leqcia XII
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gavigoT liberaluri skolis
patara qveynebi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
gasuli saukune unikaluri iyo warmoqmnili axali saxelmwifoebis simravlis
mxriv. dekolonizaciam da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebSi axali warmonaqmnebis Seqmna, romelTaganac umravlesoba iyo
patara da susti. patara qveynebis mniSvneloba SemCneuli da aRiarebuli iyo jer
kidev meore msoflio omamde radganac erTa liga Sedgeboda patara da susti
saxelmwifoebisgan. 105 miuxedavad amisa, patara qveynis mcnebam rogorc anali-
tikurma koncefciam mniSvneloba SeiZina mxolod omis Semdeg. 106 a. b. foqsis,
david vitalis, Su da brudtlandis, rotsteinis, matisenis da istis nawerebma
Seqmnes patara qveynebis Seswavlis mecnieruili fundamenti. 107
axladwarmoqmnil disciplinas Tavisi winaRobebic gaaCnda radgan zogierTi
avtorebi, magaliTad piter baeri 108 da nils 109 amstrumi ambobobdnen, rom
koncefciis Seswavla unda Sewyvetiliyo misi gamousadegarobis da sirTulis
gamo. 110
miuxedavad am koncefciasTan dakavSirebuli uTanxmoebebisa, misma mniSvne-
lobam win wamoiwia 80 da 90-ian wlebSi, civi omis dasasrulis da axali msoflio
wesrigis warmoqmnis Semdgom. ukanaskneli mcdeloba imisa, rom patara qveynebis
Seswavlas SeeZina sistemuri xasiaTi gaxldaT olav knudsenis mier gamo-
qveynebuli statia. knudsenma gamoyo sami ZiriTadi mimarTuleba patara qveynebis
Seswavlis Tanamedrove praqtikaSi. man aseve rCeva misca mkvlevarebs waremarTaT
TavianTi saqmianoba ise, rom Camoyalibebuliyo ufro mWidro subdisciplina
ufro Sesaferisi TeoriebiT patara qveynebis Sesaxeb. 111
debatebi patara qveynis mniSvnelobaze kidev ufro mZafri xdeba, rodesac
jeri midgeba “sustis” da “pataris” gansazRvraze. zogierTi avtori am terminebs
erTgvarovnad iyenebs xolo zogi patara qveynebad moiazrebs mTels “mesame
samyaros.” 112
es ukanaskneli gansazRvreba warmatebuli ar iyo, radganac igi ugele-
105
William E. Rappard, “Small States in the League of Nations”, Political Science Quarterly, 49:4 (Dec. 1934).
106
Werner Bauwens, Armand Clesse & Olav Knudsen, eds., Small States and the Security Challenge in the New
Europe, (London, Washington, Brasey’s, 1996), p. 4
107
ixileT, Anette Fox, The Power of the Small States, Diplomacy in World War II, (Chicago, University of
Chicago Press, 1959). David Vital, The Inequality of States, (New Work, Oxford University Press, 1967); David
Vital, The Survival of Small States; Studies of Small Power/Great Power Conflict, (New York, Oxford
University Press, 1971). August Schou, and Arne Brundtland, eds., Small States in International Relations,
(Nobel Symposium No 17, Stockholm, 1971). Robert L. Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers, (New York,
Columbia University Press, 1968); Robert L. Rothstein. “Alignment, Non-Alignment and Small Powers: 1945-
1965”, International Organization, 20:3 (Summer 1966). Trygve Mathisen, The Functions of Small States in the
Strategies of the Great Powers, (Oslo, Bergen Tromso, 1971). Maurice A. East, “Size and Foreign Policy
Behavior: A Test of Two Models”, World Politics, 25:4 (1973).
108
Peter R. Baehr, “Small States: A Tool for Analysis?”, World Politics, No. 27:3, (1975).
109
Niels Amstrup, “The Perennial Problem of Small States: A Survey of Research Efforts”, Cooperation and
Conflict, 11:3, (1976).
110
Bauwers et al, Small States and Security Challenge, 4.
111
Olav F. Knudsen. “Small States, Latent and Extant: Towards a General Perspective”, Journal of
International Relations and Development, 5:2 (June 2002): 182
112
Mohammed Ayoob, “The Security Problematique of the Third World”, World Politics, 43:2 (Jan. 1991);
Bahgat Korany, “The Take-off of Third World Studies? The Case of Foreign Policy”, World Politics, 35:3
(April 1983); Tony Smith, “Requiem or New Agenda for Third World Studies”, World Politics, 37:4 (July
1985); Keyusuke Iida, “Third World Solidarity; Group of 77 in the UN General Assembly”, International
Organization, 42:2 (Spring 1988).
66
instituciuri liberalizmi.
arsi da am skolis mier realuri movlenebis Sefasebis da axsnis SesaZleblobebi,
saWiroa es Teoriebi ganvixiloT calcalke. amavdroeulad, isic unda aRiniSnos,
rom liberaluri skolis yvela mimdinareoba erTnairi warmatebiT ar
sargeblobs. zogierTma Teoriam ver gauZlo movlenaTa ganviTarebas da bevri
kritika daimsaxura, zogi ki jer kidev winaaRmdegobas uwevs realizmis
gabatonebul skolas da gvTavazobs msoflio politikis axsnis angariSgasawev
gzebs.
sociologiuri liberalizmi
sociologiuri liberalizmis amosavali wertili aris is, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebi, aramed igi
moicavs transnacionalur urTierTobebs, anu, urTierTobebs adamianebs,
jgufebs, organizaciebs Soris, romlebic sxvadasxva qveynebs ganekuTvnebian. es,
ra Tqma unda, ewinaaRmdegeba realizmis skolas, romelic saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebs ganixilavs rogorc mkacrad saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs
da sxva danarCeni meorexarisxovnad miaCnia. imis gamo, rom liberalizmi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs ara marto saxelmwifoze da erovnul mTavrobaze, aramed
sxvadasxva saxis aqtorebze, mas xSirad moixsenieben terminiT “pluralizmi.”
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi jeims ruzenaus ganmartebiT aris
“procesi, romelSic mTavrobaTaSorisi saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi gajerda
kerZo pirebis, jgufebis, da sazogadoebaTaSorisi urTierTobebiT, romlebsac
SeuZliaT da aqvT kidevac mniSvnelovani zegavlena movlenaTa msvlelobaze.” 42
bevri fiqrobs, rom transnacionaluri urTierTobebi sxvadasxva qveynis
moqalaqeebs Soris qmnis sruliad axlebur sazogadoebriv formirebebs,
romlebic Tanacxovroben da zogjer konkurenciasac ki uweven saxelmwifos.
am mravalmimarTulebiani urTierTobebis asaRwerad jon bartonma gamoiyena
egreT wodebuli “obobas qselis” transnacionaluri urTierTobebis modeli. es
modeli demonstrirebas ukeTebs im faqts, rom nebismieri saxelmwifo Sedgeba
bevri sxvadasxva jgufebisagan, romelTac aqvT sxvadasxva tipis sagareo
kavSirebi da sxvadasxva interesebi. magaliTad, religiuri jgufebi, biznes
wreebi, profesiuli kavSirebi da ase Semdeg. es modeli mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeba
realizmis skolis mier damkvidrebul “biliardis burTis” models, romelic
saxelmwifoTa sistemas xatavs rogorc biliardis burTebis nakrebs. biliardis
burTi gamoxatavs erTian da Sekrul saxelmwifos. bartonis mizania gvaCvenos,
rom msoflios axasiaTebs urTierTsasargeblo TanamSromleba vidre anta-
gonizmi da konfliqtebi.
Tavis erT-erT bolo naSromSi jeims ruzenaum kidev ufro gaaRrmava Tavisi
transnacionaluri urTierTobebis Teoria imiT, rom amjerad yuradReba
gaamaxvila adamianebis urTierTobaze makro doneze. misi TqmiT individualur
operaciebs didi gavlena aqvT msoflio saqmeebze. dRevandelobis ukeT
informirebuli, ukeT ganaTlebuli da ufro mobiluri adamianebi naklebad
arian damokidebuli TavianT saxelmwifoze. aqdan gamomdinare, ruzenau
gvamcnobs, rom saxelmwifo-centruli da anarqiuli sistema marTalia ar
42
James Rosenau, The Study of Global Interdependence: Essays on the Transnationalism of World Affairs. New
York: Nichols. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen, p. 109
35
gadagvarebula, magram masTan erTad Tanaarsebobs multi-centruli msoflio,
romelic Sedgeba sxvadasxva “suverenitetisgan Tavisufali” (sovereignity free)
koleqtivebisgan, romlebic arseboben saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad da
konkurenciaSi arian saxelmwifo centruli samyaros “suverenitetiT SezRu-
dul” (sovereignity bound) aqtorebTan. 43 ruzenau fiqrobs, rom pluralistuli
msoflio, romelsac axasiaTebs individebisa da jgufebis transnacionaluri
qselebi ufro mSvidobiani iqneba, magram aseve dasZens, rom aseTi msoflio aseve
ufro arastabiluri iqneba, radgan Zveli wyoba romelic saxelmwifoebs efuZneba
ngrevis procesSia. miuxedavad amisa, konfliqtebi iSviaTad migviyvanen omamde,
radgan bevri kosmopolitani pirovnebebi, romlebic gawevrianebuli iqnebian
bevr sxvadasxva organizaciaSi advilad ar gaxdebian antagonistur banakebad
dayofili mtrebi.
mokled rom SevajamoT, sociologiuri liberalizmi ganixilavs saerTa-
Soriso urTierTobebs ara marto rogorc urTierTobebs qveynebs Soris, aramed
rogorc urTierTobebs individebs, jgufebs da sazogadoebebs Soris. dedaazri
ki is aris, rom urTierTgadamfaravi urTierTobebi xalxebs Soris aris ufro
TanamSromluri vidre saxelmwifoebs Soris vinaidan da radganac saxelmwifoebi
arian eqskluziurebi da maTi interesebi erTmaneTs iSviaTad gadakveTen da
faraven. maSasadame, sociologiuri liberalizmis azriT, rac ufro xSiria
transnacionaluri urTierTobebi miT ufro mSvidobiani iqneba msoflio.
urTierTdamokidebulebis liberaluri Teoria
urTierTdamokidebuleba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi niSnavs, rom mTav-
robebi da xalxebi ganicdian sxva qveyanaSi momxdari movlenebis zegavlenas. erT-
erTi gavrcelebuli xatovani gamonaTqvamiT “peplis afrena erT qveyanaSi iwvevs
qariSxals meore qveyanaSi.” am gamonaTqvamis dedaazri aris swored is, rom cvli-
lebebi erT qveyanaSi ama Tu im doneze, iqneba es ekonomikis Tu samxedro
politikuri sfero, axdens zegavlenas sxva qveynebzec. magaliTad, aziis finan-
suri krizisis negatiuri zegavlena igrZnoboda Soreul braziliaSic ki, rom
araferi vTqvaT ruseTze.
jozef naim da robert kiohanma Camoayalibes kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis Teoria (complex interdependence) TavianT gaxmaurebul naSromSi
Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba (1977). isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebi meore msoflio omis Semdeg aris gacilebiT ufro rTuli, vidre
iyo omamde. adre urTierTobebi warmoebda saxelmwifos liderebs Soris da
Zalis gamoyeneba yovelTvis moiazreboda rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba qveynis
liderebs Soris wamoWrili konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. usafrTxoebis da
TviTgadarCenis “maRal politikas” hqonda upiratesoba ekonomikis da socia-
luri sakiTxebis “mcire politikasTan” SedarebiT. 44 kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis xanaSi es ukve ase aRar aris ori mizezis gamo: pirveli,
dResdReobiT qveynebs Soris urTierTobebi ar aris mxolod urTierTobebi
qveynis liderebs Soris, aramed arsebobs urTierTobebi bevr sxvadasxva doneze
43
James Rosenau, “Citizenship in a Changing Global Order,” in J. N. Rosenau and E. O. Czempiel (eds)
Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 272-94. Qouted in Jackson and Sorensen. gv. 115.
44
Jackson and Sorensen, gv. 114.
36
ratifikaciis prcedurebi TvalnaTlad axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebze.
magaliTad, Tu ori mesamedia saWiro ratifikaciisaTvis vinseti iqneba ufro
mcire vidre iseT SemTxvevaSi rodesac mxolod martivi umravlesobaa saWiro.
magaliTad, aSS-Si 100 dan 33 senators SeuZlia nebismieri xelSekrulebis Cagdeba.
arsebobs iseTi institutebic, romlebic moiTxoven ratifikacias ramdenime
doneze. es kidev ufro arTulebs molaparakebas da amcirebs vinsets. magaliTad,
molaparakebebi aSS-sa da evrokavSirs Soris agrovaWrobis sakiTxebze. SeTanxmeba
unda iqnes ratificirebuli komisiis mier da erovnuli mTavrobebis mierac.
amerikaSi ki ratifikacia unda moxdes mTavari agro organizaciebis da am
organizaciebs Soris mTavar interesTa jgufebis mier.
3. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia pirveli donis momlaparakeblebis
strategiaze
TiToeul momlaparakebels pirvel doneze surs, rom gazardos misi
oponentis vinseti, magram sakuTari vinsetisadmi mas Sereuli grZnobebi aqvs.
erTis mxriv, rac ufro didia misi vinseti ufro advilad SeuZlia mas SeTanxmebis
dadeba, magram amavdroulad ufro sustia misi diplomatiuri pozicia sxva
momlaparakeblis fonze. momlaparakebels SeuZlia sxvadasxva strategiebs
mimarTos. magaliTad, imisTvis rom daamtkicos mxardaWera Tavisi poziciisadmi
pirvel doneze mas SeuZlia Sin moawyos gamosvlebi am poziciis mxardasaWerad da
ase Semdeg, magram amavdroulad aseT taqtikas SeiZleba qondes Seuqcevadi
uaryofiTi Sedegebi amomrCevelTa damokidebulebebze, anu Seaferxos SesaZ-
lebloba imisa, rom xeli moeweros alternatiul, kompromisul xelSekrule-
bas/SeTanxmebas. igivenairad, Tu molaparakebamde lideri/momlaparakebeli
ecdeba Searbilos amomrCevelTa simkacre sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ratifikaciis
periodSi sirTuleebis molodinSi igi ver SeZlebs SeinarCunos mtkice pozicia
sazRvargareT.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu liders surs gazardos Tavisi vinseti mas SeuZlia
gamoiyenos sxvadasxva saSualebebi, rogoricaa “piris moqonva” da an gulrwfeli
“keTili survilebi.” garda amisa, Tu momlaparakebels Sin aqvs maRali
politikuri reitingi igi ufro advilad moipovebs mxardaWeras da Sesabamisad
ratifikacias Tavis sagareo wamowyebebze.
65
 1. meore doneze upiratesobebi da koaliciebi;
2. meore donis institutebi;
3. pirveli donis molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis
strategiebi.
1. vinsetebis sidide damokidebulia ZalTa gadanawilebaze, upiratesobebze
(vis/ras aniWebs uporatesobas) da SesaZlo koaliciebze meore donis amomr-
Cevlebs Soris.
eWvgareSea, rom nebismier Teorias, romelsac aqvs pretenzia axsnas or
doneze TamaSi fesvebi unda hqondes saSinao politikaSi. magram am etapze saWiro
ar aris gadavvardeT saSinao politikis Teoriul morevSi (marqsizmi, interesTa
jgufebis pluralizmi, biurokratiuli politika da neo korporatizmi). Cven
SegviZlia movaxdinoT abstragireba Teoriisgan da movxazoT zogadi principebi,
romlebic gansazRvraven vinsetebis zomas. magaliTad, rac ufro dabalia
“SeuTanxmeblobis” Rirebuleba miT ufro pataraa vinseti. aseve, zog
dajgufebebs SeiZleba ufro meti interesi aqvT pirvel doneze mimdinare
molaparakebebisadmi vidre sxva dajgufebebs, rac aris winapiroba maTi
sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebisa am SeTanxmebisadmi. aqedan meore principi:
vinsetis zoma damokidebulia izolacionistebis zomaze (romlebic rogorc wesi
gamodian saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebis winaaRmdeg) da internacionalistebis
(mxars uWeren aseT SeTanxmebebs) zomaze. internacionalistebi ufro meti arian
patara da damokidebul qveynebSi, romlebasc Ria ekonomika aqvT vidre did
TviTuzrunvelyofad qveynebSi, rogoric aris magaliTad, aSS.
zogierT SemTxvevebSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani ganxeTqilebis sagani
amomrCevlebs Soris meore doneze SeiZleba iyos “SeuTanxmeblobis saSiSroeba”
vinaidan da radganac aseT situaciebSi maTi interesebi aris erTgvarovani, anu
homogenuri ( magaliTad qarTuli mxaris mier warmoebul molaparakebebs bazebis
gayvanis Taobaze hqonda TiTqmis homogenuri mxardaWera amomrCevlebisagan. sxva
magaliTebia, panamis arxis xelSekruleba, saltis molaparakebebi, arab-izraelis
konfliqti da ase Semdeg.)
amis sapirispiro SemTxvevaa arahomogenuri amomrCeveli. aseT situaciaSi
SeTanxmebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva vnebaTaRelvani qveynis SigniT imisda
mixedviT, Tu ra preferenciebi aqvT sxvadasxva jgufebs.
am or SemTxvevaSi molaparakebaSi monawile pirebis problemebic sxvadasxvaa.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi rac ufro mets miaRwevs molaparakebebis dros pirvel
doneze miT ufro meti Sansi aqvs mas, rom mis SeTanxmebas Sin xels moaweren. am
SemTxvevebSi momlaparakebels pirdapir SeuZlia gamoiyenos misi Sinauri
“Zerebi” (Hawk), rom maqsimalurad gazardos misi mogeba an minimumamde daiyvanos
misi danakargi pirvel doneze.
momlaparakeblis saqme ufro rTulad aris roca mas saqme aqvs heterogenul
amomrCevelTan, magram am dros situacia potenciurad ufro sainteresocaa. aseT
SemTxvevebSi saSinao ganxeTqilebebma SeiZleba gaaumjobeson saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis perspeqtivebi.
2. vinsetebis zoma damokidebulia meore doneze arsebul politikur
institutebze.
64
bevri sxvadasxva aqtorebis da samTavrobo ganStoebis gavliT. meore, warmoebs
xSiri urTierTobebi adamianebs da jgufebs Soris saxelmwifos Caurevlad.
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis pirobebSi samxedro Zala politikis
warmoebis naklebad gamoyenebadi instrumentia.
am damokidebulebis Sedegia is, rom xdeba sxvadasxva jgufebis formireba
ama Tu im sakiTxis irgvliv, rogorc qveynis SigniT, aseve qveynis gareT da am
sakiTxebs axasiaTebT sxvadasxva xarisxis konfliqturoba. am konfliqtebis
umravlesobisTvis samxedro Zala Seuferebeli instrumentia, rac imaze miuTi-
Tebs, rom am epoqaSi Zalas ufro naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba da sxva resursebi
ufro fasobs, magaliTad, rogoricaa molaparakebis warmoebis unarCvevebi
(negotiating skills). da bolos, martivi urTierTdamokidebulebis xanisgan gansxva-
vebiT kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis xanaSi saxelmwifoebi ufro did
yuradRebas aqceven socialur sferos vidre erovnul usafrTxoebas. mokled
rom iTqvas, realizmis sapirispirod, kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis
Teoria moiazrebs gacilebiT ufro mSvidobian da usafrTxo msoflios.
kompleqsur urTierTdamokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi Sedegebi:
1.saxelmwifoebi sinqronulad ganaxorcieleben sxvadasxva interesebs da
transnacionaluri aqtorebi, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organizaciebi
da transnacionaluri korporaciebi Seecdebian sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcielebas saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad;
2. Zala da Zliereba ganisazRvreba calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT. magali-
Tad, nais da kioheins mohyavT daniis da norvegiis magaliTi, rom maT aqvT
SesamCnevi Zliereba saerTaSoriso naosnobaSi, radgan hyavT didi savaWro
da tvirTmzidi flotiliebi, magram es gavlena sxva sferoebze ar
vrceldeba;
3. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mniSvneloba gaizrdeba, radgan mxolod
isini arian patara qveynebis politikuri qmedebebis asparezi da amav-
droulad isini meTvalyureoben dRis wesrigis dagegmvas saerTaSoriso
doneze.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebuleba homogenuri ar aris
da is mxolod msoflios zogierT regionebze vrceldeba, rogoricaa dasavleT
evropa, CrdiloeT amerika, iaponia, avstralia da axali zelandia. anu, aseTi
urTierTobebi aReniSnebaT pluralistul, industriul saxelmwifoebs. kom-
pleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis mniSvneloba kidev ufro izrdeba
modernizaciasTan erTad da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba.
swored am modernizaciis gavlenis gamoZaxilia nais da kioheinis uaxlesi
naSromi am Temaze, “Zala da urTierTdamokidebuleba sainformacio saukuneSi,”
romelic avtorebma 1998 wels statiis saxiT dabeWdes cnobil Jurnal sagareo
urTierTobebSi (Foreign Affairs). am statiis siaxle isaa, rom nai da kiohenma
yuradReba miapyres saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi informaciis mniSvnelobas da
gvamcnes, rom “savaraudoa rom axal saukuneSi sinformacio teqnologia iqnes
yvelaze mniSvnelovani resursi (power resource).”45 maTi TqmiT, ukve daiwyo axali
45
Robert O. Keohane, Joseph Nye Jr. “Power and interdependence in the information age,” Foreign Affairs,
Sept/Oct 1998, pp. 77 -75.
37
xana, e.w. “sainformacio revolucia” romelic jer kidev sawyis etapzea, magram
ukve iqonia didi zegavlena kompleqsuri urTierTdamokidebulebis sam ZiriTad
komponentebze:
1.sazogadoebaTaSorisi kontaqtebi;
2.samxedro Zlierebis rolis Sesusteba;
3.usafrTxoeba, rogorc nakleb mniSvnelovani sakiTxi.
sainformacio revoluciam sagrZnoblad Secvala kompleqsuri urTierT-
damokidebulebis pirveli komponenti, radganac internetma da informaciis
gacvlis sxvadasxva saSualebebma mniSvnelovnad gaaxSires da gaaRrmaves
kontaqtebi qveynebs Soris. samxedro Zala da usafrTxoeba ki jer kidev
inarCuneben mniSvnelobas saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi. avtorebi asaxeleben
or mizezs, Tu ratom ver gardaqmna sainformacio revoluciam msoflio
politika:
1.informacia gaedineba ara vakuumSi, aramed politikur sivrceSi, romelic
ukve dakavebulia. politika Zerwavs sainformacio revolucias da piriqiT
(revolucia politikas);
2.mSvidobis demokratiuli zonis gareT saxelmwifoebis msoflio ar aris
kompleqsuri urTierTdamokdiebulebis msoflio.
nai da kioheini gamoyofen ori tipis Zalas: qceviTi Zala (behavioral power) da
saresurso Zala (resource power).
- qceviTi Zala gaZlevs saSualebas miiRo is Sedegi, romelic Sen gsurs.
arsebobs ori tipis qceviTi Zala:
- rbili Zala (soft power) — SesaZlebloba miaRwio sasurvel Sedegebs radgan
sxvebs undaT is, rac ginda Sen; anu SesaZlebloba miaRwio Sens mizans mozidvis da
ara Zaldatanebis saSualebiT;
- xisti Zala (hard power) - SesaZlebloba gaakeTebino sxvebs is, rasac isini
sxvagvarad ar gaakeTebdnen jildoebis an sasjelis gamoyenebiT;
- saresurso Zala niSnavs im resursebis qonas, romlebic rogorc wesi
gamoiyenebian Sedegebis misaRwevad. rogorc zemoT iTqva, nai da kioheni Tvlian,
rom sainformacio teqnologia iqneba axali saukunis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
resursi.
nai da kioheni aseve aRniSnaven, rom axal saukeneSi informaciis siWarbes
mivyavarT yuradRebis modunebasTan. yuradReba xdeba iSviaTi resursi da Zalas
ixveWen isini visac SeuZliaT ganasxvaon mniSvnelovani signalebi fuWi
xmaurisgan. am movlenas nai da kioheni siWarbis paradoqss (paradox of plenty)
uwodeben. isini aseve aRniSnaven, rom aseT garemoSi e.w. sandoobis reputacia
(reputation for credibility) rac gamoixateba sando informaciis miwodebaSi, Tundac es
Seni qveynisaTvis arasaxarbielo informacia iyos, xdeba Zalian mniSvnelovani.
amitom aris, rom BBC msoflioSi aRiarebul informaciis mimwodeblad iTvleba.
38
kompleqti) aris yvela is SesaZlo SeTanxmemebi pirvel doneze, romlebsac
SeuZliaT moipovon saWiro mxardaWera amomrCevelTa Soris, rodesac jeri
midgeba arCevaze an ar arCevaze. meore donis vinsetebis konturebi Zalian
mniSvnelovania pirvel doneze miRweuli SeTanxmebebis TaviseburebebSi
gasarkvevad ori mizezis gamo:
pirveli: didi vinseti pirvel doneze SeTanxmebebis miRwevis albaTobas
zrdis, roca yvelaferi danarCeni Tanasworia: ceteris paribus. realurad, nebismieri
warmatebuli SeTanxmeba unda eqceodes orive mxaris meore donis vinsetebs
Soris. Sesabamisad, SeTanxmeba miiRweva mxolod maSin, Tu sxvadasxva mxaris
vinsetebi erTmaneTs gadafaraven. da Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia vinseti miT
ufro savaraudoa, rom isini erTmaneTs gadakveTen. amavenairad, Tu pataraa
TiToeuli mxaris vinsetebi maSin saTuoa, rom molaparakeba CaiSleba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom CaSlili molaparakebis albaTobis gaTvalis-
winebisas unda ganvasxvaoT ori tipis mizezi: nebayoflobiTi Cavardna da
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna. nebayoflobiTi Cavardna exeba SeTanxmebis
Cavardnas racionaluri egoistis mier, romelic pirobebs ar asrulebs roca ar
aris ZaldatanebiTi kontraqti. (es problema xSirad iCens Tavs da kargad aris
gadmocemuli koleqtiuri moqmedebebis dilemaSi, an patimris dilemaSi).
aranebayoflobiTi Cavardna ki exeba situacias, rodesac agents ar aqvs
saSualeba piroba Seasrulos warumatebeli ratifikaciis procesis gamo.
meore: vinsetebis fardobiTi zoma gansazRvravs molaparakebebis Sedegad
miRebul sargebels. magaliTad, rac ufro didia ama Tu im mxaris vinseti, miT
ufro advilad SeiZleba misiT manipulireba molaparakebebis dros. amavenairad,
patara saSinao vinseti SeiZleba gaxdes molaparakebis dros upiratesoba: “me
didi siamovnebiT miviRebdi Tqvens SemoTavazebas, magram am gadawyvetilebas Sin
mxars ar dauWeren.” xSir SemTxvevaSi, am situaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT
oponentebi winaswar moiTxoven meore mxarisgan, rom gaafarTovon asparezi
manevrirebisaTvis pirvel doneze, sanam daiwyeben molaparakebas meore doneze.
vinsetebis dedaazrs putnami gadmoscems figuralurad. warmovidginoT
martivi nulovani urTierToba X da Y Soris. X max da Y max warmoadgenen maqsimum
Sedegs X da Y Tvis. maSin, rodesac X1 da Y1 warmoadgenen im Sedegebis minimums,
romelzec orive mxare moaxdens ratificirebas. an, Sesabamisad, nebismieri
SeTanxmeba, romelic eqceva X1 da Y1 Soris, xelmoweril iqneba orive mxaris mier.
magram Tu Y vinseti Semcirdeba Y2-mde maSin urTierTgadamfaravi vinsetebi
Semcirdeba sasargeblod. Tu warmatebiT Tavbrudaxveulma Y gadawyvita kidev
ufro Seamciros Tavisi vinsetebi Y3-mde, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom ucabedad
molaparakebebi CixSi eqceva, radganac ukve vinsetebi saerTod ar gadakveTaven
erTmaneTs.
vinsetebis determinantebi
aucilebelia gavarkvioT, Tu ra garemoebebi axdenen zegavlenas vinsetebis
zomaze. putnami gamoyofs sam faqtors:
63
leqcia XI aqedan gamomdinare, politikuri bataliebi imarTeba ara informaciis gadacemis
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saSinao politika saSualebebisaTvis, aramed imisaTvis, rom Seqmna an gaanadguro ndoba. avtorebi
aseve aRniSnaven faqts, rom informaciis saukuneSi demokratiul qveynebs aqvT
saSinao politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi xSirad erTmaneTSia upiratesoba.
gadajaWvuli. bunebrivia, isini erTmaneTs gansazRvraven da erTmaneTze zegav- Tu SevajamebT zemoT Tqmuls gamodis, rom kompleqsuri urTierTdamo-
lenas axdenen. magram, ufro sainteresoa gavarkvioT “rodis” da “rogor” kidebuleba sainformacio xanaSi niSnavs komunikaciis ufro met arxebs
gansazRvraven saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da saerTaSoriso politika msoflios sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, sainformacio
erTmaneTs. amaze pasuxi mogvca robert putnamma Tavis sayovelTaod cnobil revolucia jer kidev adreul fazaSia da Zalismieri politika (power politics) jer
statiaSi “diplomatia da saSinao politika, or doneze TamaSis logika,” romelic kidev dominirebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebs. amavdroulad, kompleqsuri
1988 wels daibeWda Jurnal saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi. 103 urTierTdamokidebuleba ar aris globaluri movlena da mxolod industriul-
saerTaSoriso da saSinao urTierTqmedebis asaRwerad putnamma pirvelad demokratiul saxelmwifoebze vrceldeba, romlebic aSkara upiratesobiT
SemoiRo metafora - TamaSi or doneze, romelic zustad asaxavs mocemul sargebloben.
situacias. putnamis TqmiT, “saerTaSoriso molaparakebebis politika SeiZleba
miviCnioT rogorc TamaSi or doneze. erovnul doneze Sida jgufebi cdiloben
TavianTi interesebis ganxorcielebas mTavrobaze zewoliT, rom maT gaataron
maTTvis sasargeblo politika da politikosebi moixveWen Zalas am jgufebs
Soris koaliciebis CamoyalibebiT. saerTaSoriso doneze erovnuli mTavrobebi
cdiloben, rom maqsimalurad gazardon sakuTari SesaZlebloba daakmayofilon
Sida zewola da amave dros minimumade daiyvanon sagareo movlenebis savalalo
Sedegebi. arc erTi donis TamaSis ignorireba ar SeuZliaT centralur figurebs
manmade, sanam maTi qveynebi arian urTierTdamokidebulni da amavdroulad
suverenulebi.”104 TiToeuli erovnuli politikuri lideri or dafaze
moqmedebs: saerTaSorisoze, sadac mis irgvliv dganan diplomatebi da saer-
TaSoriso mrCevelebi da saSinao dafaze, sadac gverdSi hyavT partia,
parlamenti, mrCevelebi, spikerebi da interesTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebi.
putnami ambobs, rom or dafaze TamaSi Zalian rTulia da did politikur
riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram, zogjer Wkviani moTamaSeebi SeniSnaven
xolme moZraobas erT dafaze, romelsac SeuZlia gamoiwvios gadaadgilebebi
meore dafaze, rac saSualebas aZlevs mas miaRwios sxvagvarad miuRwevel
Sedegebs.
analizisaTvis putnami akeTebs or doneze TamaSis danawevrebas raTa ufro
advilad iqnas aRqmuli maT Soris urTierTqmedeba da kavSiri:

1. dialogi molaparakebis mwarmoeblebs Soris, romelsac mivyavarT winaswar

SeTanxmebamde. done I.
2. calkeuli ganxilvebi amomrCevlebs Soris moaweron Tu ar moaweron xeli
SeTanxmebas. done II.

anu, gvaqvs ori faza, molaparakebis da ratifikaciis. is garemoeba, rom

nebismieri SeTanxmeba pirvel doneze ratificirebuli unda iqnas meore doneze
awesebs mniSvnelovan Teoriul kavSirs am or dones Soris.

amis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore donis amomrCevlebis vinseti (mogebebis

103
Robert D. Putnam, “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” International
Organizations, Vol. 3, Issue 42, Summer 1988: 427-460
104
Robert D. Putnam “Diplomacy and Domestic Politics, the logic of two level games,” in Peter B. Evans,
Harold K. Jacobson and Robert D. Putnam ed. International Bargaining and Domestic Politics: Double-Edged
Diplomacy, University of California Press, 1993: 436
62 39
leqcia VIII
TanamSromloba anarqiis pirobebSi
istoriuli gamocdilebidan gamomdinare naTelia, rom msoflioSi kon-
fliqtebi sWarbobs TanamSromlobas. es garemoeba Tavis mxriv xdeba dominaturi
Teoriis, realizmis arsebobis wyaro. realizmis Tanaxmad saxelmwifoTa Tana-
arseboba anarqiis pirobebSi aris mudmivi konfliqtis situacia, romelSic
saxelmwifoebi mxolod sakuTari Zalis imedze arian. aseT garemoSi Tanam-
Sromloba rTuli da warmoudgeneli xdeba. TanamSromlobis arsebuli faqtebi ki
ganixileba rogorc Zalauflebis mosapoveblad warmarTuli brZolis nawili.
xolo arsebul TanamSromlobis SemTxvevebs msoflio praqtikaSi realistebi
miaweren hegemonis mier Seqmnil wesrigs. es niSnavs imas, rom hegemoni anu
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi qmnis institutebs, romlebic xels uwyoben
TanamSromlobas. agram, es institutebi arian hegemonis interesebis matareblebi
da maTi arseboba efuZneba isevdaisev hegemonis arsebobas.
liberaluri skolis warmomadgenelbi uaryofen zemoT mocemul mosazrebebs.
isini sruliad samarTlianad mianiSneben dResdReobiT arsebul uamrav
TanamSromlobis qselebze finansebis, ekonomikis, vaWrobis, janmrTelobis,
telekomunikaciebis da garemos dacvis sferoebSi. TanamSromlobis faqtebi maT
mier ganixileba rogorc dadebiTi muxti msoflio politikaSi romelic
safuZvels uqmnis jer kidev sust, magram mainc aRiarebul mosazrebas, rom
konfliqti ar aris gardauvali garemoeba msoflio politikaSi.
anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobaze arsebobs uamravi naSromi liberaluri
skolis sxvadasxva warmomadgenlebis mier, romlebic sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Seiswavlian sakiTxs da sxvadasxva TeoriebiT xsnian maT. ZiriTadad am Teoriis
xerxemali aris mosazreba, rom saerTaSoriso organizaciebi/reJimebi xels
uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
liberaluri skolis erT-erTi yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli robert
kioheinia. misi wigni “hegemoniis Semdeg: TanamSromloba da uTanxmoeba msoflio
politikur ekonomiaSi” romelic pirvelad 1984 wels gamovida, dRemde
warmoadgens erT-erT TvalsaCino saxelmZRvanelos anarqiisa da TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb. am wignis mecnieruli kvlevis sagani gaxlavT TanamSromloba msoflio
politikur ekonomikaSi. kioheini gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis mier mocemuli
daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes usafrTxoebaze, CrdiloeTis da samxreTis
urTierTobebze Tu sxva ekonomikur urTierTobebze.48 kioheinis mTavari
hipotezaa - “SesaZlebelia hegemonuri reJimebis dacemis Semdeg warmoiSvas ufro
simetriuli TanamSromlobis magaliTebi, uTanxmoebis gardamavali periodis
gasvlis Semdeg.” igi magaliTad iRebs 1970-ian wlebs, rodesac amerikis
hegemonoba mcirdeba, magram TanamSromloba ar wydeba. misi wigni svams kiTxvebs:
ra pirobebSi SeiZleba damoukidebelma saxelmwifoebma iTanamSromlon msoflio
politekonomiis sferoSi da kerZod SeiZleba Tu ara TanamSromloba Sedges
hegemonis gareSe, da Tu ki, rogor? 49
kioheini gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs TanamSromlobis ganmartebas.
igi Tavidanve aRiarebs, rom saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaze wera gansakuTrebiT
rTuli saqmea erTi imitom, rom konfliqti da uTanxmoeba ufro sWarbobs
48
Keohane, Robert, O. “After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discowrd in the World Political Economy.”
Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 6
49
iqve, .., gv. 9.
44
moklebul organizaciad. 91
maSasadame, zemoTganxilulis safuZvelze Cven SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
realizmi natos gafarToebas da mis transformacias ganixilavs rogorc
movlenas, romelic xels aZlevs did saxelmwifoebs da ara rogorc natos
instituciuri siZlieris maniSneblad. meorenairad rom iTqvas, realizmi Tavisi
Sexedulebebidan gamomdinare miiCnevs, rom yvela instituti Tu organizacia,
samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT, emsaxurebian didi saxelmwifoebis miznebs da
arseboben manmade, sanam aseT saxelmwifoebs xels aZlevs maTi arseboba.
liberalizmi
instituciuri liberalebis msoflxedveloba efuZneba msoflios libe-
ralur xedvas, romlis mixedviTac konfliqtebi da omebi ar aris gardauvali.
miuxedavad imisa, rom instituciuri liberalistebi iziareben realizmis
ZiriTad debulebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebi arian mTavari aqtorebi
saerTaSoriso sistemaSi da isini arian racionaluri egoistebi, maT aseve swamT,
realistebisgan gansxvavebiT, rom aris sakmarisi sivrce TanamSromlobisaTvis da
sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
instituciur liberalistebs sjeraT, rom institutebi da organizaciebi
SesamCnevad arbileben/amcireben anarqiis destrqciul gavlenas wevr saxel-
mwifoebs Soris informaciis gavrcelebis da mimdinareobis gziT, rac imas
ganapirobebs, rom saxelmwifoebi nakleb nerviuloben sxvaTa qcevebis moulod-
nelobis Sesaxeb. institutebi aseve qmnian molaparakebaTa forums saxelm-
wifoebisaTvis, zrdian SesaZleblobas, rom saxelmwifoebma monitoringi gauwion
erTmaneTis saqciels da maT mier aRebuli movaleobebis Sesrulebis xarisxs. 92
instituciuri liberalistebi aRniSnaven, rom institutebi gvaZleven wesebs
da normebs, “romelTa irgvlivac xdeba aqtorebis interesTa Tanxvedra.” wesebi
exmarebian saxelmwifoebs dasZlion Ralatis da informaciis naklebobis
problema. isini exmarebian saxelmwifoebs, raTa gaiRon mokle vadiani msxverpli
anu gadalaxon patimris dilema, samagierod, miiRon grZelvadiani mogeba.
mokled, institutebs SeuZliaT warmoSvan TanamSromloba.
instituciur liberalistebs, realistebisgan gansxvavebiT sjeraT, rom
institutebi emsaxurebian ufro maRal interesebs vidre es did saxelmwifoTa
viwro interesebia. saerTaSoriso institutebi, samxedro aliansebis CaTvliT,
uadvileben saxelmwifoebs gzebs datkbnen TanamSromlobis Sedegad miRebuli
saerTo sargebliT, amcireben momsaxureobis danaxarjebs da aweseben wesebs da
normebs, romliTac isjeba cudi saqcieli. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom insti-
tutebi aferxeben Ralatis SesaZleblobas, isini xels uwyoben TanamSromlobas.
isini amcireben molaparakebebTan dakavSirebul danaxarjebs, uzrunvelyofen
gamWvirvalobas, riTac amcireben undoblobas saxelmwifoebs Soris, rac xels
uwyobs urTierTmomgebiani xelSekrulebebis dadebas.
institucionalistebis centraluri argumentia, rom Camoyalibebis Semdeg
91
ixileT: M. McGwire “NATO Expansion: A Policy Error of Historic Importance,” Review of International
Studies, 24 (January, 1998), aseve Robert J. Art, “Creating a Disaster: NATO’s Open Door Policy,” Political
Science Quarterly, 113, No. 3 (Fall 1998).
92
Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory
(Boulder: Westview Press, 1989), 2.
57
rom hegemonma es procesi SeaCeros, rogorc es evropaSi moxda.
uolci asaxelebs sam mizezs, romelmac gamoiwvia natos gafarToebis
gadawyvetilebis miReba. irveli - organizaciebs, gansakuTrebiT ki did
organizaciebs xangrZlivi sicocxlisunarianoba axasiaTebT. meore da ufro
mniSvnelovani faqtori misi TqmiT aris is, rom natos gafarToeba aris erT-erTi
saSualeba imisaTvis, rom amerikam Tavisi roli da arseboba SeinarCunos evropis
samxedro da sagareo saqmeebSi. mesame mizezi aris amerikis Sida politikis
zegavlena aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze. sxva
sityvebiT rom iTqvas, uolcis mizania gvaCvenos, rom institutebi emsaxurebian
erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso interesebs, gansxvavebiT qvemoT ganxiluli ori
Teoriisgan. ufro metic, uolci amtkicebs, rom “nato arsebobda rogorc
samxedro kavSiri imdeni xani ramdeni xanic sabWoTa kavSiri warmoadgenda
pirdapir safrTxes misi wevri saxelmwifoebisadmi. is arsebobs da farTovdeba
axla ara misi instituciebis wyalobiT aramed imitom, rom ase surs amerikis
SeerTebul Statebs.” 88
miuxedavad imisa, rom realistebi natos gafarToebas xsnian realizmze
dayrdnobiT, isini ar miiCneven, rom gadawyvetileba natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb
racionaluri gadawyvetileba iyo amerikis mxridan. maSasadame, arseobs ori
gansxvavebuli midgoma natos gafarToebis Sesaxeb. erTi mxaris argumenti aris,
rom gafarToeba aris racionaluri gadawyvetileba, meore ki Tvlis, rom es aris
Secdoma. pirveli mxaris argumenti aris is, rom natos gafarToeba xels uwyobs
regionalur usafrTxoebas da amkvidrebs im demokratiul da sabazro ekonomikis
reformebs, romlebic amJamad mimdinareoben yofil komunistur qveynebSi. rac
ufro aRsaniSnavia, natos gafarToeba winaswar gvicavs ruseTis savaraudo
eqspansionisturi qmedebebisagan momavalSi. 89
realistebis meore jgufi ambobs, rom natos gafarToeba iyo “fataluri
Secdoma.” 90 isini amboben, rom natos gafarToebis xarjebi bevrad aRemateba misi
gafarToebidan gamomdinare dadebiT mxareebs orive, materialuri da
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT. am jgufSi Semavali politikosebi, mkvlevarebi da
oficialuri pirebi Tvlian, rom natos gafarToeba iwvevs axali gamyofi kedlis
aRmarTvas evropaSi, maSin rodesac TviTon am procesis, anu gafarToebis
ritorika da principi aris swored rom sapirispiro. meore, nebiT Tu uneblieT,
natos gafarToeba aris mimarTuli ruseTis winaaRmdeg. pirveli imitom, rom
natos axal wevr saxlemwifoebs aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba ruseTisadmi da
Sesabamisad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom isini Secvlian aliansis ruseTisadmi
damokidebulebas da meore, Tuki nato darCeba Tavdacvis organizaciad, ruseTi
misi wevri verasodes ver gaxdeba, rac yovelTvis ganapirobebs uxerxulobas
natosa da ruseTs Soris. mesame mizezi aris is, rom gafarToeba safrxes uqmnis
natos erTianobas da erTpirovnulobas saerTo mtris ararsebobis pirobebSi da
meoTxe is, rom axali wevrebis damateba alianss aqcevs ufro zogad da simtkices
88
Jackson and Sorensen, p. 95.
89
ixileT: Ball, “Nattering NATO Negativism? Reasons Why Expansion May be a Good Thing,” Review of
international Studies, 24 (January, 1998): 43-68. aseve ixileT fundamenturi naSromi natos
gafarToebis dadebiT mxareebze: Ronald D. Asmus, Richard L. Kugler and Stephen F. Larabee,
“Building a New NATO,” Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (September/October 1993): 28-40. amerikis poziciis
da gafarToebis pirveli talRis mxardasaWeri argumentebisTvis ixileT: Madeline Albright,
“Why Bigger is Better,” The Economist, February 15, 1997, 21-23.
90
George F. Kennan, “A Fateful Error,” New York Times, 5 February, 1997
56
msoflio politikur arenaze da meore imitom, rom rTulia misi mecnieruli
Seswavla, vinaidan da radganac TanamSromloba sakmaod efemeruli koncefciaa,
romelsac mravalmxrivi da mravalgvari waxnagebi gaaCnia. misi TqmiT,
politikosebi xSirad TanamSromlobas ganixilaven ara rogorc saSualebad Tavis
TavSi, aramed rogorc instruments sxva miznebis misaRwevad. magaliTad, didi da
Zlieri qveynebis TanamSromloba raTa daCagron an gamoiyenon sustni. aseT
TanamSromlobas kioheini mxars ar uWers. igi aseve aRiarebs, rom Tana-
mSromlobam SeiZleba yovelTvis ar migviyvanos saukeTeso Sedegebamde, magram
TanamSromlobis gareSe msoflio marTlac momakvdinebeli iqneboda. 50
kioheini ganasxvavebs TanamSromlobas, harmonias da uTanxmoebas. harmonia
aris situacia, rodesac aqtorebis qmedebebi (romlebic ganxorcielda sakuTari
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvisis gauTvaliswineblad) avtomaturad xels
uwyobs sxvisi miznebis miRwevas. amis klasikuri magaliTi aris warmosaxviTi
msoflio ekonomika sadac uxilavi xelis meSveobiT sakuTari interesebis
ganxorcieleba saboloo jamSi xels uwyobs yvelas keTildReobas. harmonia
msoflio politikaSi Zalian iSviaTi movlenaa. harmoniisgan gansxvavebiT
TanamSromloba moiTxovs, rom calkeuli individebis an organizaciebis
qmedebebi — romlebic ar imyobebian harmoniul situaciaSi — moyvanil iqnas
SesabamisobaSi molaparakebis procesis saSualebiT. anu, TanamSromlobas adgili
aqvs rodesac aqtorebi TavianT qmedebebs uxameben sxvebis interesebs qmedebebis
koordinaciis procesis meSveobiT. Tu ar moxda qmedebebis Sejereba, maSin
adgili aqvs diskords/konfliqts. es aris situacia, rodesac mTavrobebi
ganixilaven erTmaneTis politikas rogorc maTi interesebis SemzRudvels da
erTmaneTs akisreben pasuxismgeblobas am SezRudvebis gamo. harmonia aris
sruliad apolitikuri movlena, xolo TanamSromloba Zlier politikuri.
amasTanave, TanamSromloba ar niSnavs konfliqtis ararsebobas, aramed igi
SeiZleba moicavdes konfliqtebs, magram amasTanave moicavdes konfliqtebis
gadaWris nawilobriv warmatebul Zalisxmevebs. 51
liberaluri institucionalistebi TanamSromlobas xsnian TamaSis Teoriis
meSveobiT. isini Tvlian, rom TanamSromlobas yvelaze metad xels uSlis
Ralatis saSiSroeba. Tu Ralatis saSiSroeba nawilobriv mainc gadalaxul iqna,
maSin SeiZleba adgili eqnes TanamSromlobas.
TanamSromlobis sirTuleebi kargad aris ilustrirebuli e.w. “patimris
dilemis” TeoriiT. istoria Seexeba or damnaSaves, romlebic daiWires da
calcalke hyavT dakiTxvaze. patimprebma ician, rom Tu isini ar gamotydebian
maSin prokurors sakmarisi samxili ar eqneba da SeeZleba TiToeuli maTgani
cixeSi Casvas mxolod wesrigis darRvevisaTvis, rac gamoixateba 30 dRiani
patimrobiT. magram, Tuki orive gamotydeba, TiToeuls miusjian 1 wels. es
perspeqtiva TiTqos orives aZlevs sababs, rom ar gamotydnen. magram cbieri
prokurori orives calcalke sTavazobs rom Tu gamotydeba cixeSi saerTod ar
Casvams, xolo mis partniors miusjian 5 wels. am situaciaSi TiToeulisTvis
marTebuli iqneboda gamotydoma imisda miuxedavad Tu meore partniori ras
moimoqmedebs. anu, Tu gamotydeba, movlenebi ase ganviTardeba: Tu TviTon
gamotyda da amave dros meore patimaric gamotyda isini oriveni 1 wliT
daisjebian, magram amiT Tavs daizRvevs 5 wliani patimrobisgan. Tu TviTon
gamotyda da meore patimari ar gamotyda, mas gaaTavisufleben meore patimris
50
iqve, .., gv. 11.
51
iqve, .., gv. 51-53.
45
xarjze. anu, ori racionaluri pirovneba arCevs Ralats imisaTvis, rom Tavidan
aicilos uaresi sasjeli, maSin rodesac TanamSromlobiT orive aicilebda
sasjels mTlianobaSi. am TamaSSi gamotydoma, anu Ralati partniorisaTvis
gamodis rom aris dominanturi strategia orive moTamaSisaTvis. es TamaSis
Teoria kargad aris gamoxatuli cifruli matriciT:
patimris dilema
kevinis arCevani
TanamSromloba Ralati
jeimsis arCevani TanamSromloba j,j (3,3) s, g (1,4)
Ralati g, s (4, 1) c,c (2,2)
j — jildo
s — sasjeli
g — gaTavisufleba
c — cixe
patimris dilema ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba imis saCveneblad, Tu ratom aris
konfliqti da uTanxmoeba xSiri da TanamSromloba iSviaTi. magram, kioheini
iyenebs am magaliTs sapirispiros dasamtkiceblad. ganmeorebadi patimris
dilemis magaliTis mixedviT partniorebi ufro TanamSromlobas arCeven,
radganac momavalSi maT kidev mouwevT erTmaneTTan saqmis daWera da Sesabamisad
imijis gafuWeba ar uRirT moklevadian mogebad. aqidan gamomdinare kioheini
askvnis, rom TanamSromloba aqtorebs Soris SeiZleba ganviTardes hegemonis
ararsebobis pirobebSic ki.
kioheini ambobs, rom reJimebis CamoyalibebaSi hegemonis arseboba ar aris
gadamwyveti. saerTaSoriso reJimebis arseboba imazea damokidebuli arsebobs Tu
ara saerTo, an SeTavsebadi interesebi, romlebic aRqmulia an SeiZleba iqnes
aRqmuli politikuri aqtorebis mier. amis Sedegad, saerTo interesebis
misaRwevad warmarTuli saerTo qmedebebi racionaluri xdeba. marTalia,
hegemons SeuZlia Seqmnas saxarbielo garemoeba TanamSromlobisaTvis,
jildoebis da sasjelebis dawesebis gziT, magram igive SeiZleba moxdes hegemonis
ararsebobisasac Tuki amisaTvis saWiro pirobebi arsebobs. es SeiZleba miRweul
iqnes qveynebis patara jgufis mierac ki, romlebic erTmaneTs gauweven
monitorings raTa pativi scen dawesebul normebs da qcevis wesebs da maTi
samTavrobo strategia iqneba sxva mTavrobebis keTildReoba damokidebuli
gaxadon maT mier gangrZobad TanamSromlobaze reJimis SigniT. Sesabamisad,
intensiuri interaqcia ramodenime moTamaSes Soris iZleva saSualebas
Caanacvlos hegemonis ararseboba. rogorc ki hegemonis Zalaufleba dakninebas
ganicdis, TandaTanobiT TanamSromloba gadava post hegemonur fazaSi. am fazaSi
TanamSromloba ganpirobebuli iqneba ara marto hegemonis waxalisebebze, aramed
sxva mniSvnelovani Zalauflebis mqone saxelmwifoebze. aseTi gardamavali
46
leqcia X
natos gafarToeba da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriebi
neorealizmi
samxedro aliansebi, romlis erT-erTi TvalsaCino magaliTia nato, mxolod
aireklaven saxelmwifoTa interesebs. isini Seqmnili arian safrTxis winaaRmdeg
da rodesac safrTxe, romlis winaaRmdegac isini Seiqmna aRar arsebobs isini
iSlebian. 83 aliansebs aqvT simtkicis sxvadasxva doneebi, rac ufro didia
safrTxe, miT ufro mtkicea aliansi. magram, aseT SemTxvevaSic ki realistebi
nakleb mniSvnelobas aniWeben guliTadi TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas,
radganac miaCniaT rom saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis yuradRebas aqceven fardobiT
mogebas da arasdros ar arian darwmunebulebi Tu ra ganzraxvebi amoZravebT sxva
saxelmwifoebs.”84 Sesabamisad, Ralatze da fardobiT mogebaze gamudmebiT fiqri
arTulebs TanamSromlobas aliansis farglebSic ki.
institutebis Sesaxeb am warmodgenaSi iyo fesvgadgmuli realistebis
winaswarmetyveleba, rom nato daiSleboda sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad an
moxdeboda misi rekonstruqcia evropaSi ZalTa axali gadanawilebis safuZvelze.
85
Sesabamisad, realistebma mkacri kritika daimsaxures imis gamo, rom ver
ganWvrites natos bedi, romelic araTu ar daiSala civi omis dasrulebis Semdeg,
aramed gaxda msoflioSi erTerTi, Tu ara erTaderTi yvelaze dinamiuri
samxedro organizacia. miuxedavad TavianTi kraxisa, realistebi amboben, rom
maTi mosazrebebi arc Tu ise mcdari iyo. magaliTad, kenet uolci, Tavis statiaSi
“ZalTa balansi da natos gafarToeba” amtkicebs, rom misi winaswarmetyveleba
ukve axda, radgan dResdReobiT kaci ver ityvis vis winaaRmdeg icavs Tavs nato. 86
uolci natos gafarToebas xsnis ZalTa balansis Teoriis mixedvT. igi ambobs,
rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg msoflio politikuri sistema gaxda
unipolaruli, da aSS gaxda erTaderTi yvelaze Zlieri saxelmwifo msoflioSi.
uolcis mixedviT “iseve rogorc buneba ver itans vakuums, aseve saerTaSoriso
politika ver itans daubalansebel Zalas.” 87 magram jerjerobiT amerikis
Zliereba aravis daubalansebia da sanam es moxdebodes amerika miiltvis Zalisa
da Zlierebis maqsimizaciisaken. uolci asaxelebs or mizezs Tu jerjerobiT
ratom aris, rom danarCen msoflios ar hqonia amerikis Zlierebis dabalansebis
mcdeloba: pirveli, zogierTi samxelmwifo amerikas aRiqvams rogorc keTil
liders da ar grZnobs Tavs im donemde SeSinebulad, rom raime qmediTi
ganaxorcielos da meore, sxvebs ar aqvT survili Caeban ZviradRirebul ZalTa
gadanawilebis TamaSebSi. magram, uolci Rrmad aris darwmunebuli, rom
sabolood ZalTa balansi aRdgeba. igi asaxelebs evrokavSirs, CineTs da iaponias
momaval did saxelmwifoTa ampluaSi. igi aseve dasZens, rom Teorias ar ZaluZs
imis ganWvreta Tu rodis moxdeba ZalTa balansis aRdgena da asve ambobs, rom
dabalanseba saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris aucilebeli movlena. SesaZlebelia,
83
Kenneth N. Waltz’s Theory of International Politics and Stephen Walt’s The Origins of Alliances propose
the argument that once victory is secured, the war-winning coalition typically dissolves.
84
Mearsheimer, 1994, 10
85
See, Gunther Hellmann and Reinhard Wolf, “Neorealism, Neoliberal Institutionalism, and the Future of
NATO,” Security Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Autumn 1993): 3-43
86
Kenneth Waltz, “NATO Expansion: a Realist’s View,” in Explaining NATO enlargement, ed. Robert W.
Rauchhaus, (London: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001), 22.
87
iqve, . . ., gv. 25
55
uSiSroebis ritorika iyo omisadmi negatiuri damokidebuleba da am damo-
kidebulebis institucionalurad gamyareba, istoriulma movlenebma aCvena, rom
koleqtiuri uSiSroebis koncefcia gamoyenebul iqna rogorc iaraRi raTa
uzrunveleyoT jgufis uSiSroeba sxva potenciuri Tu pirdapiri safrTxisagan.
mokled rom iTqvas, Znelia daaskvna, rom saxelmwifoebs aqvT altruistuli
gadaxrebi da miznebi. maSinac ki, Tu identurobas aqvs mniSvneloba saxelmwifoTa
moqedebebis CamoyalibebaSi, es ar niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebi SeiZleba
aRmoCdnen sxva TviTdaxmarebisagan gansxvavebul sistemaSi.
vendtis Teoriis yvelaze gavrcelebuli kritika ki is aris, rom mas ar aqvs
empiriuli mtkicebulebebi da aseve misi Teoria imdenad yovlismomcvelia, rom
igi ar baTildeba. 82
82
Tu Teoria imdenad yovlismomcmelia rom misi gabaTileba SeuZlebelia, igi ar iTvleba
Teoriad (imre lakato).
54
periodi rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, magram kioheinis azriT SeuZlebeli ar aris52
robert jervisi agreTve wers anarqiis pirobebSi TanamSromlobis
sirTuleebis Sesaxeb. robert jervisi iyenebs e.w. iremze nadirobis TamaSis
Teorias. es TamaSi aris monadireebze. Tu isini iTanamSromleben da iremze
inadireben, maSin yvela kargad danayrdeba. magram, Tu erTi gamoakldeba da
kurdRels dauwyebs devnas, romelic mas sinamdvileSi irmis xorcze naklebad
moswons, maSin danarCenebi mSivrebi darCebian. anu, es TamaSi patimris dilemisgan
imiT gansxvavdeba, rom yvela moTamaSes gaaCnia erTi da igive interesTa sfero —
yvelas uyvars irmis xorci. aris ramodenime varianti: 1) TanamSromloba da irmis
daWera (saerTaSoriso analogi iqneboda TanamSromloba da ganiaraReba); 2)
kurdRlis monadireba maSin, rodesac sxvebi TavianT postebze rCebian
(SeinarCuno SeiaraRebis maRali done rodesac sxvebi ganiaraRebuli arian); 3)
yvelas mier kurdRelze nadiroba (gamalebuli SeiaraReba da omis maRali riski);
da 4) Tavdapirvel poziciaze darCena, rodesac sxvebi misdeven kurdRels
(ganiaraRebuli yofna, rodesac sxvebi SeiaraRebulni arian). 53 aqidan logikuri
dasvna aris is, rom moqmedma pirebma SeiZleba icodnen, rom maT saerTo mizani
aqvT, magram ver moaxdinon maTi erToblivad miRweva, radgan maT erTmaneTis ar
sjeraT da arian mudmivi SiSis qveS, rom sxvebi gandgebian saerTo saqmisgan da
amiT isini ormagad dazaraldebian vidre Tavidanve TanamSromlobaze uaris
TqmiT. anu, vidre TiToeuli pirovneba ar darwmundeba, rom sxvebi
iTanamSromleben, igi ar daTanxmdeba TanamSromlobaze.
garda im garemoebebisa, romlebic “iremze nadirobis” TamaSiT aris
gadmocemuli, jervisi gamoyofs 3 dabrkolebas, romelic ar aris
gaTvaliswinebuli iremze nadirobis magaliTSi. pirveli is, rom gandgomis SiSis
gamomwvev mizezebs unda davumatoT is faqtori, rom Tu dRes meore saxelmwifo
mxars uWers status-kvos, mogvianebiT SeiZleba ar dakmayofildes am garemoebiT
da gadawyvitos arCeuli gzidan gadaxveva.
meore problema exeba qveynebis mudmiv survils gazardon sakuTari
teritoriebi, raTa hqondeT saWiro resursebi. mesame problema aris
usafrTxoebis dilema, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom erTi saxelmwifos mier
gazrdili usafrTxoeba warmoadgens safrTxes meore saxlemwifosaTvis.
52
iqve, .., gv. 75-76.
53
Robert Jervis, “Cooperation under the Security Dilemma,” World Politics, 30, no. 2 (January 1978): 167
47
leqcia IX
konstruqtivizmi da misi kirtika
konstruqtivizmi fokuss axdens adamianis Semecnebaze da mis adgilze
msoflio politikaSi. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom rogorc aseTi, ar
arsebobs garegani, obieqturi socialuri realoba. socialuri da politikuri
samyaro ar aris fizikuri arseba an materialuri sagani, romelic arsebobs
adamianuri Semecnebis gareT. isini amboben, rom saerTaSoriso sistema ar aris
raRac sivrceSi arsebuli, rogorc magaliTad mzis sistema. is ar arsebobs
TavisTavad. is arsebobs mxolod xalxTa interdisciplinaruli gagebis/Semec-
nebis safuZvelze. konstruqtivistebi amboben, rom saerTaSoriso politika aris
adamianuri qmnileba, magram ara fizikuri da materialuri, aramed wminda
inteleqtualuri da ideuri. saerTaSoriso sistema maTi TqmiT aris ideaTa kona,
garkveuli naazrevebi, normaTa sistemebi, romlebic mowesrigebul iqna
garkveuli xalxis mier garkveul droSi da garkveul adgilas. aqidan logikuri
daskvna aris is, rom Tu fiqrebi da ideebi, romlebic Seadgenen saerTaSoriso
sistemas Seicvlebian, maSin Seicvleba TviTon sistemac. es xdeba imitom, rom
sistema arsebobs naazrevSi da ideebSi.
konstruqtivizms zogjer uwodeben axal midgomasac, (approach) magram
sinamdvileSi aseTi meTodologia jer kidev XVIII saukunidan aris Semonaxuli.
italieli filosofosi jambatista viko amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi samyaro
RmerTis Seqmnilia, magram istoriuli samyaro kacis qmnilebaa. istoria ar aris
TviTqmnadi procesi, igi Seqmnilia kacebis da qalebis mier. isini aseve qmnian
saxelmwifoebs, romlebic realurad warmoadgenen istoriul konstruqciebs.
saxelmwifoebi arian xelovnuri qmnilebebi da aqedan gamomdinare saxelmwifoTa
sistemac xelovnuria.
konstruqtivizmis ZiriTadi midgoma saerTaSoriso urTierTobebisadmi
SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegnairad:
1. admianuri urTierTobebi, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis CaTvliT, Sed-
geba ZiriTadad ideebisa da azrebisagan da ara materialuri mdgo-
mareobis an Zalisagan;
2. ZiriTadi ideuri elementebi, romlebsac konstruqtivistebi eyrdnobian
aris is rwmenebi (ideebi, koncefciebi, mosazrebebi), romlebic farTod
aris gaziarebuli xalxis mier;
3. es saerTo rwmenebi (beliefes) gamoxataven xalxis interesebs da iden-
turobas;
4. konstruqtivistebi Seiswavlian im gzebs, romlis meSveobiTac yalib-
debian da gamoixatebian urTierTobebi. magaliTad, iseTi koleqtiuri
socialuri institutis saSualebiT, rogoric aris saxelmwifos suve-
renteti, romelsac ar gaaCnia aranairi materialuri realoba, magram
arsebobs imdenad ramdenadac adamainebs koleqtiurad swamT misi
arsebobisa da moqmedeben am rwmenis Sesabamisad.54
konstruqtivistebi msoflios warmoidgenen rogorc socialur konstruq-
54
Jackson and Sorensen, p. 254.
48
sistemebi vendtis TeoriaSi da Tqva, rom vendtis mTeli Teoria logikuria
mxolod maSin Tuki sxva-daxmarebis sistema egoistur miswrafebebze maRalia da
mxolod maSin, Tuki am sxva-daxmarebis sistemaSi, rogorc es vendtma aRniSna,
“erovnuli interesebi aris saerTaSoriso interesebi”77 da uSiSroebisadmi
mimarTuli qmedebebi aris “altruistuli da prosocialuri.” 78
vendtis merseriseuli kritika raRac momentSi aris vendtis argumentis
ukuqceva vendtisave sityvebis gamoyenebiT. merseri aCvenebs, rom sakuTari Tavis
sxvasTan identifikacia da koleqtiuri prosocialuri sistemis warmoqmna ar
aris aucilebeli simarTles Seesabamebodes. merseri Tvlis, rom sawyis
mdgomareobaSi adamianebi sakuTari Tavis win wamowevas ewevian eqskluziurad
Zalismieri saSualebebiT. mokled, buneba jabnis process. 79
uolcisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia gamowveulia
struqturiT da vendtisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic Tvlis, rom konkurencia
gamowveulia procesiT, merseri ambobs, rom konkurencias warmoSobs “Cveni
cnobiereba da survili, davimkvidroT pozitiuri socialuri identuroba.” 80
maSasadame, alteric da egoc winaswarmidrekili arian konkurenciisaken
Sexvedramde. amis saCveneblad merseri iyenebs henri tajfelis da jon terneris
Zalzed gavlenian socialuri identurobis Teorias (siT). 81 merseri pirdapir
welsqveviT urtyams vendtis arguments imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifoebma
SeiZleba warmoSvan sxva-daxmarebis sistema garda TviT-daxmarebisa. igi akeTebs
evrokavSiris analizs siT Teoriis gamoyenebiT da aCvenebs, rom is evropuli
saxelmwifoebic ki, romlebic TanamSromloben erTmaneTTan diskriminacias
uweven sxva arawevr saxelmwifoebs. mokled rom iTqvas, rodesac saxelwifoebi
akeTeben TavianTi jgufis sxva jgufis winaaRmdeg identifikacias isini aseve
qmnian TviTdaxmarebis sistemas, romelic Sors dgas altruistuli sxva-
daxmarebis sistemisagan. jgufis SigniT SeiZleba xdebodes identurobis Serwyma,
magram maT mainc aqvT negatiuri damokidebuleba sxva jgufebis mimarT. amis
magaliTia evrokavSiris imigraciis da TavSesafris politika, aseve iseTi
koncefciebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa usafrTxo mesame qveynebi da xelmeored
daSvebis SeTanxmebebis momravleba, rac imas adasturebs, rom evrokavSirs aqvs
diskriminaciuli damokidebuleba Tavis wevr da arawevr saxelmwifoebTan.
merseris mier siT Teoriis gamoyeneba da vendtis kritika imisken ar aris
mimarTuli, rom vendtis Teoria uvargisad gamoacxados. merseri miiCnevs, rom
yuradRebis gamaxvileba identurobaze mniSvnelovania, Tumca is ar xsnis Tu
rogor Seicvleba sistema, da arc imas xsnis, Tu rogor SeiZleba rom procesma
Secvalos identuroba da Semdeg sistema. koleqtiuri uSiSroebis idea, romelic
vendtma wamoayena rogorc TviTdaxmarebis sistemis alternativa istoriulad
ganxorcielda mxolod jgufis farglebSi. maSasadame, koleqtiuri uSiSroeba
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mxolod rogorc jgufuri egoizmis forma. rogorc mauris
burkinma Tqva “saxelmwifoebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen uSiSroebis mopovebas, da
misi mopovebis gzebi moicavs rogorc individualur uSiSroebis strategias,
aseve koleqtiuri uSiSroebis strategias.” miuxedavad imisa, rom koleqtiuri
77
iqve, .., gv. 400
78
iqve, .., gv. 401
79
Mercer, “Anarchy and Identity,” p. 236
80
iqve,…, p. 242.
81
Tajfel, Henry and John C. Turner, “The Social identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior” in Worchel, Stephen
and William G. Austin, eds. Psychology of Intergroup Relations, 2nd ed. (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1986), pp. 7-24.
53
dakargva” SeiZleba sazianoc ki iyos identurobisaTvis/meobisaTvis da SeiZleba
warmoSvas mowinaaRmdegis ‘rekonstruqciis’ saWiroeba imisaTvis, rom gadaar-
Cinos sakuTari identuroba. samuel hanTingtoni amtkicebs, rom sabWoTa
kavSiris daSlam gamoiwvia amerikis identurobis gadaxaliseba (redefinition). 72
giorgi arbatovis gamonaTqvamis konteqstSi, rom sabWoTa kavSiris daSliT isini
akeTebdnen yvelaze ufro did saSinelebas radgan isini sakuTar Tavs mters
aclidnen, hanTingtoni Seecada eCvenebina identurobis krizisi, romelSic
amerikam amohyo Tavi oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi. harvardis profesorma isic ki
iwinaswarmetyvela, rom amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi uaxloes momavalSi
ecdeboda misi erovnuli interesebis redefinicias da axali mtris
konstruirebas. marTlac, dResdReobiT amerika mogvevlina rogorc lideri
saerTaSoriso terorizmis da e.w. “borotebis RerZis” winaaRmdeg brZolaSi.
zemoTmoyvanili damatkicebelia imisa, rom saWiroa mtris arseboba raTa
moaxdino sakuTari identurobis konstruireba (construct).
meore argumenti vendtis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTulia misi mtkicebule-
bisadmi, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian mtrulad ganwyobilni. vendti warmoidgens
sawyis mdgomareobas Semdegnairad: “warmovidginoT ori moqmedi piri — ego da
alteri — romlebic pirvelad xvdebian erTmaneTs. TiToeul maTgans gadarCena
surs da mowinaaRmdegis msgavsi materialuri SesaZleblobebi gaaCnia, magram arc
erT maTgans ar axasiaTebs gandidebis an dapyrobis biologiuri Tu Sinagani
imperativi; maT arc usafrTxoebis an safrTxis saerTo istoria aqvT. rogor unda
moiqcnen isini?” 73
vendti askvnis, rom radganac arc alters da arc egos aqvs identuroba,
usafrTxoebis interesebi da molodinebi, isini ar Caebmebian Zalismier urTier-
TobebSi dasawyisidanve. aseT siatuaciaSi ar arsebobs mizezi, rom es garemoeba
moviazroT rogorc TviTdaxmarebis msoflio.” sxvagvarad mosazreba vendtis
azriT niSnavs imas, rom saxelmwifoebs, romlebic arian sawyis mgomareobaSi
vaniWebT mniSvnelobas, romelic maT SeiZleba hqondeT mxolod sazogadoebaSi.
“TviTdaxmareba institutia, da ara anarqiis Semadgeneli nawili.” 74 vendti
ambobs, rom “Tu saxelmwifoebi aRmoCndebian TviTdaxmarebad samyaroSi es
ganpirobebulia maTi sakuTari qmedebebiT. moqmedebebis Secvla Secvlis
intersubieqtur codnas, romlic Seadgens sistemas.”75 amis Semdeg vendti akeTebs
imis demonstrirebas, rom radganac ar aris aucilebeli da gardauvali, rom
saxelmwifoebi Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi sadac TviTdaxmarebis principi
sufevs, savaraudoa, rom isni Caeban iseT urTierTobebSi, romelic SegviZlia
davaxasiaToT rogorc prosocialuri an TanamSromluri. 76
zemoTmocemuli gancxadeba, rom saxelmwifoebi ar arian belikozurebi
bunebrivad da rom isini aseTebi xdebian erTmaneTTan da sxva saxelmwifoebTan
urTierTobis Semdeg Zalian didi davis sagani xdeba. sainteresoa, rom jonaTan
merserma es argumenti uaryo, romelmac aCvena rom sawyis mdgomareobaSi alteri
da ego savaraudod ufro TviTdaxmarebis stilSi daiwyeben urTierTobas vidre
prosocialuris. merserma ganasxvava TviTdaxmareba da sxva-daxmarebis
72
Huntington, Samuel, “The Erosion of American National Interests” Foreign Affairs, Volume 76, No 5,
Sept/Oct 1997
73
Wendt, “Anarchy is …..”. p. 404.
74
iqve, .., gv.. 401-402
75
iqve, .., gv. 407
76
iqve, .., gv. 405
52
cias, romelic Seqmnilia adamianebis mier, maTi azrebis da ideebis meSveobiT.
nebismier konstruqcias aqvs materialuri mxare magram igi mxolod meore-
xarisxovania. anu, fizikuri elementi arsebobs magram igi arafers warmoadgens
inteleqtualuri elementis gareSe, romelic mas aZlevs mniSvnelobas, gegmavs,
organizebas ukeTebs da warmarTavs. azrs ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs saer-
TaSoriso usafrTxoebaSi vidre fizikur sagnebs, isini arafers warmoadgenen
inteleqtualuri komponentis gareSe. vendtis mixedviT, socialur konstruq-
ciebs aqvT sami elementi: saerTo codna, materialuri resursebi, da
praqtika. 55
konstruqtivistebi aseve amboben, rom eri da erovnebac socialuri kons-
truqciaa, romlebic Seiqmna droSi da sivrceSi. maT argumentad mohyavT is, rom
erovnuloba gavrcelda XIX saukuneSi ganaTlebis da beWdviTi kulturis gavr-
celebasTan erTad da gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli faseuloba. Sesabamisad,
kidev erTi Tavisebureba konstruqtivizmisa isaa, rom konstruqtivizmi
yuradRebas aqcevs ara marto ideebis da rwmenebis gaziarebis faqts, aramed imas,
Tu ramdenadaa isini gaziarebuli.
vendti da `anarqia~
aleqandre vendtma daiwyo axali era saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis TeoriaSi.
Tumca ki, termini “konstruqtivizmi” misi mogonili ar aris, dResdReobiT es
termini aucileblad asocirdeba vendtis saxelTan. jeqsonis da sorensenis
mixedviT “gasuli dekadis ganmavlobaSi vendti gaxda disciplinis erT-erTi
totema, erT-erTi im mweralTagani visi ideebic aRebeWdebaT saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis studentebs aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, visi ideebic SeiZleba
zogs moswondes, zogi ki ver itandes, magram veravin ugulebelyofs.” 56
aleqsandre vendtis mier saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi 1992 wels
gamoqveynebuli statia “anarqia aris iseTi rogoradac mas saxelmwifoebi
aRiqvamen” gaxda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi erT- erTi yvelaze popularuli
statia, xolo misi saTauri erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad moxseniebadi fraza
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Teoriis konteqstSi. statiis popularobis
utyuari mizezi aris is, rom igi Riad upirispirdeba ukve fesvebgadgmul da
mZlavr struqturuli realizmis Teorias da mis mamamTavars, kenet uolcs.
vendtis argumentebi eyrdnoba e.w. konstruqtivizms, kerZod ki sociologiur
konstruqtivizm, romlis mizania axsnas identurobis da interesebis Camo-
yalibeba, rogorc procesi (an maTi Camoyalibebis procesi). miuxedavad am
statiis mzardi popularobisa, kritikosebi mravlad hyavs statiasac da Tavad
sociologiur konstruqtivizmsac. maSasadame, saWiroa ganvixiloT statiac da
misi kritikac imisaTvis rom srulad CavwvdeT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis
yvelaze gacxarebul, Tanamedrove debatebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vendti Tavis statiaSi akritikebs uolcis fesvgam-
dgar Teorias sistemis anarqiulobis da Sesabamisad aqidan gamomdinare
TviTdaxmarebis msoflios arsebobis gardauvalobis Teorias. maSasadame, jer
mokled davaxasiaToT uolcis ZiriTadi argumenti da Semdeg ganvixiloT
vendtis kritika.
55
iqve, .., gv. 255.
56
Martin Shaw. “Waltzing Alexander: Constructing the new American Ideology”.
49