daxsomebas iwvevs.
implicitur mexsierebaze wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis spe-
cifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb
tipuri da zustia.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav-
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsie-
rebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsene-
baSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeW-
dilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi indivi-
dualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobie-
rebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel
ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveuleb-
rivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqtu-
raSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
urTierTobis procesSi.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT
– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazi-
suri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, maga-
liTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyali-
bebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.
297

prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT
winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips war-
moadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
saidan
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen pro-
totipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCveneb-
dnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-
298
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali
iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli pro-
totipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoe-
cnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnob-
dnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi proto-
tipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,
TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, proto-
tipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipu-
li ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav
Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-
naklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxe-
obebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
suraTi
8.11
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.

wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqle-
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi misTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, garemocvaSi).
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis
cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer-
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom
Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.
299
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba

rodesac kompiuterisa da deba. is gvTavazobs imis defi- adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi

adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom kompiu-
teri jobnis adamians. kom-
piuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti – aTasobiT da milio-
nobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tvi-
seba aqvs, romelic mis mexsie-
rebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZ-
leblobas gvaZleven, movigo-
noT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqtu-
ria, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-
TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis speci-
fikurobis cneba?~ Tqven Se-
giZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcda-
ri pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pa-
suxi, romelsac araviTari kav-
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. ro-
gor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, ro-
desac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
mis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Sem-
degia: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izo-
lacia miRweuli. meore mcde-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
nicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ra-
tom aris kompiuteris mexsie-
rebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mo-
gonebis) or Taviseburebas gamov-
yofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informa-
ciazea mimarTuli. is uzrun-
velyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiu-
teri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvalis-
winebs konteqsts da ufro si-
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven „kodirebis specifikuro-
bas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieb-
lisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, rom-
lebic konteqstis dasazusteb-
lad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bev-
ri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
marTaven da ara sityvebi. ro-
desac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ko-
direbis specifikurobis Sesa-
xeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba ras ityviT, „mkvle-
vars~ Tu „eqspermentators~,
„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom-
Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZ-
levs bmuls mexsierebis Teo-
riaSi garkveuli gverdis mi-
TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla
„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqspe-
rimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsie-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramde-
nime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvi-
sebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com

loba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-

Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT
300 moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,
1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Saf-
ranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
geqnebodaT.
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierar-
qiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis rep-
rezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sa-
recxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struq-
turis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profe-
soris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeq-
turad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situa-
ciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an cod-
nis „klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs. 301

suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra
da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movle-
nebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsie-
rebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvda-
riyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna oraz-
rovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?
302
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,
rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirov-
nebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmod-
gena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia-
Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqo-
logebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moax-
dinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struq-
turebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molo-
dinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSua-
leba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struq-
tura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigo-
noT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli cod-
nidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTel-
sayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs
Soris?
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi-
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis
gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekon-
struqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZ-
leba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi
aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti mona-
cemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstrui-
rebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperi-
mentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvle- miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove
vebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdi- mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
leba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoye-
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT nebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legen- mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzo-
debi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis miereba, romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda
brZola~. (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis masalidan:
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda ori-
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
ginalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamax-
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTva-
sovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis
rekonstruqciul process moicavda: lierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamar-
tiveba;
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuT-
rebuli gaSuqeba;
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar
codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nac-
vlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar aintere-
sebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezen-
taciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
303
 meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da
es Sesavali waakiTxes: SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets
da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am saidan
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadam-
viciT
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da
„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosa-
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialo-
lodnel damaxinjebas.
gis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis ilu-
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram
ziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis ilu-
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi
ziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac
mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruq-
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da
cia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRad-
saqmianobaSi.
gendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT gani-
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod
xiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtob-
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian
rivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubra-
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,
lod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqne-
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac
boda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, rom-
lis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva gare-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamo-
naTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda
_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven
304 arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
moebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis

aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT
mowmis mexsiereba.
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZi-
ebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrun-
velyofs.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqa-
riT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er-
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, ro-
desac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxva-
vebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamoc-
dilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
305
 ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviC-
venes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi infor-
maciis gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZle-
beli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven-
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, Seva-
mowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswav-
lida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
306 tvinSi.
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi nas-
wavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsie-
rebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis loka-
lizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedve-
lobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiro-
mecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sis-
temaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskre-
tuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxo-
lod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Marko-
witsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
struqturas:
naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeo-
rebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimuli-
reaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia senso-
ruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri kor-
teqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqspe-
rimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane-