cnobili adamianebi

iulius keisari
levan berZeniSvili

Cemo megobaro, SeiZleba miTxra, rom araferi ici did romael mxedarTmTavarze,
gamoCenil saxelmwifo moRvaweze, xuTgzis konsulsa da laTinuri prozis erT-erT
udides warmomadgenelze, gaius iulius keisarze, magram es uneblie tyuili iqneba.
simarTle isaa, rom Sen bevrjer Segxvedria misi saxelic da gsmenia mis saqmeTa Sesa­
xeb. ar gjera? maSin momismine. ivnisis Semdeg rom Tve modis, misi saxeli xom ici? ra
Tqma unda, ici — es ivlisia. me mgoni, ukve xvdebi, risi Tqmac minda. diax, gamoicani:
am Tves saxeli iulius keisris mixedviT daerqva: jer erTi, imitom, rom is kalendari,
romliTac Cven vsargeblobT, am kacis saxels ukavSirdeba (aleqsandrieli astrono-
mis, sosigenes, daxmarebiT swored keisarma Seqmna Tanamedrove kalendari da mas dRe-
sac „iuliusis kalendari“ ewodeba); meorec, imitom, rom igi swored am TveSi – Zveli
welTaRricxvis 100 wlis ivlisSi daibada da mis sapativcemulod im Tves, romelsac
manamde mensis Quinctilis – kvinqtilisis Tve, anu „mexuTe Tve“ ewodeboda, ax.w. 8 wels
romis imperatorma oqtavianus avgustusma iuliusi (Cveneburad „ivlisi“) daarqva;
xolo ivlisi, romelic axla meSvide Tvea, mexuTe imitom iyo, rom im epoqaSi weliwadi
ara ianvarSi, aramed martSi iwyeboda.

es yvelaferi imas niSnavs, rom raRac gcodnia iulius keisarze, Tumca ivlisis am-
bavi yvelaferi ar aris. ar miTxra axla, rom ar gagigonia sityva „rubikoni“! ra Tqma
unda, gagigonia da ici, rom rubikoni (laTinurad Rubicō, italiurad Rubicone) daax-

44
rogorc viciT, kalendari (laT. Calendarium) aris dReebis organizebis sistema socialuri, religiuri,
komerciuli, administraciuli da sxva miznebisaTvis. amisaTvis drois Sualedebs eniWeba saxelebi. gavrcele-
buli kalendrebisaTvis es periodebia dRe-Rame, kvira, Tve, weliwadi, saukune da isini ganisazRvreba cis sxe-
ulTa moZraobebiT (mzis amosvla-Casvla, weliwadis droTa cvla, mTvaris fazebis monacvleoba), rac advilad
da sayovelTaod SeimCneva da uSualod moqmedebs adamianis cxovrebaze da saqmianobaze. msoflioSi sadReisod
yvelaze gavrcelebulia e.w. grigorianuli (an grigoriuli) kalendari, romelic warmoadgens misi winamorbe-
dis, iuliusis kalendaris reformirebis Sedegs.

romauli kalendari – Tavdapirvelad romaelebs hqondaT mTvaris weliwadi, romelic 10 Tvisagan Sedge-
boda da iwyeboda martiT. Zv.w.VII-VI ss. etruskebisagan gadmoiRes 12-Tviani weliwadi, romelSic ianvari da Te-
bervali dekembris Semdeg modioda. dRevandeli Tveebis saxelwodebebi momdinareobs romauli saxelebidan:
Martius – marti (RmerT marsis sapativcemulod), Aprilis – aprili, Maius – maisi (RvTaeba maiusis saxelisagan),
Iunius – ivnisi (qalRmerT iunos pativsacemad), Quintilis – mexuTe, SemdgomSi – Iulius (iulius keisris pativsace-
mad), Sextilius – meeqvse, SemdgomSi Augustus (imperator avgustusis pativsacemad), September – seqtemberi (e.i.
meSvide), October – oqtomberi (e.i. merve), November – noemberi (e.i. mecxre), December – dekemberi (e.i. meaTe).
SemdgomSi amas daemata mensis Ianuarius – ianvari (RmerT ianusis pativsacemad, romelic orsaxovnad hyavdaT
warmodgenili da iTvleboda yovelgvari dasawyisis RmerTad) da mensis Februarius – Tebervali (ganwmendis Tve,
februare – ganwmenda).

mTvaris weliwadi 355 dRisagan Sedgeboda, rasac umatebdnen kidev erT Tves mensis intercalariis. Zv. w. 46 w.
iulius keisarma SemoiRo mzis weliwadi egvipteli astronomis sosigenes rCeviT. dawesda oTxwliani cikli
(365+365+365+366=1461 dRe).

aprili, ivnisi, seqtemberi da noemberi iyo 30-dRiani; ianvari, marti, maisi, ivlisi, agvisto, oqtomberi da de-
kemberi – 31-dRiani. Tebervali 3 wlis manZilze 28-dRiani iyo, xolo meoTxe wels ki – 29-dRiani. wlis dasawyisi
keisarma 1 ianvars gadmoitana. es kalendari e.w. `iuliusis kalendari~ (an iuliuri), anu `Zveli stili~ ZalaSi
iyo CvenTan 1918 wlamde, Seicvala leninis dekretiT, roca dawesda `axali stili~ – `grigoriuli~ kalendari
(romelic papma grigol XIII SemoiRo 1582 w. da romelic gavrcelebuli iyo evropis mTel rig qveynebSi).

45
cnobili adamianebi

loebiT 80 km sigrZis mdinarea Crdilo-aRmosavleT italiaSi. es mdinare saTaves

iRebs apeninebidan da adriatikis zRvaSi Caedineba samxreT emilia-romanias regio-
nis gavliT qalaqebs – riminisa da Cezenas Soris. eWvi ar mepareba, gagonili geqne-
ba es gamoTqmac – „rubikonis gadakveTa“ an „rubikonis gadalaxva“. popularuli
idiomaa, romelsac iyeneben, rodesac raRacas iseTs gaakeTeb, rom ukan mobrune-
ba aRar SeiZleba. keisris dros am mdinareze gadioda sazRvari italiasa da romis
provincia cizalpiur galias Soris. iulius keisari maSin erT-erTi romaeli mxe-
darTmTavari (prokonsuli) iyo. kanonis mixedviT, prokonsuli jars xelmZRvane­
lobda mxolod italiis sazRvrebs gareT. miuxedavad amisa, Zv.w. 49 w. 10 ianvars

iulis keisari da rubikonis gadalaxva, avtori franCesko granaCi, 1494

46

keisarma garkveuli yoymanis Semdeg gadalaxa rubikoni
da samoqalaqo omis Semdeg senatma igi umaRles mxedarT-
mTavrad, diqtatorad gamoacxada da gansakuTrebu-
li uflebamosilebiT aRWurva. amis Semdeg „rubikonis
gadalaxva“ aRniSnavs didi miznis saxeliT yvelafris
sasworze dadebas. istorikosi svetoniusis mtkicebiT,
keisars swored maSin uTqvams Tavisi ganTqmuli alea iacta
est – „wili nayaria“.
sul cota, ori ram gcodnia iulius keisarze: ivli­sic
gagigia da rubikonic. Tu germaneli kaizerebisa (Kaiser)
da rusi carebis (Царь) Sesaxebac gsmenia rame, isic unda
icode, rom orive es sityva, „kaizerica“ da „caric“, gai-
us iuliusis kognomenidan – „keisridan“ momdinareobs.
barem imasac getyvi, es „kognomeni“ ra aris. kognome-
ni (cognomen) Tavdapirvelad iyo metsaxeli, romelic
calkeuli adamianis ama Tu im damaxasiaTebel Tavisebu-
rebas mianiSnebda: Scaevola – cacia, Balbus – blu, Bibulus
– msmeli (loTi), Dentatus – kiWa, Naso – cxvira da a.S. Sem-
dgomSi kognomenma dakarga piradi metsaxelis mniSvne­
loba; magaliTad, Publius Ovidius Naso – publius ovidius
naso (nazoni), erT-erTi udidesi romaeli poeti „cxvi-
rad“ aravis miaCnda, Tumca Tavisi winaprisagan Zalian
grZeli Tu ara, yuradRebis mimpyrobi formis cxviri
mainc gamohyolia. iuliusebis erTi Stos kognomeni „kei-
sari“ SesaZloa „xuWuWas“ an „kululebians“ niSnavdes –
aq laTinurma enam aSkarad dascina iulius keisars, ro-
melsac Tma adre gascvivda da sanaxevrod meloti iyo.
bevrma Tqvenganma kidev erTi ram icis iulius keisris
Sesaxeb. bevrs gsmeniaT gamoTqma veni, vidi, vici – „mivedi,
vnaxe, gavimarjve“. es sityvebic keisarma Tqva. qvemoT
vity­viT, ra viTarebaSi moxda es.
iulius keisari daibada patriciebis ojaxSi, romelic
arc didi simdidriT da arc gansakuTrebuli Zalauf­
lebiT ar gamoirCeoda. mamamisi, aseve gaius iulius kei-
sari, iyo pretori (mniSvnelovani samTavrobo moxele).
keisris deda, avrelia kota, didgvarovani ojaxidan iyo,
xolo mama imiTac iyo cnobili, rom misi da, iulia, gai-
us mariusis meuRle iyo; xolo gaius mariusi im dros
iyo romaelTa im jgufis lideri, romelic populare-
bis saxeliT iyo cnobili. iuliusi (pirvel saxels, anu
prenomens – gaiuss, romelic mamamisisas emTxveoda, ga-
motovebda xolme) 15 wlis ymawvili iyo, rodesac mama
iulius keisari
romauli gvarebi da saxelebi
romael moqalaqeTa gvari da saxeli
sami nawilisagan Sedgeboda:
1. praenomen – sakuTari saxli (sul
iyo 18 prenomeni da xSirad iwereboda
SemoklebiT. mag. Tiberius – Tib. an Marcus
– M.); 2. nomen – gvari, romelic -ius-ze
bolovdeboda; 3. cognomen – metsaxe-
li. magaliTad, Marcus Tullius Cicero
– markus tulius ciceroni an Publius
Obidius Naso – publius ovidius nazoni.
qalebis saxelebad gamoiyeneboda
gvarebi mdedrobiT sqesSi. mag. Tullia
– tulia, ciceronis qaliSvili, Iulia
– iulia, keisris qaliSvili. Tu ojax-
Si ori an meti qaliSvili iyo, ufross
eZaxdnen maior-s, umcross – minor-s, me-
sames – tertia-s da a.S.
patriciebi (laT. patricii, Sdr. laT.
pater „mama“) Zvel romSi – piri, romelic
ekuTvnoda romis mkvidr sagvareulos,
adgenda mmarTvelTa klass da flobda
sazogadoebriv miwebs.
popularebi (laT. Populares „xalxis
momxreebi“, Sdr. populus „xalxi“) Zveli
romis respublikaSi – aristokrati li-
derebi, romlebic saxalxo krebebsa da
tribunats eyrdnobodnen politikuri
Zalis mosapoveblad.
konsuli (Consul, SemoklebiT – cos.)
romis respublikaSi umaRlesi arCeviTi
Tanamdeboba, SemdgomSi, imperiis xanaSi,
gaxda daniSvniTi.
kvestori – Tanamdebobis piri Zv.
romSi. TAvdapirvelad kvestorebi kon-
sulebis TanaSemweebi iyvnen, droTa gan-
mavlobaSi maT daevalaT sisxlis samar-
Tlis saqmeebis garCeva, saxelmwifo
xazinis meTvalyureoba da sxelmwifo
arqivis marTva.
gaius mariusi
(laT. Gaius Marius Zv.w.
157-86) – romaeli mxe-
dar­TmTavari da poli-
tikuri moRvawe, ro-
mauli armiis refor-
matori. Svidgzis iyo
arCeuli konsulad.
47
cnobili adamianebi
sula – lukius kor-
nelius sula feliqsi
(Lucius Cornelius Sulla Fe-
lix), romaeli mxedarTm-
Tavari da saxelmwifo
moRvawe. misi diqtato-
robis xana daemTxva op-
timatebisa da populare-
bis brZolis yvelaze
daZabul xanas.
krasusi – markus li-
kinius krasusi (Marcus
Licinius Crassus, Zv.w. 115-
53), romaeli mxedarT-
mTavari da politiko-
si, romelmac Tavisi
roli Seasrula romis
respubli­kis imperiad
transformaciaSi. iT-
vleboda­erT-erT um-
didres kacad.
pompeusi – gneus pom-
peus didi (laT. Gnaeus
Pompeius Magnus; Zv.w.
106 w. 29 seqtemberi– Zv.w.
48 w. 28 seqtemberi) –
didi romaeli mxedarT-
mTavari da politikuri
moRvawe, mdidari da gav-
leniani patriuciusi.
pirveli triumviratis
wevri.
kornelia (Cornelia Cinnilla
Zv.w. 97-69) – lucius
kornelius cinas asuli,
iulius keisris pirveli
meuRle (daqorwindnen
Zv.w. 84 w.). keisari kvesto-
ri iyo, rodesac kornelia gardaicva-
la da keisarma saxalxo krebaze mis
suls qeba-dide­biT mimarTa.
pompeia (Pompeia, Zv.w. I
s.) – iulius keisris meo-
re meuRle. misi mSoble-
bi iyvnen kvintus pom-
peius rufusi, yofili
konsulis Ze, da kornelia, romaeli
diqtatoris, sulas qaliSvili.
kalpurnia – iulius ke-
isris mesame coli.
48
moukvda. ramdenime weli samxedro karieras miuZRvna da
Semdeg daqorwinda popularebis jgufis mniSvnelovani
wevris qaliSvilze – korneliaze. maT SeeZinaT qaliSvi-
li iulia, Tumca qorwineba didxans ar gagrZelebula.
yvelaferi Seicvala, rodesac roms saTaveSi diqta-
tori sula Caudga. upirveles yovlisa, sulam ubrZana
iuliuss, kornelias gahyroda, radgan igi sulas mtre-
bis ojaxidan iyo. keisarma uari ganacxada da gadaima-
la, raTa diqtatoris nebisadmi daumorCileblobisTvis
sikvdiliT ar daesajaT. sabolood mas es urCoba epatia
da is romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 78 wels, rodesac sula garda-
icvala.
iuliusi izrdeboda rogorc samxedro, man Tavi ga-
moiCina romis mtrebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi, maT So-
ris imiTac, rom bevri jariskaci gadaarCina sikvdils.
Zv.w. 75 wels moitaces da sicilieli mekobreebis xelSi
aRmoCnda. mis gamosaxsnelad mekobreebma 20 talanti
moiTxoves, magram Tavad daiJina, sul cota, 50 talanti
mainc aris Cemi fasio. samxedro tribunad airCies Zv.w. 72
wels. saxeli gaiTqva aseve rogorc advokatma da sajaro
gamomsvlelma. Zv.w. 69 wels kvestorad airCies da Semd-
gom senatSic moipova adgili. colad moiyvana pompeia,
sulas SviliSvili. misi politikuri aRmasvla grZel-
deboda, airCies pontifex maximus-ad (uzenaes qurumad)
da Semdeg pretorad. aseve grZeldeboda misi samxedro
warmatebebi da Zv.w. 60 wels konsulad airCies. konsuli
imdroindeli mTavrobis mTavari Tanamdeboba iyo, Tumca
keisari erTaderTi konsuli ar yofila, roms ukve hyavda
ori konsuli krasusisa da pompeusis saxiT.
pompeusi udidesi mxedarTmTavari iyo, rac man ara­
erTgzis daamtkica brZolis velze. man did gamarjvebebs
miaRwia aziaSi da romSi dabrunda Zv.w. 62 wels, raTa sena­
tisTvis eTxova, daemtkicebina is teritoriuli mowyo-
ba, romelsac man brZolis velze gamarjvebebiT miaRwia.
krasusma, romelic Suris TvaliT Sehyurebda pompeusis
samxedro warmatebebs, daarwmuna senati, ar daemtkicebi-
na gamarjvebuli mxedarTmTavris gegma. keisarma sworad
Seafasa viTareba da orive konsuli daarwmuna, erTad
emuSavaT da orives dahpirda daxmarebas. sanacvlod man
konsuloba moiTxova. krasusi da pompeusi daeTanxmnen
da Zv.w. 60 wels Camoyalibda pirveli triumvirati (sami
kacis mmarTveloba). pompeusis eWvebis gasafantavad kei-
 iulius keisari

iulius keisris qandakeba,

keisris droindeli galia
rimini, italia

sarma mas Tavisi qaliSvili, iulia miaTxova, xolo Tavad axali coli, kalpurnia,
moiyvana.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi keisari Tavisi sityvis erTguli iyo: pompeusis gegma se­
nat­ma moiwona da daamtkica, krasusic kmayofili iyo, xolo keisarma konsulobis
amowurvis Semdeg xuTwliani prokonsuloba miiRo galiaSi. igi galiaSi 58 wels
gaemg­zavra da iq cxra weli dahyo. am drois ganmavlobaSi man mravali didi samxed­
ro gamarjveba moipova da mravali politikuri mowinaaRmdegec CamoiSora – kacma
rom Tqvas, yvela daxoca, vinc gzaze gadaeRoba. galia, romelic keisarma daipyro,
moicavda dRevandel safrangeTs, belgias, samxreT holandias, germanias rainis
dasavleTiT da Sveicariis did nawils.

keisari orgzis SeiWra britaneTSi, Zv.w. 55 da 54 wlebSi, magram mudmiv warmate-

bas ver miaRwia. britaneTis romaulad mowyoba maSin gadaido.

keisarma didi saxeli moixveWa galiis damorCilebiTa da britaneTze laSqro-

biT, ramac krasusisa da pompeusis Suri gamoiwvia. maT manamde hqondaT Zalaufle-
ba da manamde hqondaT samxedro warmatebebi mopovebuli, sanam keisari gamoCnde-
boda politikur scenaze da romaelTa TvalSi maT Zvel didebas daCrdilavda.
axali gamarjvebebis mosapoveblad krasusma aRmosavleTis armiis xelmZRvanelo-
ba moiTxova da miiRo kidec, magram parTielebTan brZolaSi daiRupa. rac Seexe-
ba pompeuss, misi mtroba keisrisadmi kidev ufro gaizarda, miT umetes, rom ukve
aRaraferi akavSirebdaT erTmaneTTan – iulia, keisris qaliSvili da pompeusis

49
cnobili adamianebi

meuRle, mSobiarobas gadahyva Zv.w. 54 wels. krasusi aRar iyo cocxali da ori didi
mxedarTmTavari – iulius keisari da gneus pompeusi – eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen
erTmaneTs, orives surda marto yofiliyo konsuli da erTpirovnulad emarTa
romis imperia.

Zv.w. 49 wels keisari im mdinares miadga, romelzec ukve vilaparakeT – rubikons.

rubikonis gadalaxva da romisken armiis daZvra kargad gaTvlili politikuri
nabiji iyo. es nabiji ewinaaRmdegeboda romaul kanonebs da, saboloo jamSi, samo-
qalaqo oms niSnavda. pompeusi Tavisi legionebiT espaneTSi idga, ver daupirispir­
da keisars da aRmosavleTisken daiZra. amasobaSi keisari romSi Sevida da axali
senati Camoayaliba. am jgufma, romelic, bunebrivia, mas TanaugrZnobda, keisari
diqtatorad gamoacxada. pompeusma myari poziciebi daikava saberZneTSi. rogorc
saxelmwifos meTaurma, keisarma ver daarwmuna pompeusi, rom Tavis pretenziebze
uari eTqva: samoqalaqo omi ukve gardauvali gaxda.

Zv.w. 48 wlis 6 ivnisis grandiozuli masStabis SetakebaSi, romelic istoriaSi

„farsalosis brZolis“ saxeliT aris cnobili, pompeusma 46 aTasi, xolo keisarma
mxolod 30 aTasi, magram ukeT gawrTvnili meomari gamoiyvana. keisaric da pompeu-
sic brwyinvale mxedarTmTavari iyo da erTsac da meoresac im droisTvis uamravi
gamarjveba hqonda mopovebuli. da mainc, saberZneTis am patara qalaqis maxloblad
gamarTul brZolaSi im dRes gamoCnda, rom samxedro TvalsazrisiTac keisris ge-
nia metoqisas aRemateboda — man brwyinvale gamarjvebas miaRwia, Tumca orive
mxridan Zalian didi danakargi iyo. pompeusma Tavs gaqceviT uSvela da egviptes
miaSura, sadac mogvianebiT mas uRalates da muxanaTurad mokles. am istoriuli
gamarjvebis Semdeg keisarma Tavisi epoqisTvis uCveulo nabiji gadadga: tyved Ca-
vardnili yvela romaeli moqalaqe Seiwyala. SewyalebulTagan erT-erTi misi moma-
vali mkvleli – markus brutusi iyo.

farsalosTan miRweuli warmatebis Semdeg keisari Seudga Tavisi poziciebis

ganmtkicebas, gansakuTrebiT – egvipteSi. aleqsandriaSi Casuli keisari moxibla
da gaitaca kleopatram, romelic egviptis taxtisTvis ibrZoda. cbierma dedofal-

50
 iulius keisari

ma Tavi xaliCaSi gaaxvevina da es xaliCa saCuqrad miarT­ves

diqtators. kleopatras moxerxebulobam didi STabeW­
dileba moaxdina keisarze da didi romaeli mas daxmarebas
dahpirda. kleopatrasTvis egviptis taxtis mosapovebel
omSi keisarma egviptis flotis gadawvis brZaneba gasca.
cecxlma gaanadgura ara mxolod floti, aramed Zveli is-
toriac – daiwva aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli didi bib-
lioTeka. bolos da bolos, Zv.w. 47 wels kleopatra egvip-
tis dedoflad gamocxadda da man romTan politikuri
kavSiri Sekra. egvipteSi warmatebis Semdeg keisari mcire
aziaSi SeiWra. Zv.w. 47 wlis 1 agvistos, pontoeli mefe far-
nakesis ajanyeba CaaxSo. swored am gamarjvebis aRwerisas
kleopatra VII (Zv.w. 69-30) ­– elinis­
uTqvams keisars Tavisi saxelganTqmuli veni, vidi, vici („mive- turi egviptis ukanaskneli dedofali
di, vnaxe, gavimarjve“). ori Tvis Semdeg igi romSi dabrun-
da, sadac axal problemebs waawyda.

keisars mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi daufaravad emtere-

boda brwyinvale oratori katoni. igi keisarSi xedavda
kacs, romelic sakuTar Tavs romsa da mis xalxze maRla
ayenebda. katoni ukve cnobili pirovneba iyo, rodesac
keisari gamoCnda politikur asparezze da sakuTar Tavs
keisris politikuri oponentebis rigebSi moiazrebda.
mas Semdeg, rac keisarma aRmosavleTSi uamravi gamarjve-
ba moipova, katonic da keisris sxva oponentebic afrikaSi
gaiqcnen. romSi dabrunebulma keisarma afrikas miaSura
da oponentebi iq daamarcxa, TafsosTan brZolaSi. katon- markus antoniusi (laT. Marcus
ma ver gadaitana damarcxebisa Tu Sewyalebis sircxvili. Antonius), Zv.w.83-30, romaeli poli-
tikosi da mxedarTmTavari, meore
keisris oponentebis sxva jgufi jer kidev flobda raRac triumviratis wevri, samgzis konsuli
Zalauflebas. maT Soris iyo senatori gaius kasius longi- da kvestori.

nusi, romelic manamde keisars krasussa da pompeusTan er-

Tad upirispirdeboda.

kasiuss eSinoda, rom keisari Tavs mefed gamoacxadeb-

da – swored amisTvis undodaT Tavis arideba senatorebs
da romael moqalaqeebs. roms mefeebma Tavi cudad daa-
maxsovres: romis istoriaSi Svidi mefe iyo da Svidive mefe
sastikad epyroboda ara mxolod romis mtrebs, aramed Ta-
vad romaelebsac. romauli respublika ZiriTadad imitom
Camoyalibda, rom ar daeSva romelime mefis xelisufle-
baSi mosvla da romis senati Tavis Tavs swored mefobis
katoni — markus porkius katon
mowinaaRmdeged da respublikuri wyobis damcvelad ga- utikeli (Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis,
nixilavda. kasiusi, katoni da sxvebi, maT Soris brutusic, Zv.w. 95-46 ), cnobili, rogorc katon
umcrosi (Cato Minor), gansxvavebiT
keisarSi mefobis axal saSiS kandidats xedavdnen, romelic misi didi babuisgan (katon ufrosi),
warsulis sisastikes daabrunebda. mefe an diqtatori ar romauli respublikis politikosi da
saxelmwifo moRvawe, stoicizmis fi-
aris valdebuli, vinmes pasuxi gasces. respublika da sena- losofiis mimdevari.
cnobili adamianebi

ti ki im ideiT Camoyalibda, rom xalxs SeZleboda Tavisi

mTavrobisTvis raime eTqva. maTTvis miuRebeli iyo, rom
vinmes Tavi xalxze maRla daeyenebina da RvTaebrivi an
samxedro aRmatebulebiT yvelaze gabatonebuliyo. kei-
sars ukve mxolod ramdenime mowinaaRmdege darCa da igi
ukve Seudga romis marTvas. upirveles yovlisa, man bevri
ram gaakeTa rigiTi jariskacebisa da ubralo moqalaqee-
bisTvis. man romi uzarmazari finansuri validan gaaTa­
visufla (es valebi samoqalaqo omis dros dagrovda),
gazarda senatorTa ricxvi (ra Tqma unda, Tavisi momx-
reebis xarjze). man daadgina, Tu marcvleulis ra ra-
odenoba unda gamoyofiliyo gansakuTrebiT gaWirve-
buli moqalaqeebisTvis; man ganaxorciela kalendris
reforma, gaxada igi iseTi, rogorc dRes gvaqvs da
bolo mouRo mravalwlian areulobas am sferoSi
(momavalma Taobebma am kalendarSi mxolod erTi
cvlileba Seitanes, ramac ganasxvava Zveli da
axali stilebi). bevri ram gaakeTa man ubralo
xalxisTvis, riTic kidev ufro gadaimtera
bevri mdidari moqalaqe, romlebic mxars
uWerdnen krasuss, pompeuss Tu sulas.
pompeusis vaJebi, gneusi da seqstusi,
saTaveSi Caudgnen ajanyebas espaneT-
Si. keisari personalurad gauZR-
 iulius keisari

va armias da gaanadgura isini. keisarma gamouSva monetebi,

romlebzec misi portreti iyo gamosaxuli; misi qandakebebi
iseve iyo Semosili, rogorc RmerTebis qandakebebi. senatma
mas uamravi axali tituli da privilegia mianiWa, maT Soris
„daumarcxebeli RmerTis“ tituli da ufleba, Caecva me-
wamuli oqroTi gawyobili toga da dabrZanebuliyo oqros
taxtze. ori tribuni, gaius marulusi da lucius flaviusi
daupirispirda am titulebsa da privilegiebs da maT senati
daatovebines.

Zv.w. 44 wlis TebervalSi keisari samudamo diqtatorad

gamocxadda. imave wlis 15 Tebervals luperkaliis dResas-
waulze keisris erTgulma TanamebrZolma, markus antonius-
ma, diqtators gvirgvini gauwoda. keisarma icoda, rom miuxe-
davad mis mimarT gamoxatuli uzarmazari siyvarulisa, xalxs
mefe mainc ar undoda da amitomac uari Tqva gvirgvinze, sam-
jer.

keisars 18 marts dagegmili hqonda salaSqrod wasvla par-

Tielebis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac manamde konsuli krasusi
mokles. keisari senatSi gaemarTa 15 marts, raTa laSqroba-
Si wasvlamde ukanasknelad Sexvedroda senatorebs. senati
am dros pompeusis mier agebul TeatrSi ikribeboda, radgan
senatis tradiciul sxdomaTa darbazi daiwva da im dros xe-
laxla Sendeboda. swored aq daesxa Tavs keisars 60 SeTqmu-
li da mokles igi togebSi damaluli xanjlebiT. da es ambavi
keisris mTavari mtris, pompeusis qandakebis kvarcxlbekTan
moxda.

53
cnobili adamianebi

keisris sikvdili, vinCenco kamuCinis (1771-1844) naxati

erT-erTi SeTqmuli iyo markus brutusi, romelic keisarma farsalosTan brZolis

Semdeg Seiwyala da romelsac keisari gansakuTrebiT endoboda. SeTqmulTa Soris iyvnen
sena­torebi gaius kasius longinusi da decimus brutus albinusi.

`Senc, brutus?!~ (laT. Et tu quoque Brute!) – SeiZ­leba

gsmeniaT es cnobili fraza, romelsac aseve iulius
keisars miaweren. TiTqos es sityvebi keisars sikvdi-
lis win aRmoxda, roca Tavis winaaRmdeg SeTqmulTa
Soris brutusic daunaxavs. am gamoTqmas xumrobiT
dResac vxmarobT da veubnebiT adamians, romelsac
sxvaTa rigSi Tu sxva saqmeebiT dakavebuls aRmova-
CenT.

54

miuxedavad imisa, rom romaeli senatorebi gamoir-
Ceodnen grZelvadiani dagegmvis codniTa da detalebi-
sadmi yuradRebis miqceviT, keisris mokvlis Semdeg maT
aranairi gegma ar aRmoaCndaT. senatorebma mokles kei-
sari da samSoblodan gaiqcnen, xolo romze kontroli
markus antoniuss dautoves, keisris yvelaze erTgul
TanamebrZols, romelmac am droisTvis jariskacebis
mTel legions mouyara Tavi.
antoniusma warmoTqva saxelganTqmuli sityva keis-
ris dakrZalvaze. am sityvaSi man daasaxela da miwasTan
gaaswora keisris mkvlelebi. igi gaxda konsuli da Sevida
meore triumviratSi, romelSic masTan da lepidusTan
erTad iulius keisris dis, iulias SviliSvili oqtavia-
nusic Sedioda (keisars igi naSvilevi hyavda). swored es
iyo is axalgazrda kaci, romelic didi biZis nakvalevs
gahyva, xelSi Caigdo uzenaesi Zalaufleba da gaxda is,
riskenac miiswrafoda iulius keisari – romis pirveli
imperatori.
iulius keisris droindeli romis maketi
iulius keisari
oqtavianusi, gaius oqtaviane av-
gustusi (laT.Gaius Iulius Octavianus
Augustus Zv.w. 63 w. 23 seqtemberi –
ax.w. 14 w. 19 agvisto) — romis pirve-
li imperatori. avgustusis saxels
ukavSirdeba meore triumviratis
Seqmna, romelsac antoniusi da lepi­
dusi xelmZRvanelobdnen. rodesac
dadga dro Zalauflebis xelSi aRe-
bisa, mas antoniusTan dapirispire-
ba mouxda. avgustussa da antoniuss
Soris gamarjveba avgustuss dar-
Ca. oqtavianes saxels ukavSirdeba
romis ayvaveba da didi dapyrobiTi
omebi rainis aRmosavleTiT da bri-
taneTSi.
ideologia

56
f a S i z m i
aleqsandre kuxianiZe

cxare politikuri kamaTis dros politikosebi an ubralo adamianebi xandaxan

erTmaneTs faSistebs da nacistebs uwodeben. ruseTis prezident vladimir pu-
tinis mier kontrolirebadi televizia da presa sakuTar mosaxleobas arwmunebs,
rom 2014 wlis dasawyisSi ukrainaSi moxda politikuri gadatrialeba da Zalauf­
leba xelSi Caigdes ukrainelma faSistebma da nacistebma. amis sapirispirod,
mTeli civi­lizebuli samyaro ukrainul movlenebSi xedavs xalxis demokratiul
miswrafebas ukrainis yofil prezident ianukoviCis korumpirebuli reJimis wi-
naaRmdeg. putinis da ukrainis teritoriaze Segzavnili rusuli eqstremistuli
dajgufebebisa Tu jaris qmedebebs ki mTeli msoflio faSisturi germaniisa da
hitleris qmedebebs adarebs….

aseTi urTierTgamomricxavi Sefasebebi adastureben, rom Tanamedrove poli-

tikuri procesebis sworad gaazrebis dros adamianma kargad unda icodes, Tu ras
warmoadgens sinamdvileSi faSizmi.

ra aris faSizmi?
faSizmi aris totalitaruli diqtaturis forma, politikuri moZraoba da
ideologia, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia agresiuli nacionalizmi da rasizmi,
erTpartiuli mmarTveloba, terori, daundobeli represiuli saxelmwifo, sadac
Zlieria samxedro Zala, moqmedebs mkacri cenzura da uxeS sicrueze agebuli pro-
paganda; sadac opoziciis fizikuri ganadgurebis gziT xdeba sazogadoebis tota-
luri kontroli da msoflio batonobis mizniT ipyroben mezobel qveynebs.

faSistur mmarTvelobas yovelTvis hyavs moqalaqeebis ori nawili, romlebic

dayofilia politikuri sandoobisa da rasobrivi an eTnikuri „kargi“/„cudi“ war-
momavlobis mixedviT. sakuTari siZlieris propagandis mizniT faSistebi aqtiurad

57