Qartuli Saliteraturo Enis Istoriis Sakitxebi (Werilebis Krebuli)

qarTuli saliteraturo enis
istoriis sakiTxebi
zmnis uRleba
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
qarTuli enis institutis Sromebi

istoriis sakiTxebi
zmnis uRleba
werilebis krebuli
T b i li s i s
univ ersitetis
gamomcemloba
saredaqcio kolegia: prof. l. baramiZe, prof. g. gogolaSvili,
prof. d. TvalTvaZe, prof. v. imnaiSvili, prof. d. meliqiSvili,
prof. r. qurdaZe, prof. z. WumburiZe (redaqtori)
Semdgenelni: m. meliqiZe, r. WumburiZe
recenzentebi: prof. r. zeqalaSvili

prof. v. imnaiSvili
prof. s. omiaZe
© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

ISBN 978-9941-13-179-0
redaqtorisagan
winamdebare krebulSi moTavsebuli samecniero Sromebis umetesi nawili

sakmaod didi xnis winaT gamoqveynda mciretiraJian samecniero JurnalebSi
da Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis Znelad xelmisawvdomia. amve dros maTi gac-
noba humanitaruli fakultetebis, qarTuli filologiis specialobis stu-
dentebisaTvis, romelTac qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis kursi
ekiTxebaT, savaldebuloa. amiT aris nakarnaxevi am werilebis gamocema calke
krebulad.
amgvari krebulebis gamocemis tradicia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi karga xania arsebobs. am mxriv enaTmec-
nierebis dargSi sanimuSoa `saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi~, gamocemuli 1956 wels prof. v. Tofurias redaqciiT.
qarTuli enis istoriis kursi Tbilisis univeersitetSi gasuli saukunis
50-iani wlebidan ikiTxeba. amavdroulad studentebs utardebaT seminare-
bic. ase rom, am saswavlo kurss ukve naxevar saukuneze meti xnis Teoria da
praqtika umagrebs zurgs. universitetSi misi SemoRebis moTave iyo profe-
sori akaki SaniZe — Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris damaarsebli da gardacva-
lebamde misi gamge. man Seadgina pirveli programa da TviTonve Seudga leq-
ciebis kiTxvas am saganSi. mas ganzraxuli hqonda am sagnis saxelmZRvanelos
dawerac, magram didi datvirTvis gamo saamisod ver moicala.
Semdeg am kurss Tbilisis universitetSi akaki SaniZis sicocxleSive
kiTxulobdnen misi mowafeebi: mzeqala SaniZe, zurab WumburiZe, leli barami-
Ze, korneli danelia, zurab sarjvelaZe da sxvebi. romelTac xelewifebodaT
da ganzraxulic hqondaT erToblivi saxelmZRvanelos Seqmna am saganSi, mag-
ram sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ganzraxva ganuxorcielebeli darCa.
suraTi zedmetad rom ar gavamuqoT, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom qarTuli
saliteraturo enis swavlebis saqmes, iseve rogorc Zveli qarTuli enis swav-
lebis saqmes, Tavis droze didi samsaxuri gauwia prof. ivane imnaiSvilis
`qarTuli enis istoriulma qrestomaTiam~ (tomi I), romelsac axlda vrceli
enobrivi mimoxilva da tabulebi. igi ramdenjerme gamoica (1949 da 1953 wleb-
Si — erT wignad, 1970—1971 da 1981—1982 wlebSi — or wignad). aqve unda movix-
senioT prof. ivane qavTaraZis monografiuli naSromebi: `zmnis ZiriTadi ka-
tegoriebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi“ (1954w.) da `qarTuli enis istoriisa-
Tvis~ (1964w.).
qarTuli enis istoriis damxmare saxelmZRvanelos grifiT pirvelad ga-
moica prof. zurab sarjvelaZis wigni `qarTuli saliteraturo enis istori-
is sakiTxebis“ saxelwodebiT (1975w.), meored — `qarTuli saliteraturo enis
5
istoriis Sesavalis~ saxelwodebiT (1984w.) calke wignebad aris gamocemuli
agreTve prof. korneli danelias Sromebis krebulebi: `qarTuli samwerlo
enis istoriidan~ (t. I — 1998 w., t. II — 2009 w.). axlaxans calke wignad gamoica
agreTve prof. leli baramiZis `qarTuli enis istoriuli gramatikis sakiT-
xebi~ (2008w.).
aq aRar CamovTvliT sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa monografiul naSromebs,
romlebic qarTuli enis istoriis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs eZRvneba da calke
wignebad aris gamocemuli. maTi moZieba biblioTekebSi ase Tu ise SesaZlebe-
lia, xelaxla gamocema ki jerjerobiT ganuxorcielebel ocnebad rCeba.
mcire moculobis naSromebis calke krebulad gamocemac ar aris ioli
saqme, radgan aseT naSromTa raodenoba didia, Tematika ki — vrceli.
winamdebare krebuli Tematuri principiT aris Sedgenili da mxolod im
naSromebs moicavs, romlebic qarTuli zmnis uRlebis sakiTxebs exeba. cxadia,
am Temaze arsebul yvela naSroms erTi krebuli mainc ver daitevda. amis gamo
Semdgenlebi iZulebulni iyvnen, zogi naSromi ramdenadme SeekvecaT, zogis
dabeWdva ki samermisod gadaedoT.
werilebi dalagebulia Tematurad im TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc amas iT-
valiswinebs saswavlo programa, erTsa da imave Temaze daweril naSromebSi ki
daculia maTi pirveli publikaciis qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba.
sxvadasxva dros da sxvadasxva piris mier daweril naSromebSi, bunebrivia,
aqa-iq SeiniSneba nairferovneba orTografiuli da gramatikuli normebis
mxriv, rac xeluxleblad aris datovebuli. gasworda mxolod koreqturuli
Secdomebi.
vfiqrobT, am saxiT warmodgenili es krebulebi garkveul daxmarebas ga-
uweven Cvens axalgazrdobas mSobliuri enis istoriis ukeT gacnobis saqmeSi.
6
istoriis sakiTxebi
ivane javaxiSvili
axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi

da maTi mniSvneloba mecnierebisaTvis
(winaswari moxseneba1 nimuSebis darTviT)
I.
karga xania, rac gamocdilebam damarwmuna, rom qarTuli istoriuli da

filologiuri mecnierebisaTvis mtkice safuZvelis Sesaqmnelad egreT wo-
debuli damxmare samecniero dargebis, qarTuli epigrafika-paleografiisa,
diplomatikisa, qronologiisa da numizmatika-metrologiis Seswavla da Seq-
mna iyo aucilebeli. amitom ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, metadre ki mas
Semdeg, rac Cveni universiteti daarsda, am qarTuli samecniero dargebis
sistematurs Seswavlas vandomebdi dros.
es Seswavla sauniversiteto kursebis saxiT Camoyalibda, romelsac am
ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi vukiTxavdi Cven student-istorikosebs.
epigrafika-paleografiisa, diplomatikisa da numizmatikis Sesaxebi gamo-
kvleva ukve imdenadaa damTavrebuli, rom dasabeWdadac mzadaa.
am damxmare samecniero dargebis Seswavlis dros bevri sayuradRebo sa-
kiTxebi wamoiWra da zogierTi gadawyda kidec. zogi sakiTxis gaRrmavebulma
dakvirvebam iseTi SesaZlebloba warmoSva, romlis Sesaxeb winaT qarTvels
mecniers mxolod ocneba SeeZlo. dRevandeli Cemi moxseneba exeba swored
erT iseTs aRmoCenas, romelic qarTuli paleografiis meToduri Seswavlis
Sedegi gaxlavT.
qarTuli paleografiis Seswavlis dros, rodesac, erTi mxriT, qarTuli
damwerlobis istoriulma ganviTarebam, meore mxriT, sxva erTa damwerlo-
basTan SedarebiTma analizma mafiqrebina, rom qarTuli asomTavruli bani
TavSekruli unda yofiliyo, me prof. al. didebuliZes vTxove bolnisis sio-
nis warweris negativi gaeZlierebina, rom mqrTalad gamosuli adgilebi da
asoebis moxazuloba dabeWdvis dros mkafiod gamosuliyo. Cems xelSi myof
warweris danabeWdSi is adgili, sadac aso bani gvxvdeba, ise garkveviT ar Can-
da, rom am paleografiuli TvalsazrisiT didmniSvnelovani sakiTxis ueWve-
li gadawyveta SesaZlebeli yofiliyo.
radgan mcxeTis jvris eklesiis VII s. warweris bans Tavi odnav aqvs gaxsni-
li, amitom sagulisxmo iyo, Tu rogori moxazuloba hqonda am asos bolnisis
1
moxsenebuli iyo saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis krebaze
1923w. 10 Tebervals da odnav Sevsebuli ibeWdeba.
7
istoriis sakiTxebi
sionis warweraSi, romelic mcxeTis jvris warweraze ufro Zveli Zeglis STa-
beWdilebas axdenda.
prof. al. didebuliZem Tavisi gansakuTrebuli RoneobiT am warweris ne-
gativi marTlac ise gaaZliera, rom danabeWdze is adgilic, sadac aso bani iyo,
sruli simkafioiT gamoCnda1, da bani marTlac, rogorc misi moxazulobis is-
toriuli ganviTarebisa da sxva erTa uZveles paleografiul ZeglebTan Se-
darebiT mosalodneli iyo, TavSekruli aRmoCnda.
am garemoebam bolnisis sionis sakurTxevlis sarkmlis zemoTi warweris
pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba paleografiuli TvalsazrisiTa da misi qro-
nologiuri siZvele sruli ueWvelobiT cxadyo.
magram rom axlad gamorkveuli paleografiuli dakvirveba ucilobel
debulebad Seqmniliyo, yvela cnobils TriRiansa Tu qronologiurad gan-
sazRvrul warwerebsa da xelnawerebs gadaSinjva davuwye. gamoirkva, rom
TavSekruli bani marTlac meSvide saukunidan moyolebuli aqeT ukve aRar
gvxvdeba. maSasadame, cxadi xdeboda, rom bolnisis sionis warwera Tavisi ze-
moaRniSnuli paleografiuli TvisebiT yovel eWvs gareSe VII saukuneze uwi-
naresi unda yofiliyo. me mainc vSiSobdi, Secdoma ar momsvloda da iseT Zeg-
lebs veZebdi kidev gadasaSinjavad, romelic X saukuneze uwinaresi unda
yofiliyo.
II.
am eWvSi da ZiebaSi myofs erTi qarTul-ebrauli palimfsestis ori fur-

celi momagonda, romlis fototipuri suraTi Cem studentobis dros mqonda
nanaxi. am nawyvetebis damwerlobis diadi garegani saxe im droidan moyole-
buli gulsa da mexsierebaSi mqonda CarCenili da axla, rodesac yovels uZve-
less, X saukuneze uwinaress, Zegls CemTvis mniSvneloba hqonda, gadavwyvite
gameSinja da menaxa, Tu ra iyo iq dawerili da gansakuTrebiT, rogor iwere-
boda iq is aso bani, romlis moxazulobis esoden didi mniSvneloba qarTuli
paleografiisaTvis cxadi gaxda.
es is palimfsesti iyo, romlis fotografiuli suraTi 1897 w. zafxulSi
maSin priv.-docentad myofs da aw prof. da akad. n. mars mouvida fostiT.
am oqsfordis bodleianis biblioTekidan d˜r a. ne¡baueris mier gamog-
zavnili etratis cal-calke furclis — palimfsestis fotografiul su-
raTSi teqsti wvrili asoebiT ebraulad, xolo gardigardmo mimarTulebiT
msxvili asomTavruli anbaniT qarTulad naweri aRmoCnda. ueWvelia, es ori
furceli n. mars inglisuridan qarTuli teqstis wasakiTxavad hqonda gamog-
zavnili. magram am or nawyvets man, rogorc etyoba, yuradReba ar miaqcia, an
iqneb imitom, rom priv.-docentis (aw akademikosi) p. k. kokovcovis pirveli
azris msgavsad, ZiriTad nawerad ebrauli miiCnia, qarTuli ki mermindelad
1
prof. aleq. didebuliZes amisTvis did madlobas movaxseneb.
8
istoriis sakiTxebi
da umniSvnelod cno, an iqneb palimfsestis wakiTxvis siZnelis gamo. ase iyo

Tu ise, am ori naWeri etratis fotografiuli suraTi n. marma gadasca ebrau-
li teqstis wasakiTxavad p. kokovcovs. priv.-doc. kokovcovma jer am palim-
fsestis Tavdapirvel teqstad fototipiuri suraTebis mixedviT ebrauli
cno («еврейского текста, как кажется, насколько можно судить по фототипиям, перво-
начального в рукописи»).
miRebuli nawerebis Seswavlam cnobili rusi hebraisti daarwmuna, rom
xelT ierusalemis Talmudis nawyvetebi hqonda, romeli Txzulebisac mana-
mdis mxolod uvargisi xelnawerebi arsebobda. p. kokovcovma paleografiu-
li niSnebiT fragmentebis XI s. damlevis nawerad da amis gamo Talmudur xel-
nawerTa Soris uZveles Zeglad cno.
amgvari daskvnis Semdgom is Seudga miRebuli palisfsestebis naweris wa-
kiTxvas da 1899 w. teqsti gamokvleviTurT gamoaqveyna kidec1. magram Semdeg,
rodesac Tavisi gamokvleva ukve dabeWdili hqonda, man, palimfsestis mdgo-
mareobiT gamowveul teqnikur mosazrebaTa gamo, Tavdapirveli azri Seicva-
la da sagangebod darTul damatebaSi qarTuli samarTlianad ebraulze uZ-
velesad da pirvandelad aRiara2.
es Txzuleba TviT p. kokovcovisagan, romelTanac me universitetSi asu-
rulsa vswavlobdi, calke monabeWdad miviRe. Tumca Cems universitetSi swav-
lis dros qarTuli enis kaTedris warmomadgeneli profesori iyo, magram
leqciebi TiTqmis srulebiT ar ikiTxeboda da 1899 w., rodesac me ukve uka-
nasknel kursze viyavi, asomTavruli damwerlobiani Zeglebis wakiTxvas miC-
veuli ar viyavi. axlac kargad magondeba, ramdenad Zneli iyo CemTvis maSin am
palimfsestis garCeva. TiTo-orola asos garda, rogorc maxsovs, ramdenime
winadadebis an sityvis erTad amokiTxva gadaulaxavi dabkoleba aRmoCnda.
priv.-doc. kokovcovs Tavis danarTSi qarTuli teqstis drois Sesaxeb viTar-
ca ara specialists, rasakvirvelia, mxolod imis Tqma SeeZlo, rom igi ebra-
ulze adrindeli unda yofiliyo3, e. i. XI s-ze uwinaresi. magram saxeldobr ra
droisa iyo igi, es gaugebari iyo CemTvisac. is garemoeba, rom priv.-doc. n.
marma araviTari yuradReba ar miaqcia, mafiqrebinebda, rom es ori nawyveti
qarTuli mwerlobisaTvis, albaT, umniSvnelo unda yofiliyo, da SemdegSic
maTi wakiTxva aRar micdia. magram am palimfsestis asoTa diadi moxazuloba
mainc gonebaSi mqonda CarCenili.
axla, rodesac qarTuli damwerlobis yovels uZveles Zegls CemTvis
mniSvneloba hqonda, misi gasinjva da wakiTxva gadavwyvite. Tumca prof. p.
kokovcovis mier mocemuli calke gadmonabeWdi mTel Cem wignTsacavTan er-
Tad 1917 wlis damlevs daiRupa, magram Cveni universitetis wignTsacavs sa-
1
Еще один рукописный фрагмент Иерусалимского Талмуда: Записки Восточн. Отд. Русск. Арх. Общ.,
XI, gv. 195-205.
2
Дополнение к статье «Еще один рукописный фрагмент Иерусалимского Талмуда», idid., gv. 413.
3
iqve.
9
istoriis sakiTxebi
bednierod peterburgis saarqeologio sazogadoebis gamocemis mTeli seria

aqvs da amis imedi mqonda, rom CemTvis saWiro fototipiebs vipovidi.
marTlac warsuli 1922 wlis dekembris damlevs prof. p. kokovcovis we-
rils mivageni. sakmarisi iyo Sin am ori fototipiuri furclis gaSinjvas Se-
vdgomodi, rom pirvelive dakvirvebidan am Zeglis uaRresi mniSvneloba cxa-
di gamxdariyo: asoebi `y~ da `¢~ TavSekruli iyo yvelgan. qarTuli paleogra-
fiis Seswavlis dros ki ukve gamorkveuli mqonda warwerebisa da xelnawere-
bis mixedviT, rom amgvari moxazulobis `y~ da `¢~ mxolod VII-VIII ss. ixmarebo-
da. amis gamo cxadi Seiqmna CemTvis, rom oqsfordis etratis nawyvetebi VII-VIII
saukunisa mainc unda yofiliyvnen. am CemTvis srulebiT moulodneli gare-
moebis gamorkvevis Semdgom Zvirfasi palisfsestis kiTxvas guldasmiT Sevu-
degi da axla ukve gansakuTrebiT bans veZebdi. pirvelsave furcelze, mar-
jvniT svetis me-9 da 10 striqonebSi orjerve `b~ srulebiT garkveviT Tav-
Sekruli iyo, enac gasaocari siZvelis momaswavebeli gamodga. am aRmoCenisa-
gan gamowveuli sixarulisa da mRvelvarebisagan muSaoba aRar SemeZlo.
cxadi gaxda CemTvis, rom Tvalwin qarTuli damwerlobisa da enis uZve-
lesi Zegli medva. aqamomde IX saukuneze uwinaresi arc erTi qarTuli xelna-
weri ar iyo cnobili da axla erTbaSad sami saukuniT ufro adrindeli Zeg-
lis nawyvetebi gamoCnda! mRelvarebisagan cota xniT Sewyvetili muSaobis
ganaxlebis dros vcdilobdi davrwmunebuliyav, rom Tvali ar matyuebda da
Secdoma da moCveneba ar iyos is, rasac vkiTxulobdi.
sruli sifrTxiliT warmoebulma palimfsestis guldasmiT waSlili qar-
Tuli teqstis amokiTxvam da dawerilis enis sagulisxmo Tumc ganmacvifre-
belma, magram Soreul warsulSi mosalodnelma Tvisebebma damarwmunes, rom
pirveli dakvirveba mcdari ar iyo da am nawyvetebis rogorc damwerlobis pa-
leografiuli, ise TviT nawarmoebis enis niSnebi maT siZveles cxadyofdnen
surli ueWvelobiT. ramdenjerac ki ar gadavikiTxavdi am ori etratis na-
Wris fototipias, es rwmena ufro da ufro miZlierdeboda. Cemi sixaruli ga-
orkecebuli iyo, rodesac gamovarkvie, rom am nawyvetSi Senaxuli gvqonda
dabadebis teqsti, saxeldobr ieremias XVII, 26 — XVIII, 8.
ukve ueWveli iyo, rom bodleianis wignTsacavSi qarTuli damwerlobisa
da enis jerjerobiT mainc uZvelesad misaCnevi Zeglis ori nawyveti inaxebo-
da. kerZod peterburgSi winaTac mosula ambavi, rom inglisSi, iqneb imave oq-
sfordSive, qarTuli palimfsestebis nawyvetebi unda yofiliyo, radgan maT
Sorisac SesaZlebelia zogierTi amave droisa da mniSvnelobis gamomdgari-
yo, amitom ukve gadawyvetili mqonda oqsfordis wignTsacavisaTvis mimelo-
ca, rom is uZvelesi qarTuli xelnaweris ori nawyvetis mflobeli iyo, da Ta-
nac meTxova amave xasiaTis qarTuli asomTavruliT naweri palimfsestebis
fotografiuli suraTebi gamoegzavnaT. magram Semdeg gadavwyvite, rom jer
aq, saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi, daculi palimfsestebi gadameSinja da gamo-
merkvia, Tu aq raRa drois Zeglebi iyo Senaxuli.
10
istoriis sakiTxebi
III.
Cveni universitetis muzeumSi rom b. mose janaSvilma gadmomilaga palim-

fsestebi, pirveli ori xelnaweri nusxa xucuriT aRmoCnda da CemTvis amJa-
mad sayuradRebo ar iyo. magram sakmarisi iyo mesame xelnaweri gadameSala,
rom mSvenier asomTavrulad nawer gadarCenils teqstSi oqsfordis palim-
fsestiviT sayuradRebo Zeglis molodini aRmZvroda. misi swrafi gadafur-
cvlis dros imave ukve kargad gamorkveuls paleografiulsa da lingvis-
turs Tvisebebs veZebdi: TavSekrul bansa, yarsa da ¢ies da meore piris subi-
eqtursa da mesame piris obieqturs TavsarTebs. xelnaweris gadaSinjvis
dros yvela es niSnebi uZvelss, Semdeg gadarecxils, teqstSi aRmoCnda da am-
gvarad cxadi Seiqmna, rom es xelnaweric qarTuli damwerlobisa da mwerlo-
bis uZveles Zeglad unda yofiliyo miCneuli. meoTxe da mexuTe xelnaweri-
palimfsestebic imgvarive Tvisebebisani aRmoCndnen da daaxloebiT imave
droisa unda yofiliyvnen, rodesac oqsfordis palimfsesti unda iyos dawe-
rili. am gziT cxadi Seiqmna, rom Cven am mxriv oqsfordze gacilebiT ufro
bednieri da mdidrebi varT da ukve 2000 gverdamde uZvelesi qarTuli Zegle-
bis palimfsestebi gvaqvs. qarTuli palimfsestebis amgvari mniSvnelobis ga-
morkvevis Semdgom saqarTvelos saistorio-saeTnografio sazogadoebis mu-
zeumis katalogSi palimfsestebad moxsenebuli xelnawerebis gaSinjvac au-
cilebeli gaxda. qarTvelTa Soris w.k.g. sazogadoebis wignTsacavis katalo-
gi mokle cnobebs Seicavs da iq TviT yvela etratis xelnawerebis daTvaliere-
ba iyo saWiro, risTvisac gansakuTrebuli muSaoba unda mowyobiliyo. saisto-
rio da saeTnografio sazogadoebis 30-mde gadaSinjul xelnawer-palimfses-
tTa Soris Tumca bevri sayuradRebo aRmoCnda, zogi enis mxriT da zogi kidev
paleografiulad, magram iseTi, ra droisa da Tvisebebisac veZebdi, ar Canda.
ukve gadawyvetili mqonda, rom am sazogadoebis xelnawerTa Soris Zebna unayo-
fo unda yofiliyo, rom muzeumis gamgis TanaSemwem ir. sonRulaSvilma Sematy-
obina sasixarulo ambavi CemTvis sayuradRebo xelnawer-palimfsestis aRmoCe-
nis Sesaxeb. am xelnaweris gadaSinjvam misi cnobis sruli simarTle daadastu-
ra1. amgvarad, Cem xelSi ukve oTxi pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobis xelnaweri
iyo. am uxvma da mSvenierma samkalma axlad aRmoCenili palimfsestebis ufro
zedmiwevniTi daTariReba da yovelmxrivi Seswavla aucilebeli gaxada.
Cem mier damzadebuli qarTuli paleografia rom gamoqveynebuli iyos∗,
an imedi mqondes, rom misi axlo momavalSi gamocema moxerxdebodes, me SemeZ-
lo sityva mokled momeWra. magram axlandel pirobebSi amgvari imedi vgoneb
amao unda iyos da amis gamo iZulebuli var jer VI-VII ss. uTariRo Zeglebis
1
universitetisa da saistorio sazogadoebis muzeumebis saTaveSi mdgomT, pativcemulT
m. janaSvilsa, s. gorgaZesa da ir. sonRulaSvils daxmarebisaTvis guliTads madlobas
movaxseneb.
∗
[iv. javaxiSvilis winamdebare gamokvleva daibeWda 1923 wels, xolo misi `qarTuli
paleografia~ — 1926 wels. red.]
11
istoriis sakiTxebi
daTariRebis meTodologias Sevexo, xolo Semdeg axlad aRmoCenili xelnawe-

rebis qronologiurs gansazRvras Sevudge.
im friad didi mniSvnelobis gamo, romelic uTariRo werilobiTi naSTebis
qronologiuri gansazRvrisaTvis maTs paleografiuls Tvisebebsa aqvs, gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba unda miqceuli yofiliyo paleografiuli niSnebis Tval-
sazrisiT ZiriTadad misaCnevi ZeglebisaTvis. amgvar Zeglebad uZvelesTa Soris
ueWvelia bolnisis sionis konqis sarkmlis Tavze asomTavruli amoborcvili dam-
werlobiT gamoyvanili warwera da mcxeTis jvris eklesiis qandkebaTa CaWrili
warwerebi unda CaiTvalos1. magram arc erTi am ZiriTadad misaCnev warweraTagani
daTariRebuli ar aris an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, amJamad mainc arc erTs TariRebi ar
uCans. amis gamo Tu Cven gvsurs, rom paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT daTariRe-
bis meTodi SeZlebisamebr Seumcdari gamodges, swored bolnisisa da mcxeTis
jvris warwerebi unda gvqondes sakmao zedmiwevnilobiT daTariRebuli.
IV
[. . . . . . . . . . ]
V.
[. . . . . . . . . . ]
bolnisisa da mcxeTis jvris warwerebis daTariReba saSualebas gvaZlevs

qarTuli paleografiisaTvis da enaTmecnierebisaTvis zogierTi mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxi gadavwyvitoT. ukve aRniSnuli gvqonda, rom mrgvlovani asom-
TavruliT naweri uTariRo Zeglebis dasaTariReblad gadamwyveti mniSvne-
loba sami asos moxazulobasa aqvs, saxeldobr, banisas, ¢iesas da yarisas.
amaTgan bani, rogorc axla gamoirkva, uZveles xanaSi TavSekruli iwereboda,
Semdeg ki mas Tavi gaexsna jer odnav, Semdeg TandaTanobiT srulebiTac. rac
ufro mermindelia Zegli, bans sazogadod miT ufro metad aqvs gaxsnili Ta-
vi. gamosarkvevi iyo, Tu saxeldobr rodis gaexsna am asos Tavi, rom am niSnis
mixedviT uZvelesi uTariRo Zeglebis daTariReba SesaZlebeli gamxdariyo.
bolnisis sionis daviT episkoposis warweraSi, rogorc davrwmundiT, ba-
ni jer kidev srulebiT TavSekrulia, e. i. V s. dasasrulsa da VI s. damdegs am
asos Zveli moxazuloba winandeburad daculi aqvs. xolo qobul-stefanes
mcxeTis jvris warweraSi b ukve odnav Tavgaxsnilia. es warwera, rogorc
gamoirkva, VII s. Sua wlebs ekuTvnis.
magram radgan Cven araviTari sabuTi ara gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom bans Tavi
pirvelad swored am warweris amokveTis dros gaexsna da Tanac viciT, rom am-
1
am warwerebis Sesaxeb ix. prof. ak. SaniZis `naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis
£marebisa £movnebis win qarTul zmnebSi~, ùniversit. moambis~ amave [II] -Si, gv. 276-279, sadac
am warwerebis Sesaxebi mwerlobaa dasaxelebuli.
12
istoriis sakiTxebi
gvari procesi damwerlobaSi TandaTanobiT xdeba da misi dasawyisi ufro

xelnawerebSia saZebneli, vidre epigrafikaSi, amitom ufro swori iqneboda
dagveskvna, rom bans Tavi unda VI s. ukanasknel meoTxedsa da VII s. pirvel na-
xevars Soriss xanaSi gaxsnoda. radgan qobul-stefanes warweris bans Tavi
Tumc odnav, magram ukve mkafiod Tavgaxsnili uCans, amitom procesis dasa-
wyisi daaxloebiT VI s. damlevsa da VII s. damdegs aris ufro mosalodneli.
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis, saxeldobr, qarTuli samwerlobo enis ganvi-
Tarebis istoriisaTvisac bolnis-mcxeTis jvris warwerebi Zeglebis dasaTa-
riReblad sayuradRebo qronologiuri safuZvlis Seqmnis saSualebas gvaw-
vdian. prof. ak. SaniZem pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba im garemoebas, rom bol-
nisis sionis orsave warweraSi, romelTaganac erTi daviT episkoposs, meore
ki azaruxts ekuTvnis, da mcxeTis jvris demetre ¢patosis warweraSi mesame
piris obieqtur TavsarTad haes magier xania naxmari1. daviT bolneli episko-
posis warwera, rogorc gamorkveuli gvqonda, an V s. damlevis, an VI s. damde-
gisa unda iyos, 506 w. axlo xanisa. azaruxtis warweris daTariRebisaTvis sa-
mwuxarod araviTari dasayrdnobi cnoba ar mogvepoveba, magram vgoneb an co-
ta mermindelia, an daaxloebiT imave xanasve unda ekuTvnodes. maincdamainc
igic VI saukunis Zeglia. mcxeTis jvris demetre ¢patosis warwerac qronolo-
giurad daaxloebiT gansazRvruli gvaqvs da 591-600 ww. Sua unda iyos amoWri-
li. qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis friad sayuradRebo garemoebaa, rom adar-
nerse ¢patosis warweraSi demetres warweris msgavsad meox xeyav ki ar aris,
aramed meox eyav, e. i. mesame piris obieqturi TavsarTi xani aRar moipoveba.
rogorc qvemoT gamorkveuli iqneba da axlad aRmoCenili xelnawerebic
amas uciloblad adastureben, xan TavsarTis jer haed qceva da Semdeg xmov-
nebis win sruli gaqroba qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriis saerTo movlena
yofila. gamosarkvevia mxolod am movlenis dasawyisis xana da TariRi. ad-
rnerse ¢patosis warwera swored im mxriv aris Zvirfasi, rom zemoaRniSnuli
movlenis daTariRebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. raki igi, rogorc davrwmundiT,
626-634 ww. unda iyos amoWrili da am warweraSi xani ukve aRar moipoveba, de-
metre ¢patosisaSi ki xani winandebulad ixmareba, amitom cxadi xdeba, rom xa-
nis gaqrobis procesi VII s. pirvel meoTxedSi dawyebulia. rasakvirvelia, am-
gvari movlena erTbaSad ar xdeba da TandaTanobiT vrceldeba xolme, amis
gamo misi zedmiwevniTi daTariRebac SeuZlebelia. safiqrebelia, rom xani sa-
qarTvelos romelsame kuTxeSi ufro adrec, ukve VI s. damlevsac haed gadaqce-
vis process dasdgomodes im dros, rodesac ganaTlebuli wreebis umravleso-
ba Zvels gamoTqmasa da marTlweras misdevda, imgvaradve rogorc VII s. meore
meoTxedSic, rodesac ukve xanis gadagvarebis procesi adrnerse ¢patosis war-
weriT aris damowmebuli, da SesaZlebelia sxvebsa da ueWvelia saqarTvelos
1
ix. misi 1922 w. 23 maiss saqarTvelos saistorio sazogadoebis sxdomaze `qarTuli epigra-
fikis uZvelesi nimuSebis~ saTauriT wakiTxuli moxseneba, romlis erTi nawilic Tbilisis
universitetis moambis amave (2) wignSia dabeWdili saTauriT: `naSTebi mesame piris
obieqturi prefiqsis £marebisa £movnebis win qarTul zmnebSi~, gv. 262-281.
13
istoriis sakiTxebi
zogs kuTxeebSi mermec karga xans xanis xmarebisaTvis Tavi ar mienebebinaT.

cxadia mxolod, rom xan TavsarTis gardanivTebis procesi VII s. pirveli naxev-
ris damlevisaTvis ukve srulebiT mkafiod yofila gamoxatuli.
VI
[. . . . . . . . . . ]
VII
am xelnawerTa Sesaxeb mokle cnobebisa da zemonaTqvamis Semdgom, raki

qarTuli paleografiisa da enaTmecnierebis debulebani ukve gaTvaliswine-
buli gvaqvs, axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebis daTariRebac SeiZleba. yvela am
xelnawer-palimfsestebis damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas damwerlobis Tvalsazri-
siT TavSekruli bani Seadgens. rasakvirvelia, unda mudam gvaxsovdes, rom es
xuTive xelnaweri palimfsestia, e. i. iseTi Zegli, romelsac Zveli naweri Sem-
degSi gulmodgined jer gadarecxili, xolo Semdeg gadafxekili aqvs ise,
rom xSirad etrati fxekisagan srulebiT gamWvirvale gamxdara, zogan ki ga-
xeulia. cxadia, amgvari recxva-fxekisagan yvelaze metad asoTa wvrili xaze-
bi unda dazianebuliyo da marTlac dazianebula kidec. amis gamo asoTa pir-
vandeli, daweris drois, moxazulobis sruli da utyuari suraTis warmodge-
na am xelnawerTa mxolod guldasmiT Seswavlis Semdgom SeiZleba. erTsa da
imave asos sxvadasxva adgilas gaSinjviTa da kargad Senaxul moxazulobas-
Tan Sedarebis wyalobiT darwmundebiT, rom am asos pirvandeli saxe gada-
recxva-gadafxekis dros umetes SemTxvevaSi dazianebula. es garemoeba unda
ueWvelad gaTvaliswinebuli gvqondes am Cveni palimfsestebis pleogrfiu-
lad dafasebis dros.
bans Tavis zeviTi xazi xelnawerebSi kalmis subuqi mosmiT da amis gamo
wvrilad, bewvis msgavsad hqonda xolme gamoyvanili da sxvebze metad da uf-
ro xSirad, rasakvirvelia, am asos swored es nawilia gadarecxva-gadafxekis
dros dazianebuli. amitom adamianma rom am garemoebis gauTvaliswinebliv
Cveni palimfsestebis gadaSinjva daiwyos, erTis SexedviT bani Tavgaxsnili
eCveneba. magram sakmarisia igi xelnawerebs karga daakvirdes da am asos moxa-
zuloba sxvadasxva adgilas erTimeores Seadaros, rom erTsa d imave gverdze
an furcelze, da xelnawerSi gadarecxva-gadafxekis gamo mraval Tavgaxsni-
lad qceulTa Soris es aso mkafiod TavSekrulic naxos. es garemoeba ki uf-
lebas gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom am xelnawerebSi Tavdapirvelad mis palimfses-
tad qcevamde bani yvelgan TaSvekrulic naxos. es garemoeba ki uflebas gvaZ-
levs vifiqroT, rom am xelnawerebSi Tavdapirvelad mis palimfsestad qcevam-
de bani yvelgan TavSekruli moxazulobisa unda yofiliyo. es paleografiuli
niSani, ¢iesa da yaris moxazuloba, metad ki banis TavSekruloba, rogorc epig-
rafikuli Zeglebis Seswavlam dagvarwmuna, SeiZleba uTariRo Zeglebis dasa-
14
istoriis sakiTxebi
TariReblad iyos gamoyenebuli. radgan bani mxolod VI s. damlevamde iwerebo-

da TavSekruli, maincdamainc VII s. pirveli naxevris miwurulSi ukve cxadad
Tavi gaxsnili hqonda, amitom xuTive zemodasaxelebuli qarTuli palimfses-
ti VII s. damdegze ugvianesi ar unda iyos da VI s. unda miekuTvnos.
am xelnawerebis paleografiuli Seswavla gvafiqrebinebs, rom isini aso-
Ta moxazulobis zogierTi Tvisebebis gamo yvela erTi droisani ar unda iy-
vnen, aramed zogi ufro Zveli Cans, zogi SedarebiT ufro mermindeli. moma-
valSi amis mkafiod gansazRvrac SesaZlebeli iqneba, magram winaswar moxsene-
baSi amaze saubari Soris wagviyvanda.
enis Tvisebebis mxrivac, mesame piris obieqtur TavsarTad haes magier xa-
nis xmarebac, rogorc davrwmundiT, qronologiurad gansazRvrisaTvis
gamosadegi niSania. mcxeTis jvris warwerebidan cxadi Seiqmna CvenTvis, rom
ukve VII s. pirveli meoTxedisaTvis xani aRar ixmareboda. xolo Cven xuTsave
xelnawer palimfsestSi aramcTu am mxriv raime ryeva ar emCneva, piriqiT xani
gabatonebulia mtkiced obieqtur prefiqsad yvelgan da meore piris subieq-
turi TavsarTisaTvisa haes magier xanivea yvelgan. amitom yovel eWvs gare-
Sea, rom enis am TvisebebiT es Zeglebi, Tu yvela ara, saxarebis teqsti mainc,
VI saukuneze uwinaresi unda iyos da SeiZleba V saukunes miekuTvnos.
yvela zemonaTqvamis Semdgom paleografiulisa da enis niSnebis ZaliT
ufleba gvaqvs davaskvnaT, rom xuTive palimfsesti, viTarca qarTuli mwer-
lobisa da damwerlobis Zeglebi, V-VI saukuneebisad unda iyos miCneuli1.
rodesac yvelaferi, ris wakiTxvac Cvens palimfsestebSi aRWurvili Tu
aRuWurveli TvaliT SesaZlebeli iyo, ukve gadmowerili mqonda, radgan xx.
89 da 844 imdenad gadarecxil-gadafxekilia, rom Tavdapirveli naweris amo-
kiTxva uimedo saqmed Canda, amitom, an am pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebis udide-
si nawilis wakiTxvaze samudamod xeli unda agveRo, an qimiuri damuSavebis
saSualebiT misi Zveli teqstis gacxoveleba da wakiTxva gvecadna. saTanado
dasturis Semdgom, meore gza varCie da amisTvis prof. iovel quTaTelaZes
vTxove, rom gamoerkvia, SesaZlebeli iqneboda Tu ara am palimfsestebis pir-
vandeli naweris gacxoveleba. igi didi xalisiT Seudga am sakiTxis Seswavlas
da sruli sifrTxiliT warmoebuli cdebis wyalobiT gamoarkvia, rom saqar-
TveloSi uZveles xanaSi da SemdegSi X-XII ss-Siac liTonis, rkinisagan Semza-
debuli, melani uxmariaT. am garemoebam mas saSualeba misca xelnawerebi qi-
miurad ise daemuSavebina, rom Zveli teqstis aRdgenis dros mermindeli ar
dazianebuliyo. mravalgzis cdis wyalobiT prof. quTaTelaZem isic moaxer-
xa, rom etrats damuSavebis Semdgomac feri sagrZnoblad ar Sescvloda, Tav-
dapirveli teqsti ki, sadac winaT srulebiT gadafxekili ar aRmoCnda, imde-
1
Cemi moxseneba ukve awyobili iyo, roca s. gorgaZem Sematyobina, rom wera-kiTxvis gamav-
rcelebeli sazogadoebis muzeumis etratis 3992 nomer xelnawerSi, romelic mTlad
palimfsestia, sxvadasxva drois teqstebs Soris VI saukunis xanmeti nawerebic aRmoCnda 40
gverdamde, risTvisac didad vmadlob. marTlac, bani TavSekrulia (gv. 36, sv. 2, striq. 4). da
gvxvdeba: `xaniWos~ (f. 13), `mixugebda~ (17), `xupatiosnes~ (45).
15
istoriis sakiTxebi
nad gamoaSkaravda, rom misi wakiTxva iqac, sadac winaT asoTa naalagevis meti
araferi etyoboda, SesaZlebeli gaxda1.
VIII
axla am axlad aRmoCenili xelnawerebis mniSvnelobaze dagvrCa mxolod

saTqmeli. viTarca saqristiano mwerlobis uZveles Zeglebs, maT mniSvneloba
aqvT, rasakvirvelia, saerTod mecnierebisaTvisac — saxarebisa, dabadebisa
da apokriful nawarmoebTa teqstis istoriisa da kritikisaTvis, magram me-
tadre qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebisaTvisaa Zvirfasi es Zeglebi, mis-
Tvis unda Seiqmnes qvakuTxedad.
rogorc qarTuli damwerlobisa da mwerlobis Zeglebi, es xelnawerebi
araerTi qarTuli enaTmecnierebisa, mwerlobisa da kulturis istoriis pir-
velxarisxovani sadavo sakiTxebis gadaWris saSualebasac gvaZleven.
winaswar moxsenebaSi, metadre rodesac yvela teqsti jer wakiTxuli ara
maqvs, rasakvirvelia, mxolod sazogado STabeWdilebis gamoTqma SemiZlia.
amitom amJamad mxolod mokled da isic marto umTavres sakiTxebs Sevexebi im
imediT, rom SemdegSi, rodesac axlad aRmoCenili teqstebi gamoicema, yvela
sagulisxmo sakiTxi ufro vrclad da sruli dasabuTebiT iqneba ganxiluli.
ramdenadac wakiTxuli teqstebidan irkveva, am V-VI ss. ZeglebSi Cven da-
badebisa (1 mosesi, igavni solomonisni da ieremiasi), saxarebisa da apokrifu-
li saqme mociqulTas qarTuli Targmani gvaqvs Semonaxuli. am ukanasknel na-
warmoebSi pavle, andria da petre mociqulis moRvaweobaa aRwerili. amas-
Tanave ramdenadac gadarCenili nawyvetebidan daskvna SesaZlebelia, gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba moTxrobaSi pavlesa aqvs miqceuli. saqarTveloSi
jer kidev X s. dasasrulsa da XI s. damdegs apokrifuli TxzulebebiT yofi-
lan dainteresebulni. amas giorgi beris efT¢me mTawmindelisadmi mimarTu-
li SekiTxvac mowmobs, am giorgi beris SekiTxvaze eklesiisagan Seuwynarebel
da dageslil wignTa Sesaxeb efT¢me mTawmindeli Tavis pasuxSi amgvar wignTa
Soris axali aRTqmis ramdensame apokrifsac axasiaTebs: `sxua¡ ars wigni `siy-
rme uflisa~ da arca mas Seiwynarebs da `mociqulTa cxorebani~ zogni gan-
ryunilni arian mwvalebelTagan. wmidisa maTe maxareblisa¡ sxua¡ ra¡me ars da
wmidisa andria¡si igmagi~2. pavle mociqulis `cxoreba~ efT¢me mTawmidels
moxsenebuli ara aqvs. axlad aRmoCenilis msgavsi Sinaarsis nawarmoebi albaT
am dros ukve aRar arsebobda. sxva qristian erTa mwerlobaSiac mxolod pa-
tara nawyvetebia SerCenili. marTalia, jerjerobiT arc qarTulada gvaqvs
mTlianad es Zegli, magram misi mniSvneloba Zlierdeba imis gamoc, rom aseTs
1
yvla amisaTvis sasiamovno movaleobad mimaCnia prof. i. quTaTelaZes Cemi uRrmesi
guliTadi madloba movaxseno.
2
qronikebi, II, 83.
16
istoriis sakiTxebi
Zvels xelnawerSia igi Senaxuli. ufro vrclad am Txzulebaze saubari Sem-

degSi gveqneba, rodesac TviT teqstic daibeWdeba.
gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba aqvs Cven xelnawerebs saxarebisa da qar-
Tuli dabadebis Targmanis istoriisaTvis. Cveulebriv miRebuli iyo, rom sa-
RmrTo werilis qarTuli Targmani V s. ekuTvnis; prof. n. marma 1899 w. saRmrTo
werilis qarTuli teqsti somxuridan uZveles dros naTargmnad gamoacxada1,
magram SemdegSi Tavis 1913 w. da 1914 w. dabeWdils ors SromaSi am SexedulebaSi
TvalsaCino Sesworeba Seitana2. igi fiqrobda, rom qarTuli teqsti somxuri-
dan unda iyos naTargmni iqneb iseT drosac, rodesac qarTulsa da somxurs ek-
lesiaTa Soris ukve ganxeTqileba iyo momxdari, e. i. VII-VIII saukuneebSiac3. av-
tors samwuxarod Tavisi azri mkafiod ar aqvs gamoTqmuli da is sazogadod
saRmrTo werilze laparakobs, magram safiqrebelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi daba-
debis Targmans unda gulisxmobdes, radgan Zneli dasajerebelia, rom saxareba
da axali aRTqmis sxva wignebi VII-VIII ss-mde gadmouTargmneli hgoneboda. Ta-
viss 1914 w. Sedgenils somxur-qarTuli saRmrTo werilis TargmanTa STamomav-
lobiTs StoSic n. mars pirveli Targmani V-VII saukunisad aqvs aRniSnuli4. ma-
Sasadame, V s-Si raime unda yofiliyo naTargmni, ufro safiqrebelia, rasakvir-
velia, saxareba. amgvarad, Tu saxareba ara, dabadeba mainc n. mars qarTulad VII-
VIII ss-Si miaCnia naTargmni. axlad aRmoCenili xelnawerebi am azris srul usa-
fuZvlobas cxadyofs. is garemoebac, rom moses pirveli wigni, igavni solomo-
nisni, da ieremia winaswarmetyveli VI s. xelnawerSi gvxvdeba, vgoneb uflebas
unda gvaZlevdes davaskvnaT, rom mTeli dabadeba am dros ukve srulad unda
yofiliyo naTargmni. maSasadame, Tu V s-Si ara, VI s-Si mainc unda iyos dabadeba
qarTulad gadmoTargmnili. rasakvirvelia, miT umetes V s-Si, Tu amaze uwina-
res ara, saxareba qarTulad naTargmnad unda vigulisxmoT.
IX
am VI s. xelnawerebis da V-VI ss. ZeglTa qimiur damuSavebamde da damuSave-

bis Semdgom wakiTxvam qarTuli V-VI ss. samwerlobo enisa da saRmrTo werilis
qarTuli Targmanis redaqciebis Seswavlis saSualebac mogvca. gamoirkva, rom
1
Из поездки на Афон: Журн. Мин. Нар. Просв. 1899, №3, 12-15.
2
„До сих пор обычный текст армянского перевода, так называемая вульгата, считается подлинником V-
го века, и тем же временем готовы датировать грузиноведы наличный грузинский перевод, хотя бы в
древнейщих до нас дошедших списках. Все это на самом деле не так“ (Заметки по текстам св. писания:
Христианский Восток. II вып., 163). unda aRvniSnoT, rom prof. n. mars am sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis
mraval patar-patara nawerebSi erTimeoris sawinaaRmdego da SeuTanxmebeli azri aqvs
gamoTqmuli da ara Cans, Tu misi romeli azria saboloo.
3
«Перед нами стоит большой очередной вопрос, именно когда переведен грузинский текст?.. не вос-
ходит ли грузинский текст к А1 (Армянской версии 1), а не к А (Армян. вульг.), т. е. не длилось ли
культурно-литературное общение грузин и армян и после традиционно освещаемого разрыва христянской
церкви в Армении и Грузии? (Эчмиадзинский фрагмент древнегрузинской версии Ветхого Завета: Христ.
Восток, II, 388, agreTve II, 163).
4
Христианский Восток, II, 387.
17
istoriis sakiTxebi
qarTuls zmnas meore piris subieqtur TavsarTad am dros yovelTvis xani hqo-
nia da ara hae. amgvaradve mesame piris obieqtur TavsarTad xanive yofila da
ara hae. es cxadad mtkicdeba qvemomoyvanili oriode magaliTiT da ufro am
moxsenebasTan darTuli V-VI ss. teqstebis nimuSebiT. mag., meore piris subieq-
turi TavsarTi: «xgoneb, viTarmed Sevida» (x.737, gv. 337), «rã gulisxma xyoT,
r˜ aRdga mko¢dreTiT» (iqve, gv. 323), «o¢ko¢eTo¢ xavasxebdiT maT romelTagan
xesavT ko¢alad moRebasa» (x.86), `mixiRe Sjo¢li~ (x.737, gv. 335). mesame piris
obieqturi TavsarTis magaliTebi, e. i. rodesac zmnas damateba micemiTs brun-
vaSi axlavs, an igulisxmeba, Tu subieqturi I piria: àRsasro¢lsa x¢tyodi na-
TesavTa mimarT ano¢ meo¢febaTa aRRebad~ (oqsfordis bodl. palimfs.), `mi-
xo¢ec £orci Cemi da sisxli Cemi maTT¢s~ (x.737, gv. 244). `rã mixo¢emsgavsneT
Co¢en patiosansa mas moZRo¢arsa~ (x.737, gv. 329), — Tu subieqti me-3 piria:
`xrqo¢a mas o¢falman~ (x.737, gv. 239, 242, 245, 323 da bevrgan sxvaganac), `xrqo¢a
maT petre~ (iqve, gv. 327), `codvilnica codvilTa xavasxebed, r˜ moiRon swori~
(x.8). `Sexeracxos mas codva¡~ (x.737, gv. 245), `romeli xirekdes, ganxeRos~ (x. 844,
gv. 87v da 82r), `xekicxevdes mas didiTa basrobiTa~ (oqsfordis bodl. palimfs.)
da sxva. SedarebiTi xarisxis TavsarTic maSin `xu~ yofila, mag. `xo¢mjobes ars
erisa, r˜ ara xolo marto¡~ (x.737, gv. 240). `raodenad xo¢fros mamaman Tquenman
zecaTaman mogces~ (999, f. 135 b). ukuTqmiTi nawilakis TavsaTadac maSin xu uxma-
riaT, mag. `xo¢rjo¢lo¡~ (x.737, gv. 325). maSasadame, saRmrTo werilis uZveles
qarTul Targmans axasiaTebs xanebis xmareba prefiqsebad.
prof. akaki SaniZem qarTul saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis ama 1923 w. 1 ap-
rilis sxdomaze wakiTxuls moxsenebaSi amisda mixedviT mSvenieri ganmarteba
mouZebna erTs termins, romelic giorgi mTawmidelis cnobils anderZSia na-
xmari, romlis gasagebad araerTi Teoria iyo winaT Seqmnili. man azri gamo-
Tqva, rom rodesac giorgi mTawmideli ambobda `Cuenni yovelni saxarebani
pirveliTgan wmidad Targmnil arian da keTilad, xanmetnica da sabawmidur-
nica~-o1, `xanmet~ saxarebad swored amgvars xanebiT daxasiaTebuli saxarebis
qarTul uZveles Targmans gulisxmobda2. prof. ak. SaniZis `xanmetis~ mniSvne-
lobis amgvari axsna, ueWveli, sruli WeSmariteba unda iyos da amis gamo Sem-
degSi saRmrTo werilis qarTuli Targmanis axlad aRmoCenil uZveles redaq-
cias xanmets vuwodebT xolme.
bolo dromdis uZvelesad X s. TariRiani saxarebis xelnawerebi iTvlebo-

da. Semdeg, rodesac adiSis, anu, ufro swored rom iTqvas, Satberdis saxare-
ba aRmoCnda, misi pirveli TariRis 897 wlisda mixedviT, uZvelesad ukve es IX
1
T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, 207.
2
a. SaniZe, literaturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis Sesaxeb
meTerTmete saukunis mwerlobaSi (`moambis~ amave nomerSi, qvemoT).
18
istoriis sakiTxebi
saukunis damlevis teqsti unda yofiliyo miCneuli. magram am Zegls meore,

qristesiT aRniSnuli, TariRic moepoveboda da aq igi 1001 w., e. i. XI s. da-
mdegs dawerilad iyo gamoyvanili. amis gamo erTi am TariRTagani mcdari un-
da yofiliyo. da al. xaxanaSvili da e. TayaiSvili qarTuli qronikoniT moyva-
nil TariRsa Tvliden WeSmaritad, n. mars ki meore TariRi miaCnda ufro swo-
red. im saxiT, ra saxiTac am xelnawerma Cvenamdis moaRwia, ambobs igi, adiSis
saxarebis teqsti ufro 1001 wlisaa, vidre 897 wlisao1. Semdeg adiSis saxare-
bis drois Sesaxeb n. mars ufro gadaWriTac aqvs Tavisi azri gamoTqmuli da
am SemTxvevaSi Tavisi msjeloba mas am xelnaweris teqstis enaze hqonda damya-
rebuli: yovlad SeuZlebelia es teqsti IX saukunisad miviCnioTo2.
zogierTi iq naxmari sityva da forma mas axal qarTulisad hqonda gamo-
cxadebuli, romlis msgavsi IX s. xelnawerSi n. maris azriT ar SeiZleboda rom
yofiliyo. e. TayaiSvilma jer Satberd-adiSis saxarebis anderZSi moxsenebu-
li istoriuli pirebis moRvaweobis drois gaTvaliswinebiT daamtkica uci-
loblad, rom am xelnawerSi qarTuli qronikoniT aRniSnuli TariRi iyo swo-
ri da amis gamo igi ueWvelia IX s-Si dawerili Zeglia. Semdeg igive sakiTxi e.
TayaiSvilma enis TvalsazrisiTac ganixila.
Tu ramdenad Semcdari iyo n. mari Tavis msjelobis dros qarTuli enis Zve-
li da axali formebis daxasiaTebas rom cdilobda, e. TayaiSvilma imave Satber-
dis (adiSis) saxarebis fototipiuri gamocemis winasityvaobaSi gamoarkvia.
man n. marisagan axal qarTul formebad da sityvebad cnobili forma-sityvebi
X s. xelnawerSi amokiTxuli magaliTebiT Zvel qarTulSi arsebulad cxadyo. mag-
ram radgan TviT adiSis saxarebac n. mars XI saukunis damdegisad miaCnda, amgvari
sabuTi mas, rasakvirvelia, ar daakmayofilebda. mainc srulebiT samarTlianad am-
bobda e. TayaiSvili, Cven ise naklebad gvaqvs Zveli, IX s. Zeglebis ena Seswavlili,
rom ra aris Zveli da raa axali, jer Zneli saTqmeliao3. axla, rodesac IX s. xelna-
werTa magier xelTa gvaqvs VI s. oTxi xelnaweri Tavdapirveli xanmeti teqstebi-
TurT, srulebiT cxadi xdeba n. maris am kategoriuli gancxadebebisa da msjelo-
bis usafuZvloba. eCmiaZinis fragmentis qarTuli dabadebis teqstis ganxilvis
dros, mag., man dabadebis baqariseul gamocemaSi naxmari èbr~ Zvelad gamoacxada,
oSk-aTonis dabadebaSi naxmari `msgavsad~ ki mdabiur axal qarTulad cno4. es
vTomcda axali qarTuli sityva swored uZveles, VI s. xelnawerebSic ixmareba.
amgvaradve Satberd-adiSis saxarebisa da xanmeti saxarebis teqstebis Se-
darebam damarwmuna, rom adiSis saxareba marTlac Zveli IXs. Zeglia da umetes
SemTxvevaSi xanmeti saxarebis teqstis redaqcias misdevs. magram SedarebiTi
Seswavla, jerjerobiT mainc, iseT STabeWdilebas axdens, rom xanmetis redaq-
1
„В дошедшем до нас виде текст скорее 1001 г.“ (Из поездок в Сванию: Христ. Восток. II, вып. I, 26).
2
„Адишская рукопись грузинского Евангелия считается древнейшею по одной из двух дат: состояние
текста показывает, что согласиться с такой древнею датою, как IX век, нет никакой возможности“
(Заметки по текстам св. Писанию: Христ. Восток. II, вып. II, 172).
3
Материалы по Археологии Кавказа, XIV, 18-19, Москва, 1914.
4
„Вульгарное ново-гр. `msgavsad“: Эчмиадзинский фрагмент... Христ. Восток. II, 387.
19
istoriis sakiTxebi
ciasa da Satberd-adiSis saxarebas Soris iseTi gansxvavebaa, romelic gva-

fiqrebinebs, rom xanmeti redaqciis Semdgom da Satberdis saxarebis gadaweram-
de, e.i. maincdamainc IX s-mde,kidev raRac redaqcia unda yofiliyo. es imiTac
mtkicdeba, rom zogan xanmetsa da Satberdis xelnawerTa teqstebs Soris Tval-
saCino gansxvavebaa da zogjer aseT SemTxvevebSi mermindeli, X s. saxarebis teq-
stebi, mag. tbeTisa, xanmets misdevs, Satberd-adiSisa ki ara, radgan giorgi mTaw-
midels saxarebis pirvandel da uZveles redaqciaTa Soris xanmetis Semdgom sa-
bawmiduri aqvs dasaxelebuli, amitom SesaZlebelia es xanmetisa da Satberdis
xelnaweris Sua momxdari redaqcia, romliTac ukanasknelis teqsti zogierT Se-
mTxvevaSi pirvelisagan gansxvavdeba, swored sabawmiduri redaqcia iyos.
aseTi gansxvavebuli adgilebi xanmetsa da Satberd-adiSis saxarebaTa
teqstebs Soris, ramdenadac jerjerobiT daskvna SeiZleba, SedarebiT mainc
xSiri ar aris da ukanaskneli Cveulebriv xanmet redaqcias misdevs mxolod
uxanebod. am ukanaskneli garemoebis gamo safiqrebelia, rom Satberdis xel-
naweris gadamwers xelT xanmeti saxarebis teqsti hqondes. Satberd-adiSis
saxarebas rom dednad marTlac xanmeti saxareba unda hqonoda, amis kvali, Tu
fototipiuri gamocema namdvil viTarebas ar amaxinjebs, TiTqos TviT adi-
Sis xelnawerSiac kia Senaxuli. mag., iones Tavis saxarebis XXI, 14 weria: èse
samgzis ganxecxada i˜¢ mowafeTa m˜T~1. zmna `ganxecxada~-Si xani gadamwers wa-
uSlia, magram misi naalagevi garkveviT moCans. etyoba dedanSi gadamwers amo-
ukiTxavs `ganxecxada~ da am SemTxvevaSi daviwyebia, rom gadaweris dros xani
unda gamoetoebina, da iseve dauweria, rogorc mexsierebaSi CarCenia.
magram Semdeg, albaT, gadanaweris gadakiTxvis dros, Tavisi gulmaviwyobis
Secdoma SeumCnevia da xani wauSlia. marTlac `xanmets~ saxarebaSi es adgili
aseve ikiTxeba: èse samgzis gamoxecxada~ da sxva. gasakvirvelic araferia, rom
IXs. xanmeti saxarebis teqsti yofiliyo, radgan giorgi mTawmidelis naTqvamidan
cxadi xdeba, rom amgvari xelnawerebi mis drosac, XI s-Sic yvelgan yofila.
radgan Cveulebriv xanmeti redaqciis mimdevari Satberdis saxarebis
teqsti, zogjer mainc, gansxvavdeba da aseT SemTxvevaSi iqneba igi, rogorc
aRniSnuli gvqonda, sabawmiduri redaqciis teqsts imeorebdes, amitom cxadi
xdeba, rom Satbed-adiSis saxarebis teqsti ori redaqciis Sereul SenaerTeb
teqsts unda warmoadgendes. amgvari azri TavisdaTavad rom arafers SeuZle-
belsa da daujerebels ar Seicavs da maSindel saqarTveloSi amnairi muSaoba
iSviaTi ar yofila. amas TviT giorgi mTawmidelis misdroindel da mermin-
del qarTul gadamwerTadmi, mimarTuli vedrebac amtkicebs:
`vinca vin swerdeT, viTa aqa hpooT, egre dawereT da... R˜TisaT¢s sityvaTa
nu scvalebT, aramed viTa aqa sweria, egre dawereT~-o. xolo Tu romelime ad-
gili ar mogewonoT, `Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirvelTagan wmidad Tar-
gmnilnia da keTilad, `xanmetnica da sabawmidurnica~, muniT dawereT da
R˜TisaT¢s erTmaneTsa nu gahrevT~-o. Tu giorgi mTawmideli iZulebuli iyo
1
ix. fototipiuri gamocema (Материалы по Археологии Кавказа, XIV, moskovi, 1914).
20
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tavisi droindeli gadamwerlebisaTvis eTxova RvTis gulisaTvis saxarebis

teqstis gadaweris dros xanmetisa, sabawmidurisa da Cem Sewamebul saxareba-
Ta teqsti erTi-erTmaneTSi ar aurioT, aramed erT-erTi maTgani airCieT da
is gadaiwereTo, cxadia, es maSin, Cveulebrivi Tu ara, xSiri movlena mainc un-
da yofiliyo. miT umetes amgvar sxvadasxva redaqciaTa teqstis erTmaneTSi
gareva IX saukuneSia mosalodneli da Cveulebriv miRebuli iqneboda.
maSasadame, giorgi mTawmidelis zemomoyvanili anderZis mowmobiT cxadi
xdeba, rom jer kidev XI s. meore naxevarSiac ki xanmeti saxarebani aramcTu
daculi yofila, aramed sargeblobdnen kidec da TviT qarTuli saxarebis
teqstis aseTs mkacrs Semwamebels, rogoric giorgi mTawmideli iyo, SesaZ-
leblad miaCnda, rom maSindel qarTvelebs saxarebis teqstisaTvis dednad
xanmeti redaqciis xelnawerebi aeRoT. magram rogor? am dros da, rasakvir-
veli 4 saukuniT amaze uwinaresac iq, sadac xanmets redaqciaSi zmnaSi, agreT-
ve SedarebiTi xarisxisa da ukuTqmiTi nawilakis TavsarTebad xani ismoda da
iwereboda, es bgera aRar ismoda. maS rogor SeiZleboda, rom xanmeti saxarebis
naweri XI s. dednad yofiliyo gamoyenebuli? cxadia ise, rom gadaweris dros es
xanebi, sadac isini ukve aRar ixmarebodnen, gadamwers zepirad TiTonve unda
gamoetovebina. sxva gza warmoudgenelia da Satberd-adiSis saxarebis ze-
momoyvanili magaliTic amave garemoebis damamtkicebelia. anra sakvirvelia,
rom xanmetsaxarebaTa teqstebi XI saukunemde Senaxuli yofiliyo, rodesac ax-
lad aRmoCenili xelnawerebis mermindeli teqsti XII-XIV saukuneebisad aris
miCneuli, rodesac, maSasadame, Zveli Tavdapirveli xanmeti naweris gadare-
cxva-gadafxeka da etratis palimfsestad Semzadeba unda vigulisxmoT.
amgvarad, irkveva, rom jer kidev XI-XIV ss-mde xanmeti xelnawerebi dacu-
li yofila saqarTveloSi. qarTuli paleografiis dasabeWdad damzadebul
saxelmZRvaneloSi saTanado werilobiTi wyarosda mixedviT gamorkveuli
maqvs, rom XII saukuneSi CvenSi, TviT saeklesio wreebSic mrgvlovan asomTav-
rul damwerlobas imdenad gadaCveuli yofilan, rom am damwerlobiT naweri
Cveulebrivi teqstebis wakiTxvac ki Turme uZneldebodaT, amis gamo iZule-
buli yofilan mrgvlovani asomTavruliT naweri Zeglebi ukve nusxa-xucu-
riT gadaewerinebinaT. am droidan moyolebuli asomTavruliani xelnawerebi
monastrebis wignTsacavebSi, cxadia, ukve uqmad unda debuliyo da sxvaTa So-
ris xanmeti xelnawerebis palimfsestad gamoyenebisa da sazogadod maTi da-
RupvisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, am garemoebasac unda Seewyo xeli.
XI
[. . . . . . . . . . ]
XII
21
istoriis sakiTxebi
prof. ak. SaniZem jer kidev 1912 w. studentobis dros aRniSna, rom meore
piris subieqturi TavsarTi zmnebSi qarTul kiloebSia daculi. amis Semdgom
amave garemoebas Zvel qarTulSi prof. ios. yifSiZemac miaqcia yuradReba. me-
same piris obieqturi TavsarTis bunebis gagebac ak. SaniZis Rvawls Seadgens,
romelmac am or sakiTxs Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebisa da Tanamed-
rove cocxali kiloebis meTodur Seswavlaze damyarebuli mSvenieri monog-
rafiuli gamokvleva uZRvna1. es Txzuleba pirveli, mravali Zeglis Seswavla-
ze damyarebuli Sromaa qarTuli zmnis bunebisa da agebulebis gamosarkvevad
gamoqveynebuli. prof. ak. SaniZis am naSromSi kvleva-Ziebis istoriuli gzaa
arCeuli, igi qarTuli sityvierebis ZeglTa enis Seswavlazea damyarebuli.
amnairma monografiulma gamokvlevam prof. ak. SaniZe Semdeg ZiriTad de-
bulebamdis miiyvana:
`Zvel qarTulSi meore piris subieqturi nawilaki aris prefiqsi hae~, ro-
melic `£movnis win qarTulSi advilad ikargeba~, xolo enis wverismier bgera-
Ta an afrikatebis win sanad da Sinad iqceva xolme mxolod brZanebiT kilos...
meore pirSi araviTari TavsarTi ar sWirdeba, aramed igia wminda Tema namyo
srulisa Tu namyo usrulisagan aRebuli~2. erTgvar gamonakliss mxolod ori
zmna Seadgens: `var~ da `vval~, romelTac meore pirSi xani aqvT (xar da xval),
imis magier, rom pirvels dahkargoda hae, xolo meores SehrCenoda igi~3. am
ukanaskneli garemoebis Sesaxeb prof. ak. SaniZe ambobs: cxadia..., rom xani,
rogorc subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa (xar, xual) ZiriTadi kilos kuT-
vnileba ar aris, igi nasesxebi unda iyos romeliRac sxva kilosagan, romel-
sac xanis prefiqsad £mareba axasiaTebda albaT ara marto or zmnaSi, aramed
sxva zmnebis uRvlilebaSiac sazogadod4. Tanamedrove q˜li cocxali kiloe-
bis Seswavlamac prof. ak. SaniZe daarwmuna, rom meore piris subieqturi pre-
fiqsi bevr kiloSi, metadre aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, axlac Senaxulia. am
mxriv gansakuTrebiT sayuradRebo aRmoCnda TuSuri, moxeuri da xevsuruli
kiloebi, romelTac amgvar prefiqsad x da R aqvT, mag., movqsove, moxqsove, —
davfare, daxfare, — davbare, daRbare, — vnaxe, Rnaxe, — vavadob, Ravadob da
sxva5. mecnieruli sifrTxilis gamo ak. SaniZes am garemoebamac ver Seacvle-
vina Tavisi ZiriTadi debuleba, rom meore piris subieqtur prefiqsad xani
ucxo kilos kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo da ara ZiriTadisa. prof. ak. SaniZem-
ve Zveli Zeglebis enis meToduri Seswavlisa da dakvirvebis Semdgom gamoar-
kvia, rom rodesac damateba micemiTs brunvaSi axlavs zmnas (Tu igulisxmeba),
maSin am mesame piris obieqtur prefiqsad igive bgera hae emateba, romelic
1
subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul
zmnebSi, Tbilisi, 1920, Tbilisis universitetis gamocema.
2
iqve, 3-5.
3
iqve, 17-20.
4
iqve, 130.
5
iqve, 158-171.
22
istoriis sakiTxebi
yvela zemoaRniSnul fonetikur wesebs emorCileba, mag. `hkiTxa mas, hkiTxa

dedasa T¢ssa, vhkiTxe mas~ da sxva1.
jer kidev studentobis droidan, rodesac me svanuris agebulebis Se-
swavlas peterburgSi Cem amxanag svan iv. T. niJaraZis daxmarebiT vcdilobdi,
azri damebada, rom Tavdapirvelad qarTul samwerlobo enaSic svanuris
msgavsad meore piris subieqtur TavsarTad xani unda yofiliyo. vfiqrobdi,
rom TviT pirveli piris svanuri TavsarTi xv, romlis namdvili buneba da
mniSvneloba maSin CvenTvis gaugebari iyo da mxolod axla xanmeti nawerebis
aRmoCenis Semdgom gamoirkva, saerTo qarTulsac odesRac unda hqonoda.
magram es svanuris agebulebis zegavleniT warmoSobili ubralo mosazreba
iyo, romlis damtkiceba ar SemeZlo da amitom araviTari mniSvneloba ar
hqonda CemTvisac. mxolod rodesac prof. ak. SaniZem gamoarkvia, rom aRmo-
savleT saqarTvelos zogierT Tanamedrove kiloebsac meore piris subieq-
tur TavsarTad x da R aqvT Senaxuli, amis Semdgom ukve SesaZleblad mimaC-
nda, rom x qarTuli enis saerTo movlenad CagveTvala. rodesac saqarTvelos
or-sam aseT erTimeorisagan daSorebuls TemSi erTgvari movlena gvaqvs Se-
naxuli2, romlis kvalic Zvel qarTulSic emCneva, maSin Cven ufleba gvaqvs
aseT movlenebSi saerTo qarTuli movlena veZioT. am meTodiT vxelmZRvane-
lobdi saerTo qarTuli uZvelesi warmarTobis Seswavlis dros da vfiqrob,
rom mis sifrTxiliTa da windaxedulobiT gamoyenebas SeiZleba nayofieri
Sedegi mohyves xolme. amitom prof. ak. SaniZis zemoaRniSnuli Txzulebis Se-
saxeb sajaro paeqrobis dros gamovTqvi kidec Cemi azri, rom svanuri da aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelos zogierTi kiloebisa da `xar~ — `xval~-is naSTi Zvel
samwerlobo qarTulSi, uflebas gvaZlevs xani meore piris subieqtur
prefiqsad qarTuli enis Tavdapirvel saerTo movlenad vigulisxmoT. magram
amis damamtkicebeli movlenis xilva maSin me mxolod Soreuls warsulSi mi-
maCnda SesaZleblad ise, rom rodesac prof. ak. SaniZem 1922 wels kerZo
saubarSi moxsenebis wakiTxvamde yuradReba mcxeTis jvris demetre ¢patosis
warweraze mimaqcevina, rom iq `meoxxeyav~-ia amoWrili, es movlena istoriu-
lad cnobils xanaSi CemTvis imdenad moulodneli iyo ro eWvic ki damebada,
aq xom mrCoblweriTi, anu dittografiuli Secdoma ar iyo. magram amgvari eW-
vis usafuZvlobas bolnisis ori warwera amtkicebda, sadac amgvarive for-
mebia naxmari.
1
subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmneb-
Si, Tbilisi, 1920, Tbilisis universitetis gamocema.41-45.
2
exla irkveva, rom xanis xmareba qarTlur Tanamedrove kiloSic ki yofila Senaxuli. am
mxriv sayuradReboa xalxuri mwerlis iagor tetunaSvilis ena, romelic Tavis dabeWdils
TxzulebebSi ase wers: `xyvandes“, `Semsvlels qals Tvals moxkramda“ da sxv. (ixile misi
`cxovrebis gzaze“, Tbilisi, 1922, I, gv. 86 da 90). am garemoebaze da Txzulebaze Cemi
yuradReba b-ma ios. WeiSvilma miaqcia, risTvisac did madlobas movaxseneb.
23
istoriis sakiTxebi
prof. ak. SaniZem am warwerebSi naxmari xanic qarTulis erT-erTi dia-

leqturi wrisa Tu kilos kuTvnilebad CasTvala1. piradad me Cemi Zveli hipo-
Tezi ufro samarTlianad mimaCnda, magram masala imdenad mcire iyo, rom mas-
ze damyarebas SeuZleblad vTvlidi da am azris gamarTlebis molodini isev
mxolod Soreul warsulSi mqonda. axlad aRmoCenilma V-VIss. xanmetma Zeg-
lebma cxadyves, rom ase Sors wasvla saWiro ar iyo da rom xani marTlac qar-
Tuli sazogado samwerlobo enis kuTvnileba yofila.
SesaZlebelia, aq kidev erTi sakiTxi wamoiWras, Tu rogor moxda, rom xani
SemdegSi gaqra da zogs, maT Soris upirvelesad akad. n. mars, azri daebados
kidec, viTomc am movlenaSi mainc `svanurobi~-dan gadmoqarTulebis proces-
Tan gvqondes saqme? am sakiTxis ganxilvis dasamTavreblad amJamad esRa
gvaqvs marto gasarCevi.
XIII
VI s. da VIII-IX ss. xelnawerTa enis ganxilva marTlac cxadyofs, rom VII s-Si
qarTul samwerlobo enas cvlileba dastyobia: me-2 piris subieqturi da me-3
piris obieqturi TavsarTebi x, ori SemTxvevis garda, haed Secvlila2. rasak-
virvelia, es erTbaSad ar moxdeboda da SesaZlebelia amgvari procesi sasa-
ubro enaSi ukve VI s-Si dawyebuliyo, imgvaradve rogorc, cxadia, aqa-iq SesaZ-
lebelia x VII saukunis damlevsa da VIII saukunis damdegsac, xolo kiloebSi
ufro xangrZlivac yofiliyo winandeburad naxmari.
gamosarkvevia mainc, Tu ra moxda maSin, enis wiaRSi warmoSobili erTgva-
ri revolucia iyo, Tu bunebrivi ganviTarebis procesTana da evoluciasTana
gvaqvs aq saqme?
enis sferoSi revolucia SesaZlebelia jer erTi Sinagani mizezebiT yo-
filiyo gamowveuli sakuTar kilokavTa urTierTSorisi damokidebulebisa
da ganwyobilebis SecvliT, rodesac amave eris romelime axali, winaT saerTo
erovnuli cxovrebisaTvis umniSvnelo da saerTo Semoqmedebas moSorebuli,
tomi upiratesobas moipovebda da Tanac Tavisi tomis kilokavis gabatonebiT
saerTo enasac sagrZnob kvals daaCnevda. meore mxriT, enis revoluciebrivi
gardaqmna SesaZlebelia srulebiT gareSe da ucxo Zalisa da enis SemoWrisa
da gavlenis Sedegi yofiliyo, rodesac dapyrobili eri iZulebuli xdeboda
gabatonebuli eris ucxo ena SeeTvisebina misi srulebiT gansxvavebuli agebu-
lebiTa da enovani fsiqikiTurT. aseT SemTxvevaSi imis garda, rom damonebuli
eri uneblieT dampyrobelis sityvebs mravlad iTvisebda, Tavisi enis sintaq-
sur wyobilebasac da TviT sityvaTa agebulebasac xSirad ucxouris zegavle-
niTa da msgavsada cvlida xolme. rac ufro xangrZlivi da mkacri iyo dampyro-
1
naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis £marebisa £movnebis win qarTul zmnebSi
(universitetis moambis amave nomerSi[2], gv. 280-281).
2
saistorio sazogadoebis wignTsacavSi erTi palimfsestia, romelsac haes xmareba axa-
siaTebs. prof. ak. SaniZe amzadebs misi teqstis gamocemas.
24
istoriis sakiTxebi
beli eris batonoba, miT ufro Zlieri iyo xolme enis revoluciebrivi cvli-
lebis procesi, romelic SeuRleba-Serevis wyalobiT SeiZleboda nawilobrivi
an sruli gardanivTebiT da TviT gadaSenebiTac damTavrebuliyo. ucxo enis
batonobiT warmoSobili gardaqmna gacilebiT ufro Zlieri iyo xolme, vidre
Sinagani, tomobriv ZalTa ganwyobilebis cvlilebisagan warmomdgari.
siZlieris intensivobis mxriv zegavlenisa da gardaqmnis procesi SeiZleba
sam safexurad daiyos. pirveli yvelaze susti zegavlenisa da nawilobrivi
gardanivTebis momaswavebeli safexuri ucxo enis sityvebis uxvad SeTvisebiT -
gamoixateba da ganisazRvreba xolme,meore,ufro TvalsaCino gavlenis momas-
wavebeli safexuri ukve enis fsiqikis sagrZnobi SecvliT gamoixateboda, ro-
desac sityvaTa sintaqsuri wyobileba da urTierTSorisi damokidebuleba ga-
batonebuli ucxo enis fsiqikisa da sintaqsisda mixedviT icvleboda.amgvari
cvlileba mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac damonavebul Tu dapyro-
bil ers dampyrobeli eris ena imdenad SeTvisebuli aqvs, rom masac sasaubrod
xmarobs. mesame, ukve enis gardanivTeba-gadagvarebis momaswavebeli, safexuri
TviT enis morfologiuri agebulebis cvlilebasac Seicavs xolme. romeli am
sami procesTagani gvaqvs qarTul samwerlobo enaSi, rogorc igi axla gvexate-
ba V-VI ss. da VIII-IX ss. ZeglebSi? leqsikurad, SeiZleba iTqvas, maT Soris TiT-
qmis araviTari gansxvaveba ar aris. iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, rom VIII-IX ss. saxarebisa
da sxva wignebis xelnawerebSi srulebiT axali sityva iyo Setanili. sintaqsu-
radac V-VI ss. da VIII-IX ss. xelnawerTa da ZeglTa enaSi ar emCneva, rom raime
TvalsaCino gansxvaveba moipovebodes. agebulebis mxrivac qarTul samwerlobo
enas am saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi araviTari arc gardanivTebisa da arc gardaSene-
bis procesi ar emCneva da, maSasadame, arc erTi am safexurTaganis msgavsi mov-
lena im cvlilebaSi, romelic V-VI ss. da VIII-IX ss. qarTul samwerlobo enas axasi-
aTebs, ar moipoveba. piriqiT, arc morfologiurad da sintaqsurad, arc TviT
leqsikurad araviTari gansxvaveba ar Cans. Cven Tvalwin mxolod fonetikuri
cvlilebaa, isic srulebiT kanonieri da marto meore piris subieqturi da mesa-
me piris obieqtur TavsarTebsa, SedarebiTs da uaryofiT nawilakebSi.
es garemoeba cxadyofs, rom VII-VIII ss. qarTul enas revoluciiT gamowve-
uli gardanivTeba da gardaqmna ki ar gamouvlia, aramed mxolod nawilobrivi
evolucia, fonetikuri cvlileba.
amgvarad, yovelsave eWvs gareSea, rom V-VI ss. saxarebisa, dabadebisa da
sxva Zeglebis teqsti svanurad ki ar aris dawerili, rogorc amas `winaswarme-
tyvelebda~ da ucilobel WeSmaritebad acxadebda prof. n. mari, arc sanaxev-
rod svanur kilokavzea naTargmni, rogorc es prof. r. ble¡ks n. maris zegav-
leniT sCvenebia, aramed mxolod da mxolod qarTulad. axlad aRmoCenili
xanmeti teqstebi imdenadve svanuri ar aris, ramdenadac aravis fiqrad ar mo-
uva V da VI ss. martirologiuri Zeglebi, — iakob xucesis Txzuleba `wameba¡
SuSanikisi~ da evstaTe mcxeTelis martviloba, — svanurad gamoacxados. ax-
la, rodesac Cven danamdvilebiT viciT, ra eniT da rogorc uweriaT qarTve-
lebs V-VII ss-Si, TiTqmis Seumcdarad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom, mermindel gada-
25
istoriis sakiTxebi
mwerTagan Cadenil Secdomebs garda, iakob xucesis nawarmoebica da evstaTe

mcxeTelis martvilobac swored imgvarad unda yofiliyo dawerili, ra eni-
Tac maT Cvenamdis moaRwies, mxolod xanebianad, da am mxriv maTi naweris pir-
vandeli saxis aRdgena ukve amieridan dauZlevel siZneles ar warmoadgens.
XIV
xanmet ZeglTa aRmoCenam cxadyo, rom qarTuli enis istoriuli ganviTa-

rebis safexurebis Sesaxeb miRebuli Sexedulebac unda Seicvalos, Tu winaT
gvegona, rom qarTul samwerlobo enas ori mTavari safexuri hqonda, — erTi
uZvelesi klasikuri, V-XII s-mde, meore amdroidan moyolebuli gardamavali,
romelic XIX s-Si axal qarTuliT damTavrda, axla irkveva, rom qarTuli
uZvelesi klasikuri samwerlobo enis dasawyisi saukuneTa wyvdiadSi gve-
kargeba, xolo misi batonoba VII s. damdegamdis aRwevs, daaxloebiT VII-VIII ss-idan
iwyeba ukve qarTuli samwerlobo enis ganviTarebis meore safexuri, romlis da-
maxasiaTebel Tvisebas x TavsarTebis, subieqturis meore pirisa da obieqturis
mesame pirisa, haed Secvla da sxva fonetikuri cvlilebebi Seadgens. rodemdis
grZeldeboda es xana, jer kidev gamosarkvevia.
kulturuli TvalsazrisiTac axlad aRmoCenili xelnawerebi friad sa-
yuradRebo aris da sagulisxmo daskvnis gamoyvanis saSualebas gvaZleven.
xelnawerebi, rogorc es gadarecxvis miuxedavad da Semdgomac kargad etyo-
ba, lamazi, mSvenivrad CamonakvTili mrgvlovani asomTavruli damwerlobiT
arian gamoyvanili. aSkaraa, rom am damwerlobas mravalsaukunovani muSaoba
uZRoda win. marto imitom ki ara, rom asoebi gasaocari erTgvarobiTa da mo-
xdenilobiT arian ganwyobili, aramed imitom, rom am V-VI ss-Ta ZeglebSi ukve
mrgvlovani damwerlobis saucxood CamonakvTili nimuSi gvaqvs. maSasadame,
mrgvlovani damwerlobis pirveli dasawyisi ramodenime saukuniT uwinares
unda vigulisxmoT. xolo radgan mrgvlovani damwerlobis winamorbedad da
warmomSobelad Cveulebriv kuTxovani damwerloba iyo da qarTuli uZvelesi
kuTxovani nusxa-xucuric Tavisi arsebobiTaca da TvisebebiTac naTlad am-
tkicebs, rom saqarTveloSic kuTxovani xucuri asomTavruli ueWvelad unda
yofiliyo, cxadi xdeba, rom am kuTxovani asomTavruli damwerlobis mxatvru-
li CamonakvTilobisa da miTumetes dasawyisi xana mravalsaukuneTa siRrmeSi
unda veZioT. aqamdis, sanam V-VI ss-is damwerlobis Zeglebi TiTo-orola asos
saxiT gvqonda Senaxuli fulebze da mxolod erTi 8-striqoniani warwera mo-
gvepoveboda, amgvari azri SeiZleba saTuod yofiliyo miCneuli, axla ki VI s.
xelnawerTa mTeli rigis aRmoCenisa da maTi mSvenieri mrgvlovani asomTav-
ruli damwerlobis Semdgom qarTuli weriTi xelovnebis dasawyisis sapatio
xniereba ukve ueWvel garemoebada xdeba.
isicaa aRsaniSnavi, rom VI s. xelnawerebi aseT mSvenier etratzea naweri,
rac gadarecxisda miuxedavad mainc cxadad emCneva, romlis did furclebze
or an erT svetad, mdidrulad, faro da gaSlili weriT, adgilis dauzo-
26
istoriis sakiTxebi
gvelad teqstia gamoyvanili. etyoba, maSin saqarTvelos kargi Rirsebis sawe-

ri masala, etrati da melani uxvad hqonia. esec ase Tu ise maSindeli ganaTle-
buli qarTveli wreebis qonebrivi simdidris maCvenebelia.
Semdeg efrem mcirisgan vicodiT da aqamdis darwmunebulic viyaviT,
TiTqos gankveTilobisa da sasveni niSnebi qarTul mwerlobaSi pirvelad
swored efrem mcires SemoeRos. VI s. axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebi cxadyofen am
azris usafuZvlobas, radgan gankveTilobisa Tu sasveni niSnebi aqac ukve ix-
mareba. sami sxvadasxva azris mqonebeli niSani mainc moipoveba. es garemoeba
im mxrivac aris sagulisxmo, rom igi TavisdaTavad maSindel saqarTveloSi
erTgvari gramatikul-samwignobro moZRvrebisa da skolis arsebobis mo-
maswavebelia.
XV
kidev bevris mxriT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebis

mniSvneloba, magram Cemi isedac grZeli moxsenebiT ise mogqanceT da mec im-
denad daviRale, rom saubari unda Sevwyvito.
Cven win didi rTuli samuSaoa: am teqstebis wakiTxva da Rirseuli gamo-
cema da, imedi maqvs, rom Cven, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis mecnier-
ni, am Cveni valdebulebis pirnaTlad asrulebas vecdebiT. saxareba-dabade-
bisa da sazogadod saRmrTo werilis Zeglebis Seswavla istorikosis saqme ar
aris, aramed enaTmecnierTa da mwerlobis istorikosebisa da Cveni specia-
listebi saTanadod gamoiyeneben am fasdaudebels ganZs. iqneb bedma gagviRi-
mos da am palimfsestTa Soris istoriuli Zeglebic aRmoCndes. maincdamainc
Cven ukve aRar SegviZlia am miRweulobiT davkmayofildeT, aramed unda ga-
orkecebuli xalisiTa da energiiT ganvagrZoT Zieba. gza, sadac unda veZioT
uZvelesi qarTuli mwerlobisa da damwerlobis Zeglebi, ukve gamorkveulia:
palimfsestebi da dedamiwis siRrmeSi Camarxuli warwerebi bevrs axalsa da
sainteresos gviqadian. Tu axlac, rodesac Cven xelnawerTa sistematur aR-
werilobas mxolod viwyebT da arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas CvenSi iSviaTad
Tu Seuwuxebia droTa ganmavlobaSi miwaSi Cafluli naSTebi, aseTi uxvi samka-
li gvaqvs, me darwmunebuli var, momavali kvleva-Zieba qarTul mecnierebas
brwyinvale aRmoCenaTa SesaZleblobas uqadis, romelic Cveni istoriis uZve-
lesi xanis saukuneTa siRrmis wyvdiadis gafantvas SeaZlebinebs.
ivane javaxiSvili
Txzulebani Tormet tomad,
t. IX, 1996, gv. 263-352
(ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)
27
istoriis sakiTxebi
akaki SaniZe
naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa

xmovnebis win qarTul zmnebSi
ukve gamorkveulia, rom obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTulSi

moepoveba mxolod micemiT damatebian zmnebs, e. i. iseT zmnebs, romelnic
damatebas micemiT brunvaSi moiTxoven ara marto awmyoSi, aramed namyo
srulSic1. gamorkveulia isic, rom am prefiqss qarTulSi saerTod ramdenime
saxe aqvs (h, ¡, x, R, s, S, z, J, romelTaganac Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi
Cveulebriv mxolod h, s da S gvxvdeba), magram misi xmareba mxolod
TanxmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebiT aris gansazRvruli. raica Seexeba xmovniT
dawyebul feZeebs, aq obieqturi prefiqsi (Teoriulad h) ikargeba, ikargeba
rogorc Zvels, ise axal saliteraturo enaSi da agreTve cocxal kiloebSic2.
1
a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa
qarTul zmnebSi. tfilisi, 1920.
2
ingilourSi, rogorc es m. janaSvilis mier Cawerili teqstebidan Cans, [Zveli sa-
qarTvelo, t. II, ganyofileba meoTxe, gv. 181-210), aris iseTi formebi, sadac kacs egoneba,
mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebasTan gvaqvs saqme xmovnis wino. es aris saxeldobr
is SemTxvevebi, rodesac hae Cndeba unis win anlautSi iseT formebSi, rogoricaa: huyvars,
huxarian, humReris, huyivis, huyarauleben, hundoda, huTxra, hunaxi, huwuxni, hufiqri (an
hufiqrni), huWami, huCnbi, huqni, huzaxni, hukiTxni, huTqom, huvazirebi, hurbeni, hukrav,
hupovniay, hucxovriay da misT. magaliTad: `katas aq na£navi da tyi pirebze hutrialni,
hunadirni, Citeb, Tageb huWeri“ (184); `sawyal qeCis amTon huzaxni, huxwni, hucodilni,
rum wikoebibe¡T Tav hucnobebi, kar gaRebinebi“ (190); `meCongure¡ hunaxi; hukravs, age
hukravs“ (195); `kars huyarauleben... saxlSi Saaslela minams ar huSben“ (196); `frinebel
erTmerTs humReris, huyivis“ (198) da sxv. magram:
jer erTi: ra wams zmnas preverbi gauCndeba da, maSasadame, anlautis uni inlautSi
moeqceva, maSinve daikargeba es hae: danaxi, dazaxni, Camogdi, ayoni, wayoni, aRiay, da-
uWeriay, wauqceviay, daugleJiay, akidni, mici, day‘ra, mouSala da misT. magaliTad:
àuRiay, xuT yoC miuciay, amma saklav ar aqoy, — saklavi kola zaRlebs kln. huTqom“ (195).
amitom gvaqvs aseTi formebi: hu£navy (202) da mou£nav (202), huzaxni (190) da dazaxni (189;
181), hunaxi (182) da danaxi (181; 202) huWeri (185) da daWeri (202) da misT.
mere meore: ingilourSi, imave teqstebis mixedviT, ar ixmareba hae arc anisa da arc enis
win, sadac Teoriulad agreTve mosalodnelia О3:
a: aq, aqonda, akoca, waayares, ver daaklebs, Tav gaaneb, daamirwyda, Tols ar aSorebda,
miakra, gamaarTo, aWmevs, daanaxa, daadara, daavala da sxv.
e: eyureb, ezaxian, Seefereb, esaxla, ebneboda, eqna, elaga, deerida, Ceeyara, geeyo, deeca,
Seecoda, `£el-fey deezra. Tav-tan geeyina“ (205), `wiko¡ deegliJa, SeeWama, deezina, miepara“
(190) da misT.
mesame: hae Cndeba ingilourSi agreTve maSinac, a) roca vi jgufisagan, saxelebSi Tu zmnis
formebSi, warmomdgaria anlautis u: h‘r (`viri“), h‘c (`vici“), h‘ty‘ (`vityvi“), h‘Txov
(`viTxov“), h‘qeifeb (`viqeifeb“), h‘povnoT (`vipovnoT~), h‘q (`viq“), h‘Wri (`viWri~) da sxv.
28
istoriis sakiTxebi
magram xmovnis win marto mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsi rodi ikargeba;
ikargeba agreTve meore piris subieqturi prefiqsic, romelsac iseTive
fonetikuri saxeebi aqvs, rogoric mesame piris obieqtur prefiqss. mxolod
aq erTi gamonaklisi moipoveba: esaa aris zmna, romelsac dRemdisac ki
daucavs subieqturi prefiqsis xmareba xmovnis win meore piris formebSi: v-
ar, x-ar, ari-s. magram es erTi zmna yvelgan da yovelTvis ganmartoebiT dgas,
radganac misi uRleba arc erTi cnobili kilos uRlebis normebs ar egueba:
xmovnis win ara gvaqvs sxva SemTxveva meore piris subieqturi niSnis Senaxvisa.
samagierod SeiZleba mas paralelebi movuZebnoT mesame piris obieqturi
prefiqsis xmarebis SemTxvevebidan xmovnebis win. es paralelebia: xerTvis,
xeyav, Sexewie da SexuabT.
1. xerTvis
qarTulSi ar moipoveba zmnis forma xerTvis, magram moipoveba am formisagan

nawarmoebi saxeli xerTvis-i. ras niSnavs igi? s. orbelianis leqsikoniT xerTvisi
aris `zRvaTa da wyalTa saSuali adgili xmeli~. am ganmartebaSi `wyali~ uTuod
mdinaris mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari da, maSasadame, s. orbelianis axsnis
dRevandeli Targmani iqneba: zRvebsa da mdinareebs Soris mdebare xmeli adgili.
magram zRvebsa da mdinareebs Soris mdebare xmeli adgili CvenTvis dRes SeiZleba
kunZulic iyos da naxevar-kunZulic, imisda mixedviT, mTlad aris igi
Semofargluli wyliT, Tu ara. romeli maTgani aqvs sulxans mxedvelobaSi? Tu
yuradRebas mivaqcevT im garemoebas, rom xerTvisi mas miaCnia k u n Z u l i s a da
W a l a k i s sinonimad (misi ganmarteba kunZulisa aseTia: xerT¢si, Walaki, xolo
Walakisa: kunZuli, gina Wala), SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mas xerTvisi dRevandel
k u n Z u l a d esmodes. magram ara! aseTi gageba iqneboda dRevandel cnebaTa
gadatana Zvels droSi da Cveni Sexedulebis moxveva sulxanis Tavze. Tumca axal
qarTulSi gansxvavebuli gvaqvs k u n Z u l i da n a x e v a r -k u n Z u l i , magram
Zvel qarTulSi aseTi diferenciacia ar unda yofiliyo da iq erTi da igive sityva
(xerTvisi iqneboda igi, kunZuli, Tu Walaki) gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo
rogorc k u n Z u l i s , ise n a x e v a r k u n Z u l i s aRsaniSnavad. aseTi ganur-
Cevloba k u n Z u l i s a da n a x e v a r -k u n Z u l i s a Zvel qarTulSi gasakviri
ar aris, radganac igi marto Zvel qarTuls rodi axasiaTebs: msgavsive movlenaa
arabulSic, sadac ‫ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة‬erTsac aRniSnavs da meoresac; kerZod ‫ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺮة‬Suamdinarea,
b) an roca ve jgufisagan miRebuli gvaqvs anlautis : hyav (← veyav = `viyav“).

aqedan is daskvna SegviZlia gamovitanoT, rom ingilourSi, mose janaSvilis mier Caweri-
li teqstebis mixedviT, haes warmoSobas Tavkiduris unis win zmnis formebSi araviTari
morfologiuri safuZveli ar uZevs, aramed igi wminda fonetikuri xasiaTisaa imgvaradve,
rogorc imave haes gaCena unisa da onis win anlautSi da, maSasadame, laparaki mesame piris
obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebis Sesaxeb xmovnebis win, ingilouri masalebis mixedviT, SeuZ-
lebelia.
29
istoriis sakiTxebi
romelic j u a n S e r i s istoriaSi arabuli formiTac gvxvdeba1. arc Tu Zvel

berZnulSia Zalian garCeuli k u n Z u l i da n a x e v a r k u n Z u l i . Tumca aq
naxevarkunZulisaTvis specialurad χερσόνησοϛ (anu χεῤῥόνησοϛ), ἡ, moipoveba, raica
qarTulad xmeleT-kunZuls niSnavs, magram mainc νῆσοϛ, ἡ, aRniSnavs ara marto kun-
Zuls sakuTriv, aramed naxevar-kunZulsac. es cxadad Cans, magaliTad, pelopone-
sis naxevar-kunZulis saxelwodebidan, raica etimologiurad pelopis kunZuls
niSnavs: Πελοπόννησοϛ, ἡ = Πέλοποϛ νῆσοϛ. maSasadame, sulxanis xerTvisis axsnaSi Cven
unda davinaxoT rogorc kunZuli, ise naxevar-kunZuli.
d. CubinaSvilis leqsikonis pirvel gamocemaSi (1840 w.) xerTvisi axsnilia

kunZulad (остров, ȋle), raica unda eyrdnobodes s u l x a n -s a b a o r b e l i a -
n i s ganmartebas, romelic gagebulia ara ise, rogorc igi TviT s u l x a n s
esmoda, aramed Sig Cadebulia axali mniSvneloba. meore gamocemaSic (1887-90
w.w.) misi qarTuli axsnaa W a l a k i , k u n Z u l i , xolo rusuli Targmania пере-
шеек, остров. es перешеек-i cota ver udgeba iqve moyvanil qarTul axsna-gan-
martebas (`Walaki, kunZuli~) da ar vici, saidan momdinareobs da ras emyareba
igi. d. C u b i n a S v i l s am ukanasknel gamocemaSi adgilic ki mohyavs, sadac
xerTvisi unda gvxvdebodes: es yofila `tim. 36~. es `tim~. unda iyos albaT
`moxil…a wmidaTa da sx…aTa aRmosavleTisa adgilTa timoTesagan qarTlisa
mTavar-episkoposisa~, romelic dabeWda pl. i o s e l i a n m a tfiliss 1852
wels. magram verc am wignis 36 gverdze da verc sazogadod sadme am wignSi me
ver vipove xerTvisi. t i m o T e am Tavis `moxil…aSi~ Cveulebriv an W a l a k s
xmarobs (23, 20; 24, 4; 31, 1; 103, 17; 123, 20; 124, 3; 125, 9, 12-13; 174, 19; 179, 7, 10,
13, 15, 16-17, 22; 180, 6; 184, 13; 185, 1) an kidev kunZuls (25, 17; 53, 21; 103, 1-2;
116, 5; 121, 5-6; 123, 23). erT adgilas, magaliTad, igi wers: `mier warvediT
kunZulsa subuqsa da mier Walaksa kunZulsa (sic) rodoss~ (125, 15-17)2.
x e r T v i s i rom k u n Z u l i a , an n a x e v a r -k u n Z u l i , amis dasamtki-
ceblad SegviZlia marTlac davimowmoT Zveli Zeglebi.
1
jazireTi (broses gamocema, gv. 127, 23; mariam dedofliseul redaqciaSi, *345, gv. 148,
18, SecdomiT jazareTi ikiTxeba), anu jazira (broses gamocema, gv. 135, 24, 25, 28, 31; 137, 25
= mariam dedofl. red. *366-367, gv. 162, 22, 25: 163, 2, 7).
2
saRvTo werilis qarTul TargmanSic Cveulebriv Walaki ixmareba (mcxeTis dabadebaSic,
T. Jordaniaseul xelnawerSic, moskovis gamocemaSic). dab. 10, 5; fsalm. 71, 10; 96, 1 (asea
fsalmunis Zvel xelnawerSic, siZv. muz. 38); esaia 11, 11 23, 2; 23, 6; 24, 15; 41, 1; 42, 10; 42, 12;
42, 15; 49, 1; 51, 5: 59, 18; 66, 19; ier. 2, 10; 25, 22; 31, 10; ezek. 26, 15; 26, 18; 27, 3; 27, 6; 27, 7; 27, 15;
27 35; 39, 6; dan. 11, 18; sof. 2, 11; saqme 13, 6; 27, 26; 28, 7; 28, 9; 28, 11; gamocx. 1, 9).
k u n Z u l i ukve vefxis tyaosanSia naxmari (d. kariWaSvilis gamoc. [1920] 584, 2 = ka-
kabaZis gamoc. 564, 2 = abulaZis gamoc. 540, 2), saiubileo gamoc. 601, 2.
30
istoriis sakiTxebi
xerTvisi kunZulia
a) grigol n o s e l i s erT wignSi, romlis Targmanic or redaqciad aris

moRweuli, erT redaqciaSi x e r T v i s i ikiTxeba, xolo meore redaqciaSi —
Walaki.
aramed jer iyo WeSmaritad, ra¡Ta aramed pirvel samTavrosa jer-iyo
ganimzados samefo¡ pirvel da ma- Semzadeba da esreTRa Semoyvaneba
SinRa gamoCndes mefÀ. da viTar gan- mefisao. xolo vinaTgan yovelTa
mzada dambadebelman yovelTaman dambadebelman viTarca sameufoni
saunjÀ sameufo¡, — da ars ese queya- ezoni esreT ganumzadna meufed yo-
na¡, zRua¡ da x e r T v i s n i , ese ca¡, fadsa mas zRua¡ da £meli da ca¡ da
romeli ars magrilobel maT zeda, queyana¡ da W a l a k n i 2 da mdinareni
daiunja saunjesa amas yoveli sim- da viTarca sarTuli da kamara mod-
didrÀ (`kacisa SesaqmisaT¢s~1, Zveli rika maT zeda samyaro ese yovlad
redaqcia, Senaxuli Satberdis kre- Suenieri da sameufoTa amaT Sina si-
bulSi, gv. 11 b). didre pirad-piradi dauunja [`da-
badebisaT¢s kacisa~, axali redaqcia
giorgi mTawmidlisa. wera-kiTxvis
saz. muzeumis xelnaweri 1358 (f.
146); agreTve 2666 (rv. 13, gv. 3); 272
(gv. 223) da 120 (gv. 121)].
b) timoTe episkoposis wamebaSi3 vkiTxulobT:
xolo gulis-Tquma¡ saeSmako¡ daenerga gulsa domentianos mefesa
hromisasa, romeli iyo Semdgomad neron mefisa. ese aRegzna risxviTa didiTa
zemo £senebulsa amas zeda wmidasa iovanes RrmTis-metyuelsa da SuriTa
saeSmako¡Ta gandevna igi qalaqiT efeso¡T da ubrZana, ra¡Ta daemk¢dros igi
Walaksa patmonisasa, romeli ars erTi SecvulTa xerTvisTagani4. aq moyvanil
citatSi sityva `Secvuli~ SeiZleba ornairad gavigoT: igi unda iyos an
daculi samxedro ZalebiT (romaelebi xom iq pyrobilebs gzavniden), an kidev
garemoculi, irgvliv Semortymuli wyliT. wamebis gamomcemeli prof. k.
kekeliZe ukanasknel ganmartebas uWers mxars da mec ase mgonia da, maSasadame,
teqstis ukanasknel sityvebSi `romeli ars erTi SecvulTa xerTvisTagani~ un-
da igulisxmebodes kunZuli dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT, irgvliv garemoculi
1
am ZeglSi rom x e r T v i s i gvxvdeba, am garemoebaze Cemi yuradReba miaqcia varl. To-
furiam.
2
Walakni. ase ikiTxeba 1358 nomerSi. 272-sa da 266-Si ikiTxeba b a l a k n i , xolo 120-Si
jer b a l a k n i yofila da Semdeg bani Warad gadausworebiaT.
3
vin icis, egebis am timoTes wamebas gulisxmobda leqsikologi d. CubinaSvili romelime
xelnaweris mixedviT, roca igi x e r T v i s i s mniSvnelobis gamorkvevisaTvis romeliRac
Zegls imowmebda.
4
prof. k. kekeliZe, qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi. nawili pirveli. kimeni. t. I,
tfilisi 1918, gv. 105, 13-18.
31
istoriis sakiTxebi
wyliT. magram, Tu ki SeiZleba, rom xerTvisi iyos `Secvuli~ (e. i. kunZuli),

albaT SeiZleba, rom igi iyos agreTve `Seucavic~ (e. i. naxevar-kunZuli). da,
marTlac, aseTi mniSvnelobiTac aris igi naxmari Zvel ZeglebSi.
xerTvisi naxevar-kunZulia
a) evfemiane da aleqsis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:

pova mun navi £uamaldi da Sevida mas Sina da hrqua menaveTa maT: warvemar-
TneT asureTa, sada-igi ars x e r T v i s i da xati RmrTisa¡. da warvides mier
da ganvides lavdikiad da povnes mogzaurni mekarauleni da Seevedra maT da
warvida x e r T v i s a d asureTisa, sada-igi ars xati RmrTisa¡1. aq asureTis
x e r T v i s a d nagulisxmevia mesopotamia, anu Suamdinare, romelic marTlac
naxevar-kunZuls warmoadgens dijlasa da evfrats Sua. swored mesopotamia-
Si mdebareobs urha qalaqi anu edesa, sadac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, TiTqo iyo
xelT-uqmneli xati, romelzedac saubaria moyvanil citatSi.
b) wm. miqaelis wamebaSi vkiTxulobT: `miugo monazonman [amirmumlsa] da
hrqua: oTxni kideni oTxTa saxarebaTani da aTormetni nawilni aTormetTa mo-
ciqulTani, romel arian eseni: sindeTi da hindoeTi, nubeTi da afrikeTi; guTe-
Ti da saberZneTi, burRaneTi da qersoneTi, afxazeTi da xazareTi, delameTi da
farRaneTi, — ese arian zR¢s-kideni; xolo Tquen, sarkinozni, mpyrobelni xarT
erTisa x e r T v i s i s a n i da umravlÀsni erni queyanisa Tquenisani morwmuneni
arian uflisa Cemisa da Sennica msaxurni warCinebulni mwignobarni da mkurnalni
mosavni m£snelisa Cemisani~2. moyvanili adgilidan cxadia, rom xerTvisi unda
iyos n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l i , ase rom `Tquen, sarkinozni, mpyrobelni xarT
erTisa xerTvisasani~ dRevandel enaze gadmoTargmniT iqneba: T q v e n , s a r -
k i n o z e b s (e. i. a r a b e b s ) , g i p y r i a T e r T i n a x e v a r - k u n Z u l i .
g) j u a n S e r s Tavis istoriaSi orjer aqvs naxmari xerTvisi. erT
adgilas igi mogviTxrobs:
(mariam dedof. red.) (ana dedof. red.)
ewyunes igini zRuis kidesa mas, ro- ewyvnes igini zRuis kidesa mas, ro-
mel ars Walaksa, riyesa xerT¢sssa mel ars Walaki, riye xerTviSisa
(*351, gv. 152). (rveuli i˜e, gv. 15).
mariam dedofliseul redaqciaSi ukanaskneli sityva pativs qveS unda vigu-
lisxmoT da, roca qaragmas gavxsniT da Zvel orTografiasac aRvadgenT, mivi-
RebT: `Walaksa, riyesa xerTvisisasa~. ana dedofliseul redaqcias misdevs Tei-
muraz batoniSviliseuli xelnaweric, magram aq ukanaskneli sityvis formaa ara
xerTviSisa, aramed xerTvisisa: èwyvnes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel ars Wala-
ki, riye xerTvisisa~ (qarTlis cxovreba, I, peterb. 1849, gv. 129). am adgilma cota-
1
prof. k. kekeliZe, p. cit., gv. 162, 1-5.
2
prof. k. kekeliZe, p. cit., gv. 170, 7-14.
32
istoriis sakiTxebi
odnad sagonebelSi Caagdo m. brose, romelmac igi ase gadaTargmna: `Le combat
s’engage, au bord de la mer, dans l’ile caillouteuse de khertwis~ da Tanac aseTi SeniSvna da-
urTo1: `sityva xerTvisi, romlis warmoSoba me ar vici, sulxanis leqsikonis mi-
xedviT aris `zRvaTa da wyalTa saSuali adgili xmeli~ da, maSasadame, k u n -
Z u l i , somx. կղղի. speri, sadac qarTvelebs dauxeviaT, arc Tu egre axloa
zRvasTan, magram, rogorc Cans, vaxtangi daaxlovebia lazikis napirs. esec kia,
rom, mematianis moTxrobis mixedviT, laparaki unda iyos, cxadia, ara zRvaSi
mdebare kunZulze, aramed, ueWvelia, qveynis romelsame nawilze, romelic
ramdenime mimdinare wyals Soris aris moqceuli da romelsac xerTvisi er-
qmeoda, rogoric aris amave saxelis mqone cixe iq, sadac sakuTriv mtkvars er-
Tvis mdinare, romelsac vaxuSti javaxeTis mtkvars uwodebs~. am SeniSvnis meo-
re nawili mxolod imdenad aris swori, ramdenadac igi sazogadod xerTvisis
semantikas exeba. magram brose cdeba, roca igi, axali qarTulis gavleniT,
brZolis asparezs zRvas aSorebs. marTlac da: sada aqvs juanSers warmodgenili
omi: zRvis napirze, Tu zRvisagan moSorebiT? davukvirdeT mis moTxrobas. vax-
tangma ganacxada Turme: àRvdgeT aqa¡T da davibanakoTo zRuasa somxiTiT ker-
Zo, ra¡Ta guaqundes Cuen gza¡ Wirisa da lxinisa¡~-o. amis Semdeg Turme àRiyara
laSqari igi garemos qalaqisa da vles xuTisa dRisa savali somxiTiT kerZo da
dadges speriT kerZo~2 (qarT. cxovr., I, 1849, gv. 128). raki amis Semdeg moTxrobi-
lia, rom èwyunes igini zRuis kidesa mas, romel ars Walaki, riye xerTvisisa~ (an
`romel ars Walaksa, riyesa xerTvisisasa~), cxadia, juanSeris warmodgeniT, omi
momxdara zRvis pirad, riyeze, magram es zRvis piri Tavisi mdebareobiT yofila
Walaki, e. i. am SemTxvevaSi naxevar-kunZuli, romelic erTi mxriT SesaZloa mdi-
nariTac iyo Semofargluli. maSasadame, sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, es adgili yofi-
la xerTvisi da SeiZleba, rom saxeladac mas sakuTrad xerTvisi erqva. am Sem-
TxvevaSi ki bunebrivi iqneboda misi xerTviS-ad gadakeTeba Wanur-megrul wesze,
rogorc es ana dedofliseul xelnawerSi ikiTxeba (dasaxelebul midamoebSi xom
Wan-megrelTa tomebi mosaxleobdnen), rom aq ubralo Secdoma ar gvqondes.
d) meore adgilas j u a n S e r i mogviTxrobs:
cnes sparsTa, rameTu damZimda vax- cnes sparsTa, viTarmed damZimda
tang, da moao£res tfilisi da arma- vaxtang, moao£res tfilisi qalaqi
zi qalaqi; xolo mcxeTa ver daip- da armazi qarTli, xolo mcxeTa ver
yres, garna romeli zRudesa gare- daipyres, garna romelni zRudesa
gniT iyo, moao£res, romeli-igi mux- garegniT iyvnes, moao£rnes, romel-
raniT da aragusa x e r T v i s s a ni-igi muxraniT da aragusa x e r T -
i y o (*397-398, gv. 183). v i s i s a i y o (rveuli i˜À, meoTxe
gverdi bolodan).
1
istoire de la Géorgie, I, gv. 171.
2
mariam dedofliseulsa (*346-347, gv. 149) da agreTve ana dedofliseul redaqciaSic es
adgili cotaodenad Seryvnilia.
33
istoriis sakiTxebi
gamodis, maSasadame, rom sparselebs, juanSeris azriT, mcxeTisTvis rom

vera daukliaT ra, mouoxrebiaT misi zRudis gareSe adgili `romeli-igi
muxraniT da aragusa xerTvissa iyo~, e. i. muxranidan mokidebuli rac ki
mtkvarsa da aragvs Sua naxevar-kunZulsaviT mdebare adgilebi iyo. m. broses
xerTvisi aq kidev ufro farTod esmis: misTvis igia àragvsa, mtkvarsa da qsans
Soris mdebare adgili~1. magram me mgonia, rom xerTvisis sazRvrebi aq mxolod
mtkvriT da aragviT unda SemoisazRvros. arsaidan ara Cans, rom juanSers
qsanic hqondes mxedvelobaSi. xerTvisi misTvis, ueWvelia, or wyals Sua
mdebare adgilia. marTalia, am or wyalTagan igi mxolod aragvs axsenebs,
magram cxadia, rom meore mdinared mas mtkvari aqvs nagulisxmevi.
Zveli teqstebis mowmobiT, maSasadame, xerTvisi aRniSnavda rogorc
dRevandel k u n Z u l s , ise agreTve n a x e v a r -k u n Z u l s a c , romelTa di-
ferenciacia maSin arc arsebobda. miuxedavad amisa, mainc unda vTqvaT, rom
xerTvisi Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo n a x e v a r k u n Z u l i da ara k u n -
Z u l i , Tanac iseTi n a x e v a r -k u n Z u l i , romelic ori mdinaris SeerTebiT
(an mdinaris zRvasTan SerTviT) aris warmomdgari. amas is garemoeba gvafiq-
rebinebs, rom sazogado saxeli xerTvisi sakuTar saxelad iqca qarTulSi da
geografiul nomenklaturaSi amoyo Tavi.
xerTvisi dResac geografiuli saxelia da igi ramdenimejer gvxvdeba. ma-
galiTad, xuT-versian rukaze, romelic gamocemuli iyo kavkasiis samxedro
topografiuli ganyofilebis mier, am saxelwodebiT (Хертвиси, Хертвись) xuTi
sofelia aRniSnuli:
1. j a v a x e T S i , iq, sadac mtkvars axalqalaqis wyali erTvis.
2. f o c x o v S i , wurwyabidan 15-iode versis manZilze, CrdiloeTiT.
3. k l a r j e T S i , artanujis aRmosavleTiT, aTiode versis manZilze.
4. a W a r a S i , sadac Woroxs aWaris wyali erTvis (= zeda xerTvisi?).
5. a W a r a S i v e , maWaxelis wyalze (qveda xerTvisi).
magram unda vifiqroT, rom xerTvisi, rogorc geografiuli saxeli,
gacilebiT ufro metia saqarTveloSi, vidre rusul xuT-versian rukazea
aRniSnuli. magaliTad SemiZlia davasaxelo
6. J i n v a n s gaRma mdebare adgili, sadac fSavis aragvs mTiuleTis arag-
vi uerTdeba da romelsac xerTvisi hqvian. igi dasaxelebul rukaze aRniSnu-
li ar aris.
Tu yuradRebas mivaqcevT zemore CamoTvlili adgilebis mdebareobas,
vnaxavT, rom yvelani mdinaris pirad imyofebian; metsac vityviT: yvelani Ser-
Tul mdinareebs Soris arian moqceulni; àrian moqceulni~-meTqi, magram ufro
swori iqneboda, meTqva: ùnda iyvnen moqceulni~, radganac ueWvelad da
danamdvilebiT amis mtkiceba jer-jerobiT mxolod sami xerTvisis Sesaxeb Se-
miZlia: aragvisa, mtkvrisa da Woroxisa. erT maTgans vaxuSti batoniSvili ase
niSandobliv agviwers: `sad erTvis mtkvars javaxeTis mtkvari, am ors mdinares
1
Histoire de la Géorgie, I, gv. 198, SnS. 4.
34
istoriis sakiTxebi
Soris ars xerTvisi: mtkvris aRmosavleTis kidezed da javaxeTis mtkvris

samxriT~1. sxva xerTvisebsac albaT aseTive mdebareoba aqvT, Tu, rasakvirvelia,
romelime maTgani sxva xerTvisidan gadmosaxlebuli xalxis mier gaSenebuli ar
aris da saxelic iqidan, Zveli xerTvisidan, gadmotanili da axalSenis
mdebareobis Seufereblad darqmeuli ar aris. erTi sityviT, xerTviss unda
movelodeT Cveulebriv mxolod iq, sadac mdinare mdinaresve an zRvas erTvis.
erTvis — ai is zmnis forma, romelTanac etimologiuri kavSiri aqvs xer-

Tviss2. rom es kavSiri udavoa, amas erTTavad isic adasturebs, rom rTva zmnisa-
gan sxva geografiuli saxelic gvaqvs nawarmoebi, saxeldobr SerTuli, romelic
sofelia didisa da patara liaxvis SesarTavTan. oRond SerTuli axali formaa,
Zvelad ki igi mravlobiT ricxvSi yofila xmarebuli: SerTulni, SerTulTa, ro-
gorc amas gviCvenebs Semdegi adgili qarTlis cxovrebisa:
T¢T Tavadi surtani dadga karbsa da TuiT Tavadi surtani dadga
da merme Camodga S e r T u l T a karbs da merme Camovida S e r T u l -
(*501, gv. 271-272)3. T a (rv. k˜e, gv. 5).
am sityvis etimologia, dakavSirebuli soflis orografiul mdebareo-
basTan, jer kidev vaxuStis aqvs sworad ganmartebuli, romelic wers:
`varians zeiT erTvis liaxvis aRmosavleTidam patara liaxvi, amis gamo ewoda
dabasa amas S e r T u l i ~-o4.
maSasadame, xerTvisi sul sxvanairad nawarmoebi saxeli yofila, vidre
mravali geografiuli saxeli, romelTac boloSi is sufiqsi aqvT: aranisi,
birTvisi, bolnisi, daTvisi, egrisi, Tuxarisi, krwanisi, largvisi, manglisi,
marilisi, niCbisi, olTisi, pankisi, ruisi, sacxenisi, tfilisi, urbnisi,
farcxisi, qsovrisi, yinwvisi, yornisi, ceronisi, wavkisi da sxvani, imitom rom
xerTvisSi — is daboloebaSi me-3 piris niSani Sedis (i-s), CamoTvlil saxelebSi
ki is naTesaobiTis brunvis niSania. es naTes. brunva am SemTxvevaSi gamowve-
1
ReoRraჶiuli aRwera saqarTvelo¡sa batoniSvilis vaxuStis mier. peterburgi, 1842, gv.
96.
2
xerTvisis etimologiuri kavSiri erTvis formasTan gaTvaliswinebuli hqonia i. ros-
tomaSvilsac, romelsac oRond xani SecdomiT Semoklebuli xevi (scil. £evi) hgonia.
javaxeTis xerTvisis Sesaxeb igi wers: «Хертвис — слово грузинское. Образовалось оно из двух слов:
х сокращенное хеви — река, вода и эртвис (erTvis) — соединяется. И действительно, Хертвис стоит как
раз у соединения р. Топараванки с Курой, на левой стороне первой и на правой — второй» (Ахалкалакский
уезд в археологическоми отношении: Сборник материалов, XXV, 115). rom xsenebuli avtoris mier
moyvanili etimologiis pirveli nawili Secdomaa, amas amtkicebs Tundac marto
orTografia sityvisa: xerTvisi (da ara £erTvisi). amgvari orTografiiT es geografiuli
saxeli gvxvdeba, magaliTad, qarTlis cxovrebaSi (t. I, broses gamocema 1849, gv. 26, 23).
3
Teimuraz batoniSviliseuli xelnaweri mariam dedofliseul redaqcias uWers mxars: `da T¢T
Tavadi sultani dadga karbs da merme Camodga SerTulTa~ (broses gamoc., 131, 10).
4
Op. cit., gv. 250.
35
istoriis sakiTxebi
ulia sazRvruli sityvis mier, romelic Semdeg dakargula1, Tumca xSiria ise-
Ti SemTxvevebic, roca msgavs warmoebaSi msazRvrelTan erTad Senaxulia
agreTve sazRvrulic: axo [a£o] (baris a£o), gori (ifnis gori), Tavi (rusTavi,
wyaros Tavi, xidis Tavi), kari (RarTis kari, xidis kari, taSis kari, lebais kari),
piri (aragvis piri, ruis piri), ubani (vardis ubani), yana (dolis yana), yuri
(lalis yuri), cixe (velis cixe, lastis cixe, mwyeris cixe, turis cixe, uflis
cixe), Ziri (taxtis Ziri, cixis Ziri), wyaro (kodis wyaro), Wala (xevis Wala), xevi
[£evi] (kavTis xevi, kisis xevi), xidi [£idi] (tinis xidi), juari (cixis juari) da sxv.
egebis gvkiTxon: SeiZleba ki, rom zmnis forma gamoyenebul iqnes qarTulSi
saxelad? — ratom ara! iqneba Cveni pasuxi. Tavi rom davaneboT iseT zmnis formebs,
romlebic sakuTar saxelad qceula qarTulSi, rogoricaa: RvTisa var, mindi
(mindia), gamixardi, maxare, gamaxela, gindra (=gind ra), mewyina (qalis sax.),
kmara (qalis sax.), minda (qalis sax.), qalunda (=qali unda)2, Cven SegviZlia
moviyvanoT imisi magaliTebic, rom saxelad awmyos TxrobiTis mesame piris forma
iyos qceuli imgvaradve, rogorc xerTvisi; esenia: Rirs-i, ars-i da msgavs-i. am
magaliTebSi Rirs-isa da ars-is warmoeba naTelia [Rirs-i = Rirs + i: v-Rir,
h-Rir3, Rir-s. ars-i = ar-s + i: v-ar, x-ar, ar-s]. SeiZleba mxolod msgavs-ma
Cagvagdos sagonebelSi. am ukanaskneli sityvis warmoSoba rom gamovarkvioT, igi
orad unda gavyoT: ms + gavsi. pirvel nawilSi TiTqos gvaqvs Sekvecili mas,
meoreSi ki — hgavs zmnis forma. maSasadame, msgavsi miRebuli unda iyos mas hgavs
jgufisagan anisa da haes dakargviT da inis darTviT saxelobiTSi4.
raki sakiTxi yovel mxriv aris ganxiluli, exla, maSasadame, SegviZlia da-
vaskvnaT, rom xerTvisi, romelic Tavdapirvelad unda yofiliyo w y l e b i s
S e s a r T a v T a n m d e b a r e a d g i l i , Semdeg o r w y a l s S u a m d e b a r e
a d g i l i , aqedan meore naxevar-kunZuli da, ukanasknel, kunZuli, saSual-
ebas gvaZlevs aRvadginoT zmnis forma mesame subieqtur-obieqturi pirisa
awmyos TxrobiTSi mxolobiT ricxvSi: xerTvis. am formis dRevandeli Sesa-
tyvisia erTvis, romelic vnebiTia Tavisi warmoebiT da romelsac damateba
aqvs micemiTSi: erTvis mas. dRevandeli erTvis istoriulad *herTvis for-
1
amis analogiebi moipoveba agreTve megrulSica da svanurSic.
2
qristesa-c amave jgufs unda ekuTvnodes, vinaidan qristesia miRebuli Cans aqedan:
qristesi ars, Tumca SesaZlebeli kia, rom ani aq kninobiTis formisa iyos, rogorc
saxelebSi: gogia, petria, pavlia, daTia, Teklia, ninua da sxv.
TiTqo aseTive warmoebisaa araSenda soflis saxelic.
3
vRir, hRir — es Zveli formebia, romelTa nacvlad axal qarTulSi vRirvar da hRirxar
gvaqvs.
4
saeWvoa, rom msgavs-is winare forma mis-i + hgavs-i iyos da ara mas + hgavs-i. kidev uf-
ro saeWvoa, rom mani aq aqtiur mimReobaTa formebis analogiiT iyos ganviTarebuli, xolo
sani haes bgerinacvlobas eweodes, e. i. sxvanairad rom gamovxatoT, TiTqo msgavsi = m +
hgavs-i → m + sgavs-i.
unda aRniSnul iqnes gansakuTrebiT is garemoeba, rom Zvel qarTulSi ara gvaqvs Sem-
Txveva sanis asimilaciisa ganTan: msgavsi, emsgavsa da sxv. (da ara mzgavsi, emzgavsa da sxva).
SeiZleba isic aRiniSnos, rom imave zmnis fuZisagan meore saxelic gvaqvs nawarmoebi: igavi
(i-gav-i).
36
istoriis sakiTxebi
misagan aris warmoSobili, rogorc amas Tanxmovniani zmnebis uRlebis norme-

bi gviCvenebs. herTvis-Tan SedarebiT xerTvis-i dialeqturi formaa mxo-
lod: hae (*herTvis → erTvis) da xani (xerTvis) mesame piris obieqturi niS-
nebia da erTimeoris bgerinacvalni.
sakiTxavia: SeiZleba ki qarTulSi sazogadod aseTi dialeqturi forma?
gvaqvs ki raime msgavsi warmoeba kidev, rom mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsi
xmovnis win marTlac Senaxuli iyos xanis saxiT romelsame zmnis formaSi? —
gvaqvs, rogorc gvarwmunebs Semdegi magaliTebi.
2. xeyav
mcxeTis jvris saydris warwerebSi orjer aris naxmari zmna, romelsac

Tema xmovniT ewyeba da damatebac aqvs micemiTSi: erTia adrnerse vipatosis
warweraSi, xolo meore — demetre vipatosisaSi. orive vipatosi mTavarangelo-
zebs evedreba: adrnerse gabriels, demetre ki miqaels. orive vipatosis ved-
reba mTavarangelozebisadmi erTnairad aris Sedgenili. gansxvaveba, Tumca
mcireodeni, magram metad mniSvnelovani, moipoveba mxolod zmnis formaSi.
(Crdilo aRmosavleTis sarkmelze) (samxreT-aRmosavleTis sarkmelze)
wmidao grigol mTavarangelozo, wmidao miqael mTavarangelozo,
adr[ne]rses ¢patossa meox eyav. demet[r]es ¢patos[s]a m[e]ox xeyav.
arc a. natroSvilsa1 da arc e. TayaiSvils2, romelTac moyvanili aqvT warwe-
rebi, aRniSnuli ara aqvT, rom miqel mTavarangelozisadmi mimarTul locvaSi
ikiTxeba meox xeyav da ara meox eyav, rogorc isini kiTxuloben. magram, rom war-
weraSi ori xania (meox xeyav) da ara erTi (meox eyav), amas amtkicebs d. ermakovis
mier gadaRebuli fotografiuli suraTi, romelic amJamad tfilisis universi-
tetis fotografiul kabinetSia daculi (18800/796)3. amasve amtkicebs igive war-
wera, moyvanili barTolomes numizmatikur-arqeologiuri werilebis bolos
darTuls mesame tabulaze meoTxe nomrad, da agreTve TviT teqstSic dabeWdili,
romlis Sesaxebac igi ambobs: SesaZlebelia, rom ukanasknel striqonebSi iseTive
formula iyos, romliTac Tavdeba marjvena suraTis legenda4, magram esec kia,
rom me kargad gavarCie ori x, romlebic aq erTurTs misdeveno5. maSasadame ori
xanis arseboba udavoa da forma meox xeyav damowmebulia werilobiT. aq, mar-
Tlac, metad iSviaTi movlena: xanis saxiT xmovnis win Senaxulia obieqturi
prefiqsi mesame pirisa; obieqturi mesamisa, da ara subieqturi meore pirisa, vinai-
1
Мцхета и его собор Свэти-цховели, 1901, gv. 19.
2
jvris monastris warwerebi: `saxalxo furceli“, 1914, 8 ivlisi, 32.
3
Semdeg igi Sevida saq. saxelmwifo muzeumis fondSi.
4
marjvena mxares imave tabulaze barTolomes mohyavs adrnerse vipatosis vedreba
gabriel mTavarangelozisadmi.
5
Ìl est possible que dans les dernières lignes se retrouve la même formule qui termine la légende du tableau de droite,
mais pourtant j’ai bien distingué les. deux X qui se suivent ici“ (Lettres numismatiques et archéologiques, relatives à la
Transcaucasie é crites par le général J. Bartholomaei. S.-Pétersbourg 1859, p. 80).
37
istoriis sakiTxebi
dan meox xeyav — es brZanebiTis kiloa, brZanebiTis formas ki subieqturi prefiq-

si ar unda. aq gasakvirveli mxolod is aris, rom igive movlena ar aris dadasture-
buli meore analogiur warweraSi, romelic adrnerse vipatoss ixseniebs. ras niS-
navs es? egebis aq ubralo Secdomaa warweris amomWrelisa da rogorc adrnerses
warweraSi, ise demetresaSiac ikiTxebodes namdvilad meox eyav? swored ase unda
dagveyenebina sakiTxi, rom mcxeTis saydris xeyav formisaTvis ar moipovebodes
analogiuri warmoeba imaze adrindelis bolnisis sionis warwerebSi da Tanac ara
erTi, aramed ori.
3. Sexewie
bolnisis sionis sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze, garedan, uZvelesi asoebiT

gamoyvanilia Semdegi warwera, romelSic Caxatulia wreSemovlebuli jvari.
qriste, daviT ep[isk]opo[s]i krebuliTurT da amas eklesiasa Sina
Senda mimarT Ta¢yanismcemelni Seiwyalen da m[S]{r}om{e}lTa amas
ekle[si]{a}sa {Si}na {S}exewie ii
es warwera pirvelad gamoaqveyna brosem barTolomes mier misTvis

gagzavnil werilSi1. magram zogi ram iq ver aris garCeuli. warwera nawilobriv
dazianebulia da zog Cem mier amokiTxul sityvasac ganmarteba unda.
Ta¢yanismcemelni. es sityva kargad ikiTxeba. es Zveli da sayuradRebo
formaa, sadac vinisagan warmoSobili ¢ (Tav-yanis-mcemeli → Ta¢yanismceme-
li) jer kidev Tavis adgilzea da ar gadasula yars Semdeg. pirvandeli vini da-
mowmebulia, magaliTad, Temestias warweraSi mcxeTis jvris eklesiis dedaTa
sayoflis karze, SigniT mxares, sadac ikiTxeba: Tavyanisacemelad dedaTa.
mSromelTa, aq pirveli aso mxolod nawilobriv Cans. meore aso srulebiT
aRar aris, mesamisa isev nawilia Senaxuli, meoTxe da mexuTe kargad irCeva,
meeqvsisa cotaRaa darCenili, sami ukanaskneli ki srulad aris daculi. Cemi
azriT, aq unda ikiTxebodes mSromelTa. Tumca amaSi mTlad darwmunebulic ara
var da cota eWvi kidev rCeba, magram kidev ufro saeWvoa mdgomelTa da sul ar
udgeba mlocvelTa. barTolomes gadmowerilis mixedviT broses aq amoukiTxavs
mxld mTlTa da, rogorc frangulis Targmanidan Cans, igi ase gaugia: mxolod
marTalTa (“il n’y a que les justes qui...”), magram aseTi ram sul mTlad uadgiloa.
Sexewie. am sityvaSi Sini cota dazianebulia, xans TavSi amotexili aqvs,
magram Zalian kargad Cans da araviTar eWvs ar badebs. raica Seexeba wils, mas
aRaraferi SehrCenia Tavis garda, romelic, konteqsti rom ara, taris
Tavadac SegveZlo migveRo. am sityvis Tanxmovnebi Sxw rom kargad aris
wakiTxuli, amas, erTi mxriT, b a r T o l o m e s wanakiTxic amtkicebs: mas ver
gaurkvevia sityvis forma da Seexvwe[bian daunaxavs.
1
Lettres de M. Bartholomaei relatives aux antiquités géorgiennes: Mélanges asiatiques. T. II, S-Pétersbourg
1856, p. 323.
38
istoriis sakiTxebi
ii. warweris bolos rom ori ini zis, amis Sesaxeb ki ra mogaxsenoT. aq mosalo-
dnelia an qronikoni, an kidev amÀn, ufro ki ukanaskneli. kaci ifiqrebda, rom aq
swored es sityvaa gamoyvanili isofsefiurad, rogorc es berZnebsa da koptebs
sCveviaTo1, magram am SemTxvevaSi ii gvaZlevs an ass (10 X 10), ocs (10 + 10) da ara ga-
modis ra, vinaidan amÀn sityvis asoebis ricxvebi Seadgens oTxmocda cxramets (1 +
40 + 8 + 50 = 99) da erTi gvaklia, xolo, Tu amin-ad wavikiTxavT, raica metad saeWvo
gamoTqmaa VI-VII saukunisaTvis, maSin erTiT mets miviRebT (1 + 40 + 10 + 50 =101)2.
SeiZleba, ukanasknel, is azric gamovTqvaT, rom am or ukanasknel asoSi warweris
amomWrelis saxeli imalebodes, magram es azri kidev ufro nakleb misaRebia.
ramdenadac saeWvoa am warweris ukanaskneli ii, imdenad ueWvelia da
cxadi Sexewie. aqac brZanebiTis formaa vnebiTi gvaris zmnisa, romelsac
fuZe agreTve xmovniT ewyeba. damateba masac micemiTSi aqvs (`mSromelTa~) da
am damatebis aRsaniSnavad zmnaSi moipoveba obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa
xanis saxiT. aq, maSasadame, iseTive movlenaa, rogorc mcxeTis jvris saydris
warweris meox heyav formaSi, romelzedac zemoT iyo saubari.
4. SexuabT
imave bolnisis sionis meore warweraSi, romelic moTavsebulia Crdilo-

eTis karis Tavze erT grZel striqonad, moTxrobilia karis Sebmis ambavi.
warwera dazianebuli yofila jer kidev Du Bois-s dros, romelsac igi gadmo-
uweria da b r o s e s T v i s gadaucia3. b r o s e m igi gamoaqveyna am gadmonawe-
ris [mixedviT da saWirod aRar dainaxa, rom b a r T o l o m e s mier gadmoweri-
lis mixedviTac gamoeca igi meored4. warweraSi ikiTxeba:
[Sewevni]Ta [q]ÀsiTa me farn [- - -] da azaruxt Sexua[b]T e[s]e kar[i
sa]locvelad s[ul]Ta [CuenTaT¢s].
zmnis forma am warwerisa SexuabT kargad ikiTxeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom
bani dazianebulia. d v i b u a s tabulazedac agre ikiTxeba da teqstSic (gv.
107), sadac mxolod koreqturuli Secdomaa: ¸EXOªABT nacvlad am formisa:
¸EXOwABT. maSasadame, wakiTxuli sworad aris da araviTari eWvi ar aris, rom
zmnis formaa SexuabT. es forma aseT winadadebaSi: me farn[- - -] da azaruxt
SexuabT ese kari. dRevandel enaze rom gadmovTargmnoT, es iqneba: `me,
farn[- - -]ma, da azaruxtma SevabiT es kari~5. Sevabi micemiT damatebiani zmnaa
1
V. Gardthausen, Griechiche Pal¥ographie2, Bd. II, Lpz. 1913, p. 309.
2
amen mogvcemda oTxmocda Teqvsmets (1 + 40 + 5 + 50 = 96).
3
Explication de diverses inscriptions (Extrait des Mémoires de l’Académie Imprériale des sciences de St.-
Pétersbourg. VI-ième. Sc. politiques etc. t. IV). St.-Pétersbourg 1838, p. 107, Pl. XI, N31.
4
Mélanges asiatiques, t. II. p. 323.
5
aq rom karis Sebmazea saubari, aseTi magaliTi sxvac SegviZlia davasaxeloT: mRvimevis
eklesiis karze, romelic amJamad saqarTvelos muzeumSi inaxeba, sweria: àma karisa
Sembmelsa ierusalimis TemiT mosulsa abesaloms lominas Zesa da missa meuRlesa Seundos
39
istoriis sakiTxebi
(Sevabi mas igi), romelsac axal qarTulSi ini aqvs ganviTarebuli boloSi;
Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi es ini saWiro ar iyo. am Zveli saliteraturo
qarTulis normebis mixedviT Sebma zmnis uRleba namyo srulis TxrobiTi
kilos mesame obieqtur pirSi aseTi iqneba: S e v a b , S e a b , S e a b a ,
S e v a b T , S e a b T , S e a b e s . am formebSi Teoriulad yvelgan mesame piris
obieqturi prefiqsi igulisxmeb haes saxiT: *Sevhab, *Sehab, *Sehaba, *SevhabT,
*SehabT, *Sehabes. xmovnis win hae, rasakvirvelia, unda dakarguliyo
qarTulis sazogado tendenciis mixedviT da daikarga kidec, magram
romeliRac kiloSi es hae xanad qceula da amis gamo pirveli piris formas
mravlobiT ricxvSi miuRia aseTi saxe: SevxabT. v qarTulSi metad moZravi
bgeraa, romelic SeiZleba gadaisv-gadmoisvas sxvadasxva fonetikur ga-
remoebaSi. SevxabT formaSi mas adgili ucvlia xanisaTvis da warmomdgara
SexvabT, romelSic Semdeg es vini ukve umarcvlo unad qceula: SexuabT.
vinis umarcvlo unad qveva gasakviri ar aris, radganac igive movlenaa
movals — movida zmnaSi, sadac meore pirisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi aseTi
formebi moipoveba: moxual (← xval), moxued (← moxved), mox¢de (← moxuide
← moxvide). maSasadame, bolnisis sionis warweris SexuabT formaSic
Senaxuli gvaqvs obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa xanis saxiT, romelsac
oRond adgili ucvlia da pirveli piris subieqturi prefiqsis win moqceula.
***
zemore ganxiluls oTx zmnis formaSi (xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da

SexuabT) qarTuls Semounaxavs, maSasadame, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi
prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win. es naSTebi srul analogias warmoadgens
ars zmnis meore piris formasTan mimarTebiT (xar), sadac agreTve Senaxuli
gvaqvs naSTi meore piris subieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnis win. es ori
prefiqsi — subieqturi meore pirisa da obieqturi mesame pirisa — Tumca
sxvadasxva funqcias asrulebs morfologiurad, magram maT erTsa da imave
fonetikur viTarebaSi erTi da igive bgeriTi saxe aqvT. amitom Tanabar fone-
tikur pirobebSi erTis xmareba romelime saxiT meoris xmarebasac
gulisxmobs imave saxiT. am garemoebis wyalobiT xar formis gverdiT
mosalodneli iyo da kidevac aRmoCnda analogiuri warmoebani mesame piris
obieqturi prefiqsiT xmovnis win. ase da amgvarad, yvela es formebi: xar,
xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da SexuabT erTimeores mxars uWeren da amJRavneben,
rom erTsa da imave dialeqtur wres, anu kilos ekuTvnian.
1922 w. noemberi
[tfilisis universitetis moambe II
. (1922-1923), gv. 262-281]
RmerTma amin: amin:~ (Sdr. Г. Церетели, Археологическая экскурсия по Квирильскому ущелью: Мате-
риалы по археологии Кавказа, VII, 94).
40
istoriis sakiTxebi
akaki SaniZe
uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRmoCenis gamo
literaturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi

qarTuli teqstebis Sesaxeb meTerTmete saukunis mwerlobaSi1
t f i l i s i s u n i v e r s i t e t i s m o a m b i s amave tomSi (II, gv. 262-281)

dabeWdilia Cemi patara gamokvleva: `naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiq-
sis xmarebisa xmovnebis win qarTul zmnebSi~2, romelic damyarebulia umTav-
resad mcxeTis jvris saydrisa da bolnisis sionis warwerebis enis garCevaze3.
aRniSnuli gamokvleva daibeWda Cemi petrogradSi yofnis dros4. rodesac
jer kidev moskovSi viyav, ianvarSi 1923 wels, erT dRes diliT prof. k. k e -
k e l i Z e s 5 ukiTxavs CemTvis: ra iqneba, akaki, rom sadme amogordes qva meeqvse sa-
1
es SeniSvna mofiqrebulia petrogradSi, dawerilia gzaSi da wakiTxulia moxsenebad
q a r T u l i s a e n a T m e c n i e r o s a z o g a d o e b i s sxdomaze ruseTidan dabrunebis
meore dRes, pirvel aprils 1923 wels, am saTauriT: `giorgi mTawmidlis erTi sayuradRebo
mowmoba~. moxseneba aq ibeWdeba ramdenadme Sevsebuli saxiT.
2
am tomSi gv. 267-281.
3
mcxeTis jvris saydris warwerebis SeswavlisaTvis xelTa mqonda fotosuraTebi (er-
makovisa da tixonovisa) da, amas garda, orjer (1919 da 1922 ww.) TviT monasterSic viyav.
bolnisis warwerebs adgilobriv gavecani ivnisSi 1920 wels, rodesac samecniero mizniT
iq gavemgzavreniT prof. g. CubinaSvili da me mxatvar T. qvineTurT (Th. Kühne). 16
oqtombers 1921 wels ukve damzadebuli mqonda dasabeWdad patara SeniSvna am saTauriT:
òbieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa mcxeTis jvris saydrisa da bolnisis sionis warwerebSi~
magram igi Tavis droze ver daibeWda. masSi jer kidev ar iyo xerTvisi; igi ar iyo arc maSin,
roca 23 maiss 1922 wels saqarT. saist. da saeTnogr. sazogadoebis sxdomaze moxseneba wa-
vikiTxe am saTauriT: `qarTuli epigrafikis uZvelesi nimuSebi~ da, sxvaTa Soris, mcxeTa-
bolnisis warwerebis xanian formebze SevCerdi dawvrilebiT. xerTvisis etimologia gamo-
irkva CemTvis mxolod 1922 wels, Semodgomaze (enkenisTvis bolo ricxvebSi), rodesac me
irodion s o n R u l a S v i l T a n erTad diRmis xeobaSi vmogzaurobdi samecniero mizniT da
erTi Rame diRomSi gavaTieT misi puradi Zmis i v a n e mRvdlis saxlSi, romelmac saubarSi
Tavisi aranisSi yofna moigona, fSaur ambebze Camoagdo laparaki da, sxvaTa Soris, Jinvans
gaRma mdebare xerTvisi axsena.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom xerTvisis èrTvis~ formasTan etimologiuri kavSirisTvis alRo
auRia a. xaxanaSvils, romelic Tavis kritikaSi k. hanis kavkasiis geografiuli nomenkla-
turis Sesaxeb (К. Ф. Ган, Опыт объяснения кавказских географических названий: Сборник материалов,
вып. XXXX. 1909) Semdegs ambobs: `xerTvisi mas warmouyenebia xerTvisidan = остров (?!) [es
hans albaT brosedan aqvs amoRebuli. a. S.]. Cven vukavSirebT sityvas herTvis (SeerTvis),
sadac TavsarTi h gamagrebulia x-ad (Seadare Sen x-ar)~ [`ganaTleba~ 1910, martis nomeri,
gv. 144 b. amaze yuradReba mimaqcevina a. genkom, romelsac amisaTvis madlobas movaxseneb].
4
gagzavnili viyav eqspertad, monawileoba mimeRo sakiTxis ganxilvaSi, rom saqarTvelos
gadmoscemoda qarTuli siZveleebi da, kerZod, xelnawerebi.
5
prof. k. kekeliZec eqspertad iyo gagzavnili ruseTSi qarTuli siZveleebis saqarTve-
losTvis gadmocemis sakiTxis gamo.
41
istoriis sakiTxebi
ukunis warweriT ase TxuTmetiode striqonio, da me amaze mipasuxnia1: `sul xane-

biT iqneba savse~-meTqi. me amis sabuTs, marTalia, mcxeTa-bolnisis warwerebis
formebi maZlevda, magram aba ras vifiqrebdi, Tu am dros TbilisSi prof. i v .
j a v a x i S v i l i paleografiuli sakiTxebis kvleva-Ziebis dros yuradRebas mi-
aqcevda oqsfordis qarTul-ebraul palimfsests da Sig uZvelesi qarTuli teq-
stebis nimuSebis aRmoCenis gamo mas sixarulisagan guli Seuwuxdeboda! ras war-
movidgendi, Tu am sasixarulo ambavs2 mohyveboda revizia qarTuli palimfseste-
bisa Cvens wignTsacavebSi da aRmoCena imave prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i s mier uZ-
velesi qarTuli literaturis Zeglebisa! rogor vifiqrebdi, Tu zemore dasaxe-
lebuls Cems gamokvlevaSi moyvanils ramdensame gasakviral formas ase male ga-
mouCndeboda auarebeli paralelebi, oRond ara miwidan amoRebuli qvebis warwe-
rebSi3, aramed gadarecxil-gadafxekili etratis furclebze, xolo TviT gamok-
vleva ise male daZveldeboda am axali aRmoCenebis gamo, rom stambaSi udrood
daberebuls oriode siWabukis dRec ki ar eRirseboda cota adre gamoqveynebiT!
uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRmoCena farTo horizontebs gviSlis
Tvalwin mraval mxriv. Tu jer-jerobiT ar xerxdeba maTi qronologiurad
gansazRvra sruli zedmiwevnobiT, is mainc cxadia, rom aq, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
arabobamdeindel literaturasTan gvaqvs saqme. maSasadame, arabTa Semosevis
wina xanebSi (e.i. meSvide saukunis naxevramde) arsebuli qarTuli mwerloba
ar daRupula ise katastrofulad, rogorc es aqamomde gvegona, vinaidan,
Cvenda bedad, zogi ram am epoqisa daRupvisagan gadaurCenia palimfsestebs.
es faqti uaRresi mniSvnelobisaa rogorc qarTuli literaturisa da enis is-
toriis, ise paleografiisaTvisac. amieridan qarTuli istoriuli dialeq-
tologia mkvidr safuZvels poulobs da SesaZlebeli xdeba mravali bundo-
vani istoriul-literaturuli sakiTxis gamorkveva.
erTi aseT sakiTxTagania cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli
teqstebis Sesaxeb, romelic daculia meTerTmete saukunis mwerlobaSi da
romelic aqamomde gaugebari iyo.
1
rogorc manve momagona ruseTidan dabrunebis Semdeg.
2
cnoba am ambis Sesaxeb me ukve petrogradSi miviRe 1923 wlis 17 marts prof. g. axvledi-
anisagan 5 martis TariRiT gamogzavnil werilSi, romelic Sezavebuli iyo naxevrad xum-
ruli kiloTi da romlis Sinaarsi pirvel xanebSi bundovani iyo CemTvis. mxolod rodesac
werilSi naxsenebis akad. p. kokovcovis mier gamocemulis oqsfordis palimfsestis foto-
tipiebi movZebne, sixarulisagan (mogecesT lxena!) mec Zalze amiCqrolda guli, radganac
im wamsve mcxeTa-bolnisis warweraTa asoebis msgavsi moxazulobani da zmnis formebi meca
TvalSi.
3
unda aRvniSnoT, rom, mcxeTa-bolnisis warwerebis formebiT dainteresebulma, me,
prof. g. axvledianisa da universitetSi profesorobisaTvis mosamzadeblad datovebuli
oTxi kacis daxmarebiT (Tofuria v., Ciqobava b., jakobia g., janaSia s.), 13 ivniss 1922 wels
sasinji xasiaTis gaTxra vawarmove zedazens gadaRma saguramos qasuris wm. giorgis
eklesiis nangrevebisa im mizniT, rom zemodan Camovardnili da miwaSi dafluli warweriani
qvebi amogveRo da uZvelesi (VI-VII saukuneTa) epigrafikuli masalebi gagvemravlebina, ra-
Ta mcxeTa-bolnisis warwerebis formebis Semowmeba SesaZlebeli yofiliyo, winaswarma
gaTxram mxolod im mxriv gaamarTla molodini, rom erTi warweriani qva marTlac
amoviReT, magram, samwuxarod, qvis zedapiri ise SeeWama miwas, rom warwera TiTqmis mTlad
gadaleuliyo da mxolod TiTo-orola asos garCeva SevZeliT.
42
istoriis sakiTxebi
***
es cnoba moipoveba giorgi mTawmidlis anderZSi, romelic darTuli aqvs (ioa-
nes Tavis bolos) misi redaqciiT gamarTuls qarTuli saxarebis teqsts, romelic
mas berZnuli teqstis mixedviT Seusworebia. anderZi kargad aris cnobili da ram-
denimejerac aris gamoqveynebuli: pirvelad igi gamosca m. brosem (gelaTis saxa-
rebis mixedviT1, Semdeg d. baqra Zem (labsyaldis saxarebis mixedviT)2, Semdeg m .
s a b i n i n m a (gelaTis saxarebis mixedviT)3, merme g . w e r e T e l m a (gelaTis
saxarebis mixedviT)4, merme T . J o r d a n i a m (leCxumurisa da breTis saxareba-
Ta mixedviT)5, Semdeg a . ca gare lma (gadmobeWda d. baqraZisagan)6, merme kvlav
T . Jor dania m (axalcixurisa da moqvis saxarebaTa mixedviT)7, Semdeg m . j a -
n a S v i l m a (gadmobeWda odnav SemoklebiT sabininisagan)8, Semdeg e . T a y a i S -
v i l m a (vanis saxarebis mixedviT)9, merme a . x a x a n a S v i l m a (labsyaldis sa-
xarebis mixedviT)10 da, ukanasknel, n . m a r m a (ejmiawinis saxarebis mixedviT)11.
anderZi yvela giorgiseul redaqciaSi erTnairad rodi ikiTxeba: igi ori (A da B)
saxiTaa Cvenamde moRweuli12.
A B
gelaTisa (A)13, vanisa (B)14, leCxumisa breTisa (E), axalcixurisa (F),
(C), labsyaldisa (D) moqvisa (G), ejmiawinisa (H), siZvel.
muzeumisa 41 (I)15, ubisisa (K)1
1
Rapports sur un voyage archéologique etc. (3-ème liveraison), S-Pétersbourg 1851. XI Rapp., 25.
2
Сванетия: „Записки Кавк. отделения“ русс. географ. общества, VI. tfilisi, 1854, gv. 74.
3
saqarTvelos samoTxe. peterburRi 1882, gv. 488.
4
Полное собрание надписей на стенах и камнях и приписок к рукописям Гелатского монастыря:
„Древности Восточные“, т. I, вып. 2. Москва 1891, gv. 261.
5
qronikebi (I). tfilisi 1893, gv. 207.
6
Сведения о памятниках..., т. I, вып. 3. СПб 1894, gv. XXVII-XXVIII.
7
qronikebi, II. tfilisi 1897, gv. 89 da 173.
8
ganqiqeba da ganmarcvl: i v e r i a 1899, 3 agv. 164; (calke amonabeWdi) qarTuli mwerloba.
wigni I. tfilisi 1900, gv. 113-114.
9
arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnebi: m o a m b e 1900, dekemberi, II, gv. 14; calke
amonabeWdi (wigni pirveli). tfilisi 1907, gv. 14.
10
Сванетские рукописные евангелия (Приложение к „Материалам по Археологии Кавказа“. Вып. Х.
Москва 1904), gv. 15.
11
Христианский Восток, I (1912), gv. 120.
12
variantTagan moyvanilia umTavresebi. gamcemebis cxadi Secdomebi mxedvelobaSi ar
aris miRebuli.
13
broses. sabininisa da g. wereTlis gamocemaTa garda, me mqonda kidev prof. k. kekeliZis
mier gadmowerili piri gelaTis saxarebis anderZisa.
14
e. TayaiSvili gamocemis garda, me xelTa mqonda agreTve TviT vanis saxarebac.
15
T. Jordania, Описание I, 36; a. xaxanaSvili. Сванет. рукописн. свангелия, gv. 16 SnS. (aqac da
iqac moyvanilia anderZis dasawyisi).
43
istoriis sakiTxebi
ese sacnaur iyavn yovelTa, rameTu ese1 sacnaur iyavn yovelTa, rameTu2
ese wmida¡ oTxTavi1 axlad g¢Targ- ese wmida¡ oTxaTavi ara Tu axlad
mnia friadiTa iZulebiTa ZmaTa vieT- g¢Targmnia3, aramed friadiTa4 iZu-
me2 sulierTa¡Ta da berZnulTa saxa- lebiTa ZmaTa5 vieTme6 sulierTa¡Ta7
rebiTada3 Seg¢wamebia friadiTa ga- berZnulTa saxarebaTada8 Seg¢wame-
mowulilviTa. da vinca vin daswer- bia9 friadiTa gamowulilviTa. da
deT4, viTa aqa hpooT, egre dawereT, vinca-vin swerdeT, viTa aqa hpooT,
Tu amisgan jer giCndes dawera¡, egre10 dawereT. Tu11 amisgan jer-giC-
RmrTisaT¢s sityvaTa nu scvalebT, ndes dawera¡, RmrTisaT¢s sityuaTa
aramed vã aqa sweria, egre dawereT; nu scvalebT, aramed viTa12 aqa swe-
da Tu ara ra¡me gaSundes5, Cuenni yo- ria, egre13 dawereT; da Tu ara ra¡me
velni saxarebani pirveliTgan wmi- gaSundes14, Cuenni yovelni saxareba-
dad Targmnilnia6 da keTilad — xan- ni pireliTgan wmidad Targmnilnia15
metnica7 da sabawmidurnica, — muniT da keTilad — xanmetnica da sabawmi-
dawereT da R˜TisaT¢s erTmanerTsa durnica, — muniT dawereT da RmrTi-
nu gahrevT8. da glaxakisa georgis- saT¢s erTmanerTsa nu gahrevT16! da
T¢s9, rñ ese vTargmne10, locva-yavT! glaxakisa g˜isT¢s locva-yavT!
variantebi:1 + Cuen C;2 vieTTame variantebi:1 ese — G;2 romel E;
CD, saxarebaTa C;4 swerdeT C;5 baqraZe
3 3
miTargmnia (?) K;4 friadiTa] — H;5
SecdomiT kiTxulobda `gaqundesT~ da ZmaTa] — H;6 vieTTame FG;7 sulierTa
am Secdomas imeorebdnen a. cagareli F; 8 saxarebaTa FGH; 9 Segumowmebia
da xaxanaSvili;6 Targmnil ars C;7 H;10 egreT H, ese E;11 da Tu EG;12 vi-
brose da sabinini SecdomiT kiTxu- Tarca FG;13 egreT H;14 gaSudes H;15
lobdnen: xonmetnica:8 nu ganhrevT C;9 Targmnil ars E;16 nu gñhrevT F, nu
g˜isT¢s AC;10 rñ ese vTargmne] — C. garevT G.
rogorc amonaweridan Cans, giorgi mTawmidlis Rvawli saxarebis
qarTuli teqstis sabolood dadgenis saqmeSi sxvadasxvagvaradaa warmodge-
nili: erT (A) SemTxvevaSi ise gamodis, TiTqo mas sruliad axali Targmani
moeces, meore (B) SemTxvevaSi ki mas miewereba Zvelad naTargmni teqstis Sewa-
meba berZnulTan da Sesworeba, e. i. redaqtoroba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba,
rom anderZis A redaqciaSi ara marto TavSia naTqvami, axlad gviTargmniao,
aramed (leCxumur xelnawers garda) boloSiac ganmeorebulia igive azri: `da
glaxakisa georgisT¢s, r o m e l m a n e s e v T a r g m n e , locva-yavT~-o.
sayuradReboa TavisTavad gamorkveva imisa, Tu rogor esmoda giorgi
mTawmidels Tavisi moRvaweoba, rogor afasebda mas da rogori iyo misi an-
derZis pirvandeli saxe, magram es amJamad Cvens mizans ar Seadgens da arc exe-
ba Cvens pirdapir sagans. vityvi mxolod, rom, Tu literaturul faqtebs ga-
viTvaliswinebT, ufro dasajerebelia giorgis redaqtoroba, vidre misi
1
ubisis saxarebis anderZis dasawyisi sityvebi moyvanili aqvs e. TayaiSvils: Археол.
путеш., разыск. и заметки; Сборник материалов, XLIV, Отдел III, стр. 34= Археологич. экскурсии,
разыскания и заметки V, 1915 (отд. отт.), стр. 34.
44
istoriis sakiTxebi
mTargmneloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mTargmneladvea gamoyvanili vanis

saxarebis anderZSic, romelsac mosdevs metad mniSvnelovani minaweri misi
gadamwerlisa, romelsac Tavisi gadmonaweri saxareba ahyavs TviT giorgi
mTawmidlis im avtografamde, romelic `nusxad mdebare~ yofila `didsa wig-
nis sacavsa~: aTonis qarTvelTa monasterSi. ai ras vtyobilobT am minawerSi1:
`sayuarelno, jer-ars, ra¡Ta wmidisa amis saxarebisa viTareba¡ ganemartos
siwmidesa Tquensa, da ara T¢TSjulobiT hgonoT Secvla¡ sityuaTa¡ wmindisa
amis saxarebisa anu anderZisaTa¡, aramed ese sacnaur iyavn yovelTa, rameTu yo-
velnive qarTulni saxarebani, mTawmindiT aRwerilni da gamosaxulni, Rirsisa
mamisa giorgis Targmnilni, saeklesio¡sa saxarebisagan, romel mTawmidelni i£-
mareben, aRwerilni arian, da ara misgan, romeli T¢T giorgi Targmna da nusxad
mdebare iyo didsa wignis sacavsa, aramed misgan gardawerilisagan. da mas2 nusxa-
sa Tana friadi naklulovaneba¡ aqus da vhgoneb, romel T¢TSjulobiT vieTme
ekadros mas Sina Secvla¡ sity¢sa¡, ginda anderZisa¡, vidre mwerlisagan ganryu-
nad. xolo CuenTa amaT Sina JamTa didi moRuaweTa Soris beri zaqaria mi-ra¡-vi-
da mTasa wmidasa, Zieba-yo giorgis mier aRwerilisa wmidisa mis saxarebisaT¢s da
poa didsa wignis sacavsa Sina da aRivso sixaruliTa. da mier gardmoewera Sat-
berdelsa xucessa stefanes da, aRmo-ra¡-vida romanas, me £el-vyav codvilman
iovane aRwerad, rameTu adriTgan swyuroda sulsa Cemsa mogebad wmidisa saxare-
bisa. aw vinca swerdeT, viTa aqa hpooT, egre dawereT wentiliTa da pativTa zeda
meoriTa sity¢Ta, rameTu anderZi, viTa aqa sweria, esre povnil ars nusxasa~.
Zneli saTqmelia, Tu ramdenad Seefereba sinamdviles aq moyvanili cnoba,
romelic Seexeba `TviTSjulobiT~ cvlilebaTa Setanas giorgiseuli saxare-
bis teqstSi, radganac giorgiseuli redaqciis teqstebi jer-jerobiT ar aris
Sedarebuli da Sewamebuli erTmaneTTan. raica Seexeba anderZs, igi marTlac
Secvlilia, yovel SemTxvevaSi ori redaqciiT aris Cvenamde moRweuli3.
unda gavixsenoT erTi garemoeba: imave giorgi mTawmindelis mier berZnuli
teqstis mixedviT Sesworebuli daviTnis anderZic imgvaradve iwyeba, rogoradac
saxarebis anderZis A saxe: `wmidano da RmerT-Semosilno mamano da Zmano, romel-
nica wmidaTa amaT daviTTa miemTx¢neT, ese sacnaur iyavn yovelTa, rameTu fria-
diTa iZulebiTa wmidaTa da sulierTa mamaTa CemTa¡Ta vTargmnen ese daviTni ax-
lad berZulisagan qarTulad me, glaxakman giorgi uRirsman xuces-monazonman,
friadiTa WiriTa da rudunebiTa. T¢T icis RmerTman, mravalTa berZnulTa deda-
Tada daviTis TargmanTagan Seg¢wamebia friadiTa gamowulilviTa da gamoZiebi-
1
igi gamocemulia pirvelad e. TayaiSvilis mier [arxeol. mogz. da SeniSvnani: moambe 1900,
dekemb. II, 15-16; calke amonabeWdi (wigni pirveli) tfilisi 1907, gv. 15-16].
2
TiTqo ase unda vikiTxoT: da (a)mas (unda igulisxmebodes `gardawerili~).
3
egeb vinmem Tqvas: vin icis, iqneb anderZis orive saxe TviT giorgi mTawmidels ekuTvnodeso:
Cven viciT xom, rom man samjer Seawama qarTuli teqsti berZnuls, amitom SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom pirveli Sewamebis Semdeg mas ar unda hqonoda imdeni Sesworeba Setanili, rom eTqva, es
mTlad axali Targmaniao, magram meore Sewamebisa da, gansakuTrebiT ki, mesamis Semdeg mas
saamisod meti sabuTi unda hqonodao; ase rom bunebrivi iqneboda, rom pirveli Sewamebis Semdeg
anderZs erTi saxe hqonoda, ukanasknelis Semdeg ki — sxvao. saeWvoa.
45
istoriis sakiTxebi
Ta~1. aqac, maSasadame, axlad Targmnazea laparaki. ra Tqma unda, arc daviTnia gi-
orgis mier sul axlad naTargmni: safuZvlad masac Zveli Targmanebi uZevs,
romlebic g. mTawmindels Seusworebia mxxhh od berZnuli teqstis mixedviT, mag-
ram mainc ambobs: axlad vTargmneo. gvefiqra, viTom daviTnis anderZic gangeb Sec-
vlilia visme miero, es metismeti eWvi iqneboda. radganac saxarebis anderZis A sa-
xe da daviTnis anderZi erTi meores Zalian kargad udgeba, amitom SeiZleba swo-
red A saxe CavTvaloT giorgiseulad, xolo B saxe gadamkeTebels mivaweroT. ami-
tom marTlac SeiZleba davujeroT vanis saxarebis gadamwers, rodesac igi ambobs,
rom ànderZi viTa aqa sweria, esre povnil ars nusxasa~-o. maSasadame, TavSi sami si-
tyvis Camateba (àra Tu... aramed), xolo boloSi samis gamokleba (`romelman ese
vTargmne~), marTlac, `T¢TSjulobiT~ Setanili cvlileba unda iyos. es miT ufro
dasajerebelia, rom cvlileba redaqciuli xasiaTisaa, romlis Semdegac giorgis
Rvawli saxarebis saboloo redaqciis dadgenis saqmeSi meti sisworiT aris gadmo-
cemuli, vinaidan misi namuSakevi arsebiTad ara axali da damoukidebeli Targmani
iyo, aramed Zveli Targmanis gasworeba. marTlac, aba rogor unda SeewynarebinaT
maSindel saeklesio wreebs, gansakuTrebiT ki konservatul nawils, giorgis mier
cota gazviadebuli warmodgena Tavis Rvawlze da moewonebinaT misi sityvebi
àxlad g¢Targmnia~ an `romelman ese vTargmne~, miT umetes, rom es arc Seeferebo-
da saqmis namdvil viTarebas da, amas garda, arc hqondaT Zvel redaqciebs imdenad
dakarguli ndoba, rom aseTi sityvebi misaRebi yofiliyo farTo wreebisaTvis,
romlebic swored Zvel redaqciebs iyvnen SeCveuli2?
rogoric unda iyos saqmis namdvili viTareba am mxriv, igi Cvens pirdapir sa-
kiTxs odnavadac ver Secvlis: anderZis orsav redaqciaSi erTnairad ikiTxeba is
adgili, romelic Seicavs cnobas axlad aRmoCenilis uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawe-
rebis Sesaxeb: `da Tu ara ra¡me gaSundes, Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirveliTgan
wmidad Targmnilnia da keTilad — x a n m e t n i c a d a s a b a w m i d u r n i c a , — mu-
niT dawereT da RmrTisaT¢s erTmanerTsa nu gahrevT~. `pirveliTgan wmidad da ke-
Tilad Targmnil~ saxarebaTagan giorgi mTawmindeli asaxelebs or redaqcias:
xanmetsa da sabawmidurs, romelTa gagebaSi mkvlevarni sxvadasxva azrisani iyvnen.
1
daviTnis anderZi mTlad aqvs moyvanili m. sabinins nik. CubinaSviliseuli xelnaweris
mixedviT (saqarTvelos samoTxe, gv. 487-488) da m. janaSvils mzeWabukis daviTnidan, romelic
gadawerilia XV saukunis miwurulSi (`ganqiqeba da ganmarcvla“: iveria 1889, 3 agvisto, 164;
`qarTuli mwerloba“, I. tfilisi, 1900, gv. 107-111).
anderZis Tavis gamocemis dros Cven xelT gvqonda xuTi xelnaweri: siZvel. muzeumisa 350,
351, 914, saist. da saeTn. sazog. muzeumisa 16 da wera-kiTxvis sazog. muzeumisa 2601.
2
ufro saeWvoa, rom amisi winaukmo yofiliyos, e. i. TiTqo giorgi mTawmidels ekuTvno-
des A redaqcia anderZisa, romelic Semdeg B-d gadaekeTebinos im nawils saeklesio
pirebisas, ase vTqvaT `progresistebs~, romelTac qarTul saeklesio praqtikaSi berZnuli
Sabloni SemohqondaT da romelTac giorgi mTawmindeli `friadi iZulebiT~ daiTanxmes,
qarTuli teqsti berZnulTan Seedarebina da Seemowmebina; gadaekeTebinos im mizniT, rom
saxeli gaetexaT ufro da ndoba daekargaT Zveli redaqciebisaTvis, xolo giorgiseuli
redaqcia amiT ufro aemaRlebinaT xalxis TvalSi.
46
istoriis sakiTxebi
kacma rom Tqvas, am or terminSi mkvlevarTaTvis nakleb dabkolebas `sabawmi-

duri~ warmoadgenda, Tumca mis ganmartebaSic ar iyo sruli Tanxmoba: miuxedavad
imisa, rom TiTqmis yvelani im azrisani iyvnen, rom s a b a w m i d u r i aris sa-
bawmidaSi SemuSavebuli redaqciao, CvenebiT aravis uCvenebia mainc konkretulad,
Tu romeli saxareba unda vigulisxmoT saxeldobr sabawmidur redaqciad da ras
warmoadgens igi formiT da SinaarsiT, an ra gansxvavebaa masa da sxvebs Soris.
raica Seexeba `xanmets~, igi xom dauZleveli termini aRmoCnda da yvelam
Taviseburad gaigo igi:
m. b r o s e xanmetSi komentariebs xedavda1.
d. b a q r a Z e s xanmeti miaCnda saxarebis danarTad. igi mas am sityviT
Targmnida: с прибавлениями, Tumca, albaT, eeWveboda aseTi gageba, rodesac ki-
Txvas svamda: xanmetad xom ar unda gavigoT is, rac saxarebaSi Sevida da teq-
sts ar ekuTvniso2?
a. c a g a r e l i gamoekamaTa d. b a q r a Z e s da is azri gamoTqva, rom am
terminiT unda gavigoT TiTqos sruli saxareba da ara gamokrebuli saxareba,
rogoricaa TviT giorgis mier Targmnilio3.
bundovani iyo am terminis mniSvneloba agreTve T. J o r d a n i a s T v i -
s a c , romelsac xanmeti pirvelad geografiul punqtad miaCnda, Tumca es
cota eeWveboda da kiTxviT niSans usvamda4, xolo Semdeg werda: `sityva `xan-
meti~ aRniSnavs friad Zvels, Tu es leqsi geografiuli saxeli ar aris~-o5.
m. j a n a S v i l s `xanmeti~ z o g j e r m e t i egona da amitom rTuli
sityvis nawilebi calk-calke dawera (`xan meti, xan naklebi~)6.
1
aRniSnul adgils igi Targmnida: `Copiez aussi convenablement les commentaires et indications de
S.-Saba“ da Semdeg Tavis azrs ase xsnida: Òn voit que Giorgi a traduit les quatre Evangiles sur le texte
grec, en y joignant les commentaires xonmetni (?) et d’autres notes qu’ il avait trouvées dans les originaux de
S/-Saba“ (XI-ème Rapp., 26).
2
`Под словом xonmetni не разумеется ли все то, что вошло в евангелие и что однако не относится к
его тексту~? (Сванетия, 77)
3
Под х а н м е т и `по мнению Бакрадзе разумеется евангелие с прибавлениями; но не вернее ли будет
допустить, что этим разумеется просто полное евангелие, а не только евангелие, состоящее из дневных
чтений, вроде перевода самого Георгия?~ (Сведения, III gv. XXVIII-XXIX).
4
qronikebi, I, 207.
5
qronikebi, II, 173.
6
zemore moyvanili adgili, axal qarTulze rom gadmovTargmnoT, mas ase esmoda: da Tu
Cveni Sroma ar `gSvendes~, daiwereT pirveliTgan wmidad, keTilad da xan metad Targmnil
saxarebaTagan da sabawmidurebidamo~. merme imowmebs saekl. muzeumis (amJamad saqarTvelos
muzeumis A fondis) tyavze dawerili saxarebis (357) erT minawers, sadac gadamwereli ambobs:
gaZlevT saxarebasa marTalsa da ufro¡s mzisa brwyinvalesa, axlad gawmendilsa w˜isa mamisa
Cvenisa mier g˜i mTawmidelisa, romelsa Sã ara ars erTica aso mrudi da nakluli da arca me-
ti-o, da Tavis mxriT dasZens: «marTlac-da, meaTe saukunis uwinares Targmnil saxarebaSi
`metic~ bevria da `daklebulic~ ara mcire. TviT aTons naTargmnSiac ki darCenila `meti~,
mag. `mociqulTa saqmis~ me-2 Tavis me-2 muxlSi gvxvdeba saxeli ùJikni~, romelic sxva erTa
saxarebaSi ar moipoveba» (ganqiqeba da ganmarcvla: iveria 1899, 3 agv. 164; qarTuli mwerloba,
I, 1900, gv. 114-115; Sdr. gv. 66, 112).
47
istoriis sakiTxebi
prof. k. k e k e l i Z e m `xanmeti~ d r o -m e t a d gaigo da mas qronologiu-

ri mniSvneloba misca1, xolo prof. n. marma terminis pirvel nawilSi sparsuli
xana2 dainaxa, romelic somxuri tun-isa3 da arabuli be¡T-is4 mniSvnelobasTan
dakavSirebiT muxlad gaigo, `xanmeti~ m u x l - m e t a d axsna da scada kidec, rom
aseTi axsna daesabuTebina5.
arc erTi am ganmartebaTagani swori ar aris, vinaidan xanmeti, romelic ase sa-
cilobeli gamxdara, namdvilad sul sxvasa niSnavs. am terminis gageba da ucilob-
lad da eWv-miutanlad misi mniSvnelobis gamorkveva SesaZlebeli xdeba axlad
aRmoCenil uZveles qarTul ZeglTa formebis gaTvaliswinebiT; saxeldobr:
palimfsestebis saxiT Cvenamde moRweulis arabobamdeindeli literaturuli
Zeglebis enas erTi ram axasiaTebs, romelic mas metad ganasxvavebs aqamomde cno-
bili xelnawerebis enisagan. es aris xanebis xmareba prefiqsebad sami funqciisaTvis:
zmnebSi meore piris subieqtisa da mesame piris obieqtis gamosaxatavad; xolo
saxelebSi zedsarTavTa SedarebiT-aRmatebiTi xarisxis sawarmoeblad. marTalia,
rogorc naSTebi aseTi movlenisa, x dRevandlamdec ki gvqonda SemorCenili
ramdenime sityvaSi; mag., ars da vals zmnaSi meore piris subieqtis gamosaxatavad
dResac igive xania (x-ar, mi-x-val), mesame piris obieqtur prefiqsad ki xans Cven
dRevandlamde erTs gavrcelebuls geografiul saxelSi vxmarobT, romelic ar-
is xerTvisi da romelic eqvs adgilas mainc gvxvdeba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva ku-
TxeSi6; xolo SedarebiT-aRmatebiTi xarisxis warmoebisaTvis xanis xmarebis kvali
SemorCenilia xuces’Si, romlis megruli Sesatyvisia uCaSi (ùfrosi~) da svanuri
xoSa (ùfrosi~) da romelic Cveulebrivi normebis mixedviT unda gvqonoda am
saxiT: *ucesi (← *hucesi) da ara xucesi an miT umetes uxucesi (mrCobli pre-
fiqsiT)7. magram es mxolod mcireodeni naSTia odesRac erT kiloSi sayovelTaod
gavrcelebuli movlenisa, romelmac, rogorc ukve vicodiT, bolnisis sionisa da
1
«xanmeti обозначает редакцию «более древнюю (xani + meti), чем sabawmidurni, которой она
противополагается» (Иерусалимский канонарь VII века. tfilisi gv. 310).
2
‫ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬saxli.
3
տուն saxli; muxli.
4
‫ ﺑﻴﺖ‬saxli; muxli.
5
`Что же касается «ханмет», то объяснение его приходится искать в составе самих евангелий, отличавшихся
излишком («мет») «хан»-ов. Различные версии евангелия, как известно, отличались одни систематическим
недохватом, другие – излишком определенных стихов. «Стих» в древности, так в эпоху перевода творений
Ипполита, да и потом, у грузин назывался mu£li. Позднее «стих» по-грузински гласит taepi, но так называются
собственно стихи в светской поэзии; стихи св. Писания называется «домами», так у армян - տուն. В грузинском в
xan в значении «стиха» имеем, пожалуй, персидское ‫« ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬дом», употреблявшееся, судя по словарю, и в значении
стиха (ср. ‫)ﺧﻦ‬. Появление слова иранского происхождения в церковной терминологии грузин не могло бы вызвать
никакого недоумения, если бы сравнительные исследования самих грузинских версий поддержали наше
предположительное толкование“ (k. kekeliZis mier gamocemulis ìerus. ganCinebisa da gan-
wesebis~ wignis kritikaSi: Христианский Восток. I. 121).
6
a. SaniZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win qarT.
zmnebSi (t f . u n i v . m o a m b e , II, gv. 262-281) [am tomSi gv. 267-281].
7
akad. n. marma swored aRniSna, rom xani xuces-Si ar aris Zireuli, magram igi Secda, roca
xuces-i qarTulSi svanuridan nasesxeb formad aRiara
48
istoriis sakiTxebi
mcxeTis jvris warwerebSi iCina Tavi mexuTe-meSvide saukuneebSi. es kia oRond,

rom am warwerebSi xani mxolod mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis funqciis ma-
tarebelia (meox xeyav, Sexewie, SexuabT). raica Seexeba mis or sxva funqcias, es
warwerebiT damowmebuli ar aris, samagierod axlad aRmoCenil uZveles xelnawe-
rebSi uxvad gvxvdeba igi samive funqciiT1. friad damaxasiaTebelia am Zeg-
lebisaTvis, rom xanis xmareba TiTqmis sistemebr aris gatarebuli inian vnebiTSi2.
prefiqsis xanebi aRniSnul xelnawerebSi gvxvdeba rogorc xmovnebis win,
ise agreTve Tanxmovnebis winac, magram zedsarTavTa SedarebiT-aRmatebiTi xa-
risxis formebSi igi mxolod xmovnis win modis (x-u), xolo zmnebSi — iqac da
aqac. IX-XI saukuneTa qarTuli Zeglebis enaSi am xanebis adgilas Tanxmovnebis
win an hae ixmareba (mamis bgerebis win), an kidev sani da Sini (dedis bgerebis
win), xolo xmovnebis win Teoriulad mosalodneli hae srulebiT dakargulia.
arabobamdeindeli Zeglebis enam, piris niSnebis xmarebis TvalsazrisiT, ar
icis zmnebis dayofa maTi dasawyisi bgerebis mixedviT xmovnian da Tanxmovnian
fuZeebad, xolo Tanxmovnian fuZeebSi kidev mamisa da dedis bgeraTa garCeva,
rogorc es aris IX-XI saukuneTa da mermindel saliteraturo enaSi, an zogierT
dRevandel kiloSi; aq xmovnisa Tu Tanxmovnis win, mamis bgerisa Tu dedis bgeris
win3, yvelgan da yovelTvis ori erTsaxe prefiqsis funqcias asrulebs xani.
amis magaliTebs mravlad ipovis kaci prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i s moxse-
nebis bolos darTuls uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis nimuSebSi4. aq moviyvan
mxolod ramdenime adgils da, rom naTeli iyos, Tu ra arsebiTi gansxvavebaa
uZvelesi werilobiTi Zeglebis formebsa da mermindeli saliteraturo enis
formebs Soris, paralelurad moviyvan imave adgilebs mecxre-meaTe-meTer-
Tmete saukuneebis Zeglebis orTografiiT.
1
prof. iv. javaxiSvili aRniSnavs (tf. univ. moambe, II, gv. 348), rom yofila agreTve SemTx-
veva xanis uaryofiTi u nawilakis win xmarebisa, magram xani aq analogiurad ganviTarebuli
Cans, rasac amtkicebs svanur formebTan Sedareba: umCa (ùberebeli~), udgara (ùkvdavi~),
utixa (`daubrunebeli~) da sxv.
2
amaze specialurad sxva dros gveqneba saubari, rodesac subieqtur-obieqturi prefiq-
sebis sakiTxi ganxiluli iqneba megrul-Wanur da, gansakuTrebiT, svanur masalebTan Seda-
rebiT. exla aRvniSnav mxolod, rom inian vnebiTSi xanebis gaCenas svanuri formebi ar
uWers mxars.
3
mamis bgerebi vuwode im Tanxmovnebs, romelTac IX-X-XI saukuneebisa da mermindel Zeg-
lebSi meore piris subieqtur da mesame piris obieqtur prefiqsad hae moudis win; es Tan-
xmovnebia: £ y R x k g q s z S J n r l v m p b f, sul cxrameti Tanxmovani (meoce iqneboda
Teoriulad h, rom am bgeriT erTi zmna mainc iwyebodes), xolo dedis bgerebi davarqvi im
Tanxmovnebs, romelTa win zmnebs imave prefiqsebad haes magivrad misi bgerisnacvali sani
aqvT; esenia: t d T w Z c W j C, sul cxra Tanxmovani (sami ukanasknelis win sans xandaxan Sini
enacvleba). am saxelwodebaTa safuZveli is aris, rom mama sityvis Tanxmovani (m) pirvel
jgufs ekuTvnis, xolo deda sityvisa (d) ki — meores (a. SaniZe, sub. prefiqsi da sxv., gv. 183).
[am tomSi es nawili ar aris gadmobeWdili].
4
«tfil. universitetis moambe», II, gv. 371-391.
49
istoriis sakiTxebi
saxareba maTesi1
(VII, 1-16)
V-VII ss. IX-XI
1. A nu daxSjiT, ra¡Ta ara daxisajneT. 1. nu da[h]SjiT ra¡Ta ara daisajneT.
2. rameTu romliTa xSjiT, miTca xi- 2. rameTu romliTa (h)SjiT, miTca
sajneT da romliTa sawyauliTa mi- isajneT da romliTa sawyauliTa mi-
xuwyvideT, mogewyos Tqven. uwyvideT, mogewyos Tquen.
3. ra¡sa xxedav wuelsa Zmisa Senisa 3. ra¡sa (h)xedav wuelsa Zmisa Senisa
Tualsa da Tu[alsa Sensa di]resa ara Tualsa da Tualsa Sensa diresa ara
xxedav? (h)xedav?
4. anu viTar xety¢ Zmasa Sensa: macade 4. anu viTar ety¢ Zmasa Sensa: macade
da aRmogiRo wueli igi T¢aliT SeniT da aRmogiRo wueli TualiT SeniT
da aha agera dir[À] ege || AB Tualsa Si- da aha egera dirÀ ege Tualsa Sina
na Sensa gic3? Sensa gic?
5. orgulo, aRmoiRe-Ra pirvelad 5. orgulo, aRmoiRe-Ra pirvelad
dirÀ4 Tualisagan Senisa da maSin xi- dirÀ Tualisagan Senisa da maSin ixi-
xilo aRmoRebad wueli Tualisagan lo aRmoRebad wueli Tualisagan
Zmisa Senisa. Zmisa Senisa.
6. [n]u mixcemT siwmidesa ZaRlTa, nu- 6. nu miscemT siwmidesa ZaRlTa, nu-
ca daxudebT5 margalitsa Tquensa ca daudebT margalitsa Tquensa wi-
winaSe RorTa6, ra¡Ta ara naSe RorTa, ra¡Ta ara da-Trgunon
[daT]rgunon igi fer£iTa maTiTa7 da igi fer£iTa maTiTa da mogeqcen da
mogeqcen8 da gangxeTqden9 Tquen. ganxeTqden Tquen.
7. xiTxovdiT da mogeces Tquen, xe- 7. iTxovdiT da mogeces Tquen, eZi-
ZiebdiT da xpooT10, xirekdiT da ebdiT da hpooT, irekdiT da gange-
gangeRos Tquen. Ros Tqven.
8. rameTu yoveli romeli xiTxovs11, 8. rameTu yoveli romeli iTxovs,
miiRis12;|| B da romeli xeZiebs, povis; miiRis; da romeli eZiebs, povis; da
romeli ireks, ganeRis.
1
es erTi adgili maTes saxarebidan ori xelnaweris mixedviTaa dabeWdili:
A — saq. saist. da saeTnogr. sazog. muzeumis999 da B — Tb. universitetis siZveleTa
muzeumis 844. maT Soris gansxvavebani moipoveba da aqvea naCvenebi v a r i a n t e b i :
3
Tualsa Sida gic;4 dirÀ igi;5 nuca [d]axugebT;6 -Si es sityva TiTqo mxolobiTSi unda iy-
os (Rorsa), rogorc momdevno zmnis formebis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba ivaraudos kacma;7
ra¡Ta ara daTrgunon igi fer£iTa maTiTa] — ;8 TiTqo: mogeqces;9 [gang]xeTqdes;10 xpovoT ;11
xiTxovn;12 moiin;13 S¢lTa (?);14 TqnTa¡;15 raoden;16 xufro¡s;17 moxces;18 romelni xTxovden;19
giyun;20 winawarmetyuelni;21 Sex[¢]dodeT;22 rameTu farTo ars bWÀ da v] — (dazianebis
gamo);23 migiyuanis;24 mixiyvanis;25 poon cru-winaswarmetyuelTa maTgan B.
50
istoriis sakiTxebi
V-VII ss. IX-XI

da romeli xireks, ganxeRis. 9. iyos-me vin Tquengani kaci, ro-
9. xiyos-me vin Tquengani kaci, rome- melsa sTxovdes ZÀ misi pursa, qva¡
li (?) xTxovdes ZÀ misi pursa, qva¡ nu nu miscesa mas?
mixcesa mas? 10. anu Tu Tevzsa sTxovdes, gueli
10. anu Tu [sa] Tevzsa xTxovdes, gu- nu miscesa?
eli nu mixcesa? 11. ukueTu Tquen ukeTurTa iciT
11. ukueTu Tquen ukeTurTa xiciT niWisa keTilisa micema¡ SvilTa maT
niWisa keTilisa || AB micema¡ Svil- qvenTa, raodenad ara ufros mamaman
Ta maT13 TquenTa14, raodenad15 ara Tquenman zecaTaman mogces keTili,
xufros16 mamaman Tquenman zecaTaman romeli sTxovdes mas!
mogces17 keTili, romeli xTxovdes18 12. yovelive ra¡ca gnebavs, ra¡Ta
mas. giyon Tquen kacTa, egreca Tqven
12. yovelive ra¡ca gnebavs, ra¡Ta gi- hyofdiT maTa mimarT, rameTu egre
yon19 Tquen kacTa, egreca Tquen ars Sjuli da winaswarmetyueli.
xyofdiT maTa mimarT, rameTu egre 13. SevidodeT iwrosa mas bWesa, ra-
ars Sjuli da winawarmetyueli20. meTu farTo ars bWÀ da vrcel ars
13. SevidodeT21 iwrosa mas bWesa, ra- gza¡, romelman miiyvanis warsawyme-
meTu farTo ars bWÀ da vrcel22 ars delad, da mraval arian, romelni
gza¡, romelman miiyuanis23 warsawy- Sevlenan...
medelad, da mraval || A arian, ro- 14. rameTu iwro ars bWÀ da wulil
melni Se[v]lenan... gza¡, romelman miiyvanis cxovrebad,
14. B rameTu iwro || AB ars bWÀ da da mcired arian, romelTa povian igi.
wulil gza¡, romelman miiyuanis24 15. ekrZaleniT cru-winawarmety-
cxovrebad, da mcired arian, romel- uelTagan, romelni movidodian Tq-
Ta povian25 igi. uenda samosliTa cxovarTa¡Ta, xo-
15. xekrZaleniT cru-winawarmetyvel- lo Sinagan arian mgelni mtacebel-
Tagan, romelni movidodian Tquenda || ni.
B samosliTa cxovarTa¡Ta, xolo Si- 16. xolo nayofisa maTisagan icnneT
nagan arian mgelni mtacebelni. igini.
16. xolo nayof[isa] maTisagan xic-
ne[T] igini (iqve, gv. 375-380).
saxareba markozisi
(IX, 46)
V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

17. amoiRe igi. xumjobÀs ars Sen- 17. amoiRe igi. umjobÀs ars Sen-
da erTiTa TualiTa Seslvad sasu- da erTiTa TualiTa Seslvad sasu-
fevelsa RmrTisasa vidre oriTa fevelsa RmrTisasa vidre oriTa
TualiTa da STagdebad geheniasa. TualiTa da STagdebad geheniasa.
(iqve, gv. 381).
51
istoriis sakiTxebi
saxareba lukasi
(II, 18-19)
V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

18. da romelTa xesmoda, xuk¢rda si- 18. da romelTa esmoda, uk¢rda si-
tyua¡ igi mwyemsTa¡ maT [m]aTa mimarT. tyua¡ igi mwyemsTa¡ maT maTa mimarT.
19. xolo mariams daxemarxnes sityu- 19. xolo mariams daemarxnes sityua-
ani ese da daxedva gulsa T¢ssa (iqve, ni ese da daedva gulsa T¢ssa.
gv. 382).
saxareba iovanesi
(XXI, 10-11)
V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

10. xrqua mas iesu: moiReT TevzTa 10. hrqua mas iesu: moiReT TevzTa
magaTgani, romeli xipyarT aw. magaTgani, romeli ipyarT aw.
11. gamovida simon-petre da gamoxi- 11. gamovida simon-petre da gamo-
Trevda badesa mas qveyanad [savsesa] iTrevda badesa mas qveyanad savsesa
did-didiTa TevziTa (iqve, gv. 388). did-didiTa TevziTa.
moyvanili formebis SedarebiT cxadi xdeba, rom uZvelesi Zeglebis enasa

da giorgi mTawmidlis samwerlo enas Soris gansxvavebas umTavresad prefiq-
suli xanebi qmnis: iq, sadac uZveles xelnawerebSi xania, giorgi mTawmindlis
enaze an hae aris (mamis bgerebis win), an ara da sani da Sini (dedis bgerebis
win), an kidev sul araferi (xmovnebis win). gansakuTrebiT didia es gansxvaveba
xmovnebisa da dedis Tanxmovnebis win. Tavisi drois saliteraturo Zeglebze
skola gavlil giorgi mTawmidels ar SeiZleba TvalSi ar scemoda Zveli teq-
stebis xanebi da yurSi ucnaurad da metad uCveulod ar mohsmoda gamoTqma
xaniani formebisa, sadac xani misTvis, ra Tqma unda, zedmeti iyo. zedmeti
iyo igi ara Tu giorgisa da misi drois literatorTaTvis, aramed ufro ad-
rec, mecxre da meaTe saukuneebis mweralTaTvisac, romelTac, albaT, saSin-
lad eCoTirebodaT xaniani formebi. marTlac, rogorc gviCvenebs ena sina-
raiTis mamaTa mosrvisa, romelic gamocemulia uZvelesi qarTuli TariRiani
xelnaweris mixedviT (saxeldobr, sinas mTaze daculi 864 wlis mravalTavi-
dan)1, ukve mecxre saukuneSi yofila ukugdebuli xanis xmareba prefiqsebad.
da Tu jer kidev mecxre saukuneSi iyo uaryofili xaniani formebi salitera-
1
k. kekeliZe, qarTuli hagiografiuli Zeglebi, nawili pirveli. kimeni. I. tfilisi 1918,
gv. 28-44.
52
istoriis sakiTxebi
turo enaSi saxmareblad, miT umetes dasawuni da uarsayofi unda yofiliyo

igi meTerTmete saukuneSi, giorgi mTawmidlis moRvaweobis dros. raki uZve-
lesi teqstebis xan TavsarTebi zedmeti iyo mecxre-meaTe-meTerTmete sauku-
neebis qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis mixedviT, romlebzedac aR-
zrdili iyo giorgi mTawmideli, amitom gasagebia, rom am gamoCenil mwerals
maTTvis saxelad xanmeti ewodebina1. ai es aris namdvili mniSvneloba am ter-
minisa, romlebic amden xans ase gaugebari iyo. amitom, rodesac giorgi mTaw-
mindeli Tavis saxarebis anderZSi ambobs: `Cuenni yovelni saxarebani pirve-
liTgan wmidad Targmnilnia da keTilad, x a n m e t n i c a da s a b a w m i d u r -
n i c a ~ - o , es imas niSnavs, rom y v e l a C v e n i s a x a r e b a p i r v e l i T g a n
wmidad da kargad aris Targmnili, isinic, romlebSic
zedmeti xanebi moipoveba, da isinic, romlebic sabawmi-
durebi ariano.
romelia saxeldobr giorgi mTawmidlis mier moxsenebuli sabawmiduri im
saxarebaTa calebSi, romelTac Cvenamde mouRweviaT giorgis wina droinde-
li xanidan, amis Tqma jerjerobiT gadaWriT ar SemiZlia, magram is ki cxadze
ucxadesia, rom giorgi mTawmidlis mier dasaxelebul oTxTavis xanmet re-
daqciad unda vigulisxmoT uTuod prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i s mier palim-
fsestebSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi teqsti saxarebisa, romelsac xanis `zedme-
ti~ xmareba axasiaTebs prefiqsebis saxiT.
maSasadame, giorgi mTawmidlis saxarebis anderZSi Cven mogvepoveba Zvir-
fasi cnoba uZvelesi qarTuli literaturuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb da maTi enis
sxartuli daxasiaTeba.
haemetoba adiSis saxarebaSi2
uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebis aRmoCenam mravali sakiTxi wamoayena da

erTbaSad waswia win Cveni istoriisa, literaturisa, enisa da paleografiis
Seswavlis saqme. CamoTvlili samecniero dargebis muSakTa Soris am ambavma ga-
moiwvia cxoveli azrTa gacvla-gamocvla da zogierT Zvel debulebaTa da Se-
xedulebaTa safuZvliani gadasinjva3. marTali iyo Cemi korespondenti, rome-
lic ruseTSi myofs mwerda, rom qarTul filologiaSi revolucia xdebao.
1
misaRebia prof. iv. javaxiSvilis mier am moxsenebis wakiTxvis Semdeg gamarTuli sja-
baasis dros gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom xanmeti, rogorc termini albaT giorgi
mTawmidelze adrec unda yofiliyo xmarebuli uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRsaniSnavad.
2
wakiTxulia moxsenebad qarTuli saenaTmecniero sazogadoebis sxdomaze 28 maiss 1923
wels.
3
qarTuli enis ganviTarebis istoria (sazogadod da, kerZod, prefiqsebis xmarebis
mxriv) me ise ara maqvs warmodgenili, rogorc es prof. iv. javaxiSvilis moxsenebaSia
mocemuli (naxe misi àxlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelTnawerebi da maTi
mniSvneloba mecnierebisaTvis“: «tf. universitetis moambe», II, gv. 365-367). jer kidev
mravali ramea gamosarkvevi, romelic exeba kiloebis teritorialur gavrcelebas da
53
istoriis sakiTxebi
am revoluciis erTi etapTagania saqarTvelos saistorio da saeTnogra-

fio sazogadoebis muzeumis erTi palimfsestis amotivtiveba (xelnaweri
1329), romelic gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia da sayuradRebo imitom, rom igi
jerjerobiT TiTqmis ganmartoebiT dgas enis formebis mxriT.
aRniSnuli palimfsesti jer qimiurad damuSavebuli da Zveli teqsti
gacxovelebuli ar aris, magram ise amokiTxuli ramdenime adgili mainc sak-
mao sabuTs gvaZlevs, gaviTvaliswinoT misi didi mniSvneloba da jerovnad
davafasoT igi. am Zeglis enaze dawvrilebiT axlo momavalSi meqneba saubari.
exla ki oriode sityviT movWri: rogorc Cans, Zveli teqsti, daaxlovebiT
merve saukunisa, warmoadgens nawyvetebs ìerusalimis ganCinebis da ganwese-
bis~ wignidan, romelSic moyvanili yofila sakiTxavebi saxarebidan. ena am
Zeglisa imiT aris sayuradRebo, rom Sig meore piris subieqturisa da mesame
piris obieqturi prefiqsis gamosaxatavad ixmareba ara xani, aramed hae, ro-
melic (yovelTvis ara, magram xSirad) xmovnebis winac ki Senaxulia: hicode,
mihugo, hubrZana, dahuteva, hTnda, dahTesi, e. i. ixmareba iseTi formebi, ro-
melTa mixedviT SeiZleba am Zeglis enas (da agreTve msgavsi movleniT daxasi-
aTebul sxva Zeglebis enasac, Tu ki aseTebi aRmoCndeba) haemeti vuwodoT,
giorgi mTawmidlis xanmetis analogiiT. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
am haemet ZeglSic inian vnebiTSi hae gvxvdeba imgvaradve, rogorc xanmet
teqstebSi xani: hiyo || xiyo.
unda aRiniSnos erTi sayuradRebo garemoeba: aRniSnuli palimfsestis
enas ramdenadme mxars uWers adiSis saxarebac1, romelic, rogorc sabolood
gamoarkvia prof. k. k e k e l i Z e m , gadawerilia mecxre saukunis dasasruls,
vinaidan mis TariRebSi araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar aris, — samiveni (soflis
dasabamiTgan, qristesiT da qarTuli qronikoniT) erTurTs udgebian da
yvelani 897 wels gvaZleven2. es 897 wels SatberdSi gadawerili da adiSSi
daculi saxareba3, rogorc exla irkveva, gadawerili yofila haemeti
dednidan, radganac gadamwerels ramdenime SemTxvevaSi uneburad hae
gahparvia xmovnebis win4. es darCenili kvali haes `zedmetad~ xmarebisa bevr
rasme amJRavnebs. vidre xmovnebze gadavidode, unda Sevexo haes xmarebas
Tanxmovnebis win, radganac haemetobis niSnebi aqac aris.
dajgufebas Zvel saqarTveloSi, maTs erTurTze gavlenasa da monawileobis miRebas

saliteraturo enis SeqmnaSi, razedac sxva dros gveqneba saubari.
1
rodesac es werili daiwera (1923), maSin adiSis oTxTavi gamocemuli iyo fototipiu-
rad: Материалы по археологии Кавказа. т. XII. Москва 1916. amJamad igi gamocemulia stambura-
dac: qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT~ (= Zve-
li qarTuli enis Zeglebi, 2), 1945.
2
k. kekeliZe, rodisaa gadawerili adiSis saxareba (tf. u n i v e r s i t e t i s m o a m b e , II,
gv. 393-397).
3
sofelia svaneTSi (svanurad hadiS iTqmis).
4
saeWvoa, rom dedani ki ara, aramed TviT gadamweri yofiliyos haemeti kilos warmo-
madgeneli.
54
istoriis sakiTxebi
adiSis saxarebaSi ori erTsaxe prefiqsis aRsaniSnavad haes xmareba marto

m a m i s TanxmovnebiT ki ar aris gansazRvruli, aramed igi ixmareba agreTve
d e d i s Tanxmovnebis winac, Tumca aq SemTxveva misi xmarebisa mainc da mainc
xSiri ar aris — aq ufro saqme gvaqvs Zveli movlenis naSTTan, vidre cocxali
ramis sistemebr xmarebasTan. ai magaliTebi:
da £¢rTiTa hcemdes da romelnime yurimalsa scemdes da etyodes (maTe
26, 67); ra¡saT¢s mez¢ereTa Tana da codvilTa hWamT da hsuamT (mark. 2, 16); da
nayofi ara gamohca (mark. 4, 7); rameTu romliTa sawyauliTa hwyvideT, miTve
mogewyos Tquen (mark. 4, 24); da verca puris Wamad hcaln (mark. 6, 31); xolo
Tquen hTq¢T (mark. 7, 11); rameTu aRdgen cru-qristeni da cru-
winawarmetyuelni da hcen saswauleb da niSeb sacTunebelad (mark. 13, 22);
ra¡Ta hWamo zatiki igi (mark. 14, 12); ganhZarc¢es Zoweuli igi da Sehmoses mas
samoseli T¢si (mark. 15, 20); rameTu warhZRue winaSe pirsa uflisasa (luka 1,
76); xolo mowafÀni misni mohWrides Tavsa £oilisasa (luka 6, 1); ra¡ hWamoT
(luka 12, 22; 12, 29); romelni SehWamen saxlsa qurivTasa (luka 20, 47); rameTu
hWameT purisa misgan da gansZeRiT (iovane 6, 26); ara Tu hWamoT £orci Zisa
kacisa¡ (iovane 6, 53); hwyuris Tu visme, movedin Cemda (ioane 7, 37); Tqven
hwuxdeT, xolo mwuxareba¡ Tqueni sixarulad geqmnes (iovane, 16, 20).
aris SemTxvevebi, roca hae prefiqss Tan axlavs sanic imave dedis bgere-
bis win, e. i. SemTxvevebi, rodesac asimilaciis procesi jer ar dasrulebula,
aramed gardamaval safexurze dgas. ai magaliTebi: ese miu£da pilates da
mohsTxovna £orcni igi iesu¡sni (maTe 27, 58); aha leR¢ igi, romelsa hswyeve,
gan£ma (mark. 11, 21); Tayuanis-hsces mas (luka 24, 52); da nugeSinis-hscemdes mas
(iovane 11, 31).
kacma rom Tqvas, dedis Tanxmovnebis win haes xmareba prefiqsebad marto
adiSis saxarebaSi rodi gvxvdeba. aris SemTxvevebi misi xmarebisa mermindel
ZeglebSic, rogoricaa aTonisa da tbeTis saxareba, aTonis dabadeba, iovane
bolnelis qadagebani da sxva, magaliTad: aRhwio, Tayñis-hca, Tavyuanis-
hcemed, warmohca, mohWamden, dahdva, romlebic moyvanilia ukve Cems gamo-
kvlevaSi prefiqsebis Sesaxeb1, magram es movlena iq moqceulia sxva anomali-
ebs Soris da amiT daCrdilulia misi mniSvneloba, maSin rodesac gansakuTre-
buli adgili unda eWiros, rogorc naSTebs im droidan, rodesac yvelgan hae
yofila S2-adac da O3-adac xmovnebisa Tu Tanxmovnebis win, mamis bgerebisa
Tu dedis bgerebis win. gansakuTrebiT xSiria mermindel (IX-XI sauk.) ZeglebSi
dedis bgeraTa win gardamaval safexurze (srul asimilaciamde) mdgomi
movlenebi, rodesac haes Tumca mTlad ar unda hqonoda dakarguli Tavisi
bgeriTi saxe, magram imdenad unda yofiliyo daaxlovebuli gamoTqmis mxriT
sanTan, rom am axali bgeris gamosaxatavad erTi sagangebo niSnis magivrad
1
qarTul zmnebSi, §53 [am tomSi gv. 211-212].
55
istoriis sakiTxebi
ori uxmariaT (hs)1. swored ase unda gavigoT exla hs jgufis warmoSoba dedis
bgerebiT dawyebul zmnebSi: hsca, hstirT, mihsdevda, hsTnda, hsTqu,
hsTxovdes, hsZinavs, SehsZina, dahscxa da misTanani2, romlebic meaTe sau-
kunisa da mermindel ZeglebSic ki xSirad gvxvdeba3.
ra Tqma unda, adiSis saxarebaSi sruli asimilaciis SemTxvevebi gaci-
lebiT ufro xSiria, vidre nawilobrivisa anu sruli gadarCenisa asimi-
laciisagan, magram aseTi SemTxvevebi Cveulebrivia rogorc am saxarebaSi, ise
mermindel ZeglebSi da amitom magaliTebis moyvana zedmetad mimaCnia.
adiSis saxareba gansakuTrebiT imiT aris Zvirfasi, rom mas Semounaxavs
ramdenime magaliTi meore piris subieqturisa da mesame piris obieqturi pre-
fiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win haes saxiT. mcirea am SemTxvevaTa ricxvi, magram
didia maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis etapebisa
da qarTuli istoriuli dialeqtologiis sakiTxebis gamorkvevisaTvis. amitom
saWirod mimaCnia, CamovTvalo yvela isini da TiTo-orola paralelic movuy-
vano maT sxva adgilebidan imave formebis uprefiqsod xmarebisa, raTa naTlad
iyos gaTvaliswinebuli, rom haes xmareba aq ufro tradiciaze damyarebuli da
SemTxveviTi movlenaa, vidre normaluri da Cveulebrivi.
1. da ara Tav-huyos mamasa T¢ssa (maTe 15, 6). es erTad-erTi magaliTia am
rTuli zmnis haeTi xmarebisa, sxvagan ki hae yvelgan dakargulia. Sdr.: Tav-
uyav mamasa da dedasa (maTe 15, 4); Tauyav mamasa Sensa da dedasa (maTe 19, 19);
Tav-uyav mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa (markoz. 7, 10). ukanaskneli sami
magaliTi brZanebiTis formebs warmoadgens, magram, radganac zmnas
micemiTis damateba moepoveba, prefiqsi mesame pirisa Teoriulad yvelgan
unda vigulisxmoT, maSasadame, aqac; faqtiurad ki gadarCenilia mxolod erT
magaliTSi, romelic TavSia moyvanili.
2. arc me giTxra Tquen, romliTa £elmwifebiTa (a)mas h¢qm (maTe 21, 27).
amas SeiZleba davupirispiroT, magaliTad, Semdegi adgili markozidan: arca
me giTxra Tquen, romliTa £elmwifebiTa viqm amas (mark. 11, 33), maSasadame, aq
gvaqvs Cven paraleluri formebi: viqm da h¢qm; erTSi ar aris obieqturi
prefiqsi mesame pirisa, meoreSi ki aris. h¢qm formaSi hae gadmosulia vinis
win, romelic Semdeg umarcvlo unad (ubrjgud) qceula da inTan SeerTebiT ¢
moucia: *vhiqm → *hviqm → *huiqm → *h¢qm.
3. Tquen nu hirquamT TavTa TquenTa moZRuars, rameTu erT ars Tqueni
moZRuari (maTe 23, 8). hirquamT formaSi hae SeiZleba orgvarad gavigoT: an
rogorc subieqturi prefqsi meore pirisa, an kidev rogorc obieqturi
mesame pirisa, radganac am formaSi orive piria gamoxatuli. yovel
SemTxvevaSi hae mosalodnelia, magram igi ar aris dadasturebuli meore
1
zogierT Tanamedrove kiloze (qarTlurze, fSaurze) dakvirveba gvafiqrebinebs, rom
hae asoTi gamoxatuli bgera ¡ bgerisaken unda yofiliyo gadaxrili xmovnebsa da dedis
bgerebs Soris.
2
iqve, §49, gv. 106-112 (am tomSi gv. 198-203).
3
anton kaTalikozis ukiduresi gadaWarbeba, rasakvirvelia, mxedvelobaSi misaRebi ar aris.
56
istoriis sakiTxebi
msgavs SemTxvevaSi cota qvemoT: da moZR¢ar(s) nu irquamT TavTa TquenTa,

rameTu erT ars moZRuari Tqueni qristÀ (maTe 23, 10).
4, 5. ucxo viyav me da SemiwynareT me; SiS¢el h¢yav da SemmoseT me;
sneul viyav da momxedeT me; sapyrobiles h¢yav da moxuediT Cemda (maTe 25,
35-36). aq sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom jer viyav aris naxmari, Semdeg h¢yav
mosdevs, merme isev viyav aris da bolos kvlav h¢yav sweria, e. i. orjer h¢yav
aris da orjerac viyav. `viyav~ vnebiTi formaa zmnisa, romelsac moqmedebiT-
Si micemiTis damateba ar moepoveba, amitom arc vnebiTSi aqvs igi da, maSasa-
dame, arc obieqturi prefiqsia mosalodneli. magram xanmet teqstebSic Cve-
ulebrivia xiyo (da ara iyo) da haemet xelnawerSic (1239) hiyo forma
ikiTxeba. amitom pirvel pirSi bunebrivia h¢yav formis miReba, sadac haesa da
vins erTimeorisaTvis adgilebi gaucvliaT, rasac Sedegad mohyolia fone-
tikuri cvlileba vinisa: *vhiyav → *hviyav → *huiyav →*h¢yav.
6. xolo herode hemtera mas da unda moklva¡ misi (markoz 6, 19). aq erTi
Secdoma mohsvlia gadamwers: mas herodia unda daewera da SecdomiT herode
duweria. Tu am Secdomas gavasworebT, maSin moyvanili adgili aseT saxes
miiRebs: xolo herodia h e m t e r a mas da unda moklva¡ misi. zmnas micemiTis
damateba aqvs da Sesaferisi obieqturi niSanic moepoveba xmovnis win, ra Tqma
unda, rogorc naSTi.
7. xolo gety¢ Tquen, rameTuÀlia movida da huyves mas raodenica
unda, viTarca weril ars misT¢s (mark. 9, 13). mSvenieri magaliTia haes
Senaxvisa xmovnis win, magram aba SevadaroT amas Semdegi winadadeba: xolo
igini aRivsnes mankierebiTa da zraxvides urTierTas, ukueTumca u y v e s ra¡
iesus (luka 6, 11).
8. sityuasa mas romelsa huetyode, man dasajos igi dResa mas uku-
ana¡sknelsa (iovane 12, 48). huetyode sityvaSi, romelic Cven gvainteresebs,
eni gamohrCenia gadamwers da Tavze dauweria Semdeg, magram hae ki Tavidanve
kargad gamouyvania. aqac iseTive magaliTi gvaqvs subieqtur-obieqturi
prefiqsebis adgilis gacvla-gamocvlisa, rogorc zemoT h¢qm da h¢yav
formebSi: *vhetyode → *hvetyode → huetyode.
9, 10. dges mun msaxurni igi da monani da egzna, rameTu yinel iyo, da
hikusodes. dga maT Tana petreca da hikusoda (iovane 18, 18). haeTi mxolod
aq aris es zmna naxmari, sxvagan ki hae ar aris: da simon-petre dga mun da
i k u s o d a (iovane 18, 25); dajda igi msaxurTa Tana da i k u s v o d a mgzebelsa
mas (markoz 14, 54); saxarebis sxva redaqciebSi am adgilebSi ikiTxeba:
tfeboda, tfebodes, romlis sinonimebia hikusoda (an ikusoda, ikusvoda)
da hikusodes. Tavisi formiT es zmna vnebiTia da amitom hae aqac iseTive
warmoSobisaa, rogorisac hiyo da h¢yav formebSi.
57
istoriis sakiTxebi
11. hevedrebodes pilates, ra¡Ta damusrnen1 w¢vni maTni da aRixunen

(iovane 19, 31). Sdr.: da e v e d r e b o d e s mas, ra¡Ta Se- xolo-axon fesusa
samoslisa misisasa; da romelTa Seaxes, cxondes (maTe 14, 36); e v e d r e b o d a
mas da etyoda (luka 5, 12) da sxv.
maSasadame, adiSis saxarebaSi sul aris TerTmeti SemTxveva haes
prefiqsad xmarebisa xmovnebis win: Tav-huyos, h¢qm, nu hirquamT, h¢yav
(orjer), hemtera, huyves, huetyode, hikusodes, hikusoda da
hevedrebodes. amaTan mxolod erT formaSi SeiZleba gagebul iqnes h meore
piris subieqtur niSnad (nu hirquamT), da isic saegebiod, radganac zmnas
damatebac aqvs micemiTSi, danarCen SemTxvevebSi ki igi yovelgan mesame piris
obieqturi niSania. es obieqturi niSani gansakuTrebiT naTelia Semdeg
formebSi: Tav-huyos, h¢qm, hemtera, huyves, huetyode da hevedrebodes.
raica Seexeba haes gaCenas vnebiTis warmoebaSi (h¢yav, hikusoda, hikusodes),
es calkea gansaxilveli, rom gamoirkves sazogadod, moepoveba obieqtur
prefiqss inian vnebiTSi sxva raime safuZveli, Tu aq ubralo analogiasTan
gvaqvs saqme.
[tfilisis universitetis moambe. II.

(1922-1923), gv. 399-424]
1
xelnawerSi `damosrnen~ ikiTxeba.
58
istoriis sakiTxebi
arnold Ciqobava
xanmeti da haemeti teqstebis aRmoCenisaTvis
1923 weli gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqonea qarTvelTmetyvelebisa-

Tvis. qarTuli mwerlobis xniereba TvalsaCinod gaizarda, qarTuli enaTmec-
nierebis win axal problemaTa wyeba gadaiSala, da zogi Zveli sakiTxi da misi
gadawyveta axali gaSuqebiT mogvevlina.
saqme exeba egreT wodebul xanmet da haemet teqstebs: igini daculia pa-
limfsestebSi; pirvelTa aRmoCena ekuTvnis prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l s , meo-
risa ki — prof. a k . S a n i Z e s .
jer kidev 1920 wels Tavis gamokvlevaSi `prefiqsebi qarTuls zmnebSi~
prof. ak. SaniZem qaruli zmnis struqturis erTi ZiriTadi da rTuli Tavise-
bureba gaaSuqa. sakmao zedmiwevnilobiT gamoirkva, rom: 1) `Zvels salitera-
turo qarTulSi (igulisxmeba me-X-XI s. samw. ena (a. C.) mesame piris damatebis aR-
saniSnavad micemiT damatebian zmnas aqvs prefiqsi, romlis bgeriTi saxe sxva-
dasxva fonetikuri pirobebis mixedviT aris h(—) || s(S) (ix. `pref. qarT. zmn.~ gv.
83) da 2) imave Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi meore piris sub¡eqtis gamosaxa-
tavad zmnas aqvs iseTive prefiqsi: h(—) || s (S), ese igi: ob¡eqturi prefiqsi mesa-
me pirisa micemiT damatebian zmnebSi fonetikurad igivea, rac sub¡eqturi pre-
fiqsi meore pirisa sazogadod. orsave SemTxvevaSi am prefiqsis ZiriTadi sa-
xe aris hae; — xmovnis win igi sruliad ikargvis, xolo TanxmovanTa erTi ka-
tegoriis e. w. mamis bgerebis win (£, y, R, x, k, g, q, s, z, S, J, n, r, l, v, m, p, b, f) mas
Tavisi saxe SenarCunebuli aqvs, e. w. dedis bgerebis win (t, d, T, w, Z, c, j, W, C)
asimilaciis gamo gvevlineba sanis an Sinis saxiT.
prof. a. SaniZis imave gamokvlevaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo agreTve am pre-
fiqsis viTareba kiloebSi: prefiqsis ZiriTad saxeebs da maT variaciebs ki-
loebma Sehmates: ¡, x, R, z, t.
yuradReba miaqcia mkvlevarma formebs: `xar, xual~; maT Sesaxeb igi wers:
`xani, rogorc sub¡eqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa (zmnebSi: `xar, xual~) ZiriTadi
kilos kuTvnileba ar aris; igi nasesxebi unda iyos romeliRac sxva kilosagan,
romelsac xanis prefiqsad xmareba axasiaTebda albaT ara marto or zmnaSi, ara-
med sxva zmnebis uRvlilebaSiac, sazogadod~ (Op. cit. gv. 130).
manve aRniSna, rom mcxeTis jvris saydris da bolnisis sionis warwerebSi
rom gvxvdeba formebi: 1) meox xeyav (jvris sayd.) 2) Sexewie da 3) SexuabT (ori
ukanaskn. bolnis.), — amaTSi mocemulia naSTis saxiT xani, rogorc obieqturi
prefiqsi mesame pirisa (xmovnis win). (ix. `naSTebi mesame piris ob¡eqt. prefiq.
xmarebisa xmovnebis win: tf. u n i v e r s . m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 262-281).
imave werilSi avtorma mogvca `xerTvis~ sityvis etimologiuri analizi
da xani miiCnia agreTve ob¡eqtur prefiqsad (x-erTvis: igi mas...).
59
istoriis sakiTxebi
`yvela es formebi: xar, xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da SexuabT erTimeores

mxars uWeren da amJRavneben, rom erTsa da imave dialeqtur wres an kilos
ekuTvniano~, werda prof. a. S a n i Z e 1922 wels (ix. zemoxsen. werili: t f .
u n i v . m o a m b e , t. II, gv, 281).
ramodenisame Tvis Semdeg ki 1923 wlis damdegs prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l -
m a aRmoaCina palifmsestebis rigi, sadac am xanis xmarebas ukve sistemuri xa-
siaTi aqvs, xolo imave gazafxulSi palimfsestebis reviziisas prof. a. S a -
n i Z e waawyda haemetobiT daxasiaTebul erT Zegls1.
termini `xanmeti~, `haemeti~ saliteraturo qarTulis TvalsazrisiT am
Zeglebis dafasebis nayofia. prefiqsuli xani Tundac mecxre-meaTe saukunis
samwerlobo qarTulis TvalsazrisiT uadgiloa, `metia~ agreTve haec Se-
mTxvevaTa mTels rigSi: xmovnebis, `dedis~ bgerebis win da sxv. (ix. qv.).
`xanmeti~ — terminiT jer kidev meTerTmete saukuneSi g i o r g i m T a w -
m i n d e l i aRniSnavda iseT Zeglebs, rogorebic prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l m a
aRmoaCina; es pirvelad gamoarkvia prof. a. S a n i Z e m (ix. misi literaturu-
li cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis Sesaxeb meTerTme-
te saukuneSi~: t f . u n i v e r s . m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 398 Smd.).
mogvyavs xanmeti da haemeti teqstebis nimuSebi:
I x a n m e t i : ...no¢ o¢ko¢e xzro¢navT da xity¢T ra¡ vWamoT. ano¢ ra¡ eso¢aT.
ano¢ ra¡ SevimosoT, r(a¡meTu) amas yovelsa warmarTni xeZiebed (t f . u n i v .
m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 375).
...o¢ko¢eTo¢ ara xisminoT Cemi... ara aRxiRoT t¢rTi da Sex¢dodiT bWeTa
i(erusale¡)misaTa dResa SabaTTasa aRxo¢agzne cecxli bWeTa (iqve, gv. 373).
...sada igi matli maTi ara daxesro¢lebis da cecxli ara daxeSrtebis
r(a¡meTu) y(ove)li cecxliTa daximarilos (iqve, gv. 381).
...raodenad xo¢fros mamaman Tqo¢enman zecaTaman mogces keTili (iqve, gv.
377)...
xo¢mjobes ars Senda erTiTa To¢aliTa Seslvad saso¢fevelsa (iqve, gv. 381).
II haemeti: da moiRo S¢di igi po¢ri da hmadlobda da gantexa da mihscemda mowa-
feTa misTa r(a¡T)a daho¢gon. x(olo) maT daho¢ges ersa mas da haqo¢nda Tevzi
mci(r)ed da igic ako¢rTxa da ho¢brZana maT (tf. univ. moambe, t. III, gv. 379).
da aRvida maT Tana navsa da dahcxra qari igi da ho¢met(e¡)sad daho¢k¢rde-
boda mowafeTa misTa (i q v e , 378).
...Sevida sada igi hidva mko¢dari... (i q v e , gv. 377).
...ho¢mjob(e¡)s ars Senda... (i q v e , gv. 370)2.
xanmet da haemet Zeglebs prefiqsis xmarebaSi mecxre-meaTe saukunis Zeg-
lebTan SedarebiT Semdegi ram axasiaTebs:
1
a. SaniZem aRniSna haemetobis naSTebi adiSis saxarebaSi (ix. misi `haemetoba adiSis
saxarebaSi~).
2
warmoudgeneli teqnikuri siduxWiris gamo qaragmebiani sityvebi iZulebuli gavxdiT sru-
lad dagvewera: aseT SemTxvevaSi frCxilebSia Casmuli saTanado nawili; frCxilebSi moqceuli
e¡ (e¡) kidev imave mizeziT merve enis aRniSvnis movaleobas kisrulobs!
60
istoriis sakiTxebi
1. prefiqsi aq erTi saxisaa: xani — xanmetSi, hae — haemetSi; momdevno bgeras-

Tan asimilacias adgili ara aqvs, — maSin, rodesac mecxre-meaTe saukunis Zeg-
lebSi prefiqsis ZiriTadi saxe hae san — Sinadac aris warmodgenili (ix. zemoT).
2. xmovnebis win ara marto xani, aramed haec Senaxulia1, — mecxre-meaTe sa-
ukunis ZeglebSi xmovnebis win hae ikargvis.
3. rogorc xani, ise hae prefiqsebis saxiT gvevlinebian vnebiTi gvaris zmnebSi;
— amas mecxre-meaTe saukunis ZeglebSi adgili ara aqvs (amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).
4. xani — xanmetebSi, hae — haemetebSi win daerTvis xarisxis aRmniSvnel
uns zedsarTav saxelebSi; mecxre-meaTe saukunis ZeglebSi aseT SemTxvevaSi
mxolod uni gvaqvs:
amgvarad: xans — xanmetSi, haes — haemetSi iwves: 1. damateba mas, maT: O3; 2.
qvemdebare Sen, Tquen: S2; 3. vnebiTi gvaris zmnis yvela piri da 4. SedarebiTi
xarisxi zedsarTavi saxelebisa.
ukanasknel ors SemTxvevaSi mecxre-meaTe saukunis qarTuls prefiqsi ara
aqvs; es garemoeba fonetikur niadagze aixsneba; SedarebiTi xarisxis formanti
TavSi unia; vnebiTis mwarmoebeli ki ini da eni (ipova, daiwera, ikla; epova, dae-
wera, ekla...); cxadia, haemetis hae-prefiqsi aq xmovnebis win iseve dai-
kargeboda, rogorc ikargeba igi xmovnebis win, roca meore piris sub¡eqtur an
mesame piris ob¡eqtur prefiqsad gvevlineba. ase rom xanmetis xanisa da haeme-
tis haes funqciaTa siWarbe meaTe saukunis sinamdvileSi SedarebiT mxolod
moCvenebiTia: xmovnebis win rom hae-prefiqsi ar dakarguliyo, meaTe saukuneSi
prefiqsi hae oTxsave zemoxsenebul SemTxvevaSi gveqneboda. morfologiuri
struqtura ar Secvlila; gansxvavebuloba fonetikurma momentma gamoiwvia.
zogierTi SeniSvnebi am gansxvavebuli saxeobisaTvis SedarebiTi xarisxis
warmoebisas x || h-es xmarebis garkveva xanmetSi — dakavSirebulia am xarisxis mwar-
moebeli formantebis genezisis garkvevasTan. SeiZleba Tavkiduri xu || hu mesame
piris nacvalsaxelis formamdi adiodes; daboloebaSi ki naTesaobiTi brunvis da-
boloeba gvqondes; maSin SedarebiTi xarisxis forma iqneboda sinTeturi mTlia-
noba, romlis erTi elementi, — Tavkiduri — igi-s azrs atarebda, daboloeba ki aR-
niSnavda rasTan SedarebiT iyo igi meti `qvalitaturobis~ matarebeli2.
es yvelaferi hipoTeturia da saegebiso, ufro sarwmunod ki migvaCnia Semde-
gi: SedarebiTi xarisxis TavkidurSi gamoyenebuli Ziri unda iyos organulad da-
kavSirebuli an identuri im elementTan, romelic prefiqsad aris gamoyenebuli
zmnebSi (O3 da S2); maTi bedis erTnairoba gvafiqrebinebs amas, magram TviT am for-
mantis genezisi amJamad Cven ar gvainteresebs. amitomac maze aq ar SevCerdebiT.
1
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom hae haemetSi xSirad ikargvis xmovnebis win; es ùwesoba~ aaSka-
ravebs, rom aRmoCenili haemeti Zegli im xanisaa, roca haes xmareba ukve Seirya; mzaddeba
niadagi Semdegi drois samwerlobo formebisaTvis. ufro dawvrilebiT amis Sesaxeb ix. a.
SaniZe: `haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis~: t f .
u n i v e r s i t e t i s m o a m b e , t. III, gv. 354-363.
2
Sdr. megruli konstruqcia: jaSi umaRalaSi, quaSi umangaraSi — `xisa umaRlesi~, `qvisa
umagresi~.
61
istoriis sakiTxebi
vnebiTi gvaris zmnis x || h-esaTvis saWiroa SevniSnoT Semdegi: zmnaSi x ||

h-es iwvevs an qvemdebare Sen, Tquen, an damateba — mas, maT, — e. i. igi aris an
sub¡eqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa, an ob¡eqturi mesamisa.
sakiTxavia vnebiTis xani sub¡eqturia Tu ob¡eqturi? rogorc xanmetSi —
xani, ise haemetSi — hae yvela pirebSi gvxvdeba; es gvaiZulebs davaskvnaT, rom
igi sub¡eqturi prefiqsi ar unda iyos: TviT svanurSi, sadac xan — sub¡eqturi
prefiqsis saxiTac gvevlineba, mas adgili aqvs pirvelsa da meore pirSi, mag-
ram mesame pirSi — ara: mi xuari, si xari, eja ari... axlad aRmoCenil ZeglebSi x
|| h prefiqsi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebSi mesame pirSiac gvxvdeba: xiyo, xiyo¢nes...
xipova... aq prefiqsis sub¡eqturoba gamoricxulia; gvrCeba meore SesaZleb-
loba: x || h vnebiTSi ob¡eqturi Camomavlobisaa.
rogor avxsnaT es faqti? aris ori SesaZlebloba:
1. vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi, roca eniT iwarmoeba, moiTxovs damatebas mice-
miTSi: daekla igi mas, daewera igi mas zeda, ewoda igi mas, ebrZana igi mas...
ob¡eqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa aq, rogorc yovel micemiT-damatebian zmnas-
Tan, saerTo wesiT gamarTlebulia. unda davuSvaT, rom vnebiTis iniT warmoe-
bis SemTxvevebSi x || h — prefiqsi eniT warmoebuli SemTxvevebis analogiiT
aris gadmoRebuli: xewera, xekla, xepova-s analogiiT: xiwera, xikla, xipova...1
2. meore SesaZlebloba ufro rTulia da nakleb mosalodneli. mainc arse-
bobs iseTi garemoeba, romelic misi gaTvaliswinebis saWiroebas gvikarnaxebs.
saqme SemdegSia: mecxre-meaTe saukunis ZeglebSi mesame piris damatebas Se-
uZlia gamoiwvios ob¡eqturi prefiqsi h || s || S mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi
micemiT brunvaSia dasmuli, xolo Tu saxelobiTs brunvaSia — prefiqss ar iw-
vevs: man sTxova mas igi, magram man kla igi2; meore da pirveli piris damateba ki
saTanado ob¡eqturi prefiqsebiT (g, m) aris warmodgenili, iqneba igi micemiTs
brunvaSi Tu saxelobiTSi: igi gklavs Sen, mklavs me; man gkla Sen, mkla me...
kiTxva ibadeba: xom ar SeiZleboda gvefiqra, rom Tavdapirvelad obieq-
turi prefiqsi mesame pirisa Cndeboda maSinac, roca damateba mesame pirisa
saxelobiTs brunvaSi iyo, da rom am mxriv mesame piri ar idga gancalkevebiT
pirveli da meore pirisagan?! xanmetis xani, haemetis hae iniT nawarmoeb vnebi-
Ti gvaris zmnebSi (Seximusra igi, xipova igi...) maSin iqneboda moqmedebiTi gva-
ris formidan vnebiTSi meqanikurad gadmosuli?!
amis sawinaaRmdegod TiTqos yvelaze ufro is laparakobs, rom axlad aR-
moCenil ZeglebSi damateba mesame pirisa saxelobiTs brunvaSi ar iwvevs ob¡eq-
tur prefiqss, da bunebrivia, Tu vityviT: x || h — prefiqsi rom yofiliyo ga-
mowveuli mesame piris damatebiT saxelobiTs brunvaSi igi uwinares yovlisa
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaSi unda gvqonoda da ara vnebiTisaSi. magram es argu-
1
ase xsnis am movlenas prof. a. SaniZe; ix. misi `haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvnel. qarT.
en. istoriisaTvis~: t f . u n i v , m o a m b e , t. III, gv. 359.
2
ix. amis Sesaxeb vrclad a. SaniZe, sub. pref. meore pirisa da obieqt. pref. mesame pirisa
qarTul zmnebSi, tfil. 1920, gv. 24 da Semd.
62
istoriis sakiTxebi
menti absoluturi ar aris; Cven gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca movlenis pirveladi

saxe daikarga, xolo sekundari Senaxul iqmna; magaliTad, Cven axla vambobT da
vwerT: igini iyvnen: nari am formaSi meqanikurad aris gadmosuli moqmedebiTi
gvarisagan, roca damatebad iyo mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelobiTi brunva ni-
daboloebiT warmoebuli: maT yves igi, magram: maT yvnes igini... aqidan: igini iy-
vnes misa mier (Tanamedr. iyvnen)1. ukanasknels SemTxvevaSi (`maT yenes igini). na-
ri amJamad ar ixmareba; axla Cven vwerT da vambobT: maT yves igi, igini; amisda
miuxedavad, moqmedebiTi gvaris garkveuls formaSi warmoSobili es nari, vne-
biTSi meqanikurad gadabargebuli, Seenaxa enas am ukanasknels formaSi: iyvnen
— sekundar SemTxvevaSi, xolo pirvelad mis `samSobloSi~ igi moispo.
amgvarad, SeuZlebeli ar aris x || h saxelobiT damatebian zmnebSi moqme-
debiT gvarSi dakarguliyo, xolo vnebiTs igi Seenaxa.
amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba movigonoT ori metad saintereso garemo-
eba, romelic a. S a n i Z i s xsenebul gamokvlevaSi moipoveba:
1. Cven vxvdebiT mecxre-meaTe saukuneSi saxelobiT damatebian zmnebs, ro-
melTac ob¡eqturi prefiqsi moepovebaT; mkvlevaris azriT, es zmnebi Tavdapir-
velad micemiT damatebianni yofilan; amas cxadhyofs vnebiTis warmoeba enis sa-
SualebiT, rac micemiT damatebiani zmnebis Tvisebaa. droTa viTarebaSi maT sin-
taqsuri konstruqcia SecvliaT, morfologiuri agebuleba ki SeunaxavT; aseTi
zmnebi: dahbada, dahmarxa, hmarTa, dahnerga, hgona, dah£Sa, dah£sna, sTesa, da-
sTxia2... rac unda yofiliyo Tavdapirvelad, faqti is aris, rom axal konstruq-
ciaSi Zveli agebuleba SerCa zmnas (Tundac damwerlobaSi); saxelobiT damatebi-
ans gaaCnia iseTi Tviseba, romelic mxolod micemiT damatebians Sehferis.
2. ufro sagulisxmoa meore faqti; awmyo droSi ob¡eqturi prefiqsi mesa-
me pirisa moepoveba zmnas usaTuod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi namyo
srulSiac moiTxovs damatebas micemiTSi; xolo Tu igi moiTxovs damatebas
micemiTSi mxolod awmyo droSi, maSin ob¡eqturi prefiqsi SeiZleba iyos an
ara: aq ori tipis zmnebi gvaqvs; hyofs tipisa, romelsac aqvs ob¡eqturi pre-
fiqsi da qadagebs tipisa, romelsac prefiqsi ara aqvs3.
zedmiwevniloba rom davicvaT, orive faqtidan erTaderTi daskvnis gake-
Teba SeiZleba: damatebis qona micemiTs brunvaSi ar aris arc aucilebeli
da arc sakmao piroba ob¡eqturi prefiqsis gaCenisaTvis.
rom aucilebeli ar aris, es Cans `dahbada~ — tipis zmnebisagan: mxolod
vnebiTSi micemiT damatebianoba sakmao aRmoCnda moqmedebiTSi saxelobiT
damatebian zmnas ob¡eqturi prefiqsi gasCenoda; rom igi sakmao ar aris, amas
mowmobs `qadaga~ — tipis zmnebi: awmyoSi damateba micemiTSia, — ob¡eqturi
prefiqsi ki zmnas ar moepoveba.
1
ix. a. SaniZe, xsenebuli naSromi, gv. 12, SeniSvna.
2
ix. a. SaniZe, iqve, gv. 74-83.
3
orive tipis zmnebis magaliTi da maTi ganxilva ix. iqve, gv. 85-105.
63
istoriis sakiTxebi
ras niSnavs es garemoeba? mxolod imas, rom micemiT damatebiansa da sa-

xelobiT damatebian zmnebs Soris gardauvali zRvari ar arsebobs.
xanmeti da haemeti teqstebi ufro blomad rom gvqonoda da maTSi `dahba-
da~ da `qadaga~ tipis ànomaliebi~ rom aRmoCeniliyo, vnebiTis xanis axsnis
meore SesaZlebloba arc ise usafuZvlo iqneboda1.
amJamad ki es meore SesaZlebloba mxolod SesaZleblobaa, romlis sawi-
naaRmdegod meti mosazrebis moyvana SeiZleba, vinem sasargeblod; magram sa-
kiTxad igi mainc rCeba. — pirveli SesaZlebloba ki, rogorc ufro bunebrivi
da martivi, ufro dasaSvebad unda CaiTvalos.
romel SesaZleblobasac ar davuSvebT, analogiis moments ver gamovri-
cxavT. da es ki niSnavs: xan prefiqsis literaturuli fiqsacia maSin unda mo-
mxdariyo, roca misi xmareba racional safuZvels marto ar emyareboda: meqa-
nikur-analogiuri warmoeba iyo ukve fexgadgmuli... aqidan kidev zogierTi
daskvnebis gakeTeba SeiZleboda am prefiqsis bunebisa da istoriuli hasakis
Sesaxeb, magram es Zalian Sors wagviyvanda.
davubrundeT sxva morig sakiTxebs. erTi aseTi sakiTxia aRmoCenili Zeg-
lebis daTariReba.
rac Seexeba am Zeglebis `xnierobas~, prof. iv. javaxiSvili xanmet teq-
stebs VI saukunisad sTvlis, prof. a. SaniZes haemeti Zegli VIII saukunisad mi-
aCnia. pirveli — Zeglebis paleografiul Taviseburebebs emyareba: v¡es, yari-
sa da gansakuTrebiT banis TavSekrulobas; prof. iv. javaxiSvili mcxeTis
jvris qobul-stefanes warweris paleografiul TaviseburebaTa gamo daas-
kvnis: `qobul-stefanes mcxeTis jvris warweraSi b ukve odnav Tavgaxsnilia: es
warwera, rogorc gamoirkva, VII s. Sua wlebs ekuTvnis, magram raTgan Cven aravi-
Tari sabuTi ara gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom bans Tavi pirvelad am warweris amokve-
Tis dros gaexsna da Tanac viciT, rom amgvari procesi damwerlobaSi TandaTa-
nobiT xdeba da misi dasawyisi ufro xelnawerebSia saZebneli, vidre epigrafi-
kaSi, amitom ufro swore iqneboda dagveskvna, rom bans Tavi unda VI s. ukanas-
knel meoTxedsa da VII saukunis pirvel naxevars Soris xanaSi gaxsnoda (ix. misi
àxlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi da maTi mniSvneloba mecni-
erebisaTvis. tf. universitetis moambe, t. II. gv. 334).
amrigad: raki TavSekruli banisaTvis terminus post quem non VII saukunis pir-
veli naxevaria, da raki aRmoCenil teqstebSi bani TavSekrulia2, teqstebi me-
VI saukunisad unda miviCnioTo (ix. aRniS. werili: iqve, gv. 343)3.
1
aRmoCenil teqstebSi moipoeba oriode magaliTi am mxriv friad saintereso, rogorc
magaliTad: mixiyvanis (man igi). ix. t f . u n i v e r s i t e t i s m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 389, aseT
SemTxvevebs sxva dros davubrundebiT.
2
prof. iv. javaxiSivili aRniSnavs imasac, rom gadarecxa-gadafxekis gamo bani zoggan
Tavgaxsnilis STabeWdilebas stovebs, magram palimfsestad qcevamdi bani mainc
TavSekruli unda yofiliyo (ix. igive werili, gv. 343).
3
me-VIII saukunis pirveli naxevris Tundac warweris, magram mainc e r T a d e r T i banis
Tavgaxsniloba Zneli safiqrebelia imis uryev sabuTad gamodges, rom amis Semdeg TavSekruli
bani aRar gveqneboda, samwuxarod, paleografia-epigrafikas sinamdvilis iseT sferosTan
64
istoriis sakiTxebi
mraval sakiTxTa Soris, romelTa dasma aseTi Zeglebis aRmoCeniT auci-

lebeli xdeba, amTaviTve yuradRebas iqcevs xanmetobis `sadaurobis~ da misi
haemetobasTan urTierTobis sakiTxi. aRvniSnavT aq akad. n. m a r r i s , prof.
iv. j a v a x i S v i l i s a da prof. ak. S a n i Z i s Sexedulebebs.
akad. n. m a r r i s Sesaxeb aq mxolod imdenad SeiZleba iyos laparaki, ram-
denadac saRvTo werilis qarTulad Targmnis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulma misma az-
rebma SeiZleba iseTi STabeWdileba datovon, TiTqos akad. n. m a r r i s nawe-
rebSi xanmetobis intuitiuri anticipacia iyos mocemuli1. prof. i v . j a v a -
x i S v i l i zemoxsenebul werilSi dawvrilebiT ixilavs akad. n. m a r r i s Se-
xedulebebs am sakiTxis Sesaxeb da sxvaTa Soris samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom
akad. n. m a r r s ara erTxel gamouTqvams am sakiTxis Sesaxeb erTmaneTis sawi-
naaRmdego azri. igi Cerdeba akad. n. m a r r i s azrze; misi mixedviT: `me-V-VI s.
qr. Semdeg somxeTSi jer kidev cxovrobdnen svanebi, aq pirvelad iafetur
enaze aRmocenda qristianuli mwerloba; rac ufro Zvelia teqsti, miT ufro
bevria masSi `svanizmebi~ da kiTxvac ki aris dasmuli, xom ar iTargmna saRvTo
werili pirvelad `svanur~ enaze, romelic mxolod Semdeg TandaTanobiT da-
uaxlovda qarTvelTa mSobliur enas, Tumca mainc mravali iracionali mo-
vlena Segvinaxa, romelic svanurs ekedlebao~. amaSia mocemuli akad. n. m a r -
r i s svanurobis Teoriis deda azri 1915 wlis versiiT2.
istoriul faqtebze dayrdnobiT prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i kategoriu-
lad uaryofs, rom aRniSnul periodSi somxeTSi svanebs ecxovros an iq svanu-
ri laparaki yofiliyos (ix. misi dasaxel. werili, gv. 357-359). istoriis sabu-
Ti upirdapirdeba filologiuri analiziT STagonebul intuitur daSvebas;
ara aqvs saqme, sadac individuali faqtis analizi zogadi wesis gamoyvanis SesaZleblobas
eWvmiutanlad iZleodes. ase rom, daTariRebis sakiTxi sabolood gadawyvetilad ver CaiT-
vleba.
amasTanave aRvniSnavT, rom jvarcmidan 974 wliT daTariRebul ZeglSiac (`daviTni~ — tfil.
univer. siZvel. sacavis xelnaw. 38) vxvdebiT savsebiT TavSekrul yarebs, banebsac — sakmao
xSiradac, magram amave Zeglis erT nawilSi, romelic gansxvavebuli xeliT aris dawerili,
aseTi bani, yari ar moipoveba: es gvafiqrebinebs, rom am ZeglSi sxvaganac T a v S e k r u l i
y a r i s , b a n i s w e r a a n a q r o n i z m s w a r m o a d g e n s da am asoTa normali
ganviTarebis safexurebis mxilebad ver CaiTvleba.
es SeniSvnebi dawerili gvqonda, roca moq. sargis kakabaZis azrs gavecaniT, pativcemuli
istorikosi zemoxsenebuli `daviTnis~ magaliTebs emyareba da daaskvnis: ès garemoeba (e. i.
rom TavSekruli y, ¢, b gvxvdeba — a. C.) cxadad amtkicebs, rom sakiTxi xsenebuli asoebis
moxazulobis istoriulad ganviTarebis Sesaxeb jer kidev saWiroebs axal dakvirvebebs da
masalebs... (ix. misi `saistorio Ziebani~. tfil, 1924, gv. 5).
968 wliT daTariRebul ioane oqropiris cxovrebaSi, romelic saistorio sazogadoebis
muzeumSi moipoveba (3124), n u s x u r i iseTi garkveuli saxiT aris Camoyalibebuli, rom
bunebrivad gvafiqrebinebs: misi winamorbedi m T a v r u l i s ganviTareba am dros ukve
karga xnis dasrulebuli unda yofiliyo. amitomac vfiqrobT, rom `daviTnis~ xsenebul
SemTxvevebze damyareba ar SeiZleba. TavSekruli mTavruli y, ¢, b-is wera Cven axlac
SegviZlia, magam amas xom araviTari mniSvneloba ar eqneba am asoTa moxazulobis istoriis
gamosarkvevad!
1
ase uyurebs saqmes magal. d-ri r. bleiki. ix. t f . u n i v e r s . m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 361.
2
ix. `Яфетические названия деревьев и растений~. И. А. Н. 1915 г. gv. 945.
65
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseT SemTxvevaSi istoriis sityva gadamwyveti unda iyos; amdenadve prof. i v .

j a v a x i S v i l i s pozicia uryevia1.
magram kiTxva ibadeba: romel `svanebze~ laparakobs akad. n. marri? aris Tu
ra es cxeniswylisa da inguris xeobaTa TavSi mcxovrebi `tomi~? `svanizmebi~,
`svanuri ena~ akad. n. marrs brWyalebSi aqvs moqceuli; cxadia, aq erTgvar rye-
vas aqvs adgili. bunebrivad migvaCnia amitomac gaviTvaliswinoT misi Sexedu-
leba ori wlis Semdeg; es miT ufro saWiroa, rom, jer erTi, mas ar Sexebia
prof. iv. javaxiSvili da, meorec, rac arsebiTia, aq sakmaod gansxvavebuli az-
ria gamoTqmuli; masTanve ufro garkveuli. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs akad. n. mar-
ris: Грузинская поэма: «Витязь в Барсовой Шкуре» Шоты из Рустава и новая культурно-
историческая проблема (Изв. Рос. Акад. Наук. Петроград. gv. 415-506).
aq mesxebzea laparaki. am tomis istoriuli bedis gaTvaliswinebasTan da-
kavSirebiT axali perspeqtivaa gadaSlili. bibliis mosoxi, asurelTa da qal-
debis muSkebi kavkasiaSi Semodian im gziT, sadac Semdeg mesxeTi gvqonda. maT
CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis qedisTvis miuRweviaT da kidec gadascilebian mas.
Crdilo-dasavleTiT mesxebs Savi zRvis napirebisTvis miuRweviaT — es àbas-
xebia~, Semdeg qarTuls gamoTqmaSi abxazad || afxazad qceuli. àbxazTa
aRmosavleTiT, — wers akad. n. marri, — igini Seerivnen sonebs anda movidnen
ra maTTan Serevis Semdeg samxreTidan, damkvidrden sonebis anu svanebis
saxeliT. ori saemigracio talRis mocilebis Semdeg, romelmac Seadgina
afxazeTi anda damkvidrda svaneTSi, mesxebi anu mosoxebi didxans ganagrZob-
den samxreTSic yofnas. maTi mosaxleoba Seviwrovda samxreTiT da TandaTa-
nobiT igini ikaveben mtkvris zemo auzs, mesxeTad wodebuls... mesxeTSi da-
rCnil am mesxebze agreTve moaxdina gavlena sonTa megrul-Wanurma tomma,
romelnic (sonebi) Seerivnen maT da Seqmnes son-mesxTa narevi tomi, romel-
sac agreTve somexs uZaxoden. SemdegSi qarTvelebma es saxeli gadaitanes
armenebze~...2
maSasadame, gamodis, rom: 1. soni — megrul-Wanuri tomia; mesxi plus soni
gvaZlevs sons anu svans, Tanamedrove svaneTis mkvidrs: igive mesxi plus soni
gvaZlevs `somexs~. ara Cans aq naTlad, mesxebis emigraciuli talRa svaneTis-
ken moZraobisas Seeria sonebs, Tu es Sereva moxda mesxebis winandel adgil-
1
metad sainteresoa, rom erTi wlis Semdeg akad. n. marri Tavis zemoxsenebul Sexedulebis sru-
liad uarmyofel garemoebas TviTve aRniSnavs: `Со II-го века до Р. Хр. римские и греческие писатели
знают сванов там же приблизительно в тех же пределах, где застаем и мы~... ix. misi: К дате эмиграции Мосхов из
Армении в Сванию: Изв. Ак. Наук, 1916, Петроград, gv. 1682.
2
«Восточнее от абхазов они смешались с сонами или, явившись с юга по смешении с ними, осели под назва-
нием сонов или сванов. По отделении двух эмиграционных волн, образовавших Абхазию или осевших в Свании,
месхи или мосохи продолжали еще долго пребывать и на юге. Постепенно границы их южного разселения
с‘узились и сосредоточились по верхнему бассейну Куры, в области называвшейся грузинами Месх-ет-и...... На
этих месхов тоже повлияло мегрело-чанское племя сонов, которые смешались с ними и образовали смешаное
племя сон-месхов, называвшееся также сомехами. Название «Сомех» грузинами впоследствии было перенесено на
армян»... Изв. Акад. Наук. 1917, gv. 439-40.
66
istoriis sakiTxebi
samyofelSi; da Tu es ukanaskneli SesaZleblobaa swori, ratom ewoda mas

erTs SemTxvevaSi svani, meoreSi ki somexi?!
da, albaT, es bundovanoba gamowveulia miT, rom aq istoria istoriuli
faqtebis mixedviT ki ar iwereba, aramed terminebis filologiur analizze da-
yrdnobiT xdeba istoriuls sinamdvileSi hipoTeturi faqtebis introeqcia!
yovels SemTxvevaSi am hipoTezis imanenti loRika gvavalebs gavakeToT sa-
Tanado daskvna: Tu mesxeTSi `somxuri~ ena iyo (da ara svanuri, rogorc fiq-
robda akad. n. marri ori wliT adre), saRvTo werilic am `somxurze~ unda
eTargmnaT. akad. n. marric pirdapir ambobs: `saRvTo werili pirvelad son-me-
sxursa an `somxur~ enaze iTargmnao; maSin es somxuri ena jer kidev iyo Tavis-
Tavadi, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli SesaZlebloba, rom qarTuli sasaubro ena
(речь) ukve axdenda masze garkveul gavlenaso~... (Изв. Ак. Наук. 1917, gv. 446).
es erTi SexedviT TiTqos egueba akad. n. marris mier 1913 wels gamoTqmul
azrs, roca igi werda: `saRvTo werili iTargmna `somxur~ kiloze... romelic an V
saukuneSiac mTlianad svanuri enis kilod unda miviCnioT, an, Tu ki is iyo am xa-
nebSi gaqarTulebuli, masSi yovel SemTxvevaSi mravlad unda viguloT svanuri
enis im kilos naSTebi, romelic odesRac ZiriTadi iyo somxeTSi~ (Хр. Вост. II 23-24).
amgvarad aqac `somxurzea~ laparaki, iseve, rogorc oTxi wlis Semdeg
gamosuls nawarmoebSi. mxolod am `somxurze~ warmodgena gansxvavebulia:
1913 wlis `somxuri~ saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi svanuris kiloa (an svanizmebis ma-
tarebeli-Raa!), 1917 wlis somxuri ki `ligaturaa~: masSi mesxuri da sonuri
Sedis, da rac ufro sayuradReboa, igi ukve enad ixsenieba da ara kilod, ro-
gorc is 1913 wels iyo. araferia naTqvami misi svanurobis Sesaxeb.
amrigad: 1913 wels `somxuris~ ganmarteba xdeba svanuris saSualebiT,
1915 wlis versia mxolod svanurobaze laparakobs (`V-VI s. qr. Semdeg `som-
xeTSi~ svanebi cxovrobden...~); albaT `svanur enaze~ iTargmnao. 1917 wels ki
somxur enaze Targmnaa moTxrobili, svanurobis araferi ismis.
sinamdvilis ase gageba akad. n. m a r r i s mxriv bunebrivia: `somxuri~ xom
sonurisa da mesxuris (ukeT vTqvaT: sonTa da mesxTa) Serevis Sedegia: sonebi
— megrul-Wanuri tomia; misi SereviT miRebul `ligaturaSi~ svanizmi mxo-
lod im SemTxvevaSi aRmoCndeba, Tu meore komponenti — mesxi daxasiaTdeba
aseTi riTime, Tu igi Tan atarebs mas. ase rom somxuris Sedgenilobis axali
gageba a priori gamoricxavs svanurobaze laparkis SesaZleblobas. marTalia,
imave sonTa da mesxTa Serevam mogvca svanebi, magram svanTa genezisis aseTi
gagebiT ukve iTqva is, rom svanuri sxvis gasarkvevad aRar gamodgeba; TviT
misi garkveva sxva cnebis niadagze unda moxdes: es cnebaa mesxi, komponen-
ti rogorc svanis, ise `somexis~.
ase rom: 1917 wlis versia axali fazaa akad. n. marris SexedulebaSi: 1913-sa
da 1915 wels svanuri iyo miCneuli im garkveul odenobad (a), romelsac gasage-
bi unda gaexada gaurkveveli iqsi (x) — `somxuri~, 1917 wels svanuri TviT aris
gasarkvevi iqsi (x), xolo mis amosacnobad akad. n. marrs wamoSvelebuli yavs me-
67
istoriis sakiTxebi
sxuri: amis saSualebiT unda gaiSalos rogorc svanuri: iqsi (x), ise `somxuri~
igreki (y). maSasadame, momavalSi mosalodneli iyo, rom laparaki iqneboda
`somxurobaze~ da miT `mesxurobis~ Sesaxeb1. amitom sruliad gaugebaria, ro-
desac d-r r. bleikis cnobasTan dakavSirebiT akad. n. marri ambobs: ...Tu ki jer
kidev VIII saukuneSi teqsti iyo naxevrad svanur Tqmaze Sedgenili, ra enaze un-
da yofiliyo igi dawerili V-VI saukuneSio?2 (ix. iv. javaxiSvilis zemoxsene-
bul gamokvlevaSi: tf. un. moambe t. II, gv. 361).
amiT akad. n. m a r r i ubrundeba Sexedulebis im fazas, roca `somxuri~
svanuris niadagze iyo axsnili; magram amiT uaryofs meore ufro axlobel sa-
fexurs, sadac TviT svanuri mesxuramde iyo dayvanili. saeWvoa, rom Teoriis
aseTi daudegroba mis mecnierul Rirebulebas rasme hmatebdes...
Tavi rom davaneboT akad. n. marris Sexedulebis am sxvadasxvaobas, termi-
nologiur bundovanobas da Sinagan winaaRmdegobas, mTavari azri SeiZleba
Semdegi saxiT warmovidginoT: saRvTo werilis Targmna ar momxdara pirda-
pir im enaze, romlis organuli ganviTareba IX-X saukunis Zveli qarTulia:
iyo raRac kilo (Tu ena?), SemdegSi gaqarTvelebuli, romlis mwerlobiT iyo
gaSuamavlebuli ucxodan Targmna. akad. n. marris SexedulebaTa odiseaSi es
azri ar icvleba. romeli iyo es kilo? amaze pasuxis gacemiT ki iwyeba azrTa
kaleidoskopuri cvalebadoba: es xan `somxuri~ kiloa svanuri enisa, xan TviT
svanuria, xan kidev somxuri ena, mesxurisa da sonuris SereviT warmomdgari...
sanam prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i s Sexedulebis mimoxilvaze gadavidodeT,
erTis aRniSvna mainc saWirod migvaCnia: xanmetobasTan dakavSirebiT roca sva-
1
Cven gverds uvliT aq sakiTxs, Tu ramdenad garkveuli odenoba TviT es mesxuri. ver
SevCerdebiT aq imazec, Tu ramdeni, iafetidologiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli principuli
Tviseba aSkaravdeba am kerZo sakiTxis bedSi.
2
mesxsa da somexs akad. n. marri ubrundeba sxvaTa Soris erT-erT Tavis gamokvlevaSi:
Астрономические и этнические значения двух племенных названий армян (Записки Восточного
Отделения, t. XXV). aq somxuri enis analizTan dakavSirebiT mesxica da somexic friad gan-
sxvavebuli gagebiT aris warmodgenili... «Термин someq... сваномесх, не что иное, как сибилянтная
разновидность hay-hayk-a хай (о) хайка, будучи гибридным –в составе so-son) эквивалента термина hay (<
hayn) и meq... эквивалента термина hayk» (gv. 242) da kidev: «Есть еще название армян – грузинское:
someq, также этнический термин, до сугубый по составу. Каждое независимое название по природе
принадлежит одному из племен входивших в племенной состав армянского народа» (ibid. gv. 240). ase
rom: winandeli megrul-Wanuri tomi `soni~ aq SeuTanabres hay-s, `mesxi~ — hayk-s, ukanaskne-
lTa Sesaxeb vtyobilobT, rom ìgini didi kulturul-istoriuli mniSvnelobis mqone ers
warmoadgenden, ara naklebs, vinem rasebi anu urartu. ... rom es eri iyo TavisTavadi: warmo-
SobiT iyvnen iafetidebi da qarTvelebs enaTesaveboden imdenad, ramdenad ukanasknelnic
iafetidebs warmoadgenen... mesxebis qarTvelizacia moxda saSualo saukuneebSi (ibid. gv.
239). erTaderTi daskvna, romlis gamotana miudgomel mkiTxvels SeuZlia, aris is, rom
axali gagebiT Teoria mets rols akuTvnebs am mesxs. sxvafriv ki es mesxi rCeba
metafizikur raobad, substanciad, romlis arc erTi atributi Cven ar uwyiT, garda imisa,
rom is iyo didmniSvnelovani iafeturi tomi Tu eri, e. i. pozitiurad rom `vTargmnoT~: es
substancia aris nawilobrivi gamovlena im meore ufro zogadi substanciisa, romlis
atributebi kidev ufro Zneli gasaTvaliswinebelia... da egre ad infinitum.
CvenTvis aq gansakuTrebiT is aris saintereso, rom qarTuli samwerlobo enis gaCenis
Sesaxeb axal gagebasTan dakavSirebiT araferia naTqvami.
68
istoriis sakiTxebi
nizmebzea laparaki, prefiqsebSi msgavsebis garda, gansxvavebac ar unda iqnes

ugulebelyofili: xanmet teqstebSi, iseve rogorc svanurSi, xani aris obieqtu-
ri prefiqsi mesame pirisa; pirveli piris ob¡eqtic orsave SemTxvevaSi maniT aRi-
niSneba, meore pirisa ki xanmetSi, ise, rogorc Zvelsa da axals qarTulSi, gania,
svanurSi ki jini: gadmoRebis TvalsazrisiT es mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa...
prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i Tavis sakuTar gagebas upirdapirebs akad. n.
marris Sexedulebas; misi azri martivi da mkafioa: xani dialeqtizmi ki ar
aris aramed zogadi qarTuli movlena: igi axasiaTebda saerTod qarTuls mi-
si kilokavebiTurT1; xanmet ZeglebSi mocemulia uZvelesi formacia im enis,
romelsac Cven dRemde Zveli qarTulis saxeliT vicnobdiT. arc morfolo-
giurad (prefiqsebis gamoklebiT), arc sintaqsurad dRemdis cnobili Zveli
qarTulisagan es xanmeti Zeglebis ena ar ganirCeva; cxadia, prefiqsebis mxriv
gansxvaveba enis fonetikur cvalebadobas miewereba; evoliuciis procesSi
xan prefiqsi haed iqca, haed diferenciacia ki IX-X saukunis ZeglebSi gvaqvs
mocemuli: jer xani, mere hae, mere amis diferenciacia; ganviTareba garda-
texis gareSe: — ai prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i s Sexedulebis deda-azri. (ix. mi-
si werili univer. moambe, t. II, gv. 360-367)...
udidesi argumenti prof. iv. javaxiSvilis azris sasargeblod is aris, rom
prefiqsebs garda, sxva mxriv xanmet teqstebs marTlac araviTari TvalsaCino
gansxvaveba ar axasiaTebs IX-X saukunis ZeglebTan SedarebiT, — udidesi argu-
menti mis winaaRmdeg ki is aris, rom srulebiT gaugebaria: rogor moxda, rom
fonetikurma cvalebadobam Tavi iCina mxolod garkveuls gramatikuls katego-
riaSi — prefiqsebSi, da ar Seexo sxva elementebs?! fonetikuri cvalebadobis
ZiriTadi Tviseba swored is aris, rom misTvis ar arsebobs fuZe, Ziri, formanti,
esa Tu is gramatikuli kategoria, aramed mxolod bgera: Tu cvlilebis procesi
daiwyo, igi ukan ar daixevs ama Tu im kategoriis win da yvelgan iCens Tavs2.
da kidev: rogor moxda rom xani prefiqsebSi yvelgan gadagvarda haed, xo-
lo ors SemTxvevaSi: `xar~ da `xual~ zmnaSi `gaqvavda~ da dRemdis moawia?!
amas garda: cnebisaTvis `saerTo qarTuli~, safiqrebelia, rom masSi pr.
iv. j a v a x i S v i l i gulisxmobs `praqarTuls~, e. i. im zogad enobriv sxeuls,
romlis diferenciaciaa gadaSlili Cvens win qarTuli cocxali kiloebis, me-
grulisa da svanuris saxiT.
svanurSi gvaqvs xan prefiqsi, xevsurulSiac iCens igi Tavs sagangebo pi-
robebSi. gvaqvs Tu ara ufleba aqidan davaskvnaT, rom xan prefiqsi `praqar-
1
sxvaTa Soris, prof. iv. javaxiSvili svanurs kilokavad ixseniebs (ix. misi werili, t v .
u n i v . m o a m b e , t. II, gv. 360). magram ara Tu kilokavad, aramed kiloTac misi aRiareba
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda dasaSvebi, Tu mis korelatad aviRebdiT `zogad qarTuls~
masSi megrul-Wanuris CaricxviT, xolo misi moTavseba Tanamedrove cocxal kiloebTan
(magal. xevsurulTan, ingilourTan, fereidnulTan...) erT sibrtyeze enaTmecnierebis
TvalsazrisiT srulebiT dauSvebeli ram aris.
2
es garemoeba aRniSna kidec pr. a. SaniZem Tavis werilSi `haemeti teqstebi da misi
mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis~ t f . u n i v e r . m o a m b e , t. III, gv. 354. — gare-
kaxursa da qiziyurSi magal., Cven gvaqvs amJamad sanis dasusteba mTels enobriv frontze.
69
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tuli~ movlenaa? prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i dadebiTad upasuxebs am sakiTx-

ze: faqti xanmeti teqstebis arsebobisa swyvets misTvis am sakiTxs (ix. xseneb.
werili, gv. 363, 364).
magram SeiZleba xanmetobis xanze damyareba? igi xom problemaa da ara faq-
ti, ramdenadac misi genezisis sakiTxi ismeba! samsjavros winaSe dgas igi; da
ganaCenis gamotanisas braldebuli TviT xom ver miscems xmas? mas SeuZlia mxo-
lod Cveneba misces, da es Cveneba rodia savsebiT garkveuli: Tu miviCnevT xan
prefiqss zogad qarTul movlenad, davuSvebT, rom am zogad samemkvidreo qone-
bas warmoadgens igi uZveless samwerlobo qarTulSi, — xanmetSi, Cven win aRimar-
Teba is ori sakiTxi, romelzedac zemod aris laparaki; maT auxsnelad xanmeto-
bidan haemetobaSi gadasavali gza daxSulia. xanmetis Cvenebis is interpretacia,
romelsac prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i iZleva, amrigad CixiT Tavdeba.
xanmetobis Cvenebis gareSe ki sakiTxis gadawyvetisas mxolod cocxal
enobriv movlenebsRa unda davemyaroT: gvrCeba qarTuli cocxali kiloebi,
megruli, svanuri. da Tu svanuris xani da xevsurulis sekundari, gansakuT-
rebuls pirobebSi fonetikuri gziT miRebuli xani hbadeben fsiqologiur
dispozicias, xan-prefiqsi praqarTulad (`zogad qarTul movlenad~) davsa-
xoT, araviTars SemTxvevaSi ar unda iyos ugulebelsyofili is faqti, rom xa-
ni ar aris sxva arc erTs aRmosavlursa Tu dasavlurs qarTuls cocxals ki-
loebSi da miT umetes megrulSi.
amrigad xanis `zogad qarTul movlenad~ gamocxadeba damtkicebulad
ver CaiTvleba
sxvanairad uyurebs saqmes prof. a. S a n i Z e . misi azriT `gansxvaveba xan-
metsa da haemet Zeglebs Soris imdenad qronologiuri ar aris, ramdenad dia-
leqturi. isini imdenad sxvadasxva epoqas ar ekuTvnian, ramdenad sxvadasxva
kilos, xanmeti teqsti erT kilozea dawerili da haemeti meoreze. is garemo-
eba, rom Cvenamdi moRweuli xanmeti teqstebi qronologiurad win uswrebs
haemet teqstebs da uciloblad Zvelia maTze, ra Tqma unda, TavisTavad jer
kidev ar swyvets sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, TiTqos qarTuli literatura parale-
lurad ar arsebobda haemet kilozedac; an kidev rom xanmeti literatura sa-
zogadod ueWvelad xnieri iyos haemetze~1.
haemet ZeglebSi Cven gvaqvs xar da ara `har~: xanmeti forma da ara haeme-
ti; es mowmobs, Cvenis azriT, rom literaturulad ara marto aRmoCenili
Zegl[eb]is mixedviT, aramed saerTod, xanmeti uswrebs haemets, igi ufro xnie-
ria haemetze, vinaidan Zneli dasaSvebia, rom haemet kilos xanmetisagan mwer-
lobis gareSe esesxa es forma.
amas garda prof. a. S a n i Z i s Sexedulebas, saerTod mravalmxriv mkvidr
niadagze mdgoms, mZime tvirTad awevs movaleoba axsnas: erTi kilos (xanme-
tis) niadagze aRmocenebuli mwerloba, roca meore kilos (haemetis) wiaRSi
Sobilma Sescvala, raT ar iCina Tavi gansxvavebam prefiqsebs garda sxva ele-
1
ix. prof. a. SaniZis zemoxsenebuli werili: t f . u n i v . m o a m b e , t. III, gv. 361.
70
istoriis sakiTxebi
mentebSi: magaliTad, sufiqsebSi (rogorc zmnis, ise saxelis), sintaqsSi, da

sxv. nuTu SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom mxolod am prefisebis mxriv arsebobda maT
Soris gansxvaveba?!
akad. n. m a r r i s , prof. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i s a da prof. ak. S a n i Z i s Se-
xedulebaT zogadad rom gadavavloT Tvali, erTi garemoeba miiqcevs yura-
dRebas: rogorc akad. n. m a r r i , ise pr. a. S a n i Z e miuxedavad mravalmxrivi
gansxvavebisa qarTuli samwerlobo enis warmoSobis sakiTxSi `dialeqtur~
Teorias icaven (Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas): akad. n. marri deduqtiurad, zogadi mo-
sazrebebiT, leqsikuri masalis analiziT midis am azramdi da, miuxedavad imisa,
rom mravals erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego konkretul Sinaarss sdebs sakiTxis
gadawyvetisas, zogad formulas mainc ucvlelad stovebs; misi dasayrdeni TiT-
qmis mxolod leqsika iyo xanmet Zeglebis aRmoCenamdi1.
prof. a. S a n i Z e ki sadisertacio gamokvlevis (`prefiqsebi qarTuls
zmnebSi~) gamoqveynebidan (da ufro adrec) moyolebuli naSTebis analiziT
miemarTeba im Sexedulebisaken, romelic man Camoayaliba haemeti Zeglis
gamocemis ganmartebaSi; esec dialeqturi Teoriaa, miRebuli induqtiuri
gziT, morfologiur analizze dayrdnobiT.
gansakuTrebiT saintereso ki is aris, rom Tumc sxvadasxva dros, magram
usaTuod erTmaneTisagan damoukidebliv `dialeqturi Teoriis am warmomad-
genlebs leonti mrovelis cnoba agondebaT, — rom ùwin qarTlosianTa ena
iyo somxuri da Semdeg Seiqmna qarTulio~, da, Tumca gakvriT, magram mainc
orive mkvlevari am cnobis gaazrianebas cdilobs.
pr. a. S a n i Z e wers: `...SeiZleba aixsnas is ucnauri anaqronistuli adgi-
li leonti mrovelis istoriuls narkvevSi, sadac vkiTxulobT: àqamdis qar-
TlosianTa ena somxuri iyo, romelsa zraxvides, xolo odes Semokrbes ese
uricxuni naTesavni qarTls Sina, maSin qarTuelTac dauteves ena somxuri da
amiT yovelTa naTesavTagani Seiqmna ena qarTuli~ (mariam dedofliseuli
qarTlis cxovreba gv. 12-13). egebis am sityvebiT yrud iyos gadmocemuli is-
toriuli faqti, rom pirvelad qarTuli samwerlobo ena gaCnda somxiTis
(xanmet) kiloze, xolo Semdeg es kilo mitovebul iqmna da mis nacvlad qar-
Tlis (haemet) kiloze ganagrZo literaturuli ganviTareba~ (ix. zemoxsen.
werili, univers. moambe, t. III, gv. 361).
akad. n. mari ki wers: `mexuTe saukunis somexTa metyveleba rom migveCnia mTli-
anad svanuris kilod, ...maSin Zalauneburad mogvagondeboda qarTul matianeTa
cnobili Cveneba, romelsac uaryofen rogorc Seusabamo mtkicebas. swored qar-
1
`xanmet Zeglebis aRmoCenamdio~ imitom vambobT, rom `mesxuris~ gageba iafeturi
Teoriis `ganviTarebasTan~ (ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva evoluciasTan) dakavSirebiT
iZleva axal SesaZleblobas Zveli formulebis axali SinaarsiT asavsebad. ix. SeniSvna 2, gv.
77 da, Tumca d-r r. bleikis werilTan dakavSirebiT akad. n. marris mier gamoTqmul azrs
àrqauli~ motivebi etyoba, mainc SiSi gvebadeba — vai Tu axali Teoriuli eqstazis
kulminaciam Seusabamod CaTvalos es Zveli gageba: warsulis uaryofa iafetidologiaSi
ganviTarebad iwodeba.
71
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tul matianeTa erT-erT versiaSi amtkiceben, rom qarTvelebi laparakobden som-

xurad (по сомехски), Semdeg ki ametyvelden qarTulad. mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis
aRniSnul msvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT es niSnavdes iqneba (это значило бы), rom
Tavdapirvelad qarTvelebis saeklesio-samwerlobo enad qarTvelTaTvis iyo
somxuri, e. i. `somexiis~ (sic) svanuri ena; garkveuli momentidan dawyebuli maT ek-
lesiis saliteraturo enad aqcies Tvisi mSobliuri qarTuli ena.1
`dialeqtur~ Teorias upirispirdeba prof. i v . j a v a x i S v i l i s ùni-
tari~, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, — Teoria.
amJamad Znelia gadaWriT Tqma, romeli maTgani ukeT xsnis arsebul sinam-
dviles; xanmeti da haemeti Zeglebi samwuxarod mxolod gansazRvruli ode-
nobisRa aris jerjerobiT aRmoCenili. mainc SeiZleboda erTi risame aRniS-
vna: xanmetobis genezisis axsnas dialeqturi Teoriis niadagze ufro naklebi
dabrkolebebi eRobeba; xanmeti samwerlobo qarTulis Semdegi evolucia ki
unitari Teoriis sasargeblod laparakobs; sxvanairad rom vTqvaT: dialeq-
turi Teoria (umTavresad, prof. a. SaniZis azri gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi) Zlie-
ria, ramdenadac igi xans dialeqturi warmoSobisad miiCnevs, xanis `gaCenas“
dialeqts miakuTvnebs, magram susti, ramdenad mis `dakargvas“ agreTve dia-
leqtur niadagze xsnis: haemetze gadasvla igi iZulebuli xdeba gardatexiT
axsnas, romelic samwerlobo enam ganicada. es gardatexa ki enas ar etyoba.
gardatexis uaryofidan gamodis ùnitari~ Teoria; dRemde arsebuli faqte-
bi usaTuod laparakoben prof. iv. javaxiSvilis azris sasargeblod; magram
rodesac am faqtidan mkvlevari daskvnas akeTebs, arc odesme gvqonia dialeq-
tizmTan saqmeo, Zneli dasaZlevi xdeba dabrkolebaTa rigi.
dialeqturi wiaRidan samwerlo enaSi damkvidrebuli xani (albaT maSin,
roca es dialeqti gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobda samwerlobo enis Seqmna-
Si) — samwerlobo enidan CamoSorebul iqna ise, rom TviT es ena ar Secvlila;
aseTia is STabeWdileba, romelic ibadeba zogierT garemoebaTa gaTvaliswi-
nebiT. amiT navaraudevia Semdegi xanebisaTvis ucxo morfologiuri elemen-
tis Camocileba, e. i. reformis gatareba am prefiqsis mimarT, radganac igi me-
tad eucxoveboda Semdegs xanebSi gabatonebul kiloTa Tvisebas. magram ase-
Ti Semarigebeli gageba iZulebulia mTel rigs kiTxvebze gasces pasuxi: mar-
Tla reforma, e. i. Segnebuli Careva moxda Tu ara? an SeiZleba es ar momxda-
ra? xans hqonda Tu ara xanmetSi Tavisi sruli fonetikuri Rirebuleba an Se-
1
ix. misi: `Из поездок в Сванию~ Христианский Восток, t. II, nak. I. gv. 24. aqve unda aRvniSnoT,
rom akad. n. mari erT SedarebiT ufro axal Tvis naSromSi qarTuli mematianis zemoxse-
nebul azrs sxvanairad afasebs: mematianem ar icoda is rTuli procesi tomTa metisaciisa
da gadasxvaferebisa, romelmac somex-saxelwodebis warmoSoba gansazRvra da am niadagze
warmoiSva is Tqmuleba, rom pirvelad qarTvelebi `somxurad~ laparakobden da Semdeg
iwyes qarTulad laparakio (ix. misi: Астрономическия и этническия значения двух племенных
названий армян, Записки Восточного Отделения. т. XXV, gv. 243).
mesx-saxelwodebis axalma gagebam akad. n. marrs axali Tvalsazrisi gamoumuSava `so-
mexze~: aman ki gamoiwvia mematianis cnobis dafaseba, rogorc gaugebrobaze aRmocene-
bulis.
72
istoriis sakiTxebi
iZleba igi gansxvavebuli saxisa iyo? da yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, ra-
tom SegvrCa Cven `xar~ da `xual~ (`xval~) zmnebSi xani dRevandlamde ara mar-
to samwerlobo qarTulSi, aramed yvela qarTul cocxal kiloebSi, raic
gansakuTrebiT aZnelebs mis axsnas, ranairi TvalsazrisiTac ar unda miud-
geT sakiTxs...
ara erTi kerZo sakiTxi, romelic aRmoCenili xanmeti da haemeti teqstis
ganxilvisas ibadeba, aRuniSvnelad rCeba aq. igini sagangebo ganxilvas moi-
Txoven.
magram is oriode sakiTxic, romelic im TaviTve daisva, ar SeiZleba gada-
Wrilad CaiTvalos; arc erTs dRemde wamoyenebul Teorias ar ZaluZs igi da-
makmayofileblad axsnas. masze swori pasuxis gacema momavlis saqmea.
magram rogoradac ar unda gadawydes es da sxva amasTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi, is mainc faqtia, rom xanmetisa da haemeti Zeglebis aRmoCena qar-
TvelT-metyvelebisaTvis epoqis Semqmnelia.
1924 w. 16 oqtombers.
tfiliss.
[Jurnali `Cveni mecniereba~,
3-4, 1925, gv. 65-84. gv. 79-95]
73
istoriis sakiTxebi
giorgi rogava
xanmetobisa da haemetobis sakiTxisaTvis
qarTuli enis istoriis SeswavlisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, udidesi mniS-

vneloba eniWeba uZvelesi xelnawerebis, e. w. xanmeturi da haemeturi Zeglebis
aRmoCenas. es Zeglebi gamosces da saTanado gamokvleva miuZRvnes maTs enas iv.
javaxiSvilma da a. SaniZem1. am Zeglebis enas exebodnen sxva avtorebic.
amJamad cnobili xanmeti Zeglebi V, VI, VII saukuneebis Zeglebad aris mi-
Cneuli, haemet Zegls ki momdevno saukuneebisad Tvlian.
rogorc dadgenilia, am Zeglebis enaSi x- || h-prefiqsebi rogorc xmovniT, ise
TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan gamoxatavs, erTi mxriT, meore subieqtur pirs
(Sen xuwyi igi, Sen aRxiRe igi, Sen xtir || Sen huwyi igi, Sen htiri, Sen aRhiRe igi),
meore mxriT, — mesame iribi obieqtis pirs (man xrqua mas igi, igini mixeaxlnes mas ||
man hrqua mas igi, igini miheaxlnes mas). amave dros x- || h-prefiqsi, rogorc iribi
obieqtis aRmniSvneli, gamoyenebulia Zvel qarTulSi zedsarTavis SedarebiT-aR-
matebiT formebTan: xudidÀs || hudidÀs, xufro¡s || hufro¡s.
cnobilia agreTve, rom momdevno saukunis Zeglebis enaSi xmovniT dawye-
buli fuZeebis win dasaxelebuli prefiqsebi ar Cans arc erTi funqciiT, xo-
lo TanxmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebis win winaenismier xSulTan h-s nacvlad ix-
mareba s-: man misca mas igi, man sTxova mas igi, Sen stir da sxv., xolo danarCen
TanxmovnebTan rCeba h-prefiqsi: man hrqua mas igi, man hkiTxa mas igi, man Se-
hmosa mas igi, Sen mohkued da sxv. s-prefiqsi fuZiseul TanxmovnebTan asimi-
laciiT gadasula z-, S-, J- bgerebSi2.
x- da h- piris afiqsebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb specialur litera-
turaSi gamoiTqva rigi mosazreba. iv. j a v a x i S v i l i s azriT, x-prefiqsi
qarTulis saerTo kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo, romelic SemdegSi h-d Cans Se-
cvlili. x- bgeris h-d Secvla mas miCneuli aqvs qarTuli enis fonetikis bu-
nebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegad3.
sawinaaRmdego mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli am sakiTxis Sesaxeb a. S a n i -
Z e s . misi azriT, dasaxelebuli afiqsebis ZiriTad saxed unda miviCnioT h,
romelic rig dialeqtebSi aqamdisac Semonaxula, xolo x-, ise rogorc R-, s-,
z-, S-, J-, am ZiriTadi saxis fonetikur Senacvlebas unda warmoadgendes. a. Sa-
1
ix. amis Sesaxeb iv. javaxiSvili, axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi da
maTi mniSvneloba mecnierebisaTvis, tfilisis universitetis moambe, t. II, 1922-23. a. SaniZe,
haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, tfilisis universite-
tis moambe, III, 1923 da sxv.
2
ix. amis Sesaxeb a. SaniZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi; misive: piris niSani brunvian sityvasTan
qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, I, 1936.
3
iv. javaxiSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromebi, gv. 365.
74
istoriis sakiTxebi
niZe, sruliad samarTlianad, ar Tvlis SesaZleblad, rom x prefiqsi SeiZle-

boda fonetikur niadagze gadasuliyo h-Si, ramdenadac qarTul enas saer-
Tod ar axasiaTebs x-s dasusteba da h-Ti Secvla. `rogor unda avxsnaT, — wers
a. SaniZe, — rom xanis haed Secvla mxolod prefiqsebSi moxda, xolo sxvagan ki
ara? ratom gvaqvs Cven dRes x a r e b a , x a t i , a x a l i , x e d v a , s a x e l i
x i l v a , x o l o , x u T i , da sxva mravali, da ara ( h ) o l o , ( h ) a t i ,
a ( h ) a l i , ( h ) d v a , s a ( h ) e l i , ( h ) o l o , ( h ) u T i da misT~.1
xanmetsa da haemet teqstebs Soris damokidebuleba a. SaniZes Semdegnai-
rad aqvs warmodgenili: gansxvaveba maT Soris imdenad qronologiuri ki ar
aris, ramdenadac dialeqturi, e. i. isini imdenad sxvadasxva epoqebs ki ar
ekuTvnian, ramdenadac sxvadasxva kilos, xanmeti teqstebi erT kilozea dawe-
rili da haemeti ki — meoreze2.
xanmeti da haemeti kiloebis ganlagebisa da maTi sazRvrebis Sesaxeb a. Sa-
niZe varaudobs, rom xanmeti kilo unda yofiliyo samxreT-aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT `mcxeTa-bolnisis raionebSi da mimdgom mxareeb-
Si~, ramdenadac xanmeti warwerebi dadasturebuli iyo mcxeTasa da bolnisSi,
haemeti kilo ki unda yofiliyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi3.
garkveuli mosazreba aqvs a. SaniZes gamoTqmuli imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram
gamoiwvia qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi xanmetobis gaqroba merve-
mecxre saukuneebidan da haemetobis damkvidreba. amis erT-erT mizezad SeiZ-
leba yofiliyo, misi azriT, aRniSnul xanaSi arabebis Semoseva aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da masTan dakavSirebuli gadanacvleba qarTuli kulturis
centrisa dasavleT saqarTveloSi4.
a. SaniZes dadgenili aqvs, rom x-prefiqsi da misi fonetikuri saxeoba R-
imave meore subieqturisa da mesame obieqturi piris gamosaxatavad ixmareba
qarTuli enis mTis kiloebSi — xevsurulSi, TuSursa da moxevurSi. es afiqsi
arsebiTad TanxmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebis win gvxvdeba5.
a. SaniZis azriT, mTis kiloebSi x- am SemTxvevaSi h-sagan aris miRebuli
SedarebiT ufro gvian. x da misi fonetikuri varianti iseve meoreulia, ro-
gorc s- da misi bgeriTi nacvali z-, S-, J-prefiqsebi6.
dasaxelebuli x- || h- afiqsebis genezisisa da maTi uZvelesi fonetikuri
saxis sakiTxs exeba a r n . C i q o b a v a . misi azriT, am afiqsebis amosavali SeiZ-
leba yofiliyo s-prefiqsi. es afiqsi istoriulad piris aRmniSvneli ar unda
yofiliyo. igi Tavidanve zmnaSi gamoxatavda gramatikul klass, ukeT, nivTis
1
a. SaniZe, haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis tfilisis
universitetis moambe, t. III, gv. 360.
2
iqve, gv. 361.
3
a. SaniZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 361.
4
iqve, gv. 362.
5
a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qar-
Tul zmnebSi, tfilisi, 1920, gv. 157-171.
6
a. SaniZe, haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, tfilisis
universitetis moambe, t. III, gv. 360.
75
istoriis sakiTxebi
klass. piris niSnad es prefiqsi Semdeg Camoyalibebula. qarTuli zmnis piro-

vani uRvlilebis Camoyalibebis dros am prefiqss ori funqcia dahkisrebia:
meore subieqturisa da mesame obieqturi pirebis gamoxatva. amosavali s bge-
risagan SeiZleboda migveRo, erTi mxriT, h, ise rogorc es dasturdeba aWa-
rul kiloSi (had = sad), xolo meore mxriT x bgerac: s → h || x1.
aseTi axsnis Sedegad srulebiT garkveuli xdeba is metad ucnauri mo-
vlena, rom Zvel qarTulSi erTi da imave (x- || h-) formantiT iyo warmodgeni-
li zmnaSi meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi pirebi.
x-prefiqsi ZiriTadad imave funqciiT, rac mas Zvel qarTulSi hqonda,
rogorc cnobilia, Semonaxuli aqvs svanur enas xmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebis
win: xam‰re `Sen amzadeb mas~, xam‰r…ne ìgi mas amzadebinebs mas~ da sxva... Tan-
xmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebis win x-prefiqsi, rogorc wesi, ara Cans. a. SaniZes,
sruliad samarTlianad, x-s amosaval saxeobad svanurisTvisac miaCnia h-. es
prefiqsi amJamad ar ixmareba svanur zmnebSi. dasaxelebul avtors dadastu-
rebuli aqvs aq misi odesRac arsebobis kvali: ad- preverbian zmnis formebSi,
sadac iribi obieqti ivaraudeba, preverbiseuli d yruvdeba piris h prefiqs-
Tan Serwymis Sedegad: aT-meC ← *ad-h-meC `Sen daabere is~, Sdr. ad-meCe `man
daabera is~; aT-biSe ← ad-h- biSe `miawode~.2
amgvarad, rogorc garkveulia, qarTvelur enebSi meore subieqturisa da
mesame obieqturi pirebis h- || x-prefiqsebis xmarebis mixedviT amJamad Sem-
degi suraTi Cans: x-prefiqsi saliteraturo qarTulSi gadavardnilia merve
saukunidan dawyebuli (gamonaklisia sami zmna). mTis kiloebSi gvxvdeba x-pre-
fiqsi, h-sagan miRebuli (a. SaniZe), isic arsebiTad TanxmovniT dawyebuli fuZe-
ebis win; h-prefiqsi Semonaxulia qarTulis aRmosavlur kiloebSi. dasavlur
kiloebSi h-s arsebobis kvali-Ra Cans3. zanuri enis dialeqtebSi ar dasturde-
ba arc h-sa da arc x-s odesRac arsebobis kvalic. varaudoben, rom zanurisa-
Tvis odesRac h-prefiqsi unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli (a. SaniZe).
svanurSi Semonaxulia x-prefiqsi mxolod xmovniT dawyebuli fuZeebis
win. h-prefiqsis arsebobis kvali ki Cans.
am werilSi Cven gvinda SevexoT x-sa da h-s istoriuli urTierTobis sa-
kiTxs. ar unda iyos sadavo a. SaniZis mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac x- bgeras,
meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi pirebis afiqss, ar SeeZlo gadasvla h-
Si, piriqiT, SesaZlebeli iyo h-prefiqss moeca x-. marTlac, aseTi procesi Ca-
tarebula qarTulis mTis kiloebSi: xevsurulSi, moxeveursa da TuSurSi. da-
saxelebul kiloebSi h- piris niSani rigi TanxmovniT dawyebuli bgeris win
1
arn. Ciqobava, gramatikuli kategoria da zmnis uRvlilebis zogi sakiTxi Zvel-
qarTulSi, iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, t. V, 1953, gv. 59.
2
a. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi, arili, 1925, gv. 182; v. Tofuria, svanuri ena, I, zmna, 1931, gv.
16.
3
q. lomTaTiZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsisa gurulsa da aWarulSi,
tfilisis sax. universitetis Sromebi, 1937, XI, gv. 123-138.
76
istoriis sakiTxebi
Secvlila x-Ti. magram mTis kiloebis Tanamedrove viTareba geneturad ar

ukavSirdeba Zvel qarTulSi navaraudev xanmet kilos. mTis kiloebi ar iT-
vleba xanmeti kilos STamomavlad (a. SaniZe). amave dros saeWvod gveCveneba
qarTulis dialeqtebs Soris e. w. xanmeti dialeqtis arsebobaze laparaki
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mcxeTisa da bolnisis raionebSi, maSinac ki, roca
am adgilebSi daweril ZeglebSi, e. w. xanmet ZeglebSi, gvxvdeba x-prefiqsi.
Cveni azriT, Z v e l q a r T u l S i z m n i s m e o r e s u b i e q t u r i s a d a
mesame obieqturi prefiqsebis ori saxeoba h- da x- ar
unda yofiliyo fonemurad gansxvavebuli ori bgera h
da x. meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi pirebis aR-
mniSvnelad dasaxelebul epoqaSi (da ufro adrec) qar-
Tul zmnebs unda hqonoda erTi da igive laringaluri
(Tu: laringalur-faringaluri) spiranti h, romelic,
zogan ufro Rrmad gamoTqmuli, iZleoda ukanaenismieri
x spirantis STabeWdilebas. zog ZeglSi am afiqsis xani-
Ta da zogSi haeTi aRniSvna arsebiTad grafikuli xasia-
T i s s x v a o b a u n d a y o f i l i y o , e. i. erTma literaturulma skolam am
laringalur-faringaluri bgeris gadmosacemad hae aso ixmara, xolo meorem
xani airCia. es arCevani, SesaZlebelia, TviT h bgeris dialeqturi sxvaobiT
iyo Sepirobebuli: zog dialeqtSi es h SeiZleba ufro Rrmad da intensiurad
gamoiTqmoda, zogSi ki — nakleb intensiurad.
davuSvaT axla amis sawinaaRmdego debuleba, ukve gavrcelebuli Sexedule-
ba, romlis mixedviTac qarTuli enis zog dialeqtSi meore subieqtisa da mesame
obieqtis pirebis prefiqsad gamoyenebuli iyo x- spiranti, am afiqsis pirvande-
li, amosavali saxeoba (iv. javaxiSvili), anda igive x- spiranti meoreuli, h-sagan
miRebuli (a. SaniZe); `Sen aRxiRe igi, Sen xixile igi, igi mixeaxla mas, igi xunda
mas~ da sxvebSi x iseTive fonema iyo, rogoric sityvebSi xatavs, saxe, axali da
sxva. aseT SemTxvevaSi riT unda avxsnaT am dialeqtebSi dasaxelebuli x-prefiq-
sis dakargva Tavisi orive funqciiT? a. SaniZes srulebiT damajerebeli sabuTi
mohyavs imis uarsayofad, rom Zvels qarTulSi x-prefiqsisagan ar SeiZleboda
migveRo h prefiqsi, ramdenadac x bgera sxva SemTxvevaSi (saxe, ixila da sxv.) h-Si
ar gadasula. magram auxsneli rCeba meore mxare: Tuki h prefiqsi garkveul dia-
leqtebSi (xanmet dialeqtebSi) marTla x-Ti Seicvala, rogorc amas a. SaniZe va-
raudobs, ratom unda dakarguliyo aseTi x-prefiqsebSi, maSin rodesac igi (x)
arc erT sxva SemTxvevaSi ar dakargula. x bgera qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva qar-
Tvelur enebSi, metad myari bgera Cans. Znelia daSveba SesaZleblobisa, TiTqos
navaraudevi xanmeti dialeqti ase ukvalod gamqraliyo, ramdenadac am dialeq-
tis gamoyenebis are (mcxeTa, bolnisi, samxreT saqarTvelo da sxva) arc ise mci-
re da umniSvnelo iyo qarTuli enis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT.
vimeorebT, qarTuli enis dialeqtTa Soris saeWvo Cans xanmeti kilos is-
toriuli arseboba. aseTi kilo rom marTlac yofiliyo V, VI, VII da wina sau-
kuneebSi, igi Semdgom saukuneebSic ganagrZobda arsebobas da, SesaZlebelia,
77
istoriis sakiTxebi
aqamdisac moeRwia, ramdenadac x bgera qarTulSi myari bgeraa, dasaxelebuli

afiqsebis dakargva ki, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, mxolod fonetikur
niadagze moxda.
fonetikurad aramyari bgera, metnaklebad aramyari yvela qarTuli dia-
leqtisaTvis, iyo h bgera.
amave warmoSobis h prefiqsi xmovniT dawyebuli zmnis fuZis win (da ag-
reTve zedsarTavis SedarebiT-aRmatebiTi formis win), x-Si Cans gadasuli
svanur enaSi (a. SaniZe). ramdenadac x bgera saerTod myaria qarTvelur eneb-
Si, igi aqamdis Semoinaxa svanurma. aseve, rigi, TanxmovniT dawyebuli zmnis
fuZis win mTis kiloebSi h prefiqsi gadasula x-Si da igi aqamdis Semoinaxes
kidec am kiloebma. amgvarad, im qarTvelur enebsa da maTs dialeqtebSi, sadac
xsenebuli h prefiqsi marTlac x-Ti Seicvala, es ukanaskneli yvelgan Semona-
xuli Cans.
sxva monacemebic SeiZleba davasaxeloT am mosazrebis sasargeblod: rom,
marTlac, Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc varaudoben, xanmeti kilo yofiliyo
gamoyofili, maSin mosalodneli iyo mJReri TanxmovnebiT dawyebuli zmnis
fuZis win x-prefiqsi gamJRerebuliyo (e. i. gadasuliyo R-Si), rogorc amas
adgili aqvs mTis kiloebSi, magaliTad, xevsurulSi — Rdgomiv, daRmalavs;
TuSurSi — Rlesavs, moxeurSi — Rnaxe (Sen is) da sxva1. xanmet xelnawerSi
gvxvdeba daxdev (xanmeti leqcionari i. 20,27) da ara daRdev, xrqua (xan. leqc.
mr. 16,25) da ara Rrqua, xrwmena (xan. leqc. i. 20,8) da ara Rrwmena, STaxbera (xan.
leqc. i. 20,22) da ara STaRbera da sxv.
meore mxriT, metad sayuradReboa is faqti, rom xanmeti xelnawerebi, rom-
lebic amJamad aris dadasturebuli, Cveulebriv wminda xanmeti ar Cans, ramde-
nadac maTSi sporadulad mainc gvxvdeba xanebis nacvlad haeebi.: xanmeti leq-
cionaris enis Sesaxeb a. SaniZe wers: `xanmeti leqcionari xanmeti xelnaweriao,
vambobT Cvens Zeglze, magram aris ki savsebiT Sesaferisi misTvis es saxelwo-
deba? ara da TiTqos hoc. ara, imitom rom ZeglSi gvxvdeba iseTi formebi, sa-
dac `meti~ xanebis nacvlad `meti~ haebi gvaqvs~... sazogadod unda SevniSnoT,
rom xanTan erTad haes xmareba SeiZleba marto am Zegls ar axasiaTebdes. xanme-
ti palimfsestebis saboloo amokiTxva albaT sxvaganac daadasturebs haes ar-
sebobas. magram axlac SemiZlia gadaWriT vTqva, rom am mxriv leqcionaris ena
yovel SemTxvevaSi ganmartoebiT ar dgas, mas mxars uWers xanmeti ieremias na-
wyvetebis teqsti, sadac 20 formaTagan 17 xanmetia, 3 ki — haemeti~2.
Cveni azriT, xanis gverdiT xanmet xelnawerebSi haes xmareba maCvenebeli
unda iyos imisa, rom literaturuli skola, romelic laringalur-faringa-
lur h bgeras Cveulebriv xaniT gamoxatavda, xSirad bolomde ver icavda am
princips. zogjer amave h bgeras aRniSnavda hae asoTi. cocxal metyvelebaSi
1
qarTul zmnebSi, 1920, gv. 157-167.
2
a. SaniZe, xanmeti leqcionari, gv. 023.
78
istoriis sakiTxebi
rom marTlac iseTi bgera yofiliyo piris aRmniSvneli, rogoricaa x-, ar iq-
neboda mosalodneli, am dialeqtis warmomadgenels es bgera nawerSi gamoe-
xata haeTi.
vfiqrobT, am mosazrebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba ukve cnobili iseTi SemTxve-
vebi, sadac amJamadac qarTulSi Semonaxuli Cans sam zmnaSi meore subieqturi
piris x-prefiqsi: xar, waxval, waxved. es formebi Semonaxulia ara mxolod im
dialeqtebSi, sadac istoriulad navaraudevia xanmetoba, e. i. aRmosavlur
kiloebSi, aramed im dialeqtebSic, sadac xanmetoba araa navaraudevi, e. i. da-
savlur kiloebSi. TviT Zveli qarTulis haemet ZeglSic dasaxelebul zmneb-
Tan ixmareba ara h-prefiqsi, aramed x-prefiqsi: Sen xara momavali igi (haemeti
teqstebis nimuSebi, 30r,13)1.
ar iqneboda marTebuli gvevaraudna, rom x-prefiqsis xmareba am sam
zmnasTan yvela qarTul kiloSi savaraudo xanmeti kilodan iyo SeTvisebuli,
anda es formebi saliteraturo enis gavleniT iyo gavrcelebuli.
rogorc a. SaniZe varaudobs, saerTo qarTulisaTvis Tavis droze damaxa-
siaTebeli iyo h-prefiqsi, e. i. haemetoba iyo saerTo movlena qarTuli kilo-
ebisaTvis. am saerTo haemetobis pirobebSi qarTul kiloebSi dasaxelebuli
sami zmnis win h gadasula ufro myar bgeraSi, x spirantSi: *har → xar. *war-h-
val → war-x-ual, *war-h-ved → war-x-ued. am zmnebTan h-s gadasvlas x-Si Se-
iZleba morfologiurma momentmac Seuwyo xeli, ramdenadac samive dasaxele-
buli zmna defeqturia. v a l da v e d zmnebTan isicaa SesaZlebeli, rom
TxrobiT kiloSi pirveli piris formisagan gasarCevad m e w a r v a l , m e
w a r v e d meore piris formaSi warmodgenili yofiliyo xazgasmiT meore pi-
ris prefiqsi h — Sen *warhval, Sen *warhved. romelic Tavis droze yvela ki-
loSi gadasula x-Si — Sen warxual, Sen warxued (araa gamoricxuli am Se-
mTxvevaSi fonetikuri SesaZlebloba v-s mezoblobaSi h-s gadasvlisa x-Si).
specialur literaturaSi dadasturebulia gaqvavebuli x-prefiqsiani
saxelebi: x u c e s i , Sdr. svan. xoSa, megr. uCaSi ùfrosi~2, x e r T v i s i , na-
warmoebi zmnisagan erTvis igi mas3, sakuTari saxeli x a x a r e (Sdr. zmnis
forma a x a r e Sen mas)4.
ar gveCveneba damajereblad, TiTqos naafiqsari x- am SemTxvevebSi nava-
raudevi xanmeti kilos gadmonaSTi iyos. x- am magaliTebSi saerTo qarTulis
h-prefiqsisagan unda iyos miRebuli. h-prefiqsi am sityvebTan gaqvavebis Se-
degad iqca ufro myar x spirantad. sayuradReboa amasTan dakavSirebiT is
1
a. SaniZe, haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis tfilisis
universitetis moambe, III, gv. 366.
2
a. SaniZe, piris niSani brunvian sityvasTan qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis Sromebi, t. I, gv. 388.
3
a. SaniZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win qarTul
zmnebSi, tfilisis universitetis moambe, II, gv. 272.
4
s. janaSia, kidev erTi naSTi xanmetobisa Tanamedrove qarTulSi, weliwdeuli, 1923-1924,
gv. 117.
79
istoriis sakiTxebi
faqti, rom saqarTveloSi gaqvavebuli x-prefiqsiani x e r T v i s i sityva ge-

ografiuli adgilis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba ara mxolod im teritoriaze, sa-
dac xanmeti kiloa navaraudevi, aramed iseT adgilebSi, sadac xanmetoba ar
ivaraudeba, magaliTad, aWaraSi1.
daskvna: Zveli qarTuli e. w. xanmeti da haemeti xelnawerebis arseboba ar
unda iyos istoriulad ori kilos — xanmeti da haemeti kiloebis arsebobis
anarekli. kerZod, xanmeti kilos arseboba qarTulSi istoriulad ar unda vi-
varaudoT. qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo meore subieqtu-
risa da mesame obieqturi pirebis aRsaniSnavad h-prefiqsi, romelsac genetu-
rad ukavSireben nivTTa klasis s-prefiqss. a m h - s z o g i l i t e r a t u -
ruli skola Zvel saqarTveloSi gamoxatavda haeTi, zo-
g i s k o l a k i — x a n i T , rac SeiZleboda Sepirobebuli yofiliyo TviT am
erTi da imave laringalur-faringaluri h bgeris dialeqturi Tavisebure-
biT.
(Semovida redaqciaSi 15. II. 1956).
[quTaisis saxelmwifo
pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi,
t. XV, 1956, gv. 285-293]
1
ix. a. SaniZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 273.
80
istoriis sakiTxebi
ruben enuqaSvili
xanmetoba-haemetobis
sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi
`xanmetoba-haemetobisa~ da maTi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebze ramde-

nime mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli1 (iv. javaxiSvili2, a. SaniZe3, arn. Ciqobava4, g. dee-
tersi5, g. rogava6, T. goniaSvili7, al. oniani8, z. sarjvelaZe9). isini sayovel-
Taod cnobilia da amJamad ar ganvixilavT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom Cven vi-
ziarebT da Semdgoms msjelobaSi veyrdnobiT a. SaniZis Sexedulebas, rom
gansxvaveba xanmet da haemet teqstebs Soris ìmdenad qronologiuri ki ar
aris, e. i. isini imdenad sxvadasxva epoqas ki ar ekuTvnian, ramdenad sxvadasxva
kilos. xanmeti teqstebi erT kilozea dawerili da haemeti ki — meoreze~10.
x prefiqsi xanmet ZeglebSi, xolo h prefiqsi haemet ZeglebSi ixmareba ori
funqciiT: 1. meore subieqturi piris niSnad; 2. mesame obieqturi piris niSnad: a)
micemiTobieqtian zmnebSi11, b) inian vnebiTebSi, c) ufroobiTi xarisxis formebSi.
asea es ara marto xanmet da haemet ZeglebSi, aramed qarTuli enis isto-
riis mTel manZilze: meore subieqturi pirisa da mesame obieqturi piris aRm-
niSvneli prefiqsi erTi da igivea da TiTqos arc Cans raime safuZveli imis
1
am mosazrebaTa mokle mimoxilva mocemuli aqvs prof. S. ZiZgurs: `qarTuli dialeqto-
logiuri Ziebani~, 1970, gv. 28-31, n., agreTve, z. sarjvelaZe, xanmet da haemet teqstebSi
dadasturebul zmnis pirian formaTa saZiebeli, 1971, gv. 26-41.
2
iv. javaxiSvili, axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi da maTi mniSvneloba
mecnierebisaTvis: tfilisis univ. moambe, II, 1922-23, gv. 313-370.
3
a. SaniZe, haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis: tfilisis
univ. moambe, III, gv. 354-363.
4
arn. Ciqobava, xanmeti da haemeti teqstebis aRmoCenisaTvis: `Cveni mecniereba~, 3-4, 1924,
gv. 65-86; n. agreTve: gramatikuli klas-kategoria da zmnis uRvlilebis zogi sakiTxi Zvel
qarTulSi: ike, V, 1953, gv. 51-61.
5
G. Deeters, Das Kharthwelische Verbum, Leipzig, 1930, gv. 126.
6
g. rogava, xanmetobisa da haemetobis sakiTxisaTvis: quTaisis pedinstitutis Sromebi,
XV, 1956, gv. 285-193; n. agreTve: iv. javaxiSvilis mier xanmeti Zeglebis aRmoCena da misi
mniSvneloba qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis, ike, XVI, 1968, gv. 273-277.
7
T. goniaSvili, dialeqtizmebisaTvis hadiSis ZeglSi: enimkis moambe, IV, (2) 1938, gv. 115-162.
8
al. oniani, meore subieqturi da mesame obieqturi piris morfemaTa x da h segmentebis
istoriuli urTierTmimarTeba: enaTmecnierebis institutis 26-e samecniero sesia, 1970,
Tezisebi da muSaobis gegma.
9
z. sarjvelaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 361.
10
a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 361.
11
es formulireba (`micemiTobieqtian zmnebSi~) absoluturi ar aris: iribi obieqti, rome-
lic mudam micemiTSi dgas, zmnaSi yovelTvis aRiniSneba, xolo orpirian gardamaval zmnaTa
formebi I seriaSi yovelTvis ar warmogvidgenen obieqtur prefiqss, Tumca maTi obieqtic
micemiTSia (ra Tqma unda, me-3 pirzea laparaki). n. amis Sesaxeb: a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi
meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul zmnebSi, gv. 182-196; i. imnaiSvili,
qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I, naw. II, 1971, gv. 63.
81
istoriis sakiTxebi
savaraudeblad, rom SeiZleboda odesme es ori arsebiTad sapirispiro fun-

qcia sxvadasxva formantiT aRniSnuliyo.
ratom unda iyos aseTi viTareba morfologiuri elementebiT mdidar
qarTul enaSi? am kiTxvas pirvelad Cven ar vsvamT. g. axvlediani aRniSnavda:
`sruliad ar SeiZleba usafuZvlo skepticizmad CaiTvalos, Tu vityviT: vin
icis, qarTuls, rogorc aseTs, SeiZleba arasodes ar hqonia S2 da O3 prefiqse-
bis xmareba aureveli, da marTlac: ra aris saerTo mniSvnelobis mxriv meore
piris qvemdebaresa da mesame piris damatebas Soris, rom imaT prefiqsebs er-
Tnairi fonetikuri saxe unda qondesT?1.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa am mxriv a. SaniZis SeniSvna: `subieqturi niSani me-
2 pirisa da obieqturi niSani me-3 iribobieqturi pirisa erTnairi bgeraa, magram
isini uTuod gansxvavebuli formebisagan momdinareoben. gansxvavebas maT Soris
mwerlobis wina xanaSi unda hqonoda adgili: moRweuli werilobiTi Zeglebis ena-
Si es gansxvaveba arsad dadasturebuli ar aris~2. am mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT,
vfiqrobT, rom S2 da O3 pirebis aRsaniSnavad erTi da imave prefiqsis gamoyeneba me-
oreuli unda iyos. gasaRebs ki `xanmetoba-haemetoba~ unda gvaZlevdes.
ueWvelad ismis kiTxva: ratomaa haemet ZeglebSi var zmnaSi II subieqturi
piris niSnad x (xar)?3.
Cveni pasuxi aseTi iqneba: Tavdapirvelad, qarTveluri enebis erTobis ad-
rindel safexurze, S2 da O3 pirebs sxvadasxva niSani gamoxatavda: S2 xaniT aRiniS-
neboda (romelic xar, xval, xved/xvid zmnebSi dRemde SemogvrCa), xolo O3 — hae-
Ti. enaSi sakmaod xSiria S2 O3 kombinaciis SemTxvevebi4. Sdr. S2 O3 kombinacia qar-
TulSi: SexuabT, aRhumarTe, mivswere. maSasadame, qarTulisaTvis ar aris ucxo
sxvadasxva piris aRmniSvneli ori prefiqsis xmareba zmnaSi. amdenad, savaraude-
belia, S2 O3 kombinaciisaTvis gvqonoda: *SexhabT an *SehxabT; *aRxhmarTe an *aR-
hxmarTe; *mixhwer an *mihxwer5. a. SaniZe S2 O3 kombinaciisaTvis amosavlad varau-
dobs *SevxabT formas6. am varaudze dayrdnobiT Cvenc pirvelad dasaxelebul
formebs miviCnevT amosavlad. x da h msgavsi bgerebia. raki formaTa erT wyebaSi
isini erTad ixmarebodnen, analogiis Sedegad SeiZleboda xh prefiqsebi erTad
aRmoCeniliyvnen iqac, sadac mxolod erT-erTi maTgani iyo saWiro da meores
araferi esaqmeboda. es ki, ra Tqma unda, TandaTanobiT gamoiwvevda maTi Tavda-
pirveli funqciebis dabnelebas da maT Soris aRrevas. xar, xval, xved, xvid uZ-
velesi erTpiriani formebia, romlebSic arasdros ar iyo SesaZlebloba S2 O3
kombinaciisa, amitom x- meore subieqturi piris niSnad aq myarad idga da am zmnaTa
1
g. axvlediani, ori erTsaxe prefiqsi qarTulSi: `Cveni mecniereba~, 1, 1923, gv. 100.
2
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv. 188.
3
aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom dabeWdil `haemeti teqstebis nimuSebSi~ val, ved / vid zmnaTa
meore subieqturi piris formebi ara gvaqvs, Torem, savaraudebelia, rom maTac x- eqnebodaT
niSnad, IX saukunisa da Semdegdroindel enaSi xom swored asea saqme.
4
dabeWdil xanmet da haemet teqstebSi 85-mde amgvari SemTxveva gvaqvs.
5
cnebebi, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. vTqvaT, weris cneba maSin, albaT, arc eqnebodaT.
6
a. SaniZe, naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa xmovnebis win qarTul
zmnaSi: tfilisis universitetis moambe, II, 1922-23, gv. 280.
82
istoriis sakiTxebi
metad xSiri xmarebis gamo aRar ganucdia aRrevis gavlena: `roca romelime mor-
fologiuri tipi icvleba, am tipis zogierTma formam, romlebic myaradaa mexsie-
rebaSi, SeiZleba ganagrZos Tavisi arseboba~1. aRrevas Sedegad mohyveboda is, rom
damoukideblad xmarebis SemTxvevebSi orive prefiqss gamoiyenebdnen orive fun-
qciiT, e. i. erTi mxriv, xani aRniSnavda rogorc S2, ise O3 pirebs; xolo, meore
mxriv, haec aseve moiqceoda. SeiZleba am movlenis gamoZaxilad miviCnioT svanu-
ris viTareba sadac S2 pirisaTvis ori formanti ivaraudeba: x da h prefiqsebi2.
amgvari mdgomareoba isev x da h bgerebis msgavsebis gamo did xans ver ga-
igrZeboda. maTi erTad warmoTqma Znelia da erT-erTi maTgani unda dakargu-
liyo gamartivebisadmi enis mudmivi swrafvis gamo. vfiqrobT, rom dialeqte-
bis erT wyebaSi daikarga h da miviReT xanmeti kilo Tu kiloebi, dialeqtTa
meore wyebaSi ki x daikarga da haemeti kilo Tu kiloebi warmoiqmna. haemeti
kilo Tu kiloebi SeiZleba dasavlur arealSi vivaraudoT. Sdr. kolxuri,
romelic àrsebiTad haemeti kilos Camomavalia~3.
qronologiurad xh prefiqsebidan erT-erTis dakargva qarTul-kolxu-
ri erTianobis xanaSi unda vivaraudoT, e. i. mas Semdeg, rac saerTo qarTve-
lurs svanuri gamoeyo.
Tu Cveni msjeloba sworia, maSin SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom qarTuli enis Zeg-
lebSi dadasturebuli viTareba, roca an x-, anda h-, s-, prefiqsebi ori funqci-
iT — S2 da O3 pirebis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba, istoriulad meoreulia: Tavda-
pirvelad x meore subieqtur pirs aRniSnavda, xolo h — mesame obieqtur pirs.
warmodgenili varaudi unda gvixsnides `xanmetoba-haemetobasTan~ dakav-
Sirebul zogierT sakiTxs. kerZod, aRar gaCndeba kiTxva, ratom ara gvaqvs ha-
emet ZeglebSi yvela Ziriseuli xanis nacvlad hae4 — Cveni mosazreba x da h
bgerebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxs lokalurad, mxolod S2 da O3 pirebi
prefiqsebSi warmogvidgens. es Tvalsazrisi haemet teqstebSi xar zmnis arse-
bobasac unda gvixsnides.
Cven mxolod xanisa da haes urTierTmimarTebis garkveva vcadeT, amitom
rigi sakiTxi, romelTac es saintereso problema moicavs5, ar gangvixilavs.
[Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi,
19, 1976, gv. 177-180]
1
А. Мейе, Введение в сравнительное изучение индоевропейских языков, М., 1938, gv. 65.
2
a. SaniZe, umlauti svanurSi: arili, 1925, gv. 182. n. agreTve, v. Tofuria, svanuri ena, I,
zmna, 1931, gv. 5.
3
a. SaniZe, haemeti teqstebi da maTi mniSvneloba..., gv. 360.
4
h bgera qarTul ZirebSi Zalian iSviaTia. amdenad, sakiTxi, ratom ara gvaqvs xanmet ZeglebSi
yvela haes nacvlad xani, arc ismis. Torem TavisTavad, es kiTxvac savsebiT kanonzomieria.
5
kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aRZruli sakiTxebi: ra gansxvavebebia kidev haemet
da xanmet kiloebs Soris: ratom gaqra xanmeti kilo ase ukvalod, ratom gvaqvs xanmet
ZeglebSi haemeti formebi da a. S.
83
istoriis sakiTxebi
arnold Ciqobava
mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principisaTvis

qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistemaSi ∗
qarTulsa (da sxva qarTvelur enebSic) zmnis uRvlileba, pirvel yovli-
sa, pirisa da ricxvis mixedviT cvlas gulisxmobs.
pirebi aRiniSneba prefiqsebiT, — pirTa cvla prefiqsaciis principzea
damyarebuli; es iTqmis obieqtis samive piris Sesaxeb (m-Txova me, g-Txova Sen,
s-Txova mas) da subieqtis pirvelisa da meore piris Sesaxeb (v-ar me, x-ar Sen).
erTaderTi piri, romelic sufiqss aCens, esaa subieqti mesame pirisa (ari-s,
movid-a is, m-Txov-a me man...). mesame piris forma qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis
istoriaSi SedarebiT sxva pirebTan, yvelaze axali formaciisaa1.
prefiqsebiT aRiniSneba piri mTis kavkasiur enebSic, rogoricaa: afxa-
zuri, adiReuri. prefiqsacia aq miT ufro mkveTradaa gamoxatuli, rom
erTdroulad ori da sami piris prefiqsi SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili zmnaSi.
prefiqsebia gamoyenebuli kavkasiis mTianeTis im enebSic, romelTa zmnac
gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT icvleba (mag., CaCnuri, xunZuri...): saxelis
klas-kategoriis Cveneba aseT enebSi pirTa mixedviT cvlis adgils iWers.
rogoria viTareba ricxvis aRniSvnis mxriv? saqme exeba mravlobiTs. mTis
kavkasiur enebSi aqac prefiqsaciis principia ZalaSi: subieqtis mravlobi-
Tobac da obieqtisac zmnaSi prefiqsebiTaa naCvenebi (afxazurSi, adiReur-
Si...); gramatikuli klasebic mravlobiTSi isev prefiqsebs iyenebs (CaCnurSi,
xunZurSi...).
amrigad, prefiqsaciaa saxelTa pirisa (resp. gramatikuli klasis) da
mravlobiTi ricxvis aRniSvnis principi mTis kavkasiur enebSi.
qarTulsa da danarCen qarTvelur enebSi pirze prefiqsebi miuTiTeben,
ricxvi ki sufiqsebiT aRiniSneba:
ax. qarT. megruli svanuri
Cven var-T Cqi v-ore-T (`varT~) nAY xv-Ari-d ||
l-Ari-d (varT, varsebobT)
Tqven x-ar-T Tqva (o)re-T sgAY x-Ari-d
isini ar-i-an Tinefi re-n-a(n) ejYAr Ari-x
mravlobiTi, rogorc vxedavT, iyenebs piris imave prefiqsebs, rac mxo-

loobiTSi gvqonda, sufiqsebi martooden simravleze miuTiTeben; masTan,
* wakiTxulia moxsenebad saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis VI sesiaze 24.IV.1942.
1
avtoris `mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani qarTvelur enebSi~: enimkis moambe, V-VI.
84
istoriis sakiTxebi
pirvelsa da meore pirs erTi da igive sufiqsi aqvs (e.i. am or pirSi mravlobi-
Tis aRniSvna erTi da imave xnovanebisaa, mesame pirSi ki saTanado sufiqsi Se-
darebiT axalia: am mxriv svanuris Cvenebaa sagulisxmo) 1.
qarTvelur enebSi mravlobiTSi pirisa da ricxvis kategoria analizur
wess misdevs: piris niSani igivea, rac mxoloobiTSi, ricxvs calke formanti
aqvs. afxazursa da adiReurSi sinTezuri principia gatarebuli: ricxvica da
piric erTi da imave prefiqsiTaa gadmocemuli; mxoloobiTis piris niSnebi
mravlobiTSi ar meordeba:
Sdr. me v-ar afxaz. sara sG-youp (var, varsebob, vimyofebi)
Sen x-ar uara u-youp... (Sen, mamakaci, imyofebi)
Cven v-ar-T hara ha-youp
Tqven x-ar-T Siara SiG-youp
rogorc vxedavT, mravlobiTis pirveli da meore piris forma iyenebs
`Cven~, `Tqven~ nacvalsaxelTa Zireul masalas formantad; es formantebi
bunebrivad miuTiTeben saTanado pirsa da ricxvze.
qarTvelur enebSi aseTi kavSiri nacvasaxelebsa da zmnis formantebs
Soris ar dasturdeba, maincadamainc, mravlobiTSi (mxoloobiTSi pirveli
piri da mesame piris subieqtiRa miuTiTeben xelSesaxebad nacvalsaxelTan
zmnis formantis materialur kavSirze).
subieqtis mravlobiTis aRniSvna vnaxeT. obieqtisa? amJamad, axal qarTulSi
obieqtis mravlobiToba yovelTvis aRiniSneba pirvelsa da meore pirSi, mesame
pirSi ki — im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zmna inversiulia da obieqti dasmulia micemiT
brunvaSi; pirvelsa da meore pirSi, sul erTia, saxeli micemiT brunvaSi iqneba
dasmuli, Tu saxelobiTSi, aRiniSneba; mesame pirSi ki SeiZleba iyos aRniSnuli
micemiTi brunvis mravlobiToba, saxelobiTisa, aRuniSvneli rCeba:
Cven gv-Txov-a gv-aqo Cven gv-i-Txovia gv-yavs

Tqven g-Txov-a-T g-aqo-T Tqven g-i-Txovia-T g-yav-T
maT [s-Txova aqo....] maT u-Txovia-T h-yav-T 2
Zvel qarTulSi micemiTis mravlobiToba zmnaSi ar Canda (pirveli piris
sakiTxs aq ganze vtovebT):
1
amave TvalsazrisiT afxazurisa da adiReuris mravlob. mesame piric analogiur
daskvnebs gvikarnaxebs. amaze aq ver SevCerdebiT.
2
ufro dawvrilebiT ix. avtorisve: ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebule-
bas~, V: Jurn. `kultur. aRmSenebloba~ 1930, 7/8; `martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi qarTulSi~: mecn. akad. moambe, t. II, 1-2,3; `riT aris warmodgenili mravl.
saxel. dasmuli Zv. qarTulSi?~ tf. univer. moambe, t. IX (1928); `martivi winadadebis prob-
lema qarTulSi~, I, tf.1928, gv. 212-25.
85
istoriis sakiTxebi
g-Txova Sen, Tquen —igi... g-iTxovies Sen, Tquen— igi...

g-yavs Sen, Tquen igi....
g-aqebs Sen, Tquen... u-Txovies mas, maT — igi...
h-yavs mas, maT — igi.... 2
magram Tu obieqti saxelobiTSi iyo da mas -n awarmoebda, misi mravlo-
biToba zmnaSi iseve iyo naCvenebi, rogorc subieqtisa:
v-adide igi v-adid-en igini hyavs mas igi — hyvan-an mas igini
adide ` adid-en ` gyavs Sen igi — g-yvan-an Sen igini
adid-a ` adid-n-a `
obieqtis mravlobiTobis Cveneba, rogorc aqedan Cans, sufiqsebs
ekisreboda: es iyo:
-en → n sufiqsi Zvel qarTulSi — obieqt. saxelob.
-T ` axal qarTulSi — obieqt. micem., saxelob.
es -T sufiqsi igivea, rac subieqtis mravl. pirvelsa da meore pirSi xma-
rebuli -T (var-T, x-ar-T...: obieqtis mravlobiTobis Cveneba subieqtis
mravlobiTis formants ekisreba)... -en sufiqsic igive unda iyos, rasac
subieqtis mesame pirisaTvis viyenebT: akeTeb-en...
zanursa da svanurSi obieqtis mravlobiTis aRniSvna imave safuZvelze
xdeba, rac axal qarTuls axasiaTebs: Tu obieqti saxelobiTSia, mravlobiTi
zmnaSi ara Cans, Tu — micemiTSia, aRiniSneba imave SemTxvevebSi, sadac
qarTulSi aRiniSneboda (ix. zemoT). gansxvaveba am mxriv ara gvaqvs; sxvaoba
sufiqsSi dasturdeba: simravles aRniSnavs aq mesame piris subieqtis sufiqsi
(da ara meore da pirveli pirisa): -an, -es — zanurSi, -x — svanurSi:
Sdr. ax. qarT. g-aqv-T, Wan.-megr. g-i-Run-an svan. j-uRva-x
aqv-T, u-Run-an x-uRva-x
amgvarad, obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavad xmarebuli sufiqsis
mxriv, qarTvelur enebs orgvari norma aqvT: qarTuli (S2, 1 – -T) da zanuri (S3
–
-an, -es); ukanasknels svanuric misdevs (S3 – -x).
geve zanuri normaa, gurulsa da qvemoimerulSi rom mJRavndeba: gaqv-en
(=gaqv-T), aqv-en (aqv-T)... gqond-en (gqonda-T), qond-en (qonda-T)...
aqamdis ganxiluli masala mowmobs, rom zmnis uRvlilebaSi ricxvze su-
fiqsi miuTiTebs: es Tanabrad exeba subieqtis mravlobiTsac da obieqtis
mravlobiTsac, saxelobiTi brunvis aRniSvnasac da micemiTis xmarebis Sem-
Txvevasac, Zveli qarTulis faqtebsac da axali qarTulis viTarebasac, Wa-
nur-megrulsac da svanursac. amgvarad, mravlobiTis aRniSvna qarTvelur
enaTa zmnis uRvlilebaSi sufiqsaciis princips iZleva iseve, rogorc piris
aRniSvnaa prefiqsaciaze damyarebuli.
86
istoriis sakiTxebi
erTaderTi gamonaklisia pirveli piris mravlobiTi: aq sufiqsi saWi-

ro araa, prefiqsi gamodis pirisa da ricxvis niSnad:
Tqven g-yav-T maT h-yav-T — magram: Cven gv-yav-s
` g-iTxovia-T, ` uTxovia-T — magram: Cven gv-iTxovia...
ukve Zvel qarTulSic SevxvdebiT aseT prefiqss, Tumca Zveli qarTuli-
saTvis es araa erTaderTi warmoeba: paralelurad -m prefiqsic ixmareba: gu-
yavs Cuen || myavs Cuen...
sailustracio magaliTebi Zveli qarTulisa:
-gu prefiqsi micemiTi brunvis mravlobiTis Sesabamisad:
moguÀcemiso: ... ityodes mze da wvima... misgan moguÀcemiso... aTon. 306,1.
guwadis... gusuris: C~nca guwadis da gusuris xilva¡ misi... boln. 82,9.
daguSjian: ... Cuen daguSjian kuerTxni ese C~nni... kim. 138,20.
gang¢yofs: ...romelsa maRliT gang¢yofs yovelTa morwmuneTa... sasul. 205,1
guaqus: ... ara¡ guaqus sityua¡ Rirsi qebisa¡... sasul. 97,5
... mog¢Zien o~o: warmarTni ese r~lTa ara guaqus mwyemsi... boln. 7,26.
guaswavebs: ... da esrÀT guaswavebs T¢T igi Tavadi o~i... boln. 19,5.
daguemorCilebian: ... ityodes o~o eSmaknica daguemorCilebian
saxeliTa SeniTa ... ad. 125, b 2.
Seguyvaneb: ... da nu Seguyvaneb C~n gansacdelsa o~o... ad. 13 a 2.
daguemorCilneT: ... raTa TquÀn CuÀn daguemorCilneT... aTon. 315,34.
guevno... mog¢go... gurq~: ...C~n ganvereniT da ara guevno da v~r moviqe-
ciT berisa mog¢go da gu~rqa... kim. 24,5.
mog¢£des... g¢Txres: ... mog¢£des C~n orni kacni... da g¢Txres... kim. 35,17.
miguavlen: ...gevedrebi w~o R~Tisao nu miguavlen C~n siRrmesa mas
ufskrulTasa... kim.191,10.
gang¢Re: ¥ kaco gang¢Re Cuen jurRmuli ese... warty. À 11.
meox gueyav: Rirso mamao evT¢mi... meox gueyav Cuen... sasul 38,15.
moguaniWe: awca moguaniWe madli... sasul. 106,19.
-gu prefiqsiani formebi ganasxvaveben TiTqos mxoloobiTisagan
mravlobiTs:
momaniWe me... maswave me... mwadis me...
moguaniWe Cuen guaswave Cuen... guwadis Cuen
Sefardeba aq iseTivea, rogoric axal qarTulSi.
axali qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, Zv. qarTulSi m-prefiqsi maSinac
gvaqvs, roca Cuen saxeli micemiTis funqciiTaa:
warmiZR¢s Cuen... warmoZR¢s Cuen zecad... sasul. 60,2.
87
istoriis sakiTxebi
maiZuleben ` : ...Cuenca morwmuneTa maiZuleben yofad saqmisa maTisa...

warty. mÀ 4.
ganmiRebs... magebs Cuen: ... ganmiRebs... samoTxesa da kualad magebs Cuen
munve... sasul. 56,3.
damSji... momageb Cuen: ... nu daSji monaTa SenTa da nu momageb codvaTa
CuenTaebr... warty. mÀ 11.
maqus Cuen: ityoda ufalo ara maqus Cuen kadniereba¡... warty. mz 22.
... o~o £orci misi maqus Cuen saWmlad da sisxli misi maqus Cuen
sasumlad... warty. le 28.
Semaxuedreben... merCian Cuen: ... sxuasa rasme Sromasa Semaxuedreben
r~lni ara merCian C~n... kim. 46,16.
mswavlis: igi viTarca RmerTi da mama¡ mswavlis Cuen... warty. le 29.
magineb: moZR¢ar magas ra¡ ity¢ C~nca magineb... ad. 129 a 2.
ganmeSora Cuen: ...ganveSoreniT Cuen RmerTsa da ganmeSora Cuen RmerTi...
warty. kb 28.
marqu Cuen: ... aw marqu C~n v~r jer-giCs... ad. 47 b 2
damiwera ` : ... moZRuar mose ese damiwera C~n... ad. 147 b1.
momxeda ` : wyalobiT momxeda Cuen... sasul. 65,28.
warmiZRua ` : ... da warmiZRua Cuen ... sasul. 66, 11.
gamomecxada ` : ...gamomecxada C~n da momixuna mowyalebiTa T¢siTa ... kim.45, 15.
momca ` : ... momca C~n mociqulman ... habo, 23, 18.
aRmiSena ` : ... Sesakrebeli ese man aRmiSena C~n ... ad. 116, a 2.
miyves... miyo Cuen:... da miyves Cuen yovelive nebisaebr maTisa...warty. T3.
... samarTliT ese yoveli miyo Cuen... warty. l 24.
SememTx¢a Cuen: ... samarTlad ese yoveli SememTx¢a Cuen... warty. kb 18
momigo ` : ... momigo C~n abukura... kim. 166, 4
momec ` : ... o~o momec C~n igi... arimaT. 37, 25.
meZina ` : ... waripares v~e C~n meZina... ad. 64 b 2.
miTxar ` : ... iosef rCeulo miTxar C~n vin ars ese... sasul. 174,8.
mewios ` : ... mswrafl mewios Cuen wyaloba¡ misi ... warty. mT 26.
momces ` : ... mimcna Cuen monebasa ra¡Ta momces Tavisufleba ... iqve, lb 32.
mrquas ` : ... mrquas C~n ra¡saT¢s ara grwmena misi... ad. 146 b1.
m-aqu-s Cuen da gu-aqu-s Cuen Zveli qarTulisaTvis paraleluri
warmoebaa: maqus igivea, rac mxoloobiTSi gvqonda:
maqus me — maqus Cuen (Sdr. gaqus Sen — gaqus Tquen).
rac Seexeba meore variants (gu-aqu-s Cuen), mas mravlobiTis prefiqsad
Tvlian specialur literaturaSi.
88
istoriis sakiTxebi
n. marisaTvis gu- aris `mravlobiTis specialuri nacvalsaxeluri fuZe~:

gu ← gu -e¢ 1.
g. deetersi aRniSnavs: pirveli piris obieqtis mravlobiTi orgvarad
gadmoicemao: gamravlobiTebuli O1 -Ta da gu-prefiqsiT; pirveli saSualeba
ufro Zveli Canso 2.
a. SaniZe gu-prefiqss mravlobiTisad miiCnevs. àdrindel ZeglebSi gu-
prefiqsian formebs iSviaTad vxvdebiT. iq ufro erTi forma gvxvdeba maniani~ 3.
ra safuZveli gvaqvs xsenebuli gu-prefiqsi mravlobiTis niSnad davsaxoT?
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc Cans, axali qarTulis Cvenebas. aq
gv-prefiqsi upirispirdeba m-prefiqss:
m-aqvs me — gv-aqvs Cuen ... m-iTxra me — gv-iTxra Cuen...
axali qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistema cxadyofs, rom gv-prefiqsi
mravlobiTis formantia: -T, sufiqsi gv-prefiqsian formebs ar daerTvis:
aqvs mas — aqv-T maT
g-aqvs Sen — g-aqv-T Tqven
m-aqvs me — gv-aqvs Cuen: `gvaqvT Cven~ SeuZlebelia;
esaa morfologiuri sistemis obieqturi logika.
amitom, rodesac Zvel qarTulSi maqus Cuen-is gverdiT guaqus Cuen Seg-
vxvdeba, masSi igive gageba Segvaqvs, rac axali qarTulis `gvaqvs Cven~-s See-
fereba. fsiqologiurad es savsebiT gasagebia, magram sakiTxavia: Seefereba
Tu ara gu-prefiqsis aseTi gageba Zveli qarTulis morfologiuri siste-
mis obieqtur logikas?
amis gasarkvevad sakontrolo saSualebad gamogvadgeba is SemTxvevebi,
sadac zmnaSi aRniSnulia mravlobiTis saxelobiTSi dasmuli obieqti.
mravlobiTobas aseT SemTxvevaSi gadmogvcems sufiqsi 4: -en- (sruli
saxiT) da -n (xmovandakarguli): en → n 5.
sanimuSod oriode magaliTi:
a. C u e n saxelob. — m- — (-e)n:
ganmaaxlna Cuen: ...ganmaaxlna Cuen pirvelsave saxesa uxrwnelsa mowya-

lebiT... sasul. 59,19.
1
Марр Н., Грам. древнелит. груз. яз., 1925, § 113 а, gv. 92.
2
Deeters G., Das kharthw. Verbum, 1930, § 56, gv. 34: ...”das pluralisierte S1”... lafsusi unda iyos: O1
igulisxmeba.
3
a. SaniZe, Zv. qarT. ena — a. SaniZe, a. baramiZe, i. abulaZe: Zv. qarT. ena da literat. 1939
(meeqvse gamocema), § 40, gv. 297-98.
4
es exeba -n-ian saxelobiTs; -eb-ian saxelobiTs zmna ar eTanxmeba ricxvSi, sul erTia, su-
bieqti iqneba saTanado saxeli Tu obieqti (ix. avtoris `martivi winadadebis problema Zv.
qarTulSi~, gv. 251-256).
5
ix. avtoris werili: `riT aris warmodgenili mravlobiTis saxelobiTSi dasmuli Zv.
qarTulSi?~ tf. univer. moambe, t. IX (1928), gv. 107-119.
89
istoriis sakiTxebi
aRmadginna ... damsxna... madidna Cuen: ...aRdga da Tana aRmadginna, Tana

damxsna da Tana madidna didebiTa miT samaradiso¡Ta... sasul. 299,8.
aRmadginna ... macxovnna... aRmiyvanna Cuen: ... mis mier dacemulni aRmadginna
da macxovnna simdabliT moslviTa. aRmiyvanna Cuen maRalTa Sina... sasul. 110,1.
aRmirCina... myvna Cuen: ...RmerTman zeciT gardamogagdo Sen da Cuen
aRmirCina da umjobes Sensa myvna man mxoloman... warty. le 23.
ganmaSiSulna Cuen: ...ganmaSiSulna Cuen aqa samoselTagan da safaseTa...
warty. lg 6.
mimcna Cuen: da nacvlad pativisa mimcna Cuen Seuracxebasa...warty.kb 25.
Semkriben ... ganmarinen Cuen: da viTarca ra¡ menaveT-moZRuarman
£elovanman Semkriben Cuen yovelni myudrosa mas navsayudelsa da ganmarinen
danTqmisagan... sasul. 134 1.
Rirs myven Cuen: mxoloo naTelo waruvalo Rirs myven Cuen naTelsa
Sensa ganwmedilni... sasul. 409, 24.
aRmomiyvanen Cuen: quesknelTagan queyanisaTa aRmomiyvanen Cuen...
warty. la 20.
ganmaaxlen Cuen: da ganmaaxlen Cuen wyalobiT wyliTa... sasul. 222,5.
Semiwyalen Cuen: saxierebiTa SeniTa Semiwyalen Cuen... warty. kÀ 13.
ganmaZlieren Cuen: ganmaZlieren mosavni Senni... sasul. 295,3.
mi£snen Cuen: da etyodes o~o mi£snen Cuen, r~ warvwymdebiT ... mT. VIII 25 beneS.
ganmamdidrne Cuen: ra¡Ta ganmamdidrne daglaxakebulni urCebiTa...
sasul. 84,12.
Semiwyalnes ... gamomiyvannes Cuen: ra¡Ta ... Semiwyalnes Cuen ... da
gamomiyvannes satanjvelisa amisgan... warty. ¡ 11.
myvnes ... ganmanaTlnes Cuen: ra¡Ta wmida myvnes da ganmanaTlnes
wyliTa... sasul. 219,22.
b. Cuen — saxelobiTi — gu - — (-e)n- :
aRguamaRlna... daguamdablna Cuen: ...ra¡meTu ufalman aRguamaRlna

Cuen...da nacvlad amaRlebisa daguamdablna Cuen...warty. kb 22,1, 24.
Seg¢wynarna ... g¢stumrna Cuen: ... mRdelT-moZRuarman mis adgilisaman
keTilad Seg¢wynarna da g¢stumrna... aTon. 318-319.
Seg¢yuarna Cuen: da o~n C~n m~n i~¢ q~n Seg¢yuarna C~n... saxismety.11,3.
migucna Cuen: da migucna Cuen £elsa mterTa CuenTasa... warty. 3,6.
g¢xilna Cuen: xolo man... g¢xilna ra¡ maxloblad Cuenda movida... aTon. 335,6.
dagubaden Cuen: r~lni Sen ukudavo xatad Senda dagubaden... sasul. 169,2.
ganguanaTlen Cuen: da ganguanaTlen naTlis RebiTa SeniTa m£snelo...
sasul. 237,20.
dag¢faren Cuen: misiTa meoxebiTa dag¢faren mgalobelni Senni... habo 51,8.
guyven Cuen: ...Seismine oxa¡ misi da mk¢dr guyven sasufevelsa... habo 51.
90
istoriis sakiTxebi
...Tquen monawile guyveniT wmidaTa locvaTa TquenTa... xanZT. id,14.

dag¢cven Cuen: dag¢cven o~o mowyalebiTa £elisa Senisa¡Ta... kim. 52,35.
mog¢Zien Cuen: o~o ivne da mog¢Zie C~n cxovarni ese SecTomilni... boln. 7,21;
... Seguewien, guacxovnen, Seg¢wyalen da dag¢cuen Cuen RmerTo SeniTa
madliTa... habo 46;
o~o ivne da guacxovnen Cuen... bol. 7,28.
ganguwmiden... ganguaTavisuflen Cuen: ...guasxure Cuen wyali cxoveli...
mxolod Sobilo da ganguwmiden Cuen codvaTagan ... da ganguaTavisuflen
£elmwifebisagan bnelisa... sasul.108,19.
guyvnes ... ganguaSornes Cuen: ra¡Ta.. keTilad ganagos Cuenica ese cxoreba¡
da ara £uebul guyvnes, arca ganguaSornes sanatrelTa maT mamaTa... aTon. 5,15;
... ra¡Ta ara ugulebels guyvne monani Senni... xanZT. ¡d 20.
g¢xilnes Cuen: brZaneba¡ gamosrul iyo ra¡Ta gare filopatsa g¢xilnes...
aTon. 334,27.
SevadaroT erTmaneTs: gan-m-aaxl-n-a Cuen da gan-gu-aaxl-n-a Cuen: Cuen
obieqti mravlobiTSia; obieqtis mravlobiToba zmnaSi -n (← -en-) sufiqsiTaa
warmodgenili: gan-m-aaxla me — gan-m-aaxl-n-a Cuen, rom obieqti pirvel pir-
Sia, amaze m- miuTiTebs; rom is mravlobiTSia, — -n sufiqsi. pirsac da ricx-
vsac Tav-Tavisi formanti moepoveba. asevea maSinac, roca obieqtad Tquen
(meore piri), gina igini (mesame piri) gveqneba:
man gan-m-aaxla me — man gan-m-aaxl-n-a Cuen
` gan-g-aaxla Sen — ` gan-g-aaxl-n-a Tquen
` gan-aaxla igi — ` gan-aaxl-n-a igini
ganvixiloT axla meore varianti: man gan-gu-aaxl-n-a Cuen; -a sufiqsi subieq-
tisaa (man); obieqtiTaa gamowveuli gu- da -n; mravlobiTobas aq isev -n gadmog-
vcems; ris niSania gu? pirveli pirisa iseve, rogorc m: sxva araferia aq gamosaxa-
tavi, raki mravlobiTobis sufiqsi -n calke mogvepoveba. gu- rom mravlobiTis
formanti iyos, sruliad gaugebari iqneboda gan-gu-aaxl-n-a tipis warmoebaSi
-n (||-en) sufiqsis gamoyeneba (isev obieqtis mravlobiTis saCveneblad).
daskvna erTia: Zvel qarTulSi gu-prefiqsi araa mravlobiTis pirveli
piris prefiqsi, roca es pirveli piri saxelobiTSia.
magram Tu gu-prefiqsi araa saxelobiTSi dasmul obieqtTan (Cuen), mrav-
lobiTis prefiqsi, arc micemiTSi dasmul obieqtTan (Cuen) iqneba igi am fun-
qciis mqone.
amrigad: gu-prefiqsi Zvel qarTulSi obieqtis mravlobiTobas arc
iseT magaliTebSi aRniSnavs, rogoricaa: gan-gu-aaxl-n-a man Cuen da arc
iseT magaliTebSi, romlis nimuSicaa: mo-gu-aniWa man Cuen... 1.
1
gakvriT es debuleba wamoyenebulia avtoris werilSi: `martivi winadadebis ZiriTadi
tendenciebi qarTulSi~: mecn. akad. moambe, II, 1-2 (1914).
91
istoriis sakiTxebi
ki, magram iqneb Cuen nacvalsaxelis erT-erTi semasiologiuri variantia

gu-sTan dakavSirebuli (magaliTad inkluziuri): -n- sufiqsma simravle gamo-
xata, gu-prefiqsma misi nairsaxeoba: gan-gu-aaxl-n-a Cuen — me da Sen (Tquen)...
egreT wodebuli inkluzivi. Sesabamisad gan-m-aaxl-n-a eqskluzivi iqne-
boda: ganmaaxlna me da is (isini) 1.
aseTi ram araa mosalodneli: inkluzivis formanti mravlobiTobis niSanic
aris, mravlobiTobis sxva sufiqsi aseT SemTxvevaSi zedmetia da uadgilo.
maSasadame: Tu gu-prefiqsi inkluziuri (anda: eqskluziuri — principSi es sul
erTia) Sinaarsisaa, mravlobiTobis -n- sufiqsisaTvis adgili ara rCeba; magram
raki -n-s sakiTxi (sxva faqtebis mixedviTac) eWvmiutanlad wydeba, gu-prefiqsis
mravlobiToba gamoricxulia: arc inkluziuri da arc eqskluziuri Sinaarsi mas
ar SeiZleboda hqonoda Zvel qarTulSi.
inkluziv-eqskluzivis Sesaxeb zemoT wamoyenebuli debuleba svanuris
Cvenebas emyareba: obieqtis inkluzivi da eqskluzivi svanurSi martooden
prefiqsebs iyenebs: gu-Rve (`gvaqvs me da Sen~), n-uRve (`gvaqvs me da mas~); araviTari
damatebiTi niSani mravlobiTisa zmnis formaSi ara Cans (da arcaa mosalodneli).
sxva mdgomareobaa subieqtis inkluziur da eqskluziur formaTa warmoebisas:
l-Ari-d (`varsebobT me da Sen~), xv-Ari-d (`varsebobT me da is~). aq prefiqsebic
garCeulia (l- — xv-) da mravlobiTis -d sufiqsicaa warmodgenili. magram
qarTulSi `Cven~ obieqtis sakiTxs vixilavT da am mxriv obieqtis inkluziuri da
eqskluziuri formebis warmoebis princips (svanurSi) unda gaewios, cxadia, meti
angariSi, vinem subieqtis analogiur formaTa agebis wess.
da, rac mTavaria, swored es subieqtis inkluziv-eqskluziv formaTa
warmoebaa auxsneli svanurSi: maT (kerZod, inkluzivis) warmoebas, saxel-
dobr, mravlobiTis -d sufiqsis darTvas axlavs gadaulaxavi dabrkolebebi
(amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT).
erTi sityviT, inkluziuri da eqskluziuri formebi mravlobiTis Sinaarss
iZleva sagangebo sufiqsis gareSe, TviT prefiqsebiT. asea es svanurSi, sadac in-
kluzivisa da eqskluzivis garCevis udavo faqti gvaqvs. ase unda yofiliyo es
Zvel qarTulSic, Tu xsenebul morfologiur kategoriaTa naSTebs vivarau-
debdiT gu- || m-prefiqsian formebSi (miT ufro, rom svanurSica da qarTulSic
inkluziurobis sakiTxi erTsa da imave afiqsTan — gu-sTan aris dakavSirebuli).
amgvarad, Zv. qarT. gan-gu-aaxl-n-a tipis warmoebis analizi amTaviTve
gamoricxavs imasac, rom gu- mravlobiTis aRmniSvnelad davsaxoT, da imasac,
rom mas mravl. pirveli piris inkluziuri gageba davakisroT. gu- iseve araa
mravlobiTis prefiqsi, rogorc m- .
amaSi zedmetad gvarwmunebs gu- || m-prefiqsTa xmareba erTi da imave
Cuen nacvalsaxelis gadmosacemad.
1
aseTi varaudi, marTlac iyo wamoyenebuli, rogorc amas qvemoT vnaxavT.
92
istoriis sakiTxebi
a. Cuen micemiTis funqciiTaa:
moguaniWe — aRmisrule (vis?) Cuen: ... raJams... moguaniWe morwmuneTa

windi mk¢drobisa Cuenisa¡. m£snelo. raJams aRmisrule uJamod qadebuli
mterisa moSurnisa¡ da RmerT hyav buneba¡ kacobrivi... sasul. £À 7.
dag¢wera — aRmZravs (vis?) Cuen: ... romelmanca RmrTis metyueliTa eniTa
dag¢wera moqalaqoba¡ antoni netarisa¡ da aRmZravs yovelTa galobad
RmrTisa... sasul. 241, 26-28.
momageT—mogueciT—momizReT Tquen (vis?) Cuen: ... aw ukuÀ momageT CuÀn
boroti ese nacvali, sixaruli moxarulTa Tana moguÀciT CuÀn, tirili
mtiralTa Tana momizReT CuÀn... aTon. 340,5.
STagubera—mrqua (vis?) Cuen: ...maSin STagubera C~n o~n C~nm~n i~¢ q~n da
mrqua C~n... arimaT. 37, 26.
guamxileb—miyof—momageb (vis?) Cuen: ... ufalo nu gulis wyromiTa
guamxileb Cuen, aramed wyalobiTa SeniTa ganmarinen1 Cuen, ufalo nu
codvaTa CuenTaebr miyof Cuen nuca uSjuloebaTa CuenTaebr momageb
Cuen, aramed saxierebiTa SeniTa Semiwyalen1 Cuen... warty. kÀ, 12.
moguawono—miTxar (vis?) Cuen: ... ¥ monazono, ra¡ ukue moigono r~ xar Sen pa-
suxTagan uRono, aw ra¡ sityua¡ moguawono miTxar C~n ukueTu iwono... kim. 167,37.
guesma—dameca (vis?) Cuen: ... xolo C~n v~r guesma £~¡ maTi dameca C~n z~a
SiSi didi... kim. 36,22
metyoda—gamog¢Targmanebda (vis?) Cuen: v~r igi metyoda C~n gzasa zeda
da v~r igi gamog¢Targmanebda C~n wignTa... xanmeti leqcionari: univer.
moambe, IX, gv. 335 (lk XXIV, 32).
b. Cuen saxelobiTis funqciiTaa:
dagubaden—momiyvanen—(vin?) Cuen: romelmanca £eliTa magiT saRmrTo¡-

Ta dagubaden miwisagan xatad Senda da arara¡sgan momiyvanen arsebad da Sem-
mose ...samoseli... sasul. 144,19.
dagubadna—mi£snnes— (vin?) Cuen: viTarmed ufali mowyale ars da ara
dagubadna Cuen satanjvelad aramed man mi£snnes Cuen... warty. nT, 24.
Semkriben—aRguzarden—dag¢teven—dagufanCen— (vin?) Cuen: ra¡ ese
SemamTx¢e CuÀn viTarmed sada¡ Semkriben da aRguzarden anu aw sada dag¢teven
da dagufanCen... aTon. 337,35.
gutanjnes—ganmarinnes— (vin?) Cuen: gutanjnes Cuen siciviTa da yinu-
liTa aqa ra[¡]Ta mun ganmarinnes Cuen RrWenisagan kbilTa¡sa... warty. lg 3.
1
saxelobiTSi dasmul Cuen nacvalsaxelis magaliTebs qvemoT davubrundebiT.
93
istoriis sakiTxebi
dagubaden—miziaren— (vin?) Cuen: r~lni Sen ukudavo xatad Senda

dagubaden da miziaren uxrwnelsa d~bsa... sasul. 169,6.
g. Cuen erT SemTxvevaSi saxelobiTia, meoreSi — micemiTi: gu- || m- :
damaviwyen (vis?)... mog¢£senen (vin?) Cuen: nu damiviwyeb Cuen madidebel-

Ta SenTa mamao mog¢£seneni winaSe RmrTisa... sasul. 163,20.
guamxileb (vis?)...ganmarinen (vin?)...momageb (vis?)... Semiwyalen (vin?)
Cuen: ufalo nu guliswyromiTa SeniTa guamxileb Cuen aramed wyalobiTa Se-
niTa ganmarinen Cuen ufalo nu codvaTa CuenTaebr... momageb Cuen, aramed sa-
xierebiTa SeniTa Semiwyalen Cuen... warty. kÀ 12.
damdva (vis?)... aRmadginna (vin?)... guetyoda (vis?) — Cuen: maSin damdva
£eli T¢si y~lTa z~a TiToveulad C~nganTa da aRmadginna C~n da guetyoda es-
rÀT ... arimaT. 35.
myven (vin?) ... moguaniWe (vis?) — Cuen: gmadlobT Sen o~o Rirs myven C~n
codvilni ese da moguaniWe C~n cxovreba¡... kim. 148, 9.
momi£sene (vin?)... meox gueyav (vis?) — Cuen: momi£sene (?) m£snelo
sasufevelisa aw meox gueyav madidebelTa SenTa ... habo, 51,12.
momec (vis?)...mog¢teven (vis?) ...Seguyvaneb (vis?)... mi£snen (vin?)— Cuen:
puri Cueni samaradiso¡ momec Cuen dRÀs da mog¢teven C~n Tananadebni Cuen-
ni... nu Seguyvaneb C~n gansacdelsa o~o a~d mi£snen C~n borotisagan... ad. 13 a2.
mixilna (vin?) ...moguegeba (vis?)... mog¢kiTxna (vin?)... Seg¢wynarna (vin?)...
Semiyvanna...aRmiyvanna...dagusxna (vin?) — Cuen: x~ man mixilna C~n mimavalni
mowrafed moguegeba da mowled mog¢kiTxna da sixaruliT Seg¢wynarna da
Tqua: R~Tman keTilad mogiyvanna: da Semiyvanna da senakad aRmiyvanna da vyavT
locva¡ da dagusxna... kim. 165, 21.
damSji (vis?)...dagubaden (vin?)... moguaqcien (vin?) — Cuen: nu damSji
saxiero monaTa SenTa ... romelni dagubaden miwisagan da kualad moguaqcien
miwad... sasul. 274,20.
warmodgenil sailustracio masalaSi Cuen nacvalsaxels xan micemiTis
funqcia aqvs, xan — saxelobiTisa (zogjer kidev erTsa da imave frazaSi erT
zmnasTan saxelobiTis rols asrulebs, meoresTan — micemiTisas), magram am
sityvas (Cuen) mniSvneloba erTi da igive aqvs:
Semkriben da aRguzarden Cuen...
STagubera da mrqua Cuen...
nu damiviwyeb da ... mog¢£senen Cuen...
vinaa es `Cuen~? me da Sen, Tu me da is? pirvelsa da mesame magaliTSi Cuen-
Si `me da is~ (isini) unda igulisxmebodes: meore pirs mimarTavs mTqmeli: me da
is Semkribe da aRguzarde-o... nu damiviwyeb da mog¢£seneni-o...
94
istoriis sakiTxebi
magaliTSi — STagubera da mrqua Cuen — `Cuen~ nacvalsaxelis Sinaarsi ise

naTeli araa: vis STabera da vis uTxra man? me da Sen (Tqven) Tu me da mas?
ufro pirveli unda igulisxmebodes saTanado konteqstSi, vinem meore...
magram ase iqneba ganmartebuli `Cuen~ Tu ise, garkveuli iqneba misi
mniSvneloba Tu bundovani, es ar wyvets sakiTxs, sakiTxs wyvets sxva ram:
zmnaTa wyvileulebTan erTi da igive Cuen gvaqvs; da es erTi da igive Cuen
erT zmnaSi m-prefiqsiT gadmoicema, meoreSi — gu-prefiqsiT (sufiqsebis
mxriv sxvaoba araa): Semkriben da aRguzarden ... STagubera da mrqua...
ras mowmoben xsenebuli faqtebi? mxolod imas, rom ar SeiZleboda m- da
gu-prefiqsebi sxvadasxva (anda gansxvavebuli) mniSvnelobisa yofiliyo
imisaTvis, vis kalamsac saTanado frazebi ekuTvnis (e.i. SeuZlebelia Cuen
sityvis mniSvnelobis nairsaxeobaze vifiqroT da am niadagze avxsnaT m- da
gu-prefiqsTa xmareba).
maS, ratom ixmareboda paralelurad orive varianti (guaqus || maqus
Cuen), Tu mniSvnelobis mxriv sxvaobas adgili ara hqonda?
imitom, ratomac erTsa da imave ZeglSi, magaliTad, `vefxistyaosanSi~ er-
Ti meoris gverdiT gvxvdeba isi da igi, — erTi mniSvnelobisa, magram sxva-
dasxva dialeqturi warmomavlobis erTeulebi. am nacvalsaxelebs axal sa-
literaturo qarTulSic vipoviT, magram srul sinonimebad maT ver mi-
viCnevT: is msazRvreladac gamodgeba, subieqtad da obieqtadac gamoiyeneba,
igi-s msazRvrelad ver vixmarT: Sdr. is movida — igi movida; is kaci — ìgi
kaci: es ukanaskneli axali saliteraturo qarTulis TvalsazrisiT dialeq-
tur faqtadaa gaazrebuli (Zveli qarTulisaTvis `kaci igi~-a norma!).
`vefxistyaosanSi~ isi — igi sintaqsuri funqciis mixedviT sruli
sinonimebi Cans (Tuki, saerTod, SesaZlebelia sruli sinonimi gvqondes
metyvelebaSi).
ai, oriode nimuSi igi || isi-s msazRvrelad xmarebisa:
igi: ... igi veli gairbina, laSqarTagan gaekida... t, 172,1; komisiis teqsti,
univer. gamoc. 1937w. 1.
...usisxlod movkal igi yma, Tumca £mda sisxlisa deniT... t. 557,4.
...avTandil igi mindori oTx-axmiT gardaiara... t.178,1
...igi Wiri ar unaxavs ar ramins da arca vissa... t 183,3.
isi: ... rome cudad ar moRorde, isi kacni gRalatoben... t.434,1.
...ufero qmnilni minaxvan, vardni da isi iani... t.223,2.
... isi diaci aqa zis, mnaxavi kacTa mravalTa... t.1092,1.
... ras geqadda isi kaci? meswrafebis metis metad... t.1119,2.
rogorc cnobilia, is nacvalsaxeli Zveli qarTulisaTvis ucxo iyo,
mxolod igi ixmareboda, (magram gvqonda ese: ese— ege— igi)... axalma qarTulma
is gaabatona, igi-c ixmareba, magram misi gamoyeneba SezRudulia. warmoSobis
mixedviT ese — isi da ege — igi ori sxvadasxva dialeqtis kuTvnilebaa. s-iani
1
orTografia aRdgenilia (£, umarcvlo u).
95
istoriis sakiTxebi
varianti TandaTanobiT Zlierdeba, g-iani sustdeba; magram orive gvaqvs axal

qarTulSi, Zv. qarTulSic àq myofis~ aRsaniSnavad ukve gvqonda ese...
analogiuri viTareba Cans gu- || m-prefiqsTa SemTxvevaSic: es pre-
fiqsebi sxvadasxva dialeqturi wrisa unda iyos; maTi bedic qarTuli
saliteraturo enis istoriaSi cvalebadia: TvalsaCino cvlilebaa momxdari
maTs gamoyenebaSic (rasakvirvelia, analogia zogad momentebs exeba).
gu- da m- Zvel qarTulSi iyo; axalma qarTulma mxolod gu- icis; m-
varianti mravlobiTisa axali qarTulisTvis iseve ucxoa, rogorc isi
nacvalsaxeli Zveli qarTuli ZeglebisaTvis (V-X ss.).
am mxriv erTi faqtia sayuradRebo: `vefxistyaosnis~ enam ar icis `maqus
Cuen~ tipis warmoeba. erTaderTi formaa gu-prefiqsiani varianti. es niSnavs: XII
saukunidan saliteraturo qarTuli wyvets kavSirs im dialeqtur samyarosTan,
romelsac Semohqonda `maqus Cuen~ varianti. Cven saSualeba gvqonda, sxvagan
aRgveniSna, rom erTgvari gardatexa saliteraturo qarTulis istoriaSi
SemTxveviT ar modis XII saukuneze. Tbilisidan arabebi gandevnili arian (1122 w.),
TbilisSi gadmoinacvla politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis centrma da ukve
daviT aRmaSeneblis droidan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos cocxali dialeqturi
metyvelebaa saorientacio: mTeli rigi axali enobrivi faqti Tavs iCens
saliteraturo qarTulSi — dasabami eZleva axal saliteraturo qarTuls.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ am axali saliteraturo enis nimuSia warmodgenili 1.
`maqus Cuen~-is rigis warmoeba ar icis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis im
dialeqtebmac ki, romelTa arqaizmebic Zveli qarTulis zogi normis
dacvamdisac ki midis (aseTia, mag., xevsuruli).
`maqus Cuen~ tipi aRikveTa qarTuli saliteraturo enis sinamdvilidan
mas Semdeg, rac gawyda kavSiri samxrul da dasavlur qarTul kiloebTan.
am tipis warmoeba am kiloebidan (anda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am kiloTa meSve-
obiT) unda Sesuliyo saliteraturo Zvel qarTulSi. amJamad igi daucavs zanurs:
Wanursa da megrulSic axlac mravlobiTis pirvel pirSi m-prefiqsi gvaqvs
obieqtis aRsaniSnavad, oRond axali qarTulis msgavsad mravlobiToba sufiqsiT
aRiniSneba: Wan. ma miRun — Cqun miRun-an `Cven <<m-aqv-en>> — Sdr. Tqven gaqvT
(gaqv-en), maT aqvT (aqv-en)... ricxvSi maT, Tqven, Cven nacvalsaxelebTan zmnis
SeTanxmeba SedarebiT axali movlenaa. aseve meoreulia Cqun miRun-an: Zvelad aqac
unda yofiliyo Cqun m-iRu-n =`Cuen maqus~, e.i.: Cuen maqus zanuri normaa, zustad
rom vTqvaT, is normaa, romelic zanurma Semogvinaxa, magram zanurTan axlo
mdgomi qarTuli kiloebisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo...
1
im movlenaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic axali saliteraturo qarTulis normebad unda vcnoT,
`vefxistyaosanSi~, ix. avtoris werili `dialeqtizmebis sakiTxisaTvis `vefxistyaosanSi~ —
enimkis moambe III, 1938 (gv. 209-227). iq, sxvaTa Soris, naTqvamia: `Zv. qarTuli leqsikisa da
morfologiur-sintaqsuri sistemis Segueba am axal dialeqtur sinamdvilesTan, saliteraturo
qarTulis gadayvana axal liandagze — esaa procesi axali saliteraturo qarTulis
Camoyalibebisa... es procesi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mimdinareobs. quTaisidan politikuri
centris tfilisSi gadmosvlas gulisxmobs da mas mosdevs~ (gv. 227). CamoTvlilia axali
qarTulis damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi `vefxistyaosnis~ enaSi gv. 224-226.
96
istoriis sakiTxebi
gu- sxva qarTuli kilos kuTvnilebaa. ra kiloa es? amJamad mxolod is Seg-
viZlia vTqvaT, rom: 1. es kilo qarTuli saliteraturo enis aRnagobaSi erTi
uZvelesi ingredientia, 2. misi faqtebi svanuris morfologiaSic mTels Sres
qmnis, — saziaroa qarTulisa da svanurisaTvis (magram ucxoa zanurisaTvis).
aq CvenTvis mTavari isaa, rom gu- elementi, zemoTqmulis Sesabamisad, Zveli
kuTvnilebaa saliteraturo qarTulisa, gacilebiT ufro Zveli, vinem <<maqus
Cuen>> tipi... ra sabuTi gvaqvs amisaTvis? yvelaze Zvel ZeglebSi gu- ufro
xSiria, Semdeg m- tipi ikafavs gzas, XII saukuneSi ki es mocile èrTbaSad~ qreba.
`xanmeti mravalTavis~ gamomcemels, a. SaniZes samarTlianad aqvs SeniSnu-
li, rom am ZeglSi `pirveli piris obieqtur prefiqsad mr. ricxvSi erTxelac
ar aris naxmari m-, aramed yvelgan gu-~1.
saWirod vTvli moviyvanoT saTanado magaliTebi:
...ukueTu... gunebavn queyanisa amis sawuTro¡sa sargebeli...xanmeti
mravalTavi: univ. moambe, VII, gv.125.
...raodenisa bevreulisa vedrebisa g¢Rirs r~lsa Jamsa... Seiwirvis... iqve.
... miveaxlebiT r~imca guawrafebda miaxlebad sasufevelsa... iqve, gv.126.
...romel ese dideba¡ moguaqus... iqve.
...v~a pavle mociqulman guaswava... iqve, gv.131.
...gamog¢Cnda C~n daSjilTa macxovrad... iqve. gv.132.
...gamog¢Cnda R~i ... da kulad monebad guewoda... iqve.
...r~lni... siglaxakesa Sevrdomil viyveniT mefobadve mog¢yvanna... iqve.
gamog¢brwyinda da CC¢lTa mixmadla esev~ri...iqve. gv.133.
...winawametyuelo d~T g¢Txar C~n vin ars ese dRes momavali... gv.133.
... aw yrmano g¢TxarTRa C~nca vina¡ T~qn ...gv.134.
... xrcxuenian da g¢Txroben... gv.137.
... xayenebT da (xety¢T)... nu guamxileb C~nsa mas uSjuloebasa... gv.139.
... C~nca z~a guac sity¢s migeb(a¡)... gv.150.
vTqvaT, am teqsts qadagebis xasiaTi aqvs, mTqmeli `Cveno~ rom ambobs, msme-
nelsac gulisxmobs: guaswrafebda miaxlebad — vis? me da Tquen... xrcxuenian da
g¢Txroben — vis? me da Tquen... SeiZleba Tu ara amis mixedviT davaskvnaT: gu-pre-
fiqsi yvelgan imitom gvaqvs, rom yvelgan Cuen nacvalsaxeli erTi da imave mniS-
vnelobisaa, saxeldobr, inkluziurisaao (Cuen=me da Tquen)... es rom ase iyos,
gu-prefiqsis siZvele ki ar damtkicdeboda, aramed misi inkluziuri Sinaarsi
cxadi da xelSesaxebi gaxdeboda... samwuxarod, amas ver vityviT:
1
a. SaniZe, `xanmeti mravalTavi~, univ. moambe, VII, 1926, gv.117. Sdr. imave avtoris zogadi
debuleba: àdrindel ZeglebSi gu prefiqsian formebs iSviaTad vxvdebiT, iq ufro erTi
forma gvxvdeba m-aniani~ (Zveli qarT. ena § 40).
97
istoriis sakiTxebi
sxva magaliTebs rom Tavi davaneboT, sami SemTxvevaa, sadac Cuen

SeuZlebelia gavigoT, rogorc `me da Tquen~.
...winaswarmetyuelo d~T g¢Txar C~n... (vis? me da maT)
...aw yrmano g¢TxarTRa C~nca... (vis? me da maT)
...(xety¢T) nu guamxileb... (vis? me da maT)
meore piri Tquen (||Sen), ver Semova Cuen sityvis mniSvnelobaSi, es
gamoricxulia: am meore pirsaa, rom mimarTaven...
maSasadame, samsave SemTxvevaSi Cuen uciloblad eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa,
zmnaSi ki gu-prefiqsi gvaqvs: 15 magaliTidan —samSi! gu-prefiqsi danarCen 12
magaliTSic isevea inkluziuri pirveli piris prefiqsi, rogorc am samSi.
erTferovnebis mizezi siZvelea: rac unda iyos, VIII saukunis aqeT am
Zeglis daTariReba ar gadmoiwevs...
aseve damaxasiaTebelia gu-prefiqsi iv. javaxiSvilis mier gamocemul
xanmet teqstebSi:
...xityodes va¡ Cuenda r~... mog¢yuannes Cuen aqa ixileT ZliT ese
sikudili v~r ese SeguamTxueven Cuen: gevedrebiT Tquen g¢Cuene Cuen gza¡
r~a x¢tyodeT... univ. moambe, II (1923), gv.390.
<<Cuen>> ukanasknel magaliTSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tavisi mniSvnelobiT
pirveli ori SemTxvevisgan (g¢Cuene vis? — me da maT, <<Sen>> gamoricxulia); gu-
prefiqsi ki am zmnaSic isevea gamoyenebuli, rogorc danarCen orSi.
analogiuri viTarebaa haemet teqstSi:
miugo simon petre da h~qa o~o C~n gurwmena da g¢cnobies r~ Sen xar qÀ...
a. SaniZe, `haemeti teqstebis nimuSebi~: univ. moambe, III, gv.388.
xanmetsa da haemet ZeglebSi ori SemTxvevaRa dasturdeba m-prefiqsisa
mravlobiTSi.
...dedaTaca vieTme C~nganTa damak¢rves 1 C~n... (lk XXIV 22): `xanmeti
leqcionari~: univ. moambe, IX (1929), gv. 334.
...da igini xityodes urTierTas, anu ara guli Cueni gan£urvebul xiyo
Cuen Sovris. v~r igi metyoda C~n gzasa zeda: da v~r igi gamog¢Targmanebda
C~n wignTa (lk XXIV 32): iqve, gv.335.
ukanaskneli SemTxveva sainteresoa im mxriv, rom erTi da igive Cuen
(SerTuli winadadebis or zmnasTan) sxvadasxva prefiqsebiTaa gadmo-
cemuli, e.i. m- da gu- Tanabar funqciisadaa miCneuli. es funqcia, ra Tqma
unda, arc inkluzivis Cvenebaa da arc eqskluzivisa: `Cuen~ aq udris —
konteqstis mixedviT — `me da Tquen~-s (mowafeebi `xityodes urTierTas~).
amdenad aq m-prefiqsi srulebiT uadgilo unda yofiliyo.
adiSis oTxTavSi saTanado adgili (lk XXIV 32) ase ikiTxeba:
1
asea es nabeWd oTxTavSica da adiSis oTxTavSic.
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istoriis sakiTxebi
...ara gulni C~nni gan£urvebul iyvnes v~e igi guetyoda C~n da v~r
gang¢martebda C~n wignebsa...
nabeWd oTxTavSi (romelic xSirad opiza-tbeTis teqsts misdevs) gvaqvs:
...viTar igi metyoda Cuen gzasa zeda da viTar igi gamomiTargmanebda
Cuen wignTa (lk XXIV 32).
rom SevupirispiroT es sami Cveneba erTmaneTs, aseT suraTs miviRebT:
a d i S i T: guetyoda... da gang¢martebda Cuen...
x a n m e t i l e q c i o n a r i T: metyoda... da gamog¢Targmanebda Cuen...
nabeWdi oTxTaviT: metyoda... da gamomiTargmanebda Cuen...
I. orivegan gu-, II. m- || gu-, III. orivegan m-. Cveni varaudiT, esaa mSvenieri
ilustracia am prefiqsTa gamovlenis dinamikisa Zveli saliteraturo
qarTulis istoriul ganviTarebaSi, oRond im SeniSvniT, rom martooden
gu-prefiqsi SeiZleba gvqonoda, magram martooden m-prefiqsis xmarebamdis
saqme ar misula: X-XI saukuneTa manZilze — m-prefiqsis moxSirebisda
miuxedavad — gu-prefiqsi mainc ZalaSia.
m-prefiqsis xmarebis dinamika SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT oTxTavis
mixedviT; Sesadareblad viRebT adiSisa da opiza-tbeTis (beneSeviCis gamoc.)
teqsts; gadaweris TariRis mixedviT maT mcire manZili aSorebs (adiS. 897w. —
opiz. 915 w. — tbeTi 995 w., gadaTargmnilia ki es Zeglebi gacilebiT ufro
adre; adiSis teqsti mainc didi siZvelisa Cans).
1. adiS.: mou£des mas mowafÀni misni da hrques g¢Txar C~n igi RuarZlisa¡
da agarakisa¡... mT XIII 36, tab.29 a2
opiza-tbeT.: miTxar... Cuen... mT XIII 36: beneSev.
2. adiS.: hrqua maT rasa aqa sdegiT dRe yoel cudad: hrques mas r~ aravin
dag¢dgina Cuen... mT XX7, tab. 42 b1
opiza-tbeT.: ...aravin damidginna Cuen... : beneSev.
3. adiS.: x~ sulelni igi etyodes brZenTa maT gueciT C~nca zeTi... r~
sanTelni C~nni daguSrtebian miuges brZenTa maT da hrques nu uk¢e ver
gueyos C~n da T~qn ...mT XXV 8-9, tab. 54 a1-2.
opiza-tbeT.: ...meciT C~n zeTisa...sanTelni daSrtebian... ver gueyos Cuen
da T~qn ... mT XXV 8-9: beneSev.
saWiroa SevCerdeT am ukanasknel magaliTze. opiz-tbeTis `meciT C~n~ eq-
skluziuri gagebisaa da formac (m-) TiTqos Sesabamisia; `ver gueyos C~n da
T~qn~ inkluziuri mniSvnelobisaa da gu-c, erTi SexedviT, Tavis adgilasaa.
amgvarad, opiza-tbeTis es adgili imis sarwmuno magaliTi Cans, rom m- da gu-
gansxvavebuli funqciisaa: erTi — eqskluziurisaa, meore — inkluziurisa.
magram sakmarisia amas SevupirispiroT saTanado adgili adiSis oTxTavi-
dan, rom xsenebul faqtebs sxvagvari gaSuqeba mieces: adiSis teqstSi aq yvel-
gan gu-prefiqsia: gueciT... gueyos... daguSrtebian ukanaskneli zmna op.-tbe-
Tis teqstSi erTpiriania: sanTelni daSrtebian), e.i. araviTari eqskluzivi da
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istoriis sakiTxebi
inkluzivi, araviTari sxvaoba formaSi, Tumca `Cuen~ nacvalsaxelis mniSvne-

loba gueciT...daguSrtebian zmnebTan sxvaa (eqskluziuria: Tquen mogueciT
me d maT), gueyos zmnasTan sxva (inkluziuria: gueyos Cuen da Tquen)...
Cuen nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobis sxvaobas, rogorc vxedavT, zmna aravi-
Tar angariSs ar uwevda, yvelgan gu- ixmareboda. Semdeg erT-erT zmnaSi gu-s
adgili m-prefiqsma daiWira (sxva dialeqturi norma SemoiWra!) da am Sem-
Txvevis gamo Seiqmna iseTi mdgomareoba, TiTqos inkluziv-eqskluzivis gar-
Ceva hqonoda opiza-tbeTis teqsts mxedvelobaSi!
warmovidginoT, rom esa Tu is mwerali amJamad xmarobs formebs: s-Canxar,
s-dgaxar, s-tiri... da amasTan: s-Cans, s-dgas, s-tiris... SeiZleba Tu ara aqedan
davaskvnaT: meore piris subieqtur prefiqsad es mwerali s-prefiqss xmarobso
(am zmnebSi)... aseTi daskvna usafuZvlo iqneboda: s-Canxar formaSi s iseve araa
piris niSani, rogorc s-Cans formaSi prefiqsi s piris niSnad ar miiCneva... arc
erTsa da arc meore SemTxvevaSi s-prefiqsi subieqtis niSani araa im pirisTvis,
vinc s-Canxar, s-Cans formebs xmarobs. s-prefiqsis namdvil Rirebulebas meo-
re pirTan (s-Can-xar) Suqsa fens mesame piris forma (s-Cans); da es savsebiT ka-
nonzomieria: pirTa formebi sistemas qmnian, sistemis monawile yoveli wevris
adgili ki sxva wevrTan mimarTebas gulisxmobs, — esaa erT-erTi (magram ara er-
TaderTi!) ZiriTadi TvisebaTagani sistemaSi Semavali faqtebisa.
rac s-prefiqsis Sesaxeb iTqva, savsebiT vrceldeba gu- da m-prefiqsebzedac.
kidev oriode magaliTi:
4. adiS.: hrques mas moguec C~n r~a davsxdeT marjul Sensa... mkz X 37, tab.
87 a2-b1.
opiza-tbeT.: ... momec Cuen r~a davsxdeT... beneSev.
aqac ùmarTebulo~ gu- (moguec: unda yofiliyo me da maT — momec) ufro
axal ZeglSi `marTebuli~ formiTaa Secvlili mo-mec Cuen (me da maT). gamo-
dis, rom inkluziv-eqskluzivis garCeva mecxre saukuneSi ar unda yofiliyo
da meaTe saukuneSi ufro mkveTri gamxdara! namdvilad ki amaSi sxva tenden-
cia isaxeba; gu-prefiqsis adgils iWers m-, — sxva dialeqturi wris norma.
an kidev:
5. adiS.: da evedrebodes mas da hrques miguavlinen C~n Rorebsa imas...
mkz V12, tab. 73 a1.
opiza-tbeT.: ...mimavlinen Cuen Rorebsa imas... beneSev.
6. adiS.: giZlavs Tu ra¡me Seg¢ewie C~n da wyaloba yav C~n zeda... mkz IX,
22,83 b2.
opiza-tbeT.: Semewien Cuen da wyaloba yav Cuen T¢s...
7. adiS.: moZRuar mose dag¢wera C~n... mkz. XII 19 tab.91 a1.
opiza-tbeT.: moZRuar mose esre damiwera Cuen...
8. adiS.: ...man giCuenos T~qn qori didi da mun dagumzadeT C~n... mkz. XIV,
15 95 b1.
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istoriis sakiTxebi
opiza-tbeT.: ...da mun mza miyavT Cuen...

9. adiS.: RaRat yves da Tques miwyalen C¢en i~¢Zeo d~Tiso x~ erman man Seh-
risxna maT r~a dadumnes maT ufro¡s RaRat yves da T~qs g¢wyalen C~n Zeo
d~Tiso da dadga i~¢£ma uyo maT da hrqua: ra¡ gnebavs da giyo T~qn hrques mas
o~o r~a aRmexunen C~n T¢alni... mT. XX, 30 -33, 43 b2.
aq <<eqskluziuri Cuen.>> miwyalen, aRmexunen formebs kargad Seewyo-
boda, iqve rom ar gvqondes g¢wyalen imave Cuen nacvalsaxelisaTvis: miwyalen
|| g¢wyalen Cuen...
opiza-tbeT.: ... Semiwyalen C~n ... ufr~s RaRadebdes Semiwyalen C~n o~o
... aRguexilnen Tualni Cuenni...
aq pirveli zmna m-prefiqsiT meordeba, magram gu-prefiqsi aRmoaCnda
mesame zmnas (aRguexilnen), romelic adiSSi m-prefiqsiani iyo (aRmexunen)...
gu-prefiqsi inkluziur Cuen nacvalsaxelisa konteqsts ar efardeba: brmebi
yvirian — Cven Tvali agvixileo! visac mimarTaven, vinc unda auxilos Tvali,
is am Cven-Si ver Semova, Tvalxilulia...
10. adiS.: puri Cueni samaradiso¡ momec Cuen dReÀs da mog¢teven C~n
Tananadebni Cuenni... da nu Seguyvaneb C~n gansacdelsa o~o a~d mi£snen C~n
borotisagan... mT VI 11-13 tab.13 a2 (ix. gv.103).
ori gu-prefiqsi mainc gamoeria, Tumca Sesabamisi Cuen arafriT ar
gamoirCeva im ori sxva Cuen-isagan, zmnaSi rom m-prefiqss aCens...
opiza-tbeTisaSi oTxsave SemTxvevaSi m-prefiqsi gvaqvs: ... puri [ese]
Cueni arsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRes da momiteven Cuen Tananadebni Cuenni... da
nu Semiyvaneb Cuen gansacdelsa a~d mi£snen Cuen borotisagan...
adiSis oTxTavis gu-prefiqsi ara erTgan opiza-tbeTis oTxTavSic amave sa-
xiTaa daculi. masTan did wil SemTxvevaSic Cuen nacvalsaxelis garkveul (in-
kluziur) gagebasTan raime kavSirze laparaki SeuZlebeli xdeba: mxedveloba-
Si gvaqvs is SemTxvevebi, sadac meore pirisadmi mimarTvaa gadmocemuli da, ma-
Sasadame, es meore piri gamoricxulia (Cuen=me da maT... da ara: me da Tquen)...
gu-prefiqsi TiTqos ar gamoricxavs inkluziur gagebas:
adiS.: ... da urTierTas ityodes r~ puri ara guaqus...da hrqua maT
ra¡saT¢s ganhzraxavT. r~ puri ara guaqus... mkz VIII 16, tab. 81 a2.
op.-tb.: ...ara guaqus...
adiS.: etyodes mas da hrques ganuteve ese. r~ Segudgs C~n da RaRadebs...
mT XV 23, tab. 33 b1.
op.-tb.: ...Seg¢dgs Cuen...
adiS.: hrques mas naTlisRebad g¢Zlavs ... mT XX 22, tab.43 b1.
op.-tb.: ... maT hrques Zal g¢c...
adiS.: ...vTquaT Tu zeciT iyo: gurquas rad ara grwmena misi uk¢eTu
vTquaT kacTagan iyo g¢eSinis erisagan... maT XXI 25,45 b1-2.
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istoriis sakiTxebi
op.-tb.: gurquas Cuen...gueSinis erisa amis...

adiS.: da Tqua basrobs ra¡saRa gu£ms mowame...mT XXVI 65, tab. 60 a1.
op.-tb.: ra¡sa[Ra] g¢£man mowameni...
gu-prefiqsTan gamoricxulia inkluziuri gageba [Cuen= me da igi ||igini
(me da mas || maT)]:
adiS.: ...da hrques moZRuar gunebavs r~a ra¡ca gTxooT: miyo C~n... mkz X
35, tab. 87 a 2.
op.-tb.: ...moZRuar gunebavs r~a ra¡ca gTxovoT miyo Cuen... beneSev.
adiS.: ... moviden sxuani igi qalwulni da ityodes o~o o~o ganguRe C~n ...
mT XXV 11, tab. 54 a 2.
opiza-tbeT.: ... gang¢Re C~nca ... beneSev.
adiS.: miugo petre da hrqua mas gamoguTargmane C~n igavi ege... mT XV 12
tab. 54 a 2
opiza-tbeT.: ...gamog¢Targmane Cuen igavi ege... iqve: beneSev.
adiS.: da hrques moZRuad gunebavs Sengan saswaulisa xilva¡... mT XII 38,
tab. 26 a 2.
opiza-tbeT.: ...gunebavs Sengan... iqve, beneSev.
adiS.: ...evedrebodes mas da ityodes ganTuguasxam C~n g¢brZane Cuen
mislvad koltsa imas Rorebisasa... mT VIII 31, tab.17 a 2-b1.
opiza-tbeT.: ...ukueTu ganguasxam... g¢brZane Cuen...iqve, beneSev.
adiS.: x~ maT h~qs mas ara guaquns aqa garna xuTi puri da ori Tevzi... mT.
XIV 17, tab. 31 b1.
opiza-tbeT.: ... ara guaqus aqa...
adiS.: hrekeT mas da ety¢ed. g¢winawarmetyuelbd C~n q~À ... mkz XIV 65, tab.
98 a 2.
opiza-tbeT.: g¢winawt~ylebd Cuen...
adiSis oTxTavidan Sesadareblad aRebuli gvqonda maTe da markozi:
mxolod es nawilia opiza-tbeTis oTxTavidan gamocemuli (beneSeviCis mier).
saTanado masalis SedarebiTi analizi zeviTaa mocemuli 1.
amis Semdeg interesmoklebuli ar iqneba zogi cifrobrivi maCvenebelic
davurToT.
O1 mr. adiSisaSi gvaqvs: m- —13, gu- —39.
opiza-tbeTisaSi ` : m- — 21, gu- — 25.
SeniSvna: 6 SemTxvevaSi zmnas mravlobiTis pirveli piris obieqtis forma
ara aqvs:
1
Cven ganzraxuli gvqonda, oSkis dabadebis (X s.) teqstic gangvexila (SedarebiT), magram
arc am Zeglis fotopiri, arc xelnaweri gadaRebuli aqedan, CemTvis xelmisawvdomi ar aR-
moCnda.
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istoriis sakiTxebi
adiS.: sulgrZel meqmen Cuen z~a (mT XVIII 29) — opiza-tbeT.: sulgrZel
iqmen Cem z~a...
`puri ara guaquns (mT. XVI 7) — opiza-tbeT.: puri ara moviReT...
`damasworen C~n igi (mT XX 12) — opiza-tbeT.: swor Cuenda hyven igini ... da a.S.
amrigad, m- || gu-prefiqsian formaTa ricxvi opiza-tbeTisaSi adiSis
magaliTebTan SedarebiT eqvsiT naklebia. amisda miuxedavad, garkveuli
dinamika Cans m- || gu-s sixSiris SefardebaSi:
adiSis 13 : 39, opiza-tbeT.: 21 : 25
gu- ise Warbadaa gamoyenebuli adiSis ZeglSi, rom kaci ifiqrebda: esaa
Semzadeba XII-XIII saukunis saero literaturis normisa, roca m-, rogorc O1
mravl., sruliad gamqralia... adiSis Zegli, rogorc es eWvmiutanlad
gaarkvia korn. kekeliZem, 897 welsaa gadawerili (da ara XII s. dasawyisSi,
rogorc winaT zogi mkvlevari fiqrobda)...
amgvarad, gu-s siWarbe IX saukuneSi gadaweril ZeglSi dasturdeba. mere:
xanmetsa da haemet ZeglebSi gu- an erTaderTi formantia O1 mravl. anda TiTqmis
erTaderTi: m- – O1 mravl. aq gacilebiT ufro iSviaTia, vinem X-XI saukunis
ZeglebSi. es niSnavs: XII saukunis saero literaturis normis Semzadebad ver
miviCnevT gu-prefiqsis sixSires adiSis oTxTavSi: aq es arqaizmia.
am konteqstSi SeiZleba movigonoT sxvagvari arqaizmebiT mdidari iseTi
Zeglis Cveneba, rogoricaa ùdabnos mravalTavi~ (saqarTvelos muzeumis
xelnaw. 1139).
am ZeglSi m- || gu-prefiqsTa Sefardeba aseTia: 25 : 114. samwuxarod, teqs-
tis Sinaarsi imgvari Sedarebis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva, rogoric oTxTavis
masalis mimarT gamoviyeneT. SeuZliaT gviTxran: iqneb, inkluziuri Sinaar-
siT naxmari Cuen-aa teqstSi gamoyenebulio. ra Tqma unda, ara (uadgilobis
gamo aq sailustracio masala ar mogvyavs).
ìakob xucesis Jamis wirvaSi~ (xelnaw. 86, gamocemulia korn. kekeliZis
mier) pirveli piris obieqtis simravlis aRsaniSnavad naxmaria:
m- — 18-jer, gu- — 35-jer.
aRsaniSnavi isaa, rom am 35 SemTxvevidan 31-Si gu- moudis iseT zmnas,
romlis subieqtic meore piria da, maSasadame, Cuen obieqti inkluziuri
SinaarsiT SeuZlebelia iyos naxmari:
Seg¢wyalen Cuen 12,8; 41,3; 41,6
mog¢£senen Cuenca 57,8
dag¢cven Cuen 80,5; 83, 15
daguawynaren Cuen 85,5
guakurTxen 83,2
ganguanaTlen 104,1
guasminen 17,7
moguxeden 25,3
mogumadle 25,5; 122,9
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istoriis sakiTxebi
moguaniWe 5,17; 40,12 da sxv.

Zveli qarTulis paraleluri formebidan Seg¢wyalen || Semiwyalen Cuen
... guaqus || maqus Cuen gu-prefiqsiani formebia saliteraturo qarTulis
TvalsazrisiT ufro Zveli.
amrigad, Zveli qarTuli Zeglebis monacemTa analizma im daskvnamdis
migviyvana, rom:
1. gu-prefiqsi mravlobiTis niSani iseve ar yofila Zv. qarTulSi,
rogorc m-: Tu Cuen saxelobiTis funqciiT iyo naTqvami, misi mravlobiToba
yovelTvis aRiniSneboda, magram sufiqsiT (gan-gu-aaxl-n-a man Cuen): sul
erTi iyo m-prefiqss vixmardiT, Tu gu-prefiqss.
Tu Cuen micemiTis funqciiT iyo aRWurvili, misi mravlobiToba aRu-
niSvneli rCeboda iseve, rogorc Tquen, maT nacvalsaxelTa (micem.: aqus maT,
g-aqus Tquen, m-aqus || gu-aqus Cuen).
mravlobiTis prefiqsad gu- Zvel qarTulSi imitom gveCveneba, rom axal
qarTulSi aqvs am formants aseTi mniSvneloba: guaqus Cuen-Si gu-s miCneva
mravlobiTis niSnad — esaa axali qarTuliseuli gagebis gadatana Zvel qar-
TulSi, e.i. istoriuli perspeqtivis daucveloba.
rogor iqca gu- mravlobiTis prefiqsad? imave gziT, rogoradac -an, -en,
-es sufiqsebi iqca mesame piris mravlobiTis formantebad, Tumca Tavdapir-
velad eseni martooden simravlis maCvenebelni iyvnen.
2. gu- da m- sxvadasxva dialeqturi wris mieraa Semotanili saliteratu-
ro qarTulSi. am ukanasknelSi gu-prefiqsi uZvelesia, m-prefiqsia minarevia.
m-prefiqsis moxSireba X-XI saukuneebze modis; XII saukunis saero litera-
turis enaSi m-prefiqsi (maqus Cuen tipi) qreba; maqus Cuen warmoeba zanuria,
ufro zustad, zanuriseburia.
3. guaqus || maqus formaTa sxvaobas inkluziuri da eqskluziuri gageba
safuZvlad Zvel qarTulSi ar udevs.
calkeuli faqtebi, sadac m- eqskluziursa da gu- inkluziur gagebas iguebs,
SemTxveviTia; is miRebulia martivi albaTobis niadagze: gvaqvs ori afiqsi, vvara-
udobT or funqcias: SeuZlebelia, zogan damTxveva ar miviRoT (zeviT, adiSisa da
opiza-tbeTis magaliTTa Sedarebisas, vnaxeT, Tu rogor xdeba es).
aseTia saqmis viTareba, Tu Zveli qarTulis faqtebs, qarTuli enis mo-
nacemTa mixedviT, qarTuli enis istoriuli ganviTarebis perspeqtivaSi
davafasebT.
magram sxvagvari STabeWdileba SeiZleba miviRoT, Tu svanuris Cvenebas
davemyarebiT: svanurSi pirveli piris mravlobiTSi garCeulia inkluzivi da
eqskluzivi, — es exeba subieqtis pirvel pirsac da obieqtisasac. mere, rac
xazgasasmelia, obieqtis inkluziuri forma gv-prefiqsiTaa gadmocemuli.
swored svanurze dayrdnobiT iZleodnen Zv. qarTulis formis Tavisebur
ganmartebas: gu-|| m-prefiqsTa gamoyeneba inkluziv-eqskluzivis gamovlenaao.
`vinaidan Zv. qarTuls O1 mravl. ori forma aqvs, romlebic, marTalia,
mniSvnelobis mixedviT ukve aRar gansxvavdeba, SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom in-
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istoriis sakiTxebi
kluziur da eqskluziur prefiqsTa sxvaoba Zvelia da mxolod svanurs aqvs

SemorCenilio~ — wers g. deetersi 1.
` gU - da n- formantebTan dakavSirebiT Zveli qarTulis gu da m- gvagondeba.
ukanasknelTa Soris, albaT, ise iyo roli ganawilebuli, rogorc dRes aris sva-
nurSi. gvgonia, rom gU - Seesabameboda gu-s xolo n- — m-s. megrulSi gu ara Cans,
albaT, daikarga~ — vkiTxulobT v. Tofurias monografiaSi svanuri zmnis Sesaxeb2.
amave sakiTxs specialuri werili uZRvna karp. donduam 3. avtoris daskvna
aseTia:
Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi darCenilia inkluziv-eqskluzivis kvali.
inlkuzivis niSania gu-prefiqsi, eqskluzivisa — m. gu-prefiqsi `metad Zveli
prefiqsia svanursa da Zvel qarTulSi~.
Zv. qarTulSi gu-s ùkve aRebuli aqvs Tavis Tavze odesRac eqskluziuri
m-prefiqsis funqcia. gu-s Seuferebeli gamoyenebis magaliTebi xSiria, m-
eqskluzivisTvis ufro Tanamimdevruladaa gamoyenebuli...~
avtors aRniSnuli aqvs, rom aris SemTxvevebi, sadac gu- || m-prefiqsebi
erTsa da imave Cuen-ze miuTiTeben, magram SeumCneveli rCeba miguavlinen,
g¢wyalen rigis formebi, sadac obieqtis mravlobiToba sufiqsiT aris gadmo-
cemuli da gu-s saamiso funqcia ara aqvs, arc saTanado daskvnebia gakeTebuli.
karp. donduasTvis iseve, rogorc v. TofuriasTvis amosavalia svanuris
viTareba, svanurSi inkluzivisa da eqskluzivis kategoriaTa arseboba.
es bunebrivicaa: qarTvelur enaTa Soris svanurs rigs SemTxvevaSi ZvelisZve-
li movlenebi aqvs SemorCenili. magram inkluziv-eqskluzivis formaTa warmoebas
svanurSi imdeni sirTule axlavs, rom, sanam mas ar moevleba, svanuris es katego-
riebi qarTulis Zvels viTarebas ver gamogvirkveven. pirvel rigSi, pasuxi unda
gavceT kiTxvaze: pirveladi, Zveli movlenaa svanurSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis
kategoriaTa garCeva Tu meoreuli? amJamad, vfiqrobT, meti sabuTi arsebobs
imisaTvis, rom svanurSi am kategoriaTa meoreuloba vamtkicoT, vinem — piruku.
svanurio, rom vambobT, amas dazusteba esaWiroeba. svanuri rTuli Sed-
genilobisaa; masSi SeiniSneba: erTi fena, romelic mas qarTulTan akavSirebs;
meore fena, romelic zanuridan (Wanur-megrulidan) modis; mesame fena, ro-
melic garkveviT adiReur masalas warmogvidgens; da kidev erTi, romelic ka-
nonzomier SefardebaSia qarTulTan (da miT zanurTanac). qarTvelur enaTa
istoriis TvalsazrisiT swored es ukanaskneli fenaa, romelsac ufleba
aqvs `svanuris~ saxeli ataros da qarTulisa da zanuris gverdiT axal,
calke erTeulad iyos miCneuli qarTvelur enaTa wreSi.
1
Deeters G., Das kharthw. Verbum, 1930, § 45, gv. 27.
2
svanuri ena, I, zmna (1931) § 6 B1, gv 26, svanuri umarcvlo u xan U-Tia qvemoT
gadmocemuli, xan v-Ti (wyaros mixedviT).
3
Категория инклюзива-эксклюзива в сванском и ее следы в древнегрузинском: krebuli: «Памяти
акад. Н.Я. Марра» (1938), gv. 135-151.
105
istoriis sakiTxebi
sanam svanuri inkluziv-eqskluzivis CvenebaTa SedarebiTi analizi da

kvalifikacia iqnebodes mocemuli, saWiroa faqtobrivi viTareba sqematurad
gaviTvaliswinoT.
es viTareba vrclad aris ganxiluli v. Tofurias gamokvlevaSi svanuri
zmnis Sesaxeb (iqvea gadmocemuli, sxva avtorTa Sexedulebanic). warmovad-
genT ZiriTad debulebebs:
a. eqskluzivi da inkluzivi subieqtis formebSic gairCeva da
obieqtisaSic:
eqskl.: nAY xU-Ari-d `varT~ t-U-ixe-d `vabrunebT~
n-aya `gvyavs~ (me da is) (me da mas)
inkl.: nAY l-Ari-d ` lG-txe-d vabrunebT
gU-aya `gvyavs~ (me da Sen) (me da Sen)
xv = S1 eqskl. xmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan n – O1 eqskl.

v- = ` ` TanxmovniT ` `
l – S1 inkl. gU- O1 inkluz.
b. subieqtur formaTa inkluzivi da eqskluzivi yvela svanurma kilom
icis, obieqtis formebSi ki es kategoriebi mxolod zemosvanurma (inguris xe-
oba bals zemoT da bals qvemoT!) icis, qvemo svanurSi — laSxur-lentexurSi
es formebi garCeuli araa, O1 mravlobiTi erTi formiTaa cnobili da
saTanado formanti aris gv- : gv-aya `gvyavs~.
gv-prefiqsi, amrigad, svanuri kiloebisaTvis saerToa, oRond mas zogan qar-
Tulis msgavsad zogadi mniSvneloba aqvs, zogan ki inkluziuri gageba axlavs.
c. obieqtisa da subieqtis eqskluziur da inkluziur formantTa aRna-
gobaSi araviTari kanonzomieri Sefardeba ara Cans: fonetikurad erTma-
neTTan axlos myofi n — l, xv — gv funqciiT ZiriTadad gansxvavdebian:
n — obieqtis eqskluzivisaa, l —subieqtis inkluzivisaa,
gv— obieqtis inkluzivisaa, xv — subieqtis eqskluzivisa.
mere: am prefiqsTa Sefardeba mxoloobiTis pirveli piris prefiqsebTan
araa erTgvari: `ver vityviT, l- S inkl. iseTsave mimarTebaSi iyos xv S1 mxol.,
rogorSic gv — O1 inkl. — m- O1 mxoloobiTSi 1.
d. O1 inkl,. gU- v. Tofurias rTuli Sedgenilobis prefiqsad aqvs
nagulvebi da ase Slis: g- O2, U ← m O1 ... 2.
es, erTi SexedviT, savsebiT bunebrivi varaudi metad racionaluri gamo-
dis da mere, rac mTavaria, mas xU-prefiqsis Cveneba eRobeba: xU prefiqsi ar iS-
leba am wesiT; ukeT rom vTqvaT, iSleba, magram inkluziuri Sinaarsisa gamodis
1
k. dondua, Категория инклюзива-эксклюзива: krebuli, gv. 143.
2
svanuri ena, § 6, Ba, gv. 26.
106
istoriis sakiTxebi
da ara eqskluziurisa: x – S2, U – S1. es garemoeba, v. Tofurias TqmiT, gadaula-

xavi dabrkolebaa xU -s daSlisaTvis (im wesiT, ra wesiTac gU iqna daSlili) 1.
eqskluziuri n-s `Sedgenilobac~ funqciis Sesabamisad ver ixsneba... 2.
subieqtis inkluzivi da eqskluzivi svanuris yvela kiloSi gvaqvs,
obieqtisa — ara: gu- || n- mxolod zemosvanurSi ixmareba. rogor unda aixsnas
es faqti? yvelgan iyo garCeuli da axla mimdinareobs am kategoriaTa moSla
Tu piruku: amJamadac araa dasrulebuli procesi gU - || n-prefiqsTa
gamoyenebisa inkluziuri da eqskluziuri O1 formantebad? Cven ukanaskneli
SesaZlebloba migvaCnia ufro sarwmunod.
ratom? imitom rom zemo svanurSic gU- || n-prefiqsTa xmarebaSi gvaqvs
erTgvari ryeva. saTanado faqtebi dadasturebulia v. Tofurias mier, is wers:
ùSgulurSi, romelsac laSxuris gavlena etyoba, gU -sa da n-s xmarebis
wesi sakmaod areulia, rac inkluziv-eqskluzivs Soris arsebuli sxvaobis
waSlasa da n-s dakargvis dasabams moaswavebso~ 3.
avtoris mier moyvanili uSguluri magaliTebi – mAY jekUes, eja gUAyr
(`rac gsurdes, is gviyav~)... Yedi J’oguxUt ànda amogvwyvite~ 4 imdenad
aRrevas ar mowmobs, ramdenadac gU-prefiqsis zogadi mniSvnelobiT
gamoyenebas; es savsebiT im rigis magaliTebia, Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan
rom moviyvaneT zemoT: gamog¢Targmane Cuen... gang¢Re Cuen... g¢brZane Cuen...
gu- iq zis, sadac svanurSi n-s movelodiT (da Zv. qarTulSi m-s, Tuki
inkluziuri da eqskluziuri formebi gamijnuli aRmoCndeboda).
msgavsi faqtebi SeniSnuli aqvs imave avtors ifarelTan da ecerelTan;
ifarSi msmeniao: SUidebde logUHeda (nacvlad SUidebde lanHeda-si — `mSi-
dobiTac mogvixvel!~)... `si oR gUiri SUidebd~ (—`Senmca gvyavxar mSvido-
biT~) — ecerelma ase dagvloca aq TbilisSio~ da dasZens: àmaT msgavsi maga-
liTebi sul ramdenimeRa moiZebneba Sekrebils masalebSi. sarkvevia, Tu ra-
tomaa es. unda iTqvas, rom: 1. n- niSnis nacvlad gU-s xmarebis SemTxveva imde-
nad mcirea Cvens masalebSi da 2. n- da gU- imdenad cocxali formantebia ze-
mosvanurSi, rom ara gvgonia, es am ukanasknelTa aRreviT iyos gamowveuli.
Cveni maswavleblebi maT arasodes ar revdnen erTmaneTSi. maTi areva arc da-
beWdil prozaul teqstebSi SeiniSnebao 5.
aRreva aq, marTlac, ara gvaqvs; aRreva iqneboda, gU - gvepova iq, sadac n-s
movelodiT da, piruku, n-prefiqsi mjdariyo iq, sadac gU - s adgilia. aq ki
normis calmxriv darRvevas vxedavT: n- unda iyos da gU - aris, e.i. n-prefiq-
sis gamoyenebis area SezRuduli da gU-prefiqsisa, piriqiT, gafarToebuli.
zeviT ukve vTqviT, rom analogiuri mdgomareoba gvaqvs Zvel qarTulSic.
1
svanuri ena, § 6, Ba, gv. 29.
2
iqve, gv. 28
3
iqve, gv. 25
4
iqve, gv. 26
5
iqve, SeniSvna.
107
istoriis sakiTxebi
laSxuris gavleniT uSgulurSi normaTa Seryeva erTgvarad moulodnelia.

Tu laSxursa da lentexurSi gU- || n- garCeuli iyo da sxvaoba merea
moSlili da am gziT miviReT, marto gU-prefiqsi, sakvirvelia, ratom arsad
SemogvrCa n-prefiqsis xmarebis naSTi.
Tundac salocavebis gamoTqmebSi, rogoricaa, jgGrAg[u] logvSeda...
jgGrAg, si logveSd! – jgiragimc (giorgimc) Segvwevia.... jgirag, Sen
Segvewie!1. (igive gamoTqma latalelTan aseT saxes iRebs: jgGrAgi si laneSd!
2
es eqskluziuri forma kanonzomieria).
laSxur-lentexurSi n- arsad Cans. samagierod, gU - ara mxolod uSgu-
lurSi gvevlineba n-s adgilas, leqsebSi aseTi rame sxvaganac gvaqvs.
m u l a x S i Cawerilia leqsi `murzabeg~, sadac vkiTxulobT:
aS gvibina liz-liCedi, ase dagviwyia svla-wasvla,
SyaJvmiS qarvan sga logxvidda: mwyris qaravani Semogvxvda:
mesme lAnSAn ala gvera 3 mesame niSani es gveqneba.
gU aq uadgilo Cans... amave leqsSi rigi sxva msgavsi forma mogvepoveba.
verc uSgulis da verc, miT ufro, laSxuris gavlenas amas ver mivawerT.
marTalia, leqsebs Cveulebrivad farTo gavrceleba aqvT, Temis farglebi
maTTvis ar arsebobs poezia `saerTo svanuria~, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas (da ara
dialeqturi), magram swored amitom leqsis enis Cveneba gansakuTrebiT fase-
ulia. leqsebis enaSi, vimeorebT, gU - ara erTgan aRmoCndeba xolme n-s adgi-
las, ùSgulizmebi~ marto uSgulurs, etyoba, ar axasiaTebda...
mestiaSia Cawerili `gierg dadvan~; aqac ikiTxeba:
aS gvibina liz — liCedi (—ase dagviwyia svla-wasvla—), Tumca inkuluzi-
uri Sinaarsi aq Seuferebelia: gierg dadvani Cegemlebma daatyveves, Crdilo-
eT kavkasiaSi mihyavT da datyvevebuli gviyveba Tavis ambavs: daviwyeT svlao
— vin? tyved wayvanilma momTxrobma da damtyveveblebma (`me da maT~)...
gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia mulaxSi Cawerili leqsi `vicbil-
macbil~:
xvilzigaled latlAr hoker, vsaxlobT latalelebis bolos,
saxlobas aravin gvaclida.
lalzigales dAr gvaCoda. gadavsaxldebiT latalelebisgan,
(Cvens) kvals (`navals~) davtovebT.
qa lAlqexnid latlArxAnqa Tormeti weli gagvxdomia
(`gagvsvlia~),
nazuares Cu elcvired. Tbili puri ar gviWamia;
1
svanuri poezia, gv. 312. Cawerilia a. SaniZis mier. `svanebi iyvnen [Camosuli] TbilisSi da
imReres muSaTa sasaxlis erT-erT oTaxSio...~ araa naCvenebi, sadaurebi iyvnen. Caweris
TariRi 8.XII. 1932.
2
iqve, gv. 312
3
iqve, gv. 16.
108
istoriis sakiTxebi
eSdYeru zAY qav gvaCeda, Tormeti weli gagvxdomia,

tebdi diAr desa gvima; saxl-karisaTvis ar mogvivlia;
YeSdYeru zAY qav gvaCeda, Tormeti weli gagvxdomia,
qor i lirded mad gviznana; tkbili cxovreba ara gvqonia.
codva Cveni ar gamoleodeT
YeSdYeru zaY qav gvaCeda, (`numc gamoleviaT~),
muWxvi lirde desa gvara. rad enanebodaT colebi CvenTvis?...
codva guSgve¡ nov xaSdexax, sami weli gagvxdomia,
mAY xaSondax xexvAr guSgve¡d? ecer-cxumari uxnav-uTesad
semi zaild qav gvaCeda, dagvitovebia...
ecer-cxGmAr u£na-ulaSvinduv
gvicvira...
(svan. poez. 78-81)
gvaCoda (`gvaclida~)...gvaCeda (`gagvsvlia~)... gvima (`gviWamia~)... gvara
(`gvqonia~)...gvicvira (dagvitovebia~)... guSgve¡ (`Cveni~)... guSgve¡d (`Cven-
Tvis~, `Cvenda~) — yvela inkluziuri formaa, magram inkluziuri Sinaarsi arc
erT amaTgans ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba am konteqstSi hqondes: vicbil-macbil
TavianT Tavgadasavals hyvebian: aq vesaxleT, ase mogvivida da aseo... vis? me
da Tqven? msmenels da mkiTxvels? ra Tqma unda, ara: `me da Cems Zmaso~... (e.i.:
me da mas): gv-prefiqsi inkluzivis Sinaarsisa aq ar SeiZleba iyos...
leqsi iwyeba sityvebiT: `xvilzigaled~ `vsaxlobT~, mis gverdiTaa gvaCo-
da: ukanasknels iseve ar axlavs inkluziuri gageba, rogorc xvilzigaled
formas (inkluzivi iqneboda `lilzigaled~).
xvilzigaled latlAr hoker,
lalzigaled dAr gvaCoda...
xvilzigaled ara mxolod imiTaa faseuli, rom xazgasmiT gvaCvena — gva-
Coda inkluzivi araao, aramed sxva mxrivac; gvaCoda iseve zogadi formaa
obieqtis pirveli pirisaTvis, rogoric xvilzigaled unda yofiliyo zoga-
di forma subieqtis pirveli pirisaTvis mravlobiTSi: svanuris
istoriulad upiratesi formebi mravlobiTisa esenia xU– gU (n- O1 da l- S1
meoreuli monacemebia).
leqsis mesame da meoTxe taepSi S1 inkluziuri formebia amotivtivebuli
lAlqexnid, elcvired: es momxdaria leqsis modernizaciis procesSi... egeve
iTqmis negni, nuRva, naku. niSgve¡ formaTa Sesaxeb (eseni isev im Cven-ze
miuTiTeben, ramac gvaCeda, gvicvira, guSgve¡ formebi mogvca):
109
istoriis sakiTxebi
nAY¡ fayvare TxumJi negni, Cven qudebi Tavze gvexureba,

nebgvaJi nAY¡ svindis nuRva, Sublze Cveni sindisi gvaqvs,
xexvAr niSgve¡Y niSgveY¡d colebi Cveni CvenTvis gvinda~.1
naku!
sakvirveli is ki araa, rom aseTi formebi, Tanamedrove zemosvanuri nor-
mebis Sesabamisi, leqsSi gaCnda; sakvirveli isaa, rom rig SemTxvevaSi Zveli
normebi daculi aRmoCnda. formebis mxriv leqsis gadamuSavebis damaxasi-
aTebeli faqtia `vicbil-macbilSi~ mocemuli. amgvari gadamuSavebis SesaZ-
lebloba gaTvaliswinebuli unda gvqondes, roca svanuri leqsebis teqstis
istoriuli saxis aRdgenas davisaxavT miznad...
amjerad gU-prefiqsis Sesaxeb moyvanili masaliT davkmayofildebiT
(imave `svanur poeziaSi~ msgavsi sxva faqtebic dasturdeba, magram maTze aq
ver SevCerdebiT). aqamde Tqmuli gasagebs xdis, ratom vvaraudobdiT, rom gU-
|| n-prefiqsTa garCeviT gamoyeneba meoreulia; sadac maTi gamijvna ar
xerxdeba (ùSgulizmebi~), iq swored Zveli viTarebaa daculi.
gU-prefiqsi Zvel qarTulSi ar aRmoCnda O1 mravlobiTobis niSani. es prefiq-
si mTel svanur metyvelebaSi Cans: esaa erTi im morfologiur faqtTagani, rome-
lic qarTuls (ukeT, mis erT fenas) da svanurs mWidrod akavSirebs rogorc saer-
To ingredientis, orive enobrivi erTeulis monawile dialeqtis, kuTvnileba.
gU-prefiqsi Zv. qarTulSi arc mravlobiTobis niSani iyo da arc misi
inkluziuri variantis maCvenebeli.
bunebrivia, rom amasve movelodiT svanurSi: gU- svanurSic ar unda yofili-
yo mravlobiTobis formanti da, maSasadame, is ver iqneboda am mravlobiTobis
erT-erTi varianti, inkluziuri: is SeiZleboda mxolod SemdegSi qceuliyo
aseT formantad, aRWurviliyo am funqciiT iseve, rogorc axal qarTulSi mog-
vevlina obieqtis pirveli piris mravlobiTis niSnad. am funqciiT aRWurva unda
dawyebuliyo imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom svanurSi (e.i. im enaSi, romelsac axla
svanuri ewodeba) — dialeqtTa Tu enaTa Serevis Sedegad — erTmaneTis gverdiT
aRmoCnda gU- da n-prefiqsebi. svanuris garkveul fenaSi Cven nacvalsaxelad
nAY mogvepoveboda da zmnaSic gvqonda Sesabamisi prefiqsi n- pirveli pirisa
mravlobiTSi (es prefiqsi iseTsave damokidebulebaSia nAY nacvalsaxelTan,
rogorSic afxazuri hara `Cven~ ha prefiqsTan: hara ha-youp `Cven varT~ — Sdr.
nAY¡ n-aya `Cven gvyavs~: mravlobiTis Cveneba n-prefiqss imTaviTve SeeZleboda,
Tu mas nAY¡ nacvalsaxelTan aqvs geneturi kavSiri). meore fenam gU-prefiqsi mo-
itana. maTi simbiozis procesSi gU- ||n- funqciaTa gamijvna miviReT. xvedri wo-
na? gU- kilosi gacilebiT meti unda yofiliyo, vinem n-si. masTan n- fenis gam-
grZeleblebi zemo svaneTis TemebSi arian warmodgenili. aseTia varaudi.
am varaudSi yvelaze daujerebelia gU-s funqcia. rogor SeiZleboda gU-
ar yofiliyo mravlobiTis niSani?
1
svanuri poezia, gv. 80.
110
istoriis sakiTxebi
qarTulSi gu-s funqciis sakiTxi gadawyvita gan-gu-aaxl-n-a tipis warmo-

ebam. svanurs aseTi ram amJamad ara aqvs. magram ufleba gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom
Tu eqneboda, sufiqsiT aRniSnavda saTanado obieqtis (saxelob.) simravles.
rac Seexeba maqvs, myavs tipis zmnebs, micemiTis mravlobiToba arc Wanur-
megrulsa da arc svanurSi iseve ar unda yofiliyo aRniSnuli, rogorc ar
gvqonda Zv. qarTulSi. amgvarad: Tu mravlobiTis aRniSvnis is principi,
rac qarTulsa da zanurSi dasturdeba, svanuris mimarTac ZalaSia, gu-
prefiqsis kvalifikacia ar SeiZleba iyos sxvanairi, vinem qarTulSi.
erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac sxvagvari gzac rCeba: es maSin, Tu gu-
prefiqss aRmoaCndeboda Sesabamisi nacvalsaxeli mravlobiTisa `Cven~, e.i.
Tu afxazuridan cnobili viTareba dadasturdeboda: maSin gu-prefiqsi
iseTsave mimarTebaSi iqneboda saTanado nacvalsaxelTan, rogorSic n-pre-
fiqsia nAY-sTan an afx. ha-prefiqsia hara-sTan. aseTi nacvalsaxeli ara Cans:
aris kuTvnilebiTi niSgueY¡ – gUiSgUeY¡ `Cveni~, magram `Cven~ aris martooden
nAY¡. gUiSgUeY-saTvis igive odenobaa amosavali, rac gU-sTvis, da es amosava-
li odenoba ar unda yofiliyo Cven nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobisa (amaze qve-
moT).
n-prefiqsiani dialeqti rom ara, zemosvanurSi gveqneboda iseTi viTa-
reba, rogoric qvemosvanurs (laSxursa da lentexurs) axasiaTebs: man
mxolod gU-prefiqsi icis (swored imgvaradve, rogorc esaa axal qarTulSi).
amgvarad, qvemosvanurSi (laSxur-lentexurSi) ufro Zveli mdgomareobaa
daculi, vinem zemosvanurSi.
vTqvaT, yvelaferi es asea; gU- zemosvanurSi inkluzivis funqciiT mere aRi-
Wurva. Tavdapirvelad arc inkluzivs, arc mravlobiTs gU- ar aRniSnavda. es
mosazrebebi saboloo angariSSi emyareba Zv. qarTulis mowmobas: gu- mravlobiTis
niSani iq ar aRmoCnda. TviT svanurSi Tu gvaqvs imis magaliTi, rom inkluzivSi (an
eqskluzivSi — principulad es sul erTia!) ara mravlobiTis, mxoloobiTis
sufiqsi iyos gamoyenebuli? mxolobiTi ricxvis cnobili da udavo prefiqsia,
subieqtis eqskluzivisaTvis romaa gamoyenebuli: xUArid `varT~, `varsebobT~ (me
da is ||isini), tUixed `vabrunebT~ (me da is||isini)... Sdr. mxol. xUari, tUixe...
xU-Ari – xU-Ari-d erTmaneTTan savsebiT iseTsave mimarTebaSia, rogoric Wan.
v-ore — v-ore-T, qarT. v-ar — v-ar-T formebs Soris arsebobs: mravlobiTis pir-
veli piri udris mxoloobiTis pirvel pirs plus mravlobiTobis -d sufiqsi (Wa-
nursa da qarTulSi T ← d). mravlobiTobis es sufiqsi aq aucilebelia, radganac
subieqtis mravlobiToba unda iqnes aRniSnuli (obieqtis mravlobiTobaze es ar
iTqmis: micemiTSi dasmuli obieqti zmnas mravlobiTSi ar SeiTanxmebda).
xUArid ordinaruli mravlobiTia, xUAri’sagan nawarmoebi. xUAri iseve
SeuZlebelia iyos eqskluzivi (Tu inkluzivi), rogorc qarT. var (an Wan.
vore) aseTi mniSvnelobis mqone ver iqneba.
svanuri eqskluziuri formisaTvis gamoyenebulia mxoloobiTis prefiq-
si; es faqtia, masTan iseTi faqti, romelic ama Tu im svanur kilos ki axasia-
111
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tebs, aramed svanuris yvela kilosTvis normas warmoadgens. am faqts princi-

puli mniSvneloba aqvs: inkluziv-eqskluzivis formantebi aucilebeli
araa Tavis SedgenilobaSi Seicavdes sxvadasxva piris prefiqsTa kombina-
cias (pirvelisa da mesamis, pirvelisa da meoris...), saWiro araa veZioT in-
kluziv-eqskluzivis formantTa SedgenilobaSi ori piris prefiqsi1. Cveu-
lebrivi mravlobiTi2 SeiZleba ganekuTvnos inkluzivs an eqskluzivs, roca
subieqtis pirveli piris mravlobiTs exeba saqme, da Cveulebrivi mxoloobi-
Tis formac SeiZleba amave rolSi gamovides, Tu obieqtis inkluziv-eqsklu-
zivia gadmosacemi (obieqtis mravlobiToba SeiZleba ar iyos aRniSnuli).
sakmarisia, xUArid formis eqskluziuri Sinaarsi davsaxoT amosavlad da
xU-prefiqsSi ori piris niSnis kombinacia miviCnioT, rom gadaulaxavma dab-
rkolebebma iCinon Tavi.
ase, magaliTad, Suxardti xU prefiqsSi gamoyofda x — O3 da U — S1 ... magram
aseT SemTxvevaSi xUArid s u b i e q t u r i forma aRar gamovidoda.
v. Tofuria eqskluzivis xU-s Sesaxeb ambobs: `xU-s garegnoba gvacTunebs,
rom masSi S2 x- da S1 U davinaxoT~, magram maSin xUArid inkluzivi iqneboda
(`varT me da Sen~), aris ki eqskluzivio...
mere: Tu xU-s SedgenilobaSi or pirze miTiTeba ukve gvaqvs, raRas
maqnisia -d sufiqsi? meore piris – xAri-d `xarT~ — analogiiT misi axsna 3
damajerebeli, rasakvirvelia, araa.
da kidev: Tu mravlobiTis xU-Ari-d formidan amovalT da xU-prefiqsSi
eqskluzivobis Sinaarss CavdebT, rogor moevleba xU-prefiqss mxoloobiTSi:
xU-Ari `var~: aq xom pirveli piris garda sxva araferia gadmosacemi? mravlo-
biTis analogiiT gaCnda mxoloobiTSi x-anio, ar iTqmis. miT ufro xelovnu-
ria axsna: `meore piris subieqturi prefiqsi pirvel subieqtur pirSia gada-
suli analogiis wyalobiTo~4.
karp. dondua wers: xU-prefiqsi analogiis mixedviT Seqmnili ver iqneba; misi
orive Semadgeneli nawili —x-, U- — uciloblad pirveladia da TiToeul maTgans
garkveuli formantis mniSvneloba aqvso. magram radganac xU-prefiqsi erT pirze
miuTiTebs rogorc mxolobiTSi (xUAri), ise mravlobiTSic (xUArid), safuZveli
gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom x- aq araa piris niSani (meorisa ginda mesamisa), aramed `ra-
Rac gansakuTrebuli morfologiuri daniSnuleba aqvs, romelic svanurisa da mis
monaTesave enaTa masalaze unda gairkveso. es x- saerToa pirveli da meore piri-
saTviso 5. warmodgenili msjelobis negatiuri nawili saqmis Sesabamisi unda iyos.
1
amaze samarTlianad miuTiTebs karp. dondua: Категория инклюзива-эксклюзива: krebuli,
gv. 143.
2
S1 eqskluzivs aseTi zogadi, Cveulebrivi mravlobiTis gageba aRmoaCnda zmnaSi `xvil-
zigaled~ `vsaxlobT~ leqsSi `vicbil-macbil~.
3
svanuri ena, § 6, C1, gv. 29.
4
a. SaniZe, ulmauti svanurSi: àrili~, gv. 182, SeniSvna.
5
k. dondua, xsen. werili: kreb., gv.140.
112
istoriis sakiTxebi
deetersis mixedviT xU-prefiqsi pirveladi araa: raki Zvel qarTulSi

mxolod v gvaqvs, xU- axali unda iyoso 1.
amJamad, erTi ram cxadia: xU- mxoloobiTSi (xUAri) SeuZlebelia mrav-
lobiTis mixedviT gaSuqdes; piruku: mravlobiTi unda daemyaros mxo-
loobiTs: amas moiTxovs qarTvelur enaTa zmnis uRvlilebis principi.
mravlobiTidan amosvla kidev, rogorc viciT, eqskluzivisaTvis saWiro
prefiqsebis Ziebam gamoiwvia.
aqamdis Tqmuli SeiZleba ase SevajamoT:
arc O1 inkluzivis gU- da arc S1 eqskluzivis xU mravlobiTis prefiqsebi
araa: qarTulisa da svanuris Cveneba amas mowmobs.
svanuri inkluzivi da eqskluzivi ver gamodgeba dasayrdenad Zv. qar-
Tulis gu- || m-prefiqsTa interpretaciisaTvis; TviT svanurSi es kate-
goriebi moiTxoven garkvevas. maTi Sedgeniloba-warmoqmnis istoriis
dadgenisas Zveli qarTulis gu-s funqcia saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebas iZleva.
gu- araa imTaviTve mravlobiTis niSani, ese igi prefiqsiT mravlobiTo-
ba qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebaSi ar gadmoicemoda: qarTul zmnaSi mravlo-
biTze sufiqsi miuTiTebda. mesame da meore piris mravlobiTSi es principi
dRemdis daculia SeubRalavad; pirvel pirSi cvlileba meoreulia.
amgvarad, qarTuli enis istoriisaTvis SeuzRudavad SeiZleba davtovoT
ZalaSi debuleba: ricxvis kategoria zmnaSi sufiqsebiT aRiniSneboda
iseve, rogorc piris kategoria prefiqsebiT.
mesame piris subieqti da pirveli piris obieqtis mravlobiTi iyo, amas
rom arRvevda: orive meoreuli, gviandeli movlenaa.
amiT SeiZleba CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis ganxilva dagvemTavrebina: ro-
goria mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principi qarTuli zmnis uRvlileba-
Si... magram bunebrivia vikiTxoT: Tu gU- (da xU-c!) araa imTaviTve mravlobiTis
niSani, raRaa es prefiqsebi? rogoria maTi warmomavloba? amaze dawvrilebiT
mogviwevs saubari zmnis pirTa analizTan dakavSirebiT.
aq mokled warmovadgenT erTgvar varauds.
gU- da xU-prefiqsebSi unda Sediodes U-prefiqsi pirveli pirisa. subieq-
tisa Tu obieqtis? igi orivesTvis saziaro unda yofiliyo 2; magram aq es araa
mTavari; arsebiTi aq isaa, rom U formantia pirveli pirisa. raRaa g- da x-?
morfologiuri odenoba arc erTi unda iyos da arc meore; orive
fonetikuri danarTi Cans.
g- U ← U x- U ← U
amgvari varaudi rom msjelobis sagani gaxdes, saWiroa garkveuli winapi-
roba: analogiuri faqtebi sxva SemTxvevaSic unda dadasturdes, amas moiTxovs
TviT cneba fonetikuri xasiaTis cvlilebisa. gvaqvs ki g, x TanxmovanTa v-sTan
fonetikurad ganviTarebis sxva SemTxvevebi? pasuxi dadebiTi iqneba: bagismier
1
Das kharthw. Verbum, 1930, § 45, gv. 26.
2
dawvrilebiT amaze — sxvagan.
113
istoriis sakiTxebi
v (U)-s win fonetikuri danarTis saxiT gvxvdeba g, R, q ukanaenismieri Tanxmov-

nebi. saTanado magaliTebi qarTulSic gvaqvs, svanurSic da zanurSic.
am fonetikur danarT Tanxmovnebs ixilavs v. Tofuria specialur weril-
Si: `v sonantis gadasvla Rv, gv qv-d~ 1 .
Cven davkmayofildebiT am werilSi naCvenebi faqtebis aRnusxviT da,
Cveni mxriT, zog axal faqtzec SeiZleba mivuTiToT.
Rv ← v:
svan. Rvin-Al... megr. Rvin-i, Wan. RUin-i, Rin-i, qarT. Rvino...
igive fuZe uRanod: laT. vinum, berZ. FFοινος...
svan. RvaJ, qarT. vaJ-i
svan. (laxam.) RvAz, laSx. vBz, qarT. vaz-i
svan. RvaW, qarT. maWo, manWo, somx. մաճ
svan. RvaWAr, qarT. vaWar-i, somx. վաճաը
svan. balszem. RveSgd || veSgd, laSx. RoSd ‘ukan’
RveSgin || veSgin, lSx. RoSgin...
svan. RvaS `mamali jixvi~, qarT. vac-i
svan. RolYBq ‘cxvari’, laSx. laRvlYBq... balszem. laRolYBqMr||
lavulYBqMr ‘farexi’ (`sacxvre~)
svan. RvArklAY, lSx. RvarklaY ‘wvivSiSveli’, qarT. barkal- ...
ukanaskneli sami magaliTi v. Tofurias ekuTvnis; maTSi R-s meoreuloba
damajerebelia; kerZod, RolYBq-is Sesaxeb amJamad s. JanaSiasa 2 da g. rogavas
mier garkveulia, rom misi fuZe adiReuria: R- darTvia svanurSi (adiR. mBlG —
sv.* val-aq→ * vol-aq → Rvol-aq → Rol-Y-aq ... g. r o g a v a s varaudiT).
gv ← v:
gves-i — somx. Գվէս ‘mzakvari’
guaspuragani ← vaspuragani: da qarTli missa xarksa Seudga: da somxiTi
da sivnieTi da guaspuragani... moqc. qarTl.: Satb. mravalTavi, gv. 442.
sparsni uflebdes qarTls: da somxiTs da sivnieTs da guaspuragans...
iqve, gv 445.
Wan. guruni, Wan. da megr. girin-i, qarT. vir-i.
Zv. qarT. guale ‘iare’ — Sdr. val... war-val-s ... 3.
svan. gveS-i, laSx. goS-i ‘savse’, li-gvS-il-e ‘gavseba’ , Wan. o-fS-a, qarT.
sa-vs-e...
svan. gulmaS-Ar, qarT. ulvaS-ebi
1
esaa mexuTe werili seriidan: `fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi~: enimkis mo-
ambe, X (1911, gv. 231-236. werilSi Tavmoyrilia literaturaSi (kerZod, n. maris) dasa-
xelebuli magaliTebi da Sevsebulia avtoris dakvirvebaTa safuZvelze. avtori movlenis
fonetikur safuZvelsac warmogvidgens.
2
svanur-adiReuri (Cerqezuli) enobrivi Sexvedrebi: enimkis moambe, XII, 1942, gv. 272.
3
guale zmna sxva mxrivac iwvevs interess. amaze aq ver SevCerdebiT.
114
istoriis sakiTxebi
svan. gvidam-i, qarT. midamo... zemosvan. gvidAm, laSx. midam `midamo~

svan. gindver `mindori~.
magaliTebi, — pirveli samis garda — yvela v. Tofuriasia. arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs sakiTxs: gvidam-Si g- v-s daerTo Tu m-s da mere gm → gv? am
sakiTxs aravin Sexebia.
qv ← v:
qarT. qviSna, sityva cnobilia ind.-evr. enebSic (mag., rus. вишня, Zv.
frang. guisne), TurqulSic višne.
liter. nivT-i, somx. նիւթ, raW.-imer.-kax. niqvT-i 1.
qarT. eqvTime, berZn. Ευϑυμος.
giorgi w e r e T e l m a daadastura: zemoimerulSi niqvTi gvxvdebao.
manve migviTiTa Semdeg magaliTebze:
aqto ← avto, ixmareba zemoimerulSi
qarT. muqTi, arab. muфti ‘ufaso’
zemoxsenebulTa garda SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina:
Cveni: O1 gv ← v: guaqus, guyavs...
g- unda iyos ganviTarebuli megr. gverSap-Si ‘veSap-i’ ... S-s win r dar-
Tulia gaazrianebis niadagze g-s ganviTarebis Semdeg...
qarT. gvalva, Sdr. megr. do-val-u ‘dawva’, ‘daazro axlad gafurCqvnili
yvavili, foToli’...
fonetikuri gziT unda iyos warmoSobili -gU svanuris beCour kilokavSi:
xuTr-asgU `vsvamdi~, xGTr-asgU, `svamdi~, GTra `svamda~
tuix-asgU `vabrunebdi~, tix-asgU àbrunebdi~, tix-a àbrunebda~
qUic-asgU `vWridi~, qUic-asgU `Wridi~, qUic-a `Wrida~
xUaklATxi-dasgU `vamaRlebdi~, xaklATxi-dasgU àmaRlebdi~,
aklATxida àmaRlebda~
xUaHni-dasgU `vxnavdi~, xaHni-dasgU `xnavdi~, aHni-da `xnavda~
xUirdi-dasgU `vzrdidi~, xirdi-dasgU `zrdidi~, irdi-da zrdida~... 2
v. T o f u r i a wers: Ì da II piris niSnad -asgU, -dasgU ki ar aris marto, aramed:
1. AsgU, -dAsgU, 2. -Asg[G], dAsg[G]-c, 3. -asU, -dasU, 4. -AsU, dAsU da, ukanasknel, 5. -As,
-dAs.
yvelani rom -asgU, -dasgU sufiqsebis variants warmoadgenen, es erTi Se-
xedviTac cxadia, oRond eseni erTnairad gavrcelebulni ar arian: xanSi Se-
sulebi namyo usrulis sawarmoeblad Cveulebriv -asgU, -dasgU formantebs
mimarTaven, maTTan SedarebiT axalgazrdebi (Suaxnisani) ki – AsgU, dAsgU-s,
1
imerulisaTvis ix. b. wereTeli: zemoimeruli leqsikoni — SromaSi: `guruli, zemoimeru-
li da leCxumuri leqsikoni~, Tb., 1938.
2
svanuri ena, I, zmna, § 25 B, gv. 94-95.
115
istoriis sakiTxebi
xolo axali Taoba -AsU, -dAsU bolosarTebs abatonebs. ukanasknelTaganve ga-

igonebT agreTve -asU, -das-sa da iSviaTad -AsgG, -dAsgG-sac~1.
aq zogi ram araa naTeli, kerZod is, Tu ratom aRmoaCnda Suaxnisebs umlautiani
variantebi, roca xanSi Sesulebi wminda a-nian variantebs warmoTqvamen: -asgU, -
dasgU... e.i. mTqmelTa asaki da variantis siZvele-siaxle SeiZleba damatebiT Ziebas
moiTxovdes; magram Tundac rom dadasturdes -AsU, dAsU-s siaxle, mainc faqti sa-
gulisxmoa: is cxadyofs AsgU || asU sufiqsTa paralelur gamoyenebas da mogvago-
nebs qarTulidan da zanuridan cnobil process, roca kompleqsis fonetikurad
gamartivebisas amosaval mdgomareobas vubrundebiT: wyal-i, Wan. arq. wkar-i, aTin.
w-ar-: amosavali iyo wal-, megr- Wor-of-a — `gvalvis sawinaaRmdego cneba~.
-asU variantis siaxle mainc araa damarwmunebeli: Zalauneburad gva-
gondeba meSveli zmnis namyo xU-AsU, x-AsU, l-AsU, romelic axali formaciis
movlena ar unda iyos!
CvenTvis g-s ganviTareba iyo saintereso; R da q-s ganviTareba sagulisx-
moa im mxriv, rom g-s ganviTareba ganmartoebiT ara dgas; esaa erT-erTi saxis
ukanaenismieris darTva v-ze...
v. T o f u r i a s werilSi araa dasaxelebuli x-s ganviTarebis SemTxveve-
bi. magram am bgeris ganviTareba mosalodnelia, raki R-s ganviTarebis maga-
liTebi gvaqvs.
erTi udavo magaliTi iqneboda: xvale, Zv somx. վաղիւ 2:
... Tiva¡ velisa¡ r˜l dRes ars da xvalisagan Tornesa STaagdian mT VI30,
adiS. 14 a2
...զխռան ի վայըի ռը այսօը է ե վաղիւն ի ձնռց աըվանի...
aseTive xv ← v gvaqvs svanur S1 : xU-ar-i, Sdr. Zv. qarT. v-ar-i...
aRniSnulia, rom v-s gadasvla Rv, gv, qv-d aixsneba misi artikulaciiT:
enis ufro meti miaxloebiT sasasTano (analogiuri fonetikuri movlenebi
dasaxelebulia sxva enebidanac).
Cven sarwmunod migvaCnia mosazreba, rom R, g, q bgeraTa ganviTareba v-s
warmoebis TaviseburebasTanaa Sepirobebuli.
R, g, q-s garda x-s ganviTarebis sakiTxic dadebiTad unda gadawydes (Tum-
ca saamiso faqtebi ufro iSviaTia).
afxazurisa 3 da xunZuris 4 Cveneba mowmobs, rom v- fonemis Taviseburebis
sakiTxs qarTvelur enaTa wris iqiT gavyavarT: v- bgeris sakiTxi kavkasiur
enaTa istoriuli fonetikis sakiTxia, magram amaze aq sityvas ar gavagrZelebT.
1
svanuri ena, I, zmna, § 25 Bc, gv. 95-96.
2
am sityvaTa kavSiri naCvenebi aqvs n. mars (Тексты и разыск., VI, § 12, gv. XXXIII), oRond
amosavlad miCneulia xval da x- ivaraudeba dakargulad somxurSi.
3
q. lomTaTiZe, ¢ bgerisaTvis afxazurSi: wakiTxuli iyo moxsenebad Tbil. univer. kav-
kasiur enaTa kaTedraze 1937 wels.
4
arn. Ciqobava, leqsikuri Sexvedrebi xunZurisa qarTvelur enebTan: moxseneba wakiT-
xuli iyo enimkis kavkas. enaTa ganyof. sxdomaze 1937 wels.
116
istoriis sakiTxebi
gU, xU-prefiqsebSi formantia U (||v), pirveli piris prefiqsi. subieqtisa

Tu obieqtisa? orivesTvis gamoyenebuli, gaudiferencirebeli Tavdapir-
velad; g- da x- fonetikuri danarTia; mas Tavidan araviTari morfologiuri
funqcia ar gaaCnda.
dasasrul, erTi SeniSvnac.
rodesac svan. xU U-sagan miRebulad davsaxeT, gU-s analogiis garda erTi
garemoebac iyo: xU prefiqsi svanurSi xmovniT dawyebul fuZeebs daerTvis,
TanxmovniT dawyebulT martooden U aqvT, isic infiqsirebuli:
xU-Ar-i `var~, magram d-U-ige `vaqrob~, t-U-ixe `vabruneb~...
es ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi: x- viTardeboda xmovnis winamaval v-sTan
(amave pirobebSia R- ganviTarebuli TiTqmis yvelgan, — ix. zemoT).
am pirobas gU-prefiqsi amJamad svanurSi ar saWiroebs: si gutxe `Sen
gvabruneb~ (inkluz.).
u aseT SemTxvevaSi marcvals qmnis, sruli xmovani xdeba. xom araa es imis
maCvenebeli, rom gu-prefiqsis warmomSobi dialeqti, svanuris morfologi-
ur aRnagobaSi Rrmad Cafenili, mainc ar iyo `svanuri~ am sityvis sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobiT? marTlac, igi unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli im fenisaTvis,
romelic saerToa Zveli qarTulisa da svanurisaTvis.
117
istoriis sakiTxebi
damana meliqiSvili
inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis gamoxatvis

istoriisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi1
rogorc cnobilia, m- da gu-prefiqsebi Zvel qarTulSi paralelurad

gvxvdeba zmnaSi I piris (pirdapiri da iribi) obieqtis aRmniSvnelad. aqedan m-
prefiqsi orsave ricxvSi (gan-m-aZliera man me. gan-m-aZ-lier-n-a man C u e n ,
maqus me igi, m-aqus C u e n igi); xolo gu-prefiqsi ki mxolod mravlobiTSi
(gan-gu-aZlier-na-a man C u e n ; gu-aqus C u e n igi).
am paralelur formaTa Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi cnobilia. is
faqti, rom m- da gu-prefiqsebi mravlobiTs ricxvSi dasmuli I obieqturi pi-
ris aRniSvnisas Zvel qarTulSi enacvleba erTmaneTs, ori varaudis gamoT-
qmis SesaZleblobas iZleoda: 1. maTi funqciebi warmoSobiT sxvadasxvaa: ker-
Zod, maT odesRac inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis gamoxatvis funqcia
ekisrebodaT zmnaSi (1, gv. 25, §6. 3, gv. 335 SnS. 1; 4. gv. 373-334; gv. 185, §224; 5,
gv. 223); 2. istoriulad isini sinonimuri formantebia (rogorc I obieqturi
piris aRmniSvnelni zmnaSi) da sxvadasxva dialeqturi wridanaa Semosuli sa-
literaturo enaSi (6, gv. 114).
meore mosazreba damtkicebulia im wanamZRvridan amosvliT, rom mrav-
lobiTisa da inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoria erTia da, amdenad, inkluzivis
(gu-) formanti, rogorc amave dros mravlobiTis niSani, ar SeiZleba Tanaar-
sebobdes mravlobiTis (-en > -n) sufiqsTan erT formaSi. xolo radganac gu-
prefiqsi saxelobiTSi dasmuli obieqtis mravlobiTis -n sufiqsTan erTadaa
warmodgenili zmnaSi (gan-gu-aaxl-n-a), amitom Zvel qarTulSi igi ar SeiZle-
ba iyos mravlobiTis niSani. prefiqsi gu-, iseve rogorc m-, I obieqturi piris
gamomxatveli formantia rogorc saxelobiTSi dasmul obieqtian formebSi
(daguamdablna man Cuen), aseve micemiTSi dasmul obieqtTan (gu-aqus Cuen 6,
gv. 100). amas mxars uWers is faqtic, rom qarTulSi mravlobiTis aRniSvnis Zi-
riTadi principi sufiqsuria da gamonakliss swored mxolod gu-prefiqsi
warmoadgens. aseT SemTxvevaSi am mosazrebisaTvis erTaderTi damabrkolebe-
li faqti isaa, rom Zvel qarTulSi gu-prefiqsi mxolobiTi ricxvis I piris
obieqtis gamomxatvelad arasodes ar gvxvdeba. igi ixmareba mxolod mravlo-
biTs ricxvSi dasmuli obieqtis aRsaniSnavad.
magram pirveli mosazreba ganmtkicebul iqna im amosavali debulebiT,
romelic gulisxmobs, rom mravlobiTi ricxvisa da inkluziv-eqskluzivis
kategoriebi sxvadasxvaa da, amdenad, isini zmnaSi sxvadasxva morfemebiT
1
wakiTxulia moxsenebad 1974 w. maisSi filologiis fakultetis XVIII samecniero sesiaze.
118
istoriis sakiTxebi
unda yofiliyo aRniSnuli1. naSromSi ìnkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis sa-

kiTxisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi~ (2. gv. 233) svanuri enis masalaze dayrdnobiT
a. onianma daasabuTa, rom inkluziv-eqskluzivis prefiqsebs ar akisria mrav-
lobiTis gamoxatvis funqcia. mravlobiTis formantebi sufiqsebia, xolo
prefiqsebi — sul sxva, inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis gamomxatvelnia
zmnaSi (xu-ri-d — l-ri-d).
aseT SemTxvevaSi gu-prefiqsisa da mravlobiTis -en (-n) sufiqsis Tanaar-
seboba zmnis formaSi winaaRmdegobas aRar Seicavs da TiTqos marTldeba is
mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac Zvel qarTulSi m- // gu-prefiqsTa paralelu-
ri xmareba da maTi urTierTSenacvleba I obieqtur pirSi gadmonaSTia odes-
Rac inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis garCevisa qarTuli zmnis pirian for-
mebSi. am mosazrebis avtorTa azriT, gu-prefiqsi unda yofiliyo inkluzivis
aRmniSvneli, m- ki eqskluzivisa. magaliTad, a. oniani warmogvidgens varauds,
rom `Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebuli formebi (maqus Cuen da damidginna Cu-
en) eqskluzivis odindeli gamoxatvis naSTia, xolo m- formanti am kategori-
is odindeli niSani~ (2, gv. 234), aseve gu-prefiqsi — inkluzivis odindeli ni-
Sani. Tu dasaxelebuli mosazreba gamarTlebulia gu-prefiqsis mimarT (ro-
melic inkluzivis gamomxatveli unda yofiliyo odesRac), igi ver gavrcel-
deba m-prefiqsze, romelic aSkarad I obieqturi piris niSania zmnaSi da ver
SeiTavsebda sxva funqcias (miT ufro, eqskluzivisas, romelic mravlobiTis
gagebas Seicavs), Tu gaviTvaliswinebT amosavalSi qarTuli zmnis agebulebis
aglutinaciur princips (rac dResac ZiriTad principad rCeba).
amis naTel sabuTs isev svanuri zmna warmoadgens; masSi aglutinaciis
principi istoriulad III subieqtur pirSic ki aris gatarebuli (l-i — l-i-x,
sadac l ← *n (1, gv. 8).
unda vifiqroT, rom gu-prefiqsis (rogorc inkluzivis gamomxatveli
formantis) cali — eqskluzivis formanti unda yofiliyo ara m-prefiqsi, ro-
melic Zvel qarTulSi gu-prefiqsis paralelurad ixmareba, aramed sul sxva
afiqsi, romlis kvalic ukve gamqralia Zvel qarTulSi. Tu svanuris monacemebs
mivxedavdiT, sadac obieqturs uRvlilebaSi O1=m-, O1=gu, xolo Oe=n-, maSin
qarTulisaTvis obieqturi uRvlilebisas es sqema aseve warmogvidgeboda,
oRond n-prefiqsis adgils ucnobi x afiqsi daiWerda: O1=m- O1= gu-Oe=x
magram sakiTxi ase iolad ver gadawydeba. aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT is
mosazreba, romelic a. onians aqvs ganviTarebuli svanurSi inkluziv-eqsklu-
zivis formisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis O1 da S1 pirTa formebis urTierTmi-
marTebasTan dakavSirebiT.
saqme isaa, rom svanurSi am mxriv gansxvavebaa subieqtursa da obieqturs
uRvlilebaSi. I subieqturi piris mravlobiTi ricxvisa da eqskluzivis
1
igive mosazreba damoukideblad gamoTqva d. ninuam sadisertacio naSromSi `brZanebiTi
kilo qarTulSi~.
119
istoriis sakiTxebi
formebi prefiqsebiT ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan (S mx. — x…aT…ri; — Se x…-

aT…ri-d). inkluzivi ki l- ∼lˆ — prefiqsiTaa gamoxatuli (Si l-aT…ri-d).
gansxvavebiT subieqturi uRvlilebisagan, obieqturs uRvlilebaSi I
pirs Tavisi niSani aqvs — O1 m-; inkluzivs — Tavisi: Oi gu-; eqskluzivs ki
Tavisi — Oe n-.
amitom, bunebrivia, daisva kiTxva: amosavali viTareba subieqturs uRvli-
lebaSia daculi Tu obieqturSi? a. onianis azriT, amosavali viTareba daculi
unda iyos subieqturs uRvlilebaSi, e. i. iq, sadac Si da Se formebi emTxveva er-
TmaneTs. inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis Camoyalibebis periodSi mxolobi-
Tisagan gansxvavebuli is forma unda yofiliyo, romelic or personalur
pirs aerTianebda (I da II). eqskluzivi ki — romelic I pirTan erTad àrapersona-
lur~ mesame pirsac Seicavda (xolo II-s gamoricxavda), mxolobiTi ricxvis
formasTan ise mkveTrad ar unda yofiliyo dapirispirebulio (2, gv. 230).
magram am savsebiT logikuri varaudis safuZvelze avtori sruliad mou-
lodnelad daaskvnis, rom Ì obieqturi piris prefiqsi istoriulad eqsklu-
zivis niSnadac unda yofiliyo gamoyenebulio~. aseTi niSani ki aris yvela
qarTvelurs enaSi, esaa m-, romelic svanurSi amJamad mxolod mxolobiTs
ricxvSia dadasturebulio. eqskluzivis niSani n-prefiqsi, romelsac qar-
Tvelur enebSi Sesatyvisi ar moepoveba, meoreuli Cans da miRebuli unda
iyos m-sgano.
sabolood, svanurSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis gamoxatvis a. onianis mier
warmodgenili sqema aseTia:
sub. uRvlileba ob. uRvlileba
S1 x… O1 m-
Se x… Oe *m- → n-
S1 l- O1 gu-
rogorc vxedavT Si da Se gamoxatulia erTi da imave prefiqsiT (x…); Oi da
Oe amosavalSi gamoixateba erTi da imave (m-) prefiqsiT, dRes ki maTi gamoxa-
tuleba sxvadasxvaa (Oi — m-; Oe — n-).
Tu amgvari sqema sinqroniul aspeqtSi gamarTlebulia (mas Semdeg, rac
obieqtur uRvlilebaSi Oi da Oe-is prefiqsebi gansxvavda da, amgvarad,
eqskluzivs Tavisi sakuTari niSani gauCnda, amis mixedviT SeiZleba
subieqturs uRvlilebaSic eqskluzivis niSnad x…-prefiqsi viguloT, e.i. igi-
ve S1 piris prefiqsi), amosavalSi amgvari sqemis daSveba SeuZlebelia. O1-is pre-
fiqsi, m-, iseve, rogorc S1—is v- (x…-) istoriulad (amosavalSi) ar SeiZleboda
gamoyenebuli yofiliyo eqskluzivis niSnadac (romelsac mravlobiTis gageba
unda hqonoda), Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli (//svanuri) zmnis pirisa da
ricxvis gamoxatvis aglutinaciur princips (cnobilia, rom fleqsiuri tipis
120
istoriis sakiTxebi
gamovlenis gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi qarTul zmnaSi meoreulia da amosavalSi

struqturuli TvalsazrisiT aglutinaciur tips gviCvenebs. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs svanurSi S3-is prefiqsuli wesiT gamoxatvis gadmonaSTi SemTxvevebi,
qarTulSi S3 mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsebi, romelTac dRes piris gamoxatvis
funqciac akisriaT, dabolos O1-is mravlobiTis gu-prefiqsi, romelic,
rogorc gamoirkva, istoriulad ori funqciis matarebeli ar yofila).
inkluzivis formaSi I pirTan erTad aRsaniSni II piricaa. inkluzivis kate-
goria I pirTan erTad aucileblad Caricxavs II pirsac, III piri ki SeiZleba
igulisxmebodes, SeiZleba ara. eqskluzivis forma II pirs gamoricxavs, igi I
da III pirs gulisxmobs. amgvarad, III piris arseboba orive formaSia SesaZlebe-
li — inkluziurSic da eqskluziurSic. mniSvneloba eniWeba imas, aris Tu ara
Caricxuli II piri: Tu aris — amas gamoxatva esWiroeba, Tu ar aris — ara.
aqedan cxadia, rom inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoria gansakuTrebuli
afiqsiT II piris aRniSvnas moiTxovda misi arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (inklu-
zivi), misi ararsebobis aRniSvna ki, cxadia, saWiro ar iyo (eqskluzivi).
aqedan logikuria daskvna, rom inkluzivs unda hqonoda niSani,
eqskluzivs ki ara.
amgvarad, istoriulad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori forma: niSniani — in-
kluzivisa da uniSno — eqskluzivisa. es ukanaskneli, cxadia, daemTxveoda mxo-
lobiTi ricxvis formas orsave uRvlilebaSi (obieqturSic da subieqturSic).
sqema Semdegi saxisa iqneboda:
ob. uRvlileba sub. uRvlileba
C1 m- Ci gu- S1 v-(x…-) Si x (l)
Oe ∅ Se ∅
ra principi unda dasdeboda safuZvlad inkluzivis kategoriis gamoxat-
vis wess? principi metad martivi iyo: formaSi igulisxmeboda I da II piri —
niSnebic orive pirisa iyo warmodgenili (saqme exeba mxolod obieqturs uR-
vlilebas: SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qarTulSi, subieqturs uRvlilebaSi kva-
lic ki ar aris darCenili am kategoriis arsebobisa, maSin, rodesac gu-pre-
fiqsi obieqturs uRvlilebaSi dResac cocxalia, Tumca sxva funqciiT). sqe-
ma aseTi iqneboda: O2 > *gm → g… sadac g-s momdevno poziciaSi, Tavdapirve-
O1
lad Tanxmovnebis win (gmC) Semdeg ki analogiiT xmovnebis winac (gmV), m gada-
dioda umarcvlo u-Si (Sdr. qmrivi → qurivi → qvrivi)1.
amgvari daSveba logikurad savsebiT gamarTlebulia da es hipoTeza,
rogorc cnobilia, adreve iqna gamoTqmuli (1, gv. 26), oRond mis aRiarebas
xels uSlida is faqti, rom svanurSi subieqturs uRvlilebaSi eqskluzivis
1
O2 piris niSnad svanurSi dRes j-s arseboba dabrkolebad ver CaiTvleba, radganac `misi
pirvandeli saxe g- unda yofiliyo“ (1, gv. 26).
121
istoriis sakiTxebi
niSnad miCenuli x…-prefiqsi, romelic zemoT miRebuli wesis mixedviT S1 S3-s

unda gulisxmobdes, Sedgenilobis mixedviT S2 (x) S1 (u) -s Semcveli gamodioda,
rac Sinaarsis mixedviT SeuZlebelia.
magram ismis kiTxva: aris Tu ara svanuri zmnis sub. uRvlilebaSi
eqskluziv-inkluzivis forma iseTive agebulebisa, rogorc obieqturs
uRvlilebaSi? dRevandeli suraTis mixedviT amas ver vityviT: inkluzivis
niSani aris l-, erTi bgera (romelsac veraviTari lingvisturi manipulaciiT
ver CavTvliT miRebulad ori prefiqsisagan).
subieqturs uRvlilebaSi, vfiqrobT, saqme sul sxvagvarad unda yofili-
yo. aq arc eqskluzivis niSani unda CaiTvalos amgvari warmoSobisad. logiku-
rad ori daSvebis SesaZlebloba gvaqvs: an am uRvlilebaSi inkluziv-eqsklu-
zivis kategoria ufro gviandeli Camoyalibebulia, vidre obieqturs uRvli-
lebaSi, da maSin gasagebia, ratom ar daedo safuZvlad mis gamoxatvas Zveli
wesi: kategorias ukve abstraqtuli gageba hqonda da niSanic abstraqtuli
miiRo. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom svanurSi am funqciiT daitvirTa ufunqciod
darCenili S2-is prefiqsi l-, mas Semdeg, rac S3 gamoxatva zmnur sistemaSi su-
fiqsebs daekisraT, xolo eqskluzivs ki, iseve, rogorc obieqturs uRvlile-
baSi, niSani ar hqonda. x…-prefiqsi, sadac ZiriTad elementad … miaCniaT, S1-
is Tavdapirveli prefiqsis — v-s win x fonetikurad iyos ganviTarebuli
(Sdr. qviSna, Rvino). Semdeg ki x-s momdevno poziciaSi v →u (Sdr. Zv. qarT.
x‚yav; SexuabT: Sevaxeb > Sexvab > Sexuab).
amgvarad, svanurSi eqskluzivis formis x…- aris ara am kategoriis
niSani, aramed S1-is niSani (sadac …-s win x ganviTarebulia).
am daSvebas mxars uWers is, rom qarTulSi subieqturs uRvlilebaSi ara-
viTari kvali ar Cans am kategoriis garCevisa maSin, roca obieqtur uRvlile-
baSi m- da gu-prefiqsTa paraleluri arseboba Zvel qarTulSi gvavara-
udebinebs am kategoriis odindel garCevas zmnis formaSi (rasac mxars uWers
svanuris dRevandeli viTarebac: m- mxolobiTi ricxvis O1; gu- inkluzivi).
an is dagvrCenia vivaraudoT, rom inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis Camo-
yalibebisas svanur S1 prefiqss ukve miRebuli hqonda x…- kompleqsis saxe da,
amgvarad, inkluzivis niSnad veRar miiRebdnen S1 S2 (vx > xv > x…) niSanTa kombi-
nacias, radganac inkluzivis forma aseT SemTxvevaSi daemTxveoda S1-isas da
aqedan — eqskluzivis formas. amitom, enaSi inkluzivis gamosaxatavad gamoi-
Zebna sul sxva saSualeba, kerZod l- niSani, romelic, sruliad SesaZlebelia,
warmoSobiT swored S2 piris funqciadakarguli prefiqsi iyo da iseve
ganagrZobda arsebobas (ufunqciod). rogorc odesRac qarTulSi gu-prefiqsi
(manam, sanam am ukanasknels ar mouswro Zvrebma sintaqsis sferoSi da
mravlobiTis gamoxatva ar daakisra).
122
istoriis sakiTxebi
asea Tu ise, obieqturi da subieqturi uRvlileba inkluziv-eqskluzivis

kategoriisa da mravlobiTi ricxvis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT svanurSi
struqturulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan:
1. obieqturi uRvlileba:
Zveli: axali:
C2 m- C1 gu- C1 gu-
Ce ∅ (m-) Oe n-
2. subieqturi uRvlileba:
mr. r. suf.
C1 x…- Si l- -d
Se -∅- (S1 x…-) -d
istoriulad arc obieqturs uRvlilebaSi da arc subieqturs uRvlile-
baSi eqskluzivs niSani ar hqonda. amitom obieqturs uRvlilebaSi igi emTxve-
oda mxolobiTi ricxvis formas. subieqturs uRvlilebaSi ki eqskluziuri
forma ar emTxveoda mxolobiTisas (Tumca S1 prefiqsi x…- axlda), radganac
mas boloSi mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsi erTvoda: x…ri — x…rid, romelic
mas mxolobiTisagan ganasxvavebda, meore mxriv ki igi inkluzivis formisga-
nac gansxvavdeba S1 prefiqsis gamo: x…rid lrid. SesaZlebelia swored ami-
tom gaxda saWiro obieqturs uRvlilebaSi eqskluzivis formis gansxvaveba
mxolobiTisagan (mi m a y a — n¡ m a y a ). morfologiurma saWiroebam gza gaux-
sna SesaZlebeli fonetikuri procesebis ganxorcielebas: rogorc al. oniani
uSvebs, obieqturs uRvlilebaSi mxolobiTisagan eqskluzivis formis
gansxvaveba unda momxdariyo m-s n-Si gadasvlis gziT. amis mizezi ki unda
yofiliyo mravlobiTi ricxvis n¡ nacvalsaxeli, romelic aucilebeli
Tanamdevi iqneboda mravlobiTi ricxvis gagebiT naxmari romelime maya
formisa (romelic mxolobiTi ricxvis formas emTxveoda, radganac micemiT-
Si dasmuli obieqtis mravlobiToba zmnaSi ar aRiniSneboda).
meore garemoeba, romelsac m>n gadasvlaze SeeZlo emoqmeda, es misi
mxolobiTis wyvilTan (mi maya) tipologiuri damsgavsebis, analogiis
gavlena unda yofiliyo n¡ maya > n¡ naya (g. maWavariani).
ase gansxvavda obieqturs uRvlilebaSi mxolobiTis formisagan eqsklu-
zivis forma zemosvanurSi. qvemosvanurSi, rogorc cnobilia, inkluziv-eqs-
kluzivis kategoria ar arsebobs. Tu vigulisxmebT, rom iq es kategoria arse-
bobda da moiSala, amisaTvis xeli imas unda Seewyo, rom iq, rogorc Cans, eqs-
kluzivis formaSi ar momxdara m > n gadasvla, e. i. ar momxdara eqskluzivis
formis mxolobiTisagan gansxvaveba, xolo, radganac ar arsebobda inklu-
zivTan mkveTrad dapirispirebuli eqskluzivis forma (es ukanaskneli mTli-
123
istoriis sakiTxebi
anad emTxveoda mxolobiTis formas), azrobrivi dapirispirebac TandaTan

moiSala. amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli am procesze gavlena moexdina qarTuls.
amgvarad, obieqturs uRvlilebaSi eqskluzivis kategoriis niSniT
gaformeba meoreuli movlenaa, subieqturs uRvlilebaSi ki daculia
amosavali viTareba: eqskluzivs niSani ara aqvs, magram svanurSi igi formiT
mainc gansxvavdeba mxolobiTis formisagan mravlobiTi ricxvis sufiqsiT: S1
— x…Sxi, Si — lSxid, Se — x…Sxid.
Tu zemoTqmuls Tavs movuyriT, SeiZleba davasknaT:
1. gu-prefiqsi, istoriulad inkluzivis niSani, O2 + O1 prefiqsTa
kombinaciiTaa Sedgenili: gm > g….
2. eqskluzivs niSani istoriulad ar hqonia, radganac gansakuTrebul
afiqss mxolod II piris arsebobis aRniSvna saWiroebda. obieqturs uRvlile-
baSi (svanurSi mxolobiTis formisagan gansxvavebis saWiroebam gza gauxsna
fonetikur-fsiqologiuri procesis ganxorcielebas: n¡ maya — n¡ naya da,
amgvarad, svanurSi obieqturs uRvlilebaSi eqskluzivis niSnad sabolood
gaformda n-prefiqsi.
3. svanurSi subieqturs uRvlilebaSi inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis
garCeva SedarebiT gviandeli movlena Cans. amitom misi gamoxatvis wess ar
dasdebia safuZvlad ori piris niSnis kombinacia. inkluzivi sagangebo l-
prefiqsiTaa aRniSnuli, romelic SesaZlebelia istoriulad S3 prefiqss da-
vukavSiroT. eqskluzivs ki aqac ara aqvs niSani.
4. qarTulSi, rogorc Cans, subieqturs uRvlilebaSi inkluziv-eqskluzi-
vis dapirispirebis gaCenamde es kategoria obieqturma uRvlilebamac dakarga,
gansxvavebiT zemosvanurisagan, sadac es kategoria kidev ufro gaZlierda da
subieturs uRvilebaSic moxda inkluziv-eqskluzivis formaluri garCeva.
5. qvemo svanurSi, rogorc Cans, imis gamo, rom eqskluzivis forma ar da-
pirispirebia erTi mxriv — mxolobiTisa da meore mxriv — inkluzivis formas,
e.i. ar mieca gasaqani zemoT dasaxelebul fonetikur process (n¡ maya — n¡
naya). inkluziv-eqskluzivis dapirispireba aRarc subieturs uRvlilebaSi
momxdara. Semdgom ki qarTulis gavleniT es dapirispireba obieqturs uR-
vlilebaSic Sesustda da sabolood moiSala.
6. inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis gamoxatvis sqema istoriulad ase
SegviZlia warmovidginoT:
obieqturs uRvlilebaSi svanurSi:
C1 m- Ci gu < gm
Ce n- < o1m-) ∅
qarTulSi:
C1 m- C1 gu- < gm
Ce ∅
124
istoriis sakiTxebi
subieqturs uRvlilebaSi svanurSi:

C1 x…- C1 l- (d)
Ce ∅ (d-)
qarTulSi subieqturs uRvlilebaSi amgvari dapirispireba ar ganvi-

Tarebula.
damowmebuli literatura
1. T o f u r i a v., svanuri ena. zmna. Tbilisi, 1967.

2. o n i a n i al., inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis sakiTxisaTvis qar-
Tvelur enebSi, `macne~, 1965, 1.
3. S a n i Z e a., qarTuli zmnis saqcevi, Tsu moambe, t. VI, 1926.
4. S a n i Z e a., orgvari forma mravlobiTi ricxvis I pirisa svanurSi, `we-
liwdeuli~, 1923-24.
5. S a n i Z e a., qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, Tbilisi, 1953.
6. C i q o b a v a arn., mravlobiTis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principisaTvis
qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistemaSi, ike, t. I, 1946.
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis

macne (enisa da literaturis seria),
4, 1977, gv. 159-165.
125
istoriis sakiTxebi
Teimuraz metreveli
inkluziv-eqskluzivis
kategoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi
pirveli obieqturi piris mravlobiT ricxvSi ori erTmaneTisgan gansxva-

vebuli gu- da m-prefiqsiani formebis arsebobam Zvel qarTulSi Tavidanve
miiqcia yuradReba. jer kidev adre mocemuli formebi prof. a. SaniZem inklu-
ziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis naSTad miiCnia da gamoTqva varaudi, rom inklu-
ziv-eqskluzivis kategoria, romelic dResac moqmedebs svanurSi, saerTo
qarTuli kategoria unda yofiliyo ([1], 335, SnS. 1; [2], 372, 4). gamoTqmuli mo-
sazreba gaiziares v. Tofuriam ([3], 25-6), k. donduam [4], g. deetersma ([5], 27).
Tavisi varaudi gu- da m-prefiqsiani formebis Sesaxeb a. SaniZem SemdgomSic
gaimeora `qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebis~ orsave gamocemaSi (1953 w. gv.
185; 1973 w., gv. 183) da bolo xans gamosul `Zveli qarTuli enis gramatikaSi~
(1976 w. gv. 65).
sul sxva varaudi wamoayena arn. Ciqobavam [6], romelmac rogorc m-pre-
fiqsi, iseve gu-prefiqsic mxolobiTi ricxvis niSnad CaTvala ([6], 100) da isi-
ni erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul dialeqtur fenebs miakuTvna ([6],105). rac Se-
exeba inkluziv-eqskluzivis Sesaxeb wamoyenebul debulebas, igi, misi azriT,
svanuris Cvenebas emyareba ([6],100), sadac es kategoria meoreuli warmoSobi-
sa unda iyos da amitom misi (svanuris) monacemebis gaTvaliswineba Zveli qar-
TulisaTvis dasayrdenad ver gamodgeba ([6],115).
1965 wels `macneSi~ (1) daibeWda a. onianis specialuri naSromi [7], romel-
Sic sagangebodaa ganxiluli svanurSi arsebuli viTareba da uaryofilia in-
kluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis meoreuloba svanurSi. a. onianis azriT, uf-
ro bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoria
qarTulsa da megrul-WanurSi moiSala, xolo svanurma ki arqauli viTareba
Semogvinaxa ([7],231). iqve a. oniani ganagrZobs, rom, marTalia, Zvel qarTulSi
m- da gu-prefiqsTa adrindeli funqcia moSlilia, magram zmnis uRlebis sis-
temaSi isini kvlav tradiciulad ixmarebian da arqauli viTareba aqvT dacu-
li. es ki, askvnis avtori, safuZvels gvaZlevs, inkluziv-eqskluzivis odin-
deli arseboba qarTulSic vivaraudoT ([7],234).
aseTia a. onianis ZiriTadi daskvnebi, romlebic, faqtobrivad uaryofen
gu- || m-prefiqsTa arn. Ciqobavaseul gaazrebas da sabolood a. SaniZis mier
adre gamoTqmuli mosazrebis siswores asabuTeben. am TvalsazrisiT, sakiTxi
SeiZleboda gadaWriladac CagveTvala, miTumetes, rom a. onianis msjeloba
sakmaod safuZvliani da amomwuravia.
126
istoriis sakiTxebi
magram naSromSi ZiriTadi yuradReba mainc svanurs eTmoba da sailus-

tracio masala Zveli qarTulidan naklebadaa moxmobili. amitom, meti dama-
jereblobisaTvis mainc saWiro Cans Zveli qarTuli enis calkeuli Zeglebis
ufro detaluri analizi. am miznisaTvis yvelaze ufro axali aRTqmis wigne-
bis, upirveles yovlisa ki `qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis~ [8] ana-
lizi migvaCnia Sesaferad. radgan, marTalia, Satberduli xelnawerebi gada-
werilia IX-X ss, magram maTi ena ZiriTadad mainc IV-V saukuneTa enis normebs
asaxavs ([8], 011).
teqstTa analizamde winaswar unda iTqvas, gu- da m-prefiqsTa Soris ar-
sebuli sxvaobis dasadgenad, svanuris monacemebis gaTvaliswinebaze aranak-
lebi mniSvneloba TviT qarTuli zmnis struqturis gaTvaliswinebas eniWeba.
kerZod, mis unars, gamoxatos Tavisi formiT rogorc subieqturi, iseve obi-
eqturi piric (an pirebic). pirTa SesaZlebeli kombinaciebi gviCvenebs, rom
Tu zmnis formaSi obieqturi piri pirvelia, maSin subieqtad SeiZleba gvqon-
des meore an mesame piri. aqedan, Tu subieqti meore piria, maSin obieqtis
mravlobiToba SeiZleba gulisxmobdes mxolod pirvel da mesame obieqtur
pirTa urTierTobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi forma, cxadia, eqskluziuri Sinaarsi-
sa iqneba, radgan meore piri obieqtis mravlobiTobidan gamoricxulad igu-
lisxmeba. magram Tu subieqti mesame piria, maSin obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi Se-
iZleba igulisxmebodes rogorc pirveli da meore piris urTierToba, iseve
pirveli da mesame piris urTierTobac, e.i. forma SeiZleba iyos rogorc in-
kluziuri Sinaarsisa, iseve eqskluziurisac.
Tu zemoT aRniSnul pirTa SesaZlebel kombinaciebs gaviTvaliswinebT, ma-
Sin gu- da m-prefiqsiani formebi SeiZleba apriorulad miviCnioT Zveli qar-
Tulis adreul etapze moqmedi inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis naSTad (mi-
Tumetes rom gu- da m-prefiqsiani formebis arn. Ciqobavaseuli inertpretacia
miuRebeli Cans Tundac imitom, rom gu-prefiqsiani formebi Zvel qarTulSi
saerTod ar dasturdeba mxolobiTi ricxvis mniSvnelobiT. Sdr. [7] 233).
zemoT aRniSnuli SesaZlebeli kombinaciebis gaTvaliswineba imasac
naTelyofs, rom Zvel qarTul teqstebSi upirveles yovlisa eqskluziur
formaTa kvali unda veZioT. amitom teqstis analizisas ZiriTadi yuradReba
m-prefiqsian formebs eTmoba.
enobrivi masalis analizi
qvemoT cal-calkea ganxiluli j r u W - p a r x li s a (936 w., 973 w.) da a d

i S i s (897 w.) oTxTavebi, radgan pirveli ori erT DE redaqcias iZleva, mesame
ki gancalkevebiT dgas (C redaqcia) qarTul oTxTavTa Soris ([8] 08-010).
127
istoriis sakiTxebi
DE redaqcia
maTes saxareba. gvaqvs 17 m prefiqsiani forma, romelTagan 15 me-2 subieq-

tur piriani formaa da amitom, cxadia, `Cuen~ gulisxmobs 1-li da me-3 obieq-
tur pirTa urTierTobas: 1. puri ese Cueni arsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRes (6,11), 2.
da momiteven Cuen Tana-nadebni Cuenni (6,12), 3. da nu Semiyvaneb Cuen gansac-
delsa (6,13), 4. aramed mi£snen Cuen borotisagan (6,13), 5. ufalo, mi£snen Cuen
(8,25), 6. mibrZane mislvad koltsa imas RorTasa (8,31), 7. Semiwyalen Cuen, ufa-
lo (9,27), 8. miTxar Cuen igavi igi RuarZlisa¡ (13,36), 9. gamomiTargmane Cuen
igavi ege (15,15), 10. Semiwyalen Cuen, iesu (20,30), 11. Semiwyalen Cuen, ufalo
(20,31), 12. aw marqu Cuen (22,17), 13. miTxar Cuen (24,3), 14. meciT Cuen zeTisagan
Tquenisa (25,8), 15. gafuceb Sen, RmrTisa cxovelisa, ra¡Ta miTxra Cuen (26,63).
yvela 15-save SemTxvevaSi formebi aSkarad eqskluziuri mniSvnelobisaa.
aseve eqskluziuri mniSvnelobisaa danarCeni ori formac: 16. xolo maT hrqu-
es mas: aravin damidginna Cuen, ufalo (20,7). meore obieqturi piris Sinaarsi-
dan gamoricxulia, radgan, Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, meore piri winada-
debSi ùfalo~ sityviTaa realizebuli, romelic namdvilad ar igulisxmeba
`damidginna~ formis Sinagan damatebad. gamoricxulad igulisxmeba meore
obieqturi piri m-prefiqsiani formis mniSvnelobidan momdevno magaliTSic:
17. mowafeni misni Rame movides da waripares igi, vidre Cuen meZina (28,13).
rac Seexeba gu-prefiqsian formebs, maT SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc in-
kluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric. eqskluziuri gagebisaa, magaliTad,
me-2 subieqtur piriani brZanebiTis formebi: 1. ufalo, ufalo, gang¢Re Cuen-
ca (25,11); 2. g¢winawarmetyuelebd Cuen, qriste (26,68). gamoricxulia me-2
obieqturi piri sxva SemTxvevebSic: 3. ukueTu ganguasxam Cuen... (8,31). subieq-
ti aqac, me-2 piria da amitom obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi mxolod pirveli da me-
3 piris urTierToba igulisxmeba. 4. moZRuar, gunebavs Sengan saswaulisa xil-
va¡ (12,38). `gunebavs~ formis eqskluziur Sinaarss xazi esmeba winadadebaSi mo-
cemuli `moZRuar~ da `Sengan~ leqsikuri erTeulebiT. 5. da hrques petres: mo-
ZRuarman Tquenman ara mogucesa xarki? (17,24): obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi igu-
lisxmeba petresTan moubari xarkis amkrefelebi da danarCenebi, e.i. pirveli
da ara me-3 piri da ara petre, romelic aq me-2 pirad unda gavigoT, radganac
mas mimarTaven. analogiuri TvalsazrisiT dgindeba `Zal-g¢c~ formis eqsklu-
ziuri Sinaarsi momdevno magaliTSic: 6. xolo maT hrques: Zal-g¢c (20,22).
samagierod, momdevno magaliTSi gu-prefiqsiani forma ukve inkluziuri
Sinaarsisaa: 7. nuukue ver gueyos Cuen da Tquen (25,9). inkluziuroba konteq-
stualuradaa xazgasmuli — winadadebaSi gvaqvs `Tquen~ nacvalsaxeli. igive
iTqmis `gurquas~ (21,25), `gueSinis~ (21,26) da `g¢£man~ (26,65) formebis Sesaxe-
bac: 8. ukueTu vTquaT: zeciT, gurquas Cuen (21,25); 9. ukueTu vTquaT: kac-
Tagn, gueSinis erisa amis (21,26); 10. ra¡sa-Ra g¢£man mowameni? aha esera gesma
gmoba¡ magisi (26,65). pirveli ori formis SemTxvevaSi obieqtis mravlobiToba
TanamosaubreTa (e.i. pirveli da me-2) piris urTierTobas gulisxmobs. mesame
128
istoriis sakiTxebi
formis SemTxvevaSi ki mRvdelT moZRuari mimarTavs krebuls (mwignobrebs,

cru mowameebs...), romelic, gramatikuli TvalsazrisiT, winadadebaSi realiz-
deba, rogorc me-2 obieqturi piri mravlobiTi ricxvisa (`Tquen~). amitom sami-
ve forma (`gurquas~, `gueSinis~, `g¢£man~) inkluziuri gagebisaa. isev inkluziu-
ri gagebisa unda iyos maTes saxarebis danarCeni gu-prefiqsiani formebic: 11.
mama¡ g¢vis Cven abrahami (3,9); 12. xolo maT hrques mas: arara¡ guaqus (14,17); 13.
ganuteve ese, rameTu RaRadebs da Seg¢dgs Cuen (15,23); 14. gardamo£edin aw ma-
gier juariT, da gurwmenes ege (27,42). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom bolo oTxi
formidan yvela erTnairi sicxadiT ar gamoxatavs inkluziurobas.
sabolood SeiZleba iTqvas: maTes saxarebis DE redaqciis monacemebi gviCve-
nebs, rom 17-ve m-prefiqsiani formis mniSvnelobidan aSkarad gamoricxulia me-2
obieqturi piris gageba da amitom isini yvela SemTxvevaSi eqskluziuri gagebisa
arian. rac Seexeba gu-prefiqsian formebs, maT SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc in-
kluziuri gageba, aseve eqskluziuric. yovelive damokidebulia konteqstze. am
TvalsazrisiT, isini eqkluziurobis sapirispiro gagebas ver ayalibeben.
prefiqsTa Sefardebaa: m (17) : gu (14).
markozis saxareba. m-prefiqsiani formebi aq SedarebiT naklebia, sul
rvaa. aqedan 6 me-2 subieqturi piriani brZanebiTis formaa da amitom maTi
mniSvnelobidan me-2 obieqturi piri gamoricxulia da isini aSkarad eqsklu-
ziuri gagebisa arian: 1. mibrZane Cuen Rorebsa imas, ra¡Ta maTa SevideT (5,12),
2. Semewie Cuen, ufalo (9,22); 3. momec Cuen, ra¡Ta davsxdeT erTi marjueniT
da erTi marcxeniT Sensa dResa mas didebisasa (10, 37); 4. marqu Cuen (12,14); 5.
miTxar Cuen, odes yofad ars ese (13,4); 6. mun mza-miyavT Cuen (14,15).
eqskluziuri gagebisaa `damiwera~ formac momdevno winadadebaSi: 7.
moZRuar, mose esreT damiwera Cuen (12,9). meore piris fardad winadadebaSi
nagulisxmevia `moZRuar~, romelsac mimarTaven da romelic, am Tvalsazri-
siT ar unda Sediodes m-prefiqsiT aRniSnuli obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi. eqs-
kluziuri gagebisaa `miyo~ formac, radgan subieqtad aq me-2 piri gvevlineba:
8. moZRuar, gunebavs, ra¡Ta, romeli gTxovoT, miyo Cuen (10,35) 1.
bolo winadadebaSi mocemuli `gunebavs~ forma ukve inkluziuri gagebisa
unda iyos, magram igi, iseve rogorc `miyo~ forma, eqskluziurobis gamomxat-
velia: me-2 piris fardad winadadebaSi `moZRuar~ igulisxmeba, romelic ar
Sedis `gunebavs~ formis gagebaSi. aseve eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa `g¢winawar-
metyuelebd~ (14,65) formac. `g¢winawarmetyuelebd Cuen, qriste~ winadadeba-
Si, radgan igi I brZanebiTis formaa da subieqtad gvaqvs me-2 piri, romelic
aRar SeiZleba Sediodes obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi. eqskluziuri gagebisa un-
da iyos `Zal-g¢c~ formac: `xolo maT hrques mas: Zal-g¢c (10,33). `Zal-g¢c~ me
1
iseT SemTxvevebs, roca erT winadadebaSi erTi da igive gagebis formebs xan gu aqvT da
xan m, sagangebod ixilavs arn. Ciqobava da maT gu- da m-prefiqsebis sxvadasxva dialeqturi
warmomavlobis damamtkicebel argumentad miiCnevs [6,] 101-104). Cveni azriT, aq ubralod
formaTa gaTanabrebasTan gvaqvs saqme.
129
istoriis sakiTxebi
da iovanes (an me da iakobs) — gvaqvs 1-li da me-3 piris urTierToba (igive ur-
TierTobaa adre ganxilul `gunebavs~ (10,35) formaSic).
sul sxva mniSvnelobisaa `Zal-g¢c~ forma momdevno winadadebaSi: `vina¡
Zal-g¢c aqa ganZRebad puriTa esodeni eri udabnosa zeda?~ (8,4). `Zal-g¢c~ aq
ukve inkluziuri Sinaarsisaa da obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi igulisxmeba `Cuen
da Sen~. rogorc vxedavT, erTsa da imave gu-prefiqsian formas sxvadasxva kon-
teqstSi SeiZleba hqondes rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric.
inkluziuri gagebisa unda iyos markozis saxarebis danarCeni gu-prefiqsia-
ni formebi: `da ityodes, viTarmed: puri ara guaqus~ (8,16); `romeli Cuen ara
Seg¢dgs~ (9,38); ùkueTu vTquaT: zeciT iyo, gurquas Cuen~ (11,31); `da ukueTu
vTquaT: kacTagan gueSinis erisa~ (11,32); `ra¡sa-Ra g¢£man mowameni?~ (14,63); `gar-
damo£edin aw juariT, ra¡Ta vixiloT da gurwmenes~ (15,32) 1. `Cuen guesma magisi
sityua¡~ (14,58); `vin gardag¢gorvos Cuen lodi igi karisa misgan saflavisa?~
(16,3). markozis saxarebis gu-prefiqsiani formebi, iseve rogorc maTes saxarebi-
sa, yvela SemTxvevaSi erTnairi sicxadiT ar gamoxatavs inkluziurobas.
markozis saxarebis SemTxvevaSi gamotanili daskvna maTes saxarebis Sem-
TxvevaSi gamotanili daskvnis analogiuri iqneba. amitom aq mxolod markozis
saxarebaSi mocemul prefiqsTa Sefardebas vaCvenebT: m (8) : gu (12) 2.
lukas saxareba. yvelaze meti m-prefiqsiani forma aq gvaqvs — 25. aqedan
14 SemTxvevaSi forma me-2 subieqturi pirisaa da amitom 14-ve forma eqsklu-
ziuri Sinaarsisaa: 1. Svilo, ra¡sa esrÀT miyav Cuen? (2,48); 2. puri Cueni Tana-
arsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRiTi-dRed (11,3); 3. da momiteven Cuen codvani Cuenni
(11,4); 4. da nu Semiyvaneb Cuen gansacdelsa (11,4); 5. moZRuar, magas ra¡ ity¢,
Cuenca magineb (11,45); 6. SemZine Cuen sarwmunoveba¡ (17,5); 7. iesu moZRuar,
Semiwyalen Cuen (17,13); 8. miTxar Cuen, romliTa £elmwifebiTa amas iqm (20,2);
9. warvediT da momimzadeT Cuen pasqa¡ (22,8); 10. mun mza-miyavT Cuen (22,12);
11. ukueTu Sen xar qriste, miTxar Cuen (22,67); 12. aRiRe ege da momiteve Cuen
baraba (23,18); 13. dameceniT Cuen (23,30); 14. damfareniT Cuen (23,30).
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, sadac subieqti mesame piria, miuxedavad ami-
sa, formaTa eqskluziuri Sinaarsi oTx SemTxvevaSi sakmaod naTladaa gamoxa-
tuli: 15. iovane naTlis-mcemelman momavlinna Cuen Senda (7,20); winadadeba-
Si mocemuli `Senda~ gamoricxavs `momavlinna~ formidan me-2 obieqtur pirs.
16. moZRuar, mose esre damiwera Cuen (20,28). ix. markozis saxareba (12,19); 17. da
Sesakrebeli Cueni man aRmiSena Cuen (7,5); asisTavma Sesakrebeli aRuSena mou-
bars (1-li piri) da danarCen huriebs (me-3 piri) da ara qristes, romelsac mi-
marTaven da romelic, am TvalsazrisiT, me-2 pirad unda vigulisxmoT winada-
debaSi. gamoricxulia me-2 obieqturi piri momdevno SemTxvevaSic: 18. aramed
1
bolo 6 forma Sdr. maTes saxarebis analogiur gu-prefiqsian formebs: 14, 17; 15,23;
21,25; 21,26; 26,65; 27,42.
2
D redaqciaSi gu-prefiqsiani forma erTiT naklebia: Zal-g¢c —Zal-gic (8,4).
130
istoriis sakiTxebi
dedaTaca vieTme CuenganTa damak¢rves Cuen (24,22); me-2 obieqturi piri (am Sem-
TxvevaSi qriste) arc aq igulisxmeba m-prefiqsian formaSi.
or SemTxvevaSi m-prefiqsiani formis mniSvneloba bundovania: 19. viTar-
ca-igi momces Cuen, romeli dasabamiTgan T¢T-mxilvel... yofil iyvnes si-
ty¢sa mis (1,2); 20. romelTa momxeda Cuen aRmosavalman maRliT (1,78).
danarCen 5 SemTxvevaSi m-prefiqsiani forma inkluziuri gagebisa unda
iyos: 21. Tques mwyemsTa maT urTierTas: ...vixiloT sityua¡ ese...romel-igi
ufalman mauwya Cuen (2,15); 22. ukueTu vTquaT, viTarmed: zeciT iyo, mrquas
Cuen (20,5); 23. da ukueTu vTquaT, viTarmed: kacTagan yovelman erman qva¡ dam-
kribos Cuen (20,6). sainteresoa, rom bolo ori formis nacvlad maTesa da
markozis saxarebaSi marTebuli gu-prefiqsiani forma gvaqvs (gurquas: m.
21,25: mrkz. 11,31; gueSinis: m. 21,26; mrkz. 11,32). 24—25. da igini ityodes urTi-
erTas: anu ara guli Cueni gan£urvebul iyo Cuen Soris, viTar-igi metyoda
Cuen gzasa zeda... da gamomiTargmanebda Cuen wignTa? (24,32).
rogorc vxedavT, lukas saxarebaSi yvelgan araa daculi m-prefiqsian
formebSi eqskluziuri gageba da es arcaa gasakviri, radgan mocemuli kate-
goriis kvali Zvel qarTulSi naSTis saxiTRaa SemorCenili.
gu-prefiqsiani forma lukas saxarebaSi 16-ia (E redaqciaSi erTiT metia:
gueCuena 1,78). aqedan nawili inkluziuri gagebisaa, nawili ki eqskluziurisa.
aSkarad inkluziuri gagebisaa magaliTad, `moguegebis~ forma `rameTu
Cuen samarTlad Rirsi, romeli vqmeniT, moguegebis (23,43) winadadebaSi. in-
kluziuroba konteqstis meSveobiT sakmaod naTladaa gamoxatuli: `moguege-
bis~ igi Cuen (Cuen =me+Sen). erTmaneTs mimarTavs ori Z¢ris moqmedi, romel-
Taganac erTi pirvel pirad igulisxmeba, meore ki — meored. inkluziuri ga-
gebisa Cans momdevno formebic: àRg¢dgina Cuen rqa¡ cxorebisa¡ Soris saxlsa
mas daviTis~ (1,69); `mama¡ g¢vis Cuen abrahami~ (3,8); `da Cuen vayenebdiT mas, ra-
meTu ara Seg¢dgs Cuen Tana~ (9,49); `ra¡-Ra g¢£ms wameba¡?~ (22,71) 1 ; `da ityo-
des: ufalo, eSmaknica daguemorCilebian saxeliTa SeniTa~ (10,17); `romeli
Tana-guedva yofad, vyavT~ (17,10); `Cuen T¢T guesmis pirisagan misisa~ (22,71).
sxva formaTa ganxilvamde unda iTqvas, rom aq CamoTvlili formebi yvela
SemTxvevaSi erTnairi sicxadiT ar gamoxataven inkluziurobas.
danarCen SemTxvevebSi gu-prefiqsiani formebi SeiZleba eqskluziuri ga-
gebisa iyvnen: upirveles yovlisa, es exeba me-2 subieqtur pirian zmnur for-
mebs: ùfalo, guaswave Cuen locva¡~ (11,1); ùfalo, ufalo, gang¢Re Cuen~
(13,25); `da ubanTa CuenTa zeda guaswavebd~ (13,26). aseve eqskluziuri gagebi-
saa is danarCeni oTxi formac, romelTa SemTxvevaSic subieqti me-3 piria:
`raodeni guesma saqmÀ Seni kafernaums, qmen aqaca~ (4,23). obieqtis mravlobi-
Tobidan me-2 piri namdvilad gamoricxulia, rasac konteqstualurad esmeba
xazi `Seni~ leqsikuri erTeulisa da `qmen aqaca~ frazis meSveobiT. àha esera
1
Sdr. maTesa (3,9; 15,23; 26,65;) da markozis (9,38; 14,63;) saxarebis analogiur gu-prefiq-
sian formebs.
131
istoriis sakiTxebi
mtueri romeli aRguekra fer£Ta CuenTa qalaqisagan Tquenisa, ganviyriT

Tquen zeda~ (10,11): mimarTaven me-2 pirs, romelic obieqtis mravlobiTobis
gagebaSi ar Sedis da igi aqac konteqstualuradaa gamoricxuli. `da hrques
mas: ara gunebavs meufeba¡ magisi Cuen zeda~ (19,14). mocemul SemTxvevaSi gu-
prefiqsiani formis mniSvneloba erTgvarad bundovania. samagierod, ukeTe-
sad Cans formis eqskluziuroba Semdgom SemTxvevaSi~ `...nu gaklda ra¡ Tqu-
en? xolo maT Tques: arara¡ guaklda~ (22,35).
aseTia viTareba lukas saxarebaSi. prefiqsTa Sefardebaa m (25) : gu (16).
iovanes saxareba. gvaqvs 7 m-prefiqsiani forma, romelTaganac oTxSi
subieqti me-2 piria da amitom obieqtis mravlobiTobidan me-2 piri
gamoricxulad igulisxmeba: 1. rasa saswaulsa miCueneb Cuen (2,18); 2. ufalo,
maradis momec Cuen puri ese (6,34); 3. miCuene Cuen mama¡ Seni (14,8); 4. miCuene
Cuen mama¡ Seni (14,9). eqskluziuri gagebisaa momdevno formac: 5. nu Sen
ufro¡s xar mamisa Cuenisa iakobisa, romelman ese jurRmuli momca Cuen?
(4,12). iakobma jurRmuli misca iesusTan moubar dedakacs (1-li piri) da
danarCen samaritelebs (me-3 piri) da ara iesus, romelsac dedakaci mimarTavs
da romelic amitom me-2 pirad unda miviCnioT.
gvrCeba kidev ori m-prefiqsiani forma, romelTaganac erTis mniSvne-
loba bundovania (hrqua mas dedakacman man: ...odes movides igi, miTxras Cuen
yoveli: 4,25), xolo meore ki inkluziuri gagebisa unda iyos (Tques mowafeTa
misTa urTierTas: ra¡ ars ese, romelsa mety¢s Cuen: 16,17).
asea Tu ise, m-prefiqsiani formebi iovanes saxarebaSic ZiriTadad
eqskluziurobis gagebis gamomxatvelia.
gu-prefiqsian formebs aq, iseve rogorc danarCen saxarebebSi, SeiZleba
hqondeT rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric. inkluziuri gage-
bisaa, magaliTad, `mig¢Ron~ forma `da moviden hromni da mig¢Ron Cuen adgi-
lica Cueni da naTesavica~ (11,48) winadadebaSi erTmaneTs mimarTaven moubar-
ni da amitom gvaqvs 1-li da me-2 piris urTierToba. analogiuri viTarebaa
momdevno SemTxvevaSic: ìyide, ra¡ g¢£mdes dResaswaulsa amas~ (13,29).
samagierod, aSkarad eqskluziuri gagebisaa, magaliTad, me-2 subieqtur
piriani formebi: `g¢Txar Cuen, vin xar Sen~ (1,22); `da Sen guaswaveba Cuen?~
(9,34); `g¢Txar Cuen gancxadebulad~ (10,24); `rameTu Cuen gamog¢cxadeb Tavsa
Sensa~ (14,22).
sul iovanes saxarebaSi 19 gu-prefiqsiani formaa (aqedan sam SemTxvevaSi
gu-prefiqsiani forma mxolod E redaqciaSia: guaqus (4,11), guaq¢s (5,39),
g¢£mdes (18,29), magram danarCen formebs aq aRar SevexebiT (isini arafriT gan-
sxvavdebian sxva saxarebebSi ganxiluli formebisagan), radgan ZiriTadi Cven-
Tvis mainc m-prefiqsiani formebia.
rogorc vxedavT, iovanes saxarebaSi danarCeni saxarebebis analogiuri
viTarebaa. prefiqsTa saerTo Sefardebaa m (7) : gu (19).
132
istoriis sakiTxebi
zemoT Cven cal-calke ganvixileT DE redaqciis oTxive saxarebis mona-

cemebi. analizma gviCvena:
a) maTes saxarebis 17 m-prefiqsiani formidan 17-ve eqskluziuri Sinaar-
sisaa. aseve eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa markozis saxarebis rvave m-prefiqsiani
forma. lukas saxarebis 25 m-prefiqsiani formidan 18 eqskluziuri Sinaarsi-
saa (2 formis Sinaarsi bundovania, 5 forma inkluziuri gagebisa unda iyos).
iovanes saxarebis 7 m-prefiqsiani formidan 18 eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa (1
formis Sinaarsi bundovania da erTic inkluziuri gagebisa unda iyos). maSa-
sadame, sul oTxive saxarebis 57 formidan 48 eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa.
amdenad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom jruWisa da parxlis
oTxTavebSi mocemuli m-prefiqsiani formebi aSkarad iZlevian saSualebas,
naSTis saxiT davadginoT adre moqmedi eqskluzivis kategoriis kvali.
b) rac Seexeba gu-prefiqsian formebs, maT SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc
inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric. am TvalsazrisiT, isini ver aya-
libeben eqskluziur formaTa sapirispiro kategoriul mniSvnelobas (maTi
gagebidan araa gamoricxuli eqskluziuroba). sul DE redaqciaSi 61 gu-pre-
fiqsiani formaa.
g) miuxedavad imisa, rom m-prefiqsiani formebi DE redaqciaSi Ziri-
Tadad eqskluziurobis gamomxatvelia, formaTa gaTanabrebis procesi jru-
Wisa da parxlis oTxTavebis enaSi mainc sakmaod Sorsaa wasuli da gu-prefiq-
sian formebs maTi xmarebis TiTqmis naxevarSi natvirTi aqvT eqskluziurob-
is gagebis gadmocema (gaTanabrebis maCvenebelia m-prefiqsiani formebis xma-
rebis is gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, roca isini ar gamoxataven eqskluziur-
obas).
oTxsave saxarebaSi mocemul prefiqsTa saerTo Sefardebaa m (57) : gu (61).
C redaqcia
maTes saxareba. DE redaqciis 17 m-prefiqsiani formis nacvlad C redaq-

ciaSi 12 gvaqvs. aqedan orive redaqciisaTvis saziaro formebia: 1. puri Cueni
samaradiso¡ momec Cuen dRes (6, 11); 2. aramed mi£snen Cuen borotisagan (6,13);
3. ufalo, ganmarinen Cuen (8,25) 1 ; 4. miwyalen Cuen, Zeo daviTiso (9,27); 5.
miwyalen Cuen, iesu, Zeo daviTiso (20,30); 6. aw marqu Cuen (22,17); 7. marqu Cu-
en: odes yofad ars ese (24,3); 8. gafuceb Sen RmrTisa cxovelisa, ra¡Ta miTxra
Cuen (26,63); 9. da waripares igi, vidre Cuen meZina (28,13). mocemuli formebi
DE redaqciis analizisas iyo ganxiluli da aRiniSna, rom isini yvela eqsklu-
ziuri gagebisaa.
1
calkeul muxlebSi DE da C redaqciebSi msgavsi Sinaarsis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli
leqsikuri erTeulebi gvaqvs. aseT SemTxvevebSi qvemoT mxolod C redaqciis erTeulebia
moyvanili xandaxan.
133
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseve eqskluziuri gagebisaa is sami formac, romlebic DE redaqciis

uprefiqso formebis nacvlad gvaqvs C redaqciaSi: 10. sulgrZel meqmen Cuen
zeda (sulgrZel iqmen Cem zeda: DE 18,29); 11. da damasworen Cuen igi (swor
Cuenda hyven igini: DE 20,12). orive forma me-2 subieqtur piriani formaa. 12.
ufalo, ra¡Ta aRmexunen Cuen Tualni Cuenni (ufalo, ra¡Ta aRvixilneT
Tualni Cuenni: DE 20,33). mimarTvaa me-2 pirisadmi, romelic, cxadia, veRar
Seva obieqtis mravlobiTobaSi.
gu-prefiqsiani forma C redaqciaSi 24-ia, e.i., 10-iT meti vidre DE redaq-
ciaSi. aqedan 13 SemTxvevaSi formebi orive redaqciisaTvis saziaroa: `g¢vis~
(3,9), `gan-Tu-guasxam~ (C 8,31) || `ganguasxam~ (DE), `gunebavs~ (12,38), àra gua-
qus~ (C 14,17) || àrara¡ guaqus~ (DE), `Seg¢dgs~ (15,23), `g¢Zlavs~ (C 20,22) || `Zal-
g¢c~ (DE), `gurquas~ (21,25), `gueSinis~ (21, 26), `ver gueyos~ (25,9), `gang¢Re~
(25,11), `g¢£ms~ (C 26,65) || `g¢£man~ (DE), `g¢winawarmetyuelebd~ (26,68), `gurwme-
nes~ (27,42). am formebs ukve SevexeT DE redaqciis analizisas da vnaxeT, rom
maT SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric.
sam SemTxvevaSi DE redaqciis uprefiqso formebs C-Si gu-prefiqsiani
formebi upirispirdeba: `puri ara guaqus~ (C 16,7) ← `puri ara moviReT~ (DE),
`rameTu sanTelni Cuenni dag¢Srtebian~ (C 25,8) ← `rameTu sanTelni Cuenni
daSrtebian~ (DE).
magram redaqciaTa Sedarebisas yvelaze saintereso isaa, rom DE redaq-
ciis 8 m-prefiqsiani formis nacvlad C-Si gu-prefiqsiani forma gvaqvs: 1. da
mog¢teven Cuen Tana-nadebni Cuenni (C 6,12) ← da momiteven Cuen Tana-nadebni
Cuenni (DE); 2. da nu Seg¢yvaneb Cven ganacdelsa (C 6,13) ← da nu Semiyvaneb Cu-
en gansacdelsa (DE); 3. g¢brZane Cuen mislvad koltsa imas Rorebisasa (C 8,31)
← mibrZane mislvad koltsa imas RorTasa (DE), 4. g¢Txar Cuen igavi igi Ruar-
Zlisa¡ (C 13,36) ← miTxar Cuen igavi igi RuarZlisa¡ (DE); 5. gamog¢Targmane
Cuen igavi ege (C 15,15) ← gamomiTargmane Cuen igavi ege (DE); 6. aravin dag-
¢dginna Cuen (C 20,7) ← aravin damidginna Cuen (DE); 7. ufalo, g¢wyalen Cuen
(C 20,31) ← Semiwyalen Cuen, ufalo (DE); 8. gueciT Cuenca zeTi zeTisa magis
Tquenisa¡ (C 25,8) ← meciT Cuen zeTisagan Tquenisa (DE). DE redaqciis anali-
zisas vnaxeT, rom aq CamoTvlili m-prefiqsiani formebi eqskluziuri Sinaar-
sisaa. amitom, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom C redaqciis Semcvlel gu-prefiqsian
formebs aq yvelgan eqskluziuri Sinaarsi aqvT natvirTi.
rogorc vxedavT, maTes saxarebis SemTxvevaSi redaqciebi arsebiTad gan-
sxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan gu- da m-prefiqsis xmarebis TvalsazrisiT. marTalia,
m-prefiqsiani formebi C redaqciaSi yvelgan eqskluziuri gagebisaa, magram ma-
Ti raodenoba 5-iT naklebia DE redaqciasTan SedarebiT. samagierod, C redaq-
ciaSi gu-prefiqsiani formebi 10-iT metia. magram ZiriTadi mainc isaa, rom 8
134
istoriis sakiTxebi
SemTxvevaSi DE redaqciis marTebuli m-prefiqsiani forma C redaqciaSi gu-

prefiqsiani formiTaa Secvlili. am TvalsazrisiT, C redaqciaSi formaTa ga-
Tanabrebis procesi DE redaqciasTan SedarebiT kidev ufro Sorsaa wasuli.
Sesabamisad, C redaqciaSi formaTa Sefardebac gansxvavebulia: gu (24) : m (12).
markozis saxareba. m-prefiqsiani formebi aq kidev ufro iSviaTia. DE
redaqciis rva formis nacvlad C-Si gvaqvs sami: 1. ra¡ca gTxooT, miyo Cuen
(10.35); 2. aw marqu Cuen (12,14); 3. miTxar Cuen, odes iyos ese (13,4). samsave
SemTxvevaSi forma eqskluziuri xasiaTisaa, radgan subieqtad me-2 piria
nagulisxmevi.
danarCen 5 SemTxvevaSi DE redaqciis m-prefiqsiani forma C redaqciaSi
gu-prefiqsiani formiTaa Secvlili: 1. miguavlinen Cuen Rorebsa imas, ra¡Ta
SevideT maTa (C 5,12) ← mibrZane Cuen Rorebsa imas, ra¡Ta SevideT (DE); 2. Se-
guewie Cuen (C 9,22) ← Semewie Cuen, ufalo (DE); 3. moguec Cuen, ra¡Ta dav-
sxdeT... (C 10,37) ← momec Cuen, ra¡Ta davsxdeT... DE); 4. moZRuar, mose dag¢we-
ra Cuen (C 12,19) ← moZRuar, mose esreT damiwera Cuen (DE 5. mun dag¢mzadeT
Cuen (C 14,15); ← mun mza-miyavT Cuen (DE). yvela SemTxvevaSi formebi eqsklu-
ziuri Sinaarsisaa (ix. DE redaqciis analizi). amitom gu-prefiqss mocemul
SemTxvevebSi m-prefiqsis funqcia aqvs nakisri.
am xuT gu-prefiqsian formas emateba orive redaqciisaTvis saziaro
cxra gu-prefiqsiani forma: àra guaqus~ (DEC 8,16), `gunebavs~ (DEC 10,35),
`g¢Zlavs~ (C 10,39) || `Zal-g¢c~ (DE), `gurquas~ (DEC 11,31). `guesma~ (DEC 14,58),
`g¢£man~ (DEC 14,63), `g¢winawarmetyuelebd~ (DEC 14,65), `gurwmenes~ (DEC
15,32), `gardag¢gorvos~ (DEC 16,3). aqve emateba is ori forma, romelTa nac-
vlad DE redaqciaSi uprefiqso formebia: `guacade, ra¡ Zes Cueni da Seni~ (C
1,24)— èha, ra¡ ars Cueni da Seni~ (DE); `rameTu puri ara guaqus~ (C 8,17)— `rame-
Tu puri ara gaqus~ (DE). gu-prefiqsian formebs C redaqciaSi, iseve rogorc
DE redaqciaSi, SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluzi-
uric.
markozis saxarebaSi maTes saxarebis analogiuri viTarebaa. prefiqsTa
Sefardeba : gu (16) : m (3).
lukas saxareba. gvaqvs 17 m-prefiqsiani forma, romelTagan 14 eqskluzi-
uri Sinaarsisaa: 1. Svilo, ra¡ saqme maqmen Cuen? (2,48); 2. da Sesakrebeli ese
man aRmiSena Cuen (7,5); 3. ioane naTlis-mcemelman momavlinna Senda (7,20); 4.
puri Cueni Tanaarsobisa¡ momec Cuen dRiTi-dRed (11,3); 5. da momiteven Cuen
codvani Cuenni (11,4); 6. da nu Semiyvaneb Cuen gasacdelsa (11,4); 7. moZRuar ma-
gas ra¡ ity¢, Cuenca magineb (11,45); 8. SemZine Cuen sarwmunoeba¡ (17,5); 9. miTxar
Cuen, romliTa £elmwifebiTa amas iqm (20,2); moZRuar, mose esre damiwera Cuen
(20, 28); 11. ukueTu Sen xar qriste, miTxar Cuen (22,67); dameceniT Cuen zeda
(23,30); 13. damfareniT Cuen (23,30); 14. aramed dedaTaca vieTme CuenganTa da-
mak¢rves Cuen (24,22). CamoTvlili formebi ganxilulia DE redaqciaSi.
135
istoriis sakiTxebi
samagierod, inkluziuri gagebisaa `momegebis~ forma: 15. ...marTl-Rir-

sad saqmeTa CuenTaebr momegebis Cuen (23,41). erTi Z¢ris moqmedi mimarTavs
meores da amitom gvaqvs 1-li da me-2 piris urTierToba. unda iTqvas, rom DE
redaqciaSi marTebuli `moguegebis~ forma gvaqvs. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom
oTxTavis teqstSi sul ramdenime iseTi SemTxvevaa, roca DE redaqciis gu-
prefiqss C-Si m-prefiqsi enacvleba. inkluziuri gagebis Cans m-prefiqsiani
formebi momdevno or winadadebaSic: 16. ukueTu vTquaT, viTarmed: zeciT
ars, mrquas Cuen (20,5); 17. ukueTu vTquaT: kacTagan yovelman erman qva¡ dam-
kribos Cuen (20,6).
rogorc vxedavT, sami gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, m-prefiqsiani
formebi lukas saxarebis C redaqciaSi yvelgan eqskluziuri gagebisaa.
erT SemTxvevaSi DE redaqciis m-prefiqsian formas C-Si uprefiqso
forma enacvleba: ganuteve Cuenda baraba (C 23,18) — momiteve Cuen baraba
(DE). xolo or SemTxvevaSi ki DE redaqciis m-prefiqsiani formebis Semcveli
muxlebi C-Si naklulia (22,8; 22,12).
magram mocemul redaqciul cvlilebebs ar aqvs arsebiTi xasiaTi. Zi-
riTadi aq, iseve rogorc sxva saxarebebSi isaa, rom 6 SemTxvevaSi DE redaqci-
is m-prefiqsiani forma C-Si Secvlilia gu-prefiqsiani formiT: 1. romel
ufalman guacnoba Cuen (C 2,15) — romel-igi ufalman mauwya Cuen (DE); 2. vi-
Tar gang¢martebda Cuen wignebsa (C 24,32) - viTar-igi gamomiTargmanebda Cu-
en wignTa (DE). 3. vidre-igi guetyoda Cuen (C 24,32)—viTar-igi metyoda Cuen
(DE); 4. viTarca moguaswaves Cuen (C1,2)- viTarca-igi momces Cuen (DE); 5. ro-
melTa moguZinnes Cuen mzeman aRmomavalman maRliT (C 1,78)— romelTa mom-
xeda Cuen aRmosavalman maRliT (DE); 6. iesu moZRuar, Seg¢wyalen Cuen (C
17,13)— iesu moZRuar, Semiwyalen Cuen (DE). aqedan pirvel sam SemTxvevaSi
Secvla sworia, me-4 da me-5 SemTxvevaSi formebis Sinaarsi bundovania da mxo-
lod bolo SemTxvevaSia aSkarad aramarTebuli Secvla, radgan zmnur forma-
Si subieqti meore piria (ix. DE redaqciis m-prefiqsian formaTa analizi). am-
denad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom C redaqciaSi, mocemul SemTxvevebSi prefiqsebi
ufro marTebuladaa naxmari.
mocemul gu-prefiqsian formebs emateba orive redaqciisaTvis saziaro
gu-prefiqsiani formebis xmarebis 11 SemTxveva: `guesma~ (DEC 4,23), àra Se-
mog¢Tqs~ (C 9,49) || ara Seg¢dgs~ (DE), àRguekra~ (DEC 10,11), `daguemorCile-
bian~ (DEC 10,17), `guaswave~ (DEC 11,1), `gang¢Re~ (DEC 13,25), `guaswavebd~ (DEC
13,26), `Tana-guedva~ (DEC 17,10), àra¡ guakda~ (C 22,35) || arara¡ guaklda~
(DE), `g¢£ms~ (DEC 22,71), `guesma~ (C 22,71) || `guesmis~ (DE). or SemTxvevaSi gu-
prefiqsi mxolod C redaqciaSia `guelmoda~ (2,48), `gunebavs~ (9,54).
maSasadame, sul gvqonia 19 gu-prefiqsiani forma, romelTac aqvT ro-
gorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric.
136
istoriis sakiTxebi
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom, marTalia, lukas saxarebaSic igive tendencia

SeimCneva, magram igi maTesa da markozis saxarebisgan (iseve rogorc iovanes
saxarebisgan) mainc sakmaod gansxvavdeba m-prefiqsis xmarebis sixSiriT.
prefiqsTa Sefardebaa: gu (19) : m (17).
iovanes saxareba. m-prefiqsiani forma samia: 1. ukue miTxar Cuen, vin xar
Sen (1,22); 2. vidremdis warm£di sulTa CuenTa? (10,24); 3. marqu Cuen gancxade-
bulad (10,24). samsave formaSi subieqti me-2 piria da amitom m-prefiqsi aq
sworad unda iyos naxmari. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom DE redaqciis Sesaba-
mis adgilebSi samivegan gu-prefiqsia. rogorc iTqva, msgavsi redaqciuli Se-
nacvleba oTxTavSi Zalze iSviaTia.
samagierod, DE redaqciis m-prefiqsiani formebis nacvlad C-Si yvelgan
gu-prefiqsiani formebi gvaqvs: 1. ra¡ saswaul g¢Cueno Cuen (C 2,18) ← rasa
saswaulsa miCueneb Cuen (DE); 2. romelman ese jurRmuli moguca Cuen? (C
4,12) ← romelman ese jurRmuli momca Cuen? (DE); 3. ufalo, guec Cuen puri
igi yovelsa Jamsa (C 6,34) ← ufalo, maradis momec Cuen puri ese (DE); 4. ufa-
lo, g¢Cuene Cuen mama¡ (C 14,8) ufalo, miCuene Cuen mama¡ Seni (DE); 5. g¢Cuene
Cuen mama¡? (C 14,9) ← miCuene Cuen mama¡ Seni? (DE); 6. man g¢Txras Cuen yoveli
(C 4,25) ← miTxras Cuen yoveli (DE; 7. romelsa guety¢s Cuen (C 16,17) ← ro-
melsa mety¢s Cuen (DE). aqedan pirvel xuT SemTxvevaSi Secvla marTebuli ar
unda iyos (ix. DE redaqciis m-prefiqsiani formebis analizi).
am Svid gu-prefiqsian formas emateba orive redaqciisaTvis saziaro gu-
prefiqsiani formebis xmarebis 10 SemTxveva: `gurwams~ (DEC 4,42) `guesmis~ (C
4,42) || `guesma~ (DE), `gurwmenes~ (DEC 6,30), `gurwmena~ (DEC 6,69), `gumoZRu-
ri~ (C 9,34) || guaswaveb~ (DE), `gunebavs~ (DEC 12,21), `guesma~ (C 12,34) || `guas-
mies~ (DE), `g¢£mdes~ (DEC 13,29), `guaqus~ (DEC 19,7), àra g¢vis~ (DEC 19,15). aqve
unda davumatoT is sami SemTxveva, roca gu-prefiqsiani forma mxolod C re-
daqciaSia `g¢Txarn~ (11,57), `g¢yide~ (13,29), `gurwams~ (16,30). sul iovanes saxa-
rebaSi gvaqvs 20 gu-prefiqsiani forma, romelTac, sxva saxarebebis gu-pre-
fiqsiani formebis msgavsad, SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc inkluziuri gageba,
iseve eqskluziuric.
iovanes saxarebis C redaqciaSic aSkarad SeimCneva m-prefiqsis gu-pre-
fiqsiT Secvlis tendencia, rasac sakamod naTlad gviCvenebs prefiqsTa
Sefardeba: gu (20) : m (3).
SevajamoT C redaqciis enobrivi masalis analizis Sedegebi:
a) maTes saxarebis 12-ve m-prefiqsiani forma eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa.
aseve eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa markozis saxarebis samive m-prefiqsiani for-
ma. lukas saxarebis 17 m-prefiqsiani formidan 14 eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa da
mxolod 3 SemTxvevaSi aqvT formebs dakarguli eqskluziurobis gageba.
iovanes saxarebis samive m-prefiqsiani forma eqskluziuri Sinaarsisaa. ro-
137
istoriis sakiTxebi
gorc vxedavT, oTxive saxarebis 35 m-prefiqsiani formidan 32 eqskluziuri

Sinaarsisaa.
amdenad, adiSis oTxTavis SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba iTqvas, rom m-prefiqsi-
ani formebi namdvilad iZlevian saSualebas, naSTis saxiT davadginoT adre
moqmedi eqskluzivis kategoriis kvali.
b) gu-prefiqsian formebs C redaqciaSi, iseve rogorc DE redaqciaSi,
SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric da
amitom gu-prefiqsiani formebi ver ayalibeben eqskluziurobis sapirispiro
mniSvnelobas. sul adiSis saxarebaSi 79 gu-prefiqsiani formaa.
oTxive saxarebisTvis formaTa saerTo Sefardebaa: gu (79) : m (35).
C redaqciis SemTxvevaSi gamotanili daskvnebi saerTod emTxveva DE re-
daqciis SemTxvevaSi gamotanil daskvnebs, magram redaqciaTa Soris gvaqvs
arsebiTi saxis sxvaobac, romelic ZiriTadad imaSi mdgomareobs, rom DE da C
redaqciebi aSkarad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan gu- da m-prefiqsTa xmare-
bis sixSiris TvalsazrisiT da sakmaod xSirad (26 SemTxvevaSi) DE redaqcias
m-prefiqsiani forma C redaqciaSi gu-prefiqsiani formiTaa Secvlili. sxva-
oba SeiZleba dialeqturi xasiaTisa iyos. yovel SemTxvevaSi, erTi ram cxadi-
a: C redaqciaSi formaTa gaTanabrebis procesi DE redaqciasTan SedarebiT
gacilebiT Sorsaa wasuli, rasac TvalnaTliv gviCvenebs prefiqsTa saerTo
Sefardebebis Sedareba: DE — m (57) : gu (61); C — m (35) : gu (79).
miuxedavad aq aRniSnuli sxvaobisa, DE da C redaqciebis SemTxvevaSi
gamotanili daskvnebi SeiZleba ganzogaddes da sabolood iTqvas:
1. orive redaqciis 92 m-prefiqsiani formidan 80 eqskluziuri gagebisaa
da amitom SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom oTxTavis orsave Zvel redaqcias sakmaod
kargad Semounaxavs adre moqmedi eqskluzivis kategoriis kvali.
2. gu-prefiqsian formebs aqvT rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluzi-
uric (amitom isini ver ayalibeben eqskluziurobis sapirispiro gagebas), rac
imis maCvenebelia, rom oTxTavis DEC redaqciebi asaxaven Zveli qarTuli enis
ganviTarebis im stadias, roca gaTanabrebis procesi ukve sakmaod Sorsaa wasu-
li da sxvaoba m- da gu-prefiqsian formebs Soris naSTis saxiTRaa SemorCenili.
gaTanabreba upirveles yovlisa gu-prefiqsian formebs Sexebia (Sdr. [4] 293).
qarTuli oTxTavis DEC redaqciebis analizma gviCvena, rom inkluziv-
eqskluziur formaTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba ukeTaa Semonaxuli DE redaq-
ciaSi. es swored is redaqciaa, romelic protovulgatad yofila miRebuli X
saukuneSi da romelsac `mxars uWers saerTod sxva oTxTavebi X saukunisa:
opizisa (913 w.), berTisa (988 wlamde) da tbeTis (955 w.)~ ([8] 08).
marTlac, berTis oTxTavis 1 DE redaqciasTan Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom m-
da gu-prefiqsebis xmarebis TvalsazrisiT igi TiTqmis mTlianad emTxveva am
1
berTis oTxTavis analizisas visargebleT Tsu-is Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris Tanam-
Sromel v. turaSvilis mier fotopirebidan gadmowerili teqstiT.
138
istoriis sakiTxebi
ukanasknels. gansxvaveba maT Soris minimaluria da mxolod ramdensame

SemTxvevaSi Tu gvaqvs m- da gu-prefiqsTa monacvleoba.
analogiuri viTareba unda gvqondes opizis oTxTavSic (ix. arn.
Ciqobavaseuli analizi ([6] 108-112).
ufro sainteresoa tbeTis oTxTavis monacemebi ([9], [10], [11]), radgan misi
redaqciuli damuSaveba eqvTime mTawmindels unda ekuTvnodes ([11] 165). misi
DE redaqciasTan Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom m- da gu-prefiqsebi aqac TiTqmis
ucvleladaa datovebuli da gansxvaveba aqac minimaluria. niSandoblivia,
rom eqvTime mTawmideli prefiqsTa swored DE redaqciaSi mocemul ganawi-
lebas uWers mxars. mosalodnelia, rom eqvTime mTawmidlisaTvis m- da gu-
prefiqsTa Soris arsebuli sxvaoba mxolod dialeqturi xasiaTisa rom yofi-
liyo (rogorc amas arn. Ciqobava varaudobs ([6] 105), igi ramdenadme mainc Se-
ecdeboda erTiani principis gatarebas.
igive Sedegs iZleva nabeWdi oTxTavi [12] Sedareba DE redaqciasTan. ro-
gorc mosalodneli iyo, ([8] 05,08), igic m- da gu-prefiqsTa xmarebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, TiTqmis mTlianad misdevs DE redaq-
cias.
rogorc vxedavT, oTxTavis teqstis Semdegdroindel gadamwerebs Tu
redaqtorebs mizanSewonilad miaCniaT m-prefiqsis ucvlelad datoveba.
sainteresoa `saqme mociqulTas~ [13] monacemebi, radgan, jer erTi, igi
qarTuli enis erT-erTi uZvelesi ZeglTagania da, meorec, `saqme mociqulTa~
saSualebas iZleva, erTmaneTs SevudaroT Zveli da axali, giorgi mTawmidli-
sa da efrem mcires, redaqciebi. Sepirispireba gviCvenebs, rom giorgi mTawmi-
deli da efrem mcire TiTqmis ucvlelad stoveben Zveli nusxebis m-prefiq-
sian formebs. safiqrebelia, rom giorgi mTawmideli da efrem mcire m-pre-
fiqsian formebs gu-prefiqsiani formebisgan gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis erTe-
ulebad aRiqvamden.
isev TiTqmis ucvlelad stoveben m-prefiqsian formebs giorgi
mTawmideli da efrem mcire `kaTolike epistoleTa~ wignSic [14].
SedarebiT Tavisuflad epyrobian m-prefiqsian formebs giorgi mTa-
wmideli da efrem mcire `pavlenSi~ [15], sadac Zveli redaqciebis daaxloebiT
20-mde m-prefiqsiani forma Secvlilia gu-prefiqsianiT (unda aRiniSnos, rom
aqedan ramdensame SemTxvevaSi gu-prefiqsiani forma gvaqvs B redaqciis
nusxebSic, romelsac unda emyarebodes kidec giorgi mTawmideli ([15] 012),
Tumca, Zveli redaqciebis m-prefiqsiani formebis daaxloebiT 70 % (60-mde
SemTxveva) `pavlenSic~ ucvleladaa datovebuli.
rac Seexeba ìovanes gamocxadebas~ [16], igi raimes Tqmis saSualebas ar iZ-
leva, radgan m- da gu-prefiqsiani formebi aq mxolod kantikuntad Tu
gvxvdeba.
samagierod Zalze sayuradRebo Sedegs iZleva `fsalmunnis~ [17] Zveli da
axali, giorgi mTawmidlis, redaqciebis Sepirispireba. Zveli nusxebis m-
139
istoriis sakiTxebi
prefiqsiani formebi TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi (80-ze met SemTxvevaSi)

ucvleladaa datovebuli giorgi mTawmidlis redaqciaSi. sainteresoa, rom
aqedan 60-ze met SemTxvevaSi m-prefiqsiani formebi aSkarad eqskluziuri
gagebisaa, radgan zmnur formebSi subieqtad me-2 piri gvaqvs.
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom giorgi mTawmideli `fsalmunnis~ xelaxla
Targmanisas berZnulidan `gamowulilviT~ Sejerebis garda TviT qarTuli
enis bunebasac sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobda (`nuca CaurTavT, nuca daak-
lebT: C~n romeli jer-iyo, Cag¢rTavs da romeli jer-iyo, dag¢klia, viTa Cu-
ensa enasa mohvidoda da wesi saqmisa eZiebda~ ([17] 027) da mxedvelobaSi mivi-
RebT im faqts, rom SemTxvevaTa umetes nawilSi m-prefiqsi me-2 subieqtur pi-
rian formebTan gvaqvs, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom giorgi mTawmideli moce-
mul ZeglSi m-prefiqsian formebs gu-prefiqsiani formebisgan gansxvavebu-
li Sinaarsis mqone (SeiZleba vivaraudoT eqskluziuri Sinaaris mqone) erTe-
ulebad iazrebda, swored amitom stovebda maT ucvlelad.
magram aq arc tradiciis Zala unda dagvaviwydes: m-prefiqsiani formebis
ucvlelad datoveba axal redaqciebSi SeiZleba nawilobriv saRmrTo werilis
wignTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli enobrivi konservatizmiTac aixsnas. naTqvamSi ad-
vilad davrwmundebiT, Tu zemoT ganxilul Zeglebs SevudarebT giorgi mTaw-
midlis originalur nawarmoebs — ìovanes da efT¢mes cxovrebas~ [18], romelic
gviCvenebs, rom klasikuri Zeglebis enaze aRzrdili giorgi mTawmideli `cdi-
lobs Zveli saliteraturo qarTulis ukanaskneli periodis (IX-X ss.) normebis
mixedviT weros, magram ver axerxebs, Tavi daaxRwios cocxali enis Zlier gav-
lenas. es gavlena Tavs iCens yvelgan: fonetikur sakiTxebSi, saxelTa bruneba-
sa da zmnis uRlebaSi, sintaqsur movlenebsa da sityvebis SerCevaSi~ ([18] 81-2).
swored cocxali sametyvelo enis gavlena unda iyos, rom am sakmaod moz-
rdil TxzulebaSi, rogorc wesi, pirveli obieqturi piris mravlobiToba ga-
moxatulia gu-prefiqsiT, romelsac, konteqstis mixedviT, SeiZleba hqondes
rogorc inkluziuri gageba, iseve eqskluziuric (50-ze met gu-prefiqsian
formas upirispirdeba svinaqsarul redaqciaSi mocemuli erTaderTi m-pre-
fiqsiani forma).
giorgi mTawmideli ar warmoadgens am mxriv gamonakliss. efT¢me mTawmi-
delic, romelic saerTod araa winaaRmdegi m-prefiqsiani formebisa (ix. tbe-
Tis oTxTavi, sadac TiTqmis ucvleladaa datovebuli Zveli redaqciebis m-
prefiqsiani formebi), qarTuli paterikis miseul TargmanSi [19] arsad ar xma-
robs m-anian formebs, risi mizezic, albaT, e.w. patristikuli novelebis Jan-
robrivi Tavisebureba unda iyos, Tavisebureba, romelic garkveul enobriv
Tavisuflebas aniWebs mTargmnels.
aSkaraa, rom am periodis cocxali sametyvelo enisaTvis ucxo iyo inklu-
ziv-eqskluzivis kategoria. isic cxadia, rom es kategoria Zvel qarTulSi ga-
cilebiT adre unda moSliliyo, amitomaa, rom m-aniani formebis xmareba Zvel
qarTulSi erTgvar arqaul elfers atarebs da Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglTa
140
istoriis sakiTxebi
umetesobaSi, kerZod, iseT klasikur ZeglebSic ki, rogoric `sinuri mraval-

Tavia~ [20], erTob Wirs inkluziv-eqskluzivis kvalis dadgena (isic unda aRi-
niSnos, rom mocemuli Zegli, oTxTavis Zveli redaqciebis enasTan SedarebiT,
qarTuli enis ganviTarebis ufro gviandel stadias asaxavs). amave mizeziT Se-
iZleba aixsnas m-aniani formebis simcire Zvel qarTul originalur ZeglebSi.
miuxedavad amisa, sabolood kidev erTxel SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Zveli
qarTuli enis calkeul ZeglebSi aSkarad Cans naSTis saxiT SemorCenili in-
kluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis kvali, rasac TvalnaTliv adasturebs ze-
moT Catarebuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqciis enobrivi analizi.
P.S. wakiTxulia moxsenebad 1977 wlis 17 noembers Zveli qarTuli enis sa-
mecniero sesiaze. amitom aq araa gaTvaliswinebuli d. meliqiSvilis naSromi
(ìnkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis gamoxatvis istoriisaTvis qarTul zmna-
Si~), romelic daibeWda `macnes~ 1977 wlis me-4 nomerSi da romlis Sesaxebac
unda iTqvas: a) naSromi ZiriTadad isev svanurSi arsebul viTarebas ixilavs,
b) avtoris msjeloba zogadi, Teoriuli xasiaTisaa da, g) rac mTavaria, miu-
Rebeli Cans mxolod logikur msjelobaze damyarebiT gamotanili daskvna,
rom sakuTari niSani unda hqonoda inkluzivs, eqskluzivs ki — ara (gv. 162),
radgan enobrivi masalis aRweriTi analizi swored rom sawinaaRmdego das-
kvnis gamotanis safuZvels iZleva. enobrivi masalis analizi ki msgavsi das-
kvnis gamotanisaTvis aucilebelia.
literatura
a. SaniZe, qarTuli zmnis saqcevi, franguli reziume, t.u,m: VI, 1926.

a. SaniZe, orgvari forma mravlobiTi ricxvis pirveli pirisa svanurSi,
weliwdeuli, 1923,1924.
1. v. Tofuria, svanuri ena, I, zmna, 1931.
2. k. dondua, Категория инклюзива-эксклюзива в сванском и её следы в древне-
грузинском, rCeuli naSromebi, I, 1976.
3. g. deetersi, Das Kharthwelische Verbum, 1930.
4. arn. Ciqobava, mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principebisaTvis
qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistemaSi, ike I, 1946.
5. al. oniani, inkluziv-eqskluzivis kategoriis sakiTxisaTvis qarTve-
lur enebSi, saq. mecn akademiis macne, 1. 1965.
6. qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satberduli xelnaweris
mixedviT, gamosca a. SaniZem, 1945.
7. saxareba¡ oTxTavi oTxTa £elnawerTagan Sig da SJe welTaTa, peter-
burgi, 1909 w. (maTe) da 1911 w. (markoz.) gamosca v. beneSeviCma.
8. qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I, naw, I, gv. 66-112, 1970.
9. tbeTis oTxTavi, gamokvleva da teqsti, i. imnaiSvili, Zveli qarTuli
enis kaTedris Sromebi, 20, 1977.
141
istoriis sakiTxebi
10. axali aRTqma, tfilisi, 1879.

11. saqme mociqulTa, Zveli xelnawerebis mixedviT gamosca i. abulaZem,
1950.
12. kaTolike epistoleTa qarTuli versiebi, gamosca q. lorTqifaniZem,
1956.
13. pavles epistoleTa qarTuli versiebi, gamosacemad moamzades q.
ZoweniZem da k. daneliam a. SaniZis redaqciiT, 1974.
14. iovanes gamocxadeba da misi Targmaneba, gamosca i. imnaiSvilma, Zveli
qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi 7, 1961.
15. fsalmunis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi, gamosca mz. SaniZem, 1960.
16. cxoreba¡ iovanesi da efT¢mesi, gamosacemad daamzada iv. javaxiSvil-
ma, gamosca a. SaniZem, 1946.
17. Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, I, gamosca m.
dvalma, 1966.
18. sinuri mravalTavi y¡d wlisa, gamosca a. SaniZem, 1959.
142
istoriis sakiTxebi
varlam Tofuria
namyos saxeobaTa saerTo niSnisaTvis qarTulSi 1
namyos oTxi saxeobaa qarTulSi cnobili: uwyveteli, wyvetili, Turmeobi-

Ti I da TurmeobiTi II. amaTgan ZiriTadad miCneulia wyvetili, ramdenadac igi
emyareba zmnis Zirs an pirvelads fuZes. II TurmeobiTi igive wyvetilia, oRond
ukanasknelis vnebiTi gvaris saxeobas warmoadgens. warmoebiT gansxvavebulia
erTmaneTisgan uwyveteli da TurmeobiTi I: isini sxvadasxva fuZes iyeneben.
1. rogorc dadgenilia, wyvetili ori saxiT ixmareba: uniSnod an
narTauli -i -T da -e sufiqsiT.
uniSnos SeuZlia dairTos ufunqcio -i. aseTi zmnebi raodenobiT mcirea.
maTi fuZe an umarcvloa, an kumSvadia. -e sufiqsiT iwarmoeba fuZeukumSveli
zmnebi. maTi raodenoba ganusazRvrelia.
nimuSi:
Zv. qarT. gardamavali da ax. qarT. Zv. da ax. qarT.
Sevkar Sevkar-i vnaxe
Sehkar Sehkar-i (h)naxe
Sekr-a Sekr-a nax-a
Sevkar-T Sevkar-i-T vnaxe-T
Sehkar-T Sehkar-i-T (h)naxe-T
Sekr-es Sekr-es nax-es
fuZea: Sekar naxe
fuZe kargadaa Semonaxuli ara marto I da II pirSi, aramed Zveli qarTulis
brZanebiTis III pirSic: Sekar-n, naxe-n. fuZiseuli -e sufiqsi mokvecilia III piris -
a da mr. ricxvis -es bolosarTTa gavleniT: naxe+a → nax-a, naxe+es → nax-es 2.
amrigad, wyvetilis niSnebia: 0 (nuli), ufunqcio -i da sufiqsi -e.
2. TurmeobiTi II imeorebs wyvetilis fuZesa da bolo niSnebs, gansxvave-
bulad aqvs vnebiTis e- TavsarTi; mag:
Sevekar an Sevekari venaxe
Seekar an Seekar-i enaxe
Seekra enaxa
aqac igive 0 (nuli), ufunqcio -i da -e sufiqsia, rac wyvetilSi gvaqvs.
1
amoRebulia stalinis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis samecniero sesi-
aze 1954 w. 23 noembers wakiTxuli moxsenebidan: `mwkrivis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi~ (samec-
niero sesiis Tezisebi, 1954, gv.125-126).
2
svanuri ena: I, zmna, 1931, gv.142-143.
143
istoriis sakiTxebi
am niSanTagan -i fonetikur niadagze aRmocenebuli TanxmovanT-gasayari

bgeraa, Semdeg narTaulad qceuli 1. rac Seexeba -e sufiqss, igi samecniero
literaturaSi aRdgenilia da mis pirvel saxed *-ev aris gamocxadebuli. n.
mars -ev dakavSirebuli aqvs esva zmnis spirantul saxesTan *hv 2 da meSvel
zmnad miiCnevs. n. maris es mcdari Sexeduleba ukugdebulia dasaxelebul re-
cenziaSi (gv.302-304). -e sufiqsis warmomavlobas -ev-isagan asabuTebs g. roga-
va qarTuli dialeqtebisa da megrulis monacemTa Rrma analizis safuZvelze.
wamoyenebuli debuleba mas SesaZleblobas aZlevs, axsnas III piris -o sufiqsi-
sa da kavSirebiTis o sawarmoebeli niSnis Sedgeniloba,3 magram aris rigi
dabrkolebebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba saWiroa.
3. uwyveteli, -d sufiqsiania Tu -od sufiqsiani, XII saukunidan gaTanab-
rebulia: mas an ar daerTvis, an darTuli aqvs ufunqcio -i.
magaliTad:
vixarebd an vixarebd-i viqmod-i
ixarebd an ixarebd-i iqmod-i
Zvel qarTulSi d-oniani da od-iani gaTiSuli iyo erTmaneTisagan:
pirvels SeiZleba hqonoda narTauli -i, xolo meores awarmoebda e- sufiqsi,4
romelic orive ricxvis III pirSi xmovniT dawyebuli sufiqsis gavleniT
ikveceboda. amgvarad, gvqonda:
Zv. qarT. d sufiqsiani Zv. qarT. od sufiqsiani
vixarebd an vixarebd-i viqmod-e

ixarebd an ixarebd-i iqmod-e
ixarebd-a iqmod-a
vixarebd-i-T viqmod-e-T
ixarebd-i-T iqmod-e-T
ixarebd-es iqmod-es
fuZea: ixarebd iqmod-e
fuZe daculia brZanebiTis II da III pirSi:
ixarebd iqmode
ixarebd-i-n iqmode-n
1
ufunqcio (narTauli) -i-s Sesaxeb: arn. Ciqobava, recenzia n. maris Zveli qarTuli lit.
enis gramatikisa: mimomxilveli, 1926, gv. 319.; a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi,
1953, gv.439.
2
n. mari, Грамм. древнелит. груз. яз., 1925, § 152, 153,179 da sxv.
3
g. rogava, aoristisa da kavSirebiT meoris zog afiqsTa genezisisaTvis -ev sufiqsTan
dakavSirebiT qarTulsa da megrulSi: saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, t. VI, 8, 1945, gv.647-655.
4
movlena dadgenili aqvs a. SaniZes werilSi: mwkrivTa moZRvrebisaTvis qarTulSi. I. sami
mwkrivis warmoebis Taviseburebani Zvels qarTulSi: saq. ssr. mecn. akad. moambe, t.VI, 10,
1945, gv. 834-844. n. agreTve misi qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv 434—436, 455—456.
144
istoriis sakiTxebi
Cans, uwyvetlis fuZes igive niSnebi daerToda, rac wyvetils: 0 (nuli),

ufunqcio -i an sufiqsi -e.
-e bolosarTi ar aris Semonaxuli XII saukunidan samwerlobo enaSi da arc
dialeqtebSi, garda TuSurisa, sadac -i niSnianTa paralelurad -e sufiqsiani
formebi ixmareba; mag.:
stvexde zdvebde dgvebode
stexde zdebde zdgebode
stexd-a zdebd-a zdgebod-a da sxv. 1
moxeurSi daculia -e sufiqsi -od-Tan erTad, oRond es od-e formanti da-

erTvis wyvetilis fuZes II pirSi (iSviaTad III pirSic) da gamoxatavs TxovniTs
brZanebiTs: gaakeTode! miTxrode! (maiyvanodes!)...2 agreTve magaliTebi teqste-
bidan: uTxrode mamaSensao, ludi aduRas wamzeda... simona, es kotias miscode...
Tu ar hkmainebs saWmeli, do dausxodeT jamzeda... sarkeSi CaixedodeT, wveri
iparceT ybazeda da sxv. 3. es forma al. yazbegs arcTu iSviaTad aqvs gamoyenebu-
li dialogis dros: batknebs uyureo, sicxeSi yinulzed arekodeo (II, 69) da sxv. 4
Sdr. fSauri -o-d-i da TuSuri da xevsuruli -i-d-i sufiqsebiani TxovniTi brZa-
nebiTi: daiwerodi, ga¡stexodi (fS.) da gaRlesidi, Rnaxidi (TuS., xevs.) 5.
safiqrebelia, rom cocxal metyvelebasa da xalxur leqsebSi daculi

formebi: `brZandebode, Camoirbende (saqme rom ara gqondes ra, Camoirbende
Cvensao), momitande, Semasmevde~ da misT. igive uwyveteli unda iyos, romelic
SemogvrCa brZanebiTis saxiT da ara kavSirebiTi, rogorc es garegnulad Cans6.
amgvarad, uwyvetlis niSani -e dResac Semonaxulia aqa-iq. etyoba, igi
savsebiT ar gadaSenebula.
4. TurmeobiTi I orgvarad iwarmoeboda Zvel qarTulSi: uniSod (-av da -
am sufiqsianebi) da i-e bolosarTebiT; mag.:
dauxatav dauwerie mas me
dauxatav dauwerie mas Sen
dauxatav-s dauwerie-s mas igi da sxv.
analogiuri warmoebisa iyo statikuri zmnebi awmyoSi:
vhgonie Sdr. hR¢Zav-s
hgonie sZinav-s
1
a. SaniZe, S2 da O3 qarTul zmnebSi, 1920, gv. 158-162.; Sdr. T. uTurgaiZe, Тушинский диалект
грузинского языка, 1954, gv.10
2
oT. qajaia, Moxeвский диалект грузинского языка, 1954, gv.16; agreTve k. guguSvili, moxeuri kilo.
3
amoRebulia iv. qavTaraZis mier adgilobriv Cawerili teqstebidan.
4
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramat. saf., gv. 211; iv. qavTaraZe, moxeuri kilo yazbegis enaSi: Tbi-
lisis univ. Sromebi, XXXV b, 1949, gv.94.
5
a. SaniZe, S2 da O3, 156, 161, 167.
6
Sdr. a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, gv.437, Sdr. svanuri ena, gv.173.
145
istoriis sakiTxebi
hgonies hSorav-s da sxv.

-i-e sufiqsebidan -e ukve cocxali aRar aris, arc gadmonaSTis saxiT
Senaxula sadme. misi adgili yvelgan meSvelma zmnam daiWira:
davuweri-var vhgoni-var
dauweri-xar hgoni-xar
dauweri-a hgoni-a
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom Zvel qarTulSive III pirSi -a
sufiqsi arcTu iSviaTad gvaqvs; misi gavleniT -e mokvecilia; mag.:
dResa Sina erTsa ra¡mkon, mimicemia: xanZT. na 25
micvalebulTa mamaTaT¢s xanZTa¡ ganmiwesebia: iqve, id 25
mirCevia Sesuma¡ wamlisa¡: kim. I, 170,30
aTS¢dmeti weli dauyofia saxlsa Sina Cemsa: iqve, 164,10
miuRebia niWi igi: arimaT. 46, 43 da sxv.
magram I da II pirSi -e daculia, meSveli zmna Tavs ar iCens.
TurmeobiTi I-is -i-e niSnebi daSlilia da -i- da xolmeobiTis -i istoriu-
lad erTi da imave odenobad aris gamocxadebuli 1. rac Seexeba -e-s, mis Sesa-
xeb sxvadasxva azri arsebobs. n. maris mtkicebiT, -es badalia ars meSveli
zmnisa da gvevlineba gansakuTrebiT aRweriTsa da Sedgenil zmnebSi 2. amis sa-
fuZvels is uTuod imaSi xedavda, rom -es daboloebis adgili Semdgom a(rs)
meSvelma zmnam daiWira. magram mosazreba rom ZirSive mcdaria, es Tundac
iqidan Cans, rom -es mTliani sufiqsi ki ar aris, aramed Sedgenilia -e- elemen-
tisa da III subieqturi piris -s niSnisagan.
SeiZleboda kacs -e meSvel zmnad mieCnia da svanuri enis -i meSvel zmnas-
Tan (xv-i, x-i, l-i) daekavSirebina, magram is garemoeba, rom -e III pirSi ikvece-
ba (dauweri-a...) da Tanac meSveli zmna aq mosalodneli ar aris, am varaudze
xels agvaRebinebs.
-a sufiqsis genezisis Sesaxeb Tanxmoba ar aris. n. mari da a. SaniZe mas ars
zmnis Sekvecil saxed Tvlian,3 magram a. SaniZisave sityviT igi `zog SemTxve-
vaSi mravlobiTis formidan modis [hgoni-a(n)] da garegnulad ars meSveli
zmnis Sekvecil saxes hgavs~ 4. gamodis, rom -a umetesad ars zmnis Tavkiduri -
a-nia, zogjer kidev mr. ricxvis -an sufiqsis naSTia. Tu movigonebT, rom sta-
tikuri zmnebi da TurmeobiTebi istoriulad mWidro kavSirSi arian erTma-
neTTan da cvla-ganviTarebas erTdroulad da erTnairad ganicdian, maSin,
cxadia, -a-s genezisis sxvadasxvagvari axsna gaumarTlebelia. isic gasaTva-
liswinebelia, rom Zvel qarTulSi hgonies da misTana statikuri zmnebi
mravlobiTSi an sul ar ixmareba an metad iSviaTad da amgvari iSviaTi forme-
1
arn. Ciqobava, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I, 1948, gv.
93-98.
2
Грамм. gv. 125, 175.
3
Грамм. gv. 125; qarT. gram. saf., gv. 447.
4
qarT. gram. saf., gv. 328.
146
istoriis sakiTxebi
bisagan rom xSiri formebi iyos miRebuli -n-s mokveciT, metad saeWvo Cans. nu
dagvaviwydeba, rom Zveli qarTulis hrq¢an da msgavsma formebma meoce sau-
kunemde moaRwies ise, rom -n-s mosacileblad Careva gaxda saWiro. esec ar
iyos, -e sufiqsi daikarga -a-s gavleniT, meSvel zmnas ki, Tundac Sekvecili
saxiT warmodgenils, fuZiseuli xmovnis mokveca ar SeuZlia (mag.: xe-a, mze-a).
aSkaraa, rom TurmeobiTis -a pirvandeli warmoSobiT meSveli zmna ar aris.
igi aseTad gaazrianebulia mas Semdeg, rac I da II pirSi meSveli zmna marTlac
gaCnda. gamodis, rom arc -e-s warmomavlobaa garkveuli da arc -a-si.
TurmeobiTis -e amJamad, SeiZleba iTqvas, garkveulia. igi aoristis -e su-
fiqsTan aris identificirebuli da arcTu usafuZvlod. iv. qavTaraZe wers:
`momenturi aspeqtis formas... aoristis nakvTi gamoxatavda, igi imatebda
Cveulebriv -e daboloebas, magram ara wminda fuZeze, aramed uSualod per-
mansivis aRniSnul formaze: v-h-g-i-e, h-g-i-e, h-g-i-e-s... SemdegSi aoristis es
formebi, am tipis zmnaTa gansakuTrebuli semantikuri Taviseburebis gamo
(rezultatiuri Sinaarsi), awmyod qceula da aoristis -e niSani awmyoSic Se-
narCunebula~ 1.
raRaa -a? Tu TurmeobiTis -e igivea, rac wyvetilis -e, cxadia, -a III piris
subieqturi niSani iqneba. Cans, nod. naTaZis mosazreba -a-s III piris sufiqso-
bis Sesaxeb gamarTlebulia. amitomaa, rom mas -e-s mokveca SeuZlia Turmeo-
biTSic ise, rogorc wyvetilSi.
amgvarad, TurmeobiT pirvelsac axasiaTebs uniSnoba da -e sufiqsi.
5. amgvarad, -e sufiqsi gvaqvs namyos oTxive saxeobaSi; saxeldobr (sxva
niSnebTan erTad):
uwyvetelSi -d- 0 (nuli)-d-i - od-e
wyvetilSi - 0 (nuli) -i -e 2
TurmeobiT I-Si - 0 (nuli) - i-e
TurmeobiT II-Si - 0 (nuli)-i -e
-e saerToa yvela namyoSi. igi rogorc warmoSobiT, ise funqciiTac erTi
da igivea. misi mokveca SeuZlia III pirSi pirisa da ricxvis formantebs.
-e-s funqcia savsebiT naTeli ar Cans. igi dros uTuod ar gamoxatavda,
radganac dros Camoyalibebamde wyvetilSi gamoyenebuli iyo. Tu momentur
aspeqtze miuTiTebda, rogorc amas samarTlianad fiqrobs f. erTeliSvili, ma-
Sin xolmeobiTis fuZes rogorRa daerTo da miT ufro, roca statikuri vnebi-
Ti wyvetilTan erTad Zvelze Zveli Cans. vidre ar gairkveva wyvetilis, Turme-
obiTi I-isa da uwyvetlis qronologiuri mimarTeba da es ki SesaZlebeli Cans,
manamde funqciis sakiTxi sabolood gadawyvetili ar gveqneba.
6. kiTxva ismis: SeiZleba Tu ara sxvadasxva mwkrivs erTi da igive niSani hqon-
des? amaze dadebiTi pasuxi gasca didi xniT adre arn. Ciqobavam. man uCvena, rom -i
1
iv. qavTaraZe, zmnis ZiriTadi kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, 1954, gv. 183,
185.
2
-e imdenad damaxasiaTebelia wyvetilisa, rom mis meSveobiT aris nawarmoebi iseTi zmna,
rogoricaa guale (iare), romlis amosavali val fuZe val-s zmnas warmoadgens.
147
istoriis sakiTxebi
sufiqsi saerToa xolmeobiTi pirvelisa da xolmeobiTi meorisa. garda amisa, XI-

XIII ss-Si, rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, iyo cda -i sufiqsis gamoyenebisa III seriis
formebSi (eqmn-i-s, ebrZan-i-s...) da amdenad, III xolmeobiTis Camoyalibebisa.1
Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebiT irkveva, rom egeve -i gvaqvs awmyosa da pirveli Turmeobi-
Tis formebSi 2. maSasadame, erTi -i sufiqsi saziaroa yvela seriis permansivSi.
aseve, saziaro -e bolosarTi dadasturebulia samive seriis kavSirebi-
TebSi (swerd-e — I kavS., aRdg-e — II kavS., eqmn-e III kavS.) da amdenad sworia de-
buleba imis Sesaxeb, rom II seriis mwkrivTa daboloebebi Senaxulia I seriis
mwkrivebSi 3 (oRond uwyvetelSi igulisxmeboda uniSnoba da ufunqcio -i). ma-
Sasadame, namyos oTxive saxeobaSi -e gamarTlebuli Cans.
7. ukanaskneli kiTxva: riT avxsnaT, rom wyvetilma, TurmeobiT pirvelma
da TurmeobiT meorem paraleluri formebi Semogvinaxes, uwyvetelma ki uni-
fikacia moaxdina d da od sufiqsian formaTa da yvelas -i daurTo? uwyvet-
lis uniformacia iwyeba X saukunidan da mTavrdeba XII s-Si da unda vifiqroT,
rom mas xeli Seuwyo uwyvetlisagan I kavSirebiTis, romelsac analogiuri
formebi hqonda, gamijvnis tendenciam.
uniformaciis tendencia dResac grZeldeba kiloebSi da igi exeba
TiTqmis yvela mwkrivs, maT Soris iseT Zvel mwkrivsac, rogoricaa wyvetili.
marTlac, wyvetilis formebSi uniformaciis Sedegad ingilouris kakur
dialeqtSi -e mokvecilia da yvela zmna uniSnodaa an -i sufiqsiTaa warmodge-
nili (damal, Cahyar, dahkid, da¡karg... Sdr. dahkar, giTxar...), xolo aliaba-
TurSi, piriqiT, -e sufiqsia kumSvad zmnebs darTuli (uTxare, gama¡cane, moh-
kale, deweve, qene... Sdr. da¡Wire, vikiTxe...) 4.
-e-s mokvecisaken midrekileba xevsurulsac axasiaTebs, magram farTod
modebuli ar aris.
unifikacia gatarebulia TurmeobiT I-is formebisa TiTqmis yvela dialeq-
tSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq ori mimarTuleba iCens Tavs: erTi mimarTulebaa — ga-
abatonos -i-a sufiqsebi da moSalos -av da -am Tematuri niSnebi, meore ki, piri-
qiT, gaavrcelos -av da garkveul SemTxvevaSi -iv. pirveli tardeba baris kilo-
ebSi — qarTlurSi, kaxurSi, imerulSi da sxvagan — da aqedan lamobs literatu-
rul enaSic SemoWras (minaxia, uTqvia...),5 -av ki modebulia xevsurulSi6,
fSaurSi, TuSurSi7 da fSauridan vaJas Semotanili aqvs samwerlobo enaSi: ni-
dayvis ZirSi dauWrav (=dauWria: I, 18), me Tavi Camibarebav (Camibarebia: I, 37),
CagigdavT (=CagigdiaT: 35) da sxv., rac sakmaod cnobilia.
1
a. SaniZe, mwkrivTa moZRvrebisaTvis. II. erTi ucnobi mwkrivi qarTulSi: moxsenebaTa kre-
buli, 1, 1947, gv. 1-14.
2
arn. Ciqobava, ergat. konstruqciis problema, gv. 6 da Semd.
3
arn. Ciqobava, recenzia n. maris gramatikisa: mimomxilveli, gv. 317, SenS. 2.
4
gr. imnaiSvili, zogierTi drois warmoeba ingilourSi: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecni-
ereba, VI, gv. 159-161; r. RambaSiZe, Ингилойское наречие грузинского языка, 1949, gv. 14-15.
5
a. SaniZe, qarT. gram. saf., gv. 447.
6
b. gabuuris teqstebi, dabeWdili `weliwdeulSi~.
7
T. uTurgaiZe, op. cit., gv. 10.
148
istoriis sakiTxebi
unifikacia ganxorcielebulia agreTve kavSirebiTSi -a sufiqsis sasar-

geblod xevsurulsa da moxeurSi 1: nax-a-s, dawer-a-s, aiR-a-s da sxv., maSin ro-
desac zemoimerulSi (WiaTura-saCxere) tendenciaa -o sufiqsis gavrcelebisa
-e bolosarTis nacvlad: wavid-o-s, mic-o-s da sxv.
maSasadame, uniformacia sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebSi axlac mimdinare-
obs da, ra gasakviria, uwyvetelsac ganecada igi, miT ufro, roca msgavsi war-
moeba axasiaTebda pirvel kavSirebiTsac.
rogorc davinaxeT, dabrkoleba ar arsebobs, rom -e namyos saerTo niSnad
vcnoT.
aqedan isic irkveva, rom -e ar momdinareobs -ev sufiqsisagan, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi is unda yofiliyo uwyvetelSic, TurmeobiTSic, rac qarTuli
enis monacemebiT ar dasturdeba.
garda amisa, yuradRebas iqcevs erTi garemoebac: permansivis saerTo ni-
Sania -i, aseve kavSirebiTis saziaro niSania -e, Cans, yvela sawarmoebeli for-
manti xmovania da uTuod esec mxars dauWers wyvetilisa da saerTod namyos
niSnis xmovnur warmomavlobas. igi marTlac -e unda yofiliyo.
sakiTxi dgas namyosa da kavSirebiTis -e niSanTa genetikuri urTierTobis
Sesaxeb: warmoSobiT orive erTi da igive formantia, Tu kavSirebiTis -e mar-
Tlac ere-sagan momdinareobs, e-sa da sxva formantTa sakiTxebi calke gan-
xilvas moiTxovs.
1
a. SaniZe, S2 da O3, gv. 157; oT. qajaia, dasax. Sr., gv. 16.
149
istoriis sakiTxebi
ilia abulaZe
qarTuli zmnis iSviaTi

formebi VIII—X ss-is Zeglebis mixedviT
Zveli qarTuli enis VIII—X ss-is Zeglebis Sesaxeb saubris dros Cveni miz-
nisaTvis mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs mxolod iseTebi, romlebic warmoSobasTan er-
Tad gadaweriTac umetesad aRniSnul periods ekuTvnis. aseTebi zogjer, sa-
bednierod, ramdenime calad mogvepoveba, magram ara iSviaTad unikaluradac
aris moRweuli.
Cven qvemoT or iseT Zegls SevexebiT, romlebic ZiriTadad X s-is nusxebiT
aris Semonaxuli. pirveli `marxvis sakiTxavebis~ wigns anu krebuls warmoadgens
da mwerlobis asketur dargs miekuTvneba, xolo meore amave dargis `TxrobaTa~
krebulia, e.w. `samoTxe~, romlis avtorad VI—VII s-is palestineli moRvawe ioane
mosxi iTvleba1. `marxvis sakiTxavebis~ avtorebi umetesad msoflio eklesiis
iseTi cnobili mamebi arian, rogoric, mag., ioane oqropiri, basili didi da ef-
rem asuri. maTi nawerebis gverdiT moTavsebulia agreTve nawarmoebebi egvipte-
li da palestineli moRvaweebisa, eklesia-monastrebis mamebisa (V—VI ss.), rogo-
ric mag., markozisa, sahakisa, abrahamisa, amonasi da martvirisa. ukanaskneli av-
tori, prof. k. kekeliZis nakvlevis Tanaxmad, 2 qarTveli unda iyos. dRemde am
krebulis ori uZvelesi nusxa iyo cnobili: sinuri 3 da aTonuri 4. amJamad amaT
emateba klarjulic, romelic daviT mamflis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli. am
nusxis (S–1139) gadamweris xeliT Sesrulebuli minaweri erTgan (26-e gverdis
marcxena kideze, zemoT) gvamcnobs: `q~n daicevin mamfali d~T dRegrZelobiT
da simrTeliT, a~n~. maSasadame, es xelnaweri dawerilia daviTis gardacvalebis
(943 wlis 5 ) uwinares, misi mamflobis Jams, X sauk-is ocdaaTian wlebSi, Tu ufro
adre ara. daaxloebiT amave xanisaa sinuri nusxac, romelic sabas lavraSi yofi-
la gadawerili 925 wels6. es nusxa CvenTvis xelmiuwvdomelia. araa misawvdomi
agreTve aTonuri nusxac, romelic 977 wels aris gadawerili, oSks, ioane-Tor-
1
K.Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinishen Literatur, gv.187, 1935.
2
martviri qarTveli (VI-VII) da misi Sroma `sinanulisaT¢s da simdablisa~ k. kekeliZis re-
daqciiTa da gamokvleviT: literaturuli Ziebani, III, gv. 261-313, Tbilisi, 1946.
3
iv. javaxiSvili, sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, gv. 74-83, Tb., 1947.
4
Catalogue des manuscripts georgiens de la bibliotheque de la laure d’Jwiron au mont Athos, par R.P.Blake.
Extrait de la Revue de I’Orient chretien, 3-e serie, t. VIII (XXVIII), №3 et 4, pp 41-51, 1932.
5
sumbat daviTis Zis qronika tao-klarjeTis bagrationTa Sesaxeb, gamocema III, e. Tayai-
Svilisa, Tb., 1949.
6
martviri qarTveli (VI-VII) da misi Sroma `sinanulisaT¢s da simdablisa~ k. kekeliZis
redaqciiTa da gamokvleviT: literaturuli Ziebani, III, gv. 265, Tbilisi, 1946.
150
istoriis sakiTxebi
nikis dakveTiT 1. amisi mxolod ori piri mogvepoveba: erTi XVIII saukunisa, do-
menti kaTalikozis (1704—1724) TaosnobiT gadawerili (A–56) 2, da meore Cveni sa-
ukunisa, ilia banZelis mier gadmowerili aTonsve (A–1142) zogierTi orTogra-
fiuli cvlilebiT. klarjulisa da oSkuris (gadmoRebuli pirebis) garda Cvens
xelT iyo kidev am krebulis erTi sxva nusxac H–1662 3, romelic ierusalimuria
warmoSobiT da gadawerilia 1040 w., e.i. aRebuli periodis uaxloes xans.
meore Zeglis, ioane mosxis `samoTxis~ qarTuli Targmani daculia ro-
gorc sinur nusxaSi, ise oSkurSic. Cvens gankargulebaSi mxolod oSkuri nus-
xaa, isic ilia banZelis mier Cvens droSi gadmoRebuli piris saxiT, romelic,
rogorc aRvniSneT, zogierTi orTografiuli cvlilebiT aris Sesrulebuli.
Cveni Zveli mwerlobis dasaxelebuli Zeglebi enobriv niSneulebaTa mi-
xedviT VIII—X ss-Sia warmoSobili, ara ugvianes X s-is pirveli meoTxedisa,
radgan am xanidan maT Semcvel xelnawerebsac ki mouRwevia Cvenamde. yvelaze
mkafiod es periodi gamoikveTeba ZeglTa leqsikuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT,
rasac Cven sxvagan vexebiT specialurad. aq amgzobis imas aRvniSnavT mxolod,
rom merve saukuneze adrindeli es Zeglebi ver iqneba, radgan maTSi SeiniSne-
ba xmareba iseTi leqsikuri wyebisa, romelic arabobis saistorio asparezze
gamosvlis Semdeg SeiZleboda warmoSobiliyo maxlobel aRmosavleTSi da,
maSasadame, asaxuliyo qarTul saliteraturo enaSic.
am sagulisxmo moments garda dasaxelebuli Zeglebi Cvens yuradRebas imiTac
ipyrobs, rom maTSi vxvdebiT iseT formebs, gansakuTrebiT qarTuli zmnis far-
glebSi, romlebic jer sxvagan an aravis SeuniSnavs, anda, Tu romelime maTgani Se-
uniSnavT sadme, mcired, rogorc SemTxveva iSviaTi xmarebisa Zvel qarTulSi.
qarTuli zmnis Taviseburi da aqamomdis ucnobi zogierTi formebi, rom-

lebic VIII—X ss-is ZeglebSi aqa-iq gvxvdeba, pirvel rigSi xolmeobiTTa mwkri-
vebs Seexeba, saxeldobr, maTi mesame subieqturi piris daboloebas. Tu dRemde
is vicodiT, rom Zvel qarTulSi umetesad xolmeobiTi meore ixmareboda, xo-
lo mis Semdeg pirveli xolmeobiTi gamodioda (isic mesame piriT, radgan sxve-
bi am mwkrivs ar gaaCnda), axla, garda imisa, rom xolmeobiTi meoris mesame pi-
risaTvis mravlobiT ricxvSi zogjer cnobilisagan gansxvavebuli forma
gvaqvs, isic sagulisxmoa, rom xolmeobiTTa dasaxelebul mwkrivebs gverdSi
udgeba uwyvetlis xolmeobiTi, romelic mesame subieqturi piris gamosaxata-
vad mravlobiT ricxvSi imave formantebs mimarTavs, romlebsac xolmeobiTi
1
ix. r. bleikis zemoT dasaxelebuli katalogi, gv. 50.
2
Ф. Жордания, описание рукописей церковного музея, I, gv. 46-48.
3
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, t. IV. Sedgenili da
dasabeWdad damzadebuli elene metrevelis mier, Tbilisi, 1950, gv. 89.
151
istoriis sakiTxebi
meore da romelTagan axlad gamovlinebuli Tavisi saxiT sxva araferia, Tu ar

awmyos anu pirveli xolmeobiTis niSani mravlobiT ricxvSi, e.i. -ed.
xolmeobiT meoreSi am formantiT nawarmoebi gardauvali da
gardamavali zmnis Semdegi formebi gvaqvs:
a. gardauvali zmnebisa
mividied, sxdied — dasxdied, (mxiarul) iqmnied, daSuried, dawynardied
da daex¢nied.
mowmobani teqstebidan:
1. mividied
àra xolo Tu mefeni iTxoven maTgan Sewevnasa, aramed mravalni
eSmakeulnica m i v i d i e d saflavTa maTTa da ganikurnnian~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A 1 , 47gv; C 1 , 16 r; B)
mividied] miivltied] B1.
2. sxdied
`rameTu viTarca-igi romelni Jamsa sicxisasa maxlobelad s x d i e d ga-
mosadinelsa wyalTasa da sigrilisa misgan haerisa ganernian mZlafrisa mis-
gan sicxisa, egreTve romeli miivltodis wignTa wmidaTasa, ganarinos suli
T¢si yovelTagan vnebaTa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ C, 4 r; A-sa da B-s aklia).
3. dasxdied
`da vidre igi ilocavn, igini tablasa ganhmzadebed da munTquesve das-
xdied purisa Wamad~. (`samoTxe~).
4. (mxiarul) iqmnied
`da odes ixilnian pirni maTni, gina samoselni, gina £amli maTi, gina sayo-
felni maTni, mxiarul i q m n i e d guliTa da uxarin~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ C, 42 v; A-s aklia)
mxiarul iqmnied] ganixarnian B.
5. daSuried
`viTarca-igi romelni asparezsa cxenTasa erTierTsa uswroben da gans-
cxrebied, da sargebel vera¡ poian maT moswrafed morbediTa maTiTa da m£ur-
valed moqmedebiTa, rameTu aravin miagis misagebeli maTi, arca g¢rg¢nosan
yunis, da cudad d a S u r i e d~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ C 36 v.; A-s aklia)
daSuried] daSurian B.
6. gancivnied
`Zmano Cemno, ara gueSinisa Jamisa misgan, odes-igi g a n c i v n i e d fer£ni
da Zwola¡ Seedvis mu£lTa, odes-igi SeSfoTnes stomaqi da dai£Snen Tualni
1
A-Ti aRvniSnavT daviT mamfliseul nusxas: S–1139-s; B-Ti — oSkurs: A—1142-s da C-Ti —
ierusalimurs: H–1662-s.
152
istoriis sakiTxebi
da dadumnes piri, da gamohyavn suli angelozTa maT saSinelTa da mrisxaneTa,

da amxilebed mas saqmeTa misTa borotTa, da ra¡Ta sityua¡ misces man yovel-
TaT¢s codvaTa misTa, romelni eqmnes mas sofelsa amas Sina sawuTrosa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A,22 gv; C, 79 v.; B )
gancivnied] ganc¢brdian A (rac uTuod non sens-ia, aRmocenebuli dednis
uxeirod amokiTxvaze).
7. dawynardied
`ganisuenian vaWarTa moswrafeTa, raJams-igi ganvlian zRua¡ mS¢dobiT,
damTqmeli, da ganernian zrunvasa da mwuxarebasa, da ganisuenian WirTa da
SromaTagan. ixarebed, raJams ganvlian queyana¡ igi saSiSi da gza¡ igi iwro¡,
d a w y n a r d i e d SfoTisagan da sirbilisa, da daeyudnian mindobiT~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A, 146 gv.; C, 150 v.; B)
dawynardied] dawynardian C.
8. daex¢nied
`viTarca-igi ra¡ orbi spetaki ipoebis yoladve adgilTa sulmyralTa,
mwinkulevanTa, da eridebis igi bostanTa da samoTxeTa da adgilTa surnelTa.
da egreTve mwerTa dautevnian guamni surnelni da cocxalni da d a e x ¢ n i e d
wuTxsa wylulebaTasa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A, 172 gv.; C, 172 r.; B )
daex¢nied] daex¢nian AB.
yvela zemoT moyvanili da saTanado nimuSebSi xazgasmuli gardauvali
zmnis forma, garda ukanasknelisa, erTpiriani zmnebisaa. isini an saSualo
gvarisa arian: mividied, sxdied—dasxdied, anda vnebiTisa: daSuried, (mxia-
rul) iqmnied, gancivnied da dawynardied. ukanaskneli magaliTis zmnis for-
ma — daex¢nied — orpiriani vnebiTi gvarisaa. subieqtad maT, ukanasknelTan
erTad, rogorc wesi, Sewyobili aqvT saxelebi saxelobiT brunvaSi: mividied
eSmakeulnica, sxdied romelni, dasxdied igini, daSuried [igini], (mxiarul)
iqmnied [igini], gancivnied fer£ni, dawynardied [vaWarni]; daex¢nied [mwerni].
erTpiriani zmnis formebSi, romlebSic mxolod subieqturi piria xolme asa-
xuli (ise orpirian vnebiTisaSic, sadac subieqtur pirebTan erTad iribi
obieqtis pirebic aRiniSneba), piris niSnebi Tu bolosarTad modis, mesame su-
bieqturisaa. Cvens magaliTebSi CamoTvlili subieqtebi, romlebic mravlo-
biT ricxvSi dganan, bolosarTovani -ed niSniT arian warmodgenili. maSasa-
dame, es -ed mravlobiTSi mdgomi mesame suqbieqturi piris niSania.
Tu saTanadod gavaanalizebT moyvanil formebs da maT aRnagobas da-
vukvirdebiT (mo-vid-i-ed, sxd-i-ed — da-sxd-i-ed; da-Sur-i-ed, i-qmn-i-ed,
gan-civn-i-ed, da-wynar-d-i-ed, da-e-x¢n-i-ed), vnaxavT, rom isini meore serias
ganekuTvnebian, kerZod xolmeobiT meores, rac aRniSnuli -ed formantis win
mdgomi i niSniT aris gadmocemuli. amrigad, moyvanil zmnaTa formebi, rom-
lebSic Cvens yuradRebas -ed formanti iqcevs, xolmeobiTi meoris mwkrivi-
saa — mesame subieqturi pirisa mravlobiT ricxvSi.
153
istoriis sakiTxebi
b. gardamavali zmnebisa
Seimosied, (juars) —acunied, ixilnied.

1. Seimosied
`saxÀ, romeli hmosied moZRuarsa, igive Seimosied mowafeTa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A, 32 gv.; C, 91 r.; B)
Seimosied] Seimosian C, Seumosies B.
2. (juars) acunied
`da wariyvannes igini m£edarTa maT adgilsa, romelsa hrq¢an panton, sada-
igi borotis-moqmedni juars-acunied~.
(samoTxe, Txroba, 58).
3. ixilnied
`rameTu wmidani raodenca mieaxlebied RmerTsa, ixilnied, Tavni T¢sni
ucodvilesad yovelTa kacTasa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~, B. A-sa da C-s aklia).
aRnusxuli gardamavali zmnebis formebi yvela orpiriania. Sewyobili pir-
dapiri obieqtebi imis gamo, rom zmnaTa formebi II serias ekuTvnis, saxelobiT
brunvaSi dgas, erTgan mxoloobiTisa (Seimosied saxÀ) da sxvagan — mravlobi-
TisaSi (juars acunied borotis-moqmedni, ixilnied Tavni T¢sni). es saxelo-
biTni nariT arian nawarmoebni, amitom maTi ricxvis aRmniSvnelnic formebSi
saTanadod (`n~-Ti) arian warmodgenilni (juars-acu-n-ied, ixil-n-ied). radgan
pirdapiri obieqtis mesame piris wesisamebr zmnaTa formebSi ausaxvelia, ami-
tom moyvanil formebSi mxolod subieqtis saTanado piris niSnebia saZiebeli,
es piri ki yvela SemTxvevaSi mesamea (mravlobiT ricxvSi — `maT~) da, rogorc
wesi, bolosarTadaa warmodgenili: -ed. am formantis win mdgomi i xolmeobi-
Tis niSania da radgan aRnagobis mixedviT (Se-i-mos-i-ed, a-cu-n-i-ed, i-xil-n-i-
ed) moyvanil zmnaTa formebi II serias ekuTvnis, amitom es xolmeobiTi meorea.
amrigad, aqac moyvanil zmnaTa formebi xolmeobiTi meoris mwkrivisaa,
saxeldobr mesame subieqturi pirisa mravlobiT ricxvSi, rac -ed forman-
tiTve aris gadmocemuli.
-ed formanti aRniSnuli funqciiT, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ara marto
xolmeobiT meoreSi gvxvdeba, aramed uwyvetlis xolmeobiTSic. saerTod
uwyvetlis xolmeobiTis formebi Cvens teqstebSic (ise rogorc es
SeniSnulia sxvebis mimarTac Zveli xanisaTvis 1) iSviaTad gvxvdeba2. isic
1
a. SaniZe, sami mwkrivis Taviseburebani Zvels qarTulSi: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis moambe, VI, gv. 845, 1945.
2
moviyvanT aq maT:
a) `movidian saflavsa da dautevian igi marto¡ da warvidian saxed T¢sad... da swrafiT
monagebsa mis[s]a ganiyofdian~ [C, 259 r].
b) `raJams meuflis seni igi £orcTa¡, ese yoveli gua£sobn da guls-vetyodiT
sikudilisaT¢s da sinanulisa, da viTarca ganmeSoris seni igi, yovelive daguaviwydes da
154
istoriis sakiTxebi
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cvens teqstebSi, Tu sadme gvxvdeba am mwkrivis formebi,

umTavresad mainc mravlobiTSia.
-ed formants uwyvetlis xolmeobiTSi vpoulobT rogorc vnebiTis, ise
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi:
zrunvidied, etyodied, scvidied, £umilvied.
1. zrunvidied
`da viTarca agrZnian igi, odesme cecxlsa Sevidian uSiSad da ara Seexis
maT, da odesme siRrmesa wyalTasa zeda vlened da ara dainTqnian da arca
eWueul iqmnian, rameTu sarwmunoeba¡ ganaZlierebn maT da aras z r u n v i d i e d
xilvisaT¢s da saqmisa saSinelTa saqmeTaT¢s~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~, C; 250 r; B. A-s aklia).
zrunvidied] zrunvied (!) B.
2. etyodied
`maSin ganecxados yovelTa saqme misi, viTarca-igi maTi, romelni e t y o -
d i e d meufesa dResa mas gankiTxvisasa: ufalo, ufalo, ara saxeliTa SeniTa
vwinawarmetyuelebdiTa da saxeliTa SeniTa ZalTa mravalTa viqmodeTa?~
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~, C; 28 v; BB. A-s aklia).
etyodied] ity¢ed B.
3. scvidied, 4. £umilvidied
ìqmen Sen viTarca m£umilni, romelni £umilvidied samwysosa gina
savena£esa, rameTu ityuelved £elTa maTTa da £miTa maRliTa RaRadeben da
izaxebed. da oxrisa maTisagan ivltied yovelni romelTa hnebavn miparvad
samcvelo¡ maTi, romelsa s c v i d i e d~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ C, 16 v; A -sa da B-s aklia).
warmodgenil zmnaTa formebis rogorc sintaqsuri Sewyoba ([igini] zrunvie-
died aras; romelni etyodied meufesa; [igini] scvidied romelsa; romelni £u-
milvidied samwysosa gina savena£esa), ise aRnagoba (zrunv-id-i-ed; e-ty-od-i-ed;
s-cv-id-i-ed; £umilv-id-i-ed) aSkarad gviTiTeben, rom isini I seriisa arian. maT
fuZeTa savrcobebze uSualod darTuli i xolmeobiT mwkrivs aCens, xolo bo-
losarTad mosuli -ed am mwkrivis mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame pirze metyvelebs.
amrigad, es formebi, romlebic warmoebulia -ed formantiT, uwyvetlis xolme-
obiTi mwkrivisa arian, saxeldobr mesame subieqturi pirisa mravlobiTSi.
-ed formanti, romelic zemoT moyvanil mowmobaTa mixedviT xolmeobiT
mwkrivTa mesame subieqturi piris niSani Cans mravlobiTSi, Zveli qarTulisa-
arRara vzrunvidiT da arca movi£senebdiT satanjvelTa maT saukuneTa, romeli ganmza-

debul ars codvilTaT¢s~ [C, 261, v; B].
c) ùkueTu vinme aRmidgis, vhrisxvidi... da Z¢rsa uzraxvidi mankierebiT~ [A 380; C,225 v].
d) `Cuen codvaTa maTTa vxedvidiT, xolo sinanuli maTi da keTilisa saqme ver vcniT da
usamarTlod ganvikiTxvidiT~ [C, 273 r; B] .
155
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tvis Cveulebrivi -an formantis paralelurad (uwyvetlis xolmeobiTsa da

meore xolmeobiTSi), gvxvdeba Zvelad agreTve mesame piris brZanebiTis erTa-
derT mawarmoeblad mravlobiTSi. mxolobiTSi ki aseTi SemTxvevebis dros
yovelTvis -n formanti moipoveba. eseve formantebi, rogorc cnobilia,
awarmoeben mesame subieqturi piris formasac pirvel (awmyos) xolmeobiTSi,
romelsac prof. arn. Ciqabava zogad awmyos uwodebs 1.
ra urTierTobaa am saziaro formantis mqone dasaxelebul mwkrivTa
Soris? am kiTxvaze pasuxs prof. arn. Ciqobavas erT-erT naSromSi vpoulobT
(`mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani qarTvelur enebSi~, enimkis moambe V-
VI, gv. 13-44, Tb.,1940). avtoris SexedulebiT, es niSnebi mesame piris
aRsaniSnavad awmyos garda uwyvetelsaca da wyvetilsac unda hqonoda adreve
erTaderT formantad (sufiqsad) mesame pirSi, romlebic SemdegSi, Zvel qar-
TulSi, gamoyenebul iqmna mesame piris brZanebiTisaTvis. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, Zveli qarTulis mesame piris brZanebiTi sxva araferia, Tu ar wyve-
tilisa da uwyvetlis mesame subieturi piris odindeli formebi, romlebic
martooden -n, — -ed formantebiT iwarmoebodnen.
xolmeobiT meoreSi SeniSnuli erTi SemTxveva: moiR-i-n (`r~ yoveli
romeli xiTxovn, moiRin~2) da mesame piris brZanebiTis daSrt-i-n tipis
formebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, aoristisa da namyo xolmeobiTis (meore
xolmeobiTis) mesame piris adrindeli formebia3, sadac agreTve mesame
subieqturi piris niSnad -n gamodis, prof. arn. Ciqobavas avaraudebinebs, rom
es `n~ am mwkrivSic (e.i. xolmeobiT meoreSic) adre erTaderTi niSani unda
yofiliyo zmnebisaTvis da, Sesabamisad amisa, amave mwkrivis mravlobiTSi
yvelgan -ed daboloeba unda arsebuliyo, rogorc mag.: dadrik-i-ed,
aRadgin-i-ed 4. TiTqmis yvela mwkrivSi `n~ sufiqsis mesame subieqturi piris
niSnad miCneva prof. arn. Ciqobavas ayenebinebs erT zogad debulebasac,
romlis Tanaxmad, `n~ sufiqsi uZvelesi sufiqsia mesame pirisa; igi gamoye-
nebuli iyo, rogorc droTa (anu: mwkrivTa) meore jgufSi (e.i. seriaSi), ise
droTa (anu: mwkrivTa) pirvel jgufSi (anu seriaSi) da es mesame piris su-
fiqsic droTa (anu mwkrivTa) mixedviT ar icvlebodao 5.
mesame piris brZanebiTis formebi rom saTanado wyvetilisa da uwyvetli-
sagan amodis da, SeiZleba, maT odindel formebsac iyenebdes, saeWvo ar unda
iyos. arc is unda iyos sacilobeli, rom meore xolmeobiTSi mesame subieqtur
pirs mxoloobiTSi -i-n da mravlobiTSi -i-ed sufiqsi hqonoda. dadrik-i-ed da
aRadgin-i-ed Cveni teqstebis monacemebis Semdeg Teoriulad warmosadgeni
1
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani qarTvelur enebSi: enimkis moambe,
V-VI, Tb., 1940.
2
iv. javaxiSvilis mier amokiTxuli xanmeti teqstidan (palimfsestidan): Tbilisis
universitetis moambe, II, gv. 377.
3
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani... gv. 32, 39.
4
iqve, gv. 37.
5
iqve, gv. 40.
156
istoriis sakiTxebi
formebi ki aRaraa, aramed realuri faqtia Zvel qarTulSi. aseve realurad mi-
saCnev formad gamodis Cvenive teqstebis mowmobaTa mixedviT prof. arn. Ciqo-
bavas mier navaraudebi ixarebd-i-ed forma uwyvetlis xolmeobiTisaTvis1.
Cveni teqstebis monacemebiT -ed formanti xolmeobiT mwkrivTa mesame
pirisaTvis xmarebulia mravlobiTSi Zveli qarTulisaTvis aseT SemTxvevebSi
-an sufiqsis gverdiT. arsad mxoloobiTSi am formantis sapirispirod
Cveulebrivi -s sufiqsis paralelurad mosalodneli -n ar SeimCneva,
rogorc es awmyos xolmeobiTSia da xolmeobiTis sxva mwkrivebisaTvis -s-s
paralelurad aqvs navaraudebi prof. arn. Ciqobavas.
kiTxva ismis, damowmebuli SemTxvevebi Zveli movlenis gadmonaSTia Cveni
teqstebisaTvis, Tu igini axali movlenis Canasaxs warmoadgenen, vTqvaT, aw-
myos anu pirveli xolmeobiTis analogiiT wamowyebuls; anda dialeqturi
formis xmareba xom araa nebsiT Tu uneblieT Semotanili mTargmnelisa an ga-
damwerisagan? Cven Sesawynareblad pirveli varaudi ufro migvaCnia. axlis
Canasaxi rom iyos, ganviTareba unda moeca Semdgom xanaSi, rasac versad vxe-
davT; piriqiT, aseT formebze qarTul mwerlobas xeli aqvs aRebuli. agreTve
aseTi formantis dialeqturi xmarebac dasaxelebuli mwkrivebisaTvis arsad
SeiniSneba. Cans, is gadmonaSTia Zveli movlenisa, gansakuTrebiT xolmeobiTi
meorisaTvis, romelzedac SemTxvevaTa meti raodenoba modis. aqedan unda
iyos is gadasuli uwyvetlis xolmeobiTSi, romelic sazogadod gviandel
warmoqmnil mwkrivad iTvleba da arcTu xolmeobiTi meoris gareSe.
II
VIII-X ss-is dasaxelebuli Zeglebi gviCvenebs zmnis formaTa kidev erT
Taviseburebas: -d formantis alag-alag xmarebas statikuri zmnebis awmyosa da
TurmeobiTi pirvelis mesame subieqtur pirSi Cveulebrivi -s sufiqsis
nacvlad da agreTve -ed sufiqsis iSviaT xmarebas amave piris aRsaniSnavad
mravlobiTSi gardamaval zmnaTa TurmeobiTi pirvelisa, sadac Cveulebriv -an
sufiqsi ixmareba Zvelad. ganvixiloT es SemTxvevebi.
a. statikuri awmyo
hgied, gugonied, hmosied.
1. hgied
a. `Targmaneba¡ amis askia¡sa¡ sa£orcielo¡sa¡ ese ars: tabla¡, romelsa
zeda hgied erTi xolo saWmeli~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ B; aklia A-sa da C-s).
b. `da Tu vinme eSjin, ara sityua ugebn, da yovelsa sityuasa zeda da saq-
mesa ganmtkicebuli SeucTomelad h g i e d savse yovliTa saqmiTa keTiliTa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A 342; gv.; B; C-Si ar ipoveba).
1
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani... gv. 40.
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istoriis sakiTxebi
c. `mrisxanesa daamS¢debn myudroebiT da siyuarulsa missa zeda Seuorgu-

lebelad h g i e d~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A 342 gv; B; C-Si ar aris).
hgied [hgien B.
2. gugonied
`ra¡me ukue vyoT... SfoTisa da SurisaT¢s, romelman Seg¢pyrnis maTT¢s,
romelni cxovndian, ara xolo Tu mterni, aramed megobarnica Cuenni da mwu-
xareba¡ maTi nugeSinis-cema Cuenda g u g o n i e d.~
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ B, 40 r; C ; A-s aklia).
3. hmosied
`saxÀ, romeli hmosied moZRuarsa, igive Seimosied mowafeTa; wesi,
romeli daudvis mefeman, masze zeda iqcevin gundi erisa misisa¡~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A 32 gv; C 91 r; B).
hmosied] hmosies B.
aRniSnuli statikuri zmnebis formebs TavsarTad irib-obieqturi piris niS-
nebi moepovebaT (h-gied, gu-gonied, h-mosied), xolo bolosarTad — mesame subi-
eqturi piris niSani, romelic aq, Zveli qarTulisaTvis, Cveulebrivi -s-s nacvlad
aseT SemTxvevaSi d-Ti aris warmodgenili (hgie-d, gugonie-d, hmosie-d). am bolo-
sarTis win maT darTuli aqvT fuZeze rTuli ie (i-e) sufiqsi, ase, rom xsenebuli
formebis Semdegnairi analizi iqmneba: h-g-i-e-d; gu-gon-i-e-d-; h-mos-i-e-d.
Zveli qarTulis erT sxva ZeglSic gvxvdeba agreTve `hmosied~ forma. esaa
iakob mociqulis, uflis Zmad wodebulis wamebis wigni, romelic Zvel mraval-
Tavebs daucavs. mis erT-erT nusxaSi, parxals gadawerilSi XI-s-is damdegs, naT-
qvamia, rom àra Seimosis man matylisa samoseli, aramed hmosied mas stevisa sa-
moselio~. e. w. svanur mravalTavSi, romelic X saukunisad iTvleba xelis mixed-
viT, `hmosied~-is nacvlad `hmosien~ aris, da `stevisa~-s magier `selisa~. am mow-
mobiT erTi garemoeba irkveva: statikuri zmnis awmyos mwkrivSi mesame subieqtu-
ri piris niSnad mxoloobiTSi `s~ da `d~ bolosarTebs garda kidev `n~ yofila.
sul SemTxveviTi es movlena ar unda iyos. amas mowmobs `hgied~ formi-
saTvis zemore moyvanili is magaliTi (1 c), romelSic agreTve `hgied~-s sxva
nusxaSi `hgien~ moepoveba Sesatyvisad.
b. TurmeobiTi pirveli
uqmnied, miuRebied, Segiracxied.
1. uqmnied
`xolo guami daiwuvin ficxlisa misgan sim£urvalisa da suli etyinebin
cecxliTa codvisa¡Ta, romel uqmnied wina¡swar~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~A, 150 gv.; C, 150 r).
158
istoriis sakiTxebi
2. miuRebied
`maSin ubrZanis misgan ganZarcuvad suli wmida¡, romeli miuRebied mas
dResa mas gamo£snisasa, romlisasa hgonebn mis Tana yofasa~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ C 28 v; B; A-s aklia).
warmodgenili formebi rom gardamaval zmnaTa TurmeobiTi pirvelisaa,
amas mowmobs rogorc subieqt-obieqtis Sewyoba (romel uqmnied [sulsa], ro-
meli miuRebied mas), ise am wevrebis inversiulad warmodgena zmnis formebSi
([h]-uqmnie-d, mi-[h]-uRebie-d). TavsarTad aqac gramatikuli obieqtis piris
niSnebia warmodgenili (mesamisa — h), xolo bolosarTad gramatikuli subieq-
tis mesame piri d-Ti. ukanasknelis win fuZis savrcobia, igive rTuli sufiqsi
i-e, romelic statikuri zmnebis awmyoSic Segvxvda. maSasadame, aRniSnuli
zmnebi Semdegnairad analizdeba: (h)-u-qmn-i-e-d, mi-(h)-u-Reb-i-e-d.
erT sxva xelnawerSi (H-341, XI s-is nusxaSi) warmodgenil wamebis wignSi (`wa-
meba¡ S¢dTa efeselTa¡~), romelic leqsikuri niSnebiT VIII-X ss-Si unda iyos
Targmnili, TurmeobiTi I-is mesame subieqturi piris niSnad mxoloobiTSi `n~-s
vxvdebiT, msgavsad statikuri awmyos zogierTi formisa (`hgied~, `hmosien~):
2 a. ucnobien
`viyveniT Cuen viTarca yrma¡, romel ars mucelsa dedisasa da ara scnobn
pativsa gina upatiobasa, arca Sromasa, arca gansuenebasa, da cxoreba¡ ara
u c n o b i e n (u-cnob-i-e-n) cxovelTa Tana da mkudarTa~ (gv. 603).
moyvanil mowmobaTagan naTlad Cans, rom formanti d (romelsac iSvia-
Tad n enacvleba) subieqtis mesame piris niSania mxoloobiTSi. raRaa mrav-
lobiTSi? amis gamosarkvevad mxolod erTi magaliTi mogvepoveba. esaa:
3. Segiracxied
`da Sen, ¥ kaco, kadnierebiTa da apartavanebiTa arad S e g i r a c x i e d
glaxakni da ikadreb moZulebad da vnebad maTda da mterobad~.
(A, 76 gv.; C, 135 r; B)
Segiracxied] Segiracxien A. Segiracxian B.
wina magaliTebisagan (1, 2) gansxvavebiT aq gramatikuli subieqti mesame
pirisa Sewyobilia mravlobiTSi (glaxakni Segiracxied Sen). misi niSanic ami-
tom gansxvavebuli unda iyos im -d bolosarTisagan, rac mxoloobiTSi mdgo-
mi gramatikuli subieqtis mesame piris Sewyobisas iyo. Tu gavaanalizebT mo-
cemuli zmnis formas (Se-g-i-racx-i-e-d), vnaxavT, rom mravlobiTSic grama-
tikuli mesame subieqturi piri imave -d sufiqsiT aris warmodgenili, romli-
Tac mxoloobiTSi iyo. gamodis, TiTqos ziari formantia aq -d bolosarTi.
magram, prof. v. Tofurias marTebuli axsniT, aq namdvilad -d sufiqsi ki ar
aris mravlobiTSi, aramed -ed, romlis e xmovnis Sexvedram fuZis rTuli i-e
savrcobis boloxmovan e-sTan, marto erTi e warmogvidgina daboloebaSi.
mgonia, aq savrcobis e unda iyos dakarguli, rogorc amas adgili aqvs maSin,
roca Zveli qarTulisaTvis Cveulebrivi sufiqsiT vawarmoebT am mwkrivis me-
same piris formas mravlobiTSi, sadac savrcobis e elementi aRara Cans (Segi-
159
istoriis sakiTxebi
racx-i-e-s — Segiracx-i-an). amrigad, `Segiracxied~ zmnis formis aseTi anali-

zis safuZvelze irkveva, rom TurmeobiT pirvelSi gramatikuli subieqtis
mesame piris niSnebia mxolobiTSi -d (Cveulebrivi s-s nacvlad) da mravlo-
biTSi -ed (Cveulebrivi an-is magier), msgavsad statikuri awmyosi, sadac mxo-
loobiTSi agreTve gramatikuli subieqtis mesame piris niSnad -d bolosarTi
aRmogvaCnda (Cveulebrivi s-s nacvlad) da mravlobiTSi ki -ed sufiqsia sa-
gulvebeli (Cveulebrivi -an-is magier).
`Segiracxied~ formasTan dakavSirebiT sagulisxmoa isic, rom Cveni Zeg-
lis uZveles nusxaSi, — msgavsad statikuri awmyos zogierTi (`hgien~, `hmo-
sien~) formisa (da TurmeobiTi I-is erTi SemTxvevisa mxoloobiTSi: ùcno-
bien~), sadac qarTulisaTvis iSviaTi -d sufiqsis nacvlad sxva nusxebSi kidev
ufro iSviaTi -n moipoveba, — zmnis es forma isea warmodgenili, rom -d dabo-
loebas -n enacvleba (`Segiracxien~). magram aq imis Semdeg, rac irkveva, rom
`Segiracxied~ aris gardamavali zmnis TurmeobiTi pirvelis forma mravlo-
biT ricxvSi mdgomi gramatikuli subieqtis mesame pirisa, romelic ara -d su-
fiqsiT, aramed -ed-iT aris warmodgenili, erT-erTi nusxis es gansxvavebuli
wakiTxva namdvilad warmoadgens ara -d da -n bolosarTebis monacvleobas,
rogorc es statikuri awmyos zog formaSi gvqonda, aramed -ed da -en sufiq-
sebisas. amrigad, TurmeobiT pirvelSi gramatikuli subieqtis mesame piris
Semdegnairi sufiqsebia Zvel qarTulSi Cveni teqstebis mixedviT: mxolo-
obiTSi Cveulebrivi -s-s paralelurad iSviaTi xmarebis -d da zogjer, uka-
nasknelis paralelurad, kidev ufro iSviaTi -n-c, xolo mravlobiTSi Cve-
ulebrivi -an sufiqsis paralelurad iSviaTi xmarebis -ed aris da zogjer,
ukanasknelis paralelurad, kidev ufro iSviaTi -en-ic.
rom sruliad SemTxveviTi ar aris erTi mxriv -d-sa da n-s, xolo meore mxriv
-ed-isa da en-is aseTi monacvleoba, amas oTxTavis Zveli Satberduli nusxebis
erTi Cvenebac unda amtkicebdes. SeniSnulia ukve 1, rom oTxTavis jruW-parxlis
nusxebSi gvxvdeba agreTve erTgan TurmeobiTi pirvelis -d-oniani forma:
`moimki, sada ara dasTesi, da Seikribi, sada ara gangibnevied~ (maTe 25,24),
anda: `movimki, sada ara davsTesi da Sevikribi, sada ara ganmibnevied~ (maTe 25,26).
aRniSnulia samecniero literaturaSi isic, rom adiSis oTxTavis
mixedviT pirvel SemTxvevaSi `gangibnevied~ formis nacvlad `gangibnevian~
gvaqvs, xolo meoreSi — `gangibnevied~ formis magier `ganmibnevien~ aris2. uka-
naskneli forma, sxvaTa Soris, imis mauwyebelicaa, rom d-sa da n-s monacvleo-
ba aqaca gvaqvs, Tu monacvle formebi gramatikul subieqts iwyoben mxoloo-
biT ricxvSi (rac zemoT zogan statikuri awmyosa da erTgan TurmeobiTi I-s
mxoloobiTi ricxvis formaSi SeiniSneboda), xolo -ed-isa da -en-is monacvle-
1
a. SaniZe, winasityvaoba gamocemisa: qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia sami Satber-
duli xelnaweris mixedviT: Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebi, 2, Tb., 1945, gv. 043.
2
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani... gv. 39; a. SaniZe, qarTuli
oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia... gv. 92.
160
istoriis sakiTxebi
oba iqneba, Tu monacvle formebi gramatikul subieqts mravlobiT ricxvSi Se-

iwyobs (msgavsad zemoT aRniSnuli `Segiracxied — Segiracxien~ formisa).
dasaxelebul wyaroebs garda `n~ gramatikuli subieqtis mesame piris niS-
nad TurmeobiT pirvelSi (mxoloobiTi ricxvisa) Segvxvedria agreTve X s-sad
miCneuli samociqulos erT nusxaSic:
`da nu Tana aRereviT mas, ra¡Ta Seikdimos, da nu viTarca mteri Segi-
racxien igi, aramed aswavebdiT viTarca Zmasa~ (S - 407, 141 r 1).
sxvaTa Soris, es adgili nabeWd samociquloSi2 ase ikiTxeba:
`da nu Tana aRereviT mas, ra¡Ta Seikdimos, da nu viTarca mtersa SeracxT
mas, aramed aswavebdiT viTarca Zmasa~.
msgavsi iSviaTi xmarebis zmnis formebi TurmeobiT pirvelSi sxva Zveli
qarTuli enis Zeglebis mixedviT SeumCneveli ar darCenia prof. a. SaniZes, ro-
melmac Tavisi amonawerebis erTi nawili gadmomca kidevac sargeblobisaTvis.
adiSis oTxTavis xsenebul `ganmibnevien~ formasTan dakavSirebiT aq
prof. a. SaniZe SeniSnavs: `sainteresoa, rom amgvari ram sxvaganac gvxvdebao~
da CamoTvlis:
1. `SiSsa Seupyrian momruSeTa guli da sulsa uqmTasa hmSiodis~ (igavni,
19, [15] 12).
`radganac aq — vkiTxulobT SeniSvnaSi — arc subieqti (`SiSsa~) da arc
obieqti (`guli~) mravlobiTSi ar aris, cxadia, n mravlobiTis niSnad ar
SeiZleba gamocxadebul iqnes~-o.
mis mier SemCneuli sxva analogiuri adgilebi Semdegia:
2. `saZagel ars kaci marTali kacisa codvilisa, da saZagel usjuloTa,
romelTa warumarTebien gzasa~ (igavni 29, 27).
3. `kaci qvelis-moqmedi Tavsmdeb eqmnebis moyuassa T¢ssa, xolo romelsa
waruwymedien sircx¢li, Suva daadginis igi~ (isu ziraqi 29,17).
msgavs SemTxvevaSi -n-s paralelurad -d-s mqone formebsac asaxelebs
prof. a. SaniZe antioqe stratigis `wartyuenva¡ ierusalemisa¡s~ qarTuli
Targmanidan 3, saxeldobr:
4. `mRdelsa ze aRupyried 4.... sauflo¡ xorci~ — iÀ, 3.
5. `diakonTa samoseli igi ze aRupyried~ 5 — iÀ, 8.
àn~-is adgils mravlobiTSi èd~-is xmarebis samowmod prof. a. SaniZis ma-
galiTebidan erTi SemTxveva Cans:
6. `dedakacisa¡ saxnierisa¡ netar ars qmari misi da ricxuni cxorebisa
misisaTani orwil Seuracxied gonebasa missa~ (ise ziraqi, 26,1).
1
il. abulaZe, qarTuli weris nimuSebi, paleografiuli albomi, Tbilisi, 1949, tab. 30, me-
ore svetis me-4 striqoni.
2
saRmrTo samociqulo, Tb., 1899, gv. 286.
3
n. maris gamocema, TR. IX, 1909.
4
xelnawerSi, 341 (gv. 639), aq ipoveba àRupyrien~.
5
xelnawerSi, H 341 (gv. 639), aq ipoveba: ùpyrian~.
161
istoriis sakiTxebi
SemTxvevebi d formantis xmarebisa TurmeobiT pirvelsa da statikur

awmyoSi gramatikuli subieqtis mesame piris niSnad prof. v. Tofuriasac
hqonda SeniSnuli Zveli qarTuli enis sxva ZeglebSi. garda `SuSanikis mar-
tvilobisa~, romelSic, marTlac, vxvdebT am formis xmarebis or SemTxvevas
(1. `xolo nu vis uflied Cuen Tana-Semoslvad~ [VI,3] 1 da 2. `Tayuanis saceme-
lad kiliki erTi mcire que warugdebied~ [14, 20] 1), xsenebulma mkvlevarma
Semdegi magaliTebi moiyvana Tavis moxsenebaSi, romelic man gaakeTa 1952
wels: ùmtkmied~ (`fiziologidan~ — `piri ze umtkmied~), `hnTied~ da `hgoni-
ed~.
aRniSnuli -d formantisa da zogjer misi monacvle -n-s, anda -ed forman-
tisa da zogjer mis magieri -en-is aseTi iSviaTi xmareba statikur awmyosa da
TurmeobiT pirvelSi mesame piris aRsaniSnavad erT SemTxvevaSi -s-sa da meo-
reSi -an niSnebis gverdiT Zvel qarTulSi, aqac kiTxvas gviyenebs: gadmonaSTi
an axali movlenis Canasaxi xom ar aris d||n an ed||en formantebi aRniSnuli
mwkrivebisaTvis anda dialeqturi movlenis asaxvas xom ar warmoadgenen isi-
ni? aqac Cveni pasuxi is iqneba, rac zemoT xolmeobiTTa mwkrivebis -ed for-
mantis mimarT iyo, saxeldobr is, rom d||n an ed||en formantebi mesame subi-
eqturi piris niSnad statikuri zmnis awmyosa (mxoloobiTSi mxolod -d||n)
da TurmeobiT pirvelSi (mxoloobiTSi -d||n da mravlobiTSi — ed||en) Zve-
lis gadmonaSTi ufro unda iyos, vidre axlis Canasaxi, radgan ukanasknels
maSin ganviTareba unda moeca, rasac Zvel mwerlobaSi versad vxvdebiT. arc
dialeqturi movlenis asaxva unda iyos aq, vinaidan msgavsi ram qarTuli enis
dialeqtTa Soris SeniSnuli araa.
dasasrul, statikur awmyosa da TurmeobiT pirvelSi mesame subieqturi
piris niSnad Cveulebrivi -s-s nacvlad zogjer -d||n-s arseboba Zvel qar-
TulSi da amave piris niSnad mravlobiTSic -ed||-en-is dadastureba Turmeo-
biT pirvelSi, romelic statikuri awmyosebri warmoebisa aris, bunebrivad
gvikarnaxebs vifiqroT, xom ar gvaqvs aq Cven SemTxvevebi, rom am niSnebiT
Zvel qarTulSi adre arsebuli xolmeobiTi iyos gadmocemuli, ise rogorc
es Zveli qarTulis sxva awmyoSia warmodgenili (wern — wered)? mgonia, rom
damowmebuli SemTxvevebi amas ar ewinaaRmdegeba, miT umetes, rom Cven mier
moyvanil Sesabamis teqstebSi Zalze xSirad maT gverdiT pirveli xolmeobi-
Tisa da meore xolmeobiTis mwkrivebia xmarebuli.
uTuod sagulisxmoa isic, rom aseTive varaudi gaaCnia prof. a. SaniZesac
mis mier SeniSnulsa da Cven mier zemoT warmodgenil SemTxvevebTan da-
kavSirebiT, rac naTlad Cans im SeniSvnidan, romelsac -n-s mxoloobiTis niS-
nad aRiarebas urTavs: ìgia albaT xolmeobiTis -n mxoloobiT ricxvSi~.
1
iakob curtaveli, martviloba¡ SuSanikisi, qarT. da somx. teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva,
variantebi, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem, Tb., 1938; prof. a. SaniZes ùf-
lied~ statikur zmnaTa siaSi aqvs moTavsebuli, ix. misi `qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi~,
nakveTi meore, Tb., 1943, gv. 307.
162
istoriis sakiTxebi
movlenis aseTi SefasebiT unda iyos gamowveuli prof. a. SaniZis mier misi
SeniSvnisaTvis gakeTebuli aseTi saTauric — ÌII xolmeobiTis Zveli saxe?~
rom aq namdvilad -n-Ti xolmeobiTi mwkrivis formaa gadmocemuli Tur-
meobiTi pirvelisaTvis, amas Cveni teqstis kidev erTi magaliTic mowmobs:
`rameTu kacman odesme Zilsa Sina ixilis xati, romeli ara sada uxilavn,
da SeZrwundis guli misi da ganZ¢ndis SiSi~.
(`marxvaTa sakiTxavni~ A, gv. 321; C, 256 r).
-av Temian zmnasTan xmarebuli es `n~ aSkarad miaTiTebs mis xolme-
obiTobaze, rogorc es konteqstiT Cans da TurmeobiTi pirvelis mwkrivis
warmoebis xasiaTiTac dasturdeba.
rogorc irkveva, TurmeobiTi pirvelisa da statikuri zmnebis awmyosT-
vis erTxans Cvens enaSi Zveli qarTulis uwinares arsebula mesame subieqtur
pirSi xolmeobiTis gamosaxatavad ZiriTadad iseTive niSani (`n~ mxoloobiT-
Si da èd~ mravlobiTSi), rogorc Zvel qarTulSia daculi pirvel xolmeo-
biTSi. Canda isic, rom aseTive niSani Zvel qarTulSi mesame subieqturi piri-
saTvis arsebobs aqa-iq mravlobiT ricxvSi (ed) xolmeobiTis sxva mwkrivTaT-
vis: xolmeobiT meoresa da uwyvetlis xolmeobiTSi. es niSnebi Zvel qarTul-
Si rom gadmonaSTis saxiT SeiniSneba, imas mowmobs, rom enaSi isini moSlilan,
ise rom erT SemTxvevaSi (statikuri zmnebis awmyosa da TurmeobiTi pirveli-
saTvis) mniSvneloba ukvalod gahqrobia, xolo meoreSi (xolmeobiT meoresa
da uwyvetlis xolmeobiTSi), Tumca rogorc mwkrivi ar moSlila, magram niS-
nad sxva gamomxatveli moupovebia: àn~ nacvlad èd~-isa (mravlobiTSi;
mxoloobiTze veras vambobT, radgan paraleluri formebi ar Segvxvedria).
SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom wyaro am nairsaxeobisa, romelic dasaxelebul
mwkrivebSi gadmonaSTis saxiT mesame subieqturi piris niSnis xmarebaSi
SeiniSneba, iyos xalxuri metyveleba, sxvadasxva dialeqtis monacemi.
163
istoriis sakiTxebi
giorgi rogava
mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris

-an sufiqsisaTvis qarTulSi
rogorc cnobilia, mesame subieqturi pirisa da ricxvis gamoxatva sufiq-

sebis saSualebiT qarTveluri enebidan damaxasiaTebelia qarTulisa da za-
nurisaTvis. es sistema Zvel qarTulSi ufro rTuli Cans, vinem Tanamedrove
qarTulsa da zanurSi.
Zvel qarTulSi dadasturebulia, garda amJamad moqmedi a || o da -s mesame
subieqturi piris sufiqsebisa, -n da -d sufiqsebic. agreTve, garda mravlobiTi
ricxvis mesame subueqturi piris -en, -n, -an da -es sufiqsebisa -ed sufiqsic.
Zvel qarTulSi dasaxelebul mxolobiTi ricxvis -a || -o, -s da -n sufiqsebs
mravlobiTSi, rogorc viciT, moepoveba Sesabamisi afiqsebi: -en ||n, -an, -es, -ed.
mx. r. a || o mr. r. -es
werd-a wer-es
dawer-a dawer-es
mokl-a mokl-es
warvid-a warvid-es
aRiR-o aRiR-es
-s -en || -n, -an

wer-s wer-en
wero-s wero-n (←wero-en)
dawer-i-s daweri-an
Wr-i-s Wr-i-an
rb-i-s rb-i-an
imaleb-i-s imaleb-i-an
-n ed
wer-n wer-ed
movedi-n movid-ed
axal qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, dairRva Zveli qarTulisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli Sesabamisoba mesame subieqturi piris mxoloobiTisa da mravlo-
biTis sufiqsTa Soris, saxeldobr:
1. namyo ZiriTadSi -a || -o sufiqss mravlobiTSi -es sufiqsTan erTad (mokl-a:
mokl-es) Seesabameba -en sufiqsic (gardauval zmnebSi) — daimal-a: daimal(n)-en...
2. namyo usrulSi Zveli qarTulis mimarTeba — a: -es (werd-a: werd-es)
Seicvala mimarTebiT — -a: -en (werd-a: werd(n)-en).
164
istoriis sakiTxebi
3. awmyoSi dinamikuri gardamavali zmnebis -s sufiqsi Secvala -a sufiqsma

(izrdebi-s →izrdeb-a), amdenadve, mimarTeba (i)-s: (i)-an (izrdeb-i-s: izrdeb-
i-an) Seicvala mimarTebiT — a: (i)-an (izrdeb-a: izrdebi-an).
mesame subieqturi piris mr. ricxvis -an sufiqsi, rogorc cnobilia,
gvxvdeba mx. ricxvis mesame piris -s prefiqsis Sesabamisad, erTi mxriT maSin,
roca zmnis fuZeSi Sedis i sufiqsi: Wr-i-s: Wr-i-an, mk-i-s: mk-i-an, izrdeb-i-s:
izrdeb-i-an, ic-i-s: ic-i-an, xolo meore mxriT, gardauval ugvaro zmnebSi —
dum-s: dum-an, wux-s: wux-an, Zv. qarT. uyuar-s: uyuar-an 1...
zanurSi mesame subieqturi piri warmodgenilia mxoloobiTSi -u, -s da -n
sufiqsebiT, xolo mravlobiTSi -an || -n, -es sufiqsebiT:
mx. r. mr. r.
-u -es
doWar-u `dawera~ doWar-es `daweres~
Warund-u `werda~ Warund-es `werdnen~
-s -an || -n
Warun-s `wers~ Warun-an `weren~
War-a-s- `weros~ War-a-n (←*War-a-an) weron~...
-n n-an
Ruru-n `kvdeba~ Ruru-n-an `kvdebian~
xe-n `zis~ xe-n-an `sxedan~
irdu-n ìzrdeba~ irdu-n-an ìzrdebian~
-n sufiqsi mesame piris mravlobiT ricxvSi zanurSi moudis mxolod
gardauval zmnebs da es afiqsi gadahyveba mravlobiTis formebSic: Ruru-n:
Ruru-n-an 2.
qarTulsa da zanurs mesame subieqturi pirisa da ricxvis afiqsebidan
erTiani warmoSobisa aqvT mxoloobiTi ricxvisa — qarT. -a: zan. -u (←o), qarT.
-n: zan. n; mravlobiTi ricxvisa — qarT. -en: zan. -an.
zanurSi mesame subieqturi piris -s sufiqsi, rogorc n. mari 3 varaudobs, qar-
Tulidan Cans SeTvisebuli. Tu marTla, rogorc ivaraudeba, -s sufiqsi genetu-
rad daukavSirdeba -is CvenebiT nacvalsaxels, maSin zanurSi mosalodneli iyo -s
sisina spirantis kanonzomieri Sesatyvisi -S SiSina spiranti, ramdenadac is nac-
valsaxelis zanuri Sesatyvisia iS, qarT. ase — ((as-re): megr. a-S-i || T-aSi àse~4.
1
n. mari, Грамматика древнегрузинского литературного языка, gv. 121; a. SaniZe, qarTuli grama-
tikis safuZvlebi, gv. 180.
2
n. mari, Грамматика чанского (лазского) языка, gv. 45.; arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli ana-
lizi, gv. 97.
3
n. mari, dasax. naSr., gv. 45.
4
v. Tofuria, fonetikuri dakvirvebani qarTvelur enebSi, I, mimomxilveli, gv. 203.
165
istoriis sakiTxebi
qarTulis -an da -es mravlobiTobis sufiqsebs zanurSi ar moepoveba

Sesatyvisi variantebi: -on da -aS. specialur literaturaSi samarTlianad
aris navaraudevi, rom -es sufiqsi zanurSi qarTulidan aris SeTvisebulio 1.
amgvarad, saerTo warmoSobis mr. ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris
afiqsad qarTulsa da zanurSi mxolod erTi afiqsi SeiZleba davasaxeloT —
qarT. -en, zan. -an 2.
sakvlevi rCeba qarTulis mravlobiTobis -an sufiqsis genezisis sakiTxi.
mas zanurSi, rogorc viciT, ar gaaCnia Sesatyvisi varianti, saxeldobr, -on
sufiqsi. b. foCxua sakiTxs svams am afiqsis zanuri warmoSobis Sesaxeb 3. aseTi
varaudi araa gamoricxuli, magram SesaZlebelia, qarTulis es -an sufiqsi -en
sufiqsis fonetikuri varianti iyos, ukeT, -en-isagan iyos miRebuli garkve-
ul fonetikur poziciaSi. amis safuZvels iZleva is faqti, rom qarTulSi -an
sufiqsi, rogorc wesi, garkveul fonetikur mezoblobaSi gvxvdeba, saxel-
dobr, -i sufiqsis momdevno poziciaSi — tir-i-an, Wr-i-an, ic-i-an da sxv.
vfiqrobT, rom yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi an-is amosavali saxeoba unda yofili-
yo -en. e xmovani SeiZleboda gadasuliyo a-Si i-s momdevno poziciaSi xmovan-
Ta kompleqsis nawilobrivi difTongizaciis safuZvelze. ase, rom tir-i-an ←
* tiri-en, Wr-i-an ←* Wr-i-en, ic-i-an (*ic-i-en da sxv... ie kompleqsis erTgva-
ri difTongizacia, e.i. ia-Ti Secvla SesaZlebelia qarTuli enisaTvis yofi-
liyo erT dros damaxasiaTebeli 4.
ie kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si principSi igivea, rac qarTulisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli ea kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si: qristiani←qristeani, fSauri
miama←meama, giama←geama, iama←eama, mciria←mcirea... 5 vimeorebT, ie-s ia-Si
gadasvlaSic unda gvqondes saqme difTongizaciisaken midrekilebasTan.
rogorc Cans, aris safuZveli vifiqroT, rom qarTulis -an sufiqsi pozici-
urad iyos miRebuli -en-isagan, e.i. winamavali zmnuri i afiqsis momdevno pozi-
ciaSi yvela saxis zmnebSi i-en → i-an: gardamaval dinamikur zmnebSi — Wr-i-an, mk-
i-an, Zv. qarT. dawer-i-an; gardamaval statikur zmnebSi — ic-i-an, uwy-i-an; garda-
uval dinamikur zmnebSi — ibadeb-i-an, izrdeb-i-an; gardauval statikur zmnebSi
— ar-i-an, tir-i-an, yvir-i-an... magram Cvens varauds TiTqos ar eTanxmeba is faq-
ti, rom qarTulSi -an sufiqsi ixmareba, rogorc cnobilia, iseT zmnebSic, sadac
ar Cans -i sufiqsi. aseTia gardauvali statikuri zmnebi — wux-s, wux-an, dum-s,
dum-an, uyvar-s, uyvar-an... magram es dabrkoleba SeiZleba moixsnas, ramdenadac,
1
b. foCxua, mravlobiTobis nariani mawarmoeblebi Zvel qarTulSi, qarTvelur enaTa
struqturis sakiTxebi, II, gv. 60.
2
iqve, gv. 61.
3
iqve, gv. 62.
4
qarTulis dasavlur kilokavebSi tir-i-en, Wr-i-en da sxv... samarTlianad miCneulia
inovaciad, e.i. aq mesameul movlenasTan unda gvqondes saqme.
5
a. SaniZe, vaJas leqsikoni, vaJa-fSavela, III, 1930; misive, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvle-
bi, gv., 28; S. ZiZiguri, xmovanTa kompleqsis fonetikur procesTa saerTo safuZveli qar-
Tul kiloebsa da zanurSi, ike, t. I, gv. 26.
166
istoriis sakiTxebi
rogorc cnobilia, dasaxelebuli rigis zmnebs istoriulad axasiaTebda diura-

tiulobis -i sufiqsi, romelic masdaris formebSia Semonaxuli: wux-s ← *wux-i-s,
Sdr. wux-i-l-i, dum-s ← *dum-i-s, Sdr. dum-i-l-i da sxv...1 amdenadve, dum-an ←
*dum-i-an, wux-an (*wux-i-an, uyvar-an ←* uyvar-i-an... maSasadame, am rigis zmnebs -i
sufiqsis dakargvis Semdegac mravlobiTobis aRsaniSnavad -an sufiqsi SemorCa.
amgvarad, duR-s, wux-s tipis zmnebs rom marTlac axlda istoriulad -i diurati-
ulobis sufiqsi, amis erT-erT damadasturebel sabuTad (sxva monacemebTan er-
Tad, rogoricaa masdaris forma wux-i-l-i, dum-i-l-i...) gamodgeba TviT mravlo-
biTis -an sufiqsis xmareba, nacvlad mosalodneli misi amosavali -en variantisa.
i-en-is i-an-Si gadasvlis safuZvels iZleva is faqtic, rom bgeraTa
Tavyriloba ien ucxoa qarTulisaTvis, maSin, rodesac ian bunebrivia.
Tu sworia Cveni varaudi qarTulSi mr. ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris
-an sufiqsis poziciurad -en-isagan miRebisa, maSin erTgvarad gaimarTeba me-
same subieqturi piris mxoloobiTisa da mravlobiTis afiqsTa Soris mimar-
Teba, saxeldobr:
mx. r. mr. r.
a|| o -es
wer-a wer-es
aiR-o aiR-es
-s -en (→n) → -an

wer-s wer-en
werde-s *werde-en → werde-n
Wr-i-s *Wr-i-en → Wr-i-an
wux-i-s → wux-s *wux-i-en→ *wux-i-an→
wux-an
-n -ed
wer-n wer-ed
amis mixedviT, qarTulSi mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris sami
sufiqsi ivaraudeba — -es, -en, -ed, romlebic erTi da imave -e xmovniT iwyeba.
sakiTxad rCeba, ra mimarTebaSia am sufiqsebis TanxmovniTi elementebi mesame
piris mxoloobiTi ricxvis niSnebTan, romlebsac isini bgerobriv emTxvevian.
1
arn. Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 222; misive, erga-
tiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I, gv. 105.
167
istoriis sakiTxebi
elene nikolaiSvili
mesame subieqturi piris -es sufiqsis

-(n)en -iT Secvlis istoriisaTvis
Zvel qarTulSi zmnis III subieqturi piri mravlobiT ricxvSi namyo us-
rulsa da srulSi -es sufiqsiT aRiniSneboda (igive sufiqsi gvqonda II Turme-
obiTSic, sadac inversiis gamo igi obieqts gamoxatavda). Tanamedrove sali-
teraturo qarTulSi -es daboloeba SerCaT mxolod gardamaval zmnebs namyo
srulSi: gaakeT-es, dawer-es, Wam-es, iTamaS-es da a.S. danarCen SemTxvevebSi ki
misi adgili -nen sufiqsma daiWira. ase mouvidaT, saxeldobr, namyo srulSi
gardauval zmnebs, namyo usrulSi ki yvela zmnas, — gardamavalsac da garda-
uvalsac (namyo usruls misdevs agreTve xolmeobiTi, romelic mxolod
zmniswiniT gansxvavdeba misgan da gvian gamoiyo calke erTeulad).
amrigad, dRes gvaqvs: isini iyv-n-en, daemsgavs-n-en, gaTb-n-en, Tbebod-n-
en, akeTebd-n-en, werd-n-en, Wamd-n-en da a.S. Zvel qarTulSi ki iyo: igini iyvn-
es, daemsgavsn-es, gantf-es, tfebod-es, werd-es, Wamd-es, da a.S.
cvlileba Zvelidan axali qarTulisaken gardamaval safexurze moxda.
magram, saxeldobr, rodis daiwyo aRniSnuli procesi da sabolood rodis
dasrulda igi, es sakiTxi dRemde Seuswavlelia: `nen daboloebis gavrcele-
bis detalebi (qronologiuri sakiTxebi da sxv.) gamosarkvevia~1.
winamdebare gamokvlevis mizania swored -es sufiqsis (n)en-iT Secvlis
qronologiuri sazRvrebis dadgena.
cxadia, enobriv cvlilebaTa qronologiis kvleva unda daemyaros pir-
vel rigSi iseT teqstebs, romlebic dednis saxiT aris Cvenamde moRweuli, an
im nusxebs, romlebic teqstis Seqmnis maxlobel xanebSia gadawerili. maTi
meSveobiT SesaZlebelia ramdenadme davazustoT dro ama Tu im enobrivi mov-
lenis warmoSobisa da SevamowmoT, ramdenadaa daculi adrindeli enobrivi
formebi Semdgom.
samwuxarod, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis klasikuri xanis iseTi umniSvne-
lovanesi Zeglebi, rogoricaa: àmirandarejaniani~, `visramiani~, `Tamariani~,
TviT `vefxistyaosani~ da sxvani, Cvenamde Semonaxulia mxolod gviandeli
xelnawerebiT, romlebic ramdenime saukuniTaa daSorebuli maTi Seqmnis epo-
qas. kritikuli analizis gareSe SeuZlebelia, rom am ZeglebSi warmodgenili
yvela forma XII—XIII saukuneTa enobrivi viTarebis amsaxvelad miviCnioT. meo-
re mxriv, Cven SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT mogvepoveba XIII—XVI saukuneebSi
1
a. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi I, morfologia, 1973, gv. 458.
168
istoriis sakiTxebi
Seqmnil-gadawerili sxva Zeglebic da amitom am saukuneTa enobrivi viTa-

rebis yovelmxriv gaTvaliswineba gaZnelebulia.
sakvlevad dasaxuli miznisaTvis Cven SevecadeT, ramdenadac es SesaZle-
beli iyo, Segvemowmebina Cvenamde moRweuli adrindeli teqstebi, gamocemu-
li Tu xelnawerebis saxiT daculi.
rogorc teqstebis Seswavlam gviCvena, XV saukunemde gadawerili xelnawe-
rebi CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxSi icaven Zvel normas: mravlobiTi ricxvis III
subieqturi piris niSnad rogorc namyo usrulSi, ise namyo srulSi aq ixmareba -es
sufiqsi. -en sufiqsi saliteraturo enaSi Tavs iCens mxolod XV saukunidan1.
uZvelesi xelnaweri, sadac -en sufiqsi dasturdeba, esaa `qarTlis cxov-
rebis~ anaseuli nusxa, romelic aRmoaCina akad. i. javaxiSvilma da manve da-
aTariRa igi 1479-1495 wlebiT. teqsti mTliani saxiT pirvelad gamosca akad.
s. yauxCiSvilma2.
xelnawerSi juanSeris Txzulebis teqsti `cxovreba da moqalaqoba vaxtang
gorgaslisa~ erT adgilas ase ikiTxeba: `da dajda mefed Ze misi daCi saydarsa
mamisa Tuisisasa, xolo coli da orni Zeni vaxtangisni wariyvannes samTa
erisTavTa, daipyres dasavleTi qarTlisa, romeli misca vaxtang. da dasxdes
wondas qalaqsa, da zafxulis da zamTris iyunian oZr£es, da ara ewoda maT mefed,
aramed erisTavTa mTavrad, da iyunen morCilebasa Zmisa maTisa daCi mefisasa3.
meore aseTive forma gvxvdeba iqve `qarTlis matianeSi~: `da Tu visme ge-
nebos gancdad eseviTarTa SewevnaTa RmrTisa mimarT, ixilneT da ganicadneT
uricxuni £elis apyrobani RmrTisamierni amas didsa bagrats afxazTa zeda
mefesa, romelni aravis zeda mowevnul iyunen sxuisa mefisa~4.
dasasrul, laSa giorgis droindeli mematianis TxzulebaSi, romelic
anaseul nusxas boloSi erTvis da mxolod am xelnaweriT aris cnobili,
ikiTxeba: `dalewnes sparseTisa qalaqni da marandi amoswyuides da eranis
1
ufro adrindeli Zeglebidan -nen sufiqsis xmarebis oriode SemTxveva SeniSnulia àmi-
randarejanianSi~ (wavidnen, 162,sq.5; iyvnen 355,1 — ix. l. aTaneliSvili, mose xonelis àmi-
randarejaniani~, gamokvleva erTvis Zeglis gamocemas — 1967, gv. 064—065). magram Txzule-
bis xelnawerebi XVII saukuneze adrindeli ar mogvepoveba da masSi zemoxsenebulTa msgavsi
formebi gadamwerTa kalmis nayofad unda miviCnioT. aseve eWviT unda SevxedoT msgavs
formebs klasikuri xanis TxzulebaTa gviandel xelnawerebSi. ra Tqma unda, axali da uCve-
ulo forma, romelic saliteraturo enis tradiciiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli, avtorsac
iseve SeiZleba gaeparos, rogorc gadamwers, magram misi avtoriseuloba mxolod maSin iq-
neba ueWveli, Tu msgavsi formebi avtoris epoqaSi sadme sxva xelnawerebiTacaa dadastu-
rebuli.
2
`qarTlis cxovreba~, ana dedofliseuli nusxa, dasabeWdad moamzada filologiis gan-
yofilebam simon yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1942. xelnaweri daculia saq. ssr. mecnier-
ebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa institutSi, Q fondi 795.
3
xelnaweri Q 795, gv. 229. ix. sim. yauxSivilis redaqciiT gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovre-
ba~, 1942. gv. 140,8. sxva xelnawerebSi ikiTxeba: iyvnes (ix. `qarTlis cxovreba~ I, teqsti dad-
genili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, Tb., 1955, gv. 205,3).
4
xelnaweri Q 795, gv.306. ix. sim. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovre-
ba~, 1942, gv.181,23. sxva xelnawerebSi mowevnul iyvnes (ix. `qarTlis cxovreba~ I, s. yauxCi-
Svilis redaqciiT, 1955, gv. 290,5).
169
istoriis sakiTxebi
queyana. esodenad siSoresa Sina mividen, romel arca Tu saxeli qarTvelo-

bisa ismoda~1.
konteqstidan aSkarad Cans, rom iyunen, mowevnul iyunen, mividen for-
mebi namyo srulisaa da aq -en sufiqsi udavod III subieqturi piris niSania
mravlobiT ricxvSi. sxva xelnawerebSi, Tumca isini ufro gviandelia, da-
culia Zveli, -es sufiqsiani formebi.
rogorc Cans, anaseuli nusxis gadamwers am vrcel xelnawerSi ramdenime
adgilas gaparvia imdroindeli saliteraturo enisaTvis uCveulo, magram
cocxal metyvelebaSi ukve fexmokidebuli -en sufiqsiani formebi; Tumca es
formebi im dros cocxal metyvelebaSic jer kidev ar unda yofiliyo savse-
biT gabatonebuli, Torem -en sufiqsian formaTa raodenoba aseT vrcel sae-
ro, istoriuli xasiaTis teqstSi gacilebiT meti iqneboda, gansxvavebiT sa-
eklesiosagan, sadac dabejiTebiT cdilobdnen Zveli formebis SenarCunebas.
erTi aseTive forma moipoveba `Sah-names~ qarTuli Targmanis prozaul
versiaSi, romelic fragmentis saxiT aris moRweuli (leningradis sajaro
wignTsacavis xelnaweri 50). rogorc gamomcemelni aRniSnaven, ìgi gadmo-
Targmnilia, yvela niSnebiT, ara ugvianes meTxuTmete saukunisa~2. am xelna-
werSi vkiTxulobT: ìgi pirmzeni gulisa wamRebni Sahrinaz da arnavaz axlos
gverdiTa fardagTa Sigan TeTriTa piriTa da guariTa frqveulsa zedan
wiTliTa iagundiTa Sekazmulsa taxtsa zedan mokazmulsa sxden da maTsa
bedsa swyevlides, da zaaqs mesisxled xedvides, misis SiSiTa bagesa ver
SesZrevdes~ (gv.377,3-7). sxden agreTve namyo srulis formaa. mis gverdiT
imave frazaSi -es sufiqsiani ramdenime zmna gvaqvs namyo usrulis formiT.
-en sufiqsiani forma `sarCliden~ Segvxvda erT-erT istoriul doku-
mentSi — `sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi elia uriayofilisa da kostantiles
Soris sasisxlo davaze~, romelic miCneulia XV saukunis (1446-1465 ww.) doku-
mentad. sabuTSia: `sxvas partaxtebs da adgilebs sarCliden erTmaneTsa da
misi asre iqmnas, rac batonsa ramazisaTvis mieces da daeTvalos, imas maWava-
riani eliai nuras ecilebis...~ da a.S. iqvea: `sxvas namekobravsa sarClides
erTmanerTsa da misi asre iqmnas...~ imave sabuTSia: `...sxvas mosamarTlebisa
dakodilobasa Civoden iqiTac da aqeTac...~3.
XV saukunis xelnawerebSi -en sufiqsiani formebi jerjerobiT meti ver
gamovavlineT. es albaT aixsneba saerTod imiT, rom am xelnawerTa umetesoba
an sasuliero xasiaTis, SinaarsiTac da formiTac dogmaturi nawerebia, an
samarTlis Zeglebia, romelnic, maTi specifikis gamo warsuli drois
1
xelnaweri Q 795, gv. 419. ix s. yauxCiSvilis redaqciiT gamocemuli `qarTlis cxovreba~
Tb., 1942, gv. 242,6.
2
abul-yasim firdousi, Sah-name, qarTuli versiebi, t. II, iust. abulaZis, al. baramiZis, p.
ingoroyvas, k. kekeliZis da a. SaniZis redaqciiT, komentarebiT da leqsikoniT, Tb., 1934,
winasityvaoba, gv.111.
3
ix. xelnawerTa institutSi daculi istoriuli dokumentebis katalogi Hd fondi, 1797,
33,1. Seadgines T. enuqiZem, r. patariZem, n. SoSiaSvilma da m. jandierma, T. enuqiZisa da n.
SoSiaSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1964.
170
istoriis sakiTxebi
formebs saerTod mcire raodenobiT Seicaven. namyo usrulisa da srulis

formebi, sadac subieqtad III piria mravlobiT ricxvSi, am ZeglebSi friad
iSviaTia da, sadac ki Segvxvda, yvelgan piris niSnad -es sufiqsi gvaqvs.
CvenTvis saintereso formebi sruliad ar gvxvdeba (arc -es da arc -en su-
fiqsiani) vahanis qvabTa monastris kedlebze warweril leqsebSi, romlebic
S. onianma gamoaqveyna1; ar gvxvdeba es formebi arc `mcire qronikebSi (kin-
klosebis istoriul minawerebSi)~2, arc ùsworo karabadinSi~3, arc zaza fa-
naskertelis `karabadinSi~4, arc `saaqimo wignSi~5 da sxv.
amrigad, XV saukunis xelnawerebSi jerjerobiT vipoveT sul remdenime
-en sufiqsiani forma: iyunen, mowevnul iyunen, mividen, sxden, sarCliden,
Civoden. advili SesaZlebelia, rom Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebiT -en sufiqsiani
formebi XV saukunis ZeglebSi kidev gamovlindes.
rogorc vTqviT, qarTuli enis Zeglebi XVI saukunidanac mcire raodenobiT
mogvepoveba. maT did nawils isev da isev iuridiuli dokumentebi warmoadgens,
sadac warsuli drois zmnuri formebi Zalze mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba.
saxeldobr, XVI saukunis dokumentebSi, romlebic Setanilia `qarTuli
samarTlis Zeglebis~ sam tomSi, Segvxvda namyo usrulis (aseve xolmeobiTis),
namyo srulisa da II TurmeobiTis sul 50-ode forma, sadac subieqtad war-
modgenilia mr. ricxvis III piri6. am formaTa daaxloebiT oTx mexuTedSi da-
culia Zveli norma, e.i. subieqturi piris niSnad naxmaria -es sufiqsi: gardmo-
vidodes (II,188,34), mogvi£debodes (III,353,35), dahyolodes (IV,35,34), irCodes
(IV,12,14; 13,17-27; 14,3: 35,28; 42,13; 43,26; 46,5; 51,10), icilebodes (IV,43,30), gvi-
Cuenebdes (IV,43,34), movides (II,205,16; 111,354,11), gueajnes (II, 205,19), iyunes (II,
205,24; IV,35,30-31-33; 44,3-4), iqmnnes (III,258,37;353,5), geerigebinnes, geesazRurnes,
Seewirnes (II, 198,16), Seewirnes (III, 266, 25), daemtkicnes (III, 266, 26) da sxv.
sapirispiro suraTia sul aTiode magaliTSi, sadac -en sufiqsi gvaqvs: mis-
cemden (II, 152,15), moqmedebden (II, 152,24), ganxsniden (II, 155,12), sarCliden (IV,
47,36), SeisarClen (IV, 41,25), iyvnen (III, 250,10), iyunen, yofiliyunen (II, 231,3)...
1
S. oniani, vahanis qvabebis poezia, Jurn. `droSa~, 1957, 6.
2
mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi), teqstebi gamosca, Sesavali
werili da komentarebi daurTo jumber odiSelma, Tb., 1968.
3
xelnaweri daculia saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akademiis xelnawerTa institutSi, Q-26. igi
XIV-XV saukunisadaa miCneuli.
4
xelnaweri daculia xelnawerTa institutSi, Q-877, gamosca m. saakaSvilma, 1950 wels. wi-
nasityvaoba ekuTvnis k. grigolias, romelic paleografiuli niSnebis mixedviT XV saukun-
is II naxevriT aTariRebs am xelnawers.
5
xelnaweri daculia xelnawerTa institutSi, S-1274, igi dawvrilebiT aRwerili aqvs e.
TayaiSvils da miaCnia XV-XVI saukunisad; gadmoTargmnilia ufro adre, XIII saukuneSio
(Описание рукописей, 1, gv. 640-686). teqsti gamoc. aqvs l. kotetiSvils: `wigni saaqimo¡,~ 1936.
6
Cven vimowmebT dokumentebs, romlebic gamosca prof. i. doliZem: qarTuli samarTlis
Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. II, Tb.,
1965; t. III, 1970; t. IV, 1972 (I, V da VI tomebSi XVI saukunis samarTlis Zeglebi ar Sedis). amJa-
mad gadacemulia dasabeWdad xelnawerTa institutSi daculi dokumentebi, T. enuqiZisa da
n. SoSiaSvilis redaqciiT. CvenTvis cnobilia, rom zogi dokumenti aq gansxvavebuladaa da-
TariRebuli, aris teqstologiuri gansxvavebanic.
171
istoriis sakiTxebi
XVI saukunis mxolod ori sabuTia warmodgenili `dokumentebSi Tbilisis

istoriisaTvis~1. amaTgan erTSi CvenTvis saintereso formebi sruliad ar
gvxvdeba, meore ki (siTarxnis wigni, micemuli luarsab mefisagan tfilelis
ymebisadmi 1540 w.) Seicavs namyo srulisa da II TurmeobiTis TiTo formas, sa-
dac III sub. piri mr. ricxvSi dgas. amaTgan namyo srulis forma -nen sufiqsiania:
iyunen (gv. 8), II TurmeobiTisa ki -es sufiqsiani: gangueTavisuflnes (iqve).
-en-iani formaa fiqsirebuli `qarTlis cxovrebis~ XVI saukunis
xelnawerSi, WalaSviliseul nusxaSi: `[haoss] ewien didni igi gmirni da
daumtkices ganzraxva igi da gan[u]dges nebroTs da arRara misces xarki~2.
-es da -en (nen) sufiqsian formaTa sixSiriTa da urTierTmonacvleobiT
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs ìoseb-zilixanianis~ Zveli versia, galeq-
sili ucnobi avtoris mier. igi Semonaxulia erTaderTi dazianebuli xelnawe-
riT, romelic agreTve XVI saukunes miekuTvneba. igi daculia xelnawerTa in-
stitutSi S-1283 nomriT. ìoseb-zilixanianis~ teqsti am xelnaweris mixedviT
gamocemuli aqvs g. jakobias3. muSaobis procesSi Cven viyenebdiT xelnawers.
poemis teqsti naklulia, amJamad Seicavs 736 strofs. dawerilia rusTave-
luri SairiT, mdabio xalxuri eniT, romelic xSirad angariSs ar uwevs salite-
raturo enis tradiciebs. amis damadasturebelia iseTi formebi, rogoricaa:
gawydes Suvazeda, gverc mxlebeli, Semwrwunebeli, yvevli da sxva mravali.
poemis teqstSi sakmaod xSiria rogorc namyo usrulis (da xolmeobiTis),
ise namyo srulis formebi, sadac subieqtad warmodgenilia III piri mravlo-
biT ricxvSi. ramdenime strofSi sariTmo erTeulebadac swored aseTi forme-
bia gamoyenebuli (aseTebia, saxeldobr, 7r, 18v, 22v,30r, 34v, 57r, 65,v, 67r, 110r, 115r
gverdebze warmodgenili strofebi). subieqturi piris niSnad am formebSi xan
-es sufiqsia warmodgenili, xan ki -en, dasturdeba -nen sufiqsic (SedarebiT
iSviaTad). orivegvari, — rogorc Zveli, ise axali, — formebi gvxvdeba erTmane-
Tis paralelurad, zogjer erTsa da imave striqonSic ki; magaliTad: `dilas
Sesxden dakazmulni, qalaqisken wacavides~ (22v;), `Sevides, dasxden nadimad,
darbaiselni Seyares~ (23 r); `gaemarTnes saxsarosa da arCevden saqmesa Znelsa~
(29,v); `mas gareSemo exvivnes, aZlevden fass uTvalavsa~ (39,r) da sxv.
xan -es da xan -en sufiqsiT gvxvdeba erTi da igive zmna; magaliTad: `moiy-
vanes da datvirTes, wina-ukan Sesxdes virsa~ (92,r), magram iqve gvaqvs: `virsa
Sesxden, gaemarTnen~ (96,r). asevea: `laSqarni modges salamad~ (17v); `movides
srulni pirutyvni, lomi, vefxvi da mgelia~ (32v), magram: `ra moviden, karze
modgen~ (36v), `CemTvis sadiT sad moviden, indoni da abaS-romi~ (50v) da sxv.
1
dokumentebi Tbilisis istoriisaTvis (XVI-XIX ss.). wigni I, Seadgines niko berZeniSvilma
da mamisa berZniSvilma, Tb., 1962.
2
daculia xelnawerTa institutSi, Q-207, gv. 19; ix.: `qarTlis cxovreba~ gamocemuli s.
yauxCiSvilis redaqtorobiT, 1942, gv. 3,14.
3
g. jakobia, ioseb-zilixanianis qarTuli versiebi, kritikuli teqsti leqsikonisa da sa-
Zieblebis darTviT, tf, 1927.
172
istoriis sakiTxebi
aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTod poemaSi vid zmna sxvadasxva zmniswiniT namyo

srulis III subieqturi piris mravlobiT ricxvSi 36-jer dasturdeba. aqedan
22 SemTxvevaSi is warmodgenilia -es sufiqsiT, 14 SemTxvevaSi ki -en sufiqsiT.
Cven SevecadeT, aRgvenusxa CvenTvis amJamad saintereso formebi am poe-
maSi. Tu romelime forma SemTxveviT gamogvrCa, vfiqrobT, saerTo suraTs es
mainc ver Secvlis. saerTo suraTi ki aseTia: -es sufiqsi dasturdeba 87 Sem-
TxvevaSi (gardamaval zmnaTa namyo srulis formebis CauTvlelad), -en su-
fiqsi —108, -nen ki 14 SemTxvevaSi. dro-kiloTa mixedviT maTi ganawileba aseT
suraTs iZleva: namyo usrulSi -es sufiqsi gvxvdeba 13-jer, -en —72-jer, -nen
— sruliad ara. namyo srulSi -es gvxvdeba 71-jer, -en — 35-jer, -nen —13-jer.
II TurmeobiTSi 3 formaSi gvaqvs -es sufiqsi, TiTojer — -en da -nen.
yovelive aqedan Cans, rom poemis enaSi -es da -en sufiqsebi Tavisuflad
enacvlebian erTmaneTs, Tumca sxvadasxva mwkrivSi maT Soris Sefardeba sxva-
dasxvagvaria: -en ukve gabatonebulia namyo usrulSi, maSin roca namyo srul-
Si jer kidev myaria -es sufiqsi, romelic xmarebis sixSiriT orjer sWarbobs
-en-s. rac Seexeba -nen sufiqss, is gvxvdeba mxolod namyo srulSi da isic ume-
tesad prefiqsian vnebiTebSi, sadac Zvelad -nes daboloeba gvqonda: iyvnen
(36v, 57r, 78v, 80v,101v); meSveli zmnis egeve formaa gamoyenebuli II TurmeobiT-
Sic: Seyriliyvnen (85r); daifantnen (57r), Seicvalnen (78v), gaemarTnen (95r), mi-
egebnen (99v), moeWidnen (96v), moekidnen (101r), Seexvewnen (79r), wavidnen (57r).
rogorc vTqviT, Targmani mdabio xalxuri eniT aris Sesrulebuli da
saliteraturo enis tradiciebs nakleb angariSs uwevs. swored amiT aixsneba
aq -en sufiqsiani formebis simravle.
am xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia erTi datalic. S-1283 xelna-
wers axlavs 12 brwyinvaled Sesrulebuli miniatura. gamokvleulia, rom
miniaturebi sxva xelnaweridan aris gadmotanili da Cakruli am xelnawerSi.
miniaturebma, romelTa Sida mxareze nawerebi SeniSnes, miipyro ara marto
xelovnebaTmcodneebis yuradReba. saqarTvelos xelnawerTa institutis
sarestavracio laboratoriaSi axsnes qaRaldze dakruli miniaturebi da
gamovlinda miniaturebis Sida mxaris teqstebi. es teqstebi qarTuli ìoseb-
zilixanianis~ sparsuli wyaroebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Seiswavla al.
gvaxariam da gaarkvia, rom isini anonimuri versiis axali nusxis fragmentebs
warmoadgenen1. anonimur versias al. gvaxaria XVI saukuniT aTariRebs,
miniaturebian fragmentebs ki ufro adrindelad miiCnevs2.
Cven gavsinjeT miniaturebis Sida mxareze nawerebi CvenTvis saintereso
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. dazianebul, zogjer nakuw-nakuw Cawebebul fur-
clebSi, romlebzedac zogan mTliani strofebia da zogan — maTi nawilebi,
aRmoCnda Cveni saZebni formebic: `moTamaSe damkvrelebi mas wina mousxdebo-
1
a. gvaxaria, ìoseb-zilixanianis~ qarTuli versiebis sparsuli wyaroebi, I, anonimuri
versia, Tb., 1958, gv.104-113.
2
iqve, gv. 143-144.
173
istoriis sakiTxebi
den~ (min. 97r,4), miniaturis teqstSi es sityva waSlilia, magram -den daboloe-
ba naTlad Cans. asevea es sityva S-1283 xelnawerSi (67r,1). iqvea: `dgeboden~
(97r,5). igi ar ikiTxeba miniaturis dazianebul furcelze, magram `mousxdebo-
den~ sityvasTan riTmaSi mosalodnelia -den. S-1283 xelnawerSi Sesabamis ad-
gilzec `dgeboden~ formaa (67r,2). `moymesa uRimRimebden da... ès forma kar-
gad ikiTxeba (min. 97r, 6; S-1283,67r,3). `qveS-qveS ecineboden~ (min. 97r,6; S-
1283,67r,3). ar Cans, magram riTmis gamo -den daboloeba unda iyos da xelnawer-
Sic asea; asevea èniSneboden~ formac (iqve, 97r,7; S-1283, 67r,4).
gvxvdeba iseTi formebic, romlebic miniaturebian formebSi, gansxva-
vebiT S-1283 xelnawerisagan, Zveleburadaa naxmari. magaliTad: `[dila]s
Sesxdes dakazmulni~ (min. 24r,4) – Sesxden (S-1283,22v,10); `...gamou£des, isari
hkres erTsa Txasa~ (min. 31r, 2) — gamou£den (S-1283, 32r,11); `... ukubrundes da
wavides~ (min. 31r, 1) — waviden ukubrunden (S-1283, 32r,10).
yovelive zemoTqmulTan dakavSirebiT gvinda SevniSnoT, rom Tu anoni-
mur versias mkvlevari XVI saukunis Sua wlebiT aTariRebs, fragmentebi (mini-
aturebiani nusxa) XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze unda vivaraudoT, radgan, amave
mkvlevris azriT, am nusxas `xmarebis xangrZlivi gza unda gaevlo, rom mwyob-
ridan ase gamosuliyo~, da misi xelic ùfro adrindelia, ufro msxvili da
kuTxovani, ufro arqaulia enobrivi monacemebi~.
sayuradReboa, rom ìoseb-zilixanianis~ Teimuraziseul TargmanSi,
romelic erTi saukuniT gviandelia ucnobi poetis versiasTan SedarebiT,
-en (nen) sufiqsi gacilebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. saxeldobr, namyo usrulSi
gvaqvs -en sufiqsiani Semdegi formebi: `yovls kacsa unda sasyidlad,
SuRlobden bevraTasebi~ (22v,3); `gulsa etyoden yovelni, radgan daebiT,
srul ebiT~ (51 r,1); `naxvis fasad daufenden feindazad maTsav sulsa~ (28r, 5);
àiSala nadimoba, vera sWamden, verca smides~ (32v,2); `qals uZaxden baziyasa,
mas saxelad igi sZesa~ (32r,3); `mas uWvretden gakvirvebiT~(16v,3); `srul
icnobden mas mnaTobsa, mijnuroba sWirda senad~ (31v,5); sTxriden (53r,3);
icoden (28v,5); gmirobden (14v,2); Zvirobden, upirobden, monadirobden
(14v,2); arCevden (13r,5); rboden (11v,5), gZraxviden (31r,2)1.
sul ramdenime SemTxvevaa -en sufiqsis xmarebisa namyo srulSi: `brZana,
daxvden srul qalaqni. yvelam ZRveni miitana~ (33r,3); `gahkvirden, zedan
Semokrfen moqalaqeni krebuli~ (21r,2)2. `vazirni dasxden, arCevdes, hqondes
1
magaliTebi damowmebulia ìoseb-zilixanianis~ Teimuraziseuli Targmanis yvelaze ad-
rindeli variantidan, S-403 (xelnawerTa instituti). ix. g. jakobia, dasax. wigni, gv. 06-011.
am ukanasknel magaliTSi S-1511 da S-2694 xelnawerebi iZleva Zvel formas: g Z r a x v i d e s.
2
iqve gvxvdeba meore `gahkvirden~, romelsac variantuli wakiTxvebi moepoveba sxva xel-
nawerebSi: `ganhkvirdnen~ (S-3189), gahkvirdes (H-59, S-3693) gankvirdes (S-1546), ganhkvirdes
(S-1511), gakvirdes (S-2694).
174
istoriis sakiTxebi
janyi da yriloba~ (50v,1); `daxalvaTden, darCeulni sxvani karSi gamoyares~

(31v,3); davalden (13v,3)1.
-en sufiqsze ufro xSirad namyo srulSi gvxvdeba -nen sufiqsis xmarebis
SemTxvevebi: `wadgnen da hkadres, mefeo, vikadrebT miwa-mtverebi~ (51r,2);
`mividnen da Tayvani sces, dablad modrknen miwis pirsa~ (50v,2); `ymas
Seadgnen sailaTod, unda, Tumca gaaretes~ (40r,1); `yovlgniT Semokrbnen
mijnurni~ (13v,4); `gverdT iaxla igi mas Ramesa, tkbilad iyvnen viT da debiT~
(34v,1); `visis dedaman hamians iyvnen jimSedis gvarebi~ (12r,3).
ìyvnen~ forma gvxvdeba saTaurSi: àmbavi misr-egviptisa, mecnierni
iyvnen da mekerpoba moigones~ (28v,17 strq.), iqmnen (37v,1), wamovidnen (52v,5),
waadgnen (15r,2), idgnen (43v,2; 20v,3)2.
II TurmeobiTSia: `TviT qmnil iyvnen saaqimo, misTvis raRa Saegona~ (32v,
4); `ra kargs Wkvaze damdgariyvnen, Tavs vaglaxi daeyara~ (28r,3)3.
amrigad, ìoseb-zilixanianis~ Teimuraziseuli Targmanis am variantSi
(xelnaweri S-403) -en sufiqsis xmarebasTan dakavSirebiT Semdegi viTarebaa:
-en gvxvdeba namyo usrulSi 16-jer, namyo srulSi — 6-jer, -nen sufiqsi 13-
jer (yvela namyo srulSi, vnebiTi gvaris zmnebSi). rogorc variantebidan
Cans, Teimurazis kalams yvela es formac ar ekuTvnis da zogi maTgani uTuod
gadamwerTa mier aris Setanili.
-en sufiqsian formaTa sapirispirod gvaqvs asamde magaliTi, sadac III su-
bieqturi piris (mr. r.) aRniSvnis mxriv Zveli normaa daculi da -es sufiqsia
warmodgenili (magaliTebi namyo usrulsa da sruls Soris daaxloebiT Ta-
nabrad nawildeba).
maSasadame, Teimurazi met angariSs uwevs saliteraturo enis tradi-
ciebs da cdilobs daicvas Zveli norma, Tumca yovelTvis ver axerxebs amas,
radgan (n)en sufiqsiani formebi am droisaTvis cocxal metyvelebaSi ukve
farTod unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli.
ra Tqma unda, (-n)en sufiqsis SeWra saliteraturo enaSi da Zveli -es
sufiqsis gamoyenebis TandaTanobiT SezRudva cocxali metyvelebis gavle-
nis Sedegia, magram saqme ise ar unda warmovidginoT, TiTqos cocxal sasa-
ubro metyvelebaSi XVI an Tundac XVII saukuneSi -n(en) sufiqsi ukve sabolo-
od iyo gabatonebuli. rogorc Cans, karga xnis ganmavlobaSi xalxis metyve-
lebaSic paralelurad ixmareboda orive sufiqsi da swored amitom maTi Wi-
dili saliteraturo enaSic sakmaod didxans gagrZelda.
1
es forma mxolod S-403 xelnawerSia, S-3693 da S-1511-Si aris `davardes~, sxvebSi — `da-
deldes~.
2
meore SemTxvevaSi (20v,3) sxva xelnawerebSi zmna mxolobiTi ricxvis formiTaa warmod-
genili.
3
xelnawerebSi es striqoni sxvadasxvagvaradaa mocemuli, oRond ìyvnen~ zmna yvelgan am
formiT gvxvdeba am strofis Sesabamis adgilas, garda S-1511 da S-2694 xelnawerebisa, iqaa:
iyvnes.
175
istoriis sakiTxebi
saintereso Cans Cvens sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT italieli misioneris patri

bernardes arqivSi mikvleuli qarTuli zRaprebi (XVII saukunis 70-iani wlebi)1. am
zRaprebSi CvenTvis saintereso formebSi Warbobs -es sufiqsi, magram -en (nen)
sufiqsic sakmaod xSiria. maT Soris Sefardeba daaxloebiT aseTia: 3:1.
aRniSnuli zRaprebis teqstSi -es da -en (nen) sufiqsiani formebi para-
lelurad gvxvdeba zogjer erT frazaSi da erTsa da imave zmnaSi; magaliTad:
`wavides da erTis mTis ZirSi dadges... iares im kacebma da sadac is vaWari
iyo, iq mividen... waviden da mTis ZirSi dadgen~ (10v-11r); `wamoviden
baRdadisaken, movides Sua gzazeda. dadges~ (28v 1-2). `mozdevdes mravali
m£arda£dili da TmadaSlili. mozdevden, tiroden da Tavs icemodes, zars
ityodes~ (37r, 15-16); `moegebnen, rac qalaqis ufrosi kaci iyunes~ (67r,7).
zRaprebSi Zalian xSirad gvxvdeba vid zmna (sxvadasxva zmniswiniT),
romelic namyo srulis III sub. pirSi (mr.r.) metwilad -es sufiqsiania:
`movides da £elmwifoba miuloces~ (13v,9); `sadac is vaWari idga, iq movides~
(11r,9); `wavides da yoveli queyana moiares da vera Seityues ra~ (10v,10); `wa-
movides erTs qalaqSi~ (13v,15); Sevides (4v,2), Semovides (73v,10), Cavides (21v,2),
Camovides (39r,1), gamovides (19r,10), gardavideso (62r,4)...
magram iqve gvxvdeba agreTve -en da -nen sufiqsiani formebic: `sadac is
vaWari iyo, iq mividen~ (10v,14); `Seiyarnen da wamoviden... wamoviden da moviden
erTs sa£elmwifoSia~ (58r,2); `waviden (40v,16), `...waviden qajni, daifantnen
yovlis queyanasa~ (7v,1); wamovidnen (iqve); `mividnen £elmwifesTana~ (8v,12).
-es da -en sufiqsebi Tavisuflad monacvleoben deg da sxed Zirisagan na-
warmoeb formebSic: àdges da uTxres~ (38r,6); ìm Ramesa iq dadges~ (30r,2); `ga-
moiRviZes, daiaraRdes da waudges, zogni bargs moudges~ (62r,1-2); `midgen mra-
vali jari TofiTa da isriTa~ (49r,6); `meore dRes mcvelnic ukumodgen~ (58r,4)...
`dasxdes lxinad~ (23v,10); `Sesxdes £elmwife da misi Svili cxensa~ (35v, 11);
isxdes (62v,5)... òrmoci muaxle devebis m£ars Seusxden~ (35v,1); dasxden (58r,6)...
1
zRaprebis Sesaxeb pirveli cnobebi ekuTvnis cnobil avstriel qarTvelologs hugo
Suxardts: (H. Schuchardt, Georgische Handschriften in Toronto del Greco, Beilage zur Allgemeinen Zeitung,
Ausburg-München, 1896. am zRaprebis xelnaweri inaxeba neapolis centralur nacionalur
biblioTekaSi. misi mikrofiri da fotopirebi daculia saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis
centralur biblioTekaSi. muSaobis dros Cven gamoviyeneT dednis fotopiri: `n~—1.
zRaprebi gamocemuli aqvT e. virsalaZes: masalebi qarTuli folkloris istoriisaTvis,
`lit. Ziebani~, t. IV, Tb., 1948 da mix. Ciqovans: XVII saukuneSi Cawerili qarTuli zRaprebi,
`mravalTavi~, saqarTvelos istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da folkloris samec-
niero sazogadoebis krebuli, I, Tb., 1964. samecniero literaturaSi l. kotaSvili
gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom es zRaprebi naTargmnia da ara qarTuli folkloris nimuSebi (,
bernardoseuli koleqciis (XVIIs.) zRaprebi, `macne~, enisa da literaturis seria, 2, 1975.
CvenTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom zRaprebi aramwignobruli, Tavisufali eniTaa
dawerili da cocxali metyvelebis Zlieri gavlena emCneva rogorc leqsikis, ise gramati-
kuli formebis mxriv. damaxasiaTebelia fonetikuri dawerilobis principi
(gverc=gverds, erTaT, kargaT da misT.).
176
istoriis sakiTxebi
meSveli zmna umravles SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia iyunes formiT:

`sanamdis Seityobdes rasme, am simwuxaresa da vaebaSi iyunes~ (47v,15); ìyunes
lxinsa da simxiaruleSia~ (57r,6); `lxinobdes da erTaT iyunes~ (64r,2); `mo-
£eleni ufros-ufrosi dedakacni iyunes~ (43v,3) da sxv. Tumca gvxvdeba ag-
reTve iyunen: àrami da vinca vin iyunen, win waviden~ (33v,6); `srul Seyrili
darbaiselni iq iyunen~ (72r, 8)....
-es da -en sufiqsebs Soris raime diferenciacia arc sxva zmnebSi SeiniS-
neba, — namyo usrulSica da srulSic erTi da imave tipis zmnaTagan zogi erT
sufiqss dairTavs, zogi — meores.
saxeldobr, namyo usrulSi gvaqvs: aZlevdes (55v,2), exveodes (55v,11),
akocebdes (55v,12), iarebodes, ikiTxevdes (39v,1-2), gamodivodes (70r,6); meore
mxriv: icileboden (6v,2), asargeblebden (62v,14), naRlobden (57v,2), mo-
vidoden, miTxovden (67r,1), iyriden (70r,9).
namyo usrulSi -es da -en sufiqsebi zRaprebis teqstSi daaxloebiT Tana-
bari raodenobiT gvxvdeba. namyo srulSi ki -en iSviaTia, gacilebiT xSiria
-es sufiqsiani formebi: miaxlovdes (34v,2), Camo£des (33r,1), daRondes (38v,8),
ganmxiaruldes (29r, 6), gahkvirdes (28r,8), Cavardes (39v,7), Seiqnes (50v,10), mo-
iqces (58r,10), aiyarnes (33v,4), daikargnes (23r,3), moegebnes (33v,15), Semoexviv-
nes (61v,8), daemzadnes (44r,3), gamoesalmnes (30r, 10), Seexvewnes (38v,13), dawunes
(13v,2), uwunes (32v,4), dagvesxnes (10v,15) da sxv. SeadareT -en sufiqsiani for-
mebi: Serigden (8v,10), gaerTden (63v,2), gahkuirden (43v,6) da sxv.
II TurmeobiTis saTanado magaliTebi zRaprebSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba, xolo
rac ki gvaqvs, yvelgan -es sufiqsia warmodgenili: daeyarnes (43r), miaxloebo-
des (61v), amowyuetiliyunes (45r), mosuliyunes (56v).
saerTod, rogorc aRiniSna, -es sufiqsiani formebi samjer sWarbobs -en-
(nen) sufiqsian formebs, magram ganxiluli masalis mixedviT isic aSkaraa, rom
es formebi Tavisuflad enacvlebian erTmaneTs da ixmarebian erTmaneTis pa-
ralelurad, rac uTuod imdroindeli cocxali metyvelebis anareklia.
cocxali metyvelebis suraTis gasaTvaliswineblad friad mniSvnelova-
nia vrceli qarTuli eposi `rusudaniani~, romelic mkvlevarTa nawils XVII
saukuneSi Seqmnilad miaCnia, zogi ki mas ufro adrindel Zeglad miiCnevs1.
asea Tu ise, `rusudanianis~ uZvelesi nusxebi XVII saukunisaa da enac am epoqis
amsaxvelia. nusxaTagan erTi (BB nusxa – S-3698) dasavleT saqarTveloSia ga-
dawerili da, rogorc aRniSnaven, savsea `guruli dialeqtizmebiT. sxva xel-
nawerebSi (A, C da sxv) es dialeqtizmebi aseTi didi raodenobiT aRar gvxvde-
ba, magram mainc sakmaod moipoveba. es nusxebi erTmaneTisagan momdinare ar
Cans, maT safuZvlad sxva nusxa Tu nusxebi dasdebiaT. es ki imaze migviTiTebs,
1
`rusudaniani~, ilia abulaZisa da ivane gigineiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1957. erTvis iv.
gigineiSvilis gamokvleva: `rusudaniani~, ix. gv. X-XII.
177
istoriis sakiTxebi
rom maT wyaroSic es dialeqtizmebi aseve unda yofiliyo warmodgenili da

xelnaweris gadamnusxavis Senatani ar unda iyos~1.
Cven ganvixileT `rusudanianis~ -es da -en(nen) sufiqsiani zmnebi (yvela
formis aRnusxva da detaluri analizi aRarc ki gaxda saWiro, imdenad naTe-
lia teqstSi warmodgenili suraTi). gairkva, rom am vrceli Txzulebis sxva-
dasxva monakveTi (kari) da sxvadasxva xelnaweri am zmnaTa xmarebis mxriv ram-
denadme gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva. magram, rac mTavaria, yvela karSi da
yvela xelnawerSi paralelurad gvxvdeba rogorc -es, ise -en sufiqsi (gza-
dagza dasturdeba agreTve -nen). isini ganurCevlad ixmareba erTmaneTis
gverdiT, xSirad erT frazaSi da erTsa da imave zmnaSi. saxeldobr, Txzule-
bis enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aseTi adgilebi: `ra naxes, gahkvirdnen missa
Svebasa da tanisa nakveTianobasa, romeli didad safalavnod Seqmnili iyo.
ezaraT misi iseTi agebuloba da gulsa Sina sikudilsa gahpirdes da sinjev-
den mklavisa misisa Zalsa da beWisa misisa farToebasa~ (4,14-18). `meoTxesa
dResa aiyarnes... da mivides indoeTisa qalaqTa, turfad mokazmulTa.
gamoegebnes moqalaqeni... Tavsa ayriden gvarsa da RmerTsa madlobden missa
xilvasa. mividen darbazsa~ (80,35-81,2). `wavidnen sanadirosa. mivides kargsa
sanadirosa da inadires~ (332,8-9). `tiroden da evedrebodes RmerTsa yaisis
gamarjvebisaTvis~ (334,38). `kacni yvela miTve rigiTa iyvnen, gana sxvarigad
uturfesad Semkulni iyvnen da saxl-karnica uamesni da umSvenieresni iyvnes~
(141,1-3). àdgen ornive da, masve qvabSi iyo misi kari, gaaRes da Sevides~ (60,11-
12). `miexvivnes srulad Cinelni didebulni... xelsa da fexsa kocniden da
RmerTsa evedreboden misis naxvisaTvis da sixarulisa cremlsa afrqvevden~
(102, 12,15). ùkrevdes amosa xmasa da ityoden leqssa~ (329,29). `mravalsa gve-
mociqulnen da mravalferad ecadnen, rom badeSi SevegdeniT, magram TviT
maTve didebulTa ara qnes. bevrs SfoTevdes igi grZneulni, magram raRas ga-
awyobdes!~ (557,18-21). `tiroden mwared da godebdes mSoblisa gayrisaTvis~
(599,4). `moexvivnen erTmaneTsa... didsa xansa yelgadaWdobiT idges. merme
mobrundes da ... nadimad dasxdes~ (83,16,18). `pirvel rom Seibnen, dRe mesamedi
ar iyo. misni laSqarni gakvirvebulni uWvretdes da amas ityodes~ (293, 29-31).
`wagviZRves da erTi kvira ase viareT. mivediT faxfur mefis srasa. didebul-
ni da xelmwifis moxeleni moguegebnes... wagviZRven da ... iq Camogvaxdines~
(441, 35-38). àiyarnen da wamovidnen SinaT da wamoitanes Tana CrdiloeTisa
xelmwife borkiliTa dabeWdili... da TviT wamovides gamarjvebulni... iares
mravali dReni da movides samefosa Tvissa. moegebnes moqalaqeni da ayrides
yaiss Tvalsa da margalitsa da ufendes mis cxensa stavrasa da naxlsa... gar-
daxdes cxenisagan da Sevides palatsa samefosa... da Sevidnen mefeni sade-
doflosa da moegebnes dedofalni wina~ (373,22-38) da sxva mravali.
1
`rusudaniani~, ilia abulaZisa da ivane gigineiSvilis redaqciiT, Tb., 1957. erTvis iv.
gigineiSvilis gamokvleva: `rusudaniani~, ix. gv. gv. XVII.
178
istoriis sakiTxebi
-es da -en niSanTagan `rusudanianSi~ ukve gabatonebulia -en, magram -es

sufiqsic sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba, zog monakveTSi igi sWarbobs kidec -en-s
(magaliTad IV karSi — ix. gv. 332, 333, 335, 351, 352, 353, 359, 360, 372, 373 da sxv).
ase rom, ver vityviT, is mxolod naSTis saxiT aris SemorCenilio1.
rac Seexeba -nen-s, misi xmareba aqac zmnebis mcirericxovani jgufiT,
ZiriTadad prefiqsiani vnebiTebiT, Semoifargleba (iyvnen, Seiyarnen,
SeiWidnen, moexvivnen, moegebnen, daezavnen, gaemarTnen, Semogvebnen,
Semogvexvewnen, SegviZRvnen, gahkvirdnen, adgnen, movidnen, Seaqcevdnen...).
rasakvirvelia, igive zmnebi gvxvdeba -es da -en sufiqsebiTac.
saerTod, Tu me-17 saukuneSi Caweril qarTul zRaprebSi -es da -(n)en
sufiqsebs Soris Sefardeba iyo 3:1 -es sufiqsis sasargeblod, `rusudanianSi~
daaxloebiT aseTive Sefardeba gvaqvs -(n)en sufiqsis sasargeblod.
erTisa da imave epoqis Zeglebs Soris aseTi sxvadasxvagvari Tanafardoba
aRniSnul sufiqsTa xmarebaSi SesaZloa sxvadasxva dialeqturi wris gavleniT
aixsnebodes. am mxriv sagulisxmoa, rom `rusudaniani~ mkvlevrebs dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSi SeTxzulad miaCniaT. rogorc cnobilia, -en sufiqsi dResac dasav-
lur kiloebSi ufro aqtiuria2 (igi SeWrilia gardamaval zmnaTa namyo srulSic)
da savaraudebelia, istoriuladac aq ufro adre iyo gavrcelebuli. ase rom, am
kiloebs didad unda SeewyoT xeli saliteraturo enaSi misi damkvidrebisaTvis.
Cven sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT XVII saukunis sxva literaturul Tu
araliteraturul Zeglebze, rogoricaa: `mefeTa salaro~. (A-617), `yanCaeTis
Jamngulani~ (H-1452), `Jamngulani~ (H-1738), me-17 saukunis samarTlis Zeglebi,
Tbilisis istoriuli dokumentebi me-17 saukunisa, amave xanis istoriuli
dokumentebi imereTis samefosa da guria-odiSis samTavroebisa (wigni
pirveli (1466-1770), teqsti gamosca, winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo S.
burjanaZem. Tb., 1958), `Sahnames~ XVII saukunis xelnawerebi (H-61, H-921, S-1594,
Q-1440) da sxv. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom maTSi metnaklebi sixSiriTaa war-
modgenili mesame subieqturi piris mravlobiTobis -es da -(n)en sufiqsebi;
zog ZeglSi Warbobs -es sufiqsi, zogSi -(n)en, magram mTlianobaSi mainc
garkveviT Cans, rogor TandaTanobiT xSirdeba -(n)en sufiqsiani formebi da
Sesabamisad mcirdeba -es sufiqsian formaTa raodenoba.
Tu me-17 saukunis ZeglebSi ar iZebneba iseTi, rom Tavidan bolomde
sistemebr icavdes erT-erT sufiqss, me-18 saukunis dasawyisSive ukve
gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxveva, roca erTi avtori sistematurad xmarobs -(n)en
sufiqss. am mxriv saintereso suraTs iZleva vaxtangiseuli `qilila da
damanas~ da sabas avtografis urTierTSedareba.
cnobilia, rom vaxtang bagrationma `qilila da damana~ Targmna iranSi
yofnisas 1712-1716 wlebSi. man Tavisi Targmani `gasaCalxavad~ gaugzavna
1
Sdr. `rusudaniani~, gv. XXVI.
2
Sdr. xevsuruli da TuSuri, sadac dRemde gardamaval zmnebTan da gardauvalebTanac
erTaderTia -es sufiqsi: a. SaniZe, qarTuli kiloebi mTaSi, Txzulebani, I, Tb., 1960, gv.101.
179
istoriis sakiTxebi
sulxan-saba orbelians. `sulxan-saba orbelians `qilila da damanas~ vaxtani-

seuli Targmani safuZvliand gadaumuSavebia rogorc leqsiTs, ise proziTs
nawilSi. gamoCenil qarTvel mwignobars vaxtangis teqsti marTlac `gemoanad
gauCalxavs~ da misi sruliad axali redaqcia moucia~1.
vaxtangisa da sabas redaqciebis urTierTSedarebiT irkveva, rom vaxtan-
gi, cocxal metyvelebaze dayrdnobiT, ZiriTadad -en sufiqsian formebs xma-
robs, saba ki xSirad cvlis xsenebul formebs -es sufiqsiani formebiT. qve-
moT moyvanili paraleluri adgilebi am redaqciis teqstebidan naTlad war-
moaCens am gansxvavebas (Cven xelT gvqonda leningradis aRmosavleTmcodne-
obis institutis vaxtangiseuli xelnaweris M-53-is fotopiri, Rt 11 20, dacu-
li xelnawerTa institutSi, da sabas avtografi S-31).
v a x t a n g i:
sxvani amxanagni wadgen da uTxres (209,5); maTuyam misis amxanagebiT bade
waiRes da mifrinevden (336,10); frinvelni erTgan dagrovden da amaze SeiT-
qvnen (423,3); merme erTmanerTTan yofniT ixarebden (393,1); isini lomis sam-
saxuridam gamoviden (205,14); kacni Soridam da axlodam misis patiosnobisa
da misis locvis Sesawevnelad movidoden da wavidoden (275, 16); yvelani mi-
sis brZanebis mayurebelni iyunen (401,17); dibiSlim ori Tavis amaRlebulni
kacni mindobiT da erdgulobiT kacis angariSSi Cagdebuli yvanden da rCevi-
Ta da sikeTiT Semkobil iyunen (47,4-6).
s a b a:
sxvani amxanagni wadges, uTxres (45r,37); maTuya da misni amxanagni badian
mifrinvides (73r,23); frinvelni mokrbes da erTad SeiTqvnes (92r, 20); erTma-
neTTan yofiTa ixarebdes (85v,31); igini lomis samsaxuriT gamovides (44v,14);
maxlobelni da Sorielni misis naxvisa da patiosnis locvis miRebad mivido-
des (59v,12); yovelni misis brZanebis morCilni iyunes (87v,11); dibiSlims orni
T¢sni saCinoni erTgulni da misandobelni didebulni kacni hyues rCeviTa da
Wkuis gziT srulni iyvnes (14r,11-12).
amgari magaliTebidan, romlebic sakmaod xSiria, cxadad Cans, rom saba met
angariSs uwevs saliteraturo enis tradicias da upiratesobas aZlevs -es su-
fiqss. magram bolomde Tanmimdevrobas didi mweralic ver icavs: mis avtog-
rafSic erTmaneTis paralelurad gvxvdeba rogorc -es, ise -en da -nen sufiq-
sebi. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi vaxtangiseuli moviden sabas Secvlili aqvs movides
formiT, (Sdr., vaxtangi 231,9 — saba 50r,18), meore SemTxvevaSi vaxtangis movi-
den-is adgilas sabasTan ikiTxeba: mividnen (Sdr. 208,7 vaxtangi da 45r,19 saba);
mesame SemTxvevaSi piriqiT, vaxtangis -nen sufiqsian formas saba cvlis -en su-
fiqsianiT: `vezirni meore dRes £elmwifis samsaxurSi movidnen, alagi rom gan-
wesebuli qondaT, mun dadgnen da £elmwifis brZanebis mosmenas yuri miugdes~
1
al. baramiZe, qilila da damana (winasityvaoba); sulxan-saba orbeliani, Txzulebani, II,
Tb., 1962, gv. 12-13; a. WinWarauli, xevsurulis Taviseburebani, Tb., 1960, gv. 101.
180
istoriis sakiTxebi
(vaxt.48,7-9)— `meore dRes vezirni £elmwifis win moviden da ganwesebuls ad-

gils dadgen da £elmwifis brZanebas eloden~ (saba 14r, 34-35). SeadareT sxvagva-
ri Sesworebis nimuSi: gamoegebnen (vaxt, 609,1) — miegebnes (saba140v, 31).
aseT viTarebaSi Znelia Tqma, ra princips icavs saba. TiTqos igi cdilobs
-es sufiqsis dacvas saliteraturo enaSi, magram -en da -nen sufiqsebsac ar
mimarTavs iSviaTad. mis originalur TxzulebebSi -en(nen) ufro xSiradac ki
gvxvdeba, vidre -es; magaliTad, `sibrZne-sicruis~ wignSi -en da -es su-
fiqsebis Sefardeba aseTia — 4:1. `mogzaurobaSi~ erTi-ori magaliTia Zveli
warmoebisa. sabas `swavlanic~ ki veraa dazRveuli am axleburi formebisagan.
TxzulebaSi, sadac saba cdilobda formac Sinaarsis Sesaferad maRali, saek-
lesio, Zveleburi yofiliyo, araerTi SemTxveva aRinusxa -(n)en-iani zmnebisa.
magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT erT abzacs: ùcxosa viriT momavalsa CCvilni
osannas ugalobdes, moxucebulni pirTa miridebdes; ucxosa glaxakni wina mi-
egebvides da mdidarni karTa dau£Svides; ucxosa mowafe gamcemel eqmneboda,
erni Seipyrobden, mRvdelni moiZagebden, mwignobarni moiZulebden, mRdelT-
moZRuarni Sehkrviden, msajulni sikudilad miscemden... borotsa uyofden...
ganbasrevden... gankicxevden... aginebden... Seborkilviden... moavlebden... Se-
Rebden~ da a.S. (A-479, gv. 277-278, XVIII s. dasawyisis xelnaweria).
sizustisaTvis isic unda vTqvaT, rom vaxtang VI-sTanac, romelic siste-
maturad xmarobs -(n)en sufiqss, TiTo-orola SemTxvevaSi mainc aris -es su-
fiqsiani formebi: àmad saxelad xajustarrai ewodeboda da umaunfal aras
saqmes uimisod £els ar mihyofda da mis urCevlad arca didsa da arca mcire-
sa saqmesa ar mouvlida. asparezsa brZolisasa da simxiarulis masnaTsa da
dorzedan uimisod ar dajdeboda da ar ilxenda. yovelTvis Tu mefeni da
£elmwifeni da amaRlebulni kacni Wkuiansa da moxucebuls ar hkiTxevdes da
rCeviT ar iqmodes, brZanebis SemzadebaSi ar unda gaereodes da Tu unda, rom
sul Zali da SemZlebeloba didrovanTa kacTa Taviss £elTa hqondes kargis
veziriTa...~ (15,14-20).
rogorc aRiniSna, am drois werilobiTi Zeglebidan cxadad Cans, rom III
subieqturi piris mravlobiTobis -es sufiqsi ukve sistematurad icvleba -(n)en
sufiqsiT gardamaval da gardauval zmnebTan namyo usrulSi, gardauvalebTan —
namyo srulSic. asea es esopes igavebSi, melis wignSi, asea daviT guramiSvilTan,
vaxuStis `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~... me-18 saukunis erT-erTi popularuli Zeglis,
`Timsarianis~ xelnawerSi (A-860), romelic miCneulia erT-erT karg da mniS-
vnelovan xelnawerad1, -(n)en-iani formebi namyo usrulSi 25-mde aRwevs, maSin,
rodesac, -es-iani formebi mxolod samiode SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba; namyo srulSi -
(n)en-iani forma 75-mdea, -es-iani 12 SemTxvevaSia.
1
`Timsariani~ Targmnilia sparsulidan mefe Teimuraz II-is (1700-1762) mier, gadauweria
igi cnobil gadamwers nik. CaCikaSvils 1774-1779 wlebSi (М. Джанашвили, Описание рукописей
церковн. музея..., кн. III, 1908 gv. 85-90; qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, A-fondi, I, II, III...).
`Timsariani~ gamosca, teqsti daadgina, Sesavali da leqsikoni daurTo Tengiz goreli-
Svilma, Tb., 1965. Cven xelT gvqonda mikrofiri.
181
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseve Cveulebrivia, -(n)en sufiqsi `Timsarianis~ meore xelnawerSic, isic

XVIII saukuniseulia – S-15381, oRond A-460-sagan gansxvavebiT, aq sis-
tematurad -nen gvaqvs -en-is magier; A-Sia: Seiyreboden (286v,38) S-Sia:
Seiyrebodnen (49r,9), A-Sia: misdevden (284v,6-7), S-Sia: misdevdnen (41r,8) da a.S.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan cxadi xdeba, rom -es da -(n)en sufiqsebis Widi-
li arsebiTad mTavrdeba XVIII saukuneSi -(n)en -is saboloo gamarjvebiT. mar-
Talia, -es sufiqsiani formebi aqa-iq SeiZleba XIX saukunis TxzulebebSic
Segvxvdes, magram mxolod rogorc Zveli saliteraturo enis anarekli an
stilizaciis saSualeba. cocxal sasaubro metyvelebaSi aseTi formebis ar-
seboba XVIII saukunis bolos ukve aRar aris savaraudebeli.
axla oriode sityva TviT -en da -nen sufiqsTa urTierTobis Taobaze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, -en sufiqsis win n Tavdapirvelad mxolod vnebiTi gvaris
zmnebSi gvxvdeboda. prefiqsian vnebiTebSi mis xmarebas regularuli xasiaTi
hqonda Zvel qarTulSic — -es sufiqsis win. warmoSobiT igi miCneulia pirda-
piri obieqtis mravlobiTobis niSnad, romelic moqmedebiTidan vnebiT gvar-
Si aris gadmoyolili. Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda: iyvnes, SeiTqunes, aResrul-
nes... roca -es sufiqsi en-ma Secvala, bunebrivia, miviReT: iyvnen, SeiTqvnen,
aResrulnen...
rac Seexeba moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs, -es sufiqsis win n aqac gvqonda
namyo srulSi, oRond mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca pirdapiri obieqti mr.
ricxvSi iyo warmodgenili: maT igini dawernes, SeWamnes, moklnes, mosrnes, wa-
riyvannes... esaa gardamavali zmnebi: sadac -es sufiqsi dRevandlamde ucvle-
li darCa da, cxadia, -nen ar SeiZleboda migveRo. namyo usrulSi obieqti
(pirdapirica da iribic) micemiT brunvaSi dgas da misi mravlobiToba zmnaSi
ar aRiniSneba, ase, rom, Zvelad aq -es sufiqsis win n ar gvqonia.
amrigad, -en sufiqsis -nen-iT Secvla vnebiTi gvaridan modis. imave
periodSi, roca -es sufiqsi -en-iT icvleba, SeiniSneba kidev meore procesi:
n-s gaCena sxva zmnebSic. -es sufiqsis win n-m Tavi iCina iseT formebSic, sadac
igi Zveli qarTuli enis normis mixedviT, ar iyo mosalodneli. saxeldobr,
`Sah-names~ prozaul versiaSi gvxvdeba aseTi formebi: movidnes, amouvidnes
(gv.372), gamovidnes (gv.389; 392;395), wavidnes (395), Seubernes (396; 421) da sxv.
amrigad, erTdroulad mimdinareobda ori procesi: -es sufiqsis Secvla
-en-iT da n-s gaCena mis win. roca -es sufiqsma sabolood daTmo asparezi, mis
adgilze aRmoCnda ori paraleluri formanti: -en da -nen. vnebiTi gvaris
formebSi ufro xSiri iyo -nen, danarCen SemTxvevaSi — -en. maTi Widili XX
saukunis 30-ian wlebamde gagrZelda. sabolood saliteraturo enaSi sakiTxi
gadawyvita Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa damdgenma
mudmivma saxelmwifo komisiam, romelmac upiratesoba mianiWa -nen sufiqss2.
1
xelnaweri aRwerili aqvs e. TayaiSvils (Описание, I, gv. 390-391) da safuZvlad udevs
`Timsarianis~ miseul gamocemas, (1903).
2
Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturi enis normebi, I, 1970, Tb., gv. 185-190.
182
istoriis sakiTxebi
giorgi gogolaSvili
mesame subieqturi piris

mravlobiTobis narian mawarmoebelTa
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis
axal qarTulSi subieqturi mesame piris mravlobiTobas xuTi sufiqsi ga-

moxatavs: -n, -en, -an, -nen, -es (Zvel qarTulSi amaT emateboda -ed, ar gvqonda
-nen). -nen sufiqsi rTuli Sedgenilobisaa — Seicavs imave -en sufiqss, rome-
lic calke mawarmoebladac gamoiyofa, amitom mis Sesaxeb ar vimsjelebT.
Cveni interesis sferoSi ar Semodis arc -es sufiqsi. ganvixilavT sakiTxs: ra
mimarTebaa -n, -en, -an sufiqsebs Soris.
gansaxilveli sufiqsebidan TiToeuls xmarebis garkveuli are aqvs: a) -n
gvxvdeba mxolod xmovnis Semdeg: mokla-n, gaTbe-n, gaakeTo-n... b) -en gvxvdeba
mxolod Tanxmovnis Semdeg: akeTeb-en, malav-en... daimaln-en, iyvn-en, gaTb-en,
gaxm-en... g) -an gvxvdeba i xmovnis Semdeg: tiri-an, akeTi-an... da zog statikur
zmnasTan Tanxmovnis Semdeg: wux-an, dum-an, dgan-an, wvan-an... ar xdeba am su-
fiqsTa Senacvleba — sadac gvaqvs erTi maTgani, ar SeiZleba Segvxvdes meore.
is faqti, rom TiToeuli maTgani gvxvdeba mxolod garkveul fonetikur ga-
remocvaSi, aris ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom isini erTmaneTis fonetikur va-
riantebadaa miCneuli. amosavlad miiCneven e xmovnian variants, xolo nul da
a xmovniani variantebi mis saxesxvaobadaa CaTvlili. kerZod, aRniSnaven, rom
xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi xmovanTkompleqsi martivdeba progresuli gav-
lenis gziT, ikargeba sufiqsiseuli xmovani [1-3]
a-en → -a-n: mokl-a-en → mokla-n...
o-en → -o-n: akeT-o-en → akeT-o-n...
e-en → -e-n: gaTb-e-en → gaTb-e—n...
am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi xmovanTa Serwymasac varaudoben [2].
a xmovnian variants (-an) -en-is disimilirebul saxed miiCneven: i-en → i-
an (mki-en → mki-an) [4].
warmoadgenen Tu ara mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris -n, -en,
-an mawarmoeblebi erTmaneTis fonetikur variantebs da ramdenadaa
SesaZlebeli amgvari fonetikuri cvlilebebi zmnur formebSi?
rogorc aRvniSneT, -n sufiqss miiCneven -en sufiqsis reducirebul varian-
tad. sufiqsiseuli xmovnis reduqcia araa ucxo qarTveluri enebisaTvis [5], mag-
ram gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi sufiqsiseuli
xmovnis reduqcias iwvevs mxolod momdevno xmovani: mo-kl-en-a → mo-kl-n-a, mas-
183
istoriis sakiTxebi
wavleb-el-isa → maswavleb-l-isa... es asea rogorc zmnebSi, ise saxelebSi 1 (fu-

Ziseul resp. sufiqsiseul) da sufiqsiseul xmovanTa Sexvedrisas sami SemTxveva
gairCeva: a) ikargeba winamavali xmovani — akeT-e-a → akeT-a, b) rCeba xmovanTgasa-
yari Tanxmovani — a-xe-eb-s → a-xe-v-eb-s... da g) warmoiqmneba xmovanTkompleqsi
yovelgvari gamartivebisa da xmovanTgamyaris gareSe — a-dro-eb-s.
xmovanTkompleqsTa gamartiveba momdevno xmovnis dakargvis gziT araa
istoriulad qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli. yovel SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi
faqtebi dadasturebuli araa. asea es amJamadac [6]. xmovanTkompleqsebSi fo-
netikuri procesebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da rTul suraTs qmnis dRevan-
del qarTul dialeqtebsa da zanurSi, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi kompleqsis
meore wevri daculia — fonetikuri procesebi mimdinareobs kompleqsis meo-
re komponentis cvlis xarjze [7,8].
yovelive zemoTqmuli eWvqveS ayenebs -en sufiqsiseuli xmovnis dakar-
gvis sakiTxs xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi. amgvari, dadasturebuli kanonzo-
mierebis sawinaaRmdego procesis moqmedebis dasamtkiceblad mxolod erTi
SemTxveva araa sakmarisi.
Cven ar uarvyofT -n da -en sufiqsebs Soris SesaZlo genetikur kavSirs;
aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom sxvaoba maT Semadgenilobas Soris araa momxda-
ri zmnur formebSi. isini ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis fonetikur variantebs
maTi zmnur afiqsebad Camoyalibebis Semdeg.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom -an sufiqsi miCneulia -en-is fonetikur variantad.
kerZod, i-s momdevno poziciaSi e disimilirdeba da gvaZlevs a-s. amave dros Se-
niSnaven, rom ìe kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si principSi igivea, rac qarTulisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ea kompleqsis gadasvla ia-Si~ [4]. sakiTxis amgvarad dasma sada-
voa. ie→ ia da ea→ ia procesebs Soris arsebobs principuli sxvaoba. ea→ ia pro-
cesi regresul gavlenazea damyarebuli da xdeba farTo xmovnis daviwroeba. ori-
ve es movlena bunebrivia da kanonzomieri qarTulisaTvis [7,8]. ie → ia procesis
dros ki sawinaaRmdego movlenasTan gvaqvs saqme — gavlena progresulia da adgi-
li aqvs viwro xmovnis gafarToebas, rac arabunebrivia qarTulisaTvis. gamonak-
lisis arseboba moqmed fonetikur procesSi dasaSvebia, magram amjerad ar xer-
xdeba am gamonaklisis axsna. vfiqrobT, arca gvaqvs safuZveli misi daSvebisaTvis.
ie → ia procesis arsebobis Sesaxeb seriozul eWvs badebs agreTve isic,
rom -an sufiqsi dasturdeba Tanxmovnis momdevno poziciaSi da es iseT
zmnebTan, romlebic uZvelesi formaciis zmnebadaa miCneuli: wux-an, dum-an...
Tu es SemTxveva SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom am tipis zmnebs i sufiqsi gaaCndaT
1
(saxelebSi gvaqvs gamonaklisi: naTesaobiTi da moqmedebiTi brunvis niSniseuli i ikar-
geba fuZeukvecel saxelebTan. sakiTxis specialuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom es
aris erTaderTi SemTxveva fuZiseul (resp. sufiqsiseul) da sufiqsiseul xmovanTa Se-
xvedrisas warmoqmnil kompleqsebSi meore wevris Cavardnisa. gamonaklisi SemTxveviTi ar
unda iyos (arc raime kanonzomierebis gamovlena) — -is, -iT sufiqsebi rTuli Sedgenilobi-
saa, i araa organuli nawili s da T Tanxmovnebisa. vfiqrobT, amas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba
eniWeba momxdar procesebSi.)
184
istoriis sakiTxebi
da is iyo mizezi -en → an procesisa [4], imaves ver vityviT dgan-an, wvan-an,
yvan-an... tipis formebze, sadac i sufiqsis arseboba arc dadasturebulia da
arc Teoriulad savaraudo. saeWvoa agreTve analogiis procesis daSvebac.
yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve is faqtic, rom ie kompleqsi ar Cans arabu-
nebrivi qarTulisaTvis. Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia ie daboloeba
statikuri zmnebis awmyosa da gardamavali zmnebis pirvel TurmeobiTSi:
upyries, hgies... dauweries, gaukeTebies... ie kompleqsis ia-Ti Secvla axal
qarTulSi (upyria, dauweria... ) ar Cans fonetikuri procesis Sedegi, aramed
aRniSnul formaTa warmoebis tipis SecvlasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
ie kompleqsis bunebriobas unda uWerdes mxars isic, rom -an sufiqsis
adgils rig dialeqtSi iWers -en sufiqsi da warmoiqmneba swored is kompleqsi,
romlis gamartivebis Sedegad miRebuladac ivaraudeba -an sufiqsi: modi-en,
ari-en, tiri-en, yviri-en...
amgvarad, iseve rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, rom -an sufiqsi ar
aris -en-is fonetikuri varianti, warmoqmnili misi zmnur afiqsad
Camoyalibebis Semdeg.
yovelive es ki gamoricxavs -en sufiqsis pirveladobas; igi araa amosava-
li -an da -n sufiqsebisaTvis zmnur formebSi.
-en sufiqsis pirveladobis erT-erT sabuTad miiCneva zanurSi dadastu-
rebuli -an sufiqsi, romelic iTvleba qarTulis kanonzomier Sesatyvisad.
amgvari ram dasaSvebia, magram gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom -an varianti
gvaqvs qarTulSic, romelic, Cveni azriT, ar warmoadgens -en-is fonetikur
variants da, Tu subieqturi mesame piris mravlobiTobis -es sufiqsi zanurSi
qarTulidan Sesulad ivaraudeba [2], zanurSi gvaqvs -n sufiqsic, romelic
qarTulis identuria (Sesatyvisobaze saubari am SemTxvevaSi Znelia), ratom ar
SeiZleba zanuri -an igive qarTuli -an sufiqsi iyos da ara -en-is Sesatyvisi?
warmodgenili msjelobidan gamomdinare, vvaraudobT, rom -n, -en, -an su-
fiqsebs Soris arsebuli fonetikuri sxvaoba ar unda iyos momxdari zmnur
formebSi. Tu maT Soris genetikuri kavSiri arsebobs1, formobrivi diferen-
ciacia am elementTa zmnur afiqsebad Camoyalibebamdea momxdari. variantTa
ganawileba zmnur formebSi warmoqmnil bgeraTkompleqsTa bunebriobis mi-
xedviT unda iyos momxdari.
1
vambobT `Tu~-s, imitom rom funqciuri da masalobrivi msgavseba ar unda iyos sakmarisi
afiqsTa genetikuri kavSiris dasamtkiceblad.
185
istoriis sakiTxebi
literatura:
1. SaniZe, qarTuli enis gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tb., 1973, 433.

2. foCxua, qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, II, 1961, 60-62.
3. v. Tofuria, ike, V, 1953, 520.
4. g. rogava, ike, XVI, 1968, 76.
5. SaniZe, weliwadis etimologiisaTvis, Txz., t. I, Tb., 1957, 316.
6. g. gogolaSvili, Tsu studentTa XXXI samecniero konferencia,
enaTmecnierebis seqcia. moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1969.
7. S. ZiZiguri, ike, I, 1946.
8. gogolaSvili, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, 75, 3,
1974.
186
istoriis sakiTxebi
avTandil arabuli
sporadulad gamovlenil mesame piris

-n/-d, -en/-ed sufiqsTa funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi
Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi, gardamaval zmnaTa I TurmeobiTSi, mesame su-

bieqturi piris -s sufiqsTan sporadulad monacvleobs -n da -d formantebi. er-
Ti da imave Zeglis sxvadasxva redaqciebma SeiZleba samive varianti gviCvenos:
da raJams ganhqardis, ara a£sovn, ra uqmnied.
(apokr. 37, 23 f); ID: uqmnies; F: uqmnied.
igive formantebi monacvleoben statikur zmnaTa awmyos III pirSi:
reca Tu sity¢Ta xolo winamZRuar arn, bunebasave zeda hgien (ant. 27,6 f);
,: hgied.
uqmnien // uqmnied, hgien // hgied iSviaTi xmarebis formebi adreve iqna
SeniSnuli da swori segmentaciac Catarda 1.
realuri obieqtis mravlobiTobis SemTxvevaSi uqmnien // uqmnied formebSi -
en//-ed sufiqsebs gamoyofen; ivaraudeba, rom ori sufiqsuri -e-s Sexvedrisas er-
Ti Cavardnila: uqmnie+en//ed 2. z. sarjvelaZis naSromSi -en (-an sufiqsis nac-
vlad) paradigmis gasworebis Sedegadaa miCneuli (mipyries — mipyrien). -en//-ed
formantebi monacvleoben S3 piris mravlobiTobis -an sufiqsTan, romelic inver-
siul zmnebSi saxelobiTbrunviani realuri obieqtis mravlobiTobas gadmoscems:
da Sen, ¥ kaco, kadnierebiTa da ampartavanebiTa arad Segiracxien
glaxakni... (mam. swavl. 103, 24); B: Segiracxian; C: Segiracxied.
amgvarad, Segiracxie-n// Segiracxie-d (igi) — Segiracxi-en//Segiracxi-ed
(igini); formaTgarCeva mxolod konteqstiTaa SesaZlebeli.
Zveli qarTuli enis ZeglebSi mkvlevrebma didi moculobis masala
daZebnes warmodgenili formantebis gamosavlenad, amitomac SeiZleba
mxolod tipobriv nimuSebs davjerdeT:
-n (S3 mx.): Se-same-uracxien unayofo¡ igi viTarca sxua¡? (sin. 139,13); ...
da nu viTarca mteri Segiracxien igi (Tquen)... (pavl. 341, 15. AB); ...romel da-
miwerien, amsaxurebd... (haemet. 364,14); ... da cxoreba¡ ara ucnobien cxovel-
Ta Tana... (Svd. yrm. 115,30); ...arca Sorieli ucnobien... (sin. 104,23); da Sevik-
1
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani qarTvelur enebSi: enimkis moambe, V—VI,
1940, gv.36; v. Tofuria, enis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonTa erTi nimuSi qarTulSi: ike, V, 1953;
i. abulaZe, qarTuli zmnis iSviaTi formebi VIII-X s-is Zeglebis mixedviT: Tsu Sromebi, t. 53, 1954;
iv. qavTaraZe, zmnis ZiriTadi kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, 1954, gv. 14, 187;
d. gewaZe, mesame piris subieqtis niSani -d Zvel qarTulSi: quTaisis ped. inst. Sr., t.XI, quTaisi,
1952—53; z. sarjvelaZe, d/ed da n niSnebiani mesame subieqturi piris iSviaTi formebi Zvel
qarTulSi: macne, 2, 1973.
2
i. abulaZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 140—145, z. sarjvelaZe, dasax. naSromi.
187
istoriis sakiTxebi
ribi, sada ara ganmibnevien (tbeT. maTe, 25,26) (opiz. ganmibnevied); ... daRaTu
vis dauklien sakiTxavi... (novel. II, 63, 19); Tu WeSmaritad uswavien fsalmu-
nisa kanoni... (kim. II, 159,31); ... r~lsa uwyien wuerTa gamoslva¡ (kim. I, 312,29);
da £eliTa moekidis sabelsa, romeli STamoubamn qartocsa senakisasa... (mam.
cx. 157,34); ... romelsa aRuTquamn, ra¡Ta ara codos... (mam. cx.304,7); ...aRiRis
wyali igi, romel saSuval saxlsa mas daudgamn... (nikol. 84,28); r~i igi uTqu-
amn, aRi£oca... (kim. I, 135, 21); aRmoiRos, romeli-igi STaunTqamn... (equs.
131,16); ... ixilis xati, romeli ara odes uxilavn (mam.swavl. 221,8), g¢xilavn
(kaci) (g. mTawm. 158,27. G); ... da friadiTa ofliTa da SromiTa utvirTavn igi
(lim. 9,8; igive: g. mTawm. 132, 17); ... da nu didad mogiTualavn warsavali ese
(ant. 69, 7. f u: mogiTualavs); ... da mciredi igi aRnadginebiTurT daumar-
xavn (balavar. 40,15. f); moukrZalavn Tavi T¢si (novel. II, 111,12; C: moukrZa-
lavs); Seudresien furceli (novel. II, 87, 25).
Sdr. statikuri awmyo:
... da, sadaca-igi hnTien, y~d mun arn (sin. 122,7); hmosien (samoseli) (sin.
9,15; igive: kim. II, 98,12); ... xolo juari nu ese ggonien... (sin. 247,19); ... da hgo-
nien sircxvileuli... (ant. 43, 8; igive: fiziol. 16,12); mCuari upyrien (novel.
II,16,7); da maniaki oqro¡sa¡ yelsa acun (novel. II,14,14); da STasadebeli igi mas
hkidavn (tbeT. iov. 12,6; igive: mam. swavl. 294,3); mkidavn (novel. II, 39,4).
-en (S3 mr.): aw Segiracxien igini RmerTad (kim. I,190,22); yovelTa gang¢we-
sebian ese kanonni (mc. sjul. 84, 16); C: gang¢wesebien; Seupyrien (igini) (mam.
swavl. 138, 20; ZiriTadi: Seupyrian).
Sdr. statikuri awmyo: upyrien saydarni (sin. 169,29).
-d (S3 mx.): ... da ganaSorebn Cemgan, romeli-igi micnobied... (balavar.
6,23.f); ucnobied sargebeli (ant.51,19); ... romeli uqmnied wina¡swar (mam.
swavl. 140,30; igive: balavar. 67,31 f); diakonTa samoseli igi ze aRupyried
(warty. ierus. iÀ,8; igive: warty. ierus. iÀ,3); ... suli wmida¡ romeli miuRebi-
ed mas dResa mas gamo£snisasa (mam. swavl. 20,26); codviTa gansZarc¢s, romeli
Seumosied... (balavr. 7,27); ...da aRumtkmied piri (apokr. 41,18,f) ganutevebi-
ed (sanTeli) (lim. 64,2); ...kiliki erTi mcirÀ que warugdebied (SuSanik.
25,11,HK: warugebied; G: warugdebed)... romeli mas ara Seuswavlied (balavar.
67,28 f); da Seikribi, sada ara gangibnevied (tbeT. maTe, 25,24); Tavi Seuyofi-
ed (mam. swavl. 265, 15, b).
statikuri awmyo: upyried wesi (balavar. 47, 35. f); hgonied (sin.269,18);
piri zÀ umtkmied (fiziol. 36,8); ...xolo sxuasa nu vis uflied Cuen Tana Se-
moslvad (SuSanik. 16,22); ... aramed hmosied mas selisa samoseli (sin. 55,12); ...
viTarca sanTeli hnTied (TualT. 30,25). Sesasxmelni (efrem. (g.). 55,8);
uqmnied (saqmeni) (mam. swavl. 139, 27.BC); warutacebied mamani (mam. swavl.
187,6. B); miuvlinebied igini (TualT. 42,16).
saanalizo formaTa Sepirispireba rig sakiTxebs aCens:
188
istoriis sakiTxebi
1. subieqturi mesame piris formantTa Sesabamisi suraTi pirveli Turme-

obiTis mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTSi aseT saxes miiRebs:
mx. r. s, n, d
mr. r. an, en, ed.
mravlobiTobis formantTa rigSi ar Semodis -es sufiqsi.
2. -av da -am TemisniSnian zmnebTan ar dasturdeba -d sufiqsi, gvaqvs:
uxilavs//uxilavn, hkidavs//hkidavn, magram araa: *uxilavd, *hkidavd.
3. imave formebTan ar dasturdeba uSualod mravlobiTobis -en sufiqsis
darTva, ara gvaqvs: *gixilven, *Seusxmen.
4. -n//-d, -en//-ed formantebi aSkarad moSlis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.
gadamwerebs ukve aRar esmiT formantTa funqciebi da Tavs iCens Secdomebi
(amas formobrivi damTxvevebic uwyobs xels):
a) -n sufiqss ukavia -an-is pozicia, igi gagebuli Cans mravlobiTobis
niSnad:
didni locvani da marxvani mixilavn mis Tana... (kim. I,163,38); da C~n y~lTa
g¢ixilavn ebistoleni igi... (kim.I, 94,27); aramed sxuanica saRmrToni werilni
friad mikiTxavn (antioq. 137,24); ...aramed wvalebani mravalni CaurTavn
masve... (kim.II,91,16); Sdr.: ...frTxiliTa gulis-sity¢Ta gangixilvan sak¢rvele-
bani dRisani (DE: gangixilavn) (equs. dR. 63,29); ...siwmidesa Ramisasa migi-
xedvan (DE: migixedavn) (equs. dR. 63,24).
b) dasturdeba ormagi sufiqsacia, rac agreTve funqciur daCrdilvaze
mianiSnebs:
...da moucumaned wyalTa da egrÀT iguemebied maT Sina (mam. swavl. 117, 18;
Sdr. B: moucumied).
Sdr. statikuri awmyos mxoloobiTi: ...Tana wariRis da sadaca-igi
hnTied, y~d mun arn (sin. 122,7).
aRwerilma enobrivma faqtebma orgvari interpretacia miiRo qarTul
saenaTmecniero literaturaSi.
pirveli TvalsazrisiT s//n//d, an//en//ed formantebi identuri
funqciis morfologiuri variantebia — isini mesame subieqturi piris
sufiqsebia, warmomavlobiT dialeqturad gansxvavebuli 1.
meore SemTxvevaSi iSviaTi (n//d, en//ed sufiqsiani) zmnuri formebi Sefa-
sebulia, rogorc Zveli xolmeobiTis naSTebi dro-kiloTa mesame jgufSi 2. i.
abulaZe mas III xolmeobiTs uwodebs (imowmebs a. SaniZesac), xolo l. kiknaZe I
TurmeobiTis xolmeobiTs.
1
arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSr., gv.36; v. Tofuria, dasax. naSr.; iv. qavTaraZe, dasax. naSr.,
gv.187; d. gewaZe, dasax. naSr.: i. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I. naw.
II, Tb., 1971, gv. 159-160.
2
i. abulaZe, dasax. naSr., gv.145-146; l. kiknaZe, Sereuli xolmeobiTis mwkrivi Zvel qar-
TulSi: orioni, Tb., 1967, gv. 192; z. sarjvelaZe, dasax. naSr., gv.148.
189
istoriis sakiTxebi
meore Tvalsazrisi saxelmZRvaneloebis tipis naSromebSi arsad asaxula,

magram mainc yuradRebas iqcevs, rogorc araswori morfologiuri analizis
erTi nimuSi.
aseTi azri dro-koloTa dajgufebis principSi daSvebuli uzustobis
logikuri Sedegia, kerZod, mas uSualo kavSiri aqvs àwmyos xolmeobiTis~
calke nakvTad gamoyofis sakiTxTan.
àwmyos xolmeobiTma~ Zveli qarTuli enis saxelmZRvaneloebSi
damoukidebeli adgili daimkvidra 1. am azrs iTviseben saSualo da umaRlesi
saswavleblebis msmenelebi.
sakiTxi exeba ars//arn, arian//aried paraleluri formebis arsebobas
Zvel qarTulSi.
am formaTa SefasebaSi Tanxmoba araa; SeiZleba gamoiyos sami pozicia:
a) erTi SexedulebiT, arn-aried igive awmyos formebia S3-is uZvelesi -n,
-ed sufiqsebiT da, maSasadame, calke nakvTze laparaki zedmetia 2.
b) meore SexedulebiT, es formebi warmoadgenen damoukidebel (pirnakl)
nakvTs — awmyos xolmeobiTs 3.
g) mesame — Semrigebluri — TvalsazrisiT, saqme gvaqvs uZvelesi awmyos
formebTan, romelTac droTa ganmavlobaSi xolmeobiTis funqcia ukisria. es
azri sabolood meore Sexedulebis poziciaze dgeba — àwmyos xolmeobiTis~
nakvTs gamoyofs 4.
sakiTxi yvelaze ufro amomwuravad mocemulia arn. Ciqobavas werilSi —
`mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani qarTvelur enebSi~. aq naCvenebia, rom, -n,
-ed sufiqsebi ar SeiZleba iyos xolmeobiTobis matarebeli imitom, rom a. isini
mxolod III pirSia, drois sawarmoebeli sufiqsi yvela pirSi unda gvqondes; b. Tu
-n, -ed-s xolmeobiTisad CavTvliT, raRa iqneba piris niSani? g. -n gvxvdeba -i
sufiqsian namyo xolmeobiTSic, rac mis piris niSnobas adasturebs (gv. 20-27).
magram -n, -ed sufiqsebi rom piris niSnebia, amas àwmyos xolmeobiTis~
momxreebic ar uaryofen.
1
a. SaniZe, Zveli qarTuli enis gramatika, Tb., 1976, gv. 69;. imnaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv. 210
da sxva.
2
arn. Ciqobava, martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, qvemdebare-damatebis sakiTxi
Zvels qarTulSi, meore gamocema, Tb., 1968, gv.136,163; misive, mesame piris subieqtis
uZvelesi niSani... ; misive, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I,
1948, gv.77-80; v. Tofuria, dasax. naSr.; misive, n da s fenebisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: mecn.
akad. moambe, t. II, 1,2; g. rogava, mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris -an su-
fiqsisaTvis qarTulSi: ike, Tb., 1968.
3
a. SaniZe, subieqturi prefiqsi meore pirisa da obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTul
zmnebSi: Txzulebani, t. I, 1957, gv.7 da Semdeg yvela naSromSi; i. abulaZe, dasax. naSr., gv.133;
l. kiknaZe, uwyvetlis xolmeobiTis mwkrivi Zvel qarTulSi: Tsu Zveli qarTuli enis kaTedris
Sromebi, 7, 1961, gv.231 da sxva; misive, Sereuli xolmeobiTi... gv.192; z. sarjvelaZe, dasax. naSr.:
misive, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, 1975, gv. 149—157.
4
i. imnaiSvili, dasax. naSr., gv.159-160; misive, xelnawerebi da maTi ena; qarTuli enis is-
toriuli qrestomaTia, II, 1963, gv.204.
190
istoriis sakiTxebi
aSkaraa, rom zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis morfologiuri principiT,

rac n. marma danerga, SeuZlebelia ars//arn, arian//aried formebi cal-calke
nakvTebad gamoiyos, ramdenadac amis formobrivi safuZveli ar arsebobs —
morfologiuri opozicia ar iqmneba.
saqme isaa, rom àwmyos xolmeobiTi~ amosavalSi Camoyalibebulia, ro-
gorc funqciuri kategoria. mxolod imis Segnebam, rom klasifikaciis prin-
cipi irRveoda, gamoiwvia aucilebloba, am funqciis matarebloba piris for-
mantebisaTvis daekisrebinaT. aris piradigmis `gasworebis~ cdac:
z. sarjvelaZis azriT, awmyos xolmeobiTma I da II piri imitom dakarga,
rom misi formebi emTxveoda awmyos Sesabamisi piris formebs, III piri ki gan-
sxvavebuli iyo1. formobrivi identoba, cxadia, kvlav funqciur gansxvavebas
gulisxmobs.
funqciis xazgasma aqvs g. maWavariansac, roca ambobs, rom awmyo zogadi
(-n, -ed sufiqsiani awmyo) arsebiTad xolmeobiTs emTxveva Tavisi funqciiTo2.
rogorc cnobilia, Zvel qarTulSi xolmeobiTis nakvTebs sakuTari ma-
warmoebeli aqvT, esaa sufiqsi -i 3.
ramdenadaa mosalodneli, rom -n, -ed formantebma xolmeobiTobis
funqcia itvirTon?
qarTuli aglutinaciuri tipis enaa, magram principSi SeuZlebeli araa,
rom erTma morfologiurma elementma ori da meti funqcia itvirTos; isic
SesaZlebelia, rom erT Sinaarss ori formanti emsaxurebodes 4. qarTuli
enis morfologiaSi orives faqtebi SeiZleba dadasturdes.
-n, -ed formantebi rom mxolod e.w. àwmyos xolmeobiTSi~ dasturdebodes,
kidev SeiZleboda imis daSveba, rom `xolmeobiToba~ am arqaul piris niSanTa Se-
Zenili, ase vTqvaT, Tanafunqcia iyos, magram -n, -ed sufiqsiani formebi dro-ki-
loTa TiTqmis yvela nakvTis mesame pirSi dasturdeba (awmyo, kavS. I, namy. usr.
xolm., aoristi, II xolm., I Turm.). yvela nakvTs ki, cxadia, mewyviled Sesabamis
pirnakl xolmeobiTs ver amovuyenebT, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mTavar argument-
ze, -i sufiqsiani xolmeobiTis formebTan -n, -ed formantebis dadasturebaze5
(amis nimuSebi yvela dasaxelebul werilSi mravladaa warmodgenili).
rogorc aRiniSna, àwmyos xolmeobiTi~ funqciis donezea gamoyofili.
funqciis gansazRvra ki garemomcvel zmnur formaTa mniSnelobiT, teqstis
SinaarsiT — konteqstiT — xdeba.
1
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis sakiTxebi, gv.150, SeniSvna.
2
g. maWavariani, aspeqtis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis
sakiTxebi, IV, 1974.
3
arn. Ciqobava, permansivis (`xolmeobiTis~) istoriuli adgilisaTvis qarTuli zmnis
uRvlilebis sistemaSi: mecn. akad. moambe, t. IV, 1, 1943; misive, ergatiuli konstruqciis
problema, §3; iv. qavTaraZe, xolmeobiTis kategoriis istoriidan qarTulSi: qarTvelur
enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, II, 1961, gv.5-6; f. erTeliSvili, ratom iyenebs II brZanebiTi
wyvetilis fuZes: Tsu Sromebi, 61, 1956.
4
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba: qegl. I, 1950, gv.31-32.
5
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani... gv.20-22.
191
istoriis sakiTxebi
unda aRiniSnos, rom konteqsti xSirad arasaimedo lingvisturi argumen-

tia. sanam CvenTvis dadgenili ar aris zmnur formaTa Tanaarsebobis SesaZ-
lebloba Zvel qarTulSi martivi Tu rTuli winadadebis farglebSi, sruli
safuZveli gvaqvs konteqstis cnebas eWviT SevxedoT. kerZod, roca vambobT,
magaliTad, winadadebaSi — `xolo raJams damwifdis nayofi igi, munquesve mi-
avlinis mRuli, rameTu mowevnul arn mka¡ misi~ (markoz. 4, 29. f) — àrn~ zmna
xolmeobiTis Sinaarsisaa, ramdenadac winadadebaSi ori zmnaa xolmeobiTis
formiTo, am poziciidan Cveulebrivi awmyo (ars) gamoricxuli unda gvqon-
des, aq awmyos funqcia gaumarTlebeli unda iyos.
am mxriv mainc sainteresoa z. sarjvelaZis mier Catarebuli vrceli masa-
lis analizi. konteqstebze dakvirveba mas Semdeg suraTs aZlevs: 1. awmyo
gvaqvs iq, sadac konteqstis mixedviT awmyos xolmeobiTia mosalodneli;
2. erTsa da imave winadadebaSi erTmaneTis gverdiT dasturdeba awmyosa da
awmyos xolemobiTis formebi; 3. erTi da imave teqstis erT nusxaSi rom aw-
myos xolmeobiTia, meoreSi saTanado adgilas awmyoa; 4. awmyos gverdiT das-
turdeba uwyvetlis xolmeobiTis, II xolmeobiTis, an III xolmeobiTis forme-
bi; 5. gadamweri awmyos xolmeobiTis `gadaazrianebas~ cdila (igulisxmeba -n-
s gageba mr-is formantad da Secvla en/an-iT) 1.
Cveni azriT, es masala àwmyos xolmeobiTis gadavardnis gzaze dadgomis~
ki ara, imis sabuTia, rom e.w. àwmyos xolmeobiTi~ funqciur donezec ver
gamoiyofa Cveulebrivi awmyosagan.
miRebulia, rom awmyosa da xolmeobiTis mwkrivebs erTmaneTTan swored
diuratiulobis, gangrZobiTobis momenti akavSirebs 2. amitomacaa SesaZlebeli
maTi konteqsturi Tanaarseboba. amdenad, àwmyos xolmeobiTs~ araviTari
damoukidebeli funqcia ar gaaCnia. àwmyos xolmeobiTi~ arc formis da arc
funqciis TvalsazrisiT gamosayofi araa. erTaderTi, rac -n, -ed sufiqsian
awmyos akavSirebs xolmeobiTebTan, Tanadrouloba unda iyos. arqaulobaa
xolmeobiTebis gverdiT maTi ufro xSiri gamovlenis mizezi. -n, -ed formantebi
im drois naSTi unda iyos, roca jer kidev aspeqtis Zveli sistema moqmedebda 3.
e.w. àwmyos xolmeobiTis~ funqciuri damoukideblobac rom dadasture-
buliyo, misi adgili qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa sistemaSi mainc ar aRmoC-
ndeboda, ramdenadac formaTa morfologiur klasifikaciaSi funqciuri ka-
tegoriebis Careva klasifikaciis wesis darRvevad CaiTvleba. am wesis darRve-
vis logikuri Sedegi iyo is, rom I TurmeobiTis III piris iSviaT formebs III xol-
meobiTis saxeli daerqva (i. abulaZe, l. kiknaZe, z. sarjvelaZe). perfeqtuli
nakvTisTvis `xolmeobiTobis~ miwera, cxadia, ufro metad moulodnelia.
1
z. sarjvelaZe, qarTuli salit. enis ist. sakiTxebi, gv.149-157.
2
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani... ; misive, permansivis istoriuli
adgilisaTvis... ; misive, ergatiuli konstruqciis problema... §7; iv. qavTaraZe, zmnis
ZiriTadi kategoriebi... gv.14.
3
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani..., gv.22-23.
192
istoriis sakiTxebi
amgvarad, n//d, en//ed mesame subieqturi piris arqauli formantebia;

isini ukve Zvel qarTulSi arian gadaSenebis gzaze damdgari elementebi.
yuradRebas iqcevs erTi sagulisxmo faqti:
-n da -ed formantebs unari SeswevT Seenacvlon piris danarCen
sufiqsebs, roca am danarCenTa urTierTmonacvleoba SezRudulia — maT Ta-
vianTi poziciebi gaaCniaT. es movlena, jer erTi, SeiZleba -n, -ed sufiqsTa
uZvelesobas adasturebs, meorec — maTs erTaderTobas garkveul etapze;
SeiZleba isini im drois naSTebia, roca mxoloobiTsac da mravlobiTsac
TiTo sufiqsi gamoxatavda.
Sdr.:
kl-a kal-n Seudg-es \ Seudg-ed (ant.72,32)
>n{ dasxdi-an — ed { dasxdi-ed (lim.27,32)
ar-s ar-n SeSWam-en / SeSWam-ed (lim. 34,18)
qarTvelur enaTa monacemebis gaanalizebiT b. foCxua mivida im daskvnam-
de, rom mravlobiTobis formantTagan ZiriTadia -en, xolo -an sufiqsi
zanuri warmoSobisad CaTvala 1. g. rogavam uaryo -an-is zanuri warmomavloba
da is miiCnia -en-is fonetikur variantad; es procesi unda momxdariyo -i-s
Semdeg2. Tu am azrs gaviziarebT, I TurmeobiTSi SemorCenili gvqonia
amosavali formebi: Seupyrien (→Seupyrian). S3 mr-is gamosaxatavad
TurmeobiT I-Si istoriulad ori amosavali formanti gvrCeba: -en, -ed. sxva
nakvTebidan maTTan Semova mesame wevri -es. am sam wevrs daupirispirdeba sami
sufiqsi S3 mx-isa (-s, -n, -d) da dadgeba sakiTxi maTi urTierTmimarTebisa 3.
miuxedavad imisa, rom subieqturi mesame piris sufiqsuri warmoeba yve-
laze gviani formaciisad iTvleba4, aq dadasturebul formantebs masalob-
rivad mWidro kavSiri aqvs iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi arsebul nivTis kate-
goriis klas-niSnebTan. s, n, d TanxmovniTi elementebi qarTuli enis morfo-
logiis mTel sivrceze iCenen Tavs, rogorc Zveli movlenis naSTebi 5.
1
b. foCxua, mravlobiTobis nariani mawarmoeblebi Zvel qrTulSi: qarTvelur enaTa
struqturis sakiTxebi, II, 1961, gv.61.
2
g. rogava, mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris -an sufiqsisaTvis... gv. 76-77.
3
iqve. gv. 77.
4
arn. Ciqobava, mesame piris subieqtis uZvelesi niSani, gv. 16.
5
arn. Ciqobava, gramatikul klas-kategoriaTa niSnebis etimologiisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi: mecn. akad. moambe, V, 4, 1944; misive, gramatikuli klas-kategoria da zmnis uRvlilebis
zogi sakiTxi qarTulSi (1945): ike V, 1953; misive, gramatikuli klas-kategoria da brunvis
niSanTa genezisis sakiTxi qarTulSi: mecn. akad. moambe, VII, 1-2, 1946; misive, saxelis fuZis
uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi, 1942; v. Tofuria, n da s fenebisaTvis... ; misive, enis
ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonTa erTi nimuSi... ; misive, xmovanTavsarTuli saxelebi; Tsu
Sromebi, 30 b—31 b, 1947; misive, ne-, ni-, na-prefiqsebisaTvis: Tsu Sr., VII, 1938; n. andRulaZe,
klasovani da pirovani uRvlilebis istoriis zogi sakiTxi iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tb.,
1968, gv. 55; Sdr. a. oniani, qarTvelur enaTa istoriuli morfologiis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1978, gv.
66-69, 166-185, 206-208.
193
istoriis sakiTxebi
farnaoz erTeliSvili
-d //-n (-en) vnebiTobis

sufiqsTa genezisis sakiTxisaTvis
sufiqsiani vnebiTi Tanamerove qarTulSi mxolod -d-bolosarTiania,

Zvel qarTulSi d-s garda n (-en) sufiqsic gvqonda.
rogorc cnobilia, am bolo xans vnebiTis warmoebas saerTod meoreulad mi-
iCneven, vnebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZeebi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZeebs emyarebao.
Tu asea, -d, -n sufiqsebs, romlebic amJamad da Zvel qarTulSic vnebiTis mawarmo-
ebel elementebad arian miCneuli, adre sxva funqcia unda hqonodaT; vnebiTobis
morfologiuri Sinaarsi am sufiqsebisaTvis mermindeli SenaZeni unda iyos.
vnebiTi gvaris sufiqsuri warmoeba rom gviandelia prefiqsulTan Seda-
rebiT, es iqidanac Cans, rom amgvari warmoeba svanurSi saerTod ar mogvepo-
veba1, xolo rac Seexeba zanurs, aq aseTi viTarebaa: megrulSi àqa-iq d-iani
vnebiTic daCndeba: doSquron-d-u SeSinda; goWiTon-d-u gawiTlda. . . d-iani
vnebiTi qarTulidan Sesuli Cans, arc Wanurisa da arc megrulisaTvis es tipi
damaxasiaTeblad ver miiCneva, am tipis uqonlobam farTo gasaqani misca
megrulSi sxva tipebs: e—u, o—u, a—u~2.
aqedanac gamomdinareobs, rom, jer erTi, vnebiTebis sufiqsuri warmoeba
qarTulSi qarTvelur enaTa diferenciaciis Semdegdroindeli movlenaa, da
meorec, rom —d//-n (←-en) sufiqsTa warmomavloba mxolod qarTulis monace-
mebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia aixsnas.
qvemoT am —d//-n (←-en) sufiqsTa genezisis sakiTxze gveqneba msjeloba.
sanam sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, mokled SevexoT, ra aris cnobili
dReisaTvis —d//-n (-en) sufiqsebis Sesaxeb.
`sufiqsiani vnebiTi axasiaTebs nasaxelar zmnebs: mdidari — mdidr-d-eba,
mwvane — mwvan-d-eba... kanti-kuntad is pirvelad zmnebSic moipoveba: tex-s —
ty-d-eba (←*tx-d-eba), xeTqs — sq-d-eba (←*xTq-d-eba), Zv. q. da-h£sna — da-h£sn-
d-a da sxva...
rogorc Zv. qarTulis masalebi gviCvenebs, sufiqsiani vnebiTis niSani d
miRebulia —n-sagan disimilaciis niadagze narnara (n r l) bgerebTan, romle-
bic saxelTa fuZeebs abolovebdnen: gan-mdidr-n-a( gan-mdidr-d-a, gan-mar-
Tl-n-a → gan-marTl-d-a da misT. Semdeg es d ganzogadda da yovelgvari bge-
riT gaTavebul fuZes daerTo: Se-wux-n-a → Se-wux-d-a, aR-yuav-n-a → aR-yuav-
1
g. maWavariani, zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi, naw. 1,
sakand. disertacia, manqanaze nabeWdi, 1953.
2
a. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, 1936, 114.
194
istoriis sakiTxebi
d-a, da-mZim-n-a → da-mZim-d-a da sxva. es n naSTia -en marcvlisa, romelic aR-

dgeboda wyvetilis I-sa da II pirSi: Se-vwux-en, Se-swux-en, magram: Se-wux-n-a~1.
es debulebebi saTanado ilustraciiT a. SaniZes ufro vrclad aqvs
gadmocemuli adre gamoqveynebul gamokvlevaSi2.
v. Tofurias sityviT, amJamad Ziriseulad gamocxadebuli -d (→ -ed) istori-
ulad vnebiTis formati unda iyos. man vnebiTis mawarmoebel formantad miiCnia -
ed marcvali Semdeg fuZeebSi: jed, miswued, Semxueda, mohkued, gardamo£ed,
*ced-ebis (→ cT-ebis), *Sed-ebis (← ST-ebis); agreTve svanuris zmnur fuZeebSi —
xe-wed-en-i (→ xe-wd-eni `naxavs~), sed-n-i `rCeba~, £ed-n-i `modis~...3 avtoris dask-
vna ganxiluli sakiTxis irgvliv zogadad aseTia: `vnebiTis sawarmoeblad -e(n) bo-
losarTTan erTad (e)d-ic iyo gamoyenebuli Zvel qarTulSi. -e(n) gvxvdeboda upi-
ratesad saxelebTan, xolo -(e)d zmnis fuZeebTan. ukanaskneli adridanve Ziriseu-
ladaa qceuli: jed, sxed, wued da sxv. . . vnebiTis ed-is arseboba qarTul da sva-
nur zmnebSi gviCvenebs, rom is axali warmonaqmni ar aris. amdenad unda gadaisin-
jos sakiTxi ed-is meoreuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb. amas moiTxovs iseTi formebis
arsebobac, rogoricaa dadum-d-en... daumZim-d-a... aRyuavil-n-a...~4.
vnebiTobis —d/n (-en) sufiqsebs Seexo g. maWavariani Tavis sakandidato
disertaciaSi. igi fiqrobs, rom —d-sufiqsi n-sagan ar unda iyos miRebuli
disimilaciiT. disimilacia aq, SesaZlebelia, saerTod moulodneli ar aris,
`magram obieqtis simravlis -n ← -en sufiqsi imave pirobebSi disimilacias ar
ganicdis: gan-kurn-n-a, qmn-n-a, aR-iyvan-n-a... igini. garda amisa, -d sufiqsi uk-
ve Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba iseT zmnebSic, romelTa fuZeebi narnara bgere-
biT ar aris daboloebuli. Sdr. ganty-d-a da gan-sTq-d-a yovelTvis -d su-
fiqsiT warmogvidgeba. Sdr. agreTve da-mZim-d-a, da-a-viwy-d-a. SeiniSneba er-
Tgvari meryeobac: da-dum-n-a // da-dum-d-a, aR-borg-n-a // aR-borg-d-a, aR-
yuav-n-a // aR-yuav-d-a, gan-cruv-n-a // gan-cruv-d-a. meore mxriv, n SeiZleba
narnara bgeris mezoblobaSic Segvxvdes: aR-yuavil-n-a.
es faqtebi imis sasargeblod metyveleben, rom d -n-sagan ar unda iyos mi-
Rebuli disimilaciis gziT. -d (←ed) damoukidebeli formanti unda iyos,
rogorc amas varaudobs prof. v. Tofuria~5.
g. maWavariani jed tipis fuZeebSi gamoyofil -ed sufiqss vnebiTi gvaris
mawarmoebel sufiqsad ar miiCnevs: `-ed sufiqsi rom uTuod vnebiTobasTan da
dinamikurobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli, amaze Tundac is faqti miuTiTebs,
rom igive -ed sx-ed-an //sx-en-ed zmnis fuZeSic gamoiyofa. es zmna ki aSkarad
statikuria. yovel SemTxvevaSi vnebiTi gvaris zmnad mas ver miviCnevT.
1
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 1953, gv. 298.
2
a. SaniZe, nasaxelari zmnebi qarTulSi, qarTuli enis struqturisa da istoriis Ziri-
Tadi sakiTxebi, 1, 1957, gv. 35-44.
3
v. Tofuria, qarTvelur enaTa sityvawarmoebidan, II, enimkis moambe, V-VI, 1940, gv. 534-6.
4
iqve, gv. 536.
5
g. maWavariani, zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 208.
195
istoriis sakiTxebi
`jdebis~ tipis zmnaTa ed-s ver davacilebT im -ed sufiqss, romelic fu-
Zedrekad zmnebSi gamoiyofa: wm-ed-s — wm-id-a, wyu-ed-s — wyu-id-a (wy¢da)...
wm-ed-s, wyu-ed-s... gardamavali zmnebia, maSasadame, -ed sufiqsi gardamaval
zmnebSic SeiZleba gvqondes. mo-wy-d-a → mo-wy-ed-a zmnis -ed iseve ar aris
vnebiTis mawarmoebeli, rogorc wyu-ed-s zmnis -ed ar aris moqmedebiTi gva-
ris mawarmoebeli. da-j-d-a ← *da-jed-a zmnis -ed iseve ar aris vnebiTis niSa-
ni, rogorc mo-wy-ed-a zmnis -ed~1.
avtors mohyavs sxva sabuTebic Tavisi mosazrebis sasargeblod. aseTia
mokled sakiTxis irgvliv arsebuli mosazrebani.
aRniSnul mosazrebaTagan CvenTvis amosavalia Semdegi debulebani: -d//-
n sufiqsebi Zvel qarTulSi vnebiTi gvaris mawarmoebeli bolosarTebia; -d
da -n ( en) erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli, paraleluri sufiqsebia (-d ar aris
miRebuli -n-sagan); Zvel qarTulSi -n (-en) gvxvdeba upiratesad nasaxelar
zmnebSi, xolo -d-zmnur fuZeebSic da nasaxelar fuZeebSic.
axla uSualod vnebiTobis -d//-n (-en) sufiqsTa genezisis Sesaxeb.
a) -d sufiqsiani vnebiTi
Zvel qarTulSi yuradRebas iqcevs erTi rigis saSualo gvaris zmnaTa

Cveneba, romelTac awmyoSi fuZis mawarmoeblad araviTari sufiqsi ar
daerTviT. fuZis agebulebis mixedviTac da semantikuradac aseTi zmnebi
uZvelesi zmnebia. esenia: wux-s, dum-s, Can-s, ax-s, uZn-s, duR-s, uyuar-s, eWu-s,
hmarju-s, sZul-s. hSur-s, sZag-s, akl-s, uk¢r-s, w¢m-s...2
aRniSnul zmnaTa namyos (uwyvetlis) fuZe yovelTvis -d-sufiqsiania:
wux-d-a, dum-d-a3, Cn-d-a, ax(l)-d-a, uZn-d-a, duR-d-a, uyuar-d-a, eWu-d-a,
hmarju-d-a, sZul-d-a, hSur-d-a, sZag-d-a, akl-d-a, uk¢r-d-a, w¢m-d-a...
TiToeuli aq damowmebul formaTagan namyo drois formaa an, rogorc es mi-
Rebulia, namyo uwyvetlisa, radgan yvelgan -d-sufiqsi gvaqvs fuZeSi. . . magram
aseTi zmnebi, rogorc wesi, statikuri Sinaarsisaa, amitom maTi namyo yovelTvis
uwyvetlis gagebas ki ar gvaZlevs, rogorc es dinamikur zmnebSi SeimCneva, ara-
med saerTod namyos, namyo zogadisas (Sdr.: aRaSeneb-s // aRaSeneb-d-a da: wux-s //
wux-d-a). wux-s jgufis zmnebi namyo droSi usruli aspeqtis zmnebia.
srul aspeqts qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, awarmoeben zmniswinebi,
magram isic cnobilia, rom saSualo gvaris zmnebi, rogorc wesi, zmniswinebs
ar dairTaven, an `Tu dairTaven, mxolod zogierTebi da isic mxolod awmyos
wris mwkrivebSi: mi-goravs, mi-frinavs, mi-qris, mo-swons, Ca-sdgams da misT.
sxva mwkrivebSi mediumi zmniswins iSviaTad miiRebs~4.
1
g. maWavariani, zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi, gv. 210—211.
2
sailustracio masalis nawili amoRebuli gvaqvs iv. qavTaraZis wignidan `zmnis ZiriTa-
di kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi~, 1954.
3
dum-s zmnis namyo Cveulebriv n sufiqsiania: dum-n-a.
4
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, 320.
196
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseTsave suraTs aqvs adgili Zvel qarTulSic. saSualo gvaris zmnebTan

zmniswinebi iSviaTad iCenen Tavs da, Tu gvxvdeba, Cveulebriv moZraobis aR-
mniSvnel zmnebTan:
gan-evltis (imarxis guelman ormeoc dRÀ, vidre tyavi ganevltis, saxis-
mety. id 12), mo-vivlti (aw Senda movivlti, sasul sJÀ 242), aR-modis (aRmodi-
oda wyaro¡ winaSe Wabukisa mis, saba, 1020), mo-rbis (romelni morbied misa,
kim. 1, 1436), mi-vtontmaneb (vidre me mivtontmanebdi, I 5,7), mi-hyvebis (maSin
mihyveboda da ara uwyoda, vidre miiyvaneboda, kim. 1, 1671), mi-vaqu (viTarca
Seabrkola navi igi. . ., miuteveT da mivaqundiT, mociq. 27, 15), gamo-aqus (ro-
melsa nayofi ar gamoaqus, boln. 18), mo-xual (Sen Cemda moxuala m 3,4), gan-
xual (nu ganxual Sen amier, habo, 673), war-vals (vldomiT Tana warvals igi,
ipol. 2132), Se-vals (sxuanica mravalni Sevlenan misa, Tekl. 9614)...
oriode saSuali gvaris zmna moZraobis aRmniSvneli ar aris, magram
preverbdarTulia: mo-veli, Se-hgavn. . . (wyalobasa moveli, SuS. 4148), Zuelsa
mas ver Sehgavn sadgmeli axlisa samoslisa¡, l 5, 36).
roca moZraobis aRmniSvnel zmnebs zmniswinebi erTvis, isini moZraobis
mimarTulebas aRniSnaven (mi-vals, mo-vals, war-vals, gardamo-vals...), ami-
tom preverbebi zmnis awmyos formebTanac gvaqvs da dro-kiloTa sxva for-
mebSic, ra Tqma unda, gadmosacemi Sinaarsis moTxovnilebis Sesabamisad (mo-
vivlti, mo-vivltode, mo-vivltodi. . .). cxadia, zemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi
zmniswinebs aspeqtis aRniSvnasTan araviTari damokidebuleba ara aqvT.
magram am azriT yuradRebas iqceven erTi jgufis saSuali gvaris zmnebi, rom-
lebTanac awmyoSi zmniswinebi Cveulebriv SeuZlebelia, namyos formebSi ki — bu-
nebrivi da, radgan mxolod zmnis namyos formebSi emateba isini zmnebs, amitom am
SemTxvevaSi zmniswinebs aspeqtis aRniSvnasTan ukve uSualo damokidebuleba aqvT.
awmyo namyo namyo
(usruli aspeqti) (sruli aspeqti)
Can-s Cn-d-a gamo-Cn-d-a aha tredi igi kualad
gamoCnda, ravax. 838
ax(l)-s ax(l)-d-a mi-ax(l)-d-a rameTu miaxda siku-
did, i 4, 47
uZn-s uZn-d-a Se-uZn-d-a saqme ese friad SeuZn-
da iovanes, zarzm. 1728
duR-s duR-d-a da-duR-d-a da daduRda igi mat-
liTa saSineliTa, kim.
I, 31622
uyuar-s uyuar-d-a Se-uyuar-d-a friad Seuyuarda ku-
rapalatsa adgili igi,
xanZT. kv 34
eWu-s eWu-d-a Se-eWu-d-a SeeWuda sityuasa an-
gelozisas, kim. 1, 1811
197
istoriis sakiTxebi
awmyo namyo namyo

(usruli aspeqti) (sruli aspeqti)
h-Sur-s h-Sur-d-a Se-Sur-d-a SemSurda... da SemeSina
Targmanebad, qrest.
6716
akl-s akl-d-a mo-akl-d-a xolo igi moaklda, vi-
Tarca kuamli, kim. 1,
23618
uk¢r-s uk¢r-d-a da-uk¢r-d-a me damik¢rda, SuS. 2532
£ur-s £ur-d-a gan-£ur-d-a gan£urda guliTa, kim.
1, 20219
amaT SeiZleba davumatoT zmnebi, romelTa namyo drois sruli aspeqtis
formebisaTvis masala Zveli qarTulis teqstebidan xelT ara gvaqvs, magram
aseTebi SeuZlebeli ar aris. Tumca saWiroa isic aRvniSnoT, rom qvemomoyva-
nil zmnaTa namyos sruli aspeqtis formebi Zvel qarTulSi kidevac rom ar
dadasturdes, mogviano qarTulSi aseTi formebis arseboba faqtia.
scal-s scal-d-a da-s-cal-d-a
wux-s wux-d-a Se-wux-d-a
dum-s dum-d-a da-dum-d-a
s-Zul-s s-Zul-d-a Se-s-Zul-d-a
a£sov-s a£sov-d-a da-a-£sov-d-a // da-a-£som-d-a
s-Zag-s s-Zag-d-a Se-s-Zag-d-a
w¢m-s w¢m-d-a ga-w¢m-d-a
h-marju-s h-marju-d-a gan-umarju-d-a
*un-a un-d-a mo-un-d-a da a.S.
rogorc Cans, namyo drois sruli aspeqtis formebi miviReT namyos (uwy-
vetlis) fuZeze zmniswinebis darTviT. magram amJamad sruli aspeqtis for-
mebs aseTi kvalifikacia ki ar eZleva, aramed wyvetilis zmnebs ganixilaven,
rogorc vnebiTis namyo wyvetilis formebs. romeli klasifikaciaa ufro
swori? arc erTi ar aris mcdari. romelime `gamoCnda~ forma namyo wyveti-
lic aris, sruli aspeqtisac, vnebiTi gvarisac. magram ra aris risTvis amosa-
vali? vnebiTobis gageba aqvs safuZvlad aspeqts Tu, piriqiT, sruli aspeqtis
Sinaarsia amosavali vnebiTobis morfologiuri SinaarsisaTvis?
roca aRniSnuli tipis zmna upreverboa, masSi araferi mogvepoveba ise-
Ti, rac vnebiTi gvaris morfologiur niSnad SeiZleboda migveCnia. zmniswi-
nebis darTvas araviTari uSualo damokidebuleba ara aqvs gvaris kategori-
asTan, samagierod zmniswinebis mimatebas namyos fuZeze uSualo damokidebu-
leba aqvs aspeqtis aRniSvnasTan. maSasadame, romelime `gamoCnda~ forma pir-
vel rigSi namyo drois sruli aspeqtis formaa, vnebiTis Sinaarsi ki am for-
misTvis meoreulia. vnebiTobis Sinaarsis damkvidrebas xels uwyobs is gare-
moebac, rom namyo drois fuZis niSani -d ufunqciod rCeba mas Semdeg, rac
198
istoriis sakiTxebi
zmniswinebis darTvis wyalobiT zmnis forma srulaspeqtiani xdeba. amis nia-

dagzea, rom ufunqciod darCenili namyo fuZis -d sufiqss sxva Sinaarsi —
vnebiTi gvaris morfologiuri Sinaarsi eufleba.
rac Seexeba meore rigis saSuali gvaris zmnebs, CvenTvis saintereso
TvalsazrisiT, romelTac awmyoSi fuZis sawarmoeblad -i, -av, -ob, -eb, -ovi
sufiqsebi aqvT, maT doniani vnebiTi Zvel qarTulSi iSviaTad ewarmoebaT
(borg-i-s — aR-borg-d-a, yuav-i-s — aR-yuav-d-a, orgul-eb-s — Se-orgul-d-a,
frin-av-s — aR-frin-d-a, brwyin-av-s — gamo-brwyin-d-a...).
Zvel qarTulSi Tu saSuali gvaris zmnebis awmyos fuZis daboloebad -i su-
fiqsi iCens Tavs, maSin aseTi tipis zmnebs namyoSi (uwyvetelSi) -od sufiqsi eqne-
baT mawarmoeblad. es normaa. amis mixedviT borg-i-s zmnas namyo uwyvetelSi unda
moeca borg-od-a. borg-od-a forma Zvelma qarTulma ar icis, uwyvetelSi -d su-
fiqsiani formebia dadasturebuli (vborgd maT zeda da vsdevnidi, mociq. 1611; da
can, rameTu maronitelTa wvalebiTa borgdes, antioq. 5917). namyos fuZis mixed-
viT awmyosTvis borg-s forma aRdgeba da ara borg-i-s, Tu Zveli qarTulis nor-
mebs davicavT, miuxedavad imisa, rom Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebriv borg-i-s gvxvde-
ba (eSmaki ars mis Tana da borgis, i 10, 20). simarTlesTan ufro axlos viqnebiT, Tu
davuSvebT, rom awmyoSi borg Ziri sufuqsianic unda gvqonoda da usufiqsoc —
borg-s // borg-i-s. namyo uwyvetlis formebi nawarmoebi Cans awmyos usufiqso
fuZisagan: borg-s — borg-d-a. aqedan unda iyos miRebuli Semdgom aR preverbiani
sruli aspeqtis (vnebiTi gvaris) forma — aR-borg-d-a (aRborgda karauli igi da
gardamoagdo igi queyanad, kim. 1, 33720). es fuZe vnebiTis paralelur —n-arian war-
moebasac avlens — aR-borg-n-a (ufro¡sRa aRborgna, xanZT. ¡T 24).
h-Suen-i-s zmnis namyo uwyvetelia h-Suen-od-a. namyos fuZe -od sufiq-
siania, magram sruli aspeqtis (vnebiTis) forma aqedan gan-Suen-od-a ki ar
aris, aramed gan-Suen-d-a (sasul. mT 67). gan-Suen-d-a-s mixedviT uwyveteli
h-Suen-d-a saxisa unda aRdges, xolo awmyos fuZe h-Suen-s saxisa.
orZ-i-s zmnis namyo uwyveteli Zvel qarTulSi ar aris dadasturebuli
(*orZ-od-a an *orZ-d-a). sruli aspeqtis (vnebiTis) formebi aseTia: aR-orZ-n-d-a
(keTilad aRorZndi, Satberdo, xanZT. og 16), aR-orZ-in-d-a (raisa-me aRorZin-
da hasaki ese siyrmiTgan, kim. 1, 14327). -n -in sufiqsis Taobaze sxvadasxva varau-
di SeiZleba gamoiTqvas1, magram asea Tu ise, aRorZn-d-a fuZeSi -d- amJamad vne-
biTis niSania da warmoSobiT, SesaZlebelia, isic namyos niSani iyos.
1
a) es —n→in awmyos fuZis kuTvnilebaa istoriulad (*orZ-in-s) da aqedan aris gadasuli
sruli aspeqtis Sinaarsis mqone fuZeSic: *orZ-in-s — orZ-in-da — aR-orZ-in-d-a. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, albaT maxvilis gamo, fuZiseuli i-s reduqcia xdeboda (aR-orZ-n-d-a).
b) SesaZlebelia, es -n -in moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZidan iyos gadmoyolili (orZ-i-s,
aR-a-orZ-in-a, aR-orZ-in-d-a).
g) SesaZlebelia, gvqonoda orZ fuZisagan nawarmoebi n-ariani namyoc orZ-n-a // aR-orZ-n-a
(Sdr. dum-n-a // da-dum-n-a). sruli aspeqtis formaa aR-orZ-n-a (Sdr. da-dum-n-a), ufro gvian
es -n fuZiseulad iqna gaazrebuli da vnebiTis sufiqsi -d isev daematao (Tumca am ukanasknel
mosazrebas naklebi safuZveli aqvs).
199
istoriis sakiTxebi
aR-yuav-d-a (aR-h-yuav-d-i viTarca mcenarÀ, sasul. riz 55) formis mi-

xedviTac SeiZleboda aRgvedgina awmyosTvis *yuav-s, xolo uwyvetlisaTvis
*yuav-d-a formebi.
msgavsadve, zogierTi zmnis sruli aspeqtis formebis (resp. vnebiTebis)
mixedviT TiTqos SeuZlebeli ar aris aRvadginoT awmyos iseTi fuZeebi,
romlebic Zvel qarTulSi ar aris daculi: gan-c¢br-d-a ←*c¢br-s, aR-SÀn-d-a
←*SÀn-s, Se-cbun-d-a ←*cbun-s1 (←cb-i-s).
axla Tu aq moyvanil zmnaTa sruli aspeqtis formebis mixedviT aRvad-
genT namyo uwyvetlisa (usruli aspeqtisa) da awmyos savaraudebel formebs,
aseT suraTs miviRebT:
namyo namyo awmyo
(sruli aspeqti) (usruli aspeqti)
aR-borg-d-a *borg-d-a *borg-s
gan-Suen-d-a *Suen-d-a *Suen-s
aR-orZ(i)n-d-a *orZ(i)n-d-a *orZ(i)n-s
aR-yuav-d-a *yuav-d-a *yuav-s
gan-c¢br-d-a *c¢br-d-a *c¢br-s
aR-SÀn-d-a *SÀn-d-a *SÀn-s
Se-cbun-d-a *cbun-d-a *cbun-s
a-tir-d-a *tir-d-a *tir-s
(mogviano qarTulisa)
gan-Z¢n-d-a *Z¢n-d-a *Z¢n-s. . .
im zmnebs, romelTac awmyos fuZis niSnebad moudiT -av, -ob, -eb, -ovi sufiqse-
bi, doniani vnebiTi Zvel qarTulSi ewarmoebaT rogorc gamonaklisi (orgul-eb-s
— Se-orgul-d-a, frin-av-s — aR-frin-d-a, brwyin-av-s — gamo-brwyin-d-a, zrun-av-s
— Se-zrun-d-a). Tanamedrove qarTulSi aRniSnuli tipis zogierT zmnas vnebiTebi
gauCnda (RaRad-eb-s — a-RaRad-d-a, mo-qmed-eb-s — a-mo-qmed-d-a, Tav-£ed-ob-s — ga-
Tav-xed-d-a. . .), magram xSir SemTxvevaSi amgvari warmoeba erTgvarad xelovnuro-
bis STabeWdilebas tovebs (gmin-av-s — gmin-d-eb-a, kiskis-eb-s — kiskis-d-eb-a,
luRluR-eb-s — luRluR-d-eb-a, Srom-ob-s — Srom-d-eb-a... Tumca saWiroa isic
aRiniSnos, rom damowmebuli vnebiTebis formaTagan zogierTi II seriis mwkrivebSi
ukve bunebriv warmoebas gviCvenebs: a-gmin-d-a, a-kiskis-d-a, a-luRluR-d-a... ).
rogorc Cans, saSuali gvaris zmnebs vnebiTad moqcevis dros awmyos fuZis bo-
losarTebi (-av, -ob, -eb, -ovi) ara aqvT. aq igive sakiTxi ismis, rac -i sufiqsian fu-
ZeebTan dakavSirebiT daisva: a) aqac amosavlad an awmyos usufiqso fuZe unda da-
vuSvaT (aR-frin-d-a — *frin-d-a — *frin-s; Se-zrun-d-a — *zrun-d-a — *zrun-s...),
rac ufro nakleb mosalodnelia, an b) warmoeba vnebiTis fuZeebisa, romlebic
sufiqsian awmyos fuZeTagan aris miRebuli, usufiqso awmyos fuZeebSi momxdari
1
Tu, ra Tqma unda, -un sufiqsi aqac moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis fuZisagan ar aris gadmosuli.
200
istoriis sakiTxebi
procesis analogias unda mivaweroT. Tu es ukanaskneli varaudi aRmoCndeba

swori, maSin, cxadia, awmyosa da namyos fuZeebs varskvlavebi moexsneboda.
rogoric unda iyos varaudi aRdgenili fuZeebis Taobaze, sakiTxis
irgvliv msjelobis pozitiuri nawili am saxiT warmogvidgeba:
-d sufiqsi ukve Zvel qarTulSi vnebiTi gvaris mawarmoebeli sufiqsia, igi
upiratesad gvxvdeba zmnur fuZeebTan, warmoSobiT es -d sufiqsi igive namyos
(uwyvetlis) bolosarTi unda iyos, vnebiTis niSnad is merea qceuli, gansakuT-
rebiT mas Semdeg, rac sruli aspeqtis Sinaarsis mqone fuZeebisagan SesaZlebe-
li gaxda dro-kiloTa sxva formebis warmoebac (wux-d-a — Se-wux-d-a... Se-wux-
d-ebi-s, Se-wux-d-eb-od-a...) -d sufiqsis sruli saxe Tavdapirvelad SesaZle-
belia marTlac -ed iyo. es varaudi albaT im SemTxvevaSi iqneba marTebuli,
Tu aRmoCndeba, rom namyos (uwyvetlis) d←ed.
magram -d sufiqsi Zvelsave qarTulSi gvxvdeba ara mxolod zmnur
fuZeebTan, igi sakmaod xSirad iCens Tavs nasaxelari zmnebis fuZeebSic:
gan-mwuan-d-a, gan-Zlier-d-a, gan-mdidr-d-a, da-ber-d-a, da-mcir-d-a, gan-
mwar-d-a, gan-ciskr-d-a, gan-qar-d-a, aR-m£edr-d-a, gan-marTl-d-a, gan-mravl-d-a,
aR-maRl-d-a, da-mdabl-d-a, da-bnel-d-a, gan-cxovel-d-a, gan-SiSul-d-a, gan-mxi-
arul-d-a, da-sneul-d-a, gan-Tavisufl-d-a, aR-mojejil-d-a, Se-orgul-d-a...
-d-sufiqsiani nasaxelari zmnebi yovelTvis zmniswinianebia (erTi
uzmniswino forma mohyavs a. SaniZes — m£n-d-a1) da yovelTvis sruli aspeqtis
Sinaarsis mqoneni. amaTi usruli aspeqtis formebi agreTve uzmniswinoebia,
magram awmyoSi maT awmyos fuZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sufiqsebi erTviT:
maRl-ovi-n aR-maRl-d-a
mdidr-ovi-n gan-mdidr-d-a
orgul-eb-s Se-orgul-d-a
mxiarul-ob-s gan-mxiarul-d-a
mef-ob-s ga-mef-d-a (mogviano qarTulisa)
marTalia, usruli aspeqtis fuZeebi yvela ar aris dadasturebuli Zvel
qarTulSi (gvaqvs, magaliTad, gan-Zlier-d-a, da-mdabl-d-a da a.S. formebi,
magram TiTqos ar Cans: Zlier-ob-s, Zlie-ovi-n, mdabl-ob-s, mdabl-ovi-n...) da
arc yvela aspeqtis formebi (gvaqvs: episkopos-ob-s, £elmwif-ob-s, creml-o-
vi-n..., magram ar Cans: gan-episkopos-d-a // gan-episkopos-n-a, gan-£elmwif-d-a //
gan-£elmwif-n-a, aR-creml-d-a // aR-creml-n-a...), magram aseTebis aRdgena
Zvelive qarTulisaTvis morfologiuri kanonzomierebis farglebSi SesaZ-
lebelia, Tundac mxedvelobaSi ar miviRoT is faqti, rom mogviano qarTulSi
aseTi formebi ukve savsebiT bunebrivia (mdabl-ob-s Sdr. Tavmdabl-ob-s, ga-
episkopos-d-a, ga-xelmwif-d-a, a-creml-d-a...).
aqac ori varaudi isaxeba:
a) -d sufiqsiani fuZeebis mixedviT an unda aRvadginoT awmyosa da uwy-
vetlis savaraudo fuZeebi (ase, magaliTad, *maRl-s — *maRl-d-a — aR-maRl-
1
a. SaniZe, nasaxelari zmnebi..., 42.
201
istoriis sakiTxebi
d-a), rac nakleb mosalodnelia, radgan aseT daSvebas winareqarTulis mor-

fologiur faqtebTan mivyavarT, sufiqsiani vnebiTi ki, kerZod qarTuli,
mogviano movlenaa;
b) an -d sufiqsiani nasaxelari zmnebi zmnuri fuZeebis sruli aspeqtis Si-
naarsis mqone formebis analogiiT gaCenilad unda miviCnioT (Se-wux-d-a, Se--
Sur-d-a, mo-akl-d-a... Sdr.: gan-mdidr-d-a, gan-mwar-d-a, da-bnel-d-a...). es va-
raudi ufro marTebuli Cans. nasaxelar zmnebSi -d sufiqsi ukve vnebiTisaa;
igi uSualod namyos sufiqsisagan ki ar momdinareobs, aramed gaCenili unda
iyos analogiiT da maSin, roca zmnuri fuZeebis sruli aspeqtis formebs ukve
vnebiTis Sinaarsi hqondaT SeZenili.
b) -n (-en) sufiqsiani vnebiTi
is, rom -d vnebiTis sufiqsi warmoSobiT SesaZlebelia namyo drois niSani

iyos da rom morfologiur funqciaTa aseTi monacvleoba warmoudgeneli ar
aris, es -n (-en) sufiqsiani vnebiTebis magaliTzedac Cans.
Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, -n (-en) vnebiTebis mawarmoeblad upira-
tesad nasaxelar zmnebSi gvaqvs (gan-laR-n-a ← *gan-laR-en-a; gan-mtkic-n-a ←
*gan-mtkic-en-a...), magram Zvelsave qarTulSi dadasturebulia ramdenime forma,
romlebSic -n (-en) sufiqsi zmnur fuZeebTan gvxvdeba. wuxs da dums zmnebis uR-
leba, magaliTad, awmyoSi, Zveli qarTulis monacemebis mixedviT, aseTia:
v-wux v-dum
s-wux s-dum
wux-s dum-s
namyoSi, erTi mxriv, gvaqvs:
v-wux-d-i v-dum-d-i
s-wux-d-i s-dum-d-i
wux-d-a dum-d-a
meore mxriv:
Se-v-wux-en v-dum-en
Se-s-wux-en s-dum-en
Se-wux-n-a dum-n-a
dums zmnis -en sufiqsiani namyo Cveulebriv uzmniswinoa, wuxs zmnisa —
zmniswiniani.
-en →-n sufiqsi aRniSnul zmnebSi vnebiTobis niSnad aris miCneuli. Sewux-n-a,
dadum-n-a formebisagan nawarmoebia dro-kiloTa sxva nakvTebi (Se-wux-n-ebi-s,
Se-wux-n-eb-od-a, Se-wux-n-eb-od-es... da-dum-n-ebi-s, da-dum-n-eb-od-a, da-dum-n-
eb-od-e-s...), magram Tu awmyosa da -n (-en) sufuqsian namyos formebs erTmaneTs
SevupirispirebT, aRmoCndeba, rom, -en sufiqsi pirvel rigSi namyos fuZis mawar-
moebeli bolosarTia: v-wux — *v-wux-en — Se-v-wux-en (da-v-wux-en).
202
istoriis sakiTxebi
Sdr.: v-wux-d-i Se-v-wux-d-i

v-dum — v-dum-en da-v-dum-en
Sdr.: v-dum-d-i da-v-dum-d-i
egeve -en sufiqsi iCens Tavs hrwams zmnis namyoSic:
m-rwam-s m-rwm-en-a1
v-h-rwam v-h-rwm-en-i
am SemTxvevaSi ki -en sufiqsis vnebiTis niSnad miCneva gaWirdeboda.
maSasadame, -en→ -n sufiqsi Tavdapirvelad namyo drois fuZis mawarmoe-
beli afiqsia.
zogi zmnuri fuZe namyoSi, -d sufiqsis paralelurad, -n /-en sufiqssac
aCvenebs: aR-borg-n-a (//aR-borg-d-a), aR-yuav-n-a (//aR-yuav-d-a), zogi ki mxo-
lod —n sufiqsiania — aR-JRav-n-a, da-yud-n-a. igive sufiqsi SeimCneva ramde-
nime zmnaSi, romelTa Ziri saziaroa saxelisa da zmnisaTvis. zrq- Zirisagan,
magaliTad, erTi mxriv, nawarmoebia zedsarTavi zrq-el-i, xolo meore mxriv,
gan-zrq-n-a zmna (ganzrqna guli erisa¡ amis, m 13, 15); vrc- Zirisagan, erTi
mxriv, gvaqvs zedsarTavi vrc-el-i, xolo meore mxriv, zmna gan-vrc-n-a (gan-
vrcna piri Cemi zeda mterTa CemTa, sas. poez. rJ rJa).
safiqrebelia, rom namyo drois fuZis niSani — sufiqsi -n / -en zmnuri
fuZeebidan aris gadasuli nasaxelar fuZeebSi: gan-laR-n-a, gan-ficx-n-a, da-
glaxak-n-a, gan-spetak-n-a, gan-Wabuk-n-a, gan-cruv-n-a, gan-did-n-a, gan-wmid-
n-a, Se-SfoT-n-a, gan-mtkic-n-a, gan-kac-n-a. . .
-n (-en) sufiqsiani zmnebi yovelTvis sruli aspeqtisani arian, mniSvnelo-
biTac da formis mixedviTac yovelTvis zmniswinianebia; maTi uRleba namyo
wyvetilSi, rogorc cnobilia, aseTia:
gan-v-laR-en
gan-h-laR-en
gan-laR-n-a
Tu -n (-en) sufiqsiani nasaxelari fuZeebi yovelTvis sruli aspeqtisaa da
uzmniswino fuZeebi ki Zvel qarTulSi ar aris dadasturebuli, maS rogorRa
gadmoicemoda amaTi usruli aspeqti (Sdr.: wux-d-a da Se-wux-d-a, uyuar-d-a
da Se-uyuar-d-a).
aqac -en sufiqsian nasaxelar zmnaTa usruli aspeqtis formebi Zvel
qarTulSi zmniswinis CamocilebiT ki ar aris nawarmoebi, aramed fuZis mona-
cvleobiT (fuZeSi sufiqsis SecvliT). usruli aspeqtis formebi (awmyosi,
namyo uwyvetlisa) am SemTxvevaSic uzmniswinoa. gan-laR-n-a zmnis usruli
aspeqtis Sinaarsis Semcvel formaTa uRleba, magaliTad, aseTia:
1
hrwmena zogjer uwyvetlis mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari: v~a grwmena, geyavn Sen, m 8, 13 (=
как ты веровал).
203
istoriis sakiTxebi
v-laR-ovi v-laR-o(v)-od-e v-laR-o(v)-od-i

h-laR-ovi h-laR-o(v)-od-e h-laR-o(v)-od-i
laR-ovi-n laR-o(v)-od-a laR-o(v)-od-i-s
sruli aspeqtis formebis sawarmoeblad zmnebs ematebaT zmniswini, ro-
gorc es -d sifiqsiani fuZeebis sruli aspeqtis formaTa warmoebisas SeimCne-
va, awmyos fuZis mawarmoebeli sufiqsi CamoscildebaT da ematebaT namyos
sxva mawarmoebeli sufiqsi -en. Zvel qarTulSi gan-v-laR-o(v)-od-e (Sdr.:
v-wux-d-i // Se-v-wux-d-i) daudasturebeli formaa iseve, rogorc v-laR-en,
Tumca aseTi ram rom SeuZlebeli ar aris, amaze v-dum-en forma miuTiTebs,
nasaxelari zmnebis uzmniswino formebi ki saerTod ar gvxvdeba, Tu aqac
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT gamonakliss — m£n-d-a.
maSasadame, vnebiTobis -n (-en) sufiqsi warmoSobiT agreTve namyo drois
sufiqsia. -n (-en) namyo drois fuZis niSnad Tavdapirvelad zmnur fuZeebSi
unda gvqonoda (iseve rogorc -d sufiqsi), merme amaTTan analogiiT Cans
gadasuli igi nasaxelar zmnebSic.
ratom unda vifiqroT, rom zmnur fuZeebSi -n (-en) Tavdapirvelad namyo
drois fuZis niSani unda yofiliyo da ara vnebiTisa?
aviRoT, magaliTad, dums zmna. amisi namyos formebia dum-n-a1, da-dum-n-a.
dum-n-a — da-dum-n-a nariani vnebiTis formebia; namyos formebs awmyoSi da--
dum-n-eb-i-s forma Seesatyviseba, romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT dinamikuria.
marTalia, da-dum-n-eb-i-s dinamikuria da namyo wyvetilSi mas agreTve dina-
mikuri da-dum-n-a Seesabameba, magram, rogorc erTi SexedviTac naTlad Cans,
da-dum-n-ebi-s forma sxva samTan SedarebiT bolo safexurs warmoadgens:
dum-s dum-n-a da-dum-n-a da-dum-n-ebi-s
amitom da-dum-n-ebi-s zmnasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba meoreulia. iyo
dro, roca gvqonda dum-n-a da da-dum-n-a da ar gvqonda da-dum-n-ebi-s. . .
axla Tu dum-n-a da da-dum-n-a formebs SevudarebT erTmaneTs, formaTa
ganmasxvavebel elementad mxolod zmniswini mogvevlineba. ra funqciisaa
igi? mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli rom iyos, zmniswini awmyoSic unda gvqondes
(da-dum-s), aseTi ar Cans. zmniswinebis cnobil funqciaTagan erTia — zmnis
axali mniSvnelobis warmoeba. aq aseT SemTxvevas ara aqvs adgili. darCa erTi
funqcia — aspeqtis — sruli aspeqtis gamoxatvisa (Sdr.: dum-n-a — da-dum-n-a).
da-dum-n-a namyo drois sruli aspeqtis formaa. sruli aspeqtis Sinaarsis
Semcvel fuZeSi unda hqondes dasabami vnebiTobis Sinaarss. mas Semdeg, rac
dadumna-s gverdiT gaCnda da-dum-n-ebi-s, da-dum-n-eb-od-a... formebi, -n
(-en) sufiqsis funqcia — gamoexata namyo dro — daiCrdila da masac vnebiTi
gvaris Sinaarsi daepatrona.
1
oTxTavis teqstis mixedviT dum-n-a zmnis mniSvneloba xan dum-d-a-a, xan da-dum-d-a (=
молчал и замолчал).
204
istoriis sakiTxebi
*
**
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, vnebiTobis mawarmoebel sufiqsebad Zvel qar-

TulSi ori bolosarTi gvqonda -d da -n (-en). amaTgan axal qarTuls mxolod
-d sufiqsi SemorCa. Zveli qarTulidan rac ufro aqeT moviwevT, naTlad
Cans, rogor farTovdeba kvlav doniani tipis warmoebis are, ranairi Tana-
mimdevrobiT cvlis axla ukve prefiqsian vnebiTebs sufiqsiani vnebiTebi1.
i-qorwinebis Sdr.: qorwil-d-eba
gan-i-nawilebis nawil-d-eba
da-i-dgina dadgin-d-eba
aR-i-maRla amaRl-d-a
da-i-marila damaril-d-a
gan-i-RmrTo gaRmerT-d-a
Se-e-rTda Sdr.: SeuerT-d-a

mo-e-£sena mo£sen-d-a
mo-e-gona moagon-d-a
Se-e-Sura SeSur-d-a
gan-e-Sora ganSor-d-a
aRmo-e-cena aRmocen-d-a
mo-e-wyura moswyur-d-a
Se-e-mSia moSiv-d-a
da-e-mtkica damtkic-d-a
aR-e-Sena aSen-d-a da a.S.
unda vifiqroT, -doniani vnebiTebis saerTo gavrcelebisa da damkvidre-
bis saqmeSi analogia TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols.
* * *
a. SaniZes aRniSnuli aqvs, rom gvxvdeba iseTi zmnebic, `pirveladi zmne-

bi, romelTac mawarmoeblad d-oni aqvT, magram aseTi zmnebis ricxvi Zalian
mcirea~2. aseTebad mas dasaxelebuli aqvs gan-tyda ((*gan-txda), gan-sTqda
((*gan-hTqda), da-h£snda. gamokvlevaSi moyvanilia aRniSnul zmnaTa Sesabami-
si moqmedebiTi gvaris fuZeebic, romelTagan miRebulia vnebiTis formebi
(gan-texa, gan-xeTqa gan-heTqa, da-h£sna).
1
Л. М. Нозадзе, О взаимоотношении префиксального и суффиксального образования глаголов страда-
тельного залога в грузинском языке. Автореферат работыб представленной на соискание ученой степени
кандитата филологических наук, 1956, gv., 8—9 (magaliTebic aqedanve mogvyavs).
2
a. SaniZe, nasaxelari zmnebi qarTulSi, gv. 37.
205
istoriis sakiTxebi
Tu gan-ty-d-a marTlac miRebulia gan-tex-s formisagan da gan-sTq-d-a

gan-xeTq-a (*gan-heTqa)-sagan, cxadia, rom vnebiTad moqcevisaTvis moqmedebi-
Ti gvaris fuZeebSi xmovani amoRebulia, garda amisa orpiriani zmna erTpiri-
anad aris qceuli, Ziri gaumarcvloebulia.
es cvlileba agreTve analogiiT unda iyos momxdari, magram analogiiT
im zmnebTan, romlebSic zemoaRniSnuli procesebi dasturdeba:
gan-wmida gan-wmda
mo-wy¢da mo-wyda
war-wymida war-wymda
da-Srita da-Srta
mo-drika mo-drka
Se-kriba Se-krba1
Seadare amaT:
gan-texa gan-tyda
gan-xeTqa gan-sqda
1
magaliTebi mogvyavs a. SaniZis dasaxelebu;li gamokvlevis mixedviT.
206
istoriis sakiTxebi
lamara nozaZe
prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri
vnebiTebis urTierTobisaTvis qarTulSi
warmoebis mixedviT qarTulSi gamoiyofa vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa ori jgu-

fi1: erTs vnebiTis sawarmoeblad prefiqsebi axasiaTebs, meores amave funqci-
iT — sufiqsebi. prefiqsul vnebiTs i-, e- TavsarTebi awarmoebs (i-mal-eb-a,
e-wer-eb-a...), sufiqsurs — -d bolosarTi, Zvel qarTulSi -d-s paralelurad —
-en (-n) -ic (da-ber-d-a, aR-yuav-n-a...).
vnebiTis prefiqsuli warmoeba axasiaTebs rogorc pirvelad zmnebs, ise nasa-
xelars. sufiqsuri warmoeba Cveulebrivia nasaxelari zmnebisaTvis; araiSviaTad
gvxvdeba pirvelad zmnebTanac (ga-ty-d-a, da-£sn-d-a... gan-vrc-n-a, gan-siv-n-a...).
vnebiTis sufiqsuri tipi metad produqtiulia. Tanamedrove saliteratu-
ro qarTulSi axali zmnebisagan vnebiTs TiTqmis mxolod -d sufiqsi awarmoebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom gvaqvs erTi da imave fuZisagan orgvarad — prefiqsiT
da sufiqsiT — nawarmoebi vnebiTebi: da-i-Jang-eba // da-Jang-d-eba, mo-e-wyin-
eb-a // mo-swyin-d-eba, da-e-Tanxm-eb-a // da-sTanxm-d-eb-a, Ca-e-safr-eb-a // Ca-
u-safr-d-eb-a, ga-e-qan-eb-a // ga-qan-d-eb-a2. . .
am paraleluri formebidan Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTuli, iseve
rogorc cocxali metyveleba, upiratesobas sufiqsian formebs aZlevs3. vne-
biTis paraleluri formebi warmoadgens gardamaval safexurs prefiqsuli
warmoebidan sufiqsurze gadasvlisas4.
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi sufiqsuri warmoeba axasiaTebs
mTel wyebas vnebiTebisas, romlebic Zvel qarTulSi prefiqsebiT iwarmoebo-
da. aseTebia:
1
gamoyofen vnebiTis mesame tipsac, e.w. uniSno vnebiTebs Tbeba, Sreba, dgeba... rigisas (a.
SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953. § 358, gv. 299; v. Tofuria, mesame tipis
vnebiTis warmoeba qarTulSi: saq. ssr mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, 9, 1942). aRniSnul zmnebs
vnebiTobis mawarmoebeli niSani ara aqvT da arc unda hqonodaT. maSasadame, maTi vnebiTis
formebad miCneva gaumarTlebelia (q. lomTaTiZe, uniSno vnebiTis istoriisaTvis qarTul-
Si: akad. n. maris saxlobis enis institutis VI samecniero sesia, 1949, Tezisebi, gv. 10—11;
misive, Tbeba tipis zmnaTa istoriisaTvis qarTulSi: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba,
IV, 1953, gv. 75—81; arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba: qarTuli enis gan-
martebiTi leqsikoni, I, 1959, gv. 060.
2
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis orive tipis formebi kanonieria.
3
zogjer amgvarad nawarmoebi vnebiTebi mniSvnelobiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan; Sdr:
ga-i-naz-eb-a // ga-naz-d-eb-a, e-xerx-eb-a // xerx-d-eb-a, ga-e-xmaur-eb-a // ga-xmaur-d-eb-a... gansxva-
vebuli mniSvnelobebi safuZvels qmnis enaSi orive tipis SenarCunebisaTvis.
4
zog dialeqtSi, magaliTad, kaxurSi, qarTlurSi TiTqmis erTaderTi warmoebaa: gaqanda,
dasTanxmda, moswyinda...
207
istoriis sakiTxebi
i-qorwin-a, Sdr. da-qorwin-d-a

naSobni amis soflisani iqorwinebian da ganhqorwineben: l 20, 34
da-i-maril-a, Sdr. da-maril-d-a
yovelive Sesawiravi msxuerplisa Tquenisa¡ mariliTa daimarilen: le-
vit. 2, 13
ukueTu marili igi wbil iyos, ra¡Ta daimarilos: mrk 9, 50
gamo-i-saWuris-a, Sdr. da-saWuris-d-a
rameTu arian saWuris, romelni dedis mucliTgan iSvnes egreT da arian
saWuris, romelni kacTagan gamoisaWurisnes: m 19, 12
Se-i-erT-a, Sdr. Se-erT-d-a
rameTu SeierTnes £mani wina¡swarmetyuelTa da mamamTavarTani: sasul.
poez. ng 154—155
amas dResa SeierTnes zecisa da queyanisani erTobiT qebad Senda: kim. I, 187, 34
Se-i-mzad-a, Sdr. Se-mzad-d-a
WurWelnica maSin Seimzadnes, raJams ebrZana erTad Sekreba¡ wyalTa¡:
equs. 44, 16
Se-i-zav-a, Sdr. Se-zav-d-a
Seiyuaren sasZeurni Senni ufro¡s R¢nisa, ara¡Tu romeli igi Seizavebis
qristÀs mier, aramed igi, romliTa wina¡swar mTrvalobiT dasulba nove:
ipol. ka 17
da-i-megobr-n-es, Sdr. da-megobr-d-nen
friad daimegobrnes urTierTas zabilovan da patreaqi: moqc. 739, 18
i-moyur-n-es, Sdr. da-moyvr-d-nen
da imoyurnes herode da pilate mas dResa Sina, rameTu wina mter iyvnes
urTierTas: l 23, 12
aRmo-e-cen-a, Sdr. aRmo-cen-d-a
xolo Tqmul ars cecxlisa amisaT¢s, viTarmed aRmoecenebis sabervel-
Tagan efesto¡sTa mTasa romelsame zeda: elinT. 3o, 5
ara brZana, ra¡Ta Tesli da nayofi erTbamad aRmoecenos, aramed ra¡Ta
aRmoecenos da daamwuanos queyana¡: equs. 55, 3
aR-e-Sena, Sdr. a-Sen-d-a
missa ikonomosobasa aReSena monasteri: cx. efT¢m. 84, 3
kualad nikol-wmida¡. . . maTiTave sa£mriTa aReSena: aTon. 256, 10
da-e-mk¢dr-a, Sdr. da-mkvidr-d-a
sulsa Sina ukeTursa SiSi RmrTisa¡ ara daemk¢drebis: zarzm. 165, 12
warvides marto¡ udabnod da daemk¢dris: saxismety. 49, 7
da-e-wes-a // gan-e-wes-a, Sdr. da-wes-d-a
adgilsa, romelsa daewesis, arRara ganeSoros vidre sikudidmde: swav. 242, 19
da ganewesa, ra¡Ta miuklebelad sami kandeli enTebodis: aTon. 301, 3
da-e-mtkic-a // gan-e-mtkic-a, Sdr. da-mtkic-d-a
piriTa CC¢lTaTa¡ qeba¡ daemtkiceboda: warty. kv 20
meyseulad ganemtkicnes fer£ni misni da koWni: mociq. 16, 7
208
istoriis sakiTxebi
aR-e-srul-a, Sdr. a-srul-d-a

maSin aResruleboda Tqmuli igi: ipol. nb. 5
sityua¡ igi mociqulisa¡ Cuen Soris aResrulos: xanZT. id 57
gan-e-mzad-a, Sdr. ga-umzad-d-a
dRes ganemzadebis quabi misT¢s: sasul. poez. ¡T 10
rameTu pirutyuTa sazrdeli ganemzada: equs. 50, 19
Se-e-Sur-a, Sdr. Se-Sur-d-a
eSureboda raqel dasa T¢ssa da hrqua iakobs: mec me Svili: dabad. 30, 1
kaci vinme aRZrviTa eSmakisa¡Ta SeeSura bersa visme da aRudga mterad:
kim. I, 240, 11
mo-e-£sen-a, Sdr. ga-axsen-d-a
xolo R¢nis mnesa mas ara moe£sena ioseb, aramed daaviwyda: dabad. 40, 23
moe£sena mas tyueoba¡ igi ZeTa israÀlisaTa¡: warty. mv 5
maSin moe£sena amira mumlsa da hrqua: urh. 337, 18
mo-e-gon-a, Sdr. mo-a-gon-d-a
uwinarÀs mSobelTa CemTa momegone: kim. I, 12, 30
moegona mamasa missa Jami igi: C i 4, 53
Se-e-mSi-a // mo-e-mSi-a, Sdr. mo-Siv-d-a
xolo mowafeTa misTa SeemSia: C m 12, 1
SeemSia yovelsa queyanasa eg¢ptisasa: dabad. 41, 55
momemSios, ra¡ vWamo misgani, friad Semawuxebs: asur. 183, 29
mo-e-wyur-a // Se-e-wyur-a, Sdr. mo-s-wyur-d-a
didisa mis sicxisagan friad moewyura netarsa sabas: kim. II, 147, 2
viTarca miiwivnes udabnosa mas urwyulsa, moewyura maT friad: asur. 151, 16
Seewyura ersa mas wyliTa da drt¢nvida mun eri igi mosesT¢s: gamoslv. 17, 3
gan-e-Sor-a, Sdr. ga-Sor-d-a
aw daRacaTu £orciTa gangeSorebi, xolo suliTa maradis Sen Tana var
Sewevnad Senda: xanZT. og 22
viTarca wuT erT ganveSore maTgan, warvides: ipol. nb 2
Se-e-erT-a, Sdr. Se-u-erT-d-a
ukueTu Sen eziaro wmidasa amas saydarsa, yovelni SemogueerTebian: kim. I, 83, 25
ganhvlen cani kretsabmeliTa £orcTa¡Ta da SemeerTen Cuen: sasul. poez.
tT 43
SeeerTa Zuali Zualsa da ZarR¢ ZarRusa: kim. I, 246, 34
Se-e-nawevr-a, Sdr. Se-u-nawevr-d-a
romlisa wamlisa £umeviTa kulad Seenawevra ege mklavsa Sensa: damask. 156, 13
da-e-megobr-a, Sdr. da-u-megobr-d-a
sxuani vinme movides da daemegobrnes maT: somx.-qarT. lit. urT., 17.
rogorc ukve aRniSnuli gvqonda, dasaxelebuli vnebiTebis Taviseburebas Se-
adgens is, rom maT Tanamedrove saliteraturo enaSi sufiqsuri warmoeba axasia-
209
istoriis sakiTxebi
TebT1. es imas niSnavs, rom saliteraturo qarTuls aqvs tendencia prefiqsuli

warmoebis vnebiTebi sufiqsuriT Secvalos, sufiqsiani vnebiTebi gaabatonos2.
aRniSnuli faqti garkveuli daskvnis gamotanas gvavalebs im vnebiTebis
mimarT, romlebic Zvel qarTulSive mxolod sufiqsuri warmoebiT aris cno-
bili. magram sanam amas SevexebodeT, gaviTvaliswinoT qarTulis sxva monace-
mebi da danarCeni qarTveluri enebis Cveneba.
Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulSi damkvidrebuli sufiqsuri war-
moebis nacvlad vnebiTis prefiqsuli formebi dasturdeba XIII—XVIII ss. Zeg-
lebSi; magaliTad:
ga-e-kvirv-a, Sdr. ga-u-kvir-d-a
qumsi gawyra: `rostoms aqebT, mekvirvebis metad mia~: Sahn. 3582, 1
ekvirveboda siturfe mWvretelTa vaWarT mirisa: Svid. 914, 2
Se-e-pir-a, Sdr. Se-h-pir-d-a
rome aqaT ar waxvide, Sen Tu amas Semepiro: v. t. 112, 1
oseTSi kaci gavgzavne osebis saSovnelad, . . . mepirebian da jer ara Cans
ra: iese, 94, 18
da-e-Ron-a, Sdr. da-Ron-d-a
mefe tarias qebasa dahkrTebis, daeRonebis: v. t. 699, 3
ese mesma, daveRone, Wiri ufro gamiWirda: omain. 100, 1
da-e-yovn-a, Sdr. da-yovn-d-a
erTi Tue mun dameyovnebis: visram. 157, 2
daeyovnebis, wasula jereT cotai xania: v. t. 1241, 4
da-e-Wir-a, Sdr. da-s-Wir-d-a
me ra dameWirebis egeTi, romel Senebrsa guariansa... movacTunebde:
visram. 72, 5
odes kacsa daeWiros, maSin unda Zma da Tvisi: v. t. 773, 4
1
am zmnaTa umravlesobas Zvel qarTulSive moepoveba sufiqsiT nawarmoebi formebic:
Sdr: SeSurda (aTon. 92, 27), aRmocenda (aTon. 70, 23), dayovndeboda (mraval. 271, 21),
dasruldebis (equs. 4, 22), ganmtkicna (asur. 18, 1), aSenda (aTon. 267, 20)...
2
am debulebas ver arRvevs vnebiTis is ramdenime magaliTi, romlebic Zvel qarTulSi
dasturdeba da zemoaRniSnuli movlenis sapirispiro viTarebas gviCvenebs. esenia: gan-£sn-
d-a, Sdr. ga-i-£sn-a
ganh£sndes sakrvelni igi, romliTa damoekida: kim. I, 141,
31; Sdr. yovelTa krulebani gani£snes: mociq. 125, 26
gan-wmd-n-a, Sdr. ga-i-wmind-a
meyseulad ganwmdna igi keTrovanebisa misgan: D m 8, 3;
Sdr. ganiwmideniT da iyveniT, rameTu wmida vari me: levit. 11, 44
gan-yin-d-a // Se-h-yin-d-a, Sdr. ga-i-yin-a
ganyindes ra¡ sisxli, Seicvalebis igi £orcad: equs. 92, 9
ganipnes wyalni, Sehyindes da dadges: gamoslv. 15, 8; Sdr.
ganiyinis igi da Seicvalis simtkiced qvisad: equs. 88, 18
mosalodneli iyo, rom axal qarTuls am paraleluri warmoebis vnebiTebidan Tuki erT-
erTi SerCeboda, es sufiqsuri vnebiTi iqneboda. sinamdvileSi ki piriqiT gvaqvs: Tanamed-
rove saliteraturo qarTulma mxolod prefiqsiani formebi icis. magram amgvari magali-
Tebi Zvel qarTulSi mcirea (SesaZloa sufiqsiani formebi arc Zveli samwerlobo enisa-
Tvis yofiliyo Cveulebrivi) da saerTo suraTs odnavadac ver cvlis.
210
istoriis sakiTxebi
da-e-Cem-a, Sdr. da-s-Cem-d-a

esec didi sakvirvelebaa, rom sneuleba ara dameCema ra: iese, 82, 28—29
ga-e-oc-a, Sdr. ga-oc-d-a
rome davyav weliwadi, Tve Tormeti, gameoca: v. t. 1526, 1
da-e-pirispir-a, Sdr. da-u-pirispir-d-a
ornive laSqarni daepirispirnes erTmanerTsa: visram. 22, 5
da-e-cqir-a, Sdr. da-a-cqer-d-a
daecqira, gaicina, monadirisa maxesa gabnuli iyo: qil. 409, 3
sul yvela ver gavsinje, marto Sobas davecqire: mogz. 36, 11
da-e-ber-a, Sdr. da-u-ber-d-a
vardi axlad ifurCqnebis, me yvavili damebera: v. t. 1526, 1
ga-e-mwar-a, Sdr. ga-u-mwar-d-a
tkbilni misni wyalobani bolod asre gamemwarnes: iqve, 112, 1
Se-e-Zag-a, Sdr. Se-s-Zag-d-a
visic sityva iameba, Senca uqo, Tvara uZago, ar eZageba da Sen gacruvde:
sibrZne sicr. 68, 2
ama mizeziTa nuTu deda-wulT zrunvaTagan Tavi SeeZagos: qil. 263, 30
saliteraturo qarTulSi damkvidrebuli sufiqsuri warmoebis nacvlad
vnebiTis prefiqsuli formebi dasturdeba XIX—XX saukunis ZeglebSic:
a-e-fofx-a, Sdr. a-fofx-d-a
wisqvilis karebs miadga, aefofxa, qurdobas hbedavda: vaJa, VI, 234, 13
Ca-e-naoW-a, Sdr. Ca-u-naoW-d-a
dedabers tanjvisagan mTlad CanaoWebuli saxe xan gaeSleboda odnav da
xan ufro CaenaoWeboda: S. aragv. I, 45, 13
da-e-gub-a // mo-e-gub-a, Sdr. da-u-gub-d-a
saflavis qvas daSterebodnen da etyobodaT, orives cremlebi egubebodaT:
S. aragv. II, 38, 24
xma Cauwyda, veRar-ra sTqva, moeguba TvalSi cremli: ilia, I, 192, 2
ga-e-mklav-a, Sdr. ga-u-mklav-d-a
martodac gaemklaveba: S. aragv. I, 362, 25
Se-e-sisxlxorc-a, Sdr, Se-u-sisxlxorc-d-a
ube-kalTebi da Tqveni Txemi Saesisxlxorca Cem gul-gonebas: vaJa, I, 198, 36
da-e-Zmobil-a, Sdr. da-u-Zmobil-d-a
sulxans kidevac vaqeb da kidec veZmobilebi: baCana, 513, 23
gana me is giTxar, qistebTan daiWire zavio, urjulos eZmobileo: vaJa, V, 416, 24
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT individualuri warmoSobisa da xelovnuri
warmoebis calkeul magaliTebs, unda vifiqroT, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli
formebi cocxali, xalxuri metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. maTi
warmomSobi wyaro dialeqtebia. amas mowmobs dialeqtebis Cveneba.
qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi dasturdeba vnebiTis prefiqsuli warmoeba
zog iseT zmnasTan, romelsac saliteraturo enaSi sufiqsuri warmoeba axa-
siaTebs, magaliTad:
211
istoriis sakiTxebi
Ca-i-Saqra, Sdr. Ca-Saqr-d-a

memre mzidan ro aviRebT (leRvs), SavinaxamT, cota CaiSaqreba
Calagebuli: a. mart. da gr. imn. kax. dialeqti, teqst., 53, 10
da-e-Wira, Sdr. da-s-Wir-d-a
CemTan ar gind simamace, a iq geWirebis, ro Tavze flasn dagxurnes: b. gab.
£evs., 137, 10
da-e-Janga, Sdr. da-u-Jang-d-a
karga moyure xanjarsa, eJangeboda wveria: a. San. xevs. poez., 455, 25
da-e-cqira, Sdr. da-a-cqer-d-a
ra lamazia, rodesac vaJi qals daecqireba: iv. xorn. fSav., 211, 14
erTi dRei idga da ecqireboda ai umfrosi mosamsaxure qali : J. noR.
aWar., 18, 15
Ca-e-bara, Sdr. Ca-bar-d-a
SensaviT male maCvena, visac Sen Caebarebi: s. ebral. qiziy., 162, 5
saxlo, mogikvdes amgebi, visac Sen Caebarea: iv. xorn. fSav., 224, 5
ga-e-Txova, Sdr. ga-Txov-d-a
ebedi ar gaveTxuebi, sityvas giCivi guliTa: imerxev., 49, 13
igi adre geeTxua: m. ZiZ. gur.
da-e-feTa, Sdr. da-feT-d-a
im gogos SemoeTvala, Sen biWo, Cemo nefeo, qorwils nu daagvianeb, me
SenTvis davefeTeo: p. umik. xalx. sityv., 389, 22
ga-e-Wena, Sdr. ga-Wen-d-a
ro gaveWene zedan da davyvire vallahi, me SemeSinda im zmisa: j. noR.
aWar., 25, 7
gadaxta win melam da geeWena: m. xub. aWar., 35, 5
Se-e-mSa // mo-e-mSia, Sdr. mo-Siv-d-a
erT sofelSi SeemSa da unda saWmeli: v. kax. aWar., 37, 19
me mival saxlSi, momemSia: m. cinc. kirn.-marad. metyv., 13
ga-e-javra, Sdr. ga-javr-d-a
im goSpara¡ geejavra: arn. Ciqob. qiziy., 75
i¯maT kiden ge¯javr: T. uTurg. TuS., 10, 9
rogorc movides, Zalian gaejavra: S. ZiZ. glol., 10
ga-e-braza, Sdr. ga-braz-d-a
gamebraza, ratom meqceva igre-Tqo: n. abes. kax.
amgvarad, vnebiTis istoriul aspeqtSi ganxilva gviCvenebs, rom wyeba
vnebiTebisa, Zvel qarTulSi rom prefiqsiT iwarmoeba, Tanamedrove sali-
teraturo enaSi sufiqsuri warmoebisaa. saliteraturo qarTulis sufiq-
suri vnebiTebis nacvlad prefiqsuli formebi gvxvdeba XII—XX saukuneTa Zeg-
lebSi, aseve — qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi1.
1
rogorc vnaxeT, aseTi vnebiTebis ricxvi sakmaod didia. sayuradReboa isic, rom maTi
umravlesoba enis ZiriTadi leqsikuri fondis sityvebs warmoadgens.
212
istoriis sakiTxebi
es imas niSnavs, rom saliteraturo qarTuls axasiaTebs sufiqsuri vnebi-

Tebis gabatonebis tendencia. igi vnebiTis prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri warmoe-
bidan upiratesobas ukanasknels aniWebs. aseT pirobebSi bunebrivi Cans sa-
kiTxi daisvas im vnebiTebis mimarTac, romelTa mxolod sufiqsuri warmoebaa
CvenTvis cnobili1: xom ar axasiaTebdaT maTac Tavdapirvelad prefiqsebi?
sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas iZleva upirveles yov-
lisa TviT qarTuli enis monacemTa gaTvaliswineba2, rasac mxars uWers sxva
qarTveluri enebis Cvenebac.
megrul-Wanurisa da svanurisaTvis damaxasiaTeblad miiCneva vnebiTis
prefiqsuli warmoeba3.
amgvarad, megrul-Wanursa da svanurs dRemde SenarCunebuli aqvs is
mdgomareoba, romelic qarTulisTvisac unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli
garkveul periodSi.
Tuki qarTulSi vnebiTis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli unda yofiliyo
mxolod prefiqsebi, maSin riT avxsnaT amave funqciis mqone sxva rigis niSne-
bis -en, -ed sufiqsebis arseboba? ra mimarTeba unda vivaraudoT prefiqsuli
da sufiqsuri warmoebis vnebiTebs Soris?
safiqrebelia, rom vnebiTis sufiqsuri tipi qarTulSi garkveuli
dialeqturi wris monacemia.
am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa, rom XII—XX ss. Zeglebsa da qarTuli enis
dialeqtebSi dasturdeba sufiqsiT nawarmoebi vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa forme-
bi iseT SemTxvevebSic, rodesac Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTuli pre-
fiqsul warmoebas mimarTavs.
XII—XVIII ss. Zeglebidan saamiso nimuSebia:
ga-Rim-d-a, Sdr. ga-e-Rim-a
gaRimdis, Zowi gaapis, kbilTagan elva krTeboda: v. t. 1337, 2
yrmaman odnad moilxinis, bage gaxvnis, ga-ca-Rimdis: Svid. 416, 1
gamo-mgzavr-d-a, Sdr. gamo-e-mgzavr-a
(ramin) gamomgzavrda misiTa moyuariTa da laSqriTa: visram. 315, 23
1
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs vnebiTebi: gandidna, aRyuavna, gankacna, ganTavisuflda, ganc¢fr-
da, mouZlurda...
2
sadac iqorwinebis, aReSenebis, aResrulebis, moegonebis, moewyurebis.formebia, iq
ganididebis, ganikacebis, ganic¢frebis... formebsac unda movelodeT.
3
donian vnebiTs megrul-WanurSi qarTulidan Sesulad miiCneven (arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris
gramatikuli analizi, 1936, gv. 114).
svanurSi i-/e-iani vnebiTebis namyo ZiriTadis formebSi gamovlenili -en, -a>n, -aÐn, a>Ðn sufiqsebisa
da e.w. fuZedrekad zmnaTa awmyos -en (-n) sufiqsis vnebiTis niSnad miCnevas dabrkoleba axlavs:
dasaxelebuli sufiqsebi rom vnebiTis mawarmoebeli niSnebi iyos, isini unda gvqondes dro-
kiloTa yvela formaSi. aRniSnulisa da sxva sabuTebis safuZvelze gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom -
en svanurSi ar unda iyos vnebiTis mawarmoebeli niSani, igi sxva warmoSobis afiqsia (g.
maWavariani, zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi, sadisertacio
Sromis avtoreferati, 1953, gv. 15; Sdr. G. Deeters, das kharthwelische Verbum, 1930, 205-206; arn. Ciqobava,
Картвельские языки, их исторический состав и древний лингвистический облик: iberiul-kavkasiuri enaT-
mecniereba, II, 1948, gv. 64.
213
istoriis sakiTxebi
mo-s-Zal-d-a, Sdr. mo-e-Zal-a

ese ZiZaman ar icoda, Tu visis guli eqca da mosZalda mijnuroba: visram. 78, 35
mo-s-won-d-a, Sdr. mo-e-won-a
mogwondebis damnaxvelTa Tma melnisa da giSrisa: Teim. I, 122, 81
Se-h-fer-d-a, Sdr. Se-e-fer-a
xelmwifisa Svili aris, Sehferdebis CvenTan jdoma: omain. 132, 4
a-baZ-d-a, Sdr. mi-e-baZ-a
mec maT avbaZdio, es sofeli gauSvio: mogz. 47, 4
da-zar-d-a, Sdr. da-e-zar-a
wyalsa da wyaros Sexedav da Tvalis mosxleta dagzardeba: iqve, 24, 16
da-mowm-d-a, Sdr. da-e-mowm-a
CemTa damowmdi naTqvamTa wynarad, ar sityva cqafiTa: omain. 366, 4
XIX—XX ss. literaturidan:
ga-ToS-d-eb-a, Sdr. ga-i-ToS-eb-a
is TandaTan ToSdeboda, magram xmas mainc ar iRebda: a. yazb. II, 253, 25
ga-tvrin-d-a, Sdr. ga-i-tvrin-a
batkansac etyoboda, iameboda da tvrindeboda da siamovnebiT izmore-
boda: T. razik. 239, 23
maxare swrafad miimala buCqebSi da gatvrinda: S. aragv. II, 371, 17
ga-yin-d-a, Sdr. ga-i-yin-a
goneba Sesdga, gayinda, kacma ver gasZra xelia: a. yazb. III, 244, 33
gulma RrRna damiwyo, sisxli ZarRvebSi gamiyinda: ilia, II, 103
ga-u-jibr-d-a, Sdr. ga-e-jibr-a
unda daganaxva, es da-Zma rom gaujibrdebian xolme erTmaneTs ariTmeti-
kaSi: n. lom. 76, 38
setyva, Weqa-quxili, elva-qariSxali da yovelis mxridan movardnili
niaRvrebi. . . erTmaneTs ujibrdebodnen: n. lom. 137, 35
ga-u-Rim-d-a, Sdr. ga-e-Rim-a
mas laparakSi saxe uRimdeboda, uRimdeboda Savi kuprsaviT Tvalebi: a.
yazb. I, 199, 1
kowias saxe borotad SeuTamaSda, gauRimda am sityvebis gagonebaze: e.
nin. 36, 26
da-nan-d-a, Sdr. da-e-nan-a
TiTqo mas (mzes) nandeba qveyniereba, TiTqo mas nandeba mdeviviT caTam-
din Tavmibjenili mTani: a. yazb. III, 561, 12
dananda melanas nugeSo, dananda da gulmduRared atirda: a. xoSt. 33, 34-35
Se-u-xuT-d-a, Sdr. Se-e-xuT-a
SemeSinda, suli SemixuTda: d. kld. 349, 7
me vkvdebi... — warmosTqva gulom da xelaxla SeuxuTda suli: e. nin. 173, 9
Ca-u-wveT-d-a, Sdr. Ca-e-wve-T-a
214
istoriis sakiTxebi
rostomis da antonis sicili gulnatken marabdels mainc SxamiviT Cau-

wveTda: m. javax. marab., 118
dialeqtebidan:
qn-d-a, Sdr. i-qn-a
zog dRes xuTi, zogs dRes aTi SiqaliRa (nadiroba) qndebis: arn. Ciqob.
fereidn. 241, 29
is WinWvela ra qndao? Tagvsa SeuWamiao: p. umik. xalx. sity., 277
Se-fer-d-a //mo-fer-d-a, Sdr. Se-e-fer-a
Tu daxvdi usaWuris Zes, qalis saqmared Saxferdebi: a. San. xevs., 759, 6
qoroRlis erTi heme vici, qarTula sul ar moferdeba is da haide: m. xub.
aWar., 27, 5
Se-xaTr-d-a, Sdr. Se-e-xaTr-a
ro mudam SenTan yofniTa arvisgan SamxaTrdeboda: iv. xorn. fSav., 200, 1
a-u-xil-d-a, Sdr. a-e-xil-a
(zanzaram) Tavi das uTxra: Sen iqiT iyure exlao, me Tvalebi amixildebao
da ar SegeSindeso: a. mart. da gr. imn. kax. teqst., 160, 6
mo-a-Cven-d-a, Sdr. mo-e-Cven-a
vardis feraT maCvendebi, rogorc gamsili mTvareo: j. noR. aWar., 114, 15
ze da mTvareT maCvendeba, Citi mgonia mercxali: m. xub. aWar., 42, 18
angelozaT momaCvendi, rom gadagare Tvalebi: j. noR. aWar. teqst., 67, 9
mo-s-won-d-a, Sdr. mo-e-won-a
yvela xalxs ro moswondeba, mo¡ da Sen nu moqwondeba: iqve, 61, 3-4
biWiza gogos ameirCevs deda¡, Tu moswondeba: S. ZiZ. qob., 202
erTxel vixile, batono, momwonda (momewona) Seni saxeo: j. noR. aWar., 114, 14
u-axl-d-a, Sdr. e-axl-a
levanma da aleqsandrem Semohyares piri pirsa, iaxles Tan msaxurebi,
yeens karze uaxldesa: p. umik. xalx. sityv., 122, 2 (xevi)
Se-s-wir-d-a, Sdr. Se-e-wir-a
neta es Cemi qarvasla axla vis unda darCesa ... odes sinsila gawydeba,
eCmiaZins Seswirdesa: p. umik. xalx. sityv., 121, 27
zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT: vnebiTis warmoebaSi istoriu-
lad gamoxatulebas unda poulobdes ori sxvadasxva dialeqturi wre, erTs vnebi-
Tis sawarmoeblad mxolod prefiqsebi axasiaTebda, meore am funqciiT sufiqsur
warmoebas iyenebda. maTgan prefiqsuli warmoeba qarTuli enis ZiriTadi da amave
dros arqauli fenis kuTvnileba Cans. es fena akavSirebs qarTuls sxva qarTvelur
enebTan, sufiqsebi SedarebiT axali formaciisa unda iyos1. -en, -ed vnebiTis mawar-
moebeli niSnebiT qarTuli sxva qarTveluri enebisagan gancalkevebiT dgas.
1
vnebiTis mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi axali formaciisad miaCnia iv. qavTaraZes (zmnis
ZiriTadi kategoriebis istoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, 1954, gv. 310—311) da g. maWavarians
(zmnis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi qarTvelur enebSi, sadisertacio Sromis av-
toreferati, 1953, gv. 15).
215
istoriis sakiTxebi
leli baramiZe
vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa

awmyos daboloebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi
cnobilia, rom gramatikuli gvari qarTulSi SedarebiT gvian Camoyali-

bebuli kategoriaa. amitom zog cvlilebas, romlebic am mxriv moxda enaSi,
SeiZleba Tvali gavadevnoT Cvens mravalsaukunovan warilobiT ZeglebSi.
gansakuTrebiT SeiZleba es iTqvas vnebiTis Sesaxeb, romelic qarTulSi mdi-
daria formebiT.
vnebiTi gvaris Sesaxeb araerTi gamokvleva dawerila, romlebSic ganxi-
lulia masTan dakavSirebuli esa Tu is sakiTxi. amJamad gvinda SevexoT vnebi-
Tis I seriis Temis Camoyalibebis sakiTxs. vgulisxmobT dinamikur vnebiTs.
vnebiTi qarTulSi mWidro kavSirSia moqmedebiTi gvaris formebTan. `qarTu-
li ena umetesad aqtiuri formebis enaa. Tanac cotaa iseTi vnebiTi zmnebi, romel-
Tac saTanado moqmedebiTi ar moepovebaT~ [1], § 346). amis gamo miaCniaT, rom vnebi-
Ti gvaris formebi aris mobrunebuli saxe moqmedebiTisa ([1], § 346). aqedan gamom-
dinareobs is siaxlove, romelic am ori gvaris TemaTa Soris gvaqvs. msgavseba me-
tia Zvel qarTulSi, sadac istoriuli kavSiri moqmedebiTsa da vnebiTs Soris uf-
ro naTelia, vidre axal qarTulSi. Zvel qarTulSi daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba
procesi, romelic mimarTulia vnebiTi gvaris formaTa unifikaciisaken, rac ama-
ve dros iwvevs vnebiTis sxva gvaris formebTan dapirispirebis zrdas.
I seriis Temis erT-erTi, yvelaze gavrcelebuli, ganmasxvavebeli saSuale-
ba aris Temis niSani. xSir SemTxvevaSi Temis niSani aris zmnaTa sxvadasxva gva-
ris formaTa dapirispirebis saSualebac. vnebiTs ar gaaCnia sakuTari Temis ni-
Sani, e.i. iseTi, rom moqmedebiTSi ar ixmarebodes ([1], § 466). maSasadame, vnebiT-
Si unda gvqondes (mosalodnelia, gvqondes) igive Temis niSani, rac Sesabamis
moqmedebiTSia, radganac vnebiTisaTvis moqmedebiTi gvaris formebia amosava-
li1. Zvel qarTulSi ZiriTadad es asec aris, ramdenadac amis saSualebas ena iZ-
leva. wesi darRveulia mxolod maSin, roca misi dacva formaTa damTxvevas,
arevas gamoiwvevda. magram amasTan erTad Zvel qarTulSive aris Casaxuli is
cvlilebebi Temis niSanTa TvalsazrisiT, romlebic axal qarTulSi gvaqvs.
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa I seriis Tema, romelsac vnebiTi eyrdnoba,
uTemisniSnoa, an Temis niSani daerTvis. uTemisniSno, anu martiv-Temian
zmnebSi gamoiyofa ori jgufi: 1. erT-Temiani zmnebi da 2. xmovan-monacvle,
1
igulisxmeba prefiqsiani vnebiTi, sufiqsiani vnebiTis mimarTeba Sesabamis moqmedebiT-
Tan sxvagvari unda iyos ([2], 37): [3].
216
istoriis sakiTxebi
anu e.w. fuZedrekadi zmnebi. Temis niSnebad ki, rogorc cnobilia, gvxvdeba i,
av, am, em, eb, ob, of, ev afiqsebi.
vnebiTSi meordeba, gadadis yvela Temis niSani, garda i-nisa, romelsac eb
enacvleba. amasTan eb Temis niSanive uCndebaT martiv-Temian zmnebs, yvelas — erT-
Temianebsac da xmovan-monacvleebsac. ratom ar gadahyva i vnebiTSi, rogorc
Temis niSani da ratom Seicvala zmnis Tema zemoT aRniSnul SemTxvevebSi saer-
Tod? mizezi unda iyos is, rom vnebiTis awmyos formebi am SemTxvevaSi daemTxveo-
da moqmedebiTis II seriis zogierT formas. saqme isaa, rom dinamikur vnebiTs aw-
myoSi fuZis bolos axasiaTebs i xmovani (iTxoveb-i-s, imalv-i-s, iTqum-i-s da misT.)
da martiv fuZeze am i-s mirTviT miRebuli forma savsebiT daemsgavseboda saTavi-
so qcevian II xolmeobiTs: Seimoss (igi mas), Seimos-i-s (man igi) da: Seimos-i-s (igi).
vnebiTis formis, agebulebis istoriuli TvalsazrisiT Seswavla sayu-
radReboa ara mxolod TviT vnebiTis istoriis gasarkvevad; bevrjer aq Tavs
iCens moqmedebiTi gvaris formaTa ganviTarebis gzebic. amdenad, orive gva-
ris formebi urTierTsakontrolo saSualebad gamogvadgeba.
Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, moqmedebiTis Temis niSnebi Cveuleb-
riv daculia vnebiTSi, magram Zveladve SeiniSneba unifikaciis tendencia,
romelic gamoixateba eb Temis niSnis gamoyenebis aris gafarToebaSi.
Zveli qarTulis viTarebis gasacnobad vnebiTi gvaris zmnebs ganvixi-
lavT TemaTa mixedviT da, ramdenadac saSualeba gveqneba, maT davupirispi-
rebT moqmedebiTis Sesabamis formebs1.
prefiqsiani vnebiTi
1. erT-Temiani da xmovan-monacvle zmnebi

Cvens xelT arsebuli masala ZiriTadad erT-Temiani zmnebia. oriode-
zmnaa xmovan-monacvleTagan. radgan orive jgufi erTnair viTarebas gviCve-
nebs, maT erTad ganvixilavT.
am tipis zmnebs, rogorc iTqva, moqmedebiTSi Temis niSani ar aqvT.
vnebiTSi ki maT daerTvis eb, romelsac mosdevs i. es i, romelic dinamiku-
ri vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa boloSi gvaqvs, amJamad gagebulia rogorc mwkrivis
niSani ([1] § 467), Tumca istoriulad, rogorc cnobilia, mas sxva daniSnuleba
unda hqonoda.
bans2: da dahbanda1 cremliTa, boln. 13, 10. romeli-igi ibanebin, sin. 186,
31; ganibanebis igi, swav. 54, 29; yoveli eri. . . ganibanebodes, moqc. 109, 4.
1
moqmedebiTis forma mocemuli vnebiTis sruli Sesatyvisi SeiZleba yovelTvis ar iyos,
mag., pirianobis an qcevis mixedviT, magram aseTi ram dasaSvebad miviCnieT, radgan Temis
niSnebi erTia.
2
ama Tu im fuZes, Cveulebriv, ramdenime zmniswini daerTvis, yvelas miTiTeba aq ar mo-
xerxdeba.
217
istoriis sakiTxebi
hguems: nu mguem me, mr. 5, 7 C. borotad viguemebi, evst. 40, 40; iguemebis
eSmakisagan, xanZT. 292, 4.
iTxovs: ara iTxovs igi niWTa, swav. 173, 23; iTxovebis Cemgan, equs. 133, 21.
romeli ufro¡sad meTxovebis, swav. 228, 19.
dahkecs: daikecebin igi zurgsa zeda wylisasa, kac. ag. 146, 11.
mohkueTs: nucaRa warhkueTn sasoebasa, ist. qr. 11, 19, 28. moikueTebis
yoveli neba¡, jav. aRw. 79, 22; ganikueTebis igi, gamocx. 15, 2 T; moekueTebis
Tavi winawarmetyuelsa mas, sin. 210, 19; Tavi warmekueTebis, evst. 44, 30.
dahlews: dahlewdes brZolisa max¢liTa, boln. 40, 6. Zualni Cemni
dailewebied, ist. qr. 11, 83, 6; dailewebodian SiSisagan, swav. 124, 16.
Seimoss: Sevimos £eliT werilsa Sensa, lim. 75, 3. imosebi ZoweuliTa,
boln. 69, 5; ZaZiTa imosebin, swav. 72, 21; Seimosebis, equs. 46, 38.
Sehracxs: TquenTa Tana Sevhracx, kost. 172, 22. yovelive. . . Seiracxebis,
efr. mc. 96, 14; equs. 76, 3; SeviracxebiT, fs. 43, 23. numca locva¡ Seni codvad
Segeracxebis, swav. 10, 24; Seeracxebis, lim. 70, 17; sin. 37, 5; iqve 37, 9.
iSviaTad am zmnis moqmedebiTs Zvel qarTulSive daerTvis Tematuri sufiq-
sebi, esenia av, eb: nu Semracxav me codvilTa Tana, fs. 27, 3 C; nu Semracxeb, iqve,
a. Sdr. Semracx, iqve, E. es aisaxa vnebiTSiac: locvad Segeracxvis, jav. 124, 4, qv.
hreks: kbilni erekebied, sin. 119, 6; mu£lni misni erekebodes erTmaneTsa,
ist. qr. 11, 91, 24.
mihfens: mihfens, efr. 87, 1; ganhfens, boln. 8, 21. WeSmariteba¡ yovelsa
sofelsa miefinebis, sin. 234, 28; aseve: xanZT. 317, 27; miefineboda, moqc. 155,
16; moefinebis, boln. 65, 1 qv; zarzm. 320, 6.
qsovs: romeli iqsovebis sulisagan, boln. 39, 16; moiqsoebis, iqve, 46, 20.
daswerts: daviwertebodiT aqave SuriTa maTiTa, swav. 31, 6.
daswnexs: igi daswnexs sawnaxelsa mas, gamocx. 19, 15. sada siwmidisa
tevani ara daiwnixebin, boln. 35, 8.
aRswons: aRswonda... saqmeTa T¢sTa, boln, 10, 25; yoveli sasworiTa iwoneboda,
xanZT. 277, 11. axal qarTulSi moqmedebiTis formas i daerTvis: wonis.
Wams: yoveli saWmeli, romeli iWamebis, levit. 11, 34; SeviWamebiT urTi-
erTas, swav. 266, 27.
ganxerxs: ganixerxebodes guliTa maTiTa, saqme 7, 54.
xuets: guerdni maTni. . . ixutebodes, sin. 258, 10.
mohxueWs: usamarTlod mohxueWen mravalTa, swav. 307, 30, monagebi maTi
miixueWebis, iqve, 134, 21.
aR£ocs: ah£oca hromTa ersa? sin. 252, 4; aRmovh£oc, lim. 17, 17.
sarwmunoebiTa aRi£ocebian codvani, swav. 55, 2.
1
qvemoT yvelgan jer moqmedebiTs moviyvanT, Semdeg — vnebiTis formebs, oRond simok-
lisaTvis ar mivuTiTebT. vnebiTi, sadac orive mogvepoveba, jer i-niani iqneba moyvanili,
Semdeg — e-niani.
218
istoriis sakiTxebi
martivi unda yofiliyo Tes fuZec, magram mas Zvelsave qarTulSi aqvs
darTuli av, romelic vnebiTSic iCens Tavs: nu dasTesav, sin, 48, 21; romeli
iTesvis, levit. 11, 37; daiTesvis, boln. 18, 5. axal qarTulSi ki sxva av-ianTa
msgavsad amasac eb daemata: iTeseba.
erT-TemianTa umravlesobas axal qarTulSi daerTo sufiqsi av ([1] § 451):
Tib-av-s, kaf-av-s, kec-av-s, lew-av-s, Semos-av-s, aRricx-av-s, Wed-av-s, xerx-
av-s, amoxoc-av-s da misT. Sesabamisad Seicvala maTi sawyisic: Tibva, kafva,
dakecva, galewva, Semosva, aRricxva, Wedva, xerxva da sxva. vnebiTSi es cvli-
lebebi ar asaxula, is Zveleburad eb afiqsiania: Semos-av-s — Semos-v-a, mag-
ram: Seimos-eb-a; Tib-av-s — Tib-v-a, magram: iTib-eb-a...
av sufiqsi daerTo zogierT xmovan-monacvle zmnasac, magram aq is ise
gavrcelebuli araa, Tanac maT gverdiT ixmareba Zveli formebic ([1] § 452).
vnebiTSi isev eb gvaqvs: daSrets (evagr. 224, 24), Sdr. ax. q. daSrets — daSri-
tavs, magram: daiSriteba.
2. i Temis-niSniani zmnebi
rogorc aRiniSna, Temis niSani i vnebiTSi ar gadahyveba, mis adgilas
vnebiTi gvaris formebSi gaCenilia eb ([1] § 467).
warhgzavn-i-s: warigzavneboda ierusalÀmd, l. 13, 22.
sdevn-i-s: warsdevnis m£urvalebasa missa, evagr. 224, 24; sdevnides, abo 76, 5. aw
amis iuda¡sgan videvnebi, sin. 242, 31; idevnebi, zed. 210, 19; idevnebis, sin. 204, 24.
zrd-i-s: mzrdis Cuen RmerTi, swav. 145, 11. mwuanvilica izardebis, kac.
ag. 176, 13; izardebi, swav. 25, 5. izardebian, equs. 112, 9.
daTxr-i-s: kedeli daiTxareboda, sin. 223, 14.
hmwysis: romeli hmwysi israelsa, fs. 79, 2. aspitnica neliTa sity¢Ta
daimwysebian, sin. 214, 14.
ganhryun-i-s: Sueniereba¡ ganiryunebis, swav. 91, 23; ganiryunebin, fs. 56, saT.
dasj-i-s: me ara vsji mas, i. 12, 47 c sasoebisaT¢s. . . me visajebi, saqme, 23,
26; Sen daisajebi, boln. 43, 6; davisajebiT, swav. 95, 1; iSviaTad fuZe
SekumSulia: gare isjebodian £orciTa, garej. 234, 9.
aRfxur-i-s: ifxuriden TmaTa, ist. qr. 69, 28; bWeni qalaqisani
aRifxurebodes, boln. 85, 11.
Sl-i-s: spec. literaturaSi miTiTebulia Slis da Salavs [4], [5], [6]. mar-
Tlac, erTi mxriT, gvaqvs: nuvis uSalavT, sig. mR. (qrest. 95, 24), meore mxriT:
nuvin £elhyofT Slasa (iqve, 94, 26; 96, 15), romelic amosavlad gulisxmobs
Slis formas. vnebiTi Cveni masalis mixedviT eb-iania. SeTxzuleba¡ ese cxo-
rebisa Cuenisa¡ dRiTi-dRed daiSalebis, swav. 252, 24. savaraudoa, rom av-iani
forma SedarebiT gviandelia.
sWr-i-s: dahSWrides, ist. qr. 103, 6. ganiWreboda tkivilisa simZafriTa,
zarzm. 243, 3; daiWrebodes, xanZT. 261, 11. romelTa-igi asoni moeWrebied
max¢liTa, swav. 68, 23.
219
istoriis sakiTxebi
mih£d-i-s: aw windsa mim£dia? sin. 27, 8. sasjeli mige£adebis, lim. 59, 13;
mie£adeboda. sin. 12, 7; sityua¡ migue£adebodis, swav. 15, 22.
a s e v e a: qenjnis — iqenjnebodes (iob. 5, 4); RularWnis — iRularWnebodes
(ist. qr. 91, 25); miayris — mieyreboda (moqc. 148, 4); ganxrwnis (fs. 57, saT.) — ga-
ni£rwnebis (swav. 158, 25; lim. 96, 25); gamomcdiT (m. 22, 18) — gamoicadebis (swav.
275, 24); ganicadeboda (boln. 19, 6 qv.); aRh£sniT (mr. 11, 5), dah£snian (swav. 243, 9)
— i£snebis (swav. 81, 30), gani£snebis (sin. 74, 29), dai£snebis (equs. 107, 25)...
am tipis zmnaTa erT nawils garkveuli Tavisebureba axasiaTebs Zvel qar-
TulSi: maTi saerTod kumSvadi fuZeebi vnebiTSi ukumSvelad ixmareba ([4]
204), ([5] 48). SekumSulia xolme moqmedebiTi, magram ara yovelTvis, aramed I
seriaSi: zrdis, sjis, daTxris da misT. ([5] 48): zemoT warmodgenil masalaSi
aseTia: izardebis (Sdr. ax. q. izrdeba), daiTxarebis, daisajebis, daiSalebis,
gamoicadebis, gardai£adebis...
3. av-iani zmnebi
yvela av-iani zmnis vnebiTi axal qarTulSi eb-i daboloebaze gadavida da
miviReT aseTi dapirispireba: moqmedebiTSi av Temis niSani gvaqvs, vnebiTSi —
eb. eb daerTo ara uTemisniSno, aramed av-ian fuZes. es av SekumSuli saxiT zog-
jer Semonaxulia fuZeSi: daixvneba, daiwvneba (Sdr. dawnavs). moyvanil formeb-
Si av gadasmulia, magram es xdeba ara yovelgvar fuZeSi, aramed mxolod gar-
kveul SemTxvevebSi, Sdr. rg-av-s — irg-v-eba. maSasadame, aq sufiqsTa monacvle-
oba ki ara gvaqvs, aramed fuZis axali sufiqsiT garTuleba xdeba.
Zvel qarTulSi av-iani moqmedebiTis Sesabamisi vnebiTi ZiriTadad
agreTve av-iania, oRond av SekumSulia: av→v. mas mosdevs dinamikuri
vnebiTisaTvis saerTod damaxasiaTebeli bolokiduri i: SesTxz-av-s —
SeiTxz-v-is, dahkl-av-s — daikl-v-is, ganikiTx-av-s — ganikiTx-v-is, Sehkr-av-s
— Seikr-v-is, mal-av-s — imal-v-is, far-av-s — ifar-v-is. . .
magram unda aRiniSnos, rom ukve Zvel qarTulSive sakmaod xSirad gvxvde-
ba eb darTuli formebic: ikiTxvis — ikiTxvebis, moikiTxvis — moikiTxvebis,
aRmoikiTxvis — aRmoikiTxebis, daimalvis — daimalebis, gamoisaxvis — gamo-
isaxebis, daiwuvis — daiwuebis, ixilvis — ixilvebis. . .
zogierT SemTxvevaSi eb-iani forma vnebiTSi Cveulebrivia, amosavali av-ia-
ni forma ki an iSviaTia, an kidev TiTqos ar Cans. aseTebia: ixilavs — ixilvebis,
locavs — ilocvebis, elocvebis, stanjavs — itanjebis, zraxavs — izraxebis...
enis ganviTarebis garkveul doneze Tematuri afiqsebis gamoyenebis are
gansazRvrulia. istoriulad ki is cvalebadia. saliteraturo enisagan gan-
sxvavebuli viTareba SeiZleba gvqondes dialeqtebSic. ganviTarebis sxvadas-
xva doneTa monacemebis SerevasTan unda gvqondes saqme, roca erTsa da imave
zmnas daerTvis xan erTi, xan meore afiqsi. dasaSvebia agreTve, rom es faqti
dialeqturi warmomavlobisa iyos. Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba sawyisebi winami-
gebva¡ (urh. 323, 30) da: migebeba¡ (sin. 149, 8; i. 12, 13). vnebiTSi av iCens Tavs,
eb TiTqos ara gvaqvs: miegebvis. msgavsi viTarebaa zemoT moyvanil Sla —
220
istoriis sakiTxebi
Salva da iSalebis formebSi. aseT SemTxvevebSi vnebiTis monacemebs, vfiq-

robT, angariSi unda gaewios.
mogvyavs sailustracio masala.
migeb-v-a¡: ese naTesavi aravis miegebvis, jav. aRw. 239, 18; miegebvian, sin.
145, 25; miegebvoda, saqme, 10, 25; gamoegebvoda, m. 8, 34 c; mr. 5, 2 C.
mozRud-av-s: sity¢Ta miT. . . moizRudvoda, sin. 22, 24.
dasTes-av-s: gulis-sityuani keTilni daeTesvodes, ist. qr. 108, 36.
miiTual-av-s: iTualavn welTa misTa, swav. 141, 25; migiTualav, moqc. 11,
8. arca vedreba¡ miiTualvis, swav. 281, 12. axal qarTulSi av-is nacvlad i
Temis niSani gvaqvs am zmnaSi: Tvlis, miiTvlis. fuZec SekumSulia.
dahkl-av-s: dahklvides, mr. 14, 12. romeli daiklvis, boln. 40, 13; 41, 4.
Sdr. CuenTv¢s daikla, abo, 53, 1.
mohkl-av-s: moiklavs Tavsa, i. 8, 22. yovelni moiklvian, sin. 214, 7;
romelni... moiklvian, gobr. 183, 7; moiklvodes, ist. qr. 71, 11. Sdr. moikla
mefÀ igi, evst. 37, 34. ax. qarTulSi am zmnas vnebiTi ar ukeTdeba, gamoyenebu-
lia sxva fuZe: mokvdeba.
ganikiTx-av-s: (swav. 82, 25): vdga da ganvikiTxvi, saqme, 26, 6; ganikiTxvis,
iqve, 25, 8 a; sin. 72, 12; ukueTu Cuen ganvikiTxviT, saqme, 4, 9; ganikiTxvian, jav.
196, 35; ganikiTxvoda, abo, 78, 17.
ikiTx-av-s: vikiTxavTca, sin. 239, 26; aRmogikiTxavs, m. 12, 5c. samaradisod
ikiTxvodin, jav. 130, 15 qv.; romeli-ese aRmoikiTxvis, iqve, 242, 20; romelni
warikiTxvian, boln. 6, 9.
amaT gverdiT gvxvdeba eb darTuli formebic: juari. . . ikiTxvebis, sin.
233, 17; jav. 1. 34; raJams aRmoikiTxvebodis saxareba¡, sin. 11,24; saqmeni. . .
aRmoikiTxvebodian, swav. 123, 9; iqve, 125, 29; sin. 156, 5. moikiTxavT, l. 10, 4.
moikiTxvebis saxeli meuRlisa¡, sin. 38, 9.
Sehkr-av-s: sakrveliTa Sehkravs, swav. 145, 7. Seikrvis ena¡ Cemi, boln. 33,
13; jav. 133, 3; Seikrvian eSmakni, sin. 259, 1; swav. 150, 29; equs. 114, 1.
hkrZal-av-s: Tavsa hkrZalavs, vefx. 397, 4; krZalva¡. m. 16, 12;
gankrZalvad, lim. 105, 21; nuraras ikrZalvi, nuca iridebi maTda, xron. 229,
28; Sdr. n. baraTaSvilis ikrZalvis (`suli oboli~). mTa¡ yoveli. . .
ekrZalvoda, iov. da efT. 92, 21; ar mekrZaloda, vefx. 38, 1. . .
aqtivi eb Temis niSniTac gvaqvs: ganakrZalebs, efr. 95, 3; gamocx. 3, 11. T. Zv.
qarTulSi Cveulebrivia swored amisi pasivi: ekrZalebis, sin. 214, 22; mr. 6, 20c.
uloc-av-s: ulocvides, xanZT. 260, 28. elocvis ar Segvxvedria. xanZTas
Sina elocvebis yovelTa dafanCulTa, xanZT. 260, 23.
dahmal-av-s: davhmalav, sin. 174, 1. petre. . . ivltoda da imalvoda, sin.
266, 10; aseve: ist. qr. 77, 26; daimalvoda, fs. 56, saT.
eb sufiqsiani: romelnime ivltodes da daimalebodes, ist. qr. 101, 34.
dahmarx-av-s: dahmarxvida, l. 2, 19c. daimarxvis, equs. 40, 32.
221
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseve: gamohkueravs — gamoikuervis (iob. 28, 2); dahnergavs (sin. 246, 31) — da-
energvis (boln. 18, 6); SehrTavs — SeerTvi (swav. 150, 28), moerTvin (kac. ag. 168,
27), STaerTvian (equs. 102, 28); Sehmusravs (jav. 105, 15 qv.) — Seimusrvin (swav. 117,
14; sin. 52, 28); SehmsWualavs — SeimsWualvin (sin. 119, 7); gan-, moiparavs — gani-
parvis (swav. 253, 3), moiparvian (jav. 233, 5), gamoiparvian (iqve 233, 6); rwyavs
(iat. qr. 17, 36) — irwyvoda (xanZT. 273, 11; iqve, 282, 11); dahfaravs (sin. 173, 36) —
mefarvi (iob. 13, 24), daefarvis (swav. 111, 14; lim. 100, 13); dahflavs (swav. 225, 1)
— daeflvi (sin. 88, 33); gamosaxavs (gamocx. 6, 3) — gamoisaxvis (boln. 31, 7; iqve,
60, 3 qv.); mosravs (fs. 77, 34) — moisrvodes (sin. 252, 1; boln. 85, 9 — 10); gan-
st¢navs (saqme 7, 59) — ganit¢nvodes (swav. 129, 22); dahfaravs (sin. 173, 36) — daifar-
vis (swav. 9, 19), ifarvin (sin. 192, 10); SeZerwavs — SeiZerwvis, SeiZerwvian (jav. 105,
15 qv.); gansZarcuavs (swav. 180, 22) — ganeZarcuvoda (sin. 258, 7), moeZarcuvis (iqve,
75, 24); aRsZravs (sin. 38, 3) — iZrvis (kac. ag. 150, 8; levit. 11, 14), aRiZrvis (swav.
164, 25), SeiZrvi (lim. 91, 28); Seiwiravs (swav. 100, 5) — Seiwirvis (swav. 83, 3; zanZT.
290, 39); daswuavs (swav. 184, 31) — daiwuvin (iqve, 140, 28), daiwuvied (iqve, 68, 24);
Seswuavs (xanZT. 269, 8) — Seiwuvin (fs. 9, 23; iob. 30, 17); swylavs (efr. 88, 11) — iwy-
lvodes (sin. 135, 26), moviwylvodiT (swav. 76, 3); SeWuravs — SeiWurvoda (tiriW.
187, 38), aRiWurvoda (zed. 209, 10); gamohxatavs (sin. 116, 1) — gamoixatvis (boln.
31, 7); dah£Savs (gamocx. 3, 7 T) — dai£Svis (iqve 3, 8 T), dai£Svied (swav. 60, 11).
av-ian zmnaTa erTi nawilis eb darTuli variantebi iqve moviyvaneT. aseTi
formebi moepovebaT sxva zmnebsac. magaliTad: daefarebis (swav. 135, 30); ir-
wyvebin (zarzm. 320, 4; garej. 239, 21), irwyveboda (il. qarTv. 10, 33), irwyvebo-
des (zarzm. 335, 26; 334, 29); gamoisaxebis (boln. 64, 6); it¢rTebis (sin. 175, 2);
iwuebis (jav. 133, 10), daiwuebi (swav. 73, 12), daiwuebis (equs. 50, 18; jav. 192, 3;
swav. 246, 7), daiwueboda (lim. 120, 31), daiwuebodes (swav. 14, 26), daiwuebodis
(swav. 93, 26; ist. qr. 96, 14), daviwuebodio (ist. qr. 79, 17); Seiwuebis (iob. 16,
17; gam. 3,2), Seiwuebodi (sin. 219, 32; iov. da efT. 96, 11; sin. 204, 26), Seiwuebo-
des (dab. 43, 30; ist. qr. 43, 19), Seiwuvebodes (evagr. 223, 30).
zogierTi zmnis axali (eb-iT garTulebuli) formebi ufro xSirad
gvxvdeba, vidre Zveli. mag., irwyvebis, iwuebis. . . zogjer ki, rogorc aRvniS-
neT, mxolod axali formebi aRmogvaCnda. es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom Zve-
li forma teqstebSi arsad iqneba Semonaxuli, magram imas ki miuTiTebs, rom
axali formebi gabatonebulia. erTi aseTi zmnaa stanjavs (efr. 85, 21). vnebi-
Tis formebi sakmaod xSiria da eb afiqsiania yovelTvis: vitanjebi (l. 16, 24
DE). itanjebi (iob. 15, 11), itanjebis (boln. 36, 1), vitanjebiT (swav. 95, 3; 95, 8),
itanjebian (iqve, 51, 6), itanjeboda (iqve, 146, 2; 145, 5), itanjebodes (xanZT.
229, 12) da sxva.
ixilavs zmnis vnebiTis mosalodneli av-iani forma mxolod erTxel
Segvxvda: odes ixilvis sizrqe mwuervalTa misTa¡ (equs. 83, 4). eb-iani
formebi ki Cveulebrivia. es unda aixsnebodes imiT, rom av II seriaSic
gadahyva vnebiTis formebs, rom moqmedebiTs ar damTxveoda: ixilva (sin. 75,
31; xanZT. 292, 43; iqve, 267, 33). Sdr. moqm. ixila. magaliTebi: ixilvebis (xanZT.
222
istoriis sakiTxebi
312, 19; sin. 195, 2; swav. 148, 16; kac. ag. 160, 3; iqve 150, 16), ixilvebian (xanZT.
313, 17; equs. 60, 3; zarzm. 325, 15), ixilvebodes (xanZT. 299, 35) da misT.
asevea: zraxavs — izraxebis (swav. 76, 27), izraxebodes (sin. 116, 40),
izraxeboden (jav. 94, 16); locavs — ilocvebis (jav. 114, 2 qv.); mamlavs — imam-
lebis (Sdr. imamlvis): Sina¡ca qaTami maradis imamlebian1 (equs. 112, 20); aR-
moswyavs — aRmoiwyvebian (Tualni, swav. 93, 25).
axal qarTulSi ramdenime av-iani zmna Zveli formiTac ixmareba. erTi
maTgania iwvis (asevea ewvis, iZvris, erTvis da sxv.), magram misi gamoyeneba Se-
moifargleba mxolod awmyos wriT, myofadis mwkrivebSi (e.i. sruli aspeqtis
SemTxvevaSi) ukve eb-is darTva aris aucilebeli ([1] 457): iwvis, iwvoda, iwvo-
des, magram: daiwveba, daiwveboda, daiwvebodes2.
rogorc cnobilia, Temis niSanTagan ax. qarTulSi `sicocxlis unari mxo-
lod sams Seswevs. esenia: av, eb, ob~ ([1] 432). axal-axali saxelis fuZeebisagan
rom zmna vawarmooT, romelime am sufiqsTagani unda gamoviyenoT. Tu aqtivi
a — eb afiqsebiT iwarmoeba, misi vnebiTi sufiqsiania ([1] 292) da, maSasadame, eb
eqneba pasivsac: a-niav-eb-s — niav-d-eb-a, a-lamaz-eb-s — lamaz-d-eb-a...
Tu moqmedebiTi gvaris zmna av-iT keTdeba, misi vnebiTi prefiqsiania ([1]
292), sufiqsad ki av-is nacvlad ax. qarTulSi isev eb gvaqvs: daR-av-s — idaR-
eb-a, cel-av-s — icel-eb-a...
amis mixedviT kargad Cans, Tu rogor farTovdeba eb Temis niSnis gamoye-
nebis are vnebiTi gvaris zmnebSi.
4. am-iani zmnebi
am-ian zmnaTa ricxvi saerTod cotaa. kidev ufro naklebad gvxvdeba maTi
vnebiTis formebi. vnebiTSi am sufiqsi gadahyveba, oRond is SekumSulia: am→m.
dasdg-am-s: dasdgmides cxedrebiTa, saqme 5, 15. daidgmodes savarZelni,
iob. 29, 7. davadgamT, gamocx. 9,9T. g¢rg¢ni daedgmoda mas, sin. 80, 6.
Tqu-m-a: beTania `saxl mS¢dobis~ iTqumis, sin. 126, 11; aseve: xanZT. 290, 40;
sin. 38, 8; iqve, 34, 7; kac. ag. 150, 17 da sxv. XI s. erT xelnawerSi gvxvdeba eb
darTuli forma: iTqumebis [7], asevea ufro adrindel ZeglSiac: cxoreba¡
aReTqumeboda, ist. qr. II, 42, 20.
aRmosTqu-am-s: raodeni aRmoiTqumodis Cuen mier, efr. 85, 27. gansTqu-
am-T (sin. 125, 20). sarwmunoeba¡ Tqueni ganiTqumis, lim. 93, 32; ganiTqumoda
misi igi sak¢rveleba¡, sin. 144, 12. mimosTqu-am-s: da mimoiTqumodes yovelni
ese sityuani, l. 1, 65.
1
asea. unda iyos an: qaTami... imamlebin, an qaTamni... imamlebian.
2
stilisturi mizniT gamoiyeneba zogjer ax. qarTulSi av-iani formebi: iuRvlis, ibrun-
vis... Sdr. iuRleba, ibruneba... moqmedebiTia auRlebs, abrunebs, av-iani varianti TiTqos ar
Cans.
223
istoriis sakiTxebi
danTq-am-s: nu damTqamn me, fs. 68, 16, wisq¢li. . . meysa Sina dainTqmis,
gamocx. 18, 22T; romelnime. . . dainTqmied RelvaTa simZafriTa, swav. 117, 14;
dainTqmodes igini, l. 5, 7; dainTqmodis ukeTureba¡, swav. 14, 7.
rqu-m-a: romelsa darialan erqumis, abo, 58, 5; aseve: i. 19, 17c; abo 54, 1;
ganasx-am-s (swav. 148, 7): huriaTa igi krebuli ganisxmis, sin. 92, 17;
miisxmodian viTarca sacxovarni, swav. 16, 23; warisxmodian igini, iqve 123, 2.
dasx-m-a: xolo Tquen rasaRa. . . damesxmiT, kost. 169, 23; daesxmiT kacTa
zeda, fs. 61, 47 g; zedaca daesxmied mas, mr. 3, 10c.
juars-acu-am-s: kualad juars-ecumia, ufalo, sin. 246, 22; juars-
ecumoda, sin. 82, 8.
gardaacu-am-s: mS¢ldsa missa gardaucuams (fs. 7, 13). romeli-igi
gardaecumis. . . sawuTrosa, efr. 88, 11.
ganuxu-am-s maT bWeTa, efr. 95, 8. wignni igi matianTani ganexumodian,
swav. 123, 8.
saerTo viTarebis mixedviT suams zmnis vnebiTi unda iyos isumis. Cven xel-
Ta gvaqvs erTaderTi forma, romelic eb sufiqsiania ukve; yoveli saWmeli, ro-
meli iWamebis... da yoveli sasumeli, romeli isumebis, levit. 11. 34. rogorc aqe-
dan Cans, eb daerTvis am Temis niSnian formas: isu-m-eb-is. Sdr. iTqu-m-eb-s.
am-iani zmnebi sxvaca gvaqvs1: gamoabams (sin. 134, 29), moarTuams (m. 4, 24),
gare-Seirtyams (sin. 9, 1), Searwyams (sin. 49, 34), daasxams (nelsacxebelsa
ZualTa, sin. 258, 39), gardaasxams, STaasxams (RelvaTa navsa, mr. 4, 37). wina-
dausxams (asoTa, sin. 173, 34), ganusxams (ekalTa), daacuams (TavTa Zelsa, ist.
qr. 103, 10), STaicuams (sin. 108, 3). savaraudoa, rom amaTi vnebiTis uZvelesi
formebi zemoT moyvanilTa msgavsad iqneboda agebuli: gamoebmis,
moerTumis, ganesxmis...
5. em Temis-niSniani zmnebi
cnobilia, rom em afiqsi aqvs erTaderT fuZes (cem), romelsac zmniswinTa
darTviT ramdenime sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs miRebuli ([1] 407). es zmnebi
ZiriTadad sampiriania da, maSasadame, e-niani vnebiTi Seesabameba. em Temis ni-
Sani Cveulebriv vnebiTSic gadahyveba da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, sakmarisia,
mas aRaraferi emateba arc Zvels da arc axal qarTulSi.
sc-em-s: saidumlo¡ mecemis yurTa CemTa, boln. 41, 8; yovelTa maT ecemin
sisurnele, zed. 214, 2; ecemoda, sin. 60, 18.
aRmosc-em-s: erTisagan. . . wyaro¡sa... aRmoecemis madli igi, sin. 17, 31; aR-
moecemian, equs. 68, 11. Sdr. wyali aRmoecena, sin. 10, 14; mTaTa CemTa gamoecemo-
da sZÀ, iob. 29, 6. zRua¡ igi dasavalisa¡. odesme aRematis da gardaecemin, da
odesme damdabldis, equs. 93, 30. mdinare, romelsa hrq¢an fasis, gardamoecemis
mwuervalTagan kavkasiisaTa, equs. 46, 19; gardamoecemodes... wyalni, fs. 77, 16.
1
es sia, ra Tqma unda, sruli araa.
224
istoriis sakiTxebi
aseve: dascems (m. 26, 31) — daecemis (equs. 54, 16; sin. 74, 28; fs. 81, 7); mis-
cems (swav. 104, 9 — 10) — miecemis (xanZT. 282, 35; mr. 14, 21; iob. 21, 30) da sxv.
egeve fuZe gvaqvs rTul zmnaSi: Tayuans-scems, nugeSinis-scems (garej. 239,
14), sadac pird. obieqturi piri rTul zmnaSi Sedis da amitomac forma mTli-
anad orpirianad aris qceuli. miuxedavad amisa, gvxvdeba maTi i-niani vnebi-
Tic da e-nianic: didad nugeSinis-mecemis, jav. 130, 18 qv.; moi£senebn da nuge-
Sinis-ecemis, swav. 141, 1. i-niani formebi mxolod Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeboda
da Cveni masalis mixedviT eb-sac irTavs: romlisa mier nugeSinis-icemebodis,
zed. 208, 32; Tayuanis-icemebis ZÀ, sin. 16, 8; iqve, 134, 33; iqve, 53, 4; boln. 16, 7,
qv.; zed. 196, 12; eSmaki Tayuanis-icemeboda, sin. 234, 2; 82, 4; boln. 28, 4 qv.
Zvelad gvqonda: scems — sca (man mas kuerTxi); zmna sampiriani iyo da i-ni-
ani vnebiTi TiTqos ar unda hqonoda. rogorc Cans, erTi piri zmnas Zv. qar-
TulSive ekargeboda zogjer, rasac gviCvenebs vnebiTis forma: £elni, ro-
melni man dahbadna, maTgan icema, swav. 151, 15. mosalodneli iyo: ica, magram
Temis niSani adreve Sexorcebuli Cans fuZesTan.
am zmnaTa erTi nawili daikarga, aRar ixmareba, meore nawili isev gvxvde-
ba da maT Zveli warmoeba aqvT SenarCunebuli.
6. eb-iani zmnebi
eb Temis niSani Zlier gavrcelebulia moqmedebiTSi, aqedan ki — Sesabamis
vnebiTSi. vnebiTis orive prefiqsi Tanabrad xSirad gamoiyeneba. aq vnebiTi
ukeTdeba TiTqmis yovelgvar zmnas. ax. qarTulSi am formaTa erTi nawili
aRar gvxvdeba.
abraleb (swav. 148, 11) — vibralebi (saqme 26, 7), vibralebodiT (swav. 41, 12);
brZanebs — ibrZaneboda (sin. 34, 28); moigebs — moigebis (evarg. 225, 32; (swav. 6,
25); aginebn (boln. 50, 18) — iginebis (swav. 29, 28), Seiginebis (boln. 38, 12); hgu-
lebs — igulebis (swav. 175, 8); davsdeb (i. 10, 15) — daidebis (sin. 210, 22), garda-
idebis (boln. 70, 3); STaideboda (i. 12, 6); adidebs — ididebis (sin. 15, 32; abo
51, 25); SeaerTebs — SeierTebis (efr. 81, 38; iqve 82, 13); daiviwyebs — daiviwye-
bis (swav. 91, 24; sin. 265, 21); ganazogadebs (kac. ag. 160, 16) — ganizogebis (iqve,
164, 5); ikadrebs — ikadreboda (xanZT. 266, 18); ganhkurnebs1 (sin. 11, 33) — gani-
kurnebis (sin. 4, 26; swav. 108, 30); hmsaxurebs (swav. 175, 6) — imsaxurebis (saqme
17, 25; sin. 233, 5); moinadirebs — moinadirebis (equs. 130, 26); anaTebs — inaTe-
bin (swav. 182, 16); inatrebs — inatrebian (sin. 92, 18); ganapebs, daipebs2 (daipeb-
des, ist. qr. II, 44, 22; ganpebad, iqve, 38, 6) — ganipebis (equs. 54, 1); vhpoveb (l.
23, 14; Sdr. ax. q. vipovi)3 — ipovebis (lim. 39, 12; equs. 132, 23; iob. 28, 13); gaswa-
vebs (sin. 167, 1) — iswavebis (iqve 195, 2); miiyvanebs (m. 7, 14; Sdr. ax. q. miiyvans —
1
ax. qarTulSi av-iania: gankurnavs; vnebiTsa da sawyiss Zveli warmoeba SemorCaT:
gankurneba, ganikurneba.
2
ax. qarTulSi am zmnas ob afiqsi aqvs aqtivSiac da pasivSiac: gaapobs — gaipoba.
3
zmniswinians isev eb aqvs: moipovebs.
225
istoriis sakiTxebi
miiyvanebodis (swav. 180, 9); Seiyvarebs — Seiyvarebis (jav. 85, 21); aCinebs (jav.
41, 16 qv.) — iCinebis (sin. 234, 30) da misT.
e-niani formebi: dahbadebs1 — daebadebis (sin. 31, 18)2; Sevhvedreb (fs. 30,
6) — evedrebis (kac. ag. 156, 16); ganhzavebs — ganezavebis (swav. 63, 4); Seezavebi-
an (sin. 212, 5); mihmadlebda (l. 7, 21) — miemadlebis (efr. 89, 1), miemadleboda
(SuS. 22, 24); aRhmarTebs (ist. qr. 103, 11)3 — aRemarTebis (sin. 202, 32; swav. 110, 6);
warhmarTeben (fs. 67, 18) — waremarTebis (fs. 36, 23); hpovebs4 — epovebis (swav.
127, 20; evst. 34, 18); apkurebs (swav. 65, 11) — epkurebis (gobr. 181, 34) da sxv.
7. ob-iani zmnebi
ax. qarTulSi ob-ian zmnebs Cveulebriv vnebiTSic ob aqvT, Tu pasivi prefiq-
siania. ob-ian zmnaTa erTi nawilis fardia e.w. uniSno vnebiTi, romelsac mxolod
eb axasiaTebs: albobs —lbeba, aTbobs — Tbeba, acxobs — cxveba... sayuradRebo viTa-
rebaa Zvel qarTulSi: gvxvdeba mosalodneli ob-iani formebic, magram sakmaod
xSirad prefiqsiani vnebiTi ob-iani zmnebisa eb-s gviCvenebs am ob-is adgilas.
ganbW-ob-s: sikeTe igi dabadebisaT¢s ganibWobvis, equs. 61, 10.
hgm-ob-s (m. 9, 3); igmobis saxeli RmrTisa Cuenisa¡, jav. 227, 15. magram:
RmerTica igmeboda, swav. 137, 9; romeli-igi. . . igmeboda, lim. 74, 8.
daaTr-ob-s: nu daiTrobiT R¢niTa, zed. 203, 35 a variantebia:
daiTrvobiT, y (Sdr. daiTrvnian, i. 2, 10) da: daiTrobviT, romelic sqolioSia
Catanili5, Sdr. nu daiTrvebi R¢niTa, boln. 82, 4 qv.
daalt-ob-s (evagr. 218, 19): cremliTa iltobvodes, iob. da efT. 91, 17.
variantebi: iltobodes (ramdenime xelnawerSi), ivltebodes (erT nusxaSi).
rogorc Cans, am zmnis fuZeSiac gvqonda v, romlis adgili lt-s Semdeg iyo:
fer£ni maTni ara dailtvnes, evst. 40, 8; dailtvnian, sin. 64, 15.
Seamk-ob-s (sin. 116, 1): dRes Tabori. . . Seimkvebis RrubliTa naTlisa¡Ta
(sin. 191, 18).
aRimsT-ob-s (fs. 62, 2)6: moiqcevied da aRimsTobied, fs. 77, 34.
Seipyr-ob-s: nu Seipyrobin goneba¡ Seni, ist. qr. 14, 29. Sdr. samsa mas
dResa... jojoxeTisagan ipyrobeboda, sin. 82, 11. aqedanac Cans, rom eb sxva
Temis niSnebs ki ar enacvleba, aramed mierTvis maT, arTulebs fuZes.
mosp-ob-s: (swav. 180, 14): movispebi me suliTa mimotacebuliTa, iob. 17, 1.
S-ob-s: kaci iSvebis salmobad, iob. 5, 7; aseve: sin. 31, 18; swav. 31, 5 da sxv.
1
en-iani zmnebis erTi nawili SinaarsiT erTpiriania. esenia cnobili `dahbada~ tipis zmnebi.
2
iSviaTad am zmnas SenarCunebuli aqvs orive piris gageba: Svili ara mebadebis (=miCnde-
ba, ist. qr. II, 86, 3).
3
Sdr. ax. q. aRmarTavs.
4
sampiriani ar Cans teqstebSi.
5
xelnaweri, romelSic gvxvdeba es ukanaskneli, safuZvlad uZevs v redaqcias. ar Cans,
daiTrvobiT forma c nusxaSi gvaqvs, Tu gamomcemlis Sesworebaa.
6
zmna uobieqtoa, subieqti moTxrobiTSi Seewyoba.
226
istoriis sakiTxebi
SeaST-ob-s (m. 18, 28): kaci igi iSTvebin, swav. 140, 11; eSmakisagan iSTveboda
(lim. 111, 21); daiSTvebodes zRuasa Sina, mr. 5, 13 ?.
mouTxr-ob-s (fs. 9, 12): dRes. . . gancxadebulad mogueTxrobis Cuen, sin.
3, 30; romliTa mogueTxrobvis RmerTi, kac. ag. 167, 21.
daam£-ob-s: mTavroba¡ misi daem£obvis, pal. alb. gv. 208, 19; adre
daem£obvis mefoba¡ misi, iqve, 208, 291.
miand-ob-s: nu miendvebi Tavsa Sensa, swav. 287, 1; iqve 304, 27.
Seund-ob-s (swav. 40, 1): ara Seendobis maT, iqve 40, 2; Seendoboda
brZolad, iqve 309, 29; Seendobvoda Seslvad, xron. 138, 26.
miayrdn-ob-s: kedelsa aravin mieyrdnobin, iov. da efT. 70, 8; Sdr.
kedelsa. . . aravin mieyrdneboda, xanZT. 266, 5.
wy-ob-a¡: marxviTa guewyobis, ist. qr. 40, 21. ufro xSiria eb-iani formebi:
simdablesa ewyvebis ampartavneba¡, swav. 70, 19; hbrZavn da ewyvebian, iqve 18,
30; iqve 108, 1; ewyvebian, iqve, 108, 26; wina-guewyvebis, zed. 205, 8; ewyveboda,
abo, 60, 10; sin. 117, 38; guewyvebian, kac. ag. 153, 23.
moyvanili magaliTebis mixedviT Cans, rom vnebiTSi ob-is monacvled
TiTqmis yovelTvis gvaqvs eb: igmobis — igmebis, daiTrobis — daiTrvebis, il-
tobvis — ivltebis, ewyobis — ewyvebis... zogi zmnis ob-iani forma Cveni masa-
lis mixedviT ar Cans, aris mxolod eb-iani formebi: Seimkvebis, moispebis, iS-
vebis, iSTvebis. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom TiTqmis yve-
la zmnis fuZeSi Tavs iCens v, romelic SekumSuli Temis niSani unda iyos: da-
iTrvebi, Seimkvebis, iSTvebis, miendvebi...
am viTarebaSi SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom moyvanil zmnaTa ob meoreulia
TviT moqmedebiTSi. misi winamorbedi unda iyos eb, romelic v-inTan urTier-
TobaSi gvaZlevs ob-s. es varaudi specialur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia [8],
[9]. warmodgenili masalac mas uWers mxars.
igive v analogiis gziT gadasula ob-ian vnebiTSiac, oRond gadasmulia,
radgan o-s win iyo moqceuli. zog SemTxvevaSi ki v ikargeba, rogorc mosa-
lodneli iyo: ganibWobvis ← ganibWvobis, daiTrobviT ← daiTrvobiT, il-
tobvodes ← iltvobodes, mogueTxrobvis ← mogueTxrvobis, daem£obvis ←
daem£vobis, Seendobvis ← Seendvobis...
maSasadame, vnebiTis Cveneba am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebiTis formaTa istori-
as gviTvaliswinebs; masSi ufro Zveli viTarebaa daculi. ob-iani zmnebis vne-
biTSi ob-is gverdiT eb-is gamoyeneba am Temis niSanTa ubralo monacvleoba ar
unda iyos da arc vnebiTSi eb-i daboloebaze gadasvlis tendenciis gamoxatu-
leba. axal qarTulSi eb vnebiTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli afiqsia, magram ob-ian
zmnebTan is ar gvaqvs. amasTan eb gzas ikafavs vnebiTebSi ara monacvleobis sa-
SualebiT, aramed ise, rom Zvel afiqss mierTviss (Sdr. ipyrobeboda).
1
xelnaweri gvian gadawerilia (1661), magram mainc SesaZleblad miviCnieT misi damowmeba,
radgan TviT es formebi Zalze sayuradReboa.
227
istoriis sakiTxebi
8. of-iani zmnebi
of afiqsic erT fuZes aqvs: yof. ax. qarTulSi es fuZe mxolod zmniswin-
Tan erTad gvxvdeba, Zvelad uzmniswino formebic hqonda: hyofs, ganhyofs...
aqvs prefiqsiani vnebiTi. i-niani formebi an aqtivis msgavsad of-s gviCvenebs,
an amasTan erTad erTvis eb-ic. es ukanaskneli SedarebiT axalia da saerTo
tendenciis gamomxatvelia: iyofis — iyofebis; ganiyofis — ganiyofebis... iyo-
febis forma axal qarTulSi imyofeba-m Secvala, romelSic m gaCenili unda
iyos myofi mimReobis gavleniT.
e prefiqsiani pasivi moqmedebiTis fuZes imeorebs, eb aq ar Cans.
hy-of-s: viyofvi (lim. 120, 21); iyofvis (sin. 229, 4); iyofviT (fs. 31, 9);
iyofiT (m. 6, 16); v SenarCunebulia uwyvetelSic, o-s win: iyofvoda (abo 66, 8;
l. 21, 37); iyofvodes (kol. 184, 41).
v, romelic moqmedebiTidan modis, am zmnaSic gadasmulia (iyvofis
iyofvis), an ikargeba o-s win, agreTve eb-is darTvis SemTxvevaSi.
eb darTuli formebi araiSviaTia: iyofebis (swav. 20, 9; iqve, 76, 28); iyofeboda
(lim. 132, 32); iyofebodes (garej. 231, 25); gulisxma-iyofebis (jav. 634, 8).
uy-of-s: sargebel eyofvis (sin. 276, 23); geyofis (xanZT. 319, 2); eyofin
(iqve, 289, 35); eyofvoda (lim. 47, 13) da sxv.
ganhy-of-s: suli ara ganiyofvis (sin. 186, 16; equs. 84, 10; kac. ag. 164, 5).
ganiyofebis (efr. 81, 39); ganiyofebian (iqve 98, 37). . . ganuy-of-s: ganeyofvis
(sin. 17, 29); ganeyofis (sin. 9, 4); ganeyofvodes (ist. qr. 104, 14). Sehy-of-s: See-
yofvis igi haersa (equs. 60, 20; kac. ag. 166, 23).
9. ev-iani zmnebi
rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi ev-ian zmnaTa vnebiTSi meordeba moqme-
debiTis fuZe, maTi saxiT dResac Semonaxulia vnebiTis Zveli warmoeba. am
mxriv ev-iani zmnebi gansxvavdebian sxva xmovan-monacvleebisagan, romelTac
eb afiqsic daerTvis vnebiTSi.
ganabnevs (m. 12, 30) — ganibnevis (boln. 18, 3); gansTxevs (swav. 176, 25) — da-
iTxevis (equs. 58, 4), miiTxevis (iqve 58, 3); akurTxevs (abo 47, 12) — ikurTxevis
(swav. 19, 11), ganhlevs (swav. 135, 12) — ganilevis (sin. 191, 12); aRamrRuevs —
aRimrRueodes (moqc. 127, 30 g); daarRuevs (mr. 15, 29) — dairRuevoda (saqme
27, 41 a); aryevs — iryevian (abo 50, 12); ganarCevs — ganirCevian (efr. mc. 92, 23);
aqcevs (swav. 117, 16) — iqcevis (lim. 91, 19); daaqcevs (ist. qr. 11, 40, 24) — daiq-
cevis (swav. 44, 5); iZevs ( iov. da efT. 79, 7) — gamoiZevis (jav. 26, 28).
gardamosTxevs (swav. 275, 16) — gardamoeTxeodes (fs. 17, 9 a); mivemTxuevi
(iob. 17, 1), SeemTxuevis (kac. ag. 145, 6); aRhrevs — aRerevi (lim. 125, 3); gardah-
revs — gardagereodis (fs. 61, 11 a); dastevs — daetevis (i. 8, 37 E); Seswavs
(swav. 175, 18) — Seewevis (sin. 11, 36); moaxuevs — moexuevis (boln. 50, 15) da sxv.
228
istoriis sakiTxebi
sufiqsiani vnebiTi
Zvel qarTulSi, rogorc cnobilia, vnebiTs ori sufiqsi axasiaTebs: n

(←en), d. maT fuZeebi, ase vTqvaT, ganawilebuli aqvT: narnara bgerebiT das-
rulebul zmnebSi d gvxvdeba, danarCenebSi — n [2].
rogorc unda iyos sufiqsiani vnebiTi nawarmoebi, mis awmyos (da saerTod
I seriis) fuZes yovelTvis eqneba eb afiqsi Zvel qarTulSiac, axalSiac. aq
esaa erTaderTi, damaxasiaTebeli Temis niSani. eb Temis-niSniania ZiriTadad
Sesabamisi moqmedebiTic.
ganadidebs — gandidnebis (saqme 19, 17); daadumebs — dadumnebis (xanZT.
286, 30); ganalaRebs — ganlaRnebis (sin. 189, 20); ganamtkicebs — ganmtkicnebis
(sin. 99, 7); daamS¢debs — damS¢dnebis (fs. 82, 2 a); daamwifebs — damwifnebis (e-
qus. 73, 22); ganarisxebs — ganrisxnebis (xanZT. 288, 39); aRaSfoTebs — aRSfoT-
nebis (lim. 125, 27) da misT.
ganaaxlebs — ganaxldebis (sin. 3, 10); daabrkolebs — dabrkoldebis (sin.
100, 2); gamoabrwyinebs — gamobrwyindebis (equs. 95, 1); daaklebs — daakldebis
(boln. 36, 8); moakldebis (iob. 14, 11); daak¢rvebs — dauk¢rdebis (abo 78, 6);
aRamcirebs — aRmcirdebis (sin. 105, 5); moauZlurebs — mouZlurdebis (equs.
91, 22); aRafrinvebs — aRfrindebis (sin. 3, 10); ganaqarvebs — ganqardebis (sin.
19, 9); aw¢mebs — w¢mdebis (sin. 221, 23) da sxv.
uniSno vnebiTi
uniSno vnebiTi zmnaTa uZvelesi jgufia ([1] 239). varaudoben, rom misi war-
moqmna win uswrebs saerTod gvaris Camoyalibebas qarTulSi [10], [11]. amasTan un-
da iyos dakavSirebuli is Tavisebureba, romelTac uniSno vnebiTi iCens saTana-
do moqmedebiTTan mimarTebiT. istoriulad am tipis zmnaTa urTierToba Sesa-
bamis moqmedebiTTan sxvagvaria, vidre sxva jgufebis vnebiTebisa ([11] 128—129).
cnobilia, rom uniSnobas erTgvarad ànazRaurebs~ is, rom maT axasiaTebT eb-i
daboloeba awmyoSi ([1] 229, 423); esaa, ase vTqvaT, meoreuli niSani maTTvis ([11] 101).
sruliad sxva viTarebaa moqmedebiTSi. eb Temis niSani aq TiTqos mxolod erT
zmnas aqvs: ganaZRebs (iov. da efT. 78, 26), Sdr. ganZRebis (boln. 36, 1). uniSno vnebi-
Tis erT nawils fuZedrekadi zmnebi Seesabameba (warswymeds, Sehkrebs, misdreks,
daSrets. . . Sdr. warwymdebis, mr. 4, 38; Sekrbebis, equs, 91, 34; midrkebis, ist. qr. II,
102, 24; daSrtebis, m. 25, 8. . .); meore jgufs moqmedebiTSi ob Temis niSani aqvs: da-
adnobs (swav. 176, 24) — dadnebis (iqve 140, 12); akrTobs (sin. 33, 32) — hkrTebis (sin.
29, 24); atfobs (abo 55, 2) — tfebis (equs. 99, 26); ganacxrobs (lim. 1, 11) — ganscxre-
bis (jav. aRw. 228, 9); daaWnobs (il. qarT. 11, 15) — daWnebis (swav. 10, 17) da sxv.
229
istoriis sakiTxebi
uniSno vnebiTis mesame nawils moqmedebiTSi an kauzativis sxvadasxva

afiqsebiT warmoqmnili formebi upirispirdeba, an moqmedebiTi ar Cans. mag.:
aRdgebis (l. 7, 22) — aRadginebs (sin. 105, 25); mokudebis (SuS. 21, 23) — moakudi-
nebs (zed. 205, 21). . . scTebis (esaia 21, 4) — acTunebs (esaia 9, 16)... aris sxvagva-
ri zmnebic, magram esec sakmarisia.
rogorc vxedavT, uniSno vnebiTis Sesabamis moqmedebiTSi sakmaod Wreli
suraTia, vnebiTi ki calke dgas da Temis niSnebis mixedviT erTgvarovania. va-
raudoben, rom eb sufiqsi uniSno vnebiTSi gviandelia, pirveladi vnebiTebi-
dan gadasuli dinamikur ugvaro zmnebSi [12].
amgvarad, prefiqsiani da sufiqsiani vnebiTi Temis TvalsazrisiT ZiriTa-
dad Sesabamis moqmedebiTs mihyveba. gansxvaveba Tavs iCens maSin, roca moqme-
debiTi uTemisniSnoa (erT-Temiani da fuZedrekadi zmnebi), an i Temis niSani
aqvs. sufiqsian vnebiTebSi am mxriv gamonaklisi TiTqmis ar SeiniSneba — eb
afiqsiania moqmedebiTic da vnebiTic.
prefiqsiani vnebiTis fardi aqtivi Temis niSnebis mixedviT SedarebiT
mravalferovania. aq gvxvdeba, aRniSnulTa garda, av, am, em, eb, om, of, ev Te-
mis niSniani zmnebi. rogorc vnaxeT, yvela es afiqsi dasturdeba vnebiTSic.
axal qarTulSi moqmedi unifikaciis Zlieri tendenciis gamo prefiqsian
vnebiTSi TandaTan vrceldeba eb daboloeba. am daboloebaze TiTqmis mTlia-
nad gadavidnen av da am Temis niSniani zmnebi. eb jerjerobiT ar sWirdeba em,
ob, of da ev-ian zmnebs. maT SeinarCunes Zveli warmoeba. magram eseni Sedare-
biT mcirericxovania. zogierT dialeqtSi Zveli formebi dResac SemorCeni-
lia. aseTia, e.w. mTis kiloebi. fSauridan es formebi Sesulia vaJas nawerebSi
da, maSasadame, saliteraturo qarTulSic iCens Tavs [13].
rogorc gairkva, vnebiTs TiTqmis yvela Temis niSani aqvs, rac ki saer-
Tod arsebobs. maSin ram ganapiroba arCevanis SeCereba maincdamainc eb afiqs-
ze? eb afiqsi yvelaze gavrcelebulia ara marto axal qarTulSi, aramed
ZvelSiac. vnebiTSi kerZod eb aqvT sufiqsian da uniSno vnebiTebs mTlianad.
eb-iani zmnebi yvelaze mravalricxovania prefiqsian pasivSic. aq is gvxvdeba
ara mxolod im zmnebSi, romelTac aqtivi eb-iT ewarmoebaT, aramed uTemis-
niSno da i-niani moqmedebiTis Sesabamisadac.
literatura
1. a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953.

2. a. SaniZe, nasaxelari zmnebi qarTulSi (qarTuli enis struqturisa da
istoriis sakiTxebi, II, 1959, gv. 37).
3. g. maWavariani, vnebiTis sufiqsuri tipis genezisis sakiTxi qarTvelur
enebSi, macne (enisa da lit. seria), 1, 1973.
4. i. imnaniSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, II, 1963, gv. 204.
230
istoriis sakiTxebi
5. i. imnaiSvili, vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa Taviseburebani (Zv. qarT. enis kaT.

Sromebi, t. II, 1968, gv. 49).
6. i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, 1973.
7. cxoreba¡ wmidisa antonisi. teqsti gamosca v. imnaiSvilma, 1970, gv. 104.
8. G. Deeters, Das kharthwelishe Verbum, Leipzig, 1930, gv. 126.
9. e. osiZe, erTi tipis zmnaTa awmyos fuZis agebulebisaTvis qarTulSi
(qarT. enaTa struq. sakiTxebi, t. III, 1960, gv. 13, 16).
10. q. lomTaTiZe, Tbeba tipis zmnaTa istoriisaTvis. . . (ike, IV, 1953, gv. 77).
11. g. maWavariani, ùniSno vnebiTi" qarTvelur enebSi (qarTv. enaTa
struqt. sakiTxebi, I, 1959, gv. 109).
12. g. rogava, namyo usrulis od sufiqsis SedgenilobisaTvis qarTulSi
(ike, VI, 1954, gv. 93).
13. i. imnaiSvili, vaJa-fSavela da Zveli qarTuli ena, 1968, gv. 122—130.
Semoklebani
abo — ioane sabanisZe, wameba¡ habo¡si (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zeglebi, w. I,
il. abulaZis redaqciiT, 1963).
boln. — ioane bolneli, qadagebani, m. janaSvilis gamocema, 1911.
gam. — gamoslvaTa¡ (wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, t. I, nakv. I, 1947, gamosca
a. SaniZem).
gamocx. — iovanes gamocxadeba. . ., gamosca i. imnaiSvilma (Zveli qarTuli
enis kaT. Sromebi, 7, 1961).
garej. — cxoreba¡ daviT garejelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
gobr. — wameba¡ gobronisi (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
dab. — wigni dabadebisa¡ (wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, t. I, nakv. I, 1947).
evgr. — cxoreba¡ Sio¡si da evagresi (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
evst. — mart¢loba¡ evstati mcxeTelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
esaia — wigni esaia¡si (wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, t. I, nakv. 2, 1948,
gamosca a. SaniZem).
efr. — Sesavali efrem mciris fsalmunTa Targmanebisa, gamosca mz.
SaniZem (Zveli qarT. enis kaT. Sromebi, 11, 1968).
equs. — basili kesarieli, equsTa dReTa¡. . ., gamosca il abulaZem, 1964.
zarzm. — cxoreba¡ serapion zarzmelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
zed. — cxoreba¡ ioane zedaznelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
i. — ioanes saxareba (n. qarT. oTxT.).
iob. — wigni iobisi (wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani. t. I, nakv. 2, 1948).
iov. da efT. — cxoreba¡ iovanesi da efT¢mesi (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zeglebi,
II, 1967, gamosca il. abulaZem).
il. qarTv. — cxoreba¡ ilarion qarTvelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, II, 1967).
231
istoriis sakiTxebi
ist. qr. II — qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, II, 1963, gamosca i.

imnaiSvilma.
ac. ag. — grigol noselis Targmaneba¡ `kacisa agebulebisaT¢s~, gamosca
il. abulaZem, 1964.
kol. — wameba¡ yrmaTa¡ ricx¢T cxraTa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi. I, 1963).
kost. — cxoreba¡... kostantisi qarTvelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
l. — lukas saxareba (n. qarT. oTxT.)
levit. — wigni levitelTa¡ (wignni Zuelisa aRTqumisani, t. I, nakv. 2, 1948).
lim. — ioane mosxi, limonari, gamosca il. abulaZem, 1960.
m. — maTes saxareba (n. qarT. oTxT.).
mr. — markozis saxareba (n. qarT. oTxT.).
moqc. — moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡ (Zv. qarT. ag. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
saqme. — saqme mociqulTa, gamosca il. abulaZem, 1948.
sin. — sinuri mravalTavi 864 wlisa, a. SaniZis redaqciiT, 1959.
swav. — mamaTa swavlani, gamosca il. abulaZem, 1955.
tiriW. — mart¢loba¡ daviTisi da tiriWanisi (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
fs. — fsalmunis Zveli redaqciebi. . . gamosca mz. SaniZem, 1960.
qrest. — Zveli qarTulis qrestomaTia, gamosca a. SaniZem, 1935.
SuS. — wameba¡ SuSanikisi (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
xanZT. — cxoreba¡ grigol xanZTelisa¡ (Zv. qarT. lit. Zeglebi, I, 1963).
xron. — xronoRrafi giorgi monazonisa¡, gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma, 1920.
jav. — iv. javaxiSvili, sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 1947..
232
istoriis sakiTxebi
ekaterine osiZe
`RaRad-yo~ tipis
zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi
Zvel qarTulSi originaluri warmoebis zmnaTa gverdiT arcTu iSviaTad

gvxvdeba agebulebis mixedviT rTuli Sedgenilobis zmnebic. kompozit
zmnebSi aSkarad gamoiyofa, erTi mxriv, sakuTriv zmna, meore mxriv — saxelu-
ri nawili. Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT saxeluri nawili win uswrebs zmnurs.
rTuli Sedgenilobis zmnaTa umravlesobaSi saxeluri nawili ise mtki-
ced Seerwya zmnurs, rom is zmnasTan erT cnebas qmnis. semantikurad rTul
zmnaSi saxeluri nawilia datvirTuli.
rTuli Sedgenilobis zmna SeiZleba gardamavalic iyos da gardauvalic.
gardamavloba-gardauvalobas gansazRvravs zmnuri nawili kompozitisa.
gardamavalia: Tval-uyofdes, wam-uyvna, madl-ipyra, kac-kla, wrfel-yo, Seu-
racx-yo... gardauvali zmnebi SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba: £el-ewifebis,
Zal-gic ←Zal-giZs, guls-edga...
`RaRad-yo~ tipis kompozitebSi Cven vgulisxmobT am rTuli zmnebis im
nawils, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Semavali zmna gardamavalia:
es viTarca Tqua, £miTa didiTa RaRad-yo (i. 11, 43 DE)
da £ma-yo miTa didiTa iesu da Tqua (lk 23, 46 DE // C)
gasmies, rameTu iTqua pirvelTa maT mimarT. viTarmed: ara kac-hkla (m. 5,
21 DE)
pativ-ec mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa (m 15, 4 DE)
man naTel-gces Tquen suliTa wmidiTa da cecxliTa (m 3, 11 C)
da naTel-iRebdes iordanesa zeda misgan (m 3, 6 C)
dgil-ipyra mun, sada iyo, or dRe (i 11, 6 C)
moZRuar, viciT, rameTu marTals ity¢ da aswaveb da aravis TualT-aReb,
aramed WeSmaritad gzasa RmrTisasa aswaveb (lk 10, 21 DE).
am kompoziti zmnebis subieqti nakvTTa meore wyebaSi yovelTvis
moTxrobiT brunvaSi dgas. pirdapiri obieqti ki aseT kompozit zmnebs calke
ar moepoveba: RaRad-yo man, kac-hkla Sen, pativ-ec Sen mas, naTel-iRo man. . .
calke xmarebis SemTxvevaSi kompozitSi monawile yvela zmnas pirdapiri
obieqti yovelTvis axlavs.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnaTa saxeluri nawili sxva araferia Tu ara pirda-
piri obieqti. rTuli zmnis daSlis SemTxvevaSi, risTvisac sakmarisia Sevcva-
loT kompozitis Semadgeneli elementebis rigi an saxeluri nawili pirdapi-
233
istoriis sakiTxebi
ri obieqtis brunvaSi, e.i. saxelobiTSi davayenoT, rom saxeluri nawili zmnis

pirdapir obieqtad warmogvidgeba:
da gamovida, ixila eri mravali da wyaloba-yo maT zeda (mrk, 6, 34 C). Sdr.
romelman-igi yo wyaloba¡ mis Tana (lk, 10, 37 DE // C).
Semdgomad mravlisa Jamisa movida ufali igi maT monaTa¡ da sityua-yo maT
monaTa Tana (mT, 25, 19 DE), C — redaqciaSi gvxvdeba `... da yo sityua maT Tana~.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebSi saxeluri nawili an arsebiTi saxelia: £ma-yo,
wam-uyvna, ambors-uyo, kac-kla, madl-ipyra, Tav-uyav, pativ-ec, mizez-yo,
£el-yves, Tual-uyvna, gulis£ma-yo... an SedarebiT iSviaTad masdari, nazmnari
arsebiTi saxeli: sityua-yo, moxedva-yo: rameTu moxedva-yo RmerTman ersa
T¢ssa (lk. 7, 16 C); aRTquma-yo: da aRTquma-yo moqmedTa maT mimarT TiTo¡ sa-
tiri dRisa (mT, 20, 2 C); zraxva-yves: da viTarca ganTena, zraxva-yves yovelTa
mRdelT moZRuarTa (m 27, 1 DE // C); Zieba-yo: da wyalobiTa T¢siTa Zieba-yo
sruliad (sin. mr. 283, 21).
masdaris iSviaTi xmareba saxelur nawilad bunebrivia, radgan masdari
ukve zmnis pirian formebs gulisxmobs.
calke unda gamoiyos iseTi rTuli gardamavali zmnebi, romelTa saxeluri
nawili zedsarTav saxels an mimReobas warmoadgens. aseTi rTuli zmnebi Zvel
qarTulSi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba: uzrunvel-yo, cxad-yo, Seuracx-yo,
wrfel-yo, wmida-yo, swor-hyofda, krul-yo, mza-uyves, saTno-viyav, udeb-yo...
saxeluri nawili am rTuli zmnebisa ar aris pirdapiri obieqti.
pirdapiri obieqti am zmnebs calke moepoveba:
ese ars ZÀ Cemi sayuareli, romeli me saTno-viyav (m 3, 17, DE)
ganmzadeniT gzani uflisani da wrfel-yveniT alagni misni (mrk 1,3 DE)
am tipis rTuli zmnebis saxelur nawils viTarebis garemoebis funqcia
aqvs. mainc aRsaniSnavia, rom rig SemTxvevaSi es saxeluri nawili ibrunvis:
`ganmzadeT gza¡ uflisa¡ da wrfels-hyofdiT alagTa misTa~ (mrk 1,3 C)
aramed mowyaleman RmerTman romelman ara ugulebels-yvis Txova¡ (sin.
mr. 267, 21)... cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saxeluri nawili pirdapir obieqtad aris
gaazrebuli.
am rTuli zmnebis mikuTvnebis sakiTxi `RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebTan iqneb
sadavo iyos, radgan saxeluri nawili pirdapir obieqts ar warmoadgens. mainc
unda aRiniSnos, rom saxeluri nawili am zmnebisa istoriulad SesaZlebelia
pirdapiri obieqtis msazRvrels warmoadgenda, romelsac win sazRvruli —
pirdapiri obieqti uZRoda1.
rTuli zmnebis erT nawilSi saxeluri nawilis pirdapir obieqtad gageba
imdenad daiCrdila, rom am zmnebma axali damateba gaiCines. amis magaliTia
uar-yo da gulis£ma-yo zmnebi.
1
es sakiTxi calke ganxilvas moiTxovs. amasTan dakavSirebiT dadgeboda agreTve msaz-
Rvrel-sazRvrulis adgilis sakiTxi Zvel qarTulSi.
234
istoriis sakiTxebi
arRara eyivnos qaTamsa dRes, vidremde sam gzis uvar-myo me (lk 22, 34 DE).
rameTu ara gulis£ma-hyav Jami moxedvisa Senisa¡ (lk 19, 44 DE).
nakvTTa warmoebis mxriv rTuli zmnebi sxvadasxvagvar suraTs gviCveneben.
erTi nawili rTuli zmnebisa dro-kiloTa pirveli wyebis nakvTebs organulad
awarmoebs. RaRad-yo zmna Tu namyo-ZiriTadis wyebaSi mxolod rTuli saxiT
gvxvdeba, awmyos da misgan nawarmoeb nakvTebSi mas martivi fuZe enacvleba:
da RaRadebda £miTa didiTa da etyoda (mrk 5, 7 DE)
romelni RaRadeben misa dRe da Rame (lk 18, 7 DE)
zraxva-yo magram: ganizraxvides urTierTas (lk 6, 11 C)
rameTu ara hzraxav RmrTisasa, aramed kacTasa (m 16, 23 DE)
£ma-yo, magram: romel £mobda taZarsa Sina (m 21, 15 C)
meore nawili rTuli zmnebisa awmyos wyebis nakvTebsac rTulad awarmoebs:
movidodes kaTolike eklesiad da naTel-iRebdes (sin. mr. 271, 4)
mcnebani icni: nu kac-hklav, nu iparav, nu cilsa swameb (mrk. 10, 19 DE)
sada-igi iyo iovane da naTel-hscemda (i 1, 28 DE)
sainteresoa RaRad-yo tipis zmnebSi saxeluri nawilis — pirdapiri obi-
eqtis — brunvis sakiTxic. nakvTTa meore wyebaSi rTuli zmnebis saxeluri na-
wili, rogorc wesi, fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili: RaRad-yo, £ma-yo, naTel-
iRo, pativ-ec...
dro-kiloTa pirveli wyebis nakvTTa warmoebis dros sxvadasxvaoba das-
turdeba. rTuli zmnebis erTi nawili saxelur nawils fuZis saxiT warmog-
vidgens awmyos wyebis nakvTebSic: kac-hklav, gulis£ma-yofs, £el-yofs, na-
Tel-hscemda...
RaRad-yo tipis zmnebis meore nawili nakvTTa pirvel wyebaSi saxelur
nawils micemiT brunvaSi warmogvidgens:
da igi wams-uyofda maT da daadgra utyuad (lk 1, 22 DE)
ambors-uyofda fer£Ta misTa (lk 7, 38 DE // C)
da Tuals-uyofdes mamasa misTa (lk 1, 62 C)
paralelurad gvxvdeba kompoziti zmnebis iseTi formebic, sadac
saxeluri nawili fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili:
da Tual-uyofdes mamasa missa (lk 1, 62 DE)
aramed pativ-uyof mamasa Cemsa (i 8, 49 C)
sapirispiro magaliTebi, e.i. roca namyo-ZiriTadis wyebaSi rTuli zmne-
bis saxeluri nawili micemiT brunvaSi dgas, Tumca gvxvdeba, magram Zalze iS-
viaTad: ambors-uyo, naTels-gces...
rogorc vxedavT, RaRad-yo tipis zmnebSi saxeluri nawili — pirdapiri
damateba — wyebaTa mixedviT zog zmnaSi ibrunvis, zogSi ki ubrunvelia. amis
mixedviT am tipis zmnaTa ganviTarebis sam safexurs gamoyofen1.
1
el. babunaSvili, kompoziti zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi, Tsu aspirantTa V samecniero kon-
ferencia, moxsenebaTa Tezisebi. 1951, gv. 21-22.
235
istoriis sakiTxebi
erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani `RaRad-yo~ tipis rTuli zmnebisa is

aris, rom kompozitSi monawile zmna yovelTvis preverbis gareSea warmodge-
nili: preverbiani zmna kompozits ver qmnis. ar gvxvdeba: naTel-miiRo, kac-
mokla, £el-Seyo...
gvaqvs erTi mxriv: `rameTu mravalTa £el-yves zegardmo ganwesebad
Txrobisa¡ mis (lk 1, 1 C); DE redaqciaSi ki vkiTxulobT: `rameTu mravalTa £e-
li Seyves aRwerad moTxroba¡ ...
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebSi preverbis uqonloba am zmnebis siZveles gaxazavs.
rogorc aRvniSneT, namyo-ZiriTadis wyebaSi saxeluri nawili rTuli
zmnisa fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili. pirdapiri obieqtis brunva ki garda-
mavali zmnebis dro-kiloTa meore wyebaSi Zvel qarTulSi ukve saxelobiTia,
Tumca pirdapiri obieqti gvxvdeba fuZis saxiTac; xolo sakuTari saxelebi
pirdapiri obieqtis funqciiT, rogorc wesi, fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebi am mxriv sakuTar saxelebs mihyveba. am zmnebis kompo-
zitad qceva imdroindelia, roca pirdapiri obieqti fuZis saxiT iyo gamoye-
nebuli da, SesaZlebelia, saxelobiTi brunva arc iyo Camoyalibebuli.
meore mxriv, kompozitad qcevis piroba iyo saxeluri nawilis fuZis saxiT
warmodgena. cnobilia, rom qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia fuZeebisagan Sem-
dgari kompozitebi. ara gvaqvs SemTxveva, rom rTuli zmnis SemadgenlobaSi Semava-
li saxeli — pirdapiri obieqti — saxelobiTi brunvis formiT iyos warmodgenili.
amas garda, da es arsebiTia, `RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebi cxadyofen, rom pir-
dapiri obieqtis adgili zmnasTan gansazRvruli iyo. igi uSualod win uZRo-
da zmnas. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am tipis zmnaTa kompozitad qcevis proce-
sis axsna gaWirdeboda: pirdapiri obieqti zmnas Seerwya imis gamo, rom igi
yovelTvis win uZRoda gardamaval zmnas.
am mxriv sawinaaRmdego Cvenebas iZleva sakuTari saxelebi: pirdapiri
obieqtisa da subieqtis (romelic agreTve fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili)
gasarCevad garkveuli wesi arsebobs Zvel qarTulSi: subieqti dgas pirvel
adgilze, win uswrebs obieqts. wyoba formuliT rom gamovxtoT aseTia: àb-
raham Sva isaak~, sadac abraham subieqtia, isaak — pirdapiri obieqti.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebi ki sapirispiro — ìsaak Sva abraham~ wyobas gvava-
raudebinebs.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebma Semogvinaxes ufro Zveli viTareba im mxriv, rom
pirdapiri obieqti maTTan yovelTvis fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili droki-
loTa meore wyebaSi; maSin, rodesac sakuTar saxelebTan ryevas aqvs adgili:
sakuTari saxeli — pirdapiri damateba gvxvdeba saxelobiT brunvaSic: abra-
ham Sva isaaki; isaakman Sva iakobi (mT 1, 2 C).
garda amisa, `RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnaTa kompozitad qcevis faqti Zvel qar-
TulSi maT arqaulobaze miuTiTebs.
236
istoriis sakiTxebi
ar aris sistematurad gatarebuli is sintaqsuri wesic, romelic subieq-

tsa da obieqts ganasxvavebs; st. Cxenkels1 dadasturebuli aqvs erTi SeTxve-
va, roca sakuTar saxelebSi pirdapiri obieqti pirvel adgilze dgas, xolo
subieqti mas mosdevs: `da wariyvana saul samoel da yrma¡ igi~. rusul Tar-
gmanSi mas Seesabameba: `и взял Самуил Саула и слугу его~.
cnobilia, rom mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi gardamavali zmna pirdapir
obieqts aRniSnavs, xolo gardauvali zmna — subieqts (xunZuri, bacburi). af-
xazuri gardamavali zmna aRniSnavs subieqtsac da obieqtsac, magram pirdapi-
ri obieqtis niSani uswrebs subieqtisas. garda amisa, afxazurSi gardamavali
zmnis brZanebiTisa da absolutivis formebSi ar aRiniSneba subieqti, xolo
pirdapiri obieqti saTanado niSniT yovelTvis aris warmodgenili2.
qarTulSic gardamavali zmna garkveul SemTxvevebSi upiratesobas aZlevs
pirdapir obieqts: a) roca subieqtad pirveli piri gvevlineba da obieqtad me-
ore, b) an subieqtia meore piri da pirdapiri obieqti pirveli piri, g) meore pi-
ris dadebiTi brZanebiTis formebSi zmnaSi subieqtis niSani ar Cans, pirdapiri
obieqtis niSani warmodgenilia.
aqedan daskvna: `Cans, Tavdapirvelad gardamavali zmnebis uRvlileba
mxolod obieqts aRniSnavda, gardauvalisa — subieqts, rogorc es dRemde
daculia mTis kavkasiur zog enaSi~3.
qarTulSi pirveli da meore piris pirdapiri obieqti gardamaval zmnaSi
saTanado niSans warmogvidgens. zmna, rogorc wesi, ar aRniSnavs mxolod me-
same piris pirdapir obieqts (ak. SaniZe). es faqti axsnas Txoulobs.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebSi am movlenis axsna sirTules ar unda xvdebo-
des: pirdapiri obieqtis warmodgena saTanado niSniT am zmnebSi arc iyo saWi-
ro, radgan rTuli zmnis SemadgenlobaSi TviT pirdapiri obieqtia mocemuli.
am mxriv analogiuri viTarebaa dadasturebuli afxazuri enis msgavsi
agebulebis mqone absolutivis formebSi, romlebic saxelisa da zmnis gau-
formebeli fuZis mqone kompozitebs warmoadgenen. saxeluri nawili saTana-
do zmnis pirdapiri obieqtia. am SemTxvevaSi absolutivis formebSi pirdapi-
ri obieqtis niSani ar aris warmodgenili4:
la-mba la-Cha-up — ar damnaxveli Tvali momTmeni Tvalia (Tval-ar-nax)
[va] Tval-Tmena- [aris].
e¡qia-da e¡qia-khlwia — uSarvlo Sarvaldaxeuls (Sarvalgamoxvret. . .)
dascinoda ala whxia-xwia cha izhqisuam — kudmowyvetili (kud-wyvet. . .)
ZaRli xidze ver gava
1
st. Cxenkeli, sakuTar saxelTa bruneba oSkuri xelnaweris `mefeTa wignebSi~, Tsu Sro-
mebi, XXV, Tbilisi, 1943.
2
q. lomTaTiZe, afxazuri gardamavali zmnis usubieqto formebi, ike, t. II, 1948.
3
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba, qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni,
I, 1950, gv. 054.
4
q. lomTaTiZe, dasaxelebuli werili. magaliTebi amokrefilia amave werilidan.
237
istoriis sakiTxebi
sainteresoa erTi faqtic afxazuri enidan: afxazurSi arakompozit

zmnebSic, Tu gardamaval zmnas uSualod win uswrebs pirdapiri obieqti mesa-
me pirisa (amasTan nivTis klasisa), zmna pirdapir obieqts aRar aRniSnavs: aus
ya-s-wo¡t `saqmes vakeTeb~ (s I piris subieqturi niSania), unda ki gvqonoda:
aus i-ya-s-wo¡t, sadac i pirdapiri obieqtis maCvenebelia.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebSi rom saxeluri nawili saTanado niSnis magier
aris warmodgenili, amas cxadyofs am tipis zmnaTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobis faqti: zmna yovelTvis preverbis gareSea warmodgenili.
piris niSnebi, cnobilia, preverbis Semdeg gvxvdeba zmnaSi. preverbi rom dar-
Tvoda zmnas, is pirdapiri obieqtis niSnis, Cven SemTxvevaSi ki saxeluri nawi-
lis, win unda gvqonoda. saxeli ki preverbs ver iguebs.
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, gardamaval zmnasTan pirda-
pir obieqts uSualod zmnis win gvavaraudebineben. maSin iqneb amiT aixsnas qar-
TulSi mesame pirdapirobieqturi piris aRuniSvneloba gardamaval zmnaSi.
specialuri literaturidan cnobilia, rom mesame subieqturi piri zmna-
Si SedarebiT gvian gaformda. Tu gardauval zmnas win yovelTvis subieqti
uZRoda da amis daSvebis SesaZleblobas isev gardauvali kompoziti zmnebi
iZleva (£el-ewifebis, Zal-gic ← Zal-giZs zmnebSi saxeluri nawili subieqts
warmoadgens. I da II piris formebi am kompozit zmnebs ara aqvs), maSin SesaZle-
belia vivaraudoT, rom mesame subieqturi piris niSani gardauval zmnaSi ima-
ve mizeziT ar iyo warmodgenili, ris gamoc ar iyo aucilebeli `RaRad-yo~
tipis zmnebSi mesame pirdapirobieqturi piris aRniSvna.
gardamaval zmnaSi pirveli da meore pirdapirobieqturi piri niSans
aCens (iseve rogorc pirveli da meore piris subieqti gardauvali zmnebisa):
Tu gardamaval zmnas win yovelTvis pirdapiri obieqti uZRoda, maSin am
SemTxvevaSi zmnis win uSualod pirveli da meore piris nacvalsaxelebi
iqnebodnen.
am mxriv yuradRebas iqcevs piris niSanTa nacvalsaxelur elementebTan
dakavSirebis cda: pirveli obieqturi piris m- niSans iqneb `me~ nacvalsaxel-
Tan mivyavdeT, xilo meore obieqturi piris g- niSans kavSiri hqondes èg~
nacvalsaxelTan1.
1
arn. Ciqobava, gramatikuli klas-kategoria da zmnis uRlilebis zogi sakiTxi Zvel
qarTulSi, ike, t. V, 1953.
238
istoriis sakiTxebi
Wola TevzaZe
rTuli zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi
oria an meti sityvis fuZeebis SerwymiT vRebulobT erT rTul sityvas.

rTuli sityva SeiZleba iyos saxeli an zmna; es damokidebulia SeerTebuli
fuZeebis xasiaTze: saxelebis Serwymis Sedegad, Cveulebriv, miiReba kompozi-
ti saxeli, xolo saxelisa da zmnis fuZeTa SerwymiT — rTuli zmna.
rTuli zmnebi Tanamedrove qarTulSic gvxvdeba, magram maTi gamoyeneba
gacilebiT ufro vrceli iyo Zvel qarTulSi. axal qarTulSi gadmonaSTis sa-
xiT aris SemorCenili iseTi rTuli formebi, rogoricaa: srul-yo, Seuracx-
yo da sxva. meore mxriv, Tanamedrove qarTulSi TiTqmis ara gvaqvs arc erTi
rTuli zmna, romelic Zvel qarTulSi ar yofila.
rTuli zmnebi marto qarTuli enisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, igi
gvxvdeba agreTve sxva qarTvelur enebSi, afxazurSi, bacburSi da sxva. mrav-
lad aris warmodgenili agreTve rTuli zmnebi Turqul enebSi, sadac zmnaTa
ZiriTad masas swored aseTi zmnebi Seicaven da maTi Seswavla morfologiisa
da leqsikologiis erT-erT ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens. aranakleb mniSvne-
lovania qarTulSi arsebuli rTuli zmnebis Seswavla. am sakiTxze yuradReba
gaamaxvila prof. a. SaniZem da gaxaza is mniSvneloba, rac rTuli zmnebis Ses-
wavlas aqvs qarTuli enis gramatikis zogierTi sakiTxis gadaWris saqmeSi1.
qarTulSi arsebuli rTuli zmnebis SemswavlelTaTvis saxelmZRvanelo
debulebebia agreTve mocemuli i. imnaiSvilis sakandidato disertaciaSi2.
Sinaarsis mixedviT rTuli zmnebisaTvis erTcnebianoba aris damaxasiaTe-
beli. formis mixedviT ki arsebobs ramdenime niSani: a) rTuli zmnis pirveli,
e.w. saxeladi nawili3 zmnis uRlebisas ucvleli rCeba (RaRad-hyofs da Ra-
Rad-yo, Rirs-hyofs da Rirs-yo); b) saxeladi nawili pirvel adgilzea da uSu-
alod Seerwymis meSvel zmnas (naTel-iRo, zraxva-yo, gel-uyo)4; g) zmnuri na-
wili uzmniswinod aris warmodgenili (nugeSinis-sca, £ma-yo, gulisxma-yo).
naklebad SevxvdebiT iseT rTul zmnas, romelsac samive es formaluri
niSani axasiaTebs, magram Sinaarsis (erTi cnebis gamoxatva) gaTvaliswinebisa
da romelime aRniSnuli niSnis Tu niSnebis aRmoCenis Semdeg SesaZlebeli
1
a. SaniZe, zmnaTa gardamavlobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: saq. ssr mecn. akade-
miis moambe, t. III, 1942, gv. 289.
2
i. imnaiSvili, wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, Tbilisi, 1941.
(sakandidato disertacia).
3
`saxeladi nawili~ pirobiTi terminia. zogjer SesaZloa am nawilad gamoyenebuli iyos
ara saxeli, aramed uformo sityva.
4
termini `meSveli zmna~ savsebiT zustad ver gadmoscems im Sinaarss, romelic zmnur na-
wils Sehferis, es termini ufro zustad Sedgenili Semasmenlis zmnuri nawilis gad-
mosacemad iqneboda mizanSewonili.
239
istoriis sakiTxebi
xdeba rTuli zmnis garCeva saTanado sintaqsuri wyvilisagan. maSasadame, Ca-

moTvlili formaluri niSnebi damaxasiaTebelia rTuli zmnisaTvis, magram
ar aris aucilebeli, rom yvela es niSani erTad axasiaTebdes mas.
saxeladi nawilis forma-ucvleloba zogadad axasiaTebs rTul zmnas: ambors-
uyofda da ambors-uyo, gulisxma-hyofda da gulisxma-yo, Tual-uyofs da Tual-
uyvna, krul-hyofs da krul-yo, lxineba-hyofs da lxineba-yo, srul-hyofs da
srul-yo, uvar-hyofs da uvar-yo, £el-hyofs da £el-yo... moyvanil formaTa umrav-
lesobaSi saxeladi nawilic Seicvlida formas, magram es ar moxda, radgan maT da-
karguli aqvT damoukidebloba. amrigad, saxeladi nawilis istoriulad arsebuli
funqciis dakargvas mohyva formacvalebis unaris dakargva.
aRniSnuli ar SeiZleba ganvazogadoT yvela im rTul zmnaze, romelTa sa-
xeladi nawilebi adre pirdapir damatebas warmoadgenda. zemoT aRniSnuli
formebis gverdiT arsebobs iseTi zmnebic, romelTa saxeladi nawilebi adre
pirdapir damatebas warmoadgenda da istoriulad arsebuli formacvalebis
unari SenarCunebuli aqvT: pativs-uyofs da pativ-uyo, saxels-sdebs da sa-
xel-sdva, sityuas-hyofs da sityua-yo, wams-uyofda da wam-uyvna. aseT zmnaTa
ricxvi SedarebiT mcirea.
saxelad nawilTa es sxvadasxvagvari Tviseba ar SeiZleba ar axdendes gav-
lenas saerTod zmnis Sinaarsze. Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT (erTi cnebis gamo-
xatvis mixedviT) Znelia erT sibrtyeze moTavseba, erTi mxriv, gulisxma-hyofs
da gulisxma-yo, xolo, meore mxriv, sityuas-hyofs da sityua-yo rTuli zmne-
bisa, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom arc ukanasknelTa gamocxadeba SeiZleba sin-
taqsur wyvilebad, rasac isini odesRac warmoadgendnen. yovelive es xelSesa-
xebi xdeba, rodesac viTvaliswinebT, erTi mxriv, Tual-uyofs da Tual-uyvna,
xolo, meore mxriv, wams-uyofs da wam-uyvna rTuli zmnebis Sinaarsobrivad ab-
solutur igiveobas. amas unda daematos isic, rom arsebobs naTels-gcem // na-
Tel-gcem da naTels-gces // naTel-gces paraleluri formebi (ix. qvemoT).
rTuli zmnis formaluri niSnebis daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT yuradReba
unda mieqces im garemoebasac, rom, Tu mcire gamonaklisebs ar miviRebT mxed-
velobaSi, micemiTis formiT warmodgenili saxeladi nawili, rogorc ukve
moyvanili magaliTebidanac Cans, sazogadod ar dairTavs emfatikur a-s1.
rTuli zmnis saxeladi nawilis ganxilvisas aRsaniSnavia, rom misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia gansazRvruli adgili. igi, Cveulebriv, win uswrebs zmnur
nawils. ase iyo es zemoT moyvanil yvela magaliTSi; asea es mraval sxva
SemTxvevaSi: Tavs-idva, Tana-edva, Zal-edva, sulT-iTquna, kac-kla, £el-
iwifa, gulad-iRo, naTel-iRo, jer-ars, wes-ars, aRTquma-iyo, brZola-uyo,
eqsoria-yo, ina£-idga, Tana-war£da...2
1
am sakiTxze miuTiTebs q. ZoweniZe (èmfatikuri xmovani Zvel qarTulSi~: stalinis sax.
Tbilisis sax. univ. Sromebi, XXX в — XXXI в, 1947, gv. 346). magram rTuli formis saerTo
klasifikacia avtors sruliad sxvagvari aqvs.
2
aris iSviaTi SemTxvevebi, roca rTuli zmnis es damaxasiaTebeli niSani ar aris daculi, saxe-
ladi nawili uswrebs zmnur nawils: gamoucxade mas, ra¡Tamca locva-yo CemT¢s. da aRdga beri da
240
istoriis sakiTxebi
Semdegi formaluri niSani, rac rTul zmnas axasiaTebs, is aris, rom meS-
vel zmnas ar axlavs zmniswini. aqamde dasaxelebul arc erT rTul zmnas zmni-
wini ar gaaCnia. Tu zmnas zmniswini axlavs, maSin igi saxelTan ver qmnis iseT
organul kavSirs, rogorc es rTuli zmnisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. pati-
vis-cema zmna erTcnebiania da gaigeba rogorc erTi rTuli forma: hgonebdes,
viTarmed amiT pativ-scemen warsulsa mas (udabn., 35 b). magram, roca zmna zmnis-
winiT aris warmodgenili, maSin igi damoukidebeli erTeulia da saxelic wina-
dadebis calke wevrs warmoadgens: RmerTsa Cemsa vhmadlob, romelman esodeni
pativi momca (kim., t. I, 46, 20). aq rogorc saxeli, ise zmna winadadebis damouki-
debeli wevrebia. aseve zmnuri nawili uzmniswinod aris warmodgenili da
rTul formasTan gvaqvs saqme Semdeg magaliTSi: viTar-igi sityuas-migebdes me
huriani, viiZule RaRadis-gdebad keisrisa (saqme, 28, 19). magram, roca zmnas
zmniswini axlavs, maSin rTul formasTan aRar gvaqvs saqme: aha esera ara aqus
sity¢is mogeba¡ RmerTsa amas Sensa (kim., t. I, 134, 19). mocemul SemTxvevaSi ukve
saxeli winadadebis damoukidebeli wevria. igi ubralo damatebas warmoadgens.
vxvdebiT sxvagvar SemTxvevebsac: TiTqmis yovelTvis zmniswiniTaa war-
modgenili zmnuri nawili, roca rTuli formis saxelad nawils formauc-
vleli sityva warmoadgens: gare-mo-adga, gare-war-£da, Tana-war-£da, Tana-
war-vida, Sina-gan-scemde, wina-aR-udga, wina-da-sc¢Ta... am SemTxvevebSi ukve
zmniswini aRar aris warmodgenili misi namdvili funqciiT. mas aRara aqvs ge-
zisa da orientaciis gamoxatvis funqcia, igi aq fuZesTan aris Sexorcebuli.
adgilze Tu mimarTulebaze (risi gamoxatvac sazogadod zmniswinebs evale-
ba) TviT saxeladi nawilebi miuTiTeben.
maSasadame, zmniswinis ararseboba rTuli zmnisTvis iseTi damaxasiaTebe-
li formaluri niSania, romelic yvela rTuli zmnis mimarT vrceldeba.
mocemuli nimuSebidan isic Cans, rom Tu saxelad nawilad gamoyenebulia
zmnizeda, maSin meSvel zmnas ar SeiZleba am zmnizedisagan momdinare an mas-
Tan masalobrivad axlo myofi zmniswini daerTos. gvaqvs gare-moadges, gare-
warh£da, magram ar gvaqvs aseTi rTuli zmnebi: gare-ganadges, gare-gan£da.
gvaqvs wina-dac¢Ta, magram ara gvaqvs wina-warc¢Ta.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rTuli zmna zeda-edva uzmniswinod gvxvdeba. aq mosa-
lodneli iyo da zmniswini, magram igi ar aris warmodgenili, radgan saxeladi
nawili `da~ marcvliT bolovdeba da mas zemoaRniSnuli mizezis gamo ar SeiZ-
leba mosdevdes imave fonetikuri Sedgenilobis zmniswini. aRniSnuli zmnis-
wini rom iyos formaSi warmodgenili, maSin meSveli zmna damoukideblobas
yo CemT¢s locva¡ (kim., t. I, 25, 23); gan£sen kruleba¡ misi da yav igi Rirs, ra¡Ta migipyras Sen
msxuerpli igi usisxlo¡ (kim., t. I, 335, 16); da hrqua noomin orTa maT Zis colTa misTa: warvediT da
miiqeciT saxid mamisa T¢sisa da yavn ufalman Tana wyaloba¡ (ruT., 1, 8).
SesaZloa saxeladi da zmnuri nawili gaTiSuli iyos, e.i. tmesis movlenasTan gvqondes
saqme maTi pirdapiri wyobis SemTxvevaSic: jer-Tu-ars, Tana-warm£edin me, ufalo, Jami ese
(mark., 14, 351); RaRad-Tu-yos Cemdamo, vismino misi, rameTu mowywle var (gamoslv., 22, 27);
da raJams dasdgeT Tayuanis-cemad, miuteveT, ra¡Ta Tana-vis-edvas (mark., 11, 25c).
241
istoriis sakiTxebi
moipovebda da saxeladi nawilic TavisTavadi zmnizeda iqneboda. amdenad

aRar gveqneboda saqme rTul zmnasTan1.
aRniSnul formalur niSnebs SeiZleba daematos kidev erTi damaxasiaTe-
beli Tviseba: rodesac zmnuri nawili sawyisis saxiT aris mocemuli, maSin sa-
xeladi nawili masTan sintaqsuri urTierTobiT ki ar aris dakavSirebuli,
aramed erT rTul, SeTxzul formasTan gvaqvs saqme. rTuli zmnis sawyisi, ise
rogorc TviT rTuli zmna, erT cnebas Seicavs. ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, Tu
ra formiT aris saxeladi nawili warmodgenili; igi SeiZleba warmodgenili
iyos fuZis saxiT: gel-yofa, Tav-yofa, mza-yofa, £el-yofa; SeiZleba mas mice-
miTis forma gaaCndes: guls-deba, Tavs-deba..., SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos
naTesaobiTis formiT: amboris-yofa, gulisxmis-yofa; moqmedebiTiT: ina£iT-
jdoma, viTarebiTis formiT: mucelad-Reba, gulad-Reba.
erT cnebas Seicavs rogorc £el-yofa, ise gulisxmis-yofa, aq saxeladi
nawilis formas (fuZis saxiTaa igi warmodgenili, Tu naTesaobiTis formiT),
cnebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvneloba ara aqvs. rac Seexeba micemi-
Tis, moqmedebiTisa da viTarebiTis formiT wamodgenil saxelad nawilebs,
isini istoriulad ZiriTadad adgilis gamoxatvasTan arian dakavSirebuli
da rogorc pirian, ise upiro zmnebSi formas ar icvlian: Tavs-idva da Tavs-
deba, ina£iT-jda da ina£iT-jdoma, muclad-iRo da muclad-Reba.
* * *
ras warmoadgenen istoriulad rTuli zmnis Semadgeneli nawilebi? ro-

gorc ukve zemoT iyo aRniSnuli, xSirad rTuli zmnis saxeladi nawili yofi-
li pirdapiri damatebaa. SesaZloa agreTve igi udrides moSlil subieqts
(£el-ewifebis), irib obieqts (juars-acua), garemoebas (muclad-iRo). ar aris
gamoricxuli rTuli zmnis miReba Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawilisa
da meSveli zmnis Serwymis Sedegad (jer-ars). maSasadame, rTuli zmna miRebu-
lia sintaqsuri wyvilis SeerTebis, Serwymis Sedegad.
rTul zmnebSi sazogadod piris gamoxatva dakisrebuli aqvs zmnur na-
wils. igi atarebs yovelgvar morfologiur niSans, romlebic zmnis piriano-
basTan, uRlebasTan da warmoqmnasTan aris dakavSirebuli. saxelad nawils ki
ZiriTadad zmnis mxolod Sinaarsobrivi, semasiologiuri mxarisaTvis aqvs
mniSvneloba. magram saxeladi nawilebi erTi rigi rTuli zmnebisa pirianobis
TvalsazrisiTac aris saintereso, radgan swored isini istoriulad zmnis
pirTan Sewyobil saxelebs warmoadgenen. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, zmnis pir-
Tan Sewyobili saxeli (xSirad pirdapiri obieqti, xolo iSviaTad subieqti da
iribi obieqti) moSlilia da rTuli zmnis saxelad nawils warmoadgens. mor-
1
aris ramdenime SemTxveva, roca rTuli zmnis saxelad nawilTan Sexorcebuli aris zmniswini.
magaliTad: Sebma-uyo, Seuracx-yo, magram am SemTxvevaSi zmniswini ufro derivaciul afiqss
warmoadgens. yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq zmniswini ar aris gezis an orientaciis gamomxatveli. aq igi
formis ganuyofeli nawilia, misi gamoyofa, rogorc zmniswinisa, SeuZlebelia.
242
istoriis sakiTxebi
fologiuri niSani am gauqmebuli pirisa ki zmnis formaSi warmodgenilia,

magram es piri, rogorc realuri, gramatikuli piri, aRar arsebobs da amde-
nad misi niSani, romelic zmnis formaSi iseve darCa, ukve pirze miuTiTebs
(Tu ki zmnas aseTi gaaCnia). daviwyoT subieqturi piriT.
da vina¡Tgan Zal-ucs kacsa ese yovelni daTmenad kacisa mier T¢sisave
msgavsisa (kim., t. 1, 57, 11). aseTi formebi mravalmxriv aris saintereso: yofi-
li subieqti Zal aRar aris winadadebis damoukidebeli erTeuli. igi rTuli
zmnis Semadgeneli komponentia da subieqturi piris sufiqsi s masze aRar miu-
TiTebs. am zmnasTan I da II piri arasdros ar SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos subi-
eqtad; awmyoSi Cveulebriv piris niSani ar aris warmodgenili: ukueTu egeviTa-
ri Zal-uc apolonsa, mivide taZarsa mas missa da gamovcado igi (kim., t. 1, 150, 13).
piris niSnis dakargva fonetikuri faqtoriT aris gamowveuli: sufiqsi s-ani
aris yru spiranti, romelic imsgavsebs fuZis bolokidur xSul mJRer Z-ils da
aqcevs fSvinvier xSul c-anad, xolo Semdeg TviTon ikargeba (Zal-uZs → Zal-
uc-s → Zal-uc). wyvetilSi subieqtis niSnad warmodgenilia a da amitom aravi-
Tar fonetikur cvlilebas adgili ara aqvs. niSanic yovelTvis Senaxulia: Seipy-
rnes gzani sameufoni da ver Zal-edva qristianeTa slvad (kim., t. II, 200, 19).
aseve, subieqti moSlili Cans Semdeg formebSi: gulisxma-yo dedakacman
man, rameTu ara saTno-uCns RmerTsa Seslvad yrmisa mis abanod (kim., t. I, 219,
10); da iqmna maT Soris sity¢s-geba¡ sarwmunoebisaTs, romeli-igi sity¢s-geba¡
aw aRwerad cxorebisa amis Txrobasa Sina ar jer-miCs (kim., t. I, 66, 30); ver £el-
ewifebis qalaqsa dafarvad, romeli mTasa zeda daSenebul arn (maTe, 5, 14).
moyvanil nimuSebSi axali subieqti arc aris ganviTarebuli da mxolod
morfologiuri kvalifikacia formisa ver gvaZlevs subieqtis gamoyofis
saSualebas, radgan yofili subieqti zmnasTan aris SeerTebuli. swored
amitom iyo SesaZlebeli, rom zmnis Sinaarsi mTlianad Secvliliyo. rTuli
zmnis nawilebi cal-calke aRebuli sul sxva rameze miuTiTeben (£el-
ewifebis = xeli miuwvdeba)1, xolo orive erTad erT cnebas gamoxatavs da
Secvlil Sinaarss atarebs (£el-ewifebis = SeuZlia, ufleba aqvs).
axali Sinaarsis mixedviT pirTa kvalifikaciac sxvagvaria. cvlileba ZiriTa-
dad subieqts Seexeba. rogorc subieqti, is xSirad arc Cans, radgan saTanado saxe-
li viTarebiTi brunvis formiT aris warmodgenili, da amdenad igi subieqtadac
ar CaiTvleba: rameTu ver £el-ewifebis dacxromad sulsa Cemsa (iob., 6, 7).
ufro farTod aris gavrcelebuli pirdapirobieqturi piris gauqmeba
da masTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi. saxeladi nawili zogierTi rTuli
zmnisa istoriulad pirdapirobieqtur pirTan Sewyobil saxels warmoadgens.
gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis yo-Ti nawarmoeb zmnebze. wesis mixedviT yo-Ti
nawarmoebi rTuli zmnebi pirdapir obieqts yovelTvis unda Seicavdes,
radgan martivad xmarebisas mudam gardamavalia da, maSasadame, Seicavs
1
i. imnaiSvili, wrfelobiTi brunvis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi, 1941. (sakandidato
disertacia).
243
istoriis sakiTxebi
pirdapiri obieqtis gagebas, romelic gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi zmnis

formaSi saTanado formatiT aris warmodgenili1. magram rodesac igi rTul
zmnaSi yofil pirdapir obieqtTan erTad erTcnebian zmnas awarmoebs, maSin
es `pirdapiri obieqti~ aRar aris gagebuli, rogorc obieqti. igi rTuli
zmnis Semadgenel nawilad aris qceuli da mas dakarguli aqvs damoukideb-
lobis unari, romelic ZvelisZvelad unda hqonoda.
aRixilna Tualni T¢sni zecad wmidaman, RaRad-yo da Tqua (kim., t. II, 10,
31). rTul zmnaSi `RaRad-yo~ istoriulad, rac yo (e.i. pirdapiri obieqti),
aris `RaRadi~, magram Zvel qarTulSi RaRad-yo erT mTlian cnebad gagebuli
zmna da `RaRadi~ pirdapir obieqtad (e.i. damoukidebel sityvad) aRar gaige-
ba. rogorc prof. a. SaniZe miuTiTebs2, aqedan warmodgeba piris niSnis win
gadmosma (vRaRad-v-yav — saqme, 24, 21 Д) subieqturi piris niSani gadmosulia
TavSi da, amrigad, subieqturi piris ormag aRniSvnas aqvs adgili.
ise rogorc RaRad-yo zmnaSi, pirdapiri obieqti moSlilia Semdeg rTul
formebSi:
yrma¡ vinme STavarda jurRmulsa friad Rrmasa da £ma-yo da Tqua (kim., t.
I, 290, 3); xolo man sixaruliT da cremliT munquesve ambors-uyo kunkulsa
missa da icvala feri pirisa misisa¡ (iqve, 265, 19); mraval saxed brZola-uyves
wmidasa maqsimes mpyrobelTa maT da ver uZles marTlisa sarwmunoebisagan
midrekad (iqve, 87, 1); fer£i misi ganirTxa da gza-uyo Cemdamo alagTa warsawy-
medelTa misTa (iob., 30, 12); viTarca Sen gnebavs, gamogi£sne gel-yofa¡ ese
Sengan da gel-uyo Zmasa magas Sensa (kim., t. I, 140, 4); dascnes Zeni beniamenisni.
da devna-uyves noa¡Tgan Semdgomad (msaj., 20, 43); dro-uyo filiqs (maqsime, 24,
22); Tav-uyav mamasa Sensa da dedasa Sensa, ra¡Ta keTili geyos Sen yovliT-
kerZo (kim., t. I, 143, 1); Tual-uyvna mas simon-petre, ra¡Ta hkiTxos, vin ars,
romlisaT¢s ity¢s? (iovane, 13, 24 C); da miavlina yovelTa mRdelTa vedrebiT,
ra¡Ta locva-yon misT¢s (ist. qrest., 129, 30); lxineba-yos mRdelman man cod-
visa misT¢s da mieteos mas codva¡ igi (levit., 5, 6); da amcnes ZeTa maT beniame-
nisTa da hrques: warvediT da mzir-uyavT vena£ovansa Sina (msaj., 21, 20); rame-
Tu moxedva-yo RmerTman ersa T¢ssa (luka, 7, 16 C); me Tu vinme msaxuros, pa-
tiv-uyos mas mamaman Cemman (iovane, 12, 26 C); Semdgomad mravlisa Jamisa movi-
da ufali igi maT monaTa¡ da sityua-yo maT monaTa Tana (maTe, 25, 19); aRZar-
cues saburveli Tavisa misisa¡ da Sebma-uyves mas (kim., t. I, 146, 13); amieriTgan
aRara gibrZaneben Sen werilni ese. . . aramed yovladve, ra¡Ta arRara saxel-
sdva qristeanobasa (kim., t. II, 46, 27); SeinaneT da naTel-iReT kacad-kacadman
Tquenman (saqme, 2, 38); juars-acues da ganiyves samoseli misi da wil-igdes
mas zeda, vismca ra¡ xuda (mark., 15, 24 C); rameTu ara TualT-aReb pirsa kaci-
1
qarTul zmnebSi, 1920, gv. 86.
2
a. SaniZe, zmnaTa gardamavlobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: saq. ssr mecn.
akademiis moambe, t. III, 1942, gv. 289.
244
istoriis sakiTxebi
sasa, aramed WeSmaritad gzasa RmrTisasa aswaveb (mark., 12, 14 C); sulT-iTqu-
mides Zeni israÀlisani saqmeTa maTgan ficxelTa (gamoslv., 2, 23); ara kac-kla,
ara imruSo. . . (maTe, 19, 18); Zieba-yo yovliTa krZalulebiTa qristeaneTa
(kim., t. II, 45, 32); wam-uyvna mas simon-petre (iovane, 13, 24); ixila eri mravali
da wyaloba-yo maT zeda (mark., 6, 34 C); xolo igini moxu£des da Sexuvrdes
fer£Ta misTa da Tavyanis-xces mas (x. leqc., 28, 9); ra¡saT¢s naTel-hscem Sen,
ukueTu ara xar qriste? (iovane, 1, 25); movida misa madli RmrTisa¡, viTarca
Wabuki qali, da nugeSini-sca mas (kim., t. I, 280, 11); marxvasa qristeman pativ-
sca da kaci eSmakisagan gamoi£sna (kim., t. I, 58, 33); maSin miviRe mcired R¢no¡
da puri davalbe da mcired gemo¡—ixila (SuS., VII, 25); locva-yav Cem¢s da yav
siyuaruli da pir-i£sen Cem Tana (kim., t. I, 230, 11).
CamoTvlil zmnebs, romelTa ricxvi SeiZleboda kidev gagvezarda, pirda-
piri obieqti ar gaaCnia, amitom zogierTi maTgani (lxineba-yo, £ma-yo, sityua-
yo) erTi piris gagebas Seicavs. magram rodesac es zmnebi I seriaSia, gauqmebuli
pirdapiri obieqtis niSani zogjer mainc aris formaSi warmodgenili: sityua-
hyofs ese, romeli Tqua esaia, viTarmed ara Tu mociqulman, arca angelozman...,
aramed Tavadman acxovnna igini (udabno, 47 V); prefiqsi h micemiTSi dasmul pir-
dapir obieqts unda gamoxatavdes, magram igi am SemTxvevaSi ufunqcioa.
aris iseTi rTuli zmnebic, romlebTanac, marTalia, Zveli pirdapiri
obieqti rTuli zmnis nawilad aris qceuli da amitom igi, rogorc obieqti,
moSlilia, magram samagierod am zmnebs axali pirdapiri obieqti aqvT ganvi-
Tarebuli: da aRTquma-yo moqmedTa maT mimarT TiTo¡ satiri (maTe 20, 2 C). da-
mowmebul zmnaSi saxeladi nawili istoriulad warmoadgenda pirdapir dama-
tebas, romelic droTa viTarebaSi SeuerTda zmnas da dakarga pirTan Sewyobi-
li saxelis gageba. amis Semdeg SesaZlebeli gaxda, ganviTarebuliyo axali pir-
dapiri obieqti. mocemul SemTxvevaSi pirdapir obieqts warmoadgens `satiri~.
iseTi rTuli zmnis nimuSad, romelsac iribi obieqti aqvs moSlili, SeiZ-
leba davasaxeloT Semdegi magaliTi: viTar-igi mi(x)ces mRdelT-moZRuarTa
da mTavarTa CuenTa saSjelsa sikudilisasa da juars-xaceus igi (x. leqc., 24,
20). mocemul magaliTSi `juars~ moSlili iribi obieqtia, magram iribi obieq-
tis niSani zmnaSi mainc SemorCa. amitom, radgan iribi obieqti aRar aris da
Sesatyvisi piris gageba aRar gaaCnia zmnas, es niSani ufunqcioa. is gadmonaS-
Tis saxiT aris SemorCenili zmnis formaSi da adasturebs im mosazrebas, rom
es saxeladi nawili istoriulad namdvil irib obieqts warmoadgenda. amasve
adasturebs is garemoeba, rom am zmnis konversiuli forma e-niani vnebiTia:
wyali R¢nod gardaaqcia sak¢rvelebiTa da ZaliTa RmerTeebisa¡Ta; da nefsiT
juars-ecua (kim., t. II, 48, 9). e-niani vnebiTis arseboba ki TavisTavad moqmede-
biTisaTvis irib obieqts varaudobs.
bolos SevexebiT iseT rTul zmnebs, romelTa pirveli nawilebi forma-
ucvlel sityvebs warmoadgenen. es nawilebi ZiriTadad adgilis zmnizedebia,
romelTagan Semdeg Camoyalibda zmniswinebi. esenia: gare, zeda, Tana, Sina, wi-
245
istoriis sakiTxebi
na: gare-modgoma (alyis Semortyma), gare-miqceva (mibruneba), zeda-miwevna (ax-

los misvla), Tana-deba (valis qoneba), Tana-war£doma (gverdis avla), Sina-gan-
cema (gacema, Ralati), wina-dacueTa (обрезание) da sxva.
aseT zmnaTa ricxvi gacilebiT metia, magram tipis dasaxasiaTeblad moy-
vanilic sakmarisia. saerTod am zmnebis sirTule kiTxvis qveS SeiZleba dava-
yenoT. xSir SemTxvevaSi wina nawilebi zmniswinis funqciis mqone ufro Cans,
vidre Cveulebrivi saxeladi nawilebisa, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT zogi-
erT moments, maSin maTi rTul zmnebad gamocxadeba SesaZlebelia. magali-
Tad, Tana-war£daSi wina nawils sawinaaRmdego mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre mas
sxva SemTxvevaSi gaaCnia. am mxriv mniSvnelovania agreTve Tana-deba zmna, ro-
melic erT cnebas Seicavs da valis qonebas niSnavs. cal-calke aRebuli arc
zmnizeda da arc zmna am mniSvnelobaze ar miuTiTeben, magram maTi SeerTebis
Sedegad viRebT axali cnebis gamomxatvel formas. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom
zmniswinebi zogjer axal zmnas awarmoebso, magram amgvari axali odenobis
warmoeba arcerTi zmniswinisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli.
wina-dacueTa zmnis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom igi, amave cnebis gamomxatve-
li sxva enebis zmnebisagan gansxvavebiT, rTulia. `win~ aq ar aris mxolod ad-
gilis gamomxatveli nawilaki. `wina~ aris is, rac dac¢Tes, e.i. yofili pirda-
piri damateba an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi gansazRvreba.
calke unda aRiniSnos winaswar-metyueleba zmnis Sesaxeb. kiTxva ismis: ro-
gor unda daiSalos es zmna. gamoiyos unda zmniswini `wina~ da Semdeg isev zmnis-
winiani `warmetyueleba~ calke SeiZleba warmovidginoT, Tu gamovyoT istoriu-
lad arsebuli drois zmnizeda `winaswar~ da zmnis meore nawilad `metyueleba~
vigulisxmoT. Cven vfiqrobT, rom ukanaskneli dayofa sworia, miuxedavad imisa,
rom sxva enebSi, vTqvaT rusulSi, swored `wina~ zmniswinis ekvivalenti gamoiyofa.
amas gvafiqrebinebs is, rom arsebobs saxeladi nawilis sxvanairi formac:
xolo sanatrelman SuSanik viTarca winar-metyuelman hrqua (SuS., II, 8); ro-
melman Seiwynaros winar-metyueli saxelad winawar-metyuelisa, sasyideli
wina¡swar-metyuelisa¡ miiRos (maTe, 10, 41 C); ra¡Ta aResrulos Tqumuli igi
uflisa mier winar-metyuelisagan (maTe, 2, 15 C).
rogorc moyvanili nimuSebidan Cans, arsebobs paraleluri formebi: er-
Ti mxriv, gvaqvs: winawar-metyueli, winaswar-metyueli, wina¡swar-metyueli,
xolo, meore mxriv, — winar-metyueli. ukanasknel formaSi `wina~-s gamoyofa
yovlad SeuZlebelia, aramed gamoiyofa `winar~, xolo pirvel formebSi `wi-
naswar~-is gamoyofas araferi uSlis xels.
rTuli zmnis pirveli nawilis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba davaskvnaT Sem-
degi:
246
istoriis sakiTxebi
1. rTuli zmnis saxelad nawilad SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes sawyisi, ar-

sebiTi saxeli, zedsarTavi saxeli, mimReoba, zmnizeda, iSviaTad ricxviTi sa-
xeli1 da piriani zmna2.
2. rTuli zmnis mniSvnelobisaTvis, misi semantikuri mxarisaTvis ufro
mniSvnelovania saxeladi nawili, vidre zmna.
3. erTi cnebis mqone rTuli zmna yovelTvis ver aris organulad ise
Sekruli, rom saxeladi nawili ar inarCunebdes zmnasTan winaT arsebuli
sintaqsuri kavSirisaTvis saWiro formas. am mxriv Semdegi suraTia:
a) saxeladi nawili jer kidev ar aris Serwymuli zmnasTan da amitom igi,
rogorc pirdapiri obieqti, seriebis mixedviT zmnis cvlasTan erTad icvlis
brunvas (wams-uyofdes da wam-uyvna).
b) zmnasa da saxels Soris, SedarebiT pirveli rigis zmnebTan, ufro
mWidro kavSiria. saxeladi nawilis brunvacvalebadoba ar aris damokidebu-
li zmnis seriebis mixedviT cvlasTan (awmyo: naTels-gcem // naTel-gcem da
wyvetilSic: naTels-gces (naTel-gces).
g) rTuli zmnis saxeladi nawili brunvaucvlelia yvela seriaSi. igi an
mxolod fuZis saxiTaa warmodgenili, an mxolod micemiTis, naTesaobiTis,
moqmedebiTis da viTarebiTis formiT (£el-yofs da £el-yo, ambors-uyofs da
ambors-uyo, ina£iT-zis da ina£iT-jda, yurad-iRebs da yurad-iRo).
* * *
rTuli zmnis erT-erTi (Zalze xSirad meore an ukanaskneli) Semadgeneli

nawili aucileblad aris zmna. igi aniWebs leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone sa-
xelad nawils zmnisaTvis damaxasiaTebel gramatikul Sinaarss. es zogadi
Tvalsazrisi yvela zmnur nawilze Tanabrad vrceldeba, magram rTuli zmnis
erTi mTliani cnebis Camoyalibebis saqmeSi yvela zmnuri nawili erTnair
rols ar asrulebs. erTi mxriv gvaqvs rTuli zmna naTel-sca, romlis zmnuri
nawili, aniWebs ra saxelad nawils zmnisTvis damaxasiaTebel gramatikul Si-
naarss (piri, ricxvi, dro, kilo...), agreTve miuTiTebs konkretuli moqmede-
bis Cadenaze, rom aq `naTelis~ mimarT mxolod zogadi moqmedebis saxiT Cade-
nasTan ki ar gvaqvs saqme, aramed amave dros miTiTebulia, rom es moqmedeba
`cemaa~, e.i. konkretuli saxea moqmedebisa. aseTive konkretuli moqmedebis
1
mxolod erTaderTi SemTxveva gvaqvs, roca ricxviTi saxelia naxmari rTuli zmnis sa-
xelad nawilad. aseTia erT-yofa, romelic SeerTebas, gaerTianebas niSnavs: viTar hgavs,
Semoqmedi umciresTagan urTierTs Seaxebs ganTvisebulTa bunebaTa, ra¡Ta erT-yos da
Tanatom yoveli agebuli (bun. kac., 8, 3); aRniSnuli forma xelovnuria. amitom igi Zvel
qarTulSi TiTqmis arc gvxvdeba.
2
nugeSinis-cema iseTi rTuli formaa, romlis saxelad nawiladac piriani zmna aris nax-
mari. igi mniSvnelobiT daimedebas, `nugeSinis micemas~ niSnavs. am zmnis saxeladi nawili aris
uaryofiT nawilakdarTuli piriani zmna `nugeSinis~, romelSic subieqti III piria, xolo
obieqti — II. Semdeg, rodesac mTliani forma substantivad iqna gagebuli, is xSirad kargavs
bolokidur s-ans: nugeSinis-mec (ruTisi, 2, 13) formis gverdiT gvaqvs nugeSini-sca.
247
istoriis sakiTxebi
Cadenaze miuTiTebs geba, dgineba, deba, klva, mwifeba, Reba, xilva, £doma,
jdoma da sxva zmnuri nawilebi.
meore mxriv, arsebobs zmnuri nawili `yofa~, romelic mxolod zogadi
moqmedebis gamomxatvel Sinaarss umatebs saxelad nawils. sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, igi mxolod zmnuri inventaria, romelic saxelad nawils zmnad aq-
cevs; miuTiTebs moqmedebaze, magram arakonkretulze. yo-Ti Sedgenil rTul
zmnebs SesaZloa gaaCndes konkretuli Sinaarsi, magram, Tu ra saxis unda iyos
es moqmedeba (rom es moqmedeba konkretulia), amaze TviT saxeladi nawili mi-
uTiTebs. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT `yofa~ zmnuri nawili rTuli zmnis sxva
zmnuri nawilebisagan gancalkevebiT dgas.
`yofa~ zmnuri nawilis es Tavisebureba misi mniSvnelobiT unda aixsnas,
radgan igi gakeTebas, qmnas, Cadenas niSnavs zogadad; is zogadad aRniSnavs
imas, rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia yvela zmnisTvis. sxva zmna ki gamoxatavs
am zogad moqmedebasac da amave dros miuTiTebs imaze, rom es moqmedeba
zmulobis konkretuli saxea (wers, xatavs, aSenebs, klavs).
swored `yofa~ zmnuri nawilia rTul zmnaSi yvelaze ufro gavrcelebu-
li. rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, es zmna yofil pirdapir obieqtTan qmnis
rTul formebs. amisaTvis `RaRad-yo~ zmna erTpiriania. istoriulad arsebu-
li pirdapiri obieqti `RaRad~ amJamad ukve aRar warmoadgens zmnis pirTan
Sewyobil saxels, radgan igi rTuli zmnis SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. raodenob-
rivma cvlilebam mogvca Tvisebrivad sruliad gansxvavebuli, axali zmna,
romelsac erTi piriT ukve naklebi gaaCnia, vidre `yo~ zmnas damoukideblad
xmarebisas aqvs. raki RaRad-yo zmna erTpiriania: da munquesve RaRat-yo mama-
man mis yrmisaman (markoz., 9, 24 C), es piri ki subieqturia, amitom es rTuli
forma gardauvalia, radganac gardamavlobisaTvis niSandoblivad pirdapi-
ri obieqtis qoneba aris miCneuli1.
garda `yofa~ zmnisa, rTuli zmnis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia agreTve
cema (naTel-sca, Tayvanis-sca), Reba (naTel-iRo, yurad-iRo, muclad-iRo),
deba (Tavs-idva, Zal-edva), geba (Suris-geba, adgid-agos), pyroba (adgil-ipy-
ra, yur-upyra), wifeba (£el-iwifa), Tquma (sulT-Tquma), cueTa (wina-dacue-
Ta), cuma (juar-cuma), xilva (gemo¡s-xilva), jdoma (ina£iT-jdoma).
CamoTvlili zmnebi awarmoeben ZiriTadad pirian rTul formebs. yvela
maTgans rTul zmnaTa warmoebis mxriv erTnairi gavrcelebis are ara aqvs.
zogierTi maTgani (yofa, cema, Reba, deba, geba) sxvadasxva saxelad nawilTan
ricxobrivad mraval rTul formas awarmoebs, dasaxelebul zmnaTa nawili ki
mxolod erT saxelad nawilTan SeerTebiT qmnis rTul formas.
Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba iseTi formebic, romlebic Sinaarsis
mixedviT gvafiqrebinebs, rom TiTqos rTul zmnebTan gvaqvs saqme. magram ma-
Ti konstruqcia rTul formebad aRiarebis winaaRmdeg metyvelebs, amitom
1
a. SaniZe, zmnaTa gardamavlobisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe,
t. III, 1942, gv. 259.
248
istoriis sakiTxebi
Cvenc sagangebod maT Sesaxeb ar SevCerdebiT. aseTi SemTxvevebis nimuSad Se-

iZleba moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi: `RaRad-yo mose uflisa mimarT da Tqua:
ra¡ uyo ersa amas? mcired-Ra qua¡ damkribon (gamoslvaTa¡, 17, 4). `qua¡ dam-
kribon~ rom Tanamedrove qarTulad gadmovTargmnoT, miviRebT amas: `Camqo-
laven~, magram Tu Cven Zveli qarTulisave TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT moce-
mul faqts, maSin davrwmundebiT, rom `qua¡~ pirdapiri damatebaa da, maSasa-
dame, winadadebis damoukidebeli erTeulia, xolo `damkribon~ zmniswiniT
warmodgenili martivi formaa.
bolos unda aRiniSnos, rom warmoebis mixedviT, mwkrivTan dakavSirebuli
Sinaarsis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT, rTulia agreTve yvela erTpiriani zmna III
seriaSi: aRsrulebul ars, aRdgomil ars, mosrul iyo, damjdar iyos, daZine-
bul iyos da sxva. magram radgan es zmnebi TavianTi bunebiT martivia, aRweri-
lobiTi warmoeba mxolod III seriaSi axasiaTebs da I da II seriaSi yovelTvis mar-
tivi formiT aris warmodgenili, amitom isini naSromSi ganxiluli ar aris.
249
istoriis sakiTxebi
zurab WumburiZe
myofadis warmoqmnis
istoriisaTvis qarTulSi
Zvel qarTuls momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gamosaxatavad sakuTari

formebi ar gaaCnda da am mizniT ZiriTadad kavSirebiTis formebs iyenebda.
saerTod qarTulSi kavSirebiTis sul oTxi mwkrivi mogvepoveba: TiTo-TiTo
awmyosa da myofadis wreebSi da aseve II-sa da III seriaSi. maTgan myofadis kaSi-
rebiTi myofadisagan iwarmoeba, masze gviandelia da myofadis TxrobiTi ki-
los funqciiT, cxadia, arasodes yofila gamoyenebuli. SedarebiT gvianaa Ca-
moyalibebuli III seris formebic, maT Soris — mesame kavSirebiTi, romlis xma-
rebac Zvel qarTulSi Zalze iSviaTia da mas TxrobiTi kilos gamoxatva ag-
reTve ar ekisreboda. rac Seexeba danarCen or mwkrivs — pirvelsa da meore
kavSirebiTebs, maT Zvel qarTulSi sistemebr vxvdebiT rogorc kavSirebi-
Tis, ise TxrobiTi kilos gadmosacemad.1
momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gadmosacemad kavSirebiTi pirvelisa da
meoris gamoyenebis magaliTebi Zvel qarTul teqstebSi yovel nabijze
gvxvdeba da sagangebo Cxreka ar esaWiroeba. amitom Cven sailustraciod mxo-
lod ramdenime nimuSiT davkmayofildebiT. ai erTi adgili Zveli qarTuli
oTxTavidan:2
`netar iyvnen glaxakni suliTa, rameTu maTi ars sasufeveli caTa¡.
netar iyvnen mglovareni guliTa, rameTu igini nugeniSinis-cemul iyvnen.
netar iyvnen mS¢dni, rameTu maT daimk¢dron queyana¡.
netar iyvnen romelTa hSiodis da hswyurodis simarTlisaT¢s, rameTu
igini ganZRen.
netar iyvnen mowyaleni, rameTu igini Seiwyalnen.
netar iyvnen wmidani guliTa, rameTu maT RmerTi ixilon.
netar iyvnen mS¢dobis moqmedni, rameTu igini naSob RmrTis iwodnen.
netar iyvnen devnulni simarTlisaT¢s, rameTu maTi ars sasufeveli caTa¡.
netar iyvneT Tquen, raJams gyuedriden Tquen da gdevniden da Tquan
yoveli sityua¡ boroti Tquenda mimarT sicruviT CemT¢s~ (maTe, 5, 3-11).
moyvanil nawyvetSi gvxvdeba pirveli kavSirebiTis formebic (hSiodis,
hswyurodis, gyuedriden, gdevniden) da meore kavSirebiTisac (iyvnen, iyvneT,
1
a. SaniZe. Zveli qarTuli ena (mokle mimoxilva): saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi — `Zveli qar-
Tuli ena da literatura~, Seadgines a. SaniZem, al. abramiZem da il. abulaZem, 1936, gv. 289.
2
qarTuli oTxTavis ori Zveli redaqcia (sami Satberduli xelnaweris mixedviT),
gamosca a. SaniZem: Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebi, 2, Tbilisi, 1945.
250
istoriis sakiTxebi
daimk¢dron, ganZRen, Seiwyalnen, ixilon, iwodnen, Tquan). yvela eseni naxma-

ria momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gagebiT.
moviyvanT kidev oriode magaliTs rogorc Targmnili, ise originaluri
Zveli qarTuli Zeglebidan:
ese a R x u a s r u l o da d a x u b e W d o nayofsa mas maTsa da warvide
Tquen mier spaniad. ese uwyi me, m o - r a - v i d o d i Tquenda, savsebiTa miT
kurTxeviTa qristÀsiTa m o v i d e (hrom. 15, 28-29, xanmeti leqc.).
meyseulad Semdgomad Wirisa mis maT dReTa¡sa mzÀ d a b n e l d e s da
mTovareman ara g a m o x c e s naTeli T¢si da varskulavni g a r d a m o c -
¢ v e n zeciT da Zalni caTani S e h i Z r n e n . da maSin g a m o C n d e s niSi
Zisa kacisa¡ caTa Sina da maSin h e t y e b d e n yovelni tohmni queyanisani da
i x i l o n ZÀ kacisa¡ momavali RrubelTa Tana cisaTa ZaliTa da didebiTa
didiTa (maTe, 24, 29-30, xanmeti leqc.)1.
saTno yavn ufalman... gulsa yovlisa qristÀs moyuarisa erisa morwmu-
nisasa, romelni a R m o i k i T x v i d e n (abo, 48, 5-7, agiogr. Zegl. 1)2.
wesi monazonebisa¡ maT Soris aRorZinebul ars da ufro¡sad y u a o d i s
da a R e m a t o s momavalTa JamTa (iqve, xanZT. 169, 4-5).
da aw damtkicebulad g i T x r a Tquen aRsasruli wmidisa da sanatreli-
sa SuSanikisi (iqve, SuSan. 11, 3-4).
aravin g i t e o s qristÀs msaxur yofad da, Tu mS¢dobiT ara
g a n u t e o sicofÀ ege, tanjva¡ didi moiwios Sen zeda (iqve, evst, 32, 1-3).
rogorc vxedavT, momavali drois gadmosacemad naxmaria xan pirveli kavSi-
rebiTis, xan ki meore kavSirebiTis formebi. isini erTmaneTs upirispirdebian
aspeqtis mixedviT: pirveli kavSirebiTi usrul aspeqts gviCvenebs, meore kavSi-
rebiTi — sruls, droisa da kilos mxriv ki maT Soris gansxvaveba ar arsebobs.
momavali drois gadmosacemad Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeba agreTve viTarebiT
brunvaSi dasmuli masdari meSvel zmnasTan erTad. am mxriv Zveli qarTuli
ramdenadme hgavs Zvel berZnuls, sadac momavali drois gadmosacemad gvxvde-
ba rogorc kavSirebiTi kilos formebi, ise mimReobiani da infinituri kon-
struqciebi modalur zmnebTan erTad.3 masdaruli konstruqciiT Zvel qar-
TulSi gadmoicema moqmedeba, romelic momavalSi uTuod unda Sesruldes, e.i.
myofads aseT SemTxvevaSi kategoriulobis, aucileblobis gageba aqvs.4
momavli drois gamoxatvis es saSualebac Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod xSirad
gvxvdeba, amitom aqac mxolod ramdenime magaliTis moyvaniT davkmayofildebiT:
1
xanmeti, leqcionari. gamosca da simfonia daurTo a. SaniZem: Zveli qarTuli enis
Zeglebi, I, Tbilisi, 1944.
2
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni I (V-X ss.), ilia abulaZis
redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1964.
3
С.В. Меликова-Толстая. Будущее время в греческом языке: Ученые зап.ЛГУ, серия филологических
наук, вып. 15, 1952; Б.Б. Мительман. Будущее время в языке древне-греческого эпоса (Автореферат
кандидатской диссертации).
4
a. martirosovi. masdaruli konstruqciis genezisisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: ike, VII, 1955.
251
istoriis sakiTxebi
Ruawlsa didsa S e s l v a d x a r , dedofalo (iqve, SuSan. 13, 21).

Senda egden y o f a d a r s fer£iTa SeniTa slva¡, rameTu cocxali
arRara g a m o s l v a d x a r , garna oTxTa gamogiRon (iqve, 21,6-8).
me aqa araRara m o q c e v a d v a r ... xolo sikudili Cemi tfiliss
y o f a d a r s sapyrobilesa da Tavi m o k u e T a d a r s Cemda (iqve, vest.
34, 31-35, 1).
SfoTni da gansacTelni S e m T x u e v a d a r i a n adgilsa mas
namuSakevsa Sensa (iqve, serap. 340, 2-3).
orpirian formebSi meSvel zmnad warmogvidgeba u c (roca gramatikuli
subieqti mxolobiTSia), an u s x e n (roca subieqti mravlobiTSia): d a p y -
r o b a d u c pativi S e n i (= Seni Tanamdeboba unda daiWiros, Seni Tanam-
debobis daWeras apirebs); S e y u a r e b a d u c mas keTili sarwmunoeba¡
qristÀs RmrTisa¡ da m o Z u l e b a d u s x e n kerpni £eliT-qmnulni1
sainteresoa, rom myofadis gadmocemisas kavSirebiTi da masdaruli
konstruqcia zojer erTmaneTs enacvleba Zveli qarTul ZeglTa sxvadasxva
reaqciaSi.2
yovelnive d a h b r k o l d e T Cemda momarT (maTe, 26, 31C).

Tquen yovelni d a b r k o l e b a d x a r T Cemda momarT (iqven, DE).
ra¡-me ukue y o f a d a r s Cuenda? (maTe, 19, 27 C).
ra¡-me i y o s aw CuenT¢s? (iqve, DE).
marqu Cuen: odes y o f a d a r s ese (maTe, 24, 3 C).
miTxar Cuen: odes i y o s ese (iqve, DE)
da Ze kacisa¡ m i c e m a d a r s mRdelT moZRuarTa da mwignobarTa
(mark. 10, 33 C).
da ZÀ kacisa¡ m i e c e s mRdelT moZRuarTa da mwignobarTa (iqve, DE) da
sxv.
rogorc samecniero literaturaSi aris aRniSnuli, `viTarebiT brunvaSi
dasmuli masdari da masTan dakavSirebuli saTanado konstruqciebi Zvel qar-
TulSive SedarebiT axali warmonaqmni Cans. igi Canasaxis saxes atarebs. aseTma
masdarma ver moaswro mtkiced Camoyalibebuli saxe mieRo da ise gamovida xma-
rebidan, rom misi kvalic ki aRar SerCa axal saliteraturo qarTuls~3.
amrigad, myofadi axal qarTulSi masdaris meSveobiT veRar gadmoicema.
momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gamoxatvis funqcia dakarga agreTve
kavSirebiTma. samagierod es funqcia ikisra zmniswinianma awmyom, romelmac
1
i. imnaiSvili, sami sinuri xelnaweri da maTi ena: qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia,
II, 1963, v. 205-206.
2
i. qavTaraZe, myofadis erTi saxeobis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi: i k e , XII, 1953, gv. 199. n.
kotinovi. viTarebiTSi dasmuli masdaris funqciebi Zvel qarTulSi: i. gogebaSvilis sax.
Telavis saxelmwifo pedagogiuri institutis Sromebi, V, 1964, gv. 101.
3
a. martirosovi. dasax. naSromi, gv. 59.
252
istoriis sakiTxebi
calke mwkrivis saxe miiRo. es Zireuli cvlilebani, rac momavali drois

gamoxatvis mxriv moxda qarTulSi, cxadia, erTbaSad ar ganxorcielebula:
myofadis gamoxatvis axali sistemis Canasaxebs Cven Zveli qarTulis wiaRSive
vxvdebiT; meore mxriv, dRemde vamCnevT Zveli sistemis TvalsaCino kvalsac.
swored amgvar movlenebze gvinda ufro dawvrilebiT visaubroT.
rogorc viciT, myofadis gamoxatvis axal gzaze dadgoma aspeqtis siste-
mis SecvlasTan aris dakavSirebuli. a. SaniZes, romelmac pirvelma gamoik-
vlia es sakiTxi, aRniSnuli aqvs, rom `jer kidev Zveli qarTulis ZeglebSi
kanti-kuntad moipoveba axali sistemis nimuSebi. magaliTad, zaqaria winas-
warmetyvelis erTi adgili (13, 7) asea damowmebuli maTesa da markozis TavSi:
`weril ars: davsce mwyemsi da ganibninen cxovarni~ (maT. 26, 31; mark. 14, 27).
magram asea zog redaqciaSi, zogSi ki sxvagvarad ikiTxeba: `davscem mwyemssa
da ganibninen cxovarni~. xelnawerebi am sakiTxSi asea ganawilebuli: adi-
Sursa da aTonurSi organve `davsce mwyemsi~ ikiTxeba (igivea orsave adgilas
areTve giorgi mTawmindlis redaqciaSi, rogorc es nabeWdi wignebidan Cans),
jruWisa da parxlisaSi maTes TavSi aris: `davsce mwyemsi~, markozisaSi ki —
`davscem mwyemssa~... tbeTurSi ki organve `davscem mwyemssa~ aris, rogorc
amas gamocema aCens. araviTari eWvi ar aris, rom aq momavali drois TxrobiTi
kilos mniSvnelobiT aris naxmari rogorc `davsce~, ise `davscem~ forma
(berZnulSi aq ikiTxeba winadadeba myofadis formiT patavxw tovn poimevna som-
xuric mas misdevs: kfihs ¹ktahyG). eWvi ar aris arc imaSi, rom erT SemTxvevaSi
momavlis forma TxrobiTi kilosi Zveli sistemiT aris gamoxatuli (`davsce
mwyemsi~ — II seria, II kavS.), meore SemTxvevaSi ki — axali sistemiT (`davscem
mwyemssa~ — I seria, myofadi)~.1
amgvari magaliTebis ricxvi Zveli qarTulidan SeiZleba gavamravloT.
mivmarToT jer V-X saukuneTa qarTul originalur Zeglebs.
evstaTi mcxeTelis martvilobis dasasruls sadac evstaTis Tavis
mokveTis ambavia aRwerili, avtori aRniSnavs, rom marzpanis msaxurebs, rom-
lebsac evstaTis mokvla daavales, ar undodaT moeklaT igi, magram erTma
maTganma Tqva: Cven mogvklaven, Tu magas cocxals davtovebTo. es azri
nawarmoebSi Semdegi sityvebiT aris gadmocemuli:
Cuen movswydebiT, ukueTu ege egos cocxali (agiogr. Zeglebi, 1, 45, 9).
m o v s w y d e b i T aq uTuod momaval dros gadmogvcems, formac mas
dRevandeli myofadisa aqvs, frazis meore naxevarSi ki momavlis mniSvne-
lobiTve naxmaria meore kavSirebiTis forma (e g o s ).
msgavs viTarebas gviCvenebs gobronis martvilobis Semdegi adgili:
romeli amas queyanasa zeda damdabldes, igi caTa Sina amaRldebis qristÀ
iesu¡s mier uflisa Cuenisa (iqve, 183, 24).
1
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 276-277. ix. agreTve m i s i v e : Изме-
нение системы выражения категории вида в грузинском и его последствия: smam, III, 9, 1942.
253
istoriis sakiTxebi
aqac rogorc mTavari, ise damokidebuli winadadeba momaval dros gamo-

xatavs, magram mis gadmosacemad damokidebul winadadebaSi zmna naxmaria
kavSirebiTis formiT (d a m d a b l d e s ), mTavarSi ki — myofadiT (a m a R l -
d e b i s ), erTi xelnaweri — E arqaul viTarebas icavs da zmnas aqac
kavSirebiTSi warmogvidgens: a m a R l d e s .
axleburi myofadis ramdenime nimuSi gvxvdeba grigol xanZTelis cxov-
rebaSic:1
mokled Sen xancTas mamasaxlisad d a s d g e b i (agiogr. Zeglebi, 1, 318, 41).
sruliad m o h m k i a n vidre mwuxramde ifqlsa mas keTilsa (iqve, 292, 24).
WeSmaritTa qristeaneTa Svilsa mwvalebeli mRdeli ver m o h n a T l a v s ,
daRacaTu unaTlavi mokudebodis (iqve, 312, 15).
ai kidev ramdenime magaliTi Zveli qarTuli teqstebidan, roca momavali
dro axleburad aris gadmocemuli:
Rirsi ese mama¡ Cueni... movlidis mowafeTa T¢sTa yovelsave Jamsa Sina, ra-
Ta ara poos da£snili udebebiTa da ganumzadebeli dRisa misT¢s ucnaurisa,
romelsa Sina mosruli siZe igi ganwmedilTa sulTa m o u w o d s (mouwoddes
C) ganmzadebulTa da SemkobilTa Seslvad sasZlosa caTasa (asur. moRvaweTa
cxovreba,2 49, 15).
da romelni mividnen adgilsa mas, miiReben e v l o g i a d wylisa misgan
da mxlisa (iqve, 184, 15).
saqmeni ese, romelTa ity¢T, T¢nier Cemsa ara w a r e m a r T e b i a n
(serapion zarzmeli3 157, 8).
m i i w e v i s yrma¡ ese didebasa mefobisasa, romel aravin miwevnul ars
egeviTarsa mefobasa da simaRlesa queyanasa hindoeTisasa (balavariani4, 9, 35).
me esre vhgoneb, viTarmed dideba¡ ese, romelsa m i e m T x u e v i s
(m i i w e v i s y) yrma¡ ese, ara ars amis soflisa dideba¡, aramed esreT vhgoneb,
viTarmed didi winamZRuari iyos gzasa mas WeSmaritebisasa (iqve, 10, 7).
msgavs magaliTebs Seicavs agreTve `mamaTa swavlani~, ioane mosxis
`limonari~ da Zveli qarTuli enis sxva TvalsaCino Zeglebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zveli qarTveli mwignobrebi zogjer bibliuri wignebi-
dan motanili citatebis Secvlasac ki ar moridebian da dedniseuli kavSire-
biTis formebi damowmebisas myofadiT SeucvliaT. magaliTad, `qarTlis moq-
1
М.В. Мирзашвили. Язык «Жития Григория Хандзтийского» (Автореферат кандидатской диссерта-
ции). Тбилиси, 1956, gv. 31.
2
asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, gamosca ilia abulaZem: Zveli
qarTuli enis kaTedris Sromebi, I, Tbilisi, 1955.
3
àdrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura~, k. kekeliZis redaqciiT da gamokvle-
viT, Tbilisi, 936.
4
balavarianis qarTuli redaqciebi, gamosca, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo ilia abu-
laZem: Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebi 10, Tbilisi, 1957.
254
istoriis sakiTxebi
cevaSi~, sxvaTa Soris, damowmebulia erTi adgili maTes saxarebidan, rome-

lic oTxTavis uZveles redaqciebSi ase ikiTxeba.
romelman Tquen Segiwynarnes, man me Semiwynaros (romelman Segiwynarnes
Tquen, me Semiwynara C); da romelman me Semiwynaros, Seiwynaros momavlinebe-
li Cemi (maTe, 10, 40).
es citati `qarTlis moqcevaSi~ Semdegnairad ikiTxeba:
romelman Tquen Segiwynarnes, me Semiwynarebs, da romelman me Semiwynaros,
Seiwynarebs momavlinebelsa Cemsa (agiogr. Zeglebi, I, 117, 5-7).
rogorc vxedavT, oTxTavSi daculia Zveli norma da momavali drois gadmo-
sacemad zmnebi warmodgenilia kavSirebiTis formiT, `qarTlis moqcevis~ teq-
stSi ki damowmebuli adgili ramdenadme Secvlilia da kavSirebiTis nacvlad
orjer naxmaria myofadis forma: S e m i w y n a r e b s , S e i w y n a r e b s .
aseve Secvlilia oTxTavidan damowmebuli erTi adgili ioane zedaz-
nelis cxovrebaSi:
yoveli, romeli daimdablebdes Tavsa T¢ssa, igi a m a R l d e b i s (iqve,
197, 33).
es aris citati, romelic oTxTavSi orjer gvxvdeba (maTe, 23, 12; luka, 18,
14) da orivegan zmnebi naxmaria kavSirebiTis formiT: romelman daimdablos
Tavi T¢si, igi amaRldes (lukas saxarebis DE redaqciaSi ikiTxeba: aRmaRldes).
ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis y redaqciaSi es citati zustad aseve aris motani-
li, a redaqciaSi ki Secvlilia da erTi zmna pirveli kavSirebiTis formiT
warmogvidgeba (daimdablebdes), meore ki — myofadis formiT (amaRldebis).
momavali drois gamoxatvis mxriv yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve ioane
zedaznelis cxovrebis Semdegi adgilic:
misT¢s jer-ars, ra¡Ta yovelman, romelman £el-yos saRmrTosa msaxureba-
sa, iTxovos misgan, romeli-igi uxuad momniWebel ars RmerTi, da miscems saz-
rdelsa, viTarca ity¢s iakob mociquli: ùkueTu vinme naklulevan ars Tqu-
engani sibrZniTa, iTxoven, da mosces mas RmerTman niWTa ganmyofelman~ (agi-
ogr, Zeglebi, I, 193, 13-18).
aq avtori Tavis TxrobaSi xmarobs zmniswiniT nawarmoeb myofads — m i s -
c e m s , magram iqve damowmebul citataSi (iakob 1, 5) igive zmna imave mniSvnelo-
biT warmodgenilia kavSirebiTis formiT — m o s c e s . amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi
avtori Tavs ikavebs zmnis formis Secvlisagan citataSi, Tumca TviTon ki myofa-
dis gamoxatvis axal gzas mimarTavs. sxva SemTxvevebSi ki, rogorc vnaxeT, cita-
tebSiac aris Setanili garkveuli cvlilebani momavali drois gamoxatvis mxriv.
myofadis axali sistemis damadasturbelia d i s da v a l s zmnaTa ga-
mijvna drois mixedviT da v a l s zmnis gadanacvleba myofadSi, risi uZvelesi
nimuSic, Cven mier ganxiluli masalis mixedviT, abos wamebaSi unda gvqondes:
255
istoriis sakiTxebi
m o v a l s Jami, odes sicocxlisa amis moZRurebasa ara Tavs-idebden,

aramed gulis Tqumisaebr T¢sisa TaviT T¢siT Seikrebden moZRurebasa
qaviliTa yurTa¡Ta da WeSmaritebisagan sasmenelni gare miiqcinen da
zRaprebsa mieqcen (agiogr. Zeglebi, I, 49, 24).
aqac Cven citatTan gvaqvs saqme: damowmebulia pavle mociqulis meore
epistole timoTes mimarT (4, 3-4), sadac ikiTxeba: i y o s Jami (= iqneba dro),
abos wamebaSi ki naTqvamia: m o v a l s Jami (= mova dro).
v a l s zmna myofadis SinaarsiT ramdenjerme gvxvdeba serapion zarzme-
lis cxovrebaSi:1
garna me verRa mixilo odesca sofelsa amas, rameTu adre w a r v a l
amier (170, 1);
me, Zmano, aha esera w a r v a l Semdgomad mciredTa dReTa, xolo Tquen
iZieT mama¡ da winamZRuari (175, 30);
ubrZanebda, ra¡Ta dro-yos da T¢T m o v a l s Jami, ra¡Ta iqmnes monazon
(178, 13).
rogorc cnobilia, zogi zmna axal qarTulSi myofads zmniswiniT ver
awarmoebs da sxva gzas mimarTavs. Zvel qarTul teqstebSi dasturdeba amgva-
ri myofadis ramdenime nimuSic:
ara gicnobiesa, rameTu sityuani ege Senni momatyuebel sikudilisa
g e q n e b i a n Sen? (agiogr. Zeglebi, I, abo, 70, 19).
da netar arian, romelni aRasrulebden £senebasa missa, rameTu didsa
madlsa Rirs i q m n e b i a n (iqve, moqceva¡ qarTlisa¡, 91, 1).
warved da kuerTxi ese Cemi Cayav mtkuarsa, xolo igi g z a - g c e m s da
ganved £melad (iqve, cxoreba¡ Sio¡si da evagresi, 219, 37).
ginebsa, yrmao, gansyidis karaulisa amis, rameTu v i y i d i ? (cxoreba¡
epifane k¢prelisa¡2, 93, 4).
yovelive amis Semdeg moulodneli ar aris, rom Zvel qarTul teqstebSi
Segvxvdes myofadis wris sxva mwkrivTa formebic. marTlac, zmniswinis meSve-
obiT nawarmoebi xolmeobiTis (pirobiTis) ramdenime nimuSi gvaqvs, magali-
Tad, daviT garejlis cxovrebis erT adgilas:
ra¡sa mwuxare xar, saTnoo uflisa Cuenisa iesu qristeso? rameTu ukue-
Tumca STasrul iyo veSapi isi wyalTa Sina, mier w a r v i d o d a zRuaTa Sina
da mas Sina TevzTa WamiTa g a n d i d n e b o d a friad da mravalTa navTa
d a a q c e v d a zRuaTa Sina da mravalTa sulTa w a r s w y m e d d a wyalTa
Sina (agiogr. Zeglebi, I, 232, 24-28).
1
adrindeli feodaluri qarTuli literatura, k. kekeliZis redaqciiT da gamokvleviT,
Tbilisi, 1936; n. goguaZe. `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ teqstisa da enis sakiTxebi:
filologiuri Ziebani, I, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 19.
2
sakiTxavi wigni Zvel qarTul enaSi, II, gamosca i. imnaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1966.
256
istoriis sakiTxebi
zemoT ganxiluli CvenTvis saintereso formebidan zogi SesaZloa gadam-

werTa kalams ekuTvnodes, raki zogierTi Zegli SedarebiT gviandeli xelna-
werebiT aris Cvenamde Semonaxuli. aseTi varaudi gansakuTrebiT sarwmunoa,
roca axlebur myofads romelime xelnawerSi kavSirebiTis formiani varian-
tic moepoveba. magram, vfiqrobT, Cven mier damowmebuli formebis nawili ma-
inc Zveli nusxebidan unda modiodes da gviandel gadamwerTa kalmisaTvis
mTlianad maTi mikuTvneba swori ar iqneboda, rom myofadis mwkrivi Zveli
qarTulis wiaRSi aris Casaxuli, amas gansakuTrebiT mkafiod adasturebs
ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTis formebi, romlis magaliTebi teqstebidan Cven jer-
jerobiT ar gangvixilavs.
warTqmiT brZanebiTs Zvel qarTulSi sagangebo mwkrivebi moepoveboda,
ukuTqmiTs ki sakuTari formebi arasdros hqonia da mudam sxva mwkrivTa
formebs sesxulobda da sesxulobs dResac. ukuTqmiT brZanebiTSi sxvada-
sxva mwkrivis formebi gvxvdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis uaryofasTan gvaqs
saqme da romeli uaryofiTi nawilakia gamoyenebuli;
saerTod qarTulSi cnobilia sami saxis uaryofa: martivi uaryofa (a r
nawilakiani), SesaZleblobis uaryofa (v e r nawilakiani) da akrZalva (n u
nawilakiani).1 amaTgan SesaZleblobis uaryofa brZanebiTs ver egueba, radgan
is maSin ixmareba, roca moqmedeba ar sruldeba subieqtis survilisa da cdis
miuxedavad, roca subieqts ar ZaluZs moqmedebis Sesruleba. cxadia, aseT pi-
robebSi brZaneba sruliad uadgilo da Seuferebelia. amitom v e r nawilaki
ukuTqmiT brZanebiTSi arasdros gvxvdeba. rac Seexeba a r da n u nawilakebs,
ukuTqmiT brZanebiTSi Tavisuflad ixmareba rogorc erTi, ise meore, oRond
a r nawilakis darTvisas zmna kavSirebiTis formiT warmogvidgeba (àr gaake-
To~), n u nawilakiani ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTi ki Tanamedrove qarTulSi awmyos
an myofads iyenebs. Tu moqmedeba, romlis aRkveTasac moiTxoven, ukve dawye-
bulia, gamoiyeneba awmyos forma (`nu akeTeb~), xolo Tu moqmedeba jer ar
dawyebula, mis asakrZalavad gamoiyeneba myofadis forma (`nu gaakeTeb~).
kavSirebiTisa da TxrobiTi kilos formaTa monacvleoba ukuTqmiT brZa-
nebiTSi Zveli qarTulidan modis. maT Soris amJamad cnobili mimarTebac
Zvel qarTulSive gvxvdeba: a r nawilaakTan — kavSirebiTi, n u - sTan — Txro-
biTi kilo:
n u S j i T (nu d a s j i T C), ra¡Ta ara d a i s a j n e T (maTe, 7, 1).

marTalia, nu nawilakTan zmna saerTod SesaZlebelia kavSirebiTis for-
miTac warmogvides2, magram n u nawlakian ukuTqmiT brZanebiTSi ukve Zvel
1
v. Tofuria. ormagi uaryofa qarTulSi: weliwdeuli, 1924, gv. 77-78. a. SaniZe, qarTuli
gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 630.
2
saTanado nimuSebi moipoveba rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSic gavixsenoT n. bara-
TaSvili: `nu davimarxo Cemsa mamulSi, CemTa winaparT saflavebs Soris! nu damitiros
satrfom gulisa, nuRa dameces cremli mwuxaris!~ (a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safu-
Zvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 212).
257
istoriis sakiTxebi
qarTulSi gabatonebulia TxrobTi kilos formebi, kerZod — awmyo. ase, maga-

liTad, xanmet leqcionarSi1 xuTjer gvxvdeba nu nawilaki da aqedan samjer
awmyosTan, orjer — awmyos xolmeobiTTan, kavSirebiTTan ki — arc erTxel.
oTxTavis uZveles redaqciebSi, rogorc i . i m n a i S v i l i s mier Sedgeni-
li simfonia-leqsikonidan Cans, n u uaryofiTi nawilakis xmarebis 150-mde
SemTxveva dasturdeba da aqedan mxolod 8-jer gvxvdeba igi kavSirebiTTan,
danarCen SemTxvevaTagan ki zmna yvelaze xSirad awmyos mwkrivSi dgas (zmnis-
winiT an uzmniswinod).
vambobT, awmyos mwkrivSi dgaso, magram romeli dro igulisxmeba am for-
mebSi? Sinaarsis mixedviT, axlandeli dro brZanebiT kilos naklebad egueba,
radgan brZanebis Sesruleba mxolod misi gacemis Semdeg SeiZleba, erTi mos-
devs meores, maSin roca axlandeli droisaTvis aucilebelia moqmedebisa da
ubnobis momentTa erTdrouloba.2 magram radgan esa Tu is moqmedeba brZane-
bis momentSi SeiZleba ukve dawyebuli iyos, amitom mainc miCneulia, rom aseT
SemTxvevaSi axlandeli dro gvaqvs. swored aseT viTarebaSi iyenebs Tanamed-
rove qarTuli awmyos ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTisTvis. magram roca subieqts moq-
medeba jer ara aqvs dawyebuli, brZaneba (warTqmiTi Tu ukuTqmiTi) mxolod
momavali drois gagebas Seicavs, momavali dro aq mkafiod aris gamokveTili
da axlandeli droisagan gamijnuli. amgvar viTarebaSi axal qarTuls ukuT-
qmiTi brZanebiTisaTvis myofadis mwkrivi aqvs gamoyenebuli. cxadia, analo-
giur pirobebSi esa Tu is forma Zvel qarTulSiac momavali drois gagebas
atarebs. swored aq unda Casaxuliyo Tavdapirvelad myofadi, rogorc awmyo-
sagan gansxvavebuli, calke mwkrivi.
saTanado magaliTebi, roca ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTisaTvis gamoyenebulia
zmniswiniani awmyos formebi (n u nawilakis darTviT), xolo Sinaarsis mixed-
viT mxolod momavali dro igulisxmeba da, amrigad, zmna myofadis gagebas Se-
icavs, sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba Zvel qarTul teqstebSi, maT Soris iseTebSic,
romlebic X saukunemde aris Seqmnili. davkmayofildebiT mxolod ramdenime
magaliTis dasaxelebiT oTxTavidan:
da romelsa undes sesxebis Sengan, nu g a r e m i i q c e v pirsa Sensa
misgan (maTe, 5, 42).
da nu S e m i y v a n e b Cuen gansacdelsa (maTe, 6, 13).
raJams gxados vinme qorwilsa, nu d a s j d e b i pirvelsa sainaxesa
(luka, 14, 8).
ese aTormetni waravlinna iesu, amcnebda maT da hrqua: gzasa warmarT-
Tasa nu m i x u a l T da qalaqsa samaritelTasa nu S e x u a l T (maTe, 10, 5).
1
xanmeti leqcionari, gamosca da simfonia daurTo a. SaniZem: Zveli qarTuli enis Zeg-
lebi, I, Tbilsi, 1944.
2
brZanebiTi sruliad ver egueba warsul dros, Tumca warTqmiTi brZanebiTi wyvetilis
fuZes iyenebs (f. erTeliSvili. ratom iyenebs II brZanebiTi wyvetilis fuZes: Tsu Sromebi,
t. 61. 1956).
258
istoriis sakiTxebi
ukueTu grquan Tquen: udabnosa ars, nu g a n x u a l T (maTe, 24, 26).

nu m i s c e m T siwmidesa ZaRlTa, nuca d a u g e b T margalitsa Tquensa
winaSe RorTa, ra¡Ta ara daTrgunon igi fer£iTa maTiTa (maTe, 7, 6).
raJams gesmodian brZolani da hambavi brZolaTani, nu S e h s Z r w u n -
d e b i T , rameTu jer-ars yofad, aramed arRa ars aRsasruli (markoz, 13, 7)
da sxvani.
amgvari magaliTebi sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba X saukunemde gadaweril sxva
teqstebSiac. ase rom, am movlenis siZvele arc maSin SeiZleba iwvevdes raime
eWvs, roca xelnaweri SedarebiT gviandelia. moviyvanT zogierT nimuSs ori-
ginaluri qarTuli agiografiuli Zeglebidan:1
nu w a r s w y m e d saxlsa amas sadedoflosa (SuSanik. 16. 5).
da Tu ra¡me SegcodeT... mog¢teven da nu m o i £ s e n e b medgrobaTa
CemTa (iqve, 26, 23).
Svilo, nu g a n i w i r a v Tavsa Sensa, nuca siWabukesa Sensa g a n h v a -
W r i qristeaned da nuca ZmaTa da naTesavTa SenTa g a n e S o r e b i (abo, 66,
13-15).
da nu m o m a g e b saqmeTa CemTaebr, aramed evedre Sen wmidaTa mowameTa,
ra¡Ta yon CemT¢s wyaloba¡ (daviT da tariWan, 190, 8) .
nu S e i w y n a r e b wam erTca amaT (ioane zedazneli, 204, 2).
xolo Tquen nu S e s Z r w u n d e b i T , aramed ganmtkiceniT da
ganZlierdiT (daviT garejeli, 239, 40).
amas monastersa Sina senakebsa Tana egutersa Jamis-sawiravad nuvin
a R a S e n e b s (gr. xanZTeli, 307, 39).
momi£senen samwysoni Senni da nu d a i d u m e b moRuawebasa CuenT¢s
qristÀs mimarT (iqve, 314, 34).
nu d a m i v i w y e b Cuen (iqve, 258, 5; 314, 32).
nusada d a m i v i w y e b T locvasa Tquensa (iqve, 315, 11).
nu d a a m Z i m e b T Cem zeda saTxovelsa (serapion zarzmeli, 326, 43).
awca Cuen uZlurTa da uRirsTa Svilad Senda saxeldebulTa nu odes
d a m i v i w y e b (iqve, 346, 25) da sxva.
rogorc ukve vTqviT, Cveni azriT, ukuTqmiTi brZanebiTis aseT formebSi
unda Casaxuliyo pirvelad myofadis Sinaarsi. Semdgom es Sinaarsi zmniswiniani
awmyos sxva (ara brZanebiTi kilos) formebzec gavrcelda. momavali drois
TxrobiTi kilos gagebiT zmniswiniani awmyos xmarebis magaliTebi Zvel qarTul-
Si metad iSviaTia, XI saukunidan ki erTbaSad matulobs, Tumca momavali drois
gamoxatvis ZiriTad saSualebad erTxans kvlav kavSirebiTi mwkrivi rCeba.
ase, magaliTad, giorgi mTawmidlis TxzulebaSi `cxoreba¡ iovanesi da
efT¢mesi~ (XI s.), rogorc a. S a n i Z e aRniSnavs, aspeqtis axal sistemaze ga-
1
magaliTebi mogvaqvs ukanaskneli gamocemidan: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli litera-
turis Zeglebi, I, i. abulaZis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1964.
259
istoriis sakiTxebi
dasvlisa da myofadis calke mwkrivad gamoyofis procesi ufro win aris wawe-
uli: `naTlad Cans, rom dawyebulia zmniswinis mier mopoveba maperfeqtivebe-
li Zalisa da am niadagze I seriis sami Zveli mwkrivisagan axali mwkrivebis ga-
moyofa: zmniswiniani formebi myofadis wris mwkrivebad midis, uzmniswinoni ki
— awmyos wrisad. ra Tqma unda, es jer kidev ar aris sayovelTao movlena. Ziri-
Tadad am sakiTxSi g. mTawmideli Zvel normebs misdevs... magram ueWvelia, rom
momavali droisa da TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs zmnebs am winadadebaSi: pir-
velad sulTa TquenTa w a i w y m e d T da monasteri uwesod g a v a (68, 6-8)~.1
imave gamokvlevaSi a. S a n i Z e s moyvanili aqvs myofadis mwkrivis sxva
nimuSebic zemoxsenebuli Txzulebidan: g a u j m e n (95, 4); ukueTu uwurTe-
lad migiSune, uwyodeT, viTa mas saukunesa mwared g a i s j e b i T , ukueTu
kula me aqa mcired gwuarTne da madlobiT miiTualoT, mrwams RmrTisagan,
viTa mis saukuno¡sa gankiTxvisagan g a n e r e b i T (68, 9-12); iginica S e -
w u x d e b i a n (83, 7).
daaxloebiT aseTive suraTia giorgi mciris `giorgi mTawmidlis cxovre-
baSi~, romelic agreTve XI saukunis Zeglia (dawerilia ara ugvianes 1068 wli-
sa)2. aq gvxvdeba axleburi myofadis Semdegi magaliTebi: ukueTu ugunurebiT
£el-vyo, kadnierebisa bralsa S T a v v a r d e b i (104, 11); aqa m o g c e m sul-
sa amis yrmisasa da winaSe RmrTisa g T x o v (161, 18); raJams erTgzis g¢cnobi-
es, arRara midrekil varT marcxl, gina marjul da arca m i v d r k e b i T ,
Tu RmerTsa undes (178, 24).3
mohyavs ra es magaliTebi, Txzulebis enis mimoxilvisas n. g o g u a Z e
aRniSnavs: àwmyos formis myobadiseuli gagebiT xmareba Zalze iSviaTia; es
TiTo-orola nimuSi SeiZleba mxolod imisTvis gamoviyenoT, rom vTqvaT:
myofadis warmoebis Canasaxi `giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebaSic~ Canso~.4
Tu ìovanes da efT¢mes cxovrebasa~ da `giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebaSi~
axleburi myofadis formebi mxolod TiTo-orola moipoveba, daaxloebiT
imave periodisa da iseTve moculobis ZeglSi — qarTuli paterikis eqvTime
aToneliseul TargmanSi5 amgvari formebi ramdenime aTeuls aRwevs. movi-
tanT mxolod ramdenime magaliTs:
ars dRe erTi, Svilno, weliwadsa Sina, romel ukueTu mas dResa Sina vinme
ipoos Sromasa Sina, friad g a n m d i d r d e b i s . . . ukueTu movides dRe igi
kurTxeuli da ipovneT Tquen udeb da uqm dResa mas da ara gpovnes Tquen dRe-
1
a. SaniZe. giorgi mTawmidlis ena ioanes da efTvimes cxovrebis mixedviT: giorgi mTawmi-
deli, cxoreba¡ iovanesi da efT¢mesi (Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebi, 3), Tbilisi, 1946, gv. 75.
2
k. kekeliZe. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria, I, Tbilisi, 1951, gv. 228.
3
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, wigni II (X-XV ss.), i. abulaZis
xelmZRvanelobiTa da redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1967.
4
n. goguaZe. `giorgi mTawmidlis cxovrebis~ ena: filologiuri Ziebani, I, Tbilisi, 1964, gv. 37.
5
Sua saukuneTa novelebis Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi, I, qarTuli paterikis erTi Zveli
redaqciis eqvTime aTonelis Targmani XI s. xelnaweris mixedviT. teqsti gamosacemad
moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo m. dvalma, Tbilisi, 1968.
260
istoriis sakiTxebi
man man moswrafebiT Sromasa Sina, uwyodeT, rameTu Sroma¡ da Wiri Tqueni yov-
lisa mis weliwdisa¡ cudad iqmnebis, da ver g a n m s d i d r d e b i T (I, 19).
kuala sxuasa Jamsa ineba mTavarebiskoposman mislvad missa da waravlina
pirvelad, Tu g a - Z i - u R e b s a karsa beri. xolo berman miumcno da hrqua
mas: ukueTu mox¢de, g a n g i R e b , da ukueTu Sen g a n g i R e b , yovelTa
g a n u R e b (II, 4).
raJams movides kacsa zeda gansacdeli, maSin yovliT kerZove g a n -
m r a v l d e b i a n mis zeda Wirni da gulis-klebani (VII, 11).
esezomsa Sromasa viqmT sasufevelisaT¢s caTa¡sa, d a v i m k ¢ d r e b T -
mea mas? (X. 16. Sdr. iqve: me mrwams, rameTu d a v i m k ¢ d r o T ).
suli msgavs ars wyalsa, ukueTu ganswmedde, keTilad gamodis wmidad,
ukueTu udeb hyo da miaqcio miwa¡ da nex¢ zeda, uCino i q m n e b i s da
w a r w y m d e b i s (X, 22).
ukueTu kula Ziri ara gamohnaxo da ara aRmohfxura, da StoTa ra¡zomca
hkafde, igi sxuasa morCsa g a m o i R e b s (X, 32).
ukueTu ara vyo sity¢saebr berisa, w i n a - a R u d g e b i RmerTsa 0X, 41).
da Tu grquas Sen, viTarmed d a i s j e b i , nuRara i q m saqmesa mas (XI, 33).
Semindve, mamao, ra a R v d g e b i , vidre ara warx¢de Sen (11, 7).
ukueTu RmerTi ara S e g u e w e v i s , wyali Cuen ara guaqus (III, 23).
daRacaTu mkudari aRadginos mrisxaneman monazonman, RmerTi ara
S e i w i r a v s misgan (X, 6).
ukueTu ara daiWiros kacman gulis-sityua¡ ese, ver w i n a a R u d g e -
b i s vnebaTa (I, 5).
nu m o i g e b yoladve eseviTarsa rasame, rameTu ukueTu movides mparavi
anu avazaki senaksa Sensa, i£maros ra¡me Senisa WurWlisagan, rameTu ese yoveli
a R m o u g d e b s sinanulsa gulisagan da £senebasa sikudilisasa (II, 15) da a.S.
amave Txzulebis enaSi gvxvdeba myofadisagan nawarmoebi xolmeobiTis
mwkrivis formebic.
garqu Tquen, miT ara Segiqm, rameTu vicode, viTarmed ara S e s w u x d e -
b o d e T , xolo misda Tumca ara meqmna, S e w u x d e b o d a , rameTu aqunda
guliskleba¡ da i t y o d a , viTarmed bersa ra¡me asmia CemT¢s (X, 7).
rogorc vxedavT, awmyos wris mwkrivebisagan myofadis wris mwkrivTa ga-
moyofis procesi am ZeglSi ufro Sors aris wasuli da axali sistema momava-
li drois (TxrobiTi kilos) gadmosacemad sakmaod xSirad ixmareba. magram
imave funqciiT gacilebiT ufro xSirad mainc kavSirebiTis formebi gvxvde-
ba, e.i. Zveli sistema batonobs.
saerTod savaraudebelia, rom myofads Tavdapirvelad mxolod gansazR-
vrul SemTxvevebSi, gansazRvrul sintaqsur konstruqciebSi mimarTavdnen,
erT dros misi xmareba albaT garkveul stilistur movlenebTanac iyo dakav-
Sirebuli, magaliTad, vfiqrobT, SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Zvel ZeglebSi
261
istoriis sakiTxebi
myofadi gansakuTrebiT xSirad dasturdeba rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi,

sadac mTavari winadadebis Semasmenlad warmogvidgeba zmna myofadis for-
miT, damokidebulisa ki — kavSirebiTis formiT (magaliTebi ix. zemoT: Cuen
m o v s w y d e b i T , ukueTu ege e g o s cocxali; yoveli, romeli d a i m -
d a b l e b d e s Tavsa T¢ssa, igi a m a R l d e b i s ; ara a R v d g e b i , vidre
ara w a r x ¢ d e Sen; da sxva).
safiqrebelia, rom myofadis mwkrivis damkvidrebas saliteraturo qar-
TulSi da misi xmarebis sferoTa gafarToebas gansakuTrebiT Seuwyo xeli sae-
ro mwerlobam, romelic naklebad izRudavda Tavs Zveli gramatikuli normebiT
da ufro bunebriv, cocxal sasaubro metyvelebas emyareboda. is faqti, rom
`visramianisa~ da `vefxis-tyaosnis~ enaSi myofadis mwkrivi gacilebiT xSirad
gvxdeba, vidre imave epoqis sasuliero mwerlobis ZeglTa enaSi, TavisTavad
metyvelebs. marTalia, saero mwerlobis es Zeglebi, samwuxarod, SedarebiT gvi-
andeli xelnawerebiT aris Cvenamde moRweuli, magram gadamwerlebs ar SeeZloT
maTi enis arsebiTad Secvla. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis poeturi xelovnebis iseT
Sedevrze, rogoricaa `vefxis-tyaosani~. `vefxis-tyaosani~ Tavidan bolomde
erT mxatvrul yalibSi Camosxmuli poeturi qmnilebaa, romlis teqstSi yovel-
gvari Careva, garda enobrivi normebisa, poeturi normebis gaTvaliswinebasac
moiTxovs. gramatikuli formis Secvlas SeiZleba mohyves mxatvruli formis
darRveva, risi Sewynarebac SeuZlebelia. ase, rom, poeturi forma zogjer gan-
sazRvravs ama Tu im gramatikuli movlenis kanonzomierebas `vefxis-tyaosanSi~.
vnaxoT, ra viTarebaa `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ momavali drois gadmocemis
mxriv. rogorc a. S a n i Z e aRniSnavs, `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ ufro Cveulebri-
via Zveleburi forma myofadisa, magaliTad, `me wavide, moviaro, vilaSqro da
vinapiro~ da Semdgomi, Tumca axali warmoebis SemTxvevebic aris. mag., `dRes
ara, xvale movkvdebi~.1
marTalia, momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos aRsaniSnavad `vefxis-tyao-
sanSi~ kavSirebiTi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba, vidre myofadi, magram es ukanask-
nelic ar aris iSviaTi. zogjer orive mwkrivi erT frazaSia moqceuli:
usen miTxra: àr minaxavs ZoRaniTgan mefe Cveni.
m i v a z i r e b , w a v a l , v n a x a v , v u d a r b a z o , v u Z R v n a ZRveni
(1163, 2-3);
axleburi myofadis formebi poemaSi imdenjer gvxvdeba, rom dabejiTebiT Se-
iZleba iTqvas, am mxriv misi ena axal safexurs warmogvidgens. moviyvanT mxolod
ramdenime magaliTs, roca momavali dro myofadis mwkriviT aris gamoxatuli:
m i v e w e v i , S e v i y r e b i T erTmaneTis cema-Jletad,
anu m o m k l a v s , anu m o v k l a v , d a i m a l v i s metis-metad (216, 3-4);
1
a. SaniZe,. Zveli qarTuli ena (mokle mimoxilva): saskolo saxelmZRvaneloSi — `Zveli
qarTuli ena da literatura~, Seadgines a. SaniZem, al. baramiZem, il. abulaZem, me-13 gam.,
Tbilisi, 1854, gv. 303.
262
istoriis sakiTxebi
yrmaman uTxra: `Tu m i C v e n e b , v n a x a v , didad g a v i x a r e b,

siyvarulman misman, visTvis xeli mindors Tavsa vareb,
aras v u z a m ugemursa, araodes g a v a m w a r e b;
raca Cemgan e a m e b i s , v a a m e b da S e v i y v a r e b (279);
vici, ar m o g k l a v s SimSili, razomca dia irebi:
Sen Seni mSvildi d a g a r C e n s , SenTa isarTa pirebi,
nuTu kvla RmerTman wyalobiT gagiadvilos Wirebi,
magra, Tu movkvde, gazrdilo, visganRa d a v i t i r e b i ? (824);
qmari ra m i g r Z n o b s , m o - c a - m k l a v s , verRara m o m e f a r e b i s
(1151, 3);
ucilod Tavsa m o v i k l a v , gulsa d a v i c e m danasa,
Tqven d a g x o c s Tqveni patroni, sofels ver d a h y o f T xanasa (1194,
1-2);
Sen mkvdarsa g n a x a v , d a v i w v i , viTa abedi kvesiTa (1301, 3);
an Tavsa kldeTa C a v i q c e v , anu m o v i k l a v daniTa (1302, 4);
uTxra: `Zmao, ra g a r d i x d i s Sengan Cemsa Wirnaxulsa!
RmerTi m o g c e m s wyalobasa, misgan zeciT Sesaxulsa!
Tu vera v i q m sawadelsa Sensa, SenTvis ganzraxulsa,
ara v n a x a v saxlsa Cemsa, ar darbazsa, arca xulsa~ (1471) da .S.
rogorc vxedavT, `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ ukve gvxvdeba ara marto zmniswinia-
ni myofadi, aramed myofadis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba zogjer uzmniswino for-
mebic (miCveneb, migrZnobs, eamebis, vaameb...). aqve unda iTqvas, rom zogjer
zmniswiniani formebic awmyos da ara myofadis Sinaarss atareben; magaliTad:
aw me minda naxva misi, visgan d a m w v a v s cecxli cxeli (663, 4);
rad satanas wauRixar, rad m o i k l a v nebiT Tavsa (874, 4);
avTandil misi gayrili tirs, xma m i s w v d e b i s caTamdis (952, 1);
ferxTa exvevis, akocebs, aRar S e x e d a v s ze welad (1484, 2) da sxva.
aseTi magaliTebi `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ SedarebiT mcirea.
saintereso suraTs gviCveneben is fuZemonacvle zmnebi, romelTac winaT
awmyos gageba hqondaT, Semdeg ki myofadSi gadairicxnen (hkiTxavs, ityvis, na-
xavs, mova da sxvani). es zmnebi `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ gvxvdeba rogorc axlande-
li, ise momavali drois gagebiT, e.i. xan awmyos mwkrivs ganekuTvnebian, xan
myofads. magaliTad, msgavsad Zveli qarTulisa, awmyoa:
ra sTqvi, ras i t y v i , ar mesmis (85, 1);
avTandil i t y v i s : `daviwyo kadreba saubnarisa~ (66, 3);
mimavali casa Sestirs, eubnebis, e t y v i s mzesa (957, 1);
mefe h k i T x a v s : `ras icini, anu Cemgan ra Segrcxvenda?~ (64, 4);
vefxisa tyavi acvia, cudad uCns stavra-naxlebi,
aRara n a x a v s sofelsa, cecxli swvavs axal-axlebi (690, 3-4);
qalo, ar ici, siT m o v a l , ra Wirni momiTmenian (326, 1);
cna mefeman, tarieli marto m o v a , mohxris tansa (1514, 2);
263
istoriis sakiTxebi
asmaTs uc xorci irmisa, i q m s maspinZloba-kveTasa (1497, 2) da sxv.

paralelurad gvxvdeba magaliTebi, sadac msgavs formebs myofadis
gageba aqvT:
missa ver i t y v i s qebasa yoveli brZenTa enebi (658, 1);
asre ar sjobdes, ar g e t y v i , nu meWv rasaca Tnebasa (880, 4);
Tu naxo, Cemi uambe, g k i T x a v s ambavsa Zmisasa (947, 4);
kvla m o v a l , g n a x a v piriTa ar mterTa sawuneliTa (735, 2);
raca m o v a saqme zena, momavali ar agvcTebis (1035, 2);
uSenosa patronoba vis mivando, vin i q m s karga? (163, 2) da sxvani.
zogjer awmyo da myofadi funqciurad axlos dganan da Tavisuflad
enacvlebian erTmaneTs. aseT SeTxvevaSi Zneli saTqmelia, saSualo qarTulis
romelime forma axlebur myofadad unda miviCnioT, Tu Zveli saxis awmyod.
magaliTad, rusTvelis cnobil frazaSi — `moSaire ara hqvian, veras ityvis
vinca grZelad~ — i t y v i s awmyodac SeiZleba iqnes gagebuli da
myofadadac. aseve Zneli saTqmelia, awmyoa Tu myofadi iseTi formebi,
rogoricaa w a i y v a n , a R u f x v r i , g a s w i r a v s , cnobil strofSi:
va, sofelo, raSigan xar, ras gvabrunveb, ra zne gWirsa!
yovli Seni mondobili niadagmca Cemebr tirsa!
sad waiyvan sadaursa, sad aRufxvri sadiT Zirsa?!
magram RmerTi ar gaswiravs kacsa, Sengan ganawirsa (951) da sxva.
savaraudoa, rom msgavs SemTxvevebSi zogjer mainc myofadis Sinaarsi
igulisxmebodes, magram aseTi saWoWmano magaliTebis CauTvleladac `vef-
xis-tyaosanSi~ axali sistema xmarebis sixSiriT TiTqmis utoldeba Zvels, Tu
mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT zogierT specifikur SemTxvevas, razedac qvemoT
gveqneba saubari.
zogierTi tipis damokidebul winadebaSi, sadac myofadi da kavSirebiTi
dResac enacvlebian erTmaneTs, Zvelad kavSirebiTi ufro xSirad gvxvdebo-
da. ase, magaliTad, pirobiTi damokidebuli winadadebis zmna-Semasmeneli
Zvel qarTulSi Cveulebriv kavSirebiTSi idga, zogjer ki gvxvdeboda agreT-
ve awmyoSi an xolmeobiTSi: `pirobiTobis T u da u k u e T u kavSirebis Sem-
cveli damokidebuli windadebis Semasmeneli SesaZlebelia Segvxvdes kavSi-
rebiTis (I an II), awmyos, xolmeobiTis mwkrivTa formebSi. ar Cans warsuli
drois (wyvetili, uwyveteli, TurmeobiTi) mwkrivebi~.1 myofadis mwkrivis ga-
Cenis Semdeg, saSual qarTulSi, iwyeba myofadis gamoyeneba zemoxsenebul
SemTxvevaSiac (Tuki piroba momavalSi unda Sesruldes), magram pirvel xaneb-
Si mainc kavSirebiTi sWarbobs, Semdgom ki ufro da ufro xSirdeba myofadis
xmarebis SemTxvevebi da dRes ukve kavSirebiTi SedarebiTi iSviaTia.
1
f. erTeliSvili. rTuli winadadebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi, I, hipotaqsis sakiTxebi,
Tbilisi, 1963, gv. 105.
264
istoriis sakiTxebi
`vefxis-tyaosnisaTvis~ u k u e T u / / u k e T u kavSiri saerTod ucxoa,

Tu kavSiriani pirobiTi damokidebuli winadadeba ki poemaSi gvxvdeba 150-mde
SemTxvevaSi. aqedan momavalSi Sesasrulebeli piroba igulisxmeba 100-ze met
SemTxvevaSi. maT Soris 40-ze met magaliTSi gvxvdeba myofadis mwkrivi:
Tu ar m o m k l a v , ar movkvdebi, mrTeli var da mouklavi...
kvla Tu m o m k l a v , sasaubrod aRar medgas zeda Tavi (240, 2-4);
aw raca giTxra, Tu ama saqmesa d a m m o r C i l d e b i ,
rasaca eZeb, mihxvdebi, ucilod ar ascildebi;
Tu ar m o m i s m e n , ver hpoveb, razomca cremlsa hmildebi (254, 1-3);
ismendi CemTa ambavTa, Tu sulni S e - c a - m r C e b i a n (347,4);
magra Tu Wirsa ar d a s T m o b , lxini ra dasaTmobia (956, 4) da a.S.
rogorc vTqviT, aseTia 40-ze meti magaliTi, danarCenebSi ki zmna
kavSirebiTSi dgas (maT Soris sWarbobs II kavSirebiTi, iSviaTia I kavSirebiT
da mxolod oriodejer gvxvdeba III kavSirebiTi); magaliTad:
moSaire ar hqvian, Tu sadme T q v a s erTi, ori (15, 1);
vardi Tu g a x m e s , egreca gvmarTebs misive jeroba (37, 2);
ficiT giTxrob: Sengan kide Tu S e v i r T o raca qmari...
srulad movswyde samoTxesa, qvesknels viyo dasanTqmari (133, 1-3);
RmerTman erTi rad acxovnos, Tu meore ar w a w y m i d o s (906, 3);
didi lxinia WirTa Tqma, Tu kacsa m o u x d e b o d e s (924, 4);
es amisad niSnad kmaris, Sen Tu CemTvis cremlsa h R v r i d e (937, 3);
kvlaca vhkadre, me Tu, mzeo, SenTvis fici g a m e t e x o s ,
RmerTman awve risxva misi zeciT CemTvis gaamexos! (532, 1-2) da a.S.
amrigad, `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ momavlis Sinaarsis Semcvel pirobiT
damokidebul winadadebaSi gvxdeba rogorc myofadi, ise kavSirebiTis
mwkrivebi, magram sWarbobs es ukanaskneli. maT Soris Sefardeba daaxloebiT
aseTia: 40% — myofadi 60% — kavSirebiT.
kidev ufro xSirad gvxvdeba kavSirebiTebi pirobiTs (an drois
garemoebiTs) damokidebul winadadebaSi, roca kavSiri (T u , r o m ) gamoto-
vebulia; magaliTad:
mzesa mTvare S e e y a r o s , dailevis, da-ca-Wnebis (126, 2);
ar m o v b r u n d e , momiglove, mitire da mivaglaxe (157, 4);
mkvdari m n a x o , damitire, sulTqma gaaTanisTane (307, 3);
xvarazmSa d a h s v a xelmwifed, damrCebis ra nacvalia?
sxva mefe d a j d e s indoeTs, mertyas me Cemi xrmalia? (565, 3-4);
s w y u r o d e s , wyalsa vin daRvris kaci uSmago, cnobili? (919, 1) da sxva.
SeadareT sapirispiro magaliTebi, sadac damokidebuli winadadebis
Semasmenlad warmodgenilia zmna myofadis formiT:
ar d a m e x s n e b i , gagixdi qalaqsa viTa tramasa (544, 4);
265
istoriis sakiTxebi
ar S e m i p y r o b s , ar davdgebi (737, 3);

ar g a m i S v e b s , gaviparvi, waval maTgan Seugeblad (750, 1) da sxvani.
kavSirebiTi da myofadi paralelurad ixmareba agreTve ra kavSirian
drois garemoebiTs damokidebul winadadebaSi, roca igi momaval dros gad-
mogvcems. aseTia `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ sul 56 winaadeba. aqedan 49 winadadebaSi
momavli dro gadmocemulia kavSirebiTiT:
ra vardman misi yvavili g a a x m o s , d a a m W n a r o s a ,
igi wava da sxva mova turfasa sabaRnarosa (35, 2-3);
ra aqimi d a s n e u l d e s , razom ginda saqebari,
man sxva uxmos mkurnali da majaSisa Semtyvebari (662, 1-2);
ra m o g S o r d e , maxsenebdi (785, 1);
ra m i s W i r d e s , maSin undan gonebani goniersa (1191, 4);
ra g a T e n d e s , ar davdgebi (1372, 1) da misTanani.
amis sapirispirod myofadi dasturdeba mxolod 7 winadadebaSi:
ra Rrubeli m i e f a r v i s , mze xmeleTsa daaCrdilebs (713, 3);
ar gamiSvebs, gaviparvi, ra imedi g a r d m i w y d e b i s (796, 3);
qmari ra m i g r Z n o b s , mo-ca-mklavs (1151, 3);
(ix. kidev: 742,3; 848,2; 989,3; 1475,1).
rogorc vxedavT, aseT sintaqsur konstruqciebSi kavSirebiTTa xmareba
gacilebiT ufro xSiria, vidre myofadis mwkrivisa, es arc aris gasakviri. myo-
fadis mwkrivs, iseve rogorc yovelgvar enobriv formas, Tavisi funqciebi er-
TbaSad ar SeuZenia, misi gamoyenebis are droTa ganmavlobaSi TandaTan far-
Tovdeboda; dReisaTvis myofads ukve mkafiod gamokveTili funqciebi moepo-
veba, magram mainc aris SemTxvevebi, roca mas kavSirebiTi SeiZleba enacvlebo-
des. iTqmis rogorc `Tu ar d a g e m o r C i l o n , gaujavrdi~, aseve `Tu ar
d a g e m o C i l e b i a n , gaujavrdi~, `RmerTma erTi rad a c x o n o s , Tu
meore ar w a w y m i d o s ~ da `RmerTi erTs rad a c x o n e b s , Tu meores ar
w a w y m e d s ~ ; `roca m o g S o r d e , gamixsene~ da `roca m o g S o r d e -
b i , g a m i x s e n e ~ da a.S. cxadia, aseT SemTxvevebSi kavSirebiTs gansakuTre-
buli gamZleoba gamouCenia, gvian dauwyia Tavisi poziciebis daTmoba, albaT
imitom, rom pirobiTi Tavisi SinaarsiT axlos dgas kavSirebiTTan, xSirad igi-
ve iTqmis drois garemoebiTi damokidebuli winadadebis Sesaxebac.
SeiZleba davaskvnaT: garkveul sintaqsur konstruqciebSi, sadac kavSirebi-
Tisa da myofadis monacvleoba dRemde grZeldeba, `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ kavSire-
biTi sagrZnoblad sWarbobs myofads, danarCen SemTxvevebSi ki momavali drois
TxobiTi kilos gadmosacemad daxloebiT Tanabrad gvxvdeba rogorc kavSirebi-
Tis mwkrivebi (gansakuTrebiT II kavSirebiTi), ise myofadi. amrigad, axali siste-
ma am droisaTvis ukve ise mZlavria, rom igi aSkarad metoqeobas uwevs Zvels.
SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba axali sistema àmirandarejanianSi~. aq mo-
mavali drois gadmosacemad myofadis xmarebis nimuSia magaliTi, damowmebu-
266
istoriis sakiTxebi
li a. S a n i Z i s mier: ànu m o v k u d e b i maT Tanave da anu vi£snne igini-

ca~1. rogorc am Zeglis gamomcemeli l. a T a n e l i S v i l i aRniSnavs, `XVII-
XVIII saukuneebis cxrameti nusxidan CvidmetSi dasturdeba m o v k u d e b i
forma. sxvadasxva warmomavlobis xelawerebSi rom es axali warmoebis formaa
daculi, saeWvos ar unda xdides mis Tavdapirvelobas Cvens ZeglSi~2. mkvle-
vars iqve mohyavs momavali drois axleburad gamoxatvis sxva nimuSebic:
igi nadimad zis da icis dasturad, rome Sen m o h k u d e b i (145, 3);
Tu qnas RmerTman da ajobos darejanisZeman, C a v i c u a m Zoweulsa,
d a v j d e b i oqro-qsovilTa sajdomTa. da Tu sZlion codvaTa CemTa da
ajobos ima mesisxleman, C a v i c u a m ima SavTa da d a v j d e b i sajdomTa
SavTa da aRara minda sawuTro (684, 5-13);
Tu ra moga£seno, d a g i m Z i m d e b i s o ? (267, 1);
gavgzavnoT kaci nosar nisrelsa Tana, romelsa moewera, viTa `moval da
asulsa Sensa S e v i r T a o ~ (76,9-10);
magram amgvari magaliTebis ricxvi àmirandarejanianSi~ didi ar aris,
momavali drois gamoxatvis ZiriTad saSualebas kavSirebiTi warmoadgens.
gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvxvdeba myofadis mwkrivi `visramianSi~, sadac
am mxriv daaxloebiT `vefxis-tyaosnis~ msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs. movitanT
zogierT damaxasiaTebel magaliTs:
Senisa siZobisagan ukeTesi Cuen ara w a g u e k i d e b i s ... aqamdin me qali
ara miSobia da Tu aw momeces, uRoniod Tquen m o g a £ s e n e b e n (36,32-96)3;
sawuTro asre naskuTa S e h k r a v s , romel aTasi cnoba da goneba iyos,
veRar g a £ s n i s (37, 13-15);
nu S e i W i r v e b ziTevsa, oqrosa, Tualsa patiosansa da margalitsa,
miT romel me ege minda ara ziTviTa. magas erTsaxe nebierad g a v z r d i da
d a v i W r a v . da yuelasa Cemisa saWurWlisa klitesa £elTa S e v h v e d -
r e b da Senca egzomsa Tualsa, oqrosa da margalitsa g a m o g i g z a v n i ,
romel, Tu gwaddes, erTi qalaqi oqroisa aago da zRudeni Tualisani uyo. Sen
TuiT ganaRamca sapatiod d a g i W i r a v da Tquen queyanasa mamulobiT,
morWmiT da azatad d a g i w e r . viros Zmisaebr d a v i W i r a v da Cemis gua-
risa colsa m i v s c e m da mas egre v e m z a x e b i , romel saukunemdi Tque-
nisa saxelisa sa£senebeli iyos (43, 20-29);
m o m c e m sixarulsa da maSinve w a m a r T m e v ! Tu ukudavebasaca
S e m a s u a m , maSinve erTsa Wiqasa naRvelsa uRoniod m o m c e m (137, 3-5) da
mravali sxva.
1
a. SaniZe. qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, I, 1953, gv. 280.
2
l. aTaneliSvili. mose xonelis àmirandarejaniani~ (enobrivi mimoxilva): mose xoneli,
amirandarejaniani, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTo lili
aTaneliSvilma, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 071-072.
3
visramiani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva da leqsikoni daurTes aleq-
sandre gvaxariam da magali Toduam, Tbilisi, 1962.
267
istoriis sakiTxebi
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi myofadi da kavSirebiTis mwkrivebi moma-

vali drois TxrobiTi kilos gagebiT paralelurad ixmareboda, magram ise,
rom kavSirebiTis xvedriTi zona TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda, myofadisa ki Se-
sabamisad matulobda. ase, magaliTad, `£elmwifis karis garigebaSi~ (XIV s.)1
myofadi kidev ufro xSiria, vidre `visramiansa~ da `vefxis-tyaosanSi~ (SesaZ-
loa es nawilobriv Zeglis specifikur xasiaTsac miewros, magram analogiuri
xasiaTis adrindel ZeglebSi myofadis mwkrivi iSviaTad dasturdeba)2, xolo
`rusudanianSi~ kavSirebiTis xmareba TxrobiTi kilos funqciiT ukve Zalze
iSviaTia da momavali drois gamoxatvis ZiriTad saSualebas myofadi warmo-
adgens: `zmnaSi aspeqtis gamoxatva arsebiTad axali qarTuliseburia, Tumca
iSviaTad Zveli formebic gvxvdeba~.3
`rusudanianSi~ zminiswiniani formebi awmyos gagebiT TiTqmis aRar
gvxvdeba (garda mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli zmnebisa), myofadTan erTad sakma-
od xSirad dasturdeba xolmeobiTisa da myofadis kavSirebiTis mwkrivebic.
bolodroindeli kvleva-Ziebis Tanaxmad, `rusudaniani~ XVII saukuneze
adre Cans Seqmnili. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, myofadis wris mwkrivebi am dro-
isaTvis ZiriTadad ukve Camoyalibebulia. magram myofadis funqciiT kavSi-
rebiTi jer kidev SeiZleba Segvxvdes. sagulisxmoa, rom momavali drois ga-
moxatvis orive es saSualeba zogjer erTmaneTis gverdiT, erTsa da imave
frazaSiac ki gvxvdeba; magaliTad:
vnaxoT saetlonio, Tu anu Cven m i v i d e T uzianod Sina da anu mSobelni
Cvenni da saxleulni d a g v x v d e b i a n o mSvidobiTo (405, 4)4;
waxdes — amasTan Tqvenc Tavs nu d a z o g a v T o , da g a k e T d e b a da —
esec g a r d a i x d i s o (413, 22);
oTxjer omSi g a u W i r d e b a , ase rome RmTisagan kide misi sicocxle
aravis egonos; erTxel wamlisagan asre g a x d e b a , rome sams dRes usulod
idvas, gana yvelasagan RmerTi d a i f a r a v s -meTqi (419, 15);
sanam Sen Sin mixvidode da iqaurs saqmes daiurvebde da kidev aq
moxvidode, me ki m o v k v d e b i o da raRas m a r g e b T , rom kidec
moxvideTo (477, 2);
romelman lomman Wabukman inebos am gavsilisa mTvarisa jufToba, sxvas
mowifulobas nuras e c d e b a , Tvara arca ra am kldes g a e w y o b a da
verca gamdels S e u a (547, 6) da sxva.
XVII saukunidan mokidebuli, kavSirebiTi myofadis funqciiT kantikun-
tadRa gvxvdeba, Tumca Zveli sistemis naSTebi saerTod kidev didxans Se-
morCa enas da gamonaklisebis saxiT dRevandlamdec ki moaRwia.
1
e. TayaiSvili. £elmwifis karis garigeba, tfilisis universitetis gamocema, 1920.
2
qarTuli simarTlis Zeglebi, t. II, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo
prof. i. doliZem, Tbilisi, 1965.
3
i. gigineiSvili, `rusudaniani~ (gamokvleva, erTvis gamocemas), gv. XXVI.
4
rusudaniani, i. abulaZisa da i. gigineiSvilis redaqciT, Tbilisis, 1957.
268
istoriis sakiTxebi
sainteresoa, rom cnobili qarTveli gramatikosi gaioz reqtori 1789

wels daweril gramatikaSi saWirod Tvlis damoZRvros mkiTxveli, myofadis
formebi ixmareT da ara kavSirebiTio: `nu ity¢: me Semdgomad d a v l i o ,
w a r m o v i d e , aramed: me Semdgomad d a v l e v , w a r m o v a l da sxuani~
(gaioz reqtoris gramatika, §257). rom am periodSi kavSirebiTs jer kidev iye-
nebdnen myofadis funqciiT da myofadis paralelurad, es kargad Cans Teimu-
raz bagrationis werilebidan akademikos mari brosesadmi;1 magaliTad:
ra¡ca Cemgan monawerebi i y o s xolme, kargad, gulsmodginebiT w a i -
k i T x e v d e orjel da samjer da romelsac sityvas anu azrs ver g a i g o -
n e b d e , m o m w e r d e , ufro advilaT g a n g i m a r t e b da naTlad g i -
C v e n e b da cxadad... zogs dasabeWds me g a m a m a r T v i n e b d e da egreT
daabeWdine, rom an me da an Tqven aravin dagvzraxos, rom frTxilni ar arian
literaturaSio (gv. 24);
da rodes mocalebul v i q m n e , g a r d a v T a r g m n i amas qarTulad,
raTa qarTvelTaca warikiTxon Rirssaxsovarisa mis kacisa saqebelni saqmeni
saxsovrad missa (gv. 26).
msgavs magaliTebs SeiZleba SevxvdeT kidev ufro gvian, XIX saukunis 60-
ian wlebSiac. magaliTad, 1863 wels Jurnal `ciskris~ redaqciis erT-erT
SeniSvnaSi vkiTxulobT:
am statiis avtorsa vsTxovT, rodesac statias g z a v n i d e s dasabeW-
davaT, mdabiuris anu gasagonis eniT d a s w e r d e s , maSin ufro d a u -
m a d l e b T am gvaris statiis gamogzavnisaTvis2.
erT-erT cnobil xalxur leqsSi, romelic `sxvaTa mojamagirobas~ exeba
da, maSasadame, arc ise Soreul warsulSi unda iyos Seqmnili, ikiTxeba:
Tu kurdReli d a i W i r o ,
tyavi — Sen, xorci — Cvenao,
da Tu melasa d a i W e r ,
xorci Sen, tyavi — Cvenao.
am leqsSi erTsa da imave konstruqciaSi erT SemTxvevaSi naxmaria
kavSirebiTi (d a i W i r o ), meoreSi — myofadi (d a i W e r ).
myofadisa da kavSirebiTis paraleluri xmareba damaxasiaTebelia agreT-
ve giorgi leoniZisaTvis; magaliTad:
vidre v w u r a v d e mwife rqawiTels,
gulSi sevda ver g a x e l m w i f d e b a .
anda:
1
Teimuraz bagrationis werilebi akademikos mari brosesadmi, gamosca s. yubaneiSvilma,
Tbilisi, 1964.
2
redaqciis SeniSvna, Jurnali `ciskari~, 10, 1863, gv. 155.
269
istoriis sakiTxebi
rogorc oraguls kaspiis zRvaSi

aragvis Cqeri m o e w y u r e b a ,
napirs askdeba daWrili qvaSi
da S e u R e b o n mkerdi wylulebma,
ise viswrafi Senda maradRe,
mamulo, daWril suliskveTebiT.1
amgvari magaliTebi imdroindeli viTarebis anareklia, roca myofadi da
kavSirebiTi Tavisuflad enacvlebodnen erTmaneTs. dReisaTvis amgvari Sem-
Txvevebi, roca erTsa da imave konstruqciaSi paralelurad ixmareba ori
sxvadasxva mwkrivis forma, normalurad ar miiCneva. magaliTad, CvenTvis
cnobilia Semdegi SemTxveva: Seqspiris `mefe henri meeqvsis~ erTi adgili qar-
Tulad asea Targmnili:
rom an mTlianad davibruno Cemi Rirseba,
an aq saqmeTa keTebaSi movnaxav Svebas.
amis gamo recenzentebi sagangebod SeniSnaven: aq dro SeuTanxmebeliao2.
cxadia, aq dro ki ar aris SeuTanxmebeli, momavali drois gadmosacemad
frazis erT nawilSi kavSirebiTia naxmari (d a v i b r u n o ), meore nawilSi —
myofadi (m o v n a x a v ), rac dRes ukve yurs examuSeba.
Zveli viTarebis anareklia isic, roca Tanamedrove qarTulSi awmyos
funqciiT gvxvdeba formebi, romelTac aspeqtis axal sistemaze gadasvlis
Semdeg drois gageba icvales da awmyodan myofadSi gadainacvles (naxavs, hki-
Txavs, ityvis, mova da sxvani). magaliTad, awmyoa da ara myofadi h k i T x a v s
vaJas `baxtrionis~ Semdeg frazaSi:
aTrToleblis xmiT h k i T x a v s
ucnobi ucnobs diacsa:
— vina xar, netar, dedilo?
visas, ras mosTqvam ziansa?!3
iqve uwyvetlis da ara xolmeobiTis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba h k i T x a v d a:
guls imjiRavda, h k i T x a v d a
nangrevebs cremlis deniTa.4
amgvari formebi Zveli mniSvnelobiT daculia mTis kiloebSi da aqedan Se-
sulan isini vaJas enaSi. Zveli viTareba zogjer dasavlur kiloebSiac aris
dRemde SemorCenili. magaliTad, gurulSi zmna m u a (mova, movals) gamoxatavs
Cveulebriv momavals. magram zogjer axlandel drosac gviCvenebs, awmyos ga-
gebiT ixmareba: àr gasula didi xani da deinaxes, mdevi m u a ~ (= modis).
1
g. leoniZe. SoTas gulidan gamoviZerwe (leqsi): gaz. `komunisti~, 23, IX, 1967.
2
m. zaaliSvili, T. jangulaSvili. keTili SeniSvnebi: gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 7. I, 1966.
3
vaJa-fSavela, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, t. III, Tbilisi, 1934, gv. 143.
4
iqve, gv. 142.
270
istoriis sakiTxebi
amgvari magaliTebis ricxvi SeiZleboda kidev gagvezarda, magram vfiq-

robT, esec sakmarisia imis sailustraciod, rom momavali drois gamoxatvis
mxriv Zveli sistemis anarekli axal qarTulSi aqa-iq jer kidev iCens Tavs.
magram es mxolod gamonaklisebia, literaturul normad ki didi xania iqca
momavali drois gadmocema myofadis mwkriviT.
amgvarad, awmyos zmniswianian formebs momavali drois Sinaarsi daukav-
Sirda Zvel qarTulSi Tavdapirvelad n u nawilakian ukuTqmiT brZanebiTSi.
Zvel qarTulSive gvxvdeba calkeuli SemTxvevebi, roca zmniswiniani awmyo,
nacvlad kavSirebiTisa, ixmareba momavali drois TxrobiTi kilos gadmosa-
cemad.
XI-XIII saukuneTa manZilze awmyos zmniswinianma formebma TandaTanobiT
dakarges axlandeli drois gageba da gamoyenebul iqnen momavali drois
TxrobiTi kilos aRsaniSnavad. amiT myofadi ukve damoukidebel mwkrivad iq-
ca. am mwkrivis formebi gaiCines uzmniswino da fuZemonacvle zmnebmac.
myofadma TandaTanobiT waarTva kavSirebiTs momavali drois TxrobiTi
kilos gamoxatvis funqcia. XVI saukunidan kavSirebiTi am funqciiT iSvia-
TadRa gvxvdeba myofadi sabolood imarjvebs. ase rom, SeiZleba iTqvas, myo-
fadis Camoyalibebis procesi am droisaTvis ZiriTadad ukve damTavrebulia.
271
istoriis sakiTxebi
baqar gigineiSvili
kauzativis funqciadakarguli sufiqsi

zmnaTa erT wyebasTan Zvel qarTulSi
kauzaciis gagebaSi enaTmecnierTa Soris erTsulovneba araa. amaze sagan-

gebod ar SevCerdebiT. mxolod imis aRniSvna migvaCnia aucileblad, rom Cven
am termins misi farTo mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT, e.i. yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca
mizez-Sedegobriv mimarTebasTan gvaqvs saqme. amitom, bunebrivia, aq igulis-
xmeba kontaqtur-kauzatiuri mniSvnelobanic1, romelTa gamijvna Cveulebriv
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa mniSvnelobisagan yovelTvis advili rodia.
winamdebare naSromSi gaanalizebulia zogierTi zmnuri forma, rome-
lic, Cveni azriT, odindeli kauzatiuri fuZeebidan unda iyos nawarmoebi.
kauzativis mawarmoebels funqcia daukargavs da zogjer Zirs Sezrdia, ris
gamoc Camoyalibebula uRlebis axali paradigma. amasTanave, umetes SemTxve-
vaSi, zmnebs kauzatiuri mniSvneloba dakarguli aqvT. kauzatiuri mniSvne-
lobis dakargvis Semdeg unda momxdariyo amgvari formebidan sxvadasxva qce-
vis formaTa warmoeba, agreTve prefiqsuli vnebiTebisa.
1. aRtyineba, tyineba (ànTeba~, `gzneba~) zmnaSi gamoiyofa tyin fuZe,
romelic prefiqsuli vnebiTis formebSic gvxvdeba:
xolo guami daiwuvin ficxlisa misgan sim£urvalisa da suli etyinebin
cecxliTa codvisa¡Ta, romel uqmnied wina¡swar. m. sw. 140, 29.
. . . aRetyina guli Cemi da Tirkumelni Cemni icvalnes. fs. 72, 21 g
aRetyinis igi viTarca naZeZi. Sin — 50, 15 r.
sufiqsuri vnebiTi martiv fuZes ty-s emyareba:
aramed moavlinos ufalman sabaoT Sensa mas patiosnebasa zeda upatio-
eba¡ da didebasa Sensa zeda cecxli aRgzebuli aRatydebodis. es. 10, 16(0).
...mayuloansa aRatydebis cecxli da mayuali igi ara Seiwuebis. gam. 3, 2(0).
xolo gesmodian-Ra brZolani da £ma¡ wyobaTa¡, ekrZaleniT, nu aRtyde-
biT. . . mT. 24, 6 C (D — nu SesZrwudebiT)
cecxli aRatyda gulis-wyromisgan Cemisa II Sj. 32, 22.
prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri vnebiTi gvaris formebis Sedareba cxadyofs
tyin fuZis sirTules da -in elementis afiqsobas, magram tyin fuZe mTliana-
daa Sesuli mimReobur formaSi mo-tyin-are ànTebuli~, àRgznebuli~;
1
am termins viyenebT im mniSvnelobiT, rogorc is naxmari aqvT i. gewaZes, nedialkovsa da
a. xolodoviCs (ix. Типология каузативных конструкций, Морфологический каузатив. Ленинград,
1969, 148-150).
272
istoriis sakiTxebi
cecxli motyinarÀ daSritis wyalman. zir. 3, 33(0).

da daadgina motyinarÀ max£li iqcevisi. . . Ses. 3, 24 AKS.
moqmedebiTi gvaris formebSi gamovlena -in elementisa bunebrivia: aRatyina
cecxli lamparTa Sina. msaj. 15, 5.
eSmaki liqniT da veragobiT guawevs nebasa missa da ukueTu ver midrikos go-
neba¡ Cueni nebasa missa, aRatyinis Cuen Soris codva¡, viTarca cecxli. m. sw. 69, 6.
aRatyina forma kauzatiuri Sinaarsisaa iseve rogorc aRadgina, daawvina
da sxv. am mniSvnelobis dakavSireba a-in cirkumfiqsTan Zneli ar aris, magram
Tavdapirveli saxiTaa Tu ara warmodgenili Zireuli morfema? vfiqrobT,
aqac, iseve, rogorc tydoma-Si ty miRebulia tx-sagan1, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
sruli gaxmovanebis mqone tex Ziris reducirebuli saxea. aRtexa Zvel qarTul
ZeglebSi naxmaria àRSfoTebis~, àRelvebis~, àRgznebis~ mniSvnelobiT:
aRtexes erTi da qalaqpetni igi sity¢Ta miT. saqme moc. 17, 8.
da iyos aRtexa¡ maT Soris dResa mas eg¢ptisasa, rameTu aha esera movals.
ezek. 30, 9(0); g; SfoTi.
Relvani igi aRtexilni uSjuloebisani daayudnes. sin. mr. 218, 13.
aRtexa-dan nawarmoebia sufiqsuri vnebiTis formebi: aRtydebis, aRtyda
da sxv. tex fuZeSi jer momxdaria sinkope, xolo amis Sedegad warmoqmnili
qarTulisaTvis arabunebrivi tx kompleqsi Secvlilia harmoniuli ty fone-
muri jgufiT. aseve Cans warmoqmnili aRtyineba: *aR-a-tex-in-a → *aR-a-tx-
in-a → aR-a-ty-in-a. aRtexa da aRatyina formebis erTdrouli arseboba gana-
piroba im faqtma, rom aRtexa zmnas daekisra semantikurad ramdenadme gan-
sxvavebuli mniSvnelobis gadmocema: aRtyineba konkretulad ànTebas~ niS-
navs da iTqmis umetesad cecxlze an nivTze, xolo aRtexa — upiratesad ada-
mianebze iTqmis da maTs aRelvebas niSnavs. Tumca aris calkeuli SemTxvevebi,
roca aRtyineba, aRtyinebuli zogjer adamianis mimarTac ixmareba, magram
konkretul mniSvnelobas ànTeba-dawvisas~ inarCunebs.
iyvnen warmarTni aRtyinebul, viTarca ekalni yanobirsa Sina. es. 33, 12
(mosk. biblia), Sdr. oSkuri: damwuar.
meore mxriv, sagulisxmoa is, rom aRtexa-sa da aRatyina-s Soris iseTive da-
mokidebulebaa, rogorc mokla-s da moakudina-s Soris. aRtexa da mokla kon-
teqstebSi mkveTrad ar upirispirdeba aRatyina-sa da moakudina-s, rogorc ara-
kauzativi kauzativs, magram aSkaraa, rom maTi sruli gaTanabreba mainc araa mar-
Tebuli: aRatyina da moakudina, gansxvavebiT aRtexa-sa da mokla-sagan, kauza-
tiur Sinaarss inarCunebs, rac maTs fuZeSi -in sufiqsis mqoneobiTaa gamowveuli.
2. wyena, wyineba. es zmna ixmareba `Sewuxebis~ mniSvnelobiT:
1
a. SaniZe, qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1953. gv. 23.
273
istoriis sakiTxebi
... evedreboda mas friad, ra¡Tamca brZana sakrvelTagan ganteveba¡ misi,

viTar friad awyina, brZana ganteveba¡ sakrvelTagan oden. SuS. X, 21.
amisT¢s me jer miCns, ra¡Ta aras vawyinebdeT maT, romelni-igi war-
marTTaganni moqceul arian RmrTisa mimarT. saqme moc. 15, 19 (g: vaurvebdeT)
xolo xedvides, rameTu, viTar-igi unda myudroebiT cxoreba¡, ver iyofe-
bodes, amisT¢s rameTu awyinebdian mamasaxlisni da Zmani monastrisani... i.-e. 25, 11.
. . .usajo mas, ra¡Ta ara movidodis da mawyinebdes me l. 18, 5 C.
Zvel qarTulSi amave zmnas meore axlomdgomi mniSvnelobac aqvs — `Tavis
mobezreba~, `mowyena~, magram rogorc arn. Ciqobava da k. h. Smidti varaudoben,
maT sxvadasxva Sesatyvisebi aqvT zanurSi da amdenad sxvadasxva warmomavlobi-
sani arian. kerZod, wyen/wyin Zirs `Sewuxebis~ mniSvnelobiT ukavSireben Wan. wk-
unda megr. wy-un fuZeebs, romlebsac `tkenis~ mniSvneloba aqvT, xolo qarT.
wyen/wyin-s `mowyenis~ mniSvnelobiT ganixilaven fuZeSi wyi-d da Wanuri Wkin-d
(`daRla~) fuZis Sesatyvisad miiCneven1. amitom Cven amjerad mxolod pirvel wye-
na-s ganvixilavT. arn. Ciqobava qarTul wyen-fuZeSi gamoyofs `sakauzativo~
(brWyalebi avtorisaa) -en sufiqss, WanurSi ki Sesabamisad -un sufiqss, rome-
lic, misi azriT, `fuZis sawarmoebeli afiqsia (sakauzativo!)~2. a. SaniZe agreTve
SesaZleblad miiCnevs wyen/wyin fuZis daSlas, oRond -en sufiqsi mas gardauval
zmnaTagan gardamaval zmnaTa mawarmoeblad miaCnia3. msgavsi mosazreba -en su-
fiqsis Sesaxeb (oRond ara wyen- fuZeSi) gamoTqva v. Tofuriam: man -en sufiqsi
miiCnia erT-erT uZveles sawarmoebel bolosarTad moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa
wyebaSi4. magram sainteresoa is faqti, rom arc erT mkvlevars, vinc scada wyen-
/wyin- fuZis daSla, ar ucdia -en/-in sufiqsis gamoyofa daesabuTebina.
h. fogtis azriT, vawyineb da vatyineb formebs ar moepovebaT Sesabamisi
gardauvali formebi5.
ra gvaZlevs safuZvels, rom xsenebuli fuZe davSaloT, gvxvdeba Tu ara
misi komponentebi erTmaneTisagan mowyvetiT da sxv. -en mimdevroba SeiZleba
sxva zmnebTanac davadasturoT, magram gvaqvs Tu ara -en/-in-is gareSe wy-
msgavsi mniSvnelobiT? Tu wy- ar daiZebna sxva kombinaciaSi, maSin wyen-/wyin-
fuZis daSla saeWvo iqneba.
Cveni azriT, is amosavali odenoba, romelsac unda darToda -en/-in ele-
menti, aris wux-, romelic warmodgenilia ara marto saSuali gvaris wux-s,
aramed moqmedebiTi gvaris awuxebs, Seawuxa zmnaSi da misgan nawarmoeb for-
mebSic. procesi ase warmogvidgeba: *wux-in → *wxin wyin: wux-s → *a-wux-en-
s/a-wux-in-a → *awxens/*awxina → awyens/awyina. -en/-in sufiqsis darTva iw-
1
arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, tfilisi, 1938, gv. 339-400; K. H. Schmidt, Studien
zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der sudkaukasische Grundsprache. Wiesbaden, 1962, S. 156-157.
2
arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSromi, gv. 400.
3
a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 400.
4
v. Tofuria, Sromebi, III, Tbilisi, 1979, gv. 44—45.
5
H. Vogt, Suffixes verbaux en georgien ancien. NTS, XIV, 1947, p. 159.
274
istoriis sakiTxebi
vevs u-s amoRebas da wx arabunebrivi mimdevrobis warmoqmnas, romelic qar-

Tuli enis fonologiuri struqturis Sesabamisad avtomaturad gardaiqmne-
ba wy-d. SeiZleboda wx mimdevrobis sxvagvari daZlevac, kerZod cx kompleq-
sis warmoqmna. amis ilustracias warmoadgens mercxali (←*merwxali; Sdr.
megr. marWixolo//maWirxoli), romlis etimologia t. gudavas ekuTvnis1.
amrigad, wyen/wyin- fuZisaTvis amosavalia wux Ziri, romelmac -en/-in
sufiqsis darTvis Sedegad jer sinkopireba, xolo Semdeg asimilacia ganica-
da. magram aris ki Zveli qarTulisaTvis niSandoblivi u-s sruli amoReba?
marTalia, amgvari SemTxvevebi SedarebiT iSviaTia, magram aris u-s sruli
amogdebis ueWveli faqtebi. samecniero literaturaSi fiqsirebulia Ziri-
Tadad umarcvlo u-s dakargvis SemTxvevebi: aRTqmisa, gamouTqmelad, wTo-
des (Sdr. daswuTa), Sewydomil, mwydari (Sdr. mwyudari), romelsac amasTa-
nave, fakultatiuri xasiaTi aqvs an, zogjer, SeiZleba gadamweris Secdomas
mieweros; magaliTad: la£riTa, mkdrisa, maSralTa da sxva2. iv. imnaiSvils
aqvs marcvlovani u-s sinkopis SemTxvevebic sityvebSi Surdlisa, farRli-
sa3. vfiqrobT, amas SeiZleba daematos: qseli ← *qusveli (Sdr. qusavs: da
qusavs maT gamo ra¡ca-igi hnebavs mamasa. J — 44, 209 r), mWeli ( *muWeli) `Tav-
Tavi~, (Sdr. muWie), dayudneba (← *dayuduneba)4.
wux zmnas aqvs sxva kauzatiuri korelatic. esaa awuxebs. es forma Cveni
azriT, ufro gviandelia, vidre awyens/awyina, radgan igi ukve xelaxlaa
nawarmoebi wux- Zirisagan da ramdenadac fonetikuri cvlilebebi ar
ganucdia, amitom amosaval fuZesTan gramatikuli kavSiric ar gauwyvetia.
3. smen-/smin- fuZe ixmareba rogorc kauzatiuri mniSvnelobis formebSi,
ise arakauzatiurSi, sadac is odindeli kauzativis semantikis miCqmalvis
Sedegadaa gadasuli.
masmine me galoba¡ da sixaruli da ixarebden Zualni mdabalni fs. 50, 10 a.
yovelsave keTilad iqms: yruTa hasmens da utyuTca hatyuebs... haem. 378, VII, 37.
gasminen Tquen £ma¡ ebnisa¡ mis Cuenisa¡, ravden Zalguedva. sin. mr. 110, 32.
. . .erTad saxed dahberos da gangebulad gasminos da tkbiladiTa miT
£miTa da sasmeneliTa miT sity¢Ta yovelni Semogukribnes. . . sin. mr. 110, 36.
Tquen ismineT igavi ese mTesvarisa¡ . . . mT. 13, 18.
ese ars: romelman sityua¡ igi isminis da meyseulad sixaruliT miiRis
igi gulsa T¢ssa. mT. 13, 20 DE.
romelman Tqueni isminos, Cemi ismina. l. 10, 16 C.
1
t. gudava, mercxali, ike, t. XIV, Tbilisi, 1964.
2
m. ZiZiSvili, fonetikuri procesebi Zvel qarTulSi, 1960.
3
iv. imnaiSvili, qarTuli enis istoriuli qrestomaTia, t. I., naw. II. Tbilisi, 1971.
4
T. cqitiSvili ydun fuZeSi savsebiT samarTlianad xedavs yud Ziris SekumSul variants,
romlis gamovlena gamowveuli unda iyos -un sufiqsis darTviT (T. cqitiSvili, ezekielis wignis
Zveli qarTuli versiebi, Tbilisi, 1976, gv. 300-301). h. fogtis azriT, dayudneba aris miRebuli
dayudnebisagan (H. Vogt, Suffixes verbaux en georgien ancien. NTS, XIV, 1947, p. 64).
275
istoriis sakiTxebi
-en/-in elementi smen- fuZeSi martivad gamoiyofa sem-/sm- Ziris Semcvel

formebTan SepirispirebiT, romlebic, rogorc wesi, obieqturi wyobisaa1.
...odes gesmes Sen, viTarmed ufalman misca qanqari, nu hgoneb amas
SekrebisaT¢s oqro¡sa gina vecxlisa. sin. mr. 249, 19.
Wirsa Cemsa malxine, miwyale me, Segesemin locvisa Cemisa. fs. 4, 2 a.
£ma¡ hrama¡T isma tirilisa da godebisa¡. mT. 2, 18.
amas esma, viTarmed iesu mosrul ars huriastaniT galilead. i. 4, 47 DE.
Ziri gansaxilveli zmnisa ori variantiT aris warmodgenili sem- da sm-
iT. gamyreliZisa da g. maWavarianis azriT, qarTulSi dadasturebuli sem-
amosavalia yvela qarTveluri enisaTvis, oRond misi zanuri da svanuri Se-
satyvisebi daculi araa (zan. *sam- da svan. *sem-). es aixsneba uxmovno sm- fu-
Zis gavrcelebiT, romelmac zanurSi sim- mogvca [m elementis marcvlovno-
bis xarjze (# C — V) poziciaSi da Semdeg analogiiT intervokalur pozicia-
Sic gadainacvla (ma-a-sim-e-[n], i-sim-in-s formebSi). svanurSi xmovanTa Soris
kanonzomieradaa warmodgenili sm- varianti: me-sm-i `mesmis~2. —en/-in ele-
mentis raobaze araferia naTqvami.
aSkaraa, rom -en/-in am zmnaSic imave daniSnulebis mqonea, rogorisac wyena
da aRtkineba zmnebSi, e.i. kauzativis morfemaa. gansxvaveba imaSia mxolod, rom
smena zmnaSi misi amgvari funqciiT gamoiyeneba ufro xangrZlivi tradiciis
mqonea da ar Semoifargleba sakuTriv qarTuli drouli siRrmiT. egeve -in
elementi zanursa da svanurSic iCens Tavs. megrulSi -in Tavs iCens iseT mimRe-
obur formaSi, romelic kauzatiuri zmnidan Cans nawarmoebi: enhmasiminafa-
li `Semsmeni~, `dambezRebeli~, ènis mimtani~. masiminafali zusti Sesatyvisia
qarTulSi Teoriulad dasaSvebi formisa *msminebeli. mimReobis mawarmoebe-
li am megrul formaSi aris m-al, fuZea sim-in, romelic kauzatiur -in ele-
ments unda Seicavdes. -in kauzativis sawarmoeblad Tanamedrove megrulSi mxo-
lod reliqtis saxiT aris calkeul formebSi SemorCenili. svanurSi -in dar-
Cenilia am zmnis masdarSi li-smin-e, agreTve myofadis mimReobaSi le-smin-e -
mosasmeni~. funqcia kauzativisa am elements zanur-svanurSi dakarguli aqvs,
magram misi arseboba samsave qarTvelur enaSi identuri mniSvnelobis mqone
ZirTan da qarTulSi misi funqciis garkveuloba SesaZlebels xdis saerToqar-
Tvelur doneze calke *sem- da calke *sm-in fuZeebis rekonstruqcias.
4. SeSineba. pirveli formebi (rogorc kauzatiuri, ise arakauzatiuri)
aucileblad Sin- fuZes emyareba:
ukueTu umetÀs ra¡me viqado £elmwifebisa amis CuenisaT¢s..., ara mrcxuenodis,
ra¡Ta ara gegonos, viTarmed gaSineb rasme Tquen wignebiTa amiT. II kor. 10, 8-9.
1
H. Vogt, Suffixes verbaux en georgien ancien. NTS, XIV, 1947, p. 59.
2
T. gamyreliZe, g. maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi,
1965, gv. 121.
276
istoriis sakiTxebi
...gulisagan Senisa Sen styuvi amaT Sina, rameTu yovelni guaSineben

Cuen... neem. 6, 9 B.
SeeSina elias da warvida udabnod. sin. mr. 213, 24.
nu SeZrwundebin guli Tqueni, nuca eSinin. i. 1427 D.
mamisagan T¢sisa da dedisa T¢sisa SeiSineT. lev. 19, 3 g.
qarTuli gasubstantivebuli masdari SiSi miCneulia *si-S-i-sagan mom-
dinared1. Tu am mosazrebas gaviziarebT, unda davuSvaT iseTi zmnuri
formebis arseboba adrindel qarTulSi, romelTa Ziri -in sufiqsiT gar-
Tulebuli ar iyo da martooden S-s saxiT iyo warmodgenili.
5. Zvel qarTulSi Zin- zmnuri fuZe ori axlomdgomi mniSvnelobiT ixmare-
ba. pirveli mniSvneloba warmodgenilia Semdeg semantikur jgufSi: Semateba,
damateba, darTva, zed-dadeba, dawvena, datoveba, darCena. magaliTebi:
borotsa zeda borotsa dasZineb A — 1105, 142v.

...ufalo, xuTi qanqari momec me, aha esera sxua¡ xuTi qanqari SevsZine.
mT. 25, 20 C.
da meyseulad warvida, romelman igi xuTi qanqari miiRo, aqmna mas zeda da
SesZina sxua¡-Ra xuTi. mT. 25, 16 C.
eZiebdiT sasufevelsa RmrTisasa da ese yoveli SegeZinos Tquen. l. 12, 31.
... yoveli piri misi wuTxisa dadinebiTa ganileoda da yovliT kerZo enisa
misisa zesTa simZimisa aqunda gansiveba¡, vidremdis sruliad usityuelad da
u£mrad orRano¡ igi daSTomil iyo da iyo zeda-daZinebul mouTmenelTa maT
salmobaTa misTa vervissa Txroba¡ igi tkivilTa misTa¡. quT. 5, 545 v — 546r.
da aRdga SuvaRames oden, mompara yrma¡ igi Cemi m£arTagan CemTa, da
m£evalsa meZina, da daaZina ubeTa T¢sTa da yrma¡ igi T¢si momkudari
Semoawvina ubeTa CemTa. III mef. 3, 20(0).
berZn. ™co…misen `dawvina~, `daaZina~
somx. xxsd7t47 ` `
rus. положил
ara daaZinoT sxeuli misi Zelsa zeda, aramed daflviT dahfalT igi mas
dResa Sina. . . II Sj. 21, 32g.
paraleluri redaqcia, warmodgenili H — 885 xelnaweriTa da misi

mimyoli nusxebiT, iZleva aseT ikiTxviss: ara dauteoT.
am mniSvnelobis gardauvali korelati (`darCena~) warmodgenilia Semdeg
magaliTSi:
ara daiZinos sasyidelman morewisaman. lev. 19, 13 g.
berZn. m¾ coimhq»setai àr daidvas~, àr idos~. `dawvena~,
1
a. SaniZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 23. H. Vogt, Grammaire de la langue georgienne , Oslo, 1971, p. 150.
277
istoriis sakiTxebi
`dawola~ igulisxmeba Semdeg magaliTebSi:
iyo daZinebasa missa. msaj. 16, 14 g (Sdr. B: daawvina igi (dalila). pirvel
daZinebamde maTda. isu n. 2, 8 g (Sdr. S: vidre dawoladmde maTa).
Zovden da daiZinon. sof. 3, 13(0) Sdr. B: Zovden da dawuebodian.
dawola da daZineba mniSvnelobiT axloa bevr enaSi (maT Soris: berZnul-
Si, somxurSi, megrul-WanurSi). amitom mniSvnelobaTa am mwkrivis gamijvna
daZineba-Zili-sgan sakmaod Znelia, magram Sesatyvisobani qarTvelur enaTa
Soris ueWvels xdian im faqts, rom qarTul Zin- fuZeSi Serwymulia istoriu-
lad gansxvavebuli ori odenoba. erTia qarTuli Zin- (`mateba~ da misi jgu-
fi), meore ki — Zin/Zil- (`daZinebis~ mniSvnelobiT); pirveli unda ukavSirde-
bodes qarTulsave Z- Zirs (Z-e-s formaSi)1. aseTi kavSiri pirvelad arn. Ciqo-
bavam ivarauda, magram iqve uaryo, radgan Zes da misi megr.-Wan. Sesatyvisi Z-
u-n, misi azriT, devs formisgan momdinareobs, Zin- ki aseTi warmoSobisad
ver miiCneva2. k. h. SmidtisaTvis Z-s d-sgan momdinareoba, romelsac is izia-
rebs, damabrkolebeli araa3.
Cven vfiqrobT, rom d-sgan Z-s momdinareoba Zes formaSi, xolo Zin- fu-
ZeSi Z-s Tavdapirveloba maTi dakavSirebisaTvis namdvilad damabrkolebe-
lia. magram saqme isaa, rom Z-s momdinareoba d-sagan aucilebeli araa gavizi-
aroT. mxolod is faqti, rom Z-s d enacvleba dro-kiloTa meore jgufSi, jer
kidev arafers niSnavs: savsebiT dasaSvebia aq supletivizmi anu fuZeTa mo-
nacvleoba vivaraudoT, rac qarTulisaTvis ucxo araa (Sdr. uvis-esua, ars-
iyo da sxva). miT ufro, rom ar Cans realuri mizezi d→Z gadasvlisa qarTul-
Si. devs formas ratom unda moeca Zes/Zevs naTeli araa: d-s afrikatizacia
qarTuls ar axasiaTebs. qarTuli Zes rom Z-s Semcveli iyo jer kidev saerTo-
qarTvelur periodSi, amas adasturebs Sesatyvisoba:
qarT. Z-e-s/u-Z-s: zan: Z-u-(n) `Zevs~: svan. z-i `Zevs~ (Sdr. xaz àZevs~).
fonemuri fardoba qarT. Z: zan. Z: svan. z kanonzomieria da amosavlad *Z
fonemas gulisxmobs4.
daZineba/SeZineba savsebiT dasaSvebia Z-e-s zmnasTan davakavSiroT da
mis kauzatiur formad an sazedao situaciis gamomxatvelad miviCnioT: `da-
aZina~-sTvis amosavali iqneboda mniSvnelobani: `dadva~, `daadva~, `daawvina~.
6. Zil-/Zin-. erTgvari mniSvnelobis mqone qarTuli Zil- da Zin- fuZeeb-
is mimarTeba asaxsnelia. rogorc cnobilia, Zili aseT Sesatyvisebs iZleva
zanurSi:
1
h. fogts ara aqvs dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan SesZina da daaZina formebi. igi Tvlis rom
am zmnas (vsZineb) ara aqvs xmovanprefiqsiani formebi da SesaZloa —en/-in aq Ziris
kuTvnileba iyos (H. Vogt, Suffixes. . . 61).
2
arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli leqsikoni, tfilisi, 1938.
3
K. H. Schmidt, Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der sudkaukasische Grundsprache. Wiesbaden,
1962, S. 104.
4
g. maWavariani, saerTo-qarTveluri konsonanturi sistema, Tbilisi, 1965, gv. 24—25.
278
istoriis sakiTxebi
qarT. Zil-i: megr. jir-a `Zili~: Wan. (n) jir-

es fardoba Ziris pirvel Tanxmovnad sul sxva fonemas gvavaraudebinebs
(sisina-SiSina *Z1-s, an SiSina *j-s, rogorc amas k. h. Smidti fiqrobs1.
Zil- fuZes zogi mkvlevari dauSlelad miiCnevs da misi dakavSireba Zin-
fuZesTan, rac TiTqmis yvelasTvis udavoa, axsnilia qarTulSi l~n, zanurSi
ki r~n monacvleobiT2.
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, qarT. Zil-, zan. jir. fuZeebi imave Ziris Semcvelia,
romelic qarT. Zin-sa da zan. jan/jin-Si gvaqvs, gansxvaveba mxolod sufiq-
sebSia3, oRond am sufiqsTa funqcia araa miTiTebuli. k. h. Smidti agreTve
Slis aRniSnul fuZeebs: Z-il-i (←*Z-in-i), j-ir-, j-in-, j-an-4. sufiqsTa kva-
lifikacia arc masTanaa mocemuli. sainteresoa, rom k. h. Smidti SesaZleb-
lad miiCnevs qarTul da zanur ZirebTan svanuri uJ (`Zili~) formis dakavSi-
rebas. Tavkidur u-s is ganixilavs rogorc proTetul xmovans5. es mosazreba
sayuradRebo Cans. marTlac, calTanxmovniani Tavisufali forma Zneli war-
mosadgenia. amitom mas SeiZleboda sayrdeni xmovani gasCenoda. oRond ana-
logiuri SemTxvevebi unda daiZebnos. rac Seexeba Zil da Zin qarTul fuZe-
ebs da maTs zanur Sesatyvisebs, maTi daSla savsebiT SesaZlebelia: pirveli
unda warmoadgendes gasubstantivebul masdars tirili-s tipisas, xolo me-
ore kauzatiur fuZes Z- Zirisagan, e.i. gvaqvs Z-il da Z-in. Z-il-i gardauvali
zmnis masdari unda yofiliyo, Z-in-eb-a ki — misi kauzatiuri, gardamavali
forma. zan. j-an fuZe qarTulisaTvis amosaval *Z-en- kauzativs Seesatyvise-
ba, xolo j-in — qarTul Z-in-s. pirveli gamoiyeneboda dro-kiloTa I seriaSi,
meore ki — II seriaSi; amgvarad:
qarT. *v-a-Z-en `vaZineb" — v-a-Z-in-e
zan. v-o-j-an-q — do-v-o-j-in-i
Zalze sayuradReboa svanurSi uJ Zirisagan nawarmoebi analogiuri
wyvilis arseboba (kauzativs aq misi erT-erTi uZvelesi niSani — un
awarmoebs):
svan. li-¡J-e `Zili~, `спать~ — li-¡J-un-e `daZineba~, `усыплять~.
rogorc dRevandeli viTareba gviCvenebs, kauzativis odindeli forman-
tebi Seuxorcdnen Zirebs da miviReT mTliani Zin-/jin- fuZeebi, romlebic
gamoyenebuli iqna arakauzatiuri formebis sawarmoeblad: qarT. daiZina,
iZinebs, sZinavs; megr. janu(n) `wevs~, Wan. qodijinu `dawva~. meore mxriv, Se-
uxorcda Zirs masdaris sufiqsebic —il/-ir da axali Zil- da jir- fuZeebi-
dan warmoiqmna formebi: qarT. uZilari, Wan. unjiru ùZilod~ da sxv.
1
K. H. Schmidt, Studien . . . S. 60, 15, 251.
2
Г. А. Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964, с. 238. T. gamyreliZe, g.
maWavariani, sonantTa sistema . . ., gv. 312.
3
arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSromi, gv. 434—435.
4
K. H. Schmidt, Studien . . . S. 152.
5
iqve.
279
istoriis sakiTxebi
eTer geurqova
kauzativis warmoeba qarTulsa da

zog mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi
(ibeWdeba SemoklebiT)
kauzativis, rogorc zmnis morfologiuri kategoriis, Camoyalibeba da-

kavSirebuli unda iyos zmnis polipersonalizmTan. es ki imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom polipersonalur enebSi kauzativis warmoeba sinTezuria — kategoriis
mawarmoebeli morfologiuri elementi zmnis fuZeSi gvxvdeba; monopersona-
lur enebSi ki kauzativis warmoeba aRweriTia (es debuleba vrceldeba Cven-
Tvis cnobil yvela enaze), e.i. qarTvelursa da afxazur-adiReurSi, rogorc
polipersonalur enebSi, kauzativis sinTezuri warmoebaa niSandoblivi, da-
narCen iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi ki analizuri warmoebaa.
kauzativis warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi
Zvel qarTulSi kauzativi mkveTrad Camoyalibebuli zmnuri kategoriaa. igi

Cveulebriv gvxvdeba gardamaval sampirian zmnebSi. es gasagebicaa, radgan am ka-
tegoriis arsi gulisxmobs sami piris — subieqtis, iribi da pirdapiri obieqte-
bis — mimarTebas: subieqti aiZulebs irib obieqts imoqmedos pirdapir obieqtze.
kauzativis warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi nawilobriv emTxveva saliteraturo
qarTulsa da dialeqtebSi arsebul mdgomareobas. adgili aqvs sxvaobasac. Zve-
li qarTuli kauzativis mawarmoeblad iyenebs -ev sufiqss, SedarebiT iSviaTad
-in-s; -evin sufiqsi ucxoa, rogorc kauzativis mawarmoebeli. magaliTebi:
`yav ra¡ca gnebavs r~ Sen Tana ars eSmaki, r~i gaqmnevs magas~ (kim. I, 145, 18). ` rameTu
ujerosa guaqmnevda Cuen hamani~ (esTer. 8). `romelsaca suli aTqumevda~ (parx. 8ба). àRdeg
da gamoucxade Tavi Seni maT ra¡Ta gulis£ma-yon Zali misi, romeli aqmnevs maT eSmaki bo-
rotsa~ (apokr. 35, 38). `da viTarca verara¡ sxua¡ aTqumia maSin hrqua mas patreaqman: wamodeg
da wire dRes Jami~ (limonari, 67, 8). ùbrZana mefeman da Seaqmnia luskuma¡ oqro¡sa¡ da vecx-
lisa¡~ (kim. I, 165, 10). `nuukue gaqmnios boroti~ (parx. 3, 30). `da igi ars mama¡ Cemi da deda¡ Ce-
mi, romelman maqmnios me saqmÀ keTili~ (qristina, 185, 19). `maSin daajeris maT da aTqumiis
eseviTari da msgavsi amisi mravali~ (swavl. 46, 17). `...da T¢sisa monastrisa, baralam wmidisa-
Tvis daawerina da wmidasa amas bersa didad pativ upyra~ (lit. qrest., I, 206, 44). `da moaRe-
bina nagevTagan skorÀ myrali~ (balavar. 43, 7). `movida miqael da warmogadgina Sen da Tayua-
nis gacemina Sen RmerTsa~ (lit. qrest., I, 5, 21). `da odes mouwoda miqael da yovelTa Tayua-
nis gacemina...~ (lit. qrest., I, 5, 24). `ra¡Tamca yovelni kacni Tayuanis aceminnes kerpTa~
(lit. qrest., I, 168, 12). `kualad ganagdes badÀ da Seayennes kacni da Tayuanis aceminnes ce-
cxlsa~ (lit. qrest., I, 168,15). `da Tayuanis vacemie igi patiosansa juarsa...~ (limonari 51,5).
280
istoriis sakiTxebi
kauzativis mawarmoeblad -in-is gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi sul Svidi

magaliTiTaa dadasturebuli. aqedan — xuTi erTi da imave rTuli zmnis
fuZidan. -in-Tan SedarebiT -ev sufiqsis gamoyenebis are ufro vrcelia.
qarTuli dialeqtebidan xevsuruli (nawilobriv gurulic) Zvel
qarTuls uaxlovdeba. aq kauzativis mawarmoeblad Cveulebrivia -ev (rac
ucxoa baris dialeqtebisaTvis), -in-is xmareba SedarebiT SezRudulia, -evin
ki saerTod ar gvxvdeba. mag.:
ùZaxebd Tavis amxanig eSmaebs, daamkevd yanaT~ (xevs. 21, 21). `dastur£elosneb
sru imis cdaSi arian, ro aTqmivan ra¡~ (xevs. 9, 20). `Tu dala£a, maSin is jurums
gadaa£devs" (xevs. 12, 9). `Tver dartyiT karqaTo, maSvin imasac qi damartymiebT,
romelcxaia dasartmeli~ (guruli, 425, 6 qv.).
baris dialeqtebi kauzativis mawarmoeblebiT saliteraturo qarTuls
uaxlovdeba. am dialeqtebSi kauzativis mawarmoebeli sufiqsia -in da -evin.
magaliTebi:
`rkinis duqardi gaakeTebine~ (qarTl. 283, 1). `jalaTs Tavi unda gagagdebinoT" (qar-
Tl. 326, 32). ìm qalma erTi wyaro gaakeTebina, im wyaros Tavze Tavis suraTi daakidebina"
(kaxuri, 187, 15—16). òrTav xelebSi mamagdebina Seni Tavi da gaCveneb Sen seirsao" (kaxuri,
188, 18). `rac Sen oqro-vercxli gaq, sul Cem koSkSi amazidineo" (kaxuri, 206, 24).
-in sufiqsiT magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba. igi saliteraturo
qarTulsa da baris dialeqtebSi kauzativis kategoriis mawarmoeblebs Soris
yvelaze produqtiuli sufiqsia.
rac Seexeba -evin sufiqss, misi xmareba -in-Tan SedarebiT ufro SezRu-
dulia. igi gvaqvs TiTqos maSin, rodesac uSualo gzis formebSi -av, -ev
sufiqsi dasturdeba, mag.:
`su TiTiT gvarCeineben Tesls~ (qarTl. 277, 8), (varC-ev — varC-evin-eb).
`daaleinebs Tavis dasa mzis piris nabansa~ (qarTl. 283, 2), (vl-ev — val-evin-eb).
`wixli sdruza da kbilebi Caamtvreina~ (qarTl. 302, 38), (vamtvr-ev — vamtvr-evin-eb).
gvaqvs gamonaklisebic:
`...moaWrevinebs am Wandar" (kaxuri, 196, 19), (Wris — aWr-evin-eb-s).~... ZaRlebic
gadaaxnevina~ (kaxuri, 203, 8 qv.), (xsnis — axsn-evin-eb-s).~... orTave Tvali
davaTxrevine~ (qarTl. 319, 19), (sTxris — aTxr-evin-eb-s).
am mxriv saintereso masalas iZleva vefxistyaosani. rogorc gardamavali
periodis ZeglSi, masSi daculia Zveli qarTulis normebi, Sesulia agreTve
axali: gvxvdeba rogorc -ev, ise -in da -evin sufiqsebi:
ìsmendi miec goneba CemTa ambavTa smenasa,
saubarTa da saqmeTa viTa Zliv vaTqmev enasa~1.
`didsa sisxlsa ver Segaqnev ver viqnebi Sua kedlad~.
`Tu darbazs miva igi yma SvilTa damaWmevs piriTa~.
`movides, gaaSvebines didi xvarazmTa mflobeli~.
1
yvela magaliTi moyvanilia vefxistyaosnis O (K — 205) xelnaweridan.
281
istoriis sakiTxebi
`gavgzavne yolgniT laSqarni alafi avaRebine,

erTob savseni movidnen Tavica valaRebine,
sisxlsa mebrZolTa CemTasa mindori SevaRebine,
ar vbrZole kari qalaqTa uomrad gavaRebine~.
àRar vis movakvlevineb mefe ars waRmarTebuli~.
`buksa ikras aqnevineT yovli saqme Cemgan qnili~.
`man aTqmevinos nuTu ra, Cvenca vcnaT gacxadebuli~ da sxv. mravali.
rogorc moyvanili magaliTebidan naTelia, Zvel qarTulSi (paralelurad
dialeqtebsa da vefxistyaosanSi) kauzativis mawarmoeblebad gvxvdeba -ev, -in, -e-
vin afiqsebi. Zveli da saSualo qarTulisaTvis da mTis kiloebidan xevsuruli-
saTvis (nawilobriv gurulisTvisac) Cveulebrivia kauzativis mawarmoeblad -ev,
SedarebiT axali Cans -in da -evin. amas saTanado magaliTebi gvavaraudebinebs. ba-
ris dialeqtebi saliteraturo qarTulis msgavsad iyeneben -in, -evin sufiqsebs.
rogorc viciT, qarTuli aglutinaciuri tipis enaa; masSi TiToeuli
morfologiuri niSani garkveuli funqciis mqonea. erT afiqss erTsa da imave
dros ar SeiZleba erTze meti daniSnuleba hqondes an, piriqiT, erTi katego-
riis sawarmoeblad ori da meti afiqsis gamoyeneba meoreuli movlenaa1. ami-
tomac kauzativis kategoriis ganxilvisas ismeba kiTxva: ras unda gamoewvia
mawarmoebelTa simravle? rogori saxe hqonda am kategorias Camoyalibebi-
sas? romeli mawarmoebelia specifikuri, Tavdapirveli?
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebis analizisas cxadia, rom kauzativis katego-
riis warmoebaSi sufiqsebTan erTad aranakleb rols asrulebs prefiqsi. es
imaSi mdgomareobs, rom prefiqsis (kerZod a-prefiqsis) gareSe kauzatiuri
zmna ar gvxvdeba. prefiqsis roli am kategoriis warmoebaSi ar unda gamovri-
cxoT (rogorc es specialur literaturaSia miTiTebuli).
am SemTxvevaSi Cven ar SeiZleba ar moviSvelioT qarTveluri enebi da ar ga-
vavloT paraleli kauzativis kategoriis warmoebasTan am enebSi. magaliTebi:
zanuri: o-zum-af-am-s qarT. a-zom-v-in-eb-s
o-kvaT-af-am-s a-Wr-ev-in-eb-s
o-Tas-af-am-s a-Tes-v-in-eb-s
svanuri: x-Š-Wm-un-e qarT. a-Tib-v-in-eb-s
x-Š -£d-un-e a-xd-ev-in-eb-s
a-Sen-eb-in-eb-s
x-Š -gm-un-e
zanurisa da svanuris kauzatiur zmnebSi a-prefiqsis kanonzomieri Se-
satyvisi xmovani dasturdeba. qarTveluri enebis kauzatiur zmnebSi kanon-
zomieri Sesatyvisi swored prefiqsebSi dgindeba. zanurSi am kategoriis ma-
warmoeblad sufiqsTan erTad prefiqsic aris aRiarebuli2. Cveni azriT, ara-
1
arn. Ciqobava, qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba; qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni
t. I, Tb., 1950, gv. 031.
2
arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, Tb., 1936, gv. 157.
282
istoriis sakiTxebi
feri SeuSlida xels, Tu aseTive mawarmoeblebi (e.i. prefiqs-sufiqsi) iqnebo-

da gamoyofili qarTulsa da svanurSic. Sesatyvisobis TvalsazrisiT sufiq-
sebi gviCveneben mkveTr gadaxras, rac unda metyvelebdes maT meoreulobaze.
am mxriv metad saintereso masalas iZleva Zveli qarTuli enis Zeglebis
ganxilva. Zvel qarTulSi kauzativis prefiqsul-sufiqsuri warmoebis gver-
diT gvaqvs martivi, oden prefiqsuli kauzatiuri formebi. Zveli qarTuli-
saTvis oden prefiqsuli warmoeba gveCveneba ufro niSandoblivi da specifi-
kuri (raodenobrivadac es warmoeba gacilebiT sWarbobs prefiqsul-sufiq-
surs). am SemTxvevaSi Cven gvaqvs rogorc konstruqciiT, aseve SinaarsiT
wminda kauzatiuri zmnebi. mag.:
`dagamorCilna mdinarenica qristeman, RmerT-Semosilo dido Tevdosi~ (modr. 221,4).
`da dedaman febronia Seawynara wmidasa mas umanko¡ igi kravi mwyemssa mas keTilsa~ (xanZTe-
lis cxovr. iÀ, 25). `... da Tana kacni warmoiyvanna Sesaswavlad~ (xanZTelis cxovr. ig, 6). `xo-
lo mefÀ ganmxiarulda sityuaTagan netarisa grigolisTa da friadi sarwmunoeba¡ da siyua-
ruli daamtkicna gulsa missa udabnoTa mimarT klarjeTisaTa...~ (xanZTelis cxovr. ke, 21).
`xolo man simdabliT daarwmuna wmidasa mas Tavisa T¢sisa swavla¡ sworad sxuaTa maT mama-
Ta~ (xanZTelis cxovr. m, 1). `da ganTiad moaxilva yoveli sanaxebi xanZTisa¡~ (xanZTelis
cxovr. À, 37). `xolo monazoni igi amba modistos, romeli warevlina patriaqsa Sekrebad ber-
ZenTa laSqrisad, raTa Semwe eyvnen Wirsa maTsa, daajera maT moslva¡~ (warty. ierus. ie, 8).
`qalsa vis-me sawyalobelsa, romelsa igi maT dReTa oden eSva yrma¡, aRuTques fasi da daar-
wmunes mas, raTa Seasminos igi mefisa~ (warty. ierus. nd, 23). `da mociquli ity¢s: `yoveli
daemorCilos qristesa, garna mama¡ romelman daamorCila mas yoveli (saxÀ aRTqumisa¡, 346,
9). èsreT iqmna netari grigoli madlsa mociqulobisasa da erni auracxelni mostacna eS-
maksa da Seawynarna qristesa~ (kim. I, 131, 34). `sparsni da arabni man moaqcina cecxlisa msaxu-
rebisagan da RmerTsa Seawynara~ (lit. qrest., I, 236, 34). `rameTu Tavisufal viyav yovelTa-
gan da yovelTa Tavi Cemi davamone, ra¡Ta umravlesni SeviZinne~ (I korinTelTa mimarT, 9, 19).
`monazonebiTa daamorCile mas goneba¡~ (modr. 223, 34). `sulsa daamone ganzraxva¡ £orcTa¡~
(modr. 222, 40). `gandgomilni daamorCilna mamasa~ (modr. 392, 21). `... viTarmed Zilsa davep-
yreniT da Zili saukuno¡ daguaZinos Cuen~ (sinuri mr. 153, 3). `... daamonebs Tavsa T¢ssa de-
daTa (mamaTa swavl. 110, 26). àw odes ese gulis£ma-giyofies, daajere sulsa Sensa moTmineba¡
(mamaTa swavl. 12, 35).
aqve SegviZlia moviyvanoT amave Zeglidan meore magaliTi, romelSic ar
Cans gaSualebuli moqmedeba. es zmna orpiriania, uSualo gzis:
àw ukue iswrafe, romel daajero RmerTi da ara kacni~ (mamaTa swavl. 10, 13).
(SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos orpiriani gardamavali (uSualo gzis) da sampiriani
kauzatiuri zmnis formebis damTxveva).
`SeaZrwune wyalTa buneba¡, ufalo, moslviTa SeniTa~1 (modr. 199, 28). `da maT
aiZules r~a dasjdes saSual maTsa da didiTa vedrebiTa daajeres yofad ese~ (Q —16,
1
sainteresod migvaCnia am winadadebis paralelurad Semdegi winadadebebis ganxilva:
`£mamam Senman SeaZrwuna queskneli~ (modr. 385, 37). `ver SegaZrwuna netaro iakob
siqadulman" (modr. 331, 17).
283
istoriis sakiTxebi
gv. 5). `mcireTa yrmaTa daaswavlna zepiriT umravles filosofosTa ZuÀlTa wignni (Q —
16, gv. 3). `x~ me viTarca vxedav arcaRa Tavi Tvisi giyuars. ugonurebiTa SeniTa rameTu
moaZule igi sulsa wmidasa~ (i. bolneli, 83, 29). `kurTxeul ars ufali, romelman da-
gamtkica Sen dRes Svileba¡ wodebad saxeli Seni israÀlsa Sovras~1 (rusT. 4, 14) da sxv.
magaliTebi vefxistyaosnidan:
`samefosa vapatronoT saxelmwifo SevanaxoT.
ar amovwydeT mterTa CvenTa xrmali CvenTvis ar vamaxoT~ (O (K —205) ).
èrTmaneTsa Segamecne Tavi Seni Sevayuaro~ (M(Q —1075) ).
`Tavi Cemi samsaxurad Tuca avad mogawone~ (M (Q —1075) ).
`moukocne yovli aso Tavi amad movaZule~ (M(Q —1075) ).
vefxistyaosanSi kauzativis oTxive mawarmoebeli dasturdeba. rogorc
gardamavali periodis Zegli, romelSic erTmaneTis paraleluradaa mocemu-
li rogorc saxelis, aseve zmnis Zveli da axali formebi, am mxrivac metad an-
gariSgasawevia.
amrigad, Zvel qarTulSi kauzativis warmoebis ori tipia niSandoblivi:
oden prefiqsuli da prefiqsul-sufiqsuri, sadac prefiqsi ucvlelia, su-
fiqsebad ki gansxvavebuli odenobebia gamoyenebuli. rogorc zemoTac aR-
vniSneT, aglutinaciuri tipis enisaTvis aseTi movlena meoreulia. erTi ka-
tegoriis aRsaniSnavad niSandoblivia mxolod erTi mawarmoebeli. mawarmo-
eblis garTuleba sufiqsebiT Semdgom periods ekuTvnis.
kauzativis prefiqsuli warmoeba qarTuli enis ZiriTadi da amave dros
arqauli fenis kuTvnileba unda iyos. es fena akavSirebs qarTuls sxva
qarTvelur enebTan. amas is gvavaraudebinebs, rom prefiqsi gvxvdeba am kate-
goriis damoukidebel mawarmoeblad, Cveulebrivia sufiqsebiT warmoebisa-
sac da, rac mTavaria, qarTvelur enebSi saerTo kanonzomiereba kauzatiuri
formebis warmoebisas, swored prefiqsebSi dgindeba. rac Seexeba sufiqsebs,
maTi meoreuloba TiTqos eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. kauzativis fuZis garTule-
ba sufiqsebiT SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes awmyos fuZis Camoyalibebas.
magaliTebi moyvanilia erTi da imave Zeglidan. zmnebi formis TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTs

emTxveva, gansxvaveba pirebSia. orive SemTxvevaSi zmna gardamavalia; pirvel SemTxvevaSi —
sampiriani, kauzatiuri; or danarCen SemTxvevaSi — orpiriani, uSualo gzis. aseTi SemTxvevebi
araa iSviaTi Zvel qarTulSi. TviT faqti metad angariSgasawevia.
S e n i S v n a: `daarwmuna~, `SeaZrwuna~ formebSi -un sufiqss ver gamovyofT, rogorc
kauzativis mawarmoebels, radgan is pasiur formebSic dasturdeba `SeZrwunda~,
`darwmunda~ (l. kiknaZe). aq kauzativis mawarmoebelia prefiqsi.
1
am magaliTTan dakavSirebiT ak. SaniZe iqve aRniSnavs: `mosalodneli iyo `dagimtkica~ an
ara da `dagamtkica~ zmna sampirian formad unda gavigoT~. am zmnis sampiriani formebi
Zvel qarTulSi dasturdeba; isini kauzativis Sinaarsis matarebelni arian.
284
sarCevi
redaqtorisgan ....................................................................................................................5
ivane javaxiSvili
axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi
da maTi mniSvneloba mecnierebisaTvis ....................................................................... 7
akaki SaniZe
naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa
xmovnebis win qarTul zmnebSi .......................................................................................28
akaki SaniZe
uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRmoCenis gamo ..........................................................41
litaraturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli
teqstebis Sesaxeb meTerTmete saukunis mwerlobaSi .....................................41
haemetoba adiSis saxarebaSi ....................................................................................54
arnold Ciqobava
xanmeti da haemeti teqstebis aRmoCenisaTvis .........................................................59
giorgi rogava
xanmetobisa da haemetobis sakiTxisaTvis .................................................................74
ruben enuqaSvili
xanmetoba-haemetobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi .....................................................81
arnold Ciqobava
mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principisaTvis
qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistemaSi .......................................................................84
damana meliqiSvili
inkluziv-eqskluzivis ketegoriis gamoxatvis
istoriisaTvis qarTul zmnaSi ....................................................................................118
Teimuraz metreveli
inkluziv-eqskluzivis ketegoriisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi .................................126
varlam Tofuria
namyos saxeobaTa saerTo niSnisaTvis qarTulSi ..................................................143
ilia abulaZe
qarTuli zmnis iSviaTi formebi VIII—X ss-is Zeglebis mixedviT .......................150
giorgi rogava
mravlobiTi ricxvis mesame subieqturi piris
-an sufiqsisaTvis qarTulSi ........................................................................................164
elene nikolaiSvili
mesame subieqturi piris -es sufiqsis -(n)en-iT Secvlis istoriisaTvis .......168
giorgi gogolaSvili
mesame subieqturi piris mravlobiTobis narian mawarmoebelTa
urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis ...........................................................................183
avTandil arabuli
sporadulad gamovlenil mesame piris -n/-d, -en/-ed sufiqsTa
funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi ...................................................................................187
285
farnaoz erTeliSvili
-d/-n(-en) vnebiTobis sufiqsTa genezisis sakiTxisaTvis ....................................194
lamara nozaZe
prefiqsuli da sufiqsuri vnebiTebis urTierTobisaTvis qarTulSi ...........207
leli baramiZe
vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa awmyos daboloebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi ....................216
ekaterine osiZe
`RaRad-yo~ tipis zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi .................................................................233
Wola TevzaZe
rTuli zmnebi Zvel qarTulSi .....................................................................................239
zurab WumburiZe
myofadis warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi ....................................................250
baqar gigineiSvili
kauzativis funqciadakarguli sufiqsi zmnaTa
erT wyebasTan Zvel qarTulSi ....................................................................................272
eTer geurqova
kauzativis warmoeba qarTulSi ..................................................................................280
286
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garekanis dizaini TinaTin CirinaSvili
komp. uzrunvelyofa xaTuTa badriZe
0179, Tbilisi, i. WavWavaZis gamziri 14

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qarTuli saliteraturo enis

qarTuli saliteraturo enis

Semdgenelni: m. meliqiZe, r. WumburiZe

recenzentebi: prof. r. zeqalaSvili

© Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2010

winamdebare krebulSi moTavsebuli samecniero Sromebis umetesi nawili

axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi qarTuli xelnawerebi

(winaswari moxseneba1 nimuSebis darTviT)

karga xania, rac gamocdilebam damarwmuna, rom qarTuli istoriuli da

am eWvSi da ZiebaSi myofs erTi qarTul-ebrauli palimfsestis ori fur-

da umniSvnelod cno, an iqneb palimfsestis wakiTxvis siZnelis gamo. ase iyo

bednierod peterburgis saarqeologio sazogadoebis gamocemis mTeli seria

Cveni universitetis muzeumSi rom b. mose janaSvilma gadmomilaga palim-

daTariRebis meTodologias Sevexo, xolo Semdeg axlad aRmoCenili xelnawe-

bolnisisa da mcxeTis jvris warwerebis daTariReba saSualebas gvaZlevs

gvari procesi damwerlobaSi TandaTanobiT xdeba da misi dasawyisi ufro

zogs kuTxeebSi mermec karga xans xanis xmarebisaTvis Tavi ar mienebebinaT.

am xelnawerTa Sesaxeb mokle cnobebisa da zemonaTqvamis Semdgom, raki

TariReblad iyos gamoyenebuli. radgan bani mxolod VI s. damlevamde iwerebo-

axla am axlad aRmoCenili xelnawerebis mniSvnelobaze dagvrCa mxolod

Zvels xelnawerSia igi Senaxuli. ufro vrclad am Txzulebaze saubari Sem-

am VI s. xelnawerebis da V-VI ss. ZeglTa qimiur damuSavebamde da damuSave-

bolo dromdis uZvelesad X s. TariRiani saxarebis xelnawerebi iTvlebo-

saukunis damlevis teqsti unda yofiliyo miCneuli. magram am Zegls meore,

ciasa da Satberd-adiSis saxarebas Soris iseTi gansxvavebaa, romelic gva-

Tavisi droindeli gadamwerlebisaTvis eTxova RvTis gulisaTvis saxarebis

yvela zemoaRniSnul fonetikur wesebs emorCileba, mag. `hkiTxa mas, hkiTxa

prof. ak. SaniZem am warwerebSi naxmari xanic qarTulis erT-erTi dia-

mwerTagan Cadenil Secdomebs garda, iakob xucesis nawarmoebica da evstaTe

xanmet ZeglTa aRmoCenam cxadyo, rom qarTuli enis istoriuli ganviTa-

gvelad teqstia gamoyvanili. etyoba, maSin saqarTvelos kargi Rirsebis sawe-

kidev bevris mxriT SeiZleba daxasiaTdes axlad aRmoCenili Zeglebis

naSTebi mesame piris obieqturi prefiqsis xmarebisa

ukve gamorkveulia, rom obieqturi prefiqsi mesame pirisa qarTulSi

qarTulSi ar moipoveba zmnis forma xerTvis, magram moipoveba am formisagan

b) an roca ve jgufisagan miRebuli gvaqvs anlautis : hyav (← veyav = `viyav“).

romelic j u a n S e r i s istoriaSi arabuli formiTac gvxvdeba1. arc Tu Zvel

d. CubinaSvilis leqsikonis pirvel gamocemaSi (1840 w.) xerTvisi axsnilia

a) grigol n o s e l i s erT wignSi, romlis Targmanic or redaqciad aris

wyliT. magram, Tu ki SeiZleba, rom xerTvisi iyos `Secvuli~ (e. i. kunZuli),

a) evfemiane da aleqsis cxovrebaSi vkiTxulobT:

gamodis, maSasadame, rom sparselebs, juanSeris azriT, mcxeTisTvis rom

Soris ars xerTvisi: mtkvris aRmosavleTis kidezed da javaxeTis mtkvris

erTvis — ai is zmnis forma, romelTanac etimologiuri kavSiri aqvs xer-

misagan aris warmoSobili, rogorc amas Tanxmovniani zmnebis uRlebis norme-

mcxeTis jvris saydris warwerebSi orjer aris naxmari zmna, romelsac

dan meox xeyav — es brZanebiTis kiloa, brZanebiTis formas ki subieqturi prefiq-

bolnisis sionis sakurTxevlis sarkmlis Tavze, garedan, uZvelesi asoebiT

es warwera pirvelad gamoaqveyna brosem barTolomes mier misTvis

imave bolnisis sionis meore warweraSi, romelic moTavsebulia Crdilo-

zemore ganxiluls oTx zmnis formaSi (xerTvis, xeyav, Sexewie da

uZvelesi qarTuli teqstebis aRmoCenis gamo

literaturuli cnoba axlad aRmoCenili uZvelesi

t f i l i s i s u n i v e r s i t e t i s m o a m b i s amave tomSi (II, gv. 262-281)

ukunis warweriT ase TxuTmetiode striqonio, da me amaze mipasuxnia1: `sul xane-

mTargmneloba, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mTargmneladvea gamoyvanili vanis

kacma rom Tqvas, am or terminSi mkvlevarTaTvis nakleb dabkolebas `sabawmi-

prof. k. k e k e l i Z e m `xanmeti~ d r o -m e t a d gaigo da mas qronologiu-

mcxeTis jvris warwerebSi iCina Tavi mexuTe-meSvide saukuneebSi. es kia oRond,

V-VII ss. IX-XI

V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

V-VII ss. IX-XI ss.

b) an roca ve jgufisagan miRebuli gvaqvs anlautis : hyav (← veyav = `viyav“).