Schmidt, Muhammad Wolfgang G. A.

: All the Grammar and Language Points For Each

Of The Six Levels of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test (HSK). According to the
official Test Syllabus by Confucius Institute Headquarters (Hanban). A Study and
Workbook, Hamburg, disserta Verlag, 2018

Buch-ISBN: 978-3-95935-473-8
PDF-eBook-ISBN: 978-3-95935-474-5
Druck/Herstellung: disserta Verlag, Hamburg, 2018

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 List of Contents

Introductory Notes v

Grammar and Language Points 1 - 122

HSK Level 1 1 - 15
Overview 2
Suggested Further Reading 15

HSK Level 2 17 - 32
Overview 18
Suggested Further Reading 32

HSK Level 3 33 - 52
Overview 34
Suggested Further Reading 51
Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree Graph
Visualisations 52

HSK Level 4 53 - 76
Overview 54
Suggested Further Reading 76
Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree Graph
Visualisations 76

HSK Level 5 77 - 94
Overview 78
Suggested Further Reading 93
Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree Graph
Visualisations 94

HSK Level 6 95 - 122

Overview 96
Suggested Further Reading 121
Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree Graph
Visualisations 122

Texts for Each HSK Level 123 - 146

1. Stories and Legends 123 - 130

1 ⏬⺬ῧ㊊ 123
2 ⏬侬඘侕 123

iii
3 ⲡᮌⓙර 124
4 ᮃᱵṆ  124
5 ༡䗅໭䗉 126
6 ᢪ⸄ᩆⅆ 126
7 ᑠ傜䗷Ἑ 127
8 ୕୭ዲ᭸཭ 128
9 㚚᫂ⓗᅜ⋤ᡤ㖇䰘 129

2. Essays 131 - 137

1 ⅆ䬵ᡂѪ୰ᅜ㣶঵ேẻ᭱㧗㣶㣗 131
2 ୰ᅜᏛ⏕1.5ӯҠୗຍᣡ኱㇦Ꮿ 131
3 ༑኱᭱ཷ⅒㏄ⓗ୰ᅜ⳯⫲ 132
4 ⚹፧⋡㏆ᖺ᮶㎿㏿伉༖ 133
5 ୰ᅜӯ୓ᐩ⩝ேᩘ㤳ᗘ㉸䗷⨾ᅜ 134
6 ୰ᅜᣕ⪃බ࣑ઈⓗேᩘᘙጞୗ㝆 135
7 ㉺᮶㉺ከⓗ୰ᅜே䘹ᤙঅ㌟ 137

3. Life 139 - 146

1 ୰ᅜՐ㔏㢲᪥ 139
2 ୰ᅜ⨾㣗㸸໭ிⅽ呝 141
3 㓖఍ᰦ⏝ⓗ୰ᩥ 141
4 ⾲㎹⡡᝟ⓗ୰ᩥྃᏊ 145

References 147

iv
 Introductory Notes
This Introduction will not only explain some important basic concepts of the Chinese
Language Proficiency Test (HSK) philosophy behind all the six levels of this test but
also point of how to work with this book and thus to make the best of it.

1. The Background
Third-party resources on grammar and language points for each of the six levels of the
Chinese Language Proficiency Exam (≹䈝Ỉᖹ⪃䈅 Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì [HSK]) that
are available on the Internet are often not only incomplete but also misleading if not
false. Hence, Western learners of Chinese preparing for any of the six levels of this
Proficiency Test will face the difficulty of finding appropriate revision material cover-
ing grammar and language points for each of the six levels of the Test. My own re-
search for printed materials in this area has shown that such grammar and language
point guides for each of the six test levels are hard to find or may not be available at
all.

Instead of relying on third-party resources for a concise yet complete coverage of

grammar and language points for each of the six test levels it may be more advanta-
geous and natural on rely on resources coming from the Hanban (≹࣎), the competent
examination body, itself. However, there seem to be none except those that are listed
in the test syllabi for each level (HSK⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 1 - 6, ேẸᩍ⫱ฟ∧♫, Pek-
ing 2015, with separate syllabus booklets published for each of the six text levels). Be-
sides other aspects covered in those syllabi, the relevant grammar and language
points covered for each exam level are merely listed with a sample sentence for each
grammar and language point listed. To state it more explicitly, they are listed and not
guides with explanatory notes, and as such give course instructor a fairly good idea of
what is required for each test level and what therefore needs to be covered in courses
of instruction preparing for any of the relevant test levels.

This publication is a guide to the grammar and language points for each of the six test
levels especially addressing the needs of Western learners preparing for any of the test
levels.

Here is a brief list regarding the six test levels with regard to the six corresponding le-
vels of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for foreign languages.

CEFR HSK
A1 Level 1
A2 Level 2
B1 Level 3
B2 Level 4
C1 Level 5
C2 Level 6

v
Corresponding CEFR and HSK levels listed in the Table are thought to be roughly
equivalent in terms of the language proficiency profile in the area of speaking, listen-
ing, reading and writing skills. It has taken Mainland China a long way to adopt a
purely communicative-oriented approach in its Chinese Language Proficiency exam
design and the textbooks required for it that are now standard in the current foreign
language industry worldwide. In this respect, Mainland China follows current Wes-
tern standards also followed in other branches of foreign language teaching (English
as Foreign Language, German as a Foreign or Second Language, etc.). Before, Chinese
Foreign Language Proficiency Test design and corresponding textbooks and other ad-
ditional materials followed a more traditional approach with a focus on grammatical
structure, phonology (for pronunciation and practising the pronunciation of syllables
with tonal patterns) and a traditional way of character acquisition to lay the essential
foundation for reading and writing practice. Traditional learning habits in Chinese
culture rely heavily on memorisation and rote learning and focus much less on indivi-
dual critical reflection. As China is rising to become a global player not only in inter-
national economy but also in international relations, she felt the need to follow up on
other major nations’ international cultural policies in setting up her own cultural insti-
tutes in different parts of the world known as Confucius Institutes (ᏍᏊᏛ㝔) to
spread Chinese language and culture like , for example, the UK or Germany had done
before a long time ago by running their networks of the British Council or the Goethe
Institutes for British English and the German language respectively. With this back-
ground in mind, a change in approaches to teaching Chinese as a foreign language
was more than only essential in order to catch up with the rest of the world.

2. Grammar vs. Language Points Concepts

In Language Pedagogy and Foreign Language Teaching Methodology, one of the
main reasons why the communicative approach to foreign language teaching has been
given priority and had become a current standard in the foreign language teaching in-
dustry is the criticism brought forward against earlier approaches used prior to the
communicative approach becoming a standard in this industry: It is claimed that ear-
lier approaches taught the student things about the language instead of using the lan-
guage itself. That is, theoretical knowledge of Chinese of the Chinese sound system and
of Chinese grammar, for example, by themselves are not enough to develop the Wes-
tern learner’s practical language skills in the four main language activity areas of
speaking, listening, reading and writing. Really learning a foreign language and being
able to practically use it always comes by mastering these four practical language
skills in a flexible number of situational settings and at different levels. Being able to
use the four practical language skills comes by constant and regular practice. Theoreti-
cal phonological knowledge of the Chinese sound system and of Chinese grammar
structures as well as the knowledge of a certain number of Chinese characters and its
related vocabulary, for example, then are viewed as some kind of sub-skills to be ac-
quired in context of training the four major language skills of speaking, listening,
reading and writing.

Within the communicative foreign language teaching framework, things like sound
system and grammar structure knowledge play a less prominent role than in earlier,
more traditional foreign language teaching approaches. This explains some of the

vi
background behind the philosophy of the language and grammar points (䈝ゝⅬ) fol-
lowed in the their compilation and listing in the HSK Text Syllabi for each proficiency
level of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test (HSK).

Before discussing further details of the language and grammar points (䈝ゝⅬ) and the
concepts behind them and to what extent they differ from more traditional grammar
point presentation, let us briefly outline the role of the four major language skills in
communication and in which way they relate to another:

active passive
(productive) (receptive)

spoken
language Speaking Listening

written
Writing Reading
language

Now. let’s get back to the question of language points vs. the more traditional grammar
points.

The HSK Test Syllabi (HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢) list language points (䈝ゝⅬ) as one of several
parts of the entire Test Syllabus for a certain proficiency level. These language points or
䈝ゝⅬ may include such learning topics traditionally relating to grammar in addition
to others not traditionally relating to grammar as may be seen later in the sections of
Grammar and Language Point Presentation for the different test levels in the later part
of this book (pp. 1 - 122).

Here are come important criteria for the differences between more traditional grammar
(or grammar point) and more current language point presentation:

1. Grammar topics are no longer dealt with in a systematic manner, for example, be-
ginning with the grammar points of nouns, followed by those of other word classes
like adjectives and verbs, and the structure of sentences at the end. Instead, topics are
selective, depending on situation of speech and purpose of communication in a text-
book unit.

2. A grammar point will be dealt with in progression instead of being presented com-
pletely. For example, a grammar point like the use of the particle ஢ indicating perfect
aspect after a verb will be dealt with progressively, spread over a number of lessons
or units, in all its complexity instead of being presented with its complex rules in a sin-
gle lesson.

vii
3. Only those grammar points will be dealt that are important in the larger context of a
lesson. If, for example, the presentation of the function of the particle ஢ indicating
perfect aspect after a verb and one of its complex rules is not required in the larger
context of a lesson, it will not be covered.

4. It’s not only “classical” grammar points that can be covered in the notes of a lesson;
it may as well be other items such as adding ໬ to another word like ⧠ԓ (⧠௦໬ mod-
ernise) pertaining to certain patterns of word formation in Chinese rather than gram-
mar in a traditional sense.

The first HSK test format with its contents from before 2010 was replaced by a new
test format with a focus on the communicative approach and its four practical lan-
guage skills in 2010 (the so-called “New HSK”), and the language proficiency levels to
be tested were made to follow those of the CEFR both in terms of ability profile for
each level and the criteria for such language ability profiles themselves.

Hence, the current language points (䈝ゝⅬ) according to the current Test Syllabi (⪃䈅
኱㓢) for any level cover both essential grammar points traditionally considered to be
the same and other point of language use that do not traditionally pertain to “gram-
mar”.

3. On the Material Covered in This Book

Here, we will present further details on the arrangement of the material in this book.
The material on language points for each HSK level is organised in chapters for cover-
ing each HSK level. The front cover of a such a chapter will typically look like this:

While the cover page of a chapter gives full reference to the source used, the second
page of each chapter lists all the language point items prescribed for study in the rele-
vant test syllabus. Listing and treatment of those language points for each HSK level
follows strictly the order as given in the original Chinese Test Syllabus for a certain le-
vel of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test (HSK).

viii
Words and Phrases are dealt with first and are followed by Sentence Structures and
other items in the following main sub-sections of a chapter.

The way language points including real grammar points are treated in a chapter may
differ significantly. For the lower proficiency test levels (HSK Level 1-3), some gram-
mar points may be dealt with at length although this will not be done for each indivi-
dual grammar point on a regular basis. The reader should be aware that this book is
simply a guide and cannot serve as substitute for a good reference grammar book.
Thus, the approach to what grammar points are dealt with at length is highly selective
and intended to include points nor easily found in any standard Chinese grammar.

ix
There is another approach to treatment we thought useful when dealing with lan-
guage points of the higher levels of the HSK (Levels 4-6).

Here, we would rely on providing bilingual and monolingual definitions from high-
quality dictionaries and lexicons well-known all over China and made available by re-
putable publishers. These definitions will lead the user to gain a better understanding
and insight into the different fields of meaning pertaining to a certain lexical entry and
its usage in modern vernacular or Classical Literary Chinese.

Some dictionaries and lexicons will cover definitions relating both to Modern and
Classical Chinese. Hence, you will also get some practice in distinguishing between
more relevant information provided for a certain lexical entry and such that may be
les relevant for you and thus could be safely ignored if it refers to Classical (Literary)
Chinese while your own focus is on Modern Chinese.

The sample extract on the following page indicates that in our choice of dictionaries
and lexicons to quote from we have relied on diverse resources to give you a first im-
pression what the current state of art in Chinese lexicography has to offer. This way,
you will also get a first impression on what dictionaries and lexicons are available for
different purposes which in turn will help you focus on those that are most relevant
for you.

x
Grammar and Language Points dealt with in this book do not occur in isolation but in
texts of spoken and written Modern Chinese. Therefore, the reader of this book pre-
paring for any of the six levels of the HSK should practice such structures and lan-
guage points in connection with spoken or written texts in which they typically occur.
For the convenience of the reader, we have added a number of graded Chinese text at
the end of this book to help the reader apply what he has learnt in the previous chap-
ters covering the different language points for each of the six test levels.

These texts at the end of the book cover different levels of difficulty pertaining to the
different levels of the Chinese Language Proficiency Test. The texts cover various gen-
res such as

(1) Stories and Legends,

(2) Essays, and

(3) Life - topics that relate to current life in Mainland China.

For each of these texts, we have a two versions: one which is entirely in Chinese and
represents its original Chinese text version while the second version includes Chinese
characters and corresponding Hanyu Pinyin transcription. Looking up unknown char-
acters in such texts in a dictionary may at times be a somewhat painful and time-con-
suming process, and to encourage the reader’s motivation to deal with Chinese texts
at different levels of language difficulty we have added these transcription aids to fa-
cilitate referencing of unknown characters or words in dictionary and appropriate lex-
icons that with respect to the order of entries are organised alphabetically according to
the Hanyu Pinyin system. The sample extract on the following page will give you a
first impression of how the material in this latter part of the book is organised.

4. Some Practical Suggestions for Study

Here are some practical suggestions of how to work with the material in this book and
how to make the most of it.

1. Read the instructional parts in the chapters on language points for each HSKL level

xi
carefully and then try to apply what you have learnt practically by translating the
sample sentence(s) given in each section into English. Also, read the monolingual and
bilingual definitions given in the chapters for the higher test levels carefully and com-
plete the study and work assignments given there as well.

3. Be reminded that this book is a guide and should always be used in conjunction
with other literature and reference tools listed under References at the very end of this
book (to be found after after the texts (pp. 123 - 146)).

4. Select any of the texts according to your Chinese Language Proficiency level, study
and translate them into English and later re-translate them into Chinese if you can.
This will enhance both your reading comprehension in written Chinese and your ac-
tive expression in Chinese by writing a free re-translation into Chinese translated into
English before.

And now good luck and best wishes of success in your endeavours to prepare for the
Chinese Language Proficiency test at the level you have chosen!

August 2018
THE COMPILER

xii
 HSK ୰⹤ HSK Grammar
♇َ⧻͔◎ Language Points
˴◣
HSK Level 1

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 1 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢 [HSK Test Syllabus], HSK Level 1, pp. 10-11. Published by the Confu-
cius Institute Headquarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30418-7

There are 12 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of
which are listed on the following page.

1
 Overview

Words and Phrases 3 7. Structural Particles 8

1. Nouns 3 7.1 ⓗ 8
1.1 Time Nouns with ࠋࠋࠋⓗᰦೃ 3 7.2 ஢ 8
1.2 Position Noun ๓ 7.3 ੇ 8
7.4 ࿔ 8
2. Verbs 3
2.1 General Verb ᅾ 2 8. Interjection ┪ 9
2.2 Verbs of Potentiality and Will: ఍,
⬟, ᝿ 4 Sentence Patterns 10
9. Sentences with Nouns, Adjectives
3. Pronouns and interrogative Pro- and Subjects as Predicates 10
nouns 5
3.1 How much? How many?-Using ከ, 10. Some Special Sentence Patterns 11
ከᑡ, ช 5 10.l Sentences with ᫝ࠋࠋࠋⓗ 11
3.2 ီ and ီඒ 5 10.2 Existential Sentences with ᫝ and
3.3 Interrogative Pronouns Referring to ᭷ 11
Person, Things and Properties 5 10.3 Sentences with verbal construc-
tions in series 11
4. Numerals 6 10.4 Pivotal Sentences 12
A. Expressing Amount of Money 6
B. Expressing Date 6 11. Types of Sentences 12
C. Expressing Hour and Minute 6 11.1 Question Sentences requiring a
D. Expressing Age 6 YES or NO answer 12
11.2 Question Sentences requiring a
5. Adverbs 7 “Content” Answer 12
5.1 ୙ 7 11.3 Exclamation Sentences 12
5.2 㒔 7 11.4 Sentences Expressing Request 13
5.3 ἐ 7
5.4 ⣒ 7 Complements 14
12. Complements of Result with ఍㸪
6. Prepositions 7
ዲ㸪㿱 14
6.1 ࿴ 7
6.2 ᅾ2 7
Suggested Further Reading 15

2
 Words and Phrases

1. Nouns
1.1 Time Nouns with ࠋࠋࠋⓗᰦೃ
Structures with ⓗᰦೃ express an action A that is taking place while another action B
is performed or in progress. For example:

఼ᅇ᮶ⓗᰦೃҠலỈᯝࠋ
Action A Action B

In the sample sentence above, someone is asked to buy some fruit on the way home.
Such structures are quite common in Mandarin Chinese, and Chinese grammar calls
the entire complex of ఼ᅇ᮶ⓗᰦೃ in the sentence sample above a “time noun”. Such
a time noun like ఼ᅇ᮶ⓗᰦೃ is typically found at the beginning of a Chinese sen-
tence. In English, such sentences would often translate in different ways paraphrasing
“on your way home, buy some fruit”.

1.2. Position Noun ๓

Other grammarians might call ๓ a postposition since it is attached to the end of an-
other noun as the following sentence sample shows:

௚୍୭ᫍᮇ๓ཤ୰ᅜࠋ

୍୭ᫍᮇ refers to a point of time (“one week”) when X went to China. This point of
time is further specified by ๓ (“before” or “ago”) that is attached to ୍୭ᫍᮇ. Chinese
grammar calls this a position noun. There are other position nouns such as ྡྷ or ᪍䗩.
Again as in 1.1 in the case of Time Nouns above, position nouns are attached to other
nouns that make them then position nouns. For a complete list of time and position
nouns, you should refer to systematic grammar books for foreign students studying
Chinese as a foreign language like እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ (ಟ䇒ᮏ)[A Practical Grammar
of Chinese for Foreigners, Revised Edition, published by Beijing Language and Cul-
ture University Press, Peking 2014, pp. 20ff].

2. Verbs
2.1 General Verb ᅾ1
You will typically find a verb like ᅾ1 in sentences like

௚୙ᅾ་㝔㸪 ௚ཤᏛᰯ஢ࠋ
௚ᅾᏛᰯࠋ
௚ᅾ໭ிࠋ

In sentence such as these, it is indicated that “X is in/at Y” with X usually referring to

a person and Y referring to a location. The location usually follows ᅾ1. The major rea-
son why ᅾ has a subscript 1 here is that it can occur in different grammatical roles as
word in a Chinese sentence. In the sample sentences above, its role is that of a main
verb. However, during the course of your Chinese language studies, you will realise
that it can also assume the role of a preposition or a verbal complement. Compare for
example the following sentences:

3
௚ᅾ໭ி኱ᏛҐ≹䈝ࠋ
ᡃఫᅾ໭ிࠋ
In the first of the two sentences above, the sentence contains another main verb ᏛҐ
followed by an object ≹䈝. Here, ᅾ is a preposition indicating the place at which the
studies are followed by X.

In the second sentence,ᅾ is attached to another verb ఫ and assumes the grammatical
role of a complement.

That means that ᅾ can assume several grammatical roles in a Chinese sentence:
- that of a verb
- that of a preposition
- that of a complement

You can now assign subscripts 1 - 3 according to the grammatical roles of ᅾ. In this
section, only its primary role as a main verb in a Chinese sentence is relevant. In this
context, it may be of interest to note that many prepositions used in Modern Chinese
were verbs in earlier stages of language development, and when losing their primary
verbal meaning in the ancient language, they developed into prepositions in Modern
Chinese.

2.2 Verbs of Potentiality and Will: ఍, ⬟, ᝿

A. ఍:
௚఍೴依ࠋ

The sample sentence above indicates that ఍ is used as main verb referring to an ac-
quired skill. Being able to cook is such a skill.

B. ⬟:
ᡃᅾ依ᗑ㸪 ఼ชⅬ⬟᮶㸽

The sample sentence above indicates that ⬟ is used as main verb referring to an in-
stance of being able to do something that does not depend on acquiring a skill but on
circumstances that a person may not always be able to influence. Being able to come at
a certain time is such an instance.

⬟ can also mean “can/to be able to” with reference to a permissible or non-permissi-
ble action, e.g.

ඛ⏕㸪 䘉㔛୙⬟ᡴ⭥䈍ࠋSir, you cannot/may not phone here.

C. ᝿:
ᡃ᝿ཤ╧㿹ࠋ

In the sample sentence above, ᝿ is used in conjunction with another verb following it.
This indicates that ᝿ acts as a modal verb here. It expresses a wish/desire to do some-
thing. The desire to go to sleep because one is tired is such an instance.

4
 Overview: Personal Pronouns 3. Pronouns and interrogative
ᡃ ఼ ௚/ዯ Pronouns
ᡃԜ ఼Ԝ ௚/ዯԜ

3.1 “How much/how many?”- Using ከ, ከᑡ and ช

In Chinese, there are different ways of translating “how much?” or “how many?” It all
depends on sentence structure and context in Chinese which of the following structur-
al patterns would actually be used. Here are the patterns with some appropriate sen-
tence samples:

A. ከ means much or many. It can occur in a sentence like

఼ዪඒᚇ⁻ுࠋዯከ኱㸽
where it simply means many and can refer to age.

B. ከᑡ literally means “many/much or few” and may be used when one doesn’t have
any clue about an amount at all, e.g.
఼ᘙฟ⛒䖖ከᑡᖺ஢㸽

C. ช can be roughly translated by “which”(A); in certain contexts, however, it may

also translate as “some”(B).
(A) ఼ཤ໭ிชኳ㸽
(B) 䘉ชᮏҖከᑡ䫡㸽
It can often function as something like a place holder for days of a week as we shall
see later.

3.2 ီ and ီඒ
ီ roughly translates as “which of X/who from among X” and occurs for example in
sentence like this:
ီ୭᫝఼ⓗྠᏛ㸽

ီඒ simply translates as “where”, e.g.:

఼ཤီඒ㸽

3.3 Interrogative Pronouns referring to person, things and properties

䈱 translates as “who?” in a sentence like
䈱఍䈤≹䈝㸽

ொ஄ translates as “what” in a sentence like

௒ኳୗ༗఼᝿సொ஄㸽

ᛠ஄ means “how” in a sentence like

ୗ㞵஢㸪఼ᛠ஄ᅇཤ㸽

ᛠ஄ṧ also translates as “how” but refers to asking for certain states in a sentence like
఼ⓗ≹䈝ᛠ஄ṧ㸽

5
 4. Numerals
˴̡̜МԆ There are different ways of expressing quantity in Chinese
એ͠╺౪੾ in addition to the use of numerals.

੾˴ Small or really limited quantities can be referred to as ୍Ⅼ

ඒ. It simply means “little/ a little/ a bit”, e.g.
੾̡ ᡃ఍䈤୍Ⅼඒ≹䈝ࠋ
̜੾
There are several other instances of expressing quantity in
̜੾એ combination with Chinese numerals that are outlined be-
low.
̜Ҋ̜੾એ
A. Expressing an amount of money with a numeral + ᛌ
˴֔ 䫡, e.g.
භᛌ䫡
̜̜֔Ҋ̡ ᛌ䫡 is a colloquial expression for the more formal ேẸᐱ.

੾એ B. Expressing date
ҁ In Chinese, the year comes first, followed by the month and
finally by the day of a month. Optionally, the day of the
Ⱈ week may be mentioned at the end of the complete date se-
quence, e.g.
୍஑஑ඵᖺᅄ᭶භྕ ᫍᮇ୍

C. Expressing Hour and Minute

Here again, the larger time unit precedes the smaller one. e.g.
୍Ⅼ༑ศ

D. Expressing Age
Here, ኱ is used to express age; it follows the relevant numeral as in
ᅄ኱

Days of the week Months:

ᫍᮇ᪥ ᫍᮇᅄ ୍᭶ ୐᭶
ᫍᮇ୍ ᫍᮇ஬ ஧᭶ ඵ᭶
ᫍᮇ஧ ᫍᮇභ ୕᭶ ஑᭶
ᫍᮇ୕ ᅄ᭶ ༑᭶
஬᭶ ༑୍᭶
භ᭶ ༑஧᭶

6
5. Adverbs
At this HSK Level, knowing the meaning and grammatical function of the following
adverbs is required:

5.1 ୙
୙ is an adverb of negation used in sentences where either ᭷ does not occur or aspect
indicated by ╔, 䗷 or஢ is not marked, e.g.

ᡃ୙䇔䇶ီ୭Ꮫ⏕ࠋ

5.2 㒔
㒔 is an adverb translating as “all” most of the times in English. In English, “all” is a
quantifier used before a noun while in Chinese 㒔 never can precede a noun and must
always precede a verb. Look at the following sentence sample:

௚Ԝ㒔᫝୰ᅜேࠋ

5.3 ἐ
ἐ is another adverb of negation and is used in sentences indicating completed action
or states as in the following sentence sample:

᫖ኳୖ༗ἐୗ㞵㸪 ኳẻᚇዲࠋ

5.4 ኴ
ኴ is an adverb expressing something or someone is in a state of abundance. e. g.
௒ኳኴ෭஢㸪 ᡃ୙᝿ཤ

6. Prepositions
6.1 ࿴
In the following sentence sample below, ࿴ is a preposition that would translate as
“with”:

఼࿴䈱ᡴ⭥䈍㸽

࿴ can also assume other grammatical roles than that one. These will eventually be ex-
plained later.

6.2 ᅾ
ᅾ is a clearly a preposition here and not a verb:
ྸྸᅾ㑣ᐙ་㝔ᕤసࠋ

There is a clear-cut rule for differentiating the grammatical roles of ᅾ as a verb or pre-
position in a sentence:
ƽWhen ᅾ functions as a verb in a Chinese sentence, there ís normally no other ac-
tion verb present. In this case, it translates as “am/are/is in/at...”.
ƽ When ᅾ functions as a preposition in a Chinese sentence, there is normally an-
other verb present in a sentence.

7
7. Structural Particles
In Chinese, structural particles are also understood as “empty words” (of meaning)
with certain entirely grammatical functions in a Chinese sentence. The following four
structural particles can operate at different descriptive levels of a Chinese sentence.

7.1 ⓗ
ⓗ is a structural particle mainly used to form various kinds of attributive sequences
in noun phrases. It is also used to form possessive pronouns from personal pronouns.
A simple structural formula is:

Personal pronoun + ⓗ ------> possessive pronoun

A sample sentence is for example:

௚ⓗ≹䈝ᚇ୙ዲࠋ

7.2 ஢
஢ has basically these two functions:

a) It can assume the role of a sentence particle at the end of a sentence to indicate that
a change in state has come about by the state, process or action expressed by the predi-
cate. E. g.:

௚ཤ依ᗑ஢ࠋ

b) Following a verb as a predicate in a sentence, it can indicate completed action. For

example:

௚ԜҠ஢ᚇከьすࠋ

7.3. ੇ
Adding ੇ as a sentence particle at the end of a sentence makes the sentence an inter-
rogative sentence that can be answered either with YES or NO.

఼䇔䇶௚Ԝੇ㸽

7.4 ࿔
࿔ has several functions as a sentence particle.
a) In the sample sentence below, it may indicate some action in progress:
௚ᅾᐙసொ஄࿔㸽

b) It may have a meaning of “what about...” at the end of a sentence as in the sample
sentence below:
ᡃ⡡ྚⱪᯝ㸪 ఼࿔㸽 (And what about you?)

8
8. Interjection ၽ
It may be used to call or address someone to attract his or her attention:
ၽ㸟 ఼సொ஄࿔㸽 (Hello! What are you doing there?)

It also used when replying to a telephone call:

ၽ㸟 ఼ᢍ䈱㸽 (Hello! Who are you looking for [to talk to]?).

9
 Sentence Patterns

9. Sentences with Nouns, Adjective and Subjects as Predicates

Languages like English normally require a verbal predicate and a subject followed by
the former to make it a meaningful and grammatically correct sentence. In Chinese,
this is not always the case. There are the following exceptions:

A. A noun can function as the predicate of a sentence as in the sample sentence below:
In the sample sentence below, ᫍᮇභ functions as a sentence predicate:

᫂ኳᫍᮇභࠋ

In English, a linking verb like IS would be required which is absent in a Chinese sen-
tence in this case.

B. An adjective functions as the predicate of a sentence:

In the sample sentence below, ᑠ functions as a sentence predicate; a linking verb re-
quired in languages like English is not required:

௚ⓗ⾰᭹ኴᑠ஢ࠋ

ኴ is an adveb preceding ᑠ while ஢ is a sentence final particle indicating change of

state.

C. A sentence subject functions as a predicate of a sentence:

In the sample sentence given below, the subject of the sentence ኳẻᚇዲ functions as
a predicate in relation to ᫂ኳ:

᫂ኳኳẻᚇዲࠋ

Note that in sentences with adjectives as predicates, the adverb ᚇ may be required to
make it a grammatically correct sentence. This is always the case if the adjective is rela-
tive at meaning level and can be used in a comparative sense (e.g., good - better - best).
On the other hand, absolute adjectives at the level of meaning that cannot be used in
comparative senses will not take the adverb ᚇ before them. Absolute adjectives, for
example, are those referring to colour.

10
10. Some Special Sentence Patterns

10.1 Sentences with ᫝ ࠋࠋࠋⓗ

᫝ ࠋࠋࠋⓗ is a grammatical frame construction to express emphasis of a place, a time
or the manner in which an action was performed. It also implies completed action;
and in English translation, the verb would then have to appear in the past tense form.

The following sample sentences express place, time and manner of completed action:

䘉லᮼᏊ᫝᫖ኳҠⓗࠋ(Emphasis of time)
ᡃ࿴傜ඛ⏕᫝ᅾ伎ᮘୖ䇔䇶ⓗࠋ(Emphasis of place)
௚᫝ᆘ伎ᮘ᮶୰ᅜⓗࠋ(Emphasis of manner)

The emphasised part usually is “embedded” within the ᫝ ࠋࠋࠋⓗ frame with ᫝ at
the beginning of and ⓗ at the end of the emphasised sentence part.

10.2 Existential Sentences with ᫝ and ᭷

Sentences indicating the location of a person or object X at a place Y normally also im-
ply existence of X. In the following sentences samples, ᫝ and ᭷ are used to express
the existence of X at a place Y. The sentence subject in these sentence patterns usually
is the location Y where X can be found. Grammatically, the sentence subject is a posi-
tion or location noun; the second noun in the sentence following ᫝ and ᭷ is the ob-
ject or person X said to be at a certain place Y.

Compare the following sample sentences:

䘉㔛㠃᫝ொ஄ьす㸽
ᱏᏊୖ ᭷୍୭ⱪᯝࠋ

10.3 Sentences with verbal constructions in series

In this sentence pattern, a first action X is followed by a certain action Y in sequence or
”series”. Compare the following sentence sample:

ዯୖ༗ཤၟᗑҠ஢ᚇከьすࠋ

In the sentence sample above, the first action performed is that “she went to a ware-
house in the morning” with a subsequent action of “buying many things there”. Chi-
nese grammar calls such sentence patterns “sentences with verbal constructions in ser-
ies” (䘎ࣘྃ).
The same applies with respect to the second sentence sample below:
௚᫂ኳୖ༗ᆘ伎ᮘཤ໭ிࠋ

Note that a construction of ᆘ + vehicle + verb of motion + place noun as in the second
sentence sample above indicates the manner of travel. If the travel is by plane, indi-
cated by 伎ᮘ following ᆘ, it is flying; if ᆘ is followed by ⅆ䖖, then the travel is by
train.

11
10.4 Pivotal Sentences
In Chinese grammar, a pivotal sentence (ව䈝ྃ) is one where the object of a simple
sentence also is the subject of an “embedded” sentence. Such a Chinese sentence struc-
ture roughly corresponds to what is known as accusativus cum infinitivo (aci) in Latin
and Ancient Greek Grammar. It also exists in other modern Western languages like
English and German. A typical English sentence example would, for instance, be a
sentence like the following: I saw him come. This sentence is a combination of the fol-
lowing sentence parts:

a. I saw X (X=b: he comes).

b. He comes.

Such sentence patterns also exist in Chinese. Compare the following sentence sample:
⳯సዲ஢㸪 ཤྉ఼ྠᏛԜ᮶ྚ依ࠋ

11. Types of Sentences

11.1 Question Sentences requiring a YES or NO Answer

Question sentences that do not contain any of the interrogative pronouns usually are
the ones requiring a YES or NO answer as in the case of the sample sentence below:

᫖ኳⓗ㞵኱ੇ㸽

The answers may perhaps look like that:

Either (a) ኱ࠋ
or (b) ୙኱ࠋ

Alternatively, this type of question sentence may be formed with the ኱-୙-኱ pattern
without the particle ੇ at the end of the sentence.

11.2 Question Sentences requiring a “Content” Answer

Unlike question sentences dealt with in 11.1, question sentences requiring a “content”
answer contain an interrogative pronoun like 䈱 (who?), ொ஄ (what), ொ஄ᰦೃ (when,
literally: “which time”?), ᛠ஄ (how?), ီ㔛 (where?), etc. Answering 䈱 (who?) may
contain the name of a person, answering ီ㔛 (where?) may contain the name of a
place. etc. For the sample sentence below, the name of a person will be required:

䘉୭ே᫝䈱㸽

In English, the difference between “Content” Question Sentences and those mererly
requiring a YES or NO answer is grammatically not really relevant while it is in Chi-
nese: The former cannot contain a question sentence particle like ੇ while the latter
must contain such a particle at the end of a sentence.

11.3 Exclamation Sentences

A special type of exclamation sentence is that using ኴࠋࠋࠋ஢with an adjective, for
example, set between them: ⾰᭹ኴ⁻ு஢㸟䉒䉒఼ⓗ. ኴࠋࠋࠋ஢ expresses the
speaker’s attitude towards the high degree of a property that a certain thing expressed

12
by the sentence subject ís possessing. In the sample sentence, the speaker thanks the
other person for a piece of cloth that looks “so beautiful/pretty”.

11.4 Sentences Expressing Request

The formula 䈧 + Verb in Chinese expresses a simple, polite request that something be
done on the part of the listener or reader. This is indicated by the sample sentence be-
low:

䈧ᆘࠋ

13
 Complements
In Chinese grammar, complements are assumed to be immediate grammatical units of
a sentence like subject, predicate, object, attributes and adverbial adjuncts. There are
different kinds of complements, one of which is the complement of result, which in
general expresses the result of an action.

12. Complements of Result with ఍㸪ዲ㸪㿱

The common structural pattern is: Verb + ఍/ዲ/㿱
For each instance, we provide the following sample sentences below:

A. Verb + ఍
Verbs relating to the acquisition of a skill may have a following ఍ as a complement of
result to indicate that the learning process has been completed and the skill is now
successfully mastered:

௚Ꮫ఍஢೴୰ᅜ⳯ࠋ

B. Verb + ዲ
When ዲ follows an action verb as a complement of result, it indicates that the action
was completed successfully with a satisfactory result:

௚೴ዲ依஢ࠋ

C. Verb + 㿱
When 㿱 follows verbs of perception like ྶ as a complement of result, it indicates that
the particular action of perception was or was not accomplished successfully:
ᡃἐྶ㿱ࠋ

14
 Suggested Further Reading
Unless explicitly stated otherwise, all page references below are to: ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝
䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ(A Practical Chinese Grammar For Foreigners [Revised Edition]), Beij-
ing Language and Culture University Press, 2014 [2008].

For Section 1 in this Book on Nouns: 145

cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp.
16 - 26
For Section 2 in this Book on Verbs:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp.
26 - 41
For Section 3 in this Book on Pronouns:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp.
95 - 105
For Section 4 in this Book on Numer-
als:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp.
58 - 73, pp. 73 - 95 (measure words).
For Section 5 in this Book on Adverbs:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 105
- 116
For Section 6 in this Book on Preposi-
tions:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 116
- 123, pp. 213 - 222
For Section 7 in this Book on Structural
Particles:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 131-
For Section 8 in this Book on Interjec-
tions:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 146
- 150
For Section 9 in this Book on Sentence
Patterns:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 334
- 353
For Section 10 in this Book on Special
Sentence Patterns:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 557
- 558, pp. 496 - 504, pp. 477 - 484, pp. 485 -
495
For Section 11 in this Book on Sentence
Types:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 368
- 395, pp. 399 - 401, pp. 396 - 399
For Section 12 in this Book on Comple-
ments and Complements of Result:
cf. እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ(ಟ䇒ᮏ)ࠔ, pp. 271
- 329 and pp. 273 - 284 in particular

15
 HSK ୰⹤ HSK Grammar
♇َ⧻͔◎ Language Points
̡◣
HSK Level 2

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 2 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 2, pp. 12-14. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30419-4

There are 12 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of
which are listed on the following page.

17
 Overview

Words and Phrases 19 7.1 ྱ 25

1. Verbs 19 7.2 ⓗ phrase 25
1.1 ⚹ 19 7.3 ᚓ 25
1.2 ఍ 19 7.4 䗷 25
1.3 ྍ௨ 19 7.5 ஢ at the end of a sentence 25
1.4 せ 20 7.6 ╔ 25
1.5 ┳┳ 20
1.6 ┳୍┳ 20 Sentences 26
1.7 ㏅ࣘ㏅ࣘ 20 8. Special Sentence Patterns 26
1.8 Verbal complement of result used as an 8.1 ᫝ࠋࠋࠋⓗ 26
attribute 20 8.2 䇙 26
8.3 Sentences of Comparison with ẚ 26
2. Pronouns: Ѫொ஄㸽 20
9. Types of Sentences 26
3. Adjectives 21 9.1 Question Sentences with Yes/No Answer
3.1 ከ 21 26
3.2 㓒㓒 21 9.2 “Alternative” Question Sentence 26
9.3 Exclamation Sentence with ┿ 26
4. Measure Words 21 9.4 Using ࡛ and ୙せࠋࠋࠋ஢ 26
4.1 ከ following a noun phrase numeral +
measure word 21 Complements 28
4.2 ḟ 21 10. Complements 28
4.3 ௳௳ 22 10.1 Complement of Result 28
4.4 ୍ୗ 22 10.2 Complement of Potentiality 28
10.3 Complement of Degree 28
5. Adverbs 22 10.4 Complement of Quantity 28
5.1 㒔 22 10.5 Complement of Direction: Simple
5.2 Use of 䘈 22 Complements of Direction 28
5.3 ᑵ 23
5.4 ஓ 23 Complex Sentence Structures 29
5.5 ᕬ㓿 23 11. Complex Sentences 29
5.6 ᭷୍Ⅼඒ 24 11.1 㲭↛ࠋࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ణ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ 29
5.7 ෌ 24 11.2 ᅉѪࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᡤ௨ࠋࠋࠋ 29
5.8 ┿ 24
5.9 ᭱ 24 Fixed Structures 31
12. Fixed Structures 31
6. Prepositions 24 12.1 せ/ᛌ/ᛌせ/ᑵせࠋࠋࠋ஢ 31
6.1 ௕ 24 12.2 ᅾ/ṇᅾ/ṇࠋࠋࠋ࿔ 31
6.2 ሩ 24
6.3   24 Suggestions For Further Reading 32
7. Particles 25

18
 Words and Phrases

1. Verbs

1.1 㞳
In the sample sentence below, 㞳 functions similar to a preposition of location before a
place noun with a predicate complex following the prepositional phrase:

௚ⓗᐙ⚹Ꮫᰯᚇ䘌ࠋ
㞳 is placed before Ꮫᰯ as a place of destination while ௚ⓗᐙ is the place of depar-
tuire. In this case, ⚹ may be simply translated with to:

From his home to his school (it) is very/quite far.

Chinese grammar treats ⚹ as a verb with several shades of meaning. In the sample
sentence above, it actually behaves like a preposition in a prepositional phrase placed
before the predicate complex ᚇ䘌.

General observations on the use of ᚇ before a predicative adjective like 䘌:

䘌 belongs to the semantic category of relative adjectives. Relative adjectives can have
comparisons like He is taller than me or He is the tallest of us all. Other examples of rela-
tive adjectives in English and Chinese are good, bad, great, big, small, far, etc. There
are also absolute adjectives like red or other colour adjectives that cannot be compared
in the same way like relative adjectives. In Chinese grammar, relative adjectives must
always be preceded by ᚇ; if not, it would give them a sense of comparison like taller,
etc. ᚇ is not placed before adjectives with an absolute sense of meaning.

1. 2 ఍
఍ is a modal verb often placed before another main verb in a sentence to express
either the ability of a skill acquired or possibility in addition to other shades of mean-
ing.
In the sample sentence below

௒ኳྍ⬟఍ୗ㞵ࠋ

the context clearly suggests that it expresses possibility and a future state.

1.3 ྍ௨
This is another modal verb commonly translated into English as “can”, “may” (the lat-
ter in the sense of permission). In the sample sentences below:

(1) ఼ᅾ෗ொ஄㸽ᡃྍ௨┳┳ੇ㸽
(2) ᡃ㿹ᚓఫᅾ䘉ඒᚇዲ㸪⚹Ꮫᰯᚇ㏆㸪ᡃྍ௨ẗኳ㉮╔ཤୖᏛࠋ

ྍ௨ in (1) indicates the sense of permission, ྍ௨ in (2) indicates “being able to do

something” because of favourable circumstances.

19
1.4 せ
せ is a modal verb indicating different senses of modality such as “want” or “should”.

(1) ẗኳ᪩ୖዯ㒔せ៏㊝୍୭ᑠᰦࠋ
(2) ௚⏕⑓஢㸪せከ႑Ỉ㸪ከఇᜥࠋ

In the two sample sentences above, せ in (1) indicates desire while せ in (2) may be
translated as “should” or “must”.

1.5 ┳┳
Doubled monosyllabic verbs can express an intensive act of short duration.
This is also suggested by the context of the sample sentence below:

䘉ᮏҖ୙䭉㸪 ఼ྍ௨┳┳ࠋ

1.6 ┳୍┳
Some doubled verbs like ┳┳ in 1.5 may also have ୍ inserted between them.
In the sample sentence below:

䘉ᮏҖ୙䭉㸪 ఼ྍ௨䈫୍䈫ࠋ

䈫୍䈫 expresses a similar notion of intensive but brief action like ┳┳ in 1.5 above.

1.7 ㏅ࣘ㏅ࣘ
㏅ࣘ is a verb consisting of more than one syllable. In such a case, in the case of redu-
plication, its parts appear reduplicated according to the pattern ABAB as the sample
sentence below suggests:

እ㠃ኳẻᚇዲ㸪ᡃԜฟཤ㏅ࣘ㏅ࣘ㸽

1.8 Verbal complement of result used as an attribute

This entails a somewhat more compley structure as indicated in the sentence sample
below:

ᡃ୔ኵ᪂㈙ⓗ⣚Ⲕ㸪 ఼౗୍ᮼ㸽

Here, ᪂㈙ is in attributive relationship to ⣚Ⲕ indicated by ⓗ before ⣚Ⲕ as a head

noun. ㈙ functions here as a verbal complement of result (remember that in Chinese
grammar, adjectives are considered verb-like elements).

2. Pronouns: Ѫொ஄㸽
Ѫொ஄ asks for a reason of doing something and is commonly translated with “why”
in English. Note that Ѫொ஄ literally translates as “for what (reason)?”. This is also
suggested by context of the sample sentence below:

20
3. Adjectives

3.1 ከ
ከ is an adjective and is listed in theࠓ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔwith the following shades of mean-
ing:

1. many, much (adjective),

2. to what an extent (adverb, used in exclamations).

Here is a small activity assignment:

Determine the grammatical role of ከ according to sentence context in the sample sen-
tence below:

૨ᨭඤ̈́ᖋc

Is it (1) or (2)?

3. 2 㓒㓒
㓒㓒 is an instance of adjectives that can be reduplicated like verbs in Chinese. From
sentence context in the sample sentence below, you may well conclude that there is an
apple that looks really tasty to eat:

䘉୭ⱪᯝ㓒㓒ⓗ㸪 ┿ዲྚࠋ

4. Measure Words

General Observations: You will certainly be aware that measure words such as ୭ or ᮏ
are required to be put before nouns in when a demonstrative pronoun or a numeral
precedes the head noun. Measure words then as a rule are put between demonstrative
pronoun/numeral and the head word modified in a phrase. Certain nouns require
certain measure words in Chinese, for example: ᮏ is a measure word for words like
Җ while a noun like ே would require ୭ as a measure word to be inserted.

4.1 ከ following a noun phrase with a measure word

In the sample sentence below:

䘉୭⭥ᙳᚇ䮯㸪᭷୩୭ከᑠᰦࠋ

ከ here indicates that the film was over two hours of duration and hence must be
translated as “over...” or “more than...” ከ in such a case always follows directly the
measure word but precedes the head noun.

4.2 ḟ
There are also measure words for verbs or verbal phrases indicating, for example, fre-

21
quency of action. ḟ preceded by a numeral is equivalent to “times” in English as the
context of the sample sentence below suggests:

་⏕䈤㸪 䘉୭㦟ẗኳྚ୕ḟࠋ

4.3 ௳௳
௳௳ is an instance of measure words reduplicated indicating a sense of meaning like
“every” or “all”. This would also apply to the context suggested by the sample sen-
tence below:

䘉୭ၟᗑⓗ⾰᭹௳௳ᚇ⁻ுࠋ

4.4 ୍ୗ
୍ୗ is another instance of a verbal measure word, and from the context of the sample
sentence below it is suggested that its meaning is something like “just” or “for a mo-
ment”:

఼䈫୍ୗ䘉ช୭≹Ꮠࠋ

5. Adverbs

5.1 㒔
㒔 is an adverb; in combination with nouns it is often translated as “all” in English.
Note that word classes differ in both English and Chinese: in English, “all” is a quanti-
fier preceding a noun directly; in Chinese, 㒔 always precedes a verbal element while
it can never precede a noun.
For 㒔, the following shades of meaning are listed in Chinese dictionaries:

1. completely
2. (used for emphasis) even, already

Which function does 㒔 have in the sample sentence below - (1) or (2)?

㒔䘉஄᫽஢㸪఼ྍ⬟୙఍ᡴ⭥䈍஢ࠋ

5.2 Use of 䘈
First, consider the sample sentences below:

$ԛ◝ṉ੿
ԛ◝ṉ੿⧻ԅ€
⧻ԅ€
⧻ԅ€ผ☇੐༻઺ίⰒ▊
ผ☇੐༻઺ίⰒ▊
ผ☇੐༻઺ίⰒ▊cc
%
%සḯ‫☎⦜׉‬
සḯ‫☎⦜׉‬
සḯ‫€☎⦜׉‬
€
€ࡵ‫⦜☇׉‬
ࡵ‫⦜☇׉‬
ࡵ‫⦜☇׉‬cc
&
&ͨ⸞Ո⃿ຨ೛᧥╻
ͨ⸞Ո⃿ຨ೛᧥╻
ͨ⸞Ո⃿ຨ೛᧥╻€ €
€☇Ⱂ⦴ԅ˴ಳⲯ♇
☇Ⱂ⦴ԅ˴ಳⲯ♇
☇Ⱂ⦴ԅ˴ಳⲯ♇cc

Here is a list of possible English translational equivalents for 䘈:

22
1. still, yet 3. passable, fairly
2. also, too
Study Activity:
Which of these possible English meaning definitions can be assigned to sample sentences A -
C according to their respective sentence contexts?

5.3 ᑵ
ᑵ is an adverb that sometimes can be translated as “then” in English; it depends all
on the actual sentence context.

Consider the following sentence samples below:

$◒▙⃿ઋୠ▯▗ூ᧎▯⠣⟐᱆ҟԅc
%ⸯ◞᱆⦘ⴧબ▜c

The ࠓ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔlists the following meaning shades for ᑵ:

1. come near, move towards

2. engage in, enter upon
3. with ´regard to, taking advantage of
4. be eaten with, go with
5. accomplish, make
6. (adverb) a. expressing an affirmative, emphasize
b. in that case
c. at once, right away
d. merely
7. (conjunction) even if

For the use of ᑵ, also compareࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, pp. 111- 116.

For the two sample sentences above, which of the English meaning definitions apply
according to sentence context?

5.4 ஓ
ஓ means “also”, “too” as the following sentences suggest:

A㸸ᡃ႐⅒䘉௳㯭Ⰽⓗࠋ
B: ᡃஓ႐⅒㸪 ణ᫝Ꮽ୙౽ᐅࠋ

5.5 ᕬ㓿
ᕬ㓿 means “already” as suggested by the context of the sample sentence below:
⧠ᅾᕬ㓿12Ⅼ஢ࠋ

23
5. 6 ᭷୍Ⅼඒ
᭷୍Ⅼඒ means “a bit/ a little” as suggested by the context of the sample sentence be-
low:

ᡃ䘉୩ኳ᭷୍Ⅼඒᛁࠋ

5.7 ෌
෌ means “again” as suggested by the context of the sentence samples below:

䘉୭ᡭᮘ⬟෌౽ᐅ୍லੇ㸽
᭹࣑ઈ㸪 ᡃԜ᝿෌せ୍୭⳯ࠋ

5.8 ┿
┿ means “truly/really”, see the sentence sample below:

఼௒ኳҠⓗьす┿୙ᑡࠋ

5.9 ᭱
᭱ means “most as suggested by the context of the sample sentence below:

᭹࣑ઈ㸪 ఼Ԝ䘉ඒொ஄⳯᭱ዲྚ㸽

6. Prepositions

6.1 ௕
௕ means “from”. Compare its use in the sample sentences below:

ᡃ௕11኱ᘙጞ㋍㊊⌫㸪 ᕬ㓿㋍஢10ᖺ஢ࠋ
௕Ꮫᰯ฿ᮘ൪㸪ᆘฟ⛒䖖せ୍୭ᑠᰦࠋ

6.2 ሩ
ሩ means “for” in contexts such as those in the sample sentence below:

་⏕䈤㸪ከྚⱪᯝሩ㌟యዲࠋ

6.3  
  means “in the direction of/towards” as a preposition; as an adverb   , it may
mean also “often”. Which shade of meaning does apply to   in the sample sentence
below?

ᡃṇ Ꮫᰯ࿔㸪 ఼Ԝ➼ᡃชศ䫏ࠋ

24
7. Particles

7.1 ྱ
ྱ as a sentence-final particle and indicates request, command, consultation or propo-
sal. Which of these modal senses expressed by ྱ do apply according to context in the
sentence samples below? For further details, cf. ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, pp. 142.

I. 䘉௳⾰᭹┿⁻ு㸪ᚇ䍥ྱ㸽
II. ⏕⑓஢㸪ᑵ࡛ཤᏛᰯ஢㸪ᅾᐙఇᜥྱࠋ
III. A: ᡃྍ௨᫂ኳཤੇ㸽
B: ዲྱࠋ

7.2 ⓗ phrase
The ⓗ phrase in the sample below functions as a substantivised adjectival phrase:

ᡃ᝿Ҡᡭᮘ㸪఼┳䘉୭㓒ⓗᛠ஄ṧ㸽

7.3 ᚓ
ᚓ after a verb indicates degree or extent of an action. There are other uses as well that
do not apply regarding the context of the sample sentence below:

䘉ᮏҖ෗ᚓ┿᭷ពᛮࠋ

How can you translate this sentence into English then?

7.4 䗷
䗷 indicates aspect of something already experienced as the context of the sample sen-
tence below suggests:

ᡃ┳䗷㑣୭⭥ᙳ㸪 䘈୙䭉ࠋ

Try a translation of this sample sentence yourself.

7. 5 ஢ at the end of a sentence

஢ at the end of a sentence indicates a change of state. Try to translate the sample sen-
tence below accordingly to this sentence context:

ᡃ⏕⑓஢ࠋ

7.6 ╔
╔ after a verb indicates duration or continuation of an ongoing action. For the use of
╔, cf. the contexts of the sample sentences below:

᭷ொ஄஦ੇ㸽ᡃ┿ᛁ╔࿔ࠋ
∘∘ẗኳ㉮╔ཤබྖࠋ

25
 Sentences

8. Special Sentence Patterns

8.1 ᫝ࠋࠋࠋⓗ
We have briefly dealt with the emphatic frame structure ᫝ࠋࠋࠋⓗ in the Grammar
Guide Notes for HSK Level 1. Here is another instance of using it. Here, it is an entire
sentence that is “embedded”:

᫝ᕐគඛ⏕ᖎຓᡃⓗࠋ

8.2 䇙
䇙 here is a verb used in a causative sense (causing someone to do something some-
where) in form of a pivotal sentence structure:

බྖ䇙௚ཤ୰ᅜᕤసࠋ

8.3 Sentences of Comparison with ẚ

a) A + ẚ + B + Adjective/A ẚ B +ᙧᐜ䇽
௒ᖺẚཤᖺ෭ࠋ

b) A + ẚ + B + other elements /AẚB+ᙧᐜ䇽+඼௚

௚ẚᡃ኱୕኱ࠋ

c) A + ẚ + B + Adjective + ከ஢ / AẚB+ᙧᐜ䇽+ከ஢
㑣ඒ㠀ᖖ෭㸪ẚ໭ி෭ከ஢ࠋ

9 Types of Sentences

9.1 Question Sentences with Yes/No Answer / ᫝㠀䰞ྃ

ሩ୙㉳㸪ᅾ➼ᡃԜ10ศ䫏㸪ዲੇ㸽

9.3 “Alternative” Question Sentence / ṇ཯䰞ྃ

እ㠃᫝୙᫝ୗ㞵஢㸽

9.3 Exlamation Sentence with ┿

఼ⓗḷၐᚓ┿୙䭉㸟

9.4 Using ࡛ and ୙せࠋࠋࠋ஢

Compare the following sentences below:

఼࡛╧஢㸪ᛌ㉳ᗋ㸟
୙せ䈤䈍஢㸪 ᛌ╧㿹ྱࠋ

26
Both sentence patterns indicate that the speaker shouldn’t do a certain thing. Using ࡛
is more informal while using ୙せࠋࠋࠋ஢ is more usual in formal situations.

27
 Complements

10. Complements

General Observations: Complements of Result and Complements of Degree logically

presuppose an action or the development towards a state that is completed. It is be-
cause only after an action is complete or a level of a (new) state has been reached, you
cannot assess the result or a degree of action or state.

Complement of result
10.1 Verb + ሩ/䭉/฿/᠐/ᘙ/᏶ / ࣘ䇽+ሩ/䭉/฿/᠐/ᘙ/᏶
䘉୭Ꮠ఼෗䭉஢ࠋ
ᡃᢍ฿ᡃⓗᡭ⾲஢ࠋ
఼㏦ᡃⓗ㑣ᮏҖᡃᕬ㓿䈫᏶஢ࠋ

10.2 Complement of Potentiality: Verb + +ᚓ/୙+㿱/᏶/ୗ / ࣘ䇽+ᚓ/୙+㿱/᏶/ୗ

Ꮠኴᑠ஢㸪ᡃ┳୙㿱ࠋ
䘉஄ከ⳯㸪ᡃԜྚᚓ᏶ੇ㸽

10.3 Complement of Degree: Verb + ᚓ+୙䭉/ᚇዲ / ࣘ䇽+ᚓ+୙䭉/ᚇዲ

ዯ㠀ᖖ႐⅒ၐḷ㸪ၐᚓᚇዲࠋ

General Observation: The verb combined with a complement of degree must be mono-
syllabic; if it has an object it must be repeated after the complement.

10.4 Complement of Quantity

a) Verb + Complement of Time / ࣘ䇽+ᰦ㔞㺕䈝

䘉ᮏҖ௚┳஢୕ኳࠋ

b) Verb + complement of quantity / ࣘ䇽+ࣘ㔞㺕䈝

䘉୭⭥ᙳᡃ┳䗷୕ḟࠋ

10.5 Complement of Direction: Simple Complement of Direction

General Observation: Certain verbs may have ᮶ or ཤ attached to them as comple-

ments with ᮶ indicating an action in the direction towards where the speaker is and
ཤ indicating an action in a direction moving away from the speaker’s position. In the
sample sentence below, ᮶ is used to indicate that a telephone call was made to the
speaker.

᫝䈱ᡴ᮶ⓗ⭥䈍㸽

28
 Complex Sentence Structures

General Observations: Complex sentences consist of several combines sentences

brought together in a single sentence complex. The immediate constituent parts of a
single complex sentence are called “clauses” in English grammar.

Basically, there are two kinds of complex sentences:

ƽ Coordinate complex sentences. Their clauses are all independent (simple) sentences
that are structurally and semantically well-formed and make sense when being used
alone (independently). In Chinese syntax, a special case of coordinate complex sen-
tences are those used with so-called correlatives.

ƽSubordinate complex sentences. They also consist of clauses, but at least one of them
cannot be used as an independent sentence and would not make sense when being
used alone as for example in I know that you are a person of integrity. The underlined
clause is subordinate to I know and cannot be used by itself.

For more information on the grammar of complex sentences in Chinese, you should
consult the following pages in ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔfor further reading:

- on complex coordinate sentences: pp. 588 - 595.

- on complex coordinate sentences and correlatives: pp. 5156 - 608.
- on subordinate complex sentences: pp. 608 - 645.

11. Complex Sentences

11.1 㲭↛ࠋࠋࠋࠋ, ణ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ

The sample sentence below is a coordinate complex sentence expressing the idea that
despite A is in the condition (or state) of X, A nevertheless is also in a state of Y.
A rough English translation of such a complex coordinate sentence may then follow
accordingly the following pattern: “Although A is in the state of X, it is nevertheless
also in the state of Y” or “A is in the state of Y, it is yet in the state of Y”.

Study the context of the sample sentence below:

㲭↛㑣ඇᡭ⾲ᚇ⁻ு㸪 ణ᫝ኴ䍥஢ࠋ

11.2 ᅉѪࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᡤ௨ࠋࠋࠋ

In this sort of complex coordinate sentence, there is a condition A expressed in the
first clause that will bear an impact on the result B expressed in the second clause.

29
Study the context of the sample sentence below:

ᅉѪኳẻᚇ෭㸪ᡤ௨ዯἐཤ​Ὃࠋ

30
 Fixed Structures
ᓒસሞࣈ
Fixed Structures such as the ones listed below are standing expression formula often
used in colloquial or written language of Chinese or both to express a certain idea.
They are difficult to include in a canon of grammar points to be treated otherwise;
therefore, they are listed here a separate grammar points.

12. Fixed Structures

12.1 せ/ᛌ/ᛌせ/ᑵせࠋࠋࠋ஢
This type of fixed structure suggests a sense of immediate future or that something
will happen very soon.

Study the context of the sample sentences below and then try to translate them into
idiomatic English:

ᕬ㓿10Ⅼ45஢㸪ᡃせ఍ᐙ஢ࠋ
⯪䘈᭷༑ศ䫏ᑵせᘙ஢㸪఼᭸཭ᛠ஄䘈ἐ฿㸽

12.2 ᅾ/ṇᅾ/ṇࠋࠋࠋ࿔
This type of fixed structure suggests a sense of an action still in progress or an on-
going process.

Study the context of the sample sentence below and then try to translate it into idio-
matic English:

௚䘈ἐ╧㿹㸪ṇᅾᗋୖ┳⭥㿶࿔ࠋ

31
 Suggestions For Further Reading
እᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲ (A Practical Chinese Grammar for Foreigners), Beijing Language
and Culture University Press, Beijing 2014 (2008).

≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ (Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation), Commercial Press,

Beijing 2000.

32
 HSK ୰⹤ HSK Grammar
♇َ⧻͔◎ Language Points
̜◣
HSK Level 3

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 3 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 3, pp. 14-17. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30420-0

There are 14 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of
which are listed on the following page.

33
 Overview
Words and Phrases 35
1 Nouns 35 Sentences 41
1.1 ᰦ䰤਽䇽 35 10. Specific Sentence Patterns 41
1.2 ᯩս਽䇽 35 10.1 ᢺ-Sentences 41
10.2 㻛- Sentences 42
2. Verbs 35 10.3 Comparative Sentences with
2.1 ᓄ䈕 35 䐏/‫ࠋࠋࠋۿ‬аṧ 43
2.2 ⶑ㿹㸪⑨⌣㸪 ᑞᘉࠋࠋࠋ 35
2.3 Reduplication of Verbs: AAB 35 11. Types of Sentences 43
11.1 Alternative Question Sentence 43
3. Pronouns 36 11.2 Rhetorical Question Sentence 43
3.1 ᘾѸ 36 11.3 Exclamation Sentence with
3.2 ӰѸ㸪ଚ‫ݯ‬㸪䈱 36 ཊ(Ѹ)ࠋࠋࠋ୺㸟 43
3.3 ӰѸ㸪ଚ‫ݯ‬㸪䈱 36
Complements 44
4. Adjectives 36 12. Complements 44
4.1 ケ❦ 36 12.1 Complex Complements of Direction 44
4.2 ᒢᒢ߰߰- Reduplication AABB 36 12.2 Figurative Use of complex complements
of direction 44
5. Measure Words: аՊ‫ ݯ‬37
Complex Sentences 46
6. Adverbs 37 13. Complex Sentences 46
6.1 ᡽ 37 13.1 а䗩ࠋࠋࠋ㸪а䗩 46
6.2 ᴤ 37 13.2 ‫ࠋࠋࠋݸ‬㸪❦ਾ/޽ࠋࠋࠋ47
6.3 䘈ᱟ 37 13.3 аࠋࠋࠋ㸪ቡࠋࠋࠋ 47
6.4 傜к 37 13.4 нնࠋࠋࠋ㸪㘼фࠋࠋࠋ 47
6.5 ケ❦ 37 13.5 нᱟࠋࠋࠋ㸪ቡᱟࠋࠋࠋ 47
6.6 аⴤ 38 13.6 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ቡᱟࠋࠋࠋ 47
6.7 ৸ 38 13.7 ྲ᷌ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ቡࠋࠋࠋ 47
6.8 ਚ 38 13.8 ਚᴹࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᡽ࠋࠋࠋ 48

7. Prepositions 38 Fixed Structures 49

7.1 䲔Ҷ 38 14. Fixed Structures 49
7.2 ṩᦞ 38 14.1 ሩࠋࠋࠋᶕ䈤 49
7.3 ‫ޣ‬Ҿ 38 14.2 ᤯ࠋࠋࠋᶕ䈤 49
7.4 ѪҶ 38 14.3 аࠋࠋࠋҏ/䜭+н/⋑ 49
7.5 ੁ 39 14.4 ৸ࠋࠋࠋ৸ 49
14.5 䎺ࠋࠋࠋ䎺ࠋࠋࠋ 49
8. Conjunctions 39 14.6 䎺ᶕ䎺ࠋࠋࠋ 50
8.1 䘈ᱟ 39 14.7 (൘)ࠋࠋࠋл 50
8.2 ᡆ㘵 39
Suggestions For Further Reading 51
9. Particles 39 Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree Graph
9.1 ൠ 39 Visualisations 52
9.2 ⵰ 39

34
 Words and Phrases

1. Nouns
In sections 1.1 and 1.2 below, the use of the time noun ࡊᡯ and the place noun ௨๓
are demonstrated. ࡊᡯ means “just a few moments ago”, “some time ago”, “just
now”. ௨๓ , although a noun in Chinese grammar means “before”, “in front of” in
the sense of a location.

1.1 ᰦ䰤ྡ䇽 - Time Nouns

ࡊᡯ
ᡃࡊᡯᅾ⭥Დ䰘ཱྀ㐝฿㓿⌮஢ࠋ

In the sample sentence above, ࡊᡯ is preceded by ᡃ and functions as a noun in this

sample sentence.

1.2 ᪉఩ྡ䇽 - Place Nouns

௨๓
㑣᮲⾤ୖ௨๓᭷୍ᐙ依侶ࠋ

௨๓ follows another head noun in the sample sentence above.

2. Verbs

2.1 ᓄ䈕
ᓄ䈕 is a modal verb that can precede another main verb of action in a sentence and
means “should”, “having to do something” and “be obliged to do something”. For the
two sample sentences below, check out how these senses fit into the context of these
sample sentences.

Ѫ஢೺ᗣ㸪ᡃԜᓄ䈕ẗᖺ㒔ཤ་㝔೴୍ḟ㌟యỰḕࠋ
ᡃᓄ䈕᫝ឤᫀ஢㸪᭷Ⅼඒਁ✗ࠋ

2.2 ╧㿹㸪​Ὃ㸪 ᖎᛁࠋࠋࠋ

Notice for the two-syllable verbs above their splitting and their use in different parts
of the sample sentence below.

䉒䉒఼Ԝᖎ஢ᡃᚇከᛁࠋ

2.3 Reduplication of Verbs: AAB

Monosyllabic verbs are reduplicated according to the pattern AA and then followed
by another constituent like ኳඒ in the sample sentence below.

࿘ᮍᡃ᭷ᰦฟཤ⋵ඒ㸪᭷༑࿴᭸཭୍㉳䈸䈸ኳඒࠋ

35
Action verbs in general can be reduplicated, others cannot. For further details, see
ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, pp. 38-41. Reduplicated verbs indicate the sense of a short
but quick action or an attempt, a trial. There are also some other senses related to
these, cf. pp. 40. Note that only verbs can be reduplicated and not their objects.

3. Pronouns

3.1 ᛠ஄
ᛠ஄ does not function as an interrogative pronoun in the sentence below but has a
strong intensifying sense for what follows in this sentence. ᛠ஄ should be translated
as “how” in the sample sentence below.

ᡃ୙ᛠ஄႐⅒​Ὃࠋ

3.2 ொ஄㸪ီඒ㸪䈱
Neither these pronouns normally used interrogatively function as interrogative pro-
nouns in the sample sentence below and in that of 3.3 below. Can you translate them
into English correctly by following the contexts in the sample sentence below and that
of 3.3?

ฟ䰘๓෌ỰḕỰḕ఼ⓗ⾜ᮤ㸪࡛ཪᛀ஢ொ஄ьすࠋ

3.3 ொ஄㸪ီඒ㸪䈱
ᡃཤီඒྚ㒔ྍ௨㸪఼෩ᐃྱࠋ

4. Adjectives

4.1 ✺↛
✺↛ means “make a sudden violent attack” when used as a verb. As an adjective, it
means “sudden”, “unexpected”. In the sample sentence below, ✺↛ functions as a
predicative adjective.

ࡊᡯⓗ㞵ୗᚓ┿✺↛ࠋ

4.2 ᖸᖸ߰߰- Reduplication AABB

Adjectives with two syllables can be reduplicated according to the AABB pattern.
You will find further interesting details on the reduplication of adjectives in ࠓእᅜே
ᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, p. 49. Reduplicated adjectives have a sense of intensification.

௚ᢕᡣ䰤ᡴᢛᚓᖸᖸ߰߰ࠋ

36
5. Measure Words: ୍఍ඒ
୍఍ඒ is a verbal complement of quantity indicating that an action only happens once
or may be also translated with “a little”, “a bit”. Note the different position of ୍఍ඒ
in the sample sentences below.

఼Ԝ➼ᡃ୍఍ඒ㸪ᡃᚇᛌᑵ฿ࠋ୍఍ඒ఼⚹ᘙⓗᰦೃ䇠ᚓයⅉࠋ

General Observation on the Use of ஧ and ୩ as numerals:

You will have noticed that there are two different words in Chinese for the numeral
“two”: ஧ and ୩. Their use differs somewhat:
ƽ஧ is used when there is no measure word.
ƽ୩ is used when there is a measure word.

6. Adverbs

6.1 ᡯ
ᡯ contrasts with ᑵ when used as an adverb. As an adverb, its meaning is “just
now”,”only (now)”. Try to translate ᡯ correctly according to context in the sample
sentences below.

ᑠ⋤᫖ኳ᫽ୖ┳⌫䎋㸪୩Ⅼᡯ╧㿹ࠋ
䘉᮲⿳Ꮚᚇ⁻ு㸪⪋ୟᡯ200ඇ㸪ᑵҠ䘉᮲ྱࠋ

6.2 ᭦
᭦ means “again”, “once more”, “more”, “further”. How is it used in the sample sen-
tence below?

䘉௳㓒Ⰽⓗ㺜⾴᭦ዲ┳ࠋ

6.3 䘈᫝
䘈᫝ as an can mean “it would be better that...”, “still always”, “yes, really”, “indeed”.
It can also occur as a conjunction. How is it used in the sample sentences below?

㲭↛ྚ஢㦟㸪ణᡃⓗ∳䘈᫝ᚇ⑊ࠋ
ᡃ䘈᫝⮬ᕫ僁䖖ཤྱ㸪ᡴ䖖ኴ䍥஢ࠋ

6.4 傜ୖ
傜ୖ means “immediately”.

⭥ᙳ傜ୖᑵせᘙጞ஢㸪ᢕᡭᮘය஢ྱࠋ

6.5 ✺↛
✺↛ can also occur as an adverb. How is it used in the sample sentence below?

ࡊᡯኳẻከዲၢ㸪✺↛ᑵ฾㉳኱仾஢ࠋ

37
6.7 ୍┤
୍┤ means “straight ahead”, “as always” or “uninterrupted”. How is it used in the
sample sentences below?

఼୍┤ྥ๓㉮ᑵ⬟┳฿മҖ侶஢ࠋ
௚ᏛҐ୍┤ᚇດຊ㸪ᡂ㔙ᚇዲࠋ

6.8 ཪ
ཪ means “again” or may indicate parallelism in sentence structure. How is it used in
the sample sentences below?

఼ᛠ஄ཪᛀ䇠஢㸽䘉㦟せ依๓ྚ㸪୙⬟依ྡྷྚ㸪ୗḟ୍ᐃせ䇠ఫࠋ

6.9 ྈ
ྈ means “single”, “very few” and is also translated as “only”. How is it used in the
sample sentences below?

⭥Დᆗ஢㸪ᡃԜྈ⬟㉮ୖཤ஢ࠋ
௚᪩ୖྚᚓᚇㆰঅ㸪୍⯡ྈྚ୍୭呑⺮㸪୩ඇ㠃ໟ㸪႑୍ᮼ∵ይࠋ

7. Prepositions

7.1 㝖஢
㝖஢ means “with the exception of” when uses as a preposition. How is it used in the
sample sentences below?

䘉ḟⓗ⪃䈅㸪ᡃԜ⌜㝖஢傜᫂ἐ᮶㸪඼௚39୭ே㒔ཧຍ஢ࠋ
㝖஢᫓㢲㸪୰⛅㢲ஓ᫝୰ᅜேዲᚇ㔜せⓗ୍୭㢲᪥ࠋ

7.2 ᰿ᤣ
᰿ᤣ means “based on”, “according to”, “in accordance with”. It is often used in ad-
ministrative government texts. How is it used in the sample sentence below?

ᡃԜ୍ᐃ᰿ᤣ⮬ᕫⓗ‫ޤ‬㊃ཤᢍᕤసࠋ

7.3 යன
යன means “about, on (a topic)”, “regarding”, “with regards to” and is often used in
official documents and written Chinese. How is it used in the sample sentence below?

යன᫂ኳⓗ⪃䈅㸪኱ᐙ䘈᭷䰞仈ੇ㸽

7.4 Ѫ஢
Ѫ஢ means “in order to”, “for the sake of”. How is it used in the sample sentence be-
low?

Ѫ஢䘉ḟẚ䎋㸪ጠጠ෸༷஢୍୭ከ᭶㸪ᕼᮃዯ⬟ᣡ฿ዲᡂ㔙ࠋ

38
7.5 ྥ
ྥ means ”in direction of”, “to”, “towards”. How is it used in the sample sentences
below?

ᡃԜ௕࣎බᴥྥ༡㉮㸪ᑵ᫝മҖ侶ࠋ
ሩ୙㉳㸪ᡃᛀ஢ྥ఼௓㓽㸪ዯ᫝ᡃ኱ᏛྠᏛ㸪 ྉᑠ⡿ࠋ

8. Conjunctions

8.1 䘈᫝
䘈᫝ works as a conjunction in the sample sentence below. It is often translated as “or”
and and thus indicates a sense of alternative mainly in an interrogative sentence or in
a declarative sentence implying uncertainty. How is it used in the sample sentence be-
low? Try to translate 䘈᫝ correctly according to the context of the sample sentence be-
low:

᫂ኳୗ༗ᘙ఍㸪఼ཤ䘈᫝ᡃཤ㸽

8.2 ᡈ⪅
ᡈ⪅ also translates as “or” and thus displays a sense of alternative. Its use, however,
differs from that of 䘈᫝ explained in 8.1 above. ᡈ⪅ is normally used in declarative
sentences. How is it used in the sample sentences below? Try to translate ᡈ⪅ cor-
rectly according to the context of the sample sentence below:

䘉୙᫝ᡴ⭥䈍ᡈ⪅෗⭥Ꮚ䛞௳ᑵ⬟ゎ෩ⓗ䰞仈㸪ᡃԜ䘈᫝㿱㠃෌䈤ྱࠋ

9. Particles

9.1 ᆅ
ᆅ is suffixed to adjectives preceding verbs as adverbs making it an adverbial phrase.
Try to translate ᆅ correctly according to the context of the sample sentence below:

ᘵᘵ㧗‫ޤ‬ᆅ➗஢ࠋ

9.2 ╔
╔ when suffixed to verbs indicates an ongoing action at the moment of speaking. Try
to translate ╔ correctly according to the context of the sample sentences below:

ᱏᏊୖᨺ╔୍⎼ⰼࠋ
ዯ䈤╔䈤╔➗஢㉳᮶ࠋ

39
General Observations on the Use of ஢
The role of ஢ and its use in Chinese grammar is somewhat complex. Here is an Eng-
lish summary from ੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred
Words of Modern Chinese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988, pp. 314-317.

There is a ஢1 and a ஢2. ஢1 indicates the completion of an action and follows the
verb before an object. ஢2 is a sentence final particle and indicates entry into a new
change of state or a change of state to come about (“has become” in the first case and
”is becoming x” in the second case. ஢2 always appears after an object of a verb.

There are several sentence patterns illustrating the use of ஢1 and ஢2.
1. a) V + ஢1 +Obj
b) S1 + S2 [S1:V +஢ 1 + Obj] + [S2:.......஢2]
The result of the following action in S2 or action in S1 is a condition for the action in
S2.

2. V + Obj + ஢2: Entry into a change of state.

3. V+஢1+Obj+஢2: completed action and a change of state brought about with it

4. a) V+஢2: Change of state, ongoing, not completed

b) V + ஢1+2: completed action and change of state.
c) V + ஢1: with another sentence or clause following, after completed action in the
first clause/sentence (S1), the result is another action or a state (in S2).

5. Adj + ஢: a) the process of an ongoing change of state has been completed leading to
a new change of state (஢1+2).
b) a new change of state is still to come about (஢2).

Linking verb s such as ᫝ and other verbs referring to a change of state cannot be com-
bined with ஢1.

Abbreviations and Notation used:

V = Verb ஢1 and ஢2 in two sentences or clauses

Obj = Object forming part of a complex sentence
S1, S2 = clauses or sentences forming part ஢1+2: the senses of ஢1 and ஢2 apply si-
of another complex sentence multaneously and are joined together.
[S1:V +஢ 1 + Obj] + [S2:.......஢2] = Using

40
 Sentences

10. Specific Sentence Patterns

10.1 ᢕ - Sentences
Their sentence structure is as follows:
Subject +ᢕ+Object+Verb+other element

We have created some visualisations of the sample sentences below:

ᡃᢕᖗᏊᛀᅾὙᡭ䰤஢ࠋ

䇠ᚓᢕⅉය஢ࠋ

ᡃඛᢕьすᣡୗᴥཤࠋ

఼ᢕᩍᐊⓗ䰘යୖྱࠋ

41
There are some simple grammar rules to produce a well-formed ᢕ-sentence:
1. The subject of this sentence is an agent performing the action.
2. The noun or noun phrase following ᢕ is the patient or receiver of the action.
3. The verb following the ᢕ+noun complex must usually be an action verb that some-
how can govern or influence the recipient object.
4. The verbal predicate must be followed by another element indicating the result of
the action.

For further details, cf. ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, pp. 461-470.

The notion ᢕ-sentences express is that the object noun preceded by ᢕ is somehow in-
fluenced or affected by the action; for example, the object noun is changed in its posi-
tion.

Translate the sample sentences above into English by paying special attention to the
ᢕ-phrase according to sentence context.

10.2 ⿕ - Sentences
The structure of this sentence pattern is in general as follows:
Subject + ⿕+Object + Verb + other element

The visualisation of the sample sentence below is as follows:

ᡃⓗ⮬⾜䖖⿕ᘵᘵ僁㉮஢ࠋ

⿕ followed by a noun indicates the performer of the action; the sentence subject at the
beginning of the sentence is the entity acted upon or receiving the action. The mean-
ing of this sentence is essentially passive in nature and one common way to express
passive voice in Chinese.

42
10.3 Comparative Sentences with ㊦/ീࠋࠋࠋ୍ṧ
The sample sentences below express a sense of similarity or equality. Translate the
sample sentences below according to their context.

Pay attention to the word order of those constituents expressing a sense of similarity
or equality.

ᡃԜ୩ᐙ௨๓ఫᚓᚇ㏆㸪ᑵീ୍ᐙே୍ṧࠋ
䘉௳⾰᭹ⓗ仌Ⰽ㊦ᡃᅾ⨒ୖ┳ⓗ୙ኴ୍ṧࠋ

11. Types of Sentences

11.1 Alternative Question Sentence

Alternative question sentences are expressed by using 䘈᫝ as in the sample sentence
below.

఼ẗኳ᪩ୖ6Ⅼ㉳ᗋ䘈᫝7Ⅼ㉳ᗋ㸽

11.2 Rhetorical Question Sentence

In the sample sentences below, rhetorical questions are expressed by using the sen-
tence final particle ੇ. The fact that these sample sentences function as rhetorical ques-
tion sentences can only be determined by their context.

఼୙᫝䈤㔉ᡃᑖ♩≀஢ੇ㸽
఼ᛀ஢ዯⓗ⏕᪥㸪ዯ⬟㧗‫ੇޤ‬㸽

11.3 Exclamation Sentence with ከ(஄)ࠋࠋࠋၢ㸟

This type of exclamation sentence with ከ(஄)ࠋࠋࠋၢ expresses the idea of surprise
or admiration as in the sample sentence below:

䘉᫝୍୭ከ஄ዲⓗᮘ఍ၢ㸟

43
 Complements

12. Complements

12.1 Complex Complements of Direction

The structure of sentences with complex complements of direction is visualised be-
low.

䈧఼ᢕ䘉୭⟽Ꮚᦙୖཤࠋ

᭹࣑ઈ㸪ᢕ⳯অᣡ䗷᮶㸪ᡃԜ෌Ⅼ୩୭⳯ࠋ

12.2 Figurative Use of complex complements of direction

Complex complements of direction can also be used figuratively. What is their figura-
tive use in the visualised sample sentences below?

䘉୭㓳Ґ仈ᡃ㓸னฟ᮶஢ࠋ

44
ᢕ఼ⓗྡᏐ෗ୗ᮶ࠋ

45
 Complex Sentences

General Observations: The general structure of complex sentences dealt with below can
be visualised as follows:

Example 1:

௚㊦ᡃ୍ṧ㸪㒔႐⅒୍䗩㊝ṉ㸪୍䗩ྶ㡢Ҁࠋ

Example 2:

᫂ኳ᪩ୖᡃඛ傡䬦⾜㸪↛ྡྷ෌ཤᢍ఼ࠋ

If the subject in both S1 and S2 are different, the conjunction or correlative is placed
before the subject. There are also certain rules when S1 and S2 are interchangeable in
order of sequence or whether S2 should precede S1 or not. For further details, see ࠓእ
ᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, pp. 588-600ff.

13. Complex Sentences

13.1 ୍䗩ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୍䗩ࠋࠋࠋ
The sample sentence below

௚㊦ᡃ୍ṧ㸪㒔႐⅒୍䗩㊝ṉ㸪୍䗩ྶ㡢Ҁࠋ

could be translated as Like me, he likes to run as well as listening to music.

46
Then, how would the sentence pair ୍䗩ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୍䗩ࠋࠋࠋtranslate in general into
English?

13.2 ඛࠋࠋࠋ㸪↛ྡྷ/෌ࠋࠋࠋ
The sample sentence below

᫂ኳ᪩ୖᡃඛ傡䬦⾜㸪↛ྡྷ෌ཤᢍ఼ࠋ

states what in S1 what will happen first while S2 states what will happen afterwards.
How could you translate then the sentence pair ඛࠋࠋࠋ㸪↛ྡྷ/෌ࠋࠋࠋin general?

13.3 ୍ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ
The sentence pair ୍ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋin the sample sentence below

ᡃᅾ༡䰘䰘ཱྀ➼఼㸪఼୍ฟ᮶ᑵ⬟┳㿱ᡃࠋ

can be translated as “as soon as...”. How would you translate the complete sample
sentence then?

13.4 ୙ణࠋࠋࠋ㸪⪋ୟࠋࠋࠋ
The sentence pair ୙ణࠋࠋࠋ㸪⪋ୟࠋࠋࠋin the sample sentence below

⧠ᅾⓗᡭᮘ୙ణྍ௨ᡴ⭥䈍㸪⪋ୟྍ௨ྶ㡢Ҁ㸪ୖ⨒㸪⋵​ᠿࠋ

usually translates as “Not only ...., but also ..... as well”. How would you translate the
complete sample sentence then?

13.5 ୙᫝ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ
The sentence pair ୙᫝ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵ᫝ࠋࠋࠋin the sample sentence below

఼୙᫝ᅾമҖ侶┳Җ㸪ᑵ᫝ᅾయ⫱侶ᡴ⌫ࠋ

is usually translated as “If not...., then....”. How would you translate the complete
sample sentence then?

13.6 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᑵ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ

In the sample sentence below, ᑵ᫝ࠋࠋࠋin S2 would translate as ” but”.

䘉௳㺜⾴ᚇዲ㸪ᑵ᫝ኴ䍥஢ࠋ

How would you translate the complete sample sentence then?

13.7 ዴᯝࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ
Here, the sentence pair ዴᯝࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋwould translate as “if...., then...”.

ዴᯝ୍୭ே୙┦ಙ⮬ᕫ㸪ᑵᚇ䳮ᢕ஦᝟೴ዲࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

47
13.8 ྈ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᡯࠋࠋࠋ
In the sample sentence below, the sentence pair ྈ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ᡯࠋࠋࠋwould trans-
late as “only if...., only then...”.

ྈ᭷ከ㓳Ґ㸪ᡯ⬟ᥦ㧗఼ⓗ㈞⌫Ỉᖹࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

48
 Fixed Structures

14. Fixed Structures

14.1 ሩࠋࠋࠋ᮶䈤
The sample sentence below

ሩᡃ᮶䈤㸪೺ᗣ᫝㔜せⓗࠋ

could be translated as “To me, health is very important”. ሩࠋࠋࠋ᮶䈤 then has the
notion of “according to...”

14.2 ᣡࠋࠋࠋ᮶䈤
The sentence pair ᣡࠋࠋࠋ᮶䈤 in the sample sentences below can be translated as
“Applying it to...”, “taking the case of ......”.

“⋤”⧠ᅾ᫝୰ᅜ➨୍኱ྡ㸪ᅾ୰ᅜ㸪ጣ⋤ⓗே᭷9000ከ୓ࠋᣡᡃԜᐙ᮶䈤㸪ᡃጣ⋤ᡃྸ
࿴ᡃጔᏊஓጣ⋤㸪᫝୙᫝ᚇ᭷ពᛮ㸽

How would you translate the entire sample sentences then?

14.3 ୍ࠋࠋࠋஓ/㒔+୙/ἐ
The sentence pair ୍ࠋࠋࠋஓ/㒔+୙/ἐ in the sample sentence below

ᡃሩ໭ி୍Ⅼඒ㒔୙஢ゎࠋ

translates as “not a bit”.

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

14.4 ཪࠋࠋࠋཪ
The sentence pair ཪࠋࠋࠋཪ in the sample sentence below would translate as ”it is
both X and Y ”.

఼┳እ㠃ཪ฾仾ཪୗ㞵ⓗ㸪࡛ฟཤ஢ࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

14.5 ㉺ࠋࠋࠋ㉺ࠋࠋࠋ
The sentence pair ㉺ࠋࠋࠋ㉺ࠋࠋࠋin the sample sentence below translates as ”The
more..., the more... ”.

≹䈝㉺Ꮫ㉺᭷ពᛮࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

49
14.6 ㉺᮶㉺ࠋࠋࠋ
㉺᮶㉺ࠋࠋࠋtranslates as “it is getting more and more X” in the sample sentence be-
low.

ኳẻ㉺᮶㉺✝஢㸪ኟኳ┿ⓗ᮶஢ࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

14.7 (ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୗ
(ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୗ in the sample sentence below would be translated as ”under the condi-
tion of x,.... ”, “under the circumstances of x,.....”.

ᅾ௚ⓗᖎຓୗ㸪ᡃԜゎ෩䘉୭䰞仈ࠋ

How would you translate the entire sample sentence then?

50
 Suggestions For Further Reading

ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2014

(2008).

ࠓ≹䈝䈝ἲⓒ亩䇢㓳(ึ୰㓗)ࠔ[Chinese Grammar-Broken down into 100 items (Basic

and Intermediate Level)], Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2011

ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation], Commercial

Press, Peking 2000

੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred Words of Modern Chi-

nese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988

51
 Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree
Graph Visualisations

Adv Adverb Part Particle

AdvPhr Adverbial Phrase Prep Preposition
Compl Complement PrepPhr Prepositional Phrase
Compl1 Complement 1 Pron Pronoun
Compl2 Complement 2 S Sentence
ComplDir Complement of Direction S1 Sentence or clause 1 in S
Conj Conjunction S2 Sentence or clause 2 in S
N Noun V Verb
NP Noun Phrase VP Verbal/Verb Phrase

52
 HSK ୰⹤ HSK Grammar
♇َ⧻͔◎ Language
М◣ Points
HSK Level 4

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 4 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 4, pp. 16-19. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30421-7

There are 12 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of
which are listed on the following page.

53
 Overview

Words and Phrases 55 7.3 㝶╔ 65

1. Nouns 55 7.4 ㏻䗷 65
1.1 ᪉㠃 55 7.5 ⏤ 66
1.2 ྠᰦ 55
1.3 ඼୰ 55 8. Conjunctions 66
1.4 ᕥྑ 56 8.1 ᖼ 66
8.2 ⪋ 66
2. Verbs 56
2.1 ᮶୙ཬ 56 9. Particles 67
2.2 ௨Ѫ 57 9.1 ொ஄ⓗ 67
2.3 ᚓ (děi) 57 9.2 அ (அ୍) 67

3. Pronouns 58 Sentences 68
3.1 ဎԜ 58 10. Specific Sentence Patterns 68
3.2 ྄ 58 10.1 Pivotal Sentences with ౑ 68
3.3 ྄እ 58 10.2 Sentences of Comparison with A ἐ᭷
B 68
4. Adjectives: ཬᰦ 58
Complex Sentences 69
5. Adverbs I 59 11. Complex Sentences 69
5.1 Verbal Measure Words 59 11.1 Expressing Coordinate Relationships
5.1.1 㐢 59 69
5.1.2 ൪ 60 11.2 㤳ඛࠋࠋࠋ㸪↛ྡྷ/᥋╔ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(᭱
5.1.3 ㊁ 60 ྡྷ)ࠋࠋࠋ 69
5.2 Other Adverbs 60 11.3 ୙ӵࠋࠋࠋ⪋ୟ 70
5.2.1 ಸ 60 11.4 䘎ࠋࠋࠋ᭦୙⏝䈤 70
11.5 ୙᫝ࠋࠋࠋ⪋ୟ 70
6. Adverbs II 61 11.6 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙䗷ࠋࠋࠋ71
6.1 ᣨᰦ 61 11.7 ᑾ⟶ࠋࠋࠋྍ᫝ 71
6.2 ᮏ᮶ 61 11.8 せ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 (ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ 71
6.3 ᖼ 61 11.9 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ྰࡉࠋࠋࠋ 71
6.4 ୙䗷 62 11.10 ୙⟶/᪢䇪ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ஓ/㒔ࠋࠋࠋ 72
6.5 ௕᮶ 62 11.11 ྈせࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ72
6.6 ࡊ 62 11.12 ᪤↛ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ72
6.7 ཬᰦ 62 11.13 ⏤னࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᅉṈ)ࠋࠋࠋ73
6.8 ❵↛ 62 11.14 ༶౑ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ஓࠋࠋࠋ73
6.9 ᜍᛦ 63
6.10 ༓୓ 63 Fixed Structures 74
6.11 㔠 63 12. Fixed Structures 74
6.12 ༷ 63 12.1 ௕ࠋࠋࠋ᮶ 74
6.13 ᫝ྰ 63 12.2 ࿴/㊦ࠋࠋࠋ┦ẚ 74
6.14 ᣿ 64 12.3 Ѫ஢ࠋࠋࠋ⪋ࠋࠋࠋ 74
6.15    64 12.4 ෌ࠋࠋࠋஓ 75
6.16 ᑬ඼ 64 12.5 ᅾࠋࠋࠋ┳᮶ 75
12.6 (ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୖ 75
7. Prepositions 64 Suggestions For Further Reading 76
7.1 ᣨ↷ 65 Abbreviations Used in Sentence Graphs
7.2 ሩன 65 76

54
 Words and Phrases

1. Nouns

1.1 ᪉㠃
This noun carries an abstract sense of meaning:

1.an aspect; a side; an area; a dimension

2.on either/every hand

Its use is demonstrated in the sample sentence below.

ᡃ᭱㏆ᅾ⩻䈁୍ᮏἲᚊ᪉㠃ⓗҖࠋ

Can you now translate this sample sentence according to the context in which ᪉㠃 is
used there? Consider also the grammatical status of ᪉㠃 in this sentence.

1.2 ྠᰦ
ྠᰦ carries several meanings:

1.simultaneously; in the meantime; in the meanwhile; at the same time; at one

time; in chorus
2.moreover; furthermore

For the sample sentence below, try to determine the use of ྠᰦ as a noun according to
Chinese grammar. What would be its grammatical status when translated into Eng-
lish?

௚Ԝྠᰦ௕໭ிฟਁࠋ

1.3 ඼୰

English Meaning Definition:

1.among (which, them, etc.); in (which, it, etc.)

Here is a Chinese monolingual definition given in the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸

⿫㓯⡸):

䘉䟼䶒㸹䛓䟼䶒ࠋ ࠓ䇪䈝‧Ѫ᭯ࠔ㸸“䀰ሑቔ㸪㹼ሑᛄ㸪⾴൘ަѝ⸓ࠋ” ࠉࡈॺߌࠓ⬖䠌

䳶‧ԓ㠚ਉࠔ㸸“‫ޣ‬Ҿ䈝䀰㸪ᡁࡽ⅑߉ؑ㔉֐㸪ަѝᴹа⇥㸪ਟԕ䟽ᯠ߉ࠪࠋ”

Compare the English Meaning Definition with the one given in Chinese.

55
What additional information can be found in the Chinese monolingual definition of
this word that is not contained in the English meaning definition part? To what extent
does the audience differ for each meaning definition.

To what extent is the information given in the meaning definitions, both English and
Chinese, relevant to the role and context in which ඼୰ is used in the sample sentence
below?

୰ᅜཪᅾ56୭Ẹ᪘㸪඼୰≹᪘ேⓗᩘ㔞᭱ከࠋ

1.4 ᕥྑ

English Meaning Definition:

1.the left and right sides; both sides

2.about; or so; or thereabouts
3.to master; to control; to influence
4.entourage; retinue; attendants

How do these definitions apply to the role of ᕥྑ in the sample sentence below ac-
cording to the context there?

ᡃᅾ⨒ୖ㔉఼Ҡ஢ชᮏҖ㸪ఒ䇑୕ኳᕥྑᑵ⬟฿ࠋ

2. Verbs

2.1 ᮶୙ཬ

English Meaning Definition:

Chinese Meaning Definition from ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸

⿫㓯⡸):

1.there's not enough time (to do something); 2. it's too late

ᶕн৺
(ᶕн৺,ᶕн৺) ഐᰦ䰤⸝‫׳‬㸪ᰐ⌅亮ࡠᡆ䎦кࠋ ࠓᇈ൪⧠ᖒ䇠ࠔㅜйаഎ㸸“ࡦਠаᗳ
‫؞‬䚃䘈ᶕн৺㸪䛓䟼ᴹᐕཛ㇑䘉䰢һࠋ” ࠉḣ䶂ࠓ䬌້䫱໱ࠔㅜॱаㄐ㸸“ՠ䇑ࡠ≁ᐕԜ
ণ‫ׯ‬㜭䎦ࡠ⋉ᇦᓇ㸪ҏᶕн৺㻵㋞ࠋ” ࠉઘ㘼༽ࠓк⎧ⲴᰙᲘࠔㅜа䜘ॱа㸸“ྩ䘎䘱ҏ
ᶕн৺䘱㸪ᵋ⵰Ԇ‫❦ؿ‬䙍৫Ⲵ㛼ᖡ㸪䐣к⊭䖖㸪ᔰ䎠Ҷࠋ”

You can ask similar questions here as in 1.3 and try to find an answer.

Now, consider the role ᮶୙ཬ plays in the context of the sample sentence below.

56
What’s your English translation of this sample sentence then?

ࣘసᛌ୍Ⅼඒ㸪ᛌ᮶୙ཬࠋ
Consider its role in the sample sentence to the
left and verify by translating this sample sen-
tence into English.
2.2 ௨Ѫ

ԕѪ
1.to take someone or something to be
2.to think or believe; to feel; to figure; to suppose; to assume
3.to be under the impression that

Chinese Meaning Definition from ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⚹㓯∧):

(ԕѪ,ԕѪ) 1.䇔Ѫࠋ ࠓᐖՐ‧‫ޜ܆‬Ҽॱйᒤࠔ㸸“৺喀㸪喀ẃ‫ޜ‬࿫ѻ㸪ᴹ傜Ҽॱ҈㸪‫ޜ‬ᆀ

ᆹѻࠋӾ㘵ԕѪнਟ㸪ሶ㹼㸪䈻Ҿẁлࠋ” ࠉᆻ㣿䖬ࠓᰕ௫ࠔ㸸“⭏㘼ⴷ㘵н䇶ᰕ㸪䰞ѻ
ᴹⴞ㘵ࠋᡆ੺ѻᴠ㸸‘ᰕѻ⣦ྲ䬌ⴈࠋ’ᢓⴈ㘼ᗇަ༠ࠋԆᰕ䰫䫏㸪ԕѪᰕҏࠋ” ࠉ〖
⢗ࠓ㸺䮯⋣⎚㣡䳶㸼ᒿࠔ㸸“ᡁԕѪ䘉Ӌһᛵ㸪䜭ᴹ੺䇹ᯱӪⲴԧ٬㸪䘉᡽ࣘㅄ߉ᆳࠋ”
2.֌Ѫ㸪⭘֌ࠋ ࠓᐖՐ‧᮷‫ޝޜ‬ᒤࠔ㸸“ᇓᆀҾᱟѾ࿻Ѫഭ᭯……ᰒᡀ㸪ԕᦸབྷ‫ڵ‬䱣ᆀо
བྷᐸ䍮և㸪֯㹼䈨ᱻഭ㸪ԕѪᑨ⌅ࠋ” ࠓਾ≹Җ‧ᵡ‫׺‬Րࠔ㸸“ᰦ਼䜑ઘ㿴䗏‫ޜ‬ᓌ㸪ᖃ
㹼㸪‫ٷ‬䜑ᓃ䫡Ⲯз㸪ԕѪߐᑫ䍩ࠋ” ࠉইᵍằ⊸㓖ࠓཿᕩ⦻Ⓚࠔ㸸“Ⓚ⡦ᆀഐ‫ޡ‬䈖䇞㸪ࡔ
оѪႊࠋ ࠉ⪻ѻл䫡ӄз㸪ԕѪ㚈⽬ࠋ” ࠓ䆖ц䙊䀰‧⦹า᱕㩭䳮䙒ཛࠔ㸸“ᡁྲӺ৸н
‫ڊ‬ᇈҶ㸪ᰐ༴ᥓ䫡㸪֌օ⭏᜿ԕѪ㋺ਓѻ䇑㸽”
3.“ԕѻѪ”Ⲵⴱ⮕ᖒᔿࠋ⣩䀰䇙Ԇ(ྩ)‫ڊ‬㸪ᢺᆳ֌Ѫࠋ ࠓਾ≹Җ‧ブ↖Րࠔ㸸“䮯ྣ䘹‫ᧆޕ‬
ᓝ㸪ẃᑍԕѪ䍥Ӫࠋ” ࠉ␵ԫᆹкࠓо੤ᤌ㓿Җࠔ㸸“ࠓਉһ䀓⯁ࠔаᑉ㸪⧽ѻӄॱаᒤ
⸓㸪ԕѪ᷅ѝ呯ᇍ㸪䏣րॳ⿻〈ㄸࠋ” 4.⣩㘼Ѫ㸪㘼ᡀࠋԕ㸪㘼㸪䘎䇽ࠋ ࠉ≹ᢜ䳴ࠓ䮯
ᶘ䍻ࠔ㸸“ὃᏰᏝ㘼Ѫᔻ㸪㓑ইኡԕѪ㖍ࠋ” ࠉᱻ█ዣࠓ㾯ᖱ䍻ࠔ㸸“䟾㫢ਈ㘼ᡀ㝟㸪㤁
咯ॆԕѪ傜ࠋ” 5.⣩ᐢѪ㸪ᐢᱟࠋԕ㸪䙊“ᐢ”ࠋ ࠉᱻ䲦▌ࠓ䎐䮯⋉‫ޜ‬䈇ᒿࠔ㸸“։Ҿ䮯⋉
‫ޜ‬Ѫ᯿⾆㸪਼ࠪབྷਨ傜ࠋᱝぶᰒ䘌㸪ԕѪ䐟Ӫࠋ”ԕ㸪аᵜ֌“ᐢ”ࠋ ࠉ⏥㣜ᾬᵜࠓ䈤
䜋ࠔধг‫ޝ‬ᕅᆻ⅗䱣‫ޝࠓ؞‬аㅄ䇠‧㘱∿䈤ࠔ㸸“ࡽਾѻ⴨䲿㸪䮯⸝ѻ⴨ᖒ㸪᧘㘼ᒯѻ㸪
з⢙ѻ⨶Ⲷ❦ҏ㸪нᗵᴤ䀰ަ։ࠋ❦㘱ᆀѪҖ㸪∄ަ։䈨ᆀԕѪㆰ㾱ҏࠋ”ԕ㸪
Ӻᵜࠓ⅗䱣‫ޘ؞‬䳶‧ㅄ䈤ࠔ֌“ᐢ”ࠋ

What role does ௨Ѫ play in the sample sentence below. Try to verify also by translat-
ing the sample sentence into English.
ᡃᮏ᮶௨Ѫ௵࣑⬟亪฼᏶ᡂ㸪ἐ᝿฿஦᝟ⓗਁᒎṇዲ┦཯ࠋ

2.3 ᚓ (děi)

1.need
2.must; have to
3.will; ought

ᚓ (děi) in this pronunciation variant is a full verb while when used as a particle it is
pronounced de in the neutral tone.

┿ᢪḵ㸪᫂ኳᡃᚓຍ⌜㸪୙⬟㝙఼ཤ ࠋ

57
3. Pronouns

3.1 ဎԜ
Like ᡃԜ, ဎԜ translates as “we/us”. However, ဎԜ carries a special inclusive sense
of “we and you”. ဎԜ can only occur in its original plural form.

How do you translate the sample sentence below with respect to the special meaning
of ဎԜ?

ᡃࡊ┳⭥㿶ୖ䈤௒ኳ᭷኱㞵㸪ဎԜᨵ෌ཤ᳜≀ᅒྱ㸪

3.2 ྄

1.another; other; separate

௚᭱㏆≉࡛ᛁࠋ୍᪉㠃ዯせ෸༷ᡂ㔙䇱᫂ࠊ࣎ᣔ↷࿴ḕ䇱㸪྄୍᪉㠃䘈せ㊦ᅜእⓗ኱Ꮫ
㚄⣔ࠋ

Translate the sample sentence above with a special focus on the meaning definitions
of ྄ in the context of the sample sentence above.

3.3 ྄እ

ਖཆ
1.besides; separately; specially; else; further
2.another; additional
3.on the side; in addition; over and above

Which of the English meaning definitions given above applies best to the context in
which ྄እ is used in the sample sentence below?

ᡃ᭱㏆䰵䈫䗷୩⠍㊦୰ᅜ᭷යⓗᩥ❶㸪୍⠍௓㓽ⓗ䮯ᇛ㸪྄እ୍⠍௓㓽ⓗ᫝ிࢗࠋ

4. Adjectives: ཬᰦ

৺ᰦ
1.timely
2.in season; in time; promptly
3.punctuality

58
Chinese Meaning Definition from the ⧠ԓ≹䈝䇽ި:

৺ᰦ
jíshí
ķ ↓䎦кᰦ‫ى‬㸪䘲ਸ䴰㾱㸸㹼䴘ʡ㹼᫝⿽ࠋ
ĸ нᤆᔦ㸹傜к㸹・࡫㸸ᴹ䰞仈ቡ㹼䀓ߣࠋ

In the light of the definitions given above, translate the sample sentence below:

⑓ே㏦᮶ᚓẚ䖳ཬᰦ㸪⧠ᅾᕬ㓿ἐ᭷⏕࿨༴䲙஢ࠋ

5. Adverbs I

5.1 Verbal Measure Words

5.1.1 㐢

䙽
1.all over
2.a word to express the number of times in doing something

Chinese Meaning Definition from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

䙽
bian4
(1)
⌋ᤷᲞ䙽 [allover;everywhere]
ᇔӪӔᗗ᪗ᡁࠋ――ࠓ䈇·䛦仾·े䰘ࠔ
‫ޜ‬ᆀᕅ‫⭏ן‬඀к඀,䙽䎎ᇮᇒࠋ――ࠓਢ䇠·兿‫ޜ‬ᆀࡇՐࠔ
(2)
৸ྲ:┑ኡ䙽䟾;䙽フ(ઘ㿸,ቭ㿱);䙽փ(⎁䓛,‫ޘ‬䓛)

bian4
Ӿཤࡠቮ㓿শа⅑ [time]ࠋྲ:ᘥа䙽;䇨ཊ䙽

(1)
ᗗ
bia4n
(2)
(ᖒ༠ࠋᵜѹ:䎠䙽) ਼ᵜѹ [have travelled all over]
ᗗ,ᗗҏࠋ――ࠓ䈤᮷ࠔ
ᗗҾ㗔⾎ࠋ――ࠓ㲎Җࠔ
ࠑ≨హኡ≤,⑨শ↶䙽ࠋ――ᆻ·⊸ᤜࠓỖⓚㅄ䈸ࠔ
䙽㺉䰘੺нᡀࠋ――ࠓ䱸ᐎ㋌㊣ࠔ

59
In the light of the definitions given above, translate the sample sentence below:

䘉ᮏҖዯ䈫䗷ᚇከ㐢஢ࠋ

5.1.2 ൪

൪
1.a level open space
2.a country fair; a market
3.a spell; a period

In the light of the definitions given above, translate the sample sentence below:

┿ᕼᮃୗ୍൪኱㞵㸪䇙ኳẻ෺ᛌୗ᮶ࠋ

5.1.3 ㊁

䏏
1.quantifier for the number of trips or runs made

Here are some monolingual definitions for ㊁:

䏏
WDQJ
LJ਽Lj

↕ᆀ↕Հ>VWHS@DŽྲ䎦䏏‫ݯ‬䎦ᗇкᶕᗇ৺

྇྇䐟>VXLW@DŽྲ䏏傜ᠿᴢѝ㺘╄僁⵰傜྄䐁Ⲵа྇〻ᔿࣘ֌
ਖ㿱WDQJ
In the light of the definition given above, translate the sample sentence below:

ཤᖺᨺ⨫೥ⓗᰦೃ㸪ᡃཤ஢୍㊁໭ிࣘ≀ᅒࠋ

5.2 Other Adverbs

5.2.1 ಸ

‫ؽ‬
1.times; fold
2.double

60
Chinese Meaning Definition from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި

‫ؽ‬
EHL

‫ؽ‬ᮠ>WLPHVIROG@
ቍԕॱ‫ؽ‬ѻൠⲮзѻᐸਙ‫ޣ‬㘼᭫〖DẒ̣̌≹g䍮䈺lj䗷〖䇪NJ

৸ྲӄ‫ؽ‬йⲴӄ‫ؽ‬ᱟॱӄ‫ؽؽⲮⲮؽ‬ᐞа‫ॺؽ‬

In the light of the definitions given above, translate the sample sentence below:

௚ⓗᕤ䍴᫝ᡃⓗ୩ಸࠋ

6. Adverbs II

Study Assignment: For the sample sentences in each of the sections below, translate the
sample sentences in each of them in the light of the definitions given for each adverb.

6.1 ᣨᰦ

᤹ᰦ
1.on time; on schedule; punctually

Sample Sentence:
ᡃಖ䇱ᣨᰦ᏶ᡂ௵࣑ࠋ

6.2 ᮏ᮶

ᵜᶕ
1.original; primary; inherent
2.originally; essentially
3.of course; by nature

Sample Sentence:
ᡃᮏ᮶௨Ѫᚇㆰঅ㸪೴㉳᮶ᡯਁ⧠ᖼᐜ᫆㸪 ᚇ㎞ⱞࠋ

6.3 ᖼ

ᒦ
1.to combine; to join together; to merge; to incorporate

1.and; also; at the same time

2.on the same level with; even; equal
3.entirely; completely

61
Sample Sentence:
㙼ъ࿴уъᖼἐ᭷ኴ኱ය⣔ࠋ

6.4 ୙䗷

н䗷
1.only; just; merely; nothing but; no more than
2.but; nevertheless; however

Sample Sentence:
┦㊥ช༓බ㔛ⓗᅜᐙ㸪௨๓ᆘ⯪㟂せช୭᭶, ⧠ᅾ஍ᆘ伎ᮘ୙䗷༑ช୭ᑠᰦࠋ

6.5 ௕᮶

ᗎֶ
1.always; at all times; all along

Sample Sentence:
⪁ᕐ䘉୭ே୍┤ᚇ෸ᰦ㸪ᘙ఍௕᮶୙䘏฿ࠋ

6.6 ࡊ

ࡊ
1.hard; solid; unyielding
2.exactly
3.barely
4.just; very recently

Sample Sentence:
ᡃࡊཤᡴ⨒⌫஢ࠋ

6.7 ཬᰦ

৺ᰦ
1.timely
2.in season; in time; promptly
3.punctuality

Sample Sentence:
་⏕ᥦ㓚ேẸ㸪ዴᯝីෑ஢㸪せཬᰦཤ་㝔ࠋ

6.8 ❵↛

ㄏ❦
1.to one's surprise; unexpectedly; actually
2.to go so far as to; to go to the length of; to have the impudence to

62
Sample Sentence:
௚┿᫝ኴ⢒ᚰ஢㸪❵↛䘎ⅆ䖖⚊㒔ᛀ䇠ᑖ஢ࠋ

6.9 ᜍᛦ

 ᙅ
1.to be afraid of; to fear; to dread
2.perhaps; probably; maybe; I think; I'm afraid

Sample Sentence:
ᡃࡊࡊᣨ฿㏻▱㸪᫂ኳせฟᕪ㸪ᜍᛦἐᰦ䰤࿴ᝍ㿱㠃஢㸪ᚇᢪḵࠋ

6.10 ༓୓

ॳз
1.ten million; millions upon millions
2.to be sure to do so

Sample Sentence:
᫂ኳⓗ㠃䈅ᚇ㔜せ㸪఼༓୓୙せ 䘏฿ࠋ

6.11 㔠

䠁
1.gold or golden
2.metal
3.cash

Sample Sentence:
ьす඲㒔ᦙୖ᮶஢ࠋ

6.12 ༷

ত
1.to step back
2.to decline; to refuse
3.but

Sample Sentence:
䈝ἲ᫝䈝ゝᏛҐ୰ᚇ㔜せⓗ୍㒊ศ㸪༷୙䈝ゝᏛҐⓗ඲㒊ࠋ

6.13 ᫝ྰ

ᱟ੖
1.whether (or not); if; yes or no

63
From the ≹䈝㎡ᾏ:

ᱟ੖
shì fǒu/pǐ
1.ሩнሩ;ᱟнᱟࠋ

Sample Sentence:
ᙜᡃԜྶ฿ᢈ䇴ᰦ㸪ඛ୙せ⏕ẻ㸪ᑬ඼୙せ஘ਁ⭁ẻ㸪⪋ୟᓄ䈕෭㟼ᆅ᝿᝿௚Ԝᥦฟⓗ
ព㿱ᡈ⪅ᘓ䇞᫝ྰṇ◴ᇎሩᡃԜ᭷ἐ᭷ᖎຓࠋ

6.14 ᣿

ᥪ
1.to stand erect or straight
2.(of clothes) stiff and unwrinkled
3.to endure or hold out against (hardship, etc.)
4.[Informal] quite; very
5.quantifier for automatic weapons

Sample Sentence:
䘉ḟฟᕪ᣿亪฼ⓗ㸪Ᏻ᤼ᚓᚇዲࠋ

6.15   

ᖰᖰ
1.often; frequently; usually; more often than not; as often as not

Sample Sentence:
ዪᏝᏊԜሩ⾰᭹仌Ⰽⓗ䘹ᤙ  ୚ዯԜⓗᛶ᱁᭷යࠋ

6.16 ᑬ඼

ቔަ
1.especially; particularly; above all; least of all; by far; of all things; in particular

Sample Sentence:
ᑠᰦೃ㸪䛫ᒃԜ㒔䈤ᡃ䮯ᚓീᡃྸ㸪ᑬ඼᫝║╢࿴㰯Ꮚࠋ

7. Prepositions

Study Assignment: For the sample sentences in each of the sections below, translate the
sample sentences in each of them in the light of the definitions given for each preposi-
tion.

64
7.1 ᣨ↷

᤹➗
1.according to; in accordance with; in (the) light of; in terms of; on the basis of; in the way
of

From the ⧠௦≹䈝䇽඾

᤹➗
ànzhào
ṩᦞ㸹‫➗׍‬㸸㹼һᇎ䈤䈍ʡ㹼亴ᇊⲴ䇑ࡂᢗ㹼ૡ

Sample Sentence:
䈧ᢕ䘉லᣕ㓨ᣨ↷亪ᗎ᤼ዲࠋ

7.2 ሩன

ሩҾ
1.as regards; with regard to
2.about; for; regarding; towards; with

Sample Sentence:
ሩன䘉௳஦㸪఼᭷ொ஄┳ἲ㸽

7.3 㝶╔

䲿⵰
along with

Sample Sentence:
㝶╔⛉Ꮫᢏᵟⓗਁᒎ㸪ᚇከ䰞仈ᕬ㓿ᚓ฿ゎ෩ࠋ

7.4 ㏻䗷

䙊䗷
1.to pass through; to come through; to get across
2.to adopt (a motion, proposal); to approve

Sample Sentence:
ዯ㏻䗷ດຊ㸪ᨵਈ஢ேԜሩዯⓗ┳ἲ㸪

65
7.5 ⏤

⭡
1.cause
2.because
3.by or through
4.to follow the wishes of
5.to allow or entrust someone to do
6.from

Sample Sentences:
኱ኵ䈤ᡃⓗ⑊⏤ឤෑᘬ㉳ⓗࠋ
䮯Ụ᫝ӊὪ➨୍䮯Ἑ㸪඲䮯6300ከබ㔛㸪⏤す⪋ь㸪㓿䗷11୭┬ᕷ᭱ྡྷὶධ኱ᾏࠋ
䘉ḟᣍ⪸⏤௚䍏䍓ࠋ

8. Conjunctions

Study Assignment: For the sample sentences in each of the sections below, translate the
sample sentences in each of them in the light of the definitions given for each conjunc-
tion.

8.1 ᖼ

1.and; also; at the same time

Sample Sentence:
䇘䇪ᖼ㏻䗷஢䘉亩䇞᱌ࠋ

8.2 ⪋

㘼
1. and
2. but; however
3. to
4. and then

Sample Sentences:
ᏝᏊ║୰ⓗୡ⏺᫝⨾ѭ⪋ወ≉ⓗࠋ
ᡃ໠໠⪋᮶ࠋ
励㎿୙ణ᫝ՏⓗᩥᏛᐙ㸪⪋ୟ᫝Տ኱ⓗᛮ᝿ᐙ࿴㠉࿨ᐙࠋ

66
9. Particles

Study Assignment: For the sample sentences in each of the sections below, translate the
sample sentences in each of them in the light of the definitions given for each particle.

9.1 ொ஄ⓗ

ӰѸⲴ
and so on / and what not

From the ⧠ԓ≹䈝䇽ި:

⭘൘ањᡀ࠶ᡆᒦࡇⲴࠐњᡀ࠶ѻਾ㸪㺘⽪‘…ѻ㊫’Ⲵ᜿ᙍ㸸Ԇቡௌ⅒ⴻ᮷㢪֌૱㹼│‫؞؞‬ᵪ
ಘ㸪⭫њമṧ㹼㸪Ԇ䜭㜭ሩԈૡ

Sample Sentence:
ᡃԜཤ㊁㉸ᕷྱ㸪᫂ኳฟཤ⋵ᚓ侬ᖸࠊⸯἨỈ㸪ᯝỒொ஄ⓗࠋ

9.2 அ (அ୍)
அ is a particle commonly used in ancient Classical Chinese and is only used in special
cases of modern written and spoken Chinese.

ѻ
1.to go to; to leave for; to arrive at
2.zigzag; winding
3.an expletive
4.third person objective case
5.this; that; these; those
6.possessive particle of

ѻа
one of (sth) / one out of a multitude / one (third, quarter, percent etc)

Sample Sentence:
ᡃ኱ኵ᫝୭ᚇዲⓗே㸪䘉ஓ᫝ᡃ࿴௚㔃፧ཎᅉஅ୍ࠋ

67
 Sentences

Study Assignment: For the sample sentences in each of the sections below, translate the
sample sentences in each of them in the light of the definitions given for each of the re-
levant structural items below.

10. Specific Sentence Patterns

10.1 Pivotal Sentences with ౑

֯
1.to indulge in
2.to use; to employ; to apply
3.to make; to enable
4.to send as diplomatic personnel
5.diplomatic envoys
6.if

It is fair to assume that ౑ has a causative meaning function in pivotal sentences and
that therefore especially the English meaning definition given under (3) will apply
here.

The sample sentence with ౑ below can be visualised as follows in terms of its struc-
ture:

Sample Sentence:
➙䇠ᮏ⭥㝁౑ேԜⓗ⏕άਁ⏕஢ᚇ኱ⓗਈ໬ࠋ

10.2 Sentences of Comparison with A ἐ᭷ B

A translation of this sentence pattern would be “A is not like B that/so + Adjective”.
Here is the sentence pattern formula:

A ἐ᭷ B + (䘉஄/㑣஄)+Adjective

Sample Sentence:
ேԜᢕьすҠᅇᐙ㸪ᡯਁ⧠ཎ᮶ᖼἐ᭷ᗅ࿌ୖ䈤ⓗ㑣஄ዲࠋ

68
 Complex Sentences

11. Complex Sentences

11.1 Expressing Coordinate Relationships: ᪤ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ཪ/ஓࠋࠋࠋ

ᰒ
1.already
2.since; as

৸
1.again
2.further
3.also
4.but
5.and

ҏ
1.also; as well as; too

Sample Sentence:
஑Ụᕷ ᪤᫝୍ᗙᩥ໬ྡᇛ㸪ஓ᫝ⴭྡⓗ​Ὃᇛᕷࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence? Translate.

11.2 㤳ඛࠋࠋࠋ㸪↛ྡྷ/᥋╔ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(᭱ྡྷ)ࠋࠋࠋ

᧕⵰ ᧕⵰
1.to catch 1.to catch
2.to follow; to proceed; to continue; to ensue; to 2.to follow; to proceed; to continue; to ensue; to
carry on; to go on carry on; to go on
3.in one's turn 3.in one's turn

❦ਾ ᴰਾ
1.then; next; afterwards; after that 1.final; last; ultimate
2.eventually; lastly; finally; in conclusion; in the
end

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1, S2 and S3 in this sam-
ple sentence below? Translate.

Sample Sentence:
฿ᐙ௨ྡྷ㸪ዯ㤳ඛ㔉∗ẕ೴ዲ஢依㸪ᣨ╔ᑵᅇ฿⮬ᕫⓗᡣ䰤ᕤసཤ஢ࠋ

69
11.3 ୙ӵࠋࠋࠋ⪋ୟ

нӵ
нӵ...㘼ф
㘼ф
1.not only ... but (also)

Sample Sentence:
఍୍䰘እ䈝ᚇ㔜せ㸪䘉ṧ఼୙ӵྍ௨࿴䘉୭ᅜᐙⓗே஺ὶ㸪⪋ୟྍ௨஢ゎ䘉୭ᅜᐙⓗᩥ
໬ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.4 䘎ࠋࠋࠋ᭦୙⏝䈤

䘎 ᭦୙⏝䈤
1.to link say nothing of
2.to join
3.to include
4.and even
5.in succession
6.a company of army or marine corps
troops except artillery
7.a battery of artillery troops

Sample Sentence:
ᡃ᭱㏆∳⑊㸪䘎侬ᖸ䘉⛇⛮᭷Ⅼඒ⏓ⓗьす㒔୙ᩒྚ㸪᭦୙⏝䈤⢾஢ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.5 ୙᫝ࠋࠋࠋ⪋ୟࠋࠋࠋ

нᱟ 㘼ф
1.and; as well (as)
not that... 2.further; furthermore; moreover; what
is more; and that

Sample Sentence:
㔜せⓗ୙᫝఼᝿せᚓ฿ொ஄㸪⪋᫝఼᭱ྡྷ⬟␃ୗொ஄ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

70
11.6 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙䗷ࠋࠋࠋ

н䗷
1.only; just; merely; nothing but; no more than
2.but; nevertheless; however

Sample Sentence:
䘉ᐙ㣶঵⳯୙౽ᐅ㸪୙䗷࿡㐨◴Ҡ୙䭉ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in the sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.7 ᑾ⟶ࠋࠋࠋྍ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ

ቭ㇑ ྍ᫝
1.to feel free to; not to hesitate to 1.but; yet; however; only; although;
2.though; even though; in spite of; de- though
spite; notwithstanding

Sample Sentence:
ᑾ⟶⧠ᅾᕤసᚇᛁ㸪ྍ᫝฿஢࿘ᮎ௚௔↛఍㓖᭸཭ཤᡴ⌫ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.8 せ᫝ࠋࠋࠋ㸪 (ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ

1.nearby
㾱ᱟ 2.(an auxiliary confirming and stressing
1.if; suppose; in case the verb following)
3.[Formal] to enter upon; to engage in
ቡ
4.to accommodate another person's sche-
dule, etc.
5.only; solely

Sample Sentence:
せ᫝㊰ୖ᭷ኴከ䖖㸪୍୭ᑠᰦከᑵ⬟฿ࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.9 ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ྰࡉࠋࠋࠋ

੖ࡉ
1.otherwise; or; or else

Sample Sentence:
ᚲ享◴ᐃ䇑ฯ㸪ྰࡉ᪢ἲ᪋ᕤࠋ

71
Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.10 ୙⟶/᪢䇪ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ஓ/㒔ࠋࠋࠋ

This structure translates as “no matter what, (it) still...”

୙⟶
1.no matter; despite; however; whether ... ஓ
or; regardless of 1.also; as well as; too
2.to disregard
㒔
᪢䇪 <dou1> all, already
1.no matter what, how, etc.; regardless of <du1> (surname), metropolis

Sample Sentence:
୙⟶೴ொ஄஦᝟㸪㒔ᓄ䈕᭷䇑ฯࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.11 ྈせࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ

ਚ㾱 ቡ
1.as/so long as; provided that; if only; on 1.nearby
condition that; only if 2.(an auxiliary confirming and stressing
2.while the verb following)
3.[Formal] to enter upon; to engage in
4.to accommodate another person's sche-
dule, etc.
5.only; solely

Sample Sentence:
せ᫝ᡃԜ┿ṇດຊ䗷஢㸪ᑵ୙㟂せኴයᚰ㔃ᯝࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.12 ᪤↛ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ

ᰒ❦
1.since; as; now that; inasmuch as; in that; as (or so) long as

For ᑵ, see 11.11 above.

72
Sample Sentence:
᪤↛▱㐨఼䭉஢㸪㑣఼ᑵ䈕ྥ௚㐨ḵࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.13 ⏤னࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᅉṈ)ࠋࠋࠋ

⭡Ҿ ഐ↔
1.owing to; thanks to; as a result of; due 1.therefore; for this reason; conse-
to; in virtue of quently; hence; so

Sample Sentence:
⏤னᐙ㔛ⓗ⪁ே✺↛⏕⑓஢㸪ᅉṈ௚Ԝዲᨺᘜ஢᪑​䇑ฯࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

11.14 ༶౑ࠋࠋࠋ㸪ஓࠋࠋࠋ

ণ֯ ҏ
1.even; even if; even though 1.also; as well as; too

Sample Sentence:
೴⮬ᕫ႐⅒ⓗ஦㸪༶౑෌ᅔ䳮㸪ஓ୙఍㿹ᚓ㎞ⱞࠋ

Can you deduct the kind of relationship that exists between S1 and S2 in this sample
sentence below? Translate.

73
 Fixed Structures

12. Fixed Structures

12.1 ௕ࠋࠋࠋ᮶

Ӿ
1.from; since
2.to follow

ᶕ in this structure translates as ”...on” in ௕ࠋࠋࠋ᮶, and the whole complex may be
then translated as “from...on”.

In the sample sentence below, translate ௕ࠋࠋࠋ᮶ according to the sentence context.

௕ཤᖺ5᭶㉳㸪௚ᑵẗኳඊᣢ㏅୍ࣘ୭ᑠᰦࠋ

12.2 ࿴/㊦ࠋࠋࠋ┦ẚ

⴨∄
1.to compare with; to match; to contrast
2.by (or in) comparison; by contrast

࿴/㊦ࠋࠋࠋ┦ẚ translates here as “compared with...”

In the sample sentence below, translate ࿴/㊦ࠋࠋࠋ┦ẚ according to the sentence

context.

࿴බඹỶ䖖┦ẚ㸪ᆅ䫱᭱኱ⓗՈⅬᑵ୙఍ᆘỶ䖖ࠋ

12.3 Ѫ஢ࠋࠋࠋ, ⪋ࠋࠋࠋ

ѪҶ 㘼
1.for; for the sake of; in order to; in or- 1.and
der that; so as to do; in behalf of; in the 2.but; however
cause of; on purpose 3.to
4.and then

This structure will translate “for the purpose of/in order to...., then....”

In the sample sentence below, translate Ѫ஢ࠋࠋࠋ, ⪋ࠋࠋࠋaccording to the sen-

tence context.

᳜≀఍Ѫ஢㜶ග㸪✵ẻ࿴Ỉㄎதࠋ

74
12.4 ෌ + N +ஓ

޽ ҏ
1.again 1.also; as well as; too
2.more; further
3.and then
4.furthermore

The structure ෌ + N +ஓ can be translated as “and + N + also...”.

In the sample sentence below, translate ෌ + N +ஓ according to the sentence context.

ẗ୭ே᭷⨃Ⅼ㸪෌Ո⚽ⓗேஓ୍ṧࠋ

12.5 ᅾࠋࠋࠋ┳᮶

൘ ⴻᶕ
1.to exist; to be living 1.it seems; it appears; it looks as if
2.to be present 2.apparently; most probably
3.to be in the process of
4.an indicator or location (in space or
time)

This structure translates as “from...it seems”.

In the sample sentence below, translate ᅾࠋࠋࠋ┳᮶ according to the sentence con-
text.

ᅾᚇከே┳᮶㸪ྶὶ⾜㡢Ҁӵӵ᫝ᖺ䖫ேⓗ⡡ዲ㸪⪁ဪᡯ᫝⪁ᖺேⓗ⡡ࠋ

12.6 (ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୖ
(ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୖ would translate as “regarding/with respect to...” in the sample sentence
below.

In the sample sentence below, translate (ᅾ)ࠋࠋࠋୖ according to the sentence con-
text.

ᅾ䘉୭䰞仈ୖ㸪ዯԜ㒔୙ྠព⋤⪁ᐸⓗ┳ἲࠋ

75
 Suggestions For Further
Reading

ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2014

(2008).

ࠓ≹䈝䈝ἲⓒ亩䇢㓳(ึ୰㓗)ࠔ[Chinese Grammar-Broken down into 100 items (Basic

and Intermediate Level)], Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2011

ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation], Commercial

Press, Peking 2000

੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred Words of Modern Chi-

nese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988

Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree

Graph Visualisations

Adv Adverb Part Particle

AdvPhr Adverbial Phrase Prep Preposition
Compl Complement PrepPhr Prepositional Phrase
Compl1 Complement 1 Pron Pronoun
Compl2 Complement 2 S Sentence
ComplDir Complement of Direction S1 Sentence or clause 1 in S
Conj Conjunction S2 Sentence or clause 2 in S
N Noun V Verb
NP Noun Phrase VP Verbal/Verb Phrase

76
 HSK Grammar
HSK ୰⹤ Language Points
♇َ⧻͔◎
Ԇ◣ HSK Level 5

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 5 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 5, pp. 16-18. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30422-4

There are 10 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of
which are listed on the following page.

77
 Overview

Words and Phrases 79

1. Nouns: ௨᮶ 79 Sentences 87
8. Special Sentence Patterns 87
2. Verbs 79 8.1 Pivotal Sentences 87
2.1 ከҿ 79 8.1.1 ௧ 87
2.2 㠁 79 8.1.2 ὴ 88
8.2 Sentences of Comparison:A୙ዴB
3. Adjectives㸸ච 80 (䘉஄/㑣஄ ) + Adjective 88

4. Adverbs 80 Complex Sentences 89

4.1 ౽ 80 9. Complex Sentences 89
4.2 ᰿ᮏ 82 9.1
4.3 ᯝ↛ 82 ୙ణ୙/୙ణἐ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪཯⪋ࠋࠋࠋ
4.4 ᛛ↛ 82 89
4.5 ㆰ┤ 82 9.2 Other Complex Structures I 89
4.6 䘎ᛁ 83 9.2.1 Ꮼྍࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ୙/ஓせࠋࠋࠋ89
4.7 䳮᛹ 83 9.2.2 ୚඼ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙ዴࠋࠋࠋ 89
4.8 ጞ㓸 83 9.3. Other Complex Structures II 90
4.9 ໚ 83 9.3.1 ೥ዴࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ90
9.3.2 ୓ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ90
5. Prepositions 84 9.3.3 (ᖾҿ)ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ 90
5.1 ᮅ 84 9.4 㝖㠀ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ 90
5.2 ㉵ 84 9.5 ီᛦࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ/䘈ࠋࠋࠋ 91
5.3 ன 84
5.4 ⮳ன 85 Fixed Structures 92
10. Fixed Structures: Ѫࠋࠋࠋᡤ 92
6. Conjunctions: ௨ཬ 85
Suggested Further Reading 93
7. Particles 85
7.1 ఝⓗ 86 Abbreviations Used in Sentence Graphs
7.2 ᡤ 86 94

78
 Words and Phrases

1. Nouns: ௨᮶
Chinese grammar treats ௨᮶ although its English translation suggests otherwise.

ԕᶕ
1.since

Chinese monolingual definition from the 㧗㓗≹䈝኱䇽඾:

௨᮶
yi3lai2
[since] ⾲♧௕䗷ཤ᯾ᰦ୚⧠ᅾஅ䰤ⓗ䘉ẁᰦ䰤
ཷ࿨௨᮶ࠋ――䈨ⴱுࠓฟᐸ⾲ࠔ
⮬၈ᱮᒶ௨᮶ࠋ――Ύ·ጦ㰕ࠓⓏὈᒣ䇠

Sample Sentence:
᭷ྐ௨᮶㸪ᆅ⌫ୖᙫඹฟ⏕஢㓖500஬ⓒӯேࠋ

Can you translate this sentence according to the context of ௨᮶ in it?

2. Verbs

2.1 ከҿ

ཊҿ
1.thanks to; it is fortunate that

Can you translate this sentence according to the context of ከҿ in it?

Sample Sentence::
ከҿ఼ᥦ㓰ᡃ㸪ᡃᕪ୍ⅬඒҠ஢㑣ኳⓗ⭥ᙳ⚊ࠋ

2.2 㠁

㠁
1.to lean against
2.to keep near to
3.to depend on
4.to trust
5.near; by

This is a definition from the ⾆ᓝһ㤁:

79
䶐
㤕ࡠ࠷㸪⴨䘍ҏࠋ

And here is another one from the ഻䃎䗝ި:

䶐
ʈʚˋ
1.⴨䚅㛼ࠋ䃚᮷䀓ᆇ㸸ࠗ䶐㸪⴨䷻ҏࠋ࠘⇥⦹㻱˙⌘㸸ࠗӺ؇䄲⴨‫׍‬ᴠ䶐㸪ਔӪ䄲⴨㛼ᴠ
䶐ࠋ࠘
2.‫ྲࠋڽي‬㸸ࠗ䶐⡶࠘ࠊࠗ‫ي‬䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐㪇བྷ⁩࠘ࠋ
3.ᥘ䘁ࠊ䋬䘁ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䶐የ࠘ࠊࠗ䶐㪇ㄉ࠘ࠋୀ˙ᴩᶮ˙ᇯⓚ‫ܗ‬䲒䂙㸸ࠗ❾㥦⮉䶌㘵㸪䶐
ᴸ඀㫬ኡࠋ࠘
4.Ԡ䌤ࠊ‫׍‬េࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䶐ሖ࣋࠘ࠊࠗ䶐ཙਲ਼伟࠘ࠊࠗ䶐Ӫᒛᘉ࠘ࠋ
5.ؑ䌤ࠊؑԫࠋྲ㸸ࠗਟ䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐нտ࠘ࠋ㘱⇈䙺䁈˙ㅜॱ‫ޝ‬എ㸸ࠗ䙉ᱟ਼㼅Ⲵ⾘ᆀ㸪
ᱟᮍ㑓ㅜа‫ػ‬བྷ䥒㦺㸪㩜䶐ᗇտࠋ࠘
6.䓺ࠊ㡩Ⲵ‫ڌ‬倀ࠊ‫ྲࠋ⋺ڌ‬㸸ࠗ‫ڌ‬䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐ㄉ࠘ࠊࠗ䶐የ࠘ࠋਔԓᡢࢷѝ↖ሷᡰクⲴ
䧗⭢ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䶐ᆀ࠘ࠊࠗྣ䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䔏䶐࠘ࠋ݂᷇ཆਢ˙ㅜഋॱҼഎ㸸ࠗ䛓ሿᡢᆀа‫ػ‬
‫ػ‬ᡤҶ䊲㼈㸪㉚Ҷ䳹㗭㸪クᾥᯠ凞Ⲵ䶐ᆀ㸪䐁к๤ֶ㸪ѢҶа‫ػ‬ӄ㣡‫ޛ‬䮰ࠋ࠘

Can you translate this sentence according to the context of 㠁 in it?

Sample Sentence:
௚㠁⮬ᕫⓗດຊ㸪 ᡂ❧஢බྖࠋ

3. Adjectives㸸䳮ච

䳮‫ݽ‬
1.hard to avoid; unavoidable

A Chinese monolingual definition from the ≹䈝䗎⎧ is here:

䳮‫ݽ‬
nán/nàn/nuó miǎn
㺘⽪ഐḀ⿽ᛵߥ㘼ਁ⭏нᐼᵋࠪ⧠Ⲵ㔃᷌
㺘⽪ഐḀ⿽ᛵߥ㘼ਁ⭏нᐼᵋࠪ⧠Ⲵ㔃᷌㸸䈝䀰н䙊
䈝䀰н䙊
䈝䀰н䙊㸪䳮‫ݽ‬ӗ⭏䈟Պ
䳮‫ݽ‬ӗ⭏䈟Պ
䳮‫ݽ‬ӗ⭏䈟Պ㹺䇘䇪䰞仈
䇘䇪䰞仈
䇘䇪䰞仈㸪ⴻ⌅
ⴻ⌅
䳮‫ݽ‬на㠤
䳮‫ݽ‬на㠤ࠋ

Can you now translate this sentence below according to the context of 䳮ච in it?

Sample Sentence:
⎰⨑୙⚹஭ྎ◚㸪ᑗߋ䳮ච䱥୰ஸࠋ

4. Adverbs

4.1 ౽
There are two sample sentences for this language grammar point, each of which de-
monstrates a different usage in the two sample sentences that follow:

80
Sample Sentences:
᭸཭Ԝ┳฿௚෗ⓗ“ᖖ᝿୍஧”ᅄ୭Ꮠ౽䰞௚᫝ொ஄ពᛮࠋ
௚㓸னਁ⧠㸪ཎ᮶ୡ⏺ୖ᭱ᐆ䍥ⓗьす౽᫝⮬ᕫⓗᐙࠋ

DEFINITIONS:

‫ׯ‬
1.handy
2.ordinary
3.a function word similar to "thereupon"

Here is a monolingual definition from the ഻䃎䗝ި:

‫ׯ‬
ɿ㹺ʜˋ
1.ᯩ‫Ⲵׯ‬ᱲ‫ྲࠋى‬㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ѝ䃻ֶ‫ػ‬䴫䂡ࠋ࠘Υࠗᗇ‫ׯ‬ቡᒛ֐䘱䙾৫ࠋ࠘
2.₏ᴳࠋ᮷䚨˙䋸䃬˙䙾〖䄆㸸ࠗഐ࡙҈‫ׯ‬㸪ᇠࢢཙл㸪࠶㻲⋣ኡࠋ࠘ୀ˙ᵾ㨟˙ᕄਔᡠ๤
᮷㸸ࠗ੮ᜣཛे付ᥟ╒㸪㜑‫ޥ‬ժ‫ׯ‬㸹ѫሷ傅ᮥ㸪ᵏ䮰ਇᡠࠋ࠘
3.ቾΥቯㅹⲴᧂ⋴⢙ࠋྲ㸸ࠗབྷ‫࠘ׯ‬Υࠗሿ‫࠘ׯ‬Υࠗ㌎‫ࠋ࠘ׯ‬⢮n1.ণΥቡࠋй഻ᘇ˙ধ
ഋॱг˙੣ᴨ˙੣ѫ℺ۣ㸸ࠗ৸ਨ俜ᠯࡽֶ‫ޕ‬㡂㸪ᰜᰕ‫ׯ‬䘰ࠋ࠘㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜഋഎ㸸ࠗ⇿ᰕᡆ
伟ᖼ㸪ᡆᲊ䯃㸪㯋ဘჭ‫ׯ‬䙾ֶ㸪ᡆ㠷䋸⇽䯂䃷㸪ᡆ઼⦻ཛӪ⴨ᮈࠋ࠘
2.䉸Υ䴓䚃ࠋ㺘৽୿Ⲵ䃎≓ࠋᆻ˙᮷਼˙ਟㅁਓ㲏гㄐѻа㸸ࠗ㤕❑ᴨ㉽ެെ⮛㸪‫ׯ‬нᮉ
Ӫⲭ儞⭏㸽࠘㪓㾯ᓲ˙ধ‫ޛ‬㸸ࠗခ㠵‫ڊ‬㿚㸪‫ׯ‬нᮇ༎付؇㸽࠘⵻a❦Υণ֯ࠋᆻ˙ḣ≨˙䴘
䵆䡤˙ሂ㸜␂࠷䂎㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬㑡ᴹΥॳぞ付ᛵ㸪ᴤ㠷օӪ䃚ࠋ࠘ʀ㹺ʜˊ̌̅̊㸦00920)

‫ׯ‬
ʀ㹺ʜˊࠉ
ဃࠋྲ╒ԓᴹ‫ׯ‬′ᡀࠋɿ㹺ʜˋ˾̅̊

‫ׯ‬
ɿ㹺ʜˋࠉ
1.丶ࠊ丶࡙ࠊᯩ‫ྲࠋׯ‬㸸ࠗ‫࡙࠘ׯ‬Υࠗн‫ׯ‬ѻ㲅࠘ࠋਢ䁈˙ধа○ҍ˙ᵾሷ䓽ۣ㸸ࠗቡழ≤
㥹ኟ㸪㠽→㸪ӪӪ㠚‫࠘ࠋׯ‬ᆻ˙䲨䙺˙ࡍⲬཧ䲥䂙㸸ࠗӺᵍௌ㲅ੋ⸕੖㸽йи哳ᰇ㡎‫ׯ‬
付ࠋ࠘
2.㉑௞Ⲵࠊ䶎↓ᔿⲴࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ᴽ࠘ࠊࠗ‫ׯࠗࠊ࠘䶻ׯ‬ọ㍉࠘ࠊࠗᇦᑨ‫ׯ‬伟࠘ࠋ
3.䵸᭿ࠊ䕅ᐗࠊ᭿ᦧࠋ㦺ᆀ˙៹ᑍ⦻㸸ࠗ⥯⤉ѻ‫࠘ࠋׯ‬ୀ˙七᜸˙䘱ᵾᝯ↨ⴔ䉧ᒿ㸸 ࠗᴢⴹ
䊀习㸪␵㚢㘼‫ׯ‬億㸪⿰ཆ㘼ᜐѝࠋ࠘
1.䚙ᇌࠊਸᇌࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ᯬᭌᑦ࠘ࠋইਢ˙ধйॱӄ˙亗㿜ѻۣ㸸ࠗ⦷ⲶণᰕнᇌᯬӪ㸪
ᯩֶᵚ‫ׯ‬ᯬ‫ޜ‬㸪਽㠷ሖ৽㸪ᴹ҆᭯億ࠋ࠘
2.ᴹ࡙ᯬࠋ七䶎ᆀ˙ᆔ។㸸ࠗ㲗⌅ԕ࡙⿱㸪㙇഻ԕ‫ׯ‬ᇦࠋ࠘ਢ䁈˙ধгॱг˙ؑ䲥ੋ
ࡇۣ㸸ࠗሷ൘ཆ㸪ѫԔᴹᡰнਇ㸪ԕ‫ׯ‬഻ᇦࠋ࠘
3.⟏㘂ࠋй഻ᘇ˙ধг˙兿ᴨ˙ੲᐳۣ㸸ࠗᐳ‫ׯ‬ᕃ俜㸪㞲࣋䙾Ӫ㸪㲏⛪伋ሷࠋ࠘䲻ᴨ˙ধӄ
ॱ˙䜝῞ۣ㸸ࠗᆍ‫ݸ‬ᯬк⍱㑡ཙㅿԕ᫺⎞⁻㸪䆧Ԕ῞ⶓ‫≤ׯ‬㘵ᕅਆަㅿࠋ࠘
4.ᧂ⋴ቾࠊቯࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ቯ࠘ࠋ╒ᴨ˙ধӄॱҍ˙ᕥ⒟ۣ㸸ࠗ㸦ᆹц㸧⛪‫⾯ݹ‬ण㸪䛾ᴹ䞹
ሿ‫⇯ׯ‬кࠋ࠘

Can you now translate the sample sentences above according to the different contexts
of ౽ in it?

81
Study Assignments for the Sections 4.2 - 4.9 below:
For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

4.2 ᰿ᮏ

ṩᵜ
1.foundation; the root; fundamentality
2.fundamental; basic; radical; ultimate; cardinal

Sample Sentence:
せᑖⓗьすኴከ஢㸪䘉୭⾜ᮤ᰿ᮏ⿦୙ୗࠋ

4.3 ᯝ↛

᷌❦
1.just as expected

Sample Sentence:
༡᪉ⓗẻೃᯝ↛ẚ䖳 ⏖㸪ᡃԜすᏳᚇᑡୗ䘉஄኱ⓗ㞵ࠋ

4.4 ᛛ↛

ᘭ❦
1.suddenly; all of a moment

Here is also a monolingual Chinese definition from the ഻䃎䗝ި:

ᘭ❦
ʉʢࠉʐʜˊ
аぞअ֌ᡆһ⢙Ⲵࠪ⨮㸪ަ䗵䙏Ⲵ〻ᓖࠪӪ᜿ཆࠋй഻╄㗙˙ㅜҍഎ㸸ࠗ⅑ᰕ㸪↓㹼
䯃㸪ᘭ❦⣲付傏䎧㸪᰿䵗㭭ཙࠋ࠘㘱⇈䙺䁈˙ㅜӄഎ㸸ࠗ֐‫ྭࡠف‬㸟ᘭ❦Ⲵ᝸ᛢ䎧ֶ
Ҷ㸟࠘
[լ]偰ൠࠊ偰❦ࠊ⥋❦ࠊ䲑❦ࠊ乃❦ࠊケ❦ࠊᘭൠࠊ䚭❦ࠊѽ❦ࠊ‫ؿ‬ᘭࠊ傏❦ࠊং❦ࠊ
⥍❦
[৽]╨╨ࠊ䙀╨

Sample Sentence:
㉮฿䰘ཱྀ㸪 ௚ᛛ↛᝿㉳ྸྸ୙ඔ䇨௚ᅾᐙ㔛඿ᑠࣘ≀ࠋ

4.5 ㆰ┤

ㆰⴤ
1.simply; virtually; outright; almost; fairly
2.at all
3.honest; unaffected

82
Sample Sentence:
௚≹䈝䈤ᚓㆰ┤䈤ീ୰ᅜே୍ṧࠋ

4.6 䘎ᛁ

䘎ᛁ
1.promptly; at once; immediately

Sample Sentence:
௚ᛛ↛ਁ⧠⮬ᕫἐΎᴆ㸪ன᫝䘎ᛁ⩻䈁ࠋ

4.7 䳮᛹

䳮ᙚ
1.no wonder
2.not to blame; to be understandable

Sample Sentence:
఼ⓗᢳቹ┿஘㸪䳮᛹ᙫ᫝ᢍ୙฿ьすࠋ

4.8 ጞ㓸

࿻㓸
1.from beginning to end; from first to last; all the time; all along; throughout

Sample Sentence:
௚Ԝጞ㓸ᮅ╔୍୭᪉㠃୙᩿ᆅດຊࠋ

4.9 ໚

य
1.do not; must not

Another monolingual definition from the ഻䃎䗝ި is this one:

य
ʢˋ
⢮n1.н㾱ࠊнਟࠋ㺘⽪⾱→ࠊन䱫ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䃻य੨➉࠘ࠋ䄆䃎˙㺋䵸‫ޜ‬㸸ࠗᐡᡰнⅢ㸪
यᯭᯬӪ㸟࠘
2.нࠋ㺘⽪੖ᇊࠋ䄆䃎˙䳽ҏ㸸ࠗ⢱⢋ѻᆀ㸪倲ф䀂㸪䴆Ⅲय⭘㸪ኡᐍަ㠽䄨㸽࠘

Sample Sentence:
㠀ᕤసே䈧໚ධෆࠋ

83
5. Prepositions

Study Assignments for the Sections 5.1-5.4 below:

For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

5.1 ᮅ

ᵍ
1.the court; the government
zhao
ʍʚ
1.morning
2.a day

Sample Sentences:
䈧䰞ཤᅜᐙ༤≀侶᫝ᮅ䘉୭᪉ྥ㉮ੇ㸽
ᑠ≸ᮅ௚᩷஢᩷ᑿᕮࠋ

5.2 ㉵

䎱
1.to make use of; to take advantage of (an opportunity)

Sample Sentence:
ᡃ᝿㉵╔ᖺ䖫ከ䭫⛬䭫⛬㸪୳ᐩ୍ୗ⮬ᕫⓗ㓿শࠋ

5.3 ன

Ҿ
1.in; at; by; to
2.to go or proceed; to take

1.in; at; on; by; from

2.than; then; to; with reference to
3.compared with
4.a Chinese family name

Sample Sentences:
⪃䈅ᡂ㔙ன7᭶20᪥බᕸࠋ
䘉ᡤ኱Ꮫ❧ன໭ிⓗす໭㒊ࠋ
⛉Ꮫᐙ䰘ਁ⧠᳜≀ሩගⓗ仌Ⰽ᭷䘹ᤙᛶ㸪୙ྠⓗ᳜≀႐⅒୙ྠ仌Ⰽⓗගࠋ䘉୍ਁ⧠ྍᓄ
⏝னߌъ⏕ӗୖࠋ

84
5.4 ⮳ன

⮳ன
1.to go so far as to; to go to such extent as to
2.as for; as to; as regards; with regard to; regarding; concerning; respecting; so far
as ... be concerned; in the case of

Sample Sentence:
ሩனᓄ⪸ⓗே㸪ᡃԜ఍┳┳௚ⓗ┦යуъ⬟ຊᕪ୙ᕪ㸪 ⮳ன௚∅ъனီᡤ኱Ꮫ㏻ᖖ୙ᅾ
⪃㲁Ⱳതஅෆࠋ

6. Conjunctions: ௨ཬ

Study Assignments for the Section below:

For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

ԕ৺
1.as well as

A monolingual definition from the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (㓯⡸):

ԕ৺
1.䙓䂎ࠋ㺘⽪൘ᱲ䯃ࠊㇴഽкⲴᔦըࠋ⥦䀰ԕ㠣㸪ԕ㠣ᯬࠋ ࠓᖼ╒ᴨ‧Ԣ䮧㎡ۣࠔ㸸“╒
ҼⲮᒤ㘼䚝⦻㧭ѻҲ㸪䀸ަ⇈ཧ⓵ӑѻᮨ㸪৸ᗙ‫ؽ‬Ѿ〖ࠊ丵⸓㸹ԕ৺Ӻᰕ㸪਽䜭オ㘼н
ት㸪Ⲯ䟼㎅㘼❑≁㘵㸪нਟऍᮨࠋ” ࠉᱹᕥ㨟ࠓྣਢ㇤ࠔ㸸“㥛㥛䙐ॆ㸪Ҽܰᰒ࠶ࠋᮓ≓
⍱ᖒ㸪ᰒ䲦ᰒ⬴ࠋ൘ᑍᓆ⣗㸪㚷㏃ཙӪࠋ⡠࿻ཛ႖㸪ԕ৺ੋ㠓ࠋ” 2.䙓䂎ࠋ䙓᧕іࡇⲴ
䂎ࠊ䂎㍴ᡆ⸝ਕࠋ ࠉ␵ઘӞᐕࠓᴨᖡࠔধй㸸“ႊߐᰒ⮒㸪⳺Ԕᰶᕏ䕙ਆ‫ޝ‬㏃ᆀਢԕ৺
ぇᇈ䟾҈㸪Ⲷԕ㙣ᦸࠋ” ࠉߠᗳࠓᯟӪ⦘ោᛤࠔ㸸“ま䣈䚃㸸‘ࢹ䋤ֶҶ㸪੺䁤ᡁ⡦㿚઼
⸣ᕏ⭏≓Ⲵ‫ݹ‬Ჟ㸪ԕ৺⡦㿚઼֐ਖ਼ીᡁⲴ䂡㸪ᡁଚ㻿䚴ᮒ䙇⮉㸪䏅㏺᭦᤮Ҷഎֶࠋ
’”ྲ㸸Ṽк᭮⵰⮛ㅶࠊ≤Ⳳࠊ䃯㢢ⴔԕ৺‫ࡍ⳶ޙ‬䮻Ⲵ㧺㣡ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
୰ᅜᚇ᪩௨๓ᑵᢕⲔ௨ཬ᝿යⓗⲔՐᩥ໬Ր᧛฿஢ᅜእࠋ

7. Particles

Study Assignments for Sections 7.1 - 7.2 below:

For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

85
7.1 ఝⓗ

լⲴ
as if; seem

From the ≹䈝䗎⎧:

լⲴ
sì/shì de
1.ࣙ䇽㸪⭘൘਽䇽Υԓ䇽ᡆࣘ䇽ਾ䶒㸪㺘⽪䐏Ḁ⿽һ⢙ᡆᛵߥ⴨լࠋ

Sample Sentence:
௚ᢕᏭീ୭ᐆ䍍ఝⓗ㍗㍗ᢜᅾᡭ㔛ࠋ

7.2 ᡤ
This particle often occurs in written Chinese texts in a function to form something like
a relative clause following a head noun.

ᡰ
1.a place; a location; a position
2.a building; an office
3.that which

From the ഻䃎䗝ި:

ᡰ
ʓʢʕˇࠉ
㦽n1.㲋ᆇࠋ㖞൘अ䂎ࡽ㸪᳇⽪अ֌䚄ࡠⲴһ⢙ࠋྲ㸸ࠗࡽᡰᵚ㚎࠘ࠋ䄆䃎˙乿␥㸸ࠗᐡᡰнⅢ㸪यᯭᯬ
Ӫࠋ࠘
2.㠷ࠗ⛪࠘ᡆࠗ㻛࠘ਸ⭘㸪㺘⽪㻛अⲴ᜿ᙍࠋྲ㸸ࠗԆⲴ֌૱⛪а㡜䶂ᒤӪᡰௌᝋࠋ࠘ⵢ㴚⼬䷣yቊ࠘Υ
ࠗ䚴࠘ࠋ′ᓌ䂙䳶˙ধഋॱ‫୶␵˙ޝ‬ᴢ䗝й˙❑਽∿˙៺ܲⅼॱഋ俆ѻй㸸ࠗ⊏䲥৫ᨊᐎ㸪йॳйⲮ䟼ࠋᐢ㹼
аॳй㸪ᡰᴹҼॳ൘ࠋ࠘

ᡰ
ʓʢʕˇ
1.ൠᯩࠊ㲅ᡰࠋੲ∿᱕⿻˙ᙳੋ㿭˙䚄兡㸸ࠗ৕ѻ䄛ᡁҏ㸪ᗵᯬ❑Ӫѻᡰࠋ࠘
2.ᚠ⮦Ⲵս㖞ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ↫ᗇަᡰ࠘ࠋ᱃㏃˙㒛䗝л㸸ࠗӔ᱃㘼䘰㸪਴ᗇަᡰࠋ࠘᮷䚨
˙䄨㪋Ӟ˙ࠪᑛ㺘㸸ࠗᗵ㜭֯㹼䲓઼ⶖ㸪‫࣓ݚ‬ᗇᡰҏࠋ࠘
3.䟿䂎ࠋ䀸㇇ᔪㇹ⢙Ⲵ௞սࠋྲ㸸ࠗаᡰᡯᆀ࠘ࠊࠗйᡰᆨṑ࠘ࠋ
4.㌴⮕䀸㇇ѻ䂎ࠋཊ㖞ᯬᮨ䟿ࠊ௞սѻᖼࠋਢ䁈˙ধӄॱӄ˙⮉‫ן‬цᇦ㸸ࠗ⡦৫䟼ᡰ 㸪
ᖼ䚴ࠋ࠘㒼╒ᴨᘇ˙ㅜॱа˙ཙ᮷ᘇѝ㸸ࠗᖇᱏࠪཙ㡩े㸪䮧Ҽቪᡰࠋ࠘
5.₏䰌ᡆ₏ΏⲴ਽ちࠋྲ㸸ࠗ॰‫ޜ‬ᡰ࠘ࠊࠗ⍮ࠪᡰ࠘ࠊࠗ⹄ウᡰ࠘ࠋ
6.ဃࠋྲ╒ԓᴹᡰᘐࠊᡰ䕄ࠋ䎘n1.㺘⽪ᤷ⽪ࠋ⴨⮦ᯬࠗ↔࠘ࠊࠗ䙉࠘ࠋੲ∿᱕⿻˙ሙ៹㿭˙ሙ៹㸸ࠗ啺ӑൠ
㘼⦻࣐㟣 㸪ᡰ䶎ެᝋѻᗳҏࠋ࠘ୀ˙ᶌ⭛˙Ӗᗎᆛ☏䂙㸸ࠗᡰֶ⛪ᇇ᯿㸪Ӗн⛪ⴔ众ࠋ࠘
2.㺘⽪⯁୿ࠋ⴨⮦ᯬࠗօ࠘ࠊࠗӰ哬࠘ࠋ഻䃎˙冟䃎к㸸ࠗ䮧पѻᖩ㸪ᴩࢼ୿ᡰԕᡠᯬ㦺‫ྲࠊ]⵮Ⰺ࠘ࠋޜ‬
᷌ࠋ䂙㏃˙䝈付˙⡶ᴹ㥘㸸ࠗѝ߃ѻ䀰㸪нਟ䚃ҏ㸹ᡰਟ䚃ҏ㸪䀰ѻ䟌ҏࠋ ࠘ᐖۣ˙‫ޜ܆‬Ҽॱഋᒤ㸸ࠗᡰн
㠷㠵∿਼ᗳ㘵㸪ᴹྲⲭ≤ࠋ࠘

Sample Sentence:
୍୭ேᡤྲྀᚓⓗᡂᯝ㸪ன௚ᡤ௜ฟⓗດຊ᭷╔ᯉ኱ⓗය⣔ࠋ

86
 Sentences

Study Assignments for Sections 8.1 - 8.2 below:

For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

8. Special Sentence Patterns

8.1 Pivotal Sentences

8.1.1 ௧

Ԕ
1.to order or instruct
2.an order, command, etc.
3.to cause or make
4.a season
5.your
ling
ʆʡʟˊ
1.a ream of paper

The sentence structure of the sample sentence below can be visualised as follows:

Sample Sentence:
䘉୭㔃ᯝ௧ேኻᮃࠋ

87
8.1.2 ὴ

⍮
1.to dispatch (troops or vehicles)
2.to send (a person on an errand or mission)
3.a faction; a clique; a school

The sentence structure of the sample sentence below can be visualised as follows:

Sample Sentence:
অ఩ὴᡃཤ༡ி࣎Ⅼඒ஦ࠋ

8.2 Sentences of Comparison:A୙ዴB (䘉஄/㑣஄ ) + Adjective

1.so; such; this way; like this
୙ዴ
1.not equal to; not as good as; inferior 㑣஄
to; less than 1.then; so
2.had better; would rather; had rather 2.in such a manner (or way); in that
case
䘉஄

Sample Sentence:
௒ኳ୙ዴ᫖ኳ㑣஄✝ࠋ

88
 Complex Sentences

Study Assignments for Sections 9.1 - 9.5 below:

For the sections mentioned, compare the definitions with the context of the sample
sentences given and translate them accordingly.

9. Complex Sentences

9.1 ୙ణ୙/୙ణἐ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪཯⪋ࠋࠋࠋ

ᵤനᵤ
ᵤനᵤᵤനभੌ
཯⪋
Not only not...
1.on the contrary; instead; contrarily

Sample Sentence:
䘉ṧ୙ణἐ᭷ゎ෩ᕬ᭷ⓗ䰞仈㸪཯⪋䘈఍ӗ⏕᪂ⓗ▩┪ࠋ

9.2 Other Complex Structures I

9.2.1 Ꮼྍࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ୙/ஓせࠋࠋࠋ
ஓ୙
Ꮼྍ
also not
1.would rather; to prefer to ஓせ
2.preferably; for choice also want, will

Sample Sentence:
௚Ꮼྍᅾᐙ┳⭥㿶㸪ஓ୙ីពฟཤ㏅ࣘࠋ

9.2.2 ୚඼ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙ዴࠋࠋࠋ
1.not equal to; not as good as; inferior
୚඼ to; less than
1.rather ... than ...; not so much ... as 2.had better; would rather; had rather

୙ዴ

Sample Sentence:
௒ኳኳẻ䘉஄ዲ㸪఼୚඼ᅾᐙఇᜥ㸪୙ዴ^࿴ᡃ୍㉳ฟཤᩓṉࠋ

89
9.3. Other Complex Structures II
9.3.1 ೥ዴࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ
1.nearby
೥ዴ 2.(an auxiliary confirming and stres-
1.if; supposing; provided that; provid- sing the verb following)
ing that; in case 3.[Formal] to enter upon; to engage in
4.to accommodate another person's
ᑵ schedule, etc.
5.only; solely
Sample Sentence:
೥ዴ఼⬟┿ᚰᆅᖎຓ࡛ே㸪఼ᑵ⬟య傼฿ே⏕ⓗᛌҀࠋ

9.3.2 ୓ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ

୓
1.ten thousand
2.a great many
3.absolutely

For ᑵ meaning definitions, cf. 9.3.1 above.

Sample Sentence:
୓୍ᡃ᫂ኳ୙⬟᮶ୖ⌜㸪㯞✖఼ᖎᡃ䈧୭೥ࠋ

9.3.3 (ᖾҿ)ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ

ᖾҿ ୙↛
1.thanks to 1.not so; not the case; no
2.if not so; otherwise; or else

Sample Sentence:
ᖾҿ᭷఼ᖎᛁ㸪୙↛ᡃ௒ኳ┿୙▱㐨䈕䘉஄࣎஢ࠋ

9.4 㝖㠀ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ

㝖㠀
1.only if; only when
2.unless; except

For ୙↛, see 9.3.3 above.

Sample Sentence:
㝖㠀ዯⓗ∗Ӣඔ䇨㸪୙↛ዯ᫝୙⬟᎑㔉఼ⓗࠋ

90
9.5 ီᛦࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ/䘈ࠋࠋࠋ

ီᛦ 䘈
na3pa4 1.still; yet
[even;even if(though);no matter how] 2.even more
⾲♧䇙ṉⓗ䘎䇽,┦ᙜன“༶౑”ࠊ“ᑵ⟬” 3.passably
ီᛦยᒣⅆᾏ,ᡃஓせ䰟୍ୗ huan
ʉʢʜˊ
ஓ 1.to return to (a place)
1.also; as well as; too 2.to give back
3.to do or give something in return

Sample Sentence:
೴௵ఱ஦᝟㸪ᡃԜ㒔ᓄ䈕 䖫᫆ᨺᘜ㸪ီᛦ๓⾜ⓗ㐨㊰෌ⱞ෌䳮㸪ஓせඊᣢୗཤ㸪䘉ṧᡯ
୙఍ᅾ⮬ᕫⓗே⏕㔛␃ୗኴከ䚇᠍ࠋ

91
 Fixed Structures

10. Fixed Structures: Ѫࠋࠋࠋᡤ

This structure has the meaning of “enjoyed by”, “pleasing to” etc. The underlined part
of the sample sentence below

ி࡛㢪ᵟѪ᪢ᩘⓗእᅜ᭸཭ᡤ႐⅒ࠋ

can be translated as follows:

”... is enjoyed by countless foreign friends”.

92
 Suggested Further Reading

ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2014

(2008).

ࠓ≹䈝䈝ἲⓒ亩䇢㓳(ึ୰㓗)ࠔ[Chinese Grammar-Broken down into 100 items (Basic

and Intermediate Level)], Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2011

ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation], Commercial

Press, Peking 2000

੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred Words of Modern Chi-

nese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988

93
 Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree
Graph Visualisations

Adv Adverb PrepPhr Prepositional Phrase

AdvPhr Adverbial Phrase Pron Pronoun
Compl Complement S Sentence
Compl1 Complement 1 S1 Sentence or clause 1 in S
Compl2 Complement 2 S2 Sentence or clause 2 in S
ComplDir Complement of Direction V Verb
Conj Conjunction VP Verbal/Verb Phrase
N Noun
NP Noun Phrase
Part Particle
Prep Preposition

94
 HSK ୰⹤ HSK Grammar
♇َ⧻͔◎ Language Points
એ◣
HSK Level 6

The presentation of grammar points for HSK Level 6 is based upon the curricular out-
line in:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 6, pp. 16-17. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30487-3

There are 9 Language Grammar Point topics with eventual sub-divisions, all of which
are listed on the following page.

95
 Overview

Words and Phrases 97 Sentences 111

1. Nouns: ୖୗ 97 8.1 Pivotal Sentences 111
8.1.1 ௧ 111
2. Verbs 98 8.1.2 ὴ 112
2.1 ከҿ 98 8.2 Sentences of Comparison:A୙ዴB
2.2 㠁 99 (䘉஄/㑣஄ ) + Adjective 113
3. Adjectives: 䳮ච 100 Complex Sentences 114
9. Complex Sentences 114
4. Adverbs 100 9.1 ୙ణ୙/୙ణἐ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪
4.1 ୙ጉ 101
཯⪋ࠋࠋࠋ
4.2 ୙ච 102
114
4.3 ୙⏤ᚓ 102
4.4 䗷ன 103 9.2 Other Complex Structures I 114
4.5 ᫂᫂ 103 9.2.1 Ꮼྍࠋࠋࠋ㸪
4.6 ೫೫ 104 ஓ୙/ஓせࠋࠋࠋ114
4.7 ᰦ⪋ 104 9.2.2 ୚඼ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙ዴࠋࠋࠋ 115
4.8 ≉ព 104 9.3. Other Complex Structures II 115
4.9 ថ 105 9.3.1 ೥ዴࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ 115
9.3.2 ୓ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ 116
5. Prepositions 106 9.3.3 (ᖾҿ)ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ 116
5.1 ᮅ 106 9.4 㝖㠀ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ 117
5.2 ㉵ 107 9.5 ီᛦࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ/䘈ࠋࠋࠋ 117
5.3 ன 107
5.4 ⮳ன 108 Fixed Structures
10. Fixed Structures: Ѫࠋࠋࠋᡤ 120
5. Conjunctions㸸䘎ྠ 109
Suggestions for Further Reading 121
7.Particles 109
7.1 ఝⓗ 109 Abbreviations Used in Sentence Graphs
7.2 ᡤ 110 122

96
 Words and Phrases

1. Nouns: ௨᮶

௨౗
1.since

At this very advanced stage of HSL Level exam preparation, it would be in place to fo-
cus more on Chinese monolingual definitions. See for yourself what you could make
of them. Here is a monolingual definition for ԕֶ from the ഻䃎䗝ި:

ԕֶ
㹺ˇࠉʆʘˊ
1.ᗎ䙾৫ⲴḀᱲ䯃ⴤࡠ⨮൘ࠋྲ㸸ࠗॱᒤԕֶ࠘ࠋᐖۣ˙ᱝ‫ॱޜ‬йᒤ㸸ࠗᘇᾝᯬྭ㸪䅋⿞ᯬㅹ㸪
⽪ေᯬ⵮㸪ᱝ᰾ᯬ⾎㸪㠚ਔԕֶ㸪ᵚѻᡆཡҏࠋ࠘䲣ᴨ˙ধй˙ц⾆ᵜ㌰㸸ࠗ㠚௚Ҳԕֶ㸪ॱᴹ佈
䔹㸪㐘ᡦ߻ӑ㸪㩜н䚪аࠋ࠘ᡆ֌ࠗᐢֶ࠘ࠋ
2.ԕᖼࠋਢ䁈˙ধॱ˙ᆍ᮷ᵜ㌰㸸ࠗ↔㍠≁ѻᝊ㸪❑⸕ᣥ↫㸪ᵅ⭊нਆࠋ㠚Ӻԕֶ㸪ᴹ⣟↔㘵㸪य
㚭⋫ࠋ࠘
3.ཊࠊ佈ࠋྲ㸸ࠗᵋަᒤ↢㸪н䙾йॱԕֶࠋ࠘ཚᒣᔓ䁈˙ধгॱഋ˙ᕥᇊ㸸ࠗণᨀа≤⬦㸪ਟਇ
Ҽᯇԕֶ㸪オѝ❑⢙㸪㖞ᯬᓝѝࠋ࠘
[լ]2.ԕᖼࠊԕ䚴

And here is another one from the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

ԕֶ
(ԕֶ,ԕᶕ) 1.㺘⽪ᗎ䙾৫Ḁᱲⴤࡠ⨮൘ࠋ(ᡆ⢩ᤷḀаᱲ䯃)Ⲵа⇥ᱲᵏࠋ
ࠓᐖۣ‧ᱝ‫ॱޜ‬йᒤࠔ㸸“ᘇᾝᯬྭ㸪䅋⿞ᯬㅹ㸪⽪ေᯬ⵮㸪ᱝ᰾ᯬ⾎㸪㠚ਔԕֶ㸪ᵚѻᡆཡҏࠋ
” ࠓ䲣ᴨ‧ц⾆㌰ࠔ㸸“㠚௚Ҳԕֶ㸪ॱᴹ佈䔹㸪㐘ᡦ߻ӑ㸪㩜н䚪аࠋ” ࠉᆻ㰷䔮ࠓᶡඑᘇ᷇‧⑨
༛ཡ㚧ѻ⾽ࠔ㸸“ഋ㘵䴆⮠㸪‫⦻ݸ‬ഐ؇䁝⌅㸪֯ࠪҾа……兿ᱹԕֶࠪᯬҍ૱ѝ↓㸪䲻ୀ㠣Ӻࠪ
ᯬ、㠹ࠋ” ࠉࢹབྷⲭࠓᡀ㱾н↫ࠔ㸸“ᡀ㱾㸪аᒤԕֶ㸪֐ᓅ䓛ᆀ䁡ᱟ⡋ⴑҶ੗ࠋ❦㘼֐ᓅᗳᱟ
нᴳ⡋Ⲵࠋ” 2.⥦䀰ԕᖼࠋ ࠓᡠ഻ㆆ‧七ㆆаࠔ㸸“㠚Ӻԕֶ㸪⦷ф↓䀰ѻ㘼ᐢ⸓ࠋ” ࠓਢ䁈‧ᆍ᮷
ᵜ㌰ࠔ㸸“↔㍠≁ѻᝊ❑⸕ᣥ↫㸪ᵅ⭊нਆࠋ㠚Ӻԕֶ㸪ᴹ⣟↔㘵य㚭⋫ࠋ” 3.᤯ֶࠋ
ࠓ‫ޜ‬㖺ۣ‧ᱝ‫ޜ‬йॱаᒤࠔ㸸“ᴹ⧽ᙚѻ伏㸪ⴡᗵ‫ݸ‬ਆ䏣✹ࠋ ࠉ༿⡦ᴠ㸸‘ԕֶ㸟Ӫᵚ䏣㘼ⴡᴹ
佈ࠋ’”օՁ⌘㸸“⥦ᴠԕᖬ⢙ֶ㖞ᡁࡽࠋӪ㸪༿⡦㠚䄲ҏࠋ” 4.⥦䀰клࠊᐖਣࠊ㺘⽪ᾲᮨࠋᴹ
佈ࠋ ࠓཚᒣᔓ䁈ࠔধгഋᕅࠓԉۣ᤮䚪‧ᕥᇊࠔ㸸“ণᨀа≤⬦㸪ਟਇҼᯇԕֶ㸪オѝ❑⢙㸪㖞
ᯬᓝѝࠋ” ࠓཚᒣᔓ䁈ࠔধҼ○ӄᕅୀࢹᙲࠓᏪ㺘䤴ᔲ‧䢵啃ࠔ㸸“啃䶒ൃҼቪ䁡……ަ䓛䙽ᴹ㸢
冊㣡㥹ѻ⣰㸪䙊億൷फ㸪৊Ҽ࠶ԕֶࠋ⡀䩴ѻ࿉㸪ሖ⛪ཷᐗࠋ” 5.⭘ᯬൠ਽ѻᖼ㸪㺘⽪ս㖞ᐢ䙾
䙉аൠ唎ࠋ ࠉᆻ⦻ᗇ㠓ࠓ咸ਢ‧഻᭯ࠔ㸸“䚺๡⣜ᠾ䙺倾㸪ᐢ㠣␡⽱ԕֶࠋ” ࠉᆻ䲣ᑛ䚃ࠓᖼኡ䃷
਒ࠔধа㸸“‫ⴌ ׯ‬䋺ൈ㚊㸪ⴤ㠣བྷ਽ᓌԕֶ㸪Ӫᡦ傊〫ࠋ” ࠉ
ᆻዣ伋ࠓཿ᧚㖞ᴩᡀһᇌ⣰ࠔ㸸“ί㠓ΰӺᐢ䙢Ⲭᖰ䜤ᐎṲ䲭ⴓԕֶ倀⋺ࠋ” 6.ᤷᐢ㏃Ⲭ⭏Ⲵᛵ
⋱ࠋ ࠉ䠁㪓䀓‫ࠓݳ‬㾯ᓲ䁈䄨ᇞ䃯ࠔধ‫ޝ‬㸸“䛓ぽцⲴ㘱ၶၶ㸪ަᱲ᳇⥌⹤㸪
儈唎⵰䢰䠝าк඀ࠋ୿ֽ႒ԕֶ㸪‫ޒޒ‬ᡠᡠ㸪аൠ㻿㈔哬ࠋ”

And here is a third one from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

97
ԕᶕ
yi3lai2
[since] 㺘⽪Ӿ䗷৫Ḁᰦо⧠൘ѻ䰤Ⲵ䘉⇥ᰦ䰤
ਇભԕᶕࠋ――䈨㪋Ӟࠓࠪᐸ㺘ࠔ
㠚ୀᱮᒶԕᶕࠋ――␵·ည啀ࠓⲫ⌠ኡ䇠ࠔ

Now, in the light of the sample sentence below, consider the following questions:

What information does each of the monolingual definitions provide, and how relevant
is the information provided for better understanding the role of ԕᶕ in the sample sen-
tence below?

How would you translate the phrase ᭷ྐ௨᮶ in the sample sentence below?

Sample Sentence:
᭷ྐ௨᮶㸪ᆅ⌫ୖᙫඹฟ⏕஢㓖500஬ⓒӯேࠋ

2. Verbs

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following sections carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

2.1 ከҿ

ከҿ
1.thanks to; it is fortunate that

From the ഻䃎䗝ި:

ཊ㲗
ʃʢʕࠉʈʢʙ
ᒨ㲗ࠋ‫❑˙ݳ‬਽∿˙ሿሹ䚢˙ㅜаᣈ㸸ࠗ䃠ᜣᡁ↓ᱟ䜲഻‫Ⲵޜ‬ᆙ‫ނ‬㸪ཊ㲗Ҷ伺⡪䃚⸕ࠋ࠘㌵
⁃དྷ˙ㅜ‫ॱޝ‬ҍഎ㸸ࠗကက㸪ᡁᗎࡠҶ䙉㼑㸪ཊ㲗ကက➗៹ࠋ࠘

And from the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

ཊ㲗
(ཊ㲗,ཊҿ) 㺘⽪⭡ᯬࡕӪⲴᒛࣙᡆḀぞᴹ࡙ഐ㍐㸪䚯‫ݽ‬Ҷнᒨᡆᗇࡠྭ㲅ࠋ ࠉ‫ݳ‬ὺ
ểࠓ䊛䇃੎⛝ࠔㅜҼ᪪㸸“Ӻᰕᢈཙൠᒷց㸪ཊ㲗七兿Ҽੋ঄䄰㸪ሷᲪ∿а啃㘼⓵㸪ᯩ
䎱ᡁᒣ⭏ѻ予ҏࠋ” ࠓ݂᷇ཆਢࠔㅜ‫ޝ‬എ㸸“⒟⡦⇽⵰ሖअᙂ㸪ཊ㲗ԔᕏⴻⲴ⹤㸪᚟лֶ
Ҷࠋ” ࠉ㤵⴮ࠓ᷇ᇦ䤚ᆀࠔӄ㸸“᷇‫⭏ݸ‬㠚ᐡ઒㸪ཊ㲗୶ᴳ䮧а࣋ᯑ᯻㸪䚴❑丸ᖰ䜹л
䓢ࠋ”

Sample Sentence:

98
ከҿ఼ᥦ㓰ᡃ㸪ᡃᕪ୍ⅬඒҠ஢㑣ኳⓗ⭥ᙳ⚊ࠋ

2.2 㠁

㠁
1.to lean against
2.to keep near to
3.to depend on
4.to trust
5.near; by

Here are also some monolingual definitions:

⾆ᓝһ㤁:

㠁
ⱝ฿ษ㸪┦䘍ஓࠋ

഻䃎䗝ި:

䶐
ʈʚˋ
1.⴨䚅㛼ࠋ䃚᮷䀓ᆇ㸸ࠗ䶐㸪⴨䷻ҏࠋ࠘⇥⦹㻱˙⌘㸸ࠗӺ؇䄲⴨‫׍‬ᴠ䶐㸪ਔӪ䄲⴨㛼ᴠ䶐ࠋ࠘
2.‫ྲࠋڽي‬㸸ࠗ䶐⡶࠘ࠊࠗ‫ي‬䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐㪇བྷ⁩࠘ࠋ
3.ᥘ䘁ࠊ䋬䘁ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䶐የ࠘ࠊࠗ䶐㪇ㄉ࠘ࠋୀ˙ᴩᶮ˙ᇯⓚ‫ܗ‬䲒䂙㸸ࠗ❾㥦⮉䶌㘵㸪䶐ᴸ඀㫬
ኡࠋ࠘
4.Ԡ䌤ࠊ‫׍‬េࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䶐ሖ࣋࠘ࠊࠗ䶐ཙਲ਼伟࠘ࠊࠗ䶐Ӫᒛᘉ࠘ࠋ
5.ؑ䌤ࠊؑԫࠋྲ㸸ࠗਟ䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐нտ࠘ࠋ㘱⇈䙺䁈˙ㅜॱ‫ޝ‬എ㸸ࠗ䙉ᱟ਼㼅Ⲵ⾘ᆀ㸪ᱟᮍ㑓
ㅜа‫ػ‬བྷ䥒㦺㸪㩜䶐ᗇտࠋ࠘
6.䓺ࠊ㡩Ⲵ‫ڌ‬倀ࠊ‫ྲࠋ⋺ڌ‬㸸ࠗ‫ڌ‬䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䶐ㄉ࠘ࠊࠗ䶐የ࠘ࠋਔԓᡢࢷѝ↖ሷᡰクⲴ䧗⭢ࠋྲ
㸸ࠗ䶐ᆀ࠘ࠊࠗྣ䶐࠘ࠊࠗ䔏䶐࠘ࠋ݂᷇ཆਢ˙ㅜഋॱҼഎ㸸ࠗ䛓ሿᡢᆀа‫ػػ‬ᡤҶ䊲㼈㸪㉚Ҷ
䳹㗭㸪クᾥᯠ凞Ⲵ䶐ᆀ㸪䐁к๤ֶ㸪ѢҶа‫ػ‬ӄ㣡‫ޛ‬䮰ࠋ࠘

≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

䶐
kào ʈʚˋ ࠝࠓᔓ丫ࠔ㤖ࡠ࠷㸪৫㲏㸪ⓚࠋࠞ 1.⴨䚅㸹㛼ੁࠋ ࠓ䃚᮷‧䶎䜘ࠔ㸸“䶐㸪⴨䷻ҏࠋ” ࠉ
⇥⦹㻱⌘㸸“⴨䷻㘵㸪⴨㛼ҏࠋਔӪᗎ䶎㸪Ӻ؇䄲⴨‫׍‬ᴠ䶐㸪ਔӪ䄲⴨㛼ᴠ䶐㸪ަ㗙аҏࠋ” ࠉ
ୀᴩᶮࠓᇯⓚ‫ܗ‬䲒ࠔ䂙㸸“❾㥦⮉䶌㘵㸪䶐ᴸ඀㫬ኡࠋ” 2.‫ي‬䶐ࠋӪᡆ⢙េ㯹ࡕⲴӪᡆ⢙᭟ᤱ
⵰ࠋ ࠉᆻ᷇䘻ࠓ઼䲣⒌䌸ᐼ⽮ᑛࠔ㸸“ⱖ䶐䯼ᒢᩝụ㾏㸪㏐㦧䲾䶒䴘㣡␡ࠋ” ࠓ㾯⑨䁈ࠔㅜг‫ޝ‬
എ㸸“ਚⴻ㾻Ҽ䮰л䶐⵰ⲴᱟԆⲴ䠈䠰”ࠋ ࠉ冟䗵ࠓ੦஺‧᭵䜹ࠔ㸸“ί䮿൏ΰሷ䮧➉㇑䶐൘Ṽ
ᯱࠋ” 3.‫׍‬䌤㸹េ㯹ࠋ ࠉᆻᵡ⟩ࠓㆄ੣՟䎧ࠔ㸸“нਟਚ䶐а䀰ॺਕ㸪⎧к௞ᯩ㸪‫ׯ‬ԕ⛪䏣ࠋ”
ࠓ≤┨ۣࠔㅜйӄഎ㸸“ᰕᑨਚ䶐᭮䌝⛪⭏ࠋ” ࠉᐤ䠁ࠓ⿻ࠔҼ㸸“᰾䔂㸪⨮൘ᆼ‫ޘ‬䶐֐ࠋ” 4.ؑ
䌤㸪ؑᗇ䙾ࠋ ࠓᵡᆀ䃎于ࠔধҍ㸸“ᆨ㘵௛㏺□ᱟ㾱⨶ᴳ䙉аㆷᗳ㸪䛓㍉к䃚ᓅ㸪‫❦ޘ‬䶐нᗇࠋ”
5.ᤷ൘ᱲ䯃ᡆオ䯃к᧕䘁ࠋ ࠓ≤┨ۣࠔㅜааഋഎ㸸“а䐟࠶᫕≤䓽九么↓‫ٿ‬ሷ㸪ᗎेᯠ⁻ਆਔ
ຈ㸪ᡚ㾯䐟㸪ᢃ䶐⒆෾䮰ࠋ” ࠓᇈ๤⨮ᖒ䁈ࠔㅜҼҼഎ㸸“Ԇ䃚Ԇ䂽ᗇ㘱⡪ᴹ䶐ॱᒤ‫ݹ‬Ჟࠋ” 6.ᤷ
㡩ࠊ䓺ㅹ‫ڌ‬䶐ࠋ ࠉᐤ䠁ࠓ⿻ࠔഋ㸸“ᡁ‫ف‬ᢺ㡩䶐൘≤䯓䛓䶒㖧ࠋ” 7.ۣ㎡ᡢࢷѝ↖ሷᡰクⲴ䧗
⭢ࠋྲ㸸ྣ䶐ࠊ䔏䶐ࠋ৳㾻“䶐ᆀ”ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
௚㠁⮬ᕫⓗດຊ㸪 ᡂ❧஢බྖࠋ

99
3. Adjectives㸸䳮ච

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following sections carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

䳮‫ݽ‬
1.hard to avoid; unavoidable

Here are also some monolingual definitions:

഻䃎䗝ި:

䴓‫ݽ‬
ʅʜˊࠉʁ㹺ʜˇ
нᇩ᱃䚯‫ྲࠋݽ‬㸸ࠗ䮻ᘛ䓺㸪䴓‫ࠪݽ‬䓺⾽ࠋ࠘᮷᰾ሿਢ˙ㅜйॱഎ㸸ࠗⲷкտ൘ᇞ㼑䚴
ྭ㸪ᇈᓌн䆈ヵ㸪ࠪ䮰䎠䎠㸪 ᙅ䴓‫ݽ‬᜿ཆѻ㲎ࠋ࠘
[լ]н

≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

䴓‫ݽ‬
(䴓‫ݽ‬,䳮‫ )ݽ‬н᱃䚯‫ࠉ ࠋݽ‬ୀ‫ݳ‬どࠓ㸢䊨䂙‧㷶ᆀаࠔ㸸“᳇∂៹䴓‫ݽ‬㸪㗨ᖒᰕ╨ᷟࠋ”
ࠓ䆖ц䙊䀰‧䠽⿰᡽аᵍӔ⌠ࠔ㸸“䴆нᆨԽབྷཛ੣䮰Ҏ伏㸪ҏ䴓‫ݽ‬ੲ㫉↓‫ܗ‬䲒ᣅ啻ࠋ” ࠉ
∋◔ᶡࠓ䄆Ӫ≁≁ѫሸ᭯ࠔ㸸“ԫօ᭯唘㸪ԫօ‫ػ‬Ӫ㸪䥟䃔㑭ᱟ䴓‫Ⲵݽ‬㸪ᡁ‫ف‬㾱≲⣟ᗇ
ቁа唎ࠋ”

≹䈝䗎⎧:

䳮‫ݽ‬
nán/nàn/nuó miǎn
㺘⽪ഐḀ⿽ᛵߥ㘼ਁ⭏нᐼᵋࠪ⧠Ⲵ㔃᷌㸸䈝䀰н䙊㸪䳮‫ݽ‬ӗ⭏䈟Պ㹺䇘䇪䰞仈㸪ⴻ⌅
䳮‫ݽ‬на㠤ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
⎰⨑୙⚹஭ྎ◚㸪ᑗߋ䳮ච䱥୰ஸࠋ

4. Adverbs

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following sections carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

100
For each of the sections below, we will provide one Chinese-English and one monolin-
gual Chinese definition.

4.1 ౽

౽
1.handy
2.ordinary
3.a function word similar to "thereupon"

From the ഻䃎䗝ި:

‫ׯ‬
ɿ㹺ʜˋ
1.ᯩ‫Ⲵׯ‬ᱲ‫ྲࠋى‬㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ѝ䃻ֶ‫ػ‬䴫䂡ࠋ࠘Υࠗᗇ‫ׯ‬ቡᒛ֐䘱䙾৫ࠋ࠘
2.₏ᴳࠋ᮷䚨˙䋸䃬˙䙾〖䄆㸸ࠗഐ࡙҈‫ׯ‬㸪ᇠࢢཙл㸪࠶㻲⋣ኡࠋ࠘ୀ˙ᵾ㨟˙ᕄਔᡠ๤
᮷㸸ࠗ੮ᜣཛे付ᥟ╒㸪㜑‫ޥ‬ժ‫ׯ‬㸹ѫሷ傅ᮥ㸪ᵏ䮰ਇᡠࠋ࠘
3.ቾΥቯㅹⲴᧂ⋴⢙ࠋྲ㸸ࠗབྷ‫࠘ׯ‬Υࠗሿ‫࠘ׯ‬Υࠗ㌎‫ࠋ࠘ׯ‬⢮n1.ণΥቡࠋй഻ᘇ˙ধ
ഋॱг˙੣ᴨ˙੣ѫ℺ۣ㸸ࠗ৸ਨ俜ᠯࡽֶ‫ޕ‬㡂㸪ᰜᰕ‫ׯ‬䘰ࠋ࠘㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜഋഎ㸸ࠗ⇿ᰕᡆ
伟ᖼ㸪ᡆᲊ䯃㸪㯋ဘჭ‫ׯ‬䙾ֶ㸪ᡆ㠷䋸⇽䯂䃷㸪ᡆ઼⦻ཛӪ⴨ᮈࠋ࠘
2.䉸Υ䴓䚃ࠋ㺘৽୿Ⲵ䃎≓ࠋᆻ˙᮷਼˙ਟㅁਓ㲏гㄐѻа㸸ࠗ㤕❑ᴨ㉽ެെ⮛㸪‫ׯ‬нᮉ
Ӫⲭ儞⭏㸽࠘㪓㾯ᓲ˙ধ‫ޛ‬㸸ࠗခ㠵‫ڊ‬㿚㸪‫ׯ‬нᮇ༎付؇㸽࠘⵻a❦Υণ֯ࠋᆻ˙ḣ≨˙䴘
䵆䡤˙ሂ㸜␂࠷䂎㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬㑡ᴹΥॳぞ付ᛵ㸪ᴤ㠷օӪ䃚ࠋ࠘ʀ㹺ʜˊ̌̅̊㸦00920)

‫ׯ‬
ʀ㹺ʜˊࠉ
ဃࠋྲ╒ԓᴹ‫ׯ‬′ᡀࠋɿ㹺ʜˋ˾̅̊

‫ׯ‬
ɿ㹺ʜˋࠉ
1.丶ࠊ丶࡙ࠊᯩ‫ྲࠋׯ‬㸸ࠗ‫࡙࠘ׯ‬Υࠗн‫ׯ‬ѻ㲅࠘ࠋਢ䁈˙ধа○ҍ˙ᵾሷ䓽ۣ㸸ࠗቡழ≤
㥹ኟ㸪㠽→㸪ӪӪ㠚‫࠘ࠋׯ‬ᆻ˙䲨䙺˙ࡍⲬཧ䲥䂙㸸ࠗӺᵍௌ㲅ੋ⸕੖㸽йи哳ᰇ㡎‫ׯ‬
付ࠋ࠘
2.㉑௞Ⲵࠊ䶎↓ᔿⲴࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ᴽ࠘ࠊࠗ‫ׯࠗࠊ࠘䶻ׯ‬ọ㍉࠘ࠊࠗᇦᑨ‫ׯ‬伟࠘ࠋ
3.䵸᭿ࠊ䕅ᐗࠊ᭿ᦧࠋ㦺ᆀ˙៹ᑍ⦻㸸ࠗ⥯⤉ѻ‫࠘ࠋׯ‬ୀ˙七᜸˙䘱ᵾᝯ↨ⴔ䉧ᒿ㸸 ࠗᴢⴹ
䊀习㸪␵㚢㘼‫ׯ‬億㸪⿰ཆ㘼ᜐѝࠋ࠘
1.䚙ᇌࠊਸᇌࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ᯬᭌᑦ࠘ࠋইਢ˙ধйॱӄ˙亗㿜ѻۣ㸸ࠗ⦷ⲶণᰕнᇌᯬӪ㸪
ᯩֶᵚ‫ׯ‬ᯬ‫ޜ‬㸪਽㠷ሖ৽㸪ᴹ҆᭯億ࠋ࠘
2.ᴹ࡙ᯬࠋ七䶎ᆀ˙ᆔ។㸸ࠗ㲗⌅ԕ࡙⿱㸪㙇഻ԕ‫ׯ‬ᇦࠋ࠘ਢ䁈˙ধгॱг˙ؑ䲥ੋ
ࡇۣ㸸ࠗሷ൘ཆ㸪ѫԔᴹᡰнਇ㸪ԕ‫ׯ‬഻ᇦࠋ࠘
3.⟏㘂ࠋй഻ᘇ˙ধг˙兿ᴨ˙ੲᐳۣ㸸ࠗᐳ‫ׯ‬ᕃ俜㸪㞲࣋䙾Ӫ㸪㲏⛪伋ሷࠋ࠘䲻ᴨ˙ধӄ
ॱ˙䜝῞ۣ㸸ࠗᆍ‫ݸ‬ᯬк⍱㑡ཙㅿԕ᫺⎞⁻㸪䆧Ԕ῞ⶓ‫≤ׯ‬㘵ᕅਆަㅿࠋ࠘
4.ᧂ⋴ቾࠊቯࠋྲ㸸ࠗ‫ׯ‬ቯ࠘ࠋ╒ᴨ˙ধӄॱҍ˙ᕥ⒟ۣ㸸ࠗ㸦ᆹц㸧⛪‫⾯ݹ‬ण㸪䛾ᴹ䞹
ሿ‫⇯ׯ‬кࠋ࠘

Sample Sentences:
᭸཭Ԝ┳฿௚෗ⓗ“ᖖ᝿୍஧”ᅄ୭Ꮠ౽䰞௚᫝ொ஄ពᛮࠋ

101
௚㓸னਁ⧠㸪ཎ᮶ୡ⏺ୖ᭱ᐆ䍥ⓗьす౽᫝⮬ᕫⓗᐙࠋ

4.2 ᰿ᮏ

ṩᵜ
1.foundation; the root; fundamentality
2.fundamental; basic; radical; ultimate; cardinal

From the 䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

ṩᵜ
1.Ἵ⢙Ⲵṩᒩࠋ ࠉᆻẵ๟㠓ࠓ䘱ᆛᴬয䎤㠹ࠔ䂙㸸“Ⅲ䆺᰾ᒤ㣡㸪ᴮнṩᵜ〫ࠋ” ࠉ᰾㩹
ᆀཷࠓ㥹ᵘᆀ‧䴌‫ࠔ׾‬㸸“᷍㩹ѻᷟ㸪ᗵ൘ṩᵜࠋ” ࠉ冟䗵ࠓ䟾㥹‧乼䗝ࠔ㸸“ṩᵜн␡㸪㣡
㩹н㖾ࠋ” 2.һ⢙ⲴṩⓀ㸪ส⼾㸪ᴰѫ㾱Ⲵ䜘࠶ࠋ ࠓ七䶎ᆀ‧䀓㘱ࠔ㸸“кнኜཙ㸪㘼л
н㪇ൠ㸪ԕ㞨㛳⛪ṩᵜ㸪н伏ࡷн㜭⍫ࠋ” ࠉᆻ㰷䔮ࠓҎ⮉亗⣰ࠔ㸸“㎖һѝ亗㠘㸪䋷ᙗ
ᯩ↓㸪ᆨᴹṩᵜࠋ” ࠓ䟂цᚂ䀰‧ᗀ㘱‫܅‬㗙។ᡀᇦࠔ㸸“нྲഎ৫୶䆠㖞䋧Ӌ⭠⭒㸪‫ڊ‬Ҷ
ṩᵜ㸪ሷ佈лⲴ޽ֶࠪ䙻㇇ࠋ” ࠉ冟䗵ࠓᴨؑ䳶‧㠤㜑䚙ࠔ㸸“ަṩᵜ㾻ࠓཚᒣᔓ䁈ࠔধ
ഋ‫ޝ‬гࠓᵾ⒟ࠔọࠋ” 3.ֶ⭡ࠋ ࠓ㾯⑨䁈ࠔㅜйҍഎ㸸“ԆⲴаㇰ‫ނ‬䎧㩭ṩᵜ㸪ᡁⴑ⸕
ѻࠋ” 4.‫ࠉ ࠋ❦ޘ‬
ᐤ䠁ࠓሂཌࠔй㸸“㘼фԆṩᵜቡ⋂ᴹᜣࡠ䙉ᱲ‫ى‬Ԇ៹䂢л⁃৫ਲ਼伟ࠋ” 5.ᗎֶ㸹ᵜֶࠋ 㢮ࠉ
㮚ࠓӪ⭏ଢᆨⲴа䃢ࠔ㸸“ഽ㒎ᡁ‫⽮Ⲵف‬ᴳ㸪ṩᵜቡᇩнла‫ػ‬㲅㲅䵢ࠪᵜֶ䶒ⴞⲴྭ
Ӫࠋ” ࠉὺ⋛ࠓ䶂᱕ѻⅼࠔㅜа䜘ㅜӄㄐ㸸“նᱟ㸪䃚⵰䃚⵰㸪ᘭ❦䯃Ԇㄏᘈᛵൠሽ᷇䚃
䶌ࠍ㿆䎧ֶ㸪ྭ‫ۿ‬Ԇṩᵜнᱟ൘䃷䂡ࠋ” 6.ᗩᓅࠋྲ㸸୿乼ᐢ㏃ṩᵜ䀓⊪ࠋн㢟付≓ᐢ
㏃ṩᵜ᭩䆺ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
せᑖⓗьすኴከ஢㸪䘉୭⾜ᮤ᰿ᮏ⿦୙ୗࠋ

4.3 ᯝ↛

ᯝ↛
1.just as expected

From ഻䃎䗝ި:

᷌❦
ʇʢʕˇࠉʐʜˊ
1.һᛵ㠷ᡰ乀ᯉⲴа⁓ࠋ᮷᰾ሿਢ˙ㅜйॱҍഎ㸸ࠗᡁ⥌㪇ᱟ֐㾱എֶ㸪᷌❦എֶҶ㸪䅍
ཙ䅍ൠࠋ࠘Ӗ֌ࠗؑ❦࠘ࠊࠗ䃐❦࠘ࠋ
2.ਲ਼伭Ⲵ⁓ᆀࠋୀ˙ⲭት᱃˙༿ᰕ֌䂙㸸ࠗ伟䁆ⴕ╡ᐢ㸪ᦛ㞩ᯩ᷌❦ࠋ࠘
[լ]1.᷌ⵏࠊⵏⲴ
[৽]1.ㄏ❦ࠊት❦ࠊ᜿ཆ

Sample Sentence:
༡᪉ⓗẻೃᯝ↛ẚ䖳 ⏖㸪ᡃԜすᏳᚇᑡୗ䘉஄኱ⓗ㞵ࠋ

102
4.4 ᛛ↛

ᛛ↛
1.suddenly; all of a moment

From the 㧗㓗≹䈝኱䇽඾:

ᘭ❦
hu1ran2
[suddenly] ケ❦ൠ,ࣘ֌ࠊ㹼ѪⲴਁ⭏ᡆᛵߥⲴਈॆᶕᗇ䗵䙏৸ࠪѾ᜿ᯉൠ
ᘭ❦ᣊቪалࠋ――ࠓ㲎ࡍᯠᘇ·⿻༠䈇㠚ᒿࠔ
ཙ≄ᘭ❦ߧҶ䎧ᶕ

Sample Sentence:
㉮฿䰘ཱྀ㸪 ௚ᛛ↛᝿㉳ྸྸ୙ඔ䇨௚ᅾᐙ㔛඿ᑠࣘ≀ࠋ

4.5 ㆰ┤

ㆰⴤ
1.simply; virtually; outright; almost; fairly
2.at all
3.honest; unaffected

From the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

㉑ⴤ
(㉑ⴤ,ㆰⴤ) 1.㉑⁨䌚ⴤ㸹ⴤᡚҶ⮦ࠋ ࠉୀࢹ⸕ᒮࠓਢ䙊‧䄆䌺ࠔ㸸“⦻ࣝᘇ൘㉑ⴤ㸪䀰ެ
䝉䟾㸪㤏ᗇަ⨶㸪䙲ᘈަ᮷ࠋ” ࠉୀⲷ⭛᷊ࠓй≤ሿ⢈‧䝝བྷ⦻㚈೤䜌ྣ⛪ᆀ႖ࠔ㸸“䁡
ᐎ䮧㪋Ԕ೤䜌㸪㺓ߐ᯿ҏ㸪・ᙗ㉑ⴤ㸪䴆㖸ᶏᯬᇈ㖢㸪ᑨ㫴䘰㯿ѻᗳࠋ” ࠉ
ᆻਨ俜‫ࠓݹ‬䘠㸺഻䃎㸼ࠔ㸸“᭵ަ䗝䃎㑱䟽㸪ᒿһ䙾䂣㸪н㤕ࠓ᱕⿻ۣࠔѻ㉑ⴤ㋮᰾㸪
⑮৊䚂ጫҏࠋ” ࠉ␵ᜢᮜࠓ㸺ᾎխ㏃㸼ᴨᖼࠔ㸸“卫ᗽབྷᑛ᱃ԕࠓ䠁ࢋ㏃ࠔ㸪㉑ⴤᒣ᱃㸪
ӪⲶ′ᗎࠋ” ࠉⷯ⿻ⲭࠓ㸺佃䜹㌰〻㸼䏻ࠔ㸸“ѝ഻᮷䙻Ⲵ䏘ੁ㸪ᴤ㉑ⴤ㸪ᴤ࣐䙏ࠋ”
2.࢟䂎ࠋᕧ䃯ᆼ‫↔ྲޘ‬ᡆᐞнཊྲ↔ࠋ ࠉ冟䗵ࠓ䟾㥹‧↫ᖼࠔ㸸“ᡁᜣⶌ䮻⵬ⶋֶ㸪Ԇফ
㎢∛ҏнअ㸪㉑ⴤн‫ۿ‬ᱟᡁⲴ⵬ⶋࠋ” ࠉ㚎аཊࠓ㎖㠗‫ݻ‬ᇦ‫ࠔ⭏ݸ‬㸸“ྲ᷌޽н㎖֐എ
ؑ㸪䛓㉑ⴤᱟ䩥⸣ᗳ㞨Ҷࠋ” ࠉᵡ㠚␵ࠓ䄆㘱ሖ䂡ࠔ㸸“ⴤ䀰ࡪ㙣㸪䙢㘼ࡪᗳ㸪㉑ⴤㅹᯬ
⴨㖥㸪㠚❦ᴳਛӪ⭏≓㸪⭊㠣ᯬ㘫㟹ࠋ” 3.࢟䂎ࠋ⥦㍒ᙗ㸪Ү㜶ࠋ ࠓ哳㒑⨳ࠔㅜॱӄ
എ㸸“㉑ⴤ䚴ਛԆ‫ف‬ᑦҶа䶒䨌䪬㸪а࢟啃ᶯ㸪‫ڊ‬䏣Ҷ⁓ᆀࠋ”

Sample Sentence:
௚≹䈝䈤ᚓㆰ┤䈤ീ୰ᅜே୍ṧࠋ

4.6 䘎ᛁ

103
䘎ᛁ
1.promptly; at once; immediately

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

䘎ᘉ
lian2mang2
[promptly;at once] ・ণ;傜к
䘎ᘉ䚃ⅹ

Sample Sentence:
௚ᛛ↛ਁ⧠⮬ᕫἐΎᴆ㸪ன᫝䘎ᛁ⩻䈁ࠋ

4.7 䳮᛹

䳮᛹
1.no wonder
2.not to blame; to be understandable

From the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

䴓ᙚ
(䴓ᙚ,䳮ᙚ) 1.⥦䀰н៹䋜ᙚࠋ ࠓഋ⑨䁈‧⾆ᑛлࠑ᭦Ҽᙚࠔ㸸“䌒ᕏयᙕ㸪ф䴓ᙚԆ㸪Ԇ
ѳ䮹䮰䯘ྣ㸪㻛‫فت‬аᱲ䯃᥹ֶ㸪஬ଝᵚҮ㸪ᆹ㛟ቡ㠷‫فت‬ᡀ㿚㸽” ࠓ‫ྣނ‬㤡䳴ۣࠔㅜ
ॱҼഎ㸸“ফҏ䴓ᙚ֐㸪⡦ᆀཙᙗ㸪
֐䉸ᴹ═❦нअⲴ⨶௾㸽”䁡ൠኡࠓ㏤㏢ऎ㴋ࠔ㸸“ࠑᱟӪ䜭ᴹᡀ㾻㸪਼аԦһ㸪ᗵᴳ⭏
ࠪ↗ᔲⲴ䂅ࡔ㸪䙉ҏᱟ䴓ᙚᓅࠋ” 2.ᙚнᗇࠋ㺘⽪ሽᛵ⋱ᐢ㏃⨶䀓㸪нᝏࡠཷᙚࠋ ࠓ㌵
⁃དྷࠔㅜйҼഎ㸸“䙓֐Ⲵ᜿ᙍ㤕億䋬н⵰㸪ቡ䴓ᙚ֐ཙཙ⛪ᡁ⭏≓Ҷࠋ” ࠉⷯ⿻ⲭࠓҲ
ᕸ‧ᯠ㤡䳴ࠔ㸸“৏ֶᱟ䙉哬а྇ᢺᡢ㸪ُ‫ྭػ‬਽ⴞֶᦗаᦗ䛓սབྷӪ㸪䴓ᙚнྭⴤ䃚㸪
㘼㾱㒎⵰ᕾᆀବବୗୗⲴᘥࠪ䙉‫ޙ‬ㇷਔ᮷ֶࠋ”

Sample Sentence:
఼ⓗᢳቹ┿஘㸪䳮᛹ᙫ᫝ᢍ୙฿ьすࠋ

4.8 ጞ㓸

ጞ㓸
1.from beginning to end; from first to last; all the time; all along; throughout

From the ഻䃎䗝ި:

࿻㍲

104
ʏˇࠉʍʢʟ
1.䮻࿻઼㎀ተࠋ㦺ᆀ˙⭠ᆀᯩ㸸ࠗ࿻㍲⴨৽Ѿ❑ㄟ㸪㘼㧛⸕Ѿަᡰマࠋ࠘᮷䚨˙䲨₏˙ᕄ兿↖ᑍ᮷㸸
ࠗཛ࿻㍲㘵㸪㩜⢙ѻབྷ↨㸹↫⭏㘵㸪ᙗભѻ॰ฏࠋ࠘Ӗ֌ࠗ㍲࿻࠘ࠋ
2.㠚࿻㠣㍲ࠋਢ䁈˙ধ‫〖˙ޝ‬࿻ⲷᵜ㌰㸸ࠗ᭵‫⦻ݸ‬㾻࿻㍲ѻ䆺㸪⸕ᆈӑѻ₏ࠋ࠘ᖼ╒ᴨ˙ধॱ˙ⲷਾ
㌰к˙᰾ᗧ俜ⲷਾ㌰㸸ࠗሥᮜᰕ䲶㸪࿻㍲❑㺠ࠋ࠘
3.һᛵⲴᵜᵛ઼৏ငࠋ䲻ᴨ˙ধॱ‫˙ޛ‬ᖻᳶᘇл㸸ࠗ߁⦴ᡰ䚅㸪❟⌅Ⲷਸ㸹߁⦴ᡰ䰅㸪
Ӻࡷⴑᴹࠋ䳡ᤜ࿻㍲㸪䄲⛪㑭‫࠘ࠋۉ‬
4.㍲ウࠊ䚴ᱟࠋྲ㸸ࠗᡁ‫ف‬ㅹҶԆॺཙ㸪Ԇ࿻㍲⋂ֶࠋ࠘
[լ]2.≨䚐
[৽][ᵜᵛ

Sample Sentence:
௚Ԝጞ㓸ᮅ╔୍୭᪉㠃୙᩿ᆅດຊࠋ

4.9 ໚

໚
1.do not; must not

From the ≹䈝኱䇽඾ (⚹㓯∧):

໚
I ࠉwù ࠉʢˋ ࠝࠓᔓ丫ࠔ᮷ᕇ࠷㸪‫ޕ‬⢙㸪ᗞࠋࠞ ࠉ1.❑㸪⋂ᴹࠋ㠷“ᴹ”⴨ሽࠋ ࠓ䂙‧䊣
付‧ᶡኡࠔ㸸“ࡦᖬ㼣㺓㸪य༛㹼᷊ࠋ” ࠉ䝝⦴ㆻ㸸“༛㸪һҏࠋय㸪⥦❑ҏ……Ӗࡍ❑㹼
䲣䣌᷊ѻһࠋ” ࠉୀሂኡࠓйᆇ䂙ࠔѻй㸸“ᡁትኡ㸪यӪ䆈㸪ⲭ䴢ѝ㸪ᑨᇲᇲࠋ” ࠉ
2.㾻“यय”ࠋ ࠉ3.䶎㸪нᱟࠋ ࠉ␵㫢ᶮ喑ࠓ㙺啻ᘇᔲ‧й⭏ࠔ㸸“㿧ߕ⦻ⴎѝ㸪㥦㢢␵
▸㸪ᐡⴎѝ㸪◱ྲ㟐㸪᳇⯁䘧兲⒟ᗇय↔Ѿ㸽” ࠉ4.࢟䂎ࠋнࠋ㺘੖ᇊࠋ ࠓ䂙‧⦻付‧ੋᆀ
Ҿᖩࠔ㸸“ੋᆀᯬᖩ㸪ྲѻօयᙍࠋ” ࠉইᵍằࢹठࠓ᮷ᗳ䴅喽‧ᱲᒿࠔ㸸“ᯭ৺ᆍᜐ㸪䗴
ᯬ᮷Ჟ㸪㏃㺃乇㠸㸪㘼䗝Ӫय⭘ࠋ” ࠉㄐ⛣哏ࠓ䀴ᴨ‧ᒿぞဃкࠔ㸸“ࠑൠ⨳ԕк㸪Ӫぞ
ӄࠋަ㢢哳ࠊⲭࠊ唁ࠊ䎔ࠊ⍱哳ࠋ⮛ൠᐎ㲅㸪付ᮉ䃎䀰㸪य㜭⴨䙊ࠋ” ࠉ㤵⴮ࠓ᭵䜹䴌
䁈ࠔ㸸“Ժ᣹‫ޥ‬䲺䃯ᗇᘛ㸪⛪கयᰙ唎䃯ࡠк⎧㸪਼ॱҍ䐟䓽а␈ᢃҶࠋ” ࠉ
5.࢟䂎ࠋ⇻㸪н㾱ࠋ㺘⾱→ࠋ ࠓ䂙‧བྷ䳵‧㹼㪖ࠔ㸸“ᮖᖬ㹼㪖㸪⢋㖺य䑀ንࠋ” ࠓᆏᆀ‧ằ
ᜐ⦻кࠔ㸸“Ⲯ⮍ѻ⭠㸪यྚަᱲ㸪‫ޛ‬ਓѻᇦ㸪ਟԕ❑侁⸓ࠋ” ࠉ
␵㫢ᶮ喑ࠓ㙺啻ᘇᔲ‧䴩⾎ࠔ㸸“ཙᑛ඲ᙍ㢟ѵ㸪ѳ亗㘼ഁᴠ㸸‘ަཊ䱽ኡ䉧㸪यۧ⿮ぬਟ
ҏࠋ’”冟䗵ࠓᴨؑ䳶‧㠤ᴩ䶆㨟ࠔ㸸“ሃѝа࠷䜭ྭ㸪䃻यᘥࠋ” ࠉ6.䃎ࣙ䂎㸪❑㗙ࠋ
ࠓ䂙‧ሿ䳵‧ㇰইኡࠔ㸸“ᕇ୿ᕇ༛㸪य㖄ੋᆀࠋ” ࠉ⦻ᕅѻࠓ㏃ۣ䟻䂎ࠔধॱ㸸“य㖄㸪㖄
ҏࠋ䀰ᕇ୿㘼ሏѻ㸪ࡷл≁Ⅺ㖄ަк⸓ࠋ” ࠓᐖۣ‧‫ॱޜ܆‬ӄᒤࠔ㸸“ਢ㰷ᱟঐ㸪यᗎօ
⳺ࠋ” ࠉ⦻ᕅѻࠓ㏃㗙䘠㚎‧䙊䃚л‧䃎䂎䃔䀓ԕሖ㗙ࠔ㸸“यᗎ㸪ᗎҏ㸪
䀰䴆ᗎօ⳺ҏࠋ䀓㘵Ӂ‘нᗎਢ㰷’ࡷཡѻ⸓ࠋ” ࠉ7.䊑㚢䂎ࠋ৳㾻“ययय”ࠋ ࠉ
8.䙊“㣤”ࠋ㋇ࠋ ࠓੲ∿᱕⿻‧㋮䄝ࠔ㸸“ᴹһᯬ↔㸪㘼㋮䀰ѻ㘼н᰾㸪य䀰ѻ㘼нᡀ㸪㋮
䀰Ѿ㸽
य䀰Ѿ㸽”ὺ⁩䚄ࠓぽᗞት䆰ᴨ䁈‧䆰ࠑੲ∿᱕⿻ࠒᵝ䁈‧㋮䄝ㇷࠔ㸸“Ӻ䄲㸪‘㣤’㘵㸪㋇
ҏࠋ ࠓ㥰ᆀ‧↓਽ㇷࠔӁ㸸‘᭵ᝊ㘵ѻ䀰㸪㣤❦㘼㋇ࠋ’‘य’ࠊ‘㣤’丣਼㸪Ⲷᴹ㋇㗙㸪
㠷‘㋮’↓⴨ሽࠋ” ࠉ9.䙊“⢙”ࠋᶡ㾯ࠋ II ࠉmò ࠉʁʕˋ ࠝࠓ䳶丫ࠔ㧛ࣳ࠷㸪‫ޕ‬ᵛ㸪᰾ࠋࠞ ࠉ
㾻“঩य”ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
㠀ᕤసே䈧໚ධෆࠋ

105
5. Prepositions

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following sections carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

5.1 ᮅ

ᮅ
1.the court; the government
zhao
ʍʚ
1.morning
2.a day
3. in direction of

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

ᵍ
chao2
(1)
ᵍᔧࠋਔᰦӖ〠:ᵍา,ᵍᆱ,ᵍߦ,ᵍ㤁,ᵍⴱ,ᵍᇦ [imperial court]
䎀ᑖࢁንк⇯,‫ޕ‬ᵍн䎻ࠋ(䎻:ᘛ↕䎠ࠋ)――ࠓਢ䇠·㩗⴨ഭцᇦࠔ
᱃ѻԕⲮ䠁,⥞䈨ᵍࠋ――᰾·ࡈสࠓ䛱⿫ᆀ·ॳ䟼傜ㇷࠔ
(2)
৸ྲ:ᵍഭ(ᵍᔧ,ഭᇦ);ᵍި(ᵍᔧⲴިㄐ⽬ࡦ);ᵍ֯(ᵍᔧ⍮ࠪⲴ֯㘵)
(3)
ᵍԓ,ᤷ਼аဃᑍ⦻䘎㔝㔗᢯⦻սⲴᰦԓ [dynasty]
ইᵍഋⲮ‫ॱޛ‬ሪ,ཊቁᾬਠ✏䴘ѝࠋ――ᶌ⢗ࠓ⊏ই᱕ᵲਕࠔ
(4)
৸ྲ:ୀᵍ;␵ᵍ
(5)
Ḁањᑍ⦻Ⲵ㔏⋫ᰦᵏ [emperor's reign]
й亮仁✖ཙл䇑,єᵍᔰ⍾㘱㠓ᗳࠋ(єᵍ:ࡈ઼༷ࡈ⾵㔏⋫ᰦᵏࠋ)――ᶌ⭛ࠓ㴰
⴨ࠔ
ᖃᱟᰦ,ᵜᵍᇊ唾᭩‫ݳ‬Ҽᒤ⸓ࠋ――␵·䛥䮯㰵ࠓ䰾ިਢՐࠔ
(6)
৸ྲ:йᵍ‫ݳ‬㘱;аᵍཙᆀаᵍ㠓

106
(7)
᭯ᓌ [government]ࠋྲ:ᵍᇈ;ᵍཹ(৏Ѫᆻԓᇈ਽,ਾ䙊〠ᇼ㗱ࠊ൏䊚ᡆ㇑һⲴ)
(8)
ᵍ᭯,ഭᇦབྷһ [the affairs of state]ࠋྲ:нੜᵍ;ᵍᷴ(ᵍ᭯Ⲵᵳᷴ)
(9)
ᵍ⨝,ਔԓ㗔㠓ᵍ㿱ᑍ⦻ᰦ᤹ᇈ૱࠶⨝ᧂࡇⲴս⅑ [courtier
class]ࠋ৸〠:ᵍࡇ,ᵍ⅑,ᵍᒿ,ᵍՖ;ᵍ䜘;ᵍ㪇

Sample Sentences:
䈧䰞ཤᅜᐙ༤≀侶᫝ᮅ䘉୭᪉ྥ㉮ੇ㸽
ᑠ≸ᮅ௚᩷஢᩷ᑿᕮࠋ

5.2 ㉵

㉵
1.to make use of; to take advantage of (an opportunity)

From the ഭ䱵ḷ߶≹ᆇབྷ䗎ި:

䎱
che4nࠉʎʝˋ
1㸧࡙⭘ᰦ䰤ࠊᵪՊ㸸㹼ᰙࠋ㹼ᵪࠋ㹼࣯ࠋ㹼⚛ᢃࣛ㸦䎱Ӫᇦਁ⭏⚛⚮ᰦ৫ᣒࣛ㸪௫൘
࡛Ӫড䳮ᰦ҈ᵪ৫ᦎྭ༴㸧ࠋ㹼✝ᢃ䫱ࠋ
2㸧ᩝ҈㸸㹼䖖ࠋ㹼㡩ࠋ
3㸧䙀㸪䘭䎦㸸“㣡ᓅኡ㴲䘌㹼Ӫ”ࠋ
4㸧ᖰ㸪䎤㸸㹼໏㸦䎦䳶㸧ࠋ㹼⟏㸦䘳㦂ࡠѠ᭦ѻ༴㸧ࠋ
5㸧ᇼᴹ㸸㹼䫡ࠋ㹼ࠐ䓛㺓ᴽࠋ
6㸧ਔ਼“〠”㸪䘲ਸࠋ
·৲㘳䇽≷㸸
take the advantage of while
·৲㘳䇽≷㸸
҈

Sample Sentence:
ᡃ᝿㉵╔ᖺ䖫ከ䭫⛬䭫⛬㸪୳ᐩ୍ୗ⮬ᕫⓗ㓿শࠋ

5.3 ன

ன
1.in; at; on; by; from
2.than; then; to; with reference to
3.compared with
4.a Chinese family name

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

107
Ҿ ᯬ
\X ZX
 ĀѼāⲴਔᆇDŽѼ呖>FURZ@
䇽㔰DŽ፼൘ࣘ䇽ᡆᖒᇩ䇽ਾ䶒нᗵ䈁 㱾䊩Ѫ㗔ᯬ呺о༴DẒ̣̌ljぶཙᆀ
ࠪ ՐNJ
ԕ㠣ҾረDẒ̣̌ljਾ≹ҖgࡇྣՐNJ
䎺Ҿ䈨‫ן‬DẒ̣̌ljഭ䈝gᱻ䈝NJ

৸
ԕ‫ݽ‬Ҿ䳮DŽ
ਟԕ‫ݽ‬Ҿ䳮DŽ

Āᯬā
ਖ㿱\X

Sample Sentences:
⪃䈅ᡂ㔙ன7᭶20᪥බᕸࠋ
䘉ᡤ኱Ꮫ❧ன໭ிⓗす໭㒊ࠋ
⛉Ꮫᐙ䰘ਁ⧠᳜≀ሩගⓗ仌Ⰽ᭷䘹ᤙᛶ㸪୙ྠⓗ᳜≀႐⅒୙ྠ仌Ⰽⓗගࠋ䘉୍ਁ⧠ྍᓄ
⏝னߌъ⏕ӗୖࠋ

5.4 ⮳ன

⮳ன
1.to go so far as to; to go to such extent as to
2.as for; as to; as regards; with regard to; regarding; concerning; respecting; so far
as ... be concerned; in the case of

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

㠣Ҿ
zhi4yu2
(1)
[as for] 㺘⽪〻ᓖࠊ㤳ത
㠣ҾԆ,ᱟаᇊՊᶕⲴ
䎺䮯෾ѻ䲀,㠣Ҿ⌠ᆹࠋ(㠣:ࣘ䇽,ᣥ䗮ࠋ)――␵·ည啀ࠓⲫ⌠ኡ䇠ࠔ
㠣Ҿ࣍ழ㿴䗷䏣⸓ࠋ――␵·ࡈᔰࠓ䰞䈤ࠔ
(2)
[as to] 㺘⽪ਖᨀаԦһ
㠣ҾᡁњӪⲴ᜿㿱,ԕਾ޽ᨀ
(3)
[as for;go so far as to] 䘎䇽ࠋ㺘⽪ᨀࠪਖа䈍仈,⭘൘л᮷ᔰཤ,Ѫ⧠ԓ≹䈝ᡰ⋯⭘
㠣Ҿᯏ䝼ᦀ⳺ࠋ――䈨㪋Ӟࠓࠪᐸ㺘ࠔ
㠣Ҿ䍏㘵ⅼҾ䙄ࠋ――ᆻ·⅗䱣‫ࠓ؞‬䞹㗱ӝ䇠ࠔ
㠣Ҿᙘ䈭ѻཊࠋ――ᆻ·⦻ᆹ⸣ࠓㆄਨ傜䈿䇞Җࠔ
㠣Ҿߌཛሿ≁ࠋ――ᆻ·㣿䖬ࠓᮉᡈᆸࠔ

108
Sample Sentence:
ሩனᓄ⪸ⓗே㸪ᡃԜ఍┳┳௚ⓗ┦යуъ⬟ຊᕪ୙ᕪ㸪 ⮳ன௚∅ъனီᡤ኱Ꮫ㏻ᖖ୙ᅾ
⪃㲁Ⱳതஅෆࠋ

6. Conjunctions: ௨ཬ

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following section carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

௨ཬ
1.as well as

From the ≹䈝኱䇽඾ (⚹㓯∧):

௨ཬ
1.䙓䂎ࠋ㺘⽪൘ᱲ䯃ࠊㇴഽкⲴᔦըࠋ⥦䀰ԕ㠣㸪ԕ㠣ᯬࠋ ࠓᖼ╒ᴨ‧Ԣ䮧㎡ۣࠔ㸸“╒
ҼⲮᒤ㘼䚝⦻㧭ѻҲ㸪䀸ަ⇈ཧ⓵ӑѻᮨ㸪৸ᗙ‫ؽ‬Ѿ〖ࠊ丵⸓㸹ԕ৺Ӻᰕ㸪਽䜭オ㘼н
ት㸪Ⲯ䟼㎅㘼❑≁㘵㸪нਟऍᮨࠋ” ࠉᱹᕥ㨟ࠓྣਢ㇤ࠔ㸸“㥛㥛䙐ॆ㸪Ҽܰᰒ࠶ࠋᮓ≓
⍱ᖒ㸪ᰒ䲦ᰒ⬴ࠋ൘ᑍᓆ⣗㸪㚷㏃ཙӪࠋ⡠࿻ཛ႖㸪ԕ৺ੋ㠓ࠋ” 2.䙓䂎ࠋ䙓᧕іࡇⲴ
䂎ࠊ䂎㍴ᡆ⸝ਕࠋ ࠉ␵ઘӞᐕࠓᴨᖡࠔধй㸸“ႊߐᰒ⮒㸪⳺Ԕᰶᕏ䕙ਆ‫ޝ‬㏃ᆀਢԕ৺
ぇᇈ䟾҈㸪Ⲷԕ㙣ᦸࠋ” ࠉߠᗳࠓᯟӪ⦘ោᛤࠔ㸸“ま䣈䚃㸸‘ࢹ䋤ֶҶ㸪੺䁤ᡁ⡦㿚઼
⸣ᕏ⭏≓Ⲵ‫ݹ‬Ჟ㸪ԕ৺⡦㿚઼֐ਖ਼ીᡁⲴ䂡㸪ᡁଚ㻿䚴ᮒ䙇⮉㸪
䏅㏺᭦᤮Ҷഎֶࠋ’”ྲ㸸Ṽк᭮⵰⮛ㅶࠊ≤Ⳳࠊ䃯㢢ⴔԕ৺‫ࡍ⳶ޙ‬䮻Ⲵ㧺㣡ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
୰ᅜᚇ᪩௨๓ᑵᢕⲔ௨ཬ᝿යⓗⲔՐᩥ໬Ր᧛฿஢ᅜእࠋ

7. Particles

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following section carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

7.1 ఝⓗ

ఝⓗ
[si4 de5]
seems as if / rather like / also pr. (shi4 de5) or (shi5 de5)

From the ≹䈝䗎⎧:

109
լⲴ
sì/shì de
1.ࣙ䇽㸪⭘൘਽䇽Υԓ䇽ᡆࣘ䇽ਾ䶒㸪㺘⽪䐏Ḁ⿽һ⢙ᡆᛵߥ⴨լࠋ

Sample Sentence:
௚ᢕᏭീ୭ᐆ䍍ఝⓗ㍗㍗ᢜᅾᡭ㔛ࠋ

7.2 ᡤ

ᡤ
1.a place; a location; a position
2.a building; an office
3.that which

From the ⧠ԓ≹䈝䇽ި:

ᡰ
VX€
%6ᯔ_%+
ķ༴ᡰ˖൪̚ūտ̚ū਴ᗇަ̚DŽ
ĸ᰾ԓ傫‫Ⲵޥ‬ൠ⛩ˈབྷⲴਛॳᡧᡰˈሿⲴਛⲮᡧᡰDŽ⧠൘ਚ⭘Ҿൠ਽˖⎧䱣̚˄൘ኡ
ь˅ūࡽ̚˄൘⎉⊏˅ūਾ̚˄൘ኡ㾯˅ū⋉ਾ̚˄൘䗭ᆱ˅DŽ
Ĺ⭘‫ڊ‬ᵪ‫ޣ‬ᡆަԆ࣎һൠᯩⲴ਽〠˖⹄ウ̚ū⍮ࠪ̚ū䇺⯇̚ūᤷᥕ̚ūᤋᖵ̚DŽ
ĺ䟿䇽DŽD˅⭘Ҿᡯቻ˖䘉̚ᡯᆀDŽE˅⭘Ҿᆖṑㅹ˄ਟԕн→аᡰᡯᆀ˅˖а̚
५䲒ūє̚ᆖṑDŽ
Ļࣙ䇽DŽD˅䐏þѪÿᡆþ㻛ÿਸ⭘ˈ㺘⽪㻛ࣘ˖ѪӪ̚ㅁūⴻ䰞仈⡷䶒ˈᇩ᱃㻛㺘䶒
⧠䊑̚䘧ᜁDŽE˅⭘൘‫ڊ‬ᇊ䈝Ⲵѫ䉃㔃ᶴⲴࣘ䇽ࡽ䶒ˈ㺘⽪ѝᗳ䇽ᱟਇһ˖ᡁ̚䇔䇶Ⲵ
Ӫūབྷᇦ̚ᨀⲴ᜿㿱DŽF˅⭘൘þᱟĂⲴÿѝ䰤Ⲵ਽䇽ǃԓ䇽઼ࣘ䇽ѻ䰤ˈᕪ䈳ᯭһ઼
ࣘ֌Ⲵ‫ޣ‬㌫˖‫ޘ‬ഭⲴᖒ࣯ˈᱟ਼ᘇԜ̚‫ޣ‬ᗳⲴDŽG˅LJҖLj⭘൘ࣘ䇽ࡽ䶒ˈ䐏ࣘ䇽ᶴᡀ
փ䇽㔃ᶴ˖਴ቭ̚㜭ū䰫̚ᵚ䰫DŽ
ļ˄6X€˅ဃDŽ

Sample Sentence:
୍୭ேᡤྲྀᚓⓗᡂᯝ㸪ன௚ᡤ௜ฟⓗດຊ᭷╔ᯉ኱ⓗය⣔ࠋ

110
 Sentences

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following section carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

8. Special Sentence Patterns

8.1 Pivotal Sentences

8.1.1 ௧

௧
1.to order or instruct
2.an order, command, etc.
3.to cause or make
4.a season
5.your
ling
ʆʡʟˊ
1.a ream of paper

From the ᗣ⇊Ꮠ඾ᩥᏐ∧:

Ԕ
࠙ᆀ䳶ѝࠚ࠙Ӫᆇ䜘ࠚ Ԕ
࠙䳶丫ࠚ࠙↓丫ࠚ$࣋↓࠷㸪䴦৫㚢ࠋᖻҏ㸪⌅ҏ㸪੺ᡂҏࠋ࠙ᴨ·ഗભࠚⲬ㲏ᯭԔ㸪㖄
ᴹн㠗ࠋ࠙⿞·ᴸԔࠚભ⴨ᐳᗧ઼Ԕࠋ࠙ઘ⿞·⿻ᇈࠚ༛ᑛᦼ༛ѻ‫ޛ‬ᡀ㸪ഋᴠ⣟䛖Ԕ㸪ӄ
ᴸ᫏䛖Ԕࠋࠉ৸йԔࠋ࠙ࡽ╒·ᇓᑍ㌰ࠚԔᴹ‫ݸ‬ᖼ㸪ᴹԔ⭢㸪Ԕ҉㸪Ԕщࠋࠉ
৸㑓Ԕࠋ╒⌅㸪㑓㩜ᡨԕк⡢Ԕ㸪ԕл⡢䮧ࠋࠉ৸ᱲԔ㸪ᴸԔ㸪ᡰԕ㌰ॱҼᴸѻ᭯ࠋࠉ
৸ழҏࠋ࠙䂙·བྷ䳵ࠚԔ㚎Ԕᵋࠋ࠙ᐖۣ·ᡀॱᒤࠚᘐ⡢Ԕᗧ㸪䶎ަӪ⥦нਟ㸪ߥнԔ
Ѿࠋࠉ৸ဃࠋࠉ৸࠙䳶丫ࠚ䜎б࠷࠙↓丫ࠚ䴒੸࠷㸪$丣䴦ࠋ৞ᖩᴠ֯Ԕࠋࠉ৸бԔ㸪
ൠ਽ࠋ㾻࠙ࡽ╒·ᕥ⒟ۣࠚࠋᡆ֌б䴦ࠋ৸Ԕ⤀㸪Ӗൠ਽ࠋࠉ৸Ԕ⤀㸪㼷ဃࠋࠉ
৸࠙䂙·啺付ࠚⴗԔԔࠋ࠙䁫ࠚⴗ㸪⭠⣜ࠋԔԔ㸪⣜乌л⫠㚢ࠋࠉ৸㠷卂䙊ࠋ࠙䂙·ሿ
䳵ࠚ㜺Ԕ൘৏㸪‫ݴ‬ᕏᙕ䴓㸪ভ只卂匕ࠋࠉ৸Ԕ䚙㸪⭃ҏࠋ㠷⬤⬻਼ࠋࠉ৸࠙䳶丫ࠚ䜎ᇊ
࠷㸪丣ㅝࠋԔ᭟㸪㑓਽ࠋ൘䚬㾯ࠋࠉ৸࠙ᔓ丫ࠚ࣋ᔦ࠷࠙䳶丫ࠚ䲥ᔦ࠷㸪$丣䙓ࠋӖ㑓
਽ࠋ࠙ࡽ╒·ൠ⨶ᘇࠚ䠁෾䜑ᴹԔት㑓ࠋࠉ৸࠙䳶丫ࠚⴗᲟ࠷㸪丣么ࠋᇈ㖢ѻ䮧ࠋࠉ৸
ਦੲᕥ࠷㸪丣㢟ࠋ࠙七᜸·䉯า䂙ࠚࠑ‫ޜ‬ഋሱ㸪ᰓᇼԕᕪࠋ䄲‫ޜ‬੮⡦㸪ᆠ䚅‫ޜ‬Ԕࠋਦл
䛖ࠋࠉ࠙䃚᮷ࠚ䔹ঙ䜘ࠋӾӬӾঙࠋⲬ㲏ҏࠋ࠙ᗀᴠࠚӬভ䳶ᆇ㸪Ӫ㘼⡢ѻㇰࡦࠋᴳ
᜿ࠋ
㘳䅹㸸ࠝ৸㑓Ԕࠋ╒⌅㸪㑓㩜ᡨԕк⡢Ԕ㸪ԕҼ⡢䮧ࠋࠞࠉ䅩➗╒ᴨԕҼ᭩ԕлࠋ

The syntactic structure of the sample sentence below can be visualised as follows:

111
Sample Sentence:
䘉୭㔃ᯝ௧ேኻᮃࠋ

8.1.2 ὴ
Let us now take a brief look at the syntactic structure of the sample sentence in this
section:

Sample Sentence:
অ఩ὴᡃཤ༡ி࣎Ⅼඒ஦ࠋ

And here are the definitions for ὴ:

ὴ
1.to dispatch (troops or vehicles)
2.to send (a person on an errand or mission)
3.a faction; a clique; a school

Definition from the ഻䃎䗝ި:

112
⍮
ʀʘˋࠉ
1.⊏⋣᭟⍱ࠋ᮷䚨˙⦻ܹ˙㽊␥⻁᮷㸸ࠗࠪ⊏⍮㘼付㘄㸪‫ޕ‬Ӝᑛ㘼䴧अࠋ࠘ୀ˙⦻㏝˙╒⊏㠘
≾䂙㸸ࠗᾊຎй⒈᧕㸪㥺䮰ҍ⍮䙊ࠋ࠘
2.Ӫࠊһᡆᆨ㺃Ⲵ࠶᭟㌫㎡ࠋྲ㸸ࠗᆨ⍮࠘ࠊࠗ唘⍮࠘ࠊࠗ䂙⍮࠘ࠋ᮷䚨˙ࢹᆍ⁉˙ᔓ㎅
Ӕ䄆㸸ࠗ❦ࡷ࡙Ӕ਼Ⓚ㸪⍮⍱ࡷ⮠ࠋ࠘
3.֌付ᡆ≓ᓖࠋྲ㸸ࠗ⍮九࠘ࠊࠗ≓⍮࠘ࠊࠗ↓⍮࠘ࠋ
4.䟿䂎ࠋ䀸㇇⍮ࡕⲴ௞սࠋྲ㸸ࠗ䙉‫ޙ‬⍮⮛ᇦⲴ⮛付䘕❦н਼ࠋ࠘
5.аぞ㾯ᔿ✈❉伏૱ࠋ⛪㤡䃎 pieⲴ丣䆟ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ㰻᷌⍮࠘ࠊ⃨ࠗ⃜⍮࠘ࠋ
1.࠶䝽ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ᭔⍮࠘ࠊࠗ䕚⍮࠘ࠋ㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜഋॱйഎ㸸ࠗ㘱⾆ᇇਚᢺԆက‫ػޙނ‬Ӕ㎖
‫ޙ‬սཚཚ㸪аսঐа‫ػ‬㸪⍮ཊ⍮ቁ㸪⇿սᴯࠪа࠶ቡᱟҶࠋ࠘
2.ᐞ䚓ࠊԫ⭘ࠋྲ㸸ࠗင⍮࠘ࠊࠗ䚨⍮࠘ࠊࠗ⍮‫ޥ‬᭟ᨤ࠘ࠊࠗ⍮Ӫ䘱৫࠘ࠋ㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜг
എ㸸ࠗ‫ݸ‬⍮‫ػޙ‬ሿᆀ㸪䘱Ҷ䙉〖⴨‫ޜ‬ᇦ৫ࠋ࠘
3.ᆹᧂࠋྲ㸸ࠗ⍮к⭘๤࠘ࠋ㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜҍॱ‫ޝ‬എ㸸ࠗ䙉ቻᆀᱟ㾱֐⍮Ⲵࠋаᾲ㿚৻н
䃻㸪ҏнᧂㆥᑝ㸹ᖵሦ⦹ྭҶ㸪䙾Ҷ࣏ᴽ❦ᖼ޽ᬪᑝ䃻Ӫࠋ࠘
4.ᤷ䋜ࠋྲ㸸ࠗ⍮нᱟ࠘ࠋ㌵⁃དྷ˙ㅜӄॱҼഎ㸸ࠗᴹⲴнᱟ㸪䜭⍮൘ᡁ‫ف‬䓛к㸪৸

⍮
ʀʘˋ
䃚ᡁ‫ف‬нᮉ⡪⿞Ҷࠋ࠘

8.2 Sentences of Comparison:A୙ዴB (䘉஄/㑣஄ ) + Adjective

1.so; such; this way; like this
୙ዴ
1.not equal to; not as good as; inferior
to; less than 㑣஄
2.had better; would rather; had rather 1.then; so
2.in such a manner (or way); in that
case
䘉஄

Monolingual definition for ୙ዴ from the ≹䈝བྷ䇽ި (⿫㓯⡸):

нྲ
1.∄нкࠋ ࠓ᱃‧ኟࠔ㸸“ੋᆀᒮнྲ㠽㸪ᖰ੍ࠋ” ࠉे啺乿ѻ᧘ࠓ乿∿ᇦ䁃‧ࣹᆨࠔ㸸“䄪
ᴠ㸪ぽ䋑ॳ㩜㸪нྲ㮴Ծ൘䓛ࠋ” ࠉ᰾ᵾ䌴ࠓㆄ㙯ਨᇷᴨࠔ㸸“㘫ᙍ↔ㅹ㸪৽нྲᐲӅሿ
ཛ㸪䓛ንᱟһ㸪ਓ‫ׯ‬䃚ᱟһࠋ” ࠉ⋉≰ࠓб䐋‫ࠔޜ‬㸸“Ԇԕ⛪нྲᢺ䙻≓ᬡ൘䋧䌓➉൏к
ྭӋࠋ” 2.н‫ۿ‬㸹нㅖࠋ ࠓᖼ╒ᴨ‧䙨≁ۣ‧ઘ唘ࠔ㸸“нྲ㠓䀰㸪Կ㲋ྴѻ㖚ࠋ” ࠉ᰾㩹
ⴋࠓ≤ᶡᰕ䁈‧ਨ俜ↀ䲭‫ޜޙ‬㯖༛ࠔ㸸“ੲᜐযᵚ䚄ᱲ㸪ↀ䲭‫ޜ‬ԕᆨ㘵㖅㜭৺㸪੺ѻᯬᴻ
৻㸪ԕㄟ䳵ѻ༛㯖ѻᯬᵍᔧ㸪фӁ㸸‘ᖼᴹнྲ㸪⭈㠷਼㖚ࠋ’”

Sample Sentence:
௒ኳ୙ዴ᫖ኳ㑣஄✝ࠋ

113
 Complex Sentences

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following section carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

9. Complex Sentences

9.1 ୙ణ୙/୙ణἐ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪཯⪋ࠋࠋࠋ
The structure ୙ణ୙/୙ణἐ᭷ࠋࠋࠋ㸪཯⪋ࠋࠋࠋ may be translated as “Not only....,
but also....”.

This is a visualised syntactic tree structure for the sample sentence below:

Sample Sentence:
䘉ṧ୙ణἐ᭷ゎ෩ᕬ᭷ⓗ䰞仈㸪཯⪋䘈఍ӗ⏕᪂ⓗ▩┪ࠋ

9.2 Other Complex Structures I

9.2.1 Ꮼྍࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ୙/ஓせࠋࠋࠋ

Ꮼྍ ஓ୙
1.would rather; to prefer to neither / nor
2.preferably; for choice せ
and also will/wants...

Monolingual definition for Ꮼྍ from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

114
ᆱਟ
ning4ke3
[would rather;better] 㺘⽪൘ᵳ㺑єᯩ䶒Ⲵ࡙ᇣᗇཡਾ,䘹ᤙަѝⲴа䶒
ᆱਟ‫ޡ‬䖭нࠋ――ࠓҀᓌ䈇䳶·䱼кẁࠔ
ᆱਟᰙ⛩‫ਁࠪݯ‬,ҏн㾱䘏ࡠ

Sample Sentence:
௚Ꮼྍᅾᐙ┳⭥㿶㸪ஓ୙ីពฟཤ㏅ࣘࠋ

9.2.2 ୚඼ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙ዴࠋࠋࠋ

୚඼...୙ዴ
1.would rather...than...

Monolingual definition for ୚඼ from the 㧗㓗≹䈝኱䇽඾:

оަ
yu3qi2
[rather than] ൘∄䖳єԦһⲴ࡙ᇣᗇཡ㘼ߣᇊਆ㠽ᰦ,㺘⽪᭮ᔳᡆн䎎ᡀⲴа䶒
оަ൘䘉䟼ㅹԆ,⇻ᆱ৫᢮Ԇᴤྭ

Sample Sentence:
௒ኳኳẻ䘉஄ዲ㸪఼୚඼ᅾᐙఇᜥ㸪୙ዴ^࿴ᡃ୍㉳ฟཤᩓṉࠋ

9.3. Other Complex Structures II

9.3.1 ೥ዴࠋࠋࠋ㸪ᑵࠋࠋࠋ

1.nearby
೥ዴ 2.(an auxiliary confirming and stres-
1.if; supposing; provided that; provid- sing the verb following)
ing that; in case 3.[Formal] to enter upon; to engage in
4.to accommodate another person's
schedule, etc.
ᑵ 5.only; solely

Monolingual definition for ೥ዴ from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

‫ྲٷ‬
jia3ru2
[if;suppose;in case;in the event that] ‫֯ٷ‬,ྲ᷌
‫⋑ྲٷ‬ᴹ⊭䖖,ᡁԜቡн㜭᤹ᰦ䎦ࡠᐕൠ

Sample Sentence:
೥ዴ఼⬟┿ᚰᆅᖎຓ࡛ே㸪఼ᑵ⬟య傼฿ே⏕ⓗᛌҀࠋ

115
9.3.2 ୓ࠋࠋࠋ㸪(ᑵ)ࠋࠋࠋ

୓
1.ten thousand
2.a great many
3.absolutely

For ᑵ, cf. 9.3.1 in the previous section.

୓୍
1.if by any (remote) chance; by any possibility; in case of (contingency)
2.an eventuality

Monolingual definition for ୓୍ from the ≹䈝䗎⎧

≹䈝䗎⎧:

за
wàn/mò yī
1.з࠶ѻаࠋ㺘⽪ᶱቁⲴа䜘࠶ࠋ 2.ᤷਟ㜭ᙗᶱሿⲴ᜿ཆⲴᛵߥࠋ 3.䘎䇽ࠋ㺘⽪ਟ㜭ᙗ
ᶱሿⲴ‫ٷ‬䇮ࠋ

Sample Sentence:
୓୍ᡃ᫂ኳ୙⬟᮶ୖ⌜㸪㯞✖఼ᖎᡃ䈧୭೥ࠋ

9.3.3 (ᖾҿ)ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ

ᖾҿ ୙↛
1.thanks to 1.not so; not the case; no
2.if not so; otherwise; or else

Monolingual definitions:

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

ᒨҿ
xing4kui1
[fortunately thanks to;luckily] 㺘⽪⭡Ҿ࡛ӪⲴᑞࣙᡆḀӋᴹ࡙ᶑԦ㘼ᗇࡠҶྭ༴ᡆ䚯‫ݽ‬Ҷнᐼᵋਁ⭏Ⲵਾ
᷌
ᒨҿԆਛ䟂Ҷᡁ,੖ࡉᡁቡ䘏ࡠҶ

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:



н❦
EXUDQ

>QRWVR@ĩнᱟ䘉ṧᒦ䶎ྲ↔
ަᇎн❦

116
>1R@ĩ⭘൘ਕᆀᔰཤ㺘⽪੖ᇊሩᯩⲴ䈍
н❦һᛵ⋑ᴹ䛓ṧㆰঅ

>RIHOVHLIQRWRWKHUZLVH@ĩ੖ࡉ㺘䖜ᣈн䘉ṧ‫ڊ‬ቡՊࠪ⧠⴨৽Ⲵ㔃᷌ᡆᛵߥ
ᡁᗇᰙ⛩৫н❦ቡ䎦нкབྷ䖖Ҷ

>HLWKHUĂRU@ĩ੖ࡉ
㾱৫ቡ࡛䘏ࡠн❦ቡ⭝৫Ҷ

Sample Sentence:
ᖾҿ᭷఼ᖎᛁ㸪୙↛ᡃ௒ኳ┿୙▱㐨䈕䘉஄࣎஢ࠋ

9.4 㝖㠀ࠋࠋࠋ㸪୙↛ࠋࠋࠋ

㝖㠀
1.only if; only when
2.unless; except

Monlingual definition from the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

䲔䶎
chu2fei1
(1)
[only if;only when] 㺘⽪ୟаⲴᶑԦ,ᑨ䐏“᡽”ࠊ“੖ࡉ”ࠊ“н❦”ㅹਸ⭘,⴨ᖃҾ“ਚᴹ”
䲔䶎൘䘉䟼‫؞‬њ≤ᓃ,੖ࡉн㜭䀓ߣ‫≤׋‬䰞仈
(2)
[unless] ൘䲔…ཆⲴԫօᛵߥл;䲔…ᛵߥѻཆ
䲔䶎ᴹєњ䇱Ӫ֌䇱᰾,੖ࡉ,↔Ṹнᡀ・
(3)
[except] 㺘⽪н䇑㇇൘޵;䲔Ҷ
䘉һ䲔䶎Ԇ,䈱ҏн㜭੺䇹

For ୙↛, see Section 9.3.3.

Sample Sentence:
㝖㠀ዯⓗ∗Ӣඔ䇨㸪୙↛ዯ᫝୙⬟᎑㔉఼ⓗࠋ

9.5 ီᛦࠋࠋࠋ㸪 ஓ/䘈ࠋࠋࠋ

From the 儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

ଚᙅ
na3pa4
[even;even if(though);no matter how] 㺘⽪䇙↕Ⲵ䘎䇽,⴨ᖃҾ“ণ֯”ࠊ“ቡ㇇”
ଚᙅ࠰ኡ⚛⎧,ᡁҏ㾱䰟ал

117
ஓ 1.still; yet
1.also; as well as; too 2.even more
3.passably
䘈 huan
ʉʢʜˊ
1.to return to (a place)
2.to give back
3.to do or give something in return

Monolingual definitions:

儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

ҏ
ye3
\ (䊑ᖒࠋ䛘Ⲵᵜᆇࠋᵜѹ:㗩共ᷴ)
(1)
Ӗ㺘⽪਼ṧ [also;too;as well;either]ࠋྲ:ᡁ儈‫ޤ‬,֐ҏ儈‫;ޤ‬ҏਟԕ;ҏᱟ
(2)
ਐ⭘,ᕪ䈳єһᒦࡇᡆሩㅹ [as well as]ࠋྲ:ྩՊᢃ㈞⨳,ҏՊᢃ㖁⨳
(3)
㺘⽪䖜ᣈᡆ䇙↕ [even]ࠋྲ:ণ֯ཡ䍕ॱ⅑,Ԇҏн⚠ᗳ
(4)
㺘⽪ငၹࠋྲ:ᡁҏਚྭྲ↔
(5)
㺘⽪ᕪ䈳 [even]ࠋྲ:ҏ享(ҏᓄᖃ;ҏᓄ䈕);䘎㘱Ӫҏᒢ⍫
(6)
㺘⽪䘹ᤙ,䘈ᱟ [or]
֐㿱ᡁᓌ䟼䛓њ䰘ᆀ,তᱟཊቁᒤ㓚?ᡆᱟ唁ⱖҏⲭ߰㛕㜆?――ࠓ≤⎂Րࠔ
(7)
৸ྲ:ҏᱟ(䘈ᱟ)

儈㓗≹䈝བྷ䇽ި:

䘈

䚴
KXDQ

ӽ❦䟽༽>VWLOO\HWDJDLQ@
ᆀᆉᰕԕ䮯цц䘈༽❦DẒ̣̌ḣᇇ‫ݳ‬lj⭠ᇦNJ

৽㘼>RQWKHFRQWUDU\LQVWHDGEXW@
䆜⭫㱾нᡀ䘈Ѫ⤇㘵ҏDẒ̣̌ljйഭᘇg䱸ᙍ⦻ἽՐNJ㼤ᶮѻ⌘ᕅljި⮕NJ

䙊Ā᯻[XDQāDŽ䗵䙏>IDVWVZLIW@

118
⌅・㘼䘈ᓏѻԔࠪ㘼ਾ৽ѻDẒ̣̌lj㇑ᆀgԫ⌅NJ
伏傿傜ѻ㚹㘼н䘈侞䞂։ ަՔྣҏDẒ̣̌lj੅∿᱕⿻g⡡༛NJ
公兵н㜭㠚䘈‫ॺޞ‬䮯䙄㘼л仐DẒ̣̌lj≹Җgᢜ䳴ՐкNJ
ਖ㿱KDL

Sample Sentence:
೴௵ఱ஦᝟㸪ᡃԜ㒔ᓄ䈕 䖫᫆ᨺᘜ㸪ီᛦ๓⾜ⓗ㐨㊰෌ⱞ෌䳮㸪ஓせඊᣢୗཤ㸪䘉ṧᡯ
୙఍ᅾ⮬ᕫⓗே⏕㔛␃ୗኴከ䚇᠍ࠋ

119
 Fixed Structures

Study Assignment: Study the definitions given in the following section carefully and
consider finally how they apply to the context of the sample sentences given. Then,
translate each of the sample sentences in the light of your considerations and reflec-
tions.

10. Fixed Structures: Ѫࠋࠋࠋᡤ

...Ѫ᪢ᩘⓗእᅜ᭸཭... could be translated as “by countless foreign friends” and ...ᡤ႐
⅒ as ”...who enjoy it”.

ᡤ is a particle with a relative function to form a relative clause mainly in written Chi-
nese. For further information, cf. ੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The
Eighthundred Words of Modern Chinese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988, pp. 455-
456. From the ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation],
Commercial Press, Peking 2000, pp. 621-622, we learn that “ᡤ is used before a verb to
denote the object of an action” (p. 621). A bit further down, it is stated that “used after
a verb, along with the previous Ѫ, it is indicating a passive meaning” (p. 622).

Sample Sentence:
ி࡛㢪ᵟѪ᪢ᩘⓗእᅜ᭸཭ᡤ႐⅒ࠋ

Another sample sentence with this pattern, for example, are:

Ѫேᡤ➗
be laughed at by [other] people

Note that in this structure the noun following Ѫ is the actor.

120
 Suggested Further Reading

ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2014

(2008).

ࠓ≹䈝䈝ἲⓒ亩䇢㓳(ึ୰㓗)ࠔ[Chinese Grammar-Broken down into 100 items (Basic

and Intermediate Level)], Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking 2011

ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation], Commercial

Press, Peking 2000

੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred Words of Modern Chi-

nese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988

121
 Abbreviations Used in the Syntax Tree
Graph Visualisations

Adv Adverb Part Particle

AdvPhr Adverbial Phrase Prep Preposition
Compl Complement PrepPhr Prepositional Phrase
Compl1 Complement 1 Pron Pronoun
Compl2 Complement 2 S Sentence
ComplDir Complement of Direction S1 Sentence or clause 1 in S
Conj Conjunction S2 Sentence or clause 2 in S
Corr Correlatives V Verb
N Noun VP Verbal/Verb Phrase
NP Noun Phrase

122
 Texts For Each HSK Level
1. Stories and Legends


▂ώ‫׍‬ᵸ
˴‫̧⭺€׉‬લ૳⧶๬˴ⶕᚳ⦴€ⴛ૨➨ཌྷ⇝⦜ԅ€ස⸞ख೛૨жc
ᰒ᷁έ॰˴⦬жԅcⲸⴟख৶‚િ⸞෰ԅ෰€ੌ⦳ఘ᧵cિ⸞ཹ⥙▂ώ€ⴟᰒቲ▂ႄ€
ⴟ᱆ख▙⦬жc
ᵤ˴⦴€ߞલ૳▂ႄԅcp‫▂ͨ€ۥ‬ႄԅ€ͨೲᇊ˴଻cqසⴲcӃೲස▎▂ԅട
⦜€ස☇ⴲhpӿ⠷සകౘέ⻫͈cq
▙✶€਍਍લ૳͎▂ႄԅcසᩋട‫ے‬ж⦬खട⦜c˴▜ख˴▜ⴲhp‫ے‬ᵤೲώ€ώೲभ
ੌ⻫ߣ€ͨ⧩ԅ▙⦬жcq
ͅ♇p▂ώ‫׍‬ᵸqဧ⦜ཹḚྋ૨੆ߣ૟€➹຀ᶀ҈ᵤᑂ⧍c

Huàshétiānzú
⏬⺬ῧ㊊
Yī tiān, shīzi xiānsheng jǔxíng yī chǎng jùhuì, xǔduō dòngwù dōu láile, tāmen hē hěn duō jiǔ.
୍ኳ㸪 ⤞Ꮚඛ⏕Ѯ⾜୍൪⪹఍㸪䇨ከࣘ≀㒔᮶஢㸪௚Ԝ႑ᚇከ㓇ࠋ
Zuìhòu zhǐ shèng yī hú jiǔ le. Ràng shéi hē ne? Tāmen xiǎngle xiǎng,yǒu gè zhǔyi. Tāmen
bǐsài huà shé, shéi zuì kuài huà hǎo, shéi jiùhē zhè hú jiǔ.
᭱ྡྷྈ๦୍༦㓇஢ࠋ䇙䈱႑࿔㸽ᏭԜ᝿஢᝿㸪᭷୭୺ពࠋᏭԜẚ䎋⏬⺬㸪䈱᭱ᛌ⏬ዲ㸪䈱ᑵ႑
䘉༦㓇ࠋ
bùyī huì, láng xiānsheng huà hǎo le.“ hā, wǒ huà hǎo le, wǒshì dì-yī míng.” tā shuō. Kěshì tā
yòu huàle qǐlái, tā hái shuō:“ zài gěi tā jiā jǐ zhī jiǎo ba.”
୙୍఍㸪⊋ඛ⏕⏬ዲ஢ࠋ“အ㸪ᡃ⏬ዲ஢㸪ᡃ᫝➨୍ྡࠋ”௚䈤ࠋྍ᫝௚ཪ⏬஢㉳᮶㸪௚䘈䈤㸸“
෌㔉௚ຍชྈ⬮ྱࠋ”
Zhèshí, xīngxing xiānsheng yě huà hǎo le. Tā ná qǐ nà jiǔhú hē qǐlái.Yībiān hē yībiān shuō:“ nà
bù shì shé, shé shì méiyǒu jiǎo de, wǒyíngle zhè hú jiǔ.”
䘉ᰦ㸪⊥⊥ඛ⏕ஓ⏬ዲ஢ࠋ௚ᣡ㉳㑣㓇༦႑㉳᮶ࠋ୍䗩႑୍䗩䈤㸸“㑣୙᫝⺬㸪⺬᫝ἐ᭷⬮ⓗ㸪
ᡃ䎒஢䘉༦㓇ࠋ”
Chéngyǔ“ huàshétiānzú” yònglái bǐyù zuò duō yú de shì, jiéguǒ fǎn'érbù qiàdàng.
ᡂ䈝“⏬⺬ῧ㊊”⏝᮶ẚ௫೴ከవⓗ஦㸪㔃ᯝ཯⪋୙ᜦᙜࠋ


▂⺨ણ♏
̜⻃✶หỜ⻃ߣᤃફୖᤰ€৪⩘⡎⅚˴⦳ੌ⣿෶ߣਾҟ๛ԍ⦜ྋુc
ୖᤰ✎සߣ͔әⴲhp⡎ⶋਾ⣿€ᵤ෶ખཟੌ⦓଻ߣਾc⦓଻ႄฬೲ▂ߣ˴ⷾ⺨€έ෶
ᜎ€ᵤ෶ጓ⢬ᔫ̧♏✳ߣ⫑⹴ஙq
᷁⦜€ਾ⸞᱆ဧp▂⺨ણ♏q▙⦳ͅ♇ཹḚဧ⤰෰૊ᏆাԚ€ᵤ෶ጓ⢬⤲⚙⫑⹴c

Huà bǐng chōng jī

⏬侬඘侕
Sānguó shídài wèi guó de huángdì cáo ruì, zhǔnbèi xuǎnbá yī gè yǒucáinéng de rén dào
cháotíng lái zuòguān.
୕ᅜᰦ௦㨯ᅜⓗⓚᖇ᭪╻㸪෸༷䘹ᣆ୍୭᭷ᡯ⬟ⓗே฿ᮅᘐ᮶೴ᐁࠋ
Cáo ruì duì tā de dàchén shuō:“ xuǎnzé réncái, bù néng guāng zhǎoyǒu xūmíng de rén.
Xūmíng hǎoxiàng shì huà de yī kuài bǐng, zhǐnéng kàn, bù néng jiějué dùzi jī'è de wèntí a!”
᭪╻ሩ௚ⓗ኱⮧䈤㸸“䘹ᤙேᡯ㸪୙⬟ගᢍ᭷⹫ྡⓗேࠋ⹫ྡዲീ᫝⏬ⓗ୍ඇ侬㸪ྈ⬟┳㸪୙⬟
ゎ෩⫟Ꮚ侕侯ⓗ䰞仈ၢ!”

123
Hòulái, rénmen jiù yòng“ huà bǐng chōng jī” zhègè chéngyǔ bǐyùyòng kōngxiǎng ānwèi zìjǐ,
bù néng jiějué shíjì wèntí.
ྡྷ᮶㸪ேԜᑵ⏝“⏬侬඘侕”䘉୭ᡂ䈝ẚ௫⏝✵᝿Ᏻ៘⮬ᕫ㸪୙⬟ゎ෩ᇎ䱵䰞仈ࠋ


௱ઈྲྀ᜿
▗˸ᮇ€᮴੅⻃Ӌ௜⩝૕ⱅ॑᜿b⩌᜿ҁ€ߗദ⧿▍c
੐˴ⱜ⸇⡬᷁€௜⩝◒٪⺦ཕⴧМဠ€⧍සᜎҟⱯᵤӃ‫▍⧿ߣ؝‬࿐⻀€සࡔҟ೛ે༒c
ሹ಩€௜⩝ಲ⭵⟹઄€έ⭗઄੿˴௱˴ઈ⇝ฬ▍Ⲣߣ˹᜿˴⸐€Ջೲ⛎ക஛ኤc
᷁⦜௜⩝ᢢⲢӼभ€ⲝ಩ृ⮯⠰੆ߣ⻀ഹ⤖ᓋઋԅcȖȖ
ਾ⸞⮦▙⦳ཀྵ૟⫷➹⧃˴⦳ͅ♇p௱ઈྲྀ᜿q€ဧ⦜ࠑ્ਾ੐ⵗষ⷏஛✶€ᗉᝬᗉੇߣ
͍͉Ⲗ⦩c

Cǎomùjiēbīng
ⲡᮌⓙර
Gōngyuán383nián, qián Qínguó wáng fú jiān shuàilǐng bùbīngࠊ qíbīng90wàn, gōngdǎ
Dōngjìn.
බඖ383ᖺ㸪๓⛙ᅜ⋤ⱬඊ⋡亶ṉරࠊ僁ර90୓㸪ᨷᡴь᫴ࠋ
Zài yī lún zhànbài hòu, fú jiān cóng chéngqiáng fǔshì sìzhōu, dāng tākàndào shì bùkě
pòdì Dōngjìn bùduì, tā gǎndào hěn hàipà.
ᅾ୍䖞ᡈ䍕ྡྷ㸪ⱬඊ௕ᇛ້ಠ㿶ᅄ࿘㸪ᙜ௚┳฿࣯୙ྍ◚ⓗь᫴㒊䱏㸪௚ឤ฿ᚇᐖᛦࠋ
Jiēzhe, fú jiān běi wàng qúnshān, zhǐjiàn shān shàng yīcǎoyīmù dōuxiàng jìn jūn de
shìbīng yīyàng, yúshì gèngjiā kǒnghuāng.
᥋╔㸪ⱬඊ໭ᮃ⩌ᒣ㸪ྈ㿱ᒣୖ୍ⲡ୍ᮌ㒔ീ᫴ߋⓗኈර୍ṧ㸪ன᫝᭦ຍᜍៃࠋ
Hòulái fú jiān quánjūnfùmò, dàizhe shǎoshù cányú de duìwǔ táo huí qule.ࠉࠉ
ྡྷ᮶ⱬඊ඲ߋそἐ㸪ᑖ╔ᑡᩘṧవⓗ䱏ః㏨ᅇཤ஢ࠋࠉࠉ
Rénmen jiāng zhègè gùshi zǒngjié wéi yī gè chéngyǔ“ cǎomùjiēbīng”,yònglái xíngróng
rén zài jídù jīngkǒng shí, yíshényíguǐ de xīnlǐzhuàngtài.
ேԜᑗ䘉୭ᨾ஦ᙫ㔃Ѫ୍୭ᡂ䈝“ⲡᮌⓙර”㸪⏝᮶ᙧᐜேᅾᯉᗘᝤᜍᰦ㸪␲⚄␲㨣ⓗᚰ
⌮≧ᘱࠋ


⭵ቈुठ
ੌ˴ᮇӺ‫ୖ€׉‬ᾇ૕ⱅ࿐⻀ઋⲴป⬅✅€‫׉‬ℿⱿຨચ᩿€⫟⚘൏ୠ€‫◑˴੿׉‬Չ୫͎भ
ੌc
࿐⻀੐⥄⥄ూూߣ઄⦁੿๬ौ€⚷▜ૌૌߣ⶝ઈ଼῿⚘ખ⃹ຨⳲⳘߣ઄҄€Ⲹਾ✉ᵤ☎
ℿ⦜c
ҟԅઍഭ✶⠣€˹᜿ߣ̈́ᖋ⇝ⴻ✉ԅ€๬Ⲣߣ⡉ষ͎ኋӨ⦜€ੌౘ⦳Ⲑᩞߣ˹᜿᧸⯝ჱ
੐߱▜c
ୖᾇᜎ๬Ⲣߣ⡉ষു⦜ുኋ€⇇͍⟱⴯⸇⵲€͍ί೛ೲ಩ᮆcӃೲ€ᶅӨౘҁਾ❆⣠ં
⇝खᵤ੿€▎ண┞෶കቲ⡉ষ৶‚
සઅ౽ա⦜ହⳛ€ᆄᆄ⫑සhp▙᚝⛬ӃੌંѢ‚qହⳛყყ⢙ⴲhpᣋં੐઄͹ߣ‫ے‬
˴▜€Ӆ⢜⦁☎ઋ☇ੌ೛☍ߣ߱஧cq
ୖᾇ෰ԅ˴Өⴲ€pᵤ๬€✶⫔⦜ᵤ٬cqසᜎԅᜎ᮴▜ߣ⶝ཝ€⃼๾ԅ˴⦴⃿€✎ହ
ⳛⴲhpผฌ┞͎゘ⴲ€ͨ⦜෰⨥цcq
සၟ⦁ಣ౽Ќ෋Ө૽૭Ӆ૦࿐⻀കቲ⡉ষ͎▋ⴄՋ૟c⠔ᇘ˴Ⱳ€⨥ц⦜ԅ€
ස˴⦚❆ᔫ̧€ቲ⡉Ⱙҟ⻀ഹ᮴҂€ဧ❆ᘔኜ಩᮴ਿⴲh
p˹᜿⸞€ͨၟ⦁᮴҂ੌ˴͔ࢤቈཝ€‫ے‬ίߣቈ̧▎͔▎ႄࢗ€ͨ⸞ቲ⧻Ⱙ߱€⢜☎▙

124
⦳઄̫᱆ҟቈཝԅq
˹᜿⸞˴⃺€ಷซԛ◝ࢗҟࢾί€ᆜᝬ͔Ⴒ€॑ปᵤ઎ຨകቲԅⴛ૨c
ਾ⸞⮦▙⦳ཀྵ૟⫷➹⧃˴⦳ͅ♇p⭵ቈुठq€ཹḚဧ⤰෰૊ᏆাԚࠪසਾc

Wàngméizhǐkě
ᮃᱵṆ 
Yǒu yī nián xiàtiān, Cáo Cāo shuàilǐng bùduì qù tǎofá zhāng xiù,tiānqì rè déchū qí,
jiāoyáng sìhuǒ, tiānshàng yī sī yúncai yě méiyǒu.
᭷୍ᖺኟኳ㸪᭪᧯⋡亶㒊䱏ཤ䇘ఆᕐ㔓㸪ኳẻ✝ᚓฟወ㸪傴㜶ఝⅆ㸪ኳୖ୍эபᙬஓἐ
᭷ࠋ
Bùduì zài wānwān qūqū de shāndào shàngxíng zǒu, liǎngbiān mìmì deshùmù hé bèi
yángguāng shài dé gǔntàng de shān shí, ràngrén tòubùguò qì lái.
㒊䱏ᅾᙃᙃ᭤᭤ⓗᒣ㐨ୖ⾜㉮㸪୩䗩ᐦᐦⓗṁᮌ࿴⿕㜶ග᫹ᚓ┊✛ⓗᒣ▼㸪䇙ே㏱୙䗷
ẻ᮶ࠋ
Dàole zhōngwǔ shífèn, shìbīng de yīfu dōu shītòu le, xíngjūn de sùdùyě mànxialai, yǒu
jǐ gè tǐruò de shìbīng jìng yūndǎo zài lùbiān.
฿஢୰༗ᰦศ㸪ኈරⓗ⾰᭹㒔‵㏱஢㸪⾜ߋⓗ㏿ᗘஓ៏ୗ᮶㸪᭷ช୭యᙅⓗኈර❵ᲅಽ
ᅾ㊰䗩ࠋ
Cáo Cāo kàn xíngjūn de sùdù yuèláiyuè màn, dānxīn yíwùzhànjī, xīnlihěn shì zháojí.
Kěshì, yǎnxià jǐ wàn rénmǎ lián shuǐ dōu hē bùshàng, yòu zěnme néng jiākuài sùdù
ne?
᭪᧯┳⾜ߋⓗ㏿ᗘ㉺᮶㉺៏㸪ᢸᚰ䍫䈟ᡈᮘ㸪ᚰ㔛ᚇ᫝╔ᛴࠋྍ᫝㸪║ୗช୓ே傜䘎Ỉ
㒔႑୙ୖ㸪ཪᛠ஄⬟ຍᛌ㏿ᗘ࿔㸽
Tā lìkè jiàolái xiàngdǎo, qiāoqiāo wèn tā:“ zhè fùjìn kě yǒu shuǐyuán?”xiàngdǎo
yáoyao tóu shuō:“ quánshuǐ zài shāngǔ de nà yī biān, yàoràodàoguò qù hái yǒu hěn
yuǎn de lùchéng.”
௚❧้ྉ᮶ྥሬ㸪ᜯᜯ䰞௚㸸“䘉㝃㏆ྍ᭷Ỉ※㸽”ྥሬ᩷᩷ཤ䈤㸸“ἨỈᅾᒣ㇂ⓗ㑣୍
䗩㸪せ㔅㐨䗷ཤ䘈᭷ᚇ䘌ⓗ㊰⛬ࠋ”
Cáo Cāo xiǎngle yīxià shuō,“ bùxíng, shíjiān láibují.” tā kànlekàn qiánbian de shùlín,
chénsīle yīhuìr, duìxiàng dǎo shuō:“ nǐshénme yě biéshuō, wǒ lái xiǎng bànfǎ.”
᭪᧯᝿஢୍ୗ䈤㸪“୙⾜㸪ᰦ䰤᮶୙ཬࠋ”௚┳஢┳๓䗩ⓗṁᯘ㸪ἀᛮ஢୍఍ඒ㸪ሩྥሬ
䈤㸸“఼ொ஄ஓ࡛䈤㸪ᡃ᮶᝿࣎ἲࠋ”
Tā zhīdao cǐkè jíshǐ xià mìnglìng yāoqiú bùduì jiākuài sùdù yě wújì yúshì. Nǎojīn yī
zhuàn, bànfǎ lái le,
௚▱㐨Ṉ้༶౑ୗ࿨௧せồ㒊䱏ຍᛌ㏿ᗘஓ᪢⍾ன஦ࠋ㝁➽୍䖜㸪࣎ἲ᮶஢㸪
Tā yī jiā mǎ dùzi, kuàisù gǎndào duìwǔ qiánmian, yòng mǎbiānzhǐzhe qiánfāng shuō:
௚୍ཀྵ傜⫟Ꮚ㸪ᛌ㏿㉲฿䱏ః๓㠃㸪⏝傜㠴ᣦ╔๓᪉䈤㸸
“ shìbīngmen, wǒ zhīdao qiánmian yǒu yī dàpiàn méilín, nàli deméizi yòu dà yòu
hǎochī, wǒmen kuài diǎn gǎnlù, ràoguò zhègèshānqiū jiù dào méilín le!”
“ኈරԜ㸪ᡃ▱㐨๓㠃᭷୍኱∦ᱵᯘ㸪㑣㔛ⓗᱵᏊཪ኱ཪዲྚ㸪ᡃԜᛌⅬ㉲㊰㸪㔅䗷䘉
୭ᒣୣᑵ฿ᱵᯘ஢㸟”
Shìbīngmen yī tīng, fǎngfú yǐjīng chī dào zuǐli, jīngshén dà zhèn,bùfá bùyóude
jiākuàile xǔduō.
ኈරԜ୍ྶ㸪௹షᕬ㓿ྚ฿ნ㔛㸪⢭⚄኱᣺㸪ṉఆ୙⏤ᚓຍᛌ஢䇨ከࠋ
Rénmen jiāng zhègè gùshi zǒngjié wéi yī gè chéngyǔ“ wàngméizhǐkě”,bǐyù yòng
kōngxiǎng ānwèi zìjǐ huò tārén.
ேԜᑗ䘉୭ᨾ஦ᙫ㔃Ѫ୍୭ᡂ䈝“ᮃᱵṆ ”㸪ẚ௫⏝✵᝿Ᏻ៘⮬ᕫᡈ௚ேࠋ

125

᣶ⷱಲ⺯
◒᮴ੌ⦳ਾӅҟ᣶ਿઋ€සળߣ▯̧ധହಲਿ๬⫪c
☎߱ਾⴲhpผઋ᣶ਿ€▯̧ண┞ହಲ๬⫪৶"q
සᓋᲾⴲhpͨߣ❆೛෶߲߱€ͨߣ▯ઊⰗ▯ߣሲ℠͎೛᧥ࡵ€ക੿ͨ▎ⲝԅણᵸߣ߱
⪍cͨ⦴ҟ☏຃ߣϫߣcq
▙⦳ਾभੌ୰⨁ҟ€ਿହկᶀԅ€සߣ⩗ඤുႄ€⥀සӅઋߣϫਿ᱆ു☍c
᷁⦜ਾ⸞᱆Ⴄ▙⦳ཀྵ૟ᾫჺ⧃p᣶ⷱಲ⺯q€ཹḚ˴⦳ਾߣ๬⧃଼සߣ຃ߣ̐ႄໟᶀc

Nányuánběizhé
༡䗅໭䗉
Cóngqián yǒu ge rén yào dào nánfāng qù, tā zuò de chēzi què xiàngběifāng xíngshǐ.
௕๓᭷୭ேせ฿༡᪉ཤ㸪௚ᆘⓗ䖖Ꮚ༷ྥ໭᪉⾜傦ࠋ
Guòlùrén shuō:“ nǐ qù nánfāng, chēzi zěnme xiàng běi xíngshǐ ne?”
䗷㊰ே䈤㸸“఼ཤ༡᪉㸪䖖Ꮚᛠ஄ྥ໭⾜傦࿔?”
Tā huídá shuō:“ wǒ de mǎ hěn néng pǎolù, wǒ de chēfū jiàchē dejìshù yě hěn gāomíng,
jiāshang wǒ yòu dàile chōngzú de lùfèi. Wǒhuì dàodá mùdìdì de.”
௚ᅇ⟅䈤㸸“ᡃⓗ傜ᚇ⬟㊝㊰㸪ᡃⓗ䖖ኵ傮䖖ⓗᢏᵟஓᚇ㧗᫂㸪ຍୖᡃཪᑖ஢඘㊊ⓗ㊰
䍩ࠋᡃ఍฿㎹┠ⓗᆅⓗࠋ”
Zhègè rén méiyǒu kǎolǜ dào, fāngxiàng nòng fǎn le, tā de tiáojiànyuè hǎo, lí tā yào qù
de dìfang jiù yuè yuǎn.
䘉୭ேἐ᭷⪃㲁฿㸪᪉ྥᘝ཯஢㸪௚ⓗ᮲௳㉺ዲ㸪⚹௚せཤⓗᆅ᪉ᑵ㉺䘌ࠋ
Hòulái rénmen jiù bǎ zhègè gùshi gàikuò wéi“ nányuánběizhé”, bǐyùyī gè rén de
xíngwéi hé tā de mùdì zhènghǎo xiāngfǎn.
ྡྷ᮶ேԜᑵᢕ䘉୭ᨾ஦ᴫᣓѪ“༡䗅໭䗉”㸪ẚ௫୍୭ேⓗ⾜Ѫ࿴௚ⓗ┠ⓗṇዲ┦཯ࠋ


቟᭚๧ୠ
⸇⻃જ᎙€੅⻃ହỜ⻃ሹ⣠⨪➨͔⸡ቷߣ☖ߗ€Ờ⻃▋ୡიሷ€͔ࢤ੽ϫ⇝῿੅Ⲣୢⱅ
ԅcҟ▗˸᮴ᮇ€੅⻃▎˴ࡪହỜ⻃ચ᜿€Ɐ⢙⤰᮴֙ࢫc
ỜӋႤ͔ә⸞ӣ⦜€೉အ௡⻦ϫ⫑͔ૅੌभੌ෋੅⻃⧲᜿ߣ⨥цc͔ә⸞઎Ջ◝☎૨ᮇ
ߣ⸇⦈€ናടദ⮨᱆⚩ຨ‫ݡ‬ៈ€ⴟ͎ᵤ۶⳩pიሷq̡઻c੐▙͔᜿♃ٚߣᯅᮆ✶౽€
૨⮯͔ә⇝⠠ỜӋ€ဧ⪬Ѳ͙ಲ଼આ๬઄͙᣶ߣ͔ࢤ੽ϫ⧃หⲒ€ହ੅Ӌ૦଼cȖȖ
⧘˹⬜ห⃺ԅ▙ಳⳒ€೛ᵤ͙⧃ය€ᆍ੿᮴✎ỜӋⴲhp͔Ӌ€ස⸞ೲᓖ⧃াԚ⅔͓༒
҅€⣿Ⲹ಺ઋ⦪⻃૦଼€ኒઐᵤ⧃⻃ૅ಩෰c಺෰€Ⴄ͔ࢤ੽ϫಁⲸ⠷੅⻃⫨ය⮛✶⴪
ᵸԅ੅ӋߣѦ͍€ന੅⻃ߣ‫⭵܈‬ೲ▋ुٚߣ€έӅỜ⻃ߣ੽ϫभಁવ€੅Ⲣ᱆ᵤ⦴០ु
☖ߗͨ⸞cq
ⴲҟ▙ί€⬜หⲺԅ˴⦳ཀྵ૟h◒᮴ੌ˴⦳ਾ€සߣᩯ̧ടୠԅ€゘ਾ⠠සቲဧંઋ
ⴍ▃͔ୠ€നසᵤ⃺€ⱷ቟ട˴⅞ವ௱ઋ๧ୠ€ೲᓖ⧃සᵤᒆຨವ௱ᵤനᵤ෶▃ୠᶀ҈
෶‫⬻׊‬ୠⱯߣ⦁͉c͔Ӌ௎ᓌ᧵ᩋ಩Ờ⻃੽ϫઋ૦଼€ᵤ᱆ᇐՋ቟಩ವ௱๧ୠ✝"q
☈᳁⬜หⲺຨ⢙⢙ೲ⦁€നೲ⅔͓ߣỜӋέ⻂ᶅ᮴ߣઆԩ€☇ೲළ͔ә⸞ߣ᧵⭗ႤỜ⻃
͔ࢤ੽ϫಁⲸ⠷੅⻃cҟ▗˸ᮇ€຀ය੅Ⲣ▎ହỜ⻃͔⧶☖ߗ€ഠ⻈ԅ⻃⇝͔ᐘ€
ኰ▁⪬Ѳ͔ࡼⲸੳં‫ܢ‬भԅ͔ᐘ٪€Ờ⻃⠶Ջ῿੅⻃▃ᇶԅc

Bàoxīnjiùhuǒ
ᢪ⸄ᩆⅆ
Zhànguó mòqī, Qínguó xiàng wèi guó jiēlián fādòng dàguīmó de jìngōng,wèi guó wúlì
dǐkàng, dàpiàn tǔdì dōu bèi qín jūn zhànlǐng le. Dàogōngyuánqián273nián, Qínguó
yòuyīcì xiàng wèi guó chūbīng, shìtóukōngqián měngliè.

126
ᡈᅜᮎᮇ㸪⛙ᅜྥ㨯ᅜ᥋䘎ਁࣘ኱㿴ᶍⓗ䘋ᨷ㸪㨯ᅜ᪢ຊ᢬ᢠ㸪኱∦ᅵᆅ㒔⿕⛙ߋ༨亶
஢ࠋ฿බඖ๓273ᖺ㸪⛙ᅜཪ୍ḟྥ㨯ᅜฟර㸪࣯ཤ✵๓⊛Ⅿࠋ
Wèi wáng bǎ dàchénmen zhào lái, chóuméikǔliǎn dì wèn dàjiā yǒuméiyǒu shǐ Qínguó
tuìbīng de bànfǎ. Dàchénmen yóuyú jīngguò duō niánde zhànluàn, tíqǐ dǎzhàng jiù xià
dé duōsuo, shéi yě bùgǎn tán“ dǐkàng” èr zì. Zài zhè dàbīng yājìng de wēijí shíkè,
duōshùdàchén dōu quàn wèi wáng, yòng Huáng Hé yǐběi hé Tàiháng Shānyǐnán de
dàpiàn tǔdì wéi dàijià, xiàng Qín Wáng qiúhé. ࠉࠉ
㨯⋤ᢕ኱⮧Ԝྊ᮶㸪ឋ┱ⱞ㝨ᆅ䰞኱ᐙ᭷ἐ᭷౑⛙ᅜ㏥රⓗ࣎ἲࠋ኱⮧Ԝ⏤ன㓿䗷ከᖺ
ⓗᡈ஘㸪ᥦ㉳ᡴ௛ᑵྦྷᚓဟఖ㸪䈱ஓ୙ᩒ䈸“᢬ᢠ”஧Ꮠࠋᅾ䘉኱ර঻ቃⓗ༴ᛴᰦ้㸪ከ
ᩘ኱⮧㒔࣍㨯⋤㸪⏝㯤Ἑ௨໭࿴ኴ⾜ᒣ௨༡ⓗ኱∦ᅵᆅѪ௦௴㸪ྥ⛙⋤ồ࿴ࠋ ࠉࠉ
Móushì sū dài tīngle zhèxiē huà, hěn bù yǐwéi rán, máng shàngqiánduì wèi wáng
shuō:“ dàwáng, tāmen shì yīnwèi zìjǐ dǎnxiǎo pàsǐ,cái ràng nín qù màiguó qiúhé,
gēnběn bù wéi guójiā zhuóxiǎng. Nínxiǎng, bǎ dàpiàn tǔdì gēràng gěi Qínguó suīrán
zànshí mǎnzúle QínWáng de yěxīn, dàn Qínguó de yùwàng shì wúzhǐjìng de, zhǐyào
wèiguó de tǔdì méi gē wán, qín jūn jiù bù huì tíngzhǐ jìngōng wǒmen.”
䈻ኈ㣿௦ྶ஢䘉ல䈍㸪ᚇ୙௨Ѫ↛㸪ᛁୖ๓ሩ㨯⋤䈤㸸“኱⋤㸪௚Ԝ᫝ᅉѪ⮬ᕫ⫹ᑠᛦ
Ṛ㸪ᡯ䇙ᝍཤআᅜồ࿴㸪᰿ᮏ୙Ѫᅜᐙ╔᝿ࠋᝍ᝿㸪ᢕ኱∦ᅵᆅ๭䇙㔉⛙ᅜ㲭↛Ჲᰦ┑
㊊஢⛙⋤ⓗ㔝ᚰ㸪ణ⛙ᅜⓗḧᮃ᫝᪢Ṇቃⓗ㸪ྈせ㨯ᅜⓗᅵᆅἐ๭᏶㸪⛙ߋᑵ୙఍೵Ṇ
䘋ᨷᡃԜࠋ”
shuōdào zhèli, sū dài jiǎngle yī gè gùshi: cóngqián yǒu yī gè rén,tā de fángzi qǐhuǒ le,
biéren quàn tā kuài yòngshuǐ qù jiāomiè dàhuǒ,dàn tā bùtīng, piān bào qǐ yī kǔn
cháicǎo qù jiùhuǒ, shì yīnwèi tābùdǒngde cháicǎo bùdàn bù néng mièhuǒ fǎn'ér néng
zhùzhǎng huǒshì dedàoli. Dàwáng ruò tóngyì názhe wèi guótǔ dì qù qiúhé, bù
jiùděngyú bàozhe cháicǎo jiùhuǒ ma?”
䈤฿䘉㔛㸪㣿௦䇢஢୍୭ᨾ஦㸸௕๓᭷୍୭ே㸪௚ⓗᡣᏊ㉳ⅆ஢㸪࡛ே࣍௚ᛌ⏝Ỉཤ
⍷⚝኱ⅆ㸪ణ௚୙ྶ㸪೫ᢪ㉳୍ᤉᰘⲡཤᩆⅆ㸪᫝ᅉѪ௚୙᠐ᚓᰘⲡ୙ణ୙⬟⚝ⅆ཯⪋
⬟ຓ䮯ⅆ࣯ⓗ㐨⌮ࠋ኱⋤ⱝྠពᣡ╔㨯ᅜᅵᆅཤồ࿴㸪୙ᑵ➼னᢪ╔ᰘⲡᩆⅆੇ?”
Jǐnguǎn sū dài jiǎng dé tóutóushìdào, dànshì dǎnxiǎo de wèi wáng zhǐgùyǎnqián de
tàipíng, háishi yī dàchénmen de yìjiàn bǎ wèi Guó-Dà piàntǔdì gēràng gěi Qínguó. Dào
gōngyuán225nián, guǒrán qín jūn yòuxiàng wèi Guó-Dà jǔ jìngōng, bāowéile guódū
dàliáng, jué kāi HuángHé dàdī ràng hóngshuǐ yānmòle dàliáng chéng, wèi guó
zhōngyú bèiQínguó mièdiào le.
ᑾ⟶㣿௦䇢ᚓཤཤ᫝㐨㸪ణ᫝⫹ᑠⓗ㨯⋤ྈ亮║๓ⓗኴᖹ㸪䘈᫝౫኱⮧Ԝⓗព㿱ᢕ㨯ᅜ
኱∦ᅵᆅ๭䇙㔉⛙ᅜࠋ฿බඖ225ᖺ㸪ᯝ↛⛙ߋཪྥ㨯ᅜ኱Ѯ䘋ᨷ㸪ໟത஢ᅜ㒔኱ᱱ㸪
᥀ᘙ㯤Ἑ኱ሐ䇙ὥỈῥἐ஢኱ᱱᇛ㸪㨯ᅜ㓸ன⿕⛙ᅜ⚝ᤶ஢ࠋ


͓❆☎Ѳ
ੌ˴‫˴€׉‬ᛅ͓❆ߣⶔⶔⲸසઋᩁᩯᩁ҂€සఉ಩⚷ഉ̧⦮̧⥀▁ԅૅ€ස೛ቲ❉ߣौ
಩c
⧍ස⦜ҟԅ˴⩗Ѳ€ᩁᩯ੐Ѳ✎҂€ӃѲ੿भੌⶐc⥫੐͓❆⠊ண┞⨥৶‚ᜎ಩ⳲⳲߣ
Ѳં€සᓏૺԅc
ය᷁සᜎ⭗˴⢙୨਺੐Ѳᢟ▜ࢗ௱€Ջೲස⫑⦁hp਺ഥ€ંⳁ✝‚ͨ෶☎Ѳ✝‚q਺
ഥᲾ⦁hp˴⧻͎ᵤⳁ€ผӃ͙☎Ѳ€ંέҟҟͨߣ͓⻟ᔫ€೛૊ᢢcqՋೲ͓❆᱆৪
⩘☎Ѳԅc
᱆੐‫Ⱝ͓ߣ੿⶝€✶ے‬ଡ✎͓❆͔բ⦁hp͓❆€ᵤӅ☎Ѳ€ંઆⳁԅ€ผ⦴῿‫҅ܢ‬
ߣ€ͨߣ˴⦳Ꮧଶ᮴ಳ‫׉‬⣿޽ંԅcqՋೲ͓❆❆੿Ⴄ⻟಴ᓋ⦜€ස͛⭎ᓋૅ⫑⫑ⶔⶔ
⠊ண┞⨥c
⧍සⶔⶔ⃺ҟ▙ඤ૟᷁€Ვ಩✎͓❆ⴲhpͨߣஒ̧€ເ຀έ⃺゘ߣ‫ے‬ೲᵤ⺣ߣ€ผຨ

127
াԚ⤧াઋ⧓⹤€ཟҟᣄໟcq
Ջೲ͓❆▎⦜ҟѲ▜€⧍සӿࡪႤ⻟߬☖ંί✶€Ⱝଡ▎͔աട⦜ԅhp͓❆€೛ᯅ
⢳€ผᵤ෶‫┞ے‬ྋcq
͓❆ⴲhpⲸͨ⹤⹤cq▜ⴲ಩€͓❆☬͓͍ᦳᦳߣ☎ԅѲc
ંЎᵤເ਺ഥⴲߣ˴⸐ⴢ€͎ᵤฬⰭଡⴲߣ‫✎€ⳁ⸐ے‬ස⦜ⴲ⻏⻏ႄc

Xiǎomǎ guòhé
ᑠ傜䗷Ἑ
Yǒu yī tiān, yīpǐ xiǎomǎ de māma ràng tā qù mòfáng mòmiàn, tābèizhe liǎng dàizi
màizi líkāile jiā, tā hěn kuài lè de zǒuzhe.
᭷୍ኳ㸪୍༉ᑠ傜ⓗྸྸ䇙௚ཤ☻ᡣ☻㠃㸪௚⫼╔୩⿄Ꮚ㯏Ꮚ⚹ᘙ஢ᐙ㸪௚ᚇᛌҀⓗ㉮
╔ࠋ
Dāng tā láidàole yī tiáo hé, mòfáng zài hé duìmiàn, kě héshàngméiyǒu qiáo. Xiànzài
xiǎomǎ gāi zěnme bàn ne? Kànzhe gǔngǔn dehéshuǐ, tā kùnhuò le.
ᙜ௚᮶฿஢୍᮲Ἑ㸪☻ᡣᅾἙሩ㠃㸪ྍἙୖἐ᭷ẕࠋ⧠ᅾᑠ傜䈕ᛠ஄࣎࿔㸽┳╔┊┊ⓗ
ἙỈ㸪௚ᅔᝨ஢ࠋ
Ránhòu tā kànjian yī tóu lǎo niú zài hé'àn biān chī cǎo, yúshì tāwèndào:“ niú shū,
shuǐshēn ma? Wǒ néng guòhé ma?” niú shūdádào:“ yīdiǎn yě bù shēn, nǐ kěyǐguò hé,
shuǐ zhǐ dào dào wǒde xiǎotuǐdù, hěn ānquán.” yúshì xiǎomǎ jiù zhǔnbèiguò hé le.
↛ྡྷ௚┳㿱୍ཤ⪁∵ᅾἙᓊ䗩ྚⲡ㸪ன᫝௚䰞㐨㸸“∵ུ㸪Ỉ῝ੇ㸽ᡃ⬟䗷Ἑੇ㸽”∵ུ
⟅㐨㸸“୍Ⅼஓ୙῝㸪఼ྍ௨䗷Ἑ㸪Ỉྈ฿฿ᡃⓗᑠ⭣⫟㸪ᚇᏳ඲ࠋ”ன᫝ᑠ傜ᑵ෸༷䗷
Ἑ஢ࠋ
Jiù zài nàshí, shù shàng de xiǎo sōngshǔ duì xiǎomǎ dàhǎn dào:“ xiǎomǎ, bù yàoguò
hé, shuǐ tài shēn le, nǐ huì bèi yānsǐ de,wǒ de yī gè péngyou qián xiē tiāncái nìshuǐ
le.” yúshì xiǎomǎ mǎshàngbǎ tuǐ shōuhuí lái, tā bìxū huíjiā wènwen māma gāi zěnme
bàn.
ᑵᅾ㑣ᰦ㸪ṁୖⓗᑠᯇ㰡ሩᑠ傜኱ႄ㐨㸸“ᑠ傜㸪୙せ䗷Ἑ㸪Ỉኴ῝஢㸪఼఍⿕ῥṚ
ⓗ㸪ᡃⓗ୍୭᭸཭๓லኳᡯ⁒Ỉ஢ࠋ”ன᫝ᑠ傜傜ୖᢕ⭣ᨲᅇ᮶㸪௚ᚲ享ᅇᐙ䰞䰞ྸྸ
䈕ᛠ஄࣎ࠋ
Dāng tā māma tīngdào zhè jiàn shì hòu, xiàozhe duì xiǎomǎ shuō:“ wǒ de háizi, rúguǒ
zhǐ tīng bié de nà shì bùgòu de, nǐ dé zìjǐqīnzì qù chángshì, zhǎodào zhēnxiàng.”
ᙜ௚ྸྸྶ฿䘉௳஦ྡྷ㸪➗╔ሩᑠ傜䈤㸸“ᡃⓗᏝᏊ㸪ዴᯝྈྶ࡛ⓗ㑣᫝୙ཏⓗ㸪఼ᚓ
⮬ᕫӢ⮬ཤቍ䈅㸪ᢍ฿┿┦ࠋ”
Yúshì xiǎomǎ yòu láidào hébiān, dāng tā zàicì bǎ tuǐ fàngjìn shuǐ lǐshí, sōngshǔ yòu
dàjiào qǐlái le:“ xiǎomǎ, hěn wēixiǎn, nǐ bù néngnàme zuò.”
ன᫝ᑠ傜ཪ᮶฿Ἑ䗩㸪ᙜ௚෌ḟᢕ⭣ᨺ䘋Ỉ㔛ᰦ㸪ᯇ㰡ཪ኱ྉ㉳᮶஢㸸“ᑠ傜㸪ᚇ༴
䲙㸪఼୙⬟㑣஄೴ࠋ”
Xiǎomǎ shuō:“ ràng wǒ shìshi.” biān shuōzhe, xiǎomǎ biànxiǎoxīnyìyì de guòle hé.
ᑠ傜䈤㸸“䇙ᡃ䈅䈅ࠋ”䗩䈤╔㸪ᑠ傜౽ᑠᚰ⩼⩼ⓗ䗷஢Ἑࠋ
Shuǐ jì bùrú niú shū shuō de yīyàng qiǎn, yě bùxiàng sōngshǔ shuō denàyàng shēn, duì
tā lái shuō gānggāng hǎo.
Ỉ᪤୙ዴ∵ུ䈤ⓗ୍ṧὸ㸪ஓ୙ീᯇ㰡䈤ⓗ㑣ṧ῝㸪ሩ௚᮶䈤ࡊࡊዲࠋ


̜⦳ႄᏗଶ
˴‫˴€׉‬έഅ̧੐Ѳ▜⩌▯c
▙✶සᜎ⭗⶝Өੌ˴έ⭺̧€⭺̧ହස߲⦜c
ස⪮ᤣߣે༒€ᇶ☖Ѳίcසᵤ⦴றࣞ€͔աട⦜c
ใ̧⃺⭗ԅ€Щ☖ંί€നසധभੌ⨥ц๧അ̧c

128
ᣮ☌ߣೲ€˴έ͔᪇☎⦜ԅc͔᪇⪮ᤣ◇ⱹ€๧ચԅใ଼̧അ̧c
ස⸞⦜ҟ͔᪇ߣૅ€੐‫ے‬ίࢗԅ˴⮖͔ᯁc◒ಣස⸞ͅԅႄᏗଶc

Sān gè hǎo péngyou

୕୭ዲ᭸཭
Yī tiān, yī zhī hóuzi zài hébiān qíchē.
୍ኳ㸪୍ྈ⊮ᏊᅾἙ䗩僁䖖ࠋ
Zhèshí tā kànjian shù xià yǒu yī zhī shīzi, shīzi xiàng tā pǎolái.
䘉ᰦ௚┳㿱ṁୗ᭷୍ྈ⤞Ꮚ㸪⤞Ꮚྥ௚㊝᮶ࠋ
Tā fēicháng de hàipà, diào jìn hé lǐ. Tā bù huì yóuyǒng, dàjiàoqǐlái.
௚㠀ᖖⓗᐖᛦ㸪ᤶ䘋Ἑ㔛ࠋ௚୙఍​Ὃ㸪኱ྉ㉳᮶ࠋ
Tùzi tīngjiàn le, tiào jìnshuǐ lǐ, dàn tā què méiyǒu bànfǎ jiù hóuzi.
ඦᏊྶ㿱஢㸪㊴䘋Ỉ㔛㸪ణ௚༷ἐ᭷࣎ἲᩆ⊮Ꮚࠋ
Xìngyùn de shì, yī zhī dàxiàng guòlái le. Dàxiàng fēicháng qiángzhuàng,jiùchūle tùzi hé
hóuzi.
ᖾ㏅ⓗ᫝㸪୍ྈ኱㇟䗷᮶஢ࠋ኱㇟㠀ᖖᕪኊ㸪ᩆฟ஢ඦᏊ࿴⊮Ꮚࠋ
Tāmen láidào dàxiàng de jiā, zài nàli chīle yī dùn dàcān. Cóngcǐtāmen chéngle hǎo
péngyou.
௚Ԝ᮶฿኱㇟ⓗᐙ㸪ᅾ㑣㔛ྚ஢୍亯኱㣶ࠋ௕Ṉ௚Ԝᡂ஢ዲ᭸཭ࠋ


▾ࡵߣ⻃Ӌଁ⹘⮺
೛ଵ೛ଵட᮴€ੌ˴ฎ⻃Ӌ€සߣ଻઻աଁ⹘⮺€ස⪮ᤣ▾ࡵc
੐සߣ⻃ૅί€ੌ⚷ฎ⮄ৣ€ᝋ⸞ร੐ᓌ˴⫔ᩯ̧ίc஡ੌ˴⦳⹸⃿c
˴‫׉‬ઓί€ಖઍ˴⦳⹸⃿҅ԅcසߣⶔⶔ቟೥˴ฎ⮄ৣߣ͓ஒ€Ⴄස߬੐াԚߣᥟ੿c
ᇊ̡‫׉‬ἓ੿€ᝋ⸞۠ԅട⦜c
pᵤ€▙ೲͨߣஒ̧‫ߣ҅⦳ے‬⣿ೲผߣq
ස⸞⇝෰Ӆ▙⦳ᶊ಩ߣஒ̧€Ջೲᝋ⸞ઋ⭗ଁ⹘⮺⻃Ӌc
p⠷ͨᩋႤ̅⦜€Ⴄ▙⦳ஒ̧☡ͅ⚷।€౲ਾ˴।cq⻃Ӌⴲc
pߜ€ᚕӨ€Ⴄͨߣஒ̧⠷ᝋ͈c⟉ᵤӅ➦ԅͨߣஒ̧q˴ฎ๼⤧Ꮥբ⦁c
Ջೲଁ⹘⮺ኜ಩߸⯈ߣ⮄ৣⴲhpႤஒ̧⠷ᝋ€ᝋೲᣄ̐ߣ๼⤧cq

Cōngming de guówáng Suǒluómén

㚚᫂ⓗᅜ⋤ᡤ㖇䰘
Hěn jiǔ hěn jiǔ zhīqián, yǒu yī wèi guówáng, tā de míngzi jiàoSuǒluómén, tā fēicháng
cōngming.
ᚇஂᚇஂஅ๓㸪᭷୍఩ᅜ⋤㸪௚ⓗྡᏐྉᡤ㖇䰘㸪௚㠀ᖖ㚚᫂ࠋ
Zài tā de guójiā lǐ, yǒu liǎng wèi fùnǚ, tāmen zhù zài tóngyī jiānfángzi lǐ. Gè yǒu yī gè
yīng'ér.
ᅾ௚ⓗᅜᐙ㔛㸪᭷୩఩ྷዪ㸪ዯԜఫᅾྠ୍䰤ᡣᏊ㔛ࠋྛ᭷୍୭Ⴄඒࠋ
Yī tiān yèli, qízhōng yī gè yīng'ér sǐ le. Tā de māma bào lìng yīwèi fùnǚ de xiǎohái, bǎ
tā fàng zài zìjǐ de chuángshàng.
୍ኳኪ㔛㸪඼୰୍୭ႤඒṚ஢ࠋ௚ⓗྸྸᢪ྄୍఩ྷዪⓗᑠᏝ㸪ᢕ௚ᨺᅾ⮬ᕫⓗᗋୖࠋ
Dì-èr tiān zǎoshang, tāmen chǎole qǐlái.
➨஧ኳ᪩ୖ㸪ዯԜྼ஢㉳᮶ࠋ
“ bù, zhè shì wǒ de háizi! Nàge sǐ de cái shì nǐ de!”
“୙㸪䘉᫝ᡃⓗᏝᏊ㸟㑣୭Ṛⓗᡯ᫝఼ⓗ㸟”
Tāmen dōu xiǎng yào zhègè huózhe de háizi, yúshì tāmen qù jiànSuǒluómén guówáng.
௚Ԝ㒔᝿せ䘉୭ά╔ⓗᏝᏊ㸪ன᫝ዯԜཤ㿱ᡤ㖇䰘ᅜ⋤ࠋ

129
“ gěi wǒ nábǎ dāo lái, bǎ zhègè háizi qiēchéng liǎngbàn, měi rényībàn.” guówáng shuō.
“㔉ᡃᣡᢕย᮶㸪ᢕ䘉୭ᏝᏊษᡂ୩༙㸪ẗே୍༙ࠋ”ᅜ⋤䈤ࠋ
“ o, bìxià, bǎ wǒ de háizi gěi tā ba. Qǐng bùyào shāle wǒ deháizi!” yī wèi mǔqin kūhǎn
dào.
“ါ㸪㝎ୗ㸪ᢕᡃⓗᏝᏊ㔉ዯྱࠋ䈧୙せᵰ஢ᡃⓗᏝᏊ㸟”୍఩ẕӢူႄ㐨ࠋ
yúshì Suǒluómén zhǐzhe liúlèi de fùnǚ shuō:“ bǎ háizi gěi tā, tā shìzhēnzhèng de
mǔqin.”
ன᫝ᡤ㖇䰘ᣦ╔ὶὂⓗྷዪ䈤㸸“ᢕᏝᏊ㔉ዯ㸪ዯ᫝┿ṇⓗẕӢࠋ”

130
 2. Essays


ୠ♓ͅ⧃ઍ⻃ᯁ♁ਾℿᰒ᧥ᯁੑ
ઍ⻃ੌ಩૨Ổᵤᓌ᫤Ս€⛬ᮇ⦜⅑٩ಢੑ͎▁ᆠೡμ୐ⴹ€ය҈€ኒ⵼˴⚼ᰒυ⧯ॅ€
િ⸞⇝ᵤ෶ണുୠ♓▙Ổಢੑġġ⮦૨Ổυ⯬ߣੑ༙౓ҟⳲⳘߣⳌίc
ࢗୠ♓Ꭻઐೲ⧃ԅ੐஠‫׉‬ຮ૓€⥫੐ധͅԅ˴ỔМᠼྲྀષߣ⪮ᤣ‫ت‬⠡⡻ߣੑཌྷcၟ଻ߣ
ୠ♓⣠⟬ব€ੑ૎◝ᤣຨ⸝⻀ᇐ໽⮯͓✶€Ќ☬੐ड़ड़Ӻೡ͎ೲເಣc
ᆁ€͙٬ણᵸߣᑒ૛✶⫔cᑒ૛ᶊ➨ߣ✶ฃᆁc⤧Ꮧႄଶ⻈ળ੐˴♓ࣷ⻰ߣⳌ᮴€⮦
৐b᪾᫤଼ಖසੑ༙Ө☖ઋ€̝಴ᝢ‫؍‬cੑ૎⸞˴▜ৈ⧯ੑཌྷ€˴▜ಮ‫଼׉‬ᑒ૛c

Huǒguō chéngwéi Zhōngguó cāntīng rénqì zuì gāo cānshí

ⅆ䬵ᡂѪ୰ᅜ㣶঵ேẻ᭱㧗㣶㣗
Zhōngguó yǒuzhe duōzhǒng bùtóng càixì, jìn nián lái yìyù měishí yěkāishǐ rìyì
shēngwēn, rán'ér, gēnjù yī xiàng zuì xīn diàochá, tāmendōu bù néng chāoyuè huǒguō
zhè zhǒng měishí—— jiāng duōzhǒng xīnxiande shícái shuàn dào gǔntàng de tāng lǐ.
୰ᅜ᭷╔ከ⛇୙ྠ⳯⣔㸪㏆ᖺ᮶ᘛᇦ⨾㣗ஓᘙጞ᪥┈༖ 㸪↛⪋㸪᰿ᤣ୍亩᭱᪂䈳ḕ㸪
ᏭԜ㒔୙⬟㉸㉺ⅆ䬵䘉⛇⨾㣗——ᑗከ⛇᪂勌ⓗ㣗ᮦᾬ฿┊✛ⓗ⊔㔛ࠋ
Chī huǒguō yuánběn shì wèile zài dōngtiān yùhán, xiànzài què chéngleyī zhǒng sìjì jiē
yí de fēicháng shòu huānyíng de shíwù. Zhīmíng dehuǒguō liánsuǒdiàn, shíkè
jīngcháng dé páiduì děnghòu shù xiǎoshí,jíbiàn zài yányán xiàrì yě shì rúcǐ.
ྚⅆ䬵ཎᮏ᫝Ѫ஢ᅾ෤ኳᚚᐮ㸪⧠ᅾ༷ᡂ஢୍⛇ᅄᏘⓙᐅⓗ㠀ᖖཷ⅒㏄ⓗ㣗≀ࠋ▱ྡⓗ
ⅆ䬵䘎䬱ᗑ㸪㣗ᐈ㓿ᖖᚓ᤼䱏➼ೃᩘᑠᰦ㸪༶౽ᅾ⅖⅖ኟ᪥ஓ᫝ዴṈࠋ
Xìng, yǐjí chōngzú de shèjiāo shíjiān. Shèjiāo huódòng de shíxiào xìng.Qīnpénghǎoyǒu
wéizuò zài yī guō fèiténg de tāng qián, jiāng ròuࠊshūcài hé qítā shícái xià jìnqu,
xīshōu xiāngwèi. Sìkèmen yībiānpēngtiáo shíwù, yībiān liáotiān hé shèjiāo.
ᛶ㸪௨ཬ඘㊊ⓗ♫஺ᰦ䰤ࠋ♫஺άࣘⓗᰦᩀᛶࠋӢ᭸ዲ཭തᆘᅾ୍䬵Ἓ㞮ⓗ⊔๓㸪ᑗ
⫗ࠊⶰ⳯࿴඼௚㣗ᮦୗ䘋ཤ㸪྾ᨲ㤶࿡ࠋ㣗ᐈԜ୍䗩ↀ䈳㣗≀㸪୍䗩⪵ኳ࿴♫஺ࠋ


ઍ⻃Ⱂ૳
ઍ⻃Ⱂ૳Ⱈ⚻Өകᩋ͔ᣨ઼
Ⱈ⚻Өകᩋ͔ᣨ઼
Ⱈ⚻Өകᩋ͔ᣨ઼ઍ⻃Ⱂ૳
ઍ⻃Ⱂ૳
ઍ⻃Ⱂ૳Ⱈ⚻Өകᩋ͔ᣨ઼
Ⱈ⚻Өകᩋ͔ᣨ઼
ⴹԂ⩜ሞ̦ᾃ♂ߣ˴ᄫᣨ઼Ջ૮ᮇἓಳ✶໽῿˴ฎ⩜᣷pⰒ૳q͙ҁക˸⠵ᢐ
ⰘਾᎻ⛼ߣ᧥Ⲓ◒കᩋ͔ቔ⥡☽๬ߣ⮈ᆠਾॄད੊༡‫ج‬ઍ⚻Ө€▙˴Ⲓሞ͎⮈Өԅ૮
ᮇⴹԂ⩜ᣨ઼ᰒ᧥ͅ૛Ⲓ◟○c
੽ϫ►Ⱏ▪ඤ੿⯛Պ€ဠ‫׉‬હ✎▙ভੌ಩Ԇ⫔ℋ઺€╺⫔४઺€ԩਿ๶⠵ᢐ
ԩਿ਻ߣᣨ઼⵽ੌߣⰟμ€⠊ᣨ઼ୢϫ௢⤝€ฎՋ⭖⬆͔᩺⦁⯙c
ဠ‫׉‬હߣ⥥►῿ⲭ○⧃Ⱂ૳c▙ⱻ⵼⩓Ӄ͙˴⪯▋੆ϫೋ⧔ಲᢟ઄⠕଼ⴹԂ⩜ߣᩯ⤥ߣ
೥೺˴⦳ଁੌࣽ῿Ցⲭ⧃pৣ⤠ਾqߣ✠᩟c
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Zhōngguóxué shēng1.5yì mǎixià Jiānádà háozhái Zhōngguóxué shēng1.5yìmǎixià

Jiānádà háozhá
háozhái
୰ᅜᏛ⏕1.5ӯҠୗຍᣡ኱㇦Ꮿ୰ᅜᏛ⏕1.5ӯҠୗຍᣡ኱㇦Ꮿ
Wēngēhuá gé léi jiǎ qū de yī zhuàng háozhái yújīn nián zǎoxiē shíhou bèiyī wèi Huáyì“
xuésheng” yǐ3110wàn Jiāyuán(yuē hé1.57yì Rénmínbì)degāojià cóng Jiānádà tóuzī
yínháng de chuàngshǐrén Pítè Bùlǎng shǒuzhōngmǎixià, zhè yī jiàgé yě chuàngxiàle
jīnnián Wēngēhuá háozhái zuì gāochéngjiāo jià jìlù.
 ဪॾ᱁㞾ᓁ༊ⓗ୍ᖮ㇦Ꮿன௒ᖺ᪩லᰦೃ⿕୍఩ॾ⿰“Ꮫ⏕”௨3110୓ຍඖ(㓖ྜ1.57
ӯேẸᐱ)ⓗ㧗௴௕ຍᣡ኱ᢞ䍴䬦⾜ⓗࡋጞே⓶≉ᕸᮁᡭ୰Ҡୗ㸪䘉୍௴᱁ஓࡋୗ஢௒

131
ᖺ ဪॾ㇦Ꮿ᭱㧗ᡂ஺௴㓚ᖅࠋ
Tǔdì yè quán wénjiàn shàng xiǎnshì, zhōutiān yǔ duì zhè zuò yǒuzhewǔ jiān wòshì, bā
jiān yùshì,14600píngfāngchǐ(yuē hé1356píngfāngmǐ)deháozhái yōngyǒu99%de
quányì, gāi háozhái zhàndì1.7yīngmǔ, wèi yúBèi'ěr méng dàdào4833hào.
ᅵᆅъᵳᩥ௳ୖᱮ♧㸪࿘ኳᏱሩ䘉ᗙ᭷╔஬䰤༭ᐊ㸪ඵ䰤ᾎᐊ㸪14600ᖹ᪉ᑻ(㓖ྜ135
6ᖹ᪉⡿)ⓗ㇦Ꮿᤕ᭷99%ⓗᵳ┈㸪䈕㇦Ꮿ༨ᆅ1.7ⱥә㸪఩ன䍍ቄⵚ኱㐨4833ྕࠋ
Zhōutiān yǔ de zhíyè bèi jìlù wéi xuésheng. Zhè chù jùchēng kěyǐyīlǎnwúyú dì
xīnshǎng běi àn shānmài hé Wēngēhuá de fángchǎn delìngwài yī gè suǒyǒuzhě bèi
dēngjì wéi“ nǚ shāngrén” de píng cuì.
࿘ኳᏱⓗ㙼ъ⿕䇠ᖅѪᏛ⏕ࠋ䘉༴ᤣ⛠ྍ௨୍㿸᪢వᆅḠ䍿໭ᓊᒣ⬧࿴ ဪॾⓗᡣӗⓗ
྄እ୍୭ᡤ᭷⪅⿕Ⓩ䇠Ѫ“ዪၟே”ⓗߟ⩫ࠋ
Píng cuì yōng yòng gāi fángchǎn1%de chǎnquán, yǒu jìlù xiǎnshì, tājīnnián bèi gūjià
wéi2560wàn Jiāyuán.
ߟ⩫ᤕ⏝䈕ᡣӗ1%ⓗӗᵳ㸪᭷䇠ᖅᱮ♧㸪Ꮽ௒ᖺ⿕ఒ௴Ѫ2560୓ຍඖࠋࠉࠉ


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ผᰒ᣺⠡ࢗߣઍ⻃᫤ೲฌ┞‚Ჾ᧿຤຤ᓖ⦳ਾ˶‫؍‬ᵤᓌ҈ᵤᓌ€നເ຀ผ⫑ߣᵤೲ⦳゘
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ᇊ˴଻ ‫ڔ‬᫤⩙ ᇊએ଻ ંᦧ⩙ȖȖ

ᇊ̡଻ ⼬Ἀ✡̂ȖȖ ᇊ͠଻ ҋ◓ᅚӧⳌȖȖ

ᇊ̜଻ ᅑ᧶᫤ȖȖ ᇊ╺଻ ◓⢟৐ȖȖ

ᇊМ଻ ⩙ᝢ৐◑ ᇊ౪଻ ှ✪ȖȖ

ᇊԆ଻ ⴭዓ⩙⢙ȖȖ ᇊ੾଻ ᓋ♓৐ȖȖ

Shí dà zuì shòu huānyíng de Zhōngguócài yáo

༑኱᭱ཷ⅒㏄ⓗ୰ᅜ⳯⫲
Nǐ zuì xǐhuān chīde Zhōngguócài shì shénme? Dá'àn wǎngwǎng yīn gèrénkǒuwèi
bùtóng ér bù tóng, dàn rúguǒ nǐ wèn de bù shì gèbié rén érshi shùbǎi wàn rén?
఼᭱႐⅒ྚⓗ୰ᅜ⳯᫝ொ஄㸽⟅᱌  ᅉ୭ேཱྀ࿡୙ྠ⪋୙ྠ㸪ణዴᯝ఼䰞ⓗ୙᫝୭࡛
ே⪋᫝ᩘⓒ୓ே㸽
Zhōngguó fàn diàn xiéhuì de xiàshǔ yánjiūyuàn gōngbùle shí dà zuì shòuhuānyíng de
Zhōngguócài yáo bǎngdān.
୰ᅜ依ᗑॿ఍ⓗୗᒓ◊✲㝔බᕸ஢༑኱᭱ཷ⅒㏄ⓗ୰ᅜ⳯⫲ᴶঅࠋ
Jù yánjiū xiǎozǔ de fùzhǔrèn luó Huà Shān shuōmíng, zhè xiàng yánjiūjīyú Zhōngguó

132
zhǔyào de zàixiàn dìnggòu píngtái yǐjí2015nián degōnggòng diàochá shùjù.ࠉࠉ
ᤣ◊✲ᑠ㓴ⓗ๪୺௵㖇ॾᒣ䈤᫂㸪䘉亩◊✲ᇶன୰ᅜ୺せⓗᅾ㓯䇒䍝ᖹྎ௨ཬ2015ᖺⓗ
බඹ䈳ḕᩘᤣࠋࠉࠉ
Sìchuān suāncài yú hézhe míng de gōngbǎo jīdīng zài bǎngdān shàng jūyúdì-yī dì-èr
míng de wèizhì. ࠉࠉ
ᅄᕝ㓟⳯劬࿴ⴭྡⓗᇛಖ呑୎ᅾᴶঅୖᒃன➨୍➨஧ྡⓗ఩⨨ࠋ ࠉࠉ
Ér qīngdàn de chǎoqīng cài yīnwèi shì Guǎngdōng rén de bìbèi càiyáo érmíngliè dì-sān.ࠉࠉ
⪋Ύῐⓗ⅗㟷⳯ᅉѪ᫝ᗅьேⓗᚲ༷⳯⫲⪋ྡิ➨୕ࠋࠉࠉ
Tóngyàng zhíde zhùyì de shì, páimíng qián shí zhōng yǒu5dào cài dōushì dìdao de
Chuāncài huò Xiāngcài, dōu yǐ“ zhòng là” wénmíng. ࠉࠉ
ྠṧ٬ᚓὀពⓗ᫝㸪᤼ྡ๓༑୰᭷5㐨⳯㒔᫝ᆅ㐨ⓗᕝ⳯ᡈ•⳯㸪㒔௨“㔜㎥”䰫ྡࠋ ࠉࠉ
Ér páimíng qián shí de càiyáo jiē wéi chuántǒng cài, cóng zhè kěyǐkànchū
Zhōngguórén zài chī fāngmiàn háishi jiàowéi bǎoshǒu, luóxiānsheng shuōdào. ࠉࠉ
⪋᤼ྡ๓༑ⓗ⳯⫲ⓙѪՐ㔏⳯㸪௕䘉ྍ௨┳ฟ୰ᅜேᅾྚ᪉㠃䘈᫝䖳ѪಖᏲ㸪㖇ඛ⏕䈤
㐨ࠋ ࠉࠉ
Xiàmiàn shì wánzhěng de bǎngdān. Xūyào zhùyì de shì, Zhōngguócàidān de fānyì shì
yī xiàng xìzhì huó, yīnwèi hěn duō cài míng lái zìrénwù shènzhì chuánqí gùshi ér bù
shì gēnjù shícái mìngmíng. Xiàmiànde cài míng zhōngkuòhào bùfen shì gāi càiyáo de
Zhōngwén pīnyīn. ࠉࠉ
ୗ㠃᫝᏶ᩚⓗᴶঅࠋ㟂せὀពⓗ᫝㸪୰ᅜ⳯অⓗ⩻䈁᫝୍亩㓶⮴ά㸪ᅉѪᚇከ⳯ྡ᮶⮬
ே≀⏒⮳Րወᨾ஦⪋୙᫝᰿ᤣ㣗ᮦ࿨ྡࠋୗ㠃ⓗ⳯ྡ୰ᣓྕ㒊ศ᫝䈕⳯⫲ⓗ୰ᩥᣞ㡢ࠋ ࠉࠉ

Dì-yī míng suāncài yú Dì-liù míng shuǐzhǔyú ࠉࠉ

➨୍ྡ 㓟⳯劬 ➨භྡ Ỉ↻劬 ࠉࠉ

Dì-èr míng gōngbǎo jīdīngࠉࠉ Dì-qī míng xīhóngshì dàn tāngࠉࠉ

➨஧ྡ ᇛಖ呑୎ࠉࠉ ➨୐ྡ す㓒ᰠ⺮⊔ࠉࠉ

Dì-sān míng chǎoqīng càiࠉࠉ Dì-bā míng hóngshāoròuࠉࠉ

➨୕ྡ ⅗㟷⳯ࠉࠉ ➨ඵྡ 㓒✗⫗ࠉࠉ

Dì-sì míng yúxiāng ròusī Dì-jiǔ míng kǎoyāࠉࠉ

➨ᅄྡ 劬㤶⫗э ➨஑ྡ ⅽ呝ࠉࠉ

Dì-wǔ míng duòjiāo yútóu ࠉࠉ Dì-shí míng huíguōròuࠉࠉ

➨஬ྡ ࡱ᳡劬ཤ ࠉࠉ ➨༑ྡ ᅇ䬵⫗ࠉࠉ


⥀ᄈ૕⛬ᮇ⦜⛟⡉ⲙ୐
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͔࿐⠣଼᷁᷁⇝ೲ⡯૳̧ৣ€⬔๼຤຤᣺⠡̤࠻ස⸞ߣ૳ᶊc҈೰€ᵤฬස⸞ߣ⬔
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Líhūnlǜ jìn nián lái xùnsù biāoshēng
⚹፧⋡㏆ᖺ᮶㎿㏿伉༖
Zhōngguó líhūnlǜ jìn nián lái xùnsù biāoshēng.2014nián, Zhōngguóyǒu360wàn duì
fūqī líhūn, jīhū bǐ10nián qián zēngzhǎngle yī bèi.
୰ᅜ⚹፧⋡㏆ᖺ᮶㎿㏿伉༖ࠋ2014ᖺ㸪୰ᅜ᭷360୓ሩኵጔ⚹፧㸪ชஇẚ10ᖺ๓ቔ䮯஢
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Guòqù, fūqī líhūn xūyào huòdé gōngzuò dānwèi hé shèqū wěiyuánhuì dexǔkě, yīn'ér
hěn duō fūqī wèile bìmiǎn zàiwài miàn nánkān, zhǐhǎoduì pèi'ǒu rěnqìtūnshēng.
䗷ཤ㸪ኵጔ⚹፧㟂せ㧧ᚓᕤసঅ఩࿴♫༊ጤઈ఍ⓗ䇨ྍ㸪ᅉ⪋ᚇከኵጔѪ஢㑊චᅾእ㠃
䳮ሓ㸪ྈዲሩ㓄അᚸẻྫኌࠋ
2003nián bānbù de hūnyīn hé líhūn fǎguī jiǎnhuàle líhūn chéngxù,dàngtiān jí yǔnxǔ
fūqī líhūn, huāfèi jǐnwéi10yuán Rénmínbì(1.53Měiyuán).
2003ᖺ亱ᕸⓗ፧ጻ࿴⚹፧ἲ㿴ㆰ໬஢⚹፧⛬ᗎ㸪ᙜኳ༶ඔ䇨ኵጔ⚹፧㸪ⰼ䍩ӵѪ10ඖ
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Guòqù rénmen líhūn zhǔyào yóuyú jiātíng bàolì héfēng liú yùnshì,xiànzài niánqīng fūqī
yóuyú xiǎoshì zhēngchǎo huò fùmǔ gānyù ér líhūnbiànde yuèláiyuè pǔbiàn.
䗷ཤேԜ⚹፧୺せ⏤னᐙᗞᭀຊ࿴仾ὶ㡤஦㸪⧠ᅾᖺ䖫ኵጔ⏤னᑠ஦தྼᡈ∗ẕᖸ亴⪋
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Dàbùfen80hòu hé90hòu dōu shì dúshēng zǐnǚ, fùmǔ wǎngwǎng xǐhuāngānshè tāmen
de shēnghuó. Érqiě, bùxiàng tāmen de fùmǔ, zhèxiēniánqīngrén gèngjiā guānzhù
gèxìnghuà hé shēnghuó zhìliàng.
኱㒊ศ80ྡྷ࿴90ྡྷ㒔᫝⊂⏕Ꮚዪ㸪∗ẕ  ႐⅒ᖸᾙ௚Ԝⓗ⏕άࠋ⪋ୟ㸪୙ീ௚Ԝⓗ∗
ẕ㸪䘉லᖺ䖫ே᭦ຍයὀ୭ᛶ໬࿴⏕ά䍘㔞ࠋ


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Zhōngguó yìwàn fùwēng rénshù shǒudù chāoguò Měiguó

୰ᅜӯ୓ᐩ⩝ேᩘ㤳ᗘ㉸䗷⨾ᅜ
Zhōngguó yǐn yǐwéi ào de shì qí596gè yìwàn fùwēng, chāochū Měiguó60rén—— jù
yīxīn de diàochá chēng, yī nián zhīnèi, Zhōngguó yǒu242rénshǒudù jīshēn yìwàn
fùwēng hángliè.
୰ᅜᘬ௨Ѫഫⓗ᫝඼596୭ӯ୓ᐩ⩝㸪㉸ฟ⨾ᅜ60ே——
ᤣ୍᪂ⓗ䈳ḕ⛠㸪୍ᖺஅෆ㸪୰ᅜ᭷242ே㤳ᗘ䐫㌟ӯ୓ᐩ⩝⾜ิࠋ
Shìjiè zuì fù fùháo bǎngdān Měiguó yījiù zhàn zhǔdǎo dìwèi, qián shímíng zhōng yǒu

134
qī míng Měiguórén, qián shí zhīzhōng méiyǒu yī gè shìZhōngguórén.
ୡ⏺᭱ᐩᐩ㇦ᴶঅ⨾ᅜ౫ᪧ༨୺ሬᆅ఩㸪๓༑ྡ୰᭷୐ྡ⨾ᅜே㸪๓༑அ୰ἐ᭷୍୭᫝
୰ᅜேࠋ
Shìjiè shǒufù shì Wēiruǎn chuàngshǐrén Bǐ'ěr• Gàicí. Zhōngguó zuì fùgōngmín shì
yúlèjiè dàhēng wáng jiàn lín, MěiguóAMCyǐngyuàn chíyǒuzhějiān wàn dá qǐyè jítuán
chuàngshǐrén, zīchǎn jìngzhí344yì Měiyuán,bùdào Gàicí zīchǎn yībàn.
ୡ⏺㤳ᐩ᫝ᚤ䖟ࡋጞேẚቄ•┏Ⲉࠋ୰ᅜ᭱ᐩබẸ᫝ၡҀ⏺኱஽⋤೺ᯘ㸪⨾ᅜAMCᙳ㝔
ᣢ᭷⪅ව୓㎹௻ъ㞟ഒࡋጞே㸪䍴ӗ߰٬344ӯ⨾ඖ㸪୙฿┏Ⲉ䍴ӗ୍༙ࠋ
Tóngyàng, Měiguó shǒufù qián wǔ míng de cáifù shì Zhōngguó shǒufùqián wǔ míng de
sānbèi zhī duō, dàn bùkě fǒurèn Zhōngguó shǒufùyǒuhòu qǐ zhí zhuī zhī shì.ࠉࠉ
ྠṧ㸪⨾ᅜ㤳ᐩ๓஬ྡⓗ䍒ᐩ᫝୰ᅜ㤳ᐩ๓஬ྡⓗ୕ಸஅከ㸪ణ୙ྍྰ䇔୰ᅜ㤳ᐩ᭷ྡྷ
㉳┤㏣அ࣯ࠋࠉࠉ
Zhōngguó yǐ qí yìwàn fùwēng rénshù zhī duō yǐnlǐng shìjiè, jí qí suǒwèilìshǐxìng“
zhuǎnzhédiǎn”.ࠉࠉ
୰ᅜ௨඼ӯ୓ᐩ⩝ேᩘஅከᘬ亶ୡ⏺㸪༶඼ᡤ䉃শྐᛶ“䖜ᢡⅬ”ࠋࠉࠉ
Rán'ér, duìyú yī gè rén kǒudá14yì de guójiā,596míng yìwàn fùwēngjǐn zhàn
zǒngrénkǒu de0.00072%. Xiāngbǐ zhīxià, Měiguórén jūn yìwànfùwēng bǐ yuǎnyuǎn
gāo yú Zhōngguó, zhàn zǒngrénkǒu de0.05%.
↛⪋㸪ሩன୍୭ேཱྀ㎹14ӯⓗᅜᐙ㸪596ྡӯ୓ᐩ⩝ӵ༨ᙫேཱྀⓗ0.00072%ࠋ┦ẚஅ
ୗ㸪⨾ᅜேᆒӯ୓ᐩ⩝ẚ䘌䘌㧗ன୰ᅜ㸪༨ᙫேཱྀⓗ0.05%ࠋ
Cáifù de jīzēng guīyīn yú xìnxī jìshù hé zhìzàoyè de cáifù zēngzhǎng.Zhuānjiā shuō zhè
yī qūshì yì dàibiǎo gèng duō Zhōngguó jīngjì sīyǒuhuà.
䍒ᐩⓗ⃭ቔᖂᅉனಙᜥᢏᵟ࿴ไ㐀ъⓗ䍒ᐩቔ䮯ࠋуᐙ䈤䘉୍䎻࣯஼௦⾲᭦ከ୰ᅜ㓿⍾
⚾᭷໬ࠋ
Ȗ


ઍ⻃ⸯ୰▗⩖⭙ߣਾ⮯▁ᆠӨᙿ
઎Ջ▗⩖⭙ખ▻⠬ᩞ€೛૨Ⲕ►૳⭩ᵤ͙▗⩖⭙ส⧃াԚߣ⥥►⡎ⶋc
ᮇട€ⸯ୰▗⩖⭙ߣਾ⮯▁ᆠӨᙿcᮇvઍ⻃᧶ᮇⸯwߣ⧯ॅ➹຀⯛Պ⡒ͅ
▗⩖⭙Ɀᙿⴹߣ˴͔Ꭻᓖೲ۩঵ᶀ৖c
ਾ⸞ᤣᤣ✎▗⩖⭙ੌ▙⸐ߣ౽Ⴆᩘ᪇hස⸞p̑สᠧ⭏q€☇ੌ⵲⦴⢐६pҙ᭸಴
৑qcȖȖ
૟⤲੿€▗⩖⭙ߣ̑ส೬ೲ೛͔ߣ€ད゘ೲᮑⳐ▗⩖⭙c⛎ᇥ໵ߣೲ€ස⸞ߣ˴ಳpད
‫❫߼܅‬q῿६шԅc
भੌԅ▙ಳད‫܅‬ᗊ୯€▗⩖⭙ߣ̑⥡ᦍ▋⥋⬇ୡcȖȖ
ಲ૜੒ᮇⰧ▗⩖⭙ߣԩϱ಴৑⧃౲೧˸cᓌ᎙ಖසಲ૜ਾߣ೧ԩϱ̑⥡ണ☎
˸c
ℐ⤲€͔૨⮯▗⩖⭙҂⢛಩⛑‫►⥥ߣހ‬᮴ᮯ€ᮑઐ੿भੌ୐⥥⤰⫔cළ⵼ઍ⻃цຐ€ᮑ
Ⳑ▗⩖⭙୐⥥ᰒृӅ╺ᮇߣ✶⫔c

Zhōngguó bàokǎo gōngwùyuán de rénshù kāishǐ xiàjiàng

୰ᅜᣕ⪃බ࣑ઈⓗேᩘᘙጞୗ㝆
Yóuyú gōngwùyuán guānghuán jiǎnruò, hěn duō bìyèshēng bìng bù yǐgōngwùyuán
zuòwéi zìjǐ de zhíyè xuǎnzé.
⏤னබ࣑ઈග⧟෿ᙅ㸪ᚇከ∅ъ⏕ᖼ୙௨බ࣑ઈసѪ⮬ᕫⓗ㙼ъ䘹ᤙࠋ
2014nián qǐ, bàokǎo gōngwùyuán de rénshù kāishǐ xiàjiàng.2014niánࠓ Zhōngguó
Qīngniánbàoࠔ de diàochá jiéguǒ xiǎnshì zàochéng gōngwùyuánrè jiàngwēn de yī dà
yuányīn shì zhèngfǔ fǎnfǔ.
2014ᖺ㉳㸪ᣕ⪃බ࣑ઈⓗேᩘᘙጞୗ㝆ࠋ2014ᖺࠓ୰ᅜ㟷ᖺᣕࠔⓗ䈳ḕ㔃ᯝᱮ♧㐀ᡂ

135
බ࣑ઈ✝㝆 ⓗ୍኱ཎᅉ᫝ᨻᗓ཯⭉ࠋ
Rénmen chángcháng duì gōngwùyuán yǒu zhèyàng de kèbǎn yìnxiàng:tāmen“ gōngzuò
qīngxián”, hái yǒu jīhuì zhuànqǔ“ huīsè shōu Rù”.ࠉࠉ
ேԜᖖᖖሩබ࣑ઈ᭷䘉ṧⓗ้ᯈ༳㇟㸸௚Ԝ“ᕤసΎ䰢”㸪䘈᭷ᮘ఍䎊ྲྀ“⅊Ⰽᨲධ”ࠋࠉࠉ
Shìshíshang, gōngwùyuán de gōngzuòliàng shì hěn dà de, tèbiéshì jīcénggōngwùyuán.
Gèng zāogāo de shì, tāmen de yīxiē“ tèshū jīntiē” bèiqǔxiāo le.
஦ᇎୖ㸪බ࣑ઈⓗᕤస㔞᫝ᚇ኱ⓗ㸪≉࡛᫝ᇶቲබ࣑ઈࠋ᭦⣆⢽ⓗ᫝㸪௚Ԝⓗ୍ல“≉
Ṧὠ䍤”⿕ྲྀᾘ஢ࠋ
Méiyǒule zhèxiē tèshū fúlì, gōngwùyuán de gōngzī háowú jìngzhēnglì.ࠉࠉ
ἐ᭷஢䘉ல≉Ṧ⚟฼㸪බ࣑ઈⓗᕤ䍴ấ᪢ㄎதຊࠋࠉࠉ
Běijīng Shì niánqīng gōngwùyuán de píngjūn shōurù wéi měi yuè4,530yuán.Tóngqī
qítā Běijīngrén de yuèpíngjūn gōngzī chāoguò6,463yuán.
໭ிᕷᖺ䖫බ࣑ઈⓗᖹᆒᨲධѪẗ᭶4,530ඖࠋྠᮇ඼௚໭ிேⓗ᭶ᖹᆒᕤ䍴㉸䗷6,463
ඖࠋ
Quèshí, dàduōshù gōngwùyuán miànlínzhe yánjùn de zhíyè qiánjǐng,jīběnshàng
méiyǒu shēngzhí kōngjiān. Yījù Zhōngguó fǎlǜ, jīcénggōngwùyuán shēngzhí zuìshǎo
yào bā nián de shíjiān.
◴ᇎ㸪኱ከᩘබ࣑ઈ㠃Ѥ╔ѕᓧⓗ㙼ъ๓ᬒ㸪ᇶᮏୖἐ᭷༖㙼✵䰤ࠋ౫ᤣ୰ᅜἲᚊ㸪ᇶ
ቲබ࣑ઈ༖㙼᭱ᑡせඵᖺⓗᰦ䰤ࠋ


ു⦜ു૨ߣઍ⻃ਾ⡎ⶋ⫮த
⦜াՋᎻ۩࿐ߣ⮯⵼⯛Պ€ઍ⻃͔⺾ੌ⛬Ⱈ⫮தਾ˶€҈೰ു⦜ു૨ߣৣᆁাᱛ⡎ⶋ
⫮தc
ᮇ€έੌߣਾ˶⡯ု€҈ᮇ⡯ုਾ˶᧥☏c‫߼׉‬bМჹbϋ⨩кೲ
ઍ⻃⡯ုਾ˶ᰒ૨ߣϫ♂c
⧃ฌ┞ു⦜ു૨ߣਾ⡎ⶋ⫮த৶‚ᓖ⧃ᣄ⛽આृ⭗ԅ‚Ჾ᧿ࠪⴛೲ೛⮀⨦ߣcനೲ€˴
ຳⴲ⦜€⫮தਖ਼߸ߣ╻ട͔ପੌ͙Өౘ⦳ᓖᤀcȖȖ
ᇊ˴€ു⦜ു૨ߣৣᆁ▁ᆠ◝ⴄ⡯અ€▙ೲᖌ⥀͔᱔̧ఘ⨘଼᱔Ⱏᑒ⦴ߣఘӅ⩗ඤcৣ
ᆁ◝ⴄ⡯અۨ⤣ԅৣᆁ✎Ջ᱔ᆁ੐⛽ᅥ଼ᄈᒇਿ҂ߣළ⮰c⧍૮€ৣᆁੌ෶ୡ⳦໲াԚ
ߣ૳ᶊcȖȖ
ᇊ̡€ൾᣌ૛߸̑೫ۨ⤣ԅਾ⸞ட⫔ߣ⧱Ս€ഠჺ᱔ৣட⫔ߣໟⱻਿࣈc⠢અᑒ⦴⧱Ս
೛⯱⫮€⫮தਾ˹೛્๻଼ಖසਾ⠢અૌ☡െ්◂ՍcȖȖȖȖ
ᇊ̜€ਾ⸞✎૳૖ஒ̧ߣ▮૬ۨ⤣ԅcᄈᒇᤀ⦜῿ⲷ⧃ೲఘӅဧ⦜⡀શሹหߣcനೲ૮
‫€׉‬٪੒ଷⱅৣᆁߣ૳૖૕ു⦜ുർc˴ಳৣᆁ⬤ӷ⧓⹤⢖♊஦̧⦜Ӗ⬻૳૖ஒ̧ߣ᎙
ᚗc҈೰ു⦜ുृߣਾ⧃ԅ૳૖ஒ̧⣿⡎ⶋ➹ᄈc

Yuèláiyuè duō de Zhōngguórén xuǎnzédān shēn

㉺᮶㉺ከⓗ୰ᅜே䘹ᤙঅ㌟
Láizìyú Mínzhèngbù de shùjù xiǎnshì, Zhōngguó Dàlù yǒu jìn2yìdānshēn rénkǒu, érqiě
yuèláiyuè duō de nǚxìng zìyuàn xuǎnzédān shēn.
᮶⮬னẸᨻ㒊ⓗᩘᤣᱮ♧㸪୰ᅜ኱䱶᭷㏆2ӯঅ㌟ேཱྀ㸪⪋ୟ㉺᮶㉺ከⓗዪᛶ⮬ី䘹ᤙ
অ㌟ࠋ
1990nián, zhǐyǒu6%de rénkǒu dújū, ér2013nián dújū rénkǒugāodá14.6%. Tiānjīnࠊ
Sìchuānࠊ Hēilóngjiāng shì Zhōngguó dújū rénkǒuzuìduō de dìqū.
1990ᖺ㸪ྈ᭷6%ⓗேཱྀ⊂ᒃ㸪⪋2013ᖺ⊂ᒃேཱྀ㧗㎹14.6%ࠋኳὠࠊᅄᕝࠊ㯭嗉Ụ᫝
୰ᅜ⊂ᒃேཱྀ᭱ከⓗᆅ༊ࠋ
Wèishénme yuèláiyuè duō de rénxuǎn zé dānshēn ne? Yīnwèi zhēn ài tàishǎojiàn le?
Dá'àn huòxǔ shì hěn fùzá de. Dànshì, yībānshuōlái,dānshēn cháoliú de xīngqǐ dàzhì

136
yǒu yǐxià jǐ gè yīnsù.ࠉࠉ
Ѫொ஄㉺᮶㉺ከⓗே䘹ᤙঅ㌟࿔㸽ᅉѪ┿⡡ኴᑡ㿱஢㸽⟅᱌ᡈ䇨᫝ᚇኞᵲⓗࠋణ᫝㸪୍
⯡䈤᮶㸪অ㌟₻ὶⓗ‫ޤ‬㉳኱⮴᭷௨ୗช୭ᅉ⣲ࠋࠉࠉ
Dì-yī, yuèláiyuè duō de nǚxìng kāishǐ jīngjì dúlì, zhè shì tuōlídànánzǐ zhǔyì hé
nánquán shèhuì de zhǔyào tiáojiàn. Nǚxìng jīngjìdúlì gǎibiànle nǚxìng duìyú nánxìng
zài àiqíng hé hūnyīn fāngmiàn deyīlài. Dāngjīn, nǚxìng yǒu nénglì jìhuà zìjǐ de
shēnghuó.ࠉࠉ
➨୍㸪㉺᮶㉺ከⓗዪᛶᘙጞ㓿⍾⊂❧㸪䘉᫝⬺⚹኱⏨Ꮚ୺ѹ࿴⏨ᵳ♫఍ⓗ୺せ᮲௳ࠋዪ
ᛶ㓿⍾⊂❧ᨵਈ஢ዪᛶሩன⏨ᛶᅾ⡡᝟࿴፧ጻ᪉㠃ⓗ౫䎆ࠋᙜ௒㸪ዪᛶ᭷⬟ຊ䇑ฯ⮬ᕫ
ⓗ⏕άࠋࠉࠉ
Dì-èr, xìnxī jiāoliú gōngjù gǎibiànle rénmen zhījiān de liánxì, bāokuònán-nǚ zhījiān de
xiāngchǔ fāngshì. Jiànlì shèhuì liánxì hěn jiǎndān,dānshēn rénshì hěn róngyì hé qítā
rén jiànlì mìqiè huǒbàn guānxi.ࠉࠉ ࠉࠉ
➨஧㸪ಙᜥ஺ὶᕤලᨵਈ஢ேԜஅ䰤ⓗ㚄⣔㸪ໟᣓ⏨ዪஅ䰤ⓗ┦༴᪉ᘧࠋᘓ❧♫఍㚄⣔
ᚇㆰঅ㸪অ㌟ேኈᚇᐜ᫆࿴඼௚ேᘓ❧ᐦษఌకය⣔ࠋࠉࠉ ࠉࠉ
Dì-sān, rénmen duìshēng yù háizi de guānniàn gǎibiàn le. Hūnyīn sùláibèi rènwéi shì
zhǔyào yònglái chuánzōng jiēdài de. Dànshì jīntiān,chéngshì báilǐng nǚxìng de
shēngyùlǜ yuèláiyuè dī. Yīxiē nǚxìng shènzhìchángshì lěngdòng luǎnzi lái yáncháng
shēngyù háizi de qīxiàn. Érqiěyuèláiyuè shǎo de rénwéi le shēngyù háizi cái xuǎnzé
jiéhūn.

➨୕㸪ேԜሩ⏕⫱ᏝᏊⓗ㿲ᛕᨵਈ஢ࠋ፧ጻ⣲᮶⿕䇔Ѫ᫝୺せ⏝᮶Ր᐀᥋௦ⓗࠋణ᫝௒
ኳ㸪ᇛᕷⓑ亶ዪᛶⓗ⏕⫱⋡㉺᮶㉺పࠋ୍லዪᛶ⏒⮳ቍ䈅෭߫༸Ꮚ᮶ᘏ䮯⏕⫱ᏝᏊⓗᮇ
㝈ࠋ⪋ୟ㉺᮶㉺ᑡⓗேѪ஢⏕⫱ᏝᏊᡯ䘹ᤙ㔃፧ࠋ

137
 3. Life


ઍ⻃⡀➆⬙ೡ
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੍⬙ೲઍ⻃ᰒ‫ث‬Ӆߣ⬙ೡc
੍⬙ೲ⧃ԅ⤼Ᏻ⦠♅υᮇߣ⦜⢛cᙼ଺ઓ˴ૅਾᚳ੐˴ടࢗ˴⮖⦗ࣇߣᮇઓ♝c
੐೛૨ϫਿ€ਾ⸞⇝⦴߬ᘔພc⠏̧ೲᰒ⡀➆ߣੑཌྷc
ஒ̧⸞⪮ᤣ᣺⠡▙⦳⬙ೡᓖ⧃ස⸞Ӄ͙ੌႄࢗߣੑཌྷᓌ✶Ӄ͙ᨭΰᖋc
ස⸞͎෶ຨҟ⬔๼⠷ߣ♃⦻⢸c
♃⦻⢸⠷ஒ̧⸞͙૦ႄ☌c
ਾ⸞Ⴄ੍⧱❫ҟ⺦੿€͙૦ႄ☌c
੍⬙⮦ᇮ❚͔⠵‫€׉‬ਾ⸞੐ҍ⹩⤧Ꮧႄଶ᮴ᤣဧ▙ഗⳒhpᏳᱛqc
ਾ⸞᣺⠡੍⬙ᓖ⧃੐▙ీ✶⫔ίස⸞Ӄ͙ႄႄ෷ᣌ˴Өԅc
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˸ᨋ⬙੐⦠♅̐೧੾Ԇc˴ᮇઍ€▙˴‫׉‬ᇊ˴ࡪચ⥫⴪೧c
ਾ⸞ҟ၈੿ࠪ▗⻄▮⧔௑Ⱐc
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ਾ⸞ࢗ˸ᨋ€િหोૅਾ⻅⻉଼ᣮᗊc
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ᠧࡵ☎᷁€ℿⴹ੿୐€҆ંਐകc▙ೲ੍ཫ὚Ổߣႄ✶⵲c
ᠧࡵ⬙ૅૅ⇝Ӆઋ๯ҍᏴલ€⧃⥀྅ߣ⤧ਾⰚ஽c
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Ϧഭ⬙੐⦠♅Ԇ೧ᖺԆc
Ϧഭ⬙ೲઍ⻃ߣ⡀➆⬙ೡ€ਾ⸞੐▙‫׉‬Ӆࢗ┼̧€⥙⨩૪€͙◟૬ⲑ͔ߣ⳾ਾᎾᎫc
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ઍ⩎⬙ೲઍ⻃⦠♅ߣ⚷⦳ᰒ‫ث‬Ӆߣೡ̧ட˴f೥˴⦳ೲ੍⬙g€͎ೲઍ⻃ߣцસዶೡc
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ʀb‫⬙⚘ث‬
⦠♅౪೧ᖺ౪ೲઍ⻃⡀➆⬙ೡ‫⬙⚘ث‬c
ਾ⸞͙০઄b▮⧔ఆ௑bࢗ‫⺨⚘ث‬ᇐᶊ➨⤼Ᏻ‫⬙⚘ث‬c

Zhōngguó chuántǒng jiérì

୰ᅜՐ㔏㢲᪥
㸯ࠊ chūnjié
㸯ࠊ᫓㢲
Chūnjié shì Zhōngguó zuì zhòngyào de jiérì.
᫓㢲᫝୰ᅜ᭱㔜せⓗ㢲᪥ࠋ
Chūnjié shì wèile qìngzhù nónglì xīnnián de láilín. Chúxīyè,yī jiā rénjùzài yīqǐ chī yī
dùn fēngshèng de niányèfàn.
᫓㢲᫝Ѫ஢ᒶ⚃ߌশ᪂ᖺⓗ᮶Ѥࠋ㝖ኤኪ,୍ᐙே⪹ᅾ୍㉳ྚ୍亯୳┒ⓗᖺኪ依ࠋ
Zài hěn duō dìfang, rénmen dōu huì fàng biānpào. Jiǎozi shì zuìchuántǒng de shíwù.
ᅾᚇከᆅ᪉㸪ேԜ㒔఍ᨺ㠴Ⅴࠋ侪Ꮚ᫝᭱Ր㔏ⓗ㣗≀ࠋ
Háizimen fēicháng xǐhuān zhègè jiérì,yīnwèi tāmen kěyǐ yǒu hǎochī deshíwù tóngshí
kěyǐ chuān xīn yīfu.
ᏝᏊԜ㠀ᖖ႐⅒䘉୭㢲᪥,ᅉѪ௚Ԝྍ௨᭷ዲྚⓗ㣗≀ྠᰦྍ௨✸᪂⾰᭹ࠋ

139
Tāmen yě néng dédào fùmǔ gěi de yāsuìqián.
௚Ԝஓ⬟ᚓ฿∗ẕ㔉ⓗ঻኱䫡ࠋ
Yāsuìqián gěi háizimen,yǐqiú hǎoyùn.
঻኱䫡㔉ᏝᏊԜ,௨ồዲ㏅ࠋ
Rénmen bǎ chūnlián tiē dào qiáng shàng, yǐqiú hǎoyùn.
ேԜᢕ᫓㚄䍤฿້ୖ㸪௨ồዲ㏅ࠋ
Chūnjié jiāng chíxù dàyuē15tiān, rénmen zài bàifǎng qīnpéng hǎoyǒu qiánchángyòng
zhè jù huà:“ zhùyuàn”.
᫓㢲ᑗᣢ㔝኱㓖15ኳ㸪ேԜᅾᣎ䇯Ӣ᭸ዲ཭๓ᖖ⏝䘉ྃ䈍㸸“⚃ី”ࠋ
Rénmen xǐhuān chūnjié,yīnwèi zài zhè duàn shíjiān lǐ tāmen kěyǐ hǎohǎoxiūxi yīxià
le.
ேԜ႐⅒᫓㢲,ᅉѪᅾ䘉ẁᰦ䰤㔛௚Ԝྍ௨ዲዲఇᜥ୍ୗ஢ࠋ
㸰ࠊ Yuánxiāojié
㸰ࠊඖᐘ㢲
Yuánxiāojié zài nónglì zhèng yuè shíwǔ. Yī nián zhōng, zhè yī tiāndì-yī cì chūxiàn
mǎnyuè.
ඖᐘ㢲ᅾߌশṇ᭶༑஬ࠋ୍ᖺ୰㸪䘉୍ኳ➨୍ḟฟ⧠┑᭶ࠋ
Rénmen dào jiēshang huò gōngyuán guānshǎng huādēng.
ேԜ฿⾤ୖᡈබᅒ㿲䍿ⰼⅉࠋ
Cāidēng mí shì Yuánxiāojié de zhòngyào nèiróng.
⊜ⅉ㏞᫝ඖᐘ㢲ⓗ㔜せෆᐜࠋ
Rénmen chī yuánxiāo, tā dàibiǎo jiārén tuányuán hé xìngfú.
ேԜྚඖᐘ㸪Ꮽ௦⾲ᐙேഒശ࿴ᖾ⚟ࠋ
㸱ࠊ Qīngmíngjié
㸱ࠊΎ᫂㢲
Qīngmíngjié shì Zhōngguó24jiéqi zhī yī, zàigōng lì Sìyuè de sì rì dào liùrì zhījiān.
Ύ᫂㢲᫝୰ᅜ24㢲ẻஅ୍㸪ᅾබশᅄ᭶ⓗᅄ᪥฿භ᪥அ䰤ࠋ
Qīngmíng guòhòu, qìwēn shàngshēng, yǔshuǐ zēngjiā. Zhè shì chūngēngbōzhòng de
hǎo shíjī.
Ύ᫂䗷ྡྷ㸪ẻ ୖ༖㸪㞵Ỉቔຍࠋ䘉᫝᫓⪔᧛⛇ⓗዲᰦᮘࠋ
Qīngmíngjié jiājiā dōu yào qù jìbài zǔxiān, wéi líshì de qīnrén sǎomù.
Ύ᫂㢲ᐙᐙ㒔せཤ⚍ᣎ♽ඛ㸪Ѫ⚹ୡⓗӢேᢛ቎ࠋ
㸲ࠊ duānwǔjié
㸲ࠊ➃༗㢲
Duānwǔjié zài nónglì Wǔyuè chū wǔ.
➃༗㢲ᅾߌশ஬᭶ึ஬ࠋ
duānwǔjié shì Zhōngguó de chuántǒng jiérì, rénmen zài zhè tiān yàochī zòngzi, sài
lóngzhōu, yǐ jìniàn wěidà de shīrén Qū Yuán.
➃༗㢲᫝୰ᅜⓗՐ㔏㢲᪥㸪ேԜᅾ䘉ኳせྚ⢬Ꮚ㸪䎋嗉⯚㸪௨㓚ᛕՏ኱ⓗ䈇ேᒅཎࠋ
㸳ࠊ Zhōngqiūjié
㸳ࠊ୰⛅㢲
Zhōngqiūjié zài nónglì Bāyuè shíwǔ rì.
୰⛅㢲ᅾߌশඵ᭶༑஬᪥ࠋ
Zhōngqiūjié shì Zhōngguó nónglì de liǎng gè zuì zhòngyào de rìzi zhī yī㸦 lìng yī ge shì
chūnjié㸧, yě shì Zhōngguó de fǎdìng jiàrì.
୰⛅㢲᫝୰ᅜߌশⓗ୩୭᭱㔜せⓗ᪥Ꮚஅ୍㸦྄୍୭᫝᫓㢲㸧㸪ஓ᫝୰ᅜⓗἲᐃ೥᪥ࠋ
Zhè tiān wǎnshang yuèliang yòu yuán yòu liàng. Rénmen yībiān chīyuèbing, yībiān
shǎngyuè.
䘉ኳ᫽ୖ᭶ுཪശཪுࠋேԜ୍䗩ྚ᭶侬㸪୍䗩䍿᭶ࠋ
Zhè tiān shì jiārén tuányuán de rìzi, yuǎnfāng de yóuzǐ huì níngwàngmíngyuè, sīniàn
jiārén.

140
䘉ኳ᫝ᐙேഒശⓗ᪥Ꮚ㸪䘌᪉ⓗ​Ꮚ఍จᮃ᫂᭶㸪ᛮᛕᐙேࠋ
Zhōngqiūjié de chuántǒng shíwù shì yuányuán de yuèbing, tā yùyìtuányuán.
୰⛅㢲ⓗՐ㔏㣗≀᫝ശശⓗ᭶侬㸪Ꮽᐯពഒശࠋ
㸴ࠊ Chóngyángjié
㸴ࠊ㔜㜶㢲
Nónglì Jiǔyuè chū jiǔ shì Zhōngguó chuántǒng jiérì Chóngyángjié.
ߌশ஑᭶ึ஑᫝୰ᅜՐ㔏㢲᪥㔜㜶㢲ࠋ
Rénmen yǐ páshānࠊ guānshǎng júhuāࠊ chīzhòng yáng bǐng děng huódòngqìngzhù
Chóngyángjié.
ேԜ௨∐ᒣࠊ㿲䍿⳥ⰼࠊྚ㔜㜶侬➼άࣘᒶ⚃㔜㜶㢲ࠋ


ઍ⻃ಢੑ
ઍ⻃ಢੑhhಲ૜ှ✪
♅หᤃફ଼⧂޴ἓԛ⧃᧥Ϧߣઍࣈৈ♜⦂સԅⵀ৪c
ಲ૜▙ভ٪੒ᓖಖᤃૅ᫤℃ࠪೲુ᫤⫒଻џ⧼€▙Ổ᫤℃◷⡎ဧ੿ᇐੑ༙න༇€⭩☌ဧ
⮀⨦ߣሲѿৈ♜҈ͅc
ᰒᇀߣှ✪ှӷࠃ◓᭸€ोॄΉᖆ€✪৐˶ࡔ⻉ⴘc
˴๝έှ✪ੌ⚷Ổད᭸ࢗцhᩋృ⺨Ꮩ಩ᔵಢߣ✪৐଼Ήᖆߣ✪ॄ€ӿᾊΆಳ᧶ౄ◑€
⪬‫଼◑ب‬੘⯬⬘e
✪⭜ྗ◝ኋୠᅔͅಢ‫Ⳍߣ؍‬c

Zhōngguó měishí: Běijīng Kǎoyā

୰ᅜ⨾㣗㸸໭ிⅽ呝
Lìdài huángdì hé guìzú zǎoyǐ wéi gāoduān de Zhōngshì pēngrènshèdìngle biāozhǔn.
শ௦ⓚᖇ࿴䍥᪘᪩ᕬѪ㧗➃ⓗ୰ᘧↀ侚䇮ᐃ஢ḷ෸ࠋ
Běijīng zhè zuò chéngshì yīn qí Huángjiā càiyáo huòshi guān cài wénmíngxiá-ěr, zhè
zhǒng càiyáo jǐn xuǎnyòng shàngděng shícái zuǒliào, bìngyùnyòng fùzá de jìqiǎo
pēngrèn ér chéng.
໭ி䘉ᗙᇛᕷᅉ඼ⓚᐙ⳯⫲ᡈ᫝ᐁ⳯䰫ྡ㐥㏓㸪䘉⛇⳯⫲ӵ䘹⏝ୖ➼㣗ᮦబᩱ㸪ᖼ㏅⏝
ኞᵲⓗᢏᕦↀ侚⪋ᡂࠋ
Zuì bàng de kǎoyā kǎo zhì dànhóng sè, biǎopí sūcuì, yā ròu kǒugǎnyuánrùn.
᭱Წⓗⅽ呝ⅽ⮳ῐ㓒Ⰽ㸪⾲⓶㓔⬤㸪呝⫗ཱྀឤശ⏖ࠋ
Yī zhěng zhǐ kǎoyā yǒu liǎngzhǒng tèsè chī fǎ: ná báobǐng juǎnzheféiměi de yā ròu hé
sūcuì de yā pí, zài dāpèi xiē qīngcōng sī,huángguā sī hé hǎixiān jiàng;
୍ᩚྈⅽ呝᭷୩⛇≉Ⰽྚἲ㸸ᣡⷧ侬༹╔⫧⨾ⓗ呝⫗࿴㓔⬤ⓗ呝⓶㸪෌ᦚ㓄ல㟷ⵄэ㸪
㯤⎩э࿴ᾏ勌䞡㸹
Yā gǔjià jīng mànhuǒ dùn chéng měiwèi de tāng.
呝㦵ᯫ㓿៏ⅆ⅚ᡂ⨾࿡ⓗ⊔ࠋ


⠵⦴✶ဧߣઍ▪
ͨੌⳒӅ✎ผⴲc
ผ⥫੐ੌ᱔ৣᏗଶ✝"
ผ⥫੐ੌᏗଶ✝"
ผ⬴ຨͨண┞⸐"
৹€ண┞ⴲ৶mm

141
ͨ⬴ຨผᎊᇀߣc
ͨ⸞ᇨ಩‫ج‬ौ͈c
ͨ⛽ผc
ͨ⸞‫ج‬Ⴌ‫͈ج‬
ผೲͨ⭗ҟ☎ߣᰒಢߣৣਾc
ͨӃ͙⦌ผߣ‫"✝ج‬
ผ෋ͨ⨪⣤c
⧍යӃ͙c

ผ෋ͨᝬۛⱁჱc ผᣄҺ⥂c

゘⮳ᕊสⱯc ͨ෰ၟ⦁ผߣ˴☡c

ᝋ⣠Ⳓ⇝ᵤबͨⴲc ⟉࢞ⳍͨੌ◂ผߣ˴☡c

ᝋέೲ੐೨ผߣ᱕˶c ͨ෰Ӆผc

ͨ☇ᵤ෰આⲷᣄc ͨ᜞Ӆผc

ͨ෰Ⲹผ⭗⭗ͨߣ⬔๼c
ผೲͨߣ˴☡c
ͨ☇ᵤ෰આⲷᣄc
ผೲͨߣc
ͨ⥫੐έೲ෰ՈՈc
ͨೲผߣc
ͨೲ˴⭗⟐ᅥc
ͨ⹕Ջผc
ͨᣄ‫⇝⦜◒ͨ⭵ڰ‬भ⨟ҟ☎ผc
भੌผͨᶊᵤӨઋc
ͨᣄ᷁ᑺⲷⲨԅผc
ӿ⮸⛬ͨಳc
ผೲͨ᣺⠡ߣ‫ے‬Ổ⧅थc
ผ෰ฌ┞৶"
ผ⧃ฌ┞᣺⠡ͨ"
ͨ✶✶౽౽⇝෰಩ผc
ᓖ⧃ผೲͨ᣺⠡ߣ‫ے‬Ổ⧅थc
ผೲ▙⦳྅ဳ੿⡯˴▋̡ߣਾc
ผೲͨ෰Ӆߣৣஒc
ผೲເಣ⡯དc
ผೲͨ᣺⠡ߣ‫ৣ⧅ے‬ਾ᱔ਾc
ผߣ⣠̈́ᗆᣄҺ⥂c
ผ෋ͨࡔҟᣮᗊc
❼€ⴚⴚcผ᣺⠡"
ผ͎ೲc
▙⩗⣠̈́ᗆᣄႄᜎc
෶ⲷⲨผͨ⪮ᤣᣮᗊc
ผ▙⩗⣠̈́ᗆᣄᢐ✑c
ผߣᶅ‫ޢ‬ᣄಢc
⧃ผͨ੐ଁᵤእc
ผᣄႄc
ผ੐Ⴋ⛠ͨ✝"
ผᣄᆁࡔc

142
቟⩞ͨc
ͨ˴᣾೛⟈⤲c
゘⥀▁ͨc
Ўය⛽ͨ€᱆Ӆഠ્ͨߣ‫⧻ކ‬c
ͨ▋цᵤ⛽ผc
⟉ⴹឡಳc
ͨ◒⦜भੌ☎▙Ổࡔ⬴c
ӿ૨⛽ͨ˴ಳc
ผೲͨߣብ˴c
ᜎ಩ͨ
ͨଲ☍⛽ผc
ͨ⛽੿ԅ͓ቈc
ͨ⦴ଲ☍⛽ผc
ᝋ⛽ผ✝"
ͨ˴૳⇝⦴⛽ผߣc

ͨ˴᣾⇝ⴲߣೲᣄ͍Ⳓc ͨⳁⳁϫ⛽಩͓ቈc

Yuēhui shí yòng de Zhōngwén

㓖఍ᰦ⏝ⓗ୰ᩥ

Wǒ yǒu huà yào duì nǐ shuō. Nǐ shǐ wǒ shénhún diāndǎo.

ᡃ᭷䈍せሩ఼䈤ࠋ ఼౑ᡃ⚄㨦仐ಽࠋ

Nǐ xiànzài yǒu péngyou ma? Bié zhuāngqiāngzuòshì.

఼⧠ᅾ᭷᭸཭ੇ? ࡛⿦⭍స࣯ࠋ

N, zěnme shuō ne…… Tā lián huà dōu bù gēn wǒ shuō.

ట㸪ᛠ஄䈤࿔…… ዯ䘎䈍㒔୙㊦ᡃ䈤ࠋ

Nǐ xiànzài yǒu nán/nǚpéngyou ma? Tā zhǐshì zài diào nǐ de wèikǒu.

఼⧠ᅾ᭷⏨/ዪ᭸཭ੇ? ዯྈ᫝ᅾྞ఼ⓗ⫶ཱྀࠋ

Nǐ juéde wǒ zěnmeyàng? Wǒ hái bù xiǎng tài rènzhēn.

఼㿹ᚓᡃᛠ஄ṧ? ᡃ䘈୙᝿ኴ䇔┿ࠋ

Wǒ juéde nǐ tǐng bàng de. Wǒ xiǎng ràng nǐ jiànjian wǒ de fùmǔ.

ᡃ㿹ᚓ఼᣿Წⓗࠋ ᡃ᝿䇙఼㿱㿱ᡃⓗ∗ẕࠋ

Wǒ ài nǐ. Wǒ hái bù xiǎng tài rènzhēn.

ᡃ⡡఼ࠋ ᡃ䘈୙᝿ኴ䇔┿ࠋ

Nǐ shì wǒjiàn dàoguò de zuì měi de Wǒ xiànzài zhǐshì xiǎng wánwan.

nǚrén. ᡃ⧠ᅾྈ᫝᝿⋵⋵ࠋ
఼᫝ᡃ㿱฿䗷ⓗ᭱⨾ⓗዪேࠋ
Wǒ shì yījiànzhōngqíng.
Nǐ shǐ wǒ fāfēng. ᡃ᫝୍㿱䫏᝟ࠋ
఼౑ᡃਁ⯟ࠋ
Wǒ zhēn xīwàng wǒ cónglái dōu méi
yùdàoguò nǐ.

143
ᡃ┿ᕼᮃᡃ௕᮶㒔ἐ㐝฿䗷఼ࠋ
Nǐ zhēn piàoliang.
Wǒ zhēn hòuhuǐ rènshile nǐ. ఼┿⁻ுࠋ
ᡃ┿ྡྷ᜼䇔䇶஢఼ࠋ
Wǒ xiǎng zhīdao nǐ de yīqiè.
Nǐ shì wǒ xǐhuān de nà zhǒng lèixíng. ᡃ᝿▱㐨఼ⓗ୍ษࠋ
఼᫝ᡃ႐⅒ⓗ㑣⛇㊫ᆺࠋ
Qǐng gào sù wǒ yǒuguān nǐ de yīqiè.
Nǐ wèishénme xǐhuān wǒ? 䈧࿌䇹ᡃ᭷ය఼ⓗ୍ษࠋ
఼Ѫொ஄႐⅒ᡃ?
Wǒ xiǎng yào nǐ.
Yīnwèi nǐ shì wǒ xǐhuān de nà zhǒng ᡃ᝿せ఼ࠋ
lèixíng.
ᅉѪ఼᫝ᡃ႐⅒ⓗ㑣⛇㊫ᆺࠋ Wǒ xūyào nǐ.
ᡃ㟂せ఼ࠋ
Nǐ shì wǒ xiǎng yào de nǚhái.
఼᫝ᡃ᝿せⓗዪᏝࠋ
Nǐ shì wǒ de yīqiè.
Nǐ shì wǒ xǐhuān de nà lèi ఼᫝ᡃⓗ୍ษࠋ
nǚrén/nánrén.
఼᫝ᡃ႐⅒ⓗ㑣㊫ዪே/⏨ேࠋ Nǐ shì wǒ de.
఼᫝ᡃⓗࠋ
Nǐ shǐ wǒ gǎndào xìngfú.
఼౑ᡃឤ฿ᖾ⚟ࠋ Wǒ shì nǐ de.
ᡃ᫝఼ⓗࠋ
Nǐ yě shì.
఼ஓ᫝ࠋ Wǒ shǔyú nǐ.
ᡃᒓன఼ࠋ
Néng rènshi nǐ-wǒ fēicháng xìngfú.
⬟䇔䇶఼ᡃ㠀ᖖᖾ⚟ࠋ Méiyǒu nǐ-wǒ huó bùxiàqù.
ἐ᭷఼ᡃά୙ୗཤࠋ
Nǐ de yǎnjing zhēn měi.
఼ⓗ║╢┿⨾ࠋ Zài kàojìn wǒ xiē.
෌㠁㏆ᡃலࠋ
Nǐ zhēn hǎo.
఼┿ዲࠋ Nǐ xiǎng shénme ne?
఼᝿ொ஄࿔?
Nǐ zhēnxìng gǎn.
఼┿ᛶឤࠋ Wǒ shíshí kèkè dōuxiǎngzhe nǐ.
ᡃᰦᰦ้้㒔᝿╔఼ࠋ
Wǒmen lāzhe shǒu zǒu ba.
ᡃԜᢼ╔ᡭ㉮ྱࠋ Nǐ shì zhègè shìjiè shàng dúyīwú'èr de
rén.
Wǒmen shǒuwò shǒu ba! ఼᫝䘉୭ୡ⏺ୖ⊂୍᪢஧ⓗேࠋ
ᡃԜᡭᥱᡭྱ!
Nǐ shì rúcǐ dútè.
Wǒ kěyǐ qiān nǐ de shǒu ma? ఼᫝ዴṈ⊂≉ࠋ
ᡃྍ௨⢥఼ⓗᡭੇ?
Nǐ de liányīqún zhēn piàoliang.
Dāngrán kěyǐ. ఼ⓗ䘎⾰⿳┿⁻ுࠋ
ᙜ↛ྍ௨ࠋ

144
O, xièxie. Nǐ xǐhuān? Wǒ huì yǒngyuǎn ài nǐ.
ჺ㸪䉒䉒ࠋ఼႐⅒? ᡃ఍Ọ䘌⡡఼ࠋ

Zhè tiáo liányīqún zhēn hǎokàn. Wǒ yīshēng dōu huì ài nǐ de.

䘉᮲䘎⾰⿳┿ዲ┳ࠋ ᡃ୍⏕㒔఍⡡఼ⓗࠋ

Nǐ zhè tiáo liányīqún zhēn héshì. Wǒ yīzhí dōu shuō de shì zhēnxīnhuà.
఼䘉᮲䘎⾰⿳┿ྜ㏧ࠋ ᡃ୍┤㒔䈤ⓗ᫝┿ᚰ䈍ࠋ

Wéi nǐ-wǒ zàisuǒbùxī. Wǒ yīzhí hěn chéngshí.

Ѫ఼ᡃᅾᡤ୙ᝰࠋ ᡃ୍┤ᚇ䈊ᇎࠋ

Nǐ zài tiǎodòu wǒ ma? Jìrán ài wǒ, jiù yào bāoróng wǒ de

఼ᅾᣮ㏸ᡃੇ? quēdiǎn.
᪤↛⡡ᡃ㸪ᑵせໟᐜᡃⓗ⨃Ⅼࠋ
Bào jǐn wǒ.
ᢪ㍗ᡃࠋ Qǐng wēnróu xiē.
䈧 ᰂலࠋ
Biélí kāi wǒ.
࡛⚹ᘙᡃࠋ Zài duō ài wǒ yīxiē.
෌ከ⡡ᡃ୍லࠋ
Wǒ wúfǎ bù ài nǐ.
ᡃ᪢ἲ୙⡡఼ࠋ Kànzhe wǒ!
┳╔ᡃ!
Wǒ cónglái méiyǒu guò zhè zhǒng
gǎnjué. Wǒ àishangle xiǎo méi.
ᡃ௕᮶ἐ᭷䗷䘉⛇ឤ㿹ࠋ ᡃ⡡ୖ஢ᑠᱵࠋ

Nǐ shì wǒ de wéiyī. Tā ài nǐ ma?

఼᫝ᡃⓗᝳ୍ࠋ ዯ⡡఼ੇ?

Wǒ yǒngyuǎn ài nǐ.
ᡃỌ䘌⡡఼ࠋ Wǒ shēnshēn de àizhe xiǎo méi.
ᡃ῝῝ᆅ⡡╔ᑠᱵࠋ


ो☏⛽ᅥߣઍ▪ഗ̧
⮞⠷ͨብ˴ߣ⛽ਾhͨ⛽ผcȖȖ
◒⦜भੌਾฬผ▙ຳ⛽ͨcͨ᣺⠡ྋผߣ͓ᅥਾc
ͨ⮦ೲผߣᅥਾ€᣾ҟϫ୨‫׉‬ᬽc
⢬સबผ➹ᄈ€ೲ̐ℐߣ⡎ⶋcᱛผ૮૳૮྅ྋͨߣᅥਾc
▙⬅ॆࢤೲӅⲸผၟ⦁€◤෋✶ખ₣᫺€ͨധ⛽ผເᖺc
ເᓌ౲˴⦳ԩᤣߣೡ̧€ͨ੐▙⦳ᅥਾ⬙ίଁ⵽ੌߣ⧿ҋ€᱆ೲ✎ผߣ⛽c
ผଲ☍੐‫ے‬ίᇐຑ಩ͨ€҈͎ͨ⮦ଲ☍੐‫ے‬ίઽ໽಩ผcᅥਾ⬙ᐿቲc
ͨ˴᣾ᵤໟൾੌᣄ̐ߣpᣮᗊq€᣾ҟ⨤▐ԅผc⤧⛽ߣ€ᅥਾ⬙ቲ❉cȖȖ
⮞⠷ͨ⮤ઍߣৣஒ٬ͨ⸞ஒ̧ߣ๼⤧hผೲͨብ˴ߣ⛽ਾcȖȖȖȖ
ᮇԛ◝☎ઋ€ͨⰕߣ⛽ᅥ♅ଵ⤄⩝cȖȖ

145
ᮇ᮴€ͨ✎ผ˴⭗⟐ᅥcҟເ૮✎ผߣࡔᅥ◑ᦍન⠬c
ͨⰕߣ⛽€˴ᮇཹ˴ᮇ⛎⩝સc͓⤯⭖€ᅥਾ⬙ቲ❉c
◒☎ઋҟ⥫੐€ผ˴᣾ೲͨብ˴ᣄ̐⛽⤡ߣਾc
◤෋૨ᮇԛ☎€ന౲⧍ͨ⩞Ⴌผߣ‫€✶ج‬ൿੌ˴ỔাԚ☇ೲ᧥ઍ૳ߣࡔ⬴cͨ੐▙⦳ᅥ
ਾ⬙˴᣾๾૬಩ผc

Biǎodá àiqíng de Zhōngwén jùzi

⾲㎹⡡᝟ⓗ୰ᩥྃᏊ

Xiàn gěi wǒ wéiyī de àiren: wǒ ài nǐ.ࠉࠉ

⊩㔉ᡃᝳ୍ⓗ⡡ே㸸ᡃ⡡఼ࠋࠉࠉ
Cónglái méiyǒu rénxiàng nǐ zhèbān ài wǒ. Wǒ xǐhuān zuò nǐ de xiǎoqíngrén.
௕᮶ἐ᭷ேീ఼䘉⯡⡡ᡃࠋᡃ႐⅒೴఼ⓗᑠ᝟ேࠋ
Wǒ jiāng shì nǐ de qíngrén, zhídào dìlǎotiānhuāng.
ᡃᑗ᫝఼ⓗ᝟ே㸪┤฿ᆅ⪁ኳⲨࠋ
Juédìng gēn nǐ jiéhūn, shìzhèng què de xuǎnzé. Yuàn nǐ jīnshēng jīnshìzuò wǒ de
qíngrén.
෩ᐃ㊦఼㔃፧㸪᫝ṇ◴ⓗ䘹ᤙࠋី఼௒⏕௒ୡ೴ᡃⓗ᝟ேࠋ
Zhè zhāng kǎpiàn shì yào ràng nǐ zhīdao, zòngshǐ shíguāng rěnrǎn, wǒquè ài nǐ rúchū.
䘉ᕐ༩∦᫝せ䇙఼▱㐨㸪㓥౑ᰦගⲥⱍ㸪ᡃ༷⡡఼ዴึࠋ
Rútóng měi yī gè píngcháng de rìzi, wǒ zài zhègè Qíngrénjié lǐ suǒyōngyǒu de dōngxi,
jiù shì duì nǐ de ài.
ዴྠẗ୍୭ᖹᖖⓗ᪥Ꮚ㸪ᡃᅾ䘉୭᝟ே㢲㔛ᡤᤕ᭷ⓗьす㸪ᑵ᫝ሩ఼ⓗ⡡ࠋ
Nǐ yǒngyuǎn zài nàli děngdàizhe wǒ, ér wǒ yě jiāng yǒngyuǎn zài nàlishǒuhòuzhe nǐ.
Qíngrénjié yúkuài.
఼Ọ䘌ᅾ㑣㔛➼ᚅ╔ᡃ㸪⪋ᡃஓᑗỌ䘌ᅾ㑣㔛Ᏺೃ╔఼ࠋ᝟ே㢲ទᛌࠋ
Wǒ yīzhí bù xiāngxìn yǒu zhēnzhèng de“ xìngfú”, zhídào xièhòule nǐ.Qīn'ài de,
Qíngrénjié kuàilè.ࠉࠉ
ᡃ୍┤୙┦ಙ᭷┿ṇⓗ“ᖾ⚟”㸪┤฿㑍㏪஢఼ࠋӢ⡡ⓗ㸪᝟ே㢲ᛌҀࠋࠉࠉ
Xiàn gěi wǒ mèng zhōng de nǚhái jí wǒmen háizi de mǔqin: nǐ shì wǒwéiyī de àiren.ࠉࠉ ࠉࠉ
⊩㔉ᡃ᲋୰ⓗዪᏝཬᡃԜᏝᏊⓗẕӢ㸸఼᫝ᡃᝳ୍ⓗ⡡ேࠋࠉࠉ ࠉࠉ
25nián yǐjīng guòqù, wǒliǎ de àiqíng lìjiǔ míjiān.ࠉࠉ
25ᖺᕬ㓿䗷ཤ㸪ᡃ‫ؙ‬ⓗ⡡᝟শஂᘺඊࠋࠉࠉ
40nián qián, wǒ duì nǐ yījiànzhōngqíng. Dào rújīn duì nǐ de gǎnqíngsīháo wèi jiǎn.
40ᖺ๓㸪ᡃሩ఼୍㿱䫏᝟ࠋ฿ዴ௒ሩ఼ⓗឤ᝟эấᮍ෿ࠋ
Wǒliǎ de ài, yī nián bǐ yī nián gèng jiāndìng. Xiǎobǎobèi, Qíngrénjiékuàilè.
ᡃ‫ؙ‬ⓗ⡡㸪୍ᖺẚ୍ᖺ᭦ඊᐃࠋᑠᐆ䍍㸪᝟ே㢲ᛌҀࠋ
Cóngguò qù dào xiànzài, nǐ yīzhí shì wǒ wéiyī zhēnzhèng àiliàn de rén.
௕䗷ཤ฿⧠ᅾ㸪఼୍┤᫝ᡃᝳ୍┿ṇ⡡ᜊⓗேࠋ
Zòngshǐ duō nián yǐ guò, dàn měi dāng wǒ jǐnwò nǐ de shǒu shí,réng yǒu yī zhǒng zìjǐ
háishi gāozhōngshēng de gǎnjué. Wǒ zài zhègèQíngrénjié yīzhí sīniànzhe nǐ.
㓥౑ከᖺᕬ䗷㸪ణẗᙜᡃ㍗ᥱ఼ⓗᡭᰦ㸪௔᭷୍⛇⮬ᕫ䘈᫝㧗୰⏕ⓗឤ㿹ࠋᡃᅾ䘉୭᝟
ே㢲୍┤ᛮᛕ╔఼ࠋ

146
 References

A. ᏍᏊᏛ㝔ᙫ㒊//ᅜᐙ≹࣎/Confucius
/Confucius Institute Headquarters ((Hanban)
Hanban)
Hanban)㸸
ࠓHSK
HSK
HSK⪃䈅኱㓢ࠔ/HSK
/HSK Test Syllabus:

HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢 [HSK Test Syllabus], HSK Level 1, pp. 10-11. Published by the Confu-
cius Institute Headquarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30418-7
HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 2, pp. 12-14. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30419-4
HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 3, pp. 14-17. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30420-0
HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 4, pp. 16-19. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30421-7
HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 5, pp. 16-18. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30422-4
HSK ⪃䈅኱㓢, HSK Level 6, pp. 16-17. Published by the Confucius Institute Head-
quarters (Hanban). People’s Education Press, Peking 2015.
ISBN: 978-7-107-30487-3

B. Complementary Sources Used:

ࠓእᅜேᇎ⏝≹䈝䈝ἲࠔ, Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking

2014(2008).
ࠓ≹䈝䈝ἲⓒ亩䇢㓳(ึ୰㓗)ࠔ[Chinese Grammar-Broken down into 100 items (Basi-
cand Intermediate Level)], Beijing Language and Culture University Press, Peking
2011
ࠓ≹ⱥ཮ゎ᪂ॾᏐ඾ࠔ[Xinhua Dictionary with English Translation], Commercial-
Press, Peking 2000
੅ུ• (Lü Shuxiang): ࠓ⧠௦≹䈝ඵⓒ䇽ࠔ[ The Eighthundred Words of Modern
Chinese], Commercial Press, Peking 1988

C. The Dictionary Definitions are taken from different high-quality databases included
in the “Professional Chinese-English Dictionary” software, Version 2.0, downloadable
from:
http://www.gelber-kaiser.de/ChinDict/Index.html (Freeware).

The Chinese texts on pp. 123-146 were taken from:

http://www.nlptool.com/reading.aspx
and are freely available on the internet to Western learners of Chinese preparing for
any level of the HSK. Selected texts are published here with the site owner’s permission
and expressive consent.

147
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