ricxviTi analizi

leqcia 2
ricxviTi gantolebis miaxloebiTi amoxsna
$1. ricxviTi gantolebis miaxloebiTi amoxsnis Sesaxeb
1.1. mokle istoriuli eqskursi da amocanis dasma. wrfivi da kvadratuli gantolebis
amoxsna cnobili iyo jer kidev Zveli berZnebisTvis, mesame da meoTxe rigis gantolebis
amonaxsnTa agebis formulebi mignebul iqna XV saukuneSi _ aRorZinebis epoqaSi, italieli
maTematikosebis: feros, tartalias, kardanos da feraris mier. amis Semdeg, mexuTe da ufro
maRali rigis gantolebebis amonaxsnebis formulebis Ziebis intensiuri, magram uSedego cdebi
kidev mimdinareobda sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi da dasrulda XIX saukunis ocian wlebSi nor-
vegieli maTematikosis abelis ZalisxmeviT. abelma Tavis SromebSi daamtkica, rom mexuTe da
ufro maRali rigis zogadi gantolebebis amoxsna radikalebSi SeuZlebelia. anu aseTi gantolebebis
amonaxsnebi ar gamoisaxebian koeficientebze ariTmetikuli operaciebisa da radikalebis sa-
SualebiT. am umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxis gadawyvetaSi aRsaniSnavia mravali didi
maTematikosis Zalisxmeva, magram abelTan erTad mainc gansakuTrebulia gausisa da galuas
Rvawli.
ganvixiloT ricxviTi gantoleba
f  x   0, (1.1)
sadac f :RR aris mocemuli funqcia, xolo x ucnobi namdvili ricxvi.
rogorc aRiniSna, Tu f zogadi saxis n -uri rigis Semdegi mravalwevria
f  x   a 0 x n  a1 x n 1  ...  a n 1 x  a n , a 0  0 , n  5 ,

(1.1) gantolebis fesvebis moZebnis zogadi formulebi maSinac ki ar arsebobs.

amrigad, bunebrivad warmoiSva (1.1) gantolebis miaxloebiTi amoxsnis meTodebis mo-
Ziebis aucilebloba.
1.2. fesvTa gancaleba da zogierTi mniSvnelovani debuleba. ricxviTi gantolebis miax-
loebiTi amoxsnis sakiTxi Sedgeba ori ZiriTadi etapisagan:
1) fesvebis gancaleba, e.i. rac SeiZleba mcire  a, b  Sualedis dadgena, romelsac ekuT-
vnis (1.1) gantolebis erTi da mxolod erTi fesvi;
2) miaxloebiTi fesvis dazusteba, e.i. ukeTesi miaxloebis ageba saWiro sizustis miRwe-
vamde.
gantolebis amoxsnadobis erT-erT sakmaris pirobas warmoadgens maTematikuri analizis
kursidan kargad cnobili Semdegi debuleba.
 Teorema 1.1 (bolcano–koSi). Tu uwyveti f funqcia  a, b monakveTis boloebze Rebu-
lobs sxvadasxva niSnis mniSvnelobebs, e.i. f  a  f  b   0 , maSin am monakveTis SigniT arsebobs
(1.1) gantolebis fesvi, anu moiZebneba erTi mainc iseTi    a, b  ricxvi, rom f     0.
mkiTxvels vurCevT aagos bolcano-koSis Teoremis grafikuli ilustracia da naTlad
warmoidginos Teorema 1.1-is arsi.
fesvebis gancalebis procesi iwyeba mocemuli  a, b  Sualedis boloebSi funqciis niSnebis
dadgeniT. Semdeg ganisazRvreba f funqciis niSnebi  a, b  Sualedis Siga a1 , a 2 ,...., a n

wertilebSi. aRniSnuli sasruli {ai }in1 mimdevrobis arCeva xdeba f funqciis Tvisebebis gaT-

valiswinebiT. Tu f  a k  f  a k 1   0, maSin bolcano-koSis Teoremis ZaliT  a k , a k 1  intervalSi

arsebobs (1.1) gantolebis amonaxsni. sazogadod, Tu  a k , a k 1  SualedSi (1.1) gantolebis mxolod

erTi fesvia moTavsebuli, maSin aRniSnuli fesvi gancalebulia da  a k , a k 1  intervali ganixileba

 a, b  Sualedad. sasurvelia fesvTa raodenobis dadgenac. umaRlesi algebris kursidan kargad
cnobili gausis TeoremiT, n -uri rigis algebrul gantolebas aqvs araumetes n namdvili fesvisa.
aqedan gamomdinare, Tu aseTi gantolebisaTvis f niSans icvlis n  1 wertilSi, maSin (1.1)
gantolebis fesvebi gancalebulia.
gantolebis amonaxsnis arsebobis da erTaderTobis erT-erT sakmaris pirobas gvaZlevs
Semdegi debuleba.
Teorema 1.2. Tu f aris  a, b segmentze gansazRvruli mkacrad monotonuri uwyveti
funqcia, romelic akmayofilebs f  a  f  b   0 pirobas, maSin (1.1) gantolebas am segmentze
gaaCnia erTaderTi amonaxsni.
gantolebis namdvili fesvebis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebis dasadgenad
xSirad gamoiyeneba grafikuli amoxsnis meTodi. aRniSnuli meTodis arsi
mdgomareobs SemdegSi. rogorc cnobilia, (1.1) gantolebis amonaxsnebi war-
moadgenen y  f (x) funqciis grafikis Ox RerZTan gadakveTis wertilebis
abscisebs. amrigad, Tu moxerxda f funqciis grafikis Tvisebrivi suraTis
dadgena, maSin SeiZleba visaubroT (1.1) gantolebis amonaxsnebis rao-
denobaze da Semdeg ki maTi miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebis dadgenaze.
zogierT SemTxvevaSi mosaxerxebelia (1.1) gantolebis tolfasi
 ( x)   ( x ) gantolebis ganxilva, sadac  da  ufro martivi saxis funqciebia,
vidre f . am dros saZiebeli fesvebi iqneba  da  funqciebis grafikebis
gadakveTis wertilebis abscisebi.

$2. Suaze gayofis meTodi

 ganvixiloT (1.1) gantoleba, sadac f  C[a, b] , amasTan f (a ) f (b)  0.
vTqvaT,   (a, b) aris (1.1) gantolebis gancalebuli fesvi. saWiroa vipovoT am fesvis
miaxloebiTi mniSvneloba. gavyoT mocemuli [ a, b] segmenti Suaze x  (a  b) / 2 wertiliT. Tu
f ((a  b) / 2)  0 , maSin   (a  b) / 2 aris (1.1) gantolebis fesvi. Tu f ((a  b) / 2)  0 , maSin

[ a, (a  b) / 2] da [(a  b) / 2, b] Sualedebidan avirCioT is, romlis boloebzec funqcias aqvs

gansxvavebuli niSnebi. axlad arCeuli [ a1 , b1 ] Sualedi isev gavyoT Suaze x  (a1  b1 ) / 2

wertiliT. Tu f (( a1  b1 ) / 2)  0 , maSin   (a1  b1 ) / 2 aris (1.1) gantolebis fesvi. Tu

f ((a1  b1 ) / 2)  0 , maSin [ a1 , (a1  b1 ) / 2] da [(a1  b1 ) / 2, b1 ] Sualedebidan avirCioT is,
romlis boloebzec f funqcias aqvs gansxvavebuli niSnebi. Tu aRniSnul process gavagrZelebT,
maSin sasruli nabijis Semdeg an miviRebT (1.1) gantolebis zust amonaxsns, an Calagebul seg-
mentTa iseT usasrulo mimdevrobas
[a1 , b1 ]  [ a 2 ,b 2 ]  ...  [ a n , bn ]  ..., (2.1)
romelTaTvisac
bn  a n  (b  a ) / 2 n (2.2)
da
f (a n ) f (bn )  0, n  1,2,... . (2.3)
Calagebul segmentTa (2.1) simravlis marcxena a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ,...

sazRvrebi monotonurad araklebadi, xolo marjvena b1 , b2 ,..., bn ,... sazRvrebi

monotonurad arazrdadi mimdevrobebia, amasTan, orive es mimdevroba
SemosazRvrulia. vaierStrasis Teoremis ZaliT, romlis Tanaxmadac monotonur
SemosazRvrul mimdevrobas gaaCnia zRvari, (2.2) tolobaze dayrdnobiT vRe-
bulobT, rom arsebobs aRniSnuli mimdevrobebis saerTo zRvari
lim a n  lim bn    .
n  n 

mocemuli f funqcia uwyvetia, amitom (2.1) utolobaSi zRvarze gadasvliT, roca n  

gveqneba [ f (  )]2  0. aqedan vRebulobT, rom f (  )  0 . e.i.   aris (1.1) gantolebis fesvi.

pirobis Tanaxmad (1.1) gantolebas ( a, b) SualedSi gaaCnia erTaderTi  fesvi, amitom    

. amasTan,
0    a n  (b  a) / 2 n. (2.4)
aRvniSnoT, rom Suaze gayofis meTodi kompiuterze advilad realizebadia da sakmaod
swrafad ikribeba. (2.4) damokidebulebidan Cans, rom cdomileba, anu sxvaoba zustsa da
miaxloebiT amonaxsnebs Soris yovel bijze mcirdeba orjer.

$3. qordaTa anu proporciul monakveTTa meTodi

 vTqvaT, kvlav mocemulia (1.1) ricxviTi gantoleba, sadac f  C[ a, b] ,

amasTan, f (a ) f (b)  0 .
ganvixiloT (1.1) gantolebis miaxloebiTi amoxsnis qordaTa anu pro-
porciul monakveTTa meTodi.
vTqvaT, f (a )  0 da f (b)  0 . gavyoT [ a, b] monakveTi 1 wertiliT  f (a ) / f (b)

1  a f (a)
SefardebiT ise, rom  . aqedan gvaqvs
b  1 f (b )
af (b)  bf ( a )
1  .
f (b)  f ( a )

Tu f ( 1 )  0, maSin    1 aris (1.1) gantolebis zusti fesvi. Tu f ( 1 )  0 , maSin [ a,  1 ] da

[ 1 , b] Sualedebidan avirCioT is, romlis boloebzec f funqcias aqvs gansxvavebuli niSnebi. Tu

magaliTad aseTi Sualedia [ 1 , b] monakveTi, maSin igi wina bijis analogiurad  2 wertiliT

gavyoT  f ( 1 ) / f (b) SefardebiT, sadac

 1 f (b)  bf ( 1 )
2  .
f (b)  f ( 1 )

Tu aRniSnul process gavagrZelebT, maSin sasruli nabijis Semdeg an miviRebT (1.1)

gantolebis zust amonaxsns, an usasrulo { n }n 0 mimdevrobas. zemoT aRwerili meTodi
geometriulad eqvivalenturia y  f (x) funqciis grafikis A(a, f (a )) da B (b, f (b)) wertilebze
gamavali AB qordis Ox RerZTan gadakveTis wertilis abscisis moZebnis. MarTlac, A da B
wertilebze gamavali AB qordis gantolebaa
xa y  f (a)
 .
ba f (b)  f (a)

Tu davuSvebT, rom y  0 , maSin miviRebT x   1 , sadac

f (a) af (b)  bf (a )
1  a  (b  a)  .
f (b)  f (a) f (b )  f ( a )

qordaTa meTodis krebadobis dasamtkiceblad vigulisxmoT, rom (1.1) gantolebis  fesvi

gancalebulia da amasTan damatebiT moviTxovoT, rom f  inarCunebs niSans [ a, b]

segmentze.
vTqvaT, f ( x)  0 , roca x  [ a, b] . am SemTxvevaSi f funqciis grafiki aris Cazneqili
da moTavsebulia AB qordis qvemoT.
SesaZlebelia ori SemTxveva:
1) f (a )  0 (ix. nax. 1);
 nax. 1
2) f (a)  0 (ix. nax. 2);

nax. 2
pirvel SemTxvevaSi b bolo uZravia daFfesvis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebi gamoiT-
vleba Semdegi rekurentuli TanafardobebiT:
f ( n )
 0  a,  n 1   n  (b   n ) . (3.1)
f (b)  f ( n )
aRniSnuli (3.1) miaxloebebi adgenen SemosazRvrul monotonurad zrdad mimdevrobas, amasTan
a   0   1   2  ...   n   n 1  ...    b .

meore SemTxvevaSi uZravia a bolo, xolo fesvis miaxloebiTi mniSvnelobebia:

f  n 
 0  b,  n 1   n   n  a  .
f  n   f  a  (3.2)
aRniSnuli (3.2) miaxloebebi adgenen SemosazRvrul monotonurad klebad mimdevrobas, amas-
Tan
a    1  ...   n 1   n  ...   0  b .

vaierStrasis Teoremis Tanaxmad, rogorc (3.1), aseve (3.2) damokidebulebiT agebuli

mimdevrobebi krebadia. vTqvaT,
lim  n   * , a *  b.
n 

Tu (3.2) tolobaSi gadavalT zRvarze, roca n   miviRebT

 * * 
  
f *
* a . 
 
f   f  a
*

aqedan f  *   0. e.i.  * aris (1.1) gantolebis fesvi. pirobebis Tanaxmad, (1.1) gantolebas
 a, b  SualedSi gaaCnia erTaderTi  fesvi, amitom  *   .

analogiurad mtkicdeba, rom (3.1) damokidebulebebiT agebuli  n  n 0 mimdevrobac



ikribeba (1.1) gantolebis erTaderTi  fesvisken (daamtkiceT).

davaleba
Teoriuli kiTxvebi:

1. ras ewodeba fesvebis gancaleba?

2. CamoayalibeT bolcano-koSis Teorema da moiyvaneT misi grafikuli ilustracia.
3. moiyvaneT ricxviTi gantolebis amonaxsnis arsebobis da erTaderTobis sakmarisi piroba.
4. moiyvaneT ricxviTi gantolebis grafikuli amoxsnis meTodis aRwera.
5. aRwereT Suaze gayofis meTodi da moiyvaneT miaxloebebis gamoTvlis algoriTmi.
6. ras ewodeba Calagebul segmentTa usasrulo mimdevroba?
7. aRwereT qordaTa meTodi da moiyvaneT miaxloebebis gamoTvlis formulebi.

praqtikuli savarjiSoebi:

1. vTqvaT, f  x  aris  a, b  Sualedze uwyveti da mkacrad monotonuri funqcia. f  x   0

gantolebis ramdeni fesvi SeiZleba ekuTvnodes  a, b  Sualeds? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
2. daamtkiceT, rom
f  x   x 4  x3  x 2  2 x  2
funqcia mkacrad zrdadia 1, 2 segmentze.
3. vTqvaT, f  x  uwyveti funqciaa   ,  Sualedze da x1 da x2 warmoadgens
f  x   0 gantolebis fesvebs, romelTa Soris ar mdebareobs am gantolebis arcerTi fesvi.
SeiZleba Tu ara  x1 , x2  segmentze movZebnoT ori iseTi x3 da x4 wertili, rom
Sesruldes utoloba f  x3  f  x4   0 ? pasuxi daasabuTeT.
4. ipoveT funqciis niSanmudmivobis Sualedebi da daadgineT funqciis niSani TiToeul
Sualedze:
a) f  x   3x  4 ;
b) f  x   x 2  5 x  4 ;
g) f  x   x 3  7 x 2  12 x .
5. aCveneT, rom Semdegi gantolebebidan TiToeuls  0, 1 segmentze aqvs erTaderTi fesvi.
Suaze gayofis meTodiTa da kalkulatoris daxmarebiT ipoveT isini 0,1-mde sizustiT:
a) 2 x 3  x 2  4 x  1  0 ;
b) x 3  x  0,25  0 .
6. me-4 da me-5 nomrebSi mocemuli magaliTebi amoxseniT qordaTa meTodiT.