Capitolul 4

)$&725,,'(&5(7(5($352'8& ,(,

'(*58,32580%

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5(6856(/(352'8& ,(,$*5,&2/(

NATURALE UMANE MATERIALE

(QHUJLDVRODU )RU DGHPXQF 7UDFWRDUHPDLQLDJULFROH

- lumina PLMORDFH GH WUDQVSRUW L DOWH

- F OGXUD utilaje

3 PkQWXO &DUEXUDQ LOLFKL]LOXEULILDQ L

- ntindere etc.
- fertilitate
Clima QJU PLQWHLDOWHSURGXVH

- SUHFLSLWD LL chimice
- vnturi
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Apa &RQVWUXF LLOH

- cantitate, calitate
- adncime
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(soiuri, hibrizi, rase)

Produse agricole $SDSHQWUXLULJD LL

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vegetaleE OHJDU
Produse naturale
DOJHPDULQHSHWHHWF

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pentru a-L VPXOJH URDGHOH HVWH GH PXOW GHS LW $VW ]L vQWUH FHOH GRX  nDWXU  L SURGXF LH se
LQWHUSXQHWRW PDLPXOWPXQFDWUHFXW  PDWHULDOL]DW vQPLMORDFHOH GHSURGXF LH GHQDWXU LQGXVWULDO 

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agricole.
'XS UDSRUWXOFDUHVHIRUPHD] vQWUHYROXPXOORULYROXPXOSURGXF LHL resursele se pot
grupa n:
resurse fixe DO F URU YROXP QX VXIHU  PRGLILF UL vQ FXUVXO DQXOXL vQ IXQF LH GH YDULD LD

SURGXF LHLWRWDOHS PkQWXOWUDFWRDUHOHDPHQDM ULOHSHQWUXLULJD LL

resurse variabile DO F URU YROXP LQIOXHQ HD]  vQ PRG GLUHFW YDULD LD SURGXF LHL DJULFROH

vQJU PLQWHOHLULJD LLOHIXUDMHOHHWF

3URGXF LDLFRQVXPXOGHvQJU PLQWHLDOWHSURGXVHFKLPLFH

3DQ  vQ DQXO  UDSRUWXO 132 O5:K22 GLQ SURGXF LD PRQGLDO  D vQJU PLQWHORU D

IRVWvQIDYRDUHDIRVIRUXOXLFDDSRLV ILHGRPLQDW GHD]RW3URGXF LDPRQGLDO vQLQGLFD

un raport N:P2O5:K22 GH  GHFL  GLQ SURGXF LD GH vQJU PLQWH FKLPLFH R

reprezenta azotul, 26,3IRVIRUXOLSRWDVLXO

3RWULYLW XQHL SURJQR]H )$2 vQ DQXO  SURGXF LD PRQGLDO  GHvQJU PLQWH YD DMXQJH OD

220,25 milioane t N+P2O5+K2O .

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pentru agrLFXOWXUD  PRQGLDO  vQ SHULRDGD   'H DVHPHQHD vQ VWDWLVWLFD )$2 VH SUH]LQW  L
-
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-
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VH FRQVWDW  R RDUHFDUH FUHWHUH D SURGXF LHL H[SRUWXOXL L LPSRUWXOXL FRQVXPXO GH IHUWLOL]DQ L ILLQG

VF ]XWWDEHOXO

Q DQXO  FRQVXPXO GH vQJU PLQWH  FKLPLFH vQ 5RPkQLD VFDGH FX  ID  GH DQXO

precedent, caX]HOH SULQFLSDOH ILLQG LQH[LVWHQ D XQHL SLH H IXQF LRQDOH D LQSXWXULORU GH SURYHQLHQ 

LQGXVWULDO  vQGHRVHEL D vQJU PLQWHORU FKLPLFH DGDSWDW  QRLORU VWUXFWXUL GH SURSULHWDWH GLQ

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PDVHORU ODUJL GH SURGXF WRUL DJULFROL SHUSHWXDUHD XQXL VLVWHP LQHILFLHQW GH VXV LQHUH ILQDQFLDU  D

SURGXF WRULORUDJULFROLILLQGGHIDYRUL]D LDJULFXOWRULLSULYD L

5HFROWHOH UHDOL]DWH GXS   DX DYXW UDQGDPHQWH VF ]XWH OD KHFWDU L GDWRULW  FDQWLW LORU

PLFL GHIHUWLOL]DQ LILJXUDUHDOL]kQGX VH SHVHDPDIHUWLOLW

- LLQDWXUDOHDVROXOXLFDUH vLUHGXFH

considerabil poten LDOXO vQ FRQGL LLOH vQ FDUH L DSOLFDUHD vQJU PLQWHORU RUJDQLFH HVWH WRW PDL

UHGXV 
 Tabelul 4.1
,QGXVWULDFKLPLF SHQWUXDJULFXOWXUDPRQGLDO

3URGXF LDWRQH Importuri, tone Exporturi, tone

1993 1994 1995 1993 1994 1995 1993 1994 1995
Total fertilL]DQ L

1.317.222 1.163.143 1.448.600 48.359 93.292 96.869 1.760.942 2.082.690 2.464.717

)HUWLOL]DQ LFDUHFRQ LQD]RWI U XUHH

1.010.781 905.184 1.200.300 307 166 84 136.231 1.527.651 2.141.993

Uree
577.866 584.853 680.100 - - - 819.905 974.341 -
)RVID L

246.446 207.641 197.300 5.202 - - 129.509 146.715 22.903

Potasiu
59.995 50.318 51.000 42.845 90.105 96.578 488 915 1.000
7RWDOIHUWLOL]DQ LFRPSOHFL

188.975 177.282 151.700 5 3.021 207 268.631 407.409 298.821

'H]LQIHFWDQ LLQVHFWLFLGHIXQJLFLGHRWU YXULSHQWUXRERODQLLSURGXVHVLPLODUHSURGXVHDQWLJHUPLQDWLYHSHQWUXFRPEDWHUHDEXUXLHQLORU

19.210,0 13.121,0 15.103,0 37.329,9 80.533,1 180.634,6 1.810,2 5.186,7 3.158,7

6XUVD3UHOXFUDUHGXS $QXDUXOVWDWLVWLF 1D LXQLOH8QLWH1<L Geneva, 1997.

 Tabelul 4.2
7RWDOXOIHUWLOL]DQ LORUvQ5RPkQLD

Specificarea 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96
Consum total, mii t. 1506 1374 1386 1390 1426 1378 1103 462 702 604 479 470
Export total, mii t. 1703 1682 1460 1496 1715 1477 196 472 862 643 817 949
Import total, mii t. 363 346 460 352 399 327 304 27 37 60 55 60
3URGXF LDWRWDO PLLW 2977 2985 2690 2606 2859 2683 1636 1051 1344 1257 1112 1398
Consum K2O, t 278000 22700 230000 230000 291800 240000 133900 43000 27300 24561 17422 14663
Export K2O, t - - - - - - - - - - - -
Import K2O, t 363000 346000 460000 352000 399000 327000 300000 27000 37000 60000 55000 60000
Consum P2O5, t 371000 444000 440000 440000 395600 360000 313100 145000 193400 166395 148770 149597
Export P2O5, t 400000 320000 300000 300000 297000 273300 145000 52200 95563 67147 95239 58700
Import P2O5, t - - - - - - - - - - - -
3URGXF LH32 O5, t 765000 788000 790000 690000 725300 647700 387300 228000 260137 246446 206926 197300
Consum N, t 857000 703000 716000 720000 739000 778200 656100 274000 481500 413170 313035 305877
Export N, t 1303000 1362000 1160000 1196000 1418000 1203600 181200 419900 766025 575786 721508 890000
Import N, t - - - - - - 3700 - - - 166 84
3URGXF LH1W 2212000 2197000 1900000 1916000 2130200 2035400 1249100 823000 1084360 1010640 905200 1200300

6XUVD3UHOXFUDUHGXS )$2\HDUERRNYRO - Fertilizer

 Sursa: M.A.A. 3RWHQ LDOXOVHFWRUXOXLD groalimentar, 1998.
)LJ&RQVXPXOGHvQJU PLQWHFKLPLFH

3
n anul 1998 s-DXIRORVLWvQ5RPkQLDPLLWRQHVDFHHDFHvQVHDPQ NJVDKD n alte
ULvQV FRQVXPXULOHGHVDKDGHS HVFFXPXOWDFHVWHFDQWLW LDVWIHO%HOJLDXWLOL]HD] NJVDKD

)UDQ D  NJ VDKD *HUPDQLD  NJ VDKD &RUHHD GH 6XG  NJ VDKD Q SULYLQ D FHORUODOWH

SURGXVH FKLPLFH SHQWUX DJULFXOWXU  - pesticidele - acestea, n 1998, s-au folosit n cantitate de 0,95 kg

s.a./ha, din care insecticide 0,16 kg s.a./ha, fungicide 0,31 kg s.a./ha, erbicide 0,48 kg s.a./ha.4

4.1.2. Irigarea culturilor

,ULJD LD HVWH DQVDPEOXO OXFU ULORU HIHFWXDWH  SHQWUX D VH DVLJXUD DSURYL]LRQDUHD FRQWURODW 

FX DS  D FXOWXULORU DJULFROH vQ YHGHUHD P ULULL SURGXF LHL DJULFROH L D DVLJXU ULL LQGHSHQGHQ HL

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$OWIHO VSXV LULJD LD HVWH I U  vQGRLDO  XQ SURJUHV L R QHF esitate, dar un progres riscant
&ODLUH%ULVVHWLDFHDVWDGHRDUHFH$SURDSHMXP WDWHGLQWHUHQXULOHLULJDWHDOHSODQHWHLVXQW

DIHFWDWHGHVDOLQLWDWHLDOFDOLQLWDWHvQGLIHULWHJUDGH-DQ&DUUXWKHUV3HVWHGLQWHUHQXULOH

agricole ale 5RPkQLHL VXQW DIHFWDWH GH VHFHW  PRWLY SHQWUX FDUH LQVWLWXWHOH GH FHUFHWDUH L

RUJDQLVPHOH GH SURILO DX SURSXV DPHQDMDUHD GH VXSUDIH H VSRULWH SHQWUX LULJD LL SkQ  vQ DQXO 

realizndu-se 3187 mii hectare (fig. 4.2).

 

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)LJ5HSDUWL LDDPHQDM ULORUKLGURDPHOLRUDWLYHSH]RQHDJURFOLPDWLFHvQ

raport cu deficitul de umiditate

3
Sursa : Iosif Gh. N. , 1998
4
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5
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Consumul energetic specific SHQWUX SRPSDUHD L WUDQVSRUWXO DSHL vQ UH HDXD GH GLVWULEX LH
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temelor hidrotehnice. Astfel, din figura
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4
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: 2;.66

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(figura 4.5).

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5
Sursa: Anuarul Statistic 1995.
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poate face absWUDF LH

4.1.3. Mecanizarea

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$FWXDOPHQWHHIHFWLYXOGHWUDFWRDUHUHSUH]LQW GRDUGLQQHFHVDU

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necesarul de pluguriGLQQHFHVDUXOGHVHP Q WRULODPDLQLOHGHIHUWLOL]DWODSUHVHOH

de balotat, 24% la remorci agricole etc.

4.2. Verigi tehnologice determinante

SHQWUXSURGXF LLOHGHJUkXLSRUXPE

Principalele verigi tehnologice ale unei culturi sunt: amplasarea culturii n asolament,
IHUWLOL]DUHD OXFUDUHD VROXOXL DOHJHUHD VRLXOXL KLEULGXOXL VHP QDWXO FRPEDWHUHD EXUXLHQLORU

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soiurilor (hibrizilRU FX SURGXFWLYLWDWH VSRULW  DVRODPHQW OXFUDUHD VROXOXL L GHQVLWDWHD OD VHP QDW

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aspectHQHUJHWLFHVWHLQFOXVvQFDSDFLWDWHDVSRULW DSURGXF LHLL vQYDORULOHVXSHULRDUHDOHLQGLFLORU

de calitate ai recoltei.
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vQJOREDW  L SURGXF LD VXSOLPHQWDU  RE LQXW  ID  GH VRLXO KLEULGXO YHFKL GH UHIHULQ  GH  RUL OD
6
gru, de 3,75 ori la porumb $FHVWOXFUXHVWHvQI LDWvQILJXULOHL

6
6XUVD+HUD&UL Sin. Gh., 1986
 10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
kg/ha kWh/ha
A-15 4000 -
Bezostaia 5000 4500
Iulia 5400 6300
Fundulea 29 6000 9000

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70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
kg/ha kWh/ha
Romnesc de Studina 5000 -
HD-402 9000 18240
HD- 410 14500 43320
HD- 420 20000 68400

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(la unii hibrizi de porumb)

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0DWHULDOXO ELRORJLF XWLOL]DW LQIOXHQ HD]  ODWXULOH WHKQLFR -organizatorice ale procesului de
SURGXF LHUHSDUWL LDWHULWRULDO DVRLXULORUKLEUL]LORUGXS FHULQ HOHORUVSHFLILFHQLYHOXOSURGXF LHL

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mecanizaUHUH]LVWHQ DODDJHQ LSDWRJHQLLG XQ WRULDVLJXUDUHDUHFROW ULLHDORQDWHHWF

 $VRODPHQWXOLURWD LD

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SURFHVHORU GH GHJUDGDUH PHFDQLF  IL]LF  L FKLPLF  D WHUHQXULORU FXOWLYDWH L PDL DOHV SULQ

practicarea monoculturii.
$OWHUQDQ D XQRU FXOWXUL GLIHULWH VXE DVSHFWXO ELRORJLHL L DO DJURWHKQLFLL DSOL cate, permite
RE LQHUHDGHSURGXF LLVSRULWHGDWRULW YDORULILF ULLPDLEXQHDIHUWLOLW LLVROXOXLLUHGXFHULLJUDGXOXL

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perturbate prin schimbarea culturii de la un an la altul.

/D FXOWXUD GH JUkX vQ FD]XO DVRODPHQWXOXL GH  DQL SURGXF LD GH ERDEH DSURDSH V -a dublat
GH OD  NJKD vQ PRQRFXOWXU  OD  NJKD LDU OD SRUXPE WRW vQ DVRODPHQW SURGXF LD D

crescut cu 83% (de la 5810 kg/ha, n monocultXU ODNJKD

AYDQWDMHOH URWD LHL FXOWXULL ID  GH PRQRFXOWXU  VXQW HYLGHQWH L VXE DVSHFWXO ELODQ XOXL

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OXFU ULOH PHFDQLFH L PDWHULDOH FDUEXUDQ L vQJU PLQWH VHPLQ H LQVHFWRIXQJLFLGH FHUXWH GH

WHKQRORJLDRELQXLW DJUkXOXLLSRUXPEXOXLQHLULJDW

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XQLW LvQDVRODPHQW

La porumb, fertilizarea s-D I FXW FX 1120 L 380 vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL PRQRFXOWXU  LDVRODPHQW

GHDQLURWD LDDVLJXUkQGFUHWHUHDFDQWLW LLGHHQHUJLHRELQXLW FX GXS DFHHDLDXWRUL

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FRQVXPDW 

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DSURDSHXQLW LHQHUJHWLFH

Consumul energetic pe verigi tehnRORJLFHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDWvQILJXULOHLSHQWUXJUkX

LILJXULOHLSHQWUXSRUXPE

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VXFFHVLXQHDFXOWXULORUV DVLJXUHRE LQHUHDGHSURGXF LLPDULFXFKHOWXLHOLHQHUJHWLFHFkWPDLPLFL

$VRODPHQWXO L URWD LD  UD LRQDO  QX QHFHVLWD - practic - LQYHVWL LL QRL GDU DX LPSRUWDQ  vQ

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EXQHSUHPHUJ WRDUHGDUFRQWULEXLHLODFRPEDWHUHDEXUXLHQLORUvQO WXUDUHDSURFHVHORUGHVHF WXLUH

n elementele nutritive (prin monocultura), combaterea eroziunii solului, oUJDQL]DUHDSURGXF LHLLD

PXQFLLvQEXQHFRQGL LLIRORVLUHDHILFLHQW DPHFDQL] ULLHWF

7
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LGHNJKDvQERDEHLNJKDvQSDLHvQYDULDQWDNJ1NJ32O5. QDQLLVHFHWRL
18
SURGXF LDGHSURWHLQ VFDGHFX-NJKDLVSRUHWHFXNJKDvQDQLLSORLRL

/D GHVSULP Y UDUH LQWHQVLWDWHD DFXPXO ULL SURWHLQHL HVWH PDUH L VH UHGXFH F WUH IRUPDUHD

ERDEHORU )HUWLOL]DUHD FX D]RW L IRVIRU vPEXQ W HWH L LQGLFLL WHKQRORJLFL  DL I LQLL L SURSULHW LOH

pinii.
$]RWXO L IRVIRUXO vQ GR]H PRGHUDWH  NJKD GHWHUPLQ  FUHWHUHD FRQ LQXW ului de gluten
XPHGPHGLXFXQRWDIDULQRJUDILF PHGLHFX8%LQGLFHOHGHVHGLPHQWDUHFXPOYROXPXO

pinii cu 27 cm3 J I LQ  JUHXWDWHD SkLQLL FX  J J I LQ  DSUHFLHUHD JHQHUDO  D SkLQLL ILLQG

de 3 puncte.19
$]RWXO SkQ  OD  NJKD VSRUHWH FRQ LQXWXO GH JOXWHQ JOLDGLQHOH L JOXWHOLQHOH L

LPSOLFLWLQIOXHQ HD] FUHWHUHDYROXPXOXLSkLQLL

)HUWLOL]DUHD QHHFKLOLEUDW  FX IRVIRU GXFH OD VF GHUHD SURWHLQHL GLQ ERE L D vQVXLULORU GH

SDQLILFD LHDI LQLL

De asemenea, potasiul n excHV GXFH OD VF GHUHD FRQ LQXWXOXL GH SURWHLQ  vQWUXFkW vQ

SUH]HQ DOXLFUHWHVLQWH]DLGHSODVDUHDJOXFLGHORUGLQDOWHRUJDQHVSUHVHPLQ HDFXPXOkQGX -se mult

amidon.20
$GPLQLVWUDUHD vQJU PLQWHORU FKLPLFH FDQWLW L L VRUWLPHQWH QHFHVDUH DUH HIHFW

semQLILFDWLYvQFD]XODVRFLHULLFXDSDGHLULJD LH

4.4. ,QIOXHQ DLULJ ULLDVXSUDQLYHOXOXL

SURGXF LHLGHJUkX

$SD L VXEVWDQ HOH IHUWLOL]DQWH VXQW SULQFLSDOLL IDFWRUL GH SURGXF LH FDUH SDUWLFLS  vQ PRG

GLUHFWODIRUPDUHDUHFROWHLGDULFHLPDLFRVWLVLWRULDWkWVXEDVSHFWHFRQRPLFFkWLHQHUJHWLF

3ULQ LULJD LH VH XUP UHWH UHIDFHUHD UH]HUYHL GH DS  GLQ VRO QHFHVDU  SODQWHORU vQ SHULRDGHOH

FULWLFH GH FUHWHUH L GH]YROWDUH ,QVXILFLHQ D DSHL vQ VRO UHGXFH DIOX[XO  DSHL vQ SODQWH SURYRFkQG

SHUWXUE UL vQ SURFHVHOH IL]LRORJLFH PDQLIHVWDWH SULQ vQFHWLQLUHD L FKLDU RSULUHD FUHWHULL L IRUP ULL

RUJDQHORUUHSURGXF WRDUH

3XQHUHD DSHL OD GLVSR]L LD SODQWHORU FRUHVSXQ] WRU FHULQ HORU DFHVWRUD DVLJXU  GHVI XUDUHD

QRUPDO  D IRWRVLQWH]HL L WUDQVORF ULL DVLPLODWHORU D DEVRUE LHL HOHPHQWHORU QXWULWLYH QHFHVDUH D

SURFHVHORU GH FUHWHUH L GH]YROWDUH FDUH VH FRQFUHWL]HD]  SULQ UHFROWD RE LQXW  la capacitatea
21
SURGXFWLY DVRLXOXLFXOWLYDW .
QWDEHOXOHVWHSUH]HQWDWVSRUXOGHSURGXF LHODJUkXVXEDF LXQHDLULJD LHL

18
6XUVD0DULD1HJULO LFRODE
19
6XUVD0DULD1HJULO LFRODE
20
Sursa: LixandUX*KLFRODE
 Tabelul 4.3
,QIOXHQ DLULJD LHLDVXSUDFUHWHULLSURGXF LHLJUkXOXLLDELODQ XOXLHQHUJHWLF

&UHWHUHDSURGXF LHLSULQ (QHUJLDFRQVXPDW OD %LODQ XO

irigare irigare energetic (QHUJRE 

kg/ha kWh/ha kWh/ha kWh energ.consum

6000 2700 760 +1940 3,55
6XUVD+HUD&UL6LQ*K

3
&UHWHUHDSURGXF LLORUVXSOLPHQWDUHP DS IRORVLW LDHILFLHQ HLHQHUJHWLFHDLULJD LLORUVXQW

SRVLELOH SULQ XWLOL]DUHD PHWRGHORU HFRQRPLFRDVH GH DSOLFDUH D XG ULORU LULJkQG FRQIRUP FHULQ HORU

plantelorGHJUkXID]DGHYHJHWD LHLvQIXQF LHGHDSURYL]LRQDUHDVROXOXLvQHOHPHQWHQXWULWLYH

'LQ WDEHOXO  UHLHVH LQIOXHQ D FHORU GRL IDFWRUL DS  L vQJU PLQWH DVXSUD SURGXF LHL L

HILFLHQ HLHQHUJHWLFHODFXOWXUDJUkXOXLvQOLSVDDFHVWRUDV DURE LQ - e 2190 kg/ha.

Tabelul 4.4.
,QIOXHQ DIHUWLOL] ULLDVXSUDHILFLHQ HLHQHUJHWLFHDLULJD LLORUODJUkX

Neirigat Irigat
Specificarea Fertilizat nefertilizat fertilizat
'R]DGHvQJU PLQWH 160 - 160
kg s.a. /ha
Norma de irigare, m3DS KD - 1730 1730
6SRUXOGHSURGXF LHNJERDEHKD 1170 400 1860
6SRUXOGHHQHUJLHSURGXV 0FDOKD 4429 1514 7041
6SRUXOGHHQHUJLHFRQVXPDW 0FDOKD 2568 1275 3843
Randamentul energetic 1,72 1,19 1,83
Sursa: Lup A., 1997.
'LQ DFHVWH GDWH UH]XOW  LQWHUDF LXQHD IDYRUDELO  D FHORU GRL IDFWRUL UDQGDPHQWXO HQHUJHWLF

RE LQXW vQ YDULDQWHOH IHUWLOL]DWH L LULJDWH HVWH VXSHULRU FHOXL UHDOL]DW vQ FD]XO IRORVLULL XQLODWHUDOH D

factorilor.

4.5. ,QIOXHQ DvQJU PLQWHORUDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLL

FDOLW LLSURGXF LHLGHSRUXPE

&X vQJU PLQWHOH SURGXVH LQGXVWULDO VH FRPSOHWHD]  FDQWLW LOH GH VXEVWDQ H PLQHUD le
QXWULWLYH SH FDUH FXOWXULOH OH SRW DVLPLOD GLQ vQJU PLQWHOH RUJDQLFH  L GLQ FRPSXLL D]RWXOXL

UH]XOWD L vQ VRO SH FDOH ELRORJLF  SkQ  OD QHFHVDUXO RSWLP SHQWUX IRUPDUHD UHFROWHORU SODQLILFDWH

FDQWLWDWLY L FDOLWDWLY SUHFXP L SHQWUX PHQ LQHUHD LVDX VSRULUHD IHUWLOLW LL VROXOXL FD ED]  D
22
RE LQHULLGHUHFROWHFUHVFkQGH .
0XOWLWXGLQHD IDFWRULORU FDUH LQIOXHQ HD]  HILFDFLWDWHD vQJU PLQWHORU FUHHD]  JUHXW L vQ

VWDELOLUHDGR]HORUFXDWkWPDLPXOWFXFkWXQLLIDFWRULVXQWPDLJUHXGHFRQWURODWL de luat n calcul

FRQGL LLOHFOLPDWLFHVSRUXULOHGHSURGXF LHRE LQXWHSULQDSOLFDUHDvQJU PLQWHORURVFLOkQGGHODR

]RQ ODDOWD

21
6XUVD+HUD&UL6LQ*K
22
6XUVD%RUODQ=L+HUD&U
 5ROXOHOHPHQWHORUGHQXWUL LH

3RUXPEXOHVWHRFXOWXU PDUHFRQVXPDWRDUHGH azot; cea mai mare parte din acest element l
DEVRDUEH vQ SULPD SDUWH D YHJHWD LHL FX LQWHQVLWDWH PD[LP  OD IRUPDUHD RUJDQHORU IORUDOH & WUH

PDWXUDUHD VHPLQ HORU  GLQ D]RW WUHFH GLQ IUXQ]H vQ ERDEH GDU L vQ DFHDVW  ID]  FXOWXUD DUH

nevoie de acest element pentru continuarea proceVXOXLGHIRWRVLQWH] LSHQWUXVSRULUHDFRQ LQXWXOXL

GHSURWHLQ vQERDEH

3HQWUXRSURGXF LHGHNJERDEHKDLNJFRFHQLKDSRUXPEXOH[WUDJHNJ1
23
LUHVSHFWLYNJ1

,QVXILFLHQ D D]RWXOXL IUkQHD]  FUHWHUHD UHGXFH VXSUDID D IROLDU  EORFKHD]  VLQWH]D

FORURILOHLIUXQ]HOHVHvQJ OEHQHVFvQFHSkQGFXFHOHED]DOHLSURGXF LDVFDGH

([FHVXO GH D]RW SH VROXUL DFLGH VDX QHXWUH LQGXFH FDUHQ D GH 0R VH SUHOXQJHWH YHJHWD LD L

IUXFWLILFDUHDVFDGHUH]LVWHQ DODEROLLG XQ WRULF GHUHLIUkQJHUH

La 1 kg N aplicat solului, la porumbul cultivat pe cernoziom cambic (Fundulea) s-DXRE LQXW

NJVSRUGHSURGXF LH

Q SULYLQ D fosforului SRUXPEXO QHFHVLW  FDQWLW L PRGHUDWH DVLPLOkQGX -l mai bine din
vQJU PLQWHOH XRU VROXELOH )RVIRUXO LQWU  vQ FRPSR]L LD VWUXFWXULORU FHOXODUH ILLQG WUDQSRUWRU GH

energie etc.
3HQWUXRWRQ GHERDEHLSURGXVXOVHFXQGDUDIHUHQWVXQWQHFHVDUH -12 kg P2O5.
n faza de 4- IUXQ]H GDF  DFHVWHD FDS W  FXORDUHD YLROHW  DQWRFLDQLF  VH HYLGHQ LD] 

FDUHQ DvQIRVIRUFDUHVHUHPDUF vQGHRVHELvQDQLLSORLRLLvQSHULRDGHOHUHFL

2+
([FHVXOGHIRVIRUGHUHJOHD] DEVRUE LD=Q , Fe 2+ L&X2+vQU G FLQ
24
.
+
3ODQWHOH DVLPLOHD]  potasiul (K  GLQ IRUPH VROXELOH VDX GLQ SRWDVLXO DEVRUELW 1XWUL LD FX

pRWDVLX D SRUXPEXOXL HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  GH S+ -ul solului (pe soluri acide K2O este luat din
vQJU PLQWH UH LQHUHD ELRORJLF  GDWRULW  RUJDQHORU YHJHWDOH L PDWHULD RUJDQLF  GLQ VRO . vQ

FRPSXLRUJDQR -minerali).
3RUXPEXO FRQVXP  FDQWLW L  PRGHUDWH GH . SHQWUX  W ERDEH L FRFHQLL DIHUHQ L FRQVXP 

24-27 kg K2O.
&DUHQ D GH SRWDVLX GHWHUPLQ  SHUWXUE UL vQ PHWDEROLVPXO SURWHLQHORU SODQWHOH vL SLHUG

WXUJHVFHQ DDSDUFORUR]HLQHFUR]HSHIUXQ]H

MagneziulDDFXPV-DY ]XWLODFXOWXUDGHJUkXHVWHIRDUWHLPSRUWDQWFDUHQ DGHUHJOkQG

UHJLPXOKLGULFIUXQ]HOHDWkUQ DOSRUXPEXOXL

3HQWUXRWRQ GHERDEHFRFHQLLDIHUHQ LSRUXPEXOH[WUDJHGLQVRO 6 kg Mg.

FierulSDUWLFLS ODVLQWH]DFORURILOHLLODIRWRVLQWH] ,QVXILFLHQ DSURGXFHFORUR]DIHULF 

care la porumb apare pe soluri bogate n CaCO3LSRDUW GHQXPLUHDGHFORUR]DFDOFDU 

)D GHFHOHODOWHHOHPHQWHSR]L LDSRUXPEXOXLHVWHXUP WRDUHD

VHQVLELOODLQVXILFLHQ DPDQJDQXOXLVHDGPLQLVWUHD] H[WUDUDGLFXODUSULQ VWURSLULL - zincului;

SX LQ VHQVLELO OD LQVXILFLHQ D PROLEGHQXOXL FDUHQ D VH vQWkOQHWH ODFXOWXULOHDPSODVDWH SH VROXUL

carbonatice).

23
6XUVD/L[DQGUX*KLFRODE
24
6XUVD/L[DQGUX*KLFRODE
 QJU PkQWXO QDWXUDO FRPSOHW gunoiul de grajd  VH DGPLQLVWUHD]  FX EXQH UH]XOWDWH OD

cultura porumbului; se pot aplica 50 toQHKDvQ]RQHOHFXFOLPDWXPHGLSkQ ODWRQHKDvQ]RQD

cernoziomurilor .

,QIOXHQ DvQJU PLQWHORUDVXSUDQLYHOXOXLSURGXF LHLGHSRUXPE

&RUHOD LDFHDPDLVWUkQV vQWUHP ULPHDGR]HL GHvQJU PLQWHL QLYHOXOSURGXF LHL OD6&

A. Secuieni, pe cernoziom cambic, s-D UHDOL]DW OD vQJU PLQWHOH FXD]RW L DSRL ODFHOH FXIRVIRU25
$VWIHO  F  GLQ VSRUXULOH GH SURGXF LH -34%) azotul a asigurat 12-20%, iar fosforul 3-8%; s-au

RE LQXW-NJERDEHNJ1L-8,91 kg boabe/kg P2O5.

ValRULILFDUHDVXSHULRDU DvQJU PLQWHORUGHSLQGHPXOWLGHPHWRGDGHDSOLFDUHDORUQWU-o

H[SHULHQ GHWUHLDQLHIHFWXDW OD)XQGXOHDV-DFRQVWDWDWF SULQDGPLQLVWUDUHDvQJU PLQWHORUSH

UkQG FRQFRPLWHQW FX VHP QDWXO VSRUXO GH SURGXF LH D IRVW GH 1100 kg boabe/ha, iar energia

VXSOLPHQWDU  GH SHVWH  N:KKD FRPSDUDWLY FX vPSU WLHUHD SH WRDW  VXSUDID D L SHQWUX F 

DGPLQLVWUDUHD vQJU PLQWHORU WRDPQD HVWH PDL SX LQ HILFLHQW  VXE DVSHFW HFRQRPLF L HQHUJHWLF VH
26
UHFRPDQG IHUWLOL]DUHDSRUXPEXOXLSULP YDUDFRQFRPLWHQWFXVHP QDWXOSHUkQG .
1LYHOXO IHUWLOL] ULL HVWH LQIOXHQ DW L GH SODQWD SUHPHUJ WRDUH DVWIHO vQFkW GXS  OHJXPLQRDVH

se reduce azotul cu 30-NJKDFHHDFHvQVHDPQ RHFRQRPLHGHHQHUJLHGH 1028 kWh/ha.27

4.5.3.InflueQ DvQJU PLQWHORUDVXSUDFDOLW LLSRUXPEXOXL

3RUXPEXO SURGXFH UHFROWH IRDUWH PDUL GDU FX FRQ LQXW VF ]XW GH SURWHLQ  vQ ERE DFHDVWD vL

VFDGHYDORDUHDDOLPHQWDU LIXUDMHU 

)RORVLUHD D]RWXOXL VSRUHWH DWkW UHFROWD FkW L FDOLWDWHD SURWHLQHL GLQ ER b. De exemplu, n
FRQGL LLOHGHOD$OERWDODQHIHUWLOL]DWFRQ LQXWXOEREXOXLvQSURWHLQ DIRVWGHLDUSULQDSOLFDUHD

a 200 kg N/ha, proteina a crescut la 10,2%.

Fosforul (40-NJKD SULQ FRQWULEX LD OD FUHWHUHD L GH]YROWDUHD SODQWHORU D VSRUL t
SURGXF LDGHSURWHLQ KD

Q FRQGL LLOH ULL QRDVWUH IHUWLOL]DUHD SRUXPEXOXL VSRUHWH QLYHOXO SURWHLQHL  -12%),
FRQWULEXLQGODYDORULILFDUHDSRWHQ LDOXOXLJHQHWLFDOKLEULGXOXLFXOWLYDW

4.6. ,QIOXHQ DLULJ ULLDVXSUDQLYHOXOXL

SURGXF LHLGHSRUXPE

&RPSOHWDUHD GHILFLWXOXL GH XPLGLWDWH SULQ LULJD LH OD SRUXPE vQVHDPQ  vQ SULPXO UkQG

YROXPGHSURGXF LHVXSOLPHQWDU 

5HFROWDGHERDEHHVWHGRDURSDUWHGLQELRPDVDYHJHWDO SURGXVXOXWLOSULQFLSDOSURGXF LD

VHFXQGDU UHSUH]LQW RFDQWLWDWHGHILWRPDV HJDO FXSURGXVXOSULQFLSDOVDXFKLDUPDLPDUH

5DSRUWXO ELRPDV SURGXV XWLO SRDUW  GHQXPLUHD GH LQGLFH GH UHFROW  FDUH OD FHUHDOH HVWH
28.
FXSULQVvQWUHL .
25
6XUVD&RUQHOLD/XSXL/XSX*K
26
6XUVD+HUD&UL6LQ*K
27
6XUVD+HUD&UL6LQ*K
28
Sursa: Lup A. , 1997.
.
 $SOLFkQG  LQGLFHOH GH UHFROW  OD SURGXF LD SULQFLSDO  vQ PHGLH OD SRUXPE VH SRW RE LQ 

WRQHKDPDV YHJHWDO vQFRQGL LLGHLULJDUHLIHUWLOL]DUHRSWLPH

,ULJD LDLQIOXHQ HD] DWkWFUHWHUHDSURGXF LHLGHERDEHFkWLELODQ XOHQHUJHWLFWDEHOXO

Tabelul 4.5.
,QIOXHQ DLULJD LHLDVXSUDFUHWHULLSURGXF LHLSRUXPEXOXLLDELODQ XOXLHQHUJHWLF

&UHWHUHDSURGXF LHLSULQ (QHUJLDFRQVXPDW OD %LODQ XO

irigare irigare energetic (QHUJRE 

kg/ha kWh/ha kWh/ha kWh energ.consum

5010 23256 3010 +20 246 7,73
6XUVD+HUD&UL6LQ*K

6SRUXOGHSURGXF LHODSRUXPEDSURSLHSURGXF LDvQV L

3ULQ IRORVLUHD IHUWLOL] ULL vPSUHXQ  FX LULJD LD SURGXF LLOH FUHVF HYLGHQW WDEHOXO  DYkQG

vQYHGHUHSURGXF LDRE LQXW I U DORFDUHDDFHVWRUIDFWRULNJERDEHKD

Tabelul 4.6.
,QIOXHQ DIHUWLOL] ULLDVXSUDHILFLHQ HLHQHUJHWLFHDLULJD LLORUODSRUXPE

Neirigat Irigat
Specificarea
fertilizat nefertilizat fertilizat
'R]DGHvQJU PLQWHNJVDKD 170 - 170
Norma de irigare, m3DS KD - 2830 2180
6SRUXOGHSURGXF LHNJERDEHKD 1900 800 5300
Sporul de enerJLHSURGXV 0FDOKD 7324 3084 20431
6SRUXOGHHQHUJLHFRQVXPDW 0FDOKD 2961 1710 4414
Randamentul energetic 2,47 1,80 4,63
Sursa: Lup A., 1997.