mexsiereba

8
ra aris mexsiereba
• ebinghausi zomavs mex-
sierebas • mexsierebis
tipebi • mexsierebis
procesebi
sensoruli mexsiereba
• xatiseburi mexsiereba
• eqo-mexsiereba

xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa

mexsiereba
• xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRudu-
loba • muSa mexsiereba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba
• kodireba da Senaxva
• konteqsti da kodireba
• mogonebis mimniSnebeli
• kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesi • arastruqtu-
ruli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
• metamexsiereba
fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi: rogor SeioZleba
mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis
mzadebaSi
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
• mexsierebis struqturebi
• mexsierebis struq-
turebis gamoyeneba •
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqciuli pro-
cesi
fsiqologiaXXI saukuneSi:
adamianis da kompiuteris
mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
• engramis ZiebaSi
• tvinis suraTi (ska-
nireba)
sakvanZo sakiTxebi
266 • ZiriTadi cnebebi
T avis avtobiografias marlon
brando Tavisi cxovrebis yvelaze
adreuli epizodis gaxsenebiT
iwyebs: „rodesac Tvals vavleb Cemi cxovrebis
ganvlil wlebs da vcdilob gavixseno warsuli,
naTlad araferi magondeba da, mainc, im drois
Cemi pirveli mogoneba ukavSirdeba, asaks,
rodesac sul pawawina viyavi; im rodesac Tavis
asaks bavSvebi verc acnobiereben. maxsovs, er-
Txel diliT, Tvalebi rom gavaxile, nacrisfer
bind-bundSi mimovixede da mivxvdi, rom ermis
(brandos momvlels) jer kidev eZina. rogorRac
Cavicvi da nabij-nabij daviwye saxlis win
kibeze Casvla _ yovel safexurze marcxena fexs
vdgamdi da radgan sandlebis Sekvra ver
movaxerxe, fratun-fratuniT mivaRwie karis
zRurbls. Camovjeqi 32-e quCis win mzeSi, kibis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb am Tavis kiTxvis dawyebis
win kargi iqneba, Tu gaixsenebT raime movlenas
Tqveni cxovrebis yvelaze adreuli periodidan.
rodis moxda is? iseve naTlad gaxsovT es
movlena, rogorc marlon brandos? Tqvens
mogonebaze moaxdina Tu ara gavlena igive
movlenis Sesaxeb sxvebis monaTxrobma?
axla warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, moulod-
nelad rom aRmogeCinaT, rom dakargeT mexsiereba
da araferi gaxsovT warsulidan - arc xalxi,
romelTac icnobdiT da arc movlenebi, romelic
Tavs gadagxdaT; ar gaxsovT, rogor gamoiyureba
dedaTqveni; dagaviwydaT, ra xdeboda Tqvens
dabadebis dReze, rodesac aTi wlis gaxdiT.
Tqveni pirovnebidan warsulis amgvari amoSlis
pirobebSi Tqveni raobac, Tqveni TviTidentobac
daikargeba da ver ityviT, vin xarT, ras warmoad-
genT. davuSvaT, dakargeT axali STabeWdilebebis
dafiqsirebis unari. ra mouva Tqvens uaxles
safexurze da daviwye lodini. rogorc Cans,
gazafxuli iyo, radgan Cveni saxlis win mdgom
maRal xes yvavilebis, WriWinis frTebis msgavsi,
bumbuli cvioda. uqaro amindi iyo, bumbuli
haerSi dafarfatebda da nel-nela ecemoda miwaze.
me kisermoRrecili da pirdaRebuli maT
moZraobas miwaze daSvebamde vadevnebdi Tvals
da xeli mqonda gawvdili, raTa erTi bumbuli
mainc dameWira, magram isini ostaturad uvlidnen
gverds Cems xels. ase mivacilebdi yovel
bumbuls miwamde da mere isev axali saswaulis
molodinSi zeviT mivapyrobdi xolme mzeras.
mze ealerseboda Cems oqrosfer Tmebs.
swored es molodini axali saswaulisa iyo
yvelaze tkbili mogoneba Cemi cxovrebis 65
wlis manZilze~.
gamocdilebas? Tqven xom saubris gagrZelebasac
ver SeZlebT da verc satelevizio gadacemis
azrs gaigebT. yvelaferi sruliad ucnobad
mogeCvenebaT, TiTqos yvelafers pirvelad xedavT
da TiTqos arasodes adre araviTari azri ar
gqoniaT TavSi. rogor fiqrobT, SesaZlebelia
nebismieri moqmedebis ganxorcieleba mexsierebis
gareSe?
Tu am sakiTxis Sesaxeb adre arasodes gifiqri-
ra aris mexsiereba?
aT, es imas niSnavs, rom, rogorc Cans, Tqveni
mexsiereba Tavis funqcias mSvenivrad asrulebs
da rom Tqven Tqvens mexsierebas iseve udgebiT,
rogorc zogierT sxeulebriv procesebs, magali-
Tad, sunTqvis, an kuW-nawlavis sistemebs, romel-
Ta moqmedebac, normalur pirobebSi, Tqveni cno-
bieri Carevis gareSe mimdinareobs. magram aqac,
iseve, rogorc kuWis tkivilis Tu alergiis
SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mexsierebas maSin aqcevT
yuradRebas, Tu raRac arasworad xdeba, 267

magaliTad, gaviwydebaT manqanis gasaRebi, mniS-
vnelovani TariRi, pasuxi gamomcdelis Seki-
Txvaze, romelic namdvilad iswavleT da ico-
diT. ra Tqma unda, es SemTxvevebi Zalian usia-
movnod ganicdeba, magram, isic unda gaacnobi-
eroT, rom adamianis tvini saSualod informaci-
is 100 trilion bits itevs. mexsierebidan gar-
kveuli informaciis amosatanad ki, jer am uzar-
mazari moculobis gadaxedva unda moxdes. ami-
tomac, ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom zogjer pasuxis
saWiroebisamebr swrafi amotana ver xerxdeba.
Cveni mizania, am TavSi agixsnaT, Tu rogor
ixsomebT amdens da ratom iviwyebT zogjer
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
imas, rac icodiT. visaubrebT yoveldRiur cxov-
rebaSi daxsomebasa da daviwyebaze. gaecnobiT
fsiqologiis monacemebs mexsierebis sxvadasxava
formebis arsebobis da muSaobis Sesaxeb. vime-
dovnebT, rom mexsierebis Sesaxeb mravalri-
cxovani faqtiuri masalis gacnobis Semdeg Tqven
mexsiereba (Memory) _ informaciis kodirebis,
268 Senaxvisa da aRdgenis fsiqikuri unari.
darwmundebiT, Tu raoden araCveulebrivi ram
aris mexsiereba.
dabolos: ramdenadac es Tavi mexsierebas
exeba, modiT, Tqveni mexsiereba Tavidanve CavrToT
saqmeSi. Cven gvinda, rom Tqven daixsomoT ricxvi
37. gaakeTeT yvelaferi, rac saWiroa am ricxvis,
37-is dasaxsomeblad. diax, es iqneba testi.
ra aris mexsiereba
mexsiereba aris informaciis Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis unari. am TavSi mexsierebas ganvixi-
lavT, rogorc informaciis gadamuSavebis erT-
erTi formas. mTeli Cveni yuradReba mimarTuli
iqneba imaze, rom gaCvenoT, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba
informacia Cvens mexsierebaSi da rogor gvavi-
wydeba is (sxva sityvebiT, rogor Semodis infor-
macia mexsierebis sistemaSi da rogor gamodis
am sistemidan). informaciis aRbeWdvisa da aR-
dgenis procesebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas mog-
cemT, daazustoT, Tu ra aris mexsiereba. Cven
daviwyebT 1885 wels gamoqveynebuli pirveli
mecnieruli gamokvleviT mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
Semdeg ki ganvixilavT Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
mier gamoyofil mexsierebis gansxvavebul for-
mebs.
ebinghausi zomavs mexsierebas
ramdenad sworia Semdegi debuleba: „masala
swrafad gvaviwydeba, Tu is ar aris gaazrebuli
da mimarTebaSi moyvanili sxva masalasTan, xolo
Semdeg ganmeorebebiT ar aris ganmtkicebuli~.
sxva sityvebiT, Tu naCqarevad daiswavliT
masalas, ramdenime dReSi am masalis didi
nawili dagaviwydebaT. es mniSvnelovani da
uaRresad aqtualuri dakvirveba germanel
fsiqologs, herman ebinghauss ekuTvnis, romelmac
amgvar kanonzomierebaTa mTeli seria daadgina,
ramac, Tavis mxriv, mis mier mexsierebis axali
mecnieruli mimarTulebis Seqmna ganapiroba.
ebinghausis es dakvirvebebi damatebiTi sabuTi
iyo mexsierebis Sesaswavlad empiriuli kvle-
vebis upiratesobis saCveneblad, magram amisTvis
aucilebeli iyo axali meTodologia da ebin-
ghausmac brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi am amocanas
_ Seqmna mexsierebis kvlevis meTodebi. igi
iyenebda uazro marcvlebs, romlebic ori Tan-
xmovnisa da SuaSi erTi xmovnisgan Sedgeboda,
magaliTad, ceg an das. is azrian marcvlebTan
SedarebiT, magaliTad, ZaR, upiratesobas uazro
marcvlebs aniWebda, radgan Tvlida, rom amiT
sufTa mexsierebis kvlevas SeZlebda, Tavisufals
pirovnebis adrindeli gamocdilebis gavlenebisa
da asociaciebisgan. ebinghausi ara mxolod mkvle-
vari iyo, aramed cdis piric sakuTar eqspe-
rimentebSi. igi Tavis Tavze atarebda cdebs da
Tavis Sedegebs TviTonve amowmebda (zomavda).
dasaxsomebeli amocana gansxvavebuli sigrZis
masalis daswavlaSi mdgomareobda. ebinghausi
ikvlevda uSualo mexsierebas, sadac amocanis
daxsomeba masalis meqanikur ganmeorebaze iyo
damokidebuli.
ebinghausi Tavis eqsperiments iwyebda uazro
marcvlebisgan Sedgenili mwkrivis kiTxviT,
pirveli marcvlidan bolo marcvlamde (TiToe-
uli marcvlis kiTxva zustad dadgenili peri-
odulobiT xeboda). am proceduras imeorebda
manam, sanam mwkrivis igive TanamimdevrobiT aR-
dgenas SeZlebda. es ukanaskneli daswavlis
kriteriumad iTvleboda. amis Semdeg xangrZlivi
drois manZilze igi pirveli mwkrivisgan gan-
sxvavebuli marcvlebisgan Sedgenil mwkrivebs
swavlobda. bolos ebinghausi isev Tavdapirvel
mwkrivs ubrundeboda da ganmeorebebis im rao-
denobas zomavda, romelic saWiro iyo am mwkri-
vis uSecdomo (igive TanmimdevrobiT) aRdgeni-
suraTi
8.1
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
mrudze gamosaxulia uazro marcvalTa daxsomebis
raodenoba individTa mier ekonomiis meTodis gamoye-
nebiT 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi. mrudi swrafad eSveba
qveviT da Semdeg daaxloebiT erT doneze Cerdeba.
saTvis. Tu mwkrivis aRdgenas naklebi ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda, vidre Tavidan dasaswavlad iyo
saWiro, iTvleboda, rom informacia Senaxuli
iyo da swored amis gamo dasWirda xelmeored
daswavlas naklebi dro.
saidan
viciT
ebinghausis daviwyebis mrudi
Tu ebinghauss Tavidan 12 ganmeoreba
sWirdeboda mwkrivis dasaswavlad, xolo
9 ganmeoreba _ mravali dRis Semdeg xel-
meored dasaswavlad, ekonomiis koeficien-
ti 25% iqneboda (12-9=3 anu 25%). am pro-
ceduris gamoyenebiT igi zomavda gansxvave-
bul droiT SualedSi mexsierebaSi Sena-
xuli informaciis raodenobas. mrudi, ro-
melic man miiRo, gamosaxulia 8.1 suraTze.
rogorc xedavT, masalis swraf daviwyebas
adgili aqvs daswavlis Semdeg pirvel
dReebSi, xolo Semdeg daviwyebis tempi
TandaTan klebulobs. ebinghausis mrudi
tipuria uSualo mexsierebaze Catarebuli
yvela eqsperimentuli monacemisTvis.
ebinghausis gavleniT, fsiqologebi ramdeni-
me aTeuli wlis manZilze Seiswavlidnen uazro
marcvalTa daxsomebis da mogonebis procesebs.
mexsierebis am, SeZlebisdagvarad, sufTa formis
Seswavlisas, mkvlevrebi imedovnebdnen, rom
ipovidnen im ZiriTad, bazisur principebs, ro-
melTa daxmarebiTac mexsierebis ufro rTuli
procesebis axsna iqneboda SesaZlebeli. mkvlev-
rebi dRemde cdiloben am bazisuri procesebis
dadgenas, Tumca, axla yuradReba azriani masalis
daxsomebazea gadatanili _ informaciis im saxe-
obaze, romelsac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi aqvs
ra aris mexsiereba?
adgili.
mexsierebis tipebi
rodesac mexsierebis Sesaxeb iwyebT fiqrs,
pirveli, rac mogdiT TavSi, aris is situaciebi,
romelSic Tqven iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas _
igonebT Tqvens sayvarel films, meore msoflio
269
omis dawyebis TariRs da a.S. faqtobrivad,
 suraTi
8.2
ra Secdomaa daSvebuli
am suraTze?
Tu baWia uceb gadmoxteba magi-
didan da Tqven gaifiqrebT _
`ra unda baWias samzareuloSi?~
amis mizezi Tqveni mexsierebis
procesebis mier samzareulos
situaciis aracnobieri gadamu-
Savebaa, romelic baWias samza-
reulosTvis zedmet elementad
miiCnevs.
mexsierebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi funqcia
isaa, rom Tqvens individualur Tu sazogadoeb-
riv warsul gamocdilebaSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes
saWiro informaciis cnobieri moZieba, magram
mexsierebis mniSvneloba gacilebiT ufro metia.
masze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba yovelgvari
Zalisxmevis gareSe bevri yoveldRiuri saqmis
Sesruleba. magaliTad, rodesac quCaSi manqanis
saWesTan zixarT, gza, maRaziebi quCis orive
mxares nacnobi, Cveulebrivia TqvenTvis. es
mexsierebis meore mniSvnelovani funqciaa, ro-
melic cnobierebis Caurevlad moqmedebs. mex-
sierebis tipebis ganxilvisas giCvenebT, Tu ro-
gor muSaobs mexsiereba am funqciebis gansaxor-
cieleblad, xSirad aracnobier donezec.
implicituri da eqsplicituri
mexsiereba
ganvixiloT suraTi 8.2. ra Secdomaa daSve-
buli am suraTze? pirveli, ramac gagakvirvaT,
cocxali kurdRelia samzareuloSi, magram
saidan modis es gancda? Tqven, albaT, ar
CamouvliT TiToeul sagans da ar ikiTxavT: _
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
es samzareuloSi unda iyos? an _ es kabinetSi
unda iyos?
mexsierebis eqsplicituri gamoyeneba (Explicit uses
of memoty) _ cnobieri Zalisxmeva mexsierebidan
informaciis aRdgenisa.
mexsierebis implicituri gamoyeneba (Umplicit uses
of memory) _ kodirebis da aRdgenis procesebis
gaucnobiereblad informaciis daxsomeba da
270 aRdgena.
es magaliTi kargad gviCvenebs gansxvavebas
mexsierebis gamoyenebis implicitur da eq-
splicitur unarebs Soris. Tqven mier kurdRlis
SemCneva implicituri mexsierebis funqcia iyo,
radgan Tqveni mexsierebis procesebma samza-
reulos Sesaxeb codna naxatis interpretacias
yovelgvari gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis gareSe
daukavSira, magram axla Tu gkiTxavT: _ ra aklia
samzareulos am suraTze? am kiTxvaze pasuxis
gasacemad eqsplicituri mexsierebis amoqmedeba
dagWirdebaT. gagiCndebaT kiTxvebi: _ rogoria
tipuri samzareulo? ra aklia? (gaifiqreT
onkanze an gazquraze?). amrigad, rodesac saWiro
xdeba mexsierebaSi Senaxuli informaciis gamo-
yeneba, es SeiZleba moxdes zogjer impliciturad
_ informacia amodis cnobieri Zalisxmevis
gareSe, zogjer ki _ eqspliciturad _ informaciis
amosatanad cnobieri Zalisxmevaa saWiro.
aseTive gansxvavebas aqvs adgili ara mxolod
warsulis aRdgenis, aramed axali informaciis
miRebis, anu aRbeWdvis (kodirebis) procesSic.
saidan iciT, ra xdeba samzareuloSi? rodesme
dagiswavliaT ra unda xdebodes samzareuloSi,
an rogor unda gamoiyurebodes is? albaT, ara.
ufro savaraudoa, rom es codna Tqven ara-
cnobierad SeiZineT da, piriqiT, samzareuloSi
arsebuli bevri sagnis saxeli, albaT, eqspli-
citurad daixsomeT. rogorc me-11 TavSi vnaxavT,
asociaciebis damyareba sityvebsa da Sinaarss
Soris bavSvobaSi, eqsplicituri mexsierebis
procesebze dayrdnobiT xdeba. Tqven daimax-
sovreT sityva macivari imitom, rom odesRac
viRacam migaqcevinaT yuradReba am sityvaze,
rogorc am konkretuli sagnis saxelze.
es gansxvaveba implicitur da eqsplicitur
mexsierebas Soris Zalian afarTovebs mexsie-
rebis Sesaxeb Sesaswavl sakiTxTa diapazons
(Buchner & Wipich, 2000; Roediger, 1990). tradiciulad,
ebinghausis Semdeg, mkvlevarTa umravlesoba
eqsplicitur mexsierebas Seiswavlida. eqsperi-
mentatorebi, Cveulebriv, informaciis daxso-
mebas Txovdnen cdis pirebs, xolo mexsierebis
Teoriebis mizani iyo, aexsnaT am pirobebSi
daxsomebis da daviwyebis faqtebi da kanon-
zomierebani. axla ki, rogorc Semdgom am Tavis
gacnobisas vnaxavT, Seiqmna meTodebi impli-
cituri mexsierebis Sesaswavladac. amrigad, axla
ufro ukeT SegviZlia gavigoT mexsierebis
saWiroebis da gamoyenebis mravalferovneba. axla
ukve viciT, rom informaciis aRbeWdvis da
aRdgenis procesebSi monawileobs rogorc
eqsplicituri, ise implicituri mexsiereba (Toth.,
et al., 1994). axla ganvixiloT sxva kriteriumis
safuZvelze gamoyofili mexsierebis formebi.
deklaraciuli da proceduruli
mexsiereba
SegiZliaT stvena? aba, midiT, daustvineT;
Tu stvena ar SegiZliaT, maSin TiTebi daat-
kacuneT. mexsierebis romeli formaa pasuxis-
mgebeli am moqmedebebze? Tqven SeiZleba gaxsovT
kidec, rogor swavlobdiT am moqmedebebs, magram
axla amas yovelgvari Zalisxmevis gareSe ake-
TebT. zemoT moyvanili eqsplicituri da im-
plicituri mexsierebis Sesaxeb magaliTebi
faqtebisa da movlenebis daxsomebas exeba,
romelsac deklaraciuli mexsiereba ewodeba,
magram, rogorc vxedavT, gvaqvs mexsiereba imisac,
Tu rogor unda vimoqmedoT, an gavakeToT raime,
rac proceduruli mexsierebis kompetenciaa.
ramdenadac am Tavis didi nawili faqtebis da
movlenebis daxsomebas da mogonebas exeba,
saWiroa imis ganxilvac, Tu rogor viZenT raimes
gakeTebis, an raRac moqmedebis Sesrulebis unars.
proceduruli mexsiereba mimarTulia im
gzebis daxsomebaze, romelic raime moqmedebis
Sesrulebas, an raimes gakeTebas ganapirobebs.
is safuZvlad udevs perceptuli, kognituri da
motoruli Cvevebis SeZenas. proceduruli
mexsierebis Teoriebi yvelaze xSirad daswavlis
droSi mimdinareobaze amaxvileben yuradRebas
(Anderson, 1996, Anderson et al., 1999): rogor xdeba
gadasvla garkveuli aqtivobis Sesaxeb dekla-
raciuli faqtebis CamonaTvalidan igive aqti-
vobis aracnobier, avtomatur Sesrulebaze? an
ratom xdeba, rom Cvevis gamomuSavebis Semdeg
xSirad gviZneldeba am Cvevis gamomuSavebis
procesis met-naklebad detaluri gaxseneba da
deklaraciuli faqtebis aRdgena, romelic, Tavis
droze, safuZvlad daedo am Cvevis SemuSavebas.
am fenomenis TvalsaCinod warmosadgenad
gavarCioT Semdegi martivi moqmedeba - telefonze
nomris akrefa. Tavidan, rodesac telefonze
darekvas cdilobdiT, gixdebodaT yoveli cifris
akrefis win dafiqreba, anu moqmedebdiT dekla-
raciuli faqtebiT:
Tavidan unda avkrifo 2,
Semdeg unda avkrifo 3,
Semdeg isev 3
da a.S.
magram, Tu sakmaod xSirad mogiwiaT am nomris
akrefa, ukve aRar anawevrebT telefonis nomers
cnobierebaSi calkeul cifrebad, aramed
erTianad, uswrafesad, meqanikurad krefT nomers.
am process codnis kompilacia ewodeba (Ander-
son, 1987). praqtikis Sedegad Tqven SegiZliaT
ra aris mexsiereba?
sxvadasxva moqmedebebis TanmimdevrobiT Sed-
deklaraciuli mexsiereba (Declarative memory) _
mimarTulia faqtebisa da movlenebis daxso-
mebaze.
proceduruli mexsiereba (Procedural memory) _
mimarTulia imaze, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes
moqmedeba; rogor, ra gziT unda moxdes per-
ceptuli, kognituri da motoruli Cvevebis
SeZena da gamoyeneba.
271
 genili sakmaod rTuli moqmedeba cnobierebis
Carevis gareSe SeasruloT, magram, amave dros,
Tqven ver ixsenebT cnobierad am moqmedebis
calkeul mdgenelebs. Tu isev telefonis maga-
liTs davubrundebiT, arc ise iSviaTad, SeiZleba
SegxvdeT adamiani, romelmac SeiZleba ver
gaixsenos telefonis nomeri, sanam akrefis
imitacias ar gaakeTebs. codnis kompilacia is
maxasiaTebelia, romlis gamoc proceduruli
mexsiereba sxva formebSi ar agerevaT. Tu odesme
Tqvens mSoblebs (an nebismier pirovnebas)
ucdiaT TqvenTvis manqanis tarebis swavleba,
SeiZleba miaqcieT kidec yuradReba, rom
miuxedavad imisa, rom mSoblebi TviTon SeiZleba
Zalian kargi mZRolebic iyvnen, mainc ver SeZles
kargad da sworad gadmoecaT manqanis marTvi-
sTvis aucilebel moqmedebaTa Tanmimdevroba.
Tqven, albaT, imisTvisac migiqceviaT yurad-
Reba, rom codnis kompilacia, zogjer, Sec-
domebis mizezic xdeba. magaliTad, Tu Tqven
xSirad gixdebaT kompiuterze inglisurad beW-
dva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gawafuli mbeWdavi
xarT, udaod SeuwuxebixarT the-s problemas.
proceduruli mexsierebis gareSe cxovreba
uaRresad garTuldeboda, radgan TiToeuli
moqmedebis Sesruleba yovel jerze nabij-nabij
mogiwevdaT da, miuxedavad amisa, yovelTvis,
rodesac SecdomiT dabeWdavT, advilad gaarCevT
am Secdomis mizezi ucodinarobaa Tu meqanikuri
Secdoma.
mexsierebis procesebi
mexsierebis nebismieri forma moiTxovs sami
saxis mnemur moqmedebas: aRbeWdvas (kodirebas),
Senaxvas da aRdgenas. kodireba aris informaciis
gadamuSavebis pirveli safexuri, romelic in-
formaciis mexsierebis sistemaSi Semosvlas
emsaxureba. Senaxva akavebs informacias garkv-
euli drois manZilze. aRdgena Senaxuli in-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
kodireba (Encoding) _ procesi, romlis saSua-
lebiTac mexsierebaSi formirdeba mentaluri
reprezentaciebi.
Senaxva (Storage) _ kodirebuli informaciis Se-
kaveba garkveuli drois manZilze.
aRdgena (Retrieval) _ Senaxuli informaciis aR-
272 dgena, amotana mexsierebidan.
formaciis cnobierebaSi amotanas, an mis
gamoyenebas warmoadgens. martivad rom vTqvaT,
kodirebas Semoaqvs informacia sacavSi (Senaxva),
akavebs mas, sanam saWiroeba moiTxovs, xolo
aRdgenas amoaqvs is. axla ufro vrclad ganvi-
xiloT TiToeuli maTgani.
kodireba saSualebas iZleva, rom mexsierebaSi
gare samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebisa da movlenebis
Sesaxeb warmodgenebi Seiqmnas. mexsierebis
warmodgena Cveulebrivi warmodgenis analo-
giuria. vTqvaT, me mainteresebs rogoria is sau-
keTeso saCuqari, romelic Tqven bolo dabadebis
dReze miiReT (igulisxmeba, rom es saCuqari
Tan ar gaqvT). ras gaakeTebT amisTvis? Tqven
agviwerT am nivTs, mis Tvisebebs. SeiZleba
dagvixatoT, an imitacia gaakeToT, rogor iyenebT.
yvela SemTxvevaSi es iqneba realurad arsebulis
mxolod warmodgena. miuxedavad imisa, rom arc
erTi maTgani ar aris originalis identuri,
TiToeuli maTgani mainc garkveul codnas gvaw-
vdis am saCuqris yvelaze mniSvnelovan aspeq-
tebze. mexsierebis warmodgenebi zustad aseve
moqmedeben. maTSi Senaxulia warsuli gamoc-
dilebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani niSnebi, rac
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs ganviaxloT, warmovid-
ginoT warsuli gamocdileba.
Tu informacia aRbeWdilia mexsierebaSi, misi
Senaxva drois garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi
moxdeba. Senaxvis procesSi Tavis tvinis struq-
turis xanmokle da xangrZlivi cvlilebebi
xdeba. am Tavis bolos vnaxavT, Tu rogor
cdiloben mkvlevrebi daazuston Tavis tvinis
is adgilebi, sadac xdeba axali da Zveli
informaciis Senaxva. garda amisa, vnaxavT, ra
xdeba amneziis gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac individebi kargaven axali informaciis
Senaxvis unars.
aRdgena ki aginazRaurebT yvela mis winmswreb
Zalisxmevas. aRdgenis process SeuZlia wamebSi
uzrunvelyos adre aRbeWdili informaciis
migneba da amotana. SegiZliaT gaixsenoT, ra
uswrebs win Senaxvas: _ kodireba Tu dekodireba?
axla Zalian advilia amaze pasuxi, magram aseve
swrafad gaixsenebT, ras moiazrebs dekodirebis
cneba da aseve darwmunebuli iqnebiT Tqveni
pasuxis sisworeSi am momentidan ramdenime Tvis
Semdeg? sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli
erTi biti specifikuri informaciis amotana
mexsierebaSi arsebuli uzarmazari raodenobis
suraTi
8.3
informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi da misi
aRdgena
mexsierebis TeoriebSi aRwerilia informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv
mexsierebaSi da iqidan misi cnobierebaSi amotana Tu gamoiyeneba. TeoriebSi
informaciis Tavdapirveli aRbeWdva miewereba sensorul da xangrZliv
mexsierebas; informaciis gadasvla xangrZliv mexsierebaSi _ Senaxvas,
xolo informaciis gadmosvla ukan _ muSa mexsierebaSi _ aRdgenas

informaciidan, udides interess iwvevs im

fsiqologTa Soris, romelTa mizanic aris imis
garkveva, Tu rogor muSaobs mexsiereba da rogor
SeiZleba misi gaumjobeseba.
marTalia, kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis,
rogorc damoukidebeli mnemuri procesebis,
daxasiaTeba SedarebiT advilia, magram am sam
process Soris urTierTmoqmedeba sakmaod rTu-
lia. magaliTad, imisaTvis, rom Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi vefxvis aRbeWdva moxdes, saWiroa, rom
vefxvis cneba gqondeT; aseve, imisaTvis, rom
mexsierebaSi Cajdes Semdegi winadadeba: _ „is
iseTive patiosania, rogorc benediqt arnoldi~,
saWiroa, rom TiToeuli sityvis mniSvneloba
gavixsenoT, unda vicodeT inglisuri gramatikis
wesebi, romlebic sityvebs winadadebebad kravs,
dabolos, Sesabamis kulturasTan dakavSirebul
informaciasac unda vflobdeT, kerZod, Tu
rogori patiosani iyo benediqt arnoldi,
revoluciuri omis es cnobili moRalate.
axla Tqven ukve mzad xarT, ufro Rrmad
gaecnoT informaciis kodirebis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis procesebs. Semdgom Cven xanmokle
mexsierebis formebs ganvixilavT, sensoruli
mexsierebiT daviwyebT da xangrZlivi mexsie-
Sejameba
mexsierebas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc infor-
maciis gadamuSavebis process. fsiqologebi
Seiswavlian mexsierebis sistemaSi informaciis
Sesvlasa da gamosvlas. ebinghausi iyo mex-
sierebis pirveli mkvlevari, romelmac Seqmna
kvlevis meTodologia da aRmoaCina daviwyebis
siswrafis fundamenturi kanonzomierebani. arse-
bobs mogonebis eqsplicituri da implicituri
formebi. mexsierebis zogierTi forma Seicavs
deklaraciul mexsierebas _ faqtebis Sesaxeb
codnas. zogierTi forma ki _ procedurul
informacias _ codnas, rogor Sesruldes esa
Tu is amocana. kodirebis, Senaxvisa da aRdgenis
Zireuli procesebi kompleqsurad moqmedeben
da gvexmarebian axali gamocdilebis SeZenasa
da gamoyenebaSi.
sensoruli mexsiereba
daviwyoT mexsierebis zogierTi formis si-
sustis demonstraciiT. 8.4 suraTze sakmaod
sensoruli mexsiereba

rebis formebze gadavalT (sur. 8.3); agixsniT,

rogor vixsomebT da ratom gvaviwydeba. Cveni
mizania, rom samudamod gaacnobieroT, Tu sad
da rogor iyenebT Tqvens mexsierebas. vimedovnebT,
rom es Tqveni mexsierebis zogierTi aspeqtis
gamosworebaSi dagexmarebaT.
rTuli vizualuri scenaa gamosaxuli. gTxovT,
momentalurad (daaxloebiT 10 wamis ganmavlo-
baSi) SexedoT mas da Semdeg furceli daafaroT.
amis Semdeg ramdenime kiTxvas dagisvamT
suraTTan dakavSirebiT:

sensoruli mexsiereba (Sensory memory) _

273
 suraTi
8.4

ramdens daixsomebT am
scenidan?
aTi wamis ganmavlobaSi uyureT am
naxats, Semdeg furceli daafareT
da ecadeT, upasuxoT teqstSi
dasmul SekiTxvebs. Cveulebriv,
xatiseburi mexsiereba mxedvelo-
biTi velidan mcire xniT mxolod
wamier xats inaxavs.

1. ra iaraRi uWiravs patara biWs suraTis

qveda nawilSi?
2. ras akeTebs kaci suraTis zeda nawilis
SuaSi?
3. suraTis dabal marjvena kuTxeSi qals
qolga marjvena xelSi uWiravs Tu marcxenaSi?
am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad, albaT, su-
raTze xelmeored daxedva mogindebaT, ara?
sabednierod, amgvari, xelmeored gadaxedvis
SesaZlebloba Cadebulia Tqvens mexsierebaSi.
fsiqologebi varaudoben, rom sensoruli
mexsiereba yovel sensorul modalobas gaaCnia.
TiToeuli sensoruli mexsiereba gamRizia-
neblis fizikur Tvisebas wamis, an wamze naklebi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
xatiseburi mexsiereba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma sensorul mexsierebas
sensorul sferoSi xatiseburi mexsiereba uwodes
(Naisser, 1967). xatiseburi mexsiereba umciresi
drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs aRqmuli informa-
ciis Zalian did raodenobas. xatiseburi mexsie-
reba, anu xati daaxloebiT wamis naxevars
grZeldeba. pirvelad masze dakvirveba moxda
eqsperimentSi, sadac cdis pirebs, ekranze wamis
mexuTedis ganmavlobaSi miwodebuli informa-
ciis aRdgena evalebodaT.
saidan

drois ganmavlobaSi inaxavs. es mexsiereba kidev

ufro afarToebs garemodan informaciis miRebis viciT
SesaZleblobas. am azris naTelsayofad mxedve-
lobiT da smeniT sensorul mexsierebaze Cata- xatiseburi mexsiereba
rebul ramdenime gamokvlevas moviyvanT. jorj sperlingi (1969-1963) cdis pirebs
awvdida asoebsa da cifrebisgan Sedgenil
xatiseburi mexsiereba (Iconic memory) _ sam mwkrivs

274
 7 1 V F Semdeg odnav dagvianebiT xdeboda. 8.5 suraTze
X L 5 3 Cans, rom intervalis gaxangrZliveba nulidan
B 4 W 7 erT wamamde aRdgenili wevrebis raodenobas
amcirebs. fsiqologebma zustad gamoiangariSes
cdis pirebs sTxovdnen ori gansxvave-
is dro, romelic xatiseburi mexsierebidan in-
buli amocanis Sesrulebas. masalis mTli-
formaciis waSlas sWirdeba (Gegenfurtner & Sperling,
anad aRdgenis SemTxvevaSi maT unda aRed-
1993; Loftus et al., 1992). imisTvis, rom maqsimalurad
ginaT maqsimaluri raodenoba, rasac SeZ-
cota ram daikargos Cveni mxedvelobiTi sam-
lebdnen. Cveulebriv, am SemTxvevaSi daax-
yarodan, mexsierebis procesebma Zalian swrafad
loebiT oTxi wevris aRdgena xdeboda.
unda gadaitanon informacia ufro myar sacavSi.
cdis pirTa meore nawils masalis nawi-
gaiTvaliswineT, rom xatiseburi mexsiereba
lobriv aRdgenas sTxovdnen, anu am dros
ar aris fotografiuli mexsierebis sinonimi,
maT mxolod erTi mwkrivi unda aRedginaT.
rogorc amas SeiZleba zogierTi Tvlides. fo-
masalis miwodebis Semdeg gaismoda daba-
tografiuli mexsierebis teqnikuri cnebaa
li, saSualo, an maRali bgeriTi signali,
eideturi warmodgena: _ xalxs, romelsac gaaCnia
romelic cdis pirs miuTiTebda, romeli
eideturi warmodgenebi, SeuZlia ufro didi
mwkrivi unda aRedginaT. sperlingma daad-
xnis ganmavlobaSi, vidre xatisebur mexsierebas,
gina, rom ganurCevlad imisa, romeli mwkri-
detalebSi aRadginos suraTi _ TiTqos aRiqvams
vis aRdgenas mosTxovdnen, cdis pirebi am
da aRwers mas. „xalxi~ realurad bavSvebia,
mwkrivs srulad aRadgendnen.
radgan dadgenil iqna, rom bavSvTa Soris 8%,
xolo mozrdilTa Soris 0%-ia eidetikosi (Neath,
imis gamo, rom cdis pirebs zustad SeeZloT 1998). ar arsebobs met-naklebad damakmayofile-
aRedginaT bgeriTi signalis Sesabamisi nebis- beli Teoria, romelic axsnida, Tu ratom qreba
mieri mwkrivi, sperlingma daaskvna, rom mTeli asakTan erTad eideturi warmodgenebi (Crowder,
miwodebuli informacia xatisebur mexsierebaSi 1992). miuxedavad amisa, Tu Tqven, am wignis
gadadis. es miuTiTebs am ukanasknelis did mkiTxveli, damamTavrebeli klasis moswavle
moculobaze. amave dros, masalis sruli da an kolejis studenti xarT, Tqven namdvilad
nawilobrivi aRdgenis meTodiT gansxvavebuli ar geqnebaT eideturi warmodgenebi.
raodenobiT masalis aRdgena gviCvenebs, rom
informaciis swrafi daviwyeba xdeba: masalis
sruli aRdgenis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi cdis eqo-mexsiereba
pirebs ar SeeZloT xatisebur mexsierebaSi
bgerebze sensorul mexsierebas eqo-mexsiereba
asaxuli mTeli informaciis srulad mogoneba.
ewodeba. eqo mexsiereba, iseve rogorc xati-
es dadasturda eqsperimentSi, romlis drosac
seburi, mcire xniT inaxavs ufro met infor-
bgeriTi signalis miwodeba masalis eqspoziciis

suraTi
8.5
sensoruli mexsiereba

mogoneba nawilobrivi aRdgenis

meTodiT
uwyveti mrudi gviCvenebs nawilobrivi
aRdgenis meTodiT daxsomebuli masalis
saSualo raodenobas rogorc uSualod
miwodebis Semdeg, ise mogvianebiT. Sedare-
bisTvis, wyvetili xaziT mocemulia masa-
lis mogoneba sruli aRdgenis meTodiT
(sperlingi, 1960).

275
 macias, vidre daviwyebamde misi aRdgenis unari
gaaCnia adamians (Crowder & Morton, 1969; Darvin et al.,
1967). eqo-mexsiereba, xatisebur mexsierebasTan
SedarebiT, 5-10 wamiT metxans grZeldeba. misi
aseTi xangrZlivoba SeiZleba droSi bgeraTa
Tanmimdevari urTierTdakavSirebis gzebs davu-
kavSiroT. magaliTad, rodesac vusmenT wina-
dadebas, yoveli bgeris Tanmimdevari Semosvla
xdeba Cvens yurSi. eqo-mexsiereba gvexmareba,
rom es calkeuli bgerebi mTlianobebad Seikras.
eqo-mexsierebaze Catarebulma gamokvlevebma
gamoavlina sensoruli mexsierebis meore mniS-
vnelovani Tviseba: axlad Semosuli informacia
advilad gandevnis winas. Tu vinme sityvaTa
mwkrivs gikiTxavT, yoveli axali sityva gadaaad-
gilebs winas eqo-mexsierebaSi. mkvlevrebi Tavi-
danve darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom bgeraTa msgav-
seba gansazRvravs sityvaTa amovardnas eqo-
mexsierebidan (Crowder, 1976), magram axla ukve
viciT, rom amis mizezi msmenelis mier smeniTi
gamRizianeblebis kategorizaciac SeiZleba iyo
(Ayres et al., 1979). garedan smeniTi informaciis
Semosvlisas Tqven am gamRizianeblebis nakadis
nawilebad dayofas axdenT _ gansazRvravT, ro-
meli bgerebi erTiandeba mTlianobebad. eqo-
mexsiereba damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aj-
gufebT smeniTi modalobiT Semosul gamo-
cdilebas (LeCompte & Watkins, 1995).
saidan
viciT
kategorizacia gavlenas axdens eqo-
mexsierebaze
studentebze Catarda mexsierebis eqspe-
rimenti, sadac maT ekiTxebodaT asoTa
mwkrivi, romelsac sufiqsi mosdevda.
sufiqsi yovelTvis erTi saxis iyo da
JRerda, rogorc Txis kikini _ mee. eqs-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
perimentis erT seriaSi monawile cdis
pirebi darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom es xma
namdvilad cxvars ekuTvnoda, xolo meore
seriaSi ki darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom am
xmas adamiani gamoscemda (rac, marTlac,
ase iyo). aRmoCnda, rom sufiqsi mxolod
im SemTxvevebSi Sedioda eqo-mexsierebaSi,
Tu cdis pirebi Tvlidnen, rom xma ada-
276 mianis iyo (Neath et al., 1993).
yuradReba imas miaqcieT, rom moqmedi fizi-
kuri gamRizianebeli erTi da igive iyo, magram
mxolod maSin irRveoda eqo-mexsiereba, rodesac
cdis pirebi mwkrivis da mee-s kategorizacias
axdendnen (asoebsac da sufiqssac adamianis xmiT
wakiTxulad miiCnevdnen). amrigad, kodirebis
da Senaxvis ukve uadres safexurze mniSvneloba
aqvs informaciis gadamuSavebas.
Tqven, albaT, dasvamT kiTxvas: ratom aqvs
sensorul mexsierebas ori ZiriTadi niSani –
wamebis manZilze grZeldeba da advilad irRveva.
saqme isaa, rom es niSnebi garemosTan Cvens
urTierTobas asaxavs. Cvenze mudmivad moqmedebs
axali mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi gamRizianeb-
lebi. es axali informacia gadamuSavebas moi-
Txovs. sensoruli mexsierebis xangrZlivoba
sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom garemos cvalebadoba
asaxos, magram arc imdenad Zlieria, rom winaaR-
mdegoba gauwios axal sensorul STabeWdi-
lebebs. Cven Semdgom mexsierebis gadamuSavebis
im saxeebs ganvixilavT, romlebic SesaZlebels
xdian ufro xangrZlivi droiT daxsomebas.
Sejameba
sensoruli mexsiereba garemodan informaciis
Semosvlas uzrunvelyofs. xatiseburi mexsiereba
mxedvelobiTi mexsierebis formaa, romelic
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs didi raodenobis
informacia umciresi drois manZilze SevinaxoT.
eqo _ mexsiereba asaxavs gamRizianeblebs, Tumca,
is ufro didxans grZeldeba, vidre xatiseburi
mexsiereba, mas axali informacia ufro advilad
arRvevs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa
mexsiereba
sanam am Tavis wakiTxvas daiwyebdiT, Tqven,
SeiZleba, arc icodiT, rom xatiseburi da eqo-
mexsiereba gqondaT, magram SeiZleba icodiT
kidec, rom gagaCniaT mexsierebis iseTi forma,
eqo-mexsiereba (Echoic memory) _ mexsiereba,
romelic mxolod xanmokle droiT informaciis
Senaxvas uzrunvelyofs. ganvixiloT Zalian
Cveulebrivi SemTxveva, rodesac satelefono
wignSi amoikiTxeT nacnobis telefonis nomeri.
Tu es nomeri dakavebulia, Tqven isev dagWirdebaT
telefonebis wignSi Caxedva. es magaliTi gasa-
gebs xdis, Tu ratom gamoyves mkvlevrebma mex-
sierebis calke forma, romelsac xanmokle mex-
siereba uwodes.
Tqven ar unda warmoidginoT, rom xanmokle
mexsiereba specialuri adgilia, sadac dax-
somebuli masala Sedis; is meqanizmi ufroa,
romelic SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebs warmod-
genaTa momcro sqemaze uyris Tavs (Covan, 1999;
Shiffrin, 1993), magram xanmokle mexsierebis resur-
sebi Zalian cvalebadi da aramyaria. Tu te-
lefonis nomris magaliTs gavixsenebT, imisTvis,
rom ar dagaviwydeT informacia (am SemTxvevaSi
telefonis nomeri), Tqven sagangebo zomebi unda
miiRoT, raTa ufro saimedod aRbeWdoT is. Cven
ufro farTod xanmokle mexsierebis im tipis
SesaZleblobebs gavecnobiT, romelic eqspli-
cituri mexsierebis ganxorcielebas uwyobs
xels. amas imitom vusvamT xazs, rom implicituri
mexsierebis xanmokle formebis Seswavla mkvlev-
rebma mxolod axla daiwyes (McKone & Trynes,
1999). winaswari monacemebiT, implicitur mexsie-
rebasac SeiZleba gaaCndes xanmokle forma, sai-
danac informacia implicituri mexsierebis
xangrZliv formaSi gadava.
amave qveTavSi Cven informaciis mexsierebaSi
gadamuSavebis kidev erT formas SevexebiT,
romelic azrebisa da qcevebis Tanmimdevar da
yovelwuTier mimdinareobas gansazRvravs. es
aris muSa mexsiereba. rogorc vnaxavT, muSa
mexsiereba gamoiyeneba iseTi amocanebis Sesas-
ruleblad, rogoricaa metyveleba da msjeloba
(Baddeley, 1986). davuSvaT, Tqven cdilobT, daix-
somoT telefonis nomeri da iwyebT fanqris
da qaRaldis Zebnas, raTa CaiweroT is. Tqveni
xanmokle mexsiereba gaZlevT SesaZleblobas,
SeaCeroT telefonis nomeri Tqvens mexsierebaSi,
muSa mexsiereba ki arCevs da iyenebs im fsiqikur
xanmokle mexsiereba (Short-term memory (STM) _ mex-
siereba,
operaciebs, romlebic xels Seuwyoben Zebnis
procesis warmatebiT dasrulebas. ganxilva
xanmokle mexsierebaze saubriT daviwyoT.
xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobis SezRuduloba
xanmokle mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia erT-
jeradi aRqmiT informaciis uSualo aRbeWdvaa
cnobierebaSi. me-5 TavSi aRvniSneT, rom yurad-
Rebis funqcia gare samyarodan garkveul obieq-
tTa da movlenaTa seleqciaa. ramdenadac Tqveni
yuradRebis moculoba SezRudulia, imdenad,
SezRuduli iqneba xanmokle mexsierebaSi Semo-
suli informaciis raodenoba. xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SezRudul moculobas yuradRebis SezRu-
duloba ganapirobebs.
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobis dasadgenad
mkvlevrebma uSualo mexsierebis testi gamoi-
yenes. SeiZleba, odesaRac Tqvenc SegisrulebiaT
msgavsi amocana:
erTxel waikiTxeT mocemuli cifrebi, xolo
Semdeg CamowereT igive TanmimdevrobiT, ram-
densac SeZlebT:
8 1 7 3 4 9 4 2 8 5
ramdeni CamowereT sworad?
axla waikiTxeT asoebisgan Semdgari mwkrivi
da, aseve, ramdensac SeZlebT, aRadgineT igive
TanmimdevrobiT.
I M R S O F L P T Z B
ramdeni aRadgineT sworad?
Tu Tqven sxva adamianebisgan ar gamoirCeviT,
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
daaxloebiT xuTidan cxra erTeuls aRadgenT.
jorj mileris (George Miller, 1976) mixedviT, ada-
miani saSualod ixsomebs Svid (plus, an minus
or) erTeuls, romelsac igi „magiur cifrs~
uwodebda. es vrceldeba SemTxveviTi wesiT
ganlagebuli cifrebis, asoebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis da nebismier azrian Tu nacnob
masalaze.
uSualo mexsierebis testiT xanmokle mexsie-
rebis SesaZleblobebi gadafasebulia, radganac
cdis pirebs SesaZlebloba aqvT, amocanis
Sesasruleblad sxva wyaroebic gamoiyenon. gaix-
seneT, magaliTad, rom eqo-mexsiereba SesaZ-
leblobas gaZlevT, xmamaRla wakiTxuli masa-
lidan ukeT daixsomoT bolo ramdenime wevri
277
 (Tu sufiqsi ar erTvis Tan). arsebobs faqtorebi,
romlebic amcireben xanmokle mexsierebis
moculobas oridan oTxamdec ki (Crowder, 1976),
magram Tu mxolod es aris is raodenoba, riTac
iwyebT informaciis SeZenas, maSin ratom aris,
rom xSirad verc amCnevT Tqveni mexsierebis
aseT SezRudulobas?
xanmokle mexsierebis
mniSvneloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom xanmokle mexsierebis
moculoba sakmaod SezRudulia, es mexsiereba
Tavis funqcias mainc warmatebiT asrulebs ori
mizezis gamo: pirveli, mas aqvs informaciis
ganmtkicebis SesaZlebloba ganmeorebebisa da
dajgufebis saSualebiT da, meore, xanmokle
mexsierebidan informaciis amotana Zalian swra-
fad xdeba.
ganmeoreba
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom saukeTeso
gza Tqveni nacnobis erTxel amokiTxuli tele-
fonis nomris daxsomebisaTvis ramdenjerme misi
gonebaSi (an xmamaRla) ganmeorebaa. daxsomebis
am teqnikas SemaCerebeli ganmeoreba ewodeba.
ra mosdis ganmeorebis gareSe informacias,
kargad Cans erT-erT maxvilgonier eqsperimentSi.
da gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalebis
gamoyenebiT mraval cdis pirze Catarda.
rogorc 8.6 suraTze Cans, aRdgenili
masalis raodenoba sul ufro iklebs
aRbeWdvasa da mogonebas Soris, drois
zrdasTan erTad. sami wamis Semdeg ukve
adgili hqonda daviwyebas, 18 wamis Semdeg
ki cdis pirebs aRaraferi axsovdaT.
ganmeorebis SesaZleblobis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi aRdgenili masalis raodenoba
mcirdeba drois gasvlasTan erTad (Pater-
son & Paterson, 1959).
Sedegi aradamakmayofilebelia imis gamo, rom
informaciis ganmeoreba ar moxda. aradamakma-
yofilebelia imitomac, rom moxda am informa-
ciis distraqtoris masalasTan interferencia
(interferenciaze Cven Semdgom vimsjelebT).
Tqven, albaT, SegimCneviaT, rom rodesac
wveulebaze pirovnebas gacnoben, is Tavis saxels
da gvars geubnebaT, romelic xSirad swrafadve
gaviwydebaT. erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi amisa
isaa, rom saWiroa dro am saxelisa da gvaris
ganmeorebisaTvis. aba, scadeT, rodesac gagac-

saidan
viciT

xanmokle mexsierebaSi ganmeorebis

gareSe informaciis daviwyeba xdeba
cdis pirebs ukiTxaven sam Tanxmovans,
magaliTad, F, C da V-s. maT es Tanxmovnebi
gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg
unda aRadginon, romlis xangrZlivoba 3-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

dan 18 wamamde meryeobs. ganmeorebis

Tavidan asacileblad, kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris CarTulia xelis SemSleli
amocana (distraqtori): cdis pirebs aZ-
leven samniSna ricxvs da avaleben ukuRma
daiTvalon samis gamoklebiT manam, sanam
im sami Tanxmovnis aRdgenis niSans mis-
278
cemen. eqsperimenti sxvadasxva Tanxmovnebis
suraTi
8.6
xanmokle mexsiereba ganmeorebis
gareSe
rodesac intervali stimulis miwodebasa da
aRdgenas Soris sxva amocaniT aris Sevsebuli
(distraqtoriT), mexsierebis moculoba mcirdeba,
ramdenadac intervali izrdeba.
noben adamians, manam, sanam saubars gaagrZeleb-
deT, gaimeoreT ramdenjerme misi saxeli da
gvari.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom ganmeoreba
dagexmarebaT, raTa SevinarCunoT informacia
xanmokle mexsierebaSi. magram, Tu es informacia
sakmaod rTulia, an didia gasameoreblad, maSin
mis SenarCunebaSi dajgufebis strategia dagex-
marebaT.
dajgufeba (Chunking)
jgufi (Chank) azris matarebeli informaciis
erTeulia (Anderson, 1996). es erTeuli SeiZleba
erTi aso an erTi cifri, an ramdenime wevrisgan
Semdgari jgufi, sityvac da winadadebac ki iyos.
magaliTad, cifrebis es Tanmimdevroba 1 9 8 4 oTxi
erTeulisgan Sedgeba da Tavisuflad jdeba
xanmokle mexsierebis moculobaSi. magram Tu
Tqven am cifrebs aRiqvamT, rogorc weliwads
(1984 weli), an jorj orvelis wignis _ „1984"
saTaurs, maSin es erTi erTeuli iqneba da Tqvens
xanmokle mexsierebaSi sxva masalisTvisac dagr-
CebaT adgili. dajgufeba (Chunking), msgavsebis
an sxva maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze,
dasaxsomebeli masalis patar-patara jgufebad
rekonfiguraciis an xangrZliv mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciaze dayrdnobiT ufro didi
jgufebis (patterns) Seqmnis procesia (Baddeley, 1994).
ramdeni erTeulisgan Sedgeba cifrebis mwkrivi
_ 19411917186518121776?
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erTeulad ganixilavT
TiToeul cifrs, Tqveni pasuxi iqneba „20“, xolo
Tu am Tanmimdevrobas gaanawilebT amerikis
SeerTebul Statebis istoriaSi momxdari omebis
mixedviT, pasuxi iqneba „5~. Tu Tqven meore
strategias airCevT, erTi Tvalis gadavlebiTac
Zalian gagiadvildebaT igive TnmimdevrobiT am
mwkrivis aRdgena, xolo Tu am mwkrivs, rogorc
20 damoukidebeli erTeulisgan Semgars ganixi-
lavT, ara Tu misi TanmimdevrobiT, aramed srulad
aRdgenasac verafriT SeZlebT.
Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebis moculoba
aucileblad gaizrdeba, Tu Tqven didi mocu-
lobis masalis ramdenime jgufSi gaerTianebis
gzas monaxavT. cnobil pirovnebas S. F-s (igi
gamoCenili mrboleli iyo) 84 cifris daxsomeba
SeeZlo maTi distanciis garbenis droTa mixedviT
dajgufebis safuZvelze.
saidan
viciT
dajgufebis (Chanking) upiratesoba
S.F-is oqmi gviCvenebs mis gonebamaxvi-
lobas. ramdenadac is grZel distanciebze
darboda, man SeamCnia, rom mwkrivis bevri
cifri SeiZleba dajgufebuliyo, rogorc
garbenis dro sxvadasxva distanciaze. maga-
liTad, man moaxdina 34925614935 mwkrivis
Semdegi saxiT dekodireba: - 3:49,2 aris
sarekordo dro; 56,14 aris 10 milis distan-
ciaze garbenis dro; 9,35 sWirdeba 2 milis
garbenas. Semdgom dasaxsomebeli mwkrivis
dasajgufeblad S.F. iyenebda, agreTve, asaks,
RirSesaniSnav TariRebs, specialur cif-
robriv kodebs. aseve, SeeZlo mas Tavisi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba gamoeyenebina, raTa
grZeli, SemTxveviTi wesiT dalagebuli
wevrebi azrian jgufebad gaeerTianebina.
magram, amave dros, S.F-s asoebze saSualo
mexsiereba hqonda, radgan ar hqonda gamo-
muSavebuli asoTa mwkrivis dajgufebis
araviTari strategia (Chase & Ericsson, 1981;
Ericsson & Chase, 1982).
S.F-is msgavsad, Tqvenc SegiZliaT, axlad
Semosuli informaciis gadastruqtureba moax-
dinoT Tqveni pirovnuli gamocdilebidan gamom-
dinare (magaliTad, daukavSiroT is megobrebis,
an naTesavebis asaks), an daukavSiroT axali masala
Tqvens xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebul kodebs.
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
maSinac ki, rodesac Tqven ver SeZeliT Tqvens
xangrZliv mexsierebaSi arsebuli wesebis,
mniSvnelobebis Tu kodebis gamoyeneba, am stra-
tegiiT sargebloba mainc SesaZlebelia. SegiZ-
liaT daajgufoT ritmis, riTmis, an droiTi
intervalebis mixedviT (magaliTad, 181379256460-
dan miiRebT 4 erTeuls: 181, 379, 256 da 460).
yoveldRiuri gamocdilebidan Tqven iciT, rom
aseTi dajgufebis principi mSvenivrad muSaobs
telefonis nomris damaxsovrebisas.
xanmokle mexsierebidan informaciis
aRdgena
ganmeorebasa da dajgufebazea damokidebuli,
Tu rogor aRibeWdeba informacia, raTa uzrun-
velyofil iqnes misi Senaxva, magram am 279

strategiuli midgomis gareSec aRmoCnda, rom
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis aRdgena Zalian
efeqturia. saul Stenbergis klasikur gamok-
vlevaTa seriaSi (Saul Sternberg, 1966, 1969) gamoye-
nebuli iyo amocana, romelic naTelyofda im
did siswrafes, romliTac cdis pirebi xanmokle
mexsierebaSi Semosul informacias afasebdnen.
saidan
viciT
xanmokle mexsierebidan masalis
efeqturi aRdgena
cdis pirebs didi raodenobiT Catare-
buli cdebis TiToeul jerze eZleodaT
dasaxsomebeli masala, romelic erTidan
eqvsamde erTeuls moicavda, magaliTad,
cifrebs 52946. cdidan cdamde es masala
icvleboda imis mixedviT, Tu romeli da
ramdeni cifri iyo miwodebuli. TiToeuli
saxis masalis miwodebis Semdeg Stenbergi
maSinve sTavazobda erT gamosacdel tests
– cifrs, romlis Sesaxebac cdis pirebs
unda eTqvaT, Sedioda Tu ara es cifri
uSualod mis mier aRqmul masalaSi.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
damokidebuli cvladi cnobis siswrafe
iyo. ramdenad swrafad SeeZlo cdis pirs
daeWira xeli Rilakze, romelzec aRniS-
nuli iyo „diax~, raTa daedasturebina,
rom axsovda, rom es cifri iyo dasaxso-
mebel masalaSi da daeWira xeli Rilakze
aRniSvniT „ara~, raTa eCvenebina, rom dar-
wmunebuli iyo, rom es cifri miwodebul
280
cifrebs Soris ar iyo. Stenbergma daiT-
vala es dro da aRmoCnda, rom testuri
masalis aRbeWdvasa da Semdeg pasuxs sWir-
deboda 400 miliwami, xolo 35 miliwami _
am gamRizianeblis (cifris) mexsierebaSi
Senaxul informaciasTan Sedarebas. erTi
wami sWirdeba 30 aseT Sedarebas. rogorc
vxedavT, xanmokle mexsierebidan infor-
maciis aRdgena araCveulebrivad efeqturi
aRmoCnda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Stenbergis Sedegebis
asaxsnelad gansxvavaebuli Teoriebi iyo Semo-
Tavazebuli (Ratcliff, 1978. Townsend, 1971, 1990),
yvela Tanxmdeba, rom xanmokle mexsierebidan
informaciis amotana Zalian swrafad xdeba.
modiT, gavakeToT garkveuli daskvnebi am aRmo-
Cenidan da paraleli gavavloT did samecniero
biblioTekasTan. mocemul biblioTekaSi wig-
nebis didi raodenobaa (aRsaqmel STabeWdilebaTa
didi raodenoba), magram, Tqvenda samwuxarod,
yovel jerze mxolod sami wigniT sargeblobis
ufleba gaqvT (xanmokle mexsierebis SezRuduli
moculoba). davuSvaT, rom yoveli msurveli
wigns Zalian swrafad kiTxulobs (xanmokle
muSa mexsiereba (Working memory) _ mexsierebis
unari, romelic gamoiyeneba, rogorc iseTi
amocanebis Tanmxlebi, rogoricaa mizezobrioba
da metyveleba. Sedgeba fonologiuri yulfis,
sivrciT-vizualuri matricisa da centraluri
aRmasruleblisagan.
dajgufeba (Chunking) _ informaciis calkeul
wevrTa dajgufebis procesi msgavsebis an sxva
maorganizebeli principis safuZvelze.

ratom aris informaciis aRdgena xanmokle
mexsierebidan biblioTekaSi wignis
monaxvis analogiuri?
mexsierebidan informaciis amotanis siswrafe).
aseTi unaris gamo Tqven mSvenivrad isargeblebT
biblioTekiT da iSviaTad gaacnobierebT bib-
lioTekaSi moqmed ganawess sami wignis gatanis
Sesaxeb. Tqveni xanmokle mexsierebac msgavs
samuSaos asrulebs informaciis miRebasa da
efeqtur aRdgenas Soris.
muSa mexsiereba
Cven gansakuTrebiT gavamaxvileT yuradReba
xanmokle mexsierebaze da im rolze, romelsac
xanmokle mexsiereba asrulebs axali infor-
maciis eqspliciturad aRbeWdvis procesSi. ro-
gorc adre aRvniSneT, Tqven gWirdebaT kidev
iseTi mexsiereba, romelic mudmiv aqtivobaSia
da nebismier momentSi nebismieri Tqveni moqme-
debis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas mogcemT,
mexsierebis im formebisgan gansxvavebiT, rome-
lic faqtebis aRbeWdvas udevs safuZvlad. amave
dros, aucilebelia mexsierebis TvalsaCino
Sedegis gamovlenamde mimdinare procesebic.
gaxsovT, albaT, am Tavis dasawyisSi Cven gTxoveT
dagexsomebinaT ricxvi. SegiZliaT moigonoT
es ricxvi? Tu SeZeliT misi mogoneba, maSasadame,
Tqven aqtiurad warmoidgineT daxsomebuli
ricxvi – es mexsierebis sxva funqciaa. Tu Cven
gTxovT, gaakeToT raRac ufro rTuli, maga-
liTad, gadaisroloT burTi erTi xelidan
meoreSi da paralelurad ukuRma iTvaloT samis
gamoklebiT 132-dan, am SemTxvevaSi Tqven mex-
sierebas ufro met moTxovnebs uyenebT. mkvlev-
rebma gaaanalizes mexsierebis is funqciebi,
romlebic yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gWirdebaT
da Seqmnes Teoria muSa mexsierebis Sesaxeb,
sadac es ukanaskneli klasikuri xanmokle mexsie-
rebis formad ganixiles (Healy & McNamara, 1996).
alan bedlim da misma kolegebma (Alan Baddeley,
1986, 1992; Baddeley, Andrade, 2000) muSa mexsierebaSi
sami komponenti gamoyves:
fonologiuri sacavi: masSi xdeba enaze
(metyvelebaze) dafuZnebuli informaciis Semos-
vla da misi gamoyeneba. fonologiuri sacavi
nawilobriv emTxveva xanmokle mexsierebas. ro-
desac daxsomebis mizniT imeorebiT am wuTSi
mosmenil TqvenTvis ucnob telefonis nomers,
am dros fonologiuri sacavis moqmedebas
eyrdnobiT;
mxedvelobiT-sivrciTi sqema: _ is fonolo-
giuri sacavis msgavs funqcias asrulebs, oRond
sivrciTi da mxedvelobiTi STbeWdilebebis
mimarT. Tu, magaliTad, vinme gkiTxavT, ramdeni
merxia Tqvens auditoriaSi, Tqven mxedvelobiT-
sivrciTi sqemis SesaZleblobebs iyenebT audi-
toriis warmosadgenad da Semdeg iTvliT mer-
xebis raodenobas;
centraluri aRmasrulebeli _ aq xdeba
yuradRebaze kontroli da fonologiuri saca-
vidan da sivrciT-mxedvelobiTi sqemidan
miRebuli informaciis koordinacia. yovelTvis,
rodesac gaqvT amocana, romelic fsiqikur pro-
cesTa koordinacias moiTxovs, Tqven centra-
xanmokle mexsiereba da muSa mexsiereba
luri aRmasruleblis funqcias eyrdnobiT,
romelic warmarTavs Tqvens fsiqikur SesaZleb-
lobebs amocanis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadasa-
wyvetad (am sakiTxs me-9 TavSi davubrundebiT).
xanmokle mexsierebis muSa mexsierebis cnebis
ufro farTo konteqstSi Seyvana amtkicebs im
mosazrebas, rom xanmokle mexsiereba procesia
da ara _ lokaluri adgili. SemecnebiTi saqmia-
noba, magaliTad, metyvelebis procesi Tu
problemuri situaciis gadawyvetis msgavsi kog-
nituri aqtioba, bevri gansxvavebuli elementis
swraf da Tanmimdevar amoqmedebas da CarTvas
moiTxovs. muSa mexsiereba SegiZliaT ganixiloT,
rogorc aucilebeli elementebis sagangebo da
xanmokle mobilizacia. Tu gindaT, ukeT daak-
281

cxrili
8.1
muSa mexsierebis moculobis teqsti
waikiTxeT es winadadebebi xmamaRla da Semdeg
scadeT gaixsenoT TiToeuli winadadebis bolo
sityvebi.
kaci patronobda gogonas, rodesac is skolis
moswavle iyo, xolo, roca studenti gaxda,
mosvenebas aRar aZlevda.
mas hqonda gawelili Tavis qala, romelic mis
mxrebze ise idga, rogorc msxali langarze.
cifruli eleqtronikis nawarmi mniSvnelovan
rols Seasrulebs Tqvens momavalSi.
taqsim auxvia miCiganis prospeqtze, saidanac tbis
sruli xedi iSleboda.
bolosdabolos, roca man Tvalebi gaaxila,
triumfis sxivic da gabrazebis Crdilic ukve
gamqraliyo.
wyaro: deinmeni & karpenteri, 1980.
virdeT romelime fizikur obieqts, SegiZliaT
ufro metad gamokveToT is; muSa mexsierebas
Tqveni fsiqikuri obieqtebis _ mexsierebis
warmodgenebis naTlad asaxvac SeuZlia. muSa
mexsiereba koordinacias uwevs, agreTve, am
obieqtebTan dakavSirebul aqtivobebs.
mecnierebma daamtkices, rom muSa mexsierebis
mixedviT adamianebi individualurad gan-
sxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan (Daneman, Merikle, 1956;
Jenkins et. al., 1999). erT-erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi
amis dasadgenad muSa mexsierebis moculobaa.
am mizniT, mkvlevrebi cdis pirebs winadadebaTa
seriis xmamaRla wakiTxvas da, Semdeg, TiToeuli
winadadebis bolo sityvebis aRdgenas sTxoven.
8.1 cxrilSi sacdelad warmogidgenT ramdenime
aseT winadadebas. am amocanis Sesruleba arc
ise martivia. dadgenilia, rom maT, vinc saSua-
lod 4 an met erTeuls ixsomebs, kargi mexsie-
rebis moculoba aqvT, xolo Tu 2,5 erTeuls an
naklebs ixsomebs - mcire moculoba. es gansxva-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebuli amocanebis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli
mravali cdidan gamoyvanili saSualo monacemia.
ase rom, 8.1 cxrilSi motanili testidan amaze
mets sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb verafers SeityobT.
imis gamo, rom muSa mexsierebis moculoba imis
sazomia, Tu Tavisi xanmokle kognituri pro-
cesebis gamoyenebis ra SesaZleblobebi aqvs
282
individs, mecnierebi mas gansxvavebul amoca-
nebze SesaZlo pasuxTa prognozirebisaTvis
iyeneben.
saidan
viciT
muSa mexsierebis moculoba gavlenas
axdens teqstis daxsomebaze
mecnierebma gamoyves individTa sami
jgufi, romelTagan TiToeuls, Sesabamisad,
hqonda maRali, saSualo da dabali mex-
sierebis moculoba. TiToeul cdis pirs
sTxovdnen waekiTxaT moTxroba „mSvenieri
Zveli saxlis~ Sesaxeb, erTi mxriv,
myidvelis da, meore mxriv, mZarcvelis
poziciidan. moTxrobaSi aRwerili sagnebi
da faqtebi savsebiT sakmarisi iyo rogorc
erTi, ise meore poziciis gansamtkiceblad.
magaliTad, saxlis moZvelebul saxuravs
upirispirdeboda monetebis Zveli koleq-
cia. mkvlevrebs ainteresebdaT, ra gavlenas
moaxdenda maT mexsierebaze is pozicia,
romelic maT moTxrobis kiTxvisas hqon-
daT. cdis pirebs sTxovdnen, orjer aRed-
ginaT moTxroba – erTxel Tavdapirveli
poziciis mixedviT (myidveli an mZarcveli)
da Semdeg meore poziciis safuZvelze
(axla warmoidgine, rom xar...). cdis pirebs,
romelTac mexsierebis didi moculoba
hqondaT, meore poziciidanac sakmao
masalis aRdgena SeeZloT, rac ver SeZles
sxva cdis pirebma (Lee-Sammons & Whitney,
1991).
mkvlevrebma daaskvnes, rom mcire da saSualo
moculobis mexsierebis mqone cdis pirebi Tavi-
danve irCeven pozicias da am poziciidan xdeba,
ZiriTadad, moTxrobis informaciis gadamuSaveba.
didi moculobis cdis pirebs ki SeuZliaT orive
poziciis safuZvelze am informaciis gadamu-
Saveba. eqsperimentebi, romlebSic muSa mexsier-
ebis moculoba izomeba, xels uwyobs imis
garkvevas, Tu ra gansazRvravs mexsierebis SesaZ-
leblobebis gamoyenebis individualur gansxva-
vebebs.
 dabolos: muSa mexsierebis mier xdeba Tqveni
fsiqologiuri awmyos SeCereba. swored misi
saSualebiT Semodis konteqstSi axali infor-
macia, damoukidebli epizodebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSireba da erTian Sinaarsad Sekvra. is
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas, cvalebadi situaciis
Sesabamisad, mudmivad ganaaxloT, SeavsoT Tqveni
STabeWdilebebi Tu warmodgenebi da gamokveToT
arsebiTi momentebi saubarSi. es yvelaferi
simarTlea, radgan muSa mexsiereba gamtaris
rols TamaSobs Semosul informaciasa da xan-
grZliv mexsierebas Soris. axla gadavideT dro-
Si ufro gamZle mexsierebis formebis ganxil-
vaze.
Sejameba
xanmokle mexsierebis funqcia eqsplicituri
saxiT informaciis pirveladi aRbeWdvaa. xan-
mokle mexsiereba oridan oTxamde erTeuls itevs.
ganmeorebas SeuZlia informaciis SeCereba xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi. moculoba izrdeba, Tu
informacia azrobriv nawilebad dajgufdeba.
informaciis amotana xanmokle mexsierebidan
swrafad xdeba. klasikuri xanmokle mexsierebis
cneba Secvala ufro farTo, muSa mexsierebis
cnebam. muSa mexsierebis sami komponenti asaxavs
adamianis mier gamocdilebis SeZenis mudmiv
process.
xangrZlivi mexsiereba:
kodireba da Senaxva
ramden xans inaxeba informacia mexsierebaSi?
ganvixiloT 90 wlis qalis mexsiereba, romelsac
TvalnaTliv axsovs san franciskoSi 1906 wels
momxdari miwisZvra da xanZari, romelic am
miwisZvras mohyva. mas zustad axsovs, Tu ras
ganicdida, rodesac igi sxva bavSvebTan erTad
mirboda yuresTan didi brezentis tomrebis
wyliT asavsebad. Semdeg mama arTmevda am svel
tomrebs da asxamda saxuravze im imediT, rom
saxls xanZrisgan gadaarCenda. veraviTarma
Semdgomma STabeWdilebebma ver waSala is SiSi
da SfoTva, romelic am patara gogonam ganicada,
rodesac xedavda, Tu rogor ingreoda qalaqi.
rodesac fsiqologebi xangrZlivi mexsierebis
Sesaxeb saubroben, isini gulisxmoben, rom
daxsomebuli Sinaarsi da STabeWdileba xSirad
SeiZleba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze axsovdes
adamians. aqedan gamomdinare, Teoriam unda axsnas
ara mxolod is, Tu rogor inaxeba informacia
didi xniT, aramed isic, Tu rogor SeuZlia
mexsierebas misi aRdgena-gamoyenebac. xangrZlivi
mexsiereba SegrZnebebis da xanmokle mexsierebis
gziT miRebuli nebismieri saxis gamocdilebis
sacavia. masSi Sedis movlenebi, informacia,
emociebi, Cvevebi, sityvebi, kategoriebi, wesebi
da msjelobebi. xangrZlivi mexsiereba inaxavs
pirovnebis mTlian codnas samyarosa da sakuTari
Tavis Sesaxeb.
fsiqologebisTvis cnobilia, rom xSirad
ufro advilia xangrZlivi droiT daxsomeba,
Tu mis Sesaxeb winaswar garkveuli azri gaqvs.
winaswari informacia gexmarebaT da erTgvari
sqemis rols TamaSobs Semosuli informaciis
ukeT gagebisTvis. daskvnis saxiT mexsierebis
Sesaxeb Cven Semdegi unda giTxraT: Tqveni
mexsiereba gacilebiT ukeTesi iqneba, Tu is
pirobebi, romelSic informaciis aRbeWvda moxda,
daemTxveva an maqsimalurad Tanxvdeba im pirobebs,
romelSic mis aRdgenas cdilobT. amis Sesaxeb
mogvianebiT visaubrebT.
konteqsti da kodireba
manam, sanam kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
Sesabamisobas SevexebodeT, gvinda ganvixiloT
fenomeni, romelsac „konteqstis Soks~ uwodeben.
xalxiT gavsebul oTaxSi dainaxeT pirovneba,
romelsac grZnobT, rom namdvilad icnobT,
magram ver mogigonebiaT vin aris da mxolod
met-naklebad xangrZlivi da zrdilobiani
dakvirvebis Semdeg gaxsendebaT misi vinaoba.
imasac acnobierebT, rom gagiWirdaT misi mogo-
neba, radgan mas adre sxva konteqstSi SexvdiT.
ras akeTebs fostaSi werilebis ganyofilebaSi
mosamsaxure qali Tqveni saukeTeso megobris
wveulebaze? Tu gqoniaT Tqvens gamocdilebaSi
aseTi SemTxveva, mixvdebiT ra moiazreba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba (Long-term memory) _
daxsomebis procesi, romelic uzrunvelyofs
informaciis Senaxvas da, Semdgom, nebismier
dros mis aRdgenas.
283
 kodirebis specifikurobis principSi: - mexsiereba
yvelaze efeqturad maSin moqmedebs, rodesac
aRdgenis procesis konteqsti kodirebis konteq-
sts emTxveva. vnaxoT, Tu rogor moaxdines mecnie-
rebma am principis demonstrireba.
kodirebis specifikuroba
ra mniSvneloba aqvs konkretul konteqstSi
informaciis swavlas? pirvelad endel tulving-
ma da donald tompsonma 1973 wels moaxdines
kodirebis specifikurobis mniSvnelobis demon-
strireba, rodesac mogonebasa da cnobas Soris
Cveuli urTierTdamokidebulebis sawinaaRmdego
Sedegi miiRes.
saidan
viciT
kodirebis specifikuroba gavlenas
axdens cnobasa da mogonebaze
cdis pirebs sTxoven, daiswavlon
sityvaTa mwkrivebi, magaliTad, vagoni _
Savi, magram, amave dros, afrTxileben, rom
maT unda daixsomon wyvilis mxolod meore
sityva. eqsperimentis Semdeg stadiaze maT
sTxoven sityvaze TeTri oTx Tavisufal
asociacias. es sityva specialurad aris
SerCeuli imisTvis, rom am asociaciaTa
Soris sityva Savi aRmoCndes. amis Semdeg
cdis pirebs sTxoven, icnon am asociaci-
ebSi is sityva, romelTa daxsomebac maT
eqsperimentis pirvel fazaSi wyvilebidan
moeTxovebodaT. cdis pirebma mxolod 54%-
is mogoneba SeZles. xolo maSin, rodesac
wyvilis pirveli wevri dausaxeles, 61 %
aRadgines.
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
ratom iyo mogoneba ukeTesi, vidre cnoba?
tulvingis da tomsonis mixedviT, amis mizezi
konteqstis Secvlaa. cdis pirebisTvis, rom-
lebmac sityva Savi daixsomes vagonis konteqstSi,
kodirebis specifikuroba (Encoding specificity) _
es principi gulisxmobs, rom aRdgenili infor-
maciis raodenoba matulobs, Tu daxsomebis da
aRdgenis procesSi erTi da igive mimniSneblebi
284 moqmedeben.
rodesac quCaSi moZraobis wese-
bis daRvevis Semdeg SexvdebiT
am kacs, ratom ver cnobT? mas
xom wveulebaze SexvdiT?
Zneli iyo misi aRdgena, roca konteqsti sityva
TeTriT Seicvala. Tuki aseT mniSvnelovan
cvlilebas konteqstis es minimaluri cvlileba
iZleva, warmoidgineT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
arsebuli rTuli konteqstebis cvalebadoba
ramdenad did efeqts gamoiwvevs.
mecnierebma SeZles mexsierebaze konteqstis
sakmaod Zlieri gavlenis eqsperimentuli gamow-
veva. erT-erT aseT eqsperimentSi myvinTavebi
swavlobdnen sityvaTa mwkrivs zRvis napirze
da wyalqveS. Semdeg ki imave sityvaTa Semowmeba
am or konteqstSi (napirze da wyalqveS) xdeboda.
aRmoCnda, rom daxsomebis efeqturoba 50%-iT
meti iyo, rodesac kodireba da aRdgena erTnair
pirobebSi, erT konteqstSi xdeboda, Tumca, TviT
masalas araferi saerTo ar hqonda arc napirTan
da arc yvinTvasTan (Gooden & Baddeleyi, 1975). aseve,
daxsomeba ukeTesia, Tu masalis aRdgenisas Tan-
mxlebi musika igivea, rac daxsomebisas (Balch &
Lewis, 1996). Sabis eqsperimentSi daxsomebis efeq-
turoba ufro maRali iyo, rodesac Sokoladis
sunis fonze xdeboda daxsomeba da aRdgena (Schab,
1990). sunsa da konteqstis efeqts Soris
urTierTkavSirze Catarebulma eqsperimentebma
gamoavlina, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansxvavebuli suni gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens
konteqstis efeqtze.
 saidan
viciT
mkveTri suni mimniSneblis rols
asrulebs
romeli sunia ufro mniSvnelovani
mexsierebis konteqstis efeqtisTvis? am
mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva sunelis gamoye-
nebiT ramdenime eqsperimenti Catarda. erT
SemTxvevaSi es iyo cdis pirebisTvis
sruliad ucxo, uCveulo sunis matarebeli
osmantusi (aziuri warmoSobis mcenareul-
kenkrovani mcenare; Herz, 1997, gv. 375), Cveu-
lebrivi, nacnobi suni, magram uCveulo
kvleviTi laboratoriisTvis (vanili) da
laboratoriisTvis Cveuli (fiWvis) suni.
hipoTezis mixedviT, mxolod ori suni
miipyrobda yuradRebas Tavisi siaxliTa
da uCveulobiT da kodirebis procesSi
CaerTveboda. hipoTeza dadasturda. miu-
xedavad imisa, rom kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris 48 saaTi gavida, cdis pirebi mniSvne-
lovnad met sityvas ixsomebdnen (20-
sityviani mwkrividan), rodesac aRdgenis
dros igive suni iyo oTaxSi, rac aRbeWd-
visas, magram es mxolod osmantuss da
vanils exeboda (Herz, 1996).
am gamokvlevebSi naTlad gamoCnda, rom ara
yovelgvari suni monawileobs konteqstis efeq-
tSi. sunis mniSvneloba SeiZleba sxvadasxva
konteqstSi icvlebodes. tkbileulobis maRa-
ziaSi SeiZleba vanilma Tavisi Zala, rogorc
konteqstis elementma, dakargos.
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
konteqstis efeqti Cven, aseve, SeiZleba
mexsierebis erT-erTi klasikuri kanonzomierebis
– rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqtis asaxsnelad
gamoviyenoT. davuSvaT, Tqven unda daiswavloT
sityvaTa mwkrivi. Tu Cven gTxovT, gaixsenoT
TanmimdevrobiT es sityvebi, raodenoba, romel-
sac Tqven aRadgenT, Sesabamisi iqneba 8.7 suraTze
gamosaxuli Sedegisa: _ Tqven mSvenivrad aRadgenT
mwkrivis dasawyisidan (dasawyisis efeqti) da
bolodan ramdenime sityvas (daboloebis efeqti).
mwkrivis Sua nawilidan ki erTi-ori sityva
gagaxsendebaT. 8.7 suraTze gamosaxuli kanon-
zomiereba zogadia mexsierebis, rogorc Tavisu-
fali wesiT aRdgenili masalis mimarT (gaix-
seneT, ramdeni sityvis gaxsenebasac SeZlebT),
ise igive TanmimdevrobiT aRdgenis instruqciis
SemTxvevaSi (gaixseneT igive TanmimdevrobiT,
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT) da, agreTve,
sxvadasxva raodenobis – 6, 10, 15 sityvaTa mwkrivis

xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva

suraTi
8.7
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mrudi gviCvenebs adgilmdebareobis efeqtis zogad kanonzomierebas. studentebs sTxoven, gaixsenon gansxvavebuli
sigrZis sityvaTa (6, 10, 15 sityva) mwkrivebi an seriuli aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT sityvebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,

285
ra TanmimdevrobiTac moismineT), an Tavisufali aRdgenis wesiT (gaixseneT, ramdensac SeZlebT). TiToeul mrudze
kargad Cans, rom daxsomeba ukeTesia dasawyisSi (dasawyisis efeqti) da boloSi (daboloebis efeqti).
 suraTi
8.8
konteqstis mixedviT
gansxvaveba
Tqven SegiZliaT Tqvens mex-
sierebaSi informacia mata-
reblis liandagis msgavsad
warmoidginoT. A nawilis ana-
logiurad, SegiZliaT ifiq-
roT, rom didi xnis win Tqvens
mexsierebaSi Semosuli in-
formacia erTmaneTzea mWid-
rod miwyobili, rogorc
moSorebiT ganlagebuli lian-
dagis `Spalebi~, B nawilSi
ki vxedavT, rom am efeqtis
acilebis erT-erTi gzaa adre
miRebuli es `Spalebi~ erTma-
neTisgan proporciulad da-
Sorebulad ganvalagoT. aseve,
SegiZliaT Zveli informacia
gamokveToT fsiqologiurad
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobebis
miniWebis gziT.

daxsomebis dros (Jahnke, 1965). mecnierebma daad-
gines, rom dasawyisis da daboloebis efeqti
bevr satesto situaciaSic moqmedebs (Crowder,
1976; Neath, 1993). ra dRea dRes? daijerebT, rom
erTi wamiT ufro swrafad upasuxebT am kiTxvaze
kviris dasawyisSi da bolos, vidre Sua kviraSi
(Koriat & Fischoff, 1974)?
mrudis aseTi forma mwkrivis wevrebis gan-
sxvavebuli konteqstualuri mniSvnelobiT, Tqve-
ni cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis Sinaarsebis
gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT da sxva faqtorebiT
aixsneba (Knoedler et al., 1999, Marks & Crowder, 1997;
Neath & Knoedler, 1994). konteqstualuri gansxva-
rigSi adgilmdebareobis efeqti (Serial position
effect) _ mexsierebidan informaciis aRdgenis pro-
cesis maxasiaTebeli, rodesac mwkrivis dasa-
wyisi da bolo wevrebis ukeT mogoneba xdeba,
vidre mwkrivis Sua wevrebisa.
dasawyisis efeqti (primacy effect) _ mwkrivis pirve-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
vebis gasagebad SeiZleba dasvaT kiTxva: „ramdenad
gansxvavdeboda situacia (konteqsti), romelSic
me miviRe informacia, im situaciisgan, romel-
Sic me unda aRvadgino is?~ SevCerdeT dabo-
loebis efeqtze. 8.8 suraTze mocemulia vizua-
luri gamokveTilobis magaliTi. warmoidgineT,
rom suraTze Tqven matareblis liandags xedavT.
Tqveni yuradReba liandagis bolozea (suraTis
ukana nawilze) mimarTuli da xedavT, rom
boloSi, horizontze liandagebis Zelebi TiT-
qos uerTdebian erTmaneTs, Tumca, Tanabrad arian
sivrceSi daSorebulni. Cven ki SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom wina nawilSi ganlagebuli liandagebi
gvecema TvalSi da is Tqveni (liandagis bolos-
gan) konteqstisgan gansxvavebulia. axla war-
moidgineT, rom gindaT, moigonoT bolos nanaxi
aTi kinosuraTi. am SemTxvevaSic liandagis
msgavsi situacia gvaqvs. umravles SemTxvevaSi,
Tqven bolo suraTs ukeT warmoidgenT, radganac

Tqven gamoyofT erTmaneTSi areuli suraTebidan

li wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
imas, romelic ufro axlo warsuls miekuTvneba.
daboloebis efeqti (recency effect) _ mwkrivis bolo
am logikas Tu gavyvebiT, „Sua~ informacia ukeT
wevrebis ukeT daxsomeba.
daxsomebadi gaxdeba, Tu mas ufro gamovkveTavT
konteqstualuri gamokveTa (contextual distinctive-
(erTmaneTSi areuli aRar iqneba). es idea gaT-
ness) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mwkri-
vis adgilmdebareobis efeqtze SeiZleba gavlena valiswinebulia 8.8B suraTze, sadac liandagebi
moaxdinos konteqstma da gamokveTilma warsulma erTmaneTisgan Tanabrad arian daSorebulni.
gamocdilebam.
286
 saidan
viciT
mwkrivis elementebis gamokveTa
imisaTvis, rom matareblis liandagebi
Tanabrad daSorebuli davinaxoT, saWiroa,
liandagis Zelebi Tanabrad davaSoroT
erTmaneTs. samagierod, nakls davinaxavT.
mecnierebma es logika mexsierebis eqspe-
rimentSi gamoiyenes, gaatares ra analogia
sivrcesa da dros Soris. cdis pirebs
sTxovdnen, daexsomebinaT asoTa mwkrivebi,
magram gansxvavebuli droiTi intervalis
pirobebSi. drois es cvlileba Semdeg-
nairad xorcieldeboda: _ cdis pirebs unda
waekiTxaT SemTxveviTi ricxvebis garkve-
uli raodenoba, romelic kompiuteris
ekranze asoebs Soris Cndeboda. Cveulebriv
pirobebSi, A nawilis msgavsad, 8.8 suraTze
or wyvils Sua ori cifri Cndeboda. pro-
porciul pirobebSi ki (B nawilis msgavsad)
pirvel wyvils Soris 4 cifri iyo, xolo
bolo wyvilebs Soris – arc erTi. amis
Sedegad wina cifrebi ufro gamokveTili
unda yofiliyo iseve, rogorc liandagis
SemTxvevaSi moSorebuli Zeli Canda ufro
Sors. marTlac, cdis pirebi ukeT ixsomeb-
dnen Soreul (adre aRqmul) masals im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac es wevrebi ukeT
iyvnen gamokveTilni (Neath & Crowder, 1990).
es eqsperimenti imaze miuTiTebs, rom stan-
dartuli daboloebis efeqts adgili aqvs imi-
tom, rom mwkrivis bolo wevrebi ukve avtoma-
turad gamokveTilia. igive principiT SeiZleba
avxsnaT dasawyisis efeqti: _ yovel jerze Tqven
raRac axals iwyebT, axal konteqsts qmniT. am
axal konteqstSi pirveli ramdenime mocemulobaa
gamokveTili. amrigad, dasawyisis da daboloebis
efeqti SegiZliaT ganixiloT, rogorc erTi da
igive liandagis mimarT ori pozicia _ TiTo-
euli TiTo bolodan.
mogonebis mimniSneblebi
ramdenadac Cven vagrZelebT aRbeWdvasa da
mogonebaze saubars, droa Tqveni mexsierebac
CavrToT muSaobaSi. vecdebiT gavimeoroT
klasikuri eqsperimenti mexsierebaze da amitom
gTxovT daimaxsovroT sityvaTa ramdenime wyvili.
gaimeoreT da daiswavleT es wyvilebi manam,
sanam eqvsives samjer uSecdomod zepirad ar
ityviT:
vaSli – navi
qudi – Zvali
velosipedi – saaTi
Tagvi – xe
burTi – saxli
yuri – sabani
Tu Tqven ukve daiswavleT sityvaTa wyvilebi,
am tests kidev ufro sainteresos gavxdiT. axla
gvWirdeba Senaxvis intervali – dro, romlis
ganmavlobaSic unda SeinaxoT informacia
mexsierebaSi. modiT, drois gayvanis mizniT,
visaubroT zogierT proceduraze, romelsac
Tqveni mexsierebis Sesamowmeblad gamoviyenebT.
Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT, rom gaxsovT, an
ar gaxsovT raRac da mexsierebis romeli meTo-
diTac ar unda Segamowmon, erTnair Sedegs
miiRebT. es ar aris ase. magaliTad, Cven vnaxavT,
rom implicituri da eqsplicituri mexsierebis
testebi sruliad gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZ-
leven. jerjerobiT ganvixiloT eqsplicituri
mexsierebis ori meTodi: mogoneba da cnoba.
mogonebis dros xdeba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia. „ra aris rigSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqti?~ es kiTxva mogonebis kiTxvaa.
cnobis dros ki imis gacnobiereba xdeba, rom
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT an dainaxeT). „ra ewodeba
mxedvelobiT sensorul mexsierebas: (1) eqo; (2)
engrama; (3) xati Tu (4) abstraqtuli kodi?~ es
ki cnobis kiTxvaa. cnoba da mogoneba Tqvens
yoveldRiur eqsplicitur mexsierebasac ukavSir-
deba. kriminaluri pirovnebis dasadgenad poli-
cia mogonebis meTods iyenebs, rodesac dazara-
lebuls sTxovs aRweros da moigonos borot-
moqmedis specifikuri niSnebi: _ „rame ucnauri
mogoneba (Recall) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba adre miwodebuli
informaciis reproduqcia.
cnoba (Recognition) _ aRdgenis meTodi, romlis
drosac individs moeTxoveba imis gacnobiereba,
rom raRac movlena swored isaa, romelic Tqven
adre aRiqviT (gaigoneT, an dainaxeT).
287
 xom ar SeniSneT Tavdamsxmelis garegnobaSi?~
xolo, rodesac dazaralebuls uCveneben eWvmi-
tanilTa fotoebs da ramdenimes Soris unda
amoicnos konkretuli Tavdamsxmeli, an TviTon
borotmoqmeds uCveneben policiis ganyofile-
baSi, maSin cnobasTan gvaqvs saqme.
axla gamoviyenoT es ori procedura, raTa
SevamowmoT, Tu rogor daimaxsovreT sityvaTa
wyvilebi ramdenime wuTis win. daasruleT
sityvaTa wyvili:
qudi _ ? velosipedi _ ? yuri _ ?
SegiZliaT SearCioT is wyvilebi, romlebic
daiswavleT?
vaSli _ bavSvi Tagvi _ xe burTi _ saxli
vaSli _ navi Tagvi _ ena burTi _ mTa
vaSli _ boTli Tagvi _ karavi burTi _ rqa
cnobis testi ufro advilia Tu mogonebis?
asec unda iyos. axla am Sedegis axsna mogonebis
mimniSneblebis daxmarebiT vcadoT.
mogonebis mimniSneblebs uwodeben im saSua-
lebebs, romlebic mexsierebaSi garkveuli in-
formaciis moZebnaSi gexmarebaT. es mimniSnebeli
SeiZleba modiodes garemodan, rogorc, vTqvaT,
provokaciuli kiTxvebi („mexsierebis romel
principebs daukavSirebdiT sperlingis da
Stenbergis kvlevebs?~), an, SeiZleba, Tqven
TviTon SeqmnaT („sad minaxavs igi adre?~). Tqven
yovelTvis cdilobT, eqspliciturad gaixsenoT.
amas garkveuli mizniT akeTebT da am mizans
xSirad mogonebis mimniSneblis saSualebiT
aRwevT. ar unda gagikvirdeT, rom advili iqneba
gaxseneba Tu Zneli, damokidebulia mimniS-
nebelze. Tu Tqveni megobari gkiTxavT, „vin
aris is imperatori, ver vigoneb?~ Tqven unda
gamoicnoT vis gulisxmobs (faqtobrivad, es
mogonebis mimniSneblebi (Retrieval cues) _ Signidan
an garedan momdinare stimulebi, romlebic gvex-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
marebian mexsierebaSi garkveuli informaciis
moZebnaSi.
epizoduri mexsiereba (Episodic memories) _ xangr-
Zlivi mexsiereba avtobiografiuli xasiaTis
movlenebisTvis da im konteqstisTvis, sadac
es movlenebi xdeba.
semantikuri mexsiereba (Semantic memories) _ geneti-
kuri, kategoriuli mexsiereba, rogoricaa si-
288 tyvebis mniSvnelobebi da cnebebi.
gamocnobanas TamaSi iqneba, magram Tu ikiTxavs:
„vin iyo klaudiusis Semdeg imperatori?~ am
kiTxvaze Tqven maSinve upasuxebT – „neroni~.
davubrundeT isev mogonebasa da cnobas.
mexsierebis orive testi moiTxovs mimniSneblebs,
magram cnobis mimniSneblebi gacilebiT Sede-
giania. mogonebis SemTxvevaSi Tqven mxolod
mimniSnebels unda miendoT, radgan is migiTi-
TebT informaciaze. cnobis SemTxvevaSi ki naxe-
vari saqme gakeTebulia. rodesac uyurebT si-
tyvaTa wyvils Tagvi _ xe, Tqven mxolod „ki~
an „ara~ unda upasuxoT kiTxvas: „es aris, adre
rac vnaxe (Tu viswavle?)?~ vidre maSin, rodesac
pasuxobT: Tagvi _ ?; „ra vnaxe (ra viswavle)?~
rogorc xedavT, cnobis testi mniSvnelovnad
gagiadvileT, magram axla warmoidgineT, rom
amis nacvlad adre mocemul wyvilebs areulad
gaZlevT. romelia amaTgan swori:
qudi _ saaTi yuri _ navi
qudi _ Zvali yuri _ sabani
axla Tqven unda icnoT ara swored is sityva,
romelic adre naxeT, aramed misi Sesabamisi
konteqstic (Cven isev gavixsenebT konteqstis
ideas). Tu Tqven xSirad gagikeTebiaT mravlobiTi
arCevanis testi, gecodinebaT, rogori cbieri
SeiZleba iyos cnobis situacia, magram umravles
SemTxvevaSi Tqveni cnobis Sedegebi ukeTesi
iqneba, vidre mogonebis, radgan mogonebis
mimniSneblebi cnobis SemTxvevaSi ufro mizan-
mimarTulia. axla mogonebis mimniSneblebis
zogierT sxva aspeqtsac gavecnoT.
epizoduri da semantikuri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom mexsierebis gansxvave-
buli formebi arsebobs. Tqven gaqvT rogorc
implicituri da eqsplicituri, ise deklaraci-
uli da proceduruli mexsiereba. Cven SegviZlia
sxva ganzomilebac SemovitanoT, romlis mixed-
viTac deklaraciuli mexsierebis formebi gamo-
iyofa im mimniSneblebis gansxvavebis safuZ-
velze, romlebic aucilebelia informaciis
mexsierebidan amosatanad. kanadelma fsiqologma
endel tulvingma (Endel Tulving) 1972 wels
pirvelma miuTiTa deklaraciuli mexsierebis
epizodur da semantikur formaze.
epizoduri mexsiereba individualurad ina-
xavs pirovnebis mier gancdil movlenebs.

pirovnulad mniSvnelovani movlenebi, maga-
liTad, wlebis manZilze unaxav megobarTan
Sexvedra, epizoduri mexsierebis kuTvnile-
baa. semantikuri mexsierebidan romeli in-
formacia Seedreba am SexvedriT gamowveul
sixaruls?
magaliTad, Tqveni yvelaze bednieri dabadebis
dRe, an pirveli kocna Tqvens epizodur mexsie-
rebaSia Senaxuli. imisaTvis, rom gaixsenoT
esa Tu is movlena, Tqven gWirdebaT mimniS-
neblebi, romlebic gizusteben am movlenis dros
_ rodis moxda is, an ra konteqstSi hqonda mas
adgili. informaciis kodirebaze bevrad aris
damokidebuli, SeZlebT Tu ara ama Tu im mov-
lenis gaxsenebas. magaliTad, SeZlebT, gaixsenoT
Tqven mier kbilebis meaTed gamoxexvis stili
riTi gansxvavdeboda meTerTmeted kbilebis
gamoxexvisgan?
yvelaferi, rac Tqven iciT, Tavidan garkveul
konteqstTan erTad Semodis, magram aris in-
formaciaTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelsac
uceb poulobT sruliad gansxvavebul konteq-
stebSi. am saxis informaciebi mexsierebaSi maTi
Sesabamis drosa Tu adgilTan mikuTvnebis da
mimarTebis gareSe amodis. es semantikuri mex-
siereba _ zogadi, kategoriuli mexsierebaa,
rogorc, magaliTad, sityvebis Tu cnebebis
mniSvnelobebi. adamianTa umravlesobisaTvis
iseTi faqtebi, rogoric aris E=MC2, an pasuxi
kiTxvaze _ „romelia safrangeTis dedaqalaqi?~
specialur miTiTebas, Tu rodis, an ra si-
tuaciaSi SeiZina man es codna, ar moiTxovs.
ra Tqma unda, es ar niSnavs imas, rom Tqveni
semantikuri mexsiereba yovelTvis saimedoa. Tqven
mSvenivrad acnobierebT, rom SeiZleba daga-
viwydeT bevri faqti, romelic aRar ukavSirdeba
im situacias, romelSic is aRiqviT Tu dais-
wavleT. saukeTeso strategia im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac ver igonebT semantikuri mexsierebidan
informacias, isaa, rom mas, rogorc epizodurs,
ise miudgeT. Tu etyviT Tqvens Tavs: „vici, rom
romaeli imperatorebis saxelebi dasavleTis
civilizaciis speckursSi viswavle~, es dagex-
marebaT gamonaxoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
mexsierebaSi am TeTr laqas Segivseben.
interferencia
rodesac gTxoveT, dageswavlaT wyvilovani
asociaciebi, faqtobrivad, es iyo epizoduri
mexsiereba. davuSvaT, axla sxva saxis epizoduri
mexsierebis amoqmedebas gTxovT. kidev erTxel
scadeT daiswavloT sityvaTa es wyvilebi ise,
rom uSecdomod SeZloT samjer maTi ganmeoreba:
vaSli – qurdi
qudi – wre
Tagvi – Jurnali
velosipedi – saxuravi
burTi – bavSvi
yuri – centi
rogor midis saqme? albaT, SeamCnevdiT, rom
wyvilis yoveli pirveli sityva axal sityvasTan
aris dakavSirebuli. Zneli iyo am axali wyvi-
lebis daswavla? rogor fiqrobT, Zvelad daswav-
lilis mogoneba axla ufro gagiWirdebaT (aba,
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
scadeT)? orive SemTxvevaSi pasuxi erTia _
„Znelia~. es patara savarjiSo mimniSneblis
axal aspeqtze _ interferenciaze miuTiTebs. in-
terferencias adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac mim-
niSnebeli ver moqmedebs efeqturad da ver
aRadgens Sesabamis informacias. rac ufro didia
am specifikur mimniSnebelze SesaZlo pasuxTa
raodenoba, miT ufro Znelia erTi swori pasuxis
aRdgena (Bower et al., 1994; Chandler & Gargano, 1995).
Cven ukve mogiyvaneT magaliTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebidan, rodesac gTxoveT, gangesxvavebinaT
kbilis gamoxexvis epizodebi. mogonebebi er-
TmaneTSi airia, moxda interferencia. proaq-
interferencia (Interference) _ mexsierebis fenomeni,
romelic maSin xdeba, rodesac mogonebis mimniS-
neblebi ver miuTiTeben efeqturad erT kon-
kretul movlenaze.
289
 tiuli interferencia (proaqtiuli _ „Semdgomze
moqmedi~) niSnavs, rom informacia, romelic
warsulSi SeiZineT, aZnelebs axali informaciis
aRbeWdvas. retroaqtiuli interferencia (retro-
aqtiuri _ „winaze moqmedi~) ki imaze miuTiTebs,
rom axali informacia xels uSlis Zveli infor-
maciis aRdgenas. sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
Tqven daiswavleT, orive saxis interferencias
moicavs. aseve, orive saxis interferenciasTan
geqnebaT saqme, Tu xSirad icvliT telefonis
nomers. Tavidan telefonis axali nomris
daxsomeba giWirT _ Zveli „amoxteba~ xolme
(proaqtiuli interferencia), magram rodesac
bolos da bolos kargad daimaxsovrebT axal
nomers, SeiZleba aRmoaCinoT, rom aRar gaxsovT
Zveli, Tumca, wlebis manZilze iyenebdiT mas
(retroaqtiuri interferencia).
rogorc mexsierebis bevri movlenis, maT
Soris, interferenciis Seswavlac, pirvelad
ebinghausma daiwyo, romelic TviTon swavlobda
uazro marcvalTa wyvilebs. man aRmoaCina, rom
daswavlilis 65% ar axsovda. 50 wlis Semdegac
aRmoCnda, rom nordvesternis universitetis
studentebs, romlebmac ebinghausis eqsperi-
mentebi gaimeores, igive Sedegebi hqondaT. is
mwkrivebi, romelTac studentebi ufro adre
swavlobdenen da amisTvis mravaljer imeoreb-
dnen, aRdgenisas axlad naswavl mwkrivebSi
ereodaT (interferencia) (Underwood, 1948, 1949).
gavixsenoT, ras vusvamdiT Cven mudam xazs: _
mogonebisTvis gadamwyvetia kodirebasa da
aRdgenas Soris Tanxvedra. am Tavis Semdgomi
ori nawilis gacnobisas naxavT, rogor ukavSir-
deba nawilebi erTmaneTs mogonebis gansaxor-
cieleblad: konteqsti, romelSic cdilobT,
warsuli movlenis aRdgenas, TviTon gamodis,
rogorc mogonebis mimniSneblis wyaro, xolo,
rodesac ar Tanxvdeba kodirebis konteqsti mo-
gonebis konteqsts, aRdgenisas Semotanil
mimniSnebels ar SeuZlia da xelsac ki uSlis
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi saZiebeli movlenis povnas.
kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom kodirebis konteqstisa da
aRdgenis konteqstebis urTierTdamTxveva gadam-
wyvet rols TamaSobs mexsierebisTvis. axla
290 davazustoT es daskvna im procesebis ganxilviT,
romelTac xangrZliv mexsierebaSi informaciis
miReba da aRdgena emyareba. Cven vnaxavT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso Sedegi miiRweva, radgan
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesebi emTxveva
erTmaneTs.
gadamuSavebis doneebi
daviwyoT iqidan, rom informaciis gadamuSa-
veba – yuradRebis forma, romelsac Tqven
informaciis kodirebis procesSi iyenebT –
gavlenas axdens Tqven mier informaciis daxso-
mebaze. gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoriis mixedviT,
rac ufro Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis
gadamuSaveba, miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba is
adamians (Craik & Lockhart, 1972; Lockhart & Craik,
1990). Tu gadamuSaveba masalis analizs, Seda-
rebebs, interpretacias da sxva saxis gadamuSa-
vebebs moicavs, daxsomebis efeqti ukeTesi iqneba.
gadamuSavebis siRrme xSirad ganisazRvreba,
rogorc msjelobis saxeobebi dasaxsomebeli
eqsperimentuli masalis mimarT. ganvixiloT
sityva yurZeni. Cven SegviZlia gTxovoT, fizikur
doneze warmarToT msjeloba: _ ra feris melniT
aris es sityva dawerili? an riTmas miaqcioT
yuradReba _ eriTmeba is sityva berZens? an
mniSvnelobaze gaamaxviloT yuradReba: magali-
Tad, imaze, rom is xilia. albaT, SeamCnieT, rom
yoveli momdevno SekiTxva am sityvis sul ufro
Rrma gadamuSavebas moiTxovs _ met sityvebTan
dakavSireba gWirdebaT (Lockhart & Craik, 1990).
gadamuSavebis Teoriis nakli isaa, rom mec-
nierebs yovelTvis ar SeuZliaT daazuston,
Tu ratom vakuTvnebT gadamuSavebis zogierT
process zedapiruls da zogierTs ki _ Rrmas.
am saxis gadamuSavebis SemTxvevaSic ki Sedegebi
miuTiTebs, rom procesebs, romelTac iyenebT
informaciis kodirebisTvis, gavlena aqvT imaze,
SeZlebT Tu ara am informaciis aRdgenas.
axla ki vnaxavT, rom kodirebis da aRdgenis
procesebs Soris damTxveva gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs implicitur
mexsierebaSi.
gadamuSaveba da implicituri mexsiereba
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansxvaveba eqspli-
citur da implicitur mexsierebas Soris ko-
direbis da aRdgenis gansxvavebaSi mdgomareobs
(Roediger, 1990; Schacter et al., 1993). sxva pirobebTan
erTad, erT-erTi pirobaa, magaliTad, rom Tqven
impliciturad SegiZliaT aRadginoT masala,
romelic Tavidan eqspliciturad gqondaT
aRbeWdili. ase xdeba, rodesac saxeliT mimar-
TavT Tqvens saukeTeso megobars da saxelis
gasaxseneblad araviTari Zalisxmeva ar gWir-
debaT. zustad aseve implicituri mexsierebis
yvelaze aSkara gamovlenasTan gvaqvs saqme,
rodesac implicituri kodirebis da implici-
turi aRdgenis procesebis damTxveva xdeba. amas
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
propriate pocessing) ewodeba: daxsomebis efeqti
yvelaze maRalia, rodesac kodirebis procesSi
warmoebuli gadamuSaveba gadadis da gamoiyeneba
aRdgenis procesebSi (Roediger, 1989). Tu ramdenad
efeqturia es saSualeba, amas ramdenime meTodis
aRweris safuZvelze vnaxavT, romelic impli-
citur mexsierebaSi gamoiyeneba; Semdeg ki
giCvenebT, Tu rogor xdeba kodirebisa da
aRdgenis procesebis urTierTSeTanxmeba.
axla ganvixiloT implicituri mexsierebis
Semowmebis tipuri eqsperimenti: _ mkvlevrebi
studentebs sityvaTa mwkrivs aZlevdnen da
sTxovdnen 1-dan (yvelaze naklebad sasiamovno)
5-mde (yvelaze metad sasiamovno) quliT skalaze
SeefasebinaT, Tu ramdenad sasiamovno mniS-
vneloba hqonda TiToeul maTgans (Rajaram &
Roediger, 1993). eqsperimentis am pirveli fazis
Semdeg cdis pirTa mexsiereba Semdegi oTxidan
erT-erTi implicituri mexsierebis amocaniT
mowmdeboda (davuSvaT, erT-erT mwkrivSi aris
sityva martorqa):
fragmentuli sityvis Sevseba. cdis pirs
eZleva fragmentuli sityva —rt-rq-, romelic
man TavSi mosuli pirvelive sityviT unda
Seavsos.
sityvis fuZis Sevseba. cdis pirs evaleba
Seavsos sityvis fuZe, magaliTad, mar______,
TavSi mosuli pirveli sityviT.
sityvis identifikacia. cdis pirebs moni-
torze eZlevaT sityvaTa rigi iseTi siswrafiT,
rom naTlad TiToeulis aRqma ver SeZlon, magram
unda gamoicnon es sityvebi. am SemTxvevaSi erT-
erTi sityva iqneba martorqa.
anagrama. cdis pirebs eZlevaT igive sityva,
magram areuli asoebiT, magaliTad, qatorarma
da maT unda daasaxelon pirveli azriani sityva,
romelic TavSi mouvaT.
zustad iseve, rogorc martorqis SemTxvevaSi,
swor pasuxs TiToeul amocanaze gansazRvravs
adre miwodebuli mwkrivis sityvebi. amave dros,
yvelaze sayuradRebo isaa, rom eqsperimentatori
cdis piris yuradRebas specialurad ar warmar-
Tavs Sesabamisobaze adre mwkrivSi arsebul
sityvebsa da axali amocanis pasuxebs Soris –
swored amitom aris mexsiereba implicituri.
implicituri mexsierebis Sesafaseblad
mkvlevrebi im cdis pirTa Sedegebs, romlebmac
gaiares eqsperimentis pirveli stadia da
Seafases sityvebi sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT (magaliTad, martorqa) udareb-
dnen imaT monacemebs, visac es pirveli stadia
ar gauvlia. suraTi 8.9 gviCvenebs, Tu ra gavlenas
axdens implicituri mexsiereba sityvebze:
procenti gviCvenebs, Tu ramdeni sityva aRadgines
sworad cdis pirebma im sityvebidan, romlebic
pirvelad miwodebul mwkrivebSi iyo, imasTan
SedarebiT, romelic am mwkrivebSi ar iyo.
sxvadasxva cdis pirebs sityvaTa sxvadasxva
mwkrivebi miewodeboda. yoveli davalebis
SemTxvevaSi xedavT, rom upiratesoba adre nanax
sityvebs eniWebaT, maSinac ki, rodesac cdis
pirebs mxolod sasiamovno-usiamovno mniSvne-
lobis mixedviT moeTxovebaT maTi Sefaseba. am
upiratesobas praimings (Priming) uwodeben, radgan
winaswar sityvis aRqma TiTqos amzadebs da
xels uwyobs Semdgomi gamocdilebis miRebas.
mexsierebis zogierTi amocanis SemTxvevaSi
praimingis efeqti kviraze metxans grZeldeba
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
(Sloman et al., 1988).
axla davubrundeT kodirebasa da aRdgenas
Soris Tanxvdenis sakiTxs. implicituri mexsie-
rebis oTxive testi masSi mocemuli informaciis
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanxvedras gulis-
xmobs. sxva sityvebiT, ra procesebic moqmedebs
gadamuSavebis doneebis Teoria (Levels-of-pro-
cessing theory) _ am Teoriis mixedviT, rac ufro
Rrma doneze xdeba informaciis gadamuSaveba,
miT ufro ukeT daamaxsovrdeba igi adamians.
gadatanis Sesabamisi gadamuSaveba (Transfer-ap-
proptiate processing) _ Tvalsazrisi, romlis mi-
xedviTac mogoneba saukeTesoa, rodesac impli-
cituri kodirebis da implicituri aRdgenis
procesebis damTxveva xdeba.
praimingi (Priming) _ implicituri mexsierebis
Sefasebisas upiratesoba, romelic adre gagonil
sityvas, an nanax situacias eniWeba. 291

martorqis kodirebis procesSi, igive procesebi
ganapirobeben sityvis fuZis mar______s
Sevsebas, magram arsebobs sxva _ kategoriuli
asociaciis testi, romelic mniSvnelobas, cnebas
efuZneba da ara _ fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
Tanxvedras. davuSvaT, gaZlevT „miTologiuri
qmnilebebis~ gvarovnul cnebas da gTxovT,
daasaxeloT am kategoriis imdeni Semadgeneli,
ramdensac SeZlebT mokle drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram Tu Tqven mogindebaT TqvaT „martorqa~
imis gamo, rom is adre mowodebul sityvaTa
mwkrivSi (Tumca, gansxvavebul konteqstSi) amoi-
kiTxeT, saqme implicitur mexsierebasTan gveqneba.
Tu fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis da mniSvnelo-
bis praimingze damyarebul implicituri mex-
sierebis or gansxvavebul tests gamoviyenebT,
vnaxavT kavSirs kodirebasa da aRdgenas Soris.
saidan
viciT
praimings adgili aqvs, rodesac
gadamuSavebis formaTa Tanxvdena xdeba
mexsierebis mkvlevrebma Caatares eqspe-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
rimenti, raTa eCvenebinaT, rom implicituri
mexsierebis gansxvavebul formaSi gansxva-
vebuli tipis gadamuSavebas aqvs adgili.
cdis pirebs eZleodaT sityvaTa rigi
instruqciiT, rom an mniSvnelobis mixed-
viT (sasiamovno Sinaarsisaa sityva Tu
usiamovno), an fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT (ramden Tanxmovans Seicavs sityva)
292 daemuSavebinaT masala. gaixseneT, rom
suraTi
8.9
impicituri mexsierebis
testze praimingi
praimingi gviCvenebs sxvadasxva amoca-
nebiT manipulirebas sakontrolo si-
tyvebze. gavlenis zogierTi implici-
turi testiT SesaZlebelia praimingis
gamovlena kviraze meti xnis Semdeg.
kategoriis asociaciis testi mniSvne-
lobas efuZneba. Sesabamisad, mkvlevarTa
hipoTeza is iyo, rom kategoriis asocia-
ciis testSi praimings eqneboda adgili,
Tu Sedegebma hipoTeza daadastura. aseve,
fizikuri maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT masa-
lis damuSavebas praimingi mosdevs mxolod
im testebSi, romelic masalis fizikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT damuSavebas gulisxmobs
(Srinivas & Roediger, 1990).
am tipis kvlevebi asabuTeben gadatanis
Sesabamisi gadamuSavebis Sesaxeb Tvalsazriss:
Tu Tqven informaciis kodirebisTvis gadamuSa-
vebis garkveul tips, magaliTad, fizikur an
mniSvnelobis mixedviT analizs iyenebT, maSin
am informaciis aRdgena yvelaze efeqturi iqneba,
Tu am dros analizis igive tips gamoiyenebT
(Park & Gabrieli 1995; Rajaram et al., 1998; Weldon et al.,
1995). adre Cven aseTi azri gamovTqviT: mogoneba
yvelaze efeqturia maSin, rodesac pirobebi,
romelSic moxda informaciis kodireba, emTxveva
pirobebs, romelSic unda moxdes aRdgena. am
TavSi am azris dasasabuTebeli faqtebi war-
mogidgineT. axla vnaxoT, rogor SeiZleba kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis Teoriis Semdgomi gamoyeneba.
arastruqturuli informaciis
daxsomebis gaumjobeseba
am nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg Tqven ukve unda
gagaCndeT garkveuli azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rogor unda gaiumjobesoT yoveldRiuri mex-
siereba – meti daimaxsovroT da naklebi
daiviwyoT. qveTavi „fsiqologia Cvens cxov-
rebaSi~ dagexmarebaT, Tu rogor gamoiyenoT es
codna swavlasTan mimarTebaSi. Tqven ukve iciT,
rom informaciis aRdgena yvelaze ukeT xdeba,
Tu mas igive konteqstSi igonebT, an gadamuSa-
vebis igive tips iyenebT, romelic masalis
Tavdapirvelad aRbeWdvis dros gamoiyeneT, magram
aq garkveulwilad gansxvavebul viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme da amis gagebaSi Cven dagexmarebiT.
saqme exeba arastruqturirebul an SemTxveviT
informacias.
warmoidgineT, rom maRaziaSi muSaobT gamyid-
velad. Tqven unda daimaxsovroT uamravi ram,
rasac myidveli Tqvengan moiTxovs: „mwvane
maisurian qals baRSi samuSao Sarvali da
fexsacmlebi unda; cisferSarvlian mamakacs _ 2
cali brtyeltuCa, 6 cali 0,25 zomis xraxni da
saRebavis safxeki.~ es situacia Zalian hgavs
eqsperimentis situacias, sadac Tqven dawyvile-
buli asociaciebi unda dagemaxsovrebinaT.
rogor daixsomeT sityvaTa wyvilebi, romlebic
wina TavSi iyo warmodgenili? amocana, albaT,
cota geZnelaT, radgan wyvilebi TqvenTvis
gansakuTrebul azrs moklebuli iyo. mniSvnelo-
bas moklebuli informaciis daxsomeba Znelia.
imisaTvis, rom ar SegeSaloT, romel myidvels
ra misceT, saWiroa iseTi asociaciebis damyareba,
rom SemTxveviToba maqsimalurad gamoiricxos.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
aRbeWdvis gansamtkiceblad gamoyenebul
ZiriTad strategias gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ewodeba. am teqnikis ZiriTadi idea isaa, rom,
rodesac informaciis aRbeWdvisas masalas
imeorebT, amiT misi gadamuSavebis SesaZleb-
lobac izrdeba. gadamuSavebis erT-erTi gzaa
araSemTxveviTi, azriani asociaciebis damyareba
sityvebs Soris. magaliTad, Tu gindaT, daimax-
sovroT sityvaTa wyvili Tagvi – xe, unda
warmoidginoT xeze amZvrali Tagvi, romelic
eZebs yvels. mogoneba ukeTesi iqneba, Tu infor-
maciis calkeul nawilebs patara moTxrobis
saxes miscemT (Bower, 1972). SegiZliaT, maRaziis
SemTxvevaSi swrafad moifiqroT moTxroba, sadac
TiToeul myidvels Tavisi moTxovnebiT adgils
miuCendiT (amas patara praqtika sWirdeba). Tqven,
albaT, mixvdiT kidec, rom, aseve, Zalian kargi
saSualebaa Tqveni moTxrobis mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebiT gamdidreba. mxedvelobiTi
warmodgenebi Zalian efeqturia mogonebisTvis,
radgan erTdroulad ormagi kodirebis _
verbaluris da mxedvelobiTis _ SesaZleblobas
iZleva (Paivio, 1972).
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba, aseve, SesaZleb-
lobas iZleva, dagicvaT mwkrivis Semdgomi
efeqtisagan. magaliTad, rodesac pasuxis gacemis
rigi an dro dgeba, xSirad adamians ar axsovs,
ra Tqva uSualod misma winamorbedma. Tu odesme
gqoniaT situacia, sadac wreSi myofs erT-
droulad ramdenime adamians gacnoben, advilad
gasagebi iqneba ra igulisxmeba am efeqtSi. ra
erqva Tqven pirdapir mdgom qals? am efeqtis
mizezi sakuTari saxelis, an sakuTari SeniSvnis
Tqmaze yuradRebis gadatanaa (Bond et al., 1991).
amis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa gadama-
muSavebeli ganmeoreba. gadaitaneT yuradReba
mopirdapire qalis saxelze da roca gaigonebT
„liza~, TqviT _ „icinis, rogorc mona liza~.
mnemonika
mexsierebis gaumjobesebis Semdegi saSualebaa
specialuri strategiebis Seqmna, romelTac
mnemonikuri xerxi ewodeba (berZnuli sityvidan
„moigone~). mnemonika moicavs rCevebs, romlebic
xels uwyoben faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWd-
vas nacnob da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan
dakavSirebis gziT. bevri mnemonikuri xerxi mza
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
mimniSneblebs iZleva, romelTac wesrigSi moh-
yavT SemTxveviTi informacia.
ganvixiloT lokusis meTodi, romelic pir-
velad berZenma oratorma gamoiyena. lokusi
niSnavs „adgils~. lokusis meTodi niSnavs
sityvis Tu movlenis adgilis mixedviT dax-
somebas da aRdgenas, xolo oratorisTvis _
xangrZlivi moxsenebis calkeuli nawilebis
nacnob adgilebTan dakavSirebas. imisaTvis, rom
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba (Elaborative rehearsal)
_ mexsierebis gazrdis meTodi, romliTac xdeba
dasamaxsovrebeli informaciis gamdidreba.
mnemonikuri xerxebi (Mnemonics) _ strategiebi
an saSualebebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
faqtebis grZeli mwkrivis aRbeWdvas nacnob
da adre aRbeWdil informaciasTan dakavSirebis
gziT.
293
 suraTi
4.2

lokusis meTodi
lokusis meTodSi Tqven akavSirebT
dasamaxsovrebel sityvas (magaliTad,
sayidlebiis siidan) nacnob adgi-
lebTan (magaliTad, institutidan
saxlisken mimaval gzaze).

daimaxsovroT, ra gaqvT wamosaRebi supermar-

ketidan, gonebaSi isini saTiTaod unda gana-
lagoT im gzaze, romliTac institutSi midi-
xarT. Semdeg, mogonebisas „CamouvliT~ maT da
gaixsenebT (ix. sur. 8.10).
mimniSnebeli sityvis meTodi hgavs lokusis
meTods, Tumca gansxvaveba isaa, rom mwkrivis
wevrebs mimniSneblebs ukavSirebT da ara
adgilebs. am meTodisTvis tipuri mimniSneblebi
gariTmuli strofebia, sadac sityvebi cifrebs
eriTmeba. magaliTad: erTi-skveri; ori-lori,
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
metamexsiereba
davuSvaT, iseT situaciaSi xarT, rom raRacis
mogoneba gWirdebaT. Tqven akeTebT yvelafers,
rom gamoiyenoT mimniSneblebi, romlebic
kodirebis situacias asaxaven, magram mainc
verafers igonebT. nawilobriv, imis mizezi, rom
aseT Zalisxmevas axmarT mogonebas, Tqveni dar-
wmunebulobaa, rom Tqven flobT am informacias,
magram, gacnobierebuli Tu gaqvT, ras warmoad-

sami-skami da sxv. SemTxveviTi informaciis
daxsomebis gasaRebi informaciis iseTi saxiT
dalagebaa, rom mimniSneblebma gagiadvilon
aRdgena.
metamexsiereba (Metamemory) _ implicituri an
eqsplicituri codna mexsierebis unarebis da
mexsierebis efeqturi strategiebis Sesaxeb;
294 mexsierebis Semecneba.
gens Tqveni mexsiereba? iciT, Tu rogor muSaobs
Tqveni mexsiereba? an saidan iciT, rom am
informacias flobT? es metamexsierebis kiTxve-
bia. metamexsierebis mTavari kiTxvaa: _ rodis da
ratom inaxeba mexsierebaSi gancda imisa, rom
vici.
pirveli, vinc Seiswavla es gancda, iyo
j.T. harti (J. T. Hart, 1965), romelmac kvleva daiwyo
imiT, rom studentebs usvamda kiTxvebs zogadi
 fsiqologia Cvens cxovrebaSi
rogor SeiZleba mexsierebis gamokvlevebi
yvelaze xSirad studentebi
mexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvle-
vebis wakiTxvis Semdeg svamen
kiTxvas: _ „rogor gamoviyeno
miRebuli informacia swrafad?~
„rogor momexmareba es gamokv-
levebi momavali gamocdebis-
Tvis mzadebaSi?~ vnaxoT, ra
tipis rCevebi SeiZleba gamoviy-
vanoT am gamokvlevebidan:
kodirebis specifikuroba.
rogorc gaxsovT, kodirebis
specifikurobis principi gu-
lisxmobs, rom mogonebis
konteqsti, anu pirobebi, ro-
melSic mogoneba xdeba, daem-
Txves kodirebis konteqsts.
swavlis procesSi konteqsti
xSirad „informaciis gan-
sxvavebul konteqstsac~ niS-
navs. Tu Tqven yovelTvis
erTsa da imave konteqstSi
swavlobT, gagiWirdebaT sxva
konteqstSi misi aRdgena. ase
magaliTad, Tu profesori
odnav sxvagvarad dagisvamT
kiTxvas, SeiZleba daibneT
da ver upasuxoT, amitom
Tqven swavlis procesSi
konteqstebi unda cvaloT.
gadaawyveT masala, dausviT
Tqvens Tavs sxvadasxva ki-
Txvebi, scadeT masalaSi axa-
li kombinaciebis Seqmna, mag-
ram Tu mainc SeferxdebiT
gamocdaze, scadeT gamoi-
yenoT rac SeiZleba meti
mimniSnebeli, raTa pirve-
ladi konteqsti aRadginoT:
_ „es xom igivea, rac xan-
mokle mexsierebis leqciaze
movismine~;
dagexmaroT gamocdebisTvis mzadebaSi
mwkrivSi adgilmdebareobis
efeqti. adgilmdebareobis
efeqtis mruds Tu gavixsenebT,
vnaxavT, rom masalis SuaSi
ganlagebuli informacia yve-
laze cudad gvamaxsovrdeba.
faqtobrivad, studentebs ufro
kargad axsovT leqciis dasawyi-
si da bolo, vidre Sua nawili
(Holen & Oaster, 1976; Jensen, 1962).
rodesac leqciaze xarT, eca-
deT, swored leqciis Sua na-
wils miaqcioT gansakuTre-
buli yuradReba. swavlis dros
Tqven ganskuTrebuli Zalis-
xmeva unda gamoiyenoT masalis
daswavlisaTvis, magram ecadeT,
rom masala yovelTvis erTi
da imave TanmimdevrobiT ar
iswavloT. imasac miaqcieT yu-
radReba, rom es Tavi mex-
sierebis Sesaxeb wignis SuaSia
ganlagebuli. Tu Tqven mTeli
wigni gaqvT Casabarebeli, maSin
mis swavlas meti Zalisxmeva
unda moaxmaroT, vidre dasa-
wyis, an bolo Tavebs;
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
da mnemonikuri xerxebi. zog-
jer, gamocdisTvis mzadebis
procesSi iseTi gancda giCn-
debaT, TiTqos daulagebel,
arastruqturirebul masalas
swavlobT. vTqvaT, Tqven swav-
lobT tvinis gansxvavebuli
nawilebis funqciebs. am Sem-
TxvevaSi Tqven TviTon unda
ipovoT masalis gadamuSavebis
efeqturi gza _ an mxedve-
lobiTi warmodgenebi daix-
mareT, an winadadebebSi Car-
TeT, an TiToeul cnebas pa-
tara istoria daukavSireT. am
wignis erT-erT avtors dRemde
axsovs Tavisi mnemonikuri
xerxi, romelic gamoiyena
fsiqologiis SesavalSi ven-
tramedialuri hipoTala-
musis, romlis abreviaturac
laTinurad aris VMH, da-
samaxsovreblad. es iyo Very
Much Hungry, magram rogorc
me-12 TavSi naxavT, es mnemo-
nikuri xerxi mas Semdeg ukve
aRar aris iseTi zusti.
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeoreba
ki xels SegiwyobT naswavli
kidev ufro ganamtkicoT;
metamexsiereba. am sferoSi
warmoebulma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, rom adamianebi kar-
gad grZnoben, Tu ra ician
da ra _ ara. rodesac Tqven
gamocdaze xarT, sadac dro
SezRudulia, Tqven unda
miuSvaT Tqveni intuicia da
andoT mas drois ganawi-
leba. magaliTad, SegiZliaT
bileTis mTeli kiTxvebi
xangrZlivi mexsiereba: kodireba da Senaxva
uceb gadaikiTxoT da naxoT,
rogor grZnobT, romeli
sakiTxi iciT ukeT. aris
iseTi gamocdebic, sadac
yvela kiTxvaze pasuxi saval-
debulo ki ara, SerCeviTia,
magram pasuxi siswrafes
moiTxovs. aqac Tqvens intu-
icias unda endoT da im
kiTxvebs unda upasuxoT,
romelTa pasuxis siswore-
Sic darwmunebuli xarT.
imedi gvaqvs, rom axla met-
naklebad gasagebia, Tu ro-
gor SeiZleba mexsierebaSi
Catarebuli gamokvlevebi
gamocdebisTvis warmatebiT
momzadebaSi dagexmaroT.
295
 ganaTlebidan. magaliTad, gekiTxebiT: _ „mzis
sistemaSi romeli planetaa yvelaze didi?~ iciT
am kiTxvaze pasuxi? Tu ar iciT, rogor moiq-
ceodiT, romel pasuxs airCevdiT am situaciaSi:
„miuxedavad imisa, rom axla ar maxsovs pasuxi,
vici, rom ramdenimeAaraswor pasuxs Soris
avirCevdi swors~. msgavs kiTxvebs usvamda harti
Tavis cdis pirebs. pasuxebSi darwmunebuloba
maT 1-dan, („sakmaod darwmunebuli var, rom ver
avirCev sworad mravlobiTi arCevanidan~), 6-de
qulebiT unda SeefasebinaT („savsebiT darwmu-
nebuli var, rom sworad avirCev~). Tqven rogor
gaanawilebdiT qulebs? ai, es alternativebi:
a. plutoni
b. venera
g. dedamiwa
d. iupiteri
Tu Tqven yuradRebiT daakvirdebiT darwmune-
bulobis – „vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas, maSin
swor pasuxs im SemTxvevaSi daasaxelebT („d~-
s), Tu Sefaseba iqneba 6, xolo mis aRniSnvas
naklebi albaToba eqneba, Tu Sefaseba 1 iqneba
(sando pasuxi rom miviRoT, ra Tqma unda,
kiTxvaTa didi raodenobaa saWiro). hartis mixed-
viT, visac 1 quliT aqvs Tavisi darwmunebuloba
Sefasebuli, 30%-iT nakleb swor pasuxebs iZleva
maSin, rodesac 6 qula 75%-ian warmatebas
uzrunvelyofs. es faqtebi miuTiTebs imaze, rom
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancda SeiZleba zusti
indikatori iyos.
metamexsierebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebi mimar-
Tulia rogorc im procesebze, romlebic
„vgrZnob, rom vici~ gancdas iwveven, aseve imaze,
Tu rogor miiRweva Sefasebis sizuste (Koriat &
Levy-Sadot, 1999; Metcalfe, 2000).
mimniSneblis nacnobobis hipoTezis mixed-
viT, adamianebi Tavisi „vgrZnob, rom vici~
gancdis dros mimniSneblis nacnobobas emya-
rebian. magaliTad, rodesac gekiTxebian: _ „ra
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
erqva beThovens?~, Tu Tqven adre gagigiaT mis
Sesaxeb, SeiZleba gagiCndeT azri, rom ramdenime
alternatividan amoicnobT mis saxels anu swor
pasuxs (Metcalfe et. al., 1993; Reder & Ritter, 1992; Schwartz
& Metcalfe, 1992).
misawvdomobis hipoTezis mixedviT, adamiani
cdilobs arasruli informaciidan swori pasu-
296
xis wvdomas. amrigad, Tu kiTxva: _ „ra erqva
beThovens?~, TqvenSi advilad aRZravs infor-
macias, romelic, Tqveni azriT, am kiTxvaze
swor pasuxTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tqven
gagiCndebaT gancda, rom swor pasuxs advilad
gamoicnobT (Koriat, 1993, 1995).
orive Teorias gaaCnia empiriuli dasabuTeba
da oriveSi igulisxmeba, rom Tqven SegiZliaT
endoT Tqvens grZnobas, rodesac darwmunebuli
xarT, rom iciT raRac (mogvianebiT Cven
SevexebiT mowmis Cvenebebze Catarebul gamok-
vlevebs, romelic am zogadi wesidan gamonak-
lisebze miuTiTebs).
Tqven ukve garkveuli codna gaqvT imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aRibeWdeba da rogor aRdgeba
informacia Tqvens mexsierebaSi. Tqven iciT,
Tu ras niSnavs aRbeWdvisa da aRdgenis situa-
ciebis „kargi Tanxvedra~. Semdeg qveTavSi mex-
sierebis procesebidan gadavinacvlebT mexsi-
erebis Sinaarsebze, anu imaze, Tu ra xdeba
mexsierebaSi.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis Teoriebma unda axsnan,
Tu rogor xdeba codnis SeZena da Senaxva
mexsierebaSi mTeli cxovrebis manZilze. kodire-
bis specifikurobis principis mixedviT, informa-
ciis yvelaze kargad aRdgena xdeba maSin,
rodesac konteqsti, romelSic xdeba kodireba,
emTxveva aRdgenis pirobebs. mwkrivSi adgil-
mdebareobis efeqts iwvevs TiToeuli STabeW-
dilebis (sityva, movlena da a.S) mogonebis
konteqstebs Soris gansxvaveba.
Tqven daxsomebuls mimniSneblebiT eZebT.
cnoba xSirad ufro advilia, vidre mogoneba,
radgan am SemTxvevaSi mimniSneblebi met
informacias Seicaven. epizodur mexsierebaSi
daxsomeba aRbeWdvis konteqstTan mimarTebaSi
xdeba. semantikur mexsierebaSi ki informaciis
aRbeWdvis garkveul epizodTan mimarTeba dakar-
gulia. interferencia SeiZleba iyos proaqti-
uri, rodesac Zveli informacia ereva da xels
uSlis axlis aRbeWdvas, an retroaqtiuri,
rodesac axali informacia ereva Zvels.
informaciis gadamuSavebis Teoriis mixedviT,
informaciis ufro Rrma gadamuSaveba mis ukeTes
daxsomebas iwvevs. implicitur mexsierebaze
Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, aRbeWdvis da
mogonebis procesebis damTxveva iwvevs praimings.
Tqven SegiZliaT gaiumjobesoT mexsiereba
gadamamuSavebeli ganmeorebis da mnemonikuri
xerxebis daxmarebiT. metamexsierebisTvis spe-
cifikuri msjelobebi Tqveni mexsierebis Sesaxeb
tipuri da zustia.
xangrZlivi mexsierebis
struqturebi
aqamde Cven mier motanil yvela magaliTSi
gTxovdiT, rom dagemaxsovrebinaT an aRgedginaT
izolirebuli an erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli
informaciis erTeulebi. is, rasac Tqven umrav-
les SemTxvevaSi aRadgendiT, organizebuli
codnis nawilebi iyo. gaixseneT, magaliTad,
rodesac gTxoveT gemsjelaT, iyo Tu ara yurZeni
xili, Tqven daufiqreblad gaeciT dadebiTi
pasuxi, magram ras ityviT avokadoze an tyemalze?
am TavSi Cven SeviswavliT, Tu rogoraa dakav-
Sirebuli am tipis pasuxis siZneleebi mexsie-
rebaSi informaciis struqturirebis xasiaTTan
da gzebTan; vimsjelebT, agreTve, imis Sesaxeb,
Tu rogor gexmarebaT mexsierebaSi organizebuli
codna ama Tu im informaciis swrafad gaxsene-
baSi.
mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqcia msgavsi STabeW-
dilebebis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebaa, raTa
garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi SeZloT misi
gamoyeneba (gaixseneT martivi gansazRvreba me-5
TavSi aRqmis funqciis Sesaxeb). Tqven cxovrobT
samyaroSi, romelic savsea uTvalavi indivi-
dualuri STabeWdilebebiT da movlenebiT,
romelTa mudmivi gacxrilva da maTi informaciis
iseT mcire, martiv erTobliobad dayvana
gWirdebaT, romlis marTvasac SeZlebT. amave
dros, Tqven ar gWirdebaT samyaroSi garkveuli
struqturis mosaZebnad yovel jerze cnobie-
rebis CarTva. rogorc implicituri mexsierebis
ganxilvisas vnaxeT, warmoudgenelia, rom yovel
wuTs, nebismieri sagnis aRqmisas Tu moqmedebisas,
ambobdeT: _ „es is aris, rac samzareulos nivTebs
miekuTvneba.~ garemosTan urTierTobis Cveuleb-
rivi gamocdilebiT Tqveni mexsierebis struqtu-
raSi garemos struqturebi aisaxeba. ganvixiloT
mexsierebis struqturaTa formebi, romelic
Camoyalibda Tqveni garemosTan yoveldRiuri
urTierTobis procesSi.
kategorizacia da cnebebi
daviwyoT me-11 TavSi ganxiluli movleniT
– im gonebrivi ZalisxmeviT, romelic saWiroa,
raTa bavSvma daimaxsovros, magaliTad, sityva
ZaRlis mniSvneloba. imisaTvis, rom es sityva
mniSvnelobis matarebeli iyos bavSvisTvis, mas
unda hqondes unari, daimaxsovros yvela is
situacia, romelSic es sityva gamoiyeneba da,
agreTve, informacia konteqstis Sesaxeb. am gziT
bavSvi aRmoaCens, ra aris ZiriTadi arsi: _
bewviani arseba, romelsac oTxi fexi aqvs, niSnavs
ZaRls. bavSvma unda Seimecnos, rom ZaRli
ewodeba ara erT konkretul cxovels, aramed
amgvar cocxal arsebaTa mTel kategorias.
individualuri gamocdilebis kategorizaciis
unari – erTi da igive qcevis ganxorcieleba
mis mimarT, an erTi da igive saxelis darqmeva
_ moazrovne organizmis erT-erTi yvelaze bazi-
suri da mniSvnelovani unaria (Mervis & Rosch,
1981).
Tqven mier gamoyofili kategoriebis gonebaSi
reprezentacias cnebebi ewodeba. cneba ZaRli,
magaliTad, ewodeba bavSvis mier ZaRlTan
dakavSirebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebaSi SekavSirebas da Senaxvas (rogorc
me-11 TavSi vnaxavT, Tu bavSvs jer kidev ar aqvs
dazustebuli ZaRlis mniSvneloba, es cneba
SeiZleba iseT niSnebsac moicavdes, romelic
mozrdilebma SeiZleba am cnebisTvis Seusabamod
CaTvalon.). Tqven SeZenili gaqvT uamravi cneba.
gaqvT sagnebis da qcevebis kategoriebi, maga-
liTad, sakuWnao da fexburTi. cnebebi SeiZleba
asaxavdes Tvisebebs, magaliTad, wiTeli an didi;
abstraqtul ideebs, magaliTad, WeSmariteba an
siyvaruli; mimarTebebs, magaliTad, ufro Wkviani,
vidre. TiToeuli cneba Tqven mier samyarosTan
urTierTobiT SeZenili mTlianobebad Camoyali-
bebuli gamocdilebis reprezentaciaa.
297

prototipebi
im ZaRlebs Soris, romlebic Tqven ginaxavT,
romels warmoidgenT, rodesac waikiTxavT
winadadebas: _ „ZaRli xravs Zvals~. SegiZliaT
konkretuli ZaRli daasaxeloT? Tu romelime
tipuri ZaRli warmogidgebaT, romelic yvela
nanaxi ZaRlebis saSualos – prototips war-
moadgens? ganvixiloT eqsperimenti, romelic
dagvexmareba am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemaSi.
saidan
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
viciT
prototipebis Camoyalibeba
cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen calkeuli
adamianis saxeebis suraTebs, romlebic
sxvadasxva xarisxiT gansxvavdebodnen pro-
totipisgan (sur. 8.11); Semdeg maT aCveneb-
dnen saxeebis meore jgufs. zogierTi sura-
298
Ti adrec iyo miwodebuli, zogierTi axali
iyo da gansxvavdeboda prototipisgan. iyo,
agreTve, prototipis suraTi, romelic
gansxvavdeboda pirvelad miwodebuli pro-
totipisgan. cdis pirebs evalebodaT gamoe-
cnoT, Tu romeli suraTi hqondaT maT
adre miwodebisas nanaxi.
kargad gamoikveTa sami Sedegi, romelic
mocemulia suraTze 8.1. cdis pirebi cnob-
dnen yvela im suraTs, romelic adre
hqondaT nanaxi, maSinac ki, rodesac maTgan
prototipTan mxolod 25%-s hqonda
msgavseba. axal suraTebze miuTiTebdnen,
rom axali iyo da cnobis xarisxi proto-
tipTan mimarTebiT ganisazRvreboda. cdis
pirebi dabolos, yvelaze darwmunebulni
iyvnen axali prototipis ucnobobaSi (Solso
& McCarthy, 1981).
am eqsperimentSi cdis pirebi ise moqmedebdnen,
TiTqos gaaerTianes yvela saxe, romelic ki
unaxavT, raTa prototipuli konstruqti SeeqmnaT.
kategoriebis, Tavisi TvisebebiTurT, proto-
tipebi iqmneba mTeli Tqveni gamocdilebidan,
amitom prototipebi yovel wuTs SeiZleba
icvlebodes da mdidrdebodes axali kategoriiT.
aqedan gamomdinare, mecnierebi mividnen im
daskvnamde, rom konkretuli kategoriisTvis
prototipis reprezentacia gonebaSi SeiZleba
ar gqondeT. ufro savaraudoa, rom prototipi
TviTon calkeul egzemplarebSi, rogorc
saSualo raRac moqmedebs (Hintzman, 1986; Nosofsly
et al., 1992). magaliTad, yvela ZaRli, romelic ki
am momentisTvis ginaxavT, ayalibebs prototipu-
li ZaRlis Tqveneul cnebas. ufro metic, Tu
Tqven saRamos gaxvediT quCaSi da dainaxeT erTi,
an ori ZaRli, Tqveni prototipi SeiZleba odnav
Seicvalos kidec.
is, rom Tqven gaqvT unari, iseT kategorias,
rogorc, vTqvaT, ZaRlia, prototipi mounaxoT,
gaZlevT SesaZleblobas icnoT kategoriis met-
naklebad tipuri warmomadgenlebi _ rac ufro
meti Tviseba aqvs saerTo kategoriis calkeul
cnebebi (concepts) _ sagnebis, an ideebis saxe-
obebis, an kategoriebis mentaluri reprezen-
taciebi.
prototipi (Prototype) _ kategoriis yvelaze rep-
rezentaciuli magaliTi.
suraTi
8.11
A prototipuli saxe da calkeuli saxeebi
B prototipebis, Zveli da axali saxeebis prototipuli Sefaseba
(A) saxis 75% emTxveva prototips, 50%-s aqvs gansxvavebuli Tmebi da Tvalebi, 25%-s mxolod Tvalebi aqvs
saerTo, dabolos, 0% aqvs saerTo prototipTan. (B) cdis pirebs sTxoven Seafason, aqvT Tu ara nanaxi adre
es saxe. yvelaze maRali darwmunebulobis xarisxi aris prototipis mimarT, romelic adre arasodes
unaxavT; daaxloebiT Tanabaria darwmunebulobis xarisxi adre nanaxi saxeebis mimarT; axali saxeebis
SemTxvevaSi cdis pirTa darwmunebulobis xarisxi klebulobda prototipisgan misi msgavsebis SemcirebasTan
erTad.

wevrebs erTmaneTTan, miT ufro tipurni arian am SemTxvevaSi ufro advilia yvavisTvis, rogorc
isini. es kargad Cans, magaliTad, frinvelis frinvelisTvis, adgilis povna, vidre siraqle-
kategoriis ganxilvisas. ris gamo iTvleba yvavi misTvis (Tu, ra Tqma unda, Tqveni cxovrebis

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

tipur frinvelad, xolo siraqlema, an pingvini manZilze didxans ar gicxovriT siraqlemebis
atipurad? pasuxi ganisazRvreba im xarisxiT, garemocvaSi).
riTac es qmnilebebi hgvanan im kategoriis
warmomadgenlebs, romelTac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ierarqiebi da bazisuri doneebi
frinvelis kategoriaSi aerTianebT. kategoriis
cnebebi da maTi prototipebi damoukideblad
wevrTa tipuroba ki, Tu rogor Seesabameba raRac
ar aRmocendeba. rogorc suraTi 8.12 gviCvenebs,
Tqvens prototips, yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan
cnebebi SeiZleba azrian organizaciebad gaer-
momdinareobs. gamokvlevebma gamoavlines, rom
Tiandenen. iseT did kategorias, rogoricaa
xalxi ufro swrafad reagirebs kategoriis tipur
cxoveli, gaaCnia qvekategoriebi _ frinveli da
warmomadgenlebze, vidre uCveuloze. Tqveni
Tevzi, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven saxeobebs:
reaqciis dro kiTxvaze, aris Tu ara yvavi
iadoni, siraqlema, zvigeni da oraguli. Tavis
frinveli, ufro swrafi iqneba, vidre is, rom
mxriv, cxovelis kategoriac aris qvekategoria
siraqlema frinvelia (Rosch, 1976). kidev erTxel
ufro didi kategoriisa _ cocxali arsebebi.
vimeorebT, rom es efeqti damokidebulia Tqvens
cnebebi dakavSirebulia sxva saxis informacias-
gamocdilebaze frinvelTa kategoriis mimarT.
299
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

adamianis da kompiuteris mexsiereba

rodesac kompiuterisa da deba. is gvTavazobs imis defi- adamianis mexsierebas cnebebi

adamianis SesaZleblobebs
adareben, xSirad iseTi STa-
beWdileba rCeba, rom kompiu-
teri jobnis adamians. kom-
piuteris mexsierebas bevrad
meti – aTasobiT da milio-
nobiT _ biti informaciis
Senaxva SeuZlia, vidre Cvens
mexsierebas, magram adamianis
mexsierebas erTi iseTi Tvi-
seba aqvs, romelic mis mexsie-
rebas ufro maRla ayenebs.
procesebi, romlebic SesaZ-
leblobas gvaZleven, movigo-
noT specifikuri informacia,
xSirad bevrad ufro efeqtu-
ria, vidre kompiuterSi Zebnis
procedura.davuSvaT, Tqvens
megobars Tqveni gamocda unda
am Tavis mixedviT da geki-
TxebaT: „romelma mkvlevrebma
Semoitanes kodirebis speci-
fikurobis cneba?~ Tqven Se-
giZliaT gasceT swori pasuxi
(tulvingi da tomsoni), mcda-
ri pasuxi (soerlingi), an
TqvaT, rom ar iciT. albaT,
ar gindaT, gasceT iseTi pa-
suxi, romelsac araviTari kav-
Siri ar aqvs kiTxvasTan. ro-
gor ggoniaT, ra xdeba, ro-
desac am kiTxvaze pasuxis gace-
mis davalebas manqanas aZlevT?
pirveli veb-gverdi, romelsac
Google.com gvTavazobs, Sem-
degia: „aris Tu ara HIV-is izo-
lacia miRweuli. meore mcde-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
nicias, Tu ra aris cneba. ra-
tom aris kompiuteris mexsie-
rebidan es pasuxebi adamianis
mexsierebisgan gansxvavebuli?
Cven adamianis mexsierebis (mo-
gonebis) or Taviseburebas gamov-
yofT, romelic kompiuterTan
SedarebiT misi upiratesobis
ilustrirebas axdens.pirveli:
rogorc ukve gaecaniT, adamianis
mexsiereba efeqturad iyenebs
Sinaarsobriv mimniSneblebs,
romlebic saZiebel informa-
ciazea mimarTuli. is uzrun-
velyofs imas, rom aRdgenili
informaciis Sinaarsi kiTxvis
Sinaarss Seesabamebodes. kompiu-
teri ki, piriqiT, ar iTvalis-
winebs konteqsts da ufro si-
tyvis viwro mniSvnelobazea
orientirebuli. magaliTad, Tu
Cven „kodirebis specifikuro-
bas~ veZebT Google.com-Si an
ASKJeeves-Si, TiToeuli maTgani
maSinve gadmogviSlis gverds,
romelzec iqneba pasuxi pirvel
kiTxvaze. kompiuterSi maZieb-
lisTvis kiTxvis nawilebs, rom-
lebic konteqstis dasazusteb-
lad iqneba mimarTuli (romelma
mkvlevrebma Semoitanes), aSkarad
uaryofiTi gavlena eqneba Ziebis
efeqturobaze. kompiuterSi bev-
ri pasuxis mosaZebnad Zalian
Znelia CarTo konteqsti ise, rom
kompiuterma gaurkveveli mimar-
TulebiT ar gagagzavnos. meore:
marTaven da ara sityvebi. ro-
desac Tqvens mexsierebaSi ko-
direbis specifikurobis Sesa-
xeb eZebT pasuxs, ar aqvs mniS-
vneloba ras ityviT, „mkvle-
vars~ Tu „eqspermentators~,
„aRmomCens~ Tu „Semqmnels~.
cneba aamoqmedebs TiToeul
sityvas, rogorc mimniSnebels.
kompiuters ki saqme mxolod
sityvebTan aqvs. magaliTad,
rodesac Cven Google.com-s
veubnebiT, Secvalos „aRmom-
Ceni~ „SemqmneliT~, is gvaZ-
levs bmuls mexsierebis Teo-
riaSi garkveuli gverdis mi-
TiTebiT. „mkvlevris~ Secvla
„eqsperimentatoriT~ gvaZlevs,
rogorc pirveli bmulis Sem-
TxvevaSi, gverds saTauriT:
„talRebi, pulsi, neironuli
masis Teoria~. es patara eqspe-
rimenti kargad uCvenebs, Tu
kompiuteri, adamianis mexsie-
rebisgan gansxvavebiT, rogor
ufro metadaa damokidebuli
sityvebze, vidre cnebebze.axla
mainc Tu grZnobT mcireoden
upiratesobas kompiuterTan
SedarebiT? SegiZliaT, ramde-
nime wuTi dauTmoT imaze
fiqrs, Tu rogor SeiZleba
adamianis mexsierebis es Tvi-
sebebi kompiutersac gadasceT.
veb-gverdebi:
www.google.com
www.AskJeeves.com

loba AskJeeves. com-s ukavSir-

Tanac: Tqvens mexsierebaSi Senaxulia codna imis
Sesaxeb, rom zogierTi frinveli iWmeva, zogi
saSiSia, zogi ki nacionaluri simboloa.
rogorc vxedavT, ierarqiebSi garkveuli
safexuri arsebobs, romelzec adamianebi ukeT
300 moiazreben obieqtebs da axdenen maT katego-
rizacias. maT bazisur doneebs uwodeben (Rosch,
1973, 1978). magaliTad, rodesac Tqven bazarSi
yidulobT vaSls, SegiZliaT ifiqroT masze,
rogorc xilis erT-erT saxeobaze, romlis
mniSvnelobac Zalian farToa, an rogorc Saf-
ranze, rac specifikuri da viwro mniSvnelobisaa.
suraTi
8.12
cnebaTa ierarqiulad organizebuli struqtura
kategoria cxoveli SeiZleba daiyos iseT qvekategoriebad, rogoricaa frinveli da Tevzi,
TiToeuli qvekategoria SeiZleba kidev daiyos. zogierTi informacia (aqvs kani) gaaCnia ierarqiis
yvela dones; sxva informacia (magaliTad, SeuZlia simRera) mxolod dabali donis cnebebs
SeiZleba hqondes (magaliTad, iadons).
bazisuri done ki aris vaSli. Tqven rom gaCvenon
am obieqtis suraTi da gkiTxon, ra aris es,
Tqven ufro swrafad upasuxebT, rom es vaSlia
(da ara xilis romelime konkretuli saxeoba).
bazisur dones prototipis gamowvevis meti Zala
aqvs. Tqven vaSlis cnebasTan meti Sexeba da
gamocdileba gaqvT, vidre mis specifikur
jiSebTan. Tqven rom vaSlebis gamomyvani iyoT,
bazisuri done am ierarqiaSi ufro dabali
geqnebodaT.
sqemebi
Cven vnaxeT, rom cnebebi mexsierebis ierar-
qiaSi agurebis funqcias asruleben. maT es roli
ufro rTul kompleqsebSic aqvT. gaixseneT
suraTi 8.2. saidan xvdebiT instinqturad, rom
baWiis adgili ar aris samzareuloSi? Cven adre
ukve aRvniSneT, rom es procesi implicitur
mexsierebas emyareba, magram Cven ar gviTqvams,
Tu mexsierebis romeli struqtura iyo amisTvis
gamoyenebuli. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, is,
rac Tqven gWirdebaT, aris iseTi saxis rep-
rezentacia mexsierebaSi, romelic samzareulos
individualur cnebas _ macivris, WurWlis sa-
recxi niJaris Tu gazquris Sesaxeb codnas _
gaaerTianebs ufro did struqturaSi. sqema aris
cnebiTi CarCo, an codnaTa klasteri sagnebis,
adamianebis da situaciis Sesaxeb. sqemebi aris
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
„codnaTa Sekvrebi~, romlebSic garemos struq-
turis Sesaxeb rTuli ganzogadebebia aRbeWdili.
Tqven gaqvT samzareulos da sawoli oTaxis
sqema, samarSruto taqsis mZRolis da profe-
soris, qeifisa da banketis sqemebi. SegiZliaT,
bazisuri done (Basic level) _ kategorizaciis done,
romelic yvelaze swrafad SeiZleba amovitanoT
mexsierebidan da gamoviyenoT yvelaze efeq-
turad.
sqemebi (Schemas) _ obieqtebis, xalxis, an situa-
ciis Sesaxeb konceptualuri CarCoebi, an cod-
nis „klasterebi~, codnis erTeulebi, romlebic
moicaven garemos struqturebis Sesaxeb ganzo-
gadebebs. 301

suraTi
8.13
cnobis iluzia
ixvi Tu kurdReli
ramdenime wuTi dauTmoT da dafiqrdeT, Tu ra
da rogor aris am kategoriebSi ganzogadebuli.
erTi ram, rasac SeamCnevdiT, isaa, rom Tqveni
sqema ar moicavs Tqveni cvalebadi gamocdilebis
yvela individualur detals. Tu prototipi
kategoriebis Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdilebebis
saSualoa, sqemaSi warmodgenilia garemoSi
situaciaTa Sesaxeb Tqveni gamocdielebebis
saSualo. iseve, rogorc prototipebi, Tqveni
sqemebic cvalebadia da cxovrebiseul movle-
nebTan erTad icvleba (Rumelhart et al., 1986). Tqveni
sqemac mxolod im detalebs moicavs, romelsac
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT. magaliTad,
rodesac ekiTxebiT, ra aris warmodgenili, ra
xatia Tu weria ocTeTrian monetaze, studentebi
arasodes amboben, rom masze iremia gamoxatuli,
Tumca, es gamosaxuleba yvela monetazea (Rubin
& Kontis, 1983). aba, SeamowmeT! amrigad, Tqveni
sqema inaxavs zustad imas, rac SeamCnieT garemoSi.
axla ki ganvixiloT yvela is gza, romelSic
cnebebs da sqemebs iyenebT.
mexsierebis struqturebis
gamoyeneba
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
modiT, vnaxoT, Tu rogor moqmedebs mexsie-
rebis zogierTi struqtura. Tqvenma sqemam
SeasaZlebloba mogcaT, uyoymanoT mimxvda-
riyaviT, rom baWiis adgili samzareuloSi ar
aris. axla gaixseneT me-5 Tavi, sadac ganvixileT,
Tu ra gavlenas axdens adrindeli codna oraz-
rovani figuris interpretaciaze. gaxsovT es
figura (sur. 8.13)? ras xedavT _ ixvs Tu baWias?
302
davuSvaT, Cven winaswar mogamzadeT imisTvis,
rom dainaxavdiT ixvs, anu Tu Tqven SeusabamebT
naxatis niSnebs Tqvens sqematur molodinebs
am niSnebis mimarT, dainaxavT ixvs. igive moxdeba
baWiis mimarTac, Tu geqnebaT baWiis molodini.
Cven viyenebT mexsierebaSi arsebul informacias,
raTa gavamarTloT molodini.
Tqven gaqvT, agreTve, mexsierebis struqturebi,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen Tqvens aRqmasa da
mogonebaze (Cantor & Mischel, 1979; Levy et al., 1999).
magaliTad, Tqven, albaT, ukve geqnebaT kbilis
eqimis, sakulto beladebis, ekologistebis da
maSvelebis cnebebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnob pirov-
nebaze getyvian, rom is erT-erTi am profesiis
warmomadgenelia, Tqveni stereotipuli warmod-
gena miawers mas konkretul pirovnul maxasia-
Teblebs an Sesabamis qcevebs. socialuri fsiqo-
logebis mier dadgenil iqna, rom enas da
sityvebsac SeuZliaT, garkveuli gavlena moax-
dinon am cnebaTa interpersonalur gamoyenebaze.
es gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom mexsierebis struq-
turebs SeuZliaT, gavlena moaxdinon samyaros
Sesaxeb Tqvens azrTa msvlelobaze: _ Tqveni awmyo
gamocdileba warsuli gamocdilebiT aris
Seferili da es ukanaskneli cvlis Tqvens molo-
dinebs momavlis mimarT. male, aseve, naxavT,
rom xSirad erTi da igive mizeziT, cnebebi da
sqemebi SeiZleba xels uSlides zust mogonebas.
mogoneba, rogorc
rekonstruqiuli procesi
axla ganvixiloT sxva mniSvnelovani saSua-
leba, romelSic gamoiyeneba mexsierebis struq-
tura. bevr SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gTxoven, moigo-
noT garkveuli informacia, Tqven ver axerxebT
amas. amis nacvlad, Tqven rekonstruqcias ukeTebT
informacias ufro zogadi saxiT Senaxuli cod-
nidan. rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis naTel-
sayofad ganvixiloT Semdegi sami kiTxva:
me-3 TavSi aris Tu ar sityva „da~?
1991 weli Seicavs Tu ara 7 ivlisis dRes?
sunTqavdiT guSin @2.05 –sa da 2.10 wuTs
Soris?
Tqven, albaT, samive kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs
gascemT yovelgvari meryeobis gareSe, magram,
ra Tqma unda, am movlenebis konkretuli epi-
zoduri mexsiereba ar geqnebaT (im SemTxvevebis
gamoklebiT, Tu, magaliTad, vinme 7 ivliss ar
aris dabadebuli da misTvis es gansakuTrebuli
dRea). am kiTxvebze pasuxis gasacemad Tqven
unda gamoiyenoT zogadi codna, raTa rekon-
struqcia gaukeToT mas da ivaraudoT, ra SeiZ-
leba momxdariyo. rekonstruqciis es procesi
ufro detalurad gavarCioT.

rekonstruqciuli mexsierebis sizuste

Tu adamianebi zogjer codnis zogierTi
aspeqtis rekonstruqcias axdenen zusti mona-
cemebis aRdgenis nacvlad, maSin mosalodnelia,
aRmovaCinoT SemTxvevebi, rodesac rekonstrui-
rebuli mogonebis faqtebi gansxvavebul iqneba
realuri suraTisgan, anu mexsierebis Secdomebs
eqneba adgili. mexsierebis Secdomis erT-erTi
yvelaze STambeWdavi demonstracia sakmaod
Zvelia. klasikur naSromSi _ „mogoneba: eqsperi-
mentuli da socialuri fsiqologiis gamokvle- miyvnen ra bartletis kvals, Tanamedrove
vebi~ (1932) _ ser frederik bartleti ikvlevda mkvlevrebma Seiswavles mexsierebis darRvevebis
sakiTxs, Tu rogor moqmedebs warsuli gamocdi- mravalferovneba, romelTac adgili aqvT
leba axlad SeZenili informaciis mogonebaze. mogonebis konstruqciuli procesebis gamoye-
bartleti studentebs sTxovda, daemaxsovrebinaT nebis dros (Bergman & Roediger, 1999). magaliTad,
gansxvavebuli kulturis Tqmulebebi da legen- mkvlevarTa erTma jgufma gamoavlina kanonzo-
debi. yvelaze cnobilia misi masala „sulebis miereba, romelsac „sapnis operis~ efeqti uwoda
brZola~. (Owens et al., 1979). erTi epizodi am gamokvlevis
bartletma aRmoaCina, rom misi studentebis masalidan:
mier gaxsenebuli Sinaarsi gansxvavdeboda ori-
nensi mivida koqteilis wveulebaze. man
ginalisgan, anu imisgan, rasac awvdidnen dasamax-
mimoixeda oTaxSi, raTa iq myofni SeeTva-
sovreblad. Sinaarsis damaxinjeba sami saxis
rekonstruqciul process moicavda: lierebina. igi sasaubrod miuaxlovda Tavis
profesors. man icoda, rac unda eTqva

xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi

donis daweva (leveling) _ moTxrobis gamar-
tiveba;
gamokveTa _ garkveuli detalebis gansakuT-
rebuli gaSuqeba;
asimilacia _ detalebis Secvla ise, rom
isini ukeTes SesabamisobaSi mosuliyvnen sakuTar
codnasTan.
amrigad, cdis pirebi ixsenebdnen moTxrobas
da maTTvis ucnob sityvebs Tavisi kulturisTvis
Cveuli sityvebiT cvlidnen: _ navi kanoes nac-
vlad, Tevzaoba _ selapebze nadirobis magivrad.
bartletis cdis pirebi, aseve, xSirad cvlidnen
moTxrobis Sinaarssac, raTa SeemcirebinaT
zebunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb frazebi, romelic
maTi kulturisTvis ar iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
misTvis, magram nerviulobda amaze. stumar-
Ta erTma jgufma Saradebis TamaSi daiwyo.
nensi zeviT avida cota mosamagreblad.
koniaki ki kargi iyo, magram mas ar aintere-
sebda, Tu raze saubrobda iq stumrebis
nawili. cota xnis Semdeg, sakmarisiao,
gadawyvita man da datova wveuleba.
axla warmoidgineT rogor gansxvavebulad
aRiqvamT am nawyvets, Tu Tqven cdis pirTa
rekonstruqciuli mexsiereba (Reconstructive
memory) _ mexsierebis konkretuli reprezen-
taciebis ararsebobis pirobebSi Senaxuli
codnis zogad tipebze dayrdnobiT informaciis
erTad ganlagebis procesi.
303
 meore jgufSi aRmoCndebiT, romelTac winaswar rekonstruqcias ukeTebs (Clark & Gerrig, 1990) da
es Sesavali waakiTxes: SegiZliaT sityvasityviT moitanoT is, an misi
dedaazri gadmosceT. am gadawyvetilebas Tqven
nensim gaRviZebisas isev sisuste igrZno
Tqveni sityvidan gamomdinare iRebT. mkvlevrebma
da gaukvirda, marTla fexmZimed iyo Tu
gviCvenes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba am miznebis
ara. rogor unda uTxras profesors, rac
cvlasTan erTad icvleba.
dainaxa?
axla xelaxla miubrundiT pirvel nawyvets
da xelaxla waikiTxeT. cdis pirebisaTvis am saidan
winasityvaobis arsebobas Tu ararsebobas gadam-
viciT
wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs maTi mexsierebisaTvis.
rodesac sTxovT, moigonon Sinaarsi, an icnon miznebi gavlenas axdenen mexsierebaze
nawyvetebi, isini, romelTac wakiTxuli aqvT
cdis pirebs aCvenebdnen wuTnaxevari
Sesavalic da, aqedan gamomdinare, TavSi mosdiT
xangrZliobis scenas videofilmidan da
„arasasurveli fexmZimobis~ sqema, ufro metad
sTxovdnen daemaxsovrebinaT dialogi am
imas aRadgenen an icnoben, romelic nensis
nawyvetidan. maT 45 wuTi eZleodaT, rac
fexmZimobas ukavSirdeba. cdis pirTa mier sqemis
sakmarisi iyo imisaTvis, rom TiToeul
gamoyeneba iwvevs Sinaarsis Sesabamis da mosa-
maTgans sakmaod zustad aRedgina dialo-
lodnel damaxinjebas.
gis teqsti. cdis pirebi or jgufad gayves.
magram unda gvaxsovdes da mniSvnelovanicaa,
TiToeul students dialogis Sinaarsi
rom rogorc me-5 TavSi, rodesac aRqmis ilu-
sxva studentisTvis unda gadaeca, magram
ziebze vsaubrobdiT, fsiqologebs procesebis
erT jgufs sTxovdnen es moTxroba
normaluri operaciebis saCveneblad xSirad
maqsimalurad zusti yofiliyo (teqstTan
iseTi pirobebi da situaciebi mohyavT, romlebic
axlos), xolo, meore jgufs ki sTxovdnen,
Secdomebs iwveven. iseve, rogorc aRqmis ilu-
rac SeiZleba saintereso yofiliyo maTi
ziebi ar gaiZuleben realurad kedelSi gasvlas,
monaTxrobi. is cdispirebi, romlebsac
mexsierebis „iluziebic~ Zalian iSviaTad Tu
maqsimaluri sizustiT aRdgenis instruq-
SegiSliT xels yoveldRiur cxovrebasa da
cia hqondaT, 99%-iT, sityvasityviT aRad-
saqmianobaSi.
gendnen dialogs maSin, rodesac meore
mexsierebis es damaxinjebebi SegiZliaT gani-
jgufis cdis pirebma dialogis mxolod
xiloT, rogorc Cveulebriv, Zalian kargad
62% aRadgines. miuxedavad imisa, rom orive
momuSave procesTa Tanmdevi movlena. faqtob-
jgufis wevrebma dialogis teqsti Zalian
rivad, Tqven umravles SemTxvevaSi garkveuli
kargad daimaxsovres, meore jgufma, ubra-
epizodis detalebis aRdgena arc ki gWirdebaT,
lod, arCia, rom ufro saintereso iqne-
movlenaTa arsis aRdgena rekonstruqciiTac
boda, Tu yvelafers ar uambobda sxvas
mSvenivrad xerxdeba.
(Wadi, Klark, 1993).
cota vrclad SevexoT im Tvalsazriss, rom-
lis mixedviTac, detalebis aRdgena yovelTvis
ver xerxdeba. imisaTvis, rom vnaxoT, rogor es Sedegi gviCvenebs, rom Cveni informaciis
SeuZlia rekonstruqcia ganicados mexsierebam, zustad aRdgenaze daxarjuli Zalisxmeva gare-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

raTa moergos mogonebis sagans Tu mizans,
gamoviyenoT citatebis SemTxveva. arcTu
iSviaTia SemTxveva, rodesac gindaT Tqveni
sityva Tu moxseneba gaamdidroT sxvisi gamo-
naTqvamiT, magaliTad, SeiZleba TqvaT: „gaixseneT,
Cveni fsiqologiis profesori rom gveubneboda
_ „korelacia mizezobriobas ar niSnavso~.
rodesac vinmes sityvidan citatas iyenebT, Tqven
304 arCevT aspeqtebs, romlebsac Tqveni mexsiereba
moebebzea damokidebuli. Tu Tqven TvliT, rom
valdebuli xarT, zustad moigonoT ra moxda,
Tqven amas gaakeTebT _ obieqtur monacems
waradgenT, an aRiarebT da ityviT, rom ar gaxsovT.
zogierT cxovrebiseul situaciaSi, marTlac,
sakmarisia imis ubralo rekonstruqcia, rac
moxda anu met-naklebad zusti aRdgena. es Tqveni
gadasawyvetia. magram arsebobs erTi sfero, sadac
Tqven udao pasuxismgebloba gekisrebaT imis

aRdgenis sizusteze, Tu ra moxda. ganvixiloT
mowmis mexsiereba.
mowmis mexsiereba
mowme sasamarTloze debs fics _ „Tqvas
simarTle da mxolod simarTle~. am TavSi Cven
vnaxavT, rom mexsiereba zusti iqneba Tu mcdari,
damokidebulia imaze, Tu rogor aris informacia
aRbeWdili da emTxveva Tu ara aRdgenis pirobebi
aRbeWdvis pirobebs. vinaidan fsiqologebma
ician, rom adamianebma SeiZleba ver Tqvan
„simarTle~ maSinac ki, rodesac es Zalian surT,
maT yuradReba mowmis mexsierebaze gaamaxviles
da misi Seswavla daiwyes. maTi mizani gamoZi-
ebisTvis xelSewyoba da iseTi meTodis moZebnaa,
romelic mowmis Cvenebis sizustes uzrun-
velyofs.
am mimarTulebiT mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
iqna Catarebuli elizabet loftusis da misi
kolegebis mier (Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1979, 1992).
maTi gamokvlevis ZiriTadi daskvna is iyo, rom
mowmis mexsiereba (Cveneba) Zalian advilad
icvleboda Semdgomi informaciebis gavleniT.
magaliTad, cdis pirebs uCvenebdnen films, sadac
avtokatastrofa xdeboda - ori manqana erTmaneTs
ejaxeboda da sTxovdnen, ganesazRvraT manqanebis
siCqare (Loftus & Palmer, 1974). maT erT nawils
kiTxvas Semdegnairad usvamdnen: „ramdenad
swrafad moZraobdnen manqanebi Sejaxebisas?~
xolo meore nawils ki ekiTxebodnen: „ra siCqa-
riT moZraobdnen manqanebi, rodesac isini er-
TmaneTs Seejaxnen?~ pirvel SekiTxvaze cdis
pirebis pasuxi saSualod 100km/sT iyo, meore
kiTxvaze ki _ 80km/sT. erTi kviris Semdeg maT
ekiTxebodnen: „dainaxeT Camsxvreuli minebi?~
sinamdvileSi Camsxvreuli minebi filmSi ar
iyo. miuxedavad amisa, pirveli jgufis cdis
pirTa mesamedma aRniSna, rom dainaxa SuSis
namsxvrevebi, xolo meore jgufidan ki mxolod
14%-ma daasastura es. amrigad, movlenis Semdgom
informacias arsebiTi gavlena aqvs mowmis
Cvenebaze.
movlenis Semdgomma informaciam SeiZleba
daamaxinjos mowmis mexsiereba maSinac ki, ro-
desac cdis pirs gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom
eqsperimentatori SeiZleba ecados mis SecdomaSi
Seyvanas. is ver axerxebs Tavisi mexsierebis
namdvili wyaros garCevas; veRar xedavs gansxva-
vebas movlenasa da mis Semdgom informacias
Soris (Johnson et al., 1993; Weingardt et al., 1995).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, rodesac adamians
ramdenjerme warudgenen mcdar informacias, igi
swored mas miiCnevs ufro namdvilad (Mitchell
& Zaragoza, 1996), Tumca, garkveuli winaaRmdegoba
arsebobs am movlenis axsniTi meqanizmebis
dadgenaSi (Lindsay, 1993; Loftus, 1992; Schreiber &
Sergent, 1998). Semdgomi informaciis gavleniT
mowmis Cvenebis Secvlis tendencia dadgenilad
iTvleba. es gamokvlevebi adastureben im azrs,
rom Tqveni mexsiereba icvleba _ rekonstruqcias
ganicdis warsuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva
elementebis gavleniT.
Cven ganvixileT aRbeWdvis, Senaxvisa da
aRdgenis bevri mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba.
dasasrul, mexsierebis am funqciebis biologiur
safuZvlebs ganvixilavT.
Sejameba
xangrZlivi mexsierebis struqturebi
mexsierebis ZiriTadi funqciaa msgavsi gamoc-
dilebis erTmaneTTan dakavSireba, raTa garemoSi
ukeT gaverkveT. cnebebi mentalur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. prototipebi iqmneba mTel Cvens
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT kategoriis wevrebis
CaTvliT da, amdenad, yoveli axali wevris
aRqmasTan erTad TviTonac icvleba. iqmneba
erTgvari bazisuri done, romlis daxmarebiTac
adamianebi ukeT axdenen kategorizacias da ukeT
gaiazreben movlenebs. sqemebsa da konceptualur
CarCoebSi gamocdilebis mozrdili monakveTebis
kanonzomierebebi ukeT Cans, vidre cnebebi.
rodesac informaciis zusti aRdgena ver
xerxdeba, misi rekonstruqcia xdeba. rekonstruq-
305
 ciaze sqema axdens gavlenas. mecnierebma gviC-
venes, rom mexsierebis gamoyeneba komunikaciis
miznis cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. mowmis
Cveneba aucileblad moiTxovs zust mexsierebas,
magram gamokvlevebma aCvena, rom is mowyvladia
damaxinjebebisadmi movlenis Semdgomi infor-
maciis gavleniT.
mexsierebis biologiuri
aspeqtebi
droa, gTxovoT, gaixsenoT ricxvi, romelic
Tqven mexsierebis Sesaxeb Tavis dawyebisas unda
dagemaxsovrebinaT. SegiZliaT moigonoT? ratom,
ra mizniT CagitareT aseTi savarjiSo? ifiqreT
im unaris biologiur safuZvlebze, romelic
SesaZleblobas gaZlevT, nebismieri informacia
monaxoT da moigonoT. rogor akeTebT amas?
aRbeWdva mexsierebaSi Tqvens tvinSi garkveul
cvlilebebs gulisxmobs. Tu Tqven gindaT, rom
es informacia, sul mcire, am Tavis bolomde
dagamaxsovrdeT, am cvlilebas permanentuli
xasiaTi unda hqondes. rodesme dagisvamT kiTxva
Tqveni TavisTvis, Tu rogor aris es SesaZle-
beli? Cveni Txovnis mizezi, dagemaxsovrebinaT
nebismieri ricxvi, swored es iyo, anu is, rom
gagegoT, Tu raoden didi mniSvneloba aqvs
biologias mexsierebisTvis. axla cota ufro
Rrmad ganvixiloT es sakiTxi.
engramis ZiebaSi
modiT, gavixsenoT wignis dasawyisSi Tqven-
Tvis mowodebuli testi, ufro zustad, Seva-
mowmoT Tqveni mexsiereba. 37 xom is ricxvia,
romlis damaxsovrebac gTxoveT. rogor unda
ganvsazRvroT, Tqvens tvinSi sad aRibeWda is?
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
karl leSlim (Karl Lashly, 1929, 1950), romelmac
Seqmna pirveli wigni mexsierebis anatomiis
Sesaxeb, es sakiTxi engramis _ tvinSi mexsierebis
fizikuri warmomadgenlis _ Ziebas daukavSira.
leSli virTagvebs labirinTSi gavlas aswav-
lida, Semdeg maT tvinis calkeul nawilebs
engrama (Engram) _ mexsierebis fizikuri kvali
306 tvinSi.
amokveTda xolme da amowmebda labirinTSi nas-
wavl qcevas. man daadgina, rom tvinis dazianebiT
gamowveuli mexsierebis darRveva amokveTili
qsovilis zomis proporciuli iyo. darRveva
miT ufro Zlieri iyo, tvinis rac ufro didi
nawili iyo dazianebuli. amave dros, mexsie-
rebaze gavlenas ar axdenda is, Tu tvinis ra
nawili iqneboda dazianebuli. leSlis mixedviT,
engrama tvinis erT konkretul ubanSi ki ar
Tavsdeba, aramed mTel tvinze vrceldeba.
leSlim imitom ver SeZlo engramis loka-
lizacia, rom martiv situaciaSi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva forma erTdroulad monawileobs.
labirinTis swavla moicavs sivrciT, mxedve-
lobiT da ynosviT gamRizianeblebs. neiro-
mecnierebis mtkicebiT, rTuli, kompleqsuri
informaciis daxsomeba mraval neironul sis-
temaSia ganawilebuli maSin, rodesac diskre-
tuli codna calke gadamuSavdeba _ tvinis mxo-
lod SezRudul ubnebSi lokalizdeba (Marko-
witsch, 2000; Rolls, 2000).
mexsiereba moicavs oTx ZiriTad nervul
struqturas:
naTxemi – mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs
proceduruli mexsierebisTvis, romelic ganmeo-
rebas saWiroebs da klasikuri ganpirobebisTvis;
zoliani sxeuli – wina tvinis kompleqsuri
struqtura. Cvevis Camoyalibebisa da „stimuli-
reaqcia~ kavSirebis savaraudo safuZvelia;
didi tvinis qerqi _ pasuxismgebelia senso-
ruli mexsierebas da SegrZnebebs Soris
asociaciebize;
nuSisebri kompleqsi _ pasuxismgebelia
faqtebis, TariRebis, saxelebis deklaraciul
mexsierebaze, agreTve, emociuri STabeWdilebebis
daxsomebaze.
tvinis sxva nawilebs, rogoricaa: Talamusi,
bazaluri winatvini da prefrontaluri kor-
teqsi, agreTve, gaaCniaT saSualebebi mexsierebis
sxvadasxva tipis formirebisTvis.
me-3 TavSi tvinis anatomia ganvixileT. axla
ganvixiloT is neirofsiqologiuri meTodebi,
romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZleven gamovitanoT
daskvnebi im rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac tvinis
specifikuri struqturebi asruleben mexsierebis
muSaobaSi. Cven ori tipis gamokvlevebs SevexebiT.
pirvel rigSi, visaubrebT „bunebriv eqspe-
rimentze~, romelsac tvinis bunebrivi daziane-
suraTi
4.16
tvinis struqtura ........
ii
bisas vxvdebiT, Semdeg ki im axal teqnikur
saSualebebs aRvwerT, romelTac mkvlevrebi
tvinSi mimdinare mexsierebis procesebis Sesaxeb
codnis gasaRrmaveblad iyeneben.
amnezia
1960 wels, sahaero Zalebis radarebis axal-
gazrda teqnikosi niki a. saSineli dazianebis
msxverpli gaxda, ramac Zireulad Secvala misi
cxovreba.
niki magidasTan ijda, misi mezobeli ki
miniaturuli safarikao daSniT TamaSobda.
moulodnelad niki wamodga da Semotrialda –
swored im dros, rodesac misma amxanagma moiqnia
daSna. daSna nikis marjvena nestos moxvda da
moZraoba marcxena tvinis mimarTulebiT ganag-
rZo. am SemTxvevam igi seriozulad daaziana.
yvelaze mZime problema amnezia, xangrZlivi
droiT mexsierebis dakargva iyo. amneziis gamo
niks yvelaferi aRqmisTanave aviwydeba; wignSi
ramdenime abzacis wakiTxvis Semdeg pirveli
winadadebebi aRar axsovs; satelevizio gada-
cemidan azri ver gamoaqvs, sanam reklamis
ganmavlobaSi aqtiurad ar moigonebs da gai-
meorebs oriode wuTis win nanaxs.
mecnierebi sargebloben nikis msgavsi pacien-
tebiT, radgan „bunebriv eqsperimentad~ Tvlian
aseT SemTxvevebs. nikis msgavsi tvinis dazianebis
adgilis dakavSirebam qcevis deficitTan saSu-
aleba misca mkvlevrebs daedginaT mexsierebis mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
sxvadasxva formebis mimarTeba tvinis garkveul
ubnebTan. Tavis mxriv, niks jer kidev axsovs
moqmedebebi, anu ara aqvs darRveuli procedu-
ruli mexsiereba, Tumca, deklaraciuli mexsie-
reba aRar funqcionirebs. ase magaliTad, mas
axsovs, rogor unda aurios sxvadasxva masala,
magram ar axsovs ra komponentebia am narevSi.
eqsplicituri mexsierebis darRvevis es faqtebi
naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom eqsplicitur da
implicitur mexsierebaSi tvinis gansxvavebuli
ubnebia CarTuli.
amnezia (Amnesia) _ mexsierebis dakargva .........
307
 axla ganvixiloT mexsierebis sxva dayofa,
romelic SeiZleba gansxvavebul anatomiur
struqturas davukavSiroT. gamokvlevebis Se-
degad aRmoCnda, rom hipokampis dazianebis dros
eqsplicituri mexsiereba irRveva da ara _
implicituri (Squire, 1992).
saidan
viciT
amneziis dros implicituri mexsiereba
daculia
gamokvlevaTaHerT seriaSi monawileob-
dnen cdis pirebi, romelTac korsakovis
sindromis (qronikuli alkoholizmi)
Sedegad dazianebuli hqondaT hipokampi.
rogorc amneziis mqone pacientebis, ise
janmrTelebis jgufs awvdidnen sityvaTa
mwkrivs da sTxovdnen, SeefasebinaT emo-
ciuri TavalsazrisiT, romeli sityva mos-
wondaT da romeli – ara. maTi mexsie-
rebis Sesamowmeblad iyenebdnen or tests.
erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs eZleodaT
sityvis dasawyisi marcvali, romelic
unda SeevsoT TavSi mosuli pirvelive
sityviT (Sevsebis testi), meore testSi
ki marcvali mimniSneblis rols TamaSob-
da, radgan cdis pirs masze dayrdnobiT
unda moegonebina Sesabamisi sityva wa-
kiTxuli mwkrividan (mimniSnebliT mogo-
nebis testi). mimniSnebel testSi amneziis
mqone pacientebi naklebs igonebdnen, vidre
janmrTelebi, magram sityvis Sevsebis
testSi pacientebis da janmrTelebis
mexsierebis moculoba Tanabari iyo (Graf
et al., 1984).
es Sedegi imaze miuTiTebs, rom korsakovis
sindromiT gamowveuli tvinis dazianeba gav-
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba
lenas axdens eqsplicitur mexsierebaze, xolo
implicitur mexsierebas ucvlelad tovebs.
mecnierebma daadgines, rom es gavlena SeiZleba
sakmaod xangrZlivi iyos (Cave & Squire, 1992).
gamokvlevebiT implicituri mexsiereba 7 dRis
Semdeg gamovlinda. hipokampis mniSvnelovani
dazianebis SemTxvevaSic implicituri mexsiereba
ar irRveva.
308
is faqtebi, rom tvinis dazianebis zogierTi
forma azianebs eqsplicitur da ara implicitur
mexsierebas, SesaZleblobas aZlevs fsiqologebs,
amtkicon, rom mexsierebis es ori forma gan-
sxvavebul kanonzomierebebs avlens kodirebisa
da aRdgenis procesebSi. ganvixiloT, magaliTad,
is gzebi, riTac adamianebi amyareben asociaciebs
iseT winadadebasTan, rogoricaa _ „medicina
arCens enabluobas~. Cven ukve viciT zemoT
moyvanili gamokvlevidan, rom amneziis mqone
individebi iZenen codnas eqsplicituri cnobie-
rebis gareSe, magram ramdenad SeuZliaT codnis
SeZena sityvebs Soris asociaciuri kavSirebis
Sesaxeb? erTi pasuxi, romelic im individis
monacemebs ukavSirdeba (Rajaram, Coslett, 2000),
romlis inicialebicaa C.V. da romlis amneziac
gamowveulia Sublis wilis nawilis, kerZod,
medialuri temporaluri lobis dazianebiT,
aris – „ara~. miuxedavad imisa, rom C.V. percep-
tul implicitur mexsierebas avlenda, mas ar
hqonda konceptualuri implicituri mexsiereba.
es Sedegi miuTiTebs imaze, rom eqsplicituri
mexsierebis gareSe garkveuli tipis asociaciebis
SeZena SeuZlebelia. am tipis gamokvlevebi
SesaZleblobas aZleven mecnierebs, ukeT
Cawvdnen mexsierebis biologiur safuZvlebs
da mexsierebis procesebis organizacias.
tvinis suraTi (skanireba)
fsiqologebma didi codna daagroves
anatomiasa da mexsierebas Soris kavSiris Sesaxeb
amneziis mqone individebze dakvirvebis gziT,
magram tvinis gadaRebis teqnikam SesaZlebeli
gaxada janmrTeli cdis pirebis mexsierebis
procesebis Seswavla (Niberg, Cabeza, 2000) (SegiZ-
liaT gadaxedoT me-3 Tavs, sadac saubaria
gadaRebis teqnikis Sesaxeb). magaliTad, PET-
skanis saSualebiT endel tulvingma da misma
kolegebma (Nyberg et al., 1996; Tulving et al., 1994)
daadgines, rom epizoduri informaciis kodi-
rebisa da aRdgenis dros tvinis ori naxevar-
sfero gansxvavebuli aqtivobiT xasiaTdeba. es
gamokvlevebi iseTivea, rogorc mexsierebis stan-
dartuli gamokvlevebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom
kodirebisa da aRdgenis procesSi cdis pirTa
sisxlis mimoqcevis skanireba xdeba PET-iT. am
gamokvlevebSi gamovlinda tvinis Zlieri
aqtivoba marcxena prefrontalur korteqsSi
epizoduri informaciis kodirebis dros, xolo
marjvena prefrontalur korteqsSi tvinis gaZ-
lierebul aqtivobas adgili hqonda epizoduri
informaciis aRdgenis dros. amrigad, anatomiuri
sxvaobac gamovlinda im konceptualuri sxvao-
bebis garda, romelic kogniturma fsiqologebma
aRmoaCines.
funqcionaluri magnituri rezonansiT (fMRI)
warmoebulma gamokvlevebmac gamoavlina mexsie-
rebis operaciebis tvinSi ganawilebis mniSvne-
lovani detalebi (Gabrieli, 1996, 1997).
saidan
viciT
tvini da kodirebis operaciebi
magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevis
dros cdis pirebs mexsierebis eqsperimen-
tebi utardebodaT. maT proeqtoriT
ekranze miewodebodaT sityvebi, romlebsac
xedavdnen Tavs zemoT sarkeSi da eva-
lebodaT, TiToeuli sityvis Sesaxeb ori
tipis msjeloba ewarmoebinaT: _ seman-
tikuri: _ „es sityva, (magaliTad, „skami~,
an „siyvaruli~) abstaraqtulia, Tu kon-
kretuli?~ an perceptuli _ „es sityva,
(magaliTad, „ndoba~ an „wigni~) fanqriT
aris dawerili, Tu melniT?~ funqcio-
naluri magnituri rezonansiT gamokvlevam
gviCvena, rom marcxena prefrontaluri
qerqis midamoSi (frontaluri qerqis
aramotoruli ubani) semantikuri kodire-
bis ufro maRal aqtivacias aqvs adgili,
vidre perceptuli kodirebis SemTxvevaSi
(Gabrieli et al., 1996).
mecnierebi varaudoben, rom qerqis am ubnis
aqtivacias semantikuri kodireba iwvevs marcxena
naxevarsferos metyvelebasTan kavSiris gamo (ix.
Tavi 3).
ramdenime axali gamokvleva tvinis specifi-
kuri regionebis Seswavlas mieZRvna, romelTa
aqtivacia axali mexsierebis Camoyalibebis dros
xdeba (Brewe et al., 1998; Wagner et al.,1998). am
gamokvlevebSi cdis pirebs martivad unda
SeefasebinaT sityvebi an siuJetebi (scenebi).
(magaliTad, abstraqtulia Tu konkretulia esa
Tu is sityva). am amocanis Sesrulebis dros
cdis pirebs skanirebas ukeTebdnen magnituri
rezonansiT, raTa gamoevlinaT tvinis aqtivobis
ubnebi. skanirebam gasaocari ram uCvena: -
prefrontaluri qerqis da parahipokampuli
(hipokampTan axlos mdebare) qerqis is ubnebi
iyo ukeT ganaTebuli, romelTa Sesabamisi
sityvebis Tu siuJetebis Sefasebac ukeT SeZles.
am axal gamokvlevebSi gamoCnda mexsierebis
SemuSavebis pirveli periodis biologiuri
safuZvlebi.
skanirebis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva
disciplinis mecnierebma erTad unda imuSaon,
raTa srulad Cawvdnen mexsierebis procesebis
kanonzomierebebs. fsiqologebi adamianis
mexsierebis Sesaxeb monacemebs moipoveben, rac
Semdgom neirofsiqologebisTvis masalaa tvinis
Sesabamisi struqturebis aRmosaCenad. amave dros,
fiziologebis monacemebi koreqcias ukeTeben
fsiqologiur Teoriebs informaciis kodirebis,
Senaxvisa da aRdgenis Sesaxeb. am sferoSi
momuSave mecnierebi saerTo ZalisxmeviT did
warmatebebs uzrunvelyofen mexsierebis proce-
sebis kvlevaSi.
Sejameba
karl leSlim, romelic pirveli iyo, vinc
engramebis Zieba daiwyo, aRmoaCina, rom mexsiereba
mexsierebis biologiuri aspeqtebi
mTel tvins moicavs. tvinis mravali struqturaa
CarTuli swavlisa da mexsierebis procesebSi.
amneziis mqone pacientebze gamokvlevebma
daamtkica, rom implicituri da eqsplicituri
procesebis ganxorcielebaSi gansxvavebuli
struqturebi monawileoben. tvinis skanirebis
teqnika SesaZleblobas iZleva ganisazRvros
janmrTel adamianTan mexsierebis procesTa
biologiuri safuZvlebi.
309
 sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
ra aris mexsiereba  xanmokle mexsierebis mo- lebs mxolod Sesabamis
 kognituri fsiqolo- culoba SeiZleba gaizardos informaciasTan (mexsiere-
giis warmomadgenlebi dasaxsomebeli wevrebis basTan) ar mivyavarT.
ganixilaven mexsierebas, azrian jgufebad dalagebis  rac ufro Rrmad aris gadamu-
rogorc informaciis Sedegad. Savebuli informacia, miT
gadamuSavebis process.  aRdgenis procesi xanmokle ukeTesia daxsomeba.
 mexsiereba, romelic moi- mexsierebidan efeqturad implicituri mexsierebis-
Txovs cnobier Zalisxme- xorcieldeba. Tvis mniSvneloba aqvs, rom
vas, aris eqsplicituri.  muSa mexsierebis farTo gageba kodirebis da aRdgenis pro-
aracnobieri mexsiereba xanmokle mexsierebas moi- cesebi msgavsi iyos.
implicituria. cavs.  mexsiereba SeiZleba gavium-
 deklaraciuli mexsie-  muSa mexsierebis sami kompo- jobesoT gadamamuSavebeli
reba uzrunvelyofs faq- nenti xels uwyobs gare samya- ganmeorebiT da mnemonikuri
tebis daxsomebas. proce- rodan gamocdilebis yovel- xerxebiT.
duruli mexsiereba ki wuTier asaxvas.  Cveulebriv, darwmunebu-
unarebis SemuSavebas. lobis gancdas zustad SeuZ-
 mexsierebas xSirad gani- lia mexsierebaSi infor-
xilaven, rogorc kodi-
xangrZlivi mexsiereba. maciis arsebobis winaswar-
rebis, Senaxvis da aRdge-
kodireba da aRdgena metyveleba.
nis samsafexurian pro-  xangrZlivi mexsiereba moi-
cess. cavs Tqvens srul codnas
samyarosa da Tqveni Tavis xangrZlivi mexsiere-
Sesaxeb; is TiTqmis ganu- bis struqturebi
sensoruli mexsiereba sazRvreli moculobisaa.  cnebebi aris azrovnebis-
 sensoruli mexsierebis  Tqveni gaxsenebis unaris Tvis mexsierebis saSeni
sistema didi moculobis, pirobaa kodirebisa da aR- agurebi. maTi Camoyalibeba
magram Zalian mcire xan- dgenis pirobebis damTxveva. xdeba, rodesac mexsiere-
grZlivobisaa.  swavlisa da aRdgenis kon- baSi Camoyalibdeba saerTo
 xatiseburi mexsiereba teqstebs Soris damTxveva niSnebis mqone obieqtebis,
mxedvelobiT vels wa- ganapirobebs aRdgenas. an azrTa jgufebi.
mebis ganmavlobaSi aCe-  adgilmdebareobis mrudis  prototipi warmoadgens
rebs. Tavisebureba aixsneba kon- cnebis saSualo egzem-
 eqo-mexsiereba smeniT gam- teqstebs Soris gansxvavebiT. plars.
Rizianeblebs inaxavs.  mogonebis mimniSneblebi  cnebebi xSirad ierarqi-
xels uwyoben xangrZliv mex- ulad arian dalagebulni
sierebaSi informaciis mo- zogadidan kerZosaken.
xanmokle mexsiereba Zebnas.  sqema ufro zogadi kog-
da muSa mexsiereba  epizodur mexsierebas iseTi nituri klasteria.
 xanmokle mexsierebas Se- movlenebis daxsomebasTan  mexsierebis yvela es zogadi
Tavi 8 / mexsiereba

zRuduli moculoba aqvs
da swrafad qreba gan-
meorebis SesaZleblobis
ararsebobis pirobebSi.
 ganmeoreba masalas xan-
mokle mexsierebaSi aCe-
rebs.
 interferencias maSin aqvs
310
310
aqvs saqme, romlebic pi-
rovnebis subieqtur gamoc-
dilebaSi monawileobdnen.
semantikuri mexsiereba si-
tyvebisa da cnebebis ar-
sebiTi mniSvnelobebis Sesa-
xeb mexsierebaa.
adgili, rodesac mimniSneb-
struqtura gamoiyeneba axa-
li informaciis molodi-
nebisa da interpretaciis
konteqstisTvis.
 mogoneba mxolod angariSi
ar aris, is rekonstruq-
ciuli da seleqciuri pro-
cesia.
 wina gamocdileba da  tvinis skanirebis teqnikam gadamuSavebis doneebis
miznebi gavlenas axdens udidesi roli Seasrula Teoria
mogonebaze. mexsierebis kodirebis da xangrZlivi mexsiereba
 axalma informaciam SeiZ- aRdgenis procesebSi tvi- mexsiereba
leba Secvalos mogoneba nis monawileobis Sesaxeb metamexsiereba
da amiT mowmis Cveneba codnis mopovebaSi. mnemonika
arasando gaxados, Tu mas dasawyisis efeqti
axali movlenis Semdgo- praimingi
mi informacia Seereva. ZiriTadi sakiTxebi proceduruli mexsiereba
amnezia prototipi
bazisuri done mogoneba
mexsierebis biolo- dajgufeba mwkrivis daboloebis
giuri aspeqtebi cnebebi efeqti
konteqstis mixedviT
 tvinis gansxvavebuli cnoba
gansxvaveba rekonstruqciuli
struqturebi (hipokampis,
deklaraciuli mexsiereba mexsiereba
amigdalas, cerebelumis
eqo-mexsiereba aRdgena
da cerebruli korteq-
gadamamuSavebeli mimniSneblebi
sis CarTviT) monawile-
ganmeoreba sqemebi
oben sxvadasva tipis
kodireba semantikuri mexsiereba
mexsierebaSi.
kodirebis specifikuroba
 eqsperimentebi amneziis sensoruli mexsiereba
engrama adgilmdebareobis efeqti
mqone pacientebze daex-
epizoduri mexsiereba
mara mkvlevrebs imis xanmokle mexsiereba
mexsierebis eqsplicituri
garkvevaSi, Tu rogor sacavi
gamoyeneba
xdeba gansxvavebuli ti- gadatanis Sesabamisi
xatiseburi mexsiereba
pis mexsierebis Camoya- gadamuSaveba
mexsierebis implicituri
libeba da tvinSi maTi muSa mexsiereba
gamoyeneba
ganawileba.
interferencia

sakvanZo sakiTxebi

311
311