evripide 129

evripide
(Zv.w. 485/480 _ Zv.w. 406w.)

evripide _ didi berZeni tragikosi, tragikosTa brwyinvale sameulis ukanask-

neli warmomadgeneli. mwerlis dabadebis TariRis Sesaxeb ori versia arsebobs.
pirvelis mixedviT igi Zv.w. 485/84w-s daibada, meore versia ki evripides dabadebis
TariRad Zv.w. 480 wels, salamisis sazRvao brZolaSi berZnebis gamarjvebis wels
acxadebs. am gadmocemiT es istoriuli TariRi samive berZeni tragikosis cxovre-
bis mniSvnelovan furclebs ukavSirdeboda _ esqile Tavad ibrZoda salamisTan,
sofokle gamarjvebis mozeime ferxulSi iRebda monawileobas, evripide ki ber-
ZenTa gamarjvebis dRes moevlina qveynierebas. rogorc Cans, berZnebi cdilobdnen
am umniSvnelovanesi TariRisTvis simboluri datvirTva mieniWebinaT, raTa amiT
ufro Rirsaxsovari gaexadaT STamomavalTaTvis.
evripides cxovrebis Sesaxeb ramdenime biografiuli wyaroa SemorCenili.
Tumca es wyaroebi imdenad xSirad imeoreben Zv. atikuri komediis mier evripides
Sesaxeb SeTxzul anekdotur ambebsa da xumrobebs, rom mecnierebi erTob frTxi-
lad ekidebian maT monacemebs. didi berZeni tragikosi xom komediis dacinvis say-
vareli obieqti gaxldaT.1
evripide daibada erTi gadmocemiT sofel fliaSi _ Suagul atikaSi, meore gadmo-
cemiT _ kunZul salamisze. evripides mama vaWari iyo, dedamisi ki filoqorosis mixed-
viT maRali wris qali gaxldaT. Wabuki evripide deloseli apolonis kultmsaxure-
baSi monawileobda. gadmogvcemen, rom siWabukeSi evripide aTletizmiT da ferweri-
Tac iyo gatacebuli. magram yvelaze mTavari Wabuki evripides cxovrebaSi, ueWvelia,
im drois cnobil inteleqtualebTan misi nacnoboba iyo. aTenSi am dros farTod iyo
gaSlili inteleqtualuri moZraoba, moZraoba, romelsac kacobriobis azrovnebis
istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso inteleqtualuri gamoRviZeba SeiZleba
ewodos. evripides moZRvarni anaqsagorasi, protagorasi da misi umcrosi Taname-
drove sokrate yofilan. tragikosisTvis axlobeli aRmoCnda sofistebis mier daner-
gili atmosfero _ axali sakiTxebis dasma, tradiciul RirebulebaTa kritika, skep-
ticizmi, rac ase farTod gamovlinda SemdgomSi mis SemoqmedebaSi.
evripide politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqe ar yofila. rogorc gadmogvcemen,
igi cxovrobda ganmartoebiT kunZul salamisze erT gamoqvabulSi, romelic
zRvas gahyurebda. sZulda stumrebi da wveulebebi. bunebiT iyo daRvremili da

1
aristofanes TerTmeti komediidan sami vrclad warmoadgens evripides Semoqmedebis
problematur sakiTxebs. rac Seexeba danarCen piesebs, evripide yvela maTganSia moxseniebuli.
rogorc Cans, aristofane erTob kargad icnobda mis Semoqmedebas. meore mxriv, evripides
mimarT gamovlenili aseTi didi yuradReba imazec metyvelebs, rom tragikosis dacinva
aTenel mayurebels sruliadac ar bezrdeboda.
130 evripide

moRuSuli. hqonda uamravi wigni da iyo Zalian ganaTlebuli pirovneba. tragiko-

sis biografosis cnobiT, didi dramaturgi ar cdilobda, Tavisi mayureblis
keTilganwyoba moepovebina. misi ukareba buneba, ganrideba samoqalaqo saqmia-
nobisgan, novatoruli Semoqmedeba, daudgromeli mwerluri suli, rogorc Cans,
aTeneli mayureblisTvis mainc da mainc misaRebi ar unda yofiliyo. Sesabamisad,
aTenSi igi popularobiT ar sargeblobda. albaT aman ganapiroba kidec xandaz-
muli evripides wasvla makedoniaSi, mefe arqelaosis karze. iq tragikosi gansa-
kuTrebuli pativiT miiRes, Tumc, rogorc Cans, genios Semoqmeds bevri moSurne
hyavda. makedoniaSi igi sul oriode weli moRvaweobda, Zv.w. 406w-s tragikosi
gardaicvala. erTi legendis Tanaxmad,SuriT anTebulma samefo karis poetebma
moisyides msaxuri da imanac ZaRlebs daaglejina evripide.
evripides gardacvalebas aTenSi gloviT Sexvdnen. gadmogvcemen, rom mxcovani
sofokle proagonSi gamosvlisas ZaZebiT Semosila, gundi ki gvirgvinis gareSe
gamouyvania. tragikosis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebda: Tumc evripide make-
doniaSi ganisvenebs, misi saflavi mTeli elada aris. SemdgomSi Tavad aTeneleb-
mac Rirseulad daafases saxelovani Tanamemamule, dionises TeatrSi sofoklesa
da esqiles qandakebebs gverdi evripides qandakebamac daumSvena. aseTi iyo
tragikosi, romelsac erTi fraziT ase axasiaTebs misi biografosi: `ganride-
buli mTeli dReebis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobda TavisTvis da werda, rameTu sZulda
yovelive, rac ar iyo diadi da amaRlebuli~.
erTi versiiT evripides dawerili hqonia 92, meoreTi ki _ 78 tragedia. mog-
vepoveba cnobebi misi 75 dramis saTaurebisa Tu fragmentebis Sesaxeb. Cvenamde
srulad moaRwia evripides 17 tragediam da erTma satirulma dramam.1 Tavisi
tetralogiebi man 22-jer warmoadgina, pirvelad Zv.w. 455w-s. imaze, rom evripide
sicocxleSi popularobiT ar sargeblobda, metyvelebs Tundac is, rom pirveli
adgili man sul xuTjer moipova _ oTxjer sicocxleSi da erTxelac sikvdilis
Semdgom. evripides TxzulebaTa pirveli mecnieruli gamocema elinistur xanaSi
aristofane bizantionelis TaosnobiT momzadda.
pirveli, rac evripides Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas unda iTqvas, aris is, rom
evripide udidesi maZiebeli da novatoria. SeuZlebelia erT sqemaSi movaqcioT
evripides Semoqmedebis nebismieri kardinaluri sakiTxi _ iqneba es dramaturgis
mimarTeba religiasTan, gmirTa xatvis proncipebi, Tu tragediis konfliqtis
gadawyvetis gzebi. amis mizezi ki martivia, evripides ar aqvs myari msoflmxedve-
lobiTi principi, samyaros miseuli aRqma iseve danawevrebulia, rogorc aris, mi-
si gagebiT, Tavad samyaro. swored samyaros evripideseuli aRqma aris is arsebi-
Ti, rac mis Teatrs principulad ganasxvavebs esqiles da sofokles Teatrebi-
sagan. Tu esqile da sofokle, r. gordezianis SeniSvniT, Tumc gansxvavebuli gze-
biT samyaros harmoniulobisa da erTianobis aucileblobis ideamde midian,
evripidesTan es ase ar aris. evripidesTan samyaro aRar aris harmoniuli, `aq
aRaraferi rCeba iseTi, rasac misi daSlili nawilebis kvlav gaerTianeba da ur-
TierTTanxmobaSi moyvana SeuZlia~.2 masTan adamianis Tavisufali neba aucileb-
lobas _ RmerTebis mier dadgenil RvTaebriv wesrigs aRar upirispirdeba. evri-
pide Tavis dramebSi umeteswilad warmogvidgens imgvar tragikul situaciebs da
tragikul qmedebaT, romlebic mTlianad arian moqceulni adamianur Tu so-

1
`alkestisi~ _ Zv.w. 438w; `medea~ _ Zv.w. 431w; `heraklidebi~ _ Zv.w. 430w; `andromaqe~ _ Zv.w. 429w;
`hipolitosi~ _ Zv.w. 428w; `hekabe~ _ Zv.w. 425w; `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 424w-is Semdgom;
`herakle~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `eleqtra~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `troeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 415w;
`elene~ _ Zv.w. 412w; `ifigenia tavroselebSi~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `ioni~ _ TariRi ucnobia;
`finikieli qalebi~ _ daaxl. Zv.w. 411-408ww; `orestesi~ _ Zv.w. 408w; `ifigenia avlisSi~ _ Zv.w.
406w; `bakqi qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 406w; `kiklopi~ _ TariRi ucnobia.
2
r. gordeziani, 2002, 438
evripide 131

cialur konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, dramaturgs ainteresebs ara imdenad gmiris mi-

marTeba gare realobasTan, ramdenadac Tavad gmiris pirovneba, misi reaqciebi
eqstremalur viTarebaSi, is, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmoCindes erTi da igive ada-
miani sruliad gansxvavebul pirovnebad.
tragikosis Semoqmedebis meore da Zalze arsebiTi siaxle tradiciuli mi-
Tologiuri masalisadmi evripides axleburi damokidebulebaa. evripide cnobil
miToss aratradiciul interpretacias aZlevs, zogjer igi nacnob ambavs
gansxvavebul gagrZelebas uZebnis, xanac adgilobrivi legendis safuZvelze axal
miToss qmnis. demiTologizaciis process emsaxureba siuJetur qargaSi sruliad
ucnobi gmirebis, yoveldRiuri ambebis, yofiTi detalebis Semotana. tragediis
amaRlebuli enisa da tonis daqveiTeba, maRalfardovani stilis nacvlad
Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis damkvidreba aseve ganapirobebs evrip-
ides tragediaTa xasiaTis Secvlas da mis yofiT dramasTan daaxloebas.
miTosisadmi am axlebur damokidebulebas pirdapir ukavSirdeba evripides Se-
moqmedebaSi tragikuli gmiris koncefciis arsebiTi cvlileba. man miwaze Camoiy-
vana adamiani. aristotelem sagulisxmod daaxasiaTa evripides novatoroba: `so-
fokle asaxavda adamianebs iseTad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen, xolo evripide
iseTebad, rogorebic isini arian~. aman, bunebrivia, gmirebis deheroizacia ga-
moiwvia. evripides personaJebi garkveuli gagebiT `realisturni arian~, isini
Cveulebrivi adamianebis msgavsad moqmedeben da ganicdian. maTSi metia miwieri
vnebani da mankierebani.
evripidem dramatuli kolizia gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi gadaitana, asaxa mis
sulSi mimdinare ori sapirispiro Zalis Widili. unda iTqvas, rom poetis
Tanamedroveebs gauWirdaT Tavis Tavis sapirispirod orad gaTiSuli pirovnu-
lobis aRqma, radgan monoliTur xasiaTebs iyvnen miCveulni. amasTan, ueWvelia,
rom evripide flobda xasiaTis xatvis maRal xelovnebas. mis tragediaTa erT
nawilSi namdvilad moqmedeben mTliani, fsiqologiurad damajerebeli xasiaTebi,
Tumca amasTan evripide zogierT Tavis dramaSi imgvar personaJebsac warmogvid-
gens, romlebsac pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba xasiaTebi vuwodoT. fsiqologiurad
damajerebel xasiaTs naxavda mayurebeli Tu ramdenime StrixiT daxatul per-
sonaJs damokidebuli iyo im mizanze, romelsac evripide konkretuli tragediis
daweris dros isaxavda.
evripides uwodebdnen `filosofoss scenaze~. es, bunebrivia, ar gulisxmobs imas,
rom dramaturgi Tavisi nawarmoebebiT romelime filosofiur moZRvrebas qadagebda.
Tumc tragikosis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba misi Tanamedrove naturfilosofo-
sebis SexedulebaTa kvali, vercerTi filosofiuri skola mas Tavis mimdevrad ver
daasaxelebs. aseTi skolebi ki im periodis eladaSi mravlad iyo. mis tragediebSi erT-
droulad vxvdebiT, rogorc sofistur da sokratul, ise tradiciuli olimpiuri
religiis doqtrinebs.
mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT, evripides tragediaTa struqturuli kompozi-
cia teqnikisa da ostatobis mxriv bevrad Camouvardeba sofokles tragediebs.
evripides dramaTa erT nawils aklia simetriuloba, calkeuli epizodebi ar ar-
ian erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli, saboloo jamSi ki adgili aqvs erTgvar disharmo-
nias, mTlianobis darRvevas. Tumca gvaqvs kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT unaklod
agebuli tragediebic. misi tragediaTa formaluri mxaris nairgvaroba isev da
isev Semoqmedis novatorulma Ziebebma da eqsperimentebma ganapiroba. gansxvave-
buli Seferiloba aqvs masTan kompoziciis elementebsac _ prologs, eqsodoss,
finalur scenebs. prologSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia is informacia, romlis
codnac mayureblisTvis evripides mier Secvlili tradiciuli masalis gamo ukve
aucilebelia. prologs xSirad RmerTi warmoTqvams.
132 evripide

finalur scenebSi araiSviaTad gamoiyeneba dramatuli xerxi _ deus ex machina _

`RmerTi manqanidan~, radgan dramaTa did nawilSi konfliqti CixSi Sedis da
mxolod RmerTis Carevas SeuZlia aRadginos wesrigi. amasTan amgvari finali
xSirad warmoaCens gmiris momavals, zogjer igi romelime kultis dafuZnebis
winapirobaa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki gmiris sxva TvisobriobaSi gadasvlas ga-
moxatavs.
gansxvavebulia gundis rolic. mecnierebaSi araa sabolood dadgenili, Tu ra
funqcia eniWeboda gunds dramaturgis SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca mainc SeiniSneba
garkveuli tendencia imisa, rom uSualod moqmedidan gundi TandaTanobiT may-
ureblis rolSi gadavides. gundis xasiaTis cvlileba, rogorc Cans, yvelaze
metad evripides musikalurma inovaciebma gamoiwvia. cnobilia, rom aristotele
gundis amgvari gamoyenebis mimarT kritikulad iyo ganwyobili. `gundic ise unda
iyos aRebuli, rogorc erT-erTi msaxiobi. igi unda iyos mTelis nawili da
monawileobdes mis ganviTarebaSi _ ara ise, rogorc es aris evripidesTan, aramed
ise, rogorc es aris sofoklesTan~ (aristotele, `poetika~).
evripides Semoqmedebis analizisas sagangebo yuradReba misi dramebis klasi-
fikacias eqceva. masTan aSkarad gamoiyofa dramis ramdenime tipi, rac kon-
fliqtis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva formas unda gamoewvia. dramaTa erT nawilSi
konfliqti katastrofamde midis, sxvebSi _ garkveulad neitraldeba, zogjer ki
bednieri finaliT mTavrdeba. konfliqtis ganviTarebis garda evripides dramaTa
gansxvavebulobas sxva faqtorebic ganapirobeben, romlebsac Cven qvemoT ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
arsebobs evripides tragediaTa araerTi klasifikacia. vfiqrobT, pirobiTad
isini sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: wminda tragediebi, rogorebicaa:
`medea~, `hipolitosi~, `heraklidebi~, `troeli qalebi~, `hekabe~, `mavedrebeli
qalebi~, `andromaqe~, `herakle~, `heraklidebi~, `bakqi qalebi~; tragikomediebi:
`alkestisi~, `ioni~, `elene~, `ifigenia tavroselebSi~ da melodramebi (an paTeti-
kuri tragediebi): `eleqtra~, `orestesi~, `ifigenia avlisSi~, `finikieli qalebi~.
Cven TiToeuli am jgufidan TiTo piesas ganvixilavT. manamde ki mokled evrip-
ides piesaTa fabulebs warmovadgenT.
`alkestisi~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia admetosis saxlSi datrialebuli am-
bavi. zevsis mier dasjili apoloni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda feres
mefe admetoss. admetosis mxridan keTili mopyrobiT moxibluli apoloni
gadawyvets, daarwmunos moirebi, gauxangrZlivon mefes sicocxle. bedisweris
qalRmerTni miscemen nebas admetoss, icocxlos misTvis gankuTvnili drois Sem-
dgomac erTi pirobiT, Tu vinme admetosis axlobelTagan dasTanxmdeba mis
sanacvlod sikvdils. admetosma Camoiara axloblebi, sTxova dedas da mamas, ma-
gram mxolod alkestisma _ misma colma moisurva mis nacvlad sikvdili. piesis
mimdinareobisas alkestisi kvdeba. swored am dros herakle Seivlis admetosTan.
mefe ar gaumxels mas colis sikvdils, radgan SiSobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi herakle
aRar gaCerdeba masTan. sabolood herakle mainc gaigebs dedoflis gar-
dacvalebis Sesaxeb da admetosis stumarTmoyvareobiT moxibluli maspinZlisT-
vis colis dabrunebas gadawyvets, risTvisac hadesSi Cadis da amohyavs alkestisi.
piesa bednieri col-qmris erTad yofniT mTavrdeba.
`h e r a k l i d e b i~ _ tragedia warmogvidgens herakles SvilTa beds, romle-
bic aTenma Seifara. herakles Zveli mteri _ evrisTevsi sdevnis maT da aTenis me-
fisgan maT gadacemas moiTxovs. aTenis mefe uars ucxadebs mas. maSin evrisTevsi
jariT midis aTenis winaaRmdeg da brZolaSi marcxdeba.
`h i p o l i t o s i~ _ tragediaSi moTxrobilia Tesevsis colis _ fedras dana-
Saulebrivi ltolvis Sesaxeb. fedras TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvardeba Tavisi geri _
Tesevsis vaJiSvili hipolitosi. qali cdilobs Caiklas vneba Tavis TavSi, magram
evripide 133

amaod. qalbatonis cudad yofniT gamwarebuli ZiZa, gadawyvets yvelaferSi hipo-

litoss gamoutydes. axalgazrda Wabuks, romelic isedac ubirad aris RvTaeba
afroditesTan, romelsac sZuls qalTa sqesi da romelic artemisis erTgulia,
SeZravs ZiZis monayoli. aRSfoTebuli igi lanZRavs fedras aseTi uwmindurobis
daSvebisaTvis. fedra igebs yovelives. igi gadawyvets sicocxlis TviTmkvlelo-
biT dasrulebas, magram manamde dawers werils, romelSiac brals sdebs hipoli-
toss misTvis pativis axdis mcdelobaSi. Semosul Tesevss mkvdari coli da misi
baraTi xvdeba. SeZrwunebuli igi sTxovs poseidons, daRupos misi Svili. hipoli-
tosi ver axerxebs mamis darwmunebas, simarTles ki ver eubneba, radgan ZiZisTvis
saidumlos Senaxvis fici aqvs micemuli. hipolitosi iRupeba. finalSi artemisi
Tesevss simarTles amcnobs. mama exveva udanaSaulod daRupul Svils.
`h e k a b e~ _ am dramiT iwyeba evripides tragediaTa cikli, romelic omis
tragikul Sedegebs, eqstremalur mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil gmirTa gancdebs da
maT bed-iRbals warmogvidgens. moqmedeba xdeba Trakiis xersonesSi, sadac sam-
SobloSi mimavali berZenTa floti Seferxdeba. berZnebs mihyavT Sin tyveebi, ro-
melTa Sorisac troas mefis _ priamosis coli hekabe da misi qaliSvilebi arian.
prologs polidorosis _ priamosis vaJis aCrdili warmoTqvams. igi mamis mier
Trakiis mefe polimestorTan iyo gadamaluli, Svilis movlisTvis priamoss
didZali ganZi hqonda mefisTvis micemuli. magram ukanaskneli xarbi da veragi ad-
amiani aRmoCnda da ganZis dauflebis gamo mokla polidorosi, misi gvami ki
zRvaSi gadaagdo. polidorosis aCrdili sizmarSi gamoecxadeba hekabes da mas
misi qaliSvilis _ poliqsenes xvedrs auwyebs.
Semosuli gundi sasowarkveTil dedas aqilevsis aCrdilis moTxovnas amcnobs
_ gmirTagmiri iTxovs, rom poliqsene mas msxverplad Seswiron. Semodis odisevsi,
romelmac poliqsene unda waiyvanos. hekabe cdilobs odisevsis gadarwmunebas,
magram amaod. Tavis mxriv, poliqsenes monad yofnas sikvdili urCevnia. odisevss
mihyavs qalwuli, romelic warbSeuxreli xvdeba sikvdils. qaliSvilis sikvdilis
Semdeg hekabe Semzarav ambavs igebs. moaxles misi vaJiSvilis gvami moaqvs, ro-
melic zRvas gamouriyavs. priamosis meuRle xvdeba polimestoris veragobas da
masze sastik SurisZiebas gadawyvets. igi SesTxovs agamemnons, ar SeuSalos xeli
SurisgebaSi. hekabe TavisTan iwvevs polimestors SvilebiTurT, xvdeba keTilad,
pirdeba ganZeuls. cota xnis Semdeg karvidan barbaciT gamodis TvalebdaTxrili
Trakiis mefe. igi uyveba dabrunebul agamemnons, rogor daxoces karavSi misi
Svilebi da rogor dasTxares mas Tvalebi. mas unda daarwmunos agamemnoni, rom
polidorosi mxolod aqavelTa gulis mosagebad mokla. aqavelTa mTavarsardali
ar irwmunebs mis sityvas da brZanebs, rom Trakiis mefe ukacriel kunZulze daag-
don.
`a n d r o m a q e~ _ tragedia mogviTxrobs andromaqes bedze troas aRebis Sem-
dgom. troas omis Semdeg andromaqe, heqtoris coli wilad xvdeba neoptolemoss,
aqilevsis vaJs, romlisganac mas vaJi SeeZineba. piesa iwyeba andromaqes Tavs
datexili ubedurebis gadmocemiT. fTiaSi myof andromaqes Tetisis taZrisTvis
Seufarebia Tavi, radgan mas devnis neoptolemosis kanonieri meuRle hermione,
menelaosis asuli. hermiones Svili ar uCndeba. igi darwmunebulia, rom es andro-
maqes gamo xdeba, romelmac mas jado gaukeTa. hermione neoptolemosis gamgzavre-
biT sargeblobs da mamas spartidan ixmobs. isini andromaqesa da misi Zis mokvlas
apireben. menelaosi eSmakobiT gamoityuebs andromaqes taZridan da is-isaa mama-
Svilma TavianTi mzakvruli Canafiqri unda aRasrulon, rom scenaze Cndeba
moxuci pelevsi, aqilevsis mama, romelic gadaarCens ganwirul deda-Svils. mene-
laosi midis. axla sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba hermione. qali grZnobs, rom
neoptolemosi mas andromaqesa da misi vaJis mokvlis mcdelobas ar apatiebs. ue-
crad fTiaSi Camodis orestesi. igi mzadaa, hermione TavisTan waiyvanos. amaso-
134 evripide

baSi scenaze SemoaqvT neoptolemosis gvami, romelic delfoSi orestesisgan

waqezebul delfoselebs mouklavT. tragediis bolos Tetisi brZanebs neop-
tolemosis delfoSi dakrZalvas, andromaqes ki moloselTa qveyanaSi agzavnis.
`mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ tragedia gadmogvcems, Tu ra moxda mas Semdgom, rac
polinikesis mier moyvanili argoseli vaJkacebi Tebes kedlebTan daiRupnen. Te-
belebi ar anebebdnen gvamebs Wirisuflebs. moklulTa dedebi midian aTenSi, raTa
aTenis mefe Tesevss TebelebTan Suamavloba sTxovon. Tesevsi midis TebeSi, ebrZ-
vis Tebelebs da aiZulebs maT, daabrunon argoselTa cxedrebi.
`h e r a k l e~ _ tragedia herakles Tavgadasavlis ramdenime epizods warmogvidgens.
rodesac herakle kerberosis dasamorCileblad hadesSi Cavida da iq Seyovnda, Tebes
tiranma _ likosma herakles ojaxis amoxocva gadawyvita, raTa amiT momavali Surismge-
blebisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. magram herakle brundeba droulad da klavs likoss.
am dros herakles dauZinebeli mteri hera mas sigiJes mouvlens. gaxelebuli herakle
amoxocavs Svilebs da cols. roca gmiri gons mova, igi SeZrwundeba CadeniliT. herakle
Tavis mokvlas gadawyvets. sabednierod am dros scenaze Semodis Tesevsi, romelsac
herakles dasaxmareblad likosis winaaRmdeg jari Camouyvania. igi arwmunebs gmirTag-
mirs, rom misi sicocxle samSoblos sWirdeba da aTenSi wasvlas sTavazobs. herakle
eTanxmeba megobars da midis aTenSi.
`e l e q t r a~ _ tragedia amuSavebs cnobil miTs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mokla
deda orestesma mamaze, agamemnonze SurisZiebis mizniT. am miTosze tragediebi,
rogorc cnobilia, esqiles da sofokles hqondaT dawerili. SurisZiebis grZno-
biT anTebul eleqtrasTan, romelic mamis mkvlelebis dasjaze ocnebobs, Camodis
orestesi. da-Zma erTmaneTs amoicnoben, Seadgenen klitemnestrasa da egisTosis
mkvlelobis gegmas. orestesi klavs jer egisToss, Semdeg dedas. dedis mkvlelo-
bis Semdeg da-Zma acnobierebs, Tu ra sazareli ram Caidines. bolos Deus ex machina-
Ti Semodian elenes Zmebi _ dioskurebi _ kastori da polidevkesi. isini amcnoben
maT momavals. orestesi aTenSi areopagis winaSe unda warsdges, sadac misi ga-
marTleba moxdeba. eleqtra ki orestesis megobars, piladess unda gahyves colad.
`t r o e l i q a l e b i~ _ tragedia troas dacemis Semdeg troel tyveTa saSi-
nel mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs. macne atyobinebs priamosis ojaxs, Tu rogor
dainawileben maT aqaveli gmirebi. hekabe odisevsis mxevali gaxdeba, kasandra aga-
memnonis sayvareli, andromaqe neoptolemoss xvdeba wilad, xolo umcros
poliqsenes aqavelTa saflavs daaklaven. scenaze rig-rigobiT Cndebian msxver-
plni. kasandra winaswarmetyvelebs agamemnonis sazarel aRsasruls da odisevsis
xangrZliv xetials. Semdeg scenaze Semodis andromaqe, romelsac macne axal
Semzarav ambavs atyobinebs. aqavelebs gadauwyvetiaT andromaqes Cvili vaJis _ as-
tianaqsis troas galavnis koSkidan gadagdeba. Setyobinebis Semdeg macne stacebs
vaJs andromaqes da kedlidan Zirs isvris. tragediis dasasruls Sikriks axali
brZaneba moaqvs. troas cecxli unda waukidon, raTa qalaqi aRigavos miwisagan
pirisa. hekabes unda Tavadac daiwves cecxlSi, magram amis nebas ar rTaven.
`i f i g e n i a t a v r o s e l e b S i~ _ mogviTxrobs ifigenias Semdgomi bedis
Sesaxeb. igi tavroselTa qveyanaSi artemisis taZris qurumi xdeba. piesaSi gadmo-
cemulia, Tu rogor pouloben orestesi da piladesi iq ifigenias da rogor
usxltebian xelidan tavroselebis mefe Toass.
`i o n i~ _ aTenis mefis erexTevsis asul kreusas apolonisgan gauCndeba vaJi.
kreusa malulad gaCenil Svils kalaTSi tovebs bedis anabara, magram apoloni ar
wiravs Tavis pirmSos da delfoSi gagzavnis. iq vaJi apolonis taZris daraji
xdeba. kreusa Semdgom colad mihyveba qsuToss. radgan maT Svili ar uCndebaT,
isini delfoSi midian, raTa misans uSvilobis mizezs SeekiTxon. evripide mog-
viTxrobs romantikul istorias, Tu rogor ipovis col-qmari delfoSi Wabuk
evripide 135

ions, romelmac ar icis Tavisi warmomavloba da mravali intrigis Semdeg rogor

daarwmuneben qsuToss, rom ioni misi Svilia.
`f i n i k i e l i q a l e b i~ _ am tragediaSi damuSavebulia igive siuJeti, rac
esqiles tragediaSi `Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg~, magram evripide Temas ufro
afarToebs da sxva moqmedi pirebic Semohyavs.
`o r e s t e s i~ _ gadmogvcems im movlenebs, romelTac klitemnestrasa da eg-
isTosis mokvlis Semdgom hqonda adgili, vidre orestesi mikenidan wavidoda.
eriniebis Semosevisagan gonebaaSlili orestesis mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZi-
mea. amasTan argoselebs misi sikvdiliT dasja surT. da-ZmasTan saSvelad Camodis
maTi biZa _ menelaosi. da ai, roca xsnis imedi Cndeba, scenaze Semodis tindarevsi,
babua, aRSfoTebuli SviliSvilebis saqcieliT. igi afrTxilebs menelaoss, ar
daexmaros da-Zmas. menelaosi miatovebs ZmisSvils da roca yvela imedi gadai-
wureba, maTTan Camodis piladesi. orestesi da piladesi saxalxo krebaze midian,
raTa argoselebs gaauqmebinon orestesis dasjis gadawyvetileba, magram mxolod
imas axerxeben, rom qvebiT Caqolvis ganaCens TviTmkvlelobis ganaCeniT acv-
levineben. bolos, roca araferi gamouvaT, megobrebi mzakvrul gegmas Seadgenen,
romlis Tanaxmadac unda moklan elene, misi Svili hermione ki Seipyron, raTa
Svilis mokvlis SiSiT menelaoss daxmareba aiZulon. rodesac menelaosi scenaze
brundeba, orestess xanjali aqvs hermionesTvis yelze mibjenili. gacofebuli
menelaosi mainc ar exmareba sasikvdilod ganwirulT da sasaxlis gadawvis
brZanebas gascems. Deus ex machina-Ti Cndeba apoloni, romelic yvelas simSvidisken
mouwodebs da orestess xsnis gzas auwyebs.
`b a k q i q a l e b i~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia, Tu ra dabrkolebebi xvde-
boda dionises kultis gavrcelebas, rogor uaryo Tebes mefem _ kadmosis
SviliSvilma penTevsma dionises RvTaebrioba da rogor daglijes igi dionises
mimdevarma bakqma qalebma, maT Soris sakuTarma dedam da deidam, romlebmac
bakqosisgan STagonebulebma ver amoicnes igi.
`k i k l o p i~ _ dramis siuJetad aRebulia `odiseas~ IX simReraSi gadmocemuli
epizodi _ odisevsis istoria kiklop polifemosis mRvimeSi, romelsac evripidem sat-
irebis mier dionises Zebnis Sesaxeb miTi daumata.
`m e d e a~. tragedia `medea~ evripidem aTenelebs Zv.w. 431 wels warudgina. maSin
tetralogiam, romelSiac es piesa Sedioda, mxolod mesame prizi miiRo, rac misi
sruli Cavardnis tolfasi iyo. magram, bedis ironiiT, am tragediam, aseTma
arapopularulma evripides sicoxleSi, imgvari gavlena iqonia msoflio lit-
eraturaze, rogoric ar hqonia arcerT sxva dramas.
amis mizezi am tragediis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaSi da, rasakvirvelia,
mis umaRles mxatvrul RirebulebaSia saZiebeli. antikurobis cnobili mkvle-
varis, tragediis saukeTeso gamomcemlis peijis TqmiT, `medeaSi~ asaxuli emo-
ciebi _ qalisa, romlis siyvaruli siZulviliTaa Secvlili da aseve kacisa, ro-
melsac aRar uyvars, warmoadgenen adamianis bunebaSi arsebul maradiul da ucv-
lel fenomens.1
medeas demonurma figuram imTaviTve daainteresa evripide. medeas miToss man
Tavdapirvelad tragedia `peliadebi~, Semdeg ki `egevsi~ miuZRvna. rogorc Cans,
Semoqmedebis am etapze, roca evripide gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli ada-
mianSi arsebuli, yvelafris gamanadgurebeli iracionaluri ZaliT, miTiuri
medeas demonizmi Sesaferisi masala aRmoCnda misTvis zRvarsgadacilebuli vne-
bebiT aRsavse tragikuli pirovnulobis Sesaqmnelad.
tragedia `medeas~ mTavar Temas medeas pirovnebaSi arsebuli ori urTierTsa-
pirispiro Zalis _ vnebis da gonierebis dapirispireba da maTi usastikesi Widi-

1
Euripides, Medea, ed. Page D.L. , Oxford, 1938, XV.
136 evripide

li warmoadgens. es _ Tavis Tavis sawinaaRmdegod orad gaTiSuli pirovnebis Cve-

neba _ sruliad axali movlena iyo berZnuli literaturisaTvis. swored eqstre-
malur situaciebSi mimdinare urTulesi fsiqologiuri procesebis virtuozu-
lad daxatvam daumkvidra evripides jer kidev antikurobaSi adamianuri sulis
saukeTeso mcodnis saxeli.
tragediaSi argonavtebis miTosis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dramatuli epizo-
dia gadmocemuli _ iasonisa da medeas sasiyvarulo ambis dasasruli. moqmedeba
xdeba korinToSi, sadac iasonma uRalata medeas da qveynis mmarTvelis _ kreonis
asulis colad SerTva ganizraxa. tragedia swored amiT iwyeba da medeas
SurisZiebaze mogviTxrobs.
Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom evripide aq gvaviwyebs medea _ jadoqars medea _
adamianis sasargeblod. ZiZa, romelic prologSi Tavisi qalbatonis ukidures
sasowarkveTis Sesaxeb gviyveba da amasTan medeasgan mosalodnel saSiSroebaze
gvafrTxilebs, sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom yovelive amaSi medeas veluri zne,
Taviseburi suli da ubeduri bunebaa damnaSave. medeas ambis gacnobasa da qalis
sulieri mdgomareobis warmoCenis garda, prologs kidev erTi funqcia akisria _
igi amzadebs mayurebels miTosis axali versiisTvis, romelSic kolxi qali Tavad
klavs Svilebs. swored amas emsaxureba Svilebis mimarT medeas mtrul damokide-
bulebaze gakeTebuli aqcentebi. male scenaze Tavad medea gamodis da masTan
TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad misul qoros Tavis mdgomareobaze da qalebis sa-
ziaro mZime xvedrze elaparakeba. `ramdeni suldgmulia am qveynad, ramden gulSi
Rvivis grZnoba da azri, magram ar moiZebneba arseba qalze ufro umweo da saco-
davi. jer aris da, mamasisxlad vyidulobT qmars, magram male irkveva, rom mona ki
ara, despoti SegviZenia, xorcis mjijgneli... alalbedze SevdivarT qmris saxlSi,
_ ucxo xalxi, ucxo wesi, ucxo garemo; midi da imtvrie Tavi, sada xar, visTana xar,
vin giwevs gverdiT, mxeci Tu kaci...~ (`medea~, 230-236)∗, magram misi mdgomareoba
yvela maTganis mdgomareobaze uaresia. ucxo qveyanaSi uTvistomos axla qmarma
uRalata, romelic misTvis yvelaferi iyo. medea amcnobs qoros, rom mas
SurisZieba aqvs ganzraxuli da sTxovs, xeli ar SeuSalos.
scenaze korinTos mefe Semodis, romelic medeas axal ubedurebas atyobinebs _
man SvilebTan erTad dauyovnebliv unda datovos qveyana. medeas ki SurisZie-
bisTvis dro sWirdeba. amitom igi xerxs mimarTavs _ elaquceba mefes, ostaturad
iyenebs ritorikas, Tav-gzas ubnevs mmarTvels da bolos imarjvebs _ kreoni erTi
dRiT darCenis nebas rTavs. da mayurebelic rwmundeba, eqscesuri vnebebiT
mocul qals xelewifeba, Cafiqrebuli SurisZieba aRasrulos. medeas Semdeg
sityvaSi Cven SurisZiebis medeaseul gegmebs vigebT. amasTan kolxi qalis sityvaSi
warmoCndeba misi kredo, romelsac momavalSi medea gamudmebiT imeorebs _ igi
ver dauSvebs, rom mtrisTvis sasacilo gaxdes.
Semdegi scena iasonisa da medeas Sexvedras warmogvidgens. iasoni modis, raTa
gaZevebis win cols fuladi daxmareba SesTavazos. medea qmars RalatSi adana-
Saulebs. iasoni cdilobs sofisturi argumentebiT Tavi imarTlos da Ralati
piriqiT, col-Svilis sakeTildReod mimarTul qmedebad warmoadginos. rac Se-
exeba medeas mimarT mis madlierebas, igi ase ajamebs yovelives _ Tu medeam mas
kargi gaukeTa, sanacvlod ufro meti miiRo _ eladaSi cxovreba da brZenis sax-
eli. Tumca iasonis ritorika mainc fuWia. igi medeas, bunebrivia, veraferSi ver
arwmunebs. mayurebeli ki misi saxiT ufro TvalnaTliv xedavs iasonis msgavsi ada-
mianebis pirovnul amoralobas da uzneobas. tyuilad ar mReris qoro adamianTa
verag Canafiqrebze, ficis gatexvaze, mdinareTa aRma dinebaze.

∗
b. bregvaZis Targmani
evripide 137

iasonis gasvlas erTi SexedviT moulodneli epizodi mohyveba. scenaze vxedavT

aTenis mefe egevss, romelic samisnodan brundeba, sadac uSvilobis mizezis sa-
kiTxavad iyo wasuli. kolxi qali egevss uSvilobisgan gankurnebas hpirdeba, Tu
sanacvlod mefe mas _ meuRlisgan motovebuls da qveynidan gaZevebuls _ Sei-
farebs. egevsi hpirdeba TavSesafars.
TavSesafris dagulebis Semdeg medea SurisZiebis gegmis yvelaze sazarel
nawils acxadebs _ igi Svilebis mokvlas apirebs, raTa iasoni rac SeiZleba sasti-
kad dasajos. gaognebuli qoro mouwodebs mas, xeli aiRos am saSinel ganzrax-
vaze, magram amaod.
Semdeg scenaze ukve nabij-nabij medeas dagegmili SurisZieba gaTamaSdeba.
medea TavisTan iwvevs iasons. meuRles saxecvlili coli xvdeba. qali aRiarebs
Tavis ugunurobas da Txovnas aaxlebs _ dae, Seevedros iasoni Tavis sacoles, rom
bavSvebi korinToSi datovon. TviTon ki, Tavis mxriv, patarZlis gulis mosal-
bobad bavSvebis xeliT kreusas ZRvens _ peplossa da oqros gvirgvins gaugzavnis.
iasoni gaxarebuli Tanxmdeba cols Txovnis asrulebas. marTlac, gamzrdeli
medeas sasixarulo ambavs _ bavSvebis korinToSi datovebas Seatyobinebs.
aforiaqebuli medea gamzrdels Sin agzavnis. Tavis TavTan marto darCenili ki
saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs. igi warmoTqvams Tavis cnobil monologs da
Cven momswreni vxvdebiT mis pirovnebaSi mimdinare brZolisa, brZolisa or
dapirispirebul sawyiss Soris. rogorc leski aRniSnavs, adamianis sulSi mimdi-
nare fsiqologiuri procesebi aseTi intensivobiT am piesamde atikur tragedi-
aSi ar yofila warmoCenili.1
es ori sawyisi _ vneba da gonierebaa. Svilebis moyvaruli deda daundobel
SurismaZiebels upirispirdeba. sabolood, SurismaZiebeli imarjvebs. medea
aRiarebs Tavis damarcxebas: `vneba Zlieria Cems gonierebaze, vneba, romelic ada-
mianTaTvis usastikesi borotebis wyaroa~ (`medea~, 1079-80).
scenaze Semorbis gaognebuli macne da medeas misi gagzavnili saCuqrebiT
korinTos mefis da misi qaliSvilis sazareli daRupvis ambavs amcnobs. medea
kidev erTxel sabolood mimarTavs qalebs da bavSvebis mokvlas gardauvlobiT
xsnis. amis Semdeg igi tovebs scenas. scenis miRma dedis mier dakluli bavSvebis
ganwiruli SeZaxilebi ismis.
Semorbis iasoni. mas korinTelebisgan Svilebis gadarCena unda, magram aq
Svilebis daxocvis ambavs daaxvedreben. saxlis Tavze heliosis mier gamogzavnil
gveleSapebSebmul etlSi mSvidi, civi, yovelgvari adamianurobisagan daclili
medea zis. iasons igi Svilebis Sexebis nebas ar aZlevs da sawyalobel sikvdils
uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
tragediis finals mecnierebi sxvadasxva interpretacias uZebnian. zogierTi
mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Deus ex machina-Ti medeas gauCinareba gmiris Tvisobrivad
sxva arsSi gadasvlis mauwyebelia, sxvebi ki fiqroben, rom aq, SesaZloa, miTolo-
giur ZirebTan medeas dabrunebis swrafva davinaxoT.
evripides tragediam scenaze uTvalavi `medeas~ dabadebas misca biZgi. msof-
lio dramaTa Soris dadgmis sixSiriT Tu recefciaTa raodenobis kuTxiT
`medea~ pirvel adgilze dgas. medeas Tematika Zalze nayofieri aRmoCnda xelov-
nebis sxva dargebisTvisac. sayuradRebod warmoCinda medeas miTi qarTul lit-
eraturaSic. akaki wereTlis poema `media~, levan sanikiZis moTxroba `ambavi
kolxi asulisa~ da oTar WilaZis romani `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ medeas Temis
saintereso interpretacias warmogvidgenen.
`e l e n e~. evripides tragikomediebs misive wminda tragediebisagan konfliqtis gan-
viTarebis formis garda ramdenime arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebs. upirveles yovlisa, es

1
Lesky A., Greek Tragedy, translated by Frankfort, London, New York, 146.
138 evripide

piesaSi warmodgenili realobis tipia. evripides tragikomediaTa fabula imTaviTve

daujerebel, fiqtiur realobas efuZneba da ara `SesaZlebel realobas~. aq wminda
Teatralur pirobiTobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac, Tavis mxriv, tragizmis paTosiT Secvlas
iwvevs. xSirad calkeul scenebs mayurebelze oden STabeWdilebis moxdenis, imwuTier
emociaTa aRZvris funqcia ekisrebaT. am tipis dramebis wminda tragediebisagan ganmasx-
vavebeli Strixi aris isic, rom maTSi mravladaa komikuri elementi, rac savsebiT dauS-
vebeli iyo klasikuri antikuri tragediisTvis. amasTan, evripides tragikomediebisTvis
niSandoblivia bednieri finalic, rac aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda tragikuli Janris ka-
nonebs. Sesabamisad, am tipis piesebi umTavresad gasarTobi, paTetikuri da melo-
dramatuli elementebis nazavs warmoadgenen.
evripides tragikomediaTa Soris `elene~ erT-erTi gamorCeuli piesaa. sainte-
resoa igi, erTi mxriv, elenes miTis inovaciuri damuSavebiT, meore mxriv ki imiT,
rom am dramam Tavisi romantikuli fabuliT saTave daudo axal literaturul
Janrs _ berZnul romans (am Janris ZiriTadi sqema aseTia: ganSorebuli Seyvare-
bulebi / col-qmari mravali Tavgadasavlis Semdeg kvlav Sexvdebian erTmaneTs,
Sexvedris momentSi maTi mdgomareoba saxifaToa, isini eZeben Tavis daxsnis gzebs,
warmatebiT daaRweven Tavs xifaTs da bolos bednierni erTad rCebian).
`elene~ Zv.w. 412w-s daidga. masSi evripidem gamoiyena elenes miTis naklebad cno-
bili versia, romlis avtorobas antikuroba stesiqoross miawers. am versiis Tanax-
mad, parisma troaSi elene ki ara, misi aCrdili waiyvana, xorcieli elene ki heras
nebiT hermesma egvipteSi miiyvana da egviptis mefes _ protevss Caabara, raTa mas me-
nelaosisTvis coli ubiwod Seenaxa. amasobaSi Cvidmeti weli gavida, gardaicvala
protevsi da elenes umwikvlobas safrTxe protevsis vaJisagan, Teoklimenosisgan
daemuqra, romelsac Seuyvarda elene da qalis colad SerTva ganizraxa.
piesa elenes axali safrTxis gadmocemiT iwyeba. menelaosis erTguli elene
uars ambobs qorwinebaze da sasaxlidan gamoqceuli protevsis saflavTan eZiebs
TavSesafars. man icis, rom troaSi misi aCrdilisTvis ibrZvian da saSinlad
ganicdis imas, rom sruliad udanaSaulo mxolod saxelis gamo isjeba.
troas dacemis Semdeg Sin gamgzavrebuli menelaosis xomaldi qariSxalma
dalewa. mxolod menelaosi da ramdenime TanamebrZoli gadarCebian, romlebic
egvipteSi gamoqvabuls Seafareben Tavs. Tan maT troadan wamoyvanili elenes
aCrdili hyavT.
elenes Semdeg scenaze ZonZebiT Semosili menelaosi Semodis da sasaxlisken
miemarTeba, raTa sarCo moipovos. uecrad mas xorcieli elene gadaeyreba. elene
male amoicnobs meuRles, menelaoss ki Zalze uWirs daijeros, rom mis winaSe
realuri elenea, radgan mas namdvili elene gamoqvabulSi datyvevebuli aCrdili
hgonia. igi mxolod maSin irwmunebs, rom mis winaSe mdgomi qali namdvilad ele-
nea, roca misi msaxuri auwyebs mas elenes aCrdilis eTerSi asvlis da gaqrobis
Sesaxeb. gaxarebuli col-qmari erTmaneTs gadaexveva da RmerTebs aRuvlens mad-
lobas. bednieri wuTebis Semdeg elene menelaoss awmyo gasaWirs amcnobs _ mene-
laoss sikvdili elis, radgan egviptis mefes misi, elenes colad SerTva unda.
iwyeba axali peripetia. col-qmarma gamosavali unda gamonaxos, egviptes unda
daaRwion Tavi. gegmas elene SeimuSavebs. qali Teoklimenoss warudgens menela-
oss, rogorc menelaosis megobars, romelmac, SemTxveviT gadarCenilma, qmris da-
Rupvis ambavi Camoutana. axla, rakiRa qmari mkvdaria, igi Tanaxmaa colad gahyves
mas, oRond erT rames sTxovs, neba darTos berZnuli wesisamebr qmris simboluri
dakrZalvis rituali zRvaSi xomaldiT gasulma aRasrulos. qalis TanxmobiT
gaxarebuli Teoklimenosi elenes yvelafers usrulebs, ritualis warmarTvas ki
`menelaosis megobars~ anu Tavad menelaoss andobs.
roca xomaldi napirs moscildeba, Canafiqris Tanaxmad masze menelaosis ga-
darCenili megobrebi amodian. isini Tavs asaReben berZnebad, romlebic TiTqosda
evripide 139

SemTxveviT gadaeyarnen maT, Sua zRvaSi gasulT. menelaosi maT niSans aZlevs, ris
Semdegac berZnebi egviptelebis ekipaJs amoxocaven da aSvebuli afrebiT sparti-
saken mSvidobiT gacuraven.
amdenad, piesaSi `elene~ Cven gvaqvs bednieri finali, romanul-saTavgadasavlo
peripetiebi, sasiyvarulo motivebi, calkeul scenebSi vxvdebiT komikuri
elferis elementebsac. nawarmoebis fabulac ori eleneTi _ realuriT da elenes
aCrdiliT imTaviTve daujerebelia. CamoTvlili niSnebi tragikomediaTa jgufis
piesebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs warmoadgenen.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sayuradReboa piesis mTavari gmiris _ elenes saxe, ro-
melic marTlac novatoruli saxea. am elenes araferi aqvs saerTo evripides dra-
mebis _ `andromaqes~, `troeli qalebis~ da `orestesis~ macdur da Tavisi momxib-
laobiT ubedurebis momtan elenesTan. evripides `eleneSi~ warmodgenili elenes
saxe erTguli qalis / colis saxe-modelad gvevlineba, romelic amosavali gaxda
berZnuli romanis coli / mijnuris tipisTvis.
evripides piesaSi damuSavebulma elenes miTma gamoZaxili hpova XX saukunis
literaturaSi. berZeni poetis g. seferisis leqsi `elene~ swored am versias ex-
mianeba.
`i f i g e n i a a v l i s S i~. evripides melodramebi ZiriTadad tragikomedie-
bis tipis piesebi arian, Tumc garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdebian maTgan. am
piesebSi veRar vxvdebiT verc komikur elementebs, verc daxlarTul, intrigebiT
datvirTul fabulebs. am jgufis zog piesaSi (`eleqtra~, `orestesi~) evripides
mTavari yuradReba personaJTa daxasiaTebaze gadaaqvs, sxvebSi mas ufro metad
fabula, moqmedebis ganviTareba ainteresebs. mis melodramebSi aRar aris arc
tragikuli idea, arc tragikuli kaTarsisi. tragikuls paTetikuri cvlis. isini
cremlis aRmZvrel, gulisamaCuyebel piesebs warmoadgenen.
`ifigenia avlisSi~ evripides erT-erTi bolo piesaa, romelic misi sikvdilis
Semdeg daidga (daaxl. Zv.w. 406w.) da romelmac poets pirveli adgili mexuTed
moapovebina.
piesa efuZneba cnobil miTs agamemnonis mier sakuTari qaliSvilis _ ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirvis Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac araerTxel miumarTavT berZen
tragikosebs.
moqmedeba xdeba avlisSi, sadac troasken mimavali aqavelTa flotia gaCere-
buli. misnobis mixedviT, aqavelebi troasken gacurvas mxolod ifigenias msxver-
plad Sewirvis SemTxvevaSi SesZleben. piesa iwyeba aforiaqebuli agamemnonis war-
modgeniT, romlis pirovnebaSiac erTmaneTs mTavarsardlis valdebuleba (ufro
ki ambiciuroba) da mamobrivi grZnoba ebrZvis. agamemnoni icvlis uwindel
gadawyvetilebas da swers cols, rom man aRar Camoiyvanos ifigenia avlisSi vi-
Tomcda aqilevsTan dasaqorwineblad. misda saubedurod werils menelaosi ig-
debs xelT, romelic sastikad hkicxavs Zmas imis gamo, rom am ukanasknels eladis
bedi ar anaRvlebs. amasobaSi avlisSi klitemnestra da ifigenia Camodian. agamem-
nonis azriT, axla ifigenias msxverplSewirva ukve gardauvalia, radgan jari mis
qaliSvils ar daindobs. gulisamaCuyebelia qaliSvilisa da mamis Sexvedra. poets
ifigenia warmodgenili hyavs miamit bavSvad, uzomod Tbil da alersian Svilad,
arsebad, romelic tkbeba sicocxliT da romelic arad dagidevs troas oms.
amasobaSi klitemnestra SemTxveviT Sexvdeba Tavis viTomcda sasiZos _
aqilevss, magram maTi Sexvedrisas irkveva, rom ifigenias qorwilis ambavi agamem-
nonis mogonili yofila. amasTan msaxuri klitemnestras aqavelTa mTavarsardlis
WeSmarit ganzraxvas atyobinebs. klitemnestra evedreba aqilevss daxmarebas qal-
iSvilis gadasarCenad.
male ifigenia igebs, ra elis. qaliSvils unda sicocxle da ar surs msxverplad See-
wiros troas oms. igi emudareba mamas, daindos misi sicocxle. magram agamemnonis
140 evripide

gadawyvetileba uryevia. Tavis arCevans igi eladis interesebiT xsnis: `menelaoss ki ar

gavuxdivar Tavis monad,... aramed eladas. es mas, minda Tu ar minda, unda Sevwiro Seni
Tavi. es aris is, rac Cvenze Zlieria, radgan elada unda gaxdes Tavisufali, ramdenadac
es Senze da Cemzea damokidebuli, rom barbarosebma veRarasdros gabedon ZaliT Se-
bRalon elinTa sareclebi (`ifigenia avlisSi~, 1269-75).
amis Semdeg evripide aRSfoTebul jars gvixatavs, romelic iTxovs qalwulis
msxverplSewirvas. cxadia, rom jaris nebasTan verafers gaxdeba aqilevsi, man
mxolod SeiZleba sicocxle waagos. da maSin, ifigeniaSi cvlileba xdeba. Tan-
daTanobiT is icnobierebs, rom sazogado interesi, eladis keTildReoba saku-
Tar sicocxleze maRla unda daayenos: `CemTvis dadgenilia sikvdili. me msurs
sikvdili saxelovnad miviRo da mdabal qmedebas ganverido~ (`ifigenia avlisSi~,
1375-6). Tavis msxverplSewirvas ifigenia axla sruliad gansxvavebulad moiaz-
rebs. es omi misTvis ukve elinTa interesebisTvis warmarTuli omia. axla yve-
laferi maszea damokidebuli. mTeli elada xom mas Sescqeris.
piesa ifigenias msxverplSewirvis ritualis aRweriT mTavrdeba. rodesac
samsxverplo danas ifigenia sicocxles unda gamoesalmebina, qalwuli saswau-
lebriv gaqra, mis nacvlad ki samsxverplo bomonze sulTmobrZavi iremi gaCnda.
rogorc iq myofni fiqroben, qalwuli qalRmerTma Tavis sameufoSi waiyvana.
am tragediaSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa warmoCenili saerTo elinuri patri-
otizmi. troas omi omis Temaze Seqmnili evripides sxva tragediebisgan gansxvave-
biT eladis pativisa da RirsebisaTvis warmarTuli omia. omis amgvari aRqma
aRamaRlebda evripides TanamedroveTa patriotul suliskveTebas, rac erTob
aqtualuri iyo Zv.w. V s-is damlevs mTeli eladisTvis, peloponesis ocdaaT-
wliani omiT gawamebuli qveynisTvis. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo iyo qalwuli
ifigenias saxe, romelic sazogado interesebs piradulze maRla ayenebda da ne-
bayoflobiT midioda sikvdilze samSoblos sakeTildReod.
piesam `ifigenia avlisSi~ gavlena iqonia Semdgomi periodis literaturaze (m.
lekleri; J. de kora; gotSildi; dolCe; de rotru; rasini). ifigenias Temis gamo-
Zaxils vpoulobT aseve saxviT xelovnebasa da musikaSi.
evripides popularobis zrda elinistur epoqaSi iwyeba. misma Semoqmedebam
didi gavlena moipova im periodis literaturaze, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
evripides tragikomediebisa da melodramebis kvali menandrosis SemoqmedebaSi.
roms evripide ukve livius andronikusma gaacno (Zv.w. IIIs). romaeli poetebi da
dramaturgebi _ eniasi, aqtiusi da seneka didad iyvnen evripidesgan davalebulni.
frangi klasicistebi korneli da rasini farTod iyenebdnen evripides siuJetebs.
plutarqosi evripidesTan dakavSirebiT aseT legendas mogviTxrobs: Zv.w. 404
wels, aTenis damorCilebis Semdeg spartelebma qalaqis dangreva gadawyites. ma-
gram mTavarsardlebis gulebi SesZra erTma fokiselma, romelmac qoros pirveli
simRera imRera evripides `eleqtradan~ da spartelebmac xeli aiRes TavianT
ganzraxvaze. rogorc Cans, isini did pativs miagebdnen genialuri tragikosis Se-
moqmedebas.

tragediebi: `alkestisi~; `medea~; heraklidebi~; `andromaqe~; `hipolitosi~;

`hekabe~; `mavedrebeli qalebi~; `herakle~; `eleqtra~; `troeli qalebi~;
`elene~; `ifigenia tavroselebSi~; `ioni~; `finikieli qalebi~; `orestesi~;
`ifigenia avlisSi~; `bakqi qalebi~; `kiklopi~.