mixeil gabeskiria, Teimuraz kalatozi, nikoloz CxaiZe

fizika
XI klasi
damatebiTi masala fizika-maTematikuri profilis
skolebisaTvis

2019 weli
1
 1. harmoniuli rxevebi

teqnikaSi da garemomcvel samyaroSi xSirad vxvdebiT periodul (an

TiTqmis periodul) procesebs, romlebic meordeba drois toli
Sualedebis Semdeg. aseT procesebs rxeviT procesebs uwodeben.
sxvadasxva fizikuri bunebis rxeviTi movlenebi saerTo kanonzomierebebs
emorCileba. magaliTad, denis rxevebi eleqtrul wredSi da maTematikuri
qanqaras rxevebi erTnairi gantolebebiT aRiwereba.
meqanikuri rxevა ewodeba sxeulis iseT moZraobas, romlis drosac
is periodulad (an TiTqmis periodulad) gadaixreba wonasworobis
mdebareobidan xan erT da xan meore mxares. am dros sxeulis meqanikuri
moZraobis aRmweri fizikuri sididiebi (siCqare, wonasworobis
mdebareobidan gadaxra, kinetikuri da potencialuri energiebi da sxva)
periodulad (an TiTqmis periodulad) icvleba.
umartivesi rxevebia harmoniuli rxevebi. harmoniulia rxevebi,
rodesac merxevi fizikuri sidide drois ganmavlobaSi kosinusis (an
sinusis) kanoniT icvleba. harmoniuli meqanikuri rxevisas wonasworobis
mdebareobidan sxeulis gadaxris cvlileba drois ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba
Semdeg saxeze daviyvanoT:
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑0 ⁡) (1.1)
𝑥𝑚 aris wonasworobis mdebareobidan sxeulis moduliT maqsimaluri
gadaxra da mas rxevis amplituda ewodeba.  sidides rxevis cikluri
(wriuli) sixSire ewodeba.  = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑0 kosinusis arguments harmoniuli
rxevis faza ewodeba. 0 aris fazis mniSvneloba sawyis momentSi da mas
sawyisi faza ewodeba. drois umcires Sualeds, romlis Semdegac
meordeba sxeulis moZraoba (anu erTi rxevis Sesrulebis dro) rxevis 𝑇
periodi ewodeba. sidides, romelic erTeul droSi rxevebis ricxvis
tolia, rxevis 𝑓 sixSire ewodeba. cxadia, rom
𝑓 = 1⁄𝑇 (1.2)
sixSiris erTeulia herci (hc). 1 herci aris rxevis sixSire, rodesac erT
wamSi erTi rxeva sruldeba.
(1.1) formulidan advili dasanaxia cikluri sixSiris kavSiri rxevis
periodTan da sixSiresTan:
𝜔 = 2𝜋⁄𝑇 = 2𝜋𝑓 (1.3)
𝑂𝑋 RerZis gaswvriv rxevisas siCqaris gegmili RerZze koordinatis
𝑑𝑥
warmoebulia droiT 𝜐𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ≡ 𝑥̇ (fizikaSi sididis droiT warmoebuls
xSirad aRniSnaven Tavze dasmuli wertiliT). harmoniuli rxevebisas (1.1)
formulis gamoyenebiT miiReba
𝜋
𝜐𝑥 = 𝑥̇ = −𝜔𝑥𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜔𝑡 + 0 ) = 𝜔𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜔𝑡 + 0 + 2 ) (1.4)
vxedavT, rom harmoniuli rxevebisas siCqaris modulis maqsimaluri
mniSvnelobaa
𝜐𝑚 = 𝜔𝑥𝑚 (1.5)

2
 𝜋
siCqaris rxevis faza koordinatis rxevebis fazaze 2 -iT metia.
maqsimaluri siCqare sxeuls aqvs wonasworobis mdebareobis gavlis
momentebSi.
sxeulis aCqarebis gegmili RerZze aris siCqaris gegmilis
warmoebuli droiT anu koordinatis meore warmoebuli droiT:
𝑎𝑥 = 𝜐̇ 𝑥 = 𝑥̈ .
(1.4) formulis gamoyenebiT miiReba
𝑎𝑥 = 𝜐̇ 𝑥 = −𝜔2 𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 + 0 ) = −𝜔2 𝑥 (1.6)
harmoniuli rxvebisas aCqarebis modulis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa
𝑎𝑚 = 𝜔2 𝑥𝑚 (1.7)
nax. 1.1-ze moyvanilia harmoniulad merxevi sxeulis koordinatis,
siCqaris da aCqarebis grafikebi 0 = 0 SemTxvevaSi.

nax. 1.1

harmoniulad merxevi sidide akmayofilebs gantolebas

𝑥̈ = −𝜔2 𝑥 (1.8)
am gantolebis amonaxsens xSirad Caweren Semdegi saxiT:
𝑥 = 𝐶1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔 𝑡 (1.9)
aq 𝐶1 da 𝐶2 mudmivebia. amonaxsenis (1.9) saxe daiyvaneba (1.1) saxeze.
𝐶1 da 𝐶2 mudmivebis mniSvnelobebi, iseve rogorc 𝑥𝑚 da 0 sidideebis
mniSvnelobebi ganisazRvreba sawyisi pirobebiT.
Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli maqsimaluradaa gadaxrili wonasworobidan
dadebiT mxares, maSin gadaxris droze damokidebuleba ase Caiwereba:
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡

3
Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli maqsimaluradaa gadaxrili wonasworobidan
uaryofiT mxares, maSin gadaxris droze damokidebuleba ase Caiwereba:
𝑥 = −𝑥𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli gadis wonasworobis mdebareobas da moZraobs
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, maSin gadaxris droze damokidebuleba ase
Caiwereba:
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡
Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli gadis wonasworobis mdebareobas da moZraobs
uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT, maSin gadaxris droze damokidebuleba ase
Caiwereba:
𝑥 = −𝑥𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔 𝑡

2. Tavisufali rxevebi. zambariani qanqara

sistemis wonasworobidan gamoyvanis Semdeg Sinagani Zalebis

moqmedebiT mimdinare rxevebs Tavisufali rxevebi ewodeba. Tavisufali
rxevebis aRZvris aucilebeli pirobaa, rom sistemaSi xaxuni iyos mcire
da wonasworobidan gamoyvanil sistemaSi warmoiqmnas wonasworobaSi
damabrunebeli Sinagani Zalebi.
imisaTvis, rom Tavisufali rxevebi harmoniuli iyos, saWiroa,
sistemaSi ar arsebobdes xaxuni da wonasworobaSi damabrunebeli Zalebi
wonasworobidan gadaxris proporciuli iyos. aseTi Tviseba aqvs
drekadobis Zalas hukis kanonis gamoyenebis farglebSi. igive Tvisebis
mqone nebismieri fizikuri bunebis Zalebs kvazidrekad Zalebs uwodeben.
ganvixiloT 𝑘 sixistis zambaraze mimagrebuli 𝑚 masis sxeulis
(zambariani qanqara) wrfivi moZraoba gluv horizontalur zedapirze
(nax. 2.1). zambaraze damagrebul sxeuls wrfiv harmoniul oscilatorsac
uwodeben.

nax. 2.1
zambaraze mimagrebuli sxeulis rxeva.
xaxuni ar gvaqvs

niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad 𝐹დრ𝑥 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . hukis kanonis Tanaxmad

𝐹დრ𝑥 = −𝑘𝑥. aCqareba koordinatis meore warmoebulia droiT: 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑥̈ .
aqedan miiReba gantoleba
𝑘
𝑥̈ = − 𝑚 𝑥 (2.1)
4
miviReT harmoniuli rxevis gantoleba, romlis cikluri sixSirea
𝑘
𝜔 = √𝑚 (2.2)

xaxunis gareSe sistemis Tavisufali rxevis sixSires sakuTari

sixSire ewodeba.
zambaraze mimagrebuli sxeulis rxevis periodia
2𝜋 𝑚
𝑇= = 2𝜋√ 𝑘 (2.3)
𝜔

rodesac zambaraze dakidebuli sxeuli irxeva vertikalurad, maSin

procesSi monawileobs simZimis Zalac, romelic ar icvleba rxevis
procesSi. misi moqmedeba ar cvlis rxevis periods da sixSires, icvleba
mxolod wonasworobis mdebareoba. wonasworobaSi zambara gaWimulia da
harmoniuli rxეvა xdeba wonasworobis am axali mdebareobis mimarT.
marTlac, Tu 𝑂𝑋 RerZs mivmarTavT vertikalurad qveviT da koordinatTa
𝑂 saTaves davamTxvevT aradeformirebuli zambaris bolos, maSin gveqneba
. . . .
𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑚𝑔 𝑘 𝑚𝑔
−𝑘𝑥 + 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑥̈ , −𝑘 (𝑥 − ) = 𝑚 (𝑥 − ), (𝑥 − ) = − 𝑚 (𝑥 − ).
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘

𝑚𝑔 𝑘
miviReT, rom (𝑥 − ) sidide asrulebs harmoniul rxevas 𝜔 = √𝑚
𝑘
𝑚𝑔
cikluri sixSiriT. (𝑥 − ) aris sxeulis gadaxra axali wonasworobis
𝑘
𝑚𝑔
mdebareobidan, radganac aris axali wonasworobis mdebareobis
𝑘
koordinati.
nax. 2.2-ze naCvenebia wrfivi harmoniuli oscilatoris kuTxuri
analogi, romelic asrulebs grexiT rxevაs. horizontaluri disko
dakidebulia drekad Zafze, romlis gagrZelebazea diskos masaTa centri
(grexiTi qanqara).

nax. 2.2
grexiTi qanaqara

diskos 𝜃 kuTxiT mobrunebisas masze moqmedebs dagrexili Zafis

drekadobis Zalis momenti 𝑀 = −𝜒𝜃. es formula hukis kanonis analogia
grexis deformaciis SemTxvevaSi. 𝜒 sidide sixistis analogia. brunvis
dinamikis gantolebis Tanaxmad 𝐼𝜀 = 𝑀 = −𝜒𝜃, sadac 𝐼 diskos inerciis

5
momentia masaTa centrSi gamavali RerZis mimarT, xolo 𝜀 = 𝜃̈ kuTxuri
aCqarebaa, romelic mobrunebis kuTxis meore warmoebulia droiT.
𝜒
amrigad gvaqvs 𝜃̈ = − 𝐼 𝜃. es harmoniuli rxevis gantolebaa, romlis
cikluri sixSirea
𝜒
𝜔 = √𝐼 (2.4)

grexiTi qanqaras rxevis periodisaTvis miiReba

𝐼
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝜒 (2.5)

3. maTematikuri da fizikuri qanqara

horozontaluri brunvis RerZis mqone nebismier sxeuls, romelsac

SeuZlia Tavisufali rxevebi simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT, fizikuri qanqara
ewodeba. misi idealizebuli modelia maTematikuri qanqara. maTematikuri
qanqara ewodeba wvril, uWimvad da umaso Zafze dakidebul nivTier
wertils. Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT maTematikuri qanqaras rxevა.
vertikalidan qanqaras  kuTxiT gadaxrisas Cndeba simZimis Zalis mxebi
mdgeneli: 𝐹𝜏 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛  (nax. 3.1).

nax. 3.1
maTematikuri qanqara

niSani minusi niSnavs, rom mxebi Zala gadaxris sawinaaRmdegodaa

mimarTuli.
niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad 𝑚𝑎𝜏 = 𝐹𝜏 = −𝑚𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 . Tu rkalis gaswvriv
𝑥
wonasworobidan gadaxras aRvniSnavT 𝑥 -iT, maSin gveqneba: 𝑎𝜏 = 𝑥̈ ,  = ℓ ,
𝑥
sadac ℓ Zafis sigrZea. miiReba gantoleba 𝑥̈ = −𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℓ . es gantoleba araa
harmoniuli rxevis gantoleba. e.i. maTematikuri qanqaras rxevა sazogadod
araa harmoniuli. mxolod mcire amplitudis SemTxvevaSi iqneba
𝑥 𝑥
maTematikuri qanqaras rxevა harmoniuli. marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ℓ ≈ ℓ

( 20 -de kuTxeebisaTvis es toloba sruldeba 2%-mde sizustiT) da miiReba
gantoleba
6
 𝑔
𝑥̈ = − ℓ 𝑥 (3.1)
miviReT harmoniuli rxevis gantoleba, romlis cikluri sixSirea
𝑔
𝜔 = √ℓ (3.2)

maTematikuri qanqaras mcire amplitudiT rxevis periodia

ℓ
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔 (3.3)

axla ganvixiloT fizikuri qanaqaras mcire amplitudiT rxeva (nax. 3.2).

RerZis mimarT simZimis Zalis mabrunebeli momentia 𝑀 = −𝑚𝑔𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛  ≈
−𝑚𝑔𝑑, sadac 𝑑 aris 𝐶 masaTa centris daSoreba 𝑂 brunvis RerZidan.

nax. 3.2
fizikuri qanqara

brunvis dinamikis gantolebis Tanaxmad 𝐼𝜀 = 𝑀 = −𝑚𝑔𝑑. radganac 𝜀 = ̈ ,

amitom miiReba
mgd
 = −  (3.4)
I
miviReT harmoniuli rxevis gantoleba, romlis cikluri sixSirea

𝑚𝑔𝑑
𝜔=√ (3.5)
𝐼

fizikuri qanqaras mcire amplitudiT rxevis periodia

2𝜋 𝐼
𝑇= = 2𝜋√𝑚𝑔𝑑 (3.6)
𝜔

aRvniSnoT, rom 𝐼 aris inerciis momenti brunvis RerZis mimarT. Staineris

Teoremis gamoyenebiT is SeiZleba gamovsaxoT 𝐼𝐶 inerciis momentiT
masaTa centrSi gamavali da brunvis RerZis paraleluri RerZis mimarT:
𝐼 = 𝐼𝐶 + 𝑚𝑑 2 .

7
 4. amocanebi rxeviT moZraobaze

4.1. harmoniulad merxevi sxeulis rxevis amplitudaa 𝐴, xolo periodi _

𝑇. gansazRvreT misi gavlili manZili a) 5𝑇 droSi; b) 𝑇⁄6 droSi, Tu
sawyis momentSi sxeuli gadis wonasworobis mdebareobas; g) 𝑇⁄6 droSi,
Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli wonasworobidan maqsimaluradaa gadaxrili;
d) 𝑇⁄3 droSi, Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli gadis wonasworobis
mdebareobas; e) 𝑇⁄3 droSi, Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli wonasworobidan
maqsimaluradaa gadaxrili; v) 19 𝑇⁄12 droSi, Tu sawyis momentSi sxeuli
gadis wonasworobis mdebareobas; z) 19 𝑇⁄12 droSi, Tu sawyis momentSi
sxeuli wonasworobidan maqsimaluradaa gadaxrili.
4.2. ipoveT harmoniulad merxevi sxeulis mier amplitudis wonasworobis
mdebareobasTan mimdebare naxevris gavlis drois Sefardeba kidura
naxevris gavlis drosTan.
4.3. sxeuli harmoniul rxevas asrulebs. dayaviT misi rxevis amplituda
dawyebuli wonasworobidan iseT sam nawilad, romelTa gavlasac
erTnairi dro sWirdeba.
4.4. gansazRvreT qvis moZraobis dro dedamiwis erTi polusidan meoremde
centrze gamavali wrfivi gvirabiT. dedamiwis simkvrive mudmivad, xolo
radiusi 6400 km-is tolad CaTvaleT. haeris winaaRmdegoba
ugulebelyaviT.
4.5. dedamiwaSi gayvanilia wrfivi gvirabi, romelic ar gadis centrze.
gansazRvreT am gvirabSi matareblis moZraobis dro. matareblis Zrava
gamorTulia. sawyisi siCqare nulis tolia. dedamiwis brunvis gavlena
matareblis moZraobaze, xaxuni da haeris winaaRmdegoba ugulebelyaviT.
4.6. 𝑚 masis erTgvarovani ficari devs urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebebiT didi siswrafiT mbrunav or lilvze (ix. nax.). lilvebis
centrebs Soris manZilia ℓ, lilvebsa da ficars Soris srialis xaxunis
koeficientia 𝜇. gansazRvreT ficris grZivi rxevebis sixSire.
4.7. 𝑘 sixistis zambariT SeerTebulia 𝑚1 da 𝑚2 masebis sxeulebi.
gansazRvreT aseTi sistemis Tavisufali rxevis periodi, Tu is ar
brunavs.
4.8. gluv erTgvarovan ℓ sigrZis Toks akaveben moxrili milis
vertikalur nawilSi ise, rom Tokis qveda bolo milis horizontalur
ubans exeba (ix. nax.). Toki gaaTavisufles. gansazRvreT, ra drois Semdeg
aRmoCndeba is mTlianad milis horizontalur nawilSi. SesaZlebelia
xaxunis ugulebelyofa. rogor Seicvleboda es dro, Tu Tokis nawili
Tavidanve iyo milis horizontalur muxlSi?

8
4.9. CaTvaleT, rom naxSirbadis dioqsidis (𝐶𝑂2 ) atomebi ganlagebulia
erT wrfeze. aCveneT, rom am sistemas SeuZlia ori tipis grZivi rxeva:
1) naxSirbadis atomi uZravia, xolo Jangbadis atomebi moZraoben
urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebiT; 2) Jangbadis atomebi moZraoben
erTnairi siCqareebiT naxSirbadis atomis moZraobis mimarTulebis
sawinaaRmdegod. gansazRvreT am ori tipis rxevis sixSireebis Sefardeba.
CaTvaleT, rom Zalebi iseTia, TiTqos naxSirbadis atomi Jangbadis
atomebTan SeerTebulia erTnairi zambarebiT.
4.10. gluv horizontalur zedapirze v0 siCqariT srialebs ℓ sigrZis
Zelaki. is miadga zedapiris mqise grZel ubans, romelTanac Zelakis
xaxunis koeficientia 𝜇. gansazRvreT, am momentidan ra drois Semdeg
gaCerdeba Zelaki da ra manZils gaivlis gaCerebamde.
4.11. gluv horizontalur zedapirze v0 siCqariT srialebs ℓ sigrZis
Toki. is miadga grZel gluv daxril sibrtyes, romelic horizontTan 𝛼
kuTxes adgens. gadasvla horizontaluri sibrtyidan daxril sibrtyeze
gluvia. gansazRvreT, am momentidan ra drois Semdeg Camosrialdeba Toki
mTlianad ukan horizontalur zedapirze.
4.12. sahaero buSti kedelTan susti dajaxebisas deformirdeba ise,
rogorc naCvenebia naxatze. amasTan buStis maqsimaluri deformacia
bevrad naklebia mis 𝑅 radiusTan SedarebiT. SeafaseT kedelTan buStis
dajaxebis dro. buStis masaa 𝑚. ugulebelyaviT buStSi haeris ∆𝑝 Warbi
wnevis cvlileba da buStis garsis drekadoba.
4.13. mZime urika mogoravs horizontisadmi 𝛼 kuTxiT daxril sibrtyeze 𝑎
aCqarebiT. gansazRvreT masze damagrebuli ℓ sigrZis maTematikuri
qanqaras rxevis periodi.
4.14. xomaldi, romelzec kosmosuri sxeulebidan moqmedi gravitaciuli
Zalebi SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT, brunavs Tavisi RerZis garSemo 𝛺
kuTxuri siCqariT. ℓ sigrZis maTematikuri qanqaras dakidebis wertili
RerZidan 𝑅 manZilzea. gansazRvreT qanqaras mcire rxevebis periodi.
rxeva mimdinareobs RerZze gamaval sibrtyeSi.
4.15. qanqara warmoadgens msubuq Reroze mimagrebul masiur mcire zomis
sxeuls (ix. nax.). ipoveT misi mcire rxevebis sixSire, Tu Reros Sua
wertilTan mivamagrebT 𝑘 sixistis horizontalur zambaras. naxatze
gamosaxulia wonasworobis mdgomareoba.
4.16. horizontalurad damagrebuli RerZis mqone 𝑅 radiusis borblis
fersoze mimagrebulia mcire zomis 𝑚 masis sxeuli. RerZis garSemo
sistemis rxevis cikluri sixSirea 𝜔. gansazRvreT borblis masa, Tu is
Tanabradaa ganawilebuli fersoze.

9
4.17. 𝑅 radiusis cilindrul zedapirze, romlis msaxvelebi
horizontaluria, aqeT-iqiT dagoravs gasrialebis gareSe 𝑟 radiusis
erTgvarovani cilindri. gansazRvreT mcire rxevebis periodi. gorvis
xaxuni ugulebelyaviT.
4.18. gansazRvreT lursmanze Camokidebuli 𝑅 radiusis Txeli
erTgvarovani rgolis mcire rxevebis sixSire. rgoli ar srialebs
lursmanze. rxevebi rgolis sibrtyeSi mimdinareobs.
4.19. gluv horizontalur zedapirze moTavsebulia 𝑀 masis urika. masze
daamagres ℓ sigrZis da 𝑚 masis maTematikuri qanqara (ix. nax.).
gansazRvreT sistemis mcire rxevebis periodi.
4.20. horizontalurad damagrebul gluv spicze wamocmulia naxvretis
mqone 𝑚 masis burTula. masze mimagrebuli Zafi gadadebulia spicisagan
ℓ manZiliT daSorebul mcire zomis WoWonaqze. Zafis meore boloze
mimagrebulia 𝑀 masis sxeuli (ix. nax.). gansazRvreT TiToeuli sxeulis
mcire rxevebis sixSire. am dros Zafis daWimulobis Zalis cvlileba
SesaZlebelia ugulebelyoT.
4.21. horizontalur zedapirze mdebare Zelaki horizontaluri zambariT
mimagrebulia kedelTan. Tavdapirvelad zambara araa deformirebuli.
Zelaki gadaaadgiles kedlidan 𝐴 =4,8 sm-iT da xeli gauSves. rodesac es
Zelaki uZravad kidia am zambaraze, maSin es ukanaskneli wagrZelebulia
𝑎 = 10 sm–iT. magidis zedapirsa da Zelaks Soris xaxunis koeficientia
𝜇 = 0,1. gansazRvreT, zambaris sawyisi energiis ra nawili gadava siTboSi
Zelakis gaCerebamde.
4.22. horizontalur zedapirze mdebare Zelaki ori erTnairi
horizontaluri zambariT mimagrebulia kedlebTan (ix. nax.).
Tavdapirvelad zambarebi araa deformirebuli. Zelaki gadaaadgiles
marjvniv 𝐴 =10,5 sm–iT da xeli gauSves. rodesac es Zelaki uZravad kidia
am zambarebidan erT-erTze, maSin es ukanaskneli wagrZelebulia 𝑎 =20 sm–
iT. magidis zedapirsa da Zelaks Soris xaxunis koeficientia 𝜇 = 0,1.
gansazRvreT, wonasworobidan ra manZilze da romel mxares gaCerdeba
Zelaki.
4.23. mokle ZafiT fiWvis totze Camokidebulia m=1 kg masis sawoni. masze
mibmulia rezini, romlis sigrZe dauWimav mdgomareobaSi L=1 m-ia, xolo
sixistea k=50 n/m. rezinis boloze Camokidebulia kidev erTi 1 kg masis
sawoni. sistema wonasworobaSi iyo im momentamde, rodesac kodalam
gawyvita Zafi. sawonebi miwaze erTdroulad davardnen. dedamiwis
zedapiridan ra simaRlezea toti, romelzec sawonebi ekida? sawonebis
zomebi SegiZliaT ugulebelyoT rezinis sigrZesTan SedarebiT.
CaTvaleT, rom g=10 m/wm2.
→
→ g
g


 M
m

M m nax. 4.22

nax. 4.20
nax. 4.19
10
4.24. k sixistis zambaraze Camokidebulia erTgvarovani cilindruli
Rero, romlis masaa m, xolo fuZis farTobi - S. wonasworobaSi Reros
qveda bolo wylis zedapirs exeba (ix. nax.). ipoveT sistemis mcire
amplitudiT rxevis periodi. wylis simkvrivea , Tavisufali vardnis
aCqarebaa g. zedapiruli efeqtebi ar gaiTvaliswinoT.
4.25. uwono zambarebis erT boloebTan mimagrebulia sxeulebi, xolo
meore boloebi mimagrebulia kedlebTan (ix. nax.). sxeulebi Zafebis
meSveobiT gaCerebulia kedlebidan 𝐿⁄2 manZilze. aradeformirebuli
zambarebis sigrZeebia L. kedlebs Soris manZilia 2 L . Zafebi
erTdroulad gadawves. amis Semdeg sxeulebi miejaxnen erTmaneTs da
miewebnen. gansazRvreT dajaxebis Semdeg rxevebisas sxeulebis
maqsimaluri siCqare. dajaxeba centrulia. zambarebis sixisteebi da
sxeulebis masebi miTiTebulia suraTze. xaxuni da sxeulebis zomebi
ugulebelyaviT.
4.26. gluv horizontalur magidaze moTavsebulia zambariani qanqara _
msubuq zambarasTan mimagrebuli mZime sxeuli. aradeformirebuli
zambaris sigrZea L=50 sm. haerSi mcire blanti xaxunis gamo qanqaras
rxevebi nel-nela miileva _ 10 sruli rxevis ganmavlobaSi amplituda
2-jer mcirdeba. amplitudis ucvlelad SenarCunebisaTvis Semdegnairad
iqcevian: zambaris Tavisufal bolos swrafad waanacvleben ℓ =1 mm–iT
sxeulis mxares im momentSi, rodesac zambaris sigrZe minimaluria da
ukan abruneben im momentSi, rodesac misi sigrZe maqsimaluria.
gansazRvreT aseTi rxevis damyarebuli amplituda.
4.27. gluv horizontalur magidaze imyofeba sami erTnairi Zelaki
(ix. nax.). TiToeuli maTganis masaa 𝑀. Sua Zelaki marcxena kidura
ZelakTan SeerTebulia ZafiT, marjvenasTan ki 𝑘 sixistis msubuqi
zambariT. Tavdapirvelad sistemas ise akaveben, rom zambara araa
deformirebuli, xolo Zafi araa daWimuli, magram arc CamoSvebulia.
marjvena Zelaks biZgiT mianiWes marjvniv mimarTuli 𝜐 siCqare.
gansazRvreT, Zafis ra sigrZisTvis iqneba ZafiT SeerTebuli Zelakebis
Sejaxebis xma yvelaze Zlieri. Zelakebi yovelTvis wrfis gaswvriv
moZraoben. zambaris deformaciebi hukis kanons emorCileba.

11
4.28. 𝑘 = 400 n/m sixistis zambaraze dakidebulia kubi, romlis masaa
𝑀 =1 kg da wiboa 𝑎 =10 sm. kubis fuZe dedamiwis zedapiris paraleluria.
qvevidan kubs ejaxeba drekadi burTulebis nakadi. kubis fuZis
Tavdapirvel simaRleze burTulebis siCqarea 𝜐0 =20 m/wm. kubi iwyebs
rxevas, moZraobs ra gadataniTad. gansazRvreT am rxevebis periodi.
SeafaseT dro, romlis ganmavlobaSi rxevebis amplituda 2-jer
Semcirdeba. TiToeuli burTulas masaa m=1 g, maTi koncentracia nakadSi
_ 𝑛 = 1000 m-3. burTulebs Soris dajaxebebi ugulebelyaviT.
4.29. erT horizontze mdebare or 𝐴 da 𝐵 wertilTan, romelTa Soris
manZilia 2𝑎, mimagrebulia wvrili msubuqi uWimvadi 2ℓ sigrZis Zafi
(ix. nax. 4.29a). Zafze uxaxunod sriali SeuZlia patara mZime mZivis
marcvals. Tavisufali vardnis aCqarebaa 𝑔. 1) gansazRvreT mZivis
marcvlis mcire rxevebis 𝜔⊥ sixSire Zafebis damagrebis wertilebis
SemaerTebeli monakveTis marTobul sibrtyeSi. 2) gansazRvreT mZivis
marcvlis mcire rxevebis 𝜔|| sixSire Zafebis damagrebis wertilebze
gamaval vertikalur sibrtyeSi. 3) gansazRvreT ℓ⁄𝑎 fardoba, romlis
drosac mZivis marcvlis traeqtoriis proeqcias horizontalur
sibrtyeze eqneba nax. 4.29b–ze naCvenebi saxe.
miTiTeba: amocanis amoxsnisas SesaZloa sasargeblo aRmoCndes Semdegi
formula
1
√1 + 𝑥 ≈ 1 + 2 𝑥, rodesac 𝑥 << 1.

12
 5. RLC-konturi. Tavisufali eleqtromagnituri rxevebi

umartivesi eleqtruli sistema, romelSic SeiZleba warmoebdes

Tavisufali rxevebi aris mimdevrobiTi RLC -konturi anu rxeviTi
konturi (nax. 5.1).

nax. 5.1
RLC -konturi

Tu gadamrTveli 1 mdebareobaSia, maSin kondensatori imuxteba

E Zabvamde. gadamrTvelis 2 mdebareobaSi gadarTvis Semdeg iwyeba
rxevebi.
kirxhofis II kanonis Tanaxmad
dI
−L = I R +U (5.1)
dt
dq
sadac I= Semovlis mimarTulebiT myisi denis Zalaa, q _
dt
kondensatoris marcxena Semonafenis muxtis myisi mniSvneloba (miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom Semovlis mimarTulebis deni zrdis q muxts. is rom
dq q
amcirebdes q muxts, maSin gveqneboda I = − ), U = _ kondensatoris
dt C
marcxena da marjvena Semonafenebs Soris myisi Zabva. Tu SevitanT am
gamosaxulebebs (5.1) gantolebaSi, miviRebT gantolebas, romelsac
emorCileba kondensatoris muxti:
R 1
q + q + q=0 (5.2)
L LC
ganvixiloT idealuri SemTxveva, rodesac konturis winaRoba nulis
tolia ( R = 0 ), maSin miiReba gantoleba

13
 1
q + q=0 (5.3)
LC

es aris harmoniuli rxevebis gantoleba, romlis cikluri sixSiris

kvadratia

2 1
 = (5.4)
LC
rxeviT konturSi rxevebis periodia
2
T= = 2 L C (5.5)

muxtis damokidebuleba droze moicema formuliT
q = qm cos( t + 0 ) (5.6)

sadac q m aris kondensatoris Semonafenis moduliT maqsimaluri muxti

(muxtis amplituda), 0 _ sawyisi faza, romelTa mniSvneloba
damokidebulia sawyis pirobebze.
Tu sawyis momentSi muxts aqvs maqsimaluri dadebiTi mniSvneloba, maSin
q = qm cos t . Tu sawyis momentSi denis Zalaa maqsimaluri da miedineba
dadebiTi mimarTulebiT, maSin q = qm sin  t .

denis ZalisaTvis miiReba

I = q = − qm sin( t + 0 ) (5.7)
rogorc vxedavT, denis Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvnelobaa (moduliT)
I m =  qm (5.8)
rxeviT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebi zambaraze mimagrebuli sxeulis
rxevebis analogiuria, rac ilustrirebulia nax. 5.2-ze.

nax. 5.2
eleqtruli da meqanikuri rxevebis analogia

14
 rxeviT konturSi eleqtruli rxevebis Sedareba zambaraze
mimagrebuli sxeulis meqanikur rxevebTan saSualebas gvaZlevs vipovoT
erTmaneTis analogiuri sidideebi. es analogiebi moyvanilia cxrilSi 1.

eleqtruli sidideebi meqanikuri sidideebi

kondensatoris muxti q(t) koordinati x(t)

denis Zala 𝑑𝑞 siCqare 𝑑𝑥

𝐼= v=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

induqciuroba L masa m

tevadobis Sebrunebuli 1/C sixiste k

sidide

Zabva kondensatorze U=q/C drekadi Zala kx

kondensatoris eleqtruli 𝑞2 zambaris 𝑘𝑥 2

velis energia 2𝐶 potencialuri energia 2

koWas magnituri velis 𝐿𝐼 2 kinetikuri energia 𝑚v 2

energia 2 2

magnituri nakadi LI impulsi mv

cxrili 1

rxeviT konturSi xdeba kondensatoris eleqtruli velis energiis

perioduli gardaqmna koWas magnituri velis energiad da piriqiT. Tu
energiis danakargebi ar gvaqvs ( R = 0 ), maSin jamuri eleqtromagnituri
energia mudmivia:
2 2 2 2
q LI qm L Im
W= + = = = const (5.9)
2C 2 2C 2
realur rxeviT konturs aqvs garkveuli winaRoba. amis gamo xdeba
joulis siTbos gamoyofa da rxevebi milevadi xdeba (didi winaRobis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba rxevebi arc aRiZras) (nax. 5.3).

15
 nax. 5.3
milevadi rxevebi rxeviT konturSi

milevadi rxevebis SemTxvevaSi unda amoixsnas gantoleba

R 1
q + q + q=0
L LC
am gantolebis amonaxseni mcire winaRobis SemTxvevaSi aris
 R 
q = q0 exp − t  cos( t +  0 ) (5.10)
 2L 
 
1
sadac  , xolo q0 aris muxtis rxevebis amplituda sawyis
LC
 R 
momentSi. aq q0 exp  − t  SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc drois mixedviT
 2L 
 
klebadi amplituda.

16
 6. amocanebi eleqtromagnitur rxevebze
6.1. rxeviTi konturis 2.6 10−2 mkf eleqtrotevadobis kondensatoris
Semonafenebs Soris Zabva drois mixedviT icvleba kanoniT:
( )
u(t ) = 10 cos 2 10  t
3
(sidideebi gazomilia SI –Si). gansazRvreT
eleqtromagnituri rxevebis periodi, rxeviTi konturis induqciuroba,
denis Zalis damokidebuleba droze, konturSi eleqtruli da magnituri
velebis maqsimaluri energiebi.
6.2. ganrTuli CamrTvelis dros C eleqtrotevadobis kondensatoris
muxtia q (ix. nax.). gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zalebi L1 da L2
induqciurobis mqone koWebSi CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg.
6.3. ganrTuli CamrTvelis dros C1 eleqtrotevadobis kondensatori
damuxtulia U Zabvamde, xolo C 2 eleqtrotevadobis kondensatori
daumuxtavia (ix. nax.). gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zala L
induqciurobis koWaSi CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg.
6.4. eleqtrul wredSi, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT SeerTebul
R winaRobis rezistors, C eleqtrotevadobis kondensators da L
induqciurobis koWas, mimdinareobs milevadi rxevebi. garkveul droSi
denis Zalis amplituda Semcirda I 1 –dan I 2 –mde. gansazRvreT am droSi
rezistorSi gamoyofili siTbos raodenoba, Tu mileva dakavSirebulia
mxolod rezistoris gaTbobaze energiis danakargebTan.
6.5. rxeviTi konturi K CamrTveliT mierTebulia E em Zalis da r Siga
winaRobis denis wyarosTan (ix. nax.). Tavdapirvelad K CarTulia.
stacionaruli reJimis damyarebis Semdeg K gamorTes da konturSi
daiwyo T periodis rxevebi. rxevebis procesSi kondensatorze Zabvis
amplituda denis wyaros em Zalaze n –jer meti aRmoCnda. ipoveT
kondensatoris tevadoba da koWas induqciuroba. konturis winaRoba
ugulebelyaviT.
6.6. naxatze gamosaxul sqemaSi kondensatori Tavdapirvelad daumuxtavia.
L , C da E sidideebi cnobilia. K CamrTvels garkveuli droiT
CarTaven, xolo Semdeg gamorTaven. gansazRvreT I 0 denis Zala koWaSi
K –s gamorTvis momentSi, Tu maqsimaluri denis Zala masSi aRmoCnda 2 I 0 .
koWas da wyaros winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.
K

E, r C
L
C L1 L2 C1 C2
L
nax. 6.5

nax. 6.3
nax. 6.2 K
L C
E

nax. 6.6
17
6.7. ori daSorebuli R radiusiani gamtari birTvi erTmaneTTan
SeerTebulia wredis ubniT, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul C tevadobis kondensators, L induqciurobis koWas da K
CamrTvels (ix. nax.). sawyis momentSi kondensatori damuxtulia U 0
Zabvamde, xolo birTvebi daumuxtavia. gansazRvreT birTvis maqsimaluri
muxti K –s CarTvis Semdeg. wredis omuri winaRoba ugulebelyaviT.
6.8. wina amocanis pirobebSi gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zala wredSi
K –s CarTvis Semdeg.
6.9. ori daSorebuli R radiusiani gamtari birTvi erTmaneTTan
SeerTebulia wredis ubniT, romelic warmoadgens mimdevrobiT
SeerTebul E em Zalis mudmivi denis wyaros, L induqciurobis koWas da
K CamrTvels (ix. nax.). sawyis momentSi K gamorTulia, xolo birTvebi
daumuxtavia. gansazRvreT maqsimaluri denis Zala wredSi K –s CarTvis
Semdeg. wredis omuri winaRoba ugulebelyaviT (denis wyaros Siga
winaRobis CaTvliT).
6.10. wina amocanis pirobebSi gansazRvreT birTvis maqsimaluri muxti K –
s CarTvis Semdeg.
6.11. rxeviTi konturi, romelic Sedgeba C tevadobis kondensatorisgan
da L induqciurobisa da R winaRobis koWasgan, K CamrTveliT
mierTebulia E em Zalis mudmivi denis idealur wyarosTan (ix. nax.). K –s
CarTvidan garkveuli drois Semdeg myardeba stacionaruli reJimi: denis
Zalebi wredis elementebSi mudmivi iqneba. amis Semdeg K –s gamorTaven.
ra siTbos raodenoba gamoiyofa koWaSi amis Semdeg?
6.12. C1 = 1 mkf tevadobis kondensatori damuxtulia U 0 = 300 v Zabvamde.
masTan K CamrTvelis, D idealuri diodis da L induqciurobis mqone
koWas gavliT mierTebulia C2 = 2 mkf tevadobis daumuxtavi
kondensatori (ix. nax.). ra Zabvamde daimuxteba es kondensatori K –s
CarTvis Semdeg? L induqciuroba sakmarisad didia, amitom gadamuxtvis
procesi imdenad nela mimdinareobs, rom eleqtromagnituri talRebis
gamosxiveba SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.

K
C L
L K C

nax. 6.7 R E
K D L

+
E nax. 6.11 C1 C2
L K

nax. 6.9
nax. 6.12

18
6.13. naxatze gamosaxul sqemaSi C tevadobis kondensatori Tavdapirvelad
damuxtulia q0 muxtiT. gansazRvreT, ra Zabvamde daimuxteba
kondensatori K –s CarTvis Semdeg. mudmivi denis idealuri wyaros em
Zalaa E . diodi idealuria. L induqciuroba sakmarisad didia, amitom
gadamuxtvis procesi imdenad nela mimdinareobs, rom eleqtromagnituri
talRebis gamosxiveba SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT.
6.14. rxeviT konturs, romelic Sedgeba L induqciurobis koWasgan, C
tevadobis daumuxtavi kondensatorisgan da D idealuri diodisgan, K
CamrTveliT  droiT uerTeben E mudmivi em Zalis wyaros da Semdeg
gamorTaven (ix. nax.). gansazRvreT, rogoraa droze damokidebuli Zabva
kondensatorze K–s gamorTvis Semdeg. koWas da denis wyaros winaRobebi
ugulebelyaviT.
6.15. C 0 tevadobis damuxtuli kondensatorisa da L induqciurobis
koWasgan Sedgenil wredSi CarTes K CamrTveli (ix. nax.). ra kanoniT
unda icvlebodes drois mixedviT kondensatoris tevadoba amis Semdeg,
rom wredSi denis Zala drois pirdapirproporciulad izrdebodes?
6.16. naxatze gamosaxul sqemaSi erTi denis wyaros E em Zala metia
0
meore wyaros E em Zalaze. gansazRvreT K –s CarTvis Semdeg E em Zalis
0
mqone wyaroSi gavlili muxti. wyaroebis da koWas winaRobebi
ugulebelyaviT. diodi idealurad miiCnieT. kondensatori K –s CarTvamde
daumuxtavia.
6.17. daumuxtav kondensatorTan mierTebulia L induqciurobis koWa.
kondensatoris erT-erT firfitas uecrad wydeba q muxtis mqone Txeli
fena da mudmivi v siCqariT iwyebs moZraobas meore firfitisken (ix.nax.).
ipoveT Txeli fenis moZraobis procesSi koWaSi denis Zalis droze
damokidebuleba. kondensatoris firfitebs Soris manZilia d, firfitebis
farTobi ki _ S.

K D L K

D K
+
E L L
C E C0
C
nax. 6.15
nax. 6.13
nax. 6.14

L D
K
v

E C E0
L d

nax. 6.16 Nnax. 6.17.

19
 7. iZulebiTi rxevebi. cvladi deni
eleqtrul wredebSi periodulad cvladi gareSe ZabviT aRZrul
procesebs iZulebiTi eleqtromagnituri rxevebi ewodeba.
iZulebiTi rxevebi Tavisufalisagan gansxvavebiT araa milevadi.
energiis gareSe wyaro periodulad awvdis energias sistemas da ar
aZlevs rxevebs milevis saSualebas energiis danakargebis arsebobis
miuxedavad.
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa SemTxveva, rodesac harmoniulad cvladi
Zabva modebulia sistemaze, romelsac SeuZlia Tavisufali rxevebis
Sesruleba.
sistemaSi aRZruli procesi iqneba milevadi Tavisufali rxevebis da
gareSe Zabvis sixSiris harmoniuli rxevebis jami. garkveul droSi
Tavisufali rxevebi miileva da damyardeba gareSe Zabvis sixSiris
harmoniuli rxeva. amrigad damyarebuli iZulebiTi rxevebis sixSire
emTxveva gareSe Zabvis sixSires.
damyarebul iZulebiT eleqtromagnitur rxevebs cvladi deni
ewodeba.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT harmoniulad cvladi Zabvis wredSi
CarTuli rezistori, kondensatori da koWa cal-calke.
1. rezistori cvladi Zabvis wredSi
omis kanonis Tanaxmad gvaqvs
I R = U m cos t
saidanac
Um
I= cos t
R
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im = (7.1)
R
denis Zalis rxevebis faza emTxveva Zabvis rxevebis fazas
 I = U (7.2)

rezistoris R winaRobas cvladi Zabvis pirobebSi aqtiuri winaRoba

ewodeba.
2. kondensatori cvladi Zabvis wredSi
q
am SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs U C = = U m cos t ,saidanac q = C U m cos t . denis
C
ZalisaTvis miiReba

20
 dq  
I= = − C U m sin t =  C U m cos  t + 
 
dt  2
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im =  CUm = (7.3)
1
C

1
fizikur sidides Z C = kondensatoris tevaduri winaRoba ewodeba.
C

denis Zalis rxevebi faziT uswrebs Zabvis rxevebs
2

 I = U + (7.4)
2
3. koWa cvladi Zabvis wredSi
omis ganzogadebuli kanonis (an kirxhofis II kanonis) Tanaxmad
gvaqvs
dI
U m cos t − L =0
dt
saidanac

Um Um Um  
I = cos t dt = sin t = cos  t − 
L L  L  
2
denis Zalis amplitudaa
Um
Im = (7.5)
L
fizikur sidides Z L =  L koWas induqciuri winaRoba ewodeba.


denis Zalis rxevebi faziT CamorCeba Zabvis rxevebs
2

 I = U − (7.6)
2
4. mimdevrobiTi RLC -konturi cvladi Zabvis wredSi
sanam gadavalT RLC -konturis ganxilvaze, manamde viswavloT
harmoniuli rxevis warmodgena veqtorebis saxiT veqtorul diagramaze.

21
harmoniulad merxev sidides, magaliTad Zabvas U = U m cos( t + 0 ) ,
warmovadgenT rogorc amplitudis toli sigrZis veqtors, romelic
arCeul RerZTan qmnis sawyisi fazis tol kuTxes. Tu warmovidgenT, rom
es veqtori brunavs cikluri sixSiris toli kuTxuri siCqariT, maSin
misi gegmili RerZze drois ganmavlobaSi icvleba sididis (am
SemTxvevaSi Zabvis) rxevis kanonis mixedviT. erTi sixSiriT merxevi ori
sididis jamis povna daiyvaneba rxevebis gamomsaxveli veqtorebis
Sekrebaze, radganac veqtorebis gegmilebis jami veqtorebis jamis
gegmilis tolia (nax. 7.1).

nax. 7.1
A cos( t + 1 ), B cos( t +  2 ) harmoniuli rxevebis da
maTi C cos( t +  ) jamis warmodgena veqtorebis
saxiT veqtorul diagramaze

axla ganvixiloT mimdverobiTi RLC -konturi, romelzec 1 da 2

wertilebs Soris modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva U = U m cos t
(nax. 7.2).

nax. 7.2
iZulebiTi rxevebi rxeviT konturSi

igulisxmeba, rom eleqtrul wredSi Sesrulebulia

kvazistacionarulobis piroba, amitom myisi sidideebisaTvis gamoviyenoT
wesi, rom elementebis mimdevrobiTi SeerTebiT miRebul ubanze Zabva
tolia TiToeul elementze Zabvebis jamis
U R + U C + U L = U m cos t
22
viciT, rom damyarebuli rxevis cikluri sixSire emTxveva cvladi Zabvis
 ciklur sixSires. mimdevrobiT SeerTebul elementebSi denis Zala
erTnairia, amitom veqtoruli diagramis ageba mosaxerxebelia denis
Zalis gamomsaxveli veqtoris mimarT (nax. 7.3). denis Zalis gamomsaxveli
veqtoris sigrZe iqneba I m . rezistorze U R Zabvis gamomsaxvel veqtors
eqneba denis Zalis gamomsaxveli veqtoris mimarTuleba da I m R sigrZe.
kondensatorze U C Zabvis gamomsaxveli veqtori (−  2) kuTxes adgens
denis Zalis gamomsaxvel veqtorTan (radgan Zabvis rxevebi  2 faziT
CamorCeba denis Zalis rxevebs), xolo misi sigrZea I m  C . koWaze Zabvis
gamomsaxveli veqtori  2 kuTxes adgens denis Zalis gamomsaxvel
veqtorTan, radgan Zabvis rxevebi  2 faziT uswrebs denis Zalis
rxevebs, xolo misi sigrZea  L I m .

nax. 7.3
veqtoruli diagrama mimdevrobiTi
RLC -konturisaTvis
1
veqtoruli diagrama daxazulia L SemTxvevisaTvis, Tumca
C
miRebuli formulebi nebismier SemTxvevaSi sworia.
Zabvis rxevebis gamomsaxveli veqtori miiReba veqtoruli SekrebiT.
Zabvisa da denis Zalis rxevebs Soris  fazaTa sxvaobisaTvis
miiReba formula

23
 1
L−
C
tg  = (7.7)
R
denis Zalis amplitudisaTvis miiReba
Um
Im = (7.8)
2
 1 
R +  L − 
2

  C 

radgan Zabvis rxevebi xdeboda U = U m cos t kanoniT, amitom denis Zalis
rxevebi xdeba I = I m cos( t −  ) kanoniT.
2
 1 
Z = R +  L − 
2
fizikur sidides ewodeba mimdevrobiTi
  
 C 
RLC -konturis sruli winaRoba cvladi Zabvis wredSi. formula (7.8) aris
omis kanoni cvladi denis wredisaTvis. is akavSirebs ara denis Zalasa
da Zabvas, aramed maT amplitudebs.
formulidan (7.8) Cans, rom denis Zalis amplituda maqsimaluria,
rodesac
1 1
L− = 0 anu  =  0 = (7.9)
C LC
(7.8) formuliT mocemuli I m ( ) damokidebulebis grafikebi
sxvadasxva winaRobebis SemTxvevaSi meqanikuri rezonansuli mrudebis
msgavsia. denis Zalis amplitudis zrda 0 -is maxloblobaSi miT ufro
mkveTria, rac ufro naklebia winaRoba. gansxvaveba imaSi iqneba, rom nul
sixSireze denis amplituda nulis toli iqneba. muxtis amplitudis
sixSireze damokidebulebis grafiki ki yvelanairad msgavsi iqneba
koordinatis amplitudis sixSireze damokidebulebis grafikis.
denis Zalis rxevebis amplitudis mkveTr zrdas, rodesac gareSe
Zabvis sixSire uaxlovdeba Tavisufali rxevebis sixSires, eleqtruli
rezonansi ewodeba.
Um
rezonansis dros denis Zalis amplitudaa (I m )rez = , xolo fazaTa
R
sxvaoba densa da Zabvas Soris nulis tolia.
rezonansis dros koWasa da kondensatorze Zabvebis amplitudebia:

(U )
1 Um Um L
L m rez =  0 L (I m )rez = L = (7.10)
LC R R C

(U )
1 LC Um Um L
C m rez = (I m )rez = = (7.11)
0 C C R R C
L
Tu aqtiuri winaRoba mcirea, kerZod R  , maSin rezonansis dros
C
koWasa da kondensatorze Zabvebis amplitudebi bevrad metia mimdevrobiT

24
RLC -konturze modebuli Zabvis amplitudaze: (U L m )rez = (U C m )rez  U m . amis
gamo rezonanss mimdevrobiT RLC -konturSi Zabvebis rezonanss uwodeben.

5. paraleluri RLC -konturi cvladi Zabvis wredSi

axla ganvixiloT paraleluri RLC -konturi, romelzec 1 da 2

wertilebs Soris modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva U = U m cos t
(nax. 7.4).

nax. 7.4
paraleluri RLC -konturi

am SemTxvevaSi, denis Zala mTel konturSi yovel momentSi tolia

elementebSi denis Zalebis jamis. konturSi denis Zalis povnisaTvis
veqtorul diagramaze gamovsaxoT denis Zalebi konturis elementebSi da
SevkriboT isini (nax. 7.5).

nax. 7.5
veqtoruli diagrama paraleluri RLC -konturisaTvis

25
diagramidan miiReba
2
1  1 
2

Im = Um   +  C −  (7.12)
  
R   L 

maSasadame, paraleluri RLC -konturis sruli winaRobaa

1
Z= (7.13)
2
1  1 
2

  +  C − 
  
R   L 

fazaTa sxvaobisaTvis densa da Zabvas Soris miiReba

 1 
tg = R  C −  (7.14)
  L 

rodesac U = U m cos t , maSin I = I m cos( t +  ) .

1
paralelur RLC -konturSi rezonansis dros (  =  0 =) sruli
LC
winaRoba maqsimaluria da rezistoris aqtiuri winaRobis tolia. sruli
𝑈
denis Zalis amplituda (𝐼𝑚 )რეზ = 𝑅𝑚 am dros minimaluria, xolo fazaTa
sxvaoba densa da Zabvas Soris nulis tolia.
rezonansis dros denis Zalebis amplitudebi rezistorSi, koWasa da
kondensatorSi tolia:
𝑈𝑚
(𝐼𝑅𝑚 )რეზ = = 𝐼𝑚 (7.15)
𝑅
𝑈 𝐼𝑚 𝑅 𝑅
(𝐼𝐿𝑚 )რეზ = 𝑚 = 1 = 𝐼𝑚 (7.16)
𝜔 𝐿
0 𝐿 𝐿
√𝐿𝐶 √
𝐶

1 𝑅
(𝐼𝐶𝑚 )რეზ = 𝜔0 𝐶𝑈𝑚 = 𝐶𝐼𝑚 𝑅 = 𝐼𝑚 (7.17)
√𝐿𝐶 𝐿
√
𝐶

rogorc vxedavT, paralelur RLC -konturSi rezonansis dros denis

Zalis amplituda rezistorSi tolia sruli denis Zalis amplitudis,
xolo denis Zalebis amplitudebi koWasa da kondensatorze ერთმანეთის
𝐿
tolia da didi aqtiuri winaRobis SemTxvevaSi (𝑅 ≫ √𝐶) bevrad metia
sruli denis Zalis amplitudaze. amitom rezonanss denebis rezonanss
uwodeben.

26
 8. amocanebi cvlad denze
8.1. denis wyaro, romlis Siga winaRoba nulis tolia, miaerTes L
induqciurobis koWasTan. ipoveT wredSi denis Zalis droze
damokidebuleba, Tu elementis emZ aris E. ipoveT CarTvidan t droSi
elementis Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
8.2. ra kanoniT unda icvlebodes Zabva mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli L
induqciurobis koWasa da R winaRobis rezistoris boloebs Soris, rom
denis Zala wredSi wrfivad izrdebodes drois mixedviT I(t)=t kanoniT?
8.3. ra kanoniT unda icvlebodes Zabva mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli L
induqciurobis koWasa da R winaRobis rezistoris boloebs Soris, rom
denis Zala wredSi icvlebodes drois mixedviT I(t)=I0sint kanoniT?
8.4. Zabva wredis ubanze icvleba kanoniT, rogorc naCvenebia naxatze.
ipoveT Zabvis moqmedi (efeqturi) mniSvneloba.
8.5.Ddenis Zala wredSi icvleba kanoniT, rogorc naCvenebia naxatze.
ipoveT denis Zalis moqmedi mniSvneloba. Ggrafikis dadebiTi da
uaryofiTi nawilebi warmoadgens sinusoidis nawilebs, amplitudebiT I0
da Io/2.
8.6.Aampermetri, romelic zomavs denis Zalis moqmed (efeqtur)
mniSvnelobas, CarTulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabvis wredSi, rogorc
naCvenebia naxatze. rodesac gadamrTveli CarTul mdgomareobaSia,
ampermetris Cvenebaa 1 a. ipoveT ampermetris Cveneba, rodesac gadamrTveli
gamorTul mdgomareobaSia. diodi idealuria.P
8.7. wredis ABC nawilSi (ix. nax.) gadis harmoniulad cvladi deni, AB
ubanze Zabvis moqmedi mniSvneloba aris 30 v, xolo BC ubanze 40 v. ras
udris Zabvis moqmedi mniSvneloba AC ubanze?
8.8. AB ubanze (ix. nax.) induqciuri winaRoba aris XL =80 omi, xolo
tevaduri winaRoba _ XC =60 omi. ipoveT AB ubnis sruli winaRoba.

nax. 8.4 nax. 8.5

A B C
nax. 8.7
nax. 8.8
nax. 8.6

27
8.9. cvladi denis wredSi, romelic gamosaxulia naxatze, C= 10 mkf,
L=0,1 hn, xolo modebuli Zabvis kuTxuri sixSire =1000 1/wm. gansazRvreT,
ra deni gadis aqtiur winaRobaSi.
8.10. ipoveT naxatze gamosaxuli wredebis sruli winaRobebi. R, L, C ,
agreTve denis kuTxuri sixSire  CaTvaleT cnobilad.
8.11. naxatze gamosaxul ubanze modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva.
rezistorSi gamavali denis Zalis moqmedi mniSvnelobaa IR = 3a, xolo
koWaSi denis Zalis moqmedi mniSvnelobaa IL =4a. ipoveT denis Zalis
moqmedi mniSvneloba wredis ganuStoebel nawilSi.
8.12. naxatze gamosaxul ubanze modebulia harmoniulad cvladi Zabva.
kondensatorSi gamavali denis Zalis moqmedi mniSvnelobaa IC = 3 a,
xolo koWaSi denis Zalis moqmedi mniSvneloba aris IL =4 a. ipoveT denis
Zalis moqmedi mniSvneloba wredis ganuStoebel nawilSi.
8.13. eleqtruli wredi (ix. nax.) Sedgeba mimdevrobiT SeerTebuli
kondensatorisa da rezistorisagan. wredSiDdenis Zalis amplitudaa
Im=0,1 a. ipoveT wyaros Zabvis amplituduri mniSvneloba, agreTve fazaTa
sxvaoba am Zabvasa da wredSi gamaval denis Zalas Soris. Kkondesatoris
tevadoba aris C=1 mkf, rezistoris winaRoba _ R=500 omi, xolo wyaros
Zabvis droze damokidebulebas aqvs Semdegi saxe: U=Umcos1000t.
8.14.Eeleqtruli wredi, romelic naCvenebia naxatze, CarTulia
harmoniulad cvladi Zabvis qselSi, romlis amplitudaa U0 = 100 v.
wredSi fazaTa sxvaoba srul denis Zalasa da Zabvas Soris aris =/4.
ipoveT sruli denis Zalis amplituda, Tu winaRobaa R= 100 omi.

a) C R
b)
C
R
L L
L
nax. 8.9 d) L C
g) R C L

L R
R
nax. 8.10

L C
nax. 8.11

C L
R
! nax. 8.12
R

L
U=Umcos1000t nax. 8.14
nax. 8.13

28
 8.15. naxatze gamosaxul sqemaSi R1 =1 komi, R2 =2 komi, L= 1 hn. ipoveT
wyaroSi gamavali denis Zalis amplituda, agreTve fazaTa sxvaoba am
denis Zalasa da wyaros Zabvas Soris. wyaros Zabvis amplituda Um= 200 v.
8.16. daamtkiceT, rom naxatze gamosaxul wredSi, Tu modebuli Zabvis
kuTxuri sixSirea  = 1 / LC , rezistorSi denis Zala araa
damokidebuli winaRobaze. ipoveT denis Zalis es mniSvneloba, Tu
modebuli Zabvis amplitudaa U0.
8.17. ipoveT naxatze gamosaxuli wredis ganuStoebel nawilSi denis
Zalis droze damokidebulebis kanoni, Tu modebuli Zabva icvleba
Semdegi kanoniT: U=U0sint. L, C, U0 da  CaTvaleT cnobilad.
8.18. naxatze gamosaxuli wredis A da B wertilebs Soris modebulia
=100 hc sixSiris cvladi Zabva. risi toli unda iyos koWas
induqciuroba, rom Semavali UAB Zabvis amplituda aTjer meti iyos
gamomavali UCD Zabvis amplitudaze?KTiToeuli kondensatoris tevadobaa
10 mkf.
8.19. naxatze gamosaxul sqemaSi, wyaros Zabva icvleba kanoniT 𝑈(𝑡) =
1
𝑈0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜔𝑡. ipoveT I Dda I1 denis Zalebi, Tu 𝜔2 = 4𝐿𝐶.
8.20. C tevadobis ori erTnairi kondensatori da L induqciurobis koWa
erTmaneTTan SeerTebulia ise, rogorc naCvenebia naxatze. sawyis
momentSi K CamrTveli gamorTulia, A kondensatori damuxtulia U
Zabvamde, B kondensatori araa damuxtuli da koWaSi deni ar gadis.
ipoveT koWaSi denis Zalis maqsimaluri mniSvneloba CamrTvelis CarTvis
Semdeg. P

R1 L U0 sint

L
R2
C

U=Umcos1000t nax. 8.16 L

nax. 8.15
nax. 8.17

A L C L C

I I1
C C
L1 R1
R
B D
Nnax. 8.18 A
K

nax. 8.19

B
L

nax. 8.20

29
8.21. C tevadobis kondensatori, romelic damuxtulia U0 Zabvamde,
ganimuxteba L1 induqciurobis mqone koWaze (ix. nax.). ipoveT, ra
maqsimaluri deni gaivlis L2 induqciurobis koWaSi, Tu K CamrTvels
CavrTavT im momentSi, rodesac L1 induqciurobis koWaSi deni
maqsimaluria.
8.22. eleqtruli sarCilavi gaTvaliswinebulia 127 v Zabvis cvladi denis
qselSi CarTvisaTvis. am dros misi simZlavrea 50 vt. ra simZlavre
gamoiyofa sarCilavSi, Tu mas CavrTavT 220 v Zabvis cvladi denis qselSi
idealur diodTan mimdevrobiT? sarCilavis winaRoba mudmivad CaTvaleT.
8.23. naxatze gamosaxuli wredis 1 da 2 momWerebs Soris modebulia
220 v cvladi Zabva. rezistorebis winaRobaa 200 omi. erT-erTi
rezistoris paralelurad CarTulia idealuri diodi. gansazRvreT
wredSi gamoyofili simZlavre.
8.24. gansazRvreT naxatze gamosaxuli wredis 𝑅1 =10 komi winaRobis
rezistorze gamoyofili simZlavre. 1 da 2 momWerebs Soris modebulia
U=127 v cvladi Zabva. danarCeni rezistorebis winaRobebia
𝑅2 = 𝑅3 =5 komi. diodebi idealuria.
8.25. idealur diodiani gammarTveli CarTulia f sixSiris cvladi Zabvis
qselSi (ix. nax.). gansazRvreT, ramdenjer Seicvleba rezistorze
gamoyofili simZlavre CamrTvelis CarTvis Semdeg, Tu cnobilia, rom
cvladi denis periodis ganmavlobaSi kondensatori praqtikulad ver
aswrebs ganmuxtvas. ra pirobas unda akmayofilebdes wredis parametrebi?

L1

K
L2

nax. 8.21
1 nax. 8.23 2

R2

R1

R
R3 C
2
nax. 8.25
nax. 8.24

30
 9. idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis
ZiriTadi gantoleba

molekulur-kinetikur TeoriaSi ganxilul modelebs Soris

umartivesia idealuri airis modeli. idealuri airis molekulebi
ganixilebian rogorc idealurad drekadi burTulebi, romlebic
erTmaneTTan da kedelTan mxolod dajaxebisas urTierTqmedeben.
molekulebis zoma bevrad naklebia maT Soris saSualo manZilTan
SedarebiT. idealuri airis modeli kargad aRwers realuri airebis
qcevas wnevisa da temperaturis farTo diapazonSi. rac ufro naklebia
realuri airis koncentracia da maRalia misi temperatura, miT ufro
axloa misi qceva idealuri airis qcevasTan. molekulur-kinetikuri
Teoriis amocanaa daukavSiros makroskopuli parametrebi (wneva,
temperatura) mikroskopul parametrebs (molekulis masa, siCqare,
kinetikuri energia).
idealuri airis modelis gamoyenebiT WurWlis kedelze airis wneva
davukavSiroT mikroskopul parametrebs. kedelTan molekulis dajaxeba
miviCnioT absoluturad drekad dajaxebad. aseTi dajaxebisas molekulis
siCqaris kedlis paraleluri gegmili ar icvleba, xolo kedlis
marTobuli gegmili icvlis niSans (nax. 9.1). amis gamo molekulis
impulsis cvlilebis moduli kedelTan dajaxebisas iqneba
→
 K 1 = 2 m0  x

sadac m0 molekulis masaa.

nax. 9.1
molekulis drekadi dajaxeba nax. 9.2
kedelTan kedlis S farTobis
nawilze dajaxebul
molekulaTa ricxvis
gamoTvla
gamovyoT kedlis S farTobis nawili (mrude kedlis SemTxvevaSi
mcire nawili) (nax. 9.2).  t drois SualedSi kedlis gamoyofil nawils
daejaxeba yvela molekula, romelic moZraobs kedlisken da imyofeba S
fuZis farTobisa da  x  t simaRlis cilindrSi (am cilindrs gverdiTi
zedapiridan datovebs molekulebis nawili, magram maT sanacvlod
cilindris garedan Semova imave parametrebis mqone molekulebi). vTqvaT

31
WurWlis erTeul moculobaSi n molekulaa (molekulebis
koncentracia). maSin aRniSnul cilindrSi molekulaTa ricxvia n S  x t .
am molekulebis naxevari moZraobs kedlisaken, naxevari ki sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT. maSasadame, kedlis S farTobis nawilTan  t drois
SualedSi molekulebis dajaxebebis z ricxvia
1
z = n S  x t (9.1)
2
kedlis S farTobis nawilTan  t drois SualedSi dajaxebuli yvela
molekulis impulsis cvlilebis moduli iqneba
→ →
 K = z  K 1 = n m0  x2 S t

niutonis II kanonis Tanaxmad, kedlis S farTobis nawilidan

molekulebze moqmedi saSualo Zalis moduli iqneba
→
K
F= = n m0  x2 S
t
niutonis III kanonis Tanaxmad, igive modulis saSualo Zala moqmedebs
kedlis S farTobis nawilze dajaxebuli molekulebis mxridan.
kedelze wnevisaTvis miiReba formula
F
p = = n m0  x2 (9.2)
S
am formulis gamoyvanisas iTvleboda, rom yvela molekulis
siCqaris X RerZze gegmilis moduli erTnairi iyo. sinamdvileSi es ase
ar aris. airis molekulebis erTmaneTTan da WurWlis kedlebTan mravali
dajaxebis Sedegad myardeba molekulebis siCqareebis garkveuli
ganawileba. am dros molekulebis siCqareebis yvela SesaZlo
mimarTuleba erTnairad xSirad gvxvdeba, xolo siCqaris modulebis da
RerZebze gegmilebis ganawileba garkveul kanonzomierebas emorCileba.
siCqareebis modulis mixedviT airis molekulebis ganawilebis
kanonzomierebas maqsvelis ganawileba ewodeba. misi saxe, ori sxvadasxva
temperaturis pirobebSi, moyvanilia 9.3 naxatze.

nax. 9.3
maqsvelis ganawileba siCqareebis modulebis
mixedviT or sxvadasxva temperaturaze.
T2  T1

32
 horizontalur RerZze gadazomilia siCqaris moduli. vertikalur
1 N
RerZze gadazomilia sidide, sadac N molekulaTa sruli
N 
ricxvia,  siCqaris modulis Zalian mcire cvlilebaa, xolo  N im
molekulaTa ricxvia, romelTa siCqaris moduli moTavsebulia  –dan
( +  ) –mde intervalSi. suraTze gamoyofili mcire farTobi iqneba  –
dan ( +  ) –mde intervalSi siCqareebis modulis mqone molekulaTa
ricxvis Sefardeba molekulebis saerTo ricxvTan.
maqsvelis ganawilebis damaxasiaTebeli erT-erTi parametria
ualbaTesi siCqare (romlis maxlobeli siCqareebi aqvs ufro met
molekulas), romelic Seesabameba ganawilebis mrudis maqsimums. meore
damaxasiaTebeli parametria saSualo kvadratuli siCqare kv =  2 ,
sadac  2 molekulebis siCqareebis kvadratebis saSualo ariTmetikulia.
temperaturis gazrdisas ganawilebis mrudis maqsimumi didi
siCqareebisaken wainacvlebs, am dros izrdeba ualbaTesi siCqarec da
saSualo kvadratuli siCqarec.
airis wnevis formulis dasazusteblad davuSvaT, rom moculobis
erTeulSi n1 molekulaa, romlis siCqaris gegmilia  x1 , n 2 molekulaa,
romlis siCqaris gegmilia  x 2 da a.S. molekulebis TiToeuli jgufiT
gamowveul wnevas gamoviTvliT (9.2) formuliT, xolo maTi SekrebiT
miviRebT jamur wnevas
p = m0  ni  x2i
i
formulaSi Semavali jamis gayofiT erTeul moculobaSi molekulebis
jamur ricxvze miiReba molekulebis siCqareebis gegmilebis kvadratis
saSualo ariTmetikuli
1
n
ni  x2i =  x2
i
amis gaTvaliswinebiT sabolood miiReba airis wnevis dazustebuli
formula
p = n m0  x2 (9.3)
kedlis S farTobis nawilTan  t drois SualedSi molekulebis
dajaxebebis z ricxvis saangariSo (9.1) formula dazustebis Semdeg
miiRebs saxes
1
z = n S  x t (9.4)
2
sadac  x aris kedlis marTob RerZze molekulebis siCqareebis
gegmilis modulebis saSualo ariTmetikuli.
radganac molekulebis siCqaris yvela mimarTuleba tolfasia (ar
gvaqvs gamoyofili mimarTuleba), amitom  x2 =  y2 =  z2 . amas garda gvaqvs
 x2 +  y2 +  z2 =  2 . amaTgan gamomdinareobs
1
 x2 =  y2 =  z2 =  2 (9.5)
3
 2 molekulebis siCqareebis kvadratebis saSualo ariTmetikulia.
33
am Sedegis gamoyenebiT (9.3) formula ase gadaiwereba
1
p = n m0  2 (9.6)
3
m0  2
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom = E , sadac E molekulis gadataniTi
2
moZraobis kinetikuri energiaa (ar Seicavs brunvis energias) uZrav airSi,
maSin (9.6) asec gadaiwereba
2
p = nE (9.7)
3
(9.6) da (9.7) gantolebebs idealuri airis molekulur-kinetikuri Teoriis
ZiriTadi gantoleba ewodebaT.
molekulebis siCqareebis kvadratebis saSualo ariTmetikulidan
kvadratul fesvs saSualo kvadratul siCqares (  kv ) uwodeben

kv =  2 (9.8)

P10. Singani energia. idealuri airis

Sinagani energia.

uZrav sxeuls, romelic ar urTierTqmedebs sxva sxeulebTan, ar aqvs

meqanikuri energia, magram misi Semadgeneli nawilakebi moZraoben da
urTierTqmedeben erTmaneTTan, amitom maT aqvT rogorc kinetikuri, aseve
potencialuri energia.
uZravi sxeulis Semadgeneli nawilakebis qaosuri moZraobis
kinetikuri energiebisa da erTmaneTTan urTierTqmedebis potencialuri
energiebis jams Sinagani energia ewodeba.
Cveulebriv Sinagan energias miakuTvneben nawilakis energiis mxolod
im nawils, romelic SeiZleba icvlebodes siTburi procesebis dros.
sxeulis Sinagani energia SeiZleba Seicvalos meqanikuri muSaobis
SesrulebiT an TbogadacemiT (meqanikuri muSaobis Seusruleblad).
sazogadod, sxeulis Sinagani energia damokidebulia temperaturaze,
radganac maszea damokidebuli nawilakebis kinetikuri energiebi da
moculobaze, radganac maszea damokidebuli nawilakebs Soris manZilebi
da, maSasadame, maTi urTierTqmedebis potencialuri energia. amrigad, U
Sinagani energia sxeulis T temperaturis da V moculobis funqciaa:
U = U (T ,V ) .
idealur airSi misi Semadgeneli nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis
energia nulis tolia, amitom misi Sinagani energia nawilakebis kinetikur
energiaTa da Siga energiis temperaturaze damokidebuli nawilis jamis
tolia da damokidebulia mxolod temperaturaze.
miviRoT idealuri airis Sinagani energiis formula. daveyrdnoT
klasikuri fizikis kanonebs. damoukidebel sidideTa ricxvs, romlebic
calsaxad gansazRvravs nivTieri wertilis mdebareobas, misi
Tavisuflebis xarisxi ewodeba. damoukidebel sidideTa ricxvs,
romlebic calsaxad gansazRvravs sistemis yvela nivTieri wertilis
mdebareobas, sistemis Tavisuflebis xarisxi ewodeba. ramdenicaa
nivTieri wertilis an sistemis Tavisuflebis xarisxi, imdenive
damoukidebeli moZraobis Sesruleba SeuZlia TiToeul maTgans.
34
klasikur fizikaSi airis atomebi ganixileba nivTier wertilebad, xolo
mravalatomiani molekulebi _ erTmaneTisagan ucvlel manZilze
moTavsebul nivTier wertilebad. klasikur fizikaSi atomis
Tavisuflebis xarisxi samis tolia, radganac nivTieri wertilis
mdebareobis calsaxad gansazRvras sami koordinati sWirdeba. Sesabamisi
damoukidebeli moZraobebia moZraobebi sami urTierTmarTobuli RerZis
gaswvriv. oratomiani molekulis Tavisuflebis xarisxia xuTi, vinaidan
ori nivTieri wertilis mdebareobis gansazRvras eqvsi koordinati
sWirdeba, magram aqedan erTi danarCeniT ganisazRvreba, radganac
fiqsirebulia nivTier wertilebs Soris manZili. Sesabamisi
damoukidebeli moZraobebia molekulis gadataniTi moZraobebi sami
urTierTmarTobuli RerZis gaswvriv da brunvebi molekulis RerZis da
erTmaneTis marTobuli ori RerZis garSemo (klasikur fizikaSi
ganxiluli oratomiani molekulis modelis brunva sakuTari RerZis
garSemo uazrobaa). sam atomiani molekulebis (rogorc wesi atomebi ar
aris ganlagebuli erT wrfeze) Tavisuflebis xarisxia eqvsi, radganac
sami nivTieri wertilis mdebareobas gansazRvravs cxra koordinati,
magram dafiqsirebulia sami manZili da damoukidebeli rCeba eqvsi
koordinati. samze met atomiani molekulebis Tavisuflebis xarisxic
eqvsia, vinaidan misi Semadgeneli atomebis mdebareobebi calsaxad
ganisazRvreba sami erT wrfeze ara mdebare atomis mdebareobis
gansazRvriT. Sesabamisi eqvsi damoukidebeli moZraobaa gadataniTi
moZraobebi sami urTierTmarTobuli RerZis gaswvriv da brunvebi
molekulis masaTa centrSi gamavali sami urTierTmarTobuli RerZis
garSemo. klasikur fizikaSi uwyvetad SeiZleba Seicvalos rogorc
gadataniTi moZraobis, aseve RerZis garSemo brunvis energiebi.
damtkicebulia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi makroskopuli sistemis nawilakis
1
TiToeul damoukidebel moZraobaze saSualod k T kinetikuri energia
2
modis.
zemoT naTqvamidan gamomdinare, klasikuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT,
erTatomiani idealuri airis (heliumi, neoni, argoni, vercxliswylis
orTqli da sxva) Sinagan energiaSi TiToeuli atomis Senatani iqneba
3
k T da Sinagani energiisaTvis miiReba Semdegi formula
2
3 m 3 3 m
U = N  kT = NA  kT = RT (10.1)
2 M 2 2M
sadac N airSi atomebis ricxvia, m airis masaa, M airis moluri masaa,
R idealuri airis mudmivaa da T absoluturi temperaturaa. mendeleev-
klapeironis gantolebis gamoyenebiT formula sxva saxiTac gadaiwereba
3 m 3
U= R T = pV (10.2)
2M 2
sadac p airis wnevaa, xolo V airis moculobaa.
oratomiani idealuri airis (Jangbadi, wyalbadi da sxva) Sinagan
1 5
energiaSi TiToeuli molekulis Senatani iqneba 5  k T = k T da Sinagani
2 2
energiisaTvis miiReba
5 m 5
U= R T = pV (10.3)
2M 2

35
 orze met atomiani idealuri airis (wylis orTqli, naxSirmJava airi,
amiaki da sxva) Sinagan energiaSi TiToeuli molekulis Setanili wili
1
iqneba 6 ⋅ 2 𝑘𝑇 = 3𝑘𝑇, amitom Sinagani energiisaTvis miiReba
𝑚
𝑈 = 3 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 = 3𝑝𝑉 (10.4)
aRvniSnoT airis nawilakis Tavisuflebis xarisxi i asoTi. maSin
SegviZlia davweroT idealuri airis Sinagani energiis zogadi formula
klasikuri fizikis TvalsazrisiT
𝑖𝑚 𝑖
𝑈 = 2 𝑀 𝑅𝑇 = 2 𝑝𝑉 (10.5)
sadac erTatomiani airisaTvis i = 3 , oratomiani airisaTvis i = 5 da orze
met atomiani airisaTvis i = 6 .

11. idealuri airis kuTri siTbotevadoba

idealuri airis kuTri siTbotevadobebi sxvadasxvaa sxvadasxva
procesiT gaTbobis pirobebSi. unda ganvasxvaoT kuTri siTbotevadobebi
mudmivi moculobis ( cV ) da mudmivi wnevis ( c p ) pirobebSi. Tu m masis
airi gavaTbeT T –Ti mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi, maSin
Termodinamikis I kanonis Tanaxmad gvaqvs
U = cV m T (11.1)
Tu m masis airi gavaTbeT T –Ti mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi, maSin
Termodinamikis I kanonis Tanaxmad gvaqvs
U = c p m T − p V (11.2)
mendeleev-klapeironis gantolebis Tanaxmad, izobaruli procesis dros
m
gvaqvs p V = R T . amis gamoyenebiT zeda formula ase gadaiwereba
M
 R
U =  c p −  m T (11.3)
 M 
radganac idealuri airis Sinagani energia mxolod temperaturis
funqciaa, amitom, ra procesiTac ar unda Seicvalos idealuri airis
mocemuli porciis temperatura mocemuli sididiT, misi Sinagani
energiis cvlileba erTnairi iqneba. maSasadame, (11.1) da (11.3) formulebSi
Sinagani energiis cvlileba erTnairia. aqedan gamomdinare miiReba
R
c p − cV = (11.4)
M
miRebul formulas maieris gantoleba ewodeba. rogorc vxedavT,
idealuri airis kuTri siTbotevadoba mudmivi wnevis pirobebSi metia,
vidre mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi. moluri siTbotevadobebisaTvis
gveqneba
CM p − CM V = R (11.5)
axla miviRoT TiToeuli kuTri siTbotevadobis gamosaxuleba
idealuri airisaTvis. gavixsenoT idealuri airis Sinagani energiis
i m
formula (10.5) U = R T , sadac i molekulis Tavisuflebis xarisxia
2M
anu misi damoukidebel moZraobaTa ricxvia. erTatomiani airisaTvis

36
𝑖 = 3, oratomiani airisaTvis i = 5 da orze met atomiani airisaTvis i = 6 .
i m
cxadia, rom U = R T . amis gamoyenebiT (11.1) formulidan miiReba
2M
i R
cV = (11.6)
2M
maieris gantolebis (11.4) gamoyenebiT miiReba
i+2 R
cp = (11.7)
2 M

12. idealuri airis qceva adiabaturi procesis pirobebSi

Tboizolirebul sistemaSi mimdinare kvazistatikur process

(imdenad nela mimdinare process, rom sistema yovel momentSi siTbur
wonasworobaSi iyos) adiabaturi procesi ewodeba. adiabaturi procesis
mimdinareobisas sistema arc miiRebs da arc gascems siTbos raodenobas.
ganvixiloT idealuri airis qceva adiabaturi procesis pirobebSi.
Termodinamikis I kanons Semdegi saxe eqneba
U = − A (12.1)
Tu airi adiabaturad ikumSeba, maSin A  0 da, maSasadame, U  0 . es
niSnavs, rom airi Tbeba. adiabaturi SekumSvisas airi Tbeba.
Tu airi adiabaturad farTovdeba, maSin A  0 da, maSasadame, U  0 .
es niSnavs, rom airi civdeba. adiabaturi gafarToebisas airi civdeba.
vTqvaT, airis moculoba Zalian mcire dV sididiT Seicvala. am
procesSi temperaturis mcire cvlileba iyos d T , wnevis mcire cvlileba
iyos d p da Sinagani energiis mcire cvlileba iyos dU . airis muSaoba
moculobis mcire cvlilebisas iqneba  A = p dV . Sinagani energiis
cvlileba iqneba dU = cV m dT , sadac m airis masaa, xolo cV kuTri
siTbotevadobaa mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi. Termodinamikiს I kanoni
mdgomareobis am mcire cvlilebisaTvis gvaZlevs dU= −dA. am tolobaSi
Sinagani energiis cvlilebis da muSaobis gamosaxulebis SetaniT miiReba
cV m d T = − p dV (12.2)
mendeleev-klapeironis gantolebis Tanaxmad
m
R T = pV (12.3)
M
(12.2) da (12.3) tolobebis marcxena mxareebis ganayofi gavutoloT
cV M d T dV
marjvena mxareebis ganayofs =− . orive mxaris pirveladebi
R T V
SeiZleba mxolod mudmivi sididiT gansxvavdebodnen
cV M d T dV cV M c M
R  T
= −
V
+ const . anu
R
ln T = − ln V + const , ln V + V
R
ln T = const ,
cV M
 cV M
 cV M
R  R  R
ln V + ln T = const , ln V T  = const da sabolood VT = const .
 
 
SevniSnoT, rom mudmivebs wina or gantolebaSi sxvadasxva ricxviTi
R
mniSvneloba aqvT. maieris gantolebis Tanaxmad, = c p − cV . amis
M

37
 cV
c p −cV cp
gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba V T = const . Tu SemoviRebT aRniSvnas  = ,
cV
maSin miviRebT
1
 −1
VT = const (12.4)
es aris idealuri airisaTvis adiabaturi procesis gantolebis erT-erTi
forma. orive mxaris ( − 1) xarisxSi ayvaniT miviRebT gantolebas sxva
formiT
 −1
V T = const (12.5)
aqac SevniSnoT, rom mudmivebs (12.4) da (12.5) gantolebaSi sxvadasxva
ricxviTi mniSvneloba aqvT. (12.4) da (12.5) ase unda gvesmodes, rom
tolobis marcxena mxares myofi sidide ar icvleba mdgomareobis
Secvlisas.
airis mocemuli porciis mdgomareobis Secvlisas mudmivi rCeba
agreTve wnevisa da moculobis namravlis fardoba absolutur
temperaturasTan anu
pV
= const (12.6)
T
cxadia, mudmivi iqneba (12.5) da (12.6) tolobebis marcxena mxareTa
namravli

p V = const (12.7)
idealuri airisaTvis adiabaturi procesis gantolebas am formiT
puasonis gantoleba ewodeba. gantolebis kidev erT formas miviRebT, Tu
(12.6) da (12.7) gantolebebidan gamovricxavT moculobas. magaliTad,
SeiZleba pirveli aviyvanoT  xarisxSi da gavyoT meoreze, rac
mogvcems
 −1 −
p T = const (12.8)
 -s adiabatis maCvenebeli ewodeba. (11.6) da (11.7) formulebis gamoyenebiT
cp i + 2
miviRebT  = = , sadac i molekulis Tavisuflebis xarisxia anu
cV i
misi damoukidebel moZraobaTa ricxvia.
erTatomiani airisaTvis i = 3 , oratomiani
airisaTvis i = 5 da orze met atomiani
airisaTvis i = 6 . es araa marTebuli imdenad
maRal temperaturaze, rodesac siTbur
procesebSi CarTulia molekulebSi atomTa
rxevebi da imdenad dabal temperaturaze,
rodesac siTbur procesebSi araa CarTuli
molekulis brunvebi.
adiabaturi procesis gamomsaxvel
grafiks adiabatas uwodeben.
nax. 12.1-ze gamosaxulia izoTermebis da
adiabatebis ojaxi ( p,V ) sibrtyeze.
adiabaturi gafarToebisas airi asrulebs dadebiT muSaobas da
civdeba, amitom misi wneva ufro metad mcirdeba, vidre izoTermuli
38
gafarToebis dros. adiabaturi SekumSvisas airze sruldeba dadebiTi
muSaoba da is Tbeba, amitom misi wneva ufro metad izrdeba, vidre
izoTermuli SekumSvis dros.

13. amocanebi siTbur movlenebze

13.1. sufris marilis kristalSi natriumisa da qloris ionebi
morigeobiTaa ganlagebuli kubis wveroebSi. gansazRvreT umciresi
manZili am ionebs Soris. sufris marilis simkvrivea 2,2 g/sm3, xolo
moluri masaa 60 g/moli.
13.2. oTaxis temperaturaze rkinis kristalur meserSi atomebi
ganlagebulia kubis wveroebSi da centrSi. a) rkinis ramdeni atomi
modis erT elementarul ujredze (erT kubze)? b) gansazRvreT meseris
mudmiva (kubis wibo); g) gansazRvreT umciresi manZili rkinis atomebs
Soris. rkinis fardobiTi atomuri masaa 56.
13.3. aluminis kristalur meserSi atomebi ganlagebulia kubis wveroebSi
da waxnagebis centrebSi. a) aluminis ramdeni atomi modis erT
elementarul ujredze (erT kubze)? b) gansazRvreT meseris mudmiva
(kubis wibo); g) gansazRvreT umciresi manZili aluminis atomebs Soris.
aluminis fardobiTi atomuri masaa 27.
13.4 ramdenjer Seicvleba airis wneva, Tu kedelze dajaxebul
molekulaTa k nawili mis mier STanTqmas daiwyebs drekadi arekvlis
nacvlad (sanam SesamCnevi gaxdeba koncentraciis Semcireba)?
13.5. SeafaseT oTaxis kedlebis 1 sm2 farTobze 1 wamSi haeris
molekulebis dajaxebaTa ricxvi.
13.6. SeafaseT, ramdenjer metia molekulebs Soris saSualo manZili
normaluri atmosferuli wnevis pirobebSi mduRare wylis orTqlSi,
vidre wyalSi.
13.7. naxatze moyvanilia airis mdgomareobis cvlilebis procesi. sawyisi
absoluturi temperaturaa 𝑇0 . ipoveT, ra moculobisTvisaa airis
temperatura maqsimaluri da risi tolia is. daxazeT procesis sqematuri
grafiki 𝑇, 𝑉 koordinatTa sibrtyeze.
13.8. 40 g masis Txelkedlian Wiqas vertikalurad uSveben wyalSi Ria
boloTi qveviT. ra minimalur siRrmeze unda gavuSvaT mas xeli, rom
daiwyos CaZirva? Wiqis moculobaa 200 sm3. atmosferuli wneva
normaluria. wyalSi temperatura yvelgan
erTnairia. p
13.9. hermetulad daxuruli 3 m simaRlis
cilindruli WurWeli avsebulia wyliT, 3p0 1
mxolod fskerTan imyofeba haeris ori
erTnairi buStula. fskerze wylis wnevaa
0,15 mgpa. risi toli gaxdeba fskerze
wylis wneva, Tu amotivtivdeba a) erTi p0 2
buStula? b) ori buStula?
13.10. reaqtiuli Zravis kameraSi erTeul
droSi damwvari denTis masa kameraSi O V0 3V0 V
wnevis 2/3 xarisxis pirdapirproporciulia.
saqSenidan airis gamodinebis siCqare nax. 13.7
kameraSi wnevis pirdapirproporciulia.

39
ori Zravis saqSenis farTobebis Sefardeba oris tolia. ramdenjer
gansxvavdeba maT kamerebSi sawvavis wvisas damyarebuli wnevebi?
13.11. 1 dm3 tevadobis WurWelSi 0,28 g masis azoti imyofeba. is gaacxeles
1500 0C temperaturamde. am dros molekulebis 30% atomebad disocirdeba.
gansazRvreT wneva WurWelSi.
13.12. WurWelSi imyofeba azotisa da wyalbadis narevi. T temperaturaze,
rodesac azoti sruladaa disocirebuli atomebad, narevis wnevaa p
(wyalbadis disociacia SeiZleba ugulebelvyoT). 2 T temperaturaze,
rodesac orive airi sruladaa disocirebuli, WurWelSi wnevaa 3 p .
gansazRvreT narevSi azotisa da wyalbadis masebis fardoba.
13.13. 1 dm3 tevadobis WurWelSi 0,2 g masis naxSirorJangi imyofeba. 2600 K
temperaturaze CO2 molekulebis nawili naxSirbadis oqsidad da
Jangbadad disocirdeba: 2CO2 → 2CO + O2 . am dros WurWelSi wnevaa
108 kpa. ipoveT disociaciis xarisxi am pirobebSi.
13.14. heliumis 𝜏 = 𝑇⁄𝑇0 dayvanili temperaturis damokidebuleba 𝛿 = 𝑝⁄𝑝0
dayvanil wnevaze gamoisaxeba wrewiriT, romlis centri (1; 1) wertilSia.
amasTan, am procesSi heliumis minimaluri dayvanili temperaturaa  m .
gansazRvreT am procesSi heliumis atomebis minimalur da maqsimalur
koncentraciaTa Sefardeba.
13.15. SeadareT toli masis argonis da neonis Sinagani energiebi, Tu maTi
temperaturebi tolia. argonis fardobiTi atomuri masaa 40, neonis 20.
13.16. gamoTvaleT T temperaturisa da V moculobis erTatomiani
idealuri airis Sinagani energia, Tu misi atomebis koncentraciaa n .
13.17. Jangbadis airi ise gaacxeles, rom is srulad daiSala birTvebad
da eleqtronebad. ra formuliT unda gamovTvaloT misi Sinagani energia
aseT maRal temperaturaze?
13.18*. 100 𝐾–is qveviT wyalbadis molekulaSi (𝐻2 ) brunvebi gayinulia.
romeli formuliT unda gamovTvaloT misi Sinagani energia am
temperaturebze?
13.19*. 100𝐶 temperaturaze iodis molekulaSi (𝐼2 ) rxevebis energiis
wyvetiloba ar gamovlindeba. ra formuliT unda gamovTvaloT misi
Sinagani energia am temperaturaze da ufro maRal temperaturebze?
13.20. 16 g/moli moluri masis idealur airs 10 K _iT izobaruli
gaTbobisaTvis miawodes 7j siTbos raodenoba. sawyis temperaturamde
izoqorulad gasaciveblad am airs 5 j siTbos raodenoba waarTves.
ipoveT airis masa.
13.21. civdeba Tu cxeldeba idealuri airi, romelic farTovdeba pV2=
const kanoniT? P
13.22. 𝑚 masisa da 𝑀 moluri masis idealuri airis absoluturi
temperatura icvleba 𝑇 = 𝛼𝑉 2 kanoniT. ipoveT airis muSaoba moculobis
gazrdisas 𝑉1-dan 𝑉2–mde. STainTqmeba Tu gamoiyofa siTbo aseT procesSi?
13.23. cilindrSi dguSis qveS moTavsebul 𝑚 masisa da 𝑀 moluri masis
idealur airs ise aTboben, rom absoluturi temperatura wnevis
kvadratis proporciulad icvleba (𝑇 ∝ 𝑝2 ). sawyisi temperaturaa 𝑇1 ,
xolo saboloo _ 𝑇2 . gansazRvreT airis muSaoba am procesSi.
13.24. vertikalur cilindrSi fskeridan 2 m simaRleze damagrebulia 40
kg masis dguSi. cilindrSi imyofeba 27 C temperaturis 0,32 g masis
heliumi. WurWlis gareT vakuumia. ra simaRleze gaCerdeba dguSi
wonasworobaSi ganTavisuflebis Semdeg? dguSsa da WurWlis kedels
40
Soris xaxunis Zala Zalze mcirea. ugulebelyaviT dguSisa da
cilindris gaTbobaze energiis danaxarji.
13.25. idealur erTatomian airze Sesrulda naxatze gamosaxuli 1-2-3-1
procesi. 1 mdgomareobaSi airis temperaturaa T. ipoveT, risi tolia
temperatura 3 mdgomareobaSi. ras udris 1-2-3-1 procesis dros airis mier
Sesrulebuli muSaoba?
13.26. idealuri airi, romlis masaa m=20 g, xolo moluri masa _ M =28
g/moli, asrulebs Caketil process, rogorc naCvenebia naxatze. pirvel
da meore mdgomareobaSi airis temperatura Sesabamisad aris T1=300 K da
T2=496 K. ipoveT am Caketil procesSi airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
13.27. ra siTbos raodenoba miiRo idealurma erTatomianma airma naxatze
moyvanil procesSi?
13.28. Tu idealur airze sruldeba ABC procesi (ix. nax.), maSin is iRebs
15,5 kj siTbos raodenobas. ra siTbos raodenobas iRebs airi ADC
procesSi, Tu V1 =10 l, V 2 =20 l, p1 =100 kpa, p 2 =300 kpa?
13.29. 1 l da 2 l moculobis WurWlebSi imyofeba erTi da igive airi,
molekulebis toli koncentraciiT. pirvel WurWelSi temperaturaa 300
K , xolo meoreSi _ 350 K . ra temperatura damyardeba, Tu WurWlebs
siTbur kontaqtSi moviyvanT? WurWlebis siTbotevadoba da garemoSi
siTbos danakargi ugulebelyaviT.
13.30. viwro miliT SeerTebuli ori WurWeli Sevsebulia erTnairi airiT,
molekulebis toli koncentraciiT. pirveli WurWlis tevadobis
Sefardeba meoresTan oris tolia. airebis Serevamde pirvel WurWelSi
airis temperaturaa 300 K . airebis Serevis Sedegad damyarda 350 K
temperatura. ipoveT meore WurWelSi airis sawyisi temperatura.
WurWelTan Tbocvla da garemosTvis siTbos gadacema umniSvneloa.

P P V
1
4P0 2V 4 3

V 2
1
2 3
P0
T1 T2
V T
V0 7V0 nax. 13.26
Nnax. 13.25 p
p B
p2 C
3p0

p0 p1 D
A

V0 3V0 V V1 V2 V
nax. 13.27 nax. 13.28
41
13.31. cilindrSi dguSis qveS imyofeba =0,5 moli haeri, romlis
temperaturaa T=300 K. ramdenjer gaizrdeba haeris moculoba, Tu mas
gadavcemT Q= 13,2 kj siTbos raodenobas? Hhaeris moluri siTbotevadoba
mudmivi moculobis dros aris Cv = 21 j/(moliK).
13.32. erTi moli idealuri airi izobarulad gaaTbes T= 72 K_iT,
amisaTvis mas gadasces Q = 1,6 kj siTbo. ipoveT γ = cp/cv
13.33. oratomian idealur airze atareben p = αV (α = const) process. ipoveT
am procesisaTvis airis moluri siTbotevadoba.
13.34. airebis narevisTvis gamoTvaleT γ = cp/cV (adiabatis maCvenebeli).
narevi Sedgeba ν1=2 moli Jangbadisagan da ν2 =3 moli naxSirorJangisagan.
13.35. idealuri airis 1 moli farTovdeba kanoniT 𝑝 = 𝑎⁄𝑇. saboloo
moculoba 4_jer metia sawyisze. airis moluri siTbotevadoba am
procesis dros aris C= CV+2R , sadac CV airis moluri siTbotevadobaa
mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi. ra muSaobas asrulebs airi am procesSi,
Tu sawyisi moculobaa 0,5 l da a =33,2 j K /m3 ?
13.36. Tboizolirebul cilindrul WurWelSi fskeridan h0 simaRleze
gaCerebulia dguSi. WurWelSi imyofeba 1 moli T0 absoluturi
temperaturis erTatomiani idealuri airi. dguSs zemodan adevs sawoni,
romlis masa dguSis masis tolia. cilindri vakuum-kameraSia. dguSsa da
cilindris kedels Soris xaxuni Zalze mcirea. risi toli gaxdeba airis
temperatura da fskeridan dguSis daSoreba, Tu sawons aiReben dguSidan
da dguSis gaCerebis Semdeg isev dadeben masze?
13.37*. Tboizolirebul WurWelSi 800 K temperaturis 1 moli 𝐶𝑂2
da 1 moli 𝐻2 imyofeba. mimdinareobs qimiuri reaqcia
ჯ
𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 = 𝐶𝑂 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 40,1 მოლი. ramdenjer gaizrdeba WurWelSi airis wneva
reaqciis procesSi?
13.38. usasrulod grZel gluv Tboizolirebul milSi damagrebulia m
da M masis dguSebi (ix. nax.), romelTa Sorisaa V moculobisa da p
wnevis erTatomiani airi. dguSebs gareT vakuumia.AAdguSebi
gaaTavisufles. SeafaseT maTi maqsimaluri siCqareebi. airis masa bevrad
naklebia dguSebis masebze. xaxuni dguSebsa da mils Soris Zalze
mcirea.
13.39. grZel Tboizolirebul milSi moZrav 𝑚 masis or erTnair
Tbogaumtar dguSs Soris 1 moli erTatomiani airia. sawyis momentSi
dguSebs aqvT erT mxares mimarTuli 3v da v siCqareebi, xolo airis
absoluturi temperaturaa T0 (ix. nax.). dguSebs gareT vakuumia.AAra
maqsimalur temperaturamde gacxeldeba airi? airis masa SesaZlebelia
ugulebelyoT dguSebis masasTan SedarebiT. xaxuni dguSebsa da mils
Soris Zalze mcirea.

3v v
M p, V m T0

nax. 13.38 m m
nax. 13.39

42
13.40. grZel horizontalur gluv milSi imyofeba ori dguSi, romlebsac
xaxunis gareSe SeuZliaT sriali milis gaswvriv. erTi dguSis masaa
M=1 kg, xolo meoris _ orjer meti. sawyis momentSi dguSebs Soris
imyofeba 𝑇0 = 300𝐾 temperaturis erTi moli Jangbadi, xolo mZime dguSi
v0=1 m?wm siCqariT moZraobs am momentSi uZravi msubuqi dguSisken.
dguSebs gareT vakuumia.AArisi tolia airis maqsimaluri temperatura
Semdgom procesSi? gansazRvreT dguSebis siCqareebi didi drois Semdeg.
milis da dguSebis siTbotevadoba mcirea, Tbogamtaroba ugulebelyaviT.
13.41*. vertikalur Tboizolirebul WurWelSi masiuri dguSis qveS
imyofeba T0 temperaturis idealuri erTatomiani airis porcia. dguSi am
dros wonasworobaSia. miniaturuli saxurebliT WurWelSi airis
temperatura orjer gazardes imdenad swrafad, rom dguSma gadaadgileba
ver moaswro da sistema Tavis nebaze datoves. gansazRvreT, ra
temperatura damyardeba WurWelSi mas Semdeg, rac Sewydeba dguSis
moZraoba. kedlebTan dguSis xaxuni Zalian mcirea. dguSi da WurWeli
praqtikulad ar iRebs siTbos airidan. WurWlis gareT vakuumia.
13.42*. maRal vertikalur WurWelSi M masis dguSis qveS imyofeba mcire
raodenobis heliumi. dguSs adevs 49 M masis sawoni. wonasworobis
mdgomareobaSi dguSi fskeridan h simaRlezea. sawoni aiRes dguSidan da
man daiwyo zeviT moZraoba. SeafaseT dguSis awevis maqsimaluri simaRle.
fskeridan ra simaRleze gaCerdeba sabolood dguSi? gamoTvlebisas
CaTvaleT, rom xaxuni mcirea, WurWlis kedlebi da dguSi Tbogaumtaria,
xolo WurWlis da dguSis siTbotevadobebi Zalze mcirea.
13.43*. gansazRvreT wylis LM 2 orTqladqcevis moluri siTbo T2
temperaturaze, Tu viciT misi LM 1 mniSvneloba T1 temperaturaze.
CaTvaleT, rom wylis C M moluri siTbotevadoba mudmivia T1  T  T2
temperaturul intervalSi. wylis orTqli miiCnieT idealur airad,
romlis moluri siTbotevadoba mudmivi moculobis pirobebSi aris
CM V = 3 R .
13.44*. naxატze moyvanilia garkveuli procesis grafiki idealuri
erTatomiani airisaTvis. a) gamoikvlieT, procesis romel nawilSi iRebda
airi siTbos da romel nawilSi gascemda. b) ra siTbos raodenoba miiRo
airma siTbos miRebisas? g) ra siTbos raodenoba gasca airma siTbos
gacemisas?
13.45. erTatomian idealur airze Sesrulda naxaტზე gamosaxuli 1-2-3-1
cikluri procesi. ipoveT am procesis mqk.
p P
2 3
2P0
3p0

P0 1
p0

V0 2V0 V
V0 3V0 V
nax. 13.45
nax. 13.44
43
13.46. ra siTbo unda gadavceT m=0,1 kg masis neons, rom misi temperatura
gaizardos t= 5 C -iT. cnobilia, rom gaTbobisas neonis wneva misi
moculobis pirdapirproporciulia.
13.47. erTatomian idealur airze Sesrulda naxatze gamosaxuli 1-2-3-1
cikluri procesi. ipoveT am procesis mqk.
13.48. erTatomian idealur airze Sesrulda naxatze gamosaxuli 1-2-3-1
cikluri procesi. ipoveT am procesis mqk, Tu procesis dros
maqsimaluri absoluturi temperatura 4-jer metia minimalurze.
13.49. siTbur ZravaSi  moli erTatomiani idealuri airi asrulebs
process, romelic Sedgeba 1_2 izoTermisagan, 2_3 izoqorisagan da 3_1
adiabatisagan (ix. nax.). Zravis mqk aris . Aam procesSi maqsimalur da
minimalur temperaturebs Soris sxvaoba aris T. ipoveT 1_2 izoTermuli
procesis dros airis mier Sesrulebuli muSaoba.
13.50. 1_3_4_1 procesisTvis (ix. nax.) mqk udris _s. ipoveT 1_2_3_4_1
procesis 1 mqk. muSa sxeulad gamoiyeneba erTatomiani idealuri airi.
13.51. maRal cilindrul WurWelSi mZime dguSis qveS (ix. nax.) imyofeba
idealuri airi. dguSis farTobia S=30 sm2. xaxuni dguSsa da WurWlis
kedlebs Soris Zalian mcirea. rodesac cilindri gadmoabrunes Ria
boloTi qvemoT, airis moculoba samjer gaizarda. gansazRvreT dguSis
masa, Tu atmosferuli wneva P0=100 kpa_ia.
13.52. maRal cilindrul WurWelSi, mZime dguSis qveS imyofeba idealuri
airi. dguSis farTobia S=10-3 m2. xaxuni dguSsa da WurWlis kedlebs
Soris Zalian mcirea. ra muSaobas Seasrulebs airi gaTbobisas, Tu am
dros misi moculoba orjer gaizarda? Aairis sawyisi moculoba iyo V=
0,5 m3, dguSis masa - m=16 kg, xolo atmosferuli wneva - P0=100kpa.
P P P
2
2P0 2 1

1 3 1
3
P0 3

V0 2V0 V V
nax. 13.48 V nax. 13.49
nax. 13.47

P
2 3

P0
1 4 S

0 V nax. 13.51
nax. 13.50
44
13.53. vakuumSi moTavsebul maRal cilindrul WurWelSi (ix. nax.) masiuri
dguSis qveS imyofeba erTatomiani idealuri airi. dguSs zemodan
usawyiso siCqariT ecema sxeuli, romlis masa dguSis masis tolia.
rodesac absoluturad aradrekadi dajaxebis Semdeg damyarda
wonasworoba, aRmoCda, rom dguSi fskeridan igive simaRlezea, ra
simaRlezec dajaxebamde iyo. ipoveT, ramdenjer metia h simaRle,
romelzedac imyofeboda sxeuli sawyis momentSi, h0 simaRleze, romliTac
dguSi daSorebulia fskers. xaxuni Zalian mcirea, siTbos gacvla airsa
da mis garemocvas Soris ugulebelyaviT.
13.54. horizontalurad moTavsebul L sigrZis da S ganivkveTis cilindrSi
imyofeba P0 wnevis mqone idealuri airi (ix. nax.). airSi moxvda mtvris
patara nawilakebi. maTgan airis gasawmendad cilindrSi gaatares
filtri, romelic ikravs mtvris nawilakebs, xolo airis molekulebs
Tavisuflad atarebs. ipoveT, ra Zalaa saWiro imisaTvis, rom filtri
nela vamoZraoT. idealuri airis molekulebis ricxvia N, xolo mtvris
nawilakebis koncentraciaa n.
13.55. daxurul WurWelSi moTavsebuli airi adiabaturad gamoedineba
kedelSi gakeTebuli mcire naxvretidan (ix. nax.). WurWelSi airis wnevas
inarCuneben ucvlelad dguSis gadaadgilebiT. aseve ar icvleba airis
temperaturac. WurWlis gareT ki, airis adiabaturi gafarToebis gamo,
temperatura praqtikulad ecema 0 K-mde. SeafaseT naxvretidan airis
gamodinebis siCqare, Tu airis temperatura WurWelSi aris T, airis
moluri masaa , xolo moluri siTbotevadoba mudmivi wnevis dros
aris cp .
13.56. ipoveT erTatomiani idealuri airis moluri siTbotevadoba, Tu
airi farTovdeba pVn= const kanoniT. n_is ra mniSvnelobisTvis iqneba
moluri siTbotevadoba nulis toli?
13.57. M masis cilindruli sinjara moTavsebulia vakuumSi. umniSvnelo
sisqisa da m masis tixari sinjaris moculobas or tol nawilad yofs.
sinjaris daxSuli nawili Seicavs  moluri masis idealuri erTatomiani
airis  mols. airis temperaturaa T. tixari iwyebs sinjaraSi uxaxunod
moZraobas da bolos amovardeba. sinjaridan gamodis airic. risi toli
iqneba sinjaris saboloo siCqare, Tu igi tixris moZraobis dawyebis
momentisaTvis uZravi iyo. Aairis gafarToebis procesi CaTvaleT
adiabaturad. simZimis Zalas nu gaiTvaliswinebT. dguSis gamovardnamde
airis impulss nu gaiTvaliswinebT.

T1=0
h h0
T ,, cp
Nnax. 13.55
Nnax. 13.53 Nnax. 13.54

45
13.58. okeaneSi imyofeba navi, romelSic gvaqvs 1 kg masis da 0𝐶
temperaturis yinuli. ra maqsimaluri muSaobis Sesrulebas SeZlebs
siTburi Zrava yinulis dnobis gamoyenebiT? okeaneSi wylis temperaturaa
27𝐶.
13.59. im cikliT momuSave siTburi Zravis mqk (ix. nax.), romelic Sedgeba
1_2 ubnis, 2_3 adiabatisa da 3_1 izoTermisgan, aris 1 , xolo im cikliT
momuSave siTburi Zravis mqk, romelic Sedgeba 1_3 izoTermis, 3_4
izobarisa da 4_1 adiabatisgan _  2 . gansazRvreT 1_2_3_4_1 cikliT
momuSave siTburi Zravis mqk. muSa sxeuli idealuri airia.
13.60. karburatoriani Sigawvis Zravis muSaobis modelireba SeiZleba
otos cikliT, romelic ori adiabatisa da ori izoqorisagan Sedgeba
(ix. nax.). gamosaxeT Zravis Teoriuli mqk SekumSvis n xarisxis da muSa
airis  adiabatis maCveneblis meSveobiT.
13.61. cikli, romelic dizelis Zravis muSaobas aRwers, Sedgeba
izobaris, izoqorisa da ori adiabatisagan (ix. nax.). gamosaxeT Zravis
Teoriuli mqk n1 da n 2 parametrebiT da muSa airis  adiabatis
maCvenebliT.

p 2
p
1
1

4
3 2
4

3
nax. 13.59 V
V1 nV1 V
nax. 13.60

p 1 2

4
V1 n1V1 n2V1 V
nax. 13.61

46
13.62*. gvaqvs m1 da m 2 masis ori sxeuli, romelTa absoluturi
temperaturaa Sesabamisad T1 da T2 ( T1  T2 ), xolo kuTri siTbotevadobaa
c1 da c2 . ra maqsimaluri muSaobis Sesrulebas SeZlebs siTburi Zrava,
romelSic am sxeulebs saxureblad da macivrad gamoviyenebT? rogor
gamartivdeba pasuxi, Tu sxeulebs aqvT toli masebi da toli kuTri
siTbotevadobebi?
13.63. 3 dm3 moculobis daxSul WurWelSi imyofeba 0,5 kg masis wyali.
misi ra nawili iqneba aorTqlebuli 100C temperaturaze?
13.64. 5 m3 moculobis qvabSi SeuSves: a) 20 kg masis wyali; b) 30 kg masis
wyali. qvabi gaaTbes 453 K temperaturamde. gansazRvreT qvabSi wylis
orTqlis masa. aRniSnul temperaturaze wylis najeri orTqlis
simkvrivea 5 kg/m3.
13.65. 10 l moculobis daxSul WurWelSi imyofeba 105 pa wnevis da 20C
temperaturis mSrali haeri. WurWelSi SeuSves 3 g masis wyali.
gansazRvreT airis wneva WurWelSi 100C temperaturamde gaTbobis
Semdeg.
13.66. cilindrul WurWelSi dguSis qveS imyofeba T temperaturis najeri
orTqli. dguSis gadaadgilebiT airi izoTermulad SekumSes. am dros
Sesrulda A muSaoba. gansazRvreT kondensirebuli orTqlis masa.
orTqlis moluri masaa M .
13.67. orive mxridan daxSul 1 l moculobis cilindrSi Tavisuflad
SeuZlia moZraoba Txel uwono dguSs. dguSis erT mxares SeSvebulia 1 g
masis wyali, xolo meore mxares ki 2 g masis azoti. ra moculobas
daikavebs azoti 100C temperaturaze?
13.68. orive mxridan daxSul 1 l moculobis cilindrSi Tavisuflad
SeuZlia moZraoba Txel uwono dguSs. dguSis erT mxares SeSvebulia 0,1
g masis wyali, xolo meore mxares ki 0,5 g masis azoti. ra moculobas
daikavebs azoti 100C temperaturaze?
13.69. orive mxridan daxSul 1 l moculobis cilindrSi Tavisuflad
SeuZlia moZraoba Txel uwono dguSs. dguSis erT mxares SeSvebulia 0,5
g masis wyali, xolo meore mxares ki 0,5 g masis azoti. ra moculobas
daikavebs azoti 100C temperaturaze?
13.70. rezinis buSti piriT gaberes oTaxSi, sadac temperaturaa 22C.
ramdeniT Seicvleba buStis moculoba quCaSi gatanisas, sadac
temperaturaa 1C? CaTvaleT, rom buStSi wylis orTqli najeria. 22C
temperaturaze wylis najeri orTqlis wnevaa 20 mm.vwy.sv., xolo
5
1C–ze ki _ 5 mm. vwy.sv. atmosferuli wnevaa 10 pa. rezinis drekadobis
ZaliT gamowveuli wneva ugulebelyaviT.
13.71. 500 sm3 moculobis WurWelSi, romlidanac amotumbulia haeri,
SeSvebuli iyo 20C temperaturis da 266 hpa wnevis wyalbadi. meore
aseTive WurWelSi SeSvebuli iyo imave temperaturis da 133 hpa wnevis
Jangbadi. WurWlebis SemaerTebeli onkani gaxsnes. airebis Serevis Semdeg,
masSi gaatares eleqtruli naperwkali da mgrgvinavi narevi daiwva. ra
masis wyali kondensirda WurWlis kedelze mas Semdeg, rac danadgari
gacivda sawyis temperaturamde? 20C temperaturis wylis najeri
orTqlis wnevaa 23 hpa.

47
13.72 asafeTqebel kameraSi SeuSvesJangbadi da wyalbadi. narevis
5
temperatura iyo 300 K, xolo wneva _ 10 pa. Jangbadis da wyalbadis
parcialuri wnevebi kameraSi erTnairi iyo. kameris hermetizaciis Semdeg
moaxdines afeTqeba. gansazRvreT, risi toli iyo wneva kameraSi reaqciis
produqtebis 373 K temperaturamde gacivebis Semdeg.
13.73. asafeTqebel kameraSi SeuSves oTaxis temperaturis meTanisa (CH4)
5
da Jangbadis narevi. narevis wneva iyo 10 pa. Jangbadis da meTanis
parcialuri wnevebi kameraSi erTnairi iyo. kameris hermetizaciis Semdeg
moaxdines afeTqeba. moxda CH 4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2 H 2 O reaqcia. gansazRvreT,
risi toli iyo wneva kameraSi reaqciis produqtebis sawyis
temperaturamde gacivebis Semdeg, romlis drosac wylis najeri
orTqlis wnevaa 23 hpa.

48
 14.Mmeqanikuri talRebi

Tu myari sxeulis, siTxis an airis mcire elementi romelime

adgilas irxeva, maSin drekadobis Zalebis warmoqmnis gamo rxevebi
gadaecema erTi wertilidan meores sasruli siCqariT. garemoSi
meqanikuri rxevebis gavrcelebis process talRa ewodeba.
Mmeqanikuri talRebi SeiZleba iyos ganivi an grZivi. Tu talRaSi
garemos mcire elementebi irxeva talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebis
marTobulad, maSin talRas ganivi ewodeba. ganivi talRis magaliTia
talRa gaWimul rezinis CaliCSi an simSi (nax. 14.1). Tu talRaSi garemos
mcire elementebi irxeva talRis gavrcelebis mimarTulebiT, maSin
talRas grZivi ewodeba. talRebi drekad ReroSi (nax. 14.2) an bgeriTi
talRebi airSi grZivi talRis magaliTebia. talRebs siTxis zedapirze
aqvT rogorc ganivi, aseve grZivi komponentebi.
rogorc grZiv, aseve ganiv talRas ar gadaaqvs nivTiereba talRis
gavrcelebis mimarTulebiT. talRis gavrcelebisas nivTierebis mcire
elementebi mxolod irxevian wonasworobis mdebareobis maxloblad.
magram talRas gadaaqvs rxevis energia garemos erTi wertilidan
meoreSi.

nax. 14.1
ganivi talRuri impulsis gavrceleba
rezinis CaliCSi

nax. 14.2
grZivi talRuri impulsis gavrceleba
drekad ReroSi

49
 meqnikuri talRebi vrceldeba nivTier garemoSi (myar sxeulebSi,
siTxeebSi da airebSi). arsebobs talRebi, romlebic vrceldeba vakuumSic
(magaliTad sinaTlis talRebi). meqanikuri talRebisaTvis aucilebelia
garemo, romelsac SeuZlia daagrovos kinetikuri da potenciuri
energiebi. maSasadame garemos unda hqondes inertuli da drekadi
Tvisebebi. realur garemoSi es Tvisebebi ganawilebulia mTel
moculobaSi. ase magaliTad, myari sxeulis nebismier mcire elements aqvs
masa da drekadoba. myari sxeuli umartives erTganzomilebian modelSi
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc zambarebis da burTulebis erToblioba
(nax. 14.3).

nax. 14.3
myari sxeulis umartivesi erTganzomilebiani
modeli

am modelSi inertuli da drekadi Tvisebebi gancalkevebulia.

burTulebs aqvT m masa, xolo zambarebs k sixiste. am martivi modelis
grZiv talRebSi burTulebi wainacvlebs jaWvis gaswvriv, xolo
zambarebi iWimeba da ikumSeba. aseT deformacias SekumSva-gaWimvis
deformacia ewodeba. siTxeebsa da airebSi amgvar deformacias axlavs
simkvrivis gazrda da Semcireba.
grZivi meqanikuri talRebi vrceldeba nebismier garemoSi _ myar
sxeulebSi, siTxeebsa da airebSi.
Tu myari sxeulis erTganzomilebian modelSi burTulas
wavanacvlebT jaWvis marTobulad, maSin adgili aqvs Zvris deformacias.
amas moyveba zambarebSi drekadobis Zalis gaCena, romelic cdilobs
wonasworobaSi daabrunos wanacvlebuli burTula da moZraobaSi
moiyvans mezobel burTulebs. amis Sedegad jaWvis gaswvriv gairbens
ganivi talRa.
siTxeebsa da airebSi Zvris drekadi deformacia ar xdeba. Tu siTxis
an airis erT fenas wavanacvlebT mezobeli fenis mimarT, ar gaCndeba
drekadi Zalebi. maSasadame, siTxeebSi da airebSi ar vrceldeba ganivi
talRebi.
erTgvarovan garemoSi talRa vrceldeba mudmivi v siCqariT.
zedapirebs, romelTa wertilebic erT fazaSi irxeva, talRuri
zedapirebi ewodeba. Tu talRuri zedapirebi sibrtyeebia, maSin talRas
brtyeli ewodeba. Tu talRuri zedapirebi sferoebia, maSin talRas
sferuli ewodeba.
praqtikisTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa harmoniuli talRebi.
masSi rxevebi harmoniuli kanoniT mimdinareobs. is xasiaTdeba rxevebis
A amplitudiT, rxevebis f sixSiriT da  talRis sigrZiT. vTqvaT
garemoSi brtyeli harmoniuli talRa vrceldeba OX RerZis gaswvriv. Tu
ugulebelvyofT energiis STanTqmas garemoSi, maSin brtyel talRaSi
rxevebis amplituda yvela wertilSi erTnairia. yovel momdevno
wertilSi rxevebi garkveuli droiT CamorCeba wina wertilSi rxevebs.
50
CavTvaloT, rom koordinatTa saTaveSi garemos mcire elementis
wonasworobidan y (0, t ) wanacvleba drois mixedviT icvleba Semdegi
kanoniT: y (0, t ) = A cos t . x koordinatis mqone wertilSi rxevebi saTaveSi
x
rxevebs CamorCeba t = drois SualediT, amitom garemos nawilakebis
v
wonasworobidan y (x, t ) wanacvlebis damokidebuleba x koordinatsa da t
droze moicema formuliT
 x
y (x, t ) = A cos  t −  = A cos( t − k x )
 v

sadac k = sidides talRuri ricxvi ewodeba, xolo  = 2  f sidide
v
wriuli sixSirea.
nax. 14.4-ze gamosaxulia ganivi talRis “momentaluri fotografia” t
da t momentebSi. t drois ganmavlobaSi talRam gadainacvla O X
RerZis gaswvriv v t manZilze. aseT talRebs msrboli ewodeba
(gansxvavebiT mdgari talRebisgan, romelTac SemdegSi ganvixilavT).

nax. 14.4
msrboli ganivi talRis “momentaluri
fotografia” t da t momentebSi

 talRis sigrZe ewodeba erT fazaSi merxev or uaxloes wertils

Soris manZils. mis tol manZils talRa gairbens T periodSi. maSasadame,

v = =  f , sadac v talRis siCqarea. talRuri ricxvisaTvis gveqneba
T
 2 f 2
k= = =
v f 
msrboli talRis siCqare aris fazis gadatanis siCqare, amitom mas
fazur siCqaresac uwodeben. marTlac, nax. 14.4-ze A asoTi aRniSnulia
erTi fazis wertilebi t da (t + t ) momentebSi. fazis gadatana moxda  x
manZilze. gvaqvs
 t − k x =  (t + t ) − k (x +  x )
saidanac fazis gadatanis siCqarea
x 
= =v
t k

51
 msrbol talRaSi gvaqvs ormagi perioduloba _ droSi da sivrceSi.
droiTi periodia nawilakebis rxevebis T periodi, xolo sivrculi
2 2
periodia  talRis sigrZe. k = talRuri ricxvi  = wriuli
 T
sixSiris sivrculi analogia. yuradReba mivaqcioT, rom gantoleba
y(x, t ) = A cos( t + k x ) aRwers OX RerZis sawinaaRmdegod gavrcelebad

harmoniul talRas, romlis siCqarea v = − .
k
sivrceSi nebismieri mimarTulebiT gavrcelebuli brtyeli talRis
kinematikuri gantoleba Caiwereba rogorc 𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜔𝑡 − 𝑘 ⃗ ∙ 𝑟), sadac 𝑟
sivrcis wertilebis radius-veqtoria, xolo 𝑘 ⃗ talRuri veqtoria,
romelic moduliT talRuri ricxvis tolia da aqvs talRis
gavrcelebis mimarTuleba.
msrboli talRis energiis nakadi (talRis intensivoba) aris talRis
gavrcelebis mimarTulebis marTobul erTeulovan farTobSi erTeul
droSi gadatanili saSualo energia. is tolia talRaSi energiis
saSualo simkvrivisa da talRis siCqaris namravlis. harmoniul talRaSi
garemos yoveli nawilaki harmoniul rxevas asrulebs. amitom garemos
garkveuli moculobis saSualo potencialuri energia tolia misi
saSualo kinetikuri energiis da rxevebis amplitudis kvadratis
proporciulia. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom msrboli talRis
gavrcelebisas energiis nakadi proporciulia amplitudis kvadratis.
msrboli talRebi garemoSi vrceldebian gansazRvruli siCqareebiT,
romlebic damokidebulia talRis tipze, agreTve garemos inertul da
drekad Tvisebebze. gaWimul simSi an rezinis CaliCSi ganivi talRebis
siCqare damokidebulia  wiriT simkvriveze (erTeuli sigrZis masaze) da
T daWimulobis Zalaze:
T
v=

grZivi talRebis siCqare SemousazRvrav garemoSi ganisazRvreba 
garemos simkvriviT da B yovelmxrivi kumSvis moduliT, romelic
proporciulobis koeficientia  p wnevis cvlilebasa da uaryofiTi
niSniT aRebul V V moculobis fardobiT cvlilebas Soris:
V
 p = −B
V
grZivi talRebis siCqare SemousazRvrav garemoSi ganisazRvreba
formuliT
B
v=

magaliTad, grZivi talRis siCqare wyalSi 20 C aris v = 1480m wm ,
km
xolo sxvadasxva xarisxis foladSi v  5 - 6.
wm
drekad ReroebSi grZivi talRebis siCqaris formulaSi
B yovelmxrivi kumSvis modulis nacvlad Sedis E iungis moduli
E
v=

52
 foladisaTvis E da B modulebs Soris gansxvaveba mcirea, sxva
masalebisaTvis gansxvavebam SeiZleba 20-30 % da metic Seadginos.
sxvadasxva meqanikuri Tvisebebis ori garemos sazRvarze talRa
nawilobriv airekleba, nawilobriv ki vrceldeba meore garemoSi.
rezinis CaliCis an simis gaswvriv msrboli talRa irekleba uZravad
damagrebuli bolodan. am dros Cndeba talRa, romelic garbis Semxvedri
mimarTulebiT. orive boloTi damagrebul simSi aRiZvreba rTuli
rxevebi, romlebic SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc urTierTsawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT gavrcelebadi talRebis zeddeba (superpozicia). ori
boloTi damagrebuli simebi qmnian yvela simebiani instrumentis bgerebs.
msgavsi movlena xdeba sasule instrumentebis JRerisas, maT Soris
orRanis milebSi.
ganvixiloT urTierTsawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT gavrcelebadi
erTnairi sixSiris da erTnairi amplitudis ori brtyeli talRis
superpoziciis Sedegi.
rxevebi am talRebSi moicema Semdegi formulebiT:
y1 (x, t ) = A cos( t + k x +  ) _ x RerZis mimarTulebiT gavrcelebadi talRa
y 2 (x, t ) = A cos( t − k x ) _ x RerZis sapirispirod gavrcelebadi talRa
superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, romelic eqsperimentuli faqtia,
garemos yovel wertilSi Semxvedri talRebiT gamowveuli rxevebi
ikribeba. maSasadame
   
y = y1 (x, t ) + y 2 (x, t ) = 2 A cos k x +  cos  t + 
 2  2
 
es aris mdgari talRa. 2 A cos k x +  sidide rxevebis amplitudaa
 2
x koordinatis mqone wertilSi. mdgar talRaSi arsebobs uZravi
wertilebi, romelTac kvanZebi ewodebaT. maTi koordinatebi
 
ganisazRvreba pirobidan k x + = (2m + 1) , sadac m mTeli ricxvia. maT
2 2
Soris Sua wertilebi maqsimaluri amplitudiT irxevian. am wertilebs
burcobebi ewodebaT. maTi koordinatebi ganisazRvreba pirobidan

k x + = m , sadac m mTeli ricxvia. or mezobel kvanZs Soris manZili
2
(iseve rogorc or mezobel burcobs Soris manZili) talRis sigrZis
 
naxevris tolia. marTlac zeda formulebis Tanaxmad gvaqvs:  x = = .
k 2
cxadia, rom mezobel kvanZsa da
burcobs Soris manZilia talRis
sigrZis meoTxedi. kvanZebs Soris
wertilebi erT fazaSi irxevian.
kvanZze gadasvlisas rxevebis faza
 -Ti icvleba. nax. 14.5-ze
gamosaxulia mdgari talRa orive
boloTi damagrebul simSi.

53
 orive boloTi damagrebuli simis boloebSi kvanZebia. amitom simis
sakuTari rxevebisas simis l sigrZe naxevartalRebis mTeli ricxvis
tolia:

l = n n anu n =
2l
(n = 1,2,3,  )
2 n
Sesabamisi f n sixSireebia:
v v
fn = = n = nf1
n 2l
T
sadac v= simSi ganivi talRebis gavrcelebis siCqarea. yovel

sixSires f n -dan da masTan dakavSirebul rxevebis tips normaluri
moda ewodeba. f1 umcires sixSires ZiriTadi sixSire ewodeba, xolo
yvela danarCens ( f 2 , f 3 ,  ) ki _ harmonikebi.
mdgar talRaSi ar aris energiis nakadi. simis mezobel kvanZebs
Soris moqceuli monakveTis rxevebis energia ar gadaitaneba simis sxva
nawilebSi. yovel aseT monakveTSi xdeba kinetikuri energiis
potencialurSi da piriqiT perioduli (orjer periodSi) gardaqmna,
rogorc Cveulebriv merxev sistemaSi. magram zambaraze dakidebuli
tvirTisgan an qanqarisgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac aqvT erTaderTi
sakuTari sixSire, sims aqvs usasrulo raodenobis sakuTari
(rezonansuli) sixSire. nax. 14.6-ze gamosaxulia orive boloTi
damagrebul simis ramdenime normaluri moda. simis rxevebi,
superpoziciis principis Sesabamisad, SeiZleba warmoadgendes sxvadasxva
tipis (anu sxvadasxva n–is mqone) mdgari talRebis jams.
erT boloSi daxurul da
meore boloSi Ria milSi haeris
sakuTari rxevebic mdgari talRaa.
am SemTxvevaSi daxurul boloSi
kvanZia, xolo Ria boloSi burcobi.
amis gamo milis l sigrZe toli
iqneba naxevartalRebis mTel
ricxvs damatebuli talRis sigrZis
meoTxedi:
n n n
l=n + = (2n + 1)
(n = 0,1,2, )
2 4 4
Sesabamisi f n sixSireebia:

= (2n + 1)
v v
fn =
n 4l

54
 14.M talRebis interferencia

ori an ramdenime talRis zeddebisas garkveul pirobebSi adgili aqvs

interferenciis movlenas. interferencia ewodeba talRebis gadafarvis
areSi rezultaturi rxevis amplitudis (masTan erTad rxevis energiis)
droSi ucvleli gadanawilebis movlenas: zog wertilebSi rxevebi
Zlierdeba, zogSi ki sustdeba. interferencia xdeba mxolod erTi
fizikuri bunebis talRebis zeddebisas: interferirebs bgera bgerasTan,
sinaTle sinaTlesTan, zedapiruli talRa zedapirul talRasTan da ase
Semdeg. interferenciisaTvis aucilebelia talRebi iyos erTi sixSiris
da maT wyaroebs Soris fazaTa sxvaoba iyos droSi ucvleli. am
SemTxvevaSi, gadafarvis aris yovel wertilSi talRebis fazaTa sxvaoba
iqneba droSi ucvleli. aseT talRebs koherentuli talRebi ewodeba.
interferenciis movlenis ganxilva emyareba talRebis superpoziciis
princips. superpoziciis principis Tanaxmad, ramdenime talRis
zeddebisas garemos nebismier wertilSi merxevi sididis mniSvneloba
tolia TiToeul talRaSi am wertilSi merxevi sidideebis
mniSvnelobaTa jamis. nebimier wertilSi talRebiT gamowveuli rxevebis
Sekreba moxerxebulia veqtoruli diagramis gamoyenebiT. vTqvaT
garkveul wertilSi erTi talRa iwvevs 𝐴1 amplitudis rxevebs, xolo
meore talRa 𝐴2 amplitudis rxevebs da am rxevebs Soris fazaTa
sxvaobaa . maSin rezultaturi rxevis amplitudisaTvis nax. 14.1-is
gamoyenebiT miiReba:
𝐴2 = 𝐴12 + 𝐴22 + 2𝐴1 𝐴2 cos 𝜑 A
A2
am formulis Tanaxmad rxevebi maqsimalurad
gaZlierdeba im wertilebSi, sadac fazaTa 
sxvaoba 2-s jeradia: 𝜑 = 2𝑘𝜋, sadac A1
k=0, 1, 2, . am wertilebSi gveqneba nax. 14.1
interferenciuli maqsimumebi. aq rxevis
amplitudaa 𝐴 = 𝐴1 + 𝐴2 .
rxevebi maqsimalurad Sesustdeba im wertilebSi, sadac fazaTa sxvaobaa
kentjer :⁡𝜑 = (2𝑘 + 1)𝜋 , sadac k=0, 1, 2, . am wertilebSi gveqneba
interferenciuli minimumebi. aq rxevis amplitudaa 𝐴 = |𝐴1 − 𝐴2 | da Tu
talRebs aqvs toli amplituda, maSin interferenciuli minimumis
wertilebSi rxevebi saerTodac qreba.
vTqvaT ori koherentuli talRa P wertilSi modis 𝑆1 da 𝑆2 wyaroebidan.
davuSvaT wyaroebi erT fazaSi irxeva da orive talRa erTsa da imave
erTgvarovan garemoSi vrceldeba (asea xSirad). am garemoSi orive
talRas eqneba erTi da igive  talRis sigrZe. wyarodan dakvirvebis
wertilamde talRis gavlil manZils talRis svla ewodeba. pirveli
talRis svlaa 𝑆1 𝑃, xolo meore talRis - 𝑆2 𝑃.
P wertilSi interferenciuli maqsimumi gveqneba, Tu talRebis svlaTa
sxvaoba mTel ricxvjer talRis sigrZis tolia (nax. 14.2):
𝑆1 𝑃 − 𝑆2 𝑃 = 𝑘𝜆, sadac k=0, 1, 2, .
P interferenciuli minimumi gveqneba, Tu talRebis svlaTa sxvaoba kent
ricxvjer talRis sigrZis naxevris tolia (nax. 14.3):
𝜆
𝑆1 𝑃 − 𝑆2 𝑃 = (2𝑘 + 1) 2, sadac k=0, 1, 2, .

55
 Nnax. 14.4
wylis zedapirze ori talRis interferencia
(suraTi garkveul momentSi)

56
 15.M sinaTlis interferencia. iungis cda

sinaTle eleqtromagnituri talRaa, masSi irxeva eleqtruli da

magnituri velebi. sinaTlis moqmedebas nivTierebეbze ZiriTadad
eleqtruli veli ganapirobebs, amitom yuradRebas mivaqcevT mxolod
eleqtrul vels da sinaTleSi rxevis mimarTulebad vgulisxmobT
eleqtruli velis rxevis mimarTulebas. rasac vakvirdebiT ekranze
sinaTlis moxvedrisas, es aris ekranis ganaTebuloba, romelic
ganisazRvreba ekranTan misuli sinaTlis intensivobiT da sinaTlis
talRis amplitudis kvadratis pirdapirproporciulia.
radgan sinaTle talRaa, mas unda axasiaTebdes interferenciis movlena.
sinaTlis ori talRis gadafarvis areSi ekranze unda miviRoT
ganaTebulobis droSi mdgradi gadanawileba. zogan unda miviRoT
naTurebiT Seqmnil ganaTebulobaTa jamze meti ganaTebuloba da zogan
am jamze naklebi. magram Tu oTaxSi CavrTavT or naTuras, kedelze
veraviTar interferenciul suraTs ver davinaxavT. raSia saqme? sinaTlis
wyaros gamosxiveba es aris misi mravali aRgznebuli molekulis
gamosxivebaTa jami. TiToeuli es gamosxiveba xanmoklea. aRgznebuli
molekulebi ganuwyvetliv icvlebian SemTxveviTad. saboloo jamSi,
wyaros calkeuli sixSiris gamosxiveba araa erTi sawyisi fazis mqone
uwyveti sinusoida. gamosxivebis faza (da amplitudac) SemTxveviTad
icvleba drois ganmavlobaSi. mxolod nanowamebis ganmavlobaSi gavs es
gamosxiveba sinusoidas (lazerebisaTvis es dro gacilebiT didia). ori
damoukidebeli naTuris gamosxivebis fazaTa sxvaoba ar narCundeba
mudmivi, is SemTxveviTad icvleba. ori damoukidebeli naTuris
gamosxiveba araa koherentuli. fazaTa sxvaoba mudmivi narCundeba
mxolod nanowamebis ganmavlobaSi da mxolod am drois ganmavlobaSi
iZlevian isini interferenciul suraTs ekranze. Semdeg fazaTa sxvaoba
icvleba da interferenciuli suraTi gadaadgildeba ekranze. Tvali da
dakvirvebis sxva mowyobilobebic aseT swraf cvlilebaze ver reagireben.
Tvali aRiqvams 0,1 wm-Si gasaSualoebul ganaTebulobas. es ukanaskneli
ki gamodis TiToeuli naTuriT Seqmnili ganaTebulobebis jami.
sinaTlis interferenciis dasakvirveblad aucilebeli koherentuli
talRebi miiReba. Tu erTi wyarodan wamosul sinaTles gavyofT or
nawilad da Semdeg es nawilebi gadafaraven erTmaneTs. amasTan
aucilebelia, am ori nawilis Sexvedramde gavlil manZilebSi gansxvaveba
mcire iyos, naklebi iyos im droSi sinaTlis mier gavlil manZilze, ra
droSic erTi wyaros gamosxiveba hgavs sinusoidas. am SemTxvevaSic
icvleba TiToeuli talRis faza SemTxveviTad drois ganmavlobaSi,
magram orive talRisaTvis erTnairad da maT Soris fazaTa sxvaoba rCeba
droSi ucvleli.
ganvixiloT interferenciuli suraTis miRebis magaliTad iungis cda.
sinaTlis wyaros gamosxivebidan filtriT gamoyofili erTi feris
sinaTliT naTdeboda tixarSi arsebuli erTmaneTis maxlobeli d
manZiliT daSorebuli ori paraleluri S1 da S2 RreCo (nax. 15.1). am ori
RreCodan gamosuli sinaTle xvdeboda L>>d manZiliT daSorebul ekrans,
sadac talRebis gadafarvis areSi miiReboda interferenciuli suraTi:
Cabnelebuli zolebiT gamoyofili erTi feris zolebi.
interferenciuli suraTi iseTi iyo, TiTqos gvqonda koherentuli
talRebis ori S1 da S2 wyaro. viwro RreCoSi gasvlisas sinaTlis konis

57
gaSla, ris gareSec ar moxdeboda ekranze sinaTlis konebis gadafarva,
dakavSirebulia meore talRur movlenasTan – talRebis difraqciasTan.
gamoviyvanoT ekranze
interferenciuli maqsimumebis da
minimumebis koordinatebis formula.
daveyrdnoT nax. 15.1-s. radganac L>>d,
ekranis garkveul P wertilamde
RreCoebidan talRebi TiTqmis
paraleluri wrfeebiT vrceldeba,
amitom vTvliT naxatze  asoTi
aRniSnul kuTxeebs erTmaneTis
tolad. P wertilSi misuli ori
talRis svlaTa sxvaobaa
𝛿 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃
realur eqsperimentebSi, ekranis
sasruli zomebis gamo,  kuTxeebi mcirea da kargi miaxloebiT gvaqvs:
sin 𝜃 = tg𝜃 = 𝑦⁄𝐿
amitom gveqneba, rom 𝛿 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑦⁄𝐿.
interferenciuli maqsimumebi gveqneba im wertilebSi, romlebisTvisac
sruldeba Semdegi piroba:
𝛿 = 𝑑 ∙ 𝑦⁄𝐿 = 𝑚,⁡ sadac m=0, 1, 2, .
𝐿
maSasadame, 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑚 𝑑 , sadac m=0, 1, 2, .
interferenciuli minimumebi gveqneba wertilebSi, romelTa
1 𝐿
koordinatebia 𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (𝑚 + 2) 𝑑 , sadac m=0, 1, 2, .

მეზობელ ინტერფერენციულ მინიმუმებს შორის მანძილს ინტერფერენციული

𝐿
ზოლის სიგანე ეწოდება. ის არის ∆𝑦 = .
𝑑
nax. 15.2-ze gamosaxulia wiTeli feris sinaTlis SemTxvevaSi ekranze
miRebuli suraTi da ekranTan
misuli sinaTlis intensivobis
𝛿 = 𝑑 sin 𝜃 sidideze
damokidebulebis grafiki (mcire 
kuTxeebisaTvis).
Tu erTi RreCodan ekranTan
misuli sinaTlis amplitudaa E0,
maSin interferenciuli maqsimumis
wertilebSi amplituda iqneba 2E0
radganac intensivoba amplitudis
kvadratis pirdapirproporciulia,
amitom interferenciuli
maqsimumis wertilebSi misuli
sinaTlis intensivoba iqneba
Imax=4I0 , sadac I0 erTi RreCodan
misuli sinaTlis intensivobaa.

58
rogori iqneba interferenciuli maqsimumebis da minimumebis piroba im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dakvirvebis wertilamde talRebi ramdenime
sxvadasxva garemos gavliT midian an TiToeuli maTgani ramdenime
sxvadasxva garemos gadis? am SemTxvevaSi TiToeuli talRis gavlili
manZilis nacvlad iyeneben iseT manZils, romelic unda gaevlo talRas
vakuumSi, rom dakvirvebis wertilSi imave faziT misuliyo. advili
misaxvedria, rom es manZili iqneba TiToeul garemoSi gavlili manZilis
am garemos gardatexis maCvenebelze namravlTa jami. am manZils talRis
optikuri svla ewodeba. amrigad, Tu talRam L1 manZili gaiara n1
gardatexis maCveneblis mqone garemoSi, L2 manZili n2 gardatexis
maCveneblis mqone garemoSi da ase Semdeg Lm manZili nm gardatexis
maCveneblis mqone garemoSi, maSin optikuri svla iqneba
∆= 𝑛1 𝐿1 + 𝑛2 𝐿2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝑚 𝐿𝑚
ori talRis gadafarvisas interferenciuli maqsimumis piroba iqneba:
∆1 − ∆2 = 𝑘,⁡ sadac k=0, 1, 2, , xolo  talRis sigrZea vakuumSi,
xolo interferenciuli minimumis piroba iqneba:
𝜆
∆1 − ∆2 = (2𝑘 + 1) 2⁡, sadac k=0, 1, 2, , xolo  talRis sigrZea vakuumSi.

16. ბრტყელი ტალღების ინტერფერენცია

ვთქვათ, ეკრანს ეცემა ორი კოჰერენტული ბრტყელი ტალღა 1 და 2 კუთხეებით.

განვსაზღვროთ x მანძილი უახლოეს მაქსიმუმებს შორის (იგივე მანძილი იქნება
უახლოეს მინიმუმებს შორისაც). ვთქვათ, A და B წერტილები უახლოესი
ინტერფერენციული მაქსიმუმების წერტილებია (იხ. ნახ. 16.1). მაშინ B წერტილში
მისულ 1’ და 2’ სხივებს შორის სვლათა სხვაობა  ტალღის სიგრძით უნდა
განსხვავდებოდეს A წერტილში მისულ 1 და 2 სხივებს შორის სვლათა სხვაობისაგან.

1 1
2
2

1 A
2

1
A x B
ნახ. 16.1

1 სხივის სვლა 𝐴 𝐵 = ∆𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 -ით მეტია, ვიდრე 1 სხივის სვლა, ხოლო 2 სხივის
სვლა ∆𝑥 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 -ით ნაკლებია, ვიდრე 2 სხივის სვლა, ამიტომ 1’ და 2’ სხივებს შორის

59
სვლათა სხვაობა ∆𝑥(sin 𝛼1 + sin 𝛼2 ) -ით განსხვავდება 1 და 2 სხივებს შორის სვლათა
სხვაობისაგან. ამრიგად, უნდა შესრულდეს პირობა: ∆𝑥(sin 𝛼1 + sin 𝛼2 ) = 𝜆, საიდანაც
𝜆
∆𝑥 =
sin 𝛼1 + sin 𝛼2

17. interferencia Txel afskebSi. niutonis rgolebi

Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT sinaTlis fazis cvlileba ori dieleqtrikis

sazRvridan arekvlisas. Tu sinaTle irekleba optikurad ufro mkvrivi
garemodan (meti gardatexis maCveneblis mqone garemodan), maSin misi faza
180-iT icvleba, xolo Tu sinaTle irekleba optikurad naklebad mkvrivi
garemodan (naklebi gardatexis maCveneblis mqone garemodan), maSin faza
ar icvleba. meore garemoSi gadasuli sinaTlis faza arcerT SemTxvevaSi
ar icvleba. amis analogiuria gaWimul simSi gavrcelebuli ganivi
talRis simis bolodan arekvlisas fazis cvlileba: Tu simis bolo
damagrebulia, maSin arekvlisas faza 180-iT icvleba, xolo Tu simis
bolo Tavisufalia, arekvlisas faza ar icvleba (ix. nax. 17.1).

ganvixiloT axla sinaTlis interferencia Txel afskebSi. amis

magaliTia sinaTlis interferencia wyalze (asfaltze) daRvril zeTis
afskebSi an sapnis buStebSi. TeTri sinaTliT ganaTebisas maT
zedapirebze Cndeba sxvadasxva ferebi. es afskis ori zedapiridan
areklili sinaTlis interferenciis Sedegia. sxvadasxva sisqis adgilebSi
Zlierdeba sxvadasxva feris sinaTle.
ganvixiloT haerSi moTavsebuli d sisqis Txeli afski, romlis
gardatexis maCvenebelia n. haeris gardatexis maCvenebeli 1-is tolad
CavTvaloT. ganvixiloT afskze dacemuli sinaTle, romlis talRis
sigrZe vakuumSi (TiTqmis igivea haerSic) aris . simartivisaTvis
ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rodesac sinaTle afsks TiTqmis marTobulad
ecema (ix. nax. 17.2).
zeda zedapiridan areklili 1 sxivis faza dacemulTan SedarebiT 180-iT
aris Secvlili, rac imis tolfasia, TiTqos am sxivis optikuri svlaa
/2. 2 sxivi sanam afskidan gamova gadis 2d manZils n gardatexis
maCveneblis mqone garemoSi. qveda zedapiridan arekvlisas misi faza ar
icvleba, amitom 2 sxivis optikuri svlaa 2nd. amis Semdeg TvalSi
moxvedramde es sxivebi tol manZilebs gadis erTsa da imave garemoSi.
Sexvedrisas isini erTmaneTs maqsimalurad gaaZlierebs, Tu sruldeba
𝜆 𝜆
piroba: 2𝑛𝑑 − 2 = 𝑘 ანუ 2𝑛𝑑 = (2𝑘 + 1) 2⁡, sadac k=0, 1, 2,  . (17.1)

60
maqsimaluri Sesustebis piroba ki iqneba: 2𝑛𝑑 = 𝑘𝜆⁡, sadac k=0, 1, 2,  . (17.2)

afskis TeTri feris sinaTliT ganaTebisas, SesaZloa afskis sxvadasxva

sisqis adgilidan areklil sinaTleSi gaZlierdes calkeuli feris
sinaTle, romelic akmayofilebs gaZlierebis pirobas. afskis am adgilas
es feri gamoCndeba. afskis zogierT adgilas, SesaZloa arcerTi feris
sinaTle ar gaZlierdes, aramed maqsimalurad Sesustdes romelime feris
sinaTle. afskis am adgilas Sesustebuli feris Semavsebeli Seferiloba
gamoCndeba.
erTi sisqis afskis SemTxvevaSi afskis yvela adgils eqneba erTi
Seferiloba.
interferencia gveqneba gasul sinaTleSic. amas iZleva 3 da 4 sxivebi.
gaZlierebis da Sesustebis piroba Seicvleba, Tu afskis erT mxares
iqneba afskTan SedarebiT optikurad naklebad mkvrivi garemo, xolo
meore mxares optikurad metad mkvrivi garemo. aseTi situaciis
magaliTad ganvixiloT mzis elementi. masSi gamoiyeneba naxevargamtari
siliciumi (Si), romelic mzis gamosxivebis STanTqmul energias
gardaqmnis eleqtrul energiad. cxadia misi efeqturobis gasazrdelad
gvawyobs areklili sinaTlis maqsimalurad Sesusteba, rac, energiis
61
mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad, niSnavs elementSi Sesuli sinaTlis
gaZlierebas. amisaTvis siliciums faraven siliciumis monooqsidis
Txeli feniT. fenis sisqe isea SerCeuli, rom afskis gare da Siga
zedapirebidan areklili sinTlis interferenciis Sedegad maqsimalurad
Sesustdes TeTri sinaTlis speqtris Sua 550 nm talRis sigrZis mqone
sinaTle, romelzec modis mzis
gamosxivebaSi maqsimaluri energia
(ix. nax. 17.3). am SemTxvevaSi 1 da 2
sxivebma orivem ganicada TiTo
arekvla optikurad ufro mkvrivi
garemodan da orives faza
Seicvala 180-iT.
imave meTods iyeneben
fotoaparatSi Sesuli sinaTlis
gasaZliereblad. maRali xarisxis
obieqtivebs aqvs bevri linza. maT
faraven Txeli afskebiT, romelic
interferenciis Sedegad asustebs
mzis gamosxivebis speqtris
centris maxlobeli talRis
sigrZis sinaTlis arekvlas,
romelzec modis gamosxivebis maqsimaluri energia. Sesabamisad, es
sinaTle TiTqmis srulad gaivlis obieqtivs. areklil sinaTleSi
Warbobs wiTeli da iisferi sinaTle. amitomac maRali xarisxis
obieqtivs Tu davxedavT, is wiTlis da iisfris narevis Seferilobisaa.
Tu minis horizontalur firfitaze movaTavsebT brtyel-amozneqil
linzas, romlis amozneqili zedapiris simrudis radiusi sakmarisad
didia da zemodan gavanaTebT marTobuli erTi feris sinaTliT, maSin,
zemodan dakvirvebisas, davinaxavT naTel da bnel rgolebs. am rgolebs
niutonis rgolebs uwodeben, radganac maT pirvelad niutoni daakvirda.
aq haeris fena linzasa da minis firfitas Soris warmoadgens Txel
afsks, romlis zeda da qveda zedapirebidan areklili sinaTlis
interferencia iZleva rgolebis sistemas (ix. nax. 17.4). realurad
niutonis rgolebs akvirdebian ara SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT, aramed
mikroskopis gamoyenebiT.

aq 2 sxivis faza arekvlisas ar icvleba, xolo 1 sxivis faza minis

firfitidan arekvlisas icvleba 180-iT. bneli rgolebi miiReba iq, sadac
62
haeris sisqe akmayofilebs (17.2) gantolebas, xolo naTeli rgolebi iq,
sadac sruldeba (17.1) piroba. cxadia, am formulebSi gardatexis
maCvenebeli aris haeris gardatexis maCvenebeli da 1-is toli unda
CavTvaloT. naTeli rgolebis Sesabamisi sisqeebi iqneba
𝜆
𝑑 = (2𝑘 + 1) 4, sadac k=0, 1, 2,  .
Sesabamis radiusebs vipoviT 17.4 naxatis gamoyenebiT: 𝑅 2 = 𝑟 2 + (𝑅 − 𝑑)2 , d2
SegviZlia ugulebelvyoT, amitom miiReba
𝑅𝜆
𝑟 = √2𝑅𝑑 = √(2𝑘 + 1) sadac k=0, 1, 2,  .
2

TeTri sinaTliT ganaTebisas niutonis rgolebs nairferovani

Seferiloba eqneba.
niutonis rgolebi SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT zedapirebis sisworis
Sesamowmeblad. Tu cdaSi gamoyenebuli minis firfitis zedapiri sadme
amozneqilia an Cazneqili, iq interferenciul suraTs rgolebis saxe
aRar eqneba.

18. amocanebi interferenciaze

18.1. or RreCoian interferenciul eqsperimentSi sinaTlis wyaro asxivebs

=430 nm da =510 nm talRis sigrZis mqone xilul sinaTles. tixridan
ekranamde manZilia L=1,5 m, xolo RreCoebs Soris manZilia d=0,025 mm.
ipoveT ekranze am talRebis mesame rigis maqsimumebs Soris manZili.
18.2. d=300 m-iT daSorebuli ori antena
asxivebs erTnairi talRis sigrZis signals
erT fazaSi (ix. nax.). antenebis
SemaerTebeli monakveTis paralelurad
x=1000 m manZilis daSorebiT erTi
mimarTulebiT moZraobs manqana, romlis
radio iWers signals. rodesac is O
wertils daSorda y=400 m-iT, miRebuli
signali O wertilis gavlis Semdeg meored
aRmoCnda maqsimaluri.
a) gansazRvreT signalis talRis sigrZe.
b) kidev ra umciresi manZilis gavlis Semdeg gaxdeba miRebuli signali
minimaluri?
am amocanis amoxsnisas ar gamoiyenoT mcire kuTxis miaxloeba.
18.3. students xelSi uWiravs lazeri, romelic asxivebs 632,8 nm talRis
sigrZis sinaTles. lazeris sxivi gadis 0,300 mm manZiliT daSorebul or
paralelur RreCoSi, romlebic lazeris win moTavsebul minis
firfitaSia. amis Semdeg sinaTle xvdeba sxivis marTobulad moTavsebul
ekrans, romelzec iZleva interferenciul suraTs. studentma daiwyo
siaruli ekranisken mis marTobulad 3,00 m/wm siCqariT. centraluri
maqsimumi ekranze uZravi darCa. gansazRvreT, ra siCqariT amoZravda 50-e
rigis maqsimumi.
18.4.  talRis sigrZis ori koherentuli brtyeli talRa TiTqmis
marTobulad, erTmaneTisadmi mcire  kuTxiT, ecema brtyel ekrans.
gansazRvreT ekranze miRebuli interferenciuli zolebis sigane.

63
18.5. okeanis napiras anZaze damagrebulia radioteleskopi, romelic
kosmosidan iRebs radiovarskvlavis 125 m talRis sigrZis gamosxivebas
(ix. nax.). radiovarskvlavi horizontis zemoT amodis okeanis mxridan da
mis gamosxivebas radioteleskopi iRebs ori gziT: pirdapir da okeanidan
arekvliT. interferenciis gamo miRebuli signalis intensivoba icvleba
varskvlavis horizonts zeviT awevasTan erTad. pirvel interferenciul
minimums akvirdebian maSin, rodesac horizonts zeviT varskvlavis
simaRlea =25,0. ipoveT, okeanis donidan ra simaRlezea teleskopi.
18.6. minis firfita dafarulia acetonis Txeli afskiT, romlis
gardatexis maCvenebelia 1,25. mas zemodan marTobulad ecema TeTri
sinaTle. areklil sinaTleSi srulad qreba 600 nm talRis sigrZis
sinaTle da maqsimalurad Zlierdeba 700 nm talRis sigrZis sinaTle. am
or talRas Soris arcerTi talRisTvis ar gvaqvs interferenciuli
maqsimumi da minimumi. gansazRvreT afskis sisqe.
18.7. gansazRvreT siliciumis monooqsidis minimaluri sisqe (ix. nax. 17.3),
romlis drosac mzis elementze marTobulad dacemuli 550 nm talRis
sigrZis sinaTle maqsimalurad SeaRwevs elementSi.
18.8. brtyel gamWvirvale firfitas  kuTxiT ecema paraleluri sxivebi
(ix. nax.). ipoveT 2 da 1 sxivebs Soris optikur svlaTa sxvaoba.
firfitis sisqea d, xolo gardatexis maCvenebeli - n.
18.9. ra minimaluri sisqe unda hqondes sapniani wylis fenas (n=1,33),
romelsac =30 kuTxiT ecema TeTri sinaTle, rom misgan areklili
sinaTle wiTeli (λ = 0,63 mkm) mogveCvenos?
18.10. minis brtyeli firfitis zedapiri dafarulia Txeli gamWvirvale
feniT, romlis gardatexis maCvenebelia n = 1,41 ( naklebia minisaze).
firfitas α =30° kuTxiT ecema TeTri sinaTle. ipoveT fenis minimaluri
sisqe, Tu arekvlis Semdeg sinaTle mwvane (λ = 0,53 mkm) gveCveneba.
18.11. niutonis rgolebis misaRebad iyeneben brtyelamozneqil linzas,
romelsac marTobulad anaTeben λ=0,6 mkm talRis sigZis mqone sinaTliT.
mexuTe da meeqvse naTel rgolebs Soris manZilia d=0,56 mm. ipoveT
linzis simrudis radiusi.

1 2
haeri 

d


haeri

nax. 18.8

64
18.12. frenelis biprizmiT gardatexili sinaTlis konebi interferirebs
erTmaneTTan (ix. nax.). biprizmidan ra L manZilze unda movaTavsoT ekrani,
rom masze miviRoT maqsimaluri siganis interferenciuli suraTi?
biprizmis gverdiT waxnags sinaTle marTobulad ecema. biprizmis
wveroebs Soris manZilia 2a=5 sm, misi nivTierebis gardatexis
maCvenebelia n=1,5, gardamtexi kuTxea =10-3 rad.
18.13. monoqromatuli sinaTlis S wyaro F fokusuri manZilis mqone
linzidan a manZilzea moTavsebuli. linza gaWres or tol nawilad da
daaSores erTmaneTs l manZiliT (ix. nax.). ipoveT linzidan L manZiliT
daSorebul O ekranze miRebuli interferenciuli zolebis sigane.
sinaTlis talRis sigrZea . linzebs Soris Sualedi dafarulia K
tixariT.
18.14. erTmaneTisgan d=3 sm-iT daSorebul or paralelur uZrav brtyel
sarkes Soris moTavsebulia =600 nm talRis sigrZis monoqromatuli
sinaTlis S wertilovani wyaro (ix. nax.). wyarodan L=1 m manZilze
moTavsebulia ekrani, romelzedac daikvirveba sarkeebidan areklili
sinaTlis ori koniT miRebuli interferenciuli suraTi. pirdapiri
sxivebi gadaketilia tixriT. ekranze sarkeebis mimarT simetriul
wertilSi moTavsebulia mimRebi, romlis signali masze dacemuli
sinaTlis intensivobis proporciulia. mimRebis zoma interferenciul
maqsimumebs Soris manZilze bevrad naklebia. wyaro da mimRebi sarkeebis
marTobul sibrtyeSia moTavsebuli. wyaro amoZravda sarkeebis
marTobulad v=0,1 mm/wm siCqariT. gansazRvreT mimRebis mier
registrirebuli cvladi signalis sixSire. gaiTvaliswineT mxolod
erTjeradi arekvlebi sarkeebidan.

65
18.15. sinaTlis S wertilovani wyaro Tanabrad moZraobs brtyeli tixris
paralelurad, romelSic aris d manZiliT daSorebuli ori mcire xvreli
(ix. nax.). wyaros moZraobis wrfe da xvrelebi tixris marTobul
sibrtyeSia. amave sibrtyeSi sistemis simetriis RerZze moTavsebulia
mimRebi, romelic aregistrirebs masze dacemuli sinaTlis periodulad
cvlad intensivobas. gansazRvreT wyaros moZraobis siCqare, Tu
registrirebuli intensivobis cvlilebis sixSirea =15 hc. sinaTlis
talRis sigrZea =600 nm, d=2 mm, h=1 m. wyaros daSoreba simetriis
RerZamde h-ze bevrad naklebia.
18.16. ipoveT ekranze biprizmis gamoyenebiT miRebul interferenciul
suraTSi, m-uri naTeli zolis centridan x daSoreba (ix. nax.). x
gacilebiT naklebia biprizmis zomaze. biprizmis nivTierebis gardatexis
maCvenebelia n. gardamtexi kuTxe  Zalze mcirea, wertilovani sinaTlis
wyarodan prizmamde manZilia a, xolo prizmidan ekranamde b. sinaTlis
talRis sigrZea .
18.17. brtyel-amozneqili linza, romlis amozneqili zedapiris simrudis
radiusia r=4,00 m moTavsebulia minis Cazneqil sferul zedapirze,
romlis simrudis radiusia R=12,0 m (ix. nax.). 500 nm talRis sigrZis mqone
sinaTle marTobulad ecema linzis brtyel zedapirs. gansazRvreT me-100
mnaTi rgolis radiusi.

66
 pasuxebi, miTiTebebi, amoxsnebi

4.1. a) 20A b)⁡𝐴√3/2 g) A/2 d) 2𝐴 − 𝐴√3/2 e) 3A/2 v) 13A/2 z) (14A - A√3)/2.

4.2. 1/2.
4.3. 𝐴⁄2 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐴(√3 − 1)⁄2,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝐴(2 − √3)⁄2.
4.4. t 42 wT.
4.5. t 42 wT.
2𝜇𝑔
4.6. 𝜔 = ⁡ √ .
𝑙
𝑚 𝑚
4.7. 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑘(𝑚1+𝑚2 ).
1 2

𝜋 ℓ
4.8. 𝑡 = 2 √𝑔 , ar Seicvleba.

𝜔1 3
4.9. =√ .
𝜔2 11
𝜋 𝑙 v 𝑙 v
4.10. 𝑡 = 2 √𝜇𝑔⁡⁡ rodesac v0 ≤ ⁡ √𝜇𝑔𝑙 , 𝑡 = 𝑔 + ⁡ √𝜇𝑔 ⁡𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠 v ⁡, rodesac v0 ≥ √𝜇𝑔𝑙,
0

sadac v = √v02
− 𝜇𝑔𝑙.
4.11. 𝑡 = ⁡𝜋√𝑙 ⁄𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 , roca v02 ≤ 𝑔ℓ𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼;
ℓ √𝑔ℓ𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 2√v20 −𝑔𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
𝑡 = 2√𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⁡𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 + , roca v02 > 𝑔ℓ𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼.
v0 𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼

𝑚
4.12. 𝑡 = 𝜋√ .
2𝜋𝑅∆𝑝
4
4.13. 𝑇⁡ = 2𝜋 √𝑙 2 /(𝑔2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼).
4.14. 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑙/Ω2 (𝑅 + 𝑙) .
𝑔 𝑘
4.15. 𝜔 = √ 𝑙 + 4𝑚 .
𝑔
4.16. 𝑀 = 𝑚(𝑅𝜔2 ⁡ − 1).
4.17. T = 2[3(R−r)/2g]1/2.
4.18. 𝜔 = ⁡ √𝑔/2𝑅 .
4.19. 𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑙𝑀/[(𝑀 + 𝑚)𝑔 .
4.20. 𝜔1 = ⁡ √𝑀𝑔/𝑚𝑙, 𝜔2 = 2𝜔1 .
4.21. 35/36 nawili.
4.22. 0,5 sm-iT marcxniv.
4.23. wonasworobaSi rezini gaWimuli iyo L=mg/k=0,2 m-iT. Zafis gawyvetis
Semdeg sistemis masaTa centri vardeba g aCqarebiT, masaTa centris
sistemaSi sawonebi ki jer asruleben harmoniuli rxevis meoTxeds, xolo
Semdeg rezini moSvebulia da sawonebi erTmaneTisaken moZraoben
Tanabrad rxevis meoTxedis Semdeg SeZenili toli siCqareebiT. vipovoT
es siCqare energiis mudmivobis kanonis gamoyenebiT:
𝑘∆𝐿2 𝑚v 2
=2
2 2
saidanac

𝑘
v = 𝐿√
2𝑚
67
radganac sawonebi miwaze erTdroulad davardnen, maSasadame vardnis
dro emTxveva sawonebis erTmaneTTan miaxloebis dros. siCqaris SeZenis
droa k sixistis reziniT dakavSirebuli m masis ori erTnairi sawonis
rxevis periodis meoTxedi:
𝜋 𝑚
𝑡1 = √ ≈ 0,16⁡წმ
2 2𝑘
Semdgomi miaxloebis droa
𝐿 𝐿 𝑚
𝑡2 = = √ = 0,5⁡წმ
2v ∆𝐿 2𝑘
vardnis droa
𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 ≈ 0,66⁡წმ
vardnis dasawyisSi sawonebis simZimis centri iyo tots qveviT (L+L)/2
manZilze, amitom totis simaRlea
𝐿 + 𝐿 𝑔𝑡 2
ℎ= + ≈ 2,8⁡მ
2 2
4.24. rodesac Rero asrulebs vertikalur rxevebs, is xan mTlianadaa
aweuli wonasworobis mdebareobidan, xanac wyalSia nawilobriv
CaZiruli (rxevebi mcirea). pirvel SemTxvevaSi x-iT aweul Reroze, garda
mudmivi simZimis Zalisa, moqmedebs zambaris drekadobis kx Zalac,
𝑚
romelic Reros Seasrulebinebs harmoniuli rxevis naxevars t1 = T1/2 = π√ 𝑘
drois ganmavlobaSi. wyalSi moZraobisas x-iT CaZirul Reroze damatebiT
imoqmedebs amomgdebi Zala ρgSx da, vinaidan es Zalac x-is proporciulia,
zambarasTan erTad isic harmoniuli rxevis naxevars Seasrulebinebs
Reros, oRond (radgan Sesabamisi efeqturi “sixiste” aris k + ρgS) am
𝑚
naxevari rxevis dro iqneba t2 = T2/2 = π√𝑘+ρgS . amrigad, sistemis rxevis
𝑚 𝑚
periodia T = t1 + t2 = π√ 𝑘 + π√𝑘+ρgS .
4.25. koordinatTa saTave movaTavsoT kedlebs Soris zustad Sua
adgilas da x RerZi mivmarToT marjvniv. maSin pirveli (marcxena)
𝐿 2𝑘 𝐿
sxeulis moZraobis gantoleba iqneba x1 = - 2 cos(√ 𝑚 t), meoris ki - x2 = 2
𝑘
cos(√2𝑚 t). vipovoT sxeulebis dajaxebis drois momenti. amisaTvis x1
𝑘 2𝑘 3 𝑘 1 𝑘
gavutoloT x2-s. gvaqvs cos(√2𝑚 t) + cos(√ 𝑚 t) = 0 da cos(⁡2 √2𝑚 t) cos(⁡2 √2𝑚 t)=0.
cxadia, pirvelad π/2-is toli pirveli kosinusis argumenti gaxdeba.
π 2𝑚 𝐿
amitom dajaxebis drois momentia t = 3 √ , koordinati ki x = . axla
𝑘 4
vipovoT sxeulebis siCqareebis gegmilebi dajaxebis momentSi -
gavawarmooT moZraobis gantolebebi da CavsvaT Sesabamisi dro. miviRebT
𝐿 2𝑘 𝐿 𝑘
v1x = 4 √ 𝑚 da v2x = - 4 √2𝑚 . Cans, rom dajaxebisas pirveli sxeulis siCqare
moduliT orjer metia meorisaze, e.i. sxeulebis impulsebi moduliT
tolia da sapirispirodaa mimarTuli. amitom sxeulebi Sewebebisas
gaCerdeba da Sesabamisi kinetikuri energia ganuldeba, Semdgomi rxevebis

68
energia ki dajaxebisas zambarebis drekadi energiebis jami iqneba: E =
2𝑘 𝐿 2 𝑘 𝐿 3𝑘𝐿2
( )+ 2 (4)2 = 32 . es sidide mTlianad Sewebebul sxeulTa kinetikur
2 4
energiad gardaiqmneba, rodesac isini koordinatTa saTaveSi moxvdebian,
3𝑘𝐿2 2
3𝑚𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
radgan am dros zambarebi ar aris deformirebuli. gvaqvs =⁡ ,
32 2
𝐿 𝑘
saidanac sxeulTa maqsimaluri siCqarisTvis miviRebT 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ .
4 𝑚
4.26. damyarebuli rxevis amplituda iyos A. davuSvaT, rom is bevrad metia
ℓ wanacvlebaze (am daSvebas gadavamowmebT miRebuli SedegiT). maSin
zambaris boloze moqmedi Zala wanacvlebis procesSi orive SemTxvevaSi
mudmivad da kA-s tolad SeiZleba CavTvaloT, sadac k zambaris sixistea.
periodSi zambaraze Sesrulebuli muSaoba iqneba 2𝑘𝐴ℓ. es muSaoba toli
𝑘𝐴2
unda iyos periodSi xaxunze dakarguli energiis: 2𝑘𝐴ℓ = 𝛼 2 , sadac 
periodSi xaxunze dakarguli energiis wilia. aqedan 𝐴 = 4ℓ⁄𝛼 . vipovoT .
radgan 10 periodSi amplituda 2-jer mcirdeboda, energia 4-jer
Semcirdeboda, amitom unda Sesruldes toloba: (1 − 𝛼)10 = 1⁄4, saidanac
1
𝛼 = 1− 5
√2
1
sabolood 𝐴 = 4ℓ⁄(1 − 5 ) ≈ 31⁡მმ. miRebuli mniSvneloba marTlac bevrad
√2
metia ℓ =1 mm-ze, maSasadame Cveni daSveba swori iyo.
4.27. jer zogadad gaviazroT, rogor ganviTardeba movlenebi.
Tavdapirvelad zambara iWimeba, amitom Seanelebs marjvena Zelaks da
aaCqarebs Sua da masTan ZafiT gadabmul marcxena Zelakebs. es
ukanasknelni gaagrZeleben erTdroul aCqarebas, sanam zambara daWimuli
iqneba. rogorc ki zambara daiwyebs SekumSvas, Sua Zelaki Seneldeba, Zafi
moeSveba, marcxena Zelaki gaagrZelebs didi siCqariT Tanabrad srials
marjvniv da misi Sejaxeba Sua ZelakTan gardauvali gaxdeba. axla es
procesebi aRvweroT ufro detalurad. Tavidan, rodesac marjvena Zelaks
mianiWes v siCqare, sami sxeulis masaTa centri amoZravda marjvniv v/3
siCqariT. am masaTa centris sistemaSi marjvena sxeuls aqvs marjvniv
mimarTuli 2v/3 siCqare, xolo marcxena da Sua Zelakebs – marcxniv
mimarTuli v/3 siCqare. naxevari rxevis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc ukve iTqva,
zambara daWimulia da Sua da marcxena Zelakebi erTnairad da
harmoniulad gadaadgildeba. amitom am naxevari rxevis bolos, rodesac
zambara kvlav dauWimavi gaxdeba, samive sxeuli Seicvlis siCqaris
mimarTulebas – marjvena Zelaks eqneba marcxniv mimarTuli 2v/3 siCqare,
marcxena da Sua Zelakebs ki v/3, mimarTuli marjvniv. dedamiwis aTvlis
sistemaSi Sesabamisi siCqareebia: marjvena ZelakisTvis – marcxniv
mimarTuli v/3, xolo Sua da marcxena ZelakebisTvis - marjvniv
mimarTuli 2v/3. amis Semdeg Zafi moeSveba da marcxena sxeuli
gaagrZelebs srials mudmivi siCqariT, Sua da marjvena ki imoZravebs
zambaris gavleniT. gadavideT am ori ukanaskneli sxeulis masaTa
centris sistemaSi, romelic, rogorc advili dasaTvlelia, dedamiwis
mimarT v/6 siCqariT moZraobs marjvniv. am sistemaSi Sua da marjvena
𝑀
Zelakebis harmoniuli rxeva (romlis periodicaa T = 2π√2𝑘) mimdinareobs
Semdegi sawyisi pirobebiT - zambara Tavdapirvelad dauWimavia, Zelakebs
ki erTmaneTisken mimarTuli v/2 (maqsimaluri) siCqareebi aqvT. am merxev
69
sistemas mudmivi v/2 siCqariT uaxlovdeba marcxena sxeuli da misi Sua
ZelakTan Sejaxebis xma yvelaze Zlieri iqneba, Tu maTi fardobiTi
siCqare Sejaxebis momentSi udidesia. es ki moxdeba maSin, Tu Sua sxeuls
isev eqneba maqsimaluri v/2 siCqare, oRond sapirispirod mimarTuli, anu
𝑇
rxevis dawyebidan unda gavides 2 + nT dro, sadac n naturaluri ricxvia.
SevniSnoT, rom am momentSi Sua sxeuli iqneba imave adgilas, sadac
imyofeboda Zafis moSvebisas, anu marcxena sxeuli Sejaxebamde gaivlis
zustad Zafis sigrZis tol manZils. Sesabamisad, Zafis saZiebeli sigrZea
v 𝑇 1 𝑀
LZafis = 2 (2 + nT) = (2 + n)πv√2𝑘 .
4.28. kubis didi masis gamo rxevis amplituda mcire iqneba da burTulebis
siCqare kubTan dajaxebisas yvelgan v0 -is tolad SegviZlia CavTvaloT.
roca kubis siCqarea v, maSin misTvis erTi burTulas mier gadacemuli
impulsi iqneba 𝑝 = 2𝑚(v0 − v), xolo Zalze mcire t droSi dajaxebul
burTulaTa ricxvi iqneba 𝑁 = 𝑎2 𝑛(v0 − v)∆𝑡, sadac S kubis waxnagis
farTobia. burTulebis mxridan kubze moqmedi Zala iqneba
𝑁𝑝
𝐹 = ∆𝑡 = 2𝑚𝑎2 𝑛𝑣02 − 4𝑚𝑎2 𝑛𝑣0 𝑣. aq Cven ugulebelvyaviT kubis siCqaris
kvadratis proporciuli mcire wevri. rogorc vxedavT, Zalas aqvs
mudmivi komponenti da siCqaris proporciuli komponenti. mudmivi Zala
iwvevs wonasworobis wanacvlebas, amitom zambaris drekadobis Zalis
moqmedebiT aRiZvreba rxeva. siCqaris proporciuli Zala iwvevs rxevis
milevas. mileva pirobis Tanaxmad mcirea, amitom es Zala ar imoqmedebs
rxevis periodze, iseve rogorc mudmivi Zala. rxevis periodi iqneba
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑀 ⁄𝑘 ≈ 0,31⁡წმ
siCqaris proporciuli Fwin=v Zalis winaaRmdeg mcire t droSi
daxarjuli energia iqneba ∆𝐴 = 𝛼v ∙ v∆𝑡 = 𝛼v 2 ∆𝑡. periodSi daxarjuli
energia iqneba 𝐴 = 𝛼〈𝑣 2 〉𝑇, sadac 〈v 2 〉 periodSi siCqaris kvadratis
saSualo mniSvnelobaa. neli milevisas erT periodSi rxeva harmoniulad
SegviZlia miviCnioT, amitom 〈v 2 〉 = vmax 2 ⁄ 2
2 da 𝐴 = 𝛼vmax 𝑇⁄2. rxevisas sruli
2 ⁄
energiaa 𝑊 = 𝑀vmax 2. periodSi dakarguli energiis wili iqneba
𝐴⁄𝑊 = 𝛼𝑇⁄𝑀 ≈ 0,24
amplitudis 2-jer Semcirebisas rxevis energia 4-jer Semcirdeba. vTqvaT
es moxda K sruli rxevis Semdeg, maSin gvaqvs
1
(1 − 0,24)𝐾 =
4
saidanac K5. maSasadame t5T1,5 wm. Cveni daSveba, rom mileva nela xdeba,
met-naklebad misaRebia.
4.29. 1) am SemTxvevaSi rxeva iseTivea, rogoric √ℓ2 − 𝑎2 sigrZis

matematikuri qanaqaris, amitom 𝜔⊥ = √𝑔⁄√ℓ2 − 𝑎2 .

2) radgan Zafis sigrZe ucvlelia, amitom am SemTxvevaSi mZivis marcvali
moZraobs elifsze, romlis fokusebia A da B wertilebi. am elifsis
didi naxevarRerZia ℓ, xolo patara naxevarRerZi - 𝑏 = √ℓ2 − 𝑎2 .
𝑥2 𝑦2
elifsis gantolebaa (ix. nax. 4.29g) + 𝑏2 = 1, saidanac
ℓ2
𝑥2 𝑏𝑥 2
𝑦 = −𝑏√1 − ℓ2  − 𝑏 + 2ℓ2 ,

70
 𝑏𝑥 2
maSasadame ∆𝑦 = 2ℓ2 da qanqaras
potencialuri energiaa
𝑚𝑔𝑏𝑥 2
𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔∆𝑦 =
2ℓ2
radganac mcire rxevisas mZivis
marcvali moZraobs TiTqmis x
RerZis gaswvriv mcire rkalze,
amitom potencialuri energia unda
𝑚𝜔∥2 𝑥 2
iyos 𝐸𝑝𝑜𝑡 = . maSasadame
2

𝜔∥ = √𝑔𝑏 ⁄ℓ = √𝑔√ℓ2 − 𝑎2 ⁄ℓ.

3) nax. 4.29b-dan Cans, rom 𝜔⊥ = 2𝜔∥ . amis gaTvaliswinebiT miiReba, rom
ℓ 2
=
𝑎 √3
6.1. T= 10-3 wm, L 1 hn, I(t)= −5,210-4 sin(2103t), 1,310-6 j, 1,310-6 j.
𝐿2 𝐿1
6.2. I1 max = 𝑞 √𝐶𝐿 , I2 max = 𝑞 √𝐶𝐿 .
1 1 +𝐿2 )
(𝐿 2 1 +𝐿2 )
(𝐿
𝐶 𝐶
6.3. 𝐼 = 𝑈√𝐿(𝐶1+𝐶2 .
1 2)

6.4. 𝑄 = (𝐿 + 𝐶𝑅 2 )(𝐼1 2 − 𝐼2 2 )⁄2.

𝑇 𝑟𝑇𝑛
6.5. 𝐶 = , 𝐿= .
2𝜋𝑟𝑛 2𝜋
6.6. I0=E √𝐶/3𝐿.
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅𝐶𝑈0
6.7. 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = .
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑅+𝐶
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑅𝐶
6.8. 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑈0 √(2𝜋𝜀 𝑅+𝐶 )𝐿
.
0
2𝜋𝜀 𝑅
6.9. 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = E √ 𝐿0 .
6.10. 𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4𝜋𝜀0 𝑅E.
6.11. Q= E2 (𝐶𝑅 2 + 𝐿)⁄2𝑅 2 .
6.12. 𝑈2⁡⁡ = ⁡ 2𝐶1 𝑈0 ⁄(𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ) = 200 v.
6.13. U =q0/C , Tu E  q0/C; U = 2E- − q0/C , Tu E  q0/C.
𝑡 𝜋√𝐿𝐶 𝜋√𝐿𝐶
6.14. U = (E 𝜏⁄√𝐿𝐶⁡⁡)𝑠𝑖𝑛 √𝐿𝐶, roca
𝑡≤ 2 ; U = E 𝜏⁄√𝐿𝐶,⁡ roca 𝑡 ≥ 2 .
6.15. 𝐶(𝑡) = 𝐶0 (1 − 𝑡 2 ⁄2𝐿𝐶0 ).
6.16. q0= 0, Tu 2E E 0; q0= CE 0 (2E − E0 )/2(E 0 − E), Tu 2EE 0 .
6.17. I= qv(1-cost)/d , sadac 2 = d/0SL. aq denis Zala dadebiTad iTvleba, Tu
deni koWaSi marcxniv miedineba.
8.1. I(t)= Et /L, A= E2t2/2L .
8.2. 𝑈 = ⁡𝛼(𝑅𝑡 + 𝐿).
8.3. 𝑈 = 𝐼0 (𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝐿𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡).
8.4. 𝑈 = 𝑈0 ⁄√3.
8.5. 𝐼 = 𝐼0 √5⁄4.
8.6. 0,71 a.
8.7. 50 v.

71
8.8. 240 omi.
8.9. I=0.
𝜔𝐿 𝜔𝑅𝐿 𝜔𝑅𝐿
8.10. a) 𝑍 = b) 𝑍 = g) 𝑍 =
|𝜔2 𝐿𝐶−1| √𝑅 2 +(𝜔𝐿)2 √𝑅 2 (𝜔2 𝐿𝐶−1)2 +(𝜔𝐿)2
1
|𝜔𝐿− |√𝑅2 +(𝜔𝐿)2
𝜔𝐶
d) 𝑍 = 2
.
√𝑅 2 +(2𝜔𝐿− 1 )
𝜔𝐶
8.11. I=5 a.
8.12. I=1 a.
8.13. Um=112 v; Zabva CamorCeba denis Zalas  faziT, romlisTvisac gvaqvs
𝑈 1
𝑡𝑔 = 𝑈𝐶𝑚 = 𝜔𝐶𝑅 = 2.
𝑅𝑚
𝑈𝑜
8.14. 𝐼𝑜 = √2 ≈ 1,4 a.
𝑅
8.15. Im 0,12 a, 300 .
8.16. sqema Sedgeba mimdevrobiT CarTuli ori ubnisgan. pirveli ubania
koWa, meore ubani – paralelurad SeerTebuli kondensatori da
R
rezistori. Sesabamisi winaRobebia Z1 = ωL da Z2 = √1+ω2 2 2 . denis Zala am
C R
ubnebze erTmaneTis tolia da emTxveva wyaroSi gamaval denis Zalas. misi
amplituda aRvniSnoT I0 -iT. Zabva pirvel
π U0
ubanze U1, cxadia, 2 faziT uswrebs am U1
dens, meore ubanze Zabva U2 garkveuli φ IC I0
faziT CamorCeba dens, sruli Zabva ki am
ori Zabvis veqtoruli jamia. rezistorSi
da kondensatorSi gamavali denebis φ
amplitudebi IR -iT da IC -Ti aRvniSnoT. U2
IR
naxatze gamosaxulia Sesabamisi
I ωCU2
veqtoruli diagrama, saidanac Cans, rom tgφ = IC = U = ωCR (Sesabamisad,
R ⁡ 2
R
1 ωCR
cosφ = √1+ω2 da sinφ = √1+ω2 ). garda amisa, gvaqvs U1 = I0Z1 = I0ωL, U2 = I0Z2
C2 R2 C2 R2
RI0 π
= √1+ω2 da am veqtorebs Soris kuTxea + φ. aqedan U02 = U12 + U22 +
C2 R2 2
π
2U1U2cos(2 + φ) = U12 + U22 - 2U1U2sinφ. Tu am gantolebaSi SevitanT zemoT
moyvanil formulebs da gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ω2LC = 1, miviRebT I0 =
U0 U C
ωL
√1 + ω2 C2 R2 , saidanac IR = I0cosφ = ωL0 = U0√L .
0 𝑈 (𝜔 2 𝐿𝐶−1) 2
8.17. 𝐼(𝑡) = ⁡ 𝜔𝐿(2−𝜔 2 𝐿𝐶) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡. Tu 2 − 𝜔 𝐿𝐶 sidide axlosaa nulTan

aucilebelia wredis aqtiuri winaRobis gaTvaliswineba.

8.18. L 2,8 hn.
𝑈 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜔𝑡 𝑈0
8.19. 𝐼 = 0 2𝑅 , 𝐼1 = 2(𝑅+𝑅 ) 1
8.20. Imax=U(C/2L)1/2
8.21. I2max = 2U0(L1C)1/2/( L1+ L2 )
8.22. 75 vt.
𝑈 2 𝑅2 +𝑅3 𝑅 +𝑅 +𝑅
8.23. 𝑁 = (𝑅 + 𝑅 1(𝑅 2+𝑅 3)) = 423,5vt.
2 2 𝑅3 3 1 2
𝑈2 1 𝑅1
8.24. 𝑁 = [𝑅 + (𝑅 2
] = 1vt
2 1 1 +𝑅2 +𝑅3 )
8.25. simZlavre 4-jer gaizrdeba ; RCf>>1.

72
13.1. 0,28 nm.
13.2. a) 2; b) 2,8710-8 sm; g) 2,510-8 sm. T
-8 -8
13.3. a) 4; b) 4,0510 sm; g) 2,910 sm. 4T0/3
13.4. Semcirdeba 2/(2-k)-jer. T0
13.5. 3,61023.
13.6. 12-jer
13.7. temperatura maqsimaluria,
rodesac V=2V0. grafiki moyvanilia
naxatze.
13.8. 40 m.
13.9. a) 0,165 mgpa; b) 0,18 mgpa. 0 V0 2V0 3V0 4V0 V
13.10. naklebfarTobiani saqSenis mqone
ZravaSi wneva 8-jer metia. nax. 13.7.1
13.11. 1,9105 pa.
13.12. 7.
13.13. 0,01.
13.14. p = nkT gantolebis Tanaxmad,
p p0 
n= = . aqedan vxedavT, rom  − 
k T k T0 
diagramaze saTaveze gamavali ori
wrfidan meti koncentracia Seesabameba
im wrfes, romelic metadaa daxrili 
RerZisadmi da naklebi koncentracia
Seesabameba im wrfes, romelic
naklebadaa daxrili  RerZisadmi.
amitom naxatze gamosaxul mocemuli
procesis diagramaze koncentracia
maqsimaluria B wertiliT gamosaxul
mdgomareobaSi da minimaluria A
wertiliT gamosaxul mdgomareobaSi.
naxatidan gamomdinare gvaqvs, rom
p0  B p0
nmax = = ctg  ,
k T0  B k T0
p0  A p0
nmin = = tg 
k T0  A k T0
saidanac
nmin
= tg 2 
nmax

naxatidan Cans, rom  +  = , amitom
4

   1 − tg  1 − 2 sin cos

2
nmin
= tg 2  = tg 2  −   =   =
nmax 4   1 + tg  1 + 2 sin cos

wrewiris radiusi aRvniSnoT r –iT. gaviTvaliswinoT, rom OC = 2 da

r = 1 −  m . gvaqvs

73
 1− m 2 − (1 −  m )
2
r
sin = = , cos = 1 − sin  =
2
, amitom
2 2 2

nmin 1 − (1 −  m ) 2 − (1 −  m )
2

=
nmax 1 + (1 −  ) 2 − (1 −  )2
m m

13.15. neonis Senagani energia 2-jer metia.

3
13.16. 𝑈 = 2 𝑛𝑉𝑘𝑇.
𝑚
13.17. 𝑈 = 3 𝑀 𝑅𝑇.
3𝑚
13.18. 𝑈 = 2 𝑀 𝑅𝑇.
7𝑚
13.19. 𝑈 = 2 𝑀 𝑅𝑇.
13.20.  0,4 g
13.21. civdeba.
𝑚 𝑉22 −𝑉12
13.22. 𝐴 = 𝑀 𝑅𝛼 ∙ . siTbo STainTqmeba.
2
𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 −𝑇1 )
13.23. 𝐴 = .
2𝑀
13.24. 0,3 m.
13.25. T3 = 7T/4, A=_9 P0V0.
13.26. A = 1162 j.
13.27. Q=16P0V0.
13.28. Q2 = Q1 − (P2 − P1)(V2− V1) =13,5 kj.
13.29. T  333,3 K.
13.30. T = 450 K.
13.31. 4-jer.
13.32. γ = 1,6.
13.33. CM= 3R.
13.34. γ  1.4.
13.35. A=2(aRV0)1/2.
13.36. h= 28 h0/25, T= 28 T0/25.
13.37. 2-jer.
13.38. 𝑣𝑚⁡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⁡ √3𝑃𝑉𝑀⁄𝑚(𝑚 + 𝑀)⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡,⁡⁡⁡𝑣𝑀⁡𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ⁡ √3𝑃𝑉𝑚⁄𝑀(𝑚 + 𝑀)⁡⁡.
13.39. Tmax= T0 + 2mv2/3R.
13.40. airis temperatura izrdeba manam, sanam is ikumSeba anu manam, sanam
dguSebis siCqareebi gatoldeba. es siCqare iyos v. impulsis mudmivobis
kanonis Tanaxmad (airis impulsi ugulebelvyoT)
2𝑀𝜐0 2
𝑣= = v0
3𝑀 3
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad (gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Jangbadi
oratomiani airia)
2𝑀𝑣02 5 3𝑀𝑣 2 5
+ 𝜈𝑅𝑇0 = + 𝜈𝑅𝑇
2 2 2 2
am gantolebebidan airis maqsimaluri temperaturisaTvis miiReba
2 𝑀v02
𝑇 = 𝑇0 + = 300,016𝐾
15 𝑅
vxedavT, rom temperaturis cvlileba Zalian mcirea.
didi drois Semdeg airis TiTqmis mTeli energia gadaecema dguSebs,
airis temperatura da wneva Zalian mcire iqneba da airis Sinagan
74
energias ugulebelvyofT. impulsis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad (airis
impulsi isev ugulebelvyoT)
2𝑀𝑣0 = 𝑀𝑣1 + 2𝑀𝑣2
energiis mudmivobis kanonis Tanaxmad
2𝑀𝑣02 5 𝑀𝑣12 2𝑀𝑣22
+ 𝜈𝑅𝑇0 = +
2 2 2 2
am gantolebaTa sistemas aqvs ori wyvili amonaxseni, maTgan fizikurad
uazroa amonaxseni, romelSic v1 < 𝑣2 . fizikurad azriani amonaxsenia
2 2 15𝑅𝑇 მ v1 მ
𝑣1 = 3 𝑣0 + 3 √𝑣02 + ≈ 92  წმ da 𝑣2 = v0 − ≈ −45  წმ.
2𝑀 2
13.41. T= 1,6 T0.
13.42. Hmax 76 H, H1 30,4 H.
13.43. LLm2= Lm1 + (CMV− CM) (T2 −T1).
13.44. wertilamde, romlis koordinatebia (5/2V0,3/2P0), iRebs siTbos,
9 1
Semdeg gascems; 𝑄მიღ = 2 𝑝0 𝑉0 ; 𝑄გაც = 2 𝑝0 𝑉0.
13.45. 7,7 .
13.46. Q=2mRT/M =41,5 j.
(1/2)𝑃0 𝑉0
13.47. = 97 16,5%.
( )𝑃0 𝑉0
32
13.48.   8,3%.
1,5𝑅𝑇
13.49. 𝐴1−2 = .
1−
2
13.50. 1 = ⁡ .
+1
13.51. m=16 kg.
13.52. A=100 kj.
13.53. h/ h0 = 4.
13.54. F = (S2LnP0)/(2N).
13.55. 2 (cpT/)1/2.
13.56. c=[(1-n)-1 + 3/2]R , n=5/3.
1
3(22 −1) 1
−
𝑚RT 2 3
13.57. v = [ 1 × (𝜇+M)(μ+M+m)
]1⁄2 + (μRT)1/2 .
𝑀
22
13.58. 33 kj.
13.59. 𝜂 = 𝜂1 + 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 𝜂2 .
13.60. 𝜂 = 1 − (1⁄𝑛𝛾−1 ).
13.61. 𝜂 = 1 − ((𝑛1 𝛾 − 1)⁄𝛾𝑛𝛾−1 (𝑛1 − 1)).
13.62. 𝐴 = 𝑚1 𝑐1 (𝑇10 − 𝑇) − 𝑚2 𝑐2 (𝑇 − 𝑇20 ), sadac
𝑇 = 𝑇10 𝑐1 𝑚1 ⁄(𝑐1 𝑚1 +𝑐2 𝑚2) 𝑇20 𝑐2 𝑚2 ⁄(𝑐1 𝑚1 +𝑐2 𝑚2 ).
2
𝐴 = 𝑐𝑚(√𝑇10 − √𝑇20 ) .
13.63. 0,0035 nawili.
13.64. a) 20 kg; b) 25 kg.
13.65. 1,8105 pa.
13.66. 𝑚კონ = 𝐴𝑀⁄𝑅𝑇.
13.67. 1 l. wyali srulad kondensirdeba da azoti daikavebs mTel
cilindrs (wylis mier dakavebuli moculoba 1 sm3-ia da SegviZlia
ugulebelvyoT).
13.68. 0,76 l.
75
13.69. 0,55 l.
13.70. V2/V1=0,91.
13.71. 81 mg.
13.72. 1,02105 pa.
13.73. 523 hpa.
18.1. 1,44 sm.
18.2. a) 55,7 m; b) 124 m.
18.3. 0,318 m/wm.
18.4. /, sadac  kuTxe gamosaxulia radianebiT.
18.5. 148 m.
18.6. 840 nm.
18.7. 94,8 nm.
𝜆
18.8. 2𝑑√𝑛2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 ± 2.
λ
18.9. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0,13⁡mkm.
4√𝑛2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
λ
18.10. 𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0,2 mkm.
2√𝑛2 −𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
18.11. 10,4 m.
18.12. 𝐿 = 𝑎⁄[2(𝑛 − 1)𝛼] = 25 m.
(𝑎𝐿−𝐹(𝑎+𝐿))
18.13. .
𝑎𝑙
18.14. 𝜈 = 4𝑎v⁄𝜆𝐿 = 10 hc.
18.15. 𝑣 = 𝜆ℎ𝜈 ⁄𝑑 = 4,5 mm/wm.
m(𝑎+𝑏)
18.16. x = 2𝑎(𝑛−1).
𝜆 𝑟𝑅
18.17. 𝑟𝑥 = √199 2 𝑅−𝑟 = 17 mm.

76