#6(39) LUMEN
Tavisuflebis
ori gageba
isaia berlini1
aiZulo adamiani _ niSnavs
waarTva mas Tavisufleba,
magram Tavisufleba risgan?
kacobriobis istoriaSi
TiTqmis yvela moralisti
Tavisuflebas adidebda. am,
iseve, rogorc zogierTi sxva
sityvis _ bednierebis da
sikeTis, bunebisa da realo-
bis _ mniSvneloba imdenad
mravalSriania, rom misTvis
gamousadegari arcTu bevri
ganmartebis povnaa SesaZlebe-
li. ar vapireb am mravalSri-
ani sityvis arc istoriis,
arc miT umetes misi or
aseulze meti mniSvnelobis,
istorikosebis mier gamovle-
nili ideebis ganxilvas. me
mxolod misi ori centraluri
mniSvnelobis ganxilvas
Sevecdebi, mniSvnelobebis,
romlebic Tavis TavSi moi-
caven kacobriobis istoriis
mniSvnelovan nawils, rogorc
warsulis, ise, Tamamad vityvi,
momavlisac. Tavisuflebis am
Solidarität }'vh'mksr
36
politikuri mniSvnelobebidan
pirvels me (precedentis
miyoliT) `negatiurs~
vuwodeb, da es mniSvneloba
igulisxmeba pasuxSi
SekiTxvaze: `rogoria is
sfero, romlis farglebSic
subieqts _ iqneba es adamiani
Tu adamianTa jgufi _ aqvs an
unda hqondes ufleba sxva
adamianebis mxridan Carevis
gareSe akeTos is, risi
keTebis unaric aqvs, an iyos
is, vinc mas SeuZlia iyos?~
meore mniSvnelobas me poziti-
urs vuwodeb da is igulisx-
meba pasuxSi SekiTxvaze: `ra
an vin aris kontrolis an
Carevis wyaro, ra an vin
aiZulebs adamians ganaxorci-
elos es da ara romelime sxva
moqmedeba, an iyos aseTi da
ara sxvanairi?~. cxadia, es
sxvadasxva SekiTxvebia,
magram maTze pasuxebi
SesaZloa nawilobriv
emTxveodes erTmaneTs.
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü
 solidaroba

I. `negatiuri
Tavisuflebis~ cneba

Cveulebriv amboben, rom

adamiani imdenad aris
Tavisufali, ramdenadac
aravin (arc sxva adamiani, arc
adamianTa jgufi) ar uSlis
xels mis moqmedebebs. am
azriT, politikuri Tavisuf-
leba aris swored is sfero,
romlis farglebSic adamians
SeuZlia imoqmedos ise, rom ar
ganicdides Carevas sxvebis
mxridan. Tu sxva adamianebi
ar maZleven saSualebas
gavakeTo is, risi gakeTebac
SemeZleboda winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, maSin am xarisxiT
me ar var Tavisufali; Tu
sxva adamianebis moqmedebis
gamo xsenebuli sfero viwrov-
deba, garkveul zRvarze
metad mcirdeba, maSin Cemze
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iZulebis
da, SesaZloa, monobis
mdgomareobaSi var. magram
sityva iZuleba ar moicavs
yvela SemTxvevas, rodesac
Cven ar SegviZlia raime
gavakeToT. Tu me ar SemiZlia ar niSnavs politikuri da ar momcemda puris yidvis,
aT futze maRla axtoma an Tavisuflebis ararsebobas3. msoflioSi mogzaurobis
sibrmavis gamo ver vkiTxulob, amasve mowmobs iseTi urTierT- safasuris gadaxdis an
an amaod vcdilob hegelis dakavSirebuli gamoTqmebis sasamarTloSi Cemi saqmis
yvelaze rTuli adgilebis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba, ganxilvis miRwevis saSualebas,
gagebas, ucnauri iqneboda rogoricaa `ekonomikuri iseve rogorc koWloba ar
imis Tqma, rom am xarisxiT me Tavisufleba~ da `ekonomikuri maZlevs sirbilis saSualebas,
monobas an iZulebas ganvicdi. monoba~. amtkiceben, zogjer arabunebrivi iqneboda masSi
iZuleba gulisxmobs sxva Zalian damajerebladac, rom, Tavisuflebis, miT umetes
adamianebis winaswar ganzra- Tu adamiani Zalian Raribia politikuri Tavisuflebis
xul SeWras sferoSi, romel- da ar SeuZlia puri iyidos, ararsebobis danaxva. mxolod
Sic winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi msoflioSi imogzauros an im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac raRac
daubrkoleblad moqmedebis daxmarebisTvis sasamarTlos nivTis SeZenis uunarobas
SesaZlebloba meqneboda. mimarTos, Tumc ki es yvela- vxsni imiT, rom sxva adamianebma
Tqven mxolod maSin xarT feri ar aris iuridiulad miiRes garkveuli zomebi da
moklebuli politikur akrZaluli, maSin is ar aris amitom me, maTgan gansxvavebiT,
Tavisuflebas, rodesac sxva ufro Tavisufali, vidre ar maqvs fuli am nivTis
adamianebi romelime miznis rodesac es kanoniT akrZalu- SesaZenad, mxolod am SemTx-
miRwevaSi giSlian xels2. miznis lia. Tu Cemi siRaribe Tavise- vevaSi miviCnev Tavs iZulebis
miRwevis uunaroba jer kidev buri avadmyofoba iqneboda an damonebis msxverplad. sxva

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

37
#6(39)
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sityva
`iZulebis~ gamoyeneba damoki-
debulia garkveuli socialur-
ekonomikuri Teoriis
miRebaze, romelic xsnis Cemi
siRatakisa da raRacis
keTebis uunarobis mizezebs.
Tu materialuri saxsrebis
ararseboba gonebrivi da
fizikuri unarebis naklebobiT
aris gamowveuli, maSin,
mxolod naxsenebi Teoriis
miRebis Semdeg, daviwyeb
saubars ara ubralod siRa-
takeze, aramed Tavisuflebis
ararsebobaze4. da Tu amasTan
erTad mimaCnia, rom Cems
gaWirvebas garkveuli socia-
luri mowyoba ganapirobebs,
romelic, Cemi azriT,
usamarTlo da upatiosnoa,
maSin ekonomikur monobaze an
Cagvraze vilaparakeb. `Cven
aRgvaSfoTebs ara saganTa
buneba, aramed mxolod
boroti neba~, _ ambobda
ruso. Cagvris kriteriumi is
rolia, romelsac, Cveni
azriT, asruleben sxva
adamianebi, rodesac pirdapir
Tu iribad, nebiT Tu unebli-
eT ewinaaRmdegebian Cveni
survilebis ganxorcielebas.
Tavisufleba am azriT niS-
navs mxolod imas, rom sxvebi
me xels ar miSlian. rac ufro
farToa Caurevlobis sfero,
miT metia Cemi Tavisufleba.
swored ase esmodaT Tavisuf-
leba inglisuri politikuri
filosofiis klasikosebs5.
maTi Sexedulebebi imis
Taobaze, Tu ramdenad farTo
SeiZleba an unda iyos xsene-
buli sfero, gansxvavdeboda.
maTi azriT, arsebul viTare-
baSi is ar SeiZleba usazRvro
iyos, radgan misi usazRvro-
eba gamoiwvevda imas, rom
Solidarität
LUMEN
yvela dausruleblad Seuq-
mnida erTmaneTs winaRobebs
da aseTi `bunebrivi Tavisuf-
lebis~ Sedegad socialuri
qaosi warmoiqmneboda da
adamianTa minimaluri
saWiroebebic ki ar iqneboda
dakmayofilebuli, sustis
Tavisuflebas ki Zlierebi
gaTelavdnen. am filosofo-
sebs mSvenivrad esmodaT, rom
adamianis miznebi da moqmede-
bebi TavisiT ver movlen
harmoniaSi, da isini (rogoric
ar unda yofiliyo maTi
oficialuri doqtrinebi)
Tavisuflebaze maRla iseT
faseulobebs ayenebdnen,
rogoricaa samarTlianoba,
bedniereba, kultura, usafr-
Txoeba an Tanasworobis
sxvadasxva saxeoba, da amitom
mzad iyvnen SeezRudaT
Tavisufleba am faseulobe-
bis an misive (Tavisuflebis)
gulisTvisac ki. radgan sxva-
nairad SeuZlebeli iqneboda
socialuri gaerTianebis maTi
TvalsazrisiT sasurveli
tipis Seqmna. amitom acxadeb-
dnen es moazrovneebi, rom
adamianTa Tavisufali
moqmedebis sfero kanoniT
unda iyos SezRuduli. Tumca
isini _ gansakuTrebiT iseTi
libertarianelebi, rogoric
iyvnen loki da mili inglisSi,
konstani da tokvili safran-
geTSi _ aseve uSvebdnen, rom
unda arsebobdes piradi
Tavisuflebis garkveuli
minimaluri sfero, romelSi
SeWrac aranairi garemoebisas
ar SeiZleba. Tu es Tavisuf-
leba irRveva, maSin indivi-
dualuri neba Zalian viwro
CarCoebSi moeqceva da es
CarCoebi adamianis bunebrivi
SesaZleblobebis minimaluri
ganviTarebisTvisac ki Zalian
}'vh'mksr
38
viwro iqneba, am SesaZleblo-
bebis gareSe ki adamianebi
ver SeZlebdnen araTu maTi
azriT sasikeTo, swori an
wminda miznebis miRwevas, ara-
med am miznebis dasaxvis unarsac
iqnebodnen moklebulni.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom
aucilebelia kerZo cxovrebisa
da sajaro Zalauflebis
sferoebs Soris sazRvris
gavleba. sad gavataroT is _
amaze kamaTi da SeTanxmeba
SeiZleba. adamianebi mraval-
mxriv arian erTmaneTze
damokidebulni da adamianis
araviTari qmedeba ar
SeiZleba imdenad kerZo iyos,
rom aranairad da arasdros
exebodes sxva adamianebis
cxovrebas. `qariylapias
Tavisufleba cimoris
sikvdilia~; zogierTis
Tavisufleba damokidebulia
sxvebis SezRudvebze.
`oqsfordis profesoris
Tavisufleba, _ SeuZlia
dasZinos vinmem, _ gansxvavdeba
egvipteli glexis Tavisuf-
lebisgan~. es idea raRac
erTdroulad WeSmaritisa da
mniSvnelovanisgan ikrebs
Zalas, Tumc ki TviT fraza
iaffasian politikur
efeqtzea gaTvlili. udavoa,
mianiWo naxevrad SiSvel,
wera-kiTxvis armcodne, mSier
da avadmyof adamianebs
politikuri uflebebi da
saxelmwifos mxridan
Caurevlobis garantiebi,
maTi mdgomareobis abuCad
agdebaa; am adamianebs
upirveles yovlisa samedici-
no daxmareba da ganaTleba
sWirdebaT da mxolod Semdeg
gaacnobiereben isini TavianT
gazrdil Tavisuflebas da
SeZleben mis gamoyenebas. ra
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

aris Tavisufleba maTTvis,
visac ar SeuZlia misi
gamoyeneba? Tu adamianebs ar
SeuZliaT TavisuflebiT
sargebloba, maSin ra aris
misi Rirebuleba? adamianebs
jer yvelaze mniSvnelovani
unda misce; `zogjer Ceqmebi
Seqspiris nawarmoebebze
mniSvnelovania~, _ ambobda
mecxramete saukunis
radikali rusi mwerali;
individualuri Tavisufleba
adamianis mTavari moTxovni-
leba ar aris. Tavisufleba
ar aris ubralod raime
iZulebis ararseboba; aseTi
axsna metismetad beravs am
sityvis mniSvnelobas da
maSin is SeiZleba an Zalian
bevrs, an Zalian cotas
niSnavdes. egviptel glexs
upirveles yovlisa, da yve-
laze metad, tansacmeli da
samedicino daxmareba sWirde-
ba da ara piradi Tavisufleba,
magram is minimaluri Tavisuf-
leba, romelic mas dRes
sWirdeba, romelic xval
dasWirdeba, ar aris Tavisuf-
lebis raRac gansakuTrebuli
nairsaxeoba. es iseTive
Tavisuflebaa, rogoric
profesorebis, mxatvrebis,
milionerebis Tavisufleba.
vfiqrob, dasavleli libera-
lebis sindisis qenjnas is ki
ar iwvevs, rom adamianebi,
maTi socialur-ekonomikuri
mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,
sxvadasxvagvar Tavisuflebas
eswrafian, aramed is, rom
Tavisuflebis mqone umcire-
sobam is moipova umravlesobis
eqspluatirebiT, an, ukeTes
SemTxvevaSi, cdilobda ar
SeemCnia, rom adamianTa
udidesi umravlesoba mokle-
bulia Tavisuflebas.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
liberalebs aqvT safuZveli
ifiqron, rom Tu individu-
aluri Tavisufleba adamianTa
umaRlesi mizania, dauSvebe-
lia, rom adamianTa nawilma
waarTvas Tavisufleba sxvebs,
miT umetes _ sxvis xarjze
isargeblos TavisuflebiT.
Tavisuflebis Tanasworoba;
moTxovna ar moepyro sxvebs
ise, rogorc ar gendomeboda,
rom isini mogqceodnen; valis
moxda maT winaSe, visi wyalo-
biTac SesaZlebeli gaxda Seni
Tavisufleba, ayvaveba da
aRzrda; samarTlianoba misi
yvelaze martivi da universa-
luri mniSvnelobiT _ aseTia
liberaluri moralis
safuZvlebi. Tavisufleba ar
aris adamianTa erTaderTi
mizani. rus kritikos belins-
kisTan erTad SemiZlia vTqva,
rom Tu sxva adamianebi
moklebulni arian Tavisuf-
lebas, Tu Cemma Zmebma
siRatakeSi, sibinZuresa da
tyveobaSi unda icxovron,
maSin ar minda Tavisufleba
CemTvis, me uarvyof mas da
upirobod virCev Cemi Zmebis
xvedrs. magram Cven verafers
movigebT cnebebis aRreviT.
Tundac ar msurdes uTanaswo-
robisa da farTod gavrcele-
buli siRatakis moTmena da
mzad viyo msxverplad gaviRo
Cemi Tavisuflebis nawili an
mTlianad Cemi Tavisufleba _
am msxverplze nebayoflobiT
SemiZlia wavide, magram is,
razedac uars vambob samarT-
lianobis, Tanasworobisa da
amxanagebisadmi siyvarulis
gulisTvis _ Tavisuflebaa.
yvela safuZveli meqneboda
davetanje danaSaulis grZno-
bas, Tu garkveul garemoebebSi
mzad ar viqnebodi am msxver-
plis gasaRebad. magram
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
39
solidaroba
msxverpli ar iwvevs imis zrdas,
rasac Seewira: Tavisufleba
ar izrdeba, rogori Zlieric
ar unda yofiliyo msxverplad
Sewirvis moraluri moTxov-
nileba da misi kompensacia.
yvelaferi is aris, rac aris:
Tavisufleba Tavisuflebaa; is
ar SeiZleba iyos Tanasworoba,
patiosneba, samarTlianoba,
kultura, adamianuri bednie-
reba an mSvidi sindisi. Tu
Cemi Tavisufleba, Cemi klasis
an xalxis Tavisufleba raRac
raodenobis adamianTa
tanjvasTan aris dakavSirebu-
li, maSin sistema, romelSic
SesaZlebelia aseTi tanjva,
usamarTlo da amoraluria.
magram Tu me vkvec Cems
Tavisuflebas an mTlianad
uars vambob masze, raTa
naklebad mrcxvenodes
arsebuli uTanasworobisa, da
amasTan sxvebis individualu-
ri Tavisufleba arsebiTad ar
izrdeba, maSin Tavisuflebis
absolutur gamoxatulebaSi
misi dakargva xdeba. es SeiZ-
leba anazRaurebuli iyos
samarTlianobis, bednierebis
an simSvidis zrdiT, magram
saxezea Tavisuflebis
dakargva, da faseulobaTa
ubralo aRreva iqneboda imis
mtkiceba, rom, marTalia, Cemi
`liberaluri~ individualuri
Tavisufleba gadagdebulia,
magram Tavisuflebis
romeliRac sxva saxeoba _
`socialuri~ an `ekonomikuri~
_ gaizarda. Tumca es ar
abaTilebs azrs, rom
SigadaSig saWiroa zogierTis
Tavisuflebis SezRudva
imisTvis, rom sxvebis Tavi-
sufleba iyos uzrunvelyofi-
li. ra principebiT unda
vixelmZRvaneloT amis keTebi-
sas? Tu Tavisufleba wminda,
#6(39)
xelSeuxebeli faseulobaa,
maSin aseTi principi ubra-
lod ar arsebobs. erT-erTi
sawinaaRmdego norma, praqti-
kaSi mainc, unda daiTmos:
Tumca arcTu yovelTvis
iseTi mosazrebebiT, romelTa
mkafiod Camoyalibeba, miT
ufro universalur wesebad
da maqsimebad ganzogadeba
aris SesaZlebeli. da mainc,
praqtikaSi kompromisi unda
iqnes miRweuli.
filosofosebisTvis, romelTa
Tvalsazrisi adamianis
bunebis Sesaxeb optimisturia
da romlebsac adamianTa
interesebis harmonizaciis
SesaZleblobis sjeraT (maT
Soris arian loki, adam smiti
da, SesaZloa, mili) socialuri
harmonia da progresi ar
uaryofen kerZo cxovrebis
sakmarisad didi sferos
arsebobas, romlis sazRvrebis
darRvevis ufleba arc
saxelmwifos aqvs, arc
xelisuflebis romelime sxva
organos. hobss da mis momx-
reebs, gansakuTrebiT
konservatiul da reaqciul
moazrovneebs, miaCndaT, rom
adamianebs erTmaneTis xocvasa
da socialuri cxovrebis
junglebad da udabnod
qcevaSi xeli unda SevuSaloT;
isini adamianTa Sesakaveblad
sifrTxilis zomebis SemoRebas
gvTavazobdnen da amitom
aucileblad miaCndaT
centralizebuli kontrolis
sferos gafarToeba da,
Sesabamisad, individis mier
gakontrolebuli sferos
daviwroeba. magram erTnic da
meorenic Tanxmdebodnen, rom
adamianis arsebobis raRac
sfero socialur kontrols
ar unda eqvemdebarebodes. am
Solidarität
LUMEN
sivrceSi SeWra, raoden
mcirec ar unda iyos is,
despotizmia. Tavisuflebisa
da kerZo cxovrebis sferos
yvelaze Tavgamodebuli
damcveli benJamen konstani,
romelic arasdros iviwyebda
iakobinelTa diqtaturas,
mogviwodebda despoturi
xelyofisgan dagvecva, uki-
dures SemTxvevaSi, rwmenis,
Sexedulebebis, TviTgamoxat-
visa da sakuTrebis
Tavisufleba. jefersonma,
berkma, peinma da milma
individualuri Tavisufle-
bebis sxvadasxva nusxebi
Seadgines, magram erTmaneTis
msgavsad asabuTebdnen
xelisuflebis raRac manZilze
SeCerebis aucileblobas. Tu
Cven ar gvinda `uarvyoT Cveni
buneba~, piradi Tavisuflebis
Tundac minimaluri sfero
unda SevinarCunoT. Cven ar
SegviZlia viyoT absoluturad
Tavisuflebi da uari unda
vTqvaT Cveni Tavisuflebis
nawilze, raTa SevinarCunoT
darCenili nawili. sxvisi
nebisadmi sruli morCileba
TviTganadgurebas niSnavs.
maSin rogori unda iyos
minimaluri Tavisufleba? es
is Tavisuflebaa, romelzec
adamiani ver ityvis uars ise,
rom Tavisi adamianuri bunebis
winaaRmdeg ar wavides. ra
aris misi arsi? rogori
normebi gamomdinareobs
misgan? es kiTxvebi iyo da,
rogorc Cans, mudam iqneba
gauTavebeli kamaTis Tema.
magram, romeli principiTac
ar unda iyos Semofargluli
Caurevlobis sfero, iqneba es
bunebrivi ufleba Tu adamia-
nis uflebebi, sargeblianobis
principi Tu kategoriuli
imperativis postulati,
}'vh'mksr
40
sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis
xelSeuxebloba Tu nebismieri
sxva cneba, romlis daxmare-
biTac xsnian an asabuTeben
adamianebi TavianT Sexedu-
lebebs, aq nagulisxmebi
Tavisufleba aris Tavisuf-
leba raRacisgan; is romeliRac
moZravi, magram mudam mkafiod
gaazrebuli sazRvris SigniT
SeWris akrZalvas niSnavs.
`mxolod iseTi Tavisufleba
imsaxurebs Tavisuflebis
saxels, rodesac sruliad
Tavisuflad SegviZlia
veswrafodeT imis miRwevas,
rac CvenTvis sakeTildReod
migvaCnia~, _ ambobda Tavisuf-
lebis erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili qomagi. Tu es asea,
aqvs ki iZulebas raime gamar-
Tleba? mils eWvi ar epareboda,
rom aqvs. yvela individs
samarTlianad aqvs minimaluri
Tavisuflebis ufleba,
amitom saWiroa SevzRudoT
yoveli maTgani, aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi Zalis gamoyenebi-
Tac, raTa man sxva individs
ar waarTvas Tavisufleba.
arsebiTad, kanonis funqcia
swored aseTi Setakebebis
Tavidan acilebaa: amiT saxel-
mwifos roli midis iqamde,
rasac lasalma agdebulad
Ramis darajis an moZraobis
maregulireblis funqcia uwoda.
ratomaa milisTvis aseTi
wminda individualuri
Tavisuflebis dacva? Tavis
cnobil traqtatSi igi acxa-
debs, rom manamde, vidre
adamianebs ar eqnebaT ufleba
iseTi cxovrebis wesiT
icxovron, rogoriTac maT
surT da rogoric `mxolod
maT exebaT~, civilizacia ver
ganviTardeba; Tu ar iqna
ideebis Tavisufali gacvla,
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

Cven ver SevZlebT WeSmarite-
bis povnas; ar iqneba TviTmyo-
fadobis, originalurobis,
genialobis, gonebrivi
energiisa da zneobrivi
vaJkacobis ganviTarebis
saSualeba. sazogadoebas
`masobrivi saSualoobis~
simZime gasress. yvelaferi
mravalferovani da SinaarsiT
mdidari gaqreba Cveulebisa
da morCilebisadmi adamianTa
mudmivi midrekilebis wnexis
qveS (romelic mxolod
`gamofitul da unayofo~,
`SezRudul da damaxinjebul~,
`mimWknari niWis~ mqone
individebs Sobs). `adamianis
warmarTuli gandideba iseve
imsaxurebs pativiscemas,
rogorc qristianuli
Tavganwirva~. `adamianis mier
rCevis an gafrTxilebis
miuxedavad daSvebuli
SecdomiT gamowveul zians
bevrad aWarbebs boroteba,
romelic warmoiqmneba,
rodesac sxvebs aqvT ufleba
aiZulon adamiani akeTos is,
rac maT misTvis sakeTildRe-
od miaCniaT~. Tavisuflebis
dacvas `negatiuri~ mizani
aqvs _ Carevis Tavidan
acileba. daemuqro adamians
devniT, Tu is ar daTanxmdeba
icxovros ise, rom mis
magivrad sxvebma airCion
miznebi, Cauketo mas yvela
kari, garda erTisa, niSnavs
ewinaaRmdegebode im WeSmari-
tebas, rom adamiani aris
arseba, romelic TviTon
atarebs Tavis cxovrebas. da
aq ara aqvs mniSvneloba, Tu
ramdenad kargia perspeqtiva,
romelic im erTaderTi karis
iqiT aris, da ramdenad keTil-
Sobiluria maTi motivebi,
vinc SezRudvebs awesebs.
erazmis droidan (SesaZloa
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
vinmem Tqvas _ okamis
droidanac) dRemde swored
ase esmiT Tavisufleba
liberalebs. samoqalaqo
Tavisuflebebisa da indivi-
dualuri uflebebis yvela
moTxovna, eqspluataciisa da
damcirebis, saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis mxridan
xelyofisa da wes-CveulebiTa
Tu organizebuli propagan-
diT Sobili masobrivi
hipnozis winaaRmdeg yvela
protesti adamianis am
individualisturi da
mravali kamaTis gamomwvevi
koncefciidan gamomdinareobs.
am poziciasTan dakavSirebiT
sami momenti unda gamovyoT.
jer erTi, mili or sxvadasxva
warmodgenas eyrdnoba. pirvelis
Tanaxmad, nebismieri iZuleba
Tavis Tavad borotebaa, rad-
gan is xels uSlis adamianis
survilebis ganxorcielebas,
magram is sxva, uaresi boro-
tebis Tavidan acilebisTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT. Cau-
revloba ki, rogorc
iZulebis sawinaaRmdego ram,
TavisTavad sikeTea, Tumc ara
erTaderTi. es warmodgena
aris Tavisuflebis `negati-
uri~ koncefcia mis klasikur
variantSi. meore warmodgenis
Tanaxmad, adamianebi unda
iswrafodnen aRmoaCinon
WeSmariteba da sakuTar TavSi
aRzardon xasiaTis garkveuli,
milisTvis mosawoni, tipi,
romelic iseT Tvisebebs moi-
cavs, rogoricaa kritikulo-
ba, TviTmyofadoba, mdidari
warmosaxva, damoukidebloba,
morCilebis survilis arqona
yvelaze eqscentrikuli gamov-
linebiT da a.S. WeSmaritebis
aRmoCena da aseTi xasiaTis
aRzrda mxolod Tavisuflebis
pirobebSia SesaZlebeli.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
41
solidaroba
orive es warmodgena libera-
luria, magram isini ar aris
erTi da igive da maT Soris
kavSiri saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi
empiriulia. aravin daiwyebda
mtkicebas, rom WeSmariteba
da TviTgamoxatvis Tavisuf-
leba SeiZleba iyos iq, sadac
azri dogmiT aris SeboWili.
magram istoriuli faqtebi
ufro imas mowmobs, rom pati-
osneba, WeSmaritebis siyvaruli
da mgznebare individualizmi
mkacri da samxedro discip-
linis mqone gaerTianebebSi,
rogorc magaliTad, Sotlan-
diasa da axali inglisis
puritan-kalvinistebis TemSi,
aranakleb xSirad yvavis,
vidre ufro Semwynarebel da
neitralur sazogadoebebSi.
(swored amas amtkicebda
jeims stefani, romelmac
Tavis wignSi `Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba, Zmoba~ ("Liberty,
Equality, Fraternity") STambeWda-
vad Seutia mils). es abaTi-
lebs milis arguments, rom
Tavisufleba adamianis niWis
ganviTarebis aucilebeli
pirobaa. Tu es ori mizani
erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebelia,
mili sastiki dilemis winaSe
dgeba jer kidev im sirTule-
ebis warmoqmnamde, romlebsac
misi doqtrinisa da Tavad milis
mier humanisturad axsnili
Tanmimdevruli utilitariz-
mis SeuTavsebloba iwvevs6.
meorec, _ es doqtrina Seda-
rebiT gvian Seiqmna. antikuri
samyaro naklebad icnobda
individualur Tavisuflebas
rogorc gaazrebul politi-
kur ideals (misi realuri
ganxorcielebisgan gansxvave-
biT). ukve kondorse aRniSnav-
da, rom romaelebisa da
berZnebis samarTlebriv
#6(39)
warmodgenebSi individualuri
uflebebis cneba ar arsebobda;
igive SeiZleba iTqvas iudeur,
Cinur da yvela Semdgom
uZveles civilizaciasTan
mimarTebiT7. am idealis
gamarjveba dasavleTis cota
xnis winandel istoriaSic ki
ufro gamonaklisi iyo, vidre
wesi. Tavisufleba, aseTi
ganmartebiT, arcTu xSirad
xdeboda lozungi, romelic
xalxis did masebs aerTianebda.
survili, ar ganicado xelyofa
da sakuTar Tavs ekuTvnode,
ufro imas mowmobs, rom
civilizaciam, rogorc
calkeuli individebis, ise
mTlianad sazogadoebis
saxiT, ganviTarebis maRal
safexurs miaRwia.
kerZo cxovrebis sferosa da
piradi urTierTobebis, ro-
gorc raRac wmindas, ganmar-
teba gamomdinareobs
Tavisuflebis koncefciidan,
romelmac, mis religiur
fesvebs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
dasrulebuli gamoxatuleba
mxolod aRorZinebis an
reformaciis epoqis dadgomis
Semdeg miiRo8. magram am
Tavisuflebis dasusteba
civilizaciisa da mTeli
zneobrivi msoflmxedvelobis
sikvdilis niSani iqneboda.
Tavisuflebis am gagebis
mesame Tavisebureba yvelaze
mniSvnelovania. is imaSi mdgo-
mareobs, rom Tavisufleba,
aseTi gagebiT, TviTmpyrobe-
lobis zogierT formasTan
an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, TviT-
mmarTvelobis ararsebobasTan
aris Tavsebadi. am azriT
Tavisuflebas marTvis sferos-
Tan, da ara mis wyarosTan,
aqvs principuli kavSiri.
Solidarität
LUMEN
sinamdvileSi, demokratiam
moqalaqes SeiZleba CamoarTvas
im TavisuflebaTa udidesi
raodenoba, romlebiTac is
mmarTvelobis sxva formebis
arsebobisas sargeblobs, da,
garda amisa, advilad SeiZleba
warmovidginoT liberalurad
ganwyobili despoti,
romelic Tavis qveSevrdomebs
farTo pirad Tavisuflebas
aZlevs. Tavisi moqalaqeebis-
Tvis Tavisuflebis farTo
sferos datovebasTan erTad,
despoti SeiZleba iyos
usamarTlo, axalisebdes
uTanasworobis ukidures
formebs, ar zrunavdes
wesrigze, saTnoebasa da
codnis ganviTarebaze, magram
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom is
ar zRudavs moqalaqeTa Tavi-
suflebas an, yovel SemTxve-
vaSi, amas ufro naklebad
akeTebs, vidre mmarTvelebi
mravali sxva reJimis pirobebSi,
is akmayofilebs milis
gansazRvrebas9. Tavisufleba
am azriT ar aris dakavSire-
buli, logikurad mainc,
demokratiasa da TviTmmarTve-
lobasTan. zogadad, TviTmmar-
Tvelobas sxva reJimebze
metad SeuZlia uzrunvelyos
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis
dacvis ukeTesi garantiebi, da
amitom mravali libertaria-
neli gamodioda mis mxardasa-
Werad. magram individualur
Tavisuflebasa da demokrati-
ul mmarTvelobas Soris ar
aris aucilebeli kavSiri.
pasuxi SekiTxvaze `vin mmar-
Tavs?~ logikurad ar ukavSir-
deba SekiTxvas `ramdenad
mzRudavs mTavroba?~. sabo-
loo jamSi, swored es avlens
negatiuri da pozitiuri
Tavisuflebis cnebebs Soris
udides gansxvavebas10. Tavisuf-
}'vh'mksr
42
lebis pozitiuri ganmarteba
ZalaSi Sedis, rodesac
vcdilobT vupasuxoT
SekiTxvebs _ `vin mmarTavs?~
da `vin unda miTxras ra unda
gavakeTo an ar gavakeTo, da
vin unda viyo an ar unda
viyo?~, da ara maSin, rodesac
gviCndeba SekiTxva `risi
gakeTeba SemiZlia da vin
SemiZlia viyo?~, amitom
kavSiri demok-ratiasa da
individualur Tavisuflebas
Soris mniSvnelovnad ufro
sustia, vidre es erTis da
meoris mraval damcvels
miaCnia. survili, marTavde
sakuTar Tavs an, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi, monawileobde
sakuTari cxovrebis marTvis
procesSi, iseTive didi
SeiZleba iyos, rogorc
survili _ gqondes moqmedebis
Tavisufali sfero, istoriu-
lad ki, SesaZloa, _ ufro
Zvelic. magram am SemTxvevebSi
Cven erTi da igive ar gvsurs.
sinamdvileSi, survilis sagnebi
aq sruliad gansxvavebulia
da swored am garemoebam
migviyvana ideologiaTa did
Sejaxebamde, romelmac
daimorCila Cveni msoflio.
Tavisuflebis `pozitiuri~
koncefcia gulisxmobs ara
Tavisuflebas `gan~, aramed
Tavisuflebas `Tvis~ _ Tavi-
suflebas icxovro cxovrebis
miTiTebuli wesiT, amitom
`negatiuri~ Tavisuflebis
momxreebisTvis is zogjer
sastiki tiraniis TvalTmaq-
cur niRbad iqceva xolme.
II. pozitiuri
Tavisuflebis cneba
sityva `Tavisuflebis~
`pozitiuri~ mniSvneloba
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

momdinareobs individis
survilidan _ iyos sakuTari
cxovrebis baton-patroni.
minda, rom Cemi cxovreba da
gadawyvetilebebi Cemze iyos
damokidebuli da ara raime
gareSe Zalebis moqmedebaze.
minda viyo sakuTari da ara
sxvaTa nebis gamoxatvis
iaraRi; minda viyo subieqti
da ara obieqti; minda, rom
Cemi sakuTari motivebi da
Segnebulad dasaxuli miznebi
mamoZravebdes, da ara garedan
moqmedi mizezebi; minda viyo
viRac: minda viyo gadawyveti-
lebis mimRebi moRvawe da ar
minda viyo is, vis nacvladac
gadawyvetilebas sxvebi iReben;
minda TviTon vxelmZRvane-
lobde sakuTar Tavs da ar
minda vemorCilebode garemos
an sxva adamianebis zemoqme-
debas, rogorc sagani, cxoveli
an mona, romelic moklebulia
adamianuri saqmianobis
unars: ar SeuZlia miznebis
dasaxva, qcevaTa mimarTule-
bebis arCeva da maTi
ganxorcieleba. swored amas
vgulisxmob, nawilobriv
mainc, rodesac vambob, rom
racionaluri arseba var da
Cemi goneba ganmasxvavebs,
rogorc adamians, mTeli
danarCeni samyarosgan.
upirveles yovlisa minda
Tavi aRviqva moazrovne,
nebisyofian, aqtiur arsebad,
romelic pasuxismgebelia
miRebul gadawyvetilebaze
da SeuZlia Tavis mrwamssa da
miznebze dayrdnobiT
gaamarTlos is. me imdenad
vgrZnob Tavs Tavisuflad,
ramdenadac vacnobiereb, rom
aseTi var, da damonebulad _
ramdenadac iZulebuli
var vaRiaro, rom ar var
aseTi.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Tavisufleba _ iyo sakuTari
cxovrebis baton-patroni, da
Tavisufleba winaaRmdegobe-
bisgan, romelsac sxva adamia-
nebi uweven Cems arCevans,
erTi SexedviT ar Cans
erTmaneTisgan logikurad
mowyvetilad _ mxolod erTi
da igive azris gamoxatvis
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
xerxia. magram Tavisuflebis
`pozitiuri~ da `negatiuri~
cnebebi istoriulad sxvadas-
xva mimarTulebiT da arcTu
yovelTvis logikurad swori
nabijebiT viTardebodnen,
sanam bolos da bolos erT-
maneTs pirispir ar Seejaxnen.
am situaciis axsnisas zogjer
im Zalas imowmeben, romelic
Tavidan sruliad uwyinarma
sakuTari Tavis flobis
metaforam miiRo. `me sakuTa-
ri Tavis baton-patroni var~,
`aravis mona ar var~, magram
gana ar SeiZleba bunebis mona
viyo (rogorc platonisa da
hegelis mimdevrebi msjelo-
ben)? an sakuTari mouTvinie-
rebeli vnebebis mona? gana
isini erTi da igive gvareobiTi
cnebis _ `monis~ _ nairsaxeo-
bebi ar aris _ zogi politi-
kuri da samarTlebrivi,
sxvebi _ zneobrivi da sulieri?
gana adamianebs ara aqvT
sulieri monobisgan da
bunebisadmi monuri morCile-
bisgan Tavis gaTavisuflebis
gamocdileba, da gana aseTi
gaTavisuflebisas adamianebi
sakuTar TavSi ar aRmoaCend-
nen, erTi mxriv, romeliRac
gabatonebul me-s, meore
mxriv ki, raRac iseTs, rac am
me-s emorCileba? Semdeg am
gabatonebul me-s sxvadasxva
xerxiT aigiveben gonebasTan,
adamianis `uzenaes bunebas-
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
43
solidaroba
Tan~, mis `realur~, `idealur~
an `avtonomiur~ me-sTan, me-
sTan, romelic im nivTebisken
miiswrafis, romlebsac
xangrZlivi dakmayofileba
moaqvT, `saukeTeso~ me-sTan,
Semdeg ki am me-s upirispire-
ben iracionalur ltolvebs,
ukontrolo survilebs,
adamianis `mdabal~ bunebas,
amwuTieri siamovnebisken mis
swrafvas, mis `empiriul~ an
`heteronomul~ me-s,
romelic survilisa da vnebis
yovel aRtyinebas emorCileba
da romelsac Tavisi
`realuri~ bunebis sruli
gamovlenisTvis mkacri
disciplina sWirdeba. dRes-
dReobiT am or me-s Soris,
ase vTqvaT, kidev ufro didi
ufskrulia: realuri me
aRiqmeba rogorc raRac
ufro farTo, vidre Tavad
individi (am sityvis
Cveulebrivi gagebiT),
rogorc raRac socialuri
`mTlianoba~ _ iqneba es tomi,
rasa, eklesia, saxelmwifo Tu
yvela cocxalis,
gardacvlilisa da jer kidev
ardabadebulis diadi
erTianoba, romelSic
individi elementis an
aspeqtis saxiT Sedis. Semdeg
am arsebas `WeSmarit~ me-sTan
aigiveben da is, Tavs axvevs
ra Tavis daumorCilebel
wevrebs erTian koleqtiur an
`organul~ nebas, aRwevs
sakuTar Tavisuflebas,
romelic ase aRmoCndeba misi
wevrebis `umaRlesi~ Tavisuf-
leba. mravaljer Tqmula,
rom saSiSia gamoyeneba
sxvadasxva organuli meta-
forisa, romlebic iZulebas
imiT amarTleben, TiTqos maT
adamianebisTvis Tavisufle-
bis `ufro maRali~ done
#6(39)
moaqvT. aseT saubrebs
damajereblobas matebs is,
rom Cven SesaZleblad, da
zogjer gamarTlebuladac,
migvaCnia adamianTa iZuleba
zogierTi iseTi miznis
(vTqvaT, samarTlianobisa da
sazogadoebrivi ayvavebis)
misaRwevad, romlebiskenac
maT aucileblad eqnebodaT
miswrafeba ufro ganaTle-
bulebi rom yofiliyvnen,
magram ar miiswrafian Tavi-
anTi sibrmavis, umecrebisa
da uzneobis gamo. amis Sede-
gad CemTvis ufro advilia
vifiqro, rom sxva adamianebs
maTTvisve, maTi, da ara Cemi,
interesebis gulisTvis
vaiZuleb. Semdeg vacxadeb,
rom maTze ukeT vici ra
sWirdebaT maT sinamdvileSi.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi aqedan
gamomdinareobs, rom isini,
Tu CemsaviT racionalurni
da brZenni iqnebodnen, iseve
kargad gaigebdnen sakuTar
interesebs, rogorc me mesmis,
ar SeewinaaRmdegebodnen
iZulebas Cemi mxridan. magram
me gacilebiT metic SemiZlia
vamtkico. SemiZlia ganvacxa-
do, rom sinamdvileSi isini
miiswrafian imisken, rasac
TavianTi umecrebis gamo
Segnebulad ewinaaRmdegebian,
radgan maTSi arsebobs raRac
faruli raoba _ maTi
gaumJRavnebeli racionaluri
neba an `WeSmariti~ mizani, da
es raoba, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mas uaryofs yvelaferi,
rasac isini grZnoben, akeTeben,
razedac Riad saubroben,
aris maTi `namdvili~ me,
romlis Sesaxebac sivrcesa
da droSi arsebulma maTma
sawyalma empiriulma me-m
SeiZleba araferi icodes, an
icodes Zalian cota. swored
Solidarität
LUMEN
es Sinagani suli aris is
erTaderTi me, romelic
imsaxurebs, rom misi survi-
lebi gaTvaliswinebuli iqnes11.
aseTi poziciis dakavebiT
SemiZlia adamianTa da erTo-
baTa realuri survilebis
ignorireba, SemiZlia
davaSino, davCagro, vawvalo
isini maTi `namdvili~ me-s
saxeliT da imisi uryevi
rwmeniT, rom rac ar unda
iyos adamianis WeSmariti
mizani (bedniereba, movaleo-
bis Sesruleba, sibrZne,
samarTliani sazogadoeba,
TviTrealizacia), is misi
Tavisuflebis _ misi `WeSma-
riti~, Tumca ki xSirad meore
planze gadaweuli da arga-
movlenili me-s Tavisufali
arCevanis identuria.
es paradoqsi araerTxel aris
mxilebuli. erTia vambobde,
rom vici, Tu ra aris sikeTe
X-sTvis (Tumca man SeiZleba
es arc icodes), da SeiZleba
X-s survilebis ignorireba am
sikeTisa da Tavad misi
gulisTvis, magram sul sxvaa
imis Tqma, rom eo ipso man es
sikeTe arsebiTad gauazreb-
lad airCia _ airCia ara
rogorc adamianma yoveldRi-
uri cxovrebidan, aramed
rogorc raRac racionalurma
me-m, romlis Sesaxeb misma
empiriulma me-m SeiZleba arc
icodes, airCia rogorc
raRac `namdvili~ me,
romelsac SeuZlia gaiazros
Tavisi sikeTe da ar SeuZlia
ar airCios is, rodesac is
dadgenilia. es saSineli
personifikaciaa, rodesac is,
rasac X airCevda, is rom
yofiliyo, vinc ar aris, an,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, jer ar
aris, uTanabrdeba imas, ris
}'vh'mksr
44
miRwevasac sinamdvileSi
cdilobs X da rasac sinamd-
vileSi irCevs, TviTrealiza-
ciis yvela politikuri
Teoriis gulisguls qmnis.
erTia meubnebode, rom
SeiZleba maiZulebde Cemive
sikeTis gulisTvis, romelic
Cemi sibrmavis gamo ar mesmis;
zogjer es sasargebloa
CemTvis da namdvilad zrdis
Cems Tavisuflebas. magram
sul sxvaa imisi mtkiceba,
rom, Tu es sikeTea CemTvis,
maSin me arsebiTad arc
maiZuleben, radgan me _ vici
es Tu ara _ unda mindodes is.
me Tavisufali var (an
`namdvilad~ Tavisufali var)
maSinac ki, Tu Cemi sawyali
sxeuli da Cemi suleli
goneba mkveTrad uaryofen am
sikeTes da ugunurad
ewinaaRmdegebian mas, vinc
cdilobs, Tundac keTili
surviliT, Tavs momaxvios is.
es magiuri gardasaxva (an xele-
bis moqniloba, risTvisac
uiliam jeimsi sruliad
samarTlianad dascinoda
hegelianelebs) upirobod,
aseve martivad SeiZleba Seexos
Tavisuflebis `negatiur~
gagebasac. am SemTxvevaSi `me~,
romelsac winaaRmdegoba ar
unda Sexvdes, realuri
survilebisa da saWiroebebis
mqone individidan uceb xdeba
`namdvili~ adamiani, romelic
idealuri miznisadmi swraf-
vasTan igivdeba, miznisadmi,
romelzec misi empiriuli
`me~ arc ki ocnebobda.
pozitiuri azriT, Tavisufal
me-sTan analogiiT es `namd-
vili~ adamiani uceb ibereba
raRac zepirovnul raobad:
saxelmwifod, klasad, erad
an istoriis msvlelobadac
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

ki, _ romlebic aRiqmeba
adamianuri Tvisebebis ufro
`realur~ matareblad, vidre
empiriuli `me~. magram, isto-
riis, Teoriisa da praqtikis
TvalsazrisiT, Tavisuflebis
`pozitiuri~ koncefcia
rogorc sakuTari Tavis
floba, misi winapirobiT
adamianis Sinagani gaorebu-
lobis Taobaze, ufro advilad
axorcielebs adamianis or
nawilad gaxleCas: transcen-
dentul batonad da survi-
lebisa da vnebebis empiriul
konad, romelic mkacrad
unda iyos lagamamodebuli.
swored am garemoebam Seasrula
mTavari roli. es amtkicebs
(Tu, ra Tqma unda, saWiroa
aseTi aSkara WeSmaritebis
mtkiceba), rom Tavisuflebis
koncefcia uSualod
gamomdinareobs warmodgene-
bidan imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra
gansazRvravs adamianis pirov-
nebas, mis me-s. adamianisa da
Tavisuflebis gansazRvre-
bebze SesaZlebelia mravali
manipulaciis moxdena
imisaTvis, rom is mniSvneloba
miviRoT, rac manipulators
surs. uaxlesma istoriam
naTlad dagvanaxa, rom es
sakiTxi sulac ar aris
wmindad akademiuri.
ori me-s gansxvavebis Sedegebi
ufro TvalsaCino gaxdeba,
Tu ganvixilavT, romel or
ZiriTad istoriul formaSi
gamovlinda survili _ gmar-
Tavdes Seni `namdvili~ me.
pirveli forma esaa yvelafer-
ze uaris Tqma damoukideb-
lobis miRwevisTvis, meore ki
_ TviTrealizacia an erT
konkretul principTan an
idealTan Tavis gaigiveba
imave miznis miRwevisTvis.
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
II I . Tavisufleba da
suverenuloba
safrangeTis revolucia,
yovel SemTxvevaSi misi
iakobinuri formiT, iseve,
rogorc yvela didi revolu-
cia, pozitiuri Tavisufle-
bis wyurvilis swored aseTi
Sxefi iyo, wyurvilis,
romelmac frangebis didi
raodenoba moicva; maT Tavi
gaTavisuflebul erad
aRiqves, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravali maTganisTvis is
individualuri Tavisufle-
bebis mkveTr SezRudvas
niSnavda. ruso acxadebda,
rom Tavisuflebis kanonebi
ufro sastiki SeiZleba
aRmoCndes, vidre tiraniis
uReli. tirania batonTa
mosamsaxurea. kanoni ar
SeiZleba tirani iyos. rode-
sac ruso Tavisuflebaze
saubrobs, gulisxmobs ara
individis `negatiur~
Tavisuflebas _ ar ganicados
Careva gansazRvruli sferos
farglebSi, aramed is gulis-
xmobs, rom sazogadoebis
yvela sruluflebiani wevri,
gamonaklisis gareSe, monawi-
leobs saxelmwifo xelisuf-
lebis ganxorcielebaSi,
romelsac yoveli moqalaqis
cxovrebis nebismier aspeqtSi
Careva SeuZlia. mecxramete
saukunis pirveli naxevris
liberalebma sworad
ganWvrites, rom Tavisufle-
bas `pozitiuri~ azriT
advilad SeuZlia daazaralos
mravali `negatiuri~ Tavisuf-
leba, romlebic maT xelSeuxeb-
lad miaCndaT. isini ambobdnen,
rom eris suverenulobas
advilad SeuZlia individis
suverenulobis ganadgureba.
mili moTminebiT da
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
45
solidaroba
uciloblad amtkicebda, rom
xalxis mmarTveloba ar aris
aucileblad Tavisufleba.
radgan isini, vinc marTaven,
sulac araa aucilebeli
igive adamianebi iyvnen, visac
marTaven, amitom demokratiuli
TviTmmarTveloba aris
reJimi, romlis drosac yvela
ki ar marTavs sakuTar Tavs,
aramed, saukeTeso SemTxve-
vaSi, yvelas sxvebi marTaven.
mili da misi mowafeebi
umravlesobis tiraniisa da
`gabatonebuli ganwyobilebis
an azris~ tiraniis Sesaxeb
saubrobdnen da did gansxva-
vebas ver xedavdnen tiraniis
am da nebismier sxva saxes
Soris, romlebic kerZo
cxovrebis xelSeuxebeli
sazRvrebis SigniT xelyofen
adamianis moqmedebis
Tavisuflebas.
Tavisuflebis or saxeobas
Soris konfliqts veravin
iazrebda ukeT da veravin
Camoayaliba is ufro
mkafiod, vidre benJamen
konstanma. is aRniSnavda, rom
rodesac SeuzRudavi Zalauf-
leba, romelsac Cveulebriv
suverenitets uwodeben,
warmatebuli ajanyebis
Sedegad erTi xelidan
meoreSi gadadis, es ar zrdis
Tavisuflebas da monobis
tvirTi ubralod sxvebis
mxrebze gadaaqvs. igi svamda
SekiTxvas, ratom unda
adardebdes adamians, kerZod
ra Trgunavs mas _ saxalxo
mTavroba, monarqi Tu despo-
turi kanonebi. konstans
mSvenivrad esmoda, rom
`negatiuri~ individualuri
Tavisuflebis momxreebisTvis
mTavari problema is ki ar
aris, Tu vis aqvs Zalaufle-
#6(39)
ba, aramed is, Tu ra
raodenobis Zalaufleba aris
moqceuli erT xelSi. misi
azriT, SeuzRudavi Zalauf-
leba, vis xelSic ar unda
iyos is, adre Tu gvian
viRacis ganadgurebamde
migviyvans. adamianebi Cveu-
lebriv ama Tu im mmarTvelis
despotizmis winaaRmdeg
gamoTqvamen protests,
magram tiraniis realuri
mizezi, konstanis Tanaxmad,
Zalauflebis koncentraciaa,
ra viTarebaSic ar unda xde-
bodes es, radgan Tavisuflebas
absoluturi Zalauflebis,
rogorc aseTis, arseboba
emuqreba. `xeli ki ar aris
usamarTlo, iaraRia metisme-
tad mZime _ zogierTi tvirTi
metismetad mZimea adamianis
xelisTvis~, _ werda is.
demokratias, romelmac
sZlia oligarqias, privile-
girebul individs an individTa
jgufs, SemdgomSi SeuZlia
iseve daundoblad Cagros
adamianebi, rogorc misi
winamorbedi mmarTvelebi
Cagravdnen. naSromSi, romelic
Tanamedrove Tavisuflebisa
da ZvelTa Tavisuflebis
Sedarebas eZRvneboda,
konstani aRniSnavda, rom
yvelasaTvis Tanabari ufleba
Cagros _ an Caerios _ araa
Tavisuflebis ekvivalenturi.
Tavisuflebaze erTsulovani
uaric ki ver inarCunebs mas
raRac saocrebiT mxolod
imis safuZvelze, rom Tanxmo-
ba micemuli da saerTo iyo.
Tu me Tanaxma var avitano
Cagvra da sruliad gulgri-
lad an ironiiT vuyureb
sakuTar mdgomareobas, gana
amitom naklebad var daCag-
ruli? Tu sakuTar Tavs
Tavad vyidi monad, gana
Solidarität
LUMEN
naklebad mona var? Tu Tavs
viklav, gana naklebad
mkvdari var _ mxolod imis
gamo, rom nebayoflobiT
viklav Tavs? `xalxis mmarT-
veloba _ mouwesrigebeli
tiraniaa; monarqia ki _ ufro
efeqtiani centralizebuli
despotizmi~. konstani indi-
vidualuri Tavisuflebis
yvelaze saSiS mtrad rusos
miiCnevda, radgan man
gamoacxada, rom `Tu sakuTar
Tavs yvelas vaZlev, me Cems
Tavs aravis vaZlev~. maSinac
ki, Tu suvereni `yoveli~
Cvengania, konstanisTvis gauge-
bari iyo, survilis SemTxve-
vaSi ratom ar SeuZlia am
suverens Cagros erT-erTi
`maTgani~, vinc mis ganuyofel
me-s Seadgens. ra Tqma unda,
SeiZleba merCivnos, rom
Tavisuflebebi im krebam,
ojaxma an klasma wamarTvas,
romlebSic me umciresoba
var. am SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa
movaxerxo davarwmuno sxvebi
gaakeTon CemTvis is, risi
uflebac Cemi TvalsazrisiT
maqvs. magram, rodesac Tavi-
suflebas Cemi ojaxis wevrebi,
megobrebi an Tanamoqalaqeebi
marTmeven, me mainc mTlianad
vkargav mas. hobsi ufro
gulaxdili mainc iyo; is ar
cdilobda saqmis ise warmo-
Cenas, TiTqos suvereni ar
imonebs. is amarTlebda am
monobas, magram, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, usircxvilod ar
uwodebda mas Tavisuflebas.
mTeli mecxramete saukunis
ganmavlobaSi liberaluri
moazrovneebi dauRalavad
amtkicebdnen, rom, Tu Tavi-
sufleba niSnavs sxva adamia-
nebis SesaZleblobebis
SezRudvas imisaTvis, rom me
}'vh'mksr
46
maiZulon vakeTo is, risi
keTebac ar msurs, an
SeiZleba ar msurdes, maSin,
rogoric ar unda iyos
ideali, risi gulisTvisac me
maiZuleben, me ar var Tavisu-
fali da amitom absoluturi
suvernitetis doqtrina
Tavisi arsiT tiranulia.
Cveni Tavisuflebis Sesanar-
Cuneblad ar aris sakmarisi
gamovacxadoT, rom misi
darRveva dauSvebelia, Tu es
darRveva sanqcirebuli ar
iqneba ama Tu im TviTmpyro-
beli mmarTvelis, saxalxo
krebis, mefis parlamentis,
mosamarTleebis, xelisufalTa
romeliRac kavSiris an
kanonis mier, radgan kanonic
SeiZleba despoturi iyos.
amisTvis unda SevqmnaT
sazogadoeba, romelic
aRiarebs Tavisuflebis
sferos, romlis sazRvrebis
darRveva aravis SeuZlia. am
sazRvrebis damdgen normebs
sxvadasxva dasaxeleba an
xasiaTi SeiZleba hqondeT:
maT SeiZleba davarqvaT
adamianis uflebebi, RvTis
sityva, bunebrivi ufleba,
sasargebloobis mosazrebebi
an `adamianis ucvleli
interesebi~. me isini SeiZleba
miviCnio apriorulad
WeSmaritad an SemiZlia Cems
umaRles miznad an Cemi
sazogadoebisa da kulturis
umaRles miznad gamovacxado.
am normebisa da mcnebebisTvis
saerTo isaa, rom isini imdenad
farTod aris aRiarebuli da
sazogadoebis istoriuli
ganviTarebis procesSi
imdenad Rrmad Cainerga
adamianebis namdvil moqmed
bunebaSi, rom am momentisT-
vis isini adamianis Sesaxeb
Cveni warmodgenis mniSvnelo-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

van nawilad iqca. individua-
luri Tavisuflebis raRac
minimumis uryevobis
gulwrfeli rwmena am
sakiTxSi ukompromiso
pozicias moiTxovs. dRes
ukve naTelia, ra mcire imeds
gvitovebs umravlesobis
mmarTveloba; demokratias,
rogorc aseTs, ara aqvs
logikuri kavSiri Tavisuf-
lebis aRiarebasTan da zogjer,
cdilobda ra SeenarCunebina
sakuTari principebisadmi
erTguleba, is moklebuli iyo
unars daecva Tavisufleba.
rogorc cnobilia, bevri
mTavrobisTvis did sirTules
ar warmoadgenda Tavisi
qveSevrdomebis iZuleba
gamoexataT am mTavrobisTvis
sasurveli neba. `despotizmis
triumfi imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom aiZulos monebi Tavi
Tavisuflebad gamoacxadon~.
aq Zala SeiZleba arc gaxdes
saWiro; monebi SeiZleba sru-
liad gulwrfelad acxadeb-
dnen TavianTi Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb da Tan monebad
rCebodnen. SesaZloa, libera-
lebisTvis politikuri _ an
`pozitiuri~ _ uflebebis
(rogoric aris, magaliTad,
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi
monawileobis ufleba) mTavari
mniSvneloba imaSi mdgomare-
obs, rom es uflebebi iZleva
liberalebisTvis umaRlesi
faseulobis _ individualu-
ri `negatiuri~ Tavisuflebis
dacvis saSualebas.
magram, Tu demokratiebs
SeuZliaT darCnen demokra-
tiebad da Tan CaaxSon Tavi-
sufleba, am sityvis libera-
luri mniSvnelobiT mainc,
maSin ram SeiZleba gaxados
sazogadoeba namdvilad
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
Tavisufali? konstanis,
milis, tokvilisa da mTeli
liberaluri tradiciisTvis,
romelsac isini miekuTvne-
bodnen, sazogadoeba ar aris
Tavisufali, sanam misi
marTva ar xorcieldeba, sul
mcire, Semdegi ori urTierT-
dakavSirebuli principis
safuZvelze. jer erTi,
absoluturad unda miviCnioT
mxolod adamianTa uflebebi,
xelisufleba ki aseTi ar
aris, amitom, ra xelisufle-
bac ar unda marTavdes
adamianebs, maT sruli
ufleba aqvT uari Tqvan
adamianisTvis Seuferebel
moqcevaze. meore, _ unda
arsebobdes sfero, romlis
farglebSic adamianebi
xelSeuxebelni arian, amasTan
es farglebi dgindeba ara
nebismieri wesiT, aramed im
normebis Sesabamisad, romleb-
mac imdenad farTo da droTa
ganmavlobaSi Semowmebuli
aRiareba moipoves, rom maT
dacvas moiTxovs Cveni
warmodgenebi normaluri
adamianis Sesaxeb, agreTve
imis Taobaze, Tu ras niSnavs
ugunurad an adamianisTvis
Seufereblad moqmedeba.
magaliTad, uazroba iqneba
vifiqroT, rom sasamarTlos
an xelisuflebis umaRles
organos raRac formaluri
proceduris gamoyenebiT
SeuZlia am normebis gauqmeba.
rodesac normalur adamianze
vsaubrob, vgulisxmob imasac,
rom mas ar SeuZlia advilad
daarRvios es normebi da
amasTan zizRis grZnoba ar
uCndebodes. zustad aseTi
normebi irRveva, rodesac
adamians gausamarTleblad
acxadeben damnaSaved an
sjian kanoniT, romelsac ara
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
47
solidaroba
aqvs ukuqmedebis Zala;
rodesac bavSvebs ubrZaneben
daasminon TavianTi mSoblebi,
megobrebs _ uRalaton
erTmaneTs, jariskacebs ki _
gamoiyenon omis warmoebis
barbarosuli meTodebi;
rodesac adamianebs awameben
da xocaven, umciresobebs ki
mxolod imitom anadgureben,
rom maTi arseboba aRizianebs
umravlesobas an tirans.
suverenis mier kanonierad
gamocxadebuli aseTi moqme-
debebi Cvens droSic ki
Tavzardamcemia da es imiT
aixsneba, rom miuxedavad
arsebuli kanonebisa, CvenTvis
absoluturi moraluri Zala
aqvs barierebs, romlebic ar
gvaZlevs uflebas sxva
adamianebs Tavs movaxvioT
Cveni neba. sazogadoebis,
klasis an jgufis Tavisuf-
leba, negatiuri azriT
ganmartebuli, izomeba
swored am barierebis
simyariT, agreTve im gzebis
raodenobiTa da mniSvnelo-
biT, romlebsac isini Riad
toveben Tavisi wevrebisTvis,
Tu yvelasTvis ara, maTi
udidesi umravlesobisTvis
mainc12.
es pirdapir upirispirdeba
imaT miznebs, visac TviTmmar-
Tvelobis pozitiuri azriT
Tavisuflebis sjera.
pirvelebs xelisuflebis
alagmva surT, sxvebs _ misi
xelSi Cagdeba. es kardinalu-
ri sakiTxia. aq aris ara
ubralod erTi cnebis ori
gansxvavebuli interpretacia,
aramed sicocxlis miznebis
Sesaxeb ori safuZvelSive
gansxvavebuli da Seurigebeli
warmodgena. es kargad unda
gaviazroT, maSinac ki, Tu
#6(39)
praqtikaSi xSirad gviwevs
maT Soris kompromisis Zieba.
orive es pozicia absolutur
moTxovnebs gviyenebs da am
moTxovnebis srulad dakma-
yofileba ar SeiZleba. magram
socialur da moralur
planSi sruli gaugebroba
iqneboda imis auRiarebloba,
rom orive es pozicia iswrafis
cxovrebaSi gaataros umaR-
lesi faseuloba, romelic
istoriuli da moraluri
TvalsazrisiT Rirsia
kacobriobis umniSvnelovanes
interesebs miekuTvnebodes.
IV. erTi da mravalni
aris erTi Sexeduleba,
romelic yvela sxvaze metad
aris pasuxismgebeli diadi
istoriuli idealebis
gulisTvis adamianTa masobriv
msxverplze, iseTi idealebisa,
rogoricaa samarTlianoba,
progresi, momavali Taobebis
bedniereba, gaTavisuflebuli
eris, rasis an klasis wminda
misia, Tavad Tavisuflebac
ki, rodesac is sazogadoebis
TavisuflebisTvis calkeuli
adamianebis Sewirvas moiTxovs.
am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
sadRac _ warsulSi an
momavalSi, RvTiur gamocxa-
debaSi an calkeuli moazrov-
nis gonebaSi, mecnierebisa da
istoriis miRwevebSi an
keTili adamianis alal gulSi
_ saboloo gadawyveta
arsebobs. am Zvel rwmenas
asazrdoebs Sexeduleba, rom
adamianTa yvela pozitiuri
faseuloba saboloo jamSi
aucileblad erTmaneTis
Tavsebadia da, SesaZloa,
erTmaneTisgan gamomdinare-
obdes kidevac. `buneba
Solidarität
LUMEN
TiTqos mtkice jaWviT abams
erTmaneTs WeSmaritebas,
bednierebasa da saTnoebas~, _
ambobda dedamiwaze odesme
mcxovrebTagan erT-erTi
saukeTeso adamiani, da
msgavsi sityvebiT saubrobda
Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa
da samarTlianobis Sesaxeb13.
magram marTebulia ki es?
ukve banaluri gaxda ifiqro,
rom politikuri Tanasworoba,
efeqtiani sazogadoebrivi
organizacia da socialuri
samarTlianoba Tu Tavsebadi
arian, mxolod individualuri
Tavisuflebis umcires nawil-
Tan, magram ara SeuzRudav
laissez-faire-Tan; samarT-
lianoba, keTilSobileba,
sajaro Tu kerZo saqmeebSi
erTguleba, adamianuri
geniis sulieri moTxovnile-
bebi da sazogadoebis saWiro-
ebebi SeiZleba erTmaneTs
mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegebodnen.
aqedan Sori araa ganzogade-
bamde, rom arcTu bevri
sikeTe eTavseba erTmaneTs,
yvelaze naklebad ki kacobri-
obis idealebi arian Tavsebadi.
Cven SeiZleba SegvekamaTon,
rom es faseulobebi sadRac
da rogorRac unda arsebob-
dnen erTad, radgan winaaRm-
deg SemTxvevaSi samyaro ver
iqneba kosmosi, ver iqneba
harmonia; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi faseulobaTa
konfliqti iqneba adamianis
cxovrebis Sinagani, auride-
beli elementi. Tu zogierTi
Cveni idealis ganxorcielebis
gamo sxva idealebis ganxor-
cieleba, principSi, SeuZle-
beli iqneba, es niSnavs, rom
adamianis sruli TviTreali-
zaciis cneba formaluri
winaaRmdegoba, metafizikuri
qimeraa. platonidan moyole-
}'vh'mksr
48
buli, hegelisa da marqsis
ukanasknel mowafeebamde,
yvela racionalist-
metafizikosisTvis uaris
Tqma saboloo harmoniis
cnebaze, romelic yvela
saidumlos xsnis da yvela
winaaRmdegobas Searigebs,
uxeS empirizms, faqtebis
sisastikis winaSe ukan
daxevas, sagnebis realobis
winaSe gonebis dauSvebel
marcxs, yvelafris axsnis,
gamarTlebis, sistemaSi
moqcevis uunarobas niSnavda,
rasac `goneba~ aRSfoTebiT
uaryofs. magram radgan Cven
ara gvaqvs aprioruli garantia
imisa, rom SesaZlebelia
WeSmariti faseulobebis
sruli harmonia, romelic,
rogorc Cans, romeliRac
idealur sferoSi miiRweva
da CvenTvis Cvens saboloo
mdgomareobaSi miuRwevadia,
Cven empiriuli dakvirvebis
Cveulebrivi saSualebebisa
da Cveulebrivi adamianuri
Semecnebis imedi unda gvqon-
des. isini ki, ra Tqma unda, ar
gvaZlevs imisi mtkicebis (an
Tundac mtkicebis azris
gagebis) safuZvels, rom
yvela sikeTe erTmaneTis
Tavsebadia, iseve, rogorc
imave mizezebis gamo yvela-
feri cudic Tavsebadia.
samyaroSi, romelsac Cvens
yoveldRiur gamocdilebaSi
vxvdebiT, Cven erTnairad
mniSvnelovan mizezebsa da
erTnairad aucilebel moT-
xovnebs Soris unda gavakeToT
arCevani da, vaRwevT ra zog
mizans, Cven uciloblad gviwevs
sxvebis msxverplad Sewirva.
swored amitom aniWeben ada-
mianebi aseT udides Rirebu-
lebas arCevanis Tavisuflebas:
Tu darwmunebulni iqnebod-
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

nen, rom dedamiwaze SesaZle-
belia raRac srulyofili
mdgomareobis miRweva,
rodesac adamianebis miznebi
erTmaneTs ar ewinaaRmdegeba,
maSin maT aRar eqnebodaT
mtanjveli arCevanis gakeTebis
aucilebloba, amasTan erTad
ki arc arCevanis Tavisufle-
bas eqneboda kardinaluri
mniSvneloba. maSin am srul-
yofili mdgomareobis moax-
loebis nebismieri saSualeba
mTlianad gamarTlebuli
iqneboda da ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, Tu ramdeni
Tavisuflebis msxverplad
Sewirva mogviwevda am mdgo-
mareobis mosaaxloeblad.
eWvic ar mepareba, rom
swored aseTi dogmaturi
rwmenaa pasuxismgebeli kacob-
riobis istoriaSi yvelaze
Seubralebeli tiranebisa da
mCagvrelebis Rrma, uSfoTvel,
uryev darwmunebulobaze,
rom maT namoqmedars mTlia-
nad amarTlebs maTi mizani.
aravis movuwodeb TviTsrul-
yofis idealis, rogorc
aseTis, dagmobisken _ ara
aqvs mniSvneloba, calkeuli
adamianebis Sesaxeb vilapara-
kebT Tu xalxebis, religiebis,
klasebis Sesaxeb, _ da ar
vamtkiceb, rom ritorika,
romelsac mis dasacavad
iyenebdnen, mudam SecdomaSi
Seyvanis TaRliTuri saSua-
leba iyo da zneobriv da
inteleqtualur uzneobaze
metyvelebda. sinamdvileSi,
imis Cveneba mindoda, rom
Tavisuflebis cneba misi
`pozitiuri~ mniSvnelobiT
samarTlianobisTvis mebrZoli
yvelaze mZlavri Tanamedrove
moZraobebis sulisCamdgmeli
erovnuli da sazogadoebrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis yvela
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
lozungis guls qmnis; ar
aRiaro es _ niSnavs ar
gesmodes Cveni drois
yvelaze mniSvnelovani
faqtebi da ideebi. magram
aseve upirobod mcdarad
mimaCnia iseTi erTiani formu-
lis principuli SesaZleblo-
bis rwmena, romelic adamianTa
yvela gansxvavebuli jaWvis
harmoniaSi moyvanis
saSualebas iZleva. es miznebi
Zalian gansxvavebulia da,
principSi, yvela maTgani
rodi SeiZleba erTmaneTs
Seurigdes, amitom konfliqtis
da, ese igi, tragediis
SesaZleblobas adamianis
rogorc piradi, ise
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan,
mTlianad verasdros amoSli.
amdenad, absolutur
moTxovnebs Soris arCevanis
gakeTebis aucilebloba
arsebobis adamianuri piro-
bebis ucilobeli niSania. es
Rirebulebas matebs Tavisuf-
lebas, romelic, rogorc
aktons miaCnda, aris Tavad
mizani da ara droebiTi
moTxovnileba, romelic Cveni
gaurkveveli warmodgenebidan
da ugunuri, mouwesrigebeli
cxovrebidan amoizrdeba;
Tavisufleba ar aris
sirTule, romelic momavalSi
romeliRac panaceis
daxmarebiT daiZleva.
me imis Tqma ar minda, rom
yvelaze liberalur sazogado-
ebebSi individualuri
Tavisufleba arCevanis
erTaderTi an mTavari
kriteriumia. Cven vaiZulebT
bavSvebs miiRon ganaTleba da
vkrZalavT sajarod sikvdi-
liT dasjas. es, ra Tqma unda,
zRudavs Tavisuflebas. `Cven~
amarTlebs am SezRudvas,
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
49
solidaroba
radgan uwignuroba, barbaro-
suli aRzrda, sastiki
siamovnebebi da grZnobebi
CvenTvis uaresia, vidre maT
gamosasworeblad da CasaxSo-
bad aucilebeli SezRudvebi.
es pozicia sikeTisa da
borotebis Cveneul gagebas,
Cvens, ase vTqvaT, moralur,
religiur, inteleqtualur,
ekonomikur da esTetiur
faseulobebs emyareba, romle-
bic, Tavis mxriv ukavSirdeba
Cvens warmodgenebs adamianisa
da misi bunebis ZiriTad
moTxovnilebebze. sxva
sityvebiT, aseTi problemebis
gadaWrisas Cven gaazrebulad
Tu gauazreblad vxelmZRva-
nelobT imiT, rogor gvesmis,
Tu risgan Sedgeba normaluri
adamianis cxovreba miliseuli
`SezRuduli da damaxinjebuli~,
`gamofituli da unayofo~,
naturebis arsebobis sawina-
aRmdegod. vaprotestebT ra
cenzurisa da piradi qcevis
makontrolebeli kanonebis
arsebobas, vxedavT ra maTSi
pirovnebis Tavisuflebis
dauSvebel darRvevas, iqidan
gamovdivarT, rom am kanone-
biT akrZaluli moqmedebebi
asaxaven karg (faqtobrivad
ki nebismier) sazogadoebaSi
adamianTa fundamentur
moTxovnilebebs. daicva
msgavsi kanonebi _ niSnavs
migaCndes, rom es moTxovni-
lebebi araarsebiTia an ar
arsebobs maTi dakmayofilebis
sxva saSualeba, garda sxva,
umaRles Rirebulebebze
uaris Tqmisa, Rirebulebebze,
romlebic individualur
Tavisuflebaze ufro Rrma
moTxovnilebebs gamoxataven.
miCneulia, rom RirebulebaTa
Sefasebis aq gamoyenebul
kriteriums ara subieqturi,
#6(39)
aramed, viTom da, obieqturi
_ empiriuli an aprioruli
statusi aqvs.
imis gasarkvevad, ramdenad
SeuZlia adamians an ers
cxovrebis wesis arCevisas
TavisuflebiT isargeblos,
mravali sxva faseulobis
gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro,
maTgan, rogorc Cans, yvelaze
cnobilia _ Tanasworoba,
samarTlianoba, bedniereba,
usafrTxoeba da sazogadoeb-
rivi wesrigi. ese igi, Tavisuf-
leba ar SeiZleba SeuzRudavi
iyos. rogorc samarTlianad
Segvaxsenebs r. h. toni,
ZlierTa Tavisufleba,
rogoric ar unda iyos maTi
Zala _ fizikuri Tu ekonomi-
kuri, unda SeizRudos. am
maqsimaSi arsebuli
pativiscemis moTxovna aris
ara Sedegi, momdinare raRac
aprioruli wesidan, romelic
gvamcnobs, rom, magaliTad,
erTi adamianis Tavisuflebi-
sadmi pativiscema logikurad
iwvevs sxva adamianebis Tavisuf-
lebisadmi pativiscemas,
aramed es moTxovna
ganpirobebulia imiT, rom
samarTlianobis principebi-
sadmi pativiscema da
adamianebs Soris aRmaSfoTe-
beli uTanasworobis gamo
sircxvilis grZnoba
pirovnebisTvis imdenadve
arsebiTia, ramdenadac
Tavisuflebis survili. is
faqti, rom Cven ar SegviZlia
yvelaferi viqonioT, _ ara
SemTxveviTi, aramed aucile-
beli WeSmaritebaa. rodesac
berki anazRaurebis, Serige-
bisa da gawonasworebis mudmiv
aucileblobas Segvaxsenebs,
rodesac mili `cxovrebaSi
axal eqsperimentebs~ da maT
Solidarität
LUMEN
Tavidan auridebel Secdomebs
eyrdnoba, rodesac viazrebT,
rom principulad SeuZlebelia
miviRoT mkafio da gansazRv-
ruli pasuxebi ara mxolod
pratikaSi, aramed TeoriaSi,
romelSic samyaro idealuria
Tavisi sruliad keTili da
racionaluri adamianebiTa
da absoluturad naTeli
ideebiT, aman SeiZleba gaaRi-
zianos is, vinc saboloo
pasuxebs da erTian, yovlis-
momcvel da maradiul siste-
mebs eZebs. magram aucileblad
swored am daskvnamde miva is,
vinc kantTan erTad kargad
SeiTvisa WeSmariteba, rom
kacobriobis daRrecili
Rerodan arasdros arcerTi
swori nivTi ar damzadebula.
zedmetia imis Sexseneba, rom
monizmi da erTiani kriteri-
umis rwmena yovelTvis Rrma
inteleqtualuri da emociuri
dakmayofilebis wyaro iyo.
ara aqvs mniSvneloba saidan
gamogvyavs Sefasebis krite-
riumi, iqidan, Tu rogor
xedaven momaval srulyofil
mdgomareobas meTvramete
saukunis filosofosebi da
maTi teqnokratiuli mimdev-
rebi Cvens droSi, Tu misi
safuZveli warsulSia _ a terre
et les morts, _ rogorc germaneli
istoricistebi, frangi
Teokratebi da inglisureno-
vani qveynebis neokonserva-
torebi miiCneven, magram is
misi mouqnelobis gamo auci-
leblad Seejaxeba kacobrio-
bis istoriis romeliRac
moulodnel nabijs, romelic
mas ar Seewyoba. da maSin
SesaZlebeli iqneba am
kriteriumis gamoyeneba
prokrustesebri sisastikis
gasamarTleblad _ realurad
}'vh'mksr
50
arsebuli adamianTa sazogado-
ebis viviseqciis im dadgenili
nimuSis Sesabamisad, romelsac
warsulsa Tu momavalze Cveni
warmodgenebi gvikarnaxebs,
warmodgenebi, romlebic
advilad SesaZlebelia mcdari
aRmoCndes, da romlebic,
rogorc cnobilia, didwilad,
Tu mTlianad ara, Cveni
warmosaxvis nayofia. vcdilobT
ra adamianebis sicocxlis
fasad SevinarCunoT absolu-
turi kategoriebi da idealebi,
Cven Tanabrad varyevT
mecnierebis mier SemuSavebul
da istoriis mier gamoWedil
principebs; aseTi poziciis
momxreebi dRes memarcxeneebs
Sorisac SeiZleba Segvxvdes
da memarjveneebs Sorisac,
magram is miuRebelia misTvis,
vinc faqtebs scems pativs.
CemTvis pluralizmi `negati-
uri~ Tavisuflebis
garkveuli wilis miseuli
moTxovniT ufro WeSmariti
da ufro adamianuri idealia,
vidre maTi jaWvebi, vinc did
avtoritarul da mkacr
disciplinas daqvemdebarebul
sazogadoebebSi cdilobs
ipovos TviTganxorcielebis
`pozitiuri~ ideali klasebis,
erebisa da mTeli kacobrio-
bisTvis. is Tundac imitom
aris ufro WeSmariti, rom
aRiarebs erTmaneTisgan
gansxvavebuli da mudmivad
moqiSpe adamianuri jaWvebis
mravalferovnebas. imis
daSvebiT, rom SesaZlebelia
yvela faseulobis erTi
skaliT ranJireba, Cven, Cemi
azriT, uarvyofT Cvens
warmodgenas adamianebze,
rogorc moqmedebis Tavisu-
fal agentebze da moralur
gadawyvetilebaSi vxedavT
Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

moqmedebas, romelic, princip-
Si, logariTmuli saxazavis
daxmarebiT SeiZleba
SevasruloT. mtkiceba, rom
umaRles, yovlismomcvel da
mainc miRwevad sinTezSi
movaleoba interesia,
individualuri Tavisufleba
ki sufTa demokratia an
avtoritaruli saxelmwifo, _
metafizikur saburvelSi
TviTmotyuebis an Segnebuli
TvalTmaqcobis damalvas
niSnavs. pluralizmi ufro
adamianuria, radgan Soreuli
da Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi
idealis gulisTvis adamianebs
ar arTmevs (rogorc amas
sistemebis Semqmnelebi akeTe-
ben) imas, rac maT, arsebebs,
romlebsac sruliad ganuWv-
retavi saxiT SeuZliaT
Seicvalon, TavianTi sicocx-
lisTvis absoluturad
aucileblad miaCniaT14.
saboloo jamSi, umaRles
faseulobebs Soris Tavis
arCevans adamianebi ise akeTeben,
rogorc SeuZliaT, radgan
moralis fundamenturi
kategoriebi da principebi _
xangrZliv sivrcul-droiT
perspeqtivaSi mainc _ gansaz-
Rvraven maT sicocxles da
maTi yofis, azrovnebisa da
pirovnuli individualobis
nawils Seadgenen _ yovelive
imas, rac maT adamianebad
aqcevs.
SeiZleba maradiulobaze
pretenziis armqone miznebis
Tavisufali arCevanis ideali
da masTan dakavSirebuli
faseulobaTa pluralizmi
mxolod Cveni daisisken mima-
vali kapitalisturi civili-
zaciis gviandeli nayofebia:
am ideals ar aRiarebdnen
warsulis primitiuli
Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba
solidaroba
sazogadoebebi, Semdgom absoluturi faseulobebis
TaobebSi ki is, SesaZloa, monatrebaze metyvelebs.
cnobismoyvareobas da `iazrebde sakuTari Sexedu-
simpaTias gamoiwvevs, magram lebebis WeSmaritebis fardo-
mxardaWeras ver moipovebs. biTobas da mainc uryevad
SeiZleba es asea, magram misdevde maT _ ai es
aqedan, vfiqrob, aranairi ganasxvavebs civilizebul
skeptikuri daskvna ar adamians velurisagan~, _
gamomdinareobs. principebi ambobda Cveni drois
ar xdeba naklebad wminda, Tu SesaniSnavi mwerali.
maTi maradiuli arsebobis SesaZloa, moiTxovo meti _
garantireba SeuZlebelia. Rrma da auridebeli
sinamdvileSi, survili _ metafizikuri moTxovnilebaa,
ganimtkico imis rwmena, rom magram misce mas ufleba
romeliRac obieqtur samefoSi warmarTos Cveni moqmedeba _
Cveni faseulobebi maradiuli aranakleb Rrma, magram
da uryevia, mxolod bavSvobis bevrad ufro saSiSi
garkveulobisa da Cveni zneobrivi da politikuri
pirvelyofili warsulis umwifrobis simptomia.
SeniSvnebi:
1
Berlin Isaiah. Two Concepts of Liberty (SemoklebiT) // Berlin I. Four Essays
on Liberty. London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1969, p. 121-134, 162-172.
2
aq, ra Tqma unda, sawinaaRmdegos WeSmariteba ar igulisxmeba.
3
helveciusma es Zalian mkafiod Camoayaliba: `Tavisufali adamiani _ aris
adamiani, romelic araa Seborkili, araa Caketili cixeSi, araa monasaviT
sasjelis SiSiT daSinebuli... ucnauri iqneboda Tavisuflebis uqonloba
dagverqmia imisTvis, rom ar SegviZlia arwiviviT RrublebSi frena,
veSapiviT wyalqveS cxovreba...~ (Ãåëüâåöèé Ê.À. Ñî÷. â 2-õ ò. Ò.1, Ì.:
Ìûñëü, 1973, ñ.175).
4
sazogadoebrivi kanonebis marqsistuli koncefcia, upirobod, am
Teoriis yvelaze cnobili variantia, Tumca es Teoria, rogorc
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, Sedis rogorc zogierT qristianul
da utilitarul, iseve yvela socialistur doqtrinaSi.
5
`Tavisufali adamiani isaa, visac araferi uSlis xels akeTos is, rac
surs~, _ ambobda hobsi (Ãîááñ Ò. Ñî÷. â 2-õ ò. Ò.2, Ì.: Ìûñëü, 1991,
ñ. 163). kanoni yovelTvis ‘borkilia~, maSinac ki, Tu is gvicavs kanonis
jaWvebze ufro mZime jaWvebisgan, rogoricaa ufro represiuli kanoni
an wes-Cveuleba, despotis TviTneboba an qaosi. amaves ambobs bentamic.
6
es kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom yvela moazrovne, mcire gamonaklisis
garda, imiskenaa midrekili, rom miaCndes: yvelaferi is, rac, maTi azriT,
sikeTes miekuTvneba, Sinaganad dakavSirebuli an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
erTmaneTTan Tavsebadia. azris istoriaSi, iseve, rogorc erebis
istoriaSi, uamravi magaliTia, rodesac urTierTsawinaaRmdego an,
ukidures SemTxvevaSi, gansxvavebuli nawilebi xelovnurad
erTiandeboda despotur sistemaSi da romeliRac saerTo mtris SiSiT
inarCunebda erTianobas. rodesac raRac drois Semdeg es SiSi qreboda,
mokavSireebs Soris maSinve Cndeboda winaaRmdegobebi, romlebic
angrevdnen sistemas, zogjer mTeli kacobriobis sakeTildReod.
7
am Temis nayofier ganxilvas naxavT wignSi: Villey Ì. «Lemons d’histoire
de la philosophic du droif, Paris: Dalioz, 1957, romelic kvaldakval
mihyveba piradi uflebebis cnebis ganviTarebas okamis Semdeg.
Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü
51
#6(39) LUMEN

8
RvTiuri da bunebis kanonebis absoluturi avtoritetisa da RvTis
winaSe yvela adamianis Tanasworobis qristianuli (iseve, rogorc
iudaisturi da muslimuri) rwmena Zalian gansxvavdeba sakuTari
Sexedulebebis Tanaxmad cxovrebis Tavisuflebis rwmenisgan.
9
sinamdvileSi, SeiZleba SevekamaToT mosazrebas, rom fridrix didis
droindel prusiaSi an ioseb meoris avstriaSi mdidari warmosaxvis,
TviTmyofadobis da SemoqmedebiTi geniis mqone adamianebi, iseve rogorc
sxvadasxva umciresobani, nakleb idevnebodnen da kanonebisa da wes-
Cveulebebisgan naklebad mZime Cagvras ganicdidnen, vidre mraval ufro
adreul da gviandel demokratiaSi.
10
`negatiuri Tavisuflebis~ xarisxis Sefaseba yovel konkretul
SemTxvevaSi Zalian rTulia. erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gveCvenos, rom
misTvis mxolod sul mcire or alternativas Soris arCevanis
SesaZlebloba aris mniSvnelovani. Tumca arCevisas adamians yovelTvis
rodi aqvs erTnairi Tavisufleba an saerTod ar aqvs Tavisufleba. Tu
totalitarul saxelmwifoSi wamebis muqaris an Tundac samsaxuris
dakargvis SiSiT vRalatob megobars, sruli safuZveli maqvs vamtkico,
rom Tavisuflad ar vmoqmedeb. da mainc, ra Tqma unda, vakeTeb arCevans
da SemiZlia, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, Teoriulad mainc avirCio sikvdili,
wameba an cixe. ase rom, alternativebis ubralo arseboba ar aris
sakmarisi piroba imisTvis, rom Cemi saqcieli Tavisufali iyos am
sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT (Tumca is SeiZleba nebayoflobiTi iyos).
vfiqrob, Cemi Tavisuflebis xarisxi damokidebulia imaze, Tu a) ramdeni
SesaZlebloba maqvs (Tumca maTi daTvlis meTodi uciloblad eyrdnoba
imas, Tu rogor vafasebT situacias da ra Sexedulebebi gvaqvs. qcevis
SesaZlo mimarTulebebi sulac araa iseve diskretuli, rogorc vaSlebi,
romelTa daTvla sirTules ar warmoadgens); b) ramdenad advili an
rTulia yoveli am SesaZleblobis ganxorcieleba; g) ramdenad
mniSvnelovania es SesaZleblobebi Cemi cxovrebiseuli gegmebis, Cemi
xasiaTisa da im viTarebis TvalsazrisiT, romelSic aRmovCndi; d)
ramdenad SeiZleba xeli SeuSalos am SesaZleblobebis ganxorcielebas
sxva adamianebis Segnebulma moqmedebam; e) ra Rirebulebas aniWebs am
mravalferovan SesaZleblobebs ara mxolod TviTon adamiani, aramed im
sazogadoebis saerTo azri, romelSic es adamiani cxovrobs. saWiroa
yvela am parametris `integrireba~, Sedegad miRebuli daskvna ki
yovelTvis da uciloblad arazusti da sadavo iqneba. savsebiT
SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobs Tavisuflebis yovlad gansxvavebuli
saxeobebi da xarisxebi, romelTa ganlageba erT romelime skalaze ar
SeiZleba. metic, Tu sazogadoebis Tavisuflebas ganvixilavT, Cven winaSe
wamoiWreba iseTi (logikurad absurduli) SekiTxvebi, rogoricaa `zrdis
Tu ara X socialuri mowyoba b-n A-s Tavisuflebas ufro metad, vidre
batonebis B-s, C-s da D-s Tavisuflebas erTad?~ aseTive sirTuleebi
Cndeba utilitaristuli kriteriumis gamoyenebisas. da mainc, Tu
gazomvis sizustes ar moviTxovT, gvaqvs sakmarisad saimedo safuZveli
mtkicebisTvis, rom SvedeTis mefis saSualo qveSevrdomi mTlianobaSi
bevrad ufro Tavisufalia, vidre espaneTis an albaneTis saSualo
moqalaqe. cxovrebis wesebi erTmaneTs unda SevadaroT rogorc
garkveuli mTlianobebi, Tumca aseTi Sedarebis ganxorcielebis meTodis
dasabuTeba da miRebuli daskvnis WeSmaritebis damtkiceba Zalian
rTulia, Tu saerTod SesaZlebelia. magram cnebebis gaurkvevloba da
gamoyenebuli kriteriumebis simravle Tavad kvlevis sagnis
ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebaa da ara Sedegi gazomvis arasrulyofili
meTodebisa da kidev imisi, rom zusti azrovnebis unars moklebulni
varT.
11
`namdvili Tavisuflebis ideali es aris adamianTa sazogadoebis yoveli
wevrisTvis TavisTvis saukeTesos miRwevis maqsimaluri SesaZlebloba~, _
ambobda t. h. grini 1881 wels. Tu gverdze gadavdebT im faqts, rom aq
aRreulia Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis cnebebi, es azri niSnavs, rom,
rodesac adamiani amwuTier siamovnebas irCevs da amiT uars ambobs

Solidarität }'vh'mksr Ñîëiäàðíiñòü

52
 solidaroba

Tavisi me-sTvis (romeli `me~-sTvis?) saukeTeso sikeTeze, is yalb

Tavisuflebas axorcielebs. misi CamorTmeviT is ar dakargavs arafers
mniSvnelovans. grini namdvili liberali iyo, magram mraval tirans
SeeZlo yvelaze uaresi represiuli zomebis gasamarTleblad
gamoeyenebina misi formula.
12
did britaneTSi aseTi kanonieri Zala konstituciiT eniWeba
sruluflebian suverens _ parlamentSi dabrZanebul mefes. am qveynis
SedarebiT Tavisufali xasiaTi imiT aixsneba, rom am Teoriulad
yovlisSemZle arsebis moqmedebebs wes-Cveulebebi da sazogadoebrivi
azri zRudavs. naTelia, rom mniSvnelovania ara SezRudvebis xasiaTi _
samarTlebrivi, moraluri an konstituciuri _, aramed maTi efeqtianoba.
13
kondorses Tanaxmad (visi `eskizidanac~ moviyvaneT es sityvebi),
socialuri mecnierebis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gvaCvenos
`rogor daakavSira bunebam ganaTlebis progresi Tavisuflebis,
saTnoebisa da adamianis bunebrivi uflebebisadmi pativiscemis
progresTan; rogor unda moxerxdes, rom es erTaderTi realuri
sikeTeebi, romlebic imdenad xSirad arian daSorebulni erTmaneTs, rom
isini SeuTavsebelnic ki hgoniaT, piriqiT, ganuyofelni gaxdnen. es maSin
moxdeba, rodesac erTa mniSvnelovani ricxvis ganaTleba erTdroulad
miaRwevs garkveul zRvars~. Semdeg is ganagrZobs: `adamianebi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi inarCuneben TavianTi bavSvobis, TavianTi samSoblos,
TavianTi drois mcdar Sexedulebebs mas Semdeg, rac SeiTviseben yvela
WeSmaritebas, romlebic am Sexedulebebis dasangrevad aris aucilebeli~
(Êîíäîðñý Æ. À. Ýñêèç èñòîðè÷åñêîé êàðòèíû ïðîãðåññà ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî
ðàçóìà. Ì., 1936, ñ. 12, 13). ironia SeiZleba davinaxoT imaSi, rom yvela
sikeTis gaerTianebis aucileblobisa da SesaZleblobis kondorseseuli
rwmena mcdari Sexedulebis swored is saxeobaa, romelic man ase kargad
aRwera.
14
vfiqrob, es kargad Tqva bentamma: `individualuri interesebi _
erTaderTi realuri interesebia... SeiZleba ki es ise gavigoT, rom
zogierTi adamiani imdenad sulelia, rom ... adamiani, romelic ar aris,
urCevniaT imas, vinc aris; tanjaven dRes mcxovrebT imaTi bednierebis
xelSewyobis sababiT, vinc jer ar dabadebula da, SesaZloa, arc
arasdros daibados?~ es im iSviaT SemTxvevaTagania, rodesac berki
bentams eTanxmeba. es nawyveti metafizikuris sawinaaRmdegod politikis
empiriuli gagebis arss gamoxatavs.

Fluskfhf Àìãàðäçèíàä solidaroba Solidarity Ñîëèäàðíîñòü

53