SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti

Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature

literaturis Teoriis

q r e s t o m a Tia

III

GCLAPress

TYbilisi 2015
1
UDC(uak)82.0
l-681

wigni warmoadgens vrceli proeqtis – `literatu­ris

Teoriis qrestomaTia~ mesame nawils, rac moicavs me-20 sa­
ukuneSi Seqmnil literaturaTmcodneobiT teqstebs. tomSi
Tav­moyrilia dasavluri da qar­TuUli litera­turaTmcod­
neobiTi narkvevebi (mTLliani teqste­bi an – vrceli fragmen-
tebi), romelTac saetapo roli Seas­ru­les literaturuli
kvlevebis is­toriaSi. toms erTvis analitikuri rubrika
– `damateba~. winamde­bare krebuli, moaz­rebulia, rogorc
aucilebe­li profe­siuli sakiTxavi ivane javaxiSvilis
saxelobis Tbilisis saxel­mwifo univer­sitetis zoga­di da
SedarebiTi literaturaT­mcodneobis mimarTulebis rigi
saleqcio kursebisaTvis baka­lav­riatsa da magistraturaSi,
aseve literaturis Teoriis probleme­biT dainteresebuli
farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis.

redaqtorebi:
irma ratiani
gaga lomiZe

teqnikuri redaqtori
TinaTin duglaZe

redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. # 5.

telefoni: 99-63-84
faqsi: 99-53-00
E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge

ISBN 978-9941-0-1717-9 (yvela wignis)

ISBN 978-9941-0-7785-2 (mesame wignis)

2
 S i naar s i

fsiqoanalitikuri da fsiqologiuri kritika

zigmund froidi
sizmrebis axsna......................................................................................5
zigmund froidi
jgufis fsiqologia da „me“-s analizi.......................................11
karl gustav iungi
poeziasTan analitikuri fsiqologiis mimarTeba.................20
vaxtang kotetiSvili
aleqsandre yazbegis Semoqmedeba................................................42
grigol kiknaZe
vaJa-fSavela zigmund froidis winaaRmdeg.............................80

fenomenologiuri kritika

hans-georg gadameri
zemoqmedebis istoria da gamoyeneba........................................100
hans-georg gadameri
gagebis wris Sesaxeb.........................................................................115
roman ingardeni
konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia............................................126

semiotikuri da struqturalisturi kritika

ferdinand de sosiuri
lingvistika da semiologia..........................................................160
rolan barti
struqturalizmi rogorc moRvaweoba....................................198
rolan barti
literatura da metaena.................................................................206
rolan barti
enis guguni..........................................................................................208

3
rolan barti
mwerlebi da mokalmeebi.................................................................212
rolan barti
avtoris sikvdili............................................................................221
rolan barti
weris nulovani xarisxi..................................................................229
rolan barti
miTologiebi......................................................................................277
iuri lotmani
poeturi qmnilebis leqsikuri done.........................................331
iuri lotmani
ena, rogorc literaturis masala.............................................363
iuri lotmani
poeturi teqstis struqturuli
analizis amocanebi da meTodebi................................................369
cvetan todorovi
literaturis cnebisaTvis............................................................378
akaki gawerelia
struqturalizmi poetikaSi........................................................396
miSel fuko
ra aris avtori?................................................................................410

recefciuli esTetika

hans robert iausi

literaturuli tradicia da
modernulobis Tanamedrove gageba..........................................430

damateba:

moris blanSo
TargmanisTvis...................................................................................438
dimitri uznaZe
ganwyobis Teoria..............................................................................443

4
 fsiqoanalitikuri da fsiqologiuri kritika

zigmund froidi
(1856-1939)

sizmris axsna
(nawyveti oidiposisa da hamletis Sesaxeb)

Cemi mravalgzis nacadi, mdidari gamocdileba marwmunebs,

rom mSoblebi mTavar rolls TamaSoben yvela im bavSvis sulier
cxovrebaSi, romlebic Semdgom fsiqonevrasTenikebad yalibde-
bian. erTi mSoblis gadametebuli siyvaruli da siZulvili meo-
ris mimarT fsiqikuri gauwonasworeblobis gamomwvevi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani mizezTagania da adre Camoyalibebuli da Semdgom
gamomJRavnebuli nevrozis simptomebis damaxasiaTeblad gamog-
vadgeba, oRond imis Tqma rodi minda, fsiqonevropaTebi sxva,
normalurad ganviTarebuli adamianebisgan mkveTrad gansx-
vavdebian da absoluturad axalsa da mxolod maTTvis damaxa-
siaTebel Tvisebebs amJRavneben-meTqi. ufro sarwmunoa, da es
normalur bavSvebze SemTxveviTi dakvirvebiTac dasturdeba,
rom mSoblebis mimarT TavianTi gadametebuli siyvaruliT Tu
mtruli damokidebulebiT nevrasTenikebi ufro aSkarad gviCve-
neben imas, rac bavSvebis umravlesobis sulSi nakleb mkafiod da
nakleb intensiurad xdeba. Zvelma samyarom dagvitova am mosaz-
rebis damadasturebeli erTi miTi, romlis amaRelvebeli Zala
da sayovelTao zemoqmedeba mxolod bavSvebis fsiqologiis
aRniSnuli wanamZRvrebis sayovelTao gavrcelebiT Tu aixsneba.
mxedvelobaSi maqvs miTi oidipos mefeze da sofokles amave
saxelwodebis drama. oidiposi, Tebes mefis laiosisa da dedo-
fal iokastes Ze, dabadebidanve sasikvdilodaa ganwiruli, rad-
gan orakulma mamamiss amcno, Seni jer kidev arSobili Ze Senive
mkvleli gaxdebao. miuxedavad amisa, oidiposi sikvdils gada-
urCeba da sxva mefis karze ufliswuliviT izrdeba, sanam Tavi-
si warmomavloba ar daaeWvebs da Tavad ar mimarTavs orakuls;
misganve Rebulobs rCevas, samSoblodan unda gadaixvewo, Torem
5
mamis mkvleli da sakuTari dedis qmari Seiqnebio. Tavisi cru
samSoblodan wamosuli oidiposi gzad gadaeyreba mefe laioss
da moulodnelad atexil CxubSi hklavs mas. Semdeg moadgeba
Tebes, aq gza Cauxergavs sfinqss, odiposi gamoicnobs sfinqsis
SemoTavazebul gamocanebs, Tebelebi madlobis niSnad mefed
irCeven da iokastes xelsac uboZeben. sakmaod didxans gastans
misi mSvidobiani da Rirseuli mefoba, Tavis ucnob dedasTan ori
Ze da ori asulic SeeZineba, ase grZeldeba mSvidobianobis xana,
sanam qveyanaSi Savi Wiri ar ifeTqebs da, Tebelebi iZulebulni
ar Seiqmnebian orakuls daekiTxon. ai, am momentidan iwyeba, so-
fokles tragedia. macneebs moaqvT ambavi, Wiri mxolod maSin
Cacxreba, roca qveynidan laiosis mkvlels gaaZevebeno. magram
sadaa laiosis mkvleli?

„sad unda veZioT igi,

Zveli danaSaulis Znelsacnobi, Savbneli kvali?“
(str. 108...)

aqedan moyolebuli, piesaSi mxolod is xdeba, rom fsiqoana-

lizis msgavsad nabij-nabij iZabeba da didi ostatobiT Wianur-
deba mxilebis procesi. nel-nela irkveva, rom TviT oidiposi yo-
fila laiosis mkvleli da isic, rom igi moklulisa da iokastes
Zea. uneburad Cadenili sazareli danaSaulisagan SeZrwunebuli
oidiposi Tvalebs daiTxris da samSoblodan gadaixveweba. ora-
kulis winaswarmetyveleba axda.
„oidipod mefe“ egreT wodebuli bedisweris tragediaa.
misi tragikuli zemoqmedeba emyareba winaRmdegobas RmerTe-
bis Zlevamosil nebasa da ubedurebadanaTluli adamianis amao
gaZalianebas Soris. am tragediidan RmerTebis nebisadmi mor-
Cileba unda iswavlos da sakuTari uZlureba Seignos SeZrwune-
bulma mayurebelma. aqedan gamomdinare, Tanamedrove poetebmac
scades gamoewviaT msgavsi tragikuli zemowmedeba da TavianT
gamonagon siuJetSi Caawnes igive winaaRmdegoba, magram mayure-
beli auRelveblad Sescqeroda, rogor amaod uZaliandebodnen
udanaSaulo adamianebi bedisweras, wyevla Tu orakulis winas-
warmetyveleba mainc sruldeboda, erTi sityviT, gviandeli
epoqis bedisweris tragediebi STabeWdilebas veRar axdendnen
mayurebelze.
6
 raki „oidipos mefe“ aranakleb aZrwunebs Tanamedrove mayu-
rebels, vidre mis Tanamedrove berZnebs aZrwunebda, etyoba,
berZnuli tragediis zemoqmedebis Zala imaleba ara bediswera-
sa da adamianis nebas Soris gaCenil winaaRmdegobaSi, aramed im
masalis uCveulobaSi, ris safuZvelzec es winaaRmdegoba xor-
cieldeba. albaT, CvenSi arsebobs raRac Sinagani xma, romelic
mzadaa „oidiposSi“ aRiaros bedisweris warmmarTveli Zala, ma-
Sin roca franc grilparceris „mkiTxavsa“ da bedisweris sxva
tragediebSi asaxul Zaladobas SemTxveviTobad miviCnevT. diax,
aseT moments marTlac Seicavs oidipos mefis istoria. misi bedi
mxolod imitom gvaRelvebs, rom igi Cvenc SeiZleboda gvrgeboda
wilad, radgan orakuls Cvenc masaviT dawyevlili vyavarT jer
kidev dabadebamde. rogorc Cans, yovel Cvengans uweria, pirveli
seqsualuri ltolva dedis mimarT gauCndes.
amaSi Cvenive sizmrebi gvarwmuneben. istoria oidipos mefi-
sa, romelmac Tavisi mama laiosi mokla da deda iokaste colad
SeirTo, mxolod da mxolod Cveni bavSvobis natvris aRsrule-
baa. oRond Cven masTan SedarebiT bedma gagviRima, raki fsiqo-
nevrasTenikebi ar gavmxdarvarT, Cveni seqsualuri grZnobebi
ise avarideT Cvensave dedebs da mamebis mimarTac daviviwyeT
eWvianoba. da ai, im pirovnebis SemxedvareT, romlis magaliTzec
ZvelTaZveli bavSvobis natvra Segvisrulda, Zrwola gvipyrobs
da iseTive ZaliT vawydebiT ukan, ra ZaliTac ewameboda im Zvel-
TaZveli bavSvobis droidan Cvens sulSi aRmocenebuli survile-
bi. poeti am nawarmoebSi amxels oidiposis danaSauls da amiT
Cvenc gvaiZulebs CavixedoT sakuTar sulSi, sadac is impulsebi,
marTalia daTrgunulia, magram jer kidev boginoben. ai, ra wi-
naaRmdegobrivi sityvebiT gvSordeba qoro:

„SexeT, es aris oidiposi,

vinc Zneli gamocanebis gamocnoba SesZlo,
visac xelT epyra Zalaufleba,
vis bedsac xotbas asxamdnen da
SuriT Sescqerodnen Tanamoqalaqeni;
SexeT, ubedurebis ra sazarel zvirTebSi
STainTqa igi...“ (str. 1524).

es gafrTxileba Cvenc gvkenwlavs da Cvens Tavmoyvareoba-

sac, visac bavSvobis Semdeg ase dabrZenebuli da Zlieri gvgonia
7
Tavi. Cvenc, oidiposisa ar iyos, ise vcxovrobT, rom warmodgena
ar gvaqvs, bunebam Tavs rom mogvaxvia Cvenive zneobis Seuracx-
myofeli survilebi da maTi gamoaSkaravebis Semdeg vcdilobT
Tvali avaridoT bavSvobaSi warmodgenil suraTebs.
oidiposis miTi rom im uZvelesi sizmris safuZvelzea aR-
mocenebuli, romelsac safuZvlad udevs pirveli seqsualuri
grZnobebis gaCenis gamo mSoblebTan damokidebulebis Secvla,
amis dasturad sofokles tragediis teqstSi mocemuli arcTu
orazrovani miniSneba gamogvadgeba. oidiposi jer kidev ver
garkveula, ra ambavia mis Tavs, magram ukve Sewuxebuli ki aris
orakulis winaswarmetyvelebis gaxsenebiT. iokaste cdilobs
daamSvidos igi da sizmarze Camougdebs sityvas, bevrs esizmreba
sakuTari Tavi dedasTan mwoliare, oRond vinc amas araviTar
mniSvnelobas ar mianiWebs, imas cxovrebis tvirTi ar emZimebao.
gana Cvens droSic ar esizmreba bevrs, TiTqos dedasTan da-
eWiros seqsualuri kavSiri da aRSfoTebiTa da gaocebiT hyveba
xolme aseT sizmrebs. advili misaxvedria, rom es sizmaria xse-
nebuli tragediis gasaRebic da im sizmris gagrZelebac, mamis
sikvdils romxedavs ZilSi adamani. „oidiposis“ siuJeti adami-
anis fantaziis reaqciaa am or tipiur sizmarze, hoda, raki moz-
rdil adamianebsdasagmobad miaCniaT aseTi sizmrebi, am miTmac
Tavisi SinaarsiT gazviadebulad unda aRZras SiSi da sakuTari
Tavis dasjis survili. miTis gviandeli xorcSesxmis cdebi isev
da isev masalis meorad, mcdar damuSavebas emyareba, avtorebi
cdiloben igi Teologiuri miznebis samsaxurSi Caayenon. (..)
RmerTis yovlisSemZleobis adamianur pasuxismgeblobasTan
Serwymis yoveli cda, am masalaze iqneba igi Tu sxva masalaze age-
buli, bunebrivia, dasamarcxebladaa ganwiruli.
amave niadagzea aRmocenebuli meore didi tragikuli po-
eturi qmnileba – Seqspiris „hamleti“, magram erTi da imave
masalisadmi gansxvavebul midgomaSi TvalsaCino xdeba ori
erTmaneTisgan didad daSorebuli kulturuli epoqis sulier
cxovrebaSi arsebuli gansxvavebani, kerZod, aq igrZnobda Sez-
Rudvisaken swrafva. „oidiposSi“ bavSvis natvra, rogorc siz-
marSi xdeba, zustad isea dRis sinaTleze gamotanili da xorc-
Sesxmuli, „hamletSi“ ki igi daTrgunulia, da nevrozisa ar
iyos, mis arsebobas mxolod misi daTrgunviT gamowveuli Sede-
gebiT vgebulobT. „oidiposTan“ SedarebiT ufro Tanamedrove
8
drama aseT uzarmazar STabeWdilebas rom axdens, aman Cvenda
gasaocrad gviCvena, rom Turme SiZleba gmiris xasiaTi ar gaix-
snas da savsebiT bundovani darCes. piesa agebulia hamletis or-
Wofobaze – aRasrulos Tu ara masze dakisrebuli SurisZieba,
xolo am orWofobas ra mizezebi an ra motivebi asazrdovebs,
amas teqsti ar gvimxels. mravalferovani axsna-ganmartebanic
verafers gveubneba amis Taobaze. dRes jer kidev batonobs ham-
letis goeTeseuli gageba, TiTqos hamleti iyos adamianis tipi,
romelsac azrovnebis gadametebuli ganviTarebis gamo dadam-
blavebuli aqvs samoqmedo energia. sxvaTa Sexedulebisamebr ki
poetma scada daexata avadmyofuri, meryevi, lamis nevrasTeniis
sferoSi gadavardnili xasiaTi, Tumca piesis siuJetic kmara imis
dasturad, rom hamleti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda miviCnioT
moqmedebis unars moklebul pirovnebad. Cven mas orjer vxedavT
moqmedebaSi, erTxel, gaficxebuli rogor gangmiravs fardis
ukan moyuradebul kacs, xolo meorejer winaswargamiznulad,
veraguladac ki iqceva, roca aRorZinebis epoqis principisaTvis
Cveuli udardelobiT or kariskacs misTvis gamzadebuli sikvdi-
lis Sesaxvedrad istumrebs. maS, raRa uSlis xels im davalebis
aRsrulebaSi, mamis aCrdili rom uyenebs? aq kvlav Tavs Segvax-
senebs is azri, rom am davalebis uCveulo bunebaSi imaleba.
hamleti yvelafers gaakeTebs, magram im kacze ver iZiebs
Surs, vinc misi mama gzidan Camoicila da dedamisi sareceli ga-
iziara. igi Surs ver iZiebs kacze, vinc mis bavSvobisdroindel,
gulCaklul natvras Seasxa xorci. zizRis magier, romelsac
SurisZiebisaken unda ebiZgebina, hamlets sul sxva grZnobebi
uCndeba da xel-fexs uborkavs, igi sakuTar Tavs kicxavs da sin-
disi qenjnas ganicdis, grZnobs, rom TviTon im dasasjel cod-
vilze ukeTesi arafriT araa. erTi sityviT, me cnobierebis sfe-
roSi gadmomaqvs is, rac gmiris sulSi Seucnoblad trialebs;
Tuki vinme hamlets isteriiT Sepyrobils uwodebs, es mxolod
Cemi Sexedulebidan gamomdinare Sefasebad SemiZlia miviCnio.
am azrs mSvenivrad midasturebs is seqsualuri gulgriloba,
ramac momdevno wlebSi sul ufro da ufro Rrmad moikida fexi
mwerlis sulSi, sanam kulminaciur wertils ar miaRwia mis „ti-
mon aTenelSi“. cxadia, „hamletSi“ mxolod mwerlis sakuTari
suleri cxovreba SeiZleboda asaxuliyo, davimowmeb SeniSvnas
georg brandesis wignidan „Seqspiri (1886), sadac naTqvamia, rom
9
es drama Seqspirma mamis sikvdilis Semdeg Seqmna (mamamisi garda-
icvala 1601). maSasadame, mamis sikvdiliT gamowveuli mwuxareba
jer kidev axalia, amitom SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom aman gamo-
ucocxla mwerals mamis mimarT bavSvobisdroindeli grZnobebi
da uSualo STabeWdilebebis safuZvelze Seqmna es nawarmoebi.
isic cnobilia, rom Seqspiris udrood gardacvlil vaJs ham-
neti (anu hamleti) erqva. Tuki „hamleti“ mSoblebTan vaJiSvi-
lis damokidebulebas emyareba, qronologiurad masTan axlos
mdgomi „makbeti“ uSvilobis Temazea agebuli. sxvaTa Soris, iseve
rogorc moeZebneba axsna yovel nevrasTeniul simptomsa da TviT
sizmarsac da aman SeiZleba mis Rrma gagebas Seuwyos xeli, aseve
SesaZlebelia WeSmariti mxatvruli qmnileba mwerlis sulSi
arsebuli ara erTi da ori motividan da gancdidan momdinare-
obdes. me aq mxolod im grZnobebis axsnas Sevecade, Semoqmedis
sulis yvelaze Rrma fenebSi budobs.

germanulidan Targmna maia fanjikiZem

10
 zigmund froidi
(1856-1939)

fsiqoanalizis narkvevi

nawili pirveli

fsiqikuris buneba

pirveli Tavi

fsiqikuri aparati

fsiqoanalizi uSvebs erT winapirobas, romelic fsiqolo-

giuri azrovnebisaTvis dResac sadavoa, Tumca misi gamarTleba
missave SedegSia mocemuli. imis Sesaxeb, rasac fsiqikas (sulier
cxovrebas) vuwodebT, CvenTvis cnobilia ori ram. jer erTi,
sxeulebrivi organo da misi moqmedebis are, tvini (nervuli
sistema); meorec, Cveni cnobierebis aqtebi, romlebic uSual-
od gvaqvs mocemuli da veraviTari aRweriT ver gaxdebian Cven-
Tvis ufro nacnobi da Sinagani. maT Soris arsebuli mimarTebebi
CvenTvis ucnobia, pirdapiri damokidebuleba codnis am werti-
lebs Soris mocemuli ar aris da kidevac rom iyos, ukeTes SemTx-
vevaSi es iqneboda cnobierebis procesebis zusti lokalizacia
da am ukanasknelTa gagebisaTvis igi verafers SemogvTavazebda.
Cveni orive varaudi codnis am safuZvlebs, anu sawyisebs
ukavSirdeba. pirveli exeba lokalizacias. Cven vuSvebT, rom
sulieri cxovreba aris funqcia im aparatisa, romelic ganfe-
nilia da teleskopis, mikroskopis da misTanaTa msgavsad Sedge-
ba mravali nawilisgan. aseTi warmodgenis Tanmimdevruli gageba
mecnieruli siaxlea.
aRniSnuli fsiqikuri aparatis codnamde migviyvana adami-
anuri arsebis individualuri ganviTarebis Seswavlam. am uZve-
les fsiqikur provinciasa da Tu intencias vuwodeT igi. mis
SinaarsSi Sedis yvelaferi, rac memkvidreobiTaa miRebuli, da-
badebiT Tandayolili, konstitucionalurad gansazRvruli,
– maSasadame, upirveles yovlisa, sxeulis organizaciidan mom-
11
dinare ltolvebi, romlebic aq pirvelad mis formebSi CvenTvis
ucnob fsiqikur gamoxatulebas pouloben.*

me-s umTavresi maxasiaTeblebi

grZnobads aRqmasa da kunTur aqtivobas Soris warmoqmnili

damokidebulebis Sedegad me-s gankargulebaSia nebismieri moZ-
raobani. misi (me-s) amocanaa TviTdakvirveba; amas ki is Tavad
axorcielebs; ecnoba gamaRizianeblebs, maT Sesaxeb gamocdile-
bas agrovebs (mexsierebaSi), zeintensiur gamaRizianebels Tavs
aridebs (maTgan gaqceviT), zomier gamaRizianeblebs xvdeba
(SeguebiT) da bolos, swavlobs, Tu mizandasaxulad ukeTeso-
bisken rogor Secvalos garesamyaro (aqtivoba). Sinaganad igi-
sTan dapirispirebuli imiT, rom aRwevs ltolvaTa pretenziebze
batonobas, me wyvets, SeiZleba Tu ara maTi dakmayofileba, an
Se-iZleba Tu ara dakmayofileba gadaiwios garesamyaroSi xel-
sayrel drosa da viTarebaSi an saerTod daiTrgunos maTi ag-
znebani. me qcevas Tavis SigniT arsebul an masSi Setanil gama-
RizianebelTa daZabulobaze yuradRebis mimarTviT marTavs.
maTi (gamRizianeblebis intensivobis) zrda SeigrZnoba saer-
Tod rogorc usiamovneba, maTi Semcireba ki – rogorc si-
a m o v n e b a . albaT, am gaRizianebaTa ara absolutur sidideSi,
aramed maTs cvlilebaTa ritmSi aris raRac, rac SeigrZnoba
siamovnebad da usiamovnebad. me miiswrafvis siamovnebisken, ga-
nerideba usiamovnebas. Mmosalodnel ganWvretil usiamovnebis
zrdas pasuxi gaecema SiSis signaliT. drodadro me wyvets kav-
Sirs garesamyarosTan da gadadis Zilis mdgomareobaSi, raSic is
mniSvnelovnad cvlis Tavis agebulebas. Zilis mdgomareobidan
unda davaskvnaT, rom es agebuleba iqmneba sulieri energiis gan-
sakuTrebuli ganawilebisgan.
xangrZlivi bavSvobis periodis naleqi, naleqi im periodisa,
roca qmnads adamians urTierToba aqvs Tavis mSoblebTan, me-Si
warmoqmnis gansakuTrebul instancias, romelSiac arsebobas
ganagrZobs mSobelTa zemoqmedeba. an miiRo ze-me-s saxelwode-

* fsiqikuri aparatis aRniSnuli uZvelesi nawili umniSvnelovanesad rCeba

mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. misi gamokvlevis mizniT daiwyo fsiqoanalizis
kvleviTi muSaoba.
12
ba. ramdenadac ze-me gamoiyofa me-sgan da mas upirispirdeba, is
iqceva mesame Zalad, romelsac me-m angariSi unda gauwios.
me-s moqmedeba maSinaa swori, roca is erTdroulad akmayo-
filebs igi-s, ze-me-sa da realobis moTxovnebs, maSasadame,
aTanxmebs erTmaneTTan maTs pretenziebs. me-sa da ze-me-s Soris
mimarTebis yoveli wvrilmani savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki
mas daviyvanT bavSvis mSobelTan damokidebulebaze. mSobelTa
zemoqmedebaSi igulisxmeba, bunebrivia, ara mxolod mSobelTa
pirovneba, aramed gavlena, zemoqmedeba ojaxisa, rasisa da xal-
xisa, aseve socialuri garemos Sesatyvisi moTxovnebi. amgvarad-
ve ze-me individualuri ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi iZens mSo-
belTa mogviano gamgrZeleblisa da Semcvlelis mniSvnelobas,
rogorc aRmzrdeli, sazogadoebrivi nimuSi, sazogadoebaSi
aRiarebuli ideali. rogorc Cans, igi da ze-me, fundamentalur
sxvaobaTa miuxedavad, amJRavneben msgavsebasac: isini warmoad-
genen warsulis zegavlenas, gansazRvrulni arian TanSobiliT,
– ze-me arsebiTad sxvisgan gadmoRebuliT, xolo – me – umTavre-
sad TviTon gancdiliT, e. i. aqcidentaluriTa da aqtualuriT.
fsiqikuri aparatis zogadi sqema mniSvnelobis mqonea aseve
umaRlesi, adamianTan sulierad msgavsi cxovelebisTvisac. ze-
me yvelganaa dasaSvebi, sadac ki adamianis msgavsad mocemulia
bavSvuri damokidebulebis grZeli gza. gayofa me-si da igi-sa
aucileblad unda davuSvaT.
aqedan gamomdinare, cxovelTa fsiqologia miznad isaxavs
saintereso amocanis gadaWras, romelsac jer aravin Sexebia.

meore Tavi

moZRvreba ltolvis Sesaxeb

igi-s Zala gamoxatavs calkeul arsebaTa sicocxlis Tavda-

pirvel mizans. es ki mdgomareobs Tandayolil moTxovnilebaTa
dakmayofilebaSi. igi-s ar SeiZleba mieweros ganzraxva – sico-
cxlis SenarCunebisa da saSiSroebisgan SiSis saSualebiT Tavis
dacvisa: es aris me-s amocana, romelic garesamyarosadmi anga-
riSis gaweviT poulobs Tavisi moTxovnilebebis xelsayrel da
13
uSiSar dakmayofilebas. ze-me-s SeuZlia, axali moTxovnilebebi
realobad aqcios, magram mis mTavar funqciad rCeba moTxov-
nilebaTa dakmayofilebis SezRudva.
Zalebs, romlebsac igi-s moTxovnilebaTa daZabulobis sa-
fuZvlad vTvliT, vuwodebT ltolvebs. isini sulier cxovreba-
Si warmomadgenloben sxeulebriv moTxovnebs. Yyoveli aqtivobis
saboloo mizezi konservatuli bunebisaa: yoveli mdgomareo-
bidan, romelsac ama Tu im arsebam miaRwia, warmodgeba maSinve
miswrafeba am mdgomareobis xelaxali aRdgenisa, rogorc ki is
aRikveTeba. Cveulebriv saqmianobaSi SeiZleba, ganvasxvavoT
ltolvebis ganusazRvreli raodenoba. CvenTvis mniSvnelovania,
gavarkvioT, SeiZleba Tu ara, yvela es ltolva zogierT ZiriTad
ltolvaze daviyvanoT. gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom ltolvebi
mizans icvlian (gadawyvetis saSualebiT), rom maT aseve SeuZ-
liaT, erTimeores Seenacvlon, romlis drosac erTi ltolvis
energia meoreze gadadis. ukanaskneli procesi jer kidev kargad
araa gaazrebuli. xangrZlivi meryeobis Sedegad gadavwyviteT,
dagveSva mxolod ori ZiriTadi ltolva – erosi da destruqciis
ltolva (TviTdamkvidreba da gvaris damkvidrebis ltolvebis
dapirispireba iseve, rogorc me – siyvarulisa da obieqt – siy-
varulisa Tavsdebian erosis farglebSi). pirvelis mizania rac
SeiZleba meti erTianobis aRdgena da misi amgvarad SenarCuneba,
maSasadame, dakavSireba. amis sapirispirod, meoris mizania dakav-
Sirebis darRveva da amgvarad nivTebis mospoba. destruqciuli
ltolvisas SegviZlia, vifiqroT imaze, rom misi saboloo mi-
zania cocxali arsebis gadayvana araorganul mdgomareobaSi.
amitom mas aseve sikvdilis ltolvasas vuwodebT. roca vuSvebT,
rom sicocxle arasicocxleze gviandelia da misganaa aRmo-
cenebuli, sikvdilis ltolva emorCileba xsenebul formulas:
ltolva miiswrafvis sawyisi mdgomareobis aRdgenisken. mas ver
vityviT erosis (anu siyvarulis ltolvis) mimarT. daujer-
ebelia, rom cocxali substancia iyos erTianoba, romelic Sem-
dgom ganadgurda da axla kvlav miiswrafvis gaerTianebisken*.
biologiur funqciebSi orive ZiriTadi ltolva erTmaneTis
sapirispirod moqmedebs an erTmaneTTanaa kombinirebuli. Wamis
aqti obieqtis ganadgurebaa masTan SeerTebis saboloo mizniT,
* poeziaSi msgavsi fantaziebi xSirad gvxvdeba, cocxali substanciis isto-
riidan msgavsi cnobebi Cven ar mogvepoveba.
14
seqsualuri aqti agresiaa uSinaganesi SeerTebis ganzraxviT*.
orive ZiriTadi ltolvis gansxvavebuli moqmedebidan momdi-
nareobs cxovrebis movlenebis mTeli siWrele. sicocxlis sfe-
ros gareT Cveni ori ZiriTadi ltolvis analogias mivyavarT
araorganulSi gabatonebuli mizidulobisa da ganzidulobis
dapirispirebulTa wyvilTan. ltolvaTa Sereul mdgomareobaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebs aqvT Zalze xelSesaxebi Sedegebi. seqsu-
aluri agresiis zedmetad gaZlierebas siyvarulidan mivyavarT
damaxinjebuli sqesobrivi aqtiT gamowveul sikvdilamde, xolo
agresiuli faqtoris mkveTri dacema aqcevs adamians mxdalad an
impotentad.
ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom esa Tu is ZiriTadi ltolva gvxvde-
ba sulieri cxovrebis erT romelime sferoSi. isini yvelgan
gvxvdebian. sawyisi mdgomareoba Cven ase warmogvidgenia: erosis
gankargulebaSi myofi mTeli energia, romelsac Cven libidos
vuwodebT, jer kidev aradiferencirebuli saxiT arsebobs me-sa
da igi-Si da emsaxureba imavdroulad arsebuli destruqciuli
midrekilebebis ganeitralebas (destruqciis ltolvis energi-
isaTvis Cven ar gagvaCnia libidos analogiuri termini). mogvi-
anebiT CvenTvis SedarebiT advili iqneba, mivyveT libidos beds,
destruqciuli ltolvis SemTxvevaSi ki es ufro Zneli gasakeTe-
beli iqneba.
sanam es ltolva, rogorc sikvdilis ltolva, Cven SigniT
moqmedebs, manam is utyvia; is mxolod maSin vlindeba, roca
destruqciuli ltolvis saxiT gareT miemarTeba. amis aucile-
bloba saWiroa individis SesanarCuneblad. kunTebis sistema
emsaxureba aRniSnul gadarTvas. ze-me-s CarTvis gamo me-s Sig-
niT fiqsirdeba agresiuli ltolvis mniSvnelovani raodenoba,
rac adamianze gamanadgureblad moqmedebs. agresiisagan Tavis
Sekavebas ziani moaqvs janmrTelobisaTvis da iwvevs daavadebas.
daTrgunuli agresiis gadasvla TviTganadgurebaSi agresiis
mimarTviT sakuTari pirovnebis winaaRmdeg xSirad vlindeba
personis gaavebaSi, roca igi Tmas iglejs, saxeSi muStebs iSens;
amasTan, aSkaraa, rom es qceva sxvis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
TviTganadgurebis raRac nawili yvela viTarebaSi rCeba subieq-
* ZiriTadi Zalebis, anu ltolvebis Sesaxeb aq gadmocemul azrs, romelsac
analitikosebi mkacrad ewinaaRmdegebian, kargad icnobda jer kidev filo-
sofosi empedokle (akragadan).
15
tis SigniT, sanam sabolood ar moklavs individs. Ees, albaT, im
SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca misi libido gadaxarjulia an usarge-
blodaa fiqsirebuli. zogadad, SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom indi-
vidi kvdeba Tavisi Sinagani konfliqtebiT; gvari, piriqiT, –
uSedego brZoliT garesamyaros winaaRmdeg, roca is imgvarad
icvleba, rom mis mier SeZenili Seguebani arasakmarisia.
Znelia, rainme iTqvas libidos moqmedebaze igi-Si da ze-me-Si.
Yvelaferi, rac mis Sesaxeb viciT, exeba me-s, romelSic Tavidanve
mis gankargulebaSi myofi libidos funqcias sxeulis zonebidan,
romlebic damatebiT Cayenebulia gamravlebis samsaxurSi. es
ori funqcia xSirad mTlanad ar aris erTmaneTis igiveobrivi.
ZiriTdi interesi mimarTulia, bunebrivia, pirvel yvelaze
moulodnel mtkicebaze; aRmoCnda, rom adreuli bavSvobis asak-
Si arsebobs sxeulebrivi moqmedebis iseTi niSnebi, romelTac
mxolod Zveli crurwmenis Tanaxmad ver davarqmevT seqsualurs
da romlebic dakavSirebuli arian fsiqikur fenomenebTan, maT
mogvianebiT vxvdebiT zrdadasrulebulTa sasiyvarulo cxov-
rebaSi (Leibesleben), – esaa, magaliTad, fiqsireba garkveul obi-
eqtze, iWvianoba da a. S. aRmoCnda, rom adreul bavSvobaSi gam-
ovlenili es fenomenebi kanonzomierad viTardebian, gaivlian
aseve gegmazomieri zeaRsvlis process, mexuTe wlis bolosaT-
vis aRweven maRal dones, rasac Semdeg mosdevs Sesveneba. am
dros winsvla SeCerebulia, bevri ram daviwyebas eZleva, magram
ufro gvian xelaxla amoqmeddeba. egreT wodebuli latenturi
drois gavlis Semdeg seqsualuri cxovreba pubertetiT grZel-
deba, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is ayvavebas ganicdis. aq Cven vawy-
debiT seqsualuri cxovrebis ordroianobis faqts, romelic
mxolod adamianisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli da, rogorc etyoba,
didad mniSvnelovania adamianad CamoyalibebisTvis4. arcTu um-
niSvneloa is faqti, rom aRreuli seqsualobis procesebi unaS-
Tod, msxverplis gareSe, ewireba infantilur amnezias. Cveni Se-
xedulebani nevrozis etiologiis Sesaxeb da Cveni analizuri
Terapiis teqnika am gagebas ukavSirdeba. am adreuli ganviTarebis
procesebze dakvirveba gvaZlevs sabuTs sxva mtkicebebisTvisac.
Ppirveli organo, romelic gvevlineba, rogorc erogenuli
zona da dabadebisTanave libidoseul pretenzias uyenebs suls,
aris piri. Yyvela fsiqikuri moqmedeba isea momarTuli, rom up-
16
irveles yovlisa, am zonis moTxovnileba daakmayofilos. bune-
brivia, aRniSnuli, pirvel rigSi, emsaxureba TviTdamkvidrebas
kvebiT, magram fiziologia ar unda avurioT fsiqologiaSi.
bavSvis daJinebul wovaSi Tavidanve Tavs iCens dakmayofilebis
moTxovnileba, romelic – Tumca saWmlis miRebidan momdinar-
ea da misgan gamowveuli – mainc kvebisagan damoukideblad mi-
iswrafvis siamovnebis miRebisaken da amitom ufleba gvaqvs vu-
wodoT da unda vuwodoT kidevac mas seqsualuri (ix. varaudi,
rom adamiani warmoSobilia ZuZumwovara cxovelidan, romelic
xuTi wlisa aRwevs sqesobriv simwifes. gvarze romeliRac didma
gareganma zemoqmedebam xeli SeuSala seqsualobis sworxazob-
riv ganviTarebas. SesaZloa, amasTanaa dakavSirebuli adamianis
uaRresad Taviseburi seqsualuri cxovrebis sxva gardaqmnebi.
magaliTad, libidos periodulobis moxsna da menstruaciis
roli sqesTa damokidebulebaSi).
ukve am oraluri fazis dros kbilebis amoWrasTan erTad,
aRmocendeba sadisturi impulsebi. es impulsebi ufro Zlierde-
ba meore fazaSi, romelsac vuwodebT sadistur-analurs: bavSvi
aq agresiasa da eqskreciis funqciaSi poulobs dakmayofilebas.
Cven gvaqvs ufleba, agresiuli miswrafebani libidos sferoSi
movaTavsoT im gagebaze dayrdnobiT, rom sadizmi esaa wminda li-
bidozuri ltolvis Sereva aseve wminda destruqciul miswrafe-
bebTan, esaa Sereva, romelic, aqedan dawyebuli aRar ispoba.
mesamea egreT wodebuli faluri faza, romelic, TiTqosda,
rogorc winamorbedi, seqsualuri cxovrebis saboloo gafor-
mebis tolfasia. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq ori sqesis sasqeso organo-
ebi ki ar TamaSoben rols, aramed – mxolod mamakacisa (falosi).
qalis sasqeso organo didxans rCeba ucnobi. bavSvi cdilobs seq-
sualuri procesebis gagebas, mowiwebiTaa kloakis Teoriis mi-
marT, romelsac genetikurad Tavisi gamarTleba aqvs*. adreuli
bavSvobis seqsualoba falur fazaSi aRwevs maRal dones da uax-
lovdeba mis dacemas. am droidan dawyebuli biWsa da gogos gan-
sxvavebuli bedi aqvT. orive iwyebs inteleqtualuri saqmianobis
Cayenebas seqsualuri kvleva-Ziebis samsaxurSi, orive amodis pe-

* adreuli vaginaluri agznebebi mravalgzis amtkiceben, rom dasaSvebia

saqme gvqondes klitoris aRgznebasTan, maS, penisis analogiur organosTan,
rac amarTlebs fazis saxels `faluri~.
17
nisis faqtis daSvebidan. magram axla am sqesTa gzebi iyreba. biWi
Sedis oidiposis fazaSi, is iwyebs xeliT sasqeso asoze minipu-
lirebas, amave dros warmosaxvaSi warmoadgens raime seqsualur
qmedebas dedasTan, sanam kastraciis SiSiTa da dedakacis upe-
nisobis sanaxaobiT ar ganicdis did tramvas, ase Sedis is laten-
tur droSi, romelsac Tavisi Sedegebi aqvs. gogo cdis Sedegad
ganicdis penisis biWisadmi mibaZvis amao uqonlobas an sakuTari
klitoris naklebRirebulebas. amas Tavisi Sedegebi mosdevs misi
xasiaTis ganviTarebis procesSi. am pirveli gawbilebis Sedegad
xSirad xdeba seqsualuri cxovrebisagan pirveli Semobruneba.
gaugebroba iqneboda, gvefiqra, rom es sami faza erTmaneTis-
gan savsebiT izolirebulia: erTi emateba meores, isini erT-
maneTs zed edebian, erTmaneTis gverdiT arian. adreul fazaSi
calkeuli parcialuri ltolvebi gamodian erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad siamovnebis miRebisTvis. falur fazaSi iqmneba
organizaciis sawyisebi, romlebic sxva miswrafebebs uqvemde-
barebs sasqeso organoebis primatobas da niSnavs saerTo siam-
ovnebis miswrafebis CarTvas seqsualur funqciaSi. sruli orga-
nizacia miiRweva mxolod pubertetiT meoTxe genitalur fazaSi.
iqmneba mdgomareoba, romelSidac 1. zogierTi adreuli libidos
muxtebi SenarCunebulia, 2. sxvebi seqsualur funqciebSi CaerT-
veba, rogorc momamzadebeli, xelSmewyobi aqtebi, romelTa dak-
mayofileba iZleva siamovnebas, 3. kidev sxva miswrafebebi orga-
nizaciidan amoerTvebian an saerTod CaxSobilni (gandevnilni)
arian an sxva gamoyenebas naxuloben me-Si, qmnian xasiaTis Tvise-
bebs, ganicdian sublimaciebs mizanTa SecvliT.
es procesi yvelasaTvis uzadod ar xorcieldeba. Sekaveba-
ni ganviTarebaSi vlindeba seqsualuri cxovrebis mravalnairi
aSlilobis saxiT. Aarian libidos fiqsaciebi adreuli faze-
bis mdgomareobaze, romelTa normaluri seqsualuri miznisgan
damoukidebeli miswrafeba aRiniSneba perversiiT. ganviTare-
bis amgvari Sekavebaa, magaliTad, homoseqsualoba, roca is gam-
ovlenilia. Aanalizi aCvenebs, rom homoseqsualuri dakavSireba
obieqtTan yvela SemTxvevaSia SenarCunebuli da ufro bevr
SemTxvevaSi latenturadaa darCenili. damokidebuleba imiTaa
garTulebuli, rom, rogorc wesi, normaluri gamosavlis aRd-
genisTvis saWiro procesebi ar xorcieldeba, isini parcialu-
18
rad xorcieldeba ise, rom saboloo forma damokidebuli rCeba
am raodenobriv mimarTebaze. Tumca miiRweva genitaluri orga-
nizacia, magram is Sesustebulia libidos nawilSi, romelic ar
monawileobda da fiqsirebuli darCa pregenitalur obieqtsa da
miznebze. es Sesusteba vlindeba libidos midrekilebaSi, geni-
taluri daukmayofileblobis an realuri siZneleebis SemTx-
vevaSi daubrundes adreul pregenitalur damuxtvis process
(regresia). seqsualuri funqciebis Seswavlis dros SegveZlo,
winaswar dagveSva, ufro sworad, migveRo ori debuleba, rom-
lebic mogvianebiT kvlevis yvela sferosTvis mniSvnelovani aR-
moCndeba. pirveli debulebis Tanaxmad, normaluri da aranor-
maluri movlenebi, romelTac vakvirdebiT, e.i. fenomenologia
moiTxovs dinamikisa da ekonomikis TvalsazrisiT (Cvens SemTx-
vevaSi libidos raodenobrivi dayofa) aRweras. meore, debuleb-
is mixedviT, Sesaswavl darRvevaTa etiologia ganviTarebis is-
toriaSi, maSasadame, individuumis ganviTarebis adreul xanaSi
unda moiZebnos.

germanulidan Targmnes: v. kakabaZem da g. gvazavam

19
karl gustav iungi
(1875-1961)

poetur qmnilebasTan analitikuri fsiqologiis

mimarTebis Sesaxeb

(leqcia, wakiTxuli germanuli enisa da literaturis

sazogadoebaSi, ciurixi, 1922 wlis maisi)

amocana, vilaparako poetur qmnilebasTan analitikuri

fsiqologiis mimarTebis Sesaxeb, Zneli kia, mAagram karg SesaZ-
leblobas maZlevs gamovxato Cemi Tvalsazrisi fsiqologiisa
da xelovnebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxze, romelzec
bevrs kamaToben. miuxedavad araTanaSezomilobisa, orive am sfe-
ros udavod axlo urTierToba aqvs erTmaneTTan, rac ganxilvas
moiTxovs. es urTierToba im faqts emyareba, rom nawarmoebis Se-
qmnis procesi fsiqikuri moRvaweobaa da, raki asea, SesaZloa da
saWiroc aris igi fsiqologiis kvlevis sagani gaxdes; am Tval-
sazrisiT is, iseve rogorc fsiqikuri motivebiT ganpirobebuli
yoveli adamianuri qmedeba, fsiqologiis obieqtia. da mainc, amis
aRiarebasTan erTad gverds ver avuvliT mkafio SezRudvebs, rac
gasaTvaliswinebelia [poeturi qmnilebis mimarT] fsiqologi-
uri Tvalsazrisis gamoyenebisas: xelovnebis mxolod is nawili,
romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnis process warmoadgens, SesaZloa
gaxdes fsiqologiuri kvlevis obieqti, magram ara is [nawili],
romelic xelovnebis specifikur arss Seadgens. es meore nawili
[xelovnebisa] anu sakiTxi, ras warmoadgens xelovneba rogorc
aseTi, verasodes gaxdeba fsiqologiuri kvlevis sagani, – is mxo-
lod da mxolod esTetikis kvlevis sagania.
msgavsi gamijvna aucilebelia religiis sferoSic: iqac fsi-
qologiuri midgoma dasaSvebia mxolod religiis emociuri
da simboluri fenomenebis ganxilvisas, magram fsiqologiuri
midgomis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia religiis arsis kvlevisas. es
rom SesaZlebeli yofiliyo, maSin ara mxolod religia, aramed
xelovnebac fsiqologiis ubralo ganyofilebebad gadaiqceod-
nen. cxadia, es ar niSnavs, TiTqos aseTi Zaladobrivi mcdelobe-
bi ar xdebodes. magram is, vinc amas sCadis, aSkarad iviwyebs,
20
rom raRac amis msgavsi SesaZloa fsiqologiasac daemarTos,
vinaidan misi specifikuri Rirebuleba da Tvisebebi mTlianad
dagvekargeba, Tu mas (fsiqologias), ubralod, tvinis aqtivobad
ganvixilavT da endokrinologiuri funqciebis gverdiT mivu-
CenT adgils, viTarca fiziologiis qveganyofilebas. rogorc
cnobilia, amgvar mcdelobasac ukve hqonda adgili.
xelovneba Tavisi bunebiT ar aris mecniereba, xolo mec-
niereba Tavisi bunebiT xelovneba ar gaxlavT; sulierebis
orive es sfero Tavis TavSi Seicavs imgvar rames*, rac mxolod
maTTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da SesaZloa mxolod maTi Sina-
gani TaviseburebiT aixsnas. amgvarad, roca Cven xelovnebasTan
fsiqologiis mimarTebaze vsaubrobT, SegviZlia misi (xelovne-
bis) mxolod is nawili ganvixiloT, romelic SesaZloa misi ar-
sis ganadgurebis gareSe iqnes gamokvleuli fsiqologiis mier.
rac ar unda Tqvas fsiqologiam xelovnebaze, es SesaZloa Seexos
mxolod saxelovnebo moRvaweobis fsiqikur process da aravi-
Tar SemTxvevaSi xelovnebis Sinagan arss. es iseve SeuZlebelia,
rogorc inteleqtis mier grZnobaTa bunebis aRwera da wvdoma.
udavoa, xelovneba da mecniereba ver iarsebebdnen erTmaneTisa-
gan damoukideblad, maT Soris arsebuli principuli gansxvave-
ba Tavidanve TvalSi sacemi rom ar iyos cnobierebisTvis. is faq-
ti, rom patara bavSvis cnobierebaSi `fakultetebis kamaTs~ jer
kidev ar uCenia Tavi, da misi saxelovnebo, mecnieruli da reli-
giuri SesaZleblobebi mSvidad Tvlemen gverdigverd, an kidev
is, rom pirvelyofil adamianebTan xelovnebis, mecnierebisa da
religiis sawyisebi jer kidev dauSoriSoreblad arsebobs magi-
uri mentalobis qaosis saxiT, da bolos mesame faqti, rom jer-
jerobiT `sulierebis~ niSanwyali ar SeiniSneba cxovelebSi da
mxolod `bunebriv instinqtebze~ SegviZlia maTTan dakavSirebiT
saubari – yovelive es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar mowmobs xelovne-
bisa da mecnierebis principul erTianobas, rac maT erTi rubri-
kis qveS gaaerTianebda an erTi maTganis meoreze dayvanas gaama-
rTlebda. saqme is gaxlavT, rom, roca sulierebis ganviTarebis
adreul stadiebs vuRrmavdebiT, sadac principuli gansxvavebe-
bi sulierebis calkeul sferoebs Soris saerTod uxilavi xde-
ba, Cven maTi erTianobis ufro Rrma principis Semecnebas ki ar
* dedanSia ein Reservat, rac niSnavs mozrdil teritorias, sadac cxovelTa da
mcenareTa iSviaTi saxeobebia daculi (mTGargm.).
21
vaRwevT, aramed mxolod ganviTarebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT
adreul aradiferencirebul mdgomareobas vawydebiT, romel-
Sic arc arTi arsebobs da arc meore. magram es elementaruli
mdgomareoba ar aris is principi, romelic SegvaZlebinebda,
daskvna gamogvetana gviandeli, ufro ganviTarebuli mdgomare-
obebis bunebaze, Tundac isini, rogorc es mudam xdeba, iqidan
iRebdnen saTaves. mecnieruli midgoma, cxadia, yovelTvis gam-
oiCens midrekilebas, kauzaluri warmomavlobis sasargeblod
Tvali aaridos diferencirebis arss da Seecdeba igi (diferen-
cireba) Tumca zogad, magram amavdroulad elementarul cne-
bebs dauqvemdebaros.
es ganazrebani, Cemi azriT, Zalze droulia, vinaidan metad-
re poeturi qmnilebani amJamad xSirad im wesiT ganimarteba, ra
wesic elementarul mdgomareobebamde swored aseT dayvanas
Seesabameba. SemoqmedebiTi Sromis pirobebi, [poetis mier gamo-
yenebuli] masala da misi damuSavebis individualuri manera,
magaliTad, SeiZleba aixsnas poetis piradi damokidebulebiT
mis mSoblebTan, magram es veranairad ver Segviwyobs xels misi
poeziis gagebaSi. amgvarive dayvana [elementarul mdgomareobe-
bamde] SesaZloa movaxdinoT nebismier sxva SemTxvevaSic, da ma-
Sinac, roca paTologiur darRvevebTan gvaqvs saqme. nevrozebi
da fsiqozebic daiyvaneba mSoblebTan bavSvis damokidebulebe-
bze, iseve rogorc adamianis kargi Tu cudi Cvevebi, misi rwmena-
warmodgenebi, Taviseburebebi, vnebani, gansakuTrebuli inter-
esebi da a. S. Znelad savaraudebelia, rom am esoden gansxvavebul
movlenebs SesaZloa erTi da igive axsna hqondeT, sxvagvarad
garduvalad mivalT im daskvnamde, rom yvela isini erTi da ig-
ivea. Tuki xelovnebis nawarmoebis axsna iseve SeiZleba rogorc
nevrozisa, maSin an xelovnebis nawarmoebi yofila nevrozi, anda
nevrozi _ xelovnebis nawarmoebi. es gamoTqma (façon de parler),
rogorc sityvis TamaSi, SesaZloa misaRebi iyos, magram saRi azri
ewinaaRmdegeba xelovnebis qmnilebis nevrozTan gaTanabrebas.
eqimma-analitikosma Tavisi profesiuli TvalTaxedvis wyalo-
biT SesaZloa nevrozi ise ganixilos, rogorc xelovnebis nawar-
moebi, magram moazrovne araspecialists arasodes mouva TavSi
paTologiuri movlena xelovnebad miiRos, Tumca ver uaryofs,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebic da nevrozic msgavs fsiqikur wina-
pirobebSi iqmneba. es imitom, rom garkveuli fsiqikuri winapiro-
bebi yvelgan arsebobs, da isini – adamianTa cxovrebis pirobebis
22
met-naklebi msgavsebis gamo – erTi da igivea rogorc nevrotu-
li swavlulis, aseve poetisa Tu nebismieri normaluri adamianis
SemTxvevaSi. yvelas hyavs mSoblebi, yvelas aqvs mamismieri an de-
dismieri kompleqsi, yvelasTvis nacnobia seqsi, da amis Sedegad
yvelas eqmneba erTi da igive tipobrivi adamianuri siZneleebi.
erT poetze SesaZloa meti zegavlena moaxdinos mamasTan ur-
TierTobam, meoreze – dedasTan damokidebulebam, maSin roca
mesamis nawarmoebebSi mkafiod moCans seqsualuri daTrgunu-
lobis kvali. vinaidan yovelive es SesaZloa aseve dasabuTe-
bulad iTqvas aramarto nevrotikebze, aramed yovel normalur
adamianzec, amitom aq araferia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
xelovnebis qmnilebis Sefasebis TvalsazrisiT. mTlianobaSi,
aucilebelia Cveni codna fsiqologiuri safuZvlis Sesaxeb Sem-
dgom gavafarTovoT da gavaRrmaoT.
samedicino fsiqologiis skolam, froidis mier dafuZne-
bulma, udavod waaqeza literaturis istorikosebi saimisod,
rom nawarmoebis zogierTi Tavisebureba SesabamisobaSi moey-
vanaT poetis intimur, pirad cxovrebasTan. ar SeiZleba iTqvas,
TiTqos xelovnebis mecnieruli Seswavlas didi xnis win ar Seem-
Cnios is Zafebi, romlebic poetis piradul, intimur gancdas –
nebsiT Tu uneblieT – mis nawarmoebSi Cauqsovia. magram froidis
naSromebi SesaZlebels xdis ufro amomwuravad gamovamJRavnoT
zegavlenebi, romlebic adreuli bavSvobidan iReben saTaves da
mniSvnelovan rols asruleben mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi. am me-
Todis zomierad da gemovnebiT gamoyenebisas xSirad Tvalwin
warmogvidgeba warmtaci suraTi imisa, Tu, erTi mxriv, rogor
ewvnis xelovnebis nimuSi xelovanis pirad cxovrebas, meore
mxriv ki, rogor gamomdinareobs igi am wnulidan. am Tvalsaz-
risiT xelovnebis egreTwodebuli fsiqoanalizi principulad
ar gansxvavdeba Rrma da marjved niuansirebuli literaturul-
fsiqologiuri analizisgan. gansxvaveba ufro xarisxobrivia
(graduell), Tumca zogjer gagvaocebs mouridebeli SeniSvnebi,
romlebzec ufro delikaturi damokidebulebis pirobebSi
uari unda Tqmuliyo Tavazianobis principebidan gamomdinare.
aseTi mouridebloba adamianuris _ metismetad adamianuris _
winaSe profesiuli Taviseburebaa samkurnalo fsiqologiisa,
romelic, rogorc jer kidev mefistofelma sworad gamoicno,
siamovnebiT `Seavlebs xels, SeeTamaSeba iseT raRac-raRacebs,
23
ris gamoc sxva wlebis ganmavlobaSi vainaCrobs~* _ magram sam-
wuxarod es yovelTvis rodia misTvis sargeblis momtani. Tamami
daskvnebis gakeTebis cdunebas xSirad Zalmomreobamde (Gewalt-
streich) mivyavarT. mcireodeni skandaluroba zogjer mariliv-
iT sWirdeba biografias, magram gadaWarbeba arajansaR cno-
biswadils badebs, es ki kargi gemovnebisTvis katastrofaa, rasac
mecnierulobis pretenzia ver SeniRbavs. am dros Cveni interesi
moulodnelad zurgs aqcevs xelovnebis qmnilebas da fsiqikuri
winapirobebis labirinTSi ikargeba, poeti klinikur SemTxvevad
da zogjer seqsualuri fsiqopaTiis (psychopathia sexsualis) morig
nimuSad gadaiqceva. amis Sedegad xelovnebis fsiqoanalizi Sor-
deba Tavis sagans da diskusia zogadadamianur sferoSi gadaaqvs,
romelic xelovanisTvis odnavadac ar aris specifikuri, kerZod
misi xelovnebisTvis ki erTob araarsebiTia.
analizis am tips mxatvruli nawarmoebi zogadadamianuri
fsiqologiis sferoSi gadaaqvs, saidanac xelovnebis garda
auarebeli sxva movlenac iRebs saTaves. xelovnebis qmnilebis
ganmarteba am poziciidan iseTive gulubryvilobaa, rogorc
imis gancxadeba, rom `yoveli xelovani narcisia~. yvela adamiani,
romelic dasaxuli miznis miRwevas eswrafvis, `narcisia~, Tuki
sazogadod dasaSvebia aseTi farTo azriT gamoyeneba terminisa,
romelic specialurad nevrozis paTologiis aRsawerad aris
SemoRebuli; amitomac amgvari msjeloba arafrismTqmelia, mar-
tooden `moswrebuli sityvis~ (Bonmot) magvari moulodnelobis
efeqtis Seqmnas emsaxureba. vinaidan amgvar analizs araferi aqvs
saerTo sakuTriv xelovnebis qmnilebasTan da Txunelas msgavsad
cdilobs, rac SeiZleba swrafad CaZvres niadagis siRrmeSi, is
Tavis Ziebebs imave saerTo mSobel miwaSi amTavrebs, romelic
mTeli kacobriobis damtevia, amitomac aris misi ganmartebebi
Tavzardamcemad monotonuri _ imaTi msgavsi, yoveldRe rom
SeiZleba moisminoT eqimis kabinetSi.
froidis reduqciuli meTodi swored rom samedicino me-
Todia, romelsac avadmyofuri da araswori (uneigentlich) kavSiri
aqvs obieqtad. am avadmyofur kavSirs normaluri funqciis ad-
gili uWiravs da amitom is unda ganadgurdes, raTa gza gaexsnas
* igulisxmeba i. v. goeTes `faustis~ is adgili, sadac mefistofeli mowafes
medicinis Rirsebebze ironiulad esaubreba: `Zum Willkomm tappt Ihr dann nach
allen Siebensachen, / Um die ein andrer viele Jahre streicht~ (mTargm.)
24
jansaR adaptacias. am SemTxvevaSi zogadadamianur safuZvelze
dayvana savsebiT misaRebia. xelovnebis nawarmoebisadmi mis mis-
adagebas ki zemoT aRweril Sedegebamde mivyavarT: igi xelovne-
bis qmnilebas moelvare saburvelisgan ganZarcvavs da xelT
gvrCeba elementaruli yoveldRiuroba homo sapiensisa, romel
saxeobasac poetic miekuTvneba. gansaxilavi mxatvruli qmnile-
bis oqros Saravandi xundeba, radgan mis mimarT amoSanTvis imave
meTods iyeneben, romelsac isteriul fantaziebs mkurnalobi-
sas mimarTaven. aseTi analizi udavod sainteresoa da iqneb ise-
Tive mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqone aRmoCndes, rogorc nicSes
Tavis tvinis obduqcia, romelmac mxolod is SeeZlo warmoeCina,
Tu damblis romelma atipurma formam imsxverpla igi. magram
aqvs ki amas kavSiri `zaratustrasTan~?
rac ar unda iyos am nawarmoebis foni da safuZveli, gana is
mTlianoba da erTi samyaro araa, adamianuri, metismetad adami-
anuri arasrulyofilebis miRma rom arsebobs, Sakikisa da tvinis
ujredebis atrofiis miRma?
me vilaparake froidis reduqciul meTodze, magram detalu-
rad ar ganmimartavs, raSi mdgomareobs is. es gaxlavT fsiqikuri
avadmyofis samedicino-fsiqologiuri gamokvlevis meTodi, ro-
melic mxolod saimiso gzebsa da saSualebebs eZebs, Tu rogor
unda auaro gverdi cnobier wina plans an rogor unda gadaawv-
dino mzera mis miRma, raTa fsiqikur ukana plans, egreTwodebul
qvecnobiers miswvde. igi im winapirobas efuZneba, rom nevroze-
biT Sepyrobili pacienti cnobierebidan aZevebs garkveul fsiq-
ikur Sinaarsebs, radganac isini SeuTavsebelia cnobierebasTan.
es SeuTavsebloba moraluri xasiaTisaa; maSasadame, gaZevebuli
Sinaarsebi Sesabamisad uaryofiTi xasiaTis matareblni unda
iyvnen, kerZod ki infantilur-seqsualuri, uxamsi da kriminalu-
ric ki, rac cnobierebisTvis miuRebelia. rakiRa srulyofili
adamiani ar arsebobs, fsiqikis siRrmeebSi yvelas unda moepove-
bodes raRac amgvari, aRiareben isini amas Tu ara. da es yovelT-
vis SeiZleba gamovavlinoT, Tuki froidis mier SemuSavebul
teqnikas gamoviyenebT.
mokle leqciis farglebSi, cxadia, ver SevZleb fsiqoana-
lizis teqnikur detalebs CavuRrmavde. amitom ramdenime miniS-
nebiT unda davkmayofilde. aracnobieri plastebi savsebiT pa-
siurni rodi arian, isini TavianT Tavs cnobierebis Sinaarsebze
maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli zemoqmedebiT amJRavneben. magaliTad,
25
isini warmoSoben specifikuri bunebis fantaziebs, romlebic
zogjer advilad SeiZleba dayvanil iqnes seqsualuri xasiaTis
aracnobier warmodgenebamde. anda cnobier procesebs erTgvar
dabrkolebas uqmnian, rac agreTve SesaZloa aixsnas daTrgunu-
li SinaarsebiT. aracnobieris SinaarsTa Sesaxeb codnis Zalian
mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens sizmrebi, romlebic aracnobi-
eris moqmedebis pirdapiri produqtebia. froidis reduqciuli
meTodis arsebiTi Tavisebureba is gaxlavT, rom misi meoxebiT
aracnobieri plastebis yvela simptomis Segroveba xdeba da
maTi analizisa da ganmartebis meSveobiT elementaruli instin-
qturi procesebis rekonstruqcia xerxdeba. cnobierebis im Si-
naarsebs, romlebic warmodgenas gviqmnis aracnobier plaste-
bze, froidma umarTebulod simboloebi uwoda, maSin rodesac
isini mis moZRvrebaSi mxolod aracnobieri procesebis niSne-
bis anda simptomebis rols asruleben da araviTar SemTxvevaSi
sakuTriv simbolosi, romelic unda gavigoT rogorc gamoxat-
uleba Tvalsazrisisa, romelsac sxvagvarad jer kidev ver gad-
movcemT an ukeT ver gadmovcemT. roca, magaliTad, platoni
Semecnebis Teoriis mTel problemas gamoqvabulis igavis meSve-
obiT warmoaCens an roca qriste RvTis sasufevlis cnebas igav-
ebiT gamoTqvams, es WeSmariti simboloebia, kerZod, iseTi ramis
gamoxatvis mcdelobaa, romlisTvisac jer sityva ar arsebobs.
Tu platonis igavs froidis mixedviT ganvmartavdiT, bunebrivad
mivadgebodiT saSvilosnos, riTac davamtkicebdiT, rom plato-
nis gonic ki Rrmad CarCenila dasabamSi (im Ursprünglichen), gnebavT
infantilur- seqsual mdgomareobaSic ki. magram am dros sruli-
ad gamogvrCeboda mxedvelobidan, Tu ra Seqmna platonma Tavisi
filosofiuri ideebis primitiuli winapirobebisadmi Semoq-
medebiTi midgomis Sedegad; Cven ver SevniSnavdiT, rac yvelaze
arsebiTia masTan, da mxolod imas aRmovaCendiT, rom platons,
yvela sxva Cveulebrivi mokvdavis darad, infantilur-seqsua-
luri fantaziebi hqonia. aseTi aRmoCena SesaZloa imisTvis iyos
faseuli, vinc platons zeadamianad Tvlida da axla SeuZlia imis
aRmoCeniT isiamovnos, rom Turme platonic Cveulebrivi adami-
ani yofila. magram vin SeiZleba platoni RmerTad miiCnios? mxo-
lod man, visac infantiluri fantaziebi dauflebia, da, maSasa-
dame, nevrotikis mentaliteti aqvs. aseTisTvis zogadadamianur
safuZvlebze reduqcia sasargebloa samedicino TvalsazrisiT,
magram amas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs platonis igavis azrTan.
26
 me sagangebod SevCerdi xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT samedi-
cino fsiqoanalizis misadagebaze, da es imitom, rom fsiqoana-
lizis es saxeoba amavdroulad froidis doqtrinac aris. TviT
froidma Tavisi mourjulebeli dogmatizmis meoxebiT izruna
imisTvis, rom orive es, principSi, erTob gansxvavebuli ram pub-
likis mier aRqmuliyo rogorc erTi da igive. magram SesaZlebe-
lia es meTodi samedicino mizniT gamoviyenoT da Cinebul Sede-
gebs mivaRwioT imis gareSe, rom doqtrinis xarisxSi aviyvanoT
igi. ai am doqtrinis winaaRmdeg energiuli protestis gamoxatva
mogviwevs. igi TviTnebur wanamZRvrebs efuZneba: magaliTad,
nevrozebs, iseve rogorc fsiqozebsac, mxolod da mxolod da-
Trgunuli seqsualuroba rodi iwvevs. arc sizmrebi Seicavs
martooden SeuTanxmebel, daTrgunul survilebs, romlebic
sizmris hipoTeturi cenzoris mier iniRbebian. interpretaciis
froidiseuli teqnika, vinaidan man misi calmxrivi da amitomac
mcdari hipoTezebis zegavlena ganicada, aSkara TviTnebobiT
(Willkürlichkeit) gamoirCeva.
xelovnebis nawarmoebi rom Seafasos, analitikuri fsiqo-
logia mTlianad unda gaTavisufldes samedicino winaswargan-
zraxulobebisgan, vinaidan mxatvruli qmnileba sneuleba rodia
da amis gamo sxvagvar, arasamedicino midgomas moiTxovs. eqimi,
bunebrivia, unda eZebdes daavadebis mizezs, raTa Zirfesvianad
aRmofxras igi, magram aseve bunebrivia, rom fsiqologi amis
sruliad sapirispirod unda moiqces xelovnebis qmnilebis mi-
marT. igi ar wamoWris sakiTxs xelovnebis qmnilebisTvis zed-
meti im zogadadamianuri pirobebis Taobaze, romlebic ueWve-
lad miiRebdnen monawileobas xelovnebis qmnilebis formirebis
procesSi, aramed is nawarmoebis azris garkvevas Seecdeba, xolo
winapirobebi imdenad gaxdeba misi interesis sagani, ramdena-
dac isini mas nawarmoebis ufro Rrmad gagebaSi Seuwyoben xels.
pirovnul damokidebulebebs iseve naklebi kavSiri aqvs mxat-
vrul nawarmoebTan, rogoric niadags im mcenaresTan, romelic
masze izrdeba. im garemos SeswavliT, ra garemoSic mcenare ar-
sebobs, Cven, cxadia, SegviZlia am mcenaris zogierT Tavisebu-
rebas CavwvdeT. botanikosisTvis es Semecnebis mniSvnelovani
komponentic ki aris. magram vin daiwyebs imis mtkicebas, rom am
gziT SesaZlebelia mcenareze srulyofili warmodgenis Seq-
mna. pirovnulze orientacia, gamowveuli pirovnuli damoki-
debulebebis garkvevis saWiroebiT, sruliad araadekvaturia
27
xelovnebis nawarmoebTan mimarTebiT, vinaidan xelovnebis na-
warmoebi adamiani ki ar aris, aramed zepirovnuli movlenaa. is
sagania, romelsac pirovnuloba ar gaaCnia da mas ver ganvsjiT
pirovnuli kriteriumebiT. xelovnebis WeSmariti nawarmoebis
mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi axerxebs pirovnuli Se-
zRudulobebisa da Cixebisagan Tavis daRwevas da Sors moito-
vebs ukan oden-pirovnulisTvis (des Nur-Persönlichen) damaxasi-
aTebel warmavlobasa da DdRemokleobas (Kurzatmigkeit).
piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, unda vaRiaro, rom
eqimisTvis sulac ar aris advili xelovnebis nawarmoebis gan-
xilvisas profesiuli saTvale moixsnas da sayovelTaod cno-
bili biologiuri mizezSedegobriobisgan Tavisufali mzeriT
Sexedos mas. amis Sedegad im daskvnamde mivedi, rom wminda
biologiuri orientaciis fsiqologiis gamoyeneba adamiane-
bis mimarT ramdenadme SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iyos, magram ar
gamogvadgeba xelovnebis qmnilebisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, arc
adamianis, rogorc Semoqmedis, kvlevisas. wminda mizezSedegob-
riv fsiqologias mxolod is xelewifeba, rom yoveli individu-
umi homo sapiensis saxeobis warmomadgenlis xarisxamde daiy-
vanos, vinaidan misTvis (fsiqologiisTvis) arsebobs mxolod
STamomavlobiT gadmocemuli da memkvidreobiT miRebuli [Tvi-
sebebi]. magram xelovnebis qmnileba martooden STamomavlobiT
gadmocemuli da memkvidreobiT miRebuli ram ki ar aris, aramed
swored im pirobebis SemoqmedebiTi gardaqmnaa (schöpferische Neu-
gestaltung), romelTac mizezSedegobrivi fsiqologia xelovne-
bis qmnilebis safuZvlad miiCnevda. mcenare ubralod niadagis
produqti ki ar aris, aramed TAavis TavSive davanebuli (in sich
selbst ruhender), cocxali, SemoqmedebiTi procesia, romlis arsi
aranairad ar aris dakavSirebuli niadagis TaviseburebebTan.
xelovnebis nawarmoebs unda SevxedoT, viTarca SemoqmedebiTi
procesis nayofs, romelic Tavisuflad iyenebs yvela winapi-
robas. misi azri da misi Tavisebureba TviT masSi myofobs da
ara mis gareT arsebul winapirobebSi; SesaZloa iTqvas, rom igi
is arsebaa, romelic adamiansa da mis pirovnul ganwyobas sakve-
bad iyenebs, Tavis Zalebs sakuTari Sexedulebisda mixedviT
ganagebs da Tavisi Tavis formirebas Tavisive nebis Sesabamisad
axdens.
Semdgom saTqmels aq wavumZRvareb ramdenime mosazrebas xe-
lovnebis im gansakuTrebuli saxeobis Sesaxeb, romelzec qvemoT
28
unda mogaxsenoT. yvela nawarmoebi rodi iqmneba zemoT aRweri-
li meTodiT. arsebobs literaturuli qmnilebebi, rogorc po-
eturi, aseve prozaulic, romlebic zustad Seesabamebian avto-
ris ganzraxvasa da gadawyvetilebas, miaRwios ama Tu im efeqts.
am SemTxvevaSi avtori Tavisi masalis gegmazomier damuSavebas
axdens, isaxavs ra sruliad mkafio mizans; raRacas daamatebs,
raRacas waSlis, zogierT moments gaaZlierebs, zogierTs miC-
qmalavs, aqa-iq saRebavs waumatebs, yuradRebiT adevnebs Tvals
SesaZlo efeqts da saTanados miuzRavs formisa da stilis mo-
Txovnilebebs. am dros igi Zalian mkacri msajulia, romelic
gamoxatvis formas sruli TavisuflebiT irCevs. misi masala
mTlianad emorCileba mxatvrul mizans: mas swored imis gamoxat-
va surs, rasac gamoxatavs, da sxva arafrisa. am saqmianobis dros
poeti svsebiT identuria SemoqmedebiTi procesisa, sulerTia,
nebayoflobiT Caudga igi am SemoqmedebiT process saTaveSi Tu
procesma gaixada Semoqmedi Tavis instrumentad da ise srul-
yofilad moimoqmeda es, rom avtorma amis gacnobiereba ver
moaxerxa. is TviTon iqca SemoqmedebiT procesad, savsebiT Se-
erwya mas Tavisi mizandasaxulobebiTa da mTeli Tavisi una-riT.
ara mgonia, aucilebeli iyos saamiso magaliTebis moxmoba lite-
raturis istoriidan an TviT mwerlebis aRiarebaTa damowmeba.
ueWvelia verc meore yaidis nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb saubrisas
vityvi rame axals, _ im nawarmoebTa Sesaxeb, met-naklebad das-
rulebuli formiT rom gamoedinebian avtoris kalmis wveri-
dan. isini TiTqos iseTive srulyofilni moevlinen am qveyanas,
rogori srulyofilic aTena palada daibada zevsis Tavidan. am
qmnilebebma TiTqosda Tavs moaxvies Tavisi Tavi avtors, romlis
xeli viRacas emorCileba, xolo kalami iseT raRacas wers, rasac
igi daufaravi gaocebiT Sehyurebs. nawarmoebs TviTonve moaqvs
Tavisi forma; yovelive, risi damatebac avtors surs, uariyofa,
xolo risi miRebac ar unda, is daJinebiT iCens Tavs. im dros,
rodesac misi cnobiereba gaognebuli dgas am fenomenis winaSe,
avtors iseTi azrebisa da saxeebis nakadi eAZaleba, romelTa Seqm-
nis ganzraxva mas arasodes hqonia da romelnic misi nebiT vera-
sodes Seisxamdnen xorcs. avtori iZulebulia aRiaros, rom
am dros misi sakuTari `me~ metyvelebs, misi uSinaganesi buneba
warmoaCens Tavs da iseT rameebs axmovanebs, rasac TviTon ve-
rasodes ityoda. mas SeuZlia mxolod daemorCilos da mihyves
am aSkarad ucxo impulss, grZnobs ra, rom misi nawarmoebi TviT
29
masze metia da amitomac Zalmomreobs avtorze, romelsac ar
ZaluZs am Zalas rame ukarnaxos. aq avtori ukve aRar aris Semoq-
medebiTi procesis identuri; is xvdeba, rom Tavisi Txzulebis
qvemoT aRmoCnda anda, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, mis gverdiT, rogorc
sxva pirovneba, ucxo nebis magiur wreSi moxvedrili.
roca xelovnebis fsiqologiaze vsaubrobT, uwinares yov-
lisa mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT Semoqmedebis am ori, erT-
maneTisgan savsebiT gansxvavebuli saxeobis arseboba, vinaidan
am gamijvnas didi mniSvneloba aqvs xelovnebis nawarmoebze
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis msjelobisTvis. am gansxvavebas jer ki-
dev Sileri grZnobda; man, rogorc cnobilia, scada igi gamo-
exata sentimentalurisa da naivuris cnebaTa SemotaniT. am
terminebis SerCeva albaT imis Sedegia, rom mas umTavresad po-
eturi Semoqmedeba hqonda mxedvelobaSi. fsiqologi `sentimenta-
luris~ nacvlad introvertuls gamoiyenebda, xolo `naivuris~
magivrad – eqstravertuls. introvertuli damokidebuleba
imiT xasiaTdeba, rom am dros subieqti Tavis Tavsa da Tavis
Segnebul zraxvebsa Tu miznebs obieqtis nebis sawinaaRmdegod
ganaxorcielebs, maSin roca eqstravertuli mimarTebisas su-
bieqti emorCileba im moTxovnebs, rasac obieqti karnaxobs mas.
Cemi TvalsazrisiT, Sileris dramebi swor warmodgenas gviqmnis
introvertuli damokidebulebis Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc misi
leqsebis umetesoba. maTSi masala poetis ganzraxvis Sesabamisad
aris daZleuli. eqstravertuli damokidebulebis kargi nimuSia
[goeTes] `faustis~ meore nawili. iq masala aSkarad gamoirCeva
urCobiT. ufro ukeTes magaliTs warmoadgens nicSes `zaratus-
tra~, sadac avtori TviTonve acxadebs, `erTi orad~ iqcao.
Cemi msjelobidan albaT ukve sagrZnobia fsiqologiuri
Tvalsazrisis rogori cvalebadoba moxda, rodesac saubari wa-
moviwye ara poetze rogorc pirovnebaze, aramed SemoqmedebiT
procesze. interesis aqcentma am ukanasknelze gadainacvla, ma-
Sin roca pirveli yuradRebas imsaxurebs mxolod rogorc ma-
reagirebeli obieqti. es savsebiT naTelia iq, sadac avtoris
cnobiereba aRar aris SemoqmedebiTi procesis identuri; pir-
vel SemTxvevaSi ki TiTqosda amis sruliad sapirispiro ram
xdeba: aq avtori TviTon aris Semoqmedi, igi qmnis sakuTari Tav-
isufali nebis Sesabamisad, yovelgvari iZulebis gareSe. is dar-
wmunebulia, rom Tavisufalia da verc imas aTqmevineb, TiTqos
30
misi qmnileba marto misi sakuTari nebisa da unaris gamoxatu-
leba ar iyos.
aq Cven vawydebiT sakiTxs, romelzec SeuZlebelia pasuxis
gacema, Tuki marto poetTa Cvenebebs daveyrdnobiT; vinaidan es
marTlac rom mecnieruli problemaa, romlis gadawyveta mxo-
lod fsiqologias ZaluZs. adre ukve miganiSneT imis Taobaze,
rom, is poetic, vinc TiTqosda sakuTari nebiT qmnis da wers
imas, rac Segnebulad surs, SesaZloa im zomiT iyos Sepyrobili
SemoqmedebiTi impulsis mier, veRarc ki ixsenebdes, sxva ram rom
surda; iseve rogorc meore tipi sakuTar nebas TiTqosda ucxo
inspiraciis pirobebSi uSualod SeigrZnobs, Tumca am inspira-
ciisas Tavisi `me~-s xma mkafiod Caesmis. poetis darwmunebulo-
ba, rom is sruliad Tavisuflad qmnis, SesaZloa misi cnobierebis
iluzia aRmoCndes: mas eCveneba, TiTqos micuravs, sinamdvileSi
ki uxilavi nakadi miaqanebs.
es daeWveba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris yuriT moTreuli
sakiTxi, igi analitikuri fsiqologiis mier damtkicebuli faq-
tia. gamokvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom arsebobs uamravi saSualeba,
romelTa meoxebiT aracnobieri aramarto zegavlenas axdens
cnobierebaze, aramed mTlianad marTavs mas. amrigad eWvi gamar-
Tlebulia. magram gvaqvs Tu ara im varaudis damadasturebeli
sabuTi, rom naTel gonebaze myofi poetic SesaZloa Tavisi
Txzulebis tyveobaSi imyofebodes? es sabuTi SesaZloa ori
saxisa iyos: pirdapiri da iribi. pirdapir sabuTad gamodgeboda
poeti, romelic darwmunebulia, rom icis, rasac ambobs, magram
sinamdvileSi mets ambobs, vidre hgonia. aseTi SemTxvevebi arc-
Tu iSviaTia. iribi sabuTebi SesaZloa movipovoT im SemTxveveb-
Si, rodesac poetis moCvenebiTi keTili nebis miRma umaRlesi
brZaneba (`Sen unda...~) dgas, romelic kvlav wamoayenebs Tavis
mbrZaneblur moTxovnas, Tuki poeti TviTneburad Sewyvets Se-
moqmedebiTs process, anda Seuqmnis mas fizikur siZneleebs,
romelTa gamoc igi iZulebuli iqneba Sewyvitos muSaoba saku-
Tari nebis sawinaaRmdegod.
xelovan adamianTa Sinagani samyaros praqtikuli analizis
procesi kvlav da kvlav warmoaCens raoden Zlieria aracnobi-
eridan momdinare SemoqmedebiTi impulsis Zala, da mis Wirveul
da TviTnebur xasiaTsac. did xelovanTa biografiebidan mkafi-
od moCans, rom SemoqmedebiTi Sromis moTxovnileba aramarto
metismetad Zlieria, aramed gavlenas axdens maTs adamianur
31
Tvisebebzec, yvelafers SemoqmedebiT Sromas umorCilebs, rac
janmrTelobisa da Cveulebrivi adamianuri bednierebis xarj-
zec ki xdeba! xelovanis sulSi arsebuli dauwereli nawarmoebi
– es aris stiqiuri Zala, romelic gamosavals an tiranuli Za-
lisxmevis wyalobiT poulobs, an kidev bunebis daxvewili mo-
xerxebulobis meoxebiT, da savsebiT gulgrilia im adamianis
pirovnuli av-kargisadmi, romelic SemoqmedebiTi muxtis ma-
tarebelia. SemoqmedebiTi muxti (Das Schöpferische) cocxlobs da
izrdeba adamianSi, rogorc xe niadagSi, saidanac is sakvebs mo-
ipovebs. albaT ar SevcdebiT, Tuki SemoqmedebiT process ganvi-
xilavT rogorc cocxal arsebas, romelic adamianis fsiqikaSia
Canergili. analitikuri fsiqologiis enaze am cocxal arsebas
avtonomiuri kompleqsi ewodeba. es fsiqikas momsxvreuli nate-
xia, romelic Tavisi cxovrebiT cxovrobs cnobierebis ierar-
qiis miRma da, Tavisi energetikuli muxtis siZlieris Sesabami-
sad, man SeiZleba Tavi iCinos rogorc Segnebuli aqtiurobis
moSlilobam an kidev umaRlesma instanciam, romelsac ZaluZs
`ego~ daimorCilos Tavisi miznis misaRwevad. Sesabamisad, aR-
moCndeba, rom, im poets, romelic Tavisi Tavis identifikacias
axdens SemoqmedebiT procesTan, Tavidanve far-xmali dauyria,
rogorc ki aracnobieris brZaneba miuRia. magram sxva poets,
romelic SemoqmedebiT muxts lamis ucxo Zalad miiCnevs, ama Tu
im mizeziT ar SeuZlia misTvis Tanxmobis micema da gaognebuli
rCeba masze ucxo Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo.
mosalodnelia, rom warmoSobis sxvadasxvaoba TviTon nawar-
moebsac daetyoba. amgvarad, erT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs winas-
warganzraxul, cnobierad Seqmnil produqciasTan, garkveuli
efeqtis misaRwevad formirebulTan da damuSavebulTan. ma-
gram meore SemTxvevaSi Cven winaSea movlena, romelic dasabams
aracnobier bunebaSi iRebs da mizans adamianuri cnobierebis
gareSe, zogjer ki misi nebis sawinaaRmdegodac, aRwevs, xolo
formasa da efeqts TviTneburad irCevs. amrigad, pirveli tipis
nawarmoebisgan Cven ar unda velodoT rame iseTs, rac cnobieri
gagebis sazRvrebs scildeba, igi avtoris Canafiqris farglebSi
amowuravs sakuTar Tavs da arafers imaze mets ar ambobs, rac av-
torma Cado masSi. magram, roca saqme gvaqvs meore tipis nawar-
moebTan, mzad unda viyoT raRac zepirovnulTan Sesaxvedrad,
romelic cnobieri gagebis sazRvrebs im manZiliT gadalaxavs,
ra manZiliTac avtoris cnobierebaa daSorebuli SemoqmedebiT
32
process. mzad unda viyoT uCveulo saxesa da formasTan, intu-
iciurad aRsaqmel azrebTan, mniSvnelobebiT dayursul enasTan
Sesaxvedrad, romlis cnebebi WeSmarit simboloTa tolfasia,
radganac isini yvelaze ukeT gamoxataven ucnobs, da uxilav
Soreul napirTan damakavSirebel xidebs warmoadgenen.
es kriteriumebi ZiriTadad marTebulia. rodesac udavod
mizandasaxul nawarmoebebs vxvdebiT, Segnebulad SerCeuli ma-
saliT Seqmnils, vxedavT, rom isini pirvel kategorias miekuT-
vnebian, da, Sesabamisad, sxva SemTxvevaSi – meore kategoriasTan
gveqneba saqme. CvenTvis ukve kargad cnobili magaliTi magaliTi
– Sileris dramebi, erTi mxriv, da `faustis~ meore nawili an kidev
ukeTesi `zaratustra~, meore mxriv, naTqvamis kargi ilustra-
ciaa. magram me ver vikisrebdi, CemTvis ucnobi poetis nawarmo-
ebi ise mimekuTvnebina ama Tu im kategoriisTvis, Tuki sakuTar
qmnilebasTan mis damokidebulebas ar Seviswavlidi. sakmarisi
ar aris imis codna, introvertia esa Tu is poeti Tu eqstraver-
ti, vinaidan orive tipi erT momentSi SeiZleba eqstravertuli
tipiseburad qmnides, xolo meore momentSi – introvertuli
tipiseburad. SilerTan es gansakuTrebiT kargad maSin SeiniS-
neba, roca erTmaneTs vadarebT mis piesebsa da misive filosofi-
ur qmnilebebs, anda formis mxriv srulyofil goeTes poetur
qmnilebebs da mis brZolas saTqmelis Camosaqnelad `faustis~
meore nawilSi, an kidev nicSes aforizmebsa da misive `zaratus-
tras~ uwyvet nakads. erTsa da imave poets SesaZloa yoveli Ta-
visi nawarmoebisadmi gansxvavebuli mimarTeba hqondes, da amaze
unda iyos damokidebuli, Tu ra sazoms gamoviyenebT.
rogorc vxedavT, es sakiTxi usaSvelod rTulia. magram ki-
dev ufro rTulad aris saqme, Tuki zemoT moyvanil msjelobas
im poets mivuyenebT, romelic SemoqmedebiT procesTan identu-
ria. vinaidan, Tuki aRmoCndeba, rom muSaobis cnobieri da mizan-
mimarTuli meTodi poetis subieqturi iluzia yofila, maSin
nawarmoebs unda moepovebodes simboluri Tvisebebi, romlebic
ganusazRvrelobaSi gadadis da Tanadroul cnobierebas scil-
deba. miT ufro dafaruli es Tvisebebi imis gamoa, rom arc mkiTx-
vels ZaluZs gascdes avtoris cnobierebis farglebs, romelic
Tavisi drois suliT aris SezRuduli, vinaidan isic Tanadro-
uli cnobierebis farglebSi moZraobs da arafriT ar SeuZlia
Tavisi samyaros miRma ipovos arqimedes wertili, romelze
dayrdnobiTac igi Tanadroul cnobierebas aayiravebda, sxvag-
33
varad Tu vityviT: aseTi tipis nawarmoebSi simbolos amoicnob-
da. simbolo ki gvamcnobs Cveni aRqmisTvis miuwvdomeli ufro
maRali azris arsebobis SesaZleblobas da masze migvaniSnebs.
es, rogorc vTqviT, delikaturi sakiTxia. igi mxolod imitom
wamovWeri, rom ar msurs Cemi tipizaciiT davaknino xelovne-
bis im nawarmoebTa mniSvneloba, romelnic TiTqosda imaze mets
arafers niSnavs, razedac maTSia laparaki. magram xSirad vyo-
filvarT imis mowmeni, rom poets uecrad xelaxla aRmoaCenen. es
maSin xdeba, rodesac Cveni cnobierebis ganviTareba ufro maRal
safexurze adis, da am gadmosaxedidan Zveli poeti raRac axals
gveubneba. es saTqmeli yovelTvis arsebobda mis nawarmoebSi, ma-
gram dafaruli simbolo iyo, romlis amokiTxva mxolod droe-
bis sulis ganaxlebis meSveobiT xdeba SesaZlebeli. aucile-
beli iyo axali TvaliT Segvexeda nawarmoebisTvis, imitom, rom
Zveleburi mzera mxolod imas xedavda, ris danaxvasac miCveuli
iyo. msgavsma gamocdilebebma sifrTxile unda SegvZinos, rad-
gan isini Cems zemoT warmodgenil mosazrebas adastureben. ma-
gram aSkarad simboluri nawarmoebebi ar moiTxoven aseT faqiz
midgomas, azriT gajerebuli maTi ena TviTon mogvZaxis: me imaze
meti maqvs saTqmeli, vidre vambobo. Cven SegviZlia TiTi dava-
doT simbolos maSinc ki, roca misi damakmayofilebeli axsna ar
ZalgviZs. simbolo mudmiv Temad (Vorwurf) rCeba Cveni azrebisa da
grZnobebisaTvis. albaT amiT aixsneba is, rom simboluri nawar-
moebi metad aRgvafrTovanebs, metad SegviZravs xolme suls, da
amitom iSviaTad mivyavarT wminda esTetikur tkbobamde, maSin,
roca aSkarad arasimboluri nawarmoebi bevrad met sazrdos
aZlevs esTetikur aRqmas, vinaidan is srulyofilebis harmoni-
uli Wvretis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
SeiZleba mkiTxoT, ra wvlili Seitana analitikurma fsiqo-
logiam mxatvruli Semoqmedebis fundamenturi amocanis, Semoq-
medebis saidumlos amoxsnis saqmeSi? yovelive, rac vTqviT, xom
fsiqikuri fenomenologiaa da sxva araferi. ramdenadac `ara-
vis ZaluZs SeaRwios bunebis gulis gulSi~*, nurc Cveni fsiqo-
logiisgan moveliT SeuZlebels, kerZod ki, sicocxlis diadi
saidumlos amomwurav axsnas, saidumlosi, romelsac uSualod
SevigrZnobT xelovnebis qmnilebaSi. yvela sxva mecnierebis
msgavsad, fsiqologiasac mxolod mokrZalebuli wvlili Seaqvs

* citirebulia poetis, eqimisa da bunebismetyvelis, albrext fon haleris

(1708-1777) sityvebi: `Ins Innre der Natur dringt kein erschaffner Geist~ (mTargm.)
34
cxovrebis fenomenTa ukeT wvdomis saqmeSi, magram absolutur
codnas igi imaze metad ver miuaxlovdeba, vidre amas mecniere-
bis sxva dargebi axerxeben.
Cven imdeni vilaparakeT xelovnebis nawarmoebis azrisa da
mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb, rom SesaZloa uneblieT dagveuflos eW-
vi marTla `niSnavs~ ki rames xelovneba? iqneb xelovneba arc
arafers `niSnavs~, arc araviTari `azri~ ar gaaCnia, yovel SemTx-
vevaSi ara iseTi, rogorsac Cven aq vgulisxmobT. SesaZloa, igi
bunebas hgavdes, romelic ubralod arsebobs da mets arafers
`niSnavs~. aris ki `mniSvneloba~ aucileblad ufro meti ram,
vidre oden axsna-ganmarteba, `Casaidumloebuli~ (`hineingeheim-
nißt~) azrs daxarbebuli inteleqtis mier? xelovneba, SeiZlebo-
da gveTqva, silamazea da es aris misi TviTkmari funqcia. is ar
saWiroebs azrs, imitom rom xelovnebis mimarT azris sakiTxi ar
daismis. Tu me xelovnebis farglebSi vrCebi, maSin am msjelobis
WeSmariteba unda vaRiaro. magram roca me vlaparakob xelovne-
basTan fsiqologiis mimarTebaze, Cven xelovnebis sferos saz-
Rvrebs miRma vdgavarT, da maSin sxva gza ara gvaqvs – spekulacias
unda mivmarToT, interpretacia unda movaxdinoT, raTa sagnebma
mniSvneloba SeiZinon, sxvagvarad maT, ubralod, ver moviaz-
rebT. TviTkmari cxovreba da movlenebi saxeebad, mniSvnelobe-
bad, cnebebad unda davSaloT, rac arsebiTad gvaSorebs cocx-
al saidumlos. vidre xelovnebis tyveobaSi vimyofebiT, verc
verafers vxedavT da arc araferi gvesmis, verc unda gavigoT,
vinaidan uSualo gancdisTvis araferia imaze saziano da da-
mangreveli, vidre Semecneba. magram SemecnebisaTvis Semoqmede-
biTs process unda gavemijnoT da garedan SevxedoT mas, mxolod
amis Semdeg SeiZleba iqces is xatad, romelic mniSvnelobebs
iZens. maSin aramarto ufleba gvaqvs, aramed valdebulic varT
azrze vilaparakoT. is, rac adre ubralo fenomeni iyo, axla
iseT raRacad gardaiqmneba, rac sxva fenomenebTan erTianobaSi
raRacas niSnavs, raRacas, rac garkveul rols TamaSobs, garkve-
ul miznebs emsaxureba, azrian zemoqmedebas axdens. da roca amg-
vari ramis momswre vxdebiT, gviCndeba SegrZneba, rom raRac gavi-
geT da avxseniT. amgvarad sruldeba mecnierebis moTxovnebi.
zemoT Cven xelovnebis nawarmoebi masazrdoebeli niadagi-
dan amozrdil xes SevadareT, SegveZlo ufro gavrcelebuli
Sedarebac gamogveyenebina – ise mwifdeba, rogorc bavSvi dedis
mucelSi. magram, vinaidan yvela Sedareba moikoWlebs, modiT,
35
metaforebs SeveSvaT da ufro zust, mecnierul terminologias
mivmarToT. SegaxsenebT, rom Seqmnis procesSi (in statu nascendi)
myof nawarmoebs me avtonomiuri kompleqsi vuwode. am cnebiT
aRniSnaven yovel fsiqikur warmonaqmns, romelic jer mTlad
gaucnobiereblad viTardeba da mxolod im momentidan gad-
adis cnobierebaSi, rodesac cnobierebis zRvrul maCvenebels
(Schwellenwert) miaRweves. cnobierebasTan misi SekavSireba ar niS-
navs cnobierebis mier mis asimilirebas, es mxolod aRqmaa (Perzep-
tion), rac imas niSnavs, rom, avtonomiuri kompleqsi ki aRiqmeba,
magram cnobier kontrols – Sekavebas (Hemmung) da TviTnebur
(willkürlich) reproduqcias – ar emorCileba. kompleqsis avtonomi-
uroba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi Tavs iCens da qreba im
dros da imgvarad, rogorc es misTvis Sinaganad damaxasiaTebel
tendenciebs Sesabameba; is cnobierebis nebisagan damoukidebe-
lia. es Tavisebureba anaTesavebs SemoqmedebiT kompleqss yve-
la sxva avtonomiur kompleqsTan. amasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba
analogia avadmyofur fsiqikur procesebTan, rakiRa swored
maT axasiaTebT avtonomiuri kompleqsebi, metadre es exeba su-
lier aSlilobebs. xelovanis RvTaebrivi siSmage saxifaTod uax-
lovdeba avadmyofur mdgomareobasTan, magram misi identuri ar
aris. msgavseba avtonomiuri kompleqsis arsebobaSi mdgomare-
obs. magram maTi arseboba TavisTavad ar warmoadgens daavade-
bas, vinaidan normaluri adamianebi met-naklebi xangrZlivobiT
SesaZloa moeqcnen avtonomiuri kompleqsebis zegavlenis qveS.
es gaxlavT, ubralod, fsiqikis erT-erTi normaluri Tavisebu-
reba, da adamiani, romelmac araferi icis Tavisi avtonomiuri
kompleqsis Sesaxeb, ubralod, aracnobieris moqmedebis ufro
maRali donis demonstrirebas axdens. yovel met-naklebad
diferencirebul tipobriv pozicias (Einstellung) aqvs miswrafeba
imisken, rom avtonomiur kompleqsad iqces, da Zalian xSirad
asec xdeba. garda amisa, yovelgvari instinqti ama Tu im zomiT
iCens avtonomiuri kompleqsisTvis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas.
amgvarad, TavisTavad avtonomiuri kompleqsi avadmyofobas ar
niSnavs; mxolod misi gaxSirebuli da Semawuxebeli gamovlinebaa
daavadebis simptomi.
rogor warmoiqmneba avtonomiuri kompleqsi? mizezTa gamo –
romelTa gamowvlilviT ganxilva axla Zalian Sors wagviyvanda –
fsiqikis manamde aracnobieri ubani aqtiurdeba; gamococxlebis
Semdeg igi viTardeba da izrdeba monaTesave asociaciebis Semo-
36
erTebis Sedegad. saamisod saWiro energia, bunebrivia, cnobi-
erebisgan miiReba, Tu am ukanasknels kompleqsTan identifici-
reba ar urCevnia. magram Tu es ar xdeba, maSin saqme imasTan gvaqvs,
rasac Jane (Janet) `abaissement du niveau mental~*-s uwodebs. Segnebu-
li aqtivobis da interesTa sferos intensivoba TandaTan klebu-
lobs, rasac an apaTiamde mivyavarT _ rac Zalian kargad nacnobi
ram aris xelovanTaTvis – an cnobieri funqciebis regresiamde,
rasac isini dahyavs infantilur da arqaul donemde, degenera-
cias rom mogvagonebs. `Parties inférieures des fonctions~** wina planze
gamodian: instinqturi jabnis eTikur, naivur-infantiluri –
awon-dawonils, zrdasruls, araadaptirebuli – adaptirebuls.
esec cnobilia bevri xelovanis cxovrebidan. pirovnebis Seg-
nebuli marTvisTvis gankuTvnili am energiis xarjze izrdeba
avtonomiuri kompleqsi.
magram risgan Sedgeba avtonomiuri SemoqmedebiTi kompleq-
si? amis Sesaxeb Cven jerjerobiT sruliad araferi viciT, vina-
idan dasrulebuli qmnileba Tavis safuZvlebSi ar gvaxedebs.
nawarmoebi gvaZlevs saboloo suraTs ufarToesi gagebiT. es
suraTi imdenad eqvemdebareba analizs, rom masSi simbolos Sec-
noba SevZloT. magram Tu ver vaxerxebT nawarmoebSi simboluri
mniSvneloba aRmovaCinoT, maSin vambobT, rom igi, yovel SemTx-
vevaSi – CvenTvis, mxolod imas niSnavs, rac masSi pirdapir aris
naTQqvami, anu, sxva sityvebiT, is CvenTvis mxolod is aris, radac
gveCveneba. me imitom vsargeblob sityviT `gveCveneba~, rom SesaZ-
loa Cveni subieqturoba gviSlides xels ufro zustad aRqmaSi.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseT dros ver vpoulobT amosaval wertils
an xelCasaWids analizisTvis. magram simboluri nawarmoebis
SemTxvevaSi gagvaxsendeba gerhard hauptmanis gamonaTqvami:
`poeturi teqstis Seqmna niSnavs sityvebs miRma pirvelqmnili
sityva aaJRero~***. fsiqologiis enaze Cveni pirveli SekiTxva ase
Camoyalibdeba: koleqtiuri aracnobieris romel pirvelqmnil
xatze SeiZleba daviyvanoT xelovnebis nawarmoebSi warmodge-
nili suraTi?
es kiTxva mravalmxriv ganmartebas moiTxovs. rogorc ukve
vTqvi, me aq simbolur mxatvrul nawarmoebze maqvs laparaki da

* inteleqtis donis daqveiTeba (frang.)

��`fuqciaTa qveda nawilebi~ (frang.)
���dedanSia: „Dichten heißt hinter Worten das Urwort klingen lassen~.
37
Tanac iseTze, romlis dasabami avtoris pirovnul aracnobierSi
ki ar unda veZioT, aramed aracnobieri miTologiis im sferoSi,
romlis pirvelyofili xatebani saerTosakacobrio sakuTrebas
warmoadgens. me am sferos koleqtiuri aracnobieri davarqvi,
raTa ganmesxvavebina igi pirovnuli aracnobierisgan, romelsac
me ganvixilav rogorc im fsiqikur procesTa da SinaarsTa er-
Tobliobas, romelnic SesaZloa gacnobierdnen, rac xSirad xde-
ba kidec, magram TavianTi SeuTavseblobis gamo isini ganidevne-
bian da xelovnurad xdeba maTi gadamalva cnobierebis zRurbls
qvemoT. am sferodanac miedineba wyaroebi xelovnebisken, mag-
ram es mRvrie wyaroebia, romlebic, Tuki Warboben, xelovnebis
nawarmoebs simboluris nacvlad simptomaturad aqceven. xe-
lovnebis es saxesxvaoba SegviZlia daunaneblad gadavulocoT
froidiseul safaRaraTo meTodebs.
pirovnuli aracnobierisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic cno-
bierebis zRurblqveS mdebare SedarebiT zedapirul fenas war-
moadgens, koleqtiur aracnobiers Cveulebriv pirobebSi ar aqvs
unari gacnobierebul iqnes, da arc misi `gaxseneba~ xerxdeba
analitikuri teqnikis gamoyenebiT, vinaidan is gandevnili da
daviwyebuli ar gaxlavT. TavisTavad koleqtiuri aracnobieri
sulac ar arsebobs, is mxolod SesaZleblobaa, SesaZlebloba,
romelic Cven uxsovari droidan gadmogvyva mnemonikuri xate-
bis an, anatomiurad Tu vityviT, tvinis struqturis saxiT. ar
arsebobs Tandayolili warmodgenebi, magram arsebobs war-
modgenaTa Tandayolili SesaZleblobani, romlebic yvelaze
gabedul fantaziasac ki sazRvars udeben, fantaziis qmedebas,
ase vTqvaT, kategoriebis CarCoebSi aqceven, es erTgvari apri-
oruli ideebia, romelTa arseboba gamocdilebis gareSe ver
moiazreba. isini Tavs iCenen mxolod formirebul masalaSi,
viTarca maregulirebeli principebi, romlebic am formire-
bas gansazRvraven, anu mxolod ukve dasrulebul nawarmoebze
dayrdnobiT SegviZlia pirvelyofili xatis primitiuli nimuSis
(primitive Vorlage) aRdgena.
pirvelyofili xati, anu arqetipi, es erTgvari figuraa de-
monis, adamianis an procesisa, romelic istoriis msvlelobaSi
iq meordeba, sadac SemoqmedebiTi fantazia Tavisuflad Slis
frTebs. amgvarad, es uwinares yovlisa miTologiuri figu-
raa. am xatebs ufro gulmodgined Tu davakvirdebiT, aRmova-
CenT, rom isini garkveulwilad winaparTa mTeli wyebis uricxv
38
tipur gamocdilebaTa veqtorebis jams warmoadgenen. es xatebi
ramdenadme erTi da imave tipis uricx gancdaDTa fsiqikuri da-
naleqia. isini milionobiT individualur gamocdilebas gasa-
Sualebulad aRweren da amgvarad fsiqikuri cxovrebis suraTs
iZlevian, miTologiuri pandemoniumis uamrav figurad dana-
wevrebuls da proecirebuls. magram miTologiuri figurebic
TavisTavad SemoqmedebiTi fantaziis nayofni arian da cnebaTa
enaze gadaTargmnas elian, rac didi jafis Sedegad ukve dawye-
bulia. cnebebi, romlebic jer kidev SemuSavebis procesSia, pir-
velyofili xatebis safuZvelSi mimdinare aracnobieri proces-
ebis abstraqtul mecnierul gagebas SegvaZlebineben. TiToeuli
es xati Seicavs adamianuri fsiqologiisa da adamianuri bed-iR-
blis mcireoden nawils, im sixarulisa da mwuxarebis kvals, Cve-
ni winaprebis cxovrebaSi uTvalavjer rom gameorebula da Ziri-
Tadad erTi yaidisa iyo. es TiTqos Rrma kalapotia, Cvens sulSi
gayvanili, romelSic cxovreba, uwin gaubedavad rom moedine-
boda farTo, magram TavTxel nakadad, uecrad mZlavr mdinared
gadaiqceva, roca ki is viTarebebi waewyobian erTmaneTs, odiT-
ganve rom monawileobdnen pirvelyofil xatis warmoqmnaSi.
is momenti, romelSic es miTologiuri situacia Seiqmneba,
yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli emociuri intensivobiT gamoirCe-
va; TiTqosda Cven SigniT aJRerda simebi, romelTac manamde
arasodes xma ar gamouciaT, anda Zalebi, romelTa arsebobis
Sesaxeb warmodgena ar gvqonda, uecrad gaTavisufldnen. adap-
taciisaTvis brZola imis gamoa esoden mZime, rom Cven gamudme-
biT vawydebiT individualur, anu aratipur, situaciebs. amitom
ra gasakviria, rom, roca tipuri situacia warmoiqmneba, uecrad
uzarmazar Svebas vgrZnobT, TiTqos raRacam agvitata, TiTqos
yovliswamlekavma Zalam dagvria xeli. amgvar SemTxvevebSi Cven
individebi (Einzelwesen) ki aRara varT, aramed – saxeoba (Gattung),
mTeli kacobriobis xma ismis CvenSi. calkeul adamians ar xele-
wifeba srulad gamoiyenos Tavisi Zalebi im koleqtiur warmod-
genaTa daxmarebis gareSe, romelTac idealebs vuwodebT; isini
aTavisufleben instinqtis im Zalebs, romlebic Cveulebrivi
cnobieri nebisTvis miuwvdomelni arian. yvelaze efeqturi is
idealebia, romlebic arqetipis met-naklebad gamWvirvale vari-
antebs warmoadgenen, rasac is adasturebs, rom amgvari ideale-
bis alegorizacia advilad xdeba; magaliTad, samSoblo ro-
gorc deda; Tumca alegorias ar miewereba is mamoZravebeli Zala
39
(Motivkraft), romelic samSoblos ideis simboluri faseulobidan
momdinareobs. arqetips aq warmoadgens primitiuli adamianis
mistikuri ziarebuloba (participation mystique) miwasTan, romel-
zec is cxovrobs da romelSic ganisveneben misi winaprebi. ucxo-
eTi ubadrukobaa.
nebismieri urTierToba arqetipTan, gancdili Tu mxolod
sityvieri, `gulis SemZvrelia~ anu zemoqmedebs, radganac is
Cvens sakuTar xmaze mZlavr xmas aametyvelebs CvenSi. vinc pirve-
lyofili xatebiT metyvelebs, is aTasi xmiT metyvelebs, Segv-
Zravs da gvatyvevebs, da amavdroulad imas, rasac is aRniSnavs,
erTjeradidan da warmavalidan maradiulis sferomde amaRlebs,
is Cvens pirad bed-iRbals kacobriobis bed-iRblad gardaqmnis
da CvenSi keTilismyofel Zalebs aRviZebs, romlebic mudam ex-
marebodnen kacobriobas Tavi daeRwia nebismieri safrTxisTvis
da uxangrZlivesi Ramec ki gadaetana.
amaSi mdgomareobs xelovnebis zemoqmedebis saidumlo. Se-
moqmedebiTi procesi, ramdenadac misTvis Tvalis midevneba
SegviZlia, arqetipis aracnobier gamococxlebaSi da mere mis
gaSlasa da dasrulebul nawarmoebad formirebaSi mdgomareobs.
pirvelqmnili xatisTvis xorcis Sesxma garkveulwilad dRe-
vandelobis enaze misi Targmnaa, rac, ase vTqvaT, sayoveloTaod
SesaZlebels xdis, vipovoT gza cxovrebis uRrmesi sawyisebis-
ken, romlebic uamisod damarxuli iqneboda. amaSi mdgomareobs
xelovnebis socialuri mniSvneloba: igi gamudmebiT wvrTnis
epoqis suls, qmnis formebs, romlebic epoqis suls yvelaze
metad aklia. xelovanis swrafva ukuiqceva awmyoseuli dauk-
mayofileblobidan aracnobieris im pirvelxatisken, romelic
saukeTesod gamodgeba epoqis sulis naklulovnebisa da cal-
mxrivobis sakompensaciod. moixelTebs ra am xats, amoaqvs igi
aracnobieris siRrmidan da cnobierebas uaxloebs, amasobaSi
ki ise gardaqmnis mas, rom Tanamedroveebma TavTavianT unar-
Ta Sesabamisad aRiqvan igi. xelovnebis nawarmoebis saxe Se-
saZlebels xdis amovicnoT im epoqis xasiaTi, romelSic is
Seiqmna. ras niSnavs realizmi da naturalizmi Sesabamisi epo-
qebisTvis? ras niSnavs romantizmi? ras niSnavs elinizmi? eseni
xelovnebis mimdinareobebia, romlebmac Sves is, rac ama Tu im
sulier atmosferos yvelaze metad esaWiroeboda. xelovani
viTarca aRmzrdeli Tavisi epoqisa – dResdReobiT amis TGaobaze
dausruleblad SeiZleba laparaki.
40
 xalxebsa da epoqebs, rogorc calkeul individebs, TavianTi
damaxasiaTebeli ideuri mimarTulebebi da poziciebi aqvT. TviT
sityva pozicia (Einstellung) migvaniSnebs aucilebel camxrivoba-
ze, romliTac TiToeuli mimarTuleba aris aRbeWdili. sadac
mimarTulebaa, iq gankerZoebulobacaa. xolo gankerZoebuloba
imas niSnavs, rom fsiqikur elementTa garkveul raodenobas,
romelTac SeeZloT Tavisi roli eTamaSaT, arsebobis ufleba
warTmeuli aqvT imis gamo, rom saerTo pozicias ar Seesatyvise-
bian. normalur adamians SeuZlia uvneblad iaros saerTo mi-
marTulebiT; magram is adamiani, romelic SemovliT gzebs
amjobinebs, vinaidan farTo gzatkecils ver egueba, pirvel yov-
lisa imas SeamCnevs, rac gzatkecilidan moSorebiT Zevs da arse-
bobis nebarTvas elis. xelovanis adaptirebulobis SefardebiTi
nakluloba mis namdvil upiratesobad iqceva, es mas saSualebas
aZlevs gzatkecilidan moSorebiT darCes, Tavis swrafvas mis-
dios da is ipovos, rac sxvebs akliaT, oRond amis Sesaxeb araferi
ician. rogorc calkeul individTa cnobieri poziciis calmx-
rivoba wonaswordeba aracnobieri reaqciebiT, aseve xelovneba
warmoadgens sulieri TviTregulaciis pro-cess erebisa da epo-
qebis cxovrebaSi.
vici, rom erTi leqciis farglebSi Cemi Sexedulebebis
TqvenTvis gaziareba mxolod Zalze zogadad da eskizurad Sev-
Zeli. magram vimedovneb, rom yovelives, risi Tqmac ver mova-
xerxe, kerZod, poeturi qmnilebisadmi am ideebis konkretuli
misadagebis sakiTxs, Tqven TviTon gaiazrebdiT da am gziT Seas-
xamdiT xorcs Cems abstraqtul msjelobas.

germanulidan Targmna levan bregaZem.

C. G. Jung. Gesammelte Werke 15.

Patmos-Walter-Verlag Düsseldorf, 1971, S. 75-96.

41
vaxtang kotetiSvili
(1893–1937)

aleqsandre yazbegis Semoqmedeba

mecxramete saukunis qarTulma poeziam miagno or mwer-

vals, romelnic ucxod sdganan saerTo literaturis sivrceze.
yvela sxva Cvens mwerals SeiZleba mouZebnoT Tund Soreulad
msgavsi avtori saqarTvelos gareSe, magram vaJa-fSavela da yaz-
begi ki sruliad ganmartoebiT darCebian. xolo is simaRleebi
ki, romelzedac maT aiyvanes qarTuli sityva da poeturi gzneba,
darCebian rogorc qarTul sulis gamZleobis da sididis niSne-
bi. msoflio literaturaSi, bevri mxatvris genia dahqanca mTis
saidumloebam. romeli didi poeti iyo, rom xarki ar moixada am
miukarebel saswaulis winaSe, magram romelma SesZlo kldeTa
eniT ametyveleba? vin iyo is rCeuli, romelmac SeaRo am saidum-
loebis karebi? me mgonia rom aravin.
msoflio literaturaSi vaJa da yazbegi ganmartoebiT arian,
da maTTanve aris mTas Sefarebuli qarTuli sulic. metad Zne-
lia mTasTan misvla. iq sul sxvagvari gancdebia, Taviseburi azri
da nebis-yofa. iq xalxi amiranis amalas CamorCenilebiviT arian
mdevis nafexurebze mimofantulni. iq sicocxlec sxvanairia da
sikvdilic TiTqos ufro advili. iq erTgvari panTeonia, sadac
Zveli sulis ganZeuloba inaxeba Tamaris saflaviviT.
vaJa da yazbegi, es ori poeti mividnen mTasTan xevis dekano-
zebiviT, mxolod im garCeviT, rom vaJa religiiT mivida, yazbegi
ki eTikiT. vaJa mTebis janySi hxedavda laSars da loculobda,
yazbegi ki mTaSi kacs eZebda da aficebda xanjals da Zmobas. ai
aq ismis igiv moraluri xma, romelic al. yazbegs aTrTolebda
bavSobidanve, da romelic saxlidan gaaqcevda. es gaqceva zemod
movixsenie rogorc al. yazbegis SemoqmedebisaTvis metad damax-
asiaTebeli faqti. da marTalic aris. misi Semoqmedeba, gaqcevaa
Tavidan bolomde. Cven aq SeuZlebelia uneblieT ar mogvagon-
des baironis paraleli, romelic swerda: „gaqceva Cemi Tavisa-
gan yovelTvis iyo erTad erTi mizezi Cemi mwerlobisa“ es niS-
navda “imav gonebriv moZraobis gagrZelebas, romelic umisod
Tavs damatydeboda“-o. amave sityvebiT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
yazbegis mwerlobac. al. yazbegma, pirad cxovrebaSi male ig-
42
rZno „brwyinvale“ cxovrebis simSrale da uSinaarsoba; igi male
daiRala xelovnurobis aucileblobiT, etiketis morCilebiT.
male mixvda, rom garToba kidev ar aris bedniereba, rom adamiani
eleganturi Tojina ar aris, da rom brwyinvale „salonebis“ gar-
da aris kidev sxva qveyana, sadac yvela amis magier aris: rwmena,
sindisi, adamianis ufleba da marTali gancdebi.
is sinamdvile, romelic al. yazbegis Tval win iyo gadaSli-
li, misi gagebiT yalbi iyo, igi miuReblad eCveneboda, rogorc
zedmeti „codviT“damZimebuli; mis TvalSi, Tanamedrove adami-
ani ubeduri iyo, da am ubedurebas ori saTave hqonda: 1) adami-
anisa da bunebis gayra erTmeneTisagan, 2) pirovnebis gaTqvefa
im usaxeo masaSi, romelsac Tanamedrove civilizacia hqvian. aq
aris im disharmoniis dasawyisi, romelic pirvel-yofil cod-
vasaviT RrRnis adamianis suls, da mas veRar ixsnis Cveni Wkuis
proeqcia viTom da „mkvdar“ bunebaSi SeWrili da gamcocxlebeli.
marTalia, adamianis Wkuam gaimarjva, da qoxebis magier mTasaviT
ayudebuli mraval sarTuliani saxlebi mediduroben, dabere-
bul urmis adgilas, avtomobili hseravs da nTqavs sivrces, kva-
risa da Wraqis nacvlad eleqtro efineba Tvaluwvden manZils,
sawyali gzirisa da Sikrikis magier radioebi mTvaresac ki iCe-
meben da ambis motanas gvpirdebian iqidan... magram Zvirad dauj-
da adamians es gamarjveba: igi batoni da Semomqmedi imave dros
monad da manqanis nawilad iqca. da ai es sinamdvile Semzaravad
eCvena yazbegs. miT umetes, rom gazomil nabijebiT igi eWreboda
im erTad erT miviwyebul kuTxes, sadac miTosi kidev cocxlob-
da, da „RvTis piriT molaparake xalxi“ kidev agonebda „dakar-
gul samoTxes“. modioda axali sukune Seubraleblad, gulSi an-
gareba edo, da Tavi ki damZimebuli hqonda usircxvo sargeblis
mzakvruli fiqriT. marTalia, al. yazbegs es azrovneba am sityve-
biT ar gadauSlia, magram mis TxzulebaTa damkvirvebel mkiTx-
vel aseTi msoflmxedveloba SerCeba xelT. al. yazbegi mZafri
saxeebiT laparakobda, xolo am saxeebis loRikuri sqema mxolod
aseT msofl-mxedvelobas iZleva. marTalia, misi romanebis sam-
yaro kacobriobis samyaros kerZo nawilia, magram am nawilSi ra
sulic boboqrobs da uaryofis wyevlas hgzavnis irgvliv, igive
suli swyevlis am borotebis saTaves sazogadod. mivediT axlo.
al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba erTi mTliani romania, erTi didi
tilo, sadac metad Tamami yalmiT daxatulia xevis wameba. aramc
43
Tu ZiriTadi motivi, aramed xasiaTic da garegnuli detalebic
ki erTia yvela calke nawarmoebSi. aq ar aris gancdaTa mraval-
mxivoba, arc xasiaTTa sxva-da sxvaoba aramed erTsa da imave
psiqologiur momentebs amJRavneben epizodiuri pirebi, romel-
nic erTsa da imave situaciaSi hyvebian da erTsa da imave mTavar
azrs ewirebian. es garemoeba ki imiT aixsneba, rom al. yazbegi sa-
zogadoebriv moZraobis morevSi aris SeWrili, sadac yvelaferi
amoduRebulia, da sadac ori stiqia SehkveTebia erTmaneTs. im
moments agviwers, rodesac am ori Zalis difuzia jer ar iyo momx-
dari, da ori azri, ori Zala, xasiaTi, adaTi da sx... sikvdilze
uares tkivilebiT ibrZodnen da arc aras sTmobdnen. es brZola
yvelgan swarmoebda, da yvelganve al. yazbegi ori xasiaTis gmir-
Ta Soris Slida saomar asparezs. da elguja, koba, iago, goCa,
onise da sx... „erT-xorc da erT-sul“ arian. maTi nebis-yofis
aparati, zneobriv-gonebrivi kultura da mTeli fsiqologiuri
formianoba-erTi da igivea. al. yazbegisTvis arsebobs mxolod
erTi deda azri, da yvelgan am deda-azris matarebels daeZebs
da hxatavs. metad sagulisxmoa al. yazbegis erTi fraza, i. meu-
nargiasadmi mimarTul sapasuxo werilis variantidan, romelic
am azrs adasturebs: – „gamiSviT sxvagan; iqneb iqac sadme Sevxvde
elgujas, an kidev mis prototips, awmyo savaglax-satiralis war-
momadgenelT“... elguja aris misi saZiebeli, masSi eguleba kidev
bevri ram saidumloba, romelic avtoris sulSi marad wyurvi-
lis tanjvad iSleba. da am saidumloebas dastrialebs yovel
nawarmoebSi, mTels Tavis SemoqmedebaSi, romelic mTlianad
aris Sekruli rogorc ganuyofeli erTianoba. magram es imas ki
ara niSnavs, rom al. yazbegi erTsa da imaves imeorebdes mosabez-
reblad, pir-iqiT. Tumc motivebi erTi aqvs, magram es motivebi
iseT dinamikaSi ibeWdebian, rom yvelaferi xarbad gizidavT. Se-
iZleba iTqvas, rom al. yazbegs ara aqvs arc erTi mosabezrebeli
adgili. yovel nabijze gaocebT uCveulo sunTqva da majis cema.
diax, al. yazbegis Semoqmedeba, erTi mTliani romania, da
Semoqmedebis aseTi mTlianoba yvela did mwerals axasiaTebs
es ar aris paradoqsi. getes mTeli Semoqmedeba – „faus-
tia“, nicSesi – „zaratustra“, da dostoevskisa – „danaSauli
da sasjeli“, balzakisa – „adamianuri komedia“, da sx... gansa-
kuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia balzaki, romelsac undoda erTi saTa-
uris qveS moeqcia yvela dawerili da dasaweri romanebi, da es
44
saTauri unda yofiliyo „adamianuri komedia“ (comedie humaine).
asevea al. yazbegic, romlis Semoqmedebis mTlian saTaurad Se-
iZleba miCneul iqnes „mamis mkvleli“. al. yazbegis mTeli po-
eturi genia am mkvlelobis asaxvas mounda, rasakvirvelia ara
sityva „mamis“ real mniSvnelobiT, aramed-mamakacuris, aqtu-
aluris. „guls glovis perangi rad Caecva“, da kacebic „damalu-
lis idumalebiT gulSi rad Caitirodnen“, ai is SemoqmedebiTi
amocana, romelsac al. yazbegis azriT axsna mxolod „mamis-
mkvlelobaSi“ eZebneba.

***
am mTlian romanSi, TviT avtori aris centraluri figura,
romelic an uxilivad Tana sdevs Tavis gmirebs, an da ambobs sa-
kuTar sulis aRsarebas. ise rom al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi Se-
iZleba aRiniSnos ori momenti: I – cda sxva da sxva gmirTa saxiT
sicocxlis dramis obieqtiuri gardaSlisa da psiqologiur si-
marTlis Ziebisa, da II – wminda saxis avtobiografiuli moTxro-
ba, sadac igive aris mocemuli ara gmirTa saxiT, aramed sakuTar
moTxrobiT. orive momenti ki sabolood erT safuZvelze arian
aRmocenebulni, subieqtiurobaze, rac al. yazbegis Semoqmede-
bas aZlevs Rrma lirikis xasiaTs. aseT Semoqmedebas hgulisxmob-
da Spilhageni, rodesac ambobda: „Tanamedrove romanis uRrmes
fenebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac igi scdilobs kidec sas-
tikad daicvas obiektivobis da upirovnobis xiluloba, aris po-
etisa da gmiris daaxlovebiTi SeerTeba“. al. yazbegis TiTqmis
yvela romanSi, mTavar gmiris niRab qveSidan avtori gamoiyureba,
da Cvenc mkafiad vxedavT im kongenialobas, romelic aaxlovebs
damxatvelis da daxatulis gancdebs Tu mTels psiqologiur
agebulebas.
misi sayvareli gmirebi, yvelani imasve grZnoben, rasac
avtori, yvelas mier Seigzneba is sastiki da CaTxrobili suli,
romelic uRel-texil epoqas axasiaTebda da yvelani gardasu-
lisaken icqirebian. mxolod es ukan gaxedva is evropiuli ro-
mantizmi ki ar aris, romelic azrovneba iyo da xSirad rito-
rikac, ara. aq tkivilebis saSinelebaa, romelic azrovnebas
hyinavs da samagierod iwvevs afeqtebis metamorfozebs. aq arc
ucxo gavlenebas Sesaxeb SeiZleba saubari, radgan yazbegis Semo-
qmedebis niadagi, rogorc vaJa-fSavelasi, aris Cveni deda-miwa.
45
igi scdilobda Tivisad eqcia is gancdebi, romelic Cvens mTaSi
trialebdnen, da imave dros sakuTari gancdebT gaeobieqtive-
bina, e.i. Seeqmna raRac fiqtiuri qveyana, rogorc sicocxlesTan
Seguebis erTad erTi SesaZlebeli forma.
da es misi axali deda-miwa Tu samyaro gacocxlebulia iseTi
didi sulis STaberviT, rom iq yvelaferi sul-dgmulia. kenWi,
varskvlavi, balaxi, nisli, iremi, adamiani, yvela erT did moZ-
raobaSi aris mosuli, yvelgan eCveneba sasurvel sicocxlis
siwminde da Zala. diax, yvelaferi gasuldgmulebulia al. yaz-
begis SemoqmedebaSi, da es yvelaferi gars evleba adamians, ro-
gorc mTeli kosmosis azris mimcems da dagvirgvinebas.
aleqsandre yazbegs adamiani miaCnia usazRvro Rirebule-
bad, radgan masSi eguleba aurwyveli wadilebi da mijna daude-
beli swrafva sisrulisaken. erTi sityviT adamiani substanciaa,
romelic TviT arkvevs Tavis Tavs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, da mi-
tom aris, rom adamianis individualuri bedis-wera ise aRelvebs
da afiqrebs Cvens avtors.

***
aleqsandre yazbegis Sesaxeb gavrcelebulia zepiri azri,
rom igi bunebis didi mxatvaria aq cotaodeni garkveva aris
saWiro. Tu bunebas aviRebT rogorc statikaSi gaqvavebuls,
unda iTqvas, rom al. yazbegi aseTi bunebis mxatvari sulac ar
aris. vaJa-fSavela am mxriv ise didia, rom al. yazbegi mis gver-
diT ver gamoCndeba. xolo Tu bunebas aviRebT rogorc adami-
anis garSemo da adamianebTan erTad did moZraobaSi mosuls,
al. yazbegi iseT geniosul suraTebsa hSlis, rom aramc Tu Cvens
mwerlobaSi, aramed msoflio literaturaSi Znelad moeZebneba
badali. SeiZleba aseTi didi sazomis xmareba yazbegis Semoq-
medebis Sefasebis dros bevrisTvis saCoTiro iyves, rogorc
uCveulo zviadoba, magram amas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. azrovnebis
simxdales aqvs Tavisi istoria da Cveni, qarTuli mokrZalebac,
am istoriaSi hpoulobs Tavis mizezs.
diax, al. yazbegs, medgari wyvetebis da zar-damcem mtexi-
areobis moyvaruls, ar exerxeba statiuris aRwera. man ar icis
peizaJis xatva. sadac miyuCebulia buneba Tu adamiani, misi sity-
vac dundeba da brgeoba ekargeba.
46
 magaliTisaTvis aviRoT Semdegi nawyvetebi:
– „sasiamovno gamacocxlebeli niavi, romelic ganuwyvetliv
dahqris am adgilebSi, ugrilebda Subls, da uaxlebda, uRviZeb-
da daRalul gonebas mogzaurebs. wminda ankara wyaroebi Camo-
CuxCuxebda da raRac sitkboebiT ualersebda kacis yurs. Citeb-
sac gaeRviZaT da WikWikiT qebas asxamdnen bunebis Zalas. yvela
ise rigad iyo mowyobili, rom kacs anatrebda aq Camoxdomas,
mwvadis SeSiSxinebas da cotaoden Tvalis motyuebas“.
– „arSis simagre SuaSi Seicavs mSvenier mwvane mindors, aTa-
si surnelovani yvavilebiT, da iseTi civis wyaroTi, rom kacs
ukvdaveba egoneba“... („mamis mkvleli“).
– ... „bursaWiris Rele edemia, romelic kacs daxurul guls
gauRebs, javrs gauqarwylebs da sevdas aSorebs. Znelad Ses-
Zlebs kacis guli, rogorc unda mieSurebodes, rom aq wuTs
ar Sesdges, wuTs ar gagordes mwvane mindorzed da metis si-
amovnebiT daqanculi Tavi, wuTs Tvalis motyuebas ar misces“
(„moZRvari“).
-„gawiTlda yinvar-wveris Tavi, mzis sxivebma oqros gvir-
gvini gadmohfines, TeTrma, umtvero Tovlma naTlad brWyviali
daiwyo. mas mohyva kakbis kakani, romelic gaSmagebiT eZaxda gu-
lis megobars, radganac bunebis mSvenierebiT marto datkboba
ar esmoda“ da sx... („xevis beri goCa“)
– „gariJraJda. cas feri hkrTomoda da laJvards sivrceSi
moaxlovebuli mzis Suqi naTlad kamkamebda. gafrinda mercxa-
li, gaSala frTebi, gainavarda“ da sx....(„eleonora“).
aiReT romeli moTxrobac gsurT, da yvelgan SexvdebiT
bunebis aseT aRweras. aq ar aris arc kldeTa ferebiT Rrma
gancdebis aforiaqeba, arc mTebis sidiadiT gamowveuli SiSi
Tu gaoceba, arc fantastika am gayinul qaosis. da gikvirs, rom
adamiani, romelic ase Sezrdili iyo mTasTan, romelic mudam
mis kalTebze fiqrobda, mainc ase gareSe mayureblad darCa, da
Soridan mayureblad. es TavisTavad seriozul psiqologiur
amocanas Seadgens, Tumca me am amocanis axsna ase meCveneba. yaz-
begi sul sxva qveyniT iyo gatacebuli, da buneba mas sulac ar
unda moexsenebina. iseve, rogorc mis gmirs maTias („elguja“),
romlis Sesaxebac yazbegi ambobs: –„ase Cafiqrebuliyo da mi-
scieboda erTs alags. iqneba is gaitaca bunebis mSvenierma su-
raTma, romelic imis Tval-win ixateboda? ara. is im dros arc im
47
amayad ayudebul mTebsa hxedavda, arc mSvenivrad gadafenils
tyeebs, arc naCxatebs, romelic CxrialiT TeTr rZesaviT qaf-
deboda, gadmodioda kldeebidan da aTas-winwklebad ifantebo-
da“... TviT avtoric aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo da miscieboda erTs
alags, sadac Zala da simarTle erTmaneTs SesWideboda, da es
ukanaskneli Zleuliyo. es aris Cemis azriT erTad erTi pasuxi,
Torem yazbegs SeeZlo ufro magari da gamZle sityvebis moZebna
bunebis dasaxatad. magram varaudi da mosazreba raRa saWiroa,
rodesac aleqsandre yazbegis arqivSi aris misive werili i. me-
unargiasadmi, sadac am kiTxvaze saboloo pasuxs TviT iZleva.
am werilSi al. yazbegi gul gaxsnilia da gviCvenebs im daudgro-
mel bunebas, romelic organiulad ver iguebs umoZraos da civs.
_ „moCxubariZe oCnobas SeCveuli ar aris, misi suli miibrZvis
da erT adgilas Segubebuli ver daxavsdeba“-o .
Cven zemod vnaxeT, rom es daudgromeli xasiaTi bavSvobi-
danve awvalebda Cvens mwerals da igive temperamenti gansaz-
Rvravs mis esTetiur msoflmxdvelobas: – „mTa rom hkvness da
hgminavs, haeri rom ireva da goliaTni nisliT ibiurdebian,
Rrubeli rom cremlebs (Rvris), da zvavi moxuis, wyali rom
mTidan gamedgrebuli gadmohquxs da ankara wyaro leqssaviT
mokankarebs, es yvela cocxali samagaliTo gakveTilebia misi
SvilebisaTvis. mTiels gars exveva yvela es, moqmedobs mis
aaRzrdazed da iferadebs, asuraTebs maT moqmedebas yalibo-
bisamebr. da es yvela, marTalia, SesamCnev asaweria, magram misgan
ganSorebuli cxoveli aRwerilobis dros, am cxovelis cxovre-
bis da sulis moZraobis CrdilSi mofareba, mofxeka moTxrobis
mwerlisagan, SeuZlebeli uRirsoba iqneboda. angelosebrivi
gvami usulod, uZravad, uimcecxlod, romelic cxovrebas acx-
ovelebs da amSvenierebs, iqneboda mxolod gayinuli, uazro sa-
gani, romlis trfialic me ar SemiZlian“... da cota qvemod, ufro
metyvelad dasZens: – „buneba kargia mxolod maSin, rodesac Sig
sicocxle trialebs da brunavs; brunavs im sitkbo da simware
Sereulis ZaliT, romelic adamianis TviT cxovrebas Seadgens.
ra aris mTvare mokaSkaSe, romelic aSuqebs aTas yvavilebs, Tu
iqav gverds ar udgas suldgmuli, romelzedac ase Tu ise gav-
lena aqvs. gavlena aqvs, axarebs, Tu Cawyvdiadebuls guls nugeSs
aZlevs. me ara var mlocveli usulo, usicocxlo sagnebisa. verc
Cemi ocneba, verc Cemi goneba, verc Cemi kalami ver miubrunde-
48
bian mkvdars, moqmedeba-moklebuls sagans“ ... magram aba naxeT,
rodesac buneba erTgvar unisonad uerTdeba misiv kalTebze
gamarTul xevis tanjvas, aleqsandre yazbegi ra Sekrul tyvi-
asaviT frazebs isvris: –„gagulisebuli nisli uSiSrad amodi-
oda dedamiwidan da oxSivarsaviT efineboda mwvane mindorze“...
(„mamis mkvleli“).
– „aqa-iq gamoCndeboda nisli, romelic TiTqos miwidan iz-
rdeboda da borotis xelis maxvilisaviT mTis wverebze micurav-
da, gamoCndeboda meoredgan da gaiZabeboda, mesamedgan mtver-
saviT aRma avardeboda da erTbaSad trials da revas daiwyebda.
or-piri qari erTmaneTs grialiT Seejaxeboda da medgrad erT-
maneTs moxvedrili, ors Tav-gadadebuls falavansaviT, mout-
rialdeboda erTmaneTs. ismoda stvena, zuzuni mousvenaris
qarisa, da mas uerTdeboda gaxarebuli xarxari mavne sulisa.
Zal-datanebuli klde iSleboda da dabla grialiT modioda“...
(„moZRvari“)
– „amayad amarTuls, gaTeTrebuls myinvars, mzis ukanaskneli
sxivebis gvirgvini daedga da Tavis simaRlidgan siamayiT gad-
moscqerda gamxecebuls Tergs. Tergic aTas nanCqarebs isroda
qvidgan qvazed, hqafdeboda, ikvreboda burTsaviT, ganibneoda
wvrils namad da gamacocxlebels fardaxtad edeboda ynosiers,
xaverdis msgavs, nazis feradiT aWrelebuls, balaxians velebs,
gahqonda raRaca mediduri, TiTqos erT xmad gadaqceuli gri-
ali, romelic xan amaRldeboda da emsgavseboda gamZvinvarebu-
lis lomis xmasa, xan Seyvarebulis naz CurCulad gadiqceoda,
imis-da gvarad, Tu qari saidan da ra ZaliT dahberavda, ra rigad
datrialdeboda xveuls da uswor-masworo mTebSi. es iyo raRac
amayi, mediduri xma, gaTamamebuli Rriali, Rriali, romelSic
gamoismoda aTas gvari damyvavebeli da gulis aRmZravi nazi xmebi“...
(„ciko“).
an aba naxeT, rodesac brZoliT anTebul iagos da kobas,
romelTac nunu mihyavT, avtori amoafarebs kldis kidobans da
aseT suraTs aCvenebs: fuRuro kldeebi iSlebian, mogoraven,
elaven, da qveviT, xevSi, kvlav kldesaviT edebian erTmaneTs. am
qvebs zed efareba Savi qviSa da sx... ucbad kldidan gadmoskde-
ba xrialiT wyali, da TavisiT ambobs: „iqamdis Zlieri da Cqari
iyo imisi msvleloba, rom vera qva, vera klde ver ayenebda imis
mdinarebas, da wyali, qviSa, auarebeli lodebi, romelic TiTo
49
klded CaiTvleboda, areuli da gazelili erTmaneTSi, mieSure-
boda Tavqve migrovebul qviSasa da qvis kldisaken. iq Semagrebu-
li kedeli gauZaldeboda wuTs da bolos, isic damorCilebuli,
gaereoda axlad da axlad mosul Zalas da damyarebulis xuiliT,
qvebis erTmaneTze lesiT, fSvnetiT da xrialiT Cadioda TergSi,
romelsac TiTqos kiserzed Semoigdebda; Tergic ebrZoda Tavis
mxriT, axteboda, zed, gadadioda“... ai es gamZafrebuli dinamika
izidavs mas, da aq lesavs igi brZolis gunebas. amas ambobs kidec:
– „kacma unda naxos es ori Zala, jvaredinad Setakebulni erT-
maneTs, unda naxos imaTi brZola, aqafeba, imaTi xriali, Cqefa
da talRebis haerSi srola, romelic aTas namqerad ramdenime
saJenis simaRlezed ifanteba haerSi,-rom SesZlos wesierad da-
faseba am didebuli suraTisa. aq Tqven hxedavT Zalas, tirils,
kvnesas, muqaras, Rrials erTmaneTSi areuls da iqamdisin mih-
yvevxarT, rom raRaca gulis kankaliT TiTqos Tqvenc gindaT Ca-
erioT am ucnaur brZolaSi!“ („mamis mkvleli“).
bunebas igi kidev axsenebs maSin, roca misi gmirebisTvis
barikadad iqceva da inaxavs. aba naxeT maSin rogori gatacebiT
swers. magram citatebi kmara. yazbegi damoukidebeli bunebis
mxatvari ar aris. im didi naturis winaSe igi muxls ar idreks,
radgan ara swams es didi NATUR-MORT-i. statikaSi gaqvavebul bunebas
igi ver grZnobs Tu ver iclis saimisod, da moZraobis stiqiaSi
SeWrili, brZolaze daficebuli, mxolod im bunebisaTvis ixsnis
pirs xanjliT, romelic am didi brZolis damtevi da gadamtania.
brZola al. yazbegis stiqiaa, da naWed siyvaruliT is uyvars,
visac es brZola „kiserzed hqonda Semogdebuli“. es „xevi“ iyo.

***
aleqsandre yazbegs izidavda xevis tragedia.
misi mxatvruli mzera itanjeboda im sanaxaobiT. xalxi,
romelic cas daaxloveboda, iryeoda adgilze uneburad, da
garedan Semowolili usamarTlo Zala umarTavda Seginebis sis-
xlian nadims.
es tragedia al. yazbegs metad energiulad aqvs gamoTqmuli
xevis ber goCas sityvebSi, romelic Tavis axalgazrda Svils,
onises mimarTavs: – „ar daiviwyo, rom sadac Seni mama-papa gaCe-
nila da damarxula, sadac maTi Zvlebia Cafluli, imas gvedave-
bian da ar daanebo“... am sityvebSia mocemuli al. yazbegis Semoq-
50
medebis deda.
al. yazbegs ar SeeZlo fatalurad ahfareboda SeumCnevlo-
bis an gulgrilobis kedels. igi maRla adioda da Semoqmedebis
koSkidan dascqeroda Zirs dagdebul da Seginebul xevis dro-
Sas. mis artistul TvalTa win gaSlili iyo jer sisxl-SeumSra-
li brZolis veli, sadac gmirTa cxedrebi efanta. „zogi maTgani,
axlad aSlili wver ulvaSiT, TiTqos gaRimebuli piri-saxiT
dascinodnen xalxis amden usamarTlobas da velur qcevas. zogs
vaJkacuris mkerdidan CamoewyvitaT sakinZi, da TiTqos gangeb,
gamoeCinaT Tav TavianTi vaJkacuri Wriloba“ („elguja“) da am
xalxis fantastikis Tu fantastikis xalxis Cveneba mTel qveynis
dasanaxad, es iyo al. yazbegis SemoqmedebiTi amocana. iyo dro,
roca es xalxi, Temis saxiT pirovnebad qceuli, iyo TavisTvis,
bunebasTan sul axlo misuli, misebr wminda, gamZle, martivi da
imave dros rTuli; iyo rogorc pirvel-yofiloba, Sinagani Zie-
biT amaRlebuli da Sinagani mignebiT ganmtkicebuli. iyo ro-
gorc TavadCasaxuli da mwignobrobis gareSe Seqmnil kulturis
naTeli matarebeli. magram istorias TiTqos Seuracxyofad
eCvena mis gareSe darCenilTa arseboba da ase maRali, TiTqos
sazogado kulturas Sercxva am avtonomiuri cota xalxis dia-
dobis, romelic „kulturiT“ Tavmomwoneebs gamoadgebodaT
gvirgvinad, da civilizaciam moayena Tavisi kacebis didi jari.
hxdeboda lermontovis muqara, myinvarisadmi mimarTuli. mo-
dioda axali kaci, romelsac swadda kldeTa kbilebze orTql-
mfeTqav mRvimeTa aSeneba, xeobis gulSi weraqvis dartyma, mTis
mkerdis gatexa, saSinel gzebiT daserva da oqro-Tujis samefod
gadaqceva. am azriT modioda es civilizaciis kaci, am SemTx-
vevaSi ruseTi, da imav civilizaciis saxeliT anadgurebda yove-
lives. oqro da Tuji.
„qveynad mTel xalxis modgmas swams erTi samRvTo kerpi.“ es
kerpi did msxverpls moiTxovda. Tems, xevs unda Tavi moekla,
Torem mohklavdnen; adgili unda daecalierebina, civilizacias
sWirdeboda. Temma arCia isev Tavi moekla, magram ise rom saxeli
gasZRolodaT im qveyanaSi. am TviT-mkvlelobas is Tviseba aqvs,
rom ukanaskneli tyvia aris gmirisa, yvela sxva ki mtris. am
saSinelebas mogviTxrobs avtori: rogor hklavdnen xevs da vin.
mZimea es Tema da mtkivnuli. mitom aris, rom yazbegs yvela
moTxrobaSi ise aqvs xma gamZafrebuli, rom geCveneba, TiTqos
igi hkivis raRacas, sityviT gamouTqmels, mofiqrebuls ki ara,
51
gznebiT gancdils, da hkivis imitom ki ara, rom raSime iyves
dainteresebuli, aramed mitom rom gulis Wrilobidan sisxli
eRvreba, cremli ara aqvs da wyevlasac veRar ambobs, spazmebi
aRrCoben.
igi anTebiT swerda, eqspresiiT. swerda momakvdavis Sesaxeb,
romlis sicocxles mxolod ocneba dahpatroneboda. mitom aris,
rom mis nawerebSi ismis meocnebis gamudmebuli frTebis mtvreva
da saso-warkveTili Zaxili.
al. yazbegis esTetiuri aTvisebis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom
misTvis samyaro TiTqos orad aris gayofili: kategoriulad
uarsayofi da kategoriulad misaRebi. kiTxulobT da geCvene-
baT, rom am or mxareTa Soris didi ufskrulia gavlebuli, da
maTi SeerTeba daungrevlad warmoudgenelia. an ho, an ara, ase
radikalurad modis yazbegis CvenebaTa Cqeri, daundobel Za-
liT geWrebaT sulis siRrmeSi, wargixocavT yovelgvar eWvebs
da geuflebaT. unda miiRos is qveyana, romelic avtors Wirve-
ulad uyvars, da masTan erTad amxedrdeT im Zalis winaaRmdeg,
romelic maRal sicocxles aukacurebs. aq aRar aris sinamdvi-
le, radgan sinamdvileSi gradaciebia. xolo yazbegis Zalac ima-
Sia, rom sinamdvile sZlia, da esTetiur maxvaliT moaSora mas
saSualo undili adgilebi. gradaciebi – detalebi arian. mxat-
vruli mzera ki Tval-moxuWulia, rom es detalebi daikargnen
da ufro mkafiod gamoCndnen mTavari xazebi. da rasakvirvelia,
al. yazbegs, rogorc did mxatvars da imave dros Tu gnebavT de-
moniurs temperamentiT, ar SeeZlo am gardasaval wertilebis
Zieba, da gonebivi sidinjiT analizis warmoeba.
Tumc igi sul fsiqologiis qveyanaSi brunavs, magram am
fsiqologiis e. w. obieqtiuri gadaSla al. yazbegs ar mouxdenia.
mas ar uZebnia adamianuri iq, sadac mis anTebul Tvalebs nadiri
eCveneboda kacis saxiT, da arc cudis kvleva dauwyia iq, sadac
mis xevur sinidiss RmerTi eCveneboda Temis droSebze. es asec
unda yofiliyo. Semomqmeds ar SeuZlian loRikur kategoriebiT
msjeloba, radgan Semoqmedeba meta-loRikaa.
xolo iseT elva nakrav Semomqmeds, rogoric al. yazbegia,
arc ki SeeZlo Suqisa da Crdilis mkacr dapirispirebaTa gareSe
saxeTa xilva Tu warmodgena. igi afeqtebiT Sepyrobili mwera-
lia, da mitom ori feri hyofnis mowolil tanjvis saTqmelad.
am ori feriT isazRvreba misi msofl-mxedveloba da radgan al.
yazbegi eTiurad iRebs qveyanas, amitom mas ori xasiaTi ainte-
52
resebs: „civilizaciis“ moraluri gnomi, romelsac yvelaferi
miwaze aqvs ganarTxuli, da pirvelyofili moraluri ze-kaci,
cas rom ebjineba marTali. igi borots hxedavs, magram ara obieq-
tiur-esTetiurad, rom eCvenebina misi paTosi da sidiade, aramed
moralurad, rom xelSesaxebi gaexadna am borotebis sibinZure
da ukacuroba.
aseve eqceva keTils. igi pirdapir scdilobs, rom fiziolo-
giuradac ki agviSalos mowonebis Jruanteli, rodesac ucqeriT
misi gmirebis duels istoriasa Tu bedis-werasTan.
da rom akvirdebiT al. yazbegis xatvis maneras, hxedavT rom
igi Zveli elliniviT lamaz suls lamaz sxeulSi aTavsebs. misi
sakveTi mzrunvelobiT aqandakebs sayvarel gmirTa sxeuls.
antiur sisadaviT da ZaliT igi eWreba materias, romelic sai-
dumloebas hfaravs, da hqmnis sxeulis misterias, sadac amaR-
lebuli da gamarjvebuli suli saswaulebas axdens. misi lamazi
gmirebi avsilni arian vnebiT, survilebiT, simarTliT. al. yaz-
begi Tavis gmirTa daxatvis dros mxolod im formebs mimarTavs,
romelT saSualebiTac saidumlod iSleba da aSkaravdeba adami-
anis suli. da aq iseT zedmiwevniT Sedegebs aRwevs, rom avtoris
komentariebi arc ki aris saWiro. mkiTxveli TiTon hxvdeba, Tu
ra rigis gmirTana aqvs saqme. SeiZleba zogi gmiri sulac ar as-
weros sityvebiT, magram iseT pozaSi ki daayenebs, rom xorciel-
deba silamazis da monumentalobis zRapari. magaliTebi:
elguja da giorgi. „kidev ramdenime wuTi ase qud-moxdile-
bi darCnen da Cumad evedrebodnen iqaurs xat angelozebs, da am
vedrebaSi iyo raRac didebuli, raRaca muqara, raRaca imedi da
nugeSi“. aq TiTqmis araferia daxatuli, magram grZnobT did kom-
pozicias, plastiur mTlianobas da moqalaqeobriv vaJkacobas.
am garegnobaSi Cven ukve vWvretT diad suls.
maTi sikvdilic iseTive usityvo diadobiT aqvs gadmocemu-
li: – „zogi maTgani, axlad aSlili wverulvaSiT, TiTqos gaRime-
bulis piri-saxiT, dasconodnen xalxis amdens usamarTlobas
da velur qcevas. zogs vaJkacuris mkerdidan CamoewyvitaT sa-
kinZi da TiTqos gangeb gamoeCinaT Tav-TavianTi vaJkacuri Wri-
loba. elgujac, romelsac jer kidev xeli ar moeSorebina Ta-
vis xmlisTvis, TiTqos xel-axlad sabrZolvelad iwvevda Tavis
mtrebs, ganapirebiT egdo.
maTia. – „TuSuri qudi koxtad gverdze mohqceoda, da amS-
venebda imis ymawvil piri-saxes; Coxis kalTebi akecili ganiers
53
Rvedis qamarSi ise, rogorc siarulSi da omis dros ikeTeben;
qamarzed modido xanjali hqonda Camokidebuli, saswrafo da
sapiriswamle, mxar-iRliv gadakidebuli, amtkicebdnen, rom is
meomari unda yofiliyo; gaSiSvlebuli Tofi mxarzed krialeb-
da. mTeli imisi mixvra-moxvra amtkicebda siamayes da gulado-
basa. ise Sekruli, gafrTxilebuli da moxdenili modioda, rom
mtersac ki sasixarulod miaCndeboda imisi naxva da damiznebuls
Tofs Seayenebda, rom sakmaod damtkbariyo imisi mSvenierebiT.“
(„elguja“)
onise – „es biWi, bevriT ymawvili gelazed, warmosadegobi-
Tac da silamaziTac maspinZels bevriT sjaldobda“. mas hqonda
„aRgznebuli Tvalebi“, SewiTlebuli loyebi“, iyo „Zlieri, sxe-
uliT kargad myofi“ da sx.. „onises sikvdilisa ar eSinoda, oni-
se pirze RimiliT daxvdeboda gansacdels da sxva...(„moZRvari“).
mayvala – „gasaocari silamazisa“, „brol-fiqal ganieri
mkerdi“, „wminda sanTlisagan Camosxmulis msgavsi yeli“, „TeT-
ri da nazi kani“, „milululi Tvalebi“, „giSersaviT warbebi“, „pa-
tara, Txeli tuCebi“, „swore da mowyobili cxviris nestoebi“,
„maRali da Wkviani Subli“ da sx.
moZRvari „Tma tyrSialiT aRma aeSala“ „mwuxare, sevda mocu-
li Tvalebi“, „saxe gabrwyinvebuli“, „rwmunebiT aRtacebulma
didebulebam Zleva mosilad gahxada“, „didebuli da Zleva-mosi-
lis gamometyvelebiT“ da sxva...
nunu: „tanadi da moxdenili“ (mamis mkvleli)
aslan-girei: „Tval-tanadi, wamosadegi da SavardensaviT
mardi“, „Tvalebi nakverCxalsaviT gahRvieboda“ da sx.. („ele-
onora“) magaliTebis Camowera aRar aris saWiro. principi erTia:
lamazi sulis matarebels sxeulic lamazi aqvs, da aramc Tu sxe-
uli, aramed ubralo garemoc ki. es azri ufro damarwmunebeli
gaxdeba, Tu movigonebT, ra ferebiTa hxatavs uaryof gmirebs.
ramdenime magaliTi aqac sakmarisi iqneba:
gela – „misi saxe raRaca urcxvis, namus-gatexilis siampar-
tavniT laplapebda“... „suliT dacemuli“, „unugeSo TvalebiT...
(moZRvari).
„naCalniki“: – „kaci moxucebuli, gamxdari,“ da patara tani-
sa...siyviTle TvalebSiac Casvloda“... („moZRvari“).
moxuci stumari: - „msunag katasaviT gaparsuli Tu gayvlefi-
li tuCebi“ („cxov. Carxi“).
54
 pirfiruSka: – „rgvali, msuqani saxe, SeRebili Tma-ulvaSi,
suleluri saxis gamometyveleba da mokakuli grZeli cxviri“...
(gankicxuli“)...
aleqsandre yazbegs am meore poliusis TviT nivTieri ga-
remoc ki saxli, mowyobiloba da sx... poliaruladve umsgavsad
eCveneba. ufrosis, anu „naCalnikis“ saxls ase hxatavs: – „dabali
oTaxi, ramodenadme danotiebuliyo da usiamovno suni aeSva; mas
mihmateboda daobebuli qaRaldis suni da haeri moewamla“...
magaliTebis amowera aRar aris saWiro, zemoTqmuliTac aS-
kara aris, rom aleqsandre yazbegi Tavis esTetiur SegrZnebas
da xatvis maneras yvelgan, wvrilmanebSic ki amJRavnebs, da gviS-
lis or diametralurad sawinaaRmdego qveyanas: erTia- qveyana
pirvel-yofil adamianobis da simarTlisa, meore-Semdeg mo-
sul uadamianobis da sicruisa. pirvelSi adamiani TviT-mizania,
romelsac sazogadoeba gzad ver gadaeRobeba; meoreSi- adamiani
saSualebaa, romelsac sazogadoeba nafotiviT isvris.
avtoris mTeli simpatiebi da SemoqmedebiTi paTosi pirveli
qveynis mxarezea, mas SeerTvis agznebul guliT, da Seiyvarebs
TiTqos patologiurad. xolo meore qveyana ki, sZulda mTeli
Tavisi avadmyofuri JiniT, uarhyofda mas, da swyevlida, ro-
gorc bibliuri RmerTi sodoms da gomors.
aseT pirobebSi ki, rasakvirvelia Znelia e.w. wonasworobis
Senaxva. al. yazbegi amas arca scdilobs. igi qveyanas mTlianad
iRebs, da kargi misTvis sul kargia en masse, da aseve mTlianad
warmoidgens cudsac. misi sayvareli vaJi gmirebi: elguja, svi-
moni, gugua, iago, koba, moZRvari, goCa, onise da sx… an qalebi: mza-
Ro, nunu, ciko, mayvala, eliso da sx… maT nakls ver mouZebniT. es
manera daculia yvelgan, Tu ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi erT-or
gamonakliss, sadac avtori nakls ki uZebis Tavis gmirs, magram
siyvaruls ki mainc ar aklebs. kiTxulobT al. yazbegis nawerebs
da orientaciis Tu analizis unari gekargebaT. yrud ki grZnobT,
TiTqos avtori aWarbebs, idealizaciiT SezarxoSebuli Tama-
mobs sazRvrebTan, magram mofiqreba Tqven xelT aRar aris. av-
torma ukve dagimorCilaT, gagataraT „ganwmendis“ alSi da gac-
qerinebT ara im „codviani“ TvalebiT, romelic „civilizaciis“
skepsisiT aris dabinduli, aramed- pirvel-yofil, „ucodvel“
adamianobiT.
al. yazbegi Tavis gmirebs yovelTvis iseT garemoebaSi aye-
nebs, rom yvelgana sCans didi energia, siwminde da Tav-ganwirva. es
55
ki swored is Tvisebebia, rac wagverTva acdenil „civilizaciis“
ZaliT, da dagvrCa mxolod Segnebis qve-myof sferoSi, rogorc
mibnedili memkvidreoba da is, rac CvenTvis dakargulia, gamax-
vilebuli da garTulebulia al. yazbegis gmirebSi, romelnic
unda gadaeSenebina axal dros.
aiReT axla misi uarsayofi pirebi: gagi RuduSauri, diambe-
gi, girgola, gela da sx... ver mouZebniT imaT verc erT karg mxa-
res. maT gamsWvirvale kanSi sCans zneobrivi keTrovaneba.
maTi grZnoba Clungia, suli-gayiduli, xolo fizikuri saxis
metyveleba, Sinagan RirsebasTan SeTanxmebuli.
avtori arc maT analizs iZleva, magram igi iRebs or-sam mxa-
res, ferebs abnelebs, sqel Crdils ayenebs, da erTi sityviT
arsebiTi niSnebis xelovnuri CvenebiT hqmnis adamianis im tipis
STanasaxs, romelic mohyavda axal dros, an da romelic unda
moeSenebina
gancalkevebiTa sdganan mxolod maTia („elguja“-Si) da onise
(„xevis beri goCa“-Si), romelT sulSiac vnebis grigali aris ate-
xili, xolo movaleobis Segneba ki yalyze damdgar afTariviT
axrCobs am dev-vaJkacebs. da iweweba maTi suli, iRrRneba maTi
nebis-yofa, magram ise lamazad, rom mTeli Cveni simpatiebi maT
gars evlebian. Cven gvesmis es didi drama, radgan admianis erT-
gvari „bedis weraa“, da am brZolaSi dacemulic ki pativ-sacemia,
rogorc did omSi damarcxebuli.
avtoric ase fiqrobs, xolo misi siyvaruli am gmirebisadmi
iseTi didia, rom finalamde ar mihyavs maTi ukurnebeli siyvaru-
lis wyveteba.
maTia, es metad mimzidveli da brge sul-xorciani vaJkaci,
romelic Zmad-naficisTvis yvelafers hkisrulobs, sikvdilsac
ki, siyvaruls veRar uZlebs. masSi didi Sinagani brZola swar-
moebs Zmad-naficobis da siyvaruls Soris. – „iyo iseTi wuTic,
roca srulebiT gamobrunebas da gadakargvas apirobda im ad-
gilebidan, sadac aseTi satanjveli autyda.
– sityva!.. fici!... – ityoda is gamwarebuli da gaagrZelebda
gzas“. maTiam es tanjva didxans zida. igi gamgelebuli ebrZoda
Tavis Tavs, da imorCilebda kidec. magram daiqanca. avtoric
scdilobs migvaxvedros, rom es brZola didi iyo da dauteveli.
– „grZnoba gaivso, satanjveli naRvelad gadmovida napirzed
da maTias agrZnobina Tavisi mdgomareoba“.
56
 – „aki meWira Cemi piroba iqamdisin, – ambobs maTia, – sanamdi-
nac SeviZel!... aRar SemiZlian amis meti“-o...
aq aris fsiqologiur analizis cda, mxolod am erTs SemTx-
vevaSi, magram aqac didi mRelvareba Semoaqvs avtors. siyvaruli
imarjvebs maTiaSi, magram am gamarjvebas aRar acdis yazbegi,
maTias da elgujas sikvdilis moswrafebiT. TiTqos avtors eSi-
noda, rom mkiTxvelSi ar gamqraliyvnen is simpatiebi, romliTac
ganimsWvaleboda maTiasadmi, misi gmirobis mayurebeli. maTi-
as monaTesave aris onisec („xevis beri goCa“), iseTive Sinagani
gaorebiT datanjuli.
– „bednierebiT gatacebuls da Tav-daviwyebul onises, mxo-
lod exla moagonda Tavisi vali, da samwuxaro WeSmaritebam
gulzed mware Waxraki mouWira“...
– ... „mtris laSqars aeRo moxeveT pirveli sangali da misi
damcvelni TiTqmis mTlad gaewyvitaT. sacodavi hgrZnobda, ra
Zvirad daujda wuTis Tav-daviwyeba, romlic gamoc imdeni mama-
ci, bedis ucdelad, biWobis gamoucdenlad Seimusra da sindisis
yvedrebam mwared dauwyo tanjva. goneba sinanulis mets veRa-
raferzed veRaras fiqrobda da daZmarebuls guls ki uwyalod
raRaca hkuwavda da anadgurebda“...
onise gaqanda mtris banakisaken.
– „es iyo sikvdilis wadili, da sikvdili ueWvelad im xeliT,
romelmac misi amxanagebis sicocxle gaaqro.
magram ar gauSves.
– „rai gindaT, rad miWerT...sadac amxanagebi damilies, mec iq
unda Cavekafino... maS Tu egrea, Tavad moviklav Tavs, – wamoZaxa
onisem, da Caxmax-wamoyenebulis dambaCis lula pirSi miica, mag-
ram viRacam xelidan gamostaca da sikvdils ase gadaarCina“...
aqac Cemis azriT analizi mainc ar aris. aq ufro sxva tendenciaa.
avtors hsurs gviCvenos ara mxolod is maRali Tvisebebi,
romliTac ganirCevian misi zneobrivad Tu nebis-yofiT magari
personaJebi, aramed dainteresebulia maTi moraluri qve-myo-
fobiTac. igi yovelTvis scdilobs daupirispiros erTmaneTs
grZnoba da goneba, da gamarjvebac am ukanasknels argunos. yvela
misi nawarmoebi am moments Seicavs, da es advili gasagebic aris,
radgan iseT qveyanas gvixatavs, sadac grZnoba geologiuri Zal-
isa iyo, da gonebis, pirdapir diqtatura sWirdebodaT simtkicis
da vaJkacobis Sesanaxad. aleqsandre yazbegic am vaJkacebs da-
57
eZebs. – „gamiSviT, yvelgan movZebno Cemi elgujao“ – rom swers,
umniSvnelo naTqvami ki ar aris. is yvelgan elgujas daeZebs, rac
avtorisTvis mTlian pirovnebis sinonimia.
aleqsandre yazbegi scdilobs Tavis gmirTa saxiT pirovne-
bis sarCulis gadmobrunebas, magram imisTvis ki ara, rom daina-
xoT saSineleba, aramed adamianis energiis da gamZleobis saCve-
neblad. esa swadian Cvens avtors imitom, rom misi sulieri Zieba,
mudmivi mousvenaroba pirovnebis „bedis weriT“ aris gamowveu-
li. adamianis sicocxlis mTeli traRizmi da imave dros sila-
mazec imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi erTsa da imave dros orfexi
cxovelic aris da sulieri, TviT-gamomrkvevi substanciac; igi
sustic aris, ubeduric, magram diadic, radgan azrovneba aqvs da
icis rom itanjeba. masSi Zneli da mZime winaaRmdegobani RrRnian
mudam mousvenar suls, da am saSinel dramis mwarmoebeli gone-
baa, romelic yovelTvis ver imarjvebs. al. yazbegi ki gonebis
apologetia da yvelgan scdilobs gviCvenos misi upiratesoba.
al. yazbegma Zalian kargad icis, rom yovel admianSi hxdeba Seuxa-
mebel survilTa mogroveba da dapirispireba, magram isic icis,
rom adamiani sabolood zneobrivi kategoriaa, da yovelTvis mt-
kiced unda icavdes sakuTar siwmindis Seuvalobas. adamiani sxe-
ul miRebuli gamarjveba unda iyves. amis gareSe rCeba mxolod
anatomiuri konglomerati da fiziologiuri organizacia.
da aleqsandre yazbegis gmirebi xom nebis simtkicis da zne-
obriv simaRlis warmomadgenlebi arian. maT ar ician sityvis ga-
texa, da sityvis gamtexs ar SearCenen danaSauls. isini bune-
bis kalTaze arian aRzrdilni da maT Sesaxeb igive unda iTqvas,
rasac aleqsandre yazbegi ambobs Tavis Tavze: maTi „sisxlis Se-
madgenelni arian mTis nakadulSi Sereuli rkina da kldeTa So-
ris naCeCqvis wveTebi”. istoriis moulodnelma Semotrialebam
am gmirTa cxovreba daamsxvria, magram isini mainc mtkiced sdga-
nan damskdar deda-miwaze da jiutad gaiZaxian:

rostom sTqva erTi ara sjobs

am Cemsa mogonebasa,
erTxel sjobian sikvdili
sul mudam daRonebasa.

da kvdebian kidec. isini arsad ar garbian. ubedurebas xmal-

da xmal uxvdebian da TiTqmis yvelani male iRupebian. arc Tu
58
msxverpls iTvlian. yvelasa aqvs Segneba, rom amay da mtkice
Temisagan arian warmomdgarni, romelic aravis daemorCileba da
am rwmeniT arc TviT eridebian sikvdils.
aRsaniSnavia erTi detalic: al. yazbegis gmirebi ar icinian,
mis SemoqmedebaSi aris iseTi momentebi, rodesac SeiZleba sici-
li, magram aravin ar icinis, TiTqos yvela winaswar grZnobs, rom
maT Tavze sabediswero xmali aris gadmokidebuli. es asec iyo.

***
al. yazbegi gadmocemis mxrivac poliarulia. igi an pirovne-
bas amoqmedebs, an masas. sxvaTa Soris masiur moZraobis gadmoce-
maSi Seudarebelia.
rogorc ukve vsTqvi, dinamika izidavs avtors, da sadac amas
hxedavs, medgari sityva ebadeba. Temis yriloba, damwyalobneba,
saxalxo ganCineba, sajaroba bWoba, fici da yvelaferi, sadac
masa moqmedobs, fiqrobs, ganicdis, yvelgan magnetiuroba Zli-
erdeba. TviT avtoric ganicdis yvela amas, xSirad sityvebic
ekargeba, magram am enis dabmaSic imdeni metyvelebaa, rom av-
tori sawadels aRwevs, STabeWdileba marTlac didi rCeba. – bo-
los „moisma simReris xma, da gamoCdnen dekanozebi droSebiT,
romelsac samasamde SeiaraRebuli xalxi, qudmoxdilni, simRe-
riT mosdevdnen. es xma iyo raRac didebuli, vaJkacuri, magram
Semawuxebeli, romelic Sig gulis saZirkvlidan moswydeboda da
maRalis baniT grgvinvasaviT gaivlida“. am sityvebs win uZRvis
am msvlelobis gangaSis aRwera.
an kidev: – „aba biWebo!... momyeviT visac guli gerCisT!-da-
iZaxa goCam da xalxi swrafad Sejgufda, burTvisaT Seikra nug-
zaris garSemo. avarda korianteli; yvela mtvriT daifara, mzis
Suqic ki TiTqos mibnelda. aqamdisin miyiJine, exla gaCumebu-
liyvnen, da myudroebas TiTqos kbilebis RrWiali, iSviaTi dak-
vneseba da iaraRis Caxa-Cuxis xma daarRvevda.
xan-da-xan niavisagan gafantuls mtverSi goCas droSa gamoC-
ndeboda, romelic isev uvneblad frialebda da mebrZolT gu-
lebs foladad uwrTobda. erTbaSad SekumSuli xalxi rogorRac
wamotrialda, gaiSala da astyda isev yiJina“... kidev: – „xalxi
Seirya, gaqanda im mxrisken, moexvia moCxubarT da Sejgufda,
burTad Seikra. ramdenime wuTs ase gauSlelad Relavda da
59
gamourkvevels moZraobaSi talRasaviT miqan-moqanavda; gaiSa-
la, gaifanta“... da sx...
xolo is adgili „moZRvari“-dan, sadac awerilia xatoba da
onofres ambis mitana, Tavisi didebulobiT pirdapir Semzaravia.
Tqvenc TiTqos marTla grZnobT, rom „haeri Sesdga da Segubda..
mze krTeba da bneldeba... ca gaipo da mrisxaneba zarsaviT dag-
veca Tavsa, gaskda dedamiwa“... da sx... Tqven naTlad hxedavT am
Tav-moyril rkinis xalxs, romelic ficsa sdebs da ise grialebs,
rom „xmis mimcemma mTebmac ki TiTqos zanzari daiwyeso“.
– „vinc es fici gatexos, ufalo, maRalo RmerTo!...sicocx-
lemc gaumwardebis!.
– omen Sens madlsa!
– guliT sayorelisgamc motyuebul darCebis da Zala ki nu
eqnebis-gadauxados!
– omen Tqvens madlsa!
– mterTan Sebmulsamc xmal tarSic gadautydebis!
– omen Tqvens madlsa!
– wyalSi Sesuls avJamdamc gauwydebis!
– omen Sens madlsa!
– samaris magier mglis kerZamTac gaxdebis!
– omen Sens madlsa!
– samani!.. da sx...
did wyevlad aris miCneuli is anaTema, romliTac gandevnes
spinoza marTl-morwmune rabinebma, magram es wyevla ufro di-
dia, radgan amas is xalxi ambobs, romelic sikvdilze umtkice-
sia, magram aleqsandre yazbegi obieqtiuri mxatvari ki ar aris,
rom mxolod gadmocema ainteresebdes, ara, TiTonac ucqeris am
suraTebs, Sig ereva, gardiqceva monawiled, paTosi uZlierdeba.
Tanac unda rom mkiTxvelic aitacos, daanaxos ki ara, ganacde-
vinos kidec, exmareba rom auxsnas, magram mowolili emociebi
guls uCuyebs da ena ebmis. amis magaliTi:
„kidev ramdenime wuTi ase qud-moxdilebi darCnen, da am
vedrebaSi iyo raRaca didebuli, raRaca muqara, raRaca imedi
da nugeSi“... vin ityvis rom aq ena-blu kaci ar laparakobs? erT
frazaSi sami „raRaca“, sami signali. magram imasac vin ityvis,
rom am signals iqiT ar imaleba marTla didi „raRac“, ara ro-
gorc usityvobis saSualeba, aramed rogorc Tu gnebavT misti-
uri gancda, didi sulis Semowola da uxilavis yovlis damtevi
60
kalTa. es aZlevs yazbegis Semoqmedebas Zalas. am did masidan
gamohyavs mas Tavis gmirebi. magram nuravin mosZebnis aq tipebs.
yazbegi poliarulia, da mas SeuZlian an masis daxatva, an pirov-
nebisa. mitom mis gmirTa Soris tipi ar arsebobs. magram amas gar-
da, yazbegis Semoqmedebis am Tvisebas aqvs sxva axsnac: me mgonia,
rom yazbegi poliarulic rom ara yofiliyo, mainc ver SesZleb-
da tipebis mocemas, radgan igi xom ganmtkicebul cxovrebas ara
hxartavs mTeli misi detalebiT, aramed aSlils.
ori qveyana ebrZoda erTmaneTs da iryeoda. gansakuTrebiT
is patara kuTxe, sadac vaJ-kacobis saswaulebma fantastikas
Zala waarTves. – „qvani skdebodnen maTi mnaxvelebi, cas piri mo-
exeTqa, mzes cqera veRar SeeZlo sacodaobisTvis, haeri grgvi-
navda, qveyana ibuSkreboda da mTani maRalni, baris sacodaobiT
damwvarni-idrikebodnen“-o. pirdapir planetaTa katastrofis
msgavsi aRweraa, da aseT pirobebSi sad SeiZleba tipis Sesaxeb
laparaki tipis SemuSavebas sul sxva gvari garemo unda. mxolod
damcxral da myudro cxovrebas SeuZlia misi warmoSobva, rad-
gan tipi, – jamia im fsiqologiur formebis, romelTac imuSavebs
sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, Tavis xangrZliv ucvlelobis peri-
odSi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas.
xolo iq, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi, wodebrivi Tu sxva gvari
formebi irRvevian, tipebic hqrebian, radgan tipi sazogadoeb-
rivi damRa aris. tips SemuSaveba sWirdeba erTma da imave piro-
bebma Tu ar gascviTes pirovnebani yovel mxriv, Tu ar ganmtkic-
da prokrustis sareceli, ise tipi ver Seiqmneba. da al. yazbegic
rasakvirvelia tips ver dahxatavda, radgan igi didi mRelvare-
bis da katastrofebis mweralia.
sazogadoebriv aSlilobis dros, tipis adgils iWers indi-
vidualoba, xasiaTi, guSin uCinari da dRes ki didi ambebis
mtvirTveli da gadamtani.
al. yazbegis gmirebi pirovnebebi arian, romelnic garemos
hxvdebian Seurigeblad. isini gamudmebul saomar mdgomareoba-
Si imyofebian. maTi gardaqmna ar SeiZleba, radgan garemo ga-
redan axvevs Tavis brZanebebs, isini ki gardaqmnis stimuls Sina-
gani bunebidan elian.
marTalia, pirveli STabeWdileba iseTia, TiTqos Temis da-
RiT arian moarulni, magram es mxolod ucebi Cvenebaa. ufro dak-
virvebuli Tvali sul sxva movlenas dainaxavs. aq is ki ar aris
61
mniSvnelovani, rom al. yazbegis gmirTa drama iSleba Temis da
pirovnebis dapirispirebis fonze, aramed is, rom am dapirispire-
biT gamowveuli konfliqtic ki vera sTrgunavs adamianis Ta-
visuflebas. aSkaraa, rom sityva „Tavisufleba“ SedarebiT aris
naxmari, da Temic pirovnebis SemzRudavia raodenadme, magram
saqme is ukanaskneli sazRvaria, romlis iqiTac iwyeba adamianis
uflebaTa Seuvaloba. al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis mTavari azri is
aris, rom Temma icoda es sazRvari da Cveni avtorisTvis swored
am mosazrebiT iyo Temi Zvirfasi da dauTmobeli. is „civiliza-
cia“ ki, romelic Temsa spobda, amasTanave spobda adamianis el-
ementarul uflebebs, da sazRvardaudeblad hqelavda pirovne-
bis yovel Rirsebas. momavali „civilizatori“ saxelmwifo,
pirovnebas sZarcvavda, adamianobas ukargavda, „pirvel-yofil“
xevSi ki Temi ase laparakobda: – „kacs guli daxuruli imada
aqvs, rom Sig yvelam ver Caixedos“-o, da arca scdilobda...
diax, Temma icis pirovnebis pativis-cema, da scdilobs ki-
dev rac SeiZleba xSirad Camoecalos Tavisuflebis gzidan.
Temi mimarTavs:
– „... oniseu... oniseisi!.. nu waxval, nu mogvSordebi! gTxovT,
Zalas ki ar gatanT“...
Temi yovelTvis gonierebas iCens. igi sastikic aris xSirad,
magram iq, sadac adamiani gadadgeba adamianobis gzidan da gulSi
mxec-gaRviZebuli „aRarc qals indobs aRarc kacs“... aki ambobs
kidec mzaRo, rom „Temi gonieria“-o.
– xalxo! smena iyos da gagoneba!.. dRes Cven iseTi dRe mog-
vadga, rom Cven TviTonac ver gagvigia, rai Wiri datrialda?!
aRamahmadis drosac ar gvqonia es gaWirveba.. gexvewebiT am mo-
xucis TaviT ufrTxildiT erTmaneTs, ubralod mtrobas ufr-
TxildiT! iqneb xval da zeg egeTi dRe dagvidges, rom TiTos
Tavi aTasad dagvifasdes... mSvidobianobas ecadeT Tqveni Wiri-
meT mSvidobianobas!“ aseTi eniT metyvelebs Temis Tavmjdomare
(„elguja“) – „is qali ambobs, rom Tavis nebiT gahyva, uyvarda da
imisTvis; rom RvTisagan imedi ar hqondes elgujas gadarCenisa,
maSin is Tavs moiklavda“... „Tavis nebiT“, ai es aris yvelaze didi
sabuTi, da Temi aq aRar Caereva.
meore magaliTi: - „qalau, iqneba geSinian da imad iZaxi magas?
– raisi unda meSinodes?
62
 – Tu Zalad xar wamoyvanili, mTeli sofeli aqa varT
RTis madlma, gavswydeT, is gvirCevnia manam saleqsod saqme
gagvixdes“...
– aba raiRa gveTqmis, – warmosTqva erTma.
– arc-ra, – upasuxes sxvebma. Sua kacebi dabrundnen xalxSi.
– „Sav-Tvalau? – daiwyo erTma: – moixede Ra rai giTxra! sa-
nam xalxs egona, rom qali Zalad gaitaces, Zalad hyavsT dam-
wyvdeuli, mTeli sofeli wamovida mdevrad da RTis madlma,
vaJkacobasac iqmoda, magra ra ki gaigo, rom qali nebiTaa wamo-
suli, magaTi saqme aRaraa“... aqac „Tavisi nebaa“. ase afasebs Temi
pirovnebis Tavisuflebas.
aris erTi sacTuric, rom yazbegis gmirebSi tipi mogeCve-
noT. TiTqos maTSi zogadi elementebia moqceuli, raRac Semk-
rebloblobiTi xasiaTi, radgan isini TiTqos hgvanan erTmaneTs.
magram aqac Cahkvirvebaa saWiro, rom dainaxoT sxva da sxvaoba.
erTferovanoba iluziad modis, radgan yazbegi, mTel Ta-
vis poetur fantazias atrialebs darialis xeobaSi, awyvetavs
aragvisa da Tergis kldeebs, hmoqmedobs Zaugidan snomde. erT
Tems exeba da mitomac gveCveneba erTferovneba.
aseve erTferovania xalxis kreba, jari. midis masa, TiTqo
yvela yvelasa hgavs, magram es iluziaa, sinamdvile ki xasiaTTa
simravles amtkicebs.
namdvilad saerTo yazbegis gmierebs isa aqvT, rom yvela
Wirveulad moiTxovs Tavisas, pirovnuls, met wilad siyvaruls,
romelic Tavisi mouSoreblobiT aforiaqebs maT bunebas.
siyvaruls ver sTmoben verc elguja, verc iago, verc oni-
se, veravin. igi metad Zlieria, Tumc misi ganviTarebis didi
gza arsad ar aris naCvenebi avtoris mier. aq es grZnoba ucbad
izrdeba, magram ucbadve rodi hqreba. igi andamativiT izidavs
SeyvarebulT, da jojoxeTic Zalas hkargavs am didi, xevuri
siyvarulis gverdiT. aq siyvaruli sikvdilze Zlieria, radgan
hbadavs sicocxlis SiSs. elguja mohkles, mzaRos sikvdilisa
eSinian, radgan Sercxvenili rogor unda eCvenos elgujas saiq-
ios. namusi ahxades, magram xanjali xom Tana hqonda? sikvdilis
eSinian. sikvdili aRar unda, mas unda icocxlos. ara, sicocxle
ufro saSinelia. yazbegi ambobs: „mzaRos sikvdilisac ise eSino-
da, rogorc sicocxlisa“-o. es rodia ubralo fraza. sicocxlis
SiSi, es metad rTuli problemaa, da ramdenadac vici, Cvens li-
63
teraturaSi pirveli Tqmaa. xolo Tu am did Temaze meti arafe-
ria Tqmuli, es imitom, rom yazbegis gmirebs sazogadod ar axa-
siaTebT azrovneba. aq gancdebia ideaTa dialeqtikis adgilas,
aq-afeqtebia, cnebaTa nacvlad.

***
al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
erTi ram: man xevis sikvdili gadaSala sqesobrivi siyvarulis
fonze, da amiT ori simZafre Seaxala erTmaneTs. ambavTa qariS-
xali, gancdebis morevebi, STabeWdilebaTa simravle, faqtebis
erT-ferovani siWrele da katastrofebis texa yovel wuTs.
sul sabediswero finalebi, sul daRupva. daRupva oriv
mxriv: sikvdiliT da siyvaruliT. xevi ifxvneba notio kldesa-
viT, da es Savi qviSa kvlav kldesaviT ikumSeba siyvarulis qveS
momtani, xel uxleb monumentiviT. xevs hklaven, de es mkvlelo-
ba gaalmasebulia siyvarulis kalTaze.
me XIX sauk. qarTul mwerlobaSi, ar arsebobs meore poeti,
romelsac aseTi simZafriT hqondes erosi awerili, mTeli misi
pirvelyofilobiT da stiqiurobiT.
nuravis eCveneba aq is Cveulebrivi romanebis fabula,
romelic mimzidvelobisTvis aris navaraudevi. ara, aq qalis
saxiT aris ara-Cveulebrivi Sexorceba yovelive imisi, rac mis
gmirebs gaaCniaT Rrma, maRali da dauTmobeli. aq marto sqesob-
rivi siyvaruli ar aris. aq sakuTari meobis mwvervalia, yvela
im intimur saidumloebaTa koncentracia, romelnic adamianis
fasdaudebel saunjes Seadgenen. mitom aris, rom yazbegis Se-
moqmedebaSi es siyvaruli raRac saSinelia, mozRvavebuli la-
va. aq TviT xevis pirvel-yofil sulis gamoCenaa da ganwiruli
TviTmkvleloba. sainteresoa TviT siyvarulic yazbegis Semo-
qmedebaSi. saerTod cxadia, rom am grZnobis meufeba yovelT-
vis didi iyo, magram misi Sinaarsi epoqisa da xalxis TvisebebiT
ganisazRvreboda. yazbegis pirovnebebsac uyvarT, magram aris
am siyvarulSi niSandoblivi da kerZo. erosi aq Temis wiaRidan
iSvis da igi erTgvarad gansazRvrulic aris Temis tradicie-
bis batonobiT. magram miaqcieT yuradReba, rom es batonoba ara
vrceldeba pirovnebis sulis fesvebze, individualoba mainc ar
aris Sededebuli.
64
 ra uyoT, rom es TiTqos Zveli Cveulebebia, pirvel-yofilo-
bis Zlieri cemiT. samagierod aqve aris indiidualobis gamax-
vileba da navardi.
Zvelad pirovneba sazogadoebas ewireboda mTeli sicocx-
liT. aseTi iyo im drouli gageba. magram yazbegi imisTvis mis-
tiris mis Tval-win momakvdav Temis daSlas, rom aq eguleba
pirovnebisaTvis Zvirfasi piroba. is Tavisufleba, romelic xevSi
iyo primitiul formiT mocemuli, dResac saZiebelia brwyinvale
kulturis da civilizaciis qveynebSi. Tavisufleba, grZnobiT
avsiloba da dandoba, es Tvisebebi axasiaTeben yazbegis gmirebs,
romelnic Tavis Sesakrebs siyvarulSi hpouloben. es siyvaru-
li al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi xorcielia. mis gmirebs sxeuli
uyvarT. sulieri silamaze dramis procesSi iSleba igi Semdegi
etapia, Torem grZnobiT Sepyroba, fizikur saTavedan modis.
magram es xorcieli siyvaruli imas ki ar hgulisxmobs, rom su-
lieri silamaze arafrad miaCniaT, ara. isini sulier silamazes
arc ki eZeben. apriorulad arian darwmunebulni, rom es sila-
maze xevSi mocemulia Tavis-Tavad. sulieri silamaze iq aris
saZiebeli, sadac pirovneba aTreulia, meqanizmad gadaqceuli
da garemoebiT galesili, kuTxe gacveTili. suls civilizacia
hklavs, da materias amtkicebs aq ibadeba sevda dakargul sulis
gamo, da misi Ziebac mxolod civilizaciis wiaRSi SeiZleba. xev-
Si ki, sadac damoukidebeli kultura iyo, asketuri TviT Caxed-
va da ganwmenda, iq saZiebeli iyo fizikuri silamaze, da yazbegis
gmirebic am sxeuls ewirebian. Tanac: sulis primati qristia-
nobis Seqmnilia, magram rogorc qristianoba, ise sulis pirve-
lobac, darCa oficialobis sferoSi, da sicocxle ki kvlav ev-
leba sxeuls. silamaze-sxeulidan wasuli abstraqciaa da bevric
rom veswrafoT suls, adamianisTvis mainc Znelia SexebiTi sai-
dumloebis daTmoba. silamaze ki, marTla rom SexebiTi saidum-
loebaa. dim. karmazovi ambobs:
„sazarelia is, rom silamaze aris ara mxolod saSineli, ara-
med saidumlo saganic. RmerTi eSmaks ebrZvis, saomari veli ki –
xalxis gulebia“-o. da aramc Tu dostoevskis, bevrsa stanjavda
madonas da afroditas idea, magram yazbegi maT ricxvs mainc ar
ekuTvnis. yazbegi ara fiqrobs. misTvis silamazis sakiTxi dialeq-
tikis sagnad ar qceula arasodes. aq mxolod emociebia, amoTqma
uangariSo, da siSmage, yvelafris gadamlaxavi da gadamtani.
65
 aris erTi momentic al. yazbegis SemoqmedebaSi, sadac erT-
maneTs upirispirdebian „Zveli“ da “axali“. am dapirispirebaSi
SegviZlian amovikiTxoT igive azrovneba, romelic dRes ara-
Cveulebrivad iSleba kulturisa da civilizaciis dapirispire-
bis saxiT.
al. yazbegis „xevi“ (anu igive saqarTvelo, v.k.) misive azriT
aris udidesi kulturis matarebeli, sadac miTosi cocxalia, da
Semoqmedi suli hqmnis sicocxlis uRrmes da imanentur stils.
al. yazbegi CqrolviT ucqeris istoriis mimqral siSoreebs
da iq hxedavs im adamianur didebas, romelic ZalovnebiT bune-
basac ki aRemateboda.
„samebis taZari... aSenebuli Tlilis qviT... romlisTvisac
jer bunebas Semouvlia magari kldis kedeli da mere, zogierTs
adgilebSi kacis xels kidev ufro Seumagrebia“.
– „pirvelsave Sexedvazed kaci gancvifrebaSi modis da neba-
unebliv Tavis Tavs ekiTxeba: saidan moutaniaT am Cinebulis Se-
nobisTvis masala. an riTi mouzidniaT?
– sakmaoa am Senobis naxva, rom kacma gaigos, ra SeuZlian
xalxis SeerTebuls Zalas da amaRlebuls sulier mdgomareobas.
taZris kedelSi mxolod erT adgils Catanebulia marmarilos
qva, romelzedac qarsa da niaRvrs jer ver mouswria sruliad
amoeSala zed-warwera da mwignobars kidev SeuZlian gaarCi-
os sityvebi „...xari loma...mwyemsi Tevdore“... es ori saxelia,
romelTac ueWvelia, didi Rvawli miuZRodaT am xevis warsulis
didebis aSenebazed“... es patara nawyveti sruliad sakmarisia,
rom warmovidginoT is msofl-mxedveloba, romelic aRelveb-
da da kvlav afiqrebda Cvens mwerals. aqa sCans is didi mowiwe-
ba, romliTac epyroboda „xevis“ Taviseburobas, sadac namdvili
kultura, anu momwifebul sulis gamocxadeba TviT pirutyvis
pativiscemasac ki avalebda.
„loma xari“ amoWrili marmariloze, marTla rom miTolo-
giaa, didi momavlis Rrma simbiliurobiT savse.
ai es aris aleqsandre yazbegisTvis kultura. SeiZleba bevrs
„velurobad“ eCvenebodes, magram es „veluroba“ Tavisi Sinagani
amaRlebiT xSirada hgrexavs Tanamedrove „civilizaciis“ ga-
daSenebul sxeuls xolo is e.w. „civilizacia“, romelic SemoeW-
ra al. yazbegis aRTqmis qveyanas, iyo mxolod Semomqmed ener-

66
giis momakvdinebeli, mxolod da mxolod gamoyenebiTi aparati,
adamianis manqanad gadamqcevi da garegnulad brWyviala.
aq Semoqmedebis nacvlad muSaoba aris, adamianobis magier
praqtikuli daintereseba psiqologiis adgilas-statistika
da yvelgan angariSi, angareba da „oqros verZi“ yovelgvar mi-
Tologiis gareSe ase esmis al. yazbegs „Zvelisa“ da „axlis“ So-
ris arsebuli gansxvaveba, da rom ufro naTeli gaxados am an-
tipodebis ideuri Tu moraluri Rirebuleba, kidev erT moments
gadaSlis: es aris danaSauli da sasjeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
samarTalSi yvelaze metada sCans adamianis kultura.
oficialur-policiuri ruseTi modioda rogorc didi
„kulturiT“ damZimebuli, namdvilad ki kultura mounelebeli
da barbarosi yazbegis azriT maT Semoitanes moraluri gaxr-
wna, riTac bevri dasneulda. maT xelSi adamiani geometriuli
sxeuli iyo, da arc undodaT da verc xedavdnen adamianis Sina-
gan qveyanas iq sindisi yazbegis sityviT, „daqiravebulic“ ki
ar hqondaT. sul sxva iyo Temi. aq sasoebaa, SiSia Secdomisa, aq
damnaSave saflavTan laparakobs da msajulebic „RvTis piriT“
ekiTxebian.
naTqvami aSkaravdeba Semdegi dapirispirebiT, ris msgavsi
magaliTebic yazbegis nawerebSi bevria. „moZRvarSi“: onofres
70 w. kacs, mRvdels, mkvleloba daabrales qalisa, mayvalasi.
„didi xani iyo, rac moxuci cixeSi daeWiraT, rac ganuwyvetliv
masTan gamomZiebelni dadiodnen da aTasis kiTxvebiT Tavs abez-
rebdnen“... sasamarTloSi ki onofres gamoucxades: – „aeyaros
Rirseba, pativi, da ocda oTxi wliT gaigzavnos katorgaSi“...
aseTi iyo axali samarTali. magram, naxeT imav „moZRvarSi“ ro-
gor asamarTlebs Temi namdvil damnaSaves.
– „Tems rom gaZlierebuli enaxe, gautexeli, Tavmouxreli,
hai hai rom giCvenebda Zalasa: moggrexda da mogtexavda. mag-
ram exla xels ar gaxlebs, magram TemobaSic ver migiRebs...
wadi icxovre sadac ginda, rogorc ginda“... yazbegi am or
gasamarTlebas ar upirispirebs, magram aSkaraa, rom aqac da-
pirispireba aris nagulisxmevi, da albad darwmunebulic iyo,
rom mkiTxvelisTvis man aSkarad gaxada is, rac ase Zalumad
swamda da atirebda. es axali samarTali idgamda fexs. mTeli
es gmirTa wyeba, romelnic itanjebian umizezod, isjebian uda-

67
naSaulod, am „axali droebis“ gamofenilni arian, isini Cven
gvizidaven ZarRvebiT Tvalebidan gvixsnian bists, da sul axlo
misulebi, acrili TvalebiT vxedavT im yoveli ujredis cieb-
cxelebas, romelic stanjavda Cvens mwerals. aq esTetika ki
ara, aq tanjvisa da gamZleobis saSineli fantastikaa.
es „Zvelisa“ da „axlis“ dapirispireba moklebulia kerZo
xasiaTs, marTalia, konkretulad ruseTi hlaxavs Temis siwmin-
des, magram ruseTi mxolod zogadi movlenis kerZo saxea. al.
yazbegi imaze ki ar swuxs mxolod, rom ruseTi anadgurebs
saqarTvelos xevis saxiT, aramed imas, rom xevi iSleboda raRac
axal ZaliT, da am daSlas hqonda fataluri xasiaTi. mas ar
swamda es „axali“. igi SiSiT ucqeroda mis simSrales, da adre
hqonda gamotanili sabralmdebo ganaCeni. da rom es asea, Semde-
gi amonawerebidana sCans: – „ar gaiara ramdenime xanma, rom ori
viRaca kaci, wverianebi da Stackurs tanisamosSi, modiodnen
Cemken.“ imaT rusuli ar icodnen da frangulad ekiTxebodnen
erTmaneTs, „rogor unda vkiTxoT, matyls sada hyidian.“-o.
„me vlaparakobdi fransiuls, gulma veRar gamiZlo da
amisTvis upasuxe... warmoidgineT imaTi gaStereba, rodesac
raRaca ucnaur da velur mTeb Soris, sadac imaTi Sexedulo-
biT barbarosebi scxovroben, romelTac aTze meti Tvlac ki ar
ician, erTbaSad ubralo mecxvare, ubralo mTis kaci fran-
siulad elaparakeba! – eh!... qarTvelebi ra? azielebi, „busur-
manebi“ arian! magaT ra ician estetiuri grZnobisa!... eg Cven-
Tvis, evropieli xalxisTvis unda moviyvanoT... antepreniorma
gaiRima, romlisTvisac sul erTi iyo, evropielebs gahkreWda
Tu azielebs, oRondac aris fuli eZliaT“. kidev: – „gamoCndnen
ganaTlebulni evropielni“, romelTac moisurves Sebma „aziurs
gaunaTleblobasTan“, da radgan am brZolisTvis saSualeba iyo
saWiro, es saSualebac advilad aRmoaCines. saerTo siRaribisa
da gaWirvebis dros, sesxad misces antrepeniors eqvsi-aTas
Tumnamdis, Tumca Zalian kargad icodnen, rom am fuls veRara-
vin gadaaxvevinebda, radganac am batons sul aqeT ara gaaCnda-ra.
magram gana eqvsi aTasi Tumani iq saxsenebelia, sadac evropiuli
ganaTlebis da estetiuri grZnobis gavrceleba undaT aziursa,
velursa da briyvs xalxSi? rasakvirvelia rom ara“... am amona-
werebidan ukve aSkaraa, Tu ra prizmiT ucqeroda Semoseul
„siaxles“ Tu „civilizacias“ , romelic ar miiRo ideiurad ki
68
ara mxolod, praqtikuladac. es uaryofa al. yazbegma Semoq-
medebidan cxovrebaSi gadmoitana, da erT dros didi salone-
bis brwyinvale kavaleri, gauzogveli dardimandi, cxovrebis
parizuli gamaxvilebiT mimRebi, gamoexvia xevur yisinaSi, da
Seudga mTas rogorc morigi mwyemsi, Semdeg sarqlad amorCeuli.
mxolod iSviaTad Tu alaparakdeboda mTaSi frangulad, tu-
ristebTan Sexvedris dros, sadac faruli ironiiT abaTileb-
da am „ganaTlebulebs“.
al. yazbegma sruli SegnebiT auqcia gza am „ganaTlebas“ , da
miaSura im xalxs, romelic „piri-mzes“ loculobda, is xalxi ar-
Cia, sadac „vaJai naCexi sjobian“ da ixeCebian Tavisuflebisa da
marTal vaJkacobisaTvis.

II
vnaxoT exla al. yazbegis Semoqmedebis procesi. metad sain-
teresoa, Tu ra gziT iqmnebodnen is gmirTa portretebi, rome-
lic al. yazbegs didi eqspresiiTa aqvs dawerili. rogori iyo es
procesi, stiqiuri, afeqtiuri Tavis-Tavadi Tu Rrmad-mofiqre-
buli, winaswar gazomili da naturalur-zed-miwevniTi? unda
iTqvas, rom al. yazbegis SemoqmedebiTi procesi stiqiuric iyo
da mofiqrebulic, iseve, rogorc sazogadod yvela didi Semo-
qmedeba. hegeli Tavis dros icinoda kidec im Tvisebebis gamo,
romelT mixedviTac homirosis poemis damwers Turme ar esmoda
rasa swerda. es „ze STagoneba“ dRes uaryofilia did Semoqmed-
Ta mravali CvenebiT, da rCeba mxolod iseTi STagoneba, romel-
sac sinamdvile iZleva, didi dakvirveba da grZnobaTa Zlieri
koncentracia. – „artisti bevrs unda ukvirdebodes, – ambobs
hegeli, masSi unda mwifdebodes da viTardebodes didi grZnoba-
ni, man bevri unda ganicados, rom Tavis SemoqmedebaSi gadaxsnas
sicocxlis saidumloeba“-o. da rodesac ukvirdebiT al. yazbe-
gis pirovnul cxovrebas da Semoqmedebas, Cven vxedavT rom maT
Soris arsebobs uRrmesi kavSiri. misi Semoqmedeba nawilobrivad
avtobiografiuli xasiaTisaa, nawilobrivad ki maxlobel pirTa
portretebis da maTi ambebis mxatvrobaa. rasakvirvelia, arc av-
tobiografia unda iqmnes gagebuli qronikul aRweris saxiT, da
arc maxlobelTa daxatva-rogorc sityva-sityviTi portreti aq
aris bevri iseTi xazi, romelic mxolod warmodgeniT aris Seqm-
69
nili, da cocxal modelebsac sakuTari fantaziiT arTulebs da
asxvaferebs.
avtobiografiuli xasiaTisa arian: „cxovrebis Carxi“, „gan-
kicxuli“ da „namwyemsaris mogoneba“.
am nawarmoebSi aRwerilia sakuTari cxovrebis epizodebi,
studentobis, mecxvareobis da TbilisSi yofnis periodebidan.
zemod gvqonda moxsenebuli, rom „cxovrebis Carxi“ aris „Cveni
qveynis bomondis“ gagrZeleba; orives Sinasaxi ki is werilia,
romelic al. yazbegma moswera dedas moskovidan, sadac lapara-
kia kruglik. qalze.
lidia – es igive kruglikovis qalia;
svetlicki – grafi, qalis mama;
Teimurazi ki TviT al. yazbegi
„namwyemsaris mogoneba“ xom SeiZleba pirdapir qronikad
CaiTvalos, radgan aq arc saxelebia Secvlili.
simona gigauri, delakrua-namdvili saxelebia, da TviT av-
toric pirvel piriT rom laparakobs, manera ki ar aris, aramed
Tavis Tav-gadasavals gviambobs:
– „Cemi sityvebi did-xans amkobdnen Zaugis aristokratT
sastumroebs da erTi meores RimiliT gadascemda im SemTxvevas,
Tu Reneralis Svils rogor aeRo joxi xelSi da cxvrebs
dasdevda“...
rac Seexeba „gankicxuls“, aqac avtori levanis piriT
laparakobs sakuTar Tavgadasavalze, mxolod aq gadasxvafe-
rebulia gmirTa saxelebic da TviT dramis xasiaTic. magram
es mainc ver SegviSlis xels, rom xelovnurad Seqmnil niRa-
bebs iqiT TviT avtoris drama davinaxoT da is pirebi, visac am
dramasTan raime kavSiri hqonda.
giote ityoda, rom „mTeli Cemi nawarmoebni, Cemi cxovrebis
didi aRsarebis nawyvetebia“-o. da „gankicxulSiac „al. yazbegis
erTi romaniuli Tav-gadasavalia moTxrobili.
Tu CaukvirdebiT al. yazbegis dRemde arsebul biografia-
mogonebebs, ise gamodis, rom al. yazbegs siyvaruli ar ganuc-
dia, da erTi SemTxveva moskovSi, graf kruglikovis qalisadmi
trfialic, Turme ostaturad mogonili tyuili yofila, dedi-
sagan fulebis misaRebad. Semdeg iyo mecxvared, msaxiobad, da-
iwyo mwerloba, „SeiSala“ da gardaicvala. TiTqos al. yazbegi
adamiani ki ar iyo, aramed raRac manqana, romelsac siyvaruli ar
mohgonebia.
70
 am mxriv warmoebulma muSaobam ki bevri ram gamoarkvia, da
dRes gveZleva saSualeba vsTqvaT, rom „gankicxulis“ ambavi
aris avtobiografiuli fragmenti, nawarmoebi, savse pirovnu-
li gancdebiT, mxolod xelovnur nawarmoebad gadaqcevisaTvis
nafenobis da Sefardebis procesebiT Sevsebuli. igi xom qroni-
kiori ar iyo, rom sityva-sityviT aewera esa Tu is ambavi. igi
mraval xerxsa xmarobda rogorc mxatvari da iZleoda narev sa-
xeebs, narev ambebs, rogorc erT mTlianobas.
„gankicxulis“ erTi gmirTagani, porfiruSka, dawerili yo-
fila cocxali modelis mixedviT, da es ukanaskneli yofila
porfire bar-Svili.
xolo sofios portretis dasawerad, al. yazbegs modelad
auRia elisabed yazbegi, al. yazbegis cru avtorobis pirveli
mqadagebeli.
amis Sesaxeb aseTi cnobebi gvaqvs Sekrebili:
bibo yazbegis qali, nino TarxniSvilisa mwers:
– „aleqsandre yazbegs hyvarebia Tavisi naTesavi qali. amis
gamo sandros mTeli naTesaoba aumxedrda da qalis SerTvis neba
ar misces. es qali Semdeg SeirTo porfire bar-Svilma.
es Tavisi romani man wignad gamosca „gankicxulis“ saTa-
uriT. amas rogorc yvela naTesavebi miambobdnen, ise Cemi biZa
niko amirejibi“...
xolo i. RuduSauri iwereba: – „elisabedi misive Txzule-
baSi xsendeba“-o. da Tu moigonebT im adgils „gankicxulidan“,
sadac naTqvamia: „faitoniT viRacani gviaxlovdebodnen; ro-
desac Cven gagviswordnen, faitoni Sesdga da aSkarad gavigone:
– „Влюбленная парочка!... am momentis Sesaxeb igiv i. RuduSau-
ri iwereba, rom es elisabedi yofila, romelic „romelRac baR-
Si al. yazbegs SeeniSna s. gabaSvilTan“-o da sx...
albad al. yazbegisagan ecodineboda iagor RuduSaurs ase
dawvrilebiT, rogorc maxlobelsa Tu megobars. aseTive cnobe-
bi momca moxeve giorgi TofaZem. sCans rom simarTle unda iyves,
rodesac sul sxvadasxva pirni erTsa da imave cnobebs iZlevi-
an. xolo eWvis SetanisTvis sakmao safuZveli ara rCeba, radgan
auarebeli cnobebia Cvens gankargulebaSi, romelT mixedviTac
irkveva, rom analogiuri gziT hqmniden da hqmnian Tavis per-
sonaJebs iseTi mwerlebi, rog. gete, floberi, balzaki, e. zola,
Spilhageni, vagneri, tolstoi, dostoevski da sxvani mravalni.

71
 ise rom zemo-xsenebuli sami nawarmoebi avtobiografiuli
xasiaTisani arian.
xolo rac Seexeba danarCen nawarmoebT unda iTqvas, rom ese-
nic savse arian cocxal adamianTa portretebiT. rogorc gamo-
varkvieT, al. yazbegis gmirTa mTeli wyeba, amave saxelobiTac
ki arsebulan xevSi, da Cveni mwerlis personaJebis originalebi
isini yofilan. mag. elguja igi imave saxeliT yofila cnobili
mecxvare, romelsac didi gmiroba gamouCenia, rogorc Tavisuf-
lebisaTvis mebrZols. misi saxeli dResac cocxalia xevSi, da
Congurze dResac damRerian:

„elgujam cxvari ahyara,

„mwyemsebs gauyo ziari,
„adga da gamoemarTa,
„eg madliani, RvTiani-o..da sx...

iago, „mamis mkvlelidan“, – yofila bibo yazbegis „ukanono“

Zma, romelsac „kaci-naklavs eZaxdnen, metad brge da guladi
vaJkaci, romelic yaCaRad gavardnila da policias ki ar Cavar-
dnia xelSi.
koba, (esec „mamis mkvlelidan“), anu gomieT koba, kargi vaJ-
kaci da leqsiT Seqebuli.
cicka – esec bibo yazbegis „ukanono“ Zma, romlis Sesaxeb Seq-
mnilia xalxuri leqsi, da am leqsSi TiTqmis igive siuJetia, rac
al. yazbegis moTxrobaSi.
ciko – dResac cocxalia, da mas gadahxedia Tavs, rac al.
yazbegis moTxrobaSia aRwerili.
simon CofikaSvili – („elguja“-Si) esec namdvili pirovneba
iyo, el. yazbegis cnobiT – gabriel yazbegi, xolo sol. yazbegis
CvenebiT ki svimon yazbegi.
elberdi – CeCeni, romlis Sesaxebac kerZo werilSi swers al.
yazbegi svimon CofikaSvils, da sx...
vimeoreb, rom al. yazbegi pirdapir ki ar imeorebda imas, rac
sinamdvileSi iyo, aramed erTgvar SemoqmedebiTi sintezs axden-
da, imis-da mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTi ainteresebda.
iseve, rog. mag. ibsenma ixmara brandtis modelad pastori
lamersi, magram am portretSi bevri ram Seitana Tavisi sakuTaric.
tolstoi ambobs: „me aviRe tania, Seurie soniaSi (imisi coli
da colis-da) da gamovida nataSa“-o („omi da zavi“-dan).
72
 giotes „verter“-Si Tavisi Tavi ucvniaT Sarlotas da imis
qmars, ris gamo didi usiamovnebac atexila; dikensis skimpolis
gamoc, erT subieqts saCivari aRuZravs, radgan ucvnia Tavisi
Tavi. aseve damarTviaT tekereis, mopasans, zolas da sx...
Ddostoevskis alioSa karamazovis modeli – vlad solovi-
ovia, karamzinovisa – turgenevi da sx...
al. yazbegic aseTive gziT qmnida Tavis personaJebs, e.i.
mxatvrul masalas igi iRebda mis irgvliv myof pirTa cxovrebi-
dan, da amaze aSenebda Tavis Semoqmedebas. xolo es procesi iseTi
afeqtiuri iyo, iseTi didi emociebiT amoZravebuli, rom avto-
ri Tavis gmirebs ganicdida cocxlad, gadadioda maT sulSi.
Nniko lomouri ekiTxeba al. yazbegs:
– `ra gemarTeba sandro? Aaxla rom mxiaruli xar, ucbad ga-
daiqcevi raRac gaugebari. SeSinebuli iyurebi aqeT-iqiT, viRa-
casTan laparakob, ra mogdis?~… razedac al. yazbegs upasuxnia:
– `eg araferi, ucbad momelandnen yvela Cemi gmirebi da maTTan
vlaparakob~-o.
analogiurad ganicdidnen Tavis gmirebs bevri didi mwera-
li. floberi erT kerZo baraTSi swers: – `dRis ori saaTidan
vswer `bovari~-s. me veswrebi imaT cxen-da-cxen gamgzavrebas...
me dResa var kacic, qali, sayvarelic... viyavi cxenic, foTlebic,
qaric, Cem gmirTa sityvebic~ da sx... gofmansac xSirad eCvene-
bodnen Tavisi poeturi saxeebi, rogorc namdvilad arsebulni,
romlebsac elaparakeboda.
moqandake bleki xSirad midioda zRvis napirze da iq elapa-
rakeboda mose winaswarmetyvels, virgiliuss da miltons...
dikensi swerda: –`me ki ar vTxzav wignis Sinaarss, aramed
vxedav-o~.
guno ambobda: –`Cemi gmirebis simRera iseve mkafiod mesmis,
rogorc naTlada vxedav Cems irgvliv myof sagnebs-o~.
aseve ganicdidnen tekerei, klaisti, gendeli, ibseni, bal-
zaki, turgenevi, dostoevski da sx...
mxolod Rrma gancdebs da Tavis gmirebTan srul Seziare-
bas SeeZlo eTqmevinebina is, rac iona meunargias dauwera al.
yazbegma: –`me myavs Cemi sazogadoeba, da Cven mivxvdiT erTmane-
Tis gulis Zgeras, Cven gavigoneT erTmaneTis gulis kvnesa da
xmebi didi xania rac SevawyeT. erTi gvaqvs sixaruli da erTive
samgloviaro. Cven xma miucemlad ver davdgebiT. me myavs Cemi
73
mkiTxvelebi, da ra rig bundadac unda iyves dawerili Cemi
moTxrobebi, imaT mainc esmiT mgodeblis gulis gminva da crem-
lebs ar iSureben mis dasatirad~. al. yazbegi savsebiT rom ar
yofiliyo Seziarebuli Tavis gmirebTan, ver ityoda iseTi mRel-
varebiT da paTosiT:
– `raRas miRobavT? gamiSviT sxvagan, iqneba iqac sadme Sevx-
vde elgujas... gamiSviT davitiro Cemi mkvdrebi, imisTvis rom
Cemni arian, da Cemi guli miibrZvis maTken.

***
metad saintereso cnobaa darCenili, rom `elguja~ `droeba-
Si~ rom ibeWdeboda, Tavdeboda iq, sadac yazaxebi `naRvaravTan~
daesxmian elgujas da mis amxanagebs. asoT-amwyobebs uari uTq-
vamT awyobaze: “elgujas jer ar mogakvlevinebT”-o, da al. yaz-
begsac moTxroba gaugrZelebia am cnobaSi is aris saintereso,
rom morigi mkiTxvelic ki Rrmad ganimsWvaleba moTxrobis gmir-
Tadmi simpatiebiT. masSic ki ibadeba erTgvari rwmena gmiris
realobisa. es ki imis damamtkicebelia, rom avtorma metad didi
grZnoba Seitana nawarmoebSi, imdenad didi, rom Sehqmna mxat-
vruli xiluloba. da rom TviT al. yazbegs ar hqonoda Tavis
gmirTa warmodgenis sinaTle, rom gmirTa tanjva da mRelvareba
jer TviT ar ganecada, igi ver Sehqmnida iseT saxes, romelsac
asoT-amwyobi sasikvdilod ar gaimetebda. da al. yazbegis Semo-
qmedebiTi procesi swored mitom aris saintereso, rom aqa sCans
is awyvetili da miusafari suli, romelic yvela did Semomqmeds
awvalebs da amaRlebs.
advilad SesaZlebelia, rom al. yazbegi cremlsac ki Rvri-
da, rodesac swerda wamebis adgilebs. `gamiSviT davitiro Cemi
mkvdrebio~ rom ambobs Tavis elgujebis Sesaxeb, es ar aris
umniSvnelo fraza. da cxviloelis mowmobac, rom al. yazbegi
`abuzuli~ dadioda `gul- CaTxrobilio~, imitom rom misi Se-
moqmedebiTi Tvalebi sul mudam im adgils misciebodnen, `sadac
Zala da simarTle erTmaneTs Sehbmodnen da brZolis msxver-
plni zogi gul-aRma, zogi pirqve, Sesazarad damaxinjebulni,
eyarnen~. al. yazbegi sul am saxeebiT dadioda, TavSi sul mudam
es Sesazari suraTebi utrialebda, TiTonac am dramis monawile
iyo, da yovlad warmoudgenelia, rom yvela amas ar CaeTxro misi
guli da mgloviaris aCrdiliviT ar earna.
`gendeli tiroda, roca hqmnida Tavis oratorias `mesias~-o.
74
 `tekerei damwuxrebulia elene pendennisis sikvdiliT da
tiris~-o.
`roca klaistma daamTavra `pentezilia~, cremliT avsili
mivida Tavis megobar pfeilTan da daikvnesa: `is mokvda-o~.
msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleboda, magram
kmara. amiTac aSkara hxdeba, Tu rogoria esTetiuri Wvreta, da
am procesSi ra Tav-daviwyebamde midis Semomqmedi. misTvis TiT-
qos ikargeba sazRvari moCvenebisa da sinamdvilis Soris. aseve
iyo al. yazbegic, vizionerobamde misuli, da Tavis gmirTa iare-
biT, TviTonac sulis stigmatebiT Sepyrobili.
magram al. yazbegi marto gmirTa siaxloves ki ar ganicdis,
ufro Sors midis da maTi garemoc STamagonebelad moqmedobs.
esec damaxasiaTebelia sazogadod SemoqmedisaTvis, xolo al.
yazbegis SemoqmedebiTi procesSi, amas cota Taviseburi xasiaTi
aqvs. es Taviseburoba aixsneba im iSviaTi cxovrebiT, romliTac
icxovra Cvenma mweralma. al. yazbegi, rogorc viciT, Svidi wlis
ganmavlobaSi mwyemsi iyo, da mecxvaruli cxovreba ki, kabinetur
mwerlobisaTvis xelis Semwyobi piroba ar aris. magram STabe-
Wdileba, warmodgena, agzneba, es yvelaferi SeeZlo ganecada, da
es gancdebi mexsierebaSi Seenaxa. aki swers kidec mecxvare svimon
CekiaSvils:
– `RmerTo, raodeni grZnoba iRviZebda maSin, raodeni su-
raTebi ixateboda TavSi?!.
`bevrs saRamos momagondeba CeCnis mindvrebi, gaCaRebuli
cecxli, romelsac gars Semosxdomian mwyemsebi...
Tu Cems nawerebs hkiTxulobs vinme, Tu hpoulobs imaSi
rasme gulis gasarTobs, Tu ara swyindeba da bolomde Cadis,
yvela amis mizezi Cemi warsulia, Cemi mecxvareoba da TqvenTan
cxovreba Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi, romelmac erTi da igive
gvagrZnobina, erTi da igive kvnesiT daakvnesa Cveni guli, erTi
da igive mizani dagvanaxva~...
zemoTac movixsenie, rom al. azbegis namdvili Semoqmedeba
iq swarmoebda, mTaSi, iq axdenda Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas Semoq-
medebiTi eqsperimentebs, iq ivseboda bunebis sidiadiT da war-
moidgineT, naturas hxatavda kidec
metad sainteresoa es momenti, da vnaxoT, ras mogviTxroben
al. yazbegis naamxanagari mwyemsebi am momentis Sesaxeb.
75
 moxeve fido RuduSaurma gadmogvca Semdegi: – `erT zam-
Tars namgalebad viyaviT sunJSi, Tergis olqSi. Cven erTad mog-
vixda xevSi dabruneba. rodesac movediT saCvenoSi, cxvari Tav
TavianT mTebSi waviyvaneT. aleqsandre yazbegi Tavisi cxvriT
wavida ToTis mTaze. davarCieT cxvari, davTvaleT da aRmoCnda,
rom cxvari gvaklia. mama-Cemma giorgi RuduSaurma, damavala wav-
suliyav ToTis mTaSi da gamego, aleqsandres cxvarSi Tu ar iyo
narevi. SuadRe TiTqmis axlovdeboda rom mivaRwie im adgils,
sadac aleqsandres cxvari hyavdaAsaZovrad, da ra davinaxe? cxva-
ri qvemoTa sZovs, aleqsandre zemoT asula, sdgas gancalkeve-
biT da gahyurebs Txebs, romelnic maRla asulan kldianebSi,
dahxtian, kldidan kldeze, laRoben; ZaRlebi iyefebian, ar miS-
veben me mainc mivdivar da uyviri: mecxore, mecxore... magram
aleqsandre imdenad gatacebulia, rom ar esmis arc Cemi Zaxili
da arc ZaRlebis yefa. me mainc ar Sevepue ZaRlebs da mivedi san-
drosTan. is ucbad motrialda da gaCerda. mimipatiJa. mkiTxa,
visi xaro.
– yarajeT giorgisao-upasuxe. sandros wigni da zed bev-
ri dawerili qaRaldebi da naxatebi eWira. aiRo yvela erTad,
da-keca da Caawyo CanTaSi~-o. didebuli suraTia. kldianebSi,
aristokrati mecxvare ucqeris gatacebiT Txebis navards da
aswers Tu hxatavs am sanaxaobas. cxvari aRar axsovs. metad da-
marwmunebelia am ambis sinamdvile. aba naxeT `mamis mkvlelSi~
Semdegi suraTi: –`marTla Tav-damaviwyebels suraTs warmoad-
genda es jixvi, gadmozneqili maRla platoze, TiTqos qvidan
gamoWrili da SeerTebuli am kldes, romlis rqebic, daferili
ukanaskneli mzis sxivebiT, ise aSkarad ixateboda cis-kidurze...
erTbaSad moisma stvenis msgavsi frutuni da nadiri erTbaSad
datrialda. kobamac miixeda iqiT, da dainaxa iseTive galaRe-
buli xari, rogoric idga kldis wverzed. is modioda meore
jixvisaken wynarad, darwmunebuli Tavis upiratesobaSi da Ta-
vis qneviT, TiTqos muqaras sTxovda. imis iqidan gamoCndnen ram-
denime Txa da wali, romlebic Sesdgnen da dauwyes yureba am ors
metoqe xars, romelTac, ueWvelia Tavis gamoCena undodaT nazi
qmnilebis winaSe.
kldezed myofi xar laRic wamoubrunda, daifrutuna da
wynarisave siaruliT, Tavis qneviT gaswia momavlisken. rode-
sac isini miaxovdnen erTmaneTs ramdenime nabijzed, Sesdgnen,
76
dauwyes erTmaneTs mrisxaned yureba, da fexebiT miwas cema.
rogorc etyobodaT, isini aniSnebdnen erTmaneTs, ara sTanx-
mdebodnen da ra ver dahyabuldnen erTnameTs, gaeqannen, rqebiT
daejaxnen. amis Semdeg eseni awvebodnen erTmaneTs radenime xani
ise Zlierad, rom gatenili ZarRvebi lamis askdebodaT, magram
verc erTma ver sZlia, ver daaxevina ukan.
bolos isini ganSordnen erTmaneTs, erTi maTgani wavida
xtunaobiT, mivida zed kldis pirzed, gamobrunda, gaibowka fe-
xebi, gamagrda da moiRera kiseri; meore jixvi ki zevidan moeqca,
Sedga ukana fexebzed, wamovida ise da rac Zali da Rone hqonda,
daeca rqebiT kldis pirad myofs jixvs rqebzed. masukan qvevi-
Ti gamoscvala zeviTma, da es dadga amave gvarad kldis napiras
da pirveli ki Setotda da daeca. yoveli imaTi Setakeba, yoveli
imaTi rqebis moxvedra erTmaneTs iseTs xmas gamoiRebda, TiTqos
ramdenime Tofi erTad gavardao. RmerTsac nu eqmna rom qveiTs
eRalatna zeviTisaTvis: gamoscloda im dros, rodesac meore
modioda, Torem imas aRara ixsnida-ra, ramdenime asi saJenis si-
maRlidan gadavardnils, suli aRar dahyveboda xevamdin. magram
darwmunebuli qveiTis uRalatobas, modioda es SnoebiT savse
pirutyvi da mxolod mazeda hfiqrobda, rom ramdenadac SeiZle-
boda, Zalzed daekra.
walebi da Txebi ki, TavianTis eSmakuris simkvrcxliT dax-
todnen imaT axlos, TiTqos amiT undodaT metad waeqezebinaT
mebrZolni, romlebis qcevac ase moswondaT~...
es amodena adgili ganzrax amovwere, rom, jer erTi, meCvene-
bina fido RuduSauris gadmocemis da am suraTis igiveoba, da
Semdeg, meCvenebina mkiTxvelisTvis, rom aseTi detalebis aRwera
zepirad, unaxavad, yovlad warmoudgenelia am suraTis damwers,
rogorc mxatvars, Tval-win unda hqonoda natura, rom aseTi
zed-miwevniT aRebeWda rogorc suraTis mTliani kompozicia,
agreTve is mniSvnelovani wvrilmanebi, romelnic am suraTs did
plastiurobas aZleven.
al. yazbegs es suraTi adgilobriv aqvs dawerili. amiT imis
Tqma ki ar minda, rom `mamis mkvlels~ iq mTlianad swerda, ara-
med is, rasac dostoevski ambobs erT werilSi: –`me...scenas ma-
Sinve Caviwer xolme ise, rogorc igi meCvena pirvelad, da mixari-
an. magram Semdeg, mTeli Tveebi Tu weli vamuSaveb, ramdenjerme

77
STavigonebi (radgan miyvars es scena) da ramdenjerme an miuma-
teb an gamovakleb rames~-o.
da rom aleqsandreyazbegi `cxorSi~ swerda, amis cnobebi bev-
ri aris, mis TanamedroveTa da `namgalebisgan~ gadmocemuli.
moxucma moxevem, koba yamaraulma miambo, rom `namgalebad~
viyaviT Tergis olqSi, sof. maxanurSi. sandro cxvars rom gaS-
lida farexidan, dajdeboda da swerda gamudmebiT, vidre cxori
ar dabrundeboda, e.i. dabindebamdis~-o.
daviT RuduSaurma gadmomca mamis mier naambobi Semdegi am-
bavi, rasac adsturebs aleqsandre yazbegis drois namwyemsari,
zemo-xsenebuli fido RuduSauri:
– `Tergis olqSi cxvari gveyena. petre gujaraSvili, sandro
yazbegis mwyemsi, SemogvCioda xolme: Cemma xazeinma moiyvana
daTvi da arc Cven gvaZlevs mosvenebas da arc ZaRlebsao. Teoze
daabamda xolme sandro daTvs, ZaRlebi ecemodnen aqeT-iqiT da
idga gamudmebuli yefa. sandro ambobda: es imitom moviyvane, rom
ZaRlebi fxizlad iqnebian da nadiri cxvars veRar moudgebao~.
igive petre gujaraSvili uCioda Turme sandros: – `ucnauri
kacia sandroi. roca yaraulia xolme, farexSi Seitandis kar-
toxais sanTels, aanTebda da swerdao. qveyana mouvlia, Zriel
naswavls uZaxian, yvela enaze laparakobs da cxvarSic ar isve-
nebso~. amaze iakob RuduSaurs uTqvams:
– `raia gasakvirali, iZaxian, mTeli dRe-Rame swers saxlSi,
naCvevia da aqac, qalaq Rames ra gastexs, Tu ara swerao. kargi
xazeini gyavs xTis madlma, aramc Tu Seni, yvelas imedia, xev-
mTiul-gudamayris mecxvareebisTvisao~.
zemo-xsenebuli moxeveebi aseT suraTs agviweren:
– farexSi sanTeli SuaSi udgas. cxvari ki rkaliviT gars
Semortymuli, Suqs etaneba. pirvel rigebSi, cxvari wina fexebze
aris dabjenili, ukanidanac cxvari awveba. sandro SuaSi zis da
swers. `meore diliT dunia qaRaldebi gadmohqonda~-o.
am gadmocemebiT, mkafiod aris naxazi al. yazbegis litera-
turul gancdebis siZliere da Semoqmedebis procesis movar-
dnili, adidebuli xasiaTi.
aseTi eqspresiiT swerda imas, rac Seadgenda mis wamebas da
fiqrs, rac iwvevda masSi sulis saSinel stigmatebs, rac mas-
Si boboqrobda rogorc umZafresi dinamika da ramac TviT mis
Semoqmedebis process misca aseTive xasiaTi.
78
 al. yazbegi aRviZebda im qariSxals, romlis qveSac, poet
tiutCevis sityviT, `qaosi irxeoda~.

***
aris raRac mimzidveli da damafiqrebeli, rom al. yazbegma
dastova daumTavrebel moTxrobaTa mTeli kari. veRar sTqva,
iqneb imitom, rom Zalian maRali toniT daiwyo Semoqmedeba, di-
di gamZafrebiT da energia aRar eyo? magram aq aRsna arc ki aris
saWiro. sjobs isev ise darCes es Semoqmedebis gvirabi, romelic
bneli piriT icqireba da fantastikas amravlebs.

***
dasasrul ibadeba kiTxva: yazbegi beletristia, poetia Tu
ra aris mwerlobaSi miRebuli terminebiT? me mgonia rom arc
erTis darqmeva ar SeiZleba. igi sazRvreb gadalaxuli mweralia.
misi Semoqmedeba aragviseburia: zoggan Rrma, zoggan Txeli, mag-
ram mainc awyvetili da mgminavi. igi Taviseburia, romelic yve-
lafers ganze stovebs da aCens mxolod didi saSinelebis erT
kunWuls, patara kunWuls, romelSic es didi saSineleba mokeci-
la da atrialebs sabediswero jaras. masze iCeCeba biografia-da-
viwyebul modgmis suli da istoriis mier dawyevlili nebis-yofa.
aleqsandre yazbegis Semoqmedeba imdenad aris ubeduro-
biT damZimebuli, rom arc ki SeiZleba estetiuri ganze gan-
dgoma-Sesafaseblad. TiTqos es raRac gaxurebul rkinis gaci-
ebasa hgavs, im rkinis, romliTac iSanTeboda xevis kunT-magari
da gamosuli tani.

vaxtang kotetiSvili
aleqsandre yazbegi da misi avtorobis sakiTxi
tfilisi 1925, gv. 80-135.

79
grigol kiknaZe
(1909-1974)

vaJa-fSavela zigmund froidis winaaRmdeg

froidizmi anu, rogorc mas axla uwodeben, `klasikuri fsi-

qoanalizi~, imTaviTve macdunebeli moZRvreba aRmoCnda. man
iseTi punqtebi SeirCia, iseTi cnebebi moimarjva, romlebiTac
adamianis sulieri cxovrebis uRrmes fenebSi SeWra ikisra da maT
ueWvo daxasiaTebas Segvpirda.
pirveli STabeWdilebis mixedviT, froidma TiTqosda mar-
Tlac miagno sulieri cxovrebis warmmarTvel da Tan xel-
Sesaxeb sferos, romelsac adamianTa sazogadoebaSi farda
hqonda Camofarebuli. swored imiT iyo igi cnobismoyvareobis
aRmZvreli, rom gzas xsnida adamianTa intimuri urTierTobis
Suagulisaken da zogjer SeiZleba sxvadasxva pikanturi momen-
tis gamomzeurebiskenac.
es iyo erTi, – da aramcire mniSvnelobis, – mizezi froidiz-
mis popularobisa farTo sazogadoebaSic, araspecialistTa
Soris. rasakvirvelia, SeuZlebelia im faqtis ugulebelyofa,
rom fsiqoanalizma gadalaxa moduri moZRvrebisaTvis damaxa-
siaTebeli droiTi SezRuduloba da ager naxevar saukuneze me-
tia, rac Tavisi nairsaxeobebiT ganagrZobs arsebobas. aseTia
adlerisa da iungis fsiqoanalizebi da neofroidizmis mravali
Tanamedrove avtoris froidiseuli koncefciebi. es garemoeba,
pirvel yovlisa, im efeqtiT aixsneba, romelsac fsiqoanalizma
nevrozTa kvlevisa da maTi mkurnalobis sferoSi miaRwia. magram
Tu fsiqoanalizis gavrcelebis are specialistTa Soris mniS-
vnelovnad SezRudulia da mas TandaTan ufro da ufro didi
winaaRmdegoba xvdeba, arsebobs kulturuli cxovrebis iseTi
sferoebi, sadac sruliad Seunelebelia fsiqoanalizis gav-
lenis tempi. es aris Tanamedrove, CvenTvis ucxouri samyaros
xelovneba, pirvel yovlisa ki, misi mxatvruli literatura da
literaturaTmcodneoba.
garda cnobili `Sesavali leqciebisa fsiqoanalizSi~ da
`ZiriTadi fsiqologiuri Teoriebisa fsiqoanalizSi~, froids
ekuTvnis Sromebi, romelTa mizania gviCvenos am moZRvrebis
mniSvneloba, rogorc uzogades kulturul-istoriuli, ise
80
uaRresad individualuri SemoqmedebiTi procesebis kvlevi-
saTvis. pirveli rigis Sromebs ganekuTvneba `totemi da tabu~,
`masebis fsiqologia da adamianis `mes~ analizi, `me da is~, `ci-
vilizacia da miT ukmayofiloni~, `jgufuri fsiqologia~, `yo-
veldRiuri cxovrebis fsiqologia~ da sxva. froidma ama Tu im
pirovnebis swrafvaTa da Semoqmedebis magaliTze ganaviTara
Tavisi Tvalsazrisi iseT TxzulebebSi, rogoricaa `leonardo
da vinCi~, `mose da erTRmerTianoba~, `dostoevski da mamismkv-
leloba~ da `poetis mimarTeba ocnebasTan~. Tavidanve miipyro
yuradReba misma Sromam `gonebamaxviloba da aracnobierTan misi
mimarTeba~, romlis Sesaxeb yvela aRniSnavs, rom Tavisi Sinaar-
siT analiziT da daskvnebiT igi didad scildeba fsiqoanalizis
farglebs.
saxviTi xelovnebisa da literaturuli faqtebis ganmsazR-
vreli SemoqmedebiTi movlenebis axsnis pretenziiT mogvev-
lina froidizmi, saxeldobr, pretenziiT da ara damajerebeli
argumentaciiT. es garemoeba ivane pavlovs Semdegi sityvebiT
aRuniSnavs: “Фрейд может только с большим или меньшим блеском и
интуицией гадать о внутренних состояниях человека. Он может, пожалуй,
сам стать основателем новой религии”*.
fsiqoanalizma didi gavlena moipova. froidis skolidan ga-
mosuli avtorebis Tvalsazrisi, miuxedavad met-naklebi gadax-
vevisa, arsebiTad mainc am skolis farglebSi Tavsdeba. aseTia
burJuaziul qveynebSi egoden gavrcelebuli iungis koncefcia
xasiaTTa tipologiisa eqstravertuli da intravertuli tipe-
bis saxiT; aseTia adleris moZRvreba Tavisi `arasrulfasovne-
bis~ kompleqsiT da sxv. `klasikuri fsiqoanalizia~ saTave im
fsiqokulturuli froidizmisa~, romlis TvalsaCino warmomad-
genlad Karen horni iTvleba. igive iTqmis erih fromis da sxvaTa
koncefciebSi fsiqologiur da socialur faqtorTa urTier-
Tobis Sesaxeb**.

* damowmebulia krebulis mixedviT – “Современная психология в капиталистиче-

ских странах”, Изд. Ан СССР, М ;1963 стр. 168
** amis Sesaxeb ix. dasax. krebuli- – “Современная психология в капиталистических
странах”.
hilberti wers: “SeiZleba TiTqmis sruli darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom Cvens
droSi erTi esTetikuri Taobac ki ar arsebobs, romelsac ama Tu im zomiT
ar ganecados froidizmis gavlena” (ix. Катарин Гильберт и Гельмут Кун, История
эстетики, пер. с англ., ИЛ, М.,1960, стр.596).
81
 froidis moZRvrebam Tanamedrove burJuaziul sinamdvile-
Si STamagonebeli Teoriis mniSvneloba moipova. am moZRvrebis
mimdevrebi froids uwodeben `sulis niutons~ da fsiqoanalizis
kvlevis Sedegebs kopernikis, kolumbis Tu darvinis aRmoCenebs
utoleben. froidiT gatacebaSi zogi iqamde midis, rom XX sa-
ukunes `froidis saukunes~ uwodebs. ase, magaliTad, qveyndeba
krebuli simptomaturi saTauriT -`froidi da XX saukune~.
fsiqoanalitikuri operaciebi Catarda da Sesabamisi gaazre-
ba mieca ara marto sofokles `oidipos mefes~, aramed Seqspiris
hamlets, otelos, iagos, lirsa da makbets; froidistebi mis-
wvdnen mark tvensa da dostoevskis, sviftsa da klaists; Tavi-
anTi Tvalsazrisis gamosamzeureblad noyier masalad miiCnies
maT bodleris, eliotis, kafkas, da kamius Semoqmedeba. froi-
distma mariam bonapartem gamoaqveyna wigni `po da literaturis
funqcia~...
dausrulebel nakadad modis burJuaziul qveynebSi fsiqo-
analitikuri literatura. yvelafris wvdomis niSniT movida
froidizmi. misi warmomadgenlebi iseTs verafers xedaven xe-
lovanTa urTules SemoqmedebiT procesebSi, romlis axsnis wi-
naSe ukan daxeva Tu ara, ubralo Seferxeba mainc sWirdebodeT.
maT mza pasuxi aqvT yovel SesaZlo SemTxvevaze, yovel kiTx-
vaze. swored am pasuxebis analizidan Cans, Tu raoden misaRebia
froidizmis amosavali debulebebi da namdvilad didi xelovnis
SemoqmedebasTan miaxloebis fsiqoanalitikuri meTodebi.
sabWoTa literaturaTmcodneobaSi froidizmma dasayrdeni
ver pova, Tumca adre gvxvdeba ramdenime cda zogierTi Semo-
qmedebiTi faqtisa da mwerlis daxasiaTebisa fsiqoanalizis
poziciidan*. froidizmi marqsistuli msoflmxedvelobisaT-
vis ucxo iyo da aseTived darCa dResac. masTan brZola yovel-
vis warmoebda da axlac warmoebs, rac Cans im statiebidan, rom-
lebic Cvens JurnalebSi sistematurad qveyndeba. iq mocemulia
froidizmis daxasiaTeba da misi kritikuli Sefaseba**.
* ix. magaliTad, И. Нейфельд, Достоевский, Изд. “Петроград”, 1925 г.
** aq davasaxelebT zogierT maTgans. В. Днепров, “Поворот в мировоззрении Томаса
Манна”, ж. “Вопр. лит.“ 1960, N 8; missive, “Эстетика низменного”, ж. “Вопр. лит.”, 1961
N 5 misive, “О Фрейдистской психологии в реалистическом романе”, ж .“Иностр. лит”,
1961, N 7, 8. Б. Гиленсон, “Литература в свете психоанализа”, ж. “ Вопр. лит.”, 1959 N
1. А. Егоров. “Враги разума”, ж. “ Вопр лит”, 1959, N 8. В. Бассин, “Фрейдизм в свете
современных научных дискуссий”, ж. “ Вопр. психологии”, 1958, N5,6. В . Морозов,
82
 Cveni uSualo amocanaa SevamowmoT froidistuli midgomis
vargisoba iseTi didi xelovnis Semoqmedebis magaliTze, rogo-
ric iyo vaJa-fSavela. Cven saxeldobr vaJa-fSavelaze ufro imi-
tom vCerdebiT, rom es mwerali Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi masaliT
yvelaze ufro axlosaa adreul rwmenaTa da kulturaTa safe-
xurebTan, xolo froidi da misi mimdevrebi fsiqoanalizuri op-
eraciebis CatarebisaTvis xelsayrel obieqtad swored aseT
safexurebs miiCnevdnen*. vaJa-fSavelas gmirebis qceva ar aris
gaxveuli rTul da Znelad gasakvlev qselSi; rafinirebuli araa
maTi arc moqmedeba da arc metyveleba, uSualobaa maTi xasiaTis
Tviseba, e.i. daufaravad gveZleva maTi swrafva, azri da mizani.
amas isic unda daematos, rom vaJa-fSavelas gamaxvilebuli hqon-
da interesi miTologiisadmi, froidistebi ki, viTarca nicSes
filosofiis moziareni, miTTaqmnadobis Teorias misdevdnen**.
yvelaferi es mowmobs, rom vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedeba saukeTeso
bazad unda CaiTvalos fsiqoanalitikur dakvirvebaTa sawarmo-
eblad da Sesaferisi daskvnebis misaRebad.
rasakvirvelia, mosalodnelic ar aris, rom Cven TemasTan
dalagebuli iqneba froidis moZRvrebis Sinaarsi. arc arsebobs
amis aucilebloba, radganac savsebiT xelmisawvdomia saTanado
literatura***. CvenTvis sakmarisi iqneba, Tu aq froidizmis im
debulebebs gavixsenebT, romlebis xelovnebas, kerZod, lite-
raturas Seexeba da amasTanave mxedvelobaSi viqoniebT, Tu ra
realuri Sedegi mohyva froidizmis SeWras xelovanTa Semoq-
medebiTs praqtikaSi.
fsiqoanalizisaTvis, rodesac saqme xelovnebas exeba, arse-
biTia kiTxva: “ratom Txzavs adamiani?~ am kiTxvaze pasuxi SesaZ-
loa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gamovarkvevT, sakuTriv am avtorma ra
SeTxza da TviT Txzvis processac gavadevnebT Tvals.
rogorc cnobilia, fsiqoanalizisaTvis amosavalia cnebebi
cnobierisa da aracnobierisa. misTvis gansakuTrebuli mniS-
“ Философия волюнтаризма и психоанализ Фреида”, Журнал невропатологии и психиа-
трии”, т 59, вып 5, 1959 г.
* ix. froidis Sroma “Тотем табу”.
** ix. magaliTad, И. Верцман, Ницше и его наследники, ж. “Вопросы литературы”,
1962 N 7.
����garda zemoT ukve dasaxelebulisa, ix. Г. Уэллс , “Павлов и Фрейд”, пер. с англ.,
М., 1959. qarTvel�������������������������������������������������������
mkvlevarTagan�����������������������������������������
������������������������������������������������������
froidizmis������������������������������
����������������������������������������
mimarTebas�������������������
�����������������������������
xelovnebisadmi����
������������������ sa-
���
gangebod exeba v. norakiZe wignSi `xasiaTis fsiqologia da xelovneba~, Tb.,
1962, gv.105-118.
83
vneloba aracnobieris daxasiaTebas aqvs. arsebiT momentebSi,
marTalia, SefarviT, magram swored is gansazRvravs adamianis
grZnobaTa da azrTa demonstraciul dinebas, qcevas. aracno-
bieris konkretul Sinaarss instinqtebis samyaro Seadgens.
maTgan oria ZiriTadi-sicocxlis instinqti, anu erosi, da
sikvdilis instinqti, anu tenatosi. es ori erTimeorisadmi da-
pirispirebuli instinqtia*, da, rogorc aRniSnaven, froidizmis
centralur problemas swored es “aracnobieri fsiqikuri kon-
fliqti” Seadgens.
adamiani savsea sxvadasxva swrafviT, es misi, ase vTqvaT, sxe-
ulis swrafvaa – iseTive bunebrivi da garduvali, rogorc fizi-
ologiuri procesebi: maTi sawyisi biologiuria. mis swrafvaTa
Soris gansakuTrebuli, centraluri mniSvneloba aqvs seqsu-
alur swrafvas – libidos. mis niadagze miimarTeba Semoqmedebi-
Ti procesebic.
aracnobieris mimdinareobas siamovnebis principi warmar-
Tavs, magram Tavisi ganxorcielebis gzaze is xvdeba dabrkole-
bebs, e.i. yovelTvis mosalodnelia konfliqti siamovnebisa da
realobis principTa Soris (rac sasiamovnoa, misi ganxorciele-
ba Seferxebulia, SeuZlebelia anda akrZalulia)**. am konfliq-
tebs sxvadasxva saxelwodeba gamoeZebna fsiqoanalitikur
literaturaSi: sxvadasxva fsiqikuri konpleqsebi gamoiyo da
maT Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad `oidiposis kompleqsi~
CaiTvala.
`oidiposis kompleqss~, rogorc aracnobieri samyaros erT
umniSvnelovanes faqtors, mravaljer exeba da ganmartavs
z.froidi. erTgan igi ase ambobs: bavSvi Zalian adrevea dedas-
Tan mikruli. amis sawyisia dedis mkerdi. vaJi Tavs mamasTan
aigivebs. ramdenime xnis Semdeg Zlierdeba dedisadmi aracno-
bieri seqsualuri swrafva, romelsac mamis arseboba abrkolebs.
mamasTan gaigiveba Tavisi Tavisa amieridan mtrul iers iRebs da
warmoiSoba survili Tavidan moicilos mama, raTa dedasTan misi
adgili daikavos. analogiuri mdgomareobaa gogonas SemTxve-va-

* am instinqtebs froidi Zalian xSirad axasiaTebs. erTgan igi wers: `erosi

moqmedebs sicocxlis dasawyisidan da gamodis rogorc “sicocxlisaken
swrafva�������������������������������������������������������������������
~, ����������������������������������������������������������������
winaaRmdeg������������������������������������������������������
`����������������������������������������������������
sikvdilisaken���������������������������������������
��������������������������������������
swrafvisa�����������������������������
~. am������������������������
��������������������������
�����������������������
ori��������������������
, ������������������
dasabamiTganve����
���
er-
TimeoresTan��������������������������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������������������
mebrZoli�����������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������
swrafvis��������������������������������������
�������������������������������������
miRebiT������������������������������
�����������������������������
vcdilobT���������������������
��������������������
gadavwyvitoT��������
�������
sicocx-
lis gamocana” (З. Фрейд, По ту сторону принсипа удовольствия, М., 1925, стр. 106-
107).
�������������������������������������������������������������
З. Фрейд, По ту сторону принципа удовольствия, стр. 39.
84
Si. is Tavs aigivebs dedasTan da misi nazi grZnobebi mamisaT-
vis dedis adgilis dakavebis aracnobier survils gamoxatavs.
aseTia sqematuri Sinaarsi `oidiposis kompleqsisa~ `me
vfiqrob, ar SevcdebiT Tu davuSvebT, sruli oidiposis kom-
pleqsis arsebobas saerTod yvela adamianSi da gansakuTrebiT
`nevrotikebSio~ – ambobs froidi*. man mravaljer misca konk-
retuli saxe am debulebas, bolo SromaSi – `dostoevski da pa-
ricida~, – sofokles `oidipos mefis~, Seqspiris `hamletis~ da
dostoevskis `Zmebi karamazovebis~ safuZvelze is im daskvnamde
mivida, rom mamismkvlelobis Tema, – rac oidiposis kompleqsis
Sinaarss Seadgens, – wamyvania msoflio literaturaSi**.
`oidiposis kompleqsi~ seqsualur niadagzea warmoSobili
da miT ikvebeba. masSi moqceulia seqsualuri swrafva. Tavisi
saxeucvleli SinaarsiT am swrafvis (libidos) ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia, amitom xdeba misi gadanacvleba (sublimacia), gan-
sxvavebuli Sinaarsis SeZena.
nairnairia sublimaciis SesaZleblobaTa saxeebi. erTi maT-
gani mocemulia kvlevis adreuli formiT – mSobelTa intimur
urTierTobaze TvalTvaliT (eqsgibecionizmi). ase miikvlevs
rTul viTarebaSi gzas bavSvis cnobiereba; ase ixsneba bavSve-
bisTvis kvlevaZiebiTi da SemoqmedebiTi sferoebi froidis
mixedviT. aseTia gza Lleonardo da vinCisa***.
fsiqoanalizi mraval kompleqss gamohyofs: sakuTari Tavis
naklebfasovnebisa da ngrevis, danaSaulis, sircxvilis, lirisa
da kidev mraval sxva kompleqss. es kompleqsebi asazrdoeben
nairnair fsiqozs, SiSs nairnair dinebas adamianis cnobierebi-
sas da mis SemoqmedebiT potenciasac isini aZleven mimarTule-
bas. seqsSia am kompleqsebis fesvebi. fsiqoanalizisaTvis seqsu-
alizebulia SemoqmedebiTi procesebi da Semoqmedebis nimuSebi,
oRondac amas siRrmidan zedapirze amotana esaWiroeba. esaa
amocana fsiqoanalizisa, romelic axlandeli terminologiiT
`siRrmis fsiqologiis~ ZiriTad saxed iTvleba da esoden popu-
larulia sazRvargareTul litaraturaTmcodneobaSic.

* Фрейд, “Я и Оно”, Л., 1924, стр. 29-30.

** ix. Б. Гиленсон, “Литература в свете “Психоанализа” (кратлий обзор работ американ-
ских фрейдистов)”, ж. ВЛ., 1959,N 1, стр. 191.
��������������������������������������������������������������
З. Фрейд, “Леонардо да Винчи”, пер. с немецкого, М., 1912
85
 mas Semdeg, rac froidis `leonardo da vinCi~ gamoqveynda
(1910 w.), didad gamaxvilda interesi analogiuri kvlevisadmi
sxvadasxva mwerlis – iseve, rogorc esTetikis zogadi sakiTxe-
bis – mimarT. ase, magaliTad, stenli edgar himenis statiaSi
`fsiqoanalizi da tragedia~ is froidistuli azria gatarebu-
li, rom adamians ar ZaluZs `libidos~, `didi erosis~ daZleva
da esaa tragediis wyaro cxovrebaSica da xelovnebaSic. fro-
idistuli koncefciis Tanaxmad, komediac sxva araferia, Tu ara
SeniRbuli gamoxatuleba miCqmaluli, cxovrebis ukan gadasro-
lili survilebisa*.
statiaSi `fsiqologia da literatura~ profesori hof-
mani eyrdnoba froidis moZRvrebas da SemoqmedebiTi procesi
aracnobieris sibrtyeSi gadaaqvs. es procesi mas sizmrebisa da
CvenebaTa analogonad miaCnia, oRondac aRniSnavs xelovnebi-
saTvis mis mocemulobas ramdenadme gacnobierebuli konkretu-
li SinaarsiT.
mravali avtori froidistul midgomas imarjvebs, raTa Se-
moqmedebis mixedviT daaxasiaTos xelovanis pirovneba da misi
faruli midrekilebebi. bronsonis statiaSi `otelos mZvinva-
reba~ is azria gatarebuli, rom `otelos~ Seqmnisas Seqspiri iyo
`ganviTarebis ukanasknel fazaSi, igi Sepyrobili iyo qalebi-
sadmi siZulviliT, rasac Tan axlda eWvianoba da paranoidalu-
ri xasiaTis faruli homoseqsualizmi~. TviT otelo misTvis `se-
qsualuri kompleqsiT~ Sepyrobili adamiania da ara dezdemonaSi
umowyalod Seyvarebuli vaJkaci.
a. paunCs fsiqoanalizSi Semoaqvs axali kompleqsi – `liris
kompleqsi~. is ambobs, rom `mefe liri~ Seqspirma maSin Seqmna,
roca igi imyofeboda antifeministuri fsiqozisagan ganTavi-
suflebis fazaSi. is ambobs, rom am TxzulebaSi gamoxatulia
specifikuri erotiuli vneba mamisa qaliSvilebisadmi da es
warmoadgens mTavari gmiris tragediis mizezso. `oidiposis
kompleqsis~gverdiT, – Svilis mxriv dedisadmi seqsualuri mi-
marTebis gverdiT – froidisti paunCi mSoblebis mxriv Svili-
sadmi erotiul mimarTebaze laparakobs**.
* ix. gilensonis zemodasaxelebuli mimoxilva, romliTac vsargeblobT
amerikeli avtorebis SexedulebaTa gadmocemisas.
** fsiqoanalizi savsebiT Tanmimdevrulia, roca xelovnebaSi fsiqiurad ara-
normalur arsebebs xedavs. es fsiqoanalizis sayrdeni azria da bevrgan vx-
86
 ra aris mocemuli xelovnebis produqtSi? – is, rac war-
mo-saxulia xelovanis mier, xolo warmosaxvas is saWiroebs,
rac ar Zevs cnobierebis zedapirze, e.i. is, rac qvecnobieria.
aracnobierSi gadasulia yvelaferi, rac adamianTa urTierTo-
baSi ar SeiZleba gamJRavndes. Tumca arsebobs ki. rac akrZalu-
lia, is aris gadasuli aracnobieris sferoSi. akrZaluli ki yov-
elTvis sasurvelia – amis gareSe misi akrZalvis saWiroeba ar
dadgeboda. adamianis grZnobebs, azrsa da qcevas cenzori hyavs.
es aris tradiciebi, sindisi da ideebi. konfliqti am cenzorTan
aucilebelia, aucilebelia Sinagani Widili masTan. xelovneba
am Widils, am konfliqts gamoxatavs, raki arsebobs movlena, igi
unda gamoixatos, is gamovlenis gzas eZebs. erTi aseTi gzaa xe-
lovneba. masSi iyris Tavs is ltolvebi (libidoebi), romelsac
cenzuram gamoCena aukrZala. xelovneba aris adamianis Sinagani
aqtivobis gamoxatuleba, im konfliqtis gamoxatuleba rome-
lic adamianis libidoebs gare samyarosTan aqvT. rasakvirvelia
es konfliqtebi advilad dasanaxi araa. maTi SeniRbvis formebi
uamravia, anu maTi gamovlenis formebia uamravi. erTi maTgania
parapraqsisi-wamocdenani, uneblie, kalmiseuli Secdomani, sa-
xelTa daviwyeba*. enamaxviloba, narTauli, – komizmis auareba
saxeebi, – daTrgunvili ltolvebis amotivtivebaa, eseni gaZeve-
bul miswrafebaTa gamJRavnebis arxebia. aracnobieria goneba-
maxvil TqmaTa masazrdoebeli wyaro. gonebamaxvilobis iseTi
damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, lakoniuroba
`axla Cven ufro im aracnobieri gadamuSavebis niSani gvqoniao,
– ambobs froidi, rac gonebamaxvilobis azrebma gamoiares~, da
sazogadod, gonebamaxvilobis sxva patar-patara niSnebic `mi-
uTiTeben maxvilsityvaobis warmoSobaze aracnobieridan~**.
froidizmma uari Tqva gaego mxatvruli nawarmoebi, rogorc
socialuri fenomeni; man uari Tqva misi socialuri Sinaarsis
vdebiT misi ilustraciis cdas. statiaSi `mwerlebi da SeSliloba~ uiliam
belerti im azrs aviTarebs, rom sxvadasxva xarisxiT, magram mainc SeSlilebi
arian svifti da helderlini, bleiki, kolridji, bodleri da elioti. jer
yvela xelovans ar Sexebia froidistebis kalami, Torem isini ueWvels gax-
didnen SeSlilobisaken maT sagrZnob gadaxras.
* froidi wers: `janmrTeli adamianebis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mTeli rigi
movlenebi-gadaviwyeba, wamocdena... Tavisi warmoSobiT imave fsiqologiuri
meqanizmiT aris davalebuli, rogoriTac sizmari~ (“Психология сна”, М., 1912
стр 49).
���������������������������������������������������������������������������������
З. Фрейд, Остроумние и его отношение к бессознательному, М., 1912 стр. 226.
87
danaxvasa da daxasiaTebaze. froidizmi mxatvruli nawarmoebis
analizis drosac adamianis instinqtebis, ltolvebis, aracno-
bierad mimdinare procesebis farglebSi darCa. froidis moZR-
vrebis qvakuTxedi iyo da aris debuleba, rom seqsualizebuli
fsiqikuri kompleqsebi Seadgenen mxatvruli nawarmoebis aqtu-
alur Sinaarss. es kompleqsebi apirobebs SemoqmedebiTs Tema-
tikas, – mis SerCevasa da gaSlas.
Cveni mizania vaJa-fSavelas magaliTze SevamowmoT fro-
idizmis literaturaTmcodneobiTi Rirebuleba.
froidizmi gansakuTrebuli interesiT ekideba biografi-
ul monacemebs. froidistisaTvis Zvirfasia cnobebi, romlebic
Seexebian Semoqmedis intimur cxovrebas, mis urTierTobas
mSoblebTan da ojaxis sxva wevrebTan. am rigis cnobebs froi-
distisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs xelovanis Txzule-
baTa Tematuri daxasiaTebis, Sinaarsobriv-siuJeturi dinebisa
Tu wminda mxatvruli Sesrulebis gasaTvaliswineblad. aseT
masalas eyrdnoba da aanalizebs froidi Tavis cnobil Txzule-
baSi `Lleonardo da vinCi~, amave rigis cnobebi uZevs safuZvlad
mis naSroms `dostoevski da mamismkvleloba~* leonardos bavS-
voba, imis eWvi, rom mas sazogadod ar ganucdia qalTan siaxlove
da sxv. froidma Tavisi Teoriis sayrdenad miiCnia. froidis kon-
cefciis gasamarTleblad erTob xelsayreli aRmoCnda faqtebi
dostoevskis bavSvobisa da ymawvilobis xanidan. dostoevskis
biografiidan kargad aris cnobili misi mamis despoturi xasi-
aTi. sastikad eqceoda igi yvelas – Tavis cols (dostoevskis
dedas), Svilebsa da ymebs. misi aRviraxsnili sisastike iyo mi-
zezi misi mokvlisa. sruliad cxadia am monacemebis mniSvneloba
froidis TeoriisaTvis. `idiposis kompleqsi~, romelsac egoden
didi adgili ukavia fsiqoanalizSi, mTeli Tavisi ZaliT aamoq-
meda froidma dostoevskis cxovrebis daxasiaTebisas. amas da-
emata `Zmeb karamazovebSi~ dasmuli da avtoris mier sagangebod
ganxiluli mamismkvlelobis problema. amgvari biografiuli
momacemebisa da SemoqmedebiTi masalis Sepirispirebis safuZ-
velze daiwera froidis zemodasaxelebuli Txzuleba dosto-
evskis Sesaxeb.
froidistulma midgomam amave xaziT pova Tavisi gamar-
Tleba franc kafkas cxovrebisa Dda Semoqmedebis magaliTze.
* З. Фрейд, Леонардо да Винчи, пер. с немецкого, М., 1912.
88
froidistebi kafkas Semoqmedebis gasaRebs ukve mamisadmi mis
damokidebulebaSi xedaven. imisaTvis rom oidiposis kompleqsis
moqmedeba gviCvenon, imowmeben kafkas werils mamisadmi, romel-
Sic gadaSlilia mama-Svilis brZolis suraTi. `sxvadasxvanairia
brZola, – wers kafka Tavis mamas. aris brZola raindebisa, roca
toli mowinaaRmdegeni ebrZvian erTmaneTs da TiToeul maTgani
ibrZvis TavisTvis, yovelma maTganma SeiZleba gaimarjvos da an
damarcxdes. magram arsebobs brZola parazitebisa, romlebic
mxolod ki ar ikbinebian, aramed sxvis sisxls woven kidec, raTa
Tavi Seinaxon... aseTi xarT Tqven~*.
fsiqoanalizis mimdevarTa mtkicebiT, kafkas Semoqmede-
bis Tavisebureba didadaa gansazRvruli imiT, rom mSoblebi ar
cnobdnen mis individualobas, dascinodnen da kicxavdnen mas.
am mwerlis biografis, maqs broudis sityviT, kafkas cxovreba
hgavs dausrulebel sasamarTlos scenebs, sadac is yovelTvis
braldebulia, xolo mama ki bralmdebelisa da mosamarTlis
rolSi gamodis**. kafkas konfliqts RmerTTan fsiqoanalitikosi
mamasTan misi konfliqtis gamoZaxilad miiCnevs, xolo is adgili,
romelic kafkas SemoqmeebaSi ukavia qalis problemas-saerTod,
da qorwinebis problemas-kerZod, didadaa gapirobebuli misi
piradi cxovrebiT***. am kuTxiT ganimarteba sakuTari naklebRi-
rebulovnebis grZnoba kafkas rom axasiaTebda, da sazogadod
mis cxovrebaSi mraval iseT `kompleqss~ aRmoaCens klasikuri
fsiqoanalizis mimdevari, romlebic gviCveneben, rom `adamianis
bedi, misi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis mTeli Sinaarsi, – maSasa-
dame: Sinaarsi misi xelovnebisa, Tu is xelovania, misi mecnier-
uli Teoriisa, Tu is mecnieria, misi politikuri programebisa
da moqmedebisa, Tu is politikosia, – savsebiT gansazRvrulia
misi sqesobrivi ltolvis bediT da mxolod miT. sxva yvelaferi
mxolod obertonebia seqsualuri ltolvis ZiriTadi, Zlieri
melodiisa~****.

* ix. Frederick J. Hoffman, Freudianizm and the Literary Mind, New York, gv. 179-180.
** iqve. gv. 182.
*** 1912 wels kafka Sexvedria qaliSvils, romelic 1914 wlis aprilSi dauniS-
navs, ivlisSi ki uari uTqvams, 1916 wels ganuaxlebia mastamn urTierToba,
xolo 1917 wels, avadmyofobis sababiT, sabolood ganSorebia mas. hofmani,
iqve, gv. 181.
������������������������������������������������������������������������������
В. Н. Волошинов, Фрейдизм, критический очерк, М.-Л.,1937, стр.15.
89
 ras iZleva vaJa-fSavelas piradi cxovreba misi biografia
iseTs, romelic SesaZlebelia froidistma Tavisi midgomis
gasamarTleblad gamoiyenos? SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJas biog-
rafiaSi aramc Tu ver vpoulobT froidizmisaTvis xelsayrel
monacemebs, aramed mTeli misi piradi cxovreba am Teoriis
calmxrivobis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli magaliTia.
vaJa-fSavelas bavSvobaSi araferi gvxvdeba iseTi, rac `fro-
idistul konfliqtebs~ gvagonebdes. Zalian didi pativiscemi-
Ta da siyvaruliT ixseniebs igi mamas. mama `danaSaulobisaTvis
sityviT sastikad Svilebis damsjeli, umisod Cveni toli da am-
xanagi iyoo~, – wers vaJa `Cem wuTisofelSi~; patara vaJa araer-
Txel gautacnia mamis `tkbil saubars~. erTob Tbilad igonebs
vaJa Tavis dedas, barbales da saerTod mSoblebTan urTierTo-
bas. 29 wlisa iyo vaJa, roca mSobleni gardaecvala da arsaidan
ara Cans, rom ramdenadme mainc daZabuli yofiliyos maTdami misi
damokidebuleba, piriqiT.
vaJas oTxi Zma hyavda da erTi da. maTi miwer-moweridan
Cans, rom isini erTimeorisaTvis aras iSurebdnen da saerTo
interesebiT cxovrobdnen. sazogadod aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJas
bavSvoba da xalgazrdoba metad xelmokle, magram sxvamxriv
jansaRi atmosferos pirobebSi mimdinareobda. ase rom, aravi-
Tari safuZveli ara gvaqvs vaJas ojaxur garemoSi veZioT Si-
nagani konfliqtebi da froidistuli kompleqsebi. sxva, fro-
idizmisaTvis Zalian sagulisxmo mxridan Tu SevamowmebT TviT
vaJas monacemebs, erTaderTi, ris Tqmac SesaZlebeli iqneba,
isaa, rom igi savsebiT normaluri vaJkaci iyo*. vaJa pirvelad 25
wlis asakSi irTavs qals da meored ki – daqvrivebidan wlinaxev-
ris Semdeg (1904). is iyo mama oTxi Svilisa, mas ar hqonda aravi-
Tari niSani saeWvo sqesobrivi TavSekavebisa, abstinencianis-
turi midrekilebisa. metic: jer kidev SemorCenilia cnobebi,
romlebic mis did mamakacur potenciaze mowmoben. amitom, arc-
* Aar aris ugulebelsayofi is SemTxvevva, romelsac s. mSveliZe gadmogvcems.
peterburgSi yofnisas vaJas erTxel quCaSi mimavali qali moswonebia. `aRar
miucia���������������������������������������������������������������������
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mosveneba����������������������������������������������������
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Jac gahyolia. Sin misvlisas unaxavs, ojaxi savsea: qalebi, bavSvebi, kacebi...
ukan veRar gamobrunebula, ar gamouSviaT. qals wauvlia xeli, miuyvania erT
kacTan������������������������������������������������������������������
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uTqvams�������������������������������������������������������
: “����������������������������������������������������
predstavliaiu���������������������������������������
etago���������������������������������
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Zalian����������������
damcxao��������
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– uTq-
vams vaJas, – magram raRas vizamdi? movixade bodiSio~ (s. yubaneiSvili, cxov-
reba vaJa-fSavelasi, 1961, gv. 131).
90
erTi formiT ar SeiZleba gaCndes vaJas `seqsualuri reputa-
ciis~ sakiTxi*.
iseTia vaJa-fSavelas yofiTi cxovrebis Sinaarsi da, ro-
gorc vxedavT, TavisTavad es Sinaarsi ar iZleva sakvebs fro-
idis TeoriisaTvis.

***
ueWvelia vaJafSavelas SemoqmedebiTi nayofiereba. gavix-
senoT, rom mas ar hqonda muSaobis elementaruli pirobebi; igi
umZimesi fizikuri SromiT arCenda Tavis mravalricxovan ojaxs;
is mowyvetil sofelSi cxovrobda, – erT ubadruk saxlSi, axla
rom samaradiso dacvisaTvis gangvikuTvnia; misi nawarmoebe-
bis beWdva mxolod redaqtor-gamomcemelTa neba survilze iyo
damokidebuli... roca amas gavixsenebT, kidev ufro gaizrdeba
mniSvneloba im faqtisa, rom am adamianma Cven dagvitova oTxas
ormocdaaTze meti leqsi, ocdaCvidmeti damTavrebuli poema,
asze meti moTxroba, Targmanebi da mozrdili tomi eTnografi-
uli, socialur-politikuri Tu kritikuli werilebisa. SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom produqciis siuxvis mxriv qarTvel mweralTa So-
ris vaJas veravin uswrebs. piriqiT, raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT
Tu SevamowmebT viTarebas, davinaxavT, rom, – Tavisi sicocxlis
xangrZlivobasTan SefardeboiT, – vaJam yvelaze ufro vrceli
literaturuli memkvidreoba dagvitova. es imas mowmobs, rom
literaturuli moRvaweoba iyo vaJa-fSavelas arsebobis forma
da rom Sinaganad namdvili literaturuli cxovrebiT cxovrob-
da. magram aqvs Tu ara froidistuli ganxra am SemoqmedebiT
cxovrebas? esaa Cveni sakiTxi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi umniSvne-
lo adgili aqvs daTmobili sasiyvarulo da erotiul urTier-
Tobaze mimTiTebel epizodebs. vaJas poemaTa didi umravlesoba
sruliad Tavisufalia aseTi motivebisagan. mosalodneli ki iyo,
– Tu mwerali tradicias gahyveboda, – rom poemis siuJetSi ram-
denadme mainc mniSvnelovani momentis rols ikisrebda sasiyva-
rulo motivi**. mis poemaTa Soris mxolod erTi aris moTavsebu-

* gamoTqma kreCmerisa (ix. Кречмер, Медисинская психология, стр. 215).

** iseT mwerlebs, rogoric iyvnen ilia WavWavaZe da akaki wereTeli, mwerlebs,
romelnic nawarmoebTa mTel dinebas mebrZol patriotulsa da social-
ur problematikas uqvemdebarebdnen, TavianT TxzulebebSi sasiyvarulo
91
li erotiul CarCoebSi. esaa vaJa-fSavelas meaTexarisxovani
`coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali Tqmuli Tandila aragvelisa~*.
da `aluda qeTelaurSi~, `kopalasa` da `gogoTur da afSinaSi~,
`sisxlis Ziebasa~, `svindissa~, `ZaRlika ximikaursa~, `gvelis
mWamelsa~ da `baxtrionSi~**.
faqtebze didi Zaladobis Sedegi iyo, rodesac zogierTma
kritikosma zviadaurisadmi aRazas TanagrZnobaSi satrfialo
niuansi dainaxa. aseTma interpretaciam, sakuTari usafuZvlo-
bis garda, da swored amis gamoc, usiamovno STabeWdileba datova.
rac poemaTa Sesaxeb vTqviT, meti uflebiT SeiZleba gavavr-
celoT vaJa-fSavelas moTxrobebze. Cveni mwerlis prozaSi
TiTqmis ar moiZebneba siuJeturi qarga, romelSic ramdenadme
mainc SeiZleba gvegulisxmebina erotiuli Sinaarsi. es Tematu-
radac ufaqizesi prozaa.
vaJas moTxrobebSi vxvdebiT bavSvebs, mozrdilebs, xandaz-
mulebs, magram sagulisxmoa, rom vaJas ar SeuCerebia Semoqme-
debiTi yuradReba adamianis sicocxlis erT Zalian mniSvnelo-
van periodze: mis nawerebSi ar aris daxasiaTebuli sqesobrivi
momwifebis periodi, adamianis sicocxlis es kritikuli perio-
di, roca uCveulo emociebi Cndeba da pirovnebaSi TvalsaCino-
daa mocemuli gardatexis niSnebi. vaJam TiTqos verc dainaxa es
xana Tavisi specifikuri siZneleebiTa da problemebiT***.
Temebi ambavTa motivis mniSvnelobamdec ki ahyavdaT. aseTia, magaliTad,
`gandegili~ da `gamzrdeli~, `naTela~ da `baSi-aCuki~, `glaxis naambobi~ da
`oTaraanT qvrivi~... am motivs istoriulad mieniWa erTgvari, Tu SeiZleba
iTqvas, myari motivis Zala da faqtiurad Zalian farToc aRmoCnda misi gav-
rcelebis sfero.
* misi variantia `erTi siyvarulis ambavi~ Cveni sakiTxis TvalsazrisiT am
poemis SesaZlo mniSvnelobis gasarkvevad barem aqve vTqvaT Semdegi: vaJas
es poema am poetisaTvis sruliad uCveulo Sinaarsisaa. ueWvelia, rom TviT
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vifiqroT, rom amiT ifargleba kidec misi mizani. rogorc saTauridan Cans,
poema�����������������������������������������������������������������
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oviyenoT (ix. misi statia-“Писатель и бщественная мораль” ж. Ин. Лит., 1963 N 9 .).
“seqsualuri avantiurizmis” niSnebs Seicavs, magram aq mainc araferia iseTi,
romelic�����������������������������������������������������������
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fsiqoanalitikose-
bis romelime `kompleqss~ gamoxatavdes.
���vaJas poemidan gadakeTebul piesaSi `baxtrioni~, romelic rusTavelis sax.
dramatulma Teatrma dadga, d. gaCeCilaZe imiT Camocilda vaJas motivs, rom
lela-kvirias (andarezi) urTierTobas satrfialo Sinaarsi misca.
*** am mxriv aSkarad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas vaJas Sedareba yazbegTan.
92
 Semdeg: vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi Cven ver vxedavT nam-
dvilad skabrezuli gamoTqmis magaliTs*. TviT mwerali ki ara,
misi arc erTi personaJi ar aris iseTnairad momarTuli, rom
ufleba gvqondes vilaparakoT maT ramdenadme mainc seqsuali-
zebul ganzraxvasa da qcevaze. vaJa ar iCens gansakuTrebul in-
teress adamianTa Soris am rigis urTierTobisadmi. TvalTval-
ic, eksgibecionizmic, rasac froidma didi mniSvneloba mianiWa
bavSvTa seqsualizebuli cxovrebis dasaxasiaTeblad**, ar war-
moadgens vaJas Semoqmedebis Sinaarseul elements.
rogorc vxedavT, vaJa TiTqmis ar exeba sqesis problemas.
aseTi swrafva ar aris misi Semoqmedebis Tema. magram es TavisTa-
vad kidev ar metyvelebs fsiqoanalizis sawinaaRmdegod. aseTi
viTarebis asaxsnelad froidizms moepoveba cneba `cenzurisa~.
ratomaa, rom nawarmoebSi ar aris seqsualuri swrafva? es
imiT rodi aixsneba, ityvis froidisti, rom ar arsebobs aseTi
swrafva. amis mizezi mxolod isaa, rom seqsualuri swrafva gan-
devnilia, e.i. misi moqmedeba gadatanilia aracnobieris sfero-
Si. gandevnas axorcielebs tradicia da sxvadasxva zneobrivi
ideali. amaSi mdgomareobs moraluri cenzura***.
Tavi rom davaneboT imaze msjelobas, Tu sazogadod ram-
denad sworia amnairi daSveba, aseTi hipoTeza ver ganmartavs
vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebis zemoaRniSnul xasiaTs. ra cenzu-
ras SeiZleba Seeferxebina poemebsa da moTxrobebSi satrfia-
lo-sasiyvarulo motivis gamarjveba da misi siuxvec ki?! ratom
iqneboda saWiro aseTi motivebis gandevna vaJas `me~-saTvis? amg-
vari gandevnis sakiTxi ar dgas Aarc erT qarTvel mweralTan. da,
kerZod, iliasaTvisac ki ar arsebobda aseTi siZnele ideisaT-
vis siuJeturi qargis SerCevis dros. amitom ara gvaqvs safuZ-

* sagulisxmoa, rom xalxur SeoqmedebasTan ganuzomeli siaxlove aqvs vaJas

poezias. yvelaze ufro `magari~ gamoTqmebi, romlebic ki vaJasTan gvxvdeba,
aseTi rigisaa: Cems mgmobels me avutireb dedasa~ (`amer-imeri~), anda `exla
amas gTxovT, miTxariT, karga ifiqreT amaze, Cemi bralia, rom Cems cols sxva
xels usvamda gavaze?~ (`coli anu Cemi Tavgadasavali~).
** amis aRniSvna imitomacaa saWiro, rom zogierTi avtori (magaliTad,
roireini) swored sqesobriv urTierTobaze TvalTvals, eksgibecionizms,
miiCnevs xelovnebis wyarod: am niadagze viTardeba mxatvrisaTvis aucile-
beli WvretiTi interesebio (ix. e. Soroxovas zemoT dasaxelebuli werili,
gv. 177).
*** am mcnebas froidi mravalgzis axasiaTebs. sagangebod ki ix misi “Я и Оно“,
Л., 1924.
93
veli vifiqroT, rom mkacri cenzura abrkolebs vaJa-fSavelas
aracnobieri sferodan cnobierebis zedapirze sasiyvarulo
motivebisa da skabrezulis amotivtivebas, Torem mis Semoqmede-
biT cxovrbas libido -ebi gansazRvraven.
magram froidistisaTvis aseTi daskvnac ar iqneboda damar-
wmunebeli. misi msjelobis mixedviT, vaJas SemoqmedebaSi Tu ar
Cans moqmedeba seqsualuri swrafvisa, es imitomaa, rom am mwer-
lis arsebaSi moxda energiis gadanacvleba: seqsualurma energiam
SemoqmedebiT-mxatvruli energiis saxe miiRo, anu misi (seqsua-
luri energiis) sublimacia moxda. Tan imasac daumatebs froi-
disti, rom, raki Tavdapirveladi energia (seqsualuri) Zlieri
iyo, gadanacvlebisas man Tavisi sapirispiro-faqizi saxe miiRo.
fsiqoanalizisaTvis aseTi msjeloba savsebiT Cveulebri-
via, magram vaJa-fSavelas SemTxvevaSi mas faqtiuri dabrkole-
bebi xvdeba.
erotiul swrafvas ar SeuZlia Tavisuflad gamomJRavndes.
cenzura amowmebs misi gamovlenis yvela saxes. es ukve konfliq-
tia. amitom xdeba am swrafvis gandevna, rasac gadanacvleba mos-
devs. magram TviT es gadanacvleba, anu sublimacia, froidis si-
tyvebiT rom vTqvaT `deseqsualizebuli libido~-a*. da gasagebia,
rom adamianis fsiqikis Semdgom SinaarsSi ipovebodes am Tavda-
pirveladi swrafvis kvali.
zemoTqmulis mixedviT, Cvens winaSe kiTxva ase dgas: SeimC-
neva Tu ara e.w cenzuris aqtivoba, gandevnis saxiT, vaJas Semoq-
medebaSi da Tu SeimCneva, ra saxisaa misi moqmedeba?
vaJas nawerebidan sruliad ar Cans, rom is sagangebod eri-
debodes sqesobriv sakiTxebze msjelobas, rom mas examuSebodes
am rigis movlenebze laparaki.
es sakiTxi Rirs amad, rom ufro farTod iqnes ganxiluli sa-
Tanado masala.
avtobiografiul TxzulebaSi `Cemi wuTisofeli~ vaJa Tav-
isuflad da Tamamad laparakobs siyvarulis im grZnobaze, ro-
melic mas jer kidev 10 wlis asakSi gasCenia. am droidan, vidre
davaJkacebamde, misi trfobis obieqtebi gamocvlilan, magram
mas Tavisi grZnoba aravisTvis gaumJRavnebia. `vidre ar davvaJ-
kacdi, – wers vaJa, – da imisa, vinc miyvarda colad SerTva ar

* Зигмунд Фрейд, “Я и Оно” стр. 45.

94
ganvizraxe, verc siyvarulis gamocxadeba gavbedeo”*. am dros
vaJas 25 weli usruldeboda. aqamde vaJas iseTi TiTqos araferi
Seuqmnia Tavis asaxsnelad rom sublimaciis Teoriis moxmobas
saWiroebdes. 1888-89 wlebSi vaJa-fSavela sruliad SeuniRbavad
arCevs col-qmrul urTierTobas da saCoTirod miCneul Temas
– `wawlobas~**. am garCevaSi vaJasTvis araferia gamawiTlebeli,
radgan yvelam icis TemSi es ambavi, amis dafarva saWiro araa”.
aqedan Cans rom akrZalvaze, anu froidiseul cenzuraze miTi-
TebisaTvis aq safuZveli aRar arsebobs. vaJa-fSavela am mxriv
sakmaod Tavisufal, bunebriv garemoSia moqceuli, igi aRz-
rdilia im tradiciebze, romlebic sxeulebrivs sruliadac ar
ugulebelyofen da arc araferi abrkolebs misi moqmedebis sa-
jaro daxasiaTebas.
marTalia, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi vaJas ar dauTmia ram-
denadme mniSvnelovani adgili sasiyvarulo motivisaTvis, ro-
gorc nawarmoebis Sinaarsis, misi siuJeturi dinebis ganmsazR-
vreli motivisaTvis da esec garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs
Cvens msjelobas fsiqoanalizis Sesaxeb, magram es sruliadac ar
niSnavs, rom vaJasaTvis ar arsebobs qalis silamaze da misdami
trfiali, – sazogadod sakiTxi axla imas exeba, Tu ramdenad Se-
iZleba am trfials mieces froidistuli interpretacia. amis-
Tvis saWiroa Tvali gavadevnoT vaJas mxatvruli Semoqmedebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli trfialis Sinaarssa da gamovlenas.
vaJas nawarmoebidan Cans, rom misTvis qali fizikurad sa-
surveli arsebacaa. amis gamoxatvas cenzura ar aferxebs. sani-
muSod rom aviRoT, amas mowmobs vaJas Semdegi striqonebi: `ram
gagaCina, qalao, lerwmad aWrilo welSia, netavin xeliT Semaxo,
Sen ro vardi gqon mkerdSia~; `male gagiwyvet sakinZsa, Cageto-
lebi Znelada~; `Tu mamklav, isev Sen mamklav, qalav TavdaxriT
mcinaro, dRes Cemis piris mkocnelo, xval sxvisTvis ZuZus mCi-
naro~ da misT.
aqedanac Cans, rom vaJasaTvis ucxoa SeniRbvis tendencia,
e.i. aracnobierad mocemuli motivebiT ar aixsneba vaJas Semoq-
medebis Tavisufleba gamZafrebuli erotiuli Sinaarsisagan.

* vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad, 1964 w., V, gv. 439.
** vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, t. V, werilebi – fSavlebis
Zveli samarTali da saojaxo wesebi~ (gv. 65) da `fSaveli dedakacis mdgomare-
oba da ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT~ (gv. 81-88).
95
TavisTavad erosi, rogorc aseTi, Tavisi zomieri, poeturi,
vaJkacuri da amitom faqizi saxiT, rasakvirvelia, mocemulia
vaJas SemoqmedebaSi, kerZod, mis simRerebSi, magram amaze qvemoT.
Tematuri TvalsazrisiT ar aris ugulebelsayofi sakiTxi,
Tu rogor aris warmodgenili vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi
colisa da qmris urTierToba. amTaviTve garkveulad unda iT-
qvas, rom `colis motivi~ vaJas nawerebSi Tavisufalia yovel-
gvari seqsualizebuli TvalTaxedvisagan. es motivi erTgvarad
TavnaCenia jer kidev `gogoTursa da afSinaSi~ da Semdgom `gve-
lis mWamelSi~ orive SemTxvevaSi es motivi daaxloebiT erTnair
planSi aris damuSavebuli: cxovrebis ukeTesi pirobebis Seqm-
nas moiTxovs mziaca da gogoTuris colic. ase rom, aq colisa
da qmris gansxvavebuli eTikuri donea naCvenebi. eTikuri Si-
naari aqvs agreTve `sisxlis Ziebis Semdeg striqonebs: `colis
qviTini ara mwams: – ubralo niav-Rvaria; maledve gamoidarebs,
raki dahberavs qaria~. es ar niSnavs, rom vaJam qals sazogadod
miuCina dabali adgili Tavis eTikur sferoSi. es rom ase ar ar-
is, Cans `stumar-maspinZlidan~, romelSic aRaza warmodgenilia,
rogorc joyolas Tanafardi da toli*.
aseve naTlad aris mocemuli vaJas SemoqmedebaSi qalis po-
etizirebis tendencia. pirdapir poeturi gvirgvini adgas qals,
roca vaJa ambobs: `qali gamodga qoxidan, Suqi gamohyva piriTa.
qali vamsgavse am drosa nams, vardze mbrwyinavs diliTa~. anda
`gamoCnda qali lamazi , Savis tansacmliT mosili, rogorac al-
va tanada, varskvlavi cidam moclili~. anda: `sul TavSi gogoc
vinme zis, turfa, lamazi ramao. Wkvidam aria stumari imis nis-
liviT Tmamao. wamodga qali fexzeda, – TiTqos ielva camao, –
haerSi gaikriala misma zariviT xmamao~. aseTi midgoma mraval-
gzis aris gamoxatuli vaJas poeziaSi da amitom ueWvelia, rom
qali aris Cveni mwerlis poeturi xilvisa da amaRlebuli daxa-
siaTebis sagani.
aqedan ukve esTetikuri TvalTaxedva mkvidrdeba da es uf-
ro cxadi xdeba maSin, roca vaJas mier mocemul bunebis xatSi
qali da misi silamaze CaerTvis, ase, magaliTad, vaJa ambobs: `mTe-
bi daTovna acivda, yinuli mosdevs gubesa. ra Saedreba am drosa
lamazi qalis ubesa?~. sxva SemTxvevaSicaa analogiuri suraTi:

* aqedan sruliad naTelia, rogor mimarTebas daamyarebda vaJa oto vainin-

geris poziciasTan.
96
`gaRma sCans qistis sofeli arwivis budesaviTa, – saamo aris
sacqerlad diacis ubesaviTa~. sxvam ki ara, esTetikurma ganc-
dam unda aavsos adamiani, roca is waikiTxavs vaJas striqonebs:
`vaJkacsa xmali amaRlebs, diacs Sveneba tanisa, TvalT mom-
xiblavi ciali, Tma Tu yornis frTas hgavisa, Tu xSirad Tavsa
uburavs, TviTac vardiviT hyvavisa~. es gancda unda daeuflos
mas, roca vaJas `samefos simReras~ moismens (`qalo, gnaxe fex-
SiSvela. gamohgogdi ezoSia; genacvale, kakabs hgavdi moseirnes
ferdobSia. visi ZuZu giwovnia, iisa Tu vardisao! genacvale, Sav-
Tvalwarbav, gulo Cemis dardisao!~).
SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom fsiqoanalitikurad momarTul-
ma kritikam anda mkiTxvelma am rigis gamoTqmebs esTetikuri
simaRle Camoacalos da vaJas am sityvebidan mas, rogorc klav
beli ityoda, mxolod `seqsualuri suni~ eces*.
SeiZleba asec moxdes, magram amis mizezi TviTon vaJa ar iq-
neba. es mxolod imas daadasturebs, rom aseTma kritikam ar Se-
iZleba gansaxilvelad airCios vaJasdagvari faqizi poeti.
Cveni Temis TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa isic, rom vaJas
SemoqmedebaSi ar Cans araviTari interesi `sxeulebriv saidum-
loebaTadmi~. mis arc erT nawarmoebSi niSanwyalic ki ar aris am
mimarTulebiT `TvalTvalisa~. es uTuod mniSvnelovani faqtia,
radgan mowmobs, rom vaJa ar miekuTvneba im mweralTa ricxvs,
romlebsac siamovnebas gvris mdare grZnobaTa gaSiSvleba. aris
SermTxvevebi, – da advilad mosalodneli SemTxvevebic, – rode-
sac mkiTxveli almacerad uyurebs im mwerals, romelic am
mxriv amaxvilebs yuradRebas. aseTi grZnoba, sxvas rom Tavi da-
vaneboT, emil zolasac gamouwvevia, Cvens mixeil javaxiSvilsac
da bevr sxvas. cnobilia, rom apolinaria suslovam dostoevs-
kis ase ganumarta masTan urTierTobis gawyveta: “Мне не нравится,
когда ты пишешь цинические вещи, это к тебе как-то не идет; не идет к
тебе такому, каким я тебя воображала прежде”.
am gancdisagan mkiTxvelis gaTavisufleba maSinac ver xer-
xdeba, roca mwerlis ganzraxviTa da varaudiT es masala ide-
alis gasaxazavad da dasadgenad aris moxmobili.
vaJasaTvis ara arsebobs biologiuri faqtoris wamyvanobis
azri. misTvis dausrulebeli konfliqtic ar arsebobs biolo-

* ix. misi statia – “Значимая форма”anTologiaSi – “Современная книга по есте-

тике” М., 1957, стр. 352.
97
giur da adamianur raobaTa Soris. amitomac ar ayolia vaJa im-
nair cdebs, romelTa mizania daanarcxos adamiani. piriqiT, igi
yovelnairad cdilobs, adamiani aamaRlos*, da, sazogadod: va-
Jas mTeli problematika, is socialuri SinaarsiT datvirTu-
li vnebebi, romlebic mis gmirebs amoqmedeben, am vnebaTa ur-
TierTWidili da maTi dinamika mowmobs, rom vaJa-fSavela ara
cnobs adamianobis biologiur gansazRvrulobas.
rogorc Cans, SesaZlebeli ar aris, rom klasikurma fsiqo-
analizma vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebasa da SemoqmedebaSi iseT masa-
las miagnos, romelic mas, rogorc literaturaTmcodneobiT
Teorias, gamoadgeba da gaamarTlebs. vaJas SemoqmedebaSi arc
gandevnis niSnebi SeimCneva, arc sublimaciis meqanizmis moqme-
debas vamCnevT da arc imis safuZveli gvaqvs, rom vilaparakoT
mis SemoqmedebaSi konfliqtebsa da oidiposis, danaSaulis sa-
kuTari Tavis naklebfasovnobis... kompleqsTa arsebobaze.
vaJas saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs srulfasovan mamakacTan yvela
mis gamovlinebaSi, rodesac fizikuriT gataceba ar aferxebs su-
lieri simaRliT aRtacebas da, piriqiT.
rasakvirvelia, veravin uaryofs, rom zogierTi mwerlis
TxzulebSi aris iseTi ram, rac exmareba da asazrdoebs froidis
moZRvrebas. ase, magaliTad, iyvnen da arian xelovanebi, romel-
Ta SemoqmedebaSi didi adgili ukavia seqss da masTan dakavSire-
bul problemebs. magram, Tu klasikur fsiqoanalizs literatu-
raTmcodneobiTi Teoriis pretenzia aqvs, is gamonaklisebze ki
ar unda aigos, aramed ZiriTad SemoqmedebiT procesebsa da masa-
las unda ganmartavdes. Teoriam Tvali unda gaadevnos yoveli
namdvili xelovanis Semoqmedebas da axsnas is. da Tu aq igi Ta-
vis sayrdens ver ipovis, maSin ara gvaqvs ufleba CavTvaloT is
gamarTul mecnierul Teoriad. vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebisa da
Semoqmedebis mimoxilva mowmobs, rom vaJa, rogorc movlena, ar
emorCileba froidistul interpretacias, anu, rogorc poetu-
ri faqti, ewinaaRmdegeba klasikur fsiqoanalizs.

* am mxriv vaJam Zalian Sorsac gadaabija: marTalia, is xSoirad laparakobs

borotebaze, borot kacTagan devnis SemTxvevebze, cud da bilw adamianebze
da a.S., magram, roca saqme Seexeba borotebisa da sibilwis konkretuli
gamasaxiereblis Cvenebas, vaJa TiTqos Cerdeba: mis SemoqmedebaSi bolomde
dacemul adamians TiTqmis verc ki vxvdebiT.
98
 ***
am statiaSi Cven vcadeT gveCvenebina, Tu ras iZleva fro-
idizmi, roca sakiTxi exeba xelovnebaSi mis momarjvebas. sru-
liad ueWvelia, rom TavisTavad es Teoria gacilebiT ufro
rTulia da mravalferovani, vidre es Cveni gadmocemidan Cans.
magram arsebiTi mainc isaa, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis axsnisa
da ganmartebisas froidizmi calkeuli adamianis farglebSi
darCa. nawarmoebis interpretaciisaTvis froidma, bolosda-
bolos sakmarisad miiCnia avtoris individualur TvisebaTa
migneba da, Tu man sxva masalac moixmo, es mxolod individuali-
zebuli masala iyo. ase rom, froidma ugulebelyo farTod gage-
buli socialuri garemo da amiT xelovani `socialurad cariel
atmosferoSi~* moaqcia. amasTanave, es niSnavda uaris Tqmas is-
torizmis principze, imaze, rom Seiqmnas xelovnebis istoriuli
ganviTarebis zogadi suraTi.
zigmund froidis Teoriis sxvadasxva naklovanebas TviT
misi mowafeebi aRniSnavdnen. magaliTad, k. iungs miaCnia, rom
froidis moZRvreba saTanadod ver ganmartavs SemoqmedebiT
sinamdviles, radgan `mxatvruli nawarmoebis momdinareoba pi-
rovnuli kompleqsebidan niSnavs mis (mxatvruli nawarmoebis)
dayenebas ubralo nevrozis safexurze~**. froidis bevrma mowa-
fem scada daeZlia misi Teoriis calmxrivoba. k. iungma sakuTa-
ri tipologia SeimuSava, adlerma amosavlad miiCnia adamianis
miswrafeba Zlierebisaken da a.S. magram, rogorc ar unda iyos,
literaturaTnmcodneobiTi problemebi yvela SemTxvevaSi
mainc froidistuli individualizmis farglebSia moqceuli,
Tumca es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom zedmetia am neofro-
idistul moZRvrebaTa Sefaseba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi
masalis niadagze.

1966 w.

* froidizmis mimarT es gamoTqma gamoyenebuli aqvs v. voloSinovs, ix. dasax.

Sroma, gv. 38.
** damowmebulia verlis mixedviT. ix. misi “Обшее литературоведение”, стр. 168.
99
 Gfenomenologiuri kritika

hans georg gadameri

(1900-2002)

zemoqmedebis istoria da gamoyeneba

zemoqmedebis istoriis principi

istoriuli interesi rom aramarto istoriuli movlenisa

Tu Cvenamde moRweuli nawarmoebisaken aris mimarTuli, aramed
agreTve maTi zemoqmedebiskenac istoriaSi (romelic bolos da
bolos kvleva-Ziebis istoriasac moicavs), sazogadod mxolod
damxmare momentad miiCneva sakiTxis istoriuli kuTxiT dasmi-
sas, ramac herman grims rafaelidan mokidebuli gundolfamde
da mis Semdgomac uamravi Zvirfasi istoriuli xasiaTis migne-
bamde migviyvana. amdenad zemoqmedebis istoria axali ram sulac
ar aris. magram zemoqmedebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT sakiTxis
kvleva rom yvela SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, roca ki nawarmoebi an
gadmocema tradiciisa da istoriis bindbundidan aris gamosax-
mobi, raTa naTeli moefinos mis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, es mar-
Tlac axali moTxovnaa (wayenebuli ara TviT kvlevis, aramed misi
meTodikuri cnobierebis mimarT), moTxovna, romelic aucileb-
lobiT gamomdinareobs istoriuli cnobierebis gaazrebidan.
oRond es ar aris hermenevtikuli moTxovna hermenevti-
kis cnebis tradiciuli gagebiT, vinaidan mizani is ki ar aris,
amgvarma kvlevam zemoqmedebis istoriis TvalsazrisiT ise da-
ayenos sakiTxi, rom igi (sakiTxis amgvarad dasma) nawarmoebis
gagebaze uSualod orientirebul sakiTxs amoudges gverdiT.
es moTxovna ufro Teoriuli xasiaTisaa. istoriulma cnobie-
rebam unda gaiTvaliswinos, rom im moCvenebiT uSualobas, rom-
liTac igi nawarmoebs an gadmocemas miemarTeba, yovelTvis ax-
lavs sakiTxis es sxvagvari dasma, Tumca Seucnoblad da amis gamo
kontrols dauqvemdebareblad. rodesac romelime istoriuli
movlenis gagebas vcdilobT istoriuli distanciidan, romelic
100
mTlianobaSi gansazRvravs Cvens hermenevtikul situacias, yo-
velTvis ukve veqvemdebarebiT zemoqmedebis istoriis zegavle-
nas. es zemoqmedeba winaswar gansazRvravs, ra unda warmogvidges
saeWvod da ra – kvlevis sagnad, da TiTqos sanaxevrod viviwyebT,
sinamdvileSi rasTan gvaqvs saqme, metic: ugulebelvyofT mov-
lenis mTel simarTles, roca Cven uSualod TviT es movlena mig-
vaCnia mTel simarTled.
Cveni gagebis moCvenebiT miamiturobaSi, romliTac Cven gage-
biTobis moTxovnas vakmayofilebT, gareSes (das Andere) imdenad
sakuTari TvalTaxedviT warmovidgenT, rom Cvensasa da gareSes
Soris zRvari iSleba. istoriuli obieqtivizmi, ramdenadac is
Tavis kritikul meTodikas eyrdnoba, Cqmalavs zemoqmedebis is-
toriis mier xlarTs, romelSic TviT istoriuli cnobierebac
myofobs. marTalia, igi warsulTan maaqtualizebeli gaSinau-
rebis TviTnebobasa da ganurCevlobas niadags aclis kritikis
Tavisi meTodis wyalobiT, magram amiTi sindiss imSvidebs, rom
ara uneburi da ara nebismieri, aramed yovlismomcveli wina-
pirobebi ugulebelyo, romlebic mis sakuTar gagebas warmar-
Taven, da amiT acda WeSmaritebas, romlis miRweva Cveni gagebis
sasrulobis pirobebSi SeiZleboda. istoriuli obieqtivizmi
amiT statistikas emsgavseba, romelic swored imitom aris pro-
pagandis Cinebuli saSualeba, rom faqtebis eniT laparakobs da
amiT obieqturobis iluzias qmnis, maSin roca obieqturoba si-
namdvileSi sakiTxis statitikiseuli Ddasmis legitimurobazea
damokidebuli.
amgvarad, imas ki ar moviTxovT, rom zemoqmedebis isto-
ria humanitarul mecnierebaTa daMOUKmoukidebel damxmare disci-
plinad Camoyalibdes, aramed Cveni moTxovnaa sakuTari Tavis
ufro sworad gageba viswavloT da vaRiaroT, rom yovelgvari
gagebis procesSi, sulerTia, Ggacnobierebuli gvaqvs Tu ara es
garemoeba, zemoqmedebis istoriis zegavlenac monawileobs.
Tu meTodisadmi miamiturad gadaWarbebuli ndobis gamo am ze-
gavlenas ugulebelvyofT, SesaZlebelia amas Sedegad Semec-
nebis realuri deformaciac mohyves. Cven vicnobT mecnierebis
istoriidan SemTxvevebs, roca `ucilobeli~ mtkicebulebebi
mohyavT aSkarad mcdari Tvalsazrisis dasasabuTeblad. magram
Tu sakiTxs farTod SevxedavT, zemoqmedebis istoriis Zala mis
aRiarebaze sulac ar aris damokidebuli. istoriis zegavlena
101
sasrul adamianur cnobierebaze swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
igi iqac iCens Tavs, sadac meTodis mimarT rwmenis gamo sakuTar
istoriulobasac ugulebelyofen. swored amitom moviTxovT
ase daJinebiT, rom zemoqmedebis istoria gavacnobieroT – es
mecnieruli cnobierebisTvis aucilebeli moTxovnaa. magram es
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos igi (es moTxovna)
uTuod Sesrulebadi iyos. mtkiceba imisa, rom zemoqmedebis is-
toria odesme savsebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba, iseTive qed-
maRluria, rogoric hegelis pretenzia absolutur codnaze,
romelSic, misi sityviT, istoria srulyofil TviTgamWvirva-
lebas miaRwevs da amis Sedegad cnebis donemde amaRldeba.
zemoqmedebisistoriismieri cnobiereba ufro TviT gagebis
procesis erTi momentia, da Cven vnaxavT, raoden uwyobs is xels
sakiTxis marTebulad dasmas.
zemoqmedebis istoriismieri cnobiereba upirveles yovlisa
hermenevtikuli situaciis cnobierebaa. magram ama Tu im situ-
aciis gacnobiereba yvela SemTxvevaSi garkveul siZneleebTan
aris dakavSirebuli. situaciis cnebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
is, rom Cven mis pirispir ar vimyofebiT da amitom ar SegviZlia
mis Sesaxeb sagnobriv codnas vFflobdeT*. Cven masSi vimyofebiT,
Cven yovelTvis vpoulobT Cvens Tavs ama Tu im situaciaSi, rom-
lis ganmarteba iseTi amocanaa, verasodes bolomde rom ver gan-
xorcieldeba. es exeba hermenevtikul situaciasac, anu situa-
cias, romelSic Cven im gadmocemis pirispir vimyofebiT, romlis
gageba Cveni amocanaa. am situaciis ganmartebac, anu zemoqmede-
bisistoriismieri refleqsia, bolomde SeuZlebelia, magram es
SeuZlebloba refleqsiis naklulebis brali ki ar aris, aramed
im istoriuli yofierebis arsSi Zevs, rasac Cven warmovadgenT.
istoriulad yofna niSnavs, srulad verasodes SeZlo TviTSe-
mecneba. yoveli TviTSemecneba istoriuli winaswarmocemulo-
bidan warmodgeba, romelsac Cven hegelis mixedviT substancias
vuwodebT, vinaidan igi yvelanairi subieqturi Sexedulebisa da
mimarTebis matarebelia da amis gamo yovelgvar SesaZleblobas,
rom gadmocema mis istoriul sxvagvarobaSi (Andersheit) iqnes
gagebuli, winaswar gansazRvravs (vorzeichnet) da zRudavs. aqedan
filosofiuri hermenevtikis amocana SeiZleba ase davaxasia-
* situaciis cneba missave struqturaSi upirveles yovlisa k. iaspersma
(drois goniTi situacia) da erix rothakerma gaaSuqes.
102
ToT: man hegelis gonis fenomenologiis gza imdenad unda ga-
moiaros ukanve, ramdenadac mTeli am subieqturobis pirobebSi
mis ganmsazRvrel substancionalurobas warmovaCenT.
yvela sasruli awmyo dasazRvrulia. Cven swored imis meoxe-
biT ganvsazRvravT situaciis cnebas, rom igi (situacia) war-
moadgens pozicias (Standort), romelic xedvis SesaZleblobebs
zRudavs. amitom situaciis cnebasTan arsismieradaa dakavSire-
buli horizontis cneba. horizonti aris xedvis areali, rome-
lic moicavs yovelive imas, risi danaxvac erTi wertilidan aris
SesaZlebeli. da moazrovne cnobierebasTan dakavSirebiT Cven
vlaparakobT horizontis siviwroveze, horizontis SesaZlo ga-
farToebaze, axali horizontebis warmoCenaze da a.S. nicSesa da
huserlidan mokidebuli filosofiaSi es sityva upiratesad az-
rovnebis misive sasrul gansazRvrulobasTan kavSirisa da Tval-
sawieris nabij-nabij gafarToebis dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba.
visac horizonti ar gaaCnia, is aris adamiani, romelic Sors ver
iyureba da amis gamo gadaWarbebulad afasebs imas, rac mis si-
axloves Zevs. da piriqiT, horizontis qona niSnavs: uaxloesiT
ki ar Semoifarglo, aramed mis miRma gaixedo. visac horizonti
aqvs, xelewifeba am horizontis farglebSi yvela sagnis mniS-
vneloba sworad Seafasos misi siaxlovisa da siSoris, sididisa
da simciris mixedviT. Sesabamisad hermenevtikuli situaciis
SemuSaveba niSnavs marTebuli SekiTxviTi horizontis (Fragehori-
zont) mopovebas im kiTxvebisTvis, romlebic Cven winaSe wamoiWre-
ba gadmocemasTan dakavSirebiT.
Tumca Cven istoriuli gagebis sferoSic siamovnebiT vla-
parakobT horizontebis Sesaxeb, metadre, roca vgulisxmobT is-
toriuli cnobierebis pretenzias, yoveli warsuli misive (war-
sulisave) sakuTar yofierebaSi dainaxos, ara Cveni Tanamedrove
masStabebisa da warmodgenebis, aramed misive (warsulisave)
sakuTari horizontis Sesabamisad. istoriuli gagebis amo-
cana Seicavs yvela SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi istoriuli horizon-
tis moxelTebis moTxovnas, raTa is, risi gagebac gvsurs, Tavis
WeSmarit ganzomilebebSi gamoisaxos. vinc ugulebelyofs im
istoriuli horizontis poziciaze dadgomas, romeli pozici-
idanac gadmocema gvelaparakeba, is mcdarad gaigebs gadmoce-
mis SinaarsTa mniSvnelobas. amdenaDd Cans gamarTlebuli herme-
nevtikuli moTxovna, rom Tu sxvisi gageba gvsurs, mis tyavSi
103
unda SevZvreT. amasTan daismis kiTxva, amgvari midgoma xels xom
ar SeuSlis swored im gagebas, romelsac Cvengan moiTxoven. es
zustad im saubris msgavsia, romelsac mavanTan mxolod im miz-
niT vatarebT, rom is gavicnoT, anu misi pozicia da misi hori-
zonti SevafasoT. es ar aris namdvili saubari, anu mis procesSi
ama Tu im saganze SeTanxmebas ki ar vcdilobT, aramed saubris
yvela saqmiani Sinaarsi mxolod mavanis horizontis gasacnobi
saSualebaa. gavixsenoT sagamocdo saubari an eqimisa da pacien-
tis saubris zogierTi forma. etyoba, istoriuli cnobierebac
aseve iqceva, roca is warsulis situaciaSi gadainacvlebs da
amiT marTebuli istoriuli horizontis moxelTebas cdilobs.
rogorc saubarSi Tanamosaubris poziciisa da horizontis
garkvevis Semdeg misi Sexedulebebi gasagebi xdeba ise, rom ar
aris saWiro misi azri gaiziaro, amis msgavsadve misTvis, vinc is-
toriulad azrovnebs, gadmocemis azri gasagebi xdeba, Tumca ar
aris saWiro mas eTanxmebodes.
orive SemTxvevaSi gamgebi TiTqos gagebis situaciisgan gan-
ze dgeba. TviTon igi mouwyvladia. roca sxvis pozicias winas-
war viTvaliswinebT da ise veubnebiT mas, rac misTvis saTqmeli
gvaqvs, amiT Cvens pozicias usafrTxo mdgomareobas vuqmniT. is-
toriuli azrovnebis warmoSobisas Cven vnaxeT, rom igi (istori-
uli azrovneba) saSualebidan mizanze am orazrovani gadasvliT
marTlac sargeblobs, anu imas, rac mxolod saSualebaa, miz-
nad aqcevs. teqsts, romelic istoriulad unda iqnes gagebuli,
varTmevT WeSmaritebis qadagebis pretenzias. roca gadmocemas
istoriuli poziciidan vuyurebT, anu roca istoriul situa-
ciaSi gadavinacvlebT da istoriuli horizontis rekonstru-
irebas vcdilobT, vfiqrobT, rom gagebas vaRwevT. sinamdvileSi
mTlianad xels viRebT pretenziaze, rom gadmocemaSi CvenTvis
misaRebi da gasagebi WeSmariteba vipovoT. amgvari aRiareba sxvi-
si sxvagvarobisa (der Andersheit des anderen), rac imave sxvagvarobas
obieqturi Semecnebis sagnad aqcevs, warmoadgens principul
gauqmebas misi (sxvisi) pretenziisa.
axla vikiTxoT, ramdenad marTebulia hermenevtikuli feno-
menis amgvari aRwera. namdvilaDDd Aarsebobs aq ori erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli horizonti, – erTi, romelSic gagebis mosurne
cxovrobs, da meore esa Tu is istoriuli horizonti, romel-
Sic is gadainacvlebs? roca vambobT, rom unda viswavloT ucxo
horizontebSi gadanacvleba, amiT marTebulad da damakmayo-
104
fileblad aRiwereba istoriuli gagebis xelovneba? saerTod,
arsebobs ki am azriT daxuruli horizontebi? gavixsenoT nicSes
mier istorizmis mimarT gamoTqmuli sayveduri, rom igi (isto-
rizmi) auqmebs miTebiT SemosazRvrul horizonts, xolo kul-
turas mxolod amgvar horizontSi SeuZlia arsebobao. sakuTari
myofobis horizonti nuTu odesme esoden Caketilia, da nuTu
SeiZleba warmovidginoT iseTi istoriuli situacia, romelsac
aseTi Caketili horizonti eqneboda?
iqneb es warsulSi romantikuli Wvretaa, istoriuli gan-
manaTleblobis erTgvari robinzoniada, miuRweveli kunZulis
fiqcia, romelic iseve xelovnuria, rogorc TviT robinzoni,
viTarca solus ipse-s* moCvenebiTi pirvelxati (urfenomeni)? iseve
rogorc martokaci (der Einzelne) arasodes martokaci ar aris,
vinaidan mas imTaviTve napovni aqvs sxvebTan saerTo ena, aseve
Caketili horizontic, romelmac esa Tu is kultura unda moi-
cvas, abstraqciaa. adamianuri yofierebis istoriul moZravu-
narianobas is ganapirobebs, rom igi (es yofiereba) aucileblo-
biT ar aris mijaWvuli erT adgils da aqedan gamomdinare arc
misi horizontia namdvilad Caketili. horizonti iseTi ram
aris, romliskenac mivemarTebiT da isic CvenTan erTad miiwevs
win. vinc moZraobs, misi horizontebic adgils icvlian. amrigad,
warsulis horizontic, romlidanac MmTeli adamianuri cxovre-
ba gadmoCqefs da romelic gadmocemis saxiT arsebobs, kvlavac
moZraobaSia. istoriul cnobierebas rodi mohyavs moZraobaSi
garemomcveli horizonti. istoriul cnobierebaSi am moZra-
obam mxolod gaicnobiera Tavisi Tavi.
Cveni istoriuli cnobierebis istoriul horizontebSi
gadanacvleba rodi niSnavs ucxo samyaroebSi gadasvlas, ro-
melTac Cvens samyarosTan araferi akavSirebT, aramed isini
erToblivad qmnian erT did, Sinaganad moZrav horizonts, ro-
melic awmyos sazRvrebs miRma Cveni TviTcnobierebis isto-
riis siRrmes moicavs. sinamdvileSi es erTaderTi horizontia,
romelic yovelive imas moicavs, rasac istoriuli cnobiereba
Tavis TavSi atarebs. sakuTari da ucxo warsuli, romelic Cve-
ni istoriuli cnobierebisken aris mopyrobili, monawileobs am
moZravi horizontis formirebaSi, romlidanac adamianuri cxov-
* mxolod me TviTon (laT.).
105
reba mudam gadmoCqefs da romelic am cxovrebas gansazRvravs
rogorc warmomavlobas da gadmocemas.
maSasadame, gadmocemis gageba, cxadia, istoriul horizonts
moiTxovs. magram ise ki ar xdeba, rom am horizonts movixelTebT,
Tuki istoriul situaciaSi gadavinacvlebT. piriqiT, ukve unda
gvqondes horizonti, raTa amis Sedegad ama Tu im situaciaSi
gadanacvleba SevZloT. radganac, ras niSnavs gadanacvleba?
cxadia, es ar iqneba ubralod sakuTari Tavisagan ganze gadgoma
(Von-sich-absehen). bunebrivia, igi (aseTi ganze gadgoma) saWiroa
imdenad, rom sxva situacia marTlac cocxlad warmodges Cven
Tvalwin. magram am sxva situaciaSi Cveni Tavic unda gadaviyo-
loT. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi eqneba azri gadanacvlebas. Tu,
magaliTad, sxva adamianis mdgomareobaSi CavayenebT Cvens Tavs,
maSin mas gavugebT, anu sxvis sxvagvarobas, mis WeSmarit indivi-
dualobas swored imis wyalobiT gavicnobierebT, rom mis mdgo-
mareobaSi CavayenebT Cvens Tavs.
aseTi gadanacvleba arc erTi individualobis sxva indi-
vidualobaSi STagrZnobas (Einfühlung) warmoadgens, arc sxvis
daqvemdebarebas sakuTari kriteriumebisadmi, aramed yovelT-
vis ufro maRal zogadobamde amaRlebas niSnavs, rac aramarto
sakuTari, aramed sxvisi partikularobis daZlevac aris. aq imi-
tom aris upriani horizontis cnebis gamoyeneba, rom igi aRmate-
bul SorsmWvretelobas gamoxatavs, romelsac gagebis mosurne
unda flobdes. horizontis mopoveba yovelTvis imas gulis-
xmobs, rom axlos da metismetad axlos mdebare sagnebis miRma
yurebas vswavlobT, ara imitom, rom maT Tvali avaridoT, aramed
imitom, rom isini ufro did mTlianobasa da ufro swor zomebSi
ukeT davinaxoT. istoriul cnobierebas sworad ver aRvwerT,
Tuki nicSes darad mravali cvalebadi horizontis Sesaxeb vila-
parakebT da MmaTSi gadanacvlebis swavlebas mivyofT xels. vinc
ase aaridebs Tvals sakuTar Tavs, imas swored rom araviTari
istoriuli horizonti ar gaaCnia, da nicSes mtkiceba, istorias
cxovrebisaTvis uaryofiTi mniSvneloba aqvso, sinamdvileSi
istoriul cnobierebas rogorc aseTs ki ar exeba, aramed TviT-
gaucxoebas, romelic mas (istoriul cnobierebas) emarTeba,
roca igi Tanamedrove istoriuli mecnierebis meTodikas Tavis
namdvil arsebad miiCnevs. Cven ukve aRvniSneT: WeSmariti isto-
riuli cnobiereba sakuTar awmyos mudam iTvaliswinebs, da Tanac
106
ise, rom igi Tavis Tavsac da istoriul sxvasac swor proporci-
ebSi xedavs. cxadia, saTanado Zalisxmevaa saWiro saimisod, rom
istoriuli horizonti moipovo. uaxloesis mimarT Cven mudam
sasoebiTa da SiSiT aRsavse mikerZoebuli damokidebuleba gvaqvs
da amgvari winaswarSemuSavebuli azriT vegebebiT warsulis
movlenas. amitom mudmivi amocanaa, davabrkoloT warsulis naC-
qarevi mimsgavseba (Angleichung) sakuTar grZnobad molodinebTan
(Sinnerwartungen). mxolod am SemTxvevaSi gavigonebT gadmocemas
ise, rogorc igi Tavis Tavs Tavisi sakuTari gansxvavebuli az-
riT mosmenads xdis.
zemoT Cven warmovaCineT, rom es ise mimdinareobs, rogorc
moSorebis (Abhebung) procesi. davakvirdeT, ra Sinaarsi Zevs
moSorebis cnebaSi. moSoreba yovelTvis ormxriv mimarTebas
gulisxmobs. is, rac moSorebul unda iqnes, raRacas unda mo-
Sordes, da piriqiT: es ukanaskneli TviTonac unda moSordes
mas. amrigad, yovelgvari moSoreba imasTan erTad, rac raRacas
Sordeba, im raRacasac xilvads xdis, rasac Sordebian. zemoT
Cven es aRvwereT rogorc winaswarSemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisis
Setana [gagebis procesSi]. Cven iqidan amovdiodiT, rom herme-
nevtikul situacias is winaswarSemuSavebuli Sexedulebebi gan-
sazRvraven, romlebic Cven mogvaqvs Tan. amdenad qmnian isini
awmyos horizonts, radganac imas gamosaxaven, ris miRma gaxedva
ver SevZeliT. magram ar unda gvegonos, TiTqos awmyos hori-
zonts SexedulebaTa da SefasebaTa myari fondi gansazRvravdes
da SemozRudavdes, da TiTqos warsulis sxvagvaroba mas ise
Sordebodes, rogorc rame myar fundaments.
sinamdvileSi awmyos horizonti mudmivi formirebis pro-
cesSia, rakiRa Cven iZulebili varT yvela Cveni winaswar Se-
muSavebuli Sexeduleba gamudmebiT SevamowmoT. arcTu uka-
naskneli adgili amgvari Semowmebis saganTa Soris uWiravs
warsulTan Sexvedrasac da im gadmocemis gagebas, saidanac Cven
movdivarT. amgvarad, awmyos horizontis formireba sulac
ver moxdeba warsulis gareSe. iseve ar arsebobs awmyos hori-
zonti TavisTavad, rogorc warsulis horizontebi, romelTa
mopovebac SeiZleba gvWirdebodes. piriqiT, gageba yovelTvis
aris amgvari, TiTqosda Tav-TavisTvis arsebuli horizontebis
urTierTSerwymis procesi. amgvari Serwymis Zalas Cven vicnobT
uwinares yovlisa ZvelTa droTagan da misi (Serwymis) miamituri
107
damokidebulebidan Tavisi Tavisa da Tavisi warmomavlobisad-
mi. tradiciis moqmedebis procesSi gamudmebiT xdeba amgvari
Serwyma, vinaidan iq kvlav da kvlav mimdinareobs Zvelisa da ax-
lis urTierTSezrda cocxal Rirebulebad ise, rom saerTod
arc erTi da arc meore erTmaneTs kategoriulad ar Sordeba.
Tuki es erTmaneTs daSorebuli horizontebi sulac ar ar-
sebobs, maSin ratomRa vlaparakobT horizontebis Serwymaze da
ara ubralod erTi horizontis formirebaze, romelic Tavis
sazRvars gadmocemis siRrmeSi gadaswevs? am kiTxvis dasma imas
niSnavs, rom vaRiaroT im situaciis gansakuTrebuloba, romel-
Sic gageba mecnieruli amocana xdeba, da rom saWiroa es situa-
cia, viTarca hermenevtikuli situacia, jer SemuSavebul iqnes.
gadmocemasTan yoveli Sexvedra, rac istoriuli cnobierebiT
xorcieldeba, aRbeWdilia daZabuli urTierTobiT teqstsa da
awmyos Soris. hermenevtikis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
es daZabuloba miamituri mimsgavsebiT ki ar daifaros, aramed
Segnebulad gamomzeurdes. amis gamoa, rom hermenevtikuli
damokidebulebis aucilebel amocanas warmoadgens istoriuli
horizontis SemuSaveba, romelic awmyos horizontisgan gansx-
vavdeba. istoriul cnobierebas Segnebuli aqvs Tavisi sakuTari
sxvagvaroba da amitom Cvenamde moRweuli gadmocemis hori-
zonts aSorebs Tavisi sakuTari horizontisagan. meore mxriv
TviT igi (istoriuli cnobiereba) – amis warmoCenas vcdilobT
Cven – warmogvidgeba mxolod rogorc moqmed tradiciaze da-
naSrevi, da amitom erTmaneTs daSorebulebs is (istoriuli
cnobiereba) myisve aerTianebs, raTa am gziT mopovebuli isto-
riuli horizontis erTianobaSi Tavisi Tavi Tavisive TavTan
moarigos.
amgvarad, istoriuli horizontis SemuSaveba gagebis pro-
cesis mxolod erTi fazaa da gardasuli cnobierebis TviT-
gaucxoebaSi ki ar apirebs darCenas, aramed mas gagebis awmyo-
seuli sakuTari horizonti wamoeweva. gagebis ganxorcielebisas
xdeba horizontebis namdvili Serwyma, rac istoriuli horizon-
tis SemuSavebasTan erTad imavdroulad mis gauqmebasac axdens.
amgvari Serwymis kontrolsdaqvemdebarebul ganxorcielebas
Cven zemoqmedebisistoriismieri cnobierebis amocana vuwodeT.
esTetikur-istoriuli pozitivizmis mier romantikuli herme-
nevtikis kvaldakval es amocana miCqmaluli iyo, maSin roca si-
108
namdvileSi igi warmoadgens saerTod hermenevtikis centralur
problemas. es gaxlavT gamoyenebis problema, romelic yovel
gagebaSi Zevs.

gamoyenebis hermenevtikuli problema

hermenevtikis adreul tradiciaSi, romelic romantizmis

Semdegdroindeli meTodologiis istoriuli TviTcnobiere-
bidan mTlianad gaqra, am problemas jer kidev Tavisi sistemuri
adgili ekava. iq hermenevtikuli problema aseT Semadgenel
nawilebad iyofoda: ganasxvavebdnen gagebas (subtilitas intelligendi)
interpretaciisagan (subtilitas explicandi), da pietizmSi amas mesame
wevrad gamoyeneba (subtilitas applicandi) daumates (mag., i.i. rambax-
Tan). am samma momentma unda Seadginos gagebis ganxorcielebis
wesi. niSandoblivia, rom samives `subtilitas~ ewodeba, anu isini im-
denad meTodebad ki ar iTvlebian, romelsac unda vflobdeT,
ramdenadac unarad, romelic gonis gansakuTrebul Tavisufle-
bas moiTxovs.
rogorc vnaxeT, hermenevtikulma problemam Tavisi sistemu-
ri mniSvneloba imis Sedegad moipova, rom romantizmis wyalobiT
Secnobil iqna `intelligere~-sa da `explicare~-s Sinagani erTianoba.
interpretacia (Auslegung) gagebis Semdgomi da SemTxveviTi aqti
ki ar aris, aramed gageba yovelTvis interpretaciac aris, da
amdenad interpretacia gagebis eqsplicituri (ganmartebiTi)
formaa. am Sexedulebas ukavSirdeba is, rom ganmartebiTi ena da
cnebiTobac aseve gagebis Sinagan struqturul momentad iqna
aRiarebuli da amis Sedegad saerTod enis problemam Tavisi
okaziuri ganapira poziciidan filosofiis centrSi gadmoi-
nacvla. amas kvlav davubrundebiT.
magram gagebisa da interpretaciis Sinaganma Serwymam iqamde
migviyvana, rom hermenevtikuli problemis mesame momenti, gamo-
yeneba, hermenevtikis konteqstidan mTlianad amovarda. sulT-
margebeli gamoyeneba, rac, magaliTad, wminda werilis xvedria
qristianul gamocxadebasa da qadagebaSi, sul sxva ram Canda, vi-
dre misi istoriuli da Teologiuri gageba. axla Cvenma gansjam
im Sexedulebamde migviyvana, rom gagebisas yovelTvis xdeba
imgvari ram, rasac interpretatoris Tanamedrove situaciaSi
109
im teqstis gamoyeneba SeiZleba vuwodoT, romlis gagebasac es-
wrafvian. amgvarad, Cven TiTqos iZulebuli gavxdiT erTi nabi-
ji gadagvedga romantikuli hermenevtikis miRma, rac imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom aramarto gagebasa da interptretacias, aramed
maTTan erTad gamoyenebasac erTian procesad moviazrebT. amiT
sulac ar vubrundebiT hermenevtikuli procesis tradiciul
delikatur dayofas sam nawilad, rasac pietizmi qadagebda.
piriqiT, Cven vfiqrobT, rom gamoyeneba hermenevtikuli proce-
sis iseTive aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, rogoric gageba da
interpretacia.
hermenevtikuli diskusiis aqamomdeli mdgomareoba gva-
Zlevs imis sababs, rom es Tvalsazrisi Tavisi principuli mniS-
vnelobiT warmovaCinoT. amisTvis pirvel yovlisa hermenevti-
kis daviwyebul istorias unda mivmarToT. odiTganve savsebiT
bunebrivad iTvleboda, rom hermenevtikis amocanaa teqstis
azri im konkretul situacias moargos, romel situaciaSic es
teqsti metyvelebs. RvTaebrivi nebis ganmmartebeli, romelsac
orakulis naTqvamis interpretacia ZaluZs, amis Tavdapirve-
li modelia. aseve DdRemde yoveli Tarjimnis movaleoba is ki
ar aris, ubralod gadaTargmnos, rac molaparakebis monawilem
warmoTqva, aramed man misi azri ise unda warmoadginos, rogorc
saWirod miaCnia molaparakebis WeSmariti situaciidan gamom-
dinare, anu im situaciidan gamomdinare, romelsac mxolod is
icnobs, viTarca molaparakebis orive enis mcodne.
hermenevtikis istoria imasac gvaswavlis, rom filologi-
uris garda Teologiuri da iuridiuli hermenevtikac arse-
bobda da mxolod samive maTganis erTianoba Seadgenda herme-
nevtikis cnebis srul Sinaarss. mxolod XVIII da XIX saukuneebSi
istoriuli cnobierebis ganviTarebis Sedegia is, rom filolo-
giuri hermenevtika da istoriis Teoria (Historik) sxva hermenev-
tikul disciplinebs CamoSorda da, rogorc humanitaruli mec-
nierebebis meTodologiam, sruli damoukidebloba moipova.
mWidro urTierTdamokidebuleba, rac Tavdapirvelad fi-
lologiur hermenevtikas iuridiul da Teologiur hermenev-
tikebTan akavSirebda, gamoyenebis rogorc yovelgvari gagebis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli momentis aRiarebas emyareboda. rogorc
iuridiuli hermenevtikisTvis, aseve Teologiuri hermenevti-
kisTvisac xom arsebiTia is daZabuloba, rac arsebobs, erTi
mxriv, mocemul teqstsa – kanonsa Tu gamocxadebasa – da, meore
110
mxriv, im azrs Soris, romelic mis gamoyenebas eniWeba inter-
pretaciis konkretul momentSi – ganaCenis gamotanisas Tu qa-
dagebisas. kanons ar surs istoriulad iqnes gagebuli, mas surs
amoqmedebisas interpretaciis meoxebiT moaxdinos Tavisi Tavis
konkretizacia. aseve arc religiuri gamocxadebis teqsts surs,
martooden istoriul dokumentad aRiqvan, mas surs imgvarad
iqnes gagebuli, rom Tavisi makurnebeli zemoqmedebis ganxor-
cieleba SeZlos. es orive SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs, rom teqsti,
kanoni iqneba es Tu religiuri gamocxadeba, Tuki misi saTana-
dod gageba gvsurs, anu imis Sesabamisad gageba, ra pretenziasac
es teqsti acxadebs, igi yovel momentSi, anu yovel konkretul
situaciaSi, axleburad da sxvagvarad unda iqnes gagebuli. ga-
geba aq ukve gamoyenebasac niSnavs.
Cven axla im wanamZRvars daveyrdeniT, rom gageba humani-
tarul mecnierebebSic arsebiTad istoriulia, anu iqac ama Tu
im teqsts mxolod maSin gavigebT, Tu is yovel konkretul vi-
TarebaSi sxvadasxvagvarad iqneba gagebuli. istoriuli herme-
nevtikis amocanisTvis swored is iyo damaxasiaTebeli, rom igi
gaiazrebda im daZabul urTierTobas, rac erToblivi saqmis
TviTobasa (der Selbigkeit der gemeinsamen Sache) da im cvalebad situ-
acias Soris arsebobs, romelSic igi gagebul unda iqnes. Cven
iqidan amovediT, rom romantikuli hermenevtikis mier ganapi-
rebuli istoriuli cvalebadoba gagebisa (Bewegtheit des Verstehens)
sakiTxis hermenevtikuli dasmis WeSmarit centrs warmoadgens,
rac istoriuli cnobierebis Sesatyvisia. Cveni dakvirvebani
istoriuli cnobierebisTvis tradiciis mniSvnelobis Taobaze
eyrdnoba faqtobriobis (Faktizität) hermenevtikis haidegeris mi-
er Catarebul analizs da vecadeT igi humanitaruli mecniere-
bebis hermenevtikisTvis migvesadagebina. Cven warmovaCineT,
rom gageba imdenad is meTodi ki ar aris, romlis meSveobiTac Sem-
mecnebeli cnobiereba mis mier SerCeul sagans miemarTeba da mis
obieqtur Secnobas axdens, aramed is ufro iseTi ram aris, risi
winapiroba gadmocemis meoxebiT Cvenamde moRweul xdomilebaSi
yofnaa, masSidgomaa (Darinstehen). TviTon gagebac xdomileba aR-
moCnda da hermenevtikis amocana, filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT,
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom daisvas kiTxva, ra mecnierebis ra gage-
baa es, romelic Tavis TavSi istoriuli cvalebadobis mier
gadaadgildeba.
111
 Cven yovelTvis viTvaliswinebdiT imas, rom amiT Tanamed-
rove mecnierebis TviTcnobierebas raRac uCveulo moTxovna
waeyeneba. Cveni gansjani mTlianobaSi iqiTken iyo mimarTu-
li, es moTxovna imiT Segvemsubuqebina, rom igi warmoCeniliyo
rogorc problemaTa didi raodenobis konvergencia. marTlac
Uhermenevtikis aqamomdeli Teoria gansxvavebul nawilebad iS-
leba, romelTa erTianobasac igi TviTon ver SeinarCunebs. es
swored maSin aris TvalsaCino, roca interpretaciis zogadi
Teoriis Seqmnas veswrafviT. roca, vTqvaT, SemecnebiTi, nor-
matiuli da reproduqciuli interpretaciis urTierTgamij-
vnas vaxdenT, rogorc es e. betim (E. Betti) moimoqmeda gansacvi-
frebel codnasa da mimoxilvaze dafuZnebul Tavis naSromSi
saxelwodebiT `interpretaciis zogadi Teoria~, am danawilebi-
sadmi movlenaTa misadagebisas siZneleebs vawydebiT. es uwina-
res yovlisa exeba mecnierebebSi gamoyenebul interpretaci-
as. Tu Teologiur interpretacias iuridiuls amovuyenebT
gerdiT da Sesabamisad normatiul funqcias mivusadagebT, ma-
Sin Slaiermaxeri unda gavixsenoT, romelic, piriqiT, Teolo-
giur interpretacias umWidroesad ukavSirebda zogad, anu,
misi terminologiiT, filologiur-istoriul interpretacias.
marTlac, naprali SemecnebiT da normatiul funqcias Soris Te-
ologiur hermenevtikaze gadis da am napralis amovseba Znelad
Tu moxerxdeba imis saSualebiT, rom mecnieruli Semecneba Sem-
dgomi sasargeblo gamoyenebisagan ganvasxvaoT. aseTive naprali,
aSkarad, samarTlebriv interpretaciazec gadis, ramdenadac
samarTlebrivi teqstis azris Semecneba da misi gamoyeneba kon-
kretul samarTlebriv SemTxvevaSi ori erTmaneTs dacilebuli
aqti ki ar aris, aramed erTiani procesia.
magram TviT is interpretacia, romelic interpretaciis
aqamde ganxiluli saxeobebisgan yvelaze Sorsmdgomi Cans, vgu-
lisxmob reproduqciul interpretacias, romlis drosac po-
eturi da musikaluri nawarmoebi unda Sesruldes – da mxolod
Sesrulebisas avlenen isini TavianT WeSmarit arsebobas – Zne-
lad Tu CaiTvleba interpretaciis damoukidebel saxeobad.
maszec gadis naprali SemecnebiT da normatiul funqciebs So-
ris. aravin moaxdens dramis inscenirebas, poeturi qmnilebis
deklamirebas, aravin Seasrulebs musikalur nawarmoebs ise, Tu
teqstis Tavdapirvel azrs ar Caswvdeba da mas Tavis reproduq-
112
ciasa da interpretaciaSi ar igulisxmebs. magram aseve veravin
SeZlebs am reproduqciuli iterpretaciis ganxorcielebas,
Tuki teqstis grZnobad movlenad gardaqmnisas yuradRebas ar mi-
aqcevs im sxva normatiul moments, romelic stilis Sesatyvisad
gadmocemis moTxovnas sakuTari awmyos stiluri nebiT zRudavs.
Tu savsebiT gaviTvaliswinebT, ucxoenovaNni teqstebis Targmna
an sulac maTi poeturi gardaTqma, is ki ara, teqstTa marTebuli
deklamaciac ki zogjer rogor kisrulobs Tavis mxriv iseTive
ganmartebiTi samuSaos Sesrulebas, rogorsac filologiuri
interpretacia eweva, ise, rom eseni oriveni erTmaneTSi gadaiz-
rdebian, maSin ver gaveqceviT daskvnas, rom SemecnebiT, norma-
tiul da reproduqciul interpretaciaTa urTierTgamijvnas,
romelic TavisTavad gveZaleba, principuli mniSvneloba ki ara
aqvs, aramed igi erTian fenomens aRwers.
Tuki es sworia, maSin Cven winaSe dgeba amocana, humanita-
rul mecnierebaTa hermenevtika xelaxla ganvsazRvroT iuri-
diul da Teologiur hermenevtikaTa mixedviT. oRond amisT-
vis dagvWirdeba Cveni kvlevis Sedegad mopovebuli daskvna,
[kerZod is] rom romantikuli hermenevtika, ramac Tavisi dag-
virgvineba fsiqologiur interpretaciaSi, anu sxva individu-
alobis gamocnobasa da SecnobaSi pova, gagebis problemas me-
tismetad calmxrivad ekideba. Cveni gansjani gvikrZalavs imas,
rom problemis hermenevtikuli dasma interpretatoris subieq-
turobasa da amosacnobi azris obieqturobaze gadavanawiloT.
aseTi qmedeba im mcdar wanamZRvarze dayrdnoba iqneboda, rome-
lic verc subieqturisa da obieqturis dialeqtikis aRiarebiT
gadailaxeba. normatiuli da SemecnebiTi funqciebis gamijvna
mTlianad gaxleCda imas, rac aSkarad erTiania. kanonis azri,
romelic Tavis normatiul gamoyenebaSi iCens Tavs, principulad
sxva araferia, Tu ara azri im saqmisa, romelic teqstis gagebi-
sas iZens mniSvnelobas. savsebiT umarTebuloa teqstTa gagebis
SesaZleblobis dafuZneba `kongenialobis~ winapirobaze, ramac
Semoqmedi da qmnilebis interpretatori unda gaaerTianos.
es rom marTla ase iyos, maSin humanitarul mecnierebaTa saqme
cudad iqneboda. piriqiT, gagebis saswauli imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom igi kongenialobas ar saWiroebs imisTvis, rom gadmonacemSi
SevicnoT is, rac WeSmaritad mniSvnelovani da Tavdapirveli
azris mqonea. Cven gvaqvs unari, gavixsnaT teqstis aRmatebuli
113
pretenziis mimarT da im mniSvnelobas SevusabamoT gageba, ra
mniSvnelobiTac is teqsti Cven gvelaparakeba. hermenevtika fi-
lologiisa da istoriul humanitarul mecnierebaTa sferoSi
saerTod ar aris `sauflo (sabatono) codna~ (Herrschaftswissen),
anu ar aris aTviseba dauflebis mniSvnelobiT, aramed TviTon
eqvemdebareba dauflebisken mimarTul teqstis pretenzias.
xolo amisi WeSmariti nimuSi aris iuridiuli da Teologiuri
hermenevtika. sakanonmdeblo nebis interpretacia, RvTaebrivi
aRTqmis interpretacia, eseni, udavod, sauflo, anu sabatono
formebi ki ar aris, aramed msaxurebis formebia. imis samsaxur-
Si, rac xams (jer ars – gelten soll), isini interpretaciebia, rom-
lebic gamoyenebas Seicaven. axla mizani is aris, rom istoriulma
hermenevtikamac gamoyenebiTi amocana Seasrulos, vinaidan isic
azris zemoqmedebis (Geltung) samsaxurSi dgas, rakiRa aSkarad da
Segnebulad droTa Soris arsebul im napralze xidis gamdebia,
romelic interpretators teqstisgan aSorebs da im azrobriv
gaucxoebas sZlevs, rac teqstis mimarT iCens Tavs.M

germanulidan Targmna levan bregaZem.

Georg Gadamer. Wirkungsgeschichte und Applikation.

krebulSi: Rainer Warning. Rezeptionsästetik. Wilhem Fink Verlag: 1994

114
 hans-georg gadameri
(1900-2002)

gagebis wris Sesaxeb*

hermenevtikuli wesi, rom mTeli (das Ganze) nawilidan (das

Einzelne), xolo nawili mTelidan gamomdinare unda gavigoT, anti-
kuri ritorikidan momdinareobs da Tanamedrove hermenevtikam
mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebidan gagebis xelovnebaze gadmoita-
na. es gaxlavT wriuli urTierTmimarTeba, romelic aqac aris
da iqac. mTeli, romelSic garkveuli sazrisia nagulisxmebi, ma-
Sin xdeba gasagebi, rodesac nawilebi, romlebic mTelidan gamo-
mdinare ganisazRvrebian, Tavis mxriv am mTels gansazRvraven.
ase warimarTeba gagebis procesi mTelidan nawilisaken da
ukan mTelisaken. xolo amocanaa, mizanmimarTuli wriuli svliT
mignebuli/gagebuli azris gafarToeba da ganvrcoba. Yyoveli
calkeulis mTelTan Tanxvedra gagebis (Verstehen) marTebulobis
kriteriumia. am Tanxvedris ararseboba gagebis marcxs niSnavs.
hermenevtikuli wre (der hermeneutische Zirkel) nawilisa da
mTelis Sesaxeb Slaiermaxerma** rogorc obieqturi, ise subieq-
turi TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvava. rogorc cal-
keuli sityva ekuTvnis teqstis mTlianobas, aseve calkeuli
teqsti miekuTvneba Sesabamis literaturul Janrs, an mwerlis
Semoqmedebis mTlianobas, xolo mwerlis Semoqmedeba – Sesa-
bamis literaturul mimdinareobas. meore mxriv, igive teqsti,
rogorc SemoqmedebiTi aqtis manifestacia, miekuTvneba avto-
ris sulieri/Sinagani cxovrebis erTobliobas (das Ganze des
Seelenlebens). Slaiermaxeris mixedviT swored amgvari obieqturi
da subieqturi erTianobis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli srul-
yofli gageba. am Teoriaze dayrdnobiT Semdgom dilTai*** sa-

* litmcodneobiTi interesebidan gamomdinare, ibeWdeba mcire SemoklebiT.

(mTarg.).
** igulisxmeba germaneli religiis filosofosi, Teologi da platonis
filosofiis germanul enaze mTargmneli fridrih Slaiermaxeri (1868-1834),
romelmac pirvelma Camoayaliba hermenevtikis, rogorc teqstis ganmarte-
bisa da gagebis xelovnebis, safuZvlebi naSromSi `hermenevtika da kritika~
(postum 1838). (mTarg.).
*** igulisxmeba germaneli filosofosi, sicocxlis filosofiis warmomad-
geneli vilhelm dilTai (1833-1911). (mTarg.).
115
ubrobs `struqturisa~ da `erT mTavar wertilSi centrirebis~
(“Zentrierung in einem Mittelpunkt”) Sesaxeb, saidanac gamomdinare-
obs mTelis gageba. amgvarad ki dilTai gverds uvlis istoriul
sibrtyes (“die geschichtliche Welt”) da yovelgvari interpretaci-
is safuZvelmdeb principad acxadebs, rom teqsti Tavad teq-
stidan amosvliT (aus sich selbst) unda gavigoT.
magram ismis kiTxva: Tavad gagebis wriuli moZraoba ram-
denad zustadaa gagebuli. is, rac Slaiermxerma subieqtur in-
terpretaciad ganaviTara, savsebiT unda ukuvagdoT. rodesac
Cven teqstis gagebas vcdilobT, Cven Cveni Tavi avtoris sulier
wyobaSi (seelische Verfassung) ki ar Segvyavs, aramed (Tuki mainc da
mainc Tavi Tavis Seyvanaze (Sichversetzen) visaubrebT) Cveni Tavi
mis TvalsazrisSi Segvyavs.
es sxva araferia, Tu ara is, rom, ris Sesaxebac sxva gvesaub-
reba, mis marTebulobas mxedvelobaSi viRebT da vaRiarebT.
ufro metic: Tuki Cven gageba gvsurs, sxvisi argumentebis kidev
ufro gamyarebas unda SevecadoT. amgvari ram ukve saubarSi
xdeba, xolo dawerilis gagebis dros ufro metad, vinaidan
Cven im sazrisSemcvelis (Sinnhaftes) ganzomilebaSi vmoZraobT,
romelic, TavisTavad, gasagebi mocemulobaa, da romelic ara-
nair motivacias ar gvaZlevs imisa, rom mocemuli sazrisi mainc
da mainc sxvis subieqturobas davukavSiroT (e. i. `avtoris su-
lieri/Sinagani cxovrebis erTobliobas~, anu avtoris sulier
wyobas – mTarg.). amgvarad, hermenevtikis amocana sulTa idu-
mali komunikaciis wvdoma ki ara, aramed saerToO sazrisSi (“am
gemeinsamen Sinn”) wilnayarobis mopovebaa.
magram am wris arc obieqturi mxare, – ise, rogorc amas Sla-
iermaxeri aRwers – Seesabameba saqmis namdvil arss. yovelgvari
gagebinebisa da gagebis mizania Tanxmoba/Tanxvedra arsebiTSi
(Einverständnis in der Sache). Sesabamisad, hermenvtikis mudmivi amo-
canaa, darRveuli Tanxmobis/Tanxvedris (Einverständnis) aRdgena.
amas hermenevtikis istoriac adasturebs. gavixsenoT netari
avgustine, romlis Tanaxmadac Zveli aRTqma qristianuli moZ-
RvrebiT unda iqnas ganmartebuli. an gavixsenioT protestan-
tizmis adreuli periodi, romlis winaSec igive problema idga,
da bolos, gavixsenoT ganmanaTlebloba, romlis mixedviTac
teqstis `srulyofili gageba~ (“der vollkommene Verstand”) isto-
riuli interpretaciis gziT miiRweva.

116
 arsebiTi siaxle maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac romantizmi da
Slaiermaxeri, tradiciis uwyvetobas (anu, istorizmis princips
– mTarg.), aRar ganixilaven yovelgvari hermenevtikuli midgomis
safuZvlad, ramdenadac isini TavianT midgomas universalobis
principze afuZnebdnen. xolo Slaiermaxeris uSualo winamor-
bedi, filologi fridrih asti* hermenevtikis amocanebs/miznebs
siRrmiseulad iazrebda, rodesac is moiTxovda, rom hermenev-
tikas Tanxmoba unda daemyarebina antikurobasa da qristianobas
Soris – axleburad ganWvretil antikurobasa da qristianul
tradicias Soris. GganmanaTleblobisagan gansxvavebiT es ukve
sruliad axali midgomaa, vinaidan aq saqme tardiciuli gadmo-
cemis avtoritetulobasa da kritikuli gonebis urTierTmi-
marTebas ki ar exeba, aramed tradiciis or elements Soris ur-
TierTmimarTebas, romlis mizania maTi morigeba/Serigeba.
me mgonia, rom amgvari swavleba antikurobisa da qristiano-
bis erTianobis Sesaxeb hermenevtikisaTvis Seicavs WeSmaritebis
moments, rac Slaiermaxerma da misma mimdevrebma usamarTlod
ukuagdes. fr. astma Tavis spekulaturi energiis Zalmosilebis
wyalobiT gagvafrTxila, rom istoriaSi warsuli gveZebna da
ara awmyos WeSmaritebani. am fonze ki Slaiermaxeris hermenev-
tikuli midgoma meTodologiur cdomilebas Seicavs.
yoveli marTlzomieri ganmarteba (Auslegung) unda moe-
ridos teqsts Tavs moaxvios sakuTari mignebebi (die Willkür der
Einfälle) da sakuTari SezRuduli saazrovno Cvevebi (Denkgewoh-
nheiten), ganmmarteblis mzera Tavad teqstis saganTa arsze (auf
die Sachen) unda iyos mimarTuli. teqstis saganTa arsis gaTva-
liswineba, cxadia, interpretatoris erTjeradi `marjve~ gada-
wyvetileba araa, aramed marTlac upirvelsi, mudmivi da sabo-
loo amocana. mniSvnelovania, rom mzera myarad da mudmivad
iyos mipyrobili teqstis saganTa arsze, rom amgvarad aviridoT
cdomilebani, romlebic ganmmartebels mudmivad xvdeba gzaze.
visac teqstis gageba unda, akeTebs monaxazs. is TavisTvis wi-
naswar moxazavs mTelis sazriss (den Sinn des Ganzen), rogorc ki
teqstSi pirvelive sazrisiseuli ram Cndeba. is ki Cndeba imitom,
rom teqsts gansazRvruli sazrisis molodinis (Erwartungen auf

* fridrih asti (1778–1841), germaneli filosofiis istorikosi da klasikuri

filologiis profesori. hermenevtikaSi misi mTavari naSromia `ZiriTadi mi-
marTulebani gramatikaSi, hermenevtikasa da kritikaSi~ (1808). (mTarg.)
117
einen Sinn) ganwyobiT vkiTxulobT. swored am winaswari mona-
xazis SemuSavebaSi mdgomareobs imis gageba, rac teqstSi mun
myofobs (dasteht) (xolo am winaswari monaxazis (Vorentwurf) ko-
reqtireba, cxadia, mudmivad xdeba imis mixedviT, rac ufro
vuRrmavdebiT Semdgom teqstis sazriss).
amgvarad, yoveli winaswari monaxazi SesaZloa daeqvemde-
baros revizias da erTis nacvlad teqstis ZiriTadi sazrisis
ramdenime monaxazi (Entwurf) iqnas SemuSavebuli; aseve, SesaZloa
urTierTdapirispirebuli monaxazebi erTmaneTs SevudaroT da
gadavamuSaoT, vidre ZiriTadi sazrisi sabolood ar dadgin-
deba. aq ki cxadia, rom ganmarteba warimarTeba teqstze winas-
wari Tvalsazrisis (Vorbegriff) SemuSavebis safuZvelze, romel-
sac Sesatyvisi saboloo Tvalsazrisi (Begriff) cvlis. monaxazis
swored es mudmivi xelaxali SemuSaveba (Neu-Entwerfen), romelic
gagebisa da ganmartebisas azrTa msvlelobas gansazRvravs, aris
is procesi, romelsac haidegeri* aRwers. vinc gagebas cdilobs,
SesaZloa mcdari winaswari Tvalsazrisi (Vor-Meinung) SeimuSa-
vos, romelic teqstis saganTa arss ar Seesabameba. magram gage-
bis procesSi mudmiv amocanad dgas, ganmmartebelma gabedos
marTebuli, teqstis saganTa arsis Sesatyvisi winaswari monaxa-
zis SemuSaveba, e. i. im winaswari daSvebs (Vorwegnahme) SemuSa-
veba, romelis marTebulebac Semdgom teqstis saganTa arsTan
mimarTebisas dadgindeba. aq sxva `obieqturoba~ ar arsebobs, Tu
ara marTebuli winaswari Tvalsazrisis SemuSavebiT miRweuli
obieqturoba. swored rom keTilgonivrulia qmedeba, rodesac
ganmmartebeli (Ausleger) teqsts sakuTar TavSi SemuSavebuli
winaswari Tvalsazrisis safuZvelze ki ar miudgeba, aramed sa-
kuTari mosazrebis legitimurobasa da marTebulobis Tavad
teqstis saganTa arsis gaTvaliswinebiT gadaamowmebs.
Ees safuZvliani moTxovna unda gaviazroT rogorc im me-
Todis radikalizeba, romelsac Cven realurad yovelTvis vi-
yenebT: imis miuxedavad, vinmes vusmenT, Tu raimes vkiTxulobT,
mosmenilsa an teqstis Sinaarsze aranairi sakuTari winaswari
Tavalsazrisi ar unda SevimuSaoT, e. i. aq sakuTari Tvalsazri-
sebi unda daviviwyoT (anu, aq gadameri xazs usvams, rom mosmenil

* martin haidegeri (1889-1976), cnobili germaneli filosofosi, egzisten-

cializmis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi mTavari naSromia `yofna da dro~
(“Sein und Zeit”)(1927). gadameri haidegeris mowafe iyo. (mTarg.).
118
da wakiTxul teqsts sakuTari subieqturi Tvalsazrisebi ga-
redan ar movxavioT Tavs – mTarg.). aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro metad
gaxsnili viqnebiT sxvisi azris, an teqstis sazrisis mimarT da
sakuTari Tvalsazrisebis erTobliobas an Tavad teqstis saz-
riss mivusadagebT, an Cvens Tvalsazrisebs sxvis Tvalsazriss
davuqvemdebarebT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, Cvens SesaZlo Tval-
sazrisTa mravalferovnebis farglebSi – e. i. imis farglebSi,
sadac Cven CvenTvis raime azrianis mignebas veliT – yvelaferi
ar aris SesaZlebeli, da vinc imas kargad ar miugdebs yurs, rasac
sxva realurad ambobs, maSin is Tavad sakuTari savaraudo Tval-
sazrisebis (Sinnerwartungen) mravalferovnebaSic ver gaerkveva.
hermenevtika, hermenevtikuli mizandasaxuloba TavisTavad
svams kiTxvas (teqstis) saganTa arsis Sesaxeb da es mizandasaxu-
loba mudmivad am kiTxvis mieraa determinebuli. ase ki herme-
nevtikuli qmedeba myar safuZvels moipovebs. Sesabamisad, visac
gageba surs, is ukve sakuTari winaswari Tvalsazrisis SemTx-
veviTobas imTaviTve aRar daeyrdnoba, Tavad teqstis Tvalsaz-
riss jiutad da Tanmimdevrulad aRara wauyruebs da mcadri
gagebac ukugdebul iqneba. visac teqstis gageba surs, is umete-
sad mzadaa, Tavad teqsts aTqmevinos raime (reden lassen). amitom,
hermenvtikulad gawvrTnili goneba/cnobiereba (Bewusstsein)
teqstis sxvagvarobis (Andersheit) misaRebad imTaviTve mzad unda
iyos. aseTi mzadyofna ki, cxadia, ganmmarteblisagan arc saqmian
`neitralitets~, da arc TviTganeitralebas ar iTxovs, aramed
gulisxmobs, sakuTar winaswar SemuSavebul winare Sefasebebisa
(Vorurteil) da winare Tvalsazrisebisadmi (Vormeinung) SeimuSaos
distancirebuli midgoma (abhebbare Aneignung). mniSvnelovania,
rom sakuTari winaswar SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisi (Voreingenom-
menheit) vakontroloT, raTa amiT teqsti Tavis sxvagvarobaSi
dafuZndes. amgvarad ki Seiqmneba SesaZlebloba imisa, rom teq-
stis saganTa arsi/WeSmariteba gamovlindes (anu, warmoCndes
Tavad teqstis saTqmeli, warmoCndes is, rasac teqsti Cven gva-
uwyebs, gamovlindes swored is sazrisi, riTac teqsti Cven mog-
vmarTavs, anu, saboloo jamSi warmoCndes teqstis WeSmariti
sazrisi – mTarg.). [...]
Sedegad, gaazrebul, gacnobierebul midgomebze (metodisches
Bewustsein) dafuZnebuli gagebis procesi sakuTari winaswari va-
raudebis (Antizipationen) realizebisken/dafuZnebisaken ki ar mi-
119
iswrafvis, aramed maT winaswar acnobierebs, raTa Semdgom isini
akontrolos da amgvarad teqstis saganTaAarsis marTebuli ga-
geba daafuZnos. swored amas gulisxmobda haidegeri, rodesac is
moiTxovda, rom Tavad saganTa arsis gaTvaliswinebiT SemuSave-
buli ganzraxvis (Vorhabe), winaswari ganWvretisa (Vorsicht) da
qmedebis (Vorgriff) safuZvelze samecniero Tema `gagvemyarebina~.
amgvarad, haidegeris analizSi hermenvtikuli wre (der herme-
neutische Zirkel) sruliad axal mniSvnelobas iZens. aqamde arse-
bul TeoriebSi gagebis wriuli struqtura mudam calkeulisa
da mTelis formaluri urTierTmimarTebis farglebSi rCeboda,
sadac subieqturi midgoma gadamwyveti iyo – mTelis intuiciuri
winaswardaSveba da Semdgom calkeulSi mTelis gamovlinebis
warmoCena da axsna. am TeoriaSi wriuli moZraoba aqeT da iqiT
(e.i. mTelidan nawilisaken da nawilidan mTelisaken – mTarg.) teq-
stSi ki ara, `teqstTan~ (e. i. teqstis farglebs miRma – mTarg.) wa-
rimarTeboda, sadac teqstis srulyofili gageba gamoricxuli
iyo. gageba ki kulminirdebida divinatorul aqtSi (intuitiur
gamo/amocnobaSi), rac mTlianad avtors (e. i. avtoris `sulier
wyobas~ – mTarg.) miemarTeboda da aqedan gamomdinare, yvela-
fer sxvas da ucxos, rac teqstSia, auqmebda. amis sapirispirod
haidegeri Seicnobs, rom teqstis gagebas mudmivad gansazRvravs
winare Tvalsazrisis winmswrafveli moZraoba. razec haidege-
ri aq miuTiTebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara istoriuli cnobiere-
bis (das historische Bewusstsein) konkretizaciis aucilebloba.
amgvarad ki moTxovnilia, sakuTari winareazrebisa (Vormeinung)
da winaswar SemuSavebuli Tvalsazrisebis kontroli da gagebis
procesis istoriuli cnobierebiT (anu istorizmis principiT –
mTarg.) gamsWvalva, raTa istoriulad sxvagvaris Semecnebam da
istoriuli meTodebis gamoyenebam is ar gamoricxos, rac masSia
Cadebuli.
mTelisa da nawilis urTierTmimarTebis wre, romelic yve-
lanair gagebas udevs safuZvlad, Cemi azriT, kidev sxva damate-
biTi gansazRvrebiTa da SinaarsiTac unda gafarTovdes, rasac
me `srulyofilebis winaswardaSvebas~ (“Vorgriff der Vollkommen-
heit”) vuwodeb. es winaswardaSveba xazs usvams, rom mxolod isaa
gasagebi, sadac azri srulyofilad gveZleva (eine vollkommene
Einheit von Sinn). (azris) srulyofilebis winaswardaSvebas jer
kidev im momentSi wamovayenebT, roca wigns vkiTxulobT xolme.
120
Mmxolod maSin, rodesac es winapiroba ar vlindeba da teqsti
gaugebari xdeba, Cven am winapirobas (e. i. teqstis azrobrivi Si-
naarsis srulyofil gamovlenas – mTarg.) kiTxvis niSnis qveS vay-
enebT, eWvi Segvaqvs teqstSi mocemul gadmocemaSi (Überlieferung)
da vcdilobT mis koreqtirebas.
(azris) srulyofilebis winaswardaSveba, romelic yvela
Cvens gagebas win uZRvis, Tavad warmoCndeba rogorc teqstis Si-
naarsis ganmsazRvreli mTlianoba. aq mxolod imanenturi azris
mTlianoba (immanente Sinneinheit) ki araa winapirobad mocemuli,
romelic mkiTxvls orientacias aniWebs, aramed is, rom mkiTx-
evlismieri gageba mudmivad warimarTeba im transcendenturi
sazrisis molodinisagan (transzendente Sinnerwartung), romelic
teqstSi nagulisxmebi azris WeSmaritebis (Wahrheit) safuZvel-
ze warmoiqmneba. es is viTarebaa, rodesac werilis mimRebi we-
rilSi mocemul ambebs/cnobebs, sagnebsa da movlenebs, anu imas,
rac man unda gaigos, imTaviTve werilis damweris TvaliT xedavs,
e. i. imas miiCnevs, WeSmaritebad/simarTled, rasac werilis avto-
ri wers, da ar cdilobs Tavad werilis damweris TvalTaxedvis
gagebas. da iseve rogorc Cven gvjera werilis damweris infor-
maciebis, radgan is im dros iq iyo da ukeT icis saqmis viTreba,
aseve, Cvenc istoriulad gadmocemuli teqsti (überlieferter Text)
gvaZlevs mimarTulebas, rom man ukeT icis saqmis viTareba, vi-
dre Cvenma sakuTarma winare Tvalsazrisebma (Vormeinungen). amg-
varad, srulyofilebis winaswardaSveba mxolod imas ki ar gu-
lisxmobs, rom teqstma sakuTari azri (Sinn) srulyofilad unda
gamoTqvas/gamoTqma unda SeZlos, aramed imasac, rom is, rasac
teqsti ambobs, srulyofili/sruli WeSmaritebaa (Wahrheit).
gageba pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs teqstSi mocemul saganTa ar-
sis wvdomas (sich in der Sache verstehen), xolo, meore rigSi, sxvisi
Tvalsazrisis wamowevasa da gagebas. amgvarad, upirvelesi her-
menvtikuli winapirobaa imis saganTa arsSi wvdoma (Sachverständ-
nis), im saganTa arsTan saqmis qona (das Zutun-Haben), rac teqstSia.
swored amiTaa ganpirobebuli sruli/mTliani azris (einheitlicher
Sinn) dafuZneba da aq vlindeba im midgomis arsi, rasac Cven sru-
lyofilebis winaswardaSveba vuwodeT. xolo safuZvelmdebi da
saerTo winare Sefasebis (Vorurteile) safuZvelze xorcs isxams mi-
kuTvnebulobis momenti (Zugehörigkeit), anu istoriul-hermenev-
tikuli midgoma iTvaliswinebs tradiciis faqtors (aq gadameri
121
xazs usvams teqstSi asaxul da intencirebul konkretul isto-
riul epoqaSi mocemul obieqtur istoriul konteqsTa jams da
ara ama Tu im istoriul epoqaSi moRvawe ama Tu im calkeuli av-
toris subieqtur Tvalsazriss – mTarg.).
hermenevtika iqidan unda amovides, rom visac gageba surs,
uSualod teqstis saganTa arss (die Sache), anu istoriul gad-
mocemas (Überlieferung) (e. i. obieqtur istoriul konteqsts
– mTargm.) unda daukavSiros gagebis procesi da teqstSi mo-
cemul tardiciasTan unda daamyaros kavSiri, saidanac isto-
riuli gadmocema gvesaubreba. meore mxriv, hermenevtikulma
cnobierebam isic icis, rom mas am saganTa arsTan TavisTavadi
erToba ar gaaCnia, rogorc es uwyveti tardiciisTvisaa dama-
xasiaTebeli. maT Soris arsebobs mSobliurobisa da ucxoobis
polaroba da aq hermenevtikis amocanaa, rom man Slaiermaxeris
msgavsad es polaroba `fsiqologiurad~ ki ar daZlios – indi-
vidualobis saidumlos gaTvaliswinebiT (e. i. avtoris Sinagani
sulieri samyaros gaTvaliswinebiT – mTarg.), aramed WeSmaritad
hermenevtikulad, anu, Tqmulis (Gesagtes), teqstSi gamoTqmulis
gaTvaliswinebiT: anu, hermenevtikam unda gaigos is ena, romlis
saSualebiT Cven istoriuli gadmocema mogvmarTavs, unda ga-
igos Tqma (die Sage), romelsac istoriuli gadmocema gveubneba
(uns sagt). pozicia mSobliurobasa da ucxoobas Soris, romelsac
Cven istoriuli gadmocema gviqmnis, aris SuaSi yofna istori-
ulad nagulisxmeb, distanciaze myof sagnebsa (e. i. istoriuli
konteqsti – mTarg.) da tradiciaze mikuTvnebulobas (e. i. herme-
nevtis sakuTari ideologiuri poziciebi – mTarg.) Soris. Hher-
menevtikis WeSmariti adgili swored am SorisSia (in diesem Zwischen).
swored am Suagulidan, romelic hermenevtikis umTavrsi ad-
gilia, iRebs saTaves is, rac aqamde hermenevtikaSi ugulvebel-
yofili iyo da rac axla misi umTavresi aspeqtia: droSi distan-
cia (Zeitenabstand) da misi mniSvneloba gagebis procesisaTvis.
Ddro, TavisTvad, ar aris is ufskruli, romelic unda gadailaxos,
romelic TiTqosda distancias amyarebs; aramed, sinamdvileSi
dro swored is safuZvelia, sadac aqtualuri gageba idgams
fesvs. amitom, droSi distancia ar aris is mocemuloba, rome-
lic unda daiZlios. EdroSi distanciis daZleva istorizmisTvis
iyo is naivuri winapiroba, romlis mixedviTac, TiTqos epoqis
suli unda SevigrZnoT, misi cnebebiT da warmodgenebiT unda vi-
122
azrovnoT, da ara sakuTariT, ris safuZvelzec movipovebT is-
toriul obieqturobas.
sinamdvileSi, droSi distancia unda gaviazroT, rogorc
gagebis warmarTvis produqtiuli da pozitiuri SesaZlebloba.
droSi distancia xom uwyveti tardiciiTa da gadmocemebiTaa
aRvsili, romlis WrilSi Cven mTeli istoriuli gadmocemis
ganWvreta SegviZlia. Aaq cudi ar iqneba, procesis/xdomile-
bis (Geschehen) WeSmarit produqtiulobaze visaubroT. yoveli
CvenTagani grZnobs sakuTar SefasebaTa uZlurebasa da usu-
surobas, rodesac droSi distancirebis arqona myar kriteri-
umebs ar gvTavazobs. amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove xelovnebis
ESefaseba mecnierebas gaurkvevlobasa da uZlurebaSi amyofebs:
ZiriTadad, es ukontrolo winaswari Sefasebania (Vorurteile),
romlebic Tanamedrove xelovnebas zerezonanss aniWeben, da
romelTa safuZvelzec Cven Semdgom warmodgenas viqmniT Tana-
medrove xelovnebaze. am winaswar Sefasebebs xelovnebis nimu-
Sebis WeSmariti arsis gagebasTan araferi aqvT saerTo. Mmxolod
da mxolod amgvar aqtualur mimarTebaTa ukugdebis Sedegadaa
SesaZlebeli xelovnebis Tanamedrove nimuSebis namdvili ar-
sis wvdoma da imis gageba, rac maTSia naTqvami. WeSmariti saz-
risis gamoxSirva/gafiltvra (die Herausfilterung des wahren Sinns),
romelic teqstsa an xelovnebis qmnilebaSia Cadebuli, usasru-
lo procesia. droSi distancia, romelic am filtracias biZgs
aZlevs da warmarTavs, mudmiv moZraobasa/gadaadgilebasa da
droSi ganfenilobas gulisxmobs da swored es aris is poziti-
uri mxare, romelic ase mniSvnelovania gagebis procesisaTvis.
igi im winaswar Sefasebebs (Vorurteile) aneitralebs, romlebic
calmxrivi bunebisani arian da im winare mosazrebebs wamoswevs
win, romlebic WeSmarit gagebas uwyoben xels.
swored droSi distanciis safuZvelze ZaluZs gadawyvi-
tos hermenevtikam problema, rasac WeSmariti winare Sefase-
bebis yalbi winare Sefasebebisagan (Vorurteile) gamijvna hqvia.
hermenevtikaSi gawafuli cnobiereba aq istoriul cnobierebas
(ein historisches Bewusstsein) eyrdnoba. Ees istoriuli cnobiereba
zustad iazrebs gagebis process Tanmdev da warmmarTvel winare
Sefasebebs, ris safuZvelzec istoriuli gadmocema (Überliefer-
ung), rogorc sxvagvari azrovneba (Andersmeinung), Tavis Tavs
warmoaCens da Tavis Tavs mxedvelobaSi misaRebs xdis. raimeze
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mopovebuli winare Sefaseba (Vorurteil) swored sakuTar legi-
timurobaSi unda dafuZndes, vinaidan vidre igi dominirebs,
manamade mas Sefasebad (Urteil) ver ganvixilavT. winare Sefaseba
uSualod Cvengan ar warmoiSoba, aramed is, ase vTqvaT, `gaRizi-
anebul~ unda iqnas. gamRizianeblis rolSi ki istoriuli gad-
mocema gvevlineba, vinaidan, rac gasagebad gvizidavs, jer Ta-
vad unda dafuZndes Tavis sxvadmyofobaSi (in seimem Andersein).
pirveli nabiji, riTac gageba iwyeba, aris yuradRebis mipyroba
imis mimarT, rac Cven uSualod mogvmarTavs (anspricht). es aris
hermenevtikul winapirobaTagan (hermeneutische Bedingung) yve-
laze umaRlesi hermenevtikuli winapiroba. axla ki cxadia, Tu
ra aris amiT moTxovnili: sakuTari winare Sefasebebis droe-
biTi aRkveTa, sakuTari winare Sefasebebisagan Tavis Sekaveba.
amitom, logikurad rom mivudgeT, SefasebaTa, da Sesabamisad,
winare SefasebaTa droebiT aRkveTas da maTgan Tavis Sekavebas
ukve aqvs kiTxvis dasmis/SekiTxvis/gamokiTxvis struqtura (die
Struktur der Frage).
SekiTxvis arsia gagebis procesis srulyofili ganviTare-
bis SesaZleblobaTa Seqmna da SenarCuneba. Tu winare Sefaseba
saeWvoa (fraglich) da ar Seesabameba imas, rasac gveubneba erTi, an
meore teqsti, es imas ar niSnavs, rom es winare Sefaseba unda uku-
vagdoT da mis magivrad sxva winare Sefasebas mivaniWoT Rireb-
uleba. Aaq ufro metad istoriuli obieqtivizmis (historische Ob-
jektiwismus) naivuroba vlindeba: Eam e. w. istorizmis (Historismus)
naivuroba ki isaa, rom igi amgvar refleqsiebs gaurbis, sakuTar
meTods gadaWarbebul ndobas ucxadebs da am dros sakuTarive
istoriuloba (Geschichtlichkeit) aviwydeba. WeSmaritad istoriul-
ma azrovnebam sakuTari istoriuloba yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi
unda iqonios. swored am SemTxvevaSi daanebebs igi Tavs is-
toriuli obieqtebis fantomebis devnas, da obieqtSi sxvas/gan-
sxvavebuls (das Andere) Seicnobs, sxvis sxvad Secnobasa da amiT
rogorc erTis, ise meores Secnobas iswavlis (e. i. iswavlis ga-
gebis procesSi, erTi mxriv, istoriulad gadmocemuli teqstis
sazrisis, romelic teqstisave TqmaSi vlndeba, da, meore mxriv,
sakuTar winare SefasebaTa urTierTmimarTebas Soris sinTezisa
da harmoniis dafuZnebas – mTarg.). Aamdenad, WeSmariti istori-
uli sagani (die historische Gegnstand) erTisa da meoris erTiano-
baa, erTisa da meoris urTierTmimarTebaa, sadac rogorc is-
124
toriis realoba, ise istoriuli gagebis realobacaa mocemuli
(e. i. aq moTxovnilia sainterpretacio teqstSi mocemuli isto-
riuli konteqstisa da mocemul istoriul momentSi warmarTu-
li da am istoriul momentSi mocemuli aqtualuri ideologiiT
ganpirobebuli gagebis procesis mTlianoba – mTrag.). saganTa
arsze/saqmeze orientirebulma hermenvtikam gagebis procesSi
swored istoriis realoba (Wirklichkeit der Geschichte) unda war-
moaCinos. me amas zemoqmedebis istorias (“Wirkungsgeschichte”)
vuwodeb. gageba zemoqmedebis istoriiT ganpirobebuli pro-
cesia, da aq isic cxadia, rom es enobriobaze (Sparchlichkeit) (anu
istoriul procesSi dagrovili da enaSi gacxadebuli hermenev-
tikuli codna – mTarg.) mimarTuli gagebis procesia, romelSic
hermenevtikuli qmedeba Tavis gezs iRebs.

germanulidan Targmna konstantine bregaZem

(Targmnilia Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: Hans-Georg Gadamer:

“Vom Zirkel des Verstehens” (S. 54-61); in: H.-G. Gadamer, Kleine Schriften
IV: Variationen. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, 1977).

125
roman ingardeni
(1893-1970)

konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia

ZiriTadi debulebebi literaturuli qmnilebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli agebulebis Taobaze

qvemore warmodgenili zogadi debulebebi literaturuli

qmnilebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli agebulebis Taobaze gamogvad-
geba Semdgomi dakvirvebebisas:
1. literaturuli nawarmoebi mravalSriani qmnilebaa. igi
Seicavs: a) enobriv (sprachlautliche) da fonemur warmonaqmnTa Sres
da ufro maRali rangis movlenebs, b) mniSvnelobaTa, anu winada-
debisa da winadadebaTa erTobliobis azrTa Sres, g) im sqemati-
zebuli Sexedulebebis Sres, romlebSic nawarmoebSi asaxuli sxva-
dasxva saxis sagnebi pouloben gamoxatulebas, d) Sres asaxul
sagnobriobaTa, romlebic winadadebebis meSveobiT gamoxatul
intencionalur SinaarsebSi aisaxebian.
2. calkeuli Sris masalisa da formisagan gamomdinareobs
arsismieri Sinagani damokidebuleba yvela Srisa erTmaneTTan
da swored amiT miiRweva mTeli nawarmoebis formaluri
erTianobac.
3. Sreobrivi agebulebis garda literaturuli nawarmoebi
Tavisi nawilebis mowesrigebuli TanamimdevrobiTac xasiaT-
deba, rasac winadadebebi, winadadebaTa erToblioba, Tavebi da
a. S. qmnian. amis Sedegad nawarmoebi iZens sakuTar kvazi-droiT
`ganfenilobas~ dasawyisidan dasasrulamde, iseve, rogorc,
magaliTad, dinamikuri ganviTarebis sxvadasxva maxasiaTebels
da misTanaT.
literaturul nawarmoebs principSi `ori ganzonileba~
aqvs: erTi, romelSic SreTa erTobliobaa ganfenili, da meore,
romelSic nawilebi misdeven erTmaneTs.
4. mecnieruli Txzulebis winadadebaTa udidesi umravleso-
bisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic wminda wylis msjelobani arian,
literaturuli qmnilebis TxrobiTi winadadebebi ar warmoad-
genen wminda wylis msjelobebs, isini mxolod kvazi-msjelobe-
126
bia, romelTa funqcia imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nawarmoebSi war-
mosaxul sagnebs realobis mxolod elferi mianiWon, araTu
WeSmariti realobis tvifriT aRbeWdon isini. sxva saxis wina-
dadebebic, mag., kiTxviTi winadadebebi, literaturul qmnileba-
Si saTanado azrobriv Tu funqciur modifikaciebs eqvemdebare-
ba. nawarmoebis tipis mixedviT – mag., istoriul romanebSi – am
modifikaciaTa kidev sxvadasxva saxecvlilebaa SesaZlebeli.1
literaturul qmnilebebSi kvazi-msjelobaTa arseboba
mxolod erT ganmasxvavebel moments warmoadgens maTsa da mec-
nierul Txzulebebs Soris, rasac sxva damaxasiaTebeli momen-
tebic erTvis. saxeldobr:
5. Tu literaturuli nawarmoebi xelovnebis Zvirfasi qmni-
lebaa, yoveli misi Sre gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis Semcvelia:
es sxvadasxva saxis Zvirfasi Tvisebebia, kerZod, xelovnebis
TvalsazrisiT Zvirfasi da esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT Zvirfasi.
es ukanasknelni TviT xelovnebis qmnilebaSi myofoben, gansa-
kuTrebul potenciur mdgomareobaSi. mTeli TavianTi mraval-
ferovnebiT isini migviZRvian esTetikurad valentur TvisebaTa
Taviseburi polifoniisken, romelic nawarmoebSi konstituire-
buli faseulobis xarisxs ganapirobebs.
samecniero TxzulebaSic SeiZleba Segvxvdes xelovnebiTi
Rirebulebis mqone adgilebi, romlebic garkveul, esTetiku-
rad Zvirfas Tvisebebs ganapirobeben. magram es samecniero
TxzulebaSi mxolod momentum ornans* qmnis, romelic nawarmoebis
arsebiT funqcias an sustad, an saerTod aranairad ar ukavSir-
deba da ar SeuZlia Txzuleba xelovnebis qmnilebad aqcios.
6. literaturuli xelovnebis qmnileba (iseve rogorc saer-
Tod yoveli literaturuli Txzuleba) unda davupirispiroT
missave konkretizaciebs, romlebic nawarmoebis yoveli wakiTx-
visas (anda nawarmoebis TeatrSi warmodgenisa da mayureblis
mier misi aRqmisas) warmoiqmneba.
7. Tavisi konkretizaciebisagan gansxvavebiT, TviT litera-
turuli nawarmoebi sqematuri qmnilebaa. es niSnavs: zogierTi
misi Sre, metadre asaxul sagnobriobaTa Sre da warmodgenaTa
Sre, Tavis TavSi Seicavs `ganusazRvrelobis adgilebs~ (Un-
bestimmtheitsstellen). amaTi likvidacia nawilobriv xdeba konkret-
izaciisas. ase rom, literaturuli nawarmoebis konkretizacia
* samSvenisi (laT.). (mTargm.)
127
TviTonac jer kidev sqematuria, magram – Tu SeiZleba iTqvas –
ufro nakleb, vidre TviT nawarmoebi.
8. calkeuli konkretizaciisas ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa
likvidacia imis meSveobiT xdeba, rom maT nacvlad mocemuli
sagnis ufro zusti an ufro vrceli gansazRvra Semodis da maT
(ganusazRvrelobis adgilebs), ase vTqvaT, `avsebs~. magram es
`Sevseba~ am sagnis ganmsazRvreli momentebiT sakmarisad gansa-
zRvruli ar aris, ase rom, principSi sxvadasxva konkretizaci-
isas sxva-dasxvagvari SeiZleba iyos.
9. literaturuli nawarmoebi saerTod wminda wylis in-
tenciuri qmnilebaa, romlis arsebobis wyaro misi avtoris
SemoqmedebiTi cnobierebis aqtebSia da romlis arsebobis
fizikuri fundamenti werilobiT mocemul teqstSi an Se-
saZlo reproduqciis sxva romelime fizikur xelsawyoSi
(mag., magnitofonSi) Zevs. misi enis ormagi Sris gamoisobiT is
(nawarmoebi) amavdroulad intersubieqturad xelmisawvdomi
da reproducirebadia, risi meSveobiTac igi mkiTxvelTa sa-
zogadoebaze gaTvlil, intersubieqtur, intenciur sagnad
iqceva. rogorc aseTi, igi ar aris fsiqikuri [movlena] da ro-
gorc avtoris, aseve mkiTxvelis cnobierebis yvela xdomilebis
mimarT transcendenturia.

asaxul sagnobriobaTa konkretizacia

ukve aRvniSne, rom asaxul sagnobriobaTa obieqtivaciis

procesSi xSirad imaze Sors mivdivarT, rasac nawarmoebis sag-
nobrivi Sre sinamdvileSi Seicavs, da es asec unda iyos, Tu gv-
surs nawarmoebis esTetikur aRqmas mivaRwioT. unda movaxdinoT
am sagnebis ramdenadme mainc `konkretizeba~ im farglebSi, TviT
nawarmoebi rom moiTxovs. ganvmartoT es ufro naTlad:
literaturuli nawarmoebi, metadre ki maRalmxatvruli
literaturuli qmnileba, sqematuri warmonaqmnia (Sdr. debu-
leba 7). sul cota ramdenime misi Sre, metadre sagnobrivi Sre,
Seicavs `ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa~ mTel wyebas. aseTi adgili
yovelTvis Tavs iCens iq, sadac nawarmoebSi warmodgenili wina-
dadebebis safuZvelze ama Tu im sagnis (an sagnobrivi situaciis)
Sesaxeb ver vaxerxebT vTqvaT, aqvs Tu ara mas esa Tu is Tviseba.
128
Tu, magaliTad, `budenbrokebSi~* ar iqneboda naxsenebi konsul
budenbrokis Tvalebis feri (rac me ar Semimowmebia), maSin es
personaJi am TvalsazrisiT ver iqneboda gansazRvruli, Tumca
konteqstisa da im faqtis safuZvelze, rom is adamiani iyo da
Tvalebic Tavis adgilze hqonda, igulisxmeba, rom misi Tvalebi
raRac ferisa unda yofiliyo; magram ra ferisa, es gaurkveveli
darCeboda. analogiuri viTarebaa mraval sxva SemTxvevaSic.
asaxuli sagnis im mxares an im adgils, romlis Sesaxeb teqstis
safuZvelze zustad ver vityviT, rogor aris es sagani gansaz-
Rvruli am TvalsazrisiT, veZaxi me `ganusazRvrelobis adgils~.2
yoveli nivTi, yoveli personaJi, yoveli procesi da a.AS., romel-
ic literaturul nawarmoebSia asaxuli, uTvalav ganusazRvre-
lobis adgils Seicavs. gansakuTrebiT adamianTa da nivTTa bed-
iRbals axlavs uamravi ganusazRvrelobis adgili. personaJis
cxovrebis mTeli periodebi Cveulebriv ver poulobs veraviTar
eqsplicitur gamoxatulebas, ase rom, am adamianTa cvalebadi
Tvisebebi ganusazRvreli rCeba. teqstSi arsebuli miniSnebebis
safuZvelze mxolod is viciT, rom es personaJi am dros arsebob-
da, magram ras akeTebda igi maSin da ras ganicdida, amaze teqs-
ti dums. magram rakiRa TiTqmis yovelTvis mniSvnelobaTa Sre,
xolo calkeul SemTxvevebSi leqsikuri mxarisa da gamoTqmis
gamomsaxvelobiTi funqcia, yovelives gansazRvravs, rac asaxul
saganTa SreSi moipoveba, es mxolod ise ki ar unda gavigoT, rom
Cven, mkiTxvelebma, ar viciT, ra moxda drois im periodebSi, rom-
lebic nawarmoebSi ar asaxula, aramed is movlenebi saerTod ar
arian gansazRvrulni; isini arc A-s warmoadgenen da arc ara A-s.
ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa arseboba ar aris SemTxveviTi,
igi kompoziciuri naklis Sedegi rodia. is yoveli literatu-
ruli nawarmoebisTvis aucilebelia. saqme is gaxlavT, rom SeuZ-
lebelia sityvebis an frazebis sasruli raodenobiT nawarmoeb-
Si asaxul individualur saganTa gansazRvrulobebis usasrulo
mravalferovneba erTmniSvnelovnad da amomwuravad gamoixa-
tos; garkveul gansazRvrulobaTa nakleboba mudam iqneba. amis
sawinaaRmdegod SeiZleba Tqvan, rom erTi sityvis an winadadebis
saSualebiT SesaZlebelia TvisebaTa an FfaqtTa mTeli mraval-
ferovneba mizanmimarTulad ganisazRvros. maSasadame, ar aris
savaldebulo, maTi raodenoba sityvaTa an winadadebaTa raode-

* igulisxmeba Tomas manis romani `budenbrokebi~ (mTargm.).

129
nobis toli iyos. meorec, ar aris saWiro yvelaferi pirdapir
ganisazRvros, bevri ram gaSualebulad gamomdinareobs teqstSi
mocemuli mniSvnelobis mqone gansazRvrebebidan. Tanac, pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, Tumca mravalferovneba Tavis individualobaSia
mocemuli, magram amasve ver vityviT am mravalferovnebasTan
dakavSirebul yvela calkeul elementze (gansazRvrulobani,
Tvisebebi, mdgomareobebi da a. S.), ase rom, sul cota, am element-
Ta individualuri detalebi ganusazRvreli rCeba. xolo, rac
Seexeba imas, rac teqstis mocemulobaTagan gamomdinareobs, am
gziT yvela is Tviseba ver ganisazRvreba, romlebic sagnis mud-
miv da aucilebel gansazRvrulobaTa gverdiT araaucilebelni
da amdenad cvalebadni arian. aqedan, magaliTad, gamomdinareobs,
rom iulius keisars, raki igi adamiani iyo, sxeulis yvela `nor-
maluri~ nawili eqneboda; magram misi am adamianurobidan ar Cans,
ramxela fexebi an rogori JReradobis xma hqonda. Tuki es teqs-
tSi sagangebod ar aris aRniSnuli da Tu arc sxva iseTi faqte-
bia mocemuli, saidanac amis mixvedra SeiZleba, maSin keisris sxe-
ulis zemoT dasaxelebuli niSnebi (vTqvaT, Seqspiris dramaSi)
gansazRvruli ar iqneba da amis Sedegad am dramis SreSi saerTod
ar iqneba warmodgenili. arsebobs gansakuTrebuli safuZveli
saimisod, rom mcdeloba, asaxuli sagnobriobis rac SeiZleba
meti detali warmoaCino, ar gaxlavT sasurveli. gamosaxatav
pirovnebaTa mxolod zogierTi Tviseba Tu mdgomareoba aris
mniSvnelovani da sasargeblo mxatvrul-kompoziciuri Tval-
sazrisiT, maSin, roca sxvebi umjobesia ganusazRvreli darCes
an mxolod zogadi StrixebiT iyos miniSnebuli. maTi miaxloebiT
amocnoba SesaZlebelia, isini ganzrax arian datovebuli bnel-
Si, raTa xelis SemSlelad ar mogvevlinon, da gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovani momentebi ufro mkveTrad gamoikveTos. ganusa-
zRvrelobis adgilTa arCevani nawarmoebidan nawarmoebamde ic-
vleba da SesaZloa qmnides rogorc ama Tu im nawarmoebis, aseve
literaturuli da saerTod mxatvruli stilis damaxasiaTebel
Strixs. egreT wodebuli literaturuli Janrebic SesaZloa am
TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan.
magaliTad, lirikuli leqsebis ZiriTad saxeobaTa analizma, Ca-
tarebulma lvovSi, Cems konservatoriaSi, 1934-35 wlebSi, war-
moaCina, rom ganusazRvrelobis adgilebs maTSi didi mniSvne-
loba eniWeba. da rac ufro `wmindad~ lirikulia esa Tu is leqsi,
130
ufro naklebad aris masSi – uxeSad rom vTqvaT – realurad gan-
sazRvruli is, rac teqstSi pozitiuradaa Tqmuli; umetesoba
uTqmeli rCeba.3
literaturuli nawarmoebis sagnobriv SreSi ganusazRvre-
lobis adgilTa arseboba uwinares yovlisa ori sxvadasxvagvari
wakiTxvis SesaZleblobas iZleva: zogjer mkiTxveli cdilobs
yvela arsebuli ganusazRvrelobis adgili ganusazRvreladve
datovos, raTa nawarmoebi misTvis damaxasiaTebel struqtura-
Si aRiqvas. Cveulebriv ki literaturul nawarmoebs sul sxvag-
varad vkiTxulobT: Cven ar vcnobT ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa
ganusazRvrelobas da mraval maTgans uneburad gansazRvre-
bulobiT vavsebT, ris uflebasac teqsti ar gvaZlevs. amgvarad
Cven kiTxvisas sxvadasxva punqtSi teqsts miRma gavdivarT, ise,
rom am movlenas mkafiod ver vacnobierebT. amas Cven nawilob-
riv – Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas – teqstis sugestiuri zemoqmede-
bis zegavleniT viqmT, nawilobriv ki bunebrivi midrekilebis
zegavleniTac, radgan miCveulni varT, individualuri sagnebi
da pirovnebebi wvrilmani gansxvavebulobis momentTa wyalobiT
yovelmxriv gansazRvrulad CavTvaloT. amis mizezi isic aris,
rom literaturul nawarmoebSi warmosaxuli sagnebi sazoga-
dod realurobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis matarebelni ari-
an, ase rom, bunebrivi gveCveneba, Tuki isini namdvili, realuri,
individualuri sagnebiviT yovelmxriv da erTmniSvnelovnad
iqnebian gansazRvrulni wvrilmani Taviseburebebis meSveobiT.
meore mxriv, amave mimarTulebiT moqmedebs tendencia, litera-
turuli qmnileba esTetikuri TvalsazrisiT aRviqvaT. TumcaRa
ver vityviT, rom yovelgvar esTetikur mimarTebaSi batonobs
anda unda batonobdes konkretul, yovelmxriv gansazRvrul
sagnobriobebTan uSualo urTierTobis damyarebis tendencia.
vinaidan abstraqtulic, rogorc aseTi, da – rogorc bolo
dros SeniSnul iqna4 – `dausrulebelic~ SesaZloa iyos esTe-
tikuri gamocdilebisa da esTetikuri Sefasebis obieqti. mag-
ram mravali iseTi nawarmoebic arsebobs, romelic mkiTxvels
saSualebas aZlevs asaxuli sinamdvile rac SeiZleba srulyo-
fili saxiT aRiqvas da amiT ramdenime ganusazRvrelobis adgi-
li mainc Seavsos. aseT dros mkiTxveli ramdenadme `striqonebs
Soris~ kiTxulobs, da Zalauneburad avsebs winadadebebis da
maTSi gamoyenebuli saxelebis – Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas – `zega-
131
moxatulebiTi~ gagebiT asaxuli sagnobriobis zogierT mxares,
romelic TviT teqstis mier gansazRvruli ar aris. am Semavse-
bel gansazRvras vuwodeb me asaxul saganTa `konkretizebas~. am
dros iCens Tavs mkiTxvelis sakuTari, TanaSemoqmedebiTi moR-
vaweoba: sakuTari iniciativiT da warmosaxvis unaris meSveobiT
`avsebs~ is ganusazRvrelobis sxvadasxva adgils momentebiT,
romlebic, ase vTqvaT, mraval SesaZlo an dasaSveb momentTa-
gan SeirCeva, Tumca ukanaskneli – rogorc Semdeg gamoCndeba –
aucilebeli ar aris. Cveulebriv es `SerCeva~ mkiTxvelis mier
gaucnobiereblad da winaswar SemuSavebuli ganzraxvis gareSe
xdeba. is (mkiTxveli) ubralod nebaze miuSvebs fantazias da sa-
Tanado sagnebs axali momentebis mTeli wyebiT avsebs ise, rom
isini srulad gansazRvrulni Canan. marTalia, sinamdvileSi
isini kvlav mraval ganusazRvrelobis adgils Seicaven, magram
is, rac gansazRvrulia, TiTqos piriT mkiTxvelisken aris mob-
runebuli da faravs gansazRvraSi arsebul xarvezebs. rogor
xdeba es yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi, damokidebulia rogorc
TviT nawarmoebis Taviseburebebze, aseve mkiTxvelze, mis mdgo-
mareobaze an ganwyobaze, romelic mas imJamad aqvs. amitomac
erTi da imave nawarmoebis konkretizaciebs Soris SesaZloa mniS-
vnelovani gansxvavebani arsebobdes maSinac ki, roca maT erTi da
igive mkiTxveli axorcielebs sxvadasxva wakiTxvisas. am garemo-
ebas Tan sdevs literaturuli nawarmoebis araswori gagebis da
misi umarTebulo esTetikuri aRqmis gansakuTrebuli safrTxe.
ase rom, amas sagangebo yuradReba unda mieqces obieqturobaze
an literaturuli nawarmoebis Semecnebis namdvilobaze dak-
virvebisas. am ukanasknel sakiTxebs Cven kvlav davubrundebiT,
roca samecniero Txzulebis Semecnebis problemas wamovWriT,
da im sakiTxs ganvixilavT, ranairad xdeba ama Tu im (literatu-
ruli) esTetikuri sagnis WeSmariti Semecneba.
jer ki gasaanalizebeli gvaqvs literaturul nawarmoebSi
asaxul saganTa konkretizaciis roli literaturuli qmnileb-
is esTetikuri aRqmis procesSi, anu is roli, romelsac es kon-
kretizacia TamaSobs nawarmoebis mokrZalebuli, araesTe-
tikuri (außerästhetische) (an `winareesTetikuri~) aRqmidan mis
esTetikur aRqmaze gadasvlisas.
1. im SemTxvevebis garda, roca literaturuli qmnileba Ta-
visi teqstualuri agebulebis gamo mkiTxvelisagan garkveul
132
TavSekavebas moiTxovs ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa Sevsebisas,
nawarmoebis saTanado esTetikuri aRqma ganpirobebulia nawar-
moebSi asaxul saganTa Sesabamisi konkretizaciiT.
2. ganusazRvrelobis yoveli adgili nawarmoebis mniSvne-
lobaTa SresTan TanxmobiT SesaZloa sxvadasxvanairad iqnes
Sevsebuli. Tu, magaliTad, Seqspiris `hamletSi~ ar aris naTq-
vami, rogori agebulebisa iyo hamleti, daniis princi, an rogori
tembris xma hqonda, an ra poza hqonda miRebuli, roca iorikis
Tavis qalas esaubreboda, maSin mkiTxvels (an msaxiobs TeatrSi
– rac, sxvaTa Soris, damatebiT problemebs warmoSobs) SeuZ-
lia yvela am SemTxvevaSi hamletis saxis aseTi Tu iseTi konk-
retizacia moaxdinos, SeuZlia warmoidginos igi `keTilaRnag~
an, piriqiT, cota Casuqebul tipad. nawarmoebis teqstTan ama
Tu im konkretizaciis Tanxvedris TvalsazrisiT orive maT-
gani aramarto SesaZlebelia, aramed orive Tanabrad dasaSvebia,
Tuki ganusazRvrelobis adgilis Sevseba nawarmoebis Janris
farglebs ar scildeba. magram dasakonkretebeli nawarmoebis
esTetikuri Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT yvela es `dasaSvebi~
konkretizacia Tanabrad misaRebi rodia. es SesaZloa daxatuli
personaJis wminda garegnul, sxeulebriv monacemebTan mimarTe-
biT garkveul farglebSi sakmaod umniSvnelo ram iyos. magram
ganusazRvrelobis mravali adgili, vTqvaT, adamianis xasiaTTan,
mis mgrZnobelobasTan, misi azrovnebis siRrmesTan da mis emo-
ciurobasTan dakavSirebuli, ar SeiZleba nebismierad Seivsos,
vinaidan aseT Sevsebebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs daxatuli perso-
naJisTvis. zogierTma Sevsebam SeiZleba nawarmoebi gaaRaribos
da gaabanaluros, maSin, roca sxvagvarma Sevsebam SeiZleba is
gaaRrmaos da bevrad ufro originaluri gaxados – rac xSirad
xdeba TeatrSi ama Tu im dramatuli nawarmoebis warmodgenisas.
Semsrulebeli Tavisi qcevis maneriT gansaxierebuli personaJis
imgvar konkretizacias axdens, rom igi bevrad ufro saintereso
da Rrma gamodis, vidre amas teqsti gvafiqrebinebda. Tumca es
– rogorc xSirad amboben – `interpretacia~ mTlianad teqs-
tis mier daSvebul farglebSi xorcieldeba, mainc amis Sedegad
(konkretizebuli) xelovnebis qmnilebis Rirebuleba arsebiTad
modificirebulia. amitom sxvadasxvagvari konkretizacia ar
SeiZleba Tanabari Rirebulebi-sa iyos, metadre, raki ganusaz-
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Rvrelobis garkveul adgilTa sxvagvarma Sevsebam asaxuli si-
namdvilis SreSi SesaZloa axali esTetikurad Zvirfasi Tvise-
bebi Seitanos.
3. sagnobrivi Sris sxvadasxva konkretizaciebs uciloblad
mTeli nawarmoebis sxvadasxva konkretizaciebamde mivyavarT.
sagnobriv SreSi Setanili esTetikurad Zvirfasi Tvisebebi
nawarmoebis sxva SreTa esTetikurad mniSvnelovan Tvisebebs
Soris axal urTierTkavSirebs gamoiwvevs (Tanxmiers an SesaZ-
loa winaaRmdegobrivsac). nawarmoebis saboloo esTetikurad
Zvirfasi akordi amis Sedegad SesaZloa arsebiT modifikacias
daeqvemdebaros, rac zog SemTxvevaSi momgebiani iqneba mTliani
nawarmoebisTvis, zogjer ki – wamgebiani.
4. konkretizaciis yaida imasac gviCvenebs, nawarmoebis esa
Tu is konkretizacia avtoris ganzraxulobaTa `suliskveTebis~
gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba, uaxlovdeba mas Tu piriqiT – Sordeba.
konkretizebuli nawarmoebi an im stilis Sesatyvisi da monaTe-
savea, ra stiliTac nawarmoebia Sesrulebuli, anu nawarmoebis
realuri stilis Sesatyvisia, anda konkretizaciis maneris gamo-
isobiT kargavs am stils. erTi da imave nawarmoebis `stilurad
axlomdgomi~ konkretizaciebic SesaZloa erTmaneTisgan gansx-
vavdebodnen da, an daaxloebiT erTi Rirebulebisani iyvnen, anda
am TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxvaobdnen. arc konkretizaciis siswo-
ris da erTgulebis da arc esTetikuri Rirebulebis Tvalsaz-
risiT ar aris umniSvnelo is ambavi, rogor warimarTa realurad
nawarmoebis konkretizacia. da amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoiWre-
ba kiTxvebi literaturuli nawarmoebis adekvaturi esTetiku-
ri aRqmis da agreTve – amis Semdgomad – misi marTebuli Sefase-
bis Taobaze. am SekiTxvebs, Cveulebriv, ise ganixilaven, TiTqos
nawarmoebSi aranairi ganusazRvrelobis adgilebi ar arsebob-
des da TiTqos araviTari konkretizacia ar xdebodes. am kiTxvebs
saerTod mcdarad svamen da, Sesabamisad, arc maTze gacemuli
pasuxebi SeiZleba iyos swori. mxolod nawarmoebis konkret-
izaciis gaTvaliswineba iZleva am problemebisadmi marTebuli
midgomis SesaZleblobas. meore mxriv, wamoiWreba sruliad gan-
sxvavebuli problemebi nawarmoebis konkretizaciis yaidis im
kulturuli epoqis atmosferoze damokidebulebasTan dakav-
SirebiT, romel epoqaSic xdeba es konkretizacia, agreTve am
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damokidebulebis sazRvrebTan dakavSirebiTac. aqedan farTo
perspeqtivebi ixsneba sxvadasxva epoqebSi erTi da imave lite-
raturuli qmnilebis e. w. `sicocxlis~, rogorc istoriuli pro-
cesis, problemebTan mimarTebiT, procesisa, romelSic nawar-
moebis arsebobis ganuwyvetloba da identuroba yovelgvari
cvalebadobis miuxedavad SenarCunebulebulia.

warmodgenaTa aqtualizeba da konkretizeba

literaturul nawarmoebSi asaxul saganTa obieqtivacia da

konkretizeba xelixelCakidebuli daiareba minimum zogierT
sqematizebul warmodgenaTa aqtualizebasa da konkretize-
basTan erTad. amiT Cven gadavdivarT mkiTxvelTan mimarTebiT
literaturuli nawarmoebis ukanaskneli, jer kidev gansaxila-
vi, Sris dafuZnebis ganxilvaze.5
`warmodgenaTa~ Sre literaturul qmnilebaSi Zalian mniS-
vnelovan rols TamaSobs, metadre, roca saqme exeba misi esTe-
tikuri Rirebulebis dafuZnebas misive konkretizaciisas. ami-
tomac yaidas, romliTac kiTxvisas warmodgenaTa aqtualizeba
da konkretizeba xdeba, didi mniSvneloba aqvs literaturuli
qmnilebis esTetikuri aRqmisaTvis. amasTan, warmodgenebi nawar-
moebis im elements Seadgenen, romelic konkretizaciisas bev-
rad ufro metad aris damokidebuli mkiTxvelsa da nawarmoebis
kiTxvis yaidaze, vidre misi sxva elementebi. TviT nawarmoebSi
warmodgenebi mxolod potenciuri mzadyofnis mdgomareobaSi
arian, isini nawarmoebSi mxolod `gamzadebuli awyvia~. wminda
Teoriulad isini, cxadia, Sinaarsebis meoxebiT warmosaxul sag-
nebTan arian gaerTianebuli. magram maTi aqtualizebis procesSi
Sinaarsebis, anu maTSi warmosaxuli sagnis TvisebaTa, wili Se-
darebiT naklebia, Cveulebriv mkiTxvelisTvis maTi Tavs moxveva
garkveulwilad sxva, nawarmoebis Sinaarsisgan damoukidebeli
faqtorebis, kerZod, enobrivi (sprachlautliche) Sris Tavisebureba-
Ta wyalobiT xdeba. yovelive is, rac romelime garkveuli sagnis
aRmqmeli subieqtis mier ganicdeba, saimisod, rom aqtualuri
konkretuli aRqmis sagnad iqces, moiTxovs, subieqtma konkre-
tuli aRqma ganaxorcielos an minimum cocxlad warmoidginos
wakiTxuli. isini (warmodgenebi) garkveuli, axlad aRqmuli sa-
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gnis warmoCenis maTTvis damaxasiaTebel funqcias mxolod mas
Semdeg asruleben, rac warmodgenebis gancda konkretuli xdeba.
Cvens problemur situaciasTan mimarTebiT es niSnavs: nawarmoe-
bis kiTxvis procesSi warmodgenebi mkiTxvelisTvis aqtualuri
rom gaxdes da am gziT wakiTxuli nawarmoebis Semadgenel nawi-
lad iqces, amisaTvis man (mkiTxvelma) aRqmis analogiuri funq-
cia unda ganaxorcielos, vinaidan nawarmoebSi Sinaarsis meSveo-
biT asaxuli sagnebi sulac ar arian efeqturad aRqmadni. swored
es primitiuli faqti mogviwodebs, rom wminda literaturulad
warmosaxuli [Sinaarsi] sxva, araliteraturuli gziT – scenaze
an filmSi – minimum kvazi-aRqmadi unda gaxdes. Tu es sagnebi
aramarto wminda azrobrivad, signatiurad arian nagulisxmebi,
aramed ramenairad warmoCenil unda iqnen, es SesaZloa mxolod
kiTxvisas cocxali warmodgenis meoxebiT ganxorcieldes. da
es sxvas arafers niSnavs, garda imisa, rom mkiTxveli warmosax-
vis cocxal masalaSi saxeobriv warmodgenebs produqtiulad
ganicdis da amis Sedegad asaxul sagnebs TvalnaTliv aRsaqmel,
warmosasaxav movlenebad aqcevs. raki mkiTxveli nawarmoebis
yvela Sris adekvatur rekonstruqciasa da mis [nawarmoebis] Se-
mecnebas eswrafis, igi cdilobs, mzad iyos im sugestiis (STago-
nebis) misaRebad, rasac mas nawarmoebi sTavazobs, da swored is
warmodgenebi aiTvisos, romlebic TxzulebaSi `gamzadebuli
awyvia~. roca igi fantaziiT warmosaxul, TvalnaTliv masalaSi
am aqtualizebul Sexedulebebs iTvisebs, Sesabamis asaxul sagans
TvalsaCino, damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis `tansacmliT~ mosavs;
is am sagans ramdenadme `fantaziaSi~ xedavs, ise, rom es sagani mas
TiTqmis sakuTari sxeulebrivi saxiT warmoudgeba [Tvalwin]. am
gziT iwyebs mkiTxveli sagnebTan kvazi-uSualo urTierTobas.
es mxolod gancdili (anu arasagnobrivad nagulisxmebi!) Sexe-
dulebebi Tavis rols asruleben kiTxvis procesSi da xSirad
mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen nawarmoebis esTetikur aR-
qmasa da im saboloo saxis formirebaze, romelsac nawarmoebi
Rebulobs konkretizaciis Sedegad. Tu mkiTxveli ecdeba – da
principSi unda ecados kidec! – konkretizaciis meSveobiT
nawarmoebis sakuTari saxis rekonstruqcia moaxdinos da dai-
naxos is, maSin igi warmodgene-bis aqtualizebisas TviTneburad
ar unda moiqces. radganac literaturul mxatvrul nawarmoeb-
Si garkveuli sagnebi da adamianebi ara mxolod enobrivi saSu-
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alebebiT arian intencionalurad (mizanmimarTulad) moxazul-
ni, aramed isini mkiTxvels Sesabamisad SerCeuli warmodgenebis
Suqze unda warudgnen. xolo mkiTxvelis funqcia imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom nawarmoebidan momdinare sugestias (STagonebas)
da direqtivebs daemorCilos da mTlad nebismieri ki ara, aramed
nawarmoebis mier STagonebuli warmodgenebis aqtualizeba moax-
dinos. Tumca igi (mkiTxveli) am dros arasodes ar aris mTlianad
mijaWvuli nawarmoebs. magram Tu savsebiT gaiTavisuflebs Tavs
[nawarmoebisgan], Tu arafrad Caagdebs imas, ra warmodgenebis
Suqze unda iqnes danaxuli nawarmoebSi daxatuli samyaro – ma-
Sin misi acdena nawarmoebis gagebisken mimavali gzidan TiTqmis
garduvalia, da adekvatur gagebaze laparakic zedmetia. da Tun-
dac am dros SemTxveviT nawarmoebis konkretizaciam esTeti-
kurad relevanturi Tvisebebi SeiZinos da amiT misi esTetikuri
Rirebuleba amaRldes kidec, mainc nawarmoebi ver iqneba sworad
danaxuli da zogjer saSinladac gayalbdeba.
magram mniSvnelovania aramarto is, ama Tu im saganTan dakav-
Sirebuli romeli warmodgenebis aqtualizeba moxdeba, aramed
isic, Tu rogor moxdeba maTi konkretizacia. TviT nawarmoebSi
martooden sqematizebuli warmodgenebi moipoveba, garkveuli
sqemebi, romlebic aRqmis sxvadasxva saxecvlilebisas Senar-
Cunebulni arian rogorc mudmivi struqturebi. rogorc ki
mkiTxvelis mier maTi aqtualizeba ganxorcieldeba, TavisTavad
moxdeba ama Tu im gziT maTi konkretizebac. isini konkretuli
monacemebiT Seivsebian, sruliyofian, xolo ra gziT ganxor-
cieldeba es, mniSvnelovanwilad mkiTxvelzea damokidebuli.
is avsebs warmodgenaTa im zogad sqemebs detalebiT, romlebic
Seesabamebian mis alRos, misi aRqmisTvis damaxasiaTebel Cvevebs,
mis midrekilebas ama Tu im Rirebulebisa da Rirebulebrivi
urTierTdamokidebulebisadmi, rac sxvadasxva mkiTxvelTan
sxvadasxva iqneba an sxvadasxva SeiZleba iyos. am dros is (mkiTx-
veli) xSirad Tavis adrindel gamocdilebas eyrdnoba da [nawar-
moebSi] warmosaxul samyaros im msoflgancdis WrilSi warmoid-
gens, romelic man cxovrebaSi SeimuSava. Tu is TxzulebaSi iseT
sagans waawydeba, romelic mas cxovrebaSi ar uxilavs da ar icis
rogor `gamo-iyureba~ is, igi Seecdeba es sagani fantaziiT Ta-
viseburad `warmosaxos~. zogjer nawarmoebi imdenad STamagone-
belia, rom misi zegavleniT mkiTxveli axerxebs warmodgenaTa
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miaxloebiT rekonstruirebas. zogjer ki is uneblieT gamogo-
nil, fiqtiur warmodgenebs qmnis, romlebic nawarmoebidan nak-
lebad gamomdinareoben da ufro misi sakuTari fantaziis nayof-
ni arian. zogjer ki igi am TvalsazrisiT sul verafers axerxebs
da saerTod uZluria ramenairi warmodgena SeimuSaos. igi – misi
sityviT – ver `xedavs~ asaxul sagans, is misTvis mxolod wminda
niSans warmoadgens da amis Sedegad kargavs [nawarmoebSi] asaxul
samyarosTan kvazi-uSualo kontaqts. miuxedavad amisa misi gage-
ba SesaZloa adekvaturi iyos im azriT, rom igi sagnebs kiTxvisas
im da mxolod im Tvisebebs miawers, romlebic SesaZloa wminda
enobrivad ganisazRvron da romlebic teqstSia mocemuli. iq,
sadac rekonstruirebuli da aqtualizebuli warmodgenebi gan-
sazRvrebis wminda enobrivi maneris dasaxmareblad unda movix-
moT, raTa sagnebi mkiTxvelis mier sworad iqnes aRqmuli, war-
modgenaTa rekonstruqciisa da aqtualizebis unars moklebuli
mkiTxveli verc imas SeZlebs, saTanado sagnebi maT erTianobaSi
aRiqvas da nawarmoebi mTlianad da siRrmiseulad gaigos. war-
modgenaTa aqtualizeba da konkretizeba xSirad literaturuli
mxatvruli nawarmoebis esTetikuri aRqmis SedarebiT yvelaze
cudad ganviTarebuli komponentia, da swored amis Sedegia Se-
darebiT didi gadaxvevebi nawarmoebis Sinaarsisagan.
sailustraciod aviRoT erTi adgili stefan Jeromskis*
romanidan; am epizodSi moqmedeba parizSi mimdinareobs, rac am
frazebSi garkveviT ar aris naTqvami, magram es adrindeli pasa-
Jebidan gamomdinareobs:
`igi quCebSi daxetialobda, magram bulvars ver poulobda.
gamvlels daekiTxa; man gaicina da aCvena bulvari, romelic
mxolod oriode nabijze iyo iqidan. fexebma igi TavisiT waiy-
vanes iqiT. aTasferad abrWyvialebuli Suqreklamebi, yviTeli,
muqi wiTeli, mwvane, lurji da iisferi moelvare niSnebi, wreebi
da asoebi SuSis namsxvrevebiviT useravda Tvalebs. sakuTari
TavisTvis angariSmiucemlad, meqanikurad Sevida kuTxeSi mde-
bare kafeSi da erTi Wiqa koniaki moiTxova~.
raki Cveni mkiTxveli am romans albaT ar icnobs da amitomac
ar icis, ra SemTxvevebi uZRoda win am scenas,6 gverdze gadav-
doT gmiris saerTo fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, nurc mis saxels vax-
senebT, rasac axla CvenTvis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, da
* stefan Jeromski (1864-1925) _ poloneli mwerali (mTargm.).
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Cveni mzera mivapyroT mxolod bulvaris fragmentul aRweri-
lobas da Sesabamis warmodgenaTa aqtualizebis SesaZleblobas.
wina epizodebidan cnobilia, rom parizis erT-erT bulvarzea
saubari; magram parizSi mravali bulvaria, ase rom, es cnoba ar
kmara imis misaxvedrad, Tu sad TamaSdeba es scena. bevrs aras
niSnavs imis Tqmac, rom kuTxeSi kafe `kardinali~ mdebareobs,
radganac parizSi bevri kafea, romelsac `kardinali~ hqvia. al-
baT mkiTxveli – Tu is saerTod parizs icnobs – vizualurad
`warmoidgens~ saRamos parizis romelime reklamebiT ganaTebul
bulvars. kiTxvisas mas neonis naTurebi aucimcimdeba Tvalwin
da mis cnobierebaSi aqtualizdeba wamieri xedi saRamo Jams ga-
CaxCaxebuli quCisa. Tu mkiTxveli SemTxveviT im kafes interiers
icnobs, maSin mis gonebaSi droebiT es kafe amotivtivdeba; xolo
Tu ar icnobs, maSin mkiTxvelis fantazia warmosaxavs romelime
parizul kafes, mkrTalad ganaTebuls, bevri magidiT da xalxis
mozimzime masas ama Tu im rakursiT. iqneb mkiTxvels Tvalwin
warmoudges kafes didi ganaTebuli fanjrebi da trotuarze
ganlagebuli magidebi da skamebi `dainaxos~, ris Semdegac Sesa-
Zloa kafes interiersac Seavlos mcire xniT Tvali. da erT ma-
gidasTan mkiTxvelma iqneb ucnobi mamakacic SeniSnos, romelic
saxis naR-vliani gamometyvelebiT SekveTil koniaks elis. sxva
mkiTxvelma SesaZloa kafeSi msxdomi adamianebis saubrisagan
warmoqmnili xmauri an daxlTan Wiqebis wkriali gaigonos, Tumca
teqstSi amis Sesaxeb araferia Tqmuli; akustikuri movlenebis
warmoSoba mainc mosalodnelia, roca didi qalaqis kafes cocx-
lad warmovidgenT.
am magaliTze Cven vxedavT, raoden mravalgvarad SeiZleba
ganxorcieldes teqstiT STagonebuli warmodgenebis aqtuali-
zeba da ra sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba moxdes maTi konkretize-
ba. Tu mkiTxveli ufro gmiris fsiqikuri mdgomareobis mimarT
gamoiCens interess, maSin garegnuli grZnobismieri warmodge-
nebi im realur garemoze, romelSic gmiri imyofeba, mis gonebaSi
SesaZloa saerTod ar gacocxldes. es miT ufro mosalodnelia,
rom quCisa da kafes aq warmodgenili aRweriloba aSkarad me-
orexarisxovania, xolo ucnobis fsiqikuri mdgomareoba ki mTa-
var Temas warmoadgens.
cxadia, SesaZlebelia mravali teqstis moxmoba, romlebSic
aRwerili scenebi mkiTxvels Zalian didi ZaliTa da cxovelmyo-
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felobiT axvevs Tavs, magaliTad, vizualur wrmodgenebs. kla-
sikur magaliTs gvawvdis poloneli mwerali henrik senkeviCi.
gavixsenoT, magaliTad, cirkSi ursusis xarTan brZolis aRwera
(`vidre xval~), sadac Zalze cocxali vizualuri warmodgen-
ebis Semdeg umaRlesi daZabulobis momentSi, roca ursusi xars
kisers moamtvrevs, erTbaSad akustikuri movlenebi gamoxataven
cirkSi gamefebul siCumes.7 yvela amgvar SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli
warmodgenaTa aqtualizebisas bevrad ufro Zlier aris damok-
idebuli teqstze, vidre es xdeba am TvalsazrisiT usicocxlo
nawarmoebebSi. igi misTvis Tavs moxveuli sxvadasxva saxis war-
modgenaTa tyveobaSi imyofeba da rac metad eqvemdebareba is
maT, miT ufro cocxali, mkafio da mravalferovani saxiT war-
moudgeba mas Tvalwin [nawarmoebSi] asaxuli samyaro.
magram ar unda gvegonos, rom mkiTxvels maSin eZaleba cocxa-
li da mravalferovani warmodgenebi, roca teqstSi saganTa es
warmodgenebi aRwerilia. piriqiT, es warmodgenebi maSin iqce-
vian obieqtebad, romelnic iqneb sulac ar arian TvalnaTliv
aRqmadni (maSin, roca Cvens SemTxvevaSi sagnebisa da adamianebis
Sesaxeb gancdil, araobieqtivirebul, konkretul warmodgeneb-
Tan gvaqvs saqme), romlebic mxolod maSin asruleben saganTa
warmoCenis funqcias, roca sityvaTa da winadadebaTa azri mkiTx-
velis mzeras asaxul sagnebsa da adamianebze mimarTavs da ro-
ca saganTa garkveuli aRqmadi Tvisebebis Tu mxareebis ubralo
dasaxelebac ki imas iwvevs, rom mkiTxvels erTbaSad eZaleba
Sesabamisi warmodgenebi. maSin igi xedavs sagnebs, esmis bgerebi,
romelTac wkriala nivTebi gamoscemen, da a. S. arc is unda vi-
fiqroT, TiTqos teqstis swored is monakveTebi axveven Tavs
mkiTxvels didi ZaliT aqtualizebul warmodgenebs, romlebSic sa-
ganTa aRqmadi Tvisebebi didi sizustiT aris aRwerili. piri-
qiT, xSirad sagnobrivi situaciis erTaderT Strixze miniSneba
sakmarisia, raTa mkiTxvelSi mTeli am situaciis an situaciaSi
monawile sagnebisa da adamianebis Sesaxeb cocxali warmodgena
gamoviwvioT. magaliTad gamogvadgeba zemoT naxsenebi scena
ursusis brZolisa xarTan: saTanado momentSi gvesmis msaxurTa
CiraRdnebidan naxSiris namsxvrevTa Camocvenis xma: aseTi siCume
idga cirkSi. cirkis vizualur warmodgenebs, mayurebelTa mer-
xebs, arenas da a. S. uerTdeba, erTi mxriv, CiraRdnebis mocimci-
me Suqi, meore mxriv, swored mTel TeatrSi dasadgurebuli Rrma
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siCumis `warmodgena~, romelic kontrasts qmnis naxSiris nam-
sxvrevTa cveniT gamowveul yru xmaurTan. da am siCumeSi ucbad
gvesmis xaris gadamtvreuli kinCxis xrWiali.
is nawarmoebebi, romlebSic mkiTxvelisTvis warmodgenebis
Tavs moxveva esoden Zlieri sugestiuri (STamagonebeli) ZaliT
xdeba, TavianT warmodgenebis SreSi bevrad ufro zustad re-
konstruirdebian, vidre nawarmoebebi, romlebSic warmodgen-
ebi ufro ideaSi (idealiter) arian gansazRvrulni da asaxuli sag-
nebis gverdiT aqvT miCenili adgili, ise, rom mkiTxvelisTvis
maTi Tavsmoxveva ar xdeba. nawarmoebebi, romlebic grZnobiTi
gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferodan momdinare mzamzareul war-
modgenaTa TvalsaCino elementebiT Zalian mdidarni arian,
SesaZloa mkiTxvelis mier mcdarad iqnen rekonstruirebulni,
vinaidan man (mkiTxvelma) SeiZleba warmodgenaTa mravalferov-
nebas Tavi ver gaarTvas. mkiTxvelebi xSirad calmxrivni arian,
isini axdenen, magaliTad, vizualuri warmodgenebis aqtuali-
zebas, magram akustikur an taqtualur* warmodgenebs aqtuali-
zebis gareSe toveben. roca saWiroa aqtualizeba Zalze gansx-
vavebul grZnobiTi sferoebidan, metadre adamianis fsiqikuri
struqturis sferodan, momdinare warmodgenebisa, es amocana
xSirad mkiTxvelis fantaziis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. maSin
is upiratesad erTi romelime grZnobiTi sferodan momdinare
warmodgenebis aqtualizebas axdens da sxva mraval grZnobiT
warmodgenas uyuradRebod tovebs. amis Sedegad mas SesaZloa
miugnebeli darCes nawarmoebisTvis arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqo-
ne esTetikurad relevanturi Tvisebebi; nawarmoebis esTeti-
kuri aRqma arasrulyofili rCeba – igi nawarmoebis Sesaty-
visi ver iqneba.
asaxuli sagnebi aqtualizebuli warmodgenebis wyalobiT
met plastikurobasa da mkafioobas iZenen, isini ufro cocxal-
ni da ufro konkretulni xdebian, ris gamoc mkiTxveli TiTqos-
da uSualo kontaqts amyarebs maTTan. magram kiTxvis proces-
Si aqtualizebul warmodgenebs Cven marto asaxuli sagnebis
TvalnaTliv warmoCenis intensiurobasa da simdidres rodi vu-
madliT. maT nawarmoebSi Tavis mxriv SeaqvT Taviseburi, esTeti-
kurad Zvirfasi momentebi, magaliTad, garkveuli dekoratiuli
momentebi. am momentebis SerCeva xSirad mWidrod ukavSirdeba
* musikalur taqtTan dakavSirebul (mTargm.)
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nawarmoebSi an mis erT-erT nawilSi gabatonebul ganwyobas an
raime metafizikur faseulobas. am gziT gaadvilebuli warmo-
Cena garkveuli metafizikuri faseulobisa qmnis nawarmoebis
kulminaciur punqts da did rols TamaSobs kiTxvisas nawarmo-
ebis esTetikuri konkretizaciis konstituirebis (dafuZnebis)
procesSi.
imis gamo, rom mkiTxvelis mier warmodgenaTa aqtualizeba
da konkretizeba mravalgvarad xdeba, SesaZloa erTi da imave
nawarmoebis esTetikuri aRqma am TvalsazrisiT sul sxvadas-
xvagvari iyos. amis Sedegad mxolod zogierTi esTetikuri aR-
qma, anu konkretizacia emTxveva nawarmoebis arss. nawarmoebis
TviT marTebuli esTetikuri konkretizaciebic SesaZloa am
TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan Zlier gansxvavdebodnen da sul
sxvadasxva esTetikurad Zvirfasi Tvisebebi da sxvadasxva es-
Tetikuri Rirebulebebi warmoaCinon. aq Cven kvlav mivadeqiT
erT-erT mizezs imisas, rom mkiTxvelebi – zogjer sworedac
rom didad ganaTlebuli da mgrZnobiare kritikosebi – erTi
da imave literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis Sefasebisas
ver Tanxmdebian. am sakiTxs Cven kvlav davubrudebiT.
mkiTxvelis mier aqtualizebuli warmodgenebi TiTqmis ve-
rasodes qmnian erT mTlian kontinuums (uwyvetobas), aramed
Cveulebriv erTmaneTisagan izolirebulad gamodian asparezze;
isini mkiTxvels mxolod drodadro euflebian da met-naklebad
cocxlad ganicdebian mis mier. roca warmodgenebi erTmaneTi-
sagan izolirebulni arian, maTi Sinaarsebis garkveuli stabi-
lizeba xdeba. kiTxvis procesSi garkveuli stereotipebic,
warmodgenaTa garkveuli stabilizebuli formebi, warmoiqm-
neba, romelTa meSveobiT mkiTxveli sagnebs TvalsaCinos xdis.
nacvlad imisa, rom romelime (asaxuli) pirovneba viTarebebi-
sda mixedviT sxvadasxva saxiT warmovidginoT, Cven mas xSirad
sul erTi da imave saxiT warmovidgenT, mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT,
amasobaSi misi Tvisebebi rom Seicvala. es maSin xdeba, roca,
magaliTad, romanSi personaJis cxovrebis vrceli monakveTe-
bia asaxuli ise, rom igi aSkarad xanSi Sedis, yovel SemTxvevaSi
xanSi unda Sediodes. mkiTxveli ki mas kvlavac imave, anu stereo-
tipad qceuli saxiT warmoidgens. igive iTqmis romelime qalaqis
quCebis Sesaxebac, romelTa warmodgena [mkiTxvelis mier] mudam
erTi da imave wertilidan xdeba, maSin, roca isini nawarmoebSi
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sxvadasxva poziciidan aisaxebian. es gaxlavT kidev erTi mizezi
literaturuli nawarmoebis araadekvaturi esTetikuri aRqmi-
sa, mizezi, romelic am SemTxvevaSi wminda subieqturi xasiaTisaa,
magram gavlenas axdens nawarmoebis esTetikurad relevanturi
(arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone) Tvisebis SemCneva-verSemCnevaze.
es SeniSvnebi sakmarisi unda iyos imaSi dasarwmuneblad, rom
literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebi am TvalsazrisiT Sesa-
Zloa Zalze sxvadasxvagvarad iqnes aRqmuli.

literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis

winareesTetikuri `dazverva~

literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis konkretizaciis

ganxorcielebisas Cveulebriv ganusazRvrelobis zogierTi ad-
gilis konkretuli Sevseba xdeba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlo
SevsebaTa variaciulobis sazRvari viwrovdeba. yoveli amgvari
Sevseba nawarmoebis pozitiuri gansazRvrulobebis damatebas
warmoadgens, uwinares yovlisa asaxul saganTa SreSi.8 es Sevse-
ba xelovnebis TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa umniSvnelo iyos, anu
ar hqondes mniSvneloba esTetikurad relevanturi (arsebiTi
mniSvnelobis mqone) Tvisebebis konstituirebisTvis (dafuZne-
bisTvis). maSin igi Tumca uvnebelia, magram, am poziciidan Tu
ganvsjiT, arc saWiroa. magram igi (Sevseba) xelovnebis Tvalsaz-
risiT SesaZloa mniSvnelovanic iyos, Tanac ori mimarTulebiT:
an pozitiuri TvalsazrisiT, roca is ramenairad uwyobs xels
garkveuli esTetikurad relevanturi Tvisebebis konstituire-
bas, romeli Tvisebebic sxva amgvar TvisebebTan pozitiur Tan-
xmobaSi imyofeba, an kidev – negatiuri TvalsazrisiT, roca is
amgvari Tvisebebis konstituirebas an xels uSlis, anda iseTi
Tvisebis konstituirebamde mivyavarT, romelic danarCen esTe-
tikurad valentur TvisebebTan disonanss qmnis. magram is kidev
ori TvalsazrisiT SesaZloa iyos nawarmoebis erTiani saxisTvis
saziano. pirveli: man SeiZleba ganusazRvrelobis iseTi adgi-
li Seavsos, romelic nawarmoebis konkretizaciisas Seuvsebeli
unda darCeniliyo, da meore: aseTi Sevseba SesaZloa ver axden-
des pirdapir zegavlenas esTetikurad Zvirfas Tvisebebze da

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TviTonac Rirebulebrivad neitraluri iyos, magram asaxul sa-
ganTa danarCen gansazRvrulobebTan ar iyos TanxmobaSi, magali-
Tad, [nawarmoebSi] asaxuli samyaros stils ar Seesatyvisebodes.
amasTan dakavSirebiT literaturul mxatvrul nawarmoebze
analitikuri dakvirvebis winaSe ramdenime amocana dgas, rom-
lebic – ramdenadac CemTvis cnobilia – aqamde literaturis
Semswavleli mecnierebis mier sruliad ugulebelyofili iyo,
da romelTac literaturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis funqci-
asTan umWidroesi kavSiri aqvT. kerZod:
1. uwinares yovlisa dasadgenia, ganusazRvrelobis ra ad-
gilebi moipoveba sakvlev nawarmoebSi. ar unda vifiqroT, TiT-
qos am amocanis amomwuravad Sesruleba odesme SesaZlebeli
gaxdes. magram es arc aris saWiro, vinaidan ganusazRvrelobis
mravali adgili mxatvruli nawarmoebis struqturaSi araviTar
rols ar TamaSobs. winadadebebis da winadadebaTa erToblio-
bis azris analizi ise unda ganxorcieldes, rom man (am analizma)
uTqmeli an miCqmaluli sagrZnobi gaxados da imazec miuTiTos,
ganusazRvrelobis romeli adgilebia mniSvnelovani nawarmo-
ebis struqturisTvis, ris gamoc isini ganmartebul unda iqnen.
imis dadgena, Tu ganusazRvrelobis romel adgils eniWeba aseTi
mniSvneloba, cxadia, advili ar aris da moiTxovs imis kargad
gagebas, rac nawarmoebis enobriv SreSi garkveviT aris gamoTq-
muli. da maSin SevamCnevT imas, rac ar Tqmula, rac mkiTxvelis-
Tvis mxolod nawarmoebis teqstze dayrdnobiT cnobili ver
gaxdeba.
2. Semdgomi nabiji gaxlavT imis garkveva, Tu ganusazRvre-
lobis romeli adgili unda Seivsos da romeli unda darCes Se-
uvseblad. es unda moxdes imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom teqstis
analizisas vgrZnobT informaciis naklebobas sagnebisa da ma-
Ti bedis Sesaxeb, risi Sedegic aris is, rom yvelaferi bolom-
de ar gvesmis. meore mxriv, teqsti axdens garkveul sugestias
(STagonebas) mkiTxvelze, ris gamoc igi ganusazRvrelobis zo-
gierT adgils avsebs, xolo zogierTs ki, romelsac kiTxvisas
uyuradRebod auvlis gverds, Seuvsebels tovebs. analizur
dakvirvebas isRa darCenia, es movlena naTlad gaacnobieros.
3. unda gairkves, ganusazRvrelobis calkeul adgilTa Se-
saZlo Sevsebisas variantTa ra speqtrs gvidgens ganusazRvre-
lobis am adgilTa ganmsazRvreli konteqsti. variaciulobis
144
am sazRvars orgvari TvalsazrisiT unda SevxedoT: a) mxolod
ganusazRvrelobis ama Tu im adgilTa daniSnulebis gaTva-
liswinebiT, farTo konteqstisa da ganusazRvrelobis sxva ad-
gilTaTvis angariSgauwevlad, da b) imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu
rogor viwrovdeba ganusazRvrelobis ama Tu im adgilTa vari-
aciulobis sazRvari ganusazRvrelobis sxva adgilTa Sevsebisa
da teqstis erTxmivobis moTxovnis Sedegad.9 es Seviwroeba jer
wmindad im TvalsazrisiT unda ganvixiloT, rom saWiroa lite-
raturuli mxatvruli nawarmoebis esTetikurad neitraluri
Rirebulebis mqone ConCxSi Seusabamobebisa da winaaRmdegobe-
bis Tavidan acileba. esTetikurad valentur TvisebaTa konsti-
tuirebis SesaZleblobaTa gaTvaliswinebas ganusazRvrelobis
calkeuli adgilebis esTetikurad dasaSveb SevsebaTa variaciulo-
bis sazRvris Semdgomi daviwroebis saWiroebamde mivyavarT.
ganusazRvrelobis calkeul adgilTa Sevsebis variaciu-
lobis sazRvarze dakvirvebisas ori garemoeba gagviwevs daxma-
rebas: pirveli is, rom ganusazRvrelobis adgilebi umetesad
zogadi saxelebiT da nominaluri gamoTqmebiT arian warmod-
genilni. am nominaluri gamoTqmebis moculoba gansazRvravs
konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT ama Tu im SesaZlo Sevsebis varia-
ciulobis sazRvars. es sazRvari V yovelTvis an 2-s udris, an
metia 2-ze, vinaidan Tu V = 1, maSin es ar yofila ganusazRvre-
lobis adgili, radganac aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi, Tundac
gamouTqmelad datovebuli, erTmniSvnelovnad iqneba gansaz-
Rvruli. magram yvela SemTxveva, romelic am sazRvrebSi Tavs-
deba, rodia savsebiT erTgvarovani. teqsti, rogorc ukve iTqva,
ramdenadme STaagonebs mkiTxvels im variantebs ganusazRvre-
lobis adgilTa SesaZlo Sevsebis sferodan, romlebic am SemTx-
vevaSi bunebrivia da romelTa aqtualizeba amis gamo kiTxvis
procesSi ufro mosalodnelia. es variantebi unda gaviTvalis-
winoT nawarmoebze analitikuri dakvirvebisas da unda gaviaz-
roT maTi aqtualizebis Sedegebi konkretizaciis gaxorciele-
bisas. cxadia, ar unda dagvaviwydes mkiTxvelis, gansakuTrebiT
esTetikuri aRqmis-Tvis ganwyobili mkiTxvelis, roli konkre-
tizaciis ganxorcielebis procesSi da arc am konkretizaciis
mamodificirebeli zegavlena. mkiTxvelTa da maT mdgomareo-
baTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo es zegavlena Zalian Zneli
Sesafasebelia. magram imasac unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, rom
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esTetikuri ganwyobiT konkretizaciis SerCevisas mkiTxveli
teqstis ukve wakiTxuli nawilebis zegavlenas ganicdis da amis
Sedegad Zlier emorCileba nawarmoebis suliskveTebas.
4. literaturul nawarmoebze analitikuri dakvirvebisas
uZnelesi amocana im momentSi iCens Tavs, roca unda gadavwyvi-
toT, ganusazRvrelobis adgilis Sevsebis meSveobiT esTeti-
kurad Zvirfasi romeli Tvisebebis konstituireba unda moxdes
konkretizaciis gziT. aq sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba arsebobs,
romlebic winaswar unda ganWvritos mkvlevarma. es niSnavs, rom
igi valdebulia sakvlevi nawarmoebis sxvadasxva esTetikuri
konkretizaciebis konstituireba (dafuZneba) mosinjos, isini
maTSi warmodgenili esTetikurad mniSvnelovani Tvisebebis
TvalsazrisiT Seamowmos da amavdroulad gaerkves, arsebul
ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa romel Sevsebebze aris damokide-
buli maTi aqtualizeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, man nawar-
moebi calmxrivad ar unda waikiTxos da upiratesoba mis mier
aqtualizebul konkretizacias ar unda mianiWos. ueWvelia, rom
Cveulebriv am amocanis Sesruleba mxolod nawilobriv aris Ses-
aZlebeli, vinaidan SesaZlo konkretizaciaTa raodenoba Zalian
didia. da mainc am amocanis Tundac nawilobrivi Sesruleba
araCveulebrivad mniSvnelovania literaturuli nawarmoebis
mxatvruli donis Sesamecneblad. mravali mkvlevaris erTob-
livi muSaoba erTsa da imave mxatvrul nawarmoebze am Tvalsaz-
risiT, bunebrivia, Zalze sasargebloa.
mTeli am problematikis Seswavla kidev ori garemoebis
gamo aris mniSvnelovani: ara mxolod TviT ama Tu im konkretuli
mxatvruli nawarmoebis esTetikuri struqturis gagebisaTvis,
aramed maSinac, roca erTi garkveuli literaturuli Janris
(magaliTad, romanis, lirikis, dramis) an sxvadasxva literatu-
ruli mimdinareobis Tu stilis (magaliTad, romantizmis lit-
eraturis, pozitivisturi naturalizmis, modernuli eqspre-
sionistuli literaturis da a. S.) literaturul nawarmoebTa
esTetikuri Zalmosilebis zogad problemaTa garkvevas exeba
saqme. kerZod, wamoiWreba kiTxva, erT romelime nawarmoebSi ar-
sebul ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa mravalferovneba da aseve
maTi tipebis SerCeva, xom ar aris TviT am literaturuli Jan-
ris an Sesabamisi literaturuli mimarTulebis damaxasiaTe-
beli, da am problemis gamokvleva mniSvnelovan wvlils xom ar

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Seitanda am JanrTa an literaturul stilTa arsis wvdomis saq-
meSi, im monacemebTan erTad, romlebsac mxatvruli qmnilebis
srulad gansazRvrul mxareze dakvirvebiT movipovebT. winas-
war Znelia Tqma, ra Sedegebamde migviyvanda aseTi kvleva. magram
saintereso iqneboda saTanado kvleva-Ziebis Catareba, magali-
Tad, Tanamedrove romanebze da am TvalsazrisiT, vTqvaT, zolas
romanebis prustis romanebTan, joisis `ulises~ golsuorsis
romanebis ciklTan an mereditis nawarmoebebTan Sedareba. anda
ra Sedegs miviRebdiT, Tu, magaliTad, Tomas manis nawarmoebebs
am TvalsazrisiT SevadarebdiT folkneris qmnilebebs? Tu mo-
xerxdeboda imis warmoCena, rom am SemTxvevebSi literaturul
nawarmoebebSi ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa gamoyenebis mxriv
damaxasiaTebeli kanonzomierebani SeimCneva, maSin isic SesaZ-
lebeli iqneboda, SerCeuli literaturuli Janris an lite-
raturuli mimdinareobis nawarmoebTa SesaZlo esTetikuri
konkretizaciisTvis damaxasiaTebel mravalferovnebazec
gvelaparaka.
meore mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic wamoiWreba, Seexeba
calkeuli literaturuli mxatvruli qmnilebis im ganusaz-
Rvrelobis adgilebs, romlebic esTetikuri konkretizaciis
procesSi ar unda iqnen Sevsebulni. yovel literaturul mxat-
vrul nawarmoebSi da gansakuTrebiT namdvil refleqsiur li-
rikaSi arsebobs arTqmulis, dafarulis, ganusazRvrelis, Riad
datovebuli azris Semcveli adgilebi, romlebic, miuxedavad
TavianTi ucnauri aryofnisa da aseve ucnauri SeumCnevlobisa
da yuradRebis miRma darCenisa, mainc arsebiT rols TamaSoben
nawarmoebis mxatvrul struqturaSi. nawarmoebze analitikuri
dakvirvebis procesSi isini gamoxmobil unda iqnen am TavianTi
SeumCnevlobidan, periferiis bnelSi arsebobidan, da unda ga-
vicnobieroT, rom maTi mxatvruli funqcia dairRveoda, Tuki
maT likvidacias movindomebdiT da ama Tu im saxiT maT Sevse-
bas SevecdebodiT. aseTi adgilebis pozitiurad gansazRvruli
monacemebiT Sevsebisas yovlad zedmet laybobas miviRebdiT
da amavdroulad mniSvnelovnad davarRvevdiT wonasworobas
imisas, rac nawarmoebSi sworedac rom cnobilia, srulad gan-
sazRvrulia da mzis sinaTlezea gamotanili. grZnobadaxvewi-
li, sakmao esTetikuri kulturis mqone mkiTxveli amgvar
ganusazRvrelobis adgilebs dumiliT uvlis gverds, da swo-
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red es aZlevs mas SesaZleblobas, xelovanis mier Cafiqrebuli
esTetikuri sagnis miaxloebiTi konstituireba mainc moax-
dinos. naklebi kulturis mqone mkiTxveli, esTetikis sferoSi
diletanti, romlis Sesaxebac moric gaigeri* laparakobs, da
romelsac mxolod personaJTa bed-iRbali ainteresebs, uyura-
dRebod tovebs amgvar ganusazRvrelobis adgilTa likvidaciis
akrZalvas da wyalwyala laybobiT avsebs imas, risi Sevsebac ar
aris saWiro, da amiT Cinebulad formirebul xelovnebis qmni-
lebas iaffasian, saeWvi esTetikuri Rirebulebis mqone litera-
turad aqcevs. magram am kategorias ganekuTvnebian litera-
turis is mkvlevarebic, romlebic hiolderlinis an rilkes,
an kidev – sul sxva yaidis magaliTi rom davasaxeloT – Traklis
grZnobadaxvewil, Rrma, magram amavdroulad mxolod miniSnebe-
bze damyarebul refleqsiur lirikas metafizikur traqtatebs
miuTxzaven xolme da imas wamoayrantaleben, rasac xelovnebis
qmnilebaSi gamarTleba aqvs mxolod rogorc perspeqtivas,
mxolod rogorc miniSnebas, winaTgrZnobas da aseTadac unda
darCes. ase rom, literaturis mkvlevarma, romelic litera-
turul mxatvrul nawarmoebze analitikur dakvirvebas axor-
cielebs, mas Semdeg, rac zustad gaarkvevs, sad aris nawarmoeb-
Si ganusazRvrelobis is adgilebi, romlebic aseTebad unda
darCnen konkretizaciis procesSic, Tavi unda Seikavos maTi
konkretizaciisagan.
mTeli am problematikis gaTvaliswineba mkvlevars saSua-
lebas miscems winaswar ganWvritos, romel da ra xarisxis esTe-
tikurad Zvirfas konkretizaciebamde SeiZleba migviyvanos ama
Tu im mxatvrulma nawarmoebma (mgrZnobiare da esTetikurad aq-
tiuri mkiTxvelis arsebobis viTarebaSi). amis miRweva SeiZleba
imis gareSec, rom miviRoT gadawyvetileba, SesaZlo konkreti-
zaciaTagan romelia `swori~ `interpretacia~ mocemuli nawar-
moebisa, da imis gareSec, rom dauyovnebliv vecadoT nawarmoe-
bis `Sefasebas~ (anu misi Rirebulebis dadgenas). magram rogorc
ki im daskvnamde mivalT, rom mocemuli nawarmoebi esTetikurad
faseuli sxvadasxva konkretizaciebis SesaZleblobas iZleva da
zogierTi maTganis mkiTxvelisaTvis sugestireba (STagoneba)

* moric gaigeri (1880-1937) – germaneli filosofosi, mniSvnelovani naS-

romebis avtori maTematikis filosofiasa, esTetikasa da fsiqologiaSi.
(mTargm.)
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xdeba, ukve poetur nawarmoebTan urTierTobis im fazaSi vi-
myofebiT, romelSic Sefasebis problema iCens Tavs. magram Cven
jer kidev ara varT saTanadod momzadebulni, rom es problema
wamovWraT da misi gadawyveta vcadoT. amJamad mxolod imis
gacnobiereba aris mniSvnelovani, rom es Sefaseba ori sruliad
gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT SeiZleba warimarTos: TviT lite-
raturul mxatvrul nawarmoebTan mimarTebiT da mis calkeul,
esTetikuri damokidebulebis Sedegad mopovebul konkret-
izaciaTa mimarTebiT. da amavdroulad naTlad unda warmov-
idginoT, rom TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi savsebiT gansxvavebuli
yaidis SefasebebTan gvaqvs saqme; TviT nawarmoebTan dakavSi-
rebiT – mwerluri xelovnebis SefasebebTan, xolo esTetikur
konkretizaciebTan dakavSirebiT – esTetikur SefasebebTan.
magram rakiRa konkretizaciis konkretul sxeulSi TviT nawar-
moebi CinCxis saxiT aris SenarCunebuli, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TviT konkretizaciaSi mocemulia rogorc ConCxis mwerlur-
xelovnebiTi Rirebulebebi (die künstlerischen Werte), aseve kon-
kretizebuli mTelis esTetikuri Rirebulebebic.10 sasargeblo
iqneba am Rirebulebebs Soris radikaluri gansxvavebis Taoba-
ze ramdenime sityviT mainc mivaniSnoT. mxatvrul qmnilebas mwe-
rlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba eqneba, Tu is Tavis TavSi misi
bunebisgan gansxvavebuli Rirebulebis, kerZod, esTetikuri
Rirebulebis aqtualizaciisTvis aucilebel, magram arasakma-
ris pirobas Seicavs, – im esTetikuri Rirebulebisa, romelic mo-
cemuli qmnilebis konkretizaciis Sedegad iCens Tavs. mwerlur-
xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba, es aris Rirebuleba saSualebisa, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, iaraRisa, romelsac unari aqvs, xelsayreli
viTarebisas esTetikuri Rirebuleba warmoaCinos. saTanado es-
Tetikuri Rirebulebis aqtualizebisTvis saWiro am damatebiT
pirobas – am `xelsayrel~ viTarebas – qmnis mxatvruli nawar-
moebis damkvirvebeli, romelmac icis, rogor isargeblos mxat-
vruli qmnilebis SesaZleb-lobebiT, raTa misi [nawarmoebis] Ses-
atyvisi konkretizaciis aqtualizeba moaxdinos, ris Sedegadac
is esTetikuri Rirebuleba gamovlindeba da arsebobas iwyebs.
igi Tavis gamovlinebaSi ormagad aris dafuZnebuli: Sesabamis
mxatvrul qmnilebaSi, romelic aRWurvilia saTanado mwerlur-
xelovnebiTi RirebulebebiT, da damkvirvebelSi, romelic mas
(am Rirebulebas) konkretizaciisas mxatvruli nawarmoebis da
149
metadre misi mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebebis meSveo-
biT movlenur TviTarsebobas aniWebs. maSin, roca mwerlur-xe-
lovnebiTi Rirebuleba gamokveTilad fardobiTi Rirebulebaa,
misi valentoba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is, risi aqtu-
alizebisTvisac igi aucilebel saSualebas warmoadgens, Tavis
TavSi da TavisTvis – anu am TvalsazrisiT absoluturad – Ri-
rebulia da Tavis Tanaganmapirobebels, rogorc aseTs, Rire-
bulebas aniWebs. es TavisTavad absoluturi Rirebuleba aris
swored esTetikuri Rirebuleba, romlis masala (Rirebulebis
xarisxi) Tavisi bunebiT mxolod `xilvadia~, anu Tavis Tavs mov-
lenur TviTaqtualobaSi (in einer erscheinungsmäßigen Selbstgegenwart)
amowuravs.
yovel mwerlur-xelovnebiT RirebulebasTan dakavSirebiT
SeiniSneba Zalze Taviseburi viTareba: erTi mxriv, naTeli Cans,
rom is (Rirebuleba), Tuki igi ama Tu im literaturul mxat-
vrul qmnilebas namdvilad gaaCnia, am qmnilebisave efeqtur
detalebze unda iyos dafuZnebuli, ise, rom Semfasebeli mkiTx-
velis (metadre `kritikosis~) rolze laparaki ar unda gvWirde-
bodes. meore mxriv ki, es Rirebuleba mocemuli nawarmoebis
SesaZlo konkretizaciaTa esTetikuri RirebulebebiTac aris
ganpirobebuli. am SesaZleblobis realizebisTvis mocemuli
nawarmoebi Tumca aucilebelia, magram sakmarisi ar aris. konk-
retizaciaTa realizeba didwilad mkiTxvelzea damokidebuli,
romelic sazogadod ar aris valdebuli nawarmoebis esa Tu is
konkretizacia moaxdinos (mas SeuZlia, magaliTad, saerTod
uari Tqvas wakiTxvaze) da igi (konkretizacia) kerZo SemTxveva-
Si (im individuellen Fall) iseT parametrebSi ganaxorcielos, rom
nawarmoebis mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis mier miniSne-
buli esTetikuri Rirebuleba warmoCndes. amrigad, efeqturad
miewereba Tu ara nawarmoebs mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebule-
ba, es mkiTxvelis qceviT aris ganpirobebuli. meore mxriv – amis
Sesaxeb axlave gveqneba saubari – mkiTxveli mTlad damoukide-
beli rodia mxatvruli qmnilebis gansazRvrulobebisagan, ris
gamoc mxatvrul qmnilebaSi mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis
dafuZnebis xarisxi izrdeba. mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba
imazea dafuZnebuli, rom mocemul nawarmoebSi arsebobs Tvise-
baTa saTanado erToblioba, romelic mxatvruli qmnilebis ama
Tu im konkretizaciisas aucilebeli yofierebiTi (ontische) ba-
150
zisia esTetikurad mniSvnelovan TvisebaTa (anda agreTve for-
malur momentTa) kompleqtis konstituirebisTvis, romlebic
Tavis mxriv Tavis TavSi Tvisebrivad gansazRvruli esTetikuri
Rirebulebis fundaments warmoadgenen. esTetikuri Rirebu-
lebis konstituirebisTvis sakmaris baziss ra faqtoric aklia,
is Tavis mxriv mkiTxvelma unda daumatos. igi amas zogjer mxat-
vruli Txzulebisgan sruliad damoukideblad akeTebs, magram
SesaZloa saamisod mxatvruli qmnilebis garkveulma Tvise-
bebmac ubiZgos. maSasadame, mxatvruli qmnilebis mwerlur-xe-
lovnebiTi Rirebuleba mis im TvisebebSi Zevs, romelTa meSveo-
biTac igi esTetikuri mimReobisTvis mzadmyof damkvirvebelze
(auf den ästhetischen Betrachter) zemoqmedebs da mas (damkvirvebels)
konkretizaciis procesSi esTetikuri Rirebulebis yofierebi-
Ti fundamentis naklul SemadgenelTa konstituirebisTvis aRZ-
ravs. Tu mxatvrul qmnilebas aklia TvisebaTa is Semadgenloba,
romelic mas (nawarmoebs) damkvirveblisken mimarTuli aqti-
urobis SesaZleblobas aZlevs, maSin esTetikuri Rirebulebis
konstituireba erTi romelime garkveuli konkretizaciisas _
Tuki saqme saerTod aqamde miva – mxolod da mxolod damkvirve-
blis unaris anabara rCeba, Tumca ki esTetikuri Rirebulebis
konstituirebisTvis saWiro aucilebeli wminda yofierebiTi
bazisi mxatvrul qmnilebaSi moipoveba. xolo, Tu arc es bazisia
da mainc xdeba esTetikuri Rirebulebis konstituireba, maSin
es Rirebuleba pirwmindad damkvirveblis Semoqmedebis nayo-
fia, ragind esTetikuri sagnis Tvisebad Candes is. igi aramc
da aramc ar aris dafuZnebuli mxatvrul qmnilebaSi da am azriT
arc `obieqturia~.11
cxadia, arsebobs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca nawarmoebi es-
Tetikuri Rirebulebis konstituirebisTvis aucilebel da am
TvalsazrisiT sakmaris pirobas Seicavs, da amrigad mxatvruli
qmnilebis Tvisebebi esTetikuri Rirebulebis makonstituire-
bel, esTetikurad relevantur TvisebaTa srul Semadgenlobas
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs da sakmaris zemoqmedebasac
axdens damkvirvebelze, ise, rom es ukanaskneli mocemul nawar-
moebTan urTierTobisas iZulebulia nawarmoebiT winaswargan-
sazRvruli esTetikuri Rirebulebis konkretizacia moaxdinos
da amis Sedegad warmoaCinos kidec igi. am SemTxvevaSi es Rire-
buleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aqtualizeba damkvirveblis
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aqtiurobazea damokidebuli, dafuZnebulia nawarmoebSi da am
azriT `obieqturia~.
pirveli nabiji mxatvruli qmnilebis Sefasebisken misi mwer-
lur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT is iqneba, rom
`dazverviTi~ dakvirvebisas mis konkretizaciaTa mTeli wyebis
gaTvaliswinebiT TvisebaTa is Semadgenloba veZioT, romelic
SesaZlo esTetikuri Rirebulebis baziss unda Seicavdes. da
roca am Semadgenlobas vipoviT, unda vikiTxoT, ra xasiaTi aqvs
am Semadgenlobas, viTarca Rirebulebis dafuZnebas, anu im Se-
saZleblobebidan, romlebic axlaxan gavmijneT urTierTisgan,
romelTan gvaqvs saqme. ueWvelia, rom mkvlevari mravalfero-
van viTarebaTa winaSe dgeba, romlebisTvisac Zalze Znelia Ta-
vis garTmeva, metadre imis gamo, rom Zalian bevri sxvadasxva
situaciaa Sesafasebeli Rirebulebis dafuZnebis xasiaTTan mi-
marTebis TvalsazrisiT. didi sifrTxile da aseve didi moTmine-
baa saWiro, rom Tavi SevikavoT naCqarevi gadawyvetilebebisagan.
vinaidan, rogorc ki Rirebulebisa da misi dasabuTebis sakiTxi
wamoiWreba, Cveulebriv, didi xmauri atydeba xolme Rirebule-
bis, anu nawarmoebis xarisxis ganmsazRvreli e. w. `kriteriume-
bis~ gamo. moiTxoven Rirebulebis `obieqturobis~ dasadgeni
mTlad zogadi `kriteriumebis~ dasaxelebas. da amavdroulad
windawinve amtkiceben, rom araviTari amdagvari ucdomeli kri-
teriumebi ar arsebobs, rom isini epoqebis mixedviT icvleba,
sxvadasxva kulturuli wre, metic – sxvadasxva adamiani – sxva-
dasxva kriteriumebs iyenebs da amitomac araviTari myari krite-
riumebi da arc araviTari `obieqturi~ Rirebulebebi ar moipo-
vebao da a. S. aq ar minda davkargo dro am farTod gavrcelebul
SexedulebebTan sakamaTod. me vfiqrob, rom rogorc sxvadas-
xva Janrebis, aseve calkeuli mxatvruli qmnilebebis codnis
da bolos maT RirebulebebSi garkvevis TvalsazrisiT Cven jer
Zalian naklebad varT mzad saimisod, raTa Tundac mxolod wa-
movWraT sakiTxi materialuri `kriteriumebis~ Taobaze. Cemi az-
riT, saWiroa xelovnebis qmnilebaTa da metadre literaturul
qmnilebaTa Sesaxeb ufro zusti da ufro Rrma codnis mopoveba,
raTa an Znel sakiTxSi win waviwioT.
kidev erTi problema, romelzec aq msurs mivuTiTo, Seexeba
literaturuli qmnilebis mwerlur-xelovnebiTi donis gansaz-
Rvris safuZvels. razea igi damokidebuli? cxadia, igulisxme-ba
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ara TviTneburi gadawyvetilebis miReba imis Taobaze, ro-
meli Rirebuleba gvsurs CavTvaloT an unda CavTvaloT ufro
maRal an ufro dabal Rirebulebad. saqme exeba imas, romeli
obieqturi, TviT nawarmoebSi mocemuli an mis mier gamowveul
SesaZlo konkretizaciebTan dakavSirebuli garemoeba gansaz-
Rvravs mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis dones. am kiTxvaze
ramdenime SesaZlo pasuxi arsebobs. xom ar gvefiqra, rom kon-
kretuli literaturuli qmnilebis mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Ri-
rebuleba miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro mravalricxovani da
rac ufro Zvirfasia misi SesaZlo, `marTebuli~ esTetikuri
konkretizaciebi? Tu asea, maSin, rogorc Cans, nawarmoebi Cana-
saxSi atarebs maRal esTetikur RirebulebaTa mravalferovne-
bas, da is unari, winaswar gansazRvro yvela Rirebuleba da xeli
Seuwyo maTs saxeobriv aqtualizebas, etyoba, am esTetikur Ri-
rebulebaTa mravalferovnebasTan erTad izrdeba. da es unari
sxva araferia, Tu ara TviT mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba.
Cveulebriv xom ase amboben: namdvilad `didi~ literaturuli
qmnilebani isinia, romlebic sxvadasxva kulturul epoqebSi
xelaxla cocxldebodnen da axal warmatebebs aRwevdnen. didi
berZeni tragikosebi, `iliada~, Seqspiris Txzulebebi, goeTes
lirika da a. S. – es is nawarmoebebia, romlebic axal kulturul
epoqebSi axlebur konkretizacias ganicdian, ise, rom es siaxle
maT identobas ar emuqreba. amavdroulad swored es garemoeba
garkveul eWvebs aRZravs mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis am
gagebis mimarT: rac ufro mravalricxovania mxatvruli nawar-
moebis SesaZlo gansxvavebul konkretizaciaTa raodenoba, miT
ufro naklebad aris igi Tavis TavSi erTmniSvnelovnad gansaz-
Rvruli da miT ufro meti ganusazRvrelobis adgilisa da po-
tenciuri elementis Semcveli iqneba is. da maSin misi (nawarmoe-
bis) monawileoba konkretizaciaTa da maTSi konstituirebuli
esTetikuri Rirebulebebis warmoqmnaSi umniSvnelo iqneba da
sul ufro da ufro Semcirdeba. am RirebulebaTa aqtualizebi-
sTvis pasuxismgebloba ki didwilad nawarmoebis mkiTxvelebs (an
damTvaliereblebs) ekisrebaT.12 da, rogorc Cans, amgvar nawar-
moebTa mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba arc ise maRalia. ma-
gram aq mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rire-
bulebis orgvari roli: erTi maTgani mdgomareobs esTetikurad
mniSvnelovan TvisebaTa da maTSi warmodgenil esTetikur Rire-
153
bulebaTa yofierebismier (ontikur) dafuZnebaSi, xolo meore
– mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebaSi, raTa mas konkretizaciis ganxor-
cieleba STaagonos. ramdenadac pirvel rolTan dakavSirebiT
unda vaRiaroT, rom `did~ qmnilebaTa wvlili SedarebiT mcirea
esTetikur RirebulebaTa konstituirebisas, romlebic Ta-
vianT mravalferovan konkretizaciebSi iCenen Tavs, mainc maTi
mwerlur-xelovnebiTi mniSvnelovaneba mkiTxvelTa interesisa
da aqtiurobis gaRviZebis saqmeSi axal-axali konkretizaciebis
formirebisas maRali Sefasebis Rirsia.
zogierTi literaturuli qmnilebis maRalostaturoba im-
aSic SeiZleba mdgomareobdes, rom isini sworedac Zalian cota
esTetikurad maRalfaseul konkretizaciaTa SesaZleblobas
iZlevian. aseTi mxatvruli nawarmoebi Tavis struqturaSi Sina-
ganad ise daxSulia, rom mas SedarebiT cota ganusazRvrelobis
adgili da potenciuri momenti moepoveba, romelTa xarjze misi
Sevseba da aqtualizebaa SesaZlebeli. is agreTve Sinaganad ise
mkacrad aris agebuli, rom ganusazRvrelobis calkeul adg-
ilTa Sevsebis variaciulobis sazRvari erTmaneTs ganapirobebs
da aviwroebs, ise, rom dasaSveb faseul konkretizaciaTa ricxvi
Zlier mcirdeba. konkretizaciis procesSi mxolod Zalze mci-
re cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaa SesaZlebeli imgvarad, rom
mTeli nawarmoebis maRali esTetikuri Rirebuleba amis Sede-
gad ar SeibRalos. agebulebis Sinagan daxSulobaSi mdgomare-
obs mxatvruli qmnilebis maRali mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rireb-
uleba da aseve mis mcirericxovan konkretizaciaTa esTetikuri
Rire-bulebac. da es Rirebuleba sulac ar aris ufro dabali,
vidre im qmnilebaTa Rirebuleba, romlebic mravali sxvadasxva
faseuli konkretizaciis SesaZleblobas iZlevian.
zemoTqmulTan kavSirSi mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebulebis
donis sxvagvari gagebis SesaZlebloba ikveTeba. saxeldobr, es
SesaZlebloba ama Tu im nawarmoebis meSveobiT ganpirobebuli
esTetikuri Rirebulebebis relativizebaSi ki ar unda veZeboT,
aramed nawarmoebis sakuTar mxatvrul RirsebaSi, mwerlur-
xelovnebiTi teqnikis srulyofilebaSi, saidanac mkiTxvelze
misi SesaZlo zemoqmedeba an esTetikurad Zvirfas Tvise-
baTa dafuZnebis misi unari warmodgeba. es mxatvruli Rirseba,
viTarca mxatvruli qmnilebis arqiteqtonikis gansakuTrebuli
niSani, aris aRtacebis sagani.
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 maSasadame Cven vxedavT, rom literaturuli qmnilebis
mwerlur-xelovnebiTi Rirebuleba sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba
iqnes gagebuli da is sxvadasxva nawarmoebSi sxvadasxvagvarad
ganisazRvreba. saqme mxolod imas exeba, rom yovelTvis naT-
lad unda vicodeT, ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi Rirebulebis romel
saxeobasTan gvaqvs saqme da ras efuZneba igi. am garemoebamac
unda gvibiZgos iqiTken, rom araviTari zogadi `kriteriumebi~ ar
unda davsaxoT windawin da calkeul mxatvrul qmnilebebs winas-
war SemuSavebuli azriT ki ar mivudgeT, aramed viswavloT maT-
gan. da maSin damokidebuleba mwerlur-xelovnebiT Rirebule-
bebsa da maT yofierebismier (ontisch) safuZvels Soris, romelic
sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli SeiZleba iyos, nel-nela
naTeli gaxdeba.
es is viTarebaa, romelsac literaturuli mxatvruli qmni-
lebis analitikosma angariSi unda gauwios. misi valia gasaana-
lizebel mxatvrul qmnilebaSi is elementebi da momentebi
eZebos, romlebic esTetikurad faseuli `swori~ konkretiza-
ciebis mravalferovnebas intenciurad (mizandasaxulad) gan-
sazRvraven, meore mxriv ki, nawarmoebis is Taviseburebebic aR-
moaCinos, romlebsac efuZneba mkiTxvelze zemoqmedebis yaida
da Zala, mkiTxvelis gonebaSi garkveuli mimarTulebiT war-
marTul konkretizaciaTa aqtualizebisTvis rom aris saWiro.
rogorc SesaZlo konkretizaciaTa mimarT yuradRebis gamoCena
mkvlevars TviT literaturuli qmnilebis miRma am konkretiza-
ciaTa mosaxilvelad ubiZgebs, aseve ubiZgebs mas, meore mxriv,
literaturuli qmnilebis zemoqmedebis unarTa mimarT yura-
dRebis gamoCena potenciuri mkiTxvelis da mxatvruli nawar-
moebis mimarT misi SesaZlo damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebis
mimarTulebiT, rac ar unda Zlier iyos mkvlevari orive SemTx-
vevaSi koncentrirebuli TviT mxatvruli qmnilebis ama Tu im
mxaresa da saxeobriv sistemaze. da es koncentracia yvelaze
didia iq, sadac literaturuli qmnilebis `mxatvrul Zalas~ aR-
movaCenT da mis TaviseburebaSi wvdomis survili gagviCndeba.
es aris rTuli situacia, romlis winaSec dgas mxatvrul qmni-
lebaze analitikuri, winareesTetikuri dakvirveba, rodesac
misTvis ukve gamoikveTeba nawarmoebis mxatvruli Rirebule-
bis aRmoCenis sakiTxi. e. w. `literaturuli Sefasebisadmi~ miZ-
Rvnil mravalricxovan gamokvlevebSi, romlebic bolo wlebSi
155
gamoCnda, me mgoni, es viTareba naTlad veravin SeniSna. jer es
viTareba unda gaanalizdes rogorc zogadad, aseve calkeul
SemTxvevebSic, vidre SevudgebodeT TviT nawarmoebis `litera-
turul Sefasebas~. rogorc bolo msjelobidan gamomdinare-
obs, Cven jer kidev ara varT saTanadod momzadebulni saimisod,
rom literaturuli qmnilebis `literaturuli~ da `esTetiku-
ri~ Sefasebis problemis gadawyvetas axlave SevudgeT. amJamad
Cven is sakiTxic ki Riad unda davtovoT, `literaturuli Se-
faseba~ gansakuTrebuli SemecnebiTi operaciaa, Tu erTgvari
mimarTeba, romelic Semecnebis sferos sazRvrebs scildeba da
romelsac gansakuTrebuli grZnobis saufloSi gadavyavarT.
rogorc Cans, erTmniSvnelovnad amis gansazRvra SeuZlebelia.
arsebobs `Sefasebis~ sxvadasxva tipi da sxvadasxva yaida. erT-
ni gansakuTrebuli saxis Semecnebis sferos ganekuTvnebian,
xolo meoreni esTetikuri mimRebis (des ästhetischen Empfängers)
savsebiT gansxvavebul qcevebSi (Verhaltensweisen) mdgomareoben.
magram rogorc ki literaturuli qmnilebis Sefasebis an misi
Rirebulebis wvdomis problemas mivadgebiT, nawarmoebze mxo-
lod winareesTetikuri analitikuri (an, SesaZloa, sinTezuri)
dakvirvebiT veRar davkmayofildebiT da literaturuli mxa-
t-vruli qmnilebis esTetikur konkretizaciaTa wvdomis yaidis
problemis gadawyvetas unda mivyoT xeli.

SeniSvnebi:

1. gansakuTrebul problemas warmoadgens, eqvemdebarebian Tu

ara amgvar modifi-kacias is TxrobiTi winadadebebic, romlebic
teqstSi CarTuli arian, rogorc, magaliTad, personaJTa mier war-
moTqmuli frazebi. amas gansakuTrebiT dramisTvis aqvs mniSvnelo-
ba. sxva problemas Seadgens sakiTxi, romeli enobrivi an SesaZloa
araenobrivi saSualebebiT gamoiyvaneba fsevdo-msjelobaTa es xa-
siaTi. es is problemaa, romelsac kete hamburgeri* ikvlevda. amas
kidev davubrundebi im sakiTxis ganxilvisas, Tu rogor unda mixv-
des mkiTxveli, rom mas, magaliTad, ama Tu im romanSi mxolod kva-
zi-msjelobebTan da ara WeSmarit msjelobebTan aqvs saqme.

* kete hamburgeri (1896-1992) – germaneli germanisti, literaturaTmcodne

da filosofosi. (mTargm.)
156
 2. Sdr. literaturuli mxatvruli qmnileba*, § 38.
3. am Temas aq ufro dawvrilebiT ver ganvixilavT. literaturuli
nawarmoebebis sxvadasxva tipTa sistematur kvlevas SeuZlia Zalian
saintereso Sedegebi mogvces ganusazvreli adgilebis rolTan da
agreTve imasTan dakavSirebiT, ra damokidebuleba arsebobs mkafiod
gansazRvrulsa da ganusazRvrels Soris.
4. Sdr. h. liuceleris** moxseneba dausruleblis Sesaxeb aRmosav-
lur xelovnebaSi, wakiTxuli amsterdamSi 1964 wels esTetikis
sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnils V saerTaSoriso kongresze.
5. sityva `warmodgenas~ (Ansicht) viyeneb me aq – rogorc ukve `li-
teraturul mxatvrul qmnilebaSi~ iyo miniSnebuli – Zalian far-
To mniSvnelobiT, romelic moicavs ara mxolod yvela warmod-
genas, romelic grZnobiTad aRmqmel subieqts uCndeba, aramed im
`warmodgenebsac~, romlebic warmoaCenen individuumTa realur
fsiqo-fizikur Taviseburebebsa da struqturebs, Tanac imisgan
damoukideblad, warmoSobilni arian isini e. w. `Sinagani~ aRqmis Tu
ucxo sulieri cxovrebis wvdomis Sedegad.
6. citirebuli adgili amave dros gamogvadgeba adre miniSnebuli
situaciis magaliTad. kerZod, saqme exeba winadadebaTa azris modi-
fikacias sxva winadadebaTa azris zegavleniT, romlebic win us-
wreben pirvels. Tu es winmswrebi winadadebebi raRac mizezis gamo
ugulebelyofil iqna (vTqvaT, ubralod, gamotovebulia, rogorc
am Cvens magaliTSi), maSin mkiTxveli mocemuli winadadebebis azrs
gaigebs mxolod maTSi warmodgenili sityvebisa da maTi sintaqsuri
funqciebis safuZvelze. winmswreb winadadebaTa eqo, romelic kon-
teqstSi maT azrs avsebs an mis modificirebas axdens, aq aRar ismis.
amgvarad, Cvenma mkiTxvelma ar icis, viszea aq, kacma rom Tqvas, la-
paraki, rogor fsiqikur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba is. Cveni mkiTxve-
li mxolod grZnobs, rom ucnobi [personaJi] sworedac rom
cnobilia, da igi [es personaJi] raRacnair gaurkvevel viTarebaSi
imyofeba, vinaidan mas – rogorc Cans – raRac sulis SemZvreli ram
SeemTxva, magram cxovrebis romel sferoSi SeemTxva (siyvaruli iyo
es, warumatebloba Tu sxva ram) da ra mdgomareobaSi SeemTxva – es
yovelive ucnobia da mkiTxvelisganac raRac ucnobad aRiqmeba, iseT
ramed, risi naklulebac aSkarad igrZnoba, da is, rogorc nakli, ma-

* roman ingardenis naSromi (`Das literarische Kunstwerk~), romelic 1931 wels

gamoica. (mTargm.)
** hainrix liuceleri (1902-1988) – germaneli folosofosi, xelovnebis
istorikosi da literaturaTmcodne. (mTargm.)
157
Sinve aRmoifxvreba, roca ki winamaval teqsts gavecnobiT. amasTan
kavSirSi am dros warmoSobil warmodgenebs sagrZnobi ziani adgeba
da isini principSi vizualuramde arian reducirebulni.
7. wavikiTxoT agreTve Tundac Semdegi scena jozef konradis
`lord jimidan~ (Lord Jim): `jimi miabijebda sakomando xidze, da sa-
kuTari nabijebis xma xmamaRla Caesmoda did siCumeSi, TiTqos maT
fxizeli varskvlavebi ireklavdnen da ukan abrunebdnen; misi mzera
horizontis xazis gaswvriv mimodioda da TiTqos raRac miuwvdom-
lis moxelTebas xarbad cdilobda. magram misi Tvalebi ver amCnevd-
nen moaxloebuli ubeduri SemTxvevis aCrdils. erTaderTi Crdili
zRvaze Savi kvamlis Crdili iyo, romelic sakvamuridan kvlav da
kvlav ecemoda zRvas, rogorc veeberTela droSa, romlis bolo
haerSi ganqardeboda. ori malaieli – mdumared da TiTqmis uZravad
– marTavda gems, saWis orive mxares mdgarni, xolo saWis TiTbris
kide drodadro im sinaTlis ovalSi brwyinavda, kompasis xufidan
rom ecemoda. zogjer saWis ganaTebul nawilze SavTiTebiani xeli
gamoCndeboda, romelic saWis manebs rigrigobiT eWideboda. saWis
milebis fersoebSi jaWvis rgolebi xmamaRla xrWialebda... jimi
drodadro kompass Seavlebda mzeras...~.
8. es Sevseba Cveulebriv dafarulad xdeba, anu enobrivi ormagi
Sris aSkara gafarToebis an Secvlis gareSe, TumcaRa Semavsebeli
momenti mkiTxvelis mier rogorme nagulisxmevi unda iyos.
9. ama Tu im nawarmoebis teqstis struqtura aris is, rac am moTx-
ovnas da mis sazRvrebs adgens. yvela literaturuli teqsti rodia
mkacrad erTxma (einstimmig), magram arsebobs – literaturulad kar-
gad konstruirebul nawarmoebebSi – garkveuli `logika~ (mudmivo-
ba) am uTaxmoebisa (Unstimmigkeit).
10. unda davamatoT, rom konkretizebulma literaturulma nawar-
moebma SesaZloa sxva Rirebulebebic ganasaxieros, an, ukeT rom
vTqvaT, warmoaCinos, magaliTad, moraluri da pedagogikuri Rire-
bulebebi, socialuri Tu zogadkulturuli yaidis Rirebulebebi,
da maSin is amis Sedegad adamianur da socialur cxovrebaSi sxva
funqciebs asrulebs. oRond yvela es SesaZlo Rirebuleba mxat-
vruli nawarmoebisTvis meoreuli bunebisaa da maT aq mxedvelobaSi
ver miviRebT. magram, rac ar unda ucnauri Candes, Cveulebriv, xe-
lovnebisa da esTetikis miRma mdgomi es Rirebulebebi mkiTxveli-
sa da TviT kritikosTa upirvelesi yuradRebis sagania. amas Zlier
urTierTgansxvavebuli mizezebi aqvs, romlebsac aq ver ganvixi-
lavT. arcTu ukanasknel rols am dros is erTob mniSvnelovani ga-
158
remoeba TamaSobs, rom, rogorc mkiTxvelebi, aseve e. w. kritikosebi
arasakmarisad arian aRzrdilni saimisod, rom xelovnebasTan da es-
Tetikur sagnebTan saTanado mimarTeba daamyaron. isini esTe-
tikuri Rirebulebebis specifikasa da xelovnebis Taviseburebas
naTlad ar acnobiereben da, dasaZlevi sirTuleebis winaSe mdgarni,
Tavs imiT Svelian, rom xelovnebas sxva sferoebSi gaurbian, sadac
TiTqosda Rirebulebebis Secnoba da Sefasebac arc ise Znelia. mag-
ram es mxolod moCvenebiTi saSvelia.
11. Sdr. Cemi statia `mosazrebani obieqturobis problemis Ta-
obaze~, `filosofiuri kvlevis Jurnali~ (`Zeitschrift für philosophische
Forschung~), 1967, № № 1 da 2.
12. roca dRevandel lirikas kiTxulob, iseTi STabeWdileba
grCeba, TiTqos poetebi im azrze dganan, rom TavianTi nawarmoebi
rac SeiZleba ganusazRvreli unda datovon, raTa mkiTxvelis gan-
kargulebaSi rac SeiZleba farTo asparezi iyos dasaSvebi konkreti-
zaciebisTvis, romlebsac is (mkiTxveli) Tavis nebaze ama Tu im saxes
miscems. es germaniaSi ukve Stefan georgedan daiwyo, roca man Tavis
leqsebSi punqtuaciis niSnebze xeli aiRo, raTa leqsis interpre-
taciisas mkiTxvelis Tavisufleba ar SeezRuda. dRevandeli lirika
am mimarTulebiT Seudareblad Sors midis, ise Sors, rom koreqtul,
dasrulebul frazebze xSirad uars amboben, raTa mkiTxvels leqsis
Tavis gunebisad Sevsebis Tavisufleba ar mouspon. literaturuli
nawarmoebis sqematuri xasiaTi aseT dros zogjer absurdulobis
zRvars uaxlovdeba.

germanulidan Targmna levan bregaZem.

Targmnilia rainer varningis mier Sedgenili krebulidan

`recefciuli esTetika~ (miunxeni, vilhelm finkis gamomcemloba,
1994, me-4 ucvleli gamocema). winamdebare statia, Semdgenelis
SeniSvniT, warmoadgens poloneli filosofosis roman ingar-
denis (1893-1970) mier germanulad dawerili wignis `literatu-
ruli qmnilebis SemecnebisaTvis~ (`Vom Erkennen des litararischen
Werkes~, Tübingen, 1968) fragmentebs (gv. 11-12, 49-63, 300-311).
saTauri (`konkretizacia da rekonstruqcia~) Semdgenelis dar-
qmeulia (mTargm.).

159
 semiotikuri da struqturalisturi kritika

ferdinand de sosiuri
(1857-1913)

lingvistika da semiologia
Canawerebi zogadi enaTmecnierebisaTvis*

`Canawerebi Jenevis sadebiuto leqciisaTvis, noemberi, 1891~**

1.1 `pirveli saaTi~***

Tu Cveni universitetis kaTedra, romlis gamgis Tanamde-

bobis daka­ve­bis pativi dRes maqvs, humanitaruli mecnierebis
fakultetis axal dargs warmoadgens da Tu Cemi dRevandeli
movaleoba an pativia, im saswavlo taZarSi SegiZRveT, romlis
SenebisTvisac ager ukve 70 we­lia mecniereba sametyvelo qmede-
bis Sesaxeb [>science du langage<] iRvwis da mTavar StrixebSi war-
mogidginoT misi warsuli, romelsac arc Tu didi xnis isto-
ria aqvs, an misi momavali ganvWvrito, misi mizani ganvsazRvro,
misi sar­geblianoba, misi is adgili movniSno, romelic adamianis
cnobi­ere­ba­Ta wreSi ukavia da damsaxurebac vaCveno, romelic
humanitaruli mec­nierebis sferoSi gaaCnia, vSiSob, Cems mova-
leobas kargad gavarTva Ta­vi, magram darwmunebiT ki SemiZlia

* Cf. BPUG, frang. xeln. 3951. Targmani Sesrulebulia, r. engleris kritiku-

li gamocemidan, CLG/E(I)+(II). garda № 14 C-is, №20-is, № 22.2-3-is, № 23-2-is da
№ 24 b-f-isa, gaTvalis­wine­bulia agreTve ramdenime mcire zomis gamoxmaure-
ba, aseve Targmnili r. engleris mier gamocemuli sosiuris enaTmecnieruli
xasiaTis xelnawerebidan.
** Targmanebze wamZRvarebuli saTaurebi, rogorc wesi, de sosiurisagan ar
momdina­re­obs da SeiZleba Sinaarsis ZiriTadi azris gamomxatvelad iqnas ga-
gebuli. Sead. gode­li, 1960, gv. 5-11.
*** upirveles yovlisa, leqciebis am mosamzadebeli samuSaos pirveli gverde-
bi nawilob­riv Znelad gairCa da safuZvlianadac aris gadamuSavebuli, ami-
tom yvelgan ver moxer­xda winadadebaSi azris logikuri mdinarebis rekon-
struireba (Sead. CLG/E).
160
imis Tqma, rom am saqmeSi marto da mitovebuli ar viqnebi. ling-
vistikis damsaxurebis gareSe, gadaW­riT imis Tqma, Tu ra saWiroa,
magaliTad, klasikuri ganaTlebisaTvis berZnuli, laTinuri da
franguli enebis [>langues<] codnis garda, am mecnierebidanac
gaigo [>Tuki mxolod wminda literaturuli mizani geqneboda<],
ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba hqondes am mecnierebas istoriis an
civilizaciis istoriisaTvis, – am SemTxvevaSi erTi Jeneveli
pirovnebis saxels movuxmobdi, romliTac Cven sxva mxrivac vamay-
obT. es gaxlavT adolf piqte, romelmac gaiazra, Tu ra sargebe-
li SeiZ­leba vnaxoT enis [>langue<] wyalobiT, Tuki mas preistori-
uli peri­odis sabuTad ganvixilavT, romlis monacemebs vendobiT
(da SeiZleba Zalianac), <rogorc enTuziazmis gaRviZebisaTvis,
romelmac moulod­neli samyaros, _ <absoluturi Rirebuleb-
is WeSmaritebis> uecari aR­moCena moaxdina. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
adolf piqtem Cauyara safuZveli seriozul swavlebas, romel-
sac swavlulebi dResac ufrTxildebian da mec, maT kvalad, gan-
sakuTrebuli SeupovrobiT davicavdi im zus­tad gansazRvrul
mniSvnelobas, romelic lingvistikam eTnografiaSi moipova im
TvalsazrisiT, rom enobrivi monacemebi yovelTvis, Sem­d­gomi
informaciis miRebamde, mis gankargulebaSi rCeba. es eTnogra­fe­
bisaTvis pirveli sabuTia da Tu ikiTxaven, am monacemebis gareSe
eT­nologebi aqamde rogor movidodnen, <saCveneblad>, SeiZleba
aseTi ma­galiTis moxmoba. <(aTasidan erTis amorCevac ikmarebs)>,
ungreTSi boSebi madiarebisagan sruliad gansxvavebul rasas
warmoadgenen, Ta­vad ungrelebi ki avstriis samefoSi Cexebisa da
germanelebisagan sruliad gansxvavebul rasad iTvlebian. amis
sapirispirod, Cexebi da germanelebi, romlebsac mTeli guliT
sZagT erTmaneTi, Zalian axlo (naTesavebi) arian. Tavis mxriv,
ungrelebi <axlo> biZaSvilebi arian ruseTis samefoSi Semavali
baltiis zRvis sanapiroze mcxovrebi fi­nuri mosaxleobisaTvis.
<Tavad mas ki arasodes smenia, rom, Tavis mxriv, boSebi indoeTi-
dan wamosuli xalxia>. me am sakiTxebze gadaverTvebodi da vidre
igi sakvlev saganTan migvaaxlovebda, imasTan, ris gadakeTebasac
Za­lian meeWveba, rom fsiqologia apirebdes, umal enis [>langue<]
swavle­biT daviwyebdi, radgan swored amiT SeviqmniT samkals.
magram jer aseT kiTxvas davsvamdi: seriozulad fiqrobT, rom
enaTmecnierebas yvelaferi es sWirdeba, Tavisi arsebobis ga­
mo Tavi imarTlos, amtkicos, rom igi sxva mecnierebebisTvisac
161
saWi­ro sagania? es is moTxovnaa, romelsac, rogorc igi ganmar-
tavs, enaT­mecniereba mniSvnelovnad Seesatyviseba <da albaT,
ufro metadac, vidre mTeli rigi mecnierebebisa>, magram vaRi-
areb, rom ver vxedav <Sedegs> da imas, rom es moTxovna safuZv-
liania. romeli mecnierebis arsebobas gaxdi winaswar pirobebze
damokidebuls, rom igi <iZule­buli iqneba, winaswar ganWvritos
Sedegebi, romlebic wayenebuli pi­robebis mixedviT aris gansaz-
Rvruli> da sul sxva sagnebiTa da amo­canebiT dakavebuli mec-
nierebebis gamdidrebisaTvis gankuTvnili.* <es niSnavs sakuTar
saganTan misasvlel gzaze uaris Tqmas>. yoveli mec­ni­erebisagan,
<romelic aRiarebisaken iswrafvis>, SeiZleba mxolod is moiTx-
ovo, rom igi iseTi sakiTxebis kvlevas awarmoebdes, rom­lebic
seriozul yuradRebas imsaxurebs, anu iseTi sakiTxebisas, rom­
lebic universumis sakvlev saganTa Soris ueWvel rols asrule­
ben. <pirvel rigSi, sagnisaTvis>, romelsac kacobrioba ganagebs
da esa Tu is mecniereba Tavis adgils imis proporciulad dai-
Wers, ra mniS­v­nelobisac iqneba misi kvlevis sagani. amJamad miiC-
neven, rom ena [>lan­gue<] am erTobliobaSi an <faqtoria, romelic
imsaxurebs dak­vir­vebas, an> ugulvebelsayofi ram. am pirobiT
(da mxolod am pirobiT) Se­iZ­leba, rom enaTmecnierebis Rireb-
ulebaze <samarTliani> da saqmis codniT gamotanili <ganaCeni>
zogadi codniT iyos gapirobebuli. si­naTlis sxivi, <ra inten-
sivobisac ar unda iyos>, SeiZleba sxva dis­ciplinebsa da sxva sa-
gnebs uSualod enidan [>langue<] efinebodes, <Se­iZleba> <am mec-
nierebis> Sinagani ganviTarebisa da miznisaTvis, rom­liskenac
mimarTulia igi, enis [>langue<] swavlebas sruliad epizo­du­ri
da SemTxveviTi, Tanamdevi mniSvneloba hqondes. <TavisTavad>
Rirs ki wvalebad enis [>langue<] fenomenis kvleva, gnebavT Tavis
mravalm­xriv gamovlinebaSi, gnebavT Tavisi sayovelTao kanon-
zomierebis gamo­savlenad, romelic gansakuTrebuli formis
garda, sxvagvarad <aras­dros> ar SeiZleba iyos warmoebuli? es
aris, <Tu igi> sru­li­ad naT­lad da kategoriuli saxiT <iqneba
naCvenebi>, arena, romelzec Ta­na­medrove enaTmecniereba dam-
kvidrda. SeiZleba, rom sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<] an, Sesa-
bamisad, ena [>langue<] CaiTvalos sagnad, romlis, rogorc calke
aRebulis, kvleva Rirdes? <es aris kiTxva, romelic TavisiT
Cndeba. me pirveli ar var, vinc amas ikvlevs. unda giTxraT>, ba-
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 3, N 1.1, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.
162
tonebo, rom Cvens <sabralo> kacobriobas, <rogorc ganmasx-
vavebel niSans>, danar­Cen cxovel­Ta saxeobebisagan, yvelaferze
uari uTxres. yvelaferze da sruliad yvelaferze. TviT gulm-
odginebaze [>l'instinct d'industrie<], TviT religi­urobaze, moralze,
gansjis unarze da gonebaze. _ yve­la­ferze, garda enisa [>langue<],
an, rogorc amboben, enaze [>langue<], mety­velebaze [>paro­le<], ar-
tikulirebul <metyvelebaze> [>parole articulée<]. <Tanac es cneba
artikulirebulia>, arsebiTad, <bundovnad da gaurk­vevlad>
ise, rom amasTan dakavSirebiT <didi SeniSvna> maqvs. sulac ar
maviwydeba, rom Cvens droSi gazeTebi maimunebis gansxvavebuli
saxeobebis Sesaxeb <ityobinebodnen>. ganzraxulia, rom Cvens
gvir­gvins es ukanaskneli <Tviseba, es ukanaskneli kbilana Camo-
vamtvrioT, _ artikulirebuli ena [>langage articulé<]>. amaze ar
vkamaTob, <vaRiareb> ra, rom es maimu­nebi, iseTi Tvisebis ma-
tareblebi arian, romelzec Rirs dakvirveba. is, rac <cxadia>,
rogorc es aTasjerac gaumeorebiaT, aris is, rom sametyvelo
qmedebis [>langage<] gareSe adamiani SeiZleba adamianad darCe-
niliyo, magram is iqneboda arseba, romelic mxolod kvebis xasi-
aTis mixedviT emsgav­seboda im adamians, <rasac Cven vicnobT da
rac Cven varT>, radgan sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<], koleqti-
uri procesis da individualuri formirebis es <udidebulesi
intrumenti>, sxva mxarea; iaraRi, romlis gareSe <verc erTi in-
dividumi da verc saxeoba, rogorc aseTi>, ver SeZlebda, raime
saxiT Tavis Tandayolil unarTa ganviTarebisaken swrafvis
ganxorcielebas.*
axla im sayveduris, <Cveni azriT, met-naklebad dasabuTe-
bulis>, droc dadga: enis [>langue<] swavleba Tqven aqcieT same-
tyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] swav­lebad, < sametyvelo qmedebisa
[>langage<], romelic ganixileba, rogorc adamianis unari, ro-
gorc Tavisi saxeobis erT-erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rogorc
an­Tropologiuri an, ase vTqvaT, zoologiuri niSani. batonebo,
aq aris erTi momenti, romelzec Cemi mosazrebis warmosadgenad
da dasasabu­Teblad didi dro damWirdeboda da es sxva araferia,
Tu ara Ta­namedrove lingvistTa mosazrebebis msgavsi ram. ker-
Zod, is rom sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] swavleba, <rogorc>
adamianuri <faqti> [>fait humain<], mTli­a­nad an TiTqmis mTlia-
nad enis [>langue<] swavlebas moicavs. fiziologs, fsiqologs

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 4, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.

163
<da logikoss> SeuZliaT didxans ilparakon; filoso­foss Seu-
Zlia kombinirebuli Sedegebis mixedviT logikis, fsiqolo­giisa
da fiziologiis erTianobaSi wvdoma, magram Cems Tavs imis Tqmis
uflebas mivcem, rom enebis [>langues<] swavlebis pirvel da bo­lo
instanciebTan mibrunebis gareSe sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<]
yvelaze elementaruli fenomeni verasodes iqneba navaraudevi an
naTlad danaxuli, klasificirebuli da Secnobili. ena [>langue<]
da sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<] erTi da igive sagania, mxolod
erTi meoris ganzogadebaa. <maT Soris arse­bu­li gansxvavebuli
garegnuli formebi swored enebis [>langues<] kvlevis obieqte-
bia>. sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] swavlis survili, didi
Sromis ga­reSe, sruliad fuWi da auxdeneli wamowyeba iqneba. <sx-
vagvarad>, ga­sarkvevia enebis [>langues<] kvlevis ganzraxva, roca
iviwyeben, rom es enebi [>langues<] mniSvnelovani <garkveuli>
principebiT ganisazRvre­bian, romlebic sametyvelo qmedebis
[>langage<] TvalsazrisiT erTiandebian. <ufro me­tic>, yoveli
seriozuli Tu namdvil mecnierul safuZvels moklebu­li sam-
uSaoc aseTi principebiT ganisazRvreba. amitomac sametyvelo
qmedebis [>langage<] sayovelTao swavleba gamudmebiT kvebavs
sruliad gansxvavebul dakvirvebebs, romlebic ama Tu im enis
[>langue<] gansakuTrebul sfero­Si iqmneba. aseve, Tu dauSveben,
rom adamianebis varjiSi metyvelebaSi [>parole<], <rac bunebriv
funqcias warmoadgens> da sadac vawydebiT mTavar, ZiriTadad,
mcdar pozicias, romelsac gansazRvruli anTro­pologiuri da
lingvisturi skolebi mimarTaven, saWiroebs im azris kategori-
ulad [>absolument<] dacvas, romlis mixedviTac mecnierebisaTvis
am funqciis Sesruleba mxolod enis [>langue<] an arsebuli enebis
[>langues<] saSua­lebiT miiRweva.
magram piriqiT, am arsebuli enebis [>langues<] kvleva imitomaa
ganwi­ru­li, yovel SemTxvevaSi, meTodebisa da saxelmZRvane­lo
principebis gareSe darCenisaTvis, rom igi mudmivad amisken ar
is­wrafvis, anu ar eswrafvis imas, rom sametyvelo qmedebis [>lan-
gage<] zogadi proble­me­bis ilustrireba moaxdinos; ar cdi-
lobs, rom yoveli detalis, <ro­melsac is akvirdeba>, azrsa da
saWiroebas is naWuWi Semoacalos, romelsac Cveni codnisaT-
vis saWiro operaciebi mohyveba.* amas ki su­lac ara aqvs raRac
ubralo, wyalwyala da zogadi mniSvneloba: yve­la, vinc mecnie-

* Cf. CLG/E(I), gv. 515, N 1.1, Nr. 3281.

164
rebis Cvens sferoSi kargad aris Caxeduli, icis, ra didi sixaru-
liTa da rogori triumfiT iziarebs TiToeuli mkvleva­ri yovel
axal Teoriul movlenas, sadac ar unda moxdes, iqneba es Cveni
uiSviaTesi dialeqti [>patois<], Tu erTi martivi polineziuri
idiomi. amiT ki igi erT qvas umatebs Senobas, romelic arasdros
da­ingreva. sametyvelo qmedebis Semswavleli mecnierebis yvela
sferoSi [>science du langage<] gamudmebiT iRvwian imisaTvis, rom,
upirveles yovlisa, gamoamzeuron, Tu ras Se­iZleba moicavdes
sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<]. <kidev erTi niSandoblivi feno-
meni> aris <Teoriuli> dakvirvebebi, romlebsac ama Tu im gan-
sazRvrul sferoze koncentrirebuli dakvirvebebiT Seaqvs
Tavisi wvlili. aRsa­niSnavia, rom germanikuli da romanuli
kvlevebi sagrZnoblad met aRiarebasa da yuradRebas ixveWen,
vidre im enaTmecnierTa nawerebi, romlebic enaTa [>langues<] far-
To speqtrs amuSaveben. damtkicebulia, rom ama Tu im fenomenis
bolo detali, imavdroulad, misi bolo say­rdenic aris [>c'est le
déteil ultime des phénomènes qui est aussi leur raison ultime<] da rom mxo-
lod ukidures specializacias SeuZlia efeqturad emsa­xu­ros
ukidures ganzogadebas. aRar arian iseTi lingvistebi, rogo-
ric iyo, vTqvaT, fridrix miuleri – <venis universitetidan>,
romlebmac de­damiwis lamis yvela idiomi mimoixiles da amiT
sametyvelo qmedebis Sesaxeb codna [>connaissance du langage<] kus
nabijiT, magram mainc waswies win. imaTgan, rom­lebic am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT araerTgzis mosaxseniebelia, SeiZ­leboda dagve-
saxelebina iseTi romanuli enebis specialistebi, rogo­rebic
arian: gaston pari, pol meieri, <Suxardti>; germanistebi –
<ermani>, pauli; rusuli skolidan, romlebic ZiriTadad ru-
sul da slavur enebze muSaobdnen, – boduin de kurtene da
kriJevski.
batonebo, pozicia, romelamdec Cven mivediT da romelic,
ubralod po­ziciaa, romelzec <gamonaklisis gareSe> enebis
kvlevisaTvis enaTmec­nierebis yvela sferoa orientirebuli,
sruliad naTels xdis, rom igi enis [>langue<] swavlebasa da en-
ebis [>langues<] swavlebas Soris [Se­sabamisad, gansazRvruli enis
[>langue<] an enaTa ojaxis [>famille de langu­es<] araviTar wyalgam-
yofs ar qmnis, magram is faqti, rom meore mxriv yovel enobriv
erTobad da qveerTobad dayofa [>division et subdivision de langue<]
axal faqtobriv maslas qmnis, rogorc nebismieri sxva momenti,
165
sainteresoa, rogorc sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] univer-
saluri faqti. Jenevis uni­versiteti Tavisi arsebobis pirveli
dRidanve Tavis movaleobad sametyvelo qmedebis mecnierebi-
saTvis [>science du langage<] mniSvnelovani adgilis daTmobas miiC-
nevda. da es gaakeTa kidec, roca `lingvistikis kursi~ [>Cours de
Linguistiques<] Seqmna da zusti saxelwodebis miniWebiT mTeli is
kvle­vebi moicva, rasac adamianuri metyveleba [>parler human<] gu-
lisxmobs. albaT, saWiro ar aris imis Tqma, rom es kursi, romel-
ic ager ukve TxuTmeti welia Seiqmna da Tavisi mecnieruli
doniT,* gamocdilebiT, rasac Tqven am leqciebidan ar elodiT,
kerZod imas, – <rom am leq­ciebs Tavis programaSi araferi iseTi
ar Heqneboda>, rac ama Tu im gansakuTrebul sferos <gamoricx-
vas SeZlebda>, rogoricaa iseTi sferoebi, romlebic romanuli
an semituri da a.S. enebiT [>langues<] arian dakavebuli. piriqiT,
igi Tavis garSemo ikrebs am ganskuTrebul sakvlev sfroebs da
warmoadgens kompetentur da misaReb mtkicebu­le­bebs, romleb-
sac amjerad imisaTvis movuxmob, rom es axali leqciebis kursi
`Département de I’Instruction Publique~-s mier indoevropuli enebis
[>langues<] lingvistikis Tanamedrove, mniSvnelovan kaTedrasTan
sruli SeTanxmebiT Seiqmna.
msgavs akademiur centrebSi, rac ufro meti specialuri
enaTmec­nieru­li ganxrebi iqneba, romlebic enebis [>langues<]
garkveuli jgufebis kvleviT iqnebian dakavebuli, urTierT-
mxardaWeriT miT ufro ganm­tki­cdebian, miT ufro mogebuli
darCebian da miT ufro metad Seicnoben sagnis zogad saxesac,
romelic Camqrali da gaTiSuli saxiT gvev­li­neba iq, sadac
mowafeebisa da maswavleblebis Secdomebis gamo, in­formaciebi
moulodnelad interessa da sicocxlisunarianobas karga­ven.
amitom mniSvnelovani iqneba enaTmecnierTa mtkiced darwmuneba
imaSi, rom enaTmecnierebis kaTedris usazRvro warmateba moin-
domon (<yovel SemTxvevaSi, vaRiareb, rom am> usazRvro <ganvi-
Tarebam> SeiZ­leba yvelas karga xniT <SemaSfoTebeli> Tanmdevi
movlenebi moutanos). Tu <mravali an erTaderTi enis> [>langues<]
<enaTmecni­eru­li> kvlevisas, rogorc <saboloo> da umTavresi
mizani, romelmac sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] <universalu-
ri> kanonebisa da procesebis <Sedareba da kvleva> aRiara, ikiTx-
avdnen, ra farglebiT ganisazRvreba humanita­rul fakultetze
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 4, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.
166
am kvlevis areali, an aseTive Sesatyvisi adgili sabunebisme-
tyvelo fakultetze, es iqneboda <saukeTesod nacnobi> sa­ki-
Txis ganaxleba, romelic Tavis droze maqs miulerma da Slaiher-
ma wamoswies. iyo dro <Tqven kargad mogexsenebaT, batonebo>,
roca enaT­mecnierebi Tavad iyvnen darwmunebuli, rom Tavi-
anTi sakvlevi sagani sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebas, <TiTqmis
fizikis mecnierebas>, gane­kuTvneboda. vfiqrob, ar Rirs var-
kvio, <ra azri hqonda> am did ilu­zias. arc imaze vfiqrob, ra-
Rac davadgino da amiT debatebi das­rul­des, diax, sabolood
dasruldes imis gamo, rom ukeTesad esmiT sametyvelo qmedebis
<faqtobrivi> buneba [>faitr de langage<], rac <CvenTvis aseTi ax-
lobelia, magram swored amitomac ufro Znelia mis arsSi wvdo-
ma>. gonivrulia, rom Seiqmna azri imis Sesaxeb, rom mecniereba
sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] Sesaxeb is­toriuli mecnierebaa
da sxva araferi, Tu ara istoriuli.
amas adasturebs enaTmecnieruli kvlevebi. igi humanitaru-
li mecnie­re­bis arealSi unda moiazrebodes [>figurer dans une Fac-
ulté de lettres<]. radgan istoriaze aseTi warmodgenis Sesaxeb am
leqciis saTaurSic dabeji­TebiT esmeba xazi moTxovnas, sadac
sxva mimarTulebebic aris war­modgenili, rogoric, magaliTad,
SedarebiTi gramatikaa, vfiqrob, azris zogadi monaxazis ms-
gavsi da arasrulfasovani komentari unda gamomivides, raki si-
tyva istoria lingvistebTan dakavSirebiTaa naxma­ri. am Temaze
Tqveni yuradRebis mipyroba winaswari SeniSvnis gareSe mindoda,
radgan igi moicavs yvelafers: rac ufro metad uRrmavdebi enas
[>langue<], miT ufro metad xvdebi, rom faqtebiT darwmunebaa
saWi­ro, rom enaSi [>langue<] yvelaferi istoriaa. da, maSasadame,
igi isto­riis sagania da ara abstraqtuli <analizi> da rom igi
kanonebisagan ki ara, faqtebisagan Sedgeba da, rom yvelaferi,
rac sametyvelo qmedebaSi [>langage<] organulad moCans, sinam-
dvileSi nawilia da amave dros – sruliad SemTxveviTi.
arsebobs pirveli, martivi xerxi imisaTvis, rom lingvisti-
ka istori­uli mecnierebis saxiT ganvixiloT. am xerxis mixedviT,
saWiroa mixv­de, rom ama Tu im xalxs maSin icnob srulyofilad,
roca misi ena [>langue<] ici, an masze raime warmodgena mainc gaqvs;
da rom ena [>lan­gue<] mniSvnelovani nawilia imisa, rasac erebi sa-
kuTar TavSi atareben da nebismieri epoqis sazogadoebis daxa-
siaTebaSi Tavisi wvlili Se­aqvT. galebSi kelturi idiomis
167
arseboba da romaelTa batonobis pirobebSi TandaTanobiTi
gaqroba didi istoriuli faqtis naTel magaliTs warmoadgens.
magram es istoriaSi enis Sesaxeb Tvalsazrisia da ara istoria
enaSi [>langue<]. cxadia, rom ena [>langue<] istorikosebs aTaso­biT
faqtis gamo daainteresebT. me mainc davamatebdi, rom istori­
ko­sebi, albaT, yovelTvis ar interesdebian eniT. safrangeTSi
Zalian cotaa adamiani, romelic, magaliTad, ikiTxavda, romel
enaze [>langue<] laparakobdnen karlos didis karze [>Charle-
magne<] – iyo es romaelTa Tu germanelebis ena, da Tu germanuli
iyo, xom ar iyo es gadaSenebuli dialeqti an erTi im dialeqt-
Tagani, romelic dRe­sac ganagrZobs arsebobas? istorikosTa
Soris Zalian cota Tua ise­Ti, vinc amCnevs, rom hunebis meTau-
rTa iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, `atila~, hunuri ki ara,
germanuli saxelia, rac mTeli rigi sa­intereso saqmis mtkice-
bulebad gamodgeba da rom es germanuli saxe­lebi nebismieri
dialeqtidan ki ar momdinareobs <arc saqsonuri da arc skandi-
naviuridan>, aramed eWvgareSe goTuri warmomavlobisaa. magram
yvela es didi Tu mcire faqti, romlis meSveobiTac ena [>lan­gue<]
xalxis cxovrebasTan, mis socialur, politikur, kulturul
yo­fasTan kavSirSi xedavs sakuTar Tavs [>se trouve mêlée à<], ar
aris, vime­o­reb, an mxolod dro da dro aris is, rasac SeiZleba
Tavad enis si­cocxle [>la vie de la langue ellemême<] ewodos.
magram arsebobs sxva TvalTaxedva, romlis gamoc enaT-
mecniereba mo­i­Txovs, rom mas istoriuli mecniereba erqvas.
kerZod, imdenad, ramde­nadac ena [>langue<] Tavis TavSi Seicavs
istorias, romelic gamud­mebiT miedineba da erTierTmaneTze
miyolebuli enobrivi movlenebi­sa­gan Sedgeba, garegnulad
aranairi efeqti ar hqonia da cnobili moqan­dakis saWreTliT
arc arasdros Cawerila [>n'ont jamais étè inscrits par le célèbre burin
de l'histoire<] istoriaSi iseve, rogorc Tavis mxriv, saer­Todac,
sruliad damoukidebelia imisgan, rac mis gareT TamaSdeba.
yoveli ena [>langue<] <daaxloebiT iseT suraTs aCens, rogorsac
es uzarmazari morenebi, Cveni myinvaris kalTebze rom moCans>;
uzarma­za­ri grova sagnebisa, romlebic saukuneebs gadmoecemi-
an. am sagnebs Ta­riRebi gaaCniaT, Tumca – gansxvavebuli TariRe-
bi da iseve, rogorc Cems mier SedarebisaTvis zemoT moxmobili
<myinvaris> TariRis dad­gena SeiZleba danaleqebis mixedviT,
vTqvaT ase, rom granitis es naWe­ri mravali milis siSoridan aR-

168
moCnda aq, kerZod, mTianeTis umaRlesi mwvervalidan, rodesac
kvarcis es bloki swored mTianeTis ganapira mTidan CamoeSva...,
aseve enasac [>langue<] aqvs istoria da es misi mara­diuli niSania.
aris ki <mxolod> es istoriuloba gadamwyveti imi­saTvis, rom
enaTmecniereba istoriul mecnierebas mivakuTvnoT? namd­vilad
ara. dedamiwas aqvs istoria, romelsac geologebi swavloben,
Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom geologia istoriuli mecni­
ere­baa, sul mcire, viwro da zusti azriT, rasac Cven am meryev
termins vaniWebT. romelia is meore piroba, romelic enaTmec-
nierebas istori­ul mecnierebas akuTvnebs? es is pirobaa, rom
sagani, romelic sa­is­torio masalas qmnis, <magaliTad, xelovne-
ba, religia, tansacmeli da a.S.>,* raRac saxiT adamianuri aqtia
da adamianuri nebiTa da adami­anu­ri kulturiT warimarTeba,
xolo danarCeni ise unda iyos Seqmnili, rom ara marto indi-
vidums, aramed erTobasac exebodes. SeiZleba, rom enobriv-
lingvisturi faqtebi Cveni nebis aqtis Sedegad CaiTvalos? es
aris sakiTxi, romelsac mecniereba sametyvelo qmedebis Sesaxeb
[>langage<] aqtualurad miiCnevs da dadebiTad pasuxobs. magram
aqve unda davZino, <rom arsebobs cnobieri Tu qvecnobieri nebis
bevri safexuri>; yvela aqts, romelTa Sedarebac SeiZleba, eno-
brivi Tviseba gaaCnia [>l'acte linguistique<] Tu Se­miZlia mas Tviseba
vuwodo, sul mcire, pretenzias mainc Tu acxadebs, rom, sxva Tu
araferi, gaazrebuli mainc iyos ise, rogorc yvela aqts Soris
yvelaze arapirovnuli aqti. arsebobs TandaTanobiTi gans­xva­
ve­ba, romelic ise Sors midis, rom didxans iseT STabeWdilebas
qmnis, TiTqos es procesi mokrZalebul gansxvavebas iZleva, si-
namdvileSi ki igi TandaTanobiT gansxvavebas gvTavazobs. axla
cota ufro axlodan davakvirdeT, batonebo, ra Sinaarss Seicavs
sityva `istoria~ da enas­Tan [>langue<] mimarTebiT masTan dakav-
Sirebuli xedva. TiTqmis pirda­pir wamoyofs Tavs imis saWiroeba,
rom Cveni warmodgenebi simZimis or centrad gavyoT. ena [>langue<]
diferencirdeba erTdroulad drosa da sivrceSi. ena [>langue<],
ganxiluli drois or sxvadasxva monakveTSi, sakuTar TavTan ar
iqneba identuri. aseve sakuTari teritoriis met-naklebad dac-
ilebul or punqtSi ar iqneba igi sakuTar TavTan identuri. Tuki
sagnebze zusti xedva ginda rom Seiqmna, orive mo­ment­ze yovel-
Tvis erTbaSad da erTmaneTis gverdiT unda moaxdino dak­virveba.

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 5, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.

169
Tumca, <cxadia>, iZulebuli varT, <Teoriulad> erTmaneTisa­
gan davaciloT isini, raTa mowesrigebulad waviwioT win.
amdenad, dRes mxolod enis [>langue<] droSi cvlas Sevexe-
bi, Tanac ima­sac vuSveb, rom ar viTvaliswineb geografiuli
distanciis faq­tors. aseve, CemTvis SeuZlebeli iqneba, am erT
saaTSi erT mTavar sa­kiTxze mets Sevexo, radgan igi CaRrmave-
bas moiTxovs. vgulisxmob dr­oSi uwyvetobis princips. samSaba-
Tis leqciaze mogvixdeba im princip­ze msjeloba, romelic misi
sapirispiro iqneba. – kerZod, droSi trans­formacia. Semdeg ki
Cveni dakvirvebis areSi movaqcevT, Tu risi Tqma SeiZleba siv-
rceSi uwyvetobasa da amasTanave, mis gverdis avlaze. am mox-
senebis Semdeg, ufro gagviadvildeba swavlebisas calkeuli
faq­tebis sruliad gansazRvrul niadagze dafuZneba. uTuod
daviwyebT berZnuli da laTinuri enebis fonetikis specialuri
nawilis Seswav­liT, romlis drosac situaciebi ganuwyvetlad
gvikarnaxebs am zoga­di principebis gamoyenebas. <marTlac,>
pirveli aspeqti, romlis mi­xe­dviTac, Tu sakiTxi enas [>langue<]
exeba, dasabuTdeba, rom enas [>lan­gue<] istoria gaaCnia, es droSi
uwyvetobis ZiriTadi faqtori iqneba. ver getyviT, rogor aris
SesaZlebeli statikur mdgomareobaSi misi uwyvetobis faqte-
bis SemCneva [>fixité<], <ris Sesaxebac axla visaub­rebT>, magram
albaT Rirs, uwyvetobis am <ZiriTad, sawyis, naTel> principze
an garduval SeuCereblobis principze cota xniT SeCereba,
radgan igi adamianuri metyvelebis [>la première loi à la transmission
du parler humain<] Semdgom gadacemis <pirveli niSani an pirveli
kanonia>, igi aseve yovelTvis SeiZleba yvela saxis revoluciasa
da ryevasac mo­icavdes, <romlebsac> SeuZliaT enis [>langue<]
asparezze yvelaferi Sec­valon. Tu romeliRac xalxi sadRac,
miyruebul adgilze mSvido­bianad cxovrobda, miwaTmoqmedebas
misdevda, an meomrebi Tu momTaba­reni iyvnen da moulodnelad
religia, warmodgenebi, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis formebi an
kultura [>civilisation<], samSoblo, klimaturi pi­robebi da Ta-
vad enac [>langue<] Seicvales, mxolod amis Semdeg mox­deba maT-
gan sxva xalxis Camoyalibeba da es sxvebi gaagrZeleben cxov­
rebas. enis uwyveti gza arsad da arasdros icnobs istoriul
wyvetas. SeiZleba logikurad da apriori gavigoT, rom aseTi
ram arasdros ar­sad ar SeiZleba moxdes. davakvirdeT romelime
mocemuli enis mdgoma­reobas [>état de langue<]. vTqvaT, iseTisas,
170
rogoric XIX saukunis fran­gulia, xolo gardasul enaTagan –
avgustusis drois laTinuri. pirvel rigSi, TvalSi gvecema dro-
is didi monakveTi, romelic maT Soris arsebobs da ufro metic,
TvalSi gvxvdeba <vCqa­rob, davamato> gansxvavebuli dasaxele-
bebi, romlis Taobazec SeTan­x­mebulebi arian, rom im laTinurs
franguli uwodon. amis Semdeg didi siamovnebiT warmovidgenT,
rom arsebula ori sagani, romelTaganac meorem pirvelis mem-
kvidreoba miiRo. maSasadame, memkvidreobiToba rom arsebobs,
ueWvelia, magram is, rom ori sagani arsebobs <am mecnie­re­baSi>,
aris <tyuili, radikaluri> tyuili da <saSineli tyuili yve­la
im Tvalsazrisis gamo, romelic amas mohyveba>. sakmarisia, mcire
xniT mainc dafiqrde amaze, <radgan> es martivi dakvirveba yve-
la as­peqts moicavs, kerZod: yoveli individi meore dRes igive
<idioms> iyenebs, romliTac wina dRes laparakobda, <es pro-
cesi sul erTna­i­rad mimdinareobs>. Sesabamisad, ar yofila arc
erTi momdevno dRe, roca es gardasuli laTinuri ena [>langue<]
SeZlebda aRdgomas da ase­ve arasodes dadgeba is dRe, roca Se-
saZlebeli iqneba franguli enis [>langue<] dabadebis dRis aRniS-
vna. arasodes moxdeba, rom frangma xalxma gaiRviZos da bonjour
frangulad Tqvas imis Semdeg, Tu wina sa­Ramos, daZinebisas serō
aqvs naTqvami.
ar arsebobs sagani, romlis srulad Sedareba SeiZlebodes
enasTan [>langue<], igi metad rTuli ram aris. swored es aris is,
rac gvim­tki­cebs, rom yovel Sedarebas da yovel suraTs, rasac
Cven Cveulebriv vaxdenT xolme, iqeT mivyavarT, rom raRac war-
modgena SeviqmnaT, ro­melic raime azriT mainc mcdaria. arse-
bobs SemTxvevebi, romlebic ra­ime cvlilebis ukan arian Casa-
frebulebi da romlebic yvelaze metad SemorCnen [ ]. – <Zalian
mixaria>, rom ager ukve oci welia, mTel fi­lologiur moZrao-
bas uZRveba Cveni drois romanuli enis pirveli specialisti da
maswavlebeli [>maître<] gaston parisi. man SemTxveviT ar miaqcia
yuradReba <ulmobeli> omiT gamowveuli, yvelaze ufro gavr-
celebuli da, rogorc Cans, uwyinari ori cvlilebis garkvevas:
franguli laTinuri warmomavlobisaa, an <romelime sityva,
magali­Tad, > chanter modis laTinuri cantare-dan. franguli laTi-
nuridan ki ar momdinareobs, aramed igi laTinuria. laTinuri,
romelic garkveul drosa da garkveul geografiul sazRvreb-
Si ixmareba. Chanter laTinu­ri cantare-dan ki ar modis, aramed
171
igi aris laTinuri cantare. aseve nam­dvilad SeiZleba imis Tqma,
rom franguli ena, romelzec Cven vla­pa­rakobT, momdinareobs
monteskies an kornelis, montenisgan, an `rolandze simRerisa-
gan~. <es aris [ ]>, magram <raki> yvela ambobs, rom fran­gu­li mon-
teskies an `rolandze simReridan~ modis, aranairi safuZveli
ar arsebobs, <Sesabamisad> ar iTqvas, rom es avgustusis laTi-
nuria an platonis laTinuri da – <rogorc amboben> – preis-
toriuli la­Tinuria, romelsac win laTinuris saxis laparaki
uswrebda.
sxva cvlileba,* romelsac gaston parisTan erTad movagva-
rebT, aris frangulis, rogorc laTinuris dobili-enis [>langue
fille<] da laTi­nu­ris, rogorc romanulis deda-enis [>langue mère<]
sakiTxi. ar arsebobs arc dobili-ena da arc deda-ena. aseTi ram
arsad da arc arasodes yofila. dedamiwis yvela regioni aris
enis garkveuli mdgomareoba, [>état de langue<], romelic Tanda-
TanobiT icvlis formas, kviridan kvi­ramde, Tvidan Tvemde, wli-
dan wlamde, saukunidan saukunemde, rasac Cven axlave TvalsaCi-
nod warmovadgenT, magram arasodes momxdara en­is dabadeba <an
winamavali idiomisagan> <axali> idiomis Seqmna. es yvelaferi
scildeba Cvens xedvebs iseve, rogorc yvelafers, risi warmod-
genac ki SegviZlia manam, sanam arsebobs pirobebi, romlis far-
glebSic yoveli Cvengani Tavis deda-enaze [>langue materialle<]
laparakobs.
ris Tqma SeiZleba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac Cvenc ukve ga-
davwyviteT sakiTxi enebis [>langues<] dabadebisa da kvdomis Se-
saxeb da, rac ase did rols asrulebs imaSi, rasac maT Sesaxeb
amboben?
daviwyoT kvdomiT.
ena [>langue<] bunebrivad an bunebrivi sikvdiliT ver mokvde-
ba. igi Se­iZ­leba mxolod <Zaladobrivi sikvdiliT> mokvdes.
erTaderTi saSuale­ba, romelic mas gaaqrobs, aris misi ZaliT
Seviwroeba; anu im mi­ze­ziT, romelic enis faqtorisaTvis [>faits
du langue<] sruliad gareg­nu­lia. magaliTad, im xalxis sruli
gaqrobiT, romelic am enaze lapa­rakobs da rac ukve daemarTa
wiTelkanianTa idioms Crdilo ameri­ka­Si, an kidev im mizeziT,
roca axali idiomi Zlieri rasis mier iZule­bis wesiT inerge-
ba. amas ki sWirdeba ara marto politikuri batonoba, aramed

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 6, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.

172
kulturuli upiratesobis qonac. <xSirad damwerlobis [>langue
éscrite<] qona gvevlineba saWiro upiratesobad, rasac skolebis,
ekle­si­is, saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis meSveobiT amkvidreben,
Sedegad ki sa­zogadoebrivi da pirovnuli cxovrebis Tanam-
devi movlenebi mohyveba>. es is SemTxvevaa, romelic istoriu-
lad araerTxel ganmeorebula. ga­vixsenoT galiaSi galuri enis
SemTxveva, roca igi laTinurma Secva­la; haitis Savkanianebis
ambavi, sadac ukve frangulad laparakoben; an egvipteli fela-
hebisa, romlebic ukve arabulad laparakoben da Jene­velTa am-
bavic, romlebic amJamad Ile de France-is dialeqtze laparakoben
da ara TavianTi avtoqtonur enaze [>langue<], romelzec sauku-
neebis wi­naT laparakobdnen. magram arc erT am SemTxvevas ar
udevs enobriv-lingvisturi mizezi. arasodes momxdara, rom ena
Sinagani dauZlurebis mizeziT momkvdariyo mas Semdeg, rac vi-
Tom Tavisi arse­bobis manZili ukan moitova da arsebobaze uari
ganacxada. ena Tavis TavSi maradiulia, rac imas niSnavs, rom
aranairi safuZveli ar ar­se­bobs imisaTvis, rom misi Semdgomi
arseboba SeCerdes im mizeziT [>cause<], romelic am enis Sinagan
organizacias exeba.
aqve SeiZleba wavikiTxoT enaTmecnierebis* Sesaxeb hove-
laskes Sromis <pirveli gverdi>: `ena [>langue<] qveynierebas ev-
lineba, viTardeba, daR­ma eSveba da kvdeba, rogorc yvela orga-
nizebuli arseba~. <es winada­deba, <Tavad lingvistTa Soris ase
gavrcelebuli TvalTaxedvisa>, sruliad tipuri> magaliTia,
romlis daZlevac sulac ar aris Zneli da romelic imisaTvis
aris gamoTqmuli, rom <lingvistikisagan> sabu­nebismetyvelo
mecniereba Seiqmnas. ara, ena [>langue<] ar aris organizmi, mas ar
axasiaTebs vegetacia, romelic adamianebisagan damoukideblad
iarsebebda, mas ara aqvs TavisTavadi arsebobis unari, romelic
Tavis TavSi atarebs dabadebisa da sikvdilis unars. winadade-
baSi, romelic axla wavikiTxe, yvelaferi mcdaria: ena [>langue<]
ar aris organizebu­li cocxali arseba. igi TavisTavad ar kvdeba,
is ar kvdeba, is ar izrdeba im gagebiT, rom mas <bavSvobis>, sim-
wifis an moxucebulobis Ja­mi gaaCndes da bolos, igi sulac ar
modis amqveynad ise, rogorc amas axla davinaxavT.
marTlac, dedamiwaze aravis aRmouCenia axali enis [>langue<]
dabadeba. is ki unaxavT, rogor uecrad Cndebian zecis cnobil
* a. ovelaki: La linguistique, meoTxe gamocema, parizi, 1888.
173
konstelaciaTa Soris axali varskvlavebi. imasac naxaven, zRvis
zedapirze rogor wamotivtivdebian axali miwebi, magram ar arse-
bobs aranairi cnoba axali enis [>langue<] Sesaxeb, romelzec wina
dRes igive formiT ar emetyvelaT. volapukis SemoReba surT.
swored amaze mindoda saubari, radgan swored volapuki <da
sxva xelovnuri enebi [>langues artificielles<] arian> imis magaliTebi,
raTa gaigo, Tu ra uSlis xels enis [>langue<] dabadebas, <an ra ga-
rantias aZlevT maT arsebobas transmisia>: arse­bobs ori faqto-
ri: pirveli – aranairi iniciativis arseboba, radgan yvela xalxi
Zalianac kmayofilia Tavisi mSobliuri eniT [>idiome ma­ternel<];
meore ki is aris, rom iniciativac rom arsebobdes, rac mTel
rig sruliad gansakuTrebul garemoebebsa da gansakuTrebuli
Srif­tis xmarebas gulisxmobs, es inciativa waawydeba xalxis
dauZlevel winaaRmdegobas, radgan <igi TavisTvis Cveul idi-
omze uars ar ity­vis>. volapukma, romelic arcerTi arsebuli
enisaTvis [>langue<] gvir­gvinis warTmevas ar apirebda da Tanac,
miuxedavad xelsayreli pi­robebisa, romelic mis Semotanas
Seuqmnes, amqveynad warmatebas mainc ver miaRwia.
roca <im azrs> uaryof, rom romelime ena [>langue<] daibada,
pasuxo­ben, es ubralod sityviT TamaSia, <es ki imis definici-
isaTvis ikma­rebda, Tu ra> unda vigulisxmoT dabadebaSi, <da-
badeba Tu> enis [>lan­gue<] progresuli ganviTareba, rogorc,
vTqvaT, germanulis an fran­gu­lis, romlis <uaryofa aRar Sei-
Zleba>. amaze ase vpasuxob, rom am SemTxvevaSi TamaSs iwyeben
sxva sityviT, kerZod, sityva `eniT~ [>lan­gue<]; sinamdvileSi ena
[>langue<] ar aris droiT gansazRvruli da Se­mofargluli ram;
ganasxvaveben frangul da laTinur enebs [>langues<], Tanamedrove
germanulsa da arminiusis germanuls, rogorc [ ] ganas­x­vaveben,
<Semdeg ki miaweren, rom erTi sadRac iwyeba, meore sadRac wyde-
ba, rac TviTneburi qmedebaa>. – am sakiTxis erTi aspeqti enebis
[>langues<] geografiul diferencirebas exeba, rasac am SemTx-
vevaSi ganvixilav.
raki enis [>langue<] qveynad mosvlis ambavi dauSvebelia, ikiTx-
aven: kac­ma rom Tqvas, romelia ufro Zveli, romelsac yvela enas
miaweren. aqac naTlad unda warmovidginoT, Tu ra igulisxmeba
amaSi. roca enis [>langue<] Sesaxeb msjeloben, Cndeba Taviseburi
gaugebroba sityva alt-Tan (Zvelsac niSnavs da asaksac, v.k) [>vieux<]
dakavSirebiT. adamian­Tan mimarTebiT sityva `alt~ sami saxiT gamo-
174
iyeneba. pirveli, romelic yovelTvis ar aris sasiamovno, Seexeba
mis win dabadebuls; meore, ro­melic nakleb sasiamovnoa, aris is,
romelic mis win gardaicvala: sa­ubari Seexeba Zvel amxanagebs,
romlebic amqveynad aRar arian; mesame, romelic yvelaze ufro
cud grZnobas iwvevs, aris, roca ityvian, nak­lebad kargad aris
Senaxuli (naklebad kargad gamoiyureba), vidre sxvebio. am sami
saxeobidan pirveli enebis [>langues<] mimarT ar gamo­iyeneba. yvela
ena [>langue<], romliTac erTi da igive epoqaSi lapara­koben, erT-
nairad Zvelia (alt). im azriT, rom SedarebisaTvis maT war­sulSi
abruneben, ar aris aucileblad am warsulis xangrZlivobis gan-
sazRvra. rac unda moidomon misi gawelva Taur enamde [>langue<],
ma­inc miuwvdomel periodamde ver miaRweven. xolo Tu misawvdom
peri­ods ar scildebian, naTelia, rom yovel indoevropul enas
[>langue<], romliTac Tanamedroveni metyveleben, drosTan mi-
marTebiT zustad igive asaki aqvT, romelic maSin hqondaT, uZve-
lesi indoevropelebi rom laparakobdnen.
ar SevCerdebi meore mniSvnlobaze, romlis mixedviTac, erTi
ena [>langue<] TiTqos ufro Zvelia, vidre meore. es nakleb mniS-
vnelovania. arsebobs mkvdari enebi, romlebsac, Sesabamisad, Sei-
Zleba, ufro Zveli enebi [>langues<] ewodos, magaliTd, galuri,
finikiuri da sxva, romlebic ganadgurdnen.
dabolos, aRsaniSnavia* is, rac mesame mniSvnelobasTan da-
kavSirebiT SeiZleba iTqvas. kerZod, is mosazeba, rom erTi ena
[>langue<] ufro Zve­lia, vidre meore. magram sakmaod ucnauria
is, rom enebTan [>langues<] dakavSirebiT sapirispiro ram xdeba.
<marTlac>, es imas niSnavs, rom arseboben kargad Senaxuli en-
ebi [>langue<], romlebsac Zvels (alt) uwo­deben. am azriT, Tu erTi
da igive periodis mixedviT ganvixilavT, berZnuli ufro Zvelia,
vidre laTinuri. igi ufro naklebad dacile­bulia indoevro-
puli enebis Taurtips. sanskriti ufro Zvelia, ukeTesad Senaxu-
li, vidre romelime sxva ena.
rodesac momdevno leqciaze moZraobis princips da-
vupirispirebT inerciisas, romelic [ ], daviwyebT [ ].**

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 7, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.

�����������������
Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 8, N 1.1, Nr. 3283.
175
1.2 `meore leqcia~

roca aRvniSneT, rom araviTari wyveta, araviTari gaTiSva,

araviTari hiatusi ar aris mosalodneli enebis [>langues<] sxva-
dasxva periodebi­saTvis da Tu marTalia, rom ena [>langue<] meo-
re dRes igive formiT iseve kargad grZnobs Tavs, rogorc wina
dRes, maSin bunebrivad giC­n­deba kiTxva, maS rogor xdeba, rom
dRes iulius keisrisdroindeli eniT aRar vlaparakobT, an ra-
tom xdeba, rom iulius keisari indo­ev­ropeli winaprebis enaze
ar laparakobda. RmerTo Cemo, es xom isto­riaa, rac Cvens irgv-
liv da CvenSi Cvens Tvalwin xdeba. am cota xnis winaT ruseTis
erT qalaqSi ityobinebodnen, rom boguslavskis ori­gi­nalebis
axali araCveulebrivi gamofena ixsnebao. es iyo, ubralod, 840
fotografiuli portreti, romelzec erTi da igive pirovneba,
TviTon boguslavski erTsa da imave pozaSi iyo gadaRebuli. es
kaci oci wlis manZilze regularulad iRebda sakuTari Tavis
fotos yo­veli Tvis pirvel da TxuTmet ricxvebSi. amiT sazoga-
doebis winaSe im azriT wardga, rom am gaweul SromaSi raRac
sasargeblo dainaxa. albaT ar damWirdeba imis Tqma, rom Tu <ke-
delze> gamofenili am fo­toebis <grovaSi> or suraTs aiRebdi,
romlebic erTmaneTTan uSualo siaxloves iyo gamofenili, erT-
nairi boguslavski gamoiyureboda, mag­ram, Tu 480-e da pirvel
fotos Seadarebdi, ukve ori sxvadasxva bo­gu­slavski SegrCeboda
xelT. Tu am gamofenis msgavsad, yvelaferi, rac ki dedamiwaze an
mis garkveul nawilze sityvebiT gamoixateboda da ara <fotoe-
biT> da <dReebis miyolebiT> moxdeboda maTi fonogra­fi­reba,
erTi dRidan meoremde, yovelTvis msgavs enobriv suraTs [>im-
ages langue<] miviRebdiT, magram sakmao da <zogjer uamrav> gansx-
vavebas – 500 wlis an Tavad aTasi wlis SualedSi.
ukve mivadeqiT meore princips, romelic erTi iseTive uni-
versaluri Zalis mqoneTagania, rogorc pirveli, romelic sa-
Sualebas iZleva, ga­vigoT, Tu ras warmoadgens enebis [>langues<]
istoria: es aris <enis [>langue<]> droSi moZraobis <Tvalsazri-
si>, magram moZraobisa, ro­me­lic arasodes ar Sedis enis erTo-
basTan konfliqtSi da swored es gansazRvravs yvelafers. arse-
bobs transformacia da mudmivi trans­formacia, magram arsad ar
gvaqvs <enobriv-lingvisturi> arsebobis kvlavwarmoeba an war-
moeba, romelsac imisagan <gansxvavebuli> arse­boba eqneba, rac
176
mas win uswrebda da rac mas Semdeg mohyveba. aravi­Tari deda-ene-
bi [>langues mères<], araviTari dobili-enebi [>langues filles<], aramed
erTxel mocemuli ena [>langue<], romelic <droSi SeuzRudavad>
miedineba misi arsebobis yovelgvari winaswari gansazRvris ga-
reSe. diax, ise, rom igi aranair Sinagan SesaZleblobas ar iZleva,
romli­Tac raime katastrofisa da Zaladobis gareSe SesaZlebeli
iqneboda misi arsebobis Sewyvetis daSveba, Tu Zalian Zlieri da
gareSe Zalebi ar amoqmeddeboda da ar gaanadgurebda mas. enis
[>langue<] uwyvetobisa da cvalebadobis es orive principi <da-
pirispirebulobisagan Zalian Sors dgas> iseT mWidro da aSka-
ra urTierTobaSia erTmaneTTan, rom, rogorc ki SevecdebiT
erTis arcnobas, imave gziT da aucileblad ise, rom amaze arc
vfiqrobT, meoris mimarT CavidenT ukanonobas. vinc gamudme-
biT <pirvel iluzias eZleva da> franguls< Tanamedrove an
drois romelime monakveTisaTvis> umoZrao ramed warmoidgens,
iZule­biT iqamde miva, rom veRarafers gaugebs imas, rac 500 da
900 <wlebis monakveTebSi> gaTamaSda. aseT SemTxvevaSi is xe-
davs naxtoms [>saut<]. naxtoms drois erTi monkveTidan meoreSi,
erTi dartymiT, jadosnuri joxis msgavsad, an <gaugonari> Se-
qmna-dabadebiT [>enfantement inouï<] erTi idiomi meores dartymis
saxiT Cuqnis sicocxles. asevea, roca saubars imiT iwyeben, rom
uwyvetobis principi daZiron. warmoidgenen, rom franguli, –
rogorc minerva iupiteris Tavidan – yvela nawiliT dazRveuli,
laTinuri enis [>langue<] ferdebidan iSva, kanonzmierad ac­lis
Zalas uZraobis sakiTxisadmi sofistur midgomas da bunebri-
vad Tanxmdeba, rom am or moCvenebiT naxtoms Soris ena [>langue<]
wonas­worobisa da simSvidis mdgomareobaSi xvdeba an, sul mcire,
iseTi wo­nasworobis mdgomareobaSi, romelic SeiZleba naxtome-
bis sapirispi­rod iqces, radgan, sinamdvileSi, arcerT enaSi
[>langue, sic<] <mudmivi>, stabiluri wonasworoba arasdros ar-
sebula. Cven vayenebT enis [>lan­gue<] ganuwyveteli cvalebadobis
princips, rogorc upirobos. ar ar­sebobs SemTxveva, romelSic
idiomi umoZrao da mSvid mdgomareobaSi iqneboda. impulsebi,
romlebic am mdgomareobas qmnian, ise Zaldauta­neblad da Seuz-
Rudavad Cndebian, rom iseTi enebi [>langues<], rogoric Cvenia
da, romelTa sicocxle ukve lamis mTlianad xelovnurad iqca,
iZulebuli arian, am impulsebs damorCildnen. damwerlobis
mqone enis [>langue écrite<] tiranias, <damamSvidebeli perangis am
saxeobas, ro­gorc oficialuri frangulia>, ra Tqma unda, surs,
177
rom misi svla SeaCeros, magram mis sruliad SesaCereblad Zala
ar hyofnis, Cven ki xSirad ver vxvdebiT, Tu ra distancias miaR-
wia idumali muSaobiT namdvilma enam [>langue vraie<], (Tavad kul-
tivirebuli saubrebis enam [>langue<],) romelic <cocxal enebSi>
[>lan­gue vivante<] ar wyvets qmnadobas klasikuri frangulis <ase
vTqvaT> gayinuli zedapiris miRma.
ise gamodis, rom, magaliTad, <TiTqmis azrze ver movdi-
varT>, quattre, lettre, chambre, <double, table> da yvela sityva, rom-
lis fuZe Tanxmovaze mTavrdeba da fuZes + re da le emateba, male
gaqreba; <mxolod gar­kve­ul SemTxvevebSiRa ixmareba oTxis
aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxeli katre an katr: ukve TiTqmis yvelgan
warmoiTqmis, rogorc kat – k+a+t. aseve xde­ba let, chamb>-Tan mi-
marTebiT. dRes lingvisti safrangeTSi im mizniT rom Camosu-
liyo, <realuri da auTenturi franguli iseTi meTodo­logiiT>
Caewera, rogori meTodologiis gamoyenebiTac romelime ma­la­
izieli an afrikeli xalxis enis [>langue<] calkeul gamoTqmebs
Se­adgenda, an Tundac ise, frangul patuaze rom adgenen cxri-
lebs, _ es Camosuli lingvisti yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe daw-
erda, rom 1891 wels k-a-t, kat <meoTxe* ricxviTi saxelis zust an
umTavres formas>, l-e-t, let ki sityvas, romelic `azris grafikul
gamoxatulebas~ an `an­banis niSans~ gamoxatavs. es imitom, rom Je-
nevaSi iseve, rogorc <bor­doSi an parizSi> lilSi, quCaSi Tu sa-
lonSi sxvagvarad aravin ity­vis, Tu ara kat places, kat jours, an la let que
j’ai reçue da a.S. (garkveuli piro­bebisaTvis arsebobs meore forma
– letr. kerZod, xmovnebis win: letr ouverte. magram TviT xmovnebis wi-
nac xSirad iyeneben – let ouverte-s, <mettre cette let à la poste> da metad
saTuoa, rom letr ucnobi forma yofiliyo ormocdaaTian-samoci-
an wlebSi). es imas adasturebs, rom transformaciis fe­nomenebs,
romlebic sakuTar Tavs mindobil idiomebs mogvagonebs da enaSi
[>langue<], sadac yvela piroba, Sriftis moCvenebiTi yovlis­SemZ­
leobis gamo, normidan gamosulia, sinamdvileSi Tavisi Camoya-
libeba ar Seuwyvetia. magram dadga dro, Cvens Tavs izolirebu-
li magaliTe­biT ki ar vumtkicoT, aramed sxvagvarad vkiTxoT, Tu
raSi gamo­ixa­te­ba es cvlilebebi, romlebic yvela enaSi [>langue<]
mudam saWiroa; ra saxis modificirebas, gamudmebul <gardaq-
mnebs> ganicdian, ra mize­zebze arian damokidebuli da erTi da
igive xasiaTi Tu aqvT yvela enaSi [>langue<]?
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 8, N 1.2, Nr. 3284.
178
 mecniereba sametyvelo qmedebis Sesaxeb [>étude de langage<]
imedovnebs, rom dRes ukve SeiZleba imis dadgena, rom am feno-
menis arsi <1.> yvelgan erTi da igivea da, rom 2. yovelTvis igive-
obrivi iyo imgvarad, rom mcdari iqneba imaze fiqri, sametyvelo
qmedebis [>langage<] warmomavlobis problema sxva ram iyos, gar-
da misi transformacia. sxva saqme iqneboda, Tu davuSvebdiT, rom
adre sxva Zalebi moqmedebdnen, romlis Sesaxebac, im pirobebis
Sesabamisad, romelSic Cven gvixdeba cxovreba, aranairi warmod-
genis Seqmna ar SegviZlia. Tumca, es varaudic iseTive TviTnebu-
ria, rogoradac war­moudgeneli. igi <iqamdec miva>, rom primi-
tiul kacobriobas niWi­e­reba da goniereba mivaweroT, romlebic
arsebiTad gansxvavdebian imi­sagan, rasac dRes Cven warmovad-
genT. 3. rom es fenomenebi yvelgan ori gansxvavebuli saxiT ar-
seboben, ori bunebrivad sxvadasxva mize­ziT an mizezTa jgufiT
ukan daxevis gziT da [ ]. erTi mxriv, ar­se­bobs bgeriTi cvlileba
[>changement phonétique<] da meore mxriv, sxva­dasxvagvarad saxel-
debuli cvlileba, <romelTaganac arc erTi ar aris gamorCeu-
li>, magram, romelTaganac analogiuri cvlileba yve­laze ufro
Cveulebrivi ambavia. uSualod vnaxoT, Tu ratom SeiZleba eno-
brivi ganaxlebis am ori didi faqtoris erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva
TvalsazrisiT dapirispireba, romlis drosac magaliTisaTvis
ityvian, rom pirveli warmoadgens metyvelebis fiziologiur da
fizikur mxa­res, maSin, rodesac meore igive aqtis fsiqologiur
da mentalur mxa­res <Seesatyviseba>, da, rom pirveli aracno-
bieria, maSin, rodesac meore – cnobieri. Tanac yovelTvis gaxs-
ovs, rom SegnebiTobis cneba garegnulad imgvarad relatiuria,
rom saqme mxolod Semecnebis or xarisxs exeba, romelTaganac
ufro maRali xarisxi kvlavac <sruli­ad> gaucnobierebelia
mosazrebulobis xarisxTan SedarebiT, rome­lic Cvens mier gan-
xorcielebuli aqtebis umravlesobas Tan sdevs. xSirad am orive
faqtoris wyobas erTmaneTs upirispireben, romlis drosac am-
boben, rom erTi bgerebs exeba, meore ki <gramatikul for­mebs>,
rac naTel warmodgenas ver iZleva, radgan enis [>langue<] for­
mebi sxva araferia, Tu ara bgerebi, magram imis Tqma ki SeiZleba,
rom erTi bgerebis formas exeba, meore ki – warmodgenas. amasTan
SeiZleba damatebiT davZinoT, rom pirveli wmindad meqanikuri
operaciaa, rom­lis drosac <arc> miznis da <arc> intenciis aR-
moCena ar aris Se­saZ­lebeli, xolo meore – gonivruli operaciaa,
romlis drosac SesaZ­lebelia miznisa da azris aRmoCena.
179
 fenomenebis am or wesze dakvirveba da analizi Seadgens
lingvistikis lamis erTaderT saqmianobas. kerZod, romeli ena
[>langue<] riT iqcevs mis yuradRebas da es amocana dausrulebe-
lia maSinac ki, roca igi drois garkveuli monakveTiT ar aris
SezRuduli. amitomac ar SemiZ­lia imaze fiqri, yvelaferi imis
aRwera <an klasifikaciis> moxdena, rogori zogadi da miaxloe-
biTic ar unda iyos igi, rasac fonetikuri da misi analogiuri
cvlileba gulisxmobs.
warmovadgen zogierT magaliTs, romlis drosac, pirvel
rigSi, analo­giis fenomens viRebT, <gonivruli transformaciis
fenomens>. imis ga­sagebad, Tu <ra aris igi>, yvelaze kargi saSu-
alebaa ramdenime wuTiT sami an oTxi wlis bavSvs mousmino. misi
sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<] analogiaTa war­monaqmnebis namd-
vili qselia, romelic Rimils gvgvris, magram prin­cipi, romelic
enebis [>langues<] istoriaSi ar wydeba, Tavisi sruli siwmindiTa
da <gulubryvilobiT> warmodgeba. venirai. <rogor> es veni­rai?
amisaTvis saWiroa: 1. is, rom bavSvma icis, ra aris venir da, rom
igi Tavis gonebaSi warmoadgens ideas, romelsac venir Seicavs da
akavSi­rebs iseTebTan, romlebsac amis gamoxatva <surT>. magram
es sakmari­si ar aris. aucilebelia: 2. mosmenili gqondeT punir da
is punirai an choisir da is choisirai. maSin gaxdeba fenomeni punir: punirai
= venir: venirai. ara­feria ufro Tanmimdevruli, ufro logikuri
da ufro swori, vidre sazrianoba, romelic venir-amde migiyvans.
axla ufro Rrmad davakvir­deT am fenomenis niSan-Tvisebas. erTi
mxriv vfiqrobT, rom igi trans­formacia ki ar aris, aramed qm-
nileba, magram saboloo angariSiT, igi mxolod transforma-
ciaa, Tanac venirai-s yvela elementi arsebuli da mexsierebaSi
gadasrolili formiTaa Semonaxuli da mocemuli. punirai, punir,
an, Tu gnebavT, sufiqsi ir da irai-sa da maTi mniSvnelobis urTi­
erTkavSiri. <am elementebis arsebobis gareSe venirai-s miReba
ubralod SeuZlebelia>. maSasadame, arasodes ar mogvecema qm-
nileba ex nihilo, ara­med yoveli ganaxleba iqneba mxolod axleburi
gamoyeneba elementebi­sa, romlebic sametyvelo qmedebis [>lan-
gage<] wina mdgomareobidan [>état de langage<] iqne­bian gadmocemu-
li. ise gamodis, rom analogiuri ganaxleba, romelic garkveuli
saxiT Zalian destruqciulia, mainc arasodes arafers ake­Tebs,
garda imisa, rom enebis [>langue<] uZvelesi droidan gadmocemul
elementebs agrZelebs ise, <rom ver SeZlon sadme gawyveta>.
180
axlave davadgenT im safuZvelsac, romelic gamogvadgeba imis-
aTvis, rom yve­la es fsiqologiuri operacia – analogiaTa <op-
eraciebi> – analogi­aTa faqtebad iwodon. berZnebis gramatikam
<antikisagan> isesxa Terma, romelSic maSin sxva warmodgenebi
iyo Cadebuli da, romelic Cvengan gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss
gamoxatavda, magram iseTebic moiZebnebo­da, romelic Cveni xed-
visTvisac gamodgeboda. es operacebi gamiznu­lia imisaTvis, rom
am formebs Soris analogiebi da simetriebi kvla­vac awarmoos.
magaliTad, viendrai punirai-s simetriuli ar aris. imaze dafiqreba,
rasac fenomeni exeba, mosdevs analogias. ufro zogadad, gone-
baSi fenomeni warmoadgens formebis asociacias, romelic war­
modgenili warmosaxvebis asociaciebiT iqnebian nakarnaxebi.
analogiuri operacia bavSvebSi ufro cxadia da* <nayofi-
eri>, radgan maT mexsierebas imisi dro ar rCeba, yoveli war-
modgenisTvis niSani aiRos, amitomac iZulebuli xdeba, rom es
niSnebi momavalSi Tavad <awarmoos>. <da es niSani yovelTvis
analogiis ganxorcielebis Sem­deg warmoiqmneba>. SesaZlebelia,
rom Tu Cveni mexsierebis SesaZleb­loba da <sizuste> usasru-
lod ufro maRali iqneboda, vidre igi si­namdvileSia, analogiis
Sedegad axali warmonaqmnebi sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] si­
cocxleSi TiTqmis arafriT SeizRudeboda, magram sinamdvileSi
es ase ar aris da romelime ena [>langue<] romelime droisaTvis
sxva ara­feria, Tu ara analogiebis qmnadobaTa Sors mimavali
wnuli, romel­Tagan erTni sruliad axali, meoreni ki ukusvliT
ise Sors mavalni arian, rom maTi mxolod gamocnoba Tu SeiZle-
ba. <lingvistisaTvis analogiuri warmonaqmnebis dasaxelebis
moTxovna igive iqneboda, mi­neralogebisagan mineralebis an as-
tronomebisagan ramdenime varskvla­vis dasaxeleba rom mogveTx-
ova. barem aqve davZen, rom amiT Rire­bu­le­bebTan dakavSirebiT
araviTari gaugebroba ar iqmneba, radgan am faq­tebis Sesaxeb vi-
tyviT, rom ar arsebobs araCveulebrivi <an anegdotu­ri> faqte-
bi, ar arsebobs ucnaurobebi [>curiositès<] an <anomaliebi>, aramed
arsebobs sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] mkveTri arseba yvelgan
da yvela epo­qa­Si. swored es aris yvela droisaTvis misi (enis)
yoveldRiuri is­to­ria – Je trouve, nous trouvons, rogorc je meurs,
nous mourons. ratom? arsebobs SesaniSnavi safuZveli, magram [ ].
iTqmis: je lève, nous lavons. germanulSi Zlieri zmnis preteritumis
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 9, N 1.2, Nr. 3284.
181
formebi TiTqmis yovelTvis aseTia: zog (ezideboda, miaTrevda)
– wir zogen; lieb, lieben; band, banden; half, halfen; ward, wurden. <pret-
eritumis am istoriisaTvis kidev erTi magaliTi: is, rom Tavad
gonebisaTvis yvelaze ufro sando formebi, rac saocaria, ana­
logiebs emorCilebian>. <maSin, roca> gvaqvs [ ] grand <mdedr.>
grand naTqvami sapirispirod bon-isa, mdedr. bone, radgan [], ukve XI
sauku­nidan <gvxvdeba> grande.
qali ar ityvis: je me décollette, je me décolte! SesaniSnavi analogi-
uri warmonaqmnia! cxadia, ar unda Tqva (radgan araferi ar unda
Tqva, yvelafers, rasac ambob, Ta­visi safuZveli aqvs), – magram
gasagebia, rom cota xnis win iTqmoda: je décollette, nous décolletons,
rogorc j’achète, nous achetons. sruliad SesaZle­belia, rom erT
dRes j’achète iTqvas (je cachte ukve movismine kidec) – <récolter>. zmnis
istoria [ ] germanulSi sesxulobs. <saukuneebis man­Zilze> – me-
16 saukunis Sua xanebamde germanulad ambobdnen: ich was> j’ étais,
er was >il était<; Cven viyaviT >nous étions<; inglisurSi aRniSnuli
forma ucvlelad SemorCa: I was, he was, we were. ratom? was-Si iyo
erTi `s~ da `waren~-Si – erTi `r~. amasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs
ori Sesa­niSnavi mizezi, magram axla maT ar gamovedevnebi, rad-
gan, rogoric ar unda iyos es retrospeqtuli safuZvlebi, isini
arafers cvlian im viTarebaSi, romelic am momentSia Seqmnili.
<aseve uZluri arian>, ra­ime Secvalon imaSi, rac am viTarebidan
gamosasvlelad moxdeba. arse­biTad <waren-Si> `r~ aris `s~-s modi-
fikacia, magram, vimeoreb, amas Cvens sakiTxTan araferi esaqmeba.
imave dros <da yovelTvis> imave safuZvliT, romelSic was
– waren ar­is, agreTve <isev da imave safuZvliT, romlis gamokvl-
eva ara gvWir­deba> aris ich fuhr, wir fuhren (me mivemgzavrebodi, Cven
mivemgzavrebo­diT)> >j'allais en voiture, nous allions en voiture< an kidev,
ich gebar, wir gebaren (me vibadebodi, Cven vibadebodiT) >j' enfantais,
nous enfantions<. warsuli drois am formaSi Sedis `r~, <saidanac
gamosvlac SeuZlia> fleqsiis erTi bolodan meorisaken, warsu-
lis am formebs ki upiratesobac aqvT, radgan ufro martivebi da
logikurni Canan;] ukve aRar arian iseTebi, rogoric was – waren.
me Zalauneburad fenomenis mxolod metad arasruli suraTi
warmo­gidgineT da misi mxolod erTi an ori yvelaze ufro mis-
awvdomi da advilad aRsaqmeli formiT ganvixile. amJamad Cvens
yuradRebas enob­rivi transformaciis meore – fonetikuri –
mizezi moiTxovs. imis gamo, rom misi axsna aq SeuZlebelia, es mi-
zezi Cveni mxedvelobisa da Semecnebis aredan qreba. aseTi fone-
182
tikuri moZraoba yvela enaSi [>langue<] arsebobs: cantare>chanter,
campus>champ, catedra>chaire, calamus>chaume, vacca>vache, <capillus>.
<cantare k'antar-ad daiSleba. sxva fenomenia civitas>cité [ ]. >-Mouilliertes-ll-.
umTavresi niSani: brmad urtyams enis [>langue<] yvela formas,
romel­Sic saeWvo bgera aRmoCndeba da, Sesabamisad, moiTxovs
maTematikuri kanonzomierebis niSans.
es kanonzomierebis niSani iseTia, rom mocemuli ragindara
laTinuri sityvis mixedviT winaswar SeiZleba imisi Tqma, Tu ras
gamoxatavs igi frangulad; ra mniSvneloba eqneba mocemul indo-
evropul sityvas berZnulad; [ ] sityvidan (Tu analogiisaTvis ar
arsebobs xelSem­Sle­li garemoebebi).
kanoni – SemTxveva.
erT-erT SedegTagania formaTa diferencireba (analogia
simetrias aRadgens an iqeT aris mimarTuli, rom kvlav aRadgi-
nos igi)*.

#1.3 `mesame leqcia~

Cvens mier wina or leqciaze ganxiluli Temebi, Tu Cvens

gonebaSi maT sistematizacias SevZlebT, ukve sakmao warmod-
genas Segviqmnian imaze, Tu ra aris enis [>langue<] daniSuleba
droSi [>Temps<]. drois faqtor­Tan [>devant le facteur Temps<] es
Temebi warmodgenas gviqmnian univer­salur pirobebze, roca
mxedvelobaSi viRebT faqts, rom >drois gar­kveuli monakveTi
gadis<, romelTa gavlenis qveSac aRmoCndeba rome­lime idiomi,
– da aqamde ar gavrjilvarT imisaTvis, rom garda xang­rZlivobis
faqtoris da qronologiuri distanciisa, romelime sxva Ziri-
Tad faqtors vziarebodiT.
Tu kidev erTxel dagvWirdeboda ZiriTadi Tvalsazrisis
ganzogadeba, romelic <pirvel leqciaze> gaviareT, namdvilad
<radikaluri> Seu­povrobiT davicavdi ara marto rRvevis, aramed
naxtomis SeuZleb­lo­bas enis [>langue<] [>tradiciebis<] Tanda-
TanobiT gadacemaSi misi pirve­li dRidan, roca adamianTa <sa-
zogadoebam> laparaki daiwyo, im gans­xvavebuli, uSualod cxadi
punqtebis sasageblod, rom enis [>langue<] sikvdili ar SeiZleba,
Tu Zaladoba ar iqneba masze ganxorciele­bu­li; da rom arc erT
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 10, N 1.2, Nr. 3284.
183
enas ar aqvs siberisa da bavSvobis asaki da bolos, mzisqveSeTSi
arc erTi* axali enis [>langue<] dabadeba ar Se­iZleba moxdes; rom,
roca ama Tu im xalxis ena [>langue<] zewolas g­anicdis, roca mas
meore aviwrovebs, es meore ena [>langue<] <iseTive bunebriobiT
swored> igive asaks uCvenebs, rasac is, romelic iT­r­gu­neba. ise,
rom <dedamiwaze> sxva ram verasodes ver Seiqmneba, garda idi-
omis gagrZelebisa, rac <pirveli dRidanve arsebobs> da rac yo­
velTvis arsebobda, vidre maZieblebi <namdvil> preistoriuli
drois miuwvdomel Rames ar <miadgebian>.
pirvel rigSi, isic Sesaxsenebelia, rom arasodes moxdeba,
erTi ena [>langue<] meore enis memkvidred mogvevlinos; rom,
magaliTad, frangu­li laTinuris memkvidrea, aramed ori sag-
nidan erTis moCvenebiTi Tanmimdevruloba imitom xdeba, rom
<mogvwons>, roca igive idioms erTmaneTis miyolebul axal
saxelebs <varqmevT>, ris Sedegadac er­Tisagan TviTneburad or
sagans SevqmniT, <romelic, eWvgareSea, droe­biT arian gayofi-
li>. zegavlenas, romelsac Cvens sulsa da gonebaze es ori Tan-
mimdevruli saxeli axdens, iseTi gadamwyvetia da <ise ur­yevi>,
aRmoufxvreli, rom ar vfiqrob, da <amas gulwrfelad vaRi­a­reb>,
rom Cemi mxridan or an sam dReSi ori an sami SeniSvniT da­var­Rvev
mas. mxolod imas ki vityvi, rom yvela lingvists, metad xang­
rZlivi dakvirvebis DSedegad, kargad moexseneba, rom rasac ena
[>lan­gue<] teqstidan teqstamde TxuTmeti an oci wlis manZilze
ganicdis, am drois monakveTSi sruliad umniSvnelod gamoCndeba
saxeldebaTa is gansxvavebuloba, rogorSic laTinuri da fran-
guli saxelebi gvar­wmuneben. ra moxdeba, <gamonaklisis gareSe>,
Tu lingvisti ganizra­xavs im <mcdari> mosazrebis damtkicebi-
saTvis brZolas, TiTqos erT mSvenier dRes laTinurma frangu-
li ena [>langue<] dabada? <RmerTo Ce­mo!> misi siswore aRiarebuli
iqneba im saxiT, Tu SeTanxmdebian, rom es absurduli koncefciaa.
cnobilia, rom natura yvelgan da yovelTvis non facit saltus-iT fas-
deba. sruliad darwmunebuli arian, rom am orive enas [>langues<]
Soris neli gadasvla unda Semdgariyo – <yuradReba mivaqcioT
am Termas!> – da Sesabamisad, ufro Sorsac wavida, <vidre misi
winamorbedi?> araviTar SemTxvevaSi, radgan darwmunebiT gaaqvT
Tavisi, rom ori urTierTSekavSirebuli Terma arsebobs, Tanac
winas­war dakavSirebuli, Tumca SeumCneveli gadasvliT Sekru-
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 10, N 1.3, Nr. 3285.
184
li, magram romlebic mainc or Termas, or enas [>langues<], or ar-
sebas, <or yo­fi­erebas>, or organizms, or princips, or cnebas,
<or kanons> qmnian, romlebic gansxvavebuli arian. <ase ganagr-
Zoben> laTinuri da fran­guli ise warmoadginon, rogorc erT-
sa da igive xeze Tanmimdev­ru­lad, Semodgomis foTolcvenidan
gazafxulze kvirtebis gaSlamde, orjer gamosuli foTlebi;
Cqaroben dauSvan, rom es gadasvla SeumC­neveli iqneba <saidum-
lo> ZarRvebSi, romlebSic sicocxle miedineba, magram imaze ki
<mtkiced dganan, rom> ori mkveTrad gansxvavebuli pe­riodi ar-
sebobs. <es aris namdvilad gavrcelebuli warmodgena>. mag­ram
realurad riT SeiZleba frangulsa da laTinurs Soris egreT­
wodebuli Tanmimdevrulobis Sedareba? <warmovidginoT> qalaq-
is Za­lian grZeli quCa, saamSeneblo ofisSi SeTanxmdnen imaze,
rom am qu­Cas Tavidan bolomde erTi saxeli – `nacionaluri bul-
vari~ uwodon; an es quCa or nawilad gayon da erTs `taZris quCa~,
meores ki `sko­lis bulvari~ uwodon; an sam nawilad dayon da x, y,
z saxelebi uwo­don, an Tundac aT, TxuTmet monakveTad daanawi-
lon. bunebrivia, cal­keul am monakveTTa gansxvavebuli arsebo-
ba wmindad nominaluri da fiqtiuri iqneba. marTebuli iqneboda,
gvekiTxa: rogor iqceva x quCa y-ad, an <Tu SeiZleba, rom y quCa
ucabedad an SeumCnevlad x bulvarad iqces> Tuki, garda Cveni
gonebisa, aseTi arc quCa da arc bulvari ar­sad ar arsebobs. aseve,
Cveni `gonebis garda, arsad ar arsebobs gan­sazRvruli ram fran-
gulis saxiT, aseve gansazRvruli ram – laTinu­ris sapirispirod
<da, Sesabamisad, ver vxedav imis Tqmis saWiroebas, rom erTi pro-
gresirebiT gamomdinareobdes meorisagan, nacvlad imisa, rom
vTqvaT, rom erTi dartymiT warmodga win. <mniSvnelovania imis
Segneba, rom mTeli 21 saukunis periodisaTvis SegveZlo erTa-
derTi saxeli migveca da laTinuri gvewodebina, an ori saxeli
migveca da laTinuri da franguli gvewodebina, an sami saxeli da
es iqneboda: Cvens welTaRricxvamde II saukunis laTinuri, Cvens
welTaRricxvamde I saukunisa da Cveni wlTaRricxviT I saukunis
laTinuri da me-2, me-3... me-15... XIX saukunis laTinuri. da <rom>
winsvlis sxva aranairi zusti forma ar arsebobs imisaTvis, rom
misi dayofa ganaxorcielo, <garda> am <sruliad> Tavisufali
da Cveulebrivi dayofisa. amgva­rad, uarvyofT Cven ara marto
enis [>langues<] dabadebis SesaZleblobas ise, rom mas win sxva ar
uswrebda; ara marto uarvyofT <meorec> enis [>langues<] ucabe-
185
dad dabadebis SesaZleblobas, aramed mesamec, <aseve uarvyofT>
imis SesaaZleblobas, rom gansazRvruli ena [>langues<] <Tanda-
TanobiT> meore enidan daibados, radgan ar arsebobs <momen­
ti>, roca ena [>langues<] metad Tu naklebad zusti iqneba, vidre
sxva romelime momentSi. arasodes ar arsebobs mdgradi, aramed
arsebobs mxolod warmavali da droiT SezRuduli niSnebi. ar-
sebobs mxolod enis mdgomareoba [>état du langues<], romelic
gamudmebiT wina dRis <mdgomareobidan> meore dRis mdgomare-
obaze gardamaval pirobebSia. am mdgomareobis gansazRvruli
ricxvis erTi saxelis qveS gaer­Tia­neba rom <movisurvoT>, vTq-
vaT iseTisa, rogoric laTinuri an fran­gulia, iseTsave <opera-
cias warmoadgenda>, da moiTxovda zustad igi­ve mniSvnelobas,
rogorsac XIX saukune me-18 saukunisaTvis <an me-12-saTvis> rom
dagvepirispirebina. es aris gaurkveveli amosavali wer­tili,
yovelgvari moTxovnebis gareSe, sagnebis <saboloo> wesrigi­
saTvis xelis Sesawyobad, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT winmswrebi,
odnav gansxvavebuli wesrigis gzidan Camocilebaze, agreTve im
wesrigze, amas rom mohyveba. SeuZlebelia <aq> ar SevniSnoT, rom
enaTmecniers, romelic Tanamedrove berZnuls flobs, <rogor-
icaa Jan psiqarisi> da romelic didi pativis privilegiiT tk-
beba, arasodes Seuwuxebia Tavi iseTi nominaluri gansxvavebe-
bis komentirebisTvisac ki, rogo­ric laTinursa da franguls
Soris movaxdineT. misi pirveli leq­ciis mixedviT, vigebT, rom,
roca man berZnulTan dakavSirebiT Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-7
saukuneze imsjela, raTa `Tanamedrove~ berZnu­lamde mosuliyo,
<2600 wlis monakveTzea saubari>, es, ubralod, imis dasamtkice-
blad gaakeTa, rom es orive ena berZnulia, miuxedavad imi­sa, rom
isini iseTive daSorebuli arian erTmaneTisagan, <zogierT> pun-
qtSi mainc Tu ufro metadac ara, rogorc – franguli laTinu­
ri­sagan. Tavad am momentSic, roca pativi maqvs, Tqven gesaubre-
bodeT, darwmunebuli var, <patiosnad geubnebiT, rom sruliad
darwmunebuli var>, rom yvelaferi, miuxedavad imisa, rasac me
vambobdi, `franguli~ Tu `laTinuri~ dasaxelebebis Sesaxeb,
<Tqveni gonebisaTvis> <usasru­lod> gacilebiT STambeWdavia
da yovelTvis <an didxans> aTasjer ufro <STambeWdavad> dar-
Ceba, vidre yvela instancia, romelsac <me, rogorc lingvists>,
SemiZlia am pappis mier danergili dualizmis da­sangrevad mo-
vuwodo, romliTac atanilebi varT frangulisa da la­Tinuris
186
saxelebis gamo. erT mSvenier dRes sityvaTa mecnierebaSi da­
iwereba Zalian specifikuri da metad saintereso wigni saxelis,
ro­gorc simSvidis <mTavari>* damrRvevis Sesaxeb.
CvenTvis am saxis dakvirvebaTa erToblioba droSi enis
[>langues<] ab­soluturi uwyvetobis universaluri principiT
aris Semonaxuli. am pirvel princips kombinaciaSi emateba meore,
droSi enis [>langues<] uwy­veti transformaciis principi, romel-
ic Tavis mxriv, ori sxvada­sxva­gvari moqmedebis Zalaze aris
damokidebuli. erTi – es aris fsiqo­logiuri, romelic analogi-
is operaciazea koncentrirebuli da meo­re – meqanikuri, fiz-
iologiuri, romelic Tavis gamoxatulebas fone­tikur cvlile-
baSi poulobs. Tanac erTi meorisagan sruliad damou­kideblad
moqmedebs, ramdenime metad gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevis gar­da,
romelic Tumca metismet yuradRebas iqcevs, magram, marTlac,
araCveulebrivia.
faqtori, romelsac Cven aqamde sistematurad gamovtoveb-
diT xolme, geografiuli distanciebis is sivrcea, romelic
qronologiur dis­tanciasTan aris kombinirebuli.
Cven davamtkiceT, rom, Tu romelime garkveuli enis saxe
[>état de lan­gues<] mocemulia erT romelme adgilze, <magaliTad,
alpebis miyru­ebul sofelSi> da, Tu asi an orasi wlis Semdeg kv-
lav am sofels movinaxulebT, aucileblad am enis saxe [>état de
langues<], miuxedavad garkveuli cvlilebis xelis Semwyobi gan-
sakuTrebuli <mizezis> ar­arsebobisa, garkveuli zomiT Secv-
lili dagvxvdeba. <Tumca warmateb­uli cvlileba zusti fenom-
enebis garkveul raodenobamde> ukan dab­runebadi iqneba, magram
dasamtkicebeli rCeba is, rom, Tu erTi da igi­ve ena [>langue<] mo-
cemuli momentisaTvis garkveul teritoriaze aris gavrcele-
buli, gardauvali cvlilebis Sedegad, <asi an orasi wlis Sem-
deg,> igive teritoriis sxvadasxva <punqtSi> iseTi aRar iqneba
da, Tu am teritorias gadavkveTT diagonalze xuTasi an eqvsasi
milis manZilze an, gnebavT, xuTi an eqvsi milis monakveTebSi es
cvlileba sxvadasxva xarisxisa iqneba. fenomenebi, <romlebic
garkveul droSi iCenen Tavs> yovelTvis zusti da gasagebia.
magaliTad, Tu davak­vir­debiT cvlilebas S punqtidan Z-saken,
magram geografiulad sxvada­sxva mxaris monakveTebSi, romle-
bzec dakvirvebas vaxorcielebT, vna­xavT, rom es cvlilebebi

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 11, N 1.3, Nr. 3285.

187
igiveobrivi ar iqnebian da Sesabamisad, enac [>langue<] aRar aris
sxvadasxva monakveTebSi <identuri>. rodesac ge­ografiul mo-
cemulobas qronologiurTan vakavSirebT, vxedavT, rom lingvis-
tikaSi TiTqmis arasdros ara gvaqvs saqme pirvel A TermasTan,
romelic ramdenime saukunis Semdeg B TermaSi aisaxeba, aramed
aq saqme gvaqvs isev A TermasTan, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi
BIBIIBIIIBIIII-Si daileqeba... Tu magaliTad, mocemul momentSi Je-
nevaSi A idiomze lapa­rakoben da igive A idioms iyeneben lionSi,
bordoSi da parizSi, ora­si an samasi wlis Semdeg vnaxavT, rom
arcerT am qalaqSi ar aRmoCn­deba idiomi, romlisTvisac Segve-
Zleboda B dagverqmia A-sTan mimarTe­biT, aramed es iqneboda
JenevisTvis BI, lionisaTvis BII, bordosTvis BIII, parizisaTvis
BIIII, rogorc kontr nawili identuris amosavali A Termisa. gan-
sxvaveba A-sa da B-s Soris <idealurad> warmoaCens dro­Si gansx-
vavebas, magram, faqtiurad, gansxvaveba aris mxolod> A: BIBII BIII,
<romelic> <erTdroulad> <marTlac erTaderT> gansxvavebas
war­moadgens drosa da sivrceSi. [Cans, rom Cven, SeiZleba iTqvas,
versad vxvdebiT enas [>langue<], romelic geografiulad gansaz-
Rvrulad da identurad mogveCveneboda. yoveli idiomi, romlis
dasaxelebac ki SegviZlia, <sayovelTaoa mxolod mravalmxrivi
geografiuli forme­bidan erTi>, romlis safarqveSac salapara-
ko ena [>le parler<] aseve <mxolod teritoriis mcire sivrceSi>
iqneba warmodgenili. yvelgan mtkicdeba dialeqtebis daqucmace-
buloba. xSirad es CvenTvis Semku­lia im <garemoebiT>, rom gan-
sxvavebuli dialeqtebidan erTs mowinave pozicia ukavia. iqneba
es qveynis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris litera­turuli ena [>langue
litéraire<], oficialuri samsaxurebrivi, sagzao-kav­Sirgabmulobis
Tu sawarmoo enebi [>langue de traffic et d'intercourse<], rasac iqamde
mivyavarT, rom es dialeqti mimoweriT formas Rebulobs, sxva
dialeqtebi ki ganixilebian, rogorc uformo da saSiSi Jargone-
bi, romlebic oficialuri enis [>langue<] rRvevis movlenad war-
modgebian. bolos isec xdeba, rom <xSirad literaturul enad
miRebuli ena [>langue<] iqamdec midis, [ ] kvdeba>. <magaliTad:
SeiZleboda, mogv­Cve­neboda, rom> laTinuri <romelsac Tqven
Zalian kargad flobT>, <romelic Tqven iciT>, warsulSi SeiZle-
boda, italielTa an, sul mcire, laTinTa ena [>langue<] yofiliyo.
sinamdvileSi, Tu Tvals gadavavlebT pelazgur, oskur, sabinur
warwerebs an sityvebs, romlebic gramatikosTa mier aris gadmo-
188
cemuli [>transmis<], SeamCnevs, rom istoriaSi ase saxel­ganT­qmul
romaelTa laTinuri <mcire moculobis lokaluri dialeqti
iyo>, romelic, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, TiTqmis
romis ka­ribWesTan mTavrdeboda. italiaSi ireoda italiuri
enis [>langues<] sxvadasxva formebi, romelTa Soris sakmaod cno-
bilia umbriuli da oskuri, sxvaTagan mxolod sabinurze gvaqvs
bundovani warmodgena.
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs is faqti, rom romauli dialeqti, poli-
tikuri da literaturuli mizezebis gamo, ise ganviTarda, rom
italiuri sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage, sic<] yvela danarCeni,
aranaklebad legitimuri formebisagan gawminda.
es procesi didxans gagrZelda (pompei), magram mainc bolos
saerTod da mTlianad aqamde moaRwia. aseve, roca adamians surs,
jansaRi war­modgena Seiqmnas imaze, rasac, magaliTad, Taname-
drove germanuli war­moadgens am Termis <realuri> moculo-
biT, imiT ki ar unda daiwyos, rom oficialuri germanuli, rasac
Cven vswavlobT, nulis Rire­bule­bamde daiyvanos, aramed aqcios
asobiT erTobebs Soris mTlianobis erTaderT faseulobad, miT
umetes Tu Sveicariul germanulsac ga­iT­valiswinebs, romelT-
anac gansxvavebis danaxvis ufro meti SesaZlebloba mie­cema. ase-
Tivea frangulis pozicia franguli patos sapirispirod. es imas
niSnavs, rom oficialuri franguli ena erTaderTi regionis di­
aleqtia. kerZod, – safrangeTis kunZulad wodebuli parizis da
misi Semogarenisa. bunebrivia, SemeZlo Zalian bevri magaliTis
motana. erTs ki davasaxelebdi, romelic Cvengan teritoriulad
Zalian daSo­rebulia. SeiZleboda saukunis dasawyisSi gvgone-
boda, rom zendurad wodebuli ena [>langue zende<], romelic par-
TielTa wminda wignebSia Se­monaxuli, iranuli – aqameniduri –
enaa [>langue<], magram am ori dia­leqtis garda, cxadia, aq bevri
sxva dialeqtic arsebobs.
formaTa aseT ganusazRvrel mravalferovnebas Soris mc-
dari iqne­bo­da, <am SeniSvnas vakeTeb imisaTvis, rom mcdari war-
modgena ar Seiqm­nas>, gvefiqra, rom didi jafa dagvadgeboda
masSi orientirebisaTvis da, rom warmoudgeneli qaosis (uwes-
rigobis) winaSe aRmovCndebodiT. rodesac Cven yvelasaTvis bolo
punqts viRebT BI BII BIII, TiToeu­li­saT­vis vpoulobT zustad erT
amosaval wertils – A-s, romelic sxva­da­sxva mimarTulebiT aris
modificirebuli, magram sruliad zusti sa­xiT. ase, magaliTad,
189
tsav – vaté – château. yvela eseni maTematikurad ukan brundebian
castellum-Tan: tsavi – tsāvaté - vā, château, champ: - st > v: tîva -.
exla ikveTeba, Tu ra Sors iyo sinamdvilisagan enaTmec-
nieruli Stu­di­ebis pirvel periodSi gabatonebuli warmodge-
na, TiTqos erTi enis [>langue<] an laparakis [>parler<] meorisagan
gasarCevad maTi geogra­fi­uli dayofa* iyos saWiro. magaliTad,
azri imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos ing­lisuri da germanuli erTmaneTi-
sagan mxolod imitom ganirCevian, rom [ ]. geografiuli dayofis
SemTxveva, me vgulisxmob <absolutur> ge­ografiul wyveti-
lobas (Diskontinuität), warmoadgens Zalian dacilebuls imisgan,
rac kanonzomieri piroba iqneba SeuTanxmebeli, gansakuTreb-
uli SemTxvevis SemosaTavazeblad, romelic kvlevas mo­iTxovs
(da, romelsac me srulyofilad gamovkref am Studiebidan).
romelime erTobis enobrivi izolaciis efeqti, albaT, ormagia:
erTis mxriv swrafad icvlebian da meore mxriv gansxvavebuli
mimarTulebiT dgebian, magram ise, TiTqos es erToba masasTan
kontaqtSi iyos dar­Ce­nili. magram vimeoreb, es is SemTxvevaa,
roca, Tu igi gansakuTrebuli ar aris, sul mcire, specialur
kvlevas moiTxovs da Tu misi wamow­yeba ver xerxdeba <winaswar>
diferencirebasTan zusti mimarTebis ga­reSe, romelic mis win
uwyvet enobriv-lingvistur korpusSi mimdina­reobs, maSin asx-
na-ganmarteba unda iqnas micemuli. exla sakiTxavia, ra mosaz-
rebamde mividodiT <fenomenebis Sesaxeb>, Tu SevecdebodiT,
droSi diferencirebis faqtis sivrceSi diferencirebis faqt-
Tan da­kavSirebas. Tundac es aTas kvadturl kilometrze ga-
daSlili gark­ve­uli teritoria iyos, sadac mocemul droSi
erTi da igive dialeqtze laparakobdnen, 500 wlis Semdeg imave
teritoriaze aRmocenebuli iq­neba mTeli rigi dialeqtebisa.
<BI BII BIII>, magram, rodesac sasinj mo­na­kveTs gavanaxevrebT, Se-
sabamisad dialeqturi gansxvavebebis sruliad sxva aspeqtebs mi-
viRebT. es imas niSnavs, rom 250 wlis Semdeg es dia­leqtebi jer
kidev ara marto ar arian sxvadasxva dialeqtebi – BI BII, is, rac
Semdeg iqnebian, aramed isini jer kidev ar arian indivi­dua­lur
dialeqtebad Camoyalibebuli. magaliTad, 250 wlis Semdeg jer
ori didi fraqcia iqneba nacvlad ocdaaTis an ormocisa. gar-
da amisa, es orive didi fraqcia `jer~ kidev ar iqneba sxvaTagan
Seviwrovebuli. ise, rom erTi dasaxelebis ukiduresi samxreTi
* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 12, N 1.3, Nr. 3285.
190
nawilis mosaxleobis ena SeiZleba, jer kidev gasagebi iyos uki-
duresi CrdiloeTis mosaxleobisaTvis.
es Teoria, batonebo, arc Zalian mcdaria da arc marTali.
enaT­mecni­er
­ ebaSi yvelaze sayuradRebo uaxlesi miRwevebi, rom-
lebsac umTavre­sad pol meieris Ecole des Chartes-s unda vumadlo-
deT, gviCveneben, rom sinamdvileSi dialeqtebi gansazRvruli
erTobebi ar arian da rom <geografiulad> aranairi dialeqti
ar arsebobs, aramed arseboben ufro metad geografiuli di-
aleqturi niSnebi. Tu es principi erTi SexedviT SeiZleba bnel
raRacad gveCvenos, maSin umal naTeli mo­efi­neba [ ], da amaSi dar-
wmunebuli var. Tu vcdiT, rukaze sruliad nac­nobi dialeqtis
sazRvrebSi mogzaurobas, namdvilad iZulebuli viqne­biT vTq-
vaT, romelia is niSnebi, romelsac damaxasiaTeblad miviCnevT mis
irgvliv arsebul dialeqtebTan mimarTebiT. magaliTad, roca me
vacxadeb, rom es savoiuri dialeqtia, Cems upirveles movaleobas
Se­adgens vTqva, Tu riTi <da ramdenad> gansxvavdeba es dialeqti
danar­Ceni franguli dialqtebisagan. amgvarad, me Sevudgebi am
<urTierT­ganmasxvavebeli> niSnebis Ziebas. pirveli gadaxedviT
SemiZlia Sevam­C­nio sityvis boloSi laTinuri <yru> bgerebis
SemorCena. magaliTad, laTinuri a sityva fena-Si >la femme<, Genva
>Genève<, es savoiuri di­aleq­tis aucilebeli niSania, <aseve gan-
sxvavebuli dialeqturi niSanic>, magram Tu kidev ufro kargad
davukvirdebi, davamtkiceb, rom savoi­uri dialeqti da mTeli
samxreT safrangeTis dialeqti saerToa. ma­Sa­sadame, es ar yo-
fila ganmasxvavebeli niSani. amis Semdeg vadgen, rom samxreT
safrangeTis laTinuri jgufs ca ar gardauqmnia tsa, ša-d an sxva
saxiT, <canto> maSin, rodesac savoiur dialeqtSi cvlilebas vxe­
davT: vătå, magram iqneba ki es niSani ukeTesi? arasgziT! radgan
am ni­Sans atarebs teritoriis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilic,
romelic sa­voiurs akavSirebs <Jeqsis, franS-kontes, parizis>
regionebTan. amitom Sevecdebi, ufro lokaluri niSnebi moviZ-
io. magaliTisaTvis aviReb savoiurSi patos aqcentebis gadaadg-
ilebis faqtebs la lná, la spá, magram male imasac davinaxav, rom es
fenomeni savoielTa mxolod nawils Se­exeba. <maSasadame>, es ar
yofila saerTo niSani da rom igi valisa da dofes mimarTulebi-
Tac gvxvdeba. ise, rom arc es aris damaxa­si­aTebeli niSani. da
ase Semdeg. da arc arasodes mogvecema raime ni­Sani, romlis
geografiuli ganfeniloba meorisas emTxveodes, savoies erTi
191
nawili vudis mxaresTan aris dakavSirebuli, meore nawili va­
lisTan poulobs siaxloves, mesame nawili [ ]. bolos da bolos
im daskvnamde mivdivarT, rom fenomenTa moniSvna geografiuli
ganfeni­lobis rukaze sruliad SesaZlebelia, magram es rom di-
aleqturi erTobebis gansxvavebis safuZvlad miviCnioT, sruli-
ad uqmi da usar­geblo saqme iqneba.
yoveli <regioni> mdebareobs raime raodenobis enobriv-
lingvisturi fenomenebis winaRobaTa sivrceSi. yvelas <Tavi-
si> gansazRvruli bi­liki aqvs da niSanTa raodenoba, romelic
yoveli regionisaTvis ama Tu im fenomenis SemTxveviTi danaS-
revebisagan gamomdinareobs. es aris is, rac, <Tu amis survili
arsebobs>, am regionis dialeqts qmnis. mag­ram SeuZlebelia ise-
Ti niSnis povna, romelic nebas mogvcemda, erTi dialeqtisaTvis
meoresTan sazRvari dagvedo. es iqneboda is, rom mxo­lod TiTo
sofeli agveRo cal-calke. dialeqtebis kvleva dResdRe­obiT
miznad isaxavs enobriv-lingvisturi faqtebis gavrcelebis
area­lis gansazRvras da ara dialeqtebis moCvenebiT erTobaTa
monaxaze­bis keTebas.
SeiZleba sazRvrebi kilometrobiT iWimebodes, vidre laTi-
nuri a-s e-d gardaqmna moxdebodes _ donar Tu doner; magram amis
Tu sxva niSnis safuZvelze safrangeTis langue d'oc da langue d’oil-
is gayofa rom moin­do­mo, sruli siyalbe iqneba. amis magaliTad
movuxmob meore niSans: Tu safrangeTSi versalis gadaRma mxares
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT or nawilad gayofen da es iqneba aR-
mosavleTi da dasavleTi mxareebi. me­same magaliTi ki – Tu igive
safrangeTi diagonaliT alpebidan oke­a­nemde gadaisereba da a.S.
am TvalsazrisiT, kaizeruli germaniis enis atlasia yvelaze
ufro metad saintereso.
ufro saintereso iqneba am didi fenomenisaTvis drosa da
sivrceSi erTdrouli Tvalis midevneba. am fenomenebis Tanmim-
devruli moqmede­ba, romlebic geografiuli uwyvetobis kanons
emorCilebian, imaSi vlindeba, rom SeiZleba dialeqtis SeumC-
neveli gardaqmna daafiqsiro, roca romlime adgilidan rome-
lime mimarTulebiT waxval. magaliTad savoies macxovrebeli,
romelic averJes mimarTulebiT midis, raRaca drois Semdeg
miadgeba sazRvars, sadac laTinuri ca-s nacvlad va Sex­vdeba,
aseve tsa-s tsã Seanacvlebs. es mas xels ar SeuSlis maTi lapara­kis
gagebaSi. raRac droSi kvlav gadalaxavs sxva enobriv sazRvars,
192
rac aseve* ar SeuSlis xels maTi metyvelebis gagebaSi, magram,
rac ufro Sordeba Tavis mSobliur adgils, miT ufro izrdeba
misi dia­leqtisgan gansxvaveba, bolos ki es sxvaoba iseT zRvars
miaRwevs, rom gasagebic aRar iqneba misTvis. am dakvirvebas im
daskvnamde miv­yavarT, rom wesiT, maT Soris aranairi sazRvari
ar arsebobs, rasac ori dialeqtis nacvlad or enas [>langues<]
uwodeben, <maSin, roca am orive enas [>langue<] erTi da igive war-
momavloba aqvs da momijnaved binadari mosaxleoba laparako-
bs>. magaliTad, ar arsebobs sazRvari italiursa da franguls
Soris, im dialeqtebs Soris, romlebic amaT undaT, rom frangu-
lad miiCnion, imaT ki [ ]. iseve, rogorc ar ar­se­bobs zRvardade-
buli dialeqti, normalur pirobebSi arc zRvardade­buli enebi
[>langues<] arseboben. amgvarad, ena [>langue<], rogorc vnaxeT, ara-
nairad ar aris arc droSi da arc sivrceSi gansazRvruli sidide.
imis dasadgenad, Tu risi Tqma undaT, roca ama Tu im zust enaze
laparakoben, arsebobs erTaderTi saSualeba. kerZod, unda vTq-
vaT: romelia sametyvelo qmedeba >langage< ama da am wels; es imas
niSnavs, rom erTaderTi, rac unda gaakeTon aris is, rom unda ai-
Ron naklebad vrceli geogra­fiuli adgili da drois garkveuli
monakveTi.
<yvelaferi> amis Semdeg ikiTxaven: erTi da igive warmomav-
lobis erT­maneTTan axlo mdgomi enebi, rogorebic slavuri da
germanulia, frangulisa da italiuris msgavsad Tu arian erT-
maneTsSorisi dia­leqtebiT [>dialectes intermediaires<] dakavSire-
buli, romlebic arc erT tipTan iCenen met siaxloves da arc
meoresTan. ara, es met-naklebad saerTo movlenaa indoevropul
ojaxSi. Cven veRar davadgenT Suale­dur nawilebs, magram unda
gvaxsovdes, rom Cveni codna sruliad myi­fea. Cven ar vicnobT
iluris enis [>langue<] korpuss, arc frigiuli enisas [>langue<]
da arc makedoniurisas, romlebmac, albaT, berZnuli slavurTan
daakavSires. magram iyo xalxTa gadasaxlebebi, romlis talRamac
enaTa Sorisi tipebi daipyro da gadafara. yovelgvari sa­fuZveli
arsebobs virwmunoT, rom didi indoevropuli sxeulis wiaR­Si
[>au sain du grand corps indoeuropeen<] momxdari diferencireba ise-
Tive saxiT warimarTa, rogoriTac laTinuri enisa. axlandeli
drois mo­nakveTSi uwyvetoba ar SeCerebula... heratidan mosko-

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 13, N 1.3, Nr. 3285.

193
visaken gzaze. Tu sxvadasxva indoevropul enas aviRebT, yoveli
maTgani Tavisi aRmosav­leli da dasavleli mezoblis Sua nawils
warmoadgens. SegviZlia, fenomenebis sruli analogiis raRac
sididis dadgena. uwyvetoba, mag­ram Taviseburi. fonetika.*

#3** `literatura, filologia, enaTmecniereba

literaturis kvleva, Cveulebrivi literaturuli Tval-

sazrisiT, Ti­Toeuli mkvlevarisaTvis sakmaod gansxvavebulia
da es gansxvaveba vlindeba ufro teqnikuri xasiaTis damxmare
kvlevebSi, romlebic mas sWirdeba da romelic filologebis
<gansakuTrebuli samuSao sfe­roa>. sxvaTa Soris, aseTia teqs-
tis kritika, xelnawerTa da gamo­ce­ma­Ta kritika. paleografia
da epigrafika, avtorTa (hermenevtikuli) in­terpretaciebi,
leqsikografia, gramatika, saleqso formis nawarmoeb­Ta metrika
da a.S... filologebi <saWiro SemTxvevaSi, droebiT> arqeolo-
gis, iuristis, geografis, istorikosis, miTologis da a.S. fun-
qciasac asruleben. maTi amocana xom isic aris, rom <zogadad>
moicavdnen yvelafers, rac, viwro Tu farTo gagebiT, maT saqmeSi
gar­kveul wvlils Seitans da avtoris ideisa da Sinaarsis ufro
Rrmad <wvdomis saqmeSi> daexmareba. amdenad, did siZneles ar
unda warmoad­gendes imis mixvedra, Tu wminda literaturuli
ganaTlebis garda, ki­dev raa saWiro filologiuri ganaTlebisa
<Tu mecnierebisaTvis>, miT umetes, rom klasikuri <ganaTleba>
am orive sagans yovelTvis erTad <ganixilavda> (sul mcire, mkv-
dar enebTan [>langues<] mimarTebiT mainc).
xSirad naklebad momzadebulebic arian xolme imis <gasage-
bad>, rom filologia, Tavis mxriv, gansxvavdeba lingvistiki-
sagan – literatu­ra da filologia. literaturuli kvleva im
azriT, <rogoradac es sayovelTaod esmiT>, moicavs mxolod
im sagnebs, romlebic wminda literaturuli interesis sagans
warmoadgens. igi yoveli mkvlevari­saTvis gansxvavebulia mx-
olod damxmare sferoebis codnis Tval­saz­risiT, rac umetesad
teqnikuri xasiaTisaa da amas misi udidebu­leso­ba (par excellence)
filologiis sfero uZRveba. esaa: <teqstis kritika>, xelnawer-

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 14, N 1.3, Nr. 3285.

��dauTariRebelia. Sead. engleri 1975 a, gv. 838.
194
Ta da gamocemaTa kritika, paleografia, epigrafika, gramati­ka,
leqsikografia, <prosodia>, metrika, hermenevtika <an> avtor-
Ta ganmartebebi da a.S. yvela xedavs <ase vTqvaT> asparezs, vinc
ki le­gi­timuri saxiT udgeba filologiur kvlevas, <es aris is,
rac> mas wminda literaturuli kvlevisagan ganasxvavebs, <da es
miT ufro ad­vilia, roca klasikuri ganaTleba (sul mcire, mkv-
dar enebTan [>langu­es<] mimarTebiT) <kvlevis> am orive <wess erT-
droulad> moicavs da <Tavisi Tanamedrove> SinaarsiT> sruliad
maxloebls xdis. filologia sxva araferia, Tu ara gawelili ko-
mentari, romelsac literaturul na­warmoebs daurTaven xolme.
<saboloo angariSiT>, es aris <misi literaturuli mizani>, rac
imavdroulad filologiuri mecnierebis arsebobis safuZvelsa
da maT erTianobas qmnis, sxvagvarad igi sru­liad gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsis kvlevas warmarTavda. igi moicavs yve­lafers, rac, vi-
wro da farTo gagebiT, avtoris Canafiqrisa da nawe­ris ukeTesad
gagebaze imoqmedebda. amis aRsasruleblad filologia zeviT
dasaxelebul sagnebsa da arqeologias, iurisprudencias, geog­
rafias, istorias, miTologias da a.S. unda moicavdes. mwerali
nawar­moebze filologiis da [ ] gaormagebuli aqtiurobis kon-
centracias axdens. filologia da lingvistika: maSin, rode-
sac aravin urevs erT­maneTSi literatorebs [>le litérateure<] da
filologebs, romelTac erT­maneTTan Zalian bevri saerTo aqvT,
piriqiT, Zalian aris [ ].*

#6** `enis niSnebi~

sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] niSnebi. sametyvelo qmede-

ba [>langage<] mudam adamianur individSi igu­lisxmeba, rac mc-
dari Tvalsazrisia. buneba qmnis artikulirebuli sametyvelo
qmedebisaTvis [>langage<] formirebul [>organisé pour<] adamians,
magram sametyvelo qmedebas [>langage<] – artikulirebis gareSe.
sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<] socialuri faqtoria. individi,
romelic laparakisaTvis aris formirebuli [>organisé pour parler<]
SeuZlia mxolod mis irgvliv myofi erTobis meSveobiT miaR­wi­os
<Tavisi aparatis> moxmarebas, – rom aRaraferi vTqvaT misi mox­

* Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 15, N 3, Nr. 3288.

��savaraudod, 1891-1894 wlebi; Sead. engleri 1975 a, gv. 838.
195
ma­rebis moTxovnilebaze, romelsac mxolod erTobasTan Tavis
urTier­TobaSi grZnobs. ise, rom es mTlianad damokidebulia am
erTobaze. misi rasobrivi mniSvneloba meorexarisxovania (al-
baT, imis gamokle­biT, rac gamoTqmaTa zogierT niSans Seexeba).
maSasadame, adamiani mTlianad mxolod imis Sedegia, rasac igi
Tavis garemomcvel sam­ya­rodan sesxulobs.
enis [>langue<] socialuri faqtori SeiZleboda wes-Cveule-
bebTan Segve­darebina (konstitucia, samarTali, Cveulebebi da
sxva). amisgan Sors dgas xelovneba da religia, romlebic su-
lieri movlenebis rigs mi­ekuT­vneba da raSic mniSvnelovan rols
pirovnuli iniciativa asru­lebs da romelic or individs Soris
azrTa gacvlas ar gulisxmobs. magram wes-CveulebebTan Tavad
analogiebi metad pirobiTia. aq mniSvne­lovani gansxvavebebia:
1. sametyvelo qmedeba [>langage<] erTobis sakuTrebaa, ro-
gorc es miRebulia da Se­esat­y­viseba individisaTvis bunebisagan
boZebul specialur xmas. am Tval­sazrisiT, es faqti analogiis
gareSea.
2. ena [>langue<] aris misi udidebulesoba (par excellence) sa-
Sualeba, iara­Ri, romelmac mudam da uSualod <Tavisi mizani
da Tavisi qmedeba> unda Seasrulos: gasagebi rom iyos, xalxTa
Cveulebebi (rogoricaa, magaliTad, dResaswaulebi) xSirad
arapirdapir mizans warmoadgenen da es imitom, rom sametyvelo
qmedebis mizani, romlis mizanic sicxadis Setanaa, erTi upirobo
saWiroebaTagania yoveli sazogadoebisaTvis, yovel SemTxve­vaSi
im viTarebaSi, romelSic mas dRes vicnobT. aqedan daskvna, rom
sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] arseboba yoveli sazogadoebis
damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa.
migneba:
1. sametyvelo qmedebis [>langage<] arseboba saWiroa yoveli
adamianuri urTierTobisaTvis.
2. enis [>langue<] sruli uwyvetoba.
a) enis Sewyveta warmoudgenelia. arc erT xalxs ar SeuZlia
imis warmodgena, rom TviT did ga­da­trialebaTa dros, roca yve-
laferi danarCeni nadgurdeba, erT an or dReSi laparaks Sewyvets.
b) erTeulis an erTaderTis iniciativa. mravlis SeuZle-
belia, pirvel rigSi, gaucnobiereblobis [>inconscience<] gamo.
gacnobierebis SemTxveva­Si SeiZleboda mravalis iniciativis
miReba, magram igi maSinve Sewy­deba im faqtis gamo, rom is Tavis-
196
Tavad gaugebrobad iqceva. xandaxan SeiZleba Segvxvdes kidec
igi. es dakavSirebulia leqsikografiul ga­naxlebebTan. maSin ki
xSirad saWiro xdeba masalebis saerTo enidan [>langue<] gamoyen-
eba. <arsebobs danaklisi, SeqmniT ki araferi iqmneba. yve­laferi
gardaiqmneba.
g. kurciusi me-5 gamocemis meTodologiur nawilSi, meore
nawilis komentari*>.
<g) yvelafris gacnobierebuli iniciativa aris usargeblo,
warmoud­geneli, umagaliTo>.
ase qmnis ena [>langue<] tradicias, romelic gamudmebiT icv-
leba, magram romlis gatexvasac ver SeZlebs verc dro da verc
molaparake su­bieqti, Tu igi ama Tu im mizeziT ar gaqra. im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu xalxi ucxo enas gadaiRebs, uwyvetobis prin-
cipi mainc uvnebeli rCeba. erTi ena [>langue<] gaqra; magram is,
romelic ganagrZos arsebobas <gaimar­j­vebs>, aseve uwyvetia.
Tu ena [>langue<] arsebobs, ar SeiZleba imisi Tqma, Tu ramden
xans iarsebebs igi, magram darwmunebuli ki unda vi­yoT, rom mas
drois siRrmeebisaken im masStabiT SeuZlia ukusvla, ramdenzec
mas amis SesaZlebloba eqneba da rom igi Tavis masalas dausabamo
droidan wamoiRebs, rogorc yinulis morenebs.
<aratipiuri myinvari marTlac kargi Sedarebaa msgavsi saxis
[>congénè­res<] idiomisaTvis, romelic saerTod warmomavlobis,
axali elemente­bis, droiT gapirobebuli gansxvavebebis da or-
ganuli sicocxlis da­viwyebuli elementebis aTvisebis saSuale-
bas iZleva>.**

Targmna Sorena SamanaZem.

* g. kurciusi: berZnuli etmiologiis ZiriTadi niSnebi, me-5 gamocema, laip-

cigi, 1879.
�����������������
Cf. CLG/E(II), gv. 16, N 6, Nr. 3292.
197
rolan barti
(1915-1980)

struqturalizmi, rogorc moRvaweoba

ras warmoadgens struqturalizmi? is arc skolaa da arc

– mimdinareoba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, jerjerobiT), vinaidan
Cveulebriv am terminiT gaerTianebul avtorTa umravlesoba
sruliad ar grZnobs Tavs arc doqtrinis erTobiT, arc brZo-
lis erTobiT erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulad. ukeTes SemTxveva-
Si, saqme exeba sityvaTxmarebas: struqtura ukve Zvel termins
warmoadgens (anatomisturi da gramatistuli warmomavlobi-
sas), sadReisod Zlier gacveTils: mas xalisiT mimarTavs yvela
socialuri mecniereba, da am sityvis gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba
CaiTvalos vinmes gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad, garda polemikisa
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, romelsac masSi deben; arc funqciis gamosax-
ulebebi, formebi, niSnebi da mniSvnelobebi gamoirCevian speci-
fikurobiT; dRes isini sayovelTao gamoyenebis sityvebia,
romelTaganac moiTxoven da iReben yvelafers, rasac moisur-
veben; kerZod, isini Zveli, deterministuli mizez-Sedegobri-
obis, sqemis SeniRbvis saSualebas gvaZleven. albaT saWiroa iseT
wyvilebs mivmarToT, rogorebicaa aRmniSvneli – aRniSnuli da
sinqronia – diaqronia, saimisod, rom azrovnebis sxva wesebisgan
struqturalizmis gansxvavebis gagebas mivuaxlovdeT; pirvel
wyvils imitom unda mivmarToT, rom sosiurianuli warmoSo-
bis lingvistur modelze migviTiTebs, da imitomac, rom nivTTa
dRevandeli mdgomareobisas, lingvistika, ekonomikasTan erTad,
struqturis Sesaxeb mecnierebis uSualo ganxorcielebaa; meore
wyvils gacilebiT gadamwyveti saxiT unda mivapyroT yuradReba,
vinaidan igi, rogorc Cans, gulisxmobs istoriis cnebis cnobil
gadasinjvas im zomiT, ra zomiTac sinqroniis idea (miuxedavad
imisa, rom sosiurTan swored is gamodis uaRresad operaciona-
luri cnebis saxiT) amarTlebs drois garkveul immobilizacias,
xolo diaqroniis idea imisken ixreba, rom istoriuli procesi
formebis wminda Tanmimdevrulobis saxiT warmoadginos. etyo-
ba, struqtualizmis sametyvelo niSani, sabolo jamSi, ganxilul
unda iqnas mniSvnelobis cnebasTan dakavSirebuli terminebis
sistematuri xmarebiT, da sruliadac ara TviT sityva `struq-
turalizmis~ gamoyenebiT, romelsac, raoden paradoqsulic
198
unda iyos, savsebiT ar ZaluZs vinmes gamorCeul niSan-Tvisebad
qceva. Tvali adevneT, vinc iyenebs gamoTqmebs `aRmniSvneli~ da
`aRniSnuli~, `sinqronia~ da `diaqronia~, da mixvdebiT, Camouy-
alibda Tu ara am xalxs struqturalisturi xedva.
samarTliani iqneba, igives Tu gavimeorebT inteleqtualuri
metaenis Sesaxebac, romelic gaxsnilad sargeblobs meTodolo-
giuri cnebebiT. ramdenadac struqturalizmi ar warmoadgens
arc skolas, arc mimdinareobas, ar arsebobs aranairi safuZveli
apriorulad (Tundac savaraudod) mxolod mecnierul azrovne-
baze mis dasayvanad; gacilebiT ukeTesia mcdeloba misi SeZlebi-
sdagvarad farTo aRwerisa(Tu ara definiciisa) sxva doneze,
vidre refleqsuri enis donea. marTlac, SeiZleba vivaraudoT,
rom arseboben iseTi mwerlebi, mxatvrebi, musikosebi, romelTa
TvalSic struqturiT operireba (da ara mxolod azri mis Ses-
axeb) adamianuri praqtikis gansakuTrebul tips warmoadgens, da
rom analitikosni da Semoqmedni saerTo niSniT unda gaerTiand-
nen, romelsac SeiZleba ewodos struqturaluri adamiani; aseTi
adamiani ganisazRvreba ara Tavisi ideebiT an enebiT, romlebsac
iyenebs, aramed Tavisi warmosaxvis xasiaTiT an, ukeT Tu vityviT,
warmosaxvis unariT, sxva sityvebiT, im wesiT, romliTac is azro-
brivad ganicdis struqturas.
amTaviTve aRvniSnavT, rom yvela Tavis momxmareblis mimarT
TviT struqturalizmi principulad gamodis, rogorc moR-
vaweoba, ese igi saazrovno operaciebis gansazRvruli raodeno-
bis mowesrigebuli Tanmimdevroba: cxadia, SeiZleba vilapara-
koT struqturalisturi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, msgavsad imisa,
rogorc Tavis droze laparakobdnen siurrealisturi moRvawe-
obis Sesaxeb (rogorc Cans, swored siurrealizmma mogvca struq-
turuli literaturis pirveli cdebi – am sakiTxs uTuod unda
davubrundeT). oRond, vidre am operaciebs mivmarTavdeT, ram-
denime sityva unda iTqvas maT miznebze.
nebismieri struqturalisturi moRvaweobis – ganurCevlad
imisa, refleqsuria Tu poeturi – mizans warmoadgens “obieqtis”
im saxis aRdgena, rom msgavsi rekonstruqciisas aRmoCenil iq-
nas am obieqtis funqcionirebis wesebi (`funqciebi~). amgvarad,
struqtura, arsebiTad, sagnis gamosaxulebaa, magram – mimarTu-
li, dainteresebuli gamosaxuleba, vinaidan sagnis modeli raRac
iseTs avlens, rac uxilavi an, Tu gnebavT, arainteligibeluri,
rCeboda TviT modelirebad saganSi. struqturaluri adamiani
199
iRebs sinamdviles, anawevrebs, Semdeg ki aerTebs danawevre-
buls; es, erTi SexedviT, wvrilmania (ris gamoc zogierTi struq-
turalistur moRvaweobas miiCnevs `umniSvnelod, uinteresod,
usargeblod~ da a. S.). oRond gacilebiT Rrma TvalTaxedva aR-
moaCens, rom am wvrilmans gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan
am or obieqts Soris, an struqturalisturi moRvaweobis or
fazas Soris, SualedSi ibadeba raRac axali, da es axali sxva
araferia, Tu ara inteligibeloba mTlianobaSi. modeli – esaa
sagans mikruli inteleqti, da aseTi danamati anTropologiur
mniSvnelobas flobs im azriT, rom is Tavad adamiani, misi isto-
ria, misi situacia, misi Tavisufleba da misi is winaaRmdegobac
ki aRmoCndeba xolme, romelsac buneba mis gonebas uwevs.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, ratom unda visaubroT struqtural-
izmis, rogorc moRvaweobis Sesaxeb: aq aRdgena an asaxva warmoad-
gens ara samyaros raRac pirvelSobil `anabeWds~, aramed – iseTi
samyaros yvelaze ufro namdvil mniSvnelobas, romelic pirve-
lads hgavs, magram mis aslirebas ki ar axdens, aramed inteligibe-
lurs xdis mas. ai, ratom SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom struqtural-
izmi Tavisi arsiTaa mamodelirebeli moRvaweoba, da swored am
mimarTebiT, mkacrad Tu vityviT, ar arsebobs araviTari teqni-
kuri sxvaoba erTis mxriv mecnierul struqturalizmsa da me-
ores mxriv literaturas, agreTve – saerTod xelovnebas, Soris:
orives urTierToba aqvs mimezisTan, romelic efuZneba ara sub-
stanciebs Soris analogias (magaliTad, egreT wodebul real-
istur xelovnebaSi), aramed – funqciebis analogias (rasac le-
vi-strosi homologiebs ewodebs). roca trubeckoi fonetikur
obieqts variaciebis sistemis saxiT aRadgens, roca JorJ diume-
zili funqcionalur miTologias amuSavebs, roca propi winas-
war mis mierve danawevrebuli yvela slavuri zRapris struq-
turirebis gziT xalxuri zRapris invariantis konstruirebas
axdens, roca klod levi-strosi totemuri azrovnebis homolo-
giur funqcionirebas aRmoaCens, xolo J. g. granJe – ekonomikuri
azrovnebis formalur wesebs, an J. k. gardeni – winareistoriuli
brinjaos sagnebis madiferencirebel niSnebs, roca J. p. riSari
malarmes leqss misTvis damaxasiaTebeli JReradobis mixedviT
alagebs, yvelani isini, arsebiTad, igives akeTeben, rasac mon-
driani, bulezi an biutori, romlebic raime obieqtis (swored
kompoziciad saxeldebulis) konstruirebas axdenen mowes-
rigebuli manifestaciis, Semdgom ki gansazRvrul erTeulTa
200
SeerTebis, gziT. araarsebiTia is faqti, rom mamodelirebeli
moRvaweobis safuZvladmdebare pirvelad obieqts sinamdvile
gvawvdis an ukve erTgvarad Tavmoyrili saxiT (rasac adgili
aqvs ukve Camoyalibebul enaze, sazogadoebaze an nawarmoebze
mimarTuli struqturuli analizis SemTxvevaSi) an, piriqiT,
araorganizebuli saxiT(aseTia struqturuli `kompoziciis~
SemTxveva). araarsebiTia isic, rom am pirveladi obieqtis aReba
socialuri an warmosaxuli sinamdvilidan xdeba, – aslirebadi
obieqtis buneba xom ar gansazRvravs xelovnebas (realizmis ne-
bismieri saxesxvaobis mtkice crurwmena), aramed swored is, rac
adamians Seaqvs misi aRdgenisas: Sesruleba nebismieri Semoq-
medebis gulisgulia. maSasadame, swored imdenad, ramdenadac
struqturalisturi moRvaweobis miznebi ganuyreladaa dakav-
Sirebuli gansazRvrul teqnikasTan, struqturalizmi SesamC-
nevad gansxvavdeba analizis an Semoqmedebis yvela sxva wesisgan:
obieqti aRdgeba funqciebis gamovlenisTvis, da rezultati, Tu
SeiZleba ase iTqvas, TviT ganvlili gza gamodis; ai, ratom unda
vilaparakoT ufro struqturalisturi moRvaweobis, vidre
struqturalisturi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
struqturalisturi moRvaweoba Tavis TavSi ori specifi-
kuri operaciis – danawevrebis da montaJis – Semcvelia. mamod-
elirebel moRvaweobas daqvemdebarebuli pirveladi obieqtis
danawevreba niSnavs masSi iseTi moZravi fragmentebis aRmoCenas,
urTierTis mimarT romelTa ganlagebac raRac sazriss badebs;
msgavs fragments TavisTavad azri ara aqvs, magram igi iseTia,
rom misi konfiguraciis Semxebi umciresi cvlilebebi mTelis
cvlilebas iwvevs. mondrianis kvadrati, puseris mwkrivi, stro-
fi biutoris `mobili~-dan, `miTema~ levi-strosTan, fonema
fonologebTan, `Tema~ literaturis zogierT kritikosTan –
yvela es erTeuli (rogoric ar unda iyos maTi Sinagani struq-
tura da sidide, zogjer sruliad gansxvavebuli) mniSvnelad ar-
sebobas iZens mxolod Tavis sazRvarze, es sazRvrebi xsenebul
erTeulebs gamoyofs metyvelebis sxva aqtualur erTeulTa-
gan (magram es ukve montaJis problemaa), agreTve es sazRvrebi
ganasxvavebs maT sxva virtualuri erTeulebisgan, romlebTan
erTadac isini garkveul klass warmoqmnian (lingvistebis mier
paradigmad saxeldebuls). paradigmis cneba, rogorc Cans, arse-
biTia imis gasarkvevad, Tu ras niSnavs struqturalisturi xe-
dva: paradigma obieqtebis (erTeulebis) SeZlebisdagvarad mini-
201
maluri simravlea, romlidanac gamoviTxovT xolme iseT obieqts
an erTeuls, aqtualuri sazrisiT romlis aRWurvac gvsurs.
paradigmatuli obieqti imiT xasiaTdeba, rom igi Tavisi klasis
sxva obieqtebTan dakavSirebulia msgavsebis an gansxvavebis mi-
marTebiT: erTi paradigmis or erTeuls raRac urTierTmsgavse-
ba unda gaaCndes imisTvis, rom sruliad aSkara gaxdes maT Soris
gansxvaveba; imisTvis, rom frangul enaSi erTidaigive sazrisiT
ar mivaniWoT sityvebs poisson da poison, aucilebelia, rom S-s da
Z-s erTdroulad gaaCndeT rogorc saerTo (dentaluroba), ise –
madiferencirebeli (JReradobis arseboba an ararseboba) niSan-
Tviseba. aucilebelia, rom mondrianis kvadratebi msgavsi iyon
TavianTi kvadratuli formiT da gansxvavebuli – proporciiT
da feriT; aucilebelia, rom amerikuli avtomobilebi (biutoris
`mobilSi~) ganuwyvetliv ganixilebodnen erTi da igive wesiT,
magram, imavdroulad, yovelTvis gansxvavdebodnen markiT da fe-
riT; aucilebelia, rom oidiposis miTis epizodebi (levi-stro-
sis analizSi) erTnairi da gansxvavebuli iyos da a. S., imisTvis,
rom diskursis da nawarmoebis yvela dasaxelebuli tipi inteli-
gibeluri aRmoCndes. amgvarad, danawevrebis operacias mivya-
varT modelis pirvelad, TiTqosda danawevrebul mdgomare-
obasTan, Tumca, amave dros, struqturuli elementebi sulac
ar arian qaosurad uwesrigoni; jer kidev Tavis ganawilebamde
da kompoziciis kontinuumSi CarTvamde yoveli aseTi erTeuli
Sedis virtualur simravleSi analogiuri erTeulebisa, rom-
lebic warmoqmnian umaRles mamoZravebel princips – umciresi
gansxvavebis princips – daqvemdebarebul, gaazrebul mTels.
gansazRvravs Tu ara erTeulebs, struqturalurma ada-
mianma maT kvaldakval unda gamoavlinos an ganamtkicos ur-
TierTSeerTebis wesebi: am momentidan gamomTxovnelobiTi
moRvaweoba icvleba samontaJo moRvaweobiT. gansxvavebul xe-
lovnebaTa da diskursis gansxvavebul tipTa sintaqsi, rogorc
cnobilia, erTob mravalferovania; magram rac Tanabari doniT
moiZieba struqturul CanafiqrTan TanxmobiT Seqmnil nebis-
mier nawarmoebSi, esaa zogierTi regularuli SezRudvisadmi
maTi daqvemdebarebuloba; amasTan, am SezRudvaTa formalur
xasiaTs, rasac usamarTlod sayveduroben struqturalizms,
gacilebiT naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre maT stabilurobas,
vinaidan mamodelirebeli moRvaweobis am meore stadiaze sxva
araferi gaTamaSdeba, Tu ara – erTgvari brZola SemTxveviTobis
202
winaaRmdeg. ai, ratom iZenen rekurentulobis kriteriumebi la-
mis demiurgul rols: swored erTi da igive erTeulebisa da maTi
kombinaciebis regularuli ganmeorebadobis wyalobiT, nawar-
moebi warmosdgeba rogorc raRac dasrulebuli mTeli, sxva
sityvebiT, rogorc sazrisiT aRWurvili mTeli; lingvistebi am
kombinatorul wesebs formebs uwodeben, da friad sasurveli
iqneba, am gacveTil sityvas Tavis mkacr mniSvnelobas Tu Sevu-
narCunebT: amgvarad, forma isaa, rac erTeulebs Soris mosaz-
Rvreobis mimarTebas nebas aZlevs ar gamoiyurebodes rogorc
wminda SemTxveviTobis rezultati; xelovnebis nawarmoebi isaa,
SemTxvevis batonobidan ris gamoglejasac adamiani axerxebs. aq
Tqmuli, SesaZloa, agvixsnis, erTis mxriv, egreT wodebuli ara-
figuratuli nawarmoebebi ratom warmoadgenen mainc nawarmoe-
bebs sityvis yvelaze ufro zusti azriT, vinaidan adamianuri
goneba eqvemdebareba ara aslebisa da nimuSebis analogistur
logikas, aramed – mowesrigebul warmonaqmnTa logikas, meores
mxriv ki – igive nawarmoebebi imaT TvalSi, vinc maTSi araviTar
formebs ar asxvavebs, ratom moCanan rogorc qaoturni da, miT
ufro, gamousadegarni: xruSCovi, romelic abstraqtul tilos
uyurebs, udavoa, cdeba, roca masSi viris kudis mier datovebuli
uformo monasmebis mets verafers xedavs; da, miuxedavad amisa,
man principSi icis, rom xelovneba garkveuli saxis gamarjvebaa
SemTxveviTobaze (is mxedvelobidan uSvebs mxolod imas, rom ne-
bismier wess – gamoyeneba gvinda misi Tu gageba – euflebian).
ase agebuli modeli samyaros ukve im saxiT ar gvibrunebs,
romliTac is mas Tavidan mieca, da swored amaSi mdgomareobs
struqturalizmis mniSvneloba. upirveles yovlisa, is qmnis axal
kategorias obieqtisa, romelic arc realuris sferos ekuTvnis,
arc – racionaluris sferos, aramed – funqcionaluris sferos
da, ufro metic, dResdReobiT informatikis bazaze ganviTare-
bad samecniero gamokvlevaTa mTel kompleqsSia CarTuli. garda
amisa, da es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, is mTeli sicxadiT
aRmoaCens im uaRresad adamianur process, romlis msvlelobis
drosac adamianebi nivTebs sazriss aniWeben. aris Tu ara amaSi
raime axali? garkveuli zomiT, aris; ra Tqma unda, samyaro yov-
elTvis, yvela droSi, eswrafoda sazrisis aRmoCenas rogorc
yvelafer imaSi, rac mas miecema, ise – yvelafer imaSi, rasac is Ta-
vad qmnis; siaxle ki mdgomareobs iseTi azrovnebis (an iseTi `poe-
tikis~) gaCenis faqtSi, romelic Tavis mier aRmoCenil obieqtTa
203
ara imdenad mTliani sazrisebiT aRWurvas cdilobs, ramdenadac
– imis gagebas, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli sazrisi rogorc aseTi,
ra fasad da ra gzebiT warmoiSoba igi. bolos ki SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom struqturalizmis obieqts warmoadgens ara adamiani-ma-
tarebeli sazrisTa usasrulo simravlisa, aramed adamiani-mwar-
moebeli sazrisebisa, swored ise, TiTqos kacobrioba niSanTa az-
robrivi Sinaarsis amowurvas ki ar eswrafodes, aramed mxolod
da mxolod im aqtis ganxorcielebas, romlis saSualebiTac iwar-
moeba yvela es istoriulad SesaZlebeli, cvalebadi sazrisi.
Homo significans, adamiani aRmniSvneli, – aseTi unda iyos axali
adamiani, romelsac eZiebs struqturalizmi.
hegelis TqmiT, Zvel berZnebs ganacvifrebda bunebis bune-
brioba; isini mas dauRlelad ayuradebdnen da nakadulebs,
mTebs, tyeebs, Weqa-quxils maTi sazrisis Sesaxeb gamohkiTxavd-
nen; vergamgebelni imisa, Tu saxeldobr ras metyvelebdnen es
nivTebi, mcenareul da kosmiur samyaroSi isini SeigrZnobdnen
yovlisganmmsWvalav TrTolas sazrisisa, romelsac maT daar-
qves TavianTi erT-erTi RmerTis saxeli – pani. mas mere buneba
Seicvala, socialuri gaxda: yvelaferi, rac adamians eboZa, ukve
adamianuri sawyisiTaa gaJRenTili, – im tyeebis da mdinaree-
bis CaTvliT, mogzauroba sadac gvixdeba. Tumca, am socialuri
bunebis (ubralod Tu vityviT – kulturis) pirispir mdgomi
struqturaluri adamiani arsebiTad arafriT gansxvavdeba
Zveli berZenisgan: isic ayuradebs kulturis bunebriv xmas da
ganuwyvetliv Caesmis ara imdenad mdgrad, dasrulebul, `WeS-
marit~ sazrisTa xmovaneba, ramdenadac – im giganturi manqanis
vibracia, romelsac kacobrioba warmoadgens, sazrisis qmna-
dobis daucxromel procesSi myofi, ris gareSec is dakargavda
Tavis adamianur saxes. da ai, swored imitom, rom sazrisis ase-
Ti warmoeba mis TvalSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovania, vidre TviT
sazrisebi, swored imitom, rom funqcia eqstensiuria nebismieri
konkretuli qmnilebis mimarT, struqturalizmic sxva araferi
gamodis, Tu ara moRvaweoba, romelic nawarmoebis Seqmnis aqts
TviT nawarmoebTan aigivebs: dodekafonuri kompozicia an levi-
strosis analizi obieqtebs warmoadgens swored im zomiT, ra
zomiTac damzadebulni arian es obieqtebi: awmyoSi maTi yofna
igiveobrivia warsulSi maTi damzadebis aqtisa; isini swored war-
sulSi – damzadebuli sagnebi arian. mxatvari an analitikosi im
gzas gadis, romelic manamde sazriss gauvlia; isini ar saWiroe-
204
ben masze miTiTebas: maTi funqcia, hegelis sityvebs Tu gavime-
orebT, aris manteia; Zvel winaswarmetyvelTa msgavsad, isini gva-
uwyeben sazrisis adgilis Sesaxeb, ar ki asaxeleben am sazriss. da
swored imitom, rom literaturac, sxvaTa Soris, erTgvari winas-
warmetyvelebaa, igi racionaluri ganmartebisTvisac xelmisaw-
vdomia, imavdroulad ki literatura svams kiTxvebs, metyvelebs
da dums: samyaroSi imav gziT SemRwevi, romelic sazrisma gaiara
da romelsac xelaxla gadis igi swored am sazrisTan erTad, Ta-
visufldeba ra gzadagza am samyaros mier gamomuSavebuli yvela
SemTxveviTi sazrisisgan; adamianisTvis, romelic mas moixmars,
igi pasuxs warmoadgens, bunebis mimarT ki kvlav kiTxvad rCeba:
literatura kiTxvis damsmeli pasuxi da mopasuxe kiTxvaa.
rogorRa xvdeba struqturaluri adamiani irealizmis
braldebas, romelsac mas zogjer uyeneben? gana formebi TviT
samyaroSi ar arseboben, gana formebs ki ar ekisrebaT pasux-
ismgebloba? marTalia Tu ara, rom mxolod marqsizmisganaa
davalebuli brexti mTeli im revoluciis gamo, rac masSia? xom
ar iqneboda ukeTesi, gveTqva, – es revolucia imaSi mdgomare-
obda, rom brexti Tavis marqsistul xedvas ramdenime sasceno
xerxis daxmarebiT axorcielebda, magaliTad, imiT, rom proJeq-
torebs gansakuTrebuli saxiT ganalagebda an Tavis msaxiobebs
gacveTil kostiumebs acmevda. struqturalizmi samyaros ar
arTmevs mis istorias: is cdilobs istorias daukavSiros ara
mxolod Sinaarsi (es ukve aTasjer gakeTebula), aramed – forme-
bic, ara mxolod materialuri, aramed – inteligibeluric, ara
mxolod ideologia, aramed – esTetikac. da swored imitom,
rom nebismieri azri istoriuli inteligibelurobis Sesaxeb
gardauvlad warmoadgens am inteligibelurobasTan ziarebis
aqts, struqturaluri adamiani erTob naklebadaa dainterese-
buli imiT, rom mudmivad icocxlos: man icis, rom struqtural-
izmic samyaros erT-erTi formaa, romelic masTan erTad Seicv-
leba; da swored imitom, rom struqturaluri adamiani samyaros
ukve Camoyalibebul enebze axali wesiT metyvelebis unaris mo-
bilizebiT amowmebs Tavisi msjelobebis vargisobas (da srulia-
dac ara WeSmaritobas), misTvis isic cnobilia, rom sakmarisia
istoriaSi axali ena warmoiSvas, romelic mis Sesaxeb ametyvel-
deba, rom misi misia amowuruli aRmoCndeba.
1963 weli
Targmna daTo barbaqaZem
205
rolan barti
(1915-1980)

literatura da metaena

logika gvaswavlis ena-obieqtisa da metaenis nayofier

gamijvnas. ena-obieqti – esaa Tavad sagani logikuri gamokvle-
vebisa, xolo metaena – is aucilebeli xelovnuri ena, romliTac
aseTi kvleva warmoebs. logikuri azrovnebis Sinaarss swored
is Seadgens, rom me SemiZlia realuri enis (ena-obieqtis) mi-
marTebebisa da struqturis formulireba simboloTa enaze
(metaenaze).
Cvens mwerlebs mraval saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ver warmo-
edginaT, Tu SeiZleboda literatura (Tavad es sityva, didi xani
araa, rac warmoiSva) ganxiluliyo, rogorc aseT logikur gami-
jvnas daqvemdebarebuli ena (yvela sxva enis msgavsad). litera-
turas arasodes umsjelia sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb, ar ganurCe-
via Tavis TavSi erTmaneTisgan Semmecnebeli da Sesamecnebeli;
mokled, is bWobda, magram ara – sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. oRond
Semdgom – albaT, mas mere, rac safuZvlebi Seerya burJuaziul
keTil azrs – literaturam igrZno Tavisi gaoreba, SeZlo Tavis
TavSi erTdroulad sagnisa da saganze Sexedulebis, sityvisa da
am sityvis Sesaxeb sityvis, literatura-obieqtisa da metalite-
raturis danaxva. am ganviTarebam, zogadad, Semdegi fazebi gan-
vlo: Tavdapirvelad Camoyalibda literaturis ostatTa pro-
fesiuli TviTSegneba, – avadmyofur sibejiTeSi, miuwvdomeli
srulyofilebisken mtanjvel miswrafebaSi gamJRavnebuli
(floberi). mere iyo werilis erTsa da imave substanciad, li-
teraturisa da literaturaze azris Serwymis gmiruli mcde-
loba (malarme). Semdeg gaCnda literaturis tavtologiurobis
aRmofxvris rwmena, Tavad literatura usasrulod gadaidebo-
da da gadaideboda „xvalisTvis~, – im imediT, rom werili jer
ki-dev winaa, – da aseTi rwmeniT iqmneboda literatura (prusti).
Semdgom amisa sasamarTlos winaSe warsdga Tavad literaturis
`damSvidebuli sindisi~: daiwyes sityva-obieqtisTvis mravali
sazrisis ganzrax, sistematurad miwera da am sazrisTa usas-
rulod gazrda ise, rom ar Cerdebodnen sabolood arc erT
206
fiqsirebad aRniSnulze (siurrealizmi). da bolos, Seecadnen,
piriqiT, SeeqmnaT azrobrivi vakuumi, raTa literaturuli ena
eqciaT wminda aq-yofnad, Tavisebur `TeTr~ (magram ara umwikv-
lo) werilad – mxedvelobaSi maqvs rob-gries Semoqmedeba.
yvela am mcdelobis wyalobiT, Cvens saukunes (ukanasknel as
wels) SeiZleba daerqvas imis Sesaxeb ganazrebis saukune, Tu ra
aris literatura (sartrma am kiTxvas garedan upasuxa, riTac ga-
pirobebulia misi literaturuli poziciis orazrovneba). xolo
ramdenadac aseTi Ziebebi warmoebs ara garedan, aramed – Ta-
vad literaturis SigniT, ukeT, mis mijnaze, im zonaSi, sadac is
pirdapir nulisken miiswrafis (rogorc ena-obieqti, is am dros
ingreva da gadarCeba mxolod metaenis saxiT, sadac Tavad me-
taenis Ziebani ukanasknel momentSi axal ena-obieqtad iqcevian),
vlindeba, rom Cveni literatura – asi welia ukve – sikvdilTan
saxifaTo TamaSs eweva; TiTqosda, sakuTar sikvdils ganicdis; igi
msgavsia rasinis erTi gmirisa (erifole `ifigeniaSi~), romelic
kvdeba, roca Tavis Tavs Seimecnebs, xolo cocxlobs sakuTari
arsis ZiebiT. swored amiTaa gapirobebuli misi tragizmi: amJa-
mad TiTqosda istoriul CixSi mdgari Cveni sazogadoeba lit-
eraturas mxolod oidiposisTvis niSneul kiTxvas utovebs: vin
var me? da ukrZalavs, imavdroulad, kiTxvis dasmas WeSmarit di-
aleqtikur WrilSi: ra vakeTo? Cveni literaturis WeSmariteba
moqmedebis sferoSi rodia, magram is ukve arc bunebis sferos
ganekuTvneba; esaa niRabi, romelic sakuTar Tavze miuTiTebs.

1959 weli
Targmna daTo barbaqaZem.

207
rolan barti
(1915-1980)

enis guguni

zepiri sityva Seuqcevadia – aseTia misi bedi. erTxel

Tqmuls veRar daibruneb ise, rom mas raRac axali ar miematos;
ucnauria, magram asea: `Sesworeba~ aq `mimatebas~ niSnavs. Cems
sityvaSi ar SemiZlia raime wavSalo, gadavSalo, Sevcvalo; Se-
miZlia mxolod vTqva: `vcvli, vSli, vasworeb~. e. i. ganvagrZob
saubars. damatebis gziT aseT saocar cvlilebas me borZiks
davarqmev. aramkafiod gadacemuli Setyobineba ormagad wa-
rumatebelia: erTis mxriv, Znelia misi gageba, meores mxriv ki,
garkveuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad, maincaa SesaZlebeli misi ga-
geba; igi ver poulobs adgils verc enaSi da verc mis gareT, esaa
enobrivi xmauri, msgavsi motoris cxikinisa, romelic gvamcnobs,
rom motorSi raRac wesrigSi araa; aseTive azris matarebelia
gawbileba, mtyuneba, – xmovani signali manqanis muSaobis dros
SeniSnuli uwesrigobisa. borZiki (motoris Tu adamianis) erT-
gvari SiSia: meSinia, rom SeiZleba moZraoba Sewydes.

***
manqanis sikvdili SeiZleba mtkivneulad ganicados adamian-
ma, Tu es sikvdili aRwerili iqneba rogorc sikvdili cxovelisa
(ixile zolas cnobili romani). Tumca manqana saerTod anti-
simpaTiuria (robotis saxiT xom igi imuqreba yvelaze saSineli
ramiT – sxeulis dakargviT), mas mainc SeuZlia warmoSvas kidev
erTi eiforuli motivi – roca igi moqmedebs; manqana SiSs iwvevs
imiT, rom TviTon muSaobs, xolo siamovnebis momgvrelia imiT,
rom gamarTulad muSaobs. Tu metyvelebis gaumarTaoba gansa-
kuTrebul xmovan signalSi – borZikSi – gamJRavndeba, manqanis
gamarTuloba gamJRavndeba gansakuTrebuli musikis – gugunis
– saSualebiT.

***
guguni – esaa xmauri gamarTuli muSaobisas. aqedan war-
mosdgeba paradoqsi: guguni moaswavebs xmauris TiTqmis srul
gamoricxvas, moaswavebs idealurad srulyofili da amitom ux-
208
mauro manqanis xmaurs; aseTi xmauri Tavad xmauris gauCinarebis
mosmenis saSualebas iZleva; SeumCnevloba, ganurCevloba, msub-
uqi biZgi aRiqmeba, rogorc gauCinarebuli xmauris niSnebi.
amitomaa, rom manqanebi, romlebic guguneben, netarebis mom-
niWebeli arian. magaliTad, sadi xSirad warmoidgenda da aRwer-
da xolme erotikul manqanas: es manqana mofiqrebulia, rogorc
grova sxeulebisa, romelTa tkbobis organoebi saguldagulodaa
Sepirapirebuli erTmaneTTan; roca monawileTa konvulsiuri
moZraobebis saSualebiT manqana iwyebs moqmedebas, igi ZigZigebs
da daxSul guguns warmoSobs, – igi muSaobs, da muSaobs gamarTu-
lad. sxva magaliTi: roca Tanamedrove iaponiaSi uamravi adamiani
erToba uzarmazar darbazSi saTamaSo avtomatebiT (am manqanebs
iq “patinkos” eZaxian), mTeli darbazi mgoravi burTulebis gu-
guniTaa aRvsili, da swored es gugunia aRmniSvneli imisa, rom
gamarTulad muSaobs koleqtiuri manqana – siamovnebis manqana
(sxva SemTxvevaSi gamoucnobi), manqana im siamovnebisa, romelic
ibadeba TamaSiT, sxeulis zusti moZraobiT. marTlac, orive
magaliTi maCvenebelia imisa, rom gugunSi sxeulebrivi erToba
JRers; “momuSaveTa” siamovnebis xmaurSi aravin xmas ar aRimaR-
lebs, arc erTi xma ar xdeba warmmarTveli, ar gamoirCeva sxve-
bisgan, SeuZlebelia Tundac dabadeba visime xmisa; guguni sxva
araferia, Tu ara – xmauri tkbobas micemuli simravlisa (da ara
masisa – masa, piriqiT, erTxmiani da xmamaRalia).

***
axasiaTebs Tu ara guguni enas? zepirmetyvelebis dros ena
marTlac rom fataluradaa ganwiruli borZikisTvis, xolo naw-
eris SemTxvevaSi – simunjisa da niSanTa danawevrebisTvis; ne-
bismier SemTxvevaSi, mainc rCeba azris nameti, romelic enas ar
aZlevs masSi Cadebuli tkbobis srulad ganxorcielebis saSu-
alebas. magram SeuZlebeli ar niSnavs mouazrebels: enis guguni
misi utopiaa. ra saxis utopia? – sazrisis musikis utopia. es imas
niSnavs, rom Tavis utopiur mdgomareobaSi ena Tavisufldeba,
ufro metsac vityvi, igi Ralatobs Tavis bunebas da gadaiqceva
usazRvro xmovan qsovilad, da misi semantikuri meqanizmi kar-
gavs realobas; aq mTeli Tavisi didebulebiT warmosdgeba aRm-
niSvneli – fonuri, metruli, melodiuri, da arc erT niSans ar
SeuZlia, gankerZoebuls, bunebas daubrunos tkbobis es wminda
209
samoseli; xolo, amasTan erTad (da esaa mTavari siZnele), sazri-
si ar unda iqnes gaZevebuli, dogmaturad gauqmebuli, erTi si-
tyviT, dasaWurisebuli. aseTi, Cveni racionalisturi enobrivi
praqtikisTvis umagaliTo, gadatrialebis wyalobiT ena gugunad
gadaiqceva da mTlianad miendoba aRmniSvnels ise, rom imavdrou-
lad ar tovebs mosazrebadobis sazRvrebs: sazrisi bundovnad
gamosCans Soridan ganuyofeli, SeuRwevadi da gamouTqmeli
miraJis saxiT, riTac warmoqmnis peizaJis ukana plans, `fons~
xmovani peizaJisas. Cveulebriv (magaliTad, Cvens poeziaSi)
fonemaTa musika `fonis~ rols asrulebs SetyobinebisTvis, aq ki,
piriqiT, sazrisi Zlivs axerxebs tkbobis gavlas, Zlivs gamosCans
perspeqtivis siRrmidan. rogorc manqanis gugunia xmauri uxmau-
robisgan, aseve enis guguni is sazrisia, romelic sazrisisgan
daclilobis mosmenis saSualebas iZleva, anu – rac igivea – esaa
ara-sazrisi, romelic sadRac SoreTSi sazrisis xmovanebis mos-
menis saSualebas iZleva, erTxel da samudamod gaTavisufle-
bulisas yovelgvari Zaladobisgan, romelic pandoras yuTidan
amodis TiTqos; gaTavisuflebulisas niSnisgan, romelic `ada-
mianuri modgmis samwuxaro da veluri istoriidan~ ibadeba.
es yovelive, ra Tqma unda, mxolod etopiaa; magram, araiS-
viaTad, utopia gzis manaTobeli varskvlavia pirvelgamkvala-
vTaTvis. da marTlac, Jamidan Jamze, xan aq da xan iq, aris gugu-
nis Seqmnis mcdelobebi: aseTia ramdenime nimuSi postseriuli
musikisa (erTob sagulisxmoa, rom es musika gansakuTrebiT did
rols aniWebs adamianur xmas, – igi gardaqmnis xmas imiT, rom
cdilobs CamoaSoros am ukanasknels azrobrivi buneba, magram
SeunarCunos bgeriTi sisavse), aseTia ramdenime cda radiofo-
niis dargSi; aseTia, agreTve, pier giuiotis da filip solersis
bolodroindeli teqstebi.

***
garda amisa, Cvens cxovrebaSi, yoveldRiur yofiT epizodeb-
Si, yvelas SeuZlia moixilos gugunis misadgomebi. am dReebSi me
moulodnelad vigrZeni enis guguni CineTis Sesaxeb antonionis
filmis erT-erT kadrSi: soflis Saraze, kedels miyrdnobili
bavSvebi xmamaRla kiTxuloben Tav-TavianT wignebs erTad ise,
rom erTmaneTs yuradRebas ar aqceven. iqmneboda namdvili gugu-
ni, romelsac gamoscems kargad gamarTuli muSa manqana; sazrisi
210
CemTvis ormagad mouxelTebeli iyo – Cinuri enis ucodinro-
bisa da imis gamo, rom mkiTxvelebi erTmaneTis bgerebs axSobd-
nen; Tumca, me, TiTqosda halucinaciaSi myofs (imdenad naTlad
aRiqmeboda am scenis yvela niuansi), Camesmoda musika, adamianuri
sunTqva, gulisxmiereba, mondomeba – erTi sityviT, raRac mizan-
mimarTuli. rogor, nuTu sakmarisia yvelam erTad amoiRos xma,
rom enis guguni warsmoiSvas – aserigad iSviaTi, tkbobiT savse
efeqti, romlis Sesaxebac iyo saubari! ara, ra Tqma unda; saWiroa
xmovan scenaSi monawileobdes erotika (am sityvis farTo gage-
biT), raTa masSi igrZnobodes swrafva, an – raime axlis aRmoCena,
an – ubralod, aRelvebis akompanimentiT warimarTos; yvelafe-
ri es ikiTxeboda Cineli bavSvebis gamometyvelebaSi.

***
amJamad me raRaciT vemsgavsebi Zvel berZnebs, romelTa
Sesaxeb hegeli werda, rom isini aRelvebiT da daucxromlad
ayuradebdnen foTlebis Srials, nakadulTa rakraks, qaris
xmaurs, erTi sityviT – bunebis TrTolvas, raTa gaerkviaT masSi
ganRvrili sazrisi. mec, swored ase, enis guguns miyuradebuli,
vcdilob masSi mTrTolvare sazrisis amokiTxvas; CemTvis, Tana-
medrove adamianisTvis, xom swored es ena warmoadgens bunebas.

Targmna daTo barbaqaZem.

211
rolan barti
(1915-1980)

mwerlebi da mokalmeebi

vin laparakobs? vin wers? CvenSi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs

sityvis sociologia. CvenTvis mxolod isaa cnobili, rom sityva
Zalauflebis formaa da adamianTa gansakuTrebuli jgufi (ra-
Rac saSualo korporaciasa da klass Soris) swored imiT ganisaz-
Rvreba, rom met-naklebad ganuyoflad flobs eris enas. amasTan,
didxans, kapitalizmis mTeli klasikuri epoqis ganmavlobaSi
(XVII-dan XIX saukunemde), enis udavo mflobelebi mwerlebi da mx-
olod mwerlebi iyvnen. TavianTi funqcionaluri enis sazRvre-
bidan gamousvlel qadagebs da iuristebs Tu gamovricxavT, sxva
arc aravin laparakobda. sainteresoa, rom enobrivi monopoliis
mkacri wesrigi exeboda ara imdenad mwarmoebels, ramdenadac –
TviT warmoebas: struqturirdeboda ara literaturis profesi-
uli mdgomareoba (sami saukunis manZilze man Zlier icvala saxe –
poet-msaxuridan mweral-saqmosnamde), aramed – TviT substancia
literaturuli diskursisa, romelic, situaciur, Janrobriv da
kompoziciur wesebs damorCilebuli, TiTqmis ucvleli rCeboda
marodan verlenamde, montenidan Jidamde (Zvrebi xdeboda enaSi
da ara – diskursSi). gansxvavebiT egreT wodebuli pirvelyofi-
li sazogadoebebisgan, sadac, rogorc mousma aCvena, jadoqroba
yovelTvis jadoqris figuraSia ganxorcielebuli, - litera-
turis instituti (da, kerZod, misi ZiriTadi masala – sityva) mis
funqciaze bevrad mniSvnelovani iyo. safrangeTSi literaturis
instituts misi ena warmoadgens, naxevrad lingvisturi, naxev-
rad esTetikuri sistema, romelic moklebuli araa TviT miTiur
ganzomilebas – sicxades.
rodis mere aRaraa safrangeTSi mwerali erTaderTi, vinc
laparakobs? rogorc Cans, - revoluciis droidan; swored maSin
gaCndnen politikuri miznebisTvis mweralTa enis gamomyenebeli
adamianebi (axlaxans, barnavis erT-erTi teqstis wakiTxvisas,
davrwmundi amaSi). instituti ucvleli rCeba – esaa kvlavinde-
burad didi franguli ena, misi leqsika da evfonia mowiwebiT
SeunaxavT, miuxedavad safrangeTis istoriaSi momxdari udidesi
Zvrebisa. magram icvleba misi funqciebi, saukuneTa ganmavloba-
212
Si ganuxrelad izrdeba enaze momuSaveTa ricxvi; literaturis
funqciis gafarToebas xels uwyoben Tavad mwerlebi, Satobri-
anidan Tu mestridan hiugomde Tu zolamde, - institucionali-
zebuli sityvis aRiarebul baton-patronebad darCenilni, isini
mas axali tipis moRvaweobis iaraRad aqceven; xolo mweralTa,
rogorc aseTTa, gverdiT yalibdeba da viTardeba sazogadoe-
briv enaze gambatonebel adamianTa axali jgufi. inteleqtuale-
1
bi? es sityva erTob mravalmniSvnelovnad JRers . umjobesia, maT
aq mokalmeebi vuwodoT. da ai, ramdenadac Cven, SesaZloa, amJamad
istoriulad meryev im moments ganvicdiT, roca orive es funq-
cia Tanaarsebobs, me minda mwerlisa da mokalmis SedarebiTi ti-
pologiis narkvevi movxazo, Sevadaro isini erTmaneTs Tundac
maTTvis saerTo masalasTan – sityvasTan – mimarTebis mixedviT.
mwerali funqcias asrulebs, mokalme ki saqmianobiTaa
dakavebuli; es gramatikidanac naTlad Cans, sadac erTmaneTs
upirispirdebian, erTis mxriv, arsebiTi saxeli, meores mxriv ki
2
– zmna (gardamavali) . es ar niSnavs, rom mwerali mxolod arse-
baa; isic moqmedebs, oRond misi moqmedeba Tavisi obieqtis ima-
nenturia, is paradoqsuli saxiT iwarmoeba sakuTari iaraRiTve
– eniT. mwerali isaa, vinc Tavisi sityvis damuSavebas eweva (Tun-
dac STagonebiT), da misi funqciebi mTlianad STainTqmeba am
samuSaos mier. samwerlo moRvaweobaSi orgvari wesi arsebobs:
xelovnebis wesi (kompozicia, Janri, werili) da xelobis wesi
(moTmineba da Sroma, Sesworebebi da srulyofis procesebi). par-
adoqsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Tavisi masalis TviTnebobis gamo
literatura, arsebiTad, tavtologiurad muSaobs, msgavsad sa-
kuTar TavTan igiveobisTvis Seqmnili kibernetikuli manqanisa
(eSbis homeostati); mwerlis SemTxvevaSi kiTxva `ratomaa sam-
yaro aseTi?~ mTlianad STainTqmeba kiTxviT: `rogor vwero mis
Sesaxeb?~. yvelaze gasaocari isaa, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
amgvari narcisuli moRvaweoba samyaros gamokiTxvis uwyvet
stimuls warmoadgenda; Tavis TavSi Caketili imaze zrunvaSi,
Tu `rogor weros~ mwerali, bolos da bolos, gardauvlad midis
kiTxvebs Soris yvelaze Riamde: `ra mizeziTaa samyaro aseTi?~.
Sedegad, TviTnebobis mompovebeli Sroma mwerlisa, imavdrou-
lad, gaSualebasac warmoadgens; mwerali acnobierebs litera-
turas rogorc mizans, magram, realur samyaroSi asaxuli, igi
kvlav saSualebad iqceva; literatura gamudmebiT ucruebs mw-
213
erals molodins, da, am gacruebasTan erTad, literatura sam-
yaros uerTdeba – ucnaur samyaros, romelic literaturaSi
warmosdgeba rogorc kiTxva, magram arasdros – rogorc sabo-
loo pasuxi.
sityva araa iaraRi, araa raRac sxvis matarebeli; CvenTvis
ufro da ufro cxadi xdeba, rom es struqturaa; magram mxolod
mwerali (gansazRvrebis mixedviT) kargavs sityvis struqturaSi
Tavis sakuTar struqturas da samyaros struqturas. aseTi si-
tyva, ganicdis ra (usasrulod) damuSavebas, TiTqosda zesityva
xdeba, sinamdvile misTvis mxolod sababs warmoadgens (mwerl-
isTvis `wera~ gardauvali zmnaa); sityvas, aqedan gamomdinare,
ar ZaluZs samyaros axsna, magram Tu rogorRac axerxebs kidec
mis axsnas, mxolod – imitom, rom mogvianebiT samyaro kvlav
araerTmniSvnelovani saxiT warmosdges. nawarmoebSi (romelic
muSaobis produqtia) Setanili yovelgvari axsna maSinve ora-
zrovani, realobasTan mxolod gaSualebulad dakavSirebuli,
xdeba; saboloo jamSi, literatura yovelTvis ararealisturia,
magram swored es ararealisturoba mas saSualebas aZlevs, xSir-
ad dausvas samyaros seriozuli kiTxvebi, Tumca ki – ara pirda-
pir; magaliTad, samyaros Teokratiuli axsnis mowadine balzaki,
bolos da bolos, am samyarosTvis kiTxvebis dasmiT iyo dakave-
buli. amitom mwerali (raoden gaazrebuli da gulwrfelic unda
iyos misi moRvaweoba), eqsistencialuri arCevnis ZaliT, uars
ambobs ori tipis sityvaze: jer erTi – maswavleblobaze, vinaid-
an Tavis proeqtis arsiT is ukve Zalauneburad aqcevs samyaros
yovelgvar axsnas Teatralur warmodgenad, gardauvlad Seaqvs
3
masSi araerTmniSvnelovneba ; meorec – mowmobaze, vinaidan, si-
tyvas micemuli mwerali kargavs gulubryvilobas. ar SeiZleba
yvirilis damuSaveba – Torem yvelaferi imiT damTavrdeba, rom
SetyobinebaSi mTavari gaxdeba ara TviT es yvirili, aramed – misi
damuSaveba; mwerali, romelic Tavis Tavs sityvasTan aigivebs,
WeSmaritebaze yovelgvar uflebas kargavs, radgan ena – oRond
Tu is Rrmad tranzituli araa – warmoadgens struqturas,
romlis mizania (ukidures SemTxvevaSi, berZnuli sofistikis
droidan) WeSmaritebasa da sicrues Soris gansxvavebis neitral-
4
izeba . samagierod mwerali, cxadia, samyaros simtkicis moryevis
unars iZens, warmoudgens ra mas im praqsisis Tavbrudamxvev san-
axaobas, romelic aravis mier sanqcionirebuli araa. amitom uaz-
214
robaa, mwerlisgan angaJirebul nawarmoebs moviTxovdeT: `an-
gaJirebuli~ mwerali erTdroulad `or struqturaze~ dakvras
cdilobs,rac SeuZlebelia TaRliTobis, eSmakuri xrikebis ga-
reSe, romelTa daxmarebiTac metri Jaki xan mzareuli iyo, xan –
meetle, magram – arc erTi da arc meore erTdroulad; gana Rirs
kidev erTxel CamoTvla didi mwerlebisa, romlebic an araanga-
Jirebuli iyvnen an angaJirebuli iyvnen `ise ra~, da – Tavdadeb-
iT angaJirebuli adamianebisa, romlebic cudi mwerlebi iyvnen?
mwerlisgan pasuxismgeblobas unda moviTxovdeT, magram aqac
bevri ram gasarkvevia. is faqti, rom mwerali pasuxismgebelia
Tavis azrebze, am SemTxvevaSi araarsebiTia; arc isaa gamorCeviT
mniSvnelovani, iRebs Tu ara metad Tu naklebad gacnobierebul
im ideologiur daskvnebs, misi nawarmoebebidan rom gamomdin-
areobs; mwerlis namdvili pasuxismgebloba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom literaturas ganicdides, rogorc – ganuxorcielebel an-
gaJirebas, rogorc – moses mzeras realobis aRTqmuli miwisken
(aseTia, magaliTad, kafkas pasuxismgebloba).
bunebrivia, literatura RvTis wyaloba ki ara, proeqtebisa
da gadawyvetilebebis erTobliobaa, romelTa saSualebiTac
adamiani Tavis Tavs ganaxorcielebs (anu, rogorRac, arsebas
iZens) uSualod metyvelebis procesSi; mwerali isaa, visac mw-
erlad yofna swadia. aseve bunebrivia, rom mwerlis produqci-
is momxmarebeli sazogadoeba mis proeqts gaiazrebs, rogorc
mowodebas, enaze muSaobas – rogorc enis flobis unars,xolo
teqnikur xerxebs – rogorc xelovnebas. ase daibada miTi kargi
stilis Sesaxeb: mwerali daqiravebuli qurumia, didi franguli
sityvis taZris naxevraddamsaxurebuli, naxevradsasacilo dam-
cveli; aseTi wminda saqoneli (erTgvari nacionaluri sakuTreba)
iwarmoeba, miewodeba, moixmareba da eqsportis saxiT gaitaneba,
sulier RirebulebaTa umaRlesi ekonomikis CarCoebSi. formaze
mwerlis Sromis aseT sakralizacias mniSvnelovani da srulebi-
Tac araformaluri Sedegebi mohyva. misi wyalobiT (rigiani)
sazogadoeba, Tu misTvis nawarmoebis Sinaarsi uxerxuli aR-
moCndeba, ucxovdeba am Sinaarsisgan, aqcevs ra mas wminda san-
axaobad, romlis Sesaxebac ukve SeiZleba liberaluri gulgri-
lobiT msjeloba; sazogadoeba aneitralebs Tavisi kritikosis
meamboxur vnebebs da damangrevel gamosvlebs – erTi sityviT,
yuradRebis qveS hyavs mwerali; `angairebul~ mwerals isRa dar-
215
Cenia, ganuwyvetliv da umweod esrodes mas gamowvevas. adre Tu
gvian, nebismieri mwerali integrirdeba literaturis social-
uri institutebis mier – garda im SemTxvevisa, roca is saerTod
Tavs anebebs samwerlo saqmes anu uars ambobs sityvasTan yofiT
TviTgaigivebaze; amitomacaa, rom mweralTagan ase cota wyvets
weras. es xom imas niSnavs, rom Tavi moikla, moukvde im yofiere-
bas, romelic airCie. Tu xdeba kidec ise, rom mwerali dumdeba,
maSin misi mdumareba airekleba, rogorc xmamaRali eqo, rogorc
5
sakuTari rwmenidan auxsneli mowyveta (rembo) .
rac Seexeba mokalmeebs, isini `tranzituli~ tipis adami-
anebi arian: isini garkveul mizans isaxaven (damowmebas, axsnas,
swavlebas), da sityva mxolod misi miRwevis saSualebaa; maTTvis
sityva Tavis TavSi saqmes Seicavs, TviT sityva ki aseTs arafers
warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, ena kvlav `azris~ matarebeli sa-
komunikacio iaraRis bunebriv rolamde daiyvaneba. romc uTmob-
des mokalme TviT werils garkveul yuradRebas, ontologiurad
is amaze mainc ar zrunavs – mas sxva ram ainteresebs. mokalme ar
axdens sityvaze araviTar arsebiTad mniSvnelovan teqnikur moq-
medebas; mis gankargulebaSia yvela mokalmisTvis saerTo werili
–erTgvari koine, sadac, ra Tqma unda, erTmaneTisgan gansxvavde-
ba dialeqtebi (magaliTad: marqsistuli, qristianuli, eqsis-
tencialuri), magram Zalian iSviaTad – individualuri stilebi.
saqme isaa, rom mokalmis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebas misi sakomunika-
cio proeqtis gulubryviloba warmoadgens: mokalme fiqradac
ar dauSvebs, rom mis mier dawerili Tavis TavSi Caiketos, raTa iq,
striqonebs Soris, SesaZlebeli gaxdes sxva iseTi ramis amokiTx-
va, vidre mas hqonda mxedvelobaSi; gana mokalme moiTmens imas,
rom misi naweri fsiqoanalizis sagnad aqcion? is varaudobs, rom
Tavisi sityviT mkafios xdis samyaroSi raRac ganusazRvrels,
iZleva mis erTmniSvnelovan (Tundac ara saboloo) axsnas an ra-
Rac udavos iuwyeba (Tundac sxvaTa codnis mokrZalebul gad-
mocemas eweodes). mwerlisTvis ki am dros, rogorc vixileT,
yvelaferi piriqiTaa: man mSvenivrad icis, rom misi sityva ara-
tranzitulia (aseTia misi arCevani da aseTia misi Sromis saz-
risi), rom sityvas, mTeli Tavisi kategoriulobis miuxedavadac
ki, Tavad Seaqvs samyaroSi gaurkvevloba, rom is paradoqsulad
gvevlineba didebul-mravlismetyvel mdumarebad da rom am si-
tyvis devizad SeiZleba iqces mxolod Jak rigos Rrmaazrovani
216
SeniSvna: `Cems mtkicebebSic ki kiTxvebia~. mweralSi raRac quru-
miseulia, mokalmeSi – ubralo mgalobliseuli: erTisTvis si-
tyva TviTmiznur qmedebas warmoadgens (anu garkveuli Tvalsaz-
risiT – Jests), meorisTvis ki – moRvaweobas. paradoqsi imaSia,
rom sazogadoeba tranzitul sityvas gacilebiT civad iRebs,
vidre – aratranzituls; dResac ki, miuxedavad mokalmeTa siux-
visa, sazogadoebaSi maTi mdgomareoba gacilebiT rTulia, vi-
dre – mwerlebis. amis mizezi, upirveles yovlisa, materialuri
garemoebebia. mwerlis sityvis saqonelbrunva saukuneebis gan-
mavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli arxebiT xorcieldeba; sazogadoebas
gaaCnia literaturis sagangebod Seqmnili instituti, romelic
mxolod am sityvas ganagebs. da piriqiT, mokalmis sityva mxolod
iseTi socialuri institutebis mfarvelobiT iwarmoeba da gam-
oiyeneba, romlebsac Tavdapirvelad sruliad sxva funqcia hqon-
daT miniWebuli, vidre – brunvaSi enis CarTva: esaa, upirvele-
sad, universiteti, xolo damatebiT – samecniero gamokvlevebi,
politika da a. S. amas garda, mokalmis sityva aramyaria sxva miz-
eziTac. ramdenadac igi azris ubralo matarebels warmoadgens
(an Tvlis Tavis Tavs aseTad), misi sasaqonlo xarisxi im proeq-
tze gadaitaneba, romlis iaraRicaa. igulisxmeba, rom mokalme
vaWrobs Tavisi azriT da araviTar xelovnebaze ar fiqrobs, -
`wminda~ azris (ufro zustad Tu vityviT, `aragamoyenebiTis~)
mTavari miTuri niSan-Tviseba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is
fuladi mimoqcevis gareT gamomuSavdeba; gansxvavebiT formis-
gan, romelic, valeris TqmiT, Zviri Rirs, azri araferi Rirs, sa-
magierod mas arc yidian, aramed didsulovnad Cuqnian. amasTan,
ikveTeba, sul mcire, kidev ori gansxvaveba mweralsa da mokalmes
Soris. upirveles yovlisa, mokalmis mwarmoebluri saqmianoba
yovelTvis Tavisufalia, magram imavdroulad – raRaciT `akvi-
atebulic~; mokalme sazogadoebas raRac iseTs sTavazobs, razec
yovelTvis rodi arsebobs moTxovnileba; sazogadoebrivi insti-
tutebisgan, bazrisgan ganze mdgomi misi sityva, paradoqsuli
saxiT, gacilebiT met individualobas amJRavnebs (yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, Tavisi motivebiT), vidre – mwerlis sityva. mokalmis fun-
qciaa – yvelgan da yovelTvis dauyonebliv gamoTqvas is, rasac
6
fiqrobs. da am funqciaSi is Tavis sakmaris gamarTlebas xedavs;
amiTaa gamowveuli misi sityvis simwvave da gadaudebloba – es
sityva yovelTvis amJRavnebs konfliqts azris Seukaveblobasa
217
da im sazogadoebis CamorCenilobas Soris, romelsac ar surs
saqonlis moxmareba, Tu es ukanaskneli aranairi gansakuTrebuli
institutiT dakanonebuli ar aris. aqedan a contrario aSkaraa meo-
re gansxvaveba: literaturuli (samwerlo) sityvis socialuri
funqcia sxva araferia, Tu ara saqonlad azris gadaqceva (sindi-
sis, an sulis Zaxilis), Tavis sasicocxlo brZolaSi sazogadoeba
iswrafvis, daiuflos, moiSinauros, institucionalizebulyos
azris winaswarganusazRvreloba, saamisod ki enas iyenebs – yvela
arsebuli institutis models. paradoqsuli isaa, rom `maprovo-
cirebeli~ sityvac iolad xdeba damokidebuli literaturis
institutze: enobrivi normebis nebismieri darRveva (rembodan
ioneskomde) swrafad da umwikvlod erTveba sistemaSi, mapro-
vocirebel azrs ki, rogorc ar unda ecadon uSualod (gauSu-
aleblad) mis gamoxatvas, formis neitralur zolze unayofod
wvalebaRa darCenia; normebis darRveva arasdros aris sruli.
aq aRwerili winaaRmdegoba sinamdvileSi iSviaTad mJRavn-
deba wminda saxiT. dResdReobiT, yvela Cvengani meti Tu naklebi
siaSkaraviT meryeobs mwerlis rolsa da mokalmis rols Soris;
rogorc Cans, ase mogvisaja istoriam; misi nebiT Cven erTob gvian
davibadeT, rom vyofiliyaviT mwerlebi, romlebsac mSvidi sin-
disiT eamayebaT TavianTi wodeba, – da erTob adre (?), rom viyoT
mokalmeebi, romelTac yurs ugdeben. amJamad inteleqtualTa
yvela warmomadgeneli Tavis TavSi orive am rolis matarebelia,
da erT-erT maTgans met-naklebi warmatebiT `malavs~; mweralTa
qcevaSi moulodnelad Cndeba mokalmeTa mouTmenloba, xolo
mokalmeebi drodadro enis Teatralur warmodgenaSi monawile-
obis miRebamde maRldebian. gvinda raRac davweroT, am dros ki
ubralod vwerT (am sityvis gardauvali azriT). erTi sityviT,
Cvenma epoqam, rogorc Cans, hibriduli tipi warmoSva – mweral-
mokalme. misi TviT funqciac ucilobeli paradoqsulobisaa –
masSi gamowvevacaa da grZnebiT Sekvrac; formalurad misi sity-
va Tavisufalia, ar emorCileba literaturuli enis instituts,
magram, am Tavis TavisuflebaSi gamomwyvdeuli, is „sayoveldReo
werilis“ formis mimReb wesebs gamoimuSavebs; literatorTa
saamxanagodan gamosuli mweral-mokalme sxva – inteleqtual-
Ta – saamxanagoSi aRmoCndeba xolme. zogadsocialur doneze
es axali gaerTianeba damatebiT funqcias asrulebs: inteleq-
tualebis werili ara-enis paradoqsul enad gamosCans da sa-
218
zogadoebas sistemis gareSe (institutis gareSe) komunikaciaze
axdenil ocnebad warmoudgeba; mweral-mokalme sazogadoebis
TvalSi werilis gareSe werilis ideals ganaxorcielebs, wminda
azris gadacemas, romlis procesSic ar gamocalkevdeba aranairi
umniSvnelo Setyobineba. Soreul da imavdroulad aucilebel am
ideals sazogadoeba TiTqmis kata-Tagvobanas eTamaSeba – is aRi-
arebs mweral-mokalmes da iZens (cot-cotaobiT) mis nawarmoe-
bebs da iRebs rogorc sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis faqtebs, ima-
vdroulad ki igi usafrTxo manZilze hyavs imiT, rom aiZulebs
eyrdnobodes universitetismagvar meorexarisxovan, sazoga-
doebis kontrols daqvemdebarebul institutebs da imiT, rom
ganuwyvetliv sayvedurobs pirdapirobas, ese igi – miTur enas,
unayofobas (sayveduri, romelsac ar ganicdis arc erTi mwera-
li). erTi sityviT, anTropologiis TvalsazrisiT, mweral-moka-
lme – esaa gankicxuli, romelic, wyeulis Soreuli memkvidre,
swored Tavisi gankicxulobis mizeziTaa CarTuli sazogadoe-
baSi. sociumSi misi funqcia raRaciT msgavsia imisa, rasac klod
levi-strosi grZneuls miawers, – damatebiTobis funqciisa,
vinaidan grZneulic da inteleqtualic TiTqosda Tavis TavSi
koncentrirebulyofen janmrTeli sazogadoebis dasrulebu-
lobisTvis aucilebel avadmyofobas. da, ra Tqma unda, araferia
imaSi gasakviri, rom es konfliqti (an, Tu gnebavT, kontraqti)
enis doneze inaskveba, vinaidan enis mTeli arsi paradoqsSia –
subieqturobis institucionalizaciaSi.

avtoris SeniSvnebi:

1. miiCneva, rom sityva „inteleqtuali“, Tavisi amJamindeli mniS-

vnelobiT, dreifusis saqmesTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSva – gasagebia,
rom antidreifuselebi uwodebdnen ase dreifuselebs.
2. Tavdapirvelad sityva „mwerali“ (ecrivain) aRniSnavda sxvebis
nacvlad mwerel adamians, „wignebis avtoris“ Tanamedrove mniS-
vneloba XVI saukuneSi Cndeba.
3. mwerals SeuZlia Seqmnas sistema, magram es sistema aseTi iqneba
mxolod mwarmoeblisTvis da ara literaturis momxmareblisTvis.

219
me did mwerlad vTvli furies – im didebuli speqtaklis ZaliT,
romelic Cvens Tvalwin mimdinareobs samyaros mismieri aRweriT.
4. imas, Tu raoden Znelia sinamdvilis struqturasTan enis struq-
turis damTxvevis miRweva, saukeTesod amtkicebs dialeqtikis mara-
diuli marcxi, roca igi diskursi xdeba. ena aradialeqtikuria, di-
aleqtika metyvelebaSi – mxolod keTili survilia, enas mxolod
SeuZlia Tqvas: „saWiroa dialeqtikuri viyoT“, TviTon ki aseTad
yofna ar SeuZlia. enaSi, mwerlis enis gamoklebiT, ar arsebobs per-
speqtiuli siRrme: mwerals SeuZlia gaxdes dialeqtikuri, magram
mas ar SeuZlia, dialeqtikuri gaxados garesamyaro.
5. ase dgas sakiTxi sadReisod; sapirispirod amisa, rasinis Taname-
droveebs sulac ar akvirvebda, rom rasinma moulodnelad miatova
tragediis wera da mefis moxeled iqca.
6. dauxanebeli Setyobinebis es funqcia pirdapir sapirispiroa mw-
erlis funqciisa: jer erTi, mwerali damgrovebelia. is sxva ritmiT
ibeWdeba, vidre azrovnebs; meorec, Tavisi azrebis gaSualebas igi
saTuTad damuSavebuli „swori“ formiT 1; mesamec, igi mzadaa Tavis
nawarmoebTa Tavisufali gansjisTvis, igi pirdapir sapirispiroa
dogmatikosis.

1960 weli
Targmna daTo barbaqaZem

220
 rolan barti
(1915-1980)

avtoris sikvdili

novelaSi `sarazini~ qalad gadacmuli kastratis Sesaxeb

balzaki wers: `igi namdvili qali iyo, mTeli misi uecari SiSebiT,
amoucnobi axirebebiT, instinqturi mRelvarebiT, umizezo Tav-
xedobiT, laRi gamoxdomebiTa da grZnobaTa warmtaci sifaqiz-
iT~. vin laparakobs ase? iqneb novelis gmiri, romelic cdilobs
ar SeamCnios qalis samosSi gamowyobili kastrati? an balzaki –
individi, Tavisi piradi gamocdilebis safuZvelze rom afasebs
qals? Tu balzaki-mwerali, qalis bunebis Sesaxeb `literatu-
rul~ warmodgenaTa aRmsarebeli? iqneb es zogadsakacobrio
sibrZnea? an romantiuli fsiqologia? amas verasodes gavigebT,
radganac werisas xmis, amosavali pirvelwyaros cneba ukve aRar
arsebobs. wera – bundovanebis, araerTgvarovnebisa da Seusabam-
obis is sferoa, sadac ikargeba Cveni subieqturobis kvali, esaa
Sav-TeTri labirinTi, sadac qreba yovelgvari TviTigiveoba,
pirvel rigSi ki damweris sxeulebrivi igiveoba.

***
rogorc Cans, yovelTvis ase iyo: Tuki raime ambavs mxolod
moTxrobis gulisTvis gviyvebian da ara sinamdvileze pirdapiri
zegavlenis mizniT – anu, roca Txroba aranair funqcias ar as-
rulebs, garda simboluri qmedebisa – maSin xma scildeba Tavis
pirvelwyaros, avtori kvdeba da swored aq iwyeba wera. Tumca,
sxvadasxva dros es movlena sxvadasxvanairad aRiqmeboda. ase
magaliTad, pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi ambavs hyveba ara Cveu-
lebrivi adamiani, aramed specialuri mediatori – Samani an mesi-
tyve; SeiZleba aRgafrTovanos misma `performaciam~ (anu Txro-
biT kodTan mopyrobis ostatobam), magram ara `geniam~.1 avtoris
figura axali drois kuTvnilebaa; rogorc Cans, Cvenma sazoga-
doebam igi maSin Camoayaliba, roca Suasaukuneebis dasasruls,
TavisTvis aRmoaCina (inglisuri empirizmis, franguli raciona-
lizmisa da reformaciis mier dafuZnebuli piradi rwmenis prin-
cipis wyalobiT) individis Rirseba, an ufro maRali stiliT rom
vTqvaT, `adamianis pirovneba~. amitomac logikuria, rom lite-
raturis sferoSi avtoris `pirovneba~ yvelaze didi aRiarebiT
221
pozitivizmSi sargeblobda, romelmac Seajama da bolomde miiy-
vana kapitalizmis ideologia. avtori dRemde batonobs litera-
turis istoriis saxelmZRvaneloebSi, mweralTa biografiebSi,
saJurnalo interviuebSi da Tavad literatorTa cnobierebaSic,
romelic Tavis pirovnebasa da Semoqmedebas intimuri dRiuris
formaSi aerTianebs. Cvens kulturaSi damkvidrebuli litera-
turis centri avtors upyria, aq igi batonobs, misi pirovneba, am
adamianis cxovrebis istoria, misi gemovneba Tu vnebani; kritiki-
sTvis bodleris Semoqmedeba dRemde mis yofiT problemebze
daiyvaneba, van gogis mTeli Semoqmedeba – realur avadmyofoba-
ze, Caikovskisa ki mankierebaze; nawarmoebis axsnas yovelTvis mis
SemoqmedSi eZieben, TiTqos sabolood, gamonagonis metnaklebad
gamWvirvale alegoriulobis miRma, Cven yovelTvis erTi da igi-
ve adamianis, avtoris `aRsarebis~ xma gvesmis.

***
avtoris Zalaufleba jer kidev mtkice safuZvelze dgas (axa-
li kritika mxolod amyarebda am safuZvels), Tumca, ueWvelia
isic, rom zogierTi mwerali ukve didi xania Seecada Seeryia es
Zlevamosileba. safrangeTSi pirveli, albaT malarme iyo, vinc
srulad dainaxa da winaswar ganWvrita imis aucilebloba, rom
Tavad ena daeyenebinaT am enis mflobelis adgilas. malarme mi-
iCnevs – da es Tvalsazrisi emTxveva Cvens dRevandel warmodge-
nas – rom laparakobs ara avtori, aramed ena rogorc aseTi; wera,
Tavis safuZvelSi upirovno saqmianobaa (es upirovnoba aramc da
aramc ar unda avurioT mwerali-realistis gamofitul obieq-
turobaSi), romlis meoxebiTac ukve ara `me~, aramed Tavad ena
moqmedebs,2 `performirebs~; malarmes mTeli poetikis arsi imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom gaauqmos avtori da igi weriT Secvalos, – es
ki, rogorc davinaxavT, mkiTxvelis uflebaTa aRdgenas niSnavs.
`me~-s fsiqologiuri TeoriiT xelfexSekrulma valerim cotaTi
Seamsubuqa malarmes ideebi; magram Tavisi klasikuri gemovnebis
wyalobiT man ritorikis gakveTilebs mimarTa da amitomac ganu-
wyvetliv eWvqveS ayenebda da abuCad igdebda avtors, xazs usvam-
da misi saqmianobis wminda enobriv, garkveulwilad `gauTval-
iswinebel~, `SemTxveviT~ xasiaTs3 da Tavis yvela prozaul wignSi
moiTxovda aRiarebas, rom literaturis arsi sityvaSia Cadebu-
li, mwerlis sulieri cxovrebis damowmeba ki sxva araferia, Tu
222
ara crurwmena. prustic ki, misi e.w. sulis analizis mTeli Tav-
isi xiluli fsiqologizmiT, Tavis amocanad miiCnevda ukidure-
sad gaerTulebina – wvrilmanebSi usasrulo CaRrmavebis xarjze
– urTierToba mweralsa da mis personaJebs Soris. mTxrobelad
man is ki ar airCia, vinc ukve raime naxa da ganicada, arc is, vinc
wers, aramed adamiani, romelic weras apirebs (mis romanSi axal-
gazrda kacs – visic arc asaki viciT da arc is, Tu vin aris igi
– surs weros, magram ar SeuZlia daiwyos da romani swored maSin
sruldeba, roca wera, bolos da bolos, SesaZlebeli xdeba), amiT
ki prustma Tanamedrove weris epopea Seqmna. man Zireuli gada-
trialeba moaxdina: imis nacvlad, rom Tavisi cxovreba aRewera,
rogorc amas xSirad miaweren xolme prusts, man es cxovreba Tav-
isive wignis mixedviT Seqmnil literaturul nawarmoebad aqcia
da CvenTvis cxadi gaxda, rom Sarlu ki araa monteskius anarekli,
aramed piriqiT, monteskiu, Tavisi realur-istoriuli qmedebe-
biT mxolod fragmentia, natexia Sarlusi. Cveni winamorbedebis
am rigSi ukanaskneli adgili siurealizms uWiravs; mas, ra Tqma
unda, ar SeeZlo suverenuli uflebebi mieniWebina enisTvis,
radgan ena sistemaa, am moZraobis mizani ki, romantizmis yaid-
aze, yovelgvari kodis ganadgureba iyo (es mizani iluzorulia,
radganac kodis ganadgureba SeuZlebelia, igi SeiZleba mxolod
`gaaTamaSo~); samagierod, siurealizmi mudam azrobrivi molo-
dinis rRvevisken (ybadaRebuli `sazrisis wyveta~) mouwodebda,
moiTxovda, rom xels gacilebiT swrafad Caewera is, razec war-
modgena ar hqonda tvins (avtomaturi wera); iziarebda da praqti-
kulad axorcielebda jgufur weras da yvelafer amiT, man Tavisi
wvlili Seitana avtoris saxis desakralizaciis saqmeSi. bolos
ki, ukve literaturis momijnave sferom (Tumca, axla es gami-
jvna ukve azrs kargavs), Zalze Zvirfasi iaraRi mogvca avtoris
figuris analizisa da rRvevisTvis: Tanamedrove lingvistikam
gvaCvena, rom gamonaTqvami, rogorc aseTi – fuWi procesia da
TavisTavadac SesaniSnavad sruldeba, ise rom, arc aris saWiro
mosaubris piradi SinaarsiT SevavsoT igi. lingvistikis mixed-
viT, avtori mxolod isaa, vinc wers, iseve rogorc `me~ aris mx-
olod is adamiani, romelic `me~-s ambobs; ena icnobs `subieqts~,
magram ara `pirovnebas~ da es subieqti – romelic sametyvelo
aqtiT ganisazRvreba da mis gareSe Sinaarsisgan icleba – sakma-
risi xdeba, raTa Tavis TavSi `daitios~ mTeli ena da amowuros
misi yvela SesaZlebloba.
223
 ***
avtoris mokveTa (brextis kvalad, aq namdvil `gaucxoeba-
zec~ SegviZlia visaubroT – avtori pataravdeba da mxolod mom-
cro figurad Cans literaturul `scenaze~) – es ara ubralod
istoriuli faqtia, an weris efeqti: misi meSveobiT safuZvli-
anad icvleba mTeli Tanamedrove teqsti, anu – rac erTi da ig-
ivea – axla teqsti ise iqmneba da ikiTxeba, rom avtori aRar Cans,
teqstis yvela doneze misi kvali qreba. upirveles yovlisa, sxva-
nairi gaxda droiTi perspeqtiva. maTTvis, visac sjera avtoris,
igi yovelTvis warsul droSi moiazreba da win uswrebs Tavis
wigns; wigni da avtori TavisTavad ganlagdebian saerTo RerZze,
romelic winamavalsa da momdevnos Soris aris orientirebuli;
iTvleba, rom avtori guliT atarebs wigns, anu misi arseboba win
uswrebs wignisas, igi azrovnebs, itanjeba, cxovrobs amisTvis,
igi iseTive winamorbedia Tavisi nawarmoebisTvis, rogorc mama
SvilisTvis. rac Seexeba Tanamedrove skriptors, igi teqstTan
erTad ibadeba, ar gaaCnia aranairi yofiereba weris dawyebamde
da weris gareSe, igi sulac araa is subieqti, romelTan mimarTe-
baSic misi wigni predikati iqneboda; mxolod erTi dro rCeba –
sametyvelo aqtis dro da yoveli teqsti mudam aq da axla iwereba.
amis Sedegad (an mizezi) wera zmnis azri amieridan raRacis dafiq-
sirebaSi, asaxvaSi, aRbeWdvaSi, `daxatvaSi~ (rogorc klasikosebi
ambobdnen) ki ar mdgomareobs, aramed imaSi, rasac ligvistebi,
oqsfordis skolis filosofosebis kvalad, performativs
uwodebdnen4 – arsebobs aseTi iSviaTi zmnuri forma, romelic
mxolod awmyo drois pirvel pirSi ixmareba, romelSic ubnobis
aqti aranair sxva Sinaarss (sxva gamonaTqvams) ar moicavs, gar-
da Tavad am aqtisa: magaliTad, vacxadeb mefis, an vmReri Zveli
poetis piriT. Sesabamisad, Tanamedrove skriptors, avtoris
mospobis Semdeg, aRar SeuZlia ifiqros, Tavis winamorbedTa pa-
Tetikuri Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad – rom xeli ver aswrebs azrsa
Tu vnebas misdios; da radgan asea, man, beds damorCilebulma, Ta-
vad unda gausvas xazi am CamorCenas da usasrulod `awesrigos`
Tavisi nawarmoebis forma; piriqiT, misi xeli wyvets yvelanair
kavSirs xmasTan, wmida moxazulobiT (da ara gamomxatvelobiT)
Jests asrulebs da amiT niSanTa garkveul vels xazavs, romelsac
amosavali wertili ar gaaCnia, – yovel SemTxvevaSi, igi mxolod
enidan, rogorc aseTidan, amodis, ena ki eWvqveS ayenebs nebismier
warmodgenas amosavali wertilis Sesaxeb.
224
 ***
axla ukve viciT, rom teqsti sityvebis sworxazovani jaWvi
araa, romelic erTaderT, garkveul Teologiur sazriss (avto-
ri-RmerTis `Setyobinebas~) gamoxatavs, aramed mravalganzo-
milebiani sivrce, sadac erTmaneTs erwymian da epaeqrebian weris
gansxvavebuli tipebi, romelTagan arc erTi ar warmoadgens
amosavals; teqsti citatebisganaa moqsovili da aTasobiT kul-
turul pirvelwyaroze migviTiTebs. mwerali buvarsa da pekiuS-
es hgavs, am marad gadamwerebs – diadsa da sasacilos amave dros
– romelTa Rrma komikurobac swored weris WeSmaritebaze mow-
mobs; mas SeuZlia mxolod ganuwyvetliv baZavdes imas, rac mana-
mde daiwera da es dawerilic, Tavis mxriv, ar warmoadgenda raRac
pirvelads; mas mxolod weris sxvadasxva tipebis aRreva ZaluZs,
maTi dapirispireba ise, rom arc erTs ar daeyrdnos srulad;
Tuki igi Tavis gamoxatvas moindomebda, unda gaeTvaliswinebina,
rom Sinagani `arsi~, romlis gadmocemasac igi eswrafvis, sxva
araferia, Tu ara ukve mza leqsikoni, sadac sityvebi mxolod
sxva sityvaTa meSveobiT aixsnebian da ase, usasrulobamde. ase
daemarTa, magaliTad, ymawvil Tomas de kuinsis: man, bodleris
sityviT, ise iswavla Zveli berZnuli, rom am mkvdar enaze Tana-
medrove azrebisa da saxeebis gadmosacemad `TavisTvis Seqmna
da nebismier dros mzad hqonda sakuTari leqsikoni, gacilebiT
rTuli da vrceli imasTan SedarebiT, romelsac wminda lit-
eraturul Txzulebebze muSaobisas gamoiyenebda~ (`xelovnuri
samoTxe~). avtoris nacvlad movlenili skriptori Tavis TavSi
vnebebs, xasiaTebs, grZnobebs an STabeWdilebebs ki ar atarebs,
aramed mxolod amgvar usasrulo leqsikons, risi meSveobiTac
igi wers, wers SeuCereblad, ganuwyvetliv; cxovreba mxolod
baZavs wigns, wigni ki niSnebiTaa moqsovili, Tavadac raRac ukve
daviwyebuls baZavs da ase usasrulobamde.

***
ramdenadac avtori aRar arsebobs, safuZveli ecleba teqs-
tis `gaSifvris~ aucileblobasac. teqstisTvis avtoris miCena
Seferxebas niSnavs, amiT teqsts saboloo mniSvnelobas vaniWebT
da weras vaferxebT, vketavT. aseTi Tvalsazrisi savsebiT awyobs
kritikoss, romelic Tavis umniSvnelovanes amocanad miiCnevs
nawarmoebSi avtori aRmoaCinos (an misi sxvadasxva hipostasebi,
225
iseTebi, rogorc sazogadoeba, istoria, sulis Tavisufleba):
Tuki avtori napovnia, e.i. teqsti `axsnilia~, kritikosma gaimar-
jva. amitomac ar unda gagvikvirdes, rom avtoris batonoba is-
toriulad kritikosis batonobac iyo, aseve eWvs ar iwvevs isic,
rom axla, avtorTan erTad, kritikis safuZvelic Seirya (Tundac
axali kritikis). marTlac, mravalganzomilebian weraSi saWiro
xdeba yvelafris gamorkveva, magram iq araferia gasaSifri;
struqturas SeiZleba nebismier doneze adevno Tvali, “amoWimo”
(rogorc windis CamoSvebuli Rilkilo) igi mTeli Tavisi gameo-
rebebiT, magram SeuZlebelia fskers miaRwio; weris sivrce Cven
garbenisTvis gvaqvs boZebuli da ara garRvevisTvis; wera ganu-
wyvetliv badebs sazriss, magram igi maSinve uCinardeba, xdeba
sazrisis sistematuri gamoTavisufleba, ris mixedviTac lit-
eratura (amieridan ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva, wera) uars am-
bobs teqstis (da mTeli samyaros, rogorc teqstis) miRma raRac
`idumali~, saboloo sazrisi dainaxos da aRmoaCens Tavisi arsiT
kontrTeologiuri, revoluciuri moRvaweobis Tavisuflebas,
radgan roca sazrisis dinebas ar ewinaaRmdegebi, sabolood Ta-
vad RmerTsac uaryof da mis yvela hipostassac – racionalur
wesrigs, mecnierebas, kanons.

***
davubrundeT balzakis frazas. am sityvebs aravin ambobs (anu
aranairi `piri~): Tuki mas aqvs pirvelwyaro da xma, es kiTxvisas
gamoCndeba da ara werisas. amis gagebaSi erTi metad zusti ana-
logia dagvexmareba. bolodroindel gamokvlevebSi (J.p.vernani)
demonstrirebuli iyo berZnuli tragediis safuZvelSi arse-
buli orazrovneba: misi teqsti ormniSvnelovani sityvebiTaa
naqsovi, romelTac yoveli moqmedi piri calmxrivad aRiqvams
(swored am mudmiv gaugebrobaSi mdgomareobs `tragikulis~ arsi).
Tumca aris viRac, visac yoveli sityva mTeli misi orobiTobiT
esmis da esmis moqmed pirTa sicruec; es `viRac~ – mkiTxvelia (an
am SemTxvevaSi, msmeneli). ase gamoikveTeba weris erTiani arsi:
teqsti weris mravali sxvadasxva saxeobisgan Sedgeba, romelTac
gansxvavebuli kulturuli warmoSoba aqvT da erTmaneTTan dia-
logis, parodiis, kamaTis urTierTobaSi modian, Tumca mTeli
mravlobiToba garkveul wertilSi fokusirdeba, romelsac av-
tori ki ar warmoadgensq – rogorc aqamde amtkicebdnen – aramed
226
mkiTxveli.5 mkiTxveli is sivrcea, sadac yvela is citata aRibe-
Wdeba, romelTa wyalobiTac wera xdeba SesaZlebeli; teqsti
erTianobas moipovebs ara Tavis warmoSobiT, aramed mxolod
daniSnulebiT, oRond es daniSnuleba piradi misamarTi; mkiTx-
veli – esaa adamiani istoriis, biografiis, fsiqologiis gareSe,
igi mxolod viRaca, vinc erTad krebs yvela im Strixs, daweril
teqsts rom Seadgens. amitomac sasacilod gamoiyureba, roca
vcdilobT davgmoT weris uaxlesi manera da yvelaferi es raRac
humanizmis gulisTvis keTdeba – humanizmis, romelic TvalTmaq-
curad asaRebs Tavs mkiTxvelTa uflebebis damcvelad. klasi-
kuri yaidis kritikas araferi esaqmeboda mkiTxvelTan; misTvis
literaturaSi mxolod is arsebobs, vinc wers. axla ukve veRar
mogvatyueben amgvari antifrasisebiT, romelTa meSveobiTac
pativcemuli sazogadoeba keTilSobiluri guliswyromiT qoma-
gobs mas, visac sinamdvileSi igi zRudavs, uaryofs, axSobs da
anadgurebs. axla Cven ukve viciT: imisTvis, raTa weras ganaRde-
buli hqondes momavali, aucilebelia davamxoT miTi mis Sesaxeb
– mkiTxvelis dabadebis sazRauri, avtoris sikvdilia.

SeniSvnebi

1. cnobilia, rom folkloruli `siuJeti~ or sxvadasxva doneze

arsebobs: erTi mxriv, igi garkveuli semantikuri erTeulis, kodis
saxiT gvevlineba da meore mxriv, am kodis realizacias, gadmoce-
mas warmoadgens, romelic, arsebiTad, am kodisve interpretirebas
axdens. igi sinqronuladaa dakavSirebuli kodTan – Tumca tradici-
ulad, am urTierTobas diaqronuli, droiTi terminebiT axasiaTe-
ben xolme – da ganuwyvetliv axlidan aRniSnavs, aRwers mas.
2. Sdr.p.valeri: `xibli, romelsac is (malarme) Tavs axvevs mkiTx-
vels, TviT enis sakuTari bunebisamebr, ganpirobebulia uxamsobe-
bisa da gaugebrobebis simravliT, rac imdenad garduvalia, rom
avtoris azris uSualo da srulyofili gadmocema, Tuki SesaZle-
blad miviCnevT amas, uTuod gamoiwvevda xelovnebis yvelaze mSven-
ieri efeqtebis ganqarebas da gaqarwylebas… am ucnauri azrebis wy-
alobiT, me TandaTan mivedi im daskvnamde, rom ar unda mimeniWebina
weris aqtisTvis sxva ram mniSvneloba, pirwmindad TviTwvrTnisa
da TamaSis garda, rac mTlianad dafuZnebulia enis mkacrad gan-
227
sazRvrulsa da zustad ganzogadoebul saSualebebze, romlebmac,
enis gamoyenebisas, sruli Tavisufleba, sruli TviTrwmena unda
mogvaniWon da dagvixsnan im iluziebisgan, rasac TviT es gamoyeneba
iwvevs da riTac suldgmuloben sityvieri qmnilebebi da… adamianebi~
(b.bregvaZis Targmani).
3. `leqsi arasodes ar aris dasrulebuli – mxolod SemTxveviToba
asrulebs mas~.
4. gamonaTqvami, romelic moqmedebis, qcevis ekvivalenturia (laT.
performo – vmoqmedeb). performativi qmnis socialur, komunikatiur
situacias, romelsac, rogorc wesi, garkveuli qmedeba mohyveba
xolme (ficis micema, omis gamocxaldeba, anderZi). erTi sityviT, igi
avtoreferentuli movlenaa, radganac Tavis mier Sesrulebul (Tu
Sesasrulebel) moqmedebaze migviTiTebs (me vwer, me davwer) da amiT,
garkveulwilad, magiur formulebs gvagonebs.
cneba `performativi~ jon ostinma Semoitana 40-ian wlebSi; am
terminis ganmartebas mieZRvna misi leqciebis kursi saxelwodebiT
`sityva, rogorc qmedeba~.
5. frangma literaturaTmcodnem, Jerar Jenetma erT-erT kolo-
qviumze (1966 wels) teqsti mebiusis lents Seadara, sadac Sida da ga-
reTa, aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis, werisa da kiTxvis mxareebi ganuw-
yvetliv brunaven da adgilebs icvlian, wera mudam ikiTxeba, kiTxva
ki wers da Tavs aRbeWdavs…
sainteresoa, rom oponentebma arasworad gaiges cneba da faces-s
(mxare) nacvlad phases (faza) miiCnies am “diqotomiis” safuZvlad.
Jenetma ki daazusta: `mebiusis lenti, romelsac nawarmoebi Seva-
dare, moicavs werisa da kiTxvis ara or “fazas~ (phases) (rac absurdu-
li iqneboda), aramed or mxares (faces). es Secdoma araa SemTxveviTi,
radganac Tqven sivrce drois enaze gadagyavT; TqvenTan yvelafers
Tavis rigi aqvs: jer avtori, Semdeg mkiTxveli. Cven ki swored am Tan-
mimdevrobaze vambobT uars. CvenTvis wera da kiTxva erTdroulia
da Seqcevadi…~.

Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo

malxaz xarbediam.

1968

228
 rolan barti
(1915-1980)

weris nulovani xarisxi

Sesavali

eberi Tavisi `mamilo diuSanis~ arcerT nomers ar iwyebda

`eSmakma dalaxvros~ tipis an, kidev ufro magari lanZRvis ga-
reSe. es mwvave sityvebi arafers niSnavda, samagierod amosacno-
bi niSani iyo. risi niSani? maSin arsebuli mTeli revoluciuri
situaciisa. Cvens winaSe aris nimuSi werisa/werilobisa, romlis
funqciac ara mxolod imaSi mdgomareobda, rom rame Seetyobin-
ebina an gamoexata, aramed imaSic, rom realoba gaemyarebina – is-
toria da am istoriaSi Cveni monawileoba.

yoveli dawerili sityva msgavsi iarliyiT aris aRbeWdili da

is, rac `mamilo diuSanis~ mimarT aris WeSmariti, WeSmaritia lit-
eraturasTan mimarTebaSic. masSic unda iyos raRac amosacnobi
niSani, rac gansxvavebulia misi Sinaarsisa da konkretuli form-
isagan da es `raRac~ – misi daxSulobaa, risi wyalobiTac igi sa-
kuTar Tavs literaturad acxadebs. aqedan momdinareobs niS-
nebis erToblioba, romlebic konkretul ideasTan, enasTan da
stilTan kavSiris gareSe arseboben da romlebic mowodebulni
arian gamoavlinon am ritualuri sityvis izolacia gamoxatvis
yvela SesaZlo xerxebis mWidro masidan. werilobiTi niSnebis es
ritualuri statusi amkvidrebs literaturas, rogorc gansa-
kuTrebul instituts da aSkarad iswafis imisken, rom igi isto-
rias Camoacilos, vinaidan wes-Cveulebis nebismieri Caketiloba
mudmiv ucvlelobaze warmodgenis gareSe ver iarsebebs. magram
swored maSin, rodesac istorias uaryofen, igi yvelaze ufro
gaxsnilad moqmedebs, ai, ratom SeiZleba vadevnoT Tvali lite-
raturuli sityvis istorias, romelic verc enis, verc stilis,
verc literaturulobis niSnebis istoria iqneba. SeiZleba vi-
varaudoT kidec, rom formis amgvari istoria Taviseburad SeZ-
lebs gamoavlinos Tavisi kavSiri siRrmul istoriasTan.
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 saqme iseT kavSirs exeba, romelTa formebsac Tavad istoria-
sTan erTad SeuZliaT cvlileba. ar aris araviTari aucileblo-
ba rom mivmarToT pirdapiri determinizmis ideas imisTvis, raTa
weris/werilobis sxvadasxva formebis bedze vigrZnoT istoriis
gavlena: raRac funqcionaluri frontis moZraoba, romelic is-
toriuli drois nakadSi iTrevs movlenebs, situaciebs an ideebs,
gansazRvravs ara imdenad Sedegebs, ramdenadac gakeTebuli ar-
Cevanis sazRvrebs. istoria mwerlis winaSe warsdgeba winadadeb-
iT gaakeTos aucilebeli arCevani ramdenime enobriv morals
Soris; igi aiZulebs mwerals moniSnos literatura arsebuli
SesaZleblobidan gamomdinare, romelzec mas gavlena aqvs. am-
rigad, Cven vnaxavT, rom burJuaziis ideologiurma erTianobam
migviyvana weris/werilobis erTiani stilis warmoSobasTan da
rom burJuaziul (anu klasikur da romantikul) epoqaSi forma
ver gaixliCeboda ramdenime SesaZleblobas Soris, radgan ar iyo
gaxleCili Tavad mwerlis cnobiereba. piriqiT, im wuTidan (1850
w), rodesac mwerali aRar iyo universaluri WeSmaritebis gamomx-
atveli da gaxda ubeduri cnobierebis matarebeli, pirvel aqtad
formis arCeva aqcia: igi Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebulebas, xdeba
angaJirebuli, iRebs an uaryofs weras/werilobas, romelic misi
warsulis kuTvnilebaa. ase daimsxvra klasikuri wera/weriloba
da mTeli literatura floberidan moyolebuli dRevandelo-
bamde – sityvis problematikad iqca.
swored am dros literatura (Tavad es sityva bevrad adre
ar gaCenila) ganuxrelad iqca refleqsiis sagnad. klasikur xe-
lovnebas ar ZaluZda Tavi enad aReqva, radganac igi Tavad iyo
ena anu raRac gamWvirvale, romelic imyofeboda unaleqod gad-
adinebis mdgomareobaSi. es iyo universaluri gonebisa da deko-
raciuli niSnebis idealuri Serwymis xerxi, romelic ar flobda
sakuTar sxeuls da romelic ar akisrebda araviTar pasuxismge-
blobas; socialur da aramc da aramc bunebriv mizezTa gamo, es
ena sakuTar TavSi iyo Caketili. cnobilia, rom meTvramete sau-
kunis miwuruls es gamWvirvaleoba daibinda; literaturulma
formam sakuTar TavSi damatebiTi Zala ganaviTara, romelic arc
mis wyobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da arc mis keTilxmovanebasTan,
igi iwyebs moxiblvas, SeSfoTebas, mojadoebas; igi wonas iZens.
230
amieridan literaturas aRiqvamen ara rogorc socialurad
privilegirebuli ganzogadebis saSualebas, aramed rogorc Sem-
Widrovebul, CaRrmavebul sityvas, romelic savsea idumalebiT;
mas erTdroulad aRiqvaven rogorc zmanebasa da safrTxes.
aqedan gamomdinareobs Sedegi: literaturulma formam,
rogorc obieqtma, miiRo SesaZlebloba Tavis mimarT gamoewvia
egzistencialuri SegrZnebebi, romlebic yoveli obieqtis siR-
rmul arsTan aris dakavSirebuli: siuxcovis, naTesaobis, ziz-
Ris, keTilganwyobis, Cveulebrivobis, siZulvilis gancdebi.
ai, amitom aris, rom ukve asi wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveli wera/
weriloba warmoadgens mcdelobas moiSinauros an uaryos forma
– obieqti, romelsac mwerali gardauvlad xvdeba Tavis gzaze,
romelsac igi yuradRebiT unda CauRrmavdes, daupirispirdes
an Seurigdes da romelic SeuZlebelia ise daangrios, rom saku-
Tar TavSi mwerali ar gaanagduros. forma mwerlis winaSe obieq-
tiviT kiafobs, rogorc ar unda moeqces mas, es skandals iwvevs:
Tu forma brwyinvalea, maSin igi moZvelebulad gamoiyeneba,
Tu anarqiulia – antisazogadoebrivi xdeba, Tu Tavisi droisa
da TanamedroveebisTvis uCveuloa – simartovis gansaxierebad
iqceva.
mTeli mecxramete saukune formis dauflebis dramatuli
procesis mowme iyo. SatobrianTan es mxolod umniSvnelo dan-
aleqia, enobrivi eiforiis TiTqmis uwono tvirTi, Taviseburi
narcisizmi, rodesac weras/werilobas mxolod umniSvnelod
gadahqonda yuradReba Tavisi instrumentaluri daniSnulebi-
dan da sakuTar saxes uRrmavdeboda. floberma (aq mxolod xsen-
ebuli procesebis yvelaze saxasiaTo momentebze mivuTiTebT),
romelmac weris/werilobis samuSao Rirebuleba Seqmna, sabo-
lood aqcia literatura obieqtad: forma `warmoebis~ saboloo
produqtad iqca, iseve, rogorc qoTani an saiuveliro nawarmi
(es niSnavs, rom moxda Tavad warmoebis aqtis `saxeldeba~, sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, pirvelad gadaiqca sanaxaobad da mayure-
belTa cnobierebaSi Cainerga). dabolos, literatura-obieqtis
konstruirebis es procesi malarmem daagvirgvina Tavisi uka-
naskneli aqtiT – mkvlelobiT, romelic yovelgvar obieqti-
vacias asrulebs. cnobilia, rom malarmes mTeli Zalisxmeva
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mimarTuli iyo sityvis ganadgurebisken, romlis gvamic litera-
tura unda gamxdariyo.
amrigad, weram TandaTanobiTi gamkvrivebis yvela etapi gai-
ara. igi jer dasaTvalierebeli obieqti gaxda, Semdeg – warmoe-
bis, xolo bolos ki – mkvlelobis. axla igi Tavisi metamorfozis
bolo wertils – gaqrobas miaRwia weris/werilobis im neitralur
saxeobaSi, romelsac aq `weris nulovan xarisxs~ vuwodebT ar
aris Zneli gasarCevi erTi mxriv swrafva uaryofisken, meore
mxriv ki, misi praqtikaSi ganaxorcielebis uZlureba, TiTqos
literatura, romelic ukve aswleulebis manZilze cdilobs
Tavisi saxe iseT formad aqcios, romelic moklebulia memkvi-
dreobiTobis yovelgvar niSnebs da amgvarad met siwmindes moi-
povebs vidre is, romelic mas SeuZlia misces yovelgvari niSnis
ararsebobam, rac, saboloo jamSi, saSualebas iZleva asruldes
orfeosis ocneba: gaCndes mwerali literaturis gareSe. TeTri
wera/weriloba, magaliTad, kamius, blanSos, keirolis wera/wer-
iloba, an kenos salaparako wera/weriloba v es weris/werilobis
vnebaTa ukanaskneli epizodia, romelic Tan sdevs burJuaziuli
Semecnebis rRvevis process.
Cven aq gvsurs mivuTiToT am kavSirze da aseve davasabuToT
raRac formaluri warmonaqmnis arseboba, romelic arc enaze da
arc stilze ar aris damokidebuli. Cven miznad visaxavT vaCvenoT,
rom formis es mesame ganzomileba aseve akavSirebs mwerals sa-
zogadoebasTan, Tumc masSi tragizmis wilic aris. bolos da
bolos, Cven gvinda xazi gavusvaT imas, rom ar arsebobs liter-
aura enobrivi moralis gareSe. winamdebare naSromis moculoba
(misi nawyvetebi 1947 da 1950 wlebSi qveyndeboda gazeTSi `komba”)
aSkarad uCvenebs, rom aq saubaria wignis Sesavalze, romelic Sei-
Zleba iqces `weris istoriad~.

232
 nawili pirveli

I. ra aris wera/weriloba?

cnobilia, rom ena warmoadgens wesebis da Cvevebis er-

Tobliobas, romelic saerToa erTi epoqis yvela mwerlisTvis.
es niSnavs, rom ena, raRac bunebis msgavsad, mTlianad msWvalavs
mwerlis sityvas, magram miuxedavad amisa, ar aZlevs mas araviTar
formas da ar kvebavs mas: igi banalur WeSmaritebaTa abstraqtul
wres hgavs da mxolod mis sazRvrebs gareT iqmneba calkeuli mw-
erlis sityvis Tavisebureba. ena moicavs literaturis sferos
daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc xazi, sadac ca da dedamiwa xvdeba
erTmaneTs da romelic adamianisTvis Cveuli samyaros saz-
Rvrebs Semofarglavs. ena imdenad masalis maragi ar aris, ram-
denadac horizonti, ufro sworad, erTdroulad teritoriac
aris da misi sazRvrebic, erTi sityviT, es aris enis samflobelos
sivrce, sadac sakuTari Tavis grZnoba TviTdarwmunebulad Sei-
Zleba. sityvasityviTi mniSvnelobiT mwerali arafers ar iRebs
enidan, ena misTvis ufro zRvars niSnavs, romlis gadalaxvac mas
SesaZloa sityvis zebunebrivi Tvisebebi gauxsnas; ena – es aris
moedani, romelic winaswar aris momzadebuli moqmedebisTvis,
erTdroulad igi SezRudvasac warmaodgens da SesaZleblobaTa
diapazonis gaxsnasac. ena ar aris is sfero, sadac adamiani saku-
Tar Tavze socialur valdebulebebs iRebs, es mxolod refleq-
sia, romlisTvisac ucxoa arCevani, igi ara mxolod mwerlebis,
aramed mTeli xalxis ganuyofeli sakuTrebaa. igi ar monawileobs
sityvierebis wes-CveulebiT qmedebaSi; igi Tavisi bunebiT aris
socialuri obieqti da ara adamianis arCevanis Sedegad. arc erT
mwerals ar ZaluZs daubrkoleblad Seitanos Tavis Tavisufle-
ba am gaumtar enaSi, radganac masze dgas bunebasaviT uwyveti da
erTiani mTeli istoria. ai, ratom aris ena mwerlisTvis mxolod
adamianuri horizonti, sadac SoreTSi ikveTeba SesaZlebloba
siaxlovisa, romelic, garda yvelafrisa, uaRresad negatiurad
ganisazRvreba: imis Tqma, rom kamiu da keno erTi da imave enaze
saubroben, mxolod imas niSnavs, rom gansxvavebis operaciis meS-
veobiT SevaxsenoT warsulisa da momavlis yvela ena, romlebzec
isini ar laparakoben. ukaviaT ra Sualeduri mdgomareoba ukve
233
gamqral da jer kidev ucnob formebs Soris, mwerlis ena imdenad
niadags ar warmoadgens, ramdenadac ukidures sazRvars. es aris
geometriuli sazRvari, romlis iqiTac mas arafris Tqma ar Seu-
Zlia ise, rom mobrunebuli orfeosis darad ar dakargos Tavisi
enobrivi qmedebis mdgradi azri da sazogadoebisTvis kuTv-
nilebis Tavisi mTavari niSani.
maSasadame, ena TiTqos literaturis aqeTa mxares mdebare-
obs. xolo stili ki, TiTqmis mis sapirispiro mxares imyofeba:
specifikuri saxeobrioba, gamomxatvelobiTi manera, mocemuli
mwerlis leqsikoni – yovelive es misi sxeulis cxovrebiT da
misi warsuliT aris gamsWvaluli da rac nel-nela misi ostato-
bis avtomatur xerxebad iqceva. ase Cndeba `stilis~ saxeliT av-
tonomiuri sityva, romelic Caflulia mwerlis pirad, intimur
miTologiaSi, misi enobrivi organizmis sferoSi, sadac ibadeba
sityvebisa da sagnebis pirveladi kavSiri, sadac erTxel da sam-
udamod yalibdeba misi arsebobis ZiriTadi verbaluri Temebi.
rogori daxvewilic ar unda iyos stili, masSi yovelTvis aris
raRac masalidan: stili, es aris forma daniSnulebis gareSe,
mas raRac Zala mierekeba qvemodan, nacnobi Canafiqri ki ar iz-
idavs zemodan; stili – es aris adamianis azri mis verbalur da
ganyenebul ganzomilebaSi. igi gvagzavnis adamianSi biologiur
sawyisSi an misi wasulSi da ara istoriaSi: igi mwerlis bunebri-
vi `materiaa~, misi simdidre da cixe, stili – misi simartovea.
stili sulerTia sazogadoebisTvis, romelic mis miRma iyure-
ba, stili warmoadgens TviTnebur piradul aqts da aramc da
aramc ar aris mwerlis arCevanis an refleqsiis produqti lit-
eraturasTan mimarTebaSi. stili literaturul wes-CveulebaSi
kerZo uflebiT monawileobs, igi amoizrdeba mwerlis individu-
aluri miTologiidan da misi pasuxismgeblobis farglebs ga-
reT ifurCqneba. es aris uxilavi, saidumlo sxeulis xatovani
xma. igi Tavad aucileblobasaviT iqceva, ise, TiTqos Cazrdis-
ken swrafvisas brma da jiuti metamorfozis saboloo stadias
warmoadgendes da gadaiqceva raRac udablesi enis nawilad,
romelic warmoiqmneba xorcisa da gare samyaros mijnaze. stili
– ganviTarebis raRac fenomenia, pirovnebis organuli Tvise-
bebis gare gamovlinebaa. Aai, ratom aris, rom yvelaferi, razec
stili mianiSnebs, siRrmeSi Zevs, Cveulebriv metyvelebas hori-
zontaluri struqtura aqvs, misi yvela saidumloc imave zeda-
234
pirzea ganlagebuli, sadac sityvebi, romlebisganac igi Sedgeba
da yvelaferi, ris damalvasac igi lamobs, maSinve ixsneba misi
saubris procesSi; metyvelebaSi yvelaferi uSualoa da dauy-
ovnebeli moxmarebisTvis aris gankuTvnili; aq sityva, dumili
da maTi moZraoba mimarTulia jer kidev ararsebuli azrisken:
es aris SeuCerebeli srbola, romelic ar tovebs kvals. stils
ki sapirispirod, mxolod vertikaluri ganzomileba aqvs, igi
piradi mexsierebis samalavebSia Cafluli da Tavad misi Seu-
valoba sxeulis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan warmoiSoba;
stili yovelTvis metaforaa, anu es aris urTierToba avtoris
literaturul intencias da misi sxeulis struqturas Soris
(gavixsenoT, rom struqturaSi SeCerebulia yovelgvari gangr-
ZobiToba). ai, ratom aris stili mudmivi saidumlo, magram misi
utyvi mxare srulebiTac ar aris yovelTvis dakavSirebuli moZ-
rav, mudmivi gadavadebebiT aRsavse bunebriv enasTan. stilis
saidumlo aris is, rac axsovs Tavad mwerlis sxeuls, misi miniS-
nebis Zala ar aris damokidebuli sametyvelo nakadis moZraobis
siswrafeze, sadac gamouTqmelic ki naTqvamis formad iqceva. es
Zala Tavad stilis SemWidrovebulobaSi igrZnoba, radganac mis
qveS mtkiced da Rrmad ileqeba realobis iseTi Sreebi, romlebic
sruliad ucxoa sityvisTvis da es realoba an intensiuradaa Sem-
Widrovebuli an rbiladaa ganfenili mis yvela figuraSi. stili
erTgavar zeliteraurul qmedebad iqceva, sadac adamiani yov-
lisSemZleobisa da magiis zRurblze dgas. stilis biologiuri
buneba mas xelovnebis gareT, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mwerlisa
da sazodadoebis damakavSirebeli SeTanxmebis miRma ayenebs.Aai,
ratom ar aris Zneli im avtorTa warmodgena, romlebic upirate-
sobas aniWeben im usafrTxoebas, romelsac maT ostatoba hpird-
eba im simartovesTan SedarebiT, romlisTvisac stili swiravs.
ase, magaliTad, andre Jidi, romelic Tavisi xelosnuri maneris
wyalobiT siamovnebas klasikuri eposis Tanamedrove damuSave-
baSi poulobda (iseve rogorc sen-sansi baxis gadakeTebiT iyo
dakavebuli, pulenki ki – Subertisa), warmoadgens mwerlis tips
stilis gareSe. amis sapirispirod, axali drois poezia (hiugo,
rembo, Sari) gaJRenTilia stiliT, xolo xelovnebad gvevlineba
mxolod im donemde, sadamdec poeziis intenciebTan inarCunebs
kavSirs. swored stilis Zlevamosileba, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
sruliad Tavisufali kavSiri sityvisa mis sxeulebriv oreul-
235
Tan, aniWebs mwerals axal sunTqvas, romelic TiTqosda isto-
riis zemoT dahqrolebs.
enis horizonti da stilis vertikaluri ganzomileba mwerl-
isaTvis moniSnaven bunebrivi sferos sazRvrebs, vinaidan igi ar
irCevs arc Tavis enas, arc Tavis stils. ena moqmedebs, rogorc
raRac uaryofiTi gansazRvreba, igi SesaZleblis sawyis zRvars
warmoadgens, stili ki aucileblobaa, romelic mwerlis bunebas
mis sityvasTan akavSirebs. erT SemTxvevaSi igi istoriasTan si-
axloves iZens, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – sakuTar warsulTan. magram
yovelTvis saqme exeba raRac bunebrivs, anu moqmedebis Cveu-
lebriv formas, rodesac Tavad mwerlis energias mxolod iara-
Ris xasiaTi aqvs da erT SemTxvevaSi enis elementebis gadamete-
baze midis, meoreSi ki – sakuTari sxeulis gardaqmnaze stilad.
Amagram arasodes akeTebs imas, rom moniSnos es da imsjelos an
ganacxados gakeTebuli arCevanis Seasxeb.
amasTan, yovel formas aqvs sakuTari mniSvnelovneba, ai
ratom rCeba enasa da stils Soris kidev erTi formaluri war-
monaqmnis – weris/werilobis – adgili. yoveli literaturuli
forma gulisxmobs imis zogad SesaZleblobas, rom airCes nacno-
bis toni an, ufro zustad, rogorc Cven amas vuwodebT – `eTo-
si~. swored aq iZens mwerali mkafio individualobas, radganac
swored aq iRebs igi sakuTar Tavze socialur pasuxismgeblobebs,
xdeba angaJirebuli. ena da stili win uswrebs sityvis nebismier
problematikas, isini drois da avtoris biologiuri pirovnebis
bunebrivi produqtebia. formis sferoSi ki mwerals sakuTar
Tavad qceva mxolod im dadgenilebebs miRma SeuZlia, romlebic
mas gramatikuli normebis da misi stilis konstantebs karnaxo-
ben, iq, sadac Tavdapirvelad enis sruliad neitralur bunebaSi
Caketili avtoris werilobiTi sityva bolos da bolos yovlis-
momcvel niSnad, garkveuli adamianuri qcevis xerxis arCevis sa-
Sualebad, konkretuli sikeTis damkvidrebis xerxad iqceva da
amiT iTrevs mwerals im sferoSi, sadac mas SesaZlebloba eZleva
naTelyos da sxvebs Seatyobinos bednierebis an safrTxis Seg-
rZnebebi, sadac Tavad misi metyvelebis forma – misi enobrivi
Taviseburebebi da stiluri ganumeorebloba sabolood Caiwneba
sxva adamianebis ukidegano istoriaSi. ena da stili brma Zalebia,
xolo wera/weriloba – istoriuli solodarobis aqtia. ena da
stili obieqtebia, wera/weriloba ki – funqcia. igi warmoad-
236
gens kavSiris saSualebas qmnilebasa da sazogadoebas Soris, es
aris literaturuli sityva, romelic gardasaxulia Tavisi so-
cialuri daniSnulebis wyalobiT, es aris forma aRebuli ada-
mianuri intenciis mxridan da dakavSirebulia istoriis yvela
did krizisTan. magaliTad, merimes da fenelons ganasxvavebda
ara mxolod enis fenomeni, aramed maTi stilis Taviseburebebic;
magram, miuxedavad amisa, maTi sityva gamsWvaluli iyo erTi da
igive intenciiT, isini momdinareobda formis da Sinaarsis Sesax-
eb erTnairi warmodgenebidan, isini pirobiTobis erTsa da igive
teqnikur xerxebs mimarTavdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sau-
kunenaxevari aSorebs, isini erTi da igive xerxebiT, erTnairi in-
strumentiT muSaobdnen, romelmac, ra Tqma unda, odnav Seicvala
garegnuli forma, magram aramc da aramc – Tavisi mdgomareoba an
daniSnuleba. mokled rom iTqvas, maTi wera/weriloba erTnairi
iyo. sapirispirod ki, merime da lotreamoni, malarme da selini,
Jidi da keno, klodeli da kamiu – TiTqmis Tanamedroveebi ar-
ian, romlebic erTi da imave, istoriulad Camoyalibebul fran-
gul enaze saubroben, magram mkveTrad gansxvevebuli weris/
werilobis saxeobebiT sargebloben. maT yvelaferi ganasxvavebs:
toni, gamomxatvelobiTi manera, Semoqmedebis mizani, morali,
metyvelebis Taviseburebani, ase rom, epoqisa da enis erTianoba
bevrs ar niSnavs weris/werilobis aseTi kontrastuli da swored
kontrastulobis gamo aseTi gansazRvruli weris/werilobis
tipebisTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom weris/werilobis es tipebi erTmaneTis-
gan gansxvavdeba, maTi Sedareba mainc SeiZleba, radganac isini
erTi da igive miswrafebam warmoSva – mwerlis gansjam formis
socialuri gamoyenebis Taobaze da amasTan dakavSirebulma arCe-
vanma. wera/weriloba, imyofeba ra literauruli problematikis
centrSi da romelic mxolod masTan erTad Cndeba, mTeli Tavisi
arsiT moralis formaa, igi warmoadgens im socialuri sivrcis
arCevanis aqts, romelSic mwerali wyvets moaTavsos Tavisi si-
tyvis samyaro. magram es srulebiTac ar aris is sivrce, sadac
literaturis faqtiuri moxmareba xdeba. mwerlisTvis sulac ar
aris saubari ama Tu im socialuri jgufis arCevaze, romlisTvi-
isac is weras apirebs, man kargad icis, rom revoluciuri epoqeb-
is gamoklebiT, yovelTvis erTi da igive sazogadoebisTvis wers.
misi es arCevani Zevs sulis da ara praqtikuli efeqturobis sf-
237
eroSi. wera, es aris literaturis gaazrebis da ara misi mkiTxve-
lebs Soris gavrcelebis xerxi. an ase: wored imitom, rom mwerals
ar xelewifeba literaturis moxmarebis obieqturi pirobebis
Secvla (es wminda istoriuli pirobebi mas arc maSin emorCileba,
rodesac igi maT acnobierebs), mas Segnebulad gadaaqvs Tavisu-
fali sityvaSi Tavisi moTxovnileba misi sawyisebis da ara misi
gamoyenebis sferoSi. ai, ratom warmoadgens wera/weriloba or-
mag warmonaqmns, erTi mxriv, igi ueWvelad warmoiqmneba mwerlisa
da sazogadoebis urTierTdapirispirebisas; meore mxriv ki mwer-
als ubiZgebs tragikuli gzisken, romelic mwerlobis social-
uri miznebidan misi instrumentuli sawyisebisken midis. ar aqvs
ra imis SesaZlebloba, rom mwerals Tavis gankargulebaSi misces
Tavisuflad gamosayenebeli ena, istorias mainc SeuZlia Cauner-
gos mas Tavisuflad warmoebuli enis moTxovnileba.
amrigad, weris/werilobis arCevac da mis mier dakisrebuli
pasuxismgeblobac mwerlis Tavisuflebaze metyvelebs, magram am
Tavisuflebis sazRvrebi sxvadasxvaa istoriis sxvadasxva peri-
odSi. mwerals ar SeuZlia amoirCios Tavisi wera/weriloba lit-
eraturuli formebis raime zedrouli arsenalidan. mwerlisT-
vis SesaZlebeli weris saxeobebi Cndeba istoriis da tradiciis
gavleniT: arsebobs weris/werilobis istoria, romelsac ori
saxe aqvs: im wuTs, rodesac sayovelTao istoria win wamoswevs an
Tavs moaxvevs literaturuli sityvis axal problematikas, wera/
weriloba jer kidev Caflulia mogonebebSi Tavis warsul cx-
ovrebaze, vinaidan sityva arasodes ar aris ucodveli: sityvebs
meoradi mexsiereba aqvT, romlebic SesaniSnavad ganagrZoben
cxovrebas axal enobriv mniSvnelobebs Soris. wera/weriloba
sxva araferia, Tu ara kompromisi Tavisuflebasa da mogonebas
Soris, es Tavis Semaxsenebeli Tavisuflebaa, romelic aseTad
rCeba arCevanis momentSi, magram aramc da aramc mis Semdeg. dRes
Tavisuflad SeiZleba ama Tu im weris/werilobis arCeva da amiT
sakuTari Tavuflebis damkvidreba – SeiZleba iqonio preten-
zia siaxleze, an ganacxado, rom tradiciis mimdevari xar; ma-
gram saqme isaa, rom SeuZlebelia momavalSic Tavisufali darCe,
radgan nel-nela iqcevi sxvebis an sakuTari sityvebis tyvedac
ki. narCeni magnituri nakadebi, romlebic jiutad moedineba
aramxolod sxvebis, aramed sakuTari warsuli weris/werilobis
mTeli mravalferovnebidan, axSoben Cemi sakuTarive xmis amJa-
238
mindel JReradobas. nebismier weriT/werilobiT damagrebul
sityvaSi iseve, rogorc Tavdapirvelad gamWvirvale, sufTa da
neitralur qimiur naerTSi, xdeba naleqebis gamoyofa; Tavad
drois svla amJRavnebs masSi warsuls, romelic suspenziasaviT
aris koncentrirebuli da sul ufro mkafiod aiZulebs masSi da-
farul kriftogramas, raTa gamoCndes.
amrigad, iseve, rogorc Tavad Tavisufleba, werac mxolod
momentia, magram es erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino momentia isto-
riaSi, radganac istoria pirvel rigSi, swored arCevanis SesaZle-
blobis matarebelia da amave dros mis sazRvrebzec swored imis
gamo, rom wera/weriloba iqmneba rogorc mwerlis mniSvnelovani
saqcielis produqti, amitom misi Sexeba istoriasTan gacilebiT
ufro sagrZnobia, vidre literaturis nebismieri sxva plastisa.
klasikuri weris erTianobidan (romelic saukuneebis manZilze
inarCunebda Tavis erTgvarovnebas) Tanamedrove weris mraval-
ferovan saxeobebze gadasvla Taviseburi afeTqebaa, romelic
Rrmad aris dakavSirebuli saerTo istoriis mier gancdil did
krizisTan da romelic gacilebiT ufro bundovnad gairCeva
literaturul istoriaSi, am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT.
is, rac ganasxvavebs floberis `azrovnebas~ balzakis `azrovne-
bisgan~, aris gansxvaveba im literaturul mimarTulebebs Soris,
romlebsac isini ekuTvnodnen. magram is, rac sapirispiroa maT
weraSi, es aris mkveTri gardatexa, romelic swored im momentSi
moxda, rodesac mimdinareobda ori ekonomikuri struqturis
cvlileba da romelmac msoflaRqmaSi da cnobierebaSi Zireuli
cvlilebebi gamoiwvia.

II. politikuri wera/weriloba

yovelgvari werisTvis/werilobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Si-

nagani Caketiloba, romelic ucxoa salaparako enisTvis. wera/
weriloba sulac ar aris adamianebs Soris urTierTobis ia-
raRi, es ar aris Tavisufali gza, romelzec wminda enobrivi
intencia SesZlebda msvlelobas. Cveulebrivi metyveleba qao-
tur nakadad amoifrqveva, mas axasiaTebs winisken mimarTuli,
maradiulad dausrulebeli moZraoba. Amis sapirispirod wera/
weriloba gamyarebul enas warmoedgens, igi sakuTar TavSi kon-
239
centrirebuli cxovrobs da srulebiT ar miiswrafis imisken,
rom TviTgaSlis procesi cnobil mizanTan miaxloebis moZrav
Tanamimdevrobad aqcios. piriqiT, vinaidan mas aqvs erTiani da
SeuRwevadi mkvrivi niSnebi, igi mxolod iseT metyvelebas am-
kvidrebs, rogoric dadgenilia mis realur gaCenamde did xniT
adre. wera/weriloba da Cveulebrivi metyveleba erTmaneTs im
TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba, rom wera/weriloba gvevlineba,
rogorc raRac simboluri, sakuTari Tavisken mimarTuli, enis
farul Sida mxareze Segnebulad damiznebuli warmonaqmni, ma-
Sin rodesac salaparako ena warmoadgens mxolod carieli niS-
nebis Tanamimdevrobas, romelsac azri mxolod win mimarTuli
moZraobis SemTxvevaSi aqvs. mTeli metyveleba swored sityvebis
am gacveTaSi mdgomareobs, msgavsad qafisa sametyvelo nakadis
zedapirze. metyveleba mxolod iq arsebobs, sadac ena Riad fun-
qcionirebs, rogorc erTgvari STanTqmis procesi, romelic mx-
olod aramdgradi sityvebis nayofs iTrevs. weris/werilobis
fesvebi ki sapirispirod, enisgare niadagSi Cadis, sityva xaziv-
iT win ki ar miiltvis, aramed marcvaliviT zemoT amoizdreba;
wera/weriloba antikomunikaciuria, igi SiSismomgvrelia. nebis-
mier weraSi/werilobaSi SeiZleba im ormagobis povna, romelic
mas axasiaTebs rogorc gansakuTrebul obieqts, romelic erT-
droulad warmoadgens rogorc enobrivi gamomsaxvelobis, ise
iZulebis formas. weris/werilobis siRrmeSi yovelTvis ileqeba
raRac `faqtori~, romelic enisTvis, rogorc aseTisTvis, uxcoa.
iqidan mzera mimarTulia raRac enismiRmuri miznisken. es mzera
savsebiT SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli Tavad sityvisken da misiT
iyos mojadoebuli, rogorc es literaturul weraSi xdeba, ma-
gram aseT mzeraSi SeiZleba ikveTebodes dasjis muqarac da ma-
Sin Cvens winaSe politikuri weraa/werilobaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi
weris amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi ileTSi gaerTiandes
faqtebis realuroba da miznis idealuroba. ai, ratom aris, rom
yoveli Zalaufleba, an Zalauflebis moCvenebiToba yovelTvis
SeimuSavebs xolme aqsiologiur weras, sadac distancia, romel-
ic Cveulebriv erTmaneTs aSorebs faqtsa da mis mniSvnelovnebas
– Rirebulebas, nadgurdeba Tavad sityvis farglebSi, romelic
erTdoeulad iqceva faqtis konstataciis saSualebadac da mis
Sefasebadac. sityva xdeba alibi (anu danaSaulis adgilze aryof-
nis mowmoba, gamarTlebis aqti). naTqvami ara mxolod liter-
240
taturuli weris/werilobis sxvadasxva saxeobebis mimarT aris
swori, sadac niSnebi enamdel da zeenobriv momnusxvel gavlenas
ganicdian, aramed didwilad politikuri weris/werilobis mi-
marTac, sadac enobrivi alibi erTdroulad daSinebis da saxe-
lis moxveWis saSualebacaa. WeSmaritad, yvelaze metad swored
Zalaufleba (da ara brZola misTvis) warmoSobs saxasiaTo weris/
werilobis tipebs.
qvemoT Cven vnaxavT, rom klasikuri wera/weriloba sazei-
mod acxadebda mwerlis kuTvnilebis Sesaxeb garkveuli poli-
tikuri sociumisadmi da rom beladis warmodgenebis Sesabamisad
saubari, pirvel rigSi niSnavda imaT mxares dadgomas, vis xelSic
iyo Zalaufleba. da Tu revoluciis Sedegad am weris/werilobis
formebma cvlileba ar ganicades (radganac saazrovno energiis
matarebelad ZiriTadad erTi da igive klasi rCeboda da mxolod
misi sulieri batonoba gadaizarda politikur ZalauflebaSi),
maSin Tavad pirobebis gansakuTrebuloba warmoSobda sakuTar
revoluciur weras/werilobas iq, sadac mimdinareobda es brZo-
la, anu – didi klasikuri formis wiaRSi. igi revoluciuri iyo
ara Tavisi struqturis gamo, romelSic sakmaoze metad iyo Se-
narCunebuli akademizmi, aramed Tavisi specifiuri Caketilobis
mizeziT, romelic oreuliviT gamoxatavda realobis niSnebs,
vinaidan am epoqaSi enobrivi praqtika, ise, rogorc arasdros is-
toriaSi, dakavSirebuli aRmoCnda daRvrili sisxlis nakadebT-
an. revolucionerebs sul mcire mizezic ki ar hqoniaT saimisod,
rom klasikuri wera SeecvalaT, maT azradac ar mosvliaT eWvi
SeetanaT adamianis bunebaSi da kidev ufro naklebad ki – mis ena-
Si. volteris, rusosa da vovenargisagan miRebuli `iaraRis~ av-
toriteti maT TvalSi ver Seiryeoda. revoluciuri weris/weri-
lobis Tavisebureba istoriuli momentis Taviseburebis gamo
warmoiSva. bodlerma odesRac axsena `gadamwyvet cxovrebiseul
garemoebebSi gakeTebuli Jestis emfatikuri WeSmariteba~. rev-
olucia swored erT-erTi iseTi gadamwyveti garemoeba gamodga:
WeSmariteba imdenad gaiJRinTa misTvis daRvrili sisxliT, rom
mis gamosaxatad mxolod Teatraluri gazviadebis pompezuri
saSualebebiRa gamodgeboda. ena, romelic dRes Tavisi maRal-
fardovnebiT gvancvifrebs, maSin sruliad Seesabameboda Tavad
sinamdviles. enobrivi inflaciis yvela niSniT aRbeWdili wera/
weriloba erTaderTi zusti iyo Tavisi epoqisTvis: arasdros ar
241
yofila metyveleba aseTi xelovnuri da aseTi naklebad yalbi.
emfaza ara mxolod is forma aRmoCnda, romelic momxdarma dra-
mam Seqmna, aramed igi mis TviTSegnebad iqca. am eqstravagantuli
sityvieri samosis gareSe, romelSic maSin yvela didi revolu-
cioneri Seimosa da romelmac sent-emilionSi dapatimrebul
Jirondist gades Rimilis kvalis gareSe (radganac igi sikvdilze
midioda) saSualeba misca wamoeZaxa: `diax, me gade var! jalaTo,
gaakeTe Seni saqme! midi, miutane Cemi Tavi samSoblos tiranebs.
misi danaxva maT yovelTvis SiSis zars scemda: mokveTils rom
ixilaven, kidev ufro SeSindebian!~ – revolucia ver SeZlebda
eTamaSa im miTologiuri movlenis roli, romelmac gaanayofi-
era Semdgomi istoria da win gauswro nebismier warmodgenas rev-
oluciis Sesaxeb. revoluciuri wera/weriloba TiTqos revo-
luciuri legendis enteleqiad (ἐντελέχια Zv. berZn. _ Zveli ber-
Znuli filosofiis cneba, romelic yoveli sagnis realurobasa
da dasrulebulobas niSnavs – m.n.) iqca: igi afrTxobda da samo-
qalaqo kurTxevas aZlevda sisxlisRvras.
sruliad gansxvavebulia marqsistuli wera. Tavad misi
formis Caketiloba Cndeba ara ritorikuli Zalisxmevisa an eno-
brivi emfazis wyalobiT, aramed teqnikuri leqsikonismagvari
gansakuTrebuli, specifikuri da Caketili leqsikis gamoyenebis
Sedegad; aq metaforebic ki umkacres kodifikacias eqvemdebare-
bian. franguli revoluciis wera an sisxlis uflebas iZleoda, an
moraluri gamarTlebisa. marqsistuli wera/weriloba ki Tavis
warmoSobiT Semecnebis enaa, es wera/weriloba erTmniSvnelo-
vania, radganac igi mowodebulia daamkvidros bunebis Sinagani
monoliTuroba; am weris/werilobis leqsikuri erTianoba sa-
Sualebas iZleva sinamdviles erTgvarovani ganmarteba misces
da xeli Seuwyos meTodis mdgradobas. politikuri praqtikebis
enebTan marqsistul weras/werilobas Sexeba mxolod Tavisi eno-
brivi teritoriis ukidures sazRvrebze aqvs. ramdenadac emfa-
tikuri iyo revoluciuri wera/weriloba safrangeTSi, imdenad
liToturia marqsistuli wera imis gamo, rom aq yoveli sityva
mxolod miniSnebaa mis ukan mdgomi, magram ara uciloblad aqve
gamoTqmuli principebis jamur erTianobaze. ase, magaliTad,
gamoTqma gayolieba, romelic sakmaod xSiria marqsistul wera-
Si, Cveulebriv moklebulia im neitralur mniSvnelobas, romel-
ic mas leqsikonSi aqvs. igi warmoadgens miTiTebas sruliad
242
garkveul, konkretul istoriul procesze da emsgavseba alge-
brul simbolos, romliTac aRniSnaven adre Camoyalibebul pos-
tulatebs, romlebic frCxilebs gareTaa gatanili.
marqsistuli wera dakavSirebulia moqmedebasTan, amitomac
Zalian male igi Sefasebis garkveuli sistemis gamoxatule-
bad iqca. es Tavisebureba, romelic ukve marqsTanaa SesamCnevi
(Tumc, mTlianobaSi misi wera/weriloba ganmartebiT xasiaTs in-
arCunebs), srulad daeufla gamarjvebuli stalinizmis weras/
werilobas. formaluri TvalsazrisiT zogierTi msgavsi cneba,
romelic neitralur leqsikonSi saeWvoa, rom orjer iyos nax-
senebi, aq sruliad gaxleCilia. amasTan, yoveli naxevari Tavis
sakuTar dasaxelebas iZens: magaliTad `kosmopolitizmi~ (ukve
marqsTan) aris `internacionalizmis~ negatiuri saxelwodeba.
stalinizmis samyaroSi, sadac gansazRvreba, romelic zRvars
atarebs sikeTesa da borotebas Soris mTlianad eufleba enas.
ukve aRar arsebobs RirebulebiT gulgrili sityvebi da sabo-
loo jamSi weris funqcia dadis iqamade, rom ekonomia gakeT-
des sasamarTlo procesze, radganac wera/weriloba yovelgvar
droiT manZils anadgurebs sasamarTlo ganaCenis dasaxelebis
da misi gamotanis aqts Soris. enis Caketiloba absoluturi xde-
ba, radganac aq nebismieri Rirebuleba saboloo jamSi meore Ri-
rebulebis amxsnelad gvevlineba. magaliTad, rodesac xdeba imis
mtkiceba, rom romeliRac damnaSavem saxelmwifos interesebis
mimarT mavnebluri saqmianoba gaaCaRa, es mxolod imas niSnavs,
rom damnaSave aris adamiani, romelmac danaSaulebrivi qmedeba
Caidina. rogorc vxedavT, saqme namdvil tavtologias exeba, ase-
Ti tavtologia ki stalinuri weris/werilobis mudmivi xerxia.
sinamdvileSi misi mizani faqtebis marqsistuli dasabuTeba an
ama Tu im saqcielis revoluciis interesebiT gamarTleba ki ar
aris, aramed realobis asaxva ukve Sefasebuli saxiT, ganaCenebis
uSualo Tavsmoxveva; sityva `uklonistis~ obieqturi Sinaarsi
sisxlissamarTlebriv xasiaTs atarebs. Tu ori `uklonisti~
ikribeba, isini `fraqcionerebad~ iqcevian, rac obieqturad
sxva tipis danaSauls ar warmoadgens da mxolod sasjelis gam-
kacrebas iwvevs. unda ganvasxvavoT uSualod marqsistuli wera/
weriloba (marqsisa da leninis wera/weriloba) da gamarjvebuli
stalinizmis wera/weriloba (erovnuli demokratiis qveynebis
wera/weriloba). udavoa, rom arsebobs kidev trockistuli wera/
243
weriloba da aseve taqtikuri wera; aseTia, magaliTad, frangi
komunistebis wera/weriloba (romelmac jer `xalxiT~, Semdeg ki
`yvela patiosani adamianiT~ Secvala `muSaTa klasi~ da Segnebu-
lad Seitana araerTmniSvnelovneba iseT gamoTqmebSi, rogorebi-
caa `demokratia~, `Tavisufleba~, `mSvidoba~ da sxv.).
aSkaraa, rom nebismieri politikuri reJimi flobs Tavis
sakuTar weras/werilobas da misi istoria jer kidev dasaw-
eria. enis socialuri valdebulebebi weraSi/werilobaSi gan-
sakuTrebuli TvalsaCinoebiT iCens Tavs. Tavisi daxvewili
araerTmniSvnelovnebis gamo wera/weriloba warmoadgens nebis-
mier Zalauflebas: imasac, rac igi aris da imasac, rogoradac igi
warmoCindeba. igi imasac amJRavnebs, Tu rogoria es xelisufleba
sinamdvileSi da imasac, Tu rogor unda mas rom gamoiyurebodes.
ai, ratom aris, rom sxvadasxva weris/werilobis formebis isto-
ria SeiZleba iqces socialuri fenomenologiis erT-erT sauke-
Teso formad. magaliTad, restavraciis epoqam imgvari klaso-
brivi wra/weriloba SeimuSava, romlis meSveobiTac nebismieri
represiuli aqti sabraldebo ganaCenad warmodgeboda, romelic
bunebrivad momdinareobda Tavad klasikuri `bunebidan~: aq ga-
ficuli muSebi mudmivad warmodegenilni iyvnen `subieqtebad~,
Streikbrxerebi – `gonier muSebad~, xolo mosamarTleTa mo-
nuri morCileba – `magistratebis mamobriv sifxizled~ (dRes,
analogiuri xerxis gamoyenebiT holistebi komunistebs `sepa-
ratistebs~ uwodebdnen). Cven vxedavT, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi
wera/weriloba mSvidi sindisis rolSi gamodis da misi amocana
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yvelaze ufro TaRliTuri saSualebe-
biT moaxdinos movlenebis pirvelmizezTa aRreva maT yvelaze
ufro Soreul SedegebSi da yoveli moqmedeba Tavad misi arsebo-
bis faqtiT gaamarTlos.
sityvierebis Semecnebis velSi politikuri da socialuri
realobis SeWram warmoSva skriptori (scripteur (fr.) – mwerali, is,
vinc wers – m.n.) individis axali tipi – raRac Sualeduri aqtiv-
istsa da mwerals Soris. aqtivistisgan aseTma individma isesxa
moqalaqis idealuri saxe, xolo mwerlisgan ki gadaiRo warmod-
gena imis Sesaxeb, rom wera/weriloba SemoqmedebiTi aqtia. imis
paralelurad, Tu rogor xdeboda mwerlis Canacvleba inteleq-
tualiT, Jurnalistikasa da eseistikaSi mimdinareobda aqtivis-
turi weris/werilobis dabadebis procesi, romelic mTlianad
244
gaTavisuflda stilisgan da gamodioda profesionaluri enis
rolSi, romelic `samuSaoze gamosayeneblad~ aris gankuTvnili.
aseT weras/werilobas uamravi Suq-Crdili aqvs. aravin ar dai-
wyebs imis uaryofas, rom, magaliTad, arsebobs `espris~ an `tan
modernis~ markis wera/weriloba. inteleqtualuri weris yoveli
saxeobis saerTo niSani is aris, rom aq ena ukve wyvets TavisTava-
dobas, aRar aris privilegirebuli sfero da iswrafis iqiT, rom
iqces socialuri valdebulebis TvalsaCino amosacnob niSnad.
aseTi enis gamoyeneba niSnavs ukve momxdari arCevanis dadas-
turebas. wera/weriloba aseT SemTxvevaSi erTgvar xelmowerad
iqceva, romelsac jgufuri gancxadebis bolos vsvamT im SemTx-
vavaSic ki, Tu mis SeqmnaSi monawileoba arc migviRia. am Tu im
weris aTviseba, an ufro sworad aTviseba, niSnavs Cvens mier ga-
keTebuli arCevanis winapirobebze drois ekonomias, es niSnavs,
rom aseTi arCevanis mizezebi TavisTavad igulisxmeba. ai, ratom
aris, rom yoveli inteleqtualuri wera/weriloba pirveli `in-
teleqtis yvela naxtoms~ Sorisaa. Tuki wera/weriloba, romel-
ic warmoadgens absoloturi Tavisuflebis gansxeulebas, vera-
sodes ver iqceva Cemi pirovnebis iarliyad da verafers amcnobs
verc Cemi istoriis, verc Cemi Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, maSin mza
wera/weriloba, romelsac me Tavs mivandob, sxva araferia, Tu
ara sazogadoebrivi warmonaqmni; masSi Cans Cemi warsulic, Cemi
arCevanic, igi me istoriiT mamaragebs, sajarod gamofens Cems
mdgomareobas, makisrebs socialur valdebulebebs da maTa-
visuflebs aucileblobisgan vacnobo amis Sesaxeb. imaze bevrad
ufro metad, vidre odesme, forma gacilebiT ufro TviTkmar
obieqtad, koleqtiuri da daculi sakuTrebis amosacnob niSnad
iqceva. igi funqcionirebs rogorc ekonomikuri maCvenebeli, am
obieqtis meSveobiT individi, romelic dakavebulia weriT/weri-
lobiT, gvatyobinebs Tavisi moqcevis Sesaxeb garkveul sarwmu-
noebaze, magram amavdroulad, Tavidan icilebs Tavisi moqcevis
ambis Txrobas.
Tanamedrove inteleqtualuri weris yvela saxeobaTa or-
piroba im garemoebiT mwvavdeba, rom im epoqis mTeli Zalisxme-
vis miuxedavad, romelSic vcxovrobT, literaturis saboloo
mospoba mainc ver SeZles: igi sityvierebis mimzidvel hori-
zonts warmoadgens. inteleqtualebi isev im, magram sabolood
kangamoucvlel mwerlebad rCebian. Tuki aseT mwerals ar surs
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rTuli viTarebisTvis Tavis daRweva da im aqtivistad qceva,
romelsac meti aRar SeuZlia wera (zogierTs xom swored es
SeemTxva, ris gamo daiviwyes kidec), igi SeuZlebelia ar moeqc-
es yvela winamavali weris/werilobis saxeobaTa hipnozis qveS,
romelsac mas literarura gadascems rogorc SesaniSnavad Se-
naxul, magram moZvelebul instruments. ai, ratom gamoirCeva in-
teleqtualuri wera aseTi aramyarobiT: misi literaturulobis
sazomi misive uZlurebis sazomad iqceva, xolo politikuri igi
angaJirebulobisadmi dauokebeli swrafvis gamoa. mokled, saqme
exeba isev eTikur weras, romelSic weriT dakavebuli individi
(amieridan Znelia gabedo, mas mwerali uwodo) iZens koleqtiuri
xsnis damamSvidebel saxes.
iseve, rogorc Tanamedrove istoriis mdgomareobis pirobeb-
Si nebismieri politikuri wera/weriloba SeiZleba iyos mxolod
policiuri realobis dadastureba, zustad aseve, nebismierma
inteleqtualurma weram/werilobam SeiZleba Seqmnas mxolod
`para-literatura~, romelic ver bedavs ewodebodes sakuTari
saxeli. es niSnavs, rom Cixidan, romelic damaxasiaTebeli am
orive saxis werisTvis/werilobisTvis, ar arsebobs gamosavali;
mas an borotebis xelSewyobasTan/waxalisebasTan mivyavarT, an
uZlurebasTan da maSasadame, ase Tu ise – gaucxoebasTan.

III. romanis wera

romansa da istoriografias Soris mWidro kavSiri arsebobda

im epoqaSi, romelic maTi gansakuTrebuli ayvavebis mowme gaxda.
am kavSirebis siRrme, romelic erTdroulad balzakisa da miSles
gagebis saSualebas iZleva, imiT aris gapirobebuli, rom yoveli
maTgani qmnis Tavis avtonomiur samyaros, romelsac sakuTari
ganzomileba da sazRvrebi, sakuTari dro da sivrce aqvs. saubar-
ia samyaroze Tavisi macxovreblebiT, sagnebiTa da miTebiT.
XIX saukunis udides nawarmoebTa sferuli Caketiloba roman-
istebisa da istorikosebis vrcel (mona)TxrobebSi ganxorciel-
da. am TxrobebSi, romlebic Tavisebur sibrtyes warmoedgend-
nen, romelzec xdeboda im dasrulebuli da Sinaganad Sekruli
samyaros proecireba. mis gadaSenebis gzaze myof saxeobas im
dros gaCenili roman-feletoni warmoadgenda mTeli Tavisi
246
CaxlarTulobiT. magram amasTan, TxrobiToba ar aris am Janris
aucilebeli kanoni. xom arsebobda epoqa, rodesac SesaZlebeli
iyo `romani werilebSi~, sxva epoqaSi ki SesaZlebelia isto-
riografiis arseboba, romelic `personaJis garCevis~ analiti-
kuri xerxiT sargeblobs. es niSnavs, rom Txroba, rogorc forma,
romelic romansa da istoriografias akavSirebs, mTlianobaSi
swored arCevanis produqti da garkveuli istoriuli momentis
gamoxatulebaa.
martivi warsuli dro (le passé simple), romelic gaqra salapara-
ko franguli enidan, Txrobis qvakuTxedad rCeba, es imis signal-
izebaa, rom Cven xelovnebis sferoSi vimyofebiT; martivi war-
suli dro mxatvruli sityvierebis ritualSi Sedis. mis mizans
is ki ar warmoedgens, rom man warsulis raRac moqmedeba gamox-
atos, aramed is, rom realoba wertilis zomaze daiyvanos, ada-
mianis mier gancdili drois erTianobidan sufTa saxiT gamoyos
verbaluri aqti, romelic mokveTilia adamianuri gamocdilebis
egzistencialuri fesvebisgan da romelic orientirebulia kav-
Sirebze sxva procesebTan, sinamdvilis saerTo moZraobasTan:
martivi warsuli dro cdilobs faqtebis samefoSi ierarqia
SeinarCunos. misi meSveobiT zmna nel-nela erTveba mizez-Sede-
gobriv urTierTobebSi, Sedis urTierTdamokidebuli da erTi
mimarTulebis mqone movlenebis erTianobaSi. es dro algebrul
niSans hgavs, romelic garkveuli miznis simbolos warmoadgens.
asaRebs ra movlenebis droiT Tanamimdevrulobas kauzalur
mimdevrobad, igi acocxlebs nebismier Txrobis gonebriv sawyiss
da misi gaSlis unars. amitom aris es dro idealuri instrumenti
sxvadasxva Caketil samyaroTa Sesaqmnelad. es xelovnuri droa,
romelic damaxasiaTebelia kosmogeniebisTvis, miTebisTvis, is-
toriografiisTvis da romanebisTvis. misi gamoyeneba gulisx-
mobs konstruirebuli, mopirkeTebuli da ganyenebuli, gaazre-
buli sayrdenebis mqone samyaros arsebobas da aramc da aramc
TviTnebobis, qaoturobis da uwesrigobis gaTiSuli samyarosi.
martiv warsul droSi yovelTvis ikveTeba demiurgis – RmerTis
an mTxrobelis saxe; samyaroze Txroba xom mis axsnas niSnavs –
nebismieri SemTxveviTobis garkveuli garemoebebis produqtad
warmodgenas. martivi warsuli dro swored is saoperacio niSa-
nia, romlis meSveobiTac mTxrobeli mozaikur realobas sityvis
sterilur sarecelze aTavsebs, romelsac arc sxeuli aqvs,
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arc moculoba da arc sigrZe; misi erTaderTi mizania mizezebi
SedegebTan daakavSiros. rodesac istorikosi amtkicebs, rom
hercogi de gizi 1588 wlis 23 dekembers gardaicvala, xolo mw-
erali gvamcnobs, rom markiza xuT saaTze gavida saxlidan, ma-
Sin es movlenebi sruliad usxeulo warsulidan aRmocendebian.
yofiTobis TrTolvas moklebulni, isini floben simyares da
algebruli sistemebis konturebs: isini mogonebani arian, magram
mogonebani, aRvsilni sargeblobiT: misi interesi ganuzomlad
ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre misi xangrZlivoba.
maSasadame, saboloo jamSi, martivi warsuli dro aris mowes-
rigebulobis da Sesabamisad gulRia optimizmis gansaxiereba.
misi meSveobiT realoba aRar gamoiyureba saidumlod an absur-
dulad, piriqiT, igi ufro gasagebi, TiTqmis mSobliuri xdeba. XIX
saukunis yvela didi mTxrobelis TvalSi samyaro SeiZleba vnebe-
bis aRmZvrelad gamoiyurebodes, magram aramc da aramc bedis
anabarad mitovebulad, vinaidan igi mowesrigebul urTierTo-
baTa erTobliobas warmoadgens. sinamdvilis aRwerili movlen-
ebi erTmaneTze uazrod daxvavebuli veRar iqneba, vinaidan imas,
vinc am samyaroze mogviTxrobs, ZaluZs uaryos warmodgena im
adamianur arsebaTa SeuRwevadobasa da simartoveze, romlebi-
Tac igi dasaxlebulia: mTxrobels Tavisi yoveli fraziT Seu-
Zlia uCvenos adamianebis erTmaneTTan urTierTobis unari da
maT saqcielTa ierarqiuli mowesrigebuloba. mokled rom iTq-
vas, Tavad es saqcielebi mTlianad SeiZleba iyos dayvanili maT
gamomxatvel niSnebamde.
masasadame, TxrobiTi warsuli dro mxatvruli sityvierebis
usafrTxoebis sistemaSi Sedis. ganasaxierebs ra Tavad mowes-
rigebulobis ideas, igi erT-erTi im formalur SeTanxmebaTa-
gani gamodis, romelsac mwerali da sazogadoeba deben. mwerlis
gasamarTleblad da sazogadoebis simSvidisTvis martivi wa-
suli dro aRniSnavs Tavad nawarmoebis Seqmnilobis faqts anu
masze migvaniSnebs da acxadebs mis Sesaxeb. maSinac ki, rodesac
yvelaze pirquSi realizmis miznebs eqvemdebareba, igi mainc sax-
avs imeds imiT, rom sityvebs aiZulebs gamoxaton sakuTar TavSi
dasrulebuli, mdgradi, substantivirebuli qmedebebi. Txroba
sagnebs saxelebs aZlevs, misTvis ucxoa is Zrwola, romelsac
Tavis farglebs gareT garRvevis msurveli sityva nergavs: Sede-
gad, sinamdvile TiTqos mWidrovdeba, Cveul Tvisebebs ibrunebs,
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stilis farglebSi jdeba da ar gadis enis sazRvrebidan. sazoga-
doebaSi, sadac Tavad sityvebis forma miuTiTebs gamoyenebuli
produqciis azrze, literatura samomxmareblo Rirebulebis
rols TamaSobs. amis sawinaaRmdegod, rodesac Txrobas sxva lit-
eraturuli Janrebis sasargeblod uaryofen an rodesac Tavad
TxrobiTi literaturis SigniT martivi warsuli dro adgils
uTmobs naklebad ornamentul, ufro bunebriv, moqnil da sala-
parako enasTan ufro axlos mdgom formebs (awmyos an rTul war-
sul dros (le passé compose), maSin literatura Tavad yofierebis
sxeulis, da ara misi garegnuli mniSvnelobebis sacavad iqceva.
moqmedebebi, romlebic istorias gamoeyo, aRdgeba konkretul
adamianur pirovnebebTan erTad.
axla gasagebia, Tu raSi mdgomareobs romanis martivi war-
suli drois sargebeli da miRebuli: es aris tyuili, romelic
sakuTar Tavs sajarod gamofens; martivi wasuli dro imis saz-
Rvrebs moxazavs, rac sarwmunod unda CaiTvalos, igi Slis Ses-
aZleblis sferos da maSinve miuTiTebs mis siyalbeze. romanisa
da TxrobiTi istoriografiis saerTo mizans faqtebis obieqti-
vacia warmoadgens: martivi warsuli dro im aqts ganasxeulebs,
romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba Tavis warsuls da Tavis Sesa-
Zleblobebs eufleba. igi damajerebel samyaros qmnis imiT, rom
maSinve acxadebs misi iluzorulobis Sesaxeb; igi dialeqturi
procesis gamoxatulebaa, romelic formis sferoSi mimdinare-
obs, am dros warmosaxviTi faqtebi jer WeSmaritebiT, Semdeg ki
– gamoaSkaravebuli sicruiT imosebian. yovelive es unda dau-
kavSirdes cnobil miTs mocemuli samyaros universalurobis
Sesaxeb, romelic burJuaziuli sazogadoebisTvis aris Cveuli.
misi damaxasiaTebeli produqtia romani: aRWurvos samyaro for-
maluri mowmobiT misi warmosaxviTi realobis Sesaxeb da amasTan
erTad am niSnis miRma SeinarCunos gaorebuli obieqtis araerT-
mniSvnelovani xasiaTi. gasul saukuneSi swored aseTi xerxis wy-
alobiT gamarjvebulma burJuaziam miiRo SesaZlebloba Tavis
mier Seqmnili Rirebulebani universalurad CaeTvala da mora-
lis miseuli gageba gadaetana sazogadoebis sruliad araerTg-
varovan fenebze.
martivi warsuli drois ormagi funqciis aRmoCena sxva
faqtSic SeiZleba – es aris romanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Txro-
ba mesame pirSi. nacvalsaxeli `igi~ Tavad romanis arsebobis faq-

249
tze mianiSnebs. mesame piris ararseboba niSnavs, rom avtors an
ar ZaluZs romanis Seqmna, an misi dangreva surs. nacvalsaxeli
`igi” formalurad adasturebs, rom Cvens winaSe miTia; amrigad,
Cven ukve vnaxeT, rom dasavleTSi mainc, ar arsebobs xelovneba,
romelic Tavad ar uTiTebdes sakuTar niRabze. ai, ratom uwevs
mesame piri iseTive samsaxurs romanis xelovnebas, rogorsac
martivi warsuli dro – igi Tavisi momxmareblebisTvis uzrunve-
lyofs usafrTxoebis grZnobas, romelsac iwvevs damajerebeli
gamonagoni, magram romelic mudmivad Segvaxsenebs Tavis siyalbes.
nacvalsaxeli `me~ naklebi gaorebiT gamoirCeva da amitom
masSi Sesustebulia romanuli sawyisi. nacvalsaxeli `me~-s gamoy-
eneba SeiZleba iyos problemis rogorc yvelaze martivi, ise yve-
laze rTuli gadaWrac – rodesac `me~ sazRvrebidan gamodis da
cdilobs daarRvios pirobiToba da Txrobas yalbi ndobis gu-
laxdilobis intonacia mianiWos. aseve, romanSi nacvalsaxeli
`igi~-s gamoyenebac or urTierTsawinaaRmdego eTikur tenden-
cias amoqmedebs: rogorc sayovelTaod aRiarebuli pirobiToba,
romanSi mesame piri izidavs rogorc yvelaze ufro akademiur da
literaturis bediT yvelaze naklebad Sewuxebul mwerlebs, ise
imaTac, visac miaCnia, rom pirobiToba, saboloo jamSi, gardauv-
lad mianiWebs siaxles maT Semoqmedebas. aseTi pirobiToba nebi-
smier SemTxvevaSi gamodis rogorc niSani SeTanxmebisa, romelic
Riad ideba sazogadoebasa da avtors Soris, magram avtorisTvis
igi kidev is saSualebacaa, romlis meSveobiTac igi iseTad war-
moadgens realobas, rogorc Tavad surs. maSasadame, pirobiToba
gamodis wminda literaturuli gamocdilebis sazRvrebidan da
adamianis qcevis aqtad iqceva, romelic Semoqmedebas an isto-
rias ukavSirebs an adamianis arsebobas (egzistencias).
magaliTad, balzakTan im personaJTa simravle, romelic
nacvalsaxeli `igi~-T aRiniSneba, TiTqmis usxeulo, magram Tav-
is saqcielSi Tanamimdevrul individTa sistema mowmobs mTeli
samyaros arsebobas, romlis safuZvelic aris istoria. `igi~
balzakTan ar aris saboloo produqti, romelmac Sva `me~; es aris
romanis pirveladi, sawyisi elementi, misi masala da ara Semoq-
medebiTi aqtis nayofi: balzakis romani ar icnobs arc erT siu-
Jetur istorias, romelic ama Tu im mesame piris istoriis gareSe
iarsebebda. mesame piri balzakTan cezaris mesame piris analo-
giuria: igi saqciels algebrul formas aniWebs, rodesac egzis-
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tencialuri sawyisis roli umniSvnelo gamodis, xolo pirvel
adgilze modis logikuri kavSirebi, garkveuloba an adamianur
urTierTobaTa tragizmi.
moris blanSom kafkas Sesaxeb SeniSna, rom upirovno Txrobis
ganviTareba es aris procesi, romelic Tavad enis arss pasuxobs,
vinaidan es ukanaskneli TviTganadgurebisken miiswrafis. axla
gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom warmoiSoba nacvalsaxeli `igi~ `me~-ze
gamarjvebis nayofis saxiT im moculobiT, romliTac mesame piri
erTdroulad ganasaxierebs rogorc literaturulobis ideas,
ise misi ararsebobisasac. magram es gamarjveba mudmivad feTqde-
ba Signidan: pirobiTi-literaturuli mesame piri, romelic mo-
wodebulia, rom gaanadguros pirovneba, miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
mzadaa, SesZinos mas moulodneli sisavse.
literatura fosfors hgavs, yvelaze metad igi maSin an-
aTebs, rodesac sabolood unda Caiferflos. magram, meore
mxriv, vinaidan literatura, gansakuTrebiT ki romani, aris aqti,
romelsac aucileblad sWirdeba droiTi xangrZlivoba, niSnavs,
rom saboloo jamSi, ar SiZleba arsebobdes romani, romelic
sruliad Tavisufali iqneba mxatvruli sityvis uRelisgan. ami-
tomac aris romanSi mesame piri yvelaze TvalsaCino niSani weris
im tragediisa, romelic jer kidev XIX saukuneSi iSva, rodesac
istoriis wnexqveS literatura da misi momxmarebeli sazoga-
doeba erTmaneTisgan gaTiSuli aRmoCnda. balzakisa da flob-
eris mesame pirs Soris mTeli epoqa Zevs (epoqa 1848): balzakTan
sufevs istoria, romlis sanaxaoba marTalia mkacria, magram sa-
magierod Sinagani TanamimdevrulobiTa da mkacri gansazRvru-
lobiT gamoirCeva; es Tavad mowesrigebulobis zeimia. flober-
Tan ki sufevs xelovneba, romelic Tavisi SebRaluli sindisis
mosatyueblad an sagangebod amkveTrebs literaturuli weris/
werilobis pirobiT xerxebs an maTi dauokebeli dangrevisken
iswrafis. Cveni Tanamedroveoba SeuZlebeli literaturis Zie-
biT iwyeba.
maSasadame, romanSi vxedavT erTdroulad im damangrevel
da SemoqmedebiT meqanizms, romelic damaxasiaTebelia mTeli
Tanamedrove xelovnebisTvis. ganadgurebis obieqti aris xan-
grZlioba – arsebobasTan damakavSirebeli es usaxuri Zafi: Ta-
vad mowesrigebis aqti (saqme SeiZleba exebodes poetur kontin-
uums, romanis niSnebs, poeturi sityvis Semzaraobas an sityvis
251
damajereblobas romanSi) warmoadgens winaswraganzraxuli
mkvlelobis aqts. magram, saboloo jamSi, xangrZlivoba isev im-
orCilebs mwerals, radgan droSi gaSlili uaryofis procesi
pozitiuri xelovnebis Seqmnad – im mowesrigebulobad gvibrun-
deba, romelic unda ganadgurebuliyo. ai, ratom aris, rom Tana-
medroveobis yvelaze gamorCeuli nawarmoebebi TiTqos raRac
magiuri pauzis SenarCunebiT cdiloben rac SeiZleba ufro did
xans dayovdnen literaturis zRurblze gaSeSebuli aramdgradi
wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi, rodesac cxovreba ukve gamovle-
nilia mTlianad gadaiSala Cvens win, magram jer kidev ar aris
gasresili misi momwesrigebeli niSnebis mier. aseTia, magaliTad,
pirveli piri prustTan, romlis SemoqmedebiTi sawyisi bolomde
ganuxrelia, Tumca es aris ganuxrelad gadavadebuli swrafva
literaturisken. aseTia Jan keiroli. igi Segnebulad midis ro-
manTan, rogorc euli monologis ukanasknel zRvarTan, TiTqos
literaturuli aqti mxolod maSin dasruldeba sazogadoebis
mier mowonebuli nawarmoebiT, rodesac bolos da bolos gaw-
ydeba yovelgvari xangrZlivobis egzistencialuri moqniloba,
romelic manamde yovelgvar azrs iyo moklebuli.
romani – es aris gansxeulebuli sikvdili; sicocxles igi
bedis saxes sZens, mogonebas utilitarul aqtad aqcevs, xolo
xangrZlivobas ki – drod, romelsac aqvs mimarTuleba da saz-
risi. magram amgvari transformaciia SeiZleba moxdes mxolod
sazogadoebis mzeris qveS. swored sazogadoeba aZlevs kurTx-
evas romans (anu garkveuli niSnebis erTobliobas), rogorc
transcedentul warmonaqmnsa da siuJeturad organizebul xan-
grZlivobas. maS ase, im paqtis amocnoba, romelic xelovnebisT-
vis damaxasiaTebeli zeimurobiT akavSirebs mweralsa da mkiTxv-
els imis wyalobiT SeiZleba, rom Tavad am paqtis miznebi aSkarad
gamosWvivian romanis farglebSi. warsuli martivi droisa da me-
same piris gamoyeneba romanSi aris is gardauvali Jesti, romli-
Tac mwerali miuTiTebs afarebul niRabze. mTel literaturas
SeuZlia Tqvas sakuTar Tavze: `me mivabijeb da TiTiT Cems saku-
Tar niRabze mivuTiTeb~. iqneba es poetis daundobeli praqtika,
romelic midis SesaZlodan erT-erT yvelaze seriozul ganx-
eTqilebaze – ganxeTqilebaze socialur enasTan, Tu romanis-
tis damajerebeli tyuili, nebimier SemTxvevaSi, maTi gancdebis
bunebriobam xorcSesxma rom SeZlos da moxmarebis sagnad iqc-
252
es, mas sWirdeba xelovnuri, Tanac ganzrax xelovnuri niSnebi.
amgvari gaorebis produqti da saboloo jamSi wyaroc, swored
weraa/werilobaa. es gansakuTrebuli ena, romliT sargeblobis
drosac mwerali brwyinvale mdgomareobas iZens, Tumc mudmivi
meTvalyureobis qveSac xvdeba, gascems mis monur mdgomare-
obas. aris ra Tavdapirvelad Tavisufali, wera/weriloba Tanda-
Tan borkilebad iqceva, romelic mwerals istorias miajaWvavs,
romelic Tavis mxriv, TviTon aris Seborkili. sazogadoeba mw-
erals sruliad mkafio niSnebs asvams, romlebic miuTiTeben
mis kavSirze xelovnebasTan imisTvis, rom rac SeiZleba zustad
moaqcios igi sakuTari gauxcoebis wreSi.

IV. arsebobs Tu ara poeturi wera/weriloba?

klasikur epoqaSi proza da poezia maTematikur sidideebs

Camohgavda da maT Soris gansxvavebis gazomva SeiZleboda. isini
erTmaneTisgan dacilebulni iyvnen, rogorc ori aramsgavsi,
urTierTsapirispiro ricxvi, magram aramsgavsni isini swored
raodenobrivi gansxvavebebis gamo iyvnen. Tuki minimalur me-
tyvelebas, azris gadmocemis yvelaze ekonomiur meTods pro-
zas vuwodebT, xolo specifikur enobriv atributebs, iseTebs,
rogoric aris metri, riTma an sayovelTaod aRiarebul saxeTa
nusxa, aRvniSnavT asoebiT a, b, g, maSin sityvebis erToblioba
moTavsdeba b-ni Jurdenis organtolebian sistemaSi:
poezia = proza + a + b + g.
proza = poezia – a – b – g.
aqedan aSkarad Cans, rom poezia yovelTvis gansxvavdeba pro-
zisgan. magram es ara arsobrivi, aramed raodenobrivi gansxvave-
baa. igi Tavs ar esxmis enis erTianobis Sesaxeb klasikur dogmas.
socialuri situaciis mixedviT enobrivi konstruqciebi sxva-
dasxvagvarad iyo dozirebuli, erT SemTxvevaSi miRebuli iyo
prozis da mWermetyvelebis enaze saubari, sxvaSi ki – poeziisa da
preciozulobis enaze, magram amave dros yvelgan iyo SenarCune-
buli erTi da igive ena, romelic gonis maradiul kategoriebs
ganasaxierebda. klasikuri poezia aRiqmeboda, rogorc ornamen-
tebiT gawyobili prozis varianti, rogorc garkveuli xelovne-
bis (anu teqnikis) produqti, magram aramc da aramc, rogorc sxva
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ena an gansakuTrebuli msoflaRqmis nayofi. am SemTxvevaSi ne-
bismieri poezia raRac virtualuri prozis dekoratiul, alu-
ziur analogad iqceoda, romelic rogorc arsi da potenciuri
Zala nebismieri sityvieri gamoxatvis siRrmeSi Zevs. klasikur
epoqaSi sityva `poeturi~ niSnavda mxolod sityvieri teqnikis
garkveul xerxs, romelic ufro daxvewili da Sesabamisad ufro
socialuri wesebis Tanaxmad gamoxatvis SesaZleblobas iZleo-
da, im wesebTan SedarebiT, romlebic Cveulebriv saubarSi gamoi-
yeneboda. sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, igi iZleoda imis saSuale-
bas, rom Sinagani azri Semosiliyo garegnuli formiT – sityviT,
romelic ukve socializirebuli iyo Tundac imis gamo, rom misi
pirobiTi xasiaTi naTeli iyo.
cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove poeziaSi (romelic bodlersa da
rembos ukavSirdeba) am struqturidan aRarferi ar SemorCa, Tu
ar CavTvliT imas, rom tradiciuli normebis gardaqmniT Seinar-
Cuna klasikuri poeziis formaluri moTxovnebi: amieridan poet-
ebi iwyeben sakuTari sityvis damkvidrebas, rogorc TviTkmari
bunebisa, romelic erTdroulad moicavs rogorc enis funqcias,
ise mis struqturas. poezia aRar aris dekoratiul-ornamentu-
li an proziT SezRuduli. amieridan igi atributi ki aRar aris,
aramed arsia da Sesabamisad, SeuZlia uari Tqva yvela amosacnob
niSanze, radganac misi buneba masSi Zevs da aRar sWirdeba saku-
Tari arsis garegnuli gamomJRavneba: poeturi da prozauli ena
imdenad daSordnen erTmaneTs, rom aRar sWirdebaT sakuTari
urTierTdamoukideblobis niSnebi.
metic, azrisa da enis savaraudo urTierTmimarTeba gada-
trialda: klasikur xelovnebaSi raRac savsebiT mza azris gadaw-
yveta sityviT xdeba, romelic mas `gamoxatavs~ da `gadmoscems~.
klasikuri azri moklebulia xangrZlivobas, xolo klasikur po-
eziaSi mxolod is xangrZlivobaa, romelic gamonaTqvamis teqni-
kurad agebisTvis aris saWiro. amis sapirispirod, Tanamedrove
poeziaSi sityvebi raRac formalur kontinuums qmnian, romelic
nel-nela gamotyorcnis raRac SemWidrovebul inteleqtualur
an emociur warmonaqmnebs, romlebic SeuZlebelia am sityvebis
gareSe. metyvelebis gaSlis dro aq iqceva SemWidroebul drod,
romelic `azris~ momwifebis ufro zeSTagonebul process ite-
vs, romelic uamravi sityvebis gadarCevis Sedegad sakuTar Tavs
poulobs. sityvebis es TamaSi gulisxmobs gansakuTrebul poe-
254
tur dros, magram es ar aris nawarmoebis `damzadebaze~ daxarju-
li dro, aramed dro SesaZlo Tavgadasavlisa, nacnobi niSnebis
nacnob miznebTan Sexvedris dro. Tanamedrove poezia klasikur
xelovnebas upirispirdeba im gansxvavebebis gamo, romlebic enis
struqturas moicavs, ase rom, am ori poeziis Sexebis wertili
maTi msgavsi sociologiuri mizania.
klasikuri enis aRnagobas (proza da poezia) relaciuri bune-
bisaa: aq sityvebi ganuzomlad naklebmniSvnelovania, vidre
urTierToba maT Soris. aq arcerT sityvas ar aqvs sakuTari sxe-
uli, isini ara imdenad sagnebis niSnebia, ramdenadac damakavSi-
rebeli Zafebi. yoveli warmoTqmuli sityva srulebiTac ar cdi-
lobs CagvZiros Tavis Sinagan samyaroSi, aramed dauyovnebliv
iwyebs ltolvas sxva sityvebisken, ase rom, zedapirze intenci-
ebis mwyobri jaWvi warmoiqmneba. SesaZloa, klasikuri prozisa
da poeziis relaciuri bunebis gagebaSi maTematikis enasTan Se-
dareba dagvexmaros. cnobilia, rom maTematikur weraSi, sadac
yovel ricxviT sidides garkveuli niSani Seesabameba, Tavad am
sidideTa damakavSireebeli urTierTobebic aseve maTematikur
moqmedebaTa niSnebiT – tolobis an metobis niSnebiT – gamoixa-
teba; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTematikuri kontinuumis gaSla am
niSan-makavSirebelTa eqsplicituri wakiTxvis Sedegad xdeba.
klasikuri metyvelebis moqmedebaSi moyvanac msgavsad xdeba, ma-
gram, ra Tqma unda, naklebad mkacr kanonebs emorCileba: `sityve-
bi~, romlebic am metyvelebas qmnian mkacri tradiciis gavleniT
neitralizebulni da abstragirebulni arian, isini gaurbian ne-
bismier bgeriT an semantikur moulodnelobas. klasikuri enis
kontinuumi – es aris erTnairi simWidrovis mqone elementebis
Tanamimdevruloba, romlebic erTnair emociur nakads eqvem-
debarebian, rodesac individualuri, TiTqos pirvelad warmo-
Sobili mniSvnelobis yoveli mcdelobis aRkveTa xdeba. Tavad
poeturi leqsika es aris leqsika, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTe-
belia sityvebis Cveuli gamoyeneba da ara SemoqmedebiTi aqti:
Tavisebureba aq axasiaTebs metaforulobas mTlianobaSi da ara
cal-calke metaforebs, aq Cveuleba marTavs da ara Semoqmedebi-
Ti sawyisi. ai, ratom ar mdgomareobs klasikosi poetis amocana
imaSi, rom eZios axali, sul ufro mkvrivi da kaSkaSa sityvebi,
255
aramed imaSi, rom tradiciuli moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ganala-
gos, srulyos kavSirebis simetria da sizuste, SeamWidrovos
azri saleqso metris zomamde. klasikuri gonebis brwyinvaleba
maSin mJRavndeba, rodesac saqme sityvebs Soris urTierTobebs
exeba da ara Tavad sityvebs: es aris gamoxatvis da ara gamogone-
bis xelovneba. gansxvavebiT mogviano epoqebisagan, rodesac si-
tyvebma daiwyes adamianuri gamocdilebis siRrmiseuli da ganu-
meorebeli aRmoCena. Cven maTi SeTanxmeba gvxiblavs da ara maTi
sakuTari Zala an silamaze.
amis sapirispirod ki Tanamedrove poezia arRvevs enis rel-
aciur kavSirebs da diskurss moZraobaSi gaqvavebuli sityvebis
erTianobad aqcevs. es ki bunebis warmodgenaSi gadatrialebas
niSnavs. axali poeturi enis daSla calkeul sityvebad iwvevs
bunebis daSlas izolirebul elementebad. rodesac enobrivi
funqciebi ukana planze gadadis da bindi faravs sinamdvilesTan
damakavSirebel yvela urTierTobas, maSin sapatio adgilze
gamodis obieqti, rogorc aseTi: Tanamedrove poezia – es aris
obieqturi poezia. vneba aq iqceva euli da avismomaswavebeli sa-
gnebis danawevrebul erTobad, radganac kavSirebs maT Soris mx-
olod potenciuri xasiaTi aqvT. maT aravin sZens mniSvnelobas,
romelic azrovnebis aqtis an adamianis praqtikisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli da maSasadame, saboloo jamSi, ar uwiladebs mas
adamianur siTbos. poeturi sityvis TvalismomWreli gamonaTeba
obieqts amkvidrebs rogorc absoluts; buneba iqceva vertika-
luri xazebis Tanamimdevrobad. es sityva-obieqtebi, romelTa
Sorisac ar aris araviTari kavSiri, magram romlebic floben
afeTqebis warmoudgenel Zalas, es poeturi sityvebi ar cnoben
adamians: Cveni Tanamedroveoba ar icnobs poeturi humanizmis
gagebas, es aris yalyze Semdgari metyveleba, romelsac mxolod
SiSis mogvra SeuZlia, misi mizani is ki ar aris, adamiani sxva xalxs
daukavSirois, aramed is, rom mouvlinos mas bunebis yvelaze
adamianobamoklebuli saxeebi – cis, jojoxeTis, siwmindis, bavS-
vobis, sigiJis, materialuri samyaros siSiSvlisa da a.S. saxiT.
am wuTidan Zneli xdeba saubari poeturi weris/werilobis
arsebobaze, romlis daudgromeli survili gankerZoebisken an-
grevs nebismier eTikur mizanmimarTulobas. sityvieri Jesti
256
gansxeulebuli demiurgis darad miiswarfis Secvalos aq Ta-
vad bunebis saxe; igi ar gamoxatavs zneobriv pozicias, aramed
iZulebis aqtad iqceva. aseTia, yovel SemTxvevaSi, im Tanamedrove
poetTa ena, romlebsac saqme logikur dasasrulamde mihyavT da
poezias iReben ara rogorc inteleqtualur varjiSs, sakuTari
sulieri mdgomareobis gamoxatvas an samyaroze Sexedulebas,
aramed rogorc Tavisi ocnebis ganxorcielebas aqamde arnaxu-
lad axali enis gamarjvebis Sesaxeb. am poetebTan mimarTebaSi
iseve usargebloa laparaki weraze/werilobaze, rogorc poetur
grZnobaze. Tanamedrove poezia mis yvelaze ufro wminda gamov-
linebebSi (magaliTad, rene Saris poezia) moklebulia tonis im
mravalmniSvnelobas, daxvewilobis im oreols, romelic sinamd-
vileSi qmnis poetur weras/werilobas da romelsac Cveulebriv
poeturi grZnoba ewodeba. araferi ar gviSlis xels imaSi, rom
vilaparakoT poetur weraze/werilobaze klasikosebTan da maT
epigonebTan mimarTebaSi da aseve, a. Jidis `sulieri sakvebis~ ti-
pis poetur prozasTan mimarTebaSic, sadac poezia WeSmaritad
warmoadgens garkveul enobriv eTikas. orive SemTxvevaSi wera/
weriloba sakuTar TavSi ganazavebs stils. SeiZleba warmovidgi-
noT, raoden rTuli iyo XVII saukunis adamianebisTvis daedginaT
mkafio, pirvel rigSi poeturi sazRvari rasinsa da pradons So-
ris, imis msgavsad, rogorc dRevandel mkiTxvels uWirs im Tana-
medrove poetebze msjeloba, romlebic erT da igive weriT/wer-
ilobiT sargebloben – erTgvarovaniT da bundovaniT, radganac
poezia maTTvis erTgvari atmosferoa da amitom, mTeli Tavisi
arsiT, enis pirobiTi gamoyeneba. magram im wuTidan, rodesac po-
eturi ena iwyebs Tavad bunebis safuZvlian gadaxedvas da Tan amas
mxolod Tavisi struqturis Taviseburebebis gamo, diskursis
Sinaarsis gauTvaliswineblad da mis ideologiur rolze SeuC-
ereblad akeTebs, am wuTidan wera/weriloba wyvets arsebobas;
amieridan mxolod stilebi rCeba, swored isini aZleven adamians
saSualebas Semotrialdnen obieqturi samyarosken, romelic ar
aris daCrdiluli im saxeebiT, romlebic iqmneba istoriis da so-
cialuri urTierTobis manZilze.

257
 nawili meore

I. burJuaziuli weris/werilobis triumfi da kraxi

klasikuramdel literaturaSi sxvadasxva weris/werilobis

saxeobaTa moCvenebiTi mravalferovnebaa, magram Tu am enobriv
problemas davayenebT ara esTetikur, aramed struqturul
planSi, maSin es mravalferovneba gacilebiT ufro naklebmniS-
vnelovani aRmoCndeba. XVI-XVII saukuneebis periodi esTetikuri
TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva literaturuli enebis metnaklebad
ufro Tavisufali ayvavebis xanas warmoadgens, radganac im dros
adamianebi jer kidev dakavebulni iyvnen bunebis SecnobiT da ara
Tavisi adamianuri arsis gamoxatviT. Tu tipuri magaliTebiT Se-
movifarglebiT, am dros ornamentulobas jer kidev ar hqonda
SeZenili wes-Cveulebis niSnebi da rCeboda samyaros mTeli
ukideganobis Secnobis saSualebad. swored es sZenda klasikur
weras/werilobas uamrav Suq-Crdils da masSi TavisuflebiT tk-
bobis grZnobas iwvevda. axali drois mkiTxvelisTvis mravalfer-
ovnebis es SegrZneba miT ufro Zlierdeba, radganac ena, rogorc
Cans, sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs isadagebda, romlebic aram-
dgrad lingvistur struqturebSi iyo Cadebuli da ver acno-
bierebda sakuTari sintaqsis suls da sakuTari leqsikis gafar-
Toebis kanonebs. davubrundeT Cvens mier aRniSnul gansxvavebas
`enasa~ da `weras/werilobas~ Soris. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 1650
wlamde frangul literaturas jer kidev ar aqvs gadawyvetili
enis problematika da amitomac, jer kidev ar icnobda iseT mov-
lenas, rogoric aris wera/weriloba. marTlac, Tu ena meryeobs
sakuTari struqturis dadgenisas raime enobrivi moralis gaCe-
na SeuZlebelia, wera/weriloba mxolod maSin Cndeba, rodesac
ena yalibdeba nacionaluri masStabiT, rodesac igi iqceva saz-
Rvrad, romelic gamoyofs nebadarTuls nebadaurTvelisgan da
ukve aRar fiqrobs Tavisi akrZalvebis warmoSobasa da dasabuTe-
bulobaze. imiT, rom klasikuri epoqis gramatikosebma Seqmnes
warmodgena enis zedroul gonivrul safuZvelze, `racioenaze~,
frangebs nebismieri lingvisturi problema aaciles da swored
es gawmendili ena iqca werad/werilobad; sxvagvarad rom vTq-

258
vaT, enobriv Rirebulebad, romelic dauyovnebliv gamocxadda
universalurad TiTqosda istoriul garemoabaTa SemTxveviTo-
bebis sapirwoned.
`Janrebis~ mravalferovneba da stilebis moZraoba klasikuri
dogmebis farglebSi Tavisi arsiT esTetikuri da ara struqtu-
ruli movlenaa; maT ar unda gamoiwvion iluziebi: burJuaziuli
ideologiis mier ZalauflebisTvis brZolis ganmavlobaSi da
Semdeg misi triumfisas, franguli sazogadoeba mxolod erTad-
erT weras/werilobas flobda – es iyo instrumentuli da orna-
mentuli wera/weriloba erTdroulad. instrumentuli es wera/
weriloba iyo imitom, rom forma SinaarsisTvis daqvemdebarebu-
lad miiCneoda, iseve, rogorc algebruli formulebi eqvemde-
bareba operaciuli moqmedebebis Sesrulebas. xolo ornamentu-
li ki imitom, rom am instruments saxeebi amSvenebda, romlebsac
kavSiri ar hqondaT funqciasTan da maT tradiciis arsenalidan
sesxulobdnen. sxvagvarad rom iTqvas, burJuaziuli wera/weri-
loba ar uyurebda amreziT memkvidreobiT miRebul formebs,
radganac isini mxolid warmatebul dekoracias warmoadgendnen,
romlis fonzec azrovnebis aqti iyo amaRlebuli. ra Tqma unda,
klasikosi mwerlebisTvisac nacnobi iyo formis problematika,
magram sxvadasxva weris/werilobis saxeobebze da miT umetes, enis
struqturaze kamaTi arasodes yofila, msjelobdnen mxolod
ritorikaze, anu enobrivi gamonaTqvamebis mwkrivze, romelic
damajereblobis Zalis TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda. amgvarad,
burJuaziuli weris/werilobis erTferovneba ritorikebis
mravalferovnebiT balansdeboda. amis sawinaaRmdegod, XIX sau-
kunis Sua wlebSi anu zustad maSin, rodesac interesi ritoriki-
sadmi miZRvnili traqtatebis mimarT daikarga, klasikurma wera-
mac/werilobamac dakarga Tavisi universaluri Zala da mis nacv-
lad warmoiSva weris/werilobis Tanamedrove saxeobebi.
udavod, klasikuri wera klasobrivi wera/weriloba iyo. igi
XVII saukuneSi im jgufis farglebSi Caisaxa, romelic uSulod
iyo xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli. igi dogmaturi dekre-
tirebis produqti iyo, romelmac male moiSora yvela is grama-
tikuli saSualeba, romelsac warmoSobda spontanuri xalxuri
ena da myar gansazRvrebaTa damkvidreba daisaxa miznad. bur-
Juaziuli wera/weriloba Tavdapirvelad Tavs warmoadgenda
rogorc aramravalricxovani elitis da privilegirebuli kla-
259
sis enas. 1660 wlidan klasikurma enam universalurobis niSnebi
SeiZina, xolo mkafioba Rirebulebis rangSi iqna ayvanili. amas-
Tan mkafioba wminda ritorikuli atributia, igi ar warmoadgens
enis sayovelTao Tvisebas, romelic TiTqosda yvelgan da yovel
droSia SesaZlebeli, igi mxolod gansakuTrebuli tipis enis da-
namatia, iseTisa, romelic mdgrad mizans eqvemdebareba _ moax-
dinos gavlena adresatze.
swored imitom, rom monarqiis droindeli da revoluciis
Semdgomi burJuazia erT da igive weriT/werilobiT sargeblob-
da, warmoiSva esencialisturi miTi adamianis Sesaxeb, klasi-
kurma weram/werilobam daiviwya calkeuli sityvebis energiis
Sesaxeb wrfiuli mowesrigebulobis sasargeblod, rodesac
yvelaze wvrili elementic ki gadarCevis produqti xdeboda.
politikuri avtoritaruloba, gonebis dogmaturi batonoba da
klasikuri enis erTianoba – ai, erTi da igive istoriuli Zalis
sami sxvadasxva gamovlineba.
amitom ar Rirs gaoceba imis Taobaze, rom revolucias ar
Seutania araviTari cvlileba burJuaziul weraSi/werilobaSi
da rom fenelonisa da merimes weras/werilobas Soris gansxvave-
ba umniSvneloa. saqme imaSia, rom Tavad burJuaziulma ideolo-
giam 1848 wlamde iarseba. yvelaze naklebad igi revoluciis dros
Seirya, romelmac burJuazias xelSi misca politikuri da so-
cialuri Zalaufleba, magram aramc da aramc – inteleqtualuri
Zalaufleba, radganac am ukanasknels igi didi xania flobda.
laklodan stendalamde burJuaziuli wera/weriloba gamudme-
biT ganaaxlebda da ixangrZlivebda Tavis arsebobas. rac Seexeba
romantizmis revolucias, romelsac nominalurad hqonda pre-
tenzia gadatrialebaze formis sferoSi, man gonivrulad iz-
runa imaze, rom xelSeuxeblad SeenarCunebina is wera/weriloba,
romelic mis ideologias ganasaxierebda. Janrebisa da stilebis
SereviT da amiT tradiciebis zedmeti tvirTis moSorebiT ro-
mantizmma SeZlo SeenarCunebina mTavari klasikur weraSi – misi
instrumentaluroba. marTalia, es instrumenti Zalian `SesamCn-
evi” xdeboda, magram mainc agrZelebdnen mis mokrZalebiT gamoy-
enebas, Tumc, araviTari warmodgena ar hqondaT imis Sesaxeb,
rom SesaZloa arsebobdes piradi, simartoveSi CaZiruli sityva.
mxolod hiugom SeZlo enis gaumWvirvali mkvrivi da sivrciTi
ganzomilebebidan moepovebina sityvis sruliad ganumeorebeli

260
Tematika, romlis axsnac SesaZlebelia mxolod misi egzistenci-
is gansacvifrebel siRrmeebTan kavSirSi. mxolod hiugom SeZlo
klasikuri weris/werilobis ganadgurebis zRavrze miyvana imiT,
rom klasikur weras/werilobas Tavisi stilis mTeli simZimiT
daatyda Tavs.
XIX saukuneebis 50-ian wlebSi sami didi istoriuli movlena
moxda, ramac liberaluri iluziebis Seuqcevadi ngreva gam-
oiwvia. am garemoebebma burJuazia axal istoriul mdgomare-
obaSi Caayena. am dromde yovelgvari universalobis sazomad
da ukamaTo gansaxierebad burJuaziuli ideologia rCeboda;
burJuaziul mwerals, romelic yvela adamianuri ubedobis er-
TaderTi mosamarTle iyo, Tavis gzaze ar Sexvedria arcerTi
adamiani, romelic Tavad mas Sexedavda gverdidan, igi araviTar
SeuTanxmeblobas ar grZnobda Tavis socialur mdgomareobasa
da inteleqtualur mowodebas Soris. axla ki es ideologia erT-
erT SesaZleblad iqca; universaluroba mas xelidan dausxlta;
sakuTari Tavis daZleva ki mxolod TviTgansjis gziT SeuZlia.
mwerali gaorebis msxverplad iqca, radganac gaCnda naprali
mis cnobierebasa da socialur beds Soris. ase ibadeba litera-
turis tragedia. swored am droidan iwyeba sxvadasxva saxeobis
weris/werilobis momravleba. Aamieridan yoveli maTganis arCe-
vani – daxvewilis, populisturis, neitraluris, salaparakosi –
iqceva fuZemdeblur aqtad, romlis meSveobiTac mwerali iRebs
an uaryofs Tavis burJuaziul mdgomareobas. yoveli maTgani
iqceva mcdelobad gadaWras Tanamedrove formis orfeosiseuli
problema – problema mwerlebisa literaturis gareSe.Uukve asi
wlis ganmavlobaSi iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic arian floberi,
malarme, rembo, gonkurebi, siurealistebi, keno, sartri, blanSo
an kamiu cdilobdnen moeniSnaT integraciis – literaturuli
enis uflebebis darRvevis an aRdgenis – gzebi. magram fsoni aq
ar aris formis Tavgadasavali, ritorikis warmateba an uSiSari
ganaxleba da leqsikonis daxvewiloba. yovelTvis, rodesac mw-
erali cdilobs qaRaldze aRbeWdos sityvebis es Tu is Tanamim-
devroba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS TviT literaturis arseboba dgeba.
Cveni Tanamedroveoba saSualebas iZleva misTvis damaxasiaTe-
beli weris/werilobis tipebis simravleSi dainaxos sakuTari
istoriis Cixi.

261
II. stili, rogorc xeloba

`forma Zviri Rirs~ – upasuxa valerim, rodesac hkiTxes, Tu

ratom ar aqveynebda `koleJ de fransSi~ wakiTxul leqciebs.
amasTan, mTeli burJuaziuli weris/werilobis triumfis epoqis
manZilze formis fasi TiTqmis udrida masSi gansxeulebuli az-
ris fass. ra Tqma unda, im drosac zrunavdnen formis kompozi-
ciaze, mis keTilxmovanebaze da miuxedavad amisa, forma sakmaod
iafi iyo, radganac mwerali mas iyenebda, rogorc mza instru-
ments, romlis meqanizmebic ar eqvemdebarebodnen ra cvlilebis
cTunebas, xeluxleblad gadaecemodnen Taobidan Taobas. for-
mas ar hyavda patroni, klasikuri enis universaluroba swored
iqidan momdinareobda, rom es ena sayovelTao monapovari iyo da
mxolod mwerlebis azrovneba iyo gansxvavebuli. SeiZleba iTq-
vas, rom mTeli am drois manZilze formasac mxolod samomxmare-
blo Rirebuleba hqonda.
daaxloebiT 1850 wels literatura dadga Tavisi arsebobis
gamarTlebis aucileblobis winaSe: amitom gaCnda mTeli rigi
mwerlebisa, romlebic Seecadnen sakuTar Tavze aeRoT pasux-
ismgebloba literaturuli tradiciis gagrZelebaze da weris/
werilobis samomxmareblo Rirebulebis adgilze daayenes masSi
Cadebuli Sromis Rirebuleba. maT gadawyvites gadaerCinaT wera/
weriloba ara misi daniSnulebis, aramed masSi Cadebuli Sromis
fasis gamo. swored maSin daiwyo mwerali-muSakis saxis Camoyal-
ibeba, romelic Tavis legendarul koSkSi iketeba ise, rogorc
xelosani Tavis saxelosnoSi da iwyebs gaSalaSinebas, gapriale-
bas, formis daxvewas ise, rogorc amas iuveliri akeTebs, rode-
sac misTvis micemuli masalidan xelovnebis nimuSs qmnis. dRiT-
idRe, srul simartoveSi igi am saqmianobaSi atarebs saaTebs,
romlebic bejiTi SromiTaa aRsavse: iseTi mwerlebi, rogorebic
arian gotie da Jidi qmnian franguli sityvierebis Tavisebur
saamqros, sadac Tavad formaze muSaoba aris korporaciisaTvis
kuTvnilebis niSani.
nawarmoebSi Cadebuli Sromis fasi, nawilobriv masSi gansx-
eulebuli geniis Rirebulebas cvlis; im mwerlebis sityvebSi,
romlebic amayoben Tavisi xangrZlivi da rTuli muSaobiT for-
maze, garkveuli keklucoba gamosWvivis; zogjer Tavad stilis
lakonurobasac (masalis damuSaveba xom swored yvelaferi
262
zedmetis moSorebas niSnavs) uaRres daxvewilobad aRiqvamen,
romelic, miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba barokos
epoqis gawafulobisgan. barokos preciozuloba bunebis Sec-
nobis aucileblobidan warmoiSva, es ki enis yvela resursebis
farTo gamoyenebas moiTxovda da mowmobs istoriul krizisze,
romelic maSin moxda, rodesac aRmoCnda, rom moZvelebuli lit-
eraturuli enis pirobiTobis gamarTlebisTvis ukve aRar aris
sakmarisi mxolod esTetikuri sabuTebi, anu sxva sityvebiT:
rodesac istoriis moZraobam migviyvana aSkara SeuTanxmeblo-
bamde mwerlis socialur mowodebasa da instruments Soris,
romelic mas tradiciis arsenalidan ergo.
yvelaze didi TanamimdevrulobiT es xelosnuri wera
floberma daamkvidra. manamde burJuaziuli yoveldRiuroba
aRiqmeboda rogorc raRac kuriozuli an egzotikuri; imis
gamo, rom burJuaziul ideologias sakuTari Tavi miaCnda uni-
versalurobis sazomad, igi amtkicebda idealuri adamianuri
bunebis arsebobas da amitom, Tavs uflebas aZlevda ise ecqira
konkretuli burJuas saqcielisTvis, rogorc sanaxaobisTvis,
romelsac araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda mis sakuTar principebT-
an. flobers ki Tavad butJuaziis suli ukurnebel senad esaxeba,
romelic mweralSi saxldeba da mxolod maSin ikurneba, rode-
sac mwerali srulad acnobierebs amas – es ki ukve tragikuli
msoflaRqmis niSania. burJuaziul aucileblobasTan pirispir
Sejaxebam, romelic imorCilebda frederik moros, ema bovaris,
buvars da pekiuSs, moiTxova xelovneba, romelic aseve iqneboda
gamsWvaluli aucileblobiT da aRWurvili sakuTari kanoniT.
floberma Seqmna normatiuli wera, romlis paTetikurobac – da
amaSi aris paradoqsi – wminda teqnikuri saSualebebiT iqmneba.
erTi mxriv, igi Tavis Txrobas agebs sxvadasxva arsTa gamov-
lenaze da ara movlenebis fenomenologiur Tanamimdevrobaze
(prustisgan gansxvavebiT); zmnur droebs igi pirobiTi normebis
Sesabamisad iyenebs, ase rom, isini literaturulobis niSnebad
gamodian, swored im xelovnebis darad, romelic mudam gvafrTx-
ilebs Tavisi daxvewilobisa da xelovnurobis Sesaxeb; igi qmnis
gansakuTrebul weriT ritms, romelic zepiri mWermetyvelebi-
sgan gansxvavebiT momnusxvel Zalas flobs. meore mxriv ki, lit-
eraturuli Sromis es kodifikacia, weris/werilobis gamosam-
uSavebel varjiSTa erTianoba warmoadgens garkveuli sibrZnis
263
da aseve sevdiani gulwrfelobis gamovlenas, radganac flober-
is xelovneba dabrZandeba da Tavis sakuTar niRabze miuTiTebs.
saliteraturo enis es grigorianuli kodifikacia (grigorianu-
li kalendris aluzia – radikaluri cvlileba v m.n.) miznad isax-
avda mwerlisTvis mis mier Seqmnil formaze pasuxismgebloba
daekisrebina; wera/weriloba, romelic man memkvidreobiT miiRo
istoriisgan, xelovnebad anu aSkara pirobiTobad, patiosan SeT-
anxmebad eqcia, romelic pirovnebas miscemda saSualebas adgili
epova misTvis ucxo bunebaSi. mwerali sazogadoebas sTavazobs
xelovnebas, romelic ar malavs Tavis xelovnurobas, sajaro
ganxilvisTvis gamofens mis formebs, xolo sanacvlod, sazoga-
doeba Tanxmdeba miiRos mwerali Tavis wiaRSi. vinaidan SeuZle-
beli aRmoCnda literaturis Signidan damarcxeba, gana ar sjobs
misi Riad aRiareba da amiT mwerlisTvis literaturuli kator-
Ris misja, sadac igi `sindisierad iSromebs?~ ai, ratom iqca weris
floberizacia gardauval gamosasyidad rogorc yvelaze nakle-
bad pretenziuli mwerlebisTvis, romlebic mas daufiqreblad
ixdidnen, ise ufro momTxovnTaTvisac, romlebic amiT Seqmnili
situaciis gamouvalobas aRiarebdnen.

III. wera da revolucia

xelosnurma stilma weris/werilobis gansakuTrebuli sti-

li Sva, romelic sawyiss floberisgan iRebs, magram naturalis-
turi skola mas Tavisi miznebisTvis iyenebda. es aris mopasanis,
zolas, dodes wera/weriloba, romelsac SeiZleba realisturi
vuwodoT da romelic literaturulobis formaluri niSne-
bis (martivi warsuli dro, iribi metyveleba, weriTi ritmi)
nazavs warmoadgens aseTive formalur realistur niSnebTan
(nasesxobani mdabioTa enidan, uxeSi sityvebi, provincializme-
bi da sxv.). ase rom, Znelia ufro xelovnuri weris/werilobis
dasaxeleba, vidre imisa, romelsac pretenzia hqonda bunebis
zust gamosaxvaze. udavoa, rom naturalistebma warumatebloba
iwvnies ara marto formis, aramed Teoriis sferoSic. iman, rom
naturalistebma yoveldRiur sagnebs mimarTes, ar gamoiwvia
formis Sesabamisi gamartiveba. neitraluri wera/weriloba –
264
es mogviano movlenaa, mas realizmidan karga xnis Semdeg iseTi
mwerlebi Seqmnian, rogorc kamiu da ara imdenad realobisgan
gaqcevis esTetikis gavleniT, ramdenadac iseTi weris/werilo-
bis ZiebaSi, romelmac umwikvlobas miaRwia. rac Seexeba realis-
tur wras/werilobas, igi Zalian Sorsaa neitralurobisgan da
piriqiT, masSi bevria iseTi niSnebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli
STambeWdaobiT miuTiTeben mis `damzadebulobaze”.
ganicada ra degradacia, ambobs ra uars moipovos sityvieri
buneba, romelic aSkaradaa daSorebuli realur sinamdviles,
magram aseve ar fiqrobs ra, daeuflos socialuri bunebis enas,
naturalisturma skolam paradoqsulad Seqmna meqanikuri xe-
lovneba da saaSkaraoze gamofina literaturis pirobiTi xasia-
Ti. floberiseuli wera/weriloba uneburad qmnida raRac jado-
qrul atmosferos, ase rom, floberis kiTxvisas, Cven jer kidev
vriskavT, rom CavikargoT bunebaSi, sadac niSnebs ara imdenad
gamomsaxvelobiTi, ramdenadac STagonebiTi Zala aqvT. rac Se-
exeba realistur weras, mas saerTod ar aqvs darwmunebis unari
da ganwirulia mxatvruli aRwerisTvis dualistur dogmasTan
srul TanxmobaSi, romelic gvaswavlis, rom arsebobs erTaderTi
optimaluri forma, romelsac SeuZlia `gamoxatos~ inertuli,
TiTqos usulo sagani, sinamdvile, romelzec mwerali batonobs
mxolod im ostatobis wyalobiT, romliTac SeuZlia erTmaneTs
miusadagos sxvadasxva niSnebi.
yvela es avtori stilis gareSe – mopasani, zola, dode da maTi
epigonebi – iyenebdnen weras, romelic maTTvis erTdroulad
gasaqcevic iyo da im xelosnuri operaciebis demonstaraciis
saSualebac, romelTa gandevnac esTetikidan, romelic sruli-
ad pasiuri gaxda, rogorc maT egonaT, moaxerxes. cnobilia mo-
pasanis gamoTqmebi formaze muSaobis mniSvnelobaze, cnobili
skolis yvela gulubryvilo xerxebic, romelTa meSveobiTac igi
bunebriv frazebs xelovnurad gardaqmnida, frazebs, romel-
nic mowodebulni iyvnen ganecxadebinaT sakuTari literatu-
rulobis Sesaxeb, an am SemTxvevaSi – gamoecxadebinaT fasi, rac
Rirda maTze muSaoba. aseve cnobilia, rom mopasanis stilistika
ukavSirebda ra xelovnebas sintaqsis sferos, leqsikas tovebda
masalad, romelic mocemulia literaturamde. kargad wera – da
amieridan es iqceva literaturuli nawarmoebis kuTvnilebis
erTaderT niSnad – niSnavs damatebebis gadasmas maTTvis Cveuli
265
adgilidan, sityvebis `gamoyofas~, da amiT `eqspresiuli~ ritmis
miRwevas. ase rom, eqspresiuloba – miTia, eqspresiuloba sinamd-
vileSi mxolod da mxolod eqspresiulobis pirobiTi saxea.
saskolo kritikis TvalsazrisiT swored es piroba iqca
mudmivi aRfrTovanebis sagnad, romlisTvisac teqsti ganisaz-
Rvreboda im muSaobis TvalsaCinoebiT, rac igi Rirda. gana aris
rame ufro STambeWdavi, vidre damatebebis gadaadgileba, rac
analogiuria muSis manipulaciebisa, romelic garkveul adgils
mcire detals usadagebs. saskolo kritikas mopasanisa da dodes
weraSi/werilobaSi aRafrTovanebda swored es literaturuli
niSnebi, romlebic bolos da bolos gaemijna Tavis Sinaarss da
mTeli pirdapirobiT acxadebda literaturas rogorc movlenas,
romelic sruliad mowyvetilia kavSirs nebismier sxva enebTan.
ekava ra gardamavali adgili proletariatsa (romelic sruli-
ad iyo mowyvetili yovelgvar kulturas) da inteligencias So-
ris (romelmac ukve moaswro daeWveba literaturaSi, rogorc
aseTSi), wvrilma burJuaziam mxatvrul-realistur weraSi (mo)
ipova literaturis privilegirebuli xat-saxe, romelic er-
Tianad iyo aRbeWdili sakuTari literaturulobis niSnebiT.
saqmis aseT viTarebaSi mwerlis roli mdgomareobs ara imaSi,
rom Seeqmna nawarmoebi, aramed imaSi, rom momxmareblebisTvis
miewodebina literatura, romelsac isini Sori manZilidanac ki
amoicnobdnen.
es wvrilburJuaziuli wera/weriloba aiTvises komunistma
mwerlebma da mizezi imaSia, rom SeuZlebelia, amJamad prole-
tariatis mxatvruli normebi ar emTxveodes wvrili burJuaziis
mxatvrul normebs.
maSasadame, frangulma socialisturma realizmma aiTvisa
burJuaziuli realizmis wera/weriloba da meqanikurad da ga-
nurCevlad iyenebda misi `ostatobis~ yvela intencionalur
niSans. SesaZloa, revolucionerebis keTilgonierebiT aRsavse
am weraSi/werilobaSi gamosWvivis raRac uZlurebis grZnoba,
rom maT ar ZaluZT Seqmnan Tavisufali wera/weriloba rogorc
aseTi. aseve SesaZlebelia, rom burJuaziuli weris/werilobis
kompromentirebulobas mxolod burJuaziuli mwerlebi grZno-
ben: literaturuli weris/werilobis ngreva aRmoCnda cno-
bierebis da srulebiTac ara revoluciur qmedebaTa faqti.
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V. wera/weriloba da dumili

xelosnur weras araviTari wesrigis darRveva ar SeeZlo; ar

monawileobda ra araviTar brZolebSi, mwerals erTaderTi vneba
amoZravebda – Seeqmna forma.
ambobda ra uars axali literturuli enis gamoTavisufle-
baze, is fass uwevda Zvel enas sxvadasxva intenciebiT, silama-
ziT, daxvewili gamoTqmebiT, arqaizmebiT, mas SeeZlo Seeqmna
mdidruli, Tumc, sasikvdilod ganwiruli sityva. es didebuli
tradiciuli wera/weriloba, Jidis, veleris, monterlanis da
bretonis wera/weriloba niSnavda, rom forma Tavisi wonadobiTa
da Seudarebeli brwyinvalebiT warmoadgens Rirebulebas, anu
ar emorCileba istorias, msgavsad RvTismsaxurTa ritualuri
enisa.
gamoCndebodnen xolme mwerlebi, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom
am sakraluri enisgan Tavis daRweva mxolod misi ganadgurebiT
SeiZleboda. maT daiwyes literaturuli enis ngreva da forma
srul qaosSi aRmoCnda, mis adgilas sityvieri sicariele darCa.
maT surdaT istoriisgan sruliad Tavisufali movlenis aRmo-
Cena, magram amgvari pertrubaciebi bolos da bolos sakuTar,
kargad SeTelil gzebs gaiyvanen da sakuTar kanonebs SeimuSave-
ben xolme. enis xrwnis process, romelic sul ufro da ufro
aRrmavebs mis uwesrigobas, mxolod dumilTan SeuZlia miyvana.
agrafia, romlamdec mivida rembo an zogierTi siurealistebi
(swored amitomac miecnen isini daviwyebas) anu literaturis
TviTganadgurebis araCveulebrivi suraTi gvaswavlis, rom zo-
gierTi mwerlis ena, literaturuli miTis es sawyisi da sabo-
loo wertili, bolos da bolos aRadgens yvela im formas, rom-
lis moSorebasac igi cdilobda, rom ar arsebobs wera, romelic
sabolood SeinarCunebda Tavis revoluciurobas da rom formis
yovelgvari mdumareba ar iqneba motyueba mxolod maSin, rode-
sac mwerali Tavis Tavs sruli siyrueze gaswiravs. malarmes
pirovneba – werisadmi misi hamleturi damokidebulebiT –
araCveulebrivad ganasaxierebs im aramyar moments istoriaSi,
rodesac literaturuli ena sicocxles ebRauWeboda mxolod
imitom, raTa ukeT Seesxa xotba sakuTari sikvdilis gardauvlo-
bisTvis. beWduri sityvis agrafias malarmesTan miznad hqonda
gauxSoebul `vokabiulebis~ garSemo Seeqmna sicarielis zona,
267
romelSic ikargeba sityvis JReradoba, romelsac warTmeuli
aqvs Tavisi socialuri da amis gamo, Tavisi codvili kavSirebi.
Cveuli Stampebidan TavdaRweuli, refleqsebis batonobidan
gaTavisuflebuli yoveli sityva xdeba Tavisufali yovelgvari
SesaZlo konteqstebisgan; Tavad amgvari sityvis gaCena hgavs wa-
mier, ganumeorebel movlenas, romelic ar gamoscems araviTar
eqos da swored amiT amtkicebs Tavis simartoves da maSasadame,
Tavis ucodvelobas. es xelovneba TviTmkvlelobis xelovnebaa:
Tavad mdumareba aq gadaiqceva raRac erTgvarovan poetur drod,
igi Wris enobriv Sreebs da gaiZulebs igrZno calkeuli sityva
– magram ara rogorc kriptogramis fragmenti, aramed rogorc
sinaTlis gaelveba, moelvare sicariele an WeSmariteba, romel-
ic mdgomareobs sikvdilsa da TavisuflebaSi (cnobilia, Tu
raoden davalebulni varT moris blanSosgan, romelmac SeimuSa-
va hipoTeza malarmes, rogorc enis mkvlelis Sesaxeb). malarmes
ena Tavad orfeosis enaa, romelsac SeuZlia nebismieri arsebis
gadarCena mxolod masze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi da miuxedavad
amisa, igi Tavs ver ikavebs da odnav ukan trialdeba. malarmes
ena – es aris literaturis ena, romelic miyvanilia `aRTqmuli
qveynis~ zRurblTan anu, samyaros zRurblTan literaturis
gareSe, magram am samyaros Sesaxeb Cvenebis mocema mainc mxolod
mwerlebs SeuZliaT. magram, ai, literaturuli sityvis gaTa-
visuflebis meore xerxi: igi TeTri weris/werilobis SeqmnaSi
mdgomareobs, romelic Tavisufalia Riad gamoxatuli enobrivi
mowesrigebulobis tyveobisgan. lingvisturma Sepirispirebam,
SesaZloa, am axali movlenis arsis garkvevis saSualeba mogvc-
es. rogorc cnobilia, zogierTi lingvisti amtkicebs, rom or
polarul lingvistur kategorias Soris (mxolobiTi ricxvi –
mravlobiTi ricxvi, warsuli dro – awmyo dro) arsebobs kidev
erTi – neitraluri an nulovani – termini; ase, TxrobiTi kilo
TurmeobiTisa da brZanebiTis sapirispirod maT esaxebaT ze/
aramodalur formad. am TvalsazrisiT, magram ra Tqma unda, sxva
masStabebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wera, romelic dayvanilia nu-
lovan xarisxamde, arsebiTad, warmoadgens sxva arafers, Tu ara
weras/werilobas indikativSi anu Tu gnebavT aramodalur weras/
werilobas, mas SeiZleba Jurnalisturi werac/werilobac ki
darqmeoda, swored Jurnalistika rom ar mimarTavdes gauTave-
268
blad brZanebiT da TurmeobiT kilos (anu paTetikur formebs).
axali neitraluri wera ganlagebulia am emociur wamoZaxileb-
sa da msjelobebs Soris, magram maTgan srul damoukideblobas
inarCunebs; misi arsi mdgomareobs swored maT aryofnaSi da es
aryofna absoluturia, igi ar gulisxmobs araviTar TavSesa-
fars, araviTar saidumlos; ai, ratom ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
gulgrili weraa; umal es ucodveli, ubiwoebis SemnarCunebeli
weraa/werilobaa. aq saubari imazea, rom raRac ZiriTadi enisT-
vis mindobiT daZleul iqnas literatura*, romelic erTnairad
ucxoa rogorc nebismieri salaparako, ise saliteraturo enisT-
vis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. es gamWvirvale ena, romelic pirve-
lad kamium gamoiyena `ucxoSi~, qmnis stils, romelic emyareba
aryofnis ideas, romelic Semobrundeba xolme lamis stilis
srul ararsebobad. wera/weriloba am SemTxvevaSi daiyvaneba
Tavisebur negatiur modusamde, sadac enis yvela socialuri da
miTologiuri niSnebi nadgurdeba, uTmobs ra adgils neitralur
da inertul formas. amgvarad, mwerlis azri isev inarCunebs
mTel Tavis pasuxismgeblobas, magram mas Tan ar sdevs istoriaSi
formis socialuri CaTrevis damatebiTi procesi, romelic ver
batonobs am formaze. Tu floberis wera/weriloba emyareba
cnobil kanons, xolo malarme moiTxovs mdumarebas, Tuki iseT
mweralTa wera/weriloba, rogorebic arian prusti, selini, ka-
miu, preveri – yoveli maTgani Taviseburad – amodis arsebuli
socialuri bunebidan, Tuki weris yvela es saxeoba gulisx-
mobs formis SemWirdovebas da enobrivi da socialuri prob-
lematikis arsebobas, amkvidrebs ra sityvas, rogorc obieqts,
romelTanac saqme xelosans, jadoqars an aslis gadamRebs aqvs,
maSin neitralurad wera/weriloba faqtobrivad xelaxla iZens
klasikuri xelovnebis pirvelyofil Tvisebas – instrumentu-
lobas. magram axla es formaluri instrumenti ukve aRar aris
romeliRac gamarjvebuli ideologiis samsaxurSi, amieridan
igi gamoxatavs mwerlis axal mdgomareobas da iqceva dumilad,
romelsac xorci aqvs Sesxmuli. igi Segnebulad ambobs uars ne-
bismier pretenziaze eleganturobisadmi an ornamentulobisad-
mi, radganac am orive ganzomilebas ZaluZs Semoiyvanos weraSi/
werilobaSi dro – moZravi Zala, romelsac Tan istoria moaqvs.
magram Tu wera namdvilad neitraluria, Tuki enobrivi aqti

* originalSi – langue basique nacvlad Cveulebrivi language de base an language

fondamentale–isa.
269
kargavs Tavis mouqnelobas da TavdauWerlobas, iqceva wminda
maTematikuri gantolebis msgavsebad da xdeba iseTive usxeulo,
rogorc algebris formulebi adamianuri cxovrebis uZirobis
pirispir, ai maSin, bolos da bolos, literatura marcxdeba,
swored maSin adamianuri yofierebis mTeli problematika ixs-
neba da gansxeuldeba TiTqos gauferulebul sivrceSi, xolo
mwerali gadaiqceva udavod yvelaze patiosan adamianad. ube-
dureba imaSia, rom ar arsebobs araferi ufro matyuara, vidre
TeTrad wera/weriloba; Tavisi warmoSobis wamidan igi iwyebs av-
tomaturi xerxebis SemuSavebas swored iq, sadac uwin misi Tav-
isufleba hyvaoda. gaqvavebuli formebi yoveli mxridan uteven
da aviwroveben sityvis pirvelyofil uSualobas, xolo enis adg-
ilas, romelic ar eqvemdebareba araviTar mza gansazRvrebebs,
isev amoizrdeba wera/weriloba. gaxdeba ra klasikosi, mwerali
iqceva Tavisi sakuTari adrindeli Semoqmedebis epigonad; sa-
zogadoeba mis weras/werilobas acxadebs erT-erTad mraval
literaturul maneraTagan da amiT aqcevs mas missive sakuTari
formaSemoqmedebiTi miTis tyved.

VI. wera/weriloba da socialuri ena

asiode wlis win mwerlebi, rogorc wesi, arc ki eWvobdnen,

rom frangul enaze gamoxatvis erTi ki ara, mravali sruliad sx-
vadasxva saSualeba arsebobda. magram 1830 wlis Semdeg, im dros,
rodesac burJuazia keTilganwyobilad dascinoda yvelafers,
rac scdeboda misi sakuTari cxovrebis wris sazRvrebs da gan-
lagebiuli iyo viwro socialur sivrceSi, romelic mis mier
bohemisTvis, kariskacebisa da qurdebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili –
sakuTriv literaturul enaSi mwerlebma daiwyes calkeuli mon-
akveTebis CarTva, romlebic atacebuli, nasesxebi iyo `dabali”
enebidan – im pirobiT, rom isini aucileblad eqscentrulebi
iyvnen (sxva SemTxvevaSi, maTSi safrTxe iqneboda davanebuli).
es xatovani Jargonebi literaturis samkaulebi iyo da maT
struqturas Tavs ar esxmodnen. balzaki, siu, monie da hiugo
siamovnebiT gadmoscemdnen yovelgvar fonetikur da leqsikur
darRvevebs – qurdul argos, glexur dialeqtebs, germanelTa
metyvelebas, kariskacebis Jargons. magram es socialuri en-
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ebi mxolod Taviseburi Teatraluri samosi iyo, romelSic ad-
aminur arss mosavdnen da igi arasodes ar exeboda mosaubre indi-
vids da mis mTlianobas, adamianuri gancdebi maTi metyvelebiTi
gansxeulebis miRma agrZelebda arsebobas. SesaZloa, prustis
mosvlas unda davlodebodiT, romelmac mTlianad gaaigiva zo-
gierTi adamiani mis enasTan da Tavisi personaJebis gamosaxva
maTi wminda enobrivi, msuye da feradovani Taviseburebebis meS-
veobiT daiwyo. magaliTad, Tu balzakis personaJebi advilad ew-
erebian sazogadoebaSi arsebuli iZulebiTi urTierTkavSirebis
sistemaSi, sadac es personaJebi erTgvari algebruli kavSirebis
rols TamaSoben, prustis personaJi ama Tu im specifikuri enis
TiTqosda gaumWvirval sivrceSi arsebobs. realurad, swored
am doneze formdeba da wesrigdeba misi istoriuli mdgomare-
oba – misi profesiuli da klasobrivi kuTvnileba, qonebrivi
mdgomareoba, memkvidreobiTi niSnebi, biologiuri Tvisebebi.
ase iwyebs literatura Taviseburi bunebis saxiT sazogadoebis
Secnobas, romlis fenomenebic, SesaZloa, kvlavwarmoebas eqvem-
debareba. im momentebSi, rodesac mwerali asaxavs enebs, rom-
lebzec realurad saubroben adamianebi, ara mxolod rogorc
kolorituli, aramed rogorc sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani war-
monaqmnebi, romlebic mTeli sazogadoebis Sinaarsis amowurvas
axerxeben, am momentSi wera/weriloba Tavis refleqsebs realur
adamianur metyvelebaze avrcelebs; literatura wminda infor-
matiul aqtad iwyebs gadaqcevas, ise, TiTqos misi upirveles
amocanas sazogadoebis ganSrevebis yvela detalis garkveva war-
moadgendes maTive kvlavwarmoebis meSveobiT. igi miznad isaxavs
dauyovnebeli angariSi warmoadginos adamianebis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, romlebic Tavisi klasis, mxaris, profesiis enaSi, memkvi-
dreobiTobaSi an enaSi arian Cakirulni.
am TvalsazrisiT irkveva, rom socialur metyvelebaze dam-
yarebul literaturul enas, principSi, ar ZaluZs gaTavisu-
fldes misi SemzRudveli aRwerilobiTi funqciisgan, radganac
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis pirobebSi ama Tu im enis universa-
luroba metyvelebis aRqmis faqtia da aramc da aramc ar warmoad-
gens laparakis faqts: iseTi enis nacionalur normaTa fargleb-
Si, rogoric frangulia, arsebobs sxvadasxva socialur jgufTa
enobrivi nairmetyveleba da yoveli individi Tavisi enis tyve
aRmoCndeba xolme: sakuTari klasis farglebs miRma igi yoveli
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warmoTqmuli sityviT gascems sakuTar Tavs, yoveli sityva mas
mTlianad amJRavnebs da gamofens, rogorc Cvenebaze mTeli Tav-
isi istoriiT. Tavisi enis wyalobiT adamiani Riaa amosacnobad,
mas Tavad enobrivi formis namdviloba gascems, romelic ar
eqvemdebareba mis angarebian an keTilSobilur survils, icruos
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, Tavad enaTa Tavisebureba gvev-
lineba aucileblobis gamovlenad da swored amaSi mdgomareobs
misi tragikuli arsi.
ai ratom aris, rom salaparako enis aRorZinebam, romelic
Tavidan aRiqmeboda rogorc kolorituli saxumaro formebis
mibaZva, saboloo jamSi socialuri cxovrebis mTel winaaRm-
degobaTa gamoxatva daiwyo. magaliTad, selinis SemoqmedebaSi
wera/weriloba ar dgas azris samsaxurSi, rogorc warmatebuli
realisturi foni ama Tu im socialuri jgufis xatovani cxovre-
biseuli suraTisTvis; mwerlisTvis igi warmoadgens namdvil Cay-
vinTvas mis mier aRwerili garemos webovan siRrmeebSi. ra Tqma
unda, am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba mxolod gamoxatvis saSualebas
da amitom, literatura dauZleveli rCeba. magram, unda vaRi-
aroT, rom sinamdvilis gamoxatvis yvela SeasZlo saSualebidan
(vinaidan, literaturas ZiriTadad amaze hqonda pretenzia) re-
aluri enebis aTviseba mwerlisTvis yvelaze ufro adamianuri
literaturuli aqtia. Tanamedrove literaturis mniSvnelovan
nawilSi metnaklebad SesamCnevia sevda amgvari enisadmi, romel-
ic socialur enaTa bunebriobas SeiZenda. (bolodroindel da
kargad cnobil nimuSad sakmarisia sartris romanebis dialoge-
bis moxmoba). da mainc, ra warmatebulic ar unda iyos enebis es
xatovani saxeebi, isini mainc reproduqciebad, Tavisebur `ari-
ebad~ rCeba, romlebic Zalian pirobiTi weris/werilobis usas-
rulo reCitativis CarCoSia moqceulia.
kenom swored imis Cvenebas cdilobda, rom SesaZlebelia
werilobiTi diskursis yvela elementis sasaubro kontaminacia.
masTan, literaturuli enis socializacia erTbaSad moicavs
weris/werilobis yvela dones – grafikuls, leqsikurs da rac
kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, Tumc arc ise efeqturad gamoiyure-
ba, enobrivi maneris dones. rasakvirvelia, kenos wera/weriloba
ar scildeba literaturis farglebs, vinaidan mas sazogadoebis
umniSvnelo nawili iyenebs da igi ar aris raime saxis universa-
luroba da mxolod da mxolod eqsperimentad da garTobad rCe-
272
ba. da mainc, es aris pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac literaturuli
aRmoCnda ara Tavad wera/weriloba; literatura ganidevneba
formis sferodan; amieridan igi ar aris kategoriaze meti; lit-
eratura iqceva istoriad, xolo ena – adamianuri gamocdilebis
mTel siRrmed. maS ase: literatura aq Riad aris miyvanili enis
problematikasTan da WeSmaritad, amieridan igi sxva veRaraferi
veRar iqneba.
amgvarad, Cven vxedavT, nel-nela rogor gamosWvivis raRac
axali humanizmis monaxazebi, rodesac sayovelTao eWvi, romel-
ic enas Tavs adgas Tanamedrove literaturaSi, Seicvleba mwer-
lis sityvasa da yvela sxva adamianis sityvas Soris morigebiT.
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeZlebs mwerali CaTvalos sakuTari
Tavi mTlianad socialurad pasuxismgeblad, rodesac mwerlis
poeturi ena fesvs gaidgams Tavad enobrivi situaciis SigniT,
xolo misi sazRvrebi ki sazogadoebis sazRvrebs daemTxveva da
ara garkveuli sazogadoebis gemovnebis ama Tu im pirobiT for-
mas. sawinaaRmdego SemTxvevaSi, es pasuxismgebloba samudamod
nominaluri rCeba; igi SeZlebs gadaarCinos mwerlis cnobiereba,
magram ver SeZlebs gaxdes mwerlis avtoriseuli qcevis safuZ-
veli. swored amitomaa, rom azrs ar SeuZlia enis gareSe arsebo-
ba, rom forma literaturuli pasuxismgeblobis pirveli da uka-
naskneli instanciaa da rom sazogadoebaSi harmoniis naklebobaa.
swored amitom qmnis ena – es aucileblobisa da aucilebeli
iZulebis gansaxiereba – am ganxeTqilebis situacias, romelSic
aRmoCndeba xolme mwerali.

VI. enobrivi utopia

weris/werilobis uamravi nairsaxeoba – ai, Tanamedroveobis

niSandoblivi faqti, romelic mwerals arCevanis gakeTebas aiZu-
lebs, literaturul formas adamianis qcevis saSualebad aqcevs
da SeimuSavebs weris/werilobis ama Tu im eTikas. ganzomilebaTa
raodenoba, romelSic Tavsdeba literaturuli qmnileba, iz-
rdeba kidev erTis, axali sididis xarjze: forma, rogorc aseTi,
nawarmoebis wminda inteleqtualuri funqciis gverdiT iwyebs
parazituli meqanizmis rolis TamaSs. Tanamedrove wera/weril-
oba – es WeSmaritad damoukidebeli organizmia, romelic izrde-
ba literaturuli aqtis garSemo, sZens mas azrs, romelic ucxoa
273
misi pirdapiri/sworxazovani intenciisTvis, iTrevs mas ormag
cxovrebaSi da sityvebis uSualo Sinaarsis garda aTavsebs Ses-
qelebul niSanTa Sres, romlebic sakuTar TavSi atareben Tavis
sakuTar, meorad istorias, Seicaven sakuTar danaSaulsa da sa-
kuTar gamosyidvas, ase rom, azris bedi, romelic nawarmoebSia
Cadebuli, mis SemavsebelTan gadajaWvas iwyebs, arc Tu iSviaTad
mis sawinaaRmdego da yovelTvis mis damamZimebel formis bedTan.
sainteresoa, rom literaturuli niSnis (romelic mwerals ar
aZlevs uflebas erTi sityvac ki daweros ise, rom dauyovnebliv
ar aRmoCndes arqaulis, anarqiulis, mimbaZvelobis matarebelis
mdgomareobaSi) fataluri Tviseba moqmedebas iwyebs swored ma-
Sin, rodesac literaturis gamoyenebas – romelic sul ufro
gabedulad moisvris burJuaziuli miTis Tavis statuss – cdi-
lobs is humanitaruli moZraoba, romelmac cxovrebis gaazre-
bisas an masze mowmobisas, bolos da bolos axerxebs CaerTos is-
toria mis mier Seqmnili adamianis saxeSi. am pirobebSi uwindeli
literaturuli kategoriebi – romlebmac (ukeTes SemTxvevaSi)
dakarges Tavisi tradiciuli Sinaarsi, romelic daiyvaneboda
adamianis raRac zedrouli arsis gamoxatvaSi – saboloo jamSi
axerxeben mxolod specifikuri formis SenarCunebas, magaliTad,
leqsikuri an sintaqsuri mowesrigebulobis wyalobiT. mokled
rom vTqvaT, garkveuli enis wyalobiT: amieridan swored wera/
weriloba isrutavs Tavis TavSi literaturuli nawarmoebis
kuTvnilebis niSnebs.
sartris romanebi romanebi arian mxolod im garkveuli me-
tyvelebis maneris, normis erTgulebis gamo (Tumca, igi mudmi-
vad irRveva), romliTac Tavi daimkvidres romanis ganviTare-
bis yvela winamavali geologiuri etapis ganviTarebisas. da
marTlac, sityvakazmuloba sartris romanebSi vlindeba ara misi
Sinaarsis, aramed misi weris/werilobis specifukuri meTodis
xarjze. ufro metic, rodesac sartri (`gadavadebaSi~) cdilob-
da romanuli xangrZlivobis dangrevas da anawevrebda Tavis reC-
itativs, raTa sinamdvilis yvelganmyofoba eCvenebina, swored
maSin aRadgens misi weris/werilobis TxrobiTi xasiaTi – TiTqos
asaxul movlenaTa erTdroulobis zemoT – drois erTianobasa
da erTgvarovnebas, mTxrobelis dros, romlis gansakuTrebuli
xma, romlic Zneli amosacnobi ar aris misi specifikuri modula-
ciebis gamo, parazituli wanazardiseburad amZimebs istoriis
gamoaSkaravebis aqts da romans mowmis Cvenebis araerTgvarovan
274
intonacias aniWebs, romelic Semowmebisas SeiZleba yalbi
aRmoCndes.
naTqvamidan Cans, rom Tanamedrove Sedevris Seqmna faqtobri-
vad SeuZlebeli gaxda, radganac wera/weriloba mwerals gamou-
val winaaRmdegobriv mdgomareobaSi ayenebs; erTi oridan: an misi
nawarmoebi mimarTulia formis yvela pirobiTobis dacvaze da
am SemTxvevaSi literatura yru rCeba Cveni cocxali istoriis
mimarT, xolo miTi dauZleveli xdeba; an mwerali grZnobs Cveni
samyaros mTel sifarTovesa da siaxles, magram amis gamosaxatad
flobs marTalia araCveulebrivad TavlismomWrel, magram sa-
magierod mkvdar enas.
rodesac mwerali win sufTa furcels idebs da im sityvebis
moZebnas lamobs, romlebmac gulaxdili ganacxadi unda gaake-
Ton misi adgilis Sesaxeb istoriaSi da daadasturos, rom igi
iRebs mis pirobebs, mwerali uecrad tragikul Seusabamobas aR-
moaCens imas Soris, rasac akeTebs da rasac xedavs. socialuri
samyaro misi mzeris winaSe warsdgeba, rogorc WeSmariti buneba
da es buneba laparakobs, igi qmnis enobrivi cxovrebis simravles,
romelTaganac Tavad mwerali uimedodaa mowyvetili. amis san-
acvlod, istoria mas xelSi udebs mdidrulad morTul, magram
makomprprometirebel instruments – weras/werilobas, romel-
ic memkvidreobiTaa miRebuli warsuli da misTvis ukve ucxo
istoriidan; weras/werilobas, romelzec igi aranairad ar aris
pasuxismgebeli, magram sargebloba ki mxolod misiT SeuZlia. ase
ibadeba weris/werilobis tragedia, radganac amieridan yoveli
Segnebuli mwerali iZulebulia Seerkinos yovlisSemZle niS-
nebs, romlebic mas winaprebisgan ergo, niSnebs, romlebic ucxo
warsulis siRrmeebidan kinZaven misTvis literaturas, rogorc
raRac ritualur qmedebas da ara rogorc cxovrebis gaTavise-
bis saSualebas.
Tuki mwerali Tavad ar gabedavs gawyvitos kavSiri litera-
turasTan, mas ar ZaluZs weris/werilobis am problematikis
gadaWra. ukve SemoqmedebiTi dabadebis momentSi yoveli mwerali
sakuTar TavSi iwyebs sasamarTlo process literaturis wina-
aRmdeg. magram maSinac ki, Tuki mas gamoaqvs sabraldebo ganaCeni,
maSinve gadadebs mis Sesrulebas, xolo literatura sargeblobs
am gadavadebiT, raTa isev daimorCilos mwerali. igi sul tyui-
lad Seecdeba, Seqmnas sruliad Tavisufali ena; es ukanaskneli
mas daubrundeba, rogorc warmoebis produqti, xolo yovelg-
275
vari fufunebisTvis gadaxdaa saWiro: mwerali iZulebulia moma-
valSic am gaqvavebuli eniT isargeblos, romelic sakuTar TavSi
Caiketa im uamravi adamianis Semzaravi Semotevis gamo, romlebic
masze ar saubroben. maSasadame, arsebobs Cixi, romelSic Sevya-
varT weras/werilobas da es aris Cixi, romelSic imyofeba Tavad
sazogadoeba. Tanamedrove mwerlebi amas grZnoben: maTTvis ara-
stilis, zepirmetyvelebiTi stilis, weris/werilobis nulovani
an sametyvelo xarisxis Zieba principSi, aRmoCndeba mcdelobad,
daaswros sazogadoebis iseT mdgomareobas, romelic gamorCeu-
li iqneboda absoluturi erTgvarovnebiT. maT umravlesobas es-
mis, rom socialuri samyaros realuri universalurobis (aramc
da aramc mistikuri an wmindad nominaluri) gareSe ver iarsebebs
verc universaluri ena.
maS ase, nebismieri Tanamedrove enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
ormimarTulebianoba: wera/weriloba miiswrafis, kavSiri gaw-
yvitos warsulTan da amave dros, swyuria momavlis mosvla. mas-
Si gansxeulebulia nebismieri revoluciuri situaciis xvedri,
misi fundamenturi gaoreba, romelic moiTxovs, rom litera-
turam sasurvelis saxeebi amoxapos im sinamdvilidan, romlis
darRvevasac igi eswrafvis. iseve, rogorc mTeli Tanamedrove
xelovneba, literaturuli wera/weriloba sakuTar TavSi erT-
droulad ganasxeulebs rogorc istoriis gamaucxoebel Za-
las, ise sevdas istoriisadmi. vinaidan wera/weriloba aris amave
dros aucileblobis gansaxierebac, igi warmogvidgeba, rogorc
am ganxeTqilebis gacnobiereba da rogorc misi daZlevis mis-
wrafeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom wera/weriloba sakuTar Tavs mud-
mivad adanaSaulebs sakuTar martoobaSi, igi aranaklebad ocne-
bobs im droze, rodesac sityvebi, bolos da bolos, bednierni
gaxdebian, igi ocnebobs enaze, romlis bunebnrivoba idealurad
gauswrebda win im axal da srulyofil `adamis samyaros~, sadac
ena Tavisufali iqneboda gaucxoebisgan. Tavad axali weris/
werilobis saxeobebis momravlebis faqti axal literaturas
im moculobiT amkvidrebs, romliTac es ukanaskneli, qmnis ra
Tavis enas, miiswrafvis mxolod iqiT, raTa iqces gansxeulebel
ocnebad: literatura enis utopiad gadaiqceva.

Targmna maia naWyebiam

(naTargmnia SemoklebiT)
276
 rolan barti
(1915-1980)

miTi dRes

ra aris miTi Cvens droSi? sawyis pasuxs axlave, Zalian mar-

tivad da mis etimologiasTan sruli SesabamisobiT gavcemdi:
miTi aris sityva*.

miTi aris sityva

ra Tqma unda, miTi ar aris nebismieri sityva. imisTvis, rom si-

tyva miTad iqces, gansakuTrebuli pirobebia saWiro. qvemoT Cven
davadgenT, Tu rogoria es pirobebi, magram imTaviTve mkacrad
unda gaviTavisoT, rom miTi aris komunikaciuri sistema, Set-
yobineba; aqedan gamomdinare, miTi ar SeiZleba iyos sagani, kon-
cepti an idea, is aris aRniSvnis wesi, forma. mogvianebiT saWiro
gaxdeba es forma istoriul sazRvrebSi CavsvaT, davadginoT misi
gamoyenebis pirobebi, CavrToT masSi sazogadoeba, rac xels ar
SegviSlis, rom igi aRiweros, rogorc forma. amasTan, sruliad
moCvenebiTi iqneboda mtkiceba imisa, rom arsebiTad gangvesxvave-
bina erTmaneTisgan sxvadasxva miTiuri obieqtebi: ramdenadac
miTi aris sityva, amdenad, yvelaferi, rac ki Rirebulia Txro-
bisaTvis, SeiZleba gaxdes miTi, radgan igi Tavisi Setyobinebis
obieqtiT ki ar ganisazRvreba, aramed imiT, Tu Txrobis ra for-
mas amjobinebs. miTSi aris formaluri sazRvrebi, magram es ar
aris arsebiTi. maSasadame, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom yvelaferi iyos
miTi? vfiqrob, rom asea, vinaidan samyaro usasrulod sugesti-
uria.…yovel miwier sagans SeuZlia gascdes Tavis Caketil, utyv
myofobas, gadavides sityvierebaSi da Ria gaxdes sazogadoebi-
saTvis, vinaidan, arcerTi kanoni, bunebiTi Tu arabunebiTi, ar
krZalavs saubars ama Tu im saganze. saerTod,…xe aris xe,… magram
minu druesTvis (frangi poeti qali) xe ukve aRar aris mxolod
xe: misTvis es aris xe – Semkobili,…gamosadegi garkveuli moxmare-
bisaTvis, literaturuli gamowvevisaTvis an amboxisTvis; erTi
* miTis gansamartad SegeZloT SemogeTavazebinaT araerTi sxva azri, magram
me veZeb gansazRvrebas misi raobisa da ara sityvebisa.
277
sityviT, xe aris socialuri funqciiT datvirTuli, rac siRrmes
aniWebs Cveulebriv materias, nivTier sagans.
rasakvirvelia, yvelafers erTad ver ityvi: zogierTi sagani,
garkveuli droiT, msxverpli xdeba miTiuri sityvisa, Semdeg igi
qreba, ikargeba da mis adgils sxva ikavebs, rac miTis sicocxles
agrZelebs. gana arsebobs fatalurad STamagonebeli sagnebi,
vTqvaT, qalis msgavsi, rogorc amis Sesaxeb bodleri ambobda?
cxadia, ara. miTi SeiZleba iyos Zalian Zveli, magram maradiuli
miTi – ar arsebobs, vinaidan adamianuri istoria mas realur si-
tyvad aqcevs da swored is awesrigebs miTiuri enis sikvdilisa
Tu sicocxlis sazRvrebs. adrec da Cvens epoqaSic miTologias
aqvs mxolod istoriuli safuZveli, radgan miTi aris sityva,
SerCeuli istoriis mier da is ver aRmocendeba sagnebis
`bunebidan~.
miTiuri sityva aris Setyobineba. maSasadame, zepirsityvi-
eris garda mas SeiZleba sxva formac hqondes. kerZod, SesaZle-
belia igi Camoyalibdes werilobiT ZeglebSi, reprezentaciebSi
da amave dros – fotografiaSi, kinematografiaSi, reportaJSi,
sportis saxeobaSi, sanaxaobaSi, reklamaSi, anu yvelaferi es xde-
ba sayrdeni miTiuri sityvisa. miTi ar ganisazRvrebaA arc Tavisi
obieqtiT (ris Sesaxebac mogviTxrobs) da arc Tavisi materiiT,
vinaidan nebismier materias esa Tu is mniSvneloba SeiZleba piro-
biTad hqondes miniWebuli. isari, romelsac movixmobT, rogorc
iaraRs brZolisaTvis, aris aseve sityva. eWvgareSea, perceptiul
wesrigSi, magaliTad, gamosaxulebas da werilobas cnobiereba
sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvams; Tavad xatic, amavdroulad, mraval-
gvari wakiTxvis saSualebas iZleva. sqema SeiZleba ufro mets
niSnavdes, vidre naxati, imitacia ufro mets, vidre originali,
karikatura ufro mets, vidre portreti. magram Cven axla vsau-
brobT gamosaxvis ara Teoriul SesaZleblobaze, aramed konkre-
tul gamosaxulebaze, romelsac konkretuli mniSvneloba aqvs.
miTiuri sityva yalibdeba ukve mza masalisgan da gaTvaliswineb-
ulia gansakuTrebuli miznisaTvis, anu komunikaciuria; es imi-
tom, rom mTeli masala miTisa, reprezentatiuli Tu grafikuli,
gulisxmobs aRmniSvnelis arsebobas da masze msjeloba miTis
masalisgan damoukidebladac SegviZlia. es masala ar aris nebi-
smieri: xati ufro imperatiulia, vidre weriloba. xati maSinve
Tavs gvaxvevs Tavis mniSvnelobas, analizisa da danawevrebis ga-
278
reSe, magram es sxvaoba araarsebiTia. rogorc ki xati Seimosavs
mniSvnelobas, is gardaiqmneba werilobad: werilobis msgavsad,
xati iqceva gamonaTqvamad (lexis).
amis Semdeg mniSvnelobis mqone nebismier sidides, iqneba es
sityvieri Tu vizualuri, SegviZlia vuwodoT ena, diskursi, si-
tyva da a.S; fotografia gaxdeba CvenTvis igive sityva, rac sa-
gazeTo statia; Tavad sagnebic SeiZleba iqces sityvad, Tu igi
raRacas aRniSnavs. amgvari zogadi midgoma enis mimarT, mis Casa-
wvdomad, gamarTlebulia TviT damwerlobis istoriidan gamom-
dinarec. bevrad adre, vidre Seiqmneboda Cveni anbani, infor-
maciis gadacemis miRebul formebs inkebis kipus msgavsi sagnebi
an piqtogramis magvari naxatebi warmoadgenda. es ar niSnavs, rom
miTiuri sityva mxolod enobrivi kuTxiT unda gaSuqdes, radgan,
sinamdvileSi, miTi ganekuTvneba zogad mecnierebas, romelic
ufro metia, vidre lingvistika da es mecniereba aris semiologia.

miTi, rogorc semiologiuri sistema

miTologia Seiswavlis sityvas da amitomac igi ganixileba,

rogorc nawili niSnebis Sesaxeb ufro farTo mecnierebisa,
romelic am ormociode wlis win sosiurma Seqmna. es gaxlavT mec-
niereba, romelsac semiologia ewodeba. semiologia jer kidev
ar aris srulad Camoyalibebuli. Tumca, sosiuris droidan da
zogjer misgan damoukidebladac, Tanamedrove samecniero azris
mTeli rigi mimarTulebebi – fsiqoanalizi, struqturalizmi,
eitedikuri fsiqologia – gamudmebiT ubrundeba mniSvnelobis
problemas. literaturuli kritikis zogierTi axali mcdelo-
ba, romlis magaliTi baSlarma mogvca, aRar Seiswavlis faqtebs
mxolod im kuTxiT, saidanac igi raRacas niSnavs. magram roca
vexebiT mniSvnelobis sakiTxs, es ukve niSnavs, rom aucileblad
unda mivbrundeT semiologias. amiT ar minda vTqva, rom semio-
logia iTvliswinebs zemoCamoTvlili kvlevis yvela saxes: maTi
Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia, magram aqvs saerTo statusi, warmoad-
gens mecnierebebs Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic faqtebis
ZiebiT ki ar kmayofildebian, aramed mizanmimarTulad aRweren
da ikvleven mas.
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 semiologia aris formebis mecniereba, radgan igi mniS-
vnelobebs maTi Sinaarsisgan damoukideblad Seiswavlis. aqve
unda iTqvas ramdenime sityva amgvari formaluri mecnierebis
saWiroebisa da sazRvrebis Sesaxeb. Jdanovi dascinoda filo-
sofos aleqsandrovs, romelic `Cveni planetis sferoseburi
struqturis Sesaxeb~ saubrobda. Jdanovi ambobda: `rogorc
Cans, aqamde TiTqos mxolod forma SeiZleboda yofiliyo sf-
eroseburi~. Jdanovi marTali gaxldaT: Cven struqturis
Sesaxeb formis gamomxatveli terminebiT ver visaubrebT da
– piriqiT. SesaZlebelia `cxovrebaSi~ iyos struqturebisa
da formebis ganuyofeli erTianobebi, magram mecniereba ver
gamoTqvams gamouTqmels, man unda ilaparakos cxovrebis Ses-
axeb, Tu surs, rom is gardaqmnas. sinTezuri midgomis zogierTi
donkixotis msgavsi mimdevrebis sapirispirod, rac, sxvaTa So-
ris, platonur midgomas mogvagonebs, yovelgvari samecniero
kritika unda daTanxmdes garkveul asketurobas, analizis xe-
lovnurobas da amisaTvis man Sesabamisi meTodebi da enebi unda
gamoiyenos. `formalizmis~ aCrdiliT naklebad terorizebuli
istoriuli kritika albaT ar iqneboda amgvarad steriluri,
Tuki is Seicnobda, rom formebis specifikuri Seswavla sulac
ar ewinaaRmdegeba mTlianobisa da istoriis aucilebel princi-
pebs. piriqiT, rac ufro specifikurad aris gansazRvruli ama Tu
im sistemis formebi, miT ufro emorCileba istoriul analizs.
me vityodi, rom formalizmis mcire doza istorias gvaSorebs,
magram bevri – masTan gvabrunebs. gana aris totaluri analizis
ufro saukeTeso magaliTi, vidre sartris `wminda Jenea~, romel-
Sic erTdroulad aris aRwerili siwmindis formaluri, istori-
uli, semiologiuri da ideologiuri xasiaTi? piriqiT, safrTxe
is iqneboda, Tu formas gaorebulad – naxevarformebad da nax-
evarsubstanciebad ganvixilavdiT, Tuki formas formis sub-
stancias mivaniWebdiT, rogorc es, magaliTad, Jdanoviseul re-
alizmSi moxda. Tavis sazRvrebSi moqceuli semiologia ar aris
metafizikuri maxe: is aris erT-erTi aucilebeli mecniereba
sxvebs Soris, magram ara – sakmarisi. mTavari isaa, gavigoT, rom
ganmartebaTa erToba ama Tu im midgomis ugulebelyofiT ki ara
miiRweva, aramed engelsis sityvebis Sesabamisad, dialeqtikuri
SeTanxmebiT im konkretuli mecnierebebisa, romlebic am sakiTxs
280
exebian. igive xdeba miTologiis SemTxvevaSic: erTdroulad is
aris nawili semiologiisa, rogorc formaTa mecnierebisa da
nawili ideologiisa, rogorc istoriuli mecnierebisa: is ga-
formebul ideebs Seiswavlis.*
aqve SegaxsenebT, rom yvela semiologiuri sistema iTxovs
urTierTdamokidebulebas or elements – aRmniSvnelsa da aR-
saniSns Soris. es mimarTeba exeba sxvadasxva rigis sagnebs da amis
gamoa, rom es aris ara toloba, aramed eqvivalenturoba. amas-
Tan, sifrTxile unda gamoviCinoT yoveldRiuri enis mimarT,
rac, Cemi azriT, ubralod migviTiTebs, rom vTqvaT: aRmniSvneli
gamoxatavs aRsaniSns. me saqme maqvs semiologiur sistemaSi ara
or, aramed sam gansxvavebul elementTan. vinaidan is, rasac me
aRviqvam, aris ara ori elementis Tanmimdevroba, aramed kore-
lacia, rac maT aerTianebs: maSasadame, aris aRmniSvneli, aR-
saniSni da niSani. mTlianobaSi, niSani asocirebulia pirvel or
elementTan. vTqvaT, maqvs vardebis Taiguli, riTac Cems gata-
cebas aRvniSnav. SeiZleba Tu ara, rom am SemTxvevaSi vardebi da
siyvaruli mxolod aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns warmoadgendes?
realurad rom vimsjeloT, Cven winaSea siyvarulis niSnad aRe-
buli vardebi. magram analizis TvalsazrisiT, gvaqvs sami wevri.
vardebis Taiguli, romelsac siyvarulis datvirTva aqvs, saSu-
alebas iZleva srulyofilad da zustad daiSalos vardebad da
siyvarulad: erTic da meorec cal-calke manam arsebobda, vidre
ar gaerTiandnen, raTa warmoeqmnaT mesame, niSnis gamomxatveli
obieqti. iseve, rogorc sakuTari gamocdilebiT ar SemiZlia
gavTiSo vardebi im Setyobinebisagan, rasac is atarebs, aseve
analizis gegmis mixedviT, ufleba ar maqvs erTmaneTSi avurio
vardebi, rogorc aRmniSvneli da vardebi – rogorc niSani. aRm-
niSvneli aris carieli, Sinaarss moklebuli, xolo niSani – Si-
naarsis matarebeli, savse. vTqvaT, gvaqvs Savi riyis qva; vidre
mas sxva mniSvnelobas mivaniWebde, is ubralo aRmniSvnelad rCe-
ba. magram Tu mas gansazRvrul aRniSnuls mivaniWeb (magaliTad,

* reklamis, didi presis, radios, ilustrirebuli wignebis ganviTarebam,

aRaraferi rom ar vTqvaT yofaSi SemorCenil uamrav ritualze (sazogadoe-
baSi TavCenili ritualebi), cxadi gaxada, rogorc arasdros, semiologiuri
mecnierebis Camoyalibeba. gana dRis ganmavlobaSi xSirad vxvdebiT iseT si-
vrceSi, romelic arafris aRmniSvnelia? Zalian iSviaTad, zogjer, arc ki.
magaliTad, me vdgavar zRvasTan: cxadia, es arafers gvatyobinebs. magram sa-
napiroze ramdeni semiologiuri masalaa? droSebi, sloganebi, abrebi, tan-
sacmeli, Tundac naruji, romlebic bevr rames meubneba.
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anonimurad gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCenisas), is niSnad iqce-
va. ra Tqma unda, aRmniSvnels, aRsaniSns da niSans Soris arsebobs
funqciuri kavSirebi (rogorc nawilsa da mTels Soris), imdenad
mWidro, rom am kavSirebis analizi SeiZleba amao mogveCvenos,
magram Cven axlave vnaxavT, rom am sam wevrs Soris gansxvavebas
Zireuli mniSvneloba aqvs miTis, rogorc semiologiuri sistemis
struqturis Sesaswavlad.
bunebrivia, es sami elementi wmindad formaluria da maT gan-
sxvavebuli Sinaarsi SegviZlia mivaniWoT. movixmobT ramdenime
magaliTs: sosiurisTvis, romelic muSaobda gansakuTrebul,
magram meTodologiurad samagaliTo semiologiur sistemaze,
enaze, aRsaniSni aris koncepti, aRmniSvneli – akustikuri saxe
(fsiqikuri bunebis), kavSiri konceptsa da saxes Soris ki – niSani
(mag. sityva), an konkretuli mTlianoba.*
froidisTvis, rogorc cnobilia, fsiqikuri aris erTnairi
mniSvnelobebis mqoneTaAmWidro bade; erT-erTi elementi am mniS-
vnelobebidan (me Tavs vikaveb imisgan, rom mas pirveloba mivani-
Wo) Tavisi arsiT mmarTvelia, xolo meore – faruli an WeSmariti
mniSvnelobis mqone (magaliTad sizmris subtrati); rac Seexeba
mesame elements, am SemTxvevaSi is aris pirveli oris korelacia.
anu sizmari, mTlianobaSi, rogorc SemTxveviTi, ganuxorciele-
beli aqti an nevrozi, moiazreba rogorc kompromisTagani, eko-
nomia – romelic formebisa (pirveli elementi) da intenciona-
lobis funqciebis (meore elementi) SerwymiT xorcieldeba. Cven
aq vxedavT, Tu ramdenad saWiroa niSani aRsaniSnisagan gamoirC-
es: sizmari, froidis mixedviT, aris ara imdenad gamJRavnebuli
mocemuloba an faruli Sinaarsi, ramdenadac or wevrs Soris
funqciuri kavSiri. dabolos, sartris kritikaSi (qvemoT me Se-
movizRudebi sami cnobili magaliTiT) aRsaniSni warmodgenilia
subieqtis pirvelCenili krizisiT (dedasTan gayra bodler-
Tan da qurdobisaTvis saxelis darqmeva JenesTan). litera-
tura, rogorc diskursi, qmnis aRmniSvnels, xolo krizissa da
diskurss Soris mimarTebas gansazRvravs nawarmoebi, romel-
sac mniSvnelobas vuwodebT. bunebrivia, es samganzomilebiani
sistema, Tuki is Tavisi formebis ucvlelobas SeinarCunebs,
yovelTvis erTi da imave saxiT ver realizdeba: Cven aRar gvin-
* `sityva~ Zalian sakamaToa cnebaa lingvistikaSi. me vinarCuneb mas simarti-
visTvis.
282
da zedmetad imis ganmeoreba, rom semiologiis erToba miiRweva
mxolod formebis da ara Sinaarsis doneze, misi sazRvrebi Sez-
Rudulia, damyarebulia enaze da icnobs mxolod erT operacias:
wakiTxvas, anu gaSifvras.
maSasadame, miTSi gvaqvs samwevriani sistema, ris Sesaxebac axlax-
an visaubreT: aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni da niSani. magram miTi imi-
Taa gansakuTrebuli, rom igi agebulia im semiologiur jaWvze,
romelic ukve arsebobda, anu warmoadgens meoreul semiologi-
ur sistemas. is, rac sawyis sistemaSi aris niSani (anu sruli aso-
ciacia konceptisa da xatisa), SemdegSi ubralo aRmniSvneli xde-
ba. aq unda gavixsenoT, rom rogorc ki miTiuri sityvis masala
(sakuTriv ena, fotografia, mxatvroba, reklama, rituali, sagani
da a.S.), ramdenad gansxvavebulic ar unda iyos is, miTis Semad-
genel nawilad iqceva, wminda aRmniSvnelis funqciamde daiyvane-
ba da mxolod da mxolod miTis sawyis masalad iqceva, romelTa
erToba saerTo enobriv statusSi mdgomareobs. Cans, rom asoeb-
sa Tu naxatebSi miTi xedavs niSnebis erTobliobas, globalur
niSans, pirveladi semiologiuri jaWvis saboloo elements.
swored es saboloo elementi iqceva ufro didi sistemis pirvel
elementad, romelsac miTi agebs. xdeba formaluri sistemisA saw-
yisi mniSvnelobebis erTgvari gadaadgilebaAAda ramdenadac es
gadaadgileba miTis analizisTvis umTavresia, mas qvemoTmoyva-
nili sistemis daxmarebiT warmovadgen. cxadia, sistemis Semad-
geneli nawilebis sivrciTi ganlageba sxva araferia, Tu ara mxo-
lod da mxolod metafora:

283
 sqemidan Cans, rom miTSi aris ori semiologiuri sistema, sa-
dac erTi – meoresTan mimarTebiT ixsneba. lingvistur sistemas,
enas (anu, gamosaxvis wesebs, romlebsac is aerTianebs) enaobieqts
vuwodebdi, radgan is aris ena, romelsac miTi sakuTari sistemis
asagebad iyenebs; da Tavad miTi, romelsac metaenas vuwodebdi,
vinaidan is aris meoreuli ena, romelSic pirvelis Sesaxeb sau-
broben. roca semiologi aanalizebs metaenas, is aRar svams kiTx-
vebs enaobieqtis Sedgenilobaze da mxedvelobaSi aRar iRebs
lingvisturi sistemis detalebs; is enobriv niSnebs ganixilavs
mxolod im rolis TvalsazrisiT, romelsac esa Tu is enobrivi
niSani miTis agebisas asrulebs. ai, ratom xdeba, rom semiologi
erTnairad epyroba daweril teqstsa da naxats: misTvis isini
mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac oriveni arian niSnebi, mzad-
myofni miTis asagebad, aqvT aRniSvnis erTi da igive funqcia da
erTic da meorec Tavis TavSi enaobieqts moicavs.
axla ukve droa, miTiuri sityvis oriode magaliTi movix-
moT. amisTvis, upirvelesad, valeris erT remarkas davesesxebi:
warmovidginoT, rom var franguli skolis mexuTe klasis mos-
wavle; vSli laTinuri gramatikis saxelZRvanelos da iq vkiTxu-
lob ezopesa Tu fedras frazas: quia ego nominor leo. Semdeg vwyvet
kiTxvas da vfiqrob: am frazaSi aris garkveuli orazrovneba.
erTi mxriv, sityvebs aqvs Zalian martivi azri, is ambobs: vinaid-
an me mqvia lomi. meore mxriv ki fraza aq imisTvisaa moxmobili,
rom raRac sxva mimaniSnos da ramdenadac is momemarTeba swored
me, mexuTe klasis moswavles, amdenad, naTlad meubneba: me var
gramatikuli magaliTi, gankuTvnili imisTvis, rom gansazRvre-
bis SeTanxmebis wesi warmovaCino. amavdroulad, valdebuli
var mivxvde, rom frazis mizani sulac ar aris mimaniSnos Tavisi
azri, is naklebad cdilobs raime miambos lomze an miTxras misi
saxeli. frazis WeSmariti mniSvneloba isaa, rom Cemi yuradReba
atributis SeTanxmebas miaqcios. aqedan vakeTeb daskvnas, rom me
vdgavar gansakuTrebuli, ganvrcobili wyobis semiologiuri
sistemis winaSe, vinaidan is ukve enis CarCoebs scdeba: ra Tqma
unda, aris aRmniSvneli, magram, Tavis mxriv, es aRmniSvneli das-
rulebul saxes niSnebis erTobliobiT iRebs da, TavisTavad, is
aris pirveladi semiologiuri sistema (me mqvia lomi). sxva SemTx-
vevaSi formaluri struqtura Cveulebrivad igeba: aris aRsani-
Sni (me var magaliTi gramatikisa) da aris globaluri mniSvnelo-
284
ba, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara aRmniSvnelisa da aRsaniSnis
korelacia, vinaidan arc saxeldeba lomisa, arc magaliTi grama-
tikisa, erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT ar meZleva.
da ai, kidev erTi magaliTi: warmovidginoT, rom var parikmax-
erTan, mawodeben Jurnal `pari-maTCis~ nomers. ydaze gamosaxu-
lia axalgazrda Savkaniani, franguli samxedro formiT Semosi-
li. axalgazrda samxedro salams iZleva, Tvalebi zemoT aqvs
apyrobili da es mzera, cxadia, franguli samferavoni droSisak-
enaa mimarTuli. aseTia suraTis azri. magram rac ar unda miamiti
viyo, kargad vxedav, Tu ras mimaniSnebs igi. kerZod ki – ai, ras:
safrangeTi aris didi imperia da yvela misi Svili, kanis feris
miuxedavad, erTgulad emsaxureba mas safrangeTis droSis qveS.
es aris e.w. koloniuri sistemis kritikosebisTvis gamiznuli san-
imuSo pasuxi, vinaidan fotodan naTlad Cans, rom es axalgazrda
Savkaniani Tavis e.w. mCagvrelebs emsaxureba. am SemTxvevaSi Cem
winaSea aseve mniSvnelovani semiologiuri sistema: aris aRmniS-
vneli, romelic, TavisTavad, pirveladi semiologiuri sistemis
nimuSia (Savkaniani jariskaci frangi jariskacis salams iZleva);
aris aRsaniSni (Savkaniani xdeba frangic da samxedroc); da bo-
los, arsebobs aRsaniSni aRmniSvnelis saSualebiT.
vidre gadavidodeT miTologiuri sistemis TiToeuli el-
ementis analizze, aucilebelia SevTanxmdeT terminologiaze.
Cven ukve viciT, rom miTSi aRmniSvneli SesaZlebelia ori kuTxiT
ganvixiloT: rogorc lingvisturi sistemis ukanaskneli elemen-
ti an rogorc miTiuri sistemis Tavsakiduri, sawyisi elementi:
maSasadame, aq gvaqvs ori saxeli: enis TvalsazrisiT aRmniSvnels,
rogorc pirveli sistemis saboloo elements, vuwodebT azrs
(me mqvia lomi, afrikeli jariskaci frangulad iZleva samxedro
salams); miTis kuTxiT ki – formas. rac Seexeba aRsaniSns, aq Seu-
Zlebelia orazrovneba, amitom mas vutovebT saxels –koncepti.
mesame elementi pirveli oris korelaciaa: enis sistemaSi es aris
niSani. magram aq ukve veRar gaveqceviT orazrovnebas, vinaidan
miTSi (da es aris misi mTavari Tavisebureba) aRmniSvneli ukve
enis niSnebiT aris Camoyalibebuli. miTis mesame elements ki
vuwodebdi mniSvnelobas; am sityvis gamoyeneba imdenad aris
gamarTlebuli, ramdenadac miTs WeSmaritad ormagi funqcia
aqvs: is aRniSnavs da gvatyobinebs raRacas, STagvagonebs da wess
gvidebs.
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forma da koncepti

miTis aRmniSvneli orazrovani saxiT warmogvidgeba: erT-

droulad is aris azric da formac, erTi mxriv – savse, meore
mxriv – carieli. rogorc azri, aRmniSvneli ukve wasakiTx masa-
las warmoadgens da is Cems TvalTa winaSea, mas aqvs grZnobiTi
realoba (lingvisturi mniSvnelobis mqonesagan gansxvavebiT,
romelic wminda fsiqikuria); is mdidaria: lomisTvis saxelis
darqmeva da Savkanianis misalmeba, erTad aRebuli, damajerebel,
sarwmuno movlenebs warmoadgenen, romelTac sakmarisi racio-
naluroba aqvT. rogorc enobrivi niSnebis erTobliobas, miTs
aqvs konkretuli Rirebuleba: rogorc lomis, aseve Savkanianis
SemTxvevaSi is aris istoriis nawili. azri ukve Seicavs mza mniS-
vnelobas, romelic SeiZleba TviTkmari iyos manam, vidre mas
miTi ar daipyrobs da cariel, parazit formad ar aqcevs. azri
ukve dasrulebulia, is gvTavazobs garkveul codnas raRacis
Sesaxeb, warsuls, xsovnas, faqtebs, ideebs, gadawyvetilebebs.
rodesac azri formad gardaiqmneba, is Sordeba Tavis SemTx-
veviT bunebas, carieldeba, Raribdeba, uqreba istoria da rCeba
mxolod asoebi. xdeba wasakiTxi masalis operaciaTaA paradoqsu-
li gadaadgileba, azris anomaliuri regresi formaSi, lingvis-
turi niSnisa – miTis aRmniSvnelSi. Tu winadadeba quia ego nominor
leo wminda lingvistur sistemaSi Caiketeba, maSin igi SeinarCune-
bs Tavis sisrules, simdidres, istorias: me var cxoveli, lomi,
vcxovrob sadRac, romeliRac qveyanaSi, vbrundebi nadiro-
bidan da Cemgan iTxoven, rom nadavli dekeuls, Zroxas da Txas
gavunawilo; magram ramdenadac me yvelaze Zlieri var, amdenad,
mTel Cems nadavls sxvadasxva mizeziT visakuTreb, romelTagan
ukanaskneli ubralod is aris, rom `me mqvia lomi~. magram miTSi
Cem mier moxmobili winadadeba xdeba forma da TiTqmis arafers
inarCunebs am grZeli istoriidan. azri moicavda RirebulebaTa
mTel sistemas: istorias, geografias, morals, zoologias, lit-
eraturas. formam ganiSora mTeli es simdidre da misi amJamind-
eli, axladSeZenili simwire mouwodebs mniSvnelobas, raTa Seav-
sos igi. saWiroa bevrad ukana mxares gadavwioT lomis istoria,
raTa darCes adgili gramatikisaTvis, frCxilebSi CavsvaT Savka-
nianis biografia, Tu gvinda saxe axali mniSvnelobis misaRebad
gavaTavisufloT.
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 magram mTavari aq isaa, rom forma azrs ar auqmebs, is mxolod
aRaribebs, Tavisgan iSorebs, Tavis gankargulebaSi amyofebs mas.
SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom azri sasikvdilodaa ganwiruli, ma-
gram es aris vadagagrZelebuli sikvdili: azri kargavs Tavis Ri-
rebulebas, magram inarCunebs sicocxles, saidanac miTis forma
ikvebeba. azri formisTvis xdeba wyaro, istoriis wamieri rezer-
vi, msgavsad Cvens xelT arsebuli simdidrisa, romelic sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr SegviZlia movixmoT an ganviSoroT: yovelT-
vis aris imis saWiroeba, rom formam fesvi gaidgas azrSi da iq
bunebrivad gamoikvebos, gansakuTrebiT ki masSi damalva SeZlos.
es aris azrsa da formas Soris damalobanas saintereso TamaSi,
rac miTis arss gansazRvravs. miTis forma ar aris simbolo: Sav-
kaniani, jariskaculi salmiT, ar warmoadgens safrangeTis im-
periis simbolos, is zedmetad realuria amisTvis. Cven winaSea
jariskacis saxe, mTeli Tavisi simdidriT, cxovrebiseulobiT,
sicocxliT, spontanurobiT, SeuryvnelobiT, udavoobiT. ma-
gram, amave dros, es realoba daqvemdebarebulia, moSorebulia
da TiTqos gamWirvalea. is odnav ukan ixevs, xdeba Tanamonawile
konceptisa, romelic ukve srulad SeTanxmebulia safrangeTis
imperiis cnebasTan da realuri saxe nasesxebi xdeba.
axla vnaxoT aRsaniSni. istoria, romelic miTis formidan
gamodis, mTlianad konceptiTaa gajerebuli. koncepti yovelT-
vis aris raRac gansazRvruli, erTdroulad istoriuli da in-
tenciuri, mamoZravebeli Zala, romelic miTs qmnis. gramatikuli
magaliTis mixedviT, franguli imperialoba aris impulsi, biZgi
Tavad miTisa. koncepti adgens jaWvs mizezebisa da Sedegebisa,
mamoZravebeli Zalebisa da intenciebisa. formis sapirispirod,
koncepti sulac ar aris abstraqtuli: is yovelTvis ukavSirde-
ba ama Tu im situacias. konceptis saSualebiT miTSi inergeba axa-
li ambavi: gramatikuli wesis magaliTSi lomis saxeldebis faqti
winaswar aris daclili Tavisi SemTxveviTobisagan da cxovels
saxels arqmevs Cemi yofierebis yoveli mxare, kerZod: dro –
romlis wyalobiT qveyanas im epoqaSi movevline, roca laTinuri
gramatika skolaSi iswavleba; istoria – romelic socialuri
segregaciis wyalobiT gamomarCevs im bavSvebisgan, romlebic
laTinurs ar swavlobdnen; pedagogiuri tradicia – rac saSu-
alebas maZlevs magaliTebi ezopesa Tu fedrasTan SevarCio; Cemi
sakuTari lingvisturi Cvevebi – romlisTvisac bunebrivia gan-
287
sazRvrebis qvemdebaresTan SeTanxmeba. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
Savkanianzec, romelic salams iZleva: rogorc forma, misi azri
aris mokle, izolirebuli, Raribi; xolo franguli imperialo-
bis koncepti kvlav kavSirSia samyaros mTlianobasTan, zogadad
safrangeTis istoriasTan, mis koloniur avantiurebTan, im mo-
mentisTvis arsebul sirTuleebTan. simarTle rom vTqvaT, is,
rac konceptiSi devs, aris ara realoba, aramed garkveuli codna
mis Sesaxeb. azridan formaze gadasvlisas xati kargavs codnas,
magram iRebs im codnas, romelsac koncepti Seicavs. marTlac,
warmodgeniTi codna miTologiur konceptiSi bundovani cod-
naa, romelic susti da arasruli asociaciebiTaa formirebuli.
konceptis amgvari gaxsniloba gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia.
igi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris abstraqtuli, steriluri arsi,
is warmoadgens uformo, arastabilur, aramdgrad kondensacias,
romlis mTlianoba da koherentuloba upirvelesad misive funq-
ciazea damokidebuli.
amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom miTis konceptis funda-
menturi xasiaTi cxaddeba mis TvisebaSi: gramatikuli magaliTi
gankuTvnilia saxeldobr ama Tu im klasis moswavleebisTvis, sa-
frangeTis imperiis koncepti exeba mkiTxvelis garkveul jgufs
da ara sxvebs. koncepti pasuxobs raRac erT, konkretul funq-
cias da is ganisazRvreba, rogorc raRacisken mimarTuli. yove-
live es gvaxsnebs aRsaniSnis bunebas sxva semiologiuri siste-
maSi, kerZod, froidizmSi; froidTan semiologiuri sistemis
meoreuli elementi aris sizmris latenturi azri, arasrul-
fasovani qmedeba, nevrozi. froidi sworad SeniSnavs, rom qce-
vis meoreuli azri cxaddeba mis WeSmarit azrSi, anu azri srul
SesabamisobaSia siRrmiseul situaciasTan; is warmogvidgeba,
rogorc miTiuri koncepti, rogorc qcevis intencia.
aRsaniSns SeiZleba hqondes mravali aRmniSvneli. miTiur
koncepts Tavis gankargulebaSi aqvs aRmniSvnelebis amouwuravi
raodenoba: SemiZlia vipovo aTasobiT laTinuri fraza, romlebic
gansazRvrebis SeTanxmebisTvis gamomadgeba an warmoavadgino
`safrangeTis imperiis~ konceptis gamomxatveli aTasobiT saxe.
yovelive es migviTiTebs, rom koncepti, raodenobrivi Tvalsaz-
risiT, ufro Raribia, vidre aRmniSvneli. formidan koncepti-
saken svlisas, siRaribe da simdidre erTmaneTTan sawinaaRmdego
mimarTebaSi arian: formebis xarisxobriv siRaribes, rac gameCx-
288
erebul azrs atarebs, miesadageba mTeli istoriisTvis gaxsnili
konceptebis simdidre; xolo formebis raodenobriv siWarbes
– konceptis mcire raodenoba. ganmeorebadoba, konceptis sxva-
dasxva formebTan mimarTebaSi, metad Zvirfasia miTologisTvis.
es mas saSualebas aZlevs, rom miTi gaSifros. ganmeoradoba aris
aqcentireba qcevisa, romelic Tavis ganzraxulobas aaSkaravebs.
naTqvami amtkicebs, rom aRsaniSnis diapazonsa da aRmniSvnels
Soris ar arsebobs mudmivi urTierTmimarTeba. enaSi ki es mi-
marTeba proporciulia. is ar gamodis sityvis an raime konkre-
tuli erTobis sazRvrebidan. amis sapirispirod, miTSi koncepti
SesaZlebelia aRmniSvnelSi ganivrcos, romelsac Zalian didi
ganfeniloba aqvs. magaliTad, SeiZleba mTeli wigni erTaderTi
konceptis aRmniSvneli aRmoCndes da piriqiT, umciresi forma
(sityva, Jesti, lateraluric ki, oRondac is SemCneuli iyos)
emsaxuros konceptis aRmniSvnels, romelsac mdidari istoria
aqvs; aRsaniSns da aRmniSvnels Soris arsebuli es disproporcia
mxolod miTisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikaa da enas ar axasi-
aTebs. froidTan, magaliTad, ganuxorcielebeli qceva aris ise-
Ti aRmniSvneli, romlis simwire sruliad araproporciulia am
qmedebis WeSmarit azrTan.
me ukve visaubre imis Sesaxeb, rom miTiur koncepts ar aqvs
mdgradoba. mas SeuZlia Seiqmnas, Seicvalos, dairRves an saer-
Tod gaqres. da es xdeba swored imitom, rom is aris istoriuli
da istorias Zalian martivad SeuZlia igi Tavisi mexsierebidan
amoagdos. konceptis es arastabiluroba miTologs aiZulebs,
Sesabamis terminologias mimarTos, vgulisxmob – neologizmebs,
romlis Sesaxebac oriode sityvas vityvi, radgan igi xSirad xde-
ba ironiis wyaro. koncepti aris miTis Semadgeneli nawili, ami-
tom, Tuki gvsurs gavSifroT miTi, aucilebelia saxeli davar-
qvaT konceptebs. SesaZlebelia leqsikonSi vipovoT zogierTi
sityva, magaliTad: madli, qvelmoqmedeba, janmrTeloba, huma-
nuroba da a.S. magram ramdenadac Cven konceptebs leqsikonidan
viRebT, amdenad, is (koncepti) ar aris istoriuli. maSasadame,
rac yvelaze metad gvWirdeba miTologiaSi, es aris efemeruli
konceptebi, romlebic konkretul garemoebebs ukavSirdeba da
neologizmebs aseT SemTxvevaSi ver gaveqceviT. CineTi aris sxva
ram, xolo idea, warmodgena, romelic arc Tu ise didi xania mis
Sesaxeb frang obivatels hqonda – sxva: sxvadasxva juris zanza-
289
likebi, riqSebi, opiumis mosawevebi, gamoixateba mxolod erTi
SesaZlebeli sityviT: Cinuri (frangulad° – senité (neologizmi),
rac miuTiTebs Cinuri kulturis Taviseburebas). cudad JRers?
Tavi SegviZlia imiT davimSvidoT, rom axali gagebis aRsaniSna-
vad neologizmi arasdrosaa SemTxveviTi: is kargad gaazrebul
proporciul weszea agebuli.

mniSvneloba

rogorc viciT, semilogiaSi mesame elementi sxva araferia,

Tu ara pirveli oris erTianoba: es aris erTaderTi, rac SeiZle-
ba srulad mogveces da rac arsebiTad mosaxmaria CvenTvis. am me-
same elements mniSvneloba vuwode. rogorc vnaxeT, mniSvneloba
aris Tavad miTi, iseve, rogorc sosiuriseuli niSani – sityva
(ufro sworad – konkretuli arsi). magram vidre mniSvnelobis
Taviseburebebs aRvwerdeT, saWiroa met-naklebad davfiqrdeT
imaze, Tu ra saxisaa igi, anu gadavxedoT konceptis urTierT-
damokidebulebis wesebs da miTis formebs.
upirvelesad, unda aRiniSnos, rom miTSi srulad aris gacxa-
debuli pirveli ori elementi (imis sapirispirod, rac sxva semi-
ologiur sistemebSi xdeba): erTi meoris ukan ki ar `imaleba~,
aramed oriveni aq arian (da ara ise, rom erTi aq iyos da meore
iq). rac unda paradoqsuli Candes, miTi arafers malavs: misi
funqciaa deformireba da ara damalva. konceptSi formasTan mi-
marTebaSi araferia dafaruli da ar arsebobs aranairi saWiroe-
ba aracnobierisa, raTa miTi ganvmartoT. naTelia, aq Cven gvaqvs
manifestaciis ori gansxvavebuli tipi: forma zustia da uSu-
alo, amasTan, mas aqvs ganfeniloba. ar iqneba zedmeti, Tu gavi-
meorebT, rom es srulad aris gapirobebuli miTis aRmniSvnelis
lingvisturi bunebiT, vinaidan igi ukve dafuZnebulia garkveul
azrze da mas SeuZlia Tavi mxolod materiaSi gamoavlinos (maSin,
roca enaSi fsiqikuri bunebis aRmniSvneli rCeba). im SemTxvevaSi
Tu miTi zepiri formisaa, aRmniSvnelis ganfeniloba aris sworx-
azovani (vinaidan me mqvia lomi); Tu miTi warmogvidgeba, rogorc
vizualuri forma, maSin misi ganfeniloba mravalganzomilebi-
ania (naxatis centrSi vxedavT Savkanians, samxedro formiT, ze-
moT – mis Sav saxes, marcxniv – samxedro salamisTvis aRmarTul
290
xels da a.S.). maSasadame, formis elementebs sivrcobrivad axlo
mimarTeba aqvT erTmaneTTan. formis manifestacia sivrculia,
xolo koncepti, piriqiT, globaluri saxiT mocemuli, is aris
raRac bundovani, Sesacnobad met-naklebad gaurkveveli kon-
densacia. konceptis elementebi kavSirSi arian asociaciurad da
eyrdnobian ara ganfenilobas, aramed siRrmes (Tumca, SesaZle-
belia, es metafora zedmetad sivrcobrivia), xolo misi (koncep-
tis) manifestaciis SesaZlebloba – mnemonikuri.
mimarTeba, rac miTis koncepts azrTan akavSirebs, ZiriTadad,
deformaciuli mimarTebaa. Cven aq vpoulobT garkveul for-
malur analogias iseT rTul semiologiur sistemasTan, rogor-
ic fsiqoanalizia. froidTan sizmris faruli azri deformacias
uwevs mis gancxadebul azrs; asevea miTSi: koncepti formas ucv-
lis azrs. rasakvirvelia, es deformacia SesaZlebeli xdeba mx-
olod imitom, rom Tavad miTis forma lingvisturi azris mier
ukve dadgenilia iseT martiv sistemaSi, rogoric enaa. aRsaniSns
ar SeuZlia raimes deformacia, vinaidan carieli, pirobiTi aRm-
niSvneli mas winaaRmdegobis SesaZleblobas ar aZlevs. magram aq
yvelaferi sxvagvaradaa: masSi aRmniSvnels erTgvarad ori mxare
aqvs. erTi Sinaarsobrivi sisavsea da es aris azri (lomis istoria,
Savkaniani jariskaci) da Sinaarsisgan dacarielebuli mxare, rac
aris forma (vinaidan me mqvia lomi: Savkaniani – frangi – jariska-
ci – salams iZleva – samferovani droSis qveS). is, rasac koncep-
ti deformacias uwevs, cxadia, Sinaarsobrivi mxaris sisavsea,
azria: lomsa da Savkanian jariskacs erTmevaT sakuTari isto-
ria da cariel figurebad gardaiqmnebian; laTinuri gramatikis
magaliTi deformirebas uwevs lomisTvis saxelis darqmevis aqts
mTel Tavis konkretul SemTxveviTobebSi; xolo `safrangeTis
imperiulobis~ konceptis SemTxvevaSi, es aris pirveladi enis
sistema, diskursi faqtebis Sesaxeb, romelic jariskacis for-
maSi gamowyobili Savkanianis salmis Sesaxeb miambobs, magram es
deformacia ar niSnavs imas, rom is sruliad gaqra: lomi da Savka-
niani rCebian miTSi, ramdenadac koncepts orive sWirdeba: isini
Suaze iyofian, amoiglijebian mexsierebidan, magram arsebobas ar
wyveten; arian, erTi mxriv, jiutni, TavianT siCumeSi fesvgamd-
garni da, amavdroulad, ybedni, xolo maTi sityva mzadaa srulad
Cadges konceptis samsaxurSi. koncepti swored azris deforma-
cias axdens, magram ar aqrobs mas. es winaaRmdegoba SeiZleba ase
gamoixatos: koncepti azrs asxvisebs.
291
 arasdros unda dagvaviwydes, rom miTi – es aris ormagi
sistema, is Tavis TavSi garkveuli saxis yvelganmyofobas avlens:
azris gaCena warmoadgens miTis amosaval wertils. metafo-
ris sivrculobis Sesanaxad, romlis aproqsimatiuli xasiaTis
Sesaxeb ukve aRvniSne, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTis mniSvneloba
efuZneba raRac uwyvet brunvas, rac cvlis aRmniSvnelis azrs
da mis formas, enaobieqts da metaenas, wminda aRmniSvnelsa da
wminda saxeobriobas. am uwyvetobas, garkveulwilad, aerTianebs
koncepti, romelic mas iyenebs, rogorc orazrovan aRmniSv-
nels, erTdroulad – gonismiersa da warmosaxviTs, pirobiTsa
da bunebrivs.
me ar minda amgvari meqanizmis moraluri Sedegebi ganvsa-
jo, magram ver gavcdebodi obieqturi analizis sazRvrebs, Tu
SevniSnavdi, rom aRmniSvnelis yvelganmyofoba miTSi zustad
awarmoebs alibis (Cven viciT, rom es sityva sivrciTi elementia)
fizikur struqturas. alibSic aris savse da carieli adgilebi,
erTmaneTTan negatiuri igiveobis saSualebiT dakavSirebulni
(me ar var, sadac Tqven ggoniaT, rom var; me var, sadac Tqven ar
ggoniaT, rom var), magram Cveulebriv alibs (magaliTad, sisxlis
samarTlis saqmeSi) aqvs Tavisi dasasruli da zogierT momentSi
realoba wyvets brunvas. miTi aris Rirebuleba da ar SeiZleba
igi WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT ganixilebodes. alibs araferi
ukrZalavs iyos mudmivi. misTvis sakmarisia, rom mis aRsaniSns
hqondes ori mxare, rac mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs sxva adgilze
ganefinos. azri yovelTvis aqaa, raTa moaxdinos formis mani-
festacia. formac aqaa, raTa ganaSoros azri. da arasodes xdeba
winaaRmdegoba azrsa da formas Soris, ar ebrZvian erTmaneTs,
arasodes aRmoCndebian erTsa da imave wertilSi. amis dasamt-
kiceblad erT magaliTs movixmob: vTqvaT, vzivar avtomanqanaSi
da vaTvaliereb peizaJs minis miRma; am dros, Cemi survilidan
gamomdinare, SemiZlia yuradReba SevaCero peizaJze an fanjris
minaze; es is mdgomareobaa, roca aRviqvam minis arsebobas da
peizaJis siSores, zogjer ki piriqiT, minis gamWirvalobasa da
peizaJis siRrmes. am monacvleobis Sedegi mudmivi aRmoCndeba.
mina yovelTvis iqneba CemTvis realurad arsebuli da carieli,
peizaJi ki irealuri da savse, CemTvis mTeli sisruliT gancxa-
debuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas miTiur aRmniSvnelze: misi forma
carielia, magram is arsebobs, azri gafantulia, Tumca savse. ar
292
gavvocdebodi am winaaRmdegobiT, Tu nebiT gavwyvetdi formisa
da azris am monacvleobas, Tu yuradRebas mivapyrodi TiToeul
maTgans, rogorc erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebul obieqtebs da Tu
miTSi ganvaxorcielebdi gaSifvris statikur proceduras, mok-
led, Tu misi dinamikis sawinaaRmdegod moviqceodi: erTi si-
tyviT, viqceodi miTis mkiTxvelidan – miTologad.
da kvlav, aRmniSvnelis es ormagoba gansazRvravs mniSvnelo-
bis maxasiaTeblebs. amieridan, Cven viciT, rom miTi aris Set-
yobineba, ufro metad gansazRvruli Tavisi intencionalobiT
(me var gramatikis magaliTi), vidre Tavisi sityvasityviTi az-
riT (me mqvia lomi). da mainc, es ganzraxuloba, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom erTgvarad gaqvavebuli, ganwmedili, gamaradiulebuli da
bukvalurobisgan daclilia (franguli imperia? magram es xom
ubralod faqtia: mamaci Savkaniani samxedro salams iZleva iseve,
rogorc erT-erTi frangTagani). miTiuri sityvis aRniSvnas eqne-
ba ori Sedegi: is erTdroulad warmogvidgeba, rogorc uwyeba,
raRacis Setyobineba da rogorc faqtis konstatacia.
miTs aqvs imperatiuli, interpelaciuri xasiaTi. istoriuli
konceptis nawili, aRmocenebuli gansakuTrebuli SemTxveve-
bidan (laTinuris gakveTili, safrangeTis imperia safrTxeSia),
momemarTeba me, romelic iZiebs mas: me Cems Tavze ganvicdi misi
ganzraxulobis Zalas, is maiZulebs miviRo misi agresiuli ora-
zrovneba. Tu me vimogzaureb espaneTSi*, baskeTSi, bunebrivia,
SevamCnev erTnairi arqiteqturis saxlebs, erTian stils, rac
SesaZleblobas momcems baskuri saxlebi Sevafaso, rogorc gan-
sakuTrebuli eTnikuri arqiteqtura. miuxedavad amisa, ar Semi-
Zlia vTqva, rom es erTiani stili rogorRac me mexeba, person-
alurad. mSvenivrad vacnobiereb, rom is aq Cemamde, Cem gareSec
iyo da rom es aris kompleqsuri arqiteqtura, romelic xangr-
Zlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda: is ar
mixmobs, arc imisTvis miwvevs, rom saxeli davarqva, Tu Tavad ar
gadavwyvet igi soflis sacxovrebelTa saerTo suraTs mivakuT-
vno. magram Tu var parizis regionSi, gambetas Tu Jan-Joresis
quCis boloSi da SevamCnev xis konstruqciis Tavmomwone, mSve-
nier, TeTr saxls, wiTeli saxuraviT, yavisferi xiT gawyobils,
asimetriuli saxuraviTa da farTod mownuli fasadiT, meCvene-

* vambob espaneTs, radgan safrangeTSi wvrili burJuaziis dawinaurebas

baskuri kotejebis `miTiuri~ arqiteqturis ayvaveba mohyva.
293
ba, rom personalurad miwveven maT baskuri stilis saxlebi vu-
wodo, ufro metic, maTSi baskuri suli davinaxo. am SemTxvevaSi
koncepti – `baskuri~ Cem winaSe warmoCndeba, rogorc sruliad
mizanmimarTuli: is maiZulebs vcno erToblioba misi motivire-
buli ganzraxulobebisa, romlebic ganlagebulia aq, rogorc
individualuri istoriis signali, rogorc konfindencialuri
Setyobineba da Tanamzraxveloba. es aris WeSmariti mowodeba,
romliTac me saxlis mflobelebi mommarTaven da es mowodeba
rom iyos ufro imperatiuli, maT arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT
yvelaferi gaakeTes, raTa baskuri warmomavloba warmoeCinaT:
beReli, Sida kibeebi, samtrede da sxva. es yvelaferi Cem winaSea
da sxva araferia, Tu ara mokle, erTmniSvnelovani da udavo sig-
nali. es konkretuli mniSvnelobebi imdenad xilulia, rom meCve-
neba, TiTqos es saxli CemTvis aaSenes, rogorc magiuri obieqti,
romelic moulodnelad gamoCnda Cems dRevandelobaSi, im yovl-
gvari istoriuli kvalis gareSe, ramac misi Seqmna gamoiwvia.
amgvari interpelatiuri sityva, amave dros, gaqvavebuli
sityvacaa: maSinve, rogorc ki SemoaRwevs CemSi, Cerdeba, Tavisi
Tavisken brundeba, zogaddeba, aRwevs sayovelTaoobis statuss,
qvavdeba, xdeba sufTa da Seuryvneli. konceptis gaTaviseba ue-
crad Sordeba sityvasityviT azrs, garkveulad Cerdeba elemen-
tis, rogorc fizikuri, aseve iuridiuli azriT: safrangeTis im-
periis koncepts Savkaniani, romelic jariskacul salams iZleva,
dahyavs ubralo instrumentul aRsaniSnamde. Savkaniani jariska-
ci mommarTavs me, safrangeTis imperiis saxeliT, magram, amave
dros, misi mosalmeba gaqvavebulia, miniseburi, uZravi da mara-
diuli mexotbeobis gamomxatveli, romlis mizani safrangeTis
imperiis aSenebaa. miTiuri enis zedapirze ukve aRaraferi iZvr-
is: aRniSvnis wesi faqtis ukan imaleba, romelic mas oficialuri
Setyobinebis saxes aniWebs, magram, amave dros, axdens ganzraxu-
lobis paralizebas, asustebs mas moZraobisTvis, yinavs, raTa
Seuryvneloba SeiZinos. amis gamoa, rom miTi aris mitacebuli,
moparuli da Semdeg ukan dabrunebuli sityva. oRondac es ukan
dabrunebuli sityva ukve is aRar aris, rac moipares, radgan dab-
runebisas ukve srulad veRar aRdgeba Tavis adrindel adgilze.
es aris xanmokle, wvrilmani qurdoba, TaRliTobis faruli mo-
menti, rac miTiuri sityvis gayinul mxares Seadgens.
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 Sesaswavli rCeba mniSvnelobis bolo elementi – misi motiva-
cia. cnobilia, rom enaSi niSani pirobiTia. `bunebrivad~ xis akus-
tikur saxes araferi aiZulebs, rom xis koncepts aRniSnavdes.
niSani aq ar aris motivirebuli. Tumca am pirobiTobas aqvs saz-
Rvrebi, romlebic sityvis asociaciur kavSirebzea damokide-
buli. enas, sxva niSnebTan analogiiT, SeuZlia Seqmnas niSnebis
mTeli fragmenti (magaliTad, amboben aimable – Tavaziani, sando-
miani, sasiamovno – da ara amable, rac momdinareobs sityva – aime-
dan (siyvaruli). miTis mniSvneloba arasdros aris pirobiTi, is
yovelTvis nawilobriv motivirebulia da fatalurad Seicavs
analogiis wess. laTinuris gakveTilis magaliTi lomisTvis saxe-
lis darqmevis magaliTTan TanxvedraSi rom aRmoCndes, aucile-
belia analogia, rac atributuli SeTanxmebaa. `franguli imperi-
alizmis~ konceptma Tavisi miznebisaTvis Savkaniani jariskacis
saxe gamoyeneba rom SeZlos, aucilebelia Savkanianis salamsa da
frangi jariskacis salams Soris identuroba. motivacia Tavad
miTis orbunebovnebis gamoa saWiro. miTi aTamaSebs analogias
azrsa da formas Soris da igi ar arsebobs motivirebuli formis
gareSe.* imisTvis, rom gairkves miTis motivaciis Zala, sakmari-
sia erTi magaliTi movixmoT: Cem winaSe awyvia raRac sagnebi, im-
denad areuli, rom ar SemiZlia masSi raime azri vipovo. Cans, rom
aq, azris ararsebobisas, forma Tavis analogias versad daamkvi-
drebs da amgvarad, aseT SemTxvevaSi, miTis arseboba SeuZlebeli
iqneba. magram forma yovelTvis gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, Tavad
es uwesrigoba wavikiTxoT. mas SeuZlia mogvces absurduli mniS-
vneloba, absurdisagan Seqmnas miTi. es xdeba maSin, roca saRi
azri siurealistur nawarmoebs amiTiurebs. magaliTad: moti-
vaciis ararsebobac ki ar abrkolebs miTis aRmocenebas; es ara-
rsebobac ki SeiZleba gaxdes sakmarisad obieqtiuri mizezi, raTa
* eTikuri TvalsazrisiT, is rac arasasiamovnoa miTSi, aris swored misi
formis motivirebuloba, vinaidan Tuki SeiZleba visaubroT enis `sijansaRe-
ze~, maSin igi unda efuZnebodes TviTneburobis niSans. miTSi amazrzenia cru
bunebis, mdidaruli mniSvnelovani formebis gamoyeneba, msgavsad ama Tu im
sagnisa, romlis sargeblianoba garegnuli bunebriobiT aris Selamazebuli.
survili imisa, rom bunebrioba iqces miTis garantad, iwvevs erTgvar gulz-
idvas, radgan miTi aseT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba Zalian mdidari da motiva-
ciebiT gadavsebuli. es gulzidva msgavsia im gancdisa, romlsac ganvicdiT
im xelovanebis winaSe, romelTac ar surT arCevani gaakeTon `fizisa~ da an-
tifizis~ Soris, pirvels iyeneben, rogorc ideals, meores ki – ekonomiuri
miznebisTvis. eTikuri TvalsazrisiT, simdablea or moedanze TamaSi.
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igi gaiSifros. da bolos, motivaciis arqona xdeba meoreuli mo-
tivacia da miTi aRdgeba.
motivacia aris fataluri, gardauvali, miuxedavad imisa,
rom fragmentul xasiaTs atarebs. upirvelesad, is ar aris `bune-
brivi~, is aris istoria, romelic formas Tavisi analogiebiT
mosavs. sxva mxriv, analogia azrsa da koncepts Soris yovelT-
vis nawilobrivia. forma ganiSorebs didi raodenobis analo-
gias da TavisTvis ramdenimes itovebs: baskuri saxli inarCunebs
mxolod daqanebul saxuravs, magram qreba kibe, beReli da sxv.
SeiZleba ufro Sors wasvlac: mTliani suraTi gamoricxavs miTs
an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, iZulebulia TviT am mTlianobis mi-
Tologizeba moaxdinos. aseTi ram xdeba cudi naxatis SemTxveva-
Si, romelic mTlianad `Sevsebulobisa” da `dasrulebulobis”
miTzea agebuli (es winaaRmdegobrivia, magram simetriulia ab-
surdis miTisa: meore SemTxvevaSi forma miTologizebuls xdis
`usrulobas~, pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki – `sisrules~). magram, saer-
Tod, miTi amjobinebs gamoiyenos mwiri saxeebi, romlebic aras-
rulni arian da sadac azri ukve sakmaod TavSemawyeneli, Raribi,
mniSvnelobisTvis mzadmyofia, esenia: karikaturebi, parodiebi,
simboloebi da sxv. dabolos, motivacia SerCeulia mraval Sesa-
Zleblobas Soris: safrangeTis imperias SemiZlia mivce uamravi
sxva aRmniSvneli da ara mxolod Savkaniani jariskacis samxedro
salami: magaliTad, frangi generali medals gadascems sene-
galels, romelmac omSi xeli dakarga an mowyalebis da samkurna-
lo mcenareebis miqsturas uwvdis loginSi Cawolil Crdilo
afrikels, TeTrkaniani maswavlebeli gakveTils utarebs bejiT
Savkanian bavSvebs. presa yoveldRiurad warmoaCens, rom miTis
Sesaqmnelad aRmniSvnelis rezervi ulevia.
sxvaTaSoris, Semdegi Sedareba ukeT warmoaCens miTis arss.
miTis mniSvnelobis pirobiToba ideogramis pirobiTobaze arc
metia da arc naklebi. miTi aris wminda ideografiuli sistema, sa-
dac formebi motivirebulni arian im konceptis mier, romelTac
isini warmoadgenen da ver moicaven gamomsaxvelobiT sisrules.
da rogor nel-nela icleboda ideograma konceptisgan (istori-
ulad), raTa bgeras Serwymoda da amgvarad, ufro da ufro kar-
gavda motivirebas, asevea Zveli miTic, romelic SeiZleba Sevic-
noT Tavisi mniSvnelobis pirobiTobiT, rogorc mTeli molieri
– eqimis sayeloTi.
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miTis wakiTxva da gaSifvra

rogor unda miviRoT miTi? aq kidev erTxel davubrundeT

misi aRmniSvnelis orbunebovnebas, romelic erTdroulad aris
azrica da formac. iqidan gamomdinare, Tu romelze gavamaxvi-
leb yuradRebas – erTze (azrze), meoreze (formaze) Tu oriveze
erTdroulad, me Sevqmni kiTxvis sam gansxvavebul tips.*
1. Tuki yuradRebas mivapyrob cariel aRmniSvnels, saSuale-
bas mivcem koncepts, orazrovnebis gareSe Seavsos miTis forma
da aRmovCndebi martivi sistemis winaSe, sadac mniSvneloba kvlav
anbanuri gaxdeba: afrikeli, romelic jariskacul salams iZl-
eva, aris magaliTi safrangeTis imperiulobisa, misi simbolo.
aRqmis amgvari manera damaxasiaTebelia, magaliTad, miTis Semqm-
nelebisaTvis, Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqtorebisaTvis, romlebic
raime koncepts iReben da mas formas uZebnian.**
2. Tuki yuradRebas gavamaxvileb srul aRmniSvnelze,
romelSic naTlad ganvasxvaveb erTmaneTisagan formasa da azrs
da, aqedan gamomdinare, mxedvelobaSi miviReb formis damamaxin-
jebel gavlenas azrze, maSin davarRvev miTis mniSvnelobas da
miviReb mas, rogorc tyuils: jariskaci, romelic salams iZle-
ba, gaxdeba safrangeTis imperiulobis alibi. miTologisaTvis
damaxasiaTebelia amgvari aRqma: rodesac is Sifravs miTs, gvicx-
adebs masSi mimdinare azris deformacias.
3. dabolos, Tu SevarCev miTis aRmniSvnels, rogorc sruli-
ad erTmaneTSi areul-dareul erTobas azrisa da formisa, maSin
miviReb orazrovan mniSvnelobas – vupasuxeb miTis meqanizmis
moqmedebas, mis sakuTar dinamikas da gavxdebi miTis mkiTxveli:
Savkaniani, romelic salams iZleva, ukve aRar iqneba arc magal-
iTi, arc simbolo da miT ufro – arc alibi: is CemTvis uSualod
safrangeTis imperiulobis reprezentacia gaxdeba.
pirveli ori akomodacia statikuria, analitikuri wyobisa;
isini anadgureben, spoben miTs – an warmoaCenen TavianT ganzrax-
vas, an iniRbebian: pirveli aris cinikuri, meore – mistificire-

* arCevanis Tavisufleba aris problema, romelic semiologiaSi ar wamoiWre-

ba, is damokidebulia konkretuli Temis mdgomareobaze.
** lomis saxelwodebas viRebT laTinuri gramatikis martiv magaliTad,
vinaidan Cven, rogorc zrdasruli adamianebi, moxmobilni varT mis Sesaqm-
nelad. mogvianebiT kvlav davubrundebi konteqstis Rirebulebas am miTiur
sqemaSi.
297
buli, xolo mesame – dinamikuri da miTs Tavisi struqturis
saboloo miznebisaTvis moixmars; mkiTxveli cxovrobs miTiT,
rogorc istoriiT, romelic erTdroulad aris WeSmariti da
ararealuri.
Tu gvinda miTiuri sqema zogad istorias mivabaT, avxsnaT,
rogor pasuxobs igi ama Tu im sazogadoebis interess, erTi si-
tyviT, Tu gvsurs gadavideT semiologiidan ideologiaSi, ma-
Sin, cxadia, aucileblad unda movTavsdeT mesame akomodaciis
doneze da aq TviT miTis mkiTxvelma unda gamoaaSkaraos miTis
arsebiTi funqcia. rogor iRebs dRes is miTs? Tu is iRebs uwyi-
nari uSualobiT, ra interesi aqvs misTvis am SeTavazebas? da Tu
is waikiTxavs miTs dafiqrebulad, rogorc miTologi, ra mniS-
vneloba aqvs warmodgenil alibs? Tuki miTis mkiTxveli ver dai-
naxavs Savkanian jariskacSi, romelic salams iZleva, safrange-
Tis imperialisturobas, maSin sruliad usargeblo yofila am
saxis Seqmna da Tuki is mas dainaxavs, miTi araferi iqneba sxva,
Tu ara loialuri politikuri gancxadeba. erTi sityviT, miTis
ganzraxva aris an Zalian bundovani, raTa gaxdes efeqturi, an
Zalian naTeli, rom is virwmunoT. da sad aris orazrovneba an
erT, an meore SemTxvevaSi?
yovelive es aris cru alternativa. miTi arafers malavs da
arc arafers acxadebs: is formas ucvlis; miTi ar aris arc tyui-
li da arc raRacis aRiareba, is aris damaxinjeba. radgan arsebobs
alternativa, ris Sesaxebac axla vilaparake, amitom miTi pou-
lobs mesame gamosavals da vinaidan mas gaqroba emuqreba, Tuki
pirvel an meore akomodacias mihyveba, amitom iZulebulia wav-
ides raime daTmobaze; da ai, miTi avlens kompromiss: mas aqvs mi-
zani, rom rogorRac `gaaTrios~ winaswarganzraxuli koncefti,
magram miTi enaSi mxolod Ralats xvdeba: enas ar SeuZlia waSa-
los koncepti Tu is mas (ena koncepts) malavs an moxsnas niRabi,
Tu mas acxadebs. mxolod meoreuli semiologiuri sistemis Se-
muSaveba miscems mas saSualebas, Tavidan aicilos dilema, Tum-
ca, nacvlad imisa, rom safarveli CamoaSoros an gaanadguros
koncepti, egueba mas, xdis naturalizebuls.
Cven mivediT miTis principamde, romlis mixedviTac is is-
torias bunebad gardaqmnis. axla cxadi xdeba, rom miTis momx-
marebelTaTvis intencia, konceptis Tavsmoxveva, SeiZleba iyos
aSkara, Tumca ar Candes angarebiani. mizezi, romelic badebs mi-
298
Tiur Setyobinebas, sruliad eqsplicituria, magram is maSinve
iyineba, rogorc raRac `bunebrivi~; is ikiTxeba ara rogorc Sina-
ganad amoZravebuli, aramed rogorc azri, motivi, sababi. Tu me
wavikiTxav salmis momcem Savkanian jariskacs, rogorc wminda da
ubralo simbolos imperialisturobisa da uars ganvacxadeb su-
raTis realobaze, is diskretirdeba Cems TvalSi, radgan gaxde-
ba instrumenti; amis sapirispirod, Tuki gavSifrav Savkanianis
misalmebas, rogorc kolonializmis alibs, miT ufro davarRvev
miTs, vinaidan CemTvis sruliad cxadi Seiqneba misi ganzraxva, ma-
gram miTis mkiTxvelisaTvs Sedegi absoluturad sxva iqneba: yve-
laferi gamoCndeba imgvarad, TiTqos suraTi bunebrivad iwvevs
koncepts da aRmniSvneli safuZvlad edeba aRsaniSns; miTi arse-
bobas iwyebs im gansazRvruli momentidan, rodesac safrangeTis
imperia gadava bunebriv mdgomareobaSi; amdenad, miTi aris Zli-
erad argumentirebuli sityva.
ai, kidev erTi magaliTi, romelic naTlad gvatyobinebs, Tu
rogor SeuZlia miTis momxmarebels aRsaniSnis aRmniSvneliT
racionalizeba. ivlisis Tvea, gazeT `France Soir~-Si vkiTxulob
didi asoebiT daweril saTaurs: PRIX : PREMIER FLÉCHISSEMENT.
LÉGUMES : LA BAISSE EST AMORCÉE. pirveli fasdakleba. bost-
neulze fasebis kleba daiwyo. swrafad avagoT semiologiuri
sqema: moxmobili magaliTi aris fraza, xolo sawyisi sistema _
wmindad lingvisturi. meoreuli sistemis aRmniSvneli Sedgeba
garkveuli leqsikuri SemTxveviTobebisagan (sityvebi: PREMIER
– pirveli, AMORCÉE – dawyebuli, amoqmedebuli, LA BAISSE –
dakleba, dacema) an topografiulisagan (saTauris uzarmazari
asoebi, romliTac, rogorc wesi, mkiTxveli elodeba msof-
lios umniSvnelovanes axal ambebs). aRsaniSni anu koncepti aris
samTavrobo sistema, rac barbarosuli, magram aucilebeli ne-
ologizmia, vinaidan mTavroba didi presis mier warmogvidgeba,
rogorc warmatebis faqtori. aqedan mTeli Tavisi sicxadiT
Cndeba miTis mniSvneloba: fasebi xilsa da bostneulze ecema,
vinaidan mTavrobam ase gadawyvita. Cvens SemTxvevaSi ki, rac saer-
To jamSi ase iSviaTad xdeba, am gazeTma, Tavis dasazRvevad Tu
patiosnebis gamo, ori striqonis qvemoT daarRvia miTi, romel-
ic es esaa SeimuSava; is amatebs (Tumca, mokrZalebulad, patara
SriftiT): `fasebis kleba gaadvila bazris sezonurma sisavsem~.

299
es magaliTi yuradsaRebia ori mizezis gamo. upirvelesad, masSi
srulad Cans miTis impresiuli buneba: Cven misgan velodebiT
dauyovnebliv efeqts; umniSvneloa, rom miTi Semdeg daiSleba,
magram misi qmedeba Cafiqrebulia ufro Zlierad, vidre racio-
naluri ganmartebebi, romlebmac SeiZleba mogvianebiT is
gaaqarwylos. yovelive es niSnavs, rom miTis kiTxva aResruleba
myisierad. ai, Tvalis erTi SevlebiT gadavxedav “France Soir”-s,
romelsac Cemi mezobeli kiTxulobs: me masSi avirCev mxolod
azrs, magram wavikiTxav mis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas, kerZod, aR-
movaCen mTavrobis aqcias xilsa da bostneulze fasebis Semcire-
bis Sesaxeb. morCa, es sakmarisia. miTis ufro yuradRebiani kiTx-
va ver gazrdis misi moqmedebis Zalas da arc fiasko iqneba: miTi
aris erTdroulad arasrulyofili da udavo, verc dro, verc
Cveni codna mas verc verafers daamatebs da verc daaklebs. da
kidev, konceptis naturalizacia, romelic axlaxan ganvsazRvre,
rogorc miTis arsebiTi funqcia, aq samagaliToa: sawyis siste-
maSi (eqskluziurad lingvisturSi) mizezobriobas aqvs sityvis
pirdapiri mniSvneloba, bunebrivi xasiaTi: xilisa da bostneulis
fasebi iklebs, vinaidan sezonia. meoreul sistemaSi (miTologi-
urSi) mizezobrioba aris mogonili, tyuili, magram is Tavsdeba
bunebis erTgvar savaWro furgonebSi. Sedegad, miTi ganicdeba,
rogorc ucodveli sityva da es xdeba ara imitom, rom misi zrax-
vebi damalulia (Tu is damaluli iqneboda, ver iqneboda efeq-
turi), aramed imitom, rom igi naturalizebulia.
faqtobrivad, is rac saSualebas aZlevs mkiTxvels, moixmaros
miTi rogorc uvnebeli gzavnili, aris is, rom mkiTxveli masSi
xedavs ara semiologiur sistemas, aramed induqciurs; iq, sadac
mxolod ekvivalentobaa, is Wvrets erTgvar mizezobriobis pro-
cess, romlis mixedviTac, mkiTxvelis TvalSi aRmniSvnelsa da
aRsaniSns bunebrivi kavSirebi aqvT. Cven SegviZlia es erTmaneTSi
aRreva avxsnaT sxvagvarad, kerZod imiT, rom mTeli semiologi-
uri sistema warmoadgens RirebulebaTa sistemas, xolo miTis
momxmarebeli mniSvnelobas igebs, rogorc faqtebis sistemas,
anu miTi ikiTxeba, rogorc faqtebis sistema, maSin, rodesac is
sxva araferia, Tu ara semiologiuri sistema.

300
miTi, rogorc moparuli ena

ra aris miTis arsi? es aris azris gardaqmna formad, sxvagvar-

ad rom vTqvaT, miTi iparavs enas. me `viparav~ Savkanian jariskacs,
romelic salams iZleva, TeTrsa da yavisfer baskur saxls, xilisa
da bostneulis sezonur fasdaklebas; miTi qurdobs ara imitom,
rom Seqmnas magaliTebi da simboloebi, aramed imitom, rom maTi
daxmarebiT naturalizebuli gaxados safrangeTis imperia, Cemi
siyvaruli yovelgvari baskurisa, xelisuflebisa. nuTu yoveli
sawyisi ena fatalurad warmoadgens miTis nadavls? nuTu ar ar-
sebobs iseTi azri, romelic SeZlebda SewinaaRmdegeboda formis
agresias? faqtobrivad, araferi SeiZleba iyos miTisTvis usa-
frTxo; miuxedavad imisa, rom miTs SeuZlia Tavisi meoreuli
sistema ganaviTaros nebismieri azris safuZvelze, dawyebuli
Tavad azris STanTqmidanac ki, da es Cven ukve vnaxeT, mainc unda
vTqvaT, rom yvela ena erTnaiarad ver ewinaaRmdegeba amas.
Cveulebrivi ena, romelic yvelaze xSiradaa moparuli mi-
Tis mier, sust winaaRmdegobas uwevs mas. is TavisTavad Seicavs
garkveul miTiur winapirobas, monaxazs, mcdelobas niSnebisa,
romlebic gankuTvnilia imisaTvis, rom warmoaCinos maTi gamoy-
enebis ganzraxva; es aris is, risTvisac SeiZlebda gvewodebina
enis gamomxatveloba; magaliTad, brZanebiTi Tu kavSirebiTi ki-
loebi aris aRsaniSnis gansakuTrebuli forma, azrisagan gansx-
vavebuli; aRsaniSni aris aq Cemi neba-survili Tu Cemi vedreba.
amis gamoa, rom zogierTma lingvistma TxrobiTi kilo gansaz-
Rvra, rogorc nulovani mdgomareoba Tu nulovani safexuri
brZanebiT da kavSirebiT kiloebTan mimarTebiT. magram miTSi,
romelic sruladaa formirebuli, azri arasodesaa nulovan
safexurze da amis gamoa, rom koncepts SeuZlia misi deformire-
ba, naturalizeba. amasTan kidev erTxel unda gavixsenoT is, rom
azris dakargva ar aris nulovani safexuri, amitom miTs SeuZlia
Zalian kargad isargeblos azris aryofniT da misces mas, maga-
liTad, absurdis mniSvneloba, siurealuroba da a. S. dabolos,
mxolod nulovani safexuri SeiZleba aRmoCndes is, rac SeZlebs
miTis winaaRmdeg aRdges.
ena SeiZleba sxvagvarad isesxos miTma, Tumca Zalian iSvia-
Tia, rom enis azri iyos imTaviTve sruli da ar deformirdes,
rac misi konceptis abstraqtulobiT aixsneba; magaliTad, xis
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koncepti Zalian bundovania, is SeiZleba sesxulobdes mraval
konteqsts. cxadia, enaSi aris mTeli krebuli konkretizacie-
bisa (es xe; xe, romelic... da a.S.), magram saboloo azris garSemo
yovelTvis rCeba virtualuri Seuvaloba, sadac tivtiveben sxva-
dasxva SesaZlebeli azrebi, romlebic TiTqmis yovelTvis emor-
Cilebian ama Tu im interpretacias. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ena miTs
sTavazobs aJurul azrs, miTs ki SeuZlia Tavisuflad SeaRwios
da gaizardos masSi. aq xdeba azris miTviseba kolonizaciis meS-
veobiT (magaliTad, Cven vkiTxulobT: fasebis dakleba ukve dai-
wyo, magram ra daklebazea saubari? sezonurze Tu mTavrobis
mier sanqcirebulze? mniSvneloba gansazRvruli artiklisaT-
vis parazitad gvevlineba).
rogorc ki azri aRmoCndeba imdenad gadavsebuli, rom miTi
ver SeZlebs mis dapyrobas, maSin igi Semoabrunebs mas (azrs)
da mTlianad aiTvisebs. aseTi ram emarTeba maTematikur enas.
TavisTavad, es ena ar deformirdeba da interpretacias ar
ewinaaRmdegeba: masSi ar SeiniSneba aranairi parazituli mniS-
vneloba. swored amis gamo miTi mas mTlianad iTavisebs, iRebs
erTgvar maTematikur formulas (E= mc2) da aqcevs am ucvlel
azrs wminda maTematikur aRmniSvnelad. aq vxedavT, rom miTi ip-
aravs imas, rac mas ewinaaRmdegeba da icavs Tavis siwmindes. mas
SeuZlia yvelafers miswvdes, yvelaferi gaxrwnas, iqamdec ki mi-
vides, rom miTologizacias gaeqces. amgvarad, aRmoCndeba, rom
rac met winaaRmdegobas gamoaCens ena-obieqti dasawyisSi, miT
metad advilad dasayoliebeli aRmoCndeba boloSi. vinc mTeli
ZaliT uwevs winaaRmdegobas, aq is srulad Tmobs: erT mxaresaa
ainStaini, meore mxares Paris Match-i. SeiZleba gadmovceT am kon-
fliqtis droebiTi saxe: maTematikuri ena aris dasrulebuli
ena da es srulqmnileba miiRweva misi nebayofilobiTi sikvdilis
fasad, xolo miTi, piriqiT, aris ena, romelsac ar surs sikvdi-
li, azrebidan, saidanac is ikvebeba, iRebs mcdar, degradirebul
yofierebas, xelovnurad aWianurebs azrebis sikvdils, maTSi
moxerxebulad ganTavsdeba da molaparake gvamebad gardaqmnis.
ai, aseve, sxva magaliTi enisa, romelic yovelgvari Zalisx-
meviT ewinaaRmdegeba miTologizacias: es aris poeturi ena.
Tanamedrove poezia* warmoadgens regresiul semiologiur
* klasikuri poezia, piriqiT, iqneba umaRlesi safexuris miTologi-
uri sistema, vinaidan is azrs Tavs axvevs damatebiT aRsaniSns, rac aris
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sistemas. Tuki miTi iswrafvis ultramniSvnelobis Seqmnisaken,
sawyisi sistemis gafarToebisaken, poezia – piriqiT, cdilobs
ipovos inframniSvneloba, enis presemiologiuri mdgomareoba;
mokled, is Zalisxmevas ar iSurebs niSani xelaxla gardaqmnas az-
rad: misi (poeziis) tendenciuri idealia – miswvdes ara sityvebis
azrs, aramed Tavad saganTa azrs;* amitomaa, rom poezia arRvevs
simSvides enisa, anu koncepts qmnis rac SeiZleba abstraqtuls,
xolo niSans, rac SeiZleba metad TviTneburs, xolo aRmniSvnel-
sa da aRsaniSnis Soris kavSirs SesaZlebel zRvramde asustebs;
aq maqsimaluradaa gamoyenebuli konceptis `meryevi~ struq-
tura: prozis sawinaaRmdegod, poeziaSi poeturi niSani cdi-
lobs aRsaniSnis mTeli potenciali im imediT ganacxados, rom
bolos miaRwevs imas (bunebiTi azriT da ara adamianuriT), rasac
SeiZleba sagnebis transcendentuli Tavisebureba vuwodoT.
aqedan momdinareobs esencialuri ambiciebi poeziisa, romelic
darwmunebulia imaSi, rom mxolod mas SeuZlia Caswvdes Tavad
sagnebis arss da swored im sazRvrebSi, sadac mas antienad surs
warmogvidges. saerTo jamSi, sityvebis momxmarebelTa Soris po-
etebi yvelaze nakleb formalistebi arian, vinaidan mxolod maT
sjeraT, rom sityvebis azri aris mxolod forma, romelic ara-
nairad ar akmayofilebs maT, rogorc realistebs. amitomacaa,
rom Cveni Tanamedrove poezia yovelTvis asrulebs enis mkvle-
lis rols, warmoadgens erTgvar sivrcobriv, mgrZnobiare ana-
logias siCumisa. poezia ewinaaRmdegeba miTs. miTi aris semiolo-
giuri sistema, romelsac aqvs pretenzia imisa, rom gardaiqmnas
faqtebis sistemaSi, poezia ki gaxlavT semiologiuri sistema,
romelic ganizraxavs, SeikumSos arsebiT sistemaSi.
magram aqac, iseve rogorc maTematikur enaSi, Tavad po-
eziis winaaRmdegobis Zala gardaqmnis mas idealur nadavlad
miTisTvis: niSnebis xiluli uwesrigoba, arsebiTi wyobis po-

sistematuroba. magaliTad, aleqsandriuli leqsi warmoadgens erTdrou-

lad diskursis azrsa da sruliad axal aRmniSvnels – mis poetur mniS-
vnelobas. warmateba naSromisa, Tuki is amas moaxerxebs, damokidebulia ori
sistemis garegnuli Serwymis xarisxze. cxadia, ar SeiZleba vimsjeloT ar-
sisa da formis harmoniul urTierTdamokidebulebaze, aramed mxolod erTi
formis elegantur absorbciaze meoris mier. eleganturobaSi me vgulisxmob
saSualebaTa gamoyenebis maqsimalur ekonomias. saukuneobrivi dakvirvebiT
literaturuli kritika azrsa da Sinaarss erTmaneTSi urevs. ena aris yov-
elTvis formebis sistema, xolo azri – forma.
* aq mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sartris gageba azrisa, rogorc semiologiuri
sistemis gareT arsebuli sagnebis bunebrivi Tvisebisa. ( Saint Genet, gv. 283)
303
eturi saxe – datyvevebulia miTis mier, romelic gardaiqmneba
cariel aRmniSvnelad da poeziis aRniSvnas moemsaxureba. amiT
aixsneba araprognozirebadi xasiaTi Tanamedrove poeziisa: is
uxeSad uaryofs miTs, magram mainc xelfexSekruli emorCileba
mas. klasikuri poeziis wesrigi ki, piriqiT, gaxldaT cnobieri
miTologizaciis Sedegi da miTis cxadi TviTneboba mocemul
SemTxvevaSi warmogvidgeba, rogorc erTgvari srulqmnileba,
vinaidan semiologiuri sistemis balansi damokidebulia misi
niSnebis TviTnebobaze.
miTis nebayofilobiTi daqvemdebareba gansazRvravs mTel
Cvens tradiciul literaturas; miRebuli normebis Tanaxmad,
es aris tipobrivad miTologiuri sistema: masSi aris azri, dis-
kursis azri; aris aRmniSvneli, aRsaniSni, rac gaxlavT litera-
turis koncepti; aris mniSvneloba, rac warmoadgens litratu-
rul diskurss. me Sevexe am problemas `weris nulovan safexurSi~,
romelic mTlianobaSi sxva araferia, Tu ara literaturuli
enis miTologia; me masSi wera ganvsazRvre, rogorc literatu-
ruli miTis aRmniSvneli, anu rogorc ukve azriT aRvsili for-
ma, romelic literaturis konceptisagan axal mniSvnelobas
iRebs.* gamovTqvi azri, rom istorias, romelic gamudmebiT cv-
lis mwerlis Segnebas, daaxloebiT gasul saukuneSi gamouwvevia
literaturuli enis moraluri krizisi, kerZod, weras aq mieniWa
aRmniSvnelis roli, xolo literaturas – mniSvnelobisa. trad-
iciuli literaturuli enis cru bunebis ukugdebiT, mweralma
iZulebiT gadainacvla enis antibunebisaken. weris damxoba iyo
radikaluri aqti, romliTac zogierTma mweralma scada uar-
eyo literatura, rogorc miTologiuri sistema. yoveli amg-
vari ajanyeba momakvdinebeli iyo literaturisa, rogorc mniS-
vnelobisa; maT moiTxoves literaturuli sistemis reducireba
Cveulebriv semiologiur sistemamde, xolo poeziis SemTxveva-

* stili, ise rogorc me ganvsazRvre, ar aris forma, is ar amodis litera-

turis semiologiuri analizidan. faqtobrivad, stili aris substancia,
romelic maradiulad imyofeba formalizaciis safrTxis qveS. upirvelesad,
mas SeuZlia srulad degradirdes da gardaiqmnas werilobad: aris werilo-
bis manera malrosi da Tavad malros SemoqmedebaSi. da aseve, stils Zalian
kargad SeuZlia gaxdes gansakuTrebuli ena, iseTi, rogorsac mwerali Tav-
isTvis da mxolod TavisTvis iyenebs. maSasadame, stili aris erTgvari so-
lipsisturi miTi, ena, romelzec mwerali Tavis Tavs elaparakeba. gasagebi
xdeba, rom amgvar safexurze stili mouxmobs gaSifrvas, Rrma kritikas. J. r.
riSaris naSromebi stilebis aseTi saWiro kritikis magaliTia.
304
Si, presemiologiuri sistemamde. es gaxldaT udidesi masStabis
amocana, romlis ganxorcielebasac radikaluri nabijebi sWird-
eboda. rogorc cnobilia, zogierTi ise Sors wavida, rom moiTx-
ova, ubralod gaenadgurebina diskursi, gardaeqmna igi siCumed,
realurad Tu gadataniT, da gamoecxadebina (es siCume) erTad-
erT SesaZlebel iaraRad miTis mTavari upiratesobis, kerZod,
misi maradiuli ganaxlebis unaris winaaRmdeg.
Zalian rTulia miTis Signidan reducireba, vinaidan TviT
swrafvac ki misgan dauyovnebliv gaqcevisa, Tavis mxriv, xdeba
miTis msxverplad qceva; sabolood, miTs SeuZlia yovelTvis
aRniSnavdes winaaRmdegobas, romelsac mas uweven. simarTle rom
iTqvas, saukeTeso iaraRi miTis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebelia iyos
Tavad misive miTologizacia, miTis xelovnuri Seqmna da es meo-
reuli miTi warmogvidgeba WeSmarit miTologiad. Tuki miTi ip-
aravs enas, ratom ar SeiZleba moviparoT Tavad miTi? amisaTvis
sakmarisia, vaqcioT igi mesame semiologiuri jaWvis amosaval
wertilad da misi mniSvneloba meoreuli miTis pirvel elementad
gardavqmnaT. literatura gvawvdis araerT SesaniSnav magaliTs
aseTi xelovnuri miTebisa da amjerad mxolod floberis `bu-
varsa da pekuSeze~ SevCerdebi, romelsac eqsperimentuli, meore
xarisxis miTi SeiZleba vuwodoT; buvari da misi megobari war-
moadgenen burJuaziis gaurkveveli fenis saxes (romlebic, sx-
vaTaSoris, konfliqtSi imyofebian sxva burJuaziul fenebTan);
maTi diskursi ukve aris miTiuri sityva: enas aqvs azri, magram
es azri koncefciuri aRsaniSnisaTvis gaxlavT carieli forma,
romelic aq erTgvar teqnologiur gaumaZRrobas gviCvenebs. am
pirvel miTiur sistemaSi azrisa da konceptis SeerTeba qmnis
mniSvnelobas, buvarisa da pekuSes ritorikas. aq ki ukve CaerT-
veba floberi (amgvar danawevrebas analizi moiTxovs): am pirvel
miTiur sistemas, romelic ukve meore semiologiuri sistemaa, is
adebs mesame jaWvs, romelSic pirveli maryuJi iqneba mniSvnelo-
ba, anu Sedegobrivi elementi pirveli miTisa, buvarisa da pekuSes
ritorika gaxdeba axali sistemis forma; Tavad floberi, Tavi-
sive Sexedulebis safuZvelze miTTan dakavSirebiT, Seqmnis kon-
cepts am sistemisa, romelic TavisTvis aiges buvarma da pekuSem.
es koncepti gaxlavT maTi organuli wadili, maTi dauokebeli
wyurvili, maTi panikuri monacvleoba erTi saqmianobidan meor-
eze, mokled is, rasac gadavwyvite vuwodo (magram me vxedav hor-
305
izontze Weqa-quxils) buvarpekuSoba. rac Seexeba saboloo mniS-
vnelobas, es CvenTvis aris Tavad nawarmoebi – `buvari da pekuSe~.
meore miTis Zalas warmoadgens is, rom igi efuZneba pirvels,
rogorc gulubryvilobas, rac cxaddeba Wvretis obieqtad.
floberi CaerTo miTiuri sityvis WeSmaritad arqeologiur aR-
dgenaSi da mas SeiZleba vuwodoT viole le duki, erTgvari tipi
burJuaziuli ideologiisa; magram floberma gamoiyena viole
le dukze naklebad naivuri zogierTi damatebiTi ornamenti,
rac emsaxureba miTis mistifikaciis mizans. es ornamentebi (rom-
lebic meore miTis formaa) urTierTTanxmobaSia: arsebobs semi-
ologiuri ekvivalentoba buvarisa da pekuSes diskursebis kav-
SirebiT aRdgenasa da maT veleitarizms Soris.*
floberis damsaxureba (da yvela xelovnuri miTologiisa,
romlis aRsaniSnavi magaliTebi gvxvdeba sartris naSromebSi)
aris is, rom man mogvca realizmis problemis Zalian Rrma semi-
ologiuri gadawyveta literaturaSi. es marTlac floberis
damsaxurebaa, Tumca arasruli, vinaidan misi ideologia, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac burJua aris mxolod esTetikuri simaxinje, ara-
realisturia. Tumca man moaxerxa Tavidan aecilebina umTavresi
codva literaturaSi, rac gaxlavT ideologiuri da semiologi-
uri realobebis erTmaneTSi areva. rogorc idologia, litera-
turuli realizmi absoluturad ar aris damokidebuli sala-
parako enaze, romelzec mwerali saubrobs. ena aris forma, is ar
SeiZleba iyos realisturi Tu ararealisturi, is SeiZleba iyos
mxolod miTiuri an aramiTiuri, an rogorc `buvarsa da pekuSe-
Sia~ – kontrmiTiuri. Tumca, samwuxarod, realizmsa da miTs So-
ris araviTari antipatia ar arsebobs. Zalian kargadaa cnobili,
ramdenad xSiradaa miTologiuri Cveni e. w. `realisturi~ lit-
eratura (maT Soris uxeSi miTebi realizmis Sesaxeb) da ra xSirad
aqvs Cvens `ararealistur~ literaturas sul mcire is Rirseba,
rom igi naklebad miTologiuria. gonivruli iqneboda, mkafiod
gangvesazRvra mwerlis realizmi, rogorc arsebiTad ideolo-
giuri problema da araswori iqneboda gvemtkicebina, rom for-
mas ar aqvs aranairi pasuximgebloba realobis winaSe. magram es
pasuxismgebloba izomeba mxolod semiologiuri terminebiT.

* (Cven vsaubrobT kavSirebiT kiloze, vinaidan am formiT gamoxataven

laTinebi `arapirdapir diskurss Tu stils~, rac demistifikaciis araCveu-
lebrivi saSualebaa).
306
mwerlis ena realobis reprezentacias ki ar unda axdendes,
aramed mas aRniSnavdes, xolo es mdgomareoba kritikosebs unda
avaldebulebdes gamoiyenon ori sruliad gansxvavebuli meTodi
da ganixilon mwerlis realizmi an rogorc ideologiuri sub-
stancia (magaliTad, marqsistuli Tematika brextis Semoqmede-
baSi) an rogorc semiologiuri Rirebuleba (sagnebi, msaxiobi,
musika, ferebi brextis dramaturgiaSi). cxadia, idealuri iqne-
boda am ori kritikis gaerTianeba, magram gamudmebul cdomile-
bas iwvevs maTi erTmaneTSi aRreva, miuxedavad imisa, rom ideo-
logias Tavisi meTodebi aqvs, semiologias ki – Tavisi.

burJuazia, rogorc anonimuri sazogadoeba

miTi istorias orgvarad ukavSirdeba: Tavisi formiT, rac

aris mxolod fardobiTad motivirebuli forma da konceptiT,
rac istoriuli bunebisaa. amgvarad, warmovidginoT miTebis di-
aqronikuli Seswavla, romelic SeiZleba iyos retrospeqtiuli
(am SemTxvevaSi vqmniT istoriul miTologias) an mivyveT Zveli
miTebis ganviTarebas DdRevandel mdgomareobamde (rodesac
prospeqtul istorias vqmniT). Tuki mocemul naSromSi Taname-
drove miTebis mxolod sinqronuli aRweriT SemovisazRvrebi,
es moxdeba im obieqturi mizezis gamo, rom Cveni sazogadoeba mi-
Tiuri mniSvnelobebis xelsayrel sivrceSi imyofeba. axla unda
vTqvaT, ratom.
rogoric ar unda iyos SemTxveviTobebi, kompromisebi, daT-
mobebi da politikuri avantiurebi, miuxedvad teqnologiuri
da ekonomikuri cvlilebebisa Tu socialuri wyobisa, rasac is-
toria ganapirobebs, Cveni sazogadoeba kvlav rCeba burJuaziul
sazogadoebad. me ar uarvyof, rom 1789 wlidan safrangeTis xe-
lisuflebaSi monacvleobiT modioda burJuaziis sxvadasxva
tipi, Tumca sazogadoebis siRrmiseuli safuZvlebi ucvleli
rCeboda – sakuTrebis garkveuli reJimiT, garkveuli wesrigiTa
da ideologiiT. magram am reJimis saxeldebaSi xdeba mniSvnelo-
vani movlena: rodesac saubaria ekonomikaze, burJuazia yovel-
gvari sirTulis gareSe saxelideba, am SemTxvevaSi kapitalizmi
sajarodaa aRiarebuli,* xolo rogorc politikuri faqti, is
* `kapitalizmi ganwirulia imisaTvis, rom gaamdidros muSa~ – gvicxadebs Pari
Match-i.
307
naklebad aRiarebulia, radgan deputatTa palataSi ar arsebobs
`burJuaziuli~ partia. ideologiur sferoSi burJuazia sruli-
ad qreba: man waSala Tavisi saxeli, rodesac gadavida realobi-
dan – reprezentaciaSi, ekonomikuri adamianidan – moazrovneSi.
burJuazia kmayofilia materialuriT, rac mas samyarosTan akav-
Sirebs, magram ar surs urTierToba Rirebulebebis samyarosTan
da misi statusi eqvemdebareba saxelis waSlis WeSmarit opera-
cias; amitom burJuazia ganisazRvreba, rogorc sazogadoebrivi
klasi, romelsac ar surs iyos saxeldebuli. `burJuazia~, `wvr-
ili burJuazia~, `kapitalisti~,* `proletariati~** gamudmebiT
itanjeba sisxldeniT, azri gamudmebiT gadmoedineba maTgan da
amgvarad, maTTvis saxeldeba sruliad usargeblo xdeba.
eqsnominaciis fenomeni Zalian mniSvnelovania da is ufro
detalur gamokvlevas iTxovs. politikuri TvalsazrisiT, azre-
bis sisxldena sityvidan – `burJua~ eris ideis saSualebiT xdeba.
Tavis droze es progresuli idea iyo, is daexmara sazogadoebas,
Tavi daexsna aristokratiisagan. Tanamedrove burJuazia ereva
erSi da amitom Tavs uflebamosilad miiCnevs, gamoricxos misgan
is elementebi, romlebsac igi ucxod acxadebs (komunistebi). es
mizanmimarTuli sinkretizmi saSualebas aZlevs mas, mxardaW-
era miiRos mravalricxovani droebiTi mokavSirisagan, yvela
saSualo fenisagan, e.i. `uformo~ socialuri fenisagan. miuxe-
davad imisa, rom ukve didi xania movixmarT sityva ers, man mainc
ver SeZlo Zireulad depolitizacia. misi politikuri sub-
strati zedapirTan Zalian axlos devs da garkveuli garemoe-
bebi sruliad moulodnelad gamoavlens. deputatTa palataSi
warmodgenilni arian mxolod `nacionaluri~ partiebi da nomi-
naciuri sinkretizmi afiSirebs aq swored imas, ris dafarvasac
cdilobda, kerZod ki – arsebiT sxvadasxvaobas. amgvarad, Cven aq
vxedavT, rom burJuaziis politikur leqsikonSi postulirdeba

* sityva `kapitalizmi~ sruliadac ar aris tabudadebuli ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT, is tabuirebulia mxolod ideologiurad; amitomac is ver
SeaRwevda burJuaziul warmodgenaTa leqsikonSi. mxolod egvipteSi, mefe
farukis mmarTvelobis dros gasamarTlda erTi braldebuli `antikapital-
isturi intrigebis gamo~.
** burJuazia arasodes iyenebs sityva `proletariats~, radgan memarcxene
miTologiis kuTvnilebad iTvleba; gamonaklisia is SemTxveva, rodesac
aucilebelia poletariatis warmodgena, rogorc SecdomaSi Seyvanili komu-
nisturi partiis mier.
308
raRac universaluris arseboba: burJuaziisaTvis politika ukve
aris reprezentacia, ideologiis fragmenti.
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, rogoric ar unda iyos bur-
Juaziis leqsikonis universalisturi Zalisxmeva, sabolood is
mainc ejaxeba iseT Zlier birTvs, rogoricaa revoluciuri par-
tia. burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi es partia warmoadgens mxolod
politikur simdidres, vinaidan masSi ar arsebobs arc prole-
taruli kultura, arc morali, arc xelovneba. ideologiurad,
yovelive, rac ar aris burJuaziuli, iZulebulia man Tavad bur-
Juaziulisagan isesxos. amitom burJuaziul ideologias Seswevs
Zala, moicvas yvelaferi da ar eSinia sakuTari saxelis dakargvis,
romc dakargos, arc aravin Seecdeba mis ukan dabrunebas. mas Seu-
Zlia Teatri, xelovneba, adamiani-burJua yovelgvari winaaRm-
degobis gareSe Secvalos maradiuli analogebiT. erTi sityviT,
roca erTiani da ucvleli sxva aRaraferi arsebobs, adamianuri
bunebis garda, burJuazias eZleva SesaZlebloba, dabrkolebis
gareSe gaTavisufldes Tavisi saxelisagan da masze uari Tqvas.
cxadia, drodadro burJuaziuli ideologiis winaaRmdeg
xdeba ajanyebebi, rasac, zogadad, avangards uwodeben. magram
es ajanyebebi socialurad SemosazRvrulia da advilad Casa-
xSobi. upirvelesad imitom, rom winaaRmdegoba momdinareobs
Tavad burJuaziis mcire nawilidan, xelovanebisa da inteleq-
tualebis umciresobidan, maT ar hyavs sxva publika, garda Tavad
burJuaziisa, romelsac epaeqrebian da romlis fulic sWird-
ebaT, raTaA TviTgamoxatvis SesaZlebloba mieceT. da aseve, es
ajanyebebi yovelTvis iRebs STagonebas eTikur da politikur
burJuazias Soris arsebuli Zalian Zlieri sxvaobidan; is, raSic
avangardi ewinaaRmdegeba burJuazias, aris mxolod xelovnebisa
da moralis sferoebi; is ilaSqrebs wvrili movaWreebis, filis-
terebis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es xdeboda romantizmis saukeTeso
periodSi, magram politikur azrTa sxvaobebSi dapirispireba ar
arsebobs.* is, rasac avangardi burJuaziaSi ver egueba enas da ar
* aRsaniSnavia, rom burJuaziis mowinaaRmdegeni eTikaSi (Tu esTetikaSi) um-
etes SemTxvevaSi indiferentulni rCebian politikuri gadawyvetilebis mi-
marT, zogjer ki dakavSirebulni arian masTan. amis sapirispirod, burJuaziis
politikuri mowinaaRmdegeni sakmaris yuradRebas ar aqceven misi reprezen-
taciebis Rrmad gansjas, ufro xSirad iziareben kidec: mowinaaRmdegeTa
aseTi gayofa xels aZlevs burJuazias, Tavis sasargeblod iyenebs mas, rac
saSualebas aZlevs dafaros sakuTari saxeli. magram burJuazia mainc unda
309
ewinaaRmdegeba mis statuss. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is pirdapir
ki ar iwonebs am statuss, aramed frCxilebs Soris svams mas. rac
unda Zlieri iyos gamowveva, sabolood misi zrunvis sagani mainc
mitovebuli adamiania da ara gaucxoebuli, xolo mitovebuli
adamiani, es igive maradiuli kacia.*
burJuaziis aRniSnuli anonimuroba kidev ufro Rrmavdeba,
rodesac sakuTriv burJuaziuli kulturidan mis gafarToe-
bul, gavrcobil, gamoyenebul formebze gadavdivarT; yovelive
amisTvis SeiZleboda gvewodebina sajaro filosofia, romel-
ic kvebavs yoveldRiurobis morals, samoqalaqo ceremoniebs,
saero ritualebs, mokled, socialuri cxovrebis dauwerel
normebs burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi. iluzia iqneboda, domi-
nanturi kultura Tavis gamomgoneblur birTvamde dagveyvana,
vinaidan arsebobs aseve burJuaziuli kultura, romelic wmin-
dad momxmarebluria. mTeli safrangeTi CaZirulia am anonimur
ideologiaSi, kerZod, Cveni presa, kino, Teatri, bulvaruli
literatura, Cveni ceremonialebi, samarTali, diplomatia,
Cveni saubrebi, amindi, danaSauli, romelsac ganvsjiT, qorwine-
ba, romelic gvaRelvebs, samzareulo, romelzec vocnebobT,
tansacmeli, romelsac vatarebT... Cvens yoveldRiurobaSi yve-
laferi ukavSirdeba im xedvas adamianisa da samyaros damokideb-
ulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac burJuazia TavisTvisa da CvenTvis gam-
oimuSavebs. es `standartuli~ formebi mcire yuradRebas iqcevs
Tavis gavrcelebulobasTan SefardebiT da maTi warmomavloba
sul Tavisuflad SeiZleba daikargos. maT aqvT Sualeduri mdgo-
mareoba, anu ar arian arc pirdapir politikurni, arc pirdapir
ideologiurni, cxovroben mSvidobianad partiul saqmianobasa
da inteleqtualTa diskusiebs Soris, ar arian ugulebelyo-
filni arc erTisa da arc meoris mier, uerTdebian uzarmazar
masas indeferentulobisa, umniSvnelobisa, rasac SeiZleba vu-
wodoT erTi sityva – buneba. da mainc, burJuaziuli eTika mTel
frangul sazogadoebas burJuaziuli normebiT gamsWvalavs,
iRebs erovnul masStabebs, aRiqmeba, rogorc bunebrivi wesrigis
gancxadebuli kanonebi. rac ufro gaavrcelebs burJuazia Tavis

iyos gagebuli, rogorc sinTezi sakuTari gansazRvrebebisa da reprezenta-

ciebisa.
* mitovebuli adamiani SeiZleba warmogvidges `uwesrigo~ figurebis saxiT
(magaliTad, ioneskosTan).
310
warmodgenebs, miT metad naturalizdeba. burJuaziis arsebobis
faqti dainTqmeba erTgvar amorful samyaroSi, romlis erTad-
erTi mcxovrebi gaxlavT maradiuli kaci da ara proletari an
burJua.
maSasadame, saSualo klasebSi gadasvliT burJuazia aucile-
blad kargavs Tavis saxels, wvrili burJuaziis standartebi xde-
ba burJuaziuli kulturis narCenebi, rac aris degradirebuli
burJuaziuli WeSmariteba, gaRatakebuli, komercializebuli,
odnav arqauli an sjobs rom iTqvas – Zvelmoduri. politikuri
aliansi burJuaziasa da wvril burJuazias Soris ukve sauku-
neebia gansazRvravs safrangeTis istorias, romelic iSviaTad
irRveoda da yovel jerze – mcire xniT (1848, 1871, 1936). aRniS-
nuli aliansi mtkicdeboda droTa mixedviT, nel-nela xdeboda
simbiozuri, zogjer droebiT iRviZebda klasobrivi Semecnebac,
magram saerTo ideologia arasodes dgeboda eWvqveS, yvela `na-
cionaluri~ warmodgena ki `bunebrivi~ pewiT ifareboda. bur-
Juaziul qorwils, tipobriv burJuaziul rituals (simdidris
prezentacia da moxmareba), ar hqonda aranairi Sesabamisoba
wvrili burJuaziis ekonomikur statusTan, magram wvrilbur-
Juaziuli wyvilisaTvis presis, axali ambebis, literaturis
meSveobiT is nel-nela gadaiqca SeiZleba ganuxorcielebel, ma-
gram yovel SemTxvevaSi, saocnebo normad. burJuaziuli ideo-
logia gamudmebiT Sedioda mTeli kacobriobis cnobierebaSi,
romelsac arhqonda stabiluri socialuri statusi da romelic
cxovrobda mxolod ocnebebSi, rac niSnavs cnobierebis gayin-
vasa da gaRatakebas.* wvrili burJuazia Tavisi warmodgenebis
gasavrceleblad iyenebs koleqtiuri saxeebis mTel katalogs,
romelic mxolod maTTvis aris gankuTvnili da amiT akurTxebs
socialuri klasebis diferenciaciis moCvenebiT ararsebobas.
Tavis saxelze uaris TqmiT, igi (burJuazia) srul efeqts aRwevs
im momentSi, rodesac vinme mbeWdavi 25 aTas franks iRebs TveSi
da Tavs daxvewili burJuaziuli qorwilis monawiled Seicnobs.
amgvarad, burJuaziis mier sakuTar saxelze uaris Tqma su-
lac ar aris iluziuri fenomeni, arc SemTxveviTi, meorexa-
risxovani, bunebrivi Tu umniSvnelo faqti. is aris burJuazi-
* koleqtiuri warmosaxvis gamowveva aris arahumanuri mcdeloba ara mxolod
imitom, rom ocneba cxovrebas bediswerad gardaqmnis, aramed imitomac, rom
is Ratakia SinaarsiT da WeSmaritad adasturebs raRacis ararsebobas yofaSi.
311
uli ideologiis arsi, qmedeba, romlis saSualebiT burJuazia
samyaros realobas samyaros saxed gardaqmnis, xolo istorias
– bunebad. es saxe sainteresoa imitomac, rom igi Secvlilia*.
burJuaziis statusi gansakuTrebulia, istoriulia: is qmnis uni-
versaluri, maradiuli kacis saxes; burJuaziulma klasma Tav-
isi Zalaufleba aago swored teqnikur, samecniero progresze,
bunebis SeuzRudav transformaciaze: burJuaziuli ideologia
bunebas Tavisi pirvelyofilobiT aRadgens; pirveli burJuazi-
uli filosofosebi samyaros mniSvnelobebiT JRinTavdnen, ne-
bismier sagans racionalurobas uqvemdebarebdnen, gamoyofdnen
maT daniSnulebas adamianisaTvis; burJuaziuli ideologia, imi-
sgan damoukidebelad, mecnierulia igi Tu intuiciuri, axdens
faqtebis konstatacias Tu aRiqvams Rirebulebas, mainc uars
acxadebs ganmartebaze, misTvis samyaroseuli wesrigi SeiZle-
ba iyos TviTkmari an auxsneli, magram arasodes – aRmniSvneli.
dabolos, Tavdapireli idea samyaros srulyofilebisa, misi
cvalebadobisa, qmnis Secvlil xats kacobriobis ucvlelobisa,
romelic ganisazRvreba Tavisi identobis usasrulo ganmeore-
biT. mokled, Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi realobi-
dan ideologiisaken gadasvla SeiZleba ganisazRvros, rogorc
gadasvla antifizisidan fsevdofizisisaken.

miTi aris depolitizebuli sityva

da ai, Cven isev vubrundebiT miTs. semiologiam gvaswavla,

rom miTis amocanaa, istoriulad ganpirobebul intenciebs bune-
bis statusi misces, xolo SemTxveviTi faqtebi maradiulobis
rangSi aiyvanos. magram aseTi midgoma igive burJuaziuli ideo-
logiaa. Tu Cveni sazogadoeba obieqturad cxaddeba privile-
girebul sivrced miTiuri mniSvnelobebisaTvis, es imitom, rom
miTi formalurad ukeT ergeba Cveni sazogadoebisaTvis damaxas-
iaTebel ideologiur inversias: adamianuri urTierTobis yvela
doneze miTis daxmarebiT xorcieldeba antifizisis fsevdofiz-
isad gardaqmna.

*`Tuki adamianebis mTeli ideologia da maTi urTierTobebi Tavdayira

dadgeba, rogorc Sav oTaxSi, es fenomeni gamomdinare iqneba maTi istoriuli
sasicocxlo procesidan ...~ Marx, ideologie allemande, 1, gv. 157.
312
 is, riTac samyaro kvebavs miTs, aris gansazRvruli istori-
uli realoba da miuxedavad imisa, rom misi aRmoceneba SesaZle-
belia ukavSirdebodes Zalian Zvel dros, igi ganisazRvreba im
SesaZleblobebiT, romlebic Seqmna Tu gamoiyena kacobriobam.
miTi bunebriv saxes aZlevs am realobas, aRadgens mas. rogorc
burJuaziuli ideologiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli sakuTari
saxelis uaryofa, asevea miTSic da misi arsi ganisazRvreba sag-
nebis istoriuli Taviseburebebis dakargviT. miTSi sagnebi kar-
gaven maxsovrobas Tavisi Seqmnis Sesaxeb. samyaro Sedis enaSi,
rogorc qcevebis, adamianuri qmedebebis dialeqtikuri kavSiri
da gamodis miTidan, rogorc harmoniuli suraTi arsisa. srul-
deba erTgvari fokuzi: man Semoatriala realoba, gamoacala mas
istoria da Seavso bunebiT. Sedegad, sagnebi ganiSoreben Tavi-
anT adamianur mniSvnelobas da iwyeben aRniSvnas mxolod imisa,
rom adamians maTTan kavSiri ar aqvs. miTis funqcia realobis
ganadgurebaa: is aris gamudmebuli sisxldena, evakuacia an ukeT
rom vTqvaT, aorTqleba, mokled, TvalnaTeli aryofna.
axla SesaZlebelia SevafasoT miTis semiologiuri gansaz-
Rvreba burJuaziul sazogadoebaSi: miTi aris depolotizire-
buli sityva. politika, bunebrivia, siRrmiseulad unda gavigoT,
rogorc adamianTa urTierTobebis erToblioba realur struq-
turaSi, socialurSi, romelsac aqvs Zalmosileba – Seqmas sam-
yaro. gansakuTrebiT aucilebelia mivceT aqtiuri mniSvneloba
prefiqss dé. is aq warmoadgens operaciul moZraobas da aqtua-
lurs xdis azris gamudmebiT dakargvas. magaliTad, Savkaniani
jariskacis SemTxvevaSi, ra Tqma unda, aRmofxvrilia ara koncep-
ti safrangeTis imperiulobisa (ufro piriqiT, swored es aris
is, rac man unda warmoadginos), aramed istoriuli, gardamavali
xasiaTi kolonializmisa, misi Camoyalibeba. miTi ar uaryofs sa-
gnebs, piriqiT, misi funqciaa, isaubros maTze, is maT ganwmends,
xdis umwikvlos, uZebnis dasabuTebas, afuZnebs bunebasa da mara-
diulobaSi, aZlevs sicxades, rac aris ara ganmarteba, aramed
faqtebis konstatacia. Tuki me axsna-ganmartebis gareSe movaxden
franguli imperializmis arsebobis konstatacias, maSin Sors ar
viqnebi iqidan, rom igi CavTvalo bunebrivad, TavisTavad miniWe-
bulad da Tavs mSvidad vigrZnob. istoriidan bunebaSi gadasv-
lisas miTi moqmedebs ekonomiurad, is amcirebs adamianTa qceve-
bis sirTules, aZlevs maT arsTa simartives, gamoricxavs mTel
313
dialeqtikas, xels uSlis yovelgvar mcdelobas, gavaRwioT
uSualod xilulis miRma mxares, qmnis samyaros winaaRmdegobis
gareSe, vinaidan masSi ar aris siRrme da ganaTavsebs mas Cvens
TvalTa winaSe mTeli Tavisi mtkicebulebiT, uSfoTveli sicxa-
diT; gamodis, rom sagnebi TavisTavad raRacas niSnavs.*
magram ra, miTi yovelTvis depolitizirebuli sityvaa? sx-
vagvarad rom vTqvaT, es niSnavs, rom realoba yovelTvis poli-
tikuria? sakmarisia ki sagnis Sesaxeb visaubroT, rogorc bune-
baze, raTaA is miTi gaxdes? amaze SesaZlebelia vupasuxoT marqsis
mixedviT, romelic miiCnevs, rom yvelaze bunebrivi sagani Sei-
cavs politikis kvals, Tundac sustad da gafantulad, rom mas-
Si arsebobs met-naklebad cxadi mogoneba adamianis qmedebisa,
romelmac Seqmna es sagani an gamarTa, an gamoiyena, daimorCila
Tu moisrola**. ena-obieqti, romelic saubrobs saganze, advilad
gamoxatavs mas, xolo metaena, romelic aseve sagnebze saubrobs,
gacilebiT rTulad. miTi ki yovelTvis metaeniseulia: depoli-
tizacia, romliTac is moqmedebs, xSirad mimdinareobs ukve nat-
uralizebuli realobis fonze, metaeniT iSorebs politikur
xasiaTs, mzadaa umReros sagnebs da ar imoqmedos maTze. cxadia,
imisaTvis, rom moxdes iseTi sagnebis deformireba, rogoric xea,
miTs sWirdeba gacilebiT naklebi Zalisxmeva, vidre sudaneli
jariskacis saxis deformaciisaTvis; aq politikuri pasuxismge-
bloba sruliad Tvalxilulia da aucilebelia didi raodeno-
biT xelovnuri bunebrioba, raTa is gaqres. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
politikuri pasuxismgebloba Sorsaa, ar Cans, is gawmedilia
metaenis saukunovani arsebobiT. maSasadame, arsebobs Zlieri
da susti miTebi. pirvelSi politikuri pasuxismgebloba moce-
mulia uSualod da depolitizacia didi ZalisxmeviT mimdin-
areobs, xolo meoreSi sagnis politikuri xarisxi isea gaferm-
krTalebuli, rogorc Zveli saRebavi, Tumca sakmarisia Tundac
mciredi Zalisxmeva, rom swrafad aRdgeba. ra SeiZleba iyos
ufro bunebrivi, vidre zRvaa? da ra SeiZleba iyos ufro `poli-
tikuri~, vidre zRva, romelsac kinofilm `dakarguli kontinen-
tis~ kinematografebi umRerian? marTlac, metaena miTs erTg-

* froidiseul princips adamianis siamovnebis Sesaxeb emateba naTlis prin-

cipi miTologiur samyaroSi. es aris mTeli orazrovneba miTisa: naTeli,
romelic eiforul xasiaTs atarebs.
** ix. marqsi da magaliTi alublis xisa. Idéologie allemande, 1, gv. 161
314
var rezervs uqmnis. miTsa da adamianebs Soris damokidebuleba
aris ara WeSmariti urTierToba, aramed gamoyenebiTi. isini mi-
Tis depolitizirebas TavianTi saWiroebisda mixedviT axdenen;
arseboben miTiuri sagnebi, romlebic garkveuli drois ganmav-
lobaSi miZinebulni arian da warmoadgenen mxolod gaurkvevel
miTologiur sqemebs, politikur pasuxismgeblobebs, romlebic
TiTqmis indeferentulobas gamoxataven. magram es mdgomareoba
gamowveulia mxolod da mxolod gansakuTrebuli mdgomareobiT
da ara struqturis gansxvavebulobiT. msgavsi ram xdeba laTi-
nuri gramatikis magaliTis SemTxvevaSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom aq
miTiuri sityva moqmedebs materiaze, romelic ukve didi xania
gardaqmnilia; ezopes fraza miekuTvneba literaturas, is im-
TaviTvea miTologizirebuli (da Sedegad, ucodveli) fiqciiT.
sakmarisia semiologiuri jaWvis sawyisi elementi erTi wamiT ga-
davaadgiloT enaobieqtis dasabamier bunebaSi, rom vnaxavT, Tu
ra masStabiT devnis miTi realobas. warmoidgineT, ra grZnoba
daeuflebodaT realur cxovelebs, Tuki gramatikul magaliTSi
maT atributad gardaqmnidnen!
ama Tu im sagnis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis gansja da is
gamocarieleba, romelsac masSi miTi warmoSobs, unda aRsrul-
des ara mniSvnelobis mxridan, aramed aRmniSvnelis TvalTaxed-
vidan gamomdinare, e. i. moparuli sagniTa da enaobieqtiT, e.i.
azriT. Tuki mivubrundebiT realur loms, is yovelgvari eWvis
gareSe gangvicxadebs, rom es gramatikuli magaliTi Zalian de-
politizirebulia, magram im samarTlis gamoyenebiT, romlis
mixedviTac nadavli ekuTvnis mas, vinc yvelaze Zlieria, wmindad
politizebuli gaxdeba; xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Cven winaSe
aRmoCndeboda lomi-burJua, igi xelidan ar gauSvebda SesaZle-
blobas – miTologizirebuli gaexada Tavisi Zala da misTvis
valdebulebis forma mieniWebina.
aq Cven cxadad vxedavT, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi miTis
politikuri umniSvneloba damokidebulia mis konkretul mdgo-
mareobaze. Cven viciT, rom miTi aris Rirebuleba; sakmarisia
SevcvaloT misi garemo, zogadi (da aramtkice) sistema, romlis
sazRvrebSi is mkvidrdeba, SesaZlebeli gaxdeba zustad mowes-
rigdes misi moqmedebis areali. Cveni magaliTis mixedviT miTis
moqmedebis are Semofarglulia franguli liceumis mexuTe
klasiT. magram vfiqrob, rom bavSvi _ monusxuli lomis, xbos
315
da Zroxis warmosaxviTi istoriiT, Zalian cocxlad igrZnobs
Tavis warmodganSi am cxovelTa realurobas da bevrad naklebad
gulgrili iqneba lomis gaqrobisa da misi atributad gardaqmnis
mimarT, vidre Cven. marTlac, Tu Cven miviCnevT am miTs politi-
kurad umniSvnelod, es moxdeba ubralod imitom, rom is CvenT-
vis gankuTvnili ar aris.

memarcxene miTi

Tuki miTi aris depolitizirebuli sityva, maSin mas sul cota

sityvis erTi tipi mainc unda SeewinaaRmdegos da es sityva rCeba
politikuri. aq unda davubrundeT gansxvavebas enaobieqtsa da
metaenas Soris; Tuki me var tyismWreli da unda davasaxelo xe,
romelic unda movWra, maSin rogoric ar unda iyos Cemi frazis
forma, me uSualod vexebi am xes (vsaubrob xis enaze) da ar vla-
parakob mis Sesaxeb. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi Cems enas aqvs op-
eraciuli xasiaTi, is Tavis obieqtTan tranzituli saxiTaa
dakavSirebuli: Cemsa da xes Soris aris mxolod Cemi samuSao, anu
aqti da swored es aris politikuri ena; is bunebas warmomidgens
imdenad, ramdenadac me gardavqmni mas da es aris ena, romlis sa-
SualebiT vmoqmedeb saganze. xe CemTvis ar aris saxe, xati, is aris
ubralod azri Cemi qmedebisa, magram Tu me ar var xismWreli, ma-
Sin ver vilaparakeb uSualod mis enaze (anu xis enaze) da SemiZlia
visaubro mxolod masze, mis Sesaxeb. xis mimarT Cemi ena ukve aRar
aris masze moqmedebis iaraRi, piriqiT, xotbaSesxmuli xe xdeba
instrumenti Cemi enisa. axla Cemsa da xes Soris neitraluri
damokidebulebaa: xe ukve aRar aris azri realobisa, rogorc
adamianuri qmedebisa, aramed xdeba saxe, romelic xelmisawvdo-
mia. xismWrelis realuri enis winaSe me vqmni meoreul enas, me-
taenas, romlis daxmarebiT vmoqmedeb ara sagnebze, aramed maT
saxelebze da romelic sawyisi enisaTvis igivea, rac imitirebu-
li Jesti realur qmedebasTan mimarTebaSi. meoreuli ena ar aris
mTlianad miTiuri, magram swored masSi Tavsdeba miTi, vinaidan
mas SeuZlia imoqmedos mxolod iseT sagnebze, romlebic ukve
iyvnen Suamavalni sawyisi enisa.
maSasadame, arsebobs ena, romelic ar aris miTiuri da es aris
ena adamiani-mwarmoeblisa. yvelgan, sadac adamiani laparakobs
316
realobis gardaqmnaze da ara mis xatad SenarCunebaze, yvelgan,
sadac is akavSirebs Tavis enas sagnebis warmoebas, metaena ubrun-
deba enaobieqts da miTis aRmoceneba SeuZlebeli xdeba. ai, ami-
tomac wmindad revoluciuri ena ar SeiZleba iyos miTiuri ena;
revolucia ganisazRvreba, rogorc kaTartikuli aqti, gankuTv-
nili imasTvis, rom gamoavlinos politikuri datvirTva samyaro-
Si, erTgvari pasuxismgebloba. revolucia qmnis samyaros da misi
enac, mTlianad, funqciuradaa CarTuli am saqmeSi; da vinaidan
is Tavidan bolomde qmnis sruliad politikur sityvas da ar
moqmedebs, rogorc miTi, romelic aris sityva, dasabamiseulad
politikuri da sabolood bunebrivi, amitomaa, rom revolucia
gamoricxavs miTs. rogorc miTologiuri sityva dasabamSi war-
moadgens politikur ganacxads, xolo bolos – naturalize-
buls, rogorc burJuaziis mier sakuTari saxelis uaryofa gan-
sazRvravs erTdroulad burJuaziul ideologias da miTs, aseve
sagnebisaTvis sakuTari saxelebis wodeba aRniSnavs revoluci-
uri ideologiis dazustebas da miTis ararsebobas. burJuazia
malavs imas, rom burJuaziaa da amiT is Sobs miTs; revolucia
acxadebs, rom revoluciaa da amiT is SeuZlebels xdis miTis
warmoqmnas.
Mme mkiTxes, arsebobs ki `memarcxene~ miTi? ra Tqma unda, ar-
sebobs, radgan memarcxeneoba ar aris revolucia. memarcxene
miTi Cndeba swored im momentSi, rodesac revolucia gardai-
qmneba `memarcxened~, rac niSnavs, rom is SeiniRbeba, dafaravs
sakuTar saxels, gamoimuSavebs umwikvlo metaenas da `bunebad~
gadaaqcevs mas. revoluciis mier saxelis uaryofa SesaZlebelia
iyos taqtika an sxva ram, rac aq Cveni gansjis sagani ar aris. Yyo-
vel SemTxvevaSi, adre Tu gvian is sagrZnobi gaxdeba, rogorc
revoluciisTvis vnebis momtani procesi; da yovelTvis, swored
met-naklebad miTTan SedarebiT xdeba, rom revoluciis isto-
ria gansazRvravs Tavis deviacionizmebs. erT dRes, magaliTad,
Tavad socializmis mier ganisazRvra stalinuri miTi. stalini,
rogorc sityvieri obieqti, wlebis ganmavlobaSi warmoaCenda
miTiuri sityvis Semadgenel yvela maxasiaTebels, kerZod: azrs
– Tu vin iyo realuri stalini; aRmniSvnels, rac iyo ritualuri
damokidebuleba stalinis mimarT da bunebrivi epiTetebis fa-
taluri xasiaTi, romliTac garSemortymuli iyo misi saxeli;
aRsaniSns, rac gaxldaT orTodoqsuli intencia da disciplin-
317
isa da erTianobis survili, komunisturi partiis mier gamoyen-
ebuli garkveul situaciebSi; da bolos, mniSvnelobas, rac iyo
sakralizebuli stalini, romlis istoriuli gansazRvrebebi
moipoveboda bunebaSi da sublimirebuli gaxldaT geniosis saxe-
lis qveS – iracionalurad da gamouTqmelad: aq depolitizacia
aSkaraa da sruliad amxels miTs*.
diax, arsebobs memarcxene miTi, magram ara im TvisebebiT,
romlebic burJuaziuli miTisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. memarcx-
ene miTi araarsebiTia. jer erTi, sagnebi, romliTac is sarge-
blobs, Zalian iSviaTia da mxolod ramdenime politikur cnebas
moicavs, Tumca zogjer burJuaziuli miTologiis mdidari arse-
nalisaken miiltvis. memarcxene miTi arasodes exeba Cveulebrivi
adamianuri urTierTobebis gafarToebul sferos, `umniSvnelo~
ideologiis uzarmazar sivrces, yoveldRiur cxovrebas, bur-
Juaziul sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs miTi qorwinebaze, saWmlis
momzadebaze, ojaxis saqmeebze, Teatrze, samarTalze, moralze
da a.S. da aseve, memarcxene miTi SemTxveviTi xasiaTisaa, is ar
warmoadgens im strategiis Semadgenel nawils, romelic bur-
Juaziul miTSi mimdinareobs, aris mxolod taqtika an kidev,
rac uaresia, axasiaTebs esa Tu is gadaxra; Tuki aseTi miTi mainc
warmoiSoba, mxolod moxerxeblobisaTvis da ara saWiroebisaT-
vis. dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom es aris Raribi miTi, Tavisi
bunebiT arafris mqone. mas ar SeuZlia gavrcoba, ramdenadac
warmoiSoba SekveTiT, droebiTi miznebisaTvis da Zalian didi
garjiT. umTavresi, rac mas aklia, aris warmosaxva. nebismier me-
marcxene miTSi aris raRac daZabuloba, bukvaluroba, SeigrZnoba
lozungis aromati, gamoiTqmeba eqspresiulad, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom igi steriluria. ra SeiZleba iyos ufro susti, vidre miTi
stalinis Sesaxeb? mas aklia gamogoneba, is misakuTrebulia, mi-
Tis aRmniSvneli (romlis forma, rogorc viciT, dausruleblad
mdidaria burJuaziul miTologiaSi) erTferovania, yvelaferi
dadis dausrulebel, erTsaxovan litaniamde.
es arasrulyofileba, Tu amis Tqmas gavbedav, gamowveulia
`memarcxene Zalebis~ bunebiT; rac unda bundovani iyos es ter-

* aRsaniSnavia, rom `xruSCovis periodSi~ xdeba ara politikuri cvlile-

ba, aramed mxolod da mxolod enis arsobrivi gardaqmna. sxvaTaSoris, es
gardaqmna arasrulia, vinaidan xruSCovma stalini gaaufasura, magram es ar
axsna, ar mianiWa mas politikuri azri.
318
mini – memarcxene – is ganisazRvreba yovelTvis CagrulTan,
proletariatTan da kolonizebulTan mimarTebaSi.* Cagrulis
sityva SeiZleba iyos mxolod Raribi, monotonuri, uSualo. misi
gasaWirisa da misi enis sazomi – erTmniSvnelovania. Cagrulebi-
sTvis arsebobs mxolod erTi ena – ena maTi moqmedebisa, metaena
amgvarTaTvis fufunebaa, miuwvdomelia; CagrulTa sityva re-
aluria, tranzituli, rogorc sityva SeSismWrelisa, romelsac
TiTqmis ar SeuZlia motyueba. sicrue simdidrea, is gulisxmobs
WeSmaritebis alternatiul formebs. da es arsebiTi simdidre
qmnis an iSviaT miTebs, an mswraflwarmavls, an Zalian gulis-
gamawyalebels, arcTu mokrZalebuls: isini Tavad warmoaCenen
TavianT miTiurobas, TiTiT aCveneben sakuTar niRabs da es
niRabi mxolod fsevdofizisia, vinaidan es fsevdofizisic aseve
fufunebaa, Cagrulebs ki misi mxolod sesxeba SeuZliaT. maT ar
ZaluZT, gamoacarielon sagnebi TavianTi WeSmariti azrisagan,
miscen maT carieli formis brwyinvaleba, aRivson bunebis yalbi
ucodvelobiT. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom garkveuli azriT,
memarcxne miTi aris yovelTvis xelovnuri, meoreuli, aqedan
momdinareobs misi mouqnelobac.

memarjvene miTi

statistikurad, miTi aris memarjveneTa mxares da misTvis

es arsebiTi niSania. is aris kargad nakvebi, brwyinvale forme-
biT gamorCeuli, eqspansiuri, ybedi da SemZle, Sobos axali da
axali miTi. is moicavs yvelafers: samarTals, morals, esTeti-
kas, diplomatias, saSinao saqmeebs, literaturas, speqtakls.
miTis eqspansia imdenad masStaburia, rom axerxebs damalos sa-
kuTari saxeli. burJuazias surs, darCes burJuaziad, magram ise,
rom burJuaziad ar gamoiyurebodes; da swored burJuaziis mier
Tavisi arsebobis dafarva (radgan nebismieri dafarva usasru-
lod mravalferovania Tavis gamovlinebebSi) iTxovs miTis daus-
rulebel qmnas. Cagruli adamiani araferia da misi sityvac er-
Tia, vinaidan is saubrobs mxolod sakuTar emansipaciaze. xolo
* marqsis mier aRwerili proletariatis cxovrebis eTikuri da politikuri
pirobebi Cvens droSi swored koloniuri dasaxlebebisaTvis aris damaxasi-
aTebeli.
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mCagvrels yvelaferi aqvs, misi sityva mdidaria, mravalform-
iani, moqnili, xelT aqvs yvela SesaZloba Rirsebis dasacavad,
eqskluziurad flobs metaenas. Cagruli qmnis samyaros, mas aqvs
aqtiuri ena, tranzituli (politikuri). mCagvreli iswrafvis,
SeinarCunos arsebuli samyaro, misi sityva qmediTia, aratran-
zituli, JestebiT gamoxatuli, Teatraluri – da es aris miTi.
erTis ena iswrafvis imisaken, rom gardaqmnas samyaro, xolo meo-
ris ena misi gamaradiulobisaken.
moicavs ki Sinagan gansxvavebebs miTebis es mwyobri sisavse
(swored ase moixseniebs Tavs burJuazia)? aris ki masSi, magali-
Tad, burJuaziuli da wvrilburJuaziuli miTebi? aq raime fun-
damenturi gansxvavebis moZieba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan Tavis
momxmarebelTa vinaobisagan damoukideblad yvela miTi bune-
bis ucvlelobas postulirebs. magram gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia
iyos Sesrulebisa da gavrcobis xarisxSi. zogierTi miTi ukeT
momwifdeba garkveul socialur garemoSi, radgan maTac sWird-
eba mikroklimati.
magaliTad, poeti-bavSvis miTi aris miTis progresuli
mdgomareoba: man sul axlaxan datova SemoqmedebiTi kulturis
sfero (magaliTad, kokto) da dgas momxmareblis kulturis
zRurblze (`eqspresi~). burJuaziis nawils amgvari miTi Zalian
gamogonilad, naklebad miTiurad eCveneba imisaTvis, rom maTi
mxardaWeriT isargeblos (burJuaziuli kritikis didi nawili
iyenebs mxolod saTanadod miTologizirebul masalas); aseTi
miTi jer kidev ar aris kargad gaSalaSinebuli, masSi jer kidev
cotaa buneba, raTa bavSvi-mwerali kosmologiur elementad gax-
ados, Segvaxedos mas, rogorc saswauls (mocarti, rembo da a.S),
dagviTanxmos axal normebze, iseTebze, rogorebicaa: fsiqoped-
agogika, froidizmi da a.S. erTi sityviT, es aris jer kidev nedli
miTi.
amgvarad, yovel miTs aqvs Tavisi istoria, geografia da,
sxvaTaSoris, pirveli meoris niSnad cxaddeba, vinaidan miTi
Tavisi gavrcelebulobis mixedviT mwifdeba. me ver SevZeli sa-
Tanadod Semeswavla miTis socialuri geografia, magram Tu gam-
oviyenebdi lingvistikur terminologias, srulad SesaZlebeli
gaxdeboda mogvexaza miTis izoglosebi, xazebi, romlebic gan-
sazRvravs socialur adgils, sadac is funqcionirebs da sadac
masze laparakoben. vinaidan es adgili moZravia, ukeTesi iqne-
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boda gvelaparaka miTis implantaciis talRebze. amgvarad, minu
drues miTi gavrcelebulia minimum sam talRad: 1) `eqspresi~ 2)
Paris Match; Elle 3) France Soir. zogierTi miTi meryevia: moxvdebian ki
isini did presaSi, gareubnis macxovrebelTa rantieebSi, sapar-
kimaxero salonebSi, metroSi? miTis socialuri geografia rTu-
lad dasadgeni rCeba manam, vidre ar gveqneba presis socialuri
analizi.* magram asea Tu ise, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgili aseTi
geografiisaTvis ukve gamoyofilia.
miuxedavd imisa, rom Cven amjerad ar SegviZlia davadginoT
burJuaziuli miTis dialeqtikuri formebi, mainc movaxerxebT
movxazoT misi ritorikuli formebi. ritorikad aq unda vigu-
lisxmoT fiqsirebuli, mowesrigebuli, stabiluri figurebis
erToba, romelSic lagdeba miTis aRmniSvnelis mravalfero-
vani formebi. es figurebi gamWirvaleni arian im azriT, rom ar
arRveven aRmniSvnelis plastikurobas, magram isini ukve sak-
marisad konceptualurebi gaxlavT imisaTvis, rom samyaros is-
toriul warmodgenas moergon (swored ise, rogorc klasikuri
ritorika iTvaliswinebs aristotelur reprezentaciul tips).
TavianTi ritorikis saSualebiT burJuaziuli MmiTebi xataven
zogad perspeqtivas im fsevdo-fizisisa, romelic Tanamedrove
burJuaziuli samyaros ocnebas gansazRvravs. axla vnaxoT misi
mTvari ritorikuli figurebi.
1. vaqcina. me ukve movixme am zogadi figuris magaliTebi,
romlebic aRiarebs romeliRac klasobrivi institutis mcire
codvas, raTa ukeT SeniRbos mTavari boroteba. koleqtiuri war-
mosaxvis imunizacia xdeba oficialurad aRiarebuli mankiereb-
is mcire vaqcinaciiT. amgvarad, xeli eSleba gaCenas da farTod
gavrcelebas qmedebisa, romelic SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos arse-
buli wesrigis sayovelTao gadatrialebisaken. asi wlis win ase-
Ti liberaluri saqcieli jer kidev SeuZlebeli iyo. burJuaziis
damcvelni maSin ar wasulan aranair daTmobaze, daiWires mtkice

* gazeTebis tiraJis Sesaxeb monacemebi arasakmarisia, sxva cnobebi ki _

SemTxveviTi xasiaTis. Paris Match-Si reklamis mizniT gamoqveynda misi mkiTx-
velebis Semadgenloba cxovrebis donis mixedviT (le Figaro, 12 ivlisi, 1955):
qalaqSi mcxovrebi Jurnalis 100 mkiTxvelidan 53-s hqonda avtomobili,
49-s hqonda saabazano da a. S. maSin, rodesac saSualod mcxovrebi frangis
cxovrebis done aseTia: 22%-s hqonda avtomobili, xolo saabazano –13 %-s.
amgvarad, am Jurnalis miTologiis safuZvelze cxadi xdeba, rom Paris Paris
Match-is mkiTxvelebis msyidvelobiTi unari sakmaod maRalia).
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pozicia, Tumca im droidan moyolebuli maTi damokidebuleba
cotaTi ufro moqnili gaxda. axla burJuazia ukve aRar meryeo-
bs imasTan dakavSirebiT, dauSvas Tu ara damarRveveli moqmede-
bis gamomxatveli zogierTi lokalizebuli keris arseboba, ker-
Zod – avangardi, bavSvuri iracionalizmi da sxva. dabalansebul
ekonomikur wesrigSi is mas Semdeg cxovrobs kargad, rac nebis-
mier kargad mowyobil saaqcionero sazogadoebaSi mcire wili
iuridiulad (da ara realurad) gauTanabrdeba did wils.
2. istoriis warTmeva. miTi mTel istorias arTmevs sagans,
romlis Sesaxebac is mogviTxrobs,* miTSi istoria qreba da asru-
lebs erTgvari idealuri moaxlis rols: is amzadebs, moaqvs, al-
agebs da Cumad midis; rodesac ojaxis patroni Sin brundeba, mas
isRa rCeba, datkbes am yvelafriT da arc ki ikiTxos, saidan gaCnda
es mSveniereba. an ukeTesi iqneboda gveTqva, rom is modis maradi-
ulobidan da nebismier dros acxadebs mzaobas, rom burJuaziam
gamoiyenos; espaneTi, Tu verwmunebiT Guide Bleu-s (lurji gzam-
kvlevi) Seiqmna turistebisTvis, xolo `aborigenebma~ odesRac
moigones TavianTi cekvebi, raTa egzotikuri siamovneba mieniWe-
binaT Tanamedrove burJuaziisaTvis. naTelia, rom es warmateb-
uli ritorikuli figura cdilobs erTdroulad daaRwios Tavi
rogorc determinizms, aseve Tavisuflebas. araferi warmoiqmne-
ba da araferi gamoirCeva, mTavaria, daufleba am axali sagnebisa,
romlebSic mciredi kvalic ki ar aris maTi warmomavlobisa Tu
SerCevisa. istoriis es saswaulebrivi aorTqleba gaxlavT kidev
erTi forma konceptisa, saerTo yvela burJuaziuli miTisaTvis
da es aris adamianis upasuxismgeblobis koncepti.
3. amocnoba. wvrili burJua aris adamiani, romelsac ar Seu-
Zlia sxva dainaxos.** Tuki vinme gamoCndeba wvrili burJuaziiis
TvalsawierSi, igi ubralod brmavdeba, mas arc amCnevs, uaryofs
an daimsgavsebs. wvrilburJuaziul samyaroSi yovelgvari wi-
naaRmdegobis faqtebi reverberantulia (amreklavi), yovelive
sxva daiyvaneba erTsa da imavemde. Teatri, sasamarTlo, yovel-

* k. marqsi: `Cven unda davkavdeT am istoriiT, vinaidan TiTqmis mTeli ideo-

logia daiyvaneba an am istoriis mcdar konceptamde, an kidev gadaiqceva mis
srul abstraqciad~ idéologie allemande, 1, gv. 153.
** marqsi: `...wvrili burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi qmnian iseT garemoebas,
rom maTi goneba, maTi Segneba (azrebi, fiqrebi), ar scdeba im zRvars, romel-
ic am klasma Tavis saqmianobas Semoavlo~ (18) briumeri da gorki: mcire bur-
Jua aris adamiani, romelmac Tavisi Tavi arCia sxvas.
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gvari adgili, sadac aris saSiSroeba sxvasTan Sexebisa, xdeba
sarke. vinaidan sxva – es aris skandali, romelic emuqreba arss.
dominiCi an Jerar diuprie socialurad ver iarsebeben, Tu wi-
naswar ar miecemaT sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa Tu generaluri
prokuroris winaswari gadawyvetileba; es aris fasi, romelic
maT unda gadaixadon, raTa ganisajon yovelgvari wesis dacviT,
samarTlebrivad, vinaidan marTlmsajuleba aris dabalansebuli
qmedeba, sasworis Tasebi ki mxolod TanabarT wonis. nebismieri
wvrili burJuas cnobierebaSi aris miniaturuli xati aramzadi-
sa, mamis mkvlelisa, homoseqsualistisa da a.S. sasamarTlo pe-
riodulad gamodevnis maT Tavisi tvinidan, dasvams gansasjelis
skamze, lagams amodebs da ganaCens gamoutans: sjian mxolod
gzasacdenilebs. kiTxva ki isaa, ra gzas irCevs adamiani da ara
is, rogoria misi buneba, vinaidan ase varT mowyobilni. zogjer,
Zalian iSviaTad, aRmoCndeba, rom adamiani ver eqvemdebareba ve-
ranair analogias, ara imitom, rom moulodnelad sindisierni
vxdebiT, aramed imitom, rom saRi azri ewinaaRmdegeba amas. er-
Tis feri Savia da ara – TeTri, erTi svams msxlis wvens da ara –
pernos, an rogor unda moxdes Savkanianis asimilireba rusTan?
aq daxmarebas gviwevs kidev erTi figura – egzotikuroba. sxva
xdeba mxolod wminda sagani, speqtakli, marioneti, is adgils
inacvlebs kacobriobis periferiaSi da ukve aRar warmoadgens
safrTxes Cveni ojaxuri kerisaTvis. es figura damaxasiTebe-
lia wvrilburJuaziuli SemecnebisaTvis: marTalia, wvril bur-
Juazias ar SeuZlia gaiTavisos sxva, magram SeuZlia mas adgili
gamounaxos am samyaroSi: swored amas uwodeben liberalizms,
rac sxva araferia, Tu ara inteleqtualuri ekonomiis msgavsi
ram, sadac yovel sagans Tavisi adgili aqvs. wvrili burJuazia
ar aris liberaluri (maT rigebSi daibada faSizmi, riTac Semdeg
msxvilma burJuaziam isargebla) da mogvianebiT msxvili bur-
Juaziis ganvlil gzas gadis.
4. tavtalogia. diax, vici, rom es sityva arcTu lamazia, ma-
gram Tavad saganic aranakleb usaxuria; tavtalogia aris ver-
baluri procesi, romelic sagans Tavisive TaviT (imaves imave-
Ti) gansazRvravs (`Teatri aris Teatri~). masSi SesaZlebelia
davinaxoT erTi im jadosnur qcevaTagani, romelic aRwerilia
sartris mier Tavis `emociaTa Teoriis narkvevSi~: Cven Tavs va-
farebT tavtalogias SiSis, risxvis an mwuxarebis Jams, rodesac
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ar SegviZlia avxsnaT raime. enis es SemTxveviTi uunaroba magi-
urad gaigivdeba imasTan, rasac Cven vuwodebT sagnis bunebriv
winaaRmdegobas. tavtalogiaSi xdeba ormagi mkvleloba: vklavT
racionalurobas, vinaidan ver vumklavdebiT mas; vklavT enas,
radgan is gvRalatobs. tavtalogia aris gulyra saWiro momen-
tSi, mxsneli apaTia, es aris sikvdili an, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
komedia, uRirsi realobis `warmodgena~ enis winaaRmdeg. magiuri
tavtalogia, cxadia, SeiZleba amoefaros mxolod avtoritetul
arguments, magaliTad, mSoblebi, romlebic sasowarkveTile-
bamde arian misulni bavSvis mudmivi kiTxvebis gamo, zogjer ase
pasuxoben maT: `es asea, vinaidan es asea~ an ukeTesi: `imitom, rom
imitom~. isini mimarTaven samarcxvino magiur qmedebas, vinaidan,
rogorc ki iwyeben racionalur verbalur ganmartebas, maSinve
ukuagdeben mas da fiqroben, rom mizezobriobas introduqciu-
li sityviT gaumklavdebian. tavtalogia amowmebs Rrma undob-
lobas enis mimarT: Tqven mas ukuagdebT, radgan ar iciT misi
gamoyeneba. enis yovelgvari uaryofa ki sikvdilia, tavtalogia
safuZvels uyris mkvdar, uZrav samyaros.
5. ninizmi. me ase aRvniSnav ritorikul figuras, romelic
erTmaneTs adarebs ori winaaRmdegobas da abalansebs maT iseT-
nairad, rom ukuagdebs erTsac da meoresac (me ar minda arc erTi
da arc meore). es ufro burJuaziuli miTis figuraa, vinaidan
gamodis liberalizmis erT-erTi Tanamedrove formidan. Cven aq
kvlav vubrundebiT awonas: Tavidan realoba emTxveva analogie-
bs, Semdeg igi iwoneba da roca dafiqsirdeba wonis Tanafardoba,
mas Tavidan viSorebT. am SemTxvevaSic kidev erTxel vixilavT ma-
giur qcevas: Tu arCevani garTuldeba, Sesadarebeli sidideebi
gamocxaddeba gansxvavebulad, miuRebeli realoba ukuigdeba
da dava or sapirispiro winaaRmdegobamde, romlebic gawonas-
wordebian mxolod imdenad, Tu ramdenad formalurni arian
da ramdenad daSorebulni specifikur wonas. ninizms SeiZleba
hqondes Tavisi degradirebuli formebi, magaliTad, astrolo-
giaSi nawinaswarmetyvelebi boroteba unda daabalansos sikeTem,
gancxaddes windaxedulad da kompensaciis perspeqtiviT: dadge-
nili wonasworoba paralizebuls gaxdis Rirebulebebs, cxovre-
bas, bedisweras da a.S. asarCevi aRaraferia, gvrCeba mxolod is,
rom vitvirToT sakuTari xvedri.
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 6. xarisxis kvantifikacia. es figura daxetialobs erTi figu-
ridan meoreSi. xarisxis raodenobamde SemcirebiT miTi akeTebs
azrovnebis unaris ekonomias da realobas iafad iazrebs. me ukve
movixme araerTi magaliTi am meqanizmisa, romelsac burJuazi-
uli da, gansakuTrebiT, wvrilburJuaziuli miTologia uyoy-
manod usadagebs esTetikur faqtebs, romlebic, misi gancxadeb-
iT, dakavSirebulia aramaterialur arsTan. am winaaRmdegobis
kargi magaliTia burJuaziuli Teatri: erTi mxriv, igi (Teatri)
warmogvidgeba, rogorc enaze zemdgomi arsi, romlis aRmoCena
mxolod gulsa da intuicias xelewifeba. Teatri am Tvisebidan
iRebs sakuTari SiSnarevi Rirsebis grZnobas (Teatrze mecnier-
ulad saubari `arsis Seuracxyofad~ iTvleba: sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, Teatris racionaluri gaazrebis yovelgvari mcdeloba
aucileblad diskreditirdeba da Sefasdeba, rogorc sientizmi
da pedantizmi); sxva mxriv, burJuaziuli dramatuli xelovne-
ba dafuZnebulia efeqtebis zust kvantifikaciaze: aRricxvas
daqvemdebarebuli garegnuli niSnebis mTeli wredis daxmarebiT
bileTis fasi raodenobrivad Seeferdeba msaxiobis cremlebs an
mdidrul dekoracias: is, rasac vuwodebT, magaliTad, msaxiobis
TamaSis `bunebriobas~, upirveles yovlisa, aris kargad gaTvli-
li garegnuli efeqtebi.
7. faqtis konstatacia. miTi iCens aforistulobis tenden-
cias, burJuaziuli ideologia am figuras Tavisi ZiriTadi
faseulobis gamo endoba, rac gaxlavT: universaluroba, gan-
martebis uaryofa, samyaros daurRveveli ierarqia. Tumca am
SemTxvevaSic aucilebelia enaobieqti metaenisagan gamovyoT.
xalxuri andaza, romelmac Cvenamde saukuneTa siRrmidan moaR-
wia, aqamde cxaddeba gare samyaros, rogorc obieqtis praqti-
kuli aTvisebis Semadgenel nawilad. rodesac glexi warmoTq-
vams – `dRes kargi amindia~, igi karg aminds realurad akavSirebs
mis (kargi amindis) sargeblianobasTan. es gancxadeba aris im-
pliciturad teqnologiuri: sityva, miuxedavad misi zogadi, ab-
straqtuli formisa, gvamzadebs praqtikuli saqmianobisaTvis,
igi erTveba warmoebis procesSi. soflis mcxovrebi ar erToba
karg amindze saubris dros, radgan uSualod masTan aqvs saqme da
Tavisi saqmisaTvis iyenebs; amgvarad, yvela Cveni xalxuri andaza
warmoadgens aqtiur sityvas, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi gam-
yarda da gardaiqmna refleqsiur sityvad, magram es refleqsia
325
dayvanilia faqtis konstataciamde, masSi aris erTgvari simo-
rcxve, sifrTxile, igi mtkicedaa dakavSirebuli yoveldRiur
gamocdilebasTan. xalxuri andazebi ufro metad prognozirebs,
vidre realobas acxadebs, es aris adamianuri sityva, romelic
qmnis sakuTar Tavs da ubralod ar arsebobs. burJuaziul afor-
izmebs ekuTvnis metaena, ena, romelic moqmedebs ukve gamzade-
bul sagnebze. misi klasikuri forma maqsimaa. masSi faqtebis
konstatacia mimarTulia ara Seqmnili samyarosaken, aramed
ukve Seqmnili samyaros dafarvisken, misi qmnilebis kvalis sicx-
adis droismiRmuri niRbis qveS damalvisken. es aris kontrgan-
marteba, tavtalogiis Rirseuli ekvivalenti. burJuaziuli mi-
Tis aforistulobis safuZveli saRi azria, iseTi WeSmariteba,
romelic imis sasargeblod mtkicdeba, vinc mas gamoTqvams.
me warmovadgine uwesrigo ritorikuli figurebi, romleb-
sac ar aqvT aranairi wesrigi; SesaZlebelia arsebobdes maTi sxva
tipebic. zogierTi maTgani SeiZleba gaicviTos, sxvebi – daiba-
dos. magram isini, msgavsad burJuaziuli universumis zodiaqos
niSnebisa, SeiZleba Tanabrad gaiyon or did jgufad: arsebad
da sasworebad. burJuaziuli ideologia istoriis produqts
gamudmebiT gardaqmnis ZiriTad tipebad; burJuaziuli ideolo-
gia, msgavsad melanTevzisa, romelic melnis msgavs siTxes Tavis
dacvis mizniT gamoisvris, sul cdilobs dafaros gamudmebuli
procesi samyaros qmnadobisa, gardaqmnas miTi gayinul obieqtad,
aRweros mTeli misi qoneba, daabalzamos igi, realur samyaroSi
Seiyvanos erTgvari gamwmendi esencia, romelic SeaCerebs mis
gardaqmnas, mis swrafvas arsebobis sxva formebisaken. maSin es
simdidre, gayinuli da uZravi, SesaZlebelia sabolood aRir-
icxos; burJuaziuli morali Tavisi arsiT gaxdeba awonis opera-
cia: arsebebi ewyoba sasworis TefSebze, romlis uZravi xarixa
iqneba adamiani-burJua. vinaidan miTis mizani aris samyaros uZ-
raoba, man (miTma) unda mogvces STamagonebeli suraTi universa-
luri ekonomikuri meqanizmisa, romelmac erTxel da samudamod
daadgina yovelgvari qonebrivi ierarqia. amgvarad, miTi daeweva
adamians yvelgan da yovelTvis, gadagzavnis mas im uZravi proto-
tipisaken, romelic saSualebas ar miscems, icxovros sakuTari
cxovrebiT, Tavisuflad amoisunTqos. amgvarad, is emsgavseba
parazits, romelic organizmSia Cabudebuli da adamianis saqmi-
anobas SemosazRvravs im viwro CarCoSi, romelSic is itanjeba
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da arc ki cdilobs, raime Secvalos samyaroSi. burJuaziuli
fsevdofizisi aris adamianisaTvis sakuTari Tavis qmnis sruli
akrZalva. miTi sxva araferia, Tu ara es mudmivi da dauRalavi
maZiebloba, mzakvruli da Seudrekeli moTxovna, raTa yovelma
adamianma Seicnos Tavi maradiul tiloze, romelic erTxel
Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom maradiulobas ekuTvnodes; vinaidan bune-
ba, romelSic adamiani gamaradiulebis sababiT aris Caketili,
araferia, Tu ara tradicia da rac unda didebuli mogveCvenos
es tradicia, adamianma igi xelSi unda aiRos da Secvalos.

aucilebloba da miTologiis sazRvrebi

dasasrulisTvis, msurs ramdenime sityva vTqva Tavad mi-

Tologze. am terminSi aris raRac pompezuri da ndobis aRmZ-
vreli. Tumca Cven SegviZlia mas vuwinaswarmetyveloT, rom erT
mSvenier dRes gauCndeba garkveuli sirTuleebi, Tu meTodolo-
giuri ara, emociuri mainc. cxadia, misTvis rTuli ar iqneba gaa-
marTlos Tavisi saqmianoba, radgan rogoric ar unda iyos misi
cdomilebebi, udavoa, rom miTologia monawileobs samyaros Se-
qmnaSi. Tuki mudmivad miviCnevT im faqts, rom burJuaziuli sa-
zogadoebis adamiani yovelwuTierad iZireba fsevdofizisSi, ma-
Sin igi (miTologi) unda cdilobdes Cveulebriv cxovrebiseul
urTierTobebSi dainaxos siwmindes amofarebuli siRrmiseuli
gaucxoeba. Sedegad, miTis mier ganxorcielebuli es gamoaSkara-
veba iqneba politikuri aqti, daeyrdnoba enis pasuxismgebobis
ideas, riTac mis Tavisuflebasac daadgens. cxadia, am azriT, mi-
Tologia samyarosTan TanxmobaSi imyofeba, magram ara iseTTan,
rogoric is aris, aramed iseTTan, rogoric mas surs iyos (brex-
ti am SemTxvevaSi iyenebda efeqturad orazrovan sityvas _ Ein-
verstandnis, rac erTdroulad niSnavs realobis aRqmasa da masTan
Tanamzraxvelobas).
miTologiis amgvari Tanxmoba amarTlebs miTologis ar-
sebobas, magram misTvis es sakmarisi ar aris, radgan mis Sinagan
statusad kvlav gariyuloba rCeba. Tumca politikurad misi
arseboba gamarTlebulia, mainc Sors aris politikisagan. miTo-
logis sityva aris metaena, is araferze zemoqmedebs, yvelaze
didi, rac SeuZlia gaakeTos, mxilebaa. ki magram risTvis? misi
amocana yovelTvis orazrovania, Sefarebulia sakuTar eTnikur
327
warmomavlobas, revoluciur saqmianobaSi monawileobs mxolod
sxvaTa zurgs amofarebuli da yovelive aqedan momdinareobs mi-
si funqciis nasesxebi xasiaTi, erTgvari daZabuloba, eskizuro-
ba da gadametebuli gaubraloeba, damaxasiaTebeli yovelgvari
inteleqtualuri saqmianobisaTvis, romelic Riadaa dakavSire-
buli politikasTan (`araangaJirebuli~ literatura usazR-
vrod daxvewilia, mas Tavisi adgili aqvs metaenaSi).
miTologi gamoiricxeba miTis momxmareblebidan da es
arafers niSnavs, piriqiT, kargia, roca mkiTxvelebis SezRudul
wreze vsaubrobT.* magram rodesac miTi SeaRwevs mTlianad sa-
zogadoebaSi, mis gamosaTavisufleblad miTologs mouwevs
Sors dadgoma, sazogadoebisagan ganSoreba. nebismieri, ase Tu
ise zogadi MmiTi, realurad orazrovania, vinaidan is warmoad-
gens mTel kacobriobas, im nawilsac ki, romelsac araferi aqvs
da miTs sesxulobs. velorbola Tour de France-is an safrangeTis
saukeTeso Rvinis gaSifvra niSnavs yuradRebis gadatanas im ada-
mianebisgan, romlebic amiT erTobian da xurdebian. miTologs
misjili aqvs, rom icxovros Teoriul sociumSi, misTvis – iyo
socialuri, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi niSnavs – iyo marTali; misi
amaRlebuli socialuri faseuloba aris misive amaRlebuli
zneobrioba, xolo realur samyarosTan kavSiri – sarkastuli
xasiaTisa.
saWiroa wavideT ufro Sors; garkveuli azriT, miTologi
amoiricxeba istoriidanac ki, romlis saxeliTac is cdilobs
imoqmedos. koleqtiuri enis ganadgureba misTvis absoluturia
da es ganadgureba piramde aRavsebs mis amocanas: man unda icx-
ovros am ngrevaSi, ukan dabrunebis yovelgvari imedisa da saz-
Rauris gareSe. mas ekrZaleba warmoidginos, ra iqneba grZnobis-
mierad samyaro, rodesac misi kritikis uSualo sagani gaqreba.
miTologisTvis utopia dauSvebeli fufunebaa; is eWvobs, rom
xvalindeli WeSmariteba aRmoCndeba mxolod da mxolod ukuRma
piri dRevandeli tyuilisa. istoriaSi erTi winaaRmdegoba vera-
sodes imarjvebs srulad meoreze: is fardas xdis, qmnis sakuTar

* miTologi Sordeba ara mxolod sazogadoebas, aramed zogjer Tavad miTi-

uri sityvis obieqtsac. magaliTad, poeturi bavSvobis demistificirebisT-
vis momiwevs erTgvarad undobloba ganvucxado realur bavSvs – minu drues.
ise gamomivida, rom yuradReba ar mimiqcevia misi jer kidev faqizi da gaxs-
nili SesaZleblobebisTvis, romlebic Camalulia miTis sqel fenaSi. ar aris
kargi patara gogonas winaaRmdeg saubari.
328
Tavs, avlens moulodnel Sedegebsa da gauTvaliswinebel sinTe-
zebs. miTologi ar imyofeba TviT moses mdgomareobaSic ki, is
ver xedavs aRTqmul miwas. misTvis xvalindeli dRis pozitiuro-
ba sruliad dafarulia dRevandeli dRis negatiurobiT, misi
wamowyebis yovelgvari Rirebuleba misTvis xdeba destruqciu-
li aqtebi, romelTagan zogierTi srulad faravs sxvebs da, amg-
varad, yvelaferi Tavis adgilze rCeba. aseTi subieqturi xedva
istoriisa, romlis Zlieri momavlis Canasaxi warmogvidgeba mx-
olod awmyos yovlisdamangrevel apokalifsad, wminda iustinem
erTi ucnauri fraziT gamoxata: `is, rac qmnis respublikas,
aris sruli ganadgureba imisa, rac mas winaaRmdegobas uwevs~,
vfiqrob, rom es sityvebi ar unda gavigoT banalurad: `vidre
aagebde, jer kargad unda moasufTavo adgili~. gramatikul mae-
rTs aq yovlismomcveli azri aqvs: amgvari adamianisTvis SeiZle-
ba subieqturad dadges istoriis iseTi Rame, rodesac momavali
gaxdeba arsebiTi da sruliad daarRvevs warsuls.
kidev erTi, ukanaskneli problema, romelic miTologs
emuqreba: is maradiulad cdilobs gaanadguros realoba, rom-
lis dacvasac Tavad ibralebs. TviTmfrinavi D.S. 19 yovelgvari
eWvis gareSe aris gansakuTrebuli teqnologiuri parametre-
bis obieqti: mas SeuZlia ganaviTaros garkveuli siCqare, aqvs
garkveuli aerodinamikuri maxasiaTeblebi da a. S. da ai, msgavs
realobaSi miTologs arafris Tqma aRar SeuZlia; meqanikosi, in-
Jineri, mgzavric ki uSualod laparakoben obieqtze, miTologs
ki misjili aqvs, gamoiyenos metaena. yovelive amas aqvs Tavi-
si saxeli – ideologizacia. Jdanovizmma mkacrad gaakritika
ideologizacia (Tumca verc imas adasturebda, rom amis Tavidan
acileba im momentisaTvis SeiZleboda), romelsac mivyavdiT lu-
kaCamde, lingvist maramde, beniSisa Tu goldmanis Sromebamde
da daupirispira mas ideologiisTvis xelmiuwvdomeli realoba,
stalinis ena. marTlac, ideologizacia gaucxoebuli realobis
winaaRmdegobas gadawyvets amputaciis daxmarebiT da ara sinTez-
iT (magram Jdanovizmi mas ver wyvets). Rvino obieqturad kargia,
magram amave dros, sikarge Rvinisa aris miTi aporia. miTologi
Tavs aRwevs am situacias ise, rogorc SeuZlia: is kavdeba Rvinis
sikargis gadmocemiT da ara Tavad RviniT, zustad iseve, rogorc
istorikosi Seiswavlis paskalis ideologias da ara mis azrebs.*
* Cems miTologiaSic ki me zogjer veSmakob, vitanjebi imaze gamudmebuli
muSaobiT, rom realoba avaorTqlo, zedmetad gavaxSiro, vipovo masSi gasao-
329
 meCveneba, rom swored esaa Cveni epoqis sirTule; dRes arse-
bobs erTaderTi SesaZlo arCevani da es arCevani exeba or erT-
nairad gadaWarbebul meTods: an ganvixiloT realoba, rogorc
istoriisaTvis absoluturad gamtari da xeli mivyoT ideolo-
gizacias an piriqiT, ganvixiloT realoba, rogorc SeuRwevadi,
analizs dauqvemdebarebeli da davkavdeT poetizaciiT. erTi si-
tyviT, jer kidev ver vxedav sinTezs ideologiasa da poezias So-
ris (zogadi azriT, poezia mesmis, rogorc sagnebis ganuyofeli
azris Zieba).
Cveni yvela mcdeloba – davZlioT realobis arastabiluri
aRqma, warumatebelia, SeuCereblad davrbivarT sagansa da demis-
tifikacias Soris da ar gvaqvs Zala, maT mTlianoba davubrunoT;
Tuki SevaRwevT saganSi, erTdroulad gavaTavisuflebT da da-
varRvevT kidec mas, xolo Tu SevinarCunebT mTel mis wonas da
gamovavlenT mis mimarT saTanado pativiscemas, mainc Zvele-
burad mistificirebuls davtovebT. mgonia, rom garkveuli
droiT kvlav iZulebulni viqnebiT, bevri vilaparakoT real-
obaze. cxadia, rom ideologizmi da misi mowinaaRmdegeni isev
mimarTaven magiur qcevebs, magram Cven mainc unda SevZloT re-
alobisa da adamianis, aRwerisa da ganmartebis, sagnisa da cod-
nis Serigeba.

1956 wlis seqtemberi

Targmna nino gagoSaSvilma

cari, CemTvis sasiamovno simWidrove, mogceT miTiuri obieqtebis araerTi

substanciuri fsiqonalizi.
330
 iuri lotmani
(1922-1993)

poeturi teqstis analizi

poeturi qmnilebis leqsikuri done

leqsi sityvebisgan Sedgeba. erTi SexedviT, araferia am

WeSmaritebaze TvalsaCino, magram man mainc SeiZleba warmoS-
vas garkveuli gaugebrobebi. leqsSi gamoyenebuli sityva –
esaa bunebrivi enis sityva, anu leqsikuri erTeuli, romelsac
leqsikonSi movZebniT. amasTan, is TviTigiveobrivi rodia.
swored mocemuli enis saleqsikono sityvasTan misi msgavse-
bis an Tanxvedris wyalobiT vamCnevT gansxvavebas urTierTgami-
jnul da Sepirispirebul erTeulebs (zogadenobriv sityvasa da
saleqso sityvas) Soris.
poeturi teqsti sagangebod organizebuli enaa. es ena naw-
evrdeba leqsikur erTeulebad. amdenad, kanonzomieria misi
gaigiveba bunebrivi enis sityvebTan, vinaidan am gziT xorciel-
deba yvelaze martivi da bunebrivi danawevreba niSnad segmen-
tebad. magram aq Tavs iCens garkveuli siZneleebi. zogierT
enaSi – rusulSi, estonurSi an CexurSi – leqsi teqstis saxiT
warmogvidgens mxolod mocemuli enis leqsikuri elementebis
nawils. gamoyenebuli sityvebi gaerTianebulia ufro vrcel
sistemaSi.
Tu mocemul poetur teqsts ganvixilavT rogorc sagange-
bod organizebul enas, maSin es ukanaskneli masSi mTlianad iqne-
ba realizebli. is, rac warmoadgenda sistemis nawils, aq war-
mogvidgeba, rogorc sruli sistema*.
es garemoeba Zalze arsebiTia. yovelgvari kulturis enas
(rogorc mamodelirebel sistemas) universalurobis pretenzia aqvs.
* sakiTxs Segnebulad vamartivebT, sinamdvileSi leqsis teqsti SeiZleba
warmovidginoT, rogorc enaTa mTeli rigis (ierarqiis) realizacia. esenia:
`rusuli ena~, `mocemuli epoqis rusuli literaturuli ena~, ,,mocemuli
poetis Semoqmedeba”, `poeturi cikli, rogorc erTiani sistema~, `leqsi,
rogorc Caketili poeturi samyaro~. TiToeuli amgvari sistema teqstSi gan-
sxvavebulad realizdeba. sxvadasxvagvaria sistemis fonze misi SefardebiTi
sididec.
331
 is miiswrafvis, moicvas mTeli samyaro da gautoldes
mas. xdeba isec, rom realobis ama Tu im nawils es sistema ar
moicavs (magaliTad, klasicizmis maRali poeziis samyaroSi ar
monawileobs `dabali buneba~ an `dabali leqsika~); aseT SemTx-
vevaSi is uaryofs realobis am aspeqtebis arsebobas.
amgvarad yalibdeba mocemuli kulturis damaxasiaTebeli
sistema ena-modelebisa, romlebic erTimeoris mimarT izomof-
ulia; isini erTiani obieqtis – mTeli samyaros – urTierTgansx-
vavebul modelebs warmoadgens.
am gagebiT, leqsi, rogorc erTiani ena, emsgavseba mTel bune-
briv enas da ara mis nawils. ukve is faqti, rom am enis sityvaTa
raodenoba ramdenime aTeuli an aseulia (da ara – aseul aTaso-
biT sityva), zegavlenas axdens teqstis niSnadi segmentis – si-
tyvis wonaze. zogadenobriv teqstSi gamoyenebul sityvasTan
SedarebiT saleqso sityva ufro `msxvilia~. advili SesamCnevia,
rom lapidarul teqstSi sityva mZlavria da universumis vrcel
nawils aRniSnavs.
ama Tu im nawarmoebis leqsikonis Sedgenisas warmogvidge-
ba miaxloebiTi konturebi imisa, rac, avtoris TvalsazrisiT,
samyaros Seadgens. Kkiuxelbekerma erT-erT leqsSi gamoiyena
gamoTqma

Пас стада главы моей?

puSkinma iqve miawera “вши”?

ratom ver SeamCnia kiuxelbekerma am taepis komikuri efeq-
ti, romelic puSkinma myisve SeniSna? saqme isaa, rom ,,tilebi” ar
monawileobda kiuxelbekeris poetur samyaroSi da arc im umaR-
les realobaSi, romelic miseuli modelis mimarT garesistemur
mocemulobad aRiqmeboda da, umaRlesi gagebiT, arc arsebobda.
puSkinis poeziis leqsikaSi, am kriteriumis miaxloebiTobis
miuxedavad, vlindeba samyaros sxvagvari modeli:

Теперь у нас дороги плохи,

Мосты забытые гниют,
На стансиях клопы да блохи
Заснуть минуты не дают. . .
(`evgeni onegini~)
332
 amitom kiuxelbekeris sistemis erTmniSvnelovan taepebs
puSkini aRiqvamda, rogorc orazrovan frazebs.
cxadia, mocemuli poeturi teqstis leqsikoni Seesabameba
mis universums, xolo leqsikonis Semadgeneli sityvebi avseben
am universums. maTi urTierTmimarTeba aRiqmeba, rogorc sam-
yaros struqtura.
Aamgvarad, poetur samyaros gaaCnia ara marto sityvebis sa-
kuTari nusxa, aramed – sinonimebisa da antonimebis sakuTari
sistemac. ase, magaliTad, `siyvaruli~ garkveul teqstebSi
gvevlineba, rogorc sicocxlis sinonimi, sxvebSi ki `sikvdils~
uTanabrdeba. `dRe~ da `Rame~, `sicocxle~ da `sikvdili” poetur
teqstSi SeiZleba sinonimur mniSvnelobebs gamoxatavdes da,
piriqiT, erTi da igive sityva poeziaSi SeiZleba, ar udrides sa-
kuTar Tavs an sakuTari Tavis antonimadac ki mogvevlinos:

Жизнь – это место, где жить нельзя. . .

Дом – так мало домашний. . .
(m. cvetaeva)

am sityvebs poetur struqturaSi sagangebo mniSvneloba

eniWeba, magram isini saleqsikono mniSvnelobasac inarCuneben.
am ori tipis mniSvnelobaTa konfliqti miT ufro mZafrad Sei-
grZnoba, rom teqstSi maT Seesabameba erTi da igive niSani _ mo-
cemuli sityva.

А ВЫ МОГЛИ БЫ?

Я сразу смазал карту будня,

Плеснувши краску из стакана;
Я показал на блюде студня
Косые скулы океана.
На чешуе жестяной рыбы
Прочел я зовы новых губ
А вы
Ноктюрн сыграть могли бы
На флейтох водосточных труб?
(v. maiakovski)

333
leqsis leqsikoni

я карта косые смазать сразу из а

вы будни жестяная плеснуть на
краска новые показать
стакан водосточная прочесть
блюдо сыграть
студень мочь
скулы
океан
чешуя
рыба
зов
губы
ноктюрн
флейта
труба

upirveles yovlisa, aSkaraa leqsikonis nominatiuri xasiaTi.

teqstis samyaro ganisazRvreba sityvebiT. leqsis mTeli saxeo-
brivi leqsika advilad iyofa or jgufad: erTSi gavaerTianebT
STambeWdaobis, uCveulobis aRmniSvnel sityvebs (краска, океан,
флейта, ноктюрн), meoreSi ki – yofiT, sagnobriv leqsikas (блюдо
студня, чешуя жестяной рыбы, водосточные трубы). TiToeuli maTganis
miRma SeigrZnoba tradiciulad gaazrebuli literaturuli an-
tiTeza: `poeturi – arapoeturi~ da, vinaidan teqstis dasawyis-
Sive gvxvdeba opozicia “я – вы”, am dapirispirebis interpreta-
cia TiTqos ase unda iyos:

я вы
поэзия быт
яркость пошлость

magram maiakovskis teqsti aramarto gvaxsenebs am teqstis

sityvaTa samyaros organizaciis sistemas, aramed abaTilebs
kidec mas.
jer erTi, saxelebis (cnebebis) Semakavebeli zmnebis mTeli
sistema miuTiTebs ara mniSvnelobaTa `yofiTi~ da `poeturi~
velebis gamijnulobaze, aramed adasturebs maTs erTianobas.
334
zmnebi aRniSnaven kontaqts: прочесть, показать, an moqmedebas:
сыграть. maTi meSveobiT `me~ amCnevs poetur mniSvnelobebs swored
yofiTi mniSvnelobebis wiaRSi. `okeane~, rogorc poeziis sim-
bolo, mignebulia `labaSi~, xolo `Tunuqis Tevzis farflSi~
amoikiTxeba “зовы новых губ” (зовы-s poetizmisa da daukonkrete-
beli epiTetis, новый-s zegavleniT “губы” aRiqmeba ganzogadebu-
li poeturi simbolos saxiT).
bolos, TviT am yofas Seadgens ara Cveulebriv saganTa aRm-
niSvneli sityvebi, aramed iseTi sagnebic, romlebic nasesxebia
xelovnebis sxva dargis – ferweris samyarodan. nawarmoebis
leqsikonis yofiTi nawili naturmortis inventaria (kidev ufro
konkretulad – esaa sezanis skolis naturmorti). SemTxveviTi
rodia, rom yofa erwymis wminda ferweruli xasiaTis zmnebs:
смазать, плеснуть краску. yofiTi, ese igi, Cveulebrivi samyaro –
esaa prozis, realobisa da ferweris samyaro, xolo tradiciuli
poeziis samyaro pirobiTi da yalbia.
я-s mier agebuli samyaros poeturi modeli ukuagdebs yovel-
gvar вы-s. am semantikur sistemaSi студент da океан sinonimebia,
xolo poeziisa da prozauli yofis dapirispireba moxsnilia.
warmoiSoba teqstis azrobrivi erTeulebis organizaciis
amgvari sqema:

me Tqven
STambeWdaoba uxamsoba
poeziisa da yofis
erTianoba dapirispireba

amgvarad, maiakovskis nawarmoebSi (leqsikur doneze) teqs-

tis semantikuri organizacia efuZneba konfliqts, erTi mxriv,
mocemul individualur struqturaSi azrobrivi erTeulebis
organizaciis sistemasa (agreTve – bunebriv enaSi sityvaTa se-
mantikur struqturasa) da, meore mxriv, tradiciul poetur
modelebs Soris.

Pparalelizmis cneba

ganmeorebis rolis ganxilvisas unda davakonkretoT

paralelizmis cneba, romelic araerTxel ganixileboda po-
etikis principebTan dakavSirebiT. xelovnebaSi paralelizmis
335
dialeqtikur bunebaze miuTiTebda jer kidev a. n. veselovski:
`Cven ar vaigivebT adamianis cxovrebasa da bunebis sicocx-
les, arc vadarebT maT (rac gulisxmobs Sesadarebeli sagnebis
urTierTgamijnulobas); Cven maT SevajerebT moqmedebis niSnis
mixedviT”~. Aamgvarad, paralelizmSi, igiveobisa da sruli urTi-
erTgamijnulobisgan gansxvavebiT, xazgasmulia analogia. bo-
lodroindeli mkvlevari r. austerlisti paralelizms Semde-
gnairad gansazRvravs: `ori segmenti (taepi) paraleluria, Tu
isini igiveobrivia; gansxvavdeba mxolod maTi esa Tu is nawili,
romelsac am segmentebSi daaxloebiT erTi da igive pozicia uka-
via~. da Semdgom: `paralelizmi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
arasruli ganmeoreba~.
paralelizmis zemomiTiTebuli Tvisebebi SeiZleba amgvar-
ad CamovayaliboT: paralelizmi warmoadgens orwevrs, romlis
erTi nawili Seimecneba analogiuri meore nawilis meSveobiT.
Ees ukanaskneli pirveli wevris igiveobrivi araa, magram arc
gamijnulia misgan; is analogiis mdgomareobaSia – gaaCnia saer-
To niSnebi, kerZod, isini, romelTac Semecnebisas gamovyofT
pirvel wevrSi.
Ees ori wevri identuri araa, magram, garkveuli gagebiT, erT-
gvarovania. amitom pirveli maTganis Sesaxeb Cven vmsjelobT me-
ore wevris mixedviT. aseTia, magaliTad, paralelizmi:

Взойди, взойди, солнце, взойди выше лесу,

Приди, приди, братец, ко сестрице в гости . . .

aq analogiuria mzisa da Zmis moqmedebebi (“взойди, взойди”

_ “приди, приди”) da am cnebebis mniSvnelobebi. mze aRiqmeba,
rogorc cnobili cneba. Братец-is modeli misi analogiiT iwar-
moeba. amasTan, gvxvdeba paralelizmis ufro rTuli nimuSebic,
rodesac orwevris orive nawilSi xorcieldeba maTi urTierT-
modelireba – TiToeuli maTgani meoris analogiuria.

Грустен и весел вхожу, ваятель, в твою мастерскую.

(a. puSkini)

mokle zedsarTavebi грустен da весел erTnair sintaqsur

poziciaSia. esaa erTgvarovani gramatikuli formebi. maT Soris
336
SeimCneva paralelizmis damokidebuleba, romelic aaSkaravebs
rom avtoris cnobierebaSi ar warmoSobila ori gansxvavebuli
sulieri ganwyobileba. Mmxatvrul teqstSi orive wevri analo-
giuria urTierTis mimarT. cnebebi грустен da весел Seadgens urT-
ierTSefardebul rTul struqturas.
iq, sadac saqme gvaqvs sityvebisa da sityvaTSeTanxmebe-
bis doneze ganxorcielebul paralelizmTan, sityva-obieqtsa
da sityva-models Soris myardeba tropuli mimarTebebi. ori
cnebis urTierTdamokidebulebis safuZvelia swored egreT
wodebuli `gadataniTi mniSvneloba~. ase warmoiqmneba `saxeo-
brioba~, romelic tradiciulad poeziis ZiriTad Tvisebad iTv-
leba. rogorc Cans, is warmoadgens SedarebiT SezRudul sfero-
Si ufro zogadi kanonzomierebis gamovlenis kerZo SemTxvevas.
sinamdvileSi unda aRgveniSna, rom poezia iseTi struqturaa,
romlis yvela elementi urTierTSoris paralelizmis damok-
idebulebaSia. maSasadame, maT ekisreba garkveuli azrobrivi
datvirTva.
zemonaTqvamidan unda davaskvnaT, rom mxatvrulsa da aramx-
atvrul struqturebs ganasxvavebs kidev erTi arsebiTi niSani.
ena gamoirCeva maRali siWarbiT. erTi da igive mniSvnelobebi Sei-
Zleba mravalgvarad gamoixatos. Mmxatvruli teqstis struqtur-
aSi siWarbe dabalia. marTlac, enisTvis ganurCevelia sityvebis
bgeriTi forma, xelovnebaSi ki TviT sityvis es bgeriTi forma
paralelizmis damokidebulebaSia sxva sityvis JRerasTan, ris
Sedegadac maT Soris myardeba analogiis damokidebuleba.
siWarbe enis sasargeblo da aucilebeli Tvisebaa. kerZod,
is uzrunvelyofs enis mdgradobas SecdomaTa, agreTve TviT-
neburi, subieqturi aRqmis mimarT. poeziaSi siWarbis dacemis
Sedegad aRqmis adekvaturoba arasodesaa imdenad upirobo,
rogorc enaSi. samagierod, poeturi struqtura semantikurad
gacilebiT metadaa gajerebuli. is gamoxatavs imgvar rTul az-
robriv struqturebs, romlebic Cveulebrivi eniT saerTod ver
gadmoicema.
elementebisa da am elementTa doneebis SemakavSirebeli
sistema mxatvrul nawarmoebs aniWebs garkveul damoukide-
blobas. Amis gamo is warmogvidgeba, rogorc rTuli TviTganvi-
Tarebadi struqtura, romelic mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs adami-
anis mier aqamde Seqmnil, ukukavSiris TvisebiT aRWurvil yvela
337
sistemas da, garkveuli gagebiT, emsgavseba cocxal organizmebs.
mxatvruli nawarmoebi ukukavSirSia garemosTan da icvleba misi
zegavleniT. jer kidev antikuri drois dialeqtikosebma icod-
nen, rom erT mdinareSi orjer ver Sexval; Tanamedrove dialeq-
tikosebsac ar ganacvifrebs debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom amJamad
xelT gvaqvs ara `is~ `evgeni onegini~, romelsac icnobdnen misi
pirveli mkiTxvelebi da TviT avtori. puSkinis epoqis gareteqs-
tobrivi struqturebi ukve aRar arsebobs. MmaT aRsadgenad unda
vflobdeT ara marto puSkiniseul codnas (istorikosi valde-
bulia, miuaxlovdes am codnas epoqis ZiriTadi struqturuli
momentebis gaSuqebisas, magram, samwuxarod, ver aRadgens im
periodis konkretuli movlenebis urTierTgadamkveT struq-
turebs), saWiroa agreTve yovelive imis daviwyeba, rac ucnobi
iyo puSkinisTvis da rac Seadgens Cveni epoqis damaxasiaTebeli
mxatvruli aRqmis safuZvels. Ees amocana ganuxorcielebelia.
xelovnebis qmnileba CarTulia aRmqmeli subieqtis cno-
bierebaSi. amasTan, is monawileobs istoriis obieqtur msv-
lelobaSic. Aamgvarad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia ,,evgeni oneginis”
puSkiniseuli aRqmis rekonstruireba. puSkinis nawarmoebis
kiTxvisas ver daviviwyebT momdevno epoqebis istoriul da lit-
eraturul movlenebs, magram savsebiT SesaZloa iseTi cnobiere-
bis konstruireba, romlisTvisac es movlenebi ucnobia. ra Tqma
unda, es iqneba miaxloebiTi modeli.
Mmxatvruli nawarmoebi ukukavSirSia Tavis momxmarebelTan
da am faqts, rogorc Cans, ukavSirdeba xelovnebis iseTi Tvise-
bebi, rogoricaa misi uCveulo xangrZlivoba da ama Tu im epoqis
gansxvavebuli momxmareblisaTvis (agreTve – erTi da imave peo-
qis momxmareblisTvis) gansxvavebuli informaciis miwodeba.

leqsi, rogorc mTlianoba

riTma taepis sazRvaria. Aaxmatovam erT-erT leqsSi riTmebs

`sasignalo zarebi~ uwoda. Mmas mxedvelobaSi hqonda wkaruni,
romliTac sabeWd manqanaze aRiniSneba xolme striqonis dasas-
ruli. mijnis moniSnulobiT taepi sityvas waagavs, taepis dasas-
rulis aRmniSvneli pauza ki sityvaTgasayars emsgavseba.
338
 Ppoeturi teqstis ZiriTad konstruqciul principebs So-
ris SeimCneva erTi Seusabamoba. TiToeuli niSnadi elementi
miiswrafvis damoukideblobisken, ris Sedegadac teqstobrivi
mTlianoba warmogvidgeba, rogorc garkveuli fraza. Eesaa er-
Tiani konstruqciis sintagmaturi jaWvi. amasTan, yoveli amgvari
elementi gvevlineba mxolod, rogorc niSnis nawili, mTlianoba
ki iZens Tvisebebs erTiani niSnisa, romelsac zogadi da daunaw-
evrebeli mniSvneloba aqvs.
pirveli gageba gulisxmobs, rom leqsSi TiToeuli fonema
sityvas emsgavseba, xolo meoregvari gagebiT taepi, Semdgom,
strofi, da, bolos, mTeli teqsti SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc
sagangebod agebuli sityvebi. aseT SemTxvevaSi taepi sxva arafe-
ria, Tu ara gansakuTrebuli, okazionaluri sityva, romelsac
erTiani da daunawevrebeli Sinaarsi aqvs. TxrobiTs struqtura-
Si sxva taepebisadmi misi mimarTeba sintagmaturia, xolo saleq-
so paralelizmis SemTxvevebSi – paradigmaturi xasiaTisaa.
taepis erTianoba vlindeba metrul, intonaciur, sintaq-
sursa da azrobriv doneebze. erTiania agreTve fonologiuri
organizacia, romelic taepis SigniT xSirad warmoqmnis myar
lokalur kavSirebs.
taepis semantikuri erTianoba Tavs iCens im faqtorSi, romel-
sac i. n. tinianovma `saleqso rigis simWidrove~ uwoda. saleqso
sityvaTa leqsikuri mniSvnelobebis zegavleniT leqsis mezobel
sityvebSi xorcieldeba inducireba axali mniSvnelobebisa, rom-
lebic mocemuli saleqso konteqstis gareSe warmoudgenelia.
es taepSi xSirad iwvevs azrobrivi centrebisa da, maTTan erTad,
prefiqsul-sufiqsuri xasiaTis nawilakebis, agreTve – kavSire-
bis rolis Semsrulebeli sityvebis gamoyofas.
taepi erTdroulad sityvaTa mimdevrobacaa da _ sityvac,
romlis mniSvneloba sulac ar utoldeba misi komponentebis
mniSvnelobaTa meqanikur jams (vinaidan calkeuli niSnebis mniS-
vnelobaTa sintagmatika da funqciurad gansxvavebuli ingre-
dientebisgan niSnis ageba sxvadasxvagvari operaciebia). Aamitom
taepi, erTgvarad, gaorebuli xasiaTisaa. aq Cven winaSea, sazoga-
dod, xelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zalze arsebiTi movlena,
rodesac erTi da imave teqstisTvis principulad dasaSvebia
erTze meti interpretacia. modelis ufro sinkretuli donis
339
interpretacia iZleva urTierTis mimarT ekvivalentur mniS-
vnelobaTa garkveul simravles.
taepi inarCunebs leqsis (rogorc aramxatvruli Setyobineb-
is) mTel semantikas. amasTan, iZens integrirebul mniSvnelobas.
Aam mniSvnelobaTa Soris warmoqmnili daZabulobis safuZvelze
aigeba poeqturi teqstis specifikuri mimarTeba misi mniSvnelo-
bisadmi.
Tu ganvixilavT p. vasilievis striqons, “Пахучие поля полыни”
an m. dudinis “Рубины вешать на рябины”, davrwmundebiT, rom tae-
pis ritmul-fonologiuri erTianoba warmoqmnis mis azrobriv
erTianobas.
Lleqsis zogadenobrivi da integraluri mniSvnelobebi igi-
veobrivia, rodesac misi mniSvneloba utoldeba missave pro-
zaulad gadmocemul Sinaarss (ese igi, taepis ukiduresi pro-
zaizaciis SemTxvevaSi); msgavs efeqts vawydebiT agreTve leqsis
semantikis sruli ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi (aseTia gloso-
laliuri poezia). amasTan, es ori SemTxveva gamonaklisia. Ppo-
etur mniSvnelobaTa agebis damoukidebeli sistemis saxiT maTi
funqcionireba SeuZlebelia. Semdgom, es ori sistema (Tundac
erTi maTgani carieli klasiT iyos warmodgenili) struqturu-
lad gansxvavdeba prozisgan, romelsac poeziasTan mimarTeba
ara aqvs.
leqsis semantikuri erTianoba vlindeba ramdenime struq-
turul doneze. Aaq, uwinares yovlisa, SeiniSneba yvela sis-
temuri akrZalvis maqsimaluri realizaciis tendencia, Sem-
deg ki – maTi Sesusteba, rac warmoqmnis damatebiT azrobriv
SesaZleblobebs.
Tavdapirvelad poeziis zogadi da ZiriTadi elementis, tae-
pis gamonawevreba gulisxmobda metrul-ritmuli, sintaqsuri da
intonaciuri rigebis erTianobas. izokolonebisa da fonologi-
uri ganmeorebebis arseboba rusuli leqsis sawyis stadiaze (lo-
monosovis Semdegdroindel formaciaSi) ganixileboda, rogorc
fakultaturi niSani. Aase, magaliTad, izokolonebi axasiaTebda
ritorikul poezias, magram sruliad ar warmoadgenda yovelg-
vari poeziis niSans.
am periodSi leqss hqonda gansazRvruli ritmuli struq-
tura, romelic miiswrafoda unifikaciisken (unda gabatonebu-
liyo erTi metri, romelic iqceoda, sazogadod, leqsis sim-
340
bolod; rusul leqsSi istoriulad aseT metrs warmoadgenda
oTxterfiani iambi), da gansazRvruli – `poeturi~ – intonacia,
romelic realizdeboda sagangebo deklamaciuri stilisa da
`maRali~orToepuli normis sagangebo sistemis meSveobiT. xal-
xis warmodgeniT, poezia gansakuTrebuli ena iyo. XVIII saukuneSi
mas sayovelTaod uwodebdnen `RmerTebis enas~.* amdenad, swored
yoveldRiuri enisgan gansxvavebuloba aRiqmeboda rogorc po-
eturi teqstis niSani.
aseT SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi teqstobrivi mniSvnelobebis Ses-
axeb askvnidnen: `poezias ganekuTvneba an poezias ar ganekuT-
vneba~. Lleqsis Sida diferenciacia am kategoriebisTvis imxanad
ucnobi iyo.
Semdgom Tavs iCens metruli erTeulebis dasrulebulobisa
da sintaqsuri erTeulebis dausruleblobis SesaZleblobebi
(`gadatana~); poeturi intonacia danawevrda ritmul da leqsi-
kur intonaciebad (prosodiuli elementebis gansazRvruli
intonacia da leqsikis wyobasTan dakavSirebuli intonacia) da
Tavs iCens maTi konfliqti. Aase, magaliTad, a. k. tolstois saxu-
maro leqsSi “Вонзил кинжал убийца нечестивый” warmoiSoba komi-
kuri konfliqti ritmis baladur intonaciasa da misi leqsikuri
masalis yofiT-salaparako intonacias Soris

Через плечо дадут вам Станислава

Других в пример.
Я дать совет властям имею право:
Я камергер
Хотите дочь мою просватать Дуню?
А я за то
Кредитными билетами отслюню
Вам тысяч сто.

a. vedenskis `elegiaSi~ SeiniSneba dapirispireba ritmis ma-

Jorul wyobasa (romelic mkiTxvels aSkarad axsenebs lermon-
tovis `borodinos~) da leqsikis doneze gamovlenil tragikul
intonacias Soris, rasac erTvis yofiTi elementebi (sxvagvar
konteqstSi maTi JReradoba komikur elfers SeiZenda).

* Sdr p. a. viazemskis epigrama s. bobrovze: uUnda gvaxsovdes, rom epigrama daw-

erilia im periodSi, rodesac poezias moeTxoveboda gasageboba, salaparako
enis gamoyeneba; gamoTqma – `RmerTebis ena~ am dros ironiulad JRerda.
341
 esa Tu is struqturuli Sre am dros avtomaturad aR-
ar ukavSirdeba leqsis cnebas. is an realizebulia, an ar mo-
nawileobs saleqso struqturaSi da gamoxatavs damoukidebel
mniSvnelobebs. yvela elementis Tanxvedram (rasac adgili hqon-
da metrisa da ritmis urTierTmimarTebebis SemTxvevaSi) gada-
inacvla idealizebuli struqturis doneze, romelTan mimar-
TebaSic aRiqmeba realuri teqsti.
erTdroulad mimdinareobda sxva procesic. zemoT ukve
aRvniSneT, rom leqsis ganviTarebaSi vlindeba maqsimaluri Se-
zRudvebis SemoRebisa da, Semdgom, maTi `moryevis~ tendencia.
amasTan, xazgasmiT unda SevniSnoT, rom zemonaTqvami sa-
marTliania mxolod xelovnurad izolirebuli struqturuli
doneebis mimarT (aseTia `rusuli leqsis ritmikis ganviTareba~,
`poeturi stilis istoria~ da sxva). teqstebis realuri ganvi-
Tarebisas erT doneze akrZalvaTa maqsimalur `moryevas~ axlavs
maTi maqsimaluri SenarCuneba sxva doneze. savaldebulo niSnebi
fakultatur Tvisebebad iqceva. erTi SexedviT, yvela norma-
tiuri wesi uqmdeba. amasTan, fakultaturi niSnebi aucilebel
Tvisebebad iqceva. Aase, magaliTad, XX saukunis poetur kultur-
aSi fonologiuri donis maRali organizebuloba garkveuli
poeturi skolebisTvis (kerZod, imaTTvis, romlebisTvisac mis-
aRebi iyo ritmuli naxazis ukiduresi Tavisufleba) aucilebeli
gaxda. romantikosebmac gaauqmes yvela (maT ase egonaT) akrZalva
Janrebis, enis, `maRalisa~ da `dabalis~ mimarT, magram SemoiRes
axali akrZalvebi araindividualuri, uxamsi, tradiciuli ele-
mentebis mimarT, romlebic Sinaarsisa da enis doneze iCenda
Tavs.

strofi, rogorc mTlianoba

poetur nawarmoebSi aucileblad gamoiyofa taepi da mTeli

teqsti*; strofebad dayofa fakultaturia. is prozauli teqs-
tis abzacebad da Tavebad dayofis paraleluria da xSirad Tan
sdevs naraciuli principis ganxorcielebas.
* poeturi teqstis aucilebeli segmentebia agreTve sityva da subleqsikuri
elementebi (fonemebi, morfemebi, marcvlebi). maT meoreuli buneba aqvT. si-
tyvebad danawevreba efuZneba im pirobas, rom Cven winaSea garkveul enaze
dawerili teqsti; damoukidebel niSnads erTeulebad dayofa ki gulisxmobs
imis prezumpcias, rom esaa poeturi teqsti.
342
 strofebad danawevrebul teqstSi strofebis mimarTeba
taepebisadmi emTxveva taepebis mimarTebas sityvebisadmi. Aam
gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom strofebi –esaa semantikurad er-
Tiani `sityvebi~. magaliTad, `evgeni oneginSi~ TiToeul strofs
gaaCnia sakuTari integrirebuli mniSvneloba, Tavisi kompozi-
ciurad gansazRvruli azrobrivi centri (strofis semantiku-
ri Ziri) – pirveli oTxtaepedi da sufiqsuri, agreTve – sintag-
matur-fleqsiuri mniSvnelobebi, romlebic momdevno taepebSia
koncentrirebuli.
strofebis garkveul raodenobaSi es inercia darRveulia;
urTierTs ar emTxveva strofuli da sintaqsuri struqturebi,
rac aRar gvaocebs: swored TiToeuli amgvari struqturuli
elementis gamoyenebis an gamouyeneblobis Tavisufleba gansaz-
Rvravs mis mxatvrul mniSvnelobas.
strofis yvelaze martivi saxea oTxtaepedi. Aaq vlindeba
riTmis erT-erTi ZiriTadi kanoni – misi binaruloba*. saqme exe-
ba ara marto strofis moculobis SezRudulobas, aramed – mis
struqturul elementarulobasac. strofSi Semavali taepebi
struqturulad Tanabaruflebiania da ierarqiulad araa
ganlagebuli.

Гляжу, как безумный, на черную шаль,

И хладную душу терзает печаль
(a. puSkini, Черная шаль)

amasTan, ortaepedis sazRvrebSi SeiZleba, mainc iCinos Tavi

erTi taepis (rogorc wesi, pirvelis) dominirebam meoreze.

Нас было два брата -- мы вместе росли –

И жалкую младость в нужде провели.
(a. puSkini, ,,Братья разбойники”-s Savi monaxazi )

magram mxolod strofis garTulebul saxeobebSi vxvdebiT

dominanturi da daqvemdebarebuli taepebis Tanmimdevrulad
realizebul ierarqias.
ase, magaliTad, bariatinskis `Semodgoma~ efuZneba Tval-
saCino logikur sqemas: Tezisi – 4 taepi, sinTezi – 2 taepi. Ti-
* binaruloba _ orwevrianoba. Bbinarulobis principi struqturuli midg-
omis safuZvelia.
343
Toel oTxtaepedSi semantikurad dominirebs vaJurriTmiani
kenti taepebi, xolo sinTezi ganxorcielebulia vaJurriTmian
striqonSi, romlebic am fonze mokle, lapidaruli taepebis sax-
iT aRiqmeba. es ki uzrunvelyofs daskvnis, sentenciis intonacias.

Но если бы негодованья крик,

Но если б вопль тоски великой
Из глубины сердечныя возник
Вполне торжественный и дикой, _
Костями бы среди своих забав
Содроплась ветреная младость,
Играющий младенец, зарыдав,
Игрушку б выронил, и радость
Покинула б чело его на век,
И заживо б в нем умер человек!

amasTan, am myar tendencia axlavs mravalferovani gadaxre-

bi, romelTa wyalobiT is usicocxlo logikuri sqemis nacvlad
mxatvruli struqturis cocxal movlenad iqceva. Ppirvel oTx-
taepedSi luwi riTmebi mxolod damatebiT rols asrulebs da
maTi gamotoveba azrs arafers aklebs.

Но если бы негодованья крик

Из глубины сердечныя возник. . .

esaa kenti taepebis semantikuri paralelebi. Mmagram miT

ufro aSkaraa maTi stilisturi Tavisebureba. Aazrobrivad do-
minirebul taepebSi SenarCunebulia XVIII saukunis maRali leqsi-
kuri normebi. maTi semantikuri dublebi eyrdnoba romantikul
maRal leqsikas, romlis farglebSi ,,торжественный” da ,,дикой” si-
nonimebia da SeiZleba, erTgvarovani wevrebis saxiT warmogvidg-
es, xolo ,,негодованья крик” transformirebulia, rogorc ,,вопль
тоски великой”.
Ppirveli taepis mimarTeba mesamisadmi ganisazRvreba logi-
kuri sintaqsuri kavSirebis normebiT.
meore oTxtaepedi sxvagvaradaa agebuli. winadadebis mTa-
vari wevrebi ganawilebulia kent da luw taepebSi. strofis am
nawilis TiToeuli nakveTi warmoadgens sintaqsursa da azrobriv
mTlianobas. samagierod, orive es nawili urTierTSoris azrob-
344
rivi paralelizmis damokidebulebaSia. meSvide da merve taepebi
mxolod imeoreben mexuTe da meeqvse taepebis zogads azrs. ma-
gram ganmeoreba aqac amZafrebs gansxvavebas: pirvel SemTxvevaSi
sagangebod moxmobilia poeturi Stampebi (,,содрогнуться костями”,
,,среди забав”, ,,ветреная младость”), meore nawilSi daxatulia ro-
mantikuli poetikis normebisTvis dauSvebeli naturalisturi
suraTi, vinaidan is ara marto SemaZrwunebelia, aramed _ Cve-
ulic. romantikuli Stampi transformirebulia saxed atire-
buli bavSvisa, romelmac saTamaSo xelidan gaagdo, radgan ukve
cocxlad daimarxa. es ki warmoqmnis am stilisturi xazebis ur-
TierTSetolebis sagangebo stilistur efeqts.
merve da mecxre taepebis mijnaze SeiniSneba axali konfliq-
ti. sintaqsurad es winadadeba TiTqos ar mTavrdeba merve taepis
bolos, ukanaskneli ori taepi warmoadgens winadadebis sintaq-
sur gagrZelebas, xolo azrobrivad mas ukavSirdeba atirebuli
bavSvis saxe. es xazgasmulia gadataniT (merve da mecxre taepe-
bis mijnaze), romelic am strofSi erTaderTia, teqstSi ki saer-
Tod iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
Dda mainc, strofuli agebis inercia imdenad mZlavria, rom
ukanaskneli taepebi aRiqmeba, rogorc sentencia, rogorc stro-
fis sinTezi da ara rogorc misi erT-erTi suraTis dasasruli.
Aaq, ra Tqma unda, arsebiTia isic, rom es ori taepi gaerTianebu-
lia winamorbed taepebTan (pirvel orTan) da momdevno sinTezur
taepebTan:

Язвительный, неотразимый стыд

Души твоей обманов и обид!

Один с тоской, которой смертный стон

Едва твоей гордыней задушен.

Садись один и тризну соверши

По радостям земным твоей души! . . . da a. S.

gansxvavebuli doneebis realizebuli da ararealizebuli

struqturuli sistemebis mravalricxovani urTierTgadakveTa
warmoqmnis strofs, rogorc garkveuli daunawevrebebli Si-
naarsis gamomxatvel erTian niSans.
345
 aA mgvar rols asrulebs strofi misi Semadgeneli taepebis
mimarT. amasTan, teqstis mTlianobasTan SefardebiT, es mxolod
komponentis saxiT warmogvidgeba. Aase, magaliTad, bariatinskis
`SemodgomaSi~ strofebi gaerTianebulia teqstis monoliTur
wyobaSi, romelic eqvemdebareba imave logikur sqemas: Tezisi
– antiTeza – sinTezi. Tezisi amtkicebs adamianis mier bunebis
dasamorCileblad gaweuli Sromis nayofierebas, xolo anti-
TezaSi gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi poetis naRvawis unayofobis,
amaoebis Sesaxeb.. warmoiqmneba sixaruliT aRsavse, mSvidobiani
Semodgomisa da, meore mxriv, poetis unayofo `Semodgomis dRee-
bis~ dapirispireba. sinTezSi es dapirispireba gabaTilebulia
da tragedia kosmiur kanonadaa aRiarebuli. amasTan, bariatin-
ski romantizmis epoqaSi eCveulo gabedulebiT amtkicebs, rom
buneba ara marto gulgrilia, aramed uxamsi romantikosisTvis
imgvar wmindaTa wminda gamovlinebebSi, rogoricaa qariSxali, an
kosmiuri katastrofa:

Вот буйственно несется ураган,

И лес подъемлет говор шумной,
И пенится, и ходит океан,
И в берег бъет волной безумной;
Так иногда толпы ленивый ум
Из усыпления выводит
Глас, пошлый глас, вещатель общих дум,
И звучный отзыв в ней находит,
Но не найдет отзыва тот глагол,
Что страстное земное превзошел.

Nnayofieri moRvaweoba, TanagrZnobis mopovebis, ese igi, sab-

oloo angariSSi, kontaqtis damyarebis unari mxolod uxamsi
samyaros Tvisebaa; warmoiSoba rTuli semantikuri struqtura,
romelSic poetis erTi da igive Tviseba – sruli TviTgamoxatvis
SesaZlebloba – uRrmes mankierebad da, amasTan, umaRles miR-
wevad cxaddeba.
Aam erTian azrobriv struqturaSi moqceulia strofi,
rogorc elementi. Lleqsis semantika efuZneba strofebis rogorc
azrobrivi mTlianobebis mimdevrobas da agreTve – imgvari niS-
nadi teqstis integralur agebas, romelic Seesabameba Sinaarsis
ganuyofel erTianobas.
346
 strofis konstruqciaSi urTierTs upirispirdeba sul
mcire, ori taepobrivi erTeuli. Lleqsis yvela saxis sxva donis
struqturebis msgavsad, strofs gaaCnia garkveuli meqanizmi.
amasTan, is azrobriv konstruqciasac warmoadgens.
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT riTmis sagangebo semantikuri roli.
sariTmo sityvas taepSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba, magram
taepsgareSe poetur qsovilSi is ar monawileobs. amgvarad,
yvelaferi, rac aRvniSneT, riTmaSi cnebaTa Setolebisa da da-
pirispirebis Sesaxeb, vrceldeba struqturli wyvilis urTierT-
mimarTebaze. esaa riTmiT gaerTianebuli ori taepi – strofis
elementaruli forma. yoveli taepi warmoadgens integrirebul
azrebs, semantikur mTlianobas; TiToeuli strofi sxva arafer-
ia, Tu ara am elementaruli semantikuri erTeulebis Setoleba-
Sepirispireba, ris meSveobiTac warmoiqmneba niSnobrivi struq-
turis ufro maRali done.

Сын не забыл родную мать:

Сын воротился умирать.
(a. bloki, `vaJiSvili da deda~)
A
am ortaepedSi warmoqmnili azrobrivi mimarTebis ganxilvi-
sas unda gaviTvaliswinoT taepTa urTierTSexamebis meSveobiT
warmoqmnili semantikuri struqtura, romelic ar monawileobs
TiToeul strofSi.
erTnair (metrulsa da ritmul) intonacias ganamtkicebs
wyviluri riTma (SegaxsenebT, rom am tipis strofebi gvxvdeba
dasaxelebuli leqsis dasawyissa da mis dasasruls, rac maT gan-
sakuTrebul STambeWdaobas aniWebs). magram taepebis azrobrivi
paralelizmi yvelaze mZafrad xazgasmulia leqsikuri xerxebis
meSveobiT. Aanafora сын exameba izosemantikur kompleqsebs: ,,не
забыл родную мать” da ,,воротился”. amitom Sinaarsobrivad isini
TiTqmis igiveobrivia. miT ufro TvalsaCinoa zmnis (умирать) se-
mantikuri Rirebuleba. amasTan, умирать TavisTavad ar arsebobs:
is taepis nawilia. misi semantika taepSi kiTxvis sapirispiro
mimarTulebiTac vrceldeba da mas pirveli taepis antiTezad
aqcevs. yovelive es CvenTvis ukve kargadaa cnobili. axali da
sayuradReboa riTmis gansakuTrebuli semantikuri buneba. Tu
riTmis saxiT gamovyofT taepTa bolo sityvebs ,,мать” - ,,умирать”,
347
maSin advilad davrwmundebiT, rom aq azrobriv Sesabamisobas
saerTod ara aqvs adgili. erTi SexedviT, riTmis Sesaxeb Cven
mier gamoTqmuli Sexedulebebi baTildeba. Mmagram ganvixiloT
TiToeuli taepis Semadgeneli azrobrivi jgufebi:
Сын + не забыл родную мать:
Сын + воротился умирать.
aq, meore jgufSi Tavs iCens riTmis yvela Tviseba, xolo
TiToeuli maTgani da sityva сын warmoqmnis azrobriv er-
Tobliobebs. Aamgvarad, semantikuri urTierTSesabamisoba
myardeba ara imdenad bolo sityvebs Soris, ramdenadac – taepebs
Soris.
bunebrivia, rom martivi strofuli struqtura Seesabameba
mxolod elementarul niSnobriv agebebs.
vinaidan sityvaTa kavSiri taepSi da maTive urTierTmimarTe-
ba taepebs Soris gansxvavebuli xasiaTisaa, vimsjeloT im saleq-
so specifikaze, romelsac ganapirobebs gamaerTianebeli Sida-
taepobrivi kavSirebi da taepTaSorisi relaciuri mimarTebebi.
SeiZleba am mdgomareobis Secvla SidariTmis Semotanis meSveo-
biT. am dros naxevartaepebi relaciuri principiT utoldeba
taepebs da taepTaSorisi kavSirebis raodenoba izrdeba. amgvari
efeqti miiRweva taepis metruli grZliobis Semcirebisas. Dda
piriqiT, taepis metruli grZliobis gazrdis Sedegad taepTa-
Sorisi kavSirebis leqsis gajerebuloba klebulobs.
saleqso teqstSi maintegrirebeli da relaciuri kavSirebis
dapirispireba Zalze pirobiTia. erTi mxriv, esaa mxolod erTi
da imave procesis ori aspeqti. erTi da igive saleqso movlena
gansxvavebul erTeulebSi xan maintegrirebel Tvisebebs avlens,
xan ki relaciur rols asrulebs. Mmeore mxriv, orive es saxeoba
urTierTis alternatiulia da, maSasadame, gulisxmobs kavSirTa
garkveul mravalferovnebas. amasTan, orive maTgani enobrivi
kavSirebis alternatiulia da warmoqmnis sxvagvar, sinTezur
principze dafuZnebul semantikas. maT ver warmovidgenT niS-
nadi erTeulebis semantikur jamad. Ees mniSvnelobebi ki ar au-
qmebs enobriv mniSvnelobebs, aramed Tanaarsebobs maTTan da
warmoqmnis urTierTSefardebul wyvils. Yyovelive amis Sedegia
mzardi erTferovneba. Tu Sidasaleqso kavSirebs ganvsazRvravT,
rogorc sintagmur mimarTebebs, maSin unda aRvniSnoT, rom stro-
fis nairsaxeobaTa Soris sintaqsurad yvelaze ufro lapidar-
348
ulia ortaepedi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom leqsi xSirad bolovdeba
ortaepediT. aseTia leqsis ,,Черная шаль” citirebuli nawyvetic.
taepis semantikuri integracia gulisxmobs mis sintaqsur das-
rulebulobasac. Ppoeturi konstruqciidan amoglejili taepi
umTavresad azrobrivad da sintaqsurad dasrulebulia. amitom
ortaepedis tipuri striqoni Zalze mokle ver iqneba. Ggadatana
aq gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba da mxolod maSin ixmareba, Tu or-
taepedebi uwyveti Txrobis saxiTaa urTierTgadajaWvuli:

,,Всю эту местность вода понимает

Такб что деревня весною всплывает,
Словно Венеция. Старый Мазай
Любит до страсти свой низменный край.”
(Nn. nekrasovi)

leqsSi ,,Дедушка Мазай и зайцы” ortaepedad danawevreba Zalze

TvalsaCinoa. 35 strofSi gvxvdeba Sidastrofuli ori gadatana
da strofTaSirisi, kidev ufro xazgasmuli, oTxi gadatana. amas-
Tan, esaa meoreuli movlena, anu struqturuli normis Segnebu-
li deformacia. puSkinis leqsis – ,,Черная шаль”– 16 strofSi arc
erTi gadatana ar SeimCneva.
integrirebuli azris garTulebis gamo is taepSi aRar eteva.
Oortaepedis TiToeul taeps mosdevs damatebiTi taepi, romelic
Tavis mxriv, ukavSirdeba momdevno riTmebs. warmoiqmneba ortae-
pedi. Mmeore da meoTxe taepebSi umTavresad viTardeba pirveli
da mesame taepebi, rac taepis moculobis Semcirebis saSualebas
iZleva da Sejerebul wyvils ukve ara ori, aramed oTxi riTmiT
akavSirebs, ris gamoc mkveTrad matulobs relaciuri kavSirebis
SefardebiTi wona.
teqstis strofuli danawevreba imeorebs Sidataepobriv
mimarTebebs ufro maRal doneze. taepis warmoqmna ganapi-
robebs kavSirTa or saxeobas: Sidataepobrivsa da taepTaSoriss.
strofis gamoyofac warmoSobs, Tavis mxriv, Sidastroful da
strofTaSoris kavSirebs. maTi buneba erTgvarovani rodia.
strofTaSorisi kavSirebi axal doneebze imeorebs taepTaSoris
semantikur Setoleba-Sepirispirebebs, Sidastrofuli mimarTe-
bebi gansazRvravs strofis Sida integralur kavSirebs taepebs
Soris, romlebic taepSi sityvaTa mimarTebebis paraleluria.
349
 aA mgvar Sexedulebas adasturebs poeziis istoriis erTi sain-
tereso momenti. Oortaepedze ufro rTuli strofis warmoqmnas
bevr erovnul kulturaSi (zepir poeziaSi, misi gavleniT ki – mwi-
gnobrulSic) Tan axlda refrenis gamoyofa. ibn xaldunis mow-
mobiT ase moxda klasikuri arabuli yasidis gardaqmnisas xalx-
ur zaJdalad. zaJdalaSi refreni (misamReri) leqsis sawyisad
iqceva. Semdgom is Tan axlavs yovel monoriTmul samtaepeds da
axali azrobrivi elferiT aRiWurveba. refreni strofTaSorisi
damoukidebeli struqturuli erTeuli rodia: is yovelTvis
axlavs winamorbed strofs. ase, magaliTad, Zvel provansul
baladaSi refrenisa da strofis bolo taeps saerTo riTma akav-
Sirebs. Tu strofs ganvixilavT, rogorc taepis homomorful
mocemulobas – refreni riTmas daemsgavseba.
refrenis ganmeorebadoba riTmis ganmeorebadobis analo-
giur rols asrulebs. erTi mxriv, yovelTvis Tavs iCens erTg-
varovani elementebis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi, meore mxriv ki
gansxvavebuli strofebi Seejerebul-Sepirispirebulia urT-
ierTproecirebis meSveobiT da warmoqmnis rTul semantikur
mTlianobas. strofi gvevlineba taepis funqciiT (ufro maRal
doneze), refreni ki riTmis rolSia. amasTan erTad, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT, warmoiSoba strofis Sida integraciuli kav-
Sirebi, romelTac garkveuli semantika gaaCnia. nimuSad mivyvanT
strofuli konstruqciis iseT wminda melodiur, `musikalur~
magaliTs, rogoricaa strofuli intonacia.
vrceli poeturi teqstis dayofa myar stroful erTeule-
bad, miT umetes – rTul strofebad (oqtavebad, `oneginisebur
strofebad~) ganapirobebs intonaciis garkveul inercias, rac,
erTi SexedviT, amcirebs azrobrivi sawyisis xvedriTs wonas da
zrdis musikaluri faqtoris rols (Tuki poeziaSi SesaZlebelia
maTi Sepirispireba). Aaq vawydebiT uCveulo paradoqss: swored
amgvari, konstituciuri intonaciiT aRWurvili strofuli
struqturebi yvelaze xelsayrelia metyvelebiT, `aramusika-
luri~ JanrebisTvis. puSkini romantikul poemebSi ar mimarTavs
am saxis strofebs, magram iyenebs maT poemebSi `evgeni onegini~ da
`saxli kolomnaSi~. Llermontovi sargeblobs amgvari strofebiT
`saSkasa~ da `sabavSvo zRaparSi~. Ees, rogorc Cans, SemTxveviTi
movlena araa. strofuli intonaciis monotonuroba warmoad-
gens im fons, romelzec cxadad ikveTeba prozauli intonacie-
350
bis simravle (rac poeziisTvis uCveuloa). maT warmoSobs sin-
taqsur intonaciaTa mravalferovneba. strofuli intonaciebi
antiTezis saxiT upirispirdeba salaparako intonaciebs. Sesa-
bamisad, es ukanaskneli ufro mZafrad aRiqmeba, vidre – Cveu-
lebriv metyvelebaSi. amgvari paradoqsuli movlena kargadaa
nacnobi imaTTvis, visac wakiTxuli aqvs Tundac `evgeni onegi-
ni~. Zaldautanebeli silaRe (`ybedoba~, puSkinis TqmiT), poetur
metyvelebaSi aq Zalze mkafiod SeigrZnoba. amasTan, puSkinis
romanis leqsikisa da sintaqsuri struqturebis mixedviT age-
buli moTxrobis ena, albaT, literaturuli iqneba da waiSleba
uCveulo sasaubro enis efeqti.

Ppoeturi siuJetis problema

winamdebare wignis farglebSi siuJetis agebis problemas

mTeli misi moculobiT ver ganvixilavT, vinaidan siuJetis age-
bis zogadi kanonebi Seexeba rogorc poezias, aseve – prozas. am
ukanasknelSi isini gacilebiT da Tanmimdevrulad vlindeba.
Ggarda amisa, siuJeti prozaSi da siuJeti poeziaSi erTi da igive
rodia. Ppoezia da proza gadaulaxavi mijniT araa gaTiSuli urT-
ierTisgan da prozauli struqtura poetur qmnilebebze zogjer
Zalumad zemoqmedebs. Ees zemoqmedeba gansakuTrebiT Rrmaa siu-
Jetis sferoSi. Ppoeziis istoriaSi kargadaa cnobili am sferoSi
tipuri sanarkvevo, romanuli an novelisturi siuJetis SeWris
faqtebi. amasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWrili Teoriuli sakiTxebis
gadawyveta moiTxovs Zalze seriozul eqskursebs prozis Teo-
riaSi. amitom ganvixilavT siuJetis mxolod im aspeqtebs, rom-
lebic poeziisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
Pprozis siuJetebTan SedarebiT, poeturi siuJetebi gamoirCe-
va ganzogadebis gacilebiT maRali doniT. poeturi siuJeti ar
miiswrafvis, mogviTxros erTi romelime Cveulebrivi ambavi; man
unda gadmogvces mTavari da erTaderTi movlena, lirikuli sam-
yaros arsi. am gagebiT, poezia ufro axlosaa miTTan, vidre – ro-
mani. Aamitom is gamokvlevebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven lirikis,
rogorc biografiuli rekonstruqciisTvis saWiro Cveulebrivi
masalis gamoyenebas (es xarvezi SeimCneva TviT a. n. veselovskis
SesaniSnav monografiaSi Jukovskis Sesaxeb) warmogvidgenen poe-
351
tis ara realur, aramed – miTologizebul saxes. cxovrebiseuli
faqtebi saWiroebs gansazRvrul transformacias, raTa poetur
siuJetad gamodges.
moviyvanT erT magaliTs. samxreTSi puSkinis gadasaxlebiT
Tanmxleb garemoebebs rom ar vicnobdeT da mxolod misi poezi-
is masaliT vxelmZRvanelobdeT, eWvi Segvepareboda imaSi, iyo
Tu ara puSkini gadasaxlebaSi. saqme isaa, rom samxreTuli peri-
odis leqsebSi gadasaxleba TiTqmis ar figurirebs, samagierod,
mravalgzis moixsenieba gaqceva, nebayoflobiTi gadaxvewa:

Искатель новых впечатлений,

Я вас бежал отечески края . . .
,,Погасло дневное светило . . .”

Изгнанник самовольный,
И светом и собой и жизнью недовольный
(,,К Овидео”)

Sdr. `kavkasiis tyvis~ aSkarad avtobiografiuli taepebi:

Отступник света, друг природы,

Покинул он родный предел
И в край далекий полетел
С веселым призраком свободы

amasTan, puSkini amayobda gadasaxlebiT da SemTxveviT rodi

adarebda mas v. T. raevskis patimrobas:

. . . гоненьем
Я стал известен меж людей
(,,В. Ф. Раевскому”)

ltolvilis, nebayoflobiT gandevnili adamianis am saxeSi

ver SevamCnevT mxolod gadasxlebuli adamianis cenzurul Sen-
acvlebas. puSkinis sxva leqsebSi xom moxseniebulia `ostrakiz-
mi~, `gandevna~, zogierTSi ki – `cixe~ da `sakanic~.
imisTvis, raTa CavwvdeT `gadasaxlebulis~ saxis ,,ltolvi-
lis” saxed transformaciis mniSvnelobas, unda ganvixiloT is
tipuri romantikuli miTi, romelmac ganapiroba amgvari siu-
Jetebis warmoSoba.
352
 ganmanaTleblobis maRalma satiram Seqmna siuJeti, romel-
mac epoqis socialur-filosofiur ideaTa mTeli kompleqsi
ganazogada da stabilur miTologiur modelad aqcia. samyaro
iyofa or sferod: erTia – monobis, crurwmenebisa da fulis sam-
yaro – `qalaqi~, `sasaxlis kari~, `romi~; meore – Tavisuflebis,
sisadavis, Sromisa da bunebrivi, patriarqaluri yofis sauflo:
`sofeli~, `qoxi~, `mSobliuri kera~. siuJetis safuZvelia gmiris
nebayoflobiTi gaqceva pirveli samyarodan meoreSi. is daa-
muSaves derJavinma, milonovma, viazemskim, puSkinma.
Aaq realizebulia amgvari siuJeti – monobis samyaro – gmiris
gaqceva – Tavisuflebis samyaro. arsebiTia, rom `monobis samya-
ro~ da `Tavisuflebis samyaro~ Tanabrad konkretulia. Tu erTi
maTgani `romia~, meore `mSobliuri keris~ saxiT warmogvidgeba,
Tu erTi maTgani `qalaqia~ , meore – `soflis~ saxiTaa mocemuli.
radiSCevis leqsSi gadasaxlebis adgili geografiuli sizusti-
Taa dasaxelebuli.
romantizmSi analogiuri siuJeti sxvadasxvagvarad aigeba.
romantikuli poeziis universumi ar iyofa or Caketil, urT-
ierTdapirispirebul (monobisa da Tavisuflebis) samyaroebad.
masSi asaxulia monobis Caketili, uZravi sfero da mis sazRvrebs
gareT arsebuli Tavisuflebis usasrulo da zesivrcobrivi
samyaro. ganmanaTleblur siuJets axasiaTebs erTi mdgomareo-
bidan meoreSi gadasvla, mas gaaCnia sawyisi da bolo punqtebi.
gaTavisuflebis romantikuli siuJeti gadasvla ki araa, aramed
– wasvla. Mmas gaaCnia sawyisi pozicia da – mimarTuleba (saboloo
punqtis nacvlad). is principulad Riaa, vinaidan romantizmisT-
vis erTi fiqsirebuli wertilidan meoreSi gadasvla uZraobis
sinonimia. TviT moZraoba (romelic gaTavisuflebis sinonimia,
aqedan – myari romantikuli siuJeti – `gandevna gaTavisufle-
baa~) gaiazreba mxolod, rogorc uwyveti gadanacvleba.
amitom gadasaxleba romantikul qmnilebaSi SeiZleba tran-
sformirebuli iyos `poetur gaqcevad~, `samaradiso gadaxve-
wad~, `ostrakizmad~, magram arasodes warmoadgens ilimskSi da-
tyvevebas da kidev kiSiniovsa an odesaSi gadasaxvelas.
amgvarad, poeturi siuJeti gulisxmobs ukidures ganzo-
gadebulobas, koliziis dayvanas mocemuli mxatvruli azrov-
nebis damaxasiaTebeli elementaruli modelis garkveul er-
Tobliobaze. SemdgomSi leqsis siuJeti SeiZleba, dakonkretdes
353
da ganzrax dauaxlovdes yvelaze uSualo cxovrebiseul situ-
aciaebs. amasTan, es situaciebi emsaxureba romelime sawyisi
lirikuli modelis dadasturebas, an uaryofas da arasodes
gvxvdeba mis gareSe. puSkinis leqsi ,,Она” (1817) ase mTavrdeba:
,,я ей не он. Sdr. agreTve:

,,Он” и ,,она” – баллада моя,

Не страшно нов я.
Страшно то,
Что ,,он” – это я
То, что ,,она” –
моя. (v. maiakovski, ,,Про это”)

tradiciul lirikul sqemebTan mimarTeba am SemTxvevaSi

warmoSobs mravalferovan azrobriv efeqtebs, magram is yov-
elTvis garkveul mniSvnelobebs gamoxatavs. poeziis damaxasi-
aTebeli Tvisebaa cxovrebiseuli situaciebis mTeli simravlis
gardasaxva lirikul TemaTa gansazRvrul, SedarebiT mcire
moculobis nusxad. TviT am nusxaTa arsi ganpirobebulia adami-
anTa urTierTdamokidebulebebis zogierTi zogadi modeliTa
da maTi transformaciiT, rac kulturis tipobrivi modelebis
zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli.
poeturi siuJetis kidev erTi specifikuri Tvisebaa mas-
Si garkveuli ritmis ganmeorebadobebis, paralelizmebis
monawileoba. zogjer samarTlianad msjeloben `situaciaTa
riTmebis~ Sesaxeb. msgavsi principi xSirad prozasa da kine-
matografSic SeimCneva (detalebis, situaciebisa da mdgomareo-
baTa ganmeorebadoba). aseT SemTxvevebSi kritikosebi amCneven
poeturi struqturuli principebis SemoWris faqts da msjelo-
ben ,,poeturi kinematografis” an prozis siuJetis `araprozau-
li~ struqturis Sesaxeb (a. belis `simfoniebi~, `peterburgi~,
1920-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli mravali nawarmoebi).

poetur teqstSi CarTuli `sxvisi metyveleba~

teqstisa da sistemis mimarTebebi poeziasSi specifikuradaa

xorcSesxmuli. Cveulebriv enobriv kontaqtSi cnobis mimRebi
mimarTavs teqstis rekonstruqciasa da mis gaSifvras moce-
354
muli enis koduri sistemis meSveobiT. amasTan, msmeneli unda
flobdes am enas. Semdgom, man unda icodes, rom esa Tu is teq-
sti swored misTvisaa gankuTvnili. Yyovelive es msmenels eZleva
garkveuli sawyisi konvenciis saxiT, rac win uswrebs komunika-
ciur aqts.
poeturi teqstis aRqma sxvagvaria. poeturi teqsti funq-
cionirebs mravali semantikuri sistemis, mravali `enis~ urTi-
erTgadamkveT velSi. amasTan, informacia cnobis enis Sesaxeb,
agreTve – am enis rekonstruqcia da mxatvruli modelirebis
axali tipis wvdoma msmenelis mier xSirad Seadgens teqstis Zi-
riTads informacias.
warmovidginoT situacia, rodesac teqstis aRmqmel sub-
ieqts esmis teqsti, romelic ar eteva struqturuli molo-
dinis CarCoebSi da warmoudgenelia mocemuli enis farglebSi.
Ees iqneba sxva teqstis, sxva enaze Sedgenili teqstis fragmenti.
aseT SemTxvevaSi msmeneli Seecdeba am enis rekonstruirebas.
ori ideuri, kulturuli, mxatvruli enis urTierTmimarTeba
zogjer msgavsi da SeTavsebadia, xSirad ki _ gansxvavebuli da
SeuTavsebeli. is mxatvruli zemoqmedebis axali tipis wyarod
iqceva.
Aase, magaliTad, farTodaa cnobili, rom 1820-iani wlebis
kritikas `ruslan da ludmila~ uxams nawarmoebad moeCvena. am-
Jamad TiTqmis SeuZlebelia am poemis ,,uxamsobis” aRqma. Mmagram
gana puSkiniseuli epoqis mkiTxvelebs gansakuTrebuli maRalz-
neobrioba axasiaTebdaT? isini xom kiTxulobdnen volteris
`saxifaTo mezobelsa~ da `orleanel qalwuls~, parnis eroti-
kul poemebs, bogdanoviCis `duSenkas~, sakmaod safuZvlianad
icnobdnen ovidiusis `siyvarulis xelovnebas~. Ppetroniusisa
da iuvenalis SeuniRbavi aRwerebis, agreTve apuleusisa da boka-
Cos qmnilebebis Semdeg isini ar unda ganecvifrebina ramdenime
orazrovan taepsa da gabedul scenas. Aar unda daviviwyoT, rom
puSkinis poema gamoqveynda cenzuris meTvalyureobiT im epo-
qaSi, rodesac zneobrioba aranakleb savaldebulo iyo, vidre
– politikuri keTilsaimedooba. Tu teqsti Seicavda im drois
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zneobriobis Seuracxmyofel elemen-
tebs, cenzura akrZalavda mas. Ppoemis uxamsoba mxolod litera-
turul aspeqtSi gamoixateboda.
Nnawarmoebi iwyeboda Semdegi taepebiT:
355
 Дела давно минувших дней
Преданья глубокой

Ees iyo citata osianidan, romelsac puSkinis Tanamedrove

mkiTxveli SesaniSnavad icnobda. Mmisi zegavleniT auditoria
unda CarTuliyo ideur-kulturuli mimarTebebis garkveul
sistemaSi, unda gaeTvaliswinebina teqstis maRali erovnul-
gmiruli gancdis aucilebloba. Ees sistema moicavda garkveul
situaciebs da maT SesaZlo urTierTmimarTebebs. Aase, magali-
Tad, gmiruli da elegiuri epizodebi urTierTs Seexameboda,
magram isini ver Seewyoboda mxiarul, erotikul an fantasti-
kur ambebs (cnobilia, rom bardebis WeSmariti teqstebis safuZ-
velze `osianis~ Sedgenisas makfersonma gulmodgined Camoaci-
la maT yvela fantastikuri epizodi. aseve moiqcnen `makbetis~
germaneli da rusi mTargmnelebi, romlebmac teqstidan amoiRes
`kudiani dedabrebis~ scenebi, Tumca, aravin Seuwuxebia `qariSx-
alsa~ da `zafxulis Ramis sizmarSi~ CarTul fantastikas). teqs-
tis `osianisebri~ gasaRebi SemTxveviT rodi iyo gamoyenebuli –
mas gvaxseneben Semdgomi epizodebi (magaliTad, brZolis velze
myofi ruslani), saxeebi an epiTetebi.
amasTan, teqstis momdevno nawyvetebi efuZneba imgvar siste-
mas, romelic sruliad ar eTanxmeba `osianiseul~ fragmentebs. Aaq
gamoiyeneba mxatvruli organizaciis sxva tipi _ saxumaro rain-
duli poema. mkiTxveli mas kargad icnobda dawyebuli XVIII sau-
kunis mesamediT. Ggamocnobas xels uwyobda umniSvnelo raindu-
li niSan-Tvisebebi, magaliTad, popovis, Culkovisa da levSinis
nawarmoebebSi ganmeorebuli pirobiTi saxelebi an sapatarZlos
motacebis tipuri siuJeti. amasTan, mxatvruli organizebis es
ori tipi urTierTSeuTavsebeli iyo. Aase, magaliTad, `osianiseu-
li~ ageba gulisxmobda lirikul Cafiqrebasa da fsiqologizms,
xolo `rainduli~ xazi yuradRebas amaxvilebda siuJetsa da
avanturul-fantastur epizodebze. SemTxveviTi rodia marcxi
karamzinisa, romelmac Sewyvita ilia muromecisadmi miZRvnili
poemis wera, radgan Tavi ver gaarTva `rainduli~ poemis stilis,
fsiqologizmisa da ironiis erTobliv gamoyenebas.
amasTan, `osianizmisa~ da `rainduli~ poemis urTierTSe-
uTavsebeli struqturebis erToblivi gamoyeneba ar amowuravda
`ruslan da ludmilas~ konstruqciul disonansebs. bogdanovi-

356
Cis msgavsi an batiuSkoviseuli suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli
daxvewili erotizmi (karamzinizmis kulturis TvalsazrisiT
es ori stili urTierTs dauaxlovda. Sdr. Kkaramzinis mier bog-
danoviCis, rogorc msubuqi poeziis mamamTavris saprogramo
aRiareba) amgvari maRalfardovani taepebi:

Падут ревнивые одежды

На цареградские ковры. . . .*

erwymoda im mamlisadmi miZRvnili taepebis naturalizms,

romelsac Zeram satrfo mostaca; is SeuTavsebelia Cernomoris
fizikuri SesaZleblobebis an ori mTavari gmiris met-naklebad
platonuri urTierTdamokidebulebebis Sesaxeb `volteri-
anul~ msjelobasTan.
mxatvar orlovskis saxelis moxseniebas teqsti unda CaerTo
im droisTvis Zalze axleburi da amitom metad aRqmadi romanti-
kuli gancdebis sistemaSi. amasTan, Jukovskis baladebis moxse-
nieba mkiTxvels mxolod imitom agonebda romantizmis mxatvrul
enas, rom uxeSad gaeqilikebina es ukanaskneli.
Ppoemis teqsti laRad, Zaldautaneblad gadainacvlebs xolme
erTi sistemidan meoreSi da mimarTavs maTs urTierTSepirispire-
bas. bunebrivia, mkiTxveli Tavis kulturul arsenalSi ver pou-
lobda mTeli teqstis mimarT gamosadeg erTian ,,enas”. Mmravalen-
ovani teqstis mxatvrul efeqts ganapirobebda am, erTi SexedviT,
SeuTavsebeli enebis erToblivi gamoyeneba.
aseTia sxvisi metyvelebis struqturuli mniSvneloba. War-
bad gajerebul xsnarSi moxvedrili ucxo sxeuli iwvevs kristal-
izacias, ese igi, gamoavlens ganzavebuli nivTierebis sakuTar
struqturas. aseve, sxvisi metyvelebis SeuTavsebloba teqstis
struqturasTan aaqtiurebs am ukanasknels. amaSia im `bewvebis~

* es taepebi `batiuSkoviseulia~ ara marto mxatvruli saxis struqturis

mixedviT�����������������������������������������������������������������
, ���������������������������������������������������������������
aramed���������������������������������������������������������
��������������������������������������������������������
ritmikis������������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
TaviseburebaTa���������������������������������
��������������������������������
gamoc���������������������������
. �������������������������
Aamgvari�����������������
����������������
taepebi���������
��������
ganekuT-
vneba iSviaT VI (k. taranovskis terminologiiT) ritmul figuras. poemaSi is
Seadgens�������������������������������������������������������������������
3,9% (������������������������������������������������������������
sainteresoa�������������������������������������������������
, rom��������������������������������������������
�����������������������������������������������
es�����������������������������������������
�������������������������������������������
cifri�����������������������������������
����������������������������������������
emTxveva��������������������������
����������������������������������
batiuSkovisas������������
�������������������������
- 3,4%, ���
Ju-
kovskisTan amave wlebSi –10,8% da 11,6^-ia; TviT puSkinis lirikaSi (1817-1818
ww���������������������������������������������������������������������������
.) ������������������������������������������������������������������������
–�����������������������������������������������������������������������
9,1%. Ee
����������������������������������������������������������������
saa�����������������������������������������������������������
taranovskis�����������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������������������
mier������������������������������������������
����������������������������������������������
gamoangariSebuli�������������������������
�����������������������������������������
cifrebi�����������������
������������������������
). ��������������
amgvarad������
, tae-
����
pi mkveTradaa gamoyofili. pauziT miiRweva wminda batiuSkoviseuli xerxi
– erotikul scenaSi moqmedeba uecrad ferxdeba da yuradReba gadaitaneba
esTetizebuli anturaJis detalebze, romlebic amis Sedegad evfemizmebis
mniSvnelobiT aRiWurveba.
357
daniSnuleba, romelTa wyalobiTac wyali iwmindeba (l. tols-
tois qrestomaTiuli citatis mixedviT). struqtura uCinaria,
sanam sxva struqturas ar Seejaxeba an ar dairRveva. aqtivaciis
es ori xerxi mxatvrul teqsts cxovelmyofelobas aniWebs.
sxvisi metyvelebis mxatvruli funqciis problema pirvelad
ganixila m. baxtinma. mis naSromebSi gamovlenilia agreTve kav-
Siri sxvisi metyvelebisa da mxatvruli metyvelebis dialogi-
zaciis problemebs Soris: sxvisi metyvelebisa da avtoriseuli
konteqstis urTierTSewyobis gziT myardeba dialogSi replike-
bis urTierTmimarTebis analogiuri kavSirebi. Amis meSveobiT av-
tori gmirs gverdiT amoudgeba da xerxdeba maTi damokidebule-
bebis dialogizeba.
zemomoyvanili azri metad arsebiTia iseTi qmnilebebis ganx-
ilvisas, rogoricaa `evgeni onegini~. masSi citatebisa da lit-
eraturuli, yofiTi, ideur-politikuri da filosofiuri rem-
iniscenciebis simravlis Sedegad Tavs iCens mravalricxovani
konteqstebi da irRveva teqstis monologizmi.
aqve vlindeba poeturi struqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
kidev erTi arsebiTi konfliqtis arsi. poezia, rogorc me-
tyvelebis tipi, lingvisturad monologurobisaken miiswrafis.
imis gamo, rom xelovnebaSi nebismier formalur struqturas
gaaCnia Sinaarsobrivi datvirTvis tendencia, poeziis monolo-
gizmi iZens konstruqciul mniSvnelobas da zogierT sistemaSi
ganimarteba, rogorc lirizmi, sxvebSi ki – rogorc lirikul-
epikuri sawyisi (imisda mixedviT, Tu vin miiCneva poeturi sam-
yaros centrad).
amasTan, monologizmis principi ewinaaRmdegeba mniSvnelo-
baTa saerTo velSi semantikuri erTeulebis mudmiv gadanacvle-
bas. teqstSi gamudmebiT mimdinareobs gansxvavebul sistemaTa
polilogi, gamoiyeneba ganmartebisa da sistematizaciis mraval-
ferovani xerxebi da Tavs iCens samyaros gansxvavebuli suraTe-
bi. Ppoeturi (mxatvruli) teqsti, principulad, polifoniuria.
Zalze iolia teqstis Sinagani mravalenovnebis gamovlena
parodiuli poeziis nimuSebSi an poetis mier gansxvavebuli in-
tonaciebis, an kidev – urTierTsapirispiro stilebis aSkara
gamoyenebis magaliTebSi. vnaxoT, rogor realizdeba es principi
iseTi poetis SemoqmedebaSi, rogoricaa inokenti anenski. ganvix-
iloT am TvalsazrisiT misi leqsi ,,Еше лилий”
358
 ЕШЕ ЛИЛИЙ

Когда под черными крылами

Склонюсь усталой головой
И молча смерть погасит пламя
В моей лампаде золотой . . .

Коль, улыбаясь жизни новой,

И из земного жития
Душа, порвавшая оковы,
Уносит атом бытия,–

Я не возьму воспоминаний,
Утех любви пережитых,
Ни глаз жены, ни сказок няни,
Ни слов поэзии златых,

Цветов мечты моей мятежной

Забыв минутвную краску,
Я в лучший мир перенесу
Аромат, и абрис нежный.

nawarmoebi gvaocebs lirikuli kilos erTianobiT, rac

mkiTxvelis mier intuiturad SeigrZnoba. amasTan, erTanobis es
SegrZneba imitom Warbobs simZafriT qimiis saxelmZRvanelos
kiTxviT aRZrul gancdas, rom aq is warmoiSoba teqstis element-
ebis mravalsistemurobasTan WidilSi.
leqsSi SeimCneva erTi ZiriTadi stiluri elementi – esaa
literaturuloba. teqsti demonstratiulad, aSkarad aigeba
literaturul asociaciebze da Tumca masSi CarTuli araa uSu-
alo citatebi, magram is mainc mianiSnebs mkiTxvels garkveul
kulturul-yofiT da literaturul garemoze, romlis kon-
teqstis gareSe leqsi gaugebaria. teqstis sityvebi meoreulia;
isini sxva araferia, Tu ara gareSe sistemebis signalebi. es xaz-
gasmuli kulturuloba, mwignobruloba mkveTrad upirispirebs
teqsts iseT nawarmoebebs, romelTa avtorebi subieqturad mi-
iswrafodnen `sityvebis~ miRma gaRwevisken (lermontovi, maiak-
ovski, cvetaeva).
359
 amasTan, erTianoba Zalze pirobiTia. ukve pirveli ori taepi
iwvevs gansxvavebul literaturul asociaciebs. Черные крыля
gvagonebs demonizmis poezias, ufro zustad, mis im standart-
ebs, romlebic masobriv kulturul cnobierebaSi ukavSirdeba
lermontovs an baironizms (Sdr. n. kotliarevskis monografia,
romelSic dafiqsirebulia kulturis es Stampi). Усталая голова-s
ukavSirdeba 1880-1890-iani wlebis masobrivi poezia, apuxtini
da nadsoni (,,Взгляни, как слабы мы, Взгляни, как мы устали, Как мы
беспомощны в мучительной борьбе”), Caikovskis romansebi, imdroin-
deli inteligenciis leqsika. SemTxveviTi araa, rom ,,крыла” gvx-
vdeba imgvari leqsikuri variantis saxiT, romelic aSiSvlebs
poetizms (ara крылья), xolo ,,голова” kontrastulad yofiTi for-
miTaa mocemuli. Усталая голава sxva stilis Stampi iqneboda:

Я с трепетом на лоно дружбы новой,

Устав, приник ласкающей главой . . .
( А. Пушкин, 19 октября 1825 года)

oTxmocdaaTianelebis poezia yalibdeboda nekrasovis Semo-

qmedebis uSualo zegavleniT da gulisxmobda lirikuli subieq-
tis yofiT konkretulobas.
mTeli strofis konteqstSi ,,лампада золотая” aRiqmeba,
rogorc metafora (sikvdili Caaqrobs lampars), xolo epiTeti
,,золотой” – ,,черные”-sTan struqturul antiTezas warmoqmnis da
moklebulia konkretul-sagnobriv mniSvnelobas. amasTan, qve-
moT vxvdebiT taeps:

Ни снов поэзии златых

masTan SefardebiT лампада золотая (Sdr. antiTeza: ,,златые –

золотая”) sagnobriobis niSnebs iZens da ukavSirdeba ukve sruli-
ad gansazRvrul sagans – xatTan anTebul lampars.
Mmagram mbJutavi lampris saxes SeiZleba hqondes ori gansx-
vavebuli mniSvneloba: 1. pirobiT-literaturuli (,,горишь ли ты,
лампада наша”, ,,и с именем любви бежественной угас”) da 2. asociacia
qristianul saeklesio kulturasTan:

И погас он словно свеченька

Восковая, предыконная

360
 aA q Tavs iCens semantikuri kavSirebis pirveli sistema. Sem-
dgom, lampris, rogorc sagnis realizacia aaqtiurebs meore
sistemas.
meore strofi efuZneba mniSvnelobaTa religiur-qristi-
anul wyobas, rac imdroindeli mkiTxvelisTvis ucxo rodi iyo.
warmoiSoba жизнь новая-s antiTeza. amqveyniuri cxovrebis (земное
житие-s) tyveobisgan Svebis antiTeza.Aamqveyniuri cxovrebis ty-
veobisgan Svebis RimiliT gaTavisuflebuli sulis saxe aq savse-
biT kanonzomieria. ramdenadme moulodnelia ukanaskneli taepi.
winamorbedi taepebis semantikur samyaroSi `atomi~ marTlac
rom uadgiloa. amasTan, masTan dakavSirebul kulturul mniS-
vnelobebSi Zalze bunebrivad Tavsdeboda `yofiereba~ da war-
moiSoboda mecnierul-filosofiuri leqsikisa da semantikuri
kavSirebis samyaro.
momdevno strofSi `mogonebebi~ garkveuli teqstobrivi sig-
nalis saxiTaa mowodebuli. poeturi teqstebis gansxvavebuli
sistemebi ganarCeven am cnebis Sinaarss, magram TviT am sityvis
sazrisi ganekuTvneba mas ara rogorc fsiqologiuri moqmedebis
aRniSvna, aramed – rogorc kulturuli niSani. strofi moicavs
am cnebis interpretaciaTa mTel gamas. Утехи любви da сны поэзии
златой JRers, rogorc puSkinidan momdinare poeturi tradiciiT
nakarnaxevi citatebi. anenskis kulturul samyaroSi isini war-
mogvidgeba sakuTriv poeziis saxiT. ,,Сказки няни” migvaniSnebs
teqstsgareSe kavSirebis or tipze: pirveli maTgania araliter-
aturuli, yofiTi, bavSvobis sauflo (romelic upirispirdeba
mwignobrul samyaros); meore ki sxva araferia, Tu ara bavSvo-
bis sauflos amsaxveli literaturuli tradicia. XIX saukunis
dasasruls poeziaSi ,,скaзки няни” warmoadgens bavSvobis araniS-
nobrivi samyaros kulturul niSans. Aam fonze глаза жены esaa sx-
visi – araliteraturuli – metyveleba, romelic literaturu-
li asociaciebis polfoniur erTobliobaSi aRiqmeba, rogorc
cxovrebis xma (глаза, da ara щчи, жены, da ara девы).
Lleqsis sam strofSi myardeba gansazRvruli konstruqci-
uli inercia. TiToeuli strofi Sedgeba garkveul pirobiT-
literaturul stilze dafuZnebuli 3 taepisa da am stilidan
amovardnili erTi taepisgan. pirveli ori strofis mixedviT
ganisazRvreba am taepis adgilic – esaa strofis bolo. Semdgom
vawydebiT darRvevebs. mesame strofSi gansxvavebuli taepi gad-
361
ainacvlebs bolodan meore adgilze. kidev ufro mZafria struq-
turuli disonansi ukanasknel strofSi. Zalze literaturuli
leqsikisa da ZiriTadi Temis mixedviT isini aRiqmeba XIX sauku-
nis mTeli poeturi tradiciis fonze. SemTxveviTi rodia, rom
saTaurSi naxsenebia лилии, pirvel marcvalze dasmuli aSkara
maxviliT, xolo ukanaskneli strofis bolo taepSi:

Одной лилеи белоснежной

maxviliania meore marcvali – XIXs. dasawyisis poeturi me-

tyvelebis normebis Sesabamisad, yvavilis saxelwodeba poetur
asociaciad iqceva.
Aam strofSi moulodnelad, teqstis ritmuli inerciis sa-
pirispirod, damatebulia mexuTe taepi:

И аромат, и абрис нежный

es taepi gamoirCeva Tavisi sagnobriobiT; is gamoTiSulia

literaturuli asociaciebis samyarodan. amgvarad, erTi mxriv,
teqstSi literaturulad warmodgenilia miwieri da imqveyniuri
samyaroebi, meore mxriv ki, masSi asaxulia araliteraturuli
realoba. magram TviT es realoba araa sagani, araa nivTi (amaSia
gansxvaveba глаза жены-sgan); esaa sagnis formebi.
Белоснежный, лилея-sTAn SexamebaSi – feradovani banalobaa,
romelic jer kidev XVIII saukunis poeziaSi aTeulobiT moipove-
boda. amasTan, konturis aRsaniSnavad moZebnilia unikaluri si-
tyva – абрис, aristoteleseuli realoba, rogorc abstraqtuli
formebis erToblioba yvelaze organulia inokenti anenskisTvis.

Targmna Tamar lomiZem.

362
 iuri lotmani
(1922-1993)

ena rogorc literaturis masala

literaturis gansakuTrebul adgils xelovnebis sxva dar-

gebs Soris ganapirobebs Tavisebureba im masalisa, romelsac
igi sinamdvilis asaxvisaTvis iyenebs. aq ar SevexebiT enis ro-
gorc sazogadoebrivi movlenis rTul bunebas da mis mxolod
iseT mxareebze SevCerdebiT, romlebic mWidrodaa dakavSirebu-
li Cvens mier aRZrul sakiTxTan.
ena literaturis masalaa. es gansazRvreba imaze metyvelebs,
rom literaturisaTvis ena iseTive materialuri substanciaa,
rogorc feri ferweraSi, qva qandakebaSi, bgera musikaSi.
magram enisa da xelovnebis sxva dargebis materialurobis
xarisxi gansxvavebulia. feri, qva da a. S., vidre Semoqmedis xel-
Si aRmoCndeba, socialurad indiferentulia, mas ar gaaCnia si-
namdvilis Semecnebis raime aspeqti. TiToeul am masalas Tavisi
struqtura aqvs, magram es bunebiT moniWebuli niSan-Tvisebaa,
romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo sazogadoebriv (ideologiur)
procesebTan. am mxriv ena gansakuTrebuli masalaa, romelsac
maRali socialuri muxti manamdec moepoveba, vidre mas Semoq-
medi Seexeba.
semiotikuri ciklis mecnierebaTa Tanaxmad, ena niSnobrivi
komunikaciis meqanizmia, romelic informaciis Senaxvisa da ga-
dacemis amocanebs emsaxureba.
nebismier enas safuZvlad uZevs niSnis, mocemuli enis mniS-
vnelobis mqone elementis, cneba. niSani orbunebovani arsia:
garkveul materialur gamoxatulebasTan erTad, romelic mis
formalur mxares Seadgens, mocemuli enis farglebSi ama Tu im
mniSvnelobis matarebelicaa, rac mis Sinaars qmnis. ase, magali-
Tad, sityvisaTvis “орден” rusuli enis fonemebis garkveuli Tan-
amimdevroba da garkveuli morfo-gramatikuli struqtura misi
gamoxatulebaa (выражение), xolo leqsikuri, istoriul-kul-
turuli da sxva mniSvnelobebi – misi Sinaarsia. Tu sakuTriv or-
dens mivmarTavT, magaliTad, I xarisxis wm. giorgis ordens, maSin
ordenis regaliebi – niSani, varskvlavi, lenti – gamoxatulebas
Seadgenen, xolo am jildosTan dakavSirebuli pativis migeba,
363
misi mimarTeba ruseTis imperiis sxva ordenebisadmi, wardgineba
mis misaRebad, yovelive es am ordenis Sinaarss qmnian.
maSasadame: niSani yovelTvis Canacvlebaa. socialuri urT-
ierTobis procesSi igi Semcvlelia im garkveuli arsis, romel-
sac TviTon warmoadgens. Semcvlelis mimarTeba Casanacvlebli-
sadmi da gamoxatvis mimarTeba Sinaarsisadmi niSnis semantikas
qmnian.
is garemoeba, rom semantika yovelTvis garkveuli mimarTebaa,
imaze metyvelebs, rom Sinaarsi da gamoxatuleba identuri ver
iqnebian; imisaTvis, rom komunikaciis aqti SesaZlebeli gaxdes,
gamoxatulebis buneba sxvagvari unda iyos, vidre Sinaarsis bune-
ba. magram es gansxvaveba SesaZloa sxvadasxva xarisxis iyos. rode-
sac gamoxatulebasa da Sinaarss araferi aqvT saerTi da maTi
gaigiveba mxolod mocemuli enis farglebSi xdeba (magaliTad,
sityvisa da mis mier aRniSnuli sagnis gaigiveba), aseT niSans pi-
robiTi ewodeba. sityvebi pirobiTi niSnebis yvelaze gavrcele-
bul saxeobas warmoadgenen. Tu Sinaarsa da gamoxatvas Soris
aris garkveuli msgavseba (magaliTad, adgilisa da geografiuli
rukis, saxisa da portretis, adamianisa da fotosuraTis), maSin
niSans gamosaxulebiTi an ikonikuri ewodeba.
pirobiTi da ikonikuri niSnebis praqtikuli gamijvna erTob
advilia, xolo maTi Teoriuli dapirispireba aucilebelia kul-
turis rogorc erTiani sakomunikacio meqanizmis funqcionire-
bisaTvis.
amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom aRniSnuli
sagnisa da niSnis “msgavsebis” gageba uaRresad pirobiTia da mo-
cemuli kulturis postulatebs ganekuTvneba: suraTSi samgan-
zomilebian sagans organzomilebiani gamosaxuleba Seesabameba;
topologiis TvalsazrisiT, nebismieri kvadrati homomorfu-
lia nebismieri wris mimarT; scena gamoxatavs oTaxs, magram im
ararsebul kedelsac gulisxmobs, romlis mxarezec mayureble-
bi sxedan. msaxiobis monologi gmiris azrTa svlis ikonikuri
niSnis funqcias asrulebs, Tumca aRmniSvnelisa da aRniSnulis
msgavsebaze laparaki aq SesaZlebelia mxolod imdenad, ramdena-
dac pirobiTobaTa mTel sistemas, anu Teatris enas viTval-
iswinebT (ufro dawvrilebiT ix. Б. Успенский, Ю. Лотман. Условность
в искусстве. – Философская энциклопедия, т. 5. М., стр. 287-288).
364
 niSnebi enaSi arseboben ara erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebul
da damoukidebel erTeulTa meqanikuri grovis, aramed siste-
mis saxiT. ena Tavisi arsiT sistemuri raobaa. enis sistemuro-
bas elementTa urTierTobis ganmsazRvreli wesebis arseboba
ganapirobebs.
ena ierarqiuli sistemaa. igi sxvadasxva donis elementebad
iyofa. kerZod, enaTmecniereba ganasxvavebs fonemebis, morfemeb-
is, leqsikis, sityvaTSeTanxmebaTa, winadadebaTa, eqstrafrazul
mTlianobaTa doneebs (zogjer saWiro xdeba agreTve marcval-
Ta, intonaciisa da araerTi sxva donis gamoyofa). yoveli done
garkveuli, misTvis niSandoblivi wesebis sistemis Sesabamisadaa
organizebuli.
enas ori struqturuli RerZi qmnis. erTi mxriv, misi elemen-
tebi iseT sxvadasxvagvar eqvivalentur jgufebad ganlagdebian,
rogorebicaa: mocemuli arsebiTi saxelis yvela brunva, moce-
muli sityvis yvela sinonimi, mocemuli enis yvela windebuli da
a. S. rodesac mocemul enaze raime frazas vayalibebT, yoveli
eqvivalenturi jgufidan CvenTvis saWiro erT sityvas an CvenT-
vis saWiro erT formas virCevT. enis elementTa amgvar mowes-
rigebulobas paradigmuli ewodeba.
meore mxriv, imisaTvis, raTa Cvens mier SerCeulma enobrivma
erTeulebma, mocemuli enis TvalsazrisiT, normaluri mwkvri-
vi Seqmnan, saWiroa maTi saTanadod ganlageba – sityvebis urT-
ierTSeTavseba specialuri morfemebis saSualebiT, agreTve
sintagmebis urTierTSeTavseba da a. S. enis amgvar mowesrigebu-
lobas sintagmuri ewodeba. yoveli enobrivi teqsti paradigmu-
li da sintagmuri RerZebis mixedviTaa mowesrigebuli.
teqstis nebismier doneze ganxilvisas vrwmundebiT, rom mas-
Si elementebis erTi wyeba meordeba, xolo meore wyeba sxvadasxva
saxiT gvevlineba. ase, magaliTad, rusul enaze Seqmnili teqste-
bis ganxilvisas aRmovaCenT, rom gamudmebiT meordeba rusuli
anbanis 32 aso, Tumca am asoebis moxazuloba sxvadasxva Srift-
ebsa da sxvadasxva pirTa xelnawerebSi uaRresad gansxvavebuli
iqneba. metic, realur teqstebSi rusuli anbanis asoebis mxolod
variantebi Segvxvdeba, xolo asoebi rogorc aseTebi struqtu-
rul invariantebs – im idealur konstruqtebs warmoadgenen,
romlebsac ama Tu im asos mniSvneloba aqvT miniWebuli.

365
 invarianti struqturis mniSvnelobis mqone erTeulia, ro-
melsac ragind bevri varianti moepovebodes realur teqstebSi,
yvela maTgans am invariantis mniSvneloba eqneba.
aqedan gamomdinare, nebismier komunikaciur sistemaSi Seg-
viZlia gamovyoT misi struqturis invariantuli aspeqti, ro-
melsac f. de sosiuris kvalad, ena-s vuwodebT, da sxvadasxva
teqstebSi enis variaciuli gamovlinebebi, romlebsac imave mec-
nierul tradiaciaSi metyveleba ewodeba.
enis planisa da metyvelebis planis gamijvna Tanamedrove
lingvistikis fundamentur debulebaTa rigs ganekuTvneba. in-
formaciis Teoriis terminologiaSi am gamijvnas daaxloebiT
kodis (ena) da gzavnilis (ena) dapirispireba Seesabameba.
`sistema–teqsti~-s urTierTobis paraleluri movlenis
– enisa (kodis) da metyvelebis (gzavnili) urTierTmimarTebis
swori gagebisaTvis didi mniSveloba aqvs molaparakisa da msme-
nelis poziciebis gamijvnas, romelTa safuZvelze principulad
gansxvavebuli sinTetikuri (mawarmoebeli anu generaciuli) da
analitikuri enobrivi modelebi iqmneba.
nebismieri klasis movlenebs, romlebic zemoT warmodge-
nil gansazRvrebebs akmayofileben, semiotikaSi ena ewodeba; am
SemTxvevaSi termini `ena~ ara Cveulebrivi, aramed ufro farTo
gagebiT ixmareba. am farTo gagebiT amgvar enebs Seadgenen:
1. bunebrivi enebi – cneba, romelic Seesabameba termins `ena~
am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT. bunebrivi enebis magaliTebia:
inglisuri, rusuli, franguli, Cexuri da a. S.
2. xelovnuri enebi – adamianis mier Seqmnili niSanTa sisteme-
bi, romlebic saqmnianobis viwro specializebul sferoebSi gam-
oiyeneba. maT ganekuTvneba yvela samecniero ena (pirobiT niSan-
Ta da maTi gamoyenebis wesebis sistema, magaliTad, algebrasa an
qimiaSi miRebuli niSnebi, romlebic, semiotikis Tanaxmad, enis
tolfasi fenomenia) da quCis signalizaciis msgavsi sistemebi.
xelovnuri enebi bunebrivi enebis meqanizmTa Segnebuli gama-
rtivebis gziT iqmneba.
3. meoradi modelmawarmoebeli sistemebi – bunebrivi enis
safuZvelze agebuli, magram ufro rTuli sistemis mqone semi-
otikuri sistemebi. meoradi modelmawarmoebeli sistemebi –
rituali, socialur da ideologiur niSnobriv komunikaciaTa

366
erToblioba, xelovneba erTian rTul semiotikur warmonaqmns
– kulturas qmnian.
bunebrivi enisa da poeziis urTierTobas ganapirobebs pirve-
ladi da meoradi enebis urTierTmimarTebis sirTule mocemuli
kulturis erTian da rTul mTlianobaSi.
bunebrivi enis rogorc xelovnebis masalis specifika
sagrZnoblad ganapirobebs poeziis (ufro farTod – mxatvruli
sityvierebis) gansxvavebas mxatvruli Semoqmedebis sxva darge-
bisagan.
msoflios xalxTa enebi pasiur faqtorebad rodi rCebian
kulturis formirebaSi. erTi mxriv, TviTon enebi mravalsauku-
novani rTuli procesis nayofs warmoadgenen. imdenad, ramdena-
dac uzarmazari, dausabamo gare samyaro enaSi diskretulad
gamokveTili struqturis saxes iZens, am samyaros Sesatyvisi ena
mis models, enis sibrtyeze sinamdvilis proeqcias warmoadgens.
vinaidan bunebrivi ena erovnuli kulturis erT-erTi umTavres
faqtorTagania, samyaros enobrivi modelic im faqtorTagania,
romelic samyaros erovnul suraTs ayalibebs. erovnuli enis
maformirebeli zemoqmedeba meorad modelmawarmoebel siste-
mebze aSkara da udavo faqtia (saintereso magaliTebisa da sagu-
lisxmo Teoriuli msjelobisaTvis ix.: sromelsac uaRresad ar-
sebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs poeziaSi.
magram meore mxriv, poeziis warmoqmna erovnuli enobrivi
tradiciis safuZvelze rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi procesia.
jer kidev formalurma skolam wamoayena Tezisi, romlis Tanax-
mad, ena is masalaa, romlis winaaRmdegobis gadalaxvas poezia
axerxebs. am debulebasTan brZolaSi daibada is Tvalsazrisi,
rom poezia enobrivi kanonebis avtomaturi xorcSesxmaa, enis
erT-erTi funqciuri stilia. am ukidures Tvalsaziss, romlis
Tanaxmad yvelaferi, rac ki aris poeziaSi, enaSic moipoveba, b. v.
tomaSevski daupirispirda, romelic acxadebda, rom enaSi mar-
Tlac aris yvelaferi, rac aris poeziaSi... oRond poeziis garda.
Tumca gviandel naSromebSi b. v. tomaSevski sul ufro xSirad
aRniSnavda enobrivi da poeturi kanonebis erTianobas.
amJamad orive Teoria – `enasTan brZolis~ Teoriac da bune-
brivi enis mimarT poeziis Tvisebrivi sxvaobis uaryofis Teo-
riac – mecnierebis adrindeli etapis gardauval ukiduresobad
iTvleba.
367
 ena meorad sistemebs ayalibebs. udavoa, rom amis gamo mxat-
vruli sityvierebis dargebs uaRresad mdidari SemoqmedebiTi
SesaZleblobebi moepovebaT. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom
SemoqmedisaTvis enis swored es momgebiani mxareebi warmoad-
genen gansakuTrebul siZneles.
ena mTeli Tavisi sistemiT imdenad mWidrod aris dakavSire-
buli cxovrebasTan, imdenad Sezrdilia masTan, rom adamiani ve-
Rar arCevs sagans misi saxelisagan, sinamdvilis Sres – misi eno-
brivi anareklisagan. analogiuri viTareba iyo kinematografSic:
imis gamo, rom fotografia mWidrod, avtomaturad aris dakav-
Sirebuli gadasaReb saganTan, es faqtori didxans aferxebda
kinematografis gadaqcevas xelovnebis dargad. mxolod mas Sem-
deg, rac montaJisa da moZravi kameris gamoCenis Sedegad Sesa-
Zlebeli gaxda erTi da igive obieqtis fotografireba Tundac
ori sxvadasxva xerxiT, xolo saganTa Tanamimdevroba cxovre-
baSi avtomaturad aRar gansazRvravda gamosaxulebaTa Tanamim-
devrobas kinofirze, sinamdvilis aslis saxiT arsebuli kine-
matografi sinamdvilis mxatvrul modelad iqca. kinom Tavis ena
SeiZina.
didi Zalisxmeva daWirda imas, raTa poezias bunebrivi enis
safuZvelze Seqmnili, magram misgan gansxvavebuli Tavisi ena
SeemuSavebina da xelovnebad qceuliyo. mxatvruli sityvierebis
gariJraze warmoiSva kategoriuli moTxovna: literaturuli
ena, sinamdvilis enobrivi saSualebebiT aRbeWdva mxatvruli
mizniT unda gansxvavdebodes Cveulebrivisagan, informaciuli
enisagan. ase warmoiSva poeziis aucileblobis idea.

Targmna Tamar nucubiZem.

(wignidan: Ю. М. Лотман. Анализ поэтического текста.
Излательство Просвешение, Ленинград, 1972).

368
 iuri lotmani
(1922-1993)

poeturi teqstis struqturuli analizis

amocanebi da meTodebi

struqturul analizs safuZvlad uZevs is Tvalsazrisi,

rom literaturuli nawarmoebi organuli mTlianobaa. aseTi
analizis dros teqsti ar ganixileba rogorc mis Semadgenel el-
emetTa meqanikuri jami; elementTa `gancalkevebuloba~ kargavs
absolutur xasiaTs: yoveli maTgani sxva elementebisa da teqs-
tis struqturuli mTlianobisadmi mimarTebis saxiT vlindeba.
am gagebiT struqturuli analizi XIX saukunis pozitivistur
gamokvlevaTa atomur-metafizikur tradicias upirispirdeba
da Cveni drois mecnierul ZiebaTa suliskveTebas Seesabameba.
araa SemTxveviTi, rom kvlevis struqturulma meTodebma
mecnierebis uaRresad gansxvavebul dargebSi daimkvidres ad-
gili: lingvistikasa da geologiaSi, paleontologiasa da samar-
TalmcodneobaSi, qimiasa da sociologiaSi. yuradReba im maTema-
tikuri aspeqtebisadmi, romlebic problemebis gadawyvetisas
wamoiWreba da struqturaTa Teoriis rogorc damoukidebeli
mecnieruli diciplinis Seqmna cxadyofs, rom calkeuli disci-
plinis sakiTxma meTodologiis sferodan zogadad mecnieruli
codnis Teoriis sferoSi gadainacvla.
magram struqturuli analizis amgvarad gaazreba jer kidev
araa raRac sruliad axali. mis Taviseburebas mTlianobis gage-
ba ganapirobebs. mxatvruli nawarmoebi erTgvari realobaa da
rogorc aseTi calkeul nawilebad dayofas eqvemdebareba. vTq-
vaT, Cvens winaSe teqstis romeliRac erTi nawilia: taepi poet-
uri teqstidan an adamianis Tavis gamosaxuleba romelime nax-
atidan. axla warmovidginoT, rom es fragmentebi ufro vrcel
teqstSi CavrTeT. Sesabamisad, adamianis Tavis gamosaxuleba erT-
erTi detalTagani iqneba suraTis sxva mraval detalTa Soris,
kerZod – suraTis an zeda nawili gaxdeba an mTlianad Seavsebs
(magaliTad, eskizebSi) mas. am magaliTidan Cans, rom rodesac
detali teqstis mTlianobis nawili xdeba, igi aRar udris Tavis
Tavs, anu Tavisi TaviT ar ifargleba.
369
 am mxriv sagulisxmoa kinokadris aRqma. kinofirze sxvada-
sxva planiT (saerTo, saSualo an didi planiT) gadaRebuli
erTi da igive gamosaxuleba, ekranis CarCoSi Sevsebuli da Seu-
vsebeli nawilebis Tanafardobis Sesabamisad, kinofiris mxat-
vrul konstruqciaSi ise warmosdgeba rogorc gansxvavebuli
gamosaxulebani (planebis sxvaoba mxatvrul mniSvnelobis xorc-
Sesxmis saSualebad gvevlineba). magram ar qmnis axal mxatvrul
mniSvnelobebs gamosaxulebis moculobis iseTi zrda, romelic
gamowveulia ekranisa da kinodarbazis sididiT an sxva amgvari
faqtorebiT. maSasadame, am SemTxvevaSi esTetikur efeqts, mxat-
vrul realobas detalsa da kadris CarCoebs Soris urTierTmi-
marTeba ganapirobebs da ara moculoba rogorc aseTi, romelsac
mxatvrul konteqstTan araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.
es dakvirveba SegviZlia farTo mniSvnelobis mqone zogad
kanonad ganvazogadoT.
mxatvruli realobis erT-erT ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas
cxadliv davinaxavT, Tu SevecdebiT, is sawyisi, rac nawarmoe-
bis arssa da TviTmyofadobas ganapirobebs, CamovaciloT iseT
maxasiaTeblebs, romlebic TavisTavad uaRresad sagulisxmoa,
magram romelTa gareSe nawarmoebis specifika da TviTmyofa-
doba ucvleli rCeba. ase, magaliTad, puSkinis `evgeni oneginis~
yvela gamocemas, maTi formatis, Sriftis, qaRaldis xarisxis
miuxedavad, erTsa da imave mxatvrul nawarmoebad aRviqvamT.
aseve vaigivebT xolme musikaluri Tu Teatraluri piesis yve-
lanair saSemsruleblo gaazrebas. ama Tu im suraTis Sav-TeTr
reproduqcias an graviuras (romelic XIX saukunemde ferweris
reproducirebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo) dedanTan vaigivebT
(ase, magaliTad, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi graviurebis gadmox-
atva xatvisa da kompoziciis klasikuri xelovnebis swavlebis
ZiriTadi forma iyo). Zvel freskaze nafxaWnebi an laqebi ufro
TvalsaCinoa, vidre sakuTriv gamosaxuleba, magram aRqmisas Cven
am xarvezebs `vauqmebT~ (an vcdilobT `gavauqmoT~). amgvarad,
teqstis realoba ar moicavs yvelafers, rac misTvis materialu-
radaa damaxasiaTebeli, Tu cxadia, materialuris cnebas martiv
empiriul da pozitivistur mniSvnelobas mivaniWebT.
teqstis realobas urTierTmimarTebaTa sistema qmnis, anu
is, rasac mniSvnelobis mqone antiTezebi moepoveba da rac nawar-
moebis struqturaSi Sedis.
370
 struqturis cneba upirvelesad sistemuri erTianobis ar-
sebobas gulisxmobs. am Taviseburebaze msjelobisas klod le-
vi-strosi aRniSnavda: `struqturas sistemuri xasiaTi aqvs.
struqturis Semadgenel elementTa Tanafardoba iseTia, rom
romelime erTi maTganis Secvla yvela danarCenis Secvlas
iwvevs~.
zemoTwarmodgenil dakvirvebaTa meore mniSvnelovani Sede-
gia kvlevis saganSi struqturul (sistemur) da sistemis miRma
mdebare elementTa gamijvna.
struqtura yovelTvis models warmoadgens da amis gamo,
teqstisagan gansxvavebiT, meti sistemurobiT, `sisworiT~, ab-
straqtulobis meti xarisxiT xasiaTdeba (ufro zustad, teqsts
ara erTiani abstraqtuli struqtura-modeli, aramed struq-
turaTa ierarqiebi upirispirdeba, romelebic abstraqtulobis
xarisxis zrdis Sesabamisad arian organizebulni).
teqsti struqturis xorcSesxmaa an interpretaciaa gar-
kveul doneze (ase, magaliTad, erTi mxriv, Seqspiris `hamleti~
wignsa da scenaze, rogorc Seqspiris `makbeTi~-s an sumorokovis
`hamleti~-s antiTeza, erTi da igive nawarmoebia, magram amas-
Tanave piesis erTiani struqturis ori sxvadasxva interpreta-
ciaa). amgvarad, teqsti ierarqiuli warmonaqmnia. Sinagani orga-
nizebulobis ierarqiuloba struqrurulobis kidev erT-erTi
arsebiTi gamovlinebaTagania.
sitemisa da teqstis gamijvnas (enis mimarT `enisa~ da `me-
tyvelebis` dapirispirebaze laparakoben) arsebiTi mniSvneloba
aqvs struqturuli ciklis yvela dargis Seswavlis dros. Tu ras
iZleva aseTi midgoma, amis saCveneblad, zogadi mimoxilvis sa-
xiT, mxolod ramodenime magaliTze SevCerdebiT.
upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos, rom teqstisa da sistemis da-
pirispirebas ara absoluturi, aramed fardobiTi da araiSvi-
aTad – wminda evristikuli xasiaTi aqvs. jer erTi, am cnebaTa
zemoaRniSnuli ierarqiulobis gamo, erTi da igive movlena zo-
gierT erTobliobaSi teqstis saxiT gvevlineba, xolo zogier-
TSi – sistemis saxiT, romelic ufro dabali donis teqstebis
dekodirebas emsaxureba. ase, magaliTad, saxarebiseuli igavi
anda klasicisturi igav-araki iseTi teqstebia, romlebSic zo-
gierTi religiuri da zneobrivi mrwamsia dekodirebuli. ma-
gram misTvis, vinac es Segonebebi unda gamoiyenos, es igavebi da
371
igav-arakebi garkveuli modelebia, romlebic cxovrebiseuli
praqtikisa da adamianTa yofa-qcevis doneze pouloben inter-
pretirebas.
`teqstisa~ da `sistemis~ cnebaTa urTierTkavSiri sxva
rameSic vlindeba. Secdoma iqneba, Tu am cnebebs erTmaneTs da-
vupirispirebT da teqsts realurobis Tvisebas mivawerT, xolo
struqturas gonebis nayofad da iseT ramed miviCnevT, romlis
arseboba TiTqos erTob problematuria.
struqtura teqstis empiriul mocemulobaSi xorcSesxmis
saxiT arsebobs, magram es imas rodi niSnavs, TiTqos aq kavSiri
calmxrivadaa mimarTuli da TiTqos realobis dadgenisas empir-
iuli arsebobis faqti uzenaesi kriteriumia. empiriul samyaro-
Si Cveni gamocdilebidan yovelTvis ukuvagdebT, gamovricxavT
xolme garkveul faqtebs. rodesac mZRoli manqanis wina SuSidan
adamianebs xedavs, romlebic quCas kveTaven, maTi moZraobis siC-
qareze, mimarTulebaze, iseT momentebze amaxvilebs yuradRebas,
romlebic mosiaruleTa qcevis xasiaTis gagebaSi daexmarebian
(`bavSvebi~, `mTvrali~, `brma~, `provinciali~) da cdilobs, ar
SeamCnios (da arc unda SeamCnios!) iseTi momentebi, romlebic
yuradRebas gaufantaven da xels SeuSlian swori strategiis
SerCevaSi. kerZod, unda mieCvios, ar miaqcios yuradReba Cacmu-
lobas, Tmis fers da saxis nakvTebs. amasTanave imave quCaze da
imave dros iq myofi policiis muSaki anda mSvenieri sqesis axal-
gazrda Tayvanismcemeli sul sxva realobas xedaven – TiToeuli
Tavisas. dakvirvebis unari Tanabrad gulisxmobs rogorc raRa-
cis SemCnevas, aseve raRacis arSemCnevas. guldasmiT dakvirve-
bis dros TiToeuli Semyures winaSe empiriuli sinamdvile gan-
sxvavebulad warmosdgeba. koreqtori da poeti erTsa da imave
furcelze sxvadasxva rames xedaven. veranair faqts ver aRviq-
vamT, Tu ar arsebobs maTi SerCevis sistema, iseve regorc Seu-
Zlebelia dekodireba, Tu kodi ar gagvaCnia. mxolod aseTi urT-
ierTobisas warmoiqmnebian da ganapirobeben erTmaneTs teqsti
da struqtura.
quCis xsenebuli magaliTi im mxrivacaa sagulisxmo, rom igi
SegviZlia gaviazroT rogorc sami teqsti erTsa da imave vi-
TarebaSi (am SemTxvevaSi teqsts xalxiTa da manqanebiT savse quCa
qmnis), romelTa dekodireba sami sxvadasxva kodis saSualebiT

372
xdeba. amave dros igi SegviZlia gaviazroT rogorc erTi teq-
sti, romelic sam sxvadasxvagvar dekodirebas eqvemdebareba.
aranakleb sainteresoa iseTi SemTxveva, rodesac erTi da igive
struqtura ramodenime sxvadasxva teqstSi vlindeba.
magram humanitarul mecnierebebSi struqturuli meTode-
bis Taviseburebis swori gagebisaTvis kidev erT sakiTxze unda
SevCerdeT.
nebismieri struqtura rodi aris informaciis Senaxvisa da
gadmocemis saSualeba, magram nebismieri sainformacio saSu-
aleba struqturaa. amgvarad, dgeba semiotikuri sistemebis, anu
iseTi sistemebis Seswavlis sakiTxi, romlebic niSnebs iyeneben
da informaciis Senaxvasa da gadmocemas emsaxurebian.
struqturuli meTodebi Tanamedrove mecnerebaTa umrav-
lesobaSi gamoiyeneba. rac Seexeba humanitarul mecnierebebs,
ufro swori iqneba, Tu am SemTxvevaSi struqturul-semiotikur
meTodebze vilaparakebT.

***
mTavari mecnieruli principebis sxvaobaTa da mravalfer-
ovnebis miuxedavad, romlebsac ganapirobebs kvlevis meTodis
kavSiri rogorc ama Tu im ideologiasTan (da ufro farTod –
kulturasTan), aseve codnis gamudmebul progresTan, tipolo-
giurad mxatvruli nawarmoebis kvlevisadmi orgvari midgomaa
SesaZlebeli.
pirveli midgoma emyareba im rwmenas, rom xelovnebis arsi sa-
kuTriv teqstSia mocemuli da yoveli nawarmoebis Rirseba mas-
Sivea ganfenili.
meore midgomis Tanaxmad, nawarmoebi nawilia, anu raRac
ufro mniSvnelovanis – poetis pirovnebis, fsiqologiuri mo-
mentis an sazogadoebrivi viTarebis – gamovlinebaa. aseT SemTx-
vevaSi mkvlevars teqsti ainteresebs ara rogorc aseTi, aramed
rogorc masala ufro maRali donis modelebis Sesaqmnelad.
literaturaTmcodneobis istoriaSi iyo periodebi, rode-
sac am midgomaTagan jer erTis mixedviT wydeboda yvelaze aqtu-
aluri sakiTxebi da mas Semdeg, rac amowuravda mecnierebis gan-
viTarebis arsebuli doniT misTvis mocemul saSualebebs, meore
mimarTulebas uTmobda adgils. ase, magaliTad, XVIII saukuneSi
mecniereba literaturis Sesaxeb upirvelesad iyo mecniereba
373
teqstis Sinagani aRnagobis Sesaxeb. XIX saukunis esTetikosebi
XVIII saukunis literaturul mecnierebas bralad uyenebdnen
antiistorizms, normatulobasa da metafizikurobas. magram ar
unda dagvaviwydes, rom swored maSin daiwera bualos `poeturi
xelovneba~, lomonosovis `ritorika~ da lesingis `hamburgis
dramaturgia~. XIX saukunis Teoretikosebs miaCndaT, rom maTi
winamorbedebi xelovnebaze msjelobisas gadaWarbebul yura-
dRebas uTmobdnen `wvrilmanebsa~ da SemoqmedebiTi ostatobis
sakiTxebs. magram unda gvaxsovdes, rom swored XVIII saukuneSi,
rogorc arasdros Semdeg, literaturis Teoria mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli kritikasTan da mimdinare literaturul pro-
cesebTan da rom rodesac XVIII saukunis Teoretikosebi yura-
dRebas amaxvilebdnen sakiTxze, rogor unda iqmnebodes teqsti,
amiT mxatvruli kulturis im uzarmazar kapitals qmnidnen,
romlis safuZvelzec arsebobda faqtobrivad XIX saukunis ev-
ropuli literatura.
momdevno epoqis Teoriuli azri gadaWriT gaemijna im ideas,
rom nawarmoebSi TviTkmari Rirebulebaa. amjerad teqstSi is-
toriis, epoqis anda nawarmoebis miRma mdebare raime sxva saz-
risis suliskveTebis gamovlinebas eZebdnen. igulisxmeboda,
rom teqstis miRma mdebare substancia cocxali da ukideganoa,
xolo nawarmoebi am substanciis arabolomde adekvaturi samo-
sia, `sulis materialurad gamovlenili tyveobaa~, usasrulobis
sasruli iersaxea; aqedan gamomdinare, mkiTxvelisa da mkvlevris
(ivaraudeboda, rom maT winaSe erTi da igive amocana dgas, rom
mkvlevari – kvalificirebuli mkiTxvelia) amocanas Seadgenda
teqstidan gaRweva mis miRma mdebare substanciebisaken. am mxriv
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeboda teqstis mimarTebas sxva
teqstebisadmi, maT erTian moZrav nakadad Sekrebas anda teqs-
tis mimarTebas mis miRma mdebare realobisadmi, romelsac sxva-
dasxvagvari gageba – an msoflio sulis an sazogadoebriv ZalTa
brZolis mniSvneloba eniWeboda.
XX saukunis lieraturul TvalsazrisTa WidilSi, romel-
sac epoqis saerTo xasiaTma dramatizmis Rrma kvali daamCnia,
xSirad gaismoda xma aRniSnul tendenciaTagan xan erTis, xan
meoris Tandayolili mankierebis Sesaxeb. amasTanave ar iTvali-
swinebdnen, rom orive tendencia kvlevis sagnis garkveul mxa-
res asaxavs da mecnieruli azris garkveul etapebze mZlavr da
374
nayofier konciefciebs ayalibebda, xolo zog etapze – epigo-
nur da doqtriniorul Sexedulebas icavda.
sxvadasxva istoriul mizezTa gamo konfliqtma am or
tendencias Soris XX saukuneSi gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTi
miiRo. akademiuri literaturaTmcodneobis gadagvarebas e.w.
formaluri skolis (`moskovis lingvisturi wre~, opoiaz-i
petrogradSi, futurizmis, xolo mogvianebiT lef-is kriti-
kosebi da Teoretikosebi) axalgazrda literatorTa sapasuxo
reaqcia mohyva. am mimarTulebis amosavali debuleba da mTa-
vari damsaxureba imis mtkiceba iyo, rom xelovneba sulac araa
fsiqologiuri an istoriuli Studiebis damxmare masala da
rom xelovnebaTmcodneobas kvlevis sakuTari sagani moepoveba.
formalurma skolam xelovnebisa da kvlevis meTodikis
damoukideblobis gamocxadebasTan erTad yuradReba teqstis
problemaze gaamaxvila.
formaluri skolis momxreebs miaCndaT, rom materializmis
safuZvelze dgebodnen, rodesac acxadebdnen, rom SeuZlebelia
mniSvneloba materialuri substratis – niSnis gareSe arsebob-
des, da mTlianad am ukanasknelis organizebulobazea damoki-
debuli. maT uamravi brwyinvale mosazreba wamoayenes mxatvru-
li teqstis niSnobrivi bunebis Sesaxeb.
formaluri skolis araerT mosazrebam win gauswro struq-
turuli literaturaTmcodneobis ideebs da struqturuli
lingvistikis, semiotikisa da informaciis Teoriis uaxles
ideebSi hpova dadastureba da interpretacia. praRis lingvis-
turi skolisa da roman iakobsonis naSromebis wyalobiT rusu-
li formaluri skolis Teoriam mZlavri zegavlena moaxdina
msoflios humanitarul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebaze.
magram formaluri skolis koncefciis araerTi susti mo-
menti imTaviTve gaxda gansjis sagani axalgazrda literatu-
raTmcodneTa naSromebis irgvliv gaCaRebuli polemikis dros.
formalistebis kritika upirvelesad simbolizmis mamamTavarTa
mxridan gaisma, romlebmac TvalsaCino adgili daikaves 1920-
iani wlebis dasawyisis literaturaTmcodneobaSi (v. briusovi
da sxvebi). isini imdenad iyvnen miCveulni teqstSi siRrmiseul
da farul mniSvnelobaTa mxolod garegnuli niSnis xedvas, rom
ideis dayvana konstruqciamde maTTvis sruliad miuRebeli
aRmoCnda. formalizmis sxva aspeqtebma im mkvlevarTa protes-
375
ti gamoiwvia, romlebic klasikur germanul filosofiasTan
iyvnen dakavSirebuli (g. Speti) da kulturaSi ara teqstebis er-
Tobliobas, aramed sulis zeobas xedavdnen. da bolos, 1920-iani
wlebis sociologiurma kritikam formalistebis mTavar naklad
literaturaTmcodneobiTi analizis imanenturoba gamoacxada.
Tu formalistebisaTvis teqstis axsna niSnavda pasuxs kiTxvaze
– `rogoraa agebuli?~, sociologebisaTvis yvelafers gansazR-
vravda pasuxi kiTxvaze: `riTaa ganpirobebuli?~.
formaluri skolis dramatuli istoriis Txroba Sors wag-
viyvans Cveni uSualo amocanisagan. magram mainc unda aRi-
niSnos, rom formaluri skolis rigebidan gamovidnen iseTi
TvalsaCino mkvlevarebi rogorebic arian b. m. exenbaumi, v. b.
Sklovski, i. n. tinianovi, b. v. tomaSevski, rom misi principebis
zegavlena ganicades g. o. vinokurma, g. a. gukovskim, v. v. gipiusma,
p. a skaftimovma, v. m. Jirmunskim, m. m. baxtinma, v. v. vinogradovma.
v. i. propma da mravalma sxvam.
formaluri skolis evolucia miznad isaxavda teqstisSida
analizis imanenturobis daZlevasa da `xerxis~ rogorc xelov-
nebis safuZvelis metafizikuri gaazrebis Canacvlebas mxatvru-
li funqciis dialeqtikuri gagebiT. aq gansakuTrebiT aRsaniS-
navia iuri tinianovis naSromebi.
formalizmis gadazrda funqcionalizmSi cxadad Cans lite-
raturaTmcodneobis Cexuri da slovakuri brwyinvale skolis
magaliTze – i. mukarJovskis, i. grabakis, m. bakoSis da praRis
lingvisturi wris sxva wevrebisa da am wresTan dakavSirebuli
n. s. trubeckoisa da r. iakobsonis naSromebSi.
magram opoiaz-is Teoretikosebis mier wamoyenebul ide-
aTa saTanado dafasebasTan erTad arasgziT ar SeiZleba im sak-
maod fexmokidebuli Tvalsazrisis gaziareba, TiTqos for-
malizmi struqturalizmis mTavari wyaroa da am mecnieruli
mimdinareobis lamis identuri movlenaa. struqturuli ideebis
kristalizeba Tanabrad mimdinareobda rogorc formaliste-
bis, aseve maTi mowinaaRmdegeebis naSromebSi. Tu erTni teqstis
struqturaze saubrobdnen, meoreni ufro farTo – teqstismiR-
ma – erTianobebs, kerZod, kulturis, epoqis, samoqalaqo isto-
riis struqturas ikvlevdnen. SeuZlebelia formalur skolas
mivakuTvnoT m. m. baxtini, v. i. propi, g. a. gukovski, v. m. Jirmunski,
d. s. lixaCovi, v. v. gipiusi, s. m. eixenbaumi, aseve – andrei
376
beli, b. i. iarxo, p. a. floreski da mravali sxva. magram aseve
udavoa maTi naSromebis mniSvneloba struqturalizmis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis.
struqturul-semiotikuri literaturaTmcodneoba mTeli
winamorbedi literaturuli mecnierebis gamocdilebas iTva-
liswinebs, magram amasTanave mas Tavisi specifika aqvs. igi XX
saukunis Sua xanisaTvis niSandoblivi mecnieruli revoluciis
viTarebaSi iSva da organuladaa dakavSirebuli struqturuli
lingvistikis, semiotikis, informaciis Teoriisa da kiberneti-
kis ideebTan.
struqturuli literaturaTmcodneobiT ar aris bolomde
Camoyalibebuli da gamokveTili mecnieruli mimdinareoba. aq
mraval arsebiT problemaze jerac ar arsebobs aucilebeli
Tanxmoba da TviT mecnieruli sicxade.

Targmani Tamar nucubiZisa.

(wignidan: Ю. М. Лотман. Анализ поэтического текста.
Излательство Просвешение, Ленинград, 1972).

377
cvetan todorovi
(1939)

cvetan todorovi (dabad. 1939) – bulgaruli warmoSobis

frangi filosofosi, struqturalizmis Teoretikosi. avtori
wignebisa: `Sesavali fantastikur literaturaSi~ (1970), `pro-
zis poetika~ (1971), `simbolos Teoria~ (1977), `literaturis
cneba da sxva essebi~ (1987), `nakluli baRi: humanizmis mem-
kvidreoba~ (1998), `literatura safrTxis winaSe~ (2007), `gan-
manaTleblobis dasacavad~ (2009) da sxv.

literaturis cnebisaTvis

vidre iseTi SiSismogvreli sakiTxis ganxilvas Sevudgebi,

rogoricaa ra aris literatura? saqme rom gaviadviloT, da-
viwyeb ara Tavad literaturis raobis, aramed im gamokvlevaTa
diskursis ganxilviT, romelTa kvlevis sagani, Cveni naSromis
msgavsad, literaturaa. aq, SeiZleba iTqvas, ufro midgomaa gan-
sxvavebuli da ara mizani. magram gana amgvari kvleva-Ziebis gza
nakleb sainteresoa, vidre saboloo daskvnebi?
modiT, daviwyoT imiT, rom eWvi SevitanoT sakuTriv litera-
turis cnebis marTebulebaSi; aseTi sityvisa da Sesabamisi sauni-
versiteto kursebis arseboba TavisTavad rodi niSnavs, rom lit-
eratura udavod arsebobs. amgvar eWvs upirvelesad empiriuli
xasiaTis safuZveli moepoveba. Lliteraturis cnebis Sesatyvisi
amomwuravi gansazRvreba jer kidev arcerT enaze da arc erT
epoqaSi ar dawerila. arada, didi Zalisxmeva araa saWiro imaSi
dasarwmuneblad, rom aseTi cneba yovelTvis ar arsebobda.
evropul enebSi sityva literatura, Tanamedrove gagebiT,
arc ise didi xnis win, lamis XIX saukuneSi gaCnda. xom ar niSnavs
es imas, rom istoriulad Camoyalibebul da ara `maradiul~ mov-
lenasTan gvaqvs saqme?
garda amisa, mraval enas (magaliTad, afrikul enebs) jerac
ar gaaCnia gvareobiTi termini literaturuli Semoqmedebis yve-
la saxeobis aRsaniSnavad; arada, karga xania, rac ganvlo levi-
brulis [Lévy Bruhl] drom, rodesac am faqtis axsnas aseTi enebis
TiTqosda primitiulobaSi eZebdnen, rom TiTqosda es enebi
378
moklebuli arian abstragirebis unars da Sesabamisad, ar gaaC-
niaT arasaxeobiTi, anu gvareobiTi cnebebi.
aqve unda davZinoT, rom Tanamedrove mwerloba uaRresad
mravalgvaria da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT werilobiTi teqstebis
auracxel mravalferovnebas, romlebsac sxvadasxva mosazreba-
Ta gamo literaturas miakuTvneben, Znelad moiZebneba adamiani,
romelic SeZlebs mijnis gavlebas literaturasa da imas Soris,
rac araa literatura.
TumcaRa, am faqts ar aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba; mogex-
senebaT, nebismieri cnobili movlena maSinac arsebobs, rodesac
leqsikonSi jer kidev ar moipoveba misi aRmniSnvneli sityva;
magram es ukve garkveul eWvs badebs literaturis `bunebriobis~
Sesaxeb.
amgvar eWvs problemis verc Teoriuli analizi aqarwy-
lebs. marTlacda, ras emyareba is rwmena, rom literaturad
wodebuli movlena namdvilad arsebobs? cxadia, yoveldRiur
gamocdilebas:L literaturul nawarmoebebs vswavlobT skolaSi,
Semdeg – universitetSi, literaturas vyidulobT specialur
maRaziebSi, Cveulebrivi urTierTobisas vsaubrobT xolme
maTze, visac `mwerlebs~ vuwodebT.
aseve eWvs ar iwvevs aseTi cnebis – literaturis – funqci-
onireba subieqtTa Soris da sazogadoebriv urTierTobaTa
doneze. ki, batono. magram ras amtkicebs es? mxolod imas, rom
ufro farTo sistemaSi, romelsac sazogadoeba da kultura
qmnian, SegviZlia gamovyoT misi Semadgeneli nawili, rasac Cve-
ulebriv literaturas vuwodebT.
magram gana es imaze metyvelebs, rom yvela konkretul na-
warmoebs, romelic zemoTqmuli saxiT funqcionirebs, saerTo
niSan-Tviseba moepoveba, romlis arseboba kidevac unda
vaRiaroT?
modiT, funqciuri vuwodoT movlenisadmi iseT midgomas,
romelic dagvanaxebs, Tu ra rols asrulebs igi rogorc calke
elementi ufro vrceli sistemis farglebSi; da struqturuli
vuwodoT iseT midgomas, rodesac vcdilobT, davadginoT – mo-
epoveba Tu ara saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi yvela erTeuls, rom-
lebic erTsa da imave funqcias asruleben.
funqciuri da struqturuli midgoma mkveTrad unda gan-
vasxvaoT erTmaneTisagan, Tumca savsebiT SesaZlebelia xan er-
Tis gamoyeneba da xan – meoresi. magaliTisTvis mivmarToT iseT
379
movlenas, rogoricaa reklama, romlis praqtikuli daniSnuleba
savsebiT cxadia. magram rogoria misi struqturuli Tavisebu-
reba? reklamas SeuZlia gamoiyenos zemoqmedebis vizualuri,
audio da sxva saSualebebi, zogjer mas dro sWirdeba, SesaZle-
belia misi mTlianad an nawilobriv Cveneba, mas SeuZlia gamoiye-
nos iseTi saSualebebi, rogorebicaa momxmareblisadmi pirda-
piri mowodeba anda sagnis aRwera, miniSneba, antifrazisi da sxv.
rogorc vxedavT, reklamis funqciuri erTianoba (SevTanxmdeT
wamiT, rom igi arsebobs) aucileblad rodi gulisxmobs mis
struqturul erTianobas. aq struqturasa da funqcias Soris
ar arsebobs mkacri implikaciuri1 urTierTmimarTeba, Tumca
garkveuli msgavseba sruliad aSkaraa. Cvens winaSea ara imdenad
sxvadasxva movlenebi, ramdenadac sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi erTsa
da imave movlenaze; Tu aRmoCndeba, rom literatura (an rekla-
ma) struqturuli warmonaqmnia, maSin misi Semadgeneli element-
ebis funqciis dadgenac mogviwevs; da piriqiT: reklama, rogorc
funqciuri mTlianoba im struqturis Semadgeneli nawilia,
romelic, ase vTqvaT, sazogadoebrivi warmonaqmnia. struqtura
funqciebisagan Sedgeba, xolo funqciebi struqturas qmnian. ma-
gram ramdenadac Semecnebis sagans Tvalsazrisis specifika gana-
pirobebs, sxvaoba struqturul da funqciur midgomebs Soris
uaRresad sagulisxmoa.
amgvarad, im funqciuri warmonaqmnis arseboba, romel-
sac literatura ewodeba, odnavadac ar gulisxmobs Sesabamisi
struqturuli warmonaqmnis arsebobas (TumcaRa gvibiZgebs imi-
sken, rom davfiqrdeT aseT SesaZleblobaze).
arsebobs literaturis uamravi funqciuri gansazRvreba (mi-
TiTeba mis daniSnulebaze da ara mis raobaze). Tanac funqciur
midgomas aucileblad sociologiis sferoSi rodi mivyavarT.
rodesac iseTi metafizikosi, rogoricaa haidegeri, poeziis
arss arkvevs, igic funqciur cnebas mimarTavs.
mtkiceba, rom `xelovneba WeSmaritebis gasagnebaa~ an rom
`poezia aris yofierebis sityvieri gamovlineba~, ubralod sur-
vilis gamoTqmaa imaze, Tu ras unda emsaxurebodes xelovneba da
poezia da ara saubari im specifikur meqanizmebze, romlebic am
amocanis Sesrulebas ganapirobeben.
marTalia, aq ontologiuri funqcia igulisxmeba, magram
es mainc funqciaa da ara sxva ram. rodesac haidegeri erTgan
ambobs, rom mxolod `diadi xelovnebis gansazRvreba ain-
380
teresebs~, iqve SeniSnavs, rom sulac araa aucilebeli, rom
funqciuri arsi struqturul arss Seesabamebodes. haidegeri
ayalibebs ara Sinagan kriteriums, rac xelovnebis (da litera-
turis) nebismieri nawarmoebis gansazRvrebisTvis gamodgeboda,
aramed ubralod gamoTqvams Tvalsazriss im rolze, romelsac
xelovnebis nawarmoebTa garkveuli, ufro zustad – saukeTeso
nawili – unda asrulebdes. amgvarad, araa gamoricxuli, rom
literatura SesaZloa mxolod funqciuri warmonaqmnia. magram
Cven gavyvebiT ara am gzas, aramed gamovTqvamT varauds (Tumca
arsebobs saSiSroeba, rom bolos sapirispiro daskvnamde mivi-
deT), rom literaturas struqturuli mTlianobac moepoveba;
Semdeg am mTlianobis xasiaTis garkvevas SevecdebiT. Cvenamde
araerTma mkvlevarma daisaxa miznad es amocana; Cven maT mier
miRebul daskvnebs gavyvebiT.
istoriuli mimoxilvis gareSe am problemis or yvelaze
gavrcelebul gadawyvetas SevexebiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom antikurobidan XVIII saukunis Sua xane-
bamde evropeli xelovnebaTmcodneebi xelovnebas metnaklebad
yovelTvis erTnairad gansazRvravdnen.
Tu guldasmiT davakvirdebiT, SevamCnevT, rom es gansazR-
vreba ori gamokveTili debulebisgan Sedgeba: zogadi, anu gva-
reobiTi gagebiT, xelovneba mibaZvaa, romlis saxeobebi gamoy-
enebuli masalis mixedviT gansxvavdebian; literatura mibaZvaa
sityvebis saSualebiT, xolo ferwera mibaZvaa gamosaxulebaTa
saSualebebiT. magram saxeobiTi sxvaobis TvalsazrisiT ganxil-
visas irkveva, rom mTavari sulac araa nebismieri mibaZva, vinaid-
an xelovneba baZavs ara realur, aramed gamogonil sagnebs, rom-
lebic realurad ar arsebobs. literatura gamonagonia (fiction).
aseTia literaturis pirveli struqturuli gansazRvreba.
es gansazRvreba erTbaSad ar gaCenila da saukuneebis ganmav-
lobaSi sruliad sxvadasxva terminis saxiT yalibdeboda.
savaraudod literaturis swored aRniSnulma Tavisebure-
bam ukarnaxa aristoteles, ganecxadebina, rom `poezias ufro
metad mxedvelobaSi aqvs zogadi, istorias ki ufro metad mxed-
velobaSi aqvs calkeuli~ (`poetika~) (Tumca aristoteles SeniS-
vna sxva ramesac isaxavda miznad): literaturaSi winadadebebi
iseT specifikur movlenebs rodi aRweren, romlebic sinamd-
vileSi sxvagvarad ar SeiZleboda momxdariyo.
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 mogvianebiT gaCnda mosazreba, rom literatura arsebiTad
sicrue da siyalbea. fraim Segvaxsena iseTi sityvebis oraz-
rovneba, rogorebicaa `fabula~, `gamonagoni~, `miTi~, romlebic
Tanabrad gamoiyeneba rogorc literaturis, aseve nebismier si-
cruis mimarT.
magram es araa swori. literaturaSi winadadebebi sulac
ar arian ufro `umarTebulo~, vidre `WeSmariti~. Tanamedrove
logikis mamamTavrebma (magaliTad, f. fregem) yuradReba miaq-
cies im garemoebas, rom literturuli teqsti TavisTavadia, igi
arc WeSmaritia da arc cru, igi _ gamonagonia (fictional). amJamad
es azri sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.
magram ramdenad damakmayofilebelia aseTi gansazRvreba?
literaturis gansazRvrebas xom ar vanacvlebT misi bunebidan
gamomdinare erT-erTi niSan-Tvisebis gansazRvrebiT?
Lliteraturulad SegviZlia miviCnioT teqsti, romelSic
namdvili ambavia gadmocemuli; amisaTvis arafris Secvla araa
saWiro mis kompoziciaSi, ubralod, sakmarisia ar mivaqcioT
yuradReba imas, rom aq namdvili ambavia moTxrobili da ise wa-
vikiTxoT `viTomcda~ Cvens winaSe mxatvruli nawarmoebia. nebi-
smieri teqsti SegviZlia ise aRviqvaT rogorc `literaturuli~
teqsti; WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT misi Sefasebis sakiTxi arc
wamoiWreba, Tuki teqsts Tvisebrivad literaturul movlenad
miviCnevT.
Cveulebriv, literaturis cnebis gansazRvris nacvlad iri-
bad migviTiTeben xolme mis erT niSan-Tvisebaze. magram SesaZ-
lebelia Tu ara am niSan-Tvisebis aRmoCena yvela nawarmoebSi?
SemTxveviTia Tu ara, rom sityvas `gamonagoni~ didi xalisiT vi-
yenebT literaturis garkveuli nawilis (romanebis, moTxrobe-
bis, piesebis) mimarT, magram gaWirvebiT viyenebT mas (Tumca
saeWvoa, rom viyenebdeT), rodesac literaturis meore nawilze
– poeziaze vmsjelobT.
gveufleba cduneba, ganvacxadoT, rom rogorc raime mov-
lenisadmi miZRvnili literaturuli teqsti arc WeSmaritia
da arc araWeSmariti; igive unda iTqvas Tavis mxriv poeziazec.
poeziis WeSmaritobis sakiTxi ar wamoiWreba imdenad, ramdena-
dac poezia araferze mogviTxrobs, ambavze ar migviTiTebs da,
rogorc wesi, ama Tu im gansjisa Tu STabeWdilebis gadmocemiT
ifargleba.
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 saxeobiTi termini `gamonagoni~ poezias ar esadageba; wi-
naaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gvareobiTma terminma `mibaZva~ relevan-
turobis SesanarCuneblad yovelgvari konkretuli azri unda
dakargos; mogexsenebaT, poezia xSirad garegnuls arafers asax-
avs da TviTkmar erTeulad rCeba.
sakiTxi kidev ufro rTuldeba, rodesac iseT Janrebs miv-
marTavT, romlebsac Tumca dabali Janrebi ewodeba, magram
msoflios yvela `literaturaSi~ gvxvdeba; aseTebia: locvebi,
Selocvebi, andazebi, sabavSvo gaTvlebi (Tanac yovel JanrTan
specifikuri problemebi wamoiWreba).
mainc unda vamtkicoT, rom am Janrebis arsic `mibaZvaa~, Tu
saerTod unda gamovricxoT im movlenaTa erTobliobidan, ras-
ac literatura ewodeba?
Tuki yvelaferi, rac Cveulebriv literaturad iTvleba,
aucileblad gamonagonis nayofi araa, maSin sworia sapirispiro
gancxadebac: yovelgvari gamonagoni araa literatura. aviRoT,
magaliTad froidiseuli `avadmyofobaTa istoriebi~; arc ki
unda vikiTxoT, namdvilia Tu ara patara hansis an `mgelkacis~
faTerakebi; isini gamonagonis sferos ganekuTvnebian, romle-
bzec mxolod imis Tqma SegviZlia, rom froidis debulebaTa
damajerebel an aradamajerebel mtkicebulebebs warmoadgenen.
an kidev sruliad sxvagvari magaliTi: unda mivakuTvnoT Tu ara
miTebi literaturas (yoveli maTgani xom udavod gamonagonia)?
rasakvirvelia, pirvelni rodi varT, vinc literaturasa
da xelovnebaSi mibaZvis cnebis kritikiT gamodis. am cnebis Ses-
anarCuneblad evropuli klasicizmis epoqaSi Seecdnen, masSi
garkveuli Sesworebebi SeetanaT. udavoa, imisTvis rom, aRniSnu-
li termini sityvieri Semoqmedebis yvela nairsaxeobas miesada-
gos, mas uaRresad farTo mniSvneloba unda mieniWos; magram aseT
SemTxvevaSi misi moqmedebis areali uamrav sxva movlenazec gavr-
celdeba da Sesabamisad, mravali saxeobiTi dazusteba mogviwevs;
amboben, magaliTad, rom mibaZva `mxatvruli~ unda iyos, magram
es imas niSnavs, rom gansazRvrebaSi Semogvaqvs termini, romelic
Tavis mxrivac saWiroebs gansazRvrebas.
XVIII saukuneSive Tavs iCens sapirispiro tendencia; litera-
turisadmi arsebuli gansazRvrebis morgebis nacvlad, sruli-
ad axali Tvalsazrisis SemuSaveba daisaxes miznad. uaRresad
damaxasiaTebelia am mxriv, ori naSromis saTauri, romelic
aRniSnuli periodis or mijnaze migviTiTebs.
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 1746 wels Seiqmna abat batos [Batteux] esTetikuri traqtati
`erT principamde dayvanili xelovnebis dargebi~; es principi
mSvenieri bunebis (“la belle nature”) mibaZvaa. 1785 wels amas mohyva
meore traqtati: karl filip moricis `yvela xelovnebisa da
mecnierebis gaerTianebis mcdeloba TviTkmari srulyofilebis
Suqze~.
moxda xelovnebaTa xelaxali gaerTianeba, amjerad `TviT-
kmari srulyofilebis~ [“in sich selbst Vollendetes”] saxiT gaazre-
buli mSvenierebis safuZvelze; amieridan is Sexeduleba, rom
literatura `siamovnebas unda gvaniWebdes~, Crdilavs im Sexe-
dulebas, rom literatura `Wkuas unda gvarigebdes~.
XVIII saukunis damlevs mSvenierebis ideis gansazRvreba na-
warmoebis TavisTavadobis, anu arainstrumentuli bunebis rwme-
nas ukavSirdeba. Tu adre mSvenierebas sasargeblosTan aigiveb-
dnen, axla mis arautilitarul xasiaTze amaxvileben yuradRebas.
`WeSmariti silamazis arsi isaa, rom Tavisi Tavis garda arafers
gvauwyebs; igi Tavis sazRvrebSi Semofargluli mTlianobaa~, –
werda morici. amasTanave xelovneba gansazRvrulia rogorc
mSvenierebis gamovlineba: `xelovnebis erTaderTi mizani iseT
rameze miTiTeba rom iyos, rac mis miRma arsebobs, igi yovelgvar
TviTmyofadobas moklebuli aqsesuari iqneboda; arada, aq prin-
cipuli mniSvneloba mSvenierebis TavisTavadobas eniWeba~. fer-
weruli gamosaxulebebi iseTi gamosaxulebebia, romlebsac mi-
sive gulisTvis aRviqvamT da ara raime sxva mizniT; musika iseTi
bgerebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic TviTon arian RirsSesaniSnavi;
literatura arainstrumentuli enaa da misi Rirebuleba mas-
Sivea, anu, rogorc novalisi ityoda, `gamonaTqvamia gamonaTq-
vamisTvis~. germaneli romantikosebis mier SemuSavebul am
Tvalsazriss mogvianebiT evropis simbolisturi da postsim-
bolisturi mimdinareobebi aitaceben; metic, igi safuZvlad
daedeba literaturaze mecnierebis Seqmnis pirvel Tanamedrove
mcdelobebs.
rogorc rusi formalistebi, aseve amerikuli axali kriti-
kis warmomadgenlebi, erTi da imave wanamZRvriT xelmZRvanelob-
dnen. poeturi funqcia iseTi funqciaa, romlisTvisac mTavaria
`gzavnilis~ Seqmnis TavisTavadoba. am gansazRvrebas dRemde
aRiareben, maSinac ki, rodesac mas metnaklebad sxvadasxvagva-
rad ayalibeben.
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 kacma rom Tqvas, literaturis am gansazRvrebas sruqtu-
ruls ver vuwodebT, vinaidan im funqcias gansazRvravs, romel-
sac poezia unda asrulebdes da ara imas, rogor aRwevs poezia
am mizans. magram sul male funqciuri midgoma struqturuli
TvalsazrisiT Seivso: nawarmoebis sxva niSan-Tvisebebze metad,
misi sistemuri xasiaTi, mowesrigebuloba gvaZlevs imis saSu-
alebas, rom igi CvenTvis sayuradRebo gaxdes.
swored ase gansazRvravda mSvenierebas jer kidev didro;
mogvianebiT termini mSveniereba Secvales sityviT forma,
romelmac Tavis mxriv adgili dauTmo struqtura-s.
formalistebis mier Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis Rirseba isaa,
rom zogadad literaturis da kerZod – calkeul nawarmoebTa
sistemis kvlevas eZRvneba, riTac mTel mecnierebas – poetikas
Caeyara safuZveli.
amgvarad, literatura sistemaa, sistemurad mowesrigebuli
enaa, romelic Tavis Tavze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, anu TviTk-
mari Rirebulebaa. aseTia literaturis meore struqturuli
gansazRvreba.
axla ganvixiloT es meore gansazRvreba. aris Tu ara lit-
eraturis ena is erTaderTi ena, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia
sistemuri mowesrigebuloba? cxadia, ara.
mkacri stuqturuli organizebuloba da TviT imave saSuale-
bebis gamoyeneba, romlebsac literatura mimarTavs – riTma, po-
lisemia da a. S. – SegviZlia aRmovaCinoT ara mxolod im dargebSi
(magaliTad, reklamaSi), romlebsac Cveulebriv literaturas
upirispireben, aramed im dargebSic, romlebic arsebiTad Sors
dganan literaturisgan. gana SesaZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom
iuridiuli an politikuri diskursi araa organizebuli da araa
agebuli garkveuli wesebis mixedviT?
araa SemTxveviTi, rom aRorZinebis xanamde, gansakuTrebiT
antikur berZnul da romaul samyaroSi, ritorikas poetikis
gverdiT ekava adgili da mis amocanas literaturis miRma mde-
bare yvela diskursis wesebis kodificireba Seadgenda.
iqedan gamomdinare, rom erTob advilia nebismieri sistemis
mogoneba, SegviZlia kidev ufro Sors wavideT da eWvi SevitanoT
Tavad cnebis – `mxatvruli nawarmoebis sistema~ – relevanturobaSi.
enaSi fonemebis raodenoba sakmaod gansazRvrulia; kidev
ufro naklebia ganmasxvavebeli fonemuri erTeulebis raodeno-
ba; arc ise bevria agreTve paradigmul urTierTobebSi Semavali
385
gramatikuli kategoriebi; amdenad, erTi da imave elementebis
ganmeoreba gardauvalia da advilad iCens Tavs.
cnobilia sosiuris hipoTeza Zveli romauli poeziis mimarT;
am hipoTezis Tanaxmad, poetebi TavianTi leqsebis bgerebSi daS-
ifrulad sakuTar saxelebs ganaTavsebdnen, magaliTad, adresa-
tis saxels an imis saxels, visac es leqsi eZRvneboda. sosiuris
hipoTezas CixSi SevyavarT ara imis gamo, rom mtkicebuleba ak-
lia, aramed imis gamo, rom aseTi mtkicebulebebi erTob bevria.
saTanado moculobis nebismer leqsSi SesaZlebelia nebismieri
saxelis anagramis amokiTxva.
metic, sosiuri mxolod poeziiT ar Semofarglula: `es Cveva
damaxasiaTebeli iyo yvela ganaTlebuli romaelisTvis maSinac
ki, rodesac sruliad umniSvnelo rames werdnen~. da gana mx-
olod romaelTaTvis? sosiuri yvela zomas gadavida da anagrama
im laTinur teqstSic aRmoaCina, romelsac XIX saukuneSi itonis
kolejis studentebi iyenebdnen. sosiuris savalalod, gairkva,
rom am teqstis avtori kembrijis erTi samefo kolejis XVII sau-
kunis swavluli yofila, xolo itonSi es teqsti pirvelad misi
Sedgenidan asi wlis Semdeg gamouyenebiaT.
rodesac ase advilad xdeba sistemis aRmoCena, es imas niS-
navs, rom aq sistemaze laparakic ki zedmetia. damatebiT kidev
erT Semowmebas mivmarToT: sworia Tu ara is azri, rom nebis-
mieri literaturuli teqstis mowesrigebulobis xarisxi im-
denad maRalia, rom SegviZlia aseT teqsts TviTkmari, Seuvali,
TavisTavadi, gaumWvirvale [opaque] vuwodoT? amgvari mosazreba
met-naklebad SegviZlia gaviziaroT, rodesac saubaria, rogorc
morici ityoda, TviTkmar, Tavis TavSi Caketil leqsze; magram
romani? Sors varT im azrisgan, rom romani aris `amonaridi cx-
ovrebidan~, romlisTvisac ucxoa xelovnebis da Sesabamisad _
sistemis pirobiToba; magram sistemis arseboba rodi niSnavs
imas, rom romanis ena `gaumWvirvalea~.
piriqiT, romanis ena (yovel SemTxvevaSi klasikuri evropu-
li romanis ena) sxvadasxva sagnebis, movlenebis, qmedebebis, per-
sonaJebis gamoxatvas emsaxureba. magram vinaidan romanis mizani
araa ena, aqedan is daskvna rodi unda gamovitanoT, rom romanis
mizani misi aRnagobis meqanizmTa warmoCenaa; dRes mxolod Rim-
ils iwvevs Sklovskis SeniSvna, TiTqos filosofiuri dialogebi
dostoevskis romanebSi molodinis Seyovnebis amocanas emsaxureba.
386
 SesaZloa gviTxran, rom romanSi gaumWvirvale (TavisTava-
dobis, avtoTelizmis2 gagebiT) masSi asaxuli sinamdvilea; ma-
gram gana aseve SeuRwevadad ar SegviZlia miviCnioT nebismieri
yoveldRiuri saubari?
am bolo xans araerTgzis scades, erTmaneTTan SeeTavsebinaT
literaturis orive xsenebuli gansazRvreba. magram vinaidan
calke aRebuli, maTgan arc erTi araa bolomde damakmayofile-
beli, maTi meqanikuri SeerTeba saqmes ver Svelis; am gansazRvre-
baTa naklovanebis Sesavsebad saWiroa maTi saTanadod SeuRleba
(articuler) da ara meqanikuri SeerTeba da miT umetes – erTmaneTSi
aRreva. magram samwuxarod, xSirad swored ase xdeba. davimow-
mebT ramodenime magaliTs.
uelekisa da uorenis `literaturis Teoriis~ im TavSi,
romelic `literaturis bunebas~ eZRvneba, ueleki aRniSnavs, rom
am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad saWiroa literaturaSi enis gamoyen-
ebisaTvis niSandoblivi Taviseburebis gamovlena.
ueleki enis gamoyenebis sam ZiriTad saxeobas gamoyofs: lit-
eraturuls, yofiTsa da mecnieruls. Semdeg enis literaturul
gamoyenebas rigrigobiT upirispirebs or danarCens. mecnierebis
enisagan gansxvavebiT, literaturis ena `konotaciuria~, anu aR-
savsea orazrovnebiTa da asociaciebiT; „gaumWvirvalea“ (gansx-
vavebiT samecniero enisagan, sadac niSani gamWvirvalea im gage-
biT, rom ar iqcevs yuradRebas da uSualod aRsaniSnav saganze
migviTiTebs) da mravalfunqciuria: aqvs rogorc referenciuli
(saganze mimTiTebeli), aseve agreTve eqspresiuli da pragmatu-
li (konotaciuri) funqciebi.
yofiTi enisagan gansxvavebiT, literaturis ena sistemuria
(`poeziis ena yofiTi enis SesaZleblobebs awesrigebs, garkveul
CarCoebSi moaqcevs~) da TviTkmaria (autotelique), radgan misi arse-
bobis gamarTleba masSivea.
zemoTqmuli gvafiqrebinebs, rom ueleki literaturis meo-
re gansazRvrebis momxrea. miaCnia, rom romelime sxva funqciis
(referenciulis, eqspresiulisa Tu pragmatulis) upiratesoba
erTob Sors gvacilebs literaturisgan, sadac yoveli teqsti
TavisTavadaa Rirebuli (am Rirebulebas, iakobsonisa da mukar-
Jovskis mier jer kidev 1930-ian wlebSi wamoyenebuli debulebis
Sedegad, mogvianebiT esTetikuri funqcia ewoda).
literaturis gansazRvrebas misi funqciis mixedviT, rogorc
struqturuli Sedegi, Tan axlavs is idea, rom literatura eno-
387
brivi niSnis yvela simboluri SesaZleblobis mowesrigebisa da
aqtualizebisaken miiswrafis.
magram Semdeg ueleki kidev erT gamijvnas axdens, rac,
erTi SexedviT, enis yofiTi da literaturuli gamoyenebis da-
pirispirebis gamZafrebas isaxavs miznad. `literaturis buneba,
– wers ueleki, – gansakuTrebiT cxadad maSin Cans, rodesac mas
referenciuli TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT~, rac imiT aixsneba,
rom `literaturulobis~ maRali xarisxiT gamorCeul nawar-
moebebSi TvalsaCinoa referencia gamogonili da SeTxzuli
samyarosadmi. romanis, leqsis an dramis Sinaarss ver miviCnevT
WeSmaritad am sityvis zusti gagebiT, vinaidan isini ar warmoad-
genen logikur winamZRvrebze dafuZnebul msjelobebs. `liter-
aturis ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba gamonagonia~, – daaskvnis
ueleki. rogorc vxedavT, Cvenda uneburad, literaturis meore
gansazRvrebas davSordiT da pirvel gansazRvrebas mivadeqiT.
axla irkveva, rom literaturis arss ganapirobebs ara misi enis
sistemuroba (da, maSasadame, TviTkmari, avtoTeluri TavisTa-
vadoba), aramed gamonagoni, is garemoeba, rom literatura iseT
winadadebebs iyenebs, romlebic, logikuri TvalsazrisiT, arc
WeSmariti arian da arc araWeSmariti.
maS orive gansazRvreba Tanasworia? aseTi varaudisaTvis
aucilebeliaa, rom es debuleba, sul cota, cxadad iyos for-
mulirebuli (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT saTanado mtkicebulebaTa
aucileblobaze).
bevrs arafers matebs sakiTxis garkvevas uelekis is daskvna,
rom xelovnebis nawarmoebis daxasiaTebisas yvela xsenebuli
niSan-Tviseba (sistemuri mowesrigebuloba, yuradRebis gamax-
vileba niSanze da gamonagoni) Tanabrad unda iqnas gaTvalis-
winebuli. Cvens winaSe wamoWrili kiTxvis arsi aseTia: rogoria
am niSan-TvisebaTa urTierTmimarTeba?
daaxloebiT igive viTarebaa norTon fraisTan, romelic am
sakiTxs exeba Tavis wignSi `kritikis anatomia~ (Tavi – `lite-
raturuli da diskrifciuli fazebi: simbolo rogorc motivi
da niSani~). fraic imiT iwyebs, rom erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs
enis literaturul da araliteraturul (aq erT kategori-
adaa gaerTianebuli uolekiseuli `mecnieruli~ da `yofiTi~
ena) gamoyenebas, anu urTierTdapirispirebulia enis gareTa
(niSnidan – samyarosaken) da SigniTa (Tavad niSnisaken, sxva niS-
nebisaken) mimarTuleba. am dapirispirebasTan Sefardebulia
388
Semdegi opozicia: centridanuli da centriskenuli Zalebi,
diskripciuli da literaturuli fazebi, simboluri niSnebi da
simboluri motivebi.
literaturaSi enis gamoyenebis damaxasiaTebeli Tavise-
burebaa SigniTa mimarTuleba. aqve davsZenT, rom uelekis ms-
gavsad, arc frais miaCnia, rom es mimarTuleba mTlianad ganapi-
robebs literaturas, ubralod ambobs, rom literaturaSi es
mimarTulebaa gabatonebuli.
amgvarad, Cvens winaSe literaturis meore gansazRvrebaa da
amasTanave SeumCnevlad kvlav pirveli gansazRvrebisaken mi-viw-
evT. frai wers: `literaturaSi yvela enobrivi struqtura sabo-
lood SigniTkenaa mimarTuli; gareTa mniSvnelobebi da normebi
am SemTxvevaSi meorexarisxovania imdenad, ramdenadac litera-
turuli nawarmoebebis mizani arc aRweraa da arc mtki-ceba da
Sesabamisad – isini arc WeSmariti arian da arc araWeSma-
riti... literaturisaTvis mTavaria TviTkmari, damoukideblad
Rirebuli enobrivi struqturis Seqmna da ara faqtobriobisa
da WeSmaritobis aspeqti; simboloebis denotaciur funqciaze
metad sagulisxmoa is mniSvneloba, romelsac isini urTierT-
dakavSirebul motivTa struqturis saxiT iZenen~.
amjerad am bolo winadadebaSi frai literaturis gaumWvir-
valobis [opacité] sapirispiro fenomenad asaxelebs ara Cveulebriv
niSanTa gamWvirvalobas, aramed iseT enobriv warmonaqmnebs,
romlebic ar arian dakavSirebulni gamonagonTan (anu eqvemde-
barebian Semowmebas sistemiT `marTebulia – umarTebuloa~).
pirveli gansazRvrebidan meoreze gadasvla aq sityva `Sig-
niTa~-s xarjze xorcieldeba. es sityva orive dapirispireba-
Sia warmodgenili, magram erT SemTxvevaSi `gaumWvirvalobis~
[„opaque“] sinonimia, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ `gamonagoni~-s.
literaturaSi ena imitomaa `SigniTa~ movlena, rom jer erTi, aq
niSnebi rogorc aseTni yuradRebas iqceven da meorec, imitom,
rom sinamdvile, romelzec migviTiTeben, gamonagonia.
magram iqneb aq Cvens winaSea ara mxolod ubralo polisemia
(anu terminebis elementuri aRreva), aramed agreTve ormxrivi
implikacia `SigniTa~-s or mniSvnelobas Soris: yoveli `gamona-
goni~ gulisxmobs `gaumWvirvalobasac~, xolo yoveli `gaumW-
virvaloba~ – `gamonagonsac~?
etyoba, swored amis Tqma surs frais, rodesac erTi fur-
clis Semdeg acxadebs, rom Tu magaliTad, istoriuli naSromi
389
simetriis princips (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, sistemurobis prin-
cips, anu TviTkmarobis ideas) daakmayofilebs, amiT litera-
turis da Sesabamisad – gamonagonis kuTvnilebad iqceva. magram
arsebobs ki implikaciuri kavSiri `SigniTa~-s or mniSvnelobas
Soris? iqneb am kiTxvaze pasuxiT gairkvas im urTierTmimarTe-
bis xasiaTi, romelic literaturis am or zemoaRniSnul gansaz-
Rvrebas Soris arsebobs.
vTqvaT, xelT gvaqvs iseTi istoriuli naSromi, romelic sim-
etriis principis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs (anu literaturis
meore gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad, literaturas ganekuTvneba);
niSnavs es, rom amis gamo igi gamonagonad iqca (anu literaturad,
am ukanasknelis pirveli gansazRvrebis Sesabamisad)? cxadia,
ara.
es cudi istoriuli naSromi iqneba, romelic `WeSmaritis~
nacvlad `umarTebuloa~, magram `WeSmaritia-umarTebuloa~-s
sistemaSi rCeba da ar iqceva `gamonagonad~. aseve, romelime
politikuri moRvawis gancxadeba SeiZleba uaResad maRali
xarisxis sistemurobiT gamoirCeodes, magram amiT `gamonagoni~
rodi xdeba.
principulad rodi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan sistemu-
robis TvalsazrisiT namdvili mogzaurobis aRwera da gamog-
onili mogzaurobis aRwera (Tumca erTi gamogonilia da meore
– ara). mowesrigebulobis principis aqtualizeba, yuradReba
SigniTa sistematizebisadmi araa sakmarisi, raTa teqsti `gamon-
agonad~ iqces. mokled rom vTqvaT, am mxriv araviTari safuZveli
ar gvaqvs, raTa ormxriv implikaciaze vilaparakoT. magram iqneb
gamonagoni aucileblad gulisxmobs mkacr mowesrigebulobas?
pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, ras vigulisxmebT mowesrigebulo-
bis cnebaSi. Tu frais zogierTi SeniSvnis Sesabamisad, am cnebas
viwro Sinaarss mivaniWebT da masSi konstruqciebis ganmeoreba-
dobas anda sintagmaturi (da ara paradigmatul) mowesrigebu-
lobisadmi miswrafebas vigulisxmebT, maSin unda vaRiaroT iseT
niSan-Tvisebas moklebuli gamogonili nawarmoebebis arseboba,
romlebSic upiratesad qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobisa da
movlenaTa Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris logika moqmedebs
(Tumca aseTi magaliTebi udavod iSviaTia).
magram Tu am cnebas farTod, anu `nebismieri saxis organize-
bulobis arsebobis~ gagebiT gaviazrebT, maSin swori iqneba, Tu
vityviT, rom `SigniTa mimarTuleba~ uklebliv yvela gamogoni-
390
li nawarmoebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli; magram arsebobs ki bune-
baSi iseTi teqsti, romlisTvisac ucxoa aseTi mimarTuleba?
vinaidan arc meore implikaciaa pirvelze ufro marTe-
buli, araviTari ufleba ara gvaqvs vamtkicoT, TiTqos sityva
`SigniTa~-s orive mniSvneloba Tanabaria. kidev erTxel vrw-
mundebiT, rom maT Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba (da orive gan-
sazRvreba) ara Sewyvilebuli, aramed ubralod meqanikuradaa
SeerTebuli erTmaneTTan.
amgvarad, jerjerobiT mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom xsen-
ebuli gansazRvrebani esadageba ara yvela nawarmoebs, romleb-
sac Cveulebriv literaturas miakuTvneben, aramed mxolod erT
did nawils; da rom es gansazRvrebebi ara urTierTimplikaciiT,
aramed urTierTmsagavsebiT arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
amgvarad, sakiTxi kvlavac bundovani da gaurkveveli rCeba.
SesaZloa es erTgvari marcxi, romelic am sakiTxis kvlevi-
sas ganvicadeT, Cvens mier wamoWrili kiTxvis TaviseburebiTaa
gamowveuli. gamudmebiT vekiTxebodiT Cvens Tavs: riT gansx-
vavdeba literatura yovelive imisagan, rac araa literatura?
ra gansxvavebaa enis literaturul da araliteraturul gamoy-
enebaTa Soris?
magram saqmes is aferxebs, rom literaturis cnebis sakiTx-
is amgvarad dasmisas lamis dadgenilad miviCnevT xolme masTan
dakavSirebuli cnebis – `araliteraturis~ – arsebobas. vgoneb,
dadga dro, es cnebac ganvixiloT.
rodesac diskripciul weraze (frai), enis yoveldRiur gamoy-
enebasa (ueleki) Tu praqtikul an normalur metyvelebaze sau-
broben, amosaval debulebad yovelTvis iseT erTian movlenas
gulisxmoben, romlis arseboba erTob saeWvo Cans. aSkaraa, rom
aseTi movlena ar arsebobs, anu ar arsebobs iseTi erTiani arsi,
Tanabrad rom moicavdes rogorc xumrobasa da saqmian saubars,
aseve administraciuli da samarTlebrivi dawesebulebebis rit-
ualizebul enas, rogorc Jurnalistebisa da politikosebis,
aseve samecniero, religiuri da filosofiuri naSromebis enas.
aravin icis ramdeni tipis diskursi arsebobs, magram eWvs ga-
reSea, rom maTi ricxvi erTze metia.
aq aucilebelia literaturis mimarT SemovitanoT gvareo-
biTi cneba: diskursi. es ukanaskneli (enis) `gamoyenebis~ funq-
cionaluri gagebis struqturulad Tanafardi erTeulia (struc-
tural correlative).
391
 am cnebis momarjveba aucilebelia, radgan enobrivi wesebi,
romlebic saerToa enis yvela matareblisaTvis, mxolod nawilia
im wesebisa, romlebic konkretul sametyvelo aqts warmarTaven.
enaSi met-naklebi simkacriT gramatikul kategoriaTa SeT-
avsebisa da fonologiuri normebis wesebi da sityvaTa mniSv-
nilobebia dadgenili. magram yvela gamonaTqvamisaTvis niSan-
doblivi wesebis erTobliobasa da konkretul gamonaTqvamTa
formulirebis maxasiaTeblebs Soris gaurkvevlobis vrceli wy-
algamyofia gadaWimuli, romlis napirebs erTmaneTTan akavSire-
ben rogorc yoveli konkretuli diskursisaTvis niSandoblivi
wesebi (ase, magaliTad, oficialur werils sxvagvar vadgenT, vi-
dre intimur werils), aseve situaciiT ganpirobebuli SezRud-
vebi (molaparakisa da msmenelis vinaoba, metyvelebis aqtis dro
da adgili).
diskursis wesebi ufro gansazRvrulia, vidre enis wesebi,
magram naklebad gansazRvrulia, vidre konkretuli sametyvelo
aqtis wesebi. Tavis mxriv yvela saxis diskursis Taviseburebas
misTvis savaldebulo wesebis erToblioba ganapirobebs. magal-
iTad, soneti iseTi diskursia, romelSic damatebiTi SezRudve-
bia dawesebuli metrsa da riTmaze. samecniero diskursi arsebi-
Tad uars ambobs zmnis pirveli da meore piris da awmyos garda
sxva drois gamoyenebaze. maxvilsityvaobisaTvis niSandoblivia
iseTi semantikuri wesebi, romlebic sxvagvar diskursebSi ar
moipoveba, xolo maTi metruli wyoba konkretuli metyvelebis
dros dgindeba.
zogierTi diskursis wesebis paradoqsuli Taviseburebaa
calkeuli enobrivi wesebis moqmedebis gauqmeba; samuel levin-
ma (aSS) da Jan koenma (safrangeTi) cxadhyves, rom Tanamedrove
poezia ugulebelyofs garkveul gramatikul da semantikur
SezRudvebs.
magram diskursis struqturis Camoyalibebisas yovelT-
vis wesebis damateba xdeba da ara dakleba. amaze metyvelebs is
faqti, rom nebismer `normisagan gadaxril~ poetur gamonaTq-
vamSi SegviZlia aRvadginoT darRveuli enobrivi wesi, vinaidan
adgili hqonda am wesis ara gauqmebas, aramed ubralod axali
wesiT Canacvlebas. literaturis Teoriis gamokvlevebSi
diskursisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wesebs Cveulebriv `Janrebisad-
mi~ (zogjer `stilisadmi~ an `meTodisadmi~) miZRvnil TavebSi
ganixilaven.
392
 raki vaRiareT sxvadasxvagvari diskursis arseboba, Cveni
kiTxva literaturis specifikis Sesaxeb axleburad unda Cam-
ovayaliboT aseTi saxiT: arseboben Tu ara iseTi wesebi, rom-
lebic literaturis (anu imis, rac intuiciiT literaturad
migvaCnia) uklebliv yvela saxeobas da mxolod maT miesadageba?
mimaCnia, rom aseT SekiTxvaze erTaderTi swori pasuxi uaryo-
fiTi unda iyos.
zemoT araerTi magaliTi davimowmeT, romlebic cxadyofen,
rom `literaturulobis~ niSnebi literaturis miRmac iCenen
Tavs (kalamburebiTa da sabavSvo gaTvlebiT dawyebuli da
JurnalistikiT, samogzauro an filosofiuri meditaciebiT
damTavrebuli). aseve davinaxeT, rom SeuZlebelia saerTo msa-
zRvrelis povna yvelanairi `literaturuli~ nawarmoebisaT-
vis, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom yoveli maTgani enas iyenebs.
viTareba arsebiTad icvleba, Tu yuradRebas ara `litera-
turaze~, aramed mis nairsaxeobebze gavamaxvilebT.
didi Zalisxmeva araa saWiro diskursis calkeuli saxeobebi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli wesebis dasadgenad (yovelTvis am amoca-
nas isaxavdnen miznad xvadasxva Arts poétique-ebi, romlebSic xSi-
rad erTmaneTSi urevdnen aRwerasa da daniSnulebis sakiTxs).
magram zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari wesebis Camoyalibeba gaci-
lebiT ufro Znelia, TumcaRa Cveni `diskursuli kompetencia~
gamudmebiT gvarwmunebs, rom aseTi wesebi namdvilad arseboben.
Tanac, rogorc davinaxeT, literaturis pirveli gansazRvreba
gansakuTrebiT kargad esadageba TxrobiT prozas, xolo meore
– poezias.
SesaZloa swored aq iReben saTaves am ori erTmaneTisagan
damoukidebeli gansazRvrebebi, romlebic sxvadasxva tipis li-
teraturis xasiaTs ganazogadeben. pirveli gansazRvreba Txro-
bas emyareba (aristotele epopeasa da tragediaze msjelobs da
ara poeziaze), xolo meore – poezias (ix. sxvadasxva leqsebis
roman iakobsoniseuli ganxilva): orive SemTxvevaSi Teoretiko-
sebi or ZiriTad gvars axasiaTebdnen, magram miaCndaT, rom amiT
mTlianad literaturas gansazRvravdnen.
amgvaradvea SesaZlebeli e. w. araliteraturuli tipis dis-
kursTa wesebis dadgena. amasTan dakavSirebiT aseT hipotezas
gTavazobT: struqturuli TvalsazrisiT, yvela im diskurss,
romelic Cveulebriv literaturis erT-erT nairsaxeobad iTv-
leba, araliteraturuli `naTesavebic~ moepoveba, romlebTanac
393
meti saerTo aqvs, vidre literaturuli diskursis zogierT
nairsaxeobasTan. ase, magaliTad, zogierTi leqsi da locva ufro
met saerTo kanonebs emorCileba, vidre igive leqsi da `omisa da
mSvidobis~ msgavsi istoriuli romani. amgvarad, literatur-
isa da araliteraturis opozicia adgils uTmobs diskursebis
tipologias. kvlav movixmoT frais sityvebi, oRond amjerad
raime daTqmis gareSe: `Cveni literaturuli samyaro sityvaTa
samyaroSi gadaizarda~ (“our literary universe has expanded into a verbal
universe”).
Cveni gamokvlevis Sedegebi, erTi SexedviT, uaryofiT STabe-
Wdilebas toveben imdenad, ramdenadac masSi arsebiTad uaryo-
filia `literaturis~ struqturuli gagebis marTebuloba
da saciloblad aris miCneuli homogenuri `literaturuli
diskursis~ idea. damoukideblad imisagan, marTebulia Tu ara
literaturis funqciuri gansazRvreba, misi struqturuli
gansazRvreba umarTebuloa. magram Cveni daskvna mxolod erTi
SexedviTaa negatiuri, vinaidan zogadad literaturis cnebis
nacvlad diskursTa mravali nairsaxeoba miviReT, romlebic ara
nakleb imsaxureben yuradRebas.
Tu Cveni kvlevis sagani wminda ideologiuri mosazrebebiT
araa nakarnaxevi (da Tu asea, es kidevac unda ganvacxadoT), ufle-
ba aRara gvaqvs mxolod literaturis sferoTi vifarglebo-
deT, Tundac maSin, rodesac literaturis ganyofilebis (iqneba
es franguli, inglisuri Tu rusuli ganyofileba) xaziT vmuSa-
obT. bolos da bolos unda vaRiaroT, rom kvlevis erTiani
sfero ulmobladaa danawevrebuli semantikosebsa da litera-
torebs (littérateurs), socio da eTnolingvistebs, enis filoso-
fosebsa da fsiqologebs Soris.
aqvea pasuxi kiTxvaze, ratom moxda, rom literaturis Te-
oriaSi xsenebulma orma gansazRvrebam ufro mtkiced moikida
fexi, vidre sxva gansazRvrebebma. Tu erTob ganzogadulad
aviRebT am gansazRvrebebs (romlebic mxolod aseT SemTxveva-
Si imsaxureben yuradRebas), isini arsebiTad literaturuli
teqstebis didi mniSvnelobisa da sistemuri organizebulobis
aRiarebas warmoadgenen. magram es xom nebismieri diskursis,
rogorc sistemis, aseve mniSvnelobis, gansazRvrebaa? Teore-
tikosebi literaturis raobis gansazRvrebas cdilobdnen,
magram sinamdvileSi, maTda uneburad, logikurad ufro farTo
394
cnebas – “genus proximum”-s [uaxloes gvars] – gansazRvravdnen.
swored am ukanasknelisaTvisaa niSandoblivi es ori arsebiTi
da urTierTdakavSirebeli da sxvadasxva saxelis mqone aspeqti:
siamovneba da Segoneba, mSveniereba da WeSmariteba, TviTkmari
TamaSi da mibaZva, sintaqsisi da semantika (TumcaRa ver vityviT,
rom es terminologiuri variaciebi ar iyos sagulisxmo: mar-
Talia, erTsa da imave saganze migviTiTeben, magram mas sxvada-
sxvagvarad aRniSnaven).
magram rac Teoretikosebma ver moaxerxes, es Semdegia: ver
SeZles im “saxeobiTi sxvaobis” gamovlena, romelic literatu-
ras genus proximum-is farglebSi gamoarCevs. iqneb amis mizezi
isaa, rom literaturas aseTi ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba ar
gaaCnia, anu rom literatura ar arsebobs?

SeniSvnebi:

1. implikacia – logikuri operacia, romlis saSualebiTac ori

an meti debulebisgan aigeba axali rTuli debuleba. maTematikur
logikaSi implikacia umarTebuloa anticedentis (gamonaTqvami,
romelsac win uswrebs kavSiri `Tu~) WeSmaritebisa da konseqven-
tis (gamonaTqvami, romelic mosdevs sityvas `maSin~) umarTvelobis
SemTxvevaSi, da WeSmaritia yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi.
2. avtoTelizmi – 1920-ian wlebSi axali kritikis warmomad-
genelTa mier SemuSavebuli termini, romlis Tanaxmad, xelovnebis,
gansakuTrebiT – literaturuli nawarmoebis Rirebuleba masSivea
ganfenili da araa ganpirobebuli moraluri Tu didaqtikuri miz-
nebiT. garkveulwilad exmaureba XIX saukunis esTetizmis doqtri-
nas `xelovneba – xelovnebisaTvis~.

Targmna irakli kenWoSvilma

(What Is Literature? – New Literary History, 5, no. 1, 1973).

395
akaki gawerelia
(1910-1996)

struqturalizmi poetikaSi

prof. roman iakobsonis metristuli Studiebis gamo

enaTmecnierebis im skolas, romelic struqturalizmis

saxeliTaa cnobili da sami ganStoeba aqvs (praRis skola, ko-
penhagenis skola anu glossematika da amerikuli deskripciuli
lingvistika), specialuri monografiebi, TiTo-orola gamonak-
lisis garda, kerZod versifikaciis problemebisadmi ar miuZ-
Rvnia. arsebiTad struqturalisturi poetika umTavresad e.w.
praRis skolis erT-erTi mTavari warmomadgenlis prof. roman
iakobsonis SromebiTaa cnobili. r. iakobsonma ruseTSi dai-
wyo moRvaweoba, rogorc moskovis lingvisturi wris Tvalsa-
Cino wevrma da leningradis formalisturi skolis („opoiazi“)
momxrem. praRaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg misi lingvistur-lit-
eraturismcodneobiTi Sexedulebani airekla 1929 w. „praRis
lingvisturi wris TezisebSi“, gansakuTrebiT am Tezisebis bolo
TavSi „poeturi ena“, xolo ufro adre i. tinianovTan erTad 1928
wels gamoqveynebul TezisebSi „literaturisa da enis Seswavlis
problemebi“ (J. „novi lef“, [1928], № #2, gv. 35-37). maT qvemoT kidev
vexebiT.
praRis struqturalisturi lingvistika, romelic „fun-
qcionaluri lingvistikis“ saxeliTaa cnobili, umTavresad
fonologiis sferoS miRwevebiT xasiaTdeba. fonologia, romel-
sac XIX s-Si safuZveli Cauyara yazanis samecniero skolam (bo-
duen de kurtene), Semdeg ki leningradis saenaTmecniero skolam
akad. l. SCerbas meTaurobiT, praRis lingvistebma, kerZod n.
trubeckoim da r. iakobsonma, ufro maRal safexurze aiyvanes.
magram fonologisturi kriteriumis gamoyeneba poeturi enisa
da kerZod saleqso ritmis mimarT, ris ganxorcielebis yvelaze
TvalsaCino magaliTebi r. iakobsonis SromebSi gvaqvs, ar SeiZle-
ba absolutizebuli iqnas. fonemaTa, rogorc umcires enobriv
erTeulTa, distinqturi da madiferencirebeli (ganmasxvave-
beli) funqcia Zalze SezRudulia yvela enaSi maTi mcire raode-
nobiT arsebobis gamo. specialisti am sakiTxze Semdegs wers: „Tu
396
erT enaSi fonemaTa raodenoba martooden ramdenime aTeuliT
amoiwureba, samagierod raodenoba leqsikuri erTeulebisa, anu
sityvebisa da myari Sexamebebisa - aTeuli da aseuli aTasobiTaa,
ufro sworad -arc ki SeiZleba aRiricxos, radgan [enis] sityvieri
Sedgeniloba ganuwyvetliv ivseba“ (i. s. mislovi. enaTmecniere-
bis Sesavali. mosk., 1975, gv. 102 rus. dayofa Cvenia. a.g. ).
aRniSnuli faqti TavisTavad gamoricxavs poeturi enisa da
metyvelebis elementebis analizis safuZvlad fonologisturi
meTodikis aRiarebas. fonologiur sistemaSi ar eqceva agreTve
iseTi mniSvnelovani elementi saleqso ritmisa, rogoricaa max-
vili, radgan es ukanaskneli sityvisa da winadadebis zednaSenia
(kuriloviSi, reformatski...). aqcentur bazaze warmoSobili,
mniSvnelobis mxriv erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli sityvebis
(плачу- плачу; замок- замок da misT.) ricxvi, aramadiferencireb-
el fonemebis mqone sityvebTan SedarebiT, usazRvrod mcirea
da ramdenime aTeuls Zlivs aRwevs (rusulSi, inglisurSi, ger-
manulSi). amrigad, maxvilTa distinqturi funqcia enaSi (e. i.
mcire raodenobis sityvaTa mimarT) safuZvlad ver daedeba
saleqso ritmis, rogorc mTliani sistemis kvlevas. mkafiod es
Cans kerZod riTmis analizis dros. mag. Tu Cven riTmaSi gveqne-
ba Raribi riTmebi <<стол-стул>> an “Zili-Zali“, maT davaxasi-
aTebT, rogorc sabjeni xmovnebis mxriv gansxvavebul fonikur
paralelizms, magram ara maxvilebis mxriv dinstiqtur an opoz-
iciur viTarebaSi mocemul fonematikur erTeulebs. TavisTa-
vadac „bgeris, rogorc metyvelebis „ufunqcio“, xolo fonemis,
rogorc enis „funqcionaluri“ erTeulis dapirispireba SeuZle-
belia, radgan Tu fonema funqcionaluria, es mxolod imdenad,
ramdenadac realurad funqcionirebs swored bgera, romlis-
ganac abstraqciiT aris miRebuli fonema. amitom raime nawili im
fonetikuri Taviseburebebidan, romelsac swavlobs fonetika,
SeiZleba ararelevanturi iyos mxolod viwro fonologiuri
modelirebis, magram ara mTlianad enis, misi funqcionirebis
Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. ase, rom, bgerebsa da fonemebs Soris,
rogorc enobriv (ontologiur) da lingvistur (gnoseologiur)
erTeulebs Soris, dapirispirebac ar iZleva imis safuZvels,
rom gaiTiSos fonetika da fonologia“. „faqtobrivad, aq dgas
ara erTi mecnierebis mier meore mecnierebis monacemTa gamoye-

397
nebis sakiTxi... aramed fonetikis daxmarebis gareSe saerTod
fonologiuri kvlevis SeuZleblobis sakiTxi. saqme is aris, rom
fonetikis monawileoba aucilebelia fonemuri analizis yvela
doneze“1 (i. bJalava, fonemis cneba enaTmecnierebaSi, Tb., 1976,
gv. 227-228. xazgasma Cvenia. a.g. ).
„praqtika gviCvenebs, rom fonetikuri (substancionaluri)
da fonologiuri (funqcionaluri) Seswavla erTiania da ana-
lizis yvela safexurze erTdroulad mimdinareobs“ (iqve).
poeturi enisa, saleqso maxvilisa da prosodiis sakiTxebSi
fonologiuri Tvalsazrisis gazviadeba, rasac kerZod r. iakob-
soni mimarTavda „Cexur leqsSi“ - amJamad ganvlili etapia. igive
iTqmis poetikaSi e.w. „opoziciuri xerxisa“ da „binaruli prin-
cipis“ Sesaxeb.
TviT lingvitikaSi „opoziciuri xerxis“ (laT. Oppositio – da-
pirispireba, sapirispiro mdgomareoba) gamoyeneba – sadavodaa
gadaqceuli. am sakiTxs specialurad exeba, mag. v. i. koduxovi,
romelic aRniSnavs, rom n. s. trubeckoim pirvelad gamoiyena igi
fonologiaS, xolo r. iakobinsonma - morfologiuri kategorie-
bis, rogorc opoziciuri struqturebis, Seswavlisas.
„lingvistikaSi opozicias farTo mniSvnelobiT uwodeben
TviTeul minimalur wyvils - sityva-antonimebs, qvemdebaresa
da Semasmenels, Tanxmovansa da xmovans, saxelsa da zmnas, srul
da usrul aspeqtebs da a. S. enis erTeulTa Seswavla wyvilebad
maTi gaerTianebis gziT damaxasiaTebelia sruliad sxvadaxva
lingvisturi skolebisTvis“. „opoziciis xerxi dafuZnebulia
enis (paradigmisa) da metyvelebis (konteqstis) dapirispirebasa
da opoziciis wevrTa araTanabaruflebianobaze. es ori principi
gansazRvravs opoziciuri xerxis meTodikis“ (v. i. koduxovi.
zogadi enaTmecniereba. mosk., 1974, gv. 234 rus. ).
aqedan modis „diqotomiuri“ Tu „binaruli“ (orad gayofa)
klasifikaciac enobrivi opoziciuri erTeulebisa, rac asea Se-
fasebuli:
„r. o. iakobsoni, xolo mis kvaldakval sxvebic, cdilobdnen
rusuli zmnis mTeli sistema warmoedginaT rogorc binarul da
privatul (kerZo) opoziciaTa grova”. „opoziciuri meTodika
aRaribebs enobriv erTeulTa Sinaarss, aRwevs ufro abstraqtul
dones, romelic miCneulia ufro arsebiTad; bolos da bolos
gansazRvruli rCeba martooden Zlieri wevri opoziciisa (susti
398
wevris damoukidebeli gansazRvra amdablebs opoziciuri ana-
lizis sisustes)“ (iqve, 236. xazgasmebi Cvenia. a. g. ).
binarobis principi r. iakobinsonma Seitana versifikaciis
sakiTxebze daweril zogierT gamokvlevebSic, kerZod „Cinuri
regulirebuli leqsis sazomis“ analizisadmi miZRvnil sta-
tiaSi, rasac Cven specialurad SevexeT wignSi „vefxistyaosnis
poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“ (1974) da rac qvemoT mokled kidev
davubrundebiT.
praRis struqturalisturi enaTmecnierebis sxva zogadi
postulatebis mimoxilva Cvens amocanaSi ar Sedis, isini vr-
cladaa Seswavlili rusi da qarTveli lingvistebis mier. ar
vexebiT arc maTematikis poetikaSi gamoyenebis sakiTxebs,
romelTa gamo Cven araerTxel mogvixda specialur statiebSi
azris gamoTqma. oRond sagangebod unda aRvniSnoT Semdegi faq-
ti: struqturuli da maTematikuri enaTmecnierebis arsebobis
pirobebSi e. w. „tradiciuli enaTmecnierebis“ daisze laparaki
zedmetia. sawme isaa, rom am daskvnamde mividnen TviTon struq-
turalistebi, praRisa da kopenhagenis skolaTa mTavari warmo-
madgenlebi – r. iakobsoni da l. elmslevi, romelTac sajarod
ganacxaes, rom gaismis mowodebani „tradiciuli gramatikis re-
abilitaciis“ Sesaxeb da rom struqturalistur enaTmecniere-
baSi unda davinaxoT „memkvidreobiToba“ da ara „gaTiSuloba“. am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT zemoT citirebuli sityvebis avtori v.
koduxovi sagangebod aRniSnavs:
`struqturuli da maTematikuri enaTmecnierebis ganvi-
Tarebis cnobilma siZneleebma, tradiciuli enaTmecnierebis
warmatebebma daamtkices sxvadasxva skolebisa da momdinareo-
baTa RonisZiebebis gaerTianebis aucilebloba (integraciis
saWiroebaze saubari iyo lingvistebis IX saerTaSoriso kon-
gresze, romelic Catarda 1962 w. kembrijSi, aSS). r. iakobinsonma,
Seajama ra kongresis muSaoba, aRniSna: Tu guSin egreTwodebu-
li struqturuli lingvistika dabejiTebiT upirispirdeboda
tradiciul mecnierebas enaze, dRes Cven gvesmis „tradiciuli
gramatikis reabilitaciisadmi mowodeba“. ufro konkretulad
es procesi TvalsaCino gaxda lingvistebis X kongresze (buqar-
esti, 1967). sxvadasxva skolebisa da mimdinareobaTa miRwevebis
gaerTianebis tendencia mowmobs enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis
axal etaps, rac imiT xasiaTdeba, rom poststruqturuli Tana-
399
medrove enaTmecniereba Cvens winaSe warmosdgeba, viTarca gan-
Stoebuli da mravalaspeqtiani, rogorc integraciuli enaT-
mecniereba anu pluralisturi lingvistika, romelic efuZneba
warsulis yvela miRwevas da iTavsebs mecnierul da nacionalur
tradiciebs” (koduxovi, gv. 98; SeniSvnaSi #2 avtori uTiTebs wy-
aroze da damatebiT wers: „2 iakobinsoni r. lingvistebis mecxre
kongresis Sedegebi. „novoe v lingvistike“, nakv. IV, gv. 579. ufro
adre, VIII kongresze elmslevma SeniSna: „lingvistikis mTels
ganviTarebas Tu gavayolebT Tvals da sagnebs gareSe mayure-
bis TvaliT SevxedavT (davisagan mowyvetiT, rac jer kidev gr-
Zeldeba), aRmoCndeba, rom miukerZoebeli Sedareba klasikuri
praqtikuli meTodebisa, fonologiasa da morfologiaSi gamoy-
enebuli, erTi mxriv, xolo meore mxriv- struqturuli lingvis-
tikisa, uwinares yovlisa, hbadebs memkvidreobiTobis, vidre
gaTiSulobis STabeWdilebas“ ( „novoe v lingvistike“, nakv. 2, gv.
118)“ koduxovi, 98; dayofa Cvenia. a. g.).
isic unda aRiniSnos, rom enisa da sityvis (metyvelebis) so-
suriseuli dapirispireba arsebiTad maTi antinomiis Sesaxeb
msjelobas niSnavs. aqve Sedis sinqronisa da diaqroniis urT-
ierTdapirispirebac. es momentic gvaqvs aRniSnuli Cvens wignSi
„vefxistyaosnis poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“ (1974. daiwera 1973
w.). v.i. koduxovis „zogad enaTmecnierebaSic“ (1974) sagangebo
paragrafia gamoyofili saTauriT (sosiuris TeoriasTan dakav-
SirebiT): „sametyvelo moRvaweoba, rogorc antinomia“ (gv. 72).
rogorc aqedan Cans, Teoriuli Secdoa Cven ar dagviSvia.
metic, mTeli rigi debulebebi, romelTac Cven vaviTarebdiT
dasaxelebul monografiaSi, pirdapir paralelebsa da analogebs
pouloben 1997 wels rusulad gamosul (naTargmn) naSromSi, rom-
lis avtoria germaneli filosofosi erhard albrexti (e. albr-
exti. Tanamedrove lingvisturi filosofiis kritika. Targm.
ger-dan a. g. Sestakovis mier. mosk., 1977. gansak. ix. Tavi: „enis az-
rovnebisa da simamdvilis daSla struqturalizmis mier“. rus.).
Semxvedri adgilebi ar mogvaqvs am sakiTxiT dainteresebuls
SeuZlia Cveni sityvebi TviTon Seamowmos saTanado Sejerebis
safuZvelze.
bolos, mivuTiTebT erTs momentzedac: TviT struqtural-
isturi enaTmecnierebis zogierTi rusi meqomage da mexotbe
iZulebulia ganacxados am dargis samive mimarTulebis (praRis,
kopenhagenis, amerikulis) Sesaxeb:
400
 „amJamad am mimarTulebebma mniSvnelovnad amoswures Tavisi
potencia, Seswyvites arseboba, rogorc organizaciulma gaer-
Tianebebma. Teoriebisa da enis axali praqtikuli gamoyenebis
ganviTarebis fonze naTeli xdeba TviTeuli skolis SezRudu-
loba“ (l. n. zasorina. struqturuli lingvistikis Sesavali.
mosk., 1974, gv. 291. rus. ).
avtori Tavis Sromis sul ukanasknel gverdze (304) struq-
turalistur enaTmecnierebas ukve miiCnevs lingvistikis erT-
erT „Stod“ da mis amocanas axal etapze „bunebriv enaTa“ struq-
turebis „maTematikur aRweraSi“ xedavs:
„struqturul lingvistikas, rogorc enaTmecnierebis Stos,
Tavis sagnad aqvs mxolod bunebriv enaTa struqturis sxvadasx-
va aRwerilobani. maT Soris maTematikur aRweras uWiravs mniS-
vnelovani adgili. enis aRweraSi maTematikuri aparatis Setana
gulisxmobs abstraqciis umaRlesi donisaken svlas“. „maTemati-
kuri lingvistika ganuyofelia struqturulisagan, ramdenadac
mas ar gaaCnia gansakuTrebuli obieqti“ (iqve, dayofa Cvenia. a.g.).
aseTi gancxadebani, avtoris Zalauneburad, struqtura-
listuri lingvistikis sasargeblod ar JReren. l. zasorinas
wigni daibeWda imave 1974 wels, roca v. konduxovis Sromaa gamo-
qveynebuli: pirveli gankuTvnilia „universitetebisa da ins-
titutebis filologiuri specialobebis studentTaTvis“, me-
ore ki „universitetebis fil. specialobaTa studentebisaTvis“
v. koduxovi „maTematikur enaTmecnierebis“ ganviTarebis per-
speqtivas ar xedavs, meore ki – optimisturadaa ganwyobili. am-
rigad, am disciplinis momavali ganviTarebis sakiTxis gadawyve-
ta drois saqmea. rac Seexeba poetikas, r. iakobinsonis Sromebis
analizissafuZvelze davrwmundebiT, rom yvelaferi dadebiTi,
rac maxasiaTebs - maRali tradicionalizmiTaa aRbeWdili.

poetikis zogadi postulatebi r. iakobinsonis SromebSi

zemoT aRvniSneT, rom XX s-is struqturalistuuri po-

etika umTavresad r. iakobinsonia SromebiTaa cnobili. Cven
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs am didi enaTmecnieris sakuTriv metris-
tuli (leqsTwyobis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili) monografiebi da
narkvevebi.
401
 roman iosebis Ze iakobsoni (daibada moskovs 1896 w. 11 (23)
noembers) Tanamedroveobis erT-erT uaRresad gamoCenili,
msoflio masStabis enaTmecnieri da poetikis mkvlevaria. 1914
wels daamTavra lazarevis aRmosavluri enebis instituti. iyo
erT-erTi damaarsebeli moskovis lingvisturi wrisa da wevri
petrogradis „opoiazi“-sa. 1921 wels rsfsr-is saelCos wevria
praRaSi; aq igi, n. trubeckoisTan erTad, saTaveSi Caudga e. w.
„praRis lingvistur wres“, romlis manifestic, mis mier Sed-
genili, 1929 wels gamoqveynda. nacistebis mier Cexoslovakiis
okupaciis winare periodSi r. iakobsoni tovebs praRas da miemg-
zavreba Crd. amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, sadac mudmiv sacx-
ovreblad da Tavisi mecnieruli muSaobis gasagrZeleblad rCe-
ba. amJamad r. iakobsoni harvardis universitetis profesoria
. arCeulia mravali nacionaluri akademiisa, universitetebisa
da samecniero wreebis sapatio wevrad. ramdenjerme Camovida
sabWoTa kavSirSi da monawileoba miiRo sxvadasxva samecniero
simpoziumebSi. 1996 w. iyo saqarTveloSic da Tbilisis univer-
sitetSi waikiTxa sami moxseneba saenaTmecniero sakiTxebze.
r. iakobsonis kalams ekuTvnis mravalricxovani Sromebi
enaTmecnierebis da poetikis (saerTod litmcodneobis), Zve-
lis slavuri poeturi eposis („serbiuli epikuri leqsi“, „ig-
oris laSqroba“ da sxv.), miTologiis, teqstologiis, Targmanis
lingvisturi aspeqtebis da humanitaruli codnis sxva dargebSi.
gansakuTrebiT didia r. iakobsonis Rvawli e. w. funqcionaluri
struqturalistikis, kerZod fonologiis, dargSi. bevr qveya-
naSi man biZgi misca axal mimarTulebebsa da Ziebebs aRniSnul
dargSi. r. iakobsons ekuTvnis agreTve mTeli seria werilebisa
da narkvevebisa rusuli da ucxoeli avtorebis poetikis sakiTx-
ebze. es avtorebia: xlebnikovi (broSura „uaxlesi rusuli poez-
ia“, [praRa], 1922), puSkini, radiSCevi, bloki, maiakovski, mandel-
Stami, pasternaki, dante, Seqspiri, uiliam bleiki, S. bodleri, m.
eminesku, x. botevi, brexti da sxv. meti wili am naSromebisa Tav-
moyrilia mis monumentur wignS - „poetikis sakiTxebi“ (parizi,
[1973] da nawilobriv misi „rCeuli sawerebi“-s tomebSi (fr. da
ingl. enebze).
uwinares yovlisa, r. iakobsoni saWirod Tvlida mkafiod
daedgina literaturismcodneobis, kerZod poetikis, kvle-
vis sagani, sakiTxTa specifikuri wre, romelic am disciplinas
402
avtonomiur uflebas mianiWebda humanitaruli codnis sxva
dargebs Soris. Tavdapirvelad man aseT sagnad („gmirad“) e. w.
literaturuli „xerxi“ miiCnia. wignSi „uaxlesi rusuli poezia“
r. iakobsoni werda:
„literaturaze mecnierebas Tu swadia mecnierebad iqces,
igi iZulebulia Tavis erTaderT „gmirad“ aRiaros „xerxi“ (ro-
man iakobsoni. uaxlesi rusuli poezia. pirveli monaxazi. praRa.
1922, gv. 11. rusul enaze. dayofa Cvenia. a. g. ).
v. Sklovskis mier „opoiazis“ moRvaweobis periodSi daner-
gili termini „xerxi“ (xelovneba, rogorc xerxi“) r. iakobsonis
mier aRiarebul iqna literaturis istoriis da sakuTriv poeti-
kis mTavar „gmirad“. „opoiazi“-smier 1923 w. gamocemul wignSi
„slavuri filologia ruseTSi omisa da revoluciis wlebSi“
(moskovi-berlini). romelic r. iakobsonsa da p. bogatirevs
ekuTvnis, „poetikis“ ganyofilebaSi r. iakobsoni werda, rom
ukanasknel wlebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro disci-
plinam, romelic winaT miCqmaluli iyoo. amitom „gadasrolili
iqna lozungi: Tu literaturis istorias unda mecnierebad iqc-
es, man unda ipovos Tavisi gmiri (lingvist risis termini). wamoy-
enebulia moTxovna mxatvruli xerxis, rogorc erTaderTi WeS-
mariti istoriul-lingvisturi gmiris, analizisa“. (iqve, gv. 29).
am amocanis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebeli xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu,
uwinares yovlisa, gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba praqtikuli da po-
eturi enebis „funcionaluri gansxvaveba“, romelic cxadyofs,
rom „...poeturi ena isea agebuli, rom igi SeigrZnoba. enobrivi
Sexamebani aq iZenen TviTRirebulebas (ganwyoba gamoTqmaze)“.
(iqve, gv. 30).
r. iakobsoni iqve aRniSnavs, rom moskovis lingvisturi wris-
agan gansxvavebiT, petrogradelebi amtkiceben, rom „poeturi
motivi yvelasTvis rodi warmoadgens enobrivi masalis gaSlas“
(gv. 31).
ukanaskneli terminic („gamoTqmaze ganwyoba“), romelic po-
eturi enis specifikuri niSnis amomwurav definiciadaa miCne-
uli, r. iakobsonma garkveul formulad Camoayaliba jer kidev
1922 wels wignSi „uaxlesi rusuli poezia“, rasac igixazs usvams
1923 welsac „Cexuri leqsis Sesaxeb“ gamokvlevaSi:
„me ukve formulirebuli maqvs sxva adgilas Cemi ganmarteba
poeziisa, rogorc metyvelebisa gamoTqmaze ganwyobiT“ („...vis-

403
kazivania s ustanovkoi na viraJenie“, „Cexuri leqsis Sesaxeb:, 16;
dayofa Cvenia. a. g. ).
rogor esmoda r. iakobsons poeturi enis es ZiriTadi Tvise-
ba („ganwyoba gamoTqmaze“) funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT? igu-
lisxmeboda Tu ara masSi garkveuli informaciuli kodi Tu igi
am daniSnulebis gareT iyo datovebuli?
Zalian didxans r. iakobsoni gamoTqmaze orientirebis mo-
ments poeturi metyvelebis avtonomiur xasiaTs aniWebda. „ga-
moTqmaze ganwyoba“ Tavis Tavzea mimarTuli, misi mizani sru-
liad damoukidebeli esTetikuri korelatis gamovlinebaa,
poeturi metyveleba TviTmiznuri manifestaciaa gamoTqmis ise-
Ti organizebulobisa, romelic mas praqtikuli enisagan gans-
xvavebiT da yovelgvari komunikaciis gareSe aniWebs TavisTavad
Rirebulebas. poeti Tavisufalia Tavisi arCevanis dros da igi
mxolod TviTon gamoTqmis struqturiTaa dainteresebuli.
struqturalistebisaTvis saanTologio narkvevSi „lingvis-
tika da poetika“ (daibeWda 1960 w.) r. iakobsoni poeturi enis
funqcias isev swored aseTs, avtonomiur „gamoTqmaze ganw-
yobaSi“ xedavs: <<Направленность (Einstellung) на сообщение, как
таковое, сосредоточение внимания на сообщении ради него самого – это
поетическая функция языка>> (структурализм: <<За>> и <<Против>>.
202. xazgasma Cvenia). erTi sityviT. „poezia aris ena mis esTeti-
kur funqciaSi“, aseTia r. iakobsonis definicia. bunebrivia, rom
amgvarma Teoriulma postulatma r. iakobsoni, bolosdabolos,
miyvana poetikis lingvistikis nawilad aRiarebamde, ris gamoc
enaTmecnierul terminologiis gadatana poetikaSi, kerZod
versifikaciis Sesaxeb daweril mis bolo naSromebSi – Zalze
TvalsaCinoa (dawvr. ix. „vefxisty. poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“,
gv. 116-133).

* **
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba struqturis cnebas
r. iakobsonis SromebSi. praRis lingvistikuri wris cnobili
„Tezisebis“ gamoqveynebamde, erTi wliT adre, J. „novi lef“-Si
(1928, #2) daibeWda i. tinianovisa da r. iakobsonis erToblivi mani-
festi „literaturisa da enis Seswavlis problemebi“, romelSic
uaryofilia enis mimarT sosiuriseburi gaTiSva da dapirispi-
reba sinqroniisa da diaqroniisa da sagangebodaa aRniSnuli,
404
rom „sinqroniisa da diaqroniis dapirispireba iyo sistemis
cnebis evoluciis cnebisadmi dapirispireba da hkargavs prin-
cipul mniSvnelobas, ramdenadac Cven vaRiarebT, rom TviTeuli
sistema mocemulia rogorc evolucia, xolo, meore mxriT, evo-
lucia garduvalad atarebs sistemis xasiaTs“ („novi lef“, 1928,
#2, gv. 36-37 rus.; Sdr. i. tinianovi. poetika. literaturis isto-
ria. kino. mosk., 1977, gv. 273. rus. am statiis frang. Targ. ix. ro-
man iakobsoni. poetikis sakiTxebi, parizi, 1973, gv. 57-58).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom am koleqtiuri naSromis gamo r. iakob-
soni wers: „rogorc enisadmi damokidebulebiT, ise literatur-
isadmi mimarTebiT igi imdenad koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis Sedegi
iyo, rom ubralod SeuZlebelia vupasuxoT CemTvis araerTxel
mocemul SekiTxvas: sad Tavdeba azri erTi Tanaavtorisa, roca
igi meores uTmobs adgils“ (tinianovis wignis SeniSvna. gv. 533).
cota zemoT TezisebSi agreTve naTqvamia:
„wminda sinqronizmi amJamad iluziad iqceva: TviTeul sin-
qronul sistemas aqvs Tavisi warsuli da momavali, viTarca gar-
duvali struqturuli elementebi sistemisa“ („novi lef“, 36,
Sdr. i tinianovi, poetika... 282).
1929 wels praRis lingvisturi wris „TezisebSi“ ganmeorebu-
lia r. iakobsonis is ZiriTadi postulatebi, romlebic zemoT
iyo motanili. praRis „funqcionaluri lingvistikis“ erT-erT
belads, r. iakobsons ekuTvnis am Tezisebis Semdegi sityvebi:
„poeturi enis sinqonuli aRweris safuZvlebis damuSaveba unda
iswrafodes ganTavisufldes Secdomebisagan, rac poeturi enis
saurTierTo enasTan gaigivebaSi gamoixateba“ ( v. d. zvegincevi.
istoria... naw. II, mosk., 1960, gv. 78. rus.). „poeturi sametyvelo
moRvaweobis specifikuri Tvisebebi mJRavndeba normidan gadax-
vevaSi, Tanac xasiaTi, tendencia da masStabi am gadaxvevisa Zalze
sxvadasxvanairia“ (iqve. dayofa Cvenia. a. g.).
am „TezisebSi“ r. iakobsoni saleqso ritms ganixilavs enis
fonologiur bazaze, rac amJamad TviT avtorisTvisac nawilo-
briv ganvlil etaps warmoadgens. magram mkvlevaris ZiriTadi
debuleba, rom poeturi enis specifikas Seadgens misive avtono-
miuri xasiaTi - ucvleli darCa:
„im viTarebis Sesabamisad, rom poeturi Semoqmedeba isw-
rafvis daeyrdnos enobrivi niSnis avtonomiur Rirebulebas,
gamomdinareobs , rom lingvisturi sistemis yvela mxare, ro-
405
melic urTierTobis dros mxolod damxmare rols asrulebs,
poetur sametyvelo moRvaweobaSi iZens ukve damoukidebel mniS-
vnelobas“ (iqve, 78. dayofa Cvenia, a. g.).
sadavo ar SeiZleba iyos is azri, rom poetur enaSi aqtu-
alizebulia iseTi elementebi enisa, romelic praqtikul enaSi
an nivelirebulia, an rekvizitis doneze darCenili. magram el-
ementTa aqtualizacia ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnas esTetikuri
informaciis funqciis gareSe moqmed faqtad. praRis „funq-
cionaluri lingvistika“ ki aseT funqcias TviTon struqturis
avtonomiur xasiaTSi xedavs. yovelgvari struqtura TiTqos
diaqronul planSia axsnili: ara marto struqturis calkeu-
li elementebi arian erTmaneTTan koordinirebuli, isini ar
SeiZleba gagebul iqnan istoriuli aspeqtis gareSe (mag. barba-
rizmebis xasiaTi da sxv.). miuxedavad ori planis- sinqroniisa da
diaqroniis gaerTianebisa - r. iakobsonis metristul StudiebSi
istoriuli (diaqronuli) plani sustadaa warmodgenili. konkre-
tul nawarmoebTa ritmikuli analizis dros misi meTodologiis
es nakli gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa. amiTaa gamowveuli is faq-
ti, rom TviTon „struqtura“ cneba masTan xSirad da uneburad
statikur kategoriad gvevlineba. sa es maSin, roca igive cneba i.
tinianovTan dinamikur xasiaTs atarebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom TviT
„struqtura“ cnebis Setanas poetikaSi i. tinianovs miaweren.
tinianovma „erTma pirvelTaganma Semoitana literaturism-
codneobaSi termini struqtura“... (ix. „kratkaia literaturnaia
enciklopedia“, VII, gv. 231. smirsovis werili: „struqturalizmi
literaturismcodneobaSi“). magram iuri tinianovi „struq-
tura“ cnebis nacvlad sistematurad mimarTavda termins „kon-
struqcia“ da igi esmoda, rogorc dinamikuri procesi. savsebiT
marTebulad SeniSnavs v. i. braginski: „JReradoba-mniSvnelobis“
problemis ritmikuli aspeqtis gansakuTrebiT Rrma da faqizi
analizi mocemulia i. tinianovis mier mis wignSi „saleqso enis
problema“. miudga ra leqss, rogorc dinamikur konstruqcias, i.
tinianovma aCvena leqsSi sityvis semantikaze ritmis deformaci-
uli zegavlena. saleqso rigis „mTlianobisa“ da „siviwrovis“ ze-
gavleniT xdeba win wamoweva [sityvis] faqtorTa erTi jgufisa
meoris xarjze. amasTan win wamoweuli faqtori daqvemdebarebu-
lis deformacias axdens“ (v.i. braginski. malais klasikuri leq-
sis evolucia. mosk., 1975, gv, 68-69. rus. dayofa Cvenia. a.g.).
406
 aqve unda gavixsenoT, rom jer kidev 1910 wels leqsis ritmis
analizis dros cnebas „struqtura“ mimarTavda andrei beli da
agreTve statikuri SinaarsiT:
„unda iTqvas, rom ama Tu im poetis struqturis daSlis dros
or an sam struqturad... me ar ganvixilav... am struqturaTa
kombinacias, rogorc raRac nasesxebs... ritmuli wyobis origi-
naloba struqturaTa kombinaciaSia“ („simbolizmi“, 1910, gv. 342.
rusulad. dayofa Cvenia, a.g. )

saleqso ritmis sakiTxebi r. iakobsonis SromebSi

r. iakobsonis zogadi poetikuri debulebebis mimoxilvis

Semdeg dasadgenia saleqso ritmis calkeuli movlenebis inter-
pretaciebi mis SromebSi: rogoria r. iakobsonis damokidebuleba
leqsis ritmis izoqronistuli interpretaciisadmi?
didi xnis winaT vwerdiT, rom „axali enebis leqsTawyo-
baTa ritmisaTvis ucnobia izoqronizmi anu bgeriTi element-
ebis drois Tanabar farglebSi gamoTqmis principi. realuri
metyvelebis ritmi Seicavs sul sxva kanonebs, vidre wminda
musikalur-metyvelebiTi leqsTwyobis ritmi. kvantitatur
(berZnul da laTinur) leqsTwyobaSi terfi musikaluri taq-
tis analogiuri erTeuli iyo, silabur-tonur leqsTwyobaSi
ki terfi ganyenebuli elementia sqemisa da musikalur taqt-
Tan saerTo araferi aqvs“ („q. kl. leqsi“, 16-17) „miuxedavad ami-
sa, leqsis zogierTi formalisti Teoretikosi TavgamodebiT
icavs izoqronimis princips axali enebis metrikaSi. Tavi rom
davaneboT e. w. saskolo tradiciul metrikas, am ukanasknelis
winaaRmdeg mebrZoli mkvlevarebic iziareben izoqronizmis
Taviseburad saxecvlil Teorias. mag., damaxasiaTebelia veriesa
da iakobsonis pozicia am sakiTxSi. „Cexuri leqsis Sesaxeb“ daw-
eril SromaSi es ukanaskneli wers: „obieqturi da subieqturi
dro Rrmad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. terfebis obieqturi
grZlivoba (длительность), ambobs verie, SeiZleba gansxvavde-
bodes subieqturi grZlivobisagan da mxolod es ukanaskneli
TamaSobs rols ritmSi». amave azrisaa tomaSevskic. amrigad,
„subieqturi dro“ TiTqos Svelis saqmes da ritmis kanonebSi
CaTvlilia TviTon am kanonebis aRqmis individualuri proce-
407
si. mkiTxvelma subieqturad unda Seavsos xarvezebi, romelTac
SeiZleba waawydes igi axali enebis leqsTwyobis terfebisa da
taepebis moCvenebiTi Tanabarfarglianobis aTvisebis dros...
amgvari Teoriis momxreebs ar akrTobT is garemoeba, rom axal
enebSi taepis cocxali warmoTqma savsebiT gamoricxavs sityvaze
aseTi subieqturi operaciis saSualebas da rom mas sinamdvile-
Si ara aqvs adgili. „subieqturi dro“ fiqciaa da, rac mTavaria,
silabur-tonuri da saerTod, kvalitaturi leqsTwyobis ritmi
sruliad ar saWiroebs fsevdo-izoqronistul axsnas: igi (ritmi)
aRmocendeba bgeriTi elementebis mxriv organizebuli taepebis
urTierTmoqmedebis bazaze. aq mTavaria saerTo kanonzomierebe-
bis fonetikuri iluzia, saerTo ritmuli wesrigi da ara izo-
qronizmi an „subieqturi dro“, romelic dasaxelebul leqsTw-
yobaSi obieqturad ar ivaraudeba. „subieqturi dros“ Teoriis
(verie, iakobsoni, tomaSevski) usafuZvloba ufro naTlad Cans
wminda tonuri leqsTwyobis analizis dros, roca zogjer taepi
erT sityvas Seicavs da igi gvevlineba mravalsityviani taepis
eqvivalentad strofSi: araviTar „subieqturi dros“ ar SeuZlia
warmoTqmisas drois Tanabar farglebSi asaTvisebel erTeulad
miiCnios, magaliTad, xuTmarcvliani da aTmarcvliani taepebi“
(„q. kl. leqsi“, 1953, gv. 17-18. dayofani teqstSia. a.g. ).
1960 wels r. iakobsoni „subieqturi dros“ cnebisadmi erT-
gulebis nacvlad ukve leqsis ritmSi izoqronizmis obieqturad
arsebobis aRiarebamde midis. igi wers („lingvistika da poetika“-Si ):
<<Измение последовательности это прием, который, кроме как в поэти-
ческой функции, в языке не используется. Только в поэзии, где регулярно
повтторяются эквивалентные единицыб время потока речи ошушается
(is experienced) – аналогично томуб как обстоит дело с музыкальным
временемб если обратитсься к другой семиотической модели>>
(Структурализм << За>> и << Против>>, 205. xazgasmebi Cvenia. a.g.).
magram kargad cnobilia, rom musikaluri taqti da gamma
maTematikurad swor proporciebs avlenen, leqsisaTvis es damax-
asiaTebeli araa. kerZod, musikaluri taqtis magaliTze da leq-
sis sazomTan dakavSirebiT hegeli genialuri sizustiT werda:
„...metrs rom SeeZlos mTlianad daeqvemdebaros taqtis kanonebs,
maSin musikasa da poezias Soris gansxvaveba, yovel SemTxvevaSi am
sferoSi , mTlianad gauqmdeboda da droiseuli elementi gadas-
wonida masSi, rac poezias ar SeuZlia dauSvas misi bunebis Tanax-
mad“ (hegeli. esTetika. mosk. 1971, t. 3, gv. 400. rus. Targ.).
408
 v. Jirmusnkic gamoTqvams poetikaSi udavod aRiarebul
WeSmaritebas , roca wers: „Cven ukve aRvniSneT saleqso sityvis
bgeriTi masalis umniSvnelovanesi gansxvavebani musikaluri
tonebisagan: meryevi tonebi, ganusazRvreli intervalebi, zust
da proporciul droiseul grZlivobaTa uqonloba“ („metrikis
Sesavali“, gv. 20. rus. dayofa Cvenia, Sdr. Cveni „vexistyaosnis
poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“, gv. 205-206). damaxasiaTebelia, rom
iuri tinianovic kategoriulad uaryofda izoqonizms leqsSi:
„eqsperimentul gamokvlevebs mivyevarT izoqronobis srul
uaryofamde“... „subieqturi dro“ Svelis, ra Tqma unda, saqmes,
magram axlo analizis dros aRmoCndeba srul TviTnebobad“
(„saleqso enis problema“, 1924, gv. 129. rus. ).
amrigad, leqsis ritmis, rogorc droSi mimdinare proce-
sis „analogia mimdinare drosTan“, leqsis ritmis daaxloeba
musikasTan, rogorc „sxva semiotikur modelTan“ -miuRebelia.
amasTanave r. iakobsoni sxva werilSi („vizualuri da smeniTi
SegrZnebebis Sesaxeb“) pirdapir wers, rom „metyveleba an musika
droSi mimdinareoben (da) morigeobiT zemoqmedeben Cvens sme-
naze” („vefxisty. poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“, 131). zogadad es
debuleba sworia, oRond igi ar amarTlebs saleqso metyvele-
bis SigniT izoqronulobis arsebobas. „dro leqsSi sruliad ar
aRiqmeba“, – acxadebs i. tinianovi (Sdr. Cveni „vefxistyaosnis
poetikis zogierTi sakiTxi“, gv. 132) da es Sexeduleba uyoyma-
nod unda gaviazroT.

409
FmiSel fuko
(1926-1984)

ra aris avtori?

avtoris koncefciis warmoSoba ideaTa istoriis, codnis,

literaturis, filosofiisa da sxva mecnierebaTa individual-
izaciis procesSi gansakuTrebul etaps warmoadgenda. axlac,
roca raime koncefciis, literaturuli Janris, filosofiuri
skolis istorias Seiswavlian, am mTlianobas, Cemi azriT, isev
ganixilaven, rogorc SedarebiT sust, meoreul dayofas, romel-
ic efuZneba iseT pirvelad, myar da fundamentur erTianobas,
rogoricaa avtoris da nawarmoebis erTianoba.
axla avtoris, rogorc pirovnebis socialur-istoriul
analizs ar vapireb. rasakvirvelia, saintereso iqneboda avtoris
koncefciis Cvens msgavs kulturebSi Camoyalibebis procesisT-
vis Tvalis midevneba, misi statusis dadgena, im momentis gansaz-
Rvra, roca nawarmoebis avTenturobisa da atribuciis Sesaxeb
daisva sakiTxi; gansazRvra imisa, Tu ra wvlili miuZRvis avtors
gansxvavebul RirebulebaTa sistemis CamoyalibebaSi; gamovlena
imisa Tu rodis mianiWes upiratesoba mweralTa da ara person-
aJTa biografiebs; rogor aRmocenda „avtorisa da misi nawar-
moebis analizis“ gavrcelebuli koncefcia? me amjerad avtorsa
da teqsts Soris urTierTmimarTebis dadgena, im xerxebis Ses-
wavla maqvs ganzraxuli, riTac teqsti im „figuraze“ miuTiTebs,
romelic - yovel SemTxvevaSi erTi SexedviT, teqstis miRmaa da
misi winamorbedia.
am sakiTxze saubars beketiseuli* formulirebiT daviwyeb:
„ra mniSvneloba aqvs vin saubrobs – Tqva viRacam - ra mniSvnelo-
ba aqvs vin saubrobs“. am ganurCevlobaSi Tanamedrove litera-
turis erT-erTi mTavari eTikuri principi vlindeba. me vsaubrob
eTikaze, radgan es ganurCevloba aris ara imdenad Tavisebureba,
rac saubris an weris maneras axasiaTebs, aramed ufro metad esaa
erTgvari imanenturi norma, romelic mudmivad axldeba, magram
bolomde arasdros sruldeba; principi, romelic imdenad ar
niRbavs teqsts, rogorc Sedegs, ramdenadac masze, rogorc praq-

* beketi s. – irlandieli romanisti da dramaturgi. werda inglisur da fran-

gul enebze, „absurdis Teatris“ erT-erTi SemqmnelTagani, 1969 wlis nobelianti.
410
tikaze batonobs. es sakiTxi kargadaa CvenTvis cnobili, amitom
dawvrilebiT analizs aRar moiTxovs. sakmarisia am imanenturi
normis ilustracia, misi ori mTavari Temis saSualebiT.
Tavdapirvelad, unda aRiniSnos, rom dResdReobiT lite-
ratura raimes gamoxatvis aucileblobisgan gaTavisuflda,
amieridan is mxolod sakuTar Tavzea orientirebuli, Tumca is
arc Caketili ar gaxlavT. literaturuli nawarmoebi sakuTar
RiaobasTan gaigivda. igi niSanTa TamaSad iqca, ara imdenad Si-
naarsis aRmniSvnelis, aramed ufro metad aRsaniSnis bunebidan
gamomdinare. magram es imazec miuTiTebs, rom literaturuli
Semoqmedeba mudmivad arRvevs sakuTar wesebs, scildeba saz-
Rvrebs. misi mizani nawarmoebis Seqmnis procesis gamovlena da
misTvis xazis gasma ar aris, arc enobrivi xerxebis asaxva, aramed,
is, rom Seqmnas garkveuli sivrce, romelsac mwerali subieqti
gamudmebiT Seerwymis.
meore sakiTxi – urTierTmimarTeba literaturul Semoq-
medebasa da sikvdils Soris kidev ufro nacnobia. daingra is
Zveli tradicia, romlis magaliTsac SesaZloa berZnuli eposi
emsaxureboda da romlis mizanic gmiris ukvdavyofa iyo: Tu
gmirs surda axalgazrda momkvdariyo imis gamo, rom misi cxov-
reba sikvdiliT gabrwyinebuliyo, amaRlebuliyo da am gziT mi-
eRwia ukvdavebisTvis. Tavad Txrobam gamoisyida misi sikvdili.
arabul tradiciaSi, magaliTad „1001 RameSi“ sikvdilis Tavidan
acileba sxvagvarad xdeba. imisaTvis, rom is gadaavado, SesaZle-
belia mTeli RamiT dilamde ilaparako da amiT gadado valis
gastumreba, – romelic mTxrobels aiZulebs dadumdes. Sehe-
razadas Txroba – sicocxlis wris gareT sikvdilis SenarCune-
bis maradiuli mcdelobaa.
Cvens kulturaSi es warmodgena Txrobis, literaturuli
Semoqmedebis, rogorc sikvdilis daTrgunvis saSualebis Ses-
axeb Seicvala. mwerloba msxverplad Sewirvas, sakuTari Tavis
gawirvas daukavSirda. es nebayoflobiT TviTganadgurebad iq-
ca, romlisTvisac wignis formis miniWebac aRar aris aucile-
beli, radgan es avtoris koncefciis gavleniT warmoiSoba.
odesRac nawarmoebs aucileblad ukvdaveba unda moetana, axla
ki mas mkvlelobis uflebac mieca, maT Soris sakuTari avto-
risac ki, rogorc floberis, prustis an kafkas SemTxvevaSi
moxda. Tumca es yvelaferi ar gaxlavT: axleburi urTierToba
411
literaturasa da sikvdils Soris mwerlisTvis individualuri
xasiaTis warTmevaSi vlindeba. sxvadasxva xerxebis saSualebiT,
mwerali sakuTar Tavsa da mis mier Seqmnil nawarmoebebs Soris
kedels aRmarTavs. sabolood, nawarmoebze avtoris kvali misi
ararsebobiT vlindeba. literaturul TamaSSi avtori mkvdris
rolSi gvevlineba.
es yvelaferi axali ambavi rodia. kritikam da filosofiam
didi xania avtoris gaqrobis anu misi sikvdilis faqti aRniSnes,
TumcaRa am aRmoCenis Sedegi sakmarisad kargad ar aris gaazre-
buli da arc misi mniSvnelobaa bolomde Sefasebuli. zogierTi
mosazrebis mixedviT, avtoris privilegirebuli poziciis moS-
lisken swrafviT, sinamdvileSi misi upiratesoba narCundeba da
aseTi midgoma am movlenis namdvili mniSvnelobis gaazrebis sa-
Sualebas ar iZleva. me or aseT mosazrebas ganvixilav, romle-
bic sakmaod mniSvnelovania dRevandel dRes.
pirveli „nawarmoebis“ koncefciaa. kargad cnobili pozi-
cia, romlis Tanaxmadac kritikis miznebSi ar Sedis: avtorsa da
nawarmoebs Soris kavSiris dadgena, misi naazrevisa da gancdilis
aRdgena. upiratesad kritikis amocanaa misi struqturis, ageb-
ulebis, Sinagani formis, Sinagani mimarTebebis TamaSis analizi.
aq Cndeba kiTxvebi: „ra aris nawarmoebi? ra aris es ucnauri er-
Tianoba, rasac Cven „nawarmoebs“ vuwodebT? ra elementebisgan
Sedgeba is? es yvelaferi xom mweralma dawera?“ maSinve Cndeba
siZneleebic: Tu adamiani profesionali mwerali ar yofila, Se-
iZleba imis Tqma, rom yvelaferi rac mas dauweria, uTqvams da mis
arqivSi inaxeba, yvela misi gamonaTqvami, Cvenamde rom moaRwia,
mis nawarmoebad unda CaiTvalos? roca markiz de sads* mwerlad
ar miiCnevdnen, rogori iyo misi xelnawerebis statusi? nuTu
isini mxolod qaRaldebs warmoadgenda, romelzec mas patimro-
bisas ganuwyvetliv gadmohqonda sakuTari fantaziebi.
maSinac ki, roca individi mwerladaa aRiarebuli, yovel-
Tvis Cndeba kiTxva: da mainc, rac mas dauweria, uTqvams, misgan
darCenili yvela furceli aris ki misi nawarmoebi? es problema
erTdroulad Teoriulicaa da praqtikulic: nicSes Sromebis

* markiz de sadi, donasen alfons fransua – skandalurad cnobili eroti-

kuli romanebis avtori, romlebsac ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi litera-
turis farglebs gareT mdgomad ganixileboda. me–19 saukunis bolodan
ganmanaTleblobis epoqis ideologiis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso gamov-
linebad miiCneva.
412
gamoqveynebisas sad unda daisvas wertili? ra Tqma unda yve-
laferi unda gamoqveyndes. magram ras niSnavs „yvelaferi“?
yvelaferi, rac nicSem gamoaqveyna. magram ra bedi eweva misi Txzu-
lebis Sav Canawerebs? isinic aucileblad unda gamoqveyndes.
aseve misi aforizmebis gegmebic? diax. waSlili nawyvetebi da
aRniSvnebi mindorze? – ra Tqma unda, unda gamoqveyndes. rogor
unda moviqceT maSin Tu aforizmebiT savse rveuli raime cnobas,
Sexvedris Taobaze Canawers, vinmes misamarTs an samrecxaos an-
gariSs Seicavs? esec nawarmoebia Tu ara? ratom ar SeiZleba
ase iyos? da ase dausruleblad. rogor unda gavmijnoT „nawar-
moebi“ im milionobiT nakvalevisgan, romelsac adamiani tovebs?
aseTi Teoria ar arsebobs da isini, vinc praqtikaSi gamoscemen
TxzulebaTa krebuls, xSirad itanjebian amis gamo.
SegviZlia kidev ufro Sors wavideT: „aTas erTi Rame“ – es
Txzulebaa? an klimenti aleqsandrielis* „stromatebi“ da di-
ogene laertelis** „filosofosTa cxovrebani“? nawarmoebis
gaazrebasTan dakavSirebiT bevri kiTxva ismis. maSasadame, sak-
marisi ar aris mxolod imis Tqma, rom avtors Tavs davanebebT
da mxolod mis Txzulebebs SeviswavliT. „nawarmoebisa“ da misi
erTianobis gaazreba iseTive problemuria, rogorc avtoris
sakiTxi.
meore koncefcia, romelic avtoris gauCinarebis faqtis
srulfasovan gaanalizebaSi xels gviSlis, misi gaqrobis mo-
ments Crdilavs da SeumCnevlad axangrZlivebs avtoris arse-
bobas – esaa weris (ecriture) koncefcia. misma Tanmimdevrulma
gamoyenebam saSualeba unda mogvces, avtorze miTiTebis ga-
reSe gavideT fons da misi gaqroba avxsnaT. weris koncefcia,
Tanamedrove gagebiT, ar gulisxmobs arc weris aqts, arc mniS-
vnelobaTa aRniSvnis process, romlis gamoxatvac vinmes surs.
Cven udidesi ZalisxmeviT vcdilobT warmovadginoT nebismieri
teqstis arsebobisTvis aucilebeli pirobebi, sivrce, romelSic
is vrceldeba da dro, romelSic is iqmneba.
Tumca, Tanamedrove mniSvnelobiT, `wera“ konkretuli av-
toris empiriuli Taviseburebebis upirovnobaSi, anonimuro-

* klimenti aleqsandrieli (?-215) – qristiani Teologi, misi „stromate-

bi“filosofiis istoriis komentarebs warmoadgens.
** diogene laerteli – (III s-is pirveli naxevari) sicilieli, kompilaciuri
„filosofosTa cxovrebanis“ avtori.
413
baSi gadazrdas gulisxmobs. sakmarisia avtors am empiriulo-
bis yvelaze SesamCnevi niSnebi CamovaSoroT da erTmaneTs
SevupirispiroT „weris“ ori – kritikuli da religiuri midg-
omebi. werisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWeba, ima-
vdroulad, misi saRmrTo bunebis Teologiuri gagebis da misi
SemoqmedebiTi arsis xelaxali ganmtkicebis mcdelobaa. imis
daSveba, rom „wera“, imave istoriis wyalobiT, ramac misi arse-
boba SesaZlebeli gaxada, daviwyebas, gaqrobas eqvemdebareba,
dafaruli religiuri (rac ganmartebas saWiroebs) da nagulis-
xmevi, gaugebari mniSvnelobis kritikuli principis (rac komen-
tirebis saSualebas gvaZlevs) aRiarebas niSnavs. „weris“ ararse-
bulad warmodgena, erTsa da imave dros, gulisxmobs religiuri
(romlis Tanaxmadac maradiulisa da ucvlelis bolomde gad-
mocema ar xdeba) da esTetikuri principis (romlis Tanaxmadac
nawarmoebi yovelTvis avtorze dRegrZelia da masze metia) game-
orebas niSnavs.
am koncefciis msgavsi gaazreba avtoris privilegiis Senar-
Cunebas emsaxureba, weris imTaviTve gansazRvruli statusis
saburveliT: erTferovan, inertul samyaroSi swored weris
wyalobiT narCundeba im reprezentaciebis cocxali TamaSi,
romlebic avtoris gansakuTrebul xats qmnidnen. avtoris
gaqrobis principi, rac malarmes* Semdeg Cveulebriv movlenad
iqca, mTel rig dabrkolebebs gadalaxavs. didi gansxvavebaa maT
Soris, visac dRemde swams, rom azrovnebaSi amJamad momxdari
Zvrebi XIX saukunis filosofiuri da istoriuli tradiciiT
aixsneba da maT Soris, visac erTxel da samudamod surs am tra-
diciisgan gaTavisufleba.
srulebiT ar aris sakmarisi amtkico avtoris gaqroba, ise-
ve rogorc nicSes mixedviT imis mtkiceba, rom RmerTi da adami-
anic mokvda saerTo sikvdiliT. ufro mniSvnelovania im sivrcis
gamovlena, romelic avtoris gaqrobis Semdeg gamocarielda, am
sivrceSi sicarielisa da wyvetis gamovlena da imisTvis Tvalis
midevneba, Tu rogori perspeqtivebi Cndeba am movlenis Sedegad.
upirvelesad, im problemebis gaanalizebaa saWiro, romel-
ic Tavs iCens Tavad avtoris saxelis gamoyenebisas. ra aris „av-
toris saxeli?“ rogor funqcionirebs is? mxolod zogierT
sakiTxs movxazav, vinaidan maTi saboloo gadawyvetis pretenzia
ar gamaCnia.
* malarme s. – (1842-1898) frangi simbolisti poeti.
414
 avtors aqvs sakuTari saxeli, amitom masac iseve unda mo-
veqceT, rogorc yvela danarCen sakuTar saxels (umeteswilad
mxedvelobaSi maqvs serlis* Sromebi). naTelia, rom sakuTari
saxeli ar SeiZleba mxolod miTiTebis funqciamde daviyvanoT.
mas mxolod es funqcia ar aqvs: Jesti - viRacisken mimarTuli
TiTi – amas ukeT asrulebs. roca warmovTqvamT saxels – „aris-
totele“, Cven viyenebT sityvas, romelic aseTi saxiTac SeiZle-
ba gamoixatos: „avtori“, „analitikosi“, „ontologiis fuZem-
debeli“ da a.S. Tumca sakuTar saxelebs mxolod es erTaderTi
daniSnuleba ar gaaCniaT: roca gavigebT, rom „sulieri Ziebani“**
rembos ar dauweria, Cven ar SegviZlia Tavi movityuoT da ise
moviqceT, TiTqos am faqtma poetis sakuTri saxelis mniSvnelo-
ba Secvala. sakuTari da avtoris saxelebi or sapirispiro aRwe-
risa da miTiTebis polusebs Sorisaa. maT unda hqondeT kavSiri
imasTan, viszec miuTiTeben, magram es kavSiri gansakuTrebuli
unda iyos. Tumca is sirTuleebi, rac avtoris saxelTanaa da-
kavSirebuli, sakuTar saxelTa sxva Taviseburebebisgan Sedge-
ba: erTi mxriv, kavSirebi sakuTar da saxeldebul adamians da,
meo-re mxriv, avtoris saxelsa da imas Soris, rac mis ukana dgas,
ar arian izomorfuli da gansxvavebulad funqcionireben.
magaliTisTvis, Tu pier diupons ar aqvs cisferi Tvalebi,
Tu is parizSi ar dabadebula da arc eqimi ar aris, mas mainc „pi-
er diupons“ dauZaxeben. aseTi garemoeba saxelze ar moqmedebs.
avtoris saxelis SemTxvevaSi ki yvelaferi bevrad rTuladaa.
Tu dadasturdeba, rom Seqspiri im saxlSi ar dabadebula, rome-
lic CvenTvisaa cnobili, am SemTxvevaSi misi saxelis mniSvneloba
CvenTvis ar Seicvleba. Tumca, Tu dadginda, rom is sonetebi ar
dauweria, romelic mas miewereba, es avtoris saxelis funqcion-
irebaze imoqmedebs. Tuki dadasturdeboda, rom bekonis „or-
ganonic“ Seqspirs ekuTvnis, anu Seqspirisa da bekonis ukan erTi
avtoria, es yvelaferi avtoris saxelis funqcionirebas mTli-
anad Secvlida. ase rom, avtoris saxeli sxva sakuTari saxelebis
msgavsi ar aris.
avtoris saxelis paradoqsul Taviseburebebze bevri ram miu-
TiTebs. imis Tqma, rom pier diuponi ar arsebobs, sulac ar niSnavs

* Searle John. The Speech Act: an Essay in the Philosophy of Language 1969.
** 1949 wels dabeWdili leqsi, rogorc artur rembos axalaRmoCenili nawar-
moebi, sinamdvileSi – Tanamedrove avtorTa mistifikacia iyo.
415
imas, rom vacxadoT, homerosi da hermes trismegistosi ar ar-
seboben.* pirvel SemTxvevaSi vambobT, rom ar arsebobs adamiani,
saxelad pier diuponi; meoregan ki igulisxmeba, rom homerossa
an hermes trismegistosSi sxvadasxva pirovnebas gulisxmobd-
nen, an namdvil avtors ar hqonda is Tvisebebi, romlebic, tra-
diciulad, homeross da hermes trismegistoss miewereboda. imis
Tqma, rom batoni X-is namdvili saxeli Jan diurania da ara pier
diuponi, sulac ar aris Semdegi naTqvamis igiveobrivi: „sten-
dalis namdvili saxelia anri beili“. amgvaradve unda Cavukvir-
deT iseTi gamoTqmebis mniSvnelobas da gamoyenebas, rogoricaa:
„burbakebi** aseTi da aseTi batonebi arian“; „viqtor eremita,
klimaki, antiklimaki, mdumare mama, konstantin konstantinusi –
kirkegoris*** saxelebia“.
es gansxvavebebi, SesaZloa, im faqtidan momdinareobdes,
rom avtoris saxeli diskursis ubralo Semadgeneli nawili ki
ar aris, romelic an subieqtia an obieqti da romelic SeiZleba
nacvalsaxeliT Canacvldes da a.S. is diskursis klasifikaci-
is, ranJirebis funqcias asrulebs. avtoris saxeli garkveuli
raodenobis teqstebis dajgufebis, gamoyofis, sxva teqstTa-
gan gamorCevisa da maTi Sepirispirebis saSualebas iZleva. amas
garda, avtoris saxelis wyalobiT, teqstTa jgufebs Soris Si-
nagani kavSirebi myardeba. ar arsebobda arc hermes trismegis-
tosi da arc hipokrate – yovel SemTxvevaSi, im gagebiT, rogorc
balzaki, – Tumca is faqti, rom ramdenime nawarmoebi erT saxels
miewereba, teqstebis saerTo warmomavlobaze miuTiTebs da maTi
avTenturoba garedanaa aRiarebuli. aRniSnuli nawarmoebTa
jgufi Tanabrad ganmartavs erTmaneTs, isini erTianobaSi ar-
seboben. avtoris saxeli diskursis garkveuli saxis arsebobis
dasaxasiaTeblad gamoiyeneba. im faqtis gamo, rom mocemuli
diskursi avtoris saxels atarebs, Cven vambobT: „es aman da aman
dawera“ da „es viRac – am Txzulebis avtoria“, rac miuTiTebs,
rom diskursi ar warmoadgens yoveldRiur sayofacxovrebo me-
tyvelebas, is pragmatuli saWiroebisTvis ar aris gamiznuli.

* hermes trismegistosi – ix. damatebiTi furceli.

** burbakebi - fsevdonimi, romliTac frang maTematikosTa jgufis uamravi
Sroma gamodioda. isini me–20 saukunis Sua periodSi warumateblad, Tumca,
sainteresod cdilobdnen maTematikis srul formalizacias.
*** sioren kirkegoris fsevdonimebi (Søren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855) - danieli
filosofosi da mwerali, egzistencializmis winamorbedi.
416
piriqiT, diskursi iseTi metyvelebaa, romelic gansakuTrebuli
aRqmisTvisaa gankuTvnili da kulturaSic gamorCeuli adgili
unda ekavos.
rogorc Cans, avtoris saxeli, sxva sakuTari saxelebisgan
gansxvavebiT, diskursis Sida planidan ar gadadis garegan re-
alobaSi, ar ekuTvnis cocxal adamians, visi saxelic avtoris
saxelad iqca. piriqiT, avtoris saxeli yovelTvis moniSnavs
nawarmoebis sazRvrebs, axasiaTebs misi arsebobis saSualebebs.
avtoris saxelSi garkveuli diskursuli erTianobis warmoSoba
vlindeba, is am diskursis mdgomareobas gansazRvravs sazoga-
doebasa da kulturaSi. avtoris saxels arc iuridiuli statusi
gaaCnia; is arc nawarmoebis gamonagon mxares miekuTvneba. ufro
metad is im wyvetis adgilasaa ganlagebuli, saidanac xsenebuli
diskursis konstruqcia da misi arsebobis saSualeba yalibdeba.
Sedegad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom Cvens civilizaciaSi diskursebis
garkveuli raodenoba arsebobs, romelTac „avtoris funqciebi~
miewereba, maSin, roca sxvebi amas moklebuli arian. pirad werils
SeiZleba xelmowerac axldes, Tumca es jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom
is mweralma Seqmna. saqmian kontraqts SeiZleba hyavdes garanti,
magram is ver iqneba „mwerali“. kedelze viRacis mier dawerili
teqstis avtori mwerali ar aris, e.i. misi funqcia damaxasiaTebe-
lia sazogadoebaSi zogierTi diskursis arsebobis, gavrcelebis
da funqcionirebis garkveuli tipisTvis.
gavaanalizoT avtoris funqcia ise, rogorc axlaxan aRv-
wereT. rogor xasiaTdeba Cvens kulturaSi diskursi, romelic
avtoris funqcias Seicavs? riT gansxvavdeba is sxva tipis dis-
kursebisgan? Tu wignis an nawarmoebis avtoriT Semovifar-
glebiT, oTxi maxasiaTeblis gamoyofas SevZlebT.
pirvel yovlisa, diskursebi obieqtebia, romlebic misakuT-
rebas eqvemdebarebian. isini sakuTrebis specifikuri formis-
gan warmoiqmneba, romelsac didi xania aRar ganucdia kodifika-
cia. unda aRiniSnos, rom istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, sakuTrebis
es saxe yovelTvis moyveboda im formas, romelsac SegviZlia
dasjadi miTviseba vuwodoT. teqstebs, wignebs, diskursebs av-
torebi gamouCndnen (miTiuri figurebisgan gansxvavebiT, aq av-
torebi aRiarebulni arian) mxolod maSin, roca avtorebis das-
ja SesaZlebeli gaxda, e.i. mas Semdeg, rac diskursebma sakuTari
sazRvrebis rRveva daiwyes. Cvens kulturaSi (da, bunebrivia,
417
sxvebSic) diskursi imTaviTve produqti, nivTi, saqoneli ar yo-
fila, aramed is, Tavisi arsiT, wmindisa da profanulis, kanoni-
erisa da ukanonos, religiurisa da mkrexelobis polusebs Soris
moqmedebda. istoriulad is riskiT aRsavse Jesti iyo da mxolod
amis Semdeg iqca savaWro urTierTobaSi CarTul saqonlad.
rodesac teqstebze sakuTrebis sistema gavrcelda, roca
saavtoro uflebebis Sesaxeb mkacri kanonebic SemoiRes, urT-
ierTobebi daregulirda gamomcemlebTan, beWdvis uflebasa da
sxva Tanmxleb sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, e.i. XVIII s-is bolos da
XIX s-is dasawyisSi, SemoqmedebiT procesSi am uflebaTa dar-
Rvevis SesaZlebloba sul ufro metad iqceoda gansakuTrebul
literaturul moTxovnilebad. TiTqos, Cveni sazogadoebisT-
vis damaxasiaTebel sakuTrebaze damyarebul urTierTobebSi
CarTuli avtori, gamoisyidis mesakuTris axal statuss dis-
kursis sazRvrebis permanentuli rRveviT da amiT gamudmebiT
emuqreba Semoqmedebas, romelic yvela im sikeTis matarebeli
gaxda, romelic sakuTrebas gaaCnia.
avtoris funqcia yvela diskursis SemTxvevaSi erTnairi da
mudmivi ar aris. es aris misi meore maxasiaTebeli. Cvens civiliza-
ciaSi gansxvavebuli tipis teqstebi avtoris arsebobas moiTxovs.
iyo dro, roca is teqstebi, romlebsac axla „literaturuls“
vuwodebT (moTxrobebi, ambebi, eposi, tragediebi da komediebi),
cirkulirebda da Rirebulebas iZenda maTi Semqmnelis vinaobis
Sesaxeb kiTxvebis gareSe. anonimuroba aranair garTulebas ar
qmnida, vinaidan maTi namdvili Tu moCvenebiTi siZvele iyo maTi
statusis sakmarisi garantia. meore mxriv, is teqstebi, romelT-
ac dRes samecnierod movixseniebT – kosmologiis, medicinis,
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebisa da geografiis Sesaxeb - Sua
saukuneebSi WeSmaritad iyo aRiarebuli mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu cnobili iyo avtoris vinaoba. „hipokrate ambobs“, „pliniu-
si mogviTxrobs“ – msgavsi gamonaTqvami kamaTisas avtoritetis
damowmebis formula iyo. es yvelaferi diskursSi CarTul mark-
erebs warmoadgenda, romelic ukve dadgenili WeSmaritebis da-
dasturebad unda mieRoT.
cvlileba XVII an XVIII saukuneSi moxda. samecniero dis-
kursebs ukve gaiazrebdnen, rogorc samecnieros. e.i. cnobili
WeSmaritebis arapirovnul mtkicebulebad an mis kidev erT da-
dasturebad. amis Semdeg, misi utyuarobis garanti ukve avtori
418
ki ar aris, aramed misi samecniero teqstTa sistemasTan mikuT-
vnebuloba. samecniero teqstebis SemTxvevaSi avtorobam da-
karga mniSvneloba da pirvelaRmomCeni, gamomgonebeli mxolod
TeoremisTvis, postulatisTvis, raime efeqtisTvis, Tavisebure-
bisTvis, elementebis jgufisa Tu paTologiuri sindromisTvis
saxelis miniWebisTvisaa saWiro. amis sapirispirod, literatu-
ruli diskursebi amieridan avtoris zust miTiTebas moiTxovd-
nen. TiToeul poetur Tu mxatvrul teqstTan dakavSirebiT
aseT kiTxvebs vsvamT: rogoria misi warmomavloba? vis mier, sad
da rogor garemoebebSi Seiqmna is? rogori iyo misi pirvandeli
Canafiqri? nawarmoebisTvis miwerili azri da misi faseulobis
statusi am kiTxvebis pasuxebzea damokidebuli. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu anonim avtorTan gvaqvs saqme, sadac misi vinaoba dakargulia,
an misive nebiT ar mJRavndeba – maSinve viwyebT Ziebas vinaobis
dasadgenad. literaturuli nawarmoebis anonimuroba dRes-
dReobiT CvenTvis miuRebeli da dauSvebelia da am faqts mx-
olod im SemTxvevaSi SeveguebiT, roca mas gamocanad aRviqvamT.
dResdReobiT literaturuli nawarmoebis Sesaxeb azris Seqmna-
Si avtori mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs (es yvelaferi kritikis
uaxlesi praqtikebis Suqze unda gadaisinjos).
avtoris funqciis mesame Tvisebaa is, rom garkveuli dis-
kursis konkretuli individisTvis spontanuri mikuTvneba ar
xdeba. es rTuli, racionalurad konstruirebuli abstraqciis
procesis Sedegad yalibdeba, rasac Cven avtors vuwodebT. kri-
tikosebi yovelmxriv cdiloben avtoris realurad arseboba
dagvimtkicon, rodesac saubroben ama Tu im pirovnebisTvis
damaxasiaTebel motivebze, mis SemoqmedebiT SesaZleblobebze,
Canafiqrze, SemoqmedebisTvis xelsayrel garemoze. Tumca indi-
vidualuri niSnebi, romelTac avtors mivawerT - mxolod im op-
eraciaTa proeqciaa, romelTa mixedviTac ganvixilavT teqstebs.
am urTierTobebs Cven Tavad vqmniT, teqstis am maxasiaTeblebs
Tavad vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, droiT kavSirebsac, romelTac
masSi vamCnevT, misganve viRebT. es operaciebi diskursis Seqmnis
drosa da mis tipzea damokidebuli. „filosofiuri nawarmoebis
avtoris“ cnebas „poetisgan“ gansxvavebulad vayalibebT; „ro-
manisti“ gansxvavebuli niSnebis matarebeli iyo me–18 s-Si, vidre
dRes. TumcaRa avtoris xatis Seqmnis zogierTi mudmivi wesi sau-
kuneebis ganmavlobaSi ar icvleba.
419
 magaliTad, advili SesaZlebelia, rom literaturul kri-
tikaSi miRebuli avtorobis dadgenis xerxebi pirdapir momdin-
areobdes im saSualebebidan, romliTac qristianuli tradicia
iRebda an uaryofda sakuTar teqstebs. teqstSi avtoris aR-
mosaCenad Tanamedrove kritika qristianul egzegetikaSi* dam-
kvidrebul meTodebs iyenebs, roca teqstis Rirebuleba misi
avtoris siwmindiT izomeboda. wminda ieronime Tavis traqtatSi
“brwyinvale kacTa Sesaxeb“ ganmartavs, rom omonimia sakmarisi ar
aris imisTvis, raTa gavarCioT erTze meti nawarmoebis avtori:
erTnairi saxeli SesaZloa bevr adamians rqmeoda an vinmes sxvisi
saxeli miesakuTrebina. rodesac teqstur tradiciasTan gvaqvs
saqme, raime teqstis ama Tu im avtorisTvis misakuTvneblad
saxeli sakmaris miniSnebas ar warmoadgens.
ra saSualebebiT vsazRvravT ramdenime diskurss, rogorc
erTi konkretuli avtorisas? rogor viyenebT avtoris funq-
cias imis dasadgenad, erT Tu ramdenime individTan gvaqvs saqme?
netari ieronime oTx kriteriums gvTavazobs: 1. Tu ramdenime
wigns Soris, romlebic saerTo avtors miewereba, erT-erTi maT-
gani danarCenebze TvalSisacemad sustia, is unda gamoiricxos am
avtoris Sromebidan (avtori ganisazRvreba, rogorc ucvleli,
xarisxobrivi doniT stabiluri); 2. analogiurad unda moviqceT,
Tu garkveuli teqstebi winaaRmdegobaSi modis im doqtrinasTan,
romelic avtoris sxva SromebSi viTardeba (aq avtori koncep-
tualurad, Teoriulad ucvlel da Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis
armqoned ganixileba); 3. aseve unda gamoiricxos is Txzulebebic,
romlebic gansxvavebuli stiliTaa dawerili, gamoiyeneba iseTi
sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, romelTac am avtoris sxva nawarmoebebSi
ar vxvdebiT (aq avtori stilur erTianobad ganisazRvreba); 4. da
bolos, yvela nawyveti, romelSic avtoris sikvdilis Semdgom
gamoTqmuli mtkicebania moyvanili, an iseTi movlenebia naxsen-
ebi, rac misi sikvdilis Semdgom moxda – gviandel CanarTebad
unda vaRiaroT (aq avtori ganisazRvreba, rogorc istoriaSi
arsebuli, masSi CarTuli pirovneba). Tanamedrove literatu-
ruli kritika, maSinac ki, Tu konkretulad teqstis avTentur-

* egzegetika – RvTismetyvelebis Semadgeneli nawili, sadac bibliuri te-

qstebis gaazreba xdeba. egzegetikis miRebuli wesebiT teqstis bundovani
adgilebis ganmarteba meTodurad herodotesa da sofistebis mier iyo Se-
muSavebuli.
420
obis sakiTxs ar Seiswavlis, avtoris raobas Zveleburad gansaz-
Rvravs: avtoris cneba nawarmoebSi momxdari movlenebis axsnis
safuZveli xdeba, Tavisi damaxinjebebiTa da modifikaciebiT (av-
toris biografiis, msoflmxedvelobis, socialuri Sexedulebe-
bis, Canafiqris analizis gziT). avtoris cneba, aseve, safuZvlad
udevs misi Semoqmedebis erTgvari erTianobis princips. erTi
avtoris gansxvavebuloba sxvadasxva TxzulebebSi evoluciis
principis mixedviT, asakis matebiT, an garegani gavlenebiT aix-
sneba. calkeul teqstebs Soris winaaRmdegobebs avtoris cneba
aneitralebs: es winaaRmdegobebi misi azrovnebis an emociis,
cnobieris an qvecnobieris garkveul doneze unda gadaiWras,
roca SeuTavsebeli elementebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian an
romeliRac sawyisi winaaRmdegobis garSemo organizdebian. bo-
los, avtori im gamomxatvelobiTobis wyaroa, rac Tanabrad
vlindeba mis TxzulebebSi, CanawerebSi, werilebSi fragmentebSi
da a.S. naTelia, rom netari ieronimes oTxi kriteriumi (romelic
dRevandeli egzegetikis gadmosaxedidan savsebiT ar aris damak-
mayofilebeli), praqtikulad gansazRvravs im oTx modalobas,
romelTac Tanamedrove kritika avtoris problemasTan dakav-
SirebiT eyrdnoba.
avtoris xati ar aris ubralod teqstis safuZvelze war-
moqmnili rekonstruqcia, romelic pasiuri masalis saxiTaa
mocemuli. teqsti yovelTvis Seicavs avtorTan dakavSirebul
garkveuli raodenobis niSnebs. isini gramatikosebisTvis kar-
gadaa cnobili – sakuTari nacvalsaxeli, adgilisa da drois zm-
nizeda, zmnis uRleba. es elementebi erT funqcias asruleben im
diskursebSi, sadac avtoris xati arsebobs da sxvas – sadac is ar
aris warmodgenili. Tu diskursSi avtori ar Cans, isini realur
mTxrobelze da miseuli diskursis dro-sivrcul mdgomareoba-
ze miuTiTeben. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ki, maTi roli ufro rTuli
da mravalferovania. yvelasTvis cnobilia, rom romanSi, sadac
pirvel pirSi Txroba gvxvdeba, arc nacvalsaxeli, arc awmyo
dro aranair kavSirSi ar aris romanis avtorTan da masze muSao-
bis momentTan, aramed ukavSirdeba alter egos, romelic avto-
risgan sxvadasxva distanciaze SeiZleba idges. xSirad am „meore
mes“ muSaobis procesSi cvalebadoba axasiaTebs. erTnairad mc-
daria avtoris gaigiveba biografiul avtorTanac da gamogonil
mTxrobelTanac. avtori am ukanasknelTa Sorisaa moqceuli.
421
 SeiZleba imaze kamaTi, rom es romanis an poeturi diskursis
Taviseburebaa, TamaSia, romelSic `kvazi diskursebi“, umaRlesi
wesrigis diskursebi monawileoben. sinamdvileSi yoveli dis-
kursi, romelsac avtoris funqcia gaaCnia, „me“-ebis simravle
axasiaTebs. „me“ – maTematikuri naSromis winasityvaobaSi, sadac
misi Seqmnis pirobebia aRwerili, ar Seesabameba arc mis debule-
bas, arc mis funqcionirebas im „me“-sTan mimarTebaSi, romelic
mtkicebis procesSi Cndeba da romelic vlindeba formulaSi:
„me vvaraudob“ an „me vaskvni“. winasityvaobaSi „me“ unikaluri
individis aRmniSvnelia, romelmac garkveul drosa da adgilas
Seasrula konkretuli samuSao; meore SemTxvevaSi, „me“ magali-
Tis an mtkicebulebaTa jaWvis moxmobas gulisxmobs, romelic
aqsiomebis imave sistemidan, imave simboloebis gamoyenebiT,
winamorbedis mier Catarebul samuSaoebze dayrdnobiT, nebis-
mier adamians xelewifeba. samecniero naSromSi SegviZlia mesame
„me“-c SevniSnoT, romelic naSromis mniSvnelobaze, miRebul
Sedegebsa da gadauWrel amocanebze saubrisas vlindeba. es me-
same „me“ ukve arsebuli da momavali maTematikuri diskurse-
bis velSi arsebobs. am „me“–Tagan pirveli – avtorobas sakuTar
Tavze ar iRebs da amiT danarCen orsac azaralebs, romlebic am
SemTxvevaSi gamonagonni aRmoCndebodnen, darRveuli pirveli
„mes“ abstraqtuli produqtebi iqnebodnen. piriqiT, msgavs dis-
kursebSi avtori gafantulad realizdeba da am sami erTdrou-
lad arsebuli „mes“ dispersiaa.
eWvgareSea, rom analizis Sedegad SeiZleba avtoris fun-
qciis sxva maxasiaTeblebis aRmoCenac. me mxolod oTxi maTgan-
iT Semovifarglebi, vinaidan isini Tavidanve gvxvdeba TvalSi
da, albaT, yvelaze mniSvnelovanicaa. mokled ase SegviZlia
maTi warmodgena: 1. avtoris gageba iuridiul da instituciur
sistemasTanaa dakavSirebuli, romelic adgens, mimarTavs da
axmovanebs diskursebis samyaros; 2. gansxvavebuli epoqisa da
tipis civilizaciebis diskursebSi avtoris funqcia gansxvave-
bulad vlindeba; 3. avtoroba ganisazRvreba ara nawarmoebsa da
misi Semqmnels Soris pirdapiri kavSiris dadgenis aqtiT, aramed
garkveuli rTuli operaciebis Tanmimdevruli Sesrulebis
gziT; 4. avtoris gageba pirdapir kavSirSi ar aris konkretul
individTan, radgan masSi erTdroulad ramdenime „me“, ramde-
nime subieqti SeiZleba arsebobdes da TiTeul maTgans SeiZleba
pirovnebebis garkveuli jgufi Seesabamebodes.
422
 aqamde me gaumarTleblad vaviwrovebdi sakvlev sakiTxs.
avtoris sakiTxi amgvaradve unda gangvexila ferweraSi, musika-
sa da xelovnebis sxva dargebSic, magram diskursis farglebidan
gamousvleladac (me ki masSi darCena maqvs ganzraxuli) mgonia,
rom SevzRude termin `avtoris“ mniSvneloba. me ganvixilavdi av-
tors, rogorc pirovnebas, romelsac danamdvilebiT miewereba
teqstis, wignis, nawarmoebis Seqmna. advili SesamCnevia, rom dis-
kursis farglebSi SeiZleba moeqces ara mxolod romelime wig-
nis, aramed raRac grandiozulad didis – Teoriebis, tradici-
is, disciplinis avtori da romlis farglebSic axali avtorebi
da wignebi gamoCndebian. aseTi avtorebi transdiskursiulebi
arian. es movlena Cveni civilizaciis sawyisi etapidan moyole-
buli meordeba. homerosi, aristotele, eklesiis mamebi, pirveli
maTematikosebi da hipokrates tradiciis Semqmnelebi – yvelani
am rols asruleben.
SemdgomSi, mTeli me–19 s-is ganmavlobaSi, kidev erTi, ufro
uCveulo avtoris tipi gamoCnda, romelic ar unda agverios arc
`did“ mwerlebSi, arc literaturuli an religiuri teqstebis
avtorebSi da arc mecnierebebis fuZemdeblebSi. am ukanasknel
jgufSi Sesul avtorebs – cota TviTneburad – diskursulo-
bis fuZemdeblebi vuwodoT. maTi unikaluroba isaa, rom isini
mxolod TavianTi teqstebis Semqmnelebi ar arian. maT amaze
meti, sxva teqstebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobebi gaxsnes da saamiso
wesebic Camoayalibes. am azriT, isini principulad gansxvavde-
bian, magaliTad, romanistebisgan, romlebic mxolod sakuTari
teqstebis Semqmnelebi arian. froidi ar aris ubralod „sizmre-
bis axsnis“ avtori; arc marqsia mxolod „komunisturi manifes-
tis“ da „kapitalis“ Semqmneli. orive maTganma diskursis usa-
zRvro saSualebebi gaxsna.
rogorc Cans, Tavs iCens winaaRmdegoba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
usamarTloba iqneba romanis avtoris mxolod sakuTari teqstis
Semqmnelad miCneva. im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki romanisti garkveul
gavlenianobas iZens da mas ara mxolod sakuTari diskursis gan-
sazRvra da marTva SeuZlia. martivi magaliTi movixmoT: SeiZle-
ba iTqvas, rom ana redklifma* mxolod „etlinis sasaxle da di-
unbeinis sasaxle“ da rigi sxva romanebisa ki ar dawera, aramed
* ana redklifi – me-18 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi popularuli ingliseli „Savi“
anu „goTikuri“ Janris romanisti.
423
XIX s-is dasawyisSi saSinelebaTa goTikur romans gauxsna gza.
am TvalsazrisiT is sakuTari nawarmoebebis farglebs scilde-
ba. Tumca msgavs winaaRmdegobaze pasuxi maqvs. diskursulobis
damfuZneblebi (magaliTad marqsi da froidi aviRoT, darwmu-
nebuli var, isini pirvelebi da yvelaze mniSvnelovanebi arian),
romanistTan SedarebiT, sruliad sxva SesaZleblobebs xsnian.
ana redklifis nawarmoebebma gza gauxsnes mimbaZvelebs, rom-
lebSic redklifis romanebis principebs baZavdnen. misi romanis
Semadgeneli niSnebi, figurebi, mimarTebebi, struqturebi sxva
avtorebs SeiZleboda xelaxla gamoeyenebinaT. roca vambobT,
rom ana redklifi saSinelebaTa goTikuri romanis Semqmnelia,
Cven XIX s-is goTikur, aseve ana redklifis romanebSi vgulisx-
mobT sakuTari udanaSaulobis maxeSi gabmul qal personaJebs,
mitovebul koSkebs, saSinel borotmoqmedebs, romlebic maT wi-
naaRmdeg Cadenili borotebisaTvis samyaros samagieros uxdian
da a. S.
meore mxriv, roca marqsze da froidze, rogorc diskursu-
lobis fuZemdeblebze vsaubrob, vgulisxmob, rom maT ara mx-
olod garkveuli raodenobis analogiebs gauxsnes gza, aramed
(rac aranakleb mniSvnelovania) gansxvavebaTa garkveul ode-
nobasac. maT ara marto sakuTari diskursis SesaZleblobebi
gaafarToves, aramed im diskursebisac, romlebic rogorRac
ukavSirdebian maT. imis Tqma, rom froidma fsiqoanalizi Seqmna
ar niSnavs, rom „libidos“ cnebas an sizmrebis interpretaciis
teqnikas misi mimdevrebis naSromebSic vxvdebiT. es imas niSnavs,
rom froidma gansxvavebul gaazrebebs daudo dasabami, – mis
teqstebTan, koncefciebsa da hipoTezebTan mimarTebaSi – rom-
lebic Tavad fsiqoanalizis diskursma warmoSva.
Tumca es yvelaferi axal problemebs aCens: nuTu yovelive
zemoT Tqmuli nebismieri mecnierebis damfuZnebels ar miesad-
ageba, aseve nebismier avtorsac, romelmac ama Tu im mecniere-
baSi wvlili Seitana? galileis Semdgom gaxda SesaZlebeli ara
mxolod im diskursTa arseboba, romlebSic mis mier Camoyalibe-
buli kanonebi meordeba, aramed aseve galileisgan gansxvavebu-
li mtkicebulebebic. Tu kiuvie – biologiis, sosiuri – lingvis-
tikis fuZemdeblebi arian, ara im mizeziT, rom sxvebi baZavdnen
da imeorebdnen maT, aramed imis gamo, rom kiuviem SesaZlebeli
ga-xada evoluciis Teoriis arseboba, rac mis Sexedulebebs pir-
dapir ewinaaRmdegeboda. sosiurma ki generaciul gramatikas
424
misca biZgi, rac mis struqturul analizs upirispirdeboda.
erTi SexedviT, diskursuli SesaZleblobebis aRmoCena nebis-
mier sxva samecniero aRmoCenas mogvagonebs.
TumcaRa, maT Soris sayuradRebo gansxvavebaa. misi Seqm-
nis momentSi mecniereba imasve eyrdnoba, rasac misi Semdgo-
mi gardaqmnebi. mecnierebis warmoSoba am cvlilebaTa jaWvis
nawilia, romelic SesaZlebels xdis mis ganviTarebas. ra Tqma
unda, mecnierebis dabadebis momentis am CarTulobam mTel misi
Semdgomi progresis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba axal-axali formebi
miiRos. momavali ganviTarebis gadmosaxedidan, es momenti, Sesa-
Zloa, ufro mniSvnelovani gamovlinebis kerZo SemTxvevad Can-
des; gamovlinebis, romelic ganviTarebis procesSi gamoCndeba.
an SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom es intuiciuri da empiriuli gaxl-
daT. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saWiro gaxdeba misi xelaxali formuli-
reba da garkveuli meTodologiuri procedurebi iqneba Casa-
tarebeli, romlebic daazusteben da bevrad mtkices gaxdian mas.
bolos, is SeiZleba naCqarevi ganzogadeba aRmoCndes, romelic
mkafio sazRvrebSi unda moeqces da misi dasabuTebis da namdvi-
lobis done xelaxla unda Semowmdes. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
mecnierebis warmoSobis momenti yovelTvis SeiZleba avamoqme-
doT misgan momdinare transformaciebis meqanizmSi.
piriqiT, diskursuli praqtikis warmoSobas ar aqvs iseTive
xasiaTi, rogoric mis Semdgom transformaciebs. diskursuli
praqtikis – magaliTad froidis fsiqoanalizis – gafarToveba,
ar gulisxmobs, misTvis formaluri universalurobis miniWebas,
rac warmoSobis momentSi ar gaaCnda, aramed am praqtikis gamo-
yenebisTvis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebis gaxsnas niSnavs. fsiqo-
analizis mniSvnelobis diskursulobis tipamde daviwroeba, si-
namdvileSi misi ZiriTadi aqtis im mtkicebulebaTa SezRudul
nakrebamde dayvanas niSnavs, romelTac ekuTvnis pirveladis
statusi da romelTan mimarTebaSic froidis mier ganviTare-
buli koncefciebi da Teoriebi SemdegSi warmoqmnilad, meoreu-
lad, damxmared unda miviCnioT. amave dros, Teoriis damfuZne-
belTa calkeuli mtkicebulebebi maT naSromebSi mcdarad ar
unda gamocxaddes: amis nacvlad, warmoSobis momentis moxelTe-
bisas, Cven ukuvagdebT im mtkicebulebebs, romelTac saqmesTan
kavSiri ar aqvs – imis gamo, rom isini arsebiTad ar migvaCnia,
an imitom, rom isini sxva tipis diskursebisgan warmoSobi-

425
lad, „istoriamdelad“ iTvleba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
diskursuli praqtikis warmoqmna ar monawileobs mis Semdgom
transformaciebSi.
sabolood, nebismieri diskursuli praqtikis debulebaTa
dasabuTebuloba maTi damfuZneblebis naSromebTan mimarTebaSi
ganisazRvreba – maSin roca galileis an niutonis mier wamoy-
enebul debulebaTa dasabuTebulobas maT mier SemuSavebul
samecniero debulebaTa realuroba gansazRvravs. sqematurad
es yvelaferi ase SeiZleba gamoixatos: diskursebis damaarse-
belTa naSromebi mdebareobs ara im sivrceSi, romelic mecniere-
bis kriteriumebiT ganisazRvreba; ufro metad, diskursulo-
bis damaarsebelTa naSromebSi mecnierebac da diskursulobac
pirveladi koordinatTa sistemis moxelTebas cdiloben.
axla ukve gasagebi xdeba diskursulobis am velSi „saTa-
vesTan dabrunebis“ aucilebloba. es Zieba – diskursulobis
aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia da ganuwyvetliv gardaqmnis
mas. es diskursulobis istoriuli danamati, an misi Selamazeba
rodia. piriqiT, sawyisebTan dabruneba diskursuli praqti-
kis gardaqmnis efeqturi da aucilebeli saSualebaa. galileis
teqstis axleburma wakiTxvam, SesaZloa, meqanikis istoriis Ses-
axeb Sexeduleba Secvalos, Tumca amiT Tavad meqanikaSi araferi
Seicvleba. froidis teqstis xelaxali wakiTxvac fsiqoanalizis
transformirebas axdens, iseve rogorc marqsis axleburi gaaz-
reba cvlis marqsizms.
razec diskursuli praqtikis warmoSobis Sesaxeb axla visau-
bre, ra Tqma unda, Zalzed sqematuria; kerZod, ganxiluli dis-
kursuli praqtikis/mecnierebis opoziciasTan mimarTebiT aris
marTebuli. maT Soris zRvaris gavleba yovelTvis ioli rodia;
amave dros, ar arsebobs sabuTi, rom es procedurebi erTmaneTs
gamoricxaven. Sevecade erTaderTi mizeziT gamemijna isini erT-
maneTisgan: imis saCveneblad, rom avtoris problema TavisTa-
vad sakmaod rTulia ukve wignis an avtoris teqstTa erTianobis
doneze, romelzec erTi xelmoweraa, sakuTar TavSi aerTianebs
ufro met ganmsazRvrel faqtors, rodesac nawarmoebTan an
mTel disciplinebTan mimarTebiTaa dasmuli.
daskvnis saxiT, msurs, kidev erTxel gavusva xazi im mize-
zebs, romlebic yovelive aq TqmulisTvis mniSvnelobis miniWe-
bas maiZulebs.
426
 pirvel rigSi, es Teoriuli mizezebi gaxlavT. erTi mxriv,
aRniSnuli mimarTulebis kvlevam SeiZleba diskursis tipo-
logiis agebamde migviyvanos. Cemi azriT, yovel SemTxvevaSi er-
Ti SexedviT, aseTi tipologia martooden gramatikul Tavise-
burebebze, formalur struqturebze da diskursis obieqtebze
ar SeiZleba iyos damyarebuli. ufro sarwmunoa, rom arsebobs
raRac sazRvrebi da urTierTmimarTebebi, romlebic mxolod
diskursisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, romlebic ar emorCilebian
gramatikisa da logikis kanonebs. swored isini unda gamoviye-
noT diskursTa ZiriTadi kategoriebis gasamijnad. avtoris
figuris mimarT damokidebuleba (an damokidebulebis arqona),
am mimarTebaTa sxvadasxvagvari forma aSkarad diskursis erT-
erTi aseTi specifikuri Taviseburebaa.
meore mxriv, vfiqrob, rom es naSromi SesaZloa diskursis
istoriuli Seswavlis Sesavlad iqces. albaT, movida dro, roca
diskursebi ara mxolod maTi eqspresiuli Rirebulebisa da for-
maluri mxaris TvalsazrisiT, aramed maTi arsebobis saSuale-
bebTan mimarTebiT unda Seiswavlebodes. diskursTa gavrcele-
bis, arsebobis, RirebulebiTi statusis dadgenis, atribuciisa
da misakuTrebis saSualebebi sxvadasxva kulturaSi icvleba da
TiToeuli kulturis farglebSi transformirdeba. sazogado-
ebriv urTierTobebze maTi damokidebuleba, SesaZloa, ufro
ukeT avtorobis problemis meSveobiT gaviazroT, vidre mo-
cemul diskursSi arsebuli Temebisa da cnebebis saSualebiT,
romelTac moqmedebaSi mohyavT is.
iqneb iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom msgavsma analizma subieq-
tis privilegirebuli mdgomareobis gadaxedvamde SeiZleba
migviyvanos. vacnobiereb imas, rom nawarmoebis Sinagani arqi-
teqtonikis analizis wamowyeba (sul erTia literaturuli
teqsti iqneba, filosofiuri sistema Tu samecniero traqtati)
biografiuli da fsiqologiuri wanamZRvrebis uaryofiT, ukve
kiTxvis niSnis qveS vayenebT subieqtis absolutur da arsebiT
rols. da mainc Rirs davubrundeT am sakiTxs ara im mxriv, rom
isev Semqmneli-subieqtis problema daisvas, aramed diskursSi
subieqtis Seyvanis motivebi, misi funqcionirebis saSualebebi,
damokidebulebaTa sistemebi. gamoikveTos es niSnavs tradici-
uli problemis Tavdayira dayenebas, uaris Tqmas Semdeg kiTx-
vebze: „rogor SeuZlia Tavisufal subieqts saganTa bunebas
427
Caswvdes da mniSvneloba mianiWos maT? rogor axerxebs is enis
kanonebs aiZulos muSaoba da amiT realobis sakuTari modelebi
Seqmnas?“ am kiTxvebs sxvebi moyveba: „ra pirobebSi da ra formeb-
Si Cndeba subieqti diskursSi? rogoria misi adgili diskursTa
gansxvavebul tipebSi, ra funqcia SeiZleba aiRos sakuTar Tav-
ze, romeli kanonebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos man?“ saqme isaa, rom
subieqts unda CamoerTvas Semqmnelis roli da daiwyos misi ana-
lizi, rogorc diskursis rTuli cvalebadi funqcia.
meore mxriv, arsebobs mizezebi, romlebic avtoris
„ideologiur“ statuss Seexeba. am SemTxvevaSi Cndeba kiTxva:
rogor unda aviciloT Tavidan udidesi safrTxe, romliTac
gamogonili diskursi samyaros emuqreba? pasuxi: avtoris sa-
SualebiT. avtori zRudavs, sazRvars avlebs azris usasrulo
da saSiS gavrcelebas samyaroSi, sadac adamianebi ara mxolod
bunebriv resursebs da simdidres ufrTxildebian, aramed Tavi-
anT diskursebsa da azrebs. avtori azris gavrcelebis procesSi
ekonomiurad iqceva. Sedegad avtorTan dakavSirebuli tradi-
ciuli Sexedulebebis aucilebel gadasinjvamde mivdivarT.
Cven miveCvieT, rom avtori genialuri Semqmnelia nawarmoe-
bis, romelSic is gamaognebeli siuxviT aqsovs mniSvnelobaTa
amouwurav samyaros. Cveulebad gveqca imis daSveba, rom avtori
Zalian gansxvavdeba sxva adamianebisgan, rom is yvelanair enaze
maRla dgas da sakmarisia piri gaaRos, azris qmnis da gavrce-
lebis usazRvro procesi daiwyeba.
Tumca sinamdvile sruliad sawinaaRmdegoa: avtori nawar-
moebis azrTa wyaro ar aris; is win ki ar uswrebs mas, aramed fun-
qcionirebis principis warmoadgens, romelic Cvens kulturaSi
barierebs qmnis, raRacas ukuagdebs, raRacas irCevs; erTi si-
tyviT, avtori azrTa ukontrolo mimoqcevas aferxebs, nawar-
moebis Seqmnis Tavisuflebas, Semadgenel nawilebad mis daSlas,
mis xelaxla Seqmnas zRudavs. Tuki Cven avtors gamomsaxvelobi-
Tobis geniad warmovidgenT, swored imis gamo, rom misi funqcia
amis sawinaaRmdegoa. avtori – ideologiis produqtia. swored
amitom aRviqvamT mas sakuTari realuri istoriuli funqciis
sawinaaRmdegod. (yovel SemTxvevaSi, roca realuri istoriuli
funqcia warmodgenilia am funqciis sapirispiro figurad, mi-
zanSewonilia masze, rogorc ideologiur produqtze saubari).
428
aqedan gamomdinare, avtori ideologiuri konstruqtia, rom-
lis daniSnulebac mniSvnelobaTa zrdis winaaRmdeg brZolaa.
SesaZloa mogeCvenoT, TiTqos me iseTi kulturis Seqmnisken
movuwodeb, sadac gamonagonis sfero avtoris figuriT ar iqne-
ba SezRuduli. TumcaRa namdvili romantizmia iseTi kulturis
warmodgena, romelSic gamonagonis samyaro absoluturad Tav-
isufali iqneboda, sadac is sayovelTao, yvelas Tanabaruflebi-
ani sakuTreba iqneboda da SezRudvebis gareSe, usasrulod
ganviTardeboda. Tumca, me-18 s-dan moyolebuli, avtori gamona-
gonis damregulireblis rols asrulebs, imave rols, romelic
dRemde, Cvens industriul, burJuaziul, individualizmis xa-
nasa da kerZo sakuTrebaze damyarebul sazogadoebaSic damaxa-
siaTebelia misTvis, magram, mimdinare istoriuli cvlilebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, avtoris funqcias gaqroba moelis; Tan ise, rom
gamonagoni, mxatvruli literatura SezRudvaTa axal sistemaSi
moxvdeba. oRond, SemzRudavi ukve avtori ki aRar iqneba, aramed
raRac sxva, romlis arsic zustad jer kidev ar aris gansazRvru-
li.
yvela diskursi, maTi statusis, formis, Rirebulebis miuxe-
davad, upirovno CurCulis akompanementis TanxlebiT ganvi-
Tardeba. aRar daismeba ase didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gameorebuli
kiTxvebi: „es vin Tqva? sinamdvileSi is aris Tu vinme sxva? ram-
denad sarwmuno da originaluria es gamonaTqvami? misi Sinagani
„me“-dan mis diskursSi mainc ra gamoixata?“ maT sxva kiTxvebi
Secvlis: „ra pirobebSi arsebobs es diskursi? sad gamoiyeneba,
rogor vrceldeba, vin SeiZleba miisakuTros is? mis fargleb-
Si, sad SeiZleba viguloT SesaZlo subieqti? vin iRebs sakuTar
Tavze subieqtis gansxvavebul funqciebs?“ yvela am kiTxvasTan
erTad, ucvlelad gaismeba gulgrilobis noti: „ra mniSvneloba
aqvs vin saubrobs?“

Targmna arCil weredianma

429
 recefciuli esTetika

hans robert iausi

(1921-1997)

literaturis istoria,
rogorc literaturis Teoriis gamowveva

mkiTxvelis literaturuli gamocdilebis aRwera fsiqolo-

giis gamoyenebis gareSecaa SesaZlebeli, Tu mkiTxvelis molo-
dinis cnebas gamoviyenebT. mkiTxvelis molodini, nebismieri
axali teqstis mimarT, jamdeba – teqstis Seqmnis momentSi Jan-
ris Tavdapirveli gagebidan, ukve cnobili teqstis formis da
Tematikis SecnobiT, poeturi da yoveldRiuri enis kontrastis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
Cveni Tezisi uaryofs gavrcelebul skepsiss esTetikur ana-
lizze, rogorc saSualebaze, rom miuaxlovdes teqstis arss da
gaxdes ufro meti, vidre mxatvruli gemovnebis sociologiaa.
swored aseT varauds gamoTqvams rene ueleki a.a. riCardsis li-
teraturuli Teoriis mimarT. ueleki amtkicebs, rom arc indi-
vidualuri cnobiereba (ramdenadac igi uSualo da pirovnulia)
da arc `koleqtiuri cnobiereba~ (romelzec i. mukarJovskis
TvalsazrisiT, moqmedebs xelovnebis nimuSi) ar SeiZleba gan-
isazRvros empiriuli meTodebiT. roman iakobsoni gvTavazobs
„koleqtiuri cnobierebis~ „koleqtiuri ideologiiT~ Canacv-
lebas. am ganmartebaSi is gulisxmobs faseulobaTa sistemas,
romelic nebismieri teqstisTvis arsebobs, rogorc Langue da
romelic TiToeuli mkiTxvelisTvis iqceva Parole-d, Tumca ara
srulad. es Teoria zRudavs teqstis subieqtur aRqmas, magram
Riad tovebs sakiTxs, Tu ra mowmobs gansazRvrul auditori-
aze konkretuli teqstis zemoqmedebas da ra unda iqnas gaT-
valiswinebuli, rom teqstma aRiarebul faseulobaTa siste-
maSi adgili daimkvidros. magram arsebobs iseTi empiriuli
430
saSualebebi, razec adre ar dafiqrebulan – es gaxlavT faqtebi
literaturis istoriidan, mkiTxvelis gansakuTrebuli reaq-
cia TiToeul teqstze (mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs damokidebuleba,
romelic win uswrebs mkiTxvelis mier teqstis subieqtur aRqmas
da fsiqologiur reaqcias). ucnob teqstTan ziareba, rogorc es
miRebulia nebismieri sxva gamocdilebis SemTxvevaSi, garkveul
winaswar codnas moiTxovs, romelic Tavad aris gamocdilebis
nawili da mkiTxvelisTvis axali gamocdilebis konteqsts qmnis.
literaturuli teqsti ar gaxlavT siaxle informaciul va-
kuumSi, miuxedavad imisa, siaxled aRviqvamT mas Tu ara, magram
mkiTxvels aRqmis gansazRvrul mimarTulebas sTavazobs, iyenebs
– teqstualur strategiebs, Ria da dafarul signalebs, Cveul
daxasiaTebebsa da nagulisxmev aluziebs. is nacnob mogonebebs
gaxsenebT, mkiTxvelSi erTgvar emociebs aRviZebs da Tavisi „da-
sawyisiT~ „Sualedisa da dasasrulis~ mimarT interess aRZravs,
romelic SesaZloa ucvlelad darCes, an Seicvalos da erTianad
gadasxvaferdes, an kiTxvis procesSi, teqstis Janris kanonis
gaTvaliswinebiT, sulac ironiulad warmoCndes. esTetikuri
gamocdilebis sawyis etapze, teqstis Semecnebis fsiqologiuri
procesi subieqturi STabeWdilebebis SemTxveviTi Tavmoyra
ki ar aris, aramed aRqmis procesSi teqstis pirveli gacnobis
dros garkveuli mimarTulebis gansazRvraa. es mimarTulebebi
sxvadasxva motivaciasa da signals Soris unda gamovarCioT,
romelic marTvadi aRqmis process amoqmedebs da lingvistur
aRweras eqvemdebareba. Tuki v. Stempels mivyvebiT da teqstis
molodinis horizontis sawyis wertils izotopebis paradigmis
msgavsad ganvixilavT, romelic teqstis azris aRmoCenasTan er-
Tad, imanentur sintaqsur horizontSi gadadis, recefciis pro-
cesi SeiZleba semiologiuri proceduris iseT gafarToebad
aRvweroT, romelic sistemis ganviTarebasa da koreqcias Soris
aRmocendeba. molodinis horizontis mudmivi dadgenisa da cv-
lilebis Tanmdevi procesi, aseve, gansazRvravs calkeuli indi-
vidualuri teqstis sxva teqstebis mimdevrobasTan mimarTebas,
rac warmoSobs Janrs. axali teqsti mkiTxvelSi molodinis hori-
zonts aRviZebs da im wesebs Seaxsenebs, romlebic misTvis ufro
adreuli teqstebidanacaa kargad cnobili. isini varireben da
Sesworebas ganicdian, icvlebian an ubralod kvlav aRdgebian
- variaciisa da Sesworebis xarisxs gansazRvravs Janris saz-
431
Rvrebisa da misi struqturis masStabi, cvlileba an warmoqmna.
recefciis procesSi, teqstis interpretacia yovelTvis gu-
lisxmobs esTetikuri aRqmis, gamocdilebis erTgvar konteqsts.
kiTxvebi subieqtur gagebaze, mkiTxvelis gemovnebisa da donis
sakiTxi mxolod im SemTxvevaSia Sedegiani, rodesac molodinis
garepirovnuli horizonti dadgindeba, romelic teqstis ze-
moqmedebas gansazRvravs.
aseTi literaturuli meqanizmebis SesaZleblobebi yvelaze
naTlad im teqstebSi gvxvdeba, romelic mkiTxvelis mxatvrul
standarts iyenebs da Tavad aris Janris, stilisa da formis pi-
robiTobebiT Camoyalibebuli. amgvari teqsti ganzrax aRZravs
molodins, rom Semdgom Tavad daarRvios is. magaliTad, `don
kixotSi~ servantesi mkiTxvels Zveli rainduli romanebidan
nasesxeb molodins axvevs Tavs, romelic Semdgom gmiris Tavga-
dasavlebSia parodirebuli. didro `Jak-fatalistis~ dasawyis-
Si popularuli samogzauro da sasiyvarulo-saTavgadasavlo
romanebisadmi (romelTa pirobiToba providencialurobaSia)
molodins aRZravs, rom Semdgom Sepirebuli samogzauro da
sasiyvarulo romani, araromanul `namdvil istorias~ Seajaxos.
CarTuli novelebi, cxovrebiseuli simarTliT, ucnauri real-
obiTa da moraluri kazuistikiT, poetur gamonagons uaryofs.
magaliTad nervali `qimerebSi~ citirebs, erTmaneTSi azavebs
cnobili romantikuli da okulturi motivebis kvintesencias,
qmnis samyaros miTiuri gardasaxvis molodins, mxolod imitom,
rom uari Tqvas romantikul poeziaze. mistiuri identifikacia
da mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi urTierToba idumalebaSi isea gan-
zavebuli, rom ver xerxdeba lirikuli `mes~ piraduli miTis Se-
qmnis mcdeloba, darRveulia informaciis srulyofis kanoni,
gaugebroba, sibnele TandaTan matulobs da poetur funqcias
iZens.
teqstebSi, romelic istoriuli CarCoebiT mkveTrad ar aris
Semofargluli, molodinis obieqtivaciis SesaZlebloba arse-
bobs. is recefcia, rasac avtori teqstis mkiTxvelisgan elis,
Ria signalebis aryofnis drosac, sami miRebuli da cnobili
saSualebiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes – upirvelesad, nacnobi
wesebiT an JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturobiT; meore
rigSi, cnobili teqstebis istoriul-literaturul konteqs-
tTan implicituri urTierTobebiT da mesame – gamonagonisa da
432
realobis kontrastiT, enis poeturi da pragmatuli funqciiT,
romelsac mkiTxveli yovelTvis acnobierebs. mesame saSualeba
SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom mkiTxvelma axali teqsti aRiqvas ara
marto sakuTri literaturuli molodinis viwro horizontiT,
aramed Tavisi cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis ufro farTo hori-
zontis gaTvaliswinebiT.
teqstis molodinis horizontis amgvari rekonstruqci-
isas, misi mxatvruli bunebis gansazRvra konkretul audito-
riaze zemoqmedebis TaviseburebiT da doniTaa SesaZlebeli.
Tu Cven `esTetikur distanciad~ miviCnevT distancias arsebul
molodinis horizontsa da axali teqstis gamoCenas Soris, risi
recefciac Secvlis molodinis horizonts, radgan es teqsti
uaryofs nacnob gamocdilebas an pirvelad artikulirebs ro-
meliRac cdas, es esTetikuri distancia SegviZlia istoriu-
lad aRvweroT. amisTvis ki auditoriis reaqciis mTel speqtri
da kritikosTa mosazrebebia Sesaswavli (spontanuri warmateba,
gaucxoeba da Soki, teqstis zogierTi mxaris mowoneba an mogvi-
anebiTi da TandaTanobiTi aRqma).
gamoqveynebisTanave literaturuli teqsti akmayofilebs,
aWarbebs, atyuebs Tu imeds ucruebs pirveli mkiTxvelis molo-
dins, saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT teqstis ganmsazRvreli
esTetikuri faseulobis kriteriumebi. `molodinis hori-
zontsa~ da teqsts, nacnob da im esTetikur gamocdilebas So-
ris distancia, romelic axali nawarmoebis aRsaqmeladaa saWro
`Secvlili horizontis~ gziT, mxatvruli literaturis bune-
bas gansazRvravs, recefciis TvalsazrisiT. rac ufro naklebia
es distancia, anu rac ufro nakleb moTxovnas uyenebs teqsti
aRmqmelis gonebas, miT ufro axlos dgas igi `martiv sakiTxav
teqstTan~. aseTi teqsti ar gaiZulebs, Secvalo molodinis hor-
izonti, vinaidan masSi ganxorcielebulia yvela is molodini,
rasac gabatonebuli gemovneba gvTavazobs – mSvenierebis cno-
bili standartebis reproducirebis moTxovna, nacnobi gancde-
bis gaxseneba, ocnebebis waxaliseba, uCveulo gamocdilebis
xelmisawvdomoba an Tundac romelime moraluri problemis
wamoWra da misi yvelaze ioli gziT gadawyveta. meore mxriv, Tu
teqstis mxatvruli buneba pirveli mkiTxvelis molodinTan es-
Tetikuri distanciiT izomeba, es distancia, Tavidan TiTqos
mosaxerxebeli an sulac miuRebeli, momdevno mkiTxvelisaTvis
433
SeiZleba gaqres, radgan naTeli xdeba teqstis sawyisi uaryo-
fili impulsi. es imis maniSnebelia, rom teqsti veRar aRiqmeba,
ufro swored, momavali esTetikuri gamocdilebisaTvis Cveuli
molodinis horizontis nawili xdeba. horizontis amgvari meore
cvla gansakuTrebiT e.w. literaturuli Sedevrebis klasikuri
bunebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. esTetikis recefciis Tvalsaz-
risiT, mSveniereba maTSi da maTi `mudmivi mniSvneloba~ Sedevrs
`martiv sakiTxavTan~ siaxlovis safrTxes uqmnis da gvWirdeba
gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmeva, rom isini Tavidan wavikiTxoT da
xelaxla aRmovaCinoT maTi mxatvruli buneba.
literaturasa da auditorias Soris urTierTqmedeba ara
mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom yovel teqsts hyavs Tavisi, is-
toriulad da sociologiurad ganwyobili mkiTxveli audito-
ria da, aseve, rom yoveli mwerali Tavisi mkiTxvelis garemos,
Sexedulebebsa da ideologiazea damokidebuli, wignma lite-
raturaSi warmatebis misaRwevad jgufis molodini unda gaama-
rTlos, warudginos am jgufs misi portreti. literaturuli
warmatebis obieqturi gansazRvra, rogorc teqstis Canafiqrisa
da socialuri jgufis molodinis Tanxvedra, literaturis so-
ciologebis mudmivi gansjis sagania, rodesac isini cdiloben
axsnan teqstis xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis arsi. swored amitom
wamoayena r. eskarpim `koleqtiuri sivrce-drois bazisis~ idea,
`avtoris droismieri xangrZlivobis iluziis” gaTvaliswinebiT,
ramac molierTan dakavSirebul ucnaur prognozamde migviy-
vana: `XX saukunis frangisTvis, molieri axalgazrdaa, vinaidan
jer kidev cocxlobs misi samyaro da Cven masTan kulturuli
urTierToba, saerTo Tvalsazrisi da ena gvakavSirebs. magram
es kavSirebi TandaTan sustdeba, molieric berdeba da kvdeba da
maSin Cveni ukanaskneli kavSiri molieris safrangeTTan qreba“.
molierma TiTqos da mxolod Tavisi saukunis zne-Cveulebani aR-
wera, magram sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTeli misi warmateba am
mcdelobaze iyo dafuZnebuli! rodesac ar arsebobs teqstsa da
socialur jgufs Soris Tanxvedra, an, magaliTad, ucxoenovani
auditoriis mier konkretuli nawarmoebis recefciaSi es Tanx-
vedra ukve aRar aris, eskarpi iSveliebs `miTs~: `miTi, romelic
momdevno epoqaSi Seqmnes da romelic ucxoa masSi gansaxiere-
buli sinamdvilisTvis“. TiTqos teqstis nebismieri recefcia,
romelic pirveli mkiTxvelis wres gascda, mxolod damaxinje-
434
buli eqo iqneba, mxolod subieqturi miTis Sedegi da mas miz-
nad teqstis wvdoma ar aqvs dasaxuli, romelic Tavad zRudavs
da gansazRvravs mis Semdgom mniSvnelobas. literaturis so-
ciologias moqniloba aklia Tavisi obieqtis gansazRvraSi. is
calmxrivad sazRvravs mwerals, teqstsa da mkiTxvels Soris
urTierTkavSirs. literaturis sociologiaSi aRwerili moZ-
raobis mimarTuleba wreze ase SeiZleba gaiSalos: arsebobs
iseTi teqstebi, romlebic gamoqveynebisas garkveuli audito-
riisadmi ar aris mimarTuli, magram mkveTrad emijneba Cveul
molodinis horizonts. amitom maTi Sesatyvisi auditoriac
Zalian nela yalibdeba. Semdgom, rodesac molodinis axali done
yvelasTvis misaRebi gaxdeba, Tavs iCens Secvlili esTetikur
normis avtoriteti, mkiTxveli zurgs aqcevs adre popularul,
magram ukve moZvelebul teqsts. mxolod mkiTxvelis molodinis
horizontSi cvlilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia imedi
viqonioT, rom mkiTxvelze literaturis zemoqmedebis analizi
mkiTxvelis literaturul istoriad iqces. es ki im statisti-
kur monacemTa mrudes mogvcems, romlis wyalobiTac bestsel-
ers istoriis nebismier periodSi advilad amovicnobT.
amis dasturia 1857 wlis literaturuli sensacia. am wels
gamoqveynda ori romani: floberis Sedevri `madam bovari~ da
floberis megobris, feidos romani `fani~, romlis arsebobac
aRaravis axsovs. floberis romans gamosvlisTanave, uxamsobis
braldebiT, Tan sdevda araerTi xmauriani sasamarTlo procesi.
Tavidan `madam bovari~ feidos `fanis~ CrdilqveS moeqca. `fani~
pirvelive wels cametjer gamoica. aseTi warmateba Satobrianis
`atilas~ Semdeg parizs ar axsovda. orive romanis Tema axali
auditoriis moTxovnebs akmayofilebda, romelmac, bodleris
azriT, `uaryo yvelaferi romantiuli da abuCad aigdo nebis-
mieri vneba – didic da mcirec~. romanebis siuJetic banaluria
– adiulteri. feidosTan moqmedeba burJuaziul garemoSi vi-
Tardeba, floberTan ki – provinciaSi. floberica da feidoc
mSvenivrad acnobierebdnen, rogor eqciaT sensaciad sasiyvaru-
lo samkuTxedi. avtorebma sasiyvarulo scenebi, im droisaTvis
metad Tamamad, gulaxdilad da daufaravad aRweres da eWviano-
bis moZvelebuli Temac axleburad warmoaCines da damkvidre-
buli, mosalodneli sami klasikuri roli Secvales. feidos
gmirma, ocdaaTi wlis qalis axalgazrda sayvarelma, marTalia
435
Tavisas miaRwia, magram qalis qmrisadmi eWvianobis mtanjvelma
grZnobam mas sicocxle mouswrafa. floberma, provincieli
mkurnalis colis Ralats sruliad gansxvavebuli finali
mouZebna, rasac bodlerma dendizmis amaRlebuli forma uwoda.
romanis dasasruls, sasacilo, rqebdadgmuli qmari, Sarl bo-
vari, keTilSobilur Tvisebebs avlens. im epoqis oficialurma
kritikam orive romani uaryo, rogorc axali, `realisturi” sko-
lis produqtebi, floberi da feido ki idealebis abuCad agde-
basa da meore imperiis wyobaze TavdasxmaSi daadanaSaula. 1857
wlis auditoriis molodinis horizonti ver warmoidgenda, rom
balzakis gardacvalebis Semdeg, romanis JanrSi SesaZlo iyo
raime Rirebuli teqstis Seqmna. am or romans Soris warmatebis
sxvaoba, mxolod im faqtoriT aixsneba, Tu yuradRebas teqsteb-
is Txrobis formis efeqturobaze gavamaxvilebT. floberis no-
vatorobam, misma `usaxo – upirovno Cvenebis~ principma (romlis
gamoc, barbe d’orevili werda: `manqana, romelic istoriis Ses-
axeb mogviTxrobda, inglisuri foladisgan rom daemzadebinaT,
is zustad batoni floberis msgavsi iqnebodao~) gaaoca da daa-
Sina auditoria, romelmac, samagierod, `fani~-Si sasiamovnod
aRmgznebi Sinaarsi da aRsarebiTi romanis Cveuli tonaloba
aRmoaCina. feido sazogadoebis im wris, idealebsa da SiSs aRw-
erda, romelic modasa da stils amkvidrebda. mkiTxvels SeeZlo
damtkbariyo centraluri sasiyvarulo sceniT, rodesac fani
acdunebs sakuTar qmars da ar icis, rom mezobeli aivnidan mas
sayvareli uTvalTvalebs, ubeduri mowmis, sayvarlis reaqcia
win uswrebs mkiTxvelis uaryofiT moralur gansjas. `madam
bovarim~ ki, romelic Tavidan mxolod specialistebis viwro
wrem aRiara da romanis Janris ganviTarebis axal etapad monaT-
la, msoflio aRiareba moipova. am wignis gavleniT Camoyalibe-
bulma mkiTxvelTa wrem uzrunvelyo molodinis axali kanonis
Seqmna, visTvisac miuRebeli gaxda feidos sisuste – Wreli sti-
li, efeqtebisadmi ltolva da aRsarebiTi kliSe. `fani~ warsu-
lis bestselerad darCa.
molodinis horizontebis rekonstruqcia, romlis safuZ-
velzec iqmneboda da aRiqmeboda esa Tu is literaturuli
nawarmoebi, gvexmareba gavacnobieroT, ra sakiTxebs pasuxobda
Tavdapirvelad teqsti da, aqedan gamomdinare, rogor esmoda
da afasebda mas warsulis mkiTxveli. aseTi damokidebuleba xe-
436
lovnebisadmi klasikur midgomas da teqstis modernizaciis
mcdelobasac cvlis da teqsts ,,drois saerTo suliskveTebiT”
axsnisgan icavs, rasac wriul azrovnebamde mivyavarT. amgvari
midgoma gamoavlens hermenevtikul gansxvavebas teqstis Zvele-
bur da axlebur aRqmas Soris da misi recefciis istoriaze migvi-
TiTebs – masSi erTic aris Cadebuli da meorec. am gziT ki amxels
metafizikuri filologiis viTomcda ucilobel WeSmaritebas,
rogorc platonur dogmas, romelic acxadebs, rom literatu-
ra ukvdavia, aqvs obieqturi mniSvneloba da erTxel da samudamo-
daa gansazRvruli da nebismier dros Riaa interpretaciisTvis.

Targmna Tamar ciciSvilma

437
 damateba

moris blanSo
(1907-2003)

TargmanisaTvis

gvaqvs Tu ara Segnebuli, raoden davalebuli varT mTar-

gmnelebisgan, da ufro metad – Targmanisagan? ara mgonia, maSi-
nac ki, roca vumadliT im adamianebs, romlebic ar Sedrknen im
amocanebis winaSe, rasac Targmanis amocana hqvia. rodesac maT
Soridan mivesalmebiT, rogorc Cveni kulturis Tavmdabal
msaxurebs, Cveni madlierebis grZnoba mainc mozomili da qed-
maRluric ki aris da amasTanave mobodiSebis msgavsic, vinaidan
bolomde arasodes vaRiarebT maT. neba miboZeT, davimowmo ram-
denime mosazreba valter beniaminis axlaxan frangulad Targm-
nili brwyinvale essedan, sadac igi literaturuli moRvaweobis
am formaze, am sruliad originalur formaze laparakobs: Tu
safuZvlianad Tu usafuZvlod vacxadebT, rom Cven Soris arian
poetebi, arian romanistebi da, maSasademe, kritikosebic, amave
rigSi unda movixsenioT mTargmnelebic, anu iSviaTi dargis
mwerlebi, romelTac veravis SevadarebT.
SegaxsenebT, rom Targmani zogierT kulturaSi kargad xans
saZraxisad iTvleboda. zogs ar surs, rom maTs enaze iTargmnos
esa Tu is nawarmoebi, sxvebs surT, rom maTi enidan iTargmne-
bodes, da saWiro xdeba omi, raTa Ralati moxdes da sakuTari ena
sxvebs gadaeces. (gavixsenoT eTeokles sasowakveTili vedreba:
`nu mowydebiT mSobliur miwas, nu CaugdebT xelSi mters mSob-
liur qalaqs, sadac namdvil berZnul kiloze metyveleben~).
magram mTargmneli gacilebiT ufro did mkrexelobas Cadis:
RvTis uarmyofeli, igi babilonis koSkebis agebas lamobs, raTa
ironiulad mogeba naxos im uzenaesi sasjelisgan, ramac adami-
anebi enebis aRreviT dayo. odesRac sjerodaT, rom SesaZlebe-
lia pirvelqmnil enasTan ziareba, pirvelqmnil sityvasTan,
romlis codna sakmarisia simarTlis saTqmelad.
438
 beniamins SemorCa raRac am ocnebidan. enebi, SeniSnavs igi,
erT realobas exebian, magram sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxataven mas.
rodesac vambobT ,,brot” an `puri~, erTsa da imaves vgulisxmobT,
magram sxvadasxvanairad gamovTqvamT. yoveli ena arasrulyo-
filia.
TargmanSi me sxvadasxva saSualebis CanacvlebiT rodi vifar-
glebi, erTi xerxisa – meore xerxiT, aramed mivaniSneb uzenaes
enaze, romelSic yvela da sruliad sxvadasxvagvari metyveleb-
is harmonia da urTierTSemavsebeli erTianobaa, da es unaklod
gamoxatavs kavSirs wignisaTvis gankuTvnil yvela enas Soris.
aqedan – yoveli mTargmnelisaTvis niSandoblivi mesianizmi,
Tuki Tavisi TargmaniT exmareba mSobliur enas, raTa aamaRlos
im umaRles kilomde, romlis arsebobas cxadyofs nebismieri ar-
sebuli ena, romlskenac Targmani miiswrafis.
erTi SexedviT, debulebebis utopiuri mowmeni varT. igu-
lisxmeba, rom yovel enas sinamdvilisadmi mimarTebis erTad-
erTi xerxi moepoveba da aseve erTaderTi xerxi mis gamosaxata-
vad, da amitomac es xerxebi erTmaneTs avseben. magram beniamini,
vgoneb, sxva rames gulisxmobs. yoveli mTargmneli enebis sxvao-
biT suldgmulobs, nebismieri Targmani am sxvaobas emyareba,
magram, amasTanave, TiTqosda Seusabamo miznisaken – am sxvaobis
gauqmebisken miiswrafis.
(kargad Targmnil rames swored am ori SeuTavsebeli Rirse-
bisaTvis aqeben: an amboben, rom saerTod ar igrZnoba Targmni-
loba, anda masSi lamis dedans xedaven, mis saocar gamocxadebas.
sxvagvarad, axali enis SemuSavebisas malaven, rom raRac axali
ibadeba; an axalze amaxvileben yuradRebas da amiT or enas Soris
arsebul sxvaobas niRbaven. orive SemTxvevaSi raRac ikargeba).
magram gulaxdilad rom vTqvaT, Targmani arasodes isaxavs
miznad sxvaobis gauqmebas. piriqiT, igi am sxvaobiT nebivrobs,
gamudmebiT amas Segvaxsenebs, xan malavs amas, xanac aSiSvlebs
da mkveTrad warmoaCens, rom Targmani swored am sxvaobis gan-
saxierebaa, uzenaesi valis aRsrulebacaa da udidesi cdunebis
gziT wasvlac, rodesac medidurad aris daaxloebuli ori ena,
rac mxolod Targmans xelewifeba, herakles msgavsad, romelic
zRvebis napirebs erTmaneTs ajaxebda. Mmetic, ragind xandazmuli
da Tundac mdare iyos nawarmoebi, misi Targmna sasurvelia, Tuki
aSkarad iqneba aRbeWdili am sxvaobis daRiT, meore enaze miniS-
439
nebiT, anda, Tu Taviseburad Segvaxsenebs, rom igi raRac sxvaa
an ufro metia, vidre – nebismieri cocxali ena.
dedani wamiTac araa gaqvavebuli, da yovelive, rac am enaSi
momavals ekuTvnis, yvelaferi, rac am enaSi Segvaxsenebs sru-
liad sxvagvar, zogjer SemaSfoTebel ucxo mdgomareobas, yo-
velive es literaturuli memkvidreobis sazeimo dreifSi
mJRavndeba. Targmani ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli am Camo-
yalibebis procesTan, romelsac `Targmnis~ da ganasaxierebs;
warmoudgenelicaa aseTi svlis, aseTi qmedebis gareSe.
klasikuri Sedevrebi im enebze, romlebzec aRar mety-
veleben, SegvRaRadeben, rom vTargmnoT; isini mkvdari enis
erTaderT mowmeebad darCnen, erTaderT mopasuxed am umomav-
lo enebis momavalze. isini cocxloben, Tuki vTargmniT, metic,
mSobliur enaSi iseve cxovel arian, TiTqosda gamudmebiT
Targmanyofen da ganagrZoben TavianT Taviseburebas – Tavda-
pirvel ucxoobas.
mTargmneli ganumeorebeli originalobis mweralia, Tumc
amas TiTqosda sulac ar iCemebs. igi enobriv sxvaobaTa idumal-
metyvelia. misi amocanaa am sxvaobaTa ara waSla, aramed gamoye-
neba, raTa mkveTri an usaTuTesi rxevebiT mSobliur enaSi da-
bados imis gancda, riTac aRbeWdilia imTaviTve gansxvavebuli
dedani.
msgavseba aq, marTebulad SeniSnavs beniamini, araferSuaSia:
rodesac surT, rom Targmani hgavdes dedans, aviwydebaT, rom
mxatvruli Targmani SeuZlebelia (iseve rogorc romanis re-
aloba ar udris cxovrebis realobas). igulisxmeba iseTive igi-
veoba, romelic sxvaobiT iwyeba; laparakia or sxvadasxva enaze
arsebul erT nawarmoebze, romelic arsebobs am ukanasknelTa
swored sxvaobis gamo; es ki warmoSobs gadaxras, ris gamoc na-
warmoebi ar udris Tavis Tavs da yovelTvis sxvaa, – laparakia
gadaxraze, romlidanac Suqi unda gamokrTes da aman asuldgmu-
los gamWvirvale da sxvaobisaTvis mza Targmani.
diax, mTargmneli yovelTvis ucxo vinmea, nostalgiiTaa
Sepyrobili, vinaidan mwared ganicdis Tavisi enis naklulo-
bas, rasac ucxoenovani dedani (romelsac Targmani bolomde
verasodes gaumklavdeba, – is xom aq mxolod stumaria, mxolod
mowveuli da ara adgilobrivi mkvidri) cxadad warmoaCens.
440
 aqedan – specialstebis mier aRniSnuli is faqti, rom
mTargmneli Targmnisas mSobliuri enis garemoSi ufro ucxod
grZnobs Tavs, vidre uCveulo da ucxo enis samyaroSi. ubralod,
Tavis mSobliur enas, SeiZleba iTqvas, ramdenadme naklulad da
am naklulobiT gamdidrebuli wesiT flobs da am naklulobis
Sevseba SeuZlia ara mxolod sxva eniT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxvaa
am mocemul nawarmoebSi, sadac TavSesafari pova.
beniamini imowmebs saocar adgils rudolf panvicis Te-
oriidan: `Cveni TviT yvelaze saukeTeso Targmanebi araswor
wanamZRvars emyarebian: cdiloben, gaagermanulon sanskriti,
berZnuli, inglisuri imis magier, rom germanulis gasanskri-
teba, gaelinureba, gainglisureba moaxdinon... mTargmnelis
arsebiTi Secdomaa – ukvdavyos is mdgomareoba, romelSic
miuswro sakuTar enas, imis magier, rom sxvisi enis mZlavri
impulsiT isargeblos~.
erTob saxifaTo rCeva Tu moTxovnaa. igulisxmeba, rom yo-
vel enas ZaluZs, iqces yvela sxva enad, anda, sul cota, Tavisi
TavisaTvis raime zianis miyenebis gareSe imoZraos sruliad
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT; igulisxmeba, rom mTargmnels saa-
misod sakmao SesaZleblobebis aRmoCena SeuZlia saTargmn
nawarmoebSi; da bolos, igulisxmeba, rom TargmanSi mSobliur
literaturaze maRla mdgomi leqsikuri da sintaqsuri Sreebi
unda warmoCndes.
isRa dagvrCenia, davZinoT, rom Tavisi Sexedulebis gasa-
magreblad panvics SeeZlo, daemowmebina iseTi elvare saxele-
bi, rogoricaa luTeri, fosi, helderlini, george, romlebic
Targmanisas yovelTvis uyoymanod gadiodnen germanuli enis
CarCoebidan, raTa gaefarToebinaT misi sazRvrebi.
helderlinis magaliTi marTlac imis dasturia, sabolood
rogori safrTxe emuqreba adamians, romelic Targmanis jados-
nur Zalas emorCileba.
sofokles `antigone~-sa da `oidiposi~-s Targmanebi misi
TiTqmis bolo namuSevrebia misi SeSlilobis win, – ukidure-
sad gaazrebuli, moTvinierebuli da Tavisufali Targmanebi,
udreki nebiT damorCilebuli erTaderTi miznisadmi: moxdes
ara berZnuli teqstis ganfena germanuli enis wiaRSi, ara germa-
nulis miyvana berZnul saTaveebTan, aramed erTiani, mTliani
da wminda enis farglebSi ori stiqiis SeTavseba, romelTagan

441
erTi dasavleTis cvalebadobas ganasaxierebs, xolo meore –
ubedobas aRmosavleTisa. Sedegi TiTqmis saSineli iyo. goeTes
yinviseburi sicili amis gamo arc ki iwvevs gakvirvebas. kacma rom
Tqvas, vis dascinoda goeTe? Aadamians, romelic ukve mTargmneli
da poeti ki ar iyo, aramed – gaxelebuli msrboli im centrisaken,
sadac surda, erT wertilSi moeqcia yovelive is, rasac SeuZlia
mkveTrad dadgenil mniSvnelobasa da raime sazRvrulobas mok-
lebuli azri warmoqmnas. is, rom aseTma cdunebam helderlini
Targmnisas Seipyro, savsebiT gasagebia: mTargmneli, rogorc
sxva aravin, gamudmebul, saxifaTo da momxiblav siaxloves im-
yofeba yvelafris yvelaferTan SeuRlebis SesaZleblobasTan,
rac mocemulia rogorc yovel praqtikul qmedebaSi, aseve ne-
bismier enaSi. swored am akviatebuli mizanswrafviT moipova
yvelaze amayi da yvelaze SeumCneveli mwerlis saxeli. Rrmad
swamda, rom Targmna saboloo jamSi – gaxelebaa.

Targmna irakli kenWoSvilma

442
 dimitri uznaZe
(1886-1950)

ganwyobis fsiqologia
ganwyoba
1. mizanSewonilobis problema: meqanicizmi da vitalizmi

organizmi rogorc mTliani moqmedobs. igi rogorc mTliani

upasuxebs garemos zemoqmedebas; da amis SesaZleblobas mas,
rogorc zemod davinaxeT, misi saocari anatomiuri da fiziolo-
giuri Tavisebureba aZlevs . magram am mTlian moqmedebas mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi eqneboda azri, Tu rom igi mizanSewonilad wari-
marTeboda, ese igi, Tu rom igi organizms misi moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebisa da garemosTan sazogadod ukeT Seguvbis Sesa-
Zleblobas miscemda. Cven viciT, rom cocxal organizms swored
aseTi mizanSewonili moqmedebis unari axasiaTebs. uamisod igi
daidupeboda, uamisod sicocxle sazogadod SeuZlebeli iqne-
boda, uamisod mis moqmedebas araviTari azri ar eqneboda.
da ai ibadeba sakiTxi. rogor aris es mizanSewonili moq-
medeba SesaZlebeli? rogor axerxebs organizmi mas? am Zvelad-
Zvel sakiTxze ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi iyo dRemde burJua-
ziul mecnierebaSi gavrcelebuli. meqanisturi da vitalisturi.
Tanaxmad meqanisturi Sexedulebisa, organizmis moqmedebas
wminda meqanikuri kanonzomiereba gansazRvravs: organizmi nam-
dvili manqanaa, romlis muSaobac garedan momdinare zegavlena-
zea damokidebuli.
Tavisi ukiduresi gamoxatuleba meqanicizmma dekartis cno-
bil SexedulebaSi hpova, romlis mixedviTac cxoveli namdvil
manqanas, avtomats warmoadgens, da misi qcevis mizanSewoniloba
misi aqtiuri Carevis gareSe isaxeba. Tanamedrove fsiqologiur
mecnierebaSi meqanicizms gansakuTrebiT e. w. refleqsologia da
biheviorizmi icaven. maTi rwmeniT, cxovelisa da adamianis qce-
vis gasagebad, bolos da bolos, mxolod fizikurqimikuri kanon-
zomierebis Seswavlaa sakmarisi, imitom rom cocxali organiz-
mis qcevac bunebis movlenaa, igi arafers specifikurs ar Seicavs
da, rogorc yvelaferi bunebaSi, fizikur-qimikur procesebze
unda iqnes dayvanili.
443
 vitalisturi Sexeduleba sul sxva poziciaze dgas. misi az-
riT, cxovelis moqmedebis mizanSewonilebis fiziko-qimikurad
axsna damarwmunebeli araa. organizmi, rogorc sicocxlis ma-
tarebeli, arsebiTad gansxvavdeba araorganuli nivTierebisgan,
da amitom mis moqmedebas sruliad Taviseburi faqtori gansaz-
Rvravs: organizmis qcevis miwanSewonileba fiziko-qimikuri
procesebis niadagze rodi aigeba; igi specifikuri faqtoridan
gamomdinareobs, romelsac yoveli cocxali organizmi Seicavs.
es faqtori wminda aramaterialur arss an Zalas warmoadgens.
zogi mas enteleqias uwodebs. zogi fsiqoids, zogi sasicocxlo
energias. igi damoukideblad moqmedobs organizmze da Signi-
dan warmarTavs mas ama Tu im mimarTulebiT, imis mixedviT, Tu
ra sWirdeba organizms amJamad. ase Cndeba mizanSewonili qceva.
es ukanaskneli, maSasadame, axsnas ar moiTxovs. cocxal orga-
nizms imTaviTve aqvs TandarTuli sagangebo Zala, romelic mas
mizanSewonili moqmedebis unars aniWebs. aseTia vitalisturi
Tvalsazrisi.
TavisTavad igulisxmeba. arcerTi es Tvalsazrisi araa
misaRebi. meqanicizmi cocxali organizmis specifikurobas
uaryofs. maSasadame, sicocxlv misTvis ganvioarebis axal safex-
urs ar warmoadgens: igi kvlav araorganuli nivTierebis kanon-
zomierebaTa farglebSi rCeba. vitalizmi meore ukiduresobaSi
vardeba. igi organulsa da araorganuls Soris garduval uf-
skruls Txris, maT Soris absolutur gansxvavebas sWvrets, ram-
denadac imas, rac specifikuria organizmisTvis, aramaterialu-
rad acxadebs.
es sakiTxi mxolod materialisturi dialeqtikis niadagze
SeiZleba gadawydes: organulsa da araorganuls Soris ufskru-
li ar arsebobs: ramdenadac organulic materiis moZraobis er-
TerT formas warmoadgens, isic araorganulis msgavsad, mate-
rialuris kanonzomierebas emorCileba. maSasadame, yvelaferi,
rac masSi xdeba, garkveuli fizikur-qimikuri mizeziT unda
iqnes axsnili: organuli, cocxali, ise rogorc araorganulic,
mizez-SedegTa uwyvet jaWvSia CarTuli; da imisTvis, rom masSi
raime movlenis gageba moaxerxo, uTuod misi mizezi unda gamo-
naxo. erTi sityviT, yvelaferi mizeziT aris gansazRvruli.
vitalizmis ZiriTadi Secdoma isaa, rom organizmSi igi Zalis
arsebobas gulisxmobs, romlis moqmedebsac mizezi ki ara,
444
mizani gansazRvravs: Tu organizmisTvis, magaliTad, esa da es
moZraobaa xelsayreli, saWiro, erTi sityviT, mizanSewonili, es
Zala swored am moZraobas warmoaqmnevinebs mas. magram arc isaa
swori, rasac meqanicizmi uWers mxars. marTalia, organulic
materiis moZraobis erTerTi formaa, da misi araorganulisgan
sruli mowyveta ar SeiZleba. magram igi cocxali materiaa da,
rogorc ufro maRali forma materiis ganviTarebisa, misi or-
ganizaciis umaRles safexurs warmoadgens. rogorc aseTi, igi
axal romelobiT Taviseburebas Seicavs da, maSasadame, mTlianad
araorganulis kanonzomierebaze ver daiyvaneba: igi axal, speci-
fikur kanonzomierebas, biologiur kanonzomierebas gulis-
xmobs, romlis gareSec organizmis moqmedebis gageba sruliad
SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

2. mizanSewonilebis problema: ganwyoba

rogor unda gavigoT organizmis es specifikuri Tavisebu-

reba? engelsi ambobs, rom `mizanSewonili moqmedeba CanasaxSi
yvelgan arsebobs, sadac ki protoplazma aris, sadac cocxali
cila arsebobs da reagirobs, ese igi, Tund sul martiv moZrao-
bas iZleva, rogorc Sedegs garedan momdinare garkveuli gaRi-
zianebisas. aseT reaqcias iqac ki aqvs adgili, sadac jer kidev
araviTari ujredi ar arsebobs, miT umetes, nervuli ujredi~-o.
maS, naTelia, rom yoveli cocxali arsisTvis, yoveli metad
Tu naklebad rTuli organizmisTvis ZiriTadSi mizanSewonili
qcevaa damaxasiaTebeli. igi aris is specifikuri Tavisebureba,
romelic organuli materiis romelobiTs monapovars warmoad-
gens da araorganulisTvis sruliad ucxoa. Cveni problema,
maSasadame, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gavarkvioT, Tu rogoraa
SesaZlebeli, rom organizmis, rogorc materiis erT-erTi for-
mis, qceva udaod mizezobrivad iyos gansazRvruli, magram imave
dros mizanSewonilobiTac xasiaTdebodes.
vnaxoT jer, saidanaa, rom cocxali arsebis qceva mizanSe-
wonili xasiaTisaa. udaoa, rom qcevis es niSani cocxali orga-
nizmis romeliRac gansakuTrebiT specifikuri Taviseburebidan
unda gamomdinareobdes. maSasadame, pirvel rigSi gamosarkve-
via, Tu ra unda CaiTvalos am specifikur Taviseburebad, iseT
445
Tavi-seburebad, rom mis gareSe cocxali organizmis arsebobac
ki SeuZlebeli iyos.
dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom cocxali organizmis Zi-
riTadi gansakuTrebiT niSandoblivi Tavisebureba, romliTac
igi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba araorganuli sxeulisgan, es isaa, rom
igi garemosTan nivTierebaTa gacvla-gamocvlis ganuwyvetel
urTierTobaSi imyofeba. rogorc yvelam icis, gareSe am urTi-
erTobisa, sicocxle sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda. `sicocxle
cilovan nivTierebaTa arsebobis formaa, romlis arsebiTs mo-
mentsac garemo bunebasTan nivTierebaTa mudmivi gacvla-gamoc-
vla Seadgens da romelic am gacvlagamocvlis SewyvetasTan
erTad ispoba~-o, ambobs engelsi. rasakvirvelia, nivTierebaTa
gacvla-gamocvlis Sesaxeb araorganul sinamdvileSic SeiZle-
ba laparaki, imitom rom qimikuri procesebis arseboba yvelgan
dasturdeba. magram aq sul sxvagvar gacvlagamocvlasTan gvaqvs
saqme. `araorganul sxeulTa SemTxvevaSi nivTierebaTa gacvla-
gamocvla arRvevs maT, xolo organul sxeulTa SemTxvevaSi igi
maTi arsebobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenso~, gveubneba
engelsi. amitom nivTierebaTa gacvla-gamocvla, am sityvis
namdvili mniSvnelobiT, mxolod cocxali organizmisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
amrigad, Cven vxedavT, rom cocxali arsebis specifikur
Taviseburebas, ganviTarebis ra safexurzec unda idges igi,
yvelgan nivTierebaTa gacvla-gamocvla Seadgens. sxvanairad
es imas niSnavs, rom cocxal organizms is garemoeba axasiaTebs,
rom igi yovelTvis raime moTxovnilebis matarebelia, rom mas
yovelTvis raime moTxovnileba, pirvel rigSi, nivTieri moTxov-
nileba aqvs. araorganuli sxeulis Sesaxeb amis Tqma, rasakvirve-
lia, ar SeiZleba. nivTierebis gacvla-gamocvla mas ar esaWiro-
eba, moTxovnileba mas ara aqvs.
amrigad. Cven vrwmundebiT, rom cocxal organizes ori Ta-
visebureba aqvs, romlis msgavssac araorganul sinamdvileSi
verafers vxvdebiT. erTi – mizanSewonili qceva da meore – mo-
Txovnileba. Zneli SesamCnvvi araa, rom maT Soris ueWveli kav-
Siri arsebobs. mizanSewonil qcevas moTxovnilebis faqti udevs
safuZvlad. Tu cocxali organizmi qcevis aqts mimarTavs, amas
mxolod imitom Sveba, rom sxvanairad moTxovnilebis dakmayo-
fileba SeuZlebelia.
446
 moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis saSualebebs mxolod gare-
buneba Seicavs. maSasadame, cocxali arseba iZulebuli xdeba,
bunebasTan saTanado urTierToba daamyaros, ese igi, garkveul
qcevis aqtebs mimarTos. maSasadame, udaoa, rom qceva sazogadod
moTxovnilebis niadagzea aRmocenebuli, rom igi moTxovnilebis
produqts warmoadgens.
magram ratomaa, rom es qceva mizanSewonilia? rogor axerx-
ebs organizmi, rom swored mizanSewonil qcevas mimarTavs? unda
vifiqroT, rom es sakiTxic moTxovnilebis cnebasTan dakavSire-
biT unda gadawydes.
sanam sxeuli moklebulia moTxovnilebas, massa da danarCen
sinamdviles Soris sruliad indiferentuli damokidebuleba
arsebobs. ra imoqmedebs da ramdenad imoqmedebs am sxeulze, es
sulerTia. igi Tavidan bolomde pasiurad ganicdis am zemoqmede-
bas. magram ra wams sxeuls moTxovnileba uCndeba, im momentidan
sinamdvilesa da mas Soris indiferentuli urTierTobis gagr-
Zeleba SeuZlebeli xdeba: amieridan cocxali organizmi imitom
amyarebs sinamdvilesTan urTierTobas, rom mas moTxovnileba
aqvs, romlis dakmayofilebac am urTierTobis gareSe SeuZle-
belia. amieridan, rasakvirvelia, sulerTi aRaraa misTvis, Tu ra
imoqmedebs da rogor imoqmedebs am sinamdvilidan masze.
amieridan igi garemosTan, rogorc ara indiferentul ra-
RacasTan, aramed rogorc Tavisi moTxovnilebis situaciasTan,
awesebs kavSirs.
maSasadame, Tu aqamde sxeulsa da garemos movlenaTa So-
ris mxolod SemTxveviTi damokidebuleba arsebobda, amieridan
cocxali organizmisa da garemos urTierToba moTxovnilebis
niadagze yalibdeba. es imas niSnavs, rom amieridan yvelaferi
ki ar moqmedobs garesinamdvileSi cocxal arsebaze, aramed mx-
olod is, rac misi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs Sei-
cavs, ese igi, rac yovels mocemul momentSi aqtualuri moTxov-
nilebis dakmayofilebis situacias warmoadgens.
amnairad, naTeli xdeba, rom moTxovnilebis matarebels
cocxal organizmze garemos cal-calke movlenebi ki ar awarmoe-
ben zemoqmedebas, aramed am movlenebis mTeli sistema, ramdena-
dac isini aqtualuri moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs
Seicaven, ese igi, ramdenadac isini mis situacias warmoadgenen.

447
 magram moTxovnilebis faqti ara marto amas xdis gasagebad,
ese igi, im garemoebas, rom cocxal organizmze garemo, rogorc
movlenaTa SemTxveviTi Tavyriloba ki ara, rogorc gansazRvru-
li situacia, rogorc garkveuli mTliani sistema, axdens zegavlenas.
moTxovnilebis faqti meore mniSvnelovan garemoebasac
udevs safuZvlad, saxeldobr Semdegs: araorganuli sxeuli
yovelTvis mxolod obieqts warmoadgens sxva obieqtTa gver-
diT – mas araferi aqvs iseTi, rom miss swored aseTs da ara iseT
damokidebulebas moiTxovdes sxva obieqtebTan – mas araferi
aqvs iseTi, rom mas raime qcevas avalebdes. magram ra wams sxeuls
moTxovnileba uCndeba, mdgomareoba maSinve icvleba: garesi-
namdvile exla misi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis saSualebad,
misi moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis situaciad iqceva. maSasa-
dame, organuli sxeuli, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra moTxovnileba
aqvs mas, iZulebuli xdeba, ama Tu im garkveuli xasiaTis urT-
ierToba daamyaros garesinamdvilesTan – igi iZulebuli xdeba,
garkveuli qcevis aqtebs mimarTos.
amrigad, Cven vxedavT, rom moTxovnilebis faqtis niadagze
cocxali organizmi individad qcevis subieqtad, iqceva, xolo
masze moqmedi gare sinamdvile moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis
situaciad.
ras niSvavs es? uwinares yovlisa, naTeli xdeba, rom garesi-
namdvile cocxal arsebaze rogorc individze, rogorc moTxov-
nilebis subieqtze axdens zemoqmedebas – ese igi, cocxali arse-
bis ara romelime nawilobriv momentze, mis romelsame Zalaze an
funqciaze, aramed masze, rogorc mTlianze, rogorc individze,
rogorc moTxovnilebis subieqtze.
maSasadame, naTeli xdeba isic, rom garesinamdvilis zemoq-
medebis efeqti pirvel rigSi cocxal arsebaSi, rogorc moTxov-
nilebis subieqtSi, rogorc individSi, iCens Tavs, da maSasadame,
mxolod mTlianobiTi xasiaTis SeiZleba iyos. ukeT rom vTqvaT,
es efeqti moTxovnilebis subieqtSi raime nawilobrivi cvlile-
bis saxiT ki ar unda iCendes sadme Tavs, aramed TviTon individis
cvlilebas, TviTon individis modifikacias unda warmoadgendes.
magram rogoria Sinaarsebulad es mTlianobiTi efeqti, es
individis, rogorc moTxovnilebis subieqtis gadasxvafereba
an gadaxaliseba? gadamwyveti mniSvneloba CvenTvis am sakiTxis

448
gadaWras aqvs, imitom rom Cveni ZiriTadi sakiTxis gadawyveta
mTlianad maszea damokidebuli.
garesinamdvile cocxal arsebaze, rogorc individze, maSas-
adame, rogorc mTelze moqmedobs. magram Cven viciT, rom igi
am SemTxvevaSi, rogorc gansazRvruli moTxovnilebis dakmay-
ofilebis situacia moqmedobs masze, rogorc sistema, romelic
am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs Seicavs. maSasadame,
im efeqtSi, romelsac igi subieqtSi iwvevs, garesinamdvile Sei-
Zleba mxolod rogorc gansazRvruli moTxovnilebis dakmay-
ofilebis situacia – da ara rogorc SemTxveviTi da indiferen-
tuli garemo – iyos asaxuli. magram Cven viciT, rom es efeqti
TviTon subieqtis modifikacias, TviTon subieqtis gadaxalise-
bas, mis gadastruqturebas warmoadgens, da ara raime nawilobriv
cvlilebas, romelic cocxali arsebis romelsame kerZo mxares
exeba. es ki, cxadia, SeiZleba mxolod imas niSnavdes, rom garesi-
namdvilesTan urTierTobis procesSi, qcevis subieqti, romel-
ic am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas eswrafvis, am ukanasknelis
situaciis Sesatyvisad icvleba. maSasadame, igi, rogorc mTeli,
rogorc qcevis subieqti ukve manamde, sanam moqmedebas daiwyeb-
des, Tavisi moTxovnilebis situaciis Sesatyvis modifikacias
ganicdis, da amitom misi momavali moqmedeba mocemuli situaci-
is Sesatyvisad modificirebuli arsebis moqmedebas warmoad-
gens. maSasadame, rogor imoqmedebs mocemul situaciaSi esa Tu
is cocxali arseba, es gansazRvrul farglebSi, ukve manam aris
garkveuli, sanam moqmedeba daiwyebodes: es ukanaskneli mocemu-
lia im modifikaciis saxiT, romelsac subieqti garemos zemoq-
medebis Sedegad ganicdis. magram Tu igi manamdea mocemuli, sanam
daiwyebodes, cxadia, igi mxolod rogorc winaswari midrekile-
ba, rogorc garkveuli moqmedebis tendenciaa mocemuli.
maSasadame, qcevas win uswrebs subieqtis mdgomareoba,
romelSic, rogorc obieqturi situaciis asaxvaSi, am qcevis
saerTo xasiaTi, misi ZiriTadi ragvaroba misi obieqturi viTare-
bis Sesatyvisoba winaswaraa gansazRvruli.
ra unda vuwodoT am specifikur mdgomareobas? fsiqologia-
Si karga xania erTi faqtia SeniSnuli, romelic gansakuTrebiT
am bolo xanebSi `ganwyobis~ saxelwodebiT aRiniSneba xolme.
am faqtis erTerT nimuSad Semdegi SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rode-
sac adamiani, vTqvaT, puris Sesaxeb russ esaubreba, mas enaze
449
TavisTavad rusuli sityva adgeba. xolo rodesac igi, magali-
Tad, germanelTan daiwyebs saubars, maSin mas Sesaferi germanu-
li sityva (Brot) agondeba.
ratom? ra udevs am garmoebas safuZvlad? pasuxi aseTia.
rusTan saubris dros adamiani rusulad salaparakod aris ganw-
yobili, xolo germanelTa saubris dros – germanulad salapara-
kod. maSasadame, ra sityva mogadgeba enaze yovels kerZo SemTx-
vevaSi, es imazea damokidebuli, Tu ra enaze laparakis ganwyoba
gaqvs.
Cven davrwmundiT, rom sanam cocxali arseba sazogadod
raime mniSvnelovan qcevas Caidendes, igi ukve manamdea ise mod-
ificirebuli, rom man swored es qceva unda Caidinos. _ sxva-
nairad asec SeiZleboda gveTqva: sanam cocxali arseba raime qce-
vas mimarTavdes, mas ukve manamde aqvs es qceva ganwyobis saxiT
mocemuli.
maSasadame, im specifikur mdgomareobas, romelic subieqtSi
moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis obieqturi situaciis zegav-
lenis Sedegad Cndeba, ganwyoba SegviZlia vuwodoT. es termini
gansakuTrebiT imitomaa Sesaferisi, rom erTis mxriv, igi im ga-
remoebaze miuTiTebs, rom saqme ara romelsame garkveuls Si-
naarseul cvlilebas exeba, romelic subieqtSi Cndeba, aramed
subieqts, rogorc mTels; meoris mxriv – im garemoebaze, rom
subieqtis es specifikuri mdgomareoba mas garkveul qcevisken
mouwodebs – maSasadame, es qceva ukve winaswaraa masSi gansaz-
Rvruli, da, dasasrul, – im garmoebazec, rom es specifikuri
mdgomareoba dinamikuri saxis movlenaa, romelmac Tavisi gamov-
lena subieqtis garkveul aqtivobaSi unda povos.
amrigad, cocxali arsebisa da garemos urTierToba, ram-
denadac am ukanasknels moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis impulsi
udevs safuZvlad, sabolood ase unda warmovidginoT: moTxov-
nilebis dakmayofilebis impulsiT amoqmedebuls cocxal ar-
sebaze garemosituacia iwyebs zemoqmedebas da masSi situaciis
Sesaferis garkveuls mTlian cvlilebas, garkveul ganwyobas
iwvevs. amieridan ase Secvlils, garkveuli ganwyobis mqone sub-
ieqts, rasakvirvelia, mxolod Tavisi ganwyobis Sesaferisi pro-
cesebisa da aqtebis warmoeba SeuZlia. amisda mixedviT, misi qce-
va, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, yovel monacem momentSi misi
ama Tu im ganwyobis realizaciad unda CaiTvalos.
450
 maSasadame, cocxali arsebis qcevas garemo gansazRvravs
mag-ram es gansazRvra meqanikuri xasiaTis rodia: garemo Tvi-
Ton qcevas aqtebze ki ar moqmedobs uSualod, igi pirdapir ki
ar iwvevs mas. ara, igi subieqtze moqmedobs, mas scvlis mTeli si-
tuaciis Sesaferisad, masSi garkveuli qcevis ganwyobas iwvevs.
TviTon qcevis aqtebs ki uSualod amieridan am garkveuli gan-
wyobis mqone subieqti gansazRvravs. igi im aqtebs da procesebs,
erTi sityviT, im qcevas mimarTavs, romlis ganwyobac mas situ-
aciis zemoqmedebis Sedegad aqvs SemuSavebuli.
amis Semdeg Zneli ar aris im ZiriTadi sakiTxis gadaWrac,
romelic cocxali organizmis qcevis mizanSewonilobis faqts
exeba da romlis gamoc meqanisturi da vitalisturi Sexedule-
bebi egoden mkveTrad upirispirdebian urTierTs. meqanicizmisa
da vitalizmis formula garemosa da subieqts Soris urTierT-
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba, rogorc orwevriani for-
mula, daxasiaTdes. marTlacda, meqanicizmica da vitalizmic am
urTierTobaSi mxolod or-or wevrs gulisxmobs. meqanicizmis
mixedviT, garemo pirdapir iwvevs organizmSi ama Tu im qcevas.
maSasadame, misi formulis sqema aseTi iqneba: garemoqceva.
vitalizmis rwmeniT, organizmi mizandamsaxvel Zalas, en-
teleqias Tu fsiqoids Seicavs, da qcevas swored es Zala gan-
sazRvravs. misi formulis sqemac orwevriania.

fsiqoidi-qceva

Cven davrwmundiT, rom urTierToba garemosa da cocxal

arsebas Soris sxvagvarad unda iqnes warmodgenili. winaaRm-
deg meqanicizmisa da vitalizmisa, es urTierToba samwevriania.
Cvenis sqema aseTia: garemo – subieqti (ganwyoba) – qceva.
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, rom qcevas sabolood aqac
garemo gansazRvravs; magram es subieqtis SualobiT xdeba,
romelSic igive garemo situaciis Sesatyvis ganwyobas iwvevs, da
es ukanaskneli qcevas, rogorc Tavis realizacias, warmoSobs.
qceva ganwyobiT aris uSualod gansazRvruli: igi aris misi aR-
mocenebis uSualo mizezi. magram ganwyoba xom imas niSnavs, rom
organizmi ukve winaswaraa garkveuli qcevisTvis momarTuli.
maS, rogor moiqceva igi ama Tu im situaciaSi, es ukve winaswaraa
451
mis ganwyobaSi mocemuli. is, rac unda moxdes momavalSi, ese igi,
rogor unda moiqces garkveul pirobebSi cocxali arseba, es
ukve manamdea subieqtis ganwyobaSi mocemeli, sanam qceva daiwye-
bodes. maSasadame, ganwyoba ara marto rogorc namdvili mizezi
moqmedobs qcevaze, aramed amave dros TiTqos miznis msgavsa-
dac: rogorc mizanSi winaswaraa mocemuli is, rac SemdegSi unda
moxdes, swored asea ganwyobaSic.
magram ganwyobis saxiT Cven xom situaciis subieqtSi asax-
vasTan gvaqvs saqme. maSasadame, Tu qcevas ganwyoba gansazRvravs,
Tu qceva ganwyobis Sesatyvisad warimarTeba, es imas niSnavs, rom
igi situaciis Sesaferisad, maSasadame, mizanSewonilad mimdi-
nareobs: cocxali arsebis qcevas mizanSewonili xasiaTi aqvs.
ase wydeba qcevis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxis rogorc vxe-
davT, igi mTlianad mizezobriv rkalSia CarTuli: mizez-Sedegis
jaWvi aq arsad ar wydeba – ar arsebobs araviTari gareSe Zala
(enteleqia, Tu fsiqoidi), romelic sinamdvilis mimdinareo-
bis procesSi ereodes da mas nebismier mimdinareobas aZlevdes.
miuxedavad amisa, cocxali arsebis qcevas mainc mizanSewonile-
ba axasiaTebs.

3. ganwyoba da adamiani

aqamde Cven sazogadod cocxali arsebis ganwyobaze gvqonda

saubari. magram fsiqologias xom pirvel rigSi specialurad
adamiani ainteresebs. amitom bunebrivad ibadeba sakiTxi: ra aris
specifikuri adamianisTvis? ra cvlileba iCens Tavs ganviTareb-
is procesSi iseTi, rom adamianisa da cxovelis qcevis gansxvaveb-
ulobis faqts gasagebad xdides? am sakiTxze ufro dawvrilebiT
qvemoT SevCerdebiT. aq ki sakmarisi iqneba, Tu rom mas principu-
li mxriv mainc SevexebiT.
ise rogorc cxovelis qcevas, bolos da bolos, adamianis
qcevasac moTxovnileba udevs safuZvlad. es udao faqtia,
romelic yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT. `adamianebio,
– ambobs engelsi, – mieCvien, Tavis moqmedebis axsnisas Tavisi az-
rovnebidan gamodiodnen, da ara Tavisi moTxovnilebidan; da ase
gaCnda droTa msvlelobaSi is idealisturi msoflmxedveloba,
452
romelic antikuri qveynebis dacemis epoqidan dawyebuli adami-
anis gonebas flobda~(engelsi, bunebis dialeqtika, gv. 68).
`imisTvis rom~ istoria Seqmnan, `adamianT uwinares yovlisa
sicocxlis SesaZlebloba unda hqondesT. magram sicocxlis-
Tvis pirvel rigSi saWmel-sasmelia saWiro, bina, tansacmeli
da zogi ram kidev sxva. maSasadame, pirveli istoriuli saqme –
es am moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofilebel saSualebaTa warmo-
ebaa-o~, ambobs marqsi.
amrigad, sruliad udaoa, rom adamianis qcevasac moTxov-
nileba udevs safuZvlad, da am TvalsazrisiT cxovelsa da ada-
mians Soris gansxvaveba marTlac araferia. magram miuxedavad
amisa, namdvilad gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc didia. saqme isaa,
rom cxovelis moTxovnilebaTa buneba da wre erTxel da samuda-
mod aris gansazRvruli. maT cocxali organizmis biologiuri
Taviseburebebi udevs safuZvlad. sul sxva suraTs warmoadgens
adamianis moTxovnileba. adamiani istoriuli arsebaa da misi
moTxovnileba socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis niadagze
ganuwyveteli qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba, amis Sedegi isaa, rom
ara marto Zveli moTxovnilebebi icvleba, aramed ganuwyvetliv
axalaxali moTxovnilebebic Cndeba, moTxovnilebebi, romlis
msgavssac ki verafers vnaxavT cxovelTa samkvidroSi: adamiani
Seudareblad ufro mravalferovanis da mravalmxrivi moTxov-
nilebis patronia, vidre cxoveli.
am garemoebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs adamianis qcevis
TaviseburebaTa naTelsayofad. ra wams cocxal arsebas mraval-
ferovani moTxovnileba uCndeba, romelic misi istoriuli
ganviTarebis mimdinareobaze ufroa damokidebuli, vidre mis
biologiur Taviseburebebze, misi urTierToba garemosTan sa-
fuZvlianad icvleba. marTlacda, cxovels yovels mocemul mo-
mentSi erTi gabatonebuli moTxovnileba aqvs, da ar arsebobs
imave dros sxva raime moTxovnileba, rom mas winaaRmdegobas
uwevdes. amitom misi urTierToba sinamdvilesTan am erTi moTx-
ovnilebis niadagze wesrigdeba, mis qcevas am erTi moTxovnile-
bis dakmayofilebis impulsi udevs safuZvlad. amitom gasage-
bia, rom cxovels aqtiuri moTxovnilebis situaciaSi sruliad
garkveuli moqmedebis ganwyoba uCndeba, romelsac araferi uS-
lis xels maSinve Sesaferi qcevis saxiT gaiSalos.
453
 magram vTqvaT, cocxal arsebas mravalferovani da mraval-
gvari moTxovnileba aqvs. SesaZlebelia da sruliad bunebrivi,
rom es moTxovnilebebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi safuZvlianad ewi-
naaRmdegebodnen urTierTs, da erTis dakmayofileba meoris sa-
zianod iyos mimarTuli. magaliTad, Cveulebrivi biologiuri
moTxovnilebebis gverdiT adamians moraluri an esTetikuri
moTxovnilebebic aqvs. xSiria SemTxveva, rom es moTxovnilebebi
urTierTs ewinaaRmdegebian. magaliTad, SesaZloa, romelime aq-
tualuri biologiuri moTxovnilebis impulsi iseTi qcevisken
gvizidavdes, romelic Cvens moralur moTxovnilebebs ewinaaR-
mdegeba – vTqvaT, mSieri advilad daikmayofilebda Tavis moTx-
ovnilebas, rom mas neba mieca Tavisi TavisTvis, Tavisi amxanagis
ulufa qurdulad an ZaliT mieTvisebia.
magram vTqvaT, rom es qceva sruliad ar eTanxmeba mis mo-
ralur moTxovnilebas. ra aris aseTi mdgomareobis Sedegi? ra-
sakvirvelia, is, rom mSieri sxvisi ulufis miTvisebis impulss
ar emorCileba da, amrigad, monacem situaciaSi Tavisi moTxov-
nilebis dakmayofilebis cdaze xels iRebs. sxvanairad. SimSili-
sa da monacemi situaciis, ese igi, sxvisi ulufis miTvisebis Sesa-
Zleblobis niadagze subieqts garkveuli qcevis – sxvisi ulufis
miTvisebis – ganwyoba uCndeba. magram sanam es ukanaskneli qceva-
Si gadavidodes, misi meore moTxovnileba – moraluri moTxov-
nileba – iRviZebs, da aRniSnuli ganwyobis qcevaSi realizacias
aferxebs. maSasadame, subieqti sxvisi ulufis miTvisebis ganw-
yobis aRmocenebasTanave rodi mimarTavs saTanado qcevas – misi
ganwyoba uSualod rodi gadadis qcevaSi. ara! subieqtis ganwyo-
ba sxva saxiT poulobs Tavis realizacias. nacvlad imisa, rom man
subieqtis saTanado qcevaSi povos gamovlena, masSi garkveuli
qcevis aqtebi gamoiwvios, igi mis cnobierebaSi ikvlevs gzas da
Tavis realizacias iq poulobs – nacvlad imisa, rom subieqtma
sxvisi ulufis miTvisebis realur aqtebs mimarTos, igi jerje-
robiT mxolod imiT kmayofildeba, rom am aqtebis ganxorciv-
lebis suraTs warmoidgens: sxvisi ulufis miTvisebis ganwyoba
TviTon qcevaSi ki ara, am qcevis warmosaxvaSi, realuri qcevis
fsiqikur ekvivalentSi poulobs realizacias.
TavisTavad igulisxmeba: subieqts rom warmosaxvis SesaZ-
lebloba ar hqonoda, igi rom moklebuli yofiliyo cnobierebas,

454
misi ganwyoba myis qcevis saxiT unda gamovleniliyo, da yoveli
misi aqtualuri moTxovnilebis impulss maSinve saTanaoo qceva
unda gamoewvia.
moTxovnilebaTa garTulebisa da ganviTarebis Sedegad
adamians sakmaod ganviTarebuli cnobiereba umuSavdeba; da es
SesaZlebloba aZlevs mas aqtualuri moTxovnilebis situaciis
zegavleniT aRmocenebul ganwyobas, realuri qcevis nacvlad,
warmosaxuli qcevis saxiT misces gamovlena da amnairad aqtua-
luri ganwyobis monobisgan Tavi gaiTavisuflos.
magram Tu es asea, raRa warmarTavs maSin subieqtis qcevas-
marTalia, aqtualuri situaciis niadagze aRmocenebul ganw-
yobas igi aRar emorCileba, magram mas xom am ganwyobis Sesatyvi-
si qcevis suraTi uCndeba cnobierebaSi! da es suraTi am qcevis
gacnobierebas warmoadgens; igi uCvenebs subieqts, Tu ramdenad
misaRebia misTvis am qcevis realuri ganxorcieleba. amis mixed-
viT, ese igi, SesaZlo qcevis Rirebulebis gacnobierebis mixed-
viT. subieqts misi Sesrulebis Tu Seusruleblobis ganwyoba
uCndeba, da ase xdeba, rom subieqti garkveuli qcevis aqts mimar-
Tavs.
amrigad, adamianis specifikur Taviseburebas, riTac igi
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba cxovelisgan, is garemoeba Seadgens, rom
wamyvan rols mis cxovrebaSi cnobiereba asrulebs. igi aqtua-
luri situaciis niadagze aRmocenebul ganwyobas ar emorCile-
ba, rogorc amas cxovelis SemTxvevaSi aqvs adgili. igi winaswar
acnobierebs Tavis qcevas da ama Tu im aqts mxolod imis mixed-
viT mimarTavs, Tu ras miiRebs am gacnobierebis Sedegad – mok-
led: cxovelis ganwyobas aqtualuri impulsis situacia qmnis,
xolo adamianis ganwyobas, romelic mis qcevas udevs safuZvlad,
gacnobierebuli warmosaxuli situacia.

4. ganwyobis cneba burJuaziul fsiqologiaSi

ganwyobis cneba sul ufro da ufro xSirad gvxvdeba Tana-

medrove fsiqologiaSi. gansakuTrebiT did rols mas germaneli
fsiqologi marbe miawers, romlis mixedviTac adamianis mTeli
qceva, misi fsiqikis mTeli muSaoba ganwyobis funqcias warmoad-
gens. es debuleba ZiriTadSi sworia. oRond im SemTxvevaSi mxo-
455
lod, Tu ganwyobis cneba marTvbulad iqneba gagebuli. magram
burJuaziuli fsiqologebis da kerZod marbes ganwyobis cneba
sruliad araa damakmayofilebeli. marbesTvis ganwyoba subieq-
tis mTlians fsiqofizikur mdgomareobas warmoadgens, rome-
lic an Tandayolilia da an piradi cxovrebis mimdinareobaSi ama
Tu im gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis mqone gancdebis e.w. `kritikuli
gamocdilebis~. zegavleniTaa pirobadebuli. da, ai, rodesac
adamianze raime obieqturi viTareba moqmedobs, es ukanaskneli
masSi ukve mzamzareul ganwyobas xvdeba, romelic mis gancdas
gansazRvravs.
ganwyoba wminda subieqturi mdgomareobaa da, rogorc ase-
Ti, rasakvirvelia, wminda subieqtur faqtorad unda iqnes nagu-
lisxmevi. imas, rac ganwyobas Seaqvs gancdaSi, magaliTad, aRq-
maSi Tu azrovnebaSi, mxolod subieqturi safuZveli aqvs: igi
obieqturi viTarebis asaxvas ki ar uwyobs, aramed uSlis xels.
amitom gasagebia, rom, Cveulebriv, ganwyobis moqmedebis gasaT-
valiswineblad mcdari aRqmebis e. w. iluziebis faqts imowmeben
xolme.
ganwyobis aseTi subieqturi gageba arc marTebulia da arc
xelsayreli. marTalia, ganwyoba subieqtis mdgomareobaa, magram
igi sruliad Taviseburi subieqturi mdgomareobaa. igi yovel-
Tvis obieqturi viTarebis zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cndeba da iseT
mdgomareobas warmoadgens, romelSic TviTon misi gamomwvevi
obieqturi viTarebaa asaxuli. ganwyoba, maSasadame, wminda sub-
ieqturi mdgomareoba ki araa, igi obieqturi viTarebis subieq-
tSi gadatanaa, igi, ase vTqvaT, subieqtSi gadasuli obieqturi
viTarebaa. amitom gasagebia, rom ganwyoba pirvel rigSi sinam-
dvilis mcdar gancdas an iluzias ki ar udevs safuZvlad, ara-
med obieqturis swori gancdis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
imisTvis, rom es naTlad gvqondes warmodgenili, yovelT-
vis unda gvaxsovdes, rom ganwyoba pirveladad subieqtis mzam-
zareuli mdgomareoba ki araa, romelic mas sxva pirobebSi Seu-
muSavda da amieridan, yoveli axali viTarebis gancdisas, marad
Tan axlavs da gansazRvravs mas. ara! yoveli axali situacia,
romelic garkveuli moTxovnilebis mqone subieqtze moqme-
dobs, pirvel rigSi mas Sesatyvis ganwyobas uqmnis, da danarCeni,
rac amieridan am subieqtSi moxdeba – misi gancdebi, Tu qceva – am
ganwyobis niadagze iqneba aRmocenebuli. pirveladad, subieqti
456
mzamzareuli ganwyobiT rodi udgeba sinamdviles da misda Sesa-
tyvisad gardaqmnis mas. ara, ganwyoba mas TviTon am sinamdvilis
zemoqmedebis periodSi uCndeba da misda Sesatyvisi gancdisa da
qcevis SesaZleblobas aZlevs.
ganwyobas aseT pirvelad faqtad burJuaziuli fsiqologe-
bidan aravin sTvlis, da amitomaa rom maTTvis ganwyobis meore
arsebiTi mxare dafaruli rCeba, saxeldobr is, rom ganwyoba
cocxali arsebis obieqturi viTarebis Sesatyvis modifikacias,
masSi, rogorc mTelSi, obieqturi viTarebis asaxvas, warmoad-
gens. ganwyobis cnebisTvis ki gansakuTrebiT swored amas aqvs
arsebiTi mniSvneloba, da amis gareSe am cnebas araviTari prin-
cipuli Rirebuleba ar eqneboda fsiqologiaSi.

5. ganwyobis subieqturi faqtori

ganwyobis aRmocenebisTvis ara marto obieqturi viTarebaa

saWiro, aramed TavisTavad igulisxmeba, subieqtic, romelzec
es obieqturi viTareba moqmedobs. amisda mixedviT, ueWvelia.
ganwyoba or faqtors gulisxmobs, obieqturs da subieqturs.
saWiroa SevCerdeT am orive faqtoris ganxilvaze!
subieqturi faqtoris gasaTvaliswineblad ZiriTadi mniS-
vneloba moTxovnilebis cnebas aqvs. yoveli cocxali arseba –
maSasadame, adamianic – uTuod raime moTxovnilebis niadagze
amyarebs urTierTobas garemosTan, da am urTierTobis mTeli
azri isaa, rom man subieqts qvemdebare moTxovnilebis dak-
mayofilebis SesaZlebloba unda misces. amitom gasagebia, rom
moTxovnilebis ragvarobas yovelTvis gadamwyveti gavlena aqvs
qcevaze. TviTon garemo TavisTavad arasdros araviTari mo-
qmedebis stimuls ar aZlevs subieqts, Tu rom es ukanaskneli
sruliad moklebulia moTxovnilebas, romlis dakmayofilebac
am garemos pirobebSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli. garemo Cveni moq-
medebis aseT Tu iseT situaciad mxolod imis mixedviT iqceva,
Tu ra moTxovnileba gvaqvs, rodesac masTan urTierTobas
vamyarebT.
aqedan cxadia, rom gareSe ama Tu im garkveuli moTxovni-
lebis monawileobisa, marto garemos zemoqmedebis pirobebSi,
adamians arasdros araviTari qcevis ganwyoba ar gauCndeboda.
457
Cven qvemoT davinaxavT, rom imisTvis, rom raime garkveul qce-
vis ganwyoba gaCndes, sruliad aucilebelia Cvenze garkveuli
obieqturi garemo moqmedebdes – am pirobebis gareSe ganwyoba
verasdros Tavis garkveul, Tavis konkretul saxes ver miiReb-
da. magram meores mxriv, Cven vxedavT, rom ganwyobis ragvarobis
garkveulobaze moTxovnilebasac gadamwyveti gavlena aqvs.
ubralo magaliTic sakmarisi iqneba, raTa es debuleba sru-
liad naTeli gaxdes. vTqvaT, buxarSi cecxlia danTebuli da
oTaxSi SevdivarT. Tu gvciva (ese igi, siTbos moTxovnileba
gvaqvs) es situacia – buxari, cecxli Cvenze ise imoqmedebs, rom
CvenSi buxarTan axlo dajdomisa da SeiZleba cecxlis Sematebis
ganwyobas gamoiwvevs. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sawinaaRm-
dego moTxovnileba gviCndeba – vTqvaT, dagvcxa da sigrile
mogvinda – igive situacia sruliad sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis
ganwyobas aRZravs, saxeldobr, buxridan moSorebisa da SeiZle-
ba cecxlis Caqrobisasac.
amrigad, udaoa, rom ganwyoba subieqtur faqtorsac gulis-
xmobs da rom aseT faqtorad uTuod moTxovnileba unda CaiT-
valos – am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT.

6. ganwyobis obieqturi faqtori

rodesac cocxali arseba raime moTxovnilebas ganicdis, igi

mis dasakmayofileblad garemos mimarTavs; da sagulisxmoa, rom
aq mxolod is situacia iwvevs mis Zalebs samoqmedod, romelic
qvemdebare moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis pirobebs Seicavs.
Tu rom aseTi situacia arsad Cans, cocxali arsebis aqtivobis
tendencia kvlav inaqtur mdgomareobaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas:
xolo Tu aseTi situacia gaCnda, maSin es ukanaskneli erTbaSad
aqtualuri xdeba: igi subieqts garkveuli mimarTulebiT samo-
qmedod izidavs.
ra xdeba aq? ratomaa rom subieqti erTbaSad aqtivobas
iwyebs? ueWvelia, erTis mxriv, Cven aq saqme gvaqvs garemosTan,
romelic gansazRvruli moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebi pi-
robebs Seicavs, xolo meores mxriv, subieqtTan, romelic
swored am garemos Sesatyvis moTxovnilebas grZnobs. mokled:
xdeba moTxovnilebisa da misi Sesatyvisi obieqturi situaciis
458
Sexvedra. Sedegi isaa, rom subieqts sruliad garkveuli aqti-
vobis, sruliad garkveuli qcevis ganwyoba uCndeba, im aqtivo-
bisa, romelic swored am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebis mizans
emsaxureba.
maSasadame, ganwyobis aRmosaceneblad moTxovnilebis Sesa-
tyvisi obieqturi situaciaa aucilebeli, da swored es uka-
nasknelia, rom ganwyobis obieqtur faqtorad unda CaiTvalos.
amrigad, ganwyobas arc marto moTxovnilebis mdgomareoba
qmnis TavisTavad da arc marto obieqturi situacia. imisTvis,
rom ganwyoba gaCndes, moTxovnileba Tavisi dakmayofilebis pi-
robebis Svmcvlvls obieqtur situacias unda Sexvdes.
kurt levinma erTi ueWveli faqti aRniSna, romelsac am
SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs: rodesac adami-
ans raime moTxovnileba uCndeba, am moTxovnilebis Sesatyvisi
sagnebi da movlenebi mis mimarT gansakuTrebuli ZaliT aRi-
Wurvebian; isini mas gansazRvruli mimarTulebiT moqmedebas
aZaleben, garkveuli qcevisken iwveven: puri mSiers Wamisken mo-
uwodebs, logini daRlils wamosawolad izidavs. magram sagan-
Ta es iZulebiTi, es gamowveviTi Zala myis ispoba, rawams Sesafe-
ri moTxovnileba kmayofildeba. – levinis es swori dakvirveba,
romelic yovel wuTs SegviZlia SevamowmoT da davadasturoT,
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi xdeba gasagebi, Tu levinis mier nagulis-
xmevs uSualobis Teoriaze xels aviRebT da mxedvelobaSi gan-
wyobis cnebas viqoniebT. rogorc viciT, moTxovnilebis mata-
rebel subieqts, Sesatyvis sagnebTan Tu movlenebTan, Sesatyvis
situaciasTan Sexvedris SemTxvevaSi, sruliad garkveuli moq-
medebis ganwyoba uCndeba; da es ganwyobaa, rom Tavis fsiqolo-
giur gamoxatulebas levinis mier aRweril faqtSi poulobs:
puri mSierSi dauflebisa da SeWmis ganwyobas iwvevs da amito-
maa, rom igi erTgvari mimzidvelobis Zalis mqoned ganicdeba.

7. ganwyobis cnebis mcTari gamoyeneba

ganwyobis cnebis mcTari gamoyenebis nimuSad ganvixiloT

erTi gansakuTrebiT cnobili dakvirveba, romelSic, Cveuleb-
riv, ganwyobis moqmedebas gulisxmoben, da vnaxoT, ramdenad
marTebulia aq ganwyobis Sesaxeb laparaki.
459
 erTi fsiqologi, radoslavleviCi, Semdeg saintereso dak-
virvebas mogviTxrobs: erTerTs Tavis cdispirs man ise ameore-
bina dasamaxsovoebeli masala, rom Turme aman arc ki icoda, rom
es masala unda daemaxsovrebina. 46 ganmeorebis Semdeg eqsperi-
mentatorma hkiTxa cdispirs, SeuZlia Tu ara mas am masalis ze-
pirad ganmeoreba. `rogor? gana zepirad unda dameswavlao!~ iki-
Txa gakvirvebiT cdispirma; da amis Semdeg eqvsiode ganmeorebac
ki sakmarisi aRmoCnda da cdispirma ukve mTeli masala zepirad
icoda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, ganmeorebis miuxedavad, cdispirs
TiTqmis araferi axsovda; xolo meore SemTxvevaSi eqvsi ganme-
orebac sakmarisi aRmoCnda, raTa mas mTeli masala zepirad
daeswavla.
rogor unda aixsnas es sakvirveli faqti? gavrcelebuli pa-
suxi aseTia: pirvel SemTxvevaSi cdispirs damaxsovrebis ganw-
yoba ar hqonia; meoreSi mas es ganwyoba hqonda. da damaxsovrebis
arsebiTs pirobad swored es unda CaiTvaloso. amrigad aq igu-
lisxmeba, rom damaxsovrebis ganzraxva da damaxsovrebis ganw-
yoba erTidaigivea.
magram am dakvirvebis ufro swori analizi albad aseTi iq-
neboda: roca cdispirs gaagebines, rom mas zepirad unda daeswav-
la masala. ueWvelia, amas pirvel rigSi damaxsovrebis ganwyoba
ki ara, damaxsovrebis moTxovnileba unda gamoewvia masSi:
man miwodebuli masala zepirad ar icoda, da mas am `danakli-
sis~ Sevsebis tendencia unda gaRvZeboda. magram Tu es asea, maSin
udaoa, rom aq ganwyobasTan ki ara, jer mxolod am ukanasknelis
subieqtur faqtorTan – moTxovnilebasTan – gvaqvs saqme. rode-
sac exla damaxsovrebis moTxovnilebis mqone subieqtis winaSe
dasamaxsovrebeli masala Cndeba, es ukanaskneli, rogorc obieq-
turi faqtori, specifikur cvlilebas – garkveul ganwyobas –
iwvevs masSi, da miwodebuli masalis advili damaxsovreba amis
niadagze xdeba.
maSasadame, SecTomaa, rodesac fiqroben, TiTqos damaxsov-
rebis ganzraxva damaxsovrebis ganwyobas warmoadgendes. igi
mxolod erTerTi faqtoria, romelsac meorec unda daematos,
raTa subieqts marTla namdvili ganwyoba gauCndes.
amitom mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT, rom sazogadod araa
swori, rodesac ganwyobaze laparakoben iq, sadac saqme mxolod
moTxovnilebas Tan gvaqvs – rogoric unda iyos es moTxovnile-
ba, sulerTia biologiuri, Tu socialuri.
460
 fiqsirebuli ganwyoba

1. fiqsirebuli ganwyobis cneba

imis mixedviT, rac zemod ganwyobis Sesaxeb iyo naTqvami.

ueWveli xdeba, rom am cnebas ZiriTadi mniSvneloba unda hqondes
fsiqologiaSi. Cven viciT, rom adamianis, Tu sxva cocxali arse-
bis, garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi pirvel rigSi ganwyoba
isaxeba. es imas niSnavs, rom am urTierTobaSi subieqti yvelaze
adre rogorc mTliani icvleba. da rom es cvlileba obieqturi
situaciis Sesatyvisia. rac Seexeba exla mis gancdebsa da moq-
medebas, yvelaferi es – rogorc amgvarad Secvlili, amgvarad
ganwyobili subieqtis gancda da moqmedeba – SeiZleba mxolod
meoradi, uSualod am ganwyobis fonze aRmocenebuli movlenebi
iyos.
gasagebia, rom ganwyobis moqmedeba normalur SemTxvevebSi
sruliad ar gvxvdeba TvalSi: igi saerTod SeumCnevlad mimdin-
areobs, ramdenadac cxovrebis normalurs mizanSewonil msv-
lelobas udevs safuZvlad.
magram aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mdgomareoba icvleba, da
ganwyoba SecTomebisa da mizanSeuwoneli qcevis wyarodac iqce-
va. am SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, igi Cvens sagangebo yuradRebas
ipyrobs, da rodesac fsiqologiur literaturaSi ganwyobis Se-
saxeb laparakoben, ufro xSirad, Tu yovelTvis ara, ganwyobis
moqmedebis swored am SemTxvevebs gulisxmoben. es, rasakvirve-
lia, swori araa. aq Cven ganwyobis mxolod erTerTs kerZo for-
masTan gvaqvs saqme, formasTan, romelic, marTalia, did rols
TamaSobs Cvens cxovrebaSi, magram ganwyobis mTel cnebas mainc
veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver hfaravs. rogoria ganwyobis es forma?
vTqvaT, garkveuli situaciis pirobebSi garkveuli ganwyoba
gamiCnda, da, vTqvaT, am ganwyobam Tavisi roli Seasrula – Cems
garkveul qcevas mimarTuleba misca. ra emarTeba amis Semdeg mas?
ikargeba igi sruliad ugzoukvlod, TiTqos arasdros ar arse-
buliyos, Tu raimenairad kvlav ganagrZobs arsebobas da Cvens
qcevaze kvlav gavlenis moxdenis unars inarCunebs? Tu ganwyoba
subieqtis, rogorc mTelis, modifikacias warmoadgens, maSin.
461
 cxadia, rom, Seasrulebs Tu ara igi Tavis rols, im wamsve
meore ganwyobas unda uTmobdes adgils. – maSasadame, unda qre-
bodes. magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi sabolood da sruliad ara-
raobad unda iqceodes. piriqiT, rodesac subieqti kvlav imave
situaciaSi Cadgeba, maSin mas gacilebiT ufro advilad unda
gauCndes saTanado ganwyoba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac igi
sruliad axali situaciis pirobebSi imyofeba da sruliad axali
ganwyoba unda Seqmnas. dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom erTxel
miRebuli ganwyoba ar ikargeba, rom igi subieqts rCeba, rogorc
xelaxali aqtualizaciis mzaoba – saTanado pirobebis ganmeore-
bis SemTxvevebSi.
TavisTavad igulisxmeba, mzaoba yovelTvis erTnairi araa.
igi uTuod imazea damokidebuli, Tu raodenad mtkice iyo is gan-
wyoba, romelic am mzaobis saxiT SerCa subieqts. magram razea
TviT es simtkice damokidebuli? udaoa: rac ufro xSrad viwvevT
erTsadaimave ganwyobas, miT ufro mtkice xdeba igi da miT ufro
Zlieri aqtualizaciis mzaoba uCndeba mas: ganwyobis simtkices
ganmeoreba gansazRvravs.
garda amisa, aris SemTxvevebi, rom subieqtze esaTuis movle-
na, Tu situacia, gansakuTrebiT Zlier STabeWdilebas stovebs
xolme. aseT SemTxvevebSi subieqts araCveulebrivi mtkice ganw-
yoba uCndeba, ganwyoba, romelic aqtualizaciis gansakuTrebiT
Zlieri mzaobiT xasiaTdeba. exla sakmarisia, Tund mxolod ms-
gavsma movlenam Tu situaciam imoqmedos subieqtze, rom mas-
Si myis amave ganwyobam iCinos Tavi da subieqtis qceva Tavi da
Sesatyvisad warmarTos. maSasadme, aseT SemTxvevaSi subieqti
situaciis adekvatur asaxvas ver axerxebs. nacvlad Sesatyvisi
ganwyobisa, igi winandeli ganwyobis niadagze aRiqvams mocemul
situacias da, cxadia, iluziis msxverpli xdeba.
amrigad, xSiri ganmeorebis Tu didi pirovnuli wonis gamo
romelime garkveuli ganwyoba SeiZleba imdenad advilad agzne-
badi. imdenad Cveuli gaxdes, rom igi ara Sesatyvisi gamRizianeb-
lis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSic advilad aqtualdebodes da amiT
adekvatur ganwyobas gamovlenis SesaZleblobas arTmevdes.
aseTs ganwyobas SeiZleba fiqsirebuli ganwyoba vuwodoT.

462
2. fiqsirebuli ganwyobis iluziebi

fiqsirebuli ganwyobis Seqmna Zalian advilia, ramdenadac

igi ganmeorebis zegavleniTac SeiZleba gaCndes. es garemoeba
SesaZleblobas iZleva ganwyobis am formis Sesaswavlad eqsperi-
mentul gzas mivmarToT.
cdispirs xelT aZleven Sesadareblad mravalgzis (10-15-
jer). ors moculobiT TvalsaCinod gansxvavebuls, xolo sxva
mxriv sruliad erTnair sxeuls: marjvena xelSi pataras, marcxe-
naSi dids. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdispiri seriozulad Rebu-
lobs monawileobas am cdaSi, mas Cveni instruqciis zegavleniT
amocanis Sesrulebis erTgvari moTxovnileba (ganwyobis subieq-
turi faqtori) uCndeba. miwodebuli sxeulebi (obieqturi faq-
tori) am moTxovnilebis mqone subieqtze axdenen zegavlenas da
specifikur efeqts (ganwyobas) iwveven, romlis niadagzec maTi
mimarTebis swori Sefaseba xdeba. maSasadame, yoveli miwodebisas
cdispirs erTgvari ganwyoba uCndeba (`marcxniv didi, marjvniv
patara~). mravalgzisi ganmeorebis Sedegad es ganwyoba imdenad
Cveuli xdeba, rom yoveli calke cdis SemTxvevaSi igi ukve manam
aqtualdeba, sanam miwodebuli obieqtebi rigianad zegavlenis
moxdenas moaswrebdnen. mivawodoT exla mas gansxvavebuli mocu-
lobis ki ara, toli moculobis mqone sxeulebi (kritikuli cda).
ra moxdeba? Tu wina cdebSi, garkveuli ganwyobis Seqmnis mizniT,
mas iseTi obieqtebi eZleoda, rom isini maincdamainc didad ar
gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan. maSin Cveuli ganwyoba ZalaSi
darCeba, da toli obieqtebis Sefaseba mis niadagze moxdeba: c.
p-s marjvena obieqti ufro patarad moeCveneba, vidre marcxena.
magram Tu rom saganwyobo cdebSi mas TvalsaCinod gansxvave-
buli moculobis obieqtebi eZleoda xelT da exla. kritikul
cdaSi, tol obieqtebs mivawodebT, Zvelma ganwyobam obieqturi
faqtoris tlanqi Seufereblobis gamo, Tavi veRar unda iCinos
da mis nacvlad axali unda gaCndes. cdebi amtkiceben, rom es mar-
Tlac ase xdeba.
sainteresoa, rom Zveli ganwyobis adgilas axali ganwyoba
rom Cndeba, igi toli obieqtebis Sesatyvisi ki ar aris, aramed
saganwyobo cdebSi Seqmnili ganwyobis (`marcxniv didi, marjvniv
patara~) sawinaaRmdegoa (`marcxniv patara, marjvniv didi~):

463
cdispirs toli burTebidan – winaaRmdeg SemuSavebuli ganwyo-
bisa – marcxena patarad eCveneba da marjvena didad.
amrigad, udaoa, orive SemTxvevaSi saganwyobo cdebSi Se-
muSavebuli da ganmtkicebuli ganwyoba TamaSobs rols: toli
obieqtebis Sefaseba mis niadagze xdeba da, nacvlad swori aR-
qmisa, orive SemTxvevaSi mcTari aRqma, e. w. iluzia Cndeba.
magram erTgvari gansxvaveba mainc aris am or SemTxvevas So-
ris: pirvel SemTxvevaSi (ese igi, rodesac kritikul cdaSi mi-
wodebuli obieqtebis mimarTeba didad ar gansxvavdeba sagan
wyobo cdebSi miwodebuli mimarTebebisgan) iluzia ufro xSirad
ganwyobis Sesabamisia (asimilaciuri iluzia), xolo meore SemTx-
vevaSi, ese igi, saganwyobo cdebisa da kritikuli cdis obieqte-
bis mimarTebaTa tlanqi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi, iluzia,
Cveulebriv, Zveli ganwyobis sawinaaRmdegoa (kontrastuli
iluzia).
amrigad, advilad SegviZlia, subieqts ganwyoba fiqsirebu-
lad gadavuqcioT da Sedegad iluziuri aRqma mivaRebinoT.
zemod Cven moculobis iluziasTan gvqonda saqme. magram es
iluzia moculobis xeliT Sefasebas exeboda (hapturi moculo-
bis iluzia). moculobis Sefaseba ki TvaliTac SeiZleba; da ai,
Tu rom cdispirs ganmeorebiT mivawodebT TvaliT (optikurad)
Sesadareblad ors sxvadasxva moculobis wres, an romelime sxva
figuras (saganwyobo cdebi) da Semdeg erTbaSad tol wreebs
mivcemT (kritikuli cda), am SemTxvevaSic savsebiT iseTive ilu-
zia gaCndeba, rogorc xeliT Sefasebis SemTxvevaSi (moculobis
optikuri iluzia).
analogiuri iluzia – ori gansxvavebuli simZimis mimarTebis
Sefasebis SemTxvevaSi – jer kidev fexnerma aRmoaCina (1861 w).
aseTive iluzia SeiZleba gamoiwvio wnevis siZlieris mimarTebis
Sefasebisasac.
saganwyobo cdebSi c. p. Rebulobs wyvils wnevas, romelTaga-
nac pirveli TvalsaCinod ufro Zlieria, vidre meore, kriti-
kul cdaSi ki wyvils Tanaswor wnevas. cda gviCvenebs, rom c. p.
pirvel wnevas, rogorc ufro susts ganicdis, vidre meores
(kontrastuli iluzia), anda, Sesabamis pirobebSi, piriqiT (asi-
milaciuri iluzia).
aseTsave iluzias aqvs adgili mraval sxva SemTxvevaSic.
464
 1) bgeraTa intensiobis iluzia
cdispirs eZleva ganmeorebiT wyvilwyvilad bgerebi: pirve-
li Zlieri, meore susti (saganwyobo cdebi). kritikul cdaSi
amaT adgils ori Tanabari intensiobis bgera iWers. cdispiris-
Tvis, rogorc wesi, pirveli ufro sustad moismis, vidre meore,
anda, Sesatyvis pirobebSi, piriqiT (asimilaciuri iluzia).

2) ganaTebaTa mimarTebis iluzia

saganwyobo cdebSi – ori sinaTliT gansxvavebuli are, kri-
tikulSi – Tanabrad ganaTebuli. Sedegi aqac iluziaa: pirobe-
bisda mixedviT – kontrastulica da asimilaciuric.

3) raodenobiTi mimarTebis iluzia

saganwyobo cdebSi cdispirs eZleva ori daxSuli figura:
erTSi wertilebia blomad Casmuli, meoreSi – nakleb. kritikul
cdaSi maTi ricxvi Tanasworia, Sedegi aqac Cveulebrivi iluziaa.
ganwyobis zogadi fsiqologiisTvis ganwyobis iluziaTa mim-
dinareobis ragvaroba, misi aseTi Tu iseTi mimarTuleba Ziri-
Tadad maT safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobis moqmedebaze unda iyos
damokidebuli. maSasadame, ufleba gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom am ilu-
ziebis mimdinareobis dakvirveba TviTon ganwyobis Sesaswavla-
dac gamodgeba. ganwyobis iluziebis eqsperimentuli gamowveva,
maTi aRmocenebis, mimdinareobisa da Cqarobis pirobebis Seqmna
da Secvla advilia. es garemoeba SesaZleblobas gviqmnis, gan-
wyobis iluziaTa safuZvlis, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis, bunebisa
da moqmedebis Sesaxeb sakmaod farTo eqsperimentuli masala
davagrovoT am masalis mixedviT, dRes fiqsirebuli ganwyobis
bunebisa da moqmedebis Sesaxeb zogi ram dabejiTebiT SeiZleba
iTqvas.
1) ganwyoba ar aris wminda lokaluri an periferiuli pro-
cesi. igi arsebiTad subieqtis, rogorc mTelis, mdgomareobad
unda CaiTvalos. maSasadame, ar unda iyos swori calke kunTuris,
Tu calke sxvadasxva sensoruli ganwyobis Sesaxeb laparaki,
rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme. amis uryev sabuTs Semdegi faqti
warmoadgens: cdispirs, ganwyobis Seqmnis mizniT, xelT eZleva
Sesadareblad ramodenimejer. vTqvaT 15-jer, ori, moculobiT
gansxvavebuli. xolo sxva mxriv savsebiT erTnairi burTi: mar-
jvniv patara, marcxniv didi. am cdebis Sedegad, rogorc viciT,
465
mas fiqsirebuli ganwyoba unda gauCndes. rogor SegviZlia Seva-
mowmoT, rom mas marTla gauCnda ganwyoba? mivawodoT mas xelSi
toli burTebi, da Tu aRmoCndeba, rom igi adekvaturi Sefasebis
nacvlad mcTars iZleva, es imis maCvenebeli iqneba, rom fiqsire-
buli ganwyoba SemuSavebulia. magram jerjerobiT Cven mxolod
imaSi SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom cdispirs ganwyoba im
organoSi aqvs SemuSavebuli, romelzec saganwyobo cdebi war-
moebda, saxeldobr – xelSi. magram vnaxoT exla, ra moxdeba,
cdispirs rom saganwyobo cdebis Semdeg xeliT ki ara, TvaliT
SevadarebinoT burTebi erTmaneTTan.
saTanado cdebi amtkiceben, rom cdispirs am SemTxvevaSic
iluzia uCndeba. maSasadame, udaoa, rom ganwyoba mas gaCenia ara
marto im organoSi (xelSi), romelic saganwyobo cdebSi Rebu-
lobda monawileobas, aramed im organoSic (TvalSi), romelsac
araferi ar hqonda saerTo am cdebTan.
magram SeiZleba cda Sebrunebuladac davayenoT, ese igi,
saganwyobo cdebi mxedvelobis areSi CavataroT, xolo kriti-
kuli – aqtiuri Sexebis areSi (hapturSi); Sedegi igive iqneba.
ganwyoba aRmoCndeba ganmtkicebuli ara marto saganwyobo
cdebis areSi, aramed kritikuli cdebis areSic.
SeiZleba kidev ufro Sors wavideT da igive cdebi ufro da-
Sorebul organoebzec gadavitanoT. aqac xSirad SevxvdebiT
SemTxvevebs, rom ganwyoba ara marto saganwyobo cdebis areSi,
aramed sul sxva areebSic iqneba aRmocenebuli. aqedan daskvna
naTelia: ganwyoba ar yofila wminda adgilobrivi (lokaluri)
movlena; igi calkeuli organos mdgomareoba rodi yofila,
aramed subieqtis, rogorc aseTis, ese igi, rogorc mTelis.
STabeWdileba iseTia, TiTqos erT adgilas Seqmnili ganwoba
sxva adgilebzec vrceldebodes, generalizirebulobdes anu,
rogorc fiziologebi amboben, iradiirobdes. amisda mixedviT,
Cven SegveZlo fiqsirebuli ganwyobis es mxare iradiulobis an
generalizirebulobis saxelwodebiT aRgveniSna.
2) magram Tu ganwyoba subiiqtis, rogorc mTelis, mdgoma-
reobaa. maSin safiqrebelia, rom igi raime garkveuli, gancda-
di, kerZouli fsiqikuri Sinaarsis saxiT ar gveZleva, rom igi
cnobirebaSi mocemulobis gareSe moqmedebs, rom am azriT igi
arafenomenalur procesad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rogorc cno-
bilia, drma hipnotur mdgomareobaSi subieqti mTel garemo-

466
sTan rodi swyvets kavSirs. hipnotizorTan igi kontaqts inar-
Cunebs, masTan sakmaod rTul urTierTobas ganagrZobs: esmis
misi laparaki, asrulebs mis davalebebs (amas raports uwode-
ben). magram rodesac hipnoturi Zili gaivlis, rodesac subieqti
gaiRviZebs, aRmoCndeba, rom mas arcerTi Tavisi Rrma hipnoturi
Zilisdroindeli gancda ar axsovs, yvelaferi es mas safuZvli-
anad daviwyebuli aqvs (e. w. posthipnoturi amnezia, es garemoeba
Zalian xelsayrel pirobas warmoadgens Cveni sakiTxis eqsperi-
mentulad gadaWris miznisTvis. igi SesaZleblobas qmnis sagan-
wyobo cdebi hipnoturi Zilis mdgomareobaSi CavataroT da Sem-
deg vnaxoT, gahyveba Tu ara Cvens cdispirs am cdebis niadagze
Seqmnili ganwyoba sifxizleSic – miuxedavad sruli posthipno-
turi amneziisa, ese igi, miuxedavad imisa, rom gaRviZebis Semdeg
saganwyobo cdebis Sesaxeb mas sruliad aRaraferi axsovs.
hipnoturi Zilis Sewyvetis Semdeg Catarebuli kritikuli
cdebis Sedegebma naTeli unda mohfinon am sakiTxs. hipnoturi
Zilis dros cdispirs xelSi eZleva, ganmeorebiT, moculobis,
mxriv Sesadareblad, ori burTi: marcxniv – didi, marjvniv – pat-
ara. gaRviZebis Semdeg mas tol burTebs vaZlevT xelT Sesadare-
blad. miuxedavad imisa, rom cdispirs sruliad araferi axsovs
saganwyobo cdebis Sesaxeb, igi tol burTebs mainc ver afasebs
sworad: mas Cveulebrivi ganwyobis iluzia uCndeba. aqedan, cx-
adia, Zilis dros Seqmnil ganwyobas odnavadac ver uSlis xels is
garemoeba, rom cdispiris cnobierebaSi saganwyobo cdebis Ses-
axeb sruliad araferia darCenili.
amrigad, damtkicebulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom ganwyoba
adamianis fsiqikis muSaobas rogorc erTerTi gancdaTagani rodi
gansazRvravs, aramed rogorc subieqtis mTliani mdgomareoba,
romelic, rogorc aseTi, arc SeiZleba calkeuli gancdebis si-
brtyeSi iqnes moTavsebuli.
3) rodesac cdispirs, Cvens Cveulebries saganwyobo cdebis
Semdeg, tol obieqtebs vaZlevT urTierTTan Sesadareblad,
rogorc viciT, am ukanasknelTa Sefaseba winaswar SemuSavebu-
li ganwyobis niadagze xdeba, da erTi maTgani ufro didad gan-
icdeba, vidre meore. magram es, Cveulebriv, maSin xdeba, rodesac
kritikuli obieqtebis eqspozicia xanmoklea, da isini, ase vTq-
vaT, arsebul ganwyobisadmi Tavisi Seufereblobis gamovlenas
ver aswreben. rom gavaxangrZlivoT maTi eqspoziciis dro da
467
amiT subieqtze sakmarisad xangrZlivi zemoqmedebis saSualeba
mivceT maT, maSin mdgomareoba Seicvleba: kritikuli obieqtebi,
SeiZleba iTqvas, pirdapir cdispiris Tvalwin erTmaneTs gau-
Tanaswordebian. is, romelic didi Canda, SeikumSeba, dapatara-
vdeba da meoris toli gaxdeba. iluzia aRikveTeba. maSasadame,
ganwyoba, bolos da bolos, ver uZlebs Seuferebeli obieqturi
viTarebis zemoqmedebas da iZulebuli xdeba am ukanasknelis Ses-
atyvis ganwyobas dauTmos adgili.
rogor xdeba es? rogor mimdinareobs Seuferebeli obieq-
turi viTarebis zegavleniT gamowveuli ganwyobis likvidaciis
procesi? am sakiTxis gadasawyvetad gansakuTrebiT nayofieri
aRmoCnda Semdegi xerxi: nacvlad imisa, rom kritikuli obieqte-
bis moqmedebis gaZlierebis mizniT maTi eqspoziciis dro gavax-
angrZlivoT, SeiZleba imave efeqts kritikuli obieqtebis
ganmeorebiTi mowodebis gziTac mivaRwioT. kritikul cdebSi
cdispirs, Cveulebriv, iluzia uCndeba: erTerTi obieqti ufro
didi eCveneba, vidre meore. mravalgzis rom ganvimeoroT es
cdebi, bolos da bolos rogorc pirvelad sistematurad es b.
xaWapuriZis cdebSia naCvenebi – ganwyoba, rogorc Seuferebeli,
dairRveva, da mis nacvlad obieqturi viTarebis Sesatyvisi ganw-
yoba gaCndeba: iluzia aRikveTeba, igi adekvatur Sefasebas dauT-
mobs adgils. magram, rogorc mosalodnelic iyo, es erTbaSad
rodi xdeba. sanam ganwyoba sabolood aRikveTebodes, man unda
ganvlos regresuli ganviTarebis garkveuli procesi, romelic
Teoriulad mainc, eqvss gansxvavebul fazas Seicavs:
a) pirvel fazaSi fiqsirebuli ganwyoba Tavisi umtkicesi
saxiTaa warmodgenili. es imaSi iCens Tavs, rom kritikuli cdebis
erTi wyeba zedized mxolod kontrastul iluzias iZleva.
b) dgeba momenti, rodesac kritikuli eqspoziciebis obieq-
turi viTarebis, ese igi, tolobis ganmeorebiTi zemoqmedebis
gamo, ganwyobis pirveli Seryeva xdeba: igi erTgvarad sustdeba
da cdispiri, SedarebiT xSiri kontrastuli iluziebis gver-
diT, aqaiq asimilatur iluziebsac iZleva. es ganwyobis regre-
suli ganviTarebis meore fazad SeiZleba CaiTvalos.
g) ganwyobis Sesustebis procesi kidev ufro win midis da
Semdeg safexurze asimilaturi da kontrastuli iluziebis
ricxvi urTierTs uaxlovdeba: iwyeba namdvili rxeva iluziis
orive am saxes Soris.
468
 d) fiqsirebuli ganwyobis dasustebis Semdgomi safexuri
asimilaturi iluziis SemTxvevaTa gabatonebaSi iCens Tavs: kon-
trastuli iluzia exlac gvxvdeba, magram gacilebiT ufro iS-
viaTad, vidre asimilaturi.
e) rasakvirvelia, ganwyobis kidev ufro meti dasustebis
Sesaxeb SeiZleba laparaki, rodesac kontrastuli iluziebis
SemTxvevebi sruliad aRar gvxvdeba, da cdispiri mxolod asimi-
latur iluzias iZleva.
v) am momentamde fiqsirebuli ganwyoba jer kidev ganuwy-
vetliv aqtualur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba; marTalia, igi sag-
rZnoblad Sesustebulia, magram jer kidev ar iZleva obieqturi
viTarebis adekvaturi aRqmis SesaZleblobas: cdispiri jer
kidev erTxelac ver axerxebs iluziisgan Tavis daRwevas. rasak-
virvelia, ganwyobis Semdgomi dasustebis axal fazasTan gvaqvs
saqme, rodesac es mdgomareoba icvleba, da cdispiri kritikul
cdaSi miwodebuli obieqtebis tolobis dadasturebas xandaxan
mainc axerxebs. magram es misi ukanaskneli fazac aris: rawams
igi zedized ramodenime gzis SesZlebs kritikuli viTarebis
adekvatur Sefasebas da iluzias mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT
Tu dauTmobs adgils, Cven ukve fiqsirebuli ganwyobis likvi-
daciis Sesaxeb SegveZleba vilaparakoT.
magram yvela am fazis gamokveTili arseboba mxolod Teo-
riulad SeiZleba daSvebul iqnes. praqtikulad, Tu gansakuTre-
biT paTologiuri ganwyobis moqmedebis SemTxvevebsac miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi, SeiZleba jerjerobiT mxolod sami faza iqnes sa-
gangebod gamoyofili:
a) kontrastuli iluziebis faza,
b) asimilaturi iluziebis monawileobis faza,
g) tolobis monawileobis faza.
4) fiqsirebuli ganwyobis likvidaciis Sesaxeb am SemTxvevaSi
mxolod pirobiTad SeiZleba laparaki. saqme isaa, rom sakiTxi
aq iseT mdgomareobas exeba, rodesac fiqsirebul ganwyobaze
Seuferebeli (kritikuli) obieqturi viTareba ganuwyvetliv an
ganmeorebiT moqmedebs. irkveva, rom aseT pirobebSi marTlac
SeiZleba fiqsirebuli ganwyobis likvidaciis Sesaxeb vilapara-
koT: bolosdabolos, obieqturi viTarebis swor Sefasebas gan-
wyoba xels veRar uSlis.

469
 magram niSnavs gana es, rom ganwyobis marTla saboloo lik-
vidaciasTan gvaqvs saqme? niSnavs gana es, rom fiqsirebuli ga-
nwyoba kritikuli cdebis Sewyvetis Semdegac arasodes xelaxla
ar wamoyofs Tavs? rasakvirvelia, ara! saTanado cdebis Sedege-
bi amis utyuar sabuTs iZleva. vTqvaT, erT dRes cdispirs sagan-
wyobo cdebis sakmarisi raodenoba miveciT: Sedegad mas fiqsi-
rebuli ganwyoba uCndeba. Cven vwyvetT cdas da garkveuli xnis
Semdeg mas mxolod kritikul eqspoziciebs vaZlevT. miuxedavad
imisa, rom es saganwyobo cdebis ganumeoreblad xdeba da, miu-
xedavad imisa, rom wina cdebSi igi kritikuli eqspoziciis swori
Sefasebis mdgomareobamde, maSasadame, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis
aRkveTamde iqna miyvanili, cdispiri mainc xelaxla imave iluz-
ias iZleva ueWvelia, ganwyoba kvlav ganagrZobs moqmedebas; da
sainteresoa, rom zogjer es sakmaod xangrZlivi drois Semde-
gac ki xdeba. sruliad udaoa, fiqsirebuli ganwyoba aqtiviaciis
mzaobas sakmaod didi xniT inarCunebs.
magram rogorRa unda gavigoT maSin is sakvirveli faqti,
rom ganwyoba am mzaobas mas Semdegac xeluxleblad icavs, rac
igi, kritikuli cdebis mravalgzisi ganmeorebis gziT, TiTqos
sabolood iqna likvidirebuli? rogorc Cans, saboloo likvi-
daciaze laparaki aq marTebuli ar unda iyos. etyoba, xSiri ze-
dized ganaxlebis gamo, kritikuli viTarebis Sesatyvisi ganw-
yoba (tolobis ganwyoba) imdenad Zlieri xdeba, rom am pirobebSi
igi fiqsirebul ganwyobas Crdilavs da mas gamovlenis SesaZle-
blobas ar aZlevs; xolo TviTon subieqtis axal fiqsirebul gan-
wyobad jer kidev ver iqceva, raTa saganwyobo cdebSi warmoSo-
bili Zveli ganwyoba sabolood gandevnos da misi adgili TviTon
daikavos. amitomac, sakmarisia, subieqts kritikuli eqspozicie-
bi maTi gamudmebuli ganmeorebis situaciis gareSe mieces, rom
fiqsirebulma ganwyobam kvlav iCinos Tavi, da toli obieqtebi
aratolad ganacdevinos.
rogorc vxedavT, drois zemoqmedebis mimarT ganwyoba sak-
mao stabilobas amJRavnebs, gacilebiT mets, vidre erTidaimave
gamRizianeblis ganmeorebiTi zemoqmedebis mimarT, rogorc es,
magaliTad, kritikuli cdebis ganmeorebiTi zemoqmedebis Sem-
TxvevaSi xdeba. es, albaT, imiT aixsneba, rom drois mimdinare-
obaSi subieqtze moqmedeben nairnairi gamRizianeblebi, romel-
Tac sruliad araferi aqvT saerTo mis fiqsirebul ganwyobasTan,
470
maSin rodesac kritikul cdebSi swored iseTi gamRizianeble-
bi moqmedeben, romelnic, marTalia, arsebuli ganwyobisTvis
adekvaturi ar arian, magram mainc imdenad axlo dganan masTan,
rom maTi Sefaseba, Cveulebriv, am ganwyobis niadagze xdeba. sak-
virveli araa, rom am pirobebSi ganwyoba drois mimarT stabilu-
ria, magram kritikuli eqspoziciebis ganmeorebis mimarT ara.
amrigad. Cven vxedavT, rom fiqsirebuli ganwyoba, raki gaC-
ndeba, sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi inarCunebs aqtualizaci-
is unars; igi, ase vTqvaT, qronikul mdgomareobad, erTgvar dis-
poziciur mdgomareobad iqceva. Cven vxedavT agreTve, rom igi
aseTad rCeba mas Semdegac, rac igi kritikuli cdebis ganmeore-
bis zegavleniT TiTqos sabolood likvidirebuli xdeba.
5) rogor Cndeba fiqsirebuli ganwyoba? Cven Tavidanve
gvqonda aRniSnuli, rom igi saganwyobo cdebis, maSasadame, gan-
meorebis Sedegad iCens Tavs. ganmeoreba rom marTla ZiriTadi
mniSvnelobis moments warmoadgens am SemTxvevaSi, is udaoa:
eqsperimentulad cnobilia, rom rac ufro didia saganwyobo
cdebis ricxvi, ese igi, rac ufro xSirad awarmoebineb cdispirs
saganwyobo obieqtebis Sedarebas, Cveulebriv, miT ufro mtki-
ce ganwyobas SeumuSaveb mas. es dakvirveba imdenad xSiria, rom
TiTqos sruli safuZveli gveZleva, ganwyobis simtkice pirdapir
ganmeorebis funqciad gamovacxadoT. magram ufro yuradRebiTi
dakvirveba amtkicebs, rom es debuleba mxolod garkveul far-
glebSi SeiZleba sworad CaiTvalos. saqme isaa, rom SesaZloa
zogierT SemTxvevaSi sruliad ar hqondes cdispirs saganwyobo
obieqtebis Sedarebis namdvili moTxovnileba, da am aqts igi
mxolod zedapirulad, mxolod meqanikurad awarmoebdes. ras
mogvCems am SemTxvevaSi saganwyobo cdebis ganmeoreba? ueWve-
lia, arafers. raki ganwyobis subieqturi faqtori sruliad ar
aris mocemuli, cxadia, Cven ver vityviT, rom TiToeuli calke
Sedarebis aqti saTanado ganwyobis niadagze xdebodes. maSasa-
dame, saganwyobo cdebis ganmeoreba mxolod garegnulad war-
moadgens ganmeorebas: TviTon ganwyobis ganmeorebasTan aq saqme
ara gvaqvs da, maSasadame, fiqsirebuli ganwyobis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
laparaki am SemTxvevaSi sruliad zedmetia. saidan unda Seiqmnas
igi, rodesac TviTon pirveladi ganwyoba, romelic fiqsirebu-
lad unda gadaiqces, jer kidev arsad Cans.
471
 aqedan naTelia, rom fiqsirebuli ganwyobis Sesaqmnelad
Semdegi pirobebia aucilebeli: saganwyobo obieqtebis Sedare-
bis namdvili moTxovnileba, rogorc aucilebeli piroba pir-
veladi ganwyobis aRmosaceneblad da ganmeoreba am Sedarebis
aqtisa, rogorc erTidaimave ganwyobis mravalgzisi ganaxlebi-
sa da ganmtkicebis piroba.
aqedan naTlad Cans, rom ganmeoreba mxolod imitom unda
iyos fiqsirebuli ganwyobis admosaceneblad aucilebeli, rom
igi ganwyobis ganmtkicebas uwyobs xels. warmovidginoT iseTi
mdgomareoba, rom subieqts imTaviTve Zlieri ganwyoba uCnde-
ba. es, ra Tqma unda, yovelTvis SesaZlebelia moxdes: saWiroa
oRond ganwyobis faqtorebi – subieqturi da obieqturi v orive
gansakuTrebuli ZaliT moqmedebdes. am SemTxvevaSi, udaoa, rom
ganmeoreba saWiro aRar iqneba: Zlieri ganwyoba uimisodac
fiqsirebulad gadaiqceva.
amrigad, fiqsirebuli ganwyoba marto ganmeorebis Sedegad
rodi Cndeba. adamians, ueWvelia, ara erTi da ori SemTxveva aqvs
cxovrebaSi, rom masze esa Tu is garemoeba gansakuTrebiT Zli-
er STabeWdilebas stovebdes. aseT SemTxvevebSi misi ganwyoba
imTaviTve fiqsirdeba, da Semdgomi misi cxovrebis mimdinareo-
ba bevris mxriv imazea damokidebuli, Tu rogoria mis amgvarad
fiqsirebul ganwyobaTa wre.
ganwyobis diferenciuli fsiqologiisTvis Cven viciT,
rom garemo pirvel rigSi adamianis ganwyobaze axdens gavle-
nas; viciT, rom mTeli misi qceva da gancda am ganwyobis niadag-
ze Rebulobs Tavis garkveul saxes. magram, rogorc davinaxeT,
su-bieqts yovelTvis SeiZleba Tavisi warsulidan esa Tu is gan-
wyo-ba hqondes, romelsac SesaZlebloba aqvs garemosTan urT-
ierTobis aqtSi Caerios, axali Sesatyvisi ganwyobis aRmoCenas
daaswros, daCrdilos igi da es aqti TviTon warmarTos.
ueWvelia, amisda mixedviT, rom adamianis warsuls, misi fiq-
sirebuli ganwyobis wres da Zalas, sruliad gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba unda hqondes misi qcevis gasagebad. meoris mxriv,
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba unda hqondes imasac, Tu rogoria
ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis moqmedebis, misi, ase vTqvaT,
meqanizmis Tavisebureba. adamianis individualoba ara marto
misi warsulis viTarebazva damokidebuli, ara marto imaze, Tu
472
rogoria Sinaarseulad misi fiqsirebuli ganwyoba, aramed im-
azec, Tu rogoria es ukanaskneli formalurad.
1) aq pirvel rigSi sayuradRebo iqneboda gamogverkvia, Tu
ramdenad advilad umuSavdeba subieqts fiqsirebuli ganwyoba,
ramdenad agznebadia igi am mxriv. ueWvelia, ganwyobis agznebado-
ba erTerTi mniSvnelovani formaluri momenti iqneboda, rome-
lic adamianTa gansxvavebulobas bevris mxriv Suqs mofenda.
saTanado cdebidan irkveva, rom ganwyobis agznebadoba mar-
Tla sxvadasxvagvaria. arian adamianebi, romelTac oriode sa-
ganwyobo eqspoziciis Sedegadac advilad ufiqsirdebaT saTana-
do ganwyoba. magram arian iseTebic, romelTac amisTvis 15-20
eqspoziciac ar hyofniT.
2) ra emarTeba ganwyobas kritikuli eqspoziciis xangrZlivi
zegavlenis Sedegad? igi uTuod qreba da adgils uTmobs adekva-
turs ganwyobas, Tu es yovelTvis ase ar xdeba? cdebi amtkiceben,
rom aq or urTierTis mopirdapire tips aqvs adgili. erTis mxriv,
Cven saqme gvaqvs iseT SemTxvevasTan, rodesac erTxel SemuSave-
buli ganwyoba imdenad uZravi da inertulia, rom igi sruliad
ar uTmobs adgils adekvatur ganwyobas, ragind mravalgzisac
unda imoqmedon masze kritikuli cdis obieqtebma. am SemTxveva-
Si subieqti Tavs ver aRwevs iluzias, igi ver axerxebs gzis gakv-
levas obieqturi viTarebisken. aseT uZravsa da uryev ganwyobas
SeiZlba statikuri vuwodoT – ganwyobis im tipisgan gansasxva-
veblad, romelic mocemul pirobebSi adre Tu gvian ganze dgeba
da adekvatur ganwyobas uTmobs adgils. Tu pirveli tipisTvis
isaa damaxasiaTebeli, rom igi usasrulo iluziis msxverplad
gvaqcevs, meore, romelsac SeiZleba dinamikuri vuwodoT, aseT
uZraobas ar iCens da, bolosdabolos mainc. adekvaturi aRqmis
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs.
3) statikuri iqneba ganwyoba Tu dinamikuri, sul erTia, Se-
saZloa igi metnaklebi plastikurobiT xasiaTdebodes. rogorc
saTanado cdebidan Cans, aris SemTxvevebi, rom ganwyoba, cde-
bis ganmeorebiTi zemoqmedebis gamo, TandaTanobiT sustdeba
da, ramodenime fazis ganvlis Semdeg, sabolood romelsame
maTganze Cerdeba (statikuri ganwyoba), anda yvela fazis ganv-
lis Semdeg sruliad aRikveTeba (dinamikuri ganwyoba). am orive
SemTxvevaSi Cven plastikur ganwyobasTan gvaqvs saqme. magram
sxvagvar SemTxvevebsac aqvs adgili: ganwyoba an gamudmebiT erT
473
romelsame fazaze rCeba gayinuli, anda pirvelad mocemuli fa-
zidan TandaTanobiT ki ar gadadis danarCenebze, aramed erTba-
Sad, yoveli TandaTanobiTi dasustebis gareSe, ispoba. aq orive
SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis sitlanqesTan gvaqvs saqme.
4) Cven zemoT aRvniSneT, rom ganwyobas generalizacia an
iradiacia axasiaTebs. raskvirvelia, SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
SemTxvevaSi es ukanaskneli metnaklebi ganfenilobiT iyos war-
modgenili. es garemoeba sruliad ar ewinaadmdvgeba ganwyobis
mTlianobiT bunebas: ganwyoba yvelgan subieqtis, rogorc mTe-
lis, mdgomareobaa maSinac, rodesac igi farTodaa masSi gavr-
celebuli, da maSinac, rodesac igi TiTqos mxolod zogierT
ares exeba. saTanado cdebis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom saganwyobo
cdebis niadagze aRmocenebuli ganwyoba SesaZloa Zalian far-
Tod iyos gavrcelebuli, magaliTad, aqtiuri Sexebis sferoSi
Seqmnili ganwyoba mxedvelobis areSic iyos gavrcelebuli. ma-
gram SesaZloa isic, rom igi im organos sazRvrebs ar scilde-
bodes, romelic saganwyobo cdebSi iRebda monawileobas; maga-
liTad, Tu saganwyobo cdebSi marto cali Tvali an cali xeli
Rebulobda monawileobas, SesaZloa, ganwyobis gavrcelebulo-
ba marto am cali xeliT Tu cali TvaliT ganisazRvros.
5) aris SemTxvevebi, rom ganwyoba samudamod Tavisi moqmede-
bis erTsadaimave tips inarCunebs: Tu, magaliTad, igi plastiku-
ria da dinamikuri, igi yovelTvis aseTi rCeba, miuxedavad imisa,
dRes iqneba igi saTanado saganwyobo cdebis Sedegad miRebuli,
Tu xval am SemTxvevaSi Cven konstanturi ganwyobis Sesaxeb unda
vilaparakoT. magram ganwyoba yovelTvis konstanturi rodia.
aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom ganwyoba cvalebadi (variabiluri)
xdeba: dRes rom igi Tavisi moqmedebis erT tips gviCvenebs, xval
sul sxva suraTs gvaZlevs.
6) ganwyobis erTerT niSans stabiloba warmoadgens magram
igi yovelTvis erTnairi rodia. aris SemTxvevebi, rom ganwyoba,
an ucvlelis an Secvlili saxiT, didxans sZlebs xolme (konstan-
tur-stabiluri da variabilur-stabiluri), anda SedarebiT ma-
le ispoba – an erTbaSad (konstantur-labiluri), anda cvlile-
bebis Semdeg (variabilurlabiluri).
7) SeniSnulia, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi oriode kritikuli
eqspoziciac an am ukanasknelis odnav gaxangrZlivebac sakma-
risia, rom subieqtma mowodebuli obieqtebis swori Sefaseba
474
mogvces. magram aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, rom amave efeqtis mi-
Reba mxolod sakmaod xangrZlivi kritikuli eqspoziciis, Tu
kritikul eqspoziciaTa mravalgzisi ganmeorebis Semdeg xe-
rxdeba. ueWvelia, es imitom unda xdebodes, rom ganwyobas yov-
elTvis erTidaigive simtkicis done ar unda axasiaTebdes, rom
unda arsebobdes ufro mtkice da nakleb mtkice ganwyobis
SemTxvevebi.

ganwyoba paTologiur SemTxvevebSi

1. ganwyoba da paTologia

Tu ganwyoba marTla egoden did rols TamaSobs Cveni qce-

vis Tu gancdis mimdinareobaSi, Tu marTla isaa, rom pirvel
rigSi icvleba sinamdvilesTan Cveni urTierTobis SecvlasTan
erTad da Cveni gancdis Tu qcevis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs,
maSin, cxadia, rom paTologiur SemTxvevebSi ganwyobis Seswav-
las sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. saqme isaa,
rom aq, paTologiur SemTxvevebSi, qcevis mkveTrad gamovlenili
gadaxris an gamrudebis sxvadasxva formas vxvdebiT; da es gare-
moeba pirdapir gvafiqrebinebs, rom, Tu Cveni debuleba ganwyo-
bis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sworia, maSin aq, am paTologiur SemTx-
vevebSi, ganwyobis moqmedebis ueWvelad amdenadve gansxvavebul
formebTan unda gvqondes saqme.
paTologiurma Taviseburebebma gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad
swored fiqsirebuli ganwyobis moqmedebaSi unda iCinon Tavi.
imitom rom, rogorc cnobilia. avadmyofuri fsiqikisTvis
gansakuTrebiT sxvadasxvagvari fiqsaciis movlenebia damaxa-
siaTebeli da marTlac, saTanado cdebis Sedegad sabolood
gamorkveulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom fiqsirebuli ganwyobis
moqmedeba paTologiur SemTxvevebSi sazogadod sakmaod Tavise-
buria. da, garda amisa, irkveva isic, rom es moqmedeba sxvadasxva
daavadebis SemTxvevaSi imdenad specifikuria, rom amis mixedviT
am ukanasknelTa sakmaod Sorsmwvdomi diferenciacia xerxdeba.

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 pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos Semdegi: zemoT. rodesac gan-
wyobis procesis Sesaxeb gvqonda saubari, Cven davrwmundiT,
rom igi, Teoriulad mainc, eqvs gansxvavebul safexurs an fazas
Seicavs. magram praqtikulad, calkeuli normaluri adamiane-
bis SemTxvevaSi, es fazebi arasdros sisruliT ar gveZleva: ro-
gorc wesi, isini mWidrovdebian da, Cveulebriv, arsebiTad sul
sams Tu oTx fazaSi erTiandebian.
sul sxvaa paTologiuri pirebis SemTxvevaSi; rasakvirvelia:
eqvsive fazis sruli gamovlenis faqtTan arc aq gvaqvs saqme. ma-
gram aq arc maT imgvar SemWidroebas aqvs adgili, rogorsac nor-
maluri, janmrTeli adamianebis SemTxvevaSi vxvdebiT.
ufro damaxasiaTebeli aq Semdegi garemoeba aRmoCnda: ama
Tu im daavadebis SemTxvevaSi win iwevs ganwyobis moqmedebis
romelime erTi an meti calkeuli faza, xSirad is, romelic jan-
saRi adamianis SemTxvevaSi imdenad daCrdilulia, rom misi arse-
boba mxolod Teoriulad Tu SeiZleba igulisxmo. sainteresoa,
rom sxvadasxva daavadebis dros swored sxvadasxva faza wam-
oiwevs xolme pirvel planze. rogorc vxedavT, es garemoeba im
mxrivacaa saintereso, rom ganwyobis regresuli ganviTarebis
is fazebi, romlis arsebobac janmrTeli adamianis SemTxveva-
Si mxolod Teoriulad unda iqnes miRebuli, aq, paTologiuri
qcevis SemTxvevaSi, xelsaxeb faqtad iqceva.
meore garemoeba, romelic damaxasiaTebeli aRmoCnda, es
isaa, rom paTologiuri SemTxvevebisTvis ganwyobis moqmedebis
swored is saxeebia specifikuri da, ase vTqvaT, Cveulebrivi,
romelnic normaluri cdispirebis Semowmebis dros mxolod
gamonaklisis saxiT Tu gvxvdebian. sanimuSod gavecnoT ganwyo-
bis moqmedebas ramodenime gansakuTrebiT cnobil daavadebaTa
SemTxvevebSi, saxeldobr, epilefsiis, Sizofreniisa da isteri-
is SemTxvevebSi.

2. ganwyoba Sizofreniis dros

Sizofreniis SemTxvevebis analizma Tavidanve naTelhyo,

rom fiqsirebuli ganwyoba aq sruliad specifikurs, janm-
rTelisTvis uCveulo formebs Rebulobs: 1) jer erTi, igi gan-
sakuTrebiT advilad agznebadi aRmoCnda. sul oriode saganw-
476
yobo cda sakmarisia, raTa avadmyofs iseTive Camoyalibebuli
fiqsirebuli ganwyoba gauCndes, rogorc 15-20 saganwyobo
eqspoziciis Semdeg vRebulobT xolme. 2) Sizofreniis ganwyo-
bas araCveulebriv mtkice generalizacia axasiaTebs. haptur
areSi gamowveuli ganwyoba uklebliv optikur sferozec vrcel-
deba da aq iseTsave mkafio iluziebs iwvevs, rogorsac Tavisi
aRmocenebis pirvelads areSi. 3) kidev ufro damaxasiaTebelia,
SeiZleba iTqvas, specifikuria, am daavadebisTvis ganwyobis sit-
lanqe da gansakuTrebiT statikuroba: Sizofreniki Tavs ver
aRwevs erTxel Seqmnil ganwyobas. da sainteresoa, rom es stati-
kuroba mis ganwyobas ara marto Tavisi aRmocenebis pirvelads
areSi aqvs, aramed sxvaganac, sadac ki igi vrceldeba.
amisda mixedviT, Sizofreniks rom, magaliTad, orjer misce
xelT Sesadareblad ori sxvadasxva moculobis burTi – erTi-
daimave wesrigiT – es sakmarisi aRmoCndeba, rom Cveulebrivs
kritikul cdebSi man erTxelac ver SesZlos miwodebuli bur-
Tebis tolobis dadastureba, ragind bevrjerac unda gaasinj-
vino mas xelSi es toli burTebi. amrigad, Sizofreniki usasrulo
iluziis msxverplad iqceva. magram gansakuTrebiT saintereso
isaa, rom es usasrulo iluzia maSinac ZalaSi rCeba, rodesac Si-
zofreniks TvaliT aCveneb amave burTebs: exla isini ara marto
xelSi eCveneba mas utolod, aramed TvaliTac, miuxedavad imisa,
rom Tvali saganwyobo cdebSi araviTar monawileobas ar Re-
bulobda. rogorc Cans. erTxel Seqmnili fiqsirebuli ganwyoba
mTlianad moicavs Sizofrenikis pirovnebas da ar aZlevs mas Se-
saZleblobas. obieqturi viTarebisken gza gaikvlios.
amrigad, Sizofreniis SemTxvevaSi daavadebulis fiqsire-
buli ganwyoba TvalsaCinod gansxvavdeba normalurisgan: igi
tlanqia, statikuri da farTod iradirebuli, miuxedavad amisa.
igi advilad agznebadia da amave dros uaRresad konstanturi
da stabiluri. erTi sityviT, Sizofrenikis ganwyoba ueWvelad
Taviseburia: misi statikuroba, iradiuloba, konstantoba da
stabiloba Sors dgas normaluri adamianis ganwyobis moqmedebis
tipiuri mimdinareobisgan.

477
3. ganwyoba epilefsiis dros

epilefsiis SemTxvevaSi ganwyobis moqmedebis kidev ufro

gamokveTil TaviseburebasTan gvaqvs saqme. epileptikis gan-
wyobac agznebadia, tlanqia da statikuri. am mxriv TiTqos ara-
viTari gansxvaveba ar Cans massa da Sizofreniks Soris. magram
Semdgomi dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom gansxvaveba mainc didia da
amave dros Zalian damaxasiaTebelic. saqme isaa. rom epilepti-
kis ganwyobis iradiacia uaRresad Semofargluli aRmoCnda. igi
ara Tu erTi sensoruli aridan meoreze ver gadadis, igi TviT am
erTs sensorul aresac ver faravs. kerZod, epileptikis rom gan-
meorebiT misce xelT Sesadareblad ori sxvadasxva moculobis
burTi erTidaimave wesiT da Semdeg toli burTebi daanaxo da
erTmaneTs Seadarebino, igi maT, Sizofrenikisgan gansxvavebiT.
imwamsve tolad Seafasebs. rogorc Cans, aqtiuri Sexebis areSi
Seqmnili ganwyoba aqve rCeba, igi ufro Sors ar vrceldeba. kidev
meti: SeuqmnaT mas exla ganwyoba erT xelSi. xolo toli burTe-
bi meoreSi mivceT Sesadareblad. ra moxdeba? iluzia arc exla
iCens Tavs. daskvna naTelia: epileptikis ganwyoba lokaluria.
aRsaniSnavia, rom igi iseve mtkiced konstanturi da stabiluri
aRmoCnda, rogorc Sizofrenikis iradirebuli ganwyoba.
rasakvirvelia, Cven SevxvdebiT e. w. epileptikTa Soris ise-
Tebsac, romelTa ganwyobac sul aseTi araa; magram es mxolod
umniSvnelo umciresobaa, da gadaxra am SemTxvevaSi araa sakma-
risi, zemoaRniSnuli kanonzomierebis faqtiurobaSi rom eWvi
SevitanoT, miT umetes, rom am gadaxras Tavisi safuZveli mo-
epoveba, rasac aq ver SevexebiT.

4. ganwyoba isteriis SemTxvevebSi

Taviseburi aRmoCnda ganwyobis moqmedeba isteriis SemTx-

vevaSic. jer erTi, Sizofreniisa da epilefsiisgan gansxvave-
biT, isteria ganwyobis moqmedebis erTs garkveul tips ar iZle-
va: a) erTxel rom oriode saganwyobo eqspoziciac qmnis sakmaod
gamokvvTil ganwyobas, meorexel saganwyobo eqspoziciaTa didi
ricxvic ver iZleva efeqts, da isteriuli kritikul cdebSi,
478
Cveulebriv, adekvatur Sefasebas aZlevs xolme tol obieqtebs,
b) sxva pirobebSi Cven Sizofrenikuli ganwyobis SemTxvevebsac
vxvdebiT da epilefsiurisasac. magram es ukanaskneli ise mkveT-
rad lokaluri mainc araa, rogorc namdvili epilefsiis SemTx-
vevebSi: SesaZloa, isteriuls erT sensorul areSi Seqmnili gan-
wyoba meoreze ar uvrceldebodes, magram TviTon im sensorul
areSi, romelSic saganwyobo cdebi warmoebda, igi daubrkole-
bliv vrceldeba: cal xelSi Seqmnili ganwyoba meore xelzec
gadadis.
erTi sityviT, ar iTqmis: isteriisTvis ganwyobis moqmedebis
erTi romelime specifikuri tipi iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
amas savsebiT eTanxmeba is Sedegebic, romelsac calke pire-
bze konstantobisa da stabilobis cdebis Catareba iZleva: iste-
riulisTvis swored ganwyobis variabiloba da labiloba aRmoC-
nda damaxasiaTebeli; misi ganwyoba advilad icvleba sxvadasxva
dros da male sustdeba da qreba, Tu mas yoveldRiurad axali
saganwyobo eqspoziciebi ar amagrebs.

5. janmrTelobis gaumjebeseba da ganwyoba

CvenTvis aq saWiro araa sxva paTologiur SemTxvevaTa gan-

xilva. ueWvelia, rom ganwyoba marTla arsebiTi mniSvnelobis
faqts warmoadgens. amis udao sabuTs Sizofreniis, epilefsiisa
da isteriis SemTxvevebSi ganwyobis moqmedebis specifikuri ga-
daxris faqtebi iZlevian.
magram amave paTologiur SemTxvevebSi ganwyobis Tavisebure-
bis kvlevis dros Cven wavawydiT meore faqtsac, romelic kidev
ufro demonstraciulad amtkicebs Cveni debulebis siswores.
Tu pirovnebis qcevis Tavisebureba misi ganwyobis moqmedebis
Sesatyvis Taviseburebas gulisxmobs, maSin udaoa, rom yvelgan,
sadac paTologiuri pirovneba gajansaRebis gzas daadgeba, sa-
dac misi qceva normalurTan daaxloebas daiwyebs, iq saTanado
cvlileba ganwyobis moqmedebis sferoSic unda moxdes: iq gan-
wyobis moqmedebis tipi normalurs unda dauaxlovdes. paTolo-
giuri ganwyobis eqsperimentaluri Seswavlis procesSi swored
am faqtma iCina Tavi: yvelgan, sadac avadmyofi gaumjobesebis
479
gzas adgeboda, gansa kuTrebiT iq, sadac marTla gajansaRe-
bis Sesaxeb SeiZleboda laparaki, magram xSirad iqac, sadac igi
droebiT mainc kargad grZnobda Tavs, misi ganwyobis tipi Tval-
saCinod icvleboda da garkveviT imas uaxlovdeboda, rac am sub-
ieqtisTvis, rogorc garkveuli xasiaTis patronisTvis, janm-
rTelobis dros iyo an unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli.
arsebobs mTeli rigi cdebi, romelTa Sedegebic udaod xdis
am debulebas. sagulisxmoa, rom es ara marto erTi romelime
avadmyofobis Sesaxeb iTqmis, magaliTad, ara marto isteriis,
an epilefsiis Sesaxeb, aramed Sizofreniis Sesaxebac. eq. i. bJa-
lavas cdebis masalebidan, romelic man qafuriT warmatebiT
mkurnalobis Semdeg Caatara Sizofrenikebze, naTlad Cans, rom
gankurnebis Semdeg Sizofrenikic ganwyobis normalur tips
ubrundeba.

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