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ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება 2 - ფილიპ ზიმბარდო
ფსიქოლოგია და ცხოვრება 2 - ფილიპ ზიმბარდო
procentul ganawilebas hipnobilurobis xaris- monacemebTan (Piccione et al., 1989). bavSvebi ufro
xis mixedviT, rodesac maT pirvelad gaiares STagonebadni arian, vidre mozrdilebi; hipno-
hipnoturi stimulaciis testi. ras niSnavs am turi STagonebadoba maqsimums aRwevs mozar-
skalaze maRali~ an Zalian maRali~ maCvene- dobis periodSi da Semdeg mcirdeba. arsebobs
beli? testis dasrulebis Semdeg hipnotiziori garkveuli monacemebi hipnobilurobis geneti-
iZleoda posthipnotur instruqciaTa serias, kuri determinantebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, identuri
romelic TiToeuli individis qcevas Seexeboda. tyupebis maCveneblebi ufro uaxlovdeba erTma-
rodesac hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maTi neTs, vidre araidenturi tyupebis (Morgan et al.,
gaSlili xelebi rkinis naWrad iqceoda, Zalze 1970). miuxedavad imisa, rom hipnobiluroba Seda-
hipnotizirebuli individebi ver axerxebdnen rebiT stabiluria, is ar korelirebs arc erT
xelebis moxras. Sesabamisi instruqciis SemTxve- iseT pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan, rogoricaa mim-
vaSi maT SeeZloT xeli gaeqniaT ararsebuli ndobloba an konformuloba (Fromm & Shor, 1979;
mwerisaTvis. aseve, Zalze hipnotizirebul indi- Kirch & Lynn, 1995). metic, hipnobiluroba moiazrebs
videbs ar SeeZloT ara~-s niSnad Tavis gaqneva, hipnotur mdgomareobaSi mTlianad CarTvis
Tu hipnotiziori eubneboda, rom maT aRar unikalur kognitur unars.
SeeZloT amis gakeTeba. hipnobilurobis daba-
li~ maCveneblis mqone studentebi TiTqmis ar
hipnozis efeqtebi
avlendnen msgavs reaqciebs.
hipnobilurobis gazomvis proceduris
hipnobiluroba (Hypnotizability) - aCvenebs, Tu ra aRwerisas saubari gvqonda hipnozis zogierT
xarisxiT eqvemdebareba mocemuli individi stan- standartul efeqtze: hipnoturi zemoqmedebis
dartul hipnotur STagonebas.
210 qveS individebi reagireben motoruli SesaZleb-
lobebisa (magaliTad, maT xelebs ver xridnen) xdeba. namdvilad hipnotizirebuli indi-
da perceptuli gamocdilebis (magaliTad, maT videbi gamocdilebaTa farTo speqtrs aRwe-
eCvenebodaT buzebi) Sesaxeb miTiTebebze. Tumca, ren: isini TavianT realur gamocdilebas-
rogor unda davrwmundeT, rom es qcevebi Tan miaxloebul gancdebs ufro hyvebian,
hipnozis gansakuTrebuli SesaZleblobebidan vidre imas, risi gagonebac surs maTi azriT
momdinareobs da ar aris monawilis Zlieri eqsperimentators ( Reed et al., 1996).
survili, rom daimsaxuros hipnotizioris mo-
woneba? am mniSvnelovan kiTxvaze pasuxis gasa-
am SemTxvevaSi simuliantebi arasworad
cemad mkvlevrebi xSirad atareben eqsperimentebs,
varaudoben, rom rac unda ganecadaT, realuri
romelSic erTmaneTs adareben da upirispireben
hipnozi iyo. aseTi tipis eqsperimentebidan
namdvilad hipnotizirebul individebsa da
naTeli xdeba, Tu konkretulad ra damoukidebeli
simuliantebs.
wvlili Seaqvs hipnozs adamianis gamocdilebaSi.
hipnozis erT-erTi Rirebuleba, romelzec
ar kamaToben, tkivilis Semcirebis unaria
saidan (hipnoturi analgezia). Cveni goneba winaswari
viciT ganWvretiTa da SiSiT aZlierebs tkivilis
stimulebs. am fsiqologiuri efeqtis Semcireba
hipnozi metia, vidre simulacia
hipnoziT aris SesaZlebeli (Chaves, 1999). tki-
eqsperimentSi studentTa ori jgufi vilis kontroli sxvadasxva hipnoturi STa-
monawileobda. erTi jgufi realurad iqna gonebiT miiRweva: sxeulis mtkivneuli nawilis
hipnotizirebuli. meore jgufs hipnozis araorganulad (xis an plastikatisgan gake-
simulirebis instruqcia misces: pirveli Tebulad) an mTliani sxeulisgan gancal-
eqsperimentatoris instruqciis Tanaxmad, kevebulad warmodgena, gonebis ganTavisufleba
maT unda moetyuebinaT meore eqsperimen- sxeulisgan da drois sxvadasxvagvarad `dama-
tatori da daerwmunebinaT igi, rom mar- xinjeba~. adamianebs maSinac ki SeuZliaT
Tlac hipnotozirebulni iyvnen. amis tkivilis gakontroleba, rodesac yvela azri
Semdeg orive jgufs waredgina tonebis da warmodgena gandevnilia cnobierebidan
seriebi da moeTxova am tonebis simaRlis (Hargadon et al., 1995). hipnozi gansakuTrebiT
Sefaseba. eqsperimentis mniSvenlovani Rirebulia qirurgiuli pacientebisaTvis, ro-
nawili iyo moTxovnis instruqcia, romel- melTanac SeuZlebelia sruli anesTeziis miR-
Sic cdis pirebs eubnebodnen, Tu ra unda weva, dedisTvis fiziologiuri mSobiarobis
ganecadaT (Reed et al., 1996, p.143).
halucinaciebi
uCveulo pirobebSi SesaZloa adgili hqondes
cnobierebis damaxinjebas, rodesac individi
xedavs an esmis is, rac awmyoSi realurad/
obieqturad ar aris mocemuli. halucinacia
aris naTeli aRqma, romelic Cndeba obieqturi
stimulaciis ararsebobis pirobebSi; es aris
individis Secvlili realobis mentaluri kon-
normalur TvaldaxuWul~ modunebul mdgo- struqcia. halucinaciebi gansxvavdeba ilu-
mareobasa da meditaciis konkretul proce- ziebisgan, romelic realuri stimulis percep-
durebs Soris (Holmes, 1984). Tumca, meditaciis tuli damaxinjebaa. ganvixiloT suraTi 6.6.
damcvelebi amtkiceben, rom meditaciis realuri masze adamianTa umravlesoba samkuTxeds xedavs,
fiziologia SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc Tumca, is realurad~ ar aris gamosaxuli. am
mSvidi sifxizle anu minimaluri sxeulebrivi
aRgznebis, magram maqsimaluri cnobierebis
mdgomareoba (Dillbeck & Orme-Johnson, 1987; Morrell,
1986). amrigad, meditacia, sul mcire, Seamcirebs
6.6
gaciskrovnebis miRwevaSi daxmarebis gaweva imiT, suraTi
rom individs saSualeba misces nacnobi sagnebis
axleburad danaxvisa da aZlevs aRqmisa da es iluziaa da ara halucinacia!
azrovnebis ganTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad ar arsebobs,
avtomaturi, kargad daswavlili paternebis adamianTa umravlesoba am suraTze samkuTxeds
xedavs. halucinaciebis SemTxvevaSic adamianebi
halucinacia (Hallucinations) - mcdari aRqma, rome- ararsebuls aRiqvamen, Tumca halucinaciebi
lic Cndeba obieqturi gamRizianeblis arar- individebis cnobierebis Secvlili mdgomare-
obidan warmoiqmneba da ara perceptuli proce-
sebobis pirobebSi.
sebisgan. 213
faqts halucinacias ver vuwodebT, radganac,
rogorc avxseniT mexuTe TavSi, samkuTxedi Cven religiuri eqstazi
mier samyaros aRqmis normaluri procesebis meditacia, locva, marxva da spiritualuri
Sedegad Cndeba~. Cven ver gavaqrobT am komunikacia religiuri gamocdilebis gaZli-
iluzorul samkuTxeds imiT, Tu gavixsenebT, erebas, intensifikacias emsaxureba. uiliam
rom is ar aris realuri. iluziisgan gansxva- jemsisaTvis (1902) religiuri gamocdileba war-
vebiT, halucinaciebi individualuri gamocdi- moadgens unikalur fsiqologiur gamocdilebas,
lebaa, romelsac ar iziareben igive situaciaSi romelic xasiaTdeba movlenebis erTaderTobisa
moxvedrili sxva adamianebi. zogierTi halu- da dakavSirebulobis, gamocdilebis realu-
cinacia xanmoklea; Tu pirovneba sakuTari robisa da mkafioobis gancdiT, agreTve komu-
TavisTvis halucinaciis ararealurobis swrafad nikaciis unaris arqoniT, sxva sityvebiT rom
dafiqsirebas SeZlebs realobasTan misi dapiris- vTqvaT, mTliani gamocdilebis xasiaTiT. mra-
pirebiT, halucinaciuri gancda savaraudod vali adamianisaTvis religiuri gamocdileba
dasruldeba. Tumca, zog SemTxvevebSi individebi namdvilad ar warmoadgens maTi Cveulebrivi
ver axerxeben halucinaciebis realurobis~ cnobierebis nawils.
daZlevas da es halucinaciebi maT cxovrebaze TiTqmis ar moiZebneba apalaCias wminda
zemoqmedeben (Siegel, 1992). aCrdilis (Holy Ghost) tomis xalxis religiur
halucinaciebs xels uwyobs momatebuli gamocdilebaze ufro Zlieri religiuri gamoc-
agznebadoba, intensiuri saWiroebis mdgomareoba dileba. maTi rwmenebi da qcevebi cnobierebis
an SemaSinebeli azrebis gandevnis uunaroba. unikalur formas qmnis, romelic maT gansakuT-
isini maSinac Cndeba, rodesac tvini uCveulo, rebuli qcevebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas
iSviaTi gamRizianeblis zemoqmedebas ganicdis, aZlevs. RvTismsaxurebisas maT Sxamiani gvelebi
magaliTad, maRali sicxis, epilefsiuri gulyris da cecxli uWiravT xelSi, svamen striqninis
an Sakikis dros; aseve, mZime gonebrivi aSlilo- sawamlavs. am qcevebisTvis mosamzadeblad usmenen
bis mqone pacientebTan, romelnic ise reagireben grZel qadagebebs da monawileoben xmamaRal,
Sinagan mentalur movlenebze, TiTqos isini yuradRebis mimzidvel simRerebsa, velur
garegani sensoruli gamRizianeblebi iyos. trialsa da cekvebSi:
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
stimulatorebi
amfetamini hiperkinezia, narko-
lefsia, wonis kon-
troli 2-4 maRali maRali
kokaini ara 1-2 maRali maRali
nikotini nikotinis saReWi
rezini mowevisTvis
Tavis dasanebeblad varirebs msubuqad maRali zomierad maRali
kofeini wonis kontroli,
stimulanti mwvave
respiratoruli
sirTuleebisas,
analgetiki 4-5 ar aris cnobili zomieri
xSirad iwvevs miCvevas. me-3 TavSi aRvniSneT, romelic tvinSi bunebrivad arsebuli niv-
rom tvini Seicavs endorfinebs (endogenur Tierebebis msgavsi qimiuri TvisebebiT xasiaT-
morfinebs), romelic mZlavr zegavlenas axdens deba. rodesac nervuli receptorebi xelovnulad
guneba-ganwyobilebaze, tkivilsa da siamovnebis stimulirdeba cnobierebis Semcvleli nivTie-
gancdaze. opiumisa da morfinis msgavsi nar- rebebiT, tvini kargavs faqiz balanss.
kotikebi tvinis igive receptorul ubnebs depresantebSi Sedis barbituratebi da,
ikavebs (Harrison et al., 1998; Reisine, 1995). amrigad, gansakuTrebiT AaRsaniSnavia, alkoholi. am
opiatebi da marixuana (rogorc zemoT aRiniSna) nivTierebebs axasiaTebT gonebrivi da fizikuri
imitom aRweven maTTvis damaxasiaTebel efeqtebs, aqtivobis daTrgunva (Seneleba) centralur
218 rom isini Seicaven iseT aqtiur komponentebs, nervul sistemaSi nervuli impulsebis gadacemis
zemoqmedebs GABA-s aqtivobaze (De Witte, 1996).
mcire dozis SemTxvevaSi alkoholma SeiZleba
gamoiwvios relaqsacia da mozrdilTa reaq-
ciebis siswrafis mcired gaumjobeseba, Tumca,
organizms mxolod mcire odenobis alkoholTan
SeuZlia gamklaveba. didi raodenobiT alkoholi
xanmokle periodSi iwvevs centraluri nervuli
sistemis gadatvirTvas. avtosagzao da ubeduri
SemTxvevebi 6-jer ufro xSiria adamianebTan,
romelTa sisxlSic 0,10% alkoholis Semcve-
lobaa, vidre maTTan, visTanac es maCvenebeli
2-jer naklebia. alkoholuri intoqsikaciis
meore Sedegi, romelsac wvlili Seaqvs ubedur
SemTxvevebSi, Tvalis gugebis gafarToebaa, rasac
Tan sdevs RamiT xedvis problemebi. rodesac
sisxlSi alkoholis Semcveloba 0,15% aRwevs,
adgili aqvs momatebul negatiur zemoqmedebas
azrovnebaze, mexsierebasa da gansjis unarze,
rasac Tan axlavs emociuri arastabiluroba
da motoruli koordinaciis rRveva.
alkoholis moxmareba umTavresi socialuri
problemaa aSS-Si. alkoholTan dakavSirebuli
avtokatastrofebi 15-25 wlis adamianTa sikv-
dilianobis wamyvani mizezia. rodesac smis
Sekavebis an Semcirebis saSualebiT. depresan- raodenoba da sixSire zemoqmedebs samsaxurze,
tebis moqmedebis efeqti, nawilobriv, miiRweva auaresebs socialur da ojaxur urTierTobebs
sinafsebSi nervuli komunikaciisTvis xelis da seriozul problemebs uqmnis janmrTelobas.
SewyobiT, sadac gamoiyeneba GABA neirotras- aseTi viTarebis Sesatyvisi diagnozia alko-
miteri (Dehaney & Sah, 1999; Malizia & Nutt, 1995). GABA holizmi. fizikuri damokidebuloba, toleran-
xSirad nervuli gadacemebis Semakaveblis fun- toba da miCveva _ es yvelaferi xangrZlivi
qcias asrulebs, riTac aixsneba depresantebis intensiuri smis fonze viTardeba. zogierTi
Semakavebeli efeqtebi. barbituratebi Zalze individisTvis alkoholizmi smaze uaris Tqmis
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aracnobierisgan da cno- procesebs Soris arsebul
cnobierebis Sinaarsi
bieri aRqmisgan; urTierTmimarTebas.
cnobiereba gonebis Si- sakvlevi teqnikebi, ro-
naarsebis gacnobierebas, goricaa xmamaRla fiqris
maT Sesaxeb codnas war- oqmebi da eqsperimentis Zili da sizmari
cirkaduli ritmi asaxavs
moadgens; SerCeva cnobierebis Si-
arsebobs cnobierebis naarsis Sesaswavlad gamo- biologiuri saaTis moq-
sami done: (1) samyaros iyeneba. medebas;
bazisuri cnobiereba, (2) Ramis Zilis ganmavlobaSi
gaazreba imisa, Tu ras icvleba Tavis tvinis aq-
cnobierebis
vacnobierebT da (3) tivobis paternebi. REM
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
funqciebi
TviTcnobiereba;
cnobiereba gvexmareba ga- Zili xasiaTdeba Tvale-
RviZili periodis cno- bis swrafi moZraobiT da
darCenaSi da gvaZlevs re-
bierebis Sinaarsi gan- Tanxvdeba mkafio sizmre-
alobis pirovnuli da
sxvavdeba aracnobieri bis periods. mTliani Zi-
kulturuli konstruq-
procesebisgan, winare-
tebis Seqmnis SesaZleb- lis daaxloebiT 1/4 REM
cnobieri mexsierebisgan, Zilia 4-5 calkeuli pe-
lobas;
yuradRebis miRma dar-
mkvlevrebi swavloben riodis ganmavlobaSi;
Cenili informaciisgan,
cnobier da aracnobier
221
221
Zilis raodenoba da REM TierebaTa ricxvSi Sedis:
da NREM Zilis Tanafar- cnobierebis Secvli- halucinogenebi, opiatebi,
doba asakTan erTad ic- li mdgomareobebi depresantebi da stimula-
vleba; dakvirvebadi sizmrebi torebi.
REM da NREM Zili sxva- aris gacnobiereba imisa,
dasxva funqciebs emsa- rom sizmars vxedavT da
xureba, Senaxvisa da aR-
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
mimarTulia sizmris kon-
dgenis CaTvliT; aracnobieri
trolze.
Zilis darRvevebi, ro- hipnozi cnobierebis Sec-
gamocdilebis SerCevis
goricaa insomnia, narko- meTodi
vlili mdgomareobaa, ro-
lefsia da Zilis apnoe dakvirvebadi sizmrebi
melic xasiaTdeba STago-
uaryofiT gavlenas ax- dRis Zilianoba
nebaze reaqciis saxiT hip-
dens dRis manZilze ada- Tvalebis swrafi
notizirebuli adamianebis
mianis funqcionirebis moZraobiT Zili (REM)
aRqmis, mexsierebis, mo-
unarze. dRis Zilianoba, Tvalebis swrafi
tivaciisa da TviTkontro-
aseve, farTod gavrce- moZraobis gareSe Zili
lis SecvliT.
(NREM)
lebuli seriozuli prob- meditacia cvlis cnobier
lemaa; TviTcnobiereba
funqcionirebas ritualu-
froidi Tvlida, rom ri praqtikis saSualebiT,
insomnia
sizmrebis Sinaarsi ara- meditacia
romelic garegani saz-
cnobieri masalaa, romel- midrekileba
runavebidan Sinagan gamoc-
mac gaiara sizmris cen- narkolefsia
dilebaze gadaanacvlebs
zura; sizmris muSaoba
yuradRebas.
sxva kulturebSi sizmre- halucinaciebi naTeli aR-
tolerantoba
bis interpretacia regu- faruli Sinaarsi
qmaa, romelic Cndeba obi-
larulad xdeba da amas fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi
eqturi gamRizianeblebis
gansakuTrebuli kultu- fsiqologiuri
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
damokidebuleba
ruli rolis mqone ada- zogierT kulturul jguf-
mianebi axorcieleben. in- SeTanxmebuli validizacia
Si adamianebi intensiur re-
terpretacia momavlis wi- cirkaduli ritmi
ligiur gamocdilebas ga-
cnobiereba
Tavi 6 / goneba, cnobiereba da Secvlili mdgomareobebi
222
222
daswavla da qceviTi analizi
7
daswavlis unaris kvleva
ra aris daswavla
biheviorizmi da
bihevioraluri
analizi
klasikuri ganpiro-
bebuloba
pavlovis saocari
dakvirvebebi
ganpirobebulobis
procesi
SeZena
klasikuri ganpiro-
bebulobis gamoyeneba
operantuli
ganpirobebuloba:
swavleba Sedegebis Sesaxeb
efeqtis kanoni
qcevis eqsperi-
mentuli analizi
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
ganmamtkicebelTa
Tvisebebi
ganmamtkicebelTa
cxrilebi
qcevis formireba
(Seipingi)
fsiqologia Cvens
cxovrebaSi: afuWebs Tu
ara bavSvs dausjeloba
biologia da daswavla
instinqturi swrafva
gemos aversiiT
daswavla
JRerda. ukan gaCoCebuli, is TaviT Cavarda man im sakvebzec ki Tqva uari, romelic
samzareulos niJaraSi, romelic naxevrad RviniT mzaddeboda. misi TavSekaveba ar
savse iyo WurWlis sarecxi siTxiT. rodesac iyo absurduli.
swored es Sexeduleba daedo safuZvlad aRmoaCenT, rom guliscema aCqarebuli gaqvT, SeiZ-
bihevioralur analizs, fsiqologiis im sferos, leba gaiofloT kidec, magram ratom? raRacna-
romelic aqcents daswavlisa da qcevis garemo irad Tqvenma sxeulma iswavla fiziologiuri
determinantebis aRmoCenaze akeTebs (Grant Evans, reaqciis warmoSoba (guliscema), rodesac erTi
1994). sazogadod, bihevioraluri analizi garemo movlena dakavSirebulia meoresTan (da-
cdilobs imis damtkicebas, rom adamianuri Zabuli musika saSiS vizualur efeqtTan). am
buneba SeiZleba sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis tipis daswavla cnobilia, rogorc klasikuri
ganpirobebuloba, daswavlis ZiriTadi forma,
romelSic erTi stimuli an movlena gvamcnobs,
bihevioraluri analizi (Behavioral Analysis) - fsi- winaswarmetyvelebs sxva stimulis an movlenis
qologiis ganxra, romelic yuradRebas daswav- gamovlenas. organizmi swavlobs axal asociacias
lisa da qcevis garemo determinantebze amax-
or stimuls Soris pirvelsa, romelic adre
vilebs.
ar iwvevda reaqcias, da meores Soris, romelmac 227
gamoiwvia reaqcia. rogorc naxavT, Tqven gaqvT daiwyo. aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri stimuli,
Tandayolili unari, sxartad daawyviloT mov- romelic sistematurad win uswrebda saWmlis
lenebi garemoSi asociaciis principiT, es ki miRebas, nerwyvis gamoyofas iwvevda. sruliad
qceviTi midrekilebaa. SemTxveviT, pavlovma aRmoaCina, rom daswavla
Sedegia erTmaneTTan asocirebuli ori sti-
mulisa.
pavlovis saocari dakvirvebebi pavlovSi, rogorc mecnierSi, am fenomenis
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis pirvel radika- mimarT cnobismoyvareobam gaiRviZa. man arafrad
lur kvlevas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos fsiqolo- CaTvala im droisaTvis udidesi fiziologis,
giis yvelaze cnobili saswauli. rus fiziologs, ser Carlz Seringtonis rCeva, Tavi daenebebina
ivan pavlovs (1849-1936) miznad ar dausaxavs am suleluri axirebisaTvis. pavlovma miatova
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis, an sxva fizio- Tavisi kvleva gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb da amiT
loguri fenomenis kvleva. klasikur ganpirobe- samudamod Secvala fsiqologiuri azrovnebis
bulobas igi SemTxveviT, saWmlis momnelebeli mimarTuleba (Pavlov, 1928). mTeli darCenili
sistemis kvlevisas waawyda, risTvisac 1904 wels sicocxlis manZilze igi agrZelebda im cvla-
nobelis premia miiRo. debis Zebnas, romlebic gavlenas axdenen kla-
pavlovs gamiznuli hqonda, gamoekvlia gada-
muSavebis procesi ZaRlebSi, maT jirkvlebsa da
saWmlis momnelebel organoebSi milebis CadgmiT
(ix. sur. 7.1). igi am teqnikiT gamoyofili sekretis
raodenobas gansazRvras da gaanalizebas SeZ-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
pirobiTi ganmtkiceba
klasikur ganpirobebulobaSi dominanti 1960
wlamde pavlovis Teoria iyo. 1960 wels robert
reskorlam (Robert Rescorla 1966) Caatara erTob
mravlismTqmeli eqsperimenti, romelSic ZaRli
gamoiyena, rogorc cdis subieqti. reskorlas
eqsperimentSi zari (ganpirobebuli stimuli)
emTxveoda Soks (ganupirobebeli stimuli), rac,
Tu pavlovi sworad msjelobda, sakmarisi
7.6
iqneboda klasikuri ganpirobebulobis aRmocene- suraTi
bisaTvis.
saidan
viciT
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
mniSvneloba
wvrTnis Semdeg ZaRlebi kvlav moaTavses
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi reskorla
saeqsperimento yuTebSi. zari, romelic Soks
wvrTnida ZaRlebs _ gadamxtariyvnen ba-
moaswavebda, axla periodulad rekavda.
rierze ise, rom aridebodnen masSi gamaval
ZaRlebi SemTxveviTi SerCevidan (ganpiro-
eleqtroSoks (sur. 7.6). Tu ZaRli ver
bebuli-ganupirobebeli kavSiri) xtebodnen
SeZlebda gadaxtomas, iRebda eleqtroSoks;
meti sixSiriT, vidre ZaRlebi meore Ser-
Tu gadaxtomas moaxerxebda, eleqtroSoks
Cevidan (sur. 7.8).
airidebda. ZaRlebis gadaxtomis sixSires
reskorla iyenebda SiSis ganpirobebulobis
gasazomad. amgvarad, garda imisa, rom ganpirobebuli
rodesac ZaRlebma daiswavles barierze stimuli droSi Tanxvedrili unda iyos ganu-
xtoma, reskorlam isini or jgufad dayo pirobebelTan, is, agreTve, sandod unda moas-
wavebdes ganupirobebel stimuls es ori piroba
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
saidan
viciT
kaminis procedura
dablokvis efeqti-
saTvis
eqsperimentuli jgufis vir-
Txebs jer unda epasuxaT zarze
(CS1) Semdeg ki _ zarsa (CS1)
da sinaTleze (CS2), virTxebs
sakontrolo jgufSi unda
epasuxaT mxolod sust Suqsa
da zarze. roca Semowmda ganpi-
robebuloba mxolod zarze
da mxolod sinaTleze, marto
sakontrolo jgufis virTxebs
hqondaT reaqcia orive sti-
mulze. kaminis mixedviT, eqspe-
rimentulma virTxebma imitom
ar upasuxes sinaTles, rom is
aranair axal informacias ar
Seicavda ganupirobebeli sti-
mulis gamovlenis Sesaxeb;
zaris efeqtma dabloka sinaT-
lis efeqti.
kaminma eqsperimentebis Sedegebi ganpiro- miT ufro didia misi SemCnevis albaToba. Tu
bebuli stimulis informatiulobis konteqstSi gindaT, rom kargi ganpirobebuloba miiRoT,
axsna. eqsperimentuli virTxebisaTvis zarTan unda warmoadginoT Zlieri, ucxo stimuli
dakavSirebulma gamocdilebam aqtualoba dau- ucnob garemoSi, an Zlieri, nacnobi stimuli
karga zars, rogorc ganupirobebeli stimulis ucxo situaciaSi (Kalat, 1974; Lubow et al., 1976).
momaswavebels. virTxebisTvis sinaTle SeiZle- cxadi xdeba, rom klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
boda arc arsebuliyo, radgan is aranair dama- bevrad ufro rTuli meqanizmia, vidre amas
tebiT informacias ar iZleoda. pirveli ganpi- pavlovi warmoidgenda. neitraluri stimuli
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
robebuli stimulis unars, Seamciros meores efeqtur ganpirobebul stimulad iqceva mxolod
informatiuloba, blokireba ewodeba. virTxebis maSin, Tu is erTdroulad Tanxvedrili da,
sakontrolo jgufisaTvis zari da sinaTle amasTan, informatiulia. modiT, axla yuradReba
erTnairad informatiuli iyo, maT ar hqondaT im cxovrebiseul situaciaze mivmarToT, ro-
warsuli gamocdileba dakavSirebuli romelime melSic klasikuri ganpirobebuloba did rols
maTganTan, amitom erTma ar Seamcira meores asrulebs.
informatiuloba. informatiuloba xsnis, ratom
vlindeba ganpirobebuloba yvelaze xSirad
maSin, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimuli upiris- klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
pirdeba garemoSi arsebul sxva mraval stimuls.
gamoyeneba
rac ufro intensiuria da konkretulia stimuli,
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis codna gvex-
blokireba (Blocking) fenomeni, romlis drosac mareba, gavigoT yoveldRiuri qceva. magaliTad,
organizmi ar daiswavlis axal stimuls, radgan ra roli aqvs mas emociebsa da upiratesobaTa
axali stimuli warmodgenilia ukve arsebul miniWebaSi, sxvadasxva nivTierebebTan damokide-
efeqtur signalTan erTad.
236 bulebaSi; dabolos, rogor SeiZleba klasikuri
klasikuri ganpirobebulobis erT-erTi yve-
laze aqtiurad Seswavlili aspeqti SiSis
ganpirobebulobaa. biheviorizmis sawyis etapze
jon uotsonma da misma kolegam rozalin rai-
nerma daadastures, rom SiSis reaqciebis ume-
tesoba unda gavigoT, rogorc neitraluri sti-
mulis dawyvileba raime SiSis momgvrelTan. am
ideis dasamtkiceblad maT Caatares eqsperimenti
patara albertze.
saidan
viciT
ganpirobebuloba gamoviyenoT imunologiuri
patara albertis SeZenili SiSi
funqciis gasamdidreblad.
uotsonma da rainerma (1920) alberti
daaSines patara TeTri virTxiT, romelic
emociebi da upiratesobebis miniWeba
Tavidan Zalian moswonda. maT TeTri vir-
gavixsenoT magaliTi saSinelebaTa filmis Txis gamoCena daawyviles aversiul ganup-
Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi aracnobierad daviswav- irobebel stimulTan bavSvis uknidan
leT asociacia SemaSinebel musikasa (ganpiro- momdinare xmaurTan, romelic gamowveuli
bebuli stimuli) da gansazRvrul movlenebs iyo liTonis firfitaze CaquCis dartymiT.
Soris (ganupirobebeli stimuli movlenebi, SekrTomis ganupirobebeli reaqcia da
romelbic refleqsur reaqciebs iwveven). Tu emociuri distresi gaxda mizezi daswav-
kargad CavuRrmavdebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom bevr lisa: alberti SiSiT reagirebda TeTri
movlenaze gvaqvs Zlieri emociuri reaqcia, ris virTxis danaxvaze ukve 7 cdis Semdeg. emo-
mizezsac xSirad ver vxsniT. SeiZleba Tu ara, ciuri ganpirobebuloba ganzogadda qceviT
es klasikuri ganpirobebulobis Sedegi iyos? ganpirobebulobaSi, radgan albertma is-
ganvixiloT situaciebi (Rozin and Fallon, 1987; Rozin wavla virTxisaTvis Tavis arideba, misgan
at all 1986): gaqceva. amis Semdeg bavSvis SiSi ganzogadda
SeWamdiT Tu ara gaurkvevel sakvebs, romel- saerTod bewvian sagnebze baWiaze, ZaRlze
sac ubralod ZaRlis sasqeso organos forma da santa klausis niRabzec ki. albertis
aqvs? dedam, romelic meddad muSaobda imave
dalevdiT Tu ara wylisa da Saqris xsnars, hospitalSi, sadac eqsperimenti tardeboda,
Tuki Saqari Cayares im yuTidan romelsac Sec- manamde waiyvana igi, vidre mas SiSs
klasikuri ganpirobebuloba
im daskvnamde, rom saWiroa klasikuri ganpiro- rebicaa reaqcia stresze da imunuri sistemis
funqcionireba.
bebulobis aRmofxvra imunuri sistemis Sesanar-
240
rom wamlis uaryofiTi efeqtebic ar gamovlin- imaze, Tu rogor cvlis qcevas dajildoeba da
deba ganpirobebulobis Sedegad. dasja, ukve erTi nabijiT win xarT operantuli
mkvlevrebs imedi aqvT, rom SeimuSaveben ganpirobebulobis sakiTxSi.
teqnikas, romelic ganavrcobs da gazrdis imunur
reaqciebs klasikuri ganpirobebulobis meSve-
obiT. Sejameba
mas Semdeg, rac pavlovma SemTxveviT aRmoaCina
saidan klasikuri ganpirobebulobis ZiriTadi prin-
viciT cipebi, mTeli Tavisi darCenili kariera im
specifikur cvladebs dauTmo, romlebic
imunuri reaqciis ganpirobebuli ganpirobebulobaze axdenen gavlenas. klasikur
gaumjobeseba ganpirobebulobaSi ganupirobebeli stimuli
mecnierebis jgufma Seqmna ganpirobebu- iwvevs refleqsur qcevas, romelsac ganupirobe-
lobis situacia, romelSic saxarinis gemo beli pasuxi, reaqcia ewodeba (unconditioned re-
dawyvilda lisozimTan, nivTierebasTan, sponse). manamde neitraluri, ganpirobebuli
romelic iwvevs reaqcias virTxis imunur stimulis ganupirobebel stimulTan Sewyvile-
sistemaSi. am paradigmaSi saxarini asru- bis Semdeg, ganpirobebuli stimuli iwvevs
lebda ganpirobebuli stimulis rols, ganpirobebul reaqcias. drois faqtors didi
xolo lisozimi ganupirobebeli stimu- mniSvneloba aqvs ganpirobebuli reaqciis SeZe-
lisas. dawyvileba mxolod erTxel moxda. nisaTvis. stimulis generalizacias maSin aqvs
miuxedavad amisa, rodesac virTxebis erT adgili, rodesac ganpirobebuli stimulis
jgufs saxariniT gazavebuli wamali mis- msgavsi gamRizianebeli ganpirobebul reaqcias
ces, magram lisozimis gareSe, maT orga- iwvevs. cxovelebis gawvrTna SesaZlebelia ise,
nizmebs hqondaT iseTive Zlieri imunuri rom maT gadalaxon generalizacia da SeZlon
reaqcia, rogoric meore jgufs, romelsac Sesatyvisi da Seusatyvisi ganpirobebuli sti-
mxolod lisizimi miewoda (Alvarez-Borda
241
gadavyavarT XX saukunis dasawyisSi.
kavSiri (S-R). amgvarad, katebma iswavles iseTi
reaqciis gamovlena, (magaliTad, Rilakze an
kvanZze kawvra) romelic gansazRvruli stimu-
lis pirobebSi (datyveveba labirinTSi) miiyvans
maT sasurvel miznamde (momentaluri Tavisuf-
leba). gaiTvaliswineT, rom S-R kavSiris daswav-
la TandaTanobiT moxda da, amasTan, cdisa da
Secdomis meTodiT. etapobrivad, is qcevebi,
romelTac dadebiTi Sedegi hqondaT, gaxSirda,
isini TandaTan iqcen dominantur reaqciebad,
rodesac cxoveli kvlav xvdeboda labirinTSi.
Torndaikma am kavSirs qcevasa da mis Sedegs
Soris efeqtis kanoni uwoda: reaqcia damakmayofi-
lebeli SedegiT iZens met albaTobas miznis
miRwevisas, vidre is reaqcia, romelic arasasu-
rvel Sedegs iwvevs.
suraTi
7.10
qcevis eqsperimentuli analizi
skinerma aiTvisa Torndaikis Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, rom garemo Sedegebi Zlier efeqts
axdens qcevaze. man SeimuSava kvlevis programa,
romlis mizanic iyo stimulis ganpirobebu-
lobis sistematuri variaciebis migneba, im meqa-
efeqtis kanoni nizmisa, romelic ganapirobebs gansazRvruli
qcevis did albaTobas sxvadasxva garemo
daaxloebiT imave dros, roca pavlovi mu-
pirobebSi.
Saobda ZaRlebTan klasikur ganpirobebulobaze,
eduard Torndaiki (Edward L. Thorndike, 1898) bunebrivi monacemebi qcevis mecnie-
akvirdeboda katebs, romlebsac unda epovaT rebaSi gansazRvruli qcevis gamovlinebaa
gamosasvleli yuTi-labirinTebidan (sur. 7.10). gansazRvrul dros. eqperimentuli ana-
Torndaikma male gamoaqveyna kidec Tavisi dak- lizi ikvlevs albaTobas sixSiris an
virvebebis Sedegebi da daskvnebi. Tavdapirvelad reaqciis xarisxis terminebiT. eqsperimen-
katebi ibrZvian mxolod datyvevebis winaaRmdeg, tuli analizis amocanaa, aRmoaCinos yve-
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
operantuli ganpirobe-
buloba Tqvens
cxovrebaSi
stimulad da igive reaqcia gamoiwvios. maga- kargad moqcevas, Tumca, dadebiTi gan-
liTad, mtredebi, romlebic gawvrTnes, rom diski mtkicebis gamo, SeZleba gaizardos sxva
mxolod mwvane Suqis SemTxvevaSi unda ekenkaT, qcevebis sixSire (ra qcevebi SeiZleba iyos
mainc akenkaven gansxvavebuli tonis mwvane Suqis es?).
SemTxvevaSic. analogiurad, Cven ganvazogadebT
rogor unda gansazRvroT konteqsti,
mwvanis sxvadasxva tonebs SuqniSanze.
romelSic qceva adekvaturi an ara-
adekvaturia? gvaxsovdeT, rom iSviaTad
ganmtkicebis albaTobis gamoyeneba gvinda qcevis yvela aspeqtisa da gamov-
lenis Secvla. gavixsenoT magaliTi, ro-
Tu mzad xarT, rom Tqveni codna samuSaod
melSic mSobels undoda bavSvis sasur-
gamoiyenoT, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi rCevebi:
veli qcevis gazrda klasSi. am SemTxvevaSi
rogor gansazRvravdiT im qcevas, romelic unda ganvsazRvroT diskriminaciuli sti-
gindaT, rom ganamtkicoT an CaaqroT? muli da vikvlioT, ramdenad farTod iq-
amisaTvis mizanSi amoiReT specifikuri neba sasurveli reaqcia ganzogadebuli
qceva, romlis sixSiris Secvlac gindaT. msgavs stimulze. Tu, magaliTad, bavSvma
246
cxrili
7.1
sampirobiani albaToba: damokidebuleba diskriminaciul stimuls, qcevasa da
Sedegs Soris
diskriminaciuli Sedegi
reaqcia
stimuli
gjeraT Tu ara, rom ,,gauw- vas Soris iyo. xalxuri sib- arasodes iyenebdnen fizikur
keplaoba bavSvs afuWebs~, anu rZnis sawinaaRmdegod, bevri dasjas. 68% bavSvebisa ityipe-
bavSvebi, romlebic zogjer Teoritikosis azriT, Tu mSob- bodnen dedebis mier. danarCeni
mainc ar gaiwkeplebian, sabo- lebi iyeneben fizikur agresias 26% ki ufro intensiurad is-
lood gafuWdebian? Tu Tqven Svilebis winaaRmdeg, im Sem- jeboda fizikurad, dedebi maT
am gamonaTqvamis gjeraT, Tqven TxvevaSic ki, Tu is gamoiyeneba an muStebiT urtyamdnen, an
emsgavsebiT amerikel mSobelTa araSesatyvisi qcevis Sesacvle- mujlugunebs wahkravdnen
umetesobas. 991 amerikeli mSob- lad, agresia gvevlineba bavSve- xolme.
lidan 35%-ma aRiara fizikuri bisaTvis qcevis modelad, rac dedebis gamokiTxvidan 6
dasjis (magaliTad, mityepa, situaciurad sxva individebis Tvis Semdeg, daakvirdnen am
Semortyma) gamoyeneba Tavis 1-2 qcevis kontrolSi vlindeba. ase bavSvebis urTierTobas Tana-
wlis SvilebTan, xolo 94% rom, savaraudod, bavSvebi saku- tolebTan. mkvlevrebma daa-
iyenebda fizikur dasjas Tavis Tari mSoblebisgan swavloben fiqsires bavSvebis agresia
3-4 wlis asakis bavSvebTan (Stra- fizikuri agresiis gamoyenebas Tanatolebis mimarT. maga-
us & Stewart;1999). mSobelTa sxva, (Cven ufro mets vityviT mode- liTad, roca isini braz-
449-kacian jgufSi mSoblebis lirebiT swavlis Sesaxeb mo- debodnen, dascinodnen an
93% TviTon isjebodnen bavSvo- gvianebiT, TavSi ,,dakvirvebiT scemdnen maT. TiToeuli bav-
baSi fizikurad da 87% eTan- swavla~). rogor gamovikvlioT Svi saaTobrivad iRebda qulas
xmeboda dasjis am formas (Bun- es hipoTeza? agresiuli qcevisaTvis. rac
tain-Ricklefs et al;1994). Tqven xedavT, erT-erT kvlevaSi, sadac in- ufro intensiur dasjas axor-
rom mityepa sakmaod xSirad dianasa da tenesis 273 sabavSvo cielebdnen mSoblebi, miT
dasjis meTodia da adamianebi, baRis aRsazrdeli monawile- ufro agresiulebi iyvnen maTi
ZiriTadad, iyeneben mas, rogorc obda, mSoblebs sTxoves, Se- Svilebi. es monacemebi gvar-
dasjis formas, magram ra aris evsoT kiTxvari imis Sesaxeb, wmunebs, rom bavSvebi agre-
dasjis am formis Sedegi? Tu fizikuri dasjis ra for- siul qcevas TavianTi mSob-
mkvlevrebma daiwyes amaze mebs iyenebdnen sakuTar bav- lebisgan daiswavlian. Tqven
pasuxis gacema im SesaZlo kav- SvebTan mimarTebaSi (Strassberg SeiZleba ifiqroT, rom es
Siris ZiebiT, rac mSoblebis et al;1994). aqcenti bavSvebis de- bavSvebi SeiZleba TavisTavad
mier fizikuri dasjis gamoyene- debze iyo gakeTebuli. bavSvebis iyvnen agresiulebi. sxva kvle-
basa da bavSvis agresiul qce- 6%-s hyavda dedebi, romlebic va gviCvenebs, rom es ase ar
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
254
ganxilvaze, romlebic daswavlis zogad kanonebs leba aris swored is SezRudva, rac saxeobas
SemosazRvraven. memkvidreobiT gadaecema. es iZulebebi SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes cxovelTa sensorul, qceviT
da kognitur unarTa mimarTebaSi. ganvixilavT
Sejameba kvlevis or sferos, romelic cxadyofs, rom
Torndaikisa da skineris mier aRmoCenili qceva-garemo kavSiri organizmis genotipiTaa
operantuli ganpirobebulobis meTodika marTavs ganpirobebuli _ instinqturi swrafva da gemos
organizmis qcevis Sedegebs ise, rom imoqmedos aversiiT swavla.
Zireul qcevaze. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ganmtki-
ceba zrdis qcevis gamovlenis albaTobas.
ganmasxvavebel stimulze muSaoba amcirebs instinqturi swrafva
generalizacias samizne qcevis miRma. ganpirobe-
cxadia, ginaxavT cxovelebi, romlebic
buli ganmamtkicebeli gacilebiT did gavlenas
aTasgvar ileTebs akeTeben. cirkSi da tele-
axdens adamianis qcevaze, vidre pirveladi ganmam-
ekranze. zogierTi cxoveli beisbols, ping-
tkicebeli. premakis principi gvamcnobs, rom
pongs TamaSobs, zogi manqanas atarebs. wlebis
metad albaTi aqtivoba SeiZleba iqnes gamo-
manZilze keler brelandi da marion brelandi
yenebuli naklebad albaTi aqtivobis gansamtki-
iyenebdnen operantuli ganpirobebulobis teq-
ceblad. ganmamtkicebelTa sxvadasxva cxrilebi
nikebs, rom gamoewvrTnaT aTasobiT sxvadasxva
reaqciaTa gansxvavebul paternebs gansazRvraven.
saxeobis cxoveli. brelandebs sjerodaT, rom
Seipingi moiTxovs, rom samizne qcevasTan
zogadi principebi, romlebic laboratoriuli
warmatebulad miaxloeba diferencialurad
kvlevebidan gamomdinareobda, realuradac
iqnes ganmtkicebuli.
imuSavebda da nebismieri reaqcia an jildo
niSnavda cxovelis kontrols laboratoriis
gareT.
biologia da daswavla Tumca, wvrTnis raRac etapze zogierTi
cxoveli cudad moqcevas~ iwyebda. magaliTad,
enoti iwvrTneboda, rom aeRo moneta, Caegdo
is Sexeduleba, rom daswavlis ZiriTadi yulabaSi da amiT gamoemuSavebina sakvebi, magram
principebi adamianebTan da cxovelebTan msgavsia, enoti maSinve ar iRebda monetas da ori monetis
pirvelad ingliselma filosofosma david iumma aRebis Semdeg ganpirobebuloba saerTod
(David Hume) 1748 wels wamoayena. man Tqva, rom wydeboda, anu enoti saerTod aRar iRebda
nebismieri Teoria, romliTac Cven gagebis monetebs. samagierod, is xeliT xexavda yvela
operaciebs vxsniT adamianSi, raRac damatebiT monetas erTad, tenida yulabaSi da Semdeg iqidan
mniSvnelobas SeiZens, Tu vnaxavT, rom igive iRebda. aris Tu ara es ucnauri? enotebs xSirad
fenomeni msgavsad aixsneba yvela danarCen axasiaTebT xexvisa da recxvis qceva, rodesac
cxovelTanac~ (Hume, 1748/1951, gv.104). maT sayvarel sakvebs moipoveben niJarebidan.
am Tvalsazrisis mimzidveli simartive amis msgavsad, rodesac Rorebs wvrTnidnen, raTa
kamaTis sagani gaxda, rodesac 1960-ian wlebSi gamomuSavebuli monetebi did yulabaSi CaeyaraT,
biologia da daswavla
fsiqologebma aRmoaCines sxvadasxva kanonzo- isini Zirs yridnen am monetebs, jer dingiT
mierebebi da SezRudvebi ganpirobebulobis ynosavdnen da mere haerSi agdebdnen. isev
ganzogadebasTan dakavSirebiT (Bailey & Bailey, 1993; ismis kiTxva, unda CaiTvalos Tu ara cxovelis
Garcia, 1993; Todd & Morris, 1992-1993). mesame Tavidan es qceva ucnaurad an sakvirvelad? Rorebi
Tqven ukve icnobT im ideas, rom cxovelebis zustad ase iqcevian saWmlis mopovebisas, radgan
ganviTareba iyo reaqcia gadarCenis saWiroebaze. qcevis es repertuari maT memkvidreobiT aqvT
bevri sxvaoba saxeobebs Soris swored adap- miRebuli.
taciiT SeiZleba aixsnas. zustad aseTive evo- aseTma gamocdilebam daarwmuna brelandebi,
luciuri perspeqtiviT vudgebiT daswavlis rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom raRac etapamde
unars (Leger, 1992). daswavlis biologiuri iZu- cxovelebma daiswavles operantuli reaqciebi,
255
daswavlili qceva iswrafvis instinqturi qce- davuSvaT, Tqven gTxoves, SeimuSaoT strategia
visaken droTa ganmavlobaSi. am tendencias maT ucnobi nivTierebebis degustaciisaTvis. Tqven
instinqturi swrafva uwodes (Breland & Breland, rom gqondeT virTxis qcevis memkvidruli
1951, 1961). cxovelebis qceva ar aixsneba operantu- paterni, am dros uaRresad frTxilad iqnebodiT.
li principebiT, magram savsebiT gasagebi xdeba, rodesac isini awydebian axal sakvebs an surnels,
Tuki am qcevas saxeobebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalian frTxiloben da Zalian patara raode-
memkvidruli qcevis paternebis konteqstSi nobas iReben gasasinjad. Tuki es nivTiereba
ganvixilavT. es tendencia cvlis qcevas, romelic maT arafers dauSavebs, Semdeg ubrundebian da
SemuSavebulia operantuli ganpirobebulobiT. miirTmeven. magram, Tu eqsperimentSi CavrTavT
cxovelTa swavlebis kvlevaTa umetesoba fo- iseT nivTierebas, romelic avad xdis virTxebs,
kusirebuli iyo Sesatyvisad misawvdomi stimu- maSin isini am nivTierebas arasdros aRar mieka-
lebisaTvis winaswari ganxilvis safuZvelze rebian. am fenomens ewodeba gemos aversiiT das-
SerCeul reaqciebze. brelandebis Teoria cxad- wavla. am genetikur unars _ sakvebis gasinjvas
yofs, rom SeuZlebelia daswavlis yvela as- da daswavlas, romeli sakvebia usafrTxo da
peqtis gakontroleba. qcevebi SeiZleba met- romelia toqsikuri, didi Rirebuleba aqvs.
naklebad advilad Sesacvleli iyos, rogorc gaixseneT Cxikvi lorenco. rogorc Cans, misTvis
cxovelis Cveulebrivi, genetikurad daprogra- Rvinis gemo aversiuli gaxda mas Semdeg, rac man
mebuli reaqcia garemoze. ganpirobebuloba maSin simTvraleSi~ gamoscada.
iqneba efeqturi, rodesac samizne reaqcia biolo- gemos aversiiT daswavla Zalze Zlieri meqa-
giurad aqtualuria cxovelisaTvis. magaliTad, nizmia. gansxvavebiT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis
ra cvlilebaa saWiro imisTvis, rom Rorma mon- sxva aspeqtebisagan, gemos aversiiT daswavla
eta yulabaSi Caagdos? Tu es qceva dawyvilebul mxolod erTjeradi dawyvilebiT xdeba. wyvil-
iqneba wylis miwodebasTan, mowyurebuli Rori deba ganpirobebuli stimuli (axali sakvebi/
bevrad swrafad daiswavlis am rutinas. surneli) da misi Sedegi (ganupirobebli stimu-
lis elementis, romelic, faqtobrivad, iwvevs
avadmyofobas Sedegi). es debuleba WeSmariti
gemos aversiiT daswavla rCeba didi droiTi intervalebis drosac (12
am wignis avtorebma ramdenime aRiareba unda saaTi da meti, dro, romlis SualedSi virTxa
gaakeTon: erT-erT maTgans dResac zaravs Roris iRebs nivTierebas da avad xdeba). sabolood,
xorcisa da muxudos Wamis warmodgenaze, xolo gansxvavebiT klasikurad ganpirobebuli asoci-
meores zustad aseTive reaqcia aqvs popkornze. aciebisagan, romlebic sakmaod myifea, gemos
Cven mZimed avad gavxdiT zemoT CamoTvlili aversiiT daswavla myari xdeba erTi gamocdile-
sakvebis miRebis Semdeg. nakleb savaraudoa, rom bis Semdegac. kidev erTxel, imisaTvis, rom
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
Cven avad am sakvebis gamo gavxdiT, Tumca, aseTi gavigoT klasikuri ganpirobebulobis normaTa
reaqcia mainc SemogvrCa. imisaTvis, rom avxsnaT darRvevebi, unda gaiTvaliswinoT is, Tu raoden
es fenomeni, mivmarToT isev cxovelebs. dramatulad moiTxoven es meqanizmebi gadarCenas.
jon garsiam, fsiqologma, romelmac pirvelad
daswavlis biologiuri iZuleba (Biological con- daafiqsira gemos aversiiT daswavla laborato-
straints on learning) nebismieri limiti organizmis
riaSi da misma kolegam, robert kolingma, es
daswavlis SesaZleblobaze, romelic gansa-
fenomeni gamoiyenes imisaTvis, rom TvalsaCino
zRvrulia erTi saxeobis individebis mem-
kvidruli sensorul-kognituri unarebiT. gaexadaT cxovelebis mzadyofna konkretuli
asociaciebis daswavlisaTvis. mkvlevrebma aR-
instinqturi swrafva (Instinctual drift) _ daswav-
lili qcevis tendencia, droTa ganmavlobaSi moaCines, rom zogierTi ganpirobebuli stimuli-
instinqtur qmedebaSi gadavides. ganupirobebeli stimuli kombinaciebi SeiZleba
gemos aversiiT daswavla (Taste-aversion learning) klasikurad iyos ganpirobebuli cxovelTa kon-
daswavlis biologiuri kanonzomiereba, kretul saxeobebSi.
romelSic organizmi swavlobs avadmyofobis
gamomwvevi sakvebisagan Tavis aridebas.
256
saidan
viciT
stimulisa da Sedegebis Tanxvdena
garsiasa da kolingis eqsperimentis pir-
vel fazaSi virTxebi jer ecnobodnen
situacias, romelSic milis alokva iwvevda
sam ganpirobebul stimuls: saxariniT Seza-
vebul wyals, xmaurs da Zlier sinaTles.
meore fazaSi, rodesac virTxebi mils
lokavdnen, maTi naxevari iRebda mxolod
tkbil wyals, xolo meore naxevari suraTi
7.14
xmaurs, sinaTles da sufTa wyals. Semdeg
orive jgufi daiyo: TiToeuli jgufis Tandayolili unarebi
erTi naxevari moxvda eleqtruli Sokis garsias da kolingis kvlevebma (1966) aCvena, rom
zemoqmedebis qveS, rac tkivils iwvevda, virTxebs aqvT Tandayolili unari, gansazRvruli
stimuli daakavSiron gansazRvrul SedegTan.
xolo meore naxevari ki radiaciuli virTxebi eridebodnen saxarins, roca is avad-
dasxivebis qveS, rac iwvevda avadmyofobasa myofobas moaswavebda da ara Soks da piriqiT _
da gulisrevas. wylis is raodenoba, ro- ferad wyalsac eridebodnen, radgan Soks moas-
wavebda da ar eridebodnen, rodesac mas avad-
melic virTxebma pirvel fazaSi dalies, myofoba mohyveboda.
Seadares meore fazaSi daleuli wylis
raodenobas. raodenoba sagrZnoblad mcir-
deboda, rodesac surnelovani wyali aso- rom koiotebma Sewyviton cxvris xocva, jon
cirdeboda avadmyofobasTan (gemos aversia) garsiam da misma kolegebma daawyves batknis
da rodesac xmauri da sinaTle asocir- toqsikuri xorci, romelic gaxveuli iyo cxvris
deboda tkivilTan. Tumca, qcevaSi mxolod tyavSi. toqsikuri xorciT koiotebi daavaddnen
patara cvlileba SeiniSneboda ori sxva da ganuviTardaT zizRi batknis xorcis mimarT.
pirobis SemTxvevaSi: rodesac surneli amis Semdeg cxvris danaxvaze isini Setevis
moaswavebda tkivils, an, rodesac Zlieri magivrad ukan ixevdnen.
sinaTle, xmauri da wyali moaswavebda gemos aversiis erT-erTi yvelaze seriozuli
avadmyofobas (ix. sur. 7.14). aspeqti Tavs iCens kiboTi daavadebul pacien-
tebSi, romlebic veRar uZleben Cveulebriv
sakvebs qimioTerapiisa da misgan gamowveuli
miRebuli Sedegebi cxadyofs, rom virTxebs
gulisrevis gamo.
aqvT Tandayolili unari, asociacia daamyaron
konkretul stimulsa da konkretul Sedegs
Soris (Garcia & Koelling, 1966). ganpirobebulobis saidan
zogierTi aspeqti, aqedan gamomdinare, damokide- viciT
bulia ara marto stimulsa da qcevas Soris
biologia da daswavla
suraTi
7.16
kategoriebis swavla mtredebTan
wvrTnis pirveli faza mtredebs aswavlis,
Tu romeli cneba erTiandeba msxvil kate-
goriaSi. meore faza aswavlis axal reaqcias
kategoriis cnebebis naxevarze. testirebis
faza aCvenebs generalizacias, romelsac
adgili aqvs axali kategoriis cnebebTan
mimarTebaSi (es erTi magaliTia sxvadasxva
mtredebTan stimulisa da reaqciis sxvadasxva
kombinaciisa).
261
adamianis mier dakvirvebiT daswavlis kla- teresoa, ra cvladebi gansazRvraven imas, Tu
sikur magaliTebs adgili hqonda albert ban- romeli modeli moaxdens gavlenas Cvenze?
duras laboratoriaSi. mas Semdeg, rac bavSvebma kvlevebma aCvena (Baldwin &Baldwin, 1973, Bandura,
uyures mozrdili modelis mier Tojinis cemas 1977), rom modeli gansakuTrebiT didi gavlenis
da Cqmetas, mogvianebiT maT igive qceva gamoam- mqonea, roca:
JRavnes. amasTan, sxva bavSvebma, romelTac ar adgili aqvs qcevis Sedegebis ganmtkicebas;
unaxavT es qceva, msgavsi agresia ar gamoavlines modeli aRiqmeba dadebiTad, moswonT da
(Bandura et al., 1963). kvlevebma aCvena, rom bavSvebi endobian;
agresiuli qcevis imitacias maSinac ki axdendnen, arsebobs msgavseba modelisa da damkvirveb-
roca multiplikaciur filmSi qcevas akvirde- lis Tvisebebs Soris;
bodnen. damkvirvebeli iRebs jildos modelis
amgvarad, Cven prosocialur (daxmarebis) da qcevaze yuradRebis miqcevisaTvis;
antisocialur (dazianebis) qcevas modelebze modelis qceva xiluli da TvalSisacemia
dakvirvebis Sedegad vswavlobT. amasTan, Cven is cxadad gamoirCeva sxva modelebisagan;
garSemo sakmaod bevri modeli arsebobs. sain- damkvirveblis kompetenturobis xarisxzea
damokidebuli qcevis wamowyeba.
mizezTa am CamonaTvalis gagebisaTvis, warmo-
idgineT sakuTari Tavi modelis situaciaSi da
naxavT, ra roli aqvs TiToeul erTeuls am
siidan. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom uyurebT
viRacas, vinc paraSutiT gadmoxtomas swavlobs;
an gaixseneT, rogor SeiZleba vinmem iswavlos
mafiis srulfasovan wevrad yofna mxolod
sxvaTa dakvirvebiT.
radgan xalxi ase efeqturad swavlobs mo-
delisagan, advili gasagebia televiziis didi
nawili ratom muSaobs swored qceviT gavlenaze:
axdens Tu ara gavlenas telemayureblebze is,
rasac uyureben televizorSi jildosa da
dasjis saxiT? gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqca
Zaladobis faqtebis Cvenebas televiziiT
mkvleloba, gaupatiureba, qurdoba, terorizmi
da TviTmkvleloba Sedegad ki bavSvebis da
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
263
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
daswavla imisTvis, rom adgili hqondes sacdeli aqtivobebi ise
daswavla iwvevs Sedare- klasikur ganpirobebulobas, funqcionirebs, rogorc
biT mudmiv cvlilebas saWiroa ganpirobebul da dadebiTi ganmtkiceba.DEGAD
qcvaSi an gamocdilebze ganupirobebel stimulTa qcevaze gavlenas ganmam-
damyarebul qceviT po- Soris uwyveti, informati- tkicebelTa Semdegi cxri-
tenciaSi. uli kavSiris arseboba. lebi axdenen: fiqsirebuli
bihevioristebs sjeraT, klasikuri ganpirobebuloba proporciis cxrili, vari-
rom qcevaTa umetesoba xsnis narkotikis mimarT abeluri proporciis cxri-
SesaZloa axsnil iqnes tolerantulobas da mraval li, fiqsirebuli interva-
daswavlis martivi pro- emociur reaqcias. igi aseve lis da variabeluri in-
cedurebiT. gamoyenebul iqna imunuri tervalis cxrilebi.
maT aseve sjeraT, rom ne- sistemis funqcionirebis kompleqsuri reaqciebi Se-
bismieri cocxali orga- Sesacvlelad. saZloa Seipingis Sedegad
nizmisTvis daswavlis iqnes daswavlili.
erTnairi principebia ga- operantuli ganpiro-
mosadegi. bebuloba: swavleba biologia da daswavla
Sedegebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis mixedviT daswav-
klasikuri ganpiro- Torndaikma aCvena, rom kom- la SesaZloa konstruire-
bebuloba: daswavlis fortuli, sasiamovno Sede- bul iqnes saxeobis speci-
ganmsazRvreli gebis gamomwvev qcevebs aqvT fikurobidan gamomdinare.
niSnebi gameorebis tendencia. instiqtebma SeiZleba zog-
klasikur ganpirobebulo- skineris qceviT-analizuri jer gadasZalos Sedegi-
baSi pirveli wvlili midgoba eyrdnoba ganmamtki- ganmtkicebis procesi.
pavlovma Seitana Semdegi ceblis ganpirobebulobiT gemos aversiiT daswavlis
aRmoCeniT: ganupirobe- manipulirebas da qcevaze am mixedviT, zogierTi saxeoba
beli stimuli ganupi- gavlenis Seswavlas. genetikurad mzadaa asocia-
robebel reaqcias iwvevs. qcevebis umetesoba dadebiTi ciis zogierTi formebis-
ganupirobebel stimul- da uaryofiTi ganmtkicebis Tvis.
Tan dawyvilebuli neit- Sedegad yalibdeba. da nak-
raluri stimuli gan- lebad yalibdeba dadebiTi kogniciis gavlena
pirobebul stimulad an uaryofiTi dasjis Sede- daswavlaze
Tavi 7 / daswavla da qceviTi analizi
gad.
gadaiqceva, romelic daswavlis zogierTi forma
Tavis mxriv iwvevs ganpi- konteqstualurad Sesatyvisi
ufro rTul, kompleqsur
robebul reaqcias. qceva aixsneba Semdegi gan-
procesebs asaxavs, vidre
Caqrobas maSin aqvs ad- pirobebulobiT: ganmasxva-
klasikuri an operantuli
gili, roca ganupirobebe- vebeli stimuli qceva _
ganpirobebulobaa.
qcevis Sedegi.
li stimuli aRar mohyveba cxovelebi kognitur rukebs
ganpirobebul stimuls. pirveladi ganmamtkiceblebi
SeimuSaveben da Semdeg maT
stimulis generalizacia is stimulebia, romlebic
rTul garemoSi funqcio-
movlenaa, roca ganpiro- ganmamtkiceblad gvevline-
nirebisTvis iyeneben.
bian maSinac ki, roca or-
bebuli stimulis msgavsi konceptualuri qceva sa-
stimuli iwvevs ganpiro- ganizms maTTan dakavSirebiT
Sualebas aZlevs cxovelebs,
bebul reaqcias. aranairi gamocdileba ar
generalizeba moaxdinon ga-
ganmasxvavebeli daswavla hqonia. ganpirobebuli gan-
remos struqturis Sesaxeb.
mamtkiceblebi pirvelad
aviwroebs im ganpirobe- qcevebi xan waxalisdeba da
buli stimulebis speqtrs, ganmamtkiceblebTan asocire-
xan isjeba. adamianebs da
romlebzec reagirebs biT formirdeba.
cxovelebs dakvirvebiT
organizmi.
264
swavla SeuZliaT.
264
spontanuri aRdgena dadebiTi damsjeli
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi stimulis generalizeba uaryofiTi damsjeli
stimulis diskriminacia diskriminaciuli stimuli
ganpirobebuloba blokireba pirveladi
daswavla efeqtis kanoni ganmamtkicebeli
klasikuri operantuli pirobiTi ganmamtkicebeli
ganpirobebuloba ganpirobebuloba fiqsirebuli intervalis
refleqsi operantuli qceva cxrili
ganupirobebeli stimuli pirobiTi ganmtkiceba cvalebadi intervalis
ganupirobebeli reaqcia ganmamtkicebeli cxrili
ganpirobebuli stimuli dadebiTi ganmtkiceba daswavlis biologiuri
ganpirobebuli reaqcia uaryofiTi ganmtkiceba iZuleba
SeZena operantulobis Caqroba instinqturi swrafva
Caqroba damsjeli
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
265
mexsiereba
8
ra aris mexsiereba
ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas mexsierebis
tipebi mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
eqo-mexsiereba
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac
win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan. azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma? nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulod- gareSe?
nelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqri-
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,
ra aris mexsiereba?
ra aris mexsiereba
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxov- fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac
rebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vime- mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.
dovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalri- ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
cxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvle-
vebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis, aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebin-
268 Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari. ghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tan- sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo
xmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda, saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro daswavlas naklebi dro.
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals
saidan
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvle- viciT
vari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqspe-
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
rimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda). Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi 9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xel-
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis meored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficien-
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo ti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am pro-
damokidebuli. ceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvave-
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro bul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Sena-
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT, xuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, ro-
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToe- melic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.
uli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili peri- rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
odulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aR- dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi
dgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gan- yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
sxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im rao- ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdeni-
denobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkri- me aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro
vis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni- marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, ro-
melTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlev-
rebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxe-
obaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs
ra aris mexsiereba?
adgili.
suraTi
8.1 mexsierebis tipebi
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoye- romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _
nebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio
269
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,
suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magi-
didan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-
Savebaa, romelic baWias samza-
reulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven ara-
unda iyos? cnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspli-
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
citurad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimax-
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da sovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
270 aRdgena.
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,
rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsie-
rebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperi-
mentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxso-
mebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanon-
zomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi impli-
cituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis (Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb dekla-
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da raciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqti-
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc vobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth., ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi. procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
mexsiereba
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT; nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daat- darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris
kacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxis- akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT dekla-
mgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT raciuli faqtebiT:
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake- Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da im- Semdeg isev 3
plicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi da a.S.
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba, magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba, akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac, cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime, erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa. am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Ander-
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da son, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT
ra aris mexsiereba?
273
suraTi
8.4
ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelo-
biTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.
274
7 1 V F Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
X L 5 3 Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan
B 4 W 7 erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvave-
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan in-
buli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTli-
formaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
anad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRed-
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad
ginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZ-
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi sam-
lebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daax-
yarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad
loebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawi-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba
lobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fo-
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda daba-
tografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa
li, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daad-
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,
gina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkri-
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams
vis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am
da aRwers mas. xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT 1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofile-
aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebis- beli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
mieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis eqo-mexsiereba
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xati-
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac
seburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis
suraTi
8.5
sensoruli mexsiereba
275
macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizi-
gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al., kuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davu- wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
kavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT wina- da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba
dadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba, Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras. sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniS- saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens
vnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeb-
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaad- lebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi-
gilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavi- Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba
danve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgav- sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba
seba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo- asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaR-
mexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve mdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdi-
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi lebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, ro-
meli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqo- Sejameba
mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aj-
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis
gufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamo-
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba
cdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis
saidan informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,
viciT
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo- mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad
mexsierebaze arRvevs.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulving-
ma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demon-
strireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi miiRes.
saidan
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wese-
viciT bis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _ cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamow-
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa veva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaci- da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba
ebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%- meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair
is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 % masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan
aRadgines. da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tan-
mxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
suraTi
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,
285
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi informacia mata-
reblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis ana-
logiurad, SegiZliaT ifiq-
roT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli in-
formacia erTmaneTzea mWid-
rod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli lian-
dagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTma-
neTisgan proporciulad da-
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.
daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daad- vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: ramdenad
gines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder, me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel-
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT dabo-
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze loebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizua-
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi luri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)? rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gan- Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis
sxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqve- ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom
ni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiT-
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT qos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997; sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva- rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolos-
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position gan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla war-
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis pro- moidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi
cesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasa-
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis
wyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirve-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
interferencia
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri
pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, maga-
liTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnile- mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel
baa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli in- scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,
formacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:
vaSli qurdi
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis
qudi wre
dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsie-
Tagvi Jurnali
rebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT
velosipedi saxuravi
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniS-
burTi bavSvi
neblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros
yuri centi
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im mov- wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan
lenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvi-
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili lebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswav-
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis lilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amoca-
nebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo si-
tyvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implici-
turi testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
rimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri rebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.
mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxva-
vebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi arastruqturuli informaciis
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixed-
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
viT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva) gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
292 daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex-
siereba meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi
daiviwyoT. qveTavi fsiqologia Cvens cxov- warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi
rebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT, radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba, verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSa- iZleva (Paivio, 1972).
vebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleb-
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram lobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT. rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme
informacias. gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erT-
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyid- droulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad
velad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram, gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: mwvane erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2 Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadama-
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs muSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvile- mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT
buli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT. liza~, TqviT _ icinis, rogorc mona liza~.
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,
mnemonika
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelo- mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa
bas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia. specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba, moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos. xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWd-
vas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
lokusis meTodi
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgi-
lebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).
sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis gens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxve-
aRdgena. bia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an vici.
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo
294 mexsierebis Semecneba.
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
296
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da ambobdeT: _ es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings. miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveuleb-
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba rivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqtu-
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri raSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis spe- mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
cifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
tipuri da zustia. urTierTobis procesSi.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT
struqturebi im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umrav- agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
les SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad, bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze? amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav- individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsie-
unari erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
rebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb, _ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazi-
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
suri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsene- 1981).
baSi. Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
mexsierebis struqturebi dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqle-
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi misTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis
Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi 1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa. yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Saf-
300 moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego- ranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis rep-
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es, rezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sa-
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba). recxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans, moebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamo- waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
naTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: gaixseneT, zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
_ korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~. moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
304 arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, ro-
desac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxva-
aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT vebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
mowmis mexsiereba. Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
mowmis mexsiereba
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ Tqvas & Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari, dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT, ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles elementebis gavleniT.
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZi- Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
ebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa, aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrun- dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
velyofs. safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamoc-
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT. dilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: ramdenad aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~ erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: ra siCqa- adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
riT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er- gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
ekiTxebodnen: dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
305
ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviC- amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi nas-
venes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis wavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas, qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi infor- nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsie-
maciis gavleniT. rebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
mexsierebis biologiuri leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis loka-
aspeqtebi lizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedve-
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic lobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiro-
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda mecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom, informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sis-
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT temaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskre-
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic tuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxo-
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia lod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Marko-
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas? witsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom struqturas:
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
naTxemi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeo-
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
rebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZle-
zoliani sxeuli wina tvinis kompleqsuri
beli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da stimuli-
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
reaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia senso-
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
ruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
engramis ZiebaSi
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven- daxsomebaze.
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, Seva-
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
mowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri kor-
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
teqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gada-
saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi cemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gai-
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben. meorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacien-
tebiT, radgan bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian
amnezia aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axal- adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSu-
gazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis aleba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
cxovreba. ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli procedu-
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda. ruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsie-
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda reba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganag- eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
rZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana. naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo ubnebia CarTuli.
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
307
axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa, is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi
romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Se- mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,
degad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gan-
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _ sxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa
implicituri (Squire, 1992). da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ medicina
saidan
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT
viciT moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobie-
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba rebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis
daculia SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileob- Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis
dnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi) romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi. gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa aris ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. percep-
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emo- tul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar
ciuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva mos- hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.
wondaT da romeli ara. maTi mexsie- es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
rebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests. mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSob-
da, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wa- tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
kiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogo- fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves
nebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZ-
et al., 1984). liaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PET-
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis skanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma
sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gav- kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
lenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodi-
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs. rebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevar-
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba sfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992). gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis stan-
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis dartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
ar irRveva. gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
308 aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZ- gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
lierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri (magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvao- Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
bebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri
aRmoaCines. rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI) ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: -
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsie- prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli
rebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvne- (hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi
lovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997). iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis
saidan
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
viciT safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimen- kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis
tebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da eva- Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
lebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ seman- fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,
tikuri: _ es sityva, (magaliTad, skami~, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
an siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu kon- momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did
kretuli?~ an perceptuli _ es sityva, warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis proce-
(magaliTad, ndoba~ an wigni~) fanqriT sebis kvlevaSi.
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcio-
naluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis Sejameba
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodire-
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc
bis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
Tavi 3).
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifi-
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa
kuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa
biologiuri safuZvlebi.
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
309
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebis mo- lebs mxolod Sesabamis
kognituri fsiqolo- culoba SeiZleba gaizardos informaciasTan (mexsiere-
giis warmomadgenlebi dasaxsomebeli wevrebis basTan) ar mivyavarT.
ganixilaven mexsierebas, azrian jgufebad dalagebis rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-
rogorc informaciis Sedegad. Savebuli informacia, miT
gadamuSavebis process. aRdgenis procesi xanmokle ukeTesia daxsomeba.
mexsiereba, romelic moi- mexsierebidan efeqturad implicituri mexsierebis-
Txovs cnobier Zalisxme- xorcieldeba. Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
vas, aris eqsplicituri. muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba kodirebis da aRdgenis pro-
aracnobieri mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebas moi- cesebi msgavsi iyos.
implicituria. cavs. mexsiereba SeiZleba gavium-
deklaraciuli mexsie- muSa mexsierebis sami kompo- jobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
reba uzrunvelyofs faq- nenti xels uwyobs gare samya- ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
tebis daxsomebas. proce- rodan gamocdilebis yovel- xerxebiT.
duruli mexsiereba ki wuTier asaxvas. Cveulebriv, darwmunebu-
unarebis SemuSavebas. lobis gancdas zustad SeuZ-
mexsierebas xSirad gani- lia mexsierebaSi infor-
xilaven, rogorc kodi-
xangrZlivi mexsiereba. maciis arsebobis winaswar-
rebis, Senaxvis da aRdge-
kodireba da aRdgena metyveleba.
nis samsafexurian pro- xangrZlivi mexsiereba moi-
cess. cavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis xangrZlivi mexsiere-
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganu- bis struqturebi
sensoruli mexsiereba sazRvreli moculobisaa. cnebebi aris azrovnebis-
sensoruli mexsierebis Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris Tvis mexsierebis saSeni
sistema didi moculobis, pirobaa kodirebisa da aR- agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
magram Zalian mcire xan- dgenis pirobebis damTxveva. xdeba, rodesac mexsiere-
grZlivobisaa. swavlisa da aRdgenis kon- baSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
xatiseburi mexsiereba teqstebs Soris damTxveva niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
mxedvelobiT vels wa- ganapirobebs aRdgenas. an azrTa jgufebi.
mebis ganmavlobaSi aCe- adgilmdebareobis mrudis prototipi warmoadgens
rebs. Tavisebureba aixsneba kon- cnebis saSualo egzem-
eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam- teqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT. plars.
Rizianeblebs inaxavs. mogonebis mimniSneblebi cnebebi xSirad ierarqi-
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mex- ulad arian dalagebulni
sierebaSi informaciis mo- zogadidan kerZosaken.
xanmokle mexsiereba Zebnas. sqema ufro zogadi kog-
da muSa mexsiereba epizodur mexsierebas iseTi nituri klasteria.
xanmokle mexsierebas Se- movlenebis daxsomebasTan mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
zRuduli moculoba aqvs aqvs saqme, romlebic pi- struqtura gamoiyeneba axa-
da swrafad qreba gan- rovnebis subieqtur gamoc- li informaciis molodi-
meorebis SesaZleblobis dilebaSi monawileobdnen. nebisa da interpretaciis
ararsebobis pirobebSi. semantikuri mexsiereba si- konteqstisTvis.
ganmeoreba masalas xan- tyvebisa da cnebebis ar- mogoneba mxolod angariSi
mokle mexsierebaSi aCe- sebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesa- ar aris, is rekonstruq-
rebs. xeb mexsierebaa. ciuli da seleqciuri pro-
interferencias maSin aqvs cesia.
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
310
310
wina gamocdileba da tvinis skanirebis teqnikam gadamuSavebis doneebis
miznebi gavlenas axdens udidesi roli Seasrula Teoria
mogonebaze. mexsierebis kodirebis da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
axalma informaciam SeiZ- aRdgenis procesebSi tvi- mexsiereba
leba Secvalos mogoneba nis monawileobis Sesaxeb metamexsiereba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba codnis mopovebaSi. mnemonika
arasando gaxados, Tu mas dasawyisis efeqti
axali movlenis Semdgo- praimingi
mi informacia Seereva. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi proceduruli mexsiereba
amnezia prototipi
bazisuri done mogoneba
mexsierebis biolo- dajgufeba mwkrivis daboloebis
giuri aspeqtebi cnebebi efeqti
konteqstis mixedviT
tvinis gansxvavebuli cnoba
gansxvaveba rekonstruqciuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
deklaraciuli mexsiereba mexsiereba
amigdalas, cerebelumis
eqo-mexsiereba aRdgena
da cerebruli korteq-
gadamamuSavebeli mimniSneblebi
sis CarTviT) monawile-
ganmeoreba sqemebi
oben sxvadasva tipis
kodireba semantikuri mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi.
kodirebis specifikuroba
eqsperimentebi amneziis sensoruli mexsiereba
engrama adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mqone pacientebze daex-
epizoduri mexsiereba
mara mkvlevrebs imis xanmokle mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor sacavi
gamoyeneba
xdeba gansxvavebuli ti- gadatanis Sesabamisi
xatiseburi mexsiereba
pis mexsierebis Camoya- gadamuSaveba
mexsierebis implicituri
libeba da tvinSi maTi muSa mexsiereba
gamoyeneba
ganawileba.
interferencia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
311
311
kognituri procesebi
9
kognituri procesebis
Seswavla
fsiqikuri procesebis
aRmoCena
fsiqikuri procesebi da
resursebii
metyveleba
eqspresiuli metyveleba
impresiuli metyveleba
metyveleba, azrovneba
da kultura
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: SeuZliaT Tu ara
cxovelebs enis Seswavla
vizualuri Semecneba
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
gamoyeneba
verbaluri da
vizualuri
reprezentaciebis
kombinireba
problemis gadaWra da
azrovneba
problemis gadawyveta
deduqciuri azrovneba
induqciuri azrovneba
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis
miReba
evristika da msjeloba
gadawyvetilebis miRebis
fsiqologia
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi
312
r odesac TojiniT vTamaSobdi, mi-
sis salivanma [elen keleris
maswavlebeli] xelze damawera
sityva `T-o-j-i-n-a~ (doll). me damainteresa TiTebis
am TamaSma da Sevecade gamemeorebina... ar vicodi,
Cemma maswavlebelma xeli wylis nakadSi Cama-
yofina. roca erT xelze civi wylis nakadi
Semexo, man meore xelis gulze damawera sityva
`wyali~ jer nela, Semdeg ufro swrafad. me
wynarad vijeqi da mTeli gulisyuriT Sevig-
rZnobdi misis salivanis TiTebis moZraobas.
rom vambobdi sityvas; saerTod ar vicodi, rom
sityva arsebobs, me ubralod TiTebiT vTa- uecrad dameufla bundovani amaRelvebeli
maSobdi. gancda, TiTqos raRac daviwyebuli brundeboda;
erTxel, rodesac axali TojiniT vTamaSobdi, da rogorRac enis saidumlos farda aexada. maSin
misis salivanma aiRo Cemi Zveli Tojina, Camisva mivxvdi, rom `w-y-a-l-i~ aris is mSvenieri grili
kalTaSi da aso-aso miTxra `T-o-j-i-n-a~ da See- raRac, xelebze rom mexeboda. am cocxalma si-
cada mivexvedrebine, rom orive `T-o-j-i-n-a~ iyo. tyvam gamoafxizla Cemi suli, mianiWa mas sinaTle,
manamde, cota xniT adre, veWidavebodiT sityvebs imedi, sixaruli da Tavisufleba. Tumca, siZne-
`t-a-l-a-x-i~ da `w-y-a-l-i~. misis salivani cdi- leebi amiT ar dasrulebula, magram es siZneleebi
lobda, mivexvedrebine, rom `t-a-l-a-x-i~ aris ukve advilad gvardeboda.
talaxi da `w-y-a-l-i~ aris wyali, magram me es saxli swavlis dauokebeli surviliT
kvlav mereoda es ori... davtove. ukve yvelafers hqonda Tavisi saxeli
Cven saxlis garSemo biliks mivuyvebodiT da da TiToeuli axal azrs badebda. saxlSi dab-
mcenaris surneliT vtkbebodiT, romelic saxlis runebisas yvela sagani, romelsac ki vexebodi,
kedlebs faravda. viRac wyals avsebda. sicocxliT iyo gamsWvaluli (Keller, 1902/1990,
gv.15-16).
fiqri da
grZnoba ena inteleqti yuradReba mexsiereba problemebis
gadaWra
suraTi
9.1
kognituri fsiqologiis sfero
kognituri fsiqologebi Seiswavlian umaRlesi fsiqikuri funqciebis Semdeg sakiTxebs: _ rogor xdeba
adamianis mier codnis SeZena da am codnis gamoyeneba garemos gagebisa da gardaqmnis mizniT.
saWiroebs (xolo pasuxis arCeva ar iqneba saWiro, Zieba moiTxovs TiToeuli elementis seriul
rogorc es dondersma gaakeTa), maSin Tqven gadamuSavebas. Semowmeba unda moxdes cal-calke,
SegiZliaT mianiWoT ricxvebi _ garkveuli dro erTimeoris miyolebiT.
_ calkeul process. amgvarad, SesaZloa, sti- procesebis paraleluri Tu seriuli mimdi-
mulis kategorizacias sWirdebodes 100 miliwami nareobis identifikaciis mizniT fsiqologebi
(wamis measedi), xolo pasuxis arCevas _ 150 xSirad iyeneben reaqciis dros, Tumca, 9.3
miliwami. suraTis me-3 nawilSi mocemuli magaliTi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi momuSave specialis- dagarwmunebT, rom es meTodi yovelTvis ar
tebi aRar iyeneben gamoklebis meTods, radganac amarTlebs. warmoidgineT, rom gvaqvs davaleba,
nebismieri procesisaTvis saWiro dro damokide- romelic, savaraudod, or process moicavs. Tu
bulia davalebis detalebze. Tumca, mkvlevrebi Cven gvecodineba mxolod am procesebis
mihyvebian dondersis ZiriTad logikas. isini mimdinareobis dro, verasodes ganvsazRvravT
316
suraTi
9.3
umaRlesi kognituri
procesebis analizi
kognituri fsiqologebi cdiloben, gan-
sazRvron im fsiqikuri procesebis iden-
turoba da organizacia, romlebic umaR-
lesi kognituri procesebis (maRali donis
kognituri aqtivobebis) saSen masalas
warmoadgenen;
(A) dondersis davalebis avtoriseuli
versia moiTxovs, rom, sul cota, 3 procesi
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes;
(B) zogierTi procesi mimdinareobs se-
riulad, anu Tanmimdevrulad; zogierTi
ki erTdroulad, erTmaneTis paralelurad;
(C) davalebis Sesrulebaze daxarjuli
dro yovelTvis ar aZlevs mkvlevrebs
saSualebas, gansazRvron procesebis para-
leluri Tu seriuli mimdinareoba.
erTze meti kontrolirebadi procesis ganxor- cxrilSi ricxvebs Soris gansxvaveba. mi-
cieleba Zalian rTulia, radganac isini ufro Rebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, cdis pirebs
met resurss moiTxoven; avtomaturi procesebis bevrad ufro uWirT, roca ricxvebi axlos
Sesruleba ki SesaZlebelia sxva davalebis mdgomni arian (magaliTad, 1-2) vidre maSin,
roca maT Soris didi intervalia (magali-
Tad, rva-erTi), ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra
kontrolirebadi procesebi (Controlled processes)
formiTaa cifrebi mocemuli _ arabuliT
_ procesebi, romlebic moiTxoven yuradRebas;
xSirad rTulia erTdroulad erTze meti Tu sityvebiT. miaqcieT yuradReba, rom
kontrolirebadi procesis erTd ganxorcieleba. pirvel siaSi mocemulia gansxvavebuli
avtomaturi procesebi (Automatic processes) _ wyvilebi, romelTa Sorisac mcire inter-
procesebi, romlebic ar moiTxoven yuradRebas, valebia, xolo meore siaSi mocemul wyvi-
maTi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia sxva moqme- lebs Soris intervali didia, amitom
318 debis paralelurad. pirveli sia ufro Zneli unda yofiliyo.
magram, ratom unda moexdina ricxvebis axla Tqven xvdebiT fsiqikuri procesebis
siaxloves gavlena maTi fizikuri msgav- logikas. rTuli saazrovno amocanebis gadaWris
sebis gansazRvraze? erTi-ori da erTi- mimdinareobis axsnis mizniT, Teoretikosebi
cxra fizikuri gansxvavebulobis xarisxis gvTavazoben modelebs, romlebSic kombini-
mixedviT TiTqmis identuria. mkvlevrebi rebulia rogorc seriuli da paraleluri, ise
varaudoben, rom, rodesac xedavT 2-1 an kontrolirebadi da avtomaturi procesebi.
ori, Zalauneburad fiqrobT Sesabamis kognitur-fsiqologiur kvlevaTa umravlesobis
raodenobaze, maSinac ki, rodesac es xels mizania iseTi eqsperimentuli situaciis Seqmna,
uSlis davalebis Sesrulebas. am dros romelic daadasturebs aseTi modelebis TiTo-
xdeba ricxvis mniSvnelobis avtomaturi euli komponentis arsebobas. axla, rodesac
Sefaseba, miuxedavad imisa, rom, es ar ukve naTelia kognitur-fsiqologiuri kvlevis
gvWirdeba an ar gvinda (Dohaene & Akhavein, logika fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlisas, droa
1995). gadavideT ufro konkretul sakiTxebze. Cven
saSualeba gveqneba, ganvixiloT konkretuli
kognituri procesebi muSaobis procesSi. davi-
bavSvobidan, albaT, gaxsovT, rogor eufle-
wyebT metyvelebis gamoyenebiT.
bodiT raodenobas da ricxvis cnebebs. axla
kavSiri ricxvsa da raodenobas Soris imdenad
avtomaturi gaxda, rom misgan Tavis daRweva
TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. zemoT moyvanili Sejameba
davalebidan Cans, rom avtomaturi procesebi
kognitur fsiqologiaSi da kognitur mecnie-
mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli mexsierebis
rebaSi momuSave specialistebi Seiswavlian
efeqtur gamoyenebaze (Logan, 1988,1992). iqneba
fsiqikur procesebsa da struqturebs, romlebic
obieqti 2~ Tu ori~ aRqmulis mexsierebaSi
saSualebas aZlevs adamians, gamoiyenos ena,
gadamuSaveba uzrunvelyofs informacias rao-
gadaWras problema da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
denobis Sesaxeb.
dondersma pirvelma Seqmna kognituri davalebis
axla es informacia kontrolirebadi da
calkeul Semadgenel procesebad gaanalizebis
avtomaturi procesebis Sesaxeb, gamoviyenoT
meTodi. Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi fsiqikuri
erTdrouli siarulisa da saubris situaciis
aqtivobis komponentebis gansazRvris mizniT
gansaxilvelad. swor gzaze siarulis dros
Seiswavlian seriuli da paraleluri procesebis
ori moqmedeba xels ar uSlis erTmaneTs, rac
komponentebs, sxvadasxva donis avtomatur da
imaze miuTiTebs, rom swor gzaze siaruli da
kontrolirebad procesebs.
laparaki SedarebiT avtomaturi aqtivobebia;
Tumca, gubeebis gamoCenisTanave situacia ic-
vleba, rac gaiZulebT gzis mravali varian-
tidan airCioT erT-erTi _ unda gadawyvitoT,
metyveleba
saiT waxvideT da ra TqvaT.
radganac Tqven ar SegiZliaT orive moqme- SuaRamea da karze viRac akakunebs. kars aRebT
debis erTdroulad Sesruleba, Tqveni yurad- da iq aravin aris; ucbad SeamCnieT, rom Zirs
Reba CixSi eqceva~ (Pashler, 1992,4). konverti devs, konvertSi ki furcelia, romel-
es magaliTi cxadyofs, ratom xdeba kontro- zec weria: kata xaliCazea~. ras geubnebaT es
lirebadi da avtomaturi procesebis xarisxis Setyobineba? ra SegviZlia SevcvaloT, rom es
da ara zusti kategoriebis mixedviT gansazRvra. Setyobineba gasagebi gaxdes TqvenTvis? am
metyveleba
pirobebis garTulebis SemTxvevaSi is, rac SemTxvevaSi yvelaze advilia, mogawodoT Sesa-
avtomaturi iyo, ukve yuradRebis kontrols bamisi konteqsti. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven sai-
saWiroebs. amgvarad, konteqstidan gamomdinare, dumlo agenti xarT da instruqciebs yovel-
esa Tu is procesi SeiZleba met-nakleb yurad- Tvis aseTi ucnauri saxiT iRebT. maSin Tqven
Rebas iTxovdes. gecodinebaT, rom kata~ aris Tqveni kontaqti,
319
xolo xaliCaze yofna~ sabrZolo adgils
niSnavs, e.i. Tqven unda waxvideT.
magram imisaTvis, rom fraza _ kata xali-
Cazea~ _ gasagebi iyos, sulac ar aris auci-
lebeli, saidumlo agenti iyoT. mas SeiZleba
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba hqondes.
warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni kata xaliCaze
karis win mxolod maSin wveba da gelodebaT,
roca gareT gasvla surs. rodesac Tqven Tqveni
ojaxis romelime wevrs eubnebiT kata xali-
Cazea~, Tqven gulisxmobT: _ SegiZlia, kata
gareT gauSva?~
warmoidgineT, rom Tqvens megobars surs suraTi
9.4
manqanis gamoyvana farexidan da SiSobs, radgan
ar icis, sad aris kata. am dros Tqven eubnebiT: eqspresiuli metyveleba
kata xaliCazea~ da am sityvebSi gulisxmobT, SegiZliaT aRuweroT suraTi Tqvens megobars?
rom katas safrTxe ar emuqreba da mas SeuZlia ras SecvlidiT, Tqveni megobari rom brma
manqanis gamoyvana. iyos?
5. Cans Tu ara qvemoT mocemul dialogSi, ramdenad iyenebs daTo graisis aqsiomebs?
giorgi: yofilxar niu-iorkSi? ar vici ratom mekiTxeba, amitom, albaT, ufro meti
daTo: erTxel, 1992 wels. unda vuTxra, vidre, ubralod `ho~.
giorgi: wasvlas vapireb, magram meSinia ar ver vetyvi, rom sanerviulo araferi aqvs, mainc ar
gamZarcvon. damijerebs. ra SeiZleba vuTxra iseTi, rac
daTo: Cemi azriT, iq bevri usafrTxo adgilia. simarTles hgavs da Tanac daamSvidebs?
Tu vetyvi, rom sastumroSi ar gavCerebulvar,
giorgi: sastumro rogori iyo?
SeiZleba ifiqros, rom sxvagan gavaTie Rame. iseTi
daTo: RamiT ar davrCenilvarT.
ram unda vuTxra, rac gasagebs gaxdis, ratom ar
SemiZlia kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema.
wasvla ar minda, magram ar minda uaris Tqma uxeSad
giorgi: ar ginda, erTad wavideT?
gamomivides. mixvdeba giorgi, rom Tavs varideb?
daTo: ar vici, unda vnaxo, ramdenad SevZleb
(Tavis daZvrenas vcdilob)
wamosvlas.
giorgi: aa . . .
gaeba maxeSi.
daTo: hm
Cven ganvixileT zogierTi faqtori, romelic da giorgis dedas gadasces daxmareba~ _ ori
ganapirobebs ama Tu im gamonaTqvamis warmoTqmas gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobis SedarebiT rTuli
da zogierTi procesi, romelic xels uwyobs struqtura. II nawilSi gakeTebuli analizis
maT aqtivizacias. axla ki SevexoT msmenelebs, mixedviT, fraza `ninos da giorgis~ exeba dedas,
romlebic mosaubris mier nagulisxmev azrs erT adamians _ ori bavSvis dedas gadasces
igeben. daxmareba. III nawilSi warmodgenili analizis
mixedviT, winadadebaSi gamoyofilia ori qvem-
debare _ `ninos~ da `giorgis dedas~, e.i. or
impresiuli metyveleba adamians gadasces daxmareba. romeli mniSvnelo-
warmoidgineT, rom mosaubre ambobs: `kata biT igebT winadadebas, rodesac mas pirvelad
xaliCazea.~ Tqven ukve iciT, rom, konteqstidan kiTxulobT? rogorc xedavT, am SemTxvevaSic
324 gamomdinare, am gamonaTqvamis gamoyeneba winadadebas ori mniSvneloba aqvs da Cven vub-
suraTi
9.5
winadadebis
struqtura
winadadebis gramatikuli
struqturis TvalsaCino
ilustraciis mizniT, lin-
gvistebi xSirad iyeneben
diagramebs. I struqtura
warmoadgens winadadebis _
`kata xaliCazea~ _ struqtu-
rul analizs; II da III struq-
tura ki gviCvenebs, rom
winadadeba _ `ninos da gior-
gis dedas gadasces dax-
mareba~ _ ori erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli struqturuli
analiziT SeiZleba iyos war-
modgenili. vis gadasces
daxmareba? or adamians Tu
erTs?
rundebiT igive kiTxvas, romelic leqsikuri nebuli yvavili, iseve, rogorc meore winada-
orazrovnebis dros gaCnda: rogor gansazRvravs debaSi. mesame winadadebis pirvel nawilSi aRwe-
konteqsti erTi mniSvnelobis amorCevas ori an rilia situacia, romelic qmnis konteqsts meore
meti SesaZlo variantidan? winadadebisTvis _ `yvavili aqvs~. es magaliTebi
davubrundeT leqsikur orazrovnebas (sityvis gviCvenebs, rom Tqven iTvaliswinebT miniSnebis
orazrovnebas), ganvixiloT Semdegi winadadeba: sxvadasxva tips. konteqstis mixedviT msmeneli
anas yvavili aqvs~. momentalurad gansazRvravs orazrovani sityvis
ra aris am SemTxvevaSi yvavili? warmoidgineT, mniSvnelobas (Binder & Morris, 1995; Sereno, 1995).
rom TavSi leqsikoni gaqvT. yvavilis mniSvne- struqturuli orazrovnebis daZleva konteqstis
loba, albaT, aseTi iqneba: mixedviT xdeba (MacDonald, 1993; Shapiro et al., 1993;
gansazRvreba 1: mcenare. Trueswell, 1996). erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul aseT
gansazRvreba 2: infeqciuri daavadeba. gramatikul struqturebs Soris swrafi arCevis
am winadadebiT gadmocemuli informacia ar SesaZleblobas konteqsti iZleva.
gvaZlevs saSualebas, SesaZlo ori mniSvnelo- modiT, Cvens magaliTs davubrundeT, romelic
bidan avirCioT erT-erTi. rogorc kvlevis pirvelad ganvixileT da romelic sakmaod
Sedegebi adasturebs, aseTi tipis winadadebis
wakiTxvis Semdeg mexsierebisTvis misawvdomi
xdeba sityvis orive mniSvneloba (Vu et al., 1998).
konkretul situaciaSi sityvis mniSvnelobis
gansazRvrisaTvis saWiroa konteqstis gaTvalis-
wineba, magram rogor gvexmareba is mniSvnelobis
arCevaSi? kvlevebis mixedviT aRmoCnda, rom
konteqsti uzrunvelyofs azris gagebis ramdenime
(tipis) saSualebas (Vu et al., 1998, 2000). ganvixiloT
metyveleba
Semdegi magaliTebi:
1. ana avadaa yvaviliT;
2. ana krefda yvavilebs;
3. ana ver mova. mas yvavili aqvs.
pirvel winadadebaSi zmnis mixedviT, SesaZ-
loa ganvsazRvroT, ra mniSvnelobiTaa gamoye- 325
vnaxeT, rom sityvasityviT versia axlo
cxrili
9.5 kavSirSia sityvebis pirdapir mniSvne-
lobasTan. igive gamonaTqvamis arapir-
orazrovani gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri dapiri versia mas sarkastul mniSvnelobas
da sarkastuli interpretacia aniWebs. axla gamoviyenoT zemoT aRniS-
pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naxmari gamonaTqvami nuli modelebi leqsikuri orazrovnebis
ilustraciis mizniT. Tu mkiTxveli infor-
marta dis saxlSi mivida stumrad. gareT yinavda da
marta Zalian bednieri iyo, rom saxlamde miaRwia. man macias sityvasityviT amuSavebs konstan-
uTxra das: Seni saxli Zalian myudroa, ra mSvenieria turi rigis (Tanmimdevrobis) mixedviT,
aq da rogor Tbila~. maSin mosalodnelia, rom Tavdapirvelad
igi Seecdeba gamonaTqvamis pirdapiri mniS-
sarkastuli moTxovna
vnelobis gagebas. Tu es gza warumatebeli
tonis amxanagi, romelTanac cxovrobs igi, yovelTvis aRmoCndeba, mkiTxveli gamonaTqvamis sxva
Rias tovebs misaRebi oTxis fanjaras, maSinac ki, mniSvnelobas ganixilavs (Crice 1975; 1978;
rodesac gareT yinavs. tonis mravaljeradi Txovna
daeketa fanjara uSedego iyo; erTxel fanjara Ria Searle, 1979a). am modelis mixedviT, moTxovnis
iyo, tonis ar sjeroda, rom mis amxanags ar scioda da da sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gagebas ufro
uTxra amxanags: ra mSvenieria aq da rogor Tbila~.
meti dro sWirdeba, vidre pirdapiri gamo-
naTqvamis. mkiTxvelisTvis ki ufro advilia
orazrovania: `kata xaliCazea~. am SemTxvevaSi sarkastuli gamonaTqvamis gageba, vidre
orazrovneba ganpirobebulia Tavad SinaarsiT pirdapiris. kvlevebis safuZvelze dad-
da ara calkeuli sityvebiT an winadadebis ginda, rom mkiTxvelebi ufro swrafad
struqturiT. mkvlevrebma aRmoaCines, rom kon- igeben sarkastul moTxovnas, vidre igive
teqstis mixedviT gadawyobis kanoni am Sem- gamonaTqvamis pirdapir mniSvnelobas (Gibbs,
TxvevaSic moqmedebs (Gibbs, 1994). 1986).
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom metyvelebis
procesSi adamiani orazrovnebis dasaZlevad
efeqturad iyenebs konteqsts. am dros sruli
ra gvesmis
SeTanxmebulobaa naTqvamsa da msmenelis mier orazrovnebis daZlevis Sesaxeb saubrisas
gagebul azrs Soris. metyvelebis procesis aqcenti gavakeTeT imaze, Tu ras vigebT. axla
ganxilvisas Cven gamovyaviT e.w. msmenelis yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT naTqvamis gagebaze,
gaTvaliswineba~ _ procesebi, romelTa saSuale- Sesabamisad, kiTxvas ase davsvamT: rodis Cndeba
biTac mosaubre mimdinare situaciis Sesatyvis mexsierebaSi reprezentaciebi _ frazis Tu
gamonaTqvams irCevs. impresiuli metyvelebis mTliani teqstis gagebis dros? magaliTad, ra
analizis safuZvelze dadginda, rom msmenels inaxeba mexsierebaSi, rodesac Tqven gaigebT
aqvs molodini, rom mosaubre sworad metyvelebs. ukve nacnob frazas: `kata xaliCazea~. kvlevebis
amrigad, msmenelisaTvis mizanSewonilia, naT- safuZvelze dadginda, rom mniSvnelobis mqone
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
larulad (Gerrig, 1993; Graesser et al., 1994; McKoon & aRniSna, rom es iyo dana. Tumca, kvlevis
Ratcliff, 1992). aRmoCnda, rom nebismieri gamonaT- Sedegebis mixedviT dadginda, rom am da msgavsi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
metyvelebis ganxilvam gviCvena, ramdeni ram araerTgzis ganixilaven. es kiTxva rom ufro
esaWiroeba mosaubres, raTa warmoTqvas swori konkretuli iyos, gagacnobT kros-lingvistur
winadadeba Sesabamis dros da msmenels, raTa magaliTs. warmoidgineT, rom bavSvma dainaxa,
sworad gaigos mosaubris mier nagulisxmevi rogor isrola mamamisma burTi. Tu bavSvi
azri. Cven, rogorc wesi, amas ar vacnobierebT. inglisurenovania, ityoda: _ Daddy threw the ball
rogor ggoniaT, kargad aris agebuli Tqveni `mamam isrola burTi~, xolo Tu bavSvi Turqul-
kognituri procesebis muSaobis meqanizmebi? enovania, maSin ityoda Topu babam atti. rogor
fiqrobT, am winadadebebSi erTi da igive azria
mocemuli da mxolod sityvebia gansxvavebuli?
metyveleba
saidan
viciT
pongis?~ Tu Tqven ar gaxsovT, SegiZliaT dnen, warmoedginaT navis kidev erTi de-
erTdroulad warmoidginoT maTi vizualuri tali, magaliTad, saqare mina an Ruza.
xatebi. sagnis xatis aseTi gamoyenebis SemTxve- aRmoCnda, rom Ruzis dasanaxad~ (warmosad-
vaSic, mas bevri saerTo aqvs realurad aRqmul genad) cdis pirebs ufro meti dro sWiro
saganTan. axlosaa ZravasTan, vidre Ruza. reaqciis
droebs Soris gansxvaveba adasturebs, rom
adamianebi iseve aTvaliereben vizualur
saidan
xatebs, rogorc realur sagnebs (Kosslyn,
viciT 1980).
suraTi
9.8
warmodgenis vizualuri
skanireba
vizualuri Semecneba
333
gadakecavT. rogor ggoniaT, ra sisqis sivrciTi fsiqikuri modeli realuri sivrciTi
iqneba Tqveni qaRaldi (Adams, 1986)? gamocdilebis niSnebs (Rinck et al., 1997).
warmoidgineT, rom kiTxulobT saintereso
pasuxi aseTia: daaxloebiT 50 milioni mili
nawyvets moTxrobidan:
(250 x 0.028 diumi qaRaldis sisqe), daaxloebiT
dedamiwidan mzemde manZilis naxevari. Tqven, operaSi megobrebTan erTad sxedxarT.
albaT, ufro naklebi gegonaT. Tqveni warmodgena Tqveni mosvlis mizania, SexvdeT da
gadaitvirTa warmosadgeni informaciiT. esaubroT maRali wris warmomadgenlebs
da saintereso adamianebs. axla dgaxarT
eleganturi aivnis moajirTan, romelic
verbaluri da vizualuri parters gadahyurebs. zustad Tqven ukan,
Tvalis simaRleze, aivnis kedelze Cuqur-
reprezentaciebis kombinireba Tmebiani lampa kidia. lampis fexi, rome-
Cven, ZiriTadad, yuradReba gavamaxvileT lic kedelzea mimagrebuli, mTlianad
vizualuri reprezentaciebis im tipebze, ro- mooqrovilia (Franklin&Tvresky, 1990, gv. 65).
melTa Camoyalibeba xdeba garemoSi arsebuli
seriul eqsperimentebSi cdis pirebi (mkiTxve-
vizualuri stimulis mexsierebaSi xatis saxiT
lebi) teqstebs swavlobdnen, romlebSic
gadataniT, an misi warmodgenis SemTxvevaSi detalurad iyo aRwerili damkvirveblis garSemo
mexsierebidan amotaniT. vizualur xatebs Tqven
arsebuli sagnebis ganlageba (Franklin & Tvresky,
xSirad qmniT verbaluri informaciis safuZvel-
1990). mkvlevrebs surdaT eCvenebinaT, rom go-
ze. magaliTad, miuxedavad imisa, rom realurad nebaSi warmodgenili arsebuli obieqtebis
arasodes ginaxavT, Tqven SegiZliaT warmoidgi-
sivrceSi ganlageba gansazRvravs am sivrcis
noT kata, romelsac sami kudi aqvs. verbaluri
Sesaxeb informaciis mexsierebidan amotanis sis-
informacia saSualebas gaZlevT, SeqmnaT vizua- wrafes. (sur. 9.9.) cdis pirebi ufro swrafad
luri reprezentacia. gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
pasuxoben kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqven win~, vidre
lovania verbaluri informaciis xatovani war-
kiTxvaze: ra aris Tqven ukan~, miuxedavad imisa,
modgenis unari mxatvruli literaturis kiTxvis rom TiToeuli obieqti erTnairi sizustiT iyo
dros, romelic sivrciT detalebs Seicavs.
aRwerili.
ganvixiloT nawyveti moTxrobidan: _ ganzra-
am Sedegebis gageba Zalian advilia, Tu
xvidan mkvlelobamde~: dauSvebT, rom kiTxvis dros aRmocenebuli
mdelo sididiT CogburTis ori kortis reprezentaciebi saSualebas gaZlevT moxvdeT
zomis iyo, sqeli balaxiTa da xavsiT scenaze~; Tqven SegiZliaT verbaluri gamocdi-
dafaruli. misi erTi nawili SroSanebiT leba gardaqmnaT vizualur sivrciT gamocdi-
iyo mofenili, garSemortymuli xeebis qveS lebad.
ki enZelebi mimofantuliyo. mdelos erT zogadad, Tqven garSemo arsebul samyaroze
mxares mayvliTa da ayvavebuli vardebis fiqris dros, TiTqmis yovelTvis gixdebaT in-
ekliani buCqnariT dafaruli patara gora- formaciis vizualuri da verbaluri reprezen-
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
Sejameba
adamianebs SeuZliaT vizualuri reprezen-
taciebis gamoyeneba sagnis gonebaSi rotacii-
saTvis. adamianebi warmodgenil xatebs aTvalie-
reben ise, rogorc realur sagnebs. vizualuri
da verbaluri informaciis SejerebiT adamianebs
SeuZliaT srulyofili fsiqikuri reprezenta-
ciebis Seqmna.
suraTi
9.9
problemebis gadaWra da
azrovneba
orive aqtioba saWiroebs mocemuli axali borotma arsebam _ sfinqsma _ Tebes xalxs am
informaciis dakavSirebas mexsierebaSi arsebul amocanis amoxsna ubrZana, xolo sanam vinme mis
informaciasTan. Cven ganvixilavT problemis amoxsnas SeZlebda, xalxi misi tiranuli mmar-
gadawyvetis sxvadasxva aspeqtsa da azrovnebis Tvelobis qveS icxovrebda. oidiposma gamocanis
or formas _ deduqciursa da induqciurs. elementebSi metaforebi amoicno _ dila, SuadRe
da mwuxri adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
periodebs warmoadgens. bavSvi xoxavs siarulis
problemis gadawyveta dawyebamde, amdenad, igi oTxze dadis; mozrdili
adamiani ki _ or fexze, xolo moxucebulobaSi
,,ra arsebaa, romelic diliT oTx fexze
adamiani, miuxedavad imisa, rom or fexze dadis,
dadis, SuadRisas _ orze, xolo mzis Casvlis
siarulisas yavarjensac iyenebs, e.i. sam fexze
Semdeg _ samze?~ berZnuli miTologiis Tanaxmad,
dadis. oidiposis pasuxi iyo _ ,,adamiani~.
suraTi
9.11
336
mareobasa da sasurvel mizans Soris. magaliTad,
materialur gaWirvebas ganicdiT da fulis Sovna
gsurT; TqvenTvis cnobilia, agreTve, ra SegiZ-
liaT (an gindaT) gaakeToT problemis dasaZ-
levad. magaliTad, Tqven SeecdebiT SeTavsebiT
raime samsaxuris Sovnas da ar daiwyebT jibis
qurdobas. problemis formaluri gansazRvra
sam elements moicavs (Newell & Simon, 1972).
problema ganisazRvreba:
1. Tavdapirveli mdgomareobiT _ arasruli
informacia an aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi;
2. mizniT _ informacia an pirobebi Tqven-
Tvis sasurveli garemos Sesaxeb;
3. operaciaTa TanmimdevrobiT _ is sava-
raudo safexurebi, romlebsac gaivliT mocemu-
li mdgomareobebidan sasurveli miznis misaR-
wevad.
am sami elementis erTobliobiT ganisazR-
vreba problemuri situacia. ilustraciis mizniT
problemis gadawyveta SegviZlia SevadaroT
labirinTSi gzis povnas (problemuri situacia),
Tumca, Cveni yoveldRiuri problemebi ar romelic sawyisi wertilidan (Tavdapirveli
aris oidiposis gamocanasaviT rTuli, magram mdgomareoba) sasurvel wertilamde gadaadgi-
problemis gadaWra yoveldRiuri cxovrebis lebas (mizani) gulisxmobs. am dros Tqven
ZiriTadi nawilia. Tqven gamudmebiT awydebiT gixdebaT dasaSvebi operaciebis ganxorcieleba.
problemebs, romelTa gadawyvetac gixdebaT: problemebis gadaWrisas sawyisi siZneleebis
rogor movaxerxoT samuSaosa da movaleobebis umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSi Cndeba, Tu am sami
Sesruleba drois gansazRvrul periodSi; elementidan romelime ar aris sakmarisad
rogor mivaRwioT warmatebas gasaubrebaze; gansazRvruli (Simon, 1973). kargad gansazRvruli
rogor gavwyvitoT urTierToba arasasurvel problema saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul problemas
pirovnebasTan da a.S. mravali problema dakav- hgavs, romelSic garkveviTaa warmodgenili
Sirebulia realur codnasa da TqvenTvis saWiro sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi,
informacias Soris gansvlasTan. rodesac prob- romelic miznis misaRwevadaa saWiro. Tqveni
lemas wyvetT, Tqven amcirebT am gansvlas saWiro amocanaa, mixvdeT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT ope-
informaciis mopovebiT. problemis daZlevis raciebi pasuxis misaRebad. cudad gansazRvruli
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
arsis ukeT gasagebad, SeecadeT gadaWraT 9.12 problema ki saxlis dizainis Seqmnas, romanis
suraTze mocemuli problemebi. fsiqologiuri daweras an Sidsis mkurnalobis meTodis aRmo-
kvlevis Sedegebis gacnoba saSualebas mogcemT, Cenas hgavs, sadac naTlad ar aris gamoyofili
naTeli warmodgena SeiqmnaT problemis gada- sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani da operaciebi. aseT
wyvetis Taviseburebebis SesaxebAda, SesaZloa, SemTxvevaSi, pirvel rigSi, saWiroa problemis
TqvenTvis saintereso rCevebic miiRoT, rom- arsis zusti gansazRvra _ misi sawyisi mdgo-
lebic davalebis Sesrulebis gaumjobesebaSi
problemuri situacia (Problem space) _ elementebi,
dagexmarebaT.
romlebic qmnian problemas: sawyisi mdgomareoba
_ arasruli informacia an pirovnebisaTvis
problemuri situacia aradamakmayofilebeli pirobebi; mizani _ in-
formacia an mdgomareoba, romelsac eswrafvis
rogor gansazRvravT problemas realur adamiani; operaciebis erToblioba _ pirovnebis
cxovrebiseul pirobebSi? Cveulebriv, Tqven mier sawyisi mdgomareobidan sasurvel miznamde
acnobierebT gansxvavebas Tqvens arsebul mdgo- misaRwevad gavlili safexurebi.
337
(A) SegiZliaT daakavSiroT yvela wertili erTmaneTTan oTxi swori xazis
gavlebiT ise, rom kalami furclidan ar aiRoT?
(B) 6 futis simaRlis milSi romelic fizikis laboratoriaSi iatakzea
mimagrebuli, Caagdes 3 cali ping-pongis burTi. rogor amoiRebdiT burTebs
milidan?
(C) Wadrakis dafas ori mopirdapire kuTxidan moaciles TiTo ujra, darCa
62 ujra. Tqven gaqvT 31 cali dominos koWi, TiToeuli or ujras faravs.
scadeT mTlianad dafaroT Wadrakis zedapiri dominos koWebiT?
(D) Werze erTmaneTis daSorebiT ori Tokia Camokidebuli ise, rom, Tu
xels erTi Tokis bolos mokidebT, meores veRar miwvdebiT. Tqven gevalebaT
miwvdeT meore Tokis bolos da gadaabaT isini erTmaneTs?
(E) Tqven gaqvT sanTeli, Wikartebi da asanTis Rerebi asanTis yuTSi.
daamagreT anTebuli sanTeli karze.
(F) gadasawyveti gaqvT `3 wylis qilis~ problema. SegiZliaT mxolod 3
qilis gamoyenebiT (wylis raodenoba gansazRvruli ar aris) miiRoT yovel
konkretul SemTxvevaSi wylis gansazRvruli raodenoba?
suraTi
9.12
SegiZliaT gadaWraT es problemebi? (nawili I)
scadeT amocanebis amoxsna (pasuxebi mocemulia suraTze 9.13. nu naxavT
pasuxebs, sanam TviTon ar ecdebiT am problemebis gadawyvetas.)
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
lio Cempions, gari kasparovs SeuZlia Wadrakis lemuri situaciis adekvaturi reprezentaciis
figurebis wamgebiani ganlagebis poziciebis mniSvnelobaSi. Tqven unda mixvdeT, rom milidan
gansazRvra da TiToeul SemTxvevaSi gamocdili ping-pongis burTebis amosaRebad ar aris saWiro
strategiis gamoyeneba, rac mas saSualebas aZlevs milSi SeRweva. erTamaneTisagan moSorebiT
erTdroulad ramdenime oponenti daamarcxos Camokidebuli Tokis boloebis SesaerTeblad
(Gobet & Simon, 1996).
rig SemTxvevaSi sasargeblo reprezentaciis cxrili
9.6
povna problemis sruliad axal WrilSi gaaz-
rebis saSualebas iZleva. waikiTxeT 9.6 cxrilSi gamocana `beri~
mocemuli amocana. rogor apirebT am amocanis
erT diliT, zustad mzis amosvlisas budisti
amoxsnas? dafiqrdiT, sanam kiTxvas gaagrZe- beri iwyebs asvlas maRal mTaze. mTis biliki
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
lebdeT. Tu Tqven am problemis mosagvareblad viwroa, daaxloebiT erTi Tu ori nabijis siganis.
maTematikuri xerxebis gamoyeneba scadeT, war- spiraliviT daklaknili biliki mTis mwverva-
matebas ver miaRwevdiT. am SemTxvevaSi ukeTesi lisaken miemarTeba. beri xSirad Cerdeba dasasve-
neblad, Wams gamxmar xils da taZarSi mzis
iqneba warmoidginoT ori beri, romelTagan erTi
Casvlamde cota xniT adre midis. ramdenime dRis
mTis wveridan Camodis, meore ki - adis (Adams, marxvisa da meditaciis Semdeg, isev mzis amos-
1986). isini xom erT wertilSi Sexvdebian er- vlisas, beri igive bilikiT mTidan qvemoT eSveba,
TmaneTs (ix. sur. 9.14)? axla ori beri SecvaleT isev xSirad Cerdeba Sesasveneblad. qvemoT Camos-
erTiT. azrobrivad es erTi da igivea, e.i. amocana vlisas misi siarulis saSualo siCqare bevrad
aRemateba qvemodan zemoT asvlis siCqares. daam-
damtkicebulia. amocanis aseT gamartivebas
tkiceT, rom bilikze aris wert-ili, sadac beri
uzrunvelyofs swori vizualuri da ara ver- zustad erTsa da imave dros imyofeboda asvli-
baluri an maTematikuri reprezentaciis gamo- sasac da Camosvlisasac
yeneba. Tu 9.12 suraTze mocemul amocanebs
(pasuxi ix. sur. 9.14-ze).
340 gadaxedavT, kidev erTxel darwmundebiT prob-
suraTi
9.14
gamocana `beri~-s
amoxsna
A suraTze naCvenebia ori
beri. erTi moZraobs qve-
modan zemoT, meore _
zemodan qvemoT. B suraTze
warmodgenilia maTi Sex-
vedris adgili dRis erTsa
da imave momentSi. axla
SecvaleT ori beri erTiT;
amocana damtkicebulia.
ki saWiroa yuradReba miaqcioT Tokis qveS, restoranSi sakre-dito baraTiT, American Ex-
iatakze myof erT-erT sagans da gamoiyenoT is, press~, sargebloba?~ restornis mepatrone gpa-
rogorc simZime. anTebuli sanTlis karze dasa- suxobT: Cven yvela ZiriTad sakredito baraTs
magreblad ki aucilebelia asanTis kolofi viRebT~. am pasuxis Semdeg SegiZliaT daaskvnaT,
gamoiyenoT, rogorc Sandali, xolo sanTeli rom isini Tqvens sakredito ba-raTsac miiReben.
unda gamoiyenoT, erTi mxriv, rogorc iaraRi, ratom? am SemTxvevaSi SegviZlia vixelmZRva-
xolo, meore mxriv, sagani, romelic unda neloT silogizmiT (ori winadadebidan gake-
miamagroT karze. bolo ori problema funqcio- Tebuli logikuri daskvniT), romelic berZenma
naluri rigidobis fenomenis ilustraciaa (ix. filosofosma aristotelem 2000 wlis win mogvca:
sur. 9.13) (Duncker, 1945; Maier, 1931). funqcionaluri wanamZRvari 1. restorani iRebs yvela ZiriTad
rigidoba xels uSlis sagnis tradiciulad sakredito baraTs;
miRebuli Tvisebebis ugulebelyofas da misi
wanamZRvari 2. American Express~ aris ZiriTadi
axali Tvisebebis Tu funqciis danaxvas, riTac
sakredito ba-raTi;
uaryofiT gavlenas axdens problemis gadaWraze.
rodesac problemur situaciaSi aRmoCndebiT, daskvna: restorani miiRebs baraTs American
pirvel rigSi, daukvirdiT, rogor warmoidgenT Express~.
mas; xom ar arsebobs misi gaazrebis an daZlevis aristotele ikvlevda, Tu ra logikuri mimar-
gansxvavebuli an ukeTesi gzebi? Tu sityvebi Teba arsebobda winadadebebs Soris, romlebic
ar gSveliT, SeecadeT, es problema naxatis realur daskvnamde migviyvanda. deduqciuri
saxiT warmoidginoT. mosinjeT Tqveni variantebi azrovneba logikuri wesebis sworad gamoyenebas problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
_ naxeT, Tu romeli funqciis Secvlaa SesaZle- gulisxmobs. Cven sakredito baraTis magaliTi
beli axali kombinaciis misaRebad. moviyvaneT, raTa gveCvenebina, rom gvaqvs
rodesac raime problemis gadaWras cdilobT, logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis unari, romelsac
rogorc wesi, Tqven fiqrobT, anu azrovnebT. logikuri, deduqciuri mtkicebulebis forma
qvemoT ganvixilavT azrovnebis erT-erT formas, gaaCnia. miuxedavad amisa, fsiqologebi ikvleven,
romelsac deduqciuri azrovneba ewodeba.
funqcionaluri rigidoba (Functional fixedness)
sagnis tradiciuli xedvis Secvlis da axali
deduqciuri azrovneba funqciis danaxvis da misi efeqturad gamoyenebis
unaris arqona.
warmoidgineT, rom midixarT restoranSi da
deduqciuri azrovneba (Deductive reasoning)
fulis gadaxdas Tqveni erTaderTi sakredito
azrovnebis forma, romelic ori an meti
baraTiT _ American Express~ _ apirebT. rekavT wanamZRvridan logikuri daskvnis gakeTebis
restoranSi da ekiTxebiT: SeiZleba Tqvens unars gulisxmobs.
341
gvaqvs Tu ara deduqciuri azrovnebis forma-
luri wesebi (Schaeken et al., 2000). es masStaburi
kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, rom, SesaZloa, marTlac
gagvaCnia zogadi logikuri azrovnebis unari,
magram realur samyaroSi deduqciur azrovnebaze
gavlenas axdens specifikuri codna samyaros
Sesaxeb da konkretul problemasTan dakavSi-
rebuli reprezentaciuli resursebi.
modiT, es msjeloba qvemoT mocemul daskvnaze
ganvavrcoT da vnaxoT, Tu ra gavlenas axdens
codna deduqciur azrovnebaze. ganvixiloT
Semdegi silogizmi:
wanamZRvari 1. yvelafers, rasac aqvs Zrava,
sWirdeba benzini;
wanamZRvari 2. avtomobilebs sWirdebaT ben-
zini;
daskvna: avtomobilebs aqvT Zrava.
rogor fiqrobT, sworia es daskvna? logikis
wesebis Tanaxmad ara, radgan pirveli
wanamZRvari Riad tovebs im faqts, rom zogierT
Tu arsebobs iseTi damajerebeli daskvna,
sagans, romelsac ara aqvs Zrava, agreTve,
romelic Seesabameba adamianis gonebaSi prob-
sWirdeba benzini. siZnele isaa, rom is, rac
lemis reprezentacias, es daskvna WeSmaritad
arasworia logikur problemaSi, ar aris auci-
miiCneva. avtomobilis SemTxvevaSi, codna avto-
lebeli, rom mcdari iyos realur cxovrebaSic.
mobilebis Sesaxeb aZnelebs am daskvnis uar-
e.i., Tu Tqven mxolod pirvel da meore
yofas. Tumca, roca monawileebs misces zustad
wanamZRvarSi mocemul informacias flobT da
es wanamZRvrebi da sTxoves, gaekeTebinaT daskvna,
Tqven mas ganixilavT ubralod, rogorc for-
daaxloebiT naxevarma SeZlo sworad ganesazRvra,
maluri logikis savarjiSos, maSin es daskvna
rom am formulirebiT swor daskvnas ver gamoi-
mcdaria. miuxedavad amisa, rodesac cdis pirebi
tanda. amrigad, codnas, SesaZloa, ufro naklebi
msjeloben, gamomdinareobs Tu ara daskvna
gavlena hqondes Tqveni sakuTari azrovnebis
logikurad ori wanamZR-vridan, isini dadebiTi
procesebze, vidre Tqven mier sxvisi daskvnebis
pasuxisken ufro maSin ixrebian, rodesac daskvna
Sefasebaze (Rips, 1990).
avtomobils exeba, vidre, rodesac raime uazro
logikuri azrovnebis iseTi formaluri in-
termini gamoiyeneba (Markovitz & Nantel, 1989).
struqciebi, romlebic aq aris aRwerili,
aseTi Sedegi rwmenis efeqtis naTel magaliTs
amcirebs rwmenis gavlenas daskvnaze (Evans et
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
(Jihnson-Laird & Wason, 1977). ras izamdiT? umrav- alkoholuri sasmelis dalevas, igi 18 wlis
lesoba fiqrobs, rom unda gadmoabrunos baraTi mainc unda iyos~ (CHeng & Holyoak, 1985).
A~ rac sworia da baraTi 4", rac arasworia. am SemTxvevaSi, albaT, maSinve mixvdiT, romeli
mocemuli wesis mcdarobis dasamtkiceblad baraTebi unda gadmoabrunoT: 17" da ludis
araviTari mniSvneloba ar aqvs baraTs 4", amitom daleva~. realur cxovrebaSi msgavsi problemis
mis gadmobrunebas azri ar aqvs (xvdebiT, ratom?); dros SegiZliaT azrovnebis pragmatuli sqema
Tqven unda gadmoabrunoT baraTi 7" da Tu gamoiyenoT. rogorc me-8 TavSi aRvwereT, sqemebis
naxavT, rom mis meore mxares mocemulia xmovani, Camoyalibeba xdeba gamocdilebis Sedegad. Tqven
gamodis, rom wesi ar aris swori. akrZalvebis didi gamocdileba gaqvT. gaixseneT
am davalebas veisonis seleqciis davalebas is dro, rodesac geubnebodnen: televizors
(Wason selection task) uwodeben, romelic eWvqveS ver uyureb, sanam saSinao davalebas ar Seas-
ayenebs adamianis efeqturad azrovnebis unars. ruleb~. aseTi tipis interaqciebis procesSi
es negatiuri azri Semdgom modificirebul iqna Tqven imuSavebT gonivrul sqemas. realur
ori mimarTulebiT. pirveli: mkvlevrebma gamoT- cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, sadac erTmaneTTan
qves varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, cdis pirebi bara- kavSirSia asaki da sma, xdeba am sqemis aqtivacia,
Tebis Sesamowmeblad iyeneben aradeduqciur xolo pirobiT situaciaSi, romelic luw ri-
strategias, ris gamoc isini ufro adastureben, cxvebsa da xmovnebs akavSirebs, sqemis aqtivacia
problemis gadaWra da azrovneba
vidre uaryofen wesSi asaxuli mimarTebis ar xdeba. amitom aseTi pirobiTi tipis dava-
ganzogadebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom am stra- lebebi ar iZleva deduqciuri azrovnebis unaris
tegias mcdar deduqciur azrovnebamde mivyavarT, saTanadod Sefasebis saSualebas.
realur situaciaSi is mizanSewonilia mimarTe- aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli kvlevebis Se-
bebis Sesaswavlad da gadawyvetilebis misaRebad degad gaCnda akrZalvebis procesSi sqemebis
(Oaksford, Chater, 1994; Oaksford et al., 1997). SeZenis azris alternatiuli idea.
meore: deduqciuri azrovnebis gamoyeneba zemoT aRwerili davalebis 3 wlis asakis
ufro efeqturia, rodesac cdis pirebs saSualeba bavSvebisaTvis modificirebuli variantis Cata-
aqvT, rom veisonis davalebis Sesrulebis dros rebis dros aRmoCnda, rom maT kargad SeuZliaT
gamoiyenon samyaros Sesaxeb realuri codna wesis gageba, Tu ra aris nebadarTuli da ra
(Holyoak & Spellman, 1993). warmoi-dgineT, Tqven akrZaluli. es Sedegebi savaraudos xdis, rom
gTxoves 9.13 suraTis qveda rigSi mocemul akrZalvis situaciis gaazreba, SesaZloa, Tan-
baraTebze logikuri davalebis Sesruleba. unda dayolili iyos (Cummins, 1996). radgan is ar
SeamowmoT wesi: Tu momxmarebeli apirebs aris damokidebuli socialur normebze, SesaZ- 343
loa, warmoadgendes genetikuri informaciis uecrad ar gauCinardeba (an Tu iswavliT, Tqveni
nawils, romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema ada- codna ar gauCinardeba testirebis dros).
mians, rogorc socialur arsebas (Cummins, 1999). dabolos, am TavSi ganvixileT daskvnis ti-
am nawilis dasawyisSi aRvwereT situacia, pebi, romlebic adamianis saubridan gamom-
saidanac Tqven swor deduqciur daskvnas dinareoben. Tqveni varaudi, rom igi namdvilad
akeTebdiT sakredito baraTis gamoyenebis maRali wris warmomadgenelia, misi metyvelebis
Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, cxovrebaSi arsebobs uamravi maneridan gamomdinare, induqciuri azrovnebis
SemTxveva, rodesac SeuZlebelia swori daskvnis nimuSs warmoadgens.
gakeTeba, sakmaod sando wanamZRvrebidanac ki. realur cxovrebaSi problemis gadaWris
axla, ganvixilavT am magaliTis axal versias, unari xSirad induqciur azrovnebazea damoki-
romelic Tqvengan gansxvavebuli formis az- debuli. davubrundeT isev Cvens magaliTs. Tqven
rovnebas moiTxovs. SemTxveviT CageketaT kari da gareT darCiT.
ras moimoqmedebT am SemTxvevaSi? warsulSi aseT
dros miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gaxseneba
pirveli mizanSewonili nabijia. am process
induqciuri azrovneba
problemis analogiuri gadawyveta ewodeba. Aam
warmoidgineT aseTi situacia: mixvediT dros Tqven iwyebT awmyo da warsul situaciebs
restoranSi da mxolod maSin gagaxsendaT, Soris saerTos Ziebas (Holyoak & Nisbett, 1988;
SegemowmebinaT, gaqvT Tu ara sakmarisi naRdi Holyoak & Thagard, 1997). `karis Caketvis da gareT
fuli. aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni sakredito baraTis darCenis~ warsuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze
_ American Express~ _ gamoyeneba mogiwevT, magram SeiZleba gagaxsendeT zogadi wesi _ `iseTi
restornis gareT ar aris gancxadeba restoranSi adamianebis moZebna, romelTac aqvT gasaRebi~.
sakredito baraTiT sargeblobis Taobaze. am wesiT SeiaraRebuli, Tqven iwyebT am adamia-
restornis fanjrebidan moCans kargad Cacmuli nebis gamoyofas da fiqrs, Tu rogor ipovoT
momxmarebeli. meniuSi ki xedavT, rom fasebi isini (Ross & Kenedy, 1990), risTvisac SeiZleba
sakmaod maRalia. mxedvelobaSi iRebT ra Tqven dagWirdeT im meTodis gaxseneba, romelic Tqveni
garSemomyofTa maRal materialur mdgomareobas, megobrebis mosaZebnad SeimuSaveT. am problemis
mocemul situaciaze dakvirveba gafiqrebinebT, gadaWra imitom geadvilebaT, rom Tqven ukve
rom es restorani miiRebs Tqvens sakredito mieCvieT warsuli gamocdilebis gamoyenebas _
baraTs. es aris deduqciuri daskvna, radganac induqciuri azrovneba saSualebas gaZlevT,
is Tqvens varauds emyareba da ara _ logikur gamoiyenoT gamocdili meTodebi da swrafad
wanamZRvars. Tqveni daskvna ki induqciuri az- gadaWraT axali problemebi.
rovnebis nimuSia, rodesac azrovneba gulisxmobs problemis analogiuri gadawyvetis Sesaxeb
savaraudo (da ara sando) daskvnebs mocemul kvlevebs xSirad saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba
situaciaze dayrdnobiT. aqvT (Kolodnery, 1977), magaliTad, Tqveni maTema-
Cven ukve SemogTavazeT induqciuri azrov- tikisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis maswav-
nebis ramdenime nimuSi. me-5 da me-8 TavebSi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
345
induqciur azrovnebasTan dakavSirebiT kidev mivmarTavT. Cven aRvwereT zogierTi mniSv-
erTi ram unda aRvniSnoT. xSirad SesaZlebelia nelovani kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic dakavSi-
efeqturi gadawyvetilebis ganmeorebiT gamo- rebulia gansjisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis
yeneba, magram rig SemTxvevebSi, roca Zvel da procesebTan; agreTve SemogTavazeT, Tu rogor
axal situacias Soris kritikuli gansxvavebaa, unda gamoiyenoT es Sedegebi TqvenTvis mniSvne-
warsulze damokidebulebam SeiZleba xeli lovan situaciaSi.
SeuSalos axali problemis daZlevas. 9.12
suraTze aRwerili wylis qilebis amocana amis
klasikur magaliTs warmoadgens. am SemTxvevaSi
Sejameba
warsul gamocdilebaze damokidebulebis gamo
SeiZleba amocana saerTod ver amoxsnaT (Luchins, problemuri situacia moicavs Tavdapirvel
1942). pirveli ori amocanis F~ nawilSi Tqven mdgomareobas, mizans da mTel rig operaciebs,
aRmoaCenT, rom pasuxis misaRebad arsebobs romelTa saSualebiTac Tavdapirveli mdgo-
zogadi formula B-A-2(C). bunebrivia, rom mesame mareobidan individi aRwevs mizans. problemis
amocanis amoxsnisas isev SeecdebiT mis gamo- daZleva ufro efeqturia, roca adamianebi
yenebas da naxavT, rom am formuliT mesame gadawyvetilebis komponentebs gamocdian da
amocana ar amoixsneba. am SemTxvevaSi unda sasargeblo reprezentaciebs pouloben. deduq-
gaavsoT A~ qila da gadmoasxaT imdeni, rom ciuri azrovnebis gamoyenebiT sando daskvnebs
Seivsos C~ qila, ris Semdegac dagrCebaT wylis viRebT. kvlevis Sedegebis safuZvelze dadginda,
saWiro raodenoba. Tu Tqven ver mixvdiT, es rom adamianebi yovelTvis ar arian Tanmimdev-
rogor unda gagekeTebinaT da amocanis amo- rulni deduqciuri azrovnebis dros. magaliTad,
saxsnelad pirvel formulas iyenebdiT, es imas isini tyuvdebian rwmenis gavleniT, Tumca,
niSnavs, rom SegeqmnaT im gamocdili wesis akrZalvebis~ situaciaSi deduqciuri azrovne-
gamoyenebis fsiqikuri ganwyoba, romelmac war- bis efeqturoba imatebs.
mateba mogitanaT. ganwyoba - es aris fsiqikuri induqciuri azrovneba warsuli gamocdilebis
aqtivobis, azrovnebis Tu Cvevis winmswrebi generalizacias moiTxovs. induqcias didi
mdgomareoba, romelsac garkveuli pirobebis gamoyeneba aqvs analogiuri problemis gadaWris
zemoqmedebiT SeuZlia aRqmisa da problemis dros, rodesac adamianebi cdiloben, ipovon
gadaWris xarisxisa da siswrafis gazrda. Tumca, misi analogiuri Zveli problema, romlis daZ-
maSin, rodesac azrovnebisa da moqmedebis Zveli levis gzebic maTTvis ukve cnobilia.
xerxebi axal situaciaSi ar aris produqtiuli,
maT SeuZliaT fsiqikuri aqtebis Seferxeba da
damaxinjeba. rodesac problemur situaciaze
fiqris dros gaiWedebiT, daixieT ukan da hkiTxeT msjeloba da
sakuTar Tavs _ warsuli warmateba xom ar gadawyvetilebis miReba
ganapirobebs Tqveni xedvis SezRudvas?
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
eqspert-sistemebi da medicina
347
da radgan TiTqmis arasodes gagaCniaT sruli momavali kvirisaTvis; gadawyvetilebis miReba
codna warsulis Sesaxeb, Tqven Zalian iSviaTad mWidrod ukavSirdeba qceviT moqmedebas. davub-
SeiZleba iyoT darwmunebuli, rom sworad rundeT azrovnebis am ori tipis kvlevas.
imsjeleT, an swori gadawyvetileba miiReT.
amgvarad, msjelobisa da gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen evristika da msjeloba
ganusazRvrelobis Semcirebas. kognituri romelia msjelobis saukeTeso gza? warmoid-
fsiqoloogiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli herbert gineT, rom Tqven gekiTxebian: mogewonaT Tu
saimoni (Herbert Simon) wers: ,,im rTul garemosTan ara filmi? am kiTxvaze sapasuxod Tqven mogiwevT
SedarebiT, romelSic adamians uxdeba cxovreba, cxrilis Sevseba, romlis erT mxares aRniSnavT,
misi azrovnebis Zala metad mokrZalebulia~. Tu ra mogewonaT filmSi, xolo, meore mxares
is unda dakmayofildes problemebis ,,sakmaod ra ar mogewonaT da naxavT, romeli sveti
kargi~ gadawyvetiTa da moqmedebebis ,,sakmaod gamogivaT ufro grZeli. imisaTvis, rom Tqveni
kargi~ gegmiT (1979, gv. 3). Aaqedan gamomdinare, Sefaseba ufro zusti iyos, Tqven kargad unda
saimoni varaudobs, rom azrovnebis procesebi awon-dawonoT yoveli debulebis wili TiToeul
imarTeba SezRuduli racionalurobiT. SesaZ- mxares, maTi mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT
loa, Tqveni msjeloba da gadawyvetileba ar (magaliTad, TqvenTvis SeiZleba ufro mniSvne-
iyos yovelTvis maqsimalurad kargi da racio- lovani iyos ,,msaxiobis Sesruleba~ (plusebis
naluri, rac ganpirobebulia SezRuduli mxare), vidre _ ,,gaxmovanebis efeqtebi~ (minusebis
resursebis iseT situaciaSi gamoyenebiT, mxare). Tu mTel am proceduras gaivliT, Tqven
romelic swraf moqmedebas moiTxovs. SegiZliaT darwmunebuli iyoT msjelobaSi,
sanam SezRuduli racionalurobis Sedegebis magram es mxolod savarjiSoa, romelsac
ufro detalur analizze gadavidodeT, ganvi- iSviaTad akeTebT. realur cxovrebSi Tqven ufro
xiloT gansxvaveba msjelobasa da gadawyve- xSirad da swrafad giwevT msjeloba. Tqven ar
tilebis miRebis procesebs Soris. msjelobis gaqvT dro, anda sakmarisi informacia amgvari
procesSi Tqven ayalibebT mosazrebebs, gamo- formaluri procedurisaTvis. ras akeTebT amis
gaqvT daskvnebi da axdenT adamianebisa da nacvlad? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema pirvelad
movlenebis kritikul Sefasebas; xSirad Tqven amos tverskim da daniel kanemanma scades (Amos
msjelobT spontanurad, motivaciis gareSe. Tversky & Daniel Kahneman). isini amtkicebdnen, rom
gadawyvetilebis miReba ki ramdenime alterna- msjeloba eyrdnoba analizis ufro evristikul,
tividan erT-erTis amorCevas, SesaZlo varian- vidre formalur meTodebs. rogorc zemoT iyo
tebis seleqciasa da uaryofas gulisxmobs. aRniSnuli, evristika warmoadgens aramecnierul,
msjeloba da gadawyvetilebis miReba or urTier- praqtikul meTods, romelic amcirebs msjelobis
TdakavSirebul process warmoadgens. magaliTad, (gadawyvetilebis miRebis) sirTules.
SeiZleba viRacas SexvdeT wveulebaze da ra SemTxvevaSi iyeneben adamianebi am praq-
xanmokle saubrisa da cekvis Semdeg es adamiani tikul, gamocdilebaze damyarebul meTodebs?
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
reprezentaciuli evristika
rodesac msjeloba reprezentaciul evris-
tikas eyrdnoba, Tqven iTvaliswinebT kategoriis
arsebiT niSnebs. magaliTad, Tu sagani an
350 movlena am Tu im kategoriisaTvis damaxa-
warmatebul ierusalimel iurists, kolegebis ganvixiloT, magaliTad, 9.17. suraTze mocemu-
azriT, axirebuli xasiaTi aqvs, ris gamoc ar
li warmatebuli iuristis daxasiaTeba. gaiTva-
SeuZlia jgufSi muSaoba. warmatebul karieras
isini mis konkurentunarianobasa da energiulobas liswineT zemoT aRwerili eqsperimentis Sede-
ukavSireben. igi gamxdari, saSualo simaRlis ada- gebi Tqvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. nu `gamoeki-
miania; yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas da
aris amayi. kviraSi ramdenime saaTs uTmobs Tavisi debiT~ yvelaze tipur reprezentatul arCevans,
sayvareli sportis saxeobas. sportis romeli sa- sanam ar SeiswavliT yvela danarCeni alter-
xeobiTaa igi dakavebuli?
nativis struqturas.
a. swrafi siaruliT
b. burTis TamaSiT
c. CogburTiT saidan
d. msubuqi aTletizmiT da mindvris TamaSebiT
viciT
9.17
suraTi CevdiT? Tu Tqvenc iseve fiqrobT, rogorc
monawileTa umravlesoba, Tqven dakargavT
45 dolars, radgan Tqveni pasuxi iqneba
reprezentaciuli evristikis `CogburTi~ da ara `burTiT TamaSebi~.
gamoyeneba
9.17 suraTis qveda nawilidan Cans, Tu
reprezentaciuli evristikis gavleniT umrav- ratom ver iqneba CogburTi kargi fsoni.
lesoba miiCnevs, rom advokatis sayvareli
sporti CogburTia, Tumca, rogorc suraTzea is Sedis `burTiT TamaSebis~ kategoriaSi.
naCvenebi, ufro sworia `burTiT TamaSebis~ cdis pirebis azriT, CogburTi ukeTesi
dasaxeleba, radgan igi CogburTsac moicavs.
pasuxia, radgan mas aqvs sportuli TamaSis
yvela is Tviseba, romelsac iuristi
siaTebeli niSniT xasiaTdeba, misi am kategori- iTamaSebda (upiratesobas mianiWebda). rep-
isadmi mikuTvneba xdeba. evristikis es tipi rezentatulobaze dafuZnebuli es msje-
nacnobi unda iyos TqvenTvis. is gulisxmobs loba monawileebs ubiZgebs, ugulebelyon
353
cxrili
9.7
fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gavlena gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
jarimis rekomendacias maSin, roca nega- mkurnalobis romel meTods airCevdiT: operacias Tu
radioTerapias?
tiuri formiT miwodebuli gancxadebis
355
gatareba, romelsac dRemde warmateba moaqvs~ ;
cxrili
9.9 oponents SeuZlia mis sawinaaRmdegod Tqvas,
rom ,,mas eSinia axali ideebis.~ erTi kandidati
gadawyvetilebis aversia SeiZleba ambobdes: ,,es politika ekonomiur
A. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas aRmavlobamde migviyvans.~ misi oponenti ki
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, Tu romeli SeiZleba SeewinaaRmdegos: ,,es politika sazianoa
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia
erTdRiani fasdakleba. isini gTavazoben popu- garemosaTvis.~ xSir SemTxvevaSi orive marTals
laruli firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac ambobs _ erTi da igive politika SeiZleba
99 dolarad, rac sakmaod iafia mis Tavdapirvel
fasTan SedarebiT. rogor moiqceviT? ekonomikisaTvis kargi aRmoCndes, magram gare-
1. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~. mosTvis _ saziano. aseT dros formis damajereb-
lobas mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
biografia (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981; Vaughan & Seifert,
B. warmoidgineT, rom Tqven `sidipleeris~ yidvas 1992). amgvarad, gadawyvetilebis miRebaze
apirebT, magram gadawyvetili ar gaqvT, romeli
modeli iyidoT. maRaziaSi, sadac gamocxadebulia gamonaTqvamis formulirebis gavlenis codna
erTdRiani fasdakleba, gTavazoben popularul dagexmarebaT imis gagebaSi, Tu ra ganapirobebs
firmis _ SONY-s `sidipleers~ sul raRac 99
dolarad da umaRlesi xarisxis AIWA `sidipleers~ msgavs situaciebSi erTmaneTisagan radikalurad
159 dolarad. orive modelis fasi bevrad ufro gansxvavebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. Tu
dabalia maT Tavdapirvel fasTan SedarebiT. rogor
moiqceviT? Tqven sxva adamianebis qcevis gagebis survili
gaqvT, SeecadeT ifiqroT imaze, Tu rogor
1. iyidiT AIWA -s `sidipleers~.
moaxdines am adamianebma gadawyvetilebis for-
2. iyidiT SONY-s `sidipleers~.
mireba.
daicdiT, sanam ar gaerkveviT sxva modelebSi.
357
sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
kogniciis Seswavla vizualuri kognicia SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviy-
vizualuri reprezentaciebi vanos. gadawyvetilebis
kognitur fsiqologiaSi
SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes miRebaze gavlenas axdens
momuSave specialistebi
propoziciuli reprezenta- arCevanis SesaZlo varian-
Seiswavlian fsiqikur
ciebis Sesavsebad. tebis formireba.
procesebs da struqtu-
vizualuri reprezentaciebi fsiqologiuri zemoqmedebis
rebs, romlebic safuZ-
garemos vizualuri aspeq- gamo adamianebi avlenen
vlad udevs adamianis
tebis gaazrebis saSualebas rTuli gadawyvetilebis
aRqmis, metyvelebis, az-
rovnebis, problemis ga- gvaZlevs. miRebis ganridebis tenden-
daWris, msjelobisa da adamianebi qmnian vizualur cias.
gadawyvetilebis miRebis reprezentaciebs, romlebSic
unarebs. gaerTianebulia rogorc
im fsiqikuri procesebis verbaluri, ise vizualuri
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi
gamoyofis mizniT, rom- informacia. avtomaturi procesebi
lebic rTuli amocanis azrovneba
Sesrulebas udevs safuZ- algoriTmi
vlad, mkvlevrebi mimar- problemis gadaWra da gadawyvetilebis aversia
Taven reaqciis drois azrovneba gadawyvetilebis miReba
gazomvas. deduqciuri azrovneba
adamianebma unda gansazRvron
evristika
sawyisi mdgomareoba, mizani
eqspresiuli metyveleba
da is operaciebi, romlebic
metyveleba varaudi
saSualebas miscemT, sawyisi
adamianebs SeuZliaT az- induqciuri azrovneba
mdgomareobidan miaRwion
ris gamoTqma da naTqva- kognituri procesebi
mizans.
mis gageba. kognituri fsiqologia
logikur wesebze damyare-
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis kognituri mecnierebebi
buli wanamZRvrebis safuZ-
gansazRvra xdeba audito- kontrolirebadi procesebi
velze gakeTebuli daskvna
riis gaTvaliswinebiT. misawvdomobis evristika
deduqciuri azrovnebaa.
metyvelebis Secdomebi msmenelis gaTvaliswineba
induqciuri azrovneba gulis-
naTels hfens metyvele- msjeloba
xmobs daskvnis gakeTebas
bis dagegmvis bevr pro- paraleluri procesebi
xdomilebis albaTobis gaT-
cess. problemis gadaWra
valiswinebiT.
gamonaTqvamis Sinaarsis problemuri situacia
gageba orazrovnebis reprezentaciuli evristika
seriuli procesebi
Tavi 9 / kognituri procesebi
358
358
inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
10
ra aris Sefaseba
Sefasebis istoria
formaluri Sefasebis
ZiriTadi niSnebi
inteleqtis Sefaseba
inteleqtis testebis
istoriuli safuZvlebi
IQ testebi
fsiqologia XXi saukeneSi:
Sefaseba internebtiT
inteleqtis Teoriebi
inteleqtis fsiqomet-
riuli Teoria
sternbergis inteleqtis
triarqiuli Teoria
gardneris mravlobiTi
inteleqti da emociuri
inteleqti
inteleqtis politika
jgufuri Sedarebebis
istoria
memkvidreobiToba da IQ
garemo da IQ
kultura da IQ testebis
validoba
SemoqmedebiToba
kreatulobis Sefaseba
da kavSiri inteleqtTan
gansakuTrebuli
kreatuloba da
SeSliloba
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi 359
a dre, naklebad rTul droSi, imi-
saTvis, rom xeloba geswavlaT
da saqmianoba dagewyoT, ucvleli
gza Segirdidan ostatamde unda gagevloT. Tqven
bunebrivi procesis Sedegad gaxdebodiT sando
dizaineri, Tqven SeiZleba testis Sesruleba
dagavalon.
imis dadgenis mizniT, Tu zustad ras moiTxo-
ven damqiraveblebi da profesiuli organiza-
ciebi TavianTi TanamSromlebisa da wevrebisgan
xelosani da ar dagWirdebodaT nerviuloba da, sxvaTa Soris, imis dasadgenad, Tu ra saxis
imis gamo, rom gamxdariyaviT `serTificirebuli~ samuSaos Seveferebi me yvelaze metad, ocda-
da ori nomeri fanqriT SemogexazaT pasuxebi TerTmeti samsaxurebrivi Tu praqtikuli testi
`WeSmaritia~ an `mcdaria~ fsiqologiuri tes- gaviare. testebis klasifikacia metad mraval-
tis punqtze _ `me upiratesobas vaniWeb maRal ferovani iyo _ barmenebisaTvis, safosto manqanis
qalebs~. ara, mWedeli imitom iyo mWedeli, rom meqanikosebisaTvis, radiodiqtorebisaTvis, samog-
ubralod mWedeli iyo; meduqne vaWrobda, Tvle- zauro agentebisaTvis, geologebisaTvis, sagareo
bis ostati ki Tvlebs Wedavda. dRevandel, uwyebaTa moxeleTaTvis da federaluri gamoZi-
superracionalur da postindustriul samya- ebis biuros agentebisaTvis.
roSi Cven ricxvebs ufro vendobiT, vidre gamoc- Cemi Sedegebi yovelTvis ar iyo damaimedebeli.
dilebas, amitom nebismier Semosavlian sferoSi me Tavi gavarTvi mxolod sam tests.
muSaobisaTvis _ iqneba es iuristi Tu interieris
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
ra aris Sefaseba
rebuli adaptaciuri Cvevebis SeZenis SezRu- belvius inteleqtis skala, romelSic verba-
duli unaric unda gamoavlinon (American Asso- luri subtestebi kombinirebuli iyo araverba-
ciation on Mental Retardation AAMR,1992). adreul lur, anu praqtikuli Sesrulebis subtestebTan.
wlebSi IQ qulebi msubuqi, zomieri, Zlieri da amrigad, mTliani IQ qulebis garda, adamianebs
Rrma gonebrivi CamorCenilobis klasificirebi- damatebiT miecaT maTi verbaluri da araverba-
saTvis gamoiyeneboda (ix. sur. 10.1.), magram, luri IQ-is damoukidebeli Sefasebebi. 1955 wels,
adaptaciur Cvevebze Tanamedrove Sexedulebam mcireodeni cvlilebebis Semdeg, tests Seecvala
eqspertebs am terminologiis uaryofa ukarnaxa saxelwodeba da `veqsleris inteleqtis skala
iseTi ufro zusti aRwerebis sasargeblod, mozrdilTaTvis~ _ WAIS ewoda, xolo dResdRe-
rogoricaa `gonebrivi CamorCenilobis mqone obiT misi gadasinjuli versia cnobilia, ro-
pirovneba, romelic eqstensiur mxardaWeras gorc _ WAIS-R (Wechsler, 1981).
saWiroebs socialuri unarebisa da sakuTari WAIS-R-Si eqvsi verbaluri subtestia: infor-
mirebuloba, leqsikuri maragi, gageba, ariTmeti-
gonebrivi CamorCeniloba (Mental retardation) _ kuli unarebi, msgavsebebi (gansazRvra, Tu ratom
rodesac individebis IQ qulebi meryeobs 70-
aris ori sagani msgavsi) da ricxvebis rigi
75-mde intervalSi an masze naklebia, aseve,
rodesac SezRudulia cxovrebiseuli amoca- (eqsperimentatoris mier warmoTqmul ricxvTa
nebis gadasaWreli adaptaciuri Cvevebis Se- seriis gameoreba). es testebi aris rogorc
370 muSavebis unari. werilobiTi, ise _ zepiri. praqtikuli Sesru-
cxrili
10.1
gonebrivi CamorCenilovbis diagnozi
gonebrivi CamorCenilobis diagnozis dasma SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu:
individis IQ aris daaxloebiT 70-75 an ufro dabali;
dasturdeba mniSvnelovani unarSezRuduloba 2, an meti saadaptacio unaris sferoSi; es sferoebia:
komunikacia _ lingvisturi da aralingvisturi (magaliTad, saxis gamometyveleba) saSualebebiT
informaciis gagebisa da gamoxatvis unarTan dakavSirebuli Cvevebi;
Tavis movla _ tualetis, kvebis, Cacmis, higienis da garegnobaze zrunvis Cvevebi;
saojaxo yofa _ saxlSi funqcionirebis Cvevebi, rogoric aris saojaxo meurneobis gaZRola da
yoveldRiuri saqmianobis dagegmva;
socialuri _ sxva adamianebTan socialuri urTierTobis unarebi;
komunaluri resursebiT sargebloba _ komunaluri resursebiT sargeblobis unari, rogoric aris
sasursaTo maRaziaSi sayidlebze siaruli da sazogadoebrivi transportis gamoyeneba;
sakuTari Tavis marTva _ gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da daxmarebis moZiebasTan dakavSirebuli unar-
Cvevebi;
janmrTeloba da usafrTxoeba _ sakuTari janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis SenarCunebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli Cvevebi;
funqcionaluri mimarTulebis codna _ akademiuri sagnebis aTvisebasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi
(rogoric aris kiTxva da maTematika), rasac wvlili Seaqvs damoukidebeli cxovrebisas miznis ganxor-
cielebaSi;
Tavisufali dro (mocaleoba) _ Tavisufali drois gamoyenebisa da dasvenebis interesebTan
dakavSirebuli unar-Cvevebi;
samuSao _ nawilobrivi an sruli datvirTviT muSaobasTan dakavSirebuli unarebi.
CamorCeniloba vlindeba 18 wlamde asakSi.
lebis xuTi subtesti moicavs masaliT mani- veqsleris skolamdeli da dawyebiTi klasebis
pulirebas, praqtikulad ar aris sityvebi. maga- bavSvebis inteleqtis skala _ gadasinjulia
liTad, kuburebis awyobis testSi individs (WPPSI-R, Wechsler, 1989) 4-dan 6.5 wlis bav-
baraTebze gamosaxuli nimuSis gameoreba evaleba, SvebisaTvis. orive testis bolo reviziebma
risTvisac igi kuburebis ferad mxareebs usa- masala ufro feradovani, Tanamedrove da bav-
dagebs erTmaneTs. cifrebi-simboloebis testSi SvebisaTvis sasiamovno gaxada. orive testma
mocemulia gasaRebi, romelic 9 simbolos 9 daamtkica, rom sando da validur sazoms
cifrs usadagebs da amocana meore gverdze warmoadgens (Little,1992; Sattler& Atkinson,1993).
moTavsebuli simboloebisaTvis Sesabamisi WAIS-R, WISC-III da WPPSI-R qmnian inteleqtis
cifrebis miweraSi mdgomareobs. praqtikuli testebis ojaxs, romelic gvaZlevs verbalur
Sesrulebis danarCen testebSi Sedis suraTebis IQ-s, Sesrulebis IQ-s da sruli skalis IQ-s yovel
dalageba, suraTebis dasruleba da obieqtis asakobriv doneze. garda amisa, isini gvawvdian
ageba. Tu CaitarebT WAIS-R-s, TerTmetive subtestebis Sedarebad qulebs, rac saSualebas
inteleqtis Sefaseba
subtesti unda SeasruloT da sami saxis qula aZlevs mkvlevrebs Tvali gaadevnon ufro
_ verbaluri IQ, Sesrulebis IQ da mTliani, specifikuri inteleqtualuri unarebis droSi
anu sruli skalis IQ _ miiRoT. 10.2 cxrilSi ganviTarebas. amis gamo veqsleris skalebi
mocemulia magaliTebi imisa, Tu ra tipis gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia, rodesac erTi da
kiTxvebs SexvdebiT WAIS-R-Si. WAIS-R gankuT- igive individi testirebas gansxvavebul asakSi
vnilia 18 da meti wlis adamianebisaTvis, magram gadis, magaliTad, rodesac mimdinareobs gan-
msgavsi testebi SemuSavebulia bavSvebisaTvisac sxvavebuli saswavlo-saganmanaTleblo progra-
(sur. 10.2). veqsleris inteleqtis skala bavSve- mebis Sedegad bavSvis mier miRweuli warmatebis
bisaTvis _ mesame gamocema (WISC-III; Wechsler, monitoringi.
1991) morgebulia 6-dan 17 wlamde bavSvebze da 371
cxrili
10.2
WAIS-R testis analogiuri sakiTxebi
da problemebi
verbaluri subtesti
informirebuloba vin dawera `didi geTsbi~?
gageba ras niSnavs, roca
adamianebi amboben: `feri
fersa - madli RmerTsa~.
ariTmetika Tu kinos bileTSi 8.5
dolari gadaixade da
batibutSi - 2.5 dolari,
maSin ocdolarianidan
xurda ramdeni unda
dagibrunon?
msgavseba riTi hgavs erTmaneTs
TviTmfrinavi da wyalqveSa
navi?
ricxvTa rigi gaimeore Semdegi ricxvebi:
3 2 7 5 9
leqsikur maragi ras niSnavs `paeqroba~?
Sesrulebis subtesti
ricxobrivi simbolo eqsperimentatori cdis pirs
awvdis gasaRebs, romelic
ricxvebs (magaliTad, 1, 2, 3)
simboloebs (magaliTad, ,
, ) uTanadebs. cdis piri
suraTi
10.2
sqemis Sesavsebad iyenebs
gasaRebs, romelzec mxolod
ricxvebi an simboloebia
mocemuli.
suraTis dasruleba cdis piri aTvalierebs
suraTs da ambobs, ra aklia
mas (magaliTad, cxeni
fafaris gareSe)
kuburebis nimuSi cdis piri iyenebs kuburebs,
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Sefaseba internetiT
inteleqtis Sesaxeb Tavis ori mas `sakmaod normaluris~ dartul pirobebSi gaakeTa.
wakiTxvis Semdeg studentebs kategoriaSi aTavsebs, ori ki _ magaliTad, testSi Sedis
xSirad uCndebaT interesi sazRvris marjvniv, `maRalin- kiTxvebi, romlebic leqsikur
imisa, Tu Tavad rogor gaar- teleqtualebSi~. aqedan gamom- marags saWiroebs. rogor
Tmeven Tavs IQ testebs. Cvens dinare, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, SeiZleba viyoT darwmunebuli,
droSi sakamaod advilia rom testis Sedegebi ar aris rom vinmem Tavisi qulebis
ewvioT romelime veb-gverds, gansakuTrebiT sando. gazrdis mizniT Cveulebrivi
amoirCioT testi da miiRoT Tu testebi ar aris sando, an eleqtronuli leqsikoniT
garkveuli qulebi. niSnavs Tu isini verc validuri iqneba. da- ar isargebla (`Sexede dediko,
ara rames miRebuli qulebi? vuSvaT, rom Cven SemTxvevaSi yovelTvis vambobdi, rom
am kiTxvas pasuxs im zogierTi testebi sando iyo. ganvixiloT geniosi var!~)?
cnebis mimoxilviT gavcemT, yvela SemTxveva, rodesac da- interneti TqvenTvis uz-
romelsac am TavSi gaecaniT. veWvdebodiT maT validobaSi: runvelyofs rogorc IQ-is,
analizisaTvis monacemebi poindeqsteris qulebi gamoTv- ise sxva unarebisa da pirov-
dagvWirda da Cvens megobars, lili iyo misi Sedegis (20 ki- nuli konstruqtis Sefasebis
romelsac pirobiTad poin- Txvaze miRebuli swori pasuxe- uamrav SesaZleblobas. Tqven
deqsters vuwodebT, CvenTvis bis raodenoba) im individebis unda gamoiyenoT am TavSi
internetSi mudmivad arsebuli SedegebTan SedarebiT, vinc masze miRebuli codna imisTvis, rom
ramdenime IQ-testis gakeTeba adre iyo am saitze da Seasrula frTxilad SeafasoT interne-
vTxoveT. mis mier gaxsnil is testebi. qulebis 10.1 suraTze tiT miRebuli qulebis sando-
pirvelive veb-gverdze oTxi mocemuli zaris formis ganawi- oba da validoba.
sxvadasxva testi ido, ramac lebaze gadataniT veb-gverdi IQ- amasobaSi, poindeqsteri
sandoobis Sefasebis SesaZ- s afasebs. ra problemasTan internetSi mocemuli IQ-
lebloba mogvca. gavixsenoT, gvaqvs aq saqme? pirveli, Cven ar testebis daJinebul momxmareb-
rom sandooba konsistentiu- gvaqvs safuZveli gvjerodes, rom lad gadaiqca. `evropul IQ-
robas exeba: gvaZlevs Tu ara veb-gverdze Sesul adamianTa testebze~ misma saukeTeso
msgavs qulebs is testebi, saSualo IQ (gazomili tradi- qulam 159-s miaRwia. igi ir-
romlebic iTvleba rom, faq- ciuli, sando arainternetuli wmuneba, rom 159 qula IQ-is
tobrivad, erTsa da imave rames testiT) 100-is (wesiT, rogorc validuri sazomia. Tqvenc
zomavs. poindeqsterma Semdegi unda iyos) toli iqneba. iqneb darwunebuli xarT amaSi?
qulebi miiRo: 116, 117, 129 da adgili hqonda TviTSerCevas im veb-gverdebi:
130. Tu 10.1 suraTs davubrun- adamianebis mxridan, vinc veb- www.2h.com/Tests/iq.phtml _
debiT, vnaxavT, rom misi qu- gverdze mocemuli testi Seas- veb-gverdi, sadac didi rao-
lebi saSualoze maRalia (ra rula? meore, Cven araviTari denobiT testebia mocemuli;
kargia poindeqsterisaTis!), safuZveli ar gvaqvs vivaraudoT, www.majon.com/iq.html --_
magram miRebuli qulebidan rom testi yvelam erTnair stan- mravali testi erT saitze.
inteleqtis Teoriebi
cielebas udevs safuZvlad (Spearman,1927). yoveli produqti, anu forma, romliTac informacia
calkeuli sfero, aseve, dakavSirebulia Tavis aris warmodgenili da operacia _ Sesrulebuli
gonebrivi moqmedebebis tipi.
fsiqometria (Psychometrics) _ fsiqologiis dar- rogorc 10.3 suraTi gviCvenebs, am modelSi
gi, romelic gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis testi- mocemulia xuTi saxis Sinaarsi: mxedvelobiTi,
rebaSi specializirdeba.
smeniTi, simboluri, semantikuri da qceviTi;
g _ spirmenis mixedviT, zogadi inteleqtis eqvsi saxis produqti: erTeulebi, klasebi,
faqtori, romelic safuZvlad udevs yovelgvar
mimarTebebi, sistemebi, transformaciebi da
inteleqtualur aqtiobas.
implikaciebi; xuTi saxis operacia: Sefaseba,
kristalizebuli inteleqti (Cristallized intelli- konvergentuli produqcia, divergentuli pro-
gence) _ inteleqtis komponenti, romelSic
duqcia, mexsiereba da Semecneba. inteleqtis
Sedis pirovnebis mier SeZenili codna da am
codnis gazrda-gamoyenebis unari; izomeba leq- mier Sesrulebuli TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba
sikuri maragis, ariTmetikuli da zogadi infor- ganisazRvros masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsis, pro-
mirebulobis testebiT. duqtebis da operaciebis mixedviT. garda amisa,
fluiduri inteleqti (Fluid intelligence) _ inte- gilfordi fiqrobs, rom yoveli kombinacia
leqtis komponenti, romelic moicavs rTuli Sinaarsi-produqti-operacia (yoveli mcire kubi
mimarTebebis danaxvisa da problemebis gadaWris modelSi) gansxvavebul gonebriv unars warmoad-
374
unars. gens. magaliTad, rogorc naCvenebia 10.2 suraTze,
suraTi
10.3
inteleqtis struqtura
inteleqtis struqtuis am modelSi j. p. gil-
fordi (J. P. Guilford) gamoyofs inteleqtualuri
amocanebis sam maxasiaTebels _ Sinaarss, anu
informaciis tips; produqts, anu formas
romliTac warmodgenilia informacia da
operacias, anu ganxorcielebuli gonebrivi
aqtivobis tips. inteleqtis mier Sesrulebuli
TiToeuli amocana SeiZleba dadgindes masSi
CarTuli Sinaarsis, produqtebis da opera-
ciebis mixedviT. magaliTad, leqsikuri testi
adgens semantikuri Sinaarsis mqone erTeu-
lebis Semecnebis unars.
process, mkvlevrebi SeZleben iseTi teqnikebis unda SeeZlos did manZilebze zRvaosnoba rukis
gareSe, mxolod sivrcobrivi inteleqtisa da
emociuri inteleqti (Emotional intelligence) _ inte- sxeulebrivi kinesTetikuri inteleqtis gamo-
leqtis tipi, romelSic Sedis Semdegi unarebi: yenebiT. es unarebi am sazogadoebaSi ufro
emociaTa zusti da Sesatyvisi aRqma, gageba da fasobs, vidre valdebulebis dokumentis Sedgena.
gamoxatva; azrovnebis gasaioleblad emociebis balis kunZulze, sadac artistuli warmodgena
gamoyeneba; emociis gageba da analizi; emociuri
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilia, talantebi
codnis efeqturad gamoyeneba da sakuTari
da musikaluri inteleqti, romelic rTuli
emociebis regulireba rogorc emociuri, ise _
inteleqtualuri zrdis xelSesawyobad. sacekvao ileTebis koordinirebaSi monawileobs,
gansakuTrebiT dafasebulia. interpersonalur 377
cxrili
10.4
gardneris inteleqtis rva saxe
inteleqti saboloo statusi ZiriTadi komponentebi
logikur- mecnieri logikuri da ricxobrivi paternebisadmi
maTematikuri maTematikosi mgrZnobeloba da maTi garCevis unari, msje-
lobis grZeli jaWvis agebis unari.
lingvisturi poeti sityvaTa bgerebis, riTmebisa da mniSvnelo-
Jurnalisti bebisadmi mgrZnobeloba; enis gansxvavebuli
funqciebisadmi mgrZnobeloba.
inteleqts ufro wamyvani adgili uWiravs Tadi komponentis mqone inteleqti (Mayer &
koleqtivistur sazogadoebaSi, rogoricaa ia- Salovely, 1007; Mayer et al., 2000). es komponentebia:
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
380
lobebi da kanondarRvevis SemTxvevebi. amis sa- davarwmunoTsazogadoeba, rom maT ar unda
pirispirod, rodesac martin kilikakma meored mieceT reproduqciis ufleba, Tumca, ev-
`karg qalTan~ iqorwina, am kavSirma mogvca 496 genikis TvalsazrisiT, maTi araCveuleb-
STamomavali, saidanac mxolod sami iqna rivad swrafi gamravlebis gamo, isini seri-
`defeqturad~ aRiarebuli. godardma isic naxa, ozul problemas qmnian (Terman,1916, gv. 91-
rom am maRalxarisxovani kavSiris mravali 92).
STamomavali `gamoCenili adamiani~ gaxda (Godard,
saxelebi Seicvala, magram problema igive
1914). igi mivida im azramde, rom memkvidre-
darCa. dResac SeerTebul StatebSi afro-
obiTobam dadebiTi mxridan gansazRvra in-
amerikelebi da laTinosebi standartizebul
teleqti, genialoba da gamoCeniloba, xolo
inteleqtis testebSi, saSualod, ufro dabal
uaryofiTi mxridan _ delikventoba, alkoho-
qulebs iReben, vidre azieli amerikelebi da
lizmi, seqsualuri amoraloba, gonebrivi
TeTrkanianebi. cxadia, yvela jgufSi arian
CamorCeniloba da siRatakec ki (McPherson,1985).
individebi, romelTa IQ qulebi umaRles (da
udables) poluss Seesabameba. rogoraa SesaZ-
saidan lebeli IQ-is qulebSi aseTi jgufuri gan-
sxvavebebis interpretireba? SeerTebul StatebSi
viciT
da did britaneTSi arsebuli tradiciis
genetikurad arasrulfasovani ojaxebi mixedviT, es gansxvavebebi genetikur arasrul-
fasovnebas (bunebas) miewereba. mas Semdeg, rac
ityobinebodnen, rom (dawyebuli 1875
IQ-is maCveneblebSi genetikuri gansxvavebebis
wlidan) mokvleul iqna niu iorkis Statis
realurobaze vimsjelebT, ganvixilavT meore
`jukis sisxlis~ mqone ojaxebis 2000-ze
SesaZleblobas, romlis mixedviT, garemo
meti wevri, radganac am ojaxs damyarebuli
pirobebis nairgvaroba (aRzrda) mniSvnelovan
hqonda gonebriv ganviTarebaSi CamorCen-
gavlenas axdens IQ-ze. TiToeuli axsnis an maTi
ilobis, kanondarRvevisa da danaSaulis
kombinaciis dasabuTebas mniSvnelovani socia-
samarcxvino rekordi. am ojaxis 458 wevrma
luri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Sedegebi
ver SeZlo skolaSi swavla gonebrivi
mohyveba.
unarebis arqonis gamo. 171 kriminaluri
warsulis adamiani aRmoCnda, xolo maTi
sanaTesaos aseulobiT wevri `glaxaki,
TavaSvebuli da meZavi~ iyo. daaskvnes, rom memkvidreobiToba da IQ
memkvidreobiToba am saSineli ojaxis wevr-
rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs inteleqtis
Ta samarcxvino ganviTarebis wamyvani faq-
genetikuri gansazRvrulobis xarisxis dadgena?
tori iyo.
am kiTxvaze nebismieri pasuxi mkvlevrebisgan
inteleqtis indeqsad garkveuli sazomis SerCevas
genetikuri arasrulfasovnebis godardiseuli moiTxovs. amrigad, sakiTxi is ki araa, axdens
argumenti Semdgom ganamtkicaFim faqtma, rom Tu ara memkvidreobiToba inteleqtze gavlenas,
pirveli msoflio omis dros armiaSi gamo- aramed is, umetes SemTxvevaSi, msgavsia Tu ara
ojaxur xeTa SigniT IQ maCvenebeli. am konkretul
inteleqtis politika
da SavkanianTa qulebi garkveuli drois Semdeg aSS-Si rasa xSirad ufro socialuri konstruq-
erTmaneTs dauaxlovda. ase rom, Tanamedrove tia, vidre biologiuri. ganvixiloT golfis
indikatorebis mixedviT, sxvaoba 7-10 qulas Soris SesaniSnavi axalgazrda moTamaSis taiger vudsis
Tavsdeba (Nisbett, 1995, 1998, Williams & Ceci, 1997), (Tiger Woods) SemTxveva, romelsac xSirad af-
Tumca, sxvaobis Semcireba garemos gavlenaze rikel amerikelad moixsenieben da amiT uares
miuTiTebs. es sxvaoba bevr adamians mainc pirobebSi ayeneben mas, Tumca, misi realuri
afiqrebinebs, rom rasebs Soris dauZleveli warmomavloba gacilebiT rTulia (misi winap-
genetikuri gansxvavebebi arsebobs (Hernnstein rebi TeTrkaniani, Savkaniani, tai, Cineli da
&Murrey, 1994), magram, maSinac ki, Tu IQ memkvid- adgilobrivi amerikelebi iyvnen). vudsi Sesa-
reobiTia, asaxavs ki es sxvaoba dabalqulian niSnavi magaliTia imisa, Tu ramdenad ar 383
Seesatyviseba sazogadoebrivi Sexeduleba remo pirobebi IQ-is maCveneblebSi aseTi
biologiur realobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi arsebobs wyvetebis arsebobaSi.
seriozuli safrTxe, rom sxvadasxva sazoga-
doebrivad gamijnuli jgufebis gansxvavebebi
IQ-is mixedviT ganxilul iqnes, rogorc bio- garemo da IQ
logiuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli gansxvave- vinaidan memkvidreobiTobis maCveneblebi 1.0-
bebi (Suzuki & Valencia, 1997). ze naklebia, vaskvniT, rom nebismieri individis
mkvlevrebma gamonaxes am Sexedulebis kvle- IQ-ze mxolod genetikuri memkvidreoba ar aris
vebis saSualebiT Semowmebis gzebi. eqsperimentSi pasuxismgebeli. garemo IQ-zec unda axdendes
monawileobdnen Savkaniani amerikelebi, romel- gavlenas. rogor SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT, gare-
Tac TeTrkaniani amerikeli an evropeli mSob- mos romeli aspeqtia IQ-sTvis mniSvnelovani?
lebi hyavdaT. aSS-Si Savi~ mosaxleobis 20-30% garemos romeli maxasiaTebeli moqmedebs IQ
Sefasebulia, rogorc evropuli warmomavlobis testSi maRali qulebis miRebis SesaZleblobaze
mqone, rac Sereuli qorwinebis Sedegia. qmnis (Beiser & Gotowiec, 2000; Ceci, 1999; Rowe, 1997; Suzuki &
Tu ara gansxvavebas IQ-Si is, Tu ramdenad aris Valencia, 1997.)? garemo warmoadgens stimulTa
datvirTuli evropuli geniT `Savi~ individi? rTul (kompleqsur) nakrebs, romelic icvleba
im Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, romelic genebs mravali ganzomilebis mixedviT rogorc fizi-
yovelives qvekuTxedad miiCnevs, es cvlis kuri, ise _ socialuri TvalsazrisiT da SeiZ-
viTarebas, Tumca, monacemebi gviCveneben, rom leba gansxvavebulad aRiqmebodes adamianebis
memkvidreobiT miRebul evropeiodulobasa da mier. aucilebeli ar aris, rom erTi da igive
IQ-s Soris korelacia Zalze sustia (mraval- ojaxis bavSvebi erTnair kritikul (arsebiTi
ricxovan kvlevebSi es maCvenebeli mxolod 0.15- mniSvnelobis mqone) fsiqologiur garemoSi
s Seadgens). es samarTliania yvela SemTxvevaSi, imyofebodnen. gaixseneT, rogor izrdebodiT
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu romeli maxasiaTebeli _ Tqven ojaxSi; Tu gyavT da-Zma, aqcevdnen Tu
kanis feri Tu sisxlis jgufi _ gamoiyeneba ara maT erTnair yuradRebas mSoblebi? icvle-
rasobrivi aRrevis maCveneblad. im germaneli boda Tu ara stresuli pirobebi droTa ganmav-
bavSvebis IQ maCveneblebis Sedarebam, romelTa lobaSi? Seicvala Tu ara Tqveni ojaxis finan-
mamebi Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani samxedroebi suri SesaZleblobebi? an xom ar Seicvala Tqveni
iyvnen, ar gamoavlina gansxvaveba maT Soris. mSoblebis ojaxuri mdgomareoba? naTelia, rom
amasTanave, `Savkaniani-TeTrkaniani~ kavSiris garemo bevri komponentisgan Sedgeba da es
Sedegad gaCenil bavSvebs rva quliT maRali komponentebi mudmivad urTierTqmedeben da
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
Sedegi hqondaT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac deda icvlebian droTa ganmavlobaSi. aqedan gamomdi-
iyo TeTrkaniani. am gansxvavebis savaraudo axsna nare, sakmaod rTulia fsiqologebisaTvis imis
isaa, rom deda ufro metad monawileobs bavSvis gansazRvra, Tu sinamdvileSi ra saxis garemo
inteleqtualuri socializaciis procesSi, vidre pirobebi _ zrunva, stresi, siRaribe, janmrTe-
mama da, cxadia, es gansxvaveba ar unda mieweros loba, omi da a.S _ axdens gavlenas IQ-ze.
genetikur faqtors, radgan Svilis genetikuri umravles SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis
monacemebi orive mSoblis genetikiTaa centrSi iyo garemos ufro globaluri sazomebi,
ganpirobebuli (Loehlin, 2000; Nisbert,1998). iseTebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ojaxis socio-
genetika mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs indi- ekonomikuri statusi. erT-erT farTomasStabian
vidis IQ-is formirebaSi, iseve rogorc mis bevr longitudur kvlevaSi, romelSic 26 000-ze meti
sxva maxasiaTebelsa da unarze. miuxedavad amisa, bavSvi Seiswavles, bavSvis IQ-is saukeTeso
Cven vamtkicebT, rom rasobriv da eTnikur winaswarmetyveli 4 wlis asakSi ojaxis socioeko-
jgufebs Soris IQ-is mixedviT arsebuli gan- nomikuri statusi da dedis ganaTlebis done
sxvavebebis memkvidreobiT axsna SeuZlebelia. iyo, rac erTnairad WeSmariti aRmoCnda afri-
is aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa keli, amerikeli da kavkasieli bavSvebisaTvis
amgvari maCveneblebis misaRebad. axla ganvi- (Broman et al., 1975). analogiurad, 10.5 suraTze
xiloT, Tu ra rols SeiZleba asrulebdes ga- naCvenebia socialuri klasis zogadi gavlena
384 IQ-ze.
mniSvnelovnad ganapirobos bavSvis daqveiTebuli
inteleqti. Ratak ojaxebSi dabadebuli bavSvebi
xSirad cudad ikvebebian, bevri maTgani skolaSi
mSieri midis, amitom naklebad axerxebs dava-
lebebze koncentracias. amasTanave, Raribi
ojaxebi ganicdian wignebis, Jurnal-gazeTebis,
kompiuterebis da sxva im nivTebis naklebobas,
romlebic xels uwyoben adamianis gonebriv
ganviTarebas. `orientacia gadarCenaze~ nakleb
drosa da energias utovebs Rarib mSoblebs,
gansakuTrebiT ki martoxelebs, rom iTamaSon
bavSvebTan da moaxdinon maTi inteleqtualuri
stimulacia, rac, Tavis mxriv, Zalze uaryofiTad
moqmedebs bavSvebis mier iseTi davalebebis
Sesrulebaze, rogoricaa standartuli IQ
suraTi
10.5 testebi.
dabolos, gaWirvebaSi mcxovrebi adamianebi
memkvidreobas, garemosa da IQ-s Soris garkveul daRs atareben Cvens sazogadoebaSi
arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebaa iseve, rogorc msoflios umravles qveyanaSi,
grafikze asaxulia memkvidreobisa da garemos wvlili rasobrivad iseT homogenur sazogadoebaSic ki,
IQ qulebSi. mamebs da vaJebs hqondaT erTnairi IQ- rogoric iaponiaa. magaliTad, burakaminis _ am
ebi (memkvidreobiTobis gavlena), magram rogorc
sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali kastis wevris _
mamebis, ise vaJebis IQ dakavSirebuli iyo socialur
klasTan (garemos gavlena). IQ, sxva iaponelebTan SedarebiT, 15 quliT
dabalia (Ogbu, 1987). im jgufis socialurma
daRma, romelsac individi miekuTvneba, SeiZleba
ratom moqmedebs socialuri klasi IQ-ze? uaryofiTad imoqmedos mis TviTdarwmunebu-
simdidres, iseve rogorc siRatakes, SeuZlia lobaze da araxelsayreli gavlena moaxdinos
inteleqtualur funqcionirebaze sxvadsxvagvari testis Sedegebsa da saskolo miRwevebze, amitom
gavlenis moxdena. maTgan yvelaze aSkara jan- bavSvebis xelsayrel pirobebSi gazrdis Sem-
mrTelobis da ganaTlebis uzrunvelyofis TxvevaSi TvalsaCino unda iyos garemos uSualo
pirobebia. orsulobis dros sustma janmrTe- gavlena IQ-ze.
lobam da dabadebisas mcire wonam SeiZleba
inteleqtis politika
385
suraTi
10.6
viciT
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom TiToeul am kvlevaSi
stereotipuli muqaris moqmedeba mniSvnelovania, Tu rogor afasebs situacias
testis Semsrulebeli. mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
erT-erT kvlevaSi gamosaSvebi kursis
rodesac adamianebs sjeraT, rom situacia exeba
Savkaniani da TeTrkaniani studentebi stereotips, magaliTad, rodesac miaCniaT, rom
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
vad, ufro mosalodneli iyo, rom adamianebi ganisazRvros, risi Secvlaa SesaZlebeli goneb-
aSS-Si am kiTxvas dadebiTad upasuxebdnen. rode- rivi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenaSi da risi _
sac stivensoni da misi kolegebi sTxovdnen ara.
aziel da amerikel studentebs, maswavleblebs
da mSoblebs mieTiTebinaT, Tu ra ufro mniS-
Sejameba
vnelovani iyo maTTvis: `bejiTad mecadineoba~
Tu `Tandayolili goniereba~, azieli respon- godardma xeli Seuwyo zogierTi rasobrivi
dentebi aqcents `bejiTad mecadineobaze~ da eTnikuri jgufebis genetikuri inferiulo-
akeTebdnen, amerikeli respondentebi ki _ `Tan- bis aRiarebis warumatebeli tradiciis damkvi-
drebas. qcevis genetikurma analizma IQ-Si
dayolil gonierebaze~. axla xedavT, Tu rogor 389
mravalricxovani genetikuri komponenti aCvena. duqtebi fasdeba, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi da
Tumca, IQ-is gazomvas xSirad politikuri elf- SevamowmebT inteleqtTan maT kavSirs, Semdeg
eri dakravs, IQ-is mixedviT miRebuli raso- ganvixilavT gansakuTrebuli (an uCveulo)
brivi gansxvavebebis gamo. mkvlevrebma daadg- kreatulobis pirobebs da maT kavSirs SeSli-
ines garemos faqtorebi, romlebic mniSvnelo- lobasTan. vnaxavT, ra SeiZleba viswavloT
van gavlenas axdenen IQ-ze. miuxedavad imisa, gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi unarebiT dajil-
rom IQ-s sakmaod validurad SeuZlia iseTi doebuli adamianebisagan.
cxovrebiseuli Sedegebis prognozireba, rogor-
icaa warmatebebi skolasa da samsaxurSi, misi
gazomvebi SeiZleba aravaliduri iyos sxvadasxva kreatulobis Sefaseba da
rasobrivi da kulturuli jgufebis SemTxveva- kavSiri inteleqtTan
Si. magaliTad, zogierTi jgufi inteleqtu-
rogor SeiZleba imis gansazRvra, adamianebi
aluri SesaZleblobebis gazomvisas stereotipu-
(SedarebiT) kreatulebi arian Tu ara? bevri
li muqaris zemoqmedebas ganicdis.
midgoma divergentul azrovnebaze fokusirdeba,
romelic ganisazRvreba, rogorc problemis
sxvadasxvagvari uCveulo gadawyvetis unari.
kiTxvebi, romelebic zomaven divergentul
SemoqmedebiToba
azrovnebas, saSualebas aZleven testis
Semsrulebels naTlad gamoavlinos sxarti da
sanam inteleqtisa da misi gazomvis Temas moqnili azrovneba (Torrance, 1974; Wallah & Kogan,
davasrulebT, mivubrundeT iseT sakiTxs, 1965):
rogoricaa kreatuloba, anu SemoqmedebiToba. daasaxeleT yvela sagani, romelic, Tqveni
kreatuloba aris iseTi ideebis generirebisa azriT, oTxkuTxedia;
da produqtebis Seqmnis unari, romlebic axali
sami wuTis ganmavlobaSi daasaxeleT rac
da aqtualuria mocemul pirobebSi (Sternbeg &
SeiZleba meti TeTri feris, saWmelad vargisi
Lubart, 1999). ganvixiloT borblis gamogonebis
sagnebi;
magaliTi. es meqanizmi axali iyo, radgan ucnob
gamomgoneblamde aravis unaxavs, Tu ra sargeblis daasaxeleT aguris gamoyenebis yvela
miReba SeiZleboda gagorebuli sagnebisgan. es SesaZlo varianti, rac TavSi azrad mogivaT.
gamogoneba pirobebis adekvaturi iyo, radgan
pasuxebi fasdeba iseTi ganzomilebebis mixed-
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
saidan
viciT
kreatuloba da mania
aRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
kreatulobis mkvlevarma robert veisbergma
(Robert Weisberg, 1994, 1996) Seiswavla kom-
pozitor robert Sumanis Semoqmedeba,
romelsac bipolaruli aSlilobis diag-
nozi hqonda. garkveuli monacemebi maniasa
da SemoqmedebiTobas Soris navaraudevi
kavSiris sasargeblod metyvelebs. Sumanma
gacilebiT meti nawarmoebi Seqmna mania-
kaluri fazis wlebSi (saSualod 12.3),
1
392 Free flowing though processes.
leba iswavlos man aqedan. Tqven SeiZleba
mibaZoT riskis gawevis models; uaRresad krea-
tuli adamianebi mzad arian dadgnen `gaukvalav
gzaze~. aseve, SegiZliaT gaiziaroT momzadebis
modeli. gansakuTrebuli kreatulobiT dajil-
doebuli adamianebi wlebs uTmoben im sferoSi
daxelovnebas, romelSic saukeTesoni iqnebian
(Weisberg,1986). SesaZlebelia gaiziaroT Sinagani
motivaciis modeli (Pattern of intrinsic motivation).
SemoqmedebiTi adamianebi gulmodgined asrule-
ben mocemul davalebebs, radgan siamovnebas da
kmayofilebas aniWebT is, rasac isini qmnian
(Collins & Amabile, 1999). Tu Tqvens cxovrebaSi
SeZlebT am sami modelis sakuTar Tavze
morgebas, maSin moaxerxebT Tqveni SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis metad gamovlenas.
axla ukve iciT is xerxebi, romelTa saSua-
lebiT fsiqologebi afaseben da xsnian indi-
vidualur gansxvavebebs, romelebic arseboben
inteleqtsa da kreatulobas Soris, Tumca,
ueWvelia, iciT, rom adamianis gasagebad gaci-
lebiT metia saWiro, vidre codna misi inteleq-
tualobisa da SemoqmedebiTobis xarisxis Se-
saxeb. Semdeg qveTavSi ganvixilavT im xerxebs,
romliTac fsiqologebi iReben informacias im
pirovnuli Tvisebebis diapazonis Sesaxeb, rom-
lebic TiToeuli individis unikalurobas Semfaseblebis subieqturi daskvnebis ufro
gansazRvravs. obieqturi sazomebiT SecvliT, romlebic
sakmaod zedmiwevniT, guldasmiTaa agebuli da
Riaa kritikuli SefasebisaTvis. swored am
mizanma misca dasabami alfred bines pionerul
Sejameba
Sromas. bines da sxvebs miaCndaT, rom testireba
kreatuloba divergentuli azrovnebis tes- xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebis demokratizacias
tebiT izomeba. zogierTi Sexedulebis sawinaaR- da Seamcirebda sqesis, rasis, erovnebis, privile-
mdegod, ar dadasturda mWidro kavSiri Semoq- giebis, an fizikuri garegnobis SemTxveviT
medebiTobasa da SeSlilobas Soris, Tumca, kriteriumebze dafuZnebul gadawyvetilebebs,
SemoqmedebiToba moiTxovs garkveuli riskis Tumca, am amaRlebuli miznebis miuxedavad,
gawevas, momzadebasa da motivacias.
Sefaseba da sazogadoeba
msjeloben imaze dayrdnobiT, Tu ramdenad malurobaze~ ufro iwyeben fiqrs, vidre ganaT-
warmatebiT asruleben maTi moswavleebi miRwevis lebis sistemaze, romelic saWiroebs programebis
standartul testebs. TviT maswavlebelTa imgvar modificirebas, rom TiToeul moswavleze
xelfasebic ki SeiZleba damokidebuli iyos morgebuli iyos. iarliyebs wina planze devian-
testebis Sedegebze, ramac skolebSi xeli Seuwyo turi pirovnenebi ufro gamoyavs, vidre maTi
TaRliTobasTan dakavSirebul skandalebs. garemos disfunqciuri aspeqtebi. iseT indivi-
magaliTad potomakSi (Potomac, Maryland) dawyebiTi dualistur sazogadoebebSi, rogoric, maga-
skolis direqtori gadadga, rodesac gamoaSkarav- liTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebia, adamia-
da mtkicebulebebi imis Sesaxeb, rom testis nebis umravlesoba mzad aris adamianis warmateba
Sedegebis gaumjobesebis mizniT skolis mexuTe- da warumatebloba arasworad miaweros mas da,
klaselebma iseTi saxis daxmareba miiRes, rogo- amave dros, saTanadod ar Seafasos garemo
ricaa damatebiTi dro da testis xelmeored pirobebis zegavlena. Cven vkicxavT adamians
Sesruleba (Thomas & Wingert, 2000). es faqtebi warumateblobisaTvis da amiT sazogadoebis
TviTon moswavleebma gamoavlines, romelTac danaSauls vamsubuqebT. Cven vaqebT pirovnebas
mSoblebs uTxres, rom skolaSi maT TaRliTuri warmatebisaTvis da amitomac ar vaRiarebT
qcevis ganxorcieleba sTxoves. bavSvebi gaoce- sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv gavlenas, romelmac
bulni iyvnen ufrosebis qceviT da mSoblebs SesaZlebeli gaxada misi warmateba. Cven unda
394 maTi qcevis axsnas sTxovdnen. bavSvebis amgvari vaRiaroT, Tu rogorebi arian adamianebi amJamad,
rac imis Sedegia, Tu sad imyofebodnen, sad CemTvis Sansis mosacemad, rodesac maT
Camoyalibdnen da ra mimdinare situacia axdens mier dafinansebuli kandidati (gordon
gavlenas maT qcevaze. boueri, amJamad cnobili fsiqologi)
es Tavi gvinda fil zimbardos piradi we- sxvagan wavida staJirebaze.
riliT davasruloT, romelic SeiZleba STago- warmatebebi karierasa da cxovrebaSi
nebis wyarod iqces im studentebisaTvis, gacilebiT mets moiTxovs, vidre mxolod
romlebic kargad ver arTmeven Tavs obieqtur standartizebuli testebiT gazomili
testebs: unarebi, SesaZleblobebi da maxasiaTeb-
lebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom testebs
miuxedavad Cemi, rogorc profesionali
SeuZliaT imis prognozireba, Tu saSualod
fsiqologis, warmatebuli karierisa, Cem
ramdenad kargi Sedegi eqnebaT adamianebs,
mier mravali wlis win gakeTebulma tes-
nebismieri mocemuli individis SemTxvevaSi
tebma sul sxva ram iwinaswarmetyvela.
SeiZleba adgili hqondes Secdomas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warCinebuli kursdam-
adamianebma SeiZleba uaryon testis qu-
Tavrebuli viyavi, romelmac umaRlesi
lebis pesimisturi prognozi, rodesac
akademiuri moswrebiT (Summa Cum Laude)
mizandasaxulobiT, warmosaxviT, imediT,
davamTavre, erTaderTi Sefaseba (niSani)
pirovnuli siamayiT da intensiuri Zalis-
C miviRe fsiqologiis SesavalSi, sadac
xmeviT gaaumjobeseben TavianT monacemebs.
gamocda mxolod mravaljeradi arCevanis
albaT, metad mniSvnelovania, gjerodeT
testiT Catarda. Tavdapirvelad uari
sakuTari Tavis, vidre _ testis Sedegebis.
miTxres ielis universitetSi staJirebaze.,
Semdeg rezervSi Camricxes da bolos
uxalisod mimiRes. es, nawilobriv, gamowve-
uli iyo imiT, rom Cemi maTematikis qulebi Sejameba
fsiqologiis fakultetis mier dawesebul miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiuri tes-
zRvarze naklebi iyo, magram mogvianebiT tireba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasargebloa indivi-
aRmovaCine, rom es nawilobriv gamowveuli disaTvis, jer kidev aris testebis upasuxis-
iyo imiTac, rom profesor-maswavleblebma mgeblod gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi. kritikosebs
Cemi pasuxebisa da sxva mtkicebulebebis awuxebT iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa testis
mixedviT, romelic naxes Cems gancxadebasa Sedegebze dafuZnebuli gadawyvetilebebis
da testebSi, ivaraudes, rom zangi viyavi. samarTlianoba, testebis vargisianoba saganmanaT-
am monacemebma uaryofiTad imoqmeda maT leblo praqtikis Sesafaseblad da testebis
daskvnebze Cemi SesaZleblobis _ mimeRwia Sedegebis gamoyeneba adamianTa garkveul kate-
warmatebisaTvis fsiqologiaSi _ Sesaxeb. goriebad daxarixebisaTvis.
sabednierod, zogierTi maTgani mzad iyo
sakvanZo
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
sakiTxebi
CineTidan iRebs. am sferoSi standartizirebuli. sando
ra aris Sefaseba mniSvnelovani wvlili sazomi gvaZlevs Sesabamis
fsiqologiur Sefasebas Seitana ser frensis gal- Sedegebs. validuri sazomi
xangrZlivi istoria aqvs tonma. afasebs im Tvisebebs, romelTa
da dasabams antikuri Sefasebis instrumenti unda gasazomadac Seiqmna testi.
iyos sando, validuri da
395
standartizirebuli testis stenbergi ganasxvavebs inte-
Catareba da Sedegebis Seja- leqtis komponentur, empi- Sefaseba da
meba yovelTvis erTi da riul da konteqstualur sazogadoeba
igive gziT xdeba. normebis aspeqtebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom teste-
arseboba saSualebas gvaZ- gardnerma daadgina inte- bi xSirad sasargeblod
levs, SevadaroT pirovnebis leqtis rva tipi, romelic gamoiyeneba momavali Sesru-
qulebi igive asakis, sqesis moicavs da scildeba kidec lebis winaswarmetyvele-
da kulturis individTa standartuli IQ sazomebiT bisaTvis, maTi Sedegebi ar
saSualo maCvenebels. gazomvad inteleqtis for- unda ganapirobebdes indi-
mebs. Tanamedrove kvlevebi vidis ganviTarebisa da
fokusirebulia emociur in- cvlilebebis ganxorciele-
inteleqtis Sefaseba teleqtze. bis SesaZleblobis SezRud-
XX saukunis oTxmocda- vas.
aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi rodesac Sefasebis Sedegebi
safrangeTSi alfred binem inteleqtis politika momavalSi gavlenas axdens
safuZveli Cauyara inte- Tavdapirvelad inteleqtis individis cxovrebaze, gamo-
leqtis obieqturi testi- testebi eTnikuri da rasob- yenebuli teqnikebi unda
rebis ganviTarebas. qulebi rivi jgufebis Sesaxeb uar- iyos sando da validuri
mocemuli iyo gonebrivi yofiTi gancxadebebis gasake- rogorc am individTan, ise
asakis terminebiT da bav- Teblad gamoiyeneboda. _ gamoyenebis mizanTan
Svebis funqcionirebis ar- IQ-is maRali memkvidreo- mimarTebaSi.
sebul dones asaxavda. biTobis gamo zogierTi
aSS-Si termenma Seqmna sten- mkvlevari garkveuli rasob-
ZiriTadi cnebebi
ford-bines inteleqtis ska- rivi da kulturuli jgufe-
qronologiuri asaki
la da moaxdina IQ-is cnebis bis dabal Sedegebs maT
kreatuloba
popularizacia. Tandayolil arasrulfa- kriteriumis validoba
veqslerma Seqmna specia- sovnebas miawers. kristalizebuli inteleqti
luri inteleqtis testebi araxelsayreli garemo piro- divergentuli azrovneba
mozrdilebisTvis, skolam- bebiT da stereotipuli muqa- emociuri inteleqtiQ
deli da saskolo asakis riT aixsneba zogierTi jgu- TvalsaCino validoba
bavSvebisaTvis. fis dabali IQ qulebi. gamok- fluiduri inteleqti
vleva aCvenebs, rom jgufuri formaluri Sefaseba
gansxvavebebi SeiZleba ganpi- memkvidreobiTobis
inteleqtis Teoriebi robebuli iyos garemo faq- maCvenebeli
IQ-is fsiqometriulma ana- torebiT. inteleqti
lizma aCvena, rom zogierT inteleqtis koeficienti (IQ)
Tavi 10 / inteleqti da inteleqtis Sefaseba
11
ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
ganviTarebis aRwera ganvi-
Tarebis axsna
fizikuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
ganviTareba Canasaxisa da
adreuli bavSvobis periodSi
fizikuri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi fizikuri cvlile-
bebi mozrdilobaSi
kognituri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
piaJes aRmoCenebi kognituri
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb adre-
uli kognituri ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove midgomebi
kognituri ganviTareba moz-
rdilobaSi
enis aTviseba
sityvebisa da metyvelebis
aRqma sityvebis mniSvnelo-
baTa daswavla gramatikis
Seswavla
socialuri ganviTareba cxovrebis
manZilze
eriksonis fsiqosocialuri
stadiebi socialuri gan-
viTareba bavSvobaSi soci-
aluri ganviTareba mozar-
dobaSi socialuri ganvi-
Tareba mozrdilobaSi
fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi: ra
gavlenas axdens baga-baRi bavSvis
ganviTarebaze
genderuli ganviTareba
sqesi da genderi genderuli
rolebis aTviseba
moraluri ganviTareba
moraluri gansjis stadiebi
kolbergis mixedviT gende-
robisa da kulturis gavlena
moralur gansjaze viswav-
loT sworad da warmate-
bulad dabereba
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
ZiriTadi cnebebi 397
v fiqrob, rom Cemnair bavSvobas yve-
la inatrebda. mamaCemi eqimi iyo
da deda _ sadazRvevo agenti. Tan-
daTan finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeboda
rom migtyepon. samagierod, yuradRebas mainc
miiqcev ramiT.
is, rac me minda, rom gavakeTo, Cemi sakuTari
skolis gaxsnaa. aTi wlis Semdeg Cems Tavs
da es yvelas moswonda, magram aravis rCeboda skolaSi vxedav, magram ara Cveulebriv saklaso
dro ojaxisaTvis. gesmiT risi Tqma minda? mama oTaxSi, aramed skolaSi, romelSic ar iqneba
cdilobda eSova fuli da eyida dedasTvis asaxuli Cveni politikuri da ekonomikuri siste-
mersedesi~, gvelis tyavis fexsacmeli da sxva mis mankierebani. es sistema xom viRacaze upi-
msgavsi ram, magram ojaxisTvis aravis ecala. ratesobis mopovebas gulisxmobs.
ase rom, Tqven warmoidgineT, me, ZiriTadad, Cemi skola ubralod Tanasworuflebiani
garemosgan vswavlobdi yvelafers. vswavlobdi maswavleblebis skola iqneba _ TeTrkaniani,
mezobeli bavSvebisagan. Savkaniani, laTino-amerikeli, Cineli, nebis-
vinaidan ojaxisTvis dro aravis hqonda, me mieri, radgan es yvelaferi sulier aRzevebas
yvela araswori saqcielisaTvis visjebodi, mag- da Tavisuflebas emsaxureba. araviTari komer-
ram arasodes viRebdi Seqebas kargi qcevis gamo. cia. fuliT SeiZleba iyido didi mersedesi~
es mudam ase iyo. maS, Caidine raime onavroba, da vila, magram Tu Seni suli daukmayofilebe-
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
es aris atlantaSi mcxovrebi 16 wlis afro- nazavs daefuZneba. bavSvi, albaT, namdvilad
amerikelis, derilis, sityvebi. aSkaraa, rom iswavlis enas, magram is SeiZleba iyos an ar
movlenebma, romelTac misi warsuli ganapirobes, iyos niWieri mwerali. Tqveni winaswarmetyve-
misi samomavlo miswrafebebic ganapirobes (Good- leba, aseve, SeiZleba Tandayolilisa da garemo
millie, 1993, gv. 28-29). rogor mivida derili aseT pirobebis gaTvaliswinebas daefuZnos: Tu orive
daskvnamde? rogor viTardeboda misi azrovneba mSobeli niWieri mwerali iyo, Tqven SeiZleba
wlebis ganmavlobaSi? me-11 TavSi Cven Sevec- ifiqroT, rom bavSvic, aseve, literaturuli
debiT, gaviazroT im ZalaTa moqmedeba, romlebic niWiT iqneba dajildoebuli. bavSvs rom ganaT-
individTa cxovrebas mTeli sicocxlis manZilze leba mdidrul garemocvaSi hqonoda miRebuli,
ayalibeben. Tqven SeiZleba gefiqraT, rom misi akademiuri
warmoidgineT, rom xelSi axalSobili moswreba gadaaWarbebda mSoblebisas. am TavSi
giWiravT. ramdenad zustad SegiZliaT gansa- Cven aRvwerT ganviTarebis fsiqologiis Teo-
zRvroT, rogori iqneba igi erTi wlis Semdeg? riebs, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs, sistemu-
xuTi wlis Semdeg? TxuTmetis? ormocdaaTis? rad gaviazroT, Tu ra tipis prognozis gakeTeba
samocdaaTis? oTxmocdaaTis? Tqveni winaswar- SegviZlia axalSobilis momavlis Sesaxeb.
398 metyveleba, albaT, zogadisa da konkretulis
bunebaze sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi da, aseve, im
cxrili
11.1 specifikur amocanebze, romelTa winaSec ada-
mianebi dgebian cxovrebis garkveul etapebze.
ganviTarebis safexurebi axla gavarkvioT, ras niSnavs ganviTarebis Ses-
safexuri asaki wavla.
Canasaxovani dabadebis wina periodi
(prenataluri)
Cvili bavSvoba dabadebidan 18 Tvemde
ganviTarebis Seswavla da
adreuli bavSvoba daaxloebiT 18 Tvidan 6 wlamde axsna
gviani bavSvoba daaxloebiT 6 wlidan 13 wlamde
mozardoba daaxloebiT 13 wlidan 20 wlamde
axalgazrdoba 1 daaxloebiT 20 wlidan 30 wlamde warmoidgineT, rom gTxoveT yvela im cvli-
mowifuloba daaxloebiT 30 wlidan 65 wlamde lebis siis Sedgena, romelic, Tqveni azriT,
xnovani daaxloebiT 65 wlidan zeviT bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ganicadeT. ras
CawerdiT am siaSi? xom ar CaerTeT fizikuri
gajansaRebis axal programaSi? an xom ar
ganviTarebis fsiqologia aris fsiqologiis gankurnebulxarT raime daavadebisagan? xom ar
sfero, romelic Seiswavlis cvlilebebs adamia- gagCeniaT raime axali hobi an interesi? megobar-
nis fizikur da fsiqologiur funqcionirebaSi Ta axali wre xom ar SegiZeniaT? vinmes gansakuT-
Casaxvidan sicocxlis bolomde. ganviTarebis rebiT xom ar dauaxlovdiT? rodesac ganviTa-
fsiqologebis amocanaa, gaarkvion, rogor da rebas aRvwerT, Cven mis konceptualizacias
ratom icvlebian organizmebi drois ganmav- cvlilebis terminebiT vaxdenT. Cven gTxoveT
lobaSi da aRweron da axsnan es cvlilebebi. sakuTar cxovrebaSi momxdar cvlilebebze
mkvlevrebi swavloben drois periodebs, romelTa fiqri, raTa dagvenaxvebina, rom cvlileba TiT-
ganmavlobaSic pirvelad iCens Tavs sxvadasxva qmis yovelTvis niSnavs kompromiss. xSirad
unarebi da funqciebi da akvirdebian, Tu rogor adamianebi cxovrebas ganixilaven, rogorc, Zi-
icvleba es unarebi. ZiriTadi winapirobaa is, riTadad, SeZenis process (ukeTesobisaken svlas)
rom adamianis fsiqikuri funqcionireba, socia- bavSvobaSi da, piriqiT, dakargvis process (da-
luri urTierTobebi da sxva sasicocxlod au- nakargs, uaresobisaken svlas) xandazmul asakSi.
cilebeli aspeqtebi viTardeba da icvleba mTeli ganviTarebis Cveneuli perspeqtiva aqcents
cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi. cxrili 11.1 miaxloebiT imaze akeTebs, rom arCevanebi da, Sesabamisad,
gviCvenebs sicocxlis ZiriTad periodebs. mogebebi da danakargebi ganviTarebis yvela etaps
am TavSi warmogidgenT, Tu rogor ikvleven axasiaTebs (Dixon 1999; Uttal & Perlmutter, 1989).
mkvlevrebi ganviTarebas da rogor warmoadgenen magaliTad, rodesac adamianebi cxovrebis Tanam-
im Teoriebs, romelTa saSualebiTac cdiloben gzavrs irCeven, isini Tmoben farTo arCevanis
saSualebas, magram iZenen usafrTxoebas. rodesac ganviTarebis Seswavla da axsna
droTa ganmavlobaSi momxdari cvlilebebis
axsnas. Semdeg Tqvens cxovrebiseul gamocdi- adamianebi berdebian da pensiaze gadian, isini
lebebs sxvadasxva sferoebad davyofT da Tmoben statuss, magram iZenen Tavisufal dros.
TiToeuli maTganis gaTvaliswinebiT ganvixi- agreTve, didi mniSvnaloba aqvs imas, rom
lavT ganviTarebas. Tavis dasawyisSi Cven yurad- ganviTareba ar ganixiloT, rogorc pasiuri
Rebas fizikur, kognitur da enobriv ganviTa- procesi. Tqven dainaxavT, rom ganviTarebis bevri
rebaze SevaCerebT. Semdeg ki yuradRebas gavamax- cvlileba individisgan garemoSi aqtiur CarTvas
vilebT socialuri urTierTobebis cvalebad moiTxovs (Bronfenbenner, 1999; Bronfenbenner & Ceci,
1994).
1
ganviTarebis fsiqologia (Developmental psychol-
cxrilSi mocemuli Semdegi sami kategoria erTian-
deba ufro did kategoriaSi da ewodeba mozrdiloba.
originaluri teqstis mixedviT aris: mozrdiloba, ogy) _ fsiqologiis dargi, romelic swavlobs
sadac Sedis: (1) adreuli mozrdiloba _ aq: axal- fizikuri da fsiqologiuri procesebis urTi-
gazrdoba, (2) Suaxnis mozrdiloba _ aq: mowifuloba erTqmedebas da ganviTarebis stadiebs mTeli
da (3) gviani mozrdiloba _ aq: xnovani. (mTargmnelis
SeniSvna)
cxovrebis manZilze ganviTarebis poziciidan. 399
axla, vnaxoT, rogor aRweren mkvlevrebi gan- models iyeneben. longituduri meTodis gamo-
viTarebis cvlilebebs. yenebisas erTi da igive individebi mravali
wlis ganmavlobaSi sistematuri dakvirvebisa
da testirebis qveS imyofebian. magaliTad,
ganviTarebis aRwera mkvlevrebs SeuZliaT ramdenime Tvis ganmav-
imisaTvis, rom aRvweroT cvlileba, pirveli lobaSi kviraSi ramdenjerme ikvlion erTi da
sasargeblo nabiji iqneba, davadginoT, Tu ras igive bavSvebi, raTa, rac SeiZleba zustad
warmoadgens da rogor gamoiyureba saSualo daafiqsiron is momenti, roca TiToeuli bavSvi
adamiani garkveul asakSi garegnobis, gonebrivi mza strategiis gamoyenebas daiwyebs ariTme-
SesaZleblobebis da sxva faqtorebis mixedviT. tikuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad (Siegler & Crowley,
normatiuli kvlevebi cdiloben, aRweron konkre- 1991). cvlilebis momentis gamoyofiT mkvlevrebs
tuli asakis, an ganviTarebis konkretuli etapis SeuZliaT ukeTesad dainaxon, Tu, kerZod, ra
maxasiaTeblebi. sxvadasxva asakis individTa sis- uswrebs win ama Tu im cvlilebas. mkvlevrebi
tematuri testirebis gziT, mkvlevrebi adgenen longitudur meTods, aseve, xSirad iyeneben
ganviTarebis TvalSisacem Tvisebebs. bevr adami- individualuri gansxvavebebis Sesaswavlad.
anze dakvirvebis safuZvelze es monacemebi uzrun- sxvadasxva adamianis cxovrebis mimarTulebisa
velyofen normebs _ ganviTarebis, an miRwevis da Sedegebis ukeT gasagebad mkvlevrebma SeiZ-
standartul paternebs, romelic didi raode- leba Seafason mTeli rigi SesaZlo mizezobrivi
nobiT adamianebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli. faqtorebisa, romelic cxovrebis adreul
normatiuli standartebis saSualebiT fsiqo- periodSi moqmedebs da naxon, ra gavlenas axdens
logebi erTmaneTisgan mijnaven qronologiur es faqtorebi calkeuli individis cxovrebaze.
asaks _ pirovnebis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebisa grZelvadiani gamokvlevis upiratesoba isaa,
Tu wlebis raodenobas da ganviTarebis asaks _ rom, vinaidan cdis pirebi, ZiriTadad, erTgvar
qronologiur asaks, rodesac adamianebis umrav- sicialur-ekonomikur pirobebSi erTsa da imave
lesoba avlens fizikuri da gonebrivi ganviTa- socialur-ekonomikur periodSi cxovroben,
rebis garkveul dones. sami wlis bavSvi, rome- SevZlebT asakTan dakavSirebuli cvlilebebis
lic metyvelebs, rogorc saSualo 5 wlis bavSvi, dafiqsirebas da isini ar agvereva socialuri
iTvleba, rom metyvelebis ganviTarebis mixedviT pirobebis cvalebadobaSi (Schaie, 1989). am meTodis
Tavi 11 / adamianis ganviTareba cxovrebis manZilze
is 5 wlisaa. normebi uzrunvelyofs standartul minusi ki isaa, rom ganzogadeba SeiZleba gakeT-
baziss, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli xdeba des mxolod imave kohortaze, anu kvlevaSi Car-
individebisa da jgufebis urTierTSedareba. Tuli subieqtebis analogiur periodSi daba-
cvlilebaTa SesaZlo meqanizmis gasagebad debul adamianebze. amasTanave, longituduri
ganviTarebis fsiqologebi kvlevis ramdenime kvlevebi Zviri jdeba, radgan Znelia cdis
pirebze dakvirveba drois xangrZlivi monakve-
normatiuli kvleva (normative investigation) _ Tebis manZilze da, Tanac, monacemebi advilad
gulisxmobs gansazRvruli asakisa Tu ganvi- SeiZleba daikargos cdis pirTa kvlevidan gas-
Tarebis safexurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-
vlis an gauCinarebis gamo.
sebebis aRweras.
ganviTarebis kvlevaTa umravlesoba e. w. jva-
qronologiuri asaki (chronological age) _ indi-
redini Seswavlis meTods iyenebs, sadac sxva-
vidis dabadebidan gasuli Tveebis an wlebis
dasxva qronologiuri asakis mqone cdis pirTa
raodenoba.
jgufebze erTdroulad dakvirvebac xdeba da
ganviTarebis asaki (developmental age) _ qrono-
urTierTSedarebac. Sedegad, mkvlevars SeuZlia
logiuri asaki, romlis drosac bavSvebis umrav-
lesoba amJRavnebs fizikuri Tu gonebrivi daaskvnas im qceviTi gansxvavebebis Taobaze,
ganviTarebis garkveul dones. romlebic, SesaZloa, dakavSirebuli iyos
longituduri meTodi (longitudinal design) _ kvle- asakobriv cvlilebebTan. magaliTad, mkvlevrebma
vis meTodi, romlis drosac erTsa da imave imis Sesaswavlad, Tu rogor uzrunvelyofen
cdis pirebze warmoebs ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba erTmaneTisTvis megobrebi socialur mxarda-
droTa ganmavlobaSi, zogjer mravali wlis Weras, maT SeiZleba erTnairi laboratoriuli
400
manZilze. davalebebi miscen 11, 15 19 wlis mozardTa