Lmgprdbshüb y Ydaellhüb ad Qdxtms HH

Lhlnm 9696 gerzm
\dshüb 9E
Dn lmrrdm dndltrübhlm

Nmkrm ad ne En tèrghbm ad ne sdsh

sdshüb,
üb, dn dstua
dstuahebtd
hebtd hadbthj
hadbthjhle
hle ne dstru
dstrulture
lture adn lmrr
lmrrdm
dm
sdshüb dndltrübhlm y dneimre ub dsqudge ad prmaullhüb pere ne rdaellhüb ad
ubm.

Elthvhaea 5
Ndd nes judbtds ad hbjmrgelhüb y rdenhze bmtes en gerkdb pere gd`mrer tu
t u lmgprdbshüb.

Judbtd 5
Ne jmrgenhaea d hbjmrgenhaea db dn Vdrð

Dxhstdb ube ahvdrshaea ad dbjmquds qud dxpnhleb ne prdsdblhe ad ne hbjmrgenhaea db ub shstdge

dlmbüghlm, lmgm nes ierrdres iurmlråthles y nms smirdlmstms neimrends y trhiuterhms, esç lmgm tegihèb
nms ahsthbtms gdlebhsgms e trevès ad nms luends dste ejdlte ne prmaulthvhaea y dn pmtdblhen ad
lrdlhghdbtm ad ube dlmbmgçe. Db dn ellhmber ad ube dlmbmgçe hbjmrgen, sd dbludbtreb dgprdses qud
 iusleb dnuahr dn lmbtrmn adn Dsteam, gebtdbhdbam ub tegeõm hbjdrhmr en üpthgm pere kmzer ad
 idbdjhlhms trhiuterhms m neimrends, dgpndebam gdlebhsgms hrrdkunerds pere ne lmgpre ad ihdbds y
sdrvhlhms
sdrvhlhms d hblnus
hblnusmm adst
adsthbebam
hbebam rdlursm
rdlursmss jhbeb
jhbeblhdrms
lhdrms pere dblui
dbluirhr
rhr elthvha
elthvhaeads
eads hndkends. \mb ubhaea
ubhaeads
ds
 prmaulthves qud uthnhzeb y lmbkdsthmbeb ne hbjredstrulture pðinhle shb ceidr lmbtrhiuham e dnne e trevès
ad hgpudstms, nm qud ejdlte bdkethvegdbtd dn ellhmber ad nes dgprdses jmrgends. En rdspdltm, dn
Hbsthtutm ad Dlmbmgçe y Adserrmnnm Dgprdserhen (Hdadp) ad ne Lågere ad Lmgdrlhm ad Nhge prdlhse
qud dn lmgpmrteghdbtm ad dstes dgprdses ds dn qud ve adtdrghbebam ahsthbtms lebends pmr nms luends
hgpelte db ne dlmbmgçe. Tbe ad nes lmbsdludblhes ahrdltes ds qud ne hbjmrgenhaea rdste djdlthvhaea e ne
 pmnçthle jhslen y gmbdterhe. Db dn ghsgm sdbtham, rdauld ne iesd trhiuterhe, ne rdleuaelhüb ad hgpudstms
y, pmr dbad, ne lepelhaea ad kestm ad kmihdrbm.
Esç tegihèb, ne hbjmrgenhaea, en prmgmvdr treie`eamrds ad ie`e lenhjhlelhüb, sd lmbvhdrtd db ub nestrd
 pere enlebzer gd`mres db prmaulthvhaea y, pmr dbad, db ne lmgpdththvhaea ad nes dgprdses. En bm
tdbdr
tdbdrsd
sd el
elld
ldsm
sm e ne sdku
sdkurh
rhae
aeaa smlh
smlhen
en y e idbd
idbdjh
jhlh
lhms
ms neim
neimre
rends
nds,, ecmb
ecmbae
ae ne adsh
adshku
kuen
enae
aea,
a, y dn
dbvd`dlhghdbtm ad dste gese neimren nms minhkerå e sdkuhr treie`ebam hblnusm e ube daea geymr e ne ad
 `uihnelhüb y rdlhihdbam ie`ms
ie` ms hbkrdsms. E ne nerke, ds dn Dsteam quhdb adidrå lmgprmgdtdr rdlursms ad
sus prdsupudstms pere ne etdblhüb ad dstd sdkgdbtm ad ne pminelhüb.
Dn Hbsthtutm Belhmben ad Dsteaçsthle d Hbjmrgåthle (HBDH) ce puinhleam ub hbjmrgd smird dn sdltmr 
hbjmrgen db dn qud luebthjhle su perthlhpelhüb db ne dlmbmgçe db tèrghbms ad prmaullhüb y dgpndm. \d
lmbshadre, dbbmahlcm
 prmaulthves dstuahm,dbqud
lmbsthtuhaes dn sdltmr
smlhdaea hbjmrgen
y qud bm sddstå lmbjmrgeam
dbludbtreb pmr dn db
rdkhstreaes lmb`ubtm
\ubet. ad ubhaeads
Ghdbtres, en
rdjdrhrsd e dgpndm hbjmrgen, sd lmbshadre e H) nms petrmbms y ludbte prmphe luye ubhaea prmaulthve
 pdrtdbdld en sdltmr hbjmrgen, HH) nms esenerheams shb sdkurhaea smlhen jhbeblheae pmr su dgpndeamr y HHH)
nms treie`eamrds jeghnherds bm rdgubdreams, hbadpdbahdbtdgdbtd ad ne beturendze jmrgen m hbjmrgen ad
ne ubhaea prmaulthve db ne qud neimre. Dn Hdadp prdlhse qud nms rdsunteams e 9659 gudstreb qud ad ub
tmten ad ; 839 666 ad ubhaeads prmaulthves (TV), sd dsthge qud : 8:: 666 smb hbjmrgends. Esç
tegihèb, ad ube VDE mlupeae ad 54,4 ghnnmbds, dxhstdb 55,4 ghnnmbds ad treie`eamrds hbjmrgends, ad
nms luends 3,8 ghnnmbds sd dbludbtreb db dn sdltmr hbjmrgen prmphegdbtd ahlcm y 9,: db dn sdltmr 
jmrgen.
 _Eaepteam ad Vdõerebae, L. (9651). Nms bðgdrms ad ne hbjmrgenhaea. Ydlupdream dn 664/6</9696
4/6</9696 ad cttps0//kmm.kn/4io3ZVW

Judbtd 9
½Uuè pese lmb ne hbjmrgenhaea db dn Vdrð=

Ne hbjmrgenhaea lmgm lmbldptm eperdld db nms eõms ;6 adn shknm peseam. Dn prhgdrm qud uthnhzü dn
tèrghbm jud dn hbvdsthkeamr Odhtc Cert pere dxpnhler dn dgpndm uriebm db nes lhuaeads adn Åjrhle. Db dn

.
 5

58;9, ne MHQ prmgudvd ube hbvdsthkelhüb smird dn dgpndm db Odbhe, y uthnhze dn lmbldptm ad „sdltmr 
hbjmrgen uriebm“\HT‗, dn qud sd dxtdbahü råphaegdbtd db tmam dn gubam eleaèghlm.
Vere ne MHQ, y nms hbvdsthk
hbvdsthkeamrd
eamrdss qud nmkrü lmbvm
lmbvmler
ler y etredr
etredr,, nes leuses ad ne hbjmrgenh
hbjmrgenhaea
aea dsteieb
ahrdltegdbtd vhbluneaes e ne hblepelhaea adn sdltmr jmrgen ad ne dlmbmgçe db kdbdrer sujhlhdbtds
dgpndms qud ethdbaeb e ne lrdlhdbtd pminelhüb ad nms peçsds db adserrmnnm. Db dstms peçsds, nms `üvdbds
(y eauntms) qud hbkrdseieb en gdrleam neimren y bm pmaçeb mitdbdr ub pudstm ad treie`m qud nds pekere
ub senerhm eadlueam, sd vhdrmb minhkeams e „hbvdbter‗ su prmphm pudstm ad treie`m db dn sdltmr hbjmrgen.
Dste dsludne ad pdbseghdbtm rdlhihü dn bmgird ad „dstrulturenhste‗.
Nes elthvhaeads gås lereltdrçsthles adn sdltmr hbjmrgen smb nms vdbadamrds egiunebtds, qud etmshkeb
nes lhuaeads adn tdrldr gubam, nms treie`eamrds hbadpdbahdbtds (luhaeamrds y nhgpheamrds ad eutms,
cdneadrms, nustreamrds ad zepetm, zepetdrms, kesjhtdrms, dbtrd mtrms), ghlrmdgprdses uriebes y pdqudõms
 prmaultmrds ekrerhms. Qmaes dnnes sd lereltdrhzeb pmr su ie`e prmaulthvhaea, puds useb tdlbmnmkçes
treahlhmbends u mismndtes, lerdldb ad kdsthüb gmadrbe, ethdbadb gdrleams ad ie`ms hbkrdsms y bm
thdbdb elldsm e lrèahtm jmrgen. Dste ie`e prmaulthvhaea ds ne leuse ad nms ie`ms hbkrdsms ad sus
lmbaultmrds y sus treie`eamrds y, pmr dnnm, gulcms ad dnnms sd dbludbtreb adie`m ad ne nçbde ad ne
 pmirdze.
Db ne aèleae ad 5836, eperdld ube lmrrhdbtd ad mphbhüb qud vd dn jdbügdbm hbjmrgen ad ube gebdre
ahjdrd
ahjdrdbtd
btd.. Ne hbjmrg
hbjmrgenha
enhaea
ea tdb
tdbarç
arçee lmg
lmgmm leu
leuse
se nms entms
entms lms
lmstms
tms ad ne jmr
jmrgen
genhae
haea,
a, nms tråght
tråghtds
ds
dbkmrr
dbk mrrmsm
msmss qud dn Dst
Dsteam
eam hgp
hgpmbd
mbd,, nms dnd
dndvea
veams
ms hgp
hgpuds
udstms
tms,, ne hbd
hbdjhl
jhlhdb
hdblhe
lhe y lmr
lmrrup
ruplhü
lhübb ad nes
hbsthtulhmbds pðinhles. Vmr dnnm, nes pdrsmbes ad e phd, db ube adlhshüb relhmben, mpteieb pmr eiebamber 
ne jmrgenhaea d hbkrdser e ne hbjmrgenhaea. Dste dsludne, nnegeae „ndkenhste‗, tuvm lmgm prhblhpen
 prmgmtmr e Cdrbebam Ad \mtm. \us tdshs lmhblhaçeb db jmrge lesh pdrjdlte, lmb nes pmnçthles
dlmbüghles bdmnhidrends qud prmphlheieb ub elchleghdbtm adn Dsteam y ube rdaullhüb ad ne rdkunelhüb
d hgpudstms. Dste dsludne y nes pmnçthles qud prmpmbçe tuvhdrmb kreb elmkhae db dn Vdrð? sd vmnvhdrmb
 pmnçthles pðinhles aurebtd nms kmihdrbms
kmihdrbms ad Enidrtm Ju`hgmrh
Ju`hgmrh (5886-9666) y Eneb
Eneb Kerlçe (966:-9655).
\hb dgierkm, nudkm ad 98 eõms ad epnhlelhüb ad ahlces pmnçthles, ne hbjmrgenhaea bm smnm bm sd ce
rdaulham, shbm qud ce lrdlham. Cmy açe, dn dgpndm hbjmrgen enlebze en ;9 % ad ne Vminelhüb
Dlmbüghlegdbtd Elthve (VDE), tmam ub rèlmra e bhvdn nethbmegdrhlebm y gubahen. Nm tråkhlm ds qud
dn kmihdrbm, nms gdahms, hblnusm ne mphbhüb pðinhle, bm esmlheb dn hblrdgdbtm ad ne hbjmrgenhaea e nes
genes pmnçthles pðinhles epnhleaes db nms ðnthgms eõms.
_Zhnneråb, J. (9658). Nes leuses ad ne hbjmrgenhaea. Ydlupdream dn 64/6</9696 ad cttps0//iht.ny/9NKeZ9UW

Judbtd <0 Hbjmkrejçe

_Vdõereb
_Vdõer ebae,
ae, L. (9651
(9651).
). Nms
bð
bðgdr
gdrms
ms ad ne hbjhbjmr
mrgen
genhae
haea.
a.
 Ydlupdream
 Ydlupdre am dn 64/6</9696
64/6</9696 ad
cttps0//kmm.kn/4io3ZVW

.
 9

Judbtd 1
Ne hbjmrgenhaea db dn Vdrð (vhadm) Ydlupdream dn 6</64/9696
cttps0//www.ymutuid.lmg/wetlc=v7LdBkhoDtK@E
cttps0//www.ymutuid.lmg/wetlc=v7LdBkhoDtK@E (905<)

Elthvhaea 9
Ydspmbad nes shkuhdbtds prdkubtes pere ne lmgprdbshüb ad nms tdxtms.

 ½Lügm pmarçes adjhbhr ne hbjmrgenhaea=

Lmb`ubtm ad ubhaeads prmaulthves
prmaulthves bm lmbsthtuhaes db ne smlhdaea y qud bm sd dbludbtreb rdkhstreaes
db subet
 ½Ne hbjmrgenhaea thdbd adsvdbte`es= Gdblhübenes.
\ç, ye qud rdste djdlthvhaea e ne pmnçthle jhs
jhslen
len y gmbdterhe, rdauld ne iesd
iesd trhiuterhe, ne rdleuaelhüb
ad hgpudstms, ne lepelhaea ad kestm ad kmihdrbm, adshkuenaea y dn dbvd`dlhghdbtm ad dste gese
neimren
 
 ½Vmr què dxhstd ne hbjmrgenhaea=
Dxhstd e leuse ad ne hblepelhaea adn sdltmr jmrgen ad ne dlmbmgçe db kdbdrer sujhlhdbtds dgpndms
qud ethdbaeb e ne lrdlhdbtd pminelhüb ad nms peçsds db adserrmnnm.
Elthvhaea <
Ndd dn shkuhdbtd lesm y dneimre ub dsqudge bugèrhlm pere ne rdaellhüb ad ub lmrrdm dndltrübhlm.

Qð esughrås ne jublhüb ad ebenhste dlmbüghlm ad ne MBK Qreie`e pmr dn Vdrð. Cez

rdenhzeam ube hbvdsthkelhüb
hbjmrger eldrle smird ne lunture
ad nes lmbsdludblhes ad ne hbjmrgenhaea
ad ne hbjmrgenhaea y su terde
en ahrdltmr ad ne hbgdahete ds
MBK, dn \r.
@evhdr \enes Legelcm.
Vere dnnm, adidrås rdaelter ub lmrrdm dndltrübhlm ad luetrm pårrejms (ubm ad hbtrmaullhüb,
ams ad adserrmnnm y mtrm ad lhdrrd), sdkðb ne dstrulture y nes lereltdrçsthles dstuaheaes db
lnesd.

Dsqudge bugèrhlm

5. Hbhlhm
Hbhlhm (H
(HV)
V)00 lmbs
lmbsdlu
dludbl
dblhes
hes ad ne hhbjm
bjmrge
rgenha
nhaea
ea

9. Adse
Adserrmnnm
rrmnnm 5 (H\
(H\)0
)0 Yds
Ydste
te djd
djdlthvha
lthvhaea
ea e ne pmnçthl
pmnçthlee jhsle
jhslenn y gmb
gmbdterh
dterhe.
e.

9.5 Ydaullhüb ad ne iesd trhiuterhe

<. Ads
Adserr
errmnn
mnnmm 9 ((H\)
H\)00 A
Adsh
dshkue
kuenae
naeaa
<.5 Ie`e prmaulthvhaea

1. Lhd
Lhdrrd
rrd00 Adse
Adseldn
ldndre
drelhm
lhmbb aadn
dn peç
peçss