The Interactions of

Ancient Astral Science

by
David Brown

with contributions by

Jonathon Ben-Dov
Harry Falk
Geoffrey Lloyd
Raymond Mercier
Antonio Panaino
Joachim Quack
Alexandra van Lieven
Michio Yano

Hempen Verlag
Bremen 2018
 Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen
Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über
http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.

ISBN 978-3-944312-55-2

© 2018 Hempen Verlag, Bremen; www.hempen-verlag.de

Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt.
Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes
ist unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen,
Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung
und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
Umschlaggestaltung: Detemple Design Igel b. Trier
Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier
Printed in Germany
 This book is dedicated to

Harry Falk,

Freddie, Isaac, Jasmine, Sibylle, Clara and Nina.

My thanks go to each and every one of the contributors to this work,

particularly for their patience; to the Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung
for financing my first 16 months in Berlin and for bringing me together
with Harry Falk; to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for funding
both two further years of the project at the Freie Universität and the
symposium upon which this book is based; to Harmut Kühne and Eva
Cancik-Kirschbaum for kindly permitting me to work at the Institut für
Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Hüttenweg, Dahlem during the course of
my researches in Berlin; to my Ph.D. supervisor Nicholas Postgate, who
first enabled me to move from physics into the world of Assyriology and
the history of the astral sciences; to the staff and pupils of the Nelson
Mandela School, Berlin, for being my oasis in difficult times; to my
parents, Pat and Rod, and brothers, Andrew and Stephen, for their constant
love and support and to Traktor Friedenau for keeping my feet on the
ground.
 i

Contents
Abbreviations ……………………………………..……………….………viii

CHAPTERS

1 Introduction ……….……………………………………………...…………..………1
1. Agenda …….…………..……………………………………………………8
2. Defining Astral Science …….…………..…………………………………12
3. Astral Science - its constituent parts ………...……………………………17
4. Resonances ………….……..……………………………………...………27

2 Mesopotamian Astral Science…………...……………….………….…………………31

1. Astral Religion, Divination and Magic ……………………………………..32
2. Secondary Sources ………….…………………………………………..33
3. Calendrics ………………………………………………………………34
4. Astral Religion …………………………………………………………..38
5. Astral Divination …………………………………………………………38
6. Astronomy …………………….………………………………………….43
7. Zodiacal Astrology ……………………………………………………….49
8. The Best Astronomy …………………….………………………………..50
9. The Spread of Cuneiform Astral Science – a first overview anticipating
some of the conclusions of Ch.6 and Ch.8 …..…………………………..52

3 Egyptian Astral Science …………….……………………………………………….61

3.a Egypt as an astronomical-astrological centre between Mesopotamia, Greece,
and India by Joachim Quack ……….………………………………………………69
1. The place of astronomy-astrology in Egypt in general ….……………….69
2. The hours of the day and the night ……………………………………….79
3. Stellar lore and zodiac ……………………………………………………81
4. The order and religious identification of the planets …………………….85
5. Theoretical astrology (treatises) …………………………………………93
6. The question of the Salmeschiniaka …………………………………….99
7. Practical astrology (horoscopes) ………………………………………100
8. Almanacs, sign-entry tables etc. ………………………………………103
9. Specifics ……………………………………………………………….106
10. Traditions of Greeks learning Astral Science in Egypt ………………107
11. Nechepsos and Petosiris and the beginnings of substantial astrological
treatises in the Greek language ……………….………………………110
12. Traces of specifically Egyptian astrological lore in Coptic sources? ….120
3.b From Crocodile to Dragon - History and Transformations of the Dodekaoros
by Alexandra von Lieven ……………………………….……………………….124

4 West Semitic Astral Science (with Jonathan Ben-Dov) …..……………………..138

4.a Babylonian Astral Sciences in West Semitic Sources: The Case of Qumran
by Jonathan Ben-Dov …………………………………………….……………161
1. Scientific Knowledge as an Ideal in Jewish Apocalyptic Circles ………162
2. The Astronomical Book of Enoch ………………………………………163
2.1 The Year in AB ……………………………………………………164
ii
2.2 The Sun in AB …………………………………………………….165
2.2.1 The Heavenly Gates and the Paths of Heaven ………………165
Figure 1. The Sun in the three paths (MulApin) and in the
six gates (AB) ……………………………………………………….165
2.2.2 The Water Clock Model and Length of Daylight …………….166
2.3 The Moon in AB …………………………………………………..167
Figure 2. The path of the Moon on the ecliptic and as projected
on the horizon ……………………………………………………….168
Figure 3. The Moon in the heavenly gates in a 354-day year ……..…169
2.4 The Stars in AB …………………………………………………171
2.5 The Teaching of AB in Later Literature ………………………….172
2.6 The Motivation for the Writing of AB: Astronomy?
Divination? Calendars? …………………………………………..…173
3. Astronomy and Calendars in Qumran Literature ………………………175
3.1 AB-type Calculations of Lunar Phases ……………………………175
3.2 The Three-year Cycle in 4Q317 ‘crypticA Phases of the Moon’ ….176
3.4 The ‘Sundial’ from Qumran ……………………………………….178
Figure 4. The Qumran Sundial ………………………………………..178
4. Divinatory and Astrological Material from Qumran ……………………179
4.1 4Q186 Zodiacal Physiognomy ……………………………………180
4.2 4Q318 Zodiology and brontology …………………………………181
4.2.1 The Selenodromion …………………………………………….181
4.2.2 The Brontologion ………………………………………………182
4.3 Birth Omens in Qumran and Contemporary Jewish Literature ……182
5. Summary: Enoch, Qumran and the History of Astral Sciences …………183
6. The Aramaic Language as a Possible Medium for Babylonian
Astral Sciences ……………………………………………………..….184
References …………………………………………………………………186

5 Astral Science in Greek and Latin ...…….……………………………………….192

1. Introduction ………………………………………………………….…193
1.1 Discoveries in Egypt ……..……………………………………….199
1.2 New views of cuneiform astral science …………………………..200
1.3 A more critical approach to the claims of later commentators
as to the nature of Graeco-Latin Astral Science ……….…………204
1.4 Early Greek and Latin Arithmetic Astronomy – Eclipse Prediction
and Personal Astrology ………….…………………………………206
2. Sources for Greek and Latin Astral Science ……………...……….……224
2.1 Original Sources …………………………………………………..224
2.1.1 Artefactual parapēgmata ………………………………………224
2.1.2 Horoscopes ……………………………………………………227
2.1.3 Theoretical Texts ………………………………………………228
2.1.4 Astronomical Texts …………………………………………..229
2.2 Astronomer-Astrologers writing in Greek or Latin ……………….232
Homer/Hesiod/Thales ………………………………………………233
Anaximander ………………………………………………………234
Cleostratus of Tenedos …………………………………………….235
Oenopides of Chius ……..…………………………………………237
Philolaus/Meton of Athens …………..……………………………238
Plato ……………………………….………………………………240
 iii
Eudoxus of Cnidus …………………………………………………241
Aristotle ………………………………...…………………………243
Callippus/Autolycus of Pitane ……...……………………….……..245
2.2.1 What characterised Greek astral science, then, on the eve
of the Hellenistic period? ……………………………..………245
Euclid ……………………………………………………………….247
2.2.2 Aratus and Star Lists ….………………………………………247
2.2.3 Berossos and Ai-Khanoum ……………………………………249
Aristarchus of Samos ……………………………………………….251
Archimedes/Eratosthenes/Sudines …………………..……………..253
Chrysippus/Apollonius of Perga ……………………………………254
2.2.4 The 79th chapter of the Yavanajātaka ………….….…………255
Hypsicles of Alexandria/Epigenes of Byzantium …..……………….258
Hipparchus of Nicaea ……………………………..………………259
Posidonius …………………………………………………………265
Nechepso-Petosiris ………….………………………...…………266
Alexander of Ephesus ……………………….….………………….269
Cicero/Nigidius Figulus/Serapion/ …………………………………270
Geminus ……………………………………………………………271
Viruvius/Livy ……………………………………………………….273
Thrasyllus/Manilius …….…………………………………………274
Pliny the Elder ……………………………………………….……276
Dorotheus of Sidon ……………………..…………………………277
Critodemus/Menelaus of Alexandria ………..……………………280
Theon of Smyrna ……………………………………………………281
Vettius Valens ………………………………………………………282
Ptolemy (Klaudios Ptolemaios) …...………………………………285
2.2.5 The Mathematical Syntaxis (Almagest) ………………………287
2.2.6 Tetrabiblos ………………………………………..…………291
2.2.7 Ptolemy’s use of observations ………………………………..298
Galen of Pergamon …….………………………………………….301
Hippolytus of Rome ………….……………………………………302
Firmicus Maternus ………………………………………………..303
Rhetorius of Egypt …….………………………………………….306
3. Concluding Thoughts ………..………………………………………306
5.a Transmission successes and failures. Methodological issues and the case of
4th century BCE Greek astronomy: A preliminary sketch by G.E.R. Lloyd ……..313
References …………………………………………………………………323

6. Astral Science in the Hellenistic Period …………………………………………324

1. Astral Religion ……………………………………………………….330
2. Cosmography …………………………………………………………335
2.1 Apokatastasis, the Great Year and the Thema Mundi …………….338
3. Cosmology ……………………………………………………………340
4. Astral Mapping (Uranography) ………………………………………346
4.1 Planets …………………………………………...………………346
4.2 Stars and Constellations …………………………………………348
4.3 Ecliptic Constellations and Stars and the Zodiac ………………355
4.4 The Zodiac Norming Points ……..………………………………366
4.5 Zodiac Rising-Times ……………………….……………………371
iv
5. Calendrics …………………………………………………………………373
6. Time-Keeping/Instrumentation ……….………………………………382
6.1 Water Clock/Clepsydra …………………………………………384
6.2 Gnomon and Sundial ……………………………………………386
6.3 Measuring Distances at Night …..………………………………390
7. Astrology ……………………………...………………………………390
7.1 The Basics of Personal Zodiacal Astrology ………………………392
7.2 Key Cuneiform Texts on Babylonian Personal Zodiacal Astrology 396
BM 53282 …………………………………………………………396
Proto-Horoscopes …………………………………………………397
NCBT 1231 ……………………………….………………………399
TU 11 ………………………….………………..………………400
TU 12 ………………………….………………..………………401
TU 13 ………………………….………………..………………405
TU 14 ………………………….………………..………………408
BM 47494 …………………………………………………………411
BM 36609+ ……………………………………..…………………413
7.3 The Ascendant, Cardines and Places ……………………………414
7.3.1 DETERMINING THE ASCENDANT WITH ARITHMETICAL METHODS 414
7.3.2 EVIDENCE THE BABYLONIANS DETERMINED THE ASCENDANT 416
7.4 The Geometrical Linking of Signs of the Zodiac and
their Gender ……………………….………………..……………420
7.5 Aspects and other Planet-Planet interactions ……...……………421
7.6 Dodecatemoria and Kalendartexte ………………...……………422
7.7 Terms and other subdivisions of the Zodia ………..……………425
7.8 Exaltations and Depressions (or Stationary Points?) …...………427
7.9 Date of Conception …………………………...…………………429
7.10 The Sun- and Moon-Signs ……………………………………430
7.11 Lots ………………………………………….…………………430
7.12 Decans …………………………………………………………430
7.13 (Planetary-) Houses ……………………………………………432
7.14 Length of Life …………………………………………………432
7.15 Astral Omens and Mundane Zodiacal Astrology ………………434
7.15.1 ECONOMIC PREDICTIONS ……………………………………435
7.15.2 WEATHER PREDICTIONS ……………………………………436
7.16 The Values and Order of the Planets …………………….………436
7.17 The Values of the Constellations, Planet-Constellation
Associations and Paranatellonta …….…………………………438
7.18 Chronography: Linking Constellations and Zodiacal Signs to
Regions, Lands, Cities, Rivers and Temples ……………………440
7.19 Catarchic Astrology ……………………………………………440
8. Astral magic and medicine ……………………………………………443
9. Astronomy ………………………………………………………………449
9.1 Observations ………………………………………………………452
10. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………454

7. Iranian Astral Science …………………………………………………………….456

1. The Elamites …………………………………………………………….456
2. The Persians …………………………………………………………….461
2.1 Persian Astral Science (other than the Calendar) ……..…………466
 v
3. The Seleucids ……………………………………………………..……469
3.1 Seleucid-Iranian Astral Science …………………………………469
4. The Parthians …………………………………………………………470
4.1 Parthian Astral Science ………………………………………….472
5. The Sasanians …………………………………………………………477
7.a On Iran’s Role in the Transmission of Ancient Astral Science
and the Ramifications thereof by Antonio Panaino …………………..………….482
1. The Problem ……………………………………………………………482
2. The Iranian astral divinities and their astronomical role ………………490
3. The Stars and the Peg of the Sky ………………………………………495
4. The Planets and the Astral Cords of Wind …………………………….497
5. The multicultural legacy of Sasanian astronomy and astrology ……….500
References …………………………………………………………………507

8. Indian Astral Science ………………………………….…………………………515

1. Pre-c. 550 BCE ….………………………….…………………………515
2. Post-c. 550 BCE ………………………….……………………………518
3. Sahitā literature ………………………………………………………520
4. Jaina and Buddhist Literature …………………………………………521
5. Siddhāntas …………………………………….………………………522
5.1 c. CE 300 …………………………………………………………525
5.2 c. CE 400 …………………………………………………………525
5.3 c. CE 500 …………………………………………………………526
5.4 c. CE 600 …………………………………………………………526
8.a The Early Use of Nakatras by Harry Falk …………………….……..…………527
References ………………….……………………………….……………532
8.b Alleged Mesopotamian Astrology in India ……………………….…..…………533
1. Introduction ……………………….……………………………………534
2. Heavenly gods in Mesopotamia and India ……………………………540
3. Namburbi v. Śānti ……………………….……………………………546
4. The Legend of Barlaam and Ioasaph ……………………….…………550
5. Planets and their Significance in Indian and Mesopotamian Sources …551
6. Comparing Indian and Mesopotamian Compositions Concerned
with Astral Omina ………………………….…………………………560
7. The Buddhist Condemnation of Divination ……………………………561
8. The Shiji of Sima Qian ….………………………….…………………566
9. The Venus Omina of the Gargasahitā …………………….…………570
10. The Śārdūlakar āvadāna ……………………….……………………577
11. Conclusions - an historical perspective ………………………………580
8.b.i Nakatras ………….……………………………………………………………...585
1. Differing Aims …………….……….………..…………………………592
2. Conclusions ………..……….…………………………………………599
8.b.ii Year, Month, Day ……………………….……………………………………….602
1. The Vedic Years ……………………..…………………………………602
2. Vedā
gajyotia …………………….………..…………………………605
3. The Paitāmahasiddhānta of the Pañcasiddhāntikā ……………………606
4. The purpose of the Vedā
gajyotia …………….………………………610
5. The Yuga of the Vedā
gajyotia ………………………………………612
6. The Gavāmayana of the Nidānasūtra and the Vedic origin
of the 5-year Yuga ……………………..…….………………..………613
vi
7. The date of the start of the Yuga of the Vedā
gajyotia ….……………615
8. Conclusions …………………………………………..……………….618
8.b.iii Tithis ……………………………………...….………………………………620
1. Introduction …………………….………………………………………621
2. Tithi in the earliest Sanskrit sources, including the Vedā
gajyotia ……622
3. Tithi in the Yavanajātaka (YJ) with analysis of Ch. 79,
verses 3; 6; 16-18; 21-22; 52-55 …………………………………………628
4. Tithi in the early Siddhāntas ……………………………………………638
4.1 The current tithi ……………………………………………………638
4.2 The number of tithis and days since epoch ………………………639
5. The τ-unit in Mesopotamia ……………………………….……………640
6. Conclusions .………………………………….…………………………642
8.b.iv Muhūrta and Nāikā …..………………………………………………………….644
Conclusions ………………….……………………………….…………..647
8.c Alleged Mesopotamian Astronomy in India ……………………...………….……648
1. Introduction ………………….……………………………….………..648
2. Planetary Theory in Ch. 6 of the Gargasahitā (= GS); in the
Pitāmahasiddhānta of the Vi udharmottarapurā a (= PS of V),
the Bhatsahitā (= BS) of Varāhamihira, and the
Bhadrabāhusahitā (= BHS) …………………………..………………653
2.1 VENUS .……….…….……………………………………………654
2.2 SATURN .…………….……………………………………………665
2.3 JUPITER ..……………….…………………………………………667
2.4 MARS ….……………….…………………………………………667
2.5 MERCURY .……………….………………………………………669
3. Planetary Theory in Ch. 79 of the Yavanajātaka (= YJ) including
analysis of verses 1-2; 23-24; 35-38; 40-48; 56-62 ……………………..674
3.1 SUMMARY OF VJ 79 …………………..…………………………677
3.2 AUTHORSHIP AND AIM …………………………………………681
3.3 CHARACTERISTIC PERIODS OF THE PLANETS ………………687
3.4 EPOCHS? ……………………………………………………………690
3.5 SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SYNODIC ARCS ……..………………691
3.6 SOLAR AND LUNAR MOTION …………………………………698
4. Planetary Theory in the Vasi hasiddhānta of the
Pañcasiddhāntikā (= VS of PS) …………………………………….…700
5. Conclusions ………….……….……………………………………….711
8.d The Earliest Greek Astral Science in India ………………..……………………712
1. Introduction …………………….……………………………..……….712
2. The Date of the Epoch of the Solar Yuga of Yavanajātaka Ch.79 ……...714
3. The Evidence of the Order of the Planets ……………………………716
4. The Earliest Attestations of the Zodiac and Decans in Indian Sources 719
5. The Evidence of the Termini Technici …………………………………721
6. Spherical Astronomy in India …………………….………………...….725
8.e On the Originality of Indian Mathematical Astronomy by Raymond Mercier ….734
1. Introduction ………………….………………………………….………734
2. Method of Deviations ………………………………….………………734
3. Āryabhaa ………………………………….………………………….735
Fig. 1 The deviation curves for the canon of Āryabhaa ……………735
Fig. 2 Āryabhaa, level curves of Q0, (0 1111 00000) ……………….737
3.1 DEVIATION CURVES OF TRUE LONGITUDES …………………………738
 vii
Fig. 3 Deviations between the true longitudes of Āryabhaa, and the
Modern true longitudes, epoch 499 Mar 21, KY+3600y ………….739
Fig. 4 Deviations between the true longitudes of the Almagest, and the modern
true longitudes, centred on the year 141 ………………….………..739
Fig. 5 Deviations of the true longitudes of the Sun and Saturn ……...740
4. Romaka Siddhānta …………………………………………………….740
Table 1: Mean motions in Pañcasiddhāntikā VIII.1-8 in revolutions …742
Fig. 6 Deviation curves for the Romaka siddhānta …………………743
5. Brāhmasphu asiddhānta …………….……………………….………744
Fig. 7 The chronology of the Brāhmasphu asiddhānta ………….…744
Fig. 8 The deviation curves for the Brāhmasphu asiddhānta ………745
6. Brāhmasphu asiddhānta + bīja ………………………………...………745
Fig. 9 Deviation curves for the Brāhmasphu asiddhānta+Bīja ………746
7. Dgga ita ………………………….…………………………..………747
Fig. 10a The deviation curves for the Dgga ita of Parameśvara ……747
Fig. 10b The level curves of Q0 for the Dgga ita of Parameśvara,
with selection (0111101111) ……………………………….………747
8. Dhīvddhidatantra ………………………………….…………………748
Fig. 11 The deviation curves for the Dhīvddhidatantra of Lalla ……748
Fig. 12 The level curves of Q for the Dhīvddhidatantra of Lalla,
selection (1111101111) ……………………………………………749
9. Pingree’s narrative …………………………………………………….750
9.1 BRĀHMASPHUASIDDHĀNTA ……………………………………751
9.2 PERSIAN OBSERVATIONS OF THE SOLAR APOGEE ……………………752
9.3 THE USE OF GREEK TABLES BY ĀRYABHAA ……………………753
Table 2: Mean Parameters used by Ptolemy and Āryabhaa …………754
Table 3: Confirmation of Pingree: Table 1 ……………..……………754
Table 4: Corrected version of Pingree: Table 2 …………………..…..754
9.4 THE DATE OF ‘ĀRYABHAA II’ …………………………………..756
Fig. 13 Deviation curves of Mahāsiddhānta …………………………757
Fig. 14 Deviation curves of Makaranda ………………..……………757
9.5 DISCUSSION OF PINGREE’S WORK …………………………………758
10. Sidereal Coordinates …………………………………………………759
10.1 THEON: MOTION OF THE SOLSTICES ……………………………759
Fig. 15 Deviation curves for Ptolemy + precession (Theon) …………760
10.2 THE STANDARD SCHEME OF THE MOON .…………………………761
Fig. 16 Deviation curves for the Standard Scheme of the Moon, together
with that of the Sun from Ptolemy + precession ….……………….762
10.3 GREEK HOROSCOPES …………………………………………….763
Fig. 17 Precession by Theon, with sidereal excesses from horoscopes,
including the almanac of CE 348/9 (P. Heid. Inv. 34) ……………763
10.4 SIDEREAL HOROSCOPES ……………..…………………………764
Table 5A: List of horoscope dates from Neugebauer 1975, p181 ……764
Table 5B: Supplementary list of horoscopes with sidereal longitudes,
selected from Neugebauer 1975 ……………………………………765
Table 5C: List of horoscopes calculated from Ptolemy’s tables,
selected from Neugebauer 1975 ……………………………………765
10.5 STOBART TABLES AND BERLIN P.8279 ……………...……………765
Fig. 18 Longitude of Mars in Stobart Table C: calculated tropical
longitude,and the dates of entry into successive signs ……………766
viii
Fig. 19 Longitude of Mars in Stobart Table C: excess of longitude as
tabulated over the calculated tropical longitude ……………………766
Fig. 20 Longitude of Mercury in Stobart Table C: excess of longitude
as tabulated over the calculated tropical longitude ………………767
10.6 PERPETUAL TABLES ……………………………………………767
10.7 THE SIDEREAL ECLIPTIC OF INDIAN ASTRONOMY …………………768
Fig. 21 Models of precession. Legend: 3 Sūryasiddhānta (later),
Kara a Tilaka, Tantrasagraha, Siddhāntadarpa a; 4 Ibn Kammād;
5 Alfonsine; 6 Bhoja, Śrīpati, Bhāskara II, Āmarāja; 7 Parāśara;
8 Mahāsiddhānta; 9 Kara a Kalpa; 10 Grahalāghava. The Hipparchian
origin marked by dot at (-127, -9;23) …………………………………771
Fig. 22. Positions of stars in α, β Aries and ζ Piscium, and anti-Spica α.
The alignment circle through the stars is the horizon for the
geographic latitude 360, which also determines the Indian Zero point
(at the head of Aśvinī near ζ Psc), where this circle intersects the ecliptic.
At the time of Hipparchus the celestial equator passes nearly through α,
and at the time of Āryabhaa the celestial equator passes through the
Indian origin, near ζ Psc. The equinoctial points H, A are for the
epochs of Hipparchus and Āryabhaa. ..……………………………772
10.8 NAKATRA ………………..…………………………………….772
11. Conclusion ………………………………………………………….773
References ……………………………………………………………….774

9. Astral Science in China ………….………………………………………………..777

9.a The Japanese Iconography of the Decans by Michio Yano ………………………..791
Abstract ….…………………………….………………………………….791
1. Introduction ….……………………..………………………………….791
2. Going Upstream ………………………………….…………………….792
2.1 von Siebold’s Nippon …………………………………………….792
2.2 Kakuzen-shou …………………………………………………….793
2.3 Mohe zhiguan …………………………………………………….794
2.4 Da fangdeng daji jing …………………….……………………….795
2.5 Wuxing dayi ……….…………………………………………….796
3. Indian decans …………………………………………………………796
3.1 Yavanajātaka …….……………………………………………….796
3.2 Bhajjātaka ….………………..………………………………….797
4. Conclusion ……………………………………..………………………798
References ………………………………………….……………………798
Table 1: Names and translations of the thirty-six animals ……..……799
Table 2: Thirty-six animals in the Kakuzen-shou ……………………800
Table 3: Twelve Branches and Thirty-six animals ………….………801
Table 4: Main figures of Indian Decans ………………..……………802
Figure 1: The first six images of the thirty-six animals ………………803
Figure 2: The thirty-six animals in the Kakuzen-shou ………………804
Figure 3: Front and southern sides of Naginata-hoko ………………805
Figure 4: Three animals in the centre of the southern side ………..…805

10. Final Reflections …………………………………………………………………806

11. Bibliography of Resonances ……………………….……………………………817

 ix

12. Index ………………………………………….……………………………………865

Texts and Compositions ………………………………..…….……………………884
Key Numerical Values ……………………………………….……………………891
About the Authors ……….……………….……………….………………………………894

For abbreviations in:

Assyriology see: http://cdli.ox.ac.uk/wiki/abbreviations_for_assyriology

Egyptology see: http://www.egyptologyforum.org/EEFrefs.html

Biblical Studies see: http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/myers/intro_abbreviations.pdf

Classical Studies see:

http://classics.oxfordre.com/staticfiles/images/ORECLA/OCD.ABBREVIATIONS.pdf

Iranian studies see: http://www.iranicaonline.org/pages/guidelines-abbrev-journals

Sanskrit studies see: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sanskrit_abbreviations

Commonly used abbreviations here:

AB = Astronomical Book of Enoch
ACT = Neugebauer, Astronomical Cuneiform Texts in 3 vols.
Ait. Br. = Aitereyabrāhma a
AOAT = Alter Orient und Altes Testament (Ugarit Verlag: Münster)
APO = Jones, Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus
AV = Atharvaveda
BS = Bhatsahitā
BZ = Butsuzou zui
BHS = Bhadrabāhusahitā
BPO = Babylonian Planetary Omens – see Reiner and Reiner & Pingree
BRM 4 = Clay 1923
CAD – The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
CESS = Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit
DN = Dīghanikāya
DSS = Dead Sea Scrolls
EAT = Neugebauer & Parker, Egyptian Astronomical Texts
EE = Enūma Eliš
ETCSL = The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian (see Bibliography)
Fs. = Festschrift
G = Gargasahitā
GA = Gleßmer & Albani 1999 – see Ch.4.a
GD = Weidner Gestirn Darstellungen
GH = Neugebauer & van Hoesen Greek Horoscopes
Gs. = Gedenkschrift
GS = Ghyasūtras