avtoris stili daculia

Fivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti
qarTuli literatura

TaTia gigani

konstantine gamsaxurdias publicisturi da literaturul-kritikuli

werilebi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi:
kaxaber loria _ filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidati, Tsu-s
humanitaruli fakultetis qarTuli literaturis institutis
asocirebuli profesori.
revaz miSvelaZe _ filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi
2010
 2

s a r C e v i

1. Sesavali ________________________________ 3

2. konstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiTi gzis

dasawyisi da esTetikuri idealebi__________ 6

3. `wiTelyabalaxiani saqarTvelo” da mwerlis

politikuri orientacia __________________ 27

4. konstantine gamsaxurdias esseÁ da evropuli

modernistuli skolebis esTetikuri
principebi ______________________________ 59

5. `sami apokalifsuri mxedari” konstantine

gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi (goeTe, napoleoni da
nicSe) __________________________________ 146

6. `apolitikosis werilebi” (evropuli politika

da kulturuli nacionalizacia, mwerlis
10-20-iani wlebis kritikul werilebSi) ________ 165

7. konstantine gamsaxurdia - qarTuli

saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb _______________177

8. daskvna _________________________________193

9. bibliografia ___________________________198
 3

Sesavali
arian mwrlebi, romelTa inteleqtualuri goni mardiul
Rirebulebebzea dafuZvnebuli. apokalifsuri Zvrebis epoqaSi maTi
Semoqmedeba saxelmwifoebriobis, TviTmyofadobis amsaxveli xdeba. aseTi
mwerlebi mxatvruli eniT gamoxataven TavianTi eris sasicocxlo
interess. maTi kalmiT iqmneba saukunis, erisa da kacobriobis
dasuraTxatebuli istoria, sadac yoveli axali Taoba sakuTari
warsulisa da momavlis anarekls xedavs.
qarTuli mwerlobis, publicistikis istoriaSi konstantine
gamsaxurdias mniSvneloba, adgili da roli Tavad epoqam gansazRvra.
misi SemarTeba, TviTmyofadi ena da mwerloba uaRresad qarTulia. `misi
genia ki dasavluri civilizaciis cecxlovani etliT moZraobda TiTqos.
igi uCveulod aerTebda daviT aRmaSeneblis praqtikul, moqmed
suliskveTebas da goeTes mWvretel moazrovne bunebas. mTeli misi
cxovreba enguris talRebTan brZolas hgavda. man SeZlo swori
orientaciis gansazRvra, rac qarTul genze da maradiul Rirebulebebze
iyo dafuZnebuli. swamda, rom dadgeboda qarTuli kulturis renesansis
xana, Tavisuflebis impulsiT nasazrdoebi. [20]
saqarTvelos udidesi Wirisufali konstantine gamsaxurdia mTeli
sicocxlis manZilze didostatis basri kalmiT ibrZoda qarTveli
erisaTvis, saqarTvelos awmyosa da momavlisaTvis. ilia WavWavaZis Semdeg
saqarTvelos istoriaSi konstantine gamsaxurdiam damsaxurebuli adgili
daimkvidra erisaTvis Tavdadebul moRvaweTa `olimpze”. misi Semoqmedeba
droTa mdinarebas pirdapirproporciulad exmianeba da mudam
Tanamedrovea. mwerlis literaturul-publicisturi kvlevebi da
naSromebi iseTi mgrZnobelobiT gamoirCeva XXI saukunis saqarTveloSi,
TiTqos didi mwerali saqarTvelos majiscemas isevaa miyuradebuli.
`samSoblos mama” – misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT _ ise sWirdeba
qarTul mwerlobas, rogorc arasdros. gamsaxurdia werda: `qarTuli
enis, qarTuli istoriis, qarTveli xalxis zneTa da CvevaTa didi mcnobi,
Cveni kulturis Tavdadebuli moWirnaxule ilia WavWavaZe iyo namdvili
 4

“Pater Patria”, romelmac Tavisi xalxis didi energia da gawamebuli

sicocxle msxverplad Seswira mamulisadmi siyvaruls, amitomac igi
Seracxili hyavs qarTvel ers, rogorc Tavdadebuli mama-samSobloisa”.
[18,507]
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi b-n konstantinem kidev erTxel
gansazRvra qaTveli mwerlis, publicistis WeSmariti mowodeba da gza.:
`mwerali mxolod Tavisufali sulisa da sityvis mojamagire yofila
mudam. igi awmyoSi da momavalSic ase unda darCes, radganac misi xelis
saqmea erisa da kulturis samsaxuri da ara romelime partiis, an
romelime mTavrobis. icvlebian da qrebian partiebi da mTavrobebi, xolo
eri ukvdavia, viTarca maradiul RirebulebaTa Semqmneli da matarebeli
substancia.” [35,120]
k. gamsaxurdias mraval essesa Tu literaturul werilSi
gabneulia mosazrebani qarTvel da ucxoel klasikosTa Sesaxeb, aRsavse
mokrZalebiTa da didi siyvaruliT, obieqturobiTa da kvalificiuri
analiziT.
konstantine gamsaxurdias esseisturi Semoqmedebis siRrmiseuli
gacnobisa da Seswavlis sapatio misia did sifrTxilesa da mokrZalebas
moiTxovs. am damokidebulebiTa da gansakuTrebuli interesiT iwereboda
winamdebare naSromic. mwerlis inteleqtualuri samyaro, idealebi,
mrwamsi da politikuri orientacia aisaxa mis SemoqmedebaSi.
konstantine gamsaxurdias publicisturi da literaturul-
kritikuli memkvidreoba monografiulad ar aris Sewavlili, Tumca
mwerlis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa mier gaanalizebulia mwerlis
publicitur-literaturuli werilebis matiane.
gansakuTrebiT gvinda aRvniSnoT: s. siguas, , el. maRraZis, T.
kikaCeiSvilis, m. xelais, m. abulaZis, d. TevzaZis, r. miSvelaZis r.
TvaraZis da sxvaTa gamokvlevebi Tu calkeuli publikaciebi.
kritikosTa erTma nawilma Seqmna garkveuli sqematuri modeli,
mwerlis literaturul-kritikuli werilebis naTlad da ukeT
warmosaCenad. mirian abulaZem Tematuri niSniT gaaerTiana, gamsaxurdias,
werilebi. pr. soso siguam qronologiuri principiT ganixila mwerlis
politikuri xasiaTis statiebi.
 5

konstantine gamsaxurdias publicisturi memkvidreoba da

kritikuli ganviTarebis gza sqematurad SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:
9 k. gamsaxurdias esTetikuri mrwamsi adreul kritikul-
esseistur werilebSi;
9 literaturul-esTetikur safuZvelze dawerili
literaturuli portretebi, monografiebi;
9 qarTvel klasikosebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxebi;
9 polemikuri xasiaTis werilebi, (erovnuli Tematika);
9 germanuli kulturul-filosofiuri sakiTxebi mwerlis
publicistikaSi;
9 mTargmnelobiTi xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi;
9 werilebi qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesaxe.
konstantine gamsaxurdias mTeli es kritikuli da esseisturi
memkvidreoba Tavmoyrilia mwerlis TxzulebaTa aTtomeulis VI-VIII
tomebSi (1958-1967), aseve Jurnal gazeTebSi: `ilioni”, `lomisi”,
`literaturuli gazeTi”, `promeTe”, `qarTuli sityva”, `axali evropa”,
`social-federalisti”, `saxalxo furceli”, gaz. `tribuna”, gaz.
`imereTi”, `saxalxo sityva”.
naSromSi SevecadeT gagveanalizebina mwerlis filosofiuri da
esTetikuri principebi. Tematuri TvalsazrisiT davalageT kritikuli
azrovnebis calkeuli etapebi, sadac srulyofilad warmoCinda mwerali,
rogorc Teoretikosi, kritikosi. gavaanalizeT mwerlis publicisturi
werilebi, XX saukunis epoqalur movlebTan mimarTebaSi.
 6

konstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebiTi

gzis dasawyisi da esTetikuri idealebi

`Cemi samSoblo iyo Cemi saxate da dResac

veravis davanebeb pirvelobas misTvis brZolaSi.~
k. gamsaxurdia, 1968 weli

konstantine gamsaxurdia enciklopediurad ganaTlebuli,

filosofiurad moazrovne da didad erudirebuli pironeba iyo. mwerlis
publicistur-kritikuli naazrevi erTgvar matianed iqca XXI saukunis
saqarTveloSi, sadac sruliad axleburad warmoCinda qarTuli geni,
Cveni uZvelesi literaturisa da kulturis diadi warsuli.
didma konstantinem epoqaluri mniSvnelobis roli Seasrula XX
saukunis qarTuli mwerlobisa da grandiozuli texilebiT aRbeWdili
sulieri kulturis istoriaSi. is im rCeulTa Soris iyo, romelTac 1910-
iani wlebidan zogadad qarTuli kultura, konkretulad ki qarTuli
mwerloba axal universalur sivrceebs aziares, saocrad gazardes da
aamaRles misi saazrovno diapazoni. `albaT am kolosaluri ZalTaxmeviT
miRweuli `trofebis” simravlem Tu aRafrTovana `dionisos Rimilis”
avtori, roca mas `qarTuli sulis renesansi uwoda”. (g. benaSvili)
konstantine gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom
qarTul literaturaSi, ilia WavWavaZis Semdeg, aravis gadautania iseTi
mZafri polemikuri da literaturul-inteleqtualuri brZolebi,
rogoric konstantine gamsaxurdias. imave ilia WavWavaZis msgavsad aravin
amaRlebula didebis kvarcxlbekze am brZolaSi ise gamarjvebuli,
rogorc igive konstantine gamsaxurdia.
` k. gamsaxurdia specialistis darad gacnobili mravalsaukunovan
qarTul kulturas, amave dros evropul filosofias da xelovnebas,
Tvlida, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi erovnuli da zogadi tradiciebis
meamboxe Svilia. vinc eltvis saerTaSoriso modelebis an formebis
Semotanas da gaazrebas mZafrad unda ganicdides mSobliur
literaturas, eris miswrafebebs, istorias. es iseTi winapirobaa, romlis
 7

daZleva mxolod talantiT SeuZlebelia. niWieri da ganaTlebuli

pirovneba intuiciurad poulobs konkretul modelebs, romlebsac
codniT srulyofs. mis fsiqikaSi daleqilia winaparTa gamocdileba. am
genetikuri birTvis gamJRavneba garemosTan mimarTebaSi qmnis mwerals”.
[51,11]
marTlac, XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan moyolebuli qarTul
sinamdvileSi ar arsebobda dargi literaturasa Tu sazogadoebriv
cxovrebaSi konstantines kalami rom ar Sexeboda. ilia marTlis gzis
gamgrZelebeli, sityviT, kalmiT da misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `xmliTa
da zarbazniT” ibrZoda qarTuli sulisTvis. mwerali cxovrebis
ukanasknel wlebSi werda:
`me momesmoda mTeli Cemi siWabukis manZilze didi ilia WavWavaZis
mier Cems sulSi CaZaxili - `ibrZole!” da mere is iyo wminda giorgis
xati yelze mekida da vibrZodi. Cemi samSoblo iyo Cemi saxate da dResac
veravis davanebeb pirvelobas misTvis brZolaSi. dResac gaocebuli var,
rogor ar momxvda am brZolebis dros an SaSxanis tyvia an zarbaznis
Srapneli, an rogor ar momiTaves xeli Cemma uborotesma mtrebma.
ucnauria adamianis xvedri da bedi, Cemi usayvarlesi megobrebi, vinc
CemsaviT iqnevdnen xmalsa da kalams ukve aRar arian Cems siaxloves da
me ratomRac gadamarCina nemizidam. xandaxan mrcxvenia kidec maTi
landebisa, vfiqrob, xom ar hgoniaT maT, rom me vuRalate maT da Cems
saficar samSoblos”? [16,595] es iyo didostatis aRsareba, misia, albaT
gangebis ZaliT boZebuli.
k. gamsaxurdias publicistur-kritikul werilebsa Tu esseebSi
aisaxa XX saukunis kataklizmebiTa Tu radikaluri cvlilebebiT aRsavse
demonuri epoqa. konstantine gamsaxurdia sagazeTo werilebis didi
ostati iyo. igi aiZulebda mkiTxvels axlodan daenaxa qveyanaSi
mimdinare procesebis realuri mxareebi, gaeanalizebina da daskvnebic
Tavad gamoetana. mwerlis sagazeTo statiebi politikuri gzavnilebisa
da saprotesto notebis xasiaTs atarebda, romelic angariSgasawevi iyo
mkiTxvelisaTvis. misi publicistur-analitikuri werilebi epoqaluri
mniSvnelobis iyo da aris. isini aqtualobas XXI saukunis
saqarTveloSic iseTive simZafriT inarCuneben, rogorc XX saukuneSi.
 8

werilebis siRrmiseuli SeswavliT dgindeba, rom avtori maTze

muSaobis dros qveynis momavalis perspeqtivebs gansazRvravda,
sazogadoebrivi azris formirebisa da realizebis procesebs marTavda.
misi publicisturi naSromebi polemikur xasiaTs atarebs da ar eqceva
subieqtivizmis gavlenis qveS. mwerlis azrovneba ar scildeba
Tanamedroveobas da ar Semoifargleba informaciisa da faqtebis
SejerebiT. werilebis garkveul nawilze Tamamad SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
isini XXI saukunis saqarTveloSi daiwera da dRes CvenSi mimdinare
movlenebzea saubari.
rodis iwyeba qarTuli publicistikis istoria da zogadad ra aris
publicistika?
publicistika Tavisi arsiT farTomasStaburi datvirTvis sferoa,
romelsac mematianis rolic eniWeba. nebismieri qveynisa da epoqis
publicistika TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba, magram misi daniSnuleba da
mniSvneloba yvela TvalsazrisiT mainc istoriulia. qarTuli
publicistika zogadad epoqaluri ganviTarebiT xasiaTdeba. masSi
mudmivad aisaxeboda, rogorc literaturuli mimdinareobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli movlenebi, aseve qveynis Sida da sagareo politikis
mniSvnelovani faqtebi. qarTuli mwerloba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli
publicistikasTan. publicistika erTgvari saarqivo wyaroa qveynis epoqis
majiscemis zustad gansazRvrisaTvis. mkvlevari, romelic ama Tu im
periodis mwerlis Semoqmedebis safuZvlian Seswavlas Seudgeba, gverds
ver auvlis mis publicistur moRvaweobas. qarTveli mwerlebi TavianTi
moRvaweobis manZilze publicistikas ar swydebodnen. konstantine
gamsaxurdia faqtobrivad cxovrobda publicistikiT. misi sagazeTo
moRvaweoba gvafiqrebinebs, rom igi udides mniSvnelobas aniWebda
sazogadoebriv azrs, romelic yvelaze mkafiod swored beWdviTi mediis
saSualebiT yalibdeba.
konstantine gamsaxurdias kalami - axal furcels qmnida qarTul
publicistikaSi. mas gaaCnda Taviseburi stili. misi sityva iyo zomieri,
mkafio da mravlismetyveli. Tu Tvals gadavavlebT XX saukunis 10-20-
iani wlebidan moyolebul, mwerlis sagazeTo publikaciebsa Tu
literaturul statiebs, davinaxavT, rom konstantine gamsaxurdia iyo
 9

saintereso polemisti, politikurad kargad momzadebuli, erkveoda

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi, saxavda samomavlo
perspeqtivebs. amavdroulad igi iyo - udidesi Teoretikosic. mwerlis
publicistur, literaturul-kritikul werilebSi SeiniSneba sityvis,
azris eqspresiuloba, emociuroba. konstantine gamsaxurdias
publicistur stils axasiTebs dokumenturoba, faqtobrivi sizuste,
TavSekavebuloba, oficialuroba, abstragireba, azris simartive. kargad
SerCeuli saTaurebi mTeli werilis Sinaarsis tolfasia. mwerlis
kritikuli Tu literaturuli xasiTis werilebi gamoirCevian
originaluri da mravlis metyveli saTaurebiT. mag: `vin aris
Sovinisti?!”, `troaseuli cxeni”, `apolitikosis werilebi”, `Zmebi xarT
Tu mtrebi”, `maRla avswioT qarTuli kulturis droSa”, `eri Tu rasa”...
XIX saukuneSi, Cveni qveynis umZimes periodSi, publicistikas didi
roli daekisra. mas sazogadoebriv cxovrebaze zemoqmedeba unda
moexdina. Cven ver davasaxelebT vercerT moRvawes, romelsac iseTi
kvali daetovebinos CvenSi am dargis ganviTarebaze, rogorc es ilia
WavaWavaZem moaxdina. igi iyo fuZemdebeli qarTuli publicistikisa da
kritikuli azrovnebisa. am sityvis farTo da saukeTeso gagebiT. ilias
publicisturi sityvis udidesi Zala, azris erTob naTlad gamoxatvaSi
mdgomareobda. gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi ilias publicisturma SemarTebam
rusifikatoruli politikis Jams 80-90-iani wlebSi, roca aramarto
qarTuli ena gamoacxades kanongareSed, aramed saqarTvlos xsenebac ki
akrZaluri iyo. am mZime periodSi ambobda ilia gadamwyvet sityvas.
arcerTi mxatvruli qmnileba, rom ar Seeqmna ilias igi mainc darCeboda
qarTul literaturaSi, rogorc didi mwerali, didi reformatori –
qarTuli sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa.
XIX saukune ilias didebuli epoqa iyo, sadac daisaxa qarTuli
literaturis msoflmxedvelobis ganviTarebis uwyveti gza. qarTvelma
xalxma miuxedavad 60-ianelTa Tavganwiruli brZolis mZime kulturul-
politikur memkvidreobas Tavi ver daaRwia. carizms mtkiced epyra xelT
guberniebad da olqebad gaTiSuli saqarTvelo. Zlivs feTqavda is
ZarRvi, romelic qarTul mwerlobas evropul literaturasTan
akavSirebda. im dros rodesac Sarl bodleri tkbeboda Sxamiani
 10

yvavilebis surnelebiT, pol verleni Txzavda sulis unazes musikas,

qarTuli leqsi sinaTlisken zurgSeqceviT idga. `Tavisuflebis ideisken
revoluciurma swrafvam, miznis moaxloebam aamoZrava miZinebuli sisxli,
mTvlemare masebi”. (s. sigua)
ilias Semdeg mTeli Taobebi gamoCndnen xelovnebisa Tu politikur
arenaze. XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebidan daiwyo klasikuris uryofa da
Tanamedrove evropuli kulturis apologia. es movlenebi emTxveva k.
gamsaxurdias samwerlobo asparezze gamosvlis periods. soso sigua
marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom k. gamsaxurdia egeb CaeZira dekadentur-
modernistul xelovnebas, rom ar hqonoda samSoblos, mSobliuri miwis
fanatikuri siyvaruli. Tu misi winamorbedi ilia WavWavaZe Tergdaleuli
iyo, axalTaobam, maT Soris gamsaxurdiam, ixila `rainis”, `temzis”
napirebi. dasavleT evropa iqca poeturi swrafvis axal orientirad.
bunebrivad dadga problema nacionaluri hermetizmis praqtikuli
rRvevisa, rac sxvadasxva niSniT gamoixateboda.
20-iani wlebis literaturul skolaTa da dajgufebaTa Soris
gansakuTrebiT oTxi gamoirCeoda: `qarTveli simbolistebi” anu
`cisferyanwelebi’’, `akademiuri asociacia”, `futuristebi”,
`proletaruli mwerloba.”
simbolizmi erTgvari reaqcia iyo parnaselTa poeziaze, romelic
safrangeTSi XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
Camoyalibda. simbolizmis esTetika ganaviTares stefan georgem da pol
verlenma. 1880-iani wlebSi es esTetika gamoixata erTgvar manifestTa
seriaSi da man didi yuradReba miipyro. edgar alan pos poezia da Sarl
bodleris - “les Fluerse de Mal” – (borotebis yvavilebi), qarTveli
sibmolistebis saxarebad iqca. yvelaferi ki quTaisSi 1915 wels daiwyo,
1916 wels ki ukve gamoica Jurnali `cisferi yanwebi”. Tavdapirvelad
cisferyanwelebi 13 iyvnen. maTi poeturi ordeni ganicdida frang
simbolistTa Semoqmedebis gavlenas. simbolizmma moicva qarTuli
literatura da poezia. igi wminda filosofiuri kuTxiTac aRZravda
interess. simbolistebi mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT cdilobdnen
originaluri qarTuli filosofiuri azrovnebis aRorZinebas. Jurnalma
`cisferma yanwebma” meore nomridanve Sewyvita arseboba, magram maTi
 11

ordeni sicocxles ganagrZobda literaturuli skolis sxva gamocemebSi:

`meocnebe niamorebi”, `barikadi”, `baxtrioni”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1937 wlis represiebis dros `cisferyanwelebs”
mTeli sisastikiT gauswordnen. manamde saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda
literaturuli skola Tavisi programiT, manifestiT. amitom marTebulad
migvaCnia am sakiTxs ufro vrclad SevexoT.
`cisferyanwelebi” ar uaryofdnen, rom simbolizmi ucxoeTidan
Semovida, magram amtkicebdnen, rom saqarTveloSi mzad iyo niadagi
modernizmisaTvs. simbolisturi poezia maT „qveynis pirobiTobas“
naTlad SeagrZnobinebda da uRviZebda survils „maxinji niRabi
gadaexadaT misi uTqmeli zedapirisaTvis“ da samyarosa Tu adamianuri
yofis uxilav siRrmeebs Caswvdomodnen. axali skolis gamoCenas
araerTgvarovnad Sexvda maSindeli sazogadoeba. kita abaSiZes uTqvams:
„Cvens literaturaSi axali mimarTuleba gaCnda, romelsac sazogadoebis
umravlesoba guliswyromiT Sexvda, magram aseTia yoveli WeSmaritad
axali mimarTulebis bedi. iliasa da akakis sarbielze gamosvlasac xom
aseve Sexvda maSindeli sazogadoebao“. manve Seaqo da SeaTamama
„meamboxe“ poetebi. yanwelebi kita abaSiZiTa da arCil jorjaZiT
amoswuravdnen qarTul esTetikur kulturas saqarTveloSi
simbolistebamde. es, ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbeba iyo, magram maSindel
viTarebas samarTlianad gamoxatavda.
`cisferyanwelebi” damoukidebel saqarTveloze ocnebobdnen. isini
sixaruliT Sexvdnen 1918 wlis 26 maiss da tkiviliT ganicades 1921 wlis
aneqsia. udidesi tkivilebiT JRers tician tabiZis striqonebi: „me-19
saukunis dasawyisSi xdeba ukanaskneli texili qarTuli politikuri
cxovrebisa, romelmac gansazRvra mTeli Semdegi yofna. saqarTvelom
dakarga Tavisi saxe, rogorc saxelmwifom. am dRidan yoveli dRe TiTo
lursmans umatebs mis kubos. TandaTan mtkicdeba ruseTis gavlena
qarTul samoqalaqo cxovrebaze. Zveli qarTuli suli mZlavrobs, magram
aRdgomis magier iferfleba“...
cisferyanwelebs evropuli orientacia hqondaT. konstantine
gamsaxurdias, rogorc evropulad ganswavluli mwerals miaCnda, rom
erTaderTi swori gezi - evropul kuulturas hqonda aRebuli. `arc erTi
 12

erovnebis mwerals ar aqvs martooden nacionaluri ideebi - werda

gamsaxurdia-saqme inteleqtualur monelebSiao”. mwerlis mosazrebT
inteleqtualurad momwifebuli axali Taoba da kultiruli politka
erovnul niadags ar unda dacilebuliyo. 20-ian wlebSi
cisferyanwelebsa da gamsaxurdias Soris atexilma kamaTma metad mwvave
xasiaTi miiRo. mwerali akritikebda simbolistebis (cisferyanwelebis)
esTetikur poziciebs: `saqme is ki araa, saidan iRebs adamiani Tavis
ideebs, aramed saqme inteleqtualur monelebaSia, rac Seexeba evropiT
SezarRoSebas, `evropiT” jer aravin damTvrala CvenSi. erebi sesxuloben
ideebs erTi meorisagan. es `sesxis aReba” ki ar aris saSiSi aramed am
sesxis moxmarebaSia saqme.” mwerlis mosazrebiT axal Taobas `nasesxebi
ideebi”-erovnuli temperamentis mixedviT unda gardaeqmna, gadaexarSa.
aqedan gamomdinare, gr. ronaqiZesa da zogdad cisferyanwelebs ideur
CixSi moqceu mwerlebad miiCnevda `gr. robaqiZis piriT karga xania
saqarTveloSi gvelaparakebodnen nicSe, balmonti, vagneri.. magram gr.
robaqiZem maTi ideebi ver moinela. qarTul sinamdvileSi ver gaerkva,
verc msoflios dRevandel viTarebaze gveubneba rames-o.” amave
TvalsazrisiT akritikebda tician tabesZes. 1921wlis gaz. socialist-
federalistSi #103 ibeWdeba statia `Tqven uswavleno, cru rusTavelno”,
sadac cisferyanwelebs, mwvave polemikaSi iwvevs: `Cveni dava robaqiZis
jgufTan ar axalia, tyuila fiqroben, rom Cven mxolod politikur
niadagze vedavebiT maT, Teoria xelovneba-xelovnebisTvis arc ise
axalia. evropaSi man mosWama Tavisi dro. xelovneba cxadia kantiseburi
`sagania TavisTavad”, magram roca Tqven am sagans eris arsebobis sakiTxs
daupirispirebT, igi maSin meore xarisxovan fenomenad iqceva. Cveni
lozungia yvelaferi saqarTvelosTvis, radgan Tu saqarTvelo ar iqneba,
qveyanaze qva qvaze nuRar darCenila! [11]
rogorc avRniSneT kamaTma SemdgomSi metad mwvavev xasiaT miiRo
kritikuli werilebis saxT: `poeziis dRe” #102, werili redaqcias #105,
J`acuse, 1921, #104. miuxedavas `Secdomebisa” werilebSi naTlad ikveTeba
qarTveli mwerlebis esTetika da idealebi. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom
konstantine gamsaxurdia am poelmikaSi swor da jansaR literaturul
poziciaze idga.
 13

meore literaturuli mimdinareoba, romelic `futurizmis’’

saxeliT aris cnobili, didi popularobiT sargeblobda imdroindel
saqarTveloSi. `futurizmi” evropuli literaturis wiaRSi daibada,
realuri xelovnebis uaryofis safuZvelze. 1924 wels saqarTveloSi
daarsda pirveli futuristuli Jurnali (H2SO4). sxva literaturul
skolaTagan futuristuli skola yvelaze radikaluri iyo.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis `bolSevikebis ubeSiSeyuJul” mweralTa
asociaciaa `proletaruli mwerloba”. masSi gaerTianebulni iynen:
sandro euli, alio mosaSvili, karlo kalaZe, konstantine lorTqifaniZe,
panteleimon CxikvaZe... gamoscemdnen Jurnal-gazeTebs: `qura”, `prolemafi”,
`liandagi”, `proletaruli mwerloba”, isini aSkarad upirispirdebodnen
sxva literaturul skolebs. gansakuTrebiT ki `akademiur asociacias.”
`akademiuri asociacia”, rogorc literaturuli skola, 1921 wels
Camoyalibda da am droisaTvis mis SemadgenlobaSi vxedavT konstantine
gamsaxurdias, aleqsandre abaSels, ioseb griSaSvils, leo qiaCels,
pavle ingoroyvas. konstantine gamsaxurdia leo qiaCelTan da galaktion
tabiZesTan erTad redaqtorobs `lomiss” da `ilions.”. `akademiuri
asociacia” – ilia WavWavaZis SexedulebaTa erTgulebiT gamoirCeoda.
sxvadasxva dros gamoscemda Jurnal-gazeTebs: `xomaldi,” `kavkasioni”,
`qarTuli sityva”.
`akademiurma asociaciam” 1930 wlamde iarseba, 1931 wlis 17 maiss ki
federaciis prezidiumis sxdomaze mweralTa kavSiris rigebidan garicxes
k. gasaxurdia, g. qiqoZesTan da p. ingoroyvasTan erTad – rogorc
reaqcioneri, nacionalisti da sabWoTa xelisuflebis `mtruli
elementi”. `akademiuri asociaciis” erovnuli ideebi araerTgzis iqca
bolSevikuri presis samizned. 1932 wels, k. gamsaxurdias piroba
daadebines, rom momavalSi gaacxovelebda muSaobas mSromelTa masebisa
da sabWoTa kavSiris ndobis damsaxurebis aRsadgenad.
partiis cekas, 1932 wlis aprilis dadgenilebiT literaturulma
skolebma arseboba oficialurad Sewyvites:
Приложение к п.21 пр. №97 от 23 апреля 1932 г.
О перестройке литературно-художественных организаций
 14

1. ЦК констатирует, что за последние годы на основе значительных

успехов социалистического строительства достигнут большой как количественный,
так и качественный рост литературы и искусства.
Несколько лет тому назад, когда в литературе налицо было еще значительное
влияние чуждых элементов, особенно оживившихся в первые годы нэпа, а кадры
пролетарской литературы были еще слабы, партия всемерно помогала
созданию и укреплению особых пролетарских организаций в области
литературы и [других видов] искусства в целях укрепления позиций
пролетарских писателей и работников искусства [и содействия росту кадров
пролетарских писателей и художников]*.
В настоящее время, когда успели уже вырасти кадры
пролетарской литетуры и искусства, выдвинулись новые писатели и художники
с заводов, фабрик, колхозов, рамки существующихпролетарских литературно-
художественных организаций (ВОАПП, РАПП,РАМП** и др.) становятся уже
узкими и тормозят серьезный размах
[литературного и] художественного творчества.
Это обстоятельство создает опасность превращения этих 173
организаций из средства наибольшей мобилизации [действительно] советских
писателей и художников вокруг задач социалистического строительства в
средство культивирования кружковой замкнутости, отрыва [иногда] от
политических задач современности и от значительных групп писателей
и художников, сочувствующих социалистическому строительству [и готовых его
поддержать].
Отсюда необходимость соответствующей перестройкилитературно-
художественных организаций и расширения базы ихработы.
Исходя из этого, ЦК ВКП(б) постановляет:
1) ликвидировать ассоциацию пролетарских писателей (ВОАПП,РАПП);
2) объединить всех писателей, поддерживающих платформу
Советской [стоящих за политику советской] власти и стремящихся
участвовать в социалистическом строительстве, в единый союзсоветских
писателей с коммунистической фракцией в нем;
 15

3) провести аналогичное изменение по линии других видов

искусства [объединение музыкантов, композиторов, художников,архитекторов и
т.п. организаций];
4) поручить Оргбюро разработать практические меры по
проведению этого решения. [78]
Seiqmna erTiani sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiri, romlis pirveli
yriloba 1934 wels Catarda. 1944 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvil wevrad airCies, xolo 1965
wels mieniWa rusTavelis premia tetralogiisaTvis `daviT aRmaSenebeli.”
jer kidev XX sauunis aTian wlebSi iwyeba mwerlis esTetikuri
msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibeba. 1912 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia
enebis Seswavlis mizniT germaniaSi miemgzavreba. igi kantis samSobloSi
konigTbergSi Cadis. manamade ki _ peterburgis aRmosavleTmcodneobis
fakultetis studenti xdeba, magram male iZulebulia datovos
universiteti. wasvlis mizezi aSkarad nacionalisturi ganwyobileba da
mcire erebis warmomadgenelTa mimarT Sovinisturi qedmaRloba iyo,
xolo sababi niko maris mier seminarze ilia WavWavaZis upativcemulod
moxsenieba.
mwerali kesinbergisa da laibcigis universitetebSi eziara
evropul literaturasa da filosofias. miunxenSi gaecno da
dauaxlovda Tomas mans. rogorc TviTon aRniSnavda, nicSeTi gatacebam
misca biZgi germanuli enis Seswavlisa. `imdeni energia Sevalie vundtis
fsiqologias, erdmanis logikas, kantis wminda gonebis kritikas, amdeni
jafa rom gameRo somxurs, arabuls da iranuls Seviswavlidio~ _
igonebda mwerali. swored laibcigSi gaeRviZa interesi goetes mimarT.
goetes seminariaSi muSaobda, sadac Seiswavla misi arqivi. goeTe miaCnda
mibaZvis Rirsad, radgan didi xelovani iyo aramarto mwerlobaSi TviT
cxovrebaSic.
1919 wels amTavrebs berlinis universitetis filosofiur
fakultets, sadac filosofiis doqtoris xarisxi mieniWa.Aaqtiurad
monawileobs evropaSi Camoyalibebuli `saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli
komitetis~ muSaobaSi. mwerlisTvis germania meore samSoblod iqca.
 16

germanuli kultura da maTi Zlieri suli Seisisxlxorca. germania

miaCnda momavlis erad. germanofilobas arc uaryofda. kanti, goeTe da
nicSe – evropis `inteleqtualur diriJorebad~ esaxeboda. xalxTa Soris
omis Zeglis Semqmnelma erma aRfrTovanebaSi moiyvana mwerali.
SemoqmedebiTi gzis adreul etapze ganicdida evropis
literaturuli skolebis da filosofiuri mimdinareobebis gavlenas,
gansakuTrebiT ki eqspresionizmisas. eqspresionizmi, sxva dekadentur
mimdinareobaTagan gansxvavebiT, cxovrebasTan aqtiur damokidebulebas
qadagebda da Tavisi kosmiurobiTa da religiur fanatizmTan kavSiriT
ufro uaxlovdeboda konstantine gamsaxurdias axalgazrda temperaments
da imdrioindel ganwyobilebebs.
mwerlis adreuli leqsebisa da novelebis Tematika qarTuli
literaturisaTvisac axleburi iyo. g. kankava SeniSnavs, rom
nicSeaneloba da eqspresionizmi safuZvelSive ewinaaRmdegeboda
erTmaneTs. magram k. gamsaxurdia axerxebs maT Sexamebas. konstantine
gamsxurdiam da gr. robaqiZem eqspresionistuli skolidan qarTul
mwerlobaSi moitanes epoqis mZafri gancda. mkafiod gamokveTili
poziciis erovnuli energia (`zarebi grigalSi”, `qosai gaxu”,`qalis rZe”,
`tabu”, `didi iosebi”).
konstantine gamsaxurdias, eqspresionistuli gataceba igZnoba
mwerlis adreul leqsebSi: `maria stela”, `movel satanav”. profesori
revaz miSvelaZe aRniSnavs, rom albaT am leqsebis daweridan unda
gasuliyo didi dro, rom mwerlis azrovnebaSi `mTvaris motacebis”
filosofia momwifebuliyo. qristesa da dionisos gzaze erTdoulad
moazrovne poetis fiqrebi, gaorebuli cxovreba, romelic airekla
dionisos RimilSi”, kargad ikiTxeba leqsebSi `qriste parizSi” (1923) da
`ferad feradi” (1918).
XX saukunis, uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis istoriaSi
konstantine gamsaxurdiam upirvelesi romanistisa da uaRresad
originaluri stilis mwerlis saxeli daimkvidra. man Seqmna istoriuli
romanis Taviseburi koncefcia. agreTve aRsaniSnavia misi wvlili
qarTuli klasikuri novelis SeqmnaSi. konstantine gamsaxurdiam qarTuli
 17

publicistikis arsenals SesZina sruliad axali Janri, azrovnebis

originaluri formis, esseis saxiT.
konstantine gamsaxurdias 20-ian wlebSi Seqmnili nawarmoebebi
erTgvari gzaa eqspresionizmidan relizmisaken. TiTqmis ar arsebobs
literaturuli Janri, romlisTvisac ar miemarTos XX saukunis
mwerlobis klasikoss.
yoveli WeSmariti mxatvruli nawarmoebi, Tavisi epoqis gamoZaxilia
da im tkivilebis matarebeli, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevda qmnadobis
procesSi Semoqmeds. dro Tavad gamoarCevs xolme mxatvrul qmnilebebs
da yoveli axali saukune axleburad kiTxulobs msoflio gonis mier
Seqmnil nawarmoebebs. `mTvaris motacebaSi~, `dionisos RimilSi”,
`didostatis marjvenSi~ gacxadebulia qarTuli sinamdvile,
zogadsakacobrio idealebi, Semzaravi sabWouri sinamdvilis protesti.
XX saukunis aTiani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo konstantine
gamsaxurdiam kritikul-esseisturi xasiaTis werilebis gamoqveyneba,
konstantine gamsaxurdias publicisturi memkvidreoba da kritikuli
ganviTarebis gza sqematurad SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT: konstantine
gamsaxurdias esTetikuri mrwamsi adreul kritikul-esseistur
werilebSi, literaturul esTetikur safuzvelze dawerili
literaturuli portretebi, monografiebi, qarTvel klasikosebTan
damokidebulebis sakiTxebi, polemikuri werilebi, germanul-kulturul-
filosofiuri sakiTxebi mwerlis publicistikaSi, mTargmnelobiTi
xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi, werilebi qarTuli saliteraturo
enis Sesaxeb.
k. gamsaxurdias adreul kritikul esseistur werilebSi vxedavT
evropuli modernistuli skolebis esTetikuri principebis tendenciebs
(`impresionzmi da eqspresionizmi”, `kritika da Semoqmedeba~, `fridrix
nicSe”, `axali evropa”, `volt uitani,” `stefan george”, `Teatri da vaJa-
fSavela”, `beno erdmani”).
kulturul-istoriuli meTodis momarjvebiT, biografiuli
elementebisa da fsiqologizmis wina planze wamoweviT mwerals Seqmnili
aqvs literaturuli portretebi da monografiebi (`dante aligieri”,
 18

`goete”, `lev tolstoi”, `jorj baironi”, `anatol fransi”, `gogoli”,

`Taomas mani”, `apologia rusTavelisa”, `vaJa-fSavela~)
konstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi calke sakiTxad SeiZleba
gamoiyos klaskosebTan damokidebulebis sakiTxi, esseebi, Teoriuli
msjelobani romanis problemebis Sesaxeb, recenziebi da polemikuri
werilebi, romanebisaTvis darTuli bolosityvaobebi, mTargmnelobiTi
xelovnebisadmi miZRvnili werilebi: `dagvianebuli bibliografia”,
`vefxistyaosans ukrainuli Targmani”, `Targmanis ostatobisaTvis”,
`Targmani da enis siwminde”, `fausti”, `goete”, `hamleti daniis princi”
da sxva...
k. gamsaxurdias kritikul-esseistur SemoqmedebaSi SesaZloa
dResac gvxvdebodes zogierTi sakamaTo postulati, magram am werilebis
mTliani paTosi ise, rogorc misi mxatvruli nawarmoebebisa yovelTvis
gamsWvaluli iyo qarTveli xalxisa da qarTuli mwerlobisadmi
siyvaruliT. misive fraziT rom vTqvaT, `dRedaRam ebrZoda qarTul
sityvas. rogorc koWli iakobi ebraelTa mrisxane RmerTs”.
k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis pirveli etapisTvis, 1910-20-ian wlebSi,
damaxasiaTebelia erTgvari saprogramo xasiaTis Teoriuli werilebi. am
SexedulebaTa gacnobas didi mniSveloba aqvs, mwerlis
msoflmxedvelobis, misi literaturul-esTetikuri mrwamsisa da
SemoqmedebiTi labirinTebis Sesacnobad.
k. gamsaxurdia, samwerlobo moRvaweobis gariJraJze Semoqmedebad
mxolod mxatvruli literaturis Seqmnas miiCnevda. werilSi `kritika da
Semoqmedeba”, romelic 1922 wels daiwera, mwerali msjelobs
kritikosisa da Semoqmedebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebze. avtori,
erTgvar istoriuli mimoxilvas gvTavazobs literaturaTmcodneobis
dargebis Sesaxeb. kritikasa da Semoqmedebas, sulieri cxovrebis, or
sxvadasxa polarul mxared miiCnevs, sadac Semoqmedi xatebiT metyvelia,
xolo kritikosi _ `xelovanis iracionalis axsnas iwyebs” – da swored
amitom igi scildeba literaturis fargals da filosofiis sferoSi
iWreba. `kuno fiSer sxva araferia, Tu ara Seqspirze moazrovne
filosofosi _ dasZens mwerali.
 19

k. gamsaxurdia saintereso mosazrebebs gvTavazobs literaturis

istorikosisa da literaturis kritikosis movaleobebis, maTi
erTmaneTSi gaigivebis sakiTxebze da marTebulad SeniSnavs: `kritikosi
Tanamedroveobis Tvalsazrisze dgas mudam. literaturis istorikoss
Tvalebi ukuqceuli aqvs warsulisaken. Tanamedroveoba mas imdenad exeba,
ramdenadac yoveli Tanamedroveoba bolosdabolos istorikoss unda
Cauvardes xelSi. trivialuri gagebiT xelovani is aris, vinc raimes
qmnis, kritikosi _ vinc ukanasknelze raimes ityvis”. [iqve]
mwerlis azriT, waiSala zRvari or polarulobas _ kritikasa da
Semoqmedebas Soris. igi SeerTda erT pirovnebaSi, `radgan Cveni
Tanamedroveoba gacilebiT met moTxovnilebas uyenebs Semoqmeds, vidre
romelime saukuneSi”. mwerali askvnis, rom sul sxvaa Tanamedrove
gagebiT kritika, romlis nimuSi anatol fransma da Tomas manma Seqmnes.
amASemTxvevaSi Semoqmedi meore Semoqmedis qmnilebiT enTeba da masSi
Tavisi subieqturi da axali Seaqvs. `pirovnebis Semoqmedebis sfero
rTuldeba da mdidrdeba sxva ideur samyarosTan frTebis SexebiT.
amgvarad ideba xidi yofnasa da sxva yofnas Soris”. [16,444] aqedan
gamomdinare, am gziT iqceva kritika namdvil Semoqmedebad, xelovnebiTi
nawarmoebis Tanabrad Rirebul Janrad.
1922 wels `lomisSi” ibeWdeba Teoriuli xasiaTis werili
`impresionizmi da eqspresionizmi”. es statia imden sadavo debulebas
Seicavs, rom Tavad mwerals Tavis rvatomeulSi aRar Seutania. werilSi
zRvaria waSlili or mimdinareobas Soris: `meoce saukunis pirvel
aTeulSi – evropaSi batonobs impresionizmi anu svimbolizmi” _ wers
mwerali. [16,418] es ori modernistuli literaturuli mimdinareoba,
impresionizmi da simbolizmi, Tavisi literaturuli principebiT,
filosofiuri koncefciis TaviseburebebiT, rogorc viciT sruliad
gansxvavebulia...
cnobilia, rom impresonizmi safrangeTSi Caisaxa 1874-1886 wlebSi.
parizSi, impresionistuli gamofena moewyo, rac gaxda akademizmisagan
Tanamedrove xelovnebis gamyofi zRvari. impresionizmis CamoyalibebaSi
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs mone. am mimdinareobam saxelwodeba miiRo
swored misi naxatisagan `STabeWdileba. mzis amosvla.”
 20

imprsionistebis tiloebi cvalebad bunebas, wamier silamazes

gadmoscemdnen. isini ar eZeben idealur silamazes, maradiulobas, rac
klasikur xelovnebaSi mTavari iyo. impresionistebi cxovrebas
fragmentebad gamosaxavdnen, eskizebis, miniaturebis saxiT.
simbolizmi XIX saukunis dasasruls da XX saukunis dasawyisSi
Camoyalibda dasavleT evropis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi.
(safrangeTSi _ Sarl bodleri, artur rembo, pol verleni, stefan
malarme, germaniaSi _ gerhart hautmani, Stefan george, avstriaSi _
rainer maria rilke) simbolizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia irealuri
sinamdvilis Zieba, kameruloba, maqsimaluri zrunva sityvaze,
musikalurobis Seqmnaze, simbolizmi iyo sinamdvilis uaryofa. Mmisma
warmomadgenlebma didi amagi dasdes lirikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
konstantine gamsaxurdia impresionizmsa da simbolizms ganixilavs,
rogorc erTi mimdinareobis or sinonimur saxelwodebas, aRniSnavs, rom
am mimdinareobam `gasuli saukunis miwurulSi daamarcxa realizmi da
naturalizmi. romelic asazrdoebda spenseris, tennis da vundtis
meqanitur filosofias” [16,419] werilSi dasabuTebulia is
msoflmxedvelobiTi sxvaoba, romelic arsebobda realizm-naturalizmsa
da impresionizm-simbolizms Soris.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, qarTul
prozaSi Semosvlisas gansazRvruli xarki gadauxada siWabukis Jamindel
gatacebebs. `dekadentoba - es iyo avadoba ara marto Cemi, mTeli Cemi da
Cemze ufrosi Taobisa. vinc am sens Tavi ver daRwia, igi SerCa mokle
leqsebs da kurdRlis kudis sigrZe novelebs, radgan simbolizmi
saerTod uaryofda epikas” [17,892] _ wers mwerali Tavisi cxovrebis
dasalierSi da iqve gulwrfelad migvaniSnebs, Tavisi adrindeli
novelebis `porcelanis” da `fotografis” literaturul wyaroebze.
k. gamsaxurdia werilSi msjelobs XX saukunis ududesi
filosofosis anri bergsonis, intuiciuri esTetikis fuZemdeblis da am
mimdinareobis warmoSobis sakiTxebze. rogorc cnobilia, `intuitivizmi”,
rogorc filosofiuri mimdinareoba warmoiSva XIX_XX saukuneebSi.
mwerlis mtkicebiT nicSes mowafe – anri bergsoni xdeba axali Taobebis
ideuri diriJori, romlis moZRvreba intuiciuri Zalis gamocxadebaze
 21

erTgvari saxareba xdeba uaxloesi TaobebisaTvis. es moZRvreba,

sagrZnobi xdeba safrangeTSi jer kidev 1910-1914 wlebSi, roca
`renesansuli mistiur-religiuri tendencia SeiWra rogorc azrovnebaSi,
ise poeziaSi. bergsonis moZRvrebis mimdevrebi am axal Taobas, romelic
ibrZoda literaturaSi impresionistul-simboluri stilis winaaRmdeg,
germaniaSi uwodes aqivistebi, anu eqspresionistebi - [17,421] askvnis
mwerali.
konstantine gamsaxurdia werilis meore nawilSi eqspresionizms,
rogorc axal literaturul mimdinareobas axasiaTebs simbolizmTan
dapirispirebis gziT. simbolistisaTvis `meoba” iyo sazomi samyaroisa _
wers k. gamsaxurdia – eqspresionistisaTvis ki _ ukuRma, kosmosia sazomi
meobisa. `svombolizmi” uaresad pasiurobas gulisxobda, eqspresionizmi
moZravi yofis trfials.” [iqve]
konstantine gamsaxurdia eqspresionizmTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs
daubrunda cota mogvianebiT 1923 wels daweril Teoriuli xasiaTis
werilSi `Teatri da eqspresionizmi~, romelic sruli saxiT Seitana
esseisturi werilebis krebulSi `axali evropa” 1928w. es statia xuTi
sakiTxisagan Sedgeboda, xolo mogvianebiT mas meeqvsec daumata
`qarTuli Teatri” 1923w.
`Teatri da eqspresionizmSi” pirvel sakiTxad ganxilulia,
dramaturgisa da Teatraluri xelovnebis saTaveebi. avtori ganmartavs,
rom Teatri uZvelesi fenomenia, romelic sam umTavres elements moicavs:
dramaturgs, artists, mayurebels. “artisti is kacia, romelic qmnis,
roca mas uyureben, dramaturgi maSin qmnis, roca mas ar uyureben,
mayurebeli brbo, saocari qimiuri jamia, romelic ufro metia, vidre
misi Semadgeneli elementebi”. [16,639]
avtori saubrobs Seqspiris geniaze, romelsac antikuri tragediis Sua
saukuneebisa da renesansuli Teatraluri xelovnebis memkvidred
miiCnevs.. SeqspirSi moxda sinTezi mTeli mis dromde arsebuli
Teatraluri gzebisa: `Seqspiri amitomac burjia dasavleTis Teatrisa.
Seqspiri iyo yvela misi momdevno saukuneebis dramaturgebis da
msaxiobebis maswavlebeli”. igi iyo , Tavisi epoqis genialuri mesityve.
skeptikur iers atarebs k. gamsxurdias amave statiaSi moyvanili Semdegi
 22

mosazreba: `misi Sedevrebi arc iseT gavlenas axdenen scenaze. es

Seqspiris araTeatralobiT ki ar aixsneba. didi msaxiobi iseve iSviaTad
ibadeba, rogorc didi diplomati.Ggenios poets mxolod kongenialuri
msaxiobi Tu ganasaxierebs~. [16,637] mwerlis SexedulebiT Tanamedroveoba
fsiqologuradaa daSorebuli Seqspiris adamians, romelzedac
warmoiSvnen Seqspiris gmirebi. `amiT aixsneba Cvensa da Seqspirs Soris
arsebuli ufskrulis gaRrmaveba”.[iqve] ver daveTanxmebiT k. gamsaxirdias
TiTqos Seqspiris dramatuli poezia nakleb gavlenas axdens msoflio
Teatralur xelovnebaze. PpiriqiT, iSviaTia msoflioSi iseTi Teatri,
rom mis repertuarSi wamyvani adgili ar eWiros didi ingliselis
dramaturgias. arseboben Teatrebi, romelTa speqtaklebi mTlianad am
dramaturgis qmnilebebzea agebuli.
konstantine gamsaxurdia werilis meore nawilSi ixilavs
reJisoris problemas TeatrSi. XX saukunis dasawyisidan (10-20wlebSi)
reJisoris funqcia imdenad gaizarda rom igi scenaze ubralo teqnikuri
msaxuridan gadaiqca speqtaklis ideur da mxatvrul organizatorad..
`dRevandel TeatrSi pirveli sityva poets eZleva, ukanaskneli _
msmenels. _ aRniSnavs mwerali _ magram yvelaze maRla dgas reJisori _
`poetis sityvis ZiZa” reJisori amkvidrebs harmonias am mraval
erTimeorisadmi kontrastulad ganwyobil SemoqmedTa da striqonTa
Soris”. [16,639]
mwerals aseT reJisorad 20-iani wlebis evropaSi miaCnia germaneli
Teatraluri xelovnebis reformatori maqs rainharti, romelic
xelisuflebis saTaveSi faSistebis mosvlis Semdeg iZulebuli gaxda
daetovebina germania. evropuli Teatris istoriaSi sam umaRles
mwvervalad Seqspirs, lesingsa da maqs rainharts miiCnevs.
XX saukunis Semdeg, rogorc k. gamsaxurdia aRniSnavs, evropuli
mwerloba moicva krizisma, romelic daZleul iqna aTian wlebSi
eqspresionistuli literaturis warmoSobiT. am krizisis niadagze
warmoiSva is didi literaturuli mimdinareoba romelic
eqspresionizmis saxeliT aris cnobili. `eqspresionizmi arc
literaturuli modaa, arc esTetikuri poza. igi axali religiaa, evropis
uaxlesi Taobisa”.
 23

werilSi mocemuli ganmartebebi eqspresionizmis Sesaxeb hipoTezuri da

subieqturia, radgan ar aris gaTvaliswinebulebi misi ZiriTadi
filosofiur-esTetikuri niSan-Tvisebani. mwerlis mosazrebiT
eqspresionizmis saTaveebi mocemulia SeqspirSi, StrindbergSi, diuriesa
da maister ekhartSi. eqspresionizmi ki yvela Tavisi niSniT XX saukunis
movlenaa da araviTari filosofiuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia sxva
saukuneSi. statiis bolos k. gamsaxurdia ganixilavs qarTuli Teatris
sakiTxebs. mwerali wina planze ayenebs TeatrSi, reJisoris funqciis
gazrdis aucileblobas. xolo iseT reJisorad, romelic Cvens Teatrs
suls Caberavda da gaacocxlebda kote marjanSvils miiCnevs.
 24

`wiTelyabalaxiani saqarTvelo” da mwerlis politikuri

orientacia

arian mwrlebi, romelTa inteleqtualuri goni mardiul

Rirebulebebzea dafuZvnebuli. apokalifsuri Zvrebis epoqaSi maTi
Semoqmedeba saxelmwifoebriobis, TviTmyofadobis amsaxveli xdeba. aseTi
mwerlebi mxatvruli eniT gamoxataven TavianTi eris sasicocxlo
interess. maTi kalmiT iqmneba saukunis, erisa da kacobriobis
dasuraTxatebuli istoria, sadac yoveli axali Taoba sakuTari
warsulisa da momavlis anarekls xedavs. `mwerali arc erTi mTavrobis
arc erTi politkuri partiis mojamagire ar unda iyos. misi xelis saqmea
erisa da kulturis samsaxuri da ara romelime patiis an romelime
mTavrobis. icvlebian da qrebian partiebi da mTavrobebi, xolo eri
ukvdavia viTarca maradiuli RirebulebaTa Semqmneli da matarebeli
substabci”. [35,120] _ ase gansazRvra globaluri kataklizmebis
saukuneSi, konstantine gamsaxurdiam WeSmariti Semoqmedis amqveyniuri
misia. mas mudam Tan sdevda survili didi da ganaxlebuli saqarTvelos
xilvisa, `iseTisa, romelic arc guSin yofila arc dRes aris, romelic
unda iqnes, Tu arseboba gviweria.” [17,392] konstantineseuli Sefaseba
marad aqtualuri darCeba sanam, qarTuli publicistika, mwerloba
iarsebebs.
mwerali sityviT, saqmiT warmogviCenda aucileblobas im oqros
Sualedis povnisa, romelic gadis erTis mxriv mTavrobis da
xelisuflebis brma morCilebasa da meores mxriv ukidures
opozicionerobas Soris. pirvels mivyavarT srul uiniciativobamde,
rodesac xar politikuri movlenebis mxolod statisti, meore ki zians
ayenes sust da axladfexadgmul qarTul saxelmwifos, amitomac werda
igi 1918-1921 wlebTan mimarTebaSi `gadaWarbebuli opozicioneruli suli
asustebs eris saxelmwifoebriv tradicias da Segnebas, isic iseT
saxelmwifoSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, sadac saxelmwifoebrivi eTosi
egzom sustia”[25]
 25

saqarTvelos damoukidebloba mis Tvalwin daemxo. igi Seeswro

TavadaznaurTa kulturis daiss, romelic Tavis romanebSi gamoiglova,
qarTuli zneobis, qarTuli tradiciebis da Rirebulebebis TandaTanobiT
eroziasTan erTad. mwerlis publicistur werilebSi naTlad Cans, Tu
risi SemZlea is eri, romlis nebelobac azri da grZnoba Tavisuflebis
impulsiTaa nasazrdovebi. mwerali mTeli cxovrebis manZilze uaryofda
rbilkanian, sevdian xalxs, radgan miaCnda, rom gaimarjvebdnen mxolod
isini, vinc arwivis perspeqtiviT zveravda momavals, visac gaaCnda
foladis nervebi, gonebis simaxvile da igi vinc, TviTon marTavda Tavis
beds.
XX saukunis saqarTvelos istoriis furclebze ruseTis
kolonializmi da komunizmis sisxliani epoqa aisaxa. qarTuli
sazogadoebis winaSe kidev erTxel dadga erad yofnis da aryofnis
sakiTxi. es iyo istoriuli kanonzomierebis aRkveTis periodi. terorma
da represiebma demonuri ZaliT daimona erebi da pativi ayara maT eTniur
Rirsebas. reJimis umTavres mizans sakuTari ideebisa da arsebobis
gadarCena warmoadgenda. qarTuli inteligencia iyo erTadreTi Zala,
romelsac unda ganesazRvra saqarTvelos momavali. sistemis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi erovnulma sulma sakraluri mniSvneloba SeiZina.
XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi mwerlebi did winaaRmdegobebs
awydebodnen. epoqis Sinaars mTlianad gansazRvravda xelisufalTa
politika. literatura, kritika publicistika ufunqciod darCa.
esTetikuri idealebi ukuaqcies. qarTuli inteleqtualuri samyaro
pirispir dadga sabWoTa realobis winaSe. `poeturi nawarmoebi uTuod
waagavs SifriT nawers” _ werda gamsaxurdia da mTeli misi mxatvruli
Tu publicisturi Semoqmedeba aseTive Sifria umdidresi gamocdilebisa,
Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli Cveni saxelmwifoebriobis, Cveni qarTvelobis
da Cveni meobis SenarCuneba Tanamedrove samyaroSi.
konstantine gamsaxurdias publicistikisa da esseebis mTeli
seriebis umTavres TemaTa Tema saqarTvelo, misi warsuli, awmyo da
momavalia, gansjis sagani _ erovnul Rirebulebebze orientirebuli
adamianebi. mis SemoqmedebaSi mxolod saqarTvelo ki ar xdeba evropuli,
 26

aramed evropa xdeba qarTuli. evropeli gmirebi, filosofosebi,

mwerlebi da saxelmwifo kacebi sruliad axali elferiT warmoCindebian.
ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriuli urTierTobis Tema ganuyofeli
sakiTxia gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebisaTvis. publicistur werilebSi,
erTmniSvnelovnad vlindeba mwerlis damokidebuleba sabWoTa
wyobilebaSi saqarTvelos adgilisa da rolis Taobaze. sabWoTa
periodSi moRvawe konstantine gamsaxurdia araerTxel gaxda represiebis
msxverpli. qarTuli mwerloba, xelovneba `sabWouri idealebis” saSiS
gavlenas ver ascda. `erTian, Zmur sabWoTa ojaxSi” saqarTvelo sakuTari
nebis gareSe `dasaxlda” da mis brWyalebSi aTeulobiT wlebi mouwia
yofna.
1920 wlis 7 maisis xelSkruleba, romliTac ruseTma
saqarTvelos damoukidebloba aRiara, taqtikuri mizanmimarTuli, morigi
mzakruli svla iyo. 7 maisis xelSekruleba ruseTs agenturisaTvis
maqsimaluri xelSemwyobi pirobebis Sesaqmnelad sWirdeboda. moskovi
samxedro intervenciis da amierkavkasiis ukanaskneli respublikis
gasabWoebisaTvis emzadeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am saqmeSi
saqarTvelosTvis metad negatiuri roli Seasrules maRal Tnamdebobebze
myofma qarTvelma komunistebma `foladis” stalinma, sergo orjonikiZem
da sxv.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals sabWoTa armia ramdenime mxridan SemoiWra
saqarTvelos teritoriaze. qarTuli inteligencia saTanado
brZolisunarianobas ver gaswevda da sakuTar Sexedulebebs ver
gaaxmovanebda sajarod. saqarTvelo `sabWoTa socialistur respublikad”
gamocxadda, romelic formalurad inarCunebda damoukideblobas, rac
aRiarebuli iqna, 1921 wlis 21 maisis, axali xelSekrulebiT da 1922 wlis
konstituciiT, Tumca iuridiuli forma ar Seesabameboda politikur
sinamdviles.
leninuri ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg komunistebi
aqtiurad Seudgnen mowinaaRmdege ZalTa daTrgunvas da sakuTari
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebas. yovelive aman damTrgunveli gavlena iqonia
qarTveli xalxis, erovnuli cnobierebis simtkiceze. gauqmebulad
gamocxadda demokratiuli respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi,
 27

saxelmwifo da arCeviTi organoebi. masobrivad xvretdnen an

gadasaxlebaSi agzavnidnen sisxliani reJimis mowinaaRmdegeebs. aTeizmis
danergvis mizniT, komunistebi angrevdnen eklesiebs, xocavdnen
sasuliero pirebs, 1922-1923 wlebSi saqarTveloSi arasruli monacemebiT
1500 eklesia daingra. qarTul marTlmadideblobas umZimesi safrTxe
daemuqra.
1921-1924 wlebSi saqarTveloSi drodadro mzaddeboda
antikomunisturi gamosvlebi. isini daqsaqsul xasiaTs atarebdnen da
xelisufleba advilad axerxebda maT lokalizacias. 1920-30-ian wlebSi
`kulturuli revolucia~ daiwyo, rac 1940 wels mecnierebaTa akademiis
SeqmniT dasrulda. miuxedavad amisa SemoqmedebiT inteligencias,
literaturisa da xelovnebis moRvaweebs ukiduresad SeezRudaT
individualuri azrovnebis SesaZleblobani. yvelaferi daumorCiles
komunistur diqtaturas da ideologias. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
stalinurma sistemam daiwyo represiebi, romelmac masobrivi xasiaTi 1937-
1938 wlebSi miiRo. represirebulTa Soris iyvnen qarTuli inteligenciis
saukeTeso warmomadgenlebi. maT Soris qarTuli kulturis iseTi
TvalsaCino moRvaweebi, rogorebic iyvnen: mixeil javaxiSvili, tician
tabiZe, paolo iaSvili, sandro axmeteli, evgeni miqelaZe, mecnier-
filosofosi grigol wereTeli da sxv.
paolo iaSvilis TviTmkvlelobis TavisTavad SemaZrwunebel faqts
met tragikulobas is sZenda, rom poetma sabediswero nabiji swored im
wuTebSi gadadga, rodesac prezidiumis sxdomaze misi `ganaCeni”
gamohqondaT. aseve `jaSuSad” da `diversantad” miiCnies mixeil
javaxiSvili da mweralTa kavSiridan garicxes; sabolood ki fizikurad
gaanadgures.
`saqarTvelos sssr Sinagan saqmeTa saxalxo komisariatis
sagamomZieblo nawilis saqme #10.817 Sedgeba 212 furclisagan da Seicavs
tician tabiZis `mavneblur moqmedebaTa” Ziebis process. pr. soso siguas
moZiebuli masalebidan irkveva, rom tician tabiZes grigol robaqiZesTan
erTad brali edeboda `faSisturi organizaciis wevrobaSi”. 15 dekembers
Sedga `sameulis oqmi” #67. rogorc Cans, didi qarTveli poeti tician
tabiZe 1937 wlis 15 dekembers daxvrites.
 28

grogol robaqiZe saqarTvelodan samudamod gadaixvewa da 1962

wlis 19 noembers gardaicvala JenevaSi lamis upatronod. igi
bolSevizmis demonur Zalas qeds ar uxrida da qarTvel mwerlebs
mouwodebda Tavi daeRwiaT partiis cenzurisaTvis. `ar ekadreba
gamsaxurdias da leoniZes beladis xotba da verc griSaSvils movuwoneb
beriaze leqsis gaSanSalebaso” _ werda robaqiZe.
konstantine gamsaxurdia garkveuli periodiT gadaasaxles. `roca
me gadamasaxles _ igonebda gamsaxurdia* _ Salva dadiani dadioda
mTavrobasTan, talaxi auyena RoRoberiZeebs, orjonikiZes exveweboda
`mogveci konstantineo”. erTxel berias saxlis karidan gamovida. `me
gaxarebuli var im gaoxrebulma Zalian gaqoo-miTxra. mindoda momekla,
magram araa urigo kacio. me mgoni usindiso ar unda iyoso. amitom ar
movklav magaso _ ase momiyva”.
konstantine gamsaxurdia Camoyalibebuli erovnuli da politikur-
esTetikuri mrwamsiT Sexvda saqarTvelos gasabWoebas. man miiRo
`wiTelyabalaxiani saqarTvelo”. sabWoTa sistemas, rogorc saxelmwifos
formas, iseve rogorc demokratiul parlamentarizms misaRebad miiCnevda,
radgan `forma ki ara aris mTavari, aramed is Sinaarsi, romelsac
mTavroba da eri Cadebs maTSi-o.” moCvenebiTi aRiareba gamsaxurdias
windaxeduli politika iyo. raTqmaunda, mwerlis aseTi pozicia ar
niSnavada xelis aRebas sabWouri wyoblebis damxobaze, Seqmnili
viTarebidan gamomdinare qarTvel mwerlebs sxva alternativa arc
hqoniaT.
k. gamsaxurdia okupaciis pirvel wlebSi qarTveli inteligenciis
sxva warmomadgenlebTan erTdad qarTuli saxlmwifoebriobis
SenarCunebisaTvis iwyebs brZolas. qarTveli eris sasicocxlo
interesebidan gamomdinare umTavresi sakiTxebad miCneuli iqna:
¾ qarTuli enisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi funqciis miniWeba;
¾ respublikis teritoriuli mTlianobis dacva;
¾ Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis SenarCuneba;

----------------------------------------------------
*gaz. ` graali” - #1, 1996w
 29

¾ qarTuli wignis proteqtorati

¾ suverenuli saxelmwifos uflebebis dacva.
aneqsirebul saqarTveloSi kulturuli brZola unda
gaZlierebuliyo. mwerali qarTuli kulturis hegemonias moiTxovda:
`CvenTvis dRes pirdapir arsebobis sakiTxia qarTuli kulturis frontis
gaZliereba. dRes yoveli eri, iseTi mZafri Widilisa da brZolis
farvaterSi Sedis, rom visac Tavisi kulturis droSis maRla aweva ar
SeuZlia, mas ise gadaalajeben rogorc ubralo eTnografiul masalas.
esmis es qarTvel inteligencias? esmis Tu ara es qarTvel
sazogadoebriv azrs? –werda gamsaxurdia. [17,375]
mwerali erovnuli cnobierebis gamoRviZebas `kulturis saalyo
wesebis” damkvidrebaSi, kulturul diqtaturaSi xedavda. kacobrobis
istoriuli gamocdilebidan icoda, rom asparezi suliTa da xorciT
Zlieri eris xvedri iyo. sustebi da uniWoni veravis Sebralebas ver
daimsaxurebdnen, radgan,…roca erTi eri meoris politikuri gavlenis
zonaSi eqceoda, politikur dampyrobels kulturuli mohyveboda,
mxedars mwerali enacvlebada. aqedan gamomdinare – qarTul
inteligencias gaorkecebuli ZaliT unda daeCqarebina qarTveli eris
TviTcnobierebis procesi. totalitaruli reJimi brZolas ucxadebda
Tvisufal azrs da sazogadoebas `mwerali mojamagiris~ axal
odeologias sTavazobda. partiis centraluri komitetis mier 1946-1948
wlebSi miRebuli dadgenilebebi Trgunavda Semoqmedebis Tavisuflebas.
partiis direqtivebiT iqmneboda nawarmoebebi. 50-ian wlebSi, gamsaxurdiam,
partiis mZlavri Seteva ganicada. merab kostava werda: `uamravi moSurne
hyolia k. gamsaxurdias cxovrebis manZilze: uniWo mwerlebi, karieristi
sulis gamyidveli kritikosebi, usulgulo cenzorebi. maT acofebdaT
misi Sinagan Tavisufleba da mousyidaoba”. (lit. saqarTvelo, 1990w)
k. gamsaxurdia mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gaurboda ukanadevnebul
sabWoTa sinamdviles, `xandaxan uyrida mwerluri puris natexebs -
`belads”, `vazis yvavilobas”, narkvevebs - rom bunebriv sikvdilamde
mieRwia da qarTveli xalxisaTvis daetovebina `dionisos Rimili”,
`mTvaris motaceba”, `didostatis matjvena”, `daviT RmSenebeli”...
(a.baqraZe)
 30

1921 wlis aneqsiis Semdeg sabWoTa mTavrobam qarTvel mwerlebs

erTaderTi funqcia daakisra: SeeqmnaT proletaruli mwerloba da
SeefasebinaT epoqaluri movlenebi `mwerali mojamagiris” poziciebidan.
20-iani wlebis qarTuli presidan Tu uaxlesi literaturis istoriidan
kargad Cans, konstantine gamsaxurdias, rogorc publicistis, mwerlis da
sazogado moRvawis mrwamsi, ukompromiso brZola marionetul
mTavrobasTan. mwerlis erTaderTi mizani erovnuli mTavrobis arCeva da
suverenobis aRdgena iyo. ris gamoc, rogorc reaqcioneri, nacionalisti,
Sovinisti da sabWoTa xelisuflebis mtruli elementi 1926 wels
gadaasaxles, xolo 1931 wels p. ingoroyvasTan, g. qiqoZesTan erTad
garicxes mweralTa kavSiris rigebidan.
samecniero literaturaSi konstantine gamsaxurdias ociani
wlebis publicistika erovnuli poziciebidan aris Sefasebuli. mwerali
ilia marTlis gzis gagrZelebaSi xedavda saqarTvelos
saxelmwifoebriobis momavals, romelsac Rirseuli adgili unda
daekavebina msoflio pilitikis rukaze. 1921wlis saqarTveloSi axali
nihilisturi era iwyeboda. socializmi qmnida cxovrebis axal kanons,
romlis winaSe iRupebonden an Tavs ixridnen: `ama qveynis ZlierTa winaSe
qedis moxra qarTveli poetis tradicia arasodes yofilao _ werda
gamsaxurdia, swored amitom `wiTelyabalaxiani saqarTvelos”
totalitarulma reJimma qarTveli mwerlebis tragikuli `epopea” Seqmna.
ociani wlebis presasa da saliteraturo kritikaSi arasworad
gaSuqda k. gamsaxurdias moqalaqeobrivi mrwamsi. maSindeli iarliyebi
ucvlelad meordeboda 30-40-ian wlebSic. k. gamsaxurdias da `akademiuri
asociaciis” birTvs elastiurobasa da sifrTxileSi adanaSaulebdnen.
`wiTel saqarTvelosTan TanamSromloba”, daTmobebze wasvla, – rac erTi
SexedviT SeiniSneba mis publicistur werilebSi, mraval kiTxvas badebs
Cveni droebis mkiTxvelSi.
gamsaxurdias publicistur memkvidreobaSi SeiZleba gamovyoT
ukompromiso, polemikuri xasiaTis werilebi da mTavrobis politikasTan
moCvenebiTi daaxloebisa da erTgulebis paTosiT dawerili, Tu
sxavadsxva dros mwerlis tribunidan warmoTqmuli sityvebi. sakiTxi
SeiZleba asec daisvas TanamSromlobda Tu ara k. gamsaxurdia sabWoTa
 31

mTavrobasTan? Tu es ase iyo, rogor aixsneba mwerlis konfliqti, misive

sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ruseTis kaciWamiur politikasTan”?
k. gamsaxurdiasTvis ucxo ar iyo socializmis cneba, igi mas
miaCnda, rogorc `eqsperimenti” socialur sferoSi da realur
SesaZleblobad esaxeboda. amasTan igi mas `kulturis centris”
(dasavleT evropis) movlenad miiCnevda..
`socialisti ubrZanebs, socialisti kanonebs uwers cxovrebas,
kalapots uCvenebs stiqiebs _ werda 1921 wels `mozaikebSi”. Znelia imis
formuliereba, Tu rogor warmoedgina mwerals maSin socializmi,
aSkaraa, rom Seqmnil viTarebaSi alternativa ar hqonda da iZulebuli
iyo aerCia sabWour saqarTvelosTan TanamSromlobis gza.
k. gamsaxurdias publicistikis mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom 20-ian
wlebSi qarTveli inteligenciis brZola ar iyo sworxazovani,
strategiuli gegma taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT mravalgvari iyo. brZolis
Seurigebel xasiaTs zogjer cvlida mTavrobis politikasTan moCvenebiTi
daaxloeba, rac aucilebeli iyo represiebis Sesaneleblad, Tavis mxriv
mTavrobac dainteresebuli iyo brZolaSi `taqtikuri manevrebiT”. es iyo
erTgvari diqtatoruli `TamaSis wesebi~, romelsac periodulad orive
mxare icavda. gamsaxurdia iZulebuli iyo drodadro miemarTa am
taqtikuri svlebisTvis da eTanamSromla `wiTelyabalaxian
saqarTvelosTan”.
roca Cven vsaubrobT k. gamsaxurdias 20-iani wlebis
publicistikaze da zogadad mwerlis moqalaqeobriv mrwamsze unda
gavixsenoT 1921 wlis 8 maisis gazeT `socialist-federalistSi”
gamoqveynebuli Ria werili vladimer leninis misamarTiT.
es ar aris rigiTi, publicisturi werili, roca statiis
gamoqveynebidan TiTqmis erTi saukunea gasuli da msoflio politika
radikaluri cvlilebebis fazaSi Sedis, `Ria werils vladimer
ulianovisadmi” istoriuli dokumentis statusi eniWeba. igi erTgvari
diplomatiuri gzavnilia ruseTis imdroindeli politikis winaaRmdeg
mimaTuli, sadac diplomatisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sizuste da
qveteqstebi ikiTxeba. ver vityviT, rom k. gamsaxurdia bolomde
radikaluri rCeba da ar SeiniSneba erTgvari rbili toni, Tumca
 32

msoflio diqtatoris misamarTiT gagzavnil Ria werilSi, romelmac

pirveli socialisturi saxelmwifo Seqmna, diplomatiuri sifrTxile
aucilebelic ki iyo.
werili iwereba ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris arsebul umwvaves
periodSi. epigrafad erTvis napoleonis sityvebi, `momavali Taobebi
gangvikiTxaven Cven”. gamsaxurdia, sakmaod mwvaved mimoixilavs 1738
wlidan moyolebul ruseTis 100 wlovan politikas da mis Sedegebs,
ramac saqarTvelo 1921 wlamde miiyvana. sagulisxmoa is miniSnebac,
romelsac `saukunis demonis kraxze” da am kraxis mizezebze akeTebs.
napoleoni da lenini…_ ori msoflio diqtatori. mwerals miaCnia,
rom istoria moiTxovs am ori msoflio kacis erTmaneTTan
dapirispirebas da `saukunis demonTa” poilitikis kraxis saerTo
mizezebze saubrobs.
korsikelis imperiis marcxs k. gamsaxurdia, swored rom
nacionaluri Strixebisa da eTniurobis uaryofaSi xedavs. did
socialists am Secdomis gameorebas ar urCevs:
`Tqven ambobT: komunizms sazRvrebi ar unda eqnes. napoleoni:
safarangeTis imperias iq unda eqnes sazRvrebi, sadac mze amodis da
Cadis. orive absoluturi geniebi xarT, ori didi revoluciisa.
napoleonis msoflio istoriuli amocana ori mTavari muxliT
amoiwureba, inglisis msoflio batonobis damxoba da evropis erTi didi
konfideraciis msoflio Seqmna.
napoleoni uaryofda eTniur Strixebs. bonapartes ewada evropis
radikalizacia, xolo Tqven rogorc evropis ase aziis. Tqven gacilebiT
radikaluri xarT. am miznebSi Tqven uaxlovdebiT Tqven korsikel
bonapartes, magram miznebis paralelizmi sruliadac ar gavalebT orive
erTi da imave fataluri Secdomis msxverpli gaxdeT.
nuTu dRes yvelasaTvis cxadi ar gaxda, rom nacionaluri
niuansebis da Strixebis waSla awi aRar SeiZleba?” [28]
wiTeli ruseTis politikis mxileba 1921 wlis saqarTveloSi did
sifrTxiles moiTxovda, magram roca saqme exeboda saqarTvelos
suverenobis saboloo ganadgurebas, Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare,
mwerlisTvis kalami erTaderTi iaraRi iyo.
 33

werilSi cxadad aris warmodgenili ruseTis politikuri gegma,

romelsac yvela XX saukunis dampyrobeli taqtikurad iyenebda
aneqsirebul saxlmwifoze. komunisturi msoflmxedveloba ar scnobda
saxelmwifoebriobis elementebs. sazRvari erTian sabWoTa rukaze
saqarTvelosTvis calke ar gaivleboda. araslavianuri erebi am didi
imperiis `brwyinvalebaSi” unda CanTqmuliyvnen. is, rac `Zvelma ruseTma”
ver SeZlo, `axal ruseTs” proletariatis saxeliT unda
ganexorcielebina. …k. gamsaxurdia mefis ruseTis mzakvruli politikis
ganxilvisas, wiTeli ruseTis mosalodnel Sedegebsa da miRweul
miznebze migvaniSnebs: `Zvelma ruseTma 1783 welis kontraqtis
darRvevidan kidev ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi xelSeuxeblad
datova zogierTi atributi qarTuli saxelmifoebriobisa.
dRes sul oriode Tvec ar gasula da wiTelma armiam mospo CvenSi
iseTi mTavari atributebi saxelmwifoebriobisa rogoricaa sazRvrebi,
rkinigza da vin ar icis, rom qarTuli ena saqarTveloSi praqtikulad
aRar aris. dRes Cveni kavkasieli mter-moyvare komunistur niRabs qveS
saqveynod RaRadeben TbilisSi, Cveni dedaqalaqis amierkavkasiis
rezidenciad da Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis amierkavkasiis
universitetad gamocxadebis saWiroebas.” [iqve]
werilSi saqarTvelos suverenitetis saboloo ganadgurebis
mzakvrul gegmazea saubari. b-n konstantines diplomatiuri toni umwvaves
sakiTxebze msjelobisas mkacrdeba. `qarTuli ena saqarTveloSi aRar
aris” _ swored aq xedavda mwerali, socialisturi filosofis `kargad
gaTvlil” politikas da did socialists napoleonis sityvebs
Seaxsnebda: `momavali Taobebi gangvikiTxaven Cveno~.
mwerals, qarTveli xalxis damoukideblobis erTaderT garantad
TviT qarTveli eris SegnebaSi arsebuli TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli
suli miaCnda. da amitomac 1921 wlis saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebi,
rogorc qarTvel patriots ar aSinebda: `vin ar icis rom dRes
saqarTveloSi ufro meti komunstia, vidre tfiliseli kompartiis
registraciaSi iricxeba, magram isini rogorc qarTveli patriotebi ver
iTanamSromleben wiTel ruseTTan, vidre saqarTvelos suveneroba
mxolod deklaraciebSi iqneba aRnusxuli~. werilis dasasruls
 34

yovelgvari qveteqstis gareSe mwerlis umTavresi saTqmeli ikiTxeba:

`yvelaferi SeiZleba waarTva pirovnebas da erovnebas, mxolod
Tavisuflebis Segnebas veravin waarTmevs. merwmuneT egeb saqarTvelos
iseTi politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis simaRles ar mieRwios
rogorc irlandias, magram kezmentebi* da mak svinebi* saqarTvelos
arasodes gamoeleva, vidre savsebiT uzrunvelofili ar iqneba misi
politikuri damoukidebloba”.[28]
`georgievskis traqtati”, irakli meorisa da garsevan WavWavaZis
diplomatiuri gza erTaderT SesaZlebel politikad aris werilSi
Sefasebuli. rogori iyo Sedegebi? gamsaxurdias obieqturi SefasebiT
ruseTma saqarTvelo msoflio politikis orbitidan moiSora da
`kaciWamiuri politikiT” damoukidebloba daakargvina.
konstantine gamsaxurdias werils, kremli imave wells gaz. `pravda
gruzias”(#59) furclebidan gamoexmaura. vinme s. p. mwerals SovinizmSi
adanaSaulebda. sapasuxod gaz. socialist-federalistSi (1921,#62),
ibeWdeba k.gamsaxurdias statia saTauriT `pasuxi”, romelsac epigrafad
giorgi merCules sityvebi hqonda wamZrvarebuli: `aramed qarTlad
friadi qveyanai aRiricxebis, romelsaca Sina qarTuliTa eniTa Jami
Seiwirvis da locvaÁ yoveli aResrulebis”. statiis epigrafi ruseTis
mzakvruli Canafiqris sapasuxo replika iyo. presis furclebze gaSlili
polemka, ki didi politikis nawili, rac mwerals kargad hqonda
gacnobierebuli: `me Sovinizmi ki ar malaparakebs, aramed `Tqma marTlisa
samarTlisa”_werda mwerali, rac Seexeba saqarTvelos sazRvrebs
damoukidebe afxazeTTTan da ase warmoidgineT damoukidebe aWarasTan,
romelsac gvpirdeba kidec s.p. amaze unda mogaxsenoT... afxazeTSi didi
umravlesoba qarTvelobaa da me mikvirs, rom Tqven ase erTis dakvriT
gindaT am qarTvelobis bedi gadaswyvitoT.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
kezmenti* - irlandieli patrioti romelic 1917 wels germaniis
wyalqveSa naviT SeeiWra irlandiaSi da ajanyeba moawyo. igi sikvdiliT
dasajes.
mak svini* - irlandiis qalaq korkis lord meri-romelmac, 1920 wels
SimSiliT Tavi moikla sapyrobileSi.
 35

rac Seexeba aWaras, verc aq gaavlebs vinme sazRvars, Cven mudam

gadavalajebT iseT xelovnur sazRvrebs, romlis gadaRma Cveni sisxli
da xorcis Tanaziari gvegulebian” [28]
`CemSi laparakobs qarTveli mwerali, CemSi laparakobs tkivilebi
qarTveli xalxisa” _ werda gamsaxurdia da mTeli misi publicistur-
kritikuli naazrevi am sityvbis irgvliv erTiadeba. Tamamad SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom mwerlis es fraza 10-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, misi
publicisturi werilebis, literaturuli portretebisa Tu esseebis
epigrafia.
qarTuli publicistikis istoriaSi arseboben sagazeTo statiebi
Tu kritikuli werilebi, romlebic droisa da sivrcis miRma rCebian da
Cveni droebis saqarTvelos ireklaven. 1921 wlis 25 maiss k. gamsaxurda
dawers `sityvvebs qarTveli erisadmi” da maradiuli Temis irgvliv
gaaerTianebs ers, romelic leTargiul Zils miscemoda `wiTel
demonTan” brZolis dasawyisSi.
`furTxis Rirsi xar Sen saqarTvelov!” _ aseTi iyo akakis
samarTliani ganaCeni da didi konstantinec amave sityvebiT egebeba, 1921
wlis 26 maiss, ucxo eris batonobis qveS `garTxmul qarTvelobas.”(k.g)
konstantine gamsaxurdias publicisturi kalami mkacria da
saqarTvelos istoriis umniSvnelovanes dRes, kidev erTxel daafiqrebs
mkiTxvels `ra viyaviT ra varT an ra unda SeviqneT.”
`qarTveli xalxi garyvna demonstraciebma, qarTveli xalxi
gadaeCvia brZnul siCumes. demokratiuli respublikis 3 wlis arsebobam
erTi mavne Cveuleba gaaRviZa CvenSi, es iyo gadaWarbebuli siyvaruli
demonstraciebisa da dResaswaulebisadmi”.[25]
mwerlis mosazrebiT saqarTvelos istoriis politikuri kraxi,
qarTveli eris waiRSi iyo mudam saZiebeli. yoveli eri TviTon qmnis
beds, `yoveli eri Rirsia Tavisi bedisa”. ras gulisxmobs k. gamsaxurdia
`brZnul siCumeSi”? umTavres Rirebulebas _ sibZnes?! romlis ar qonis
gamo mudam mezobelSi veZebdiT mavansa da mters da ara qarTul
sinamdvileSi, qarTul temperamentSi. istoriaSi arc erTi eri ar
 36

daRupula ise, rom misi daRupvis mizezi marto misi temperamentis, misi
Sinagan ZalTa ganwyobilebis gareSe yofiliyos saZiebeli _ ganmartavs
mwerali da saqarTvelos istoriis sabediswero movlenebs Segvaxsenebs.
Zveli saqarTvelo, ruseTis muxanaTuri traqtatiT daeca 1801 wels.
traqtati iyo katasrifis Sedegi, mTavaria, ra iyo mizezi? `feodaluri
saqarTvelos daRupvis mizezi iyo TviT eris wiaRSi arsebuli Sinagani
energiis amowurva da daSreta” _ vkiTxulobT werilSi.
erTi muWa eri, romelic odesRac `wiTelfesvebian osmaloebs”
umklavdeboda 1921 wlis saqarTveloSi Rirsi iyo Tavisuflebisa da
cxovrebisa. amisTvis ki - mwerlis SefasebiT - saWiro oyo ufro meti
Cafiqreba da Secdomebis gaTvaliswineba.
avtori Cveni uaxlesi istoriidan im periods Segvaxsenebs, rodesac
qarTveli diplomatebi araerTxel gandobian `megobrulad” Cvens mtrebs.
misive TqmiT, qarTveli inteligencia ar aRmoCnda im simaRleze, rom mas
SesZleboda Tavis Tavze aeRo eris `beladobis” sapatio misia. mwerals
ar akmayofilebs arc `meocdaaTe wlebis~ qarTuli, axali patriotizmi,
romelsac 1832 wlis `udReuri deklaracia mohyva.” arc TerdgaleulTa
sagareo politika da arc Semdegi Taobis qarTveli axalgazrdobis
kursi, romelsac mohyva erovnuli nihilizmi. inteligenciam ver moaxerxa
xalxis, erovnuli Zalebis mobilizacia, romelsac erovnuli saxelmwifo
unda aeSenebina. swori orientaciis arqonis gamo saqarTvelom ver
daimkvidra adgili, Tanamedrove politikur garemoSi _ dasZens mwerali
da araswori politikis mizezebze daufaravad saubrobs. `arsad imdens
ar weren da ar laparakoben orientaciaze ramdensac CvenSi. arsad imdeni
Secdoma ar dauSviaT rogorc saqarTveloSi.”[25]
qarTul politikaSi, ver Seiqmna iseTi saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba da
orientacia, romelic mezobeli saxelmwifos ieriSebs moigeriebda. aqedan
gamomdinare mwerals marTebulad miaCnia, rom momavalisTvis mainc
daCqarebuliyo qarTveli eris TviTcnobierebis procesi. mwerlis
mosazrebiT, demokratuli saxelmwifos Senebis gzaze, `fetiSi ar unda
iqnes arc parlamentarizmSi da arc sabWoTa sistemaSi. arcerTi idea
erisaTvis safrTxes ar Seicavs, ideebi TavisTavd srulad uvnebelni
arian, saqme is aris Tu vis xelSia ideebi, vis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli da
 37

rogor moixmars mas am ideebis matarebeli~[25]. miuxedavad Secdomebisa

da winapaTa gadacdomebisa – `26 maiss qarTvelma erma didi WeSmariteba
unda daimaxsovros. is aris Rirsi cxovrebisa da Tavisuflebisa, yovel
dRe brZoliT vinc SeZlebs mis mopovebas.”[25] statiis dasasruli
gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli emociiT, rac sruliad gadamdebia da
daafiqrebs mkiTxvels samermisod gaakeTos swori daskvna. `erovnuli
Tavisuflebis erTxel dakargva SeiZleba, magram igi yovel dRe brZoliT
unda moipovo” _ avtori am sityvebiT ers mudmivi sifxizlisa da
brZolisaken mouwodebda.
1923 wlis, 30 dekembers, axali wlis mijnaze, konstantine
gamsaxurdia gazeT `saqarTvelos samreklos” furclebze qarTveli eris
winaSe Semajamebeli publicisturi weriliT gamovida _ `tkivilebidan
imedebisaken”, am refreniT STagonebuli mwerali momavlis saqarTveloze
iwyebs saubars.
werilma ”ANNO 1923”, Cveni azriT, qarTul publicistikaSi
istoriuli adgili daimkvidra Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiTa da
politikuri mniSvnelobiT. qveynisaTvis yoveli axali weli, axali etapis
dasawyisia da didi mwerali, rogorc eris gamorCeuli Svili
gulgrilad da mxolod emociiT ar egebeba axal welTa cvlas. werili
`garemoebaTa sayviria”, romelmac miZinebuli da mTvlemare eri unda
gamoaRviZos, maradiuli sifxizlisTvis ganawyos. mxolod saamayo
warsuliT eri Tavs ver moiwonebs. qveyanam, saxelmwifom ganviTarebisa
da winsvlisTvis unda ibrZolos `dRes yoveli eri imiT amayobs, rac is
aris; ara welTa daziduloba iZleva wonas, aramed Semoqmedebis
xelmwifeoba.”[16,453]
gamsaxurdia uaryofda im patriotizms, romelic mxolod warsuls
emyareboda, `warCinebuli winaprebis mandatiT iwonebda Tavs”. mwerali
qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis radikaluri Secvlis momxre iyo. werili
sazogadoebis dasafiqreblad aris gamiznuli. didi konstantine
amjeradac ar Ralatobs Tavis misias da qarTveli ers `samSvidoboze”
gasasvlelad amzadebs. mkiTxvelsac Tanamonawiled xdis welTa
cvalebadobis mijnaze - Secvalos qveyana ukeTesisken. miaCnia, rom
 38

gadarCeba is eri, romelsac aqvs `mavTulis nervebi, arwivis perspeqtiva

da makiavelis gonebamaxviloba”.
werilis saTaurad gamotanili TariRi - `1923” odnavadac ar
ukargavs mas aqtualobas. masSi mudmivi Tanamedroveobis gancdaa
Cadebuli, romelic mxolod did konstantinesdar moRvaweebs
xelewifebodaT.
winaaRmdegobaTa barieri maRali iyo, magram gamsaxurdia amiT Tavis
marTlebas sruliad miuRebelad miiCnevda: `dabrkolebani imisTvis
arseboben, rom kargi mojiriTeebis vaJkacoba gamoCndes-o”. didi
konstantine qarTvelebs dafiqrebisken mouwodebs, oRond `dafiqrdes ara
imisTvis, rom SeCerdes da ukan daixios”, aramed `vefxviseburi naxtomi”
gaakeTos da Rirseuli adgili daimkvirdis `uniWieres da uZlieresTa”
Soris. qarTvelobam unda dainaxos `daRupvis da waxdomis” mizezebi.
gamsaxurdias azriT, Cvens TavSi unda veZeboT Secdomebi da ara `ganze
TiTis gaSveriT” vimarTloT Tavi. es istoriuli xasiaTis werili sxva
mniSvnelovani aspeqtebiTac aris sayuradRebo. gamsaxurdias miaCnda, rom
eris cxovrebaSi dgeboda Jami, roca Sinagani gardatexa aucilebeli iyo:
`1923 wels Cven unda uTxraT Cvens Tavs, Cven amieridan arc xangadasuli
qalebi varT, romelnic sasiZoebis molodinSi arian, Sinagani gardatexa
gvWirdeba Cven dRes. yoveli moraluri gardaqmna, mxolod Sinagani
xasiaTis unda iyos.” [iqve] moraluri gardaqmnis gardauvalobaze,
gamsaxurdia xmamaRla saubrobs da `sentimentaluri wuwuni” Rimilis
momgvrelad miaCnia. `didi safrTxe da didi gasaWiri udidesi
maswavlebeliao” _ ambobs avtori da amaSi qarTvelTa impulsis danaxva
surs.
konstantine gamsaxiurdias, poltikuri orientacia evropisaken iyo
mimarTuli. survili hqonda, Tavisi qveyana exila evropis mowinave,
ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. amisTvis ki eris winsvla da brZola iyo
saWiro. `dro mifrinavs” dananebiT ambobda gamsaxurdia, _ `Zveleburi
qarTuli urmebiT verasodes ver miveweviT fexmal drois pegasebs. erebi
ibrZvian da hqmnian ara marto miwaze, miwis qveS, miwis zeviT. im ers,
romelic mxolod miwis zedapirze axerxebs orientacias, dRes aravin
gautoldeba, mas aravin gauyadrebs Tavs.” [iqve]
 39

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebda `qarTuli sulis”

fenomenze. igi mkacrad akritikebda im Taobebs, romelTac qarTveli eris
`sadaveebi epyraT xelSi”. mwerlis azriT, am Taobebma `qarTul miwaze
orientacia ver moaxerxes”. maT ver icnes qarTuli miwa da `ucxo miwam
isini uarhyo”. inteligenciam `ver daasrula ganyenebuli principebis
doRi”. maT avtori brals debs eris `daZvelebuli ideologiis
karabadinebiT wamlobis” gamo. 1923 weli erovnuli `deklaraciis” wlad
aqvs warmoCenili. gasuli wlebis Sedegebi aRSfoTebas iwvevs mweralSi
da qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris ararsebobaze gulistkiviliT
gvamcnobs. welTa mdinarebis Sedegebi avtors saaSkaraoze gamoaqvs da
`xelis gulze” gvidebs qarTveli eris satkivars: `waqcevazea qarTuli
Teatri, cxovrebas da TanadarTulobas CamorCa qarTuli literatura,
upatronoa qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoeba”
[16,454]
gamsaxurdia, gangaSis zarebs arisxebs axal, 1923 wels da `sruli
leTargiuli Zilidan” gamofxizlebisken mouwodebs ers: `srul
leTargiul ZilSia qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azri. ukeT rom vTqvaT, arc
arsebobs aseTi ram dRes saqarTveloSi.” [iqve]
1923 wels dawerili es `saaxalwlo werili” Cveni droebis
saqarTvelosac exmianeba. qarTul realobaSi qarTveli eris
`eradyofnis” aucilebloba ase mwvaved istoriulad arasodes damdgara.
didi konstantines es saxalxo mimarTva Cvenma Taobam axleburad unda
gaacnobieros. `axla yvelafris mogonebis droa” – dasZens mwerali da
warmoTqvams kidev erT umniSvnelovanes, aqtualur frazas: `saqarTvelos
inteleqtualur stomaqs ganwmendva unda! Zlieri balastia masSi...
ganaxleba unda qarTul Semoqmedebas, dafiqreba marTebs qarTvelobas.
organuli garadatexa Cvens erovnul pirovnebas. mcirericxovani eri
yvelaze mZafrad grZnobs `eradyofnis” okumenur misterias.” [16,455]
am istoriul werilSi erT ubralo milocvasac ver vnaxavT. igi
qarTveli eris axleburi cxovrebis dasawyebad saWiro sastarto
ganacxadia.
konstantine gamsaxurdia komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi, qarTveli
eris sasicocxlo interesebidan gamomdinare, umTavres sakiTxad qarTuli
 40

enisaTvis saxelmwifoebrivi funqciis miniWebas moiTxovda. mweralTa

kavSiris tribunidan mas araerTxel gaukeTebia mwvave ganacxadebi,
qarTveli enis suverenobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb.
qarTuli mwerloba, misi awmyo da momavali gamsaxurdias
publicistikis umTavres TemaTagania. qarTul sazogadoebas yovelTvis
axasiaTebda keTilSobileba da siyvaruli qarTuli kulturisadmi. aseTi
damokidebulebiT moiTxova yrilobis warmarTva 1926 wels sruliad
saqarTvelos mweralTa yrilobaze sityviT gamosulma mweralma.
am mokle, magram mravlismetyveli gamosvliT konstantine
gamsaxurdiam qarTul mwerlobaSi arsebuli imJamindeli mdgomareobis
realuri suraTi warmoaCina. misi sityva azris Tavisufal gamoxatvas da
sadao sakiTxebis gadaWras emsaxureba. sabWoTa mTavrobis pirobebSi
mwerali Riad, sajarod, yovelgvari SefarviTi teqstebis gareSe
saubrobs mTavrobasa da mwerlobas Soris arsebul garTulebul
urTierTobebze.
`Cven ar gamovdiodiT, rogorc saxelmwifo saxelmwifoSi. rodesac
zarbaznebi grialeben, muzebi sduman, magram Cvenc gviTqvams `sityvani
savargoni.”[17,305] miaCnia, rom sabWoTa mTavrobasa da qarTul mwerlobas
Soris arajansaRi `kontaqtis” pirobebSic ki saTqmeli unda iTqvas.
`farisevloba iqneboda qarTveli mwerlis mier, rom saTqmeli ar
gveTqva”. poetis saxeli maT avalebT `patriotizms da keTilSobilebas”.
sityviT gamosvlisas, konstantine gamsaxurdia, yuradRebas amaxvilebs,
mTavrobis mxridan qarTvel mweralTa nawilis ignoraciis faqtze. misi
gamosvla gamsWvalulia principiT _ `unda giTxraT simarTle”. aseTi
poziciis gamJRavneba sabWoTa epoqaSi sruliad sensaciuri iyo, magram
mwerali maRali tribunidan simarTlis gaxmovanebas ar erideboda. `Cven
imas ver SevxvdebiT guldamSvidebiT, rom samurzayanoSi bavSvebs
qarTulad ar aswavlidnen da amaze verc veravis moveridebiT.
gvekiTxebian mogvwonT Tu ara `wiTelyabalaxiani” saqarTvelo.. Cven
gviyvars saqarTvelo. mas ver gaveqceviT da aq sayvedurebi
gadaWarbebulia”. [17,306]
gamsaxurdia am sityvaSi mniSvnelovan problematikas wamoswevs,
komunistebi acxadebdnen, rom `qarveli mwerlebi dRevandel sinamdviles
 41

ver exebian” da maT ar gaaCniaT mTavari Tema. am `braldebas”

konstantinem erTi noveliT upasuxa saxelwodebiT `zarebi grigalSi”. am
novelis gamo mwerals samRvdloebis mxardaWera daswames. `erTxel
vardinma wamomaZaxa: gamsaxurdia Tamar dedoflis partiisao.” amis
sapasuxod mwerali Cveuli, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli, eriskacis
poziciidan brZanebs: `Tamars Cven vetrfiT, rogorc umSvenieres qarTvel
qals, saqarTvelos kulturis simbolos. me vapireb davwero erTi
fantastikuri romani: `saqarTvelo xuTi aTasi wlis Semdeg”. me minda
gamoviyvano saqarTvelo yvelaze Zlieri, yvelaze mdidari, yvelaze
mSvenieri da gana es imas niSnavs, rom me arsebul saqarTvelos Tofs
vesvri?.”[iqve] _ aseTi paradoqsuli kiTxva gaisma mweralTa yrilobaze,
rac miznad isaxavda erovnulobis sakiTxis win wamowevas. mwerali
moiTxovda qarTuli kulturis hegemonias saqarTveloSi. moTxovnaSi
TiTqos araferia gaugebari da gadaWarbebuli, magram es xdeba 1926 wels,
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, roca rusuli kremli `TamaSis wesebs” Tavad
gansazRvravda. es kargad hqondaT gacnobierebuli imJamindel qarTvel
mwerlebs. gamsaxurdia mTavrobis mier gakeTebul sikeTesac xedavs,
magram ar erideba Tqvas: `dRevandel saqarTveloSi defeqtebsac
vamCnevTo.”
yrilobaze mwerlis mier warmoTqmuli sityva aris konstruqciuli
gamosvlis SesaniSnavi nimuSi, romelic orientirebulia sajaro
simarTleze, faqtebze dayrdnobili realobis Cvenebaze. sabWoTa kavSiris
SemadgenlobaSi myofi saqarTvelos kultura prioritetulobas
kargavda, raSic mwerali seriozul samomavlo safrTxes xedavda: `mis
Semdeg, rac tfilisSi arsebobs saqarTvelos mTavrobis rezidencia da
amier kavkasiis mTavrobis rezidencia, aq imarTeba didi Sejibreba
sxvadasxva kulturaTa Soris”.: `qarTuli kultura Tu Zlieria, unda
gamarjvebuli gamovides am Widilidan.”[17,307]
erovnuli saganZuris SenarCunebisa da misi prioritetad
gamocxadebis sanukvari survili mwerals yrilobaze ukan daxevis
uflebas ar aZlevs. igi saTanadod iyenebs maRal politikur tribunas
da warmoadgens qarTuli mwerlobis interesebis ubadlo damcvels.
 42

ufro adre, 1918 wels, qarTvel mweralTa pirvel yrilobaze

konstantine gamsaxurdia ambobda: `Cven momavalSi erovnuli saxelmwifo
Tu gveRirsa, unda moviTxovoT proteqcionizmi qarTuli sityvisa,
qarTuli wignisa da qarTuli Teatrisa.” amave moTxovnis dayeneba uwevs
mwerals 1926 wlis yrilobazec da mTavrobis mimarT wayenebul
pretenzias bunebrivi konstruqciuli taqtiT daviT guramiSvilis
sityvebiT abolovebs: `oriode sityva `gasagoni da savargoni” Cvenc
gakadroT, amas mtrobad nu CagviTvliT!”. [17,308]
konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTuli wignis imJamindel savalalo
mdgomareobas exeba: `qarTuli wignebi oboli bavSvebiviT SekuWuli arian
vitrinis erT kuTxeSi”. am sityvebis Semdeg darbazidan nasrol
replicas, `Tu ar werT, ra gamovceT!” mwerali myisierad pasuxobs:
`qarTuli sityva energias ver Slida, me ar vambob, rom qarTuli
kulturis, enis dauZlureba mTavrobis brali iyos”. aq mwerali
qarTveli intelegenciis `danaSaulze” miuTiTebs – `qarTveli kaci,
rogorc kulturtregeri Zlier sustia: qarTveli inteligenti ar aris
Tavisi sityvis, Tavisi literaturis, Tavisi kulturis fanatikosi”.[17,307]
qarTvel erze fanatizmamde Seyvarebuli mwerali arsebul
`gaugebrobaSi” orive mxares adanaSaulebs: rogorc mTavrobas, ise
mwerlobas. gamsaxurdia mTavrobis saqmianobas wera-kiTxvis gavrcelebaSi
pozitiurad afasebs: `am brZolaSi Cvenc TqvenTan varT-o.” magram iqve
dasZens: `qarTuli kultura dRes ar aris iseT simaRleze, romelzedac
unda iyves-o.” amis mizezs saerTo undoblobaSi xedavs. `Cven erTnairad
undoblobiT vucqerodiT erTmaneTs”. es iyo Tamami mxileba, rasac
radikaluri gardatexa unda mohyoloda qarTuli mwerlobisa da
xelisuflebis damokidebulebaSi.
1926 wels warmoTqmuli sityva mTlianad daclilia `sabWoTa
hegemoniisaTvis” damaxasiaTebeli mgznebare paTetikisagan, sadac ar aris
subieqturi Sexedulebebisa da TviTreklamis arcerTi detali. sabWouri
auditoriis winaSe mdgari oratori sam gverdian sityvaSi daatevs
saqarTvelos mweralTa imJamindel tkivilebs da xelisuflebisaTvis
gasaTavliswinebel aucilebel moTxovnebs. mwerali sakuTari poziciis
Ria dafiqsirebiT gamoxatavs erovnuli mwerlobis imJamindel mTavar
 43

saTqmels. sityva konstruqciulobis saxes inarCunebs. am gamosvlas aqvs

mizani da ar aris valdebulebaze gaTvlili protokoluri moxseneba.
xelisuflebisadmi erTi SexedviT `zomieri” kritika sinamdvileSi mwvavea
da kargad gaTvlili taqtiT aris gamoxatuli. sabWoTa xelisufleba
aseT gamosvlebs seriozul dapirispirebad ganixilavda. gamsaxurdias
Cveuli `siTamame” araerTxel gamxdara kritikis sagani.
sabWoTa saqarTveloSi gamsaxurdia xedavda safrTxes, rom
qarTuli mwerloba `gerad” ar yofiliyo miCneuli. es saSiSroeba
mwerals wignis maRaziebSi qarTuli wignis mdgomareobiT aqvs axsnili.
dasasruls, mwerali saqarTvelos xelisuflebis winaSe gamodis
samarTliani moTxovniT: `vinaidan, saqarTvelos mTavrobis oficialur
qaRaldebs aweria sityva `saqarTvelo”, `saqarTveloSi primaruli
mniSvneloba unda hqondes qarTul sityvas, qarTul wigns.
me mogaxsenebT, saqarTveloSi qarTuli kulturis hegemoniisTvis.
es aris Cveni moTxovna. saqarTvelos xelisufleba uars ar gvetyvis.
qarTuli kulturis siyvaruls gaemTlianebinos saqarTvelos garRveuli
guli”. [17,308]
1932 wlis 23 aprils sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri komitetis
politbiurom gamosca dadgenileba nomriT `97”,
Приложение к п.21 пр. №97 от 23 апреля 1932 г.
О перестройке литературно-художественных организаций
1. ЦК констатирует, что за последние годы на основе значительных
успехов социалистического строительства достигнут большой как количественный,
так и качественный рост литературы и искусства.
Несколько лет тому назад, когда в литературе налицо было еще значительное
влияние чуждых элементов, особенно оживившихся в первые годы нэпа, а кадры
пролетарской литературы были еще слабы, партия всемерно помогала
созданию и укреплению особых пролетарских организаций в области
литературы и [других видов] искусства в целях укрепления позиций
пролетарских писателей и работников искусства [и содействия росту кадров
пролетарских писателей и художников]*.
 44

В настоящее время, когда успели уже вырасти кадры

пролетарской литетуры и искусства, выдвинулись новые писатели и художники
с заводов, фабрик, колхозов, рамки существующихпролетарских литературно-
художественных организаций (ВОАПП, РАПП,РАМП** и др.) становятся уже
узкими и тормозят серьезный размах
[литературного и] художественного творчества.
Это обстоятельство создает опасность превращения этих 173
организаций из средства наибольшей мобилизации [действительно] советских
писателей и художников вокруг задач социалистического строительства в
средство культивирования кружковой замкнутости, отрыва [иногда] от
политических задач современности и от значительных групп писателей
и художников, сочувствующих социалистическому строительству [и готовых его
поддержать].
Отсюда необходимость соответствующей перестройкилитературно-
художественных организаций и расширения базы ихработы.
Исходя из этого, ЦК ВКП(б) постановляет:
1) ликвидировать ассоциацию пролетарских писателей (ВОАПП,РАПП);
2) объединить всех писателей, поддерживающих платформу
Советской [стоящих за политику советской] власти и стремящихся
участвовать в социалистическом строительстве, в единый союзсоветских
писателей с коммунистической фракцией в нем;
3) провести аналогичное изменение по линии других видов
искусства [объединение музыкантов, композиторов, художников,архитекторов и
т.п. организаций];
4) поручить Оргбюро разработать практические меры по
проведению этого решения.[78]
dadgenileba miznad isaxavda SemoqmedebiT sferoze `kanonier”
diqtaturas. dadgenilebis SesavalSive naTqvamia, rom `moisustebs
proletaruli literatura” SeimCneva `ucxo elementebis” gavlena,
sabWoTa kavSiris reJimi `diadi sabWoeTis erTian Zmur ojaxSi” Semaval
yvela sferoSi `wesrigis damyarebas” Seudga da mas warmatebiT
axorcielebda. gaCnda mcneba `proletaruli mwerlobis kadrebi”.
 45

istoriul dokumentSi `protokoliT” yvela `demokratiuli” niuansi iyo

gaTvaliswinebuli.
SemoqmedebiTi samyaro erT uzenaes mizans `socialistur
mSeneblobas” unda momsaxureboda. es iyo Tanamedroveobis `politikuri
amocana”. politbiuros ganaCeni ganxilvas da `referendums” ar
eqvemdebareboda. gadawyda gafarToebuliyo `maTi samuSao baza.”
xsenebuli dadgenilebiT likvidirebul iqna mweralTa yvela
dajgufeba, skolebi. `socialisturi mSenebloba” gamocxadebuli iyo
prioritetul mimarTulebad da Sesabamisad yvela mwerali `erTiani
platformis’’ garSemo unda gaerTianebuliyo. dadgenileba pirdapir
avalebda mwerlebs sabWoTa xelisuflebis mxardaWeras da
`socialistur mSeneblobaSi” monawileobis miRebas. es iyo
`politbiuros” `generaluri cvlilebebi,” romelsac yvela unda
damorCileboda. 1932 wlis `politbiurom” Seqmna `misi udidebulesoba”
`erTiani sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiri”.
analogiuri cvlilebebi ganxorcielda xelovnebis yvela sferoSi:
kompozitorebi, arqiteqtorebi da mxatvrebi erTi miznis garSemo
gaaerTianes. amocana naTeli iyo - maT erTad unda aeSenebinaT erTiani
socialisturi saxelmwifo. amave dadgenilebiT, `orgbiuros” daevala
praqtikuli zomebis gatareba am gadawyvetilebis upirobo
Sesasruleblad.
dadgenilebis miRebidan ramdenime TveSi, konstantine gamsaxurdia
gamodis mweralTa sasaxleSi sityviT da miRebuli rezoluciis gamo
Tavis mosazrebas sajarod afiqsirebs. Sesavlis saxiT, auditorias
Semdegi sityvebiT mimarTavs: `kargad laparaki gacilebiT ufro Znelia,
vidre kargad wera.” mwerali aseT ganmartebas SemTxveviT ar akeTebs. am
sasaxleSi misive TqmiT, igi araerTxel gamosula Tavdacvis mizniT. `me
imedi maqvs, es iqneba ukanaskneli Cemi Tavdacva.”
warmomadgenlobiT Sekrebaze 1932 wlis 28 dekembers azris
gamoxatvis originalur formas mimarTavs da msmenels qarTul legendas
Seaxsenebs; `roca lomma Tavisi dakarguli bokveri glexis ojaxSi ipova
hkiTxa _ ram dagaCiava ase, `Sen lomis bokveri xar Tu katao?” pasuxad
lomma miiRo: `lomis bokveri viyavi, magram adamianebma damaCiaveso.”[17,309]
 46

am analogis moxmobiT, gamsaxurdia mianiSnebs imaze, Tu rogor

SeiZleba ukuSedegi gamoiRos `sacodavi adamianebis xelSi” `didma
ideebma.” misi TqmiT, mTavari is ki ar aris rom `lomi xar” da es aris
Seni upiratesoba, aramed, is, rom lomad darCe nebismier SemTxvevaSi.
`lomis daCiaveba” veranairma cvlilebam ver unda SesZlos. es aris
maRali tribunidan gamsaxurdias mTavari saTqmelis dedaazri.
sabWoTa reJimSi moRvawe mwerali `23 aprilis rezoluciis”
SesaZlo pozitiur Sedegebze saubrobs misi saTanadod gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi. ar unda momxdariyo `formulis mruded gageba.” mwerlis
azriT, formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT internacionaluri kultura Cveni
erovnuli interesebisaTvis unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli.
gamsaxurdia Cveuli gulaxdilobiT miuTiTebs im `mavne
politikaze”, romelmac saqarTveloSi pativi ahyara qarTul sityvas.
miRebuli rezoluciis fonze, mwerals surs CvenSi arsebuli
problemebis mxilebis gziT, miviRoT is pozitiuri Sedegi, rac qarTuli
mwerlobis interesebis samsaxurSi iqneba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
politbiuros xsenebuli dadgenileba gansjis sagani ver gaxdeboda da
mas upirobo Sesrulebis `meqanizmi” icavda. mwerals es realoba
zedmiwevniT kargad aqvs gaazrebuli. amitom, gonier adamians, `zemodan”
wamosuli generaluri `davaleba” qarTul mwerlobaSi arsebuli
naklovanebebis aRmosafxvrel saSualebad unda gamoeyenebina.
mwerali patriotuli tonalobiT ki ar gmobs `kabalur
dadgenilebas”, aramed, qarTveli mwerlebis gamofxizlebiT cdilobs
arsebuli realobis Suq-Crdilebi gamoamzeuros. amiT igi `daCiavebuli
lomis bokveris” gadarCenisken mouwodebs kolegebs. misi azriT,
erovnuli cnobierebis Cakvlas ver gamoiwvevda politbiuros axali
gadawyvetileba. qarTuli erovnuli mwerlobis gaZliereba da
ganviTareba TviT qarTvelTa cnobierebiT unda yofiliyo miRweuli. maTi
mzaoba nebismieri axali, Tundac Tavsmoxveuli cvlilebebisTvis unda
emyarebodes Sinagan Zlierebas. mweralTa kavSiri, romelic
xelisuflebisgan finansdeboda, misive TqmiT, ar unda gadaqceuliyo
`mCqmetav organod”.
 47

mwerali SigniT arsebuli realobisaTvis Tvalis gasworebas ufro

met mniSvnelobas aniWebs, vidre politbiuros mier deklarirebul
partiul gardaqmnebs. `gadaaTvaliereT Cveni Teatris programa, Tqven
naxavT, rom aq Targmnili nawarmoebebi metia, vidre originaluri”.. [17,311]
mas ar miaCnia, rom rezoluciiT vinmes wera da Semoqmedeba
aekrZala. saxelisuflebo zewolis pirobebSi mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi
pasuxismgebloba unda gazrdiliyo da `Sinagani gardaqmnebi” unda
yofiliyo sapasuxo nabiji.
`sabWoTa mweralTa kavSiris” Seqmnis gadawyvetileba gamsaxurdias
did tragediad sulac ar miaCnia. mweralTa axal `kavSirSi” sayovelTao
gaerTianeba veranair SezRudvas ver dauwesebs `lomis bokvers”, Tu is
marTla `lomis bokveria”. mwerali ar apirebs gadados kalami da mieces
nihilizms. igi gacilebiT ufro did safrTxes xedavs `Rvinismier
kavSirSi” da sailustraciod mohyavs germanul JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli
werili `axali saqarTvelo,” sadac qarTveli mwerlebis qeifia aRwerili
da `loTebis karnavalTan” aris Sedarebuli: `xSirad Camodian CvenSi
stumrebi da rom Camovlen, navTluRSi daxvdebian Cveni mwerlebi da
Semdeg qeifoben. unda moispos Rvinismieri kavSiri.”[17,410]
politbiuros mier nakarnaxevi gardaqmnis paralelurad kolegebs
viTarebis qarTulad `gardaqmnas” sTavazobs. `me aravis ar veferebi”
brZanebs konstantine gamsaxurdia da miuTiTebs, rom `proletarul
mwerlobaSic moipoveba araerTi niWieri kritikosi.” aq kargad Cans
mwerlis pozicia xsenebul `dadgenilebasTan” dakavSirebiT. mas
sailustraciod Tavisive literaturuli praqtika mohyavs. 1925 wels man
gamoaqveyna `dionisos Rimili.” `es mofiqrebuli mqonda oqtombris
revoluciamde”. amiT mwerali ganmartavs, rom misi Sinaarsi ar aris
socialisturi da revoluciuri, magram dabeWdilia sabWoTa
xelisuflebis dros. miuxedavad, am TemasTan dakavSirebiT atexili
cnobili aurzaurisa, misive TqmiT, `seriozuli kritika ar Sexebia.”
piradi magaliTis CvenebiT man mwerlebs faqtobrivad, Seaxsena, rom
nebismieri xelisuflebis pirobebSi SesaZlebelia genialuri
nawarmoebebis Seqmna. sworad gaTvlili politikiT, yvela `cvlilebis”
gamoyeneba SeiZleba erovnuli interesebis sasargeblod.
 48

am sajaro gamosvlaSi konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTul

sinamdvileSi arsebul kidev erT mniSvnelovan Temas ganixilavs. es aris
afxazeTis sakiTxi. igi exeba yvelaze mtkivneul Temas – qarTuli enis
sakiTxs afxazeTSi. `me didedidan afxazis sisxli maqvs, miyvars afxazebi
da gmirebic myavs afxazebi, magram amas garda yovelma qarTvelma unda
icodes, rom afxazi, Cerqezi, osi Cveni mkvidri Zmebi arian.”[17,312]
gamsaxurdiam amave yrilobaze sajarod gaakritika megruli warmoSobis
ori gamomsvleli, romelTac afxazeTis saxeliT rusul enaze isaubres:
`raSia saqme? afxazebi arian eseni Tu vin arian?” gamsaxurias
samarTliani, obieqturi kritika erovnul niSans ar scildeba da
araferi aqvs saerTo subieqtivizmTan...
qarTveli kolegebis da xelisuflebis winaSe sityviT gamosvlisas
mwerali bolomde inarCunebs obieqturobas. mosalodneli `sabWoTa
safrTxis” gaTvaliswinebiT mniSvnelovani alternatiuli qmedebebisaken
mouwodebs SemoqmedebiT inteligencias. am mizans da am Canafiqrs
emsaxureba maRali tribunidan naTqvami mwerlis sityvebi: `me aravis
vebrZvi!” `me aravis ar veferebi!”
sityvis dasasruls, konstantine gamsaxurdia mimdinare epoqis
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze saubrobs. igi miiCnevs, rom `23 aprili
rezolucia xels ar uSlis qarTul mwerlobas ganviTardes, mas SeuZlia
sasikeTod gamoiyenos `cvlileba” da sakuTar TavSi eZebos arsebuli
naklovanebebis mizezebi. Tavad qarTveloba gaufrTxildes mis mTavar
saganZurs _ qarTul enas. mwerlis azriT, xelisuflebebis
gadawyvetilebebi ki ar angrevs erovnulobas, aramed `erovnuli Ziris’’
dasusteba iwvevs ukuSedegebs: `Cven vuyriT safuZvels qarTul kulturas,
qarTul ekonomikas da saWiroa frTxilad moveqceT qarTul enas,
qarTul kulturas, 23 aprilis dadgenileba Cven saSualebas gvaZlevs
amisas”. [17,312]
1932 wlis 23 aprilis rezoluciiT TiTqos aRsdga normaluri
situacia da dasabami mieca axal urTierTobebs, namdvilad ki
maqsimalurad daiTrguna SemoqmedebiTi suli. terorma da represiebma
qarTuli inteligencia gadaaCvia Tavisuflebaze da demokratiaze fiqrs.
k. gamsaxurdiam namdvili omi gadaixada `rappelebisa” da maTi
 49

recidivebis winaaRmdeg, sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi individualobis,

eTnikuri mrwamsis, moqalaqeobrivi poziciis dasacavad.
XX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi – kulturul,
SemoqmedebiT muSaobas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. Seqmnili viTarebidan
gamomdinare, qarTvel mwerlebs unda gaeorkecebinaT kulturuli
saqmianoba, radgan rogorc konstantine ambobda - mousvenari demonis
epoqaSi arcerTi iaraRi araa ise sando da ucilo, rogorc kulturuli:
`Cveni politikuri mdgomareoba saerTaSoriso ojaxSi mudam Jams Cvens
kulturul upiratesobaT unda daeyrdnos, radgan yvela kosmiur
elementebs Soris umkvidresi substanci es individumisa da eris suli
gaxlavTo” - werda gamsaurda `metafizikosis dRiurebSi”.
konstantine gamsaxurdia ar kmayofildeboda kulturis `saalyo
wesebiT” da gmobda mwerali mojamagiris pozicias. ukompromisod
ibrZoda presaSi, disputebze mweralTa kavSiris sxdomebze erovnuli
politikis gasatareblad. akritikebda mweralTa kavSiris muSaobas,
mweralTa gamalebul swrafvas aparatisken. moiTxovda iseTi kavSiris
Seqmnas, sadac Tanasworuflebianobis principi iqneboda daculi.
didi konstantine didi literaturis Seqmnis mxardamWeri iyo.
yvelafer danarCens `xilis saxvev makulaturas” uwodebda. misi azriT,
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi qarTuli mwerloba mavneblur tendenciebs
amJRavnebda: `erTni TavianTi uvicobiT da epigonuri bunebis wyalobiT
mecxramete saukunis literaturis ideuri recidivebiT hkvebaven
dRevandel mwerlobas. aqac gamoirkva, bare or `wamyvan” mwerals ukan
mihyavs literatura. xolo meoreni, ufro ukulturo da uniWoni
cdiloben ruseTis literaturis brma mimbaZvelobiT qarTuli
dublikatebis Seqmnas.”[17,365]
mwerlis mosazrebiT isini vinc `internacionaluri kulturis”
Seqmnis deviziT gamodiodnen sinamdvileSi ukan-ukan mihyavdaT mwerloba.
`Cven originaluri sityva unad vuTxraT, rogorc Cvens kavSirs, ise mTel
qveyanas.” mweralTa kavSiris yrilobebze igi araerTxel gamosula
qarTuli nacionaluri literaturis Seqmnis moTxovniT. `maRala avswioT
qarTuli kulturis droSa” _ am sityvebiT mimarTa mweralma 1937 wels
qarTvel inteligencias da moiTxova qarTuli literaturis msoflio
 50

asparezze gasvlis sakiTxi, mweralTa kavSirs, umTavres miznad gaexada.

`qarTvelma xalxma msoflios misca Zveli saqarTvelos ubrwyinvalesi
poeti rusTaveli, romelic Cveni xelisuflebis wyalobiT dRes an xval
gamova msoflio asparezze. es gvavalebs yovel Cvengans, Cvens Secdomebze
avmaRldeT da ufro maRla avwioT axali, qarTuli kulturis droSa.~
[17,374]
b-n konstantines literatura warmoedgina rogorc rCeuli
vaJkacebis da rCeuli cxenebis doRi, sadac gamarjvebuli mxolod
Rirseuli unda gamxdariyo. ase Tu gavidoda fons qarTuli wigni,
qarTuli literatura. mweralTa kavSiri, kritikosTa mosyidviT,
emsgavseboda xelmarjveTa da ZlierTa kavSirs `sustTa da umweoTa
winaaRmdeg.” mwerlis SefasebiT, swored aq iyo borotebisa da amaoebis
bazari, rac unda daZleuliyo.
`arc erTi qarTuli wigni Tanamedrove qarTveli mwerlisa jer
ucxoeTis bazarze ar gamosula.” acxadebs gamsaxurdia, 1937 wels
warmoTqmul sityvaSi da amis mizezad `mweralTa bedovlaToba” miaCnia.
sakavSiro mweralTa kavSiri mxolod moskovel mweralTa momsaxurebas
eweoda. mweralTa kavSiri ver axerxebda qarTuli mwerloba daeyenebina
sakavSiro mwerlobis yuradRebis centrSi. amis mizezad gamsaxurdia
araerT faqtors asaxelebs: `erTi da igive pirebi dajiriToben tfilissa
da moskovs Soris, maTi damsaxurebiT `aq naTqvami iqamdis ver aRwevs.”
[17,367] daufaravad acxadebda, rom `rappisa” da trockizmis sadisturma
lit. politikam waSala xelovnebis formebi, gamoiwvia Janrebis aRreva.
sabWoTa wyobilebisa da reJimis pirobebSi aseTi Tamami, erovnulobis
niSniT gamorCeuli mwvave gamosvla istoriuli mniSvnelobis datvirTvas
iZenda.
mwerali umkacres da amave dros samarTlian Sefasebas aZlevs
Tanamedrove romanebsa da novelebs: `saqarTveloSi uaresi xdeba, yovel
memuars `romans” uwodeben.” arsebuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mas
aucilebel pirobad miaCnia `kvalifikaciisa da xarisxis mandati”
moeTxovaT mwerlisTvis. surda, rom qarTuli kulturis done Rirseul
simaRleze exila. es moTxovna epoqam moitana da bunebrivia patrioti
mwerali erovnul Rirsebas ganuxrelad daicavda; `gakotrebuli
 51

aznauriviT yovelTvis sxvisgan ki ar unda vinaTxovroT da visesxoT,

aramed sxvasac vasesxoT da sxvasac mivceT.” [17,368] gamsaxurdia
dadebidaT afasebda im faqts, rom xelisuflebam qarTuli musika da
xalxuri simRera sabWoTa kavSirSi gaitana da xelisufebis winaSe
ayenebda axal moTxovnas: `sabWoTa kavSirsa da msoflio bazarze
gavitanoT Cveni kulturis artileria, Cveni proza.”
konstantine gamsaxurdia gvevlineba qarTuli kulturis
gzamkvlevad msoflioSi. `didi literatura SeuZlebelia didi stilis
prozis gareSeo” _ werda mwerali da miaCnda, rom masebze udidesi
zegavlenis moxdena mxolod prozas SeeZlo. akritikebda saqarTvelos
mweralTa kavSirs, romelic jerovan yuradRebas ver aqcevda prozas.
Janrebis gadagvarebis mizezad mwerali, rogorc aRvniSneT,
trockistuli da `rappuli” kritikis hegemonias asaxelebda. Sedegad
misive azriT, `gaCnda auarebeli literaturuli surogati, romelsac
Cveni redaqtorebi beWdavdnen.”
gamsaxurdia did yuradRebas uTmobda niWieri mwerlebis
gamovlenas da maTTvis gzis gakafvas. Tumca, mourideblad amxelda
damwyeb mwerlebs, romelTac `tomebi xurjinebiviT” mohqondaT
redaqciebSi. redaqtorebs samarTlianobisaken mouwodebda `jer
uniWoebis gamomzeurebisTvis aravin CamouxrCviaT arc CvenSi da arc
sxvagan-o.” literaturuli esTetis poziciidan, qarTuli mwerlobis
maRali xarisxis miRwevis mosurne iyo. bunebrivia momavali Taobebis
ganviTareba daefuZneboda im saganZurs, rasac qarTuli mwerloba
Seqmnida. amitomac, b-n konstantine miyuradebuli iyo qarTuli kulturis
xvalindel dReze.
gamosvlis dasasruls, (1937wels) didi mwerali, mimarTavs
kolegebs: `sagareo da saSinao mteri saerTo ZaliT dasaZlevia. Cvens
Secdomebze avmaRldeT da ufro maRla avwioT qarTuli kulturis
droSa da saxeli.”[17,374] konstantine gamsaxurdia naTlad xedavda, rom
`wiTelyabalaxiani saqarTvelos~ politika mxolod ubedurebis saTave
xdeboda, saWirod miaCnda kulturuli brZola, erovnuli sulis
gadarCenisaTvis. mis SemoqmedebaSi, esseebSi, publicistikaSi upirveles
adgilze dadga samSoblo. man droulad igrZno apokalifsuri
 52

katastrofis moaxloeba. mwerlis tribunidan Tu sagazeTo

publikaciebidan aaSkaravebda sabWoTa wyobilebis namdvil saxes. mas
ebrZodnen. konstantines naazrevs sapirispiro mimarTulebasac aZlevdnen.
misTvis miuRebeli iyo bolSevikebis avantiura Zalauflebis xelSi
Casagdebad da mwerlis obieqturi kalmiT ebrZoda maTi programis
ganxorcielebas.
XX saukunis ociani wlebis qarTul politikaSi Tavi iCina
separatizmis problemam. 1919 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma,
saqarTvelos ganuyofel kuTxes aWaras avtonomia mianiWa. konstantine
gamsaxurdia kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeboda e.w. `aWaristanis”
damoukideblobas. erTi wliT adre, 1918 wels igi iaraRiT xelSi icavda
aWaras Turq askerTa Semosevisagan. rusuli, Sors gamiznuli politikis
wyalobiT, saqarTvelos aneqsiis pirvelsave dReebSi cxadi gaxda, rom
ruseTis mTavroba aseTi avtonomiebiT qmnida mtkice dasayrdens
aneqsirebul qveyanaSi.
1921 wels gazeT `socalist-federalistSi” aqveynebs statias: `Zmebi
xarT Tu mtrebi?” gazeTis furclebze vkiTxulob: `samkaod utaqtod
dawerili rusuli `memorandumi” gadavikiTxe da aRmovaCine, rom aWara
TiTqos Cveni mezobeli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo iyos. romelsac
Semosvla unda respublikis SemadgenlobaSi. memorandumSi erTi sityvac
araa naxsenebi, rom rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise aWaraSi saxelmwifoebrivi
ena qarTuli unda iqnas.” [32] mweralma udidesi erovnuli safrTxe
dainaxa ruseTis am provokaciul qmedebaSi da eriskacis erovnulma
Tavmoyvareobamac ar daayovna miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa represiuli
`manqana” sruli simZlavriT moqmedebda. gamsaxurdia ruseTis
farisevlur politikas mkacrad akritikebs. `ras emyareba aWaris
avtonomistebis `memorandumi?” _ samarTlian kiTxvas svams mwerali. am
sabediswero faqtis axsnas gamsaxurdia religiozur momentze
dayrdnobiT cdilobs. misTvis gaugebari da miuRebeli sinamdvilis
warmoCeniT surs, miiRos pasuxi, romelic axsnas mouZebnis am
`partikularul tendencias.” mwerlis Seurigebeli damokidebuleba
saqarTvelos avtonomiebad daqucmacebis mimarT, mis araerT werilsa da
publikaciaSi gamoCnda. bunebrivia mwerlis tribuna sabWoTa
 53

saqarTveloSi ar iyo Tavisufali: `vinc CvenTan yofnas sxvasTan yofnas

arCevs, vinc Zmobas sxvis ymobas arCevs, is Cveni mteri iqneba” - werda
mwerali.[iqve] konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis akrZaluli Temebi ar
arsebobda, Tumca is arasdros ar gadadioda im zRvars, rasac kritikis
eTika iTvaliswinebda.
mwerlis erovnuli msoflmxedveloba efuZneboda saqarTvelos
istoriul fundaments. `aravis daaviwydes rom deda saqarTvelos aqvs
igive bunebrivi ufleba dedisa, roelic medeas hqonda. Tavisi Svilebis
sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxis gadawyvetis dros miniWebuli.” [32]
Tu Tvalsa gadavavlebT XX saukuns 20-iani wlebis beWdviT medias
davinaxavT, rom iq sruliad analogiuri XXI saukunis saqarTvelos
politikuri situaciaa aRwerili. qarTveli publicistebis mTavari
Temebi iyo afxazeTi da iq arsebuli separatizmi. gamsaxurdia mwvaved
akritikebda afxazeTis avtonomiuri komisariatis Seqmnas. `afxazeTis
avtonomiuri respublika” iyo Sedegi ruseTis kargad gaTvlili
politikisa.
1925 wels samegrelos skolebSi bavSvebs megrul enas aswavlidnen
da zugdidis mazraSi megrulenovani gazeTic ki gamodioda. megruli enis
propagandas saTaveSi edga zugdidis samazro partiuli komitetis
mdivani, romelic pirdapir miTiTebebs ruseTidan iRebda. rusuli
separatistuli politikis damangrevel, erovnulobis salikvidacio
gegmas, mwerali erovnul sifxizles upirispirebda. 1932 wels am faqtTan
dakavSirebiT, mweralTa kavSiris yrilobaze mkacr ganacxads akeTebs:
`amxanag Jvanias moqmedeba `yazaxiS gazeTis” irgvliv pirdapir
kuriozamde midis. is Segnebulad gverds uvlis qarTul enas, mas unda
qarTuli enis sazRvari xobi gaxados. me jvarSi gaxldiT. iqidan
Camoviare da ar Semxvedria erTi megreli, romelsac Cemi qarTuli ar
gaegos”[17,312] konstantine gamsaxurdias CareviT samegreloSi aikrZala
megrulenovani gazeTis gamosvla. amis gamo mweralma araerTi
daumsaxurebeli umaduri pasuxi miiRo. mas `qarTvel faSistsa” da
`Savrazmel megrels” uwodebdnen.
k. gamsaxurdias 20_30-iani wlebis publistur kritikul werilebSi
aisaxa qveynis politikuri sinamdvile. mwerlis am periodis sagazeTo
 54

werilebi saqarTvelos istoriis matianea, Taviseburi qronika, romelic

gvexmareba sinamdvilis kanonzomierebis cnobaSi.
jer kidev 1917 wels gamsaxurdia gazeT `saxalxo saqmeSi” ityvis:
`didi saxelmwifoebi mxolod darRvevisa da daSlis
ufskrulisaken miaqanebs Tavis farglebSi iseTi mcire erebis Zalad
momwyvdevas, romelTac sakmaod Zlieri kulturuli tradiciebis garda
sruliad Taviseburi nacionaluri TviTcnobiereba da mkvidri
nacionaluri ideali moepoebaT’’. [14,2]
sxva erebis Tavisufleba rusulis politikisaTvis miuRebeli iyo.
aqedan gamomdinare, gamsaxurdia daaskvnis: `Zveli ruseTis uvargisma
politikam daayena polonelebi separatizmis gzaze, radgan ruseTma ver
iwama poloneli eris Tavisufali kulturuli TanamSromloba”.[iqve]
gamsaxurdia akritikebda ruseTis `uvargis politikas” da mas
realobisgan sruliad mowyvetilad miiCnevda. 1917 wlis sagazeTo
publikaciaSi avtori Cvens yuradRebas doqtor pelpiusis sityvebs
miapyrobs, romelic sityviT 1915 wels raixstagSi gamovida: `Cven
sinamdvileze Tvals ver avixvevT. germaniisa da ruseTis centralur
guberniebs Soris binadrobs mTeli rigi iseTi erebisa, romelnic
sakmaod maRali kulturis safexurze dganan. sakmaod fesvmagari
nacionaluri ideebis matareblebi arian.”[14,3] mwerlis mosazrebiT
ruseTis teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismieri ers TviTganviTarebisa da
damoukideblobis ufleba unda hqonoda. realoba ki sxvagvari iyo `Zveli
ruseTi, ararus erebs uyrida borkilebs. imas ki ver hxedavda rom am
gziT TviTve Zirs uTxrida im Senobas, romlis ganmkvrivebisTvisac egzom
mowadinebuli iyo”. [iqve]
`velikorusebis” iniciativiT agebuli ruseTis saxelmwifo
struqtura mSvenivrad daaxasiaTa erTma germanelma profesorma mokle
sagazeTo werilSi: `am veberTela teritoriis centrsa da ganapirebs
TiTqmis araferi aerTebs tlanqi uxeSi Zalis meti. poloneTSi rusul
stilze da rusul kulturaze laparakic zedmetia. xolo kavkasiaSi
`moskovitelebma” isRa moaxerxes maTraxebisa da rusifikatoruli
politikis SemweobiT, aqa-iq rusuli Jargoni SemoiRes da Tavlwarmtac,
werwet qarTul taZrebs xaxvis Taviseburi gumbaTi wamoadges.”[14,4]
 55

Zveli da axli ruseTis mTavroba, saqarTveloSi, TviTdamkvidrebis

utifar politikas awarmoebda. qarTveli mwerali ar cnobda
gabatonebuli erebis principebs. misTvis, rogorc eriskacisTvis
erovnuli Tavisufleba, Tavis TavSi moicavda nacionaluri idealebis
xorcSesxmas da mis mudmiv ganviTarebas. `didi da patara
saxelmwifoebis” ganzogadeba did da patara erebad, gamsaxurdias,
yovlad dauSveblad miaCnda. erovnuli TviTSegnebis gza yvelaze
marTebuli gza iyo qarTuli erovnuli saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis
rTul procesSi.
bunebrivia, mwerali verasdros Seegueboda `velikorusuli”
politikis mizanmimarTul gegmas. jer kidev XX sakunis 10-ian wlebSi
grZnobda apokalifsuri katastrofis moaxloebas, rac mcire erebis
degradaciiTa da saboloo ganadgurebiT damTavrdeboda. ruseTis
politikis socialist meTaurebs mouwodebda ,ara rusi erebis mimarT
warmoebuli `kabaluri“ politikuri gezi SeecvalaT. `Tu ara rusi
erebisadmi mimarTulma politikam gezi ar icvala, nuravin gaiocebs, Tu
ufleba ayrilma erma, cixis galavnis gareSe mdgomTa mokavSireoba ar
iTakilos TavianTi erovnuli arsebobis uzrunvelsayofad. _
vkiTxulobT statiis dasasruls. `saxalxo saqmeSi”
didi mwerali, publicistis, obieqturi kalmiT ibrZoda
totalitaruli reJimis winaaRmdeg. saqarTvelos aneqsiis dRidan
sicocxlis miwurulamde `opozicionerad darCa”. dro da dro,
Sesabamisad sinamdvilisa, brZolis taqtikas cvlida, am politikaze idga
zepir Tu werilobiT diskusiebSi, misi moRvaweobis manZilze ar yofila
qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi arcerTi iseTi mniSvnelovani kulturul-
literaturuli da politikur sazogadoebrivi xasiaTis movlena,
romelsac mwerali pirdapir Tu arapirdapir ar gamoxmaureboda Tavisi
avtoritetuli, gabeduli da oratoruli sityviT.
 56

konstantine gamsaurdias esse da evropuli modernistuli

skolebis esTetikuri principebi

esse, lirikas hgavs, igi unda ganicado – `sagani iseTad unda

aRwero, rogorsac im wuTSi xedav” _ werda monteni, XVI saukunis frangi
moazrovne _ esses Janris fuZemdebeli.
`vaCveneb ara imas rac sarwmunoa, aramed imas rac mwams”. esseisti
ise xatavs yovelives, rogorc TviTon aRiqvams.” miSel montenis esses
pirveli wigni, 1580 wels gamovida. wignis bolosityvaSi f. kogan-
bernSteini wers :`Опыты Монтеня представляют собой произведение особого
родаб не имеющее ничего обшего со специальным филологическими трактататом
или сочинением на определенную социально-политическую тему. Избраанный
Монтенем жанр является литературным новшеством и давал Монтену возможность
совершенно свободно и непринуженна излагатъ свои мысли по лювому поводу”
[75,413]
essei warmoadgens fiqrebisa da STabeWdilebebis, Canaxatebis,
citatebis Tavisufal Serwymas. montenis mier SerCeuli Janri iyo
literaturuli siaxle. igi SesaZleblobas aZlevda avtors, savsebiT
Tavisuflad da Zaldautaneblad gadmoeca Tavisi azri.
frensis bekonma aRniSna rom, esse axali sityvaa, magram Zveli
movlena da marTlac esseisturi stili da esseisturi Tema platonis
dialogebSi aisaxa. platonis dialogebSi avtori ganixilavs ama Tu im
cnebas an sagans, gamoTqvams azrs, epaeqreba Tavis Tavs da es gansja ki
ar sruldeba, aramed wydeba, raTa avtori axali Temis gansjas Seudges.
iq, sadac pirvel planze avtoris pirovneba dgas da saganze
msjelobisas avtori individualuri `mes” gamovlenas axdens, ukve
naTlad SeiZleba esses Canasaxis danaxva.
ra aris esse - literaturuli Janri, romelic didi popularobiT
sargeblobs Tanamedrove literaturaSic.?!
esse - literaturisa da publicistikis Janria (essai niSnavs –cdas,
narkvevs) mcire zomis prozaul nawarmoebs, sadac gadmocemulia avtoris
individualuri Sexeduleba, subieqturi damokidebuleba ama Tu im
sakiTxze.
 57

esse Sinagani struqturiT erTiania, esses originalurobas swored

misi stili gansazRvravs. esse aris saSualo zomis Txzuleba, romelic
msubuqad da zedapirulad exeba Temas.
esse, uCveulo sistemaSi moyvanili nawarmoebia. mas xSirad
filosofiuri, biografiuli, publicisturi xasaTi aqvs.
esseSi Txroba araTanmimdevrulia, aramwyobri stilis mqone. bevria
asociaciuri msjeloba, mas yvelaze naklebad esaWiroeba grZeli
sityvebi, misi warmmarTveli principi aris is, rom siamovneba moganiWos.
virjinia vulfi, cnobili mwerali da esseisti werda:
`mxolod siamovnebis gancdis survili gadmogaRebinebs wigns
Tarodan. esseSi yvelaferi am mizans unda emsaxurebodes. pirveli
sityvidan unda movixibloT da mxolod bolo sityvaze unda
gamoviRviZoT. SuaSi ki uamravi ramiT unda SeviqcioT Tavi - gaocebiT,
dainteresebiT, aRSfoTebiT, esse gars unda Semogvertyas da Tavisi
saburveli mTels msoflios gadaawvdinos. romans siuJeti aqvs, leqss -
riTma, magram ra xerxs unda mimarTos esseistma? raTa Cveni yuradReba
mTlianad daipyros da transSi Cagvagdos.man unda icodes – rac yvelaze
arsebiTia, Tu rogor weros.
SesaZloa igi Rrma mcodne iyos, magram es codna esseSi ise unda
Cados mwerluri jadosnobiT, rom arcerTi faqti ar amoburcos, arc
dogma daarRvios.” [58]
Znelia zusti formulireba Tu ra aris esse? filosifiuri
narkvevi Tu mxatvruli Janri, magram erTi ram cxadia - esseisturi
kanonebi naklebad emorCileba mecnierul pedantizms da gamowvlilviTi
analizis principebs. amas adasturebs esseistikis mamamTavris sityvebic:
`wignuri codna samkaulia da ara safuZveli”.
esses, Janris mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom Sua saukuneebSi CineTSi,
koreasa da iaponiaSi arsebobda esseisturi literatura. iaponuri _
Ziuxicu, Cinuri _ suibi. sadac mTavari roli avtoriseul gansjas
ekisreboda da gadmogvcemdnen mwerlis emociebs.
esseisturi JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia TviTSemecneba da
TviTgamosaxva. ris Sesaxebac ar unda werdes esseisti masSi uTuod
warmmarTveli adgili pirovnebiseul Sexedulebebs uWiravs. esseSi
 58

Znelia striqonTa gamaerTianebeli azris povna, magram advilia maTi

gancda.
esses TviTSemecnebiTi buneba misi stilis subieqturoba da
lirikuloba, ganapirobebs mis mimzidvelobas.
ingliseli esseisti al smiti TxzulebaSi `imaze Tu rogor
iwereba esse” – werda, rom esse gulisxmobs arsebul mdidar
literaturas, esse zednaSenia da ara fundamenti, esse aris komentari,
esse inteleqtualuri gonis nayofia, igi gulisxmobs maRal
literaturul tradiciebs.
lesingi ambobda _ `azri dialogSi mwifdebao.” esses Sinagani
dialoguri bunebis gamo, mkiTxveli ar unda moelodes erTi
eWvmiutaneli WeSmaritebis povnas igi Tavs SemoqmedebiTad
Tanasworuflebian mosaubred unda aRiqvamdes. etimologiurad esse xom
raRac msjelobaze miuTiTebs. literatorebi aRniSnaven, rom yoveli
WeSmariti esse – eqsperimentia. aris SemTxvevebi, roca esseTa
umravlesoba Tavad avtoris mier Zalian iSviaTadaa essed wodebuli.
isini xan literaturul statiad, xan ki, Canaxatad arian monaTlulni.
zogjer ki, essed wodebuli Txzuleba esse araa.
rogorc aRvniSneT esses Janris fuZemdeblad miCneulia miSel
monteni. am Janris ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis frensis bekons,
inglisel poetsa da dramaturgs ben jonsons, romelmac pirvelad
gamoiyena sityva _ `esseisti” (essayist – 1609 ww.).
XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi esse erT-erTi wamyvani Janri xdeba frangul
da inglisur JurnalistikaSi. igi ganviTarda didros, volteris,
lesingis SemoqmedebaSi. esses Janrs mimarTavdnen romantikosebi da
filosofosebi esTetikur-romantiuli polemikis dros (emersoni, haine,
toro).
XX saukuneSi – esse, rogorc literaturuli Janri – ganicdis
aRmavlobas: roman rolanis, bernard Sous, Tomas manis, andre moruas,
SemoqmedebaSi. rusul literaturaSi esses Canasaxs xedaven a. puSkinis
SemoqmedebaSi: `mogzauroba moskovidan peterburgSi”, f. dostoevskis
`mwerlis dRiurSi”, a. gercenis SemoqmedebaSi.
 59

esseisturi literatura CvenSi XX saukunis pirveli naxevridan

Seiqmna, Tumca mkvlevarebi aRniSnaven, rom kritikuli werilis, Tu
etiudis is forma, romelzedac montenTan aris laparaki ar yofila
ucxo me-19 saukunis qarTuli mwerlobisTvis, oRond am Janris
nawarmoebebs esses saxeliT ar moixseniebdnen. (araerTi esseisturi
nawarmoebi, statia Tu etiudi aqvT dawerili ilias, akakis...)
esseisturi literatura, iq iCens Tavs, sadac mecnieruli kvlevis
tradicia arsebobs. esse gulisxmobs mecnierebisa da literaturis
ganviTarebis maRal dones. imisaTvis, rom avtorma esseisturi
stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli simsubuqiT SeZlos filosofiur
sakiTxebze msjeloba, mas sinamdvilis Semecnebis, mecnieruli kvlevis
garkveuli Cvevac unda uZRvodes win. arsebobs mosazreba, rom esseisturi
Janris warmoSoba mSvidobian periodSi ar xdeba, am Janrs istoriuli
Zvrebic aZlevs biZgs.
* * *
qaruli literaturuli esse, evropul essesTan SedarebiT
axalgazrdaa. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneebi esseisturi elementebis
Semcvel Txzulebebad asaxeleben n. gulamberiZis `sakiTxavi sueti
cxovlisa, kuarTisa saufloisa kaTolike eklesiisa”, sadac avtori
Tavisuflad gansjis da axasiaTebs qarTvelTa uaryofiT mxareebs da
Tvals usworebs sakuTar naklovanebebs.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
esseisturi TviTSemecneba Zireulad gansxvavdeba im TviTSemecnebisagan,
romelsac qristianul literaturaSi vxvdebiT, sadac avtori Tavis Tavs
RmerTTan kavSirSi moiazrebs.
XVI saukunidan saqarTveloSi esseisturi Janris gansaviTareblad
xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba. swored am perioSi qarTvelebSi Tavi iCina
kulturul-saganmanaTleblo moZraobam. am xanebSi iwereba filosofiuri
da politikuri traqtatebi. esseisturi Janris msoflmxedvelobriv
winamZRvrebs XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi, kerZod romantikosTa
SemoqmedebaSic xedaven, romelTac Tan sdevT kiTxvebi adamianis raobisa
da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb. sruliad kanonzomierad JRers XIX saukunis
qarTul mwerlobaSi ilias kriticizmi `moyvares pirSi uzraxe, mters
pirs ukanao”. aq kargad aris, gamokveTili is msoflmxedvelobrivi
 60

mrwamsi, romelic Semdgom esseisturi Janris erT-erT ganmsazrvrel

Tvisebad iqca.
kita abaSiZisa da arCil jorjaZis Semoqmedebam, maTma werilebma
didad ganapirobes qarTvel esseist avtorTa, Txzulebebis Sinaarsi da
forma. quTaisSi, 1911-1913 wlebSi gamodioda gazeTi `imereTi”. mkvlevarebi
Tvlian, rom am gazeTSi gamoqveynda esseisturi Janris Txzuleba (1911
wels qveyndeba kita abaSiZis esse `ekaterine gabaSvilisa”) mcire
moculobis statiaSi daxatulia ekaterines sulieri samyaro,
warmodgenilia mwerali qalis portreti.
XX saukunem axali msoflxedva, axali idealebi moitana. qarTul
mwerlobas axali epoqa unda daewyo da XIX saukunis mdidari
literaturuli memkvidreobis Rirseuli gamgrZelebeli yofiliyo.
XX saukunis pirveli qarTuli literaturul-esseisturi
nawarmoebebi k. gamsaxurdias, t. tabiZis, gr. robaqiZis kalams ekuTnis.
maTma geniam adamianis sulieri samyaros idumali siRrmeebis daxatva
scada. awmyos problemebs da momavlis idealebs SemoqmedebiTi `mes”
poziciidan miudgnen da epoqis daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT saintereso
memkvidreoba dagvitoves. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia gr. robaqiZis
esseistika, romelic mravalferovnebiTa da problemaTa masStaburobiT
gamoirCeva. masSi aisaxa zogadsakacobrio problemebi, magram umTavresad
mwerlis fiqri da goneba mis marad saTayvanos – saqarTvelos, qarTul
gens, dastrialebda. erT-erT umTavres sakiTxad mis esseistikaSi
gamoyofen didi adamianis Tematikas. mas Seqmnili aqvs SesaniSnavi esseebi
qarTuli mwerlobis didostatebze, esseebi - XX saukunis diqtatorebze.
* * *
qarTul `esseis” gamsaxurdiam sibrZne, individualizmi da
inteleqtualizmi SesZina. masSi STabeWdilebebisa da ideebis Tanwyoba
sruliad axleburi stiliTa da meTodiT aris warmoCenili. yoveli misi
esse sulierebis deklaraciasTan erTad konkretuli ideebis taqtiani
SeTavazebac aris. misi esseisturi Txzulebani mdidaria mravalmxrivi
informaciiTa da individualuri faqtobrivi aspeqtebiT. misi esse
ikiTxeba, rogorc novela, rogorc poeturi qmnileba, mxatvruli Sedevri,
 61

ferweruli tilo. es ki xels ar uSlis mas mecnieruli wiaRsvlebiT

mkiTxvelTan erTad mivides logikur daskvnamde.
k. gamsaxurdia, rogorc esseisti, iseTive didostatobiT ipyrobs
mkiTxvelis gonebas, rogorc amas `mTvaris motacebasa” da `didostatis
marjvenaSi” akeTebs.
ratom aris kiTxvadi gamsaxurdias esseebi? albaT, mis
araordinalurobaSi unda veZioT pasuxi am kiTxvaze. is ar hgavs
dogmebiT an wesebiT gansazRvrul da aRiarebul esseebs. masSi
winamorbedTa raime saxis gavlenac ki ar SeimCneva. k. gamsaxurdias
`essei” – axali sityvaa da igi mudam darCeba literaturis mkvlevarTa
interesis amouwurav sagnad.
Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, konstantine gamsaxurdias esseebis
klasifikacia rom movaxdinoT vnaxavT, rom Tematurad ar darCenila
arcerTi sfero, romelsac is ar Sexebia. misi nebismieri esses mTavari
gmiri adamiania, pirovneba, romlis umTavresi Rirebulebebia
samSoblosaTvis Tavganwirva, profesionalizmi da SemoqmedebiTi samyaro.
yvelgan, sadac ki mwerali mogzaurobs sakuTar samSoblos xedavs, masze
fiqri, eris satkivari da momavali airekleba yvela mis nawarmoebSi.
k. gamsaxurdias esse agebulia gulwrfelobis principze. misi
mTavari mizania, pedanturi sizustiT gadmosces saTqmeli.
struqturulad mravalplaniani essec ki erT, saerTo mimarTulebas
emyareba da masSi gavlebuli uamravi azrobrivi paraleli odnavadac ar
ukargavs esses Sinaarsobriv interess. piriqiT, gamsaxurdias esses forma,
datvirTvis miuxedavad msubuq tonalobebzea agebuli da gaunelebeli
interesiT ikiTxeba.
mweralma 1956-1959 wlebSi or tomad gamosca werilebis krebuli
saxelwodebiT `kritika”, romelsac qvesaTaurad hqonda `essei”. SemdgomSi
es naSromi Sevida mwerlis TxzulebaTa meeqvse tomSi.
konstantine gamsaxurdia `esseis” pirveli wignis bolosityvaSi
wers: `essei _ upirvelesad cdas niSnavs, esseis Janri evropul
mwerlobaSi SemoiRo montenma. didi wvlili Seitanes am Janris
ganviTarebaSi karlailma, lord stenhourma, amerikelma esseistma valdo
emersonma. kargi xnis survili iyo Cemi am Janris qarTul metyvelebaSi
 62

gadmonergva. avtoris mizani miRweuli iqneba, Tu es Sromebi

gansazRvrul wvlils Seitanen Tanamedrove qarTuli kritikuli
azrovnebis saqmeSi.” [18,553]
k. gamsxurdiam esses Taviseburi saxesxvaoba Seqmna. misma geniam da
TviTmyofadobam Sva qarTuli esse. Tavis TanamokalmebTan erTad,
romlebsac konstantine gamsxurdia esoden gulTbilad ixseniebs Tavis
esseebSi. mweralma uzarmazari energia, kolosaluri Sroma daxarja,
raTa Rirseulad aesaxa warsuli da awmyo Tavisi xalxisa. aesaxa epoqa
didi gardatexisa, gamoxmaureboda im molenebs, romlebsac esoden
arsebiTi da sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqondaT, rogorc Cveni eris ise
mTeli kacobriobis istoriisTvis. didma ganswavlulobam da uCveulo
SemoqmedebiTma fantaziam SeaZlebina mwerals SesWideboda istoriul
amocanebs da Rirseulad gadaeWra isini. k. gamsaxurdias literaturuli
werilebisaTvis da esseebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi Tavisebureba. ama
Tu im mwerlis analizisas xazs usvams im Strixebs, rac Tavad misi
profilisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
XX saukunis 20_30-iani wlebis literaturul-kritikul werilebSi,
didi konstantine, cdilobda qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis gaecno evropuli
da amerikuli mwerlobis gamorCeuli saxeebi.
1910-iani wlebidan, brwyinvale esseebiT farTo `reklamirebas”
uwevs evropuli modernis iseT paradigmebs, rogoricaa eqspresionizmi
Tu nicSes elinizmi, vagneris, stefan georges, rilkes, Tomas manis,
esTetizmi.
konstantine gamsaxurdia analitikosis simZafriT aRiqvamda
evropul mxatvrul cnobierebaSi mimdinare pulsacias, ganicdida da
cxovrobda am gamaognebeli novaciebiT. mwerlis esseisturi werilebis
ganxilvisas, TvalsaCino xdeba misi filosofiur-esTetikuri mrwamsi.
adreul kritikul-esseistur werilebSi igrZnoba evropuli
modernistuli skolebis esTetikuri principebis tendenciebi.
 63

mgloviare virtuozi _ rainer maria rilke

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, konstantine gamsaxurdia, SesaniSnav

esseebs uZRvnis germanuli modernistuli poeziis TvalsaCino
warmomadgenlebs: stefan georges (henrix abeless - 1868-1933) da meore
didi germanel lirikoss rainer maria rilkes (1875-1926)
rainer maria rilke, melanqoliuri meocnebe, romlisTvisac ucxo
iyo `supergenialuri heroldikis” Zieba, germanul literaturaSi, leqsis
ubadlo ostatad aRiares.
Stefan cvaigi rilkes gardacvalebis aTi wlis Tavze werda:
`WeSmariti poeti Cvens droSi iSviaToba gaxlavT, ufro iSviaTia albaT
WeSmaritad SemoqmedebiTi arseboba da visac wilad xvda bedniereba
cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis amgvari harmoniuloba exila erT pirovnebaSi
TvalsaCinod ganxorcielebuli _ Tavis Taobisa da momdevno Taobis
winaSec valad adevs gaisarjos am zneobrivi saswaulisaTvis. arian
poetebi, romlebic niRabs atareben amqveyniuri Semotevebisagan
Tavdacvis mizniT, iseTi poetebic arian, romelTac muSaoabaSi garTulT
sakuTari SemoqmedebisaTvis SeufarebiaT Tavi. rilkesTvis araferi
msgavsi ar momxdara. mas gamokveTili ubraloeba, sisadave hqonda misi
sulis simSvide – xelSeuxeblobis auras qmnida mis irgvliv”.[60] rilkes
Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas yvela erTxmad aRiarebs mis ubraloebas,
sisadaves. Semoqmedisa da misi Semoqmedebis identurobas.
1929 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia aqveynebs werils saTauriT
`rainer maria rilke”. mcire esseSi gadmocemulia poetisa da misi
lirikis zogadi daxasiaTeba. am esseSi gamsaxurdias wminda adamianuri
grZnobebisa da emociebis unikalur `deklaracias” vxedavT.
esse iwyeba rilkes portretiT: `qedmodrekili, melanqoliuri,
meocnebe... SaviT Semosili poeti”. rilkes wardgenisas gamsaxurdia
aqcents poetis Tavmdablobasa da mokrZalebaze akeTebs. misi bunebisgan
Sors iyo Tanadrouli mwerlebis TviTreklama, `supergenialuri
heroldikis” Zieba. rilkes STamgoneblad, gamsaxurdia, pol verlens
asaxelebs. `evropis uaxloes poeziaSi rilke miCneulia, rogorc savsebiT
ubadlo ostati leqsisa”. [18,364]
 64

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, rilkes feministur poezias axalgazrdoba

ewafeboda. gamsaxurdias azriT, rilkes leqsebis wigni `siRaribisa da
sikvdilisaTvis” gamoxatavs `biologiur siZulvils evropis didi
qalaqebis kazematebis mtvrisa da aurzauris mimarT”. rilkes erT-erT
damsaxurebad avtori miiCnevs germanuli leqsis teqnikis srulyofas. man
germanul lirikas Sehmata `siTbo da bunebrioba”. `savsebiT
individualuri metyveleba da impresionistuli, odnav ganyenebuli
paTetizmi minoruli tonebis silboTi Seamsubuqa”. [18,365]
gamsaxurdia zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs germanuli poeziis
Sedevrebs da misTvis evropuli leqsis agebulebisa da Sinagani
musikalurobis Taviseburebebze msjeloba iseve iolia, rogorc qarTuli
literaturis saidumloebebze wera. rilkes mniSvnelovan damsaxurebad
avtors miCneuli aqvs fonetikurad gawmendili ena, rasac ver vityviT
Sileris leqsebze, sadac `zemo-germanuli uxeSoba” mravlad aris
warmodgenili.
rilkem, germanul prozaSic axali gzebi gaxsna. poetis patara
novelam, saxelwodebiT `kornetis qristof rilkes sikvdilisa da
siyvarulis ambavma”, dasavleTis uaxles prozaSi axali sityva Tqva.
mwerlis safuZvliani mtkicebiT rilkes geniam Tavi iCina germanuli
enis stiqionis virtuozul damorCilebaSi. misi stilisturi
SesaZleblobebis jadosnur wvdomaSi, ramac ganapiroba is siZnele, rac
Tavs iCens misi leqsis Targmnis procesSi.
germanuli faSizmis* epoqas cxadia, aRar sWirdeboda nazxmiani
poeziis `sirenebi”. aseT atmosferoSi rilkes adgils ver xedavs
gamsaxurdia da mis Sveicariis miyruebul sofelSi gadasvlas am mizeziT
xsnis. `gaecala rainer maria rilke did centrebs. Tayvanismcemlebma da
megobrebma mucotis patara koSki auSenes”. [18,365] virtuozi rilke Tavs
anebnebs leqsebis beWdvas da `yvavilnarebs uvlis”.

* aq adgili gvaqvs uneblie anaqronizmTan, xelisuflebis saTaveSi

faSistebi moviden 1933w. esse ki dawerilia 1929 wels)
 65

gamsaxurdia ikvlevs rilkes poeziis germanuli enis farglebSi

darCenis mizezs. umTavres mizezad mas miaCnia `wminda lirika”. misive
TqmiT, `didi kataklizmebiT danaRmul saukuneSi martooden wminda
lirikiT arc erT did poets ar gaumarjvnia msoflio masStabiT.” [18,363]
rilkes poetur naklovanebad avtori `gandgomas” da `protests”
uTvlis. `rilkem glovis ZaZa Caicva da ganudga kapitalisturi evropis
Jriamuls”. Tumca, misdami gansakuTrebuli pativiscemiTa da
TanagrZnobiT ganmsWvaluli, rilkes Semoqmedebis mimarT saqebar sityvas
ar iSurebs da meocnebe poetze STambeWdav `ferwerul tilos” qmnis.
`germanuli leqsis teqnika rilkem miiyvana iseT mijnamdis, romelic jer
arcerT Tanamedroves ar gadaulaxavs. stefan georgesa da
hofmanstaliseuri poeturi instrumentis sifaqizes, rilkem, daurTo
mometebuli sitfo da bunebrivoba, rilkem Seqmna savsebiT
individualuri metyveleba. germanul poeziaSi man Semoitana is ucnauri
silbo, romelic Tan axlavs avstriul dialeqts da frangul enas.”
[18,365] `barabanis poeziis” (k.g.) xanaSi rainer maria rilke yvavilnars
uvlida da pawia venaxis yurZnis Rvinos wuravda. `gandgomili poeti
orfeosis sonetebs werda” _ ambobs gamsaxurdia da amiT adamianurad
uTanagrZnobs martoobaSi myof genioss. pol verlenisa da
miqelanjelos sonetebis TargmanSi rilke grZel Rameebs atarebda.
erTerT ukanasknel leqsSi werda rilke:
`dahgelavs, grigali warmxoci yovlisa
grigali tyesa da dros aforiaqebs” [18,365]
rilkes moulodneli gardacvalebis gamo, gamsaxurdia
samgloviaro epologiT amTavrebs esses. am epilogidan naTlad vxedavT,
Tu ra gulistkivils ganicdida gamsaxurdia `usaxelo kaciviT”
aRsrulebuli Semoqmedis gamo. `arc sensaciis maZiebeli reportiorebi
mosulan. msoflios udidesma akademiebma udidesi da aurCeveli wevri
dahkarges. arc Tu maxlobelni darCenia mas vinme am qveynad; arc aravis
dautirnia.”[18,367]
esse Seqmnilia didi erudiciiT da gemovnebiT. melanqoliuri
toni, rac damaxasiaTebelia mwerlis sxva esseebisTvisac, germanel
lirikoss poeziis idumali saburveliT mosavs.
 66

`idumalebis momRerali” _ stefan george

“idumalebis momRerali” - stefan george, samwerlobo asparezze
XIX saukunis dasasruls gamovida. igi warmomadgeneli iyo devizisa:
`xelovneba xelovnebisTvis”. stefan georgesa da mis Tanamoazre
germanel modernistTa mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, maTi esTetikur-
filosofiuri principebi, erTgvari reaqcia iyo naturalisturi
mimdinareobisa germaniaSi.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam, stefan georges cxovrebasa da
Semoqmedebas miuZRvna esseisturi xasiaTis gamokvleva, romelic
pirvelad daibeWda 1928 wels Tavisi kritikuli werilebisa da esseebis
krebulSi _ `axali evropa”.
XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi karl august klainis mier daarsebul
literaturul organoSi: `xelovnebis furclebi” _ germanuli
modernistuli poeziis warmomadgenlebi aqveynebdnen TavianT
nawarmoebebs. unda Seqmniliyo axali sulieri xelovneba, `xelovneba
xelovnebisTvs~. `xelovnebis furclebze~ vkiTxulobT: `Cvens guSindel
literaturaSi sWarbobda sazogadoebrivi morali, valmoxda, tendencia,
axali xelovneba unda iyos sulieri xelovneba... leqsi cnebis
gamomxatveli rodia, aramed sulieri ganwyobilebisa”. [18,368]
naprali, romelic arsebobda epoqasa da poets Soris _ goetes
momdevno TaobaTa xsovnaSi yvelaze TvalsaCinod haines poeziaSi
gamoixata. gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT, hainrix haine, dantesaviT ganicdida
Tavisi drois epoqas, Tumca mainc ver Seqmna originaluri stili. misi
stili iyo ustiloba da swored am dros, naturalisturi enis
`dabriyvebis winaaRmdeg” ilaSqrebs neoromantizmi germanul
literaturaSi, romlis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli gaxldaT _ stefan
george.
stefan george werda: `erT saukunes erTi RmerTi hyavs da erTic
misi maxarobeli”.[18,370] k. gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT yoveli didi
xelovani axali eniT metyvelebda, yoveli didi poeti mudam axali enis
geniosi yofila. stefan georgec axali enis maxarobeli iyo germanul
literaturaSi: `germanul enaSi opicis dReebidan sami didi gardatexa
 67

moxda; erTi luteris, meore goetes, Semdeg georges stilis samijnoze”.

[18,270]
k. gamsaxurdia stefan georges poezias iracionalurs uwodebs. misi
poeturi zrdis procesSi sam elements miiCnevs umTavresad: `samma
elementma iTamaSa udidesi roli es iyo: raini, antika, kaTolicizmi.
raini, rogorc buneba da landSafti, antika, rogorc msoflmxedveloba
da esTetika, kaTolicizmi, rogorc religia da RmerTmsaxureba”. [18,374]
mwerlis mosazrebiT, rainis Tvalwarmtacma bunebam gaxada stefan
george, `megobari vel-walkotisa”. stefan georges, miuxedavad
orTodoqsuri kaTolicizmisa, warmarTuli antikis memkvidred aRiarebs.
`gaRmerTeba xorcielobisa da gansxeuleba RmerTisa am optikis qveS
sWvrets igi, rogorc antikur tragedias ise platonuri ideebis
moZRvrebas... kaTolikuria stefan georges Rrma misticizmi, misi
paTetikuri stili da ritoroba. es wminda kaTolikuri saTnoeba aRbeWda
georgem germanul enaze”. [18,374]
george, romelmac germanul enaSi daamkvidra `axali teqnika da
stili”, ideur novatorad aris avtoris mier miCneuli. `georgesTvis
mwerloba idumali mRvdelmsaxurebaa” _ ambobs gamsaxurdia _ da
popularobis mosurne poetebisagan ganasxvavebs misi adamianuri
cxovrebis Rirseul biografias.
axalgazrda georges gansxvavebuli poeturi stilis Taobaze
gamsaxurdia goeTes axsenebs. `goete misTvis umaRlesi warmomadgeneli
iyo formamSvenieri enis kulturisa”. goeTesTvis buneba Semoqmedebis
masala iyo, stefan george ki ufro Sors gaiWra da aRiara, rom buneba
sulisa da kulturis mteriao. stefan georgesTvis xelovneba iyo
fenomeni, yvela fenomenze ufro mniSvnelovani, `erTadaerTi
gammarTlebeli cxovrebisa da adamianobis modgmis arsebobis raoba”.
[18,379]
k. gamsaxurdias miaCnia, rom `virtuozi george” axerxebda moeZebna
sinTetiuri xazi franguli sulis elastiurobasa da germanul
safuZvlianobas Soris. poetis damsaxurebad Tvlis `frang-germanelTa
dausrulebel jibrSi” Semarigebeli tonis Setanas. georges leqsebis
analizisas gansakuTrebul sifaqizes iCens. miaCnia, rom gamoTqmis
 68

bundovaneba mis poeziaSi SablonisaTvis Tavis aridebiT aixsneba. stefan

george bgeriTi tonebis iSviaTi kombinaciebiT xiblavs: `me ar meguleba
meore evropeli mwerali, romelic ufro Znelad gasagebi iyos, vidre
george”. [18,380] simboluri SifriT dawerili misi wigni `varskvlavi
kavSirisa” farTo auditoriisaTvis Znelad gasagebia. Tumca, georges
genialurobas es odnavadac ar Crdilavs.
george gasaocari dakvirvebiT xmarobs yovel xmovans. k.
gamsaxurdia xazs usvams im faqtors, rom george mkacri maTematikuri
sizustiT akavSirebs aliteracias, asonansebsa da boloriTmebs.
`gamozomilia yoveli detali, yoveli xmovaneba, yoveli aso Sewyobili,
SeTanxmebulia, rogorc saucxoo mozaikis feradi qvebi”. gamsaxurdia
gamoyofs georges intimuri stilis metyvelebas, romelsac araferi aqvs
saerTo yalb paTetizmTan. amasTan, dasaSvebad Tvlis leqsSi mcire
doziT erTgvari utemperamentobis arsebobasac.
gamsaxurdia siRrmiseulad wvdeba georges lirikis samyaros da
daaskvnis: `fenomen bunebas unda daupirispirdes fenomeni-xelovneba.” aq
mwerali pirvelad gamoiyenebs termins `xelovnebismieri poezia”. misive
TqmiT, am poeziis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen poeti esTetikosi oskar
uaildi, bodleri, malarme...
stefan georgesa da novalisis poeziaze msjelobisas aRniSnavs,
rom romantikosi novalisis msoflio Wmunva haerovania, georges
romantiuli mistika ki _ sasowarkveTili, novalisis cisferi yvavili
gulisxmobs gaTenebas, georges Savi yvavili glovaa am gauxareli
yofisa, Savi yvavili nirvanaa.
stefan georges Segnebuli hqonda winaswarmetyveluri misia
`adamianobis modgmis cxovrebaSi”. mas hqonda msoflio tragizmis Segneba,
misi Semoqmedeba cxadyofs, rom Rrmad mistikuri poeti sruliad
TviTmyofadi iyo. gamsaxurdias miaCnia, rom stefan george `misani da
naTelmxilvelia”. georges sityvebiT: `unda davibrunoT ganSorebuli
RmerTi da yoveli adamiani RmerTs unda eziaros.” rogorc es xiluli
qveyana `didi RmerTis saxelosnoa. iseve adamianis Semoqmedeba igive
RmerTispiris Cena unda iyos.” [18,381] amitom Semoqmedeba stefan georges
esmoda, rogorc `RmerTsaxieri yofna”. stefan georges gacnobierebuli
 69

hqonda poetis mistikuri misia: `naperwkali var me wminda cecxlis da

wminda xmisa gamoZaxili”.[29]
k. gamsaxurdia ganixilavs ra germaneli poetis krebuls _
`weliwadi sulisa” da `minanqrisebur xazebsa da Strixebs Soris” _
poetis melonqoliur suls aRmoaCens. poetis Tvals elandeba mxolod
siSvide da sinatife.
stefan georgesTvis kultura da adamianuri fantazia, ufro didi
misteriis Semcveli xdeba, vidre qaoturi masala striqonebisa, idumal
ZalTagan Semdgari. georges leqsebSi TiTqos sruldeba:
`xelovnebismieri poezia:
`Cems naz ocnebebs erideba frTebisa gaSlis
da Cem naz sulSi cecxli Rvivis da cecxli stiris” [18,379]
`jer yovelive grZnoba yovelive fsiqologiuri afeqti unda
gacxrilul iqnas, mas unda gaacalo yoveli miwieri simZime! rodesac igi
gaSiSvlebuli gariTmuli, gansaxierebili iqneba xelovnebis mier,
mxolod maSin eZleva sityvas grZnoba”_ werda stefan george. [29]
stefan georges fenomeni bolomde mainc amoucnobi darCa. misi
poeturi ena ki uCveulo, mistiuri da maRalmxatvruli ostatobis
nimuSad rCeba Cvens TanamedroveobaSi.

`maradiuli sulis meSvide beWedi”

(anatol fransi)

anatol fransis portreti, konstantine gamsaxurdias SemoqmedebaSi

yvelaze idumali da sevdiani StrixebiT aris Seqmnili.
1924 wels fransua tibos (anatol frass) samudamod gamoeTxova
sisxlisagan daclili evropa _ parizi. `eri romelic hsxda bnelsa
ixila naTeli did. anatol fransi iyo sinaTlis Cqeri, romelic
Tvaluwvdeneli eTerisaken aiWra” [18,8]
1924 wels, konstantine gamsaxurdia udidesi frangi poetis anatol
fransis gardacvalebasTan dakavSirebiT aqveynebs esses saxelwodebiT
`anatol frans”.
 70

`renesansis epoqis” am udidesi mwerlis, poetis, novelistis,

romanistis, istorikosis cxovreba da moRvaweoba konstantines
gansakuTrebul emocias da fiqrs aRuZravs. esse, anatol fransis
ojaxuri portretisa da bavSvobis aRweriT iwyeba. mdinare senis
napirebze dabadebuli poeti, Rrma sibereSi gardacvalebisas erTaderT
sityvas warmoTqvams _ `deda”. am SesavliT gamsaxurdia warmogvidgens
unazesi sulierebisa da genialuri poeturi muzis did evropels.
`3 oqtombers Ramis 11:25 wuTze anatol fransma wamoiZaxa
ukanasknelad is magiuri sityva, romelic enis adgmis umal pirze akeria
didsa da pataras: ` deda”, Semdeg misi xma moswyda am qveyanas.” [18,7]
anatol fransis portretis Sesaqmnelad gamsaxurdia martiv
meTods mimarTavs. poetis bavSvobis erTi banaluri epizodiT misi
sulieri samyaros mTavar faqtorze migvaniSnebs: `13 wlis bavSvi xedavs
Tavis amxanags, ubirs, quCis mawanwalas perangi ar acvia. igi
daufiqreblad moparavs dedas sakuTar perangs da fanjridan gadaugdebs
Cumad”. [18,22]
fransis cxovrebis mTavar maxasiaTeblad, gamsaxurdias, plastiuri
mSvenierebis siyvaruli, berZnul-warmarTuli esTetoba, poeturi guli,
moyvasis uangaro siyvaruli moaqvs. avtors miaCnia, rom fransis
warmarTuli poeziisa da didi humanizmis fuZe swored aq ikveTeba. k.
gamsaxurdia Zalaze damyarebul uflebaze saubrobs `saocaria evropa!
giganturi industria sulis uzomo meqanizacia. kapitalizmis
mravalmilioniani monebi. didi politikis arakacTmoyvare, xandaxan
barbarosobamdis misuli principebi”. [18,22] evropis aseT muq ferebSi
warmoCenis meTodiT gamsaxurdia gvamcnobs, rom swored am fonze
izrdeba xSirad iseTi `kacTmoyvareobis, sinaTlis, simarTlis,
siyvarulis mociqulebi, rogoric iyo goete, romel rolani, an anatol
fransi”.
fransua tiobos pirovnebas da mis adgils safrangeTis istoriaSi
klemensos gverdiT ganixilavs. Jorj benJamen klemenso (1844-1924) frangi
politikosi da sazogado moRvawe, anatol fansis Tanamedrove da
versalis zavis monawile iyo. adamiani, romelic axal furcels hqmnida
msoflio politikis rukaze. ideebi TavisTavad arafers niSnavs da saqme
 71

ideebi ki ara aris _ acxadebs k. gamsaxurdia _umTavresi am ideebis

gamoyeneebaa. `magaliTad anatol fransi da klemanso kmara.” orives
`Standartze” ewera is didi kacTmoyvare lozungi, romelic safrangeTis
erma Seqmna revoluciis dros: Tavisufleba, Zmoba, erToba. `magram aq
gansxvaveba iyo ideebis gamtarebelTa Soris, garda amisa anatol fransi
poeziis maRal kaTedralze idga, klemanso _ saxelmwifo piedestalze,
safrangeTis moxuci mefistofeli”[18,23]
1919 wlis versalis zavTan dakavSirebiT k. gamsaxurdia mcire
miniSnebas akeTebs `moxuci mefistofelis sityvebis” gamo: `es ar kmara
germaniam kidev 20 milioni suli unda dahkargos” [18,24] mwerali
ganmartavs, rom klemanso zavs xels awerda da blokadas uwyobda
germaniis bavSvebs da im dros eloda, roca misi uganaTlebulesi
mezobeli 20 milion adamians dahkargavda.`ase gaxundeba yoveli maRali
idea, roca igi saxazino gaxdeba, roca mas daqiravebuli xelebiT
`moiyvanen sisruleSi”[18,10]
anatol fransi ki pirveli msoflio omis dros, meore did farng
moazrovnesTan, facifistur moZraobis aqtiur wevrTan, romen rolanTan
erTad werda: `Cven mwerlebi Tavisuflebis mqadageblebi varT, arc Tu
romelime mTavrobis mojamagireni”. [18,24]ase esmoda k. gamsaxurdiasac,
mwerlisa da poetis wminda mowodeba.
klemansos Tanamedrove anatol franss, gamsaxurdia, nacionaluri
lozungis Tanaavtorad asaxelebs, es is lozungia, romelic safrangeTis
revoluciis dros sayovelTaod gaxda cnobili. mwerali, franss
qarTvel `kalandis mekvles” adarebs, romelic am lozungiT dadioda
evropaSi da xalxs anugeSebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom klemanso da fransi
erTi Taobis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, gamsaxurdias azriT, `anatol
fransi poeziis maRal kaTedraze idga, klemanso _ saxelmwifos
piedestalze. erTs zeTisxilis Sto da harfa eWira xelSi, meores _
amowvdili maxvili da versalis sazavo xelSekruleba”.[18,25]
mwerali, Tavdapirvelad anatol fransis adamianur portrets qmnis,
rom Semdeg TvalnaTliv dagvanaxos genialuri Semoqmedis
Tvaluwvdeneli simaRleebi. `safrangeTis maradiuli sulis meSvide
beWedi”, rogorc mas gamsaxurdia uwodebs, `dostoevskis amqridan aris”.
 72

misi TqmiT, graciozuli, sada, gamWvirvale, elastiuri, tkbilmoubari

fransi `didi poetia da didi filosofosi”.
frangul azrovnebaSi antoli fransi cnobili iyo, rogorc
udidesi kritikosi; `igi kriWaSi udgas oficiozis politikanobas,
fanatizms”. fransi Tavisi damaxasiaTebeli ironiiT dogmatur
mecnierebaTa `maradiul WeSmaritebebs” exmianeboda.
konstantine gamsaxurdia ukanaskneli saukuneebis didi
evropelebisagan gamoacalkevebs franss da mas `namdvil temperamentian
frangs” uwodebs. mis stils igi adarebs platonis `RvTaebrivi
dialogebis” sisadaves. unda aRiniSnos, rom gamsaxurdiasTvis, rogorc
udidesi moazrovnisTvis niSandoblivia sisadavisadmi miseuli
damokidebuleba. `sada” gamsaxurdias cnebiT genialurobis tolfasia.
ubraloebis genialuroba, universalizmi gamsaxurdias esseebSi
gamokveTili Taviseburebaa, romelsac mwerlis jadosnuri kalami
araerTxel exeba.
fransis Semoqmedebis SegrZneba, avtoris azriT, mxolod
TargmanebiT, sruliad SeuZlebelia. `eTerovani msubuqi ena, gamoTqmis
musikaluroba~, am epiTetebiT gvacnobs avtori fransis xelweras da
stils. xatovani SedarebisTvis moyvanilia fransis poema `korinTis
qorwilebi”. sadac miwieri da RvTaebrivi siyvarulis brZolaa.
anatol fransis proza da zRaprebi Semomqmedis, rogorc eruditis
asparezia. mis nawarmoebebSi naTlad Cans, Tu rogor isjeba xSirad
keTilSobili ganzraxva saxelmwifos mouxeSavi, tlanqi kanonebisagan.
`kanoni ucodinarTaTvis iwereba da ara kanonis mcodne damnaSaveTaTvis”-
ganmartavs mwerali.
gamsaxurdias azriT, anatol fransis Semoqmedeba iseve, rogorc
cxovreba ganuyoflad aris dakavSirebuli keTilisa da borotis
ZiebasTan. maradiul kiTxvaze `ra aris keTili?” – fransis pasuxi
originaluria: `keTili, bunebis Sinagani ZaxilisaTvis winaaRmdegobis
gawevaa da sxva araferi.” kiTxvaze – `ra aris kargi?” – pasuxi aqac
martivia _ `kargi mSvenieria da keTili”. aqve avtori ganmartavs, rom
xSirad rac pirovnebisTvis kargia da mSvenieri, sazogadoebrivi,
saxelmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT cudia. am SemTxvevaSi sokratesa da
 73

anatol fransiseburi ganmarteba kargisa da avisa gamsaxurdias

miniSnebiT, `gzajvaredinze eyrebian saxazino samarTalsa da
marTlsajulebas”. [18,26]
esses momdevno nawili, fransis romans `silvester bonaris
danaSauls” eZRvneba. gamsaxurdia Tvlis, rom es romani `umSvenieresi
dafnaa fransis didebis gvirgvinSi”. avtoris azriT, silvester bonari
igive fransia, eruditi, brZeni. igi sinTezia Tavisi saukunis
inteligenturi siqvelisa, simWevrisa da esTetizmisa. avtobiografiul
romanSi gamsaxurdia gamoyofs anatol fransis harmoniul stilsa da
weris maneras. `igi ar dascinis adamianebs, igi tkbilad iRimeba
adamianuri komediis gamo”. mas uiliam Seqspirs adarebs da miiCnevs, rom
SeqspiriviT isic guldawyvetili eubneba filosofosebs: `casa da
samyaros Soris bevria iseTi saidumlo, rac Tqvens filosofias
arasodes dasizmrebiao”. [18,27]
nazi, frangul-berZnuli Tavazianobis miuxedavad, anatol franss,
gamsaxurdia, ufro `moqadage” mwerlad miiCnevs. rogorc mqadagebels mas
fridrix nicSes da dostoevskis adarebs.
gamsaxurdiam, esseSi Seitana portretul-ferweruli Strixebi. es
meTodi imdenad sailustracio xasiaTisaa, rom mkiTxveli iRebs
dasuraTxatebul SemoqmedebiT tilos. anatol fransi, rogorc Zveli
berZeni, qristianobis mteri iyo. amave dros, igi pavle mociqulia,
ganmartavs mwerali, romelsac hagiografiaSi udgas cali fexi. (rogorc
cnobilia man ` Jana d’arkis” istoria dawera.) idumali, orsulovani,
iWvneuli bunebis anatol farnsi `amboxebuli angelozia da am qveynad
maradmgloviare sulis matarebeli”.
k. gamsaxurdias azriT, fransi romelime gansazRvruli
mimarTulebis warmomadgeneli ar aris, `yoveli didi mwerali imden
masalas iZleva, rom yoveli azrovnebis warmomadgeneli masSi Tavis
moazres xedavs”.
werilis momdevno nawilSi avtori parizis quCebSi fransTan
Sexvedras aRwers: `maCvenes bavSvis saxiani moxuci, dakecili qolga
eWira xelSi da kiserze iisferi Sali hqonda Semoxveuli”. es meTodic
 74

gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi tradiciulia. portretuli xatis Seqmnisas

sada mxatvrul saSualebebs iyenebs.
evropel did mweralTa Soris fransi yvelaze metad did simpatias
safrangeTis revoluciis mimarT iCenda. esseSi moTxrobilia, Tu rogori
aRfrTovanebuli iyo hainrix haine am revoluciiT da goeTem rogor
gulgrilad miiRo es informacia. fransi ki Rrma siberemde radikaluri
politikis mimdevari iyo. `socialisti fransi pesimisturad Sescqeris
istorias” _ ambobs gamsaxurdia. am istoriis mniSvnelovani nawili
anatol fransi, romelic ase dauviwyari esTeturi saxiT warmoaCina
mweralma, `safrangeTis Suagulidan eTerisaken avarda da mSobel
elements SeuerTda”.
esse originaluri dasasruliT gvamaxsovrebs Tavs: `arc anatol
fransis sikvdilia dasajerebeli”.[18.28]

Tomas mann
anatol fransis didmniSvnelovan figuras, gamsaxurdias, azriT
daupirispirda germanuli sityvakazmuli xelovnebis TvalsaCino
warmomadgeneli Tomas manni. igi evropaSi gamoCnda ara marto Tavisi
didostaturi teqnikiT, aramed didi erudiciiT, politikuri
mniSvnelobiT.
konstantine gamsaxurdia 1948 wels gamoqveynebul esseSi `Tomas
mann” vrcel analizs ukeTebs mwerlis SemoqmedebiT da saxelmwifoebriv
moRvaweobas. Tavisi originaluri xelweriT udidesi msoflio
moazrovnis dauviwyar saxes gvicocxlebs. Tomas mans k. gamsaxurdia jer
kidev germaniaSi moRvaweobis dros ecnoba.
esseSi detalurad ganixilavs Tomas manis biografiis im etapebs,
romelmac igi samwerlo asparezamde miiyvana. esses avtori kvlevis
meTods mimarTavs da analitikuri Ziebis Sedegad daaskvnis, rom
Semoqmedis idumali labirinTebis ambavi, Rrma dakvirvebas saWiroebs.
arsebiTad arc fsiqologebma, arc literaturis kritikosebma ar ician
danamdvilebiT, ra Sinagani saidumlo inaxeba Semoqmedis gonebaSi. amis
sailustraciod Tomas manis pirovneba mohyavs: `Tomas mani im
xelovanTagania, romelnic didsa da nayofier SemoqmedebasTan erTad
 75

TviTdakvirvebas awarmoeben, rogorc sakuTari laboratoriidan ise

sxvaTa praqtikis Seswavlis Sedegad gviziareben azrs da gvawvdian
axalsa da axal ideebs momaval TaobaTa sagulisxmod. aseTni iyvnen
davinCi, goete, balzaki, floberi, da anatol fransi.” [18,152]
gamsaxurdia esseSi, saubrobs `Tomas mannis Teoriaze”. manis
TeoriiT, Semomqmedi `mxolod demonurobasTan wilnayaria”, xelovani
aramc Tu rCeulia, aramed am cxovrebisagan gandegilicaa: `Cven
martoxelani varT, ganmartoebulni, meocnebeni da cxovrebaSi
wildakargulni” _ werda mani.[18,153]
k. gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT WeSmariti xelovnebisken mimavali gza
rTulia da mas erTi sicocxle ar hyofnis. `arc erTi mwerali didi ar
gamxdara arasdros, Tu mas didi inteleqtismieri metamorfozebis gzebi
ar aqvs gavlili”. [18,156] es gza gaiara manma da am gzaze genialuri
moazrovneebis, nicSesa da Sopenhaueris, zegavlenis qveS moeqca.
Tomas manis romanebisa da novelebis gmirebSi gamsaxurdia xedavs
rihard vagneris musikisa da Sopenhaueris filosofiis tragizms.
konstantine daaskvnis, rom manisaTvis STagonebis wyarod iqca nicSes
`tragediis warmoSoba musikis sulidan”. misi gmirebis mTeli galerea am
niSniT arian gaerTianebulni. mwerlis SefasebiT dekadansis damRa
etyoba manis nawarmoebs `sikvdili veneciaSi”. renesansis epoqis dramas
`fiorencas” avtoris esTetiur kredod aRiarebs.
Tomas manis gmirebi wildakargulni arain _ aRniSnavs mwerali _
bedisagan muxTlad ganwirulni, sasowarkveTilni da svegamwarebulni,
`sikvdils isini sTvlian rogorc yofnis mier ganmzadil wamebisagan
ganmaTavisuflebels,” [18,157] rihard vagneris musika da Sopenhaueris
filosofiis tragizmi sacnauri xdeba Tomas manis gmirebis xasiaTSi.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, esseSi safuZvlianad aanalizebs evropis
literaturaTa ganviTarebas. qarTveli mwerlis dakvirvebiT,
kardinaluri cvlileba ganicada poetisa da mwerlis tipma. `Sua
saukuneTa poetkaci amodmomRerali subieqti iyo, igi feodalebis,
mefeebis nasufraliT ikvebeboda” [18.151] misive TqmiT im drois mwerlebi
saxelmwifo cxovrebaSi naklebad ereodnen. maT araviTari socialuri
funqcia ar hqondaT. gamsaxurdia aseTi kategoriis moRvaweebs `karis
 76

poetebad” moixseniebs. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi volteri, goeTe, hiugo da

XX saukuneSi anatol fransi ukve iseTi gavleniani pirovnebebi iyvnen,
romelTac mefeebi, prezidentebi da parlamentarebi uwevdnen angariSs.
esseSi saubaria 1914 wlis Tomas manis werilis, ` omis droindeli
fiqrebis”, Sesxeb. ganxilulia Sroma, `apolitikosis SeniSvnebi”, sadac
Tomas mani vnebian polemistad da didi maStabis publicistad
mogvevlina.
gamsaxurdia akritikebs maniseul ganmartebas kulturis Sesaxeb da
mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom civilizacia antiur xalxebSi marto
Cinelebs gaaCndaT. aq vxvdebiT konstantineseul ganmartebas
civilizaciaze: `saerTod civilizacia ufro saxelmwifo keTilmowyobis,
garegani cxovrebis ambavia. msoflio istoriis ramdenime aTaseuli
wlebis manZilze arc erT ers ar SeZlebia didi kultiruli aRorZinebis
mwvervalamdis miRweva, ukeTu mas civilizacia ar gaaCnda da umTavresi
saxelmwifo” [18.161]
gamsaxurdias azriT, Tavis hipoTezebSi Tomas manim ormagi marcxi
ganicada. `cxovrebam ar gaamarTla misi Teoriebi”. `xelovanis xelSi
Teoria erTgvari orlesuli maxvilia, romelzedac igi TavaT SeiWris
xolme xels, radgan Teoria da praqtika eTiSebian xandaxan urTierTs”.
[18.165]
gamsaxurdias obieqturi da kvalificiuri Sefasebebi mis
esseistikaSi TvalnaTliv mosCans. igi, arasodes eyrdnoba mxolod e.w.
`metrebis” mosazrebebs da Sexedulebebs. misi kalami mudmivad
obieqturobazea orientirebuli. am mimarTulebis utyuari dadasturebaa
esse `Tomas mann”. esse, uamrav saintereso debulebebs Seicavs, sadac
sacnauri xdeba germaneli moazrovnisa da udidesi qarTveli romanistis
esTetikuri idealebi da msoflgancda.

manhetenis Svili - uolt uitmeni

manhetenis Svilis, uolt uitmenis saxeli ucxo iyo XX saukunis 10-

20-iani wlebis qarTuli literaturuli wreebisaTvis. 1914-1918 wlebis
 77

Semdeg msoflio gloviT daRlil kacobriobas `jansaRi suli da hangi

sWirdeboda~. sisxlisagan daclili evropis pesimizmi, radikalurad
gansxvavebuli optimisturi suliT unda daZleuliyo.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1926 wels, Targmnis uolt uitmenis
leqsebs da swored am politikuri faqtorebidan gamomdinare xsnis im
interess, romelic dasavleT evropam, am skandaluri poetis mimarT
gamoiCina.
b-n konstantinem Tavisi niWis wyalobiT RvTaebrivad aaJRera
`amerikuli leqsi” qarTul enaze. uitmenis poeziidan Targmna is leqsebi,
romelnic monaTesave aRmoCnda misi poeturi sulisa da mxatvruli
samyarosTvis.
uitmenis gamsaxurdiaseuli Targmani, Cvens TanamedroveobaSic ki,
bibliografiul iSviaTobas warmoadgens.
qarTveli mkiTxveli amerikel mwerals 1921 wels vaxtang
kotetiSvilis TargmaniT ecnoba. mwerali uolt uitmens `momavlis
poets” da `siyvarulis mociquls~ uwodebs. es pirveli dueli iyo _
ganmartavs mwerali _ `qveyanasa da pirovnebas Soris, romelic
sikvdiliT ki ara, siyvaruliT unda damTavrebuliyo”
v. kotetiSvilis azriT, uitmenis poezia ufro momavals ekuTvnoda.
`iq, sadRac Sors anaTebda misi bibliuri Subli”. Targmans darTuli
hqonda winasityvaoba, sadac ganxiluli iyo amerikeli poetis ramdenime
leqsi:
`mas, rogorc siyvarulis mociquls, silamaze yvelgan eCveneba,
uitmeni ufro metad momavals ekuTvnis, vidre awmyos. uitmenis siyvaruli
Znelia, ufro Znelia misi siZulvili.”[41.120]
uitmenis poeziis pirveli TargmanebiT qarTul literaturaSi
gaCnda pirveli mcdeloba SeefasebinaT uitmenis `momavlis poezia”.
kotetiSvilma qarTul literaturul wreebs warudgina saintereso,
gansxvavebulad moazrovne, ambiciuri, Tavdajerebuli, TavzexelaRebuli
amerikeli poeti. man sworad gansWvrita uitmenis momavali. igi
Tanamedrove samyarom miiRo da aRiqva.
 78

`me var RvTaeba! _ werda uitmeni _ rogorc SigniT, ise gareTac,

yvela wmindaa rasac ki me mivekarebi” _ aseTi skandaluri striqonebiT
daipyro uolt uitmenma evropa da Semdeg mTeli msoflio.
“Blade of grass” (balaxis foTlebi) uitmenis, leqsebis krebuli _
1855 wels moevlina amerikas da swored aqedan daiwyo wignis skandaluri
istoria.
1926 wels, konstantine gamsaxurdia, Targmnis uolt uitmenis
leqsebs. amerikis Svils `axali rasis mqadagebelsa da moulodnelobis
poets” uwodebs.
da mainc, vin iyo uolt uitmeni da ratom dainteresda konstantine
gamsaxurdia am `Tavze xelaRebuli amerikeliT”?
uolt uitmenis poeziis esTetikiT STagonebulma qarTvelma
mweralma dawera esse `volt uitman,” romliTac `demokratiuli
saxelmwifos mier Sobili `Tavisufali adamianis” suliereba gagvacno. 35
wlis bruklineli asoTamwyobis uitmenis saxiT dagvanaxa XX saukunis
amerikuli novatoruli poeziis esTetika. uitmeni qmnida nacionalur
poezias, romelic evropuli mimbaZvelobisagan iyo Tavisufali.
amerikeli novatoris esTetika da misi ideali _ Zlieri rasis
adamiani _ gamsaxurdias msoflmxedveobas exmianeboda. XX saukunis 20-30
wlebis saqarTveloSi, demokratiis, `TavzexelaRebuli Svilis” ideebma
aqtualoba SeiZina.
uolt uitmeni _ rigiTi bruklineli amerikeli _ antialkoholur
romans, sastumros binZur nomrebSi werda. pirveli literaturuli cda –
kraxiT damTavrda. igi arc eloda im didebas, romelic XX saukunem
moutana. uitmeni uecrad moeqca msoflios inteleqtualuri samyaros
yuradRebis centrSi.
uitmeni, pirvelad valdo rah emersonma - XIX saukunis cnobilma
filosofosma aRiara. es moxda maSin, roca uitmenis `balaxis foTlebs”
ucenzuro sityvebiT lanZRavdnen. wignebs ukan ubrunebdnen da
moiTxovdnen, rom misi leqsebi koconze daewvaT.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi uitmeni rusulad pirvelad konstantin
balmontma Targmna. imperiis cenzuram tiraJi gaanadgura. kornei
Cukovskis `Cem uitmansac” igive bedi ewia. maiakovskim umal miapyro
 79

yuradReba manhetenis idumali Svilis sruliad axlebur poezias,

romelic formiTac da SinaarsiTac `adidebul mdinares waagavda.”
yvelaferi ki, rogorc Tavad uitmeni werda, uecrad 1853 wels
daiwyo. masSi moxda uecari gardasaxva da rogorc winaswarmetyveli, ise
moevlina amerikas, romelsac amerikis yvelaze nacionaluri wigni unda
daewera. uitmenis biografebi aRniSnaven, rom man ganicada sulieri
krizisi, romlis gamoZaxilic iyo misi poezia, es mosazreba sabolood
mainc ar aris dadasturebuli. faqtia, rom 1844-1855 wlebSi uitmenis
SemoqmedebiT cxovrebaSi umniSvnelovanesi etapi daiwyo.
uolt uitmenma miznad daisaxa, Seeqmna wigni, romelSic aisaxeboda
amerikis sinamdvilec da iluziac. mas swamda, rom amerika Tavad iyo
poema, jer kidev dauwereli, romelic uitmens unda daewera.
`me var axali, Zlieri rassis maxarobeli.
netav Tu aris am qveyanaze, samardaJamo...
`iyav mSvidobiT”?
he, amxanago Cemi wigni,
ar aris wigni,
vinc ki odesme mas Seexeba -
kacs Seexeba igi yovelTvis” _ vkiTxulobT k. gamsaxurdias
TargmanSi. [27,88]
`balaxis foTlebis” pirveli gamocema metad originaluri
dizainiT gamoirCeoda. igi sul 800 egzemplari iyo. ar hyavda redaqtori,
gamomcemeli, amitom mweralma igi sakuTari xeliT akrifa. originalurad
gaformebul garekanze ewera:
`me var uolt uitmeni, TavzexelaRebuli amerikeli da CemSia
moqceuli mTeli samyaro.”
niu-iorkma ar miiRo wigni _ kritikosebma, publicistebma, `balaxis
foTlebi” vulgarul, qedmaRlur da binZur nawarmoebad Seafases.
zogierTma wignis akrZalvac ki mosTxova xelisuflebas. erTaderTi,
visac wignis warmatebis sjeroda, uolt uitmeni iyo. misi azriT, edgar
pos, long felos, filosofos - moralistis emersonis, fenimon kuperis
Semoqmedeba evropuli kulturisa da literaturis zegavlenas ganicdida
 80

da mxolod mas SeeZlo Seeqmna namdvili nacionaluri poezia, romelSic

amerikuli suli aisaxeboda.
uitmenis sicocxleSi wigni eqvsjer gamoica. igi mas mTeli
cxovreba qmnida. `qeba-didebas vasxam sakuTar Tavs da vumReri sakuTar
Tavs” _ werda poeti. morigi warumatebeli gamocemis Semdeg, uolt
uitmenma gadawyvita, TviTreklamisaTvis miemarTa. yoveldRiur
bruklinur `TaimsSi”, “Democratic Reviw”-Si daibeWda skandaluri
recenziebi:
`rogorc iqna movida amerikis namdvili momRerali, gveyo sacodavi
mimbaZveloba. dReidan Cven Cvenad viqceviT, dReidan viwyebT amay da
Zlier sityvierebas. Sen droze moxvel poeto”.[41,9]
TviTreklamam uaryofiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. amerikuli
literaturuli wreebi uitmenis siTamamem ganarisxa. swored aseT dros
uitmeni iRebs filosofos emersonis werils.
valdo rah emersonis yoveli statia, recenzia didi movlena iyo
amerikis sazogadoebisaTvis. emersoni aRniSnavda, rom mxolod brmas ar
SeeZlo, daenaxa, Tu rogori unikaluri Sedevri iyo `balaxis foTlebi.”
`bednieri var, rom vkiTxulob am wigns, radgan WeSmariti poezia
siamovnebas aniWebs mkiTxvels” _ werda emersoni. [84,20]
uolt uitmenma, 1856 wels gamocemul `balaxis fiTlebis” Sevsebul
gamocemas emersonis werilic daurTo. leqsebis krebuli isev
uaryofiTad Sefasda. 1857 wels “The London Critic”-ma uitmenis poezia,
gesliani sityvebiT Seafasa.
knut hamsunma, didma norvegielma mweralma, uolt uitmenis poezias
`veluri sityvebis sazeimo TamaSi uwoda”. misi SefasebiT, uitmenis
Txzulebebi ise hgvanan poezias, ramdenadac gamravlebis tabulas da am
leqsebis wasakiTxad sul cota orjer meti STagoneba maincaa saWiro,
vidre imisTvis rom isini daweriliyo”.
hamsuni miiCnevda, rom emersonis werilma ganapiroba uitmanis
poeziis popularoba da misi poeziis warmateba, Torem igi SeumCneveli
darCeboda, radgan `poetis ena mZime da bundovania.”
hamsuni, uolt uitmens `velurs” uwodebs da uWirs, uitmenis poezia
literaturis romelime Janrs miakuTvnos:
 81

`mainc ra unda uolt uitmens? _ kiTxulobs igi, _ aravin icis, me

Cems sicocxleSi ar minaxavs kaci, romelsac amdeni eTqvas ise, rom
araferi iyos Tqmuli.” [68,22-23]
uitmenis kritikosebi verc ki warmoidgendnen, rom `balaxis
foTlebis” avtoris saxeli amerikis sazRvrebs gascdeboda da am
qedmaRluri toniT Seqmnil krebuls sxvadasxva enaze Targmnidnen.
uitmenis poezia pirvelad inglisSi, klasikos mweralTa wreSi
aRiares. uolt uitmenma Seqmna axali leqsTwyoba da misi poezia
daukavSirda verlibris warmoSobis istorias.
konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis, gansakuTrebuli interesis sagani
aRmoCnda uitmenis gamoCena poeziis samyaroSi. qarTveli mwerali
amerikeli Semoqmedis novatorul poetur filosofias Rrmad swvdeba.
misTvis ucxo ar iyo uitmenis SemoqmedebiTi ambiciuroba, Tu
leqsTwyobis originaluri formebi. igi mwerlobaSi xom mudmivi
ganviTarebis, ganaxlebis momxre oyo.
k. gamsaxurdia uolt uitmens `moulodnelobis poets” uwodebs.
romelmac uaryo kanonikuri poeturi formebi da arastandaruli
mxatvruli saxeebiT Tavisufali leqsi Seqmna. uolt uitmeni miiCnevda,
rom misi leqsi es iyo bunebrivi, rogorc amosunTqva. `igi werda ise,
rogorc mis niaRvariviT bunebas moeprianeboda.” _ aRniSnavs gamsaxurdia.
uitmeni sicocxlis bolomde Tavs manhetenis Svilad Tvlida,
romelmac vadagasuli dogmebi uaryo da amerika `axali Zlieri adamianis,
mzisa da miwis yvela sikeTes aziara.”
gamsaxurdias, uitmenis axleburi, esTetikuri, filosofiuri
poeturi stili mwerlis umTavres Rirebulebad miaCnia. uitmenis poezia
Sinagani struqturiT, msflomxedvelobiT, mxatvruli saxeebiT, mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda XIX saukunis poeziis sxva qmnilebebisagan. poeti qmnida
originalur mxatvrul saxeebs, cdilobda eCvenebina rac SeiZleba
mravalferovani cxovrebiseuli suraTi.
gamsaxurdias azriT, uitmenis sasiyvarulo lirikaSi, filosofiur
gaazrebasa da yoveldRiur CanaxatebSi igrZnoba `msoflio sivrce”,
romlis centrSi damoukidebeli, Zlieri da Tavisufali adamiani dgas.
SeuZlebelia, aq ar davinaxoT k. gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis qvakuTxedic.
 82

k. gamsaxurdia uolt uitmens, axali, Zlieri Taobis maxaroblad

miCnevs. Tu osvald Spenglerma mTeli qveyana or banakad dayo: didi
qalaqi da msoflio provincia, uitmenisaTvis udidesi qalaqi aris iq
sadac didi adamiani daibadeba. mwerali, uitmanis poeziaSi `adamituri
Zlierebis apologias” xedavs. uitmenma aTeuli wlebiT nicSeze adre
amerikuli himnebiT umRera foladis Taobas. uitmenis, msoflio suliTa
da xorciT Zlierebis samkvidrebeli iyo. gamsaxurdia swored am
faqtorebidan gamomdinare xsnis uitmenis poeziis maradiulobas.
gamsaxurdia siRrmiseulad swvdeba uitmenis mxatvrul samyaros,
poetikas da ganmartavs, rom uitmenis poeziisTvis ucxo iyo novalisis
pesimizmi, bodleris an verlenis nervuli hipoxondria. uitmeni
ganyenebulad dgas msoflio poeziis geniosTa Soris. gamsaxurdia mas _
rogorc axli `Taobis mekvles” _ sagangebod gamoarCevs `rCeulTa
poeziaSi”.
uitmani werda `me RvTaeba var, rogorc SigniT ise gareTac” da
leqsSi `viT adami” Tavs, kacobriobis pirvel sawyiss adams – adarebs.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, leqsSi vnebiani, msmeli, mWameli, bunebis
saswauliT aRtyinebuli adamianis mxatvrul saxeebze saubrobs:
`uitmeni aRtacebulia adamianis sxeuliT ganmartavs mwerali _
aseTi adamianebisaTvis qmedobis quraSi itanjeboda dedamiwa. maTTvis
mRerian cis mnaTobebi. eTeris usazRvro Tvaluwvdenel regionebSi.
amnairi adamianis Tavi mravali saswaulis Semcveli manqanaa, ideebiT,
aRtacebiT, siyvaruliT, gmirobiT savse”.[18,385]
axali poeturi azrovnebiTa da gansxvavebuli ideebiT aRsavse
poetis idumali suli gamsaxurdias mZafr interess iwvevs da masSi
samyaros sunTqvas grZnobs. uitmenis leqss `sam samyaros” mwerali
Sedevrad aRiarebs, xolo xorcielis apologias xedavs Semdeg poemebSi:
`ocdarva axalgazrda banaobs”, `icnobdi erT kacs”, `vxedav dedakaci
SiSveli curavs”.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, uitmenis poeziaSi, maradiulobis Temas
aanalizebs: swored am maradiul wrebrunvaSi, sadac erTi aTasad iqceva,
da piriqiT, sikvdil-sicocxlis Rrma misterias xedavs. am kuTxiT
ganixilavs leqsebs: `mkiTxavda bavSvi~, `raa balaxi”, `qalaqi
 83

micvalebulTa saxlSi”, sadac maradiulobis idumali misteria

maRalmxatvruli poeturi eniT aris gacxadebuli
konstantine gamsaxurdia uitmenis mxatvrul enas `Zlieris grZnobis
vulkans uwodebs”, romelic xandaxan maRaltonian diTirambebs
uaxlovdeba. esseSi ganxilulia poema `momeci elvare, brwyinvale mze”,
sadac poeti iseTive siyvaruliT umReris qalwulebrivi silamaziT
aRsavse bunebas, rogorc mousvenar WuWyian manhetens:
`momeciT meti sanaxaoba
da manhatanis vrceli quCebi,
o, eg cxovreba mravalgvari mousvenari
eg aris CemTvis.” [27,85]
uitmenis poeziaSi buneba da adamiani harmoniaSi Tanaarsoben, sadac
samyaro srulqmnili da idealuria.uitmeni umReroda sulsa da xorcs,
omsa da zavs, magram umTavresi uitmenis poeziaSi Tavisufali, Zlieri
adamianis kultia:
`me var miriad Wabukebis maxarobeli,
maT unda eqnaT tkbili sisxli, Zlieri neba da silamaze;
me var axali Zlieri rasis maxarobeli.”[iqve, 86]
uitmenis leqsi `mSvidobiT,” k. gamsaxurdias erTgvar reqviemad aqvs
warmodgenili, sadac poeti, aramarto erT konkretul pirovnebas, aramed
sruliad kacobriobas mimarTavs. es aris sikvdil-sicocxlis zRvarze
mdgari adamianis aRsareba, sadac sikvdili materiisgan gayrad, erTgvar
gardasaxvad aris aRqmuli. es leqsi avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
elementebs atarebs:
uitmenis fenomenaluri xedvebi, ucxo da aratradiciuli
leqsTwyobis formebiT aris gadmocemuli. gamsaxurdias mZafr interess
iwvevs, uitmenis, poeturi saxeebi, xatovani formebiT gadmocemis stili.
uitmenis sityvis wiaRSi igrZnoboda dRemde uxilavi da gaugonari
tonaloba, swrafva, raRac axlisken, mudmivi Zieba, romelsac SeeZlo
daepyro maradiuloba, aryofnaSi sruli triumfiT gadasvlisas poeti
xmamaRla acxadebs, rom `igi aris axali, Zlieri rasis maxarobeli”.
uitmeni Tanabari siwrfeliT umReroda, rogorc siyvaruls, ise
sikvdilsac, swored am harmoniulobam ganapiroba gamsaxurdias azriT,
 84

uitmenis poeziis maradiuloba. mwerlisTvis, sikvdili winaswari

daTqmuli garsis dasrulebaa, `sulis sxvad qceva yoveli arsis
usazRvroebis maradJamobis wiaRSi dabruneba”.[18,388]
amerikuli literaturis istoriaSi uitmenis poezia jerac
auxsneli unikaluri movlenaa. amerikeli literaturaTmcodneebi mis
leqsebs uTargmnels uwodeben. poeti, romelic acxadebda: `me var
RvTaeba”! sabolood msofliom aRiara. misi leqsi Tanamedrove poeziis
samyaroSi TviTdamkvidrebis ambiciiT movida da darCa.
misi mravalplaniani poezia Tavs uyris bibliuri, xalxuri,
Jargonuli metyvelebis elementebs. yovelive mTlianobaSi erT
harmoniul, mistiur simfonias qmnis. mis avtors aqvs gaunelebeli
moTxovna moisminon misi poezia, Caswvdnen da gaigon misi idumaleba.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam SeigrZno uitmenis poeturi samyaro,
sworad ganWvrita uitmenis ideali _ Tavisufali adamiani. udidesi
sifrTxiliT moekida amerikeli poetis Semoqmedebis Targmnas da
`TavzexelaRebuli” amerikelis humanur da spetak poezias Rirseuli
adgili daumkvidra Cvens TanamderoveobaSi.

idumali norvegielebi
(knut hamsuni da henrik ibseni)

XIX saukunis meore naxevari da XX saukunis dasawyisi namdvili

triumfi iyo skandinaviuri qveynebis literaturaSi. es triumfi daemTxva
istoriuli da socialuri ganviTarebiT motanil cvlilebebs, romlebmac
ganapirobes kidec aRmasvla literaturaSi.
XIX saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi udides dasavleTevropul qveynebSi
krizisi iwyeba, skandinaviur qveynebSi ki didi gardaqmnebia, irRveva
patriarqati. raRac doneze aman gansaRvra imdroindeli literaturis
xasiaTic: gmirebis zneobrivi maqsimalizmi, mxatvruli inovaciebis
masStaburoba, yuradReba krizisul mdgomareobaSi myofi personaJis, misi
zneobriv-filosofiuri Ziebebis mimarT, Rrma fsiqologizmi.
swored 70-80-ian wlebSi qmnian Tavis saukeTeso nawarmoebebs henrik
ibseni da avgust strindbergi _ skandinaviuri Teatris didi
 85

reformatorebi, evropuli `axali dramis” udidesi warmomadgenlebi.

skandinvieli mwerlebi, aqtiurad muSaobdnen, romanis JanrSic. msjelobs
ra im periodis evropuli (skandinaviurisac) romanis `saocari ayvavebis~
mizezebze, T. mani xazs usvams, rom es ayvaveba drois sulTan ase
SeTanxmebuli demokratizmiTaa ganpirobebuli, Tavisi bunebiT is
Tanamedrove cxovrebis gamoxatviskenaa mowodebuli. epoqis suli
gamoixata norvegiuli literaturis udidesi warmomadgenlis knut
hamsunis SemoqmedebaSic.
`ibsenizmis seni”, romelmac moicva dasavleT evropa, kavkasionis
uReltexils ar gadmoscdenia, Tumca norvegiuli literaturis ori
udidesi warmomadgenlis knut hamsunisa da henrik ibsenis saxelebi
qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis kargad iyo cnobili.
konstantine gasaxurdias literaturul memkvidreobaSi, did
norvegielebze Seqnil esseebs gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia. `gasul
saukunes sami didi inspiratori hyavda _ fridrix nicSe, henrik ibseni
da lev tolstoi. zogi mwerali sisocxleSive kvdeba, zogi Tavisi
sikvdiliT ukanasknel beWeds asvams xolme Tavis qmnilebebs _ werda k.
gamsaxurdia 1957 wels. ilia WavWavaZisadmi miZRvnil esseSi ”Pater Patria.”
henrik ibseni swored am adamianTa rigs ganekuTneba. msofliom
aRiara igi rogorc – dramaturgiis patriarqi. did norvegiels
konstantine gamsaxurdia araerTxel moixseniebs _ ilia WavWavaZis,
viqtor hiugos gverdiT. miaCnia rom maT sicocxleSive udidesi
rezonansi gamoiwvies. TiToeuli maTganisTvis – Tavisufleba iyo
pirovnebis umaRlesi postulati.
mwerali ibsenis `doqtor StokmanSi” xedavda im ideas, romelsac
Tavad mTeli cxovreba emsaxureboda: `farisevloba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis fuZea da amitomac `xalxis mters” - doqtor Stokmans -
urCevnia umal daiqces misi samSoblo, vidre naxos igi WaobSi
ayvavebuli” - wers igi 1931 wels esseSi `henrik ibseni”.
ibsenis msoflio aRiareba gamomdinareobda misi uzado talantidan.
man asaxa epoqis suli. zogadsakacobrio ideebis gamo, ibsenis
Semoqmedeba yvela erisTvis misaRebi da gasagebi gaxda.miuxedavad amisa,
ibseni bolomde nacionalur mwerlad darCa, upirvelesad igi norvegias
 86

ekuTnoda. hamsuni werda: ` Ибсен сделал больше, чем кто бы то ни было для
того, чтобы литература маленькой Норвегии стала не менее заметной, чем
величайшие из мировых литератур. Совершить это было под силу лишь такой
могучей личности, как он “.[79]
ibsens msoflio aRiareba dramebma moutana. XIX saukunis 70-80
wlebSi mis dramebSi romantiuli elementebi, satiriT iqna daZleuli.
swored aqedan daiwyo ibsenis novatoroba. misi SemoqmedebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli iyo Rrma fsiqologizmi, qveteqstebi, piesaSi `Tojinebis
saxli” - ibseni iyenebs axal mxatvrul teqnikas - diskusias. swored
`Tojinebis saxlma” daudo safuZveli _ rogorc bernard Sou aRniSnavs
– `axali dramis” warmoSobas. wignSi `ibsenizmis kvintensencia” - bernard
Sou ibsens axali dramaturgiuli skolis damaarseblad miiCnevs,
romelmac mTeli evropa daipyro.
`axali darmis” daarsebaSi, henrik ibsenTan erTan didi wvlili
Seitanes knut hamsunma, emil zolam, bernard Soum. man dasabami misca XX
saukunis dramaturgiis ganviTarebas, xolo XIX saukuneSi axali Tematika
Semoitna: dasavleT evropis scenebze idgmeboda speqtaklebi, romelTa
ZiriTadi Tematika adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi sulieri krizisis
Cveneba iyo. `axalma dramam” gamoimuSva axali fsiqologiur- socialuri
Janrebi, sasceno xelovnebis esTetika. bertold brextis epikuri,
egzistencialuri da eqspresionistuli dramebic `axali dramis~
warmoSobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
ibsenis Semoqmedeba Cveni saukunis gasamarTlebas waagavda. am
uzenaesi sasamarTlos mTavar msajulad konstantine gamsaxurdia
TeTfafrian henrik ibsens miiCnevs. meamboxe norvegielis SemoqmedebaSi
gansaxierda rogorc XIX ise XX saukune. igi zneobrivi reformatori
iyo, romelmac mwerlis azriT, revolucia moaxdina adamianis gonebaSi.
henrik ibseni norvegiuli nacionaluri Teatris erT-erTi Semqmneli, 1852-
1857 wlebSi, qalaq bergenSi, pirvel norvegiul nacionalur Teatrs
xelmZRvanelobda. mTeli Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis manZilze
muSaobda skanvdinaviur sagebze dafuZnebul istoriul piesebze.
`nebsiT devnili” ibseni Soridan etrfoda Tavis norvegias da
gulSi idumal grZnobas atarebda: `per gintiT – aswavlos patara
 87

norvegias sidiadeze ocneba.”sworad gansazRvravs k. gamsaxurdia, patara

qveynisa da didi mwerlis beds, henrik ibsenis cxovrebaze saubrisas.
`xom, didi bednierebaa patara qveynisaTvis didi mwerali, aseTive didi
ubedurebaa mwerlisTvis patara eris Sviloba. TiTqmis yvela didi
skandinavieli mwerali, germaniaSi an safrangeTSi gaiTqvamda jer saxels
da mxolod amis Semdeg iwamebda mas patara samSoblo. 1863 wels ibseni
gaeqca Tavis umadur samSoblos da roms gaemgzavra. norvegia iyo misi
satrfo! ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi idgmeboda misi dramebi mTel
evropaSi. berlini, miunheni, parizi taSs ukravda. ibseni ki misi sacodavi
patara norvegiisken iyureboda. `patara qveynis didi Svili” _ swored am
kuTxiT warmoaCens, mwerali, ibsenis sidiades, romelsac Tavisi
inteleqtualuri aRnagobiT universaluri sulis adamianad Tvlis. ibseni
(brandiviT) apokalifsur yalibze gamoWril kacad miaCna, romelmac
Tavis ideals Seswira yvelaferi - Svili, meuRle. konstantine
gamsaxurdia swored am tragizmSi xedavs Zleri adaminis kults, aseTi
adamianebi atrialeben istoriis Carxs da hqmnian sulier kulturaso -
ganmartavs igi.
mwerali ibsenis SemoqmedebaSi nicSeanur ideebs xedavs. brandsa da
eqim Stokmans nicSeanuri zekacobis idealebiT mowamlul xalxad Tvlis,
`magram zaratrusta Tu udabnoSi miiwevda, ibsenis gmirebi - sakuTar
sulSi Seqmnil udabnodan, adamianebTan mieSurebian, raTa axali,
morjulebuli, gawmendili adamianobis cnebebi uqadagon xalxs.”[18,392]
mwerlis SefasebiT ibsenis gmirebi axali saxarebis mqadageblebi arian,
romlebic `kelaptariviT gzas unaTeben ers”.
`an yvelaferi an araferi“ _ am sityvebiT gamoxata msoflio kacma
Zlieri pirovnebis sulieri samyaro. konstantine gamsaxurdia ganixilavs
brandis, per gintis – ubadlo ostatobiT Sesrulebul mxatvrul saxeebs
da mwerlisa da personaJis identurobaze saubrobs. mwerali miiCnevs,
rom WerSmariti Semoqmedis suli, mis SemoqmedebaSi unda gacxaddes.
k. gamsaxurdia ibsenis Semoqmedebis pirveli periodis lozungebad
romantikasa da vikingobas miiCnevs. Tavdapirvelad ibseni nacionaluri
eposis aRdgenas cdilobda `xolo Semdeg msoflio kaci veRar daetia
erovnuli poetis farglebSi...man sicocxleSive moaswroo didebis
 88

mwvervalsaTvis Tvalis Sevleba... igi goetes, Sopenhauerisa da frangi

dramaturgebis CrdilqveS gaizarda da arcerT maTgans ar Rirsebia
sicocxleSive aseTi didi triumfiT Sesvla evropis kulturul centrSi
rogorc ibsens” [18,393]_ ganmartavs mwerali.
1850 wels qristianinaSi daidga ibsenis piesa `goliaTTa borcvi”.
1862 wels henrik ibsenma Seqmna `siyvarulis komedia”, romelSic
norvegiis satiruli suraTi originaluri mxatvruli saxeebiT gamosaxa.
istoriul dramaSi `brZola samefo taxtisaTvis” (1864) ibsenma gadmosca
gamarjveba gmirisa, romelic progresul istoriul misias asrulebda.
norvegiuli dramaturgiis patriarqs – XIX saukunis 70-80-ian
wlebSi `mTeli evropis filisterelebma jvarosnuli omi gamoucxades”.
gamsaxurdia ibsenis SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis am etapze sagangebod
amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
inglisuri gazeTi ”Daily Telegrap” – `bestianur cinikur kocebuas~
uwodebs ibsens, - aRniSnavs k. amsaxurdia - da iqve dasZens, `kargad
SeniSna bernard Soum mxolod WkuaTxel idiotebs da Wkua naRrZob
xalxs ar esmodaT ibsenis sidiadis”.[18.394]
ibsenis esTeTika Zireuladaa Secvlili piesebSi: `gareuli ixvi,”
`qali zRvidan”, `roca Cven mkvdrebi viRviZebT”. mkvlevarTa SefasebiT am
piesebSi cxovrebiseuli suraTebi filosofiur WrilSia ganxiluli.
ibsenis zegavlena kavkasionis uReltexils ar gadmoscdenia da arc
qarTul Teatrsa da azrovnebaSi Seutania raime wvlili. konstantine
gamsaxurdia arc sakuTar Tavs miiCnevda ibsenizmis seniT mowamlulad,
mxolod `per gintma” datova masze waruSleli kvali, romelic did
scenaze 1919 wels naxa, rainhartis mier dadgmuli. `per gints” -
gamsaxurdia ibsenis Semoqmedebis gvirgvinad miCnevs, romelic ibsenma
romSi `nebiTi devnilobis dros”, 1863 dawera. nawarmoebSi gansaxierda
ibsenis msoflmxedveloba da zogadsakacobrio idealebi.
esses struqturidan gamomdinare k. gamsaxurdia `per gintis”
siRrmiseul Sefasebas ar akeTebs. per ginti, Slegi Wabuki, siymawvilis
ocnebebs gadayolili... ocnebam gaityua _ aRniSnavs mwerali, magram
sabolood daqanculi sayvarel norvegias daubrunda. per gintis
umTavresi cxovrebiseuli principia: `an yvelaferi an araferi”.
 89

nawarmoebis aqtualobidan gamomdinare yuradReba gvinda

gavamaxviloT zogierT sakiTxze. `per gintSi” gansaxierda pirovnebisa da
individis tragedia. miTosuri saburveli da saxe-simboloebi `per gints”
idumalebiT mosavs. ibseni interesdeba adamianis sulieri samyaroTi da
fsiqologizmiT. nawarmoebSi Serwymulia skandinaviuri folklori da
mwerlis fantazia.
nikalai berdiaevi, `per gintis” originalur Sefasebas iZleva. misi
azriT, ibsenma, am nawarmoebiT daimkvidra adgili, msoflio
literaturis SedevrTa Soris. nikalai berdiaevi filosofiur WrilSi
ganixilavs nawarmoebis siuJets da gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
nawarmoebis finalsa da solvaigze amaxvilebs”

`` В форму норвежской народной сказочности облечена мировая тема. ,,Пер

Гюнта” нужно сравнивать по значению с гетевским ,,Фаустом”. Это есть мировая
трагедия индивидуальности и личной судьбы. И я не знаю в мировой литературе
равного по силе изображения трагедии индивидуальности и личности.

Ибсен показывает, как самоутверждение индивидуума, всю жизнь желавшего

быть ,,самим собой”, ведет к разложению и гибели личности. Пер Гюнт всегда
хотел быть ,,самим собой” и никогда самим собой не был, утверждал себя и
утерял себя.

Пер Гюнт совершенно безличен, он утерял свою личность, никогда не был

тем, для чего был создан Творцом. Пер стал троллем, т.е. довольным самим собой,

Но самое сильное в ,,Пер Гюнте” — образ Сольвейг, образ женской верности

и жертвенной любви. Сольвейг всю жизнь оставалась верна Перу, всю жизнь ждала
его, он хранился в ее сердце. И вот в час смерти потерявший свою личность Пер
мог найти себе пристанище лишь в сердце Сольвейг, о которой забыл, в ее любви
и верности. Пер сохранил самого себя, свою личность лишь в Сольвейг. Сольвейг
есть вместе с тем и мать-заступница, последнее убежище человека, утерявшего себя
и обреченного на гибель. В ней отражена святая и премудрая женственность Божьей
Матери, Пресвятой Девы. “[69]
k. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT ibsenisTvis norvegia iyo misi `dedko da
satrfo-solvaig.” mwerlis nacionalizmSi xedavs WerSmariti Semoqmedis
saxes da miiCnevs, rom swored am gadaWarbebulma nacionalizmma
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gansazRvra misi bedi msoflio literaturis istoriaSi. ibsenizmma

moicva XIX saukunis msoflio literatura. Tumca rogorc k. gamsaxurdia
aRniSnavs, misi studentobis wlebSic germaniaSi ar iyo gadasuli
`ibsenizmis seni”.
`1914 wlis maiss poloneTze gavliT miunxens Cavedi, momewona misi
SesaniSnavi muzeumebi, mxatvarTa salonebi da saqveynod cnobili kafe
`simplicisimus” mxatvrebisa da mwerlebis sayvareli yavaxana - igonebs k.
gamsaxurdia `landebTan lacicSi”. gvian gavige am kafeSi stumrobdnen
Turme knut hamsuni da henrik ibseni. iq miCvenes marmarilos patara
magida, romelsac mTeli saRamo ujda Turme ibseni.” [16,108] miuxedavad
imisa, rom konstantine gamsaxurdia ibsenizmiT mowamlulad ar Tvlida
Tavs, adamianis, pirovnebis Tavisuflebis sakiTxSi didi norvegielisa da
qarTveli mwerlis msoflmxedveloba gadaikveTa. yvela is wyeuli
sakiTxi esTetikuri, religiur-filosofiuri Tu socialuri, romelic
awvalebda XIX da XX saukunes, ibsenis SemoqmedebaSi gansaxierda. `asma
welma ganvlo misi dabadebis dRidan miuxedavad amisa igi darCeba
adamianis xsovnaSi marad Wabukuri idealebis alamdari da didi
reformatori”.[18]
herman strukis naxatis aRweriT iwyeba henrik ibsenis SesaniSnavi
esse, sadac norvegiis sevdiani Svili, lomisebr fafrian kacs
mogvagonebs, raSic meyseulad mxildeba skandinaviuri xasiaTi.
k. gamsaxurdiam XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, qarTvel mkiTxveli,
meore didi norvegielis, knut hamsunis idumal da empiriul samyaros
aziara.
maSin, roca knut hamsuni samwerlobo asparezze gamodis,
skandinaviuri qveynebis literaturaSi xdeba radikaluri gardatexa...
g. brandesi, romlis Semoqmedebam XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi didi
aRmavloba ganicada, 80-ian wlebSi Rrma krizisma Sepyro. axalgazrda
mweralTa Taoba nicSes filosofiur-religiur Sexedulebebs iziarebs.
brandesma germanel filosofoss SesaniSnavi esse uZRvna
`aristokratiuli radikalizmi”. igi nicSes filosofiaSi axal ideebsa
da esTetikas eZebs, rac ase aklda skandinaviur literaturas.
 91

knut hamsuni swored am dros gamodis samwerlobo asparezze. man

literaturul wreebs SesTavaza axali esTetika. aqveynebs statiebs:
`norvegiuli literatura”, `fsiqologiuri literatura”, `Tanamedrove
literatura” (1891), sadac akritikebs nacionalur literaturas, radgan
masSi ver xedavs Rrma fsiqologiur wiaRsvlebs, igi moiTxovs
fsiqologiuri literaturis Seqmnas.
hamsunis Semoqmedebaze didi gavlena moaxdina nicSeanurma ideeebma.
swored misi ideebidan gamomdinare SeZlo Rrma fsiqologiuri
xasiaTebis Seqmna. hamsunis `SimSilma” axali etapi Seqmna norvegiul
literaturaSi, rogorc Tavad werda - es iyo ara romani, aramed
analizTa seria, romelSic aisaxa adamianis sulieri mdgomareoba.
kritikosebi hamsunis nervul adamians, adareben kafkas, sartris da
kamius personaJebs, romlebic ganwirulni arian uazro, afsurduli
cxoverebisaTvis, eguebian TavianT beds, hamsunis gmiri ki bolomde
inarCunebs Rirsebis grZnobas, beds ar emorCileba da surs `fexze
mdgomi mokvdes”. hamsunis Semoqmedeba axali furcelia msoflio
literaturis istoriaSi. igi ikvlevda adamianis qvecnobier idumal
samyaros da mxatvruli kalmiT qmnida axal tipebs, xasiaTebs,
fsiqologiur individebs.
k. gamsaxurdia swamda, rom Semoqmedis suli, esTetika da adamianis
samkauli-pirovneba, xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi, mis `feradebSi” unda
asaxuliyo. mxolod amis Semdeg uwodebda xelovans `WeSmaritebis
idumal mociquls”.
mwerlis esseistikaSi araerTi xelovani Tu sazogado moRvawea am
kuTxiT gamorCeuli _ ilia, goeTe, rilke... did norvgiels _ knut
hamsunsac am TvalsazrisiT gamoarCevs da `cidan Camovardnil mwerals”
uwodebs: `me ar vici misi namdvili gvari, me mxolod Wabukobisas
migemnia misi sunelovani romanebi. meocnebe yrmas, sandro yazbegis
sayvarel mTebSi momwyurebia wasvla iq romantiul elgujasa da maTias
samSoblos naxva, vinaidan mjeroda rom isini marTlac cxovrobdnen,
mjeroda radgan WeSmarit xelovans ar SegiZlia ardaujero. hoda,
aranakleb mindoda norvegiis civi fiordebis naxva, im adgilebisa sadac
glani diTirambebs umReroda Semoqmeds da tyis panis momajadoebel
 92

salamurze naRvlianad iRimeboda _ werda gamsaxurdia 1923 wels knut

hamsunze.
hamsunis idumalebiT moculi suli glanSi da nagelSi gansaxierda.
mwerals swams gmirisa da personaJis identobisa, radgan yoveli
WeSmariti xelovani Tavisi SemoqmedebiT iZens maradiulobas. hamsunis
idumalebis mociqulebi (glani, nageli) `mwerlis Zvalia ZvalTagani da
xorcia xorcTagani hamsuni nagelis saocari JiniTaa Sepyrobili.”
hamsunis Semoqmedeba zRaparia, romlisac gjera. kostantine
gamsaxurdia glans `rubensis mTvral silens adarebs” am SedarebiT qmnis
axal, idumalebiT mocul ferwerul tilos, sadac hamsunis ara
amqveyniuri gmirebi Trobanarevi tkbobiTa da momRimari saxeebiT
norvegiis idumal bunebaSi ikargebian. originalurad Seqmnil etiudSi
mwerlis ostatoba, kalami – mxatvris funjiviT moqnili xdeba da iqmneba
axali xelovneba, sadac dro ar arsebobs. es is xelovnebaa romelic ise
gaTrobs da ise gabruebs rogorc `TviT silens vazis wveni da glans-
tyis balaxebis suni”.
k. gamsaxurdiasTvis didi norvegieli is idumali mweralia,
romelic adamianis sulis yovel tkivils Caswvdeba, `sulis, romelic ise
iklakneba tanjvis koconze, rogorc `mama laokoonSi”.
SemoqmedisaTvis Zvirfasia, rogorc ciskari Cveni sulisa ise misi
mwuxri. aq SeuZlebelia, ar davinaxoT TviT konstantine gamsaxurdias
Semoqmedebis esTetika. mis romanebSi ikveTeba adaminis sulis idumali
labirinTebi, eqstazisa da sulieri mwuxris momentSi daxatuli xasiTebi.
WeSmariti xelovani xom, mwerlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `marmarilodan
gamohkveTs miqelanjelosaviT moses, romelsac gaRviZebac ki SeuZlia,
roca mas Semoqmedi ubrZanebs, ferTa qaosidan gamoakrTobs monna lizas
RvTaebriv Rimils.”
gamsaxuria hamsunis Semoqmedebis erT umniSvnelovanes mxareze
amaxvilebs yuradrebas - hamsuni Rrmad swvdeba gmirebis tanjvis
ufskruls, hamsunis yoveli striqoni tanjvis quraSia amovlebuli. igi
Zunwia sityvaSi – aRniSnavs mwerali da swored aq ikveTeba Zvel eladaSi
Seqmnili kanonis erTguleba `arc meti, arc naklebi”. `ara mgonia rom
modernul literaturaSi kidev iyos iseTi mwerali, romelsac ise
 93

hqondes Segnebuli es principi, rogorc hamsuns.” gamsaxurdias, hasunis

yoveli sityva axali saxis nawilad miaCnia. `araferi gakeTdes zedmati
an naklebi. Zveli berZnebis am kanons dResac gancvifrebaSi mohyavs
moazrovne kacobrioba. jer arcerT nacias ar Cauxedia adamianis zRva
sulSi, rogorc Zvel berZnebs. arcerT xalxs ise gundruki ar ukmevia
WeSmaritebisaTvis rogorc maT”[16,449 xelovnebis Sefasebis es
kriteriumebi –yovel dros Semoqmedis amosavali wertilia. Cveni azriT,
rogorc knut hamsuns, ise konstantine gamsaxurdiasac xelovnebis es
principi Sesisxlxorcebuli hqondaT.
hamsunis kalami qmnida dauviwyar suraTebs. personaJis xasaTis
gamokveTa umniSvnelo StrixebiT SeeZlo. k. gamsaxurdia sailustraciod
hankas portrets gviCvenebs: `hankas - TiTqmis SeumCneveli naCxvleti
hqonda loyaze, magram, roca icinoda es diddeboda da mSvenier iers
aZlevda mis saxe. amis meti araferia naTqvami da suraTi ukve
mzadaa”.[iqve]
konstantine gasaxurdia Tavad iTveleba portretebis ubadlo
Semqmnelad, utas, Sorenas, TaraSisa da savarsamiZis saxeebi
maRalmxatvruli ostatobiT aqvs Seqmnili. mis tiloebSi freskuli
xelovnebac ki saocrad metyvelia, rom araferi vTqvaeT qvaSi
gacocxlebul sveticxovelze.
etiudSi k. gamsaxurdia yazbegis siyvarulis Taviseburebaze
saubrobs, iqve dasZens, aranakleb saocariao hamsunis gmirebis trfoba.
ar aris naxsenebi, arc maTia, onise, ZiZia, magram mkiTxvels Tvalwin
warmoudgeba is sigiJis naperwkali, romelsac tragizmamde mihyavs es
gmirebi. `Cvens win dgas naz viqtorias jiut edvardsa da Jinian terezas
saxeebi - gana es sisxliani istoria araa, romelsac avtori
samarTlianad uwodebs `sigiJis naperwkals”, siyaruli - xom RvTis
sityvaa da sicocxled uRirs glanis evas, onisesa da ZiZias“.[16,450]
glani, tarielivT gaxelebuli mijnuriao - aRniSnavs gamsaxurdia
da saukuneebiT daSorebuli gmirebis iracionalur samyaros maradiuli
Temis irgvliv aerTianebs. glani, romelic Cven droSi cxovrobda,
iseTive SeSlilia, rogorc saSualo saukuneebis pirmSo tarieli. `isev
vkiTxulob am sisxliT daweril striqonebs, am bumberazul magram Cum
 94

brZolas adamianis gulsa da Jins Soris, vxedav am pirgasisxlianebul

adamianebs, romelnic `klaven imas vinc TviTonve uyvarT” - aRniSnavs
mwerali idumali esses dasasruls.
knut hamsunma, 1898 wels imogzaura ruseTSi, iranSi, kavkasiaSi
kerZod – saqarTveloSi. am mogzaurobisagan miRebuli STabeWdilebebi
aisaxa mis SemoqmedebaSi kerZod `zRaprul qveyanaSi” da piesaSi
`dedofali Tamari”. k. gamsaxurdia 1931 wels daweril narkvevSi
`ukrainis Temidi” - knut hamsunis mier Seqmnil piesas uaryofiT
Sefasebas aZlevs. am SesaniSnavi da siyvaruliT aRsavse etiudis
Semqmnelisagan, ucnauria, gaRizianebuli toni didi norvegielis
misamarTiT, rasac garkveuli axsna moeZebneba.
samwuxaroa, rom etiudSi k. gamsaxurdia ar saubrobs knut hamsunis
Semoqmedebis mwvervalis `SimSilis” Sesaxeb. nobelis premiis laureatis
am moTxrobam gadatrialeba moaxdina aramarto norvegiul, aramed
msoflio literaturaSic. nawarmoebi avtobiografiul elementebs
Seicavs da iSviaTi nimuSia ambivalenturi, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi
ukiduresad zemgrZnobiare adamianis sulieri cxovrebis asaxvisa.
1923 wels miunxenSi Sesrulebuli etiudi `knut hamsuni” Tavisi
Sinagani struqturiT esses Janrs ufro ganekuTvneba, vidre etudisas.
yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT, esses dasasruls miweril P.S-ze.
`samwuxaroa, rom mixrwnilobaSi gadamdgari moxuci hamsuni faSisti
kanibalebisadmi simpatiiT ganimsWvala”.
cnobilia, rom mweralma minaweri meore msoflio omis dros
gaakeTea. iyo Tu ara hamsuni faSisti, an marTebulia Tu ara kiTxvis
aseTi interpretaciiT dasma? am sakiTxis irgvliv dResac kamaToben
2009 weli norvegiaSi hamsunis wlad gamocxadda. weli oslos
nacionalur TeatrSi sazeomod gaixsna. msoflio presa farTo
masStabebiT aSuqebda am movlenas. ibeWdeboda kritikuli statiebic
(norvegiul, rusul presaSi) sadac hamsunis faSistur midrekilebebze
saubrobdnen. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom knut hamsuni, oTxmoc wels
mitanebuli moxuci, smena- da mxedvelobadaqveiTebuli, 1946 wels
gaasamarTles. brals debdnen, kvislingis (norvegis ministr-prezidenti
1942-45) norvegiuli faSisturi partiis wevrobaze da
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antisaxelmwifoebriv qmedebaSi, rasac hamsuni kategoriulad uaryofda,

Tumca aRiarebda, rom iziarebda kvislingis ideebs. `hamsunis saqmis” -
masalebidan irkveva, rom 1940 wlidan igi iricxeboda partiaSi. piradad
icnobda adolf hitlers. arsebobs maTi Sexvedris amsaxveli
dokumenturi masalebi. arsebobs agerTve samedicino eqspertizis daskvna,
sadac weria, rom hamsuni 1942 wlidan avadmyofobda aTeroskleroziT,
ris gamoc SesaZloa advilad moqceuliyo sxvisi gavlenis qveS.
dakarguli hqonda metyvelebis unari. sasamarTlom gaiTvaliswina ra
yovelive mxolod fuladi jarima gadaaxdevina mwerals. umTavresi ki
mainc is aris, rom hamsuns uyvarda norvegia da aRmerTebda germanias,
germanul kulturas. swored germaniam aRiara pirvelad hamsuni.
germaniis siZliereSi xedavda norvegiis momavals. konstantine
gamsaxurdias gviandeli minaweric swored am faqtebidan gamomdinare
SeiZleba avxsnaT (sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi mwerlis es nabiji SeiZleba
erTgvari Tavdacvac iyo).
Cveni mizani ar aris hamsunis politikur mrwamsze saubari aq
umTavresia misi, rogorc Semoqmedis genialuroba da agreTve
gamsaxurdias mosazreba gmirisa da personaJis identobaze. gamsaxurdia
werda: `me ar vici igi sad daibada, xelT ar mqonia misi biografia,
magram vicnob glans, vicnob nagels” _ da swamda, rom personaJi avtoris
`Zvalia ZvalTagani da xorci xorcTagani”. aqedan gamomdinare, zedmetia
saubari hamsunis faSistur midrekilebebze. mwerlis gviandel
politikur mrwamsze.

osvald Spengleri - `dasavleTis daisi”

konstantine gamsaxurdias, `metafizikosis dRiuri” (1921-22w.)

osvald Spengleris (Osvals Spengler,1880-1936) udidesi germaneli
filosofosisa da kulturologis naSroms “Der Untergang des Abendlandes”
(dasavleTis daRupvas) eZRneba, romelic 1918-22 ww-Si gamovida da
imTaviTve miipyro inteleqtualTa yuradReba. mwerali, Spengleris
 96

Sromas, `apokalifsur winaswarmetyvelebas” uwodebs da mis irgvliv,

mTel rig kulturul-filosofiur sakiTxebze msjelobs.
germaneli filosofosis, esTetikas msoflios masStabiT
gamoexmaurnen: herman hesse (qaosis perspeqtiva) italieli jian batista
viko, avstrieli mecnieri _ otto neirata, (anti-Spengleri).
gamsaxurdia, Spengleris Semoqmedebis siZlieres mis alogizmSi
xedavs. misi meTodi umeTodobaa `misi wigni sunTqavs Zlieri goeteseburi
intuiciis ZaliT. es aris didi vizioneruli xilva. Eesqatologiuri
xilva msoflio warRvnisa” [16.379] _ vkiTxulobT `metafizikosis
dRiurSi”.
Spenglerma misticizmisaken miabruna adamianTa goni. gamsaxurdia
amis mizezs XX saukunis skepticizmSi xedavs, roca evropulma
nihilizmma gza mistikas dauTmo. mwerlis SefasebiT, Spengleris wigni
pirveli cda iyo istoriis msvlelobis `winaswari gagebisa”,
filosofoss ewada miswvdomoda im formebs, romlebsac miiRebda
dasavleTis kultura, romelic gamsaxurdias sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT,
`srulyofaSi iyo ganzraxuli”.
Spengleri, romelic skeptikurad Sescqeroda dasavleTis
kulturas, fenomenaluri ostatobiT qmnida axal Teorias, istoriis
ganviTarebis, kulturisa da civilizaciis Sesaxeb. `dasavleTis daRupva”,
didi popularobiT sargeblobda germaniis studentur wreebSi.
profesura, ki uaryofiT Sefasebas aZlevda germaneli filosofosis
mosazrebebs da axlgazrdobis garyvnaSic ki sdebda brals. Spengleris
araordinalurma esTetikam, SeiZleba iTqvas, gadatrialeba moaxdina
istoriuli evoluciis, progresis, absoluturi Rirebulebebis sferoSi.
sanam uSualod konstantine gamsaxurdias werils ganvixilavdeT,
cota ram vTqvaT germaneli filosofosis da misi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb.
osvald Spengleri, XIX saukunis germaneli filosofosi da
istorikosi, miunxenisa da berlinis universitetebSi iRebs ganaTlebas.
akademiur karieras iwyebs miunxenis universitetSi. garkveuli periodi
dakavebulia publicistikiT. 1933 wels, roca saTaveSi nacistebi modian,
igi scildeba yovelgvar saqmianobas. 1918 wels gamodis `dasavleTis
daRupvis” pirveli tomi, xolo 1922 wels _ meore tomi. Spengleris sxva
 97

cnobili Sromebia: `Der Mensh und die Technik“ (adamiani da teqnika 1931), “Jahre
der Entscheidungen” (1933). Spengleris esTetika ganicdis a. Sopenhaueris, f.
nicSes, a. bergsonis, goeTes gavlenas.
`dasavleTis daRupvas” sensaciuri warmateba xvda wilad. igi
miCneulia, evropuli literaturis genialur qmnilebad nicSes mere.
`dasavleTis daRupvas” brwyinvaled Sesrulebul essesac uwodeben.
`evropis daRupvaSi” aisaxa cxovrebis drama, dasavleT evropuli
kulturis katastrofa. Spenglerma, SeiZleba iTqvas, iwinaswarmetyvela
Tanamedrove epoqis zogierTi movlena. osvald Spengleris mosazrebiT
dasavleT evropis kultura (fausturi suli) daRupvisTvis iyo
ganwiruli. Spengleris wignis istoriul-kulturuli koncefciebis
gagebisaTvis mniSvnelovania imis garkveva, Tu rogor esmis filosofoss
`kulturis” fenomeni.
germaneli filosofosi msoflio istoriaSi gamoyofs rva
kulturas, romlebmac miaRwies `simwifis” safexurs da daiRupnen.
essenia: egvipturi, induri, iranul-babilonuri, Cinuri, bizantiur-
arabuli (magiuri), apolunuri (berZnul-romanuli), fausturi (dasavleT
evropuli), maias tomebis kultura. isini arsebobdnen sxadasxva drosa da
dedamiwis sxvadasxva wertilSi, miaRwies ganviTarebis garkveul
safexurs da sabolood amowures sakuTari SesaZleblobebi,
ganadgurdnen. Spengleris mosazrebiT daRupuli kulturis adgilas
warmoiqmna – civilizacia, amasve uwinaswarmetyvelebda dasavleT
evropul kuturas.
Spengleri araordinalur mosazrebebs gvTavazobs kacobriobis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. igi uaryofs, evoluciis sayovelTaod aRiarebul
sqemas, periodizacias: uZvelesi samyaro, Sua saukuneebi da Tanamedrove
epoqa. germaneli filosofosis mosazrebiT sxvadasxva dros arsebuli
kultura erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad cocxlobda da rogorc
cocxali organizmi gadioda Semdeg fazebs: Casaxvis periodi, aRorZineba
da ganadgureba. filosofoss miaCnda, rom dasavleT evropuli kultura,
rogorc ganumeorebeli da axali drois fenomeni, Caisaxa IX saukuneSi,
aRorZinda XV-XVIIs., XIX-dan ki daiwyo misi aRsasruli, daisi. maS ase,
Spengleri gamoyofda gavniTarebis Semdeg fazebs: miTo-simboluri
 98

adrindeli kultura, metafizikur-religiuri kultura da gviandeli

saboloo etapi kulturisa, romelic ukanaskneli, gardauvali safexuris
gavlis Semdeg civilizaciad gadaiqceva.
yovel kulturas gaaCnda sakuTari simbolo. antikurisTvis es iyo
`sxeuli”, dasavleT evropis kulturisTvis _ daudgromeli `fausturi
sulis adamiani.” Spengleris naSromi iyo erTgvari cda msoflio
esTetikisa da wignis gamosvlidan ramdenime welSi, mas exmianeba
konstantine gamsaxurdia `metafizikosis weriliT”. `saqarTveloSi
geronti qiqoZes gamohyavs analogiuri daskvnani. SpenglerisaTvis
aRmosavleT evropaSi iSveba axali potenciebi, geronti qiqoZes ki hgonia,
rom mcire aziaSi amova axali mze kulturisa. igi socialistebis
mosvlas saqarTveloSi italiaSi gaqceul sqolastikosebs adarebs. me
ki mgonia, rom analogia swori araa – dasZens mwerali.”
germaneli filosofosi evropul kulturas `faustur kulturas”
da `faustur suls uwodebda”. ar aRiarebda mas, rogorc erTaderT
pirvelfenomens, aramed igi iyo pirvelfenomeni mravalTa Soris. swored
amitom gamsaxurdias marTebulad ar miaCnia germaneli filosofosis
mosazreba romanul-germanuli kulturis aRsasrulis Sesaxeb, romelic
ideurad mokvda da adgili unda dauTmos axal kulturul fenomens -
rusul aziaturs. ras niSnavs es terminebi kiTxulobs mwerali, `Cven
sruliadac arafers gveubneba sityva rusul-aziaturi.” azia geogrfiul
mcnebad miaCnia da aqedan gamomdinare, hindus, osmals, russ, sparss
mijnavs erTmaneTisgan.
Spengleri Tavis naSromSi, sabolood – evropuli civilizaciis
fausturi sulis, aRsasrulamde mivida. k. gamsaxurdias ganmartebiT, am
mosazrebas filosofosi istoriis, istoriografiis, momavlis axleburi
gagebiT asabuTebs. Spengleri, rogorc aRvniSneT uayofda ganvTarebis
Semdeg safexurebs: antika_Sua saukune_axali dro. Spenglerma Secvala
istoriis Sinaarsi da Sesabamisad Seicvala misi struqturac.
gamsaxurdia ganixilavs ra Spengleris mosazrebas kulturis
ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, daaskvnis, `Tu kultura eqvemdebareba
gansakuTebuli xmovanebis kanons: zrda, ganviTareba da moxuceba,
daqveiTeba da daRupva, maSin yovelive sikvdilSi poulobs dasasruls da
 99

rogor unda SevamCnioT Cven kulturis dasasruli?” pasuxs

Spengleriseuli civilizaciis umaRles gavniTarebaSi poulobs:
kultura miaRwevs garkveul safexurs, daqveiTdeba da iqceva
civilizaciad. civilzacia kulturis entropiad unda miviCnioT,
aRniSnavs mwerali, civilizaciis amaRlebiT kultura qveiTdeba.
Spengleri, dasavleT evropul kulturas antikas adarebs. cocxal
kulturas gardacvlili erebis civlizacias upirispirebs. gamsaxurdias
mosazrebis filosofoss surs meToduri homologiebis saSualebiT
iwinaswarmetyvelos gza dasavleT evropis kulturisa. SpenglerTan
uaryofilia yovelive memkvidreoba, misTvis antika da dasavleT evropa,
es ori sruliad damoukidebeli fenomenia. antika iRupeba da ramdenime
saukunis Semdeg `inTeba evropaSi koconi civilizaciisa, ase rom raime
ideur memkvideobaze laparaki aris legenda _ gveubneba Spengleri.
aqedan gamomdinare k. gamsaurdia or, `erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebul
fenomenebs”, erTmaneTs adarebs: antikas apolonuri suli aqvs, dasavleT
evropas _ fausturi.
naSromSi igrZnoba k. gamsaxurdias subieqturi damokidebuleba
dasavleT evropis, kerZod, germanuli kulturis mimarT. mas xiblavs,
fausturi mousvenari da vnebauSreti suli, romelic gareSeuwerel
maradisobaSi rokavs. fausturi sulisTvis cxovreba brZolaa, aqedan
gamomdinare, gamsaxurdia erTmaneTs upirispirebs antiur da faustur-
germanul kulturas: `Tu ar aris brZola da brZolis wyurvili,
romelic ase mosCans zaratustraSi, maSin igi ar aris germanuli.
antiuri sulisaTvis bediswera `moiraa” brma da wamieri. antiurisTvis
siZliere aris moTminebaSi”. nicSem faustur kulturaSi, axali a d a m i
a n i s kulti Seqmna. ewada axali maRali xarisxis adamianTa jiSi
warmoeSva, romelic Tavis Zlier nebisyofas mTeli dedamiwis bedis
xelSi dasaWerad moixmarda. gamsaxurdia, am Zlier da mSfoTvare suls,
didi stilis kulturis nayofad miiCnevs, radgan mxolod aseT kulturas
SeeZlo mTeli dedamiwis gadakeTeba, adamianobis bedisweris xelSi
Cagdeba.
werilis meore TavSi `inteleqtualuri revolucia” k. gamsaxurdia
saubrobs pirveli msoflio omis Sedegebze, roca evropulma erebma
 100

sisxliT SeReba haagaSi agebuli TeTri sasaxle, roca gagiJebulma

msofliom, goneba gandevna moazrovne adamianTa wridan. dResac evropis
erebi ver gamorkveulan im saSinelebidan, romelic gaimarTa mTel
evropaSi `erTi jadosnuri kapelamisteris xelis aqnevaze” – ganmartavs
mwerali.
Spengleris `dasavleTis daRupvas”, romelic gamocxadeba iyo
naomar evropul kulturul wreebisaTvis, konstantine gamsaxurdia
galuri geniis, anri barbiusis wigns upirispirebs (Suqi ufskrulidan,
1920w.) mwerlis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva anri barbiusis Sromis erT-
erTi Tavi: `gonebis amboxi, inteleqtualuri revolicia”.
anri barbiusi, franguli komunisturi partiis wevrad airCies
1923wels. misi romani “Le Feu” (cecxli), pirveli msoflio omis
winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. anri barbiusi aRiarebda socializms da
stalinis moRvaweobasac. mis kalams ekuTvnis `stalini”, romelic 1935
wels gamoica. 1933 wels arCeuli iqna sabWoTa kavSiris samecniero
akademiis (ACCCP) wevrad, anri barbiusis mosazrebiT harmoniuli
msoflios wyobilebis `ciskari” aRmosavleTidan – moskovidan modioda.
am Tvalsazriss gamsaxurdia skeptikurad uyurebs. zogadad ki maRal
Sefasebas aZlevs anri barbiusis Semoqmedebas da pirovnebas. anri
barbiusi socializmis mqadagebeli iyo da aqtiur propagandasac uwevda
mis ganviTarebas sabWoTa kavSirSi... aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia
gamsaxurdia misi ideebis gamziarebeli yofiliyo, mwerali mxolod anri
barbiusis `gonebisken” Semobrunebis Teorias aRiarebs, `gonebis
naperwkali unda enTos, rom Cven win SiSveli piruTvneli instiqtebiT
danisluli ufskruli icnos adamianobam. araferi araa am qveyanaze ise
Tvalwarmtaci rogoricaa TviT Secnobil grZnobaTa Relva da gonebis
sxiviT gamTbari siyvaruli” [16,376]

anri barbiusis am ideebs, k. gamsaxurdia zaratustras maRali

jiSis adamianis Tavidan gamosul ideebad miiCnevs da safiqrebelia, rom
swored aq ikveTeba maTi esTetika. goneba unda amboxdes ugunurobisa da
barbarosobis winaaRmdeg _ dasZens mwerali. gonebis amboxi _
konstantines SefasebiT erTaderTi gzaa, romelmac unda dalewos
`sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis usamarTlobis xundebi... dRes yvela grZnobs
 101

arsebuli reJimis gulqvaobas, absurdul terorizms”[16,377] – swored

aqedan gamomdinere, momxrea revoluciisa, romelic adamianis TavSi unda
moxdes, radgan `adamianis Tavi usakvirvelesi qarxanaa axali da didi
ideebisa”.

metafizikosis mesame TavSi, romelsac `osvald Spengleri”

ewodeba, mocemulia germaneli filosofosis _ “Der Untergang des
Abendlandes” (dasavleTis daRupvis) mcire reziume. mwerlis mcdelobaa
pasuxebi gasces Spengleris wignSi wamoWril sakiTxebs: arsebobs, Tu
ara metafizikuri struqtura istoriuli adamianobisa, dRemde arsebuli
kulturebi eqvemdebarebodnen Tu ara kanons: – Sobisa, siWabukisa da
sikvdilisa.

daskvniT nawilSi mwerali aRniSnavs, rom Spengleri Tavidan

bolomde goeTeseuli fenomeniTaa Sepyrobili. Spengleris
interpretaciisTvis saWiroa misi istorizmis gageba, radgan misi
filosofiuri naSromi, istoriul-filosofiuri apercepiis moZebnas
iTxovs. igi ilaSqrebs Zveli saskolo istorizmis winaaRmdeg, romlis
mixedviTac istoria warmoedginaT mefeebisa da omebis uTavbolo
dausrulebel statistikad. Spengleris mosazrebiT ki kulturebi
cocxali organizmebia, xolo istoria _ am kulturaTa avtobiografia.

`miTos moklebuli dro”

pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg omis demonTan damarcxebuli

kacobrioba sulierma krizisma moicva. daiwyo dausrulebeli evropuli
krizisi, romelmac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva,
mecniereba xelovneba. am movlenas XX saukunis verc mwerali da verc
mkiTxveli gverds ver auvlida.
konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1924 wels aqveynebs esses – `axali
evropa”, sadac kacobriobis sulieri katastrofis mizezebze saubrobs.
fridrix nicSem pirvelma iwinaswarmetyvela evropuli krizisi, magram
Tanamedroveebma giJad Seracxes. am krizisis konturebi XX saukunis 10-
iani wlebidan xelSesaxebi gaxda.
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kacobriobis winaSe iqmneboda – axali era, romlis erTaderT

epitafiad gamsaxurdias - `miTos moklebuli dro” miaCnia. XX saukunis
Tavisufali adamiani marto darCa, yvelaferi ki renesansis epoqidan
daiwyo.
k. gamsaxurdia evropuli katastrofis, sulieri krizisis sawyiss
renesansis epoqaSi xedavs. renesansma adamiani Teologiis artaxebidan
gaaTavisufla, `gaaTavisufla da marto datova, vin ityvis aseTi
gaTavisufleba ufro mZimea, Tu martoobis tragedia”?[21,3] renesansamde
adamiani RmerTTan Tanaziari iyo. eklesia iyo sulierebis uryevi kera,
Tanaziarobis mogvi, yvelaferi mas eqvemdebareboda - ganmartavs mwerali.
renesansis epoqam ki moitana aRzeveba adamianisa. emfaza adamianis
moTavseba samyaros centrSi. es idea sxvadasxva modusiTa da
intensivobiT muSavdeboda evropuli renesansis samive didi
inteleqtualuri moZraobis -humanizmis, platonizmis, aristotelizmis
mier. adaminis koncefciam fizikuri da moraluri srulqmnilebis ideali
moitana.
adamianuri logika imTaviTve RvTaebrivi dogmatikis gadamowmebas
Seudga. aman ki adamiani rwmenas, RvTaebriv nebas daupirispira.
Teologisagan Tavisufal adams - xelSi SerCa `ufleba maradiuli
adamisa“ da swored aqedan daiwyo, rogorc k. gamsaxurdia Semdgom
ityvis, `individulizmi, dausrulebeli evropuli krizisi.” saerTo
fondi Tanamedrove evropisa k. gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT ase
gamoiyureboda: mecnierebaSi relatvivizmi, xelovnebaSi futurizmi,
dadaizmi yalbi civilizacia usulo meqanizacia... `ukanasknelma omebma da
revoluciebma yvela daarwmuna, rom ase ar SeiZleba, rom axali unda
iSvas. cxadia Tanamedrove evropis mwvave tkivilebi axali idealebis
warmoqmniT unda iqnas gamosyiduli“ [21,4] - vkiTxulobT esseSi.
`axali evropa” oTxi essesagan Sedgeba: (miTos moklebuli dro,
laTinizmi da germanizmi, simbolizmis katastrofa, frangi
eqspresionistebi, pol klodeli da moris baresi)
esseebSi wamoWrilia is problematika, ris winaSec idga maSindeli
inteleqtualuri goni.
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esseSi `axali adami”, (romelic esseTa ciklis bolo essea) mwerali

evropuli sulieri krizisis mizezebsa da Sedegebze saubrobs. evropuli
krizisi _ es ar iyo arc stilis, arc ideuri gakotrebis krizisi, epoqam,
XX saukunem, miToss moklebulma drom, moitana sulieri katastrofa. XX
saukune radikaluri gardatexis fazaSi Sedioda. rogorc qristianuli
eris pirvel aTaswleulSi.
fridrix Silerma me-18 saukuneSi TiTqosda iwinaswarmetyvela
evropis sulieri konfliqtebis moaxloeba `Cveni saukune _ werda igi –
swored marionetiviT qanaobs simaxinjesa da velurobis samanebs Soris”.
gana igive ar iTqmis axal evropaze? - kiTxulobs gamsaxurdia. evropaze
romelmac, `praqtikuli angarebis idealebiT aRtkinebulma” gzad
yvelaferi gaanadgura.
mwerali problemas mTeli simwvaviT warmogvidgens: `erTi
vikiTxoT moeZebneba ki axal evropas unruhs ditrixiviT (XX saukunis
germaneli poeti) miwier da zecier vnebebis SemTavsebeli guli? aqvs Tu
ara axali evropis poezias imdeni sulieri Zala, romelic Tanamedrove
meqanikur civilizaciis infernos isev RmerTebiT da martvilebiT
daasaxlebs? moepoveba Tu ara Tanamedrove evropas axali sulobiT
aRvsiloba martvilis jiutobiT rom ityodes: Cveni sarwmunoeba Cveni
mtkice simagre? - kiTxulobs mwerali da iqve hamletiseuri meryeobiT
pasuxobs: Tu ho, maSin miTos moklebuli dro daZleuli iqneba”.[21,4]
XX saukunis poezia da, mwerlis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `dantesaviT
ganawamebi kacobrioba sulieri Zalebisagan iyo daclili da ar
moepoveboda is zeciuri vnebebis SemTavsebeli guli, romliskenac ase
iswrafvoda maSindeli inteleqtualuri msoflio. axal sityvas, axal
poezias, kacobrioba samoTxis `daunjebul bWeebSi” unda Seeyvana.
XX saukunis 10-iani wlebidan moyolebuli TiTqmis saukunis
dasasrulamde – demonuri epoqa axali sulobisa da RmerTebis
samkvidrebeli ver gaxda.
k. gamsaxurdias mosazrebT – eqspresionistebis uaxlesma Taobam
swored Seigno evropuli krizisis miToss moklebuli drois mizezebi,
romelic axali humanurobiT, axali eTosiT, axali adamianiT unda
daZleuliyo.
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XX saukunis germaneli eqspresionisti poetis, novelistis fric

fon unruhis tragediaze saubrisas, mwerali Cvens yuradRebas miapyrobs
saukunis frazaze: `moitaT axali adamiani”. `axali adamiani” – ismoda
scenidan, poeziidan kaTedridan da axali Taoba cidan Camodioda.
tragediis gmirebi hamletiseburi tkivilebiT sneuldebodnen. unda
afeTqebuliyo Zveli miwa da idealebi.
Tanamedrove civilizacia, (XX saukunis) Tanamedrove suloba
ufskrulis napirze moeloda axal RmerTs, axal ideebs, iseve rogorc
ufskrulis piras RmerTis momlodine – fsixe, romlis mxatvrul saxeSi,
k. gamsaxurdiam - miToss moklebuli drois suloba dainaxa. `RmerTi ki...
RmerTi mova, xmoba unda RmerTs!~ _ acxadebda mwerali.
esseSi, romelsac `laTinizmi da germanizmi” ewodeba, wamoWrilia
is problematika, romelic mwerals umwvaves sakiTxad miaCnia `evropis
kulturaTa arsebobis pirveli dReeebidan~. kerZod dapirispireba
`misticizmsa da naTel racionalizms, germanelobasa da frangobas~
laTinizmsa da germanizms” Soris.
mwerali Sepirispirebis gziT axasiaTebs frang da germanel
xalxebs, maT genias, misias... k. gamsaxurdia XIX saukunis meore
naxevridan moyolebuli msoflios inteleqtualur diriJorad germanias
miiCnevda.
revoluciisa da omis demons, mwerlis SefasebiT, mudam Tan sdevda
`daucxromeli Ziebis demoni”, romelic xelovnebaSi SeiWra. germaniam
udidesi gavlena moaxdina safrangeTze, rogorc literaturaSi ise
socialur cxovrebaSi. mwerali samyaros centrSi mistiur germanias
xedavs, romlis inteleqtualuri ganStoebaa danarCeni msoflio.
me-18 saukuneSi inglisuri saniSnoebiT modioda evropis kultura.
miuxedavad amisa evropul kulturas, literaturas, filosofias, musikas
mudam germania miuZRodao win – ganmartavs mwerali.
goeTem, nicSem, luTerma, kantma – inteleqtualuri ZuZu awoves
danarCen msoflios, germania iZleoda axal ideebs. (mwerlis es paTosi
damaxasiaTebelia germanul filosofiaze Seqmnili publicistur-
kritikuli werilebisTvis, romelebsac 1916-1924 wlebSi qmnida.)
 105

erTaderTi dargi xelovnebisa, romelSic mwerali, safrangeTis

upiratesobas xedavs – mxatvrobaa (saerTod plastiuri xelovneba).
brZola germanizmsa da laTinizms Soris mTavar aspeqtad miaCnia
evropuli kulturis ganviTrebaSi dantedan moyolebuli XX saukunemde.
esseSi mwerals gaidealebuli hyavs germanuli eri. `germaneli
idealistia, frangi _ ideologi. germaneli bunebiT mistkosia, frangi _
racionalisti”. [21]germanuli titanizmi, romelmac kacobriobas goeTes
da kantis filosofia uanderZa, mwerlis mosazrebiT, safrangeTisTvis da
albaT mTeli samyarosTvisac – bolomde mainc gaugebari rCeba, radgan
frangisTvis saerTod gaugebaria sulieri martvilobani da Ziebani
doqtor faustisa. frangi ufskrulebs da sibneles erideba, radgan misi
xalxuri natureli marCxia, `maCveneT Tundac erTi egzom aRtkinebuli
boboqari msoflio istoriuli stiqioni safrangeTSi, rogorc
luTeri”.[21]]
mwerali originaluri mxatvruli xerxebiT upirispirebs ori
udidesi eris (germaniisa da safrangeTis) inteleqtualur da sulier
monapovars, sadac kidev erTxel ikveTeba mwerlis germanofiloba.
`germaneli mudam kosmiuri problemis borbalzea dabmuli,
germanelebis sulieri tragizmi eqspansiurobiT ganisazRvreba.
ufskrulebis Tavze zaratustras, dakodili arwivebis qrolva
beThoveniseuli `yels mogexveviT milionebo” [92] ai, ra aris
germaneloba!
frangul xelovnebas, SinaarsiT da formiT, nacionalur movlenad
miiCnevs, germanuls ki formiT _ nacionalurad, SinaarsiT kosmiurad,
radgan franguli `suloba mudam nacionaluri artaxebiTaa Seboqvili,
germaneloba mudam kosmiur meridianebs umiznebs... franguli suli
liriulia, germanuli - empiriuli”
mwerali ganixilavs safrangeTis istoriis yvelaze mniSvnelovan
etaps, 1789-1799 wlis revolucias, (romelmac gardamtexi roli iTamaSa
dasavleTis civilizaciasa da evropis istoriaSi.) da mas pirovnebis
amboxs uwodebs saxelmwifos da sazogadoebas Soris. safrangeTis
revolucionerebis maqsimilian roberspierisa (revoluciis winamZRoli
da `iakobinTa” lideri) da Jan pol maratis revoluciuri triadebi
 106

uasako gimnazielis monologebad miaCnia luTerisa da nicSes

amboxebasTan, radgan germanelisTvis pirovneba mudam `zvarakia
saxelmwifos, RmerTis, eTiuri idealis trapezze”.
germanuli rassis inteleqtualur upiratesobas mwerali, kantis
filosofiaSi xedavs. emanuel kantma Seqmna movaleobis apologia da es
movaleobis filosofia aravis ise ar esmis, rogorc germanel ers.
germaneloba _ gamsaxurdias cocxal, calke mdgom, mistiur modgmad aqvs
aRqmuli. germanuli mesianizmis saTves aragernmaneli dantedan iwyebs.
germaneli maradiul RmerTTan morkine iakobia - ganmartavs
mwerali, mis fantazias mudam bibliuri karibWe sWiria, rom RmerTi
cidan Camoiyvanos, RmerTs ebrZolos miwaze da TviT ewamos `RmerTis
wamebiT”. konstantine gamsaxurdia swored RmerTTan brZoliT xsnis
faustis sulier katastrofas, RmerTTan brZolam daubnela mze nicSes
da holderlins. religiur moments, umTavresad miiCnevs germanuli
xelovnebis Seswavlisas, radgan xelovnebas, mudam religiis momijned
gulisxmobdnen nicSe da vagneri, goete da holderlini.

* * *
esses meore TavSi, k. gamsaxurdia saubrobs literaturuli skolis
_ simbolizmisa da misi filosofiuri esTetikis Sesaxeb.
simbolizmi, rogorc literaturuli skola XIX saukunis
dasasrulsa da XX saukunis daswyisSi aRmocenda. k. gamsaxurdia frang
poetebs: artur rembos, Stefan malarmes, Sarl bodlers `simbolizmis
mTavarsardlebs uwodebs da aRniSnavs, rom simbolistebma mTeli Tavisi
Zala axali formis Ziebas Sealies. bolos ki poezia riTmis
`akrobatobamdis miiyvanes”.[92] sibmolstebs surdaT gaugonari
revolucia moexdinaT poeziaSi, romelic mwerlis SefasebiT `gaugonari
bankrotiT, simbolizmis katastrofiT” damTavrda. simbolizmma moicva
mTeli msoflio. miuxedavad sisxlis aRrevisa, aRniSnavs mwerali,
simbolozms franguli damRa hqonda.
k. gamsaxurdia simbolizmis reaqcias 1891 wliT aTariRebs da
miiCnevs, rom simbolizmi, rogorc kulturuli filosofia pozitivebis,
parnasistebisa da naturalistebis dapirispireba iyo. 1883 wels Jan
 107

moreasma `figaroSi” gamoaqveyna `simbolizmis manifesti”, sadac am

skolis ZiriTadi debulebebi gamokveTa. man poezia samyaros umaRles,
sinTezur Semecnebad gamoacxada, poeti ki movlenaTa da ideaTa
mesaidumled. pol verlenis, Stefan malarmes, Sarl bodleris, artur
rembosa da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi, werilebsa Tu CanawerebSi ki TandaTan
ufro naTlad warmoCinda simbolisturi poeziis yvela damaxasiaTebeli
niSan-Tviseba. urTulesi stili, gaugebari ena, `me”-s Semecneba...
mweerali mogviTxrobs literaturuli skolis filosofiur-
esTetikur niSnebze, Tumca ar asaxelebs simbolizmis kraxis konkretul
mizezebs evropul mwerlobaSi. yuradRebas amaxvilebs romanuli skolis
manifestze, romelic Jan moreasma 1891 wels daaarsa da aRniSnavs, rom
man moaxerxa berZnul da laTinur kulturaTa daaxloeba frangul
sulTan. Jan moreasi cdilobda aeRorZinebina klasikuri tradiciebi, am
mosazrebiT mis irgvliv gaerTiandnen: moris de plesi, raimon dela
teledi, ernest raimoni, Sarl morasi. mwerlis mosazrebiT es poetebi
leqsis restavracias Seudgnen: maTi umTavresi mizani iyo: `uaryofa
Tavisufali leqsisa, maTematikuri harmoniis aRdgena leqsis
struqturaSi“.[92] gamsaxurdia ramdenime StrixiT exeba moreasis poezias.
mis leqsebSi berZnul sisadaves, harmonias da Zvel laTinur gracias
xedavs. `moreasis poeturi xatebi gamWvirvale da rCeulia, rogorc
`berZnuli kristalis vazebi, misi leqsi laRia da uzado”.
esseSi saubaria XX saukunis sam evropel poet qalze, romlebmac
mistiuri, sevdagadakruli poeziiT, sapatio adgili daimkvidres poeziis
ukvdav kvarlcxlbekze. eseni iyvnen Svedi selma lagerdofi (qali,
romelmac pirvelma miiRo nobelis premia literaturis dargSi-1909ww),
germaneli rikarda huxi da frangi la kontes anna de noeli. `gamoakeliT
es sami qali msoflio literaturas da maSin uneblieT unda
daveTanxmoT antifeministebs, rom qalisTvis aqtiuri Semoqmedeba
miuwvdomelia _ ganmartavs mwerali...
esses momdevnoo TavSi `frangi eqspresionistebi” mwerali
avangarduli moZraobis, eqspresionizmis, Sesaxeb saubrobs, romelic XIX
saukunis dasassrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Camoyalibda.
literaturaTmcodneebi miiCneven, rom eqspresionizmma ganviTareba hpova
 108

CrdiloeT evropaSi, kerZod germaniaSi. mwerlis mosazrebiT ki

eqspresionizmi ar aris nacionaluri germanuli movlena da ukanaskneli
aTeuli wlebis `evropis mistiur-religiuri grZnobis renesansze”
saubrobs. mwerlis SexedulebiT, safrangeTSi anri bergsonma, XX
saukunis udidesma filosofosma, daamsxvria racionalizmis citadeli,
xolo germaniaSi `moazrovneTa legionebi” ibrZodnen am mimarTulebiT.
maT germania mistikis samSoblod aqcies. XX saukunis `mistiuri
renesansi” Sua saukuneebSi, mistikebisa da Teologebis samSobloSi-
germaniaSi unda dawyebuliyo _ acxadebs mwerali.
esseSi saubaria parizuli literaturuli klubis “ l Abbage”
(abatebis) Sesaxeb romelic 1906 wels daarsda da masSi gaerTianebuli
iyvnen XX saukunis damwyebi axalgazrda frangi mwerlebi: Sarl
vildraki, rene arkosi, JorJ diuhameli. mwerlebi ikribebodnen
mitovebul saabatoSi da swored aqedan warmoiSva saxelwodebac “l
Abbage”.Aam jgufs mogvianebiT SemouerTda Jiul romeni, Tavisi cnobili
wigniT “la vie unanime” gaerTianebis wevrebs gaaCndaT sakuTari
tipografia. klubma iarseba 2 weli da materialuri pirobebis ar qonis
gamo daiSala. igi ver Camoyalibda rogorc literaturuli skola,
Tumca J. romenis wigni “la vie unanime”. gadaiqca erTgavr manifestad frang
potTa klubis wevrebisaTvis. konstantine gamsaxurdia, Sarl vildrakis
poezias sasowarkveTil amRerebas uwodebs `omiT ganadgurebul evropaze
da “l Abbage”-klubis wevrTa msoflmxedvelobis Sesaxeb mcire
ganmartebas iZleva: `rene arko axal eTiur idealebs qadagebs, darbos
poezias okeanis xomaldebisa da benzinis suni asdis. valeri darbo
evropuli kosmopolitizmis poetia. `samyaro viTarca gafarToebuli
samSoblo~ _ aq igi goetes kosmopolitizms ukavSirdeba, valeri darbo
umReris evropuli didi civilizaciis mwuxrsa da ciskars.”
narkvevis mexuTe esse exeba cnobil frang mwerlebs: pol klodels
da moris bares. XX saukunis frangi poetsa da esseists, udides
sazogado moRvawes pol klodels, gamsaxurdia `axali safrangeTis
siamayes” uwodebs. misi poezia, romelic mefur martoobaSi ibadeboda
mistiuri iyo, amitomac gamsaxurdia klodels kaTolikuri misticizmis
pirmSod warmogvidgens da mis adgils Tanamedrove frang romanistebs
 109

Soris xedavs. gamsaxurdia pol klodelisa da moris baresis

ideologiur siaxloveze saubrobs da pol klodels safrangeTis
reaqciis sulis Camdgmelad moixsenebs. klodelis religiuri
msoflmxedveloba, mwerlis azriT, gansaxierda mis xuT odaSi. igi
kaTolikur metafizikas qadagebs. `poeziaSi Tu pol klodeli meTaurobs
anabaziss alighier dantesaken, prozaul literaturaSi moris baressi
xelmZRvanelobs am ukuqcevas”.[21] gamsaxurdia franguli sulierebis
aRorZinebas italiuri renesansis safuZvlebSi xedavs. amitomac, gasagebia
am ori gigantis dantesken swrafva. `danteSi moris baresi xedavs udides
mijnas, romelic mermisSiac unda iqnes.” moris baresi da anatol fransi
Tanamedrove safrangeTis ideur inspiratorebad miaCnia. gamsaxurdia maT
germanul-laTinuri kulturis saTaveebTan xedavs. zogadad germanuli
kultura gamsaxurdiasTvis aris saTave msoflio kulturisa, avtori
germanias Sehyurebs, rogorc mesias.
esseTa cikli `axali evropa~ sainteresoa mwerlis filosofiur-
esTetikuri Tvalsazrisis Sesacnobad. avtori ganixlavs XX saukunis
literatul skolaTa msoflmxevelobas da maT esTetikur principebs.

***
konstantine gamsaxurdia mudam did interessa da profesiul
gulisxmierebas iCenda evropeli mwerlebis mimarT. magram misi
gansakuTrebuli gatacebisa da Seswavlis sagani, mudam iyo qarTuli
mwerloba, kultura. mwerlis esseistikis gaanalizebisas dadginda, rom
gamsaxurdias kvlevis erT-erTi Tavisebureba isaa, rom igi ama Tu im
mwerlis Rirseba-TaviseburebaTa garkvevasTan erTad ayenebs zogadi
xasiaTis kardinalur problemebs. qarTveli mwerlebis Semoqmedebis
safuZvliani SeswvliT masSi gamovlenili mxatvruli didostatobis
gamokveTiT gamsaxurdia savsebiT logikurad midis im daskvnamde, rom
qarTvel mweralTa (curtavelidan moyolebuli) ostatobis maRali done
imis dadasturebaa, rom maT win uZRvodaT didi samwerlobo tradiciebi.
gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT, qarTulma beletristikam didi gza ganvlo
mexuTe saukunemde. curtavelis genialuri qmnileba erovnuli saganZuris
dagvirgvinebis maRali safexuri iyo. revaz baramiZis mosazrebiT,
 110

savsebiT damajereblad JRers gamsaxurdias mecnieruli Tezisebi. `ra

dasajerebelia curtavels yovelive winamorbedis gareSe, kalmis erTi
mosmiT Seeqmnas iseTi Sedevri prozisa, rogoricaa wminda `SuSanikis
wameba~. qarTuli alfabetisa da qarTuli mwerlobis saTaveni V
saukuneze ufro adrian epoqaSi unda veZeboT~. es udavo WeSmariteba
mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad sabolood dadasturda. swored rom
curtavelamde Caeyara safuZveli qarTul maRalmxatvrul mwerlobas,
romlis genetikuri gagrZeleba iyo rusTaveli, saba orbeliani, vaJa da
ilia...
mwerlis SefasebiT qarTuli hagiografiis Zeglebi arafriT hgavda
italiurs, bizantiurs, franguls, ase rom, bokaCioze adre vxvdebiT
giorgi merCulesTan bokaCiosebur motivebs. gamsaxurdias esseistur
memkvidreobaSi ilia, vaJas ganumeorebeli genia, rusTaveli, saba
orbeliani, baraTaSvili, msoflio civilizaciis aspeqtSi hyavs
warmoCenili.

`ilia_mose”

konstantine gamsaxurdiam, mravali esse Tu literaturuli

werili miuZRvna qarTvel da ucxoel klasikosebs, aRsavse
mokrZalebiTa da didi siyvaruliT, obieqturobiTa da kvalificiuri
analiziT.
da maSin, roca qarTul inteligencias uimedoba da sasowarkveTa
daeufla, rodesac aRar Canda eris gadarCenis gza, gamsaxurdiam dawera
esse `ilia WavWavaZe”, mis monoliTur pirovnebaze da qarTvel ers ilias
gza - gza xsnisa kidev erTxel daanaxa.
ilias saxels ucnauri fenomeni axlavs Tan, masze warsul droSi
saubari Znelia. epoqa Sobs genialur adamianebs, romlebic saukuneebs
qmnian. aseTi pirovneba qarTveli eris wiaRidan iSva da eris `kanonike”
Seqmna. imave erma am RmerTkacs Subli tyviiT ganugmira, magram ukvdaveba
xom maradiulia, maradiulia _ ilia marTalic.
XIX saukunis frazas, `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodeso”,
romelmac Tavis TavSi moicva saqarTvelos tragikuli,
 111

mravalsaukunovani istoria, hamletiseburi meryeobiT isev axsenebdnen,

ilias gzis gamgrZeleblebi - werda konstantine gamsaxurdia, 1922 wlis
aneqsirebul sqarTveloSi. samSoblosaTvis Sewiruli ilias sicocxle,
konstantinesaTvis, STagonebis maradiuli wyaro iyo. gamsaxurdias
panaSvidic gaumarTavs mTawmindaze, ilias natanji sulis
mosaxsenieblad. mas yvelaze ufro ilias pirovnebaSi eris winamZRoli
xiblavda. winamZRoloba ki xSirad msxverplad SewirvasTan aris
gaigivebuli: `aris raRac saSineli moira am garemoebaSi rom aTasebis
tkivili erTma unda gadaitanos, aseTi iyo mose, aseTi iyo buda, aseTi
iyo qriste da qristianuli sarwmunoeba.
me ar vici Cven win wavediT Tu ukan ilias Semdeg amaze sxvebma
Tqvan, is ki vici, rom misi erTaderTi fiqri da zraxva Cvens marad
saTayvanebels dastrialebda Tavze dReniadag”. [17,389-391]
iliam imTaviTve miagno am magiur formulas, romelSic 30 wlis
kamaTis Semdeg Zlivs gaerkvia qarTuli inteligencia – werda
gamsaxurdia 1922 wels. ilia rom ara, XIX saukune sruliad sxvagvarad
warimarTeboda. saqarTvelos istoriis sabediswero gardatexis Semdeg,
XIX saukuneSi, pirvelad moxda qarTul mwerlobasa da azrovnebaSi
sakacobrio horizontebis damkvidreba _ es moxda ilias Semoqmedebis
wyalobiT. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, ilia, TiTqmis 50 weli miuZRveboda
qarTvel ers, rogorc mose _ ebraelebs aRTqmuli miwisken. mas gaaCnda
RvTiuri misia, etvirTa qarTveli eris sapatio tvirTi. `ilia marTali”
Tavs movaled Tvlida erovnul niadagze Seeqmna da ganeviTarebina
qarTuli saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic msoflio civilizaciaSi Rirseul
adgils daimkvidrebda. misi marTali azri, mware da daufaravi sityva
gonierebaze iyo dafuZnebuli. `Cveni Tavi Cvenadve unda gveyudnodeso”
_……aseTi dauZleveli sityvebiT Semovida ilia saqarTveloSi da swored
aq xedavs konstantine did analogs _ `ilia mose~, `aq aris gzaabneuli
eris vulkanur masasTan miyvana aqedan unda gaSliliyo qarTuli rasis
winaSe didi sanaxebi nebos mTisa da axali cxovrebisa.” [16,391]
gamsaxurdiam SeZlo ilias fenomenis iseT `CarCoSi” moqceva,
romelsac sazRvari da masStabi ar gaaCnia. misi sidiade yovelgvari
 112

trafaretebisa da standartebis gareSe Seafasa da qarTul cnobierebaSi

daamkvidra erovnulobis mZafri gancdis aucilebloba.
”PATER-PATRIA” - `erismTavari”, `didi mogvi” da `kanonizatori”
qarTuli sityvisa - ase afasebs k. gamsaxurdia ilias genias da cdilobs
am fenomenis axsnas, romelmac `gmiruli sikvdiliT gamoisyida Cveni
sibinZure da sivaglaxe, igi iyo WeSmaritad `sikvdilisa sikvdiliTa
damTrgunveli”. (18,503)
`ilia_mose! miqelanjelos granitis blokze mjdari~ _ am
dauviwyari, bibliuri da esTetikuri pasaJebiT gvamaxsovrebs didi
konstantine, iliaze Seqmnil esses, romelic qarTulma inteleqtualurma
gonma didixania, Sedevrad aRiara. `xasiaTis udides kristalizaciad
mose iTvleba yovel droSi, moqelanjelos mose, granitis blokze
mjdari. erTi misi Semoxedva xorcSesxmuli mrisxanebaa... ilia
WavWavaZeSic iyo usaTuod raRac didi muqara, didi mrisxaneba, didi
eTosi didi winaswarmetyvelisa. RmerTic didkacs irCevs xolme Tavis
uryevi nebisyofis egzekutorad. rogor sjeroda am marTlac did kacs,
rom is didi RmerTis sakurTxevlis cecxlis matarebeli iyo!” [18,389]
goeTe werda: `pirovneba udidesi bedniereba ariso” da konstantine
gamsaxurdiamac Tavis esseistikaSi ilia swored am `xasiaTiani
pirovnebiT gamoarCia.” ilia Tavisi pirovnebiT adamianur bunebaze maRla
idga. mas hqonda is, rac `mis saukuneSi aramc Tu arcerT qarTvel
mwerals, arc erT qarTvels ar hqonia, es iyo pirovneba!” _ vkiTxulobT
esseSi `ilia WavWavaZe.”
konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis ilias fenomeni, amoucnobia, radgan
ilia iyo `mnaTe im didi samreklosi”, romelsac qarTuli mwerloba
ewodeba. amgvari adamianebi Soreul epoqebSi `erovnebebs afuZneben da
alfabitebs gamoigoneben xolme, zogs eris beladi erqva, zogs
winaswarmetyveli”. [iqve] 1922 wels sazogadoebas, rogorc arasdros, ise
sWirdeboda Zlieri sityva da iliaseuli Zlieri saqme, amitomac
uneburad vixedebiTo ukan _ werda mwerali _ `Cven isev gvinda mrisxane
Semoxedva eris beladisa, Cven kidev gvinda vulkanur masasTan miyvana.”
[18,394]
 113

wiwamuris tragediaSi, k. gamsaxurdia, iliasdroindel

sazogadoebas adanaSaulebs. demokratiuli saxelmwifos Senebis gzaze
ilias, `ugunuri baiyuSebi `reaqcionersa da retrograds eZaxdnen’’.
gvelebiviT sisinebdnen wiwamuris avtorebi. `bazaleTis tbad dadgeboda
is melani, romelic daxarjes ilias winaaRmdeg brZolaSi _ acxadebs
konstantine _ `jvars acv, jvars acv ege” gahkiodnen isini. `arcerT
mwerals ar ubrZolia siregvenis winaaRmdeg, ramdenic didma iliam
ibrZola”. [18,504] gonebis dabnelebis magaliTebi uxvad iyo imdroindel
saqarTveloSi. ilias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli kargad organizebuli gegma,
1907 wlis 30 agvistos dasrulda, manamde ki qarTul presaSi ilias
misamarTiT cilismwamebluri statiebi ibeWdeboda. es oyo
mizanmimarTuli da usamarTlo brZola, romlis analogi ar axsovs
literaturis istorias. `yoveli drois cilismwameblebma kargad
icodnen, Tu ginda adamiani uzomod dasajo, mas iseTi ram unda
daabralo ris winaaRmdegac igi Tavad ibrZoda. qristes mTeli moZRvreba
miwieri meufebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. ebraelebma ki piriqiT, mas eg
daabrales uriaTa mefobas apirebdao” [18,509] – konstantine gamsaxurdias
SefasebiT aseTi bedi xvda ilias, aseTi iyo saqarTvelos xvedri.
ilias fenomeni Canda yvelgan da yvelaferSi. amitomac uwoda didma
konstantinem ilias – ` diqtatori”! `ilia saqarTvelos diqtatori iyo”
_ diqtatori bankSi, diqtatori literaturaSi, diqtatori stambaSi.
fundamenturoba iyo ZiriTadi Tviseba misi xasiaTisa. yvelaferi Tavisi
sijiutiT gahqonda – wers esses avtori da dasZens, rom mxolod aseT
jiutebs SeuqmniaT mudam didi Rirebulebanio.
konstantine gamsaxurdia araerTxel amaxvilebs yuradRebas ilias
martoobaze.
ratom iyo ilia marto?
ilias simartove misi titanuri bunebidan gamomdinareobda. yoveli
didi adamiani, romelic TavisTavSi atarebs saukunis, epoqis simZimes,
brZolis velze yovelTvis marto rCeba. ilias martooba, `pirdapir
gulis momkvleli ambavi iyo. es gamwarebuli didi kaci lomiviT
brdRvinavda da gaafTrebuli ebrZoda `Tavis erSi damkvidrebul
gaugonar dabnelebas gonebisas.~ [18,507] ilia, naxevari saukune, marto
 114

ebrZoda, erovnuli `nihilizmis saSinel urCxuls.~ gamsaxurdia miiCnevs,

rom literaturis win wayvanas erTi kaci arasodes yofnis. ilia Tavad
aRiarebda, rom TanamebrZolebi ar Candnen mis gverdiT. sxva vin iyo
ilias imJamindel saqarTveloSi vinc TanamebrZolad gamosdgomoda mas? -
ikiTxavs konstantine esseSi ”PATER PATRIAE”. `didi vaJa jerac Wabuki
iyo... ise datvirTuli Tavisi grandiozuli poemebis weriT, verc igi
gamoadgeboda TanamSromlad martoxela ilias...……arc akaki wereTeli
Tavisi talantisa da aseTive popularobis miuxedavaT, ver iyo
maincdamainc gulmamaci mebrZoli. rac ase esaWiroeboda literaturis
sardals.” [iqve]
konstantine gamsaxurdia ilias TanamebrZolad saukunis
publicists, kritikoss da udides qarTvel sazogado moRvawes niko
nikolaZes asaxelebs. misive TqmiT, `ilias mxaris damSveneba am saqmeSi
SeeZlo erT kacs im saukuneSi, saxeldobr niko nikolaZes. k.
gamsaxurdia, 80 wlis niko niklaZes parizSi 1923 wels orjer Sexvda da
am bumberazma pirovnebam masze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina. esseSi
”PATER-PATRIA” _ vkiTxulobT: `es xandazmuli kaci yovel sakiTxSi
erkveoda, es iyo inglisis Tu amerikis koloniuri politika, bergsonis
`elan vitalis” moZRvreba, masonebis moZraoba evropaSi. misi
gamobrZmedili inteleqti,…pirvelxarisxovani evropeli didi mwerlis, an
mecnieris simaRleze idga. roca saqarTvelos kulturisa da qarTveli
xalxis momavali bedis gamo Camovugdebdi sityvas, darbaislurad,
TavdaWerilad, magram mainc ar hmalavda Tavis gulgatexilobasa da
skepticizms.”[18.509]
esseSi vrclad araferia naTqvami niko nikolaZis, iliasa da ivane
maCabels Soris arsebuli dapirispirebis Sesaxeb. k. gamsaxurdiasTvis
mxolod dapirispirebis Sedegia samwuxaro. XIX saukunis samma didma
qarTvelma `sabanko saqmeebis gamo kinklaobas Sealies TavianTi energiis
mozrdili nawili, amitomac wamoscda brZolebisa da tanjvisagan
gamwarebul poets:
`CvenisTana bednieri
gana aris sadme eri?
yvela yrui, yvela crui,
 115

amayi da mankieri.~
miuxedavad martoobisa, ilias gautexeli xasaTi bolomde SerCa.
igi Tavisi pirovnebiT, moRvaweobiT - iyo erTgvari impulsi brZolisa da
Semoqmedebisa. saocari bedi ergo mainc ilias _ aRniSnavs mwerali _
yoveli gmiri bolos da bolos unda damarcxdes. mas mouxda,
saqarTveloSi. istoriuli tendenciebis winaaRmdeg brZola. `am brZolaSi
davaJkacda ilia, am brZolaSi moxucda igi.“
esseSi, “PATER PATRIA” b-n konstantine, axalsa da Zvel Taobas
Soris gamarTul cxare kamaTze msjelobs. grigol orbelianma `oqros
jaWvi arCiao Tavisuflebas~ _ dasZens mwerali. Tumca mamaTa da SvilTa
brZolis saxeliT monaTlul dapirispirebas `kenwlaobad” afasebs, sadac
ufro darbaisluri da delikaturi `burTiviT mrgvali liberali” _
ilia iyo.
`erTaderTi, vinc am brZolad Rirda, es iyo SesaniSnavi poeti
grigol orbeliani”, romelsac, mwerlis azriT, ilias mimarT
literaturisa da enis sakiTxebSi ideuri brZolis namdvili sababi arc
ki hqondao. `sityvamaRali moZRvari” da `qarTuli enis meufe” _ aseTi
sityvebiT gaacila iliam ukanasknel gzaze grigol orbeliani.
k. gamsaxurdia am or udides pirovnebas SoTa rusTavelisa da
iakob curtavelis gzis gamgrZeleblad Tvlis. maT Soris arsebuli
uTanxmoeba mdgomareobisa da temperamentis sxvadasxvaobidan
warmomdgari faqtorebiT aqvs axsnili, sadac erT moments mniSvnelovnad
miiCnevs: `saerTod cnobilia, cudi Svilebi xSirad SeebrZolebian karg
mamebs, magram mTels msoflio poeziaSi ubrwyinvalesi Sedevrebia
miZRvnili kargi mamebisadmi, kargi Svilebis Tavgamodebuli
siyvarulisadmi.~ `grigol oreliani romelic ocnebobda orTavebiani
arwivis Wangebisagan saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebisaTvis imdeni ordenebi
da pativi mianiWa nikoloz pirvelma, mas ukve sibereSi gadamdgars,
iluzia wamoesaxa, TiTqos qarTveli xalxis istoriuli misiis
gagrZeleba iqneboda caristuli imperializmisaTvs xmliT miSveleba. gr.
orbeliani sakmaod bundovnad erkveoda imJamindel politikaSi”.[18.510]
grigol orbeliani Zlier uxeSad moeqca axal Taobas, magram mas,
rogorc poets, _ mwerlis ganmartebiT _ aramc da aramc ar ekadreboda
 116

akaki wereTlisagan epiTeti `xarabuza Renerali”. grigol orbelianisa

da ilias urTierToba gazeT `moambis” daarsebidan daiwyo, raSic
axalgazrda poets gr. orbelianma daxmareba gauwia. k. gamsaxurdia
esseSi, 1883 wlis 26 marts, gr. orbelianis dasaflavebaze, ilias mier
warmoTqmul sityvazec migvaniSnebs, romelic kidev erTi magaliTia ori
didi qarTvelis Rirseuli urTierTobisa.
1883 welis 26 marti:
`aha, Cven winaSe mdebarea saukunod gansvenebuli kaci... igi iyo
moZRvari Cveni da Cven sasoebiT misi msmeneli. igi iyo suliTa wrfeli
mSvidi guliT, fiqriT ganwmendili... arian qveyanazed imisTana rCeulni,
imisTana `zegardmo madliT cxebuli“, romelTac miniWebuli aqvT erTi
saswaulTmoqmedi Zliereba. igi saswaulTmoqmedi Zliereba TviTon
satyvasac saqmed hqmnis. erTi imaTgani erTi im rCeulTagani erTi im
zegardmo madliT cxebulTagani iyo igi, visac dResa vstiriT da
amitomac misi sityva TviTon saqmea `fuWia igi sicocxleo, romelic
veraras argebs mamulsao” _ sTqvi Sen. Cven magas Senzed vityviT”.[61]
k. gamsaxurdia aRniSavs, rom ilias grigol orbelianisgan
gadmoeca paTetiuri SemarTeba qarTuli istoriis didi gmirebis
apologiaSi. ilias leqsebs, grigil orbelianiseuli Zvel qarTuli,
darbaisluri intonacia gasdevs (`gandegils”, `aCrdils”, `dimitri
Tavdadebuls”).
konstantine gamsaxurdias TvasazrisiT, ilia Tavis sulSi atarebda
tragediis yvela elements. misi cxovrebis finali pirdapiri Sedegi ar
yofila misi cxovrebis da brZolis tragikuli kvanZisa. iliam Tavisi
goniT Seqmna mTeli epoqa, wiwamurSi daRvrili sisxliT ki mTeli
saukune aqcia tragediad.
konstantine gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi ilias fenomens mistiuri
saburveli mosavs. qarTul cnobierebaSi albaT ar dasaxeldeba moRvawe,
romelsac droisTvis saukuneebiT gaeswros da marad Tanamedroved
darCeniliyos. `pirveli misi poeturi amokvnesa mamuliT daiwyo da
ukanaskneladac misi liris simebi samSoblos sagaloblad aaJRera”. _
werda kita abaSiZe.
 117

iliam siWabukeSive gansazRvra Tavisi amqveyniuri misia da

sicocxleSive moixveWa udidesi rezonansi. b-n konstantine ilias
RvTismier xeldasmul pirovnebad miiCnevda. `me momesmoda mTeli Cemi
siWabukis manZilze didi ilia WavWavaZis mier Cems sulSi CaZaxili –
`ibrZole” _ werda cxovrebis dasaliers didostati.
k. gamsaxurdia esseSi “PATER PATRIA”-” Semoqmedebis da saerTod
qarTuli, msoflio mwerlobis zogad Sefasebas iZleva. misi azriT orma
wignma gansazRvra – msoflio literaturis ganviTareba. es iyo biblia
da arabuli eposi. `aTas erTi Ramis”, `RvTaebrivi komediisa” da goetes
`faustis” saTaveebi bibliidan modian. `evropelma xalxma mxolod
XVI_XVII saukuneSi igemes bibliis am ubrwyinvalesi wignis Targmani
TavianT enaze. Cven es bedniereba gagvaCnda Cveni didi mTargmnelebisa da
Teologebis meoxebiT jer kidev VII_VIII saukuneebSi”. (18,512) amitomac
qarTul enas SemorCa uZvelesi oqros fondi.
k. gamsaxurdia XIX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobis metyvelebas
eTnografiul-dialeqturi niris matareblad miiCnevs, `es tendencia mxars
uqcevda im ZvelqarTul intonacias metyvelebisas, romelic axasiaTebda
generalur xazs qarTuli enisas” am gezis pirdapir gamgrZeleblebad n.
baraTaSvils, gr.Oorbelians da ilia WavWavaZes miiCnevs.
k. gamsaxurdias azriT, kritikoss garda didi ganaTlebisa da
gemovnebisa esaWiroeba kaikacoba da adamianis siyvaruli. ilia swored
aseTi iyo mzrunveli mama axali Taobisa da TanamedroveTa mimarT
obieqturi. n barTaSvilis talanti, vaJas genia da aleqsandre yazbegis
niWi – iliam Seicno pirvelad.
k. gamsaxurdia ilias Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas, `mgzavris werilebs”
qarTuli literaturis Sedevrad aRiarebs, `ruseTis imperiis pilitikas
da mis xelisuflebas umZafresi paskvilebi miuZRvnes gogolma, puSkinma
da lev tolstoim~–wers konstantine 1962 wels `erismTavarSi”, mravali
mwerali wamoepotina narkvevebis Janrs, magram namdvili nakrkvevi
msoflio mwerlobaSi daweres goetem, hainem da ilia WavWavaZem. `me
dResac mxiblavs misi `mgzavris werilebi”. ilia ganicdida Tavis
samSoblos monobas, man sevda dakargul moxeves warmoaTqmevina udidesi
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principi Cveni saukunisa da am saqmisTvis brZolas msxverpad Seewira

kidec.”
k. gamsaxurdia, myinvarisa da Tergis mxatvruli saxeebis
SedarebaSi, ilias sidiadesa da genialurobas xedavs. moZraoba xom
Tanamedrove gagebiTac impulsia kulturisa - ganmartavs mwerali,
civilizaciisa da Semoqmedebisa. ilia Tergs irCevs, radgan masSi xedavs
aramarto saqarTvelos, kacobriobis momavals da swored amitomaa ilia,
Tanamedrove saqarTvelos mesityve da winaswarmetyveli.
konstantine, mxolod `oTaraanT qvrivSi” xedavs did imeds,
harmonias im saqarTvelosi `romelic arc guSin yofila arc dRes aris,
romelic unda iqnes, Tu arseboba gviweria.”[16,392] qarTveli qalebis
mxatvrul galeriaSi oTaraanT qvrivis saxe gansakuTrebuli
brwyinvalebiTaa Semosili. qarTveli qali, rogorc balavari qarTuli
ojaxisa da Cveni naciisa, es aris am moTxrobis Tavkiduri. [18,513]
qarTuli istoriis poetizirebis SesaniSnavi nimuSia ilias
`dimitri Tavdadebuli”, romelSic, k. gamsaxurdias azriT, iliam
qveSecneulad umRera sakuTar Tavdadebas da paraboluri eniT gvamcno,
rom namdvili Tavdadeba mamulisaTvis sakuTari sicocxlisa da sisxlis
gaRebis safasad xdeba... amitomac sasworze Seagdo iliam Tavisi piradi
cxovreba. gamsaxurdiasTvis ilia saTayvanebeli siwminde iyo, amitomac
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom `me piradad rusTvelis Semdeg aravisgan
imdeni STagoneba ar mimiRia, rogorc iliasgano”. gamsaxurdia ilias da
rusTavels iazrebda ar rogorc did mwerlebs, aramed rogorc
erovnuli saukeTeso Tvisebebis srulyofilad gamovlinebas.

apologia rusTavelisa

konstantine gamsaxurdias rusTvelologiuri Ziebani sagangebo

kvlevas iTxovs. mis Sesaxeb msjeloba ver amoiwueba am TemaSi.
rusTvelis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi gamoTqmuli aqvs, ara marto
rusTvelisadmi miZRvnil esseebSi, aramed uamrav sxva kritikul werilSi.
`arcerT saxls amSvenebs misi saxelis memoriuli dafa, arc
romelime akademiis wevrad aurCeviaT igi odesme, arc Tu dafniTa da
 119

muxis foTlebiT SeumkiaT misTvis Subli TanamedroveT”; [18,117] am

wanamZRvariT, am ubralo, magram amavdroulad originaluri SesavliT
iwyebs genialuri konstantine `qarTuli poeziis igavmiuwvdomeli
orfeosis, brZenTa Soris moZRvarT-moZRvaris” SoTa rusTavelis
apologiis weras. rusTvelis ukvdavi qmnilebis gamsaxurdiaseuli mokle
anotacia ase ikiTxeba: `upiratesi Tavkiduri qarTuli poeturi
kulturisa, momdevno TaobaTa poetebisaTvis gardauvali barieri,
enaTmecnierTaTvis Tavsamtvrevi sagani, istorikosTaTvis gamoucnobeli
meteoriti”. [18,118]
gamsaxuria yvelaze sada, magram araordinaluri epiTetebis
gamoyenebiT qmnis rusTavelis portrets. avtori gansakuTrebuli
siyvaruliTa da siamayiT qmnis dauviwyar poetur tilos rusTavelze:
`misma jadosnurma arfam sawerad dasva qedmodrekili gadamwerlebi,
mimbaZvelTa mTeli Taobani fexze daayena, manve aamRera raindi da poeti,
mwyemsi da glexi, meomari da mijnuri da es xma saukuneTa manZilze
TandaTanobiT Seerwya xalxisas da amitomac ikargeba xSirad samani massa
da xalxur poezias Soris”.[18,117]
am erT abzacSi dateuli konstantineseuli Sefaseba
`vefxistyaosnis” avtorisadmi, rusTvelologiaSi yvelaze TvalsaCino
adgilze dgas. Cemi azriT, analogiuri esse rusTavelze ar dawerila.
`samkauli patarZlebisaTvis”, `didaqtikuri filosofiis Segoneba”,
`kacobriuli kulturis salaro,” `sityvieri kulturis ubadlo sarke”,
`adamianuri vnebebis apologia”, `strofebis jadosnuri krialosani”,
`didi Semkrebi qarTuli metyvelebisa” _ aseTia gamsaxurdias SefasebaTa
mcire CamonaTvali urTulesis umartivesi saSualebiT gadmocemis
Sesaxeb. rusTaveli `udides sibrZnes umartivesi sityviT gvaswavlis” _
acxadebs gamsaxurdia da amiT legendadqceul poets sakadris adgils
miuCens msoflio poeziis olimpze.
mwerlis SefasebiT `geografiuli orientaciis mixedviT rusTaveli
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis samanze dgas”. rusTavelis
`msoflSegrZnobas” aRmosavlurs uwodebs. `xolo formaTqmnaSi da Tqmis
temperamentSi igi Zvel berZen didostatebs ufro gvagonebs”.
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mwerlis dakvirvebiT vefxistyaosanSi gaerTianebulia yvela

dialeqti, radgan igi gamoxatavs im drois erTiani saqarTvelos
saliteraturo enas. gamsaxurdias rwmeniT rusTavelis sidiade
gamovlinda ara marto mis Rrma azrovnebasa da sityvis ostatobaSi,
aramed imaSic, rom igi sayovelTao saxalxo kuTvnilebaa: `rusTavelma
aamRera raindi da poeti da es xma saukuneTa manZilze Seerwya xalxisas
da amitomac ikareba xSirad samani mas da xalxur poezias Soris.”
`qarTuli enis maRali kanonmdebeli”, rogorc konstantine
rusTavelze brZanebs, axerxebs misi sityva iyos riTmuli da metyveleba
aforistuli. `uaRresi msoflio mniSvnelobis kaci” qmnis msoflios did
poemaTa Soris yvelaze `tanmorCil `vefxistyaosans”, romelic romanuli
qargis maTematikuri kanonzomierebiT gadmoscems saTqmels. gamsaxurdia
esseSi miznad ar isaxavs poemis Sinaarsobriv da teqstur analizs,
mecnierul wiaRsvlebs. esses mizania gacxaddes SoTa rusTavelis genia,
qarTuli sulieri kulturis fesvebidan amozrdili maradiuli suli,
msoflio masStabis movlenaTa movlena. gamsaxurdia esseistisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli lakonurobiT qmnis odas rusTavelze.
`rusTavelis geniam Sehqmna iseTi uaRresad xalxuri forma
leqsisa, romelic zedmiwevniT idealuria rogorc uxmod sakiTxavad, ise
warsaTqmelad da sasimRerod”. musikalurobis TvalsazrisiT
`vefxistyaosanis” JReradobas gamsaxurdia mkveTrad ganasxvavebs
homerosis, virgiliusisa da dantes poemebis xmovanebisagan. maTi
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi rusTavelis poemis maRali da dabali Sairis
urTierTmonacvleobaSia. rac gamoricxavs monotorul ritms.
konstantine miiCnevs, rom goeTem Tavis `faustSi” swored es
gaiTvaliswina da `did poemebs nairnairi riTmuli instrumenti
SeaSvela”.
rusTvelis Semdeg erTi saukuniT gvian, `dantem ixmara
boloriTmovani leqsi didi poemis dasawerad”. gamsaxurdia Sedarebas
axdens dantes samstriqonian leqssa da xalxur qarTul SairTan
misadagebul rusTvelis leqss Soris. dantes komedias fabulur
magistrals moklebuls uwodebs da siuJeturi qargis nakleb
xarisxianobaze saubrobs. dantes poemis dinamiurobis sawyisad
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gamsaxurdia musikalurobas asaxelebs, xolo homerosi da rusTaveli

fabuluri qargis mimdevrebad miaCnia.
gamsaxurdia esseSi rusTvelis geniis erT-erT gamoxatulebad
qarTuli poeziis epikisaken wayvanas miiCnevs. `nacionaluri mwerloba
mxolod maSin iqceva literaturad, roca igi eposis Tavkidurebs
daemyareba. TavisTavad literatura eposidan iwyeba mxolod”.
gamsaxurdia paralelebs avlebs `iliadas”, `odiseas”, `Sahnames”
avtorebsa da `vefxistyaosnis” avtors Soris. xsenebul poemebSi
xalxebis da maTi kulturebis omebsa da yofas gvixataven.
`vefxistyaosanSi” misi `Tanadrouli msoflios, im saukunis yofis,
eTikisa da msoflmxedvelobaTa urTierTTan Serkinebis ambavia”
moTxrobili.
`poezia rusTavelisaTvis riTmebis TviTmiznuri TamaSi rodia,
aramed erT-erTi dargi sibrZnisa”. gamsaxurdias azriT, am mxriv igi
pirdapir exmianeba platons. esses avtori mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
miapyrobs im garemoebas, rom rusTaveli poemis SesavalSive emijneba
yovelive wregadasul, banalur erotizms. am mimarTulebiT seriozuli
zegavlena ganicades `gviani renesansis respublikebma.”(k.g) maT
xelovnebaSi Tavs iCenda `orgiastuli suliskveTeba”. rusTveli namdvili
`mijnurobis” mexotbea.
rusTvelis msoflmxedvelobisa da mTeli poemis arqiteqtonikis
Sesacnobad gamsaxurdia dasavleTis kulturis zemoqmedebis faqtorebze
amaxvilebs yuradRebas. `rusTavelis xana emTxveva adrian renesansis
epoqas e.w. `qristiani xalxebis” istoriaSi.” cnobilia, rom renesansi
Seexo ara marto poezias da mxatvrobas, aramed azrovnebis, yofis,
socialuri cxovrebis yovelnair gamovlinebas.
renesansis Temaze msjelobisas gamsaxurdia detalurad ganixilavs
mis maxasiaTebel niSnebs da daaskvnis: `renesansi ganasaxierebda ara
marto dantes, petrarkas, bokaCios literaturul qmnilebebsa da
italiuri freskis mxatvrobas, aramed misi ideuri fluidebi gadawvdenia
saqarTvelos saeklesio mxatvrobas, xuroTmoZRvrebas.”[18,119] renesansi
gamsaxurdias azriT, marto aristokratiuli moZraoba ar iyo, mas
uaRresad demokratiul mimdinareobad miiCnevs. `renesansma gaaRviZa
 122

xelovnebaSi bunebriobis, realizmis da Tavisuflebis impulsi”.

renesansis gansakuTrebul damsaxurebad miaCnia adamianis, pirovnebis
amaRleba `siqvelis xarisxamde”. siqvele, gmiroba, saxelis moxveWa,
megobrobisa da qalisadmi pativiscemis kulti – es mowodebebi gasdevs
`vefxistyaosans” Tavidan bolomde. gamsaxurdia adamianisa Tavisuflebis
momRerlad asaxelebs renesanss.
da mainc ra iyo rusTavelis mTavari apologia, rasac gamsaxurdias
esse eZRvneba? irkveva, rom rusTavelma `Semoabruna qarTuli mwerlobis
timoni qristianuli hagiografiis mkvdari sqemebidan adamianuri vnebebis
apologiisaken, qristianuli dogmatizmis sibnelidan humanizmis
motivebisaken.”
rusTavelis genia kardinalurad gansxvavdeba rogorc antiuri, ise
dasavluri poetebis msoflSegrZnebisagan. gamsaxurdia Sedarebas axdens
homerosisa da rusTavelis gmirebs Soris da daaskvnis, rom rusTavelis
gmirebi gaRmerTebulni ar arian, aramed isini adamianuri vnebebiT arian
aRWurvilni. gamsaxurdia paralels avlebs homerosis mSvenier elenesa
da nestans Soris. elene `RvTaebasTan wilnayaria”. `homerosi Tavis
`odiseaSi” TviT meRoresac `RvTaebrivs” uwodebs”. homerosisa da dantes
gmirTa galeriis Sedarebisas, rusTvelis gmirebs gansakuTrebuli
sifaqiziT axasiaTebs: `Tavisi kosmogeniiT, poeturi metyvelebiTa da
saxeTa kompleqsiT rusTaveli gacilebiT axlo dgas Cvens epoqasTan,
vidre renesansis poeziis Tavkacni”.avtoris SexedulebiT,
rusTavelisaTvis ucnobia misticizmis ferebi, riTac igi gamoirCeva
msoflios didostatTa Soris.
gamsaxurdia rusTavelis apologiaze weras amTavrebs
`legendadqceuli poetis” SedarebiT sebastian baxis musikasTan: `misi
omaxiani xma mravali saukunis bneliT garemoculi, daucxromlad
dvrinavda qarTveli xalxis gulSi. xan mwyemsis stviridan laRobda igi,
xan glexuri darbazebis TaRebs qveS gvrgvinavda da glaxakebis fanduris
CxakunSiac ise moismoda, rogorc sebastian baxis musika, orgelis
jadosnur salamurebidan gancxadebuli’’.[18,132]
 123

`sada geniosi” - vaJa-fSavela

rusTvelis da zogadad qarTuli maRalmxatvruli mwerlobis

genetikuri gagrZeleba iyo vaJas spetaki TviTmyofadi da amoucnobi
genia. mSobliuri mwerlobis TviTmyofadoba mudam iyo gamsaxurdias
dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis mizani
1933 wels gamsaxurdia aqveynebs esses vaJa-fSavelaze. am patara
werilSi savsebiT SeZlo avtorma bumberazi poetis mimarT misi
damokidebulebisa da zogadi Sefasebis dateva. aq ar aris poetis
genialuri Semoqmedebis, an misi cxovrebis kvlevis mcdeloba. am werilSi
vecnobiT gamsaxurdias erTgvar metaforul `daskvnas” im poetze,
romelic `myinvarwverTa didi ojaxidanaa”.
werilis dasawyisSi gamsaxurdia vaJas portretze saubars
metaforuli TxrobiT iwyebs. es ar aris ganpirobebuli originaluri
weris raime maneriT, piriqiT, Cemi azriT, avtorma `myinvarwverTa ojaxis”
binadari ase dainaxa da dagvanaxa kidec `piriqiTa xevsureTSi, mucos
cixis sanaxebSi erTi uzarmazari lodi icavs xeobis yels. gaRma da
gamoRma yaryumis mosasxamiT mosili myinvarebi cas mibjenian. gaRmac
ufskruli axlavs am lods da gamoRmac”.[18,42]
peizaJis xatovani aRweriT avtori mucos xeobaSi gvamogzaurebs da
Tanamonawiled gvaqcevs im sanaxebisa, romelmac vaJa-fSavelas
portretTan unda migviyvanos.
vaJa-fSavelas gamoCena qarTul mwerlobaSi iseTive
moulodnelobasTan aqvs Sedarebuli avtors, rogorc granitis
uSvelebeli masivis danaxva aseT gasaocar adgilze. `garSemo kldeebis
foni qviSisferia, zogan gnolisferi. xolo es lodi Zerasferia
zedmiwevniT Zerasferi”. am ferweruli tilos SeqmniT avtori vaJa-
fSavelas originalur, uiSviaTes portrets qmnis, romlis analogi
faqtobrivad aravis Seuqmnia. mTis es arnaxuli zvavi erTi mxridan
`mamal aqlems” Seadara, xolo meore mxridan `frTian loms”. am saxiT
avtori vaJas ganumeoreblobaze wers da martivad, rogorc axal
aRmoCenas gvamcnobs: `martoa vaJa-fSavela”.
 124

gamsaxurdia qarTuli enis sinTetikuri erTianobis nayofad

rusTavels miiCnevs. misi azriT, rusTaveli im epoqaSia warmoSobili,
roca qarTuli sityva tomobrivi dialeqtis gadaRma idga. maSin qarTuli
sityva qarTuli dialeqtebiT ar iyo gamijnuli da gamsaxurdias TqmiT,
`erTobliobis mwvervalamdis iyo asuli”. mwerali ambobs, rom giorgi
merCule, daviT guramiSvili, rusTaveli, saba orbeliani, `mTliani
saqarTvelos mesityveni iyvnen”. vaJa-fSavelas ki xevsurulisa da
fSauris memkvidreoba ergo wilad” da `Cven gagvxada am memkvidreobis
Tanaziari”.
vaJa-fSavelas mosvla qarTul literaturaSi udidesi da arnaxuli
movlena iyo. gamsaxurdia am movlenas msoflio literaturaSi `iSviaT
SemTxvevas” uwodebs da mas gamarjvebiT mosul poetad aRiarebs. misi
TqmiT, fSavela `ori tomis mier mravali saukunis manZilze dagrovili
maragiT” movida da gaimarjva. mwerals analogebi mohyavs dasavluri
literaturidan da askvnis, rom `jer arc erTi dialeqtis mesityves ar
gaumarjvnia ase”. magaliTad, mas mohyavs genialuri dante. `man toskanuri
dialeqti moaxvia Tavze italiurs”. dante italiuri kulturis pirmSo
iyo. gamsaxurdias miaCnia, rom qarTul xalxur poeziasTan wilnayar vaJa-
fSavelas qarTuli literaturisTvis Tavs ar mouxvevia fSav-xevsuruli
dialeqti. gamsaxurdia aRiarebs, rom vaJa, rogorc enobrivi movlena
jerac Seuswavlelia. `vaJa qarTuli enis daRaribebisa da daSretis
epoqaSi movarda Cvens mwerlobaSi, es marTlac mobubune xari mTidan
barad gadmoxvewili”. [18,48]
esses Semdegi nawili eTmoba XIX saukunis mwerlobaze saubars.
avtori gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli ena dakninebulia,
`daiSrita qarTuli leqsikoni, soflad glexoba Tu laparakobda kidev
qarTulad, qalaqSi ki muSa xalxi Tu metyvelebda am enaze”. es is
periodia, roca qalaqur metyvelebaSi fexi moikida barbarizmebma da
enobrivi siwmindisaTvis aRaravin zrunavda. am process gamsaxurdia
`enaaRreul metyvelebas” uwodebs da amaSi brals `gadagvarebul
Cinovnikebs” debs. niSandoblivia, rom swored es `aRreuli bazruli
qarTuli” gaismoda im droindel scenaze, nawilobriv presasa da
literaturaSic. mwerali siamayiT aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli enis
 125

gadagvarebis saSiSroebis dros `movida vaJa da Tan moitana Zlieri

talRa xalxuri metyvelebisa”. vaJa-fSavelam SesZlo da gaamdidra
qarTuli poezia axali motivebiT. aq saubaria vaJas damsaxurebaze ara
marto `savsebiT uCveulo” axali motivebis damkvidrebaSi, aramed
qarTul mwerlobasa da poeziaSi sruliad `axali samyaros” SeqmnaSi.
gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT ilia WavWavaZe, saba orbeliani, daviT
guramiSvili da akaki wereTeli `did aznaurTa mwignobrulma kulturam”
warmoSva. vaJa ki xalxuri saTaveebis `uSualo ganStoebaa, misi poezia
ankaraa da aumRvreveli, rogorc fSavis rakraka wyaroebi, Savi aragvis
ubis gamvsebi”. [18,50]
avtori misi xelwerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ostatobiT warmoaCens
vaJa-fSavelas gmirul paToss. igi xotbas asxams `gulmamaci Cangosanis
namRers” da xevsurebis uZveles legendebSi gadamxdari ambebis heroikas
Zveli gotebisa da vikingebis gmirul baladebs adarebs. rogorc Sesaval
nawilSi aRvniSneT, gamsaxurdia am esseSi vaJas Semoqmedebis kulturul-
istoriul gamokvlevas ar akeTebs. Cveni azriT, es avtoris
TavmdablobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. vinaidan, misive TqmiT, `vaJa fSavela jer
kidev Seuswavlelia”. didi konstantine fSavel poets `Tvaluwvdeni
diametrisa da poeturi msoflSecnobis” Semoqmeds uwodebs. misi azriT,
vaJas Semoqmedebas sagangebo monografiebi unda mieZRvnas.
esses modevno nawilSi avtori vaJas demokratiulobaze saubrobs.
mas iliaze, akakize met demokratad miiCnevs da amiT erTgvar axsnas
uZebnis `vaJas ganmartoebas qarTuli sityvis didostatTa ojaxSi”. vaJa-
fSavela, romelic xalxuri animizmis niadagze warmoiSva gamsaxurdias
Sedarebuli hyavs goeTesTan. vaJa fSavelas genialobas gamsaxurdia
poetis `geniosuri sisadaviT” xsnis. `vaJas poeziis qaragmuli metyveleba
bunebrivi paTosiT mosavs poeziis misiis Saravands”. aq sagulisxmoa, rom
gamsaxurdia erT mTlianobaSi ganixilavs vaJa-fSavelas Tavisebur ideur
samyaros da xalxuri wyaroebis sinTezs. mwerali vaJas `politikur
romantikoss” uwodebs da amiT evropeli romantikosebisagan sruliad
ganasxvavebs. avtoris azriT, vaJas politikuri romantizmi umetesad
`Tavisuflebis motrfiale Temuri wyobilebis fuZes emyareboda”. [18,45]
 126

gamsaxurdia ambobs: `CvenTvis miuRebelia dRes vaJas romantizmi,

misi panTeisturi animizmi”. aq avtori gulisxmobs vaJas ideur samyaros,
romelic uZvelesi saukunis gamoZaxili iyo da romelic amis gamo axali
Taobis SesaZlo kritikas daimsaxurebda. Tumca, vaJas ganumeorebeli
alegoriuli azrovneba aseTi kritikisaTvis, raTqmaunda, ar iyo
ganwiruli. `politikuradac mkafiod gvamcnobda vaJa alegoriuli
yornebisadmi zizRs”-ambobs gamsaxurdia da amiT kidev erTxel
adasturebs vaJas axali ideuri azrovnebis ostatobas.
werilis dasasruls gamsaxurdia imdroindeli qarTveli mwerlebis
mZime socialur mdgomareobas exmianeba da vaJa-vSavelas gausaZlisi
cxovrebis gamo udides gulistkivils gamoTqvams. `sada geniosis”
naadrevi sikvdilis mizezad gamsaxurdia ‘‘qarTveli mwerlis gauxarel
sves” asaxelebs: `im dros, roca qarTveli aznaurebi calkerZ
monarqistul banketebze Rreobdnen, calkerZ daviT erisTavis
samSobloSi butaforiuli xmlebis wkrialiT erTobodnen, vaJa mokvda,
rogorc usaxelo da upatrono”. [18,46]
am patara essedan naTlad Cans gamsaxurdias maradiuli misia, rac
mxolod erovnul interesebze iyo dafuZnebuli.

“In memiriam Saba Orbeliani”

k. gamsaxurdia, rogorc genialurobis mudmivi maZiebeli cdilobda

qarTul erovnul saganZurSi uyuradRebod ar darCeniliyo WeSmariti
faseulobebi da momavali TaobebisaTvis gadaeca realuri suraTi
ukvdavebasTan wilnayar Semoqmedebze. maTgan ki yvelaze sevdian
geniosze, romelsac saba orbeliani erqva. sulxan-saba orbelianis
dabadebidan 290 wlis Tavze gamsaxurdia aqveynebs esses saba orbelianze
– “In memiriam Saba Orbeliani”
sagulisxmoa, rom avtori gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiT saubrobs
saba orbelianze, rogorc `qarTlis mxcovan poetze”. avtoris
TavmdablobiT gamorCeul am esseSi naTlad Cans konstantines
patriotuli suli, romelic eTayvaneba sabas pirovnebas. `mcire
 127

striqonebis daweris neba miveci Cem Tavs” brZanebs konstantine. iqve

dasZens- `oRond erTi mobodiSebiT”
mwerlis mosazrebiT saba orbeliani ganmanaTlebluri didi
skolis tipuri warmomdgenelia. cnobilia, rom sulxan-saba orbelianis
arakTa krebulis saTauris gaazreba didxans iwvevda mecnierTa cilobas.
gamsaxurdia misTvis Cveuli stiliTa da kategoriulobiT werda:
`msoflio novelistikaSi me sul ramdenime wigni meguleba iseTi,
romelsac egzom brwyinvale saTauri hqondeso. mravali mecnieruli
gamokvleva mieZRvna sabas arakTa wyaroebis kvlevas, xolo k.
gamsaxurdiam principul simaRleze aiyvana es problema.
mxcovan poetze siyvaruliT da pativiscemiT daweril werils
epigrafad vaxtang VI-is sevdiani striqonebi uZRvis: `viare yoveli
qveyana, sigrZe, sivrce da gani da... ver vpove ra misi meti, davkare Zmani
dani da.”[18,165]
gamsaxurdia mravalsaukunovan qarTul mwerlobaze saubrisas
`maRal sarangad” SoTa rusTavels asaxelebs. SuasaukuneTa
sqolasticizmis fonze unikalur fenomenad aris miCneuli iakob
curtaveli da giorgi merCule. axalgazrda saba orbelianis portrets
avtori originaluri formiT acocxlebs:
`pirmSvenieri, axovani, Wabuki fexmorTxmuli uzis sawer magidas.
Tavze maRali fafaxi axuravs, yvrimalebis areebSi qudidan gadmoRvrili
kululebi mouCans”. [18,167] Wabuki sabas inteleqtiT gamorCeuli
garegnobis aRweriT avtori SesaniSnavad axerxebs Seqmnas dauviwyari
ferweruli tilo versalidan imedgacruebulad dabrunebuli `qarTlis
elCisa”.
gamsaxurdia saubrobs bibliis rolze qristianul erTa mwerlobis
ganviTarebaSi. misive TqmiT aTonis literaturulma skolam qarTuli ena
da kultura, maradiulobas aziara. mwerali iZleva XVII_XVIII
saukuneebis istoriul-politikur mimoxilvas. igi yuradRebas amaxvilebs
im istoriul movlenaze, rodesac vaxtang VI saqarTvelos despanad
agzavnis saba orbelians. Tavisi universaluri ganswavlulobiT saba
frang enciklopedistebs moagonebs mwerals. igi udides Sefasebas aZlevs
mis genialur qmnilebebs.
 128

`Cvens epoqaSi, roca mravali enaTmecnieri da didad ganswavluli

filologi mogvepoveba, roca xelmisawvdenia udidesi enciklopediebi, da
sityvireba, mraval enaze Sedgenili, verc erTma qarTvelma mecnierma ver
SeZlo iseTi rame Seeqmna raic sabas leqsikons Secvlida”[18,178] am
Sefasebidan naTlad Cans gamsaxurdias damokidebuleba eris
mniSvnelovan satkivarTan dakavSirebiT sabas leqsikoni XXI saukunis
saqarTveloSi literatorTa, mkvlevarTa da enis specialistTa
saxelmZRvanelod iqca.
saba orbelianis mokrZalebisa da Tavmodrekilebis momaswavleblad
miiCnevs leqsikonis winasityvaobaSi Semonaxul teqsts: `vici mravalni
sabasrelad dasdeben SromaTa amaT CemTa, maT Tumca werilni uyvaran,
mravalni sxvani werilni arian saRmrToni da saeroni da romelnic
enebosT igi ikiTxon, xolo ese Cemebr ucebTaTvis dautevon.”[18,179]saba
orbelianis Tavmdabloba meore did encikolpedists volters agonebs.
`me ar movsulvar brZenTaTvis, aramed umecar xalxTaTvis, romelsac
maqvs pativi vekuTvnode Tavad.”[iqve]
sulxan-sabas genialuri `sibrZne sicruisa” gamsaxurdias qarTuli
azrovnebis istoriaSi TvalsaCino nimuSad miaCnia: `saTauri igivea, rac
Tvali adamianisa, an sarkmeli kacTa samyofeli.” saTaurSivea is didi
sibrZne acxadebuli, romlis analogi ar icis msoflo novelistikam _
ganmartavs mwerali.
konstantine gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi ar darCenila Cveni
mwerlobis warmomadgeneli, romlis pirovnebis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb ar
Camoeyalibebinos Tavisi Sexeduleba. XX saukunis qarTvel
moazrovneebze Seqmnili `oqros fondi” Cveni literaturaTmcodneobis
saganZuria.
 129

`vnebiani hamleti”
(ivane javaxiSvili)

XX saukunis `xel xvaviani mekvle” da `vnebiani hamleti” _ ase

uwoda konstantine gamsaxurdiam did qarTvel sazogado moRvawes,
qarTuli universitetis damaarsebels baton ivane javaxiSvils. man
ikisra yvelaze `didi tvirTi guTnisdedoba” da awmyo gaamdidra
warsulis condiT, mecnierebis rangze aiyvana istoria saqarTvelosi.
`daskvnaSi auCqarebeli, hipotezaSi -zomieri, epiTetebis gacemaSi-
momWirne, dakvirvebuli lingvisti, mudam darbaislurad moazrovnea”[133]
didi qarTveli istorikosis xasiaTi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi avtors
mTavar maxasiaTebel RerZad miaCnia. `foladiseburi nebisyofis nayofi”
uwoda gamsaxurdiam didi ivanes kolosalur Sromebs, paleografiul
gamokvlevebs...
`inteleqtualuri raindi” am saxeliT daamkvidra gamsaxurdiam
ivane javaxiSvili Tavis esseistikaSi. misi ucnauri gulmodgineba,
qarTuli kulturisadmi Tavdaviwyebuli siyvaruli XX saukunis udidesi
qarTvel romanists did konstantines aTqmevinebs: `igi momagonebs
klarjeTel did mSeneblebs, grigol xanZTels da giorgi mTawmindels.
Cven brwyinvale mematianeebs da hagiografebs. qarTveli taZrebis
xuroTmoZRvrebs, sityvisa da ferweris didostatebs”.[18,134]
qarTveli eris istoriis mravaltomeuli naSromis avtori mTeli
cxovrebis manZilze ibrZoda qarTuli enisa da kulturis
SenarCunebisTvis. igi saqarTvelos istoriaSi Sevida, rogorc didi ilia
marTlis gzis gamgrZelebeli. mTeli cxovrebis manZilze ebrZoda
`crumetyvel” mecnierebs, `romelnic saqveynod gawkepla Cvenma maradis
dauviwyarma ilia WavWavaZem” - vkiTxulobT esseSi.
esse dawerilia 1940 wels ivane javaxiSvilis gardacvalebis wels,
politikurad umZimes periodSi, roca `mecnieruli obieqtivobis
safarveliT SeniRbuli mecnierebi, Sublze atyobdnen ama qveynis
ZlierTa, Tu romeli Teoria iqneboda xelsayreli da amis mixedviT-
`qvasac ki aswavlidnen crumetyvelabaso” - wers konstantine. aseT
periodSi iqmneboda ivane javaxiSvilis, unikaluri Sromebi, romelic
 130

qarTveli eris gonisa da zneobis simbolod iqca. istoria gvkarnaxobs,

rom eriskacebi TavianT epoqaSi, sikvdilamde `piedestalze” aravis ahyavs.
ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli da adgili eris winaSe istoriam Tavad
gansazRvra. WeSmariti mamuliSviloba Tavad gaignebs gzas istoriis
umadur labirinTebSi da ase moxda ivane javaxiSvilis SemTxvevaSic. XXI
saukunis saqarTvelo didi ivanes saamayo saxels Taobebs gadascems da
ukvdavebasTan Tanaziareba usasrulod grZeldeba.
`kalmisebri gmiroba iseve saWiro iyo, rogorc xmlismieri’’. ase
ibrZoda brZeni ilia, ase ibrZoda ivane javaxiSvili. esseSi
gacocxlebulia qarTveli eris istoria, sadac vlindeba gamsaxurdias
paTosi da umTavresi saTqmeli _ enis, mamulis, sarwmunoebis erTguleba.
`mTlian cixed iqca saqarTvelo” _ brZanebs konstantine, magram
TavdacvisaTvis Tavgamodebuli brZolis cecxlSi, man SeZlo msoflio
kulturisTvis mieca: merCule da rusTaveli, beqa opizari, giorgi
mTawmindeli, Cveni SesaniSnavi xuroTmoZRvreba, Tvalis momWreli
ferwera. brwyinvale memetianeni da mdidari folklori. daucxromeli
walekvis miuxedavad `Cveni kulturis namusrevma mainc aRavses v.
batoniSvilis, niko maris, mari broses, ivane javaxiSvilis tomebi.”[18,136]
mwerloba konstantine gamsaxurdiasTvis cxovreba da bediswera
iyo. qarTveli mwerlis genialuri Semoqmedeba misi cxovrebis pirdapiri
anarekli iyo. igi siRrmiseulad ewafeboda sicocxlis arss da
gamudmebiT swavlobda cxovrebas. misTvis mwerloba, poezia, xelovneba,
musika cxovrebis warmmarTveli Zala iyo. mas SeeZlo msoflios
nebismieri erovnebisa da qveynis did Semoqmedze iseTive aRfrTovanebiTa
da siyvaruliT daewera, rogorc mSobliuri qveynis Semoqmedze. es iyo
misi, rogorc adamianis ganumeorebeli xelwera, es iyo misi cxovrebis
stili. yvela sferoSi, sadac WeSmariti Sedevri ibadeboda, didostatis
kalami ar daayovnebda. mwerlis fiqri da goni mas dastrialebs. igi
aRfrTovanebaSi mohyavs mwerlobis, xelovnebis, poeziis, musikis
Sedevristebs. mwerlis ubadlo gemovneba naTlad mosCans mis
esseistikaSic, sadac piradi damokidebulebis garda zogadsakacobrio
idealebidan gamomdinare axdens azrisa da emociis deklarirebas.
 131

`sityvis jadosnebi”
(rusuli literaturis klasikosebi)

1952-1953 wlebSi konstantine gamsaxurdias yuradRebis centrSi

rusi klasikosebi eqcevian. `poezia sxva araferia – werda gamsaxurdia,
Tu ara sakuTari sulis prizmaSi gatarebuli da am gziT gaSuqebuli
garesamyaro. WeSmariti xelovani swored am gzas irCevs maradiuli
qmnilebis Sesaqmnelad. ase qmnidnen qandakebas, ferwerul tiloebs da
mis udidebulesobas mwerlobas.” Tavad konstantine gamsaxurdias
genialuri romanebi misive sulierebis `prizmaSi” ibadeboda da
uerTdeboda ukvdavebas.
1921 wels mTels evropaSi aRiniSna f. dostoevskis dabadebis asi
wlisTavi. am TariRTan dakavSirebiT qarTul presaSi daiwerda t.
tabiZis, a. arseniSvilis, n. miwiSvilis werilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom
dostoevskis saiubileod konstantine gamsaxurdiamac dawera werili
`Teodor dostoevski” magram mxolod 1928 wels krebul `axal evropaSi
gamoqveynda”.
mwerali rus klasikoss marad adamianur da demonur elementebs
Soris marad mebrZol geniad miiCnevs, xolo mis gmirebs demonurisa da
adamianurs Soris mdgar adamianebad. dostoevskiSi igi xedavs saukunis
tkivils. `misi maRali Subli arwiviseburi azrebis sabudaria. ramdeni
ram hqonda mas saTqmeli da ra cota ram sTqva SedarebiT. `qveyanac
imitom itanjeba ase uRmerTod, radgan nagrZobi mudam saWiroebs
naTqvams.” (axali evropa 1928w)
dostoevskis tanjvas is adarebs iesos tanjvas. mwerali miiCnevs,
rom, sadac moixsenieba nicSes wminda saxeli iq unda moixseniebodes
`dostoevski”, radgan nicSe mas uwodebda erTaderT fsiqologs,
romelmac cota ram maswavlao.
mwerlis dRiuris gacnobisas k. gamsaxudia midis im daskvnamde, rom
misi ideebi arafriT gamoirCevian puriSkeviCis da Sulginis ideebisagan.
yovelive gamomdinareobs iqidan, rom mwerali akritikebs dostoevskis
 132

`panslavizms~.mas saerTod miaCnia, rom slavianoba rogorc kulturul-

istoriuli kategoria absurdia.
dostoevski gamsaxurdias ainteresebs ara rogorc `romansieri”
(Seqspirsa da dantesTan SedarebiT mas `bluyuna genioss” uwodebs da
misi romanebi ufro Jurnalizmad eCveneba.), aramed mas ainteressebs
dostoevski rogorc kosmiuri problemis wamomWreli da religiuri
geniosi, misani.
konstantine gamsaxurdia afasebs im axal sulsa da samyaros, im
axali ideebis mqadagebel dostoevskis romelic `msoflio metamorfozis
maxarobelia”. esseSi vkiTxulobT: `Cven gviyvars is rogorc adamianebs
da rogorc qarTvelebs, Tumca panqarTvelizmi da panslavizmi
SeuTvisebeli mcebebia.
did adamianebs xSirad didi Secdomebic hSvenis, Svenis magram es
ar amarTlebs maT, misi panslavizmi iseTive absurdi iyo, rogorc mTeli
misi kultur-filosofia. mas gulwrfelad sjeroda rom slavianelebi
yvelaze maRla unda davayenoT, radgan isini yvelaze win midian. evropis
did civilizaciaze da kulturaze mas friad bundovani warmodgena
hqonda. man vagonis fanjridan daaTvaliera germania... da ukve mzad iyo
zRapari `kbil CamRvrZal evropis Sesaxeb”
mas ar undoda angariSi gaewia im did artistul da eTiur
kulturisaTvis romlis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli iyvnen dante da
goeTe, Seqspiri da miqelanjelo. [16.388]
rusuli klasikuri mwerlobis – `sityvis jadosnebad” qarTveli
mwerali lev tolstois, gogolsa da aleqsandre puSkins miiCnevs,
swored maT Cayares is balavari, rasac Tanamedrove rusuli mwerloba
ewodeba. swored gogolma warmoTqva `taras bulbaSi” samSoblosaTvis
Tavganwirvis qebaTa qeba. lev tolstoim ki adamianis idumal samyaros
gvaziara. rusuli klasikuri mwerlobis magaliTze gamsaxurdia zogadad
mwerlis funqcias gansazRvravs. didi mwerlis `tvirTic” didi, mZime da
sapasuxismgebloa. ar arsebobs mwerloba-mwerlobisaTvis. ar arsebobs
didi da patara Janri. mwerlis azriT, proza da poezia Semoqmedebis
procesSi erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. rusuli klasikosebis
 133

Semoqmedebaze saubrisas prozisa da poeziis warmomadgenlebs `adamianTa

gulis mesaidumloebs” uwodebs.
mwerlis mosazrebiT, romanis da novelis Janri, mxolod XIX
saukuneSi aRwevs Tavis ganviTrebis zenits. misive TqmiT, romanma
Semoimtkica lirikis uSualo SemarTeba, dramisagan dialogebis
lapidaroba, aiTvisa bunebismetyvelebis miRwevani da amgvarad Seiqmna
tolstois, balzakis, hiugos romanebi. gamsaxurdia nikoloz gogols
ufaqizes lirikosad gamoarCevs msoflio literaturaSi. `misi
Semoqmedeba es aris `kosmiuri` simZafriT gaxmianebuli poezia maRali
rangisa. gogoli tragikul simZafres gangeb Cqmalavda da gasaocari
skulpturulobiT wamowevda –kosmiurs”.[18,263]
mwerali miiCnevs, rom gogoli daxelovnebuli iyo bunebisa da
masSi moqceuli tipaJebis gansaxierebaSi. misive TqmiT, `gogoli Rrmadaa
Sesuli rusuli enis labirinTebSi. igi mexotbea Tavisi qveynisa”. misi
Semoqmedebis brwyinvale groteskad aRiarebs novelas `cxviri,” romlis
`badali TiTze CamosaTvlelia mTel msoflio literaturaSi”. rusi
mwerlis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas avtorisaTvis mTavaria adamiani-
pirovneba, misi sulierebis wvdomis unari. `gogoli adamianis gulis
mesaidulmea da Tavisi drois vnebaTa udidesi mematiane”.
`lev tolstois Semoqmedeba zRvas mogvagonebs, zRvasaviT vrcelia
igi masaviT Rrma” brZanebs mwerali. lev tolstois Semoqmedebis ZiriTad
aspeqtebze saubars gamsaxurdia Tavis esseistikaSi mravalgzis
daubrundeba. rusi mwerlis genialur qmnilebebSi daxatuli peizaJebi,
ganumeorebeli humanizmi waruSlel STabeWdilebas axdens qarTvel
mweralze: `zRva iseTi savsebiT daipyrobs xolme mWvretelis suls, ase
gegoneba araferi gareSe ar arsebobso am qveynad”. konstantine
gamsaxurdia `mousvenar genioss” uwodebs tolstois. geniosebis
cxovrebiseuli xvedri istoriulad mware da daundobelia. konstantine
gulistkiviliT aRniSnavs, rom `Tavisi SromiTa da STagonebiT aRsavse
cxovreba daasrula, rogorc usamSoblo boganom”.
rusul klasikur mwerlobaSi lev tolstoim ubadlo `peizaJistis”
adgili daimkvidra. man msoflio donis romanebiT rusul prozas saxeli
gauTqva. gamsaxurdias azriT: `tolstoi detalebis SeniSvnisa da
 134

aRnusxvis gansakuTrebul unars iCenda. tolstoi ise skulpturulad, ise

reliefurad gamosaxavs yovel Tavis gmirs, rom isini waruxocel
tvifars toveben mkiTxvelis mexsierebaSi” .[18,284]. aseTi didostatebi
gamsaxurdias pirovnebaSi damsaxurebul interessa da damokidebulebas
imsaxurebdnen
`omisa da mSvidobis” avtori xelaRebiT endoba metyvelebis
momnusxvel jados da arc arasodes umtyunia misTvis am alRos” -
brZanebs gamsaxurdia. avtori miuTiTebs mkiTxvelis `mojadoebis” saocar
unarze da misiT gamowveul aRfrTovanebas `xelovanis Zalis siWarbes”
uwodebs. `mkiTxveli gatacebuli mihyveba Txrobas, romelic iseTi
stiqiuri sisavsiT mimdinarebs, rogorc daucxromeli mimoqceva zRvisa”
`sityvis jadosnebi” rusul klasikur mwerlobaSi, gamsaxurdias
azriT, aRiarebuli didostatebi arian. lev tolstois `kavkasiuri
moTxrobebi” konstantines `kavkasiis bunebisa da mkvidrTa xasiaTebSi
Cawvdomis ubadlo nimuSebad” miaCnia. lev tolstois, rogorc `didi
humanistis” msoflmxedveloba da gasaocari unari brwyinvaled gamoCnda
`haji muratSi.” `Cems xsovnaSi, mTeli kulturuli kacobriobis xsovnaSi
lev tostoi darCeba, rogorc Tavisi epoqis gzis gamnaTebeli udidesi
humanisti da xelovnebis Cauqrobeli kandeli”.[18,291]L

mxatvris funji
(l. gudiaSvili, d. kakabaZe)

konstantine gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi xelovnebis Tema iseTive

prioritetulia, rogorc mwerloba. Tavad didostati mokrZalebulad
brZanebda, rom kargi naxatis cudisgan garCevac ki ar SeeZlo. didi
mxatvrebi ki mas `feriT mesityves~ uwodebdnen. mxatvrobaze Seqmnili
esseebi gamsaxurdias Semoqmedebis samkaulia.
ferTa siuxviT, XX saukunis `kalmis didostati~ mxatvrebsac ki
aocebda. Mkonstantinesseuli Suq_Crdilebi, idumal mxatvrul samyaros
qmnida da TviT qvaSi gacocxlebul, RvTaebriv qmnilebas – maradiulobis
saburvelSi xvevda.
 135

lado gudiaSvili, XX saukinis funjis didostati werda: `me

erTxel Cemma yrmobis megobarma konstantinem `ferTa bulbuli` miwoda,
sanacvlod unda mivuzRo mas - `didostati~, Cemis azriT, ferTa
enciklopediaa, xolo misi _ avtori Cveni Tanamedroveobis didi
mxatvari... konstantines xelovnebis JanrTagan yvelaze metad ferwera
uyvars - es aris mwerlis gulwrfeli aRiareba, da rad Rirs sxvadasxva
feriT ganaTebuli sveticxoveli... mgoni aqac majoba feriT mesityvem”[34]
gamsaxurdias romanebis ferwera, misi peizaJebisa da portretebis
warmosaxviTi mxatvroba, mxolod suliT xelovani adamianis gonebas
SeeZlo Seeqmna. ori didi qarTveli xelovanis _ lado gudiaSvilisa da
konstantine gamsaxurdias Sexvedris adgilad 1923 wels maradiuli
qalaqi - parizi iqca. `Cumi da sevdiani lado~ _ ase igonebs k.
gamsaxurdia XX saukunis saukeTeso qarTvel mxatvars _ lado
gudiaSvils, romlis `funji da fanqari~ mravalsaukunovan movlenaTa
amsaxvelia, amitomac rTulia misi Semoqmedebis labirinTi da `feradebis
orkestri~.
gamsaxurdia lado gudiaSvilis ferweris `saidumlos~ `ferweruli
xatiT~ gvimJRavnebs: `feradebis am ucnaursa da zeaRmtac orkestrSi,
romelic gancxadebulia mis grandiozul tiloebze, gudiaSvili mosCans,
rogorc ferTa simfoniis, xasiaTebis gaSifvrisa da gamoZerwvis ubadlo
ostati~. gudiaSvilis mxatvruli tiloebis naxviT miRebuli
STabeWdilebebi imdenad maRali da ganumeorebelia, rom zeaRmatebulis
saCveneblad iyenebs miseul xatovan saxeebs: `gudiaSvilis feradebi,
namrudis, zRvisgulis, danisluli mTis ferebi, an feradebi terakotisa
da singurisa, - es yovelive ise Warbadaa gamoyenebuli mis tiloebze,
rogorc ticianisa da veronezes wiTeli~.[18.531]
qarTuli mxatvruli, ferweruli teqnikisa da grafikis maRal
xarisxSi ayvana SesaZlebeli gaxda swored gudiaSvilis qmnilebebiT.
mwerlis SefasebiT, isini Tamamad amoudgebian gverdiT msoflio
mxatvrobis udides moRvaweebs... `zeaRmtaci feradebiT gakeTebulia misi –
`qarTveli mandilosnebi loJaSi~, `cekva cibruti~, `serafitas
gaseirneba~, `Tamar~.
 136

`beThovenis, Sopenisa da faliaSvilis musikis bgerebi zRvaTa

quxilidan, alvebis Srialidan da im xmebidan arian amokrefilni,
romelnic Seyvarebuls, mSobelsa da momakvdav adamianebs dascdebaT
xolme bagidan~ _ werda gamsaxurdia. magaliTisTvis mwerals moyvanili
aqvs delakruas cnobili sentencia: `buneba leqsikonia CvenTvis, masSi
sityvebs veZebT Cven~. konstantine bunebas marto bgerebis leqsikonad ar
miiCnevs: `igi auracxeli feradebis leqsikonic aris da am feradebis
salaros gasaRebs pouloben ara bunebis measleebi, aramed gudiaSvilis
dari mxatvrebi~.[18,532]
`feriT mesityve~ didostati namdvili xelovanisagan mkveTrad
gamijnavda `bunebis measleebs~. `bunebis leqsikonidan~ mwerlis azriT,
mxolod gudiaSvilisdar xelovans SeeZlo ukvdavi nimuSebis Seqmna.
lado gudiaSvilis parizuli periodis tiloebis Sefasebisas
gamxasurdia mxatvris gansxvavebul `manerianobaze~ saubrobs. `kintoebs~
da `niamorebs~ pirwminda groteskebad miiCnevs. mxatvris genias ki –
`ferTa simfoniis~ damkvidrebaSi xedavs.
zegavlenisagan aravin aris dazRveuli da Semoqmedis `fexze
dadgomamde~ saWiroc kia zegavlena: `damowafebis gareSe aravin gamxdara
odesme ostati~. mwerals Wabuki gudiaSvili `gadaWarbebulad maneriani~
eCveneba. Tumca, am nakls `mocilebuls~ da `ganvlil etaps~ uwodebs.
mwerlis azriT, universaluroba ar unda iqnes gagebuli, rogorc
`erTgvari kosmopolitizmi~. werilSi gamijnulia werisa da xatvis
nacionaluri manera: `igi arc kosmopolituri unda iyos da arc viwrod
nacionaluri, eTnografiuli~. am konteqstSi ganixileba gudiaSvilis
ferweruli tiloebi: `serafitas gaseirneba~ da `Tamari~, `vaJa-fSavela
ConguriT xelSi~, `beqa da beSqeni~, `guramiSvilis sikvdili~, `oqros
verZis gataceba~ da sxva. `Tamaris~ saxis Seqmnas mweralma didostatobis
garda `didi mxatvruli siTamame~ uwoda.
gamsaxurdias azriT, gudiaSvilma tradiciebs gadauxvia da Seqmna
Tamaris `uCveulo STagonebiT gasxivosnebuli saxe~. `saTnod
xelapyrobil Tamars palasaTanaseuli mrisxaneba mianiWa mis saxes da
xmliT aRWurva igi, rogorc Tavisi xalxis Tavisuflebis gulmamaci
qomagi~. misive TqmiT, aseT meomar qalad adidebs mas qarTuli xalxuri
 137

poezia: `Tamar mefe da xonTqari maRalma RmerTma wahkida~. [18,533]

gamsaxurdias azriT, didi xelovani tradiciis mona ar unda iyos, aramed
misi gamgrZelebeli da gamaZlierebeli.
am werilSi mwerali gudiaSvils axasiaTebs, rogorc `qarTuli
istoriis, qarTuli miTologiisa da xalxurobis labirinTebSi SeWril~
xelovans: `xalisiani ferebiT, didi gemovnebiTa da zomierebiT
gamoxatavs adamianur vnebebs, adamianis sxeulis silamazes~. misi qalebi
mwerals moagoneben rafaelisa da rubensis qalebs. `savsebiT
gansacvifrebelia misi kibeze Camomavali angelozi, qaSveTis freskaze
gamoxatuli. es yovelive zeaRmtaci osanaa, cxovrebisa da silamazisadmi
aRvlenili~.[18,534]
amave werilSi saubaria lado gudiaSvilis 1957 wlis eqspoziciis
gaxsnaze. sabWoTa mTavrobas surda gamofena ar Semdgariyo, magram igi
Sedga. gamofenaze gudiaSvilis 835 naxati iyo gamotanili. misma
tiloebma `sabWoTa esTetikur~ samyarosTan zRvari gaavles.
1956 wlis agvistoSi konstantine gamsaxurdia aqveynebs esses `daviT
kakabaZe~. qarTveli mxatvris namuSevrebiTa da misi erudiciiT
aRfrTovanebuli mwerali wers: `axal epoqaSi orma SesaniSnavma
dioskurma Cveni mxatvrobisam, lado gudiaSvilma da daviT kakabaZem,
kvlav mogvagones TavianTi didi winamorbedebis jadosnuri funjis Zala
da daamSvenes Cveni qveyana TavianTi gansacvifrebeli talantiT~.[18,484]
gamsaxurdias mxatvrobis Tematikaze Seqmnili esseebi formiTa da
xatovani eniT marTlac dasrulebul mxatvrul nawarmoebebs hgavs. amiT
naTlad Cans, rom didostatisaTvis ar arsebobs didi da patara
mniSvnelobis Tema.
am esseSi konstantine saubrobs daviT kakabaZis mier 1924 wels
parizSi gamocemul deklaraciul werilze, sadac mxatvari ambobs:
`sazogadod, dRevandel ZiebaTa mizania axali formebis Seqmna da
maTi saboloo ganmtkiceba xelovnebaSi~. mwerali miiCnevs, rom moduri
mimarTulebani `Cveni drois yovel ostats awvalebda~. mwerali qarTuli
mxatvrobis arajerovan Sefasebaze migvaniSnebs. misi TqmiT, `Cveni Zveli
mxatvrobis istoria saTanado doneze ar aris Seswavlili da
Sefasebuli. qarTuli mxatvroba, `ucnobi xmeleTia~ da saWiroebs
 138

mecnierul Seswavlas. qarTuli mxatvroba, rac `istoriis Carxis ukuRma

trials gadaurCa, egec aRuricxvelia jerac~. [18,486]
gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs saqarTvelos
uZveles taZrebze `TqeSisa da mouvlelobisagan am ukanaskneli saukunis
manZilze ganadgurebuli freskebis~ aRdgenas da SenarCunebas. igi
gulistkiviliT wers, rom `sakmarisia, naxos ucnobma Cveni taZrebis
TvalebdaTxrili madonebi, frTebdafxrewili angelozebi da gaxunebuli
saidumlo serobani, rom mixvdes, Tu rogori unikaluri Sedevrebi
dauRupavs JamTa siaves~.[18,488]
yovel epoqas aqvs Tavisi prioritetebi da Tavisi Secdomebi.
mwerali Semoqmedis mTavar daniSnulebad istoriul faseulobaTa
SenarCunebas miiCnevs. lado gudiaSvilma da daviT kakabaZem didi
talantis meoxebiT Seaxsenes qarTvel xalxs Tavisi Soreuli warsulis
freskebis didostatebi, Cveni usaxelod gadasuli didi mxatvrebi
umemkvidrod rom ar gadagebulan. esseSi aqcentebi gadatanilia
mxatvrebis ara marto niWierebasa da Seqmnili namuSevrebis
faseulobebze, aramed Semoqmedi adamianis daniSnulebaze, qveynisa da
sakuTari eris winaSe. mis mier gakeTebul SefasebebSi ver aRmovaCenT
subieqtivizmis vercerT niSans.
gamsaxurdia Tavis damsaxurebul adgils miuCens qarTuli
portretuli mxatvrobis tradiciebis ganaxlebis saqmeSi Setanili
wvlilisTvis or niWier mandilosans qeTevan maRalaSvils da elene
axvledians. mas miaCnia, rom `es oTxi maRalniWieri mxatvari Tamamad
daamSvenebs yovel droSi, romelic gnebavT, didi eris ferwerul
kulturas~. am miukerZoebeli Sefasebebidan naTlad ikveTeba didi
mwerlis wminda adamianuri sisufTave, misi, rogorc mamuliSvilis,
poziciebi, romelic yoveli droisa da epoqis mTavari moTxovnaa.
gamsaxurdia sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobs qarTul portretul
ferweras. misi TqmiT, am Janrs gacilebiT ufro didi tradiciebi hqonda
vidre peizaJurs. aqac mwerali qarTuli tradiciebis safuZvlebis
mniSvnelobidan amodis da aqcents qarTveli xalxis `uCveulo fizikuri
silamazis~ faqtorze akeTebs. samagaliTod mohyavs araqarTveli
mogzauris arqanjelo lambertis cnobili Sefasebebi.
 139

mwerali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs im faqts, rom taZrebis kedlebze

gamosaxuli freskebis ostatebs maTive Tanamedrove adamianebi hyavdaT
prototipebad. mwerali siamayiT aRniSnavs, rom am mxriv `qarTveli xalxi
uxvsa da Zvirfas masalas awvdida mxatvars – portretists~. saxviTi
xelovnebis saqmeSi mwerali did mniSvnelobas aniWebs `nivTobriv
faqturas~. `saberZneTisa da italiis marmarilos xarisxs udidesi
mniSvneloba hqonda fidiasis da miqelanjelos qmnilebebis warmatebaSi~.
am azris paralelurad gamsaxurdia umTavresad `adamianur faqtors~
miiCnevs. es ufro `axlobelia SemoqmedisaTvis, vidre bunebismieri~.
`roca leonardo mona lizas xatavda, misi sunTqva esmoda da misi bagis
odnav Setokebasac TavaT Wvretda~.[18.487]
mxatvrisaTvis umTavres damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad gamsaxurdia
`bunebis enis~ zedmiwevniT codnas asaxelebs. bunebis Secnoba urTules
saqmed warmoudgenia, romelsac uiSviaTesi unari gaaCnda Seecno bunebis
yvelaze saidumloebiT moculi movlenebic ki. `buneba gacilebiT ufro
didi inkognitoa adamianisTvis, vidre misive Tvistomi, Seuvali, Znelad
Sesacnobi da Znelad Casawvdomi~. mwerali ar aris momxre Semoqmedma
mTlianad axsnas saTqmeli da bolomde gadmosces emocia. misi azriT,
`didi mxatvari bolomde ar geubneba saTqmels da mis niSnebaSi
mWvreteli sdebs nebismier reminscenciebs da aTasgvar emociebs aRZravs
igi mWvretelTa gulSi~.
saintereso da araordinaluria didostatis mier Seqmnili
Sefasebis `formula~ mxatvrobaze.
`mxatvroba, iseve rogorc poezia, gansulebaa usulosi,
usazRvroebisaTvis mzRvaris dadeba, qaosuri ferebisagan ferTa
simfoniis Seqmna, warmavalis, efemerulis gaukvdaveba~. aseve did
interess iwvevs bunebis maradiulad amoucnobobis aRiareba. miuxedavad
imisa, rom adamiani bunebasTan aqtiur urTierTobaSia - `iRebs
wiaRiseuls miwidan, mdinareebs kalapots ukeTebs, lomebs da vefxvebs
badeebSi iWers, mas hgonia, buneba ymad myavso qceuli~, magram es ase ar
aris. bunebis saidumlo amoucnobia da `saboloo gaTvistomeba mxolod
xelovans ZaluZs~.[18,493]
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esseSi calsaxad gatarebulia azri, rom yvelafers rasac

Semoqmedi qmnis `xangrZlivi Wvreta esaWiroeba~. WeSmariti xelovneba
faseulobaTa faseulobebzea dafuZnebuli. am niSniT gamoarCia didi
qarTveli mxatvrebi avtorma da maTi Semoqmedebis ukvdavebis saTavec
amoxsna.
gamsaxurdia ambobs: `odesme daiwereba uaxlesi drois qarTuli
ferweris istoria, daviT kakabaZe friad sapatio adgils daiWers am
saqmeSi~. lado gudiSvilisa da daviT kakabaZis Semoqmedebis
Tayvanismcemel mwerals miaCnia, rom did aRiarebas moutans saqarTvelos
Cveni mxatvrobis saerTaSoriso arenaze gatana. didostatma konstantinem
winaswar ganWvrita, rom qarTuli mxatvroba mTel msoflioSi gaiTqvamda
saxels.
XXI saukunis pirvelive aTwleulSi, 2008 wlis 19 dekembers,
saxelganTqmul `kristis’’ auqcionze lado gudiaSvilis 1919 wels
Sesrulebuli tilos asli eqspertebma naxevar milion funt sterlingad
Seafases. es iyo sensacia. geniosi qarTveli mxatvris unikaluri
Semoqmedebis momavali bedi konstantine gamsaxurdiam jer kidev naxevar
saukuneze adre ganWvrita.
konstantine gasaxurdia, rogorc literaturis istorikosi da
kritikosi saocrad farTo interesebisa da diapazonis mkvlevar iyo. mas
mSobliur mwerlobasTan erTad Seswavlili da gamokvleuli aqvs,
evropuli, rusuli, amerikuli da aRmosavluri literatura. mis mier am
sferoSi Seqmnili mecnieruli memkvidreoba gaocebasa da aRiarebas
iwvevs.
mwerali mudam did interess iCenda sxvadasxva drois mwerlobisa
da mwerlebis mimarT. msoflio literaturis istoriis warmomadgenlebs
araerTi esse Tu kritikuli werili miuZRvna, magram misi
gansakuTrebuli gatacebisa da Seswavlis sagani mudam iyo mSobliuri
mwerloba. ar darCenila Cveni mwerlobis metnaklebad mniSvnelovani
warmomadgeneli, romlis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb konstantine gamsaxurdias
ar Camoeyalibebinos Tavisi Sexeduleba. es iqneba rusTaveli Tu saba
orbeliani, ilia, akaki, vaJa, himnografebi Tu mematianeebi, funjis
didostatebi l. gudiaSvili, d. kakabaZe. Cveni warsulis did mkvlevarebs
 141

ivane javaxiSvils, korneli kekeliZes, simon janaSias sagangebo werilebi

miuZRvna. es mxolod mcire CamonaTvalia im literaturuli esseebisa Tu
etiudebisa, romelic esoden amdidrebs Cvens literaturaTmcodneobiT
memkvidreobas.
konstantine gamsaxurdias, rogorc mkvlevaris erT-erTi
Taviseburebaa isic, rom igi evropel, qarTvel mwerlebsa da mwerlobas
ixilavs msoflio civilizaciis aspeqtSi da kidev ufro gamokveTs ama
Tu im Zeglis niSandobliv Taviseburebas. ase aqvs mas warmoCenili
rusTaveli, goete, ilia, dante, ibseni, sulxan-saba da sxva mwerlebi.
mwerali, SemoqmedebiTad iTvisebda msoflios inteleqtualuri
gonis mier gamomuSavebul tradiciebs da amasTanave
maRalprofesionaluri SeuvalobiT aanalizebda, rogorc mis
Tanamedrove mwerlebs ise msoflio literaturis metrebsa da maT
qmnilebebs. mwerali did yurardRebas aqcevda mwerlis pirovnul
srulyofas da TviTdaxvewas. igi moxibluli da aRtacebuli iyo goetes
fenomenaluri pirovnebiTa da ilias titanuri bunebiT.
konstantine oroginaluri, maRalmxatvruli StrixebiT qmnida ama
Tu im mwerlis portrets. SeeZlo umniSvnelo detalebiT gadmoeca
pirovnebis sulieri mxare. misi esseebi erTgvari fsiqologiuri
portretebicaa, sadac sacnauri xdeba, rogorc mwerlebis ise maTi
Semoqmedebis idumali da mistiuri samyaro.
 142

`sami apokalifsuri mxedari”

konstantine gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi
(goeTe, napoleoni da nicSe)

uflis saswauli adaminia!

udidesi nobaTi uflisgan adaminTaTvis miZRvnili _ pirovneba.
pirovneba ki `is magistraluri RerZia, romlis garSemo Tavs iyris da
moZraobs yvelaferi, rasac misi sxiviT mdinareba Seexeba” - werda
konstantine gamsaxurdia 1921 wels `sam apokalifsur mxedarze”,
romlebmac mwerlis SefasebiT SeZles `adamianuris gadaRma, adamianuris
zeviT” gonebis Tvalis miwvdena da Tavisi universalizmiT gancvifrebaSi
moiyvanes kulturuli kacobrioba.
adamiani-martoa! XX saukunis udidesi tragedia gaTamaSda am
frazis irgvliv. daiwyo nihilizmis epoqa da Zieba `zekacisa”, nicSeanoba
lamis axal religiad gamocxadda, apokalifsuri isteriis saukuneSi,
sulierma krizisma moicva politika, mwerloba, xelovneba,
inteleqtualuri goni. adamianma gaiTavisufla Tavi da `vin ityvis aseTi
gaTavisufleba ufro mZimea Tu martoobis tragedia” ? – werda
gamsaxurdia ocian wlebSi. saukunis moazrovneebi epoqis mwvave
tkivilebis daZlevas axali idealebiT cdilobdnen.
XX saukunis 20-iani wlebSi mwerlis yuradRebis centrSi eqceva
`titanuri bunebis” adamiani, sulieri heroldi, `Zalovani veqili”,
romelmac Seqmna miTi Tu realoba-adaminuri gmirobis, absoluturi
sulisa. dantes, goeTes giganturi energia ganawilda aTas poetSi, magram
ar iSva arc `fausti”, arc `RvTaebrivi komedia.” XX saukunes swored am
sulieri gadanawilebisa da `geniosTa kvarTis gayofis Sedegad” gauCnda
survili didi a d a m i a n i s xilvisa: poeziaSi, filosofiaSi,
politikaSi - `absoluturi suli kalmiT xelSi”, `absolituri suli
cxenze”, `absoluturi suli profesoris kaTedraze.”
1921 wels, konstantine gamsaxurdia, aqveynebs mistiur esses `goete,
napoleoni da nicSe” da gviambobs istorias inteleqtualuri
aristokratebis Sesaxeb. `kalami da maxvili. ra aerTebs maT imis garda,
rom orive erT saukuneSi cxovrobdnen. erTi rom iyo udidesi maxvili
 143

sulisa miwaze amowvdili, meore udidesi kalami uflisa miuwvdomlisa

da Seucnobis mxatvari da qadagi”. [13,2] is rac maT aerTebdaT _ iyo
gmiroba, pirovneba, herosi. radgan `kalami iseTive utyuaria gmirobis
gamosaxatavad, rogorc maxvili”. mwerlis ganmartebiT kacobriobis
istoria, xom gmirobis istoriaa, romelic `gamouCenia kacs, RmerTTan,
bunebasTan da Tavis TavTTan brZolaSi”. aseTi iyo mistiuri mxedari
napoleoni, romlis politikam da maxvilma yvelaferi mis saxels,
pirovnebas, daumorCila, bolos ki sakuTar TavTan, RmerTTan,
vaterloosTan damarcxebuli atlantikis Soreul sivrceSi _ `santa
helenaze” aResrula.
napoleonis politika parizidan, axal msoflios metropolitidan
iwyeboda. parizi karnaxobda venas, berlins, peterburgs, londons.
vaimari sulier kulturaSi igive iyo, rac parizi politikaSi. vaimarma
Sva poeziis mistiuri mxedari _ goete. igi gaxda udidesi saxiereba
Tanamedrove samyaroisa da sulobisa. goetes mudam Tan axlda is, rasac
TviTonve demonurs uwodebda.
`vin icis vin aniWebs genioss im saSinel Zalas gamoTqmisas-
romelic esaWiroeba mas im striqonebis gzis misacemad, romelic
anadgureben mis guls?[13,3] pasuxi calsaxaa, `arafris mTqmeli, magram
mainc mravlis metyveli” bediswera. napoleonisa da goeTes pirovneba
bedisweris idumal labirinTebSi iyo moqceulio - ganmartavs mwerali.
napoleoni ambobda `politika bediswera ariso.” am bedisweris
atmosferoSi uxdeboda cxovreba - goeTesac, bediswerasTan brZolaSi ki
orive gamarjvebuli gamovida. geniosTa SemoqmedebiTi Zala ufro
`grZneuli aRmoCnda” vidre bedisweris mklavebi. `napoleonma ise
gadaiqrola am bedis sazRvarze rogorc ruseTidad momavalma gayinul
berezinaze gadaaWena cxeni. amitomac laparakobda goeTe Tavis demonur
elementebze. es goeTeseburi `demonuri” TviT geniosis gulSi dawyebuli
dinamika iyo, misi Semoqmedeba, gamoTqmis Zala.”[13,3]
goeTem sakuTari suli, SegrZnebebi da cxovreba, yvelaferi
SemoqmedebiTi Zalis quraSi gadaadno. igi iyo genia, romelic Tavad
ambobda `yvelaferi masalis monelebaSiao” - swored am aspeqtSi xedavs
k. gamsaxurdia geniosi mwerlis sidiades. ramdenma mweralma
 144

scada goeTemde faustis Tqmulebis miCemeba, magram rogorc ki

poeziis mistiuri mxedari mas Seexo - yvelani daviwyebas miecnen.
goeTe, mwerlis SefasebiT, ufro misani iyo, vidre profesiuli
mecnieri. misi Semoqmedeba ar iyo logikis saSualebiT gamonaxuli
WeSmariteba. igi iyo mistika.
gamsaxurdia, goeTes cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas zedmiwevniT
gaecno jer kidev ganswavlis periodSi, goeTesadmi miZRvnil
seminariebSi. xolo poetis biografiuli qargisaTvis sargeblobda TviT
goeTes avtobiografiuli TxzulebiT _ `poezia da sinamdvile” da misi
piradi mdivnis ekermanis CanawerebiT: `saubrebi goeTesTan”.
mwerlis monografiuli naSromi `goete” - pirvelad calke
gamocemis saxiT gamovida 1928 wels, xolo Semdeg avtorma igi Seitana
Tavis rCeul TxzulebaTa meeqvse tomSi. monografiis avtori,
mogviTxrobs goeTes cxovrebis Sesaxeb da mxatvrul analizs ukeTebs
mwerlis ZiriTad nawarmoebebs. gamsaxurdia iZleva daxasiaTebas im
epoqisa sazogadoebrivi da kulturuli cxovrebisa, romlis drosac
moRvaweobda didi poeti.
monografia, mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom igi pirevli da unikaluri
naSromia goeTes Sesaxeb qarTul literaturaSi. konstantine gamsaxurdia
iohan volfgang goeTes cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis saukeTeso mcodned
SeiZleba CaiTvalos. `goeteze wera yovelTvis SeiZleba - aRniSnavs
mwerali, radganac sakmaod aravis ulaparakia masze, yvela Taoba yoveli
kulturuli wre axal da axal saunjeebs aRmoaCens xolme mis
SemoqmedebaSi. yoveli axali Taoba axal WeSmaritebas swavlobs misgan.”
[18,338]
geniosi, romelsac dro ar exeba! aseTad warmoaCens mwerali
goeTes da misi cxovrebiseuli detalebis analiziT, mTlianad ganicdis
mas, rogorc Semoqmeds, rogorc pirovnebas. `visac goete-fenomenis
Secnoba unda man goete unda ganicados, rogorc harmoniuli
originaluri mTlianoba.”(iqve]
poeziis udidesi qurumi aseTive didi enciklopedisti iyo,
romelsac aramc Tu xeli miuwvdeboda Tavisi drois mecnierebaTa
 145

udides saunjeebamdis, aramed TviTonac Sehqonda maT ganviTarebaSi

wvlili.
`qristes an sevedenborgis bavSvobas magonebs me goetes yrmoba,
radgan igi Zlier adre Seerkina mZime da did sakiTxebs. bunebisa da
adamianobis cxovrebaSi wamoWrils” _ wers gamsaxurdia.[18,297] gancdilis
gadmocemis fantazia goeTes TviTmyofadi niWierebiT aixsneba. amitomac,
gamsaxurdia goeTes Semoqmedebis analizze dayrdnobiT ganmartavs:
`qveyana imisTvis itanjeba, rom nagrZnobi sWarbobs xolme naTqvams.
geniosi imiTaa bednieri, rom mas swored es gamoTqma emarjveba. aseTi
iyo goete”.[18,340]
goeTe erTaderTi evropeli geniosi iyo, romelic ar
ganekuTvneboda aristokratiul wodebas. misi universalizmi mravalgzis
gaxdeba konstantine gamsaxurdias kalmis STagonebis wyaro. mwerlis
dakvirvebiT, goeTes cxovrebis devizad hqonda klasikuri `oqros
Sualedi”. am principiT xelmZRvanelobda igi, rogorc cxovrebaSi, ise
SemoqmedebaSi. goete matarebeli iyo adamianuri siqvelisa. berZnuli
klasicizmi, rokoko, da romantizmi volteri da kanti, herderi da
spinoza, mistika da kaTolicizmi _ yvelaferi goeteSia `magram, goete
arc erTi calcalke ar aris, aramed yvelas Semcvelia.” mwerlis am
Sefasebidan naTlad Cans, rom gamsaxurdia, zedmiwevniT kargad icnobs am
Semomqmeds da misi universalizmis Secnobas sakuTari dakvirvebis
wyalobiT aRwevs.
avtoris daskvniT, goeTes _ msoflio kacis Sesacnobad
aucilebelia gaviazroT, mTeli misi Semoqmedeba da cxovreba. misi
erovnulobis sawyisi da genialuroba: `goete, rogorc msoflio kaci
gaugeberi darCeba mudam, Tu Cven ar gavixsenebT, rom goetes Semoqmedebis
elementebi dafuZnebulia ara marto germanul-romanul ideur samyaroze,
aramed misi ideebi, misi poeziis Semoqmedebis motivebi aRmocenebulia
TiTqmis mTeli adamianobis saxalxo poeziis zepirsityvierebis yamirze.”
[18,332]
mwerals, goeTe warmoCenili hyavs, `msoflio amocanis”
Semsrulebel Semomqmedad. amaSi gadaWarbebuli araferia, vinaidan
goeTes `naxevar RmerTsac” uwodebdnen. `goete erTaderTi germanelia
 146

SeiZleba iTqvas erTaderTi warmomadgeneli evropeli adamianobisa,

romelmac harmoniul srulyofas miaRwia, amitomac ganuyofelia misi
qmnileba da mis pirovneba. goetes biografias rom ar moeRwia Cvenamdis,
misi qmnileba mainc naTeli iqneboda CvenTvis.” [18,337] aqedan Cans, rom
goeTes Semoqmedeba misi pirovnebisa da sulierebis anarekli iyo. mis
mexsierebaSi nanaxi da gancdili samudamod rCeboda. goeTe Tavadve
ambobda: `es unari rom ar moeca Cemvis RmerTs, Cemi gmirebis saxisa da
aRnagobis individualizebas ver movaxerxebdi. am bejiTi, zusti
damaxsovrebis da STabeWdilebis niWis wyalobiT me didxans varwmunebdi
Cem Tavs, rom Cemi talanti mxatvrobaSi Cveulebrivze meti
iqneboda.”[18,336]
goeTe TvalsaCino magaliTia iyo imisa, Tu rogor ebrZvis geniosi,
pirovneba Tavis saukunes da Tavis Tanamedroveobas. ar darCenila
arcerTi sfero `xelovnuri gamoTqmisa”, romlisTvisac goetes ar
miemarTos. tragedia, drama, romani, poema - yvelgan gvaqvs vaimareli
brZenis” naazrevi.
`vaimarel olimpiels” misi Tanamedroveni `marmarilos goetes”
uwodebdnen. gamsaxurdias TqmiT, `SromaSi ujiaTi, miznad dasaxulis
aRsrulebaSi Seudrekeli” da sastiki mamis bunebas Seerwya,
sentimentaluri da meocnebe dedis sinatife da am orma kontrastma
warmoSva goetes buneba! `sinaTle meti sinaTele”-es iyo momakvdavi
geniosis ukanaskneli fraza. es iyo ukanaskneli survili im kacisa
romelic TviT sinaTlis RmerTis mociquli iyo am qveynad. `axla, Cvens
droSi, mesame aTaswleulSi vimeorebT mis ukvdav sityvebs“ sinaTle, meti
sinaTle!’’
goeTe iyo mistikosi _ adamianis Secnobis `saidumlo”
xelewifeboda goeTes da misi Semoqmedeba amis naTeli `dekleraciaa.”
mwerlis mosazrebiT igi iyo rCeuli, rCeulTa Soris. aq gamsaxurdias
mohyavs citatebi goeTesa da ekermanis saubridan. goete acxadebs: `iciT
me ra mgonia? rCeuls mocemuli aqvs gansakuTrebuli daniSnuleba, roca
igi amas Seasrulebs, igi ukve aRaraa am aRnagobaSi saWiro da gangebac
sxva raimesTvis moixmars mas. am Cven miwaze xom yvelaferi bunebrivad
xdeba. ase daemarTa napoleons da mraval sxvas. mocarti 36 wlis
 147

daiRupa, rafaeli imave hasakSi. yvelam saukeTesod Seasrula Tavisi

mowodeba.”[18,353] goeTes mowodeba `msoflio kacoba” iyo da es Sedga. man
60 weli imuSava `faustze” da Seqmna genialuri qmnileba, romelSic
mTeli kacobriobis gancdaTa rkalia mocemuli.
gamsaxurdia, rogorc goeTes mcodne da misi Semoqmedebis udidesi
Semfasebeli, Sedevrebidan asaxelebs `axalgazrda verteris vnebans”,
`fausts” da ganmartavs: `goete iyo yovlis Secnobas mudam mowyurebuli
gulmecnieri, msoflios udides idumalebaTa Camwvdeni suli. verteris
tragedia igive senia fausts rom aWmunvebda, hamlets, rom axelebda,
Caild harolds rom daaxetebda mTvareuliviT mTels qveyanaze. goetes
gmirebi SegrZnebebis pasiuri tanjvis titanebia.”[iqve]
waruSleli STagonebiT werda gamsaxurdia germanel titanze da
miaCnda, rom GgoeTes nawerebSi mudam gaorebuli sulis tragedia
saxierdeboda. `is iyo adamianuri modgmis udidesi oqropirTagani.” ase
ixseniebs konstantine gamsaxurdia `karg evropels” iohan volfgan
goeTes: `wmindao gonebav, momeci Zala raTa davstkbe siwmindis wyaroTi”
wamoiZaxa goetem savsebis mwvervalze asulma. am sityvebs ityoda
mxolod is kaci, bedisweras rom endoboda bolomdis, kaci,
`bediswerisagan ganebivrebuli.” [18,361]
visac goete-fenomenis Secnoba unda `man goete unda ganicados,
rogorc harmoniuli originaluri mTlianoba” _ werda gamsaxurdia.
amoucnobi sulieri mxare, vaimareli brZenis mistiuri cxovrebisa, iyo
is, rom poezia goeTesaTvis iyo demonologia! volfgang goetes zviadi
buneba da zRvasaviT vrceli Semoqmedeba mudam aRelvebda gamsaxurdias.
goeTes biografia iyofa `qariSxlisa da Setevis”, olimpiuri simSvidis
periodebad. misi wynari cxovreba literaturaSi vnebaTa udidesi
dramatizmiT gamoixata.
k. gamsaxurias `qariSxlisa da Setevis” Jami 1916-1926 wlebSi
hqonda(s.sigua). swored am dros daiwera pirveli statia goeTeze, sadac
misi mistiuri wakiTxva scada. Semdeg mas miuZRvna monografia, saubileo
statiebi da rac mTavaria vaimareli brZenis cxovrebis romani Seqmna.
`goetes cxovrebis romani pirveli bografiuli romania Cvens
mwerlobaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Txzuleba mwerals ar gamouvida,
 148

ramdenadac zedmetad biografiulia da naklebad mxatvruli, magram igi

germanuli kulturisadmi Tqmuli Rrma samadlobeli iyo“ (s. sigua)
goetem k. gamsaxurdias pirovnebaze iqonia zegavlena. isic
vaimareli brZenis darad cdilobda yoveldRiuri xmaurisagan yuris
moridebas, odnav ganze dgomas, Zlieri pirovnuli nebisa… da
Tanamedroveobis gancdis SenarCunebas.
Jurnal `ilonSi” 1922 wels #1 qveyndeba k. gamsaxurdias werili
G`goete Tu mistikosi”. k. gamsaxurdiasTvis Ggoete erTaderTi germaneli
iyo, romelmac absolutur harmoniul srulyofas miaRwia.Aamitomac
ganuyofelad miaCnia misi qmnileba da misi pirovneba erTimeorisagan.
goeTem Tavad Tqva Tavis nawerebze, Cemi qmnilebebi codvaTa monaniebaao.
`amaze ufro Zlieri TviTkritika, amaze meti obieqtivizmi Tavisi
pirovnebisa, Tavisi adaminuri meobis mimarT, jered mwerals da poets ar
gamuCeniao.”[18,338] yoveli didi geniosi ase grZnobs, rom misi sxeuleba
da arseboba am qveyanaze warmavalia. ukvdavia mxolod misi qnilebebi.
konstantines SfasebiT goeTe, mistiuri bunebismetyveli iyo,
WeSmariti mwerali casTan da RvaTaebasTan axlosmdgomi, romelic
ufro Sors iyureboda, `vidre xiluli samyaros fargali swvdeba”.
goeTe iyo mistikosi da mTeli misi mwerloba ganuwyveteli
miTiTebaa am didi misteriisa, romelic samyaroSia daculi. goeTem,
mwerlis mosazrebiT bunebis vrceli masalidan maRali da brwyinvale
kultura Seqmna. swored aq xedavs b-n konstantine goetes genias!
`goetes SemoqmedebaSi, arsad ar xdeba Sesveneba gardatexa, ase
harmoniulad mdinarebs yoveli didi xelovanis yoveli didi pirovnebis
ganviTarebis etli `jiSidan zejiSisaken. arc miqelanjelo, arc dante
ukve aRar etevian im saerTo kategoriaSi, romelsac modgma-jiSi ewodeba.
aqedan pirdapiri gza midis jiSis zeviT jiSis gaRma, nicSes eniT rom
vTqvaT-zejiSisaken.”[12,32] -amitomac mwerals goeTes Semoqmedeba, misi
yofa, zejiSisaken ltolvad esaxeba. swored aq xedavs gamsaxurdia mis
maradiul adgils!
renesansma da Tanamedroeveobam pirovneba dasva samyaros centrSi!
goetemac msoflio centrSi Semoqmedis meoba moaTavsa! GberZnebma
msoflios didi WeSmaritebani RmerTebSi moaTavses, Cven maT mcnebebSi
 149

movuyareT Tavio - gvaswavlida goeTe da cdilobda harmoniuloba

daenaxa adamiansa da kosmoss Soris. goete poetis, mistikis Sesacnobad
saWiroa Tvali SevaswroT goeTe bunebismetyvels. magram bunebismetyveli
goeTe isev da isev mistikosi goeTe rCeba - aRniSnavs mwerali.
goeTe qristianuli mistikiT iwyebs da mistikiTve amTavrebs.
Kkonstantine gamsaxurdia qristianul mistikas miiCnevs ZiriTad tonad
aramarto goeTes, aramed yvela didi evropelis SemoqmedebaSi. `am
niadagze warmoiSva dante da goete. rogorc `poetur azrebSi” ise
faustSi mxsneli macxovris saxiT wamodgenilia marad qaluris
personifikacia madona. es marad qaluri elementi gansaxierebaa
siyvarulisa sibrZnisa da saTnoebis, romelmac warwymedas gadaarCena
faustis boboqari suli”[12,34]
gamsaxurdia mxolod faustSi xedavs `vaimareli brZenis” demonur
elmentebs da mis mistiur bunebas. faustis saxiT evropul
literaturaSi pirvelad wamoiWra nicSeanuri zekaci, romelic
`adamianuri Zalebis zeviT, adamianuri SesaZleblobebis gaRma
miiswrafvis” (sityva zekaci nicSem goeTesgan aiRo _ ganmartavs
gamsaxurdia). `faustSi sagrZnobi xdeba goete, rogorc mistikosi. aq
srulyofas aRwevs misi mistiuri buneba.”
didostati ganixilavs goeTes Semoqmedebis mwvervals _ `fausts”,
sadac warmodgenilia brZola sivrciT da droiT SezRuduli adamiansa
da bunebis ganusazRvrelobas Soris. fausti TviTon aRiarebs, rom `ori
suli cxovrobs mis gulSi. erTi adamianuri, fiziologiuri
instiqtebiTaa Seborkili, `meore maRal winaparTa maRal regionebisaken
miiswrafvis”. mwerali goeTesa da nicSes demonur bunebas Soris avlebs
paralelebs. goete nicSesaviT atyobda, rom msoflio buneba
ganusazRvreli Rrma iyo. `amitomac satanas mihyidis suls, rom
RvTaebriobis atributebi da upiratesobani moipovos”.
mwerlis mosazrebiT mefistofele - es meore mxarea goeTes
demonuri elementisa .magram igi ufro aqtiuria vidre goeTe da misi
fausti absoluturi kosmuri harmoniis warmomadgenelia, romelmac
qveyanaze da cxovrebaze, `ho” _ unda Tqvas. `mefisto ki absoluturs
disharmonias warmoadgens, man cxovrebaze da RvTaebaze uari unda Tqvas.”
 150

goeTes mTeli sibrZne, misticizmi, gamovlinda doqtor faustis

saxeSi. mwerals miaCnia, rom faustic da mefistofelic poetis sulSi
Casaxlebuli orsaxovani demonia.
`faustic am demonTan brZolaSi gamarjvebuli zekacia, mas
ezizReba masiuri suloba, amitomac iZulebulia adamianebs gaeqces da
demonebTan ukeTes ganwyobaSia”.[12] fausti sulia kulturisa da
RvTaebriobis, saTnoebisa da religiisa. goetes ar swamda Sablonuri
brZola keTilsa da borots Soris. am brZolaSi igi polarul
realobaTa Widils xedavda. demonis damarcxeba mxolod demons SeuZlia.
konstantine gamsaxudia cdilobda, am `mistiuri mxedris” sulSi
epova axali droebis sityva da misani. gamsaxurdia sabolood mivida im
daskvnamde, rom vaimareli brZenis idumali Zalis sawyisi _ iyo mistika.
goeTes vagners adarebda, romlis hangebSic samyaros idumali Zalebi
poulobdnen sococxles. didi vaimareli yovelive amas sityvis magiuri
ZaliT aRwevda.
k. gamsaxurdias goeTe warmoedgina `absolitur srulyofad”,
romelic sakuTar TavSi moicavda dedamiwis yvela saidumlos da SeeZlo
gonebis Tvalis miwvdena `adamianuris gadaRma, adamianuris zeviT.” igi
iyo `sinaTlis RmerTis mociquli” am qveyanaze.
 151

* * *
`zekaci miwis azria!
adamini Tokia cxovelsa da zekacs Soris _ Toki ufskruls zeda.
bnelni arian gzani zaratustrasi, saxifaToa gaRmiT vla, saxifaToa
gzad yofna, saxifaToa ukumzera, saxifaToa krToma da SeCereba” (53,16-17)

fridrix nicSe elvis mauwyebeli iyo da Rrublis mZime wveTi,

xolo saxeli am elvisa – zekaci.
`msurs vaswavlo adamianT azri TviT yofisa, romel zekacia,
a d a m i a n i - elva bneli Rrublisa” - fridrix nicSes am sityvebma
SeZra mTeli msoflios inteleqtualuri goni, gadatrialeba moaxdiina
azrovnebaSi. iqadaga religia traRediisa, niRbebisa Tavisufali sulis
adamianisa.
XIX saukunis dasasruls, 1900 wels daiwyo nicSes mistiuri gza.
germaneli filosofosis – `axalma religiam” - didi gavlena iqonia XX
saukunis moazrovneebze. nicSeanuri moZRvreba gaxda xelovanTa
Semoqmedebis stimuli. nicSes ideebi literaturisaTvis Zlier impulss
iZleoda. Yyvelaferi ki sofel riokenSi 1844 wels, protestanti
pastoris ojaxSi daiwyo. daibada msoflios idumali, filosofosi
`patara pastori” - fridrix nicSe.
dRes roca nicSes dabadebidan erT saukuneze metia gasuli, ismis
kiTxva, SeZlo ki XXI saukunis inteleqtualurma samyarom – nicSes
fenomenis amocnoba?! nicSem idumali, magiuri saburveliT Semosa misi
saxeli da omi gamoucxada moralur Rirebulebebs.
vin iyo fridrix nicSe? Dra damsaxureba miuZRvis mas kulturuli
kacobriobis winaSe? amaze pasuxi ar aris martivi. farTo masebi mas
icnoben, rogorc filosofoss, romelmac mkrexeluri fraza warmoTqva _
`RmerTi mokvda” da kacobriobas `mkvdari RmerTis“ nacvlad SesTavaza
`zekaci”.
fridrix nicSe iyo erT-erTi yvelaze winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse
filosofosi msoflio istoriaSi. upirveles yovlisa imitom, rom misi
Semoqmedeba imdenad TviTmyofadi, Taviseburia, rom ager ukve erTi
saukunea, mecnierebi cdiloben gaerkvion, Tu rogori filosofiur-
 152

ideologiuri paradigmebiT aris SesaZlebeli nicSes filosofiis

ganxilva. nicSe dRemde rCeba idumal da tragikuli bedis adamianad. igi
martosuli moazrovne iyo, G`ukanaskneli filosofosi”. XX saukune
nicSeSi xedavda imas rac mas surda. nicSe iyo - simbolisti, nacisti,
qristiani, anarqisti, aTeisti da bolSevikic ki.
nicSes filosofiam Sva egzistencializmi, biZgi misca
fsiqologiis, lingvistikis, filologiis ganviTarebas. man adamiani
aqcia samyaros RmerTad. miiswrafvoda `ze jiSisaken.” nicSes “Eccehomo”
-Zlierebis kultis, axali yovlisSemZle adaminis apologia iyo. rihard
vagneris musikaSi, nicSe, dionisuri msoflSegrZnebis dabrunebis niSnebs
xedavda. xedavda Seusabamobas adaminis WeSmariti daniSnulebisa da
Tanadroul kulturas Soris. nicSes yvela mniSvnelovani Txzuleba
Taviseburi mowodebaa mkiTxvelisadmi: `ociode Seni cxovrebis wesi
Sensave arsebas ewinaaRmdegeba”. igi qadagebda sulis `sam cvalebadobas”
SeuZlebels moiTxovada. ase iwyeboda zaratustras dasavali.
`zaratustraSi” gansxeulda nicSes azrovnebisa da gancdebis
mTeli simdidre, winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse sevdiani da tragikuli gza.
nicSe apokalifsis mxedari iyo, romelic qadagebda: `WeSmaritad, adamiani
binZuri mdinarea, WeSmaritad, zRva unda iyo, binZuri mdinare SeirTo da
ar waibilwo. xedavT gaswavliT zekacs, igi zRvaa da ZaluZs STanTqas
Tqveni didi zizRi” (53,17)
sainteresoa Tu rogor, sad, rodis daiwyo idumali moazrovnis
apokalifsuri gza?!
XIX saukuneSi hegelis absoluturi idealizmis aRsrulebis Semdeg
antireligiuri tendencia sul ufro Zlieri xdeboda. (nicSes ganswavlis
wlebs emTxveva es perodi.) nicSe laifcigSi ecnoba Sopenhaueris
Txzulebas `samyaro, rogorc neba da warmodgena”. Sopenhaueris
filosofiam didi zegavlena iqonia axalgazrda nicSeze. 1872 wels
gamodis Sroma - `tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan”. nicSem berZnuli
tragediis warmoSoba metafizkuri kuTxiT wamoaCina. wigni Seiqmna
antikuri samyaros, Sopenhauerisa da vagneris Semoqmedebisa da
pirovnebisadmi siyvaruliT.
 153

`tragediis dabadebSi” - erTmaneTs ebrZvis xelovnebis oris saxe:

apolonuri da dionisuri, sinaTlis da sibnelis, wesrigisa da qaosis
samyaro. Tragedia, nicSes gagebiT, xelovnebis is formaa, sadac musikis
suliT mTvrali dionisuri xelovneba, uerTdeba apolonur xelovnebas.
`tragediis dabadeba” samyaros ori sawyisis apolonurisa da dionisuris
gamovlenaa. aqedan daskvna, adamiani, kultura mxolod maSinaa
srulyofili, roca masSi Serwymulia samyaros ori sawyisi. nicSe
tragedias, am srulyofis nimuSad miiCnevs. samyaros tragikuli gancda _
tragedia, adaminma mokla gansjisa da logikis gziT. `Smagi dionise
Seiwira, `Teoretikosma sokratem”. Tanamedrove adamianma cxovreba
ganagrZo dionisurisagan daclil kulturul samyaroSi, swored aqedan
wamoiqmna nicSeanuri Seusabamoba adaminis WeSmarit daniSnulebasa da
Tanadroul kulturas Soris.
Tamaz buaCZis mosazrebiT epoqis kritikas nicSe aRrmavebda oTx
TxzulebaSi: `daviT Starusi, rogorc aRmsarebeli da mwerali”,
`istoriis sikeTe da siave sicocxlisaTvis” `Sopenhaueri rogorc
aRmzrdeli” da `rixard vagneri bairoiTSi” - am nawarmoebebs aerTianebT
erTi saTauri `araTanadrouli fiqrebi”. (1872-1876) nicSe Senatris Zlier
adamians da kacobriobis miznad axali, umaRlesi egzemplaris Seqmnas
miiCnevs. `zaratustraSi~ es idea zekacis Sesaxeb moZRvrebad iqceva.
1878 wels aqveynebs wigns `adamianuri, erTob adamianuri” da nicSe
Sordeba Sopenhauers, vagners, metafizika cxaddeba cru mecnierebad da
dionise adgils uTmopbs – a d a m i a n s !
nicSes yuradRebis centrSi eqceva adamianis Sinagani samyaro. nicSe
qmnis Taviseburi saxis fsiqologias. nicSes ideali xdeba - Tavisufali
goni, miwieri adamianuri ltolvebi. nicSe sabolood upirispirdeba
tradiciul kulturas. miuxedavad nicSeanizmis sirTulisa masSi
gamoyofen ZiriTad postulatebs. es aris nihilisturi filosofia.
sabolood, Evropuli kacobriobis wiaRSi mimdinare krizisuli
procesebi (evropuli krizisi) nicSes filosofiaSi aisaxa. Seiqmna
nihilisturi filosofia. `me vici Cemi xvedri, me vici, rom Cem saxelTan
dakavSirebuli iqneba saSineli ram, uSvelebeli krizisi, romlis msgavsi
 154

miwas ar enaxos. Mme uarvyof ise, rogorc aravin, miuxedavad amisa me

kontrasti var uarmyofeli sulisa” [53,9] - werda nicSe.
Tanamedrove dasavluri kutluris Rrma krizisze nicSe laparakobs
`zaratustras” winaityvaobaSi. es krizisi gadmocemulia mokle
mkrexeluri debulebiT; `RmerTi mokvda”, adamianma Tvali moacila zecas
da TrToda martoobaSi. bunebrivia davsvamT kiTxvas - ras niSavs
RmerTis sikvdili? `Tezisi RmerTis sivdili gamoxatavs im siRrmiseul
process, romelic xdeba nicSes Tanadrouli evropuli kacobrobis
sulier cxovrebaSi, kerZod Zveli tradiciuli umaRlesi Rirebulebebis
gaufasurebas. maradiul RirebulebaTa samyarom, romelic myar
orientirebs aZlevda adamins, dahkarga Tavisi Zala... adamiani darCa
Tavisi Tavis anabara. mas `zemoT” aravis imedi ar SeiZleba hqondes. dgeba
nihilizmis epoqa, RmerTis sikvdilis aRiareba nicSesTvis imis mtkicebas
niSnavs, rom WeSmariti Semoqmedi aris adamiani da ara RmerTi. RmerTis
sikvdilis Tema `zaratustraSi” erT-erTi ZiriTadi Temaa~. Tamaz buaCiZe.
[53,250-254]
AXIX _XX saukunis mijnaze sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis yvela
sfero moicva sulierma krizisma. es `problema” fridrix nicSem
pirvelma wamoWra, rac sigiJeSi CamoarTves. `mxolod 50wlis Semdeg
zogierTebi gaigeben, Tu ra gavakeTe me” - werda igi. `am saSineli, jer
arnaxuli krizisis bWeebTan” dadga XX saukinis axali Taoba.
nicSes `ze kaci” aris axali biologiuri saxe-srulyofili arseba.
gza misken mimavali ki rTuli - `Toki ufskrulsa zeda.” nicSeseuri
zaratustra `imoralistia” romelic qadagebs adamianTa cxovrebis axal
wess. zaratustra Svilia nicSesi – acxadebs, konstantine Ggamsaxurdia,
dakvanZuli saidumloebebis gaxsnaa misi poezia. ukanaskneli sityva `am
kulturiT daRaluli kacobriobis”.
nicSe xelSesaxebad gvixatavs imas Tu rogori ar unda iyos
adamiani. am mizniT `zaratustras winastyvaobaSi gamoCndeba ukanaskneli
adamiani: SexedeT! me giCvenebT Tqven u k a n a s k n e l a d a m i a n s
ra aris siyvaruli? ra aris qmnileba? ra aris survili? ra aris
varskvlavi? - amas kiTxulobs ukanaskneli adamiani da Tvalebs
axamxamebs.
 155

maSin dedamiwa umcrosi iqmneba da maszed dahxtis ukanaskneli

adamiani, misi modgma Seumusravia, viT miwis rwyilisa: ukanaskneli
adamiani yvelaze metsa scocxlobs” [53,19]
nicSesTvis ukanaskneli adamiani RmerTis sikvdilis pirmSoa. nicSe
upirispirebs mas zekacs! Dda qmnis erTgvar misteriul rkals `adamiani
aris raoba romlis Zleva xams, adamiani Tokia cxovelsa da zekacs
Soris adamianma unda daZlios Tavisi Tavi `raTa Seqmnas zekaci”.[iqve]
erekle tatiSvili, fridrix nicSes romanis mTargmneli da udidesi
qarTveli sazogado moRvawe werda: `nicSes cxovreba misi sakuTari
azrovnebis Rrma gancdaa. igi TviTon aris sulieri tragediis gmiri,
jalaTi da msxverpli.”[iqve] mas ukiduresobis jadoqrad miiCnevda, axali
sityvis mauwyeblad, romelic ukvdavebis wiaRSi moeqca.
Tu Tvals gadavavlebT saqarTvelos XX saukunis 10-20-ian wlebis
periodul presas davinaxavT, rom qarTuli sazogadoebia did yuradRebas
da interess iCenda germaneli moazrovnis mimarT... nicSeanoba lamis
axal religiad gadaiqca. fridrix nicSem didi popularoba hpova
evropaSi, xolo iqidan daZrulma talRam saqarTveloSic SemoaRwia.
grigol robaqiZis, konstantine gamsaxurdias, daviT kasraZis, konstantine
kapanelis wyalobiT _ nicSes filosofia, Taviseburad airekla maT
SemoqmedebaSi. saqarTveloSi fridrix nicSes Tavisi mkiTxveli hyavda.
`germaneli filosofosis msoflgancda naTesauria WeSmariti
qarTveli adamianis msoflgancdisa. qarTul sulTan nicSes anaTesavebs
gansakuTrebuli siZulvili joguri, monuri, cxovrebisa. masSi
gaTqvefili sakuTar saxes moklebuli adamianisa, qarTuli sulis
miswrafebasTan axlosaa nicSe, roca eTayvaneba moZraobiT, brZoliT
xifaTiT da riskiT aRsavse `dionisur” cxovrebas” - werda Tamaz buaCiZe.
TbilisSi 1922 wels fridrix nicSesadmi miZRvnili saRamo
gamarTula, sadac sityviT gamovidnen d. uznaZe, sofrom mgalobliSvili,
terenti graneli, k. gamsaxurdia, erekle tatiSvili. jer kidev 1911 wels,
`saxalxo gazeTis” furclebze g. robaqiZesa da d. kasraZes cxare
polemika gaumarTavT nicSes naazrevis irgvliv. konstantine
gamsaxurdias redaqtorobiT gamosuli Jurnali `ilionis” mTliani
nomeri nicSes mieZRvna.
 156

sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom, roca gadawyda germaniaSi nicSes

dabadebis dRis aRniSvna, didi filosofosis das - elizabed forster
nicSes miumarTavs yvela qveynis nicSeanelisaTvis, daeweraT mogonebebi...
aseTi werili erekle tatiSvilmac miiRo, rac naTlad metyvelebs mis
avtoritetsa da popularobaze. (man germaniaSi gaagzavna - mixo
beritaSvilis mier Sesrulebuli nicSes portreti da akaki andriaSvilis
`dedakaci maTraxiT – zaratustradan~.)
qarTul sinamdvileSi, nicSes romanis Targmanebi arsebobda.
Rasakvirvelia, erekle tatiSvilis Targmani, `esse ityoda zaratustra”,
(1884-1946) misi SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis gvirgvinia 1915 wels gazeT
`samSobloSi” anonimurad ibeWdeba patara fragmenti `zaratustradan”.
1923 wlis 1 aprils gazeT `lomisis” furclebze gamoqveynda
`zaratustras winaswar Tqma”. mTargmneli aqac ar aris moxseniebuli.
arsebobs mosazreba rom igi ekuTvnis daviT kasraZes.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam XX saukunis 10-20-ian wlebSi fridrix
nicSes araerTi leqsi uZRvna: `zekaci” - gimnaziaSi swavlis periodSi,
gamoqveynda gaz. `saxalxo saqmeSi” (1911w. #371.) k. abaSispirelis
fsevdonimiT, xolo `ilionSi~ _ `fridrix nicSes” (#1, 1922w) da poema
`maradi garsi” (#4, 1922w).

`fridrix nicSes”
`iyo golgoTa vaimari da sils maria,
axali drois matiane Sen mogindeba.
Sen gvagrZnobine, sinamdvile rom sizmaria,
rom axlovdeba Zvel RmerTebis Semobindeba.
...Sen am samyaros uduelod ver SeeTvise,
waxvedi soflis varamisgan gulgamexili.
wminda fridrixi da jvarcmuli xar dionise,
Wabuki muxa grigalisgan gulgatexili.
o, Sua gzaze ra Znelia SemoRameba,
rom ukvdavebiT Sevisyido qveynis wameba.”
 157

`zekaci”
...aq jados veZeb zRvis ferad qvebiT
movrTav gvirgvins, gvirgvins Zlevisas
miwisa Svilno! ver gamomyvebiT
hangs ver gaigebT ukvdav gmirisas,
Tqven bediswera koSkis Seqmnis kibed mogixmarT,
Cemi ocneba ki TviT Seqmnis cxovrebis sizmars.
cecxli, romelsac mgosnis muza moafrqvevs piriT,
xe cnobadisas mTlad SegiryevT, mogiTxriT ZiriT.”

1922 wels konstantine gamsaxurdia qmnis mistiur esses `traRediis

wramoSoba mistikis sulidan”, riTac exmianeba germaneli filosofosis
Sromas, romelic 1872 wels daiwera. k. gamsaxurdia nicSes pirovnebas-
mistiuri saburveliT mosavs. igia uarmyofeli Tanamedrove evropuli
kulturisa da gzis gamkafavi dasavleTis fausturi sulisa.
yoveli axali Taoba, xelmeored sTxzavs miTs nicSes pirovnebis
Sesaxeb. igi iyo ori saukunis mijnaze mdgari filosofosi, romelic
atarebda ormagobis beWeds, amitomac mis provnebaSi k. gamsaxurdia
`orsulian” mostikoss xedavs. nicSem Tavad Seqmna miTi sakuTar Tavze da
am miTis wyalobT gaikvlia `gulmaviwyobis okeane”.
gamsaxurdias esseistikaSi - nicSe skeptikosia, warmomadgeneli
evropuli nihilizmisa da amave dros damfuZnebelia axali didi
religiisa. misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT `igi iyo uwarCinebulesi
warmomadgeneli im Taobisa, romelsac didi sulieri tkivilebis
miuxedavad, `amSvenebda luciferis sijiute da saimaye”. [16,401]
esse Sedgeba oTxi miTisagan, (miTi, genialogia, musika, mistika)
sadac saubaria germaneli filosofosis `heroiul baladaze”. `am
baladaSi Cevni subieqturi fantazia da siyvarulic unda iqnes Setanili”
[16,407] - acxadebs mwerali, radgan sxvagvarad nicSes xelmeored mogoneba
da misi xatis srulyofa yovlad SeuZleblad miaCnia. nicSes Tan axlda
mistiuri sibnele, riskenac Tavad miiswrafvoda. nicSe, napoleoni da
goeTe – sibnelisa da sinaTlis mistikosebi iyvnen. amitom maT, mwerlis
 158

mosazrebiT, Cveulebrivi gangebis genialogia ar moepovebaT. rac nicSem

erTxel gakvriT Tqva goeTeze, igive iTqmis maszedac. `goete - ambobda
nicSe - arsaidan ar mosula, arc winaprebi hyolia mas, is maRlidan
Camovarda germanul sinamdvileSi, arc memkvidreebi gamosCenia amis
Semdeg”. ubralo saqsoneli pastoris Svili `axali evropis sulieri
diriJori” gaxda. aseTi iyo Nnapoleonic, ubralo korsikeli memamulis
Svili, evropis politikur cxovrebaSi. nicSe mis winaprebad heraklites,
spinozas da goetes miiCvevda.
`fridrx nicSe, romantizmiT Sepyrobili don kixoti iyo -
aRniSnavs erTgan gamsaxurdia, romelic qristianizmis qaris wisqvilebs
ebrZoda evropaSi. mwerals am `bnelTvalebiani mistikosis” - hibridul
bunebaSi ainteresebs `hos” mTqmeli, misi RvTiuri naxevari, radgan igi
yvelaze gulwrfelad ambobda, rom `qriste jvarze uzenaesi da
umSvenieresi simboloao”
nicSe qadagi iyo axali RmerTSemosilobis, apostolic axali
kulturis religiisa, amitomac mwerlis mosazrebiT, `dionisos RmerTi
Trobisa da Svebisa qristian nicSes sxvagvarad ver warmoedgina Tu ara
jvarze” [18,404]
gamsaxurdia nicSes pirovnebas, genialogias da Semoqmedebas
mistikaSi, miTosSi xedavs, radgan yoveli didi adamiani adamianobis
xsovnaSi rCeba, rogorc miTi. `miTi ise axelebs Tanamedroveobis
fantazias, rom yovlad SeuZlebeli xdeba empiriulad misi damaxsovreba.”
[18.400] aseTi iyo nicSe. igi adamianebis xsovnaSi legendaruli
SaravandediT Seimosa.
esses mesame TavSi – `musika” _ mwerali saubrobs fridrix nicSes
filosofiis iracionalur enaze - musikaze. `guSin Tavs damesxa musikis
demoni” _ werda nicSe da mxolod musikaSi eZleoda Tavdaviwyebas.
musikis Sedegi iyo misi vagneriT gataceba da vagnerze gulis acruebac.
konstantine gamsaxurdia mistikasa da musikas Tvlis germaneli
moazrovnis, Semoqmedebis umTavres elementebad. `musika iracionaluri
enaa samyarosi, amitomac iracionaluria umTavresi elementi nicSes
filosifiisa. musika RvTaebrivi enaa bneleTs danTqmuli epoqisa da
 159

warsuli droebisa. musikisa da mistikis kentavri iyo Tavad nicSe”

[18,405-406]
nicSes pirovnul cxovrebaSi `enormuli roli” musikam iTamaSa. igi
sakamod musikaluri da sakmaod poeturi adamiani iyo. Tu
SopenhauerisTvis musika samyaros misteriis `umeSvelo metyveleba” iyo
nicSesTvis musika – gedis simReraa. nicSes azrovnebis alogizmi swored
musikaSia saZiebeli. mwerlis mosazrebiT goeTesa da nicSes
dapirispireba moiTxivs `musikisa da plastiuri fenomenebis
dapirispirebas: `Tu, goetes cxovrebaSi kaTolicizmis plastiurs
kulturas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda, luTeranizmis musikalurma
kulturam siyrmnidanve Taviseburi gezi misca nicSes azrovnebas da
filosofias - ganmartavs mwerali. [18,405]
musika iyo nicSes Semoqmedebis - muzis demoni. es demoni uCvenebda
gzas `bnelTvalebian mistikoss”. misi pirveli qmnileba `traRediis
warmoSoba” musikidan iSva. musika iyo misi stilis `frTebis Semsxmeli”.
nicSe werda: `momavali Taobisagan 100-iode kacma, rom imdeni SeigrZnos
musikidan, rac me SemigrZvnia, maSin sruliad axali kulturaa (evropaSi)
mosalodneli.[18,406]
nicSe zizRiT ixsenebda Tavis Tanamedrove evropis civilizacias,
rogorc antimusikalur fenomens. konstantine gamsaxurdia mistikas erT-
erT umTavres elementad miiCnevs nicSes SemoqmedebaSi.
nicSes individualizmi Tavis ganviTarebis ukanasknel etapze
mistikaSi gadaiWra. zaratustra winaswarmetyveluri gaSiSvlebaa
pirovnebisa, sadac nicSe zeindividualobaSi gadavida. nicSe moiTxovda,
rogorc pirovneba ise kultura miTiuri nisliT yofiliyo mosili.
moiTxovda usityvod Wvretas. nicSe iyo udidesi ostati da jadoqari
sityvisa. amgvarad moxda, gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, nicSes gadasvla
nihilizmidan da skepticizmidan - mistikaSi. nicSes misteria iyo
erTgvari miTiuri rkali, racionaluridan iracionalurSi, logiuridan
zelogiurSi. `poema zaratustra sxva raRaa Tu ara kivili mistikisaken
miqceuli. zaratustra qadagia did maradiuli ukumoqcevisa, zaratustra
winaswarmetyvelia axali eloizisis, unda movides axali zekacuri Taoba
 160

eloizisis misteriebiT pirgabadruli. maSin Camova zeciT Taoba axali”

- [iqve, 408 ] - acxadebs mwerali.
`nicSe Sewirulia RmerTis dionisosi” da ase darCeba adamianobis
xsovnaSi, radgan igi - iyo `rogorc zvaraki, ise TviT tanjvaSi
pirgabadruli RmerTi dionisos Tavis smaragdis mSvenebaSi
gabrwyinebuli”. [iqve, 411]
nicSe marTlac moulodnelad, daatyda Tavs 10-20-iani wlebis
qarTul kulturas da samudamod daimkvidra adgili mwerlis idumal
sulSi.
 161

`apolitikosis werilebi”
(evropuli politika da kulturuli nacionalizacia,
mwerlis 10-20-iani wlebis kritikul werilebSi)

`ers, roca ena da teritoria xelidan gamoecleba,

umjobesia igi maSinve mokvdes”.
konstantine gamsaxurdia

`warsulSi saqaTveloSi TviT berebsac ar SeeZloT

apolitikosobao” [11] _ werda konstantine gamsaxurdia ociani wlebis
saqarTveloSi. misi cxovrebiseuli lozungi iyo: `yvelaferi
saqarTvelosaTvis, radgan Tu saqarTvelo ar iqneba qveyanaze, qva qvaze
nuRar darCenilao.”[iqve] igi arcerTi, mTavrobis wevri ar yofila.
miuxedavad amisa miaCnda, rom apolitikosoba qveynisTvis saziano iyo,
gverdze gandgoma _ saxifaTo, rogorc erisTvis ise eriskacisTvisac.
mwerlis mosazrebiT, gonieri eris, gonieri politika, erovnuli
msoflmxedvelobis mudmivi ganviTarebiT unda warmoebuliyo. radgan
eris siZliere ganapirobebda qveynis adgils, msoflio politikur
rukaze.
XXI saukunis gadasaxedidan Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
konstantine gamsaxurdia gaxldaT didi qarTveli politikosic, romlis
politikuri kredo efuZneboda qarTul istorias. saqarTvelos umZimes
politikur viTarebaSi misi brZnuli sityva Zlevamosilebas sZenda
qarTul sazogadoebas: `erovnuli Tavisuflebis erTxel dakargva
SeiZleba, magram igi yovel dRe brZoliT unda moipovoTo.” _ werda
mwerali.
XX saukunis ociani wlebi tragikuli furcelia saqarTvelos
istoriaSi. k. gamsaxurdia eris erTsulovnebasa da siZliereSi xedavda
saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas. axalgazrda, sevdiani da samSoblos bedze
dafiqrebuli konstantine, germaniaSi swavlis periodSi Zlier da welSi
gamarTul samSobloze ocnebobs, swored iseTze, rogoric misi meore
samSoblo - germania iyo: `ers Zvalsa da rbilSi aqvs gamjdari Tavisi
 162

warsuli sidiade, igi awmyoTi amayobs, momavals Tamamad uRimis. netav

qarTveli xalxi ase welgamarTulad imRerebs odesme? rodis gavigonebT
mis jansaR guguns samSoblos vel-mindvrebze? gana dRes ar mReris igi?
mkiTxav Sen... mReris, magram Cveni akakis ar iyos simRera misi naRvelSia
amovlebuli” [16,272] saqarTvelo iyo misi umTavresi safiqrali da sevda
masze arasodes tovebda didostats.
XX saukunis 10-20 wlebSi farTo masStabebiT aSuqebda evropis
politikas. mwerals miaCnda, rom germania evropis xerxemali iqneboda
mudam da politikur rukaze axal wesebs daamyarebda. germanuli
kultura, germanuli goni, moazrovneebi araerTxel moeqca mwerlis
yuradRebis centrSi. ganswavlisa da mogzaurobis wlebSi, germaniaSi,
miRebulma STabeWdilebebma waruSleli kvali datova mis
msoflmxedvelobaze. germaniaSi mwerali, mwifdeboda ara mxolod
rogorc literatori, mxatvruli sityvis xelovani da filosofosi
aramed, rogorc samSoblos mxurvale patrioti. germaniaSi gaxda wevri
saqarTvelos ganmaTavisuflebeli komitetisa, romelic miznad isaxavda
ruseTis imperiisgan saqarTvelos gamoxsnas.
samyaros bumberaz germanel moazrovneebs - goeTes, nicSes, stefan
georges Tomas mans... mweralma sxvadasxva dros originaluri da
maRalmxatvruli esseebi uZRvna. mwerlis msoflmxedvelobisa da
Semoqmedebis mkvlevari pr. soso sigua aRniSnavs, rom vaimarelma brZenma
goeTem didi zegavlena iqonia gamsaxurdias pirovnebaze. mwerlis
Semoqmedebis saTaveebTan idgnen a. Sopenhaueri, f. nicSe, r. vagneri,
bergsoni, riTac yalibdeboda mwerlis dekadentur-modernistuli stili
da msoflgancda. savarsamiZis piriT man germania Tavis `meore
samSoblod” aRiara.
rogorc aRvniSneT 20-ian wlebSi gamsaxurdia did interess iCens
evropuli politikis mimarT. am periodSi Seqmnil sagazeTo
publikaciebSi gamsaxudia politologadac gvevlineba da pirveli
msoflio omis Sesaxeb saintereso daskvnebsa da Sefasebebs akeTebs.
germanelTa rasaSi mwerals xiblavda `Zlierebis kulti”, romelic ase
mkafiod gamoixata pirveli msoflio omis dros. mwerali araerTxel
 163

aRniSnavda, rom qveyanaze pativiscemas imsaxurebda, mxolod Zlieri,

mSvenieri ZaliTa da RoniT savse eri.
werilebSi, romelic XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi iwereba: `cota
ram Tanamedrove internacionalur politikisaTvis” (1917w) `apolitikosis
werilebi”,(1919w) mwerali saubrobs pirvel msoflio omze da acxadebs,
rom omis mizezi ar aris marto ekonomikuri uTanabroba da qiSpi. misi
azriT, omi upirvelesad `rassaTa omia.” kacobriobis istoriaSi pirveli
msoflio omi yvelaze sastiki da farTomasStaburi samxedro konfliqtis
saxeliT Sevida. omma cxra milioni adamiani imsxverpla. XX saukunis
demonma sisxlisagan dacala evropisa da aziis kontinentebi. `arc
berZnuli hadesis momgon fantazias, arc kalifsos kunZuls arc dantes
jojoxeTSi, arc miqelanjelos siqstnis gankiTxvis dReSi ar minaxavx
aseTi feradebi - werda k. gamsaxurdia pirvel msoflio omSi daRvril
`alisfer sisxlze”, romelic berlinSi, omis dasrulebis Semdeg
eqspresionistTa gamofenaze ixila. (metafizikosis dRiurebi)O [16,360]
msoflos inteleqtualuri goni `apoklifsuri, gagiJebuli
TvalebiT” Sescqeroda masaTa isterias, romelsac dasasruli ar
uCanda.SeuZlebelia evropis politikis gverdis avliT Seqmniliyo XX
saukunis qarTul publicistikaSi sagazeTo statiebi, Tu kritikuli
werilebi. `evropis centri germania gaxlavT - werda gamsaxurdia 1919
wels _ rogori imedi sakuTari Tavisa, rogori siamaye”. mwerali
aRtacebaSi mohyavda germanul Zlier, mSfoTvare rasas, romelic omSi
damarcxebis miuxedavad amay da dauCoqebel erad darCa.
konstantine gamsaxurdias swamda, rom germaniis gareSe evropa
daemsgavseba marsilius fikunusis aRweril evropas `sadac xalxi
buCqebSi da maRaroebSi imalavda Tavs sicivisagan da adamianebi cotaTi
ganirCeodnen damSeul nadirebisagan” [12,312]
pirveli msoflio omis periodisadmi miZRvnil werilebSi
mJRavndeba mwerlis subieqturi damokidebuleba da amavdroulad didi
pativiscema germanuli kulturis, germaneli eris mimarT. iqmneba
STabeWdileba, rom omi, rogorc erTgvari `kaTarzisi”- gamarTlebulia.
mwerali oms, nicSes gavleniT `TaobaTa miwisZvras” uwodebs, romelsac
`axali wyaroebi unda warmoeSva.” `ragind pacefisturad iyos adamiani
 164

ganwyobili omebis dadebiT mniSvnelobas gverds ver auxvevs. yvelaze

aSkarad msoflio omma daamtkica, rom Tanamedrove oms masebis da patara
erebis emansipacia mohyveba Sedegad... yvelgan germania iwyebs da umetes
SemTxvevaSi germania amTavrebs did istoriul movlenebsa da procesebs.
_ wers `apolitikosis werilebSi” da `quds ixdis didi da amayi eris
winaSe, romelmac kacobriobis istoriaSi `xalxTa Soris omis” Zegli
aago. (apolitikosis werilebi) [16,316]
1917 wels, roca pirveli msoflio omi umwvaves fazaSi Sedioda k.
gasaxurdia aqveynebs werils saTauriT `cota ram Tanamedrove
internacionaluri politikisaTvis” – werilSi vkiTxulobT: `es omi
rasaTa omia!” didi xania romanuli da germanuli rasebi kbils ilesdnen
erTimeoreze, romanelebi kargad grZnobdnen, rom isini pirispir ver
gaumklavdebodnen yvelaze ufro Zliersa da Zalovan warmomadgenels
indo-germanTa rasisas germanelebs.” [16,297]
konstantine gamsaxurdia – evropis politikaze saubars germaniiT
iwyebs. vinc `evropis politikas Seexeba, man germaniiT unda daiwyos,
radgan germania evropis xerxemali aris da iqneba.”
pirveli msoflio omis dawyebas germaniaSi Sexvda. uyurebda, Tu
rogor modiodnen `nibelungebis gmirebiviT” germaneli amayi raindebi, es
iyo 1914 ww. xolo 1919 wlis gazafxulze damarcxebuli germaneli
jariskacebic ixila: `ase frTadakodili arwivi Tu Sedgeba sal kldeze
da dabal qveyanas gadmoxedavs, TviT maTxovars, TviT maTxovarsac
gmirobis ieri etyoba.” [16,310]
k. gamsaxurdia uTanagrZnobda damarcxebul germanias. `viskisa da
tenisis gmirebma dafnis gvirgviniT daimSvenes Subli, xolo gmirebsa da
namdvilad gamarjvebulebs fanduri daaqvT berlinis quCebSio”. mwerlis
SefasebiT Crdilo germanelebma da anglo saqsebma uorgules TavianTi
sisxliTa da TesliT naTesav germanelebs. rasaTa omis bunebrivi
dajgufeba, ase unda yofiliyo: germania, inglisi, avstria, holandia,
Sveicaria da skandinavia, meore mxares: frangebi italielebi da
slavianelebi. arsebiTaT ki `panslavianizmi triumfs ixdiso.”[16,310]
mwerali eTanxmeba leopold fon rankes mosazrebas evropul
ojaxTa klasifikaciaSi. man Tavis msoflio istoriaSi gamohyo
 165

germanelebi, romanebi, anglo-saqsebi sxva danarCeni erebisgan. es erebi,

sxvadasxva mxares aRmarTuli Stoa erTi da imave xisao, aRniSnavda ranke.
k. gamsaxurdiasTvis germania dauSreteli sulieri rezervuari iyo,
romlidanac sazrdoobda mTeli msoflio. `apolitikosis werilebSi,”
yuradRebas amaxvilebs ruseTis politikaze. germaniis politikis
umTavres miznad 1914 wlamde, mongolur ruseTsa da evropas Soris
zRudis gavlebas miiCnevs, swored amave politikis gamtareblad Tvlis
ingliss 1821 wlidan. werilSi saubaria aleqsandre I da nikoloz I
politikaze, romlebic cdilobdnen balkaneTze hegemonias da amiT
samxreT da aRmosavleT slavianebis `konfederaciis mowyobas”, romlis
gamoc ingliss brZola hqonda nikoloz pirvelTan. inglisis mTavar
miznad balkaneTidan ruseTis gaZevebas miiCnevs, radgan `mas TvalSi
eCxireboda, rom ruseTi saqarTveloSi fexs idgamdao”. mwerlis
mosazrebiT XX saukunis 10-ian wlebSi ruseTi evropul politikas ver
awarmoebda, mas erTaderTi Zala upirispirdeboda – germaniis saxiT.
1916 wels vaimarSi qveyndeba statia saxelwodebiT `kavkasia
msoflio omSi”, sadac mwerali germanel sazogadoebas saqarTvelos
warsuls acnobs. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT, saqarTvelos sagareo
politika, germanelTa Zlier rasas unda dayrdnoboda. mwerali
gamodioda kavkasiuri erTianobis ideiT, rac saqarTvelos Tavisuflebis
erTaderT garantad esaxeboda. (es statia figurirebs sukis masalebSi,
romelc 1924 wels mwerlis dapatimrebasa da gadasaxlebas exeba. )
`nicSes Zlierebis kultma, ZuZu awova germanul militarizms.
nicSes ewada axali maRali xarisxis adamianTa jiSi warmoSobiliyo,
romelic Tavisi Zlieri nebisyofis wyalobiT evropis did demokratias
moixmarda, mTeli dedamiwis bedis xelSi dasaWerad. Zvelma germanelebma,
uanderZes Tanamedrove germanelebs omis kulti! martin luTerma, omis
religiasTan morigebac ki moindoma. `qristianizmis filosofiiT
daamtkica omis aucilebloba.” - vkiTxulobT apolitikosos werilebSi.
1918 wlis noembris marcxs, qarTveli mwerali `katasrofad”
afasebs, radgan, 1914 wlis germanias, gamarjvebis gacilebiT didi Sansi
hqonda. gamsaxurdias SefasebiT bismarkiseul prusias moeZeoda sakmaod
jansaRi safuZveli – saxelmwifoebrivi aparatis ubadlo Senebisa da
 166

wyobisa. oto bismarkis politikaze, pirovnebaze, mwerali 10-iani wlebis

publicistur werilebSi araerTxel amaxvilebs yuradRebas.
oto eduard leopold bismarki, germaniis imperiis damaarsebeli
da raixkancleri, msoflio politikas qmnida. misi gavlena vrceldeboda
mTels evropaze. igi politikur asparezze 1847 wlidan Cans. k.
gamsaxurdias mosazrebiT bismarkiseuli imperiis siZliere aklda, 1918
wlis damarcxebul germanias. bismarkma ufro meti SorsmWvreteloba
gamoiCina, vidre `sansusis filosofosebmao”. oto bismarki udides
politikur kombinatorad miaCnia, radgan man axali da Zveli ostaturi
xeliT SeaduRa da SeakavSira. bismarkis politikur Secdomad – misi
Tanamedrove saukunis sulisgan daSorebas Tvlis, kerZod, XIX saukunes
Tan mohqonda idea masebis emansipaciisa da politikuri gamofxzlebisa.
bismarkma ki imis magivrad, rom angariSi gaewa am mdgomareobisaTvis,
Seurigebeli brZola gamoucxada germaniis social-demokratias. mwerali
araswor politikad afasebs – saxelmwifo saqmeebidan masebis ignoracias.
gamsaxurdias TvalsazriT, 1918 wlis miwuruls zogierTma mesaWem
germaniisam bismarkiseuli fataluri Secdoma Seigno, saxelmwifos
demokratizaciaze Camoagdes sityva, Tumca generali ludendorfi isev
bismarkis gzas gahyva. germaniis marcxi Sida araswori politikidan
gamomdinareobda. gamsaxurdia, axali germaniis momavals politikur
Zireul cvlilebebSi xedavda. unda momxdariyo saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebrivi kanonebis SeTanxmeba – pirovnebis individualur
zneobriv kanonebTan.
mZlavri germanuli imperiis nangervebze aRmocenda arastabiluri
`vaimaris respublika”(1933-45), romelmac SeZlo ferflidan aRdgoma da
nacisturi msoflmxedvelobis propaganda msoflio masStabiT, romelic
XX saukunis meore msoflio omSi gadaizarda.
k. gamsaxurdia 1945 wels isev miubrundeba germaniis politikas
publicisturi weriliT `faSizmi da msoflio kultura”. ukeTebs ra
analizs msoflio istoriaSi arsebul dampyroblur da `barbarosul”
omebs, mwerali midis im daskvnamde, rom `germanuli faSizmis gaugonari
agresia emyareba e.w. `rassul Teorias”. gamsaxurdias azriT, agresiuli
moZRvrebis damfuZneblebi hitleri da misi Tanamzraxvelebi ar arian.
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`rassuli Teoriis” mamaTavrebad, mwerals umTavresad aragermanelebi

miaCnia. misi azriT, germaneli eri ar aris faSizmis momxre.
1967 wlis 14 noembers ki 74 wlis mwerals, omgamovlil germaniaSi
vxedavT. `kvlav germaniaSi” - ase ewodeba mwerlis sevdian baraTebs
romelic `meore samSobloSi” mogzaurobisas daiwera. `bombebs
SeumusravT Cemi sayvareli bermuxa, romelic mravali saukunis manZilze
amSvenebda berlinis universitetis ezos. savsebiT SeumusravT
hohencollernebis saimperio sasaxle. amowydnen hohenStaufenebi da
habsburgeli imperatorebi. vilhelm meorem ver daamkvidra meore romis
imperia. merme is iyo, movida adolf hitleri da man daapira mesame romis
imperiis aRdgena, mravali adamiani imsxverpla am giJurma ocnebam.” [16,587]
sevdiania mwerlis kalami, radgan goeTes, kantis Sopenhaueris da
Tomas manis samSoblom buxenvaldisa da osvencimis sisxliani era Seqmna
`adolf hitlerma milionebs saxrCobelis maryuJebi gadaacva kiserze”.
mwerali ixedeba siWabukis bednieri dReebisaken da iq mis saocnebo, jer
kidev Zlier, amay germanias da mis ukeTilSobiles pirmSos goeTes
xedavs: `goeTes saxlis karibWesTan magondeba misive leqsi:
`saukuneni ver warxocaven
Cemi aq yofnis naterfalebsa”
es ar iyo usazmno qadili - ganmartavs mwerali - Cven vicnobT
msoflios udides mweralTa da mecnierTa cxovrebasa da Semoqmedebas,
magram goetes dari cxovreba aravis utarebia amqveynad”. [16,600] goeTes
naterfalebze mimavl konstantines ar tovebs samSobloze fiqri. `Cemi
samSoblo iyo Cemi saxate da dResac veravis davanebeb pirvelobas
misTvis brZolaSi. [16,595] am sityvebiT kidev erTxel gacxadda mwerlis
amqveyniuri misia, riTvisac mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda.
`ucnauria adamianis xvedri da bedi, Cemi usayvarlesi megobrebi vinc
CemsaviT iqnevdnen xmalsa da kalams ukve aRar arian Cems siaxloves da
me ratomRac gadamarCina nemizidam. xandaxan mrcxvenia kidec maTi
landebisa, vfiqrob xom ar hgoniaT maT, rom me vuRalate maT da Cems
saficar samSoblos?” [16,595]
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marTlac saocari bedi ergo b-n konstantines, rogorc mwerals

samSoblosaTvis medgar mebrZols arcerTi dRe ar hqonia mSvidi. misi
gza iyo ekliani da tanjuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da marTali.
arian mwerlebi, romelTa pirovnuloba xSirad gaigivebulia
erTian qarTul fenomenTan. es mwerlebi atarebdnen aSkara erovnul
xasiaTs, rac maT sidiadeze metyvelebs. es is SemTxvevaa, roca mwerali
eris nebas gamoxatavs yovelgvari Zalauflebis gareSe. aseT pirovnebebs
SeswevT Zala eri fexze daayenon da uxilavi ZafebiT warmarTon iqiTken,
saiTac mas Tavad erovnuli neba ubiZgebs. aseTi Semoqmedi, pirovneba da
eris kaci iyo k. gamsaxurdia, romelsac gamokveTili hqonda aSkara
politikuri mrwamsi. misi, rogorc Semoqmedisa da eriskacis erovnuli
politika gaxldaT globaluri. Mmas surda da ibrZoda kidec imisaTvis,
rom ar dakarguliyo istoriuli kavSirebi axlo aRmosavleTTan, rom
Cven kvlav gvesunTqa msoflio suliT, rogorc sulierad mainc
damoukidebel politikur erTeuls...
1913 wlis germaniaSi, k. gamsaxurdia dawers: `ers roca ena da
teritoria xelidan gamoecleba, umjobesia igi maSinve mokvdes. mwerlis
mosazrebiT qarTveli xalxi Tavisi istoriuli cxovrebisagan naanderZev
zne-Cveulebebs nel-nela xelidan gaSvebas upirebda. ucxoeTSi myofi
gamsaxurdia, jer kidev saukunis dasawyisSi grZnobda im kataklizmebs
rac, XX saukunis ocian wlebSi qarTul sinamdvileSi fataluri
SedegebiT damTavrda. `frTxilad! isev Sensas nu dakargav. sionis
mtvriani beWebis kocna gerCios, baalis brWyviala, viTomda oqros
kerpebis Tayvaniscemas, Torem inaneb! gvian iqneba TiTze kbenani, ginda
uyivlo Sens ers”. Cveni xalxi mowyenilia! es sityvebi mudam Tan msdevda,
roca ucxo eris cxovrebas vakvirdebodi. “ [16,268]
mamuliSvilobis gancda, romelic, misi azriT, germanel xalxSi
mometebuli siZlieriT arsebobs, mas surs, ixilos yovel qarTvelSi...
mwerali patriotizmis umTavres saTaves erovnul TviTcnobierebaSi
xedavs. `iSviaTad naxavT axalgazrda germanel qaliSvils, Tu gind
ubralo xalxidan, haines, goeTes da Sillers ar mRerodes, zepirad ar
icodes”. gamsaxurdia miiCnevs, rom ers Zvalsa da rbilSi unda hqondes
gamjdari Tavisi warsulis sidiade, igi awmyoTic unda amayobdes da
 169

momavalzec unda iRvwodes. ucxoeTis cis qveS myofi mwerali ocnebobs,

gaigonos Tavisi xalxis bednieri erovnuli simRera da es ar unda iyos
`TavCaRunulad mimavali monis RiRini”.
k. gamsaxurdias, ena da sarwmunoeba saxelmwifoebriobis umTavres
postulatad miaCnia `da vai, mas visac, es ori simptomi xelidan
gamoecleba, umjobesia igi maSinve mokvdes, magram vai, rom igi ase uceb
ar kvdeba! Mmona gadagvarebuli aravis uyvars – qveyanaze pativiscemas
imsaxurebs mxolod Zlieri, mSveneri ZaliT da RoniT savse arseba,
radgan miwa ZlierTa kerZia” [16,277]
germanel erSi bevr iseT Tvisebebs xedavs, romelic avtoris azriT,
qarTveli erisTvis sanatrebeli gamxdara. es aris erovnuli
Tavmoyvareoba da movaleobis udidesi gancda. germanel ers mwerali
`uSvelebel mZle muxas” adarebs da es muxa mas `Zlevis simbolod”
miaCnia... erovnul damoukideblobas, qveynis umTavres monapovrad Tvlis
da Tavisuflebamowyurebul ers eTayvaneba; `ers, romelsac erovnuli
Tavmoyvareoba ara aqvs, igi mudam sxvisi sawveli furi iqneba da
CamorCenili im diad mizans, romliskenac mTeli kacobrioba da yoveli
eri cal-calke miiswrafvis”. [16,278]
k. gamsaxurdias `mxatvruli politikiT” SevyavdiT evropul
garemoSi, raTa ar SemovfargluliyaviT mxolod istoriuli warsuliT
da msoflio mTlianoba SegvenarCunebina sulierad mainc. mwerlis Rrma
politikuri qveteqstebi dastrialebdnen msoflio struqturaSi Semaval
saqarTvelos, romelsac fanjara gaWrili eqneboda dasavleTisaken. misi
erovnuli Tvalsazrisi maStaburi iyo. misi politikuri xedva
sakacobrio, oRond qarTuli TviTmyofadobisa da damoukideblobis
TvalsazrisiT... aqedan modioda mwerlis didi interesi msoflio
kulturisaken. erovnuli sulisa da kulturis TavisTavadobis
SenarCuneba amosavali principi iyo misTvis...
didi konstantines Semoqmedeba romanebi, novelebi, werilebi Tu
esseebi did mwerlobasTan da did azrovnebasTan erTad didi politikac
gaxldaT, romliTac dResac unda visazrdooT. momavlisaken mimarTuli
politika oyo, enobrivi fenomenisTvis, enis siwmindisaTvis brZola da es
 170

maSin, roca sabWoTa imperiuli srtuqtura anadgurebda saqarTvelos,

arTmevda teritoriebs, enas.
mwerlis politikuri figura upirispirdeboda kremlis mzakvrul
zraxvebs. SemarTuli iyo qarTuli enis qarTuli sulis gadarCenisaTvis.
amkvidrebda qarTuli enis dacvis ideas, radgan kargad uwyoda, rom
nebismieri enis sicocxlisunarianoba damokidebuli iyo mis realur
arsebobaze yoveldRiur yofaSi.
politika gaxldaT qarTuli istoriis siyvarulis gaRvivebac.
qarTvel mefeebze, maT moRvaweobaze wera. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavis
saSianao politikur kursSi konstantine gamsaxurdia cxadad gamoxatavda
qarTuli erovnuli erTianobis ideas. bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavda
aRniSnul politikur mrwamss. politikuri kredos gamoxatva da miT
umetes misi praqtikuli ganxorcieleba mxolod im gziT SeiZleboda,
romelsac adga konstantine gamsaxurdia. mwerlis politikuri saxe
amosacnobi xdeba misave nawarmoebebSi, mis publicistikaSi.
10-20-iani wlebis politikuri xasiaTis werilebSi ikiTxeba, rom
ers Tavisi saxelmwifo unda hqonoda, Tavisave istoriul miwa-wyalze,
rom qarTveli eri Tavisi warsuliT Rirsi iyo Tavisuflebisa. mwerlis
politikuri mrwamsi amodioda qarTuli istoriuli siRrmeebidan, swored
awmyos gamosaxsnelad, raTa Zveli aRmdgariyo momavalSi.
gamsaxurdiasTvis politika da politikuri mrwamsi, saSualeba
gaxldaT, raTa qarTveli eris politikuri sazrisi gamoekveTa da
pirovnuli cocxali magaliTiT sulierad gaemagrebina is erovnuli
Zirebi da tradiciebi, romelTa gadacema momavali TaobebisaTvis
saarsebo mniSvnelobis iyo. misi politikuri kredo efuZneboda maradiul
Rirebulebebs...
1917 wels, dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTuli universitetis gaxsnis
sakiTxi. gamsaxurdias miaCnda, rom qarTuli universiteti qarTveli eris
erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis kera unda gamxdariyo.
mwerlis es pozicia uryevi iyo da masze, rogorc momavali codnis
taZarze ganusazRvrel imedebs amyarebda.Aazri gaiyo, Tu romel enaze
unda yofiliyo swavleba. gazeT `saxalxo saqmis” furclebze 1917 wels
sruliad axalgazrda mwerali, konstantine gamsaxurdia, SeiZleba iTqvas,
 171

gadamwyvet sityvas ambobs am saSviliSvilo saqmesTan dakavSirebiT. man

polemikaSi gamoiwvia saxelganTqmuli akademikosi niko mari, romlis
meoxebiTac cdilobdnen universitetSi rusul enaze swavlebis
damkvidrebas. es mizanmimarTuli da gaugebari azri SeniRbulad iyo
gamoxatuli. am sakiTxis garSemo xmamaRla gamoiTqmeboda terminebi:
`kavkasiuri mecniereba,” `kavkasiuri universiteti”, `kavkasiuri
orientacia, an kultura”. gamsaxurdia werda: `yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom
qarTveli eris kulturuli aRorZinebis winamorbed cTomilad qarTuli
universitetis idea unda CaiTvalos. gvjera, rom qarTulma geniam da
Cvenma mowinave Taobebma is kulturul-istoriuli misia unda ganagrZos,
romelic gangebasa da istoriul situacias Cveni wianprebisaTvis unda
eanderZebina kavaksiaSi. CvenTvis savsebiT cxadia, rom Tu am
universitetSi araqarTuli ena ibatonebs, es universiteti albaT raRac
araerovnul dawesebulebad unda gadaiqces.” [16,288]
gamsaxurdia Tavisi qveynis erovnul interesebs ase iolad ver
daTmobda. mas savsebiT gaazrebuli hqonda samomavlod ra Sedegs
moitanda universitetSi qarTuli enis gandevna. mwerlis mosazrebiT
universitets ufro didi erovnuli misia hqonda dakisrebuli eris
winaSe, vidre es swavla-ganaTlebis dawesebulebas evaleboda. Tu
qarTuli universiteti Tavidanve ar aRiWurveboda qarTul cnobierebaze
damyarebul saganmanaTleblo ideebiT da dakargavda erovnulobis
umTavres gasaRebs _ enas, maSin eris sasicocxlo interesebi kiTxvis
niSnis qveS dgeboda. qarTveli mwerloba mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebis
winaSe aRmoCnda. internacionaluri ideebiT aRWurvili codnis kera sxva
daniSnulebasa da funqcias SeiZenda samomavlod. erovnuli niSniT
aRbeWdili universiteti, mwerlis mTavari moTxovna iyo. amisTvis ki
saWiro iyo qarTul universitetSi swavleba qarTul enaze
warmarTuliyo. `araerovnuli universiteti, rom egzom sanukveli
yofiliyo maSin merwmuneT evropelebs Cven ver davaswrebdiT” _ werda
gamsaxurdia. kavkasiaSi internacionaluri universitetis gaxsnas
`troaseul cxens” adarebs. aseTi universitetis arseboba mwerlis azriT,
safrTxes uqmnida ara marto qarTvel ers, aramed saqarTveloSi mosaxle
 172

sxva erebsac. es instituti saSiSi `kontrabandis Semotanas” niSnavda

TbilisSi.
qarTuli universitetis arsebobas udidesi politikuri datvirTva
hqonda. sabWoTa saqarTveloSi qarTul enaze warmoebuli sauniversiteto,
samecniero saqmianoba da kulturuli kvlevebi universitets farTo
avtonomiis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. es kargad hqonda gaazrebuli
konstantine gamsaxurdias.
mweralma, 1922 wels kidev erTxel Camoayaliba sakuTari
kulturuli politika, publicistur werilSi `Cveni kulturuli
politika.” `roca eri politikur frontze marcxdeba, igi kulturul
frontze miabjens Tavis sasicocxlo Zalaso” - werda mwerali da aqedan
gamomdinare saqarTveloSi kulturuli diqtaturis gamocxadebas
moiTxovda. politika, mwerlis bediswera gaxldaT. Mmas Semdeg rac
germanias da mis Zlier suls eziara, nacionalurma politikam ufro
didi adgili daikava ara marto mis publicistikaSi, aramed mis
mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi.
politikisaken swrafva 1925 wlidan daiwyo. mas genetikurad
gadmoeca yvela tkivili TaobaTa mier naanderZevi. germanuli
sinamdviliTa da heroikuli suliskveTebiT STagonebuli mwerali
evrovnul nacionalur politikaSi gamoricxavda kompromisebs.
eris ukvdavebis, Zalmosilebis erT-erT niSnad rasobrivi siwminde
miaCnda. wminda rasobrivi politika gaxda misi araerTi publicisturi
Tu kritikuli werilebis umTavresi gansjis sagani. germanul Zlier
rasasTan paralelis gavlebiT, mwerals surda genis da jiSis siyvaruli
gaeRviZebina qarTveli eris gulSi. miaCnda, rom qarTuli sulis
renesansi, qarTuli nacionaluri kulturis aRdgena, iyo safuZveli
erovnuli politikis gamarjvebisa.
 173

konstantine gamsaxurdia - qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb

`dRe da Ram vebrZvi qarTul sityvas,

rogorc koWli iakobi ebraelTa mrisxane RmerTs”

konstantine gamsaxurdias publicistikaSi araerTi werili Tu esse

eZRvneba qarTul saliteraturo da sametyvelo enas. XX saukinis 30-40-ian
wlebSi Seqmnili werilebi `saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis”, `rogor
vwer?”, `isev saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis”, `vilaSqroT qarTuli enis
siwmindisaTvis”, `leqsikologiuri SeniSvnebi” _ analitikuri xasiaTisaa,
sadac mwerali erTgvar enaTmecnierul kvlevas atarebs qarTuli enis
formirebisa da ganviTarebis sakiTxebze. mwerlis Teoriuli debulebebi
qarTuli saliteraturo enis Sesaxeb dResac aqtualuria.
k. gamsaxurdia didi masStabebisa da mkafio individualobis
mxatvaria. mwerlis proza, gamoirCeva kompoziciiTa da siuJetis
gansakuTrebuli struqturiT, enobrivi-stilisturi TaviseburebebiT.
b-n konstantines mxatvruli ena da misi brZola qarTuli enis
siwmidisaTvis araerTxel gamxdara kritikisa da gansjis sagani.
k. gamsaxurdias winaaRmdeg daweril mraval werilTa Soris gvinda
gavixsenoT gazeT `komunistSi” 1950 wels gamoqveynebuli statia, sadac
vkiTxulobT: `droa sazRvari daedos konstantine gamsaxurdias yovlad
upasuxismgeblo damokidebulebas qarTuli saliteraturo enisadmi”.
mwerals saliteraturo kritika didxans uyiJinebda enis simZimis gamo.
sergi Wilaia aRniSnavda, rom XX saukunis qarTul prozaSi aravis
mouxerxebia ise ostaturad gaeerTianebina xedva da smena, rogorc
gamsaxurdiam SeZlo.
am mxriv, sainteresoa TviT gamsaxurdias damokidebuleba qarTuli
saliteraturo enisadmi. mwerals miaCnda, rom mwerlobaSi yovel sityvas,
xatovnebas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba. misTvis mwerloba iyo – enobrivi
fenomeni. k. gamsaxurdia qarTuli enis Semobrunebas cdilobda pirveli
sawyisisaken. `ukan davixioT giorgi merCulisaken” - aseTi iyo mwerlis
lozungi.
 174

eris umTavresi ganZi aris ena. konstantine gamsaxurdia qarTul

saliteraturo enis sakiTxebze daweril publikaciebSi mTavar aqcentebs
akeTebs enis siwmindesa da mis ganviTarebaze. misi azriT, ena urTulesi
fenomenia. `mravali saukunis manZilze ibrZvis da iRwvis esa Tu is eri,
raTa Tavisi warmodgenaTa kompleqsi gaafarTovos. imisaTvis, rom yvelas
da yvelafers Tavisi Sesabamisi Sesatyvisi gamouZebnos”
konstantine gamsaxurdias 1933 wels quTaisSi gamomavali gazeTis
`sityva da saqmis” korespondentma hkiTxa `rogor werT?”. pirveli pasuxi
saocari iyo: `hm!”. erovnulobis `saxadiT” daavadebul gamsaxurdias
mwerlis xeloba brZolis `iaraRad” hqonda SemarTuli, RvTiuri niWiT
momadlebuli SemoqmedisaTvis brZola maradiul sicocxled qceuliyo.
Sainteresoa, mainc rogor werda gamsaxurdia? rogori iyo sityvis
didostatis SemoqmedebiTi areali? yvela misi genialuri qmnileba,
werili, esse iZleva pasuxs am maradiul SekiTxvaze.
da mainc, saidumlod rCeba misi `olimpis” labirinTebi. `me didis
siyvaruliT veTamaSebi qarTul asoebs, gaocebuli Sevscqeri maT”.[18,397]
am wminda adamianuri pasuxidan naTlad Cans mwerlis pasuxismgebloba
mSobliuri enisadmi. misi damokidebuleba dedaenisadmi, romelic amave
werilSi `ani”-dan `hoe”-mde akinZuli asoebis moferebiT aris
gadmocemuli. am werilis `anbanTqeba” iseTive STagonebiT aris Seqmnili,
rogorc misi nebismieri Sedevri.
qarTuli `fantastiuri ieroglifebi” RvTis wyalobiT genialuri
konstantine gamsaxurdias saimedo xelSi moxvda da Seqmna saukuneTa
ulmobel cvalebadobaze gaTvlili Sedevrebi. rogor iqmneboda es
Sedevrebi? pasuxi gamsaxurdias cxovrebis wesSia, mis erovnulobasa da
TviTmyofadobaSi.
`mTvaris motacebisa~ da `dionisos Rimilis” avtori erTxelac
xmamaRla ityvis: `vwuxvar mwerloba profesiad rom meqca”. ubelo cxenze
gazrdili odiSeli Wabuki genStabis akademiis damTavrebaze ocnebobda;
sabednierod es ocneba ar ausrulda. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi
gamsaxurdia misi romanebis gmirTa pasaJebiT cxovrobda. qaRaldze ki
mogvianebiT gadahqonda. misTvis wera `Semoqmedebis dardi” iyo. es aris
ganmasxvavebeli faqtori WeSmariti xelovanis Sinagani samyarosa da
 175

`mwignobarTa” medroveobas Soris. `me SuSis natexiT wanaTali fanqriTac

miweria” - ambobs mwerali. poligrafiuli wamlebis sunze Seyvarebuli
geniosi siyvaruliTa da gatacebiT werda `TavTuxisfer” mindvrebsa da
`mewamul” bindze. `roca weriT daviRlebi, Tvals Sevavleb xolme am
asoebs, gaocebuli Sescqeri bneli saukuneebis saSoSi uTariRod
warmoSobil fantastiur ieriglifebs. Tanac mixaria, rom lingvistebi da
filologebi veraJams Caswvdebian maTTvis CaTqmul saidumloebas.”[18,396]
gamsaxurdiasTvis TiToeuli qarTuli aso, mistiuri, ucnauri
simbolikis Semcvelia. igi Cvili bavSviviT efereba qarTul asoebs da
qmnis anbanTqebas, romlis analogi XX saukunis qarTul literaturas ar
moepoveba: `ani namglisaTvis miumsgavsebia qarTvel xalxs, bani
yelmoRerebul qarTul surebs, doqebs da WinWilebs, gani lagvinebs da
qvevrebs Hhgavs, kbiliani asoebi R, y. l. d, raRac qvewarmavlebs magonebs,
zogic xerxebs, saTlel, saxleC an satex xelsawyoebs. Zalian maxareben
Reriani asoebi. isini xan leliviT ikecebian, xanac cxenosani jaris
piketebsaviT wamovlen... ganebis, yarebis, donebis, enebis, vinebis, fexebi
xrmlebs, weraqculebs da waTebs miagvanan. inebi cxenis nalebs. vin icis
cxenosan ers Tan moetanos igi mesopotamiis xriokebidan, omiTa da
zaTqiT wamosuls.”[18,396]
wera gamsaxurdiasTvis wmindaTawminda ritualia, romelsac
ZiriTadad naSuaRamevs asrulebda. SemoqmedebiTi wvis procesSi `qalTa
siaxloves” gaurboda. `gavocdi, roca svanma monadireebma miambes
erTxel: jixvze sanadirod wasvlis win mTeli kvira qals ar
mivekarebiTo”. [18,399]
mwerlis nebisyofaze saubrisas gamsaxurdias tolstois, floberis,
vaJas, hiugos, rusTavelis da goetes satanuri Sromis magaliTebi mohyavs.
`kameCis energia sWiria mwerals” - ambobs igi _ xelovneba, romelic
mxolod fantaziiT ikvebeba qaRaldzeve rCeba `ver wamodgeba
qaRaldidan”. gamsaxurdiasaTvis ucxo iyo gamogonili mizanscenebi da
personaJebi. yvelaferi realuri cxovrebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. `poeturi
gamogoneba yovelTvis usisxlo da usxeulo gamova, Tu mas miwierebis
surneleba ar gadahkravs”[18,401]. miTologiisa da xalxuri wyaroebis
umdidresi saganZuridan gacocxlebuli epizodebi misi kalmis meSveobiT
 176

axal cxovrebas iwyebdnen. konstantines arc erTi personaJi da

mwerluri pasaJi erTmaneTs ar hgavs. maTi ukvdavebis saidumlo mxolod
gamsaxurdiam icis da aq SekiTxva `rogor wers konstantine?” upasuxod
rCeba.
mTavari mamoZravebeli `arteria” gamsaxurdiasTvis aris misi
udidebulesoba - `sityva”. misive TqmiT sityvaTa maragi ar hyofnida da
maT ZvelqarTulsa da xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi eZebda. mas miaCnda, rom
`sityvebic scvdebian”, amitom igi erideboda aTasjer naxmar sityvaTa
kombinaciebs. mTavari saTqmelis gamoxatvis formis Zieba mwerlisTvis
iseTive mniSvnelovani iyo, rogorc personaJisa da gmirebis galereis
Seqmna. ` _ krizisebio?
xandaxan maqvs, xeli SemiCerdeba, weraze guli ameyreba, waval,
cxenze Sevjdebi, vinadireb, xan sportiT gaverTobi... momigrovdeba
energia Sewyvetil xelnawers isev gadmoviReb mivadgebi katastrofis
adgils da samSvidobos gaval.” [18,399]
yvela didi Semoqmedis darad gamsaxurdiasac hyavda moSurneebi da
amis Sesaxeb araerTxel ganucxadebia: `xels ra miSlida? umecarTa
sulmokleoba da moSurneTa sisini.” gamsaxurdiasTvis didi da patara
nawarmoebi Tanabari SemoqmedebiTi wvis Sedegi iyo. prototipebis Zieba
da axali saxeebis Seqmna titanuri Sromis Sedegad miiRweoda.
Semoqmedebis bednierebis gancda da misiT gamowveuli simZime
gamsaxurdias Tanabar faqtorebad miaCnda. mas Seswevda unari xiluli,
ganagoni, nanaxi, arsebuli da ararsebuli `dinamiur samyarod” eqcia. es
SeeZlo mxolod konstantine gamsaxurdias. es `satanuri nebisyofa”,
rogorc Tavad brZanebs `sabrZolo” taqtika iyo didi SemoqmedisaTvis.
sicocxlis SuagulSi mebrZoli didostati mudmivad sityvis Ziebis
da gamoZerwvis procesSi iyo. ecnoboda xalxis metyvelebas, swavlobda
msoflios xalxTa adapt-wesebs, mogzaurobda. qarTuli sityva iyo
konstantines mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala: `cudi qarTuliT moubarT
SeZlebisamebr yurs varideb. cudi qarTuliT daweril literaturas ar,
an ver vkiTxulob” - ambobda igi.
 177

maradiul kiTxvaze `rogor vwer?” –konstantine gamsaxurdia

ubralod pasuxobs: `dRe da Ram vebrZvi qarTul sityvas, rogorc koWli
iakobi ebraelTa mrisxane RmerTs”.
konstantine gamsaxurdia umTavres mniSvnelobas enis tradiciebsa
da enis kulturas aniWebda. erovnuli msoflmxedvelobis mwerali,
saTuTad uvlida da epatroneboda mSobliur enas. amisTvis garja da
dafiqreba mas umTavres movaleobad miaCnda. eris mTavari `gasaRebi”, xom
marTlac enaa. savsebiT gasagebia gamsaxurdias Tavgamodebuli brZola
qarTuli enisaTvis. amis axsnas Tavad didostati iZleva: `rac ufro mets
dafiqrdebi am ucnauri fenomenis gamo, miT ufro rwmundebi, rom did da
Zvel tradiciaTa matareblis enis Sesaswavlad adamianis erTjeri
sicocxlec moklea.”[17,43]
1945 wels, konstantine gamsaxurdia aqveynebs werils saTauriT
`isev saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis.” saTauridanve naTelia, rom
zogadad enis Tema amouwuravia avtorisaTvis. rogorc Tavad ambobs,
mkvdari enebis Seswavlas specialistebi mTel sicocxles andomeben,
`cocxali enis Seswavlas, igic iseTisa, rogoricaa qarTuli, TxuTmetze
meti saukunis tradiciebis matareblisas, ufro meti siZneleebi axlavs.”
[17,44]
martooden warsulis miRwevaTa daufleba sruliad arasakmarisad
miaCnia. misi azriT, saWiroa Zvelis safuZvelze enis mudmivi ganviTareba.
zogierT evropul enebze kvleva-dakvirvebiT avtori askvnis, rom
`didStovani enebi”, romelnic dRes msoflio batonobaze acxadeben
pretenzias, aTiode saukunis win `warmoadgendnen umartives,
ganuviTarebel, arakeTilxmovan enakavebs”. erovnuli saganZurisaTvis,
enisaTvis, Tavdauzogav brZolas mwerlebis umTavres movaleobad
miiCnevs. magaliTisTvis mohyavs balzakis, floberis, stendalis,
tolstois, lord baironis da pol verlenis moRvaweoba am
mimarTulebiT.
`qarTuli ena uxucesTagania, rogorc evropis, ise winaaziis enaTa
Soris”... mwerali aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli ena didxans sazrdoobda
ZvelberZnuli enidan. amis dasturad mohyavs iakob curtavelis, giorgi
merCules, eqvTime da giorgi mTawmindelebisa da sxva ucnobi avtorebis
 178

Semoqmedeba. maTi Seswavlis safuZvelze, gamsaxurdia askvnis, rom am

mwerlebma Seqmnes `magistraluri xazi” qarTuli enisa da aqcies igi
mwerlobisa da filosofiis enad.
qarTulma enam gamsaxurdias azriT, `srulasakovnobas” XI saukuneSi
miaRwia. petriwonelis enas igi ` ucnaur gotikas” uwodebs da miaCnia,
rom is jer kidev `Seuswavleli planetaa.” qarTuli enis geniam Seqmna
`gansacvifrebeli realisturi proza”. `qarTuli enis sityvierma
inventarma” dawera ara marto `vefxistyaosani,” aramed Targmna
`visramiani”, Seqspiris RvTaebrivi komediebi. mwerlis azriT, qarTuli
enis `mamamTavarni”. sakuTari kulturuli dialeqtidan ki ar udgebodnen
`sityvaqmedobas,” aramed enis gamdidrebas misi kulturis amaRlebiT
cdilobdnen.
qarTuli saliteraturo enisadmi miZRvnili werilebis ciklSi
avtori mniSvnelovan yuradRebas uTmobs enisa da nacionaluri
saxelmwifos urTierTobas. gamsaxurdia miiCnevs, rom ers, romelsac
nacionaluri saxelmwifo ar gaaCnia, ver Seasrulebs `did kulturul-
istoriul misias.”
XVII_XVIII saukuneebis matianeTa gadakiTxvis Sedegad mwerali
darwmunebiT acxadebs, rom `gaRatakebulia am periodis ena, mas aklia is
foladiseburi sibasre, romelic `visramianis” mTargmnelis, juanSer
juanSerianis, leonti mrovelis qronikebs, daviTisa da Tamaris
mematianeTa enas axasiaTebda.” gamsaxurdia miiCnevs, rom qarTuli sityva
`daSretisagan” mxolod saba orbelianma, `WeSmaritad mamam
samSobloisam” gadaarCina. sabas damsaxurebas, mis wamebul cxovrebas,
did Sefasebas aZlevs mwerali da ambobs: `sakuTari enis gaRrmaveba da
gaalmaseba iseTive didi saqmea, rogorc xmalSemarTulad dacva
mamulisa.”[17,46] gamsaxurdiasTvis, rogorc didi eriskacisTvis, sruliad
fasdaudebeli saqmea nacionaluri enis dacva. `enaaRreuli saqarTvelos
mwuxare fonze” saba orbelianma `xelaxla aRuZra qarTvelobas didi da
brwyinvale qarTuli enisaTvis ocneba.”
qarTuli enis winaSe ara erTi safrTxe idga. gamsaxurdias
dakvirvebiT, ki maT Soris yvelaze mtkivneuli `gasoflureba” iyo.
`safrTxe mogveloda _ rusTavelisa da merCules ena ar gadaqceuliyo
 179

orRobis enad.” am saqmeSi avtori xedavs, niko baraTaSvilisa da

grigol orbelianis udides Rvawls, romelTac bevri ram gaakeTes
`darbaisluri qarTuli enis aRdgenisaTvis.” `arsebiTad ilia da akaki
iyvnen gamagrZelebelni im magistraluri xazisa, romelic mexuTe
saukunidan momdinareobs.”[17,48] saliteraturo enisadmi miZRvnil
werilTa ciklSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba vaJa-fSavelas enas. `vaJa
Tavis prozas, eTnografiulsa da kritikul werilebs gamarTuli,
Tavankara qarTuliT swerda, xolo leqsebs fSaur dialeqtze.”[17,49]
gamsaxurdias azriT, vaJas poezia ufro moigebda kuTxuri kilos
SerbilebiT.
enis sakiTxebze msjelobisas mwerali kritikas ar erideba. enis
ganviTarebis gzis Cveneba misi daskvniT, upiratesad Semoqmedis saqme
yofila mudamJams. yvela danarCen mcdelobas mwerali `usazmno melnis
xarjvas” uwodebs. enis kulturis progresze saubrisas, igi miuTiTebs,
rom Semoqmedi adamianisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba unda hqondes am
miznisaTvis Tavganwirul Sromas. rogorc cnobilia, ilia WavWavaZe
sastikad ebrZoda grigol orbelianis gezs qarTul saliteraturo
metyvelebaSi. avtoris azriT, `ilia rom iq gaCerebuliyo, sadac niko
baraTaSvili da orbeliani Sesdgnen, qarTuli ena Cvenamdis ver
moaRwevda.” [17,50]
sakuTari enis `winwaweva” konstantine gamsaxurdias `martvilobis”
rangSi ahyavs. iseTi martvilobis, rogoric miqelanjelos daadgeboda
xolme, roca igi marmarilos lodebs ebrZoda saWreTliT xelSi. aq
konstantine gamsaxurdia ambobs, rom `didostatis marjvenaSi” mis
`igavur enas” zogni ver miuxvdnen. mwerali kvlav imeorebs araerTgzis
naTqvams _ `xelovneba TamaSi rodia: xelovneba erT rameSi veneciel
vaWarsa hgavs: Tu gulis aredan amoglejili xorci ar Seagde sasworis
fialaze, es xelmocaruli cdebi, an TamaSi gamova ucilod.” [iqve,50]
werilSi eris mTavar mamoZravebel ZalasTan - enasTan dakavSirebiT
martivad svams kiTxvas da martiv pasuxsac gvaZlevs: `ena raRaa? ena
umZimesi SromiT monaxveWi qva da duRabia.” [iqve]
qarTuli enis leqsikis sakiTxebis ganzogadebisas, miuTiTebs
evropeli xalxebis enebis sityvaTa maragze. `es enaTa ojaxi isea
 180

Sekruli naTesauri artaxebiT, yovel maTgans SeuZlia Tamamad daesesxos

meores.” [iqve]mwerali gulisxmobs inglisur-saqsuris, germanulis da
slavuri enebis idiomur ojaxebs. rac Seexeba qarTul enas, `qarTuli ena
oblad dgas kavkasiisa da winaaziis enaTa Soris.”[17,51] qarTuli
saliteraturo enis ganviTarebaSi mwerali did barierad asaxelebs
momravlebul enakavebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini iZlevian mdidar
leqsikur masalas, enakavi mainc garkveulwilad zRudavs enas.
saliteraturo qarTulSi savsebiT misaRebad miaCnia paraleluri
sityvebis, omonimebis SemoReba. oRond, am SemTxvevaSi misi dakvirvebiT,
Semoqmeds zomierebisa da gemovnebis grZnobam ar unda uRalatos.
warmogvidgens ra qarTuli sametyvelo enis geografias qarTlis,
kaxeTis, TuS-xevsureTis, saqarTvelos mTianeTis, samcxe-saaTabagos,
guriis, imereTis, aWaris, raWa-leCxumis provinciaTa saxiT, miuTiTebs,
rom qarTuli enis sityvieri maragi swored am dialeqtebidan unda
visesxoT. xolo, qarTuli enis siRrme da masSi arsebuli mdidari
niuansebi mudmiv ganaxlebas unda ganicdides. avtori asabuTebs, rom
`axlo warsulis qarTul prozaSi samiaTasamde Zireuli sityva
trialebda.” rac Seexeba zogadad qarTul prozas Cveni prozauli
gmirebi saqarTvelos kuTxeTa Svilebi iyvnen da sityvaTa gamoyenebis did
maragsac ar saWiroebdnen. sailustraciod avtori Segvaxsenebs vaJa-
fSavelas, romelic fSavelebs xatavda, daviT kldiaSvils imereli
personaJebiT da aleqsandre yazbegs saqarTvelos mTianeTis
mosaxleobiT.
qarTveli kacis moqmedebis asparezis gafarToebam, saukunis
cxovrebis garTulebam TavisTavad moitana saerTaSoriso moculobis
msoflmxedvelobis saWiroeba. dadga aucilebloba `qarTuli enis
leqsikuri fargalis” gafarToebisa. gamsaxurdia araerTxel
gaukritikebiaT literaturul mowinaaRmdegeebs axali qarTuli
sityvebis Semotanis, rekvizitebisa da aqsesuarebis aRweris gamo. amas
zogjer TviTonac erTgvar `codvad” aRiarebda, rac obieqturobiT iyo
ganpirobebuli. Tumca, rac Seexeba qarTul sintaqss, Zireulad mas ar
Sexebia.
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konstantine gamsaxurdia ar aris sqematuri fabulis mimdevari. misi

azriT, `didi romanisti pirveli gverdebidanve xels mosWidebs
mkiTxvels da aRar moeSveba.” aseT principzea agebuli `dodostatis
marjvena”, `daviT aRmaSenebeli”, `mTvaris motaceba” da misi novelebis
fabulebi. didostati iyenebs Txrobis sxvadasxva xerxs, pirvel pirs,
mesame pirs, dRiurs, da sxva.
konstantine gamsaxurdias enas, ferTa palitris enac SeiZleba
vuwodoT. misi Sedevrebi ferTa usasrulo galereaa, ramac sruliad
ganumeorebeli saxe misca qarTul prozas. mwerali ambobs: `naxeT TviT
rusi mwerlebi lermontovi, puSkini, leo tolstoi rogor
mravalferovnad xataven saqarTvelos da kavkasiis bunebas.” gamsaxurdias
romanis `motorad” fabula miaCnda. misi fabulis siZliere ganapirobebda
saxeebisa da xasiaTebis simZafres. yovelive ki nawarmoebs kiTxvadobas
aniWebda. amitomac didi konstantines Semoqmedeba dros ar cnobs da
maradiulia, ` viTarca RmerTTan da sikvdilTan mebrZoli iakobi.”
`mweralTagan Tu vinmes ar moswons Cemi muSaoba saqarTvelos
warsulis poetizirebisaTvis, me jer ar momixdenia qarTuli qronikebis
aneqsia” _ ambobs gamsaxurdia. igi SemoqmedebiTi genialurobis
mwvervalze idga sicocxleSive da igeriebda kolegebis Semotevebs.
mudmivad acxadebda, rom `verc erTi mwerloba ver ganviTardeba
namdvili SemoqmedebiTi Widilis gareSe.” mas samarTlianad swamda, rom
literatura maRal ideurobaze unda yofiliyo damyarebuli. `kinklaoba”
da `kulisebSi brZola” gamsaxurdiasTvis miuRebeli iyo. is mouwodebda
yvelas: `vuTxraT urTierTs simarTle, guldagul da vaJkacurad,
rogorc Cvens did winaprebs: ilias, vaJas da orbelians sCveodaT xolme.”
literaturuli brZolis nacvlad mainc dausabuTeblad akritikebdnen.
didostatma `saliteraturo qarTulisTvis” daweril werilSi amis
sapasuxod ase brZana: `dasxdnen da TviTon ukeTesi daweron.”
Tavisi arsebobis manZilze qarTul enas brZolisa da konkurenciis
atana uxdeboda iseTi maRali kulturis mqone enebTan, rogoricaa
arabuli, sparsuli an berZnuli. aRniSnuli enebi warmoadgendnen ara
marto sametyvelo, aramed saxelmwifo enebs. maT gaaCndaT udidesi
diapazoni. isini evropis dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis enaTa Tu
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kulturaTa formirebaSi udides rols asrulebdnen. istoriidan

cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mefeTa zarafxanebSi moWril qarTul
monetebs cal mxareze xan berZnuli devizi ewera, xanac arabuli.
qarTulma enam mainc SeZlo am zegavlenaTa gabaTileba. `qarTuli ena
gamarjvebuli gamovida mTeli kavkasiis teritoriaze.”_wers gamsaxurdia.
gamsaxurdia qarTuli enis siwmindisaTvis `dasalaSqrad”
mouwodebs yvelas, visac am saSviliSvilo saqmeze xeli miuwvdeba. 1948
wels mwerali aqveynebs werils, (vilaSqroT qarTuli enis
siwmindisaTvis) sadac aRniSnavs, rom `qarTulma enam am ukanaskneli sami
aTeuli wlis manZilze mraval warmatebas miaRwia. qarTuli asoebi
amSvenebdnen materialuri kulturis Zeglebs nikofsiidan darubandamdis,
CerqezeTis mTebidan anisis taZrebamdis.” msoflios enaTa Soris erT-
erTi uxucesis da umdidresis _ qarTuli enis _ siwmindis dacva
umniSvnelovanesi saqmea da mas alternativa ar gaaCnia. mwerlis
mosazrebiT, momavalma Taobebma enis dasaxvewad bevri unda imuSaon, rom
qarTul enas Tanamedroveobis ieri mieces. gamsaxurdia gansakuTrebul
safrTxes xedavs `metyvelebis daudevrobaSi.” man TiTqos winaswar
ganWvrita, rom XXI saukuneSi ase mwvaved dadgeboda mSobliuri
qarTulis dabinZurebis sakiTxi. Tu davakvirdebiT, Cveni drois qarTuli
beWdviTi, eleqtronuli mediis, Tu teleeTeris `sametyvelo enas”
davrwmundebiT, rom konstantines SiSi safuZvels moklebuli ar iyo.
swored `metyvelebis daudevroba” aris `gamjdari” Cvens
yoveldRiurobaSi. Jargonisadmi midrekilebis tendencia, razec
gamsaxurdia sagangebod werda gasul saukuneSi, CvenSi TviTdinebazea
miSvebuli.
`Jargonis” ganmarteba konstantine gamsaxurdias mixedviT aseTia:
`Jargoni aris ganukiTxavad moqceva da moxmara enisa.” Jargonis
warmoSobis mizezad mwerali cnebebis erTi enidan meoreSi `yuriT
gadaTrevas” uwodebs. XXI saukunis saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSic xom
TiTqmis yvela nabijze SexvdebiT ucxoenovan eleqtro-warwerebs,
romelsac qarTulenovani Targmanebi ar axlavs. es aris axali enobrivi
safrTxe, razec didi konstantine wina saukunidan gvafrTxilebda.
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enisadmi pativiscema, erisadmi pativiscemis atributia. erovnuli

msoflmxedveloba enis safuZvlebidan yalibdeba. ucxo sityvaTa uxeSad
SemoWra saxelmwifo enas gadagvarebiT emuqreba. erTi SexedviT
umniSvnelo detalze erTgan, gamsaxurdia, samarTlianad wers: `papirosis
qaRaldze waweril `sovetskaia gruzia-s~, vgoneb ajobebda dagvewera:
`qarTuli Tambaqo.” enaSi etimologiuri aRreva naklebad saSiS procesad
miaCnia vidre sintaqsuri aRreva. `arc erTi ena msoflioSi absoliturad
TavisTavadi araa, magram TavisTavadobas gansazRvruli mijna aqvs.”
mwerali enis `nacionaluri sadenis” gafrTxilebaze da Jargonebis
`alagmvaze” saubrobs. qarTul mwerlobaSi Jargonebis tendencias
gamsaxurdia xedavda giorgi erisTavisa da antonovis piesebSi. Tumca,
miuTiTebda, rom qarTuli ena ixsnes iliam, akakim, vaJam, orbelianma da
baraTaSvilma. vaJa-fSavelasTan dakavSirebiT mwerali ambobs: `am
geniosis jadosnurma talantma maRal xarisxSi aiyvana fSavebisa da
xevsurebis kuTxuri dialeqti.” meoce saukuneSi vaJa-fSavelas enas bevri
mimbaZveli gamouCnda. Tumca, rogorc Tavad avtori dasZens,
`geniosisaTvis mibaZva yovelTvis saSiSia.”
`ena ucnauri fenomenia” _ ambobs konstantine. qarTuli enisagan
gansxvavebiT rusuli ena ar ganicdida romelime enis `dammonebel
zegavlenas.” ra aris ena? didostatis ganmartebiT, ena `metyvelebis
iaraRia.” mas aucileblad unda axldes `ideologia da ideuri Sinaarsi.”
enis yvela komponents gamsaxurdia `mwerlis habituss” uwodebs. mwerlis
SemoqmedebaSi stilistursa da enobriv momentebs didi datvirTva aqvs.
`enis elementaruli normebi da swori wera” mwerals umTavres
moTxovnad warmoudgenia. aseve miuReblad miaCnia qarTulisa da
qarTveluris urTierTSi aRreva.
gamsaxurdia araerT SeniSvnas aqveynebda qarTuli enis
saxelmZRvaneloebis gamo. enis gamdidrebis TvalsazrisiT savsebiT
dasaSvebi unda iyos dialeqtebisa da kilokavebis wiaRidan iseTi
sityvebi da gamoTqmebi, rac mxolod Seavsebs enas. vaJa-fSavelas gmirTa
metyvelebaSi arsebuli partikularizmi, didad sasargeblod miaCnda.
mniSvnelovani yuradRebis gamaxvilebas iTxovs mwerlobaSi
neologizmebis, kompozitebisa da xalxuridan Semotanili sityvebis
 184

mimarT. ekonomikur, socialur da teqnikur progresTan erTad xalxis

metyvelebac icvleba. gamsaxurdia aRiarebs `enis cvalebadobas.” am
TvalsazrisiT, did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs leqsikografebs.
qarTul enas, rogorc mravali saukunis manZilze mdidari
klasikuri memkvidreobis Semqmnels, bunebrivad aqvs dadgenili saTanado
normebi. am normebidan gadaxvevis tendenciebs gamsaxurdia xedavs Sio
aragvispirelis, giorgi wereTlis, daviT kldiaSvilis da egnate
ninoSvilis metyvelebaSi. mwerlis azriT, enobrivi lafsusebis arseboba
CanasaxSive unda moispos. es gansakuTrebiT exeba saskolo
saxelmZRvaneloebs.
qarTul enas, mwerlis dakvirvebiT, didi diapazoni moepoveba.
uamravi mkiTxveli hyavs qarTul wigns da asiaTasobiT adamianma miaSura
qarTul universitets: `glexuri guTneulebidan daZruli asiaTasebiT
gavsila auditoriebi” _ wers 1936 wels werilSi `saliteraturo
qarTulisaTvis.” mwerali `wignis gaaqtiurebaze” udides imeds amyarebs.
qarTul enaze dawerili wigni misi azriT, eris simdidrea. am werilSi
gamsaxurdia ukmayofilebas gamoxatavs kritikosebis mimarT, romelTac
enis TvalsazrisiT ar ganuxilavT Sromebi. am saqmeSi igi sayvedurobs
redaqtorebsa da stilistebs. `mkiTxvelis TvalSi udidesi mniSvneloba
aqvs wignis enasa da enis sifaqizes, vinaidan cudi eniT dawerili wigni
mtvrian saTvalesa hgavs, xanac muriT SeTxupnul minas fanjrisas.” [17,31]
qarTuli enis siwmindis sakiTxi konstantine gamsaxurdias erovnul
problemad miaCnia. enis saTuTad movla mas qarTveli mwerlebis misiad
warmoudgenia. qarTuli enis damaxinjebaSi mwerali did saSiSroebas
xedavs: `enas ryvnian upiratesad qarTulis armcodne mwerlebi,
Jurnalistebi da mTargmnelebi. enobrivi lafsusebi jer kidev gaazrebis
pirvelads procesSi isaxebian.”[iqve] mwerali enis dabinZurebis erT-erT
mizezad qarTuli enis etimologiisa da sintaqsis, leqsikis `uxeiro
provincionalizmebiTa da ucxo sityvebiT” `Caxergvas” asaxelebs.
mwerali qarTul prozaSi damkvidrebul upasuxismgeblobaze
miuTiTebs da `enis garyvnis” mizezebs kategoriebad yofs: es aris
dialeqti, daudevroba, provinciuli Jargoni: `udidesi mavnebloba
prozis wiaRidan modis. imis gamo, rom prozas ar sWirdeba ritmi da
 185

musika, `ukulturo mwerals” hgonia ufleba aqvs `ucxo sityva an

provincionalizmi SemoaTrios literaturaSi.”[17,32] enisadmi aseTi
saTuTi damokidebulebiT qarTuli erovnuli cnobierebis fesvebs
amyarebs da `xalturuli komediebidan” enis gaTavisuflebisken
mouwodebs mwerlebs. misi azriT, mwerals ara aqvs ufleba `rekomendacia
gauwios ama Tu im sityvas.” enis siwmindis damcveli gamsaxurdia
sruliad daundobelia imaT mimarT, vinc vaJa-fSavelas enas `waxeda.”
aseT mwerlebs romaul andazas Seaxsenebs, `rasac iupiters apatieben,
imas xars aravin Seundobso.”
gamsaxurdias miaCnia, rom literaturisa da enis `sasicocxlo
energia” erovnuli mwerlobis ganviTarebas unda moxmardes. qarTuli
enis siwmindeze zrunva mwerlis TqmiT, ar niSnavs `karCaketilobis
qadagebas”. `yoveli cocxali ena upirveles yovlisa maxlobeli,
monaTesave enebidan da enakavebidan sesxulobs axalsa da axal marags.”
enis dazianebis Tavidan asacileblad mwerali `qarTuli sintaqsis
gamarTleba-gajansaRebas” moiTxovs. zogadad qarTuli enis daxvewisaTvis
mxolod Teoriuli msjeloba mwerals sakmarisad ar miaCnia da
ganaTlebisa da sxva saxelmwifo struqturebis mxridan yuradRebis
gazrdas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
***
`ukan davixioT giorgi merCulisaken“ - am lozungiT gamovida
konstantine gamsaxurdia da axali riTmebiT aametyvela qarTuli
mravalsaukunovani, saliteraturo ena.
konstantine gamsaxurdiam Seqmna iseTi enobrivi formebi, romelsac
Sinaganad musikaluri JReradobis datvirTva gaaCnia. mwerlis romanebis
saliteraturo ena qarTuli mxatvruli azrovnebis araordinaluri
struqturiT gamoirCeva. mweralma mxatvruli enis Sinagani dinamiuri
JReradoba, frazis aliteraciuli gamarTviT SeZlo. sityvieri masalis
moZiebasa da SerCevas udides drosa da energias andomebda.
didostatis mxatvruli leqsika, mxatvris palitrasaviT
mravalferovania da sityvaTa Serwymis sruliad axleburi formebiT aris
gajerebuli. sainteresoa gamsaxurdias sruliad gansxvavebuli
sityvaTwyoba, Txrobis Taviseburi manera... konstantine gamsaxurdias
 186

sityvaTa usasrulo maragi qarTuli mxatvruli enis saganZurs

miekuTvneba.
`saerTod mwerali unda eridos sxvisi naTqvamis gameorebas, yovel
sityvas, xatovanebas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba, CemTvis mwerloba
upirvelesad aris enobrivi fenomeni~. – werda didostati
gamsaxurdias poetikasa da saliteraturo enas sagangebo
gamokvlevebi da monografiebi miuZRvnes: S. ZiZigurma, g. merkvilaZem, z.
WumburiZem, s. siguam, r. TvaraZem, T. kikaCeiSvilma, n. lemonjavam da
sxvebma. mwerali qarTuli enis formebSi eZebs xatovan ferebsa da
musikalur bgerebs. sityvaTa `TamaSiT” Sezavebuli leqsika, mwerlisTvis
weris dros mistiur iaraRad gardaiqmneba. amitom aris didostatis ena
sruliad gamorCeuli da ganumeorebeli. frazebis araordinaluri
SerwymiT Seqmnili misi Sedevrebi saukuneebis cvalebadobas ar cnobs.
uCveulod didia mwerlis diapazoni da mxatvruli enis ferTa
palitra. personaJebi, mxatvruli tipebi _ mwerlis magiuri enobrivi
palitris uCveulo pirmSoebi arian. Mmwerali personaJTa reliefurad
gamosaxatavad mimarTavs portretis xerxs. yvela peizaJi aris
dasrulebuli ferweruli tilo, romelic droTa mdinarebaSi
brwyinvalebas, maradiulad ivsebs. misi samwerlo ena arqaizmebisa da
folkloris saganZurisgan iRebs sazrdos. Tumca, am gziT mopovebuli
sityvaTa energetikuli balansi, gamsaxurdias kalmis meSveobiT,
sruliad axlebur, sasicocxlo da pirvelqmnil saxes iRebs
mwerlis enis leqsikuri fondi, wlebis manZilze ivseboda. Mman
gadaaxalisa sintaqsuri wyoba. Secvala frazis agebis wessebi,
winadadebebi. mwerali, drosTan Sesarkineblad yovel SedevrSi qmnida
axlebur, leqsikur fonds. qarTuli enis istoriis fesvebidan amozrdil
sityvas, man xatovanebisa da musikalurobis suli STabera. amiT
gaacocxla Zveli qarTuli ena da Seqmna axali enobrivi saunje. man
aRadgina - Á (iota). Zvel qarTul enaSi gavrcelebuli formebi
(fuZeTukvecelobisa da ukumSvelobis wessebi) da isini axleburi
sityvakazmulobiT gaamdidra.
k. gamsaxurdiam, ritmi daumorCila Txrobis saerTo mdinarebas. mis
frazas uaRresad gamorCeul JReradobas aZlevs sxvaTa sityvis `o”. es
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imdenad specifikuri niSania, rom misi gadatana sxva mwerlis –

praqtikaSi SeuZlebelia. man Seqmna sakuTari stili da ganumeorebeli
individualuri samwerlobo ena.
mwerali moiTxovda enis arqauli leqsikur-sintaqsuri formebis
aRdgenas. misive sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, saWiro oyo enas axali
sasicocxlo Zalebi moexveWa.
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis dakvirvebiT dadginda, rom mwerali,
tipis, Sinagan suls, realisturi da romantiuli monumenturi xedviTi,
manerebis urTierTSexamebiT xsnis. mwerali did mniSvnelobas aniWebda
peizaJs. misTvis pezaJi nawarmoebis erT-erTi aucilebeli komponenti iyo.
bunebis peizaJebi, xan simbolur-alegoriuli mniSvnelobisaa, xan kidev
iseTi detaliT moeqceva yuradRebis centrSi, rom gvexmareba personaJis
ganwyobilebis, misi bunebis gaxsnaSi.
qarTuli sityvis didostati, personaJebs ametyvelebs inglisur,
germanul, afxazur, megrul enasa da kilokavebze. am xerxiT mwerali
amZafrebs personaJis metyvelebis individualurobas. qmnis dauviwyar
suraT-xatebs, romelsac mxatvruli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
yvela niSani gaaCnia. mTavari gmirebis sametyvelo ena iseTi mZafri
xatovanebiT gamoirCeva, rom mkiTxveli maT gamoyenebuli
frazeologiiTac imaxsovrebs da gamoarCevs sxvaTagan.
istoriuli movlenebis aRwerisas mwerali mimarTavda arqaul
formebs, amiT STabeWdilebas matebda frazas. Tumca, mwerlisTvis
arasodes uRalatia zomierebis grZnobas.
mwerali ar iziarebda Tanamedrove qarTulis calkeul
orTografiul leqsikur da sinataqsur-frazeologiur normebs. tician
tabiZe konstantines enasTan dakavSirebiT werda: `me ar vamarTleb mis
yvela arqaizms, magram saerTod, igi ar uxvevs qarTuli enis bunebas da
ise moxdenilad imarjvebs mas, rom iwvevs mkiTxvelis aRtacebas.”
mwerals Tavis droze bevrs ukiJinebdnen arqaizmebis Warbi
gamoyenebis gamo. igi yovelTvis Seupovrad icavda Tavis enobriv
poziciebs aseTi oponentebisagan, vinaidan, mis nawarmoebSi personaJTa
xasiaTebis individualizaciisa da istoriuli koloritis warmosaCenad,
 188

aramc Tu dasaSvebad, aramed aucileblad miaCnda saliteraturo enaSi

arqaizmebis zomieri gamoyeneba.
mwerali originalur Semoqmedebas yovelTvis uTanxmebda intensiur
mTargmnelobiT muSaobas, ris Sedegedac qarTuli TargmaniT literatura
gaamdidra mravali msoflio mniSvnelobis mqone ZegliT: dantes
`RvTaebrivi komedia”, goeTes `axalgazrda verteris vnebani”,da sxva.
Tavisi mTargmnelobiTi gamocdileba da am xelovnebis principebi man
ganazogada da gaSala iseTi Teoriuli xasiaTis werilebSi, rogoricaa:
`dagvianebuli bibliografia”, `Targmanis ostatobisaTvis”, `Targmani da
enis siwminde”.
k. gamsaxurdias kritikul-esTetikuri azrovnebis Seswavlis
TvalsazrisiT mdidarsa da saintereso masalas Seicavs mis mier
zogierTi sakuTari romanisaTvis darTuli bolosityvaobac.
mweralma esTetikuri, kritikuli azrovnebis sakmaod grZeli gza
ganvlo da axali sityva Tqva qaTuli literaturaTmcondeobis mraval
sferoSi.
 189

daskvna

konstantine gamsaxurdiam qarTuli literaturuli esse

maRalmxatvrul idealebs aziara da aiyvana im simaRleze, romelic
jerjerobiT gadaulaxavia. qarTul literaturaSi. esseis saxiT Seqmna
sruliad axali Taviseburi literaturuli Janri.
SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom didostatis kalami, TviTmyofadi
poeturi da mistiuria zogjer melanqoliuric. es is qimiuri jamia,
romelsac gaocebaSi mohqyavs Tanamedrove mkiTxveli. mwerlis
esseistikisTvis damaxasiaTebelia saxeTa sinatife, Txrobis iSviaTi
momxibvleloba, azris siRrme, maStaburoba. gamsaxurdiam qarTul
literaturul esses SesZina axali esTetoba.
mwerlis literaturuli da publicisturi werilebis Seswavlisas
logikurad mivdivarT im daskvnamde, rom konstantine gamsaxurdias,
azrovnebis siRrme, publikaciebis dinamiuroba, kompoziciuri Sekruloba,
saxeTa individualuroba da TavisTavadoba dasturia imisa, rom
gamsaxurdias win uZRvoda didi samwerlobo tradiciebi.
qarTulma kritikulma azrovnebam didi gza ganvlo. Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukuneSi gamsaxurdias literaturul-
kritikuli da publicisturi matiane mdidari qarTuli erovnuli
memkvidreobis organuli dagvirvineba iyo. konstantines inteleqtualuri
samyaro, ganviTarebis maRali safexuria qarTul mwerlobaSi. misi,
rogorc mwerlis publicistis, kritikosis weris manera uaRresad
daxvewilia, igi qmnida kompoziciur harmoniulobas.
mwerali universaluri ganswavlulobis wyalobiT politikur,
epoqalur movlenebs, qveynis Sida da sagareo politikas
msoflmxedvelobiTi poziciebidan afasebs. ukompromisobas avlenda
principul sakiTxebSi. XX saukunis aTiani wlebidan moyolebuli,
mwerlis sagazeTo statiebi, qarTuli publicistikisa da kritikuli
azrovnebis istoriaSi axal furcels qmnis. gamsaxurdia azris
lakonurad deklarirebis ubadlo ostatad gvevlineba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom mwerlis sagazeTo statiebiT, romelTa Seqmnidan naxevari saukunea
gasuli, Tanamedrove Jurnalistikam, politologiam da eqspertebmac ki
 190

SeiZleba ixelmZRvanelon. gamsaxurdias azrovnebis stilsa da weris

maneraSi igrZnoba dasavluri orientaciac. naxevari saukunis manZilze
Seqmnil publicistur–kritikul mantianeSi umTavresi Tema saqarTvelos
politikuri kursis gansazRvra, gaanalizeba da samomavlo gzebis
dasaxvaa.
gamsaxurdia grZnobda, rom XX saukunis dasawyisSi saWiro iyo
qarTuli prozis ganaxleba, Tematuri siaxleebi. man Seqmna qarTuli
mwerlobis ganviTarebis `mTeli programa”, rac naTlad ikiTxeba rogorc
mis mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi, ise mwerlis esseistikasa Tu mweralTa
tribunidan warmoTqmul sityvebSi, sadac gamosWvivis novatori
profesionalis samomavlo idealebi.
naSromSi SevecadeT gagveanalizebina mwerlis filosofiuri da
estetikuri principebi. Tematuri TvasazrisiT davalageT kritikuli
azrovnebis calkeuli etapebi, sadac srulyofilad warmoCinda mwerali,
rogorc Teoretikosi da kritikosi.
XX saukunis mwvave epoqaluri movlenebi naTlad aisaxa mwerlis
publicistikaSi. gamsaxurdias mwvave polemikuri xasiaTis werilebiT
qarTuli sazogadoeba ecnoboda realobas.
k. gamsaxurdias publicistur, kritikul da literaturul
werilebs misive sityvebiT SevafasebT, `man SeZlo urTulesis umartivesi
saSualebiT gadmocema, gamouTqmelis, ufskrulis miCqmalulis samzeoze
gamotana, umaRlesis mier SeniSnulis umdablesis gonebis lerwze
dayvana.”
mwerali udides msoflio moazrovneebze Seqmnil esseebSi wina
planze wamowevda maT pirovnebas da mxolod am kuTxidan miudgeboda
maTi cxovrebisa da stilis, Semoqmedebis Seswavlas. mecnierulad
asabuTebda, rom yoveli nawarmoebis gasaSifrad yvelaze saimedo da
marjve gasaRebi iyo avtoris piradi cxovreba. am principiT Seqmna
qarTuli esseistikis Sedevrebi: `ilia WavWavaZe”, `goete”, `anatol
fransi”, `henrik ibseni”, `saba orbeliani” da sxva... mwerlis xatvisa da
xasiaTTa gamoZerwvis TviTmyofadma niWma srulyofisaken mimavali
xangrZlivi da Sromatevadi gza gaiara.
 191

mwerlis inteleqtualuri samyaros gacnobis Sedegad dgindeba, rom

gamsaxurdiasTvis mwerloba iyo `emanacia keTilSobilebisa”
aristoteleseuli kaTarzisi didostats mwerlobis maradiul misiad
miaCnda.
naSromSi gavaaanalizeT mwerlis 10-20-iani wlebis publicistur-
kritikuli werilebi, romelic mwerlis profesionalizmisa da ubadlo
gemovnebis maCvenebelia. am periodis publicisturi werilebisTvis ar
aris damaxasiTebeliAsazeimo ganwyobileba, sityvaTa siWarbe, `ama qveynis
winaSe qedis moxra~. mwerlis kalami mxolod obieqturobazea
orientirebuli da kvalificiuri analiziT asabuTebs qveynisa da
pirovnebis winaSe wamoWril sakiTxebs. maTematikuri sizustiT
gadmoscems saTqmelis yovel elements. werilebSi arsad igrZnoba
TviTdinebiT warmarTuli alogiuroba. misi metyveleba mudam kanonier
simetriulobaSia moqceuli.
ociani wlebis publicistikaSi naTlad ikveTeba mwerlis
konfliqti marionetul mTavrobasTan. 1921 wlis 25 Tebervlis movlenebis
Sedegad damxobili iqna qveynis suverenoba. Seqmnili viTarebidan
gamomdinare k. gamsaxurdiam 1921 wlis 8 maiss `Ria weriliT mimarTa
lenins, romelic rusul enaze gamoqveynda `pravda gruziaSi”. Cveni
azriT, es werili naTeli magaliTia mwerlis principuli poziciisa. am
da sxva werilebis analizis Sedegad dgindeba, rom mwerali
upirispirdeboda `revolucias” da im politikas, romelic fexqveS
Telavda respublikis suverenobas. `CemSi laparakobs qarTveli mwerali,
CemSi laparakobs tkivilebi qarTveli xalxisa” _ werda k. gamsaxurdia
ocian wlebSi da mTeli misi publicistur-kritikuli naazrevi am
sityvbis irgvliv erTiandeba. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mwerlis es
fraza 10-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, sagazeTo statiebis, literaturuli
portretebisa Tu eseebis epigrafia.
gamsaxurdias publicistur matianeSi arseboben sagazeTo statiebi,
romlebic droisa da sivrcis miRma rCebian da Cveni droebis
saqarTvelos ireklaven. k. gamsaxurdiam kritikul werilebSi
maRalprofesionaluri ostatobiT warmoaCina aucilebloba im oqros
Sualedis povnisa, romelic gadis erTis mxriv, mTavrobis da
 192

xelisuflebis brma morCilebasa da meores mxriv, ukidures

opozicionerobas Sors. pirvels mivyavarT srul uiniciativobamde,
rodesac xar politikuri movlenebis mxolod statisti, meore ki zians
ayenebs sust da axladfexadgmul qarTul saxelmwifos, amitomac werda
igi 1918-1921 wlebSi saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebiT: `gadaWarbebuli
opozicioneruli suli asustebs eris saxelmwifoebriv tradicias da
Segnebas, isic iseT saxelmwifoSi, rogoricaa saqarTvelo, sadac
saxelmwifoebrivi eTosi egzom sustia”.
mwerlis publicistur-kritikul werilebSi naTlad Cans, Tu risi
SemZlea is eri, visi nebelobac azri da grZnobac Tavisuflebis
impulsiTaa nasazrdovebi.
politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare gamsaxurdia aqtiurad iyo
Cabmuli sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. mas hqonda mizani: qarTuli
kulturis hegemonia saqarTveloSi. am periodis publicistur-kritikul
werilebSi gamovlinda mwerlis socialur-politikuri Sexedulebebi.
disputebze Tu mweralTa kavSiris sxdomebze warmoTqmul sityvebSi
igrZnoba mwerlis analitikuri azrovnebis unari, utyuari kritikuli
alRo, konceptualuroba. mwerlis mier warmoTqmuli sityvvebi aris
konstruqciuli gamosvlis SesaniSnavi nimuSi. romelic orientirebulia
sajaro simarTleze, faqtebze dayrdnobili realobis Cvenebaze.
mwerlis kritikuli werilebis siRrmiseuli analizidan, sadac
epoqis majiscema da sastiki sinamdvile igrZnoba, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde qarTul realobaSi ar wamoWrila
arcerTi mniSvnelovani movlena, romelsac k. gamsaxurdias kritikuli
kalami ar gamoxmaurebia.
naSromSi gavaanalizeT 1932 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris centraluri
komitetis politbiuros 23 aprilis dadgenileba da misi Sedegebi. XX
saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi – kulturul, SemoqedebiT
muSaobas didi mniSvneloba hqonda. Seqmnili viTarebidan gamomdinare,
qarTvel mwerlebs unda gaeorkecebinaT kulturuli saqmianoba, radgan
rogorc batoni konstantine ambobda - mousvenari demonis epoqaSi
arcerTi iaraRi araa ise sando da ucilo, rogorc kulturuli. mwerlis
kritikuli werilebis TemaTa mravalplanianoba swored amisi dasturia.
 193

gamsaxurdias publicistur SemoqmedebaSi gamoyofen

literaturaTmcodneobis TiTqmis yvela Janrs _ narkvevs, literaturul
portrets eskizs esses. TiToeul maTganSi erTmniSvnelovnad vlindeba
mwerlis erudicia da enciklopediuri ganaTleba.
TemaSi ganvixileT mwerlis aTiani wlebis `apolitikuri werilebi”.
sadac evropul politikas, evropul oms, maRalkvalificiur, siRrmiseul
analizs ukeTebs. ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis istoriul
politikuri Tu mwvave diplomatiuri urTierToba erT-erTi sakvanZo
sakiTxia mwerlis publicistikaSi. Cvens mier gaanalizebuli
werilebidan dgindeba, rom mwerals gasabWoebis pirvelive dReebidan
hqonda gamokveTili erovnuli politikuri orientacia.
adreul kritikul esseistur werilebSi igrZnoba evropuli
modernistuli esTetikuri principebis damkvidrebis tendenciebi. igi
imJamad literaturul praqtikaSi amkvidrebda modernizmis filosofiur-
esTetikur Sexedulebebs.
k. gamsaxurdias publicistur-kritikul werilebsa TuU esseebSi
aisaxa XX saukunis kataklizmebiTa da radikaluri cvlilebebiT aRsavse
demonuri epoqa.
konstantine gamsaxurdia sagazeTo werilebis didi ostati iyo. igi
aiZulebda mkiTxvels axlodan daenaxa qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebis
realuri mxareebi, gaeanalizebina da daskvnebic Tavad gamoetana.
mwerlis sagazeTo werilebi politikuri gzavnilebisa da
saprotesto notebis xasiaTs atarebda, romelic angariSgasawevi iyo
mkiTxvelisaTvis. misi publicistur-analitikuri werilebi epoqaluri
mniSvnelobis iyo da aris. am publikaciebis faseulobas upirvelesad
misi Tanadroulobis xasiaTi gansazRvravs. es werilebi aqtualobis
xarisxs XXI saukunis saqarTveloSi iseTive simZafriT inarCuneben,
rogorc XX saukuneSi.
 194

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 195

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 196

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