Teo xatiaSvili

"survilis miuwvdomeli obieqti"; lakaniseuli interpretaciebi luis bunuelis

SemoqmedebaSi

gavrcelebuli mosazrebis sapirispirod, rom qvecnobieri araregulirebadi, impulsurad ganviTrebadi

da qaoturia, fsiqoanalizi da Cemi statiis mTavari orientiri _ froidis moZRvrebis lakaniseuli
interpretacia, mudmivad aviTarebs koncepts imis Sesaxeb, rom qvecnobieric, iseve rogorc ena,
struqturirebulia. survili konstruirebulia fantaziis mier, es ukanaskneli iZleva parametrebs, ris
mixedviTac yalibdeba subieqtisa da survilis obieqtis urTierToba. Tumca fantaziis sivrce ar
warmogvidgeba, rogorc survilebis asrulebis asparezi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom piriqiT, aq
TvalsaCinovdeba subieqtis frustracia; lakanis TqmiT, fantaziis sivrce es aris „scena, romelsac
saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs Cveni survilebi, rogorc aseTi, maT xdis realurs, warmoaCens maT
damarcxebas“...

imis sailustraciod, Tu rogor aris dacilebuli survilis obieqti da survilis dakmayofileba

erTmaneTisgan, JiJeks magaliTad mohyavs berZeni filosofosis zenonis paradoqsebi, romliTac is
amtkicebs Tavisi maswavleblis parmenides moZRvrebas samyaros, rogorc erTi mTelis Sesaxeb,
sadac mravlobiToba da moZraoba mxolod iluzoruli xasiaTisaa. oTxidan pirveli aqilevsisa da kus
Sesaxeb paradoqsia, romlis mixedviTac aqilevsi verasdros eweva kus _ an uaxlovdeba mas an
gadauswrebs, an Zalian Sors aris an Zalian axlos, magram verasdros mis gverdiT. JiJekis azriT, es
paradoqsi kargad xsnis libidolur ekonomikas da „subieqtisa da obieqti-survilis mizezis
urTierTmimarTebis ilustrirebas axdens. Cven verasdros daviWerT obieqt-mizezs. Cven mxolod
mis garSemo konturebis Semoxazva SegviZlia“.

lakani erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs libidoluri ltolvis mizansa da amocanas da amtkicebs, rom es

ltolva saboloo miznis/survilis miRwevaSi anu sruli siamovnebis miRebaSi ki ar vlindeba, aramed
im amocanis SesrulebaSi, rom mizans unda miaRwio, dausrulebeli gzis gavlaSi; swored
miznidan miznamde cirkulirebuli moZraoba gvaniWebs siamovnebas. zenonis paradoqsebSi
moyvanili sizifes miTic adasturebs am mudmivi ltolva-miaxloeba/daSorebis models: rac ufro
uaxlovdebi, miT ufro Sordebi da miT ufro mZafrdeba survili miaxloebis anu Zlierdeba survilis
obieqtis Zalaufleba Cvenze. (JiJeks amasTan dakavSirebiT mohyavs saintereso magaliTi
nacistebis ebraelebTan damokidebulebis Taobaze: rac ufro izrdeboda sakoncentracio banakebSi
amoxocil ebraelTa ricxvi, miT ufro mZlavrdeboda ebraelis, rogorc mtris, xati, rac ufro cotani
rCebodnen isini, miT ufro SemaSfoTeblad ixateboda maTgan wamosuli saSiSroeba).
Sesabamisad subieqtis SeSfoTebas iwvevs ara survilis obieqtis ararseboba, aramed masTan
maqsimaluri miaxloeba, rac Teoriuli albaTobiT mis saboloo dauflebas anu survilis obieqtis
gaqrobas gamoiwvevs.

swored imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria Cveni mimarTeba da daintereseba ama Tu im obieqtiT, xdeba
am ukanasknelis da Sesabamisad mTeli realobis konstruireba; realobis, romelic erTi mxriv,
„damaxinjebulia“ Cveni subieqturi aRqmiT, masze proecirebuli Cveni survilebiTa da gancdebiT,
magram meore mxriv, swored is warmoadgens realurs, ramdenadac „obieqturad“ danaxuli obieqti
araraa, mxolod „dainteresebuli mzeriT“, garkveuli xedvis kuTxiT aRqmuli obieqti iqceva
raRacad. „...swored survilis logika uaryofs cnobil sentencias: „arafrisgan araferi ibadeba“:
survilis moZraobaSi „arafrisgan raRac warmoiqmneba“. marTalia obieqti-survilis mizezi sufTa
moCvenebiTobaa, magram es mas xels ar uSlis, aamoqmedos SedegTa mTeli jaWvi, romlebic
zemoqmedeben Cven „realur“, „namdvil“ cxovrebasa da moqmedebebze“.

ramdenad realuria realoba? is, rasac vxedavT xom ar aris moCvenebiToba, romelic faravs realur
arss? es kiTxvebi uZvelesi droidan ismeba filosofosTa da moazrovneTa teqstebSi, sadac
samyaros gaazrebasTan erTad xelovnebis sakiTxic ganixileba, rogorc am samyaros refleqsiis
sferosi. realoba/moCvenebiTobis dispozicia aq kidev ufro damabneveli da sakamaTo xdeba:
xelovneba aris areklili realoba, romelic TavisTavad moCvenebiTia, maSin ramdenad
SesaZlebelia moCvenebiTobis moCvenebiTobam asaxos realuri? es problema gansakuTrebuli
simwvaviT ganixileba XX s-is dasawyisSi, roca logocentruli kulturis krizisi piks aRwevs, roca
forma aranairad aRar gamoxatavs arss, roca avangarduli manifestebi ara Tu adamianis, aramed
nebismieri sagnis iracionaluris reprezentaciaSi xedaven WeSmaritebas. „calkeul sagans SeuZlia
Tavis TavSi ataros sanaxaoba, komikuri Tu tragikuli... namdvili kino _ es aris Cems mier aqamde
unaxavi sagnis mxatvruli saxe“ _ aRniSnavda fernar leJe „meqanikuri baletis“ Sesaxeb; sagani,
romelic utilitarul realobaSi „obieqturad“ aRqmis Sedegad araras warmoadgens, dakarguli aqvs
saxe da romelTa reabilitacias cdiloben avangardistebi „damaxinjebuli“ anu „dainteresebuli
mzeriT“ asaxvis saSualebiT.

luis bunuelisa da salvador dalis „andaluziuri ZaRlis“ prologSive es mzera basri samarTebliT
gadaisereba. kinos istoriaSi erT-erT yvelaze sastik da amave dros bundovan epizodad aRiarebuli
kadri aTasnair interpretacias eqvemdebareba: is xan heteroseqsualuri seqsualobis gamoxatulebaa,
sadac Tvalisa da mTvaris disko qalur, samarTebeli da wagrZelebuli Rrublebi ki mamakacur
genitaliebs warmoadgens; xan defloraciis simbolod ganixilaven, xanac solaruli msxverplSewirvis
gamovlinebad, rac JorJ batais imave periodSi gamocemuli da Zalze popularuli „Tvalis istoriis“
magistraluri motivi da mxatvruli saxea.

gadaserili Tvali, rac sibrmavesTan asocirdeba, Cemi azriT, bunuelisa da saerTod

siurrealistebisTvis erT metad mniSvnelovan aspeqts ukavSirdeba. sibrmave ukve adreul miTebSi
konotirebulia sibrZnesTan, romelic raRac ze-gancdiT miiRweva. winaswarmetyveli tiresiosi
mobanave aTenas SemTxveviT danaxvis gamo daabrmaves RmerTebma, samagierod daajildoves
xilvis unariT da sikvdilis Semdeg SeunarCunes maxsovroba. „sibrmavidan TvalxilulobaSi da
piriqiT gadasvlis peripetia tragediis erT-erTi amosavali wertilia, rac gansakuTrebiT cxadad
vlindeba brma, magram Tvalxilul tiresiossa da Tvalxilul, magram brma oidiposSi“ (m. iampolski)
(gavixsenoT, rom am ukanasknelis Tvalis axelac dabrmavebiT mTavrdeba). sibrmave
(gan)Wvretis, ze-xedvis niSnad ganixileba, roca xedva aRar yovndeba moCvenebiT da warmaval
realobaze, aramed aRwevs miRmur plastebSi, namdvil, gnebavT _ ze- anu siur-realobaSi.
gadaserili Tvali, romelsac sagulisxmoa rom Tavad reJisori axorcielebs, ori avanturisti mxatvris
mier realobidan fsiqologiur realobaSi gadasvlis aqtis gacxadebaa, rasac mohyveba swored
obieqti-survilis mizezTa mTeli jaWvi. cnobilia, rom filmis idea avtorebs sizmrebis
urTierTgaziarebis Sedegad gauCndaT, Semdgom ki scenari iqmneboda siurrealistebis mier
aRiarebuli „avtomaturi weris“ maneriT: erTs raRac mouvidoda azrad, mere meore sTavazobda
momentalurad dabadebul ideas, Tu erT-erTs raRac ar moewoneboda, uaryofili iyo orives mier,
ibmeboda axali asociaturi jaWvi da a.S. „ormxrivi TanxmobiT martiv wesebs vicavdiT, _
ixsenebs bunueli, _ ar gavCerebuliyaviT imaze, rac iTxovda wminda racionalur, fsiqologiur da
kulturul axsnas. gza mivceT iracionalurs. vtovebdiT mxolod imas, rac azrisgan damoukideblad
gvaocebda“. filmis gamosvlis Semdeg ki bunueli werda, rom es iyo mkvlelobisken sazogadoebis
mowodeba.

rogorc JiJeki aRniSnavs, „...Cvens qvecnobierSi, Cveni survilebis realobaSi Cven yvelani
mkvlelebi varT“ da SvebiT gamoRviZebas _ es xom sizmari yofila _ romelic yvelas erTxel
mainc ganucdia, adarebs Cjuan-czisa da pepelas igavs, sadac ismeba kiTxva _ romelia sizmari,
roca Cjuan-czis hgonia, rom is pepela iyo Tu piriqiT, roca pepelas hgonia, rom Cjuan-czia? JiJeki
gulubryvilobad miiCnevs „realobis samyarosa“ da „ocnebebis samyros“ dapirispirebas: „roca
gaviazrebT, rom swored da mxolod sizmrebsa da warmosaxvebSi vxvdebiT Cveni survilebis
realobas, aqcentebi maSinve icvleba: Cveni yofiTi yoveldRiuri realoba, sazogadoebis realoba,
sadac Cven vTamaSobT wesieri da keTili adamianebis Cveul rolebs, aRmoCndeba gamonagoni,
romelic efuZneba garkveul „daTrgunvas“, Cveni survilebis, realuris sivrcis mxedvelobis aredan
gaSvebas“.

bunuelis mTeli Semoqmedeba swored am farisevlobis gamoaSkaravebaze igeba, rodesac

sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi „wesierebiT“ ufro sworad „wesieri rolis“ morgebiT iniRbeba
adamianuri instinqtebi: keTilSobili padres WeSmariti mowodeba ubralo mebaReobaa, Tan
sakmarisia mantia gaixados, is Cveulebrivi mkvlelic xdeba („burJuaziis mokrZalebuli xibli“),
respeqtabeluri parizeli qalbatoni sinamdvileSi bordelSi naxulobs siamovnebas („SuadRis
lamazmani“), sisastikesa da mkacr reJims damorCilebuli samxedroebi gulCvili da mistikisken
midrekili adamianebi arian („burJuaziis mokrZalebuli xibli“) da a.S. bunueli ukiduresobamde
miyvanili absurdulobiT aaSkaravebs, Tu ramdenad moCvenebiTia wesierebis cneba filmSi
„Tavisuflebis fantomi“: parizis RirsSesaniSnaobebis turistebisTvis sayvarel Ria baraTebs ise
aTvaliereben, rogorc urcxv pornografiul suraTebs, magidis garSemo unitazebze Semomsxdari
„keTilSobilebi“ ki kargad gazrdili adamianis TavdaWerilobiT musaifoben da moSiebulebi
bodiSis moxdiT tualetSi ganmartovdebian.

realuris (fsiqologiuri realobis) saCveneblad bunueli an pirdapir mimarTavs sizmrisa Tu xilvis

narativs an iyenebs „dainteresebuli mzeris“ metaforas, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, igive gadaserili Tvali
Tu WuWrutanaSi TvalTvali, rasac sxva _ zerealobaSi gadavyavarT, iq, sadac Cveni survilebi
aRar iTrguneba da sadac isini realurni xdebian. Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, fantaziis sivrce
sulac ar aris survilebis asrulebis asparezi.

„oqros saukunis“ gamosvlis Semdeg salvador dali aRniSnavda, rom scenaris werisas miznad
isaxavda Tanamedrove sazogadoebis dampali meqanizmis gamoaSkaravebas; bunueli ki
umatebda: “CemTvis ki es umTavresad iyo filmi Smag siyvarulze, dauZlevel Zalaze, romelic
adamianebs erTmaneTs Caaxutebs, Tumca xvdebian, rom ar SeuZliaT erTad yofna“. dauokebeli,
mwvave vnebis motivi, romelic uamravi dabrkolebiT aris SeboWili, ukve “andaluziur ZaRlSi”
Cndeba, sadac sikvdilisa da erotikisadmi ltolva erTmaneTSi ixlarTeba da sazogadoebaSi
tabuirebuli Temebis Tamami provocirebiT warmoCndeba. amitomac reagirebda Zalze mwvaved
“kargad gazrdili sazogadoeba”, rom bunuelis filmebi Tavis koSmarul sizmrebs agonebda,
romlidan gamofxizlebac simSvides ubrunebda: “es xom mxolod sizmari yofila!” bunueli ki
daJinebiT da ironiulad CasCiCinebs: swored es aris realuri, is riskenac iltviT da risic geSiniaT.

isini ki rac unda pativsacemi da momxibvlelebi iyvnen, maTi survilebi Zalian mwiria: Wama,
seqsi da sxvisi ganadgureba. filmi “burJuaziis mokrZalebuli xibli” mTlianad sizmrebis
moyolazea agebuli da zustad gamoxatavs lakaniseul mosazrebas fantaziis sivrcis Sesaxeb,
„romelsac saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs Cveni survilebi, rogorc aseTi, maT xdis realurs da
warmoaCens maT damarcxebas“... iseTi martivi da yofiTi moTxovnebic ki, rogoricaa sadili an
ubralod megobrebTan erTad yavis daleva, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT seqsiT dakmayofilebaze, filmis
gmirebisTvis dauZleveli problema xdeba. ambebis ganmeorebadoba da ukacriel trasaze
dausrulebeli xetiali miznidan miznamde cirkulirebuli moZraobis ilustrirebaa, romelic gvaniWebs
sinamdvileSi siamovnebas da ara miznis saboloo miRweva.

“survilis es bundovani obieqti” uwoda bunuelma Tavis bolo films da amiT xazi gausva im
gaurkvevlobis labirinTs, rasac subieqti-obieqtis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens. sagulisxmoa,
rom “survilis obieqts” ori msaxiobi _ anxela molina da karol buke asrulebs, Tanac ise, rom erTi-
ori epizodis garda (vTqvaT, roca flamengos mocekvave konCitas espaneli anxela molina
asrulebs) maTi rolebis gacvla-gamocvla aranairi logikiT ar ganisazRvreba anu didi mniSvneloba
ar aqvs, am konkretul momentSi karol buke iTamaSebda Tu anxela molina _ e.i. Sesabamisad
Tavad survilis obieqti ar aris gansazRvruli, ar aqvs mkafio saxe an ufro swori iqneba Tu vityvi,
rom arsebobs ltolvis survili, obieqti ki SeiZleba iyos nebismieri. erTgan konCita eubneba senior
mateos: “Tqven CemSi giyvarT ara me, aramed is, vinc uargyofT” da mogvianebiT agrZelebs:
“Tu mogcemT imas, rac gindaT, gadagiyvardebiT”. senior mateos SfoTva swored am survilis
obieqtis moxelTebisa da saboloo dauflebis SesaZleblobas ukavSirdeba, amitomac Cndeba
yvelaze sanukvar momentSi, roca mizanTan ase axlosaa, yvelaze absurduli dabrkolebebi:
gardacvlili meuRlis foto sawolTan, quCidan Semosuli xmauri, qalwulobis qamari da a.S.
zedmetad miaxloebis gamo periodulad gauCinarebuli survilis obieqtis nostalgia senior mateos
mudam Tan sdevs da pirobasac debs: “Tu kidev gamoCndeba, me mas aRarafers vTxov, vijdebi
masTan rac SeiZleba moSorebiT...”

“oqros saukunidan” sakmaod mogvianebiT davubrundi ra isev qalis sxeulis dauflebis

SeuZleblobas, vcdilobdi mTeli filmis ganmavlobaSi Semeqmna Tavdasxmisa da daucvelobis
atmosfero, romelic gvtanjavs yvelas, sadac unda viyoT” _ wers Tavis mogonebebSi bunueli da
ixsenebs, Tu ra incidentebi mohyva filmis gamosvlas: los-anjelesis erT-erT kinoTeatrSi bombis
afeTqeba, firis oTxi babinis dakargva, reJisoris mimarT muqarisa da Seuracxmyofeli warwerebi
da a.S. Tumca realobidan wamosuli am Tavdasxmebis gamo SeSfoTeba mxolod Tavis Sefarebaa
im ususurobisa da daucvelobis gancdisgan TavisdasaRwevad, rasac realuris anu sakuTari
daTrgunuli survilebis “Tavdasxmisas” ganvicdiT.

2009 w. berlinis saerTaSoriso festivalze, sadac yovelTvis Zalze gaazrebulad da konceptualurad

igegmeba retrospeqtivebi, bunuelis Semoqmedeba iyo warmodgenili; ratom bunueli? _ svamdnen
kiTxvas Tavad organizatorebi, ramdenadac, rogorc tradiciulad miRebulia xolme, reJisoris arc
iubile, arc gardacvalebis an raime aRsaniSnavi TariRi ar yofila. da pasuxad CamoTvlidnen
varaudebs, Tu rogor dascinebda “saukunis Tvalad” monaTluli reJisori “mowevis akrZalvasa Tu
Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego debatebs, rogor galanZRavda saxelmwifos SeWras privatul sferoSi da
ramdens imkrexelebda religiisken ukanmibrunebis Taobaze. kiCur papsaze, axal biurgerebsa da
axal faseulobebze”... aRmoCnda, rom bunuelis mZafri da saRi mzera kidev ufro mniSvnelovani
da bevrad Tanamedrove xdeba neopuritanizmis gamZvinvarebisa da mzardi fundamentalizmis
epoqaSi. bunuelis mier samarTebliT gadaserva es sxeulis gaSiSvlebaa, fizikuri realobis, garsis
garRveva, raTa kargad dainaxo is, rac SigniT aris, ris Sedegadac iZens mxolod mkafio
gamosaxulebas survilis bundovani obieqti.…