1
sicocxlis Sswavla
ZiriTadi koncefciebi
1.1 biologebi sicocxles mokroskopulidan
globalur donemde ikvleven.
1.2 biologiuri sistemebi bevrad r­Tulia, vidre
maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo jami.
1.3 biologebi sicocxles misi saxeobebis mra-
valferovnebaSi ikvleven.
1.4 sicocxlis erTianobasa da mravalferovne-
baze pasuxismgebelia evolucia.
1.5 sicocxlis Sesaswavlad biologebi kvlevis
sxva­dasxva meTodebs mimarTaven.
1.6 Temebis nakrebi, romelic biologiur konce-
fciebs akavSirebs.
Sesavali
biologiis yvelaze warmatebe-
buli epoqa
g gepatiJebiT biologis, sicocxlis Semswavleli
mecnierebis, gasacnobad. biologiis gacnobas misT-
vis yvelaze warmatebul epoqaSi iwyebT. am epoqaSi mkv-
levrebis udidesi da SesaniSnavad SeiaraRebuli jgufebi
iseTi biologiuri gamocanebis amoxsnas Seudgnen, rom-
lebic uwin amoucnobad iTvleboda. Cven vuaxlovdebiT
mravali sakiTxis axsnas: rogor viTaredeba mikroskopu-
li ujredidan rTulad agebuli mcenare an cxoveli; ro-
gor gardaqmnis mcenare mzis sinaTlis energias sakvebi
nivTierebebis qimiur energiad; rogor muSaobs adamia-
nis goneba; rogoria biologiur TanasazogadoebebSi, mag.
tyesa an marjis rifebSi, sicocxlis urTierTkavSirebis
sxvadasxva forma, da rogor ganviTarda dedamiwaze
pirveli mikrobebidan sicocxlis gasaocari mraval-
ferovneba. rac ufro mets vigebT sicocxleze, miT ufro
saocrad gveCveneba es fenomeni, vinaidan erTi sakiTxis
garkvevaSi miRweuli progresi gacilebiT met kiTxvas
badebs, romlebic cnobismoyvare gonebas aTwleulebis
manZilze daeufleba. sxva dargebze metad, biologia mud-
mivi Ziebaa da sicocxlis arsis mudmivi kvlevaa.
Tanamedrove biologia imdenadve mniSvnelovania, ram-
4
suraTi 1.1
biologia sicocxleze fokusrebuli mecniere-
baa
denadac STamgonebelia. genetikasa da ujredul biolo-
giaSi miRweuli garRveva cvlis medicinasa da soflis
meurneobas. molekuluri biologia gvaZlevs kvlevis
axal instrumentebs iseTi gansxvavebuli sferoebisTvis,
rogoricaa antropologia da kriminalistika. neirobio-
logia da evoluciuri biologia cvlis fsiqologiasa da
sociologias. ekologiaSi SemuSavebuli axali modelebi
exmareba sazogadoebas garemos moqmedebis SefasebaSi,
magaliTad, globaluri daTbobis mizezebisa da biolo-
giuri Sedegebis. es biologiis, Cveni kulturis taZarSi
SeRwevis, Tanac uwindelze gacilebiT Rra SeRwevis, mx-
olod ramdenime magaliTia. sicocxlis kvlevisTvis uke-
Tesi dro adre arasdros yofila.
fenomeni, romelsac sicocxles vuwodebT, martiv, er-
Twinadadebian ganmartebas ar eqvemdebareba. amJamad
TiTqmis yvela bavSvma icis, rom ZaRli, xoWo an mcenare,
magaliTad, am wignis garekanze gamosaxuli gvimra (su-
raTi 1.1) cocxali arsebaa, qva ki, ara. sicocxles vcnobT
cocxali organizmebis moqmedebis mixedviT. 1.2 sura-
Tze gamoxatulia zogierTi niSan-Tviseba da procesi,
romelsac Cven sicocxlis cnebas vukavSirebT.
Cven miznad sicocxlis Seswavla davisaxeT, amitom sa-
sargebloa Cvenamde Catarebuli kvlevebis mimoxilva. es
Sesavali Tavi gagvacnobs biologiis farTo dargs, gaa-
Suqebs sicocxlis mravalferovnebas, aRwers dargebs,
magaliTad evolucias, romelic mTels biologias aer-
Tianebs, da agvixsnis kvlevis sxvadasxva meTods, romleb-
sac biologebi sicocxlis Sesaswavlad iyeneben.
koncefcia  1.1
biologebi sicocxles mikros-
kopuli donidan glibalur
donemde ikvleven.
sicocxlis Seswavla iwyeba organizmis Semqmneli
molekulebisa da ujredebis mikroskopuli masStabidan,
da Semdeg planetis globalur masStabze vrceldeba. es
uzarmazari moculoba SegviZlia biologiuri organiza-
ciis sxvadasxva doneebad davyoT.
(a) rigiToba. mzezusmziras axlodan
daTvalierebis Sedegad vxedavT
Zalian daxarisxebul struqturebs,
romlebic sicocxles axasiaTebs
(b) evoluciuri adaptacia. evoluciuri adaptacia.
am juja cxenTevzas garegnoba cxovels mis garemoSi
niRbavs. aseTi adaptaciebi mravali Taobis ganmavlobaSi
ganviTarda, im individebis reproduqciuli warmatebis
saSualebiT, romelTa memkvidreuli Tvisebebi saukeTe-
sod morgebulia maT garemosTan.
(g) pasuxi garemoze. veneris es qoSi
garemos stimulze sapasuxod, (Ria
xafangze nemsiylapias dajdomaze sapa-
suxod), swrfad xuravs xafangs.

(e) energiis gadamuSaveba. kolibri sawvavs yvavilebisgan

(d) regulacia. yurdRlis
yurebis sisxlZarRvEE ebSi
mimdinare sisxlis mimoqcevis
regulacia exmareba mas sxe-
ulis mudmivi temperaturis
SenarCunebaSi, vinaidan are-
bulirebs siTbos mimocvlas
haerTan.
neqtaris saxiGT iRebs. mis sakvebSi Senaxul qimiur energias
is frenisa da sxva samuSaos Sesasruleblad gamoiyenebs.
(z) gamravleba. organizmebi (cocxali
arsebebi) sakuTari Tavis msgavs orga-
nizmebs warmoSoben. aq asaxuli ping-
(v) zrda da ganviTareba. genebis mier vini imperatori sakuTar bartys icavs.
Senaxuli memkvidreobiTi informacia
iseTi organizmebis zrdisa da ganvi-
Tarebis Tvisebebs akontrolebs, ro-
goric es nilosis niangia.
suraTi 1.2 sicocxlis zogi-
erTi Tviseba.

raTi sicocxlis arsSi mogzaurobaze gviyveba. wreebSi

biologiuri organizaciis ierarqia
warmoidgineT, rom dedamiwas kosmosidan uaxlovdeb-
iT da sicocxles iluminatoridan, sul ufro da ufro ax-
los akvirdebiT. Cveni mizani kanada, ontarios tyea, sadac
imisTvis, rom nekerCxlis foToli globaluri donidan,
molekulur donemde SeviswavloT, sabolood, mikros-
kopisa da sxva xelsawyoebis gamoyeneba mogviwevs. 1.3. su-
moqceuli nomrebi, biologiuri organizaciis doneebs
Soris mogzaurobaSi gviZRvebian, romlebic ilustrire-
bulia fotosuraTebiT.
mivyveT 1.3 suraTze gamosaxul mwvane fers, romelic
pirvelad kosmosidan SevamCnieT, roca biosfero davi-
naxeT, da romelsac qlorofilis molekulur donemde
mogzaurobis mTels gzaze davinaxavT. Tu sicocxlis

5
suraTi 1.3 kvleva: biologiuri organizaciis doneebi

1. biosfero. roca dedamiwas sakmaod axlos vuaxlovdebiT,

da mis kontinentebsa da okeaneebs varCevT, planetis ty-
4
eebis mwvane mozaikaSi sicocxlis niSnebs vxedavT. mag.
Cven pirvelad davinaxeT biosfero, romelic sicocxliT
dasaxlebuli dedamiwis yvela garemosgan Sedgeba. bios-
fero moicavs xmeleTis regionebis umravlesobas, wyal-
sacavebis umetesobas, rogoric okeane, tba da mdinarea,
da ramdenime kilometr simaRleze gaWimul atmosfero-
sac.

2. ekosistemebi. roca dedamiwis zedapirs vuaxlovdebiT, 5

rom ontarioSi, warmosaxviGT adgilas, daveSvaT, SegviZlia
gavarCioT tye, sadac mravali foTolmcveni xe izrdeba
(xeebi, romlebic erTi sezonis ganmavlobaSi foTlebs kar-
gaven da axali foTlebiT Semdeg sezonSi imosebian). aseTi
foTolmceni tye ekosistemis magaliTia. saZovrebi, udab-
noebi da okeanis marjnis rifebi ekosistemis sxva tipebia. ekosistema Sedgeba
konkretul arealSi mobinadre yvela cocxali organizmisgan da garemos ara-
cocxcali komponentebisgan, romlebTanac sicocxle urTierTmoqmedebs. ara-
cocxali komponentebia mag. niadagi, wyali, atmowferuli airebi da sinaTle.
dedamiwis yvela ekosistemis erToba biosferos qmnis.

3. Tanasazogadoebebi. im organizmebis sruli nakrebi, romlebic konkretul ekosistemaSi binadrobs, biolo-

giur Tanasazogadoebas Seadgens. Cveni tyis ekosistemaSi Tanasazogadoeba moicavs xeebis mraval tips, sxva
mcenareebs, cxovelebis mravalferovnebas, sxvadasxva sokosa, mravalgvari mikroorganizmebis saocar ra-
odenobas, da sicocxlis iseT formebs, rogoricaa baqteria, romlebic Zalian pataraa, rom mikroskopis
gareSe davinaxoT. sicocxlis yoveli aseTi forma saxeobaa.

4. populaciebi. populacia im saxeobis yvela individisgan Sedgeba, romlebic konkretuli arealis sazRvrebSi binadroben. magaliTad, on-
tarios tye Saqris nekerCxlis xeebisa da amerikuli baribalebis populaciebs Seicavs. axla SegviZlia Tanasazogadoebis ganmartebac dava-
zustoT, rogorc populaciebis nakrebis, romlebic konkretul arealSi binadroben.

5. organizmebi. individualuri arsebebi organizmebia. organizmebia nekerCxalis yoveli xe da tyis sxva mcenareebic. igive exeba tyis yvela
cxovels, mag. bayays, ciyvs, daTvsa da mwers. niadagi dasaxlebulia mikroogranizmebiT, baqteriebiT.

6. organoebi da organoTa sistemebi. Cvens winaSe ixsneba foTlis struqturuli ierarqia, roca ufro rTuli organizmebis sicocxlis age-
bulebas vikvlevT. nekerCxlis foToli organos magaliTia anu sxeulis, romelic ori an meti qsovilisgan Sedgeba (romlebsac davinaxavT
masStabis Semdegi cvlilebisas). Reroebi da fesvebi mcenaris sxva ZiriTadi organoebia. adamianis organoebis magaliTia tvini, guli da
Tirkmelebi. adamianisa da sxva rTuli cxovelebis organoebi organizebulia organoTa sistemebSi, romelTagan yoveli organoTa gundia,
romelebic TanamSromloben konkretuli funqciis Sesrulebisas. magaliTad, adamianis momnelebel sistemaSi Sedis organoebi: ena, kuWi da
nawlavebi.

7. qsovilebi. foTlis qsovilebis dasanaxad, masStabis Semdegi Semcirebisas, mikroskopi gvWirdeba. marcxniv gamosaxulia foTlis ganivi
Wrili. foTlis SigTavsis fiWisebri qsovili (fotos zeviTa nawili) fotosinTezis mTavari adgilia, anu im procesis, romelic sinaTlis
energias Saqrisa da sxva sakvebis qimiur energiad gardaqmnis. Cven gadaWril foTols iseTi kuTxiT vuyurebT, rom SegviZlia zigzagisebri
qsovili davinaxoT, romelsac epidermas, foTlis zedapiris kans, uwodeben (fotosuraTis qveda nawili). epidermaSi gamavali forebis sa-
SualebiT airi naxSirorJangi, Saqris warmoebis nedli masala, foTlis SigniT ganlagebul fotosinTezirebad qsovils aRwevs. am masStabze
SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom yovel qsovils ujreduli struqtura aqvs. sinamdvileSi, qsovilis yoveli tipi msgavsi ujredebis jgufia.

6
8. ujredebi. ujredi sicocxlis agebulebis da funq-
ciis ZiriTadi erTeulia. zogi organizmi, rogori-
caa ameba da baqteriebis umetesoba, erTujredi-
ania. sxva organizmebi, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis
CaTvliT, mravalujrediania. erTujredian org-
niamzSi sicocxlis yvela funqcias erTi ujredi
asrulebs, mravalujredian organizmSi ki, samuSao
ganawilebulia specializrebul ujredebs Soris.
adamianis sxeuli miliardobiG T sxvadasxva tipis
mikriskopuli ujredisgan Sedgeba. maT Soris kun-
Tovani da nervuli ujredebia, romlebic organi-
zebulia sxvadasxva specializirebul qsovilebSi.
magaliTad, kunTovani qsovili Sedgeba kunTovani
7
6 mniSvnelovani molekulaa. is fotosinTezis pirveli etapisas sinaTles
struqturuli ierarqiis mimoxilvas gavagrZelebT, ufro
axlos davaTvalierebT or biologiur dones, ekosiste-
masa da ujreds, romlebic ganlagebulia zomis Skalis
mopirdapire boloebTan axlos.
ekosistemis gacnoba
sicocxle sicarieleSi ver iarsebebs. yoveli orga-
nizmi sakuTar garemosTan mudmivad urTirTqmedebs, sa-
dac sxva cocxali organizmebi da aracocxali obieqtebi
Sedis. magaliTad, xis fesvebi niadagidan wyalsa da min-
eralur naerTebs iwovs; foToli naxSirorJangs haeridan
STanTqavs; qlorofiliT absorbirebuli mzis energia
fotosinTezs wamarTavs, romelic wyalsa da naxSioror-
Jangs Saqrad da Jangbadad gardaiqmnis. xe Jangbads haerSi
gamoyofs, misi fesvebi ki, niadagis Seqmnas emsaxureba,
vinaidan isini kldeebs Slian. organizmisa da garemos
urTierTmoqmedeba orive maTganze aisaxeba. xe sxva
8
9 10
ujredebis Sekvrebisgan. gaixseneT foTlis SigniT ganlagebuli qsovilis
ujredebi. yoveli aseTi ujredi 25 μm (mikrometris) siganisaa. saWiroa
700 aseTi ujredi, rom xurda fulis sisqe miviRoT. ujredebis simciris
miuxedavaT SegiZliaT dainaxoT, rom yoveli maTgani mraval mwvane struq-
turas, qloroplasts, Seicavs, romelic fotosinTezze pasuxismgebelia.
9. organelebi. qloroplastebi organelebis, sxvadasxva funqcionaluri
komponentis, magaliTia, romlebisganac ujredi Sedgeba. am suraTis
gadaRebisas gamoyenebulia Zalian mZlavri xelsawyo, eleqtromuli mik-
roskopi, romlis saSualebiT SegiZliaT calkeuli qloroplasti kargad
gaarCioT.
10. molekulebi. masStabis bolo gazrda qloroplastSi Segviyvans, rom si-
cocxle molekulur doneze ganvixiloT. molekula qimiuri struqutraa,
romelic ori an meti qimiuri erTeulisgan, atomisgan, Sedgeba. qloro-
filis molekulis am kompiuterul modelze atomebi warmodgenilia bur-
Tulebis saxiT. qlorofili pigmenturi molekulaa, romelic nekerCxlis
foTols mwvane fers aniWebs. qlorofili dedamiwaze erT-erTi yvelaze
adsorbirebs. yoveli qloroplastis SigniT ganlagebuli milionobiT
qlorofilis molekula da sxva molekulebi organizebulia iseT wyobaSi,
romelic sinaTlis energias sakvebis qimiur eergiad gardaqmnis.
cocxal obieqtebTanac urTierTmoqmedebs, maT Soris,
fesvebTan dakavSirebul niadagis mikroorganizmebTan,
da cxovelebTan, romlebic misi foTlebiTa da nayofiT
ikvebebian.
ekosistemis dinamika
nebismieri ekosistemis dinamika or mTavar process
moicavs. erTia sakvebi nivTierebebis mimoqceva. magali-
Tad, mcenareebis mier SeTvisebuli mineraluri nivTiere-
bebi, sabolood, niadags ubrundeba, Camocvenili foT-
lebis, mkvdari fesvebisa da sxva organuli narCenebis
daSlis Sedegad, romelsac mikroorganizmebi Aaxorciele-
ben. ekosistemaSi mimdinare meore mTavari procesi mzis
sinaTlis energiis nakadia, romelic producentebidan
konsumentebze vrceldeba. Pproducentebi mcenareebi da
fotosinTezis unaris mqone sxva organizmebia, romlebic
mzis energias qimiur energiad gardaqmnian. konsumentebi
7

mzis sinaTle
ekosistema
producentebi (mcena-
reebi da fotosinTez-
is unaris mqone sxva
organizmebi)
qimiuri energia
konsumentebi
(cxovelebis CaTv-
liT)
suraTi 1.4. ekosistemaSi energiis dinebis ZiriTadi sqema.
cxovelebi da maTi msgvavsi organizmebia, romlebic pro-
ducentebiTa da sxva konsumentebiT ikvebebian.
Eenergiis gardaqmna
moZraoba, zrda, gamravleba da sicocxlis sxva
gamovlineba organizmisgan garkveuli muSaobis Ses-
rulebas moiTxovs. muSaoba damokidebulia energiis
wyaroze. energiis mimocvla organizmsa da mis garemos
Soris xSirad moicavs erTi saxis energiis sxva saxis en-
ergiad gardaqmnas. magaliTad, roca foToli Saqars
awarmoebs, is mzis energias Saqris molekulebis qimiur
energiad gardaiqmnis. roca cxovelis kunTi, moZrao-
bis Sesasruleblad, Saqars sawvavad iyenebs, is Saqris
molekulebis qimiur energias kinetikur (moZraobis)
energiad gardaqmnis. energiis yvela am gardqmnis msvl-
elobaSi, energiis garkveuli nawili Termul energiad
gadraiqmneba, romelsac momuSave organizmebi sakuTar
garemoSi siTbos saxiT fantaven. qimiuri sakvebi niv-
Tierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ekosistemaSi
mimoiqceva, energiis nakadebi ekosistemaSi sinaTlis
saxiT Semodis da mis farglebs gareT, siTbis saxiT, if-
anteba. (suraTi 1.4)
ujredis ufro axlo gacnoba
sicocxlis struqturul ierarqiaSi ujreds gan-
sakrebuli adgili ukavia. is warmoadgens organizaciis
umdables dones, romelsac sicocxlisTvis yvela saWiro
funqciis Sesruleba SeuZlia. magaliTad, ujredebis
gayofis unari, romlis Sedegad axali ujredebi warmo-
8
qmneba, yvela tipis gamravlebisa da mravalujrediani
organizmebis zrdisa da ganaxlebis safuZvelia (suraTi
1.5). yoveli Tqveni moZraoba da fiqri dafuZnebulia kun-
Tovani da nervuli ujredebis muSaobaze. globaluri
procesebic, rogoricaa naxSirbadis, sicocxlisTvis
aucilebeli qimiuri elementis, mimoqceva, ujredebis
aqtivobis kumulaciuri Sedegia. es fotosinTezsac
siTbo exeba, romelic foTlis ujredebis qloroplastebSi
mimdinareobs. ujredis muSaobis principebis dadgena
Tanamedrove biologiuri kvlevebis mTavari amocanaa.
ujredis memkvidreobiTi informacia
isev 1.5 suraTze gamosaxul gayofad ujreds
davxedoT. ujredebSi vxedavT qromosomebs, cisferi
manaTobeli saRebaviT SeRebil struqturebs. qromo-
siTbo
somebi nawilobriv Sedgeba nivTierebisgan, dezoqsiri-
bonukleinis mJavisgan, an mokled dnm-isgan. dnm
genebis, memkvidreobiTobis erTeulebis, nivTierebaa,
romlebsac memkvidreobiTi informacia mSoblebidan
STamomavlobaze gadaaqvT. magaliTad, Tqveni sisxlis
jgufi (AA, BB, AB an OOO) konkretuli genebiT ganisaz-
Rvreba, romlebic mSoblebisgan memkvidreobiT miRebu-
lia.
yovel qromosomas aqvs dnm-is erTi Zalian grZeli
molekula, romlis sigrZeze ganlagebulia aseulobiT
da aTaseulobiT geni. roca ujredi gasayofad emzade-
ba, qromosomebis dnm ormagdeba (replikacia), amitom
orive Svileuli ujredi memkvidreobiT genebis mTlian
komleqts iRebs.
yoveli Cvengani sicocxles erTi ujredis saxiT
iwyebs, romelic SeiaraRebulia mSoblebisgan memkvi-
dreobiT miRebuli dnm-iT. am dnm-is replikaciis Sede-
gad genebi Cveni organizmis miliardobiT ujredSi ga-
dadadis. yovel ujredSi, dnm-is sigrZeze ganlagebuli
genebi, ujredis sxva molekulebis Sesaqmnelad saWiro
informacias akodireben. dnm am gziT mTeli organizmis
ganviTarebasa da arsebobas marTavs (suraTi 1.6).
dnm-is molekuluri struqtura uzarmazari infor-
maciis Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. dnm-is yoveli molekula
ori, grZeli jaWvisgan Sedgeba, romlebic daxveulia e.w.
ormag spiralad. jaWvis yoveli rgoli oTxi qimiuri sam-
Seneblo blokidan erT-erTia, romelsac saxelad nuk-
leotidi hqvia (suraTi 1.7). gza, romliTac dnm ujredis
informacias akodirebs, im gzis analogiuria, romli-
Tac asoebs zust TanmimdevrobaSi valagebT, am Tanmim-
devrobas ki, konkretuli mniSvneloba aqvs. magaliTad,
sityva lira CvenSi konkretul saganTan asocirdeba.
sityvebi lari da rali erTi da igive asoebisgan Sedge-
ba, romlebsac sul sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs. bib-
lioTekebi savsea wignebiT, romlebic Seicavs mxolod
33 asos sxvadasxva TanmimdevrobiT dawyobis saSuale-
biT kodirebul informacias. nukleotidebi SegviZlia
memkvidreobis anbanad CavTvaloT. genebSi zusti infor-
macia kodirebulia am oTxi qimiuri asos sxvadasxva gan-
lagebis saSualebiT. rogorc wesi, genebi aseulobiT an
aTaseulobiT nukleotids Seicavs. baqteriuli ujre-
dis erT–erTi geni SeiZleba gadavTargmnoT, rogorc
`aaSene Zoweuli pigmenti~. adamianis konkretuli geni
SeiZleba “Seqmeni hormoni insulini”-s niSnavdes.
ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, genebis umetesoba ujre-
dis mier didi molekulebis, saxelad cilebis, sinTezs
aprogramebs. yoveli genis gaswvriv ganlagebuli nukle-
otidebis Tanmimdevroba konkretul cilas akodirebs,
romelsac unikaluri forma da konkretuli ujreduli
funqcia aqvs. erTi cila SeiZleba kunTovani ujredis
kumSvadi aparatis nawili iyos; sxva cila SeiZleba anti-
sxeuli iyos, anu virusebisa da daavadebebis sxva gamom- suraTi 1.5 tritonis filtvis ujredi or, ufro patara ujre-
wvevebisgan damcavi sistemis nawili. zogi cila SeiZleba dad iyofa, romlebic gaizrdeba da isev daiyofa.
fermenti iyos, anu cila, romelic ujredebSi mimdi-
nare specifikur qimiur reaqciebs akatalizebs (aCqa- deben. adamianis yoveli ujredis qromosomebSi Cal-
rebs). ujredSi mimdinare TiTqmis yvela procesi erTi agebulia daaxloebiT 3 miliardi nukleotidis sigrZis
an ramdenime cilis moqmedebas moicavs. dnm iZleva mem- genomi. am Tanmimdevrobis erTi nukleotidi im zomis
kvidrul programas, magram cilebi is instrumentebia, asoebiT rom Cagvewera, romlebsac Tqven axla kiTxu-
romlebic ujreds realurad aSeneben da mis sicocxles lobT, genetikuri teqsti am wignis zomis daaxloebiT
inarCuneben. 600 wigns aavsebda. nukleotiduri Tanmimdovrobebis
sicocxlis yvela forma, ZiriTadSi msgavsi geneti- am genomur biblioTekaSi arsebobs genebi, romlebic 75
kuri kodis matarebelia. nukleotidebis konkretuli 000-ze mets, sxvadasxva tipis cilis warmoebas akodi-
Tanmimdevroba sxvadasxva organizms erT da igives eub- rebs, romelTagan yovels specifikuri funqcia aqvs.
neba. organizmebs Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba maTi nuk-
leotidebis Tanmimdevrobebs Soris gansxvavebas asax- ujredebis ori mTavari forma
avs. magram, genetikuri kodi universaluria, amitom
yvela ujreds saerTo konkretuli Tvisebebi aqvs.
SesaZlebelia iseTi ujredebis awyoba, romlebic nor-
magaliTad, yvela ujredi Semofarglulia membraniT,
maSi, mxolod sxva romelime organizmisTvis damaxasi-
romelic ujredsa da garemos Soris nivTierebaTa mi-
aTebel cilebs awarmoebs. erT-erTi pirveli farmacev-
mocvlas aregulirebs, da yvela ujredi sakuTari gene-
tuli produqti, romelic am teqnologiis gamoyenebiT
tikuri informaciis saxiT dnmM - s iyenebs.
miiRes, adamianis insulini iyo. mas awarmoebs baqteria,
SegviZlia ujredebis ori mTavari forma ganvasx-
romelSic adamianis insulinis makodirebeli geni Sei-
vavoT: prokariotuli da eukariotuli ujredebi. mi-
yvanes.
kroorganizmebis ori jgufi, saxelad baqteriebi da
organizmis mier memkvidreobiT miRebuli geneti-
arqeebi, prokariotebia. sicocxlis yvela danarCeni
kuri instruqciebis mTel `biblioTekas~, genoms uwo-

spermatozoidi

embrionis ujredebi memkvidreobiT miRe-

buli dnm-is aslebiT
dnm-is Sem-
cveli birTvi

ganayofierebuli kvercxujredi
orive mSoblis dnm-iT.
kvercxujredi
Cvili, romelsac orive mSoblisgan
miRebuli niSnebi aqvs.
suraTi 1.6 memkvidreobiT miRebuli dnm organizmis
ganviTarebas warmarTavs.

9
 birTvi eukariotuli prokariotuli
dnm ujredi ujredi
dnm (birTvis gareSe)
membrana
membrana

citoplazma
ujredi

ujredi

nukleotidi

organelebi

birTvi(Seicavs dnm)

suraTi 1.8. prokariotul da eukariotul ujredebs Soris

zomaSi da sirTuleSi sxvaoba.

debSi ar gvxdeba membraniT SemosazRvruli sxva or-

(a) dnm-is ormagi spira- (b) dnm-is erTGi jaWvi. es geo-
li, es modeli dnm-is seg- metriuli formebi da asoebi ganelebic, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia eukariotuli
mentis yovel atoms asax- dnm-is molekulis erTi jaWvis ujredisTvis.
avs. samSeneblo blokebis mcire monakveTis Semadgeneli
gansxvaveba prokariotul da eukariotul ujre-
– nukleotidebis - ori nukleotidebis martivi
grZeli jaWvisgan agebuli simboloebia. genetikuri debs Soris biologiuri mravalferovnebis magaliTia,
dnm-is molekula, ormagi informacia kodirebulia oTxi romelzec 1.3 koncefciaSi visaubrebT. magram, pirve-
spiralis samganzomilebi- tipis nukleotidis specifikur
lad, kidev erTxel gadavxedoT biologiur ierarqias,
sn formas iRebs. TanmimdevrobaSi (maTi saxelebi
SemoklebiT aRniSnulia A, T, C amjerad biologiuri sistematikis TvalsazrisiT.
da G asoebiT.)

 suraTi 1.7 . dnm-is genetikuri masala

forma, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis CaTvliT, eukari-

otuli ujredebisgan Sedgeba.
koncefcia 1.1 Semowmeba

eukariotuli ujredi Sida membranebiT sxvadasx-
va organelad iyofa, romlebic SemosazRvrulia mem-
branebiT. am organelebs Soris aris qloroplastic
(suraTi1.3). eukariotuli ujredebis umetesobis
yvelaze didi organela birTvia, romelic ujredis
dnm-s Seicavs (qromosomuli molekulebis saxiT). dan-
arCeni organelebi ganlagebulia citoplazmaSi, ujre-
dis birTvsa da ujredis gare membranas Soris arsebul
mTels sivrceSi.
eukariotulTan SedarebiT, prokariotuli ujre-
di bevrad martivia da, rogorc wesi, pataraa (suraTi
1.8). prokarotul ujredSi dnm ujredis danarCeni
nawilisgan ar aris gamoyofili da membraniT Semosaz-
Rvrul birTvSi ar mdebareobs. prokariotul ujre-
1. 1.3 suraTze gamosaxuli yoveli biologiuri do-
nisTvis dawereT winadadeba, romelSic Semdegi,
ufro `dabali”, done Sedis. magaliTi: Tanasazoga-
doeba Sedgeba sxvadasxva saxeobebis populaciebi-
sgan, romlebic konkretul arealSi binadroben.
2. ra kavSiria am sam genetikur termins Soris: dnm,
genebi da qromosomebi?
3. axseniT, ratom aqvT mcenareebs cxovelebTan
meti saerTo niSnani ujredul doneze, vidre
baqteriebTan?

10

koncefcia  1.2
biologiuri sistemebi gacile-
biT metia, vidre maTi Semad-
geneli nawilebis ubralo jami
`mTliani ufro rTULulia, vidre misi Semadgeneli
nawilebis ubralo jami”. es cnobili gamoTqma Seesabameba
koncefcias, rom sxvadasxva komponentis kombinacias Seu-
Zlia ufro rTuli organizaciis Seqmna, romelsac siste-
mas uwodeben. biologiuri sistemis magaliTebia ujre-
di, organizmi da ekosistema. aseTi sistemebis muSaobis
gaazrebisTvis ar aris sakmarisi ubralod misi “nawilebis
CamonaTvali” gvqondes, Tundac es sia srulyofili iyos.
biologiis momavali mTliani, integrirebuli sistemebis
moqmedebis gaazrebaSia.
sistemis emerjentuli (axali)
Tvisebebi
isev gadavxedoT 1.3 suraTze sicocxlis doneebs.
biologiuri rigiTobis am ierarqiaSi, yovel maRla ga-
dadgmul nabijTan erTad, Cndeba axali Tvisebebi, rom-
lebic wina doneze ar arsebobda. es emerjentuli Tvise-
bebi damokidebulia Semadgeneli nawilebis gadawyobaze
da urTierTmoqmedebaze, rasac sistemis sirTulis zrda
axlavs. magaliTad, sacdel sinjaraSi moTavsebuli qlo-
rofilis narevi im molekulebTan, romlebic qloro-
plastis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis, fotosinTezs ver ganax-
orcielebs. fotosinTezis procesi Zalian specifikuri
gziT mimdinareobs, risTvisac saWiroa qlorofilisa da
sxva molekulebis dauzianebel qloroplastSi gansaz-
Rvruli ganlageba. aviRoT meore magaliTi: Tu adamianis
tvinis rTul agebulebas seriozuli tramva daazianebs,
tvini gamarTulad ver imuSavebs, Tundac misi yvela
Semadgeneli nawili saxeze gvqondes. Cveni mexsiereba da
azrovneba nervuli ujredebis rTuli qselis emerjen-
tuli (axali sistemuri) Tvisebaa. biologiuri organiza-
ciis ufro maRal doneze – ekosistemur doneze – iseTi
nivTierebis mimoqceva, rogoric naxSirbadia, damokide-
bulia sxvadasxva organizmisgan Semdgar qselze, romle-
bic erTmaneTTan, niadagTan da haerTan urTierTqmedebs.
sistemuri Tvisebebi sicoxlisTvis arc zebunebriv-
ia da arc unikaluria. wyobis mniSvneloba maSinac Segvi-
Zlia SevamCnioT, Tu velosipedis nawilebis Semcvel
yuTsa da momuSave velosipeds SevadarebT. grafiti da
almasi orive sufTa naxSirbadia, magram Zalian gansx-
vavebuli Tvisebebi aqvT, rac maTi Semadgeneli naxSirba-
dis atomebis ganlagebazea damokidebuli. magram, aseTi
aracocxali obieqtebis kavSirebis Seswavla naklebad
sainteresoa, vidre sicocxlis sistemuri Tvisebebis,
romelTa sirTule maTi kvlevis stimuls ganapirobebs.
reduqcionizmis siZliere
da sisuste
sicocxlis Tvisebebi ganpirobebiulia misi rTuli or-
ganizaciiT. amitom mecnierebi, romlebsac biologiur sis-
temebSi garkveva surT, dilemas awydebian. erTi mxriv, Seu-
Zlebelia ierarqiis maRali donis srulyofili axsna, Tu
mas nawilebad davSliT. nawilebad daWrili cxoveli aRar
funqcionirebs. ujredi, dayvanili mis Semadgenel qimiur
nivTierebebadme, aRar aris ujredi. cocxali sistemis
daSla masSi mimdinare procesebis gaazrebas abrkolebs.
meore mxvriv, iseTi rTuli obieqtis, rogoricaa organiz-
mi an ujredi, Seswavla SeuZlebelia, Tu mas nawilebad ar
davSliT.
reduqcionizmi Slis rTul sistemas ufro martiv kom-
ponentebad, romelTa Seswavla SedarebiT advilia. reduq-
cionizmi biologiis mZlavri strategiaa.
magaliTad, ujredidan miRebuli dnm-is
molekuluri struqturis Seswavlis saSu-
alebiT, jeims uotsonma da frensis krikma,
suraTi 1.9. Tanamedrove biologia, rogorc
informaciuli mecniereba. adamianis genomis
proeqtis warmatebas ganapirobebs dnm-is sekve-
nirebis avtomatizirebuli manqanebi da kompiu-
terebis gamoTvliTi simZlavre. es manqanebiT
SeiaraRebuli kembrijis (gaerTianebuli samefo)
laboratoriaa, erT-erTia, mraval sxva laborato-
rias Soris, romelic internacionalur proeqtSi
TanamSromlobs.
11
1953 wels daasabuTes, Tu rogor SeuZlia am molekulas
memkvidreobiTobis qimiuri safuZvelis rolis Sesruleba.
2001 wels, roca uotsonisa da krikis cnobili aR-
moCenidan TiTqmis naxevari saukune gavida, mecnierebis
saerTaSoriso gundma gamoaqveyna adamianis genomis, 3
miliardi qimiuri niSnis Tanmimdevrobis, “daumuSavebeli
monacemebi” (suraTi 1.9) (mkvlevrebma mravali sxva saxe-
obis genomebis sekvenirebac Caatares). presam da msoflio
liderebma adamianis genomis proeqti yvela drois udides
mecnierul miRwevad aRiares. magram uwindeli kulturu-
logiuri miRwevebisagan gansxvavebiT, mag. apolonis as-
tronavtebis mTvareze gaseirnebisgan, adamianis genomis
sekvenireba didi movlenis dasawyisi iyo, da ara misi fi-
nali. kvlevebis gagrZelebis paralelurad mecnierebi
aTasobiT genis funqciasa da maT cilovan produqtebs
swavloben. amJamad kvleva gadavida imis garkvevaze, Tu
rogor koordinirebs miliardobiT molekula sakuTar
aqtivobas ujredisa da mTliani organizmis ganviTarebisa
da SenarCunebis procesSi. am kvlevis qvakuTxedia midgoma,
romelsac sistemur biologas uwodeben.
sistemuri biologia
biologia ganviTarebis axal saintereso etapze ga-
dadis, vinaidan mravali mkvlevari reduqcionizms axali
strategiebiT avsebs, romlebic sicocxlis emerjentu-
li Tvisebebis gaazrebaSi gvexmareba: mag, rogoria iseTi
biologiuri sistemebis yvela nawilis funqcionaluri
erToblioba, rogoricaa ujredebi. perspeqtivis aseTi
cvlileba SeiZleba SevadaroT konkretuli quCis kuTxis
donidan sxva doneze, magaliTad, haerSi, qalaqis Tavze,
gadasvlas, saidanac SegviZlia davinaxoT sxvadasxva cv-
ladebis, mag. drois, arqiteqturuli proeqtebis, ube-
duri SemTxvevebisa da moZraobis maregulirebeli sig-
nalebis araswori muSaobis moqmedeba qalaqSi manqanebis
moZraobaze.
sistemuri biologiis saboloo mizania mTliani
biologiuri sistemebis dinamiuri qcevis modelireba.
zusti modelis saSualebiT biologebi imis prognozs
SeZleben, Tu rogor imoqmedebs erTi an meti cvladis
cvlileba sxva komponentebze da mTels sisgtemazec.
magaliTad, rogor imoqmedebs, kunTis SekumSvisas, aTeu-
lobiT maregulirebel cilaze kunTis ujredSi kalciu-
mis koncentraciis odnavi zrda? rogor imoqmedebs wnev-
is damwevi wamali adamianis organizmis sxva organoebis
funqcionirebaze, romelic savaraudod, mavne gverdiT
efeqtebs gamoiwvevs? rogor imoqmedebs gadaWarbebuli
morwyva marcvlovani mcenareebis ZiriTad procesebze,
rogoricaa niadagis konkretuli mineralis gamoyeneba
da adamianis sakvebad aucilebeli cilebis dagroveba?
rogor Secvlis ekosistemas da mTels biosferos atmos-
feroSi naxSirorJangis koncentraciis TandaTanobiTi
zrda? sistemuri biologiis mizania am globalur kiTx-
12
vebze Tanmimdevuli pasuxebis gacema.
sistemuri biologia sicocxles, mis yvela doneze,
swavlobs. am dargis pionerebi ekosistemis Semwsav-
leli mecnierebi iyvnen, romlebmac sistemuri midgoma
pirvelebma gamoiyenes. 1960 wels maT iseTi modlebi ga-
naviTares, sadac mocemuli iyo mlaSe Waobebsa da sxva
ekosistemebSi mobinadre saxeobebsa da am sistemebis
aracocxal kompoinentebs Soris urTierTmoqmede-
bebis qselis diagrama. adamianis da sxva organizmebis
fiziologiis (funqcionirebis) Semwavleli biologebi,
ufro adrec aerGTianebdnen im monacemebs, romlebic
mravali organos mier procesebis koordinacias asaxavs,
mag. sisxlSi Saqris koncentraciis cvlilebis koordi-
nacias. ukve maSin ekosistemebisa da organizmebis aseTi
modelebi am sistemebis cvladebis cvlilebaze prog-
nozis Seqmnas emsaxureboda.
amJamad, sistemuri biologebi sicocxlis Seswav-
las ujredul da molekulur doneze cdiloben, ra-
sac, nawilobriv, stimulirebs genomebis sekvenirebis
Sedegad dagrovebuli monacemebi da cilebis cnobili
funqciebis mzardi katalogi. magaliTad, 2003 wels,
mkvlevarTa didma jgufma drozofilas ujredebSi
cilebis urTierTqmedebis qseli gamoaqveyna (xilis
buzi, drozofila, kvlevis popularuli obieqtia). mod-
eli efuZneba aTasobiT cnobili cilisa da maTi sxva
cilebTan cnobili urTierTqmedebebis mzard monacem-
Ta bazas. magaliTad, cilaA A SeiZleba B-s miebas, da C
da D cilebis aqtivoba Secvalos, romlebic Semdeg sxva
cilebTan urTierTqmedeben. 1.10 suraTze darukebulia
kavSiri cilebis urTiermqedebasa da ujredSi maT adg-
ilsamyofels Soris.
sistemuri strategiis safuZvlebi sakmaod gasage-
bia. upirveles yovlisa procesSi saWiroa rac SeiZleba
meti Semadgeneli nawilis CarTva, magaliTad, ujredis
yvela cnobili genisa da cilis (reduqcionizmi). Sem-
deg saWiroa imis gamokvleva, Tu rogor iqceva momuSave
sistemaSi TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili, sxva nawilebT-
an SedarebiT, Cveni drozofilas SemTxvevaSi, ujredis
cilebi. saboloood, kompiuterebisa da axali progr-
amebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia mravali kvleviTi gun-
dis monacemebis erTgvar sistemur qselSi gaerTianeba,
romelic modelirebulia 1.10 suraTze.
marTalia, sistemuri biologiis ZiriTadi idea
martivia, magram praqtika sul sxvaa, rogorc es mosa-
lodnelic aris biologiuri sistemebis sirTulidan
gamomdinare. dagvWirda sami ZiriTadi perspeqtiuli
mimarTulebis ganviTareba, rom biologiur sistemebis
muSaobas mivwdnomodiT:
maRali warmadobis teqnologia. sistemuri biolo-
gia damokidebulia meTodebze, romlebsac SeuZlia
biologiuri masalebis Zalian swrafi analizi da mo-
nacemebis saocrad didi moculobis warmoqmna. aseTi
mega-monacemebis-koleqciebis meTodebze amboben,
 suraTi 1.10 . cilasa da ujreds Soris urT- gare membrana da ujredis zedapiri
ierTmoqmedebis sistemuri ruka. am sqemaze da-
ujredi
rukebulia drozofilas ujredis daaxloebiT 3
citoplazma
500 cila (wertilebi) da maTi urTierTmqedebebis
qseli (xazebi, romlebic cilebs aerTianebs).
aseT modelebs sistemuri biologebi aviTareben birTvi
molekulebis da ujredSi maTi uerTierTmqde-
bebis uzarmazari monacemTa bazebidan. sistemuri
midgomis ZiriTadi mizania amgvari modelebis gam-
oyeneba, rom erTi cvlilebis moqmedebis gavlenis
prognozi SevasruloT. magaliTad, konkretuli
cilis aqtiurobis gazrda, ujredis molekulur
brunvaSi gaaRwevas SeZlebs, rom sxva cvlilebebi
gamoiwvios. am meTodis erT-erTi gamoyeneba sx-
vadasxva wamlebis gverdiTi efeqtebis ufro zus-
ti prognozSi mdogmareobs.

rom maT maRali warmadoba axasiaTebs. dnm-is sekve-
nirebis avtomatizirebuli xelsawyoebi, romelTa
daxmarebiT adamianis genomis proeqti ganxorciel-
da, maRali warmadobis teqnologiebis magaliTia
(naxeT suraTi 1.9)
bioinformatika – monacemTa uzarmazari bazebi,
romlebic miRebulia axali meTodebis gamoyenebiT,
qaoturi iqneboda, Zlieri kompiuterebis, progr-
amebisa da maTematikuri modelebis gareSe, rom-
lebic mTel am biologiur infirmacias amuSaveben
da aerTianeben. axali dargi, bioinformatika, am
uzarmazari, mudmivad mzardi monacemebis nakrebe-
bidan sasargeblo biologiur informacias iRebs,
mag, adgens dnm Tanmimdevrobebisa da cilebis urT-
ierTqmedebis CamonaTvals. sistemur biologias in-
terneti kvebavs, rasac is im cifruli monacemebis
gavrcelebis saSualebiT axorcielebs, romlebic,
Tavis mxvriv, bioinformatikas kvebaven.
dargTaSorisi mkvlevrebis gundebi. 2003 wels Hhar-
vardis samedicino skolam sistemuri biologiis de-
partamenti daaarsa. es pirveli departamenti iyo,
romelic iq bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi daarsda.
mezobelma masaCusetis teqmnologiurma insti-
tutma sistemuri da gamoTvliTi biologiis axal
programaSi saswrafod gaaerTiana sxvadasxva depar-
tamentis 80-de fakultetis wevri. sistemur bio-
logiaSi momuSave es da sxva gundebi hgvanan qvabebs,
sadac sxvadasxva specialistebis Sednoba xorciel-
deba; maT Soris inJinrebis, medikosebis, qimikosebis,
fizikosebis, maTematikosebis, programistebisa da,
ra Tmqa unda, biologiis sxvadasxva sferoSi mo-
muSave biologebis.
mravali cnobili mecnieri sistemur biologias
misioneriviT emsaxureba. magram, dRemde molodini
Warbobs realur miRwevebs. Tuma, rac ufro ikrefs
Zalas sistemuri biologia, miT ufro mzardi gav-
lena aqvs mas biologebis mier dasmul kiTxvebze da
kvlevebze, romlebsac isini gegmaven. sxvaTa Soris,
mecnierebi adrec cdilobdnen reduqcionizmis far-
glebis garRvevas, rom mTliani biologiuri sis-
temebis muSaobis principebi gaerkviaT. es iqamdec
xdeboda, sanam axali teqnologiebis daxmarebiT Ses-
aZlebeli gaxdeboda Tanamderove sistemuri biolo-
giis ganviTareba. sinamdvileSi, aTwleulebis winaT,
biologebma ukve daadgines zogi sakvanZo meqanizmi,
romelic rTuli sistemebis qcevas aregulirebs, mag.
ujredebis, organizmebisa da ekosistemebis qcevas.
biologiuri sistemebis ukuregulacia
ekonomikaSi arsebuli moTxovna-SeTavazebis msgavsi
principi, biologiuri sistemebis zogierT dinamikazec
moqmedebs. amis magaliTia, roca organizmi zrdis Saqris
molekulebis anu erTgvari sawvavis moxmarebas. piriq-
iT, roca isvenebT, qimiuri reaqciebis sxva nakrebi zed-
met Saqars sawvavis Semnaxvel nivTierebad gardaqmnis.
ujredis qimiuri reaqciebis umetesobis msgavsad,
reaqciebi, romlebic Senaxul Saqars Slian, Cqardeba an
katalizirdeba specializirebuli cilebiT, romlebsac
saxelad enzimebi/fermentebi hqviaT. fermentis yoveli
tipi sxvadasxva qimiur reaqcias akatalizebs. mraval
SemTxvevaSi es reaqciebi erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul qi-
miur gzebs qmnis, sadac yovel etaps sakuTari fermetni
aCqarebs. rogor axerxebs ujredi sakuTari sxvadasxva
qimiuri gzis koodinacias? rogor upirispirebs ujredi
xarjvas, sawvavis maragis dagrovebas, Saqris moxmareba-
sa da Senaxvis mopirdapire gzebis regulaciis saSuale-
biT? mag, Saqris menejmentis konkretul SemTxvevaSi.

13
 uaryofiTi
ukukavSiri
enzimi1 enzimi 1
enzimi 2
enzimi 3
suraTi 1.11 uaryofiTi ukukavSiri. es sametapiani qimiuri gza
A nivTierebas D nivTierebad gardaiqmnis. aseT qimiur reaqcias
specifikuri fermenti akatalizebs. saboloo produqtis D - s dag-
roveba am Tanmimdevrobis pirvel ferments boWavs, rac D- s warmoe-
bas anelebs.
enzimi 4 enzimi 4
dadebiTi
ukukavSiri
enzimi 5 enzimi 5
enzimi 6 enzimi 6
suraTi 1.12 dadebiTi ukukavSiri. dadebiT ukukavSirSi produq-
ti ferments reaqciebis TanmimdevrobaSi astimulebs, riTac am
produqtis warmoebis siCqares zrdis. cocxal sistemebSi dadebiTi
ukukavSiri naklebad gavrcelebulia, vidre uaryofiTi.
am sakiTxebis gasaRebia mravali biologiuri procesis
TviTregulaciis unari, rasac isini meqanizmis, saxelad
ukukavSiri (sapasuxo reaqca), saSualebiT aRweven.
ukukavSiriGT regulaciaSi, TviT process misi gas-
avali an produqti aregulirebs. cocxal organizmebSi
procesebis regulaciis yvelaze martivi forma negati-
uri anu uaryofiTi ukukavSiria, sadac procesis sab-
oloo produqtis dagroveba process anelebs (suraTi
1.11). magaliTad, ujredSi Saqris daSla qimiur energias
iseTi substanciis formiT qmnis, romelsac atf-s eZax-
ian. atf-is mzardi dagroveba “ukukavSirs” iwvevs da qi-
miuri gzis dasawyisiTan axlos, ferments boWavs.
arsebobs mravali biologiuri procesi, romlebsac
dadebiTi ukukavSiri aregulirebs. Tumca es movlena
uaryofiT ukukavSirze naklebad gavrcelebulia. am
14
suraTi 1.13 mravalferov­nebis `yuTebi” – aq asaxulia peplebis
saxeobebis uzarmazari koleqciis patara nawili. koleqcia inaxeba
aSS-Si, vaSingtonSi, sabunebismetyvelo istoriis erovnul muzeumSi.
dros saboloo produqti sakuTar warmoebas aCqarebs.
roca sisxlZarRvi dazianebulia, dazianebis adgilas
TandaTanobiT grovdeba sisxlis struqturebi, saxelad
trombocitebi. dadebiTi ukukavSiri maSin vlindeba,
roca trombocitebis mier gamoyofili qimiuri niv-
Tierebebi kidev met trombocits izidavs. tromboc-
itebis grova rTuli procesis dawyebas inicirebs, ro-
melic Wrilobas xuravs Sededebuli sisxlis, koltis
saSualebiT. 1.12 suraTze gamosaxulia dadebiTi ukuka-
vSiris martivi modeli.
ukukavSiri is regulatoruli leitmotivia, ro-
melic yvela donis sicocxlisTvis saerToa: dawyebuli
molekuluri donidan, damTavrebuli biosferomde.
aseGTi regulacia erTianobis magaliTia, romlis saSu-
alebiT cocxali sistemebi gacilebiT ufro globaluri
movlenaa, vidre maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis ubralo
jami.
1.2
koncefciis Semowmeba
1. gamoiyeneT emerjentuli Tvisebebis proncipi,
rom axsnaT winadadebis kavSiri anabanGTan, romlis
asoebidan winadadebebs valagebT.
2. ra Semoaqvs bioinformatikaSi maRali warmadobis
tgeqnologiebs?
3. roca tualets recxavT, wyali avzis Sevsebas
iwyebs da maRla wevs berketTan dakavSirebul
tivtivas. roca wylis done konkretul zRvars aR-
wevs, berketi wylis sarqvels ketavs da avzis ga-
davsebas ar uSvebs. ra tipis regulatoruli meqa-
nizmi muSaobs am aracocxal sistemaSi?
 saxeoba gvari ojaxi rigi klasi tipi samefo domeni

Ursus
americanus
(amerikuli
Savi daTvi)

daTvi

daTvisebrTa

mtaceblebi

ZuZumwovrebi

xerxemlianebi

cxovelebi

suraTi 1.14. sicocxlis klasifikacia. es taqsonomiuri sqe-

ma saxeobebs jgufebad klasificirebs, romlebic Semdeg ufro
farTo jgufebadac erTiandeba. Zalian axlos monaTesave saxe-
obebi, rogoric TeTri da mura daTvebia, erT gvarSi Tavsdeba.
gvarebi dajgufebulia ojaxebSi, da a. S. es magaliTi gviCvenebs eukariebi
baribalis, saxeoba ursus American- is, klasificirebis magaliTs.

koncefcia  1.3 os horizontaluri ganzomilebac aqvs, romelic, amJa-

biologebi sicocxles saxe-
obaTa mTel mravalferovnebaSi
ikvleven
SegviZlia warmovidginoT, rom biologiis uzarma-
zar sferos ori ganzomileba aqvs. vertikaluri gan-
zomileba, romelzec am Tavis pirvel or koncepciaSi
visaubreT, zomis Skalaa, romelic yvela dones – moleku-
luridan biosferomde Seicavs. magram biologiis sfer-
madac da sicocxlis grZeli istoriis ganmavlobaSic
saxeobebis udedesi mravalferovnebis gaswvriv vrcel-
deboda. mravalferovneba sicocxleze dasmuli daRia.
biologebma dRemde cocxali organizmebis 1.8 milioni
saxeoba aRweres da saxeli daarqves. sicocxlis saocari
mravalferovneba Seicavs prokariotebis daaxloebiT 5
200 cnobil saxeobas, sokos 100 000 saxeobas, mcenreebis
290 000 saxeobas, xerxemlianebis 52 000 saxeobas (xerxem-
lis mqone cxovelebis) da mwerebis 1000 000 saxeobas (si-
cocxlis yvela cnobili formis raodenobis naxevarze
odnav naklebs). yovel wels mkvlevrebi damatebiT aTa-
sobiT saxeobas aRweren. saxeobebis saerTo raodenobis
Sefaseba 10-dan 200 milionamde meryeobs. rac ar unda

15
iyossaxeobebis raodenobis realuri cifri, sicocxlis
udidesi mravalferovneba biologiis farglebs sao-
crad afarToebs (suraTi 1.13).
saxeobaTa dajgufeba.
mTavari idea
rogorc Cans, adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebelia is
Tviseba, rom man sxvadasxva sagnebi msgavsi niSnebis
mixedviT daajgufos. magaliTad, sakuTari musikaluri
koleqcia albaT Semsruleblebis mixedviT dajgufebu-
li gaqvT. Semdeg albaT Semsruleblebis jgufebi ufro
farTo kategoriebad gaaerTianeT, rogoricaa sacekvao,
miRebebis, savarjiSo da swavlis dros mosasmeni musikis
Semsrulebelbis kateoriebi. CvenTvis bunebrivia saxe-
obebis, msgavsi gziT, dajgufebac. SegviZlia ciyvebze
an peplebze visaubroT, da amave dros gvesmodes, rom
TiToeul am jgufSi mravali xvadasxva saxeoba Sedis.
Cven SegviZlia jgufebi ufro farTo kategoriebadac
gavaerTianoT, rogoricaa mRrRnelebi (sadac ciyvebi
Sedis) da mwerebi (sadac peplebi Sedis). taqsonomia bi-
ologiis ganxraa, romelic saxeobebs saxelebs arqmevs
da ajgufebs, da saxeobebis rigs, mzard farglebSi mo-
Tavsebuli jgufebis seriebSi aerTianebs (suraTi 1.14).
taqsonomiaze dawvrilebiT 25-e TavSi visaubrebT. axla
klasifikaciis yvelaze did erTeulebs, samefoebsa da
domenebs ganvixilavT.
sicocxlis sami domeni
biologebis umetesoba bolo aTwleulebamde iseT
taqsonomiur sqemaze jerdeboda, romelic sicocxlis
mravalferovnebas xuT samefod yofda, mcenareebisa da
cxovelebis samefoebis CaTvliT. magram axalma meTo-
debma, mag, sxvadasxva saxeobebis dnm-is Tanmimdevro-
bebis Sedarebam, samefoebis raodenobisa da sazRvrebis
mudmivi gadaxedva gamoiwvia. dRes, zogi mklevari eqvs
samefos aRiarebs, zogi ocs, sxvebi Sualedur ricx-
vebs irCeven. magram Tu samefoebis raodenobaze ka-
maTi grZeldeba, im sakiTxSi, rom sicocxlis samefoebi
SeiZleba klasifikaciis sam, kidev ufro did doned
Ad avajgufoT, romlebsac domenebi ewodeba, miRweulia
SedarebiTi konsensusi. sam domens baqteria, arqea da
eukaria daarqves.
pirveli ori domeni, domeni baqteria da domeni ar-
qea, prokariotebisgan Sedgeba (prokariotuli ujre-
debis mqone organizmebi). prokariotebis umetesoba
erTujrediania da zomiT mikroskopulia. xuTsamefoian
sistemaSi, baqteriebi da arqeebi gaerTianebulni iyvnen
erT samefoSi, moneraSi, vinaidan ujredis struqutris
16
prokariotuli forma saerTo hqondaT. magram amjerad
kvlevebi im azrs emxroba, rom baqteria da arqea pro-
kariotuli sicocxlis or sakmaod dacilebul tots
warmoadgens. isini sakvanZo niSnebiT gansxvavdebian,
romelzec informacias 27 TavSi mogawvdiT. gvaqvs
molekuluri kvlevebic, romlebic adasturebs, rom ar-
qeebi eukariotul organizmebs ufro axlos enaTesave-
bian, vidre baqteriebs.
amJamad, yvela eukariotul organizms (eukariotu-
li ujredebis mqone organizmebs), domeni eukarias
sxvadasxva samefoSi aerTianeben (suraTi 1.15.) xuT
samefoiani sqemis epoqaSi erTujrediani eukariotebis
umetesoba, umartivesebis CaTvliT, moTavsebuli iyo
erT samefoSi, protistebSi (umartivesi erTujredi-
ani organizmebi). mravali biologi samefo umartivesis
farglebis gafarToebas cdilobda, rom iq zogi mra-
valujrediani formac Seeyvana, mag, zRvis wyalmcena-
reebi, romlebic axlos enaTesavebian zog erTujredian
umartivess. bolo taqsonomiuri tendencia iyo umarti-
vesebis ramdenime samefod dayofa. umartivesebis am
samefoebis garda, domeni eukaria mracalujrediani
eukariotebis sam samefosac Seicavs; mcenareebs, so-
koebsa da cxovelebs. es sami samefo, nawilobriv, kvebis
meTodebis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba. mcenareebi sakuTar
Saqrebsa da sxva sakvebs fotosinTezis gziT awarmoeben.
sokoebi ZiriTadad damSlelebia, anu sakvebs mkvdari
organizmebisa da organuli narCenebis (rogoricaa
Camocvenili foTlebi an cxovelebis eqskrementebi)
daSliT iwoven. cxovelebi sakvebs monelebis saSu-
alebiT iTviseben, romelic sxva organizmebis SeWmisa
da monelebisgan Sedgeba. ra Tqma unda, es is samefoa,
romelsac Cvenc yvelani vekuTvniT.
sicocxlis
mravalferovnebis erTianoba
sicocxlis mravalferovnebis miuxedavad, arsebobs
misi SesamCnevi erTianobis niSnebic, gansakuTrebiT
molekulur da ujredul doneebze. amis magaliTia dnm-
is universaluri genetikuri ena, romelic iseTi gan-
sxvavebuli organizmebisTvisac saerToa, rogoricaa
baqteria da cxoveli. eukariotebs Soris erTienoba
ujredis struqturebis mraval TvisebebSi vlindeba
(suraTi 1.16).
rogor SegviZlia sicocxlis ormagi bunebis, erTianobi-
sa da mravalferovnebis Sefaseba? evoluciis procesi,
romelsac Semdeg koncefciaSi gavecnobiT, dedamiwis
sicocxlis TvisebebSi orives, msgavsebebsac da sxvao-
bebsac avlens.
suraTi 1.15.
domeni baqteria
baqtriebi yvelaze mravalferovani da
farTod gavrcelebuli prokariote-
bia. amJamad maT mraval samefos Soris
anawileben. am fotoze mrgvali formis
yoveli struqtura baqteriuli ujredia.
domeni arqea
mravali prokarioti cnobilia arqeas sax-
eliT da dedamiwis eqtremalur gareomoSi
cxovrobs, mag. marilian tbebSi da cxel,
mduRare nakadulebSi. domeni arqea bevr
samefos moicavs, am fotoze asaxulia mra-
vali ujredisgan Semdgari kolonia.
koncefcia Semowmeba 1.3
1. ra analogia gvaqvs safosto misamarTsa da ierar-
qiul taqsonomiur sistemas Soris?
2. raSi mdgomareobs ZiriTadi sxvaoba, romelic eu-
karias domenis orgamizmebs, sxva ori domenisgan
ganasxvavebs?
koncefcia  1.4
sicocxlis erTianobasa da
mravalfe­r ovnebaze pasuxismge-
sicocxlis sami domenis analizi
domeni eukaria
umartivesebi. (mravali samefo). erTu- samefo mcenareebi. mravalujrediani
jrediani eukariotebi da maTi SedarebiT eukariotebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic
martivi mravalujrediani naTesavebia. aq fotosinTezs awarmoeben anu sinaTlis
asaxulia umartivesebis nakrebi, romlebic energiis sakvebad gardaqmnas.
gubis wyalSi binadroben. amJamad mecnierebi
kamaToben, rogorc dayon umartivesebi
ramdenime samefod, romlebic evolucias da
mravalferovnebas ukeT asaxavs.
sokoebis samefos nawilobriv gansaz- samefo cxovelebi Sedgeba mravalujre-
Rvraven maTi wevrebis, mag. am sokos, diani eukariotebisgan, romlebic sxva
kvebis tipis mixedviT. soko sakvebs or- organizmebiT ikvebebian.
ganuli masalis daSlis Semdeg iwovs.
belia evolucia
sicocxlis istoria, romelic dokumentirebulia
ganmarxebuli naSTebisa (namarxebis) da sxva faqtebis sa-
SualebiT, miliardobiT wlis asakis dedamiwaze mimdin-
are cvlilebebis moTxrobaa, romelic dasaxlebuli iyo
cocxali formebis evoluciuri kastiT (suraTi 1.17).
sicocxlis evoluciuri xedva yuradRebis centrSi 1959
17
qalamanas wamwami. biZgebis
saSualebiT qalamanas wamwami
ujreds gubis wyalSi amoZ-
ravebs.

suraTi 1.17. paleontologiuri gaTxrebi. paleontologi

paul sereno fTxilad iRebs dinozavris qveda kiduris Zvlebis
namarxs. Nnigeria, afrika.
wamwamis ganivi Wrili, ro-
melic eleqtronul mikros-
kopSi moCans.

traqeas ujredis wamwami. ujredebi, romlebic adamianis traqeas

SemosazRvravs, SeiaraRebulia wamwamebiT, romlebic filtebis
sufTa mdgomarebas inarCunebs, vinadan narCenebis damWeri lorwo
gareT gamoaqvT.

suraTi 1.16. erTianobis magaliTi, romelsac sicocxlis mra-

valferovneba efuZneba. wamwamebi ujredebis gamonazardebia,
romlebic moZraobas axorcielebs. isini iseT gansxvavebul eukari-
otebSi gvxdeba, rogoricaa adamiani da qalamana. magram, aseT gan-
sxvavebul organizmebSic ki, wamwamebs erTnairi agebulieba aqvs.
wamwami milakebis natipi sistemaa, romlebic ganiv Wrilze Canan.

suraTi 1.18 orqideebis ojaxis erTianoba da mravalferovneba.

teniani tyis es sami orqidea gavrcelebuli yvavilovani Temis
variaciebia. magaliTad, yovel am yvavils aqvs gvirgvinis furceli,
romelic damtveravi mwerebis mizidvaSi exmareba da maTTvis dasaj-
dom biliks uzrunvelyofs.

18
wlis noemberSi moeqca, roca Carlz robert darvinma, mixedviT
istoriaSi erT-erTi, yvelaze mniSvnelovani da sakama-
dakvirveba: Warbi gamravleba da konkurencia
To wigni gamoaqveyna. misi wigni, romlis saTauria `saxe-
_ nebismieri saxeobis populacias aqvs gacile-
obaTa warmoSoba bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT~ im wamsve
biGT meti STamomavlobis datovebis potenciali,
gadaiqca bestselerad. misi wyalobiT darvinizmi evo-
vidre realurad SeiZleba gadarCes, rom Semdgom
luciuri koncefciis TiTqmis sinonimi gaxda (suraTi
sakuTari STamomavloba datovos. roca meti in-
1.18).
dividi gvaqvs, vidre amas garemo itevs, gardauva-
`saxeobaTa warmoSoba~-Si aqcentrebulia ori mTa-
lia konkurenciis warmoSoba.
vari idea. pirveli, darvinma warmoadgina TvalsaCino
masala, romelic adasturebda mis Tvalsazriss, rom Ta- daskvna: gansxvavebuli reproduqciuli warmateba
namedrove saxeobebi memkvidreobiT winaprebisgan war- _ memkvidreobiTi cvlaebadobaze dakvirvebebi-
moiSvnen (evoluciuri moZRvrebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT dan da Warbi raodenobis STamomavlobis warmoSo-
22-e TavSi visaubrebT). saxeobaTa evoluciur istorias bidan darvinma daaskvna, rom individebis gadar-
darvinma `saxecvlilebebis/modifikaciebis mqone STa- Cenisa da gamravlebis albaToba gansxvavebulia.
momavloba~ uwoda. es bevris mTqmeli fraza iyo, vinaidan is individebi, romelTa memkvidreuli Tvisebebi
masSi asaxulia sicocxlis erTianobisa da mravalferob- adgilobriv garemos ukeT Seesabameba, rogorc
nebis ormagi buneba. erTianoba gamoixateba saxeobebs wesi, janmrTeli, nayofieri STamomavlobis arap-
Soris naTesaobaSi, rac saerTo winapridan warmoSobis roporciulad did raodenobas toveben.
Sedegia. mravalferovneba gamoixateba modifikacieb-
daskvna: evoluciuri adaptacia _ aseT araerT-
Si, romlebic maSin ganviTarda, roca saxeobebi saerTo
gvarovan reproduqciul warmatebas SeuZlia
winapars gamoeyo (suraTi 1.19). darvinis meore mTa-
populaciis adaptireba mis saarsebo garemosTan.
vari mizani iyo saxecvlili STamomavlobis warmoSobis
Taobebis ganmavlobaSi, populaciis individebs
meqanizmebis
Soris sixSireSi is memkvidreobiTi Tvisebebi iz-
SemoTavazeba.
rdeba, romlebic gadarCenas da reproduqciul
am evoluciur
warmatebas aZlierebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi popu-
meqanizmebs man
lacia icvleba, anu evolucias ganicdis.
bunebrivi ga-
darCeva uwoda. evoluciuri Seguebis am meqanizms darvinma “bune-
brivi gadarCeva” uwoda, vinaidan konkretul Tvisebebs
gasamravleblad bunebrivi garemo “irCevs”. darvinis
bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria Sejamebulia1.20 suraTze.
b u n e - 1.21 suraTze mocemuli magaliTi bunebrivi gadarCe-
vis unars asaxavs, romelic populaciis memkvidreobiTi
brivi ga-
cvlilebebis “redaqtirebas” axorcielebs. bunebrivi
darCeva gadarCevis Sedegebs vxedavT organizmebis daxvewil
adaptaciebSi, sakuTari cxovrebis wesis specipikuri
bu¬nebrivi ga- garemoebebisa da sakuTari garemos mimarT (suraTi
darCevis saku- 1.22).
Tari Teoria
darvinma im da-
kvirvebebze organizmebis populacia
dayrdnobiT
Seqmna, romle-
suraTi 1.19 Carlz darvini 1859
bic, sakuTriv, memkvidreobiTi Warbi gamravleba da
wlis noemberSi, roca man `saxeobaTa
arc axali da cvalebadoba brZola arsebobisTvis
warmoSoba~ gamoaqveyna.
arc siRrmiseu-
li iyo. Tavsatexis nawilebs sxvebic flobdnen, magram
sxvaoba warmatebul
darvinma maTi awyobis gza SeniSna. man bunebrivi gadar-
reproduqciaSi (gamravlebaSi)
Ceva, sicocxlis ori, advilad SesamCnevi Tvisebis, gaer-
TianebiT daasabuTa.
populaciebSi adaptaciebis
dakvirveba: individualuri cvalebadoba evolucia
_ nebismieri saxeobis populaciis individebi
cvalebadia mravali memkvidreobiTi Tvisebis suraTi 1.20 bunebrivi gadarCevis Sejameba.

19
 sicocxlis (genealogiuri) xe miaRwia. darvinis mier galapagosis mTiulebis Segrove-
bidan wlebi gavida, sanam sxva mkvlevrebma mTiulebis
saxeobebs Soris naTesauri kavSirebis dadgena daiwyes.
kidev erTxel gadavxedoT 1.22 suraTze mocemul Ra-
pirvelad es anatomiur da geografiul monacemebze
muras frTebis ConCxis agebulebas. Tumca, Ramuras wina
dayrdnobiT ganxorcielda, Semdeg ki, amas dnm-is Tan-
kidurebi frenasTan adaptirebulia, magram, sinamdvile-
mimdevrobebis Sedarebebic daerTo.
Si is yvela igive Zvals, saxsars, nervsa Tu sisxlZarRvs
biologebis mier Sedgenili evoluciuri naTesao-
miocavs, romlebic sxva kidurebSic gvaqvs, Tan imdenad
bis sqemebi ZiriTadad xis formisaa, rasac Tavisi mizezi
gansxvavebulebSi, rogoricaa adamianis xeli, cxenis
aqvs. iseve, rogorc inividis genealogiis SemTxveva-
wina kiduri, Tu veSapis farfli. marTlac, yvela Zu-
Si, romelic SeiZleba ojaxis genealogiuri xis saxiT
Zumwovaris wina kiduri erTiani agebulebis anatomiuri
davxazoT, yoveli saxeoba datotvlili xis erT tots
cvlilebebia. igive iTqmis 1.19 suraTze asaxul yvavile-
warmoadgens, romelic droSi ukan vrceldeba, ufro
bze, romlebic ZiriTadi, “orqideis” Temis, variaciebia.
axlos monaTesave winapruli saxeobebis gaswvriv. iseT
naTesaobis es magaliTebi sicocxlis gamovlenebis
saxeobebs, rogoricaa galapagosis mTiulebi, saerTo
`mravalferovnebaSi arsebul erTianobebs”, darvinis
winapari sicocxlis xis SedarebiT axal totze aqvT.
`modificirebuli STamomavlobis~ koncefciasTan aerG-
magram, im winapris gavliT, romelic drois gacilebiT
Tianebs. am Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, ZuZumwovrebis
didi monakveTis win arsebobda, mTiulebi mercxals,
kidurebis agebulebis erTiani gegma am struqturebis
qors, pingvinsa da yvela sxva frinvelebs enaTesavebian.
saerTo winaprisgan, `prototipi~ ZuZumwovrisgan, mem-
frinvelebs, ZuZumwovrebsa da yvela sxva xerxemlian
kvidreobas asaxavs. im winaprisgan, romlisganac yvela
cxovels ki, saerTo winapari aqvs, romelic kidev ufro
sxva ZuZumwovari warmoiSva. ZuZumwovrebis gansxvavebu-
didi xnis win cxovrobda. kidev ufro farTo naTesaobis
li wina kidurebi bunebrivi gadarCeviT modificirebu-
faqtebs iseT msgavsebaSi vpoulobT, rogoricaa yvela
lia, romelic garemos sxvadasxva pirobebSi milionobiT
eukariotuli ujredis wamwamebis (ujredis gamonazard-
Taobaze moqmedebda. namarxebi da sxva faqtebi erTian
ebis) moZraobis sinqronizacia (ixileT 1.16 suraTi.). Tu
anatomiur gegmas adasturebs da amiT mxars uWers Zu-
sicocxlis kvals droSi ukan, sakmaod Sors, mivyvebiT,
Zumwovrebis saerTo winaprisgan warmoSobis ideas.
mxolod pirveladi prokariotebis namarxebs aRmova-
darvini ambobda, rom drois udidesi periodis gan-
CenT, romlebic 3-4 miliardi wlis win binadrobdnen.
mavlobaSi bunebriv gadarCevas, sakuTari moqmedebis
maTi niSnebi SegviZlia sakuTar ujredebSi davinaxoT,
erTiani efeqtis saSualebiT, SeeZlo gamoewvia winapari
magaliTad, universalur genetikur kodSi. grZeli evo-
saxeobis or an met STamomaval saxeobad `daxleCa~. mag-
luciuri istoria mTel sicocxles akavSirebs.
aliTad, es SeiZleba momxdariyo, Tu erTi populacia
ramdenime qvepopulaciad daiyofoda, romelTa izo-
lacias sxvadasxva garemo pirobebi iwvevda. bunebrivi
gadarCevis am gansxvavebul arenebze erT saxeobas Tan-
koncefcia Semowmeba 1.4
daTanobiT mraval saxeobad dayofa SeeZlo, vinaidan 1. bunebrivi gadarCevis populaciebis memkvidreobiT
mravali Taobis ganmavlobaSi geografiulad izolire- cvalebadobaze gavlenis magalize axseniT, ratom
buli populaciebi garemos faqtorebis sxvadasxva na- jobs `redaqtireba~ `Seqmnas~.
krebebs eguebodnen. 2. sami domeni, romelTac 1.3 koncefciaSi gaecaniT,
1.23 suraTze mocemulia ganTqmuli magaliTi, mTiu- sicocxlis xeze SegviZlia sami ZiriTadi totis
las 14 saxeobis `genealogiuri xe~, romelic erTi wina- saxiT warmovadginoT. sami qvetoti eukariotul
prisgan warmoSobili axali saxeobebis adaptur radia- totze mcenareebis, sokoebisa da cxovelebis same-
cias asaxavs. darvini, am frinvelebis nimuSebs 1835 wels foebia. faqtebi mxars uWers Tvalsazriss, rom
agrovebda, roca erTmaneTisgan dacilebul galapago- sokoebi da cxovelebi ufro axlos enaTesavebian
sis kunZulebs ewvia, romlebic samxreT amerikis wynari erTmaneTs, vidre nebismieri maTgani mcenareebs.
okeanis sanapirosgan 900 kilometriT DdaSorebulia. es daxazeT ganStoebebis martivi sqema, romelic am
SedarebiT axalgazrda vulkanuri warmoSobis kunZule- sam eukariotul samefos Soris naTesaobas gamox-
bi, mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mravali saxeobis sam- atavs.
Sobloa, romlebic msoflioSi sxvagan arsad ar gvxvde-
ba. Tumca, galapagosis saxeobebi cxadad enaTesavebian
samxreTi amerikis kontinentis saxeobebs. galapagosis
kunZulebi ramdenime milioni wlis winaT momxdari vul-
kanuri amofrqvevis Sedegad warmoiSva, amis Semdeg am
kunZulebze albaT mTiulebis winapari saxeoba gansaxl-
da, romelmac kontinentidan arqipelagamde SemTxveviT

20
koncefcia  1.5 werilo-
biT mec-
nierebasac
uwodeben.
is bunebriv
biologebi sicocxlis Sesaswav- s t r u q -
turebsa da
lad sxvadasxva meTodebs iyene- sxvadasxva memkvidreobiTi Tvisebis
mqone populacia procesebs
ben imdenad
z u s t a d
sityva mecniereba, laTinuri warmoSobisaa da “cod-
aRwers,
nis SeZenas” niSnavs. mecniereba codnis miRebis gzaa.
ramdena-
misi ganviTareba Cveni, sakuTar Tavze, sxva sicocxlis
dac es Ses-
formebze, msoflioze da samyaroze, cnobismoyvareo-
aZlebelia,
bis Sedegia. rogorc Cans, Cveni ZiriG T adi stimulia
rasac mo-
movlenebis gaazrebisken midrekileba.
konkretuli Tvisebebis mqone individebis nacemebis
mecnierebis safuZveli kvlevaa anu informaciis Zieba eliminacia yuradRe-
da axsna, romelic xSirad fukusirebulia kinkretul
biTi Ses-
sakiTxebze. darvins cnobismoyvareoba amoZravebda,
wavlisa da
roca is bunebaSi konkretul kiTxvaze pasuxebs eZebda,
analizis
kerZod ki imaze, Tu rogor eguebian saxeobebi sakuTar
saSuale-
garemos. interesi amoZravebs genomebis analizis Ses-
biT axor-
rulebasac, romelic sicocxlis erTianobisa da mra-
cielebs.
valferovnebis, molekulur doneze, SeswavlaSi gvex-
magaliTad,
mareba. sinamdvileSi cnobismoyvare goneba is Zravaa,
aRweri-
romelic biologiaSi mTels progress amoZravebs. gadarCenilebis gamravleba
l o b i T i
warmatebuli mecnieruli kvlevis mza recepti ar mecniereba
arsebobs. calke aRebuli arc erTi mecnieruli TandaTan
meTodi saxelmZRvanelos ar warmoadgens, romlis c v l i s
instruqciebs mkvlevarma mkacrad unda misdios. mec- Cvens war-
nierebas yvela kvlevaSi problemebis, Tavgadasavalisa modgenas
da surprizebis elementebi Seaqvs, rasac Tan erTvis ujredis
mkacri dagegmva, logika, SemoqmedebiToba, TanamSrom- s t r u q -
liva, konkurencia, moTmineba da siZneleebis daZlevis turaze da
perspeqtiva. kvlevis aseTi gansxvavebuli elementebis im Tvisebebis mzardi sixSire, romlebic gadar- z u s t a d
Cenas da reproduqciul warmatebas zrdian.
gamo, mecniereba gacilebiT naklebad struqtuirebu- misi dam-
lia, vidre Cvens umetesobas hgonia. SegviZlia konkre- saxurebiT
tuli Tvisebebic gamovyoT, romlebic dagvexmareba suraTi 1.21. bunebrivi gadarCeva. xoWos es warmo- movaxerxeT
saxviTi populacia bolo xanZris Sedegad gaSavebulda
ganvasxvavoT mecniereba bunebis aRwerisa da axsnis niadagze dabinavda. dasawyisSi, es populacia intensiu- gansxvave-
sxva gzebisgan. rad cvalebadi iyo individebis memkvidreobiTi Seferi- buli saxe-
lobis mixedviT, romelic naTelidan Savamde meryeobda.
biologiaSi Serwymulia mecnieruli kvlevis ori xoWoebiT mkvebavi mSieri frinvelebisTvis ufro advilia o b e b i s
naTeli Seferilobis xoWoebis SemCneva. genomebis
mTavari mimarTuleba: aRmoCenebze dafuZnebuli
mecniereba da hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli mecnereba. monacemTa
aRmoCenebze dafuZnebuli mecniereba ZiriTadad bazebis ga-
bunebis aRweras efuZneba. hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli farToeba.
mecniereba ZiriTadad bunebis axsnas eyrdnoba. mecni-
eruli kvlevebis umetesi nawili am or kvleviT midgo-
mas kombionirebs. monacemebis tipebi
grZnobis organoebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli dak-
virveba, informaciis Segrovebaa, rasac iseTi instru-
aRmoCenebze dafuZnebuli mecniereba mentebis pirdapiri ganoyenebiT, an gamoyenebis gareSe
vaxorcielebT, rogoricaa mikroskopi, romelic Cveni
mxedvelobis SesaZleblobebs afarToebs. Caweril dak-
aRmoCenebze dafuZnebul mecnierebas xandaxan aR- virvebebs monacemebs vuwodebT. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT,

21
 miwis didi xis didi
mTiula miwis patara mTiula
mTiula
kaktusis didi
miwis mTiula

mgalobeli mgalobeli
basrniskartiani xis saSualo mwvane ruxi
kodalisebri
miwis mTiula mTiula mTiula mTiula
mTiula
miwis saSualo
skvinCa

kaktusis mi-
xis patara
wis mTiula mangris mTiula
marcv- mTiula
leuliT kaqtusis marcvleuliT
mkvebavi yvavilebiT mkvebavi
mkvebavi

vegetarianeli
mTiula

mwerebiT kvirtebiT
mkvebavi mkvebavi
miwis xis mgalobeli
mTiulebi mTiulebi mTiulebi

saerTo winapari samxreTi amerikis

kontinentidan

suraTi 1.23. cvlilebebis mqone STamomavloba: adaptaciuri radiacia galapagosis kunZulebis mTiulebSi. yuradReba
miaqcieT niskartis specializacias, romelic adaptirebulia sxvadasxva konZulze arsebul sxvadasxva sakvebze.

monacemebi informaciis erTeulebia, romelsac mecni-
eruli kvelva efuZneba.
monacemis terminis gagonebaze, mraval adamians
ricxvebi warmoudgenia. magram zogi monacemi xarisxo-
brivia. is xSirad Cawerilia aRweris, da ara ricxobri-
vi ganzomilebebis saxiT. magaliTad, aTeuli wlebis
ganmavlobaSi jein gudali Simpanzes qcevaze sakuTar
dakvirvebebs iwerda, roca gambiis junglebSi savele
kvlevebs atarebda (suraTi 1.24). man Tavisi dakvirve-
bebi fotoebisa da filmebis meSveobiTac daafiqsira. am
xarisxobriv monacemebTan erTad, gudalma cxovelebis
qcevis sfero raodenobrivi monacemebis garkveuli
moculobiTac gaamdidra. rogorc wesi, raodenobrivi
monacemebi mocemulia ganzomilebebis saxiT. gadaxe-
deT Tqveni kolejis biblioTekis nebismier samecnie-
ro Jurnals da raodenobrivi monacemebis mraval mag-
aliTs dainaxavT, romlebic dalagebulia cxrilebSi da
grafikebSi.
induqcia aRwerilobT mecnierebaSi
aRwerilobiTma mecnierebam SeiZleba mniSvnelovan
daskvnebamde migviyvanos, rolmebic logikis tips, sax-
elad induqcia an induqciuri argumentacia efuZneba.
induqciis daxmarebiT ganzogadoebul daskvnas vaRw-

22
evT, rasac didi raodenobis konkretul dakvervebe-
bze dayrdnobiT vaxerxebT. induqciis magaliTia, “mze
yovelTvis aRmosavleTidan amodis”, da aseve, “yvela
organizmi ujredebisgan Sedgeba”. bolo ganzogadoe-
ba ujreduli Teoriis nawilia, romelic biologebis
orsaukunovan Sromas efuZneba, roca isini sxvadasxva
biologiur saxeobas mikroskopiT akvirdebodnen da
ujredebs xedavdnen. yuradRebiT Catarebuli dakvirve-
bebi da monacemebis analizi, rac damaxasiaTebelia aR-
werilobiTi mecnierebisTvis, da induqciuri ganzo-
gadoebebi, romelsac dakvirveba da analizi xandaxan
gvaZlevs, bunebis gaazrebis fundamenturi procesebia.

hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli mecniereba

aRwerilobiTi mecnierebis dakvirvebebi da in-

duqciebi ikaveben cnobismoyvare gonebis yuradRebas
da stimulireben, rom man am dakvirvebebis axsnebi da
bunebrivi mizezebi moZebnos. ra iwvevs galapagosis
mTiulebis gamravalferovnebas? ratom izrdeba mce-
naris fesvebi qveviT, foTlebis matarebeli ylortebi
ki, zeviT? ra safuZveli aqvs im ganzogadoebas, rom mze
yovelTvis aRmosavleTidan amodis? rogorc wesi, aseTi
kvleva mecnierebaSi moicavs hopoTezur axsnebsa, an
hipoTezebis wamoyenebasa da Semowmebas.
hipoTezis roli kvlevaSi
mecnierebaSi hipoTeza kargad Sedgenil kiTxvaze wi-
naswari pasuxia anu dasamtkicebeli axsnaa. rogorc wesi, is
warsul eqsperimentze da aRwerilobiTi mecnierebis arse-
bul monacemebze dafuZnebuli postulatia, romelic Sem-
dgom ganviTarebas elodeba. mecnieruli hipoTeza progno-
zebs akeTebs, romelTa Semowmeba SesaZlebelia damatebiTi
dakvirvebebis aRricxvisa an eqsperimetebis dagegmviT.
yoveldRiuri problemebis gadaWrisas, hipoTezebs
yvelani viyenebT. vTqvaT, sanam velSi muSaobdiT Tqveni
farani gafuWda. es dakvirvebaa. kiTxva naTelia: ratom ar
muSaobs farani? warsulis eqsperimetze dafuZnebiT gvaqvs
ori realuri hopoTeza (1) batareebi dajda da (2) naTura
gadaiwva. orive alternatiuli hipoTeza akeTebs prognozs,
romelic SegiZliaT eqsperimentulad SeamowmoT. magali-
Tad damjdari batareebis hipoTeza aprognozebs, rom bata-
reebis gamocvla problemas gadawyvets. 1.25. suraTze mo-
cemulia banakSi Catarebuli kvlevis sqema. ra Tqma unda,
roca problemis gadawyveta realur cxovrebaSi gviwevs, mas
aseTi gziT iSviaTad vagvarebT, anu hipoTezebis, progno-
zebisa da eqsperimentebis saSualebiT. magram cxadia, rom
hipoTezaze dafuZnebuli mecnierebis sawyisi mdgomareobs
adamianis tendenciaSi, rom problemis gadawyveta sxvadasx-
va xrikis gamoyenebiT ecados.
suraTi 1.24. jein gudali Simpanzes qcevaze Tvisobriv mona-
cemebs agrovebs. gudali iwerda dakvirvebebs savele dRiurebSi.
xSirad cxovelTa qcevis amsaxvel suraTebsac ixatavda.
deduqcia: `Tu....... maSin~ logika hi-
foTezebze agebul mecnierebaSi
logikis tipi, romelsac deduqcias veZaxiT, hipo-
Tezebze dafuZnebuli mecnierebis nawilia. deduqcia
induqciis sapirispiroa, romelic, gaixseneT, konkre-
tuli dakvirvebebis nakrebidan miReul daskvnebwar-
moadgens , romelTa saSualebiT zogad daskvnas vaRwevT.
deduqciur azrovnebaSi, logika mopirdapire mimar-
TulebiT moZraobs, zogadidan konkretulze. eqtrapo-
lacias daskvnebidan zogad, konkretul, mosalodnel
Sedegebze, maSin vaxdenT, Tu daskvnebi sworia. Tu yvela
organizmi ujredebisgan Sedgeba (daskvna1), da adamiani
organizmia (daskvna 2), maSin adamianebi ujredebisgan
Sedgebian (deduqciuri prognozi konkretul SemTxveva-
Si). rogorc wesi, hipoTezaze dafuZnebul mecnierebaSi,
deduqcia iRebs mosalodneli Sedegebis prognozirebis
formas, eqsperimetisa an dakvirvebis Catarebis Sede-
gad, anu vadgenT, ra Sedegebs unda velodoT, Tu konkre-
tuli hipoTeza (daskvna) zustia. am hipoTezas Semdeg
eqsperimetis CatarebiT vamowmebT. Cveni mizania davi-
naxoT Sesabamisia, Tu ara Cveni Sedegebi prognozire-
bul SedegebTan. aseTi deduqciuri Semowmebas “Tu....
MmaSin~ logikis forma aqvs. faranis SemTxvevaSi: Tu dam-
jdari batareebis hipoTeza sworia, da Tqven gadamwvar

23

suraTi 1.22. forma funqcias Seesabameba. Ramurebi erTaderTi
ZuZumwovrebia, romlebsac aqtiuri frena SeuZlia. maT aqvT frTebi,
romlebic daWimulia dacilebul TiTebs Soris. sicocxlis darvini-
seuli Tvalsazrisidan, aseT adaptaciebs bunebrivi gadarCeva xve-
wavs.
batareebs axliT SecvliT, maSin farani unda amuSavdes.
mecnierul kvlevebSi hiopoTe-
zebis gamoyenebis gacnoba
faranis magaliTi mecnieruli hipoTezebis or mniS-
vnelovan Tvisebas asaxavs.P pirveli, hipoTeza unda
Semowmebadi iyos, anu unda arsebobdes raRac gza, rom
ideis simarTle Semowmdes. meore, hipoTeza uaryofadi
unda iyos. unda arsebobdes zogi dakvirveba an eqs-
perimenti, romlebmac am ideis sizustis realoba unda
Seamowmon. hipoTeza, rom damjdari batareebi faranis
gafuWebis erTaderTi mizezia, SeiZleba Zveli bataree-
bis axliT SecvliT vuaryoT (Tu farani ar amuSavda).
magram SeecadeT iseTi hipoTezis uaryofis testis Cat-
areba, rom banaks uxilavi sulebi estumrnen da Tqveni
farani gaafuWes. uaryofs, Tu ara sulebis hipoTezas
faranis funqciis aRdgena, rasac SeiZleba naTuris ga-
mocvlis saSualebiT mivaRwioT? ara, Tu TamaSis sur-
viliT Sepyrobili sulebi TavianT xrikebs ganagrZoben.
faranis kvleva hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli mec-
nierebis meore sakvanZo Tvisebis ilustracias iZleva.
idealuria ori an meti alternatiuli hipoTezis da-
muSaveba da eqsperimentebis dagegmva, rom am kandidati
hipoTezebis uaryofa movaxerxoT. 1.25 suraTze Semow-
mebuli ori axsnis garda arsebobs sxva mravali hipoTe-
za, romelTagan erT-erTia, rom batareebic da naTurac
gafuWda. ra prognozs gvaZlevs es hipoTeza 1.25 sura-
Tze gamosaxuli eqsperimentis SEDEGedegzeE? ra damatebiT
eqsperimentebs dagegmavdiT, rom farnis gafuWebis
hipoTeza SeamowmoT, romelic mravali mizeziT SeiZle-
ba iyos gamowveuli?
SegviZlia faranis magaliTi kidev erTi mniS-
vnelovani gakveTiliT gavaRrmavoT, romelic hipoTe-
zebze dafuZnebul mecnierebas exeba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom naTuris gadawvis hipoTeza yvelaze savaraudod
24
Cans, gaiTvaliswineT, rom testireba am hipoTezas imi-
tom ki ar emxroba, rom is sworia, aramed imitom, rom is
ar gamoiricxa uaryofis Sedegad. iqneb Zveli naTura
ubralod araswored iyo mixraxnuli, axali ki sworad Ca-
vayeneT. SegviZlia SevecadoT gadamwvari naTuris hipo-
Tezis uaryofa sxva eqsperimetis Catarebis saSualebiT
- Zveli naTuris amoRebiT da Semdeg misi sworad Caxrax-
vniT. magram eqsperimentuli Semowmebebis raodenobas
sakamaTo hipoTezis damtkiceba ar SeuZlia, vinaidan
SeuZliebelia alternatiuli hipoTezebis Semowmebebis
amowurva. hipoTezas maSin viRebT, roca misi uaryofis
mravali mcdeloba CavatareT, sanam testirebam alter-
natiuli hipoTezebi gamoricxa (uaryo).
miTi mecnierul meTodze
faranis SemTxvevaSi, 1.25 suraTze naCvenebi etapebi,
kvlevis idealizirebul process asaxavs, romelsac mec-
nierul meTods uwodeben. mecnieruli statiebis umete-
sobaSi am procesis elementebs struqturizirebuli
formiT vxvdebiT. im etapebis Tanmimdevrobas, romelic
aRwerilia mecnieruli meTodebis “saxelmZRvaneloSi”,
mecnieruli kvlevebis Zalian mcire nawili mihyveba.
magaliTad, mecnierma SeiZleba eqsperimentis dageg-
mva daiwyos, magram Semdeg ukan daixios, roca mixvdeba,
rom samuSaos Sesrulebas meti dakvirvebebis Catareba
sWirdeba. sxva SemTxvevebSi, dakvirvebebis damabneve-
li Sedegebi ubralod ar iZleva kargad gansazRvruli
kiTxvebis dasmis saSualebas, sanam sxva kvleviTi pro-
eqtebi am dakvirvebas axal konteqstSi ar dagvanaxebs.
magaliTad, marTalia darvini galapagosis mTiulebis
nimuSebs agrovebda, magram bunebrivi gadarCevis ideam
xorcSesxma mxolod mravali wlis Semdeg daiwyo, roca
biologebma am frinvelebis istoriaze sakvanZo kiTx-
vebi dasves.
mecnierebi zogjer kvlevis mimarTulebasac cvlian,
roca xvdebian, rom `sxva xes uyefdnen~, vinaidan mcdar
kiTxvebs svamdnen. magaliTad, me-20 saukunis dasawyis-
Si, Sizofreniisa da maniakalur-depresiuli fsiqozis
(axla orpolusian fsiqozs uwodeben) kvlevebis umete-
soba sxva mimarTulebiT wavida, vinaidan is zedmetad
iyo fokusirebuli kiTxvaze, Tu rogor iwvevs am se-
riozul darRvevas cxovrebiseuli movlenebi. kvleve-
bi daavadebis mizezebze da potenciur mkurnalobaze
ufro produqtiuli gaxda, roca is gadairTo kiTvaze,
Tu rogor ukavSirdeba tvinis daavadebebs konkretuli
nivTierebebis disbalasi. patiosnad rom vTqvaT, mec-
nierul kvlevaSi aseTi piruetebi ufro cxadi xdeba,
roca sabolood garkveul warmatebas vaRwevT.
arsebobs sxva mizezic, ris gamoc kargi mecnierisT-
vis ar aris aucilebeli yovelTvis zustad misdevdes
kvlevis romelime meTods. aRwerilobiTma mecnierebam
bunebis gacnobaSi STambeWdav Sedegebs miaRwia, Tundac
mecnieruli meTodis umetesi etapi ar iyo sruliad dac-
 suraTi 1.26
nestriani futkari da
misi unestro mimbaZve- dakvirveba
li, yvavilis buzi.

kiTxva

pirveli hipoTeza meore hipoTeza _

_ gafuWebuli gadamwvari naTura
batareebi

prognozi: batareis prognozi: naTuris

gamocvliT prob- gamocvliT prob-
lema gadaiWreba lema gadaiWreba

uli.
ra Tqma unda, TqvenTvis mniSvnelovania raRac eqs-
perimentis SeZena, sadac mecnieruli meTodis sim-
Zlavres gaiTvaliswinebT, magaliTad, roca biologiis
kursze zogi laboratoriuli kvlevis Catarebisas am
meTods iyenebT. magram, aseve mniSvnelovania gaxsovdeT,
rom mecnierebis stereotipirebas maqsimalurad unda
aeridoT, da am meTodis zust mibaZvaSi ar CaiketoT. varaudis Semowmeba varaudis Semowmeba

mecnierul kvlevaSi konkretuli Sem-

Txvevis ganxilva: gvelis populaciaSi Semowmebam uaaryo hipo- Semowmebam ar uaryo hipo-
Teza
mimikriis Seswavla Teza

axla, roca aRwerilobiTi mecnierebisa da hipoTe-
zebze dafuZnebuli mecnierebis sakvanZo Tvisebebi ga-
vaSuqeT, unda kvlevis am formebis amocnoba realur
mecnierul kvlevaSic SevZloT, roca is konkretuli
SemTxvevis ganxilvas exeba.
Cveni istoria, aRweriTi mecnierebisTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli, dakvirvebebisa da ganzogadoebebis nakrebiT
iwyeba. mravali Sxamiani cxoveli mkveTrad Seferilia.
xSirad am Seferilobas damaxasiaTebeli struqturebi
aqvs, romlebic saerTo fonze SesaniSnavad moCans. aseT
Seferilobas gamafrTxilebels uwodeben, vinaidan is
suraTi 1.25. banakSi Catarebuli kvleva hipoTezas efuZneba.
potenciur mtacebels cxadad atyobinebs `saxifaTo
saxeobis~ Sesaxeb. magram arsebobs mimikriebic (mibaZve-
bi). mimbaZveli matyuarebi Sxamiani saxeobebis msgavsad
gamoiyurebian, magram realurad SedarebiT uvnebelni
arian. amis magaliTia yvavilis buzi, unestro mweri, ro-
melic futkaris garegnobas baZavs (suraTi 1.26).
ra aris aseTi mimikriis funqcia? ra upiratesobas
aZlevs is cxovels? 1862 wels britanelma mecnierma,
henri beiTsma, racionaluri hipoTeza wamoayena, rom

25
 samefo ankara
gasaRebi
samefo an-
karas areali
aRmosavleTis
marjnis aspidis
areali
CrdiloeTi
karolina
samxreTi
karolina
aRmosavleTis marj-
nis aspidi
samefo ankara
suraTi 1.27. karolinas marjnis aspidebis da samefo ankarebis
geografiuli areali. samefo ankara (Lampropeltis triangulum) ba-
Zavs Sxamiani aRmosavleTis marjnis gvelis (Micrurus fulvius) gama-
frTxilebel Seferilobas. es ori saxeoba CrDiloeTi da samxreTi
karolinis mraval regionSi binadrobs, magram samefo ankaras geo-
grafiuli gavrceleba CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT marjnis gvelis
gavrcelebis farglebs cdeba.
mavne cxovelis msgavsi cxoveli, mag, yvavilis buzi,
sargebels iRebs, roca mtacebels is mavne saxeobebSi
eSleba. sxva sityvebiT, motyueba SeiZleba evoluciuri
adaptacia iyos, romlis ganviTarebas safuZlvad mim-
baZvelis mier sakuTari Tavis SeWmis riskis Semcireba
udevs. es hipoTeza Zalian intuiciuri iyo, amitom misi
Semowmeba sirTuleebs ukavSirdeboda, gansakuTrebiT
ki, savele eqsperimentebiT Semowmebisas. magram bo-
los da bolos, 2001 wels, biologebma devid da kerin
feningebma, uiliam herkombTan erTad, romelic Crdil-
oeTi karolinis universitetis bakalavri iyo, beiTis
mimikriis hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad martivi, magram dax-
vewili savele eqsperimentebis seria dagegmes.
gundma mimikriis SemTxvevebi im gvelebSi gamoikv-
lia, romlebic CrdiloeT da samxreT karolinaSi binad-
roben. Sxamian gvels, aRmosavleTis marjnisebr aspids,
26
aqvs gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba: mkveTri wiTeli, yvi-
Teli da Savi feris monacvleobiTi rgolebi. Mmtaceble-
bi am gvels iSviaTad esxmian. naklebad savaraudoa, rom
aridebis es qceva mtaceblebma samefo aspidTan pirveli
Setakebisas iswavles, vinaidan misi kbena sasikvdiloa.
rogorc Cans, bunebrivma gadarCevam im mtaceblebis ra-
odenoba gazarda, romlebmac gamafrTxilebeli Seferi-
lobis garCevisa da aridebis instinqturi unari mem-
kvidreobiT miiRes, da samefo aspidis gamafrTxilebel
Seferilobas eridebodnen.
uSxamo gveli, romelsac samefo ankaras uwodeben,
marjnis aspidis rgolovan Seferilobas baZavs. orive,
ankarac da aspidic karolinaSi binadrobs, magram an-
karas geografiuli regioni CrdiloeTiT da dasavle-
TiT ufro Sors vrceldeba, im regionebSic ki, sadac as-
pidebi ar binadroben (suraTi 1.27)
karolinaSi gvelebis geografiulma gavrcele-
bam SesaZlebeli gaxada mimikriis hipoTezis ZiriTadi
prognozis Semowmeba. mimikria ankaras mtaceblebisgan
dacvaSi unda daexmaros, magram mxolod im regionebSi,
sadac aspidebic binadroben. mimikriis hipoteza prog-
nozirebs, rom iq sadac aspidi ar aris, mtaceblebi
samefo ankaras ufro xSirad esxmian, vidre iq, sadac as-
pidic binadrobs.
xelovnuri gvelebis saSualebiT Cat-
arebuli savele eqsperimentebi
mimikriis hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad herkombma we-
bovani substanciiT (plastiliniT) dafaruli mavTulis-
gan, aseulobiT xelovnuri gveli gaakeTa. man xelovnuri
gvelis ori modeli dagegma: eqsperimentuli jgufi as-
pidisTvis damaxasiaTebeli wiTeli, Savi da yviTeli
rgolebiT, da mxolod yavisferi xelovnuri gvelebis
sakontrolo jgufi, romelic Sedarebis safuZvels war-
moadgenda.
mkvlevrebma CrdiloeTi da samxreTi karolinis
teritoriaze ori tipis xelovnuri gvelebis erTnairi
raodenoba moaTavses. gvelebi bunebaSi im regionebis
CaTvliT ganalages, sadac aspidebi ar binadroben (ixi-
leT suraTi 1.27). oTxi kviris Semdeg mecnierebma xe-
lovnuri gvelebi amioRes da Tavdasxmis obieqtebis ra-
odenoba daTvales, risTvisac nakbenebisa da brWyalebis
nakvalevi aRricxes. yvelaze gavrcelebuli mtaceblebi
meliebi, koiotebi, da enotebi aRmoCndnen, magram zog
xelovnur gvels baribalic ki esxmoda. (suraTi 1.28).
monacemebi mimikriis hipoTezis ZiriTad prognozs
eTanxmeboda. yavisfer gvelebTan SedarebiT, rgolovani
gvelebi ieriSis obieqti gacilebiT iSviaTad xdebodnen,
magram es mxolod aspidis geografiuli regionis far-
glebSi aRiniSneboda. 1.29 suraTi savele eqsperimentis
Sedegebs ajamebs. es suraTi aseve gamosaxulebebis for-
mats gvTavazobs, romelsac biologiuri kvlevebis sai-
lustraciod, mTeli wignis ganmavlobaSi gamoviyenebT.
kontrolirebadi eqsperimentebis dagegmva
gvelis mimikriis eqsperimenti imis magaliTs gva-
Zlevs, Tu rogor gegmaven mecnierebi eqsperiments, erTi
cvladis efeqtis Sesamowmeblad, sxva arasasurveli cv-
ladebis efeqtis gamoricxviT. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, mtace-
blebis raodenobis gamoricxviT. aseT dagegmvas kontro-
lirebad eqsperiments uwodeben, sadac eqsperimentul
jgufs (am SemTxvevaSi xelovnur ankarebs) sakontrolo
jgufs adarebdnen (yavisfer xelovnur gvelebs). ide-
alSi, eqsperimentuli da sakontrolo jgufebi mxolod
erYTi faqtoris mixedviT unda gansxvavdebodes, romlis
Sesamowmeblad eqsperoimetns gegmaven. Cvens SemTxvevaSi, (a) xelovnuri samefo gveli

gvelis Seferilobis gavleniT mtaceblebis qcevaze.

ra moxdeba, Tu mkvlevrebi ver SeZleben sakuTari eqs-
perimentis kontrols? yavisferi imitaciuri gvelebis
jgufis gareSe, romelic sakontrolo jgufis rols as-
rulebda, sxvadasxva geografiul regionSi xelovnur an-
karebze Tavdasxmebis raodenoba arafers gvetyoda mta-
ceblis qcevaze, romelzec bunebaSi, sxvadasxva adgilas,
gvelis Seferiloba moqmedebs. iqneb magaliTad, aRmosav-
leT da samxreT regionebSi xelovnur ankarebs ubralod
imitom esxmoda naklebi mtacebeli, rom iq naklebi mta-
cebeli binadrobs? an iqneb, ufro maRali temperatu-
ris gamo mtaceblebs iq naklebad SiaT. xelovnuri yavis-
feri gvelebis saSualebiT mecnierebma iseTi cvladebi
aiciles, rogoricaa mtaceblebis simWidrove da tem-
peratura, vinaidan am faqtorebs erTnairi gavlena unda
hqonodaT sakontrolo da eqsperimentul jgufebze. amis
garda, samxreT da aRmosavleT bunebriv adgilebSi mta-
ceblebi met yavisfer xelovnur gvels esxmodnen, vidre
samefo ankarebs. eqsperimentis gonierma dagegmvam Sefer-
iloba im erTaderT faqtorad datova, romelic pasuxig-
mebeli iyo im xelovnur samefo ankarebze mtaceblebis
Tavdasxmebis dabal sixSireze, romlebic moTavsebulni
iyvnen aspidebis regionSi. daTvlili ricxvi xelovnur
ankarebze Tavdasmxebis absoluturi raodenobas ar gva-
Zlevs, is asaxavs sxvaobas am Tavdasmxebis raodenobasa
da xelovnur samefo gvelebze Tavdasxmebis raodenobas
Soris.
termini kontrolirebadi ar niSnavs, rom mecnieri
eqsperimentis pirobebs akontrolebs. aseTi Tvalsazri-
si gavrcelebuli Secdmomaa. SeuZlebelia yvela piroba
mudvmivi iyos, im erTi cvladis garda, romlis Semowme-
bas vapirebT. es ararealuria savele kvlevebSic da maRal
regulirebad laboratoriul pirobebSic. rogorc wesi,
mkvlevrebi arasasurvel cvladebs ara maTi gamoricxviT
akontroleben, rasac pirobebis regulaciis saSualebiT
aRweven, aramed maTi efeqtis gamoricxviT, rac sakontro-
lo jgufebis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeba.
ra zRudavs mecnierul kvlevas
(b) xelovnuri yavisferi gveli, romelzec Tavdasxma
iyo dafiqsirebuli
suraTi 1.28. mimikriis hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad savele eqs-
perimentSi gamoyenebulia xelovrnuri gvelebi. SegiZliaT dain-
axoT adgili, sadac daTvma yavisferi xelovnuri gveli gakawra (b).
mecnieruli kvleva bunebis Secnobis mZlavri iara-
Ria, magram kiTxvebis tipi, romlebzec mas SeuZlia pa-
suxis gacema SezRudulia. am sazRvrebs mecnierebis
moTxovnebi gansazRvravs, rom hipoTezebi Semowmebadi
da uaryofadi unda iyos da dakvirvebebi da eqsperiment-
ebi ki ganmeorebadi.
dakvirvebebi, romelTa dadastureba SeuZlebelia,
SeiZleba sainteresoc da StambeWdavic iyos, magram
mecnierul kvlevaSi maT mtkicebulebad ver CavTvliT.
supermarketis sareklamo farebis saTaurebi albaT ver
dagvajereben, rom adamianebi xandaxan ZaRlis Tavianebi
ibadebian, an rom zogi Tqveni klaseli ucxoplanetelia.
mowmeebis daudasturebeli angariSebi da kompiuterze
Sedgenili fotoebi gansacvifrebelia, magram naklebad
damajerebeli. mecnierebaSi, dakvirvebebisgan da eqspe-
rimetebidan miRebuli TvalsaCino masala mxolod ma-
Sin dasajerebelia, Tu is ganmeorebadobis kroteriums
uZlevs. mecnierebi, romlebic gvelis mimikrias karo-
linaSi swavlobdnen, igive monacemebs iRebndnen, Tu eq-
perimets aspidebisa an ankarebis sxva saxeobebze, arizo-
naSi, imeorebdnen. Tu gvelis eqsperiments gaimeorebT,

27
suraTi 1.29. kvleva. moqmedebs Tu ara Sxamiani marjnis gvelis arseboba,
mis mimbaZvelze, samefo anaraze, mtaceblebis Tavdasxmis sixSireze,?
eqsperimenti
mimikriis hipoTezis prognozis Sesamowmeblad devid pfeningma da misma
kolegebma xelovnuri gvelebi Seqmnes. prognozis mixedviT samefo
ankarebi marjnis gvelebis Seferilobis mibaZviT mxolod im regionebSi
sargebloben, sadac marjis gvelebic binadroben. qveda rukaze X
bunebriv adgilebs aRniSnavs, sadac mkvlevrebma xelovnuri ankarebi
(eqsperimentuli jgufi) da xelovnuri yavisferi gvelebi (sakontrolo
jgufi) erTnairi raodenobiT moaTavses. oTxi kviris Semdeg mkvlevrebi
xelovnur gvelebs iRebdnen da mtaceblobis monacemebs aRricxavd-
nen, rac gvelis tanze kbilebisa da brWyalebis anabeWdebs efuZneboda
(ixileT suraTi 1.28).
Sedegebi
bunebriv adgilebSi, sadac marjis gvelebi binadroben, mtaceblebi
ankarebs gacilebiT naklebad esxmodnen, vidre xelovnur yavisfer
gvelebs. ankarebis gamafrTxilebeli Seferiloba iseT dacvas aRar
iZleoda, roca marjis gvelebi ar iyvnen. sinamdvileSi, aseT adgilebSi
xelovnuri ankarebi ufro didi albaTobiT ieriSis msxverplni xde-
bodnen, vidre yavisferi xelovnuri gvelebi, rasac albaT maTi mkveTri
Seferiloba ganpirobebebda, romlis garCeva saerTo fonze gacilebiT
advilia.
sakvanZo simboloebi
Tavdasxmebi xelovnur samefo ankarebze, %
Tavdasxmebis xelovnur yavisfer gvelebze,%
adgilebi, sadac xelovnuri
gvelebi moaTavses
arealSi, sadac marjnis gvelebi
ar aris, ieriSebis umetesi nawili
xelovnur ankarebze modioda.
arealSi sadac marjnis gvelebi
binadroben, ieriSebis umeteso-
ba yavisfer gvelebze modioda.
daskvna
savele eqsperimentebi mxars uWers mimikris hipoTezas, vinaidan ar
uaryofs ZiriTad prognozs, rom marjis gvelebis imitacia mxolod
maSin efeqturia, roca marjis gvelebi iqve binadroben. eqsperiment-
ebiT alternatiuli hipoTezac Semowmda, rom zogadad mtaceblebi
yvela mkveTri Seferilobis rgolebis mqone gvelebs eridebian, imisda
miuxedavad, binadroben, Tu ara am garemoSi igive Seferilobis Sxamiani
gvelebi. alternatiuli hipoTeza uaryves monacemebma, romlebmac
dagvanaxes, rom rgolebiani Seferiloba ar afrTxobda mtaceblebs im
adgilebSi, sadac marjnis aspidebi ar binadroben.
28
Tqvenc unda SeZloT igive Sedegis miReba.
da bolos, SezRudvebs mecnierebaSi misi natu-
ralizmi iwvevs _ is bunebis fenomenebis asaxsnelad
mxolod bunebriv mizezebs eZebs. mecnierebas ar Seu-
Zlia arc daadasturos da arc uaryos hipoTeza, rom
angelozebi an sulebi, keTilebi Tu avebi, Stormebs,
cisartyelas, daavadebebs an maT gankurnebas iwveven.
aseTi zebunebrivi axsna ubralod mecnierebis saz-
Rvrebs scdeba.
mecnieruli Teoriebi
`es, ubralod, Teoriaa~ _ Teoriis cnebis yovel-
dRiuri gamoiyeneba xSirad Seumowmebel spekula-
ciebs ukavSirdeba. magram cneba `Teoria~-s mecniere-
baSi sul sxva datvirTva aqvs. ra aris mecnieruli
Teoria da riTi gansxvavdeba is hipoTezisa an Cveu-
lebrivi spekulaciisgan?
pirveli, mecnieruli Teoria gacilebiT ufro
farTo cnebaa, vidre hipoTeza. hipoTezaa: `uSxamo
gvelebSi mimikria adaptaciaa, romelic maT mtace-
blebisgan icavs~. Teoriaa: `evoluciuri adaptaciebi
bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegia~. darvinis bunebrivi ga-
darCevis Teoria moicavs adaptaciebis uamrav nair-
gvarobas, sadac mimikriac Sedis.
meore, Teoria sakmaod ganzogadoebuli unda
iyos, rom misgan mravali axali, konkretuli, Semow-
mebadi hipoTeza ganviTardes. magaliTad, peter da
rozmari grantebma, prinstonis universitetis Tanam-
Sromlebma, darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoriis
gavleniT, galapagosis mTiulebis niskartebis for-
mis cvlilebis konkretuli hipoTeza Seamowmes. nis-
kartebi imisda mixedviT icvleboda, Tu ra sakvebis
mopoveba uxdebodaT frinvelebs ama, Tu im kunZulze.
da mesame, Teorias, nebismier hipoTezasTan Se-
darebiT, rogorc wesi, gacilebiT meti TvalsaC-
inoeba (faqti) adasturebs. mecnierebaSi miRebuli
Teoriebi (magaliTad, Bbunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria)
dakvirvebaTa mravalferovnebas efuZneba da mravali
faqtiT dasturdeba. zogadi Teoriebis kvleva dRe-
sac grZeldeba, rac konkretuli, uaryofadi hipoTe-
zebis SemowmebiT xorcieldeba, romlebsac es Teor-
iebi warmoSoben.
monacemebis simravlis miuxedavad, romlebic
farTod aRiarebul Teoriebs adastureben, mec-
nierebi Teoriebs xandaxan cvlian an uaryofen, Tu
maT kvlevis axali meTodebis saSualebiT miRebuli
monacemebi ar adasturebs. magaliTad, cocxali or-
ganizmebis xuT samefod dayofis Teoria Seicvala
axali meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad. am meTodebis
meSveobiT kvlevebi ujredul da molekulur doneze
Catarda da organizmebs Soris naTesaoba molekulur
doneze daadgina. Tu arsebobs ~simarTle~ mecniere-
baSi, is pirobiTia da am momentisTvis CvenTvis misawv-
 sxeulidan filtvebidan
marjvena marcxena
winaguli winaguli
marjvena marcxena
parkuWi parkuWi
filtvebisken sxeulisken
suraTi1.30 adamianis oTxsaknian gulSi sisxlis mimoqce-
vis modelireba
dom monacemebs efuZneba.
modelireba mecnierebaSi
biologiis kursis gavlisas SeiZleba muSaoba mod-
elirebaze mogiwioT. iqneb qromosomebze dayrdnobiT
ujredis gayofis modelireba dagWirdeT an maTemati-
kuri modelebis meSveobiT baqteriis populaciebis zr-
dis winaswari dagegmva mogiwioT. mecnierebi modelebs
konstruireben, romlebic maTi ideebis naklebad ab-
straqtul gamoxatvas iZlevian, magaliTad, Teoriebis
an iseTi bunebrivi fenomenebis, rogoric biologiuri
procesebia. mecnierul modelebs bevri forma aqvs:
diagramebis, grafikebis, samganzomilebiani obieqtebis,
kompiuteruli programebisa an maTematikuri tolo-
bebis.
modelis tipis SerCeva
modelis tipis SerCeva damokidebulia mis un-
arze daakavSiros da axsnas obieqti, idea an procesi,
romelsac is asaxavs. zogi modeli imdenad realuria,
ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia. sxva modelebi ufro ga-
mosadegia, Tu isini simbolur sqemebs warmogvidgenen.
magaliTad, 1.30 suraTze asaxuli martivi diagrama Ses-
aniSnavad gamodgeba adamianis gulis ganyofilebebSi
sisxlis dinebis modelirebisTvis. misi saSualebiT re-
alur guls SegviZlia arc ki davxedoT. magram gulis
modelis dadgegvma, romelic qirurgebis operaciebi-
sTvis gavarjiSebaSi dagvexmareba, wina modelisgan ab-
soluturad gansxxvavebuli iqneba. risTvisac ar unda
igegembodes modeli, misi vargisianobis dadastureba
imis Semowmebas gulisxmos, Tu ramdenad kargad Seesab-
ameba modeli arsebul monacemebs, ramdenad moxerxe-
bulia masSi axali dakvirvebebis gaerTianeba, ramdenad
zustad aprognozebs axali eqsperimentebis Sedegebs, da
ramdenad efeqturad azustebs da aerTianebs ideebsa an
procesebs, romlebsac is asaxavs.
mecnierebis kultura
mxatvruli da animaciuri filmebi xandaxan mec-
nierebs martoxela sulebis saxiT warmogvidgenen, rom-
lebic izolirebul laboratoriebSi muSaoben. sinamd-
vileSi mecniereba intensiuri socialuri samuSaoa.
mecnerTa umetesoba jgufebSi muSaobs, sadac xSirad
bakalavriatis da magistraturis studentebic Sedian
(suraTi 1.31). mecnierebaSi warmatebis misaRwevad sa-
survelia urTierTobis kargi unarebis floba. kvlevis
Sedegebs gavlena ar eqneba, sanam maT kolegebis sazoga-
doebas ar gavuziarebT, rac seminarebis, publikaciebisa
da vebsaitebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
samecniero sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
kooperacia da Sejibri. mecnierebi, romlebic erT
sakiTxze muSaoben, erTmaneTis Sedegebs xSirad dam-
atebiTi dakvirvebebiT an eqsperimentebiT amowmeben.
roca ramdenime mecnieri erT da imave sakiTxs ikvlevs,
saxeze gvaqvs rbolisTvis damaxasiaTebeli aRgzneba.
mecnierebs uxariaT “adgilze pirvelebad mosvla”, ra-
sac xandaxan sakvanZo eqsperimetnebis mniSvnelovani aR-
moCenebi erTvis.
biologiuri sazogadoeba mecnierebis didi sazoga-
doebis nawilia, romelic sakuTari drois kulturul
garemos Seesabameba. magaliTad, Seicvala qalebisa da
kacebis Sefardeba, romlebic ama Tu im karieras irCev-
en. amis Sedegad gaizarda biologiaSi momuSave qalebis
raodenobac, ramac, Tavis mxvriv, kvlevis konkretul
sferoebSi aqcentebis gadanacvleba gamoiwvia. magali-
Tad, ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, biologebi,
romlebic cxovelebis dawyvilebis qcevas ikvlevdnen,
ZiriTadad mamrebis konkurenciaze fokusirdebodnen,
romelic mdedris yuradSebis miqcevas cdilobs. ufro
axali kvlevebi ki, im rolze fokusirdeba, romelsac
mewyviles arCevaSi mdedri TamaSobs. magaliTad, fr-
invelebis mravali saxeobis mdedrebi mkveTri Seferi-
lobis mamrebs irCeven, vinaidan mkveTri Seferiloba
mamris SesaniSnav janmrTelobaze metyvelebs. es qceva
mdedris mier janmrTeli STamomavlobis datovebis al-
baTobas zrdis.
mecnierebis zogierTi filosofosi acxadebs, rom
29
amJamad mecnierebebze imdenad moqmedebs kulturuli
da politikuri faseulobebi, rom is aRar aris ufro obi-
suraTi 1.32 meciereba, rogorc socialuri procesi.
niu iorkis universitetis laboratoriaSi botanikosi Glora
koruzi erT-erT srudents molekuluri biologiis meTo-
debs aswavlis.
eqturi, vidre “Semecnebis” nebismieri sxva gza. sazoga-
doeba, romelic mecnierul Teoriebze ise saubrobs,
TiTqos isini bunebrivi kanonebia, da ara adamianis mier
bunebis axsnaa, sxva ukiduresobaSi vardeba. mecnierebis
arsis realoba albaT sadRac SuaSia. is iSviaTad zustad
obieqturia, magram mudmiv kvlevebs ganagrZobs da im
Tvisebebs iyenebs, rom dakvirvebebi da eqsperimentebi
ganmeorebadi unda iyos, hipoTezebi ki, Semowmebadi da
uaryofadi.
mecniereba, teqnologia da sazogadoeba
kavSiri mecnerebasa da sazogadoebas Soris ufro
mkafio xdeba, Tu am suraTSi teqnologiebsac CavrTavT.
marTalia, mecneiereba da teqnologia zogjer kvelvis
msgavs meTodebs mimarTavs, magram maTi mizani gansxvave-
bulia. mecnierebis mizania bunebis fenomenis gaazreba.
teqnologia ki, mecnierul codnas ZiriTadad konkret-
uli miznebis misaRwevad iyenebs. biologebi da sxva mec-
nierebi xSirad aRmoCenebze saubroben, inJinrebi da sxva
teqnologebi ki danergvebze. am danergvebiT mecniere-
bic sargebloben, romlebic axal teqnologiebs sakuTar
kvlevebSi iyeneben. zustad amis magaliTia informaciu-
li teqnologebis gavlena sistemur biologiaze. ase rom,
mecniereba da teqnologia urTierTdamokidebuli mimar-
Tulebebia.
mecnierebisa da teqnologiis kombinirebul Zalas
sazogadoebaze udidesi gavlena aqvs. magaliGTad, 50 wlis
30
winaT uotsonis da krikis mier dnm-is struqturis aR-
moCenisa da dnm-is kvelvis Semdgomi miRwevebis Sedegad,
dnm-is inJinirebma mravali teqnologia Seqmnes, romle-
bic, Tavis mxvriv, sxvadasxva sferos cvlian, maT Soris:
medicinas, soflis meurneobasa da metyeveobas (suraTi
1.32). uotsoni da kriki albaT fiqrobdnen, rom maT aR-
moCenas udidesi gamoyeneba eqneba, magram Znelad war-
mosadgenia, rom am gamoyenebis arsi zustad codnodaT.
teqnologiebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebebi naklebad
damokidebulia cnobismoyvareobaze, romelic mec-
nierebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalaa. teqnologiebi
ZiriTadad damokidebulia mosaxleobis moTxovnebze da
survilebze, da mocemuli drois socialur garemoze.
teqnologiebze kamaTi ZirTadad warimarTeba Temaze “es
unda gavakeToT”, da ara “SegviZlia, Tu ara amis gakeTe-
ba”. teqnologiur miRwevebTan erTad avRmoCndiT rTuli
arCevanis winaSe. magaliTad, ra pirobebSi misaRebia dnm-
is teqnologiis gamoyeneba, imis Sesamowmeblad, aqvs Tu
ara adamians memkvidreobiTi daavadebis genebi? aseTi
testi yovelGTvis unda iyos nebayoflobiTi, Tu ara? ar-
sebobs Tu ara iseTi garemoeba, rom genetikuri testire-
ba savaldebulo gaxdes? unda flobdnen am informacias
sadazRvevo samsaxurebi an damqiraveblebi, romlebic
janrTelobis mraval sxva individualur monacemebs
floben, Tu ara? es eTikuri Temebi iseve exeba politi-
kas, ekonomikasa da kulturas, ramdenadac mecnierebasa
da teqnologiebs. magram mecnierebis da inJinrebis pa-
suxismgeblobaSi Sedis politikosebis, biurokratebis,
korporaciis liderebisa da sxva adamianebis ganaTleba
iseT Temebze, Tu rogor muSaobs mecniereba, da ra po-
tenciuri saSiSroeba da warmateba moaqvs konkretul
teqnologiebs. mecnierebis, teqnologiebisa da sazoga-
doebis gadamwyveti urTierTkavSiri is Temaa, romelic
nebismieri biologiis kursis mniSvnelobas zrdis.
koncefcia testi 1.5
1. ganasxvaveT induqcia da deduqcia
2. gaakritikeT mtkicebuleba: kontrlirebad eqs-
perimentebs mecniereba imisTvis gegmavs, rom
erGTi cvladi, sxva faqtorebis ucvlelobis gaT-
valiswinebiT, Seiswavlos.
3. gvelis mimikriis eqsperimentis msvlelobisas,
ratom aTavsebdnen mkvlevrebi zog xelovnur gv-
els aspidis geografiuli gavcelebis farglebs
gareT?
4. ganasxvave “Teoria” da “hipoTeza”.
 gzebi aTwleulebis manZilze imuSavebs, maSinac, roca
saxelZRvaneloebSi dafiqsirebuli informaciis ume-
tesi nawili uvargisi gaxdeba. 1.1 cxrilSi gamoxatulia
ramdenime farTo Tema, romlebsac am Tavis wakiTxvis
Semdeg gaecaniT. es zogadi Temebi isev gamoCndebian sax-
elmZRvaneloSi, rom sanam Tqven sicocxles gaecnobiT
da sakuTari, mniSvnelovani kiTxvebis dasmas daiwyebT,
garkveuli kriteriumebis roli Seasrulon.

koncefcia testi 1.6

1. dawereT winadadeba, romelic Temebs: “mec-

nieruli kvleva” da “mecniereba, teqnologia da
suraTi 1.32. dnm-is meTodi da kriminalistikaSi Catarebuli sazogadoeba” daakavSirebs.
kvleva. sasamarTlos eqspertebs SeuZlia dnm-is kvalis gamoyeneba,
romelic eqstragireulia sxva sxeulis qsovilebis sisxlis nimuSi-
dan. es nimuSebi danaSaulis Sesrulebis adgilas, molekuluri ana-
beWdebis misaRebad, Seagroves. SeRebili zolebi, romlebsac am su-
raTze xedavT, dnm-is fragmentebs da zolebis struqturas asaxavs,
romelic sxvadasxva indvidSi gansxvavebulia.

koncefcia  1.6
Temebis nakrebi, romlebic bi-
ologiur koncefciebs akavSirebs

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, biologia, sxva mecniere-

bebTan SedarebiT, yvelaze momTxovnia. nawilobriv es
gamowveulia cocxali sistemebis udidesi sirTuliT,
nawilobriv ki imiT, rom biologia mecnierebaTaSorisi
dargia, romelic moiTxovs qimiis, fizikisa da maTema-
tikis codnas. Tanamedrove biologia dekaslons (aT
sportul dargSi Sejibrs) waagavs. amave dros, yvela
sxva sferosTan SedarebiTG, biologia yvelaze ufro
kvaSirSia humanurobasTan da socialur mecnierebebT-
an. Tu biologia airCieT, maSin saWiro dros, saWiro
adgilas aRmoCndiT. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, ratom dain-
teresdiT bologiiT, dainaxavT, rom sicocxlis Ses-
wavla profesionali biologebesTvisac ki, usazRvrod
saintereso da gamtacebelia. magram, amdeni informa-
ciis aTvisebis aucileblobis win aRmoCenili, damwyebi
studenti, rogor SeZlebs sicocxlis logikuri xedvis
ganviTarebas, Tu is uimedoT cdilobs uamravi detalis
damaxsovrebas? erTi midgoma mdgomareobs naswavli de-
talebis gaerTianebaSi iseTi Temebis nakrebSi, romle-
bic mTels biologias avsebs. sicocxlis gaazrebis es

31
 tabula 1.1 TerTmeti Tema romelic biologias aerTianebs
Tema aRwera
ujredi
mravalferovneba
ujredi yoveli organizmis struq-
turisa da funqciis ZiriTadi erTeu-
lia. ujredebis ori mTavari tipi pro-
kariotuli (baqteriebi da arqeebi) da
eukariotuli ujredebia (umartivese-
bi, mcenareebi sokoebi da cxovelebi).
memkvidreobiTi
informacia
sicocxlis gagrZeleba damokidebulia biolo-
giuri informaciis memkvidreobaze, romelic
mocemulia dnm-is molekulebis formiT. es
genetikuri informacia kodirebulia dnm-is
nukleotidebis TanmimdevrobaSi.
biologiuri siste-
mebis emerjentuli
(axali) Tvisebebi.
cocxal samyaros ierarqiuli organizacia axa-
siaTebs, romelic molekulebidan biosferomde
vrceldeba. erTi donidan maRla gadadgmul yov-
el nabijTan erTad, Cndeba sistemuri Tvisebebi,
romlebic ufro dabali donis komponentebis
urTierTmqmedebis Sedegia.
regulacia
mecnieruli kvelva
ukuregulaciis meqanizmi biologiur siste-
mebs A aregulirebs. zog SemTxvevaSi regulacia
Sinagani faqtorebis, rogoricaa sxeulis tem-
peratura, SedarebiT stabilur mdgomareobas
inarCunebs.
garemosTan
urTierTq-
medeba
organizmebi Ria sistemebia, romlebic
garemosTan nivTierebaTa da energiis
cvlas axorcieleben. organizmebis
saarsebo garemoSi sxva organizmebi da
aracocxali faqtorebi Sedis.
energia da
sicocxle
yvela organizmma unda Seasrulos samuSao, rac energias
moiTxovs. energia sinaTlis saxiT mzisgan producentebze
moedineba da Semdeg konsumentebze gadadis.
32
Tema aRwera
erTianoba da biologebi mravalferovnebas sam
domenSi ajgufeben: baqteria, arqea
da eukaria. sicocxlis mraval-
ferovnebis miuxedavad, SegviZlia
erTianobis SemCnevac, rogoricaa
universaluri genetikuri kodi. rac
ufro axlo naTesaobaa or saxeobas
Soris, miT meti saerTo Tviseba
eqnebaT.
evolucia
evolucia biologiis centraluri
Temaa, romelic sicocxlis mraval-
ferovnebasa da erTianobas gvixs-
nis. darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis
Teoria aRwers populaciebis maT
garemosTan adaptaciebs, rasac
sxvadasxva individis gansxvavebuli
reproduqciuli warmateba ganapi-
robebs.
struqtura da
funqcia
formebi da funqciebi biologiuri
organizaciis yvela doneze koreli-
rebs.
mecnieruli procesi dakvirvebe-
bze dafuZnebuli aRmoCenebisa da
axsnebis testirebas moicavs, rasac
hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli kvlevis
saSualebiT axorcielebs. mecnieru-
li krediTunarianoba damokidebulia
dakvirvebebisa da eqsperimentebis
ganmeorebadobaze.
mecniereba, te-
qnologiebi da
sazogadoeba
mravali teqnologia mecnierebis,
mizanze orientirebuli, gamoyenebaa.
amJamad, ufro mniSvnelovani gves-
modes mecnierebis da teqtnologiis
kavSirebi sazogadoebasTan, vidre es
adre iyo.
 Tavi
ZiriTadi koncefciebis Sejameba
koncefcia   1.1
biologebi sicocxles mikroskopuli-
dan globalur donemde ikvleven
biologiuri organizaciis ierarqia
sicocxlis ierarqia Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT
lagdeba: boisfero > ekosistema > Tanasazoga-
doeba > populacia > organizmi > organoTa siste-
ma > organo > qsovili > ujredi > organoidi >
molekula > atomi.
ekosistemis ufro axlo gacnoba
Tu sakvebi nivTierebebi ekosistemis farglebSi
brunavs, energia ekosistemis gavliT miedineba.
ujredis axlo gacnoba
ujredi organizaciis umdablesi donea, romelsac
sicoxclisTvis yvela damaxasiaTebeli aqtiuri-
bis Sesruleba SeuZlia. ujredi Seicavs dnm-s,
genebis substancias, romelic aprogramebs ujre-
debis mier cilebis sinTezsa da mSoblebidan STa-
momavlobebze informacia gadaaqvs. eukariotuli
ujredebi membraniT SemosazRvrul organelebs
Seicavs, dnm-is Semcveli birTvis CaTvliT. pro-
kariotul ujredebSi aseTi organelebi ar gvx-
vdeba.
1.2
koncefcia
biologiuri sistemebi gavilebiT me-
tia, vidre maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis
ubralo jami
biologiuri sistemis emerjentuli (axali)
Tvisebebi
sirTulis zrdasTan erTad, anu biologiur ier-
arqiaSi yovel maRla gadadgmul nabijTan erTad,
axali Tvisebebi Cndeba
reduqcionizmis siZliere da SezRudvebi
reduqcionizmi moicavs rTuli sistemis ufro
martiv komponentebadme reducirebas, romelTa
Seswavla ufro realuria.
sistemuri biologia
1 mimoxilva
sistemuri biologia cdilobs mTliani biologi-
uri sistemebis dinamiuri qcevis modelebis Se-
qmnas. aseTi modelebis saSualebiT, mecnierebi
SeZleben daaprognozon, Tu rogor imoqmedebs
sistemis erTi nawilis cvlileba sistemis danar-
Cen nawilze.
biologiuri sistemaSi ukukavSiriT regulacia
uaryofiTi ukukavSirisas saboloo peoduqtis
dagroveba im process anelebs, romelic am
produqts warmoqmnis. dadebiTi ukukavSiris Sem-
TxvevaSi reaqciis saboloo produqti reaqcias
aCqarebs.
koncefcia 1.3
biologebi sicocxles saxeobaTa
udides mravalferovnebaSi ikvleven
saxeobebis dajgufeba. mTavari idea
taqsonomia biologiis ganxraa, romelic saxeobebs
arqmevs da, ufro farTe kategoriebis sistemaSi
alagebs.
sicocxlis sami domeni
domeni arqea da domeni baqteria prokariotebis-
gan Sedgeba. domeni eukaria, aerTianebs sxvadasx-
va umartivesebis da mcenareebis, sokoebisa da
cxovelebis samefoebs.
sicocxlis mravalferovnebis erTianoba
rac ar unda mravalferovani iyos sicocxle, Sesa-
mCnevi erTianobis niSnebic gvaqvs.
koncefcia 1.4
evolucia pasuxismgebelia sicocxlis
erTianobasa da mravalferovnebaze
bunebrivi gadarCeva
darvinma saxeobebis evoluciur istorias `sax-
eSecvlili STamomavloba~ uwoda. is Tvlida, rom
bunebrivi gadarCeva populaciebis evoluciuri
adaptirebis meqanizmia maT garemosTan. bune-
brivi gadarCeva evoluciuri procesia, romelic
mimdinareobs, roca populaciebis memkvidreuli
cvalebadoba Riaa garemos faqtorebis moqmedebi-
sTvis, romlebic upiratesobas aniWebs zogi indi-
33
 vidis reproduqciul warmatebas, sxvebTan Sedar-

1.6
ebiT.
sicocxlis xe koncefcia
yoveli saxeoba sicocxlis mravaltotiani xis erTi
ganStoebaa, romelic droSi ukan, sul ufro dac- Temebis nakrebi, romlebic biolo-
ilebuli winapruli saxeobebis gavliT, vrceldeba.
mTels sicocxles misi grZeli evoluciuri isto-
giur koncefciebs aerTianebs
ria aerTianebs. xazgasmuli Temebi biologiis gaazrebis safuZv-

koncefcia 1.5 els iZlevian.

biologebi sicocxlis gamosakvlevad SeamowmeT sakuTari codna

kvlevis sxvadasxva meTodebs iyeneben
TviTSemowmeba
aRwerilobiTi mecniereba
aRwerilobiT mecnierebaSi mkvlevari samyaros
1. Tqveni banakSi mobinadre yvela organizmi qmnis:
zog aspeqts aRwers da zogadi daskvnebis gamosa-
a) ekosistemas, b) Tanasazogadoebas
tanad induqciur logikas iyenebs.
g) populacias, d) eqsperimentalur jgufs
hipoTezebze dafuZnebuli mecniereba
e) taqsonomiur domens
dakvirvebebze dayrdnobiT mecnierebi ayeneben
2. qvemoT CamoTvlilidan romelia sicocxlis ierarqiis
hipoTezebs, romlebsac prognozebamde mivyev-
doneebis zusti Tanmimdevroba, romelic individual-
arT da Semdeg am prognozebs amowmeben, risTvisac
uri cxovelis agebulebis doneebis Semcirebas asaxavs.
uyureben zusti gamodga prognozi Tu ara. hipo-
a) tvini, organoTa sistema, nervuli ujredi, nervuli
Tezis testirebaSi deduqciur logikas iyeneben:
qsovili
Tu hipoTeza sworia da Cven is SevamowmeT, maSin
b) organoTa sistema, ujredebis populacia, nervuli
unda konkretiul Sedegs velodoT. hipoTeza unda
qsovili, tvini
Semowmebadi da uaryofadi iyos.
g) organizmi, organoTa sistema, qsovili, ujredi, or-
konkretuli SemTxvevis Seswavla mecnierul kv-
gano
levaSi: mimikriis kvleva gvelis populaciaSi
d) nervuli sistema, tvini, nervuli qsovili, nervuli
erTi cvladis gavlenis Sesamowmeblad eqsperiment-
ujredi
ebi unda daigegmos. amisTvis saWiroa sakontrolo
e) organoTa sistema, qsovili, molekula, ujredi
jgufebisa da eqsperimetuli jgufebis testireba,
3. qvemoT CamoTvlilidan romeli ar aris dakvirveba an
romlebic gansxvavebulia mxolod erTi cvladis
logika romelsac darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria
mixedviT.
efuZneba:
ra zRudavs mecnierul kvlevas
a) cudad adaptirebuli individebi arasdros ar toveben
mecnierebas ar SeuZlia zebunebriv fenomenes mim-
STamomavlobas
arTos, vinaidan hipoTeza unda iyos Semowmebadi
b) individebs Soris memkvidreobiTi cvalebadoba arse-
da uaryofadi, dakvirvebebi da eqsperimentebis
bobs
Sedegebi ki, ganmeorebadi.
g) Warbi raodenobis STamomavlobis datovebis gamo,
mecnieruli Teoriebi
SezRudul resursebiTvis Sejibri arsebobs.
mecnieruli Teoriis farglebi farToa, is axal
d) individebi, romelTa individualuri Tvisebebi saa-
hipoTezebs qmnis, da dasabuTebulia mravali
rsebo garemos saukeTesod morgebulia, met STamomav-
TvalsaCino masaliT. .
lobas toveben
modelireba mecnierebaSi
e) populaciebi SeiZleba maT saarsebo garemosTan adap-
ideebis, struqturebisa da procesebis modelebi
tirdes.
mecnieruli fenomenis gaazrebaSi da prognozis
4. sistemuri biologia ZiriTadad imis mcdelobas war-
gakeTebaSi gvexmareba.
moadgens, rom:
mecnierebis kultura
a) gaviazroT yvela donis biologiuri organizaciis
mecniereba socialuri aqtivobaa, romelic Tanam-
integracia, molekulebidan - biosferomde.
SromlobiTa da SejibriT xasiaTdeba.
blivi moqmedeba
mecniereba, teqnologia da sazogadoeba
b) daviyvanoT sistema ufro mcire da martiv komponente-
teqnologia mecnierul codnas zogi konkretuli
bamde da amiT misi Seswavla gavamartivoT
miznisTvis mimarTavs.
g) avagoT biologiuri organizaciis erTi donis modeli,

34
organizaciis ufro dabali doneebis gaazrebis safuZ- g) hipoTezis farglebi, rogorc wesi, SedarebiT viwroa;
velze. Teorias axsnis ufro farTo farglebi aqvs
d) davsaxoT sistemuri meTodi, rom mravali biologi- d) sinamdvileSi, Teoria da hipoTeza erTi da igivea
uri monacemi axsnaT. e) Teoriebi yvela SemTxvevaSi marTldeba, hipoTezebis
e) davaCqaroT mecnieruli codnidan miRebuli teqnolo- uaryofa xSiria maTi eqsperimentuli Semow-
giebis gamoyeneba mebis Sedegad
5. umartivesebi da baqteriebi sxvadasxva domenSi
mo¬aTavses, vinaidan:
a) umartivesebi baqteriebiT ikvebebian evoluciuri kavSiri
b) baqteriebi araujreduli agebulebisaa
g) baqteriul ujreds birTvi ar gaaCnia
d) baqteria Slis umartivess tipuri prokariotuli ujredis dnm-Si ganlagebulia
e) umartivesebs fotosinTezis unari aqvs daaxloebiT 3 000 geni. adamianis ujredSi ki, 25 000 genia.
6. Semdegi CanomaTvalidan, romeli asaxavs saukeTesod am genebis 1% gvxvdeba prokairiotul ujredebSic.
organizmebis erTianobas? gamoiyeneT evoluciis Teoriis codna da axseniT, rogor
a) dnm-is nukleotiduri Tanmimdevrobebis Sesabamisoba moxda, rom aseT gansxvavebul organizmebs saerTo genebi
b) saxeSecvlili STamomavloba aqvs.
g) dnm-is struqtura da funqcia
d)bunebrivi gadarCeva
mecnieruli kvleva
e) emerjentuli Tvisebebi
7. Semdegi CanoaTvalidan romelia Tvisobrivi monace-
gvelis mimikriis SemTxvevis kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdno-
mebis magaliTi?
biT wamoayeneT sxva hipoTezebi, romelTa kvleva mkv-
a) temperatura 25-dan 15 gradusamde daeca
levrebs momavalSi SeeZlebaT.
b) mcenaris simaRle 25 santimetria (sm)
g) Tevzi zigzagiseburad dacuravs
d) eqvsi wyvili gulwiTela saSualod sam-sam bartys mecniereba, teqnologia
Cekavs da sazogadoeba
e) kuWis SigTavsis areva yovel 20 wamSi erTxel xdeba
8. Semdegi CamonaTvalidan romeli aRwers saukeTesod
hipoTezebze dafuZnebul mecnierul logikas? veluri pomidoris nayofi kulturuli pomidoris
a) Tu me Semowmebad hipoTezebs Sevqmeni, testebi da dak- nayofTan SedarebiT patara zomisaa. amas ganapirobebs
virvebebis maT daadasturebs gakulturebul mcenareTa nayofSi ujredebis didi ra-
b) Tu Cemi prognozi sworia, is Semowmebad hipoTezamde odenoba. botanikosebma molekuluri genetikis meSveo-
mimiyvans biT aRmoaCines genebi, romlebic akontroleben pomido-
g) Tu Cemi dakvirveba zustia, is Cems hipoTezas daadas- ris ujredebis gayofas. riTia mniSvnelovani es aRmoCena
turebs sxva bostneulis da xilis warmoebisTvis? adamianis gan-
d) Tu Cemi hipoTeza zustia, misi testirebiT konkretul viTarebisa da daavadebaTa gamosakvlevad? imisaTvis,
Sedegs miviReb rom ukeTesad gavigoT biologiis safuZvlebi?
e) Tu Cemi eqsperimentebi sworad dagegmilia, isini
Semowmebad hipoTezamde mimiyvanen
9. kontrolirebadi eqperimenti iseTia, romelic:
a) sakmaod nela mimdinareobs, rom mecnierma Sedegebis
zusti dafiqsireba SeZlos
asaxsnelad saukeTesoa?
b) SeiZleba Seicavdes eqsperimentul da sakontrolo
jgufebs, romlebsac paralelurad vamowmebT
g) mravaljer meordeba, rom monacemebis sizusteSi
davrwmundeT
d) garemos yvela cvlads mudmivad inaxavs
e) kontrolirebulia gamocdili mecnieris mier
10. Semdegi mtkicebulebebidan romeli saukeTesod ga-
nasxvavebs hipoTezebsa da Teoriebs?
a) Teoriebi damtkicebuli hipoTezebia
b) hipoTezebi varaudia, Teoria ki, zusti pasuxia.

35