu (vh eg) Abfuj cNhpu kdp lsp, uL$Z Anfb u Dd R>.
A s S> Anfp huep fpch L$fu iL$ R>. s S> bpZp ip MpV$p pX$u iL$ R>, bu L$pC sd L$fu
isp u. Abfuj L$pg cNhpy hs L$fu kh L$fgy, fsy su f (Chfh)y kh L$fgy rl. su
cNhp sp Ahp hs gu^ L$pg kyvi Q$ sy fnZ L$fhp sp DepNdpV$ su pk fpMgy (gp.28).
AL$pviup qvhk MpfpL$ ghp s S> AL$ rhy hs L$fgy R>. su AL$pviu kh hspdp Dd rh hs R>,
S>g ghy s MpfpL$ ghp sdS> MpfpL$ ghp b L$pfy NZpe R>. su vyhpkp p L$fhp Nep, s pviu
AL$ OX$u S> bpL$u flu ep kyû Aphg lphpu A pviudp pfZy L$fhy S> CA su Abfuj S>g gu^y.
MpfpL$ ghp sdS> s ghp b L$pfy S>gp L$pe sZ L$fgy lphpu s ded csdp NZgp
R>28&&-33
vyhpkpA p L$fu Aphsp Abfuj S>g gu^y R> s Zu s lZhp pspu S>V$pdpu L$ep D
L$fu. Ap L$ep s lZu iL$u rl, AV$g vyhpkpp ip MpV$p ep. Ap L$ep vyhpkpA pspu S>V$pdpu L$pY$gu
lphpu sZ Apg Ap ip L$preL$ Ahp L$pepu Apg lsp. su s MpV$p ep L$pfZ L$ bpZp L$pepu
Apg ip MpV$p pe R>. sApA hpZuu Apg ip dye R> A L$pC Z kde s MpV$p sp u, L$pfZ L$
hpZup ip sp sAp Chfu Apop hi C Ap R>. gpL$dp kp vi S>hy vy:M L$f R>, shy vy:M ku
lpf L$fhpu L$pB kde sy u. S>hp kp vi R>, shp rhpp ip R>. AL$ Z bpZ (ip
Aphpp) Apvf L$f, sp bpZ rkhpep bu L$pC hpZup kb^dp L$pCZ kde sp S>hu i[shpmp
lpsp u. bpZdp dp kb^hpmp vpj sp L$pCZ kde lpsp u. shp vpj lpe, sp spdp
bpZ S> lpe, L$pfZ L$ bpZ S>Nsp rd L$lgp R>. fsy (cNhpu Apop) hpZu AL$gu
b^pA rhpu L$pepdp S> hlQpegu R>, su s rhjedp L$pepu ip Aphpdp OZp bpZpu kdrs dye R>
Ahp Y$ rQe R>34-38
vyhpkp iP$L$fp Ahspf lphpu sdp ip MpV$p L$d pe? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ iP$L$fp Z
hp R>. vyhpkp sp sdy Apr^cprsL$ h R>. kyvi Q$ sdy Apep[dL$ h lphpy L$lg R> A
Ar^vh iP$L$f ps sp cNhp hi R>. Abfuj bpZpp L$lhpu pviu AL$ OX$u S> bpL$u flu epf
S>gp L$fgy (gp.53-54). sZ bpZpp L$lhp dpZ s L$pe L$fg lphpu dyr vyhpkp Q$p kL$V$dpu
bpA R>pX$pep rl. cNhp rh bpZy rls L$fpf lphp R>sp Abfujy hs |Z pe s dpV$ sdZ
vyhpkp R>pX$pep rl. (gp.63-71). (Abfujy hs AV$L$u X$ s dpV$ cNhp vyhpkp R>pX$pep rl,
L$pfZ L$ S>gp L$fu flhpy sy hs vyhpkp L$ Appfy lsy epS>p. Abfujy AL$pviuy hZhhs
cNhp AV$L$ph s kchsy u; sdS> s hsu vyhpkp L$ sy lsy, fsy vyhpkp Abfuj pk pR>p
e ep kyû Abfuj S>gp L$fu hs Qpgy fpMhy X$. su vyhpkp su pk s |Z L$fph s dpV$ cNhp
sd R>pX$pep rl Ahp cph S>Zpe R>.) cNhp cspu khpu ikp (gp.67) sp dyr vyhpkpp Nhp
pi pe s dpV$ L$fgu R>, rl sp cNhp Q$p kL$V$u vyhpkp R>pX$pep lps sp Z csp iy yL$ip hpsy
lsy? (L$pC S> yL$ip ps rl).
4
epf cNhp csp nps L$ep? Ad Z dphy. L$pfZ L$ cNhpdp nps lpe, sp
sdp csp iy lpe.
epf cNhp vyhpkp ip dpV$ Abfuj pk dpL$ep A ps sd L$d R>pX$pep? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ cspu funp L$fhp cNhp vyhpkp Abfuj pk dpL$ep. csdp Nh lpe sp cs
cNhpy Ahu fus cS> L$fu iL$. (Abfuj Nh lsp, A.5&24, Ahu su funp L$fhp Z vyhpkp
su pk dpL$gg).
Z gpL$dp bpZp khu Dd R>, R>sp Z sAp csp pkpl L$fph shp u. Ap L$pdp
Ahp rZe L$fgp R> L$ c[s bcphu Dd R> S>.
Aepe 5:
Abfuj kyviu syrs L$fu s L$pgu S> syrs C, (L$pfZ L$ kyvi, A.&8dp S>Zpep dpZ,
cNhpu Qp Aû R> A L$pg cNhpu Qp R>). c[sdp cNhp ip^hp X$sp u L$pfZ L$
c[sdp cNhp pspp cphp Aych L$fphu L$pC hpf en lpe shp pe R> A L$pC hpf en S> pe
R>, fsy cNhpp khL$ $u ip^hp X$ R>. kyvi (vyhpkpA D L$fgu L$ep lZu vyhpkp pR>m X$u
Abfujy fnZ L$ey s pspp) khp^d S> ApQfgp (L$pfZ L$ cNhp s Abfujy fnZ L$fhp S> s kpgy
A.4&28,48), Abfujp nps L$fg lsp. vyhpkpA Abfuju ikp L$fu (A.5&14-17) s
vyhpkpp Nhp Z pi ep lsp Ad S>Zph R>, L$pfZ L$ s Nh fpM s c[su rh{ R>. Ahu fus Ap
pQdp Aepedp Qpf rhje viphgp R>:
1.c[sdp cNhp ip^hp X$sp u
2.sdp cs S> ip^hp X$ R>
3.kyvi pspp khp L$fhpp ^d S> Abfujy fnZ L$fhpdp ApQfg. fsy Abfuj Df nps L$fgp
rl
4.bpZ vyhpkpA Abfuju S> ikp L$fgu s spdp Nh fp lsp, Ad S>Zphpfu R>.
Abfuju Ap L$pu cNhpu cs Df L$p lphpy rk pe R>44-45
cNhpu cs Df L$p S> lpe, sp AL$ hj vyhpkp Q$p ceu fMX$p ep kyû cNhp
Abfuju vfL$pf L$d L$fu A sd c|ep L$d flhp vu^p? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ ApV$gp Ai |fsu
Ap L$p dspsf R>. (L$pp s cpN csy dplpe S>Zphpfp R>, A hmu S>d vyhpkp hdp pX$hp
pk vyep^ hNfA defp A dpNhp dpL$gg, epf S>d k|e pvu Apg Anepdp AL$ ipL$
D L$fu s uL$Z ApfpNsp, p L$fhp Neg vyhpkp A sdp vilf riep ^fpC Negp shu fus
cNhp Abfuj c|My vy:M hp vu^g lphpy, A Ahu fus su vfL$pf ps L$fg lphpy Z kch
R>.)
L$V$gpL$ Ad dp R> L$ vyhpkpA Abfuj lZhp L$ep D L$fu s hpZuu Apg ip lsp,
(L$pfZ L$ ""bpZp ipu Z S> Akf C rl'' A.4&13 A hpedp ip iv epS>g R> A s
hpZuu Apg ip dpV$ S> epe R>), fsy s epe u. L$pfZ L$ S> MpV$p pe shp hpZup ip
5
vyhpkpA Abfuj Apep lpe A shp ip cNhp MpV$p pX$ep lpe, sp s L$pp rfp^dp-vidp L$^dp
kdphi pe, Ahp rQe R>. (fsy rfp^dp Ap L$p L$lgu u, su Ap L$pepu Apg ip S> lsp Ad
huL$pfhy CA). vyhpkpA R>u Abfuj hpZuu hfvp L$ey(A.5&21) s cNhpy S> L$pe lsy 46-46&&
Aepe R>$p:
iipvu L$p R>$p Aepedp (gp.6-11) L$lgu. sp hi kkpfp rhjepu Anp fpMsp lsp
Ad S>Zphhp su L$p L$lgu R>, hmu Ap ChpLy$p hidp q$epApp kd|l hNfy lqf kdZ L$fhpdp
Aphsy, (Aphy rhv L$epy Abfujp Qqfsdp A.4&21dp L$lgy R>). Aphp rhvu fpedp Dd ehp
flsu. hmu S>d Abfuju c[s bpZZpu Dd lsu (Abfujp Qqfsdp sd S>Zphgy R>.), shu fus
Ap fpu c[s L$du Dd lsu (Ad Z iipvp Qqfsu S>Zphg R>). iipv Dd lsp Ad S>Zphhp
sp y L$Ly$y rZ L$fgy R> (gp.12-19). sp hidp ^y^ydpf (gp.23) hNf bghp fpAp ep,
s hip fp dp^pspu Qpk L$epApp g rh kpfrc kp egp (gp.38). (iipv hrkW$ kp
shtQs L$fsp, sp ^d fd sh ps L$ep-gp.10). Ahu fus ^^ydpf hNfp hi D L$fpf iipv
bpZpdp rsW$p pdg. Ap c[s dpNdp Z ded L$pfp cspy hZ ey46&&-49&&
Dd Z L$pfp khL$p-Aepe 7:
Dd Z L$pfp khL$pdp, (AV$g khu dy[s L$fph shp khL$pdp) êhpmp lqfiQ (gp.727) lgp rhQpfpegp R>. su c[su ikp pe s dpV$ sp rsp(riP$L$) QpX$pg eg, s L$p L$lgu R>.
s riP$L$ Z kkpfp vppu Anp fpMsp lsp (kvl sZ hNdp S>hpu BR>p A Dd
L$fg, su S> Ad S>Zpe R> L$ s Ap kkpfp vppu Anp lsu. su s bu L$pfZu QpX$pg eg
lphpu s spu vpj gpNsp lsp. s spu vpjhpmp ep lps, sp spu lqfQu Dr ps.
su Ardgu W$ |hu hpkpu D egp sp QpX$pg ps L$fphpfp) s vpj lgpp S> lsp,
A c[su S> v|f hp dpV$ s Ap S>ddp shp L$V$ egp. sy d|m pd "kehs' lsy, A s "riP$L$'
pdu OZp eps ep. su sp s vpj hpsrhL$ lsp Ad S>Zpe R>. sp s vpj hpsrhL$ lps sp,
y[V$p L$pe L$fpf rhhprd sy L$pe (s hNdp dpL$ghpy-gp.6) L$pC Z kNpdp L$fs rl49&&52&&
dpVy$ kplk L$fpf lqfQy Al] rZ L$fgy R>. epf s ^du funp L$fpf QpX$pgp vpk eg,
epf sZ pspp dfZ pdg yy MpZ gu^p rhp s Z bpmhp vu^p rl, A pspp hpdu QpX$pgy
rls L$ey. A sy dpVy$ kplk dpL$X$e yfpZ hNfdp rk R>. s Aphp kehpvu lphp R>sp sp rsp QpX$pg
lphpu su dy[sdp rh R> Ahu gpL$dp su rvp AV$L$, s dpV$ sZ y ps L$fhp Dd L$fgp (gp.89) L$pfZ L$ Z L$pfp FZ yu a$uV$pX$u iL$pe R>. yy s buSy> L$pC epS> lsy Ad S>Zphhp ""d
huf y i sp s yu sdpfp eo L$fui'' Ad sZ h{Z L$lgy(gp.9). sd lps, (bu L$pC epS>
dpV$ s y Csp lps) sp s h{Z sd L$ls. h{Zu S> y ps eg lpe, sy h{Z vp L$fhy
k|Z fus epe S> lsy. Apu Ahy spe L$lgy R> L$ lqfA Apgp kh vpp cspA fdhf lqf S>
kpu vhp CA. h{Z vepp fp R>, su s shp (yu y{jd^ eo L$fphhpp) |$f L$d L$fphhpp ApNl
L$f, R>sp Z (lqfQp y) fprls; csp y lphpu s dey pep rl. fprls pspp bvg S>
y{jd^dp lpdhp hQpsp gu^g, s iy:i Z uL$Z (rhhprdpfp A.16&31-32) dys L$fpep. S>
6
cs lpe, sy ve O |$f lpe R> Ad S>Zphhp ANsu L$p L$lgu R> (gp.20). rhhprd sp
y[V$dp flgp lsp. (su sdZ iy:i h{Zp d iuMhu, deydpu bQphu pspp y L$fu fpMg lsp.
cpfs Ayipk h Aepe 3 Sy>Ap. lqfQ h{Z Apg yu eo L$fhpy hQ s pm A keu s
Qg rl, AV$g lqfQdp vpj fl s dpV$ rhhprd s eo L$fphsp lsp (gp.21). eo L$fhpu vpj
flsp u, Ahp Qpp L$^p rhkN Dfp rbû ""vpj fl s dpV$ Ahd^..'' L$pqfL$p 121 (120
L$pqfL$pp |hp^dp rhQpf L$fgp R>-epS>p) dp rhQpf L$fgp R>. su Ap lqfQp eodp eo L$fphpf F[h
b^pA "yV$' (cNhpu L$phpmp) lpC buAp Df DL$pf L$fpfp lphpy S>Zphg R> (gp.22-23)
F[h yV$ lphpu eodp L$pC Mpdu fl sp sdpu eou |rs pe, s dpV$ Ad L$lg R>52&&-59&&
Aepe 8:
lqfQu Z kNf Dd lsp. sp ypA kpNf bphg (gp.5). (lgp vep kdydp flsp
lsp A vhp uX$p L$fsp lsp epf vhpu ppu ANe kdyy p L$ey. epf Ap u k|L$psp gpL$p bu
udp S>hp dX$ep A upu depvpp gp hp gpep Ad bu yfpZpdp L$lg R>. Ap depvpp gp sp
AV$L$phhp kpNf L$fhpdp Apep. su) gpbp kde kyû [f fl shy L$pe (kpNf) L$fpf (kNf) lqfQu
Dd R>. Aphy [f L$pe L$fpf kNf Al] Dd L$lg R>59&&-60&&
(kNf "AkdS>k' pdp y lsp-gp.15. Ap |hS>ddp epNu lsp, Z epNu cV$ eg
lpC Al] Ahsfg-gp.16. s yp kNf epN L$fg-gp.18. ""rh ^hp Ly$Vy$bdp epNu cV$
egpp S>d pe R>'' (cN.Nusp6&41) shp epNu cV$ eg yp sZ Afp^ L$fgp, s Nf lsp.
(su "kNf' pd X$g?). Ap y AkdS>k rsp kNf kyM pe s dpV$ y Aiydp D L$fu hi Qpgy
fpMg-gp.15 (kNf fpA Ahd^ eo L$fgp-gp.30, su s Q$hs} lsp. R>sp Ap L$fZ buAp
dys L$fphpf AV$g buAp Df DL$pf L$fpf cspy lphpu) op Ahp (Q$hs} hp) L$d Ap L$fZ
AyL|$g lphpu Q$hs} hy A Ap L$fZdp dye (NyZ) C iL$ rl, s sp dp dplpe S>Zphp{ R>.
(su Q$hs} lphp gu^ S>d d{s W$ NZhpdp Apep, sd kNf s L$pfZu W$ NZg u 60&&62&&
Aepe 9:
Ap Aepedp bu Df DL$pf L$fpf dye khL$ cNuf R>. Aiydp (gp.1) A qvgu
(gp.2) y rZ cNuf buS>u iy lsp Ad S>Zphhp L$fgy R>. cNuf; cpNufu NP$Np hNdpu
c|sg Df gpep. Ap cpNufuy h sp 1&19&6 Dfp ukybprûdp S>Zphgy R>. shu Dd cpNufu
c|rd Df hlfphu A cNufy c[sy Dd L$pe R>.
NP$Np depvpc[sdpNu Dd kudp dpegu R>. NP$Npdp NlZ L$fhpu i[s R>, su sdp S>
puAp p L$f sApp pp sdp kP$Nl pe. s pp dpf ep ^php? Ahp NP$NpA L$fsp, cNuf
s s pp csp S> Apu ^php Ahp Df Apep-gp.5-6.
NP$Np cNhpp QfZpfrhvp AL$hpf kb^ hpu spdp buApp pp ^phpu i[s
Aphgu, fsy buApp S> pp s ^|A s pspp S>gdp fl, sp su buApp p ^phpu i[s pi
pd, A su s yL$ip pe, sdS> kNfp 60,000 ypp Dpf C iL$hpu cNufu BR>p Z
pf X$. su pspdp kP$Nl eg pp L$d ^php Ahp cNuf L$fu, sZ A N|Q sp Dfu DL$gu.
Apd R>sp NP$Npy S>g hNdpu X$sp hu cvu pspgdp S>sy fl sp Z cNuf BR>g a$g
s ps pe, su psp X$sp ^pfZ L$pZ L$fi ? Ahp Z sZ cNuf L$fg-gp.4. epf
cNuf cNhpu Apop (Sy>Ap A.8&29) Zu s dpZ L$fhpp dp Dpe rhQpfhpp R> Ahy epdp
fpMu ""spfp hN iP$L$f ^pfZ L$fi'' Ahp Df Apu, Ap bu p Z rL$pg L$ep.
iP$L$f NP$Np X$sp sp hN ^pfZ L$fi A iP$L$f |R>ep rhp sZ L$d ey? Ahp pe sp
Zhy L$ iP$L$f hkd|lp d|g Ahp Ap^pf R>, su s Z cNhpu Apop Zsp lpC (cNhpu
Apopu S>y Aydp C iL$ shu) ky{jpu BR>p Z sAp Z A kh hpp Ap^pf lphpu khp
L$epZ dpV$ s NP$Np ^pfZ L$fi Ad rhQpfu sZ Ahp Df Apep. iP$L$f s dpZ khp L$epZdpV$ (fd
kph^p C pspp dsL$ Df) NP$Np ^pfZ L$fu (gp.9) A su kNfp kh ypp Dpf ep A
kh dys ep62&&-67&&
iP$L$f NP$Np ^pfZ L$fhpdpV$ OZp kph^p ip dpV$ eg? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ kph^p
ep rhp iP$L$f NP$Np ^pfZ L$fhpp Dd L$ep lps, sp NP$Npy S>g sdp vlp kb^hpmy ps, A
su dp sdy S> rls L$fs. s S>g rihrdpe ps A su hpu Arhp s L$hu fus S> v|f L$fs?
rihp vlp kb^hpmy S>g hp Arhpu dys L$fu is rl. S>d OZp dpZkp DepNu pe s dpV$
L$pC qL$dsu QuS> OZu kph^puu dpp Df d|L$u ghpe R>, fsy gphpf ps sp cpN L$fsp u, sd
iP$L$f NP$Np ^pfZ L$fu. Npvphfu A cpNufudp Ap S> cv R>. Npvphfu rihrdpe C A R>u
hfplsudp hfplp kbû sp s vpj Nep, epf NP$Np sp rihrdpe C S> u. Ap Npvphfu dplpe
Dfu S>Zpe R>67&&-68&&
NP$Np rihrdpe C u, su s rihp kb^ hp R>sp, S>d rih Apgu rhp rh lpC
dys L$fph R>, sd NP$Np hp ""A rhpu'' A hpe dpZ Arhpu dys L$fph R>. cs vlcph
(""l vl Ry>'' Ahu byr) Y$ lpe, sp NP$Npu s uL$Zp vpk b R>, Z vlcph Y$ lpe, sp s
NP$Npp suf Df kpeye dy[s ps L$f R>, (Ahp b L$pfp a$g NP$Npu ps pe R>) sdp kie
u68&&-70
S>d dpV$ cNuf NP$Np c|sg Df gpep sd sp su hNu S> p[s C(gp.12), su
NP$Npu Df S>Zphg b L$pfp a$g ps sp lphpy L$d S>Zpe? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ kNfp
60,000 yp vep lsp, sApp Z NP$Npu Dpf ep. A NP$Npu ApQeL$pfL$ a$g ps eg, fsy
NP$Np sV$gy S> a$g Appfu u. (Df L$lg b L$pfp a$g spu ps pe R>, Ad gp.14-15
Dfu S>Zpe R>)71
c[s dye R> Ad rk L$fhp Al] kpvpku L$p L$lgu R> (gp.18-39). uy dye lphy
(gp.24-37) A c[sepN R>. c[s kp op cm s dpV$ bpZ (hrkW$)p buS>u kpvpkp hi
Qpghpu L$p L$lgu R> (gp.38-39). sp hidp D egp MV$hpP$Ndp op A c[s b lsp
8
(gp.41-49) A uL$Zy dfZ L$fhpu s Asfpefrls dy[s sfs S> ps egu

(gp.42,48,49). c[sdpNu Ap Dd kudp R> Ahp rQe R>. Ahu fus lgp h Aepepu
cNhpp k|ehip khL$pu Ap L$p L$lu&&72-74&&
Chf fpdQu L$p-Aepe 10:
Chfu L$p lpe sp sdp khL$ lpe. (sp R>u khL$pu L$p epu S> lpe?) su opu
cmgu (A.13) Chfu L$p 11 A 12dp A b Aepepu L$lgu R>. su Chfu 1.q$epi[s,
2.c[sdp [fsp A 3.op; Ap Z Aepepdp Ay$d L$lgp R>.
3
hi Qpgy fpMpfp Ly$i hNf yp op R>, s sfdp Aepedp S>Zphgp R>. eop L$fhp hNfu
2
1
ps su KQu [rs c[s R>, s bpfdp Aepedp S>Zphgu R> A q$ep Qqf R>, s Apfcdp
(ArNepfdp Aepedp) L$lgy R>75-76&&
lqf fpdQp S>d k|ep hidp depl kde ep lsp. s kde k|e ^Zp S> ssp lsp su
sy sS> fpdQ pspu Avf gC gu^y, A S>V$gp A^dp klpeL$p lsp, s khp s sS>u pi ep.
(S>d kde) h Nlp bghp lsp Ad S>Zphhp cNhp fpdQp S>d (Q iyv) hdu qvhk ye
ndp ep lsp, (L$pfZ L$ ""S>d kh iyApdp tkl bghp R> shu S> fus npdp ye bghp R>'' A
hpe dpZ ye n bghpmy R>) R> NyZp ("NZ' pW$ R> ep "NyZ' CA Ad S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ "cN'
ivu rk R> NyZphpmp cNhp R>. "NZ' AV$g kd|l Al] R> NZ L$lg lphpy kchsy u.) hpmp
Qpfd|rs (Qpf e|l) hpmp cNhpp S>d A dpZ hdu qvhk depl ye ndp egp76&&-79
epNuAp S>dy ep L$f R> s fpdQp Ahspf S> R>, A bu (L$pC Ahspf) u, Ad
S>Zphhp (&19&2 u Apfcu lydp) lgp d L$fu, R>u fpdQy Qqfs L$lgy R>. epNuApy fnZ
L$fp{ h s S> ("svh' pW$ R> s "svh' CA, Ad S>Zpe R>.) lphpu lydp shp hQ L$lgp R>.
fpdQp Qqfdp dpl D L$fph shy O R>, su gpL$p c[s ps pe s dpV$ ucpNhs krlspdp S>
sdp hue viphp{ R> s S> hZhgy R>. spX$L$pp fpdQ rhhprdp eodp h^ L$ep s Al] L$lg u,
L$pfZ L$ u lphpu sp h^ L$fhpdp L$pC y{jps lsy. ep rhhprdp eodp S> sdZ dpfuQ fpnk
lep(gp.5) A hmu epf R>u kusp dpl L$fhpp epS>u dpepu kyhZp lfZy buSy> h ^pfZ
L$fgy, epf sdZ s s bu dp Z lZgp (gp.10). kuspp hehfdp fpdQ iP$L$fp ^ye
k (S>) L$ey lps sp s iP$L$fu kdp NZps, fsy sdpu Ar^L$ NZps, su kusp ps L$fhp sdZ
s ^ye cpNu pey (gp.6), su fpS>e pdgp iP$L$f sd ep kusp fZphu&&80-84&&
fiyfpd iP$L$fp rie lsp. iP$L$fp fpS>e ep, AV$g sdp rie fiyfpdp Z fpS>e ep
S>. R>sp fpdQ fiyfpd kp ey L$fhpu rfL$ gugp ip dpV$ L$fu? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ nrepdp
fpnk A Np^h rhhplp Dd L$pfp NZpe R>. fpdQ AL$ S> u fpMhpy hs lsy A S>L$ sd
kusp fZphu AV$g Np^h L$pfp rhhpl ep su rhhpl fpnk L$pfp pe A pspy nre rk
pe A kusp (Dd fpnk L$pfp rhhplu fZgp NZpe s) dpV$ fiyfpd kp fpdQ ey L$ey. L$pfZ
L$ gpL$dp rhhpl hNfy kyM nrepdp Dd L$pfy lpe R>. (su s Dd L$pfp rhhply kyM ps pe, s
dpV$ fiyfpd kp ey L$fgy) fiyfpd Z cNhpp Ahspf lsp. sdu kp gpL$p dpl dpX$hp, AV$g
9
fpdQ cNhpp Ahspf R> A S>Zpe rl s dpV$ S> ey L$fgy Ahp gpL$dp fpdQ pL$s y{j S>
dpsp lsp Ad dpue, sp (sdZ Ap eydp viphg) ipe gpL$pp sdp Df l (l gu^ fpdQy
h R|>y flhpy AV$L$, A s cNhpp Ahspf lphpy S>Zpe shy a$g ps L$fphp{ sdy ipe
lsy epS>p) S>Zphp{ lsy. fsy sdy cNhpp Ahspf fiyfpd kpy ey gpL$ dpl L$fphhp S> egy,
Ahp rQe R>. fpdQ; cNhpp Ahspf R> A vhpu Z R|>y fl s dpV$ sd A fiyfpd b cpf
rhhpv egp85-86&&
Ahp fOyp y{jpd S> L$lhpe R>. s y{jpd R> A rhjedp NyZhpmp cNhpp Ahspfpu
kdrs pe s dpV$, rhhprddpu, iP$L$fdpu sdS> fiyfpddpu S> sS> sdZ gu^g s pspu Avf S>
fpMg.
fpdQ y{jpd lpe, sp sdZ hhpk L$ep, kusp fphZ lfu Nep hNf gugpAp L$d OV$? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap gugpAp sdZ AdyL$ epS>u L$fgu. Alep, ibfu hNfp Dpf L$fhpp lsp,
vqfep Df |g bp^hp lsp, fpnkp lZhp lsp Ap A Aphp bu epS> gu^ gpL$ dpl D L$fhp
sdZ Ap gugpAp L$fgu.
su gpL$ dpl L$hu fus D pe? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ kuspy lfZ ey S> lsy.
"e' AV$g Nple A[A kusp pspu pk fpMgu A kuspu R>pep dpep sZ S> bphu fpdQ
Apgu. R>u OZp |$f fphZ lZu, s R>pep dpep kusp A[dp d|L$u, pspp u kusp su pku
gC, fpdQ Aepep ^pfgp. (Ap L$p bhhsyfpZdp A[MX$dp L$lgu R>86&&-90
fpdQ gP$L$p S>hpdpV$ kdy Df |g bpep s Qqfs AL$gy O Avcys dpegy R>. gP$L$pdp
flpfu uAp vpjfrls C flu, Ad S>Zphhp s Al] L$lgy R> (gp.13-16) (L$pfZ L$ s |g bp^
A fphZ gP$L$p S>C lZsp bu g lZ, sp gP$L$pu uAp sdp vi sp sdp dplpey op
hpu sAp vpjfrls pe rl). buSy> sdy Qqfs gpqL$L$ cpjpu L$lgy R>. gpqL$L$ cpjpu L$lhpu gpL$ L$sp
pe Ad S>Zphhp fpdQy Qqfs shy (gpqL$L$ cpjpu gpqL$L$ fus) L$lgy R> (S>d uL$Zp kb^dp
""L$pdu NpuAp, ceu L$k ... dys ep'' Ad L$lu L$sp hp dpV$ lfL$pC Dpeu uL$Zdp d fphhpy
L$lgy R>; sd Al] Z) S>Nsp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp hp L$sp pe s dpV$ gpqL$L$ A hqvL$ L$pf fpdQy
Qqf L$lgy R>91-92
Aepe 11:
fpdQ hmu O Dd Ahd^ eo hNf hqvL$ Qqf L$ey. shu fus sdZ ArNepfkp Ahd^
L$fgp. gpqL$L$ y{jp dy[s ps pe s dpV$ sdZ gpqL$L$ [rs ^pfZ L$fgu. c|sg Df pspy khh
vrnZpdp Apu eo L$fpf fpd S> R> (gp.2-4). hmu sdZ op ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pfhpmp rhp O
Dd L$pfy op Apey93-94&&
A bû gugp fpdQ cg L$fu, fsy Afp^ rhpu kuspp epN L$fphpfu gpL$hpspy hZ
sdZ ip dpV$ L$ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ hpkpp ^pfZ kuspp epN pe s dpV$ L$pC AL$ kP$N
sdZ gpqL$L$ cpjpy p L$fsp gpL$u s hpsp kpcmgu. (yfpZp pspgMX$dp fpdQ Ahd^ L$ep
10
s kP$Ndp L$lgy R> L$ kuspA bpephpdp AL$ pV$ vsu L$X$gp. s L$u pV$u dfZ pdu, su pV$
kusp ip Apep L$ spfp rs spfp epN L$fi. s S> pV$ dfZ pdu Aepepdp ^pbu S>ep A sZ
kuspp epN L$fphpfu s hpsp L$lgu. Ap hpspu kuspu S> hpkp k|Qhpe R> s hpkp v|f L$fhp fpdQ
Ap gugp L$fgu. su Ap gugp cs vy:M Appfu S>Zpsu lphp R>sp qfZpd R|>u fus kyM Appfu R>.
su A gugp S>fpA vpj u. fpdQ gpL$u A hpspy hZ L$ey, L$pfZ L$) epf c[sdpNp cy gpqL$L$
L$V$ L$f, epf S> gpqL$L$ y{jpu c[s C iL$. sd L$f, sp sApu c[s C iL$ rl, Ahp rQe L$fu
pc[sdp fpdQy rZ L$fgy R> (Sy>Ap 5&19&18).
Ap Aepedp Qpf d|rs (fpd, gdZ, cfs A iy A Qpf)y Qqfs sp sdp hiy Z
hZ L$fgy R> (gp.1 u 11,12, 12 sp 13, 14) L$pfZ L$ hi Z Chfy S> Qqfs R>. su (bpfdp
Aepedp Z hi L$lgp lphpu s Z Chfp Qqfsdp NZpsp lphpu) Chfp Qqfsp Z Aepep
dpegp R>94&&-98
c[sdpNdp k|Z fus iy ApQfZhpmp hpdu lphpp NyZ fpdQdp R>. s NyZ bu L$pCdp
u. su Al] fpdQ Chf L$lgp R>. Apdpdp gpqL$L$ NyZ Z iy S> lsp, vpjhpmp lsp. su S>
furns iyL$ sdp cpCAp rs sdy hs L$hy lsy shp L$fg (gp.24). (fpdQdp fp lphpp
gpqL$L$ NyZ Z AL$kfMp kh rs kfMu fus iy lsp, sdp L$pC kP$N vpj sp rl. su fpdQ |Z
cNhp L$V$ egp lpe, sp b^p kfMu fus Apv L$fph, A b^pp sdp Df kfMp d lpe, sp sdu
fes kyMu lpe, Z cpCAp kyM pe su Ahp furns L$fgp) sp iyL$ Apg Dfu S>Zpe R> L$
sdp cpCAp Z kyMu lsp sd fes Z kyMu lsu A sdp Df d fpMsu (gp.25-30). gpqL$L$
^dp rhQpf L$fsp Z fpdQ y{jpd lphpp rQe pe, s dpV$ Ap A Df Apgp R>. Ofdp
X$u flpf fpy gpL$dp kdp sy u, su (fpdQ shp lsp Ad S>Zphhp) gpL$dp sdy kdp sy
A (Aepep) As Dd L$pf hZhgy R> (s Z Ad S> S>Zph R> L$ fpdQ Chf R>)99-101
Aepe 12:
bpfdp Aepedp fpdQ R>u, sdp hidp egp uk fpApy rZ L$fgy R>. Ap vhpp
kd|lu AL$ h^pf R> (kf rs A bpf k|e dmu ApNZuk vhpp kd|l pe. su AL$ h^pf AV$g
uk fpAp eg lphpy L$lgy R>. Ap b^p vhp S> lphpy L$lgy R>. L$pfZ L$) sApdp epNp bp^ L$fpfp
(rlfepc gp.3-4) A epNy ApQfZ L$fpfp (d{ gp.5-6) Z L$lgp R>. (S>ep cNhpp Ahspf
pe R> ep sdu khp L$fhp vhp Z S>d g R>. uL$Zp pL$V$e kde epvhp egp, sd fpdQp
pL$V$ep kb^dp vhpA S>d gu^g Ad Ap Aepeu S>Zphg R>. vhpdp khNyZ lpe R>, A op
khu pe R>. su Ap opp Aepe L$lg lphpy S>Zpe R>) hmu (opdp OZp h^gp) S>L$p hidp
D egp kusp sp cNhpu opi[s lsp102-103
Aepe 13:
cNhp fpdQu opi[sy rZ L$fhp Ap sfdp Aepedp S>L$p hi L$lgp R> A Al]
Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ op kp cmgu c[s dye (c[s) R>. su s viphsp op A hfpe kpu
c[shpmp rrdu L$p lgp ArNepf gpL$pu L$lgu R>. Ny{p hQ rhp eo ka$g S> pe, A rrd
opu lphpu (gp.3) s Zsp lsp, (R>sp Ny{ hrkW$p ApNdu fpl ep rhp bu F[hu sZ
11
eo Qpgy L$ep) su Ny{ hrkW$ s ip Apep (gp.4) A kP$N Al] L$lgp R>. (Ap kP$Nu rrddp
hfpe lphpy Z S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ eo ka$g rl pe Ad Zhp R>sp sZ eo L$ep, su ipu rhr^
lphpu S> sZ eo L$ep Z a$gu BR>pu L$ep lsp Ad V$ pe R>. s opu lphpy sp Al] S> L$lg
R>. hmu s cs Z lsp Ad ArNepfdp L$^p buu pQdp kyûp Aepepdp sp h epNhfp kpp
S> khpv pfv hkyvh L$lg R> s Dfu V$ S>Zpe R>). hrkW$ rrd ip Apep, AV$g rrdA hrkW$
Z ip Apep, (fsy) Ap c[sy L$fZ lphpu Ahu fus ip Apep L$ S>u hrkW$p Z dpn pe,
(Ap vl X$ A bu S>ddp dpn pe, Ahp A S>Zpe R> ) L$pfZ L$ c[sdp rhfp^L$pfL$ L$pC Z u.
su rrd W$ a$g ps ey (gp.11) fsy hrkW$ ps egy a$m (gp.6) L$pC fus Dd u,
(hrkW$ a$fuu rdph{Zp hueu Dhiudp S>d gu^p. Dhiu Akfp Ahp hep lphpu s hepp y
ep, fsy) c[sdpN dye lphpu (cs rrdA hrkW$ dys pe shp ip Apg lphpu) hepy eg
lphp R>sp s vpj gpep. (rrd Z khp pdp flu, s DOpX$pf sp b^ L$fpf rdj L$fphpf ep
AV$g) cNhpp vi L$fhpdp vpj (Sy>Ap 10&28&15)hpu A spu op hpdp (hpdp) Asfpe
sp lphpu s Z vpj gpNg R>, A su bpZ (hrkW$) Dd R>104-108&&
cNhp fpdQp kdedp kufhS> S>L$ lsp. sdp Ahspf R>up gpqL$L$ L$ddp phpmp
fpAp pR>mu L$lgp R> (gp.18-26). A s lgpp (rrdu Apfcu hfpd kyûp) opdp
phpmp fpAp lgp (rrd R>u) L$lgp R> (gp.12-17) A fus (BhpLy$ 9&1&11 u Apfcu L$rs
9&13&26 kyûp) k|ehidp egp Chfp khL$py rZ ey108&&-109&&
Qhi L$fZ:
y[V$dpNdp flgp cspy rZ L$fhp Qp hip rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph R>. csp S>du A
L$du iy lpe, sp sAp dyfpqfp cphhpmp yV$ khL$p pe R>. (y[V$c[s A depvpc[s bu dpn
a$g ps pe R>, R>sp A b c[sdp A S> cv R> L$ S>du A L$du iy lpe sAp y[V$dpNp
cphhpmp csp pe R>). Arp edpu opp Ai (e)dpu D eg (A.14&3) Q
y[V$dpNdp flg lgp (cs) R>, L$pfZ L$ s npsu egp. (""bpp Aiu Q ep'' 4&1&33 A
hpe dpZ Q bpp Ai lpC k[V$ D L$fpf hidp lgp lphpp L$pfZu lgp y[V$cs u,
fsy opp Aiu D egp lphpu s crhey op lphpu s lgp cs L$lg R>. ""rs
suk L$epAp lsu'' A Dpepdp S>Zpep dpZ Q fprlZu Df OZp d lsp, A |rZdp sp
Adphep Df d lsp. su s fprlZup nps L$fsp Ap ApL$[dL$ vpj y{j fudp S> fk D
pe R> shp fk pspu udp D sp u S>. shu S> fus u fy{jdp S>hp fk D pe R>
shp s pspp rsdp D sp u. su cNhp spfp A Q y fku cf|f X$Ly$ L$ey. (buS> A
n dp vpj fl A b fkhpmp lpe shpu hi D L$fhp cNhp sd L$fgy. su kspdp Qp
cph A c[s S>Zphgp R>119
spfp dpV$ vhp A vep kNpd ep (gp.5-7), R>sp spfp A Q y fkde vpjfrls X$Ly$
L$d L$lhpe? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ spfp A Qdp gdu A pfpeZ p Aphi spfp Nc fp ep
kyû S> lsp, su ep kyû spfp Q pk flu sdp khu kdrs lsu, epf R>u kdrs lsu. su S>
Ncp^p kyû (spfp Q pk flgu sdp) khu kdrs lphpy Zu Ny{ blrsA bpgL$ by^ fpMhp
BR>p L$fgu (gp.10). su pR>mu spfp dpV$ kNpd ep Ad S> lgp L$y, sp rhfp^ MfMf sp u.
12
Q Arp edpu D egp lphpu bpZ NZpe, R>sp sp y by^ nrep hi D

L$ep Ad L$d NZpe! Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Qdp bpe A nreh b lsp. Arp edpu
s D ep, su spdp bpe lsy, A ""hpfpeu BR>p fpMpf fpA fpS>k|e eo L$fhp'' A
hpe dpZ nrepA L$fhp epe fpS>k|e eo L$fu, Z cyhp Q su gu^p lphpu (gp.4) s nre Z
lsp. spfpy sZ AlP$L$pfu lfZ L$fgy A ArNepfdp L$^dp AlP$L$pf nrepp NyZ lphpy L$lg R> su,
Q nre sfuL$ S> spfpdp Ncp^p L$fg, su by^ nre lsp. hmu Ap c[sp L$^ R>, A cNhpp
|Z AyNl c[s Al] S>Zphhpu R>. R>pvpedp Qp[rh^pdp Aphu c[s nredp S> lphpy L$lg R>.
bpZdp yV$ c[s lpsu u. su by^ (fp S>pdp N|Y$ lsy shp Qp y lphpu) fpp S> y
lsp, (A su nrep hi sZ D L$ep). hmu by^ OZp S> byrdp lsp (gp.14), A spdp
S|>W$p S>fpA lsy. su dpsp spfp Z sZ sy p sfs S> L$V$ L$fhp L$lgy (gp.12)120-121&
Ap by^p y yfhp ep (gp.15). spu hv uL$m (Z pe) s dpV$ spdp b (hv)p
Aphi epy L$lg R> (gp.43-46). by^ rh R>, sdpu (hv L$V$ L$fpf) bp yfhp D ep.
pfpeZdpu D egu Dhiu (11&4&12 u 15) c[si[s (cNhpu khp C iL$ s dpV$ sdp
AyNl i[s) L$lgu R>. rd A h{Z vhp (2&1&32 dpZ rhfpV$p hjZ lpC) cpNpp Ar^vhp
R>. sApdp fpNhpmu c[s cpN dpV$ S> Dd L$fpfu pe. vhpu c[s kpfu lpe R>, fsy s cpN h^pfpfu
lpe R> su su ikp su u. dyepu c[s spu Dd lpe R>. su S> c[su cpN pe s c[s
Dd dpegu u. kpdhidp iy cpNdp Apk[s su AV$L$ph shu c[s lsu Ad L$lhp, Dhiu rd A
h{Z p ip eg lphpy L$lg R> (gp.16). DhiuA pspy vh kQhpC fl s dpV$ rd A h{Z kp
cpN L$fhpu AL$hpf hr L$fgu, fsy bu L$pC(L$pd hNf) epS>u shu hr L$fgu rl. fsy s b
vhpA s gpqL$L$ hcphhpmu Zu A spu Ar^L$ fk ps sp lphpu s a$fuu cpN dpV$ pp L$fu,
fsy s hfpehpmu lphpu sZ s dSy>f fpMu rl su sApA s Z cpN L$fsu AV$L$ s dpV$ s dye
pe shp ip Apep121-127&&
Dhiu hfpehpmu lsu A ipu Z sp cpN AV$ep lsp, epf sZ yfhp kp cpN L$d L$ep?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ Ahe hNf R> NyZp ps L$fhp sZ R> Nc ^pfZ L$fgp (A.15&1). fsy
sZ cpN dpV$ hr L$fu lsu. su sZ yfhp |$f hQp L$lgp (A.14&28-29). su BR>p sp dp
Nc ^pfZ L$fhpu S> lsu. su sZ yfhp b L$pfp hQ L$lgp 1.cpN pe s dpV$ |$f hQ L$lgp
A 2.psp Nc fl s dpV$ op V$L$u iL$ shy hQ L$lg. (""Ou rQe sS> R>'' A yrs dpZ Ou sS>
lpC L$pi L$fp{ lphpu op V$L$php{ R>. su ""ps Ou S> Mpi'' Ad DhiuA pspy op V$L$phhp S>
L$lgy-gp.22.)
Dhiu A vhu lphpu spdp op V$L$u fl A hep lphpu s |$f hQp Z L$l. su Ap hQpu
s hfpehpmu lphpy rk sy u Ad L$lhpdp Aph, sp Zhy L$ spdp S>y ve Apks lsy s yfhp
dy[s ps hpu. dy[s L$fZdp s dy[s ps epy L$lg R> (11&26&25). su Dhiu hfpehpmu
lphpdp S>fpe kie u. Dhiu c[su i[s rk pe s dpV$ yfhpu hvpu Dr epy Al]
(gp.43-49dp) L$lgy R>. R>hV$ s hfpe egp A su s dy[s pep, su s cs lsp Ad rk pe
13
R> (11&26&7 u 25). A fus yfhp csy d rZ L$fu, (Ap V$pL$fZ A^y{ fpMu, lh Chfy
Qqf L$l R>)127&&-131&&
Chfy Qqf-Aepe 15:
vfdp Aepedp fiyfpdu rkr S>Zphhp dpV$ Npr^ fp kyû yfhpp hi L$p (gp.1-4).
cs yfhpp hidp Npr^p S>d epu L$p L$lgu R>, su s cs lphpy rk C S> Ney. (y[V$ AV$g
pspp L$pe dpV$ S>dp cNhpu L$p pe shp dpN, cNhp ps L$fhpp Dpe S>dp shp L$pfp lpe s
y[V$dpN. c[sdpN AV$g bup L$pe dpV$ S>dp L$p su lpe shp dpN.) y[V$dpNdp evyp hi (epvhp)
A bpZpp hi ( epvhpA dlpcpfsp S>fpk^ kpp hNf eypdp c|rdp cpf nrep lep.
bpZpA epvhp ip Apu epvhLy$gp rhpi L$fpep.) nrepp pi L$fpf hpp. cNhpu Ahu BR>p
lsu L$ c[sdpNdp shp L$pfu y[V$ (kdpNp S>pu pi pe shu L$p) epe u. shu y[V$ vep rs
pe, vhp rs pe Ahp rZe R>. evyp hidp vhpp Aihpmp hpu L$p L$lhpu R>. su nrepp vpj
v|f pe s dpV$ (gp.15 Sy>Ap) OZp bghp Chf fiyfpd klpy sp sp yp A sApp kP$N
gu^ bu nrep Z; b, dye(nre) A NpZ(nre) Ahp cvu, dpfu pep. cspp
(As:L$fZp vpj)AlP$L$pfp pi L$fhp A vepp pi L$fhp NyZ fpdQp pvycph ep ep kyû
fiyfpd nrep lep (A su c[s cpNfrls pe Ahu ehp L$fu)131&&-136&&
rhpdp dp flgp R>, Npedp lpd L$fhpp vp (Ou hNf) flgp R>, A cNhp fiyfpd eo
R>. (eo L$fhpdp dp A Ou hNf lpd L$fhpp vpp CA.) su lpd L$fhpp vp (Npe) klpy
bgpL$pfu gC Nep (gp.25-26) epf nrep lgp lep (gp.30-36) A epf R>u epf
klpyp ypA dp (fiyfpdp rsp S>dv[p) h^ L$ep (A.16&10-19) epf a$fuu sAp
lep. S>dv[ nre pe Ahu sp rsp FQuL$ d epS>p L$fgu, fsy pspu uu ppu sdZ
s bpZ bpep (A.15&8-11). s nre A bpZ b fl s epe rl, su sp iyu sp
h^ ep (A.16&11). hmu su u fL$p Apr^vrhL$ c[s lsu ""N^hpdp l rQf Ry>''
(cN.Nusp10&26) dpZ rQf N^h; cNhpu rhc|rs R>. cNhp re Ahp L$dgu dpgp ^pfZ
L$fpf rQf N^h S>dqvu u lphpu bpZ A nre b hhpmu fL$p Df k egp.
Ap N^hu fL$p L$pCL$ BR>p C (A.16&2) sdp L$pC vpj lsp, L$pfZ L$ (""lgp kpd fep, R>u
N^h fep'' A yrs dpZ) N^h bu rs R>. fL$pA rQfdp uL$Z hi L$fg lphpy ey.
A uL$Zu c[s ps pe s dpV$ L$ddp Apk[shpmu pspu lgpu [rs s s uL$Zdp Apks
C (A.16&2-3). fL$p ercQpf vpjhpmu lpe sp cNhp fiyfpd spu L$d S>d ^pfZ
L$f?136&&-141&&
dyr S>dv[ Z (bpZ A nre) b hhpmp lphpu sdZ ndp Z L$fgu, A $p^
Z L$fgp. ndp L$fu sdZ y fiyfpd Dvi Apgp (A.15&38-41), A u Df sdZ $p^
L$ep(A.16&5). $p^ nrepp NyZ R>, A fiyfpd nre hp L$lhpe R>. su sdZ rspu Apop
gu^ yp kp dpsp fL$pp h^ L$ep(gp.6).
L$V$gpL$ L$l R> L$ epf R>u fiyfpd rsp pspp $p^p epN L$f Ahp hf dpep, (fsy Ap epe
u. Aphp A L$fhp sd gnZp ghu X$ R>) h^ AV$g lpf L$fu fL$p vpjfrls L$fhu, (Ahp A sAp
14
g R>, fsy fiyfpd Ahp hf dpNg R> L$ pspu dpsp sp cpBAp hsp pe A ps sApp h^ L$fg
sy dfZ sd fl rl), Ap fiyfpd dpNg hfp dye A R>, s ApQpeu dpe R>, (dye A b^
bksp lpe sp S> gnZpu Sy>vp A L$fpe, fsy Al] dye A OV$ R>, su gnZpu Sy>vp A L$fpe
rl)141&&-144&&
furns iyL$ Ahp L$fg L$ ""nrepp L$ep Afp^ gu^ fiyfpd sdp Ly$gp hpfhpf pi
L$ep'' (A.15&16). Ap p Dfdp iyL$ klpyp fp$dy hZ ip dpV$ L$ey? Ahp pe, A
Ahu iL$p pe L$ kpdp hidp Ahsfgp fiyfpdy Ahy fp$d lpe L$ s AL$huk hpf nrepp pi L$f sp
shu iP$L$p MpV$u R> Ad S>Zphhp klpy fphZp fpS>e L$epy L$lgy R>. klpy OZp dpV$p epNu lsp
(A.15&18-19). sZ uAp kdn fphZ L$X$u hpvfpu W$ R>pX$u vu^p lsp (gp.22). shp klpy
Df Z S>dZ AL$gpA fdsdpdp rhS>e ps L$ep (gp.33-35), shp fiyfpd nrepp rhpi L$ep.
shp fiyfpdu kdp gpL$dp bu L$pZ S> lpe, Ad S>Zphhp klpyp fp$du L$p L$lgu R>144&&147
cNhpp R> NyZpA A ^d} cNhp ps d spdk nrep lep, R>u shu S> fus fpS>k
nrep lep A epf R>u shu S> fus kp[hL$ nrep lep. (lZpf R> NyZp A cNhp dmu kps,
A S>d lZhpp sAp Z L$pfp lphpu 7X3=21 hpf nrepp pi ep) A dpZ kh(Z)
NyZhpmp nrepp k|Z fus pi sp, Dd rNyZ c[s gpL$dp rkr pd s dpV$ (nrepp Ahu fus
h^ L$ep). epf R>u dp cs nrep S> bpL$u fp Ad rQe|hL$ S>Zphhp dpV$ dyfpdp dlp cs i|fk
epy L$lg R> (A.24&27). su Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ epf R>u crhedp kh nrep shp cs S> hpp.
pspy khh vrnZpdp Aphpp S>hp eo fpdQ L$fg, shu fus fiyfpd Z shp eo L$ep (A.16&2023). Ahu fus c[sdpNdp pspy kh vp L$fhpy R> Ad S>Zphsp fiyfpd bpZp c|rdy vp L$ey.
nrep sp c|rdp cpf lsp, su sdZ sApp pi L$fu (c|rdp cpf Dspfgp. su c|rdp cpf Dspfhp
A Z nrep lZhpy buSy> epS> lsy. Ap kb^dp Ahu L$p R> L$:""c|rd Df phf sp S>Ndp
OZp cpf hpu s uX$php gpNu, epf s cpf v|f L$fhp sZ bp pp L$fu. s S> kde d{p Ahp
bu L$pCp eodp OZp lpd eg lphpu A[ Z AZu uX$psp lpC sZ Z pspy AZ v|f L$fhp
bp pp L$fu. epf by vy:M AL$ S> L$peu e Ahp rhQpf L$fu bpA A[ L$y L$ ""sy
klpyu pp L$fu sp bpZpu h bmph, AV$g s bpZpdp hi L$fu h bpmsp sp{ AZ dV$i.''
R>u A[A s dpZ pp L$fsp, klpy fdp bku bpZp R>pX$sp h bpmhp dpX$ey, epf vhepNu
L$V$gpL$ bpZp hrkW$p hdp X$ep AV$g s h Z bmhp dpX$ey. su hrkW$ klpy ip Apep L$ spfp
lp L$pC S>i. epf R>u L$V$gpL$ qvhk S>dv[u Npe gC S>hpu BR>p spdp vhpA D L$fu, A
su kh nrepp pi ep. su Ap Z vhp hNfy pkrNL$ L$pe lsy, dye epS> sp cspp vpjp pi
L$fu rNyZc[sy p L$fhpy S> lsy. Ad L$^p Au S>Zpe R>)&&148-152
d V$pL$fZ Qpgy:
fiyfpd nrepp h^ L$ep ep kyûy Chfy Qqf L$lu, R>u Npr^ fpu A^|{ fpMg cspy
Qqf L$l R>. sdp Npr^ fpp y rhhprdu L$p L$l R> (gp.28-37). rhhprd pspp dpV$p ypp
epN L$ep, A ANsp y iy:i lqfQp eodp y{jiy sfuL$ lpdhpp lsp, sp pspp ypdp
15
kdphi L$ep. bpZu rsW$p pe s dpV$ rhhprdu Ap L$p L$lgu R>. rhhprd bu Z yp lsp
su sdpu OZp L$pfp bpZp Npp epy S>Zphg R> (gp.36-37)153-154
Aepe 17:
Ap Qhidp Z hqvL$ A cpNdp Apk[shpmp Ahp b L$pfp csp ep R>. yfhp(A.14)
AgL$ (A.17&7) A f (A.17&12-14) d L$pfp lsp. Ap cspdp ^hsqfp S>d Z epy
L$lg R> (A.17&4). Ap cspdp vpj lsp Ad S>Zphhp fiyfpdp S>du W$, ^hsqfp Z S>d
epy Al] L$lg R>155-155&&
V$pL$fZ buSy>-Aepe 18,19:
kpdhip csp L$u lj, eeprs A y{ ded L$pfp csp lsp. lj OZp fp$du lsp. s
AdyL$ kde kyû B Z egp. (gp.3), su s Df csp L$p su Dd lsp. spdp rh^p, s, epN
sp bg gu^ O fp$d lsy 6&13&16. fdp dp bg O lsy, su s ded Nep u. lj
y[V$csp pdp lsp, R>sp s Dd NZg u L$pfZ L$ spdp vpj lsp(gp.3)155&&-157
1
eeprsy d iy lsy (gp.23) kh rhjepdp s dpZ (ke S>Zphp{) lsy. hmu s bpZ
4
iy$pQpep S>dpC lsp A sZ pspp y y kp pspp hep Avgpbvgp L$fgp (gp.45). Ap ded
cspdpp ded (hQgp) cs eeprsp b^y (gp.51) A dpny (A.19&24-25) hZ L$fgy R>.
lgp s b^hpmu Ahpdp lphpu s Dd cs NZg u. su Ap Aepedp kh S> csp L$lgp R>
s b^p Aphp ded L$pfp lphpy Zhy158-159
iy$pQpe y[V$p L$sp R>. (iy$pQpe bpZ lphp R>sp sdZ depvp rh{ pspu yu vhepu
eeprs fp kp fZphu, su sd ""y[V$p L$sp'' L$lg lphpy S>Zpe R>) depvpdp (kh) kd AV$g ^d
dpZ pe. eeprs y[V$ A depvp bdp lsp, (y[V$dp lphpu s bpZu ep vhepu fep.
depvpdp lphpu) sZ iy$pQpey (irdW$p kp L$pC kb^ L$fhpy) hQ dpe fpey (A.18,&3032). sZ sdy hQ dpey sdp L$pd Ahp L$pd^d (L$pd kpp ^d) L$pC L$pf L$pfZ lsp. (Fsydp
L$pdphpmu u kp kb^ L$fhp s ^d R>, L$pfZ L$ ^dipu shu Apop R>) fsy qvV$(vh) S> L$pfZ
lsy. Al](gp.32dp) uL$Zu BR>p S> "qvV$' L$lgu R>. yp hi iy fl s dpV$ cNhp Ahu BR>p
L$fgu.160-161
blpfp A Avfp cvu (ipu blpfp A ipu Avfp AV$g y[V$ A depvp p cvu
Ahp A S>Zpe R>. su vhepup yp y[V$dpN}e A irdW$pp depvpdpN}e ep) b L$pfp c[sdpNdp
flgpAp lpe R>. depvpdp flpfp Z L$pfp (eeprsp yp) egp (gp.33). sAp L$u y eeprsA
pspy Dd kd fpe Apg lsy, R>sp sZ rspy (hep Avgp-bvgp L$fhpy) ApNleys hQ dpe
fpey, su y dpV$p cs R>, R>sp Z dpsp kp kb^ L$fhp sZ pspy he rsp Apg lphpu s
ded Zhp. (su Ap hep Avgp-bvgp L$fhpy L$pe kp{ lsy) fsy ey[su eeprsA bpZ
(iy$pQpe)u OZu pp L$fu Ahu NpW$hZ L$fgu.162-163&&
16
cs (eyr^[W$f)p kP$Nu ljp $u dpn ep (dlpcp.hh A.178-181). eeprsA

pspu hpkp ips pe, A L$pd |Z pe s dpV$ bu (pspp y y)u Sy>hpu gC rhQpf L$ep rhp
cpN cpNep, cpN kvp vpj R> Ad S>Zphhp, up L$pd ips pe A psp dpn ps L$fhpdp flgu
AX$QZ v|f pe s dpV$, sZ u hfpe D L$fsp A hsyp shp bp^ L$fsp bL$fpu L$p L$lu
(A.19&3-12). sdp ""hudp S>V$gp QpMp S>h..'' (gp.13) hNf hQp, sZ pspy Y$ hfpe
kbû op vedp kpfu fus Ns L$fsp pspp epS> dpV$ L$lgp. rs (eeprs) A pspu AX$QZ v|f
L$fhp dpV$ S> vhepu A Dvi Apg lphp R>sp Z, spu su Z dy[s C (gp.27-29). Al] S>
csp L$lgp R> sdu Z dy[s C Ad S>Zphhp eeprsy L$pe kpfu fus rk ey (s dy[s ps C) Ad
L$lgy R> (gp.24-25). yu dy[s sp C S> NC, Ad sp hi iy lphpy L$y su S>Zphpey. hmu sp
hidp khvp hZhp A bpZp D sp(A.21&16-34) su Z s dys epy S>Zpe R>.163&&169&&
V$pL$fZ uSy>-Aepe 20-23:
Qhidp cfs, frsvh A evy A Z Dd csp ep. s L$u cfsdp kpdeu, frsvhdp êu
A evydp c[su Dd Ahr^ lgpu S> flgu lsu. Ap Qhip L$fZdp sAp R>u S> fpAp L$lgp R>
s sdu lgp L$lgpu kdp NyZhpmp S> Zhp. su kh fpApp (Ap L$fZdp dye S>Zphg) h
fpApdp S> kdphi pe R>. cfsu L$p 20&17-33 dp, frsvhu 21&12-18 dp A evyu 23&1920 dp L$lgu R>. Aepe bphukdp L$pfhp, pX$hp, hNfu L$p L$lgu R>.169&&-171&&
Qphukdp Aepedp bu L$V$gpL$ fpApu Dr L$lu c[sp As kpnps cNhp uL$Z L$V$
epy L$lg R> (gp.55). cNhp uL$Z; c[su W$ pspp hp DL$ju, kh dy[s ps L$fphhp
i[sdp R>. Sy>vp-Sy>vp fpS>hu cspp vpj v|f ep lsp Ad S>Zphhp hvcy Dpep (A.23&35-39,
A.24&1) A bu kh Dpepp L$lgp R>. cNhpp h sdp Qqfp kb^ R>, fsy epf
h rhfpS>sy lpe epf sdp Qqfp hZ-L$us hNf, h S>V$gp DepNu sp u Ahp Y$ rQe
L$fu, byrdp iyL$ furns Qqf Qphukdp Aepedp knu L$lgy R> (A.24&66-67). ApNm rfp^dp
(vidp L$^dp) s Qqf rhspfu L$li. hpsrhL$ fus bû c[s y[V$ (c[s ps L$fhp)dp S> DepNu
R>, A y[V$ (c[s)dp h Dd Ahr^ R>, su c[sp As cNhpp hy hZ L$fgy R>
(gp.65). R>u cNhpu q$epi[s (gp.60 u 64,66) A opi[s (gp.66) A by sp gpqL$L$
A hqvL$ L$pe (gp.67) A by furnsy d cNhpp QpV$ s dpV$ knu Np L$fgy R>171&&-177
17
18
L$^ vidp:rfp^
Qsyqhirs^p rcp c[s{sp@rsvygcp&&
kspiursfpepep rfp^ vid dsp:&1&&
Qphuk L$pfp cvhpmu Arsvygc c[s hdp L$^dp L$lu. lh vidp L$^dp rfp^p rhjedp kpiu
Aepep rhQpfg R>.
heepekvcp s: L$rdcphs:&&
L$jp[Qv A kvl: L$^p L$V$p dlp&&2&&
bphV$u(rns) Aepepp rhQpfu hy Aepep Ap L$^dp gMpegp R>. Ap L$^p Adp L$V$gpL$ dpV$p
kvl V$ eg R>.
bpfdp sfdp A Qpvdp A Z Aepep L$pCA pR>mu gMu ucpNhsdp Ddfg R>. s Z Aepe
NZu hy Aepe Ap L$^dp lphpy L$l R>, fsy A Z Aepep rns (pR>mu L$pCA Ddfgp)
lphpu Ap L$^p kpiu S> Aepe R>.
s[hed A^yp khrZe|hL$d&&
vidp: L$fZpepepQ rhQpes&&3&&
s kvl v|f pe s dpV$ kh rhjepp rZe L$fu vidp L$^p Ap L$fZpp Ap A Aepepp
Ap rhQpf L$fhpdp Aph R>.
hgnZgep rl L$Zse rZps&&
Ape: $dcprhhps rfp^p hrs kie:&&4&&
uL$Z h Mpk rQlpu ApmMpe shp R>. sdy vidp L$^dp rZ L$fgy lphpu Ap L$^ Ape
S>Zphpfp R> L$ gugpp Ay$ddp rfp^ Aphsp lphpu rfp^ S>Zphpfp R>? Ahp kie R>.
kN, rhkN, p, pjZ, Ers, dhsf, CipyQqfs, rfp^ A dy[s A h Mpk gugpAp L$fpf
uL$Z ApmMpe. sdy vidp L$^dp rZ L$fgy lphpu, Ap L$^ h gugpAp S>dpdp R> s Ape
S>Zphpfp R>, Ahp Ap L$lsp 2&10&1 dp "CipyQqfs' R>u "rfp^' gugp L$lgu lphpu s Ay$d dpZ
Ap L$^ rfp^ S>Zphpfp R>? Ahp kie R>. u^f A L$ZQse p ds dpZ Ap L$^ "Ape'
S>Zphpfp R>. epf ApQpeup ds dpZ s "rfp^' S>Zphpfp R>.
gugpr^pfL$p : $ddp sy vybgd&&
epL$[Qs hZ ka$ghpe L$s&&5&&
rfp^: gep gpL$ rk: L$s k:&&
susp pvi Qh dlhps iygugep&&6&&
krlsp pe: L$^ rsp Bsurs Qs&&
gugpp rZe L$fphpf L$^p A R>. dp Ay$d sp vybg R>. lfL$pC L$pf (lfL$pC $du) cNhpu
gugpy hZ pe s a$g Aphpu i[shpmy R>. gpL$dp rfp^ ge sfuL$ rk R>. Qpgy kP$N (vidp
L$^)dp s (ge) u A bpfdp L$^dp s hpdp Aph R> S>. su vidp L$^dp DdZp gu^
uL$Zu iy gugp kp uL$Zy rZ L$fgy R>'' Ad L$lsp lp sp...
Ap L$^dp Apey rZ R> Ad rk L$fhp u^f L$fg sL$ Ap L$pqfL$pApdp L$lg R>. "rfp^' AV$g ge.
bpfdp L$^dp gep L$lg R>. su Ap L$^dp Apey A bpfdp L$^dp gey rZ R> Ahp u^fp
ds L$p.
rl kpne d kyrZd&&7&&
hgnZkpnp pep es L$d&&
AN gugpeL$p a$grkp hp chs&&8&&
rkps:bup Df S> Ap^pf fpMsy lpe shy lgp kpfu fus S>Zphu iL$pe. su h gnZp Df
Ap^pf fpMpf Apey Ap L$^dp hZ L$hu fus pe? hmu a$g ps L$fhpp kb^dp crhedp L$lhpu
b gugpAp rfL$ pe.
kN rhkN hNf h gugpAp Df "Ape' Ap^pf fpMpfp R>. su s h L$uu rfp^ A dy[s gugpAp
L$p lgp Apey hZ C iL$ rl. hmu vidp L$^dp Apey rZ L$fg lpe, sp sdpfp(u^f) ds
dpZ ArNepfdp sp bpfdp L$^dp dy[s A rfp^ L$lhpy epS> flsy u, L$pfZ L$ Ape rk ep
R>u gugpAp Zhpu S>f flsu u. su s L$lgu L$pdu pe.
|hpfL$êpQ es L$pfZ-L$pesp&&
AhL$pvi@e[s $dQ huL$sp chs&&9&&
lgpp A R>up L$^pp L$pfZ A L$pe p cphp pi pe. A (uL$Z) sp ArNepfdp L$^dp
Z R>. hmu $dp Z huL$pf i.
lgpp L$^ R>up L$^y L$pfZ A R>up L$^ su lgpp L$^y L$pe R>. vidp L$^dp Ape
L$lg lpe, sp s epS>p Z flsu u. Ap L$^dp cNhpy Qqf L$lgy lphpu Al] Ape L$lg R> Ad
Z dpe sd u, L$pfZ L$ ArNepfdp L$^dp Z uL$Zy Qqf L$lgy R> S>. Ap L$^dp rfp^ L$lg R>,
Ad dphpu gugpAp bû Ay$d L$lgu pe R>, AV$g gugpApp $dp Z huL$pf pe R>.
Qqf vid dye |h hrZsd&&
rfp^p sp c[s-rk Q lqfbcp&&10&&
vidp L$^dp cNhpy Qqf dye R>. hy lgp hZ L$fgy R>. rfp^ L$fhp sdS> c[s khu C iL$
s dpV$ lqf L$V$ egp.
cNhp uL$Zy lgp hdp L$^dp Z hZ L$fgy R> (9&24&55-67). su hdp, vidp A
ArNepfdp A Z L$^pdp uL$Z R> (su uL$Zy hZ lphpu vidp L$^dp Apey rZ R> Ad
L$lu iL$pe). vidp L$^dp cNhpy Qqf dye R>. kh gpL$p rfp^ L$fhp A sdpu c[s C iL$ s
dpV$ cNhp uL$Zy pL$V$e egy.
Apep epip sv bc|h l&&
Apep epip k hpep pvi azV$:&&11&&
Al] vidp L$^dp S>hp Ape sd L$lp R>p s dpV$ cNhp NV$ ep u. Al] (ucpNhsdp) S>hp
Ape L$lhp BR>g R> s bpfdp L$^dp V$ L$lhpp R>.
bpfdp L$^dp ge S> V$ L$lg R>, Ape L$lgp u Ad dphy. Ap L$^dp sp rfp^ pe A
c[s C iL$ s dpV$ cNhpy Qqf L$lgy R>, Ape L$lgp u. Ape bpfdp L$^dp V$ L$li.
c|cpfe rfp^p hp sL$syhp kds:&&
Apsepqflpcphps dyspheyhrs:&&12&&
c|rdp cpfp Ahp s cpf L$fpfp rfp^(pi) Ap L$^dp L$lg lphpy ky{jp dpsp u, L$pfZ L$
Ap L$^p Apfcdp A Asdp s L$lg u, A dy[s ANuepfdp L$^dp Z s Qpgy R>.
c|rdp cpfp rfp^(pi) A s cpf L$fpf vyV$ fpApp rfp^ Ap L$^dp L$lg R>, Ahp bpvhp
ds Z ky{jp BV$ u, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$^p Apfcdp A Asdp c|rdp cpfp A cpf L$fpf vyV$
fpApp pi L$epy L$lg u. hmu ANuepfdp L$^dp Z c|rdp cpfp pi L$lg R>. su Al] "rfp^'
ivu pi S>Zphg u.
gnZephiQ gugprê sp chs&&
sv S>dL$ psprhfpr^ rl&&13&&
hmu gnZ b^ bki rl A gugp h^pfpu i. s dpV$ cNhpp S>d epy L$lhy A pu syrsu
rh{ R>.
2&10&6dp ""i[sApp ie R>u Ap Apdpy ie s rfp^'' Ahu rfpû epep L$lgu R>. vyV$
fpApp h^ rfp^ dphpdp Aph, sp A epep(gnZ) b^ bki rl A vi Dfps A h^pfpu gugp
i. hmu p 1&8&20dp uL$Zu syrs L$fsp sdp S>d c[su hr L$fhp epy L$l R>. sd vyV$
fpAp lZhp S>d epy L$lp R>p s; s syrsu Z rh{ R>.
|hpfL$êpQ es L$pfZL$pesp&&
rfp^p@epyie Q $uX$ lf:&&14&&
i[srcf vyrhcpeprc: L$Zers rl gnZd&&
rfp^p eprNL$Qp fp^pdp ksp ds:&&15&&
hmu lgpp A R>up L$^pdp L$pfZ A L$pep kb^ R>, sp Z pi pe. ""(i[sApp ie)
R>u Ap lqfy ie AV$g lqf uL$Zu rQs L$fu iL$pe shu i[sApu Qdp $uX$p'' Ahy rfp^y
gnZ L$lgy R>. su ky{jp pspu Avf fpL$u fpMhp rfp^p eyru sp A Al] BR>gp R>.
bu L$û ukybprûdp AL$ R>u AL$ gugpy hZ L$fpf L$^pdp L$pfZ A L$pe kb^ lphpy
viphg R>. hdp L$^dp CipyQqfs Ahp c[s L$lgu R>, su Ap L$^dp cNhp Qdp $uX$p L$fu
c[sp L$pe rfp^ L$f R>, AV$g csp Qy rhdfZ L$fphu pspdp fpL$u fpM R> (Apk[s L$fph R>)
Ahp rfp^p eyru sp A S> BR>gp R>. rfp^ AV$g fpApp h^, Ahp {rQu eg A Al]
BR>gp u, L$pfZ L$ shp A gCA sp rfpû epep L$lu R> s OV$su u.
csp: |h rrvV$p: s fpep rhdyse&&
L$Z r{L$fZpv csp dysp ch[s rl&&16&&
lgp (hdp L$^dp) csp L$p sAp dy[s ps pe s dpV$ sdp rfp^ L$fhp CA, L$pfZ L$
uL$Zdp B[epp rfp^ eg lphpu csp dy[s ps L$f R>.
hdp L$^dp c[s, vidpdp rfp^ A ArNepfdpdp dy[s L$lgp R>. su csp S> dy[s Aphpu
lphpu, sAp dy[s ps L$f s dpV$ sdp S> rfp^ Ap L$^dp L$fhpp R> Ad rk pe R>. su vyV$
fpApp h^ Al] rfp^ L$lg u.
csQ iysprk Qpv rhrhpfZd&&
Apk[sfpdr sp rfp^p kie:&&17&&
A iy c[s C iL$ s dpV$ sAp Qdpu lV$phu gu^p R>, A rfp^ pe s dpV$ pspdp sdu
Apk[s L$fphu R> sdp kie u.
cNhpdp sdu B[ep hNf fpL$pC fl sp S> sd dy[s ps pe R>, A iy c[su S> B[ep
cNhpdp fpL$pC fl. bup kP$N fl sp iy c[s C iL$, A Q c|g sp bup kP$N fl.
su sd Qdpu cNhp lV$phu g R> A pspdp sdu B[ep hNf fpL$pC fl s dpV$ S> pspdp S>
sdu Apk[s Z L$fph R>. ApMpe L$^dp Ap S> hpdp Aph R>. su vyV$ fpAp lZhp Ahp
c|rdp cpf v|f L$fhp A rfp^ lphpy Al] BR>g u.
Qrhdrssdps L$Zpk[sQ hes&&
"iepkpV$pgp'gpL$ a$rgsduqfsd&&18&&
su sdp Qp rhdfZy A uL$Zdp Apk[sy hZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. 10&87&46 gpL$dp
qfZpd L$lgy R>.
cNhpu Qdp $uX$p A kp^ R>, spu Qy rhdfZ A uL$Zdp Apk[s ep. ""uL$Zdp
rQhpmp h[ZAp k|sp, bksp, a$fsp, hpsQus L$fsp, fdsp A p hNf L$dp L$fsp pspp rhdp
vly Z cp flsy lsy'' (10&87&46) Ahy gpL$dp Ap L$^p As s qfZpd L$lgy R>.
psf sy V$hhuL$e rrh^p r&&
QpcphL$fZpv Dlpfrs rZe:&&19&&
V$u W$ bu h ^pfZ L$fu Z L$pfp NyZhpmp pspp khL$p Qdpu lV$phu sdp cNhp
Dpf L$ep, Ahp rZe pe R>.
4
csp sdk fS>k A kh A NyZpu Ofpegp lphpu, sdp hcph a$fhsp sd bl vy:M pe A
psp Z d hpu L$gihpmy L$d pe. su sd pe s dpV$ dpepu cNhp V$u W$ bu dyep vl
^pfZ L$ep, A s vlu sd Qy rhdfZ L$fphu, sdpu sdp Dpf L$ep, su cspp Qp pi
A S> Ap L$^p A R> Ahp rQe R>.
kdyvpep S>dhpQu $uX$peyse h lf:&&
Qrhdrs-k[scspp Qpr epNs:&&20&&
ApMp L$^ $uX$p L$fpf lqfp S>dy A hmu rfpû eyr dpZ cspp Qy rhdfZ A
cNhpdp Apk[s S>Zphpfp R>.
lgp L$fZdp cNhpu $uX$p L$lgu u. su L$^p A rfp^ lpe sp Z lgp L$fZ s gpNy rl
X$ Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ s L$fZdp Z cNhpu AdyL$ L$pfu $uX$p A sdp i[sA L$fg
kplpe L$lgp R>. su ApMy L$fZ gsp sp Z rfp^dp kdphi pe R>.
q$epQL$ S>dp dp dsp&&
spdkpp sy csppd De sy ss: fp&&21&&
Al] pQ L$fZp L$lgp R> 1.lgy cNhpp S>d S>Zphp{ dpegy R>, A 2.epf R>uy sp spdk
cspp Dpf pe s dpV$ L$lgy R>.
fpS>kpp ssuep sy Qsy} kp[hL$u dsp&&
Aseper^vhpqvepeppr h lf:&&22&&
cNe evi: epv Asse rhe&&
cNe klS>hpe Qdu q$ep dsp&&23&&
3.uSy> fpS>kpp A 4.Qpy kp[hL$pp Dpf pe s dpV$ rhQpfpeg R>. 5."Al] Z Asepdu Ahp
Ar^vhp ^pfZ lqf (uL$Z)dp cNhpp R> NyZp lphpy L$lg li'' Ahp (rhQpf Aph) s v|f L$fhp
sdpdp A R> NyZp Ly$vfsu R> Ad S>Zphhp pQdy L$fZ L$pp rZe pe R>.
QsyrcQ sp sh: shqhirsrcsp&&
AL$pr^L$sp jX$rc: Aepe: $dip dsp:&&24&&
1
2
3
4
5
Qpf A shu fus A$phuk, A$phuk A AL$huk sdS> R> Aepep Ap L$fZpp Ay$d dpegp
R>.&&24&&
1.S>dL$fZ Aepe 1 u 4.
Qsyd|rslqfs: spepeQsyV$ed&&
d hpkyvhp@c|v hkyvhqv [s:&&25&&
lqf Qpf d|rshpmp L$V$ ep, su S>d L$fZp Qpf Aepep R>. lgp Aepedp hkyvhp vedp flgp
hpkyvh L$V$ ep.
deyhpfZkpded Aep chs hrQs&&
sd lpe sp vhL$up dey AV$L$phhpu i[s hkyvhdp L$pC kNpdp lpe.
Ap vpY$ L$pqfL$pu hpkyvh e|lp Ahspf L$lgp R>. Al] d|g pdpu c|rd Df Aphhy s Ahspf L$lgp R>.
dp pspy AgpqL$L$ sS> budp d|L$hy s Ahspf L$lg u. hkyvh L$ku sy vhL$uy dey AV$L$phu iep, s
sdp vedp ^pfg hpkyvh e|lu i[s gu^ S>.
kP$L$jZp rsue sy azV$p veh^pe rl&&26&&
sp ssue y: Qsyp sye Des&&
rbp es: L$[Qv As: kh rhdprQsp:&&27&&
^dfnpls|e ^dbp^Q hes&&
bu Aepedp sp vepp h^ pe s dpV$ kP$L$jZ Ahspf epy V$ R>. shu S> fus u Aepedp
y Ahspf epy V$ R>. Qpp Ar{ Ahspf Qpp Aepedp L$lgp R>. s L$pCu b^pegp u, su
kh R|>V$p L$fpep. ^dp fnZ epS> pL$V$y L$pfZ lphpy L$lhp dpV$ ^d eg cey hZ L$fgy R>.
Qpf Aepedp Qpf e|l L$V$ epy S>Zpey. vhL$uy dey AV$L$phhpy L$pe cNhp S> L$fg lphpy A.1&56
Dfp ukybprûp Apcpkdp L$lgy R>. su s AV$L$phpfp hQ bpgpf hkyvhp vedp s kde hpkyvh
L$V$ egp. bu Aepep gp.8dp kP$L$jZ e|ly pV$ V$ L$lg R>. u Aepedp gp.8u y
e|ly pL$V$ Z shu S> fus V$ S>Zphgy R>. Qpp Aepedp Ar{ e|ly pL$V$ epy L$lgy R>,
"Ar{' AV$g L$pCu AV$L$phgp rl. L$k vhL$u sp hkyvh L$pfpNldp kpL$mpu bpû |fg, sd R|>V$p L$ep
A kpL$mp L$pY$u Mphu (A.4&14,24). Ap Ar{ e|ly L$pe lphpu Ap Aepedp Ar{ e|ly
pL$V$ epy L$lgy R>, ^dy fnZ L$fhy A Z Ar{ e|ly L$pe R>. s L$lhpdpV$ d ^d ce epy
L$lhy CA, su Ap Qpp Aepedp ^d ce epy Z L$lgy R> (gp.31-45).
hkyvhpv vhL$usp dyfpsQ NpLy$gps&&28&&
pvyc|sQsyd|rs: cNhp p kie:&&
hkyvhu vhL$uu dyfpu A NpLy$mu Qpf d|rshpmp cNhp L$V$ ep. Ap (rhje)dp kvl u.
1.S> hkyvhp vedp lgp flgp s cNhp. 2.""s bdpu AL$ L$pmp L$ihpmp ep'' A hpe dpZ vhL$uu
L$V$ ep. 3.epf R>u s Nc epNdpep gC Nep R>u hkyvh du vhL$udp ^fphg kh shpdp hi L$fg
cNhp y dyfpdp L$V$ ep. A 4.L$pCA fpL$g rl s Ar{ NpLy$gu L$V$ ep A dpZ Qpf
d|rshpmp cNhpy pL$V$ ey.
psfhuL$fZd Aeperse rl&&29&&
V$cph: Qsy ... ... ... ... ...&&
lgp Z Aepepu cNhp bu hp huL$pf L$epy L$lg R> A Qpp Aepeu V$u q$ep NlZ
L$epy L$lg R>.
Qpp Aepep epepdp sdp V$u [rs NlZ L$epy L$li.
Aepe 1-cNhpp pV$ey L$pfZ:
... ... ... ... lsyfp rrs:&&
rrh^pp r^p vy:M lsyS>dr h lf:&&30&&
cNhpp pL$V$y L$pfZ lgp Aepedp L$lgy R>. Z L$pfp cspy Z L$pfy vy:M MfMf lqfp
S>dy L$pfZ R>.
kp[hL$, fpS>k A spdk A Z L$pfp cspy vy:M cNhpp pL$V$y L$pfZ R>. s lgp Aepedp
L$lgy R>.
c|rddpsp sp Qpe vy:Mcp lf: rep:&&
L$kpv: L$pgsp@opps r^p vy:Msy svNsd&&31&&
c|rd, dpsp vhL$u, bu lqfp csp vy:M pd R>. L$k hNfu L$pgu A Aopu Ad sAp eg vy:M
Z L$pfy R>.
L$pgS> cykb^ps L$kS> lsyhpfZps&&
hpefopkc|s ie ss rse lf:&&32&&
c|rd L$pgu sy vy:M cyp kb^ gu^, L$ku egy vy:M vhL$up deyp L$pfZ AV$L$phhpu, (pfv
hNfp) hQpu Aop gu^ vy:M egy R>. s Z lqfu S> AV$L$phu iL$pe shp vy:M R>.
pfeyN A L$rgeyN u k[^ L$pg s kde lsp spu c|rd egy vy:M cNhpp kbû v|f pe shy
lphpu s cNhpp pL$V$y L$pfZ R>, Ad gp.22 u S>Zpe R>. gp.34dp ApL$pihpZuA ""vhL$up
ApW$dp Nc s lZi'' Ad L$k sy dey L$fphpf S>Zpep, A R>u 54dp gpL$dp vhL$uy dey AV$L$phhp
vhL$uu L$k ce u Ad hkyvh L$y, su vhL$u eg vy:M cyp S>dy L$pfZ R>. L$ku d|MpCu bu
csp vy:M eg s pfv hNfA L$k L$lg hQpu egy. Ap vy:M cNhpu S> v|f pe shp lsp, A s
v|f L$fhp cNhpy pL$V$ ey su Ap Aepedp cNhpp pL$V$y L$pfZ L$lg R>.
krlsp: |h Qs: q$ep dsp:&&
Ap Aepedp kp Qpf prdL$ rhje L$lgp R>.
S>d vy:M cNhpp Ahspfp L$pfZ R>, sd fpp s L$p L$lhpp L$pfZ R>. su Ap Aepedp
A Z L$pfp vy:M dmu Qpf prdL$ rhje L$lgp R>.
Aepe 2-pL$V$dpV$ Dd:
DdQ sp ps: kpdNubg Des&&33&&
7
dpepi[s: hrhlpf he ssueL$d&&

kdrs: khvhpp Qsyer rrsp&&34&&
Dd Z shp L$lgp R>. bgc kpdNu L$lg R>. pspp rhlpfdp dpep i[s kpdNu R>. pspy h
uSy> rhlpfdp kp^ R>, Qpu (pL$V$dp) kh vhpu kdrs Z L$lgu R>.
Dd Z "shp' AV$g Qpf L$pfp L$lgp R>. 1.bgc kpdNu L$lg R> (gp.5-15) 2.cNhpp
rhlpfdp dpep Z kpdNu R> (gp.6-14) 3.gp.18dp S>Zphg cNhpy h Z rhlpfdp kp^ R>
4.kh vhpu kdrs Z vhL$up ce v|f L$fpfu lpC kpdNu R>.
kpdebp^pe L$koppqv{es&&
L$ky op hNf (cNhpp) hu i[s S>Zphhp L$lg R>.
20-23 kyûp gpL$pdp S>Zphg L$ky op hNf sp cNhpp hu S> eg lpC, hy AP$N
lphpu, h^pfpp (pQdp) rhje sy u.
Aepe 3-bu p huL$pf:
Qsy^p huL$rsQpr L$pg d|ghs:&&35&&
hkyvhe kdep rsuep@r rrsp&&
vhepQ ssuep@r Qsy} hperNd:&&36&&
A bu hp huL$pfp Z Qpf rhcpN R>. 1.L$pgp hZdp d|ghu L$V$ epy, hmu 2.hkyvhu
kdrsu bu, 3.vhL$uu kdrsu u Z (bu hp huL$pf) S>Zphg R>. 4.Qpp bu hp
huL$pf cNhp L$lgp hQpu S>Zphgp R>.
lgpy h Zsp lpCA, sp S> bu huL$pfgp hy cp pe. 1.su d^fpsp L$pgy hZ L$fu d|g
hy op L$fphg R> (gp.1-12). 2.cNhp buSy> h NlZ L$f sdp hkyvhu kdrs lphpy sdZ
L$fgu syrsu S>Zphg R> (gp.13-22). 3.sdp vhL$uu kdrs lphpy vhL$uA L$fgu syrsu S>Zpe R>
(gp.23-30). 4.cNhp buSy> h ^pfZ L$f R> s sp sdp hQp sp NpLy$g ^pfhpy; Aepe |fp
sp kyû S>Zphg R>. Ap Dfu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ d|g h S> Ap buSy> ^pfZ L$fgy R>.
Aepe 4-V$u QV$p:
Qsy^p V$cphp@r vhep dpeep sp&&
y: L$kcepr hkyvh Q [rs:&&37&&
V$u QV$pp Z Qpf rhcpN R>: 1.vhL$uA L$fgu 2.dpepA L$fgu, 3.L$kp ceu hkyvh dyfpdp L$fgu
[rs...
1.vhL$u L$ep bQphhp V$u QV$p L$f R> (gp.4-7), 2.R>u dpep V$u QV$p L$f R> (gp.8-13),
3.hkyvh L$k R|>V$p L$ep R>sp s dyfp s buS> m e, sp L$k iP$L$p pe L$ bpgL$ sdZ buS>
^fpep li, A su ArV$ L$fhpu hr L$f. su sd pe s dpV$ L$kp ceu s R|>V$p lphp R>sp
dyfpdp S> fp A sdZ L$fgu V$u QV$p R>(gp.14-28).
8
L$dZp lsyrk ijp@ rhres&&

Aep V$gugh L$kpv vy:M rhpfes&&38&&
4.L$dy epS> rk pe s dpV$ bpL$up Aepe Al] L$lg R>. sd pe, sp L$ku sy vy:M V$gugp S>
AV$L$ph.
4. L$k blep hNf L$f, sp hkyvh A vhL$up Afp^ L$fg s sp sZ ndp L$fphg lphpu, L$k
lZhpy L$pC L$pfZ fl rl. su cNhp su pk blep hNf L$fpep A cNhp L$fgu V$u QV$p R>.
Ahu fus V$u QV$pp Z Qpf rhcpN R>.
sphvhp pV$ rl ephugp bp^s&&
Asp pV$e kP$L$pQp pV$pepe rrs:&&39&&
ep kyû gugpdp rh pe ep kyû S> Al] pV$ L$fgy R>. su (Ap) pV$p Aepedp pV$ kP$L$pQu
gu^py S>Zphg R>.
cNhp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfu gugpAp L$fhp Ahspf gu^g R>, pV$ L$fhp gu^g u. su gugpdp rh pe
ep kyû S> pV$ L$fgy R>. cNhp L$k pk blep hNf L$fph, sp L$ku sy vy:M C flhpu ApNm
gugp pe rl, su gugp C iL$ s dpV$ V$u QV$p L$fu su pk blep hNf L$fpep. R>u V$u QV$pu
S>f flhpu s b^ L$fu. (Ap Aepep R>p gpL$u V$u QV$pu ApNm S>f flhpy k|Qhg S>Zpe
R>).
Ah Qsyrcfepef V$hs pL$sp@chs&&
A dpZ Qpf Aepepu V$u W$ cNhp pL$s bpgL$ ep, Ad L$lgy R>.
L$fZ 2-spdk cspp rfp^(A.5-32)
Asspdkcsppd AV$pthirsrc: $dps&&40&&
dp-de: kp^Q a$gQpr L$ L$&&
cNhp ks^p gugp Ly$h DpfL$: f:&&41&&
y{jpdZ eQL$pf svyes&&
dpZ, de, kp^ A a$g u Apd kps L$pf Sy>vu-Sy>vu gugp L$fsp spdkcspp Dd Dpf L$fpf
cNhp y{jpd hu S> L$ey, s lh Ay$d A$phuk Aepepu L$lhpdp Aph R>.
Ap spdk L$fZp Qpf V$pL$fZp R>:
A.spdkdpZ
Ap.spdkde
B.spdkkp^ A
C.spdka$g.
s vfL$ kps-kps Aepepp R>. Ap L$fZdp cNhp S> gugp L$fu s e|l hu L$fgu u, fsy
y{jpd h S> L$fgu R>. V$u W$ pL$s dyep S>hp vl ^pfZ L$fu Ap gugp L$fsp spdkcspp Dd
Dpf L$fpf y{jpd pspp hu S> gugp L$fu s Ap spdkL$fZdp L$lgu R>.
A.spdkdpZ L$fZ. Aepe 5-11
s dpZcph kspepeu res&&42&&
s L$u dpZp speu L$fgu kps Aepepdp L$lgu gugpy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>.
cNhQqfs edps dpZd Bl des&&
Aopd Aepop dpZ c[slsyL$d&&43&&
Ap Aepepdp L$lg cNhpp Qqf kbû dpZ hpdp Aph R>. Aop A Aepop c[s D
L$fphpfp lphpu dpZ R>.
Ap Aepepdp L$lgp uL$Zp Qqfp cNhpp S> Qqfp R>, A rhjep dpZ Al] hpdp Aph R>.
cNhp rhiy Aop A (Ap cNhp u fsy buSy> L$pC bpgL$ R> Ahy) Aepop Z hpdp Aph
R>. R>sp s Aop A Aepop; c[s D pe s dpV$ cNhp L$fgp lphpu s Z dpZ R>.
y{jpZpd A rW$p uZp de ss: f&&
kp^ kL$gpp Q a$g ujy rs[W$sd&&44&&
Al] y{jpu Apk[s L$lgu R>. epf R>up de L$fZdp uApu Apk[s L$lgu R>. kp^ L$fZdp
khy kp^ cNhp pe R> A a$g uAp ps egy R>.
Ap V$pL$fZ (A.5-11)dp y{jpu cNhpdp Apk[s epy L$lg R>. epf R>up spdkde
V$pL$fZp (A.12-18)dp uApu cNhpdp Apk[s epy L$lg R>. kp^ V$pL$fZp (A.1925)dp cNhp kh cspy kp^ pe R>, A spdka$g V$pL$fZ (A.26-32)dp uAp Dd a$g
ps epy L$lg R>, a$g dyeh uAp ps eg R>.
Aepr Ns: L$Z Dkhp Ly${s@rMgp&&
As Ahecphp@ d rhrrs:&&45&&
uL$Z bu m ^pfg lphp R>sp kh Dkhp L$f R>. su Ap lgp Aepedp "Ahe' NyZ L$lgp R>.
uL$Z dyfpu NpLy$g ^pep, sp ep Z dpV$p Dkh ep A sdy Ahe viph R>. Ap Ahe viphpf
Aepe L$d L$lhpe R> s Ap V$pL$fZp lgp, d|mu pQdp Aepep 19dp gpL$u ukybprûp
Apcpkdp S>Zphg R>.
|spdpfZ hue eisy iL$V$pqvys&&
iL$V$ spdk ps sZphssy fpS>k:&&46&&
gpg ycph kp[hL$ dpl sp&&
10
|spp h^ "hue' viph R>. iL$V$ hNfp pi L$ep s sp "ei' viph R>. iL$V$ spdk L$lgy R>. sZphs sp
fpS>k lsp. y Dfp d gu^ gpg A dpl L$fhp A kp[hL$ lsp.
R>$p Aepedp cNhp |sp lZu, s sdy hue viph R>. Ap kP$Nu hue L$hu fus S>Zpe R> s gp.11
sp 12 Dfp ukybprûdp S>Zphg R>. kpsdp Aepedp cNhp iL$V$pkyf sp sZphsp pi L$f R>
A eipvp ApMy rhh pspp dyMdp vMpX$ R> A R>u dpl D L$f R>. Ap kP$Np cNhpp ei
viph R>. s ei L$hu fus viph R> s ukybprûdp Ap Aepep Apfcu pQdu L$pqfL$pdp S>Zphg R>. iL$V$
O hS>vpf lphpu spdk lsy. sZphs Qg lphpu fpS>k lsp. eipvpA gpX$ gX$pep A cNhpp
dyMdp rhh C rhde pdu A cNhp s dpl L$fpep, Ap kh eipvp op D L$fpfp lphpu
kp[hL$ R>.
usy gugp pdeysp op b^bp^d&&47&&
edgpyepdy[s: hfpe cNhp f:&&
kspepepsy eh sh byesp $d:&&48&&
pdp kb^hpmu gugp sp "u' R>. S> cNhpy b^ S>Zphgy R> s "op' R>. b X$L$p Aypu
dy[s "hfpe' viph R>. R>p Aepedp "cNhp'y rZ R>.
ApW$dp Aepedp "u'y rZ L$fgy R>. NNpQpe L$fg pdL$fZ kL$pf A cNhp cpMX$uep Qpg Qpghp
gpep A uy rZ L$f R>, L$pfZ L$ su kh y{jpp vy:M v|f pe R>. pdL$fZ gugpu khp vy:M v|f sp
lphpy NNpQpe Ap kP$Ndp L$l R>. cNhpp pdu kh y{jp L$hu fus a$g R> s gp.16 Dfp
ukybprûdp S>Zphgy R>.
hdp Aepedp "op'y rZ R>. eipvp Ofp b^p vpdX$pAp cNp L$fu Z su cNhp bpû isp
u, fsy dpsp Dfu L$pu cNhp pspu dm b^pe R>. su cNhpp vepmyZpy A hy op
pe R>. opy rZ L$hu fus pe R> s Ap Aepep Apfcu ukybprûu bu L$pqfL$pdp S>Zphg R>.
vidp Aepedp b X$L$p ASy> hnpu dy[s L$lu cNhpp "hfpe'y rZ L$fgy R>. Ap Aepep
Apfcu ukybprûu bu L$pqfL$pdp hfpey rZ L$hu fus pe R> s viphg R>.
ArNepfdp Aepedp ^d} cNhpy rZ Z L$fgy R>. R> NyZhpmp cNhpy rZ Ap Aepedp L$hu
fus pe R>, s Ap Aepep Apfcu ukybprûu u sp Qpu L$pqfL$pApdp viphg R>.
S>-S> L$fZdp kps Aepep R> s vfL$dp Aphp S> $d lphpy Zhy, AV$g lgp R> Aepep cNhpp R>
NyZpy A kpsdp Aepe ^d} cNhpy rZ L$f R> Ad Zhy.
Ade debyrrl dpZd Brs L$Q&&
L$V$gpL$ Ad L$l R> L$ S> Zu iL$pe shp u sd Zu iL$pe shp Zhp s dpZ.
11
S>dy op C iL$ sd u shp cNhp uL$Z Zu iL$pe shp R> Ahu byr "dpZ' lphpy L$V$gpL$ dp
R>. sApp ds dpZ cNhp uL$Z Ad ZuA R>uA Ahu cspu byr Ap L$fZdp su lphpu Ap
dpZ L$fZ R>. Ap ds ApQpeu BV$ u.
AV$ph dpZpr ed AL$ rsd&&49&&
Al] ApW$ dpZ S>Zphg R>. AL$ Aepedp b S>Zphg R>.
Al] MpVy$ eg lpe shp Ahp MpVy$ hp epe lpe shp op dpZ L$lg R>. shy op S>d pe
sAp, S> rhjey shy op pe s rhje, sp S> kpû shy op pe s kh "dpZ' L$lhpe R>, Ad
2&8&25 Dfp ukybprûdp viphg R>. su Al] "dpZ' ivu op L$lg R> Ad S>Zpe R>. kpsdp
Aepedp bpgL$p A uAp Ad b Aphy op ps L$fpfp L$lg lphpu (A bu b^p Aepepdp AL$AL$ shp L$lgp lphpu) ApW$ dpZ (op ps L$fpfp) Ap V$pL$fZdp R>.
dp hkyvhp rl rsuep v Des&&
bpgp[essuep rl Qsyp NN DQs&&50&&
eipvp Qdu psp jW$prhlpyp&&
Dvsy rrv: ksdp ^rdbp^L$:&&51&&
lgp hkyvh dpZ L$lgp R>, bu v, u bpgL$p A uAp , Qpp NN, pQdu eipvp, R>$p
(dpZp) h b ASy> hnp A ^d}y op L$fphpf kpsdp sp Dv S>Zphg R>.
pQdp Aepedp hkyvh Aphy op ps L$fpf L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ vp Dfu sdZ ey L$ ps
(hkyvh) NpLy$g S>C Aphg s v Mbf u. A pspp y uL$Z v sdp pspp y Z R>
(gp.27-30).
R>$p Aepedp v shp R>, L$pfZ L$ s cNhp pspp y Z R> (gp.43).
kpsdp Aepedp iL$V$p cP$Np kb^dp bpgL$p Aphp R>, L$pfZ L$ uL$Z NpXy$ spX$u pey Ahy sd op
pe R> (gp.9).
sZphsp kb^dp uAp shy op pe R> (gpL$ 29). epf buAp sp sZphsp pi epy L$pfZ
Zhpu s ipep L$f R>.
ApW$dp Aepedp NN shp R>, L$pfZ L$ v cNhp kbû Aop A MpVy$ op lsy s sZ ey
(gp.13-20).
hdp Aepedp eipvp shp L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ sdZ Z uL$Z pspp y S> ep (A.8&42-43.
A.9&17,18).
vidp Aepedp X$L$p ASy> hnp shp L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ MpX$Zuep kp bp^gp uL$Zu S>hpdpV$ f gsp
sdZ sd vp y S> Zg (gp.29-38).
ArNepfdp Aepedp Dv shp L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ sZ uL$Z gpr$ bpgL$ S> ep (gp.15).
cNhp pL$s bpgL$ C gugp L$f R>, shp pL$s bpgL$ sd Zhp A L$vpr MpVy$ pe shy op lphpy
Al] L$lg S>Zpe R>, A shy op ps L$fpfpAp Z Al] "dpZ' L$lgp lphpy S>Zpe R>. cNhp
kbû Aphp Aop A Aepop Z c[s L$fphpfp lphpu dpZ R> Ad Df L$pqf.43dp L$lg R>.
12
Aepe 5:
vivpjcd L$Zp hpfepdpk rQ^p&&
Ap cNhdpN bp^L$pr blr rl&&52&&
lgp Aepeu vidp vpj lphpu cp[s uL$Z V$ fus v|f L$fgu R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhpp dpNdp OZp
rhp pe R>.
Ap V$pL$fZp lgp, AV$g pQdp Aepedp uL$Z ^pfsp v dpV$p Dkh L$ep s L$lg R>. kX$pdp
flpfp Aopu A ApQpf rhpp lpe R>, R>sp uL$Z ^pfsp sApA dpV$p Dkh L$ep. su kX$pdp vip
vpj li Ahu cp[s Ap Dkhu v|f L$fgu R>. Ap Dkh L$fphu uL$Z Ad S>Zphg R> L$ kX$pdp hksp
gpL$pdp; psp ep hkhpu vip vpj fp lsp. cNhpp dpNdp rhp OZp pe R>, su.
Aepe 6-7:
rsue svcphp rl L$Zh chqvrs&&
kp^L$: kL$gppp ssue rhrrs:&&53&&
bu Aepedp uL$Zu S> sdp pi hpy L$lg R>. u Aepedp uL$Z S> kh A ps L$fphpf
lphpy L$lg R>.
Aepe 8-10:
c[svQsy rl c[shess: f:&&
khppfesy khjp khvpjys&&54&&
Qpp Aepedp uL$Z c[s Appf lphpy A epf R>updp kh hi fpMpf c[su hi pe shp
lphpy. epf R>updp khp Dpf L$fhpp e L$fpfp khp kh vpj v|f L$fpfp lphpy L$lg R>.
L$fZp Qpp AV$g ApW$dp Aepedp cNhpp pdy dplpe S>Zphgy R> A sdu bpggugpAp
hZhgu R>. Ap gugp cNhpdp c[s D L$fpfu R>.
hdp Aepedp eipvp uL$Z vpdX$pu bp^hp epk L$f R>. Ofp kh vpdX$p kp^hp R>sp s b^psp u,
fsy pR>mu L$p L$fu pspu dm b^pe R>. su Ad S>Zphg R> L$ cNhp c[su hi pe shp R>.
vidp Aepedp û dvp^ egp g-L|$bf A drZNuh uL$Z; pfv pk ip Aph R> A su
sdp Dpf L$f R>. su Ad S>Zphg R> L$ uL$Z khp Dpf L$fpfp R> A khp b^p vpjp v|f L$fph R>.
Aepe 11:
sspX$r fdpvvpeu ksd Ces&&
Qrhdrs: khp svpk[s: azV$h rl&&55&&
dpZbgdpkp khjp NpLy$g c|s&&
R>u Z kpsdp Aepedp uL$Z fdpv Appf L$lgp R> L$pfZ L$ dpZbg ps L$fu NpLy$gdp kh
Qy k|Z rhdfZ A sdpdp Apk[s egp V$ S> S>Zpe R>.
13
Ap L$fZp kpsdp AV$g ArNepfdp Aepedp uL$Z kh fdpv Appf lphpy L$lg R> (gp.7-9,
26 A 48). Ap V$pL$fZdp A V$ viphg R> L$ NpLy$gdp kh csp Qy k|Z rhdfZ ey A
uL$Zdp sApu Apk[s C. Ap V$pL$fZdp vfL$ Aepedp OZ cpN y{jpA L$fgu q$ep S> S>Zphu R>,
su Ap V$pL$fZu sApu cNhpdp rW$p epy L$lg R>.
Ap.spdkde L$fZ. Aepe 12-18
de bpg@r dpZpv ArMg [sd&&56&&
Dkh cepr L$psyL$ rhijs:&&
NNhpedy^cph: AepQerZ:&&57&&
edgpSy>cP$N bL$Opspqvrcsp&&
khekrdyep L$Zpksd Ac|d:&&58&&
As: dekep L$Zpk[srl hes&&
S>dy op ps L$fhpy R> shp bpgh uL$Zdp Z Aop kpp MpV$p op dpZ ps L$fu
Sy>vu-Sy>vu gugpApy kh L$sp lphpp rZe L$ep. su 1.Dkhu A hmu 2.ceu, 3.Mpk L$fu
L$psyL$u, 4.NNp hQpu (A) cpmZpu, 5.O ApQe viphhpu, 6.edgpSy>p cP$Nu A
7.bL$p h^ hNfu khp vy:Mp v|f L$fhpu, khy d uL$Zdp QpV$y. lh deu k|Zspu sApu
uL$Zdp Apk[s epy hZ L$fhpdp Aph R>.
pQdpu ArNepfdp kyûp kps Aepepdp Ay$d S>Zphgp Dkh hNf kp cNhp S> gugpAp L$fu s
L$pfZ hS>S>py d cNhpdp QpV$y. A kh dpZy L$pe spdk dpZ L$fZdp L$y. lh Ap spdk de
L$fZdp deu k|Zspu cNhp pspu pNX$ Ahpdp L$fgu sApu Apk[sy hZ L$fhpdp Aph
R>.
khshr^L$: l: |h rhrrs:&&59&&
Apk[ssy rsue rl ssue ek dsd&&
a$gp[sQsy rl rkp fp^Qsyrh^:&&60&&
1.cNhpdp khu Ar^L$ l epy lgpdp L$y. 2.budp sp sdpdp Apk[s A 3.udp ek
epy $u L$fg R>. 4.Qppdp a$gu p[s L$lgu R>. A fus Qpf L$pfp rfp^ sAp ps ep.
spdkdpZ spdkde spdkkp^ A spdka$g A Qpf V$pL$fZpy spe Ap vpY$ L$pqfL$pdp L$lgy R>.
a$gp[s kyûu Ahp S>Zphhp Ap Qpf V$pL$fZp L$lgp R>.
Apk[s: ks^p h kpvecphs:&&
q$eep@cuV$vp uNpbpgp hiuL$sp:&&61&&
Ap V$pL$fZdp sp kps L$pf Apk[s epy L$lg R>. 1.p kyvfZpp L$pfu 2.q$epu 3.BR>gp
vpp vpu; uAp Npep A bpgL$p uL$Z hi L$fgp R>.
p kyvfZpp L$pf A.12&42-43dp S>Zphg R>. su cNhp uAp hi L$fu. sdZ Npep q$epu
1
hi L$fu. cNhp ^yL$ lZu sp hdp DNg Opk Npep rcespu Qf shy L$ey (gp.40), s q$epu
14
Npep hi L$fu, A BR>gp vpp vpu bpgL$p hi L$ep. bpgL$p kpu fdsp (gp.9-19) sp sdZ
2
rhjp L$ep R>u sdp pZ gphu sd kh L$fhp (gp.50) A BR>gp vpp lphpy S>Zpe R>.
1.L$prgey vd L$ey s q$epu Npep hi L$fu-epS>p. Ap L$pqfL$pdp bpfdp Aepeu S> L$p L$lgu S>Zpe R>,
L$pfZ L$ R>uu 62du L$pqfL$pdp sfdp A Qpvdp Aepeu L$p L$lgu R>. su epS>pp ds bfpbf S>Zpsp
u.
2.A.14&13-18dp L$lgp BR>gp vpp(epS>p) Dfu pV$(1) Ap gpNy X$ R>. hmu Ap gpL$pdp
cNhp L$pC vpy bpgL$p vp L$epy L$lg Z u.
nZ Qp@vi se drs: h rsued&&
dplpeoprk dfZp dpQ ss:&&62&&
AL$ nZ cNhpp vi sp dey hy A Apk[sp bu rhcpN R>. epf R>u cNhpp dplpey
op pe s dpV$ sAp dfZdpu R>pX$phgp R>.
AL$ nZ Z cNhpp vi rhp flu iL$pe A Apk[sp bu rhcpN R>. Ap A.13&10-22 kyûdp
S>Zphg R>. epf R>u cNhpp dplpey hS>S>p op pe s dpV$ cNhp sAp dfZdpu R>pX$phgp,
AV$g kh L$fgp R>. Ap A.14&21-25 kyûdp S>Zphg R>, L$pfZ L$ dplpey op sAp pe sp
du cNhpdp Apk[s lsu s c[s pe. su sApu sdu cNhpdp Apk[s lsu s c[s pe.
su sApu Apk[s c[s pe s dpV$ dfgp sd kh L$fu, cNhp sAp pspp dplpey op
L$fphgy R>.
Ah rrcY$pk[s: Aeperhrrsp&&
kp^pfe khjpd ... ... ... ...
Ahu fus Z (Aepep) u b^pu kp^pfZ fus Y$ Apk[s cNhpdp S>Zphu.
... ... ... ...rhijZ rhcpNi:&&63&&
bpgpp Q Nhp Qh khjpdh NpLy$g&&
cpeup $dZh Y$pk[s: rrsp&&64&&
4.bpgL$pu 5.Npepu 6.NpLy$gdp flpf khu A 7.cpN L$fhp epe uApu; Y$ Apk[s Mpk L$fu
Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$lgu R>.
vfdp Aepedp bpgL$pu Y$ Apk[s hZhgu R> (gp.9-16), kpmdp Aepedp Npepu (gp.6-13),
kfdp Aepedp kh NpLy$ghpkuApu A AY$pfdp Aepedp NpuApu Apk[s Sy>vu-Sy>vu L$lgu R>.
vfdpu AY$pfdp kyûp Qpf Aepepdp Ap Qpfu cNhpdp Apk[s Sy>vu-Sy>vu hZhgu R>. A dpZ kps
Aepepdp kps L$pfu Apk[s hZhu.
epych: ujy spvp NprL$pd:&&
hQ Qp[sd ps L$preL$sy ss: fd&&65&&
uAp p Aych pe R>. su Apfcdp NpuApp du [rs L$lu A R>hV$p Aepedp sApy
hQ L$y. vlp eppf sp epf R>u L$li.
15
y kpve sp khp hpdp Aph R>, R>sp uAp S> sp Aych L$f R> Ad ipu S>Zpe? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ Apfcdp AV$g Ap V$pL$fZp lgp bpfdp Aepep gp.42-43dp cNhpp
hp vi sp uApp du L$hu [rs C s S>Zphg R>, A R>gp AY$pfdp Aepedp hNusdp s
kb^dp sdp hQ L$lg R>. sApu L$pepp eppf sp epf R>u spdk kp^ L$fZdp L$li.
bgce bp^pe cNhQpr rl&&
h^dp: kL$gp Ah bgc rrsp:&&66&&
bgcdp cNhpp Aphi lphpy S>Zphhp cNhpp hQp L$lgp R>. cNhp pspp b^pA NyZp
bgcdp viphgp R>.
bpfdp Aepedp bgcp cNhp lphpy uL$Z L$l R> A R>u bgc ^yL$ lZ R>. s L$p Al] ip
dpV$ L$lu R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ uL$Zp bgcdp Aphi ep R> A su bgc ^yL$
lZhp S> Qqf L$ey s Z uL$Zy S> Qqf R> Ad S>Zphhp s L$p L$lgu R>.
gpL$pp Q sue s ^yL$dpfZd&&
Apkssy funp rl L$pguevd dsp&&67&&
ldpp Qsph[L$ sy hvps:&&
eyspk[sqfrs ps vphpdpQ dls&&68&&
A gpL$ rQe pe s dpV$ sdu pk ^yL$p h^ L$fpep. Apk[su lp rhcpN |fsu funp sp
L$prgep vd kP$N L$fg lphpp rZe R>. dp AV$gy S> L$ey u, fsy hy vp L$fhpu Apk[s kvp
Qpgy fl s dpV$ vphp[dpu R>pX$phhpy cphhpmy L$pe L$epy L$lgy R>.
gpL$ bgcdp uL$Zp Aphi epp rQe pe s dpV$ uL$Z bgc pk ^yL$p h^ L$fpep
(A.12&28-35). A sApp pspu Dfp lu funp L$prgep vdp kP$N L$fu (A.13&1022). hmu psp Df sdu Apk[s kvp Qpgy fl s dpV$ vphp[y p L$fu sAp *hy vp L$ey.
* ""ldpp Qsphs'' pW$ rZekpNf kdp R>peg sp gC A L$fg R>. dp lu S> ApV$gu
Apk[s C u, fsy cNhp hy vp L$ey su sdpdp Apk[s epe S> R>, Ahp epS>pp A
rhrQ S>Zpe R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp hy vp L$ey su hS>S>pu sdpdp Apk[s C Ad dpsp sApp
d A Apk[s hpu egp NZpe.
ss: L$Zkpv L$pgvy:MrhpfZd&&
bpgL$pp kdspp $uX$ep bp^pv qfp:&&69&&
R>u uL$Zu L$pu hS>dp L$pgy vy:M sy AV$L$u e R>. fdsu A iy lZhpu kh bpgL$pu Y$
Apk[s [f C(L$p.70).
Nud hS>dp hks S>hu C flsu lphpu ep L$pgy vy:M sy lsy (A.15&2-6). R>u cNhp bpgL$p
kp $uX$p L$fu A $uX$pdp gbp h^ ep, su bpgL$pu cNhpdp Apk[s Y$ A [f C (L$p.70).
16
Nhp vphp[dpnZ khjp L$pgS>NyZ:&&

Npup hpv Y$pk[s: [fp@chs&&70&&
vphp[dpu R>pX$phhpu Npepu, L$pgu sp NyZpu R>pX$phhpu b^p hS>hpkuApu A hp pvu
NpuApu uL$Zdp Apk[s Y$ A [f C.
Npepu Apk[s Y$ A [f; sd vphp[dpu R>pX$phhpu C (A.16&7-14). kfdp Aepedp hjp
A ifv Fsyp NyZpy hZ L$ey. sdp s-s L$pgp S>hp NyZp L$p, su Apep[dL$ L$pgu sy khy vy:M v|f
epy S>Zpey. su cNhpdp kh hS>S>pu Apk[s Y$ A [f C. AY$pfdp Aepedp hpv cNhp
L$ep A su Akfy NpuApA hZ L$ey. su NpuApu cNhpdp Apk[s Y$ A [f C.
C.spdkkp^ L$fZ. Aepe 19-25
As: f L$preL$ L$Z ekdues&&
vrlL$p kL$gp cphp r huX$p Q vrlL$ud&&71&&
qfee lqfpe evh eps svh rl&&
hqvL$ gpqL$L$ Qpr sL$sp eku ds:&&72&&
lh R>u L$pepp L$peu uL$Zdp ek epy L$lhpdp Aph R>. vlp kh rhQpfp A vl kbû pspu
gpp epN L$fu "lqf ps L$fhp' S> L$pC gpr$ sdS> hqvL$ L$pe pe s S> L$pe L$fpf ekhpmp lphpp
rZe L$fgp R>.
uL$Z rhp flhpu Ai[s lphu A sdpdp ek. Ap V$pL$fZdp shy ek S>Zphpfu vlu q$ep
L$lhpu lphpu Ap kp^ L$fZ R>. cNhp rkhpe bu L$pCdp ek Al] BR>gy u, Ad S>Zphhp
"lqf ps L$fhp' S> L$pC L$pe pe s L$fpf ekhpmp L$lgp R>.
As: Ly$dpqfL$p: |h hs Qy$qfsues&&
ssp gpqL$L$cph rl qfee svpoep&&73&&
epsd ArMg Qy$: ss Cip@hsyes&&
su Ly$dpqfL$pApA hs L$ey Ad lgp L$lgy R>. R>u cNhpu Apopu gpqL$L$ rhQpfp epN L$fu sdZ S>d
L$y s dpZ kh L$ey. su Chf k ep.
Ly$dpqfL$pApA cNhp ps L$fhp L$pepeu hs gpqL$L$ L$pe L$ey (A.19&1-5). gpqL$L$ rhQpfp sdu
Apopu epN L$fu sdZ S>d L$y s dpZ kh L$ey (gp.17-20), su cNhp sdp Df k ep
(gp.20).
kb[^p dkfpqv-vpjpcphpe bp^d&&74&&
ikp khhnpZp ss: rkpsy bpgL$p:&&
khvpjp qfee nye i[shrS>sp:&&75&&
lqf rhopepdpky: ekps peNprd:&&
Ly$dpqfL$pApp kbûApdp dkf hNf vpjp fl s dpV$ sAp kp cNhp Ly$dpqfL$pAp pk edyp
^pfg lphpy S>Zphgy R>. cNhp kh hnpu ikp L$fu, su huZ egp bpgL$pA kh vpjp s, c|M
17
shpu i[s rhpp lphpu s ips L$fhp cNhp rho[s L$fu, L$pfZ L$ ek gu^ sAp bu pk
S>pfp lsp.
cNhp Ly$dpqfL$pAp S> ApopAp L$fu, su sdp kb^hpmp y{jp dkf hNf vpjp pe s dpV$,
cNhp Ap Ly$dpqfL$pp y{j bpgL$p pspu kp gC Neg (Sy>Ap A.19&8-8&& Dfp qV$Zu). R>u
cNhp Npp A bpgL$p (L$pfZ L$ Npp A bgc cNhp Ly$dpqfL$pAp hS>dp Nep R>u sfs S> s
kde dmgp, Sy>Ap gp.29-29&& Dfp ukybprû sp Aepep Apfcp ukybprûu L$pqfL$p 5&&)
op Aphp hnpu ikp L$fu (gp.31-36). su op ps sp sApp vpj Nep, R>sp c|M Df rhS>e
ps L$fhpu i[s sdpdp lphpu sdZ c|M ips L$fhp cNhp S> rho[s L$fu, (gp.38 A
A.20&1) L$pfZ L$ sAp ek rk eg lphpu sAp bu pk e shp lsp.
cpNe lffh ubpgpp rrsd&&76&&
gpqL$L$psy kdpepsp: sh lfsp&&
hqvL$@urs rhpZp svcpepZp res&&77&&
uApp A bpmL$pp A b cpN lqf pku S> ps hpy L$y. gpqL$L$pu L$p L$lu ep S> hqvL$dp Z
lqf pku sd hpy L$lg u, su rhpu A sApu uApu L$p L$lhpdp Aph R>.
A.19dp uApp A bpmL$pp b cpN L$p. cNhpdp S>d ek rk egy R> sAp; Ap gpL$p
L$pedpV$ Z cNhp Df S> Ap^pf fpM R> Ad S>Zphhp Ap L$lg R>. cNhpdp ekhpmp lphy AV$g
cNhpu ursdpV$ gpqL$L$ Ahp hqvL$ lfL$pC L$pfp L$pe L$fpf lphy. su Aphp ekhpmp b L$pfp R>:
1.gpqL$L$ L$pe L$fpfp, Apdu L$p Ly$dpqfL$pApp hsu L$lu. 2.hqvL$ L$pe L$fpfp, A 19dp Aepedp hqvL$ L$pe
L$fpfpApu shu L$p L$lu u, su s L$lhpu lphpu hqvL$ L$pe L$fpf sfuL$ rhpu A sApu uApu
L$p hukdp Aepedp L$l R>.
spdkp: kh Ahp NpLy$gp L$hgd&&
Brs viresy rhp: k[Zp@r rrsp:&&78&&
"Al] kh spdkp S> R>, dp NpLy$gdp flpfp S> rl' Ad viphhp eo L$fpfp lphp R>sp rhpu L$p Al]
L$lg R>.
rhp kp[hL$ lpe, Ahp L$d L$fpfp lphpu fpS>k lpe. sdu L$p spdk L$fZdp L$d L$lu? Ahu iP$L$p
pe, su sAp spdk lphpy S>Zphg R>. Ap Aepep gpL$ 48dp sAp ps S> psp "d|Y$' L$l R>. su
sAp spdk lphpdp L$pC iP$L$p flsu u.
AL$L$pfp As rl sL$p rhdprQsp&&
kp^q$ep hjp s sp: hNl Nsp:&&79&&
L$pfZ L$ Ap rhp Z Nppp L$pfp S> R>. su AL$ S> (u) Al] dy[s ps pe R>. Ap sp kp^
L$fZ R>. su s (rhu)Ap pspp Of NC.
18
S>d spdka$g L$fZdp L$V$guL$ NpuAp dy[s ps C (A.26&11), sd Al] Z AL$ rhu
dy[s ps C (gp.34) L$pfZ L$ Ap rhp Z Nppp L$pfp spdk S> lsp. NpuAp cNhp Of S>hp
L$y, R>sp Of NC, Z rhu uAp psp Of NC (gp.33) L$pfZ L$ Ap kp^ L$fZ R>. rsAp
eo kp^ |{ L$f, s dpV$ sAp Of NC.
svcspfp@r p@@epsp: kb^h bpr^sp:&&
NprL$pp kP$N essp rhrrsp:&&80&&
sdp rsAp Z cNhp pk Apep rl. kbû S> dy[s ps L$fpf sfuL$ S>Zphgp R>. L$pfZ L$ s
(rhu)Apy NpuApp kP$Nu rZ L$fgy R>.
rhp Zsp lsp L$ uL$Z Chf R> A Nppp hQu cNhp sd sy dfZ Z L$fpey lsy
(gp.44-45). R>sp sAp sdu pk Nep rl (gp.52). uApp kbû S> sAp c[s A dy[s
hpp Ad S>Zphgy R> (gp.49). NpuApp kP$Nu rhuApy rZ L$fgy R>. S>d NpuApp
kbû Npp a$g ps hpy, sd pspu uApp kbû rhp dy[s ps hpu.
Asspkp a$g Qsp: a$g pe[s r[Qsd&&
rvyV$: cpS> L$pe rvyV$pe pep&&81&&
cepspp cspp hnpZp Qrs rQe:&&
su s NpuAp epf a$g ps i epf Ap rhuAp Z $u a$g ps i. c[sdp Apvfhpmp
cspp A hnpp vpjfrls Ay; vpj rhppAp kp cpS> L$fhy CA, bu L$pf L$fhy CA
Ahp rQe R>.
cNhp bpmL$pu c|M bu L$pfu Z dV$pX$u iL$s. R>sp Ap rhp A rhuAp pku A
dNphhpy sdZ L$d L$ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ c[sdp Apvf fpMpf cspy A hnpp Ay vpj
rhpp csp kp S> cpS> pe, s dpV$ sdZ s dpZ L$ey.
hs hrqfop vp dplpebp^d&&82&&
pep QsyV$e ps svueperhcvs:&&
cNhpp khL$ A bup cvu 1.hs 2.AprhL$py op 3.vp A 4.dplpep bp^ A Qpf; b
Aepepu L$p.
ApNZukdp A hukdp Aepepu Ap Qpfp bp^ L$ep. pspp khL$p A bu rhp Ahp cvu Ap
bp^ L$fgp R>.
rrh^ L$dgpL$ rl hqvL$ lsykchd&&82&&
Ap pqfepN: |hZ rhrrs:&&
gpL$dp b L$pfy L$d hpdp Aph R>. 1.hqvL$ A 2.epS>u L$fhpdp Aphsy. Nep Aepeu lgp L$pfp
L$ddp pp epN L$fhpy L$y.
19
1.hqvL$ AV$g hvdp L$lgu L$pdpApu L$fhpdp Aphsy A 2.gpr$ L$pfu shu L$pdpApu L$fhpdp Aphsy,
Ahp b L$pfp L$dp gpL$dp hpdp Aph R>. sdp Nep hukdp Aepedp hqvL$ L$dpdp p fpMhpy S>Zphg
R>.
Ahe-ersfL$pep lsyL$: ka$gp ds:&&84&&
s[fpL$fZ L$pe spepeQsyV$ed&&
epS>u L$fhpdp Aphsp eo Ahe A ersfL$ u a$g Appfp rhQpfgp. sy MX$ L$fhy CA. su
Qpf Aepep L$lgp R>.
A Opk hNf ps pe shp epS>u Bp eo hS>hpkuAp L$fsp, s a$g Appfp R> Ad Aheu
AV$g eo L$fhpdp Aph epf A Opk hNf dm R>, (A.21&8-10) A ersfL$u AV$g eo L$fhpdp
Aph epf s dmsp u (A.21&11) Ad S>Zphu v rk L$fgy. Ap sdp dsy MX$ 21-24 kyûp
Qpf Aepepu L$fgy R>.
ls|p@@vp rfpL$e eks sr L$pfes&&85&&
vhsp s resp s kp@r rhpqfsp&&
Nphê êh rscp kp@chv es:&&86&&
Apfcdp lsyApy MX$ L$fu S> Dd L$d lsy s cNhp L$fpey. s Bp eodp vh Y$ rQehpmp lsp,
su s lV$phu vu^p, L$pfZ L$ Nph^ ^pfZ L$fhpu S> s svv r[$e ep.
Apfcdp cNhp v L$lgp lsyApy MX$ L$ey (A.21&12-24) A S> Dd L$d (Npep, bZp A
Nph^ y |S>) lsy s L$fpey (A.21&25-37).
Bp eo X$sp d|ep su s L$fphhpp Y$ rQehpmp B $p^ L$fu hS>p pi L$fhp epk L$ep. s epk
cNhp ra$g L$ep, A L$p bphukdp Aepedp L$lgu R>.
iP$L$pvpjp@r Nppp rfpL$pesy L$dZ&&
lrhdepZp kde syfued&&87&&
Nph^p |S> L$d C iL$ s dpV$ Nppu iP$L$p vpjy Z rhpfZ L$fhy CA. lrhj d A |S>
S>y sy sdu kdrs S>Zphhp Qpp Aepe L$lgp R>.
uL$Z Bp L$pu fnZ L$fhpu i[shpmp R> Ahu Npp Mpsfu pe sp S> sAp epf R>up hjpdp
Z Bp eo L$fsp Nphêo S> L$f. su sd shu Mpsfu L$fphhp u Aepe L$lgp R>. Nph^p
eo L$fhpdp Aph sdp lrhj (Npep), d (FrjAp) A S>y |S> lgp sy s Bu Z kdrs hpy
Qphukdp Aepedp L$lgy R>. B; cNhpu syrs L$f R> gp.4-13, A s sp Npep hsu L$pd^y A
FrjAp cNhpp B sfuL$ ArcjL$ L$f R> (gp.22-23). su s khu kdrs S>Zphgu R>.
Ah |h qfee leys L$peduqfsd&&
AhZhpp |hjp hspp epS> rl&&88&&
20
hZhper L$peprZ esepurs bp^&&

veL$pviu psp kp^ Q^p [sd&&89&&
A dpZ v rhNf NppA lgp L$fsp, s L$pe s cNhp L$lgy L$pe L$ey Ad L$lgy R>. lgp L$fsp s
AhZh hsp cNhp sep, AV$gy S> rl, fsy hZh L$pep Z sS>hp CA Ahp bp^ L$fhp v
L$fgu AL$pviu L$lgu R>, kp^ pQ L$pfy lphpp rZe L$fgp R>.
lgp Npp L$fsp s BepN s, cNhp L$lg NphêpN sdZ L$fhp dpX$ep A 21-24 kyûp Qpf
Aepepu L$y. lgp L$fsp shp AhZh hsp cNhp sep, AV$gy S> rl fsy hZh hsp Z ^ddp
Apk[s hp gu^ cNhpy cS> bfpbf C iL$ s dpV$ sS>hp CA (Sy>Ap 10&25&1 Dfp
ukybprûp Apcpk), Ad S>Zphhp v L$fgu ArNepfky rZ Qukdp Aepedp L$fgy R>. kp^ pQ
L$pfp L$lgp R>, s ApNm 92-94 kyûu L$pqfL$pdp S>Zphpi.
Asphvh L$se s epR>s qv&&
lsyhpv Bhppr a$g L$Z: eR>rs&&90&&
Brs hLy$W$e prs hp[R>s rl&&
Ahpsf a$grdv rhhpkpp rrsd&&91&&
ApV$gy (s pQ kp^) S> L$fhy. su vedp S> a$gu BR>p L$fi s lsyhpvdp ps pe R>, sd Al] Z
uL$Z Ap R> Ad S>Zphhp NppA BR>g hLy$W$ cNhp NpLy$gdp gpep, Z sy p BR>g lsy.
rhhpk fl s dpV$ Ap NpZ a$g L$lgy R>.
Ap pQ kp^ L$fhpu vedp S> a$gu BR>p pe s uL$Z Ap R>, Ad S>Zphhp Npp hLy$W$p vi
NpLy$gdp S> L$fpep s L$lg R> (A.25&11-16). Npp hLy$W$p vi L$fhpu BR>p C (gp.10) s
cNhp |Z L$fu, Ap cNhp sd Aphp BR>gy a$g lsy. cNhp sp sd cS>pvy vp L$fhpp
lsp. su cNhp sd hLy$W$dp fpep rl Ap sp rhhpk fl s dpV$ NpZ a$g L$lgy R>.
L$Zhpe kvp L$pe dpepdpl rhpe rl&&
hnhy [rs: L$pep iyp Q hses&&92&&
BR>p rhope vpse dplpeop|hL$d&&
epNpvep@r esep sqvR>p Qv hspr Q&&93&&
de hV$e |eh sqvR>pd AhNe Q&&
sfh kss e kp^kNl:&&94&&
1.dpepp dpl v|f L$fu kvp uL$Zu Apop dpZ hshy, 2.hnu W$ fpL$pfhpmu [rs L$fhu A iy
Au rcph L$fhp, 3.cNhpp dplpey op ps L$fu sdu BR>p Zu sd Aphy, 4.eop
hNfp Z epN L$fhp A cNhpu BR>p lpe sp hspp Z epN L$fhp, 5.hQ pspy BR>gy ps
hpu Z cNhpu BR>p Zu cNhpdp fep-ep flhy. Ap kp^p kd|l R>.
Df pQ kp^ L$lg lphpy S>Zpey s Al] L$lgp R>. lgy kp^ Ly$dpqfL$pApp kP$Ndp 19dp Aepedp
L$lgy R>. buSy> Z [rs kbû 19dp Aepedp A Akbû 20dp Aepedp L$lgy R>. uSy> 21dp
21
Aepedp, Qpy Z 21-24 kyûp Aepepdp L$lg R>. hs kbû Qpy A pQ dy kp^ A.25dp L$lg
R>.
C.spdk a$g L$fZ. Aepe 26-32
As: f ksrch a$g L$Zp res&&
jX$NyZ: krls: |hd Ahe rrh^ dsd&&95&&
Al]u lh kps Aepepu R> NyZp kp a$g uL$Zy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. Apfcdp (lgp
Aepedp) Z L$pfy Ahe L$lg lphpp rZe pe R>.
kp^ L$fZdp L$lg pQ kp^ L$fhp Apk[s OZu h^sp epf R>u R> NyZhpmp |Z cNhp a$g
ps pe R>. su Ap a$g L$fZ L$lhpe R>. pR>gp L$fZpdp lgp R> Aepepdp cNhpp R> NyZpy A
kpsdp Aepedp ^d} cNhpy rZ L$fg, s $d Ap L$fZdp u. lgp (26dp) Aepedp cNhpp
Z L$pfp Ahey rZ L$f R>.
"hrp@@le'hpe jeeh r[Qsd&&
a$g hpe L$se vpjQv hpfreers&&96&&
Brs spkpd ANd Nh@scph Ces&&
cNhp hru bpgphu hpeu S>hpy L$l R> A L$L$u L$fgy R>. a$g p[sdp Apop pmhpu u. " vpj
li sp cNhp s v|f L$fi' Ahp rhQpfu sAp NC rl. Nh hpdp Avfp (cNhp Dfp) cph L$pfZ
lphpy L$lg R>.
cNhp hpv L$fu NpuAp bpgphu (A.26&3) A R>u sAp Of S>hp L$y (gp.14-27). sAp Of
NC. (gp.28-29). R>u cNhp dfZ L$ey, epf sd cNhp Dfp Avfp cph gu^ Nh-dp
ep (gp.47-48). 1.hpv L$fu bpgphhpu i[s S>Zphu, 2.hQu s L$fgy L$fgy L$fhpu i[s
S>Zphu, 3.R>u Of dpL$ghpy L$pe L$fu, L$fgy a$fhhpu i[s S>Zphu.
Aedh lfdpN: khpL$V$p rl byespd&&97&&
kb^dp ks brlhpsfpr hp&&
L$pe dkp hpr hQkp hpr khp&&98&&
fdeeh rl r khp h dyQrs&&
Ap S> lqfp khu Dd dpN lphpy Zp, L$ Avfu Ahp sp blpfu dp kb^ sp cNhp L$pepu
du Ahp hpZuu Z pspp khL$p k|Z fus fdZ L$fph R> S>, fsy S>fpA epN L$fsp u.
cNhpp Avfu Ahp blpfu Z dp kb^ sp cNhp pspp khL$p L$pep d Ahp hpZu u
Z fdZ L$fph R> S> A S>fpA sdp epN L$fsp u. NpuAp cNhpp blpfu kb^ sp sd
L$pepu fdZ L$fpey (A.26&42-46), R>u cNhp As^p ep epf sd cNhpp Avfu kb^
sp sd du fdZ L$fpey (A.27&15-23), R>u sd hpZuu fdZ L$fpey (A.28).
As^pL$p psp hpe Qpr rrsd&&99&&
22
Aeperseh kL$vcpN rhpfe&&

Aprhcph L$fpej sp hpepr syV$e&&100&&
(A fus 27 sp 28 A) b Aepepu cNhp As^p ep epfu L$p L$lgu R> A hmu NpuApy
hpe Z S>Zphg R>. AL$ hpf cpN AV$L$phsp cNhp L$V$ pe R> A NpuAp kspj Aphp hpep
L$l R>.
Aepe 29dp cNhp Avfp cpN AV$L$phu L$V$ pe R> (gp.2) A NpuAp |R> R> (gp.16)
sp sAp kspj Aphp Df L$l R> (gp.17-22).
fds Q fdpsp@r rhijZ frsv:&&
fpnp@r fts Q$ s hued Dvuqfsd&&101&&
A NpuAp fdpu Z Ar^L$ frs Appf cNhp sApu kp fdZ L$f R>. Ae flhp R>sp sdZ frs
L$fgu, su hue L$lgy R>.
A.30dp NpuAp cNhp gduu Z Ar^L$ Apvy vp L$fu sdu kp fdZ L$f R> (gp.2-26).
cNhp epf Ae flgp epf Z sdZ NpuAp rhepNfky vp L$fg (A.27). Ap cNhpy hue
viph R>.
eisy hQ: V$ uQprhcphs: azV$p&&
QsyV$e repN ^d} L$Zp rrs:&&102&&
ei sp (NpuNusp) hQpu V$ R> A cNhp L$V$ ep su u V$ S>Zpe R>. Qpf NyZp viphu
R>u ^d} uL$Z hZhgp R>.
A.28, NpuNusp hQpu cNhpp ei V$ S>Zpe R>. A.29dp cNhp L$V$ ep A sdu u viph
R>. (Ahe AV$g L$fhpu, L$fhpu A L$fgy a$fhhpu Ahu Z L$pfu i[s A.26dp vipepy Df
L$p.96-97dp L$lg R>). Ahu fus Ahe, hue, ei A u A Qpf NyZp 26-29 kyûp Qpf Aepepu
S>Zphu, ukdp Aepedp cNhp uL$Zp hy hZ L$fgy R>.
cpN de dlkpe sdpv Ah rrsd&&
hZ frs: psp ^d fks:&&103&&
hQ cpN L$fhpu O kyM pe R>, su Ahu fus hZ L$fgy R>. cNhp ps fk lphpu hu sdZ
Apv ps L$fpepy L$lg R>, NyZpu ps L$fpepy L$lg u.
ssp hfpecph a$gvpsp res&&
L$psyL$pr |hjp L$fZ kyMpe rl&&104&&
R>u hfpeNyZu a$g Appfp cNhpy rZ L$fgy R>, L$pfZ L$ ^dbyru L$fgp Z lgpp L$dpu kyM
ey lsy.
23
R>u AL$ukdp Aepedp hfpeNyZu a$g Appf cNhpy rZ L$fgy R>. lgp ^dbyru L$fgp
BepN hNf AhZh L$dpu Z kyM ey lsy.
As: L$psyL$fuep@r Nsp: kh lfp[sL$&&
L$pgp@@Nsd|^p: L$Zh rhdprQsp:&&105&&
su hmu ^dbyrp L$pf kh dlpvh pk Nep, sApdpp dye L$pg Nmsp uL$Z S> sAp
R>pX$pep(gp.9).
AssL$d lqfkpL$hp hS>dypeey:&
sdrk rse ps lqfspr^vrhL$:&&106&&
k sy s|Z] che L$pghpep[dL$p ds:&&
lfcepsy c|spr uZp lsp ssp rri&&107&&
iP$MQ|X$ Brs ps: s Q lhp rhdprQsp:&&
su s L$d lqf AZ L$fu hS> Apep. A^L$pfdp Z L$lgp R> s L$u 1.lqf Apr^vrhL$ R>, s sp Al]
ips flgp R>, 2.L$pg sp Apep[dL$ rhQpfgp R>, 3.iP$L$fp khL$p sp Apr^cprsL$ R>. su "iP$MQ|X$' pdp
iP$L$fp khL$ defp uAp lfpfp L$lgp R>, A s lZu cNhp uAp R>pX$phu.
su s L$d cNhp S> AZ L$fu sAp hS> Apep (gp.19). Apu Ad S>Zpey R> L$ L$pChpf vhNrsu
d|MpC gu^ bu vhp kb^hpmy L$pC L$d C Ney lpe, sp Z s cNhp AZ L$fhy. sdpNyZhpmp
kh, ivbp Apv ps L$fphhp cNhp bgc kp flu fpk L$ep.
Ap Aepedp Z L$lgp R>; 1.Apr^vrhL$ cNhp R> s sp Al] ips fl R>. Npp bmsp gpL$X$pu v
ku R>pX$phhp epk L$f R>, Z cNhp sp ips fl R>. kh ivbp Apv ps L$fphhpp lpC
bgc kp Np L$f R> (gp.23), 2.Aep[dL$ L$pg R>. ivb (hv)dp L$d dye R>, A L$d AdyL$ L$pg
S> L$fhpp lpe R>. su Al] L$pgy kdp L$epy L$lgy R> (gp.22), 3.iP$L$fp khL$p Apr^cprsL$ R>. sAp
L$u Ly$bfp khL$ iP$MQ|X$ defp Aphu uAp DpX$u Qpgsp ep (gp.25-26), s cNhp dpfu pMu
uAp R>pX$phu (gp.30-32).
kyvip ep h: sp khhfp drZ:&&108&&
L$d h[d rsW$pe fpd f ees&&
Ah L$pgpqvkb^ps spdkp hp ehpfes&&109&&
S>d kyvi h lsp sd drZ khhrhpmpApdp Dd lsp. su cNhp L$d pspdp fpMu f bgc
Apey. A dpZ pspp spdk khL$p L$pg hNfp kbû v|f fpep.
su S>d kyvip QfZu i L$fu Dpf L$ep gp.8-9 sd iP$MQ|X$p dppdpu drZ L$pY$u gu^p. kyvip
keprdpu Dpf L$fhpy A drZ iP$MQ|X$p dppdpu L$pY$u ghpy L$d cNhp pspdp S> fpey A
f(drZ) bgc Apep (gp.32). Apu Ad S>Zpey R> L$ dpZu |Zsp L$fhp cNhp S> L$pC L$f R>
s, s dpZp Ar^W$psp bgc Ap R>. A fus cNhp pspp spdk khL$p L$pg hNfp kbû v|f
fpep.
24
|hrkqfepNp hfpe L$pgvpjs;&&

op sy NyZNp rl fpn srs[W$sd&&110&&
en cS> W$d ... ... ... ...
L$pgp vpju lgp S> ps eg lpe sp epN s hfpe. op sp cNhpp NyZpy Np R>. cNhp
Ae lpe epf s pe R>. cNhp en lpe epf cS> W$ R>.
L$pg (rihfpr)p vpju iyrsy |S> hNf ps ep. sp epN NppA L$ep, s hfpe. cNhpdp
hfpe NyZ lphpu sdZ csp Z hfpehpmp L$ep. hmu L$pgp vpju iP$MQ|X$ pku drZ Apep, sp
Z cNhp epN L$ep, A Z cNhpp hfpe NyZ viph R>.
bukdp Aepedp "op' NyZ S>Zphgp R>. cNhpp NyZpy Np s op. bukdp Aepedp eyNgNusu
NpuAp cNhpp NyZpy Np L$f R>, s sdy op R>. cNhp Ae lpe epf sdp NyZpy Np (op)
pe R>, cNhp csp op Z L$fph R>, L$pfZ L$ sdpdp s NyZ R>. cNhp epf en lpe epf sdy
cS>(khp) L$fhy A W$ R>.
... ... ... Ah Qv fp^ [fd&&
y{jpZp sp uZp fpp Q qvhk sp&&111&&
op c[sQ kss Q$hs qfhss&&
A dpZ rfp^ [f ep lpe sp y{jpdp sp uApdp op A c[s fp sp qvhk kvp X$pu W$
a$fu-a$fu Aph R>.
rfp^ [f ep lpe sp y{jp fp (cNhp Ae lpe epf) op A qvhk (cNhp kp lpe
epf) c[s pe R>; epf uAp fp c[s A qvhk op pe R>. A fus [f rfp^dp op A c[s
kvp Q$u W$ AL$ R>u AL$ ep S> L$f R>.
L$fZ uSy>: fpS>k cspp rfp^. Aepe 33-40
As: f fpS>kpp q$ep |hkeep&&112&&
AV$pthirsrc: psp: sp@epeQsyrh^:&&
lh Al]u; lgpu kepu Qpf L$pfp (V$p-L$fZp)u A$phuk Aepepu fpS>kpy L$fZ shu fus
L$lgy R>.
"lgpu kepu' AV$g kps-kps Aepepu, kps-kps Aepepp Qpf V$pL$fZpu AV$g 28 Aepepu
spdkL$fZ W$ Ap fpS>kpy L$fZ Z L$lgy R>. (""pspsp'' bvg ""psp sp'' pW$ CA Ad
S>Zpe R>.)
epvhp fpS>kp: psp: sjp |h[se rl&&113&&
25
epS> khp L$pe vipv: jX$rhê Q&&

epvhp fpS>k L$lgp R>. sAp pk S> lgp lsy s vi hNf A R> L$pfp vy:Mp k|Z epN L$fphhp
CA.
fNyZ eNsp L$fphpfp lphpu s pe s dpV$ epN L$fphhp CA.
sp@@vp vy:ML$spfp dpfZuep NyZqfl&&114&&
ss: L$pgrhdy[srl vie: ssp@r rl&&
epep |hprZ pdpr L$dper yfp ep&&115&&
eprS>spr kdspp sp epts vvp lqf:&&
s L$u Apfcdp Al] (Ap L$fZdp) vy:M L$fpfpAp NyZpu lZhpp R>. epf R>u L$pgu dy[s L$fphhpu
R>. epf R>u viu A epu A R>u eprsu dy[s L$fphhpu R>. lgp khp lgpp pdp A L$dp
Z S> L$pf segp shu fus lqfA epvhpu rkr L$fphu.
AqfV$ hNf vy:M L$fpfpAp lZhpp R>, s dpV$ R> Aepep L$lgp R>. epf R>u L$pgu dy[s L$fphhpu R>,
A pfL$p hNf vi sp g hNf epu dy[s L$fphhpu R>. R>u ^d}A Z dy[s L$fphhpu R>, L$pfZ L$
dy[s L$fphhpy s S> Z R> Ad gpL$dp rk R>.
(Ap L$pqfL$pApp A epS>pdp Apg R> s dpZ Df gMg R>. lgp R> Aepepdp AqfV$ hNf vep
lepy L$lg u, fsy lgp b AV$g 33 sp 34dp shu L$p R>. epf R>u 41dp Aepedp dp sp
L$k sp sp cpCAp lepu, 48dp Aepedp L$pgeh lepu, 6dp Aepedp dyf sp fL$
lepu A 8dp Aepedp bgc {L$du lepy L$lg R>. su Ap vy:M vpf lepu L$pp R>
Aepep pk-pkp u. "viu dy[s L$fphhu' AV$g viu R|>V$p pX$hp. cNhp epvhp pfL$pu rl, fsy
dyfpu R|>V$p pX$ep A pfL$pdp hkpep A.47&58, Ahp L$kp ceu epvhp dyfp s Sy>vp-Sy>vp vipdp
S>sp flgp, sd cNhp pR>p dyfpdp hkpep A sAp S>ep cpNu NAg s vipp epN
L$fpep A.42&15-16. sAp L$pgu dys L$fpepy A.42&19dp S>Zphg R>. sApu rkr L$fpepy
A.42&17-18dp Z S>Zphg R>).
3/A.fpS>k dpZ L$fZ. A.33-39
dpZ pfv: ps: sp@|$fp rsueL$:&&116&&
vssue: np sy Qsyp NprL$psp&&
leprhV$p lqfQh Ly$ Qp@ dsp: yfp&&117&&
As dpZc|sp rl fpS>k kNyZp lqf:&&
As: rkp fpS>kpp l: khpd: [s:&&118&&
pfv; dpZ(ke op L$fphpf) L$lgp R>. shp bu A|$f R>. v u, kedu sp Qpp, sdS> NpuAp
pQdu A hmu lqfdp Aphihpmp lqf R>$p A kpsdu Ly$ Al] (ke op L$fphpf) dpegp R>, L$pfZ L$
Ap ke op L$fphpfp egp R>. fpS>kdp lqf; NyZhpmp R>. Apdpu fpS>kp cNhpdp khu Dd l
egp R>.
26
lgp sukdp Aepedp pfv L$k Ahy ke op L$fpey L$ uL$Z vhL$up y R> (gp.17). bu A|$f
L$k gp.38-39dp Npm-Npm Df Apu ke op L$fph R>. u v A|$f L$k kbû ke op L$fph
R> (A.35&41-42). Qpp vp As:yfp Aen R>, cNhp NpLy$gu dyfp ^pfhpp R> Ahp sZ kh
kdpQpf Apu (A.36&12) khp d h^pep. pQdu NpuAp R>, sdZ A kdpQpf kh uApdp a$gpep
(A.36&13-18). R>$p lqfdp Aphihpmp lqf AV$g e|l lqf R>, sdZ NpuApdp Ahp ce D L$ep
L$ cNhp dyfp ^pfi rl (A.36&24). kpsdu Ly$ R>, s uL$Z kyvfu bphu, su uL$Z cNhp
R> Ahy kh op spu ey. Ap kps; cNhpdp fpS>k cspp Dd l L$fpep. fpS>k csp hpkyvh
e|ly Ap kps; op L$fpey A sdpdp d D L$fpep. Aphy op Ap L$fZdp L$fpey su Ap dpZ
L$fZ R>.
pfvp vhNye L$sp cerhh^:&&
e l: kdy: sp@|$fsy pjL$:&&119&&
kvlS>p[Q L$Zp sfg es:&&
l rsuedsr h gpL$@r byespd&&120&&
vhpy R|>y L$pe L$fpf pfv ceu hr L$fpf pe R>, spu l kpfu fus D pe R>. shu S> fus
A|$f sp ly pjZ L$fpfp R>, L$pfZ L$ L$k kvl D L$fhpu uL$Z dpV$ vhL$u A hkyvh y rQ
A[f pe R>. gpL$dp Z ldp Ap buSy> Nrey R> Ad Zhy.
(L$k hNf cNhp sfs S> lZ A) vhpy R|>y L$pe L$fpf pfv L$k L$lu vu^y L$ uL$Z vhL$up y R> A
hkyvh sd pspp rd v ep fpMg (A.33&17). su L$k hkyvh sp vhL$u bpep. vhpA Ncdp
uL$Zu syrs L$fgu, sdp uL$Z kh epvhpy fnZ L$fi, su sdpf lh L$kp ce fpMhp Ad L$lg
(10&2&41). Ap sAp c|gu Nep A pfv L$k ke hps L$p, su ce pep. ce gu^ uL$Zdp
sdp l hep. Ahu fus pfv L$k ke op L$fpey A su vhL$u sp hkyvh p uL$Zdp l hep.
A|$f L$k uL$Z sp bgc dyfp gC Aphhp dpL$gg epf sZ s Npm-Npm Df Apg
(A.33&38-39). pfvp L$peu hkyvh A vhL$u S> ce eg s A|$fp Ap Dfu h^ R>. sdy rQ
cNhp dpV$ A[f pe R> A cNhpdp sdp l h^ R>. gpL$dp Z rkr R> L$ S>p Df l lpe
sp dpV$ iP$L$p L$ep L$f A rQ A[f fl.
vsy |hcphe rvp Q$ rhr[Qspd&&
s rdqfepNps rvpje crhers&&121&&
DL$W$p fdp np NprL$prcQ es&&
y{jpZp sp uZpd AprhV$ ce dls&&122&&
ss: kvlNdps [f: lp crhers&&
L$Z y{jepN: lhrvpeL$:&&123&&
v sp L$kp lgpp hcphu rQe|hL$ rvp L$fu, su A|$f rdZpp epN L$fsp rvpj hpu s
cNhp kp flhpu OZu BR>p i. As:yfp Aen A NpuApu Ay$d y{jp A uAp
uL$Z dyfp ^pfi shy Zhpdp Aphi. Aphihpmp lqfu OZp ce i A R>u kvl v|f sp
cNhpdp [f l i. y{jp kp uL$Zp kb^ sdp lu hr L$fphpfp R>.
27
u v R>. sdZ A|$f L$kp hcph S>Zpep (A.35&41-42) s lgp A|$f L$k sp uL$Z b
Df l fpMsp, fsy vp Ap hQu L$kp Mfp hcph sp Zhpdp Aphsp s vpjfrls ep, A
L$k Df d fpMsp b^ ep. uL$Z Df sp d hep. su dyfp lpep R>u uL$Z pspp Of gC
S>hp sZ L$y, A AL$gp Of S>hpy s {ey rl (A.38&11-16).
Qpp vp As:yfp Aen A pQdu NpuAp R>. sdZ cNhp dyfp ^pfhpp R>, A kdpQpf
NpLy$gp y{jp sp uApdp a$gpep. su epp y{jp sp uAp OZp ipL$ ep A uL$Z Dfp
sApp d hep.
Ap uAp sp y{jp d spdk lsp, fsy spdk L$fZu gugp R>u sAp fpS>k egp lphpu, sApp
lu hr epy Ap fpS>kL$fZdp L$lg R>.
R>$p lqfdp Aphihpmp lqf Ahp e|l lqf R>. sdZ NpuApdp Ahp ce D L$ep L$ cNhp dyfp
^pfi A R>u uNpLy$g pR>p ^pfi rl (A.36&24). epf R>u cNhp Dh kp kvip dpL$gi epf
cNhp Ad s R> Ahp sApp kvl v|f i A uL$Zdp sApp [f l i.
h lfphpf kp (A.38&40-42) sp kyvpdp kp (A.38&43-52) cNhpp kb^ ep, su
sApp cNhp Df l OZp hep.
sh Ly$S>ep uZpd Ah lp rrs:&&
dpZbgdpkp sp@@k[s: deL$&&124&&
shu S> fus dpZy bg ps L$fu Ly$u uApp l cNhpdp h^gp lphpy S>Zphg R>. s dpZ
de L$fZdp Apk[s epy L$lg R>.
cNhp kp S>Ap hp kb^ ep sAp cNhpdp l epy, A S>Ap Sy>p kb^ lsp sAp
Apk[s epy dpZ L$fZdp S>Zphg R>(epS>p). ("deL$' p A "cNhpdp' gC epS>pdp Aphp A
L$fg R>. fsy "deL$' AV$g "de L$fZdp' A gC L$pqfL$pp A L$fg R>, s L$pqfL$p 156-157 dpZ
lphpu h^pf kpfp S>Zphpu gu^g R>.)
AqfV$p fpS>kpp rl NpLy$g r^ Ns:&&
hpkpgidpZ s pers khvp&&125&&
Bsp@r Qv lqfNR>s uhp khe spdkd&&
fpS>kps crhe[s NpLy$gp kie:&&126&&
Dce Q sshN kp[hL$p rNyZpss:&&
ep@r kcrhe[s dysp sjp rZd&&127&&
fpS>kp vy:M L$fpfp AqfV$ NpLy$gdp lZpep. s dp bpL$u flgu hpkp gu^ ep kvp flhpp. epf lqf
khp spdk cph gC Al]u e, epf NpLy$gdp flpfp fpS>kp hpp sdp kie u. epf R>u sp
b kp[hL$ A R>u Z rNyZ i. sApy hZ dy[sdp L$fgy R>.
28
10&2&1dp AqfV$ Z epvhp uX$p L$fpfdp NZphg R>. s cNhp NpLy$gdp lep (A.33&14).
"AqfV$' AV$g S>p k|Z fus pi u shp. su s hpkpu kvp NpLy$gdp flhpp (cNhp hsys:
NpLy$gdp sy p L$fg, 10&33&16 Dfp ukybprû). NpLy$gdp flpfpApp cNhpu Ahop L$fhp
hNf spdkcph gC cNhp buS> m ^pf, epf sAp sdp spdkcph S>hpu fpS>k hpp Adp kvl
u. su AqfV$ lepy fpS>kL$fZdp L$lg R> s epe S> R>. epf R>u (spdkp fpS>k ep R>u) b
(spdkp A fpS>kp) kp[hL$ i A R>u Z (spdkp fpS>kp A kp[hL$p) rNyZ i. su sApu L$p
dy[s AV$g ArNepfdp L$^dp L$lgu R> (Sy>Ap 11&11&49 u 11&12&13).
Aepe 33:
vhNye L$sp rl pfvp vhkds:&&
cNhkdrsh psuehrs d drs:&&128&&
es: bpêe yhps vyers&&
|h cphsy ops: hpr^L$pfsy ded:&&129&&
vhpy R|>y L$pe L$fpf pfv vhu kdrs dmgu, fsy Ap rhjedp cNhpu kdrs lsu Ahp S> dpfp
rQe R>, L$pfZ L$ s cNhpu pk pspy L$pe V$ L$f R>. cNhpp y e|l lphpu s vpj gpep
u. lgp cNhpp rhQpf sZ ep rl. sp pspp Ar^L$pf sp ded lsp.
""pfv; cNhpp cs lphpu hkyvh A vhL$u csp L$k b^dp pMu vy:M Ap shy L$pe (A.33&1619) sZ L$fhy epe lsy'' Ahp rhQpf Aph, sp Zhy L$ pfv vhpy R|>y L$pe L$fpf R>. pspy vy:M sfs
v|f pe Ahu BR>pu sdZ pfv L$k ke kdpQpf L$lhp fZp L$fu. su pfv L$k A hps L$p. Ap
L$pedp cNhpu kdrs lsu. L$pfZ L$ cNhpu kdrs lps sp pfv sdu pk ps L$fg L$pe
V$ L$fu pspp Afp^ ndp L$fphhpy fls (A.34&10-25). fpS>kpp rfp^ L$fhpu gugp L$fpf Ap
cNhp y lphpu (Sy>Ap ukybprû A.33p Apfcu L$pqfL$p bu) pfv A dpZ pspy L$pe
V$ L$fhpu vpj gpep u. R>sp cNhp s L$pC Df Apep rl, A s d|M R> Ad rhQpfu dp s
S>hpu f Apu (A.34&25 Dfp ukybprûp Apcpk). pfv cNhpp rhQpf lgp ep rl,
L$pfZ L$ sp Ar^L$pf ded lsp. s ep rhp S> vhpu fZpu sZ L$k A hps L$lgp.
|hy$p vhhpZu yhpe esp lqf:&&
prsp hkyvhpep ssp NdepQep&&130&&
Aepdp pfv: y$ Dcpep b^ sep:&&
hkyvh A vhL$uA cNhp Adpfp y pe Ahu sd pp L$fu, su lgp vhhpZup sdp Df L$p
ep. R>u bu m ^pfhpu rhrsu y{j pfvp L$p ep. bA s by b^ L$fpey.
(AL$ij kdpk dpZ "hkyvhpep' ivu S>Zphg) hkyvh A vhL$u A |hS>ddp cNhp pspp y
pe Ahu rhrs L$fgu (10&8&49). su vhhpZup sdp Df L$p ep. su sZ L$k L$y L$ ""S> sy gC
e R> sp ApW$dp Nc s lZi'' (10&1&34). Ap sApy d b^ hpy dye L$pfZ lsy. hkyvhp
kdhhpu L$k s kde vhL$u lep rl fsy pR>mu pfv ""b^p vhp epvh Ahsfgp R>'' (10&1&62-
29
64) Ad kdey epf sZ hkyvh sp vhL$u kpL$mpu bpep (10&1&66). Ap b^ hpdp pfv Z
L$pfZ R>, R>sp dye L$pfZ
ApL$pihpZu R>.
cNhpp pvycph kde hkyvh sp vhL$u A sdu syrs L$fgu, sdp L$k sfa$u ce lphpy S>Zphgy
(10&3&22-29). Apu Ad k|Qhgy L$ cNhp bu L$pC m ^pfhy. su S> cNhp psp NpLy$g
^fphhp hkyvh fZp L$fu (10&4&47). hkyvh sp vhL$u A Aphu k|Qp L$fgu lphpu pfvp sdp Df
L$p ep, A sZ L$k L$y L$:""uL$Z vhL$up y R> A hkyvh sd v ep ^fphg R>''
(A.33&17). pfv L$k A L$lu sdy buhpf b^ L$fpey (A.32&19).
dpeep d dy[s: L$ZpN crhers&&131&&
dpephips svp epQp L$Zp Nd dsd&&
d b^dpu dpepA R>pX$pep, pR>mu (bu b^dpu) uL$Z R>pX$phi, L$pfZ L$ s kde dpep
hi C pp L$fgu A uL$Z buS> ^pfhpy uL$Z dpV$ $u L$fgy.
lgp b^dpu dpepA sd R>pX$pep (10&4&12-14) L$pfZ L$ bpgL$ Dfu dpep gu^ sdZ cNhp
pspp y pe Ahu pp L$fgu. bu hpfp b^dpu uL$Z S> sd R>pX$phi (10&41&50) L$pfZ L$
cNhp bu m ^pfhy Ahu k|Qp sdZ cNhp dpV$ S> L$fgu.
Ar^L$pfps pfp^p pfve crhers&&132&&
spr ues h lqfqfeh d drs:&&
Ar^L$pf lphp gu^ pfv Afp^ gpep rl, R>sp Z lqf sp L$peu k S> ep Ahu dpfu
dpesp R>.
pfv vhpy R|>y L$pe L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lsp, su sZ L$k A hps L$p, su s vpj gpep. fsy
sp A L$peu cNhp k S> ep. sZ Afp^ ndp L$fpep R>sp cNhp s Df Z Apep A
dp S>hpu f Apu, su cNhp k ep lsp Ad S>Zpe R>.
Aepe 34:
L$kpvep fpS>kp rl byp L$pee kp^L$p:&&133&&
spdk L$ri s jepdpk fpS>k:&&
L$k hNf fpS>kp byru L$pe rk L$fpfp lsp. su fpS>k (L$k) spdk L$iu dpL$ep.
L$k hNf byru L$pe rk L$fpfp lphpu fpS>k lsp. fpS>k L$k spdk L$iu pspy L$pe rk L$fhp NpLy$g
dpL$ep(gp.1).
dyfpep spdke h^p eysp Q hrQs&&134&&
Asp NpLy$gdpkp kp@r V$p rhdyse&&
30
spdkp h^ dyfpdp pe s L$pC Z kNpdp epe lsy. su s Z dy[s ps pe s dpV$ NpLy$g

Aphu d|Ap.
L$iuu dy[s C sdp kvl u. Sy>Ap gp.9 Dfp ukybprû.
op sy bp^L$: L$iu sp|$fpvesp&&135&&
sp csphqfp@r sphycp NpLy$g lsp&&
Aep NpLy$gpp h chs nZd&&136&&
L$iu sp opdp rh L$fpfp lsp, su A|$f hNf shp lsp. shu fus AqfV$ Z (c[sdp rh L$fpfp)
lsp. s b NpLy$gdp lZpep. sAp lZpep lps sp NpLy$gdp flpfpAp AL$ nZ Z hu is rl.
L$iu opdp rh L$fpfp lphpu A|$f hNf shp AV$g cNhp Zpfp S> lsp. AqfV$ c[sdp rh
L$fpfp lsp. su NpLy$ghpkuAp op sp c[s ps pe s dpV$ cNhp s b NpLy$gdp lep, L$pfZ L$
cNhp uNpLy$gu buS> ^pf epf op A c[s lpe sp NpLy$ghpkuAp AL$ nZ Z hu iL$ rl.
op-c[s-rkd A|$fpNd y:&&
NpLy$g bp^L$p epdp gugpep L$drZ [s:&&137&&
fpn@r lf: rk gugpep: kp@r h ls:&&
hmu op A c[s NpLy$gdp kpfu fus C iL$ s dpV$ A|$f ep Aphgp. L$d Aykfpf epd; NpLy$gdp
gugpdp rh L$fpf lsp. lqfp rhepNp kdedp Z gugp C iL$ s dpV$ s Z cNhp L$L$u lep.
cNhp NpLy$gu bu m ^pfu e, epf sdp rhfl lphp R>sp NpLy$gdp op A c[s kpfu fus C
iL$ s dpV$ A|$f NpLy$g Apepy Ap L$fZdp S>Zphg R>. epdpkyf Z NpLy$gdp cNhpu gugpdp rh
L$fpfp lsp. cNhp NpLy$gdpu blpf ^pep R>u Z gugp C iL$ s dpV$ cNhp s Z NpLy$gdp
lep(gp.28-33).
pep ep@ rlsp: fpnZ ep@ rl&&138&&
dpNp: yV$p crhe[s s fpS>ksp [sp&&
bu Al] Z lep. su cNhpp rhfldp Z Al] Z dpNp yV$ i. su spdkpy fpS>k hp
Z Y$ ey.
sukdp Aepe Ahe viph R>. cNhp Aheu AqfV$ lep. Qpukdp Aepe hue viphpfp R>,
cNhp hueu L$iu sp epdpkyf lep. Ahe A hue A b NyZpu cNhp AqfV$, L$iu A epd A
Z lep. Ap Z Ay$d c[s, op A gugp-L$d dp rh L$fpfp lsp. sAp lZphpu cNhpp
rhfldp Z NpLy$gdp c[s op A gugp C iL$i A Z dpNp yV$ i. NpLy$ghpkuAp spdk dV$u fpS>k
ep R> Ahu surs Y$ pe s dpV$ cNhp A dpZ Ap Z dpNp yV$ pe Ad L$fg R>.
Aepe 35:
kp[hL$p@eycevpj: A|$f: L$kkP$Ns:&&139&&
31
Dcepsy ssp pi cep L$Zp[sL$ Ns:&&

A|$f kp[hL$ lphp R>sp b L$pfp vpju s L$kp kP$N ep, fsy R>u b vpjpp pi sp c[su
uL$Z pk Nep.
kp[hL$ A|$f fpS>k A spdk A b L$pfp vpjpu L$kp kP$N ep, fsy pR>mu s cNhp
kbû dpfp dpNdp sp, s b L$pfp vpjpp pi ep A c[su s uL$Z pk lpep.
rkpse qfoppv ApkyfpZp sp@chs&&140&&
cNhR>prhopps k[v^ k DhpQ l&&
Akyfpp rkps Zsp lphpu s shp ep. cNhp kbû ipy s op lphpu sZ kvlhpmp Df
L$k Apep.
L$k uL$Zy ArV$ L$fhpp rhQpf L$fu, sd L$fhp sd bpgphu gphhp A|$f Apop L$fgu. Aphp L$pe dpV$
cs cNhp pk S>hy epe u S>, R>sp A|$f L$kp kP$N lsp A Akyfpp rkps s Zsp lsp.
su sZ Akyf C s L$pe L$fhpy L$byg L$ey. R>sp cNhp kbû ip Z s Zsp lsp. su L$k Ahu
Apop L$fu epf sZ Npm-Npm kd iL$pe shp Df Apep (gp.38-39).
epL$[Qv vye qfepN sy kp[hL$:&&141&&
cs: k cNhph eprs L$ZQ syers&&
lfL$pC L$pf vyV$p epN sp sp s kp[hL$ cs C cNhp pk Nep A uL$Z k ep.
epf R>u dpNdp s AL$gp S>sp vyV$p kP$Np epN hpu s kp[hL$ ep A cs C cNhp pk Nep
A uL$Z sp Df k ep (gp.28-34-36).
dpNe ss: psp se rW$p rhijs:&&142&&
L$Zdplperhop c[sdpNpeprN rl&&
hbp^p opp: L$pdp L$drZ [sp&&143&&
rrcep@r ksyV$p vfpdp sp lqf:&&
su Z dpNpdp s OZu p lphpy L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ uL$Zp dplpey op c[sdpNdp DepNu R>.
sdp hy op L$fphp{ R>, A L$pdp L$ddpNdp hpy dpeg R>. A Zu v, bgc A lqf Z
k ep.
1.uL$Zp dplpey A|$f op lsy (gp.3-8) s c[sdpNdp DepNu R>. 2.sdp hy s op
lsy(gp.10-13) s op L$fphp{ lpC opdpNdp DepNu R> A 3.s L$pdpAp L$fsp (gp.16-23) s
L$ddpNdp DepNu R>. Z dpNdp su p lphpy S>Zpey. su Ay$d uL$Z(gp.36) bgc(gp.40)
A v(gp.43) A Z k ep. A|$f cNhpp dplpe hNfy op lphpy Ap Aepedp L$lg R>,
s cNhpp ei
S>Zphpf R>.
32
Aepe 36:
lfrNd sdps eysd Brs h iyL$:&&144&&
NprL$phpefueh cNhvNd S>Np&&
s pdpu lqf blpf e s epe S>Zphpu iyL$ MfMf NprL$pApp hQp L$pf cNhp uL$epy
L$lg R>.
NpLy$ghpkuAp lh spdk dV$u fpS>k egp. dyfpdp flpfp epvhp Z fpS>k lsp. cNhp dyfp ^pfu
epu fpS>k NpLy$ghpkuApp rfp^ L$f, shu S> fus NpLy$gdp flu fpS>k dyfphpkuApp Z rfp^ L$fu iL$.
su sdZ dyfp ^pfhpy L$pC epe L$pfZ vMpsy lphpu iyL$ NpuApp hQu cNhp dyfp ^pf R> sy
hZ L$f R>. Ap dpZ hZ hpu NpuApp cNhpdp Ddcph lsp s S>Zpe R>, A sdp shp cph
S>Zpe s dpV$ S> cNhp dyfp ^pf R>. gp.11&12&10 u
Ap S>Zpe R>.
rsb^pv AqfV$pv NpuL$preL$pd:&&145&&
hpeh Q ksyV$p hprQ spsy rs[W$sp:&&
AqfV$ hNfu sp rh gu^ NpuApA cNhp dyfp S>sp fpL$hp dpV$ L$pepu Dd L$ep, A hQu
S> kspj fpep. sAp sp hpZudp [f lsp.
hpkpAp cNhp ps L$fhpdp rh R> Ad kpsdp L$^dp viphg R>. NpuApdp sp AqfV$y dey
hpu pX$u S> hpkp flgu A s Z AqfV$ hNf gu^ Aphu QX$gu. R>sp hpkp vyV$ lphpu s gu^
sApA cNhp dyfp ^pfsp fpL$hpp Dd L$pepu L$ep Z dp hQu S> kspj fpep (gp.28).
sAp Frj A Drj lphpu cNhpp gp.35dp S>Zphg hpZup kvip Df S> rhhpk fpMu
fp.
A|$f rse s hLy$W$ ppe rl&&146&&
bv rde sp vidues&&
Aep cNhkP$N eS>Q L$Q&&147&&
A|$f Df Zu ksp lsu. s hLy$W$dp fpMhpp R> Ad S>Zphhp sZ b^fpdp X|$bL$u dpfu epf s
shp vi epy L$lg R>. sd lps sp L$pC Z kNpdp s cNhpp kP$N sS>s rl.
Df L$y sd A|$f Df v, bgc A cNhp Z k egp. s hLy$W$dp fpMhpp R>, Ad
S>Zphhp cNhp s L$prgvup ^fpdp ijipeu h vi Apep (gp.41-55). cNhp s sd
S>Zphhpp lps sp s cNhpp kP$N s ^fpdp p L$fhp s S> rl.
Ap Aepedp NpuAp cNhpp rhfl pe R> A cNhpp "u' ^dy L$pe R>.
Aepe 37:
dplpe oprs hps s spd Dvuqfsd&&
kL$pfdpss[d lc[s: rs[W$sp&&148&&
33
ehlpfp dlr: epv ep L$Z sp@chs&&

hpsrhL$ fus cNhp dplpe S>Zpey, su sp A|$f syrs L$fu. dp kL$pf gu^ spdp cNhp Df
l c[s flgu. S>hp dpV$p y{jp kp ehlpf pe, shp s uL$Z rs L$fsp.
cNhp ijipeu h vi vC A|$f pspy dplpe S>Zpey, su sZ Ap Aepedp cNhpu syrs
L$fu. dp kL$pf gu^ s cNhp Df l fpMsp (Z kP$N s kpfp y{jp lsp). kL$pf gu^ ps
L$pL$p R> Ahy Arcdp s s cNhp d L$fsp. A|$f L$fgu Ap syrs opy L$pe R>.
Aepe 38:
Ly$r:iP$L$hQ: hR>p |fes lqf:&&149&&
Dcepfsfp vX$kpvp kyrrsp&&
ysdplpeeyspp kvlrhrhpfL$p&&150&&
Ly$ L$lgp iP$L$pfrls hQp (lgp) cNhp pspu BR>p |Z L$f R>. s bu hQ S>dZ cNhpp
dplpey hZ L$fgy sApp kvl v|f L$fpf vX$ A L$p kpfu fus L$lgp R>.
cNhp dyfp lpQu A|$f sp Of dpL$g R> A ps Nf blpf Dspfp L$fu Nfu i Ahu pspu BR>p
S>Zph R> (gp.10). epf R>u cNhp Nfu Sy>A R> (gp.19-31), ^pbu lZ R> (gp.32-39),
h lfphpf Df (gp.40-42) A kyvpdp dpmu Df L$p L$f R> (gp.43-52), epf R>u cNhp
Ly$ dm R> A s kyvfu bphu iP$L$pfrls hQp L$l R> (A.39&1-12). su cNhp Nfu hpu
pspu BR>p |Z L$f R> A Ly$ iP$L$pfrls hQp L$l R>, s bu hQ sdZ ^pbu L$fg vX$ A h
lfphpf sp kyvpdp Df L$fgu L$p L$lgp R>. S>dZ uL$Zy dplpe kpcmgy sdp Ahp kvl L$ uL$Z
cNhp R> L$ rl s Ap kNp v|f L$fphpfp R>.
fS>L$p vX$uep rl |h^ppv Blpr rl&&
kuspep rhre hsp fP$Nipcpdys:&&151&&
Ae venuep fS>L$sjy Qpqvd:&&
L$ddpN a$g kh: pes ss spL$shp&&152&&
hvpsy: a$g s epv Aep sy h^: ds:&&
^pbu vX$ L$fhp epe lsp, L$pfZ L$ kusp vpjhpmu lphpy L$lpf s, Al] Z lgpu DspC gu^
AMpX$pu ipcp hp sepf egp. Ae vepp np R> A sApdp ^pbu dye R>. L$ddpNdp kh a$g
ps L$f R> su cNhp s sd L$y L$ ""h Appf s a$g ps i''. sd L$fsp sp h^ hpy L$lgy
R>.
^pbuA fpdphspfdp kusp vpjhpmu lphpy MpVy$ L$lgy. shu DspC L$fu ldZp Z s AMpX$pu ipcp hp
sepf egp. cNhp su pk hp dpep A s Ap sp sy O L$epZ i Ad Z s L$y
(gp.33). R>sp sZ sd Ds Df Apep, (gp.35-36) L$ddpN dpZ kh sdp L$dy a$m dm R>.
su sZ Ds Df Apep. sy a$g cNhp s Apey, A cNhpp hfpe NyZ S> viph R>. sZ
cNhp hp Apep lps sp s O S> kp{ a$g dms. Ds Df Apep lps sp s cNhp lZs
Z rl.
34
dpgpL$pf: rep gpL$ cspp kysfp re:&&153&&

Dcp furnsp keL$ ssp vX$pqvL$ L$sd&&
dpmu gpL$dp re lpe R>. csp OZp h^pf re lpe R>. bu cNhp kpfu fus funp L$fu. R>u vX$
hNf L$ep.
^pbu A dpmu bu cNhp kpfu fus funp L$fu. cNhp dpmu pk L$pC dpNg Z rl, R>sp sZ
sd Apk Apu sdu | L$fu A sdu BR>p Zu Dd dpgpAp lfphu. su cNhp sp Df L$p
L$fu s Dd c[s, bg, Apeye hNf Apep. A dpZ su Z funp L$fu s S> Aphp epe lsy s
Apey, s Z cNhpp hfpe NyZ S> viph R>.
sepde hjL$sp V$pp kysfp re:&&154&&
kpvrjy hse: sss[d yfpqvs:&&
s bu hQ V$p OZp re h lfphpf L$lgp R>. Z Df (L$fgu) L$p L$lhpu lsu, su sp Df
L$fgu lgp L$lgu R>.
^pbu A dpmu A b u hQ, h lfphpf Df L$fgu L$py hZ L$fgy R>. h lfphpf, dpmu A
Ly$ A Z Df L$fgu L$p S>Zphhpu lsu, s L$u h lfphpf Dfu L$p d L$lgu R>.
Aepe 39:
^yjp cS> Qh fnL$pZp h^sp&&155&&
rNlp@r r^p s: s: kh L$V$uL$sd&&
^yep cP$N A shu S> fus sy fnZ L$fpfpApp h^ Ad rNl Z b L$pfp L$lgp R>. sApu kh
L$V$ L$fgy R>.
phf ^yep cP$N (gp.17) A sy fnZ L$fpfp sp kep h^ (gp.21-22), Ad b L$pf
cNhp rNl Z L$ep R>. Ly$ Dfu L$p A Ap b L$pfp rNl ^dpy L$pe R>. ^pbu L$fg vX$ Z
Df L$fgu L$p A b L$pfp rNlu uL$Z cNhp R> Ad L$V$ L$fg R>.
Ap.fpS>k de L$fZ. Aepe 40-46
debgdpkp ss: ksrc{es&&156&&
Apk[s: epvhpp Q vyV$pp Q h^sp&&
R>u debg ps L$fu cNhp pspdp epvhpu Apk[s L$fphu A vyV$pp h^ L$ep s kps Aepepu
L$lhpdp Aph R>.
S>dy op ps L$fhpy s de cNhpy bg Ap L$fZdp S>Zphhpdp Aphsy lphpu Ap "deL$fZ'
L$lhpe R>.
de ks csp rl sphsQpr rhrj:&&157&&
L$pfZL$ de L$fZdp kps csp R> A hmu sV$gp S> j L$fpfp Z R>.
35
kps Aepepu Ap L$fZu L$p L$l R>, L$pfZ L$ Ap L$fZdp kps csp sdS> kps j L$fpfpAp R>.
vhL$u hkyvhQ kh Ah Q epvhp:&&
Apep[dL$L$pfZ phsp qfL$urssp&&158&&
1.vhL$u A hkyvh A 2.b^pA epvhp Ap by Apep[dL$ L$pfu rZ L$fgy R>.
vhL$u A hkyvhu Apk[s (A.41&50-51 sp A.42&1-11) viphu R>. b^p epvhpu Apk[sy
rZ A.42&15-19dp L$fgy R>. Ap bp d kspj Apu sApu pspdp cNhp Apk[s
L$fpepy L$lg R>.
Ar^vhp Ny{: ps: yvpps k dprQs:&&
v: ueysQh NprL$p: Ly$S>ep eysp:&&159&&
A|$f: pX$hpQh kss r[Qsp:&&
3.Ny{ Ar^W$psp vh L$lg R>. s y Apu dys L$fg R>. 4.hmu u kp v A 5.Ly$ kp
NpuAp 6.A|$f A hmu 7.pX$hp Ap kps Qdpu MQu gu^gp R>.
3.Ny{ Ar^W$psp vh R>, s sp y gphu Apu dys L$fg R>, A.42&31-49. (gp.37 Dfp
ukybprû Sy>Ap). 4.v A eipvp (A.43&15-43), 5.NpuAp A Ly$ (A.44&1-68,
A.45&1-10), 6.A|$f (A.45&12-36) A 7.pX$hp (A.46) Ap kpsp cNhp Ap L$fZdp
Qdpu Dpf L$fgp R>.
NS>: Q sp dp: ksd: L$k DQs&&160&&
cpsfskP$N lsp: ksh vpjs:&&
1.lpu A (2-6) pQ dp 7.kpsdp (j L$fpf) L$k L$lgp R>. sp kP$N gu^ sp ApW$ cpCAp
lZpep. pspp vpju kps S> lZpep R>.
1
lpu Ly$hgepuX$ (A.40&2-14), QpZ|f, dy[V$L$, L|$V$, ig A spig A pQ dp (A.41&1-28)

A kpsdp 7L$k (gp.31-38); A kps cNhpp j L$fpfp lZpep. L$kp L$P$L$, eNp^ hNf ApW$
cpBAp sp L$ky hf hpmhp Apep s kP$N gu^ lZpep (gp.40-41). kps S> j L$fpfp pspp vpju
lZpegp.
Asphph rl l-jrhrZe:&&161&&
hsp dy[sdpep[s csp rV$p lsp: y:&&
h rs l A j fpMhp kbû ApV$gp S> r[Qs rZe R> L$ csp hsp dy[s ps L$f R>.
fsy j fpMpfp dey pdu dy[s ps L$f R>.
cNhp kp lfL$pC L$pf kb^dp Aphhpu dy[s ps pe R>. l fpMpf csp A j fpMpf
b dy[s ps pe R>, csp hsp A juAp dey ps ep R>u dy[s ps pe R>.
36
Aepe 40-41-42:
khrhdpnpe lpk[srhpfL$d&&162&&
ce edps se h^: L$pfZ syfpqvsd&&
Aeperseh brlfsehep&&163&&
cNhpy h kh dpn Aphp dpV$ R>. sdp l A Apk[s AV$L$phpf ce R> su S> ce eg
lpe s s hpy L$pfZ dey R>. s lgp L$lgy R>. blpfu A Avfu ehpu b Aepepu s S> L$lg
R>.
cNhpy h su kp lfL$pC L$pf kb^dp Aphpf dpn ps L$fphp{ R>. ce gu^ sdp l
A Apk[s pe rl. S>pu ce D sp lpe, s hpy L$pfZ dey R>. cdfu A Cemp
V$psu Ap.7&1&27 dp viphg R>. (su cNhpu S>d ce pe R> shp Akyfpp h^ sp sAp
cNh pe R>, L$ dpn ps L$f R>). Al] Z blpfu A Avfu ehpu Ap viphg R>. Aepe
41dp dp sp L$k p h^ L$fu cNhp sd dpn Ap R>. Ap blpfu Ahp juAp kbû ehp C.
Aepe 41dp cNhp dpsrsp DNk, epvhp, v sp Ny{ kpvuru pspdp Apk[s L$fph R>, A
Avfu ehp R>. A dpZ Ap b Aepepu Ap S> hps L$lgp R>.
ss: L$pge khjp celsprhpfZd&&
sh rk dplped Apks: epv cepvr&&164&&
Ah rrcqflpepe: Apksp kp^ S>Np&&
R>u kh ce L$fpf L$pgp cNhp Ahfp^ L$f R>. spu S> cNhpy dplpe rk pe R>. h ceu
Z cNhpdp Apks pe R>. Ahu fus Z Aepepu Al] Apk[sy kp^ L$lgy R>.
A.42&19dp OfX$pAp Z Sy>hp epy hNf ip dpV$ L$lg R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhpp
dplpey op ey lpe ep kyû l c[s sp u. su L$pgp Z cNhp Ahfp^ L$f R> Ad Ap
hZu S>Zphu cNhpy dplpe viphgy R>.
cNhp L$pgp ce v|f L$f su sdpdp l pe, R>sp ce lu rh{ lphpu Al] cey rZ L$fhy
epe u Ahp rhQpf Aph, sp Zhy L$ ceu Z cNhpdp Apk[s pe R>. Apk[s hu AV$g Asp
hy. cNhpdp AL$sp hy s S> dpn ps L$fphpf R>. S>d lu AL$sp hpe R> sd ceu Z
AL$sp hpe R> Ad 7&1&27dp S>Zphg cdfu A Cemp V$psu V$ S>Zpe R>. 40-42 kyûp
Z Aepepu cNhpdp Apk[s L$fhpp kp^ S>Zphgp R>.
[^pp kphpcph rsb^p chqvl&&165&&
AsQsyrc: c|spp rrh^pp Q kphd&&
hmu lhpmpy kph L$fhpdp Aph sp Ap rhjedp rh pe. su Qpf Aepepu Z L$pfp
pZuApy kph L$fgy R>.
37
lhpmpy kph L$fhpdp Aph sp sApu cNhpdp Apk[s hpdp rh pe, Apk[s pe rl.
su 43-46 kyûp Qpf Aepepu kp[hL$, fpS>k A spdk A Z NyZhpmp pZuApy kph L$epy
L$lg R>.
L$pgS> kph ed As: krrhpqfsd&&166&&
kph L$fhpdp Aph epf Z L$pgu sy vy:M fl sp kph e NZpe, su Dd y{jpu L$pgu
sy vy:M fpL$u vu^g R>.
Dd y{j Dh hNfu op Apu bp^ L$fu L$pgu sy vy:M fpL$u vu^gy R>.
Aepe 43-44:
Aop kph eys s pep hS> S>Np&&
eipvp hp@ vp hp NprL$p hp evp evp&&167&&
L$ZpksL$vep: svp@@rhcphdrs rl&&
brldyMvipep sy esurs vy:rMsp:&&168&&
Aop lpe epf kph L$fhy epe R>. su b Aepepu hS>dp kph L$epy L$lg R>. eipvp Ahp v
Ahp NprL$pApp ve epf-epf dp uL$Zdp S> Apk[shpmp sp, epf-epf uL$Z $u L$V$
sp, fsy sAp brldyM vipdp lpe epf sp sAp vi hpu sAp vy:Mu sp.
cNhpdp Apk[s pe A s hpdp rh pe s dpV$ kph L$fhpy R>, fsy hS>hpkuApu
cNhpdp |Z Apk[s lsu A s v|f pe shu lsu. su sAp kph L$fhpy iy epS>? Ahp
pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp kh R> A rhjey Aop lpe epf kph L$fhy DepNu R>. su 43 A 44
A b Aepepu hS>dp v sp eipvp y A NpuApy kph L$epy L$lg R>. cNhp kh lphpu
epf-epf sApp ve, sdpdp S> Apk[shpmp sp, epf cNhp L$V$ C sd vi vsp, A epf
sdp As:L$fZ brldyM sp epf sd cNhpp vi hpu sAp vy:Mu sp.
As: bp^ Ahp L$sep ssp@r^L$:&&
gpL$hy ehp gpL$^drhpi:&&169&&
vpvup L$se: rV$jp eyes&&
su Ap rhjedp sApp bp^ S> L$fhp CA. su Ar^L$ L$fhpy u. rZe sp gpL$ W$ L$fhp CA.
v hNfp gpL$p ^dp pi L$fhp CA. vmgp vmhy, A epe u.
v hNf cNhp kh R> A rhjey op lphpu sAp s op S> Aphy CA. su Ar^L$ L$pC
L$fhpu AV$g cNhp blpfu L$V$ hpu S>f lsu. Ap rhjedp gpL$u W$ S> rZe L$fhp CA.
ra$g L$pe L$fhy epe u.
Qps ksps L$Ze khp&&170&&
AsdyM hprhfpkus ssp bp^dydd&&
38
Qdp pMhpdp Aph epf sApu uL$Zdp k|Z Apk[s flsu rl. Avf cNhp rs [V$ lpe,
epf sp cNhp L$V$ sp. su bp^ L$fhp Dd lsp.
QpepqvL$ ep|h Qdrsipse&&171&&
sp brldyMh@r vy:M eR>ebp^s:&&
sApp Qp dfZp pi pe s dpV$ S>d lgp cNhp Qpfu hNf L$fsp, sd sAp epf Aop
gu^ brldyM pe, epf cNhp sAp vy:M Ap R>.
lgp epf sdy rQ Qdp S>sy, epf cNhp Qpfu hNf L$fu Qdpu rQ lV$phu pspdp fphsp.
sd Ap kde Z epf sApy rQ Aop gu^ brldyM pe, epf cNhp sd vy:M Apsp A rQ
brldyM sp AV$L$phsp. su cNhpu Ap gugpdp Z epe S>fpA vpj u.
dyfpp p@^ypr rQp khp&&172&&
As: Q^dpZp kP$P$Nlsp rhQpe rl&&
dyfpdp flpfpAp l kyû Z k|Z fus Qfrls ep lsp. su sApu A|Z Apk[sp rhQpf
L$fu cNhp sApp Qp NyZpp huL$pf L$ep.
NpLy$gdp flpfpApp Q lV$phhp cNhp OZp e L$ep. sApu W$ dyfpp flhpkuApp Z rfp^
L$fhpp lphpu sdp Q lV$phhp shp e L$d L$ep? Ahp pe, su Ap L$lg R>. dyfpp
fluipu cNhpdp k|Z Apk[s lsu, su sAp cNhp Df rhhpk fl s dpV$ cNhp sdp
Qp NyZpp (sdp y lphp hNfp) huL$pf L$ep.
hp: hcphsp vyV$p vpjcph e[s rl&&173&&
khdh hkb^ps sp L$Z@r kP$Nsp:&&
hp hcphu vyV$ lpe R>, pspp kbû kh Z v|rjs L$f R> shu fus uL$Z kp Z kb^dp
Apep.
dlpcpfsdp fpp NyZpp kP$Ndp bcy A DNkp kb^dp Apd eg lphpy rk R>. shy S> Ap
kP$Ndp Z Zhy. su dyfpp flhpkuApu cNhpdp |fu Apk[s egu lphpu cNhp sApp
Qp pi L$fhp Ap kde e L$fgp u, Z dp NpLy$ghpkuApp Qp pi L$fhp e L$fgp R>.
Qrhdrs: |h vpjpcphpe L$pqfsp&&174&&
L$ZrhdfZ s eysd Brs bp^d&&
vpj fl s dpV$ lgp (cNhp NpLy$ghpkuAp) Q c|gpep. sdp uL$Zy rhdfZ epe lphpu
sd op L$fpey.
NpLy$ghpkuApdp vpj fl s dpV$ d cNhp sd Q c|gpep. R>u cNhpy rhdfZ pe s
dpV$ op L$fpey.
39
bp^ vpjlpr: epv Apdh kysfpdr&&175&&

svyh Ny{Zp bpêpdpk L$ih:&&
op sp vpj S>sp fl hmu cNhpy khp Apdp sfuL$ op sp vpj OZu kpfu fus S>sp fl. su L$ih,
Ny{ Dhpfp shy op L$fpey.
NpuAp psp c|g rl, A kp[hL$cph hpdp rh L$fpfp vpjp sdpdp fl, s dpV$ cNhp Dh
dpfa$s NpuAp op L$fpey (A.44&29-37).
e Ah epv Dpep@ k L$sep Qsf:&&176&&
Asp bp^d Aps sy kpnps he Ns:&&
Ap rhjedp S> Dpe lpe s S> L$fhp CA, bu Dpe L$fhp CA. su Al] op L$fpepy L$lg R>,
fsy cNhp ps NpuAp pk ^pep u.
S> L$pe cNhp op L$fphu L$ey s ps ^pfu Z L$fu is, su s ps NpuAp pk L$d ^pep rl?
Ahp pe, su Ap L$lg R>.
ApNs: khvhps svp Qpeprs kehpL$&&177&&
Bv Q bp^ps rk vpjp@r rhrhss&&
NpLy$g ^pfgp cNhp ep kvpA fl R> A ke hvpf ep s kde Z ^pfgp R>. hmu Ap (Dh
NpuAp Apg) opu rk sp vpj Z uL$mu e R>.
A.36&35dp cNhp "l ^pfui' Ad L$lgy A A.42&23dp v Z Ad L$lgy. cNhp NpLy$g
^pf rl sp Ap sdp hpep MpV$p W$f Ahu iP$L$p v|f L$fhp Ap L$lg R>. cNhp NpLy$gdp vu pk
^pfgp (A.43&34-35 Dfp ukybprû), hmu NpLy$gdp Z cNhp kvp flgp R> (A.44&29-30).
Dh NpuAp Apg Ap opu NpuApp vpj v|f pe R>.
vpjQsy^p V$uL$pep rhsfZ [Qs:&&178&&
snp[sQpr bp^ s ppes azV$:&&
Qpf L$pfp vpj V$uL$pdp rhspfu L$lgp R>, A opu sdpu dys epy Z L$lg R>. su Al] V$spu
L$lg u.
NpuApA Qpf L$pfp vpj L$fgp: (1.dp (gp.3), 2.cNhp psp c|gu Nep R> Ahp sdp Df vpj
d|L$hp s (gp.4-10), 3.cNhp kp kdp^p L$fhpu Z p pX$hu (gp.11-18), 4.cNhp psp
W$Ng lphpy L$lhy (gp.19); A Qpf vpj S>Zpe R>.) (A.44&3-19 kyûp gpL$pu) ukybprûdp
rhspfu S>Zphgp R>. hmu Dh Apg opu sAp vpju dys epy L$lg R>. su Al] rb^dp s vpj
V$ fus L$lg u.
Aepe 45-46:
Ly$ sy fpS>ku pfu sp@|$fQ epvh:&&179&&
40
DgnZcph phsp rhrrsp&&

Ly$ sp fpS>ku u lsu A A|$f Z shp (fpS>k) epvh lsp. Ap by (fpS>k u-y{jpy) rQl sfuL$
rZ L$fgy R>.
(A.45&1-10) cNhp Ly$y kph L$fgy R>, s S> Aepep 11-36 kyûp gpL$pu A|$fy kph
L$fgy R>. fpS>k u-y{jpp V$ps sfuL$ Ap bp kphy rZ L$fg R>.
Ly$su Q pX$hpQh kp[hL$p |hhdsp&&180&&
^sfpL$s vy:M sepr epy bp^d&&
k sy kp[hL$hep rl ylps sp@L$fps&&181&&
As: bp^ DrQs: sepr ep kie:&&
Ah Qsyrcfepe: kph rhrrsd&&182&&
Ly$su A pX$hp kp[hL$ lsp, (A) Df S>Zpey s dpZ rhQpfpegp. sd ^sfpV$ vy:M vu^y epf s
Z op Aphy CA. s Dd kp[hL$ lsp, fsy y Dfp l gu^ sZ sd L$fg. su s Z op
Aphy epe lsy sdp kie u. Ahu fus 43-46 Qpf Aepepu kph L$epy L$lgy R>.
"Df S>Zpey s dpZ' AV$g rfp^ L$fhpp lphpu kph L$fhp epe rhQpfpegp lsp, ^sfpV$ sd
vy:M Apsp b^ pe s dpV$ s Z op Aphy CA. su R>spgukdp Aepedp A|$fpfp Ly$su A
pX$hp y kph L$ey (gp.15) A ^sfpV$ bp^ L$ep (gp.17-25). ^sfpV$ Dd kp[hL$ lsp Ad
sZ A|$f Apg Df (gp.26-29) Dfu V$ S>Zpe R>. hmu lgp L$^dp s dy[s depy Z
L$lg R>.
dpZ@r de@r cNhp ks^L$&&
$dZhp kepe: s psp rhijs:&&183&&
Al] dpZdp A hmu dedp Z kps h ^pfZ L$fpf cNhpp Ay$d S> kb^ ghpp R>. su
Mpk L$lg u.
fpS>k dpZ L$fZdp sdS> fpS>k de L$fZdp Z Ahe hNf cNhpp R> NyZp sp ^d} Ahp kps
hhpmp cNhpp kps Aepepdp Ay$d kb^ ghpp R>. su A kb^ Al] Mpk viphg u.
AgpqL$L$ cph ephr cNhL$s:&&
k |hp^ lf: he ^dspi Des&&184&&
ep kyû AgpqL$L$ L$pfu cNhp Dd L$ep, s |hp^ R>. cNhpp pspp NyZ shp lphpy L$lg R>.
cNhp AgpqL$L$ L$pf S> Dd L$ep s ucpNhsp vidp L$^p |hp^dp L$lg R>. Ap lqfp pspp NyZ
R>. Ap |hp^dp S> gugp cNhp L$fg lphpy L$lgy R> s cNhp kpnps (pspu dm) L$fgu u, fsy
buu BR>p dpZ, buu BR>p epdp gC S> L$fgu R>. lh Dsfp^dp S> gugpAp cNhp L$epy
L$lhpdp Aphi s cNhp ps S> L$fgu R> Ad Zhy (A.46&31 Dfp ukybprû).
41
gpL$^d yfL$e eQL$pf ev|l:&&

Ahcphpv Dfp^ L$pe sy L$urssd&&185&&
de Q *spp^ fpS>kq$ep^s:&&
Ah debgs: L$Zpksp@ch dyvp&&186&&
(* rZekpNfhpmu sdp viphg pW$cv gu^g R>. "sp Qp' Ahp Z pW$ R>.)
Dd epvh gpL$^dp Apvf L$fu pspp hcphu rh{ S> L$fg, sdS> fpS>kL$fZ A^ (|{) ep R>u
S> A^ de Al] L$lg R> s sp Dfp^y L$pe L$lgy R>. Ahu fus dep bgu Apvu fpS>kp uL$Zdp
Apk[shpmp ep.
gpL$^dp Apvf L$fu gpqL$L$ L$pf cNhp S> gugp L$fu s Dfp^dp L$lgu R>. fpS>k de L$fZ Al] |{ pe
R>.
&& vidL$^ Dfp^ &&

C.fpS>k kp^ L$fZ. Aepe 47-53
ssp ekrk kp^pepl ksrc:&&
gpqL$L$ ek ps s[dQ rhrfpL$s&&187&&
ekpksvep: L$Zekrp@ch&&
R>u uL$Zdp ek ps pe s dpV$ kps Aepepu kp^p L$l R>. gpqL$L$ vy:M pe, A s uL$Z v|f
L$f, epf vy:Mdp S>Apy ve QpV$g sAp uL$Zdp S> ekhpmp ep.
Ap L$fZdp fpS>kpy rQ cNhpdp S> QpV$g fl sp kp^p L$lgp lphpu Ap fpS>k kp^ L$fZ L$lhpe
R>. uL$Z sApp vy:M v|f L$f R>, A kpû sApp rQ uL$Zdp ekhpmp pe R>.
S>fpk^Q eh: ybpZkeys:&&188&&
rihkpvyV$Q S>fpk^p rhries&&
fpS>kspdkQh kp[hL$Q L$urss:&&189&&
1.S>fpk^, 2.eh A 3.bpZ kp cmgp A rihu L$pu bghp Agp S>fpk^ pR>p lgpp
L$fsp Sy>vp R>. Ap fpS>k A spdk sdS> kp[hL$ Ay$d L$lg R>.
fpS>kp vy:M vpfpAp Al] S>Zphgp R>. S>fpkû b Sy>vu-Sy>vu Ahp egu lphpu s b L$pfp R>.
su vy:M vpfp Z ep. (rihu L$pu bghp eg S>fpk^p kb^dp A.49&7 Dfp ukybprû
Sy>Ap).
Aepe 47:
L$hg: p{jpp: k ksvi^pqvs:&&
rsk|shps sphpf kdpNs:&&190&&
42
AL$gp(S>fpk^) lfphu L$pY$hp epe y{jpshpmp lsp. s kf L$pf hZhgp R>. rsu D egp
lphpu s sV$guhpf Aphgp.
S>fpk^p a$pX$uAp rsA fZp L$fgu, S>fpA kp^g lphpu s rsu S> D egp. rs
bpX$dp Aen R>. s L$pg A eo lpC kf L$pfp R>. S>fpk^ AL$gp AV$g bpZ sp iP$L$fu
kplpe rhp pspp S> y{jpsu kfhpf Aphgp A lpfgp. (A.47&43 Dfp ukybprû Sy>Ap).
AV$pvi cphd App kl dlp&&
ssp ekL$sp rl svheZ h lqf:&&191&&
rhhL$dpZdple dyfpkdcphs:&&
pfL$p rdd s epNhue QL$pf l&&192&&
ssp ekrdysp L$ZekdpNd&&
AhdL$ c|spp ek rhrhrssd&&193&&
AY$pfdp kNpddp Ly$vfsu bghpmp S>fpk^ by AgpqL$L$ bg ps L$fgy. su s MfMf vy:M L$fpfp ep.
s kde lqfA pspp Aheu MfMf rhhL$dp bpgphu dyfpu kdp [rshpmu pfL$p bphmphu. ep
epNy hue L$V$ L$ey. R>u vy:Mdpu dys egpAp uL$Zdp ekhpmp ep. Ahu fus AL$ Aepeu
pZuApy vy:M v|f L$epy L$lgy R>.
AY$pfdp kNpddp bpZp A iP$L$f y bm ps L$fu S>fpk^ Apep. uL$Z dyeu [rs huL$pfgu
lphpu sdZ bpZpp A iP$L$fp hQp Apvf L$fhp CA, su Ap kNpddp s vy:M vpfp C iep.
s kde cNhp pfL$p bphmphu A pspp epNp cphu pspp khS>p pfL$p lpQpX$u vu^p A
vy:Mdpu dys L$ep. su sAp uL$Zdp ekhpmp ep.
Aepe 48:
Apep[dL$pp Q sp sv ehp ls:&&
Apr dyfpep rl rsW$epep[dL$p: kvp&&194&&
shu fus Apep[dL$ vy:Mp Z v|f L$fhpp lsp s dpV$ eh lep, L$pfZ L$ Ap kde Z dyfpdp
Apep[dL$ vy:Mp kvp flsp.
cNhp khS>p pfL$p gC Nep, su dyfpdp L$pC flhpu eh lZhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe
sp Zhy L$ ehy ^ cNhp dyfpdp gC S>sp lsp, su S>Zpe R> L$ ep bgc A bu gpL$p flsp
lsp. sApp dp vy:M (rQsp) v|f L$fhp cNhp eh lZgp. S>fpk^ hjZ hs ApN gNpX$u pR>p
dN^ Nepy 49dp Aepedp L$lg R>, ep kyû Ap vy:M v|f L$fhpu L$p L$lu R>.
vrhL$pQpr rsW$[s rrcsp dpQeekp&&
{[dZuek s repdL$rdrs [rs:&&195&&
Apr^vrhL$ vy:Mp Z lsp. sApdpu Z Aepepu sdZ sAp dys L$epy L$lg R>. {[dZuy vy:M s
rhje kpfu fus S>Zphp{ lphpu [rs R>.
43
Apr^vrhL$ vy:Mp kb^dp {[dZuu L$p L$lgu R>. epvhp kh fpAp kp rhNl hpu, sdp Ly$hfpp
sp uL$Zp A bgcp rhhplp ep L$hu fus i? Ahu rQsp vy:M pe, s Apr^vrhL$ vy:M. s
vy:Mdpu Z cNhp dys L$f R> Ad S>Zphhp, {[dZup rhhply (49-51 kyûp) Z Aepepu hZ
L$fgy R>.
rrcse rhrrl hpL$ifuf dsp&&
dpk hprQL$ hp@r L$preL$ hp rfpL$sd&&196&&
s Apr^vrhL$ vy:M Z Aepepu v|f L$epy L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ hpZu, ifuf A d shp vy:M vpfp R>. dy
Ahp hpZuy A ifufy vy:M v|f L$fg R>.
{[dZuA uL$Z S> bpZ kp kvip dpL$gg, s bpZ pfp L$lhfphgp hQpu uL$Z {[dZup
dp sp hpZup vy:M v|f L$fgp R>. Ap 49 sp 50 dp Aepedp S>Zphg R>. Qpkdp Aepedp uL$Z
{L$du hNf Df rhS>e ps L$fu {[dZup dp sp hpZup vy:M v|f L$f R>. Ahu fus Z Aepepdp
Apr^vrhL$ vy:M v|f L$epy L$lg R>.
Apep[dL$@r^L$ qL$[Qv vrhL$pcvrke&&
eku dyQyLy$vp@r rep s[hpqfsd&&197&&
Apep[dL$ vy:Mp kb^dp uL$Z Ar^vhu Sy>vp u Ad rk L$fhp L$pCL$ Ar^L$ L$lgy R>. rpu
dyQyLy$v Z vy:M pdgp s vy:M uL$Z v|f L$fgy R>.
uL$Z dyQyLy$v pspp hp vi L$fphg, s h Ar^vhu Sy>vy u Ad rk L$fhp sdZ A vi
L$fphg. dyQyLy$v Z OZp gpbp kde kyû JOhpu vy:Mu egp. s sy vy:M uL$Z ehpfp v|f L$fg R>.
a$gL$fZ ss s syep@r pX$chs&&
kp^ fdyqvvV$ huepepep esp ds:&&198&&
Ap a$gL$fZ u su syrs L$fhpu Z dyQyLy$v dpn ps ep, fsy uL$Z kp^p Dvi L$ep,
L$pfZ L$ Ap hue S>Zphpf Aepe r[Qs L$fgp R>.
bg dprQs: hpe pers L$Q&&
As: kp^d DqvvV$ he dNepL$p&&199&&
bgu dy[s Apgp dyQyLy$v L$pC Z L$pf hpe ps L$fs rl, su kp^ L$lgy. kp^ L$fhpp s Dd
L$f s dpV$ dNepu L$p L$lgu R>.
debgu uL$Z dyQyLy$v dy[s Apu lps, sp s L$pC L$pf hpe ps ps rl, su s kyM pe
s dpV$ S> Ap kde s dy[s Apu A kp^ L$fhpp Dvi L$ep. s kp^ L$fhpp Dd L$f s dpV$ sZ
d dNep L$fgu s L$p L$lgu R> (A.48&63).
pf^L$d svh s hp s prisd&&
ss-sd^phps gugpeps s rl&&200&&
44
s hueNyZpv by: kpde pe kp^&&

spp dy[sfhpd svp chrs khp&&201&&
ehp@r rhV$s ss: rkrd Ahpers&&
Ahp s pf^L$d lsy su sp pi L$ep. Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZp ^pZpu gugp L$fhpdp Aphsu lphpu,
Sy>vp-Sy>vp kP$N sdZ s pspp hueNyZu kp^ L$fhpy kpde ps L$fphu s L$fhpy cp L$fpey. su
hpsrhL$ fus Ap s kde kh L$pf dy[s S> ps C. eh Z su Avf hi L$fgp lphpu, s Z
spu dy[s ps L$fi.
dyQyLy$v dNep L$fgu, s L$dp a$gp cpN i Ag lphpu cNhp depvp kQhpe s dpV$ sp pi L$ep
(su sfs dy[s Apu). Ap hue Aepe lpC, hueNyZp ^pZpu Ap Aepedp S>Zphgu gugp
cNhp L$fgu R>. su hueNyZu s s L$fhpy kp^ ps L$fphu s L$fhpp s bp^ L$ep. su hpsrhL$
fus dy[s Apep bfpbf S> ey. eh dyQyLy$v bpmg epf eh su Avf hi L$fg lphpu dyQyLy$v dys
sp eh Z dys hpp.
Aepe 49:
ehv|rjs p rep dyfp [sp&&202&&
ek Q sssjp hpqfs ehpvps&&
ehpA v|rjs L$fgp pdp reu dyfp flu rl. su sAp egy vy:M ehp pi L$fu v|f L$ey.
"reu' AV$g cNhp ep kvp rhfpS>sp shu dyfp flu. sd hpu dyfphpkuAp egp vy:Mp
ehp Opsu pi L$ep.
S>fpk^S>eppe ehpp ^ sd&&203&&
vyV$epy sepr byrpip crhers&&
hjZrNqfpp hpp Q rhpips&&204&&
S>fpk^p rhS>e pe s dpV$ ehpy ^ cNhp ley, fsy vyV$ e gu^ su byrp Z pi hpp,
A hjZ hsf flpfp hpp rhpi L$fhp gu^ su byrp pi hpp.
S>fpk^ ehpy e Z ps sp sp rhS>e k|Z pe s dpV$ uL$Z ehpy ^ gC Aphsp lsp
(A.49&5-6). fsy s vyV$ e gu^ hjZ hs bpmu sp Df flpfp hpp sZ klpf L$ep
(gp.11) su su byrp pi hpp.
A: kpps L$Z: hjZdp{l&&
bgpdp bgcp@ed As: kp@r res&&205&&
R>u A[u pp gu^ uL$Z hjZ Df QY$gp. Ap bgc bg lphpu s Z hs Df QY$g
lphpy L$lg R>.
hjZ hs pspu V$pY$ v|f L$fhp cNhp pp L$fgu (Sy>Ap ukybprû gp.10p Apcpk), su
cNhp s hs Df QY$ep. epf R>u S>fpk^ sd hs Df kspegp dpu hs bpmu su V$pY$ DX$pX$u.
45
Asp rhhplsepr gpL$fursQ kdsp&&

bgcpep rfp^p rs csp rrsp&&206&&
su sdp Z rhhpl ep (gp.15) A gpL$u fusp Apvf L$ep. bgcu up rfp^dp kdphi
eg lphpu su L$p c[sdp L$lgu R>.
dpV$pcpC bgcp rhhpl d ep (gp.15) sdp gpL$u fusp Apvf L$ep. bgcu u fhsup rfp^
eg lphpu su L$p c[sdp AV$g hdp L$^dp L$lgu R> (Sy>Ap 9&3&29-36).
Assep: L$pd Aepd Arsvips Qpshp&&
rhhplp rrh^p gpL$ ^dpp cpNkp^L$:&&207&&
su sdu L$p lgp L$lgu gpNy pX$u s rkhpeu Al] L$lgu u. gpL$dp rhhpl b L$pfp lpe R>.
1.^ddpV$ L$fgp 2.cpN ps L$fphpfp.
hdp L$^dp bgcu u fhsuu L$p L$lu R>. s S>Zpep rhp bu su L$p Al] L$lgu u, L$pfZ
L$ fhsu rfp^dp p u. rhhpl; ^d L$fhp A cpN L$fhp Ahp b L$pedpV$ L$fhpdp Aph R>. Ap L$pqfL$pp
Dfpû Apfcu Z L$pqfL$pApu cNhpp ei NyZy L$pe S>Zphg R>.
App êsy L$se: QpvcpNpkp^L$:&&
Np^hp fpnkQh êp ne sp dsp&&208&&
lgp sp ^d L$fhpdpV$p rhhpl L$fhp CA, R>u cpN ps L$fphpfp L$fpe. Np^h A fpnk s b S>
nredpV$ ^d L$fhpdpV$p rhhpl ipdp L$lgp R>.
rhr^Q hqvL$Qh kl kh: hbp^h:&&
{[dep dpep sy rhhpledyshp&&209&&
Np^hp bpZpfp sp cphphbye&&
rhr^ A hqvL$ (rhhpl) Z s pspp kh bp^hp kp cNp C L$fg. lgu u {[dZu kp sp Z
rhhpl L$epy L$lg R>. Np^h rhhpl bpZpfp L$fgp, sdp {[dZuA L$fgu syrs pspp d cNhp Z
s dpV$ L$fgu R>.
rhr^ A hqvL$ rhhpl {[dZu kp L$epy gpL$ 53-58dp L$lgy R>. Ap u rhhpl L$lgp R>. lgp Np^h
rhhpl {[dZuA bpZpfp L$fgp(A.49&37-44).
Aepe 50:
k L$eplfZ rsue V$dh rl&&
s[k sp Q$ L$pg: kkhL$p es:&&
Dfpfcphe h {[dZuhQ:&&211&&
bg|hL$ L$ep lfhpy bu rhhpldp V$ S> R>. s (lfhpy) C iL$ s dpV$ L$pg sd L$ey, L$pfZ L$ s Dd
khL$ R>. AL$ R>u AL$ du hr pe s dpV$ {[dZuy hQ L$lg R>.
46
L$pg cNhpp dye khL$ lphpu sZ cNhpu BR>p Zu {[dZu lfhpy C iL$ s dpV$ S>fpk^
hNfdp Ahu byr D L$fu L$ ApZ fpAp pku L$ep Nppg gC e sp ApZp ipe r^$pf R>,
AV$g sApdp AlL$pf D L$ep. cNhpdp pspp d hep L$f s dpV$ {[dZuy hQ (gp.46) dp L$lgy
R>.
rhhplL$pgps |hy: lfZ khkdsd&&
rhhpl L$fhpp kdep lgpp qvhk {[dZuy lfZ L$ey s khy BR>gy lsy.
L$pfZ L$ lgpp qvhk lfZ L$fhpu rhhplp qvhk S> pfL$pdp rhhpl ep, A eprs:ipy dpZ Z
kQhpey. (Sy>Ap A.49&42 Dfp kybprû). rhhpldp Z khu kdrs lsu (Sy>Ap A.50&54 Dfp
ukybprû) A dpZ Np^h A fpnk b rhhpl L$p. u hqvL$ rhhpl L$pqfL$p 209p |hp^dp L$lgp R>.
Ap Z rhhplu L$p kdpr^cpjp u, L$pfZ L$ fp furnsp gu^ Ap bu L$u L$p iyL$ pspp
epNp cphu Zu L$lgu R>. kdpr^cpjpp rhhpl sp A.49&16dp L$lg hehf rhhpl S> R> (Sy>Ap
A.19 Dfp ukybprû).
Aepe 51:
kdysy rsp sep: L$pgL|$V$p@NS>: ds:&&212&&
k vepp rlspL$pnu lfprhV$p bgp@ls&&
sp rsp sp kdy lsp. L$pgL|$V$ sp dpV$p cpC L$lgp R>. s vepy rls BR>pf lsp, iP$L$fp Aphihpmp
bgc s lep.
{[dZu gdup rsp cudL$ sp kdy lsp, A L$pgL|$V$ (kdydpu gdu lgp D eg lphpu) sp
dpV$p cpC lsp. s (L$pgL|$V$=du) vep (riiypg hNf)y rls BR>sp lsp. cudL$u BR>p {[dZu uL$Z
kp fZphhpu lphp R>sp dp {du s riiypg fZphhp e L$fsp lsp sy L$pfZ Apu L$lg R>.
rS>Opks rS>Opkueps spr lqf: hed&&213&&
S>Op {[dZ d|Y$ vepp byrpiL$d&&
h^pyL$: hpl cspl h^: ds:&&214&&
lZhp BR>pf lZhp CA, R>sp Z vepu byrp pi L$fpf d|M {du lqfA ps lep rl.
lqfp pspp pl L$f epf h^ bvg h^ S>hu rinp L$fhpy A csp pl L$f epf h^ L$fhpy L$lg R>.
{du uL$Zy ArV$ L$fhp BR>sp lsp, R>sp cNhp s lZsp dp d|X$ep (gp.35) sy L$pfZ Apu
S>Zphg R>.
h^pyL$ rl dyX$ sQL$pf l&&
khpdp cNhp L$Zp ep eR>: k Ah k:&&215&&
h^p bvg d|X$hpy L$fhp epe lphpu cNhp s L$ey. cNhp uL$Z kh R>. S>u S>dp p lpe s S>
pe R>.
47
dyX$ h^ S>hy lphpu uL$Z {du d|X$ep. uL$Z kh lphpu sd kh kfMp R>. epf {[dZuA
{dup pZ L$d bQpep? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ S>u S>dp p s s S> pe R>.
ep ep e s kp@r sdes sp&&
{[de kdpNe sp {du QL$pf l&&216&&
As: L$Z prehp {[dZu s edpQes&&
S> S> S> L$pf cS> R> s Z sp rhi shy dp R>. {[dZudpV$ Aphu {duA cNhp kp ey L$fgy.
su uL$Z pp L$fu {[dZuA s R>pX$pep (sp pZ bQpep).
{[dZuu uL$Z cNhpdp p lphpu s cNh lsu. {duA Z {[dZu R>pX$phhp uL$Z kp ey
L$fgy. su uL$Z s lZhp suZ sghpf guû epf {[dZuA sd pp L$fu s R>pX$pep (gp.3134).
cNhrsqfsppd Ae^d: hss&&217&&
V$hs L$V$pv hpr ss: pl bgsp&&
cNhp rkhpep Sy>vp NyZu hr pe R>, su bgc V$u W$ Ahp L$V$u Z shp hQ L$lg.
"bu NyZu' AV$g NyZpp MmcmpV$u egp fNyZu sp sdpNyZu hr pe R>. cNhpdp sd sy
u; L$pfZ L$ cNhp NyZu f R> A Ahspf Z iy khhpmp vlu g R>. bgc shp lphpu
sdpdp bu NyZu hr sp sdZ cNhp W$L$pp hQp L$lg (gp.37-42) sp L$V$u V$u W$
{[dZu kph L$fhpp hQ L$lg (gp.43-49).
pfL$pep sy se: kyM bhpb^:&&218&&
ssp dep bpeQ peesf re:&&
svcphpv hde sv fpdZ rhpqfsd&&219&&
hp b^pu bpû s kyM|hL$ pfL$p gC S>hp A R>u dpf s bp^ Aphp, bu L$pf bp^ rl
pe, Ahp gdu({[dZu)p Arcpe lsp. sd hpu s dvy:M egy, s bgc v|f L$ey.
S>d {[dZuA cNhpu pp L$fu {dup pZ bQpep, sd s s b^dpu Z dys L$fphu is.
R>sp sZ sd L$d L$ey? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ {[dZu Z sy hy b^ BV$ lsy. su BR>p
s pfL$p gC S>C bp^ Aphpu lsu. sd C iey su s eg dvy:M bgc v|f L$ey (gp.4349).
sp Qs Ly${s L$Z: svp gpL$p rh{es&&
Adp hQresy {du L$Znp@eypes&&220&&
ephuh svp vy:Mu vep verhkds:&&
uL$Z sd L$f sp gpL$pp ({du) rhfp^ pe. {du uL$Zp np lphp R>sp Ad W$Nhp sZ
bpgpep Ad sAp dp. su vepu rsfL$pfpegp ve hsp kyû vy:Mu pe.
48
cNhp kho lphpu {[dZup Arcpe Zsp lsp. su Ap L$pqfL$pdp cNhpp rhQpf viphg R>.
{[dZup Arcpe dpZ cNhp L$f sp S>fpk^ hNf vep Ad dp L$ {du uL$Zp np lphp R>sp
Ad R>sfu sZ uL$Z bpgphgp. su sAp sp rhfp^ L$fu rsfL$pf L$f A {du hsp kyû vy:Mu pe.
oppepe sp eys vepp dyX$ dsd&&221&&
As Ah y: p Ly$[X$ rhhi l&&
op NyZ viphpf Aepedp shu fus vep d|X$hpy epe rhQpfpegy R> su S> {duA a$fu Ly$qX$ pdp
hi L$ep.
"su S>' AV$g ve lphpu S> {du R>u Ly$qX$yf Nep, fsy cpS>L$V$ Npd hkphu ep S> fp
(gp.52).
{[dZukrls: L$Z: khjp kyMvp@chs&&222&&
Ah rrh^hppd Dp ekpZhps&&
ss: L$Zekrp sp: kp^duqfsd&&223&&
{[dZu kp flgp uL$Z kh kyM Appf ep A fus s Z L$pfp hpp vy:Mp kdydpu Dpf
L$fpf ep. R>u s hp uL$Zdp ekhpmp ep, Ad kp^ L$y.
Ap vpY$ L$pqfL$pdp 49-51 kyûp Z Aepepp Ap Dklpf L$fgp R>.
Aepe 52:
L$pd ek gpL$ k he ek Ns:&&
vlpips khpipv cpeplfZsp@r rl&&224&&
gpL$dp L$pd gu^ vy:M pe R>. s ps vlp pi hpu, khp pi hpu A uy Z lfZ hpu vy:Mu
ep.
L$pd iP$L$f bpep AV$g sp vlp pi ep. ^ye hNf sp kp^ S>hpu s pspp khhp pi ep.
su u frs ibf lfu Nep, epf spdp dpepA hi L$ep, su sy pd "dpephsu' X$ey. (Sy>Ap gp.6
Dfp ukybprû).
ek svvhvlpS> s Q h ers&&
evp dy[svpp hpkyvh: kdyvNs:&&225&&
svp dpep Q L$pdQ sdpv b^pdyvNsp&&
s vy:M vhp vlu egy lpe sp pi pd. epf dy[s Aphp hpkyvh L$V$ ep, epf dpep A L$pd s
vy:Mdpu R|>V$hp Dpe L$fhp blpf X$ep.
iP$L$fp vl (u gpQ) u L$pd s vy:M eg lphpu sp pi pe sd lsy. su epf cNhp L$V$
ep, epf L$pd A dpepA s vy:M v|f L$fhp AgpqL$L$ epk L$ep. (Sy>Ap gp.1-2 Dfp ukybprû).
49
dpeep dprlsp h: L$pdpprh^p@chs&&226&&

L$pdprevp L$Zps svp svek lsd&&
dpepu dpl pdgp h L$pdpApu Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfp sp. epf L$pdu uL$Zu Dr C epf s
vy:Mp pi ep.
iP$L$f L$pd bpep R>u frs (dpep) AL$gu flu. spu h dpl pdu L$pdpAp L$fu s ps sp vy:Mu
sp lsp. epf uL$Zu L$pd (y)u Dr C, epf s vy:Mp pi ep.
h: dep rhfsQ khph bp^s&&227&&
L$Zkb[^vl {p hp sprh^:&&
Ah jX$rc: kdspp ekpcph Cqfs:&&228&&
h A dfZu hfpehpmp egp kh S> vy:M v, Ahp uL$Zp kb^hpmp vldp flgp shp
pe, Ahu fus R> Aepepu khp vy:Mp pi L$epy L$lg R>.
uL$Zu D ep R>u h C, lgp psp eg vy:My dfZ sp hfpehpmp C kh S> vy:M
v, fsy uL$Zp kb^hpmp vldp flgp lphpu cNhpp khL$p vy:M v, Ahu fus 47-52 kyûp
R> Aepepu khp Apr^cprsL$ sp Apep[dL$ vy:Mp pi L$epy L$lg R>.
Aepe 53:
vyV$ekcphhps s L$Z@r sp S>Ny:&&
sjp hp ek L$Z Apr^vrhL$d Apdr&&229&&
vyV$ hcphhpmp lphpu sApA uL$Z rhj Z sd L$y. Ahp Apdp Ar^vh uL$Zp rhj sd L$lhpu
sAp vy:M ey.
"b^p vy:M v|f sp lh L$pC vy:M fy rl' Ad S>Zpe su dpepA L$fgy Apr^vrhL$ vy:M bpL$u flg R> A s
v|f L$fhpp Dpe cNhp ps L$f R> Ad Ap Aepedp S>Zph R>. vyV$ hcph lphpu pfL$phpkuAp Ad
L$lsp lsp L$ edsL$drZ uL$Z k dfphu gC gu^p gp.16. cNhpu sApA Ahu tvp L$fu, su
sd dpepp dplu D eg Apr^vrhL$ vy:M ey.
Qps s piepdpk êepe rksp&&
a$gkpêpfe hsydL$p L$pes&&230&&
R>u vy:Mp pi L$ep. Ad Ap ^d} S>Zphpf Aepeu eku ey. a$g A kp^ AL$ lphpy
S>Zphhp AL$ L$p L$lgu R>.
R>u cNhp pspu tvp MpV$u C R> Ad rk L$fu, drZ gphu Apu s vy:M v|f L$ey (gp.38).
Ap L$fZdp {[dZup rhhpl vy:M kp^p DpvOps sfuL$ L$lgp R>. su s rhhpl sp spu vy:M v|f
sp kp^ y{ C S> Ney. su Ap L$fZdp kps cNhp kecpdp fZphu s L$lhpy iy epS> R>?
Ahp pe sp Zhy L$ rhhpl a$g R>, A s rhhpl S> vy:M v|f L$fhpy kp^ pe R>, Ad kp^ A
50
a$g AL$ lphpy S>Zphhp kecpdp rhhplu L$p L$lgu R>. kecpdpp rhhpl a$g R> A s rhhpl S>
cNhp Dfy slpds A pfL$phpkuApy vy:M v|f L$fhpdp kp^ ep.
drZQ ek l[s gpL$ epsssp@r Qs&&
ekpr rhefsvp L$p[sL$p lqf:&&231&&
Brs se rfpL$e ssp ekdyes&&
drZ Z vy:M v|f L$f R>. gpL$dp su Ahu rkr lsu. spu Z vy:M v|f sp lpe sp lqf AL$gp S>
vy:Mp pi L$fpf NZpe. su s drZ shp lphpy S>Zpe s dpV$ spu vy:M epy L$lg R>.
drZ gu^ k, tkl rhNf OZp lZpep su drZ vy:M L$fphpfp Z R>. dp cNhp S> vy:M v|f L$fpfp
R> Ad S>Zpe dpV$ drZu L$p L$lgu R>.
sQp@r Qs L$Zhpeps kpes khcph:&&232&&
svp ekpipe L$s pep sy ss&&
Brs r[Qe cNhp kprS>sdyhpQ l&&233&&
dZephv ^ pe sp vpesurs rl&&
uL$Zp hQu drZ kh kyM Appf bphhpdp Apep lpe, sp s khp vy:Mp pi L$fpf Z
pe. epf s vy:Mp pi L$fhp i[sdp pe. bu L$pf sp s vy:M pi L$fpf pe. Ahp rQe L$fu
cNhp kps L$y L$ drZdpu s S>V$gy ^ ps C iL$ shy R> sV$gy fp s Api.
uL$Z kps pku drZ dpep sy L$pfZ Al] S>Zphg R>. Aphp drZ fp pk S> fpMu iL$pe,
buu kpQhu iL$pe rl (gp.12 kybprû kp).
Arhhpk L$Zhpe L$hp s h vhp&&234&&
ss: khnep s Brs hsy L$pes&&
uL$Zp hQdp rhhpk fpMu sZ sd s S> Apep. su khp pi ep Ad S>Zphhp L$p L$lgu
R>. (drZu L$p L$lhpy epS> Ap L$pqfL$pdp L$lg R>).
k|ecssy kps ssp gd] kfhsud&&235&&
drZp L$eL$p Q e cpe lf: fd&&
sepfe kpv rhrepN rl hpR>rs&&236&&
kps sp k|ep cs lsp. su drZ gdu A kfhsu L$ep S> b lqfA cpN L$fhp epe Dd
lsp, s b kps bup DepNdp d|L$hp BR>sp lsp.
A[gV$L$dp cNhp L$ep ss sp@L$fps&&
epvhpeecshps r{: kL$:&&237&&
cNhp L$gi rhp L$d L$fpfp lphpu L$ep dpV$ sdZ s-s dpZ L$ey. k epvh lphp R>sp bup
cs lphpu sp rfp^ L$fgp lsp.
51
L$ep kecpdp dpV$ cNhp bhpu Nya$pdp hi L$ep. k tkl dpfg A s tkl f]R> lZg A
pfL$phpkuAp kdn cNhp vMpX$g lphpu sdu tvp MpV$u W$fu Q|L$u lsu. su sd bhpu Nya$pdp S>C
drZ gphhpu S>f flu lsu. R>sp L$ep dpV$ cNhp shu Nya$pdp ^pfgp. k k|ep cs lphpu,
cNhp sp rfp^ L$ep lsp.
dZfrs$dpQh dpepce dpqfs:&&
kp@r hL$Z kipv fpdcs dpqfs:&&238&&
A drZp rsfL$pf L$fhpu S> dpepp khL$ k lep. sZ Z dyMu i L$fg lphpu, fpdp cs
s lep.
k | L$fhp epe drZp ApcfZ sfuL$ DepN L$ep (L$W$dp lep), su s dpep Ahp vhup
khL$(hpl) tkl lep (gp.14). tkl Z sp dyMu i L$ep. tklu QpdX$u sp Mp rh lpe R>,
Z sy dyM rh lpsy u. dyMu i sp drZ D[R>V$ ep. su tkl fpdp cs bhp lep.
csbpgL$kpepe drZus rsW$rs&&
ss: kp L$eL$p psp L$hgp@c|s drZsvp&&239&&
cs bpgL$ kyM pe s dpV$ drZu L$p[s (L$p[shpmp drZ) ep flgp. epu s L$ep cNhp ps
C, epf drZ L$p[sfrls ep.
bhp drZ OpX$uAp Df fdL$X$p sfuL$ bp^gp (gpL$ 20), epu cNhp L$ep ps C A drZ
L$p[srhpp ep.
svy[R>V$ iy rl L$ep sv Dpes&&
L$epdh Nd L$pguevhs y:&&240&&
fpS>kpp funp blL$pg QpNs:&&
L$pfZ L$ s D[R>V$ lsp, iy lsp. cNhp L$pu s gC Apep. s L$ep dpV$ S> Nya$pdp ^pfgp, fsy
L$pguep ^fpu W$ fpS>kpu funp L$fhp OZp kde kyû epu pR>p ^pep rl.
tkl dyMu L$X$gp drZ D[R>V$ lsp, R>sp cNhp psp Dfy slpds kvsf v|f pe s dpV$ L$pu gC
Apep, fsy Nya$pdp sp L$ep bhsu dpV$ S> ^pfgp. fpS>kpu funp L$fhp Nya$pdpu TpTp qvhkp kyû
pR>p ^pfg rl. sAp sp bpf qvhk fpl C pfL$p pR>p Negp (gp.33).
bhv fp^rkd Apdsh rhlpe rl&&241&&
ksthirsshpr dy[V$rcrlspr h&&
ss: hrW$sy cNhopdrehp&&242&&
bhpp rfp^ pe s dpV$ Apdsh d|L$u vC, (bpL$up) kphuk shp cNhp dy$uApu lpf L$ep,
R>u hdp flgp bhp "Ap cNhp R>' Ahy op ps L$ey. (Sy>Ap gp.24-25 Dfp
ukybprû.)
52
gd] Q L$eL$p byhp gugp QpNts sp&&

kh kp |h rl dtZ L$ep vvp ss:&&243&&
pspu L$ep gdu R> A cNhp gugp dpV$ shu fus Nya$pdp ^pep R> Ad Zu sZ d kp^y ps
L$fu, R>u drZ A L$ep cNhp Apep. (kp^y AV$g khL$, Sy>Ap gp.32p ukybprûp
Apcpk.)
D[R>V$hps dtZ L$Z: kprS>v vdeys&&
* Npv Apd hpZ] eysp hp S>Nl dyvp&&244&&
drZ D[R>V$ lphpu kps Aphp R>sp uL$Z gu^p rl. yu kfhsu pspu epe u lphpu
Apvu fep (Sy>Ap gp.44-45.)
* ""pNpv'' CA Ad S>Zpe R>.
khpdp@eve Nprs lqf: hed&&
khpdp@ Q pipeh L$tg ep&&245&&
S>u Avf buy ve QpV$gy lpe sp lqf ps L$pC L$pf huL$pf L$fsp u. S> k|Z fus ifZ Aphg
lpe s; S>d L$rg (vyep^)p pi dpV$ rhQpf L$ep sd, lqf pspp sfuL$ NZsp u.
|hp^dp drZ huL$pfhpy L$pfZ L$lgy R>. Dfp^dp kps L$ep Aphp R>sp s pspp NZhpy
L$pfZ L$lg R>.
D[R>V$ cscpe rl a$g cspe vpers&&
Ah ksrcfepe: ek kyrrsd&&246&&
cs cpNhhp epe D[R>V$ a$g cNhp cs Api. Ahu fus kps Aepepu (fpS>kp eg
uL$Zdp) eky hZ L$ey.
Sy>Ap A.54&37 sp 41, drZ ps fpMhp lL$vpf lphp R>sp A|$f s Apu vu^p.
C.fpS>k a$g L$fZd. Aepe 54-60
As: a$g ksrch fpS>kpp res&&
A|$fp epvhpp rl dyese a$g yfp&&247&&
lh kps Aepepu fpS>kpy a$g L$lhpdp Aph R>. A|$f epvhpdp dye R> su sy a$g lgp L$lhpdp Aph
R>.
Ap L$fZdp fpS>kpy a$g L$lhpy lphpu Ap fpS>ka$gL$fZ L$lhpe R>. Sy>vp-Sy>vp Aepepdp Sy>vy-Sy>vy a$g
L$lhpdp Aphi. A|$f fpS>kpdp dye lphpu 54dp Aepedp sy a$g L$lhpdp Aphi.
ss: Q rhhplpQ rhphhL$p:&&
preL$p: a$gp rl L$Zkb^sp dsp:&&248&&
53
R>u rhpp Aheh hhpmp pQ rhhplp L$li L$pfZ L$ uL$Zp kb^ gu^ preL$pAp a$g
dpeg R>.
spkp a$g lqf: L$Z: skb^ps ssf&&
L$Z a$gd Dpkp vy:MNpdpv rhrNsp:&&249&&
sApy a$g lqf uL$Z R>. sdp kb^ gu^ buAp shu fus uL$Z a$g ps L$fu vy:Mp kd|ldpu
dys i.
uL$Z a$g lphpy rk ey, fsy Ap preL$pAp a$g L$d NZpe? Ahp pe, su Ap L$pqfL$p L$lgu
R>. uL$Z kpp preL$pApp kb^ gu^, S> buAp sdp kb^dp Aphi sAp Z uL$Z a$g
ps L$fu vy:Mdpu R|>V$i.
ssp@N jpX$iL$g-hrp: kli:&&
kb^ lqf psp: skb^ps ssf&&250&&
epf R>u AL$ lfu kepdp kpm L$mphpmp du hr uAp lqf kbû ps pe R>, A
sApp kbû buAp shu fus lqf ps i.
R>pvpe Drjvdp kpm L$mphpmy d lphpy L$lg R> A su kP$L$-rhL$ hrAp Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$pfu
R>. (Ap kpm lf uAp fL$p As:yfdp lsu, ep sd lqfu p[s C).
a$g Qsyrh^ s L$Zp[s: yfp a$gd&&
hp[s: L$Zvhe rsue a$gdyes&&251&&
sAp Qpf L$pfy a$g ps pe R>: 1.lgp uL$Zu p[s A a$g (ps pe R>), 2.uL$Zvh
sApu pspu p[s hu A buSy> a$g L$lgy R>.
1.uL$Zu sAp p[s hu A lgy a$g. sAp lsu ep uL$Z ^pfhpu Ap a$g ps pe R>.
(A.56&34-35), 2.cNhp Ap uApu p[s hu AV$g uL$Z sApu kp rhhpl L$f R> A buSy>
a$g R> (A.56&42).
AepepepkhQss a$ged Dvpsd&&
ssp cNhvie ycph L$pehs&&252&&
gpL$-hvL$pfZ yppqvL$ a$gd&&
Ap b a$g AL$-buA ff huL$pf L$fgp lphpp S>hp L$lgp R>. 3.R>u cNhpp Ai yu [rshpmp
sp gpL$ A hv p L$pfu L$peu W$ yp pp hNf a$g pe R>.
Ap uAp yp sp pp ps pe R> A uSy> a$g. Ap a$g A$phdp Aepedp L$lgy R>.
sjp Q khcph vheypqvp sp&&253&&
L$pekp^de Qsy a$gdyes&&
54
4.A sApy L$pe vhpu kp ey L$fu sdS> bu L$pfu cNhp k|Z fus O rk L$f R> A Qpy a$g
L$lgy R>.
4.Ap kh y sp pp p g hNf L$pe cNhp iP$L$f hNf kp ey L$fu Ahp bu L$pf k|Z fus
rk L$f R> A Qpy a$g R>. Ap 59 sp 60dp Aepedp L$lgy R>.
ep gpL$ khcphp gpqL$L$jy es&&254&&
sp L$Z khcph: sjp s Bsues&&
S>d gpL$dp L$pe rk L$fpf gpqL$L$ y{jp Df k|Z d pe R>, shu fus s khp k|Z d uL$Zdp
ep Ad L$lgy R>.
L$Zp@r Qs sp L$sp svp hp dpf:&&255&&
Qpshs s L$Zps a$g dsd&&
uL$Z Z sd L$f sp sdp h A dpf uL$Zp kb^dp pe R> (A) S>d Q kp
As pe R> sd sAp uL$Z kp As a$g hpp rQe L$fgp R>.
A dpZ pe sp b^p d kp^dp kdpC S>sp lphpu s a$g pe Ahu iP$L$p pe, su Ap L$pqfL$p
L$lgu R>. S>d gpqL$L$ y{jp kh vpp Df d(L$pdp) sp sd sdp h hNf pe R>, sd uL$Z
Df d sp uL$Z kbû h hNf pe R>. A uL$Z kbû dpf Z pe R>. su S>d gpqL$L$
vp Df dhpmpAp Q kp As pe R>, sd uL$Z Df d fpMpf sAp uL$Z kp As
pe R>. Aphy As L$ dye a$gp Ar^L$pfuAp kp^ R>, R>sp Z kpeye (dy[s)p Ar^L$pfuAp
a$g R>. su L$ Aphp dp kp^dp kdphi pe R>, R>sp Z Ar^L$pfp cv gu^ s a$g Z R>.
A^dp ^dL$pdp L$pddpnp rrsp&&256&&
L$hgpQpekeysp: y{jpp: a$g dsd&&
^ A ^d, ^d A L$pd, L$pd A dpn y{jpp L$p. sAp R|>V$p-R|>V$p Ahp AL$ bu kp cmgp a$g
dpegp R>.
Aepe 54. A|$f ps eg a$g:
A|$fe a$g rkd Ap ^dZ keys:&&257&&
sv spi] gugp gpL$pv rcp L$fprs rl&&
^d kp cmgy ^ A|$f a$g sfuL$ ps ey. s dpV$ gpL$u Sy>vp L$pfu shu gugp cNhp L$fu.
A|$f ^d kp ^(edsL$ drZ) ps pe s dpV$ cNhp gpL$u Sy>vp L$pfu; pspp Df k
lZphhpy slpds Aph A ps s v|f L$f shu, gugp L$fu.
hssjp L$rsQs eps L$Zspj L$ hS>s&&258&&
vyep^pqvlspfp ep h pX$hp: rep:&&
kprS>v OpsL$pss is^hpvep dsp:&&259&&
55
sApA pspu dm s L$pe L$ey lps, sp uL$Z k L$d ps? S>d vyep^ hNf lZpfp pX$hp
cNhp re lsp, shu fus kpsp h^ L$fpfp is^hp hNf sdu W$ re lphpp rZe pe R>.
A|$f A L$shdp A ps S> s L$pe AV$g kpsp h^ L$ep lps, sp cNhp A|$f Df k ps.
S>d vyep^ hNf L$pfhp lZpfp pX$hp cNhp re lsp, sd kps lZpfp is^hp hNf
cNhp re S> lpe, L$pfZ L$ kps k|ep cs lsp A L$pC bup kbû lpe s uL$Z kl
L$fsp u, fsy bup kb^ shu, pspdp S> Apks L$fu dy[s Ap R>.
ey dpfZ dye h hp Nyscphs:&&
sy kyse khpkp kdn dpfZ dsd&&260&&
is^hp ssp hep dye dpqfs: hs:&&
eydp lZhy Ahp hdp R|>p L$pfu lZhy dye R>, fsy kh uApu lpS>fudp k|sgp lZhy kp{
dpeg u. su is^hp h^ L$fhp epe lsp. s dy[s ps pe s dpV$ cNhp ps lep.
epf pX$hpu W$ cNhp is^hpy fnZ L$d L$ey? Ahp pe, su Ap L$lg R>. sZ kps
k|sp lsp epf sp Ofdp uAp fX$phu sp h^ L$ep (gp.5-6), su s h^ L$fhp epe ep. s dy[s
dm s dpV$ cNhp ps s lep (gp.21).
Nysgugp a$g hpep spopL$pid&&
rhep bp^ Qpr rhgbQ gpe&&
a$g L$fZdp R|>u fus L$fgu gugp L$lhpu R>, su cNhp Aop L$V$ L$ey, A hmu rhpu op Apg
ey A pkhpdp rhgb is^hpA L$ep.
Ad lpe sp cNhp kh Zsp S> lsp. su kps lZpep kbû sdZ rhgp hNf L$d L$ep?
(gp.10), Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp R|>u fus L$fgu gugp Ap L$fZdp L$lgu R>. cNhp,
kps is^hpA lZg lphpy Zhp R>sp, kecpdpA l[spyf Aphu s L$y epf sdZ rhgp L$ep.
R>u pfL$p Aphu s lZu su pku drZ ghpp Dd L$ep (gp.10). A|$f A L$shdpA is^hp
cNhp kbû op Apey s sdZ ey (gp.12-17) A is^hp pkhpdp rhgb ep s Z
ey (gp.18).
A|$fhs kp@r rsW$s gup hp s h chs&&262&&
svp hep Qh eps f p v|rjs:&&
eyp L$Zvh rdep: pp sp&&263&&
L$hp ophp@r dplpe ifZ k ApNs:&&
s Z A|$fu W$ pfL$pdp S> fl, Ahp ep S> R|>p fl sp s lZhp epe S> ps, fsy p
gu^ s vpjhpmp ep. uL$Zvh kp ey L$fhp sZ b rdp kplpedpV$ pp L$fu. sd L$fu cNhpy
dplpe ep R>sp Z s sd ifZ Apep.
56
s lZhp epe fls, fsy sZ ey L$fhpp rQe L$fu p L$ey A cNhpy dplpe ep R>sp
sd ifZ Apep A (sd iy NZu) pW$p.
AgpqL$L$ a$g s depvpep eyes&&264&&
Asp rl bgvhe p kdrs{dp&&
Ap AgpqL$L$ a$g R> s depvp(dpN)dp OV$sy u su bgvhu Apdp Dd kdrs C rl.
cNhp is^hp lZu s dy[s Aphpp lsp, sp sdp bgc L$d kds ep rl? Ahp pe, sp
Zhy L$ Aphu fus dy[s Aphu s AgpqL$L$ a$g R>, A depvpdpNdp shy a$g OV$sy u. su bgvh sdp
kds ep rl (gp.21,22,24, ukybprû kp).
Ah bgvh rcdpku rhrisd&&265&&
cNhds rl ss: k rdrgp Ns:&&
Ap kP$N S> bgvhdp flg cNhpp NyZpp kd|ly Sy>vy p ey, su s epu rdrgp Nep.
bgc cNhp s, rdrgp L$d Nep? Ahp pe, su Ap L$pqfL$p L$lgu R>. c|rdp cpf Dspfhp A
cNhpp NyZ R>, A s L$pe bA L$fhpy lsy. gpL$p b L$pfp hcphhpmp lphpu c|rdp cpf Dsf s
dpV$ Ap a$g L$fZdp uL$Z A bgcu i[sp rhcpN pe R> (Sy>Ap gp.24 Dfp
ukybprû).
A{rQQ lfphpkuv Ae^dhis:&&266&&
As: f sy fpdZ L$de hrQs-hrQs&&
bgcdp bu NyZp hi hpu sdu lqfdp A{rQ C. lhu sp L$pC-L$pC kP$N uL$Z bgcu
Sy>vp dshpmp hpp.
cNhp Zsp lsp L$ is^hp pk drZ lsp, R>sp s lZu sp L$X$p drZ dpV$ ep. R>u bgc
pk Aphu ""is^hp L$pdp lep su pk drZ u'' (gp.21-22) Ad L$y. bgc dpey L$ uL$Z
drZ R|>phu pspu pk fpMhp BR> R>. (lqfhi, L$vyfpZ A.38) A fus bgcu uL$Z Df A{rQ
C su s rdrgp S>C ep S>L$ pk fp.
gpL$@r a$gdspL$ khL$pp fpQs&&268&&
AssvNpppe dpfrehp@eh rl&&
de dpfZ hsy hp dpfZdpl rl&&268&&
gpL$dp Z Aphy a$g khL$p Ndsy u. su s R|>phhpdpV$ L$pdp S> is^hp lZu ""drZ dpV$ lep''
Ad L$lhp dpV$ ""L$pdp lep(drZ su pk u)'' Ad L$y.
pspp kpkfp JOsp lpe epf uAp fX$phu lZ, shp Z cNhp dy[s a$g Ap s khL$p Nd.
su drZdpV$ lep Ahp uL$Z vMph L$ep, A bgc s dpZ L$y
(gp.22).
57
kp@r ophp ehrks npcipe ssp Ns:&&

L$pepqvsu ^de rkrf kpr^sp&&269&&
A|$f Z uL$Zp rQe Zu $p^ ips pe s dpV$ epu S>sp fp. L$piu hNf sudp sZ û ^d
ps L$ep.
uL$Z is^hp dpep, A lh drZdpV$ d lZi Ahp ceu A|$f A L$shdp pfL$pu pku
Nep(gp.29). A|$f L$piudp S>C drZu ps sp û eop L$fu ^d ps L$ep(gp.39)
y: hpdpepsp dtZ Qphpsy: cp:&&
Ah epvhhejy a$gd As bpr^sd&&270&&
pR>p s b pspp pdp Apep A sdZ cy pku drZ dmep. Ad Ap Aepeu Dd epvhp a$g
depy S>Zpey.
cNhp bpgphhpu sAp pR>p pfL$p Apep (gp.34). cNhp drZ A|$f Apep (gp.37,41). A
fus A|$f A(drZ) A ^d(eop hNf) y{jpp ps L$ep.
Aepe 55:
sh pX$hpp Q a$g vpsy rhrNs:&&
kph s@r rrvV$p: ssp hNe vvp&&271&&
A shu S> fus pX$hp a$g Aphp cNhp blpf ^pep. kphdp sAp Z L$lgp R>. su Z hN
sAp Apep.
epvhpp a$gu hps pe R>, ep pX$hpp a$gy L$d L$lp R>p? Ahp pe, su pX$hpy Z kph
R>spgukdp Aepedp A|$fpfp cNhp L$fgy R> s S>Zph R>. pX$hp cNhp 1.rhhL$dppfp Nf L$fphu
Apey, 2.A[pfp NpX$uh Apey A 3.depfp kcp L$fphu Apu, gp.24,26,27. Ap Z Ay$d
^d, A A L$pd ps L$fphpfp vpp R>.
Apdy[dL$ a$g k|eps k rl hvpdL$p es:&&
skdts opresy L$prgvup[s{es&&272&&
fgpL$y a$g k|eu ps pe R>, L$pfZ L$ s hv R>. su kdrs S>Zphhp dpV$ L$prgvuu p[s epy
L$lg R>.
epvhp fgpL$y a$g ps pe sdp hv k|eu kdrs R> Ad S>Zphhp k|eu yu L$prgvu ps epy
L$lg R>.
svNd op-rhe pesp y:&&
B [s: L$pg sL$pepZp rl kp^L$:&&273&&
58
s dpV$ cNhp ^pfgp shy op pe s dpV$ s ps L$ep R>u pX$hpp L$pe |Z L$fpf cNhp
Bdp L$V$gpL$ kde fp.
cNhp L$prgvu ps L$fhp S> B ^pfg Ad gpL$p Z s dpV$, s ps L$ep R>u Z cNhp
pX$hpp L$pe |fp sp kyû Bdp fp. Apu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ pX$hp S> a$g ps eg s sp
AL$dpsu eg. cNhp R>u pfL$p ^pfu ep L$prgvu fep (gp.28-29).
Apdbp^he s ephrssp@Sy>:&&
rdrhvp spp spusp bgp rs&&274&&
Assp-brlspp cpsfprhh bpr^sp&&
hcpNhpv sp sep b^|p QprMgpv:&&275&&
Ap Apdopp hhpmp R>. su ApdZ ASy> pR>p L$pY$gp. rdrhvp s R>. su bgu pspp
cpC pku gphgp. Avfp sp A blpfp sp b cpCAp S>hp S>Zphgp R>. s pspp cpN lphpu
sy lfZ L$ey, A sp b^yAp kh BR>gp vp Apep.
L$prgvu Apdopy h R>. su ASy> sdZ pR>p L$pY$gp (gp.18-23). bu rdrhvp sy h
R>. s cNhpp a$pC fpr^vhuu yu lpC, ""a$pCu yu spfp cpN R>'' A yrs dpZ cNhpp cpN
lphpu sdZ bgu sdy lfZ L$ey. sdp cpCAp rhv A Ayrhv (sp) Avfp sp A blpfp sp
S>hp lsp. sdu BR>p rdrhvp vyep^ Aphpu lsu, fsy bu kNpAp sd cNhp S> Aphp
BR>sp lsp. su sApp kh BR>gp vp cNhp rdrhvpy lfZ L$fu sd ps L$fpep.
epNp[dL$p prS>s] k|ehikdyvchpd&&
ekpeNsp rS>hp sp S>Nplp@rMge&&276&&
k|ehidp D egu epN rk psu lgp ekp Df rhS>e ps L$fu epvhp kh kdr
ps pe s dpV$ cNhp fep.
k|ehidp D egp fpAp epNuAp lphpy L$lg R>, A psu k|ehidp D egu. su s
epN R>. kps ApMgp ekp Df rhS>e ps L$fu cNhp Apd dmhgp. ekp Df rhS>e ps
L$fhp s Z epNy L$pe lphpu, A psu Z sd L$fhpu ps egp lphpu sd epN L$lgp R>.
ekprhV$rQpp sR>p sy ges&&277&&
Brs viresy Qpv eydpl fZ rl&&
vpe rkr R>. su sp kb^dp s L$lgp R>. ekpdp S>Apy rQ QpV$g lpe sAp su BR>p lpe
R>. fsy s ps su u Ad viphhp R>u ASy> kp ey epy L$lg R>.
epNu rkr ps pe R>. su Ap epN psup vpey hZ gp.50-51 dp L$fgy R>. ekuAp
rkr ps L$fhpu BR>p lphp R>sp sd s ps su u Ad S>Zphhp eku fpAp R>u ASy> kp
ey epy gp.53-54 dp L$lg R>.
59
reprerhhL$pep cp hedypNsp&&278&&
c[sp gdZp@r bgpv byp Q kP$Nsp&&
sep rhspfL$ kp[hL$pp a$g S>Np&&279&&
reprerhhL$ pdp cp pspu dm Apep. c[s gdZpp Z bg gu^ A byru g ep.
kp[hL$pp a$g L$fZdp sp rhhply rhspfu hZ L$fgy R>.
re A Are vpp Zhpu i[s cp sdp cpCApA S> cNhp fZpep AV$g s ps S>
cNhp fep. s hfpe lsp, op, epN A s ps sp hfpe Au dm S> ps pe R>. gdZp
c[s lsp. Apdp rhhply hZ gbpZu kp[hL$ a$g L$fZdp Aepe 80dp L$fgy R>. su Ad rk
pe R> L$ cNhp Ap bg gu^ sp byru ps egp (A.80&17-39).
khpkpêys: hsp@r a$gvpeL$:&&
a$gL$fZ ps: L$Z: khrlsv:&&280&&
uL$Z kh y{jp A kp^hpmp A pspu dm Z a$g Appfp lphpy A kh rlsy vp L$fpf
lphpy Ap a$g L$fZdp L$lg R>.
kh dlpfpZuAp uL$Z kh y{jpy vp L$fgy R>, A s khy rls L$fpfp A pspu dm S> a$g
Appfp lphpy Ap L$fZdp L$lgy R>. Ap hue viphpf Aepe R> A V$S> R>.
Aepe 56:
rhjepZpd B[epZpd Ash evp chs&&
opkpe L$dkpe a$g ep rhrs: yfp&&281&&
Brs opresy L$Z: klprZ Q jpX$i&&
fpZp L$ kyM lhp vhpQ qfc|e rl&&282&&
drljuhrpsp: L$pgvpjrhe&&
Dplepdpk dyvp gpL$hvp kde&&283&&
epf cpNp rhjep A B[ep As lpe, epf lgp opu A L$du ps pe shp a$g kb^dp
kspj pe R> Ad S>Zphhp "fpZp'=fpp "L$'=kyM (f+L$=fL$pkyf) lZu A vhpp fpS>e L$fu,
gpL$ sp hvy kd L$fsp uL$Z L$pgp vpjp v|f L$fhp du hr kpmlf fpZuAp (fpu L$epAp)
kp Apvu g L$ep. (Apu Ap ei NyZu L$fgu gugp R> Ad S>Zphg R>.)
ArhpL$pep rl dyfp fL$fnL$:&&
syp uW$krlsp: pL$sp: Mpqvhdsp:&&284&&
L$pfZ L$ Arhpp L$pe dyf fL$y fnZ L$fpfp lsp, uW$ krls sp yp B[ep hNf kp^hpmp pL$s
lsp.
uW$ fL$pkyfp kprs lsp su kp dyfp yp ey L$fhp Aphgp.
fL$p cNhy: Qsyd|s: s[s:&&
60
skp@s s[he: a$gvpsysy epQps&&285&&

c|ep sp hf: psp he: kL$gfr&&
pfpeZpeysQs f ype sv vvp&&286&&
Qpf d|rshpmp cNhpp y fL$ s L$fsp lsp. sp As shuAp a$g Appf pk (Ahu) dpNZu
L$fhpu s c|rdp y ep A s Ahy hfvp dey L$ su pk pfpeZp li, sp L$pCu Z s lZu
iL$pi l], fsy sZ s y Apey. (pfpeZp sZ pspp y cNv Apey.)
s hep lfs: sh kyMdrlL$d&&
vhpû sp ya$g s rhpqfsd&&287&&
su lqfu lZhp epe ep. shu S> fus Ap gpL$y kyM vh Apû R>. A s rhjedp yy a$g Z
AV$L$phgy R>.
pfpeZp sZ cNv Apey AV$g s su pk lphpu S> s lZu iL$pep. S>d fL$p h^ ep, shu
S> fus Arhpp L$pe Alsp hNfu fnpeg, B[ep hNfu yV$ eg, c|rd Df D eg, cNhpu
Apopu rh{ L$dhpmy fpy S> Ap gpL$y kyM R> s vh Aû R>. fL$ pfpeZp lpe ep kyû s
L$pCu lZu iL$pe l], shy hfvp dmgy. sp y shy hfvp lsy su s A Au Ahy a$m dm l].
A dlpcpfsp eydp ASy> s dpfu pMg(pZ h A.29).
vhpûhds rhfsp c[skeys:&&
ArlL$pdy[dL$a$g L$Zps ppekied&&288&&
epvhpp kdsppd Ah vpsy lqfsp&&
Apu vh Aû lphpy rk pe R>. c[s kp hfpehpmp lpe s Ap gpL$y A fgpL$y a$g uL$Z
pku ps L$f R>, sdp kie u. kh epvhp Ahu fus a$g Aphp lqfA sd L$ey.
kyM vh Aû R> A Apu rk pe R>. hfpe A c[shpmp lpe s uL$Z b gpL$p a$g Ap R>
S>. kh epvhp a$g AphpdpV$ cNhp Aphu gugp L$fgu.
Aepe 57:
qflpkrhgpksy {[dep ev Blpqvsd&&289&&
sv hpprQL$rsfp^p Npuprdh L$preL$d&&
ArcdppqvvpjpZp rhe dedhs:&&290&&
A[sd Q sp@epe dpk Q hers&&
Ah r^p rsfpcphp vpjpcphpe bpes&&291&&
{[dZu kp cNhp qflpkp Apv L$epy S> Al] L$lg R> s -S>d NpuAp pku L$pepu rsfprls
egp sd- dedZp gu^ Arcdp hNf vpjp v|f L$fhp L$fgy hpZuy rsfp^p R>. sdS> R>p Aepedp
dy rsfp^p L$li. Ahu fus vpjp fl s dpV$ Z L$pfp cNhpp rsfpcph S>Zphgp R>.
61
cNhpp rhepN S>fp kl C iL$ s d(khu) lgL$p Ar^L$pf R>. s h^pf kl C iL$ s ded
Ar^L$pf R>, A s dyvvg kl C iL$ s Dd Ar^L$pf R>. cNhp cspp vpj v|f L$fhp L$pepu, hpZuu
A du Ad Z L$pf pspy rsfp^p L$fg R>. dy rsfp^p A.86&15-24dp S>Zphg R>.
Aes L$pdgp csp L$ZfkcpS>&&
kdp Brs vpY$epe rsfp^p L$fprs rl&&292&&
csp Aes L$pdm lpC uL$Zfkp cpN L$fhpu i[shpmp lpsp u, su sAp Y$ L$fhp cNhp ps
rsfprls pe R>.
A khcspp kpde Qpr eR>rs&&
a$gcpN a$g Qpr sp vpj rhpfe&&293&&
Apu Ad S>Zpey R> L$ shu fus vpj v|f L$fsp cNhp kh csp a$gp cpN L$fhpu i[s A a$g Z
Ap R>.
"shu fus' AV$g pspy rsfp^p L$fu csp cNhp a$g A a$gp cpN L$fhpu i[s Ap R>.
Aepe 58:
yppqvkr: *a$g|hd Dvpsd&&
s vpjkdyvcph vehh repS>es&&294&&
Brs viresy {du lsp fpdZ dP$Ng&&
(* ""a$g |hd'' pW$ lphp CA Ad S>Zpe R>)
y-p hNfu p[s a$g lphpy lgp L$lgy R>, sdp vpj D sp cNhp s vepp S> kb^
L$fph, Ad viphhp dP$Ng L$pedp bgc {L$du lep.
y-p hNf kr a$g lphpy pR>m L$pqfL$p 252-253dp L$lgy R>. sApdp bup kb^ gu^
L$pC hpf vpj pe, sp cNhp s vpj vepdp S> d|L$ R>, Ad viphhp Ar{p rhhpl dP$Ng L$pedp
bgc {du lZ R> (gp.36).
A^dpplS> p sh rls es:&&295&&
As: p rsls kyrMs kdpNsp:&&
L$pfZ L$ A^dhpmp rhhplu eg p cNhp {dudp S> d|L$gy, su pp pi sp epvh epAp kyMu
C pfL$p lpep.
Ar{ {duA fpQp fZphu. Ap rhhpl A^dhpmp ep (Sy>Ap gp.25 Dfp kybprû) sy p
cNhp {dudp d|ey, su bgc {du lep, A epvhp kyMu C pfL$p pR>p Apep(gp.40).
Aepe 59-60:
As: f khcph: L$Zp cspkp^L$:&&296&&
Brs viresy psd Ejpep dlpvcysd&&
62
Aeperseh hfpeZpr ^rdZp&&297&&

lh R>u ""uL$Z kh L$pf cspy L$pe rk L$f R>'' Ad viphhp hfpe NyZ A ^d} S>Zphpfp b
Aepepu S> Ejpy O Avcys Apep L$lgy R>.
ApNZkpW$ A kpW$dp Aepe Ay$d hfpe NyZ A ^d} S>Zphpfp R>. Ap b Aepepdp O Avcys
Ejpy Apep L$lgy R>.
s|Z] h^dp ke ophp@eps kvp lqf:&&
evpL$V$ csL$pe Ly$s[Qs rkrdrs rl&&298&&
epf csy Dd L$pe epeu Z rk sy lpe epf Zhp R>sp, lqf pspp NyZp kL$gu gC kvp ips
fl R>.
rQgMp Ar{ pfL$pdpu gC S>hp Aphu, epf cNhp s Zsp lphp R>sp rQgMp L$pC AX$QZ
Aphhp vuû (Sy>Ap A.&19-20 Dfp ukybprû).
Be|jplfZ ophp fnL$pQ rhpfe&&
ArcsL$sp Q pfv rhpqfs:&&299&&
su EjpA Ar{y lfZ L$fphg s Zu, A pfL$py fnZ L$fpfpAp AV$L$phu epvhpA BR>gy
cNhp L$ey. pfv sd ips flsp AV$L$pep.
uL$Z Zsp lsp L$ Ejp rQgMppfp Ar{y lfZ L$fph R>. su pfL$py fnZ L$fpfp sdZ fnZ
L$fsp AV$L$pep (A.59&18 kybprû). A epvhpA BR>g Ar{y lfZ hp vu^y, epf R>u Z Qpf
dpk cNhp ips S> fp A pR>mu Z ips S> fls, fsy pfv pfL$p Aphu kh hsps L$lu, sd
ips flsp AV$L$pep(A.60 Apfcu kybp.L$pqf.3 sp gp.1).
Asv esp gpL$ dy^cph[fp chs&&
dlpvhpqvrcey pV$d A kie:&&300&&
cNhp sd AV$gp dpV$ L$fgy L$ S>u gpL$dp ps Zsp lphpp rhQpf Y$ pe. dlpvh hNf kp ey L$ey
s pV$L$ R>, sdp kie u.
cNhp Qpf dpk ips fp, A pfvp L$lhpu A Zhpdp Apey lpe sd ep kyû pspy Aop
S>Zpey. dlpvh kp ey L$ey s sp dp pV$L$ S> lsy.
dlpvhps Ahpp esp@e lqfZp L$s:&&
csjy npsp rl khvhjy bpr^s:&&301&&
L$pfZ L$ dlpvh L$lg s S> Ap L$pe lqfA L$ey. kh vhp pspp csp rs nps lphpy S>Zphg R>.
dlpvh cNhp S> L$fhpu rhsu L$fu, s S> sdZ L$ey, Sy>Ap A.60&45-46. csp rs b^p vhp nps
fpM R> Ad Ap hpsu S>Zphg R>.
63
speisp rrMgp Brs bplQL$s l&&

csrejy khjy e L$rQv rhdsp: hrQs&&302&&
ephsp s crhe[s kdspss L$fprs rl&&
R>sp Z b^p vhp sd L$fhpu i[s rhpp lphpu, cNhp bpZp lpp L$pu pep. cs re lpe s
khdp L$V$gpL$ L$pC rhjedp rhfp^ L$fpfp lpe epf, S>V$gy L$fhpu sAp AyL|$g pe s cNhp L$f R>.
b^p vhp csp nps k|Z fus L$fu isp u Ad S>Zphhp cNhp bpZp 996 lpp L$pu pep
(gp.49 ukybprû kp). cs (dlpvh) S> L$pC re lpe, s khdp (bpZ S>hp) S> L$pC AdyL$ rhjedp
rhfp^ L$fpfp lpe, sAp S>V$gy L$fhpu rhfp^ s kh rhjepdp cs AyL|$g pe, sV$gy kh L$pe cNhp
L$f R>, Ad Ap L$pu S>Zphg R>.
Ar{L$p psp epvhpp Q k|rQL$p&&303&&
fpS>kpp a$g ss a$g L$Zpy rNyZd&&
Ah a$gL$fZ fpS>kjy rrsd&&304&&
Ar{u L$p L$lu. epvhpp bm dpTp d|L$gu Ad s k|Qhpfu R>. Ap fpS>kpy a$g R>. uL$Zu sp rNyZ
a$g ps pe R>. A dpZ fpS>kpy a$g L$fZ S>Zpey.
epvhpp bm dpTp d|L$u lsu Ad Ap Ar{u L$pu L$lg R>; L$pfZ L$ O bm lphy A S> fpS>kpy a$g
R>. kh L$pf khL$pe rk L$fhp sS> fpS>kp a$m dp R>. hpsrhL$ fus uL$Z pku sd rNyZ (dpep
sdpu lW$u e shy) a$m ps pe R>.
L$fZ Qpy: kp[hL$ L$fZ. A.61-81.
As: f kp[hL$pp q$ep rhres&&
Ndpnpqveopsp hkyvhe ûds:&&305&&
lh Al]u Nu Nfpmpp Ahspfdpu dy[su Apfcu byrdp hkyvhp eop As kyûy kp[hL$py
L$fZ L$lhpdp Aph R>.
Ap kp[hL$ L$fZp Apfc Aepe 61 Np hpsu pe R> A Aepe 81dp L$lg hkyvhp eo
kyûy s R>. su 61 u 81 kyûp AL$huk Aepepy Ap L$fZ ey.
dpZpp bg h kp[hL$pp des&&
q$eprse h depqv res&&306&&
Al] kp[hL$p dpZp bgu sp S>f u. su kp[hL$pp kb^dp de hNf Z V$pL$fZp L$lgp
R>.
kp[hL$-de, kp[hL$-kp^ A kp[hL$-a$g Ahp Z S> V$pL$fZp R>. spdk A fpS>k L$fZp W$
Apdp kp[hL$ dpZ L$fZ u, L$pfZ L$ kp[hL$pdp kh sp lpe S>, A s op A op D L$fp{
64
lphpu s dpZ R>. kp[hL$p hcphu S> Z R> L$ vLy$dpf hkyvhp y uL$Z; cNhp A Chf
R> su sAp Ahy op L$fphhpu L$pC S>f lphpu Ap L$fZp Z S> V$pL$fZp R>.
lsjp |hrk Apk[sQpr h Y$p&&
ekp@ch iyp fpS>kp: qL$sy vpjs:&&307&&
kL$pfdpps yV$p Q kep *Qpsp: kvp&&
Asp vpjrhrrl khjpd A hes&&308&&
(* Atl "Qpsp:' pW$ li Ad S>Zpe R>)
s (fpS>kp sp spdkp) cNhpdp l lgp egp, A Y$ Apk[s Z egu S>. fsy dp
kL$pfu egp vpj gu^ A cNhpu L$pu ps egu kr gu^ sAp kvp Ds flsp. su Ap
L$fZdp khp vpj v|f L$fhpy L$lg R>.
Ap L$fZdp L$pCL$ m fpS>k A spdk cspy Z rZ L$fgy R>. sAp cNhpdp l A Apk[s
eg lphp R>sp, kL$pf sp kr gu^ sAp Ds flsp. su cNhp sApp Z vpj v|f L$f R>. vpj v|f
sp sAp Z kp[hL$ pe R>, su Ap kp[hL$ L$fZ S> R>.
A.kp[hL$ deL$fZ. Aepe 61 u 66&67 A 79
N: |hsp cs: kp[hL$p ^prdL$sp&&
Arsvp vy:M k pe L$Z dprQs:&&309&&
N lgpp cs lsp. s kp[hL$ sdS> ^dhpmp lsp. O vp L$fhpu s vy:M pep, uL$Z s vy:Mdpu
R>pX$pep.
hhhs dyp y ChpLy$ (Sy>Ap 9&6&4) p N y lsp (gp.10). su Ap lgpp cs lsp. s
kp[hL$ A ^dhpmp lphp R>sp vp L$fhpdp S> Apks lphpu vy:Mu ep (gp.16-24). uL$Z S> s
Nfpmpp Ahspfu R>pX$pep(gp.5).
ApoR>p@cphsp vpjd Arcdppy L$Q&&
Aesd ApNlp ^d rhQpfpvfcphs:&&310&&
vy:McpNpe chrs L$Zpv Ae khp&&
cNhpu Apop A BR>p shy s vp L$f shu lphpu s vpj gpNhpy L$V$gpL$ L$l R>, L$V$gpL$ sp
Arcdp gu^ vpj gpNhpy L$l R>. rhQpf hNf L$fsp ^ddp Aes ApNl fpMhp A vy:M cpNhfphp R>.
uL$Z rkhpe budp ApNl k|Z L$pf vy:M cpNhfphpf pe R>.
L$V$gpL$ Ad dp R> L$ cNhpu Apop rhp A sdu BR>p rhp N vp L$ep L$ey A sp vpj lsp.
buAp Ad dp R> L$ s Arcdp lsy A sp vpj lsp. gp.12dp Ake Npepy vp L$epy sZ L$lg R>.
su s vp L$epy Arcdp lsy Ad sAp S>Zpe R>. hsys: cNhpu Apop Ahp BR>pp rhQpf L$ep
rhp ^ddp Aes ApNl fpMhpu S> s O vy:M egy. uL$Z rkhpe bu lfL$pCdp Aes ApNl
fpMhpu vy:M cpNhhy
X$ R>.
65
c[sepN sy cNhpspidr dpQes&&311&&

sp ep Ly${s sv spi lqf:&&
L$L$gpk khhe khnpcpQL$pf l&&312&&
shp Z c[shpmp lpe sp cNhp s vy:Mdpu R>pX$ph. S> L$pf sd L$f s dpV$ shp (N) lqfA
kh $p^ D L$fpf lphpu kh h^ L$fhp epe Nfpmp bpep.
shp ^ddp Aes ApNl fpMpfp Z cNhpu c[s L$fpfp lpe sp cNhp s vy:Mdpu R>pX$ph R>.
s ^ddp Ahp cNhp uL$Z rkhpe bu L$pCdp Aes ApNl fpM, sd L$fhp, cNhp s kh $p^
D L$fphpf Nfpmp bpep.
eL$p bpZ: y$: shL$ L$drZ&&
ephsp epNdpp: sphsp L$giv sy ss&&313&&
Asp@e ekrp ^dpqvjy eped&&
vy:Mcp cheh sdps L$Z svpQfs&&314&&
S>d AL$ L$ddp (L$d L$fhpu) AL$ bpZ $p^ ep, sd Nfpmp kp S>V$gp kb^dp Aphg s b^p s
vy:M App{ lsy. su uL$Z rkhpe bu ^d hNfdp ek L$fpfpAp ûf-ûf vy:Mu pe R> S>. su
uL$Zdp S> s L$fhy.
N AL$ bpZu Npe bu Apu vuû, s L$du bpZ $p^ ep. sd Nfpmp kp S>V$gp kb^dp
Aph s b^p s C AZNdp sp vy:M pe. su uL$Z rkhpe bu lfL$pCdp ^d hNfdp Z ek
L$fhpu ûf-ûf vy:M pe R> S>. su budp ek L$fsp uL$Zdp S> ek L$fhy.
AkepshL$ vV$pseduqfsd&&
spdkpqvrhcv NyZpQpr r^p dsp:&&315&&
Ake Npepy vp L$epy L$lhpdp spdk hNf cvu Z V$psp L$lgp R>, A NyZp Z Z L$pfp
rhQpfgp R>.
N As Npepy vp L$fgy Ad S>Zphhp sZ; 1.hup fS>L$Zpy, 2.ApL$pip spfpApy A 3.h[V$u
^pfpApy, Ahp Z V$psp L$lgp R>. Z Ay$d spdk, kp[hL$ A fpS>k R> (gp.12 kybprû kp).
Ap V$psp sZ Arcdp lphpu L$lgp u Z vpy As viphhp L$lgp R> su Arcdp sp vpj
lsp. fsy vp ^dy ek S> sp vpj lsp. gp.25dp sp Z NyZp Z L$lgp R> (gp.25 kybprû
kp).
Asspdk^djy cdse a$rgers&&
Asp@ ^dr^pf vpjpcphp NyZ: ds:&&316&&
NyZsy vpj Ah epv Brs vp spqvsd&&
su spdk ^dpdp s cd hpp. su ^dp rZe L$fhpp Ap rhjedp vpj lphp A NyZ L$lg R>, A
NyZ sp vpj S> pe. su vp vpj lphpy L$lg R>.
66
vpj lphp s ^dp rhjedp NyZ R>. (N vpj L$fgp, AL$ bpZu Npe bu Apgu) ^dp rhjedp
NyZ vpj S> R>. ^ddp OZu Apk[s fpMhpu N vy:M ey.
^ddpN bpZpp npc h kdpQfs&&317&&
dye sy khc|spp qL$[Qs se ers&&
^ddpNdp bpZp DN pe shy S> L$fhy. dye dpNdp sp kh pZuAp ksp pe shy L$fhy. sd
L$f s L$pC Z lpr su u.(dye dpNdp AV$g c[sdpNdp.)
sp@ bp^hpp Q L$pd hpdr ss sp&&318&&
dpn huie kss Qsyrc: sres&&
shu fus A kb^dp bp^hp A L$pddp pspp Apdpu Avf flgp A dpndp sp Chf pe
shy L$fhy CA. s Qpf Aepepu L$lgy R>.
^ddp bpZp ksp pe sd L$fhy CA A 61dp Aepedp L$y. Adp bp^hp ksp pe shy
L$fhpy 62dp Aepedp L$y. uL$Zp bp^h bgc $p^ pe shy edypA L$ey *. bgc bpgphhp R>sp
Nep l] su edyp ce ep. shu S> fus pspp Apdp cNhp rs Cep fpMu sd $p^ pe shy pX$L$
L$ey su s L$pd ps ep, Ap 63dp Aepedp L$lgy R>. rrhv cNhpp Aphihpmp bgvh $p^ pe
sd L$ey su s dpn ps ep. fpdphspfdp s cs lsp (A.64&2 kybprû), R>sp s dpn ps
ep.
(* edypp bp^h ed $p^ pe shy edypA L$ey Ad hvdp L$lgp ed A edup khpvu S>Zpe R>. su
edypp cNhpu p[s hp sd rk ep epS>p. 62dp Aepedp Ap khpvp DM Z u)
ep Ne ^dp edypepsp rS>:&&319&&
hp: rk: sp L$pd: pX$L$e sp Nrs:&&
rrhvepr p rk: sd|grhfp^s:&&320&&
S>d N ^d a$ep l], sd edyp pspp A rk ep l]. shu fus pX$L$ L$pd rk ep l] A
rrhv Z dpn ps ep l], L$pfZL$ s-s y{jpp d|g kp sdp rhfp^ egp.
bgcdp cNhpp Aphi lpe epf sdp rhfp^ L$fhpu cNhpp rhfp^ pe. Ap L$pqfL$pdp Qpfp V$ps
Apep R>, s Df S>Zphgp R>. pspp Ly$vfsu dpN hlhy A edypp A rk ep Ad S>Zpe R>(Sy>Ap
A.62&31).
Ar{ ep: L$pe s L$Zp bgsp&&
Asfpsfcph rcprhrhpfL$p&&321&&
Ar{dp by L$pe R>. su uL$Z A (uL$Z) Avf Aphi L$fgu [rsu bgc, A b Sy>vp-Sy>vp
L$pe AV$L$phpfp L$lgp R>.
67
Ar{ e|ly L$pe ^dy fnZ L$fhpy R>. ^dp rhfp^ L$fpf L$pC lpe, sp ^dy fnZ L$fhpy fl l].
su ^dy fnZ pe s dpV$ ^dp rhfp^ L$fpf sp sy fnZ L$fpf Ahp bu S>f X$ R>. su uL$Z
ps, A uL$Zp Aphihpmp bgc Ap L$pep L$fgp R>, su cNhpu gugpy rZ L$fsp Ap L$fZdp
bgc L$fgp L$pe L$lgp R>.
Aepe 62:
edypL$jZ L$pe QppspQ NprL$p:&&
ys|hp bg hp frdf gpqL$L$psy sp:&&322&&
bgc edyp MQu s huey L$pe R>, A R>u S>dZ (cNhp L$fg fpky) hZ L$fg s pR>mu D
L$fgu NpuApA bgc C sdu kp fdZ L$ey. sAp sp gpqL$L$ lsu.
Ap NpuApA Z bgc kp l] fsy bgcdp S>dp Aphi lsp shp cNhp kp S> fdZ L$fgy,
A sdZ S> edyp MQgu. (gp.27 Dfp ukybprû).
kp[hL$psy f kP$Npv vpjspkp Q pes&&
Npup L$Zvhe riV$pp kp[hL$hs:&&323&&
kkP$Nps kyMdy re L$ZL$p es:&&
lgpu NpuApA sp kP$Nu kp[hL$ C cNhp ps L$ep A s NpuApp uL$Zvh kbû vpjp
pi L$fhpdp Apep. buAp kp[hL$Zp gu^ kkP$Nu kyM ey, L$pfZ L$ sAp kvp uL$Zu L$p L$fsp
lsp.
lgpu NpuAp sp bgcp kP$Nu kp[hL$ C A uL$Z L$s R> Ahp sdp Df sAp S> vpj d|su
sp pi ep. v hNf buAp Z bgcp kkP$Nu kyM ey, L$pfZ L$ sAp kvp uL$Zu L$p L$fsp
lsp.
vhpvup sy kde vepp vhrZpd&&324&&
d^y^pfpqvL$ ps hvppqvL$ sp&&
vhp hNfu kdrs viphhp vhpy ^pfZ L$fpf vepA d^yu ^pfp hNf, A vhpA h hNf Apepy
L$lg R>.
Adsd kde gdu kp hp{Zu D egu. s hnpu Ar^W$pu vhsp b^p hnpdp fl R> A vep
Aphpdp Aphgu. su s sdp fp h{Z Aû R>. S> hnpdp hp{Zu flsu lpe sdpu S> d^y AV$g
dqvfpu ^pfp uL$m R>. hp{ZuA d^yu ^pfp Apu h kyNr^s L$ey (gp.19-20 kybprû) cNhpu
Qpu i[s L$prsA (Sy>Ap.10&36&55) bgc OZp qL$dsu Apc|jZp, epd hp A dpgp Apep
(gp.29). sdp L$pedp vhpu kdrs lphpy Apu S>Zphg R>.
Aepe 63:
L$pdp gpL$ rl kdp L$Zh svchv ^yhd&&326&&
pX$sy ssp sp dpkeps L$Z^L$&&
68
gpL$dp kdp pe s L$pd. uL$Z lpe sp gpL$dp s QpL$k pe. su pX$L$ sp uL$Zu Cepu
uL$Zy ^pfZ L$ey.
d|g L$hp rhfp^ rl gpL$ V$sp@yN:&&326&&
debgdpkp dys: |hp Qpf:&&
d|g h kp rhfp^ L$fu gpL$dp s pi pep. sdS> s Aykfpfp Z pi pep. debg ps L$fu
lgp L$lgp dy[s pep, fsy bu dy[s pep.
bpgL$pp QX$phhpu psp hpkyvh dpu sZ uL$Zp rhfp^ L$ep A su sp sp s Aykfpf L$piup
fpp gpL$dp pi ep. pX$L$u debgu dy[s C, L$pfZ L$ lfL$pC L$pf uL$Zdp rQ fpMhpu dy[s
pe R> S>, fsy L$piup fp dy[s ps C.
hpeh sy L$sed Arhfp^ hp hrQs&&327&&
hep suvh-ncep@r Ly$rQs&&
cNhpp rhfpû cNhpp hQu S> klpe L$fhu, Ahp cNhpp rhfp^ pe shu fus L$pChpf
L$fhu, fsy c[s gu^ Z sup vhpA sp supA L$pC kP$N bu L$pf kplpe L$fhu l].
cNhpp rhfpûp n ghp lpe sp cNhpu Apopu S> Ahp cNhpp rhfp^ pe shu fus S>
ghpe. Adsd kde cNhpu Apopu vhpA vep kp klL$pf L$fgp. rhvyf cNhpp rhfp^ pe shu
fus S> vyep^p ndp flgp. cNhpu Apop rhp Ahp sdp rhfp^ pe shu fus S> sdp rhfpûp n
g sp pi S> pe. L$piup fpp shu fus pX$L$p n ghpu rhpi ep. sup A sup vhp Z Ap
red gpNy X$ R>. pspp cspp n ghpdp Z sdZ Ap epdp fpMhpy R>.
As: L$per rv^p dlpvhp@r hpqfs:&&328&&
sp@eper prZ L$V$ dyfhqfrZ&&
su epf dyfpqf L$V$ lsp epf L$piu Z bmu NC. dlpvhp Z fpch ep, A bu hpp Z
fpch ep.
dyfpqf L$V$ lsp, epf sdu Apop rhp sdp rhfp^ pe shu fus L$piup fpp y kyvip n ghpu
su L$piu bmu NC (gp.41), A[ dlpvhp Z fpch ep (gp.28,29,39,40). gp.43dp Ap
cNhpp L$pep hZy a$g L$lgy lphpu Ap ei NyZy L$pe R>.
Aepe 64:
QpkW$dp Aepedp bgcy Qqf L$lg R>. bgcy fp$d sp Nep Aepeu S> S>Zpe R>. L$pfZ L$
bgc pfL$p lsp ep kyû pX$L$ uL$Z pk v|s dpL$ghpy kplk L$fu iep lsp. s vp hS>dp Neg
epf S> sZ v|s dpL$gg (A.63&1 A.64 p ukybprûu Apfcu L$pqfL$p 1). hmu Ap Aepedp
bgc rrhv lep s S> L$p L$lgu R>. sdZ fdsdp s lep A uNyZy L$pe V$ R>. su Ap Aepe
kbû rb^dp rhQpf viphg u.
69
Aepe 65:
vpjpeh s epep: s ppsv|jZd&&329&&
pX$hpqvkdspp vpjp@e rhpes&&
vpj D hpu S> sAp epN L$fhp epe egp, su Ap rhjedp S>Zphgp vpj u. Al] pX$h hNf
khp vpj Z v|f L$fhpdp Aph R>.
L$pfhp Arcdp eg (gp.24-28), A vpj gu^ sAp epN L$fhp epe egp. su uL$Zp
Aphihpmp bgc l[spyf NP$Npdp pMhp Mey (gp.41). R>u L$pfhpA Arcdp sey A
bgc ifZ Apep (gp.43). su bgc k ep, AV$g sdZ sApp Df L$p L$fu sd Ace
Apey (gp.40), sdp L$pC vpj u. Ap L$pedp pX$hp Z L$pfhp kp kpdg flgp Ad gpL$ 28dp
ASy>y pd lphpu S>Zpe R>. su L$pfhpp sdS> pX$hpp Arcdp vpj v|f L$fgp R>.
Aepe 66:
sp hZhdyee pfve rhfse&&330&&
shu fus pspp hfpe S>Zphhp dye hZh pfvp vpj Z Al] v|f L$fhpdp Aph R>.
"vpj Z Al] v|f L$fhpdp Aph R>' Ad Df L$y sp Al] Z kb^ R>. pspp hfpe NyZ pfv
S>Zphu cNhp pspp s NyZp Aop pfvp vpj v|f L$f R>. cNhp s pspp Ap NyZ pspp
Nlpd vMpX$p R>u gp.40 u S>Zph R>.
Ah dep rl lqfvpj ehpfes&&331&&
^d ApQfu uApp A ursu epvh nrepp, A dpZ de lqfA khp vpj v|f L$ep.
cNhp A{Zp Dve pe epfu ^dy ApQfZ L$fsp, s sdu uAp rhfl hpp ceu kl L$fsp
L|$L$X$p vpj vsu (gp.1). s ^dy ApQfZ kl L$fhp sApp vpj cNhp ^dy ApQfZ L$fu (gp.413) v|f L$ep. epvhp urs Zsp l]. su sAp Ahp dsp lsp L$ d S>fpk^ kp ey L$fu s lZu sZ
L$v L$fg fpAp R>pX$phhp A R>u eyr^[W$fp eodp S>hy (gp.45 kybprû). Ap sdp vpj cNhp
Dh L$fu sp ds S>Zphu, sd ursipy op L$fphu v|f L$ep. A dpZ de cNhp Ap
kp[hL$ de L$fZdp khp vpj v|f L$ep.
kp^q$ep hsy kp^psfdyse&&
fpepv cisp vy:M fpopd A res&&
kp^ pfvp dye: sepr pes&&
bu kp^ s v s dpV$ kp^ L$fZ L$lhp dpV$ Al] fpApp fpeu lpr A vy:M L$lgp R>. kp^dp
pfv dye R>, su Z pp Al] L$lgu R>.
vpj v|f L$fhpp kP$Ndp fpAp vy:M epy (gp.23-40) L$d L$lg R>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ lh
kp^ L$fZp Apfc L$fhpp R>. su cNhp rkhpe buSy> L$pC kp^ u Ad S>Zphhp fpApp
fpeu lpr A vy:M L$lgp R>. hmu fpe vpj R>, A fpeu lpr A vpjp pi R>. su Ap
70
L$fZdp sp kdphi L$fgp R>. kp^ ApQfhpdp pfvp Dvi dye R>. s Z Al] cNhpu pp L$f R>
(gp.37-44). su Ad V$ pe R> L$ hpsrhL$ kp^ Z cNhp S> R>. bu kp^; L$fhp epe u.
Ap.kp[hL$ kp^L$fZ. Aepe 67&68-74 A 80
kp[hL$ L$fZ 61-81 kyûp 21Aepepy R>. sp Z rhcpN R> 1.kp[hL$ de 2.kp[hL$ kp^ A
3.kp[hL$ a$g. vfL$ rhcpN kps-kps Aepepp R>. L$V$gpL$ Ad dp R> L$ Ay$d 61-67, 68-74 A
75-81 Aepepp Ap Z rhcpNp R>. kybprû dpZ ApQpeup ds Ahp lphpy S>Zpe R> L$ Ay$d
61-66 A 79, 67-72 A 80 sp 73-78 A 81 Aepepp Ap Z L$fZp R>. Ap rhje
kp[hL$ kp^ L$fZp kybprûAyhpvp DpvOpsdp rhspf|hL$ QQpeg lphpu Al] rhij hZ L$fg
u.
kpde rhdp@r he ophp@r khp&&333&&
L$Zpop hp klpe hp ghhV$fp chs&&
svp sy lqffpNe rls h[s L$fprs Q&&334&&
L$pe L$fhpu i[s lphp R>sp Z, ps s L$d L$fhy s k|Z fus Zsp lphp R>sp Z uL$Zu Apop
Ahp sdy kplpe ps L$fu S> BR>gy L$d L$fhpp DpN L$fhp. sd L$fuA epf sp lqf ^pfu
L$epZL$pfL$ hQ L$l R> A shy L$pe L$f R>.
cNhp S>Zphg kp^p Ahp kpû depvpp Ap L$fZdp bp^ L$fg lphpu, Ap kp[hL$ kp^ L$fZ
R>.
kp^ khp urs: L$sers bpê&&
Dh dy^cph R>rs d L$fprs Q&&335&&
kp^ L$fhpdp k|Z fus urs kpQhhu CA, Ahp bp^ L$fsp cNhp AopZpu [rs ^pfZ L$fu
Dh L$f R> A sp Df dpZ L$pe L$f R>.
cNhp kho R>, R>sp epvhpp Sy>vp ds Zu ps Aopu lpe sd sAp ursp bp^ L$fhp, iy L$fhy
CA shp Dh L$f R> (A.67&4-6), A Dh S> Df Ap R> s dpZ S> R>u L$pe L$f R>. su
kX$kW$dp sp AX$kW$dp Aepe, kp^ L$fZp DpvOps S>hp S> lphpu sdp kp^ L$fZdp kdphi
L$fgp R>.
Aepe 68:
ephs L$sy rl hpp ie sphv hveed&&
kplpe hp@ Ly${s sphv e chs q$ep&&336&&
Brs bp^resy L$Z: kcep khep Ns:&&
khcph | pvup Q he&&337&&
71
S>V$gy L$fhpy hpu bu iL$ sV$gy L$fhpy Ap Dh L$l R>. A S>V$gpu L$pe C iL$ sV$gu kplpe
(cNhp) L$f R> Ad S>Zphhp uL$Z; kh kp^ kp pX$hp kh cphu |S> L$f A sdu p h^ s
dpV$ B ^pep.
A.68&1 u 10 kyûp gpL$pu Dh; cNhpp p Df Ap R>. sdp hpu S>V$gy L$pe C iL$
sV$gy L$fhpy s L$l R>, A cNhp Z S>V$gpu fpS>k|e eo C iL$ sV$gu kplpe Aphp pspp kh
kp^p kp B ^pepy L$lg R> (gp.12-17).
Aepe 69:
i|Zp [V$vpjpe csdplperke&&
hrQv AL$p@r hjZ V$pV$L$pfs:&&338&&
ep cude kpde vhp deyQ bpr^s:&&
iyApu [V$dp cNhpp vpj S>Zpe A csy dplpe rk pe s dpV$ L$pChpf AL$gp(ke rhp)
Z hj bvgu Zu iL$pe A Zu iL$pe shp L$pf-S>d cud pspy kpde Apu S>fpk^y dey
S>Zpey sd-csy L$pe rk L$fR>.
csy dplpe (eyr^[W$fp fpS>k|e eo)rk pe s dpV$ cud A ASy> kp hj bvgu uL$Z S>fpk^
pk ^pep (gp.16). S>fpkû [V$dp cNhpp vpj S>Zpep. sZ sd lgL$p nre (gp.23) A
buL$Z dpep (gp.31). R>u cNhp S>fpk^ pk ey dpNu (gp.28), sp fpS>e L$fhpy L$pe
Zu iL$pe shp L$pf rk L$ey. hmu vfep sdZ pspy kpde Zu iL$pe shp L$pf cud Apey
(gp.40) A shu S> fus s S>fpk^y dey L$hp L$pf i s vipey (gp.41).
d sy d:urs: rsue iydpfZd&&339&&
sh eovlpp b^ rhrhpqfsd&&
lgpdp sp eyr^[W$fp du ksp L$fu, budp iy lep. su S> eodp lpdhpp S>App vlp lsp
sApp b^ v|f L$ey.
vfL$ V$pL$fZ pk-pkp kps Aepepy ghpdp Aph, sp AX$kW$dp Aepe Ap L$fZp lgp Aepe
pe. sdp eyr^[W$fp du cNhp ksp L$fu (gp.23-26). bu (69 dp) Aepedp S>fpk^ lep
(gp.43-45), A S> fpAp sZ iP$L$fp eodp lpdhp L$v L$fgp sd R|>V$p L$fpep (gp.46).
Aepe 70:
ssp bp^dL$jp gpqL$L$ Qpr L$pfe&&340&&
kp^ L$pfepdpk sp@epNssp&&
R>u s fpAp cNhp Dvi Ap R> A gpqL$L$ L$pe L$fphsp Z kp^ L$fph R> A R>u B
^pf R>.
72
R>u cNhp s fpAp rkfdp Aepedp Dvi Ap R> (gp.18-23). R>u sdp gpqL$L$ kL$pf L$fphu
(gp.24-27) sdu pk cNhp[sp kp^ L$fph R> (gp.29,30) A ps B ^pf R>
(gp.31-34).
Aepe 71:
sssy eokrkr: s vee kr^p&&341&&
r:iP$L$ vhQep: sppep lfcrS>:&&
svh L$V$p vep: hpdp vie[s rl&&342&&
R>u sp eo |fp ep. s (eo)dp veu lpS>fudp vhpy L$pe R|>V$u C isy lphpu sp Dpe lqfy
cS> (|S>) L$fhpdp Apep. s Dpe L$fhpdp Aph epf S> vep L$V$ C pspy h S>Zph R>.
R>u eyr^[W$fp fpS>k|e eo |fp ep (gp.48). s eodp riiypg ve lpS>f lsp (gp.30). veu
lpS>fudp vhpu pspy L$pe R|>V$u C iL$ rl, su vhpy L$pe R|>V$u C iL$ s dpV$ eodp cNhpy |S>
L$fhpdp Apey (gp.19-29). cNhpy |S> pe epf vep R|>p flu isp u, s L$V$ C pspy h
viph R>. su eodp uL$Zy |S> L$ey epf riiypg L$V$ C pspy veh S>Zpey (gp.30- 38).
As: L$Ze |ep riiypgp lsp@kyf:&&
dpcP$Nsp@ejp vyep^rlsrjZpd&&343&&
su uL$Zp |S>dp Akyf riiypg lZhpdp Apep A vyep^y rls BR>pfp buApp dpp pi
ep.
uL$Zp |S>dp Akyf riiypg lZhpdp Apep (gp.30- 43) A vyep^y rls BR>pfp AV$g
vep Aihpmp b^pA fpApp dpp pi ep (gp.44 ukybprû kp).
Aepe 72:
|h sy bgcp@ epNp kdpNs:&&
ydyMps kdpepsp dlpfp:&&344&&
lgp bgc sp Al] eodpV$ Aphgp rl, y hNf dlpfuAp ep Aphgp.
bgc; fpS>k|e eo dpV$ lgp b^p kp Aphgp rl, y hNf S> Aphgp (A.68&13 kybprû
kp).
dye epN rh sy sp pe Ly$igud&&
pX$hpp pep qL$eL$pg sp@hks&&345&&
dye eo |fp sp y hNf cNhp pfL$p dpL$ep A pX$hpu ppu ps uAp kp B
fp (gp.29 kybprû kp). pX$hpu ppu cNhp Ahu fus B flgp (gp.28).
vyep^pqvdpe cP$N s kdpNs:&&
rdrgs: L$Zvh fpdp phpQ qL$Q&&346&&
73
Aep pX$hp khp lepvhp@rhQpfe&&

Asv [s: L$Z: pp S>e qv&&347&&
vyep^ hNfp dpp pi sp bgc ep Apep. uL$Zvh dep su L$pC bpep rl, rl sp rhQpf
L$ep rhp kh pX$hp dpfu S> pMs. vedp pp D L$fphu Ap epS> dpV$ uL$Z ep flgp.
vyep^ hNfp Arcdpp pi sp bgc B Aphgp (A.74&8). ep uL$Z lphpu sd dep
AV$g vyep^p Arcdpp pX$hpA pi L$fhp R>sp L$pC bpep rl. uL$Z ep fp lps, sp bgc
L$pC Z rhQpf L$ep rhp kh pX$hp dpfu S> pMs. shy pe s dpV$ uL$Z ps fpL$pe, s dpV$ psp
pp L$fhpy pX$hp k|TpX$gy A ps ep flgp.
*bgc pp L$fhpy pX$hpA k|TpX$ey L$ bgc sd lZ rl epS>p. (uL$Z psp B
flhpu pp L$fhpy pX$hp k|TpX$ey Ahp A S>Zpe R>.)
Aepe 73:
dlpvhpr^vhsy iphs klpehp&&
pfL$pep ep |h vvp L$gi kyvy:kld&&348&&
ephs shpr y{j-ersqfL$spelpr rl&&
dlpvh S>p Ar^W$psp vh lsp shp iph lsp. s dlpvh kplpe L$fsp lsp. y{j rkhpep S>V$gp shp R>
sV$gp qvhkp kyû sZ lgp S>fuA kl C iL$ shy vy:M pfL$pdp epp flhpkuAp L$ey.
iph dlpvhy kplpe lsy. dlpvh s "kpc' rhdp bphfphu Apgy. y{j krls A$phuk shp R>
(11&22&14-16), y{j NZsp kphuk fp, sV$gp qvhkp iph pfL$pp flhpkuAp O vy:M vu^y.
As Apop rhp qL$[Q L$se L$Q&&349&&
esp fpd kdpeps pfL$p@esuqX$sp&&
L$pgpvfyfp^ cNhpQpr des&&350&&
Apdpd Aep@e L$p iP$L$p L$pekp^&&
su cNhpu Apop rhp L$pC Z L$pe L$pC Z L$pf L$fhy rl, L$pfZ L$ cNhpu Apop rhp bgc
(B) Apep epf (iphu) pfL$p O vy:M ey A cNhp Z L$pg hNf Aykfu pspp rhj
MpV$p rhQpf L$ep. bu kP$N cNhp L$pe rk L$f sdp iy iP$L$p lpe?
cNhpu Apop rhp bgc pfL$py fnZ L$fhpy sd kpg L$pe d|L$u B Apep, su iph pfL$p
uX$p L$fu iep. su cNhpu Apop rhp L$pC Z L$pe L$fhy rl.
Ah ksrc{qvvV$ kp^ ev lqfhvs&&351&&
Aep kh se L$sed Brs rQe:&&
A dpZ S> lqf L$l s S> kp^ lphpy $u L$fgy R>. lqf L$pC kp^ L$fhpy L$l sp sdu khp L$fhu,
Ahp rQe R>.
74
S> kp^ L$fhpu cNhp Apop L$f s kp^ S> L$fhy. shu Apop lpe sp kp^ L$fsp cNhpu khp S>
L$fhu Ahp rQe R>.
C.kp[hL$ a$g L$fZ. Aepe 73-78 A 81
As: f kp[hL$pp a$g ksrc{es&&352&&
Dcepferk L$pgjp rhûes&&
lh R>u kps Aepepu kp[hL$py a$g L$lhpdp Aph R>. b AL$ R> Ad rk pe s dpV$ L$pp kb^
S>Zphg R>.
lh R>u kp[hL$ a$g L$fZp Apfc pe R>. (Ap L$pqfL$p ApNm 366&& L$pqfL$p R>u CA Ad
uy{jpd k|Qh R> Ahu kip^L$ ipu uQudgpgu pV$ R>, fsy 73dp Aepeu a$g L$fZp
Apfc pe R>, Ahp ds dpZ Ap L$pqfL$py Ap g epe S> R>. ukybprû dpZ Z Ap L$fZ 73dp
Aepeu S> i pe R> (Sy>Ap A.73p Apfcu L$pqfL$pAp sp gp.1p Apcpk)) A. 73-78 A 81
y Ap L$fZ R>. kp^ A a$g b AL$ R>, Ad rk pe s dpV$ Al] L$pp kb^ viph R>. ""bgc
cNhpu Apop rhp pfL$pu B Apep A vyep^p Arcdpp pi hp R>sp uL$Z kp cNp
hpu L$pC bpep rl'' A hps vyep^p Arcdpp pi AV$g kp^ kp kb^ lphpu kp^
L$fZdp L$p A su s S> L$p pfL$pp gpL$p vy:Mp pi L$fhp a$g kp kb^ lphpu s Al] a$g
L$fZdp Z L$lgu R>. kp^ A a$g b AL$ S> R> Ad S>Zphhp AL$ S> L$pp b L$fZp kp kb^
lphpy S>Zphg R>.
ye S>edep cNhdfZpvr&&353&&
iph rhp {p rl s ydpfZd&&
yp rhS>ey rQs hpu A cNhpy Z dfZ L$fhpu iphdp { hi L$ep, su yp
ke lpf ep.
Apfcdp iph kpp eydp yp rhS>e ep (gp.17-24). s rhS>ey rQs L$fu, iph pspp
dpephu cNhpy dfZ L$ey. AV$g { iphdp hi L$ep. su iphp krL$pA epvh hufp Df lpf L$fu
sAp uX$p L$fu (gp.25).
L$pdS>sp es: psp: sppechs S>e:&&354&&
ydec|s svphi: yepL$jZ&&
A s[d kde khjpdh {s:&&355&&
iP$L$f L$pd Df rhS>e ps L$fpf L$lhpegp R>, su Al] Z iphp rhS>e ep. y fZdpu pR>p
L$pY$hp dpV$ ydpdp iP$L$fp Aphi ep. Apu Ad S>Zpey L$ s kde iP$L$fu b^pA epvhpp fpch ep.
y L$pdvhp Ahspf R>, A iP$L$f L$pd Df rhS>e ps L$fpfp R>. su iP$L$f gu^ iphp Ap
eydp Z rhS>e ep. ^ydp y fZdpu pR>p L$pY$ s dpV$ iP$L$fp ydpdp Aphi ep. ydpdp flgp
iP$L$f y Df Nvpp lpf L$fu, sy ve cy, AV$g kpfr y fZc|rddpu v|f gC Nep (gp.26-
75
27). Ahu fus epvhpp S> L$pC fpch ep s iP$L$fy kdp kpQhhp egp (gp.27 Dfp
ukybprû).
pX$hpp epvhpp khjpdh L$pgs:&&
a$g svh cNhp eR>rs evp@rMgp:&&356&&
Aes spdpep[s p Qs hpvy a$g rl&&
epf L$pg Aykfu kh OS> vy:M pe epfS> cNhp pX$hp, epvhp b^pAp a$g Ap R>. sd L$f
sp a$g duWy$ gpN.
O vy:M ep lgp a$g ps pe sp s duWy$ gpNsy u. su S>d pX$hp O vy:M ep R>u S> cNhp
a$g Apgy, sd Al] epvhp Z a$gvp L$fsp lgp O vy:M hp vu^y.
Aepe 74:
Brs L$rQv rhQpep L$Z@r fdpdr&&357&&
kpnpv Dvc|s@r pL$shsurss:&&
Ahspfpsf es sp hsy rhQpfZpd&&358&&
Ly$h[s gpL$dplpe ... ... ... ...
A rhQpfu L$V$gpL$ Al] kpnps L$V$ h fdpdp uL$Zdp Z pL$s hpdp Aphsy lphpu; bu
Ahspfp rhj S>d L$l R> shy gpL$ dpl L$fphhp L$lhpdpV$ rZe L$f R>.
epvhp Z vy:M X$, sApp Z fpS>e pe, hNf C uL$Z Z bu Ahspfp S>hp R> A
sdpdp pL$s R> Ahp gpL$p dpl D L$fhp L$V$gpL$ rZe L$f R> (gp.23-29).
... ... ... ... sv sds hrQs&&
a$gps |h |hnfuephp v|jees:&&359&&
iyL$: fdsho: L$rQs nd|rQf&&
|hnL$pep sy dplgugrs rQe:&&360&&
su sApp ds MpV$p W$fphhp dpV$ fd sh Zpf iyL$ a$g L$u^p lgp L$pCL$ kP$N |hnu fusu s
ds L$lu, sp vpj S>Zph R>. L$V$gpL$ s OykpX$u vu^g lphpy L$l R>. |h nu L$pdp sp dpl L$fphpfu gugp
L$lgu, Ahp rQe R>.
sApp ds |hn sfuL$ (gp.23-29 kyûu) L$lgp R>. L$V$gpL$ dhpQpep AyepeuAp hNf Ap gpL$p
L$pCA OykpX$u vu^g lphpy L$l R>. Ap |hn sfuL$ L$lgu L$p dpl L$fphhp L$fgu gugp R> Ahp rkps 3032 kyûp gpL$pu L$lgp R>.
dlpvhe spjp hrQs L$ sp@chs&&
sdrs: epN^dZ ss Apl: dyuhfp:&&361&&
sQpr iyL$p d c[seyspQ epNs:&&
qvvyV$cph krls dfZ sp&&362&&
76
sy iy epN sp V$d Asp rl&&

dlpvh kspj pe s dpV$ L$pCL$ L$dp sd egy. sy dfZ epNp NyZu egy, su dpV$p dyrApA sd
L$lgy sp Z c[s kpp epNu iyL$ Apvf L$fgp u. dyrAp shy dfZ vedp flgp vyV$ rhQpf kp
egy, fsy iy epNu sApA shy Zgy rl. su s ke u.
S> L$dp |Z cNhpp Ahspf eg rl shp L$pC AL$ L$dp s dpZ bgy. b^p epNuAp epNu
cNhp kbû op sy u. s kh cNhpu gugp hNf Zu isp u fsy ""c[su d Z R>''
A cNhpp hpe dpZ cs epNuAp S> cNhp kbû op pe R>. iyL$vh cs epNu lphpu, sdZ
fd sh (cNhp) kbû rhQpf L$fu s epNuApp ds MpV$p W$fphg R>, su s MpV$p S> R>. s epNuAp
shy dfZ sdp vedp flgp vyV$ cphu S> egy, fsy iy epNu eg u, R>sp sAp Ahu L$p L$lsp
lsp, su |hn sfuL$ s L$lu iyL$ sy MX$ L$fgy R>.
Ase L$pv Ah oprs khp evp&&363&&
L$pephip rhsys svp dplp chv Brs&&
s L$pr gugp@r L$sep L$Q&&364&&
Ap (|hn sp rkps) L$lu Ad S>Zphgy R> L$ epf cNhp L$pe L$fhpdp OZp Apks pe R>, epf
*dpl pe. su L$pCA Z cNhpu Aphu gugpy AyL$fZ L$pCZ L$pf L$fhy.
(*"cNhp h L$pedp OZu Apk[shpmp L$f epf dpl pe R> epS>p. Al] h dpl hpu hps u,
fsy cNhpp Ahspf dpl hpu hps R>. su S> khhpmp Ahspfdp Aphp dpl pe R> Ad uQ L$l
R>. h sp dpl ep S> L$f, sdp L$pC ApQe u.)
Al]u 366&& kyûu L$pqfL$pApu Ap |hn sp rkps S>Zphhpy L$pfZ L$lg R>.
svp@r^L$pqfZp vhp des vyV$cphpd&&
khphspfn rl chv As Qpep&&365&&
rNyZsy lqf: L$Z: hedprhbc|h l&&
shp kP$N Ar^L$pfhpmp vhp A gugpy AyL$fZ L$fpfu vyV$ cphp lphpy rhQpf R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhpp
khphspfu [rsdp Ap b R>, bu [rsdp bsy u. lqf uL$Z sp ps rNyZ L$V$ egp R>.
cNhpp khphspf lpe epf S> Aphu gugp pe R>. cNhp uL$Z sp ps rNyZ L$V$ egp R>. su
sdp kb^dp Aphu gugp epy rhQpfhpdp Aph sp Ar^L$pfu vhp s rhQpf vyV$ lphpy rhQpfu, shp rhQpf
L$fpfy ArV$ L$f R>.
kvl se cssy rZep opesp ep&&366&&
s i|Nqfepqv iy pes ssp@r^L$d&&
kvl flsp lpe sp sdp cspA sp ""ipp kd|lpu lpf L$fsp iph'' hNfu hpsrhL$ rZe L$fhp.
uL$Z iy b R>, sdpu Ar^L$ buSy> sh u.
77
Ap rhjedp kvl flsp lpe, sp uL$Zp cspA iph kpp eydp MfMf iy eg sp rZe 33
u 36 kyûp gpL$u L$fhp. uL$Z S> iy fb R>. sdpu buSy> L$pC Ar^L$ sh R> S> rl.
Aepe 75:
Apvp rrh^vyV$pp h^p@ rhres&&367&&
iphe lfcse vsh$e Qpd:&&
svcpsyQ rsuee fpS>ke h^: ds:&&368&&
Ap L$fZp Apfcdp Z L$pfp vyV$pp h^ S>Zphhpdp Aph R>. 1.iP$L$fp cs iphp 2.pspp
(cNhpp cs) vsh$p A 3.sp bu fpS>k cpC rhv|fp h^ L$lg R>.
iP$L$fp cs spdk iphp, cNhpp cs kp[hL$ vsh$p A sp fpS>k cpC rhv|fp h^ L$epy
L$lg R>. (iphp h^ A.73 sp 74dp L$lg R>, s Aepepp Z kp[hL$ a$g L$fZdp kdphi pe R>.
vsh$ A rhv|f p h^ A.75dp L$lg R>).
Ah vpjZpip rl a$g |hd Dvuqfs:&&
sh epvhpp rl khekpis:&&369&&
L$ZpdL$ a$g rk es Ah L$fprs rl&&
A dpZ a$gp L$fZdp lgp vpjp pi L$epy L$lg R>. su S> epvhpp kh vy:Mpp pi hpu sAp
uL$Z a$g ps ey su S> cNhp A dpZ L$fgy.
epvhp uL$Z a$g ps pe s dpV$ S> cNhp A Zp pi L$fu sApp vy:M v|f L$ep, Apy hZ
A.75&16 kyûu L$fgy R>.
ss: khkyMppe bgvhrhrNd:&&370&&
su h^dpipe vpj eps kyM hs:&&
R>u kh kyM pe s dpV$ pspp ^dp epN L$fhp bgc; su L$fhp Nep. vpj v|f sp kyM pspu dm
(ps pe R>).
R>u pX$hp sp L$pfhp p eyp pfc pe R>. Ap eyy qfZpd ArV$ S> lsy, su sp epN L$fhp
A S> ^d lsp. sdp Z sueppp rdju epN L$fhp A Dd ^d NZpe. hmu s eydp uL$Z pX$hpp
ndp lsp, A bgc L$pfhpp ndp fl sp Avf-Avf rhNl pe. su bgc nre lpC sdp ^d ey
L$fhpp lphp R>sp pspp s ^dp epN L$fhpu; kh kyM pe sd lphpu, kh kyM pe s dpV$ pspp
s ^dp epN L$fhp s su L$fhp uL$ep.
he sy pX$hpp rl vy:Mpi QL$pf l&&371&&
Ah rrcqflpepe: vy:Mpip res&&
V$pV$rhcv rrh^pp rhijs:&&372&&
cNhp ps sp pX$hpp vy:Mp pi L$ep. A dpZ Z Aepepu V$ L$pf A AV$ L$pf Z
L$pfp hpp vy:Mp pi kpfu fus L$epy L$lg R>.
78
iph hNfp piu epvhpp vy:Mp V$ L$pf (S>ZpC Aph shu fus) pi L$ep A pX$hpp vy:Mp
AV$ fus (S>ZpC Aph shu fus) pi L$ep.
L$pgvpjps sy Fjep hspf drf@^dd&&
Asp@ophh fpdZ k|sp ^dpd Apls:&&373&&
kspjpd FrjZp Q hphspf *rh^pe rl&&
s s pepdpk L$pe cpNhs [sd&&374&&
iyL$psd Aep hpe ve rhis hrQs&&
(*Al] "rhQpe' pW$ li Ad S>Zpe R> epS>p)
L$pgp vpj gu^ FrjApA sp A^d k|sp hsp sfuL$ Apvf L$fgp. su s ep rhp S> bgc ^dp
epS>u k|s lep, A FrjAp kspj pe s dpV$ pspp Ahspfp rhQpf L$fu, ep sy p L$ey.
epS> cpNhsp hZdp lsy. sd L$ey lps sp iyL$ L$lgy hpe L$pC kde vedp hi L$fs.
bgc suepp L$fsp rdjdp Aph R>. ep FrjAp gpbp kde kyû Qpg shp eo L$fsp lsp. sApA k|s
L$p L$lpf W$fphu bpk Apgy A pspy b spdp d|L$gy. Aphp i| k|s FrjAp Dvi L$f s
^du rh{ R> Ad dpu FrjApA su Avf pspy b d|L$u s bpk Apg. fsy s ep rhp
S>, ^dy fnZ L$fpf bgc ^d dpZ S> ApQfZ hy CA Ad dpu k|sp h^ L$ep. gp.28 R>u
FrjApA s ps bpk Apg hNf S>Zphsp bgc sAp kspj pe s dpV$ A pspp Ahspfy
epS> rhQpfu, k|sp y DNhk su S>epA L$pp hsp W$fpep(gp.36). s A dpZ hsp
W$fpep lps sp, s i| flhpu sp furnsu kcpdp hi ps rl A s iyL$p dyMu ucpNhsy
hZ L$fu is rl, A su cpNhsp Qpf bfpbf ps rl (Sy>Ap 1&1&5 Dfp ukybprû).
Aepe 76:
bhge h^p dyep vpjsjp Q pris:&&375&&
bhgp vpjk|sp Q ep@ rhrhpqfsp:&&
oppvip gugpp ep supV$ sp&&376&&
bhgp h^ dye R>, A s (Frj)App vpjp pi L$fgp R>. 1.bhg 2.FrjApp vpj A 3.k|s A
Zp pi epy Al] L$lg R>. S>d sudp a$fhpy bgc gugp dpV$ L$fgy shu S> fus FrjAp opp
Dvi L$fg.
bhg, FrjApp vpj A k|s A Zp pi epy L$lg R>. sdp bhgp h^ dye R> (gp.6). supV$
W$ bgc FrjAp opp Dvi (gp.31) Z gugp dpV$ L$fgp.
iyrsusp eo: oppr chv ^yhd&&
FjuZp rse rkd AN dplrhe&&377&&
oppvip@epp vpjp Ah rhprisp:&&
pep QrcfN sy NyZ: vpjrhpfZd&&378&&
79
supu A eopu sd S> opu Z $u iyr pe R>. FrjAp s Z ps ep. crhedp dpl v|f pe
s dpV$ bgc FrjAp opp Dvi L$fgp, sy buSy> epS> lsy. Ahu fus b Aepepu vpjp v|f L$ep.
R>up pQ Aepepu sp NyZpu vpjp v|f L$fi.
As:L$fZ hNfu iyr sup L$fhpu, eop L$fhpu A opp Dviu pe. FrjAp rdj sudp S> flsp
lsp A ep S> eop L$fsp lsp(A.75&20) A bgc sAp opp Dvi Z L$ep (A.76&31) su
sAp As:L$fZ hNfu iyrp Z kp^p ps ep. A dpZ A.75 sp 76 A b Aepepu vpjp
hu v|f L$ep.
Aepe 77-78:
vpqfpi: kep pep s res&&
rrcQ rrh^pp Q |hpspp Q khi:&&379&&
s L$u b Aepepu krhX$ NfubpCp pi L$epy L$lg R>, A Z Aepepu Df L$lgp Z L$pfp
hpp vpjp k|Z fus pi epy L$lg R>.
kpsf A A$psf A b Aepepu kyvpdp AgpqL$L$ kr ps L$fphu sp vpqfp pi L$ep A L$lg
R>. A 79 u 81 kyûp Z Aepepdp d L$lg spdk, fpS>k sp kp[hL$ hpp vpj v|f L$fu sAp
Dd a$g ps L$fpepy L$lg R>.
kyvpdp bpZ: L$[Qv A^ Q Frjkds:&&
cpep sy bpZu se j} vpqfvips&&380&&
rh{d Dce L$pgps se rhpfZd&&
kyvpdp L$pC AL$ bpZ lsp, A s A^ Frj NZpeg R>. su u bpZu sp vpqfu Akf su
lphpu s Frj lsu. b ff rh{ lsp, s L$u AL$ L$pg v|f L$ey.
ucpNhsdp Ap bpZy pd Apg u, fsy bu yfpZdp sy pd "kyvpdp' lphpy L$lg R>. kyvpdpdp
pspdp Frjp NyZp lsp. vpqfu sp Df Akf su lsu, fsy su u Df vpqfu Akf C
lsu A su spdp Frjup NyZp lsp. su rs A u AL$ NZpsp lphpu kyvpdp A^ Frj
(Npddp flsp lphpu ""A^ Frj'' L$lg lphpy S>Zpe R> epS>p)) L$lg R>. kyvpdpdp Frjp NyZ lsp Ad
A.77&6-7 u S>Zpe R>. Frj A vpqfu Akf hu A b ff rh{ R>. kyvpdpp FrjZpp
NyZp L$pg v|f L$ep, su shp NyZphpmp Z up kdhhpu cNhp pk ^ dpNhp Nep.
s L$Z: y[V$dpN uZp Qh rls fs:&&381&&
Asp@^S>fsue s cs Q$ hkqP$Nd&&
y[V$dpNdp sd S> uApp L$epZdp sf flpfp uL$Z sApdpp s A^ pi pdsp cs pspp
kP$Nhpmp L$ep.
cNhp uL$Z kyvpdpp y[V$dpNdp AP$NuL$pf L$fgp, A s kvp uApy L$epZ L$fpfp R>, su Ap A^
Frj A A^ kkpfu cs sdZ pspp kP$Nhpmp L$fu pspp rd bphg.
80
ep rl cNhp A |ZL$pdp@r rsW$rs&&382&&

skqP$Nrc: shp ed Beh r[Qsd&&
S>du L$pdpAp |Z R> shp cNhp Z Al] S>d fl R> shu S> fus sdp kP$NhpmpApA Al] flhy S>
CA Ahp S> Apu rQe pe R>.
Ap L$pu Ahp rQe pe R> L$ cNhp |ZL$pd lphp R>sp S>d c|sg Df Ahspf gC fl R>, shu S> fus
sdp kP$Nhpmp rd c|sg Df flhy CA.
pip L$p@r crhsp FjuZp Qpr dpQL$:&&383&&
AgpqL$L$ Q vvp v|jZd Blphr&&
cNhp FrjAp Z dpn Appfp R>. u ^ Aphpu kyvpdp L$pC Z lpr hpu lsu. cNhp
u AgpqL$L$ ^ Apey. Al] kyvpdpdp S>fp Z vpj Apep u.
cNhp dy[s Appf lphp R>sp sdZ b^ L$fph shy ^ L$d Apey? Ahp pe, su Ap L$pqfL$p
L$lgu R>. kyvpdpu u cNhp ^ Apey, su kyvpdp L$pC lpr C u. sZ u kp bl gV$ ep
rhp rhjep cpNep, AV$g S>fp gV$ sp egp (A.78&38 Dfp ukybprû). fsy cNhp pspp
cs cpN Aphp R>sp L$pC lpr hp vsp u (Sy>Ap pR>m L$pqfL$p 293).
hsyehpe sy L$p |hsp rrsp&&384&&
kdn cNhpssy FrjdhpL$fps hs:&&
Asp qL$[Qs vvp cpepe s vhp&&385&&
kyvpdp pspu kdp R> Ad S>Zphhp cNhp lgp bgu L$p L$lgu R>. cNhp bdp sp pspu dm
s Frj S> L$ep (fpep). su epf L$pC Z Apey. ep (sp Of su) u Apey.
kyvpdpu lgpu L$p (A.77&31-42) s cNhpu kdp S>Zphhp L$lu R>. kyvpdp pspu pk fp
ep kyû cNhp sy Frj S> dpe fpey, su s kde s L$pC ^ Apey rl. sp Of su u
vhp Z vygc AgpqL$L$ ^ Apey.
Arcsn rl vppcphp rhries&&
Asp@vp se spjp NR>sp hes r&&386&&
vp BR>gy lsy A ds dpZ vp pe s Dd R>. su vp egy lsy epf dpN S>sp sp kspjy
hZ L$fgyR>.
A.78&14-20dp kyvpdpp kspjy hZ L$fgy R>. rhij L$fu gp.20 Sy>Ap.
kpkrNL$e vpje rhe cNhf:&&
c[sdpNpykpfZ rhjep bycyS>@hi:&&387&&
81
kkNp vpj v|f pe s dpV$ cNhpdp rQ fpMu sZ rhjep hi sp c[sdpN dpZ rhjepp cpN
L$ep.
cNhp kyvpdpu u O S> ^ Apey. kyvpdp cpN svv L$f sp u fk D pe rl, A
cpN L$f sp up kP$Nu s vpj gpN. su cNhpdp rQ fpMu rhjep hi ep rhp sZ c[sdpN
dpZ rhjepp cpN L$ep. su u cpNdp fk ep A sp kP$Nu vpj gpep rl.
Ahd Frjh csh ^ vpqfdh Q&&
rh{ pepdpk hL$uehrke&&388&&
A dpZ Frj A cs, ^ A NfubpC A rh{ NyZpy cNhp kyvpdp pspp cs lphpy
rk pe s dpV$ spdp p L$ey.
kyvpdp pspp cs R> Ad rk pe s dpV$ pspu Avf rh{ ^dp flgp lphpu cNhp kyvpdpdp Z
ff rh{ ^dpy p L$ey. ^ A NfubpC rh{ R> A V$ R>. Frj csZpu rh{ R>,
L$pfZ L$ Frj hv Ahp dpZ khu f Z R>, epf cs cNhp khu f Z R>.
pep pep rrcQh a$ged Dvuqfsd&&389&&
vy:Mpcph-kyMpL$jp L$ZQ rrh^sp&&
khjp hp[R>spL$pf: uZpd Aeshc:&&390&&
FrjvhrVZp Q gpqL$L$pgpqL$L$hs:&&
a$gvpsp khcph: khsp@ res&&391&&
ApNm Z Aepepu cNhp |Z a$g (lphpy) L$lg R>. b-b A Z (Aepep)u 1.vy:Mp Acph,
2.Dd L$pfy kyM A 3.Z L$pfp uL$Z; Ahp Z a$g L$lgp R>. uL$Z Al] 1.khp BR>gp
hpmp 2.uApp Aes re A 3.FrjAp vhp A rsAp gpqL$L$ A AgpqL$L$ L$pf k|Z fus kh
sfa$u a$gy vp L$fpfp L$lgp R>.
Ap Z Aepep hpsrhL$ fus kp[hL$ L$fZp Z V$pL$fZp ^d}y h S>Zphpfp Aepep R>. su
cNhp S> |Z a$g R> Ad Ap Aepepdp S>Zphg R>. 75 sp 76dp Aepedp vy:Mp pi a$g L$lg R>.
77-78dp Aepedp Dd L$pfp kyM a$g L$lg R>. Ap 79-81 kyûp Z Aepepdp Z hu
uL$Z Z L$pfp a$g pe R> Ad viphg R> A s Z hp 1.khp BR>gp hpmp hNfu Df
S>Zphgp R>.
Aepe 79:
sL$pgp: kh Ah hZp As Q dpyjp:&&
khss kdpNe L$Zkprevi:&&392&&
iykp[hL$cph s psp fp^dpNsp:&&
s kde lsp s b^pA hZp A Ap dyep(L$lgp R>)-sApA kh sfa$u Aphu uL$Zp kpre A
viu iy kp[hL$ [rs ps L$fu, rfp^ ps L$ep.
82
s kdep b^pA hZp y{jpA kh sfa$u cNhp pk Ly${ndp Aphu, cNhpp vi L$fu iy kp[hL$
[rs ps L$fu A rfp^ ps L$ep. cNhp s khp BR>gp hpmp lphpy S>Zphg R>, L$pfZ L$
cNhpp viu kh fdpvu p[s C (gp.23). cNhp sApA BR>gp hpmp lpe, sp
sAp sdp viu fdpv ps ps.
vlpqvL$ S>Nkh rhde cNhfp:&&393&&
sp Brs a$g sjp lqffh kie:&&
vl hNf kh S>Ns c|gu, sAp cNhpdp rQ fpMpfp ep, su sApy a$g lqf S> R>, Adp kie u.
pspp vl hNf kh S>Ns c|gu, sAp pspy rQ cNhpdp fph R>. su sd cNhp S> a$g ps
pe R>.
As Q NprL$p: psp: iykhrke&&394&&
rfp^Qpr spkp rl khcph rs:&&
svsp: kh Ahs sa$gp Brs r[Qsd&&395&&
A Aepep Asdp NpuApy iy kh rk pe s dpV$ NprL$pApu L$p L$lgu R>, A sApp rfp^
Z k|Z fus epy S>Zphg R>. ep kyûp Ap b^pA Dpep, s a$g ps L$fphpfp R> Ahp rQe pe
R>.
NpuAp sdpd lsu, s fpS>k epy lgp L$lgy R>. lh sAp kp[hL$ egu R> Ad rk pe s dpV$ Ap
Aepep As sApu L$p L$lgu R>. As cNhp NpuAp opp Dvi L$f R> (gp.42-47), ep
kyûp b^pA Dpep sApp k|Z fus rfp^ pe s dpV$ S> lsp.
kkpfp cNhpQh rh{ rse a$gd&&
DceekyM sr spkp yV$p@chs svp&&396&&
sh prs sprc: kds Qpr h lf:&&
kkpf A hmu cNhp A b rh{ a$g R>. bu S> kyM pe s sAp s kde cNhpu L$pu ey.
sApA shu S> pp L$fgu A lqfA MfMf sdp kdrs Apu.
kkpf A cNhp A b ff rh{ R>. kkpf S> lpe s cNhpu p[s pe, A S> cNhp
ps ep lpe, sp kkpf fl. R>sp kkpf A cNhp bu S> kyM pe s NpuAp sdp rfp^
k|Z ep epf ps ey. NpuApA cNhp pk gp.49dp shu S> pp L$fu cNhp s sdy BR>gy
Apey(A.80&1).
" op Q hfpe' es: pl lqf: hed&&397&&
"Aesp rl Nrsvy:M' "e sy khprZ' QpL$shp&&
L$pfZ L$ lqfA ps L$lgy R> L$ ""op sd S> hfpe Al] L$epZL$pfL$ sp u'' ""Aes a$g vl ^pfZ
L$fpfpAp vy:Mu ps pe R>'' ""S>Ap d kh L$dp AZ L$fu''.
83
cNhpp pspp hQp uQ dpZ R>:

""dpfu c[shpmp A dpfpdp rQ fpMpfp epNuAp OZp cpN op A hfpe Al] L$epZL$pfL$ sp
u''
(cpN.yfp.11&20&31)
""Aes bdp rQ fphpf O vy:M pe R>, L$pfZ L$ Aes a$g; vl ^pfZ L$fpfpAp vy:Mu ps
pe R>''
(cN.Nusp12&5)
""fsy S>Ap kh L$dp d AZ L$fu dpfpdp rQ fpMu Ae epNu dp{ ep ^fsp dpfu c[s L$f R>,
sApp l A kdedp S> kkpfkpNfdpu Dpf L${ Ry>.''
(cN.Nusp12&6,7).
cNhp ps S> Apd L$lg lphpu kkpfdp flu Z cNhpu c[s L$fhu A op hfpe hNf L$fsp Dd
R>, A cNhpdp rfp^ hp A S> a$g R>.
hsQ [rsdep sp hepqv khp&&398&&
hpcprhL$ vy:Mpe fl Q r[Qsd&&
A hpf flhpy p sp tS>vNuy kp^ hNf kh L$pf fpMhp CA. hpcprhL$ [rsu Ap gpL$dp
A fgpL$dp vy:M sy u Ahp rQe R>.
NpuApA sApp rgP$Nvlp epN L$ep (gp.48), su L$he S> a$g R>, rfp^ a$g u Ahu iP$L$p
L$fhu, L$pfZ L$ gp.49, A.81&1-2 sp 69 Dfu rk pe R> L$ NpuAp vl sp lsp S>. sApA
rgP$Nvlp epN L$epy L$lg R>, sy L$pfZ A R> L$ sApp rgP$Nvl p Apr^vrhL$ Ahp Ly$vfsu kh
i[shpmp cNhp S> NV$ egp. su NpuApp vl lsp, A ep kyû hsp lpCA ep kyû flhpy
p A h Qpgy fpMhp CA. su S> sApA cNhp pk Ad dpNg L$ sAp Ofdp fl R>sp
cNhpy QfZL$dg kvp sApp ddp L$V$ fl(gp.49). cNhpp QfZL$dgdp d fl A hpcprhL$
[rs R>, A shu [rsu Ap gpL$dp sp fgpL$dp vy:M sy u.
gpL$eV$v sye lfpes f kyMd&&399&&
rhfpeepede eprQs s sr^d&&
lqf pku b gpL$y BR>gy kdp fus ps pe R>. lqfu buSy> L$pC Ar^L$ kyM u. budp b gpL$p
a$g AL$-buu rh{ R>. su NpuApA shp L$pfy dpey.
b gpL$dp Ap BR>gy a$g ps L$fphpf cNhp R>. kkpf A cNhpdp Apk[s rh{ R>, fsy
c[sdpNdp s b ff rh{ u. su kkpfdp flsp lphp R>sp cNhpy QfZL$dg kvp pspp ddp
L$V$ fl Ahy S> a$g NpuApA dpey (gp.49) A s S> Dd a$g R>.
Aepe 80:
Arsvipdejp rL$V$ L$ dsd&&400&&
uZp hhsp l: klS>srhe&&
L$ZuZp rhhplpp L$p h res&&401&&
84
buAp gpNy X$ s dpV$ L$dp buApu L$p L$lgu lphpp rQe pe R>. uAp ps-pspp
rsdp Ly$vfsu l lpe R>, s v|f pe s dpV$ uL$Zu uApu rhhplpu L$p Ap Aepedp L$lgu R>.
NpuApp rfp^ cNhp Nep Aepedp L$ep. s rfpû L$p buAp Z gpNy X$ s dpV$, epf R>u
sfs S> Ap Aepedp bu; eyr^[W$f hNfp rfp^ L$epy L$lg R>. uAp pspp rsdp Ly$vfsu d lpe
R>. gpqL$L$ rs Dfp Ap d v|f C cNhp Df sAp d pe, s dpV$ uL$Zu uApp rhhplpu
L$p Ap Aepedp L$lgu R>.
gpL$pv ce NprL$prc: |hdh rhpqfsd&&
y{jpdcph hqvL$ Q rhpqfsd&&402&&
gpL$u sp ce lgp S> NprL$pApA v|f L$fgp R>, A uL$Z y{jpd R> Ahp rhQpfu hvp ce Z v|f
L$fg R>.
NpuApA gpL$p cep sp du S> epN L$fgp. sdp V$psu gpL$p ce v|f pe R>. uL$Z y{jpd
R> Ahp rhQpfu hvp ce Z v|f pe R>, L$pfZ L$ y{jpd hvu f R>. gpqL$L$ rs Dfp d v|f L$fhpdp
gpL$ A hv A bu S> ce fl R>, su s b ce v|f L$fgp R>.
DL$j sy ys uZp |hcphp rhers&&
QppQ es rhhplep ss:&&403&&
uL$Zu kfkpBy hZ pe epf sp uApu lgpu [rsp pi pe R> A Qpp pe R>. su
rhhplp L$lgp R>.
cNhpu W$spy hZ pe, epf ep kyûp kde kyû cNhp Df d fpMhpu sdu [rs v|f
pe R>, sd cNhp Df d pe R>. A W$spy hZ ey ep kyû cNhp Df d fpMg lphpu
Qpp pe R>. Ahy pe s dpV$ cNhpu W$sp viphpf sdu uApp rhhplpu L$p L$lgu R>.
L$Z L$pdpcphpe vpe kh hes&&
khcph khpkp rhhplL$fZ nd:&&404&&
kysfp c[seyspp gdZpep: L$p ssp&&
uL$Zdp L$pd hNf u Ad S>Zphhp kh g vpey hZ L$fgy R>. cNhp kh uAp kp rhhpl L$fhp
k|Z fus i[shpmp R>. c[shpmu uAp kp Dd L$pf rhhpl L$f R>. gdZpp rhhplu L$p rhspfu
L$lgu R>.
uL$Zdp L$pd hNf vpjp u Ad S>Zphhp b^p rhhplpdp cNhpu uApu sdy vpe L$fhpu
Arcgpjp lphpy L$lg R>. cNhp kh uAp kp rhhpl L$fhp i[sdp R>. ApW$ V$fpZuAp ApW$ c[s
R> (Sy>Ap gp.16 Dfp ukybprûdp Apgu L$pqfL$pAp) sApu kp cNhp Dd L$pf rhhpl L$f R>.
(cpdpkyfp As:yfdpu Aphgu fprlZu hNf uAp Apdrhv hdu c[sy h R> Ad sApp
rhhplu L$p gp.40-43 kyûdp L$lu su S>Zpe R>). Ap rhhplp L$u gdZpp rhhplu L$p pvup
Arcdpp pi L$fhp gbpZu L$lgu R> (gp.17 Dfp kybprûp Apcpk Sy>Ap).
85
pvu y[V$dpNp ss: R>rs es:&&405&&

svyL$W$fp: khp {[depqvhvh sp:&&
sp Brs yfp psps a$gpv Asv rhries&&406&&
su y[V$dpNdp flgu pvu e L$fu Ap rhhplpu L$p |R> R>. bu kh Apsyfsp fpMu sy hZ L$f
R>. sAp Z {[dZu hNfp S>hu S> C, Ahp lgp L$lgp a$gu Ap a$gp cv R>.
pvuA Ap L$p |R>gu. bu bû uAp Z Apsyfspu Ap rhhplpu L$py hZ L$fsu lsu, sApp Z
cNhp Df {[dZu hNfp S>hp d ûf-ûf ep. sAp Z cNhde C. sdp cNhpdp rfsf
l ep A sd rhde ep (A.81&1 Dfp ukybprûp Apcpk).
rhdeprhV$rQpp crhers sp lqf:&&
|hpsppdr sp $dhp nZ nZ&&407&&
drljuZp ep cph: sp kp^y crhers&&
Df L$lgu rhde pdg rQhpmu uAp Z lqf shp (rfp^ L$fpfp) i. sApp cNhp Dfp d
Z shu fus nZ-nZ $du h^sp, S>hp V$fpZuApp d lsp shp Dd i.
Df Ap rhhplpy hZ L$fpfu S> uAp L$lgu R> (A.80&5 A A.81&1) sApp Z uL$Z Dfp
d nZ-nZ h^sp V$fpZuApp d S>hp Dd L$pfp i. Ahu fus cNhp kh gpqL$L$ hpp Dpf
L$ep.
Aepe 81:
gpqL$L$p ArMgph kdye dujep&&408&&
hqvL$p FrjvhpQ |hcphe rke&&
ss: crs |es Brs epe h lqf:&&409&&
sp sjp QL$pfp ... ... ... ...
kh gpqL$L$ y{jpp Ahu fus Dpf L$fu hqvL$ FrjAp A vhp sApu lgpu [rs ps pe s dpV$,
epf R>u sApy |S> pe Ahp rZeu, cNhp Apfcdp sApu byr|hL$ syrs L$fu.
hv Dd dppf FrjAp A vhpy lgpu W$ gpL$dp |S> pe s dpV$ cNhp Ap Aepep Apfcdp
sApp byr|hL$ kL$pf L$fu sApu syrs L$fgu R> (gp.6-13).
... ... ... ...rfp^p sy s y:&&
rhfus khdpl: ippp@e rl y[V$s:&&410&&
kprepvh khjp h kdypNsd&&
sAp sp pspp rfp^ pe s dpV$ kh (Apu) rh{ L$l R>. Ap sApp hQ ipp R>. cNhpu
krr^ gu^ S> y[V$ gu^ Ahu fus s khp vedp Dsf R>.
86
FrjAp sp pspp rfp^ pe s dpV$ cNhp pspu syrsp hQ L$lgp su rh{ rkps L$l R>. sAp
cNhpp hy rZ L$f R>, sd d L$f R> A sdp QfZprhvp viu L$sL$e epy L$l R>
(gp.16-26). Al] dyrAp L$l R> s ipp R> A cNhp ep kdudp S> lphpu s ipp khp
vedp Dsf R>.
Ahpvip@c|s a$g Qpr*hkdss&&411&&
(*"kd dsd' Z pW$ R>)
Apu S> Dvi ep A ps BR>gp a$gu p[s Z C.
Ap FrjApp hQu S> kh kcpkvp Dvi Z ep A kh pspp BR>gp a$gu p[s Z C.
khp pspspp Ar^L$pf dpZ rfp^ ep.
debgdpkp epvhpp a$g y:&&
L$s kvlS>ps dpZpes y:&&412&&
hmu epvhp debgp kbû a$g Apgy. sdp kvl D hpu a$fuu dpZu s L$lhpdp Aph R>.
kp[hL$ de L$fZdp de bgu epvhpp vpjp pi L$fhp a$g sAp Apepy L$lg R>. sdp kvl
hpu Al] a$fuu dpZbgu s S>Zphhpdp Aph R>. Ap dpZu S>Zphhp dpV$ S> hkyvh L$fg eou L$p
Al] L$lgu R>.
hkyvhe k: ssp epNpdyes&&
Cigugp kyvybp^p dhp s kie Nsp:&&413&&
su eo pe s dpV$ hkyvh L$lgp R>. Chfu gugp Zhu OZu L$W$Z R> Ahp rhQpfu sAp kie
ep.
su eo pe s dpV$ hkyvh FrjAp L$epy L$lg R>. hkyvh sAp L$dp pi L$fhpp Dpe kbû
L$f R> (gp.29).
cNhpu gugp Zu iL$pe shu u. FrjAp Z hkyvh Ap L$hp Arcpeu L$f R> s Zu isp u
A su sAp hkyvhp Arcpe kb^dp kie pe R> (gp.29 Dfp ukybprû).
pfv: |hhs pl khkvlhpfL$:&&
kp[hL$q$epp rl dpZ rl vrisd&&414&&
ss: L$ZL$s kh gpqL$L$ drf@rMgp:&&
lgpu W$ kh kvlp v|f L$fpf pfv Df L$l R>. kp[hL$ L$fZdp dpZ viphg u, su b^p uL$Z
L$fgp kh L$pe gpqL$L$ dpsp lsp.
FrjApp kvlp Df Apu pfv sApp kvl v|f L$f R> (gp.30-33). uL$Z fb R> Ahy dpZ
Ap L$fZdp viphg u, su uL$Zp L$pe kh epvhp gpqL$L$ dp R>, Ahp Ap Dfp kpf R>.
87
Asp epNpkhp sp gpqL$L$ hqvL$ sp&&415&&

AL$uc|epchvcsp s kh@ch kdp:&&
su eop Dkh ep. gpqL$L$ A hqvL$ kp^p cNp C c[sdp DepNu ep. su kh kfMp ep.
FrjApA hkyvh eo L$fhpp Dvi L$ep, su eop Dkh ep. epvhpp lgpp gpqL$L$ A Ap AgpqL$L$
kp^ c[sdp qfZep, AV$g kh fpS>k epvhpp ddpu rhjd v|f ey, A s b^p kp[hL$ ep.
khjp khcphp rl a$gpvr lqf: a$gd&&416&&
kp[hL$q$epep rl kh Ah rrsp:&&
rNyZh kdpp rfp^p@h rs:&&417&&
b^pp cNhpdp k|Z d ep, A bu b^p a$g L$fsp Z lqf S> a$g lphpy sdZ ey. kp[hL$
L$fZdp S>Zphgp b^pApA rNyZ ps L$ey. Al] S> rfp^ S>Zphg R>.
kh a$gpdp lqf S> a$g R> Ad Zhpdp Aphsp, Ap L$fZdp b^p rNyZ ep. khp rfp^ epy L$lg
R>.
.NyZL$fZ. Aepe 82-87
lqfZp L$hgh ^dZhprMg L$sd&&
Brs kiepipe NyZpp q$epes&&418&&
L$hg lqfA S> (Ahp) dp NyZu S> kh (rfp^) L$fg R>, Ahu iP$L$pp pi L$fhp NyZpy Ap L$fZ
L$lhpdp Aph R>.
"L$hg' AV$g cNhpp NyZp rhpp lqfA S> Ap kh rfp^ L$fgp, Ahp dp cNhpp NyZ S> Ap kh
rfp^ L$fgp, Ahu iP$L$p v|f L$fhu A Ap NyZL$fZdp epS> R>.
r^dL$p hp rcp hp rfp^ Ly${s eqv&&
svp e kds epv Brs jX$NyZhZd419&&
NyZ rhppA Ahp sdpu Sy>vp L$pCA rfp^ L$fg lpe sp kh e pe, su cNhpp R> NyZpy
hZ L$fgy R>.
Ahe hNf R> NyZp rhppA L$pCA rfp^ L$fg lpe, sp s kh dpreL$ lpe A su spu L$pC a$g ps
pe. hmu Asepdu Ahp L$pC vhdp hi L$fg cNhpp NyZ S> rfp^ L$fgp lpe, sp sp hZu
dye a$g ps pe A su Ap kh gugp rfL$ pe.
esphL$s kh k L$Zp cNhp f:&&
Brs viresy jX$rc: Aepe: jX$NyZp S>Np&&420&&
S>dZ ApV$gy L$fg R> s uL$Z kh hi fpMpf cNhp R> Ad viphhp R> Aepepu sdp R> NyZp iyL$
Npegp R>.
88
su cNhpp R>A NyZp S>dpdp R> shp kh hi fpMpf cNhp uL$Z S> Ap kh rfp^ L$fgp R> Ad
viphhp, Ap L$fZp R> Aepepdp uL$Zp R> NyZp iyL$ Npegp R>.
Aepe 82. Ahe:
AheZ kdNZ d opvp lqf:&&
Qps yvQpr bppesfcvs:&&421&&
kh Aheu lqf; blpfp A Avfp cvu, d op Appf A R>u y gphu Appf Z eg
R>.
Ap Aepedp hkyvh uL$Zu syrs L$f R> (gp.1-20), R>u uL$Z sd opp Dvi L$f R>
(gp.21-25). epf R>u vhL$u sd pspp L$k lZg yp vMpX$hpu pp L$f R> (gp.27-33), A
uL$Z sAp vhL$u pk gph R> (gp.34-53). su Ap Aepedp uL$Z d hkyvh op Apu
Apvy vp L$f R>. Ap Avfp Apv R>. R>u vhL$u yp gphu Apu Apv L$fph R>. Ap blpfp
Apv R>.
oppsf Apv: ypqvesp brl:&&
rsdpsrhcv hqvL$ gpqL$L$ sp&&422&&
Ahec[srk L$V$uL$shp lqf:&&
opu Avfp Apv pe R>, A yp hNfu blpfp Apv pe R>. Aheu c[s ps pe s dpV$
rsp A dpspp cvu lqfA hqvL$ A gpqL$L$ Apv L$V$ L$ep.
rsp sp dpsp c[s ps pe s dpV$ uL$Z pspp Ahe NyZu rsp op Apu A dpsp yp
gphu Apu sd Ay$d hqvL$ sp gpqL$L$ Apv ps L$fpep.
Ny{h vhsph hp huL$e kyshs:&&423&&
svysdh rrMg kh brs bpr^sd&&
cNhp pspdp y lphp gu^, Ny{Zpp Ahp vhZpp huL$pf L$ep rhp hkyvh L$lgy kh
huL$pfu, ""kh b R>'' Ahp sd bp^ L$ep.
cNhp; hkyvh op Aphp R>sp, ps Ny{ Ahp vh lphpy S>Zphsp u. ps y S> lphpu [rsdp
flu, hkyvh L$lg s b^y epe S> lphpy S>Zphu sd AMX$ Asp bp^ L$f R>.
hrQy bcphp rl MX$oprdlpes&&424&&
gpL$@^yp svhps hhfrhcvs:&&
Al] L$pC g sp MX$op bcph L$lhpdp Aph R>. lpgdp gpL$dp h A Chfdp cv gu^ s S>
ds hs R>.
S>rdr, bp^pe hNfp k|pdp L$pC-L$pC g MX$op S> bhpv S>Zphg R>. gpL$dp Z shu S> fus
fpdpyS>, dh hNf h A Chfdp cv lphpy L$l R>. fpdpyS>p ds dpZ h A S>X$ (rQs A
89
ArQs) Chfp vl R>, A Chf sdp Apdp R>. dhpQpe sp h A Chf svv Sy>vp S> lphpy dp
R>.
dpeprhsy des hdpdpduid&&425&&
hkyvhpsdrMg hZhp: y{jpdd&&
hsysp epi kh sL$Z res&&426&&
dpephpvuAp sp hpdp b dp R>. hZhp; hkyvh L$lgy kh y{jpd (b) lphpy dp R>. hpsrhL$
fus S>hy kh R> s uL$Z S>Zphg R>.
dpephpvuAp sp h S> b R> Ad dp R>. hZhip Qfpdp hkyvh Ap Aepedp cNhpu syrs
L$fsp S> L$lg R> s hpsrhL$ ds lphpy L$lg R>, fsy cNhp hkyvh Ap Aepedp 23dp gpL$u Apfcu
S> bp^ L$fg R> s S> hpsrhL$ rkps R>.
ArsviL$pfZ prs Qpr hZhd&&
V$psp es: kp^y: hp@es rkrs&&427&&
hmu V$psdpV$ hZh ds (bu) Z gpNy pX$u sy p L$fgy R>, su Apu h Z iy lphpy
rk pe R>.
hkyvh S>Zphg hZh ds gp.22dp L$b|g fpMu, gp.23dp s buAp gpNy pX$g R>. su hZh dsy
Z p L$fgy R>. su h Z b W$ iy lphpy rk pe R>.
As khhvppd Ap oppr^L$pfs:&&
eysppd Chfh-bgpvh rrs:&&428&&
Apu op ps L$fhpp Ar^L$pfu cV$ egpAp kh hvpp A ChfZpp bgu S> S>Zpep.
Chf "L$syd' AV$g kp^ rhp Z a$gvp L$fhp, "AL$syd'-a$g ps L$fhpp kh kp^p L$fgp lpe R>sp
Z a$g ps hpy AV$L$phhp, A "AepL$syd'-kpû rh{ L$fhp, Ahp S>Z a$g ps pe shp
S> L$pe L$fg lpe shp Z a$gvp L$fhp i[shpmp R>.
hkyvh pspu syrsdp Qpp gpL$u Apfcu S> p L$l R> s b^p cNhp ^pfZ L$fgp R>. cNhp khp
L$pfZ R>, A kh hi fpMpfp A kh i[shpmp R>. hkyvh L$y s kh huL$pfu, ps hkyvhp y S>
lphpy S>Zphu, cNhp Ahp bp^ L$fg R> L$ vp dp b R> A Sy>vp-Sy>vp S>Zpsp lphp R>sp AL$ S> R>.
lfL$pC AL$ S> Sy>vp-Sy>vp p ^pfZ L$fhpy kp^ lpe s Sy>vp-Sy>vp ^pfZ L$fu iL$ rl. hmu Sy>vp-Sy>vp
p ^pfZ L$fhpp kp^ lpe A Sy>vp-Sy>vp p ^pfZ L$fg lpe, s kh p AL$ Z C iL$, sdS> S>
L$pfp kp^ lpe su rh{ L$pfy Z C iL$. cNhp sp Ahp kh L$pep kpnpL$pf L$fpep A su
gp.26dp S>Zpep dpZ hkyvh a$g Z ps ey, sdu cvbyr S>su flu. A dpZ hkyvh cNhp
kh hvpp A pspp ChfZpp bgu S> S>Zphu sd op Apey. Apu cNhpp AheNyZ
uL$Zdp lphpy rk pe R>.
90
Ny{y Bhppr L$pgNsp rhdprQsp:&&

jX$s jX$NyZhpe vhL$ukysvrl:&&429&&
kdphrhe lsepsy hes&&
Ny{p yu W$ Al] Z L$pg Nmgp dys L$fphgp R>. Ap R>-R> NyZ pe s dpV$ sApA vhL$up
yp vl ^pfZ L$fgp. sAp kdp hehpmp fl s dpV$ vhL$up ly hZ L$fgy R>.
cNhp dey pdgp Ny{y gC Aphgp shu S> fus Ap R> vhL$up yp gC Aphgp. sd cNhp ghp
Negp epf sAp kdp hehpmp lsp, fsy epf L$pg sdy cnZ L$fgy epf s vfL$y S>V$gy he lsy sV$gp
hep s vfL$ L$fu gC Apep. S>u vhL$u sd dpV$ l pe. Ap vhL$up ly hZ gp.5354dp L$fgy R>. L$pg cnZ L$fgp Ap vhL$up yp dp pspp iu pspp vi L$fphu, bu Ahspf
ghfpep rhp S> cNhp dys L$ep, A vhL$u l D L$fph shy, sdy L$pg cnZ L$ey epf S>hy
lsy, shy S> ps L$fpey. A dpZ cNhp q$epu pspy Ahe S>Zpey. Ap R> yp NyZ pe, vhL$up
R> iyApp kd|l v|f L$f s dpV$ S>, epNdpep sdZ r L$d L$fg lphp R>sp sd vhL$up Dvfdp gC
Negu (gp.49 ukybprû kp).
vpqvhv Bvp] rl vher yfp [sp&&430&&
As: lvipep rl se re lqf: p&&
usijd As: ps hZhhpe dyse&&431&&
lpg v hNfu W$ lgp vhL$u Z rfp^hpmp S> lsp. su cNhp Dfp lhpmu sdu [rs lpe
epf lqf kvp sdp ^phZy p L$fsp. su sAp dys pe s dpV$ hZh egp Ad S>Zphhp ""p L$fsp
h^gy'' Ad L$lgy R>.
Ly${ndp v hNf cNhpp vi egp epf sdp |Z rfp^ egp, shu S> [rsdp Ap kde Z
sAp lsp. shu S> fus vhL$up Z (cNhp NpLy$gdp sdu pk bpgL$ sfuL$ lsp epf) |fp rfp^ egp.
su rhfl kde Z epf-epf s cNhp kcpfu sdp Df l L$fsp, epf-epf cNhp L$V$ C
sdp ^phZy kvp p L$fsp su ""cNhp 11 hjp ep R>u; hS>dpu vhL$u lsp ep, dyfp ^pfgp
lphpu, sdZ vhL$up ^phZy p L$fg lphpy kchsy S> lphpu gp.55dp "Nvp ^pfZ L$fpf p
L$fsp h^gy vhL$uy Adsde ^phZ u Ad L$lgy R> s kchsy u'' Ahu iP$L$p Ap R>.
pL$shvipep hp k: us rhrNd&&
D[R>V$cprS>p dpep sfeh kie:&&432&&
AhdheQqfsd AL$ rhrrsd&&
Ahp dyfpu NpLy$g ^pfhp uL$msu hMs pL$s bpgL$u Ahpdp cNhp ^phZy sfs S> p L$fg.
D[R>V$y cpS> L$fpfpAp dpep sfu e R> S> sdp kie u. Ahu fus AL$ Aepeu Aheu L$fg
Qqfs L$y.
Ahp cNhp epf dyfpu NpLy$g ^pfsu hMs pspy Qpf cyAphpmy h kL$gu gC pL$s bpgL$y
^pfZ L$ey, s kde sfs S> vhL$up ^phZy p L$fgy. su vhL$up L$k lZgp R> yp cNhp L$pg
pku gC Apep A vhL$u l D sp sd ^hfpep, epf sd cNhp p L$fsp h^gp
91
^phZy p ps ey, su gp.55dp A dpZ L$lgy R>. cNhpp D[R>V$y cpS> L$fpf cNhpu
dpep sfu e R> sdp L$pC kie u. su Ap R>u dy[s C A dpZ cNhp Ahe NyZu L$fg Qqfsy
Ap Aepedp hZ L$fgy R>.
Aepe 83:
ssp hueL$p pl shL$ kp r^p&&433&&
Asjp kP$Nrs: jZp ffd Des&&
NyZhpe L$pn: |hdh rhpqfs:&&434&&
shu S> fus hueu L$p AL$ Aepeu L$lgu R>. s Z L$pfu R>. Ap R> NyZp R> Ad S>Zpe su sApu
ff kP$Nrs L$lgu u. L$pdp kP$Nrs lphpp ds MpV$p lphpy lgp S> S>Zphgy R>.
Ap Aepedp uL$Zp hueu L$p L$lgu R>. s Z Aheu L$p W$ Z L$pfu R>. Ap L$pdp ff
kP$Nrs lphpy L$lg u. R> Sy>vp-Sy>vp NyZpu L$p L$lhpu, AV$g sdp kP$Nrs S> lpe. L$pdp Z kP$Nrs
u Ad lgp L$^p rb^p Apfcdp S> S>Zphg R>. shu fus Ap NyZ L$fZdp Z NyZpy rZ
L$fgy R>, fsy kP$Nrs BR>gu u.
byrhue q$ephue q$ep Q rrh^p dsp&&
rkdpdpdL$ rl r Ly${s es:&&435&&
Ascphd Ap: sp@ejp Q sp rs&&
1.byry hue A 2.q$epy hue L$lgp R>. q$ep b L$pfu dpegu R>. L$pfZ L$ AL$ r[Qs egp, rQs
C iL$ shu [rshpmp (cNhp) psp b hhpmp L$f R> shu fus buAp Z sAp rs shp L$f
R>.
Ap Aepedp byry hue A q$epy hue Ahp b L$pfy cNhpy hue viphg R>. sdp q$epy hue b
L$pfy viphg R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp pspp AL$ S> h b hhpmy viph R> A shu fus L$pCu rQs
C iL$ shy pspy AgpqL$L$ hue viphg R>. hmu vfL$ dyr Z AL$ S> lphp R>sp sAp AV$g rdrgpp
hsuAp b-b S>Zpe sd cNhp L$f R>.
dpeprhhpl cNhp byrhue QL$pf l&&436&&
dpep sy rrhp psp i[sh hpkyvhNp&&
Alp! dpepp rhhpldp cNhp byry hue L$ey (viphg) R>. hpkyvhdp flgu i[s dpep sp MfMf Z
L$pfu L$lgu R>.
kycpp rhhpldp cNhp byry hue viphg R>. kycp dpep lsu. cNhpu dpep uQ S>Zphg Z
L$pfu R>.
Ar^c|sp kdspp dprlL$h [sp cyrh&&437&&
dpephsu sy L$pde rsuep rhrrsp&&
vrhL$u [hedpepsp rssep: he lqf:&&438&&
92
1.c|sg Df flgu Apr^cprsL$ dpep kh dpl L$fpfu S> R>. 2.bu Apep[dL$ dpep sp L$pdu u
dpephsu L$lgu R>. 3.Ap kycp sp Apr^vrhL$ dpep L$lgu R>. cNhp ps sp rs R>.
Apr^vrhL$ dpepp rs cNhp rkhpe bu L$pC lpC iL$. kycp S> Apr^vrhL$ dpep lsu.
Chfhpy vpku kp L$eh crhsy ndp&&
kp yvhL$udplps sep sp rS>R>ep&&439&&
cNhp sp p lphpu s sdu vpku L$ep flhp S> epe lsu, R>sp cNhpu BR>pu vhL$up dpl gu^
s sdpu S>du.
cNhpu BR>pu dpep kycp sfuL$ vhL$uu S>du (Sy>Ap 9&24&55 A 10&4&4 u 7). L$pfZ L$ vhL$u
L$ep p[sp dpl egp.
sep cpsp h hp cNhp y{jpd:&&
kb^ph cpsp eps gpL$vpjp L$eL$p&&440&&
khvp psydyrQsp hvsep eyes&&
h MfMf sp cpN L$fpf S> lpe. kb^ gu^ cNhp y{jpd sp cpN L$fpf S> pe. gpL$p
vpj hp gu^ s kvp L$ep flhp epe lsu. hv s AyL|$g lsp.
Ap Apr^vrhL$ dpepp rs cNhp lphpu, L$pC h sp cpN L$fu S> iL$. cNhp sp cpC sp
lphpu, cNhp Z sp cpN L$fu S> iL$. s kvp L$ep(Ly$hpfu) S> fl sp gpL$dp s vpj pe, su s kvp
Ly$hpfu gpL$dp flu iL$ rl. hvsyrsdp hv "S>d' ""dpep lZp'' 10&84&14, Ahu cNhp pp
L$fgu lphpu hv Z s AyL|$g lsp.
Asp rhhpl: L$qW$p gpL$p@e vyers&&441&&
As Aphri L$Z f hp sp&&
hjps pj[X$ L$hp QpeZsp vvp lqf:&&442&&
su kycpp rhhpl hp L$W$Z lsp. Ap rhjedp gpL$p Z vpj gpN s dpV$ uL$Zp Aphihpmp sd S>
cV$L$sp ASy> (kepkup)hiu pMX$u L$fu cNhp Ap R|>u fus Apu.
su kycpp rhhpl hp L$W$Z lsp. gpL$p vpj gpN s dpV$ cNhp pspp Aphihpmp ASy> pMX$u
bphu kepkup hi ^pfZ L$fphu kycp s R|>u fus Apu.
bgsy d|ghpsp rl Nl Nyspikeys:&&
prs ss: y$: L$Z Q rhpqfs:&&443&&
* "Nyspdkeys:' pW$ lphp BA epS>p). S> pW$ lphpy S>Zph R> s bfpbf gpN R>, su s dpZ A
L$fg R>.)
uL$Z kp cmgp bgc sp Ofdp R|>u fpMg d|g dpepu hpsp Zsp lsp. su sd $p^ ep.
A uL$Z sd ASy>p h^ L$fsp AV$L$pep.
93
uL$Z kp cmgp lphpu bgc Zsp lsp L$ kycp Apr^vrhL$ dpep R>, A s Ofdp R|>u
fpMgu R>. su ASy> sy lfZ L$fsp sd $p^ ep, A s ASy>p h^ L$fhp sepf ep (gp.11 Dfp
kybprû). uL$Z sd kdhu sd L$fsp AV$L$pep.
Asbyrbg ps e gpL$@r kdrs:&&
Ap byry bg L$lgy R>, S> gu^ gpL$u Z rhhpldp kdrs C.
cNhp Ahu fus kycpp rhhpl L$fhpdp pspu byry bg vipey s gu^ gpL$dp Z Ap rhhpl epe S>
dpep.
S>L$: ysvhQ cNhuebp^L$p&&444&&
pp Q$syfsp rp@c|s sqvR>ep&&
cNhpy hue S>Zphpf S>L$ A ysvh R>. sApA pspp Of ^pfhp cNhp pp L$fu, su
BR>pu cNhp b hpmp ep.
cNhpy q$epy hue S>Zphpf S>L$ A ysvh R>. s bA cNhp psp Of ^pfhpu pp L$fu
(gp.25), su cNhp sApu shu BR>p |Z L$fhp sAp Z sd pspp b hp L$ep A s b Of
AL$S> kde ^pep(gp.26kybp.)
dyup Q rh sjp dep Q kdsd&&445&&
Q s rrh^p sp pr L$Zsp@chs&&
qL$sy L$ZR>ep sp: sjp Qpe rhde:&&446&&
As: q$epbg ps ep h sp@chs&&
A dyrApp Z sApu byru Zgp b ep. R>sp sAp b L$pfp (b hhpmp) ep lsp,
sdS> uL$Z Z shp ep lsp. fsy uL$Zu BR>pu shp ep. Ap rhjedp sAp Z rhde ep.
su Ap q$epy hue L$lgy R>. S>d h_dp pe shy ey.
S>L$ A ysvh b Of cNhp FrjAp kp S>hp uL$ep. S> m s b Of S>hpp fsp Sy>vp X$ ep
cNhp sp FrjAp p b kd|lp ep, AL$ kd|l fp Of ^pep, sdp cNhp ps lsp A dyr Z
cNhp S> egp. bu kd|l ysvh ep ^pep sdp cNhp ps lsp A cNhp kp uL$mgp dyrAp
lsp. Aphp b kd|l epu ep. Ap fsy S>L$p, ysvhp Ahp dyrApp Z Zhpdp Apey rl. R>sp
S>L$ A ysvh b Of Ad Negp A b Of iy eg s dyrApu byrdp Aphgy. Apu dyrAp
Z ApQe ey. su cNhp Ahp dyrAp L$pCp b Sy>vp-Sy>vp hp egp rl fsy S> hu
cNhp fp Of ^pfg s S> hu s S> kde s ysvh Of Z ^pep. hmu dyrApp hu
cNhp fp Of ^pfgp A dyrAp cNhp kp s S> kde ysvh Of ^pfgp (gp.26 kybprû).
Ahu fus cNhpu q$epy hue Al] L$lgy R>. S>hy h_dp hpdp Aph shp Al] ke hps ep.
AL$ph[s: L$pgd AeL$ qv sp&&447&&
94
AN L$pge sye s khe rhde:&&

S>d bu m AL$ qvhk fp sd lgp m L$V$gpL$ kde fp. R>u (s) b kde kfMp ep, su kh
rhde ep.
cNhp rhvl Of L$V$gpL$ qvhkp kyû fp (gp.36-37) A ysvh Of AL$ qvhk S> fp (gp.3859). R>sp cNhp epu pfL$p pR>p ^pfsp Ap b kde AL$ kfMp ep (gp.59). AL$ qvhk ysvh
ep fp, sV$gp S> kdedp rhvl ep OZp qvhkp C Nep, su kh rhde ep.
Asv sy dye: kl usp: hp{jd&&448&&
vrisp es: kh spepv huehqv:&&
Ap epS>u sp dyrAp cNhp pspu kp gu^gp A pspy y{jps viphgy, L$pfZL$ sdp hQpu
kh cNhpy hue Z.
pspy hue gpL$p dyrAp S>Zph s dpV$ S> cNhp sAp pspu kp gu^gp A pspy hue S>Zphgy.
Aepe 84:
yrsNusp ei: pl khkvlhpqfL$p&&449&&
kh kvlpy rhpfZ L$fpfu yrsNuspA cNhpp ei L$lgp (Npegp R>).
yrsNusp cNhpp kb^dp khkvlpy rhpfZ L$f R> A cNhpp eiy Np L$f R>.
gpqL$L$ Qv ey[srk L$shpqv chv lf:&&
AgpqL$L$e L$fZpv eip sd AgpqL$L$d&&450&&
lqfy L$sp hNf gpqL$L$ lps sp sL$u rk egp lps. lqfA AgpqL$L$ L$pe L$fg lphpu sdp AgpqL$L$
ei ep R>.
lqfp L$sp hNf NyZp gpqL$L$ lps, sp s ey[s(sL$)u rk ps, fsy s gpqL$L$ u cNhp AgpqL$L$
L$pep L$fgp R>, A su sdp ei Z AgpqL$L$ egp R>.
AV$pthirsshpr ep lfuR>ep&&
sh p[ eirk sphe: ysep dsp:&&451&&
sdps kvlr^pfp dkQ rhid&&
rNyZ cNh hvfhrs rQe:&&452&&
S>d lqfu BR>pu sdp hdp A$phuk shp R>, sdS> pddp lphpu ei S>Zphpfu sV$gu yrsAp
dpegu R>, su cNhpp rNyZ hdp kvl pe sp rZe A s hdp d [f L$fhpy hvpu
S> pe R>, Ahp rQe R>.
cNhp pspp Sy>vp-Sy>vp p L$f R> A A$phuk sh pe R>, sd cNhpp pdp kb^dp Z
lphpu A$phuk yrsAp cNhpp pd AV$g eiy Np L$f R>. Ap Np Ap Aepep 14-41 kyûp
95
gpL$pu L$lgy R>. Ap Aepep lgp gpL$dp Ahp kvl S>Zphg R> L$ ""rvi C iL$ shp NyZfrls
b NyZ S> viphpf iv(hv) L$hu fus S>Zphu iL$?'' Ap kvly rhpfZ Ap yrsNusp (gp.14-41)
u S> pe R>. NyZfrls cNhpp hdp Z d [f L$fu iL$pe R>, Ahp rZe hv S> L$fgp R>.
Aepe 85:
uisfrNdpepe: sh rZe: L$s:&&
lqffh he cys re pesy L$Q:&&453&&
ApNmp Aepe ui[sp R>, sdp Ahp rZe L$fgp R> L$ lqf psS> up cpN L$f R>, bu L$pC up
cpN L$fsp u.
Qpfpiuu ApNmp AV$g Qpiudp Aepe u (gdu, ipcp) NyZ S>Zphpfp R>. sdp Ahp rZe L$fgp R>
L$ uL$ZS> ps up cpN L$fpfp R>, bu L$pC up cpN L$fpf u(gp.3-5).
esy dplps hrQv cys s vy:M pseeS>:&&
cse s eys rl sdps sp rhrhpfes&&454&&
S> dpl gu^ L$pChpf cpN L$f R> s S>dfrls (cNhp) vy:Mdp pM R>, L$pfZ L$ cs s gdup cpN
epe u su cs sdp rQ fpMhy rl.
cNhp S>p Df L$p L$f, s gdup cpN L$fsp AV$L$ph R>. s gdup cpN L$fsp AV$L$ epf sy rQ
cNhpdp fphpe R> (gp.8-9) su cs cpNdp rQ fpMhy.
Ae vhp: re vhp sp@epr h hfp&&
he kP$L$V$dpep[s sdps uh eyes&&455&&
ipLy$eL$p psp sv lfkP$L$V$&&
bu vhp gdu sp bu Z hfvpp L$fu MfMf ps kP$L$V$dp Aphu X$ R>. su buu Apgu gdu
ghu Z epe u S> s S>Zphhp dpV$ iP$L$f kP$L$V$ epp kb^dp iLy$rp yu L$p L$lgu R>.
bp, iP$L$f hNf bu vhp hfvp L$fu ps S> kP$L$V$dp Aphu X$ R>. su cNhpp cs bu vhp pku
Z gdu ps L$fhu rl A sp cpN L$fhp rl. Ap viphhp iLy$rp y hL$pkyf iP$L$f pku hfvp
ps L$fu sd kP$L$V$dp pep, s L$p Al] L$lgu R> (gp.13-40).
Aepe 86:
ss: f sy ope rZep lqfd^k:&&456&&
ndp sepd rgP$N L$Z Ah rs[W$sp&&
sep rZerk cN|pepdyes&&457&&
epf R>u sp lqfdp S> gu^ byr [f pe shp op kbû rZe L$fgp R>. sy Dd rQl ndp R>.
ndp uL$Zdp S> flgu R>. s (uL$Zdp S> ndp flgu lphp) p rZe pe s dpV$ cNyy Dpep L$lgy R>.
96
epf R>up Ap R>piudp Aepedp cNhpp op NyZp rZe L$fgp R>. opy Dd rQl ndp R>. op
lpe s S> ndp L$fu iL$. ndp uL$Zdp S> flgu R> Ad S>Zphhp cNyy Dpep Ap Aepep Apfcp
21 gpL$pu L$lgy R>.
sp bpZhpsp@r khepvhkr^p&&
ndp L$Z fp psp kd opkch&&458&&
kh epvhpu kdn bpZu hpsp Z shu L$lgu R>. i[shpmp A op S>dpdp flgy R> shp uL$Zdp S>
khu Ar^L$ k|Z ndp lphpy L$lgy R>.
bpZ kh epvhp kdn kcpdp cNhpu rvp L$f R> A ASy> Z sd "fpS>eb^y' "Akycf' hNf
L$l R>. R>sp cNhp S>fp Z $p^ L$fsp ips S> fl R>. bpZp yp ep Nep lsp, L$pZ sAp gC Ney
lsy s kh cNhp Zsp lsp A sAp pR>p gC Aphhpu i[s Z sdpdp lsu, R>sp Ahp tvpp
hQp kpcmhp R>sp s ndp L$fu ips S> fp. ndp opy Dd rQ lphpu Ad rk pe R> L$ cNhp
uL$Zdp S> k|Z op R>.
Dvi@r pee opdsurs bpr^sd&&
ASy>e L$p psp khNusphqv:&&459&&
opp Dvi L$fhpdp Aphg lphp R>sp budp op lpsy u Ad S>Zphg R>. s dpV$ kh Nuspp A
Zpf ASy>u L$p L$lgu R>.
op cNhpdp S> R>. bu Dvi L$fhp R>sp op sy u Ad S>Zphhp Ap bpZu L$pdp ASy>u
L$p L$lgu R>. cNhp ASy> Nusp L$lu opp Dvi L$fgp A ApMu Nuspp A s Zsp lsp, R>sp
sZ epvh dp "fpS>eb^y' "Akycf' L$p. hmu Ap bpZp yp L$d dfZ pep lsp, ep Nep lsp
hNfy s Z op lsy. su op dp cNhpp S> NyZ lphpy rk pe R>.
Aepe 87:
As: fsy hfpe L$p@epe res&&
sh |Zsp eprs rfp^: kL$gp@r rl&&460&&
lh R>u sp L$pp Aepedp hfpe S>Zphg R>, L$pfZ L$ spu b^pA rfp^ k|Z pe R>.
hfpeu S> rfp^ |Z pe R>, L$pfZ L$ kkpfdp hfpe pe epf S> cNhpdp rQ Apks pe R>. su
Ap L$^p As "hfpe' NyZu L$p L$lgu R>. cNhpp hfpe NyZy Ap Aepedp rZ L$fgy R>.
L$Zp rhfs: qL$ hpe: skb^ps rep@r rl&&
L$pdL$fk|ZpQ rhfsp: khp dsp:&&461&&
uL$Z hfpehpmp lphpdp L$lhpy S> iy? L$pfZ L$ sdp kb^ gu^ dp L$pdfku cf|f uAp Z
k|Z fus hfpehpmu C.
97
uL$Zp kbû sdu V$fpZuAp sp dlpfpZuAp Z k|Z fus kkpfdp hfpehpmu C, sp R>u
uL$Z hfpehpmp lphpdp L$lhpy S> iy?
Asphv Ar^pf L$p ephe Cqfsp:&&
spkp Qppklpf: $uX$ep rhres&&462&&
ApV$gp Ap rZe L$fhp S>V$gu L$pAp L$lgu R> sdp Al] $uX$pu Dklpf (L$epy) L$lg R>.
Ap Aepep lgp bpf gpL$pdp cNhpu $uX$py hZ L$fgy R>. Al] hfpe viphhpp lphpu $uX$p L$lhpy
iy epS>? Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ cNhp cspp rfp^ L$f R> Ad S>Zphhp S>V$gu L$pAp L$lgu R>
s khp Dklpf Ap $uX$puL$fgR>.
Ah khp kdye $uX$edpL$duhf:&&
$uX$pep pskkpf: uZpdr rhpes&&463&&
A dpZ khp Dd L$pf Dpf L$fu ApZp Chf $uX$p L$f R>. $uX$pdp uAp Z ps eg kkpf
v|f L$f R>.
A dpZ $uX$p L$fu cNhp cspp Dpf L$f R>. sdp d kkpfdpu lW$phu pspu Avf Apks L$fph
R>, A $uX$pu uAp ps eg kkpf Z v|f L$fu sdp Z Dpf L$f R>.
Ly$fepqvvippsy rNyZ eysp NyZp:&&
drljuvepp: kvl hpfe[s rl&&464&&
qV$V$pX$u hNf vi vpp sp rNyZp kb^ sp W$sp ps L$f R>, A dlpfpZuApp ve ps L$fu
kvl v|f L$f R>.
qV$V$pX$u, Q$hpL$, kdy, Qdp, dgep hpey, dO, L$peg, fdZ L$fhpp hs, vuAp A lk A vi vpp
rNyZ cNhpp kb^ sp s b^p W$sp ps L$f R>, A dlpfpZuApp ve ps L$fu sdp S>
rhQpfp D L$f R> (Sy>Ap gp. 15-24), su dlpfpZuApdp S>fp Z kkpfp Ai lphpy rk pe
R>, A sd kkpfp kb^ lphpp kie v|f pe R>.
dkp sy rsfp^ppv rhgpsp rrsp:&&
s L$Zpsp psp spkp khq$epky rl&&465&&
cNhp du rsfprls egp lphpu sp sAp rhlhm lphpy L$lg R>. su sApu kh q$epAp uL$ZdpV$
lphpy L$lgy R>.
cNhp du rsfprls egp lphpu dlpfpZuAp rhlhm epy L$lgy R>. kcpNy O S> kyM Appf
cNhp dlpfpZuAp pk S> lphp R>sp, dlpfpZuAp A.15-24 kyûp gpL$pdp sdp kP$Nu gpgkp S>
S>Zph R>, su Ad S>Zpe R> L$ sdu cNhpdp Y$ Apk[s R> A sAp kh q$epAp cNhpdpV$ S> L$f
R>.
98
L$^psy rfp^p rl ssspkrs:&&

AN@r e crhe[s L$usps s@r spip:&&466&&
L$^p A rfp^ R>, su spu Dklpf L$fgp R>. crhedp Z S> i, sAp Z App L$usu shp
i.
Ap L$^p A rfp^ lphpu, dlpfpZuAp pspu kh q$epAp cNhp dpV$ S> L$fsp Ad S>Zphu, sdp
k|Z rfp^y rZ L$fu Ap L$^p Dklpf L$fgp R>. Ap L$^dp hZhgu L$py L$us L$fhpu crhedp
pfp hpp Z cNhpdp rfp^ pe Ahp epS>u Ap L$p L$lgu R>.
L$fZrdl |es@h edr rhhS>epe dpippd&&
rS>vkdhpse Q re rS>Ny{Zp lqfZh gpL$hd&&467&&
dpfp S>hp rhhp S>e L$f s dpV$, A gpL$pA hv L$fhp epe pspy re p ps L$f s dpV$, pspp
Ny{ lqfA S> Al] Ap rh Z L$fZ |Z L$fg R>.
hp rhhu dpep lW$ph A cNhpp fd^pd ps L$f s dpV$ S> cNhp Ap L$fZ A Ap lgpp
Z (spdk, fpS>k A kp[hL$) L$fZp Al] |Z L$fgp R>.
------------
99
L$^ ArNepfdp:dy[s
kP$Nrs:
vidp L$^dp kepiu Aepepu rfp^y rZ L$ey. spdk, fpS>k A kp[hL$ Ahp Z L$pfp cspp
Apr^cprsL$, Apep[dL$ sp Apr^vrhL$ Ahp Z L$pfp rfp^ S>Zphhp A Aepep L$lgp R>, L$pfZ L$ Ahp
rfp^ pe epf sApu hdp [rs Ahp dy[s pe, fsy su lgL$p L$pfp rfpû dy[s pe rl.
su rfp^ A L$pfZ A dy[s sy L$pe R>. su vidp A ArNepfdp L$^p Ay$d L$pfZ A L$pe R>.
sApp shp kb^ S>Zphhpu Ap L$^pu kP$Nrs pe R>1
gnZ:
lh ArNepfdp L$^dp AL$uk Aepepu V$ fus dy[sy rZ L$fhpdp Aph R>. dy[su epep
2&10&6dp Ahu Apgu R> L$ ""dy[srlhp@ep hZ eh[rs:'' Aep(^pfZ L$fgp Sy>vp
h)p epN L$fu pspp hdp [f hy s "dy[s'.
dy[sy AL$uk Aepepu rZ L$fhpy L$pfZ 2&10&6 Dfp ukybprûdp Ahy L$lg R> L$ ""Sy>vy
AV$g shpy h; sp epN s dy[s. h AL$ R>. kpdpe A rhij Ahu b L$pfu AhpAp R> A
s b (dy[sp) gnZp kb^ R>. sdp Z lgp shpp epN L$fhpp R>. shp A$phuk R>. Ahu
fus (1 h, 2-3 b Ahp, 4-31 A$phuk shp) AL$uk cvp pe R>''.
hu dy[s A Chfu dy[s Ahp cvu dy[s Z b L$pfu R>. hu dy[s Z b L$pfu R>:
1-A.bcph
1-Ap.kpeye.
Chfu dy[s Z b L$pfu R>:
2-A.ps S> hj(pV$) cS>hsp lpe sp epN
2-Ap.pspu BR>pu Ahp (re dys hcphhpmp lphpu) pspu su.
su dy[s Ly$g Qpf L$pfu C. su Ap L$^dp Qpf L$fZp R>2-3
L$fZp:
lgu AV$g hu bcph dy[s Ap L$^p lgp pQ Aepepu L$lgu R>. bu AV$g hu
kpeye dy[s R>$pu ApNZuk kyûp Qphuk Aepepu L$lgu R>, bpL$uu b AV$g Chfu pV$p
epN A pspu su dy[sAp AL$-AL$ AV$g Ay$d ukdp sp AL$ukdp Aepeu L$lgu R>, L$pfZ L$
Ap b Chfu dy[sp sp dp Chf Arce S> L$fhpp R>4
hu lgu bcph dy[s rhpu ps pe R>. bu kpeye dy[s L$rsp epN L$fhpu ps pe
R>. lgu opu A bu c[su ps pe R>.
lgu opu ps su lphpu sp rZdp op Appfp vi L$lgp R>, s L$u pfv rNyZ R> A L$rh
hNf h epNhfp kNyZ R>. bu dy[s c[su ps pe shu R>. sp rZdp c[sp kp^p bp^
L$fpf cNhp Dd R>. hmu 1Ah^|s bpZ A 2lk 3cud, 4rcny A 5y{fhp; A bu pQ Dvi
1
L$fpfp R>. cNhp Z b hu Dvi L$f R>: 1.d|g hu A 2.Ahspf hu. su d|g h
sp 2Ahspf hu; uL$Z A lk A (3-7) Ah^|s bpZ hNf pQ dmu kps c[sp kp^p
Dvi L$fpfp pe R>. su Ahe hNf R> NyZphpmp |Z cNhp uL$Z S> Al] Dvi L$fpf L$lgp R>57
lgp L$pfu dy[sp L$fZdp S> vi bp^ L$fpfp L$p s L$u pfv rNyZ R> A L$rh hNf h epNhfp
Sy>vp L$pfp kNyZ R>.
1
hfpe cNhpp ^dp (dpepy h A s sfhpp Dpe, pfpeZu rW$p A L$dp L$fhpu L$dpp
4
5
L$hu fus epN pe A) khp rZe lqfu L$py kvp hZ A cNhpy |S> A pQ opp AP$Np
R>. opu Arh^p v|f sp Ap lgu cNhvcph dy[s ps su lphpu, Ap L$fZdp A pQ opp
AP$Np L$^p Apfcp pQ Aepepdp Ay$d L$lgp R>8-8&&
op pe epf Alsp A ddspp pi pe R>. Alsp A ddspp pi L$fpf opy dye AP$N hfpe
R>. su Apfcdp lgp Aepedp dykgu L$p L$lgu R>. epvhp kkpfdp hfpe pe Ahp Arcpeu Ap
dykgu L$p lgp Aepedp L$lgu R>, Ad Ap L$fZu fQpu S>Zpe R>. dykgu L$p epvhp hfpe
D pe Ahp Arcpeu L$lhpu lps, sp pfv A hkyvhp khpv R>u R>$p Aepedp vhp cNhpu
syrs L$f R> sp Apfcdp S> Ahp s R>u S> Ap L$p L$ls8&&-9&&
buSy> L$fZ hu kpeye dy[sy R>. sy kp^ c[s R>. c[s Z pR>u d|g fb, S>dpdp khu
rsW$p R>, sdu L$fhu CA. fb lqf hpkyvh, y, Ar{ A kP$L$jZ A Qpf d|rshpmp C L$V$
egp R>. s L$u hpkyvh, y A Ar{p Qqf lgp L$lgp R>. Qpp kP$L$jZy Qqfs Al] V$
L$pf L$lhpdp Aph R>9&&-11
kP$L$jZdp opi[s dye R>. s opi[shpmp lpC op Ap R>. sdy Qqfs Al] V$ L$pf S>Zphhp Ap
L$fZdp opp bp^ L$fgp R>. hpkyvh sp dpn Appfp R>. bu y A A L$pd (y{jpp) ps
L$fphpfp R>. Ar{ ^d ps L$fph R> A h vpjfrls pe s dpV$ L$dp bp^ L$f R> (kP$L$jZy Qqfs
bpL$u flg s Ap L$fZdp Ahp Arcpeu L$lgy R> L$ sdy Qqfs Z Zhpdp Aph epf fbu Qpf
d|rsApp Qqfsy op sp sdpdp c[s ps pe A s c[su kpeye dy[s p[s pe)12-12&&
L$gi rhp L$d L$fpf cNhp kP$L$jZ L$pg hNf pfp epvhpp hip rhpi pe shp Dpe L$ep. epvhpp
Ly$gp klpf pe s dpV$ bpZp ip Apep. Ap L$^p lgp Aepedp dykgu L$p kP$nu L$lgu R>.
s S> Al] Aepe 30 (gp.5-24,33)dp a$fu Ad S>Zphhp L$lgu R> L$ kP$L$jZ epvhpp Ly$mp klpf
L$fphhpp Dpe bpZpp ip ey[su L$fgp R>. (Ad Aepe 30 sp 31 dp Chfu b L$pfu dy[s
L$lgu R>. ddspp pi pe s dpV$ y Ar{ A kP$L$jZ vlp epN L$fu sdZ Apfcgp pV$
kL$gu g R> Ad Aepe 30dp u L$pfu dy[sy rZ L$fgy R> A Aepe 31dp uL$Z pspu
BR>pu pspp d|g hdp [rs L$epy (gp.11,12,13)L$lu Qpp L$pfu dy[sy rZ L$fgy R>. A
fus Ap L$^p As Qpf d|rsApp b^pA Qqfsp Dklpf L$fgp R>)12&&-14
2
Ap k|Z cNhpp Qqfsu b rZep pe R>:

1.cNhpp kdedp pX$hp hNf S>Ap lsp, sAp frls ep A Apv ps L$fu sApA cNhp
ps L$ep.
2.cNhpp kde R>u D egp Z S> hp cNhp uL$Zp pdu L$V$ sp Qqfsy c[su L$us
L$f sAp Z shu fus Apv ps L$fu cNhp ps L$f R>15-15&&
L$fZ 1-A. hu bcph dy[s. A.1-5
Aepe 1:
lgp Aepedp epvhp hfpe pe s dpV$ bpZpp ip epy L$lg R>. s kb^dp ""epvhp ip L$d
ep?'' Ahp furns gpL$ 4-9u L$f R> A iyL$ gp.10u Apfcu sp Df Ap R>. Ap
AV$gp dpV$ furns L$fgp R> L$ gpL$u [V$u Z cNhp uL$Zy Qqfs kpfu fus kdS>hpdp Aph. Al] Ap
p Dfdp iyL$ Ad L$lgy R> L$ hpsrhL$ fus cNhp S> khp L$sp R>, (L$pfZ L$ sdZ S> epvhpp Ly$gp
klpf L$fhpu BR>p L$fu-gp.10,) lgp Z gp.5dp cNhp S> ipp bppu Ly$gp klpf L$epy
iyL$ L$lg. Ap ip MpV$p pX$hp cNhp kd lphp R>sp Z sdZ pR>mu Z sy Aydpv S>
L$ey(gp.24). vpjfrls cNhp S> Ly$gp klpf L$fhpu BR>p L$epy Apfcdp S> L$lgy R> (gp.4). A
ipu L$p L$lu Z vpjfrls cNhp S> ipp bppu Ly$gp klpf L$epy L$lg R>. Ap kh (ip Aphhp,
klpf L$fhp hNf)p L$sp cNhp ps S> R>15&&-17&&
Aepe 2:
lgp cNhp hkyvh op Apgy (Sy>Ap 10&82 gp.22-25) fsy cNhp Ny{ huL$pfg rl, A
op Appf cNhp Ny{ R> Ahu hkyvhu byr lphpu sd s opy rhdfZ ey. su cNhp pfv
Ny{ pu hkyvh op Aphp dpL$ep, L$pfZ L$ hkyvh pfvp Apvf L$fsp. (uL$Z sp s pspp y
Zu Ny{ NZsp)17&&-19
ep kyû hkyvh blpfu [V$ flsu, ep kyû NpuApu W$ s Z vy:Mu S>Zpsp(gp.9). hmu kkpfp
epN L$fhpu sd BR>p Z egu, su sd op Aphpu S>f Z lsu. su sd kpfu fus opp
Dvi L$f s dpV$ Ap rhjedp pfv Ny{ S>Zphgp R>, A pfvpfp cNhp; hkyvh opp Dvi L$fph
R>20-20&&
pfv y[V$dpNp R> Ad Zu, L$vpQ hkyvh sdp Dvip Apvf L$f. su depvpdpNu rkr ps L$fgp
h epNhfpA; rrd S> Dvi Apg s pfv hkyvh S>Zpep. L$pfZ L$ h epNhfpA Apg Dviu
hkyvh NyZp ApmNu S>C NyZpu f pe epf pfvp Dvi sdu byrdp Dsf20&&-22
rrdp Ar^L$pf C, sp Ar^L$pf dpZ h epNhfpA Qpf rhcpNu s Dvi L$fgp. su sZ Apgp
Dvi Al] buu pQdp kyûp Qpf Aepepu pfv hkyvh L$lgp R>23
h epNhfp L$u Dd L$rhA cNhpp QfZL$dgu khp L$fhu, cNhp kh kdZ L$fhy hNf; Dd
cs cNhp rs ApQfhpp ^dpp bp^ L$fg(gp.33-43). cNhpp ^dp ApQfpf cNhpp cs
3
L$ep rQpu ApmMhp sp, sp epf R>u sdu kp cNhpp ^dp ApQfhpp bp^ bu epNhf lqfA
L$fg(gp.45-55). Ad lgu L$npp khu Dd cs ApQfhpp ^dp Ap Aepedp L$rhA sp lqfA
rrd L$lgp, s pfv hkyvh p24-24&&
Aepe 3:
bu L$npp Dd cs ApQfhpp ^dp u Aepedp L$lgp R>. Ap Aepedp
1.epNhf Asqfn; rrd dpepy h S>Zph R>(gp.3-16). dpepp hy op hfpe Y$ L$f R>
R>u,
2.epNhf by; Ny{u khp hNf dpep sfu S>hpp Dpep bp^ L$f R>(gp.18-33). pfpeZdp
Apk[shpmp dpep klgpCu sfu e R> Ad Z S>Zph R>(gp.33). R>u
3.epNhf rgpe; fb pfpeZp hp bp^ L$f R>(gp.35-40) A
4.epNhf Aprhlp; hqvL$ A sp[L$ hNf eop kvp L$fu, s L$dpu S> L$dp epN Ahp L$e ps L$fhp
kbû Dvi L$f R>. A hvp Ahp S> rZe lphpy S>Zpey R>(gp.43-55).
bu L$npp Dd cs 1.dpepy h Zhy, 2.sp sfhpp Dpe epS>hp, 3.fby h Zhy A
4.hqvL$-sp[L$ hNf eop L$fu, s L$dpu L$e ps L$fhy A Qpf L$pe L$fhpp R>24&&-27
Aepe 4:
u L$npp ded cs L$fhpp L$d Qpp Aepedp L$lgp R>. S> u Aepedp L$lgp L$pep L$fhp Ais
lpe s cNhp Sy>vp-Sy>vp Ahspfp gC s Ahspfpdp S>-S> L$pep L$fgp su L$py hZ L$fhpu kyM sy
lpe sp sZ kvp A L$py hZ L$fhy. Ap bp^ rdg epNhf rrd L$fg28
Aepe 5:
lu Ar^L$pfhpmp pL$s cs L$fhpp L$pep Dvi pQdp Aepedp L$fgp R>. S>dZ pspp As:L$fZ hi
L$fgp u A S>du L$pdpAp ips egu u shp lu Ar^L$pfhpmp pL$s hp fhi C cNhpy cS>
L$fsp u, A hpkyvhu rhdyM lphpu fL$dp X$ R> Ad epNhf Qdk rrd S>Zphg R> (gp.2-18).
epNhf L$fcpS>; s ep eyNdp L$hp cNhpp hu dyep L$hp L$pf | L$f R> s S>Zph R>, sp
|S> hNf L$fhpu cNhpu c[s ps pe R> A R>u cNhpu L$pu L$sp hpe R>, su pspp
Ar^L$pf dpZ eyN Aykfu cS> L$fhy Ahp bp^ L$f R>(gp.20-42). epNhfp rrd Ahp bp^ Apu
As^p ep29-29&&
A dpZ epNhfpA rrd L$fg Dvi pfv hkyvh S>Zpep. su hkyvhu rNyZ Ahp sp Ahp s
NyZu f sp lh sd y[V$dpNp bp^ kdi (pR>m L$pqfL$p 21-22 Sy>Ap) Ad Zu, R>u pfv ps
sd c[sp bp^ L$f R>, A y[V$dpNu cNhp uL$Z Df l fpMhpu L$sp hpe R> Ahp bp^ L$f
R>(gp.45-50)29&&-30
cNhp hkyvh op Apgy epf Z sd op sp egy. lh opuA iy L$pe L$fhy CA s Ny{ pfvp
Dviu sdZ ey. sdZ iy L$pe L$fhy CA s pfv sd L$y su S> hkyvh A vhL$u bp dpl v|f
ep(gp.51). dpl v|f sp kh kp^ eg lphpu sdp bcph pe sdp iy ApQe? sAp bcphu
p[s C31
L$fZ 1-Ap. hu kpeyedy[s. A.6-29
Aepe 6:
R>$pu Apfcu ApNZukdp kyûp Qphuk Aepep bu L$pfu AV$g hu kpeye dy[sy rZ
L$f R>. sdp R>$p Aepe L$rsp pi L$fphhpdpV$ L$lgp R>. h d|g L$rsp kb^ dp cNhpu
BR>pu S> pe R>, A d|g L$rs hdp Arcdp D L$f epf s pL$s vl hNf vppp kb^ pe
R>. d|g L$rsp pi dp cNhpu BR>pu pe S> R>, Ad cNhp bp L$lgp hQp(gp.28-31)u
sp epvhp L$lgp hQp (gp.34-38)u S>Zphg R>31&&-32&&
h pL$s vp vl hNfp kb^ huL$pfg sp epN L$fphhp epf R>up (7-29 kyûp) 23 Aepep
L$lgp R>. bpA uL$Z c|sg Dfp pL$V$p Dklpf L$fu pspp ^pddp hi L$fhpu rh[s
L$fu(gp.27) A uL$Z s huL$pfu(gp.31). epf cNhpu Ahu BR>p C L$ sdp D[R>V$ Df
cpfp csp Z L$rsp kb^p epN L$fphhp(gp.29-31). Aphp kP$N cNhp sAp opp
Ahp L$pCL$ q$ep L$fhpp Dvi L$fhp CA. s dpV$ Dh kp cNhpp khpv 7 u 29 kyûp shuk
Aepepu L$lgp R>. Ap Aepepdp S>Zphgp kp^pu vl hNf pL$s shp kpp kb^p pi pe R>,
A pL$s shp 23 lphpu (Sy>Ap 3&6&2-4) s khpv shuk Aepepu L$lg R>32&&-34&&
Dh A uL$Z p khpv 7-29 kyûp shuk Aepepu L$lhpp lpe sp Dh uL$Z khpvp
Apfcdp L$ep(gp.43-47) sp sdp kdphi L$d L$fg u A s R>$p Aepedp S> L$d L$lgp R>?
Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ A dp sp uL$Z S> hpep L$p(gp.44-48) sp S> A L$lg R>. su s
A khpvp Apfcdp R>$p Aepedp S> L$lg R>34&&-35
Aepe 7-13:
lgp cNhp Dh V|$L$pZdp Ahp Dvi L$f R> L$ Ap kh S>Ns pL$s AP$L$f (Sy>Ap 3&26&20)p S>hy
R>. R>u Dh kh klgpCu c[s ps pe s dpV$ sp kp^ opp Dvi L$fgp R>. kpsdpu
bpfdp kyûp R> Aepepu cNhpp hu p[s L$fph shp bhpv opp Dvi L$fgp R>. Apfcdp
kpsdp Aepedp Ap kh S>Ns pL$s AP$L$fp S>hy dpreL$ lphpy L$lg R>(gp.7-8). R>u s pL$s AP$L$fp
pi pe s dpV$ op kp^p Dvi L$fgp R> (gp.9-12). Al] ""rhh dpfp sp a$fu dey pdsp
u''(gp.12) Ad bhpvp Dvi L$fgp R>. Ap khpvp As Z ""Ap s bhpvp k|Z kpf
L$p''(A.29&23) Ad cNhp Dh L$lgy lphpu Z Al] s bhpvp S> Dvi L$fg lphpy S>Zpe
R>. su A.7&7dp S> dpreL$ S>Ns y s 2&9&33 Dfp ukybprûdp rZe L$fg bp Qp
kb^dp L$lgy Ad kde R>. Ap S> dpreL$ S>Nsp cNhp 11&13&34dp DM L$fi, A s pL$s
lphpy 11&12&22dp L$li. su kpP$e hNf drsdp L$lgy pL$s S>Ns S> hfpe D pe s dpV$ Ap
khpvdp S>Zphgy R>. hqvL$ Qy rZ sp Dr kp 11&12&17 u 20 kyûp gpL$pu L$lgy R>.
hmu 11&14&3dp Z s L$lg R>. sy op pL$s AP$L$fp pi L$fp{ lphpy Z L$lgy R>. su Ap kpsdp
Aepe dlhp Arcdpp pi pe s dpV$ L$lgp R>.
Ap L$fZdp c[su kpeye dy[s ps pe R> Ad L$lhpy R> R>sp Al] opu c[s ps pe R>,
Ad S>Zphhp opp Dvi L$fgp R>. c[s S> dye R>. op sp s ps L$fhpy kp^ lphpy S>Zphg R>.
S>d cNhvNuspdp ASy> cNhp opp Dvi L$fu (c.Nu.14&1) 15dp Aepedp psp y{jpd Zu
shp opkp pspy cS> L$fhpy L$lg R> (A.1518-19). shu fus Al] Z c[s ps pe s dpV$
opp Dvi L$ep lphpu Nuspp Aepe 14,15 W$ Ap Z c[sy L$fZ R>. opy L$fZ u&&36&&
Dh cNhp Ahu rho[s L$fgu L$ cNhp s Z pspu kp pspp ^pddp gC S>hp(A.6&43).
cNhp s rhQpfu su A BR>pp Apvf L$fu s opp Dvi L$f R>, fsy sp Ar^L$pf rhQpfu sp
Ar^L$pf dpZ opp Dvi L$fgp u. R>sp cNhpp dye khL$ Dh pspp Ar^L$pf S>Zpep rl.
psp c[s L$fhpp Ar^L$pf lphpy s cp ey rl, A ""Aepe BR>pf y{jy s S> pe R>, sdp
kie u'' Ahp rQe s hpu, sZ sp pspp Ar^L$pf dpsp lsp s Ar^L$pf dpZ cNhp S>
gp.6 sp 12dp L$y s op kbû S> gp.16u L$ep37-38
R>u cNhp Dhp Ar^L$pf, sp hNf khp pspu dm rhQpf L$ep, A epf Ahe sp ersfL$
u cNhpy op pe epf S> sdZ Apg bp^ a$mi A Dh c[su Ahp bu p[s L$fphi Ad
rhQpfu sdZ s Ah^|su L$p
L$lu39
Ahe A ersfL$ u cNhpp kh Aych L$fhpu i[s lpe, epf Ap Ah^|su L$p L$lhpdp Aph
R>. Ny{ A rie kvp kdp lpe epf op a$g ps L$fph R>. Ap kde Dh evyp S>hp lsp, L$pfZ L$ s
pspp Ar^L$pfy Z cp lsy. su cNhp s dpV$ Ny{ Z S>X$ S> rhQpep40-40&&
Quk shpdpu Aepk v|f pe, ""l Ap shp u'' Ahu byr Y$ pe, s dpV$ 7,8 A 9 A Z
Aepepdp Quk Ny{Ap L$lgp R>. Apdpp 24 Ny{Ap A.7&33 sp 34dp NZpep R>. A A.9&25dp
L$lg vl Qukdp Ny{ R>. Ap Ny{ pku S> Dvi ghpp L$lgp R> su hfpe ps pe R> A l Z b^p
kdp Ry> Ad S>Zpe R>40&&-42
Ap S>X$Zpu L$p 7-9 A Z Aepepu AV$gp dpV$ L$lu R> L$ spu L$pep hpZu A d A Zp
vpjpp pi pe; Ahp Ns h A kyjy[s Ahu byru Z AhpApp vpjpp pi pe43
R>u vkdp sp ArNepfdp Aepedp Dh Df l lphpu cNhp s A Z Aepedp Apg op Y$
L$fpfu ey[sAp L$l R>. hmu Ar^L$pf lphp R>sp su vfL$pf fpep rhp Dh vusp fpMgu lphpu cNhp
sp Df k C bpfdp Aepedp s ey[skrls y[V$dpNp Dvi L$f R> (A.12&1-15)44
A dpZ 7-12 kyûp R> Aepepu cNhp Dh pspp hu p[s L$fphpf bhpv dye
opp Dvi depvp A y[V$ dpNp L$pfu L$fgp R>. R>sp Dh Aphp opp Ar^L$pf
lphpu(A.12&16) s s bfpbf kdsy u. su Dh Ar^L$pf ps pe s dpV$ bu AV$g epf
R>up (sfdp Aepe)dp bu L$pf lk A bpp khpvu L$p L$lgu R>. epf Aphu fus bu L$pf L$p
L$lhpdp Aph s kh g Ad Zhy L$ lgp L$pf L$lgu L$p kdS>hpp pspp Ar^L$pf lphpy
S>Zphpu, bu L$pf L$p L$l R>45-46
Aepe 7:
kpsdp Aepedp Ah^|s sp Ny{Ap L$u lgp ApW$ Ny{Ap pku S> bp^ dep s S>Zphg R>. pQ
dlpc|sp, d, byr A AlP$L$pf A ApW$ L$rsApp Aepk v|f L$fhp ApW$ Ny{Ap pku dmsp bp^
DepNu R>.
hu hNf pQ dlpc|sp pku dmgp bpû A dlpc|spp bgp vppdpu Aepk v|f pe R>. Q
pku dmgp bp^ dp, frh pku dmgp bp^ byrp A L$bysf pku dmgp bp^ AlP$L$pfp Aepk
v|f L$f R>. Ap ApW$ Ny{Ap A ApW$ L$rsp Aepk v|f L$fhp L$lgp R>47-47&&
R>u Z NyZp (kh, fS>k A sdk) fl s dpV$ Ah^|s kbû bu AV$g ApW$dp Aepedp h
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
L$pfp Ny{Ap L$lgp R>. AS>Nf, kdy, sP$N, d^yL$s (cdfp sp d^dpMu), lpu, pfr^, lfZ,
8
9
dpR>gy A rP$Ngp A h Ny{ Ap Aepedp B[epp kd|l, L$pdpAp sp Apip v|f L$fhpdpV$ L$lgp
R>. (Ny{Ap pku dmsp bp^ Ay$d 2,5,7,9,13,15,17,19 A 22dp gpL$pu Apfcu L$lgp
R>)47&&-48&&
L$ddpNdp L$d L$fhp L$fsp L$d L$fhp A Dd R>. shu fus opdpNdp L$d L$fhp L$fsp Z L$d L$fhp s
Dd R>. AS>Nf L$pC Z L$d L$fsp u. S>d L$d L$ep rhp Z s Aplpf ps pe R> sd dyru Z C
iL$. cNhvNuspdp pQdp Aepedp L$depN A kepk p rhQpf L$fsp cNhp L$d L$fhp A h^pf kp{
lphpy L$lg R>, spu App rhfp^ sp u, L$pfZ L$ cNhvNuspdp s m kp^ L$fhpu [rsy rZ
L$fgy R>, A Al] sp rk (S> kp^ L$fhpp fp u shp Ah^|s)u hps L$lgu R>48&&-50&
cpS>p rhjedp rhQpf L$fhpdpV$ AS>Nf Ny{ L$lgp R>. cpS> L$fpf Z cpS> pe epf S>hu [rsdp
flsp lpe, shu S> [rs A shp S> hcphu; dm epf cpS> rhp Z flsp lpe, sp s Ar^L$ NyZ
R>. Aphp NyZ fpMhp kdy Ny{ L$lgp R>. kdy Z |Z Q C h^ R>, su shp rhL$pf pe s dpV$
sqP$Nep Ny{ L$l R>. sqP$Ney S>d A[p u dpl pdu sdp X$u pspp pi L$f R>, sd dyrA up
u dpl pdu sp kb^dp Aphhy rl50&-52
uu v|f flpf Z vyV$ byrhpmp lpe sp Mphpp vppu hi pe R>, su MpfpL$ CA sV$gp S>
ghpp A sp kP$Nl L$fhpp kb^dp d^yL$s (Ay$d cdfp A d^dpMu) Ny{ L$lgp R>. cdfp
psp CA sV$gp pX$p-pX$p fk S> vfL$ ydpu g R>. d^dpMu d^p kP$Nl L$fu fpMhpu pi pd
R>53
R>u rcnpdpV$ S>sp Z dyr uu rh hpp kch R>. su rcnp dpNhp S>sp Z uu kphQs
flhy. up khp epN L$fhp. sp epN L$fhpdp Aph sp khpi hpp kch R>. S>d lpu
lpZup kP$N L$fhp S>sp s dpV$ Mpvu fpMgp MpX$pdp X$u lfp pe R>. sd up kP$Ndp Aphpf dyrp
pi pe R>54
7
lgp sqP$Nepp kb^dp uu gpcphpy y, A hmu lpu Ny{u dmsp bp^dp Z up kP$Ndp
Aphhpy L$y, R>sp Z Apdp y{[s (su s S> hps L$fu L$lhp) vpj u, L$pfZ L$ Al] sp rcnp
dpNhp S>sp, kP$N gu^ Z up kb^dp Aphhpp Dvi L$fgp R>, epf R>u kh ArV$py d|g
c lphpu sy rZ dpR>gp Ny{u dmsp bp^dp L$fgy R>. cu Z Apip Ar^L$ vy:M vpfu R>, su
R>hV$ rP$Ngpu dmsp bp^dp Apipp epN L$fhpy L$lgy R>.
Ap Aepedp h Ny{ L$p. s L$u AS>Nf A kdy u (AS>Nf, kdy hNf B[epp kd|lp pi pe
shp A sqP$Ney L$pdpApp pi pe shp bp^ Appfp R> epS>p) L$pdpApp pi pe shp bp^ dm
R>. sqP$Ney, cdfp, lpu, lfZ A dpR>gy A pQu Ay$d , N^, i, iv, A fk A pQ
B[epp NyZpu dpl pdhpp bp^ dm R>. pfrû dp NyZ-gpcp epN L$fhpp bp^ dm R>. A
rP$Ngpu Apipp epN L$fhpp bp^ dm R>. Ap Aepedp L$fgp bp^ ded fpS>k Ar^L$pfhpmpdpV$ L$fgp
R>55-55&&
Dd byrhpmp kp[hL$ y{j Z rhp hNfp kP$Nl L$f (A L$pC Ap rl) sp Z sp khpi
pe R>. Ap bp^ Aphp V$uV$pX$p Ny{ L$lg R>(gp.1-2). su kP$Nl L$fsp rQspfrls A dpAdpu vfL$pf L$ep rhp flhy CA. Ap rhjedp bpgL$ Ny{ L$lgp R>(gp.3-4). bpgL$ dpZ flhpu
Z BR>g a$g ps sy u, su a$fhy ApheL$ R>. Z buAp kp a$fhpu L$Ap hpp kch R>
su AL$gp a$fhy CA. Ap rhjedp Ly$dpfup L$P$L$Z Ny{ L$lg R>(gp.5-10). rQ AL$pN L$fu uL$Zdp
fphgy fpMhpp rhjedp "ifL$s' bpZ bphpf Ny{ L$lgp R> (gp.11-13)55&&-57&&
Of hNf fpep rhp S> Csp b^p vpp Au dm S> ps C e R>. su Of hNf fpep rhp S>
flhpp rhjedp k Ny{ L$lg R> (gp.14-15). L$pC Z lpe epf khp fQpf lqf ApZ kh
Api A rhjedp L$fprmep Ny{ L$lg R> (gp.16-21)57&&-58&&
kvp rQs L$fhpu hsy bvgpC e R>. cdfuA vfdp |fgp L$uX$p kvp cdfuy ep L$ep L$fsp lphpu cdfu
bu e R>, shu fus h Z kvp by ep ^fhpu bcph Z ps L$f R>. Ap rhjedp cdfuA
vfdp |fg L$uX$p Ny{ L$lgp R> (gp.22-23). rhhL$hpmp AV$g epe a$g (dpn) rk L$fhp epk L$fpfp
A pihs a$g ps L$fhpp epk L$fpfp vlu kh rk pe R>. su dyep vl Z Ny{ L$lg R>
(gp.24-29). A dpZ Ap Aepedp V$uV$pX$p, bpgL$, Ly$dpfuy L$P$L$Z, ifL$s, k, L$fprmep, cdfuA sp
vfdp |fgp L$uX$p A vl A bpL$up ApW$ Ny{ L$lgp R>58&&-59&&
Aepe 10:
vidp A ArNepfdp Aepedp blpfp A Avfp cvu b L$pfu ey[sAp L$lgu R>. vidp Aepedp
blpfp cvu L$dpu ps sp blpfp kh gpL$p epN L$fhp epe lphpu sdp epN L$fhpu ey[sAp L$lgu
R>. ArNepfdp Aepedp Avfp h R>, sp hcphp epN L$fhpu ey[sAp L$lgu R>. vidp Aepedp
L$du ps sp gpL$pp epN L$fhpu ey[sAp L$lgu R>, fsy L$pC-L$pC hpf NlZ L$fhp epe gpL$p lphpy
S>Zpe R>. Aphp gpL$y rZ 22 u 24 kyûp gpL$pdp L$fgy R>. Aphp gpL$ lpe sp epN C iL$, fsy
Aphp Z gpL$ lphpu sdp epN L$fhpy Aie (O L$W$Z) pe R>59&&-61
8
Aepe 11:
su ArNepfdp Aepedp shp gpL$p Z epN C iL$ A hcphp Z epN C iL$ s dpV$ kp^y
Ahp cs y rZ L$fg R> (gp.29-33). Aphp y{j ps cNhpp cs lpe R> Ahp cNhpp
csp kP$Nhpmp lpe R>. Ap Aepedp cNhpp csp kP$Nhpmp kp^yy rZ L$fgy R>. L$vpQ L$pC
kP$N Aphp kp^y y{j c[sdpNp bp^ L$f, su 34 u 48 kyûp gpL$pu c[sy rZ L$fgy R>62
Aepe 12:
cNhp Aepe 7 u Aepe 12 gp.15 kyûdp Dh opdpN A c[sdpN Ahp b dpN L$p, A
b dpNp hZu kvl S>f pe. su Dh kvl ep. Ap kvl dp hQu AV$g dp Apop L$fhpu
v|f pe rl, su S> L$pf kvl pe AV$g kvl fl S> rl Ahp sL$ L$lhp CA. su Ahp sL$
cNhp s L$lg R> A s L$lsp dpreL$ S>Nsp sdS> b S>Nsp hp d|m, de A As L$lgp
R>.
cNhp Dh opp bp^ Apsp; opdp Z epN L$fhp epe dpreL$ S>Ns A cNh rhh Z
L$lg. c[sp Dvi L$fsp blpfu cspp kP$N L$fhpy L$lg A Avfu cNhp ifZ S>hpy Z L$lg.
A dpZ vfL$ dpNp b-b kp^p L$p su Dh kvl ep (11&12&16). Aphp kvl fl s dpV$
cNhp A.12&20 u sL$ L$p. s b L$pfp S>Nsp d|m, de A As Z L$p. cNh S>Nsy
d|m ""dpfu e[s'' ivu, de ""Ap hv hpZu'' ivu(gp.18dp) A As ""R|>V$u-R|>V$u eg
i[shpmp OZp L$pf cpk R>'' (gp.20) u L$p.
gp.21p Dfpû Apfcu dpreL$ S>Nsy h L$l R>. sy d|g ""App b bu R>'' (gp.22) Ad
L$lg lphpu L$rs A y{j L$lg R>. de ""AL$kp d|ghpmy'' (gp.22) hNf ivpu A As
""dpepde'' (gp.23) ivu L$lg R>.
Ahu fus b L$pfp S>Nsp d|g de A As L$lu sdp h S>Zphgp R>. Ap Dfu Ad S>Zpe
R> L$ Dh opdpNdp S> kvl egp, c[sdpNdp kvl egp rl, su s c[sdpNp Ar^L$pfu lsp.
su S> cNhp s b L$pfu fd Ny c[sp Dvi A.11&32 u Apfcu L$fgp. s c[sp
Ar^L$pfu ep lps sp A Dvi L$fhpu S>f lsu, L$pfZ L$ opp bvg L$fhpu Dpkpp AP$N
c[s A.11&22-25 kyûu L$lu A 29-31 kyûp gpL$pu csp gnZp L$p, AV$g opp sp op
ps L$fphpfu opp AP$N c[sp Dvi C S> Neg lphpu, Dhp p Df Aphu S> Nep. su
A.11&32 u Apfcu A.12&15 kyûp c[sp Dvi cNhp Dh sp Ar^L$pf dpZ S> L$fgp R>.
su S> opp Dvi sp c[s ps pe s dpV$ S> L$fgp A Ap kh c[sy S> L$fZ R>63-64
Aepe 13:
s dpreL$ S>Nsp hy op pe s dpV$ kh hNf NyZpy sfdp Aepedp rZ L$fgy R> (gp.1-7).
sdp opu As:L$fZp kP$L$-rhL$ hNf b^ L$fphpfp blpfy L$d hNf vpjp v|f pe R>65
As:L$fZ A op L$fphhpp L$pf kp[hL$ lpC NyZ S> R>. su sdp vpjp; Df S> vl krls Quk
Ny{Ap Ah^|s (v) L$lgp sdpu ps eg Dviu, v|f eg rl. As:L$fZ NyZ lphpu, cv
hpu byr sp vpj s Ny{App bpû v|f eg rl, su s vpj v|f L$fhp sdpu Sy>vp Dd Ny{ Ap
Aepedp L$lgp R>. A sd L$fpfp Z Ah^|s S>hp L$lgp R>. su Ap Aepedp lk Ny{ L$lg R>
A kL$ hNf bpp yp sd L$fpfp L$lgp R>. cNhp ps lky h gC kL$ hNfp kvl
v|f L$fhp ^pfgp66-66&&
lk v|^dp cmgp pZup epN L$fu Ly$vfsu v|^ S> NlZ L$f R>. v|^ A pZu cNp L$fgp lpe sdpu pZup
epN L$fu v|^ S> NlZ L$fhpu i[shpmp s lphpu cNhp lky h gC Dvi L$fhp ^pfgp. s Ny{ lk
cNh S>Nsy h Sy>vy-Sy>vy V$ viphg R>. Ah^|s v Ad S> dpsp L$ vl pfL$p R>, L$pfZ L$
A.9&25 dp Ad S> sdZ L$lg R>, epf lk Apg bp^ dpZ vly Ayk^p S> flsy u
(A.13&36) su lk op A c[sp kb^dp S>Zphg rZe (A.13&22-40) Dd R>66&&-67&&
lkp rZe dpZ Z NyZp A pspy rQ A bp epN L$fhpp R>. epf h uL$Z pe AV$g
epf s cNhpy kpeye ps pe, epf S> sdp epN C iL$. kh vpjp v|f sp 1.OZu p gu^,
2.c[su, 3.cNhpp pspu Avf Aphi hpu, Ahp 4.Dd c[s gu^ cNhpdp hi hpu;
Ahp Qpf L$pf kpeyeu p[s pe.
OZu p lpe sp s a$g ps L$fph R> A kh rk R>. c[s Z h NyZpu f L$fu fbu p[s
L$fph R> (cN.Nusp14&26) Ap A.13&41-42 dp L$lg R>. c[s Dd L$pfu lpe sp cNhpdp s gu^
hi pe R>, Ad Al] gp.41dp c[sp "fp'-Dd rhijZu S>Zphgy R>. su Dd c[su
cNhpdp hi pe R> A Dd c[s bcph ep R>u pe R>, A bcph rhiy byru ip[s ps
hpu pe R>. su Apfcdp byr iy L$fhpu S>f R> A sd L$fhpp Dpe NyZp A rQ AL$-bup
epN L$f s R>. epf byrdp cNhpp Aphi hpu cvbyr v|f pe, epf S> NyZp A rQ AL$bup
epN L$f R>. ""kh cNhp R>'' Ahy epf op pe epf S> cvbyr v|f pe R>. su shy op sL$u ps
L$fhy CA.
""kh cNhp R>'' Ad rk L$fhp lk ""kh l Ry>'' dpfpu Sy>vy L$pC u Ad L$l R>, A.13&24). gp.25
sp 26dp h cNh lphpy L$lu Ad S>Zph R> L$ gp.24dp "l' iv cNhp dpV$ S> epS>g R>.
R>u NyZp A rQp epN L$fu iL$pe s dpV$ gp.27dp Ad L$l R> L$ byru h, Ns A kyjy[s A
Z AhpAp R>. sdp kpnu sfuL$ flgp h s AhpApu Sy>vp R>.
R>u gpL$ 28dp NyZp A rQ p epNy h A sdp epN L$fhpp Dpe L$l R>.
R>u gp.30 A 31dp cvbyr rdep lphpy A shu byrhpmp Aopu lphpy L$l R>.
R>u gp.32dp h hNf byru Z AhpAp hu Sy>vu lphpy S>Zpe s dpV$ h hdp eg
lpe sy dfZ fl R> Ad L$l R>, A su h A AhpApp kpnu R> Ahp A sL$u rZe L$f R>.
gp.33dp bpL$up b^p kiep v|f pe s dpV$ pspy cS> L$fhp bp^ L$f R>.
gpL$ 34 dp NyZpu egu k[V$ rdep lphpy sL$u S>Zph R>.
10
Apd lphpu rQu S>dpu Dr pe R> s NyZp kbû Ap hps Ap Aepep Apfcdp L$fgu lphpu,
A R>u gp.38dp s kpP$e A epN p Ny Dvi lphpy L$lg lphpu Ad rk pe R> L$ Sy>vp-Sy>vp
dyrApA L$gp cvcphu rk su Z NyZphpmu k[V$ S> pihs R>, L$pfZ L$ sy d|g cNhpu Sy>vy
R>, fsy Acvhpvu rk su cNhpu BR>pu D egu cNh k[V$ pihs u. kpsdp A
bpfdp Aepedp Z Aphp S> bp^ R>, Ad S>Zphhp Al] "lkNusp' L$lgu R>. hvdp, Nuspdp, bk|pdp,
Acpedp sp rhdX$dp Z Aphy S> op c[s L$fphp{ lphpy S>Zphg R>. su S> sL$u fpnop
ep R>u S> kh kiep v|f pe s dpV$ cNhpp Aphi pe R>, Ad S>Zphhp dpreL$ S>Ns Acvbyrhpmp
cd D L$fsy lphpu s vly Ayk^p flsy lphpy A sp vl Z pf^ L$d lpe ep kyû S>
flsp lphpy 34-36 kyûp gpL$pu L$lgy R>. Ap dpZ kh kp^p sp, kiep b^p v|f sp lphpu kL$
hNf kiefrls ep(gp.41). Apu sdpdp cNhpp Aphi eg lphpy k|Qhg R>67&&-69
Aepe 14:
Df S>Zphg A S> r[Qs R>, A S> rZe hv dpZ Z pe R> Ad S>Zphhp, Qpvdp Aepep
Apfcdp dyepp L$epZ ep-ep R> s L$lgy R> (gp.1-10). uL$Z AV$g uL$Zy kpeye |Z
a$g lpe, sp sp S>hy Ahp su Ar^L$ buSy> a$g lphy CA. sd S> NyZp A rQ A bp epN
Dd kp^ (Dpe) lpe, sp su Sy>vp sp S>hp Ahp su h^pf kpfp bu Dpe lphp CA. Z
kpeyeu Ar^L$ a$g sp NyZp A rQp epNu h^pf kpfp Dpe u Ad S>Zphhp Sy>vp-Sy>vp ds dpZ
Sy>vp-Sy>vp L$epZ A s ps L$fhpp Dpep Ap lgp vi gpL$dp L$lgp R>70-70&&
Df S>Zphg rZe rk pe s dpV$ lh Ad S>Zph R> L$ bu b^p a$g (L$epZ) Apfc A As
hpmp lpC vy:ML$pfL$ R>, epf cNhpdp rQ fpMu sdu c[s L$fhpu ps sy a$g Dd R>. Ap S>Zphhp
Ad L$lgy R> L$ c[s rkhpep Sy>vp-Sy>vp a$g ps pe R> (gp.10-11) s b^p Apfc A Ashpmp
lpC vy:MvpeL$ R>. A cNhpdp rQ fpMpf sdu BR>p Z su u (gp.14). cNhpdp rQ
fpMpf hy bg ps L$fu Dd As a$g ps L$f R>. Dd Dpe; NyZp sp rQ p epN L$fu
cNhpu c[s L$fhp rkhpe Sy>vp lps, sp spu Apfc A Ashpmp a$g ps ps. |Z a$g
cNhpu p[s rkhpe buSy> lps sp cNhpdp rQ fpMpf su BR>p ps, fsy sd sy u. su
cNhpu p[s S> Dd a$g R> A c[s (cNhpdp rQ fpMhy s) S> Dd Dpe R> Ahp sL$ Z L$lgp
R>(gp.12 sp 14). hvdp Z L$dp a$m Apfc A As hpmp lphpy A Apdpu p[s Dd a$m
lphpy L$lg R>, hmu hvp kdhe L$fsp, cNhp S> Apdp R>. su hvy spe Z cNhp a$g ps
L$fhpy S> R>70&&-71&&
iP$L$p:a$g Nd s Dpep Nd s sp lpe, fsy c[sdp S>du c[s L$fhpdp Aph s A c[s L$fpf A
bdp cv lphpu A hy hs flsy lphpu h ce pe S> A su c[s Dd kp^ u,
Ahu iP$L$p pe,
kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ h cNhpp khL$ lphpu khL$u lgL$u [rs lpe sdp vpj u. 15-17 kyûp
gpL$py A S> spe R>. h c[sdp hs flsy lphp R>sp, spdp ce vpj lpsp u Ahp A
gpL$pp A R>.
11
sfdp Aepedp knu p L$lgu, s Ap Aepedp 17 kyûp gpL$u rk pe R>. R>u cNhpu
c[s Dd lphpu 18-24 kyû gpL$pu hu, 25 sp 26 gpL$pu kpû A 27dp gpL$u a$gu
c[sy rZ L$fgy R>71&&-73
s (c[s)y kp^ cNhpy ep R>, su epf R>u 27dp gpL$u Apfcu epy rZ L$fgy R>. rQ
cNhpdp QpV$ A cNhp rQdp hi L$f A ep L$fhpy epS> R>. rhp pe s dpV$ epp Sy>vpSy>vp L$pfp L$lgp R> Ad gp.37 u S>Zpe R>. epu uL$Zdp rQp hi sp b^p cdp v|f pe R>.
ep kb^dp ""Ap dp{-Ap pfLy$'' Ahp, opp kb^dp ""vpp dpreL$ R> A cNhpu Sy>vp R>''
Ahp, A q$epp kb^dp cNhpp cS> rkhpe buSy> L$pC L$fhp epe lphpp cd; su v|f pe R>.
su kh kvl uL$Zu S> v|f pe R>.
A dpZ cd v|f sp uL$Zdp OZp S> Y$ l c[sp bu Ai |Z pe R> Ad S>Zpey. opu
Z cNhpp hi rQdp pe epf Z cNhpu c[s L$fhu CA. (Al] q$epp cd Z v|f hpy
L$lg lphpu Ap L$fZ c[sy S> R> A c[sdpV$ S> L$pe L$fhpy lphpy rk pe)74&&-75&&
Aepe 15:
vfdp Aepep Z Df L$y sdp kdphi C e R>. Ap Aepedp Dh rkrAp kbû L$fg
lphpu cNhp s rkrApy h A s vfL$ ps L$fhpp L$pf L$l R>. Ap rkrAp cNhp ps L$fhp
BR>pf epNu rh L$fpfu pe R> (gp.33). su rkrAp ps L$fhp epk L$fhp epe u. cNhpu
epNu Dpkp L$fpf rkrAp pspu dm S> ps pe R> (gp.31) su rkrAp ps L$fhp epk
L$fhp rl.
Aepe 16:
kpmdp Aepedp cNhp L$hp hhpmp R> A Zhp Dh cNhp lgp pQ gpL$pu sdu rhc|rsAp
kbû L$f R>. Aphp S> cNhvNuspdp ASy> L$fgp. Nuspp A.18&55dp cNhp ASy> L$l R>
L$ ""l L$V$gp Ry> Ahy dpfp hy ep op c[su sp dpfpdp hi pe R>''. Al] shy op ipu pe R>
s L$lg u. Dhp Ahp R> L$ ""S>-S> vppdp c[su Apu Dpkp L$fpf dpV$p FrjAp Ap
ps L$f R> s L$lp'' (gp.3). cNhpy h c.Nu 10&15 dpZ cNhp S> Zsp lphpu Dh
sd L$fg R>.
cNhp L$hp hhpmp L$V$gp R> A p Dfdp gp.9 u cNhp ps kh pZuApp Apdp, rd A
Chf lphpy Dh L$l R>. ASy> Ap Dvi Appf Ny{ Z sp kpfr eg ps S> lsp Ad gp.6
hNfu S>Zphu, csp psp re lphpy cNhp L$l R>. pspy h S>Zphhp ps khp Apdp lphpy
A ps L$hp R> Ad S>Zphhp kh pZuAp lphpy L$l R> (gp.9). A ps L$V$gp R> Ad S>Zphhp
pspu rhc|rsAp L$l R> (gp.10-40). dye c[s cNhpu S> L$fhu CA. cNhp dp rhc|rs
u, AV$g cNhp ApV$gp (AdyL$ lvhpmp) S> u, Ad S>Zphhp rhc|rsAp L$lgu R>. su S> ""S>d
hpZuu Sy>vp-Sy>vp vpp L$lhpe R> sd Ap b^p dp rhL$pfp S> R>'' Ad cNhp L$l R> (gp.41). su
Df S>Zphgu rhc|rsAp cNhp u, Z cNh cNhpp Ai S> R>. cNhpy kpeye dp
cNhpu c[su S> pe R> rhc|rsApu c[su sy u Ad S>Zphhp rhc|rsAp L$lgu R>75&&-77
12
Aepe 17-18:
kfdp A AY$pfdp Aepe hZpdp ^dpy rZ L$fpfp R>. s Ad S>Zph R> L$ hZpdp ^dpy
rZ Z c[s ps L$fhpdp s DepNu lphpu S> L$fgy R>. Ap ^d c[s ps L$fphpfp lphpu S> Dh
A.17&1-2 dp ^d kbû L$f R>. Ap ^dp L$hu fus ApQfhpu c[s ps pe, Ahp S> A p
cphp R>. Ap ^dp vyV$ hpkpApp pi L$fu iyr L$fph R> A su c[s ps L$fphpfp R> Ad kpsdp
L$^dp L$lgy R>.
A.18&40 dp L$lgy R> L$:""kh pZuApdp dpfu [rs Zpf S> pspp hZpd ^d dpZ dpfu
Aespu khp L$f R>, s pX$p S> kdedp dpfu c[s ps L$f R>.'' Ap Df Z Ad S> S>Zph R> L$ Ap
^dp c[s ps L$fphhpdp S> DepNu R>. su Ap b Aepep Z c[sp AP$N R>. c[s ps pe s
dpV$ S> sdp hZpdp ^dpy rZ L$fgy R>.
c[s kp^ A a$g Ahp b L$pfu R>. hZpdp ^dp kp^ c[sp AP$N R>, a$g c[sp
AP$N u. hZ hNf kp^ c[s R> A dgnZp c[s a$g c[s R>. Ap ^dp a$g dgnZp
c[sp Z kp^ lpe, sp A.18&44dpp "Aespu' iv rfL$ pe. su S> ""kpfu fus ApQfgp ^d
Z cNhpu L$pdp d D L$f sp s dp d S> R>'' 1&2&8 hNf hpep OV$ R>78
Aepe 19:
ApNZukdp Aepedp op Z Ahu fus c[sy AP$N lphpy S>Zphg R>. Ap Aepep lgp Z
gpL$pdp cNhp opuApu ikp L$f R>, Qpp gpL$dp opu ikp L$f R> A pQdp gpL$dp op c[sy
AP$N lphpy L$l R>. R>$p gpL$dp op dyrAp rkr ps L$fphp{ lphpy L$lu, kpsdp gpL$dp Ap vMpsy
S>Ns dpepde lphpy S>Zphu Dhdp Z shp rhL$pf lphpy L$l R>. A. 18 gp.26 dp Z, sdS> L$lgy.
Ap kpcmhpu Dh kvl pe R> L$ S>Ns dpreL$ lphpy op; c[sp AP$N R> L$ s b R> Ahy
op c[sp AP$N R>. su opdpNy psp kpfu fus op pe s dpV$ gp.8 dp Dh cNhp L$f
R>. sp kvl v|f pe s dpV$ cNhp ps s Df Apsp, kh FrjApu kdrs S>Zphhp eyr^[W$f A
cudp khpv L$l R>. s kde ^dfpS> eyr^[W$f L$f R> A cud Ny{ L$lgp R>. dpn ps L$fphpfp
^dp L$lsp, op ps pe s dpV$ cud s kde kh vppp rZe, kh L$dpp rZe, sd S> ke hNfy
h eyr^[W$f L$lgp. cNhp uL$Z Ap kpcmgp, s cNhp Dh L$l R>.
bpu Apfcu sZMgp kyûp pZuApdp 1L$rs 2y{j 3dlh 4AlP$L$pf 5-9 pQ sdppAp 1020
21-25
26-28
ArNepf B[ep
pQ dlpc|sp A
Z NyZp A A$phuk shp flgp R> S>. s b^pdp AL$
"ks' hpdp Aph s cNhp kbû op R>. "ks' L$he S>pu S>Zpe, S>pu AL$gy ks hpdp
Aph s op(gp.14). Ap S> ucNhvNusp A.18&20dp kp[hL$ op L$lgy R>. A Al] Z
A.25&24dp kp[hL$ op L$lhpdp Aphi. A.19&15-16dp Ap S> rhop L$lgy R>. ApS> rhop R>, L$pfZ
L$ bu L$pC L$pfZ rhp, dp AL$u S>Nsp Dr [rs A ge hpy kchsy u. su bpu
sZMgp kyûp vpp Z NyZhpmp R>, sApu Dr hNf S>pu Zhpdp Aph s S> rhop R> Ahp
rQe R> (gp.15). hmu AL$ D eg L$pedpu bu D pf L$pedp S> hi L$f, S> AL$ S>
13
L$pfZ L$pep Apfcdp dedp A Asdp flg lpe, A hmu L$pey rskP$$dZ Ahp ge (L$pfZdp
ge) pe epf S> bpL$u fl, sS> "ks' vp R>, bu b^p sp Aphu QX$gp Ahp dpu gu^gp R> Ahy S>
op s Z rhop R> (gp.16). Apy spe Ahy R> L$ vp dp A$phuk shpdpu bgp R> Ahp
opu, s b^p Z NyZphpmp R> Ahy op pe s rhop R>. R>u gp.17dp hv, en, Brslpk A
Aydp A Qpf dpZ L$lgp R>. sdpu S>p rQe sp u Ahp rhL$ (cv), rhQpfhp y{jp L$fsp
u. shp cv L$fsp AV$L$hy A dpZ L$lhpy epS> R>. gp 18dp bp kyûp kh vpp pihs lphpy
L$lg R>. Ap Ad S>Zphhp L$lg R> L$ sApdp p fpMsp dp bdp S> p fpMhu.
R>u ApW$dp gpL$dp Dh cNhpu c[s kbû L$fgp, sp Df gp.39 u Apfcu L$l R> L$
c[sepN bpfdp Aepedp L$lgp, s buSy> S> L$lgy R> s b^p L$fsp Dd R>. R>u 25-27 kyûp gpL$pu
cNhp rQ, ^d, op, hfpe A ArZdp hNf rkrApp gnZp L$l R>. A dpZ opu Apfcu
Ahe kyûp hp rZe kh FrjApu lpS>fudp cud rQe|hL$ L$lg. su Ad S>Zpey R> L$ S>d
dpepde L$lgp R>, sdpu hfpe ps pe s dpV$ sd shp L$lgp R>. epf NyZhpmp vpu sZp fl
sV$gp hfpe pe, epf s bcph ps L$fhpdp AyL|$m sp lphpu c[sdp DepNu pe R>. R>u
gp.28-54 kyûdp Dhp u cNhp s ed hNfy h S>Zph R>, s Z dye rhopp AP$N
sfuL$ S>Zphg R>. su b L$pfy op c[sy AP$N R> shp rZe pe R>79-80&&
hNf hpepdp S> "l' L$lg R> s cNhp ^pfZ L$fg dyevlp kb^dp L$lgy u, fsy Apdpp
kb^dp L$lgy R>. su V$u W$ cNhp ps ^pfZ L$fgp dyevldp ""Ap l Ry>'' Ahy S> pV$ vMpX$sp
A MpV$p vMph L$fsp, sp sdZ vhpu ppu epN L$ep. cNhp A vl; vhp dpV$ S> ^pfZ L$fg. shu S>
fus sdu ppu S> s pV$p epN L$ep99
dyevl ^pfZ L$fu c|rd Df cNhp Z epS>u L$V$ egp, 1.pspu BR>p 2.hup cpf h^g s
v|f L$fhp A 3.S>dp sdZ Dpf L$ep sdpdp vhcph lsp. vhuk[V$p Dpf L$fhp A R>u sAp
pspp vu p[s L$fphhu A uSy> epS> ey. cNhp ps Z Ap epS>p |Z sp vhpu ppu
^pfZ L$fg dye vlp epN L$fu, pspp ^pddp pspu BR>pu S> ^pep.
Aepe 30:
Chfu ddsp pV$p epN dy[s:cNhp S> L$pf pV$ L$fgy s L$pf iyL$ L$p L$l R>. su furns cd
ep L$ uL$Z Z dpfp S>hp h S> R>. su sZ iyL$ L$ep L$ cNhp vlp epN L$hu fus L$ep?
(gp.2)101
iyL$u L$py spe furns Zgy lphpu S> s Ahp cd ep A sZ Ahp L$fg. su ps L$fgu
L$py spe S>Zphsp iyL$ s S>Zph R> L$ cNhp S> L$fgy s pspu BR>pu S> L$fg.
c|rd Df S> Dpsp ep, Mfpb [rs hpu R> Ad k|Qhpfp S> rQlp ep, s Z cNhpu rsfprls
hpu BR>pu S> egp. L$pfZ L$ L$pg khL$p hu cV$ hpp lpC, Ar^L$pf (cNhp)pR>p kpu vC,
sZ pspu d|g [rs ps L$fu. su c|rd Df Dpsp ep&&102-102&&
14
Ap kh cNhpu BR>pu S> sy lsy. cNhp s kh lgu S> L$fu fpMgy. su kehsp (L$pqfL$p 103
dp "kehp' bvg "kehpL$' pW$ lphp CA, Ad S>Zpe R>. ) cNhp L$lgy L$ App Dpe u,
bpZpp ip DP$O C iL$ shp R> (gp.5). cNhpu pspu S> BR>p epvhLy$gp pi L$fhpu
lphpu s DP$O C iL$ rl shp lsp. cNhpu shu BR>p gu^ vi Z NyZlu ep. pfL$p dy[sp
^pd lpC fd L$epZ ps L$fphpfu lphp R>sp, shu flu, L$pg gu^ NpZ (NyZfrls) C102&&103&&
su cNhp uAp hNf iP$Mppf dpL$ghp L$y, A ps epvhp gC cpk ^pep (gp.6), L$pfZ L$
L$pg pspp Ar^L$pf dpZ pi L$fhpy L$pe L$fhp Aphsp lphpu, s Aph epf uAp A bpgL$p pfL$pdp
fl sp sApp pi pe, A su A^d pe. hmu pfL$p Z kdydp X|$bu S>C pi pdhpu lsu103&&104&&
epvhpA cNhpy S> c|rdp cpf Dspfhpy L$pe L$fg. su sd dy[s ps L$fphhu CA A pspp
pu S> p[s L$fphhu CA, sdp L$pC kie lsp. su sd dy[s A pspp pu p[s pe s
dpV$ cNhp sd pspu kp S> cpk gC Nep, Ad ""ApZ cpk S>Ciy'' Ad gp.6dp L$lg lphpu
S>Zpe R>.
u^f A.6&35 p epepdp L$lgy R> L$:""Ap epvhp vhp Aip lpC Ar^L$pfu hp epe lsp, A sfs
dy[s pdhp epe lsp'' s epe u. bpZpp ip DP$O C iL$ shp lphpu, dy[s ps L$fhpdp
s epvhp X$ rl s dpV$, ""ep cpkdp p L$fu rh C Dhpk L$fu...'' (gp.7-9) hNf kp^p
L$fhpy cNhp epvhp L$lg R>, (L$pqfL$p 106dp "rhedys'pW$ lphpy S>Zpe R>) A s dpZ kp^p
sdu pk L$fphgp R> (gp.11).
""b kfhsu ep hl R> shp p (cpk)dp dy[s pe'' Ahu iP$L$p Z A.6&36dp Qp
hps L$lu, su MpV$u W$fphu R>, L$pfZ L$ cpkdp p L$fhpu Qp pp pi epy A lgpy h
s ps epy L$lgy R>. su epvhp Z sdu khpy a$g ps L$fhpdp S> rh sy lpe sp pi pe s
dpV$ S> cNhp sd cpk gC Negp.
hmu ey L$fhy A nrepp ^d R>. ""cpC Z cpC lZ Ahp nrepp Ap ^d rsA rdpZ L$fgp
R>'' ""^dhpmp eyu buSy> L$pC nre L$epZL$pfL$ u'' (cN.Nusp2&31) hNf hpep ey nrepp ^d
lphpy sp dy[sy kp^ lphpy S>Zph R>. su sAp dy[s ps pe s dpV$ cNhpp R>$p NyZ hfpe
L$V$ ep. sZ epvhp d|Y$ bphu kNZ c|gphu sdp hfpe Y$ L$ey. su dy[sdp X$sp vpj v|f L$fhp S>
cNhp sd L$fphg lphpu, bpZpp ip Z, S>Ap cNhpp Ap Arcpe Zsp u sAp S>, Sy>vp
epS>u eg lphpy cpk R>. hmu ip Appf bpZp ""cNhpp ds Zpfp'' (3&3&24) L$p,
su Z Ad S>Zpe R> L$ sAp Z cNhpp Aphp Arcpe Zsp lsp.
hmu dy[s Aphu lpe epf sp kp^ Dpe L$fphhp CA, A s Dpep vl vy:M L$fphpfp lphpu
L$pu S> L$pep vy:M pe shy ey kp^ L$fhpu cNhp epvhpp rQdp fZp L$fu. su Aphp L$pf
viphu L$pu S> cNhp Ap gugp L$fu R>, R>sp Apkyfu hp su dpl pe R>. su R>$p L$^p rb^dp
15
L$pqfL$p 98dp L$lgy R> L$:""bû gugpApp y[V$dp hi pe R>, Ahu dpfu dpesp R>'' s Ap kP$Ndp Z
r:iP$L$ L$pf rk pe R>. Aphy S> bu gugpApp kb^dp Z Zhy104&&-106
bgcp vl kh lphpy, lgp L$^p rb^dp L$pqfL$p 63dp s cNhpp Aphihpmp lphpy S>Zpey
ep "fprlZuv' sd L$p su S>Zphgy R>. su Al] gp.26dp ""sdZ dyep vlp epN L$ep'' Ad
L$lgy R>, ep A kh vlp epN L$epy L$lg R> Ad Zhy, fsy sdp hpcprhL$ vlp epN L$fg
lphpy L$lg u. ("fprlZuv' Aphihpmp L$p, ep y sp Ar{ Z shp S>Zphgp lphpu
Al] S> bgcp kb^dp L$y, s y sp Ar{ p kb^dp Z L$lg lphpy S>Zpe R>.)106&&
S>fp (OX$Z)p Arcdphpmp vh (ifufdp L$fQguAp pX$hu, ^pmp L$i L$fhp hNf ) pspy L$pe L$fu,
gpL$dp rk eg R>. s pspy h c|gu; iy nu sp S>phfp dp Apk[s fpMu pfr^ C hdp a$fsp
lsp. sZ bpZpp ip S> dykgy gpYy$ Apr^cprsL$ Anfp Aihpmy lsy, sp cNhp uL$Zp
QfZ Apr^vrhL$ Anf kp kb^ L$fpep (gp.33). s kde Apr^vrhL$ Anf cNhpp QfZ
Apr^cprsL$ L$pf lfZp S>hp pspp ApL$pf L$fgp. ""b L$pmp lfZu QpdX$u R>'' A yrs dpZ
cNhpp QfZ pspp shp ApL$pf L$fgp.
gp.25dp kh epvhLy$mp pi epy L$lg R>. epreL$p S>hp hk (Aes pi) epy dp R>, shp Ap
pi u, fsy pspp L$pfZdp pspp ge hp Ap rhpi R>. L$rg L$pep L$pfZu Avf hi L$fsp
lphpy L$lg R>, shp Ap pi R>. L$pfZ L$ yfpZdp S> L$pep pR>p pspp L$pfZdp hi L$fsp lphpy L$lg R>,
s rkps kL$pehpvdp huL$pfgp R>. su cNhp S> $d S>Ns pspdpu blpf L$pY$ R>, s S> $d s blpf
flgp S>Nsp pR>p pspu Avf kdphi L$fph R>, s S> Al] pi L$lgp R>106&&-110
Aepe 31:
R>u cNhp pspu kh sfa$ psp Y$pL$u vpf A[ L$V$ L$ep A s A[u Avf ps rsfprls ep,
AV$g fdpdp sfuL$ s A[dp fp A blpfu Ae ep (gp.6). R>u s huS>mu S>hp A[p
rsfpcph L$fphhpp rQe L$fu ps AL$ nZ sdp fp. cNhpy h re R> A cNhp rsfprls pe
epf (Ae hp R>sp) Z s fl R>, Ad A.30&28-32 hX$ sdp hy hZ L$fu S>Zphg R>. Ap
gpL$pu sd S>Zphhpy epS> lpe, sp Ap gpL$pdp cNhpp hy hZ L$fgy R> s rfL$ pe. su
S> "BR>pu ifufhpmp' Ahy cNhpy rhijZ A.30&40dp L$lgy R>111-111&&
cNhp A dpZ rhS>mu S>hp A[dp AL$ nZ fp, epf bp hNf vhp ep Aphgp. sAp Ahp cd
ep L$:""Ap kNyZ rh S> R> A lh rhdpu hLy$W$dp ^pfi.'' cNhp Ap kde pspp p b^ L$fgp
(A.31&5). kh opi[s Appfp cNhpp p b^ sp, bp hNf vhpu Z opi[sp rsfpcph
ep, su ""uL$Z kNyZ rh S> R>'' Ahp sAp cd ep. hmu sApA Ahu pp L$fgu L$:""gpL$krls
Adp gpL$pgpy fnZ L$fp'' (A.6&27) A cNhp sd Ahp Df Apg L$:""l vpjfrls bp! Ap
epvhLy$gp pi dpV$ l sdpfp chdp Aphui'' (A.6&31). cNhp sp NyZpu f lpC Anfbdp kvp
flgp S> R> A dpepp X$vp v|f L$fu BR>gp m L$V$ pe R>, AV$g L$epe S>hpy flsy u. sdZ bp
""l sdpfp chdp Aphui'' Ad S> L$lgy s sp cpkdp b kfhsu hlsu lphpu s b pdp
ps L$V$ hpp R> Ahp Adp L$lgy. A.6&31dp "Asvs' Ad S> "As' iv kpsdu rhc[sdp epS>g
16
R>, s ""QdrZ rr l[s'' (QpdX$p dpV$ vuX$p lZ R>) A hpedp S>d "QdrZ' iv Qpu rhc[sp
Ahpmp kpsdu rhc[sdp epS>gp R>, shu fus Qpu rhc[sp Ahpmp R>. su "Asvs'p A ""Ap
epS> dpV$'' pe R>. su ""epvhLy$gp pi L$fhp cpk; S>ep b kfhsu hl R> ep, l Aphui''
Ahp A hpep A R>. bp sp kdep L$ lh epvhLy$gp pi eg lphpu cNhp sdZ A.6&31dp L$lg
s dpZ dpfp ^pddp ^pfi. su sd Ahp cd ep L$ cNhp lh rhdpdp rhfp hLy$W$ ^pfi. epf
""lh ApZ uL$Z dpV$p Dkh|hL$ ps-pspp dqvf(^pd) gC S>Ciy'' Ad vhpA rhQpey, fsy shy
L$pC ey rl. rhdp rhp cNhp kvl ^pfu Nep, sy vhp ep Z fy, su vhp Z Ap rhjedp
rhde ep111&&-113&&
S>e A rhS>e A b S>d rhgpL$ (hLy$W$)dpu c|sg Df Ahsfgp, shu fus vpL$ Z rhgpL$dpu
Aphgp (Sy>Ap 10&47&11). sZ Al] kpgpe (cNhp kp kdp gdp flhp) A kpdue
(cNhpu kdu flhp) dy[sp Aych L$ep A lh kpeye Dd dy[s ps L$fu f kp S>epu
Aphg ep lpQu Nep (A.30&44-49). s sp cs S> lsp113&&-114&&
{[dZuA 10&57&34dp ps kNyZ lphpy L$lgy fsy bu m s d|g L$rs lphpy L$lg R>. su sp
vl bgcp vl W$ kh lsp. bu V$fpZuAp (S>Apdp {[dZu dye lsp sAp) p vl Z shp
kh S> lsp. sdZ Z A[dp hi L$fu bgcu W$ pspp dyep vlp epN L$ep (A.31&20).
fsy pspp hpcprhL$ vlp epN L$ep lsp. Ahu fus kh pV$ Al] L$fgy R>.
Al] cNhpu dye uApA s dpZ L$fg lphpy L$lg R>, su AV$ph$ ip Aphpu S> Ahsfu
cNhpu u egu, sdp kb^dp Ap L$lgy u. App cphp Ahp R> L$ dp cNhp S> NyZpu f
R>, sdp dye khL$p kp[hL$ R> A ij sp fpS>k-spdk R>. s b^pp k|d vlp vidp L$^dp S>Zphgp
L$pf cNhp hpkpkrls NyZu f b L$ep A sdp |g kNyZ vlp epN L$fpep. R>u cpedp
L$lgp a$gp Aepedp S>Zphgp A rhdX$dp L$lgp L$pf sdp vlp b lphpu Ap kh pV$ sdZ
Al] L$fgy s hZhgy R>. Ap Np. uy{jpdgpg dlpfpS> rhdX$ Dfu sdu "kyhZk|' pdu
V$uL$pp As S>Zphgy R> (Sy>Ap L$pdh rhprhcpN sfa$u rk eg rhdX$ W$ 343u)114&&115
A dpZ Qpf L$fZpu Qpf L$pfu dy[s L$lu. s L$u, lgp b L$pfu dy[s hu dy[s lphpu s kpnps
bp ^d u A su sV$gp L$^p A b u Ahp rhQpfu lh bu ds S>Zph R>. ApMp
ArNepfdp L$^dp Alsp-ddspp pi AV$g bp ^d AL$ S> dy[s kp^krls L$lgu R>.
lgp b L$fZp (A.1-5 A 6-29)dp dy[sp kp^ L$lg R>, L$pfZ L$ kp^ rhp dy[s ps pe.
sp kp^ 1.c[s A 2.cNp dmgp L$d A op; A b R>, A lgp b L$fZpu kpnps Ahp
ffpu L$lgp R>. R>u bpgL$p klgpCu kd iL$ s dpV$ ddspp A Alspp piy pV$ viphgy R>.
su A.11&1 hNf hpep Dfu Ad S>Zpe R> L$ L$W$dp drZ lpe R>sp sy rhdfZ hpu s vMpe rl
A pR>mu dfZ sp s hpdp Aph, shu dy[s R>. su hp Z b^ A dpn dpreL$ S> R> Ad
S>Zphsp Alsp A ddsp p pi S> dy[sp kp^dp qfZdsp lphpu Alsp A ddsp p pi S>
dpn R>. b (cNhp) sp Alsp A ddsp lpsp Z u, su dpreL$ Alsp-ddsp vMpX$u, sp
17
piy pV$ L$fu, cNhp dpn ps L$fhpp L$pf viph R>, L$pfZ L$ cNhp "L$ih' lpC D L$fpf "L$'bp A Dvi L$fpf "Ci'-iP$L$f Z "h'-bpv a$g Appfp R>. su Al] cNhp Dvi
gugp kp^ S>Zphu, c[s hNf L$fhpp L$pe S>Zphu, Alsp A ddsp p pi a$g S>Zpey. su Ap
dy[s Z ge lpC by gnZ R>.
""Ap gugpu cNhp Akyfp dpl D L$f R>, su Ap gugpy s S> spe li'' Ahu iP$L$p fl s dpV$
Ap cNhpy N|Y$ Qqf R> Ahy sy hZ L$fgy R>. A Ap gugpy h S>p vedp Dsf s cNhpu
p[s pe R>, Ahy sy a$g L$lgy R> (A.31&27-28)116-118
18
L$^ bpfdp:Ape
L$^p A:
AL$uk Aepepu ArNepfdp L$^dp kp^ krls dy[sy rZ L$ey, A kN (u L$^)u Apfcu
cNhpu h k|Z gugpApy hZ L$ey. s h gugpApu iy sp Ape ps pe R>. s Ape bpfdp
L$^dp sf Aepepu S>Zphhpdp Aph R>. Ape pQ L$pfp lphpp rZe Ap L$^dp L$fgp R>. bu
L$^dp s Z L$pfp L$lgp R>1-2
L$fZp:
1.lgp L$lgu h gugpApu S>p fd A S>Zphgp R> s Ape. 2&10&2dp Apey Ap gnZ L$lgy R>.
vidu gugp Apey iy Ahp bfpbf op pe s dpV$ kN hNf lgu h gugpApp gnZ L$lgp R>, su
kN hNf h gugpApp gnZu S> Zhpdp Aph s Ape, Ad lgp L$pfp Ape L$p.
2.k[V$p ge hNf S> L$f R> s Ape (Apey Ap gnZ 2&10&7dp L$lgy R>. S>dpu k[V$u Dr
[rs A ge pe R> s Ape. s "fb' sp "fdpdp' L$l R> bk|dp 1&1&f k|dp cNhp
S>Nsp L$sp lphpy A 1&1&3dp S>Nsy DpvpL$pfZ lphpy L$lgy R>. udvcpNhsdp Z 1&1&1dp
cNhp; S>Nsu Dr, [rs sp ge L$fpf A S>Nsp DpvpL$pfZ lphpy L$lgy R>. su) S>Nsu
Dr, [rs A ge S>pu pe R> s Ape. Ap bu L$pfp Ape L$p.
3.Apr^cprsL$ hNf cvpp V$p (pf, Zpf) s Ape. (2&10&8-9dp Apey Ap gnZ L$lgy R>.
""Ap S> Apep[dL$ y{j R> s; s Apr^vrhL$ S> R>, S>u Avf s bp cv S>Zpe R> s Apr^cprsL$ y{j
R>. epf s Zdpp AL$ Z lpe epf bu AL$y Z ApZ op sy u. s Z S> Z R> s
pspp Ap^pfp Ap^pf Apdp R>''. su Apep[dL$, Apr^vrhL$ A Apr^cprsL$ A Z Z s Ape.
Ap Apep u L$pf p).
khu Avf flg A Dd lpe s Ape, (u L$pfp Apep gnZdp s ""pspp Ap^pfp Ap^pf''
L$lg R>. "pspp' AV$g y{jpdp Ap^pf S> Anf, sp Z Ap^pf Ahp sp A R>. hpdpAp
ophpmp R>, Apep[dL$ hNf Z cv Zpfp Apdpdp flgp AsepduAp R>, epf Anf pspu
rkhpep Z cv Zpf Z R> A Apdp Z R>. su Anf "Ape' u Ad S>Zphhp pspp
Ap^pf p Ap^pf Ad L$lgy R>. s ""khu Avf flgp'' R> Ad S> yrsApp kb^dp bk| 1&1&11 u
1&1&18 kyûy Apvde Ar^L$fZ L$lgy R> s yrsApu rk pe R>. Ap Apvde khu Avf flg
pQdp L$pi R>. hmu ""b Zpf Dd ps L$f R>'' A yrsdp A ""Dd y{j sp bu "fdpdp'
L$lhpsp R>'' cN.Nusp15&17, A drsdp "Dd' L$lg Z s R>. Df S> "Ape' p Z gnZp L$p, s
gnZpu S>Zphpsp y{j S>Zphhp "khu Avf flg' A "Dd' Ad L$lg R>3
A dpZ qY$p Apvf L$fu, iyL$ bu L$^dp Apep Z gnZp L$lgp R>. s Dfps gpL$dp S> rk R>
sp Z huL$pf L$fu Ap L$^dp bu b Apep L$pf L$lgp R>:
4.ivp fky h ^pfZ L$fpf hv A

5.Ap fky h ^pfZ L$fpf cNhp Z Ape R>.
(gpL$dp kplpe L$fpf Df sp fnZ L$fpf Df Ap^pf fpMhpdp Aph R>, A sd Ape L$lhpdp Aph
R>, s rkrp huL$pf L$fu Ap bpfdp L$^dp bu Ap b L$pfp Ape L$lgp R>, s R>hV$p 6
Aepepp rhQpf L$fsp V$ i.). kh dyep hvp S> Ape L$fu c R>, epf L$V$gpL$ S> hv kp lqfp
Z Ape L$fu c R> A L$V$gpL$ S> AL$gp (kP$Nfrls Dvpku) lqfp Ape L$fu c R>. (su gpL$dp
iv A Au Sy>vpC gu^ b L$pfp Ape hpdp Aphsp lphpu Ap Aepedp ivp fkp hp
A b L$pfp Ap fkp hp Ape Z L$lg R>)4-5&&
L$fZ 1. Aepe 1-2-3:
s L$u lgp L$pfp Ape L$p sy h Ap L$^dp lgp Z Aepepu V$ hZhgy R>. S>du kN
hNf h gugpAp L$lgu R>, s iy y{jpd R>. h^pfpdp bpf AP$Nhpmp s y{jpd kh pZuApp Ape
(Ap^pf) R>. su sd sfdp (bpf AP$Np A sfdp AP$Nu y{jpd) L$lgp R>. L$^p A Ap Zhp.
su Ap L$^p sf Aepep R>5&&-7&&
lgp Z Aepepu Ap L$^dp s S> A L$lgp R>. 12&3&14dp fpApu L$pAp ""hpZuu
rhc|rsAp'' L$lu, su s y{jpd pspu Sy>vp b^p Ape(Ap^pf)p DR>v L$fpfp lphpy L$lgy R>. (A
gpL$dp iyL$ furns L$l R> L$ gpL$dp pspp ei rhspfu S> fpAp cNhp ps ep R>, sdu Ap
cpNhsdp L$lgu L$pAp, cNhpy op pe A kkpfdp hfpe pe s dpV$ s L$lgu R>. s L$pAp hpZuu
rhc|rs R>. cNhpu rhc|rsp kb^hpmu lphpu cNhpp hZp AP$N R>. iyL$ A dpZ L$y,
su cNhp pspu Sy>vp kh Apep DR>v L$fpfp R>, sdp rkhpe bu L$pC Ape R> S> rl Ad rk
pe R>. su cNhp ALy$ifrls khp Ap^pf R> A kh cphpf R>. 12&3&15dp ""uL$Zu c[s
L$fhp BR>pf'' Ad L$y, su s khp Ape y{jpd uL$Z S> R> Ad rk pe R> A sd ""Dd
y{jpu NyZpyhpv L$fpsp'' L$p, su s k^dL$ (NyZu) lphpu s S> Ape R> Ahp rQe pe R>.
Nusp15&18 u Z Aphp S> rQe pe R>. su cNhp uL$Z S> Ape R>7&&-8&&
Aepe 1-2.gpL$p sp ^dp pi:
gpqL$L$ y{jpp Ape gpL$ lpe R>. (gpqL$L$ y{j pL$s lpe R> sApp Ape hpl gpL$ R>, L$pfZ L$ sAp
gpL$ Df cpfp R>). s gpL$p lpg L$rgeyNdp pi egp R>. (""hpl^d sp l hpdp Aph R>, R>sp
sp pi eg L$d dpe?'' Ahp pe, sp Zhy L$ gpL$p b^p i| C Nep R>. A.1&36-43.
A.2&1-11 pL$s y{jpu S>fp kpfp y{jp lpe) shp gpqL$L$ y{jpp Ape ^d lpe R>. s ^dp Z lpg
pi egp R>. A^d |f|fp hp gu^ ^dp Z pi egp R> (12&2&12-16) Ad Zhy. su lgp
S> gpL$ A ^d; gpL$pp Ape lsp sdp pi sp, uL$Z S> Ape lphpp rZe pe R>. (furns
L$rgp vpjpp pi L$fhpp Dpe iyL$ |R>p A.3&16. sp Df iyL$ Ap R>, sdp cNhp S> cphpf
lpC Ape R> Ad S>Zphg R>. gp.45-52). 1.cNhpu epe | hNf L$fhpu 2.sdp pdpp
hZu sp 3.L$usu (y{j vpjfrls pe R>). A Z kp^ L$fhpu L$rgeyNp |h A^cpNdp dye
vpjfrls pe R> A NyZp Z ps L$f R>. shu fus L$rgeyNp pR>gp A^cpNdp s kp^pu cNhp sp
Ape(Ap^pf) C fl R>. L$rg |fp sp kyû cNhp fpl Sy>A (A vep L$f), sp R>u L$[L$y pL$V$e
i. (A.2&18) s hdpp kpdpe Ape lphpy dpeg R>8&&-13
(""Apkyfu k[V$ sp bl ApNlu lpe R>, su sp Df cNhp vep L$fsp u. vhu k[V$ cNhpu vep
hpu BR>p fl R>. sd Z kdeu fpl hu X$ sp R>u cNhp L$rgp vpj v|f L$f R> Ad L$lhy
rfL$ S> R>'' Ahu iP$L$p pe, sp Zhy L$ Ap fpl hpy S> L$y) s rQl R>. epf cNhp sdu |
hNfu Ahp sdZ L$fgp pspp pdp hZ sp L$us u k pe R>, epf s pspp vi L$fph R>.
sd pe, epf s k|Z L$pfu Ape hpp sdp kie u
14-14&&
(""Ad lpe sp sd L$fhpdp cNhp rhgb ip dpV$ L$f R>?'' Ahp pe sp Zhy L$) rhgb hpy L$pfZ
AlP$L$pf R>, A s v|f pe s dpV$ vpjpy hZ L$fgy R> (A.3&30-34). s vpjp cNhpp |S> sp
pdp hZ sp L$us u v|f pe R>, su epf R>u s L$usp NyZp L$lg R> (gp.45-52). Ahu fus
lgp Z Aepepu (kNu Apfcu dy[s kyûu) h gugpApu iyr Ahp spfhgp kpf hhpmp
Apey gnZ L$y. ( ucpNhsdp hZ L$ey shu h gugpAp bfpbf Zhpdp Aph, sp y{j kh s
k|Z fus cNhpp S> Ape L$f. su h gugpApp spfhgp kpf s gugpAp L$fpf cNhpy dye h
S>Zphpfp R>), A s hhpmp lqf Ape R>. dys hpp Z s Ape R>, su Ahu fus hZ L$fgy R>
14&&-16&&
L$fZ 2. Aepe 4-5-6&&:
lh cNhp S>Nsp Ape R>, Ahp bu L$pfp Ape L$l R>. S>d OX$p hNf hudpu D ep R>
A hudp sdp ge pe R>, su hu OX$p hNfp Ape R>, sd S>dpu kh S>Ns D ey R> A
S>dp sp ge Z pe R> s kh S>Nsp Ape R>. OX$py lgpy h Ly$cpf QpL$ Df QX$phu a$fhpsp
dpV$up tX$p R>, spu Z lgpy sy dpV$u R>, A sp Ape hu R>, shu fus S>Nsy DpvpL$pfZ L$rs Ahp L$pg R>, sy Z lgpy h Anf R>, A sp Z Ape cNhp R>. s S>Nsp
Ape S>Nsu blpf S>Zpsp u, sd S>Nsu Avf Z S>Zpsp u. sdy op ps L$fhy CA. sdy
op ps sp kkpfdp hfpe D hpu y{j a$g(dpn) ps pe R>. su sdy op ps pe s
dpV$ Qpf L$pfp gey hZ Qpp Aepedp L$fgy R>.
u Aepedp ""eyN-eyNp ^dp hNf L$lp'' 12&3&17, Ahp furns L$ep. sp Df Aphp CA.
eyNy h s Aepedp 18 u 44 kyûp gpL$pdp L$y. L$pgu Nrs A eyNp qfdpZ u L$^dp
vipep R> Ad A.4&1 dp L$y. R>u 2 u 4 A Z gpL$pdp L$ sp ge p h A dpZ L$p. A
fus Df |fp ep. Ap rdrL$ ge ep. epf R>u 5 u 22 kyûp gpL$pu pL$rsL$ ge L$p, 23 u
34 kyûp gpL$pu ApersL$ ge L$p A 35 u 37 kyûp gpL$pu re ge L$lg R>. Ap hZ,
Df; bu L$û Apfcu L$lgu k[V$p S> kb^dp L$fgy R>, A spu cNhpu q$epi[s S>Zphgu
R>.
Ap Qpf L$u re ge Sy>vp-Sy>vp kde su Sy>vu-Sy>vu Ahpu pe R> A V$ S> R>. rdrL$ A
pL$rsL$ gep; L$pep ps-pspp L$pfZpdp hi L$fhpu pe R> A Ape[sL$ gedp sp kyhZ (A sp
3
bgp AgP$L$pfp)p V$psu cvp pi L$fpf Aeys Apdpp Aych fl R> Ad L$lgy R>. su Ap
gepu vppy Sy>vy L$fphpfu L$pgu QV$p cNhpu q$epi[s lphpy S>Zphg R>. su S> Aepep
As ""L$pgu Nrs Aphu R>'' gp.38, ""cNhpu gugpu L$pAp s L$lu'' gp.39 Ad L$lgy R>16&&19&&
Ap L$fZp bu AV$g pQdp Aepedp cNhpu opi[s hZhgu R>. (bh iyL$ ps Al]
ucpNhsdp cNhp lqfy hpfhpf hZ L$fphpdp Apey R>, gp.1. A hpsy dfZ L$fphu R>u Acvp bp^
L$fphpfp opp Dvi L$f R>. su Ap Aepedp cNhpu opi[sy hZ L$fgy R>.
""Apey rZ L$fsp opi[sy hZ L$fhpy iy epS>?'' Ahp pe sp Zhy L$) Ap hqvL$ Ape
R>. (""b Zpf b S> pe R>'' hNf yrs cNhpu p[s L$fhpy kp^ op S> lphpy L$l R>, A
11&4&4 dpZ cNhp Ap epf S> op ps pe. su Ape[sL$ p[s pe s dpV$ Ap L$lg R>. ""epf
Appu S> L$pe ssy lphpu lgpp Ape L$lhpy iy epS>? Ahp pe sp Zhy L$) lgp Ape
L$p s sp[L$ R>. 11&27&26 dp cNhp hqvL$ A sp[L$ Dce L$pf sdu khp L$fhpu sdu p[s
su lphpy L$lg lphpu blpfp A Avfp cvu b L$pf Apedp furns fp Y$ pe, su s L$lg
R>. su fpA lgp hpZu lgpdp (AV$g cNhpu q$epiqL$s Apedp) ep (A.6&6), pspy Ace
cNhpdp p L$ey (gp.9) A a$g(dy[s) ps L$ey (gp.15)19&&-21&&
kp^ A a$g Ad Ape b L$pfp R>. ""pfpeZu cyApp Ape L$fpfpApA sd Ads ps
L$ey'' A hpedp "Ape'p A kp^ pe R>. Al] fp a$g Ape ps ep. hmu (op) kp^
hqvL$ A sp[L$ Ahp cvu b L$pfy R>. su Ap L$fZdp cNhpu q$epi[s A opi[s A b
kp^ Ape A R>$p Aepedp furns ps eg a$g Ape Ad hsys: Z L$lgp R>21&&-22&&
L$fZ 3. Aepe 5&&-7:
lh Z L$pfp Apep bpL$u fp, s Ap L$^p R>gp kpX$pkps Aepepu L$lgp R>. (lgp b Ape
kpX$ppQ Aepepu L$p, A Ap u Ape vpY$ Aepeu L$lhpi). Apep[dL$, Apr^vrhL$ A
Apr^cprsL$ Ahp (vpp) Z hp S> Z s cNhpp Ape pe s dpV$ kp^ L$fhpp Dd L$f,
(hvhpepp Ahe L$fhpp Ar^L$fZdp L$lgu fus dpZ fdpdpu ^d c[s L$V$ hpu s dye Ar^L$pf
ps L$fu hZ hNf NyZu f kp^p L$fhpp Dd L$f, s epS>u S> Ap rhc|rs Ape L$lgp R>.
Aphu [rs kh dys hp ps su u, fsy b.k|. 3&3&33dp L$lgp Dkvp ^pfZ cNhp S>d
shu [rs ps L$fphhp BR> sd S> ps pe R>. 5&6&18dp Z sS> A S>Zph R>. su Ap Ape
L$lhpy epS> A R> L$ Ap Ape ps L$fpf; c[s ps L$fhpp, NyZu f hZ hNf kp^p L$fhpp
Dd L$f). cNhp khu Avf flgp R> shy s op hpp L$pf sp lgp (ApersL$ gey h L$lsp
Qpp Aepedp) S> L$lg R>22&&-24
S>p Df cNhpu L$p lpe shp opdpNhpmpy S> Ap kp^ R> Ad Ap vpY$ Aepep Au S>Zpe R>.
hvpu S> khop ps pe R> s Ap vpY$ (5&&-7) Aepepu L$lgy R>. (Ap R>$p Aepep Apfcdp
fpp hsps s bu [rs ps C Ad S>Zphhp 1-27 gpL$pu L$lg R>. R>u ipL$ bp^ L$fhp
Apdvy rZ L$fgy R>, gp.30&33. R>u pspp hZ L$fphhpp Ar^L$pf S>Zphhp Apdh p[sy
kp^ L$lgy R>, gp.34. A fus R>$p A^ Aepe Ap u L$fZp S> cpN R>.
epf R>u ipL$ L$f R>, gp.36, epu Apfcu vpY$ Aepeu AV$g kpsdp Aepe |fp sp kyû
hvu ipMpAp L$lgu R>. yfpZ Z hv lphpu kpsdp Aepep As yfpZpu ipMpAp epu Z L$p
L$lgu R>. s lgp R>$p Aepedp Fhvu ipMpAp L$lu R>, gp.54-59. R>u 60dp gpL$dp sy hZ
L$fhpy a$g L$lgy R>. s a$g eyhv A kpdhv u ipMpApp rhspfy hZ L$fhpu Z ps pe R>, L$pfZ
L$ s Z hvp S> R>. su Fhv, eyhv A kpdhv A Z hvp A bpL$up AL$ Ahhv Ahp rhcpNu
hvpy rZ L$fgy R>. sdp Fhv, eyhv A kpdhv A Zu ipMpApp rhspf hZp a$g kp L$lg
R>. Fhvu ipMpApp rhspf L$lu a$m gp.60dp L$y, s S>d Jbfp Df fpMg vuhp Avfp A blpfp
Ad b ApfX$pAp L$pi Ap R> sd lgp L$lg Fhvu ipMpApp A R>uu L$lg eyhv A kpdhv
u ipMpApp rhspfp hZ gpNy X$ R>. R>u Ahhv bpL$u fp, sy rZ kpsdp Aepeu L$fg R>.
Ahu fus lgp kps Aepepu Z L$pfp Apey rZ L$ey25-26
L$fZ 4. Aepe 8-10:
ApW$dp Aepeu Apfcu bpL$up b L$pfp Ape Z-Z Aepepu L$lgp R>, L$pfZL$ c[sdpN A
ucpNhs b Apep[dL$, Apr^vrhL$ A Apr^cprsL$ Ahp cvu Z-Z L$pfp R>.
Z L$pfu lqfu c[s dpL$X$edp Y$ C flg lphpy Ap L$fZdp S>Zphg R> 1.L$ddpN Aykfpfu
OZu [f egu c[s dpL$X$e ps epy Aepe ApW$dpdp L$lgy R> (gp.6-31). (gp.9-11 u
S>Zpe R> L$ Ap L$d Ahp DpkpdpN Aykfpfu c[s lsu. cNhp s L$fhpu ApopAp L$fgu R>, s)
cNhpu Apop dpZ dpL$X$e ApQfZ L$fgy lphpu cNhp ps k C sdu pk ^pfu sd vi
vu^p (gp.32)27-28&&
R>u hdp Aepedp cNhp dpL$X$e hf dpNhp L$l R>, (gp.3). dpL$X$e cNhpu dpepp hch
hpu pspu BR>p S>Zphu, gp.6, cNhp s hf sd Apep, gp.7, Ap dpepp hch hpp hf
gu^ rQs C iL$ shu As i[sAphpmp cNhp lqf (dpL$X$e Ads S>hp dvlpehpmu [V$u)
i, (gp.10-31). (cNhp dpL$X$e L$p L$fu A fus vi L$fpep, fsy) c[su dpL$X$e sd
ps L$ep lsp, su (S>hp dpL$X$e sd cV$hp S>hp gpep L$ sfs S>) cNhp (s dpepdp S>) As^p
ep, gp.33. Ap bu opdpN Aykfpfu c[sp vy:Mu ApQfu iL$pe shp dpN (Ap hdp Aepedp)
L$p 28&&-30&&
vidp Aepedp u L$pfp c[sdpN L$lgp R>. c[sdpNdp S> Ar^L$pfhpmp cs lpe, sdu L$p ps
L$fu cs kh Zpf, cNhp AyL|$g pe, sp s u L$pfp c[sdpN R>, (""Ap Aepedp
dpL$X$e rihp vi ep A sdu kp khpv ep Ad L$lhpy iy epS>?'' Ahp pe, sp Zhy
L$) dlpvh cNhpu c[shpmp (cs) lpC c[s vp L$fu iL$, su s hps L$lgp R> (gp.34 sp 39).
cs S>V$gy vy:M pe, s dpep R> Ad Z Al] (A.10&40-41 u) S>Zphgy R>. cNhpp dplpe
ps L$fu sd ifZ S>hy, kh L$pdpApp epN lphp, cspy dplpe Zu sdp rs c[s fpMhu, A
AL$psdp cNhpu c[s L$fsp a$ep L$fhy; Ahu Ap depvpdpN}e c[su [fsp c[sdpN dpZ L$lgu R>.
5
(Ape c[s sp Ap Z L$pfu Sy>vu hs c[s R>. shu c[s S>pdp lpe s S> c[sdpNp Ap
Z cv Z R>, Ahp Apie) Ap Qpp L$pfp Ape lphpy ApQpeuA L$lg R>. (dpL$X$e S>hu vip
ps L$fhpp kp^p L$fhpdp cNhp AyL|$g pe s Qpp L$pfp Ape R>)30&&-33&&
L$fZ 5. Aepe 11-13:
udvcpNhs R>gp Ahp pQdp L$pfp Ape R>. sdp k|eu L$pgy op ps L$fu, L$pg dpZ
cNhpp y{j hy Apfp^ L$fhpy R> A s Apfp^ L$fsp ucpNhsdp L$lgu epe L$pAp epS>hpu
R>. Ap Apr^vrhL$ h L$lgy R>. (k|ep kb^hpmp L$pg Aykfu y{jhy Apfp^ L$fsp ucpNhsdp
L$lgu L$pAp epS>hu, A Ap pQdp Ape ucpNhsy Apr^vrhL$ h R>. sp b AP$Np y{jy Apfp^
A k|ep kb^hpmp L$pg ArNepfdp Aepedp L$lgp R>, y{jy Apfp^ Z Ap Apey AP$N R>.
AP$Nu Ape kbû sp lgp gpL$dp L$fg R>. kh (cpNhs)p hZp AP$Np |R>uA R>uA Ahp
A A gpL$pdpu uL$m R>. y{jy Apfp^ S> dye lps, sp Ap Aepe ucpNhsp Apfcdp S> L$p
lps33&-35
bpfdp Aepedp Ap Apey buSy> Apr^cprsL$ h L$lgy R>. Ap Aepedp S> L$pAp L$lu R> s bû
ucpNhsy Apr^cprsL$ h L$lhpe R>. gpL$p S> L$pf ucpNhsp hZu hr L$f A ff s AL$bu L$l s dpV$ Ap L$pAp L$lgu R>. sd L$fhpu Ap Apr^cprsL$ h L$V$ pe R>36
sfdp Aepedp Ap Apey Apep[dL$ h L$lgy R>. R>sp Z Ap Aepedp ucpNhsp vpy a$g
gp.13, pW$y dplpe gp.16, hNf L$lg lphpu a$g BR>pfp lgL$p Ar^L$pfuAp dpV$ L$lg R>. dp
ucpNhsp S> Ape L$fhpdp Aph sp s NP$Npu W$, lqfu W$ A iP$L$fu W$ a$g Ap R>. (NP$Npu W$
s iyr L$fph R>, lqfu W$ kpeyedy[s ps L$fph R> A iP$L$fu W$ c[s Ap R>. Ap V$ps
gp.16dp S>Zphgy R>.) hmu ucpNhs ps S> dy[s a$g ps L$fph R>, L$pfZ L$ kh dpnp kp^p Ap
Ndp L$lgp R>, gp.18. su Apep Ap L$pfy rhhfZ (1&18&5 gpL$p ukybprûdp L$lgy R>.
ucpNhs Ape A kh hvpsp kpf lpC s Zpfdp OZp S> Apv D L$f R>, Ap
gp.15dp L$lgy R>. Aphy ucpNhsy h pspp cph V$ L$fhpu BR>phpmp cNhpu Apopu
ApQpeuA L$V$ L$fgy R>, Ad ApQpeuA shpvu rb^p lgp ipp L$fZp Apfcp S> Z
gpL$pu L$lg R>)
&&37-38&&
udpNhs kdsrNdepeL$shpdd
ppcp[ssd:L$pV$rrls ksye khp&&
pc|v BehNe r[Qsv: DvvusvupL$ts
udvcpNhsvud^yp Q$ dyvp hgc:&&
kh hv A epe p Asyg sh udvcpNhs s-su cprs Aop (A^L$pf)p pfdp Y$L$peg
lpC k|Z fus kspj Apu iL$psy u, Ad Zu uhgc r[Qs ivpu OZp L$pisp vuL$u
ApL$rshpmp udvcpNhsp vuL$ ldZp Apvu L$fgp R>39
ep cpNhsepp qvpeys-pvps&
6
sp rrs: kqvc: ndp L$pep ddpqf&&

vedp flgp Aeysu fZpu ucpNhsp A S>hp S>Zpep shp d L$lgp R>. ky{jpA dpfp Df ndp
L$fhu epe R>40
eyL$ hp eqv hpeyL$ dep e rrsd&
skh L$ZQfZ hpL$y rhrhqvsd&&
d epe Ahp sp Aepe S>-S> L$lgy R> s kh hpZu y uL$Zp QfZdp kpfu fus rhv L$fgy R>41
-------------

Bhagavatarth Guj 1 12 Skandh (Gujarati Bhasha)

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Bhagavatarth Guj 1 12 Skandh (Gujarati Bhasha)

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Copyright:

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4-5. ucpNhsp kN (sphp-)

11-22 A bpf gpL$pu bu opkb^u p Df Ap R>, L$pfZ L$ y{j bpf L$pfp

lh u Aepep Apfcu Ahspfp kb^u pQdp p Df Ap R>. kdp khhpmp

gpL$u cNhpp Ahspfp L$p. Ap pQdp p Df ep65-65&&

bppu cNhp L$fgy fnZ:

furns L$fhpu ^du hr C. su furnsp spdk L$du Z s dpnu p[s C.

kdp^p:kh S>Nsu cNhpdpu Dr egu R> Ad L$lhpdp Aph sp S>d kNf A sp

NlZ L$fhpdp Aph R>14-14&&

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hi L$f su B[ep Z iy pe sp su Z Ar^L$ Ar^L$pf ps pe.

1.bpu Dr cNhpdpu C(A.8&10-15)

Au ivy Sy>vy R>.

L$pgkr Aepe 10-11:

L$fpf A (Z gpL$)fQpf bp Sy>vp-Sy>vp R>. ApMy bpX$-bpX$p Arcdphpmp bpp vl R>.

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Aepe 15; y fpe p[s:

dpZ yA fpp Z ^dpy ApQfZ L$ey145-146&&

Chfu Apop |fu L$fu''(A.23&2) Ad L$lgy R>.

ps pe R>, su yu A brljvu dy[sApu hQ As^pu dy[s L$lu.

byrp hi pe. su yfS>u L$p shu fus L$lgu R>.

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kdp^p:sp Zhy L$ "ues' flhpe R> "A[d' Apdp(S>dp) s p A eyr dpZ

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^pfZ L$fu (gp.27) su s cNhp ij kp epN (kb^) ps ep(gp.29), cNhpy h

5.cNhpp cs L$fgu uX$p (gp.33-44)

u. kpfp ^dp ApQfhpu iy Ar^L$pf ps ep lpe sp s ps hpp $d Df L$lgp R> s dpZ

lgp "hpecyh' dhsfdp s kp Drjvp pW$ L$fhpy L$lg R> (A.1&7-6).

L$^ hdp: CipyQqfs

lphpu lgp sf Aepe k|ehiy A R>up ArNepf Qhiy rZ L$fpfp Z NZpe. su bu

(gp.41-49) A uL$Zy dfZ L$fhpu s Asfpefrls dy[s sfs S> ps egu

Q Arp edpu D egp lphpu bpZ NZpe, R>sp sp y by^ nrep hi D

cs (eyr^[W$f)p kP$Nu ljp $u dpn ep (dlpcp.hh A.178-181). eeprsA

dpepi[s: hrhlpf he ssueL$d&&

L$dZp lsyrk ijp@ rhres&&

Nhp vphp[dpnZ khjp L$pgS>NyZ:&&

hZhper L$peprZ esepurs bp^&&

Aeperseh kL$vcpN rhpfe&&

|hrkqfepNp hfpe L$pgvpjs;&&

epS> khp L$pe vipv: jX$rh^e Q&&

spdkp h^ dyfpdp pe s L$pC Z kNpdp epe lsy. su s Z dy[s ps pe s dpV$ NpLy$g

Dcepsy ssp pi cep L$Zp[sL$ Ns:&&

ehlpfp dlr: epv ep L$Z sp@chs&&

dpgpL$pf: rep gpL$ cspp kysfp re:&&153&&