საისტორიო კრებული, 1, 2011

saistorio
krebuli
weliwdeuli
mxedari
2011
saredaqcio kolegia
zaza sxirtlaZe
mamuka wurwumia (mT. redaqtori)
goCa jafariZe
redaqtori
zaza xozberiZe
koreqtura
manana tatiSvili
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa
irma jiSkariani
© avtorebi 2011
saavtoro uflebebi daculia. masalis gadabeWdva

redaqciis nebarTvis gareSe dauSvebelia
saistorio krebuli
UDC (uak) 93/94(051.2) s-187
ISSN 1987-7285
Tbilisi 2011
sarCevi
istoria
I vin iyo taos pirveli episkoposi 9
zaza aleqsiZe
II rodis ewvia uxtanesi Tbiliss? 20
daviT musxeliSvili
III manaskertis brZola da saqarTvelo-selCukebis 26
urTierTobebis zogierTi aspeqti XI s. 60-ian wlebsa
da 70-iani wlebis damdegs
zurab papasqiri
IV erTiani qarTuli samefos orad gayofis Sesaxeb 46
XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi
mixeil baxtaZe
V Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 54
(religiuri aspeqti)
giorgi oTxmezuri
VI uzun hasanis meoTxe laSqroba saqarTveloSi 68
mirian maxaraZe
VII afSarTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebze 75
qarTvelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan
niko javaxiSvili
wminda miwa
VIII beena ColoyaSvili egvipteSi da wminda miwaze 83
1512-1514 wlebSi (brZola wminda adgilebisaTvis)
goCa jafariZe
IX XVI saukunis italieli piligrimis barbone morozinis 139
`mogzauroba wminda miwaze~
mariam nanobaSvili
qarTvelebi ucxoeTSi
X qarTvelebi alJirSi XVIII saukunis bolos 155
da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
konstantine feraZe
ucxoelebi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb

XI cnobebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb Sua 171
saukuneebis dasavleTevropel mogzaurTa wignebSi
(benediqt poloneli, Jan de mandevile)
beJan javaxia
samxedro istoria
XII wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi da cxenosanTa 186
dartymiTi taqtika: qarTuli gamocdileba
mamuka wurwumia
wyaroTmcodneoba
XIII 1352 da 1356 wlebis ori kinklosuri minaweri ivane 221
abuserisZis, patroni siTixaTunisa da amirspasalar
aRbuRas moxseniebiT (teqstis dadgena, istoriul-
wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi)
Temo jojua, irma beriZe
numizmatika
XIV bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan 283
maia patariZe
XV javaxT uflis monetebi – kompleqsuri analizi 291
irakli faRava
xelovnebaTmcodneoba
XVI wminda ninos cxovrebis cikli garejis mravalmTis 344
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis
moxatulobaSi
zaza sxirtlaZe
polemika
XVII qarTul sinodikonebSi dacul jvarosanTa 390
mosaxseneblebis prosopografiuli Seswavlis
sakiTxisaTvis
vladimer kekelia
XVIII H1661 svinaqsaris Sesaxeb 398
mamuka wurwumia
recenzia
XIX valeri silogava
samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika 409
gamomcemloba àrtanuji~, Tbilisi, 2004, 369 gv.
naTela vaCnaZe
.
winaTqma
mkiTxvels vTavazobT `saistorio krebulis~ pirvel toms. am

saxelwodebiT 1928-29 wlebSi, sargis kakabaZis redaqtorobiT, mcire
xniT ukve gamodioda saqarTvelos centraluri arqivis perioduli
gamocema da daibeWda oTxi nomeri. 1970-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos mecn-
ierebaTa akademiis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis insti-
tutma aRadgina `saistorio krebuli~, magram isic Sewyda Svidi nomris
gamocemis Semdeg. rac Seexeba winamdebare weliwdeuls, is kerZo pirTa
iniciativaa da miznad isaxavs warsulis kargi wamowyebis aRorZineba-
gagrZelebas.
amJamindeli `saistorio krebulis~ pirveli nomris avtorTa saxe-
lebi kargadaa cnobili Cveni samecniero wreebisaTvis. vfiqrobT, rom
mkiTxveli kidev erTxel darwmundeba maT profesionalizmSi. krebu-
lis Tematika, romelic Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloTi Semoifargleba,
mravalmxrivia. warmodgenilia istoria da wyaroTmcodneoba, samxed-
ro saqme, xelovnebaTmcodneoba da numizmatika, qarTvelebi wminda
miwaze da saqarTvelos urTierToba axlo Tu Soreul mezoblebTan,
polemika da recenzireba da sxv.
momavalSi didi adgili daeTmoba qarTuli Tu ucxouri samecni-
ero naSromebis mimoxilvas da recenzirebas. es saSualebas miscems
farTo mkiTxvels warmodgena iqonios, Tu ra Sromebi ibeWdeba saqar-
Tvelos istoriis Sesaxeb. amasTan, darwmunebuli varT, rom mkacri,
magram piruTvneli recenziebi did samsaxurs gauwevs qarTul is-
toriografias.
`saistorio krebulSi~ dabeWdili statiebis samecniero aparati,
pirvelad saqarTveloSi, misdevs damowmebaTa sistemis Cikagos
principebs, romlebic, sxvadasxva modifikaciiT, praqtikulad
universaluri wesia dasavluri samecniero gamocemebisaTvis. amiT
gvsurs davnergoT damowmebebis iseTi sistema, romelic didi xania
aprobirebulia sazRvargareTis samecniero wreebSi. garda mravali
upiratesobisa, romelic am sistemas aqvs, misi gamoyeneba xels Seuwy-
obs qarTvel mkvlevarTa umtkivneulo integracias ucxoeTis samecni-
ero gamocemebSi.
8
maRal poligrafiul donesTan erTad, Cveni mizania davamkvidroT

samecniero krebulis redaqtirebis maRali xarisxi. statiebi momaval-
Si mxolod faruli recenzirebis Semdeg daibeWdeba. samecniero siaxle
– axali wyaroebis moZieba da saTanado gaSuqeba, Zvelis sistematizacia
da axleburi interpretacia, saerTod axali Tvalsazrisi – aucilebe-
li moTxovna iqneba nebismieri avtorisaTvis.
dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom redkolegia srulad acnobierebs Ta-
vis pasuxismgeblobas mkiTxvelis winaSe, radganac pativsa xedven da
patiJisagan eSiniT. swored amitom, krebulis momavali nomrebis ga-
mocemis dros is siamovnebiT gaiTvaliswinebs obieqtur kritikasa da
SeniSvnebs.
saredaqcio kolegia
I
vin iyo taos pirveli episkoposi
zaza aleqsiZe
tao, saukuneebis manZilze, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris sasa-

zRvro regioni iyo. sxvadasxva periodSi am mosazRvre saxelmwifo-
ebs Soris xelidan xelSic gadadioda, sanam sabolood ar gairkva misi
saxelmwifoebrivi da saeklesio statusi. amitom, cxadia, taos isto-
riis yvela niuansi kavkasiis mcodneTa gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
ipyrobs. amitom iyo, rom xelnawerTa erovnuli centris saerTaSor-
iso samecniero konferenciaze – `tao-klarjeTi~ – p. muradianis
mier wakiTxulma moxsenebam (`taos ierokratiuli wyobilebis aRmo-
cenebis gamoZaxili adrefeodalur wyaroebSi~)1 msmenelTa didi in-
teresi gamoiwvia. Cemi azriT, moxseneba struqturuli da meToduri
TvalsazrisiT sainteresod da sworad iyo agebuli. vinaidan moxsen-
ebis Semdeg kamaTisaTvis sakmarisi dro ar iyo, mec mxolod oriode
sapolemiko kiTxvis dasma SevZeli. cota mogvianebiT xelnawerTa
erovnul centrSi taos saepiskoposos Sesaxeb vrceli zepiri mox-
senebiT mainc gamovedi. naSromi, romelsac mkiTxveli axla ecnoba,
swored am moxsenebis erTi nawilis beWdur realizacias warmoad-
gens.
Tavisi moxsenebis yvela mniSvnelovani debuleba, saWiro argumen-
taciiT, p. muradianma ostaturad Caatia sakmaod vrceli moculobis, ma-
gram mainc reziumeSi.2 am SemTxvevaSi me mainteresebs mis mier wamoWrili
1
paruir muradiani, `taos ierokratiuli wyobilebis aRmocenebis gamoZaxili
adrefeodalur wyaroebSi~, tao-klarjeTi: saerTaSoriso konferencia, moxseneba-
Ta Tezisebi (Tbilisi, 2010), 61-64.
2
krebulSi, romelSic moxsenebebis sruli variantebi unda daibeWdos, p. mura-
dianis TxovniT dasaxelebuli vrceli Tezisebi gamoqveyndeba, amitom maTSi cvli-
lebebis Setana mosalodneli ar aris.
werili ukve gadacemuli iyo gamomcemlobaSi, rodesac movida samwuxaro cno-
ba mZime avadmyofobis Semdeg p. muradianis gardacvalebis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans,
swored avadmyofobis gamo ver SeZlo man Tezisebis vrcel naSromad qceva. Cemi
10 zaza aleqsiZe
sakiTxi taos pirveli episkoposis vinaobis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisi argu-

mentaciis koreqtuloba, taos saepiskoposos istoriis sxva sakiTxebs ki
sxva werilebSi ganvixilav.
taos pirveli episkoposis vinaobis Sesaxeb p. muradiani wers:
`taos samwysosa da saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis Sesaxeb uZvele-
si cnoba Semonaxulia favstosis `buzandaran patmuTivqnSi~. aq grigol
ganmanaTleblis mier somxeTSi saepiskoposo centrebis daarsebasa da
episkoposebis kurTxevaze laparakisas (xazi Cemia – z. a.) istorikosi
wers: `da taos episkoposi igi iyo kirakos, romelic Sahap saxelad iwode-
boda, kaci WeSmaritad RvTismorwmune, Tanaxmad nebisa RvTisasa, da
Tavis cxovrebis yovel dReTa Sina uSualo WeSmaritebiT winamZRvrob-
da samwysosa TÂssa da ganagebda saepiskopososa Tanaxmad RvTisnebisa~
(nawili VI, Tavi 11).
ibadeba kiTxva – mexuTe saukunis istorikosis TxzulebaSi saidan
aRmoCnda es cnoba wina saukunis pirveli meoTxedis taos episkoposis
Sesaxeb, miT umetes, saxelisa da daxasiaTebis darTviT?! favstosis
wyaro ueWvelad grigol parTevelis cxovrebis aw arsebuli somxuri
redaqciaa, romlis somxuridan momdinare berZnuli Targmani gamocemu-
lia J. garitis3, xolo arabuli – n. maris4 mier. oriveSi taos pirveli
episkoposis saxeli `kÂrakosia~(xazi Cemia – z. a.).5
savsebiT marTalia p. muradiani. favstosi (an fsevdo favstosi) mar-
Tlac wers, rom `taos episkoposi iyo kirakosi, romelsac saxelad Sahaps6
uwodebdnen, kaci WeSmaritad RmrTis msaxuri, nebiTa RmrTisaiTa, mar-
Tali WeSmaritebiT winamZRvrobda Tavis xalxs, da mTeli sicocxlis
manZilze Tavis saepiskoposos marTavda RmrTis nebiT~.7
yvelaferi es marTalia, magram rodis xdeba aRwerili ambavi favs-
tos buzandis azriT? Tavisi Txzulebis meSvide nakveTs favstosi iwyebs
Semdegi sityvebiT:
`somexTa qveynis orad gayofis Sesaxeb. berZenTa mefis brZanebiT ar-
azriT, p. muradianis gardacvaleba kavkasiismcodneobisaTvis didi danaklisia.

3
Gérard Garitte, Documents pour l l’étude du livre d’Agathange (Città del Vaticano, 1946), §172.
4
Н. Я. Марр, “Крещение армян, грузин, абхазов и аланов святым Григорием (арабская вер-
сия)”, Записки Восточного Отделения Императорского Русского Археологического Общества,
т. 16 (1905), 139.
5
muradiani, `taos ierokratiuli wyobilebis aRmocenebis gamoZaxili~, 61-62.
6
zogi specialisti Tvlis, rom `Sahapi~ `kirakos~//`kviriakosis~ Targmania. si-
tyvis etimologiisa da varaudebis Sesaxeb ix. С.-А. Ст. Костанян, “Термин шаhап в сред-
невековых армянских источниках”, Кавказ и Византия, 1 (Ереван, 1979), 120-131.
7
Փաւստոսի Բուզանդացւոյ Պատմութիւն Հայոց [favstos buzandacis somxeTis isto-
ria] (Թիֆլիս, 1913), 403.
vin iyo taos pirveli episkoposi 11
Sakis gamefeba [somxeTis erT naxevarze], xolo sparsTa mefis brZanebiT

xosros gamefeba [meore] naxevarze~.8
Semdeg favstosi CamoTvlis im episkoposebs, romlebic e.w. sparsul
nawilSi xosro mefes emorCilebodnen.9 ai, am CamonaTvalSia dasaxele-
buli kirakos taos episkoposic, anu 387 da mis momdevno wlebSi.
favstosis mier CamoTvlili episkoposebi (maT Soris kirakosic) da-
axloebiT 80 wliT arian daSorebuli agaTangelosis mixedviT grigol
ganmanaTleblis mier ganwesebul pirvel episkoposebs. magram iqneb eS-
leba favstoss da pirvel episkoposebs urevs IV s-is bolos moRvawe epis-
koposebSi? aseTi daSvebac sruliad gamoricxulia, vinaidan:
1. favstosi grigol ganmanaTleblisa da misi Svilebis aristakesisa
da vrTanesis dros arcerT episkoposs ar asaxelebs. TviTon grigols bo-
lomde (gardacvalebamde) igi moixseniebs rogorc did mRvdelmTavars
(ﬔծ քահանայապետ) an episkoposs (եպիսկոպոս), xolo mis vaJiSvils aris-
takes – Tanaepiskoposad (եպիսկոպոսկից).10 somxeTSi moqcevis pirveli
dReebidanve saepiskoposoebis daarsebis Sesaxeb igi arafers ambobs, rac
istoriuli TvalsazrisiT ufro sworic unda iyos. es faqti SeiZleba ima-
zec miuTiTebs, rom favstosi agaTangelosis arcerT versias (maT Soris
somxursac)11 ar icnobs im saxiT, ra saxiTac maT Cvenamde moaRwies, amitom
verc kirakosis Sesaxeb cnobas amoiRebda misTvis ucnobi versiebidan;
2. favstosi somxeTis bizantiasa da sparseTs Soris gayofis Semdeg
(387 wlis axlos da Semdeg) asaxelebs 14 episkoposs, romelTagan zogs
uwodebs, Zveli qarTuliT rom vTqvaT, `Tavi episkoposTaÁ~ (գլուխ եպ-
իսկոպոսաց). am 14 episkoposidan meaTea taos episkoposi kirakos, ro-
melsac Sahapsac uwodebdnen. CamoTvlil episkoposTa saxelebidan (za-
ven, Sahak, aspurak, favstos, zorT, arostom, araT, ioan, zorTuaz, ki-
rakos, tirkan, moses, aharon, aspurak) agaTangelosTan moxseniebul 12
episkoposs (1. albianos, 2. evTalios, 3. basos, 4. moses, 5. evsebios, 6. ioan,
7. aRapes, 8. artiTes, 9. arsukes, 10. antioqes, 11. tirikes, 12. kirakos)12
8
iqve, 391.
9
iqve, 394-407.
10
iqve, 10.
11
st. malxasianci Tvlida, rom agaTangelosis mravalenovani versiebidan favs-
tosi mxolod somxur versias icnobda. Փավստոս Բուզանդ, Հայոց պատմություն. Թար-
գմանություն, ներածություն եվ ծանոթություններ Ստ. Մալխասյանցի [favstos buzand,
somxeTis istoria, Sesavali da komentarebi st. malxasiancisa] (Երեվան, 1947), 45.
Cemi varaudiT, es versiac sxva redaqciisa unda yofiliyo, vidre mas dRes vicnobT.
12
Ագաթանգեղայ Պատմութիւն Հայոց, աշխատութեամբ Գ. Տէր-Մկրտչեան եւ Ստ.
Կանանյանց [agaTangelosis somxeTis istoria, g. ter-mkrtiCianisa da st. kananian-
cis gamocema] (Տփղիս 1909), 443-44.
12 zaza aleqsiZe
Soris, meTormete – kirakosis garda, meordeba mxolod ori, yvelaze

ufro gavrcelebuli saxeli – ioan da moses;
3. favstosma kargad icis, rom Tavisi siis (romelSic dasaxelebulia
taos episkoposi kirakosi) mTavarepiskoposebi (`Tavi episkoposTaÁ~) za-
ven da aspurak manazkertelebi somxeTSi qristianobis saxelmwifo reli-
giad gamocxadebis xanas Zlier arian daSorebuli. igi maT episkopos al-
bianes13 Camomavlad (զաւակ Աղբիանոս եպիկոպոսի) acxadebs.14 garda amisa,
favstosi miuTiTebs, rom ioane episkoposi somexTa kaTalikosis faren
aStiSatelis (tradiciulad aTariReben 348-352 ww)15 Zea.
yvelaferi, rac zemoT iyo moTxrobili, sruliad ueWvelad uaryofs
imis SesaZleblobas, rom p. muradianTan erTad ganvacxadoT: àq grigol
ganmanaTleblis mier somxeTSi saepiskoposo centrebis daarsebaze da
kurTxevaze laparakisas istorikosi (favstosi – z.a.) wers...~, an davs-
vaT kiTxva: `mexuTe saukunis istorikosis TxzulebaSi saidan aRmoCnda
es cnoba wina saukunis pirveli meoTxedis taos episkoposis Sesaxeb, miT
umetes, saxelisa da daxasiaTebis darTviT?!~.
vfiqrob, cxadia, rom `mexuTe saukunis istorikosis TxzulebaSi~
`wina saukunis pirveli meoTxedis taos episkoposis Sesaxeb cnoba~ ar
aRmoCenila. rogorc zemoTac vaCveneT, favstos buzandi taos episko-
pos kirakoss ìmave saukunis~ bolo meoTxedSi aTavsebs da Zalian kargad
unda icodes, rom àgaTangelosis mier saepiskoposo centrebis daarse-
basTan~ mas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs.
sainteresoa, agaTangelosisa da favstosis kirakosebis gaigivebis
cda armenologiaSi siaxlea, Tu aseTi cdebi manamdec iyo.
hr. aWariani, Tavis `somxur sakuTar saxelTa leqsikonSi~ am or ki-
rakoss ar aigivebs: pirveli misTvis aris agaTangelosis mier dasmuli
episkoposi samwysos miTiTebis gareSe, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom agaTan-
gelosis istoriis arabuli versiis mixedviT grigolma igi episkoposad
arSamuniqSi ganawesao. meoris Sesaxeb ki wers: kirakos Sahapi taos epis-
koposi iyo xosro mesamis droso (384-415 ww).16
erTaderTi avtori, romelic SeiZleba p. muradianisTvis wyarod Tu
13
agaTangelosis `somxeTis istoriis~ somxuri versiis mixedviT, albianosi
grigol ganmanaTleblis mier evfratis mxareSi (berZnuli da arabuli versiebiT
– bagrevandSi) iqna daniSnuli. aq ukve gamoCnda, rom favstoss aqvs raRac cnoba,
SesaZloa zepiri, grigol ganmanaTleblis dros grigolisa da aristakesis garda
erTi episkoposis arsebobis Sesaxeb mainc.
14
Ագաթանգեղայ Պատմութիւն Հայոց, 223-224.
15
iqve, 222.
16
Հ. Աճարյան, Հայոց անձնանունների բառարան, Բ [h. aWariani, somxuri sakuTari
saxelebis leqsikoni], (Երեվան, 1944), 620.
ara, biZgis mimcemad mainc miviCnioT, aris n. garsoiani, romelic favs-

tosTan moxseniebuli kirakosis Sesaxeb gakvriT wers: `sxvagan igi da-
dasturebuli ar aris, Tu ki mas vinme ar gaaigivebs grigol ganmanaTle-
blis meTormete mowafesTan~.17
cxadia, sanam agaTangelosis àw ararsebuli somxuri redaqciis~ ga-
moyenebas daviwyebdeT, saWiroa TviTon favstosis (an rogorc specia-
listebi miiCneven, anonimuri avtoris) ìstoriis~ cnobebis sandoobis
Sesaxeb saubari.
`buzandaran istoriis~ Sesaxeb uaxlesi da didi moculobis wignis
avtori n. garsoiani am Txzulebas èpikur istoriebs~ uwodebs, radgan
sxva mraval cnobil armenologTan erTad mas zepirsityvier Txrobad mi-
iCnevs: ànonimuri avtori epikuri istoriebisa arcerTi TvalsazrisiT
ar aris ganaTlebuli adamiani. Tavis naSromSi igi arcerT sakiTxze kon-
kretul wyaros ar miuTiTebs da arc raime werilobiT teqsts asaxelebs,
garda Tavisi naSromis friad saeWvo pirveli Tavisa. rogorc vnaxavT,
misi informaciis didi nawili ueWvelad miRebulia zepirsityvierebidan
da citatebis umravlesobac ki unda modiodes zepiri gadmocemebidan,
imis magier, rom eyrdnobodes sando werilobiT avtoritetebs~.18
rac Seexeba agaTangelosis ciklis berZnuli versiebisa da favsto-
sisaTvis miwerili19 Txzulebis erTmaneTTan mimarTebas, n. garsoianisa
da somxuri wyaroTmcodneobis bevri gamoCenili warmomadgenlis pozi-
cia sruliad naTelia: `kidev ufro kargad aris cnobili paralelebi
epikur istoriebsa da agaTangelosis cikls Soris. yvelaferi es Sekriba
malxasiancma, romelmac efeqturad uaryo hipoTeza, TiTqos epikuri
istoriebis informacia SeiZleba momdinareobdes romelime adrindeli
berZnuli versiidan~.20
miuxedavad aseTi araorazrovani wyaroTmcodneobiTi wanamZRv-
rebisa, mainc bolomde gavyveT wamoWril sakiTxs da CavixedoT agaTan-
gelosis ciklis somxur, berZnul da arabul versiebSi.21
17
The Epic Histories Attributed to Pawstos Buzanda (Buzandaran Patmutiwnk), translation and com-
mentary by Nina G. Garsoian (Cambridge, 1989), 383.
18
iqve, 22.
19
miuxedavad amisa, mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro advilad gasagebi rom iyos, me trad-
iciul saxelwodebas gamoviyeneb. bibliografiisa da avtorisa da Txzulebis
saxelwodebis gamo uaxlesi Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb ix. The Epic Histories Attributed to
Pawstos Buzanda, 11-16.
20
iqve, 25-26. ix. zemoT miTiTebuli st. malxasiancis gamokvleva, wamZRvareb-
uli favstos buzandis Txzulebis axal somxur enaze TargmanisaTvis. Փավստոս
Բուզանդ, Հայոց պատմություն [favstos buzand, somxeTis istoria], 41-42.
21
agaTangelosis ZiriTadi versiebis SedarebiTi SeswavlisaTvis ix. The Lives
of Saint Gregory: The Armenian, Greek, Arabic, and Syriac Versions of the History Attributed to
14 zaza aleqsiZe
agaTangelosis somxur versiaSi (Aa) CamoTvlilia Semdegi episko-

posebi da saepiskoposoebi:
1. albianos – samefo saxlSi, 2. evTalios – basenSi, 3. basos (aqedan
moyolebuli, somxuri versia saepiskoposoebs aRar asaxelebs), 4. movs-
es, 5. evsebios, 6. iovanes, 7. agapes, 8. artiTes, 9. arsukes, 10. antioqes, 11.
tirikes, 12. kÂriakos.22
rogorc vxedavT, somxur agaTangelosSi taos xseneba ar aris da
es, ra Tqma unda, kargad icis p. muradianma. kÂiriakosi (kirakosi) taos
episkoposad man favstosis Txzulebidan gadmoitana, Tumca, rogorc
vnaxeT, qronologia amas sruliad gamoricxavs.
agaTangelosis berZnuli versia (Vg):23
1. irenarqe – sebastiaSi, 2. sofronius – lazeTSi, 3. Tomas – albaneT-
Si, 4. albianos – bagravandSi, 5. evTalius – basianSi, 6. basios – kotaiqSi,
7. movses – ekeleacsa da darjanSi, 8. eusebios – daranaliqSi, 9. ioan –
karanitisSi, 10. agapios – sperSi, 11. albios – asparapetakanSi, agreTve,
taronsa da taoSi, 12. artiTes – malxazis saufloSi, 13. arsukas – Sir-
akSi, 14. antioqos – korduqSi, 15. tirikos – vanandSi, abeliansa da gabe-
lianSi, 16. kÂriakos – arSamuniqSi.
agaTangelosis arabuli versia (Va):24
1. erTi qarTveli sebastiidan, saxelad irenarqe daayena mitro-
politad da gagzavna saqarTveloSi episkoposTa dasasmelad, 2. sof-
ronius – afxazeTSi, 3. Tomas – albaneTSi, 4. albianos – bagrevandSi, 5. ev-
Talius – basianSi, 6. basus – ?, 7. moses – ekelecensa da derzenSi, 8. euse-
bius – daranaliqSi, 9. ioan – karanitisSi, 10. habib – sisperitSi, 11. albios
– aspirapetakansa da mamikonianTa saxlSi, mas eqvemdebareboda taroni da
baseani, 12. artites – malxazSi, 13. arsukas – SirakSi, 14. antioqus – kor-
duqSi, 15. tirikos – atrpatakanSi, 16. kxxriakos – arSamuniqSi.
vinaidan episkoposebis siebSi mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia, dava-
lagoT isini agaTangelosis berZnuli versiis mixedviT arsebiTi gansx-
vavebebis ukeT dasafiqsireblad:
1. berZnuli (Vg): irenarqe grigolma daniSna episkoposad sebastiaSi;
arabuli (Va): irenarqe (n. maris wakiTxviT ibirbzxua) grigolma daniS-
na mitropolitad saqarTveloSi; somxuri (Aa): saerTod ar aris aseTi
pirovneba dasaxelebuli;
Agathangelos, translated with introduction and commentary by R.W. Thomson (Michigan, 2010).
episkoposTa siebisaTvis ix. gv. 449-459.
22
Ագաթանգեղայ Պատմութիւն Հայոց [agaTangelosis somxeTis istoria], 443-44.
23
Garitte, Documents pour l l’étude du livre d’Agathange, 101-104.
24
Марр, “Крещение”, 137-139.
2. berZnuli (Vg): sofroniusi dainiSna lazeTis episkoposad; arabu-

li (Va): sofroniusi dainiSna afxazeTis episkoposad (rogorc Cans, arab-
uli versia im xanisaa, rodesac àfxazeTi~ mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos
moicavs.25 somxuri (Aa): saerTod ar icnobs aseT pirovnebas;
3. berZnuli (Vg): 3. Tomas – albaneTSi; arabuli (Va): Tomas – alba-
neTSi; somxuri (Aa): saerTod ar aris dasaxelebuli arc Tomasi da arc
albaneTi;
4. berZnuli (Vg): albianos – bagravandSi; arabuli (Va) albianos –
bagrevandSi; somxuri (Aa): albianos – samefo saxlSi;
5. berZnuli (Vg): evTalius – basianSi; arabuli (Va): evTalius – ba-
sianSi; somxuri (Aa): evTaliosi – basenSi;
6. berZnuli (Vg): basios – kotaiqSi; arabuli (Va): basus – saepisko-
poso adgili ar ikiTxeba. somxuri (Aa): basosi – samwyso ar aris miTiTe-
buli;
7. berZnuli (Vg): movses – ekeleacsa da darjanSi; arabuli (Va): moses
– ekelecensa da derzenSi; somxuri (Aa): movses – samwyso ar aris miTiTe-
buli;
8. berZnuli (Vg): eusebius – daranaliqSi; arabuli (Va): eusebius –
daranaliqSi; somxuri (Aa): evsebios – samwyso miTiTebuli ar aris;
9. berZnuli (Vg): ioan – karanitisSi; arabuli (Va): ioan – karanitis-
Si; somxuri (Aa): iovanes – samwyso miTiTebuli ar aris;
10. berZnuli (Vg): agapios – sperSi, arabuli (Va): habib26 – sisperitSi;
somxuri (Aa): agapes – samwyso dasaxelebuli ar aris;
11. berZnuli (Vg): albios – asparapetakanSi, agreTve, taronsa da
taoSi; arabuli (Va): albios – aspirapetakansa da mamikonianTa saxlSi, mas
eqvemdebareboda taroni da basiani; somxurSi aseTi pirovneba dasaxele-
buli ar aris;
12. berZnuli (Vg): artiTes – malxazis saufloSi; arabuli (Va): arti-
tes – malxazSi; somxuri (Aa): artiTes – samwyso miTiTebuli ar aris;
13. berZnuli (Vg): arsukas – SirakSi; arabuli (Va): arsukas – SirakSi;
somxuri (Aa): arsukes – samwyso miTiTebuli ar aris;
14. berZnuli (Vg): antioqosi – korduqSi; arabuli (Va): antioqusi –
korduqSi; somxuri (Aa): antioqesi – samwyso miTiTebuli ar aris;
15. berZnuli (Vg): tirikos – vanandSi, abeliansa da gabelianSi; ara-
buli (Va): tirikos – atrpatakanSi; somxuri (Aa): tirikes – samwyso da-
saxelebuli ar aris;
16. berZnuli (Vg): kÂriakos – arSamuniqSi; arabuli (Va): kÂriakos –
25
iqve, 165-166.
26
berZnuli agapiosis arabuli Targmani.
16 zaza aleqsiZe
arSamuniqSi; somxuri (Aa): kÂriakos – samwyso dasaxelebuli ar aris.

Tumca, J. garitis SexedulebiT, rac gaziarebulia mecnierebaSi, berZ-
nuli versia modis dakarguli somxuri teqstidan, romelic safuZvlad
daedo arabulsa da dRes arsebul somxur variantebs. vgoneb, am sakiTxs
kidev bevri da konkretuli kvleva sWirdeba.
magaliTisaTvis kvlav saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebul cnobebs movi-
tan:
1. agaTangelosis berZnuli versia gvauwyebs, rom grigol ganma-
naTlebelma Tavisi pirveli mowafe irenarqe episkoposad daniSna sebas-
tiaSi. arabuli versia ki (romelic, rogorc varaudoben, berZnulidan
unda momdinareobdes) wers, rom igive irenarqe, romelic sebastieli
qarTveli iyo, grigolma mitropolitad gamoagzavna qarTlSi. somxur
versiaSi ki aseTi pirovneba saerTod ar aris dasaxelebuli. yuradReba
mivaqcioT, rom arabuli versia mitropolitad da, agreTve, qarTvelad
mainc qarTlSi gamogzavnil irenarqe//ibirbzxuas ixseniebs. es versia,
Cans, erTgvar angariSs uwevs qarTlis samefos;
2. berZnuli versiis mixedviT grigolma kapadokieli sofroniusi
gaagzavna lazeTSi, xolo arabuli versiis cnobiT igive sofroniusi man
afxazeTSi daniSna episkoposad, somxuri versia ki saerTod ar ixseniebs
aseT pirovnebas da aseT samwysoebs;27
3. berZnuli da arabuli versiebiT grigol ganmanaTlebelma alba-
neTSi gaagzavna Tomasi. somxur versiaSi aseTi cnoba ara gvaqvs.
mkiTxveli advilad SeniSnavda sxvadasxva versiaSi grigol gan-
manaTleblis mier xeldasxmul episkoposTa saerTo ricxvebSi gansxva-
vebas: berZnuli – 16, arabuli – 16, somxuri – 12. berZnulsa da arabuls
oTxi episkoposiT meti aqvT dasaxelebuli, vidre somxurs. es meti oTxi
episkoposi swored is zemoT CamoTvlili oTxi episkoposia, romlebic
qarTls, lazeTs/afxazeTsa, albaneTsa da taos ukavSirdebian. mTeli
Cemi gamocdileba somxur wyaroebsa da teqstebze muSaobisa miCvenebs,
rom gvian damateba ufro mosalodnelia, vidre piriqiT. agaTangelosis
somxuri versiis cifri 12 sakraluri ricxvia, mociqulebis raodenoba-
ze miTiTebiT, da eWvi ar unds iyos, rom agaTangelosis protoversiaSi
swored amdeni episkoposi iqneboda dasaxelebuli.28
27
Марр, “Крещение”, 165-166.
28
gvian grigol ganmanaTleblis mier ganwesebul samwysoTa ricxvi rom izrdebo-
da, amas kargad mowmobs uxtanesis `somxeTis istoria~, romelSic 30 saepiskoposoa
(episkoposTa saxelebis gareSe) dasaxelebuli (Ուխտանէս եպիսկոպոս, Պատմութիւն
Հայոց [uxtanes episkoposi, somxeTis istoria] (Վաղարշապատ, 1871), 100), xolo stefa-
nos orbelianTan – 36. Պատմութիւն Սիսական, արարեալ Ստեփաննոսի արքեպիսկոպսի
Սիւնեաց [sisakanis istoria, Seqmnili stefanos sivnieTis episkoposis mier] (Թիֆլիս,
agaTangelosis qarTuli versia kidev damatebiT kiTxvebs aCens. igi

ueWvelad berZnuli dednidan momdinareobs,29 magram kavSiri ara aqvs J.
garitis mier gamoqveynebul berZnul versiasTan. rogorc p. muradiani
uCvenebs, igi pirdapir mimarTebaSia lagardis mier gamocemul vrcel
berZnul teqstTan.30
qarTuli versia acxadebs, rom grigolis mier xeldasxmuli episko-
posebis saerTo ricxvi iyo 10 (èsreT igi ricxÂ aTad aResruleboda~).
igi pirvel sam episkoposs saxeldebiTac ixseniebs: èrTi igi kideTa ev-
fratisaTa ganaCina, romelsa alvinos ewodeboda, xolo meore, romelsa
erqua evTalios, sofelsa zeda basianelTasa; da mesame maTi iyo vasos~.31
berZnul versiaSi asperapatakanis, taronisa da taos episkoposad
dasaxelebulia albiosi. albiosi dasaxelebulia arabul versiaSic,
magram masSi taos xseneba ar aris da albiosi asperapetakanTan da mam-
konTan erTad gamocxadebulia taronisa da baseanis episkoposad. somx-
ur versiaSi ki arc albiosis saxelia moxseniebuli da arc taoa sadme
dasaxelebuli.
n. adonci Tvlida, rom albianosi da albiosi erTi da igive pirovne-
baa da maTi ori sxvadasxva samwysos episkoposad gamocxadeba redaqto-
ris Secdomaa, romelic sxvadasxva wyaros eyrdnoba.32 me mgonia, agaTan-
gelosis qarTuli versia mxars uWers am varauds, saxelis forma aSkarad
gardamavalia albianosidan albiosze: albianos > alvinos (bizantiuri
wakiTxviT) > albios.
berZnuli da arabuli versiebis mixedviT albianosis samwysoa bagre-
vandi, xolo somxuri versiis Tanaxmad – samefo saxli. Teoriulad es ori
cnoba erTmaneTs ar gamoricxavs da samefo saxlis episkoposi SeiZleba
iTavsebdes bagrevandis episkoposobas, radgan es gavari SedarebiT ax-
los aris artaSatTan.
1911), 23. oTxasi saepiskoposos Sesaxeb aRarafers vambob, radgan am cifrs seriozu-
lad arc erTi mecnieri ar ganixilavs. n. adonci darwmunebulia, rom mesame saukunis
dasawyisSi, grigol ganmanaTleblis dros saepiskoposoTa ricxvi gacilebiT ufro
mcire iqneboda, vidre is ricxvi (14), rac dasaxelebulia imave saukunis 80-ian wlebSi
favstosTan. Н. Адонц, Армения в эпоху Юстиниана (Ереван, 1971), 345.
29
Л. Меликсет-Беков, “Грузинская версия Агафангелa и еe значение для грузинской историо-
графии”, Христианский Восток, том IV (Петроград, 1915), 161-163.
30
Պ. Մ. Մուրադյան, Ագաթանգեղոսի հին վրացերեն խմբագրությունները [p. m. muradi-
ani, agaTangelosis Zveli qarTuli redaqciebi] (Երեվան, 1982), 128-129.
31
teqsti ramdenjermea gamocemuli, vuTiTeb ukanasknels: `cxorebaÁ grigol
parTelisaÁ~, Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi (seqtembris sakiTxavebi), teqste-
bi gamosacemad moamzada, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo nargiza goguaZem
(Tbilisi, 1986), 496.
32
Адонц, Армения в эпоху Юстиниана, 348.
18 zaza aleqsiZe
berZnuli versiiT albiosi aris asperapetakanis (mxedarTmTavris

saxlis) episkoposi da iTavsebs taronisa da taos episkoposobas. amave
dros, mas davalebuli aqvs ganuyrelad Tan axldes mefes da qadagebdes
sefe-qveyanaSi. cxadia, albiosis funqciebi Zalian axlos aris somxuri
versiis albianosis funqciebTan. amasTanave, warmoudgenelia taronisa
da taos erT saepiskoposoSi gaerTianeba, imdenad arian isini erTmaneTs
daSorebulebi. swored am gaugebrobas asworebs arabuli versia, romlis
mixedviTac albiosi (n. maris wakiTxviT alviosi) daniSnulia aspirape-
takansa da mamikonianTa saxlSi, mas eqvemdebareboda taroni da basiani.
taroni da basiani erTmaneTTan axlos arian da mxedarTmTavris (mamiko-
nianTa) saxlis episkoposi advilad gaaerTianebs maT Tavis samwysoSi.
somxur versiaSi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, albiosi ar arsebobs da mis
funqciebs faravs albianosi. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki albianoss (alvinos)
// albioss (alvis) ar SeiZleba kavSiri hqondes taosTan: favstosisa da
agaTangelosis qarTuli versiis mixedviT igi episkoposad gagzavnilia
evfratis mxareSi (`kideTa evfratisaTa~), taosgan ukiduresad Sors.
movideT `pirvelsave sityvasa zeda~.
sxvadasxva versiis siebis SedarebiT vxedavT, rom kÂriakosi (kira-
kosi) marTlac aris berZnul da arabul versiebSi moxseniebuli, ma-
gram arcerT maTganSi ar aris igi taos episkoposad dasaxelebuli.
ufro metic, agaTangelosis berZnulsa da arabul versiebSi igi moxse-
niebulia, rogorc arSamuniqis (turuberanis gavarSi) episkoposi. ami-
tom debuleba, rom òriveSi (berZnul da arabul versiebSi – z.a.) taos
pirveli episkoposis saxeli `kÂrakosia~, srul SeusabamobaSia wyaroebis
CvenebasTan da aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba kidec maT.
amrigad, taos pirveli episkoposis saxeli Cven ar viciT. arc is vic-
iT, unda veZeboT Tu ara misi saxeli grigol ganmanaTleblis mier xel-
dasxmul episkoposebs Soris, ufro metic, namdvilad arc ki viciT, ram-
deni episkoposi unda xeldasxmuliyo an saerTod Tu iyvnen episkoposebi
somxeTis qristianobaze moqcevis pirvelsave wlebSi. vfiqrob, grigol
ganmanaTleblis mier ganwesebuli pirveli episkoposebis avTenturi
siis (Tuki aseTi saerTod arsebobda) dasadgenad jer kidev didi sam-
uSaoa win. amis naTeli dadasturebaa radikaluri gansxvavebebi agaTan-
gelosis sxvadasxva versiebs da, agreTve, mogviano xanis wyaroTa siebs
Soris.
bibliografia
muradiani p. taos ierokratiuli wyobilebis aRmocenebis gamoZaxili

adrefeodalur wyaroebSi. tao-klarjeTi: saerTaSoriso konferencia. mox-
senebaTa Tezisebi. Tbilisi, 2010
cxorebaÁ grigol parTelisaÁ. Zveli metafrasuli krebulebi (seqtem-
bris sakiTxavebi). teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, komentarebi da saZieblebi
daurTo nargiza goguaZem. Tbilisi, 1986
Адонц Н. Армения в эпоху Юстиниана. Ереван, 1971
Костанян С.-А. Ст. Термин шаhап в средневековых армянских источниках. Кавказ и
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ства, т. 16, 1905
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риографии. Христианский Восток, том IV. Петроград, 1915
The Epic Histories Attributed to Pawstos Buzanda (Buzandaran Patmutiwnk). Translation and
Commentary by Nina G. Garsoian. Cambridge, 1989
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son. Michigan, 2010
Ագաթանգեղայ Պատմութիւն Հայոց, աշխատութեամբ Գ. Տէր-Մկրտչեան եւ Ստ.
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naniancis gamocema], Տփղիս, 1909
Հ. Աճարյան, Հայոց անձնանունների բառարան, Բ[h. aWariani, somxur saxelTa
leqsikoni, 2], Երեվան, 1944
Մուրադյան, Պ. Մ. Ագաթանգեղոսի հին վրացերեն խմբագրությունները [paruir
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toria], Վաղարշապատ, 1871
Պատմութիւն Սիսական, արարեալ Ստեփաննոսի արքեպիսկոպսի Սիւնեաց [si-
sakanis istoria, Seqmnili stefanos sivnieTis episkoposis mier], Թիֆլիս, 1911
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Փաւստոսի Բուզանդացւոյ Պատմութիւն Հայոց [favstos buzandacis somxeTis
istoria], Թիֆլիս, 1913
II
rodis ewvia uxtanesi Tbiliss?
daviT musxeliSvili
somex istorikoss uxtaness, qarTvelTa da somexTa eklesiuri ganx-

eTqilebis Sesaxeb dawerili Txzulebis avtors, romelic saTanado ma-
salebis Segrovebis mizniT saqarTveloSi, kerZod, TbilisSi Camovida
da curtavic araerTxel moinaxula, Cveni qveynisa da xalxis Sesaxeb
friad saintereso cnobebi aqvs Semonaxuli. ase magaliTad, Tavisi naS-
romis me-18 TavSi, romelsac ewodeba – `curtavis, iq myofi pitiaxSisa
da qarTvelTa Sesaxeb~ – wers: `curtavs es saxeli... maSin (pitiaxSis iq
yofnis dros, d. m.) erqva, xolo exla ewodeba gaCiani... axla Semcire-
buli da zomieri daba-qalaqia mdinaris pirze, romelsac ewodeba mdin-
are gaCeni, mxareSi, romelsac qarTvelTa veli (`vrac daSt~) hqvia,
romelic Sua sazRvaria somexTa da qarTvelTa qveyanas Soris, gascq-
eris pirdapir kavkasis mTas, romelic esazRvreba sakvirvelnaSen da
saocar, saxelovan da gamoCenil did dedaqalaqs Tbiliss. curtavi
samkvidrebeli iyo gugarelTa didi pitiaxSis, CrdiloeTis mxareTm-
pyrobelisa...
is pitiaxSi yofila Camomavali mirdat darehis mTavris, rogorc gvau-
wyebs WeSmaritebis mTxrobeli mose, romelic aleqsandre makedonelma
moiyvana da mTavrad datovao tyve iberielTa tomebze, romlebic moiy-
vana nabuqodonosorma... maTi nawili pontos zRvis marjvena napirs waasxa
da daasaxlao, ambobs istorikosi (movses xorenaci, d. m.)... xolo pontos
napirze rom dasaxlda, is tomi aRorZinda, gamravlda zRvis piras amier
da imier, moedo im mxares da gavrcelda somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde,
Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba. uricx-
via saxeli TviTeuli xevisa... romlebic Tbilisis garSemoa, romelTac
ewodebaT: wanareTi, javaxeTi, TrialeTi. iTesles da gamravldnen da gax-
da xalxi, romelsac... iverielebi (qarTvelebi) ewodebaT~.1
1
zaza aleqsiZe, `javaxeTi da gugareTi Zvel somex istorikosTa politikur
cnobierebaSi~, mravalTavi, 21 (2005), 270.
rodis ewvia uxtanesi Tbiliss? 21
somexi istorikosis es cnoba, Sua saukuneebis javaxeTisa da misi

mosaxleobis politikuri da eTnikuri atribuciis TvalsazrisiT,
d. berZeniSvilma gamoiyena.2 uxtanesis igive Cveneba ufro farTo as-
peqtiT gaaanaliza z. aleqsiZem da savsebiT swori daskvna gamoitana,
rom am istorikosis mixedviT, qvemo qarTlSi (gugareTSi), kaxeTSi (wa-
nareTSi), TrialeTSi, javaxeTSi da ara mxolod am `xevebSi~, aramed,
faqtobrivad, saerTod mTels aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi
– àmier da imier~ – nabuqodonosoris droidan, e. i. maincdamainc, Zv. w.
VI s-dan qarTvelebi cxovroben.3
friad mniSvnelovania, rom uxtanesi termins – `qarTvelebi~
(`vraciq~) – xmarobs ara tomobrivi, aramed kulturul-politikuri
SinaarsiT. Cven viciT, rom es termini aseT zogaderovnul mniS-
vnelobas IX-X ss-dan mainc iZens.4 radgan nabuqodonosoris mier moy-
vanili qarTvelebi `gavrceldnen somexTa da albanTa sazRvramde,
Seiqmna friad mravali xalxi da im qveyanas afxazeTi ewodeba~, cxadi
unda iyos, rom uxtaness ara mxolod megrel-svanebi, aramed afxaze-
bic iberielebad (`vraciq~) miaCnia. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, amas Secno-
bilad akeTebs Tu informatoris cnobis meqanikuri gameorebis Sed-
egad. faqtia, rom somexi istorikosis droindeli inteleqtualuri
sazogadoeba Tvlida, rom mTels saqarTvelos teritoriaze kaxeTi-
dan jiqeTamde qarTvelebi saxloben! es ki mowmobs, rom uxtanesis
dros qarTveli eri, rogorc kulturul-politikuri erToba, ukve
arsebobs.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom qveyanas, sadac qarTvelebi cxovroben,
àfxazeTi~ ewodeba, sworia z. aleqsiZis meore daskvnac: àraviTari
eWvi ar aris, rom aq uxtanesi laparakobs erTiani saqarTvelos Ses-
axeb, romelsac, imis gamo, rom qarTvel mefeTa titulaturas afxaze-
Ti iwyebs (`mefe afxazTa, qarTvelTa...~), ucxoelebi xSirad afxazeTs
uwodebdnen, xolo misi dedaqalaqia Tbilisi~.5
es asea, magram aq erTi mniSvnelovani garemoebaa gasaTvalis-
winebeli:
ramdenadac uxtanesi X s-is istorikosad iTvleba, romelic Tavis
Txzulebas am saukunis 80-ian wlebSi wers,6 xolo am dros arc erTiani sa-
2
devi berZeniSvili, ìstoriis Secnobili gzebi~, analebi, 1 (2004), 68.
3
aleqsiZe, `javaxeTi da gugareTi~, 271.
4
daviT musxeliSvili, `qarTvelTa TviTsaxelwodebis istoriisaTvis~, saqarT-
velosa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia, red. g.
paiWaZe (Tbilisi, 1993), 369.
5
aleqsiZe, `javaxeTi da gugareTi~, 271.
6
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, somxuri teqsti
22 daviT musxeliSvili
qarTvelo arsebobs da arc Tbilisia misi dedaqalaqi, gaugebaria, rogor

unda aixsnas somexi istorikosis es udavod avTentikuri informacia?
saqme is aris, rom uxtanesma, rogorc Cans, garkveulwilad icoda
`qarTvelTa wigni da ena~7 da amdenad TbilisSi an curtavSi yofnis
dros, misTvis saintereso problemisaTvis masalebis moZiebisas, Sei-
Zleba gascnoboda juanSeris Txzulebas vaxtang gorgaslis Sesaxeb
(romelic, Cemi azriT, VIII s-is SuaxanSia dawerili)8 da iq amoekiTxa, anda
zepiri informacia moesmina `SuSanikis droindeli~, aRmosavleTi da
dasavleTi saqarTvelos momcveli erTiani qarTlis samefos arsebobis
Sesaxeb dedaqalaqiT TbilisSi.9 aseT SemTxvevaSi, unda vifiqroT, rom
qarTvelTa odindeli saxelmwifoebrivi erTianobis tradicia coc-
xlad iyo Semonaxuli uxtanesis dros. sxvagvarad me ver avxsni X s-is
miwurulisaTvis fiqsirebul am faqts.
magram aris ki uxtanesi X s-is meore naxevris moRvawe?
jer kidev gasuli saukunis 30-ian wlebSi cnobili belgieli qarT-
velologi p. peetersi aRniSnavda, rom uxtanesis pirovnebis, moRvawe-
obis, cxovrebis droisa da viTarebis Sesaxeb sruliad araferia cnobi-
li, garda im monacemebisa, romlebic Txzulebis SesavalSia mis mierve
gadmocemuli. `Sesavali~ X s-is cnobili somexi saeklesio moRvawis
anania narekelisadmi mimarTuli werilis saxiTaa daculi, romelSic
aRniSnulia, rom uxtanesma Tavisi polemikuri Txzuleba, qarTvelTa
sawinaaRmdegod, swored anania narekelis araerTgzisi Txovnis Sed-
egad dawera. es avtobiografiuli nawili iseTi CaxlarTuli mraval-
sityvaobiTaa SeTxzuli, rom m. brosem uxtanesis Txzulebis miseul
frangul TargmanSi arc ki Seitana.10
saboloo jamSi, p. peetersma uxtanesis Txzulebis es `Sesavali~,
faqtobrivad, nayalbevad gamoacxada. misi azriT, undobloba kidev
ufro izrdeba sakuTriv Txzulebis ganxilvisas, romlis pirveli
nawili kacobriobis istoriis retrospeqtuli mimoxilvaa, dawyebuli
adamidan, somexi eTnarqebisa da mefeebis CaTvliT, vidre Trdat III-
mde da romelic, ra Tqma unda, Tavidan bolomde kompilacias warmo-
qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca z. aleqsiZem (Tbilisi, 1975), 227, 234.

7
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 37, 236, 237.
8
daviT musxeliSvili, `qarTlis cxovrebis~ uZvelesi nawilis Sedgeniloba da
juanSeris TariRi~, saqarTvelo vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi, red. d. musxeliSvili
(Tbilisi, 1999), 84-87.
9
daviT musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo IV-VIII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2003), 161, 169.
10
Paul Peeters, “Sainte Sousanic martyre en Arméno-Géorgie,” Analecta Bollandiana, T. LIII, Fasc.
III et IV (Bruxelles, 1935), 248.
adgens.11 p. peetersis azriT, am ìstoriuli xaraxuris~ daniSnuleba is

aris, rom Txzulebis polemikur nawils naTeli erudiciis atmosfe-
ro SesZinos, sxva gamarTleba mas ara aqvs. rac Seexeba ZiriTad (meore)
nawils, miuRebelia im azris gaziareba, rom igi anania narekelis ini-
ciativiT aris Seqmnili, radgan narekis monasteri, sadac anania X s-is
meore naxevarSi moRvaweobda, berZnuli kulturis inteleqtualur
keras warmoadgenda da diofizituri qarTuli eklesiis gamtyuneba
am monasterSi gabatonebuli suliskveTebis sawinaaRmdego iyo. ami-
tom p. peetersis azriT, uxtanesis es antidiofizituri polemikuri
Txzuleba gacilebiT ufro gvian, kerZod, XII s-Si unda Seqmniliyo,
rodesac daviT aRmaSeneblis, giorgi III da Tamar mefis dros saqarT-
velos brwyinvale ayvavebis periodi daudga da qarTulma eklesiamac,
damcrobil somxur eklesiasTan SedarebiT, politikuri situaciis
Sesatyvisi prestiJi SeiZina. bunebrivia, qarTuli renesansis pirobeb-
Si, somex qalkedonelTa ambiciebic gaizrdeboda. safiqrebelia, rom
uxtanesis wigni swored am movlenis sawinaaRmdegod Seiqmna. amgvarad,
igi ekuTvnis gviandel polemists, romelmac Tavisi paskvili Zveli
avtoris saxeliT gamoaqveyna.12
aseTia, arsebiTad, p. peetersis Sexeduleba am TxzulebasTan da mis
avtorTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac igi fsevdouxtaness uwodebs.
es kritika Cvens istoriografiaSi, faqtobrivad, ar aris gaziare-
buli,13 Tumca arc xelaRebiTaa uaryofili14.
zemoT ukve mivuTiTe, rom zogierTi istoriuli realia p. pee-
tersis koncefcias mxars unda uWerdes, kerZod is, rom X s-is 80-iani
wlebisaTvis arc erTiani saqarTvelo arsebobs da Tbilisic ara saqar-
Tvelos, aramed arabTa saamiros dedaqalaqia.
garda amisa:
1. uxtanesi X s-is bolos rom yofiliyo TbilisSi, Tanac xangrZli-
vi droiT,15 Zneli warmosadgenia mas cali sityviTac ki ar aReniSna, rom
qarTvelTa es `sakvirvelnaSeni da saocari, saxelovani da gamoCenili
didi dedaqalaqi~ arabi amirebis rezidencias warmoadgens, romelTac aq,
ra Tqma unda, TavianTi sasaxlec da Sesaferisi samxedro-administraci-
uli infrastruqturac gaaCndaT. am droisaTvis cnobilia jafarianTa
11
M. Brosset, Deux historiens arméniens; Kirakos de Gantzac XIIIe s., Histoire d’Arménie; Oukhtanés
d’Ourha, Xe s., Histoire en trois parties, 1re Livraison (St. Petersbourg, 1870), 206-276.
12
Peeters, “Sainte Sausanic,” 248-260.
13
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 228-234.
14
iqve, 235.
15
iqve, 237.
24 daviT musxeliSvili
dinastiis ori warmomadgeneli: jafar ibn mansuri da ali ibn jafari.16

2. aseve SeuZlebelia X s-is bolosTvis uxtaness kaxeTisTvis,
romelic am dros calke damoukidebel samTavros warmoadgenda da
romlis dasavleTis sazRvari Sida qarTlTan md. qsanze gadioda, àfx-
azeTis~ (saqarTvelos) erT-erTi `gavari~ (`xevi~) ewodebina.
3. X s-is 80-ian wlebSi (mxiTar airivanecis mixedviT 981 wels)17
warmoiqmna somex kvirikianTa e.w. `taSir-Zoragetis samefo~ centriT
samSvildeSi, romlis farglebSi Sedioda `vrac daSti~ (`qarTvelTa
veli~) da e.i. daba-qalaqi curtavic, sadac uxtanesi sagangebo misiiT
– SuSanikis wamebis Sesaxeb cnobebis `wigniT da zepiri~18 gadmocemebiT
Sesagroveblad – `mravaljer misula da mTxveula wmida adgils~19 misi
samartvilisas. eWvi ar aris, am dros `taSir-Zoragetis samefoSi~ somx-
uri eklesia somxuri eniT unda yofiliyo gabatonebuli, risi Sedegic
iyo nawilobriv is, rom jer kidev XVIII s-is dasawyisSi àm adgilTa Sina
mosaxleni arian sarwmunoebiT somexni da mciredad qarTlis sarwmu-
noebisa, aramed qceva-zniTa qarTuliTa~.20 uxtanesis misiac swored
is iyo, daemtkicebina, rom am mxareSi ZvelTaganve somxuri liturgia
iyo gavrcelebuli da, safiqrebelia, is rom X s-is miwurulis moRvawe
yofiliyo, Tavisi amocanis sasargeblo argumentaciisaTvis am friad
xelsayrel viTarebas aRuniSnavs ar dastovebda.
amgvarad, swori unda iyos p. peetersi, rodesac uxtaness XII s-is
istorikosad miiCnevs. saqarTvelo am dros, marTlac, gaerTianebulia
da am erTiani saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi Tbilisia.
magram TiTqos SesaZlebelia imis dazustebac, Tu rodis unda yo-
filiyo uxtanesi TbilisSi.
daviT aRmaSenebelma 1122 wlis ianvarSi Tbilisi aiRo. cxa-
dia, es unda iyos terminus ante quem non. 1124 wlis agvistoSi ki somx-
eTis dedaqalaqis, anisis TavkacTa mociqulni movidnen daviTTan da
`moaÃsenes mocema qalaqisa da cixeTa... waremarTa (daviT) da viTarca
miiwia, mesamesa dResa aiRo qalaqi anisi da cixeni misni uWirvelad
da sofelni da queyanani mimdgomni anisisani~.21 es niSnavda somxeTis
16
mariam lorTqifaniZe, `Tbilisis saamiros istoriidan~, mimomxilveli, II (1951), 197.
17
M. Brosset, Histoire chronologique par Mkhitar d’Airivank, XIIIe s., (St. Petersbourg, 1869), 88; m.
airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria, somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da
saZieblebi daurTo l. davlianiZe-tatiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1990), 74.
18
uxtanesi, istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan, 199.
19
iqve, 69.
20
vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa (Tbilisi, 1941), 37.
21
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 344-345.
didi nawilis SemoerTebas, romelic amieridan, faqtobrivad, saqarT-

velosgan ganuyofeli gaxda mTeli XII-XIV saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi da,
vfiqrob, uxtanesis drosac rom ase yofiliyo, igi arc am mniSvnelovan
faqts datovebda yuradRebis gareSe. amitom somxeTis inkorporacia
unda iyos terminus post quem non CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxisaTvis.
savaraudoa, rom uxtanesi TbilisSi 1122 wlis ianvarsa da 1124 wlis
agvistos Soris imyofeboda da rogorc aq, ise curtavSi misTvis sain-
tereso masalebs agrovebda.
bibliografia
aleqsiZe zaza. javaxeTi da gugareTi Zvel somex istorikosTa politi-

kur cnobierebaSi. mravalTavi, 21, 2005
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loba da juanSeris TariRi. kreb. `saqarTvelo vaxtang gorgaslis epoqa-
Si~. Tbilisi, 1999
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uxtanesi. istoria gamoyofisa qarTvelTa somexTagan. somxuri teqsti
qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca z. aleqsiZem. Tbilisi, 1975
qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixed-
viT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. I. Tbilisi, 1955
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Brosset M. Deux historiens arméniens. Kirakos de Gantzac XIIIe s., Histoire d’Arménie;
Oukhtanés d’Ourha. Xe s., Histoire en trois parties. 1re Livraison. St. Petersbourg, 1870
Peeters, Paul. Sainte Sousanic martyre en Arméno-Géorgie. Analecta Bollandiana. T. LIII.
Fasc. III et IV. Bruxelles, 1935
III
manaskertis brZola da saqarTvelo-selCukebis

urTierTobebis zogierTi aspeqti XI s.
60-ian wlebsa da 70-iani wlebis damdegs
zurab papasqiri
Turq-selCukebma da zogadad selCukurma samyarom, garkveul

etapze, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis politikur cxovrebaSi mniSvnelova-
ni roli Seasrula. oRuz-selCukTa momTabare tomebma, mas mere, rac
datoves TavianTi pirvelsacxovrisi centralur aziaSi da TandaTano-
biT dasavleTis mimarTulebiT gadaadgildnen, ukve XI s. SuaxanebisaT-
vis uZlieresi saxelmwifo – did selCukTa sasulTno Seqmnes,1 romelic
faqtobrivad mTel maxlobel aRmosavleTze gabatonda da regionSi
mTavar politikur moTamaSed iqca. saqarTvelo selCukTa samxedro-
politikuri interesebis arealSi im droidan moeqca,2 rodesac maT kav-
kasiis samxreT sazRvrebs miaRwies.3 XI s. 60-iani wlebidan ki, selCukebi
1
selCukTa saxelmwifos formirebis Sesaxeb ix. А.Ю.Якубовский, “Сельджукское движе-
ние и туркмены в XI в.”, Известия АН СССР, Отделение обществеггых наук, 4 (Москва-Ленинград,
1937), 921-946; Б. Н. Заходер, “Хорасан и образование государства Сельджуков”, Вопросы истории,
5-6 (1945), 119-141; С.Г. Агаджанов, Очерки истории огузов и туркмен Средней Азии IХ-ХIII вв.
(Ашхабад, 1969), 211-220; Т. Ходжаниязов, Денежное обращение в государстве Великих Сельджу-
ков (Ашхабад, 1977), 11-18; Т.Т. Райс, Сельджуки. Кочевники – завоеватели Малой Азии, пер. с
англ. О. И. Миловой (Москва, 2004), 17-35; nodar Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI
saukuneSi (Tbilisi, 1968), 266-302.
2
erT-erTi qarTuli wyaros monacemebiT, bagrat IV jer kidev 1029 wlis axlo xanebSi
dasxmia Tavs selCukTa razmebs (qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa,
Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili, axsnili da gadmocemuli Tedo Jordanias
mier, I (tfilisi, 1892), 169), rac mkvlevrebs ramdenadme saeWvod miaCniaT. varaudoben,
rom pirvel Setakebas selCukebsa da qarTvelebs Soris adgili unda hqonoda araua-
dres 1032-1034 wlebisa. Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 172-173.
3
zogierTi somxuri wyaros (maTeos urhaeci, vardan arevelci) Tanaxmad, sel-
Cukebi TiTqos pirvelad SemoiWrnen kavkasiis samxreT regionebSi jer kidev 1016
wels, magram, rogorc gaarkvies mkvlevrebma, es ar Seesabameba sinamdviles. realu-
rad selCukebi kavkasiaSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen 1032-1034 wlebSi. ix. С. Г. Агаджанов,
manaskertis brZola 27
kavkasiis siRrmeSi Tanmimdevrulad miiwevdnen da aq arsebul politi-

kur erTeulebze, maT Soris saqarTvelozec, sul ufro aZlierebdnen
zewolas.
istoriografiaSi miiCneva, rom saqarTvelo-selCukebis urTier-
Toba – mxolod da mxolod ganuwyveteli samxedro dapirispirebaa. mag-
ram, rogorc irkveva, amgvari Sefaseba mTlad marTebuli araa da TviT
permanentuli samxedro Setakebebis periodSic ki adgili hqonda er-
Tgvar Serbilebas saqarTvelo-selCukebis urTierTobebSi. ufro me-
tic, iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac qarTveli da selCuki liderebi saerTo
enas poulobdnen da SeTanxmebulad gamodiodnen saerTaSoriso arena-
ze. amgvari TanamSromlobis erT-erT magaliTad migvaCnia matiane qar-
TlisaÁd wodebul XI s. qarTul qronikaSi dafiqsirebuli faqti, rom-
lis mixedviTac ikveTeba samokavSireo urTierTobebi saqarTvelos me-
fesa da selCukTa sulTan alf-arslans Soris manaskertis omis win.
aqve sagangebod unda ganvmartoT, rom varaudi bagrat IV-sa da
alf-arslans Soris aliansis SesaZlo damyarebis Sesaxeb, Cven mier
jer kidev 1991 w. gamoqveynebul monografiaSi iyo gamoTqmuli,4
romelic Cveni sadoqtoro disertaciis5 III Tavs warmoadgenda. mog-
vianebiT, es Tvalsazrisi rusul enaze gamocemul monografiaSic
dafiqsirda.6 miuxedavad amisa, aRniSnuli hipoTeza, samwuxarod,
problemiT dainteresebul mkvlevarTa yuradRebis miRma darCa.7 am
garemoebam gvibiZga, specialuri moxsenebiT (masSi adre gamoqveyne-
buli masala mniSvnelovnadaa gadamuSavebuli da Sevsebuli) gamov-
suliyaviT selCukTa pirvel saerTaSoriso simpoziumze, romelic
q. kaiserSi (TurqeTis respublika) 2010 wlis seqtemberSi Catarda.8
К.Н. Юзбашьян, “К истории тюркских набегов на Армению в XIв.”, Палестинский сборник,

13(76) (1965), 145-158; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 165-170.
4
zurab papasqiri, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze. saqarT-
velos saxelmwifos sagareo-politikuri mdgomareoba XI s. 60-80-ian wlebSi
(Tbilisi, 1991), 20-24.
5
З. В. Папаскири, “Международное положение средневековой Грузии (70-е годы X – 80-е годы
XI вв.)”, Диссертация на соискание ученой степени доктора исторических наук в форме научно-
го доклада (Тбилиси, 1991).
6
З. В. Папаскири, От Давида до Давида. Из истории международных отношений Грузии. 70-е
годы X – 80-е годы XI вв. (Тбилиси, 2001), 92-95. eleqtronuli versia: http:// sites.google.
com/site/zpapaskiri /publications-georgian. ix. agreTve, mariam lorTqifaniZe, zurab papasq-
iri, `saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sagareo politika da diplomatia XI saukuneSi~,
qarTuli diplomatiis istoriis narkvevebi, I (Tbilisi, 1998), 251.
7
magaliTad, ix. giuli alasania, `Turq-selCukebTan qarTvelebis urTierTobe-
bis adreuli gamocdileba~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XII (Tbilisi, 2010), 33-40.
8
З. В. Папаскири, “Манцикертское сражение и некоторые аспекты грузино-сельджукских
28 zurab papasqiri
warmodgenili statia swored am simpoziumze (rusul enaze) wakiTx-

uli moxsenebis (zogierTi CamatebiT) qarTuli variantia.
manaskertis brZola savsebiT samarTlianad iTvleba mniSvnelovan
gardatexis etapad àra marto maxlobeli aRmosavleTis, aramed, ram-
denadme, TviT msoflio istoriis TvalsazrisiTac... am dros sabolood
gairkva maxlobel aRmosavleTSi ZiriTadi dominirebuli Zalis sakiTxi:
aseT Zalas, am droidan moyolebuli xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi,
Turq-selCukebi warmoadgendnen~.9 gamoCenili rusi bizantinologis a.
vasilievis daskvniT, “с этих пор Византия перестаёт быть мировой державой
средневековья”.10 rusuli bizantinistikis meore didi warmomadgenlis,
akad. T. uspenskis azriT, manaskertTan gancdili samxedro katastro-
fa “имело важное значение не для одной Византии, но и для всего христианско-
го мира”.11 cnobili frangi bizantinologis p. viimaris SexedulebiTac,
bizantiis imperiam am marcxiT sabolood dakarga “и имя, и престиж, и ав-
торитет в вопросе ведения дел христианства и уж совсем была не способна вести
войну против мусульман”.12 marTalia, msoflio bizatinistikis zemoT da-
saxelebuli klasikosebisagan gansxvavebiT, calkeuli mecnierebi (k. ka-
eni, J. Sene, a. moxovi) sulac ar Tvlian manaskertTan gancdil marcxs bi-
zantiis imperiis samxedro Zlevamosilebis saboloo kraxad,13 magram es
Tvalsazrisi naklebad damajereblad gveCveneba. asea Tu ise, erTi ram
cxadia, amieridan bizantiis imperia ukve ver aCerebda selCukTa winsv-
las dasavleTis mimarTulebiT da maTac, sul cota xanSi, xmelTaSua da
marmarilos zRvebis sanapiroebsac miaRwies.14 amave xanebSi somxuri te-
взаимоотношений в начале 70-х годов XI века”, Uluslar Arası Büyük Selçuklu Sempozyumu, 26-30
Eylül 2010, Erciyes Üniversitesi (Kayseri, 2010), moxsenebaTa Tezisebi rusul enaze; Z. Pa-
paskiri, “Malazgirt Muharebesi 11. Yüzyılın 70’li yıllarında Selçuklu-Gürcü İlişkileri,” Uluslar Arası
Büyük Selçuklu Sempozyumu. 26-30 Eylül 2010, Erciyes Üniversitesi (Kayseri, 2010), moxsenebaTa
Tezisebi (Turqul enaze).
9
SoTa mesxia, `ZlevaÁ sakvirveli~, saistorio Ziebani, III (Tbilisi, 1986), 50.
10
А.А. Васильев, Лекции по истории Византийской империи, I (Петроград, 1914), 348;
С.Б.Дашков, Императоры Византии (Москва, 1996), eleqtr. versia: http://www.sedmitza.ru/text/
434532. html.
11
Ф. И. Успенский, История Крестовых походов (Санкт-Петербург, 1900-1901), eleqtr.
versia: http: //enoth.narod.ru/Crusades /Crusade_Usp01.htm.
12
П.Виймар, Крестовые походы: миф и реальность священной войны, пер. Д. А. Журавлевой
(Санкт-Петербург, 2003), eleqtr. versia: http://krotov.info/history/12/misho/vijmar.html#4.
13
Clod Cahen, “La campagne de Mantzikert d’apres les sourses musulmanes,” Byzantion, 9 (1934),
64-67; Jean-Claude Cheynet, “Mantzikert: un desastre militaire?” Byzantion, 50 (1980), 432-434. mi-
TiTebulia: А. С. Мохов, “Византийская армия в правление Романа IV Диогена (1068-1071 гг.)”,
Античная древность и средние века, 34 (Екатеринбург, 2003), 292-293.
14
Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 269.
ritoriebis dapyrobac dasrulda, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos samxreT

da samxreT-dasavleTis mxridan uSualod selCukTa didi sasulTno da-
umezoblda. paralelurad, selCukebma daamyares ra kontroli Sirvan-
darubandze, mniSvnelovnad ganimtkices poziciebi mTels aRmosavleT
amierkavkasiaSi.15
movlenebis amgvari ganviTareba, bunebrivia, negatiurad aisaxe-
boda saqarTvelos samefos – uZlieresi mahmadianuri imperiis piris-
pir mdgari regionSi erTaderTi qristianuli saxelmwifos – saerTa-
Soriso mdgomareobaze. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria, saqarTvelos
samefo kari bizantiis imperias maqsimalurad mxarSi unda amosdgo-
moda da ar daeSva selCukebis Semdgomi gaZliereba. magram, rogorc
irkveva, manaskertis brZolis win sulTan alf-arslansa da bagrat
IV-s Soris sakmaod megobruli urTierTobebi damyarebula. matiane
qarTlisaÁs cnobiT, `mogzavna sultanman sarangi alxazi, da misiTa
Sua-mdgomlobiTa da sityÂTa sultanisaTa daezava bagrat da ganute-
va fadlon, da gagzavna saÃelmwifosa TÂssa ganZas. da warhyva sarangi
Tana. da moarTunes gagiT kliteni, da aRiRo afxazTa mefeman gagi~.16
anu selCukTa sulTanma ara Tu ar wamoiwyo damsjeli eqspedicia bag-
rat IV-is winaamRdeg, romelmac Seipyro sulTnis mTavari mokavSire
da vasali – ganZis amira fadlon II,17 aramed ratomRac Tvali daxuWa
saqarTvelos mefis am aSkarad gamomwvev qmedebaze da, uwyaloba ra
bagrat mefes gagis cixe-qalaqi, faqtobrivad, masTan erTgvar gari-
gebaze wavida.
riTi unda aixsnas selCukTa Zlevamosili sulTnis amgvari loi-
aluri reaqcia saqarTvelos mefis mier selCukTa erTguli msaxuris
datyvevebaze? wyaroebSi ar mogvepoveba araviTari miniSneba sul-
Tnis mxridan àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis mimarT gamoCenili
didsulovnebis motivebze. bolo dromde arc istoriografiaSi yo-
fila alf-arslanis am erTgvari diplomatiuri reveransis mizezebis
garkvevis mcdeloba. erTaderTi axsna, romelic SeiZleba moeZebnos
selCukTa didi sulTnis nabijs, Cveni azriT, unda veZioT manaskertis
omis – or imperias Soris gadamwyveti Setakebis – win bizantia-selCu-
kebis frontze Seqmnil viTarebaSi. magram sanam am sakiTxs uSualod
SevexebodeT, mizanSewonilad migvaCnia mokled mimovixiloT sakuT-
15
iqve, 302; p. Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi XI-XII
saukuneebSi (Tbilisi,1975), 132.
16
matiane qarTlisa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelna-
weris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I (Tbilisi, 1955), 313-314.
17
fadl II abu-l-asvar Sabur I (1067-1073).
30 zurab papasqiri
riv saqarTvelo-selCukebis samxedro-politikuri dapirispirebis

peripetiebi XI s. 60-ian wlebsa da 70-iani wlebis damdegs.
rogorc ukve zemoT aRiniSna, did politikaSi selCukebis gamoCe-
nam mniSvnelovanwilad Secvala ZalTa Tanafardoba maxlobel aRmo-
savleTSi. selCukTa sasulTnos saxiT, romelic ZiriTadad gaformda
yofili sasanuri iranisa da samxreT-amierkavkasiis teritoriebze XI s.
40-50 wlebSi, Seiqmna uZlieresi zesaxelmwifo, romelic, erTi xanoba,
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda. saqarTve-
los sagareo-politikur mdgomareobaze selCukebis gavlena SesamCne-
vi jer kidev XI s. 30-iani wlebidan gaxda. Tavdapirvelad es mkafiod
1037-1038 wlebSi dafiqsirda, rodesac arabi avtoris ibn al-asiris
cnobiT, swored Turq-oRuzTa Semosevis safrTxem bagrat IV aiZula
moexsna Tbilisis alya.18
XI s. 40-iani wlebidan, mas mere, rac momTabareTa Tavdasxmebma som-
xeTze da azerbaijanze sistematuri xasiaTi miiRo, selCukebisagan mom-
dinare safrTxe kidev ufro TvalSi sacemi gaxda. saqarTvelos samefo
kari, bunebrivia, ver darCeboda gulgrili am movlenebis mimarT da,
SesaZleblobisamebr, cdilobda gadaedga konkretuli nabijebi sel-
CukTa Semdgomi eqspansiis SesaCereblad. 1040 wels bagrat IV-m 4000-ia-
ni laSqari gaugzavna taSir-Zoragetis mefes daviT ùmiwawylos~ da mas
dvinis emiris abul-asvaris19 mogeriebaSi daexmara.20 Turq-selCukTa
winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, rogorc cnobilia, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli li-
parit baRvaSi, romelic, iv. javaxiSvilis xatovani gamoTqmiT, `yovels
dids laSqrobaSi, romelic ki berZnebs aRmosavleTiT SemTxveviaT,
bizantielebis mokavSired ... iyo~.21 bizantielTa mxares erT-erT laS-
qrobaSi (1048-1049ww.) monawileoba TviT bagrat IV-mac miiRo.22
18
П.К. Жузе, Материалы по истории Азербайджана из Тари-аль-Камиль (полного свода исто-
рии) Ибн-Аль-Асира (Баку, 1940), 115; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi,
174.
19
ganja-aranis mmarTveli abu-l-asvar Sabur b. fadli (1049-1067).
20
Р.М. Бартикян, “Хронография” Матфея Эдесского о Грузии и грузинах”, bizantinolo-
giuri etiudebi, eZRvneba akad. simon yauxCiSvilis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavs (Tbi-
lisi, 1978), 143; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 176.
21
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, II, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, II
(Tbilisi,1983), 146. amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTve-
lo XI saukuneSi, 179-195.
22
matiane qarTlisa, 313-314. amis Sesaxeb ix. agreTve, vasil kopaliani, saqar-
Tvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070 wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1969),
254; Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi, 195; mariam
lorTqifaniZe, `saqarTvelos Sina-politikuri da sagareo viTareba X s. 80-iani
wlebidan XI s. 80-ian wlebamde~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, III (Tbilisi,
XI s. 40-50-iani wlebis mijnaze gaxSirda selCukTa Tavdasxmebi

uSualod saqarTvelos saxelmwifos sazRvrebTan, kerZod, maT araer-
Txel moarbies ìberiis~ Temi – Tavis droze (1001w.) imperator basili
II-is mier mitacebuli daviT III didi kurapalatis samflobelos (imier
-tao) bazaze Seqmnili bizantiuri administraciuli erTeuli.23 ufro
metic, am periodSi, zogierTi wyaros monacemebis safuZvelze varau-
doben selCukTa calkeuli razmebis SemoWras uSualod saqarTvelos
samefos farglebSi, samcxis teritoriaze da manglisis sanaxebSi.24 mi-
uxedavad amisa, selCukebi saqarTvelosTvis seriozul safrTxes jer
kidev ar warmoadgendnen. piriqiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi
(XI s. 50-ian wlebSi) selCukebis faqtori, ramdenadme, xels uwyobda ki-
1979), 145; zurab papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna

da saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri mdgomareobis zogierTi sakiTxi (Tbilisi,
1990), 202.
23
istoriografiaSi, am movlenebis gaSuqebisas, arcTu iSviaTad, arasworadaa
gagebuli bizantiuri wyaroebis (mixeil ataliate, giorgi kedrene da a.S.) ìbe-
ria~, romelic zogjer gaigivebulia mTlianad saqarTvelosTan. Tu es araa Zneli
asaxsneli araqarTveli mecnierebis mxridan – isini ver arian jerovnad Caxeduli
saqarTvelos istoriaSi (maT Soris iseTi aRiarebuli mkvlevaric ki, rogoricaa
akad. T. uspenski, uSvebda uxeS Secdomas, rodesac skilice-kedrenes erT-erTi cno-
bis komentirebisas, romelSic laparakia imaze, Tu rogor daSala bizantiis impera-
torma ìberiuli jari daaxloebiT ormocdaaTi aTasi kacisagan Semdgari~ [giorgi
kedrene, `qronografia~, georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos
Sesaxeb, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon
yauxCiSvilma, V (Tbilisi, 1963), 82], daufiqreblad werda, rom “Грузия содержала пре-
жде 50 тысяч войска с целью защиты против азиатских хищников” (Ф.И. Успенский, История
Византийской империи, 4, гл. III, eleqtr. versia: http://rikonti-khalsivar.narod.ru/Usp4.3.htm, xa-
zgasma aqac da SemdgomSic Cvenia – z. p.), verafriT gavamarTlebT amgvar midgomas
qarTveli mecnierebis mxridan. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs n. Sengelias
uaRresad faseuli, kapitaluri gamokvleva, romelSic mkvlevari zemoT dasaxele-
bul bizantiel avtorTa cnobebs selCukTa mier iberiis awiokebis Sesaxeb azoga-
debs saqarTveloze (Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi,199-201), rac,
Cveni azriT, miuRebelia. danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi kedrenesa da
mixeil ataliates im cnobebSi, romelic mohyavs n. Sengelias saqarTvelos mimarT
selCukTa gaaqtiurebis saCveneblad, termin ìberiis~ qveS igulisxmeba bizantiis
administraciuli erTeuli ìberiis~ Temi da ara sakuTriv saqarTvelo. amdenad,
iq mimdinare movlenebi ver gamodgeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoSi `Seqmnili viTa-
rebis~ dasaxasiaTeblad, Tumca savsebiT veTanxmebiT pativcemul mecniers, rom
zogadad `selCukTa aseTi grandiozuli eqspediciebi saqarTvelos mezobel qvey-
nebSi ar SeiZleboda uaryofiTad ar asaxuliyo qarTul sinamdvileSi~. Sengelia,
selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 206. amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix. pa-
pasqiri, Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelo saerTaSoriso arenaze, 6-7.
24
Ф.Д. Жордания, К материалам по истории Грузии XI-XII вв. (Москва, 1895), 7; Sengelia,
selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 200, 206-207.
32 zurab papasqiri
dec qveynis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis stabilizacias, ker-

Zod, bizantiis imperiasTan urTierTobebis mowesrigebas.25
viTareba mniSvnelovanwilad Seicvala XI s. 60-iani wlebis damde-
gidan, rodesac bagrat IV-m, feodalur opoziciaze gadamwyveti gamar-
jvebis mopovebis Semdeg, ganaaxla aqtiuri moqmedebebi aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi da Tbilisisa da kaxeT-hereTis Semomtkicebaze daiwyo
zrunva. am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli misi nebismieri nabiji selCuke-
bis ukidures gaRizianebas iwvevda. pirvelad es naTlad gamovlinda
1062 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos mefes hqonda morigi mcdeloba dauf-
leboda Tbiliss.26 saqarTvelos mefis Tbilisze kontrolis damyarebas
umal gamoexmaurnen mezobeli mahmadianuri gaerTianebebis liderebi,
romlebic, zogierTi arabuli wyaros cnobiT, gansakuTrebiT daafiqra
mTebSi gzebis gafarToebis Sesaxeb bagrat IV-is gadawyvetilebam. maTi
azriT, saqarTvelos mefe amas akeTebda imisaTvis, rom `gaadvilebo-
daT urwmunoebs (anu qristian-qarTvelebs, z. p.) iqidan gadasvla isla-
mis qveynebSi~.27 e.i. aRniSnuli faqti selCukTa sasulTnos mesveurebis
TvalSi savsebiT samarTlianad ganixileboda, rogorc saqarTvelos me-
fis mxridan selCukTa winaaRmdeg mimarTuli axali samxedro aqciebi-
saTvis samzadisi. vfiqrobT, swored am droidan iqca saqarTvelo sel-
Cukebis mTavar mowinaaRmdeged amierkavkasiis dapyrobis gzaze.
1064 w. sulTanma alf-arslanma pirvelad ilaSqra saqarTveloSi,
romlis drosac man samxreT saqarTvelos calkeuli regionebi moaox-
ra da axalqalaqi aiRo.28 metis miRweva selCukebma am etapze ver SeZles.
rogorc Cans, selCukTa uZleveli mmarTveli qarTvelebis aseT medgar
winaaRmdegobas ar eloda da man saqarTvelos mefesTan dazaveba ar-
Cia. marTalia, zogierTi arabuli wyaro (mag., sadr ad-din al-huseini)
miuTiTebs bagrat IV-is mier sulTnis uzenaesobis aRiarebaze da misi
mxridan jiziis gadaxdis valdebulebis aRebaze,29 magram movlenebis
25
amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT, ix. kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politiku-
ri urTierToba, 261-266; papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos
warmoqmna, 203, 209.
26
revaz kiknaZe, `XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan~, istoriis institutis Sromebi,
t. V, nakv. I (1960), 114; SoTa mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, sai-
storio Ziebani, I (1982), 240.
27
kiknaZe, `XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan~, 113-114.
28
matiane qarTlisa, gv. 306. amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix.: Sengelia, selCukebi da sa-
qarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 200, 219-225.
29
Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа, издание текста, перевод,
введение, примечания и приложения Зия Мусаевича Буниятова (Москва, 1980), 50, eleqtr.
versia: http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/rus/ Selguk/ frames2.htm); Жузе, Материалы по истории
Азербайджана из Тари-аль-Камиль, 121. sadr ad-din al-huseinis cnobiT, es momxdara
Semdgomi ganviTareba ara Tu ar adasturebs amas, aramed faqtobrivad

gamoricxavs saqarTvelos mefis raime valdebulebebs sulTnis sasar-
geblod.
rac Seexeba bagrat IV-isa da alf-arslanis SeTanxmebas saqarTve-
los mefis diswulis (da ara qaliSvilis, rogorc wers arabi avtori al
-bundari30) sulTnisaTvis miTxovebis Taobaze,31 es faqti ar SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc daTmoba bagrat mefis mxridan. ufro metic,
es qorwineba saqarTvelos lideris erTgvar diplomatiur warmate-
badac ki unda miviCnioT, ramdenadac man xeli Seuwyo amierkavkasiaSi
àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis poziciebis Semdgom ganmtkicebas. am-
gvari daskvnis safuZvels Cven gvaZlevs im movlenebis analizi, romlis
fonzec ganaxorciela sulTnisaTvis micemuli piroba saqarTvelos
xelmwifem.
rogorc matiane qarTlisaÁs cnobidan irkveva, bagrat IV-is disSvi-
lis sulTnisaTvis miTxovebis winaaRmdeg misi meore biZa (mamis Zma),
taSir-ZorakeTis mefe kvirike gamosula.32 saqarTvelos mefem, gamoi-
yena ra sababad kvirikes es obstruqciuli qmedeba, daZra jarebi taSir
-ZorakeTisken, daikava samSvilde, ìurva saxlad TÂisad~ da iq sruli
kontroli daamyara (`da egreT-ve monebdes somexni~).33 miCneulia, rom
es iyo kidev erTi nabiji mimarTuli istoriulad qarTuli xunani-sam-
Svildis teritoriebis saqarTvelos saxelmwifosTvis Semomtkicebis
selCukTa sulTnis ar-rumSi galaSqrebis dros – 1064 w. Tebervlis mesame deka-

daSi. Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа, 48. magram, calkeul
publikaciebSi, ratomRac 1067 wels uTiTeben. ix. Р. Гусейн-заде, Кавказ и сельджуки
(Баку, 2010), 166.
30
miTiTebulia z. buniatovis mier sadr ad-din al-huseinis Txzulebis rusuli
TargmanisaTvis darTuli SeniSvnis mixedviT: Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-
даулат ас-сельджукийа, 51; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 226.
31
matiane qarTlisa, 307-308. is, rom sulTanma saqarTvelos mefes namdvilad disS-
vilis (da ara qaliSvilis) xeli sTxova, dasturdeba meore arabi avtoris sibt ibn
al-jauzis cnobiTac. miTiTebulia z. buniatovis mier sadr ad-din al-huseinis
Txzulebis rusuli TargmanisaTvis darTuli SeniSvnis mixedviT: Садр ад-Дин Али
ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа, 51. kidev erTi arabi avtoris bar hebreu-
sis monacemebiTac, sulTanma SeirTo `saqarTvelos xelmwifis~ disSvili. Sengelia,
selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 226.
32
somexi istorikosis maTeos urhaecis cnobiT, princesa, romelic miaTxoves
sulTans, iyo taSir-ZorakeTis mefis asuli da ara Zmiswuli. amasTan, somexi mema-
tiane ratomRac dums am procesSi saqarTvelos mefis monawileobaze. javaxiSvili,
qarTveli eris istoria, II, 152-153; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI sauku-
neSi, 226.
33
matiane qarTlisa, 307-308.
34 zurab papasqiri
gzaze.34 garda imisa, rom samSvildis dakavebiT bagrat IV-m ganimtkica

poziciebi aRniSnul regionSi, saqarTvelos mefis es aqcia, zogadad,
qarTuli saxelmwifos Zlierebis erTgvari demonstraciac iyo, rac ar
SeiZleboda moswoneboda selCukTa Zlevamosil sulTans, romelmac,
rogorc Cans, dauyovnebliv gadadga nabijebi bagrat IV-is ambiciebis
mosaTokad. savaraudoa, rom TbilisSi jafariani amiras xelisuflebis
aRdgena, romelic, rogorc fiqroben, selCukTa sulTnis iniciativiTa
da xelSewyobiT ganxorcielda,35 swored pasuxi iyo taSir-ZorakeTSi
saqarTvelos mefis gamomwvev qmedebebze. àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ me-
fis samxedro-politikuri aqtiurobis aRkveTas isaxavda miznad ganZis
amira abul asvaris saqarTveloSi moulodneli SemoWrac.36 im abul as-
varisa, romelsac sulTanma alf-arslanma faqtobrivad amierkavkasiis
politikuri erTeulebis kurireba daavala.37 bagrat IV-s upasuxod ar
dautovebia ganZis amiras es gamoxdoma. arabi avtoris sadr ad-din al-
huseinis cnobiT, 1067-1068 ww. “царь Абхаза по имени Бакрат совершил набег
на ал-Барда'а … один из городов в стране мусульман”.38 aman ki wonasworobi-
dan gamoiyvana mrisxane sulTani da is saswrafod daiZra saqarTvelo-
saken.
amrigad, rogorc davinaxeT, 1064-1068 ww. – saqarTveloSi selCuk-
Ta pirvel da meore laSqrobebs Soris periodSi – bagrat IV sulac ar
yofila sulTnis morCili vasali da alf-arslanTan urTierTobebSi
raime kompromisebze ar midioda, rogorc amas askvnis n. Sengelia.39 pi-
riqiT, saqarTvelos mefe am dros sakmaod damoukidebel, aqtiur sa-
gareo politikas atarebda da Tanmimdevrulad amtkicebda Tavis gav-
lenas aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom selCukTa
meore Semosevis win igi kaxeT-hereTis SemomtkicebiT iyo dakavebuli.40
mxolod TurqTa Semosvlam aiZula is àekra guda-nabadi~ da ukan mob-
runebuliyo. araa gamoricxuli, rom selCukTa ase operatiuli gamo-
34
Tengiz papuaSvili, ranTa da kaxTa samefo (VIII-XI ss.) (Tbilisi,1982), 247.
35
mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 242.
36
kiknaZe, `XI-XIII ss. Tbilisis istoriidan~, 115.
37
38
Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа, 55. amis Sesaxeb ix. agreT-
ve, nodar Sengelia, `sadr ad-din huseini alf-arslanis saqarTvelosa da amierkav-
kasiis qveynebSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb~, Ziebani saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriidan,
eZRvneba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosis niko berZeniSvilis
dabadebis 80 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 1976), 192; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI
saukuneSi, 238.
39
40
Cena sulac kaxeTis mefis aRsarTanis iniciativiT moxda. amaze unda mi-
uTiTebdes matiane qarTlisaÁs cnoba, romlis Tanaxmadac àRsarTan
mierTo sultansa miuZRuana ZRueni didi, dauteva sjuli, daicÂTa wi-
na, aRuTqua xaraja~.41 aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos mefis winaaRmdeg
daZruli selCukTa sulTnis banakSi aRsarTan kaxTa mefis garda, imyo-
febodnen taSir-ZorakeTis mefe kvirike da Tbilisis amira,42 rac imaze
miuTiTebs, rom imJamad erTaderT realur Zalas, romelic Riad gamo-
dioda selCukebis winaaRmdeg amierkavkasiaSi, erTiani qarTuli saxel-
mwifo warmoadgenda.
yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg marTebulad ar migvaCnia zogi-
erTi mkvlevris mcdeloba ukritikod aRiqvas calkeul arab avtorTa
(sadr ad-din al-huseinis, ibn al-asiris) cnoba bagrat IV-is mier alf
arslanis uzenaesobis aRiarebisa da jiziis gadaxdis valdebulebis
aRebis Taobaze da xelaRebiT amtkicos vasalur-siuzerenuli urTi-
erTobis damyareba saqarTvelos mefesa da selCukTa sulTans Soris.
am mxriv gansakuTrebiT scodavs cnobili azerbaijaneli istorikosi,
selCukTa istoriis aRiarebuli mkvlevari r. husein-zade, romelic
axlaxan gamocemul wignSi sruliad uapelaciod acxadebs, rom “Вели-
кий султан Алп-Арслан принял ... вассальную присягу грузинского царя Баграта
IV”.43
araTu pirveli Semosvlis dros, aramed meore, gacilebiT ufro
damangreveli laSqrobis Sedegadac, rodesac sulTanma ara marto aR-
mosavleT saqarTvelo moaoxra, aramed lixs iqiTac, argveTSi gadavida
da iqauroba `vidre sueris-cixemde~ daarbia,44 selCukTa sulTanma ver
moaxerxa saqarTvelos mefis damorCileba. marTalia, bagrat IV-m `mig-
zavna mociqulad ivane, Ze liparitisi ... Ziebad mSÂdobisa. xolo sul-
tanman Seaqcia igi afxazeTad bagratisa, sTxova xaraja da uqada mSÂdo-
ba~,45 magram saqarTvelos mefem isargebla imiT, rom sulTanma `sificx-
lisagan zamTrisa ver-Ra-ra moilodina da warvida qarTliT~,46 Tavidan
aicila xarajis gadaxda. maqsimumi, rasac am etapze alf-arslanma po-
litikuri TvalsazrisiT miaRwia, iyo is, rom man `Camavalman waruRo
tfilisi da rusTavi, da misca fadlons, ganZisa patronsa~.47
mkvlevarTa savsebiT damajerebeli daskvniT ganZis amira fadlo-
41
iqve, 308-309.
42
iqve, 310.
43
Гусейн-заде, Кавказ и сельджуки, 72, 167, 229.
44
matiane qarTlisa, 309.
45
iqve, 309-310.
46
iqve, 309-310.
47
iqve, 309-310.
36 zurab papasqiri
nisaTvis Tbilisisa da rusTavis gadacema ganpirobebuli iyo ara imiT,

rom sulTani bolomde ar endoboda am qalaqebis mflobelebs – isini
erTgulad emsaxurebodnen mas,48 aramed imiT, rom swored ganZis amira
miaCnda alf-arslans yvelaze Zlier da saimedo mmarTvelad, romel-
sac xelewifeboda dapyrobili qarTuli teritoriebis kontroli.49
bagrat IV, rasakvirvelia, ver Seegueboda amgvar marcxs, miT ufro àm-
partavanebasa da urjuebasa~ fadlonisa da man umal Seutia Tbilis-
Si mdgar ganZis amiras. fadlonma ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba àfxazTa~
da `qarTvelTa~ mefes da iZulebuli Seiqna Tbiliss gascloda, magram
gzad is Seipyres da aRsarTan kaxTa mefes mihgvares TelavSi. am ukanas-
knelma ki, `rameTu afxazTa mefisagan eSinoda ukana Camodgomisa~, ga-
dawyvita boWormisa da ujarmis sanacvlod daeTmo misTvis Sepyrobi-
li ganZis amira.50 araa gamoricxuli, rom aRsarTanis es gadawyvetileba
48
mesxia, `saqalaqo komuna Sua saukuneebis TbilisSi~, 242.
49
50
matiane qarTlisa, 312-313. am movlenebze msjelobisas ar SegviZlia gverdi avua-
roT zogierT gadacdomebs, romelsac adgili aqvs calkeul publikaciebSi. kerZod,
arasworadaa gagebuli XI-XIII saukuneebis istoriis amsaxvel arabul-sparsul wya-
roebSi dafiqsirebuli terminebi: àfxazeTi~ da àfxazi~. am TvalsazrisiT Cveni
yuradReba miiqcia rusi mecnieris k. riJovis Sadadidebis dinastiisadmi miZRvnilma
ganmazogadebelma statiam, romelSic avtori, fadlonis saqarTveloSi yofnisa da
misi datyvevebis faqtis gadmocemisas, yovelgvari komentarebis gareSe, wers, rom
“В 1068 г. по требованию султана Фадл предпринял неудачный поход в Абхазию, был разбит и по-
пал в плен. Абхазцы передали пленника грузинскому царю Баграту IV, который заставил Фадла
отказаться от Тбилиси, Рустави и других принадлежавших ему грузинских городов”. ix. К.В. Ры-
жов, “Шаддадиды”, Все монархи мира. Мусульманский Восток. VII-XV вв., Справочник (Москва,
2004), eleqtr. versia: http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/ 453/word/%D8%C0%C4%C4%C0%C4%C8
%C4%DB. e. i. gamodis, rom (yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis es ase moeCveneba gauTviTcnobie-
rebel mkiTxvels) àfxazeTi~, sadac SeiWra ganZa-aranis mmarTveli da àfxazebi~,
romlebmac Seipyres fadloni, es erTi qveyana da erTi xalxia, xolo `saqarTvelos
mefe~ (“грузинский царь”) bagrat IV warmoadgens sxva qveyanas da sxva xalxs. sinamdvi-
leSi ki bagrat IV swored àfxazTa~ mefea (sxvas, rom Tavi davaneboT, amas afiqsirebs
TviT sadrad-din al-huseini, romelic pirdapir ganmartavs “царь Абхаза по имени Ба-
крат”. Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-сельджукийа, 55. XI-XIIIss. aRmosavlur
wyaroebSi terminebis àfxazeTisa~ da àfxazis~ mniSvnelobis swori gagebisaTvis, ix.
goCa jafariZe, `qarTvelebisa da saqarTvelos arabuli saxelwodebebi~, saqarTve-
losa da qarTvelebis aRmniSvneli ucxouri da qarTuli terminologia (Tbilisi,
1993), 132-134. aRsaniSnavia, rom k. riJovi arasworad gadmoscems mTel am istorias.
fadloni àfxazebs~ ar gadauciaT `saqarTvelos mefisaTvis~ (rogorc amas Secdo-
miT wers rusi mkvlevari). is xelSi Cauvarda ìsak tolobelis Zesa, aznaursa mesxsa~,
romelmac Turme àra iÃsena mkÂdroba afxazTa mefisa, romel-mca afxazTa mefisagan
gaqceuli fadlon Seipyra, da Seguara boWormas bagratisTÃs. aramed mswrafl wa-
riyvana da mihguara aRsarTans Telavs~. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, swored aRsarTanma
gadasca fadloni bagrats. matiane qarTlisa, 312-313.
nakarnaxevi iyo imiTac, rom mas aranakleb aSinebda TviT fadloni, ro-
melic, rogorc matiane qarTlisaÁs cnobidan irkveva, kaxTa mefis kuT-
vnil zogierT teritorias (xornabujisa da aradeTis sanapiro olqebs)
dapatroneboda.51 yovelive es ki imaze miuTiTebs, rom ganZis amirasTan
tradiciulma konfrontaciam, romelic erTmaneTTan aaxloebda qar-
Tvel da somex liderebs (amasTan dakavSirebiT, SemTxveviTi ar unda
iyos is faqtic, rom am movlenebSi ar figurirebs taSir-ZorakeTis me-
fe kvirike, romelic, rogorc Cans, bagrat IV-isaTvis sasurvel neit-
ralitets icavda), amjeradac Seariga kaxeTis mmarTveli àfxazTa~ da
`qarTvelTa~ mefesTan.
fadlonis datyvevebis Semdeg, bagrat IV-m umalve daikava Tbili-
si, Tumca ver moaxerxa qalaqis `Tavisad daWera~ da iZulebuli gaxda
garkveul kompromisze wasuliyo. man `dmaniss datevebuli siTlarabi
Zebna, Semoiyvana tfilisad, da misca mas tfilisi~.52 garda amisa, sa-
qarTvelos mefem `Tavisad aRixuna cixeni rusTavi, farcxisi, agarani,
grigol-wmidani, qavazini, da ormocdaoTxi aTasi drahkani, da mZeval-
ni Zmis-wuli misi, Ze manuCasi, da samTa TavadTa ganZisaTa~.53 rogorc
fiqroben, mematianis mier CamoTvlili cixe-qalaqebi ZiriTadad qvemo
qarTlSi – somxiTSi – mdebareobdnen54 da Tbilisis im `sasazRvro rai-
ons~ Seadgendnen, romlebic alf-arslanma fadlons gadasca.55 saqar-
Tvelos mefis am Tamamma samxedro-politikurma aqciebma sruliad na-
Teli gaxada, rom bagrat IV-m kvlav xelT igdo iniciativa da Tanmimdev-
rulad Seudga aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi poziciebis ganmtkicebas.
fadlonis datyveveba da Tbilisze saqarTvelos mefis kontrolis
aRdgena seriozuli dartyma iyo alf-arslanis avtoritetisaTvis.
aqedan gamomdinare, mas, TiTqos, Wkua unda eswavlebina gaTavxedebu-
li bagrat IV-isaTvis. magram, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mrisxane selCukTa
sulTanma àfxazTa~ da `qarTvelTa~ mefis winaaRmdeg sadamsjelo eq-
spediciis mowyobis nacvlad, sruliad moulodneli nabiji gadadga –
gamogzavna sagangebo rwmunebiT aRWurvili sarangi alxazi, misi piriT
dauzavda bagrats da fadlonis ganTavisuflebis sanacvlod saqarTve-
51
52
iqve, 312.
53
iqve, 312.
54
am cixeebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb ix. niko berZeniSvili, `Zveli Tbilisis
toponimikidan, agarani~, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I (Tbilisi, 1964), 308;
devi berZeniSvili, `bolnisis istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi~, saqarTvelos
istoriuli geografiis sakiTxebi, II (1964), 42.
55
Tofuria, aRmosavleT amierkavkasiis politikuri erTeulebi,199.
38 zurab papasqiri
los mefes gagis cixe-qalaqi gadasca.56 e.i. sulTanma bagrati ki ar da-

saja, aramed masTan erTgvari garigeba dado da gagis cixis gadacemiT
somxeTis mimarTulebiT misi gavlena kidev ufro ganavrco. da mainc,
ra moxda, riT iyo ganpirobebuli sulTnis aseTi guluxvoba? am kiTxva-
ze pasuxis gasacemad aucilebelia gavaanalizoT manaskertis omis win
bizantia-selCukebis frontze Seqmnili situacia, romelic, Cveni az-
riT, naTels mohfens am saidulos.
XI s. 60-iani wlebis Sua xanebidan, Turq-selCukebma, rogorc cno-
bilia, gaaZlieres Seteva bizantiis samflobeloebis mimarTulebiT.
gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad win isini anatoliisken miiwevdnen. swored am
droidan iwyeben selCukebi dafuZnebas am mxareSi.57 aman aiZula bizan-
tiis xelisufleba, mTeli yuradReba aRmosavleTis frontisken ga-
daetana. romanoz IV diogenem, romelmac 1067 wels Zalaufleba xelSi
Caigdo, moaxerxa Zalebis sruli mobilizeba, armiaSi mkacri discip-
linis damyareba da ramdenime warmatebuli samxedro operaciis Cata-
rebis Semdeg selCukTa evfratis marjvena sanapiroebidan gandevna.58
igrZno ra anatoliaSi poziciebis dakargvis safrTxe, alf-arslani
bizantiis winaaRmdeg axali didi samxedro kampaniis samzadiss Seud-
ga. es gadawyvetileba agreTve egvipteSi amtydarma Sida areulobamac
daaCqara, romlis drosac xelisuflebisaTvis mebrZolma erTma daj-
gufebam selCukTa sulTani nilosis napirebisken miiwvia.59 1070 wels
selCukTa didi laSqari azerbaijanis teritoriidan dasavleTisaken
daiZra da manaskerti erT dReSi daikava. ase daiwyo grandiozuli kam-
pania, romelic 1071 w. 24 agvistos selCukTa sruli triumfiT damTav-
rda.60
amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, XI s. 60-iani wlebis miwuruls, rode-
sac bagrat IV aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi Tavis SeteviT operaciebs
axorcielebda, alf-arslani ufro mniSvnelovani problemebiT – bi-
zantiis winaaRmdeg generaluri Setevis momzadebiT – iyo dakavebu-
li. rogorc Cans, selCukTa sulTani swored am garemoebam aiZula,
gamoeCina garkveuli sifrTxile gaZlierebuli saqarTvelos lide-
ris mimarT. garda imisa, rom bagrat mefis dasja arc ise advili iyo
(raSic is, albaT, daarwmuna qarTvelebis Seupovarma winaaRmdegobam
56
57
Г. Г. Литаврин, “Внутриполитический кризис в конце XI в. и внешнеполитический разгром”,
История Византии, II (Москва, 1967), 283-284; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI
saukuneSi, 248.
58
59
Райс, Сельджуки, 31-32; Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 250.
60
dawvrilebiT ix. Sengelia, selCukebi da saqarTvelo XI saukuneSi, 253-265.
saqarTveloSi pirveli da meore laSqrobis dros), alf-arslans ar

SeiZleba ar gaeTvaliswinebina saqarTvelos mefis SesaZlo gamosvla
imperiis mxareze bizantiasTan kars momdgar omSi. cxadia, aseT viTa-
rebaSi konfrontacia bagrat IV-sTan namdvilad seriozuli diploma-
tiuri Secdoma iqneboda.
marTlac, erTi SexedviT, saqarTvelo-bizantiis erToblivi gamos-
vla selCukebis winaaRmdeg savsebiT realuri moCanda. jer kidev XIs.
50-iani wlebis miwurulidan konstantinopolTan saqarTvelos saxel-
mwifos, faqtobrivad, Tanasworuflebiani, partnioruli urTierToba
hqonda, rac, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, mniSvnelovanwilad, pirvel rigSi,
swored selCukebisagan momdinare safrTxem ganapiroba. 60-iani wle-
bis Suaxanebidan ki es urTierToba kidev ufro dinastiuri qorwinebiT
ganmtkicda – imperator konstantine X dukas vaJis, mixeil dukas bag-
rat IV-is asul mariamze daqorwinebiT.61 marTalia, wyaroebi ar iZle-
vian konkretul cnobebs saqarTvelo-bizantiis samxedro-politiku-
ri TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb XI s. 60-iani wlebis miwuruls, magram, amis
gamo, saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg SeTanxmebuli moqmedebebis mTlianad
gamoricxva (rogorc amas uSvebs v. kopaliani)62 mTlad gamarTlebulad
ar gveCveneba.
rasakvirvelia, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom romanoz IV diogenem
bagrat IV-sa da konstantine dukas Soris arsebul urTierTobebSi gar-
kveuli koreqtivebi Seitana – axali imperatori ubralod valdebuli
iyo gaeTvaliswinebina mixeil dukasa da bagrat sebastosis63 naTesauri
urTierToba da is safrTxe, romelic SeiZleboda Seqmnoda daqvrive-
buli dedoflis – evdokias meore qmars xelisuflebis SenarCunebis
saqmeSi. kerZod, mosalodneli iyo, rom ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi
saqarTvelos mefe yovelnairad ecdeboda Tavisi gvirgvinosani siZis
– mixeil dukas daxmarebas. miuxedavad amgvari qvedinebebisa, selCukTa
mzardi safrTxis pirobebSi, romanoz IV, albaT, gamoiCenda garkveul
61
amis Sesaxeb dawvril. ix. И.М. Нодия, “Грузинские материалы о византийской импера-
трице Марфе-Мариам”, bizantinologiuri etiudebi, eZRvneba akad. simon yauxCiSvi-
lis dabadebidan 80 wlisTavs (Tbilisi, 1978), 146-155.
62
kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba, 279.
63
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom didi xnis manZilze (vidre aleqsi I komnenosamde) se-
bastosad mxolod imperatorebi iwodebodnen (leri TavaZe, `sevastosis tituli
Sua saukuneebis qarTul politikur realobaSi~, ivane javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, II (2011),
165), am umaRlesi titulis miniWeba saqarTvelos mefisaTvis udavod gansakuTre-
buli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo. amiT, Cveni azriT, oficialurma konstantinopol-
ma faqtobrivad aRiara saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Tanasworoba ormxriv urTier-
TobebSi.
40 zurab papasqiri
sifrTxiles da moerideboda urTierTobebis garTulebas saqarTve-

los samefosTan, miT ufro, rom obieqturad saqarTvelo selCukebTan
did dapirispirebaSi, ase Tu ise, potenciur mokavSired mainc ganixi-
leboda.
Tavis mxriv, unda vivaraudoT, rom saqarTvelos samefo karic kon-
stantinopolSi movlenebis ganviTarebas yuradRebiT akvirdeboda.
kerZod, dapirispirebas axal imperatorsa da mis gvirgvinosan64 gers –
mixeil dukas Soris. is, rom romanoz IV-s, dukebis sagvareulos saxiT,
namdvilad hyavda Zlieri opozicia, araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs. gamoTqmu-
lia mosazreba, rom romanoz diogenes gaimperatorebis Semdeg dukebi-
sa da maTi lideris, konstantine X-is umcrosi Zmis – ioane kesarosis
poziciebi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda da isini TandaTanobiT gairiynen
samoqalaqo administraciidan, magram maTi gavlena mTlianobaSi bo-
lomde ar iyo Seryeuli.65 ufro metic, rogorc irkveva, saimperatoro
karze romanoz IV-s sxva arakeTilmosurnenic hyolia, romlebic dro-
Ta ganmavlobaSi “объединились с приближенными кесаря Иоанна и сформи-
ровали партию, поставившую перед собой цель лишить Диогена престола”.66
mkvlevrebSi eWvs ar iwvevs, rom calkeuli mxedarTmTavrebis (pir-
vel rigSi, andronike dukasa da nikifore vrienosis, romlebmac “В са-
мый критический момент, во время боя... вывели свои отряды из сражения”) Rala-
ti manaskertis brZolis gadamwyvet stadiaSi, romanoz IV diogenes tax-
tidan Camogdebis winaswar dagegmili SeTqmulebis Semadgeneli rgoli
iyo.67 aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, araa gamoricxuli, rom romanoz IV-is
damxobiT saqarTveloSic iqnebodnen dainteresebulni – sasworze xom
64
istoriografiaSi savsebiT safuZvlianadaa miTiTebuli, rom konstantine X
dukas gardacvalebis Semdeg qvrivma dedofalma evdokiam moaxerxa “сохранить за
своим старшим сыном Михаилом права на престол, а для младших сыновей – достоинство со-
правителей… Диоген был признан лишь одним из императоров, его преимущество перед
малолетними детьми Константина X юридически закреплено не было.” Мохов, “Византийская
армия в правление Романа IV Диогена”, 277. anu mixeil duka mamis – kostantine X dukas
gardacvalebisTanave iTvleboda imperatorad, xolo dedamisis axali Tanamecx-
edre – romanoz IV diogene, faqtobrivad, mxolod misi TanammarTveli iyo. miCneu-
lia, rom (Jean-Claude Cheynet, “Des traces de dictature a l'epoque meso-byzantin,” Actes de la Table
Roude reunie, (Paris, 1988), 110, miTiTebulia: Мохов, “Византийская армия в правление Романа
IV Диогена”, 277) romanoz diogenes imperatorad gamocxadeba iyo erTgvari gagr-
Zeleba “давней византийской традиции, когда для борьбы с внешними врагами в соправите-
ли малолетнему наследнику престола назначался опытный и влиятельный военачальник” da am
TvalsazrisiT avleben paralels nikifore fokasa (963-969) da ioane cimisxis (969-
975) mmarTvelobasTan. Мохов, “Византийская армия в правление Романа IV Диогена”, 277.
65
Мохов, “Византийская армия в правление Романа IV Диогена”, 277.
66
iqve, 278.
67
iqve, 293.
saqarTvelos mefis siZis politikuri momavali ido.68 am garemoebas

bagrat IV-isa da romanoz IV diogenes urTierTobebSi namdvilad SeeZ-
lo erTgvari disonansi Seetana,69 rac uTuod xels aZlevda imperiis
winaaRmdeg didi omis samzadisSi myof selCukTa sulTans, romelic,
Tavis mxriv, yovelnairad iqneboda dainteresebuli, bizantiasTan ga-
damwyveti Setakebis win ar daeSva saqarTvelo-bizantiis antiselCu-
kuri samxedro-politikuri blokis Seqmna. rogorc Cans, swored amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, miiRo alf-arslanma erTi SexedviT metad ucnauri
gadawyvetileba da Zireulad Secvala damokidebuleba saqarTvelos
liderTan – Tavis guSindel dauZinebel mterTan.
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, sru-
li ufleba gvaqvs vivaraudoT, rom alf-arslanis diplomatiuri re-
veransi bagrat IV-is mimarT miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
gamoTiSvas bizantia-selCukebis didi dapirispirebidan, da sul cota,
misi neitralitetis uzrunvelyofas bizantiis imperiasTan momaval
omSi, anu alf-arslanis pasiuroba (meti rom ara vTqvaT) bagrat-IV-i-
68
rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos politikuri wreebi araerTxel Careulan
bizantiis Sida politikur dapirispirebebSi da mxari dauWeriaT ama Tu im kandi-
datisaTvis saimperatoro taxtze. amis naTeli magaliTia Tundac daviT III didi
kuropalatis mier samxedro Zalis orjer (979 da 989 wlebSi) gagzavna bizantiaSi
(amis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos
warmoqmna, 27-37, iqve, Sesabamisi literatura), agreTve giorgi I-is monawileoba
basili II-is winaaRmdeg mimarTul aqciebSi (papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodalu-
ri saxelmwifos warmoqmna,117-118, 121-123).
69
Cvens am daskvnas ar ewinaaRmdegeba zogierT wyaroSi dafiqsirebuli faqti
qarTvelTa monawileobisa manaskertis brZolaSi. jer erTi, bizantiuri wyaroebi-
dan (arada swored maT unda mieniWos upiratesoba manaskertis omis monawile bizan-
tiuri SenaerTebis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis dadgenisas) mxolod mixeil ataliate
axsenebs ìberiel stratiotTa laSqars~ (amis Sesaxeb ix. Мохов, “Византийская армия
в правление Романа IV Диогена”, 294), romelTac verafriT ver CavTvliT saqarTvelos
mefis nawilebad – isini udavod bizantiuri administraciuli erTeulis ìberiis~
Temidan unda yofiliyvnen gamosulni. rac Seexeba arabi avtoris al-bundaris cno-
bas bizantiis imperatoris mier xazarebTan, rusebTan, yivCayebTan, qarTvelebTan
erTad àfxazebis~ (eseni ki namdvilad bagrat àfxazTa~ mefis qveSevrdomebad
unda moviazroT) mowvevis Sesaxeb (ix. Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-
сельджукийа, Tavi 18, Sen. 16), is aSkarad amovardnilia saerTo koniunqturidan da
winaaRmdegobaSi modis sxva arabi avtorebis monacemebTan. am TvalsazrisiT, ra-
sakvirvelia, gacilebiT ufro zustad unda miviCnioT sxva arab avtorTa cnobebi.
kerZod, sadr ad-din al huseinis, romlis mixedviTac bizantiuri jari Sedgeboda
“из ... армян, персов, печенегов, гузов и франков” (Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат
ас-сельджукийа, 58) da sibt ib al-jauzis, romelic afiqsirebs aSkarad iberiis Temis
mkvidr – “100 тысяч грузин /джурджи/” (Садр ад-Дин Али ал-Хусайни, Ахбар ад-даулат ас-
сельджукийа, Tavi 18, Sen. 16). rogorc vxedavT, arc erT am wyaroSi àfxazebi~ nax-
senebi ar arian.
42 zurab papasqiri
sa da ganZis amira fadlons Soris arsebul mwvave konfliqtSi, ganpi-

robebuli iyo maxlobel aRmosavleTSi arsebuli saerTo-politikuri
viTarebiT, pirvel rigSi ki, bizantia-selCukebis frontze situaciis
ukiduresi gamwvavebiT.
selCukTa sulTnis amgvarma poziciam xel-fexi gauxsna saqarTve-
los mefes da manac ganaaxla SeteviTi operaciebi aRmosavleT amier-
kavkasiaSi. Tavisi mefobis bolo wlebSi is kvlav gamovida ganZis amira
fadlonis winaaRmdeg, romelmac `gatexna ficni da Sua-mdgomelobani
didisa sultanisani, da moipara qavazini... da agarani~.70 saqarTvelos
mefem umalve daibruna agarani, xolo mogvianebiT `gamoiyvana dorRo-
leli, ovsTa mefe, ormoci aTasiTa kaciTa ovsiTa, da waruZRuana Ze mi-
si giorgi kurapalati da moaoÃra ganZa, da aRiRo tyue da natyuenavi
uricxÂ, da gagzavna Tavis samefod~.71
am Zlevamosili samxedro operaciis Sedegad, romelsac aseve ar
gamoexmaura sulTani alf-arslani,72 saqarTvelos mefis avtoritet-
ma erTi-orad aiwia. ovsTa mefe dorRolelis ganZis amiras winaamRdeg
samxedro kampaniaSi aqtiuri monawileoba, miuTiTebs imaze, rom ovse-
Tis samefo – yvelaze Zlieri gaerTianeba CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi – uSu-
alod iyo CarTuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mniSvnelovani sagareo-
politikuri amocanebis realizaciaSi. amasTan, am faqtma naTlad gamo-
avlina, rom swored saqarTvelos samefo iyo antiselCukuri frontis
mTavari organizatori kavkasiaSi. yovelive es ki niSnavda imas, rom er-
Tiani qarTuli saxelmwifo, miuxedavad selCukTa damangreveli Semo-
sevebisa, kvlav rCeboda wamyvan politikur Zalad, romelic acxadebda
pretenzias hegemonobaze saerTo-kavkasiuri masStabiT.
70
matiane qarTlisa, 314.
71
iqve, 315.
72
istoriografiaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom “утвердившись в Закавказье и не
нуждаясь больше в военной поддержке Шаддадидов, сельджуки стали с подозрением относиться
к их могуществу” da rom saqarTvelos mefis mier fadlonisaTvis miyenebuli darty-
mebi asustebdnen “государство арраншахов, что, очевидно, было на руку сельджукам”. Рыжов,
“Шаддадиды”. eleqtr. versia: http://interpretive.ru/dictionary/453/word/%D8%C0%C4%C4%C
0%C4%C8%C4%DB. magram Cven mainc migvaCnia, rom ufro realuria selCukTa sul-
Tnis `pasiuroba~ alf-arslanis bizantiur politikas davukavSiroT.
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IV
erTiani qarTuli samefos orad gayofis Sesaxeb

XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi
mixeil baxtaZe
XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi erTiani qarTuli monarqia orad gaiyo.

quTaisSi daviT narini gamefda, TbilisSi ki daviT ulu ganagrZobda
mefobas. qarTul istoriografiaSi ar aris erTi azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu
rodis gaiyo samefo or nawilad. mecnierTa erTi nawili iv. javaxiSvi-
lis Tvalsazriss iziarebs, rom daviT VI quTaisSi 1259 wels gadavida.1
sxvaTa azriT, daviT rusudanis Ze dasavleT saqarTveloSi 1249 wels
gadadis.2 amjerad CvenTvis SedarebiT naklebad mniSvnelovania, Tu
rodis gaiyo erTiani samefo or nawilad. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSi-
rebiT mxolod vityviT, rom samefos orad gayofa monRolTa mier sa-
qarTvelos aRweramde, anu 1254 wlamde, unda momxdariyo da es JamTa-
aRmwerlis Txzulebidan naTlad Cans.
Cven erTi konkretuli sakiTxi gvainteresebs – ra cvlilebebi gani-
cada saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis centralurma aparatma? anu moxda Tu
ara misi orad gayofac, gaCnda Tu ara ori amirspasalaris, ori manda-
turTuxucesis, ori amirejibis da a.S. Tanamdebobebi. logikis mixed-
viT, erTiani samefos centraluri aparati `memkvidreobiT~ TbilisSi
unda darCeniliyo. daviT narins quTaisSi xelaxla unda daewyo mmar-
Tvelobis centraluri aparatis Seqmna.
JamTaaRmwereli am mxriv aranair informacias ar iZleva. igi zoga-
dad wers, rom `daamtkices raTa ganuyon samefo da saWurWle orad da
aCinnes Tavadni samefosani da ganyves orad, tfilisi orad, quTaTisi
orad da Tavadni da erisTavni urTierT Seaswores, nikofsiT daru-
bandamde da ganyves samefo da saWurWleni“. realurad samefo teri-
toriuli principiT gaiyo. dasavleT saqarTvelo daviT rusudanis
1
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni III, Txzulebani, t. III (Tbilisi,
1983), 69.
2
nodar asaTiani, saqarTvelos istoria (Tbilisi 1999), 124 .
erTiani qarTuli samefos orad gayofis Sesaxeb 47
Zes darCa, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo ki – daviT giorgis Zes.

CvenTvis saintereso sakiTxis kvlevasTan dakavSirebiT mniSv-
nelovani cnobebia daculi XIII saukunis meore naxevris dokumentebSi.
daviT narinis meuRlis, Tamar amaneliZis 1260-1267 wlebis dawe-
rilSi vkiTxulobT: `kiTxviTa da brZanebiTa RmrTisa sworisa mefeT-
mefisa daviTisiTa da maTTa vazirTa kiTxviTa da mowmebiTa, viyide
sofeli kvaxWiri maTisa amirejibisa qobulisZisa beResagan~.3 sava-
raudoa, rom `maTTa vazirTa~ qveS daviT VI-is vazirebi igulisxmebian.
dawerilSi aRniSnulia – `zardaxanisa mwignobrisa dabnedilisa xe-
liTa damiweria~.
Cveni azriT, dokumentSi moxseniebuli vazirebi, amirejibi da zar-
daxanis mwignobari daviT narinis samefos centraluri mmarTvelobis
aparatis moxeleebi arian.
daviT narinis 1261-1262 wlebis sigelSi xefinisxevelTa da waqvel-
Tadmi aRniSnulia, rom `daiwera brZanebai da sigeli ese Cueni indi-
ktionsa mefobisa Cuenisasa ocdameaTormetesa, xeliTa zardaxanisa
Cuenisa mwignobrisa miqael ezekielis ZisaTa~.4
daviT mefisave 1271-1272 wlebis sigelSi vkiTxulobT: `daiwe-
ra sigeli da brZaneba ese Cueni indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisasa
ormocda meoresa, xeliTa sawolisa da saWurWlisa mwignobrisa
nikolaozisaTa~.5
daviT VI-isa da vaxtang II-is 1287-1288 wlebis sigelSi weria: `movi-
da Cuens winaSe zardaxanis uxucesi Cueni vaxtang TulaisZe ... daiwera
brZanebai da sigeli ese Cueni indiktionsa mefobisa Cuenisasa ormo-
cdaaTeqvsmetsa da Zisa Cuenisa vaxtang mefisasa meaTesa, xeliTa zar-
daxanisa mwignobrisa Cuenisa giorgi sofromisZisaiTa~.6
rogorc motanili cnobebidan Cans, daviT narins Tavisi amirejibi,
zardaxanis uxucesi, zardaxanis mwignobari, sawolisa da saWurWlis
mwignobari hyavs. bunebrivia, rom iarsebebdnen centraluri aparatis
saSualo da dabali rgolis sxva Tanamdebobis pirebic.
yvelaze sainteresoa vazirebis, anu e.w. ùxucesebis~ sakiTxi.
savaraudod, daviT VI-s sakuTari vazirebic hyavda. es Cans Tamar
dedoflis dawerilSi arsebuli frazidan – `kiTxviTa da brZanebiTa
RmrTisa sworisa mefeT-mefisa daviTisiTa da maTTa vazirTa kiTxviTa
da mowmebiTa~. garda amisa, samefos marTva TavisTavad, avtomaturad
3
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, red. n. SoSiaSvili, I (Tbilisi, 1984), 161.
4
iqve, 168.
5
iqve, 176.
6
iqve, 182.
48 mixeil baxtaZe
moiTxovda centraluri mmarTvelobis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pire-

bis arsebobas.
Cvens xelT arsebul wyaroebSi ar moipoveba pirdapiri cnobebi imis
Sesaxeb, rom XIII saukunis meore naxevarsa da XIV saukunis pirvel mesame-
dSi, rodesac dasavleT saqarTvelo calke samefos warmoadgenda, ar-
sebobda or-ori amirspasalari, mandaturTuxucesi, msaxurTuxucesi,
meWurWleTuxucesi. Tumca, garkveuli arapirdapiri monacemebi msgav-
si varaudis gamoTqmis SesaZleblobas iZleva.
aTabagis Tanamdeboba, romelic mmarTvelobis centraluri apara-
tisaTvis absoluturad zedmeti iyo, araa aucilebeli dasavleT sa-
qarTveloSic arsebuliyo da albaT arc arsebobda.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi ver iarsebebda verc mwignobarTuxuces-
Wyondidelis Tanamdeboba im elementaruli mizezis gamo, rom ori pi-
rovneba erTdroulad Wyondidis episkoposi ver iqneboda, Tumca Sesa-
Zloa arsebobda mxolod mwignobarTuxucesis Tanamdeboba.
logikuria vivaraudoT, rom daviT narinis vazirebi dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos didi, Zlieri da gavleniani feodaluri sagvareuloebis
warmomadgenlebi unda yofiliyvnen. XIII saukunis II naxevarSi dasavleT
saqarTveloSi CvenTvis cnobilia Semdegi didi feodaluri sagvareu-
loebi: dadianebi, vardanisZeebi, kaxaberisZeebi, SarvaSisZeebi, amane-
lisZeebi, quabulisZeebi (qobuliZeebi), farajanianebi.
dadianTa sagvareulos ori warmomadgeneli: bedan II da cotne II ma-
ndaturTuxucesis Tanamdebobas flobdnen. bedan II dadiani ramdenime
xatis warweraSi moixsenieba mandaturTuxucesad: xobis RvTismSo-
blis xatis warweraSi – `meox da mfarvel eyav gulismodgined mamko-
bsa ... xatisa Seniss erisTavT-erisTavsa, mandaturTuxucessa bedansa
dadiansa da diofal diofalsa xuvaSaqsa~.7 xobis macxovris xatis wa-
rweraSi – `da masve pirvel Semamkobelsa xatisa amis Senisasa, naTels
Tana marjveniT Sensa mdgomad daawese igi da Ze maTi vardan dadiani,
mandaturTuxucesi bedani dadiani da coli maTi, begaisa qarTlis
erisTavis asuli, xuaSaqi da Zeni maTni eraSahri, giorgi da ivane~.8
martvilis RvTismSoblis xatis warweraSi – àxlad mamkobi kninTa mi-
er, uRirsi mandaturTuxucesi bedani dadiani da meuRle, viTxovT, me
uRirsi xuaSaqi, qarTlisa erisTavisa asuli ZiTurT giorgiT da ivane-
Ti gvioxen~.9 bedan II JamTaaRmwerelis TxzulebaSi pirvelad 1242 wlis
7
eqvTime TayaiSvili, arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnebi, w. II (tfilisi, 1914),
141.
8
iqve, 139.
9
iqve, 49.
ambebis Txrobisas Cndeba: `mefeman rusudan Tana waritana yovelni mTa-

varni lixT imerelni dadiani cotne, kaci pativosani da saTnoebiani da
brZolaTa Sina saxelovani, bedani, raWis erisTavi, gurieli da yovelni
warCinebulni~.10 ukanasknelad ki XIII saukunis 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
ixsenieba.11 aqedan gamomdinare, bedan dadiani pirobiTad SeiZleba XIII
saukunis 40-60-iani wlebis moRvawed miviCnioT.
mandaturTuxucesad moixsenieba cotne II Sergilis Ze dadianic.
amas adasturebs ierusalimis jvris monastris aRapi – `mandatur-
Tuxucesisa da erisTavT-erisTavisa cotne dadianisa~.12 SesaZloa
gvevarauda, rom Sergilic flobda mandaturTuxucesobas, Tumca ga-
saTvaliswinebelia, rom igi am tituliT arc erT wyaroSi ar moixse-
nieba. samwuxarod, wyaroebSi ar aris daculi cnobebi, romlebic saSu-
alebas mogvcemda Sergilisa da cotne II-is moRvaweobis Sesaxeb ufro
dawvrilebiT gvesaubra da maTi moRvaweobis zusti TariRebi dagved-
gina. zogadad, isini XIII saukunis miwurulisa da XIV saukunis dasawyisis
moRvaweebad unda miviCnioT.
aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia sxva wyaroebis monacemebi, ro-
melTa mixedviTac mandaturTuxucesoba mxargrZelTa da jayelTa
xelSia.
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi mandaturTuxucesi zaqaria mxargrZelia,
romelic amave dros amirspasalaris `Ãelsac~ iTavsebda.13 1212 wels
zaqaria gardaicvala da mandaturTuxucesoba, marTalia, memkvidreo-
biT mis Zes SanSes (SahanSas) unda gadascemoda, magram es ukanaskneli im
momentSi mcirewlovani iyo da realurad ver SeZlebda mandaturTuxu-
cesis movaleobebis Sesrulebas. amitom mandaturTuxucesi zaqarias
Zma ivane gaxda, Tumca imave periodSi mandaturTuxucesad SanSec moi-
xsenieba.14 ivanes gardacvalebis Semdeg mandaturTuxucesi (realuric
da formaluric) SanSe zaqarias Ze gaxda. am TanamdebobiT moixsenieba
is JamTaaRmwerelTanac15 da istoriul sabuTebSic. miqel kaToliko-
10
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.
yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 195.
11
iqve, 243.
12
elene metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis
(Tbilisi 1962), 101.
13
SoTa mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII saukunis
saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi 1979), 301.
14
es faqti sruliad marTebulad axsna S. mesxiam. ivane realurad asrulebda man-
daturTuxucesis movaleobebs, SanSe ki am Tanamdebobis `kanonier~ memkvidred
iTvleboda. mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba, 309-311.
15
qarTlis cxovreba, II, 169,182,187,190, 212.
50 mixeil baxtaZe
sis 1241 wlis dawerilSi – àma RmrTisa sworTagan damtkicebulisa si-

glisa me SahanSa mandaturTuxucesica damamtkicebeli var~16 da arsen
Wyondidel-mwignobarTuxucesis 1241-1242 wlebis dawerili: `me Sahan-
Sa mandaturTuxucessa damimtkicebia ese dawerili~.17 SanSe 1262 wels
gardaicvala. amis Semdeg JamTaaRmwereli mandaturTuxucesad mis Zes
ivanes moixseniebs.18 S. mesxias azriT, ivanemde mandaturTuxucesi misi
ufrosi Zma, avag-sargisi iyo.19
analogiuri Tvalsazrisi gaaCnia i. beriZes. is Tvlis, rom avag-sar-
gisi mandaturTuxucesi iyo 1270 wlamde, xolo Semdeg, 1289 wlamde, am
Tanamdebobas misi Zma ivane flobda.20
CvenTvis, am konkretul SemTxvevaSi, naklebad mniSvnelovania, iyo
Tu ara avag-sargisi mandaturTuxucesi. mTavaria, rom mandaturT-
uxucesoba XIII saukunis dasawyisidan mxargrZelTa xelSia. mxargrZel-
Ta Semdeg mandaturTuxucesoba beqa jayelis xelSi gadadis. S. mesxias
azriT, es 1302 wlis Semdeg unda momxdariyo.21
Cveni azriT, beqam mandaturTuxucesoba XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi miiRo, mas Semdeg, rac mamamisi sargis aTabagi berad aRikve-
ca da aTabagoba tarsaiW orbels gadaeca, sargisis memkvidre beqas ki
mandaturTuxucesoba eboZa.22 am droisaTvis ivane mxargrZeli, sava-
raudod, gardacvlili iyo.
amrigad, XIII saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisidan 1308 wlamde man-
daturTuxucesia beqa jayeli. es dasturdeba rogorc misive dawerili-
dan kaxa Torelisadmi – `me beqaman mandaturTuxucesman, Cemman col-
man SvilTa CemTa: samcxis spasalarman sargis, yuaryuare da Salva~,23
aseve JamTaaRmwerelTan daculi cnobebiTac.
yovelive zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, CvenTvis mTavaria, rom XIII
saukunesa da XIV saukunis dasawyisSi mandaturTuxucesoba jer mxar-
grZelTa, xolo Semdeg jayelTa xelSia.
maSin rodisRa flobdnen mandaturTuxucesis Tanamdebobas bedan
II da cotne II? Cven ar viciT arc maTi da arc SanSe, avag-sargis da iva-
16
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi, I, 116.
17
iqve, 120.
18
qarTlis cxovreba, II, 259, 269.
19
mesxia, saSinao politikuri viTareba, 316.
20
irma beriZe, `mxargrZelTa saÃeloebi XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi~, stu-
denturi Ziebani, 1 (Tbilisi, 2001), 28-29.
21
22
mixeil baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria XI-XV saukuneebSi (Tbilisi,
2009), 33.
23
ne mxargrZelTa moRvaweobis zusti qronologia. aqedan gamomdinare

Teoriulad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom XIII saukuneSi, raRac moment-
Si, mcire xniT mainc, dadianTa warmomadgenlebi flobdnen mandatur-
Tuxucesobas, romelsac Semdeg isev mxargrZelebi ibrunebdnen, anu,
TiTqos ise gamodis, rom mandaturTuxucesoba rigrigobiT iyo mxar-
grZelTa da dadianTa xelSi. amgvari ram Cven mxolod Teoriulad mi-
gvaCnia dasaSvebad. realurad msgavsi ramis warmodgena gviWirs. aseT
SemTxvevaSi rCeba erTaderTi gamosavali – bedan II da cotne II dadiane-
bi mandaturTuxucesebi iyvnen dasavleT saqarTveloSi daviT narinis
karze.
Cveni azriT, analogiuri mdgomareobaa msaxurTuxucesobasTan
dakavSirebiTac.
am mxriv sainteresoa ierusalimis jvris monastris aRapi `suanT
erisTavisa vardanisZisa msaxurTuxucesisa ariSianisa~.24 aRapis Si-
naarsidan Cans, rom ariSian vardanisZem monasters aTas xuTasi TeTri
Seswira. el. metrevelis azriT, aRapi 1273-1301 wlebSi unda iyos gaCe-
nili. savaraudod, ariSiani XIII saukunis meore naxevris moRvawed unda
miviCnioT.
araerTi wyaros mixedviT, XIII saukunis II naxevarSi msaxurTuxu-
cesebad moixseniebian suramelTa sagvareulos warmomadgenlebi:
grigoli – kaxa Torelis 1260 wlis dawerilSi: `meWurWleTuxucesisa
kaxosagan dawerilsa me grigol msaxurTuxucesi surameli mamtkice-
beli da mowame var~;25 bega – `msaxurTuxucesman begaman, Zeman grigol
sulkurTxeulisaman~;26 amada – 1297-1298 wlebis daviT VIII-is sigelSi –
`RmrTisa sworTa brZanebisa mowame var miwai msaxurTuxucesi da qar-
Tlisa erisTavi amada surameli~.27
grigoli, bega da amada – babua, Svili da SviliSvili arian. SeiZleba
davuSvaT, rom raRac etapze suramelebma msaxurTuxucesoba dakarges
da mcire xniT es Tanamdeboba vardanisZeebma miiRes. es nakleb savarau-
dod migvaCnia. ufro sarwmuno gvgonia mosazreba, rom ariSian varda-
nisZe msaxurTuxucesia dasavleT saqarTveloSi, suramelebi ki – aRmo-
savleT saqarTveloSi (Tumca Teoriulad imis daSvebac SeiZleba, rom
ariSiani vardanisZeTa msaxurTuxucesia).
Cveni azriT, quTaisSi gadasuli daviT VI XIII saukunis 50-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Tavisi samefos centraluri mmarTvelobis aparatis Camoya-
24
metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli kolonis istoriisaTvis, 92.
25
26
iqve, 165.
27
iqve, 195.
52 mixeil baxtaZe
libebas iwyebs. albaT iqmneba amirspasalaris, mandaturTuxucesis,

msaxurTuxucesis, meWurWleTuxucesisa da sxva ufro dabali rangis
(amirejibi, amiraxori, zardaxanis uxucesi, sawolis da zardaxanis mwi-
gnobrebi da sxv.) moxeleTa Tanamdebobebi. savaraudod unda arsebu-
liyo mwignobarTuxucesis `Ãelic~. samagierod, vfiqrobT, rom ar iyo
aTabagis Tanamdeboba. savaraudod mandaturTuxucesoba dadianTa sa-
gvareulos xelSi gaxldaT, msaxurTuxucesoba – vardanisZeTa, amire-
jiboba – qobulisZeTa (quabulisZeTa).
amrigad, XIII saukunis II naxevarsa da XIV saukunis pirvel mesamed-
Si Tbilisis samefo kars Tavisi centraluri mmarTvelobis aparati
hqonda da quTaisis samefo kars – Tavisi (Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad
srulyofilad iyo Camoyalibebuli centraluri mmarTvelobis apara-
ti quTaisis samefo karze). aseTi mdgomareoba 1329 wlamde unda Senar-
Cunebuliyo, vidre giorgi brwyinvalem Tavis xelisufleba dasavleT
saqarTveloze ar gaavrcela.
aqve gvinda kidev erT sakiTxs SevexoT: xom ar aris dasavleT saqar-
TveloSi mmarTvelobis centraluri aparatis CamoyalibebasTan daka-
vSirebuli, `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Cvenamde moRweuli teqstis
Seqmnis sakiTxic? Cven sruliad viziarebT S. mesxias mier gamoTqmul
mosazrebas, rom `xelmwifis karis garigebis~ dRemde moRweuli teqs-
ti XIII saukunis meore naxevarSia dawerili dasavleT saqarTveloSi (es
mosazreba SemdgomSi ilia anTelavamac gaiziara).28 rogorc cnobilia,
`xelmwifis karis garigebis~ Cvenamde moRweuli teqsti ar warmoadgens
iuridiul dokuments. Cveni azriT, is konkretuli pirisaTvis aris Seqm-
nili garkveuli praqtikuli saWiroebis gamo da SesaZloa es `garkveuli
praqtikuli saWiroeba~ swored dasavleT saqarTvelos samefos mmar-
Tvelobis sistemis, maT Soris, cxadia, centraluri aparatis, Camoya-
libeba iyo. savaraudod, viRacas, vinc dasavleT saqarTvelos samefos
mmarTvelobis sistemis CamoyalibebaSi monawileobda, sWirdeboda in-
formacia erTiani qarTuli monarqiis mmarTvelobis sistemis Sesaxeb,
raTa analogiuri institucionaluri sistema Seeqmna.
28
bibliografia
asaTiani nodar. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 1999

baxtaZe mixeil. jayelTa sagvareulos istoria XI-XV saukuneebSi. Tbi-
lisi, 2009
beriZe irma. mxargrZelTa saÃeloebi XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi.
studenturi Ziebani, 1, 2001
TayaiSvili eqvTime. arxeologiuri mogzaurobani da SeniSvnebi. w. II.
tfilisi, 1914
mesxia SoTa. saSinao politikuri viTareba da samoxeleo wyoba XII sauku-
nis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi, 1979
metreveli elene. masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisa-
Tvis. Tbilisi, 1962
qarTlis cxovreba. teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mi-
xedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier. t. II. Tbilisi, 1959
qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis korpusi. red. n. SoSiaSvili. t. I. Tbili-
si, 1984
javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. wigni III. Txzulebani, t. III.
Tbilisi, 1983
V
Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb

(religiuri aspeqti)
giorgi oTxmezuri
msoflios erT-erTi udidesi dampyroblis Temur-lengis cxovreba

da moRvaweoba yovelTvis iyo mecnierTa didi interesis sagani. Temur-
lengis Tanamedrove da momdevno xanis mematianeTa cnobebze dayrd-
nobiT, qarTul istoriografiaSi dawvrilebiT aris gaSuqebuli misi
saqarTveloSi rvagzis Semoseva.1
erTsulovania yvela mkvlevris Sefaseba, rom saerTod Temur-len-
gis laSqrobebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisastike saqarTveloSi kidev
ufro gansakuTrebuli iyo religiuri faqtoris gamo.
miuxedavad amisa, qarTul istoriografiaSi damkvidrebuli Tva-
lsazrisiT, saqarTvelos aseTi umowyalo aoxreba Temur-lengisagan,
bagrat V-isa (1360-1393 ww.) da, gansakuTrebiT, giorgi VII-is (1393-1407
ww.) gaufrTxilebeli, SeiZleba iTqvas, ugunuri moqmedebebis Sedegi
iyo.
somexi da qarTveli mematianeebis (Toma mewofeli,2 beri egna-
taSvili,3 axali qarTlis cxovreba, II teqsti;4 vaxuSti bagrationi5)
1
Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis mimdinareoba da istoriografia ix.
karlo tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV
saukuneTa mijnaze~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, red. z. anCabaZe, v. guCua, III
(Tbilisi, 1979), 670-719.
2
Toma mewofeli, lang-Temuris istoria, somxuri teqsti qarTuli Targman-
iTurT gamosca, Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTo l. meliqseT-begma
(Tbilisi, 1937), 20.
3
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, qarTlis cxovre-
ba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t.
II (Tbilisi, 1959), 329.
4
àxali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 455.
5
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba,
Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb 55
cnobiT, yarabaxSi tyved myofma bagrat V-m moCvenebiT miiRo islami

da Semdeg, SurisZiebis mizniT, `moiÃelovna ganzraxva eseviTari~,
`gaabriyva~ da daarwmuna Temur-lengi Tavis gulwrfelobaSi da da-
iTanxma gaeyolebina misTvis jari sruliad saqarTvelos gasamahmadi-
aneblad.
1400 w. (VI laSqroba) saqarTvelos sazRvrebTan momdgarma Temur-
lengma mociquli gaugzavna giorgi VII-s, mosTxova morCileba da al-
injis cixidan wamoyvanili Taher jalairianis gadacema. saqarTvelos
mefem RirsebiT savse gabeduli pasuxi gaugzavna dampyrobels:
`daRacaTu sarkinoz xar da barbaros sjuliTa, da ara uwyi winas-
warmetyuelTa mier Tqmuli, Tu viTar ityÂs: ùfali ampartavanTa Se-
musravs, xolo mdabalTa moscis madli~, ese uwyode, rameTu me mefo-
bisa Senisa ara umcires var, arca uadres. ara uwyia, rameTu ZirTagan
daviT winaswarmetyuelisaTa aRmocenebul varT, da mis gamo RmrTisa
mier cxebiT ganegebis mefoba Cuen bagratoanTa da tomni varT da-
viT mefisa da winaswarmetyuelisa? romlisaTÂs brZana RmerTman, vi-
Tarmed: èrTgzis vefuce wmidasa Cemsa daviTs, da me ara vecruo mas,
nayofisagan muclisa Senisa davsua saydarTa SenTao~ (fsalm. 131, 11).
da ese daviT igi ars, romelman erTiTa SurduliTa mokla goliaTi da
Semusra qedmaRloba misi. amisTÂsca gangebiTa mravalmowyalisa Rmr-
TisaTa mefed damkÂdrebul varT sruliad saqarTvelosa zeda, da es-
reT ganTavisuflebul varT, da sxua mefe ara uflebul ars Cuen zeda,
garna meufe igi zecaTa ufali Cueni ieso qriste. xolo mefoba Seni
aqaca mswrafl warmaval ars da umkÂdro, da mun saukunod gegulebis
cecxli uSreti, romeli ganmzadebul ars eSmakTaTÂs da Senebr msax-
urTa yovelTaTÂsve. da mzakuarebiTa magiT da ÃelovnebiTa belzeb-
ulTaTa dagipyries sruliad aRmosavleTi da gyavs simravle banakTa
da spani uricxuni. da ese samgzis mosrul xar da iavar giyofies samkÂ-
drebeli ese samefo Cemi, da wilxdomili ese samwyso wmidisa dedof-
lisa Cuenisa RmrTismSobelisa, da ese araTu Zalisa Senisa moqmedeba
ars, aramed codvaTa CuenTa ganmravlebisaTÂs samarTlad guwuarTna
Cuen RmerTman... moved Tumca ara xar sefeqal da diac, da Tu Sen ar mox-
val, me moval ZaliTa RmrTisaTa rCeuliTa spiTa CemiTa... daRacaTu
simravliTa Zalisa SenisaTa mravali boroti giyofies Cuenda momarT,
aramed uvneblad arca Cuen mier warsul xar~.6
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV

(Tbilisi, 1973), 266.
6
àxali qarTlis cxovreba, mesame teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 460-461.
56 giorgi oTxmezuri
aseve uari SeuTvala Taher jalairianis gadacemaze: àr aris Cveni

naTesavT wesio, rom Semoxvewili kaci vinme mivsceTo~.7
iv. javaxiSvilis SefasebiT: `saqarTveloSi saqmeTa maSindel mim-
dinareobis dakvirvebiT ganxilvis Semdgom, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom
saqarTvelos is mravalgzisi aoxreba, romelic qveyanas Tavs daatyda,
marto Temur-lengis brali ar iyo. damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad
brZola srulebiT kanonierica da bunebrivic iyo saqarTvelosTvis, ma-
gram giorgi mefes gaTvaliswinebuli ar hqonda, ra pirobebSi iyo aqti-
uri politikis warmoeba SesaZlebeli da ra pirobebSi ukve aseTi moqme-
deba mizanSewonil nabijad ar SeiZleba miCneuli yofiliyo... Temur-le-
ngis saqarTvelosadmi pirveli Semosevis dros SedarebiT `lmobieri~
moqmedeba cxadyofs, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobas rom xelSekrulebiT
nakisri valdebuleba aesrulebina, is saqarTvelos Tavisi Semoseve-
biT aRar Seawuxebda. amave dros gamomwvevi aqtiuri warmoebiT giorgi
mefem es mrisxane mtarvali gaaRiziana da Tavisi qveyana daundobeli
brZolis asparezad aqcevina. ...Temur-lengis sikvdilma ki – cxadyo,
rom frTxili politikis saSualebiT saqarTvelos SeeZlo is saSineli
ubedurebac Tavidan aecilebina, romelic mas Temur-lengis mravalg-
zisi Semosevebis dros Tavs daatyda, da politikuri damoukideblobis
aRdgenac gacilebiT ufro advilad da swrafad moxerxdeboda.
amrigad, iseve, rogorc bagrat V, giorgi mefec guladi mebrZoli
iyo, magram politikuri SorsmWvreteloba da mizanSewonili sagareo
politikis xelmZRvanelobis unari giorgi mefes aklda~.8
daaxloebiT aseTive Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli 2008 wels gamo-
qveynebuli saqarTvelos istoriis sauniversiteto saxelmZRvaneloSi:
Temur-lengis mier yvela mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebis Semdeg, giorgi
VII-sagan àqtiuri sagareo politikis warmoeba SesaZloa Secdomac ki
iyo... avadmyofurad pativmoyvare Temur-lengisaTvis gamowveva iyo.
1399 wlisa da momdevno laSqrobani gansakuTrebuli sisastikiT gam-
oirCeoda da, TiTqos, SurisZiebiT iyo nakarnaxevi~.9
marTalia, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis III tomSi es mZime
braldeba saqarTvelos mefeebisadmi pirdapir wayenebuli ar aris, ma-
gram arc misi uaryofa an axsnis mcdelobaa mocemuli.10
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, ram ganapiroba bagrat V-sa da giorgi VII-is
7
farsadan gorgijaniZe, saqarTvelos istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, saistorio
moambe, II (Tbilisi, 1925), 302.
8
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, III (Tbilisi, 1966), 422-423.
9
givi jamburia, `Temur-lengis Semosevebi~, saqarTvelos istoria, sauniversi-
teto saxelmZRvanelo, red. n. asaTiani, g. jamburia, II (Tbilisi, 2008), 96-97.
10
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 670-719.
aseTi gamomwvevi moqmedeba da amayi pasuxi Temur-lengis SemoTavazebul

morigebaze. nuTu emociebma, SurisZiebis grZnobam da pativmoyvare-
obam ise daabrmava qarTveli mefeebi, rom maT verc mtrisa da sakuTari
Zalebis Sefaseba SesZles, verc qveynisaTvis mosalodneli saSiSroeba
dainaxes da uazro gabedulebiT, yovlad gaumarTlebeli JinianobiT,
momakvdinebeli safrTxis winaSe daayenes qveyanac da sakuTari Tavic.
vfiqrob, aseTi varaudis daSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli,
Tu CavTvliT, rom bagrat V-sa da giorgi VII-s mcdari warmodgena hqon-
daT Temur-lengis laSqris mravalricxovnebasa da siZliereze, ar ic-
nobdnen mis xasiaTsa da brZolis meTodebs. magram wyaroTa monacemebis
analizi sworedac rom sawinaaRmdegos gvimtkicebs. momxduris Sesaxeb
rom realuri informacia hqonda (amisaTvis arsebobda saqarTveloSi
menapireTa instituti), amitomac aarida bagrat V-m gaSlil velze br-
Zolas Tavi da TbilisSi Seiketa – iqneb mtkice zRudeSemovlebul da
kargad gamagrebul qalaqSi moexerxebina Tavis dacva. mas Semdeg, rac
bagrat V-m Tavis Tavze gamoscada Temur-lengis Zala (tyveobaSi yof-
nisasac darwmundeboda amaSi), vfiqrob, gamoricxulia `SurisZiebis~
mizniT mas TviTon SeeTavazebina Temur-lengisaTvis mTeli saqarT-
velos gamahmadianeba da moeTxova jari. rogorc samarTlianad aris
SeniSnuli da dasabuTebuli iv. javaxiSvilis mier, àraferi amis ms-
gavsi arc SeiZleba momxdariyo da arc momxdara. Temur-lengi iseTi
cbieri da eWviani kaci iyo, rom misi ase sulelurad motyueba aravis
SeeZlo. srulebiT daujerebelia, miT umetes, rom bagrat V-isaTvis,
am guSindeli mowinaaRmdegisaTvis, Tavisi mravalricxovani laSqari
mieca da sardlobac misTvisve Caebarebina. amas garda, Temur-lengs
Tavis banakSi, rogorc misi samxedro moqmedebebidanac cxadad Cans,
saqarTvelos gzebis kargi mcodneni sakmaod hyolia da Tavis laSqars
romelsame maTgans, ra Tqma unda, mainc gaayolebda. aseT pirobebSi, cx-
adia, bagrat V-es monRolTa mbrZaneblis laSqris misi nebiT viwroebsa
da gauval adgilebSi Semwyvdevis arc uflebas da arc saSualebas ara-
vin miscemda~.11 amasTanave, ra Tqma unda, araviTari garantia, rom mtris
12-aTasian mxedrobas uvnebeli gadaurCeboda, ar arsebobda.
amrigad, giorgi VII-is Casafreba `xunanis12 pirispir, aRmosavliT
11
javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 291-292. iv. javaxiSvilis erT-erTi argu-
mentia isic, rom Temur-lengs sapasuxo laSqroba ar mouwyvia bagrat V-is winaaRm-
deg. marTalia, ivane javaxiSvilis mosazreba ar aris gaziarebuli (rogorc cno-
bilia, swored bagrat V-is moqmedebis sapasuxod, 1387 wels, moewyo Temur-lengis
meore laSqroba), magram es srulebiTac ar akninebs mis mier moyvanili argument-
ebis sabuTianobas.
12
xunani – istoriuli cixe-qalaqi qvemo qarTlSi.
58 giorgi oTxmezuri
kidesa berdujisasa~,13 sadac saqarTvelos mefeebma `mosres da amosw-

yÂtes TaTarni~,14 aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli da ara SurisZiebis
surviliTa Tu politikuri viTarebis SeufaseblobiT. bagrat V-s ar-
Cevanis saSualeba ar hqonda. mas an cecxliTa da maxviliT unda gadaer-
julebina saqarTvelo, an sakuTari da Tavisi ojaxis (dedofali ana da
ufliswuli daviTi tyveobaSi imyofebodnen masTan erTad) sicocxlis
riskis fasad SeeCerebina mteri. bunebrivia, rom saqarTvelos mefem es
ukanaskneli gza airCia.
aseve zustad iyo informirebuli giorgi VII, rom 1400 w. Temur-
lengma Tavisi uzarmazari imperiis mTeli samxedro potenciali mimar-
Ta saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg. amas adasturebs grigol bandaisZis mier
largvisis XIV s-is paraklitonze Sesrulebuli minaweri da qsnis eri-
sTavTa sagvareulo matiane `Zegli erisTavTa~-Si daculi amis iden-
turi cnoba; 1. paraklitonis minaweri: `moqcevasa id. qks: pe (=1400 w.),
maiss z., movida Temur-beg sultani samaryaneli da gamoitanna yaanni
siniCarisai, CineTisai, qomaneTisai, xvarazmisai, qamanisai, nahroeTi-
sai, siyalbisai, CaRanisai, alabisai, sindeTisai, xataveTisai, erayisai,
Turqistanisai da simravlisa maTisa ara iyo ricxÂ~;15 2. Zegli eri-
sTavTa: `movida Temur samangleli yovliTa spiTa CaRanel-qaSanel-
siyalbel-nahromel-industaneliTa da yovliTa sparseTisa da aR-
mosavleTis laSqriTa~.16 es orive minaweri movlenaTa Tanamedroves
`Zegli erisTavTa~-s erT-erT avtors, grigol bandaisZes ekuTvnis.17
amave dros giorgi VII-m Zalian kargad icoda isic, rom marto iyo
darCenili Temur-lengis pirispir (darbeuli da damorCilebuli Crd.
kavkasiis mosaxleoba, danebebuli òqros urdo~, Temur-lengis mxa-
13
berduji – mtkvris marjvena Senakadi. dRes md. Zegam-Cai (azerbaijani) iyo
saqarTvelos aRmosavleT sazRvari albaneT-iranTan.
14
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, 330.
15
javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, 298-299.
16
SoTa mesxia, `Zegli erisTavTa~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istori-
isaTvis, nak. 30, red. v. gabaSvili (Tbilisi, 1954), 358.
17
`Zegli erisTavTas~ avtoris vinaobaze qarTul istoriografiaSi ori mosaz-
reba arsebobs: zogi mas avgaroz bandaisZed miiCnevs, zogi ki – avgarozis Svil
grigol bandaisZed. vfiqrob, grigol bandaisZe `Zegli erisTavTa~-s daskvniTi
nawilis avtori da mTlianad Txzulebis gadamwer-redaqtori unda iyos (avgaroz
bandaisZe 1298 wlisaTvis gardacvlilia). ZeglSi imdenad Tanmimdevrulad da de-
talurad aris aRwerili XIV-s-is movlenebi, rom SeuZlebelia grigol bandaisZes
ar esargebla winamorbedTa CanawerebiT, rac swored mamamisis, avgarozis xelidan
unda yofiliyo gamosuli. ix. giorgi oTxmezuri, `Zegli erisTavTa~-s zogi adgi-
lis gagebisaTvis~, samecniero paradigmebi, krebuli eZRvneba prof. naTela vaCnaZ-
es, red. giorgi WeiSvili (Tbilisi, 2009), 555-562.
res gadasuli giorgi VII-is erTaderTi mokavSire Saqiseli siidi alis

Svili siidi ahmedi) da isic, Tu rogor uswordeboda Temur-lengi ur-
Cebs (1388 w. ajanyebis gamo xorezmis mospobili saxelmwifoebrioba,
miwasTan gasworebuli misi dedaqalaqi urgenCi, gaJletili, ayrili da
samaryandSi gadasaxlebuli mosaxleoba).
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare ismis kiTxva, ram ganapiro-
ba bagrat V-isa da giorgi VII-is aseTi ukompromiso damokidebuleba
da Seurigebeli brZola Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg, ra iyo dampyrob-
lis moTxovnaSi iseTi, rac kategoriulad miuRebeli unda yofiliyo
saqarTvelos samefo karisaTvis.
Cemi azriT, es iyo mTeli qveynis (da ara marto mefis an samefo
ojaxis) gamuslimebis moTxovna.
mTeli Cveni istoria, SeiZleba iTqvas, gareSe mtrebTan brZolis
istoriaa. brZola qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobisa da damoukide-
blobisaTvis wiTel zolad gasdevs Cvens mravalsaukunovan warsuls.
saqarTvelo xSirad mdgara fizikuri ganadgurebisa Tu moraluri
gadagvarebis safrTxis winaSe, magram maRali erovnuli TviTSegneba
da marTlmadidebluri qristianoba iyo yovelTvis is Zala, romelic
gansacdelis Jams gvifaravda. SemTxveviTi araa, rom qarTul enaSi
erovnebasa da religias erTi saxeli aqvs – rjuli. marTlmadidebluri
qristianoba, rogorc droSa, win migviZRoda, gvaerTianebda da gvicav-
da ucxotomelTa momZlavrebisagan. es momxdursac kargad esmoda.
amitomac iyo, rom yvela dampyrobeli, pirvel rigSi, Seurigebel br-
Zolas ucxadebda Cvens erovnul mrwamss. saqarTvelos rigiT iranul
provinciad gadaqceva, swored qristianobis aRmofxvris gziT esaxebo-
daT sasanian Sahebsa Tu yizilbaS yaenebs. osmaleTis islamuri imperi-
isaTvis Tu minimalurad mainc dasaSvebi iyo kaTolikuri salocavebisa
da somxuri tipikonis funqcionireba samcxe-javaxeTSi, kategoriu-
lad miuRebeli iyo marTlmadidebluri eklesiebis arseboba. marTl-
madidebluri mefis ruseTic ki, saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis
gauqmebiT (1811-1814 ww.), eklesia-monasterTa raodenobis mkveTri Sem-
cirebiTa da qarTul enaze RvTismsaxurebis akrZalviT, cdilobda im-
periuli asimilatoruli eqspansiis ganxorcielebas.
es kargad hqonda gaazrebuli Temur-lengsac. politika da reli-
gia mis dampyroblur gegmebSi mWidrod iyo gadajaWvuli. qristiano-
bis mospoba iyo is aucilebeli piroba, rac qarTuli miwismflobelo-
bis wesis mahmadianuriT Secvlas, misi batonobis uzrunvelyofas da,
saboloo jamSi, Sedegad `qarTvelobis~ ganadgurebas moitanda.18
18
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 681.
60 giorgi oTxmezuri
Temur-lengi rom marto giorgi VII-is gamuslimebiT ar dakmayofil-

deboda da mis mizans mTeli saqarTvelos (da kavkasiis) gamahmadianeba
Seadgenda, amas sparseli istorikosebic adastureben. Temur-lengis
laSqrobebis mowme da TviTmxilveli moin ad-din naTanzis cnobiT,
`saqarTvelos mefes (giorgi VII) danebebisa da morCilebis sruli mis-
wrafeba hqonda, magram gamusulmanebis SiSiT Seupovar winaaRmdegobas
eweoda da am sijiutes, aTeul aTasobiT qarTvelis sicocxle Seewira~;
xolo abd ar-razay samaryandi saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis mizezebs
aq islamis gavrcelebis saWiroebiT xsnis.19 vaxuSti bagrationic
aRniSnavs, rom Temur-lengi `garna kualad ara dascxra gulis-wyro-
mad, vinaÁTgan eneba mooÃreba da mahmadianoba saqarTvelosi~.20
Temur-lengi rom saerTod qristianobis aRmofxvrasa da islamis
gavrcelebas Tavis erT-erT umTavres amocanad miiCnevda, es CrdiloeT
kavkasiis magaliTzec naTlad gamoCnda, sadac 1395 wels (ToxTamiSis da-
marcxebis Semdeg) qristianuli salocavebi daangria, mosaxleobas Zal-
iT miaRebina islami da Camoacila saqarTvelos. `daimorCila daRistani
umetes pirvelisa. ityÂan romel pirvel JamiTgan iqmna mun mahmadianoba
dasxmuliTa misgan xeliTa, rameTu pirvel iyvnen Sereulni qristianeni,
viTarca sxuani kavkasielni... waravlina spani ovseTad. ganvles spaTa maT
darubandi, lekeTi da mividnen ovseTs, moswyÂdnes, tyue-yvnes... ese hyo
Temur rameTu uwyoda, mefe Zals icems munidam. xolo kualad ityÂan, mi-
erTgan iwoda Cerqezi da iqmna mahmadianoba maT Soris~.21
mrwamsis sakiTxi rom wina planze iyo wamoweuli Temur-lengisa da
giorgi VII-s dapirispirebaSi, amas saqarTvelos mefis `pasuxic~ (1400 w.)
da Samqoris zavis (1401 w.) pirobebic migvaniSnebs. bibliur mcnebebsa da
qristianul moralze dafuZnebiT Sedgenil `pasuxSi~ swored qristiano-
bisa da bagrationTa gvaris upiratesobaa xazgasmuli islamsa da Temur-
lengis warmomavlobasTan SedarebiT. Samqoris zavis xuTi punqtidanac
ori religiis sferos ganekuTvneba: 1. qarTvelebs TavianT qveyanaSi ar
unda SeeviwroebinaT muslimebi; 2. qarTvelebs ekrZalebodaT qristian-
uli religiis adaT-wesebis aSkarad Sesruleba muslimur qveynebSi.
sparseli istorikosebis (nezam ad-din Sami, Saraf ad-din ali iez-
idi) cnobiT, Temur-lengis `mZvinvarebis ali kidev ufro abrialda
urwmuno giorgis ugunuri guladobis gamo~ da Tavis laSqars ubr-
Zana `saRvTo omad mklavi aRemarTaT borotsa da cTomil xalxze~.22
19
iqve, 681-682.
20
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 273.
21
iqve, 268, 272.
22
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg~, 693-694.
wyaroebis monacemTa analizi da movlenaTa qronologia, vfiqrob,

imis mauwyebelia, rom giorgi VII-is `pasuxamde~ hqonda Temur-lengs
gamocxadebuli saqarTvelosTvis `saRvTo omi~. 1399 wlamde, sxvadasxva
mizezebis gamo (xorezmis ajanyeba, oqros urdosTan brZola, indoeT-
Si laSqroba), man `saTanadod~ ver moicala saqarTvelosTvis. am wels
ki (giorgi VII-is `pasuxamde~), misi V laSqroba sworedac rom `saRvTo
omis~ xasiaTs atarebda. unda aRgviliyo pirisagan miwisa kaxeT-hereTi.
mosaxleobis gaJleta, eklesia-monastrebis da sacxovrebeli saxlebis
dangreva, sameurneo kulturebis ganadgureba – aseTi iyo Temur-len-
gis brZaneba. qarTuli jaris Seupovarma winaaRmdegobam amiraxor xim-
Sia abazasZis meTaurobiT da didTovlobam aiZula dampyrobeli erTi
Tvis Tavze Seewyvita saomari moqmedebebi da gascloda kaxeT-hereTs.
am laSqrobis dros unda iyos dangreuli kaxeTis upirvelesi saloca-
vi, alaverdis wm. giorgis kaTedraluri taZari. taZris dasavleT kar-
ibWis safexuris or qvaze amokveTili 8 striqoniani mxedruli warwera
aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis (1476-1511 ww.) mier Catarebul aRdgeniT sam-
uSaoebs gvamcnobs:
`...kacTa mier Tayvaniscema Tnavs ama taZarsa wmidis savane axovanis
mowamis wmidis giorgis... moyuareTa mefeTagan aRSenebuli iyo da
viTare[bisagan daqceulni] Senebulebani gumbadisani vidre samÃremd[e
aRaSe]na warCinebulman da sanatrelman mefema[n aleqsandre]~23 (kuTx-
ur kavebSi mocemuli teqsti Cem mier aris aRdgenili).
Temur-lengis Seurigebeli damokidebuleba qristianobisadmi, qris-
tianuli salocavebis masobriv ganadgurebaSi da RvTis msaxurTa sazarel,
barbarosul JletaSic aisaxa: `xolo ara Tu yovelTa kacTa srva kma eyoT,
23
Teimuraz barnaveli, kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis warwerebi (Tbilisi, 1961), 14.
marTalia, warweraSi aleqsandre mefis saxeli ar ikiTxeba, magram warweris teqst-
Si zustad imave saamSeneblo samuSaoebzea saubari, rac moTxrobilia ànaseuli
qarTlis cxovrebis~ anderZSi: àdiden RmerTman da daamyaren orTave cxorebaTa
Sina patronni: dedofalTa dedofali nestan-darejan da Ze maTi mefe aleqsandre
da dedofali ana. eseni iyunes umetes yovelTa qarTlisa mefeTa da mTavarTa morw-
muneni, maSenebelni eklesiaTani. rameTu alaverdi wartyuenul iyo warmarTTagan,
romel sxuaTa mefeTa ver Ãel-eyo ganwmendad da aRSenebad, amaT aRaSenes ... caÁ
da gumbaTi da samxroni~. ix. ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebani 12 tomad, t. VIII, red.
m. lorTqifaniZe (Tbilisi, 1977), 303-305. aqedan gamomdinare, warweris teqstSi
dazianebul adgilas unda aRdges aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis saxeli da ànaseuli
qarTlis cxovrebis~ analogiurad daTariRdes – 1476-1495 ww. warwera daRupulia.
aleqsandre I kaxTa mefis Semdgom alaverdis taZari kidev ramdenjerme iqna da-
zianebuli da restavrirebuli. warweriani qvebi, romlebic Tavis droze, ra Tqma
unda, eklesiis kedelSi iqneboda Casmuli, saamSeneblo masalad iqna gamoyenebuli
(safexurebze warwerebs ar kveTdnen), ramac gamoiwvia kidec warweris daRupva.
62 giorgi oTxmezuri
aramed wmidani eklesianica da mas Sina myofni samRvdeloni krebulni cecx-

liTa damwvar iqmnnes maT mier~.24 am mxriv, iseve rogorc sabrZolo moqmede-
bebiT, gansakuTrebiT masStaburi iyo VI laSqroba (1400 w.). gogCis tbasTan,
lores, Tbilisis, goris, Zamis, savaneTis da sxv. cixeebTan gamarTul brZo-
lebSi, Temur-lengma mxolod udidesi Zalisxmevisa da msxverplis fasad
miaRwia gamarjvebas, Tumca mefe giorgis, romelic `daWrili vefxviviT
ibrZoda tyeebsa da viwroebSi~, verc Sepyroba da verc damorCileba ver
SesZlo. gaborotebuli dampyrobeli gzadagza spobda yvelafers.
yvela qarTveli istorikosi xazgasmiT da ramdenimegzis aRniS-
navs Temur-lengis mier eklesia-monastrebis `safuZvliTurT~ dan-
grevas, rasac, sxvaTa Soris, sparseli istorikosebic adastureben.
magaliTad, nezam ad-din Sami specialurad uTiTebs, rom Temur-len-
gis jarebma ùrjuloTa Senobebi dawves, yanebi da eklesia monastre-
bi daangrieso~.25 qarTul istoriul sabuTebsa da epigrafikul Zeg-
lebSic mravali aseTi faqtia dafiqsirebuli.
nabuqodonosor II-is mier ierusalimSi datrialebul ubedurebas
gadaameta Temur-lengis borotebam sveticxovelTan mimarTebaSi:
`maSin mivides usjuloni igi wmidasa kaTolike eklesiasa mcxeTas,
ufrosRa da umetes savseni SuriTa misiTa... rameTu esred saxed yove-
live hyo mZlavrman uwyaloman lang-Temur saqarTvelosa Sina, viTarca
mefeman babilovnisaman nabuqodonosor moawia ierusalimsa zeda, aman
ufrosRa gardamata mas. rameTu man ara ikadra darRueva taZrisa mis
solomonisa, TÂnier warRebisa mravalfassa mis patiosanTa WurWel-
Ta taZrisaTa, aramed aman lang-Temur eseodeni boroti qmna, romel
wariRo sruliad patiosani samkauli da Semkobilni WurWelni wmidisa
kaTolike eklesiisani, da igi ara jer uCnda kmayofad, aramed TÂTca Se-
hkadra da bilwiTa ÃeliTa warmdebad Ãel-hyo darRuevad da mooÃre-
bad suetisa cxovelisa Sinagan, da gareT zRudeni da palatni da yovel-
nive Senobani sruliad iavar hyves spaTa lang-TemurisaTa~.26
mas Semdeg, rac `Semusres da daarRÂes wmida kaTolike eklesia mcxeTi-
sa~, dampyroblebma `miiwivnes muniT quabTa-Ãevs,27 da Seipyres mun myofni
kacni, mamani da dedani, mRvdelni da diakonni da monazonni, da Seamwyudes
taZarsa wmidisa quabTa-Ãevisa RTismSobelisasa, da Seugznes cecxli Si-
gan eklesiisa da dawves, romelic iyofodes eklesiasa mas Sina~.28
24
àxali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, 451.
25
tabataZe, `qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoeli dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg~, 697.
26
27
dRes qvaTaxevi, md. kavTuris saTaveSi, kaspis raioni.
28
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, 328-329.
aseT mZime viTarebaSic ki giorgi VII cdilobda yuradReba ar moek-

lo saqarTvelos eklesiisaTvis. 1399-1401 ww-Si mis mier gacemuli sige-
lebiT, mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZars ganuaxlda da daumt-
kicda Zvelad Sewiruli da mkvidri mamulebi.29
Temur-lengis saqarTvelodan wasvlisTanave, qveynis saSinao saq-
meebis mogvarebis paralelurad, giorgi VII-m ùbrZana mooÃrebulTa
Senebad eklesiaTa~.30
giorgis Semdeg gamefebulma konstantine I-mac (1407-1411 ww.) ìwyo...
aRSenebad eklesiaTa~.31
gansakuTrebiT farTe aRmSenebloba gaiSala aleqsandre I didis
(1412-1442 ww.) dros, rogorc cnobilia, man ùsjulo Temuris~ mier
`safuZveliTgan daqceuli~ cixeebisa da eklesia-monastrebis aRsad-
genad specialuri gadasaxadi daawesa.32
qarTul naratiul wyaroebsa33 da istoriul dokumentebSi34 dacu-
li cnobebi gvauwyeben aleqsandre I-is mier bebiamisis, cnobili poli-
tikuri moRvawis qucna amirejibis meuRlis, rusas (+1413 w.) dawyebuli
sveticxovlis restavraciis dasrulebas.
Temur-lengis urdoebis mier `ZiriTurT aRmofxvrili~ da `vidre
safuZvliTurT daarRveuli~35 ruisis RvTaebis taZris xelaxla aSe-
nebas gvamcnobs taZris das. Sesasvlelis Tavze amokveTili orstri-
qoniani asomTavruli warwera:
`† ze adiden RmerTman mefeTa-mefoba didisa aleqsandresi, rom-
lisa mier kvalad aReSena saydari ese. adiden RmerTman da suli maTi
kurTxeul yos~.36
igive bedi ewia ulumbis RvTismSobels: `mas Jamsa odes uRmrTosa
demurs sruliad aReoÃra da umkÂdro eqmna saqarTvelo, da waru-
tyunnes yovelni monasterni da umetesad yovelTasa udabno ese TquÀ-
29
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII ss-is qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebis mi-
xedviT, gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma, mzia surgulaZem, elene ca-
gareiSvilma, guram jandierma, I (Tbilisi, 1991), 243.
30
31
iqve, 177.
32
`malis amokveTis sigeli aleqsandre mefisa, 1440 w.~, qarTuli samarTlis Ze-
glebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo prof. i. doliZem, t. II
(Tbilisi, 1965), 126.
33
34
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, I, 215.
35
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, 329; àxali qarTlis cxovreba,
meore teqsti~, 453.
36
giorgi CubinaSvili, `ruisis taZris istoriisaTvis~, enis, istoriisa da mate-
rialuri kulturis institutis moambe, V-VI (1940), 462.
64 giorgi oTxmezuri
ni, romel saZirkvelica ara daSTomil-iyo~ – aRniSnulia qucna amire-

jibis Sewirulebis wignSi ulumbis RvTismSoblisadmi.37
`mefeTgan didad Sewyalebulman amirejibman qucnaman~ imave adgi-
las axali taZari aRmarTa (àxlad saZirkulis safuZvlis STagdebisa~)
da aRapebi daawesa TavisTvis da Tavisi ojaxis wevrebisTvis, maT Soris
aleqsandre I-sTvis (SviliSvili), konstantine I-sTvis (siZe) da giorgi
VII-sTvis (siZis Zma).38
qucna amirejibis agebulia nabaxtevis eklesiac. taZris moxatu-
lobaSi qucna amirejibi warmodgenili iyo eklesiis modeliT xelSi
(rac mis qtitorobas miuTiTebs), Tavisi ojaxiT – meuRle rusa, aleq-
sandre I didi da dedofali (amJamad freskebi daculia saqarTvelos
xelovnebis muzeumSi).39 advili SesaZlebelia, rom ulumbis msgavsad,
nabaxtevis eklesiac Temur-lengis mier dangreuli saydris adgilze
aeSenebina qucna amirejibs.40
rkonis samonastro kompleqsis naTlismcemlis eklesiis dasav-
leT da aRmosavleT fasadebze Temur-lengis darbevis mauwyebeli ori
asomTavruli warweraa amokveTili:
1) `† aqa movida langdemur da daaqcivna eklesiani da rkonica daaq-
cia. qoronikoni iyo pe (=1400 w.)
37
giorgi oTxmezuri, qarTuli feodaluri sagvareuloebis istoriidan – amire-
jibi (Tbilisi, 2009), 48.
38
qucna amirejibis mier aRmarTuli taZari SemdgomSi isev daingra. dRes mis
adgilze dgas 1871 w. agebuli darbazuli eklesia, romlis kedlebSic Catanebulia
Zveli eklesiis fragmentebi, maT Soris 1015-1016 ww-is warweriani qva – giorgi I-is
(1014-1027 ww.) mosaxsenebeli. iqve, 12.
39
inga lorTqifaniZe, nabaxtevis mxatvroba (Tbilisi, 1973).
40
rogorc Cans, swored Zveli salocavis adgilze axlis ageba, an Zveli eklesiis
safuZvliani gadakeTeba, saqarTveloSi damkvidrebuli wesi Tu tradicia iyo. amas
mowmobs sveticxovlis, ulumbis, atenis sionis, rkonis da sxva eklesiaTa arqiteq-
turuli da istoriuli monacemebi. agreTve areSis stelisa da eredvis eklesiis
warwerebi, romlebSic kumurdosa da alaverdis taZrebis moxsenieba arsebul say-
darTa aRmarTvis dros ramdenime aTeuli wliT uswrebs. ix. qarTuli warwerebis
korpusi, Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada nodar SoSiaSvilma, t. I (Tbilisi, 1980),
39, 76, 145.
2) àqaÁ amoswyÂda rkoni, Tvesa mervesa~.
orive warwera, Temur-lengis VI laSqrobis erT epizods, rkonis

monastrisa da mimdebare eklesiebis daqcevas gadmogvcems.
àmoswyÂda rkoni~ rkonis monastris mRvdelmsaxurTa gaJle-
tas unda gulisxmobdes (iseve rogorc qvaTaxevSi). Temur-lengis
es laSqroba xangrZlivobiTac iyo gamorCeuli, mTeli gazafxulisa
da zafxulis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. TeZmis xeobis darbeva am
laSqrobis erT-erTi bolo etapia da, rogorc Cans, agvistoSi (`Tvesa
mervesa~) hqonda adgili.41
1400 wlis saomari kampaniis dros Temur-lengma qsnis saerisTavo-
sac Seusia `marbeveli laSqari~, aqac `Semusra yovelni cixeni da daaq-
civna yovelni saydarni, monasterni da eklesiani~. largvisis monas-
ters, rogorc umTavresi salocavisa da erisTavebis saZvalis `daqce-
vas~ ki mematiane specialurad aRniSnavs: `maSin daaqcives eklesiai ese
aRSenebuli erisTavisa iovanesagan~.42
momxduris mizani giorgi VII-is erTguli qveSevrdomis, virSel qsnis
erisTavis dasja iyo, romelic saqarTveloSi gamarTul brZolebSic da
1398 wels alinjis cixis aRebisasac mxarSi edga mefes. largvisis parak-
litonis minaweris Tanaxmad, `mefobasa Sina mefed mefisa giorgi bagra-
tis Zisasa, da erisTavobasa Sina erisTavT-erisTavisa qvenifnevelisa
virSelisa, odes igi didTa omTagan gamarjvebuli alinjiT movides~.43
Temur-lengis marbieli jaris mogeriebisa da moRalateTa das-
jis Semdeg, imave wels, dangreuli taZris siaxloves virSel erisTav-
ma ìwyo Senebad eklesiisa, saxelsa zeda mowamisasa (igulisxmeba wm.
giorgi), sazRvarsa largvisisa, adgilsa Sueniersa yovliT kerZo~.44
41
giorgi oTxmezuri, `rkonis warwerebi~, artanuji, VI (1997), 9-19.
42
mesxia, `Zegli erisTavTa~, 359-360.
43
oTxmezuri, `Zegli erisTavTa~ zogierTi adgilis gagebisaTvis~, 557-558.
44
iqve, 560. rogorc cnobilia, verc virSel III-is mier agebulma taZarma moaRwia
Cvenamde. mis adgilze daviT erisTavis (1753-1774) mier gumbaTiani eklesia iqna age-
buli, rasac gvamcnobs 1762 w. moWedili xatis warwera. ix. Е. Такаишвили, Археологиче-
ские экскурсии, разыскания и заметки, V (Тфл., 1915), 95-96.
66 giorgi oTxmezuri
rogorc vxedavT, Temur-lengis laSqrobebis Sedegad miyenebuli

udidesi ekonomikuri zaralis miuxedavad, saqarTvelos mefeebi da
qarTveli feodalebi Tavis erT-erT upirveles amocanad eklesia-mo-
nastrebis aRdgenas miiCnevdnen.
vfiqrob, zemoT moyvanili faqtebi cxadyofen, rom Temur-lengisT-
vis saqarTveloSi politikuri gabatonebis safuZveli aq qristianobis
amoZirkva iyo – yovlad miuRebeli da dauSvebeli saqarTvelos samefo
karisTvis da masTan erTad mTeli qarTveli erisTvisac. religiuri Seu-
wynarebloba dampyroblis mxridan iyo is mTavari sakiTxi, rac qarTvel
mefeebs diplomatiuri moqmedebis saSualebas uspobda da aiZulebda
mTel ers, maqsimumi Zalisxmeva gaeRo erovnuli saxis SenarCunebisa-
Tvis.
amitomac aris gadauWarbebeli Sefaseba, rom ès iyo qarTveli
xalxis udidesi gamarjveba am WeSmaritad didi samamulo omis dros
mopovebuli uzarmazari materialuri zaralisa da auracxeli msxver-
plis fasad~.45
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VI
uzun hasanis meoTxe laSqroba saqarTveloSi
mirian maxaraZe
TeTrbatknianebisa da saqarTvelos urTierToba jer kidev XIV sa-

ukuneSi iRebs saTaves, rodesac TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli quTlu
trapizonis imperatoris aleqsi III-is mowveviT Semodis saqarTvelo-
Si, kerZod samcxeSi.1 saqarTveloSi Semdgom Semosevebs TeTrbatknia-
nebi axorcieleben Temur-lengis droSis qveS.2 XV saukunis I naxevarSi
qarTvelebisa da TeTrbatknianTa urTierTobis Sesaxeb wyaroebi ar
mogvepoveba. faqtia, rom am periodSi qarTvelebs urTierToba ufro
SavbatknianTa konfederaciul saxelmwifosTan hqondaT, risi naTeli
dadastureba SavbatknianTa Semosevebia.3 mdgomareoba kardinalurad
Seicvala XV saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac TeTrbatknianTa saTa-
veSi uzun hasani movida. miuxedavad imisa, rom TeTrbatknianTa mbrZa-
nebeli Tavdapirvelad saqarTvelos samefosTan erTad gamodis anti-
osmalur koaliciaSi,4 ukve 1458 wels igi pirvelad SemoiWreba saqarT-
velos teritoriaze da ramdenime cixes arbevs.5 meore Semoseva uzun
hasanma moawyo 1462-63 wlebSi, rodesac yuaryuares daexmara saqarT-
1
mirian maxaraZe, `Semoesia Tu ara TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli quTlu saqarT-
velos~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI (2006), 149-154.
2
Nizammuddin Şāmî, Zafernāme, Farsçadan çeviren Necati Lugal (Ankara, 1987), 222, 245.
3
Fakur Sümer, Kara Koyunlular (Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah’a Kadar), c. I (Ankara, 1992), 55, 56,
118.
4
mirian maxaraZe, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobebi XV saukuneSi (Tbilisi,
2005), 84-93; misive, àRmosavleTis qveynebis jarTa raodenoba konstantinopolis
gadasarCenad~, daviT kacitaZe 80 (Tbilisi, 2009), 222-231.
5
mirian maxaraZe, ùzun hasanis pirveli Semosvla saqarTveloSi~, valerian ga-
baSvili 90 (Tbilisi, 2003), 391-399; àhsan aT-Tavarixis cnobebi saqarTvelos Se-
saxeb~, teqsti sparsulidan Targmna da SeniSvnebi daurTo karlo kuciam, saqarT-
velos istoriis aRmosavluri masalebi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1979), 80; Walter Hinz, Uzun hasan
ve Şeyh Cüneyd, çeviren Tevfik Bıyıklıoğlu (Ankara, 1992), 40; John E. Woods, The Aqquyunlu: Clan,
Confederation, Empire (Salt Lake City, 1998), 253-254.
uzun hasanis meoTxe laSqroba saqarTveloSi 69
velos mefis, giorgi VIII-s winaaRmdeg,6 xolo 1466-67 wlebSi uzun hasani
mesamejer laSqrobs saqarTveloSi.7 amjerad misi samizne yuaryuares
samflobelo – axalcixe iyo.
uzun hasanma meoTxe laSqroba saqarTveloSi Terjanis brZolis win
ganaxorciela. am Semosevas hasan rumlu 1470 wliT aTariRebs da gad-
mogvcems, rom `TavrizSi erTi Tvis yofnis Semdeg (uzun hasanma – k.k.)
ramdenime didi amira, iseTebi rogoric arian mohamed begi, suleiman
fanduki da baindur-begi, ori aTasi mxedriT Tbilisisa da somxeTis
qveynebisaken gagzavna, raTa is vilaieTebi dapyrobisa da damorCile-
bis sferoSi moeqciaT~,8 TumcaRa, hasan rumlus gamomcemeli karlo
kucia, sxva faqtebis arqonis gamo, uaryofs am Semosevas.9 saqarTvelo-
ze gamolaSqrebas, oRond 1472 wliT, gadmogvcems munejim baSic:
`876 wels uveis begi10 hajis Zma emiri gaxda TavrizSi. iq Zalian bev-
rma mecnierma da didebulma daiwyo mosvla. maT kargad epyrobodnen.
[isini] sapatio mdgomareobaSi imyofebodnen. Semdeg yaramaneli fir
ahmed begi11 TavisTan Seifara. man rumis sasultnoze SesCivla da misgan
daxmareba iTxova. yaramanianebi, rom mamapapiseul qveyanaSi uvneblad
dabrunebuliyvnen, rumis dasapyrobad samzadisis gamarTva gaxda
saWiro. Tavrizidan alayaTis gziT gaemarTnen. hajze wasuli mevlana
al quSju aq maT emsaxureboda. aRmatebulad rom gamoiyureboda da
keTil gzas adga, romel gzasac irCevda, im gziT midioda. hasan begi
ki Semdeg 877 (1472) wels saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa, am qveyanas Tavs
daesxa da gaanadgura. uamravi cixe daimorCila. bolos mefe bagrati
daTanxmda, rom xarki gadaexada. aleqsandres da yuaryuares msgavsma
sxva mbrZaneblebmac mas morCileba gamoucxades. mefe bagratma ajanye-
ba rogorc ki wamoiwyo, hasan begma mis xelT arsebuli yvela cixe yu-
aryuares da aleqsandres gadasca. misi jari saqarTvelos qveyanas moe-
do da dainawila. maT Zalian bevri adamiani daatyveves da wamoiyvanes.
is Tavis sasultnos centrSi – TavrizSi – gamarjvebuli dabrunda.
Tbilisi emir azams sufi halil begs iqtas saxiT gadasca. misi mosaz-
Rvre raionis gamgeblobac mas uboZa.
6
mirian maxaraZe, ùzun hasanis meore laSqroba saqarTveloSi~, axlo aRmosavle-
Ti da saqarTvelo, V (2008), 124-127; nana niniZe, `saqarTveloSi uzun hasanis Semose-
vebis sakiTxisaTvis~, Tsu Sromebi, t. 309 (1992), 132.
7
Аракел Даврижеци, Книга Историй, перевод и коментарии Л.А.Ханпарян (Москва, 1973),
484; àhsan aT-Tavarixis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, 80.
8
iqve, 81.
9
iqve, 85.
10
uzun hasanis Zma.
11
yaramaniis beiliqis ukanaskneli gamgebeli.
70 mirian maxaraZe
gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac (uzun hasani) saqarTvelos tovebda,

masTan bagrat mefis elCi movida. elCs xelT 19 misyali12 badaxSi da 12
misyali lalis qvebi hqonda. bagrats maTi Cuqeba da amis gamo mefobis
ukan dabruneba undoda. hasan begi amas ar daTanxmda da orive qva mas
ukan daubruna. rodesac saqarTvelodan gadioda, mas Tan hqonda qoneba,
Zvirfaseuloba, pirutyvi da garda amisa, sami aTasi tyve hyavda.
rodesac hasan begi saqarTveloSi ibrZoda, misi naTesavi iusufCa
mirza13 yaramanebis dasaxmareblad anatoliaSi gagzavna. iusufCam Toy-
aTsa da sivass Seutia da iqauroba daipyro. masTan erTad fir ahmed
yaramanic iyo. aq, sultan mehmedis14 mier yaramanSi daniSnuli vali, mus-
tafac15 iyo. orive SeebrZola erTmaneTs 877 (1472) wels. [am] brZolaSi
iusufCa mirza daiRupa. amis gamo hasan begi SurisZiebis mizniT maSinve
anatoliisken gaemarTa da erzijanis axlos rumis jars daupirispirda.
es jari gaanadgura da rumis jaris meTauri hasan murad begi mokla. amg-
var gamarjvebaSi myof hasan begs rumis sultanTan gambedaoba Semata
da meore wels 878 (1473) baiburTis axlos mZlavri SebrZoleba gamarTa,
sadac misi Svili zeinal mirza16 daiRupa da hasan begi did ubedurebaSi
Cavarda. hasan begi erjizanSi brZolis velidan gaiqca. sultani mas ar
gaedevna da jarmac misi dadevnebisagan Tavi Seikava~.17
aRsaniSnavia, rom Turqul teqstSi yvaryvares magivrad kons-
12
misyali, igive miskali, Zvirfasi qvebis sazomi erTeuli – 4.8 grami. aRsaniS-
navia, rom qarTvelebma lalis Tvlebi SesTavazes TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebels
saqarTveloSi 1476/77 wlebis laSqrobis drosac. maT Suamdgomloba italiel misi-
oners barbaros SesTavazes da sTxoves daerwmunebina uzun hasani, moTxovnili 16
dukatis nacvlad 4 balaSi aeRo (XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarT-
velos Sesaxeb, italiuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo
e.mamisTvaliSvilma (Tbilisi, 1981), 62). balaSisa da badaxSis, igive lalis Tvlis
igiveobis Sesaxeb ix. r. kiknaZe, `saqarTvelo XV saukunis II naxevarSi~, saqarTvelo-
sa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi (Tbilisi, 1995), 109-
126.
13
TeTrbatknianTa didgvarovani. SesaZlebelia urjulo isaki, ix. mirian maxara-
Ze, `zogierTi mosazreba ùrjulo isakis~ vinaobis Sesaxeb~, nodar Sengelia, 75
(Tbilisi, 2008), 198-202.
14
mehmed II faTihi (dampyrobeli) osmaleTis sulTani (1451-1481).
15
mehmed II-s Svili.
16
uzun hasanis Svili.
17
abu beqr Tihranis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti
qarTulad Targmna da teqsts kritikuli analizi daurTo Tea janaSiam, istoriu-
li xasiaTis SeniSvnebi da damatebani daurTo mirian maxaraZem (Tbilisi, 2010), 72-
73; Ebu Bekr-i Tihranî, Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye, neşr. Necati Lugat ve Fakur Sümer, c. II (Ankara, 1993),
565; Ebu Bekr-i Tihranî, Kitab-ı Diyarbekriyye, çeviren Mürsel Öztürk (Ankara, 2001), 242.
tantinea naxsenebi.18 ase rom, teqstSi àleqsandres da yuaryvares ms-

gavsma sxva mbrZaneblebmac mas morCileba gamoucxades. mefe bagratma
ajanyeba, rogorc ki wamoiwyo, hasan begma mis xelT arsebuli yvela cixe
yuaryuares da aleqsandres gadasca~, nacvlad weria àleqsandres da
konstantines msgavsma sxva mbrZaneblebmac mas morCileba gamoucxades.
mefe bagratma ajanyeba, rogorc ki wamoiwyo, hasan begma mis xelT ar-
sebuli yvela cixe konstantines da aleqsandres gadasca~. movlenaTa
ganviTarebam naTlad dagvanaxa, rom am SemTxvevaSi konstantine II-zea
laparaki da ara yuaryuare II-ze.19
munejim baSisa da hasan rumlus cnobebis Sedarebisas, upiratesoba
ufro munejim baSis cnobas eniWeba, radganac masSi movlenaTa Tanmim-
devroba kargad aris daculi. cnobis dasawyisSi gadmocemulia yara-
maniis beiliqis aneqsia osmaleTis imperiis mier, romelic 1471 wels
ganxorcielda20 da mxolod amis Semdeg moxda saqarTveloSi laSqroba.
yovelive amis gamo 1470 wels Semosvla TavisTavad gamoricxulia.
uzun hasanis meoTxe laSqroba gamowveuli iyo qarTlSi bagratis
gadmosvliT, qronikebSi 1472 wliT daTariRebuli warwera gvamcnobs:
`qks: rq: aqa.../li.../ bag.../gard.../~ es dazianebuli warwera T. Jordaniam
Semdegnairad aRadgina: àqa qarTli daiWira bagrat mefeman da konstan-
tine gardaagdo~.21 giorgi VIII-is datyvevebis Semdeg konstantinem Tavi
mis samarTalmemkvidred gamoacxada,22 ramac bagratTan dapirispireba
gamoiwvia. TumcaRa tyveobidan saqarTvelos mefis ganTavisuflebis
Semdeg bagratsa da konstantines Soris ukve zavi Camovarda,23 magram
maT Soris mSvidoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. giorgi VIII-s mier er-
Tian samefo xelisuflebaze xelis aRebam da kaxeTis samefos Seqmnam
kvlav dapirispireba gamoiwvia konstantinesa da bagrats Soris, rac
gamowveuli iyo am ukanasknelis surviliT, erTian samefos Casdgomo-
da saTaveSi.24 konstantinem da aleqsandrem daxmarebisTvis uzun hasans
18
ix. wina sqolio.
19
mirian maxaraZe, `vis gadasca uzun hasanma saqarTveloSi dapyrobili cixeebi
konstantines Tu yuaryuares~, kavkasia da aRmosavleTi, 7, ibeWdeba.
20
İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, Osmanlı Tarihi, c. II (Ankara, 1998), 95; Ismail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı,
Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri (Ankara, 1988), 84; Joseph Hammer, Büyük
Osmanlı Tarıhı, c. III, Büyük Osmanlı Tarıhı 2 (İstanbul, 1998), 127.
21
qronikebi da sxva masalebi, moamzada T. Jordaniam, t. II (tfilisi, 1897), 290.
22
mirian maxaraZe, `konstantine II gamefebis wlebi~, Tsu Sromebi, aRmosavleT-
mcodneoba, t. 341 (2002), 448-453.
23
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, t. IV (Tbilisi, 1967), 450, 451; miri-
an maxaraZe, `konstantine II-s diplomatiuri moRvaweoba~, qarTuli diplomatia, 14
(2010), 56.
24
mirian maxaraZe, `munejim baSis erTi cnobis Sesaxeb~, ivane javaxiSvilis
72 mirian maxaraZe
mimarTes.25 rogorc aleqsandre, aseve konstantine uzun hasanis mokav-

Sireebi iyvnen. amas mowmobs rogorc uzun hasanisa da aleqsandres
elCebis erTad Casvla veneciaSi,26 ise kontantines elCobac, sadac igi
Tavis mokavSired uzun hasans asaxelebs.27 saqarTvelos orive mbrZane-
beli monawileobs Terjanis brZolaSi uzun-hasanis mxardamxar.28
sainteresoa evropaSi gagzavnili werilebis daTariRebac. pirveli
werili, romelic ungreTis elCma veneciaSi gaagzavna, 1471 wlis 12
apriliTaa daTariRebuli: `sinioriaSi movidnen elCebi saqarTvelos
mefesi konstantinesi, romelic uzun hasanis mokavSire da naTesavia.
[igi] am gazafxulze osmalebis winaaRmdeg saomrad gamova 30000 mxe-
driT. amas garda, xsenebuli uzuni maT daexmareba uzarmazari jariT.
Tu man warmatebas miaRwia didi saqme gakeTdeba~.29 meore werili, ro-
melic romis papisadmi iyo gankuTvnili, 1471 wlis 10 seqtembriTaa da-
TariRebuli da savaraudod veneciidan gaigzavna: `Tqveni uwmindesobis
minaweridan SevityveT iberiis didad saxelovani da ubrwyinvalesi me-
fis aleqsandres uzun-hasanTan molaparakebis Sesaxeb. cnoba mogvawo-
da keTilSobilma Cvenma morCilma Zmam priorma bertuCo kontarinim da
sxva. aseTi cnobisTvis saukuno madlobas mogiZRvniT Tqven unetare-
sobas, Tqven, romelmac elCi gagzavneT winadadebiT im mefesTan. Cven
gvgonia, rom es Zalian Wkvianuri da metad sasargeblo sakiTxia qris-
tianTaTvis. did saqmes gaakeTebdiT mefeebisadmi mowodebiT, imedisa
da dapirebebis gazrdiT da urjulo sulTnis winaaRmdeg didad gama-
mxnevebeli sityvebiT. Tumca isini Zlierni arian da ibrZvian Turquli
cbierebiT, magram Sinagani siZulvili did saqmes gaakeTebs TurqeTis
imperiis mrisxane da cbieri niWis mimarT. eWvi araa, rom im mxridan maT
rac SeuZliaT, hyofen da acalkeveben, rogorc es barbarosebis mrisxa-
ne xalxs SeuZlia. ise rom, didad Semwynarebeli qristianTaTvis mter-
ze erToblivad Sesasevad da mis dasamorCileblad gaadvilebulia sa-
dabadebis 130 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciis masalebi

2006 (Tbilisi, 2010), 78.
25
mirian maxaraZe, `qarTveli mefe mTavrebis diplomatiuri urTierTobebi uzun
hasanTan~, qarTuli diplomatia, 13 (2007), 51-64.
26
eldar mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo politikuri urTierTobani XV
saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVI saukuneSi (evropuli wyaroebis mixedviT) (Tbili-
si, 1981), 21.
27
laioS tardi, `veneciis roli ungreTTan, saqarTvelosTan da sparseTTan ur-
TierTobaSi~, evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1978), 198.
28
mirian maxaraZe, `Terjanis brZola~, Tsu axlo aRmosavleTis istoriis kaTed-
ris 55 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli (Tbilisi, 2005), 152-158.
29
eldar mamisTvaliSvili, `saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan XV
saukunis 70-ian wlebSi~, macne, istoriis seria, 3 (1971), 78.
erTo laSqroba~.30 naTeli xdeba, rom rogorc konstantine II-s, aseve

aleqsandre I-s (kaxTa mefes) uzun hasanTan diplomatiuri urTierToba
daumyarebiaT manamde, sanam TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli saqarTvelo-
Si Semovidoda.
yovelive aqedan naTeli xdeba uzun hasanis saqarTveloSi meo-
Txe laSqrobis mizezebi. bagrat VI-is qarTlSi gadmosvlam safrTxe
Seuqmna rogorc konstantines, aseve aleqsandres samflobeloebs. maT
daxmarebisaTvis uzun hasans mimarTes. TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli
saqarTveloSi Semodis. bagrati mas SeebrZoleba, magram marcxdeba.
dapyrobil teritoriebs uzun hasani Tavis mokavSireebs, aleqsandres
da konstantines unawilebs, xolo TbilisSi Tavis warmomadgenels niS-
navs. xelmocaruli bagrati iZulebulia zavi SesTavazos dampyrobels
da badaxSisa da lalis Tvlebs ugzavnis, TumcaRa TeTrbatknianTa mbr-
Zanebeli mis xarks ar Tanxmdeba. am daxmarebis sanacvlod, konstanti-
nesa da aleqsandres sajariso formirebebi osmalTa winaaRmdeg Ter-
janis brZolaSi monawileoben.
bibliografia
XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. ita-

liuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo eldar ma-
misTvaliSvilma. Tbilisi, 1981
abu beqr Tihranis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb. sparsu-
li teqsti qarTulad Targmna da teqsts kritikuli analizi daurTo Tea
janaSiam. istoriuli xasiaTis SeniSvnebi da damatebani daurTo mirian
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ahsan aT-Tavarixis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqsti sparsulidan
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mosavluri masalebi. t. II. Tbilisi, 1979
kiknaZe revaz. saqarTvelo XV saukunis II naxevarSi. saqarTvelosa da
maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi. Tbilisi, 1995.
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bis mixedviT). Tbilisi, 1981
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tinopolis gadasarCenad. daviT kacitaZe 80. Tbilisi, 2009
30
mamisTvaliSvili, `saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobis istoriidan~, 80.
74 mirian maxaraZe
maxaraZe mirian. vis gadasca uzun hasanma saqarTveloSi dapyrobili cixe-

ebi konstantines Tu yuaryuares. kavkasia da aRmosavleTi, 7. ibeWdeba.
maxaraZe mirian. zogierTi mosazreba ùrjulo isakis~ vinaobis Sesaxeb.
nodar Sengelia 75. Tbilisi, 2008.
maxaraZe mirian. Terjanis brZola. Tsu axlo aRmosavleTis istoriis
kaTedris 55 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo krebuli. Tbilisi, 2005
maxaraZe mirian. konstantine II gamefebis wlebi. Tsu Sromebi, aRmosav-
leTmcodneoba, t. 341, 2002
maxaraZe mirian. konstantine II-s diplomatiuri moRvaweoba. qarTuli
diplomatia, 14, 2010
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maxaraZe mirian. saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobebi XV saukuneSi.
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mosavleTi da saqarTvelo, V, 2008
maxaraZe mirian. uzun hasanis pirveli Semosvla saqarTveloSi. valer-
ian gabaSvili 90. Tbilisi, 2003
maxaraZe mirian. Semoesia Tu ara TeTrbatknianTa mbrZanebeli quTlu
saqarTvelos. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI, 2006
maxaraZe mirian. qarTveli mefe mTavrebis diplomatiuri urTierTo-
bebi uzun hasanTan. qarTuli diplomatia, 13, 2007
niniZe nana. saqarTveloSi uzun hasanis Semosevebis sakiTxisaTvis. Tsu
Sromebi, t. 309, 1992
tardi laioS. veneciis roli ungreTTan, saqarTvelosTan da sparseTTan
urTierTobaSi. evropis qveynebis istoriis problemebi. t. II. Tbilisi, 1978
qronikebi da sxva masalebi. moamzada T. Jordaniam. t. II. tfilisi, 1897
javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. t. IV. Tbilisi, 1967
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kara, 1993
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Nizammuddin Şāmî, Zafernāme. Farsçadan çeviren Necati Lugal. Ankara, 1987
Sümer, Fakur. Kara Koyunlular (Başlangıçtan Cihan-Şah’a Kadar). c. I. Ankara, 1992
Uzunçarşılı İsmail Hakkı. Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri. An-
kara, 1988
Uzunçarşılı İsmail Hakkı. Osmanlı Tarihi. c. II. Ankara, 1998
Woods, John E. The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. Salt Lake City, 1998
VII
afSarTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebze

qarTvelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan
niko javaxiSvili
saqarTvelos erTiani samefos daSlis (XV saukunis meore naxe-

vari) Semdeg, qveynis teritoriaze warmoqmnil qarTlis, kaxeTisa da
imereTis samefoebSi dedoflebad ZiriTadad qarTuli warCinebuli
sagvareuloebis warmomadgenlebs arCevdnen. maT Soris iyvnen ro-
gorc bagrationTa calkeuli Stoebis warmomadgenlebi, aseve qar-
Tvel mTavarTa (samegrelos, afxazeTis, guriis, samcxe-saaTabagos)
da TavadTa asulebi.
amasTanave, bagrationebi ramdenjerme daunaTesavdnen sparseTis
mmarTvel dinastiebs, rasac imxanad didi politikuri mniSvneloba eniWe-
boda. SahinSahTa moTxovniT, bagrationTa qarTlisa da kaxeTis Stoebis
warmomadgenlebi sakmaod xSirad xdebodnen sparseTis samefo saxlis rZ-
lebi da siZeebi. aqve davsZenT, rom aRniSnul moTxovnaze uars, zogjer,
aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis gamanadgurebeli Sedegebi mosdevda.
sparseTis samefo saxlis warmomadgenelTa qorwinebani qarTvelebze
gansakuTrebiT xSiri iyo sefianTa dinastiis mmarTvelobis xanaSi (1501-
1732), romelic or saukuneze meti grZeldeboda.
iraneli istorikosi nasrola falsafi Tavis naSromSi `Sah-abas I-is
cxovreba~ mogviTxrobs, rom SahinSah abas I-s (1587-1629) `qarTveli da
Cerqezi qalebi maTi silamazis gamo gansakuTrebiT uyvarda. Sahis ha-
ramxanaSi iraneli qalebi Zalian cotani iyvnen da misi colebi umete-
sad qarTveli, Cerqezi da rusi didgvarovani qalebi an mxevlebi iyv-
nen... haramxana 400-500 qals iTvlida... amaTgan sami-oTxi mefuri Camo-
mavlobis qali misi kanonieri coli iyo, sxvebi ki droebiTi colebisa
da mxevlebis saxiT imyofebodnen mis haramxanaSi~.1
1
nasrola falsafi, SerCeviTi Targmani (fragmentebi saqarTvelosa da qarTve-
lebis Sesaxeb), sparsulidan Targmna lili JorJolianma, winasityvaoba da SeniS-
vnebi daurTo jemal stefnaZem (Tbilisi, 2003), 27-28.
76 niko javaxiSvili
winamdebare statiaSi Seswavlili gvaqvs sparseTis samefo saxlis wa-

rmomadgenelTa qorwinebebi qarTvelebze afSarTa dinastiis mmarTve-
lobis xanaSi.
afSarTa dinastias saTave 1736 wels daedo. mas safuZveli Cauyara
erT-erTi yizilbaSuri (Turqmenuli) afSarTa tomis yirxlus klanis ub-
ralo ojaxis warmomadgenelma, imam yulis vaJma – nadirma (igive – nadr),
romelic cnobilia nadir-Sahis (1688-1747) saxeliT.
vinaidan nadir-Sahi warmoadgenda erT-erT yvelaze TvalsaCino fi-
guras XVIII saukunis 30-40-iani wlebis sparseTisa da misi mezobeli qveyne-
bis monarqTa Soris, mis biografias mokled mogiTxrobT.
18 wlis nadiri dedasTan erTad monad waiyvanes xvarazmelma
uzbekebma. nadirma moaxerxa gaqceva da dabrunda xorasanSi, sadac
adgilobriv feodalTa samxedro samsaxurSi Cadga. man Tavi isaxela,
rogorc uSiSarma da niWierma sardalma. 1726 wels nadir yuli begi
Cadga sparseTis SahinSah Tahmasp II-is (1722-1732) samsaxurSi. Sahin-
Sahma mas qveynis ramdenime provinciis (xorasani, qermani, sistani da
mazandarani) mmarTveloba Caabara. nadir yuli begi unarianad xel-
mZRvanelobda sparselebis brZolas avRanelTa da osmalTa winaaR-
mdeg, ramac xeli Seuwyo misi avtoritetis amaRlebas da gavlenis ga-
Zlierebas.2
1732 wels nadiris iniciativiT mowveul yurulTaize Tahmasp II gadaa-
yenes da SahinSahad gamoacxades misi rva Tvis vaJi – abas III.
1736 wels osmaleTTan dadebuli zaviT sparseTma 1722 wlamde ku-
Tvnili yvela teritoria daibruna, rac did miRwevas warmoadgenda.
imave wlis 8 marts muRanis velze mowveul yurulTaize SahinSahad ga-
moacxades nadiri, xolo oTxi wlis abas III xorasanSi myof mamasTan gagza-
vnes. 1739 wels, nadir-Sahis brZanebiT, sparseTis yofili gvirgvinosani
mama-Svili daxoces.3
sagulisxmoa, rom nadir-Sahi taxtze asvlisTanave daqorwinda qarT-
veli Tavadis – givi amilaxvris asulze. am faqts win Semdegi istoriuli
movlenebi uZRoda.
givi anduyafaris Ze amilaxvari (1689-1754) qarTlis feodalTa So-
ris gansakuTrebuli gavleniTa da avtoritetiT gamoirCeoda. igi Tavis
mxareSi kaxeTis bagrationTa gabatonebas ewinaaRmdegeboda.
amilaxvarma gaamagra surami da qsnis xeoba, daukavSirda daRest-
2
goCa jafariZe, `nadir Sah afSari“, islami. enciklopediuri cnobari, Semdgen-
lebi karlo kucia, megi metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe, mixeil svaniZe, goCa jafariZe,
Sesavali werili da xelmZRvaneloba goCa jafariZisa, grigol beraZis redaqciiT
(Tbilisi, 1999), 151-152.
3
Н. Сычев, Книга Династий (Москва, 2006), 598.
qarTvelTa qorwinebebis istoriidan 77
nelebs da axalcixis faSas, romelmac mas 5 aTasi meomari gaugzavna. am

laSqars gadaeRoba imxanad cxinvalSi Casuli ufliswuli erekle Tei-
murazis Ze (momavali mefe erekle II), romelmac gamarjveba moipova.
givi amilaxvari marcxs ver Seurigda. mis mier xelaxla mowveulma
daRestnelebma, belad malaCis meTaurobiT, qarTli aaoxres. maT daar-
bies soflebi axaldaba, tirZnisi da Sindisi, xolo TviT amilaxvarma
axalgori aiRo.4
givi amilaxvris ojaxs dauaxlovda bagrationTa qarTlis Stos
warmomadgeneli – Teimuraz batoniSvili (1720-1788). misi mama iyo vax-
tang VI-is Zma – iese, xolo deda – elene-begumi (1687-1750),5 asuli mefe
erekle I-isa (nazar-ali-xanisa).6
aqve davsZenT, rom iese orjer mefobda qarTlSi, pirvelad – 1714-
1716 wlebSi, rogorc Siiti muslimi ali-yuli-xani, xolo meored –
1724-1727 wlebSi, rogorc suniti muslimi mustafa-faSa.
amdenad, Teimuraz batoniSvili, rogorc saqarTveloSi darCeni-
li qarTlis bagrationi, Tanac mefis Ze, im droisaTvis samefo taxtis
legitimur pretendentad iTvleboda.
arsebobs cnoba, rom Teimuraz batoniSvilma daniSna givi amilax-
vris asuli. am qorwinebas TeimurazisaTvis qarTlis mefis gvirgvini
unda moetana, vinaidan gavleniani simamri amisaTvis arafers dazo-
gavda. magram, es gegma imxanad momxdarma erTma faqtma CaSala, ramac
axalgazrda batoniSvili moralurad gatexa.
1736 wels novruzis dResaswaulze nadir-SahTan miwveul sapatio
stumarTa Soris iyvnen kaxeTis mefe Teimuraz II da misi meuRle, dedo-
fali Tamari (vaxtang VI-is asuli). aqve davsZenT, rom zemoxsenebuli
batoniSvili Teimuraz ieses Ze Tamar dedoflis biZaSvili iyo.
kaxeTis mefe-dedofals, romelTac qarTlis SeerTeba surdaT, bune-
brivia, am Canafiqris ganxorcielebaSi xels uSlida givi amilaxvrisa da
Teimuraz batoniSvilis SesaZlo danaTesaveba. Tu es damoyvreba CaiS-
leboda, maSin Teimuraz batoniSvilis qarTlSi gamefebis safrTxe aRar
iarsebebda. amitom maT sparseTis mbrZanebels moaxsenes: àmilaxvars me-
tad lamazi qali hyavs, Rirsi Sahis colobisa da gamoiTxoveo~.
nadir-Sahmac aRar daayovna da givi amilaxvars asulis xeli
sTxova. am moTxovnaze amilaxvarma uari ver gabeda. arsebobs cnoba,
4
konstantine gaCeCilaZe, èrTi furceli sasuliero feodalizmis istoriidan~,
qarTuli diplomatia, 11 (2004), 508-510.
5
Дворянские роды Российской империи, т. III, Князья, под редакцией С. Думина (Москва, 1996), 44.
6
bagrationebi, samecniero da kulturuli memkvidreoba, avtorTa koleqtivis
samecniero statiebis krebuli ilustraciebiTa da genealogiuri nusxebiTurT
(Tbilisi, 2003), nusxa 4.
78 niko javaxiSvili
rom man Tavisi qaliSvili TviTonve Cauyvana SahinSahs sparseTSi.7

aRniSnuli faqtis Sesaxeb geronti qiqoZe Tavis naSromSi èrekle
meore~ mogviTxrobs, rom nadir-Sahi Tavad amilaxvars ùpatiod moepy-
ra, daiWira da aiZula misTvis Tavisi asuli mieTxovebina. givi amilaxv-
ris qali vaxtang VI-is Zmiswul Teimurazze iyo daniSnuli. rogorc
erTi imdroindeli, cota ar iyos, bundovani cnobidan Cans, axalgazrda
daniSnulni nards TamaSobdnen sofel WalaSi, amilaxvrebis sasaxleSi,
roca maTTan nadiris mier gagzavnili Cafrebi mividnen da axalgazrda
qali haramxanaSi waiyvanes. advili warmosadgenia, ra Semzarav STabeW-
dilebas moaxdenda es Zalmomreoba Seyvarebul qal-vaJze~.8
aqve davsZenT, rom mogvianebiT nadir-Sahma Tavisi qarTveli simam-
ri yularaRasad, anu piradi gvardiis meTaurad daniSna.9
zemoxsenebulma ambavma Zalian mZimed imoqmeda Teimuraz batoniS-
vilze. is gadasaxlda imereTSi, sadac quTaTeli mitropolitis rCe-
viT, antonis saxeliT berad Sedga.
ruseTSi myofma elene erekles asulma Tavis Svils Semdegi Sinaar-
sis werili moswera:
`rad, Svilo Cemo, maxvili ec gulsa Cemsa, mwuxaresa ucxoebiTa?...
Zma Sen ara gyavs da rad dahkarge samefo da imedi mefobisa, romel-
saca gamoixsnis RmerTi rusTa ZaliTa, romelnic mecadineoben Sewe-
vnasa gansadevnelad TurqTa~.10
1740 wels antoni xeldasxmul iqna quTaTel mitropolitad.
1743 wels antoni dabrunda aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da moRvawe-
obas Seudga daviT garejis udabnoSi.
momdevno wels, Teimuraz II-isa da misi meuRlis uSualo CareviT,
antoni kaTolikos-patriarqi gaxda.
arsebobs cnoba, rom Tamar dedofals amiT `surda antonis mimarT
Cadenili danaSaulis odnav Serbileba mainc... anton kaTalikosi, Tavis
mxriv, cdilobs qarTlis mefis avtoritetis amaRlebas. 1745 wlis 1 oq-
tombers, sveticxovlis did taZarSi Teimuraz II-s qarTuli saeklesio
wesiT mefed akurTxebs~.11
kaTolikosad arCevisas antoni 24 wlisa iyo, Tumca am Tanamdebobis da-
kavebis ufleba, imxanad arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, mxolod 30 wlisas hqonda.12
7
gaCeCilaZe, èrTi furceli sasuliero feodalizmis istoriidan~, 510-511.
8
geronti qiqoZe, erekle meore, meoTxe gamocema (Tbilisi 1983), 31.
9
С. Думин, П. Гребельский, Дворянские роды Российской империи: Князья Царства Грузинско-
го, под редакцией С. Думина и Ю.Чиковани, т. IV (Москва, 1998), 108.
10
gaCeCilaZe, èrTi furceli sasuliero feodalizmis istoriidan~, 511-512.
11
iqve, 512-513.
12
sergi avaliani, anton pirveli (bagrationi) (Tbilisi, 1987), 15.
sagulisxmoa, rom nadir-Sahi TviT Teimuraz II-sac daunaTesavda.

oman xerxeuliZe wers, rom mefe erekle II-is da – qeTevani `nadirSas
Zmiswuls – adilSas hyolia colad~.13
sparseTis mbrZanebelma masTan Casul mefe Teimurazs mosTxova, rom
asuli – qeTevani mieTxovebina Tavisi Zmiswulis ali yuli-mirzasaTvis.
imavdroulad nadir-Sahma Teimurazs ubrZana, rom sparseTSi gamoeZaxa
Tavisi vaJic – erekle batoniSvili (momavali mefe erekle II).
realurad tyveobaSi myofi Teimuraz II iZulebuli gaxda, rom am mo-
Txovnebze daTanxmebuliyo. igi Tavis Zes da samefo taxtis memkvidre
ufliswuls erekles sparseTidan werda: `sasurvelo Zeo Cemo! sadaca
boroti SegvemTxvis, iq sikeTeca mogvelis. meca iZulebiTa mogiwer
esreT, rome Sahsa hsurs ganTavisufleba Cemi tyveobisagan, garna mxo-
lod iTxovs mosvlasa Sensa da raTa Tana warmoiyvano asulica Cemi da
daÁ Seni qeTevan. mxolod mosvlaÁ Seni aqa, sparseTad momaniWebs me gan-
Tavisuflebasa tyveobisagan. esreTia neba Sahisa. mefe Teimuraz~.14
am moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis Semdeg, kmayofilma nadir-Sahma gaaTavi-
sufla mefe Teimurazi da igi Tavis samSobloSi gamoistumra.
male, Teimuraz II 2500-kaciani amaliT Cavida q. meShedSi, sadac mis
asuls – qeTevans da ali yuli-mirzas brwyinvale qorwili gadauxades.15
asulis am naZaladev qorwinebasTan da vaJis sparseTSi gamoZaxebasTan
(saidanac igi nadir-Sahma indoeTSi salaSqrod waiyvana) dakavSirebiT
mefe-poeti Tavis leqsSi `Tavgadasavali~ gulistkiviliT werda:
`TviT yeenman usamarTlo saqme miyo metad Zneli:
gamomarTva qali pirmze, visgan naTobs Rame bneli,
Zmiswuls misca SesarTavad, kvla boZebas aRar veli,
me misisa moSorebiT damiwylulda guli mrTeli.
igi Zmiswuli maSaTs hyva, qali mas misca mTvaria,
saxelad erqva qeTevan, ars mzisa Sesadaria,
vaJsa uwoddi erekles, arvin myavs misi daria,
ig TviT iaxla, me davrCi – sicocxle dasazaria!~16
aRniSnuli SeuRlebis Sedegad, sparseTis mmarTvel afSarTa dinas-
tias daunaTesavda Teimuraz II, rac am ukanasknelisaTvis politikuri
TvalsazrisiT friad xelsayreli iyo.
13
oman xerxeuliZe, mefoba irakli meorisa, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokv-
leva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1989), 90.
14
dodo lomiZe, yizilbaSoba 1735-1749 wlebis aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (Tbili-
si, 2007), 94-95.
15
kaxaber demetraSvili, ìrani da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis 40-iani
wlebis miwurulSi~, kr. valerian gabaSvili – 90 (Tbilisi, 2003), 268-269.
16
qarTvel mefeTa poezia, Semdgeneli darejan menabde (Tbilisi, 2004), 313.
80 niko javaxiSvili
Teimuraz II-is siZe nadir-Sahis Zmis ibrahimis ufrosi Ze iyo. Ta-

vad ibrahimi daRestnis mmarTvelad iyo daniSnuli da 1738 wels WarSi
momxdar brZolaSi daiRupa.17
ali yuli-mirza sparseTSi saxelganTqmul sardlad iTvleboda.
misi samxedro niWi naTlad gamovlinda iezidebis winaaRmdeg mowyobil
laSqrobaSi, rodesac man 12 aTasi meomriT sZlia ricxvmraval mters,
xolo ukan 30 aTasi tyviTa da uxvi nadavliT dabrunda.18
yovelive zemoTqmulis gamo, rodesac sparseTSi saxalxo mRel-
varebani daiwyo, nadir-Sahma maTi CaxSoba swored Tavis Zmiswuls daav-
ala.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom nadir-Sahis sagadasaxado politikam, sa-
gareo dapyrobiT omebSi gancdilma marcxma, rogorc okupirebul
qveynebSi, aseve TviT sparseTSic ajanyebaTa mTeli rigi gamoiwvia. es
ajanyebani SahinSahma didi sisastikiT CaaxSo. mosaxleoba mSobliur
mxares masobrivad tovebda da ucxo qveynebSi garboda, ramac sparse-
Tis isedac susti ekonomika kidev ufro moSala.
nadir-SahisaTvis sabediswero 1747 wels sistanSi momxdari ajanye-
ba aRmoCnda, romlis CasaxSobadac ali yuli-xani miavlina.
sistanSi Casuli ali yuli-xani darwmunda, rom am grandiozuli
ajanyebis CaxSoba SeuZlebeli iyo. amitom man gadawyvita, rom gvirg-
vinosani biZa gaewira. igi gadavida ajanyebulTa mxares da Tavi Sahad
gamoacxada.
sayvareli Zmiswulis Ralatma nadir-Sahs wonasworoba daakargvi-
na. man gadawyvita, rom moRalate sanimuSod daesaja, Tumca 19 ivniss
igi meShedSi mowyobili SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda.19
1747 wlis 6 ivliss q. meSehdSi 25 wlis ali yuli-xani sparseTis Sa-
had akurTxes. igi taxtze adil-Sahis (anu `samarTliani Sahis~) saxeliT
avida. man im dros sparseTSi myofi Tavisi simamri Teimuraz II didebu-
lad miRo da guluxvad daasaCuqra.20
1748 wels mefe erekle II-s miarTves Tavisi siZis – adil-Sahis mier spa-
rseTidan gamogzavnili Zvirfasi xalaTi da rayami didi wyalobisa.21
17
qiqoZe, erekle meore, 31.
18
demetraSvili, ìrani da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis 40-iani wlebis
miwurulSi~, 268.
19
darejan megrelaZe, daviT kacitaZe, `XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli
dokumenti iran-saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri urTierTobis istoriidan~, qa-
rTuli diplomatia, 11 (2004), 529.
20
miwurulSi~, 268-270.
21
saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss., teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, gamo-
kvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi daurTo avTandil ioselianma (Tbilisi, 1980), 87.
amgvarad, sparseTis mmarTvel afSarTa dinastiasTan danaTesaveba

momgebiani aRmoCnda rogorc Teimuraz II-is, aseve erekle II-isaTvis.
adil-Sahis mefoba didxans ar gagrZelebula. misma mmarTvelobam sul
11 Tves gastana. igi Tavisi momdevno Zmis, erayis mmarTvelad daniSnuli
ibrahimis (ibreim-mirzas) mier mowyobili SeTqmulebis msxverpli gaxda.
ibrahimma Tavisi gvirgvinosani Zma taxtidan Camoagdo da daabrmava, xolo
Tavi SahinSahad gamoacxada. aqve unda iTqvas, rom ibrahimma Tavis Zmaze na-
kleb xans, sul oriode Tves imefa.22
gamefebidan ramdenime TveSi ibrahim Sahi taxtidan Camoagdo nadir-
Sahis SviliSvilma Sahroxma.
1749 wels afSarTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebi, Zmebi adil-Sahi da
ibrahimi sikvdiliT dasajes.23
aRsaniSnavia, rom imave wels Sahroxi Tavadac SeTqmulebis msxverpli
gaxda. igi taxtidan Camoagdes da daabrmaves, Tumca cocxali datoves.24
amis Semdeg misi Zalaufleba sparseTis mxolod erT regionSi – xorasanSi
vrceldeboda.
sul oriode wlis ganmavlobaSi zedized sami SahinSahis mkvlelobis
Semdeg, sparseTis saxelmwifoSi didma areulobam daisadgura.
sparseTSi Seqmnili mdgomareobiT kargad isargebles mefeebma Tei-
muraz II-m da erekle II-m, romlebmac Tbilisi sparsuli garnizonisagan
gaaTavisufles.25
aRsaniSnavia, rom mefe erekle II-is iniciativiT, 1748 wels TbilisSi ga-
marTuli saeklesio krebis dadgenilebiT, marTlmadidebelTa daqorwineba
sxva sarwmunoebrivi aRmsareblobis adamianebze oficialurad aikrZala.26
amrigad, afSarTa dinastiis orma warmomadgenelma, nadir-Sahma da
misma Zmiswulma – adil-Sahma qarTvel asulebze iqorwines. pirvelma co-
lad SeirTo Tavad givi amilaxvris asuli, xolo meorem – Teimuraz II-is
asuli qeTevani.
22
daviT kacitaZe, iranis istoria (III-XVIII saukuneebi), (Tbilisi, 2001), 504.
23
megrelaZe, `XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTuli dokumenti~, 530.
24
zurab SaraSeniZe, irani XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi (Tbilisi, 1970), 16.
25
miwurulSi~, 274.
26
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daur-
To isidore doliZem, tomi III (Tbilisi, 1970), 802.
82 afSarTa dinastiis warmomadgenlebze
bibliografia
avaliani sergi. anton pirveli (bagrationi). Tbilisi, 1987

bagrationebi. samecniero da kulturuli memkvidreoba. avtorTa
koleqtivis samecniero statiebis krebuli ilustraciebiTa da genealo-
giuri nusxebiTurT. Tbilisi, 2003
gaCeCilaZe konstantine. erTi furceli sasuliero feodalizmis isto-
riidan. qarTuli diplomatia, 11, 2004
demetraSvili kaxaber. irani da qarTl-kaxeTis samefoebi XVIII saukunis
40-iani wlebis miwurulSi. kreb. valerian gabaSvili – 90. Tbilisi, 2003
kacitaZe daviT. iranis istoria (III-XVIII saukuneebi). Tbilisi, 2001
lomiZe dodo. yizilbaSoba 1735-1749 wlebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-
Si. Tbilisi, 2007
megrelaZe darejan, kacitaZe daviT. XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qar-
Tuli dokumenti iran-saqarTvelo-ruseTis politikuri urTierTobis
istoriidan. qarTuli diplomatia, 11, 2004
nasrola falsafi. SerCeviTi Targmani (fragmentebi saqarTvelosa da
qarTvelebis Sesaxeb). sparsulidan Targmna lili JorJolianma, winasit-
yvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo jemal stefnaZem. Tbilisi, 2003
saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebi XVII-XIX ss. teqstebi gamosacemad mo-
amzada, gamokvlevebi, SeniSvnebi da ganmartebebi daurTo avTandil iose-
lianma. Tbilisi, 1980
qarTvel mefeTa poezia. Semdgeneli darejan menabde. Tbilisi, 2004
qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi. teqstebi gamosca, SeniSvnebi da saZi-
eblebi daurTo isidore doliZem. tomi III. Tbilisi, 1970
qiqoZe geronti. erekle meore. meoTxe gamocema. Tbilisi, 1983
SaraSeniZe zurab. irani XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi. Tbilisi, 1970
xerxeuliZe oman. mefoba irakli meorisa. teqsti gamosacemad moamzada,
gamokvleva, leqsikoni da saZiebeli daurTo lela miqiaSvilma. Tbilisi,
1989
jafariZe goCa. nadir Sah afSari. islami. enciklopediuri cnobari. Se-
mdgenlebi karlo kucia, megi metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe, mixeil svaniZe,
goCa jafariZe. Sesavali werili da xelmZRvaneloba goCa jafariZisa. gri-
gol beraZis redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1999
Дворянские роды Российской империи. T. III. Князья, под редакцией С. Думина.
Москва. 1996
Думин С., Гребельский П. Дворянские роды Российской империи. T. IV. Князья Цар-
ства Грузинского. Под редакцией С. Думина и Ю.Чиковани. Москва. 1998
Сычев Н. Книга Династий. Москва. 2006
VIII
beena ColoyaSvili egvipteSi da wminda miwaze

1512-1514 wlebSi
(brZola wminda adgilebisaTvis)
goCa jafariZe
ierusalimis wminda jvris monastris xelnawerebis minawerebSi yura-

dRebas ipyrobs kaxeTis mefis avgiorgis (1511-1513) yofili saxlTuxucesis,
ierusalimSi jvris mamad mivlinebuli beena ColoyaSvilis saqmianoba.
beena, rogorc Tavad iuwyeba erT-erTi xelnaweris minawerSi, ieru-
salims Casula 1512 wels.1 ierusalimis sxva xelnawerebis minawerebSi is
aRniSnavs:
àqa, me da somexni davisarCleniT iakob wmindisa saydarzeda, da
didi Wiri da sarjeli gardamxda codvilsa beenasa Zmano. nebiTa
R~TisaTa aqa frangTa golgoTa davagdebine da maTi yuela gareT
gamouyare da kandeli da raca maTi iyo, me codvilma been~.
`q. ama wignisa meored Semkazmavsa, Colayas Svilsa beenasa Seundnes
R~n. qk~sa sb (1514 w.) Seikazma da ama kuirasa, dResa samSabaTsa, meo-
resa Jamsa Ramisasa, Sevabi aRdgomis karni, nebiTa R~TisaTa. Sendo-
ba yavT madlsa R~Tissa, Zmano~.2
pirveli minaweridan Cans, rom beena ColoyaSvils, erTdroulad, da-
va hqonda somxebTan – ierusalimis somxur sapatriarqosTan da `fran-
gebTan~ anu franciskelebTan, romlebic, faqtobrivad, warmoadgendnen
kaTolikur evropas wminda miwaze. dava qristianul Temebs Soris, ieru-
salimis wminda adgilebis mflobelobaze, ar iyo iSviaTi. qarTvelebi
TavianT ufleba-movaleobebs icavdnen ara marto adgilobrivi muslimi
1
`q...acxovne patroni mefe mefeTa giorgi, da macxovne me c~i ieruba(q)xis Colayas
SÂli beena, – aqa ierus~ms moviwie q~ks s~ (1512 w.). А. Цагарели, “Памятники грузинской
старины в Святой земле и на Синае”, Православный палестинский сборник, т. IV, Выпуск первый
(СПб, 1888), 167-68, N1.
2
n. mari, ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos wignsacavis xelnawerebis mokle aRwe-
riloba, dasabeWdad moamzada e. metrevelma (Tbilisi, 1955), 36-37.
84 goCa jafariZe
gamgeblebisa da muslimi klerikalebis Zalmomreobisgan, aramed – sxva

qristianuli Temebisganac.
qr. SaraSiZe, zemomotanili minawerebis mixedviT, askvnida, rom bee-
na ColoyaSvili ènergiul, Zlier, mTlian pirovnebad gvexateba~. mas-
Tan `dasarCleba~, an pirispir Setakeba saxifaTo saqmed Cans. man ar icis
meryeoba-yoymani. frangebisgan mitacebul golgoTas is kvlav qarTvelTa
savaned xdis da am saqmis sisruleSi moyvanis dros frangebis namdvil dar-
bevasac ar erideba (`maTi yuela gareT gamouyare~). misi gaafTrebis msxver-
pli, am SemTxvevaSi, frangebis saeklesio inventaric gamxdara (`kandeli da
rac maTi iyo~), rasac TviTon `codvili beena~ aRniSnavs minawerSi odnavi
sinanuliT... beenas mCqefare energia yvelafers swvdeba: igi arTmevs mimta-
ceblebs qarTvelTa monastrebs, atarebs qarTuli xelnawerebis Sekazmva-
restavracias; am saqmianobaSi misTvis dRe da Rame gaerTianebulia. àR-
dgomis~ eklesiis ganaxlebuli karis Sebmis proceduras beena naSuaRamevis
meore saaTze amTavrebs... cxadia... dacemisa da daqsaqsulobis periodSi
mxolod msgavs energiul adamianebs SeeZloT saqarTvelos Zlierebis da
prestiJis SenarCuneba Soreul palestinaSi~.3
qarTvelebis brZola sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad Soreul pal-
estinaSi marTlac did energiasa da SemarTebas moiTxovda, magram mxo-
lod es ar iyo sakmarisi. warmatebas xSirad ganapirobebda qarTuli
samefo-samTavroebis intensiuri megobruli da saqmiani urTierTobebi
egviptis mamluqTa sasulTnosTan, romlis SemadgenlobaSic im dros Se-
dioda palestina, maTi ormxrivi interesebi da saerTaSoriso viTareba
– is faqtori, romlis gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia wminda adgilebSi
qarTvelTa moRvaweobis Seswavlis dros.
e. mamisTvaliSvili wers, rom `qarTlis samefo-egviptis urTierTobis
fonze unda ganvixiloT beena ColoyaSvilis mier golgoTadan fran-
ciskanelebis gaZeveba XVI saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisSi (ufro zustad
daTariReba Wirs)~.4 zogadad asea da SeiZleba daveTanxmoT mkvlevars,
Tumca is am fons ar aCvenebs da, amasTan, beena ColoyaSvili warmoadgenda
kaxeTis da ara qarTlis samefos. e. mamisTvaliSvili aRniSnavs agreTve, rom
3
qristine SaraSiZe, `saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi XV-XVIII ss~, masalebi saqa-
rTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30 (Tbilisi,1954), 241-42. es Sefaseba
met-naklebad gameorebulia sxva mkvlevarTa SromebSic. ix. magaliTad, elene met-
reveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1962),
123; levan menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, II (Tbilisi, 1980), 113.
4
eldar mamisTvaliSvili, `qarTvelebis brZola golgoTisaTvis XV-XVI sauku-
neebSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, 5 (1998), 87; misive, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro
(gori, 1998),104; misive, saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia (XV-XVI ss.),
I (Tbilisi, 2009), 123.
beena ColoyaSvili 85
`franciskanelTa winaaRmdeg qarTvelTa, kerZod, beena ColoyaSvilis mo-

qmedeba... maSin egviptesa da palestinaSi Seqmnili antifranguli ganwyo-
bilebebis konteqstSi jdeba~.5 sinamdvileSi iyo ara ubralod àntifran-
guli~ ganwyobilebebi, aramed ekonomikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebuli
egviptis uaRresad mwvave dapirispireba kaTolikur evropasTan. es da-
pirispireba mtkivneulad Seexo franciskelebs ierusalimSi. rac mTavaria,
amis Sedegad daiketa qristianTa mTavari taZari ierusalimSi – aRdgomis
eklesia da Sewyda piligrimoba.
ierusalimSi jvris mamad wargzavnili beena ColoyaSvili, romelic,
rogorc qvemoT irkveva, imavdroulad kaxeTis mefis elCic iyo egviptis su-
lTnis karze, XVI saukunis meore aTwleulis damdegs Seecada qarTuli samo-
nastro Temis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina egviptisa da kaTolikuri evropis
dapirispireba. qarTuli istoriografiisTvis ucnobi arabuli dokumenturi
da epigrafikuli wyaroebi,6 aseve ucnobi, an arasrulad Seswavlili arabuli,7
5
mamisTvaliSvili, saqarTvelos sagareo politika da diplomatia, 124.
6
mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs, upirveles yovlisa, ierusalimis wignTsacavebSi, ker-
Zod, ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqosa da ierusalimis
franciskelTa arqivSi daculi mravalricxovani arabuli dokumenti, romlebic
Zvirfasi wyaroa wminda miwaze qarTuli samonastro Temis moRvaweobis Sesaswav-
lad. sapatriarqos biblioTekis dokumentebis katalogi berZnulad gamosca ag-
amemnon celikam. Αγαμεμνονος Τσελικα, Καταγραφή του άρχείου του πατριαρχείου Ίεροσολύμων.
Δελτίο του ίστορικου καί παλαιογραφικου άρχειου, Ε΄ [agamemnonos celika, ierusalimis sa-
patriarqos arqivis aRweriloba] (Αθηνα, 1992); franciskelTa arqivis ki – e. kaste-
lanim. E. Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani ed altri documenti legali emanate in lingua araba e turca
concernati I Santuari le proprieta I diritti della Custodia di Terra Santa conservati nell’Archivio
della stessa Custodia in Gerusalemme (Gerusalemme, 1922). am dokumentebis mopovebisa da
maTi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb ix. goCa jafariZe, goCa buaCiZe, `wminda miwaze qarTu-
li eklesiis istoriis arabuli dokumenturi wyaroebi sinas mTis wm. ekaterines
monastrisa da ierusalimis wignTsacavebSi~, istoriani, samecniero krebuli
miZRvnili roin metrevelis dabadebis 70 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2009), 540-44,
544-47; epigrafikuli wyaroebidan davasaxeleb maqs van berSemis mier 1922 wels
gamocemul sulTan kansavh al-Ravris 1513 wlis 17 martis brZanebulebas. Max Van
Berchem, Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum, Deuxième partie, Syrie du Nord,
Tome premier, Jérusalem “ville” (Le Caire,1922), 378-79 (arabuli teqsti), 380-84 (fran-
guli Targmani).
7
arabuli wyaroebidan umniSvnelovanesia mamluqTa batonobis dacemisa da os-
malTa batonobis pirveli wlebis egvipteli istorikosis ibn iasis (gard. daaxl.
930/1524 w.) mravaltomiani Txzuleba `bada’i‘ az-zuhur fi vaka’i‘ ad-duhur~/ìSviaTi
yvavilebi epoqaTa ambebSi~, romlis IV tomi moxmobilia winamdebare naSromSi: Die
Chronik des Ibn Ijas, Dritte Auflage bearbeitet und mit Einleitung und Indices versehen von Mohamed
Mostafa, vierter Teil, A.H.906-921/A.D. 1501-1515 (Cairo, 1984). ix. agreTve misi frangu-
li Targmani: Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, Tome II, Traduit et annote
par Gaston Wiet (Paris, 1955). 1512 wels kairoSi qarTvelTa elCobis Sesaxeb ibn iasis
cnoba ix. dito goColeiSvili, `saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierTobis istoriidan
86 goCa jafariZe
franguli8 da italiuri9 naratiuli wyaroebi saSualebas iZleva, rom sak-

maod dawvrilebiT aRdges beena ColoyaSvilis moRvaweobis araerTi mxare
egviptesa da wminda miwaze – ierusalimSi.
●
XVI saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi mamluqTa egviptis poziciebs me-
wamul da xmelTaSua zRvebze mniSvnelovani problemebi Seuqmnes, erTi
mxriv, portugalielebma, romlebic daemuqrnen egviptis monopoliur
vaWrobas indoeTTan da, meore mxriv, qristianma mekobreebma, romlebic
dausjelad daTareSobdnen xmelTaSua zRvaSi da arbevdnen egviptis
deltasa da mamluqTa saxelmwifos siriis sanapiros.
indoeTTan monopoliuri vaWroba mamluqTa Semosavlis umniSv-
nelovanes wyaros warmoadgenda. indur saneleblebze dasavleT ev-
ropaSi didi moTxovna iyo. iafad SeZenili induri saqoneli muslim
vaWrebs gemebiT SehqondaT, erTi mxriv, adenisa da jidas portebis
gavliT, egvipteSi – suecisa da aleqsandriis portebSi, xolo meo-
re mxriv, hormuzidan – basraSi da aqedan saxmeleTo gziT – halabSi
(siria). saneleblebi, romelTac didi baJi edebodaT,10 egviptisa da
XVI s. I meoTxedSi~, quTaisis akaki wereTlis saxelobis saxelmwifo universiteti,

Tbilisis aziisa da afrikis instituti, aRmosavleTmcodneTa mesame saerTaSoriso
konferencia, Sromebis krebuli (quTaisi, 2003), 50-58. ix. qvemoT, Sen. 50.
8
qarTuli palestinologiisTvis dRemde ucnobi darCa 1512 wels kairoSi sa-
frangeTisa da veneciis elCebis andre le roisa da domeniko trevizanis elCobebi,
romelTa erT-erT mizans ierusalimis aRdgomis eklesiaSi piligrimobis aRdgena
warmoadgenda. ix. Le Voyage d’Outremer (Égypte, Mont Sinay, Palestine) de Jean Thenaud, Gar-
dien du couvent de Cordeliers d’Angouléme suivi de la Relation de l’Ambassade de Domenico Trevisan
auprès du Soudan d’Egypte, 1512, Publié et annoté par Ch.Schefer (Paris, 1884).
9
e. mamisTvaliSvilma, pirvelad qarTul istoriografiaSi Semoitana venecieli
franciskelis, 1512-1514 wlebSi wminda miwis meurvis, franCesko surianos tra-
qtati `wminda miwis Sesaxeb~ italiur enaze, gamocemuli j. goluboviCis mier: Il
Trattato di Terra Santa e dell’Oriente di Frate Francesco Suriano (Milano, 1900). ix. mamisTvaliS-
vili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 195, 175; misive, saqarTvelo-ierusalimis
urTierTobis istoriidan (XVI-XVII ss.) (Tbilisi, 2008), 32, 238; magram informacia am
Txzulebidan, romelSic franciskelTa poziciebidan aris ganxiluli qarTvelTa
brZola golgoTisaTvis, arasrulia. winamdebare naSromSi damowmebulia am Txzu-
lebis inglisuri Targmani: Francesco Suriano, Treatise of the Holy Land, translated from the
Italian by Fr. Theophilus Bellorini O.F.M. and Fr. Eugene Hoade O.F.M. with a Preface and Notes by Fr.
Bellarmino Bagatti O.F.M. (Jerusalem, 1947).
10
ase, magaliTad, 1 kintari, anu 45 kg wiwakis fasi, romelic adgilze, indoeTSi
2,5-3 dukati (mis Sesaxeb ix. Sen. 133) iyo, aleqsandriis bazrebze, miwodebisa da
moTxovnis mixedviT, 80-120 dukatamde izrdeboda. В. Хинц, Мусульманские меры и
веса с переводом в метрическую систему, перевод с немецкого Ю. Э. Брегеля (Москва, 1972),
22; ahmad darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj fi l-karn aT-Tasi‘ li l-hijri al-xamis
‘aSara al-miladi [mamluqebi da frankebi hijris IX/qr.w. XV saukuneSi] (al-kahira,
siriis qalaqebidan venecielebs gahqondaT dasavleT evropaSi.

evropis sazRvao saxelmwifoebi cdilobdnen Tavidan aecilebinaT
didi baJebi da pirdapiri kavSiri daemyarebinaT indoeTTan. am mxriv
warmatebas miaRwies portugalielebma. 1498 wels vasko da gamam Sem-
ouara afrikas da gakvala gza indoeTisken. portugalielebi pirvelad
gadasxdnen dasavleTi indoeTis sanapiroebze, sadac 1500 wels daaarses
pirveli savaWro kolonia da daiwyes afrikis garSemovliT, keTili ime-
dis koncxis gziT, induri saneleblebis gatana lisabonSi.
indoeTis wylebSi erTmaneTs daupirispirda portugaliisa da
egviptis savaWro interesebi, rac male SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi ga-
daizarda.11 portugalielebi akavebdnen da Ziravdnen indoeTidan moma-
val savaWro saqonliT datvirTul egviptelTa gemebs, maT Soris, sul-
Tan kansavh al-Ravris xomaldebs; Seecadnen moexdinaT mewamuli zRvis
blokireba da daekavebinaT is savaWro gemebi, romlebic miemarTebodnen
jidaSi, xolo aqedan – suecsa da aleqsandriaSi. amis Sedegad, XVI sauku-
nis pirvel aTwleulSi, egviptis portebSi Semcirda indoeTidan Semosu-
li saneleblebis raodenoba, ramac didi zarali miayena sulTnis xazinas.
danaklisis asanazRaureblad egviptis xelisufleba baJebis gazrdiT aZ-
virebda saneleblebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, saSuamavlo vaWrobaSi egviptis
mTavar partniors – venecias uZnelebda am saqonlis SeZenasa da gatanas
evropaSi, sadac ukve lisaboni gaxda iafi bazari.
egviptis sulTani kansavh al-Ravri (1501_516) Seecada uomrad moeg-
varebina konfliqti portugaliasTan. 1504 wels man gagzavna elCi romis
papTan, iulius II-sTan (1503_514). sulTani imuqreboda, Tu portugaliis
mefe manuil I (1495_1521) ar Sewyvetda muslimi vaWrebis Seviwroebas in-
doeTSi da Tavdasxmebs egviptis gemebze, maSin daangrevda qristianTa
wminda adgilebs ierusalimSi.
1961),133 (arabul enaze). i. horii iZleva gansxvavebul monacemebs. Yutaka Horii, “The
Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri (1501-16) and the Venetians in Alexandria,” Orient, vol. XXXVIII
(2003), 185-86, magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mogeba iyo uzarmazari.
11
egvipte-portugaliis dapirispirebis Sesaxeb ix. darraj, al-mamaliq va l-
faranj, 132, 135-138; E. Denison Ross, “The Portuguese in India and Arabia between 1507 and
1517,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society and Irland, 4 (Oct., 1921), 545-62; M. Sobernheim, “Kan-
suh, al-Malik al-Ashraf Saif al-Din min Baiberdi al-Ghuri,” E.J.Brill’s First Encycloapaedia of Islam,
1913-1936, vol. IV (Leiden, 1987), 720-21; Peter M. Holt, “Kansawh al-Ghawri,” The Encyclopaedia
of Islam, New Edition, vol. IV (1978), 512; M. M. Ziada, “The Mamluk Sultans, 1291-1517,” A History
of the Crusades, ed. Kenneth M. Setton, vol. III (The University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 510-11;
Palmira Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discovery (State Uni-
versity of New York Press, Albany, 1994), 35, 112-16; Nazeer Ahmed, “The Portuguese Devastations in
the Indian Ocean,” in Islam in Global History: From the Death of Prophet Muhammad to the First World
War, vol. 2 (Ridgemont, 2000), 85-94, 89-92.
88 goCa jafariZe
kansavh al-Ravris elCma mizans ver miaRwia. mefe manuilma daarwmuna

papi, rom sulTani muqaras ar Seasrulebda, vinaidan is dainteresebuli
iyo evropel piligrimTagan miRebuli didi SemosavliT. maSin kansavh al-
Ravrim gadawyvita sakuTari ZalebiT aRekveTa portugalielTa agresia.
1505 wlis noemberSi man gagzavna floti amira husain muSrif al-qurdis
meTaurobiT, romelsac daevala jidas gamagreba da, gujareTis muslim
gamgebelTan erTad, portugalielTa winaaRmdeg brZola.
mokavSireebma 1508 wlis ianvarSi indoeTis port CaulTan daamar-
cxes portugalielebi, romlebsac portugaliis vice-mefis loren-
cos vaJi sardlobda da dawves saadmiralo xomaldi. samagierod, 1509
wlis TebervalSi, dius yureSi, bombeis maxloblad, lorencom revanSi
aiRo da gaanadgura egviptis floti. portugalielTa gamarjvebas
mohyva mewamuli zRvisken mimavali sazRvao gzis sastiki blokada, ris
Sedegadac, faqtobrivad, gawyda kavSiri jidasa da indoeTis portebs
Soris.
egviptes did zarals ayenebdnen kunZul rodosze gamagrebuli hos-
pitalierTa ordenis raindebic, romlebic xmelTaSua zRvaze mekobre-
obdnen.12 1506 wels kosis maxloblad maT xelT igdes egviptis samxedro
xomaldebi, romlebic miemarTebodnen rodosis dasarbevad, xolo 1507
wels kretasTan – didi savaWro xomaldi, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gad-
ahqonda savaWro saqoneli aleqsandriidan TunisSi da amaragebda mTel
maRribs. hospitalierebs xelT CauvardaT Zvirfasi saqoneli: sanele-
blebi, qsovilebi da xaliCebi, agreTve muslimi mogzaurebi, romelTa
gamoxsnac kansavh al-Ravris didi fuli daujda.
diusTan marcxis Semdeg egviptis sulTani iZulebuli gaxda aego ax-
ali floti, magram egviptes ar gaaCnda saWiro xe-tye. mis SesaZenad vene-
ciasTan molaparakeba uSedegod dasrulda. maSin kansavh al-Ravrim dax-
mareba sTxova osmaleTis sulTans – baiazeT II-s da miiRo is. kansavhma
morebis gadasatvirTad gemebi gagzavna aleqsandretaSi, romelic osma-
lebs eWiraT. rodosis hospitalierTa ordenis didma magistrma, kargi
dazvervis wyalobiT, es Seityo. misma samxedro flotma – 18 xomaldma
1510 wlis 12 agvistos aiasis yureSi (aleqsandreta) gaanadgura egvip-
tis floti, romelic 25 gemisgan Sedgeboda da xelT igdo didi nadav-
li. sazRvao brZolaSi daiRupa sulTnis ZmisSvili muhamed begi,13 xolo
12
egvipte-rodosis hospitalierebis am urTierTobebis Sesaxeb ix. darraj, al-
mamaliq va l-faranj, 141-42; Ettore Rossi, “The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421-1523,” in A His-
tory of the Crusades, ed. by Kenneth M.Setton, vol. III (Madison, 1975), 331-32; Brummett, Ottoman
Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy, 24-25, 52, 40-44, 78, 116, 168-69.
13
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 191-192; Kenneth M. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571, vol.
III (Philadelphia, 1984), 24.
egviptis axali flotis asagebad gankuTvnilma xe-tyem rodosze gad-

ainacvla.
axali marcxi, ris Sesaxebac kansavh al-Ravrim Seityo 916 wlis 10 juma-
da II-s/1510 wlis 14 seqtembers,14 mZime dartyma aRmoCnda misTvis. sulTani
ori dRe saWmels ar gahkarebia,15 misi moTminebis fiala aivso da 916 wlis 13
jumada II-s/1510 wlis 17 seqtembers brZana, daepatimrebinaT franki vaWrebi
aleqsandriaSi, damietasa da sazRvao sanapiroze.16 represiebi Seexo fran-
ciskelTa Temsac ierusalimSi. sulTnis brZanebiT, 916 wlis rajabis TveSi,
e.i. 1510 wlis 4 oqtombridan 2 noembramde, kairoSi Caiyvanes sionis monas-
trisa da aRdgomis eklesiis ocamde franciskeli beri.17 maT mosTxoves,
mieweraT evropis mefeebisTvis, rom maT, Tavis mxriv, aeZulebinaT hospi-
talierebi, daebrunebinaT egviptis xomaldebi da datacebuli saqoneli.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sulTani imuqreboda, rom daangrevda aRdgomis
eklesias da CamoaxrCobda mis berebs.18 imave TveSi kansavh al-Ravrim amir-
axuri akabai at-tavili wargzavna ierusalims aRdgomis eklesiaSi evro-
pelTa qonebis konfiskaciis mizniT.19 sionis monastris winamZRvari iZule-
buli gaxda gadaexada misTvis 4 aTasi dukati naRdi fuli da 5 aTasi duka-
tis Rirebulebis Zvirfaseuloba.20 916 wlis 7 Savvals/1511 wlis 7 ianvars
akabai at-tavili, romelmac es brZaneba Seasrula, ukve kairoSi iyo.21 am
droisTvis aRdgomis eklesia faqtobrivad daiketa piligrimTaTvis.
garda duisTan da aiasTan marcxisa, sulTans sxva mizezic hqonda,
rom evropelebis ukmayofilo yofiliyo. mas adre, 916 wlis jumada
I-is TveSi/ 1510 wlis agvisto-seqtemberSi, xelT Cauvarda iranis Sahis
ismail I-is (1501_1524) saidumlo werili, romelSic sTxovda evropel
konsulebs egviptisa da siriis mTavar qalaqebSi, mieweraT Tav-TavianTi
mefeebisTvis, zRviT daelaSqraT egvipte.22 Tavad Sahi mamluqTa da os-
malTa winaaRmdeg xmeleTiT galaSqrebas kisrulobda. 916 wlis 23 zu l-
ka‘das/1511 wlis 21 Tebervals sulTanma kairoSi Camoayvanina evropeli
konsulebi egviptidan da siriidan, maT Soris Tomaso kontarini – aleqsan-
driidan da pietro zeno – damaskodan,23 daadanaSaula isini sefianebTan
14
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 191; Yutaka Horii, The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri ,189.
15
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 192.
16
iqve, 192.
17
iqve, 192, 195.
18
iqve, 195.
19
iqve, 196.
20
Schefer, “L’introduction au Le Voyage d’Outremer,” Le Voyage d’Outremer (Paris, 1884), LVII.
21
22
Horii, The Mamluk Sultan Qansuh al-Ghawri, 189.
23
Tomaso kontarini veneciis warCinebul sagvareulos ekuTvnoda, saidanac
90 goCa jafariZe
kavSirSi, daemuqra CamoxrCobiT da daakava saqmis Semdgom gamoZiebamde.24

amrigad, 1510-1511 wlebSi egviptis urTierToba kaTolikur ev-
ropasTan uaRresad gamwvavda da ase gagrZelda 1512 welsac. kansavh
al-Ravris risxva wminda miwaze daemuqra qristianuli samyaros mTavar
salocavs – aRdgomis eklesias, romlis kompleqsSic Sedioda qristes
saflavis samlocvelo da golgoTa. is daiketa qristiani piligrime-
bisTvis. daarbies da daapatimres franciskeli berebi, romlebic ieru-
salimSi warmoadgendnen kaTolikur evropas.
aseT viTarebaSi, 917 wlis 19 jumada I-s/1511 wlis 14 agvistos, xuT-
SabaTs, mamluqTa sataxto qalaqs ewvia qarTvelTa elCi. XVI saukunis
egvipteli istorikosi ibn iasi mokled mogviTxrobs, rom is kargad mi-
iRo kansavh al-Ravrim, pativi miago mas da waikiTxa mis mier gadacemu-
li werili,25 magram ar iuwyeba, Tu ramdeni xani dahyo man kairoSi da ra
davaleba hqonda mas. arc is Cans, Tu romeli qarTveli mefisgan iyo igi
warmogzavnili. samwuxarod, amis Taobaze qarTuli wyaroebic dums.
a. daraji dausabuTeblad wers, rom elCi kairoSi darCa erTi weli;
rom qarTvelTa mefem is sulTanTan gamogzavna TxovniT, gaeuqmebina
1493 wlis ierusalimis sasamarTlos dadgenileba, romelic uflebas
aZlevda franciskelebs mxolod isini yofiliyvnen golgoTaze.26 magram
Txovna, rom mxolod qarTveli berebi yofiliyvnen iq, uSedego aRmoC-
nda, radgan ufro warmatebuli aRmoCnda veneciis elCi. Semdeg, amis
Taobaze, arabi mkvlevari ixseniebs sasamarTlos 918 wlis rabi’ I-Si/1512
wlis ivnisSi,27 romelic, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, agvistoSi Catarda da
is ukve sxva qarTveli elCis dros moxda.
araerTi doJi gamovida. am sagvareulodan iyo ambrozio kontarini, veneciis elCi

uzun hasanTan, romelmac imogzaura saqarTveloSic da dagvitova cnobebi mis Ses-
axeb: ìtalieli mogzaurebi saqarTveloSi XV saukuneSi~, moambe, XI (1892), 45-61;
pietro zenis, imave zenos (an Zenos), mama iyo cnobili mogzauri da diplomati kat-
erino Zeno. ix. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 26, n. 147; qarTul samecniero litera-
turaSi: XV saukunis italiel mogzaurTa cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, italiuri-
dan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo eldar mamisTvaliSvilma
(Tbilisi, 1981), 17-49; laioS tardi, ùzun hasanis (1453-1478) elCi katerino zeno
saqarTvelos gavliT ungreTis mefe matiaSTan (1458-1490)~, qarTuli diplomatia,
11 (2004), 89-102.
24
Hassanein Rabie, “Political Relations Between the Safavids of Persia and the Mamluks of Egypt
and Syria in the Early Sixteenth century,” Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, vol. XV
(1978), 77.
25
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 234; darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 153.
26
darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 153. aqve darraji golgoTas urevs `jabal as-
su‘udSi~, rac niSnavs àmaRlebis mTas~ – eleons.
27
iqve, 154.
vfiqrob, qarTveli elCi kairoSi mcire xniT darCa. es mcire droc ki

sakmarisi iqneboda imisTvis, rom Seetyo egviptis mamluqTa da kaToli-
kuri evropis gamwvavebuli urTierTobis ambavi da, ra Tqma unda, wminda
miwaze Seqmnili viTarebac. Seityobda franciskelTa ordenis berebis
– im dros wminda miwaze qarTvelTa mTavari metoqeebis – darbeva-dap-
atimrebisa da, rac mTavaria, aRdgomis eklesiis daxurvis ambavsac, rac
saSualebas aRar aZlevda qarTvel piligrimebs, iq moelocaT. aRdgomis
taZris daxurva mtkivneuli iyo imitomac, rom iq mdebareobda qristian-
Ta umTavresi siwminde – golgoTa, romelzedac qarTvelebs hqondaT
pretenzia. saqarTveloSi am SemaSfoTebel informacias swored es elCi
Caitanda da gaavrcelebda.
10 Tvis Semdeg, 1512 wlis ivnisSi, kairos kvlav ewvia qarTvelTa mefis
elCi, romlis miRebac sulTnis karze, ueWvelad miuTiTebs imaze, rom is
sul sxva pirovneba iyo. amjerad qarTveli elCis mizans warmoadgenda
Seqmnil viTarebaSi qarTuli samonastro Temis poziciebis gaZliereba-
ganmtkiceba wminda adgilebSi. magram, manamde, wminda adgilebis dasaxs-
nelad sruli ZaliT amoqmedda evropuli diplomatia.
●
katalanis da safrangeTis konsulma aleqsandriaSi filip de
peretzma (Philippe de Peretz), romelmac kargad icoda arabuli da Turquli
da Tarjimnis gareSe pirispir xvdeboda xolme kansavh al-Ravris, daarw-
muna sulTani, rom erTaderTi monarqi evropaSi, romelsac SeeZlo dax-
mareba aRmoeCina misTvis, iyo safrangeTis mefe lui XII (1498-1515).28 kan-
savh al-Ravrim elCi gagzavna safrangeTis mefesTan, raTa mas eSuamavla
rodosis hospitalierebTan da sanacvlod SesTavaza egviptisa da siriis
portebSi Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekruleba safrangeTis vaWrebisT-
vis, aRdgomis eklesiis gaxsna da wminda miwis monaxulebis nebarTva da-
savleTis piligrimTaTvis.29
lui XII-m egviptis sulTnis winadadebaSi dainaxa imis SesaZlebloba,
rom daebrunebina uwindeli religiuri roli, romelsac safrangeTi Ta-
maSobda jvarosnuli omebis dros wminda miwaze da CamoerTmia veneciisa
da genuisaTvis dasavleTis qristianTa dacvis ufleba.30 sulTnis wina-
28
amas, safrangeTis siZlieris garda, ganapirobebda is mniSvnelovani garemoebac,
rom safrangeTis kardinali, ministri da pirveli mrCeveli JorJ d’ambuazi (gard.
25.V.1510) iyo hospitalierTa ordenis didi magistris – emeri d’ambuazis (1503-
1512) Zma. mefes SeeZlo gavlena moexdina hospitalierebze, raTa maT daebrunebi-
naT aiasis yureSi dakavebuli egvipturi gemebi da SeewyvitaT mekobreoba zRvaze
mamluqTa winaaRmdeg. darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 149.
29
darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 150.
30
iqve, 150.
92 goCa jafariZe
dadebebis gansaxilvelad lui XII-m kansavh al-RavrisTan elCad gagzav-

na Tavisi yofili mdivani andre le roi (André le Roy), romelsac Tan axlda
Jan Teno (Jean Thenaud) – angulemis (dasavleTi safrangeTi) franciskel-
Ta monastris mcveli, angulemis hercogis – Sarl de valuas meuRlis,
luiza savoielisa da misi vaJis, hercog fransua angulemelis, SemdegSi
safrangeTis mefis – fransua I-is (1515-1547) proteJe. swored Tenom da-
gvitova naSromi egvipteSi, sinasa da palestinaSi mogzaurobis Sesaxeb,
romelic gamoica parizSi 1525-1530 wlebSi. misi mecnieruli gamocema
ganaxorciela C. Seferma 1884 wels.31
J. Tenos Tanaxmad, 29 Tebervals andre le roi aleqsandriaSi iyo,
25 marts – kairoSi 50 mxlebelTan erTad, xolo 28 marts, orSabaTs32
igi pirvelad miiRo sulTanma. kansavh al-Ravrim andre le rois daa-
vala rodosze gamgzavreba egviptelTa gemebisa da tyveebis dasabru-
neblad, magram elCi ukan uSedegod dabrunda.33 amis gamo sulTans
imedebi gaucruvda lui XII-is mimarT. miuxedavad amisa, sulTani mainc
kargad epyroboda safrangeTis elCs , romelmac konsul filip de pe-
retzis daxmarebiT SeZlo ganeaxlebina zogierTi savaWro da saekle-
sio garantiebi da privilegiebi, romlebic kansavh al-Ravrim uboZa
frangebsa da katalonelebs 1507 wlis 23 agvistos.34 lui XII-s surda
esargebla andre le rois kairoSi yofniT da Teno ierusalimSi gaeg-
zavna wminda adgilebis mosanaxuleblad. marTlac, ivlisis miwuruls
Teno gaemgzavra ierusalims da Sevida wminda qalaqSi agvistos mesame
dekadis damdegs.35 angulemis hercogs, Tavis mxriv, undoda, rom Teno
wasuliyo sparseTSi, raTa Seegrovebina zusti informacia sefianTa
Sesaxeb. saerTod, sparselTa dapyrobiTi omebi qristiani monarqebis
yuradRebas iqcevda da isini sparselebSi xedavdnen osmalTa metoqes.
Tenos sparseTidan indoeTSi gamgzavrebac evaleboda,36 magram, ro-
gorc qvemoT vnaxavT, es veRar moaxerxa.
rodesac cnobili gaxda venecieli konsulebisa da vaWrebis dapa-
timrebis ambavi, veneciis doJma da senatma 1511 wlis 20 ivniss protes-
tis werili gaugzavnes egviptis sulTans, xolo 17 noembers egvipteSi
gasagzavnad SearCies elCi domeniko trevizani (Domenico Trevisan),37 se-
31
“Le voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” Le Voyage d’Outremer (Paris, 1884), 1-145.
32
iqve, 43. sinamdvileSi orSabaTi iyo 29 marti da am TariRs asaxelebs ibn iasi. Die
Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 255; Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 237-38.
33
darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 150-51.
34
Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 28.
35
“Le voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” 83, 93.
36
Schefer, “L’introduction au Le Voyage d’Outremer,” LXIX.
37
natori, romelmac Tavi gamoiCina politikuri moqnilobiT da vene-

ciis respublikis mier adre dakisrebuli davalebebis warmatebiT
SesrulebiT. amasTan, venecielebma TavianTi agentebis meSveobiT
Seityves egvipte-safrangeTis kontaqtebis Sesaxeb. gaCnda safrTxe,
rom isini dakargavdnen TavianT uflebebs da privilegiebs mamluqTa
sasulTnosTan vaWrobaSi da amitom daaCqares domeniko trevizanis
gamgzavreba egvipteSi 1512 wlis 22 ianvars. zakaria paganim beluno-
dan, trevizanis delegaciis wevrma, aRwera trevizanis mogzauroba,38
romlis franguli Targmani, Tenos naSromTan erTad, aseve C. Seferma
gamosca.39
domeniko trevizanma aleqsandrias miaRwia 17 aprils, 7 maiss Sevida
kairoSi veneciel vaWarTa da sakuTari amalis – 50 mxedris TanxlebiT da
dabinavda saukeTeso ubanSi, kairos citadelis (sadac iyo sulTnis re-
zidencia) maxloblad. pirvel Sexvedramde, romelic orSabaTs, 10 maiss
moxda, sulTanma trevizans gaugzavna sakvebi produqtebi da Tavadac
miiRo misgan Zvirfasi ZRveni.40
ibn iasis Tanaxmad, xma gavrcelda, rom trevizani kansavh al-Ravris-
Tan mivida TxovniT, raTa sulTans gaexsna ierusalimis aRdgomis ekle-
sia (kumama),41 romelic man daaketvina da romlis monaxulebac aukrZala
frankebs.42 magram veneciis elCis misia mxolod amiT ar Semoifarglebo-
da. mas evaleboda, aRedgina venecia-egviptis gaciebuli urTierTobebi,
daedo savaWro xelSekruleba, gaebaTilebina braldeba Sah ismailTan
veneciis kavSiris Taobaze da eTxova sulTnisTvis, daebrunebina fran-
ciskeli berebi TavianT monasterSi.
trevizans saidumlo davalebac hqonda, mas sulTanTan unda ganexi-
la veneciis survili, aRekveTa portugalielTa naosnoba indoeTisken,
rac zians ayenebda orive mxaris saerTo interesebs; im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
mamluqTa sulTani moiTxovda artileriis xelosnebs, xomaldebs, niC-
bebsa da sxv., venecia ganixilavda am Txovnas. mas unda daerwmunebina
al-Ravri, mieRo osmalTagan daxmareba: artileria, xe-tye, gemebi da
yvelaferi, rac aucilebeli iyo portugalielTa winaaRmdeg sabrZol-
38
Viaggio di Domenico Trevisan, ambasciatore veneto al gran Sultano del Cairo nell’anno 1512,
descritto da Zaccaria Pagani di Belluno, ed. N. Barozzi (Venice, 1875).
39
“Le Voyage du magnifique et tres illustre chevalier et provurateur de Saint Marc Domenico Tre-
visan,” Le Voyage d’Outremer (Paris, 1884), 147-226.
40
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 266; Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 249; Setton,
The Papacy and the Levant, 30-31.
41
aRdgoma arabulad aris kiama. magram arabebi da, serTod, muslimebi, aRdgomis
eklesias damamcirebel saxels – kumamas (`nagavi~) uwodebdnen.
42
94 goCa jafariZe
velad da aexsna sulTnisTvis, rom venecia mxars ar uWerda rodoselTa

mekobreobas.43
trevizanma, romelic Svidjer Sexvda sulTans, warmatebiT Seasru-
la dakisrebuli movaleobebi. man daarwmuna sulTani, rom venecias
ar hqonda kavSiri Sah-ismailTan44 da rom SeuZlebeli iyo daebrune-
bina gemebi da tyveebi hospitalierTagan. kansavh al-Ravrim miiRo es
realoba da dakmayofilda venecieli vaWrebis dabrunebiT egviptis
bazrebze. savaWro urTierTobebi veneciasTan aRdga, riTac sulTani,
romelsac esaWiroeboda fuli, kmayofili darCa. daido xelSekrule-
ba, romlis ZaliTac, veneciam SeinarCuna yvela Tavisi adrindeli pri-
vilegia egviptesTan vaWrobaSi da ikisra, gamoeyo ramdenime gemi, raTa
mekobreTagan gaewminda xmelTaSua zRvis aRmosavleTi wylebi.
trevizanma Zalze didi STabeWdileba moaxdina kansavh al-Ravrize,
romelTanac gamosamSvidobebeli Sexvedra saocrad Tbili iyo. sulTanma
mas xeli gauwoda, rac, saerTod, uCveulo iyo da gadasca veneciis dapati-
mrebuli konsuli damaskodan pietro zeno. trevizanis emocia iyo imde-
nad didi, rom is muxlebSi Cauvarda sulTans da emTxvia mis xalaTs.45
trevizanis elCobis SedegebSi mniSvnelovania wminda adgilebis
sakiTxi. sulTanma neba misca ierusalimis franciskel berebs, dabru-
nebuliyvnen TavianT monastrebSi, rac maT swrafad Seasrules. vene-
cielTa piligrimebis galerebs axla ukve SeeZloT ganeaxlebinaT Ta-
vianTi mogzauroba wminda miwaze, da xelaxla unda gaxsniliyo wminda
saflavis (aRdgomis) eklesia, razedac sulTanma safrangeTis elCs
adre uari uTxra.46
domeniko trevizanma 2 agvistos datova egvipte da, damietas gav-
liT, 4 seqtembers miaRwia kandias. franciskelebma, Cans, ierusalimSi
dabrunebis nebarTva miiRes, ara uadres, ivlisis miwurulisa da, ara ug-
vianes, agvistos damdegisa. 15 agvistos franciskelTa Temi ukve monawi-
leobda SariaTis sasamarTlos im davaSi, romelic qarTvelebTan gol-
goTis gamo gaimarTa.
●
1512 wlis ivnisis TveSi, im dros, rodesac kairoSi imyofebodnen sa-
frangeTisa da veneciis elCebi, sulTans acnobes, rom mis karze modiod-
nen sefianTa da qarTvelTa mefis (maliq) elCebi.47
43
Brummett, Ottoman Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy, 42-43.
44
ahmad darraj, al-mamaliq va l-faranj, 152-53.
45
46
Schefer, “L’introduction au Le Voyage d’Outremer,” LXXXIII; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 32.
47
sefianTa elCobas win uswrebda mwvave uTanxmoeba mamluqebsa da

sefianebs Soris.48 man kulminacias miaRwia 1512 wlis ivnisis damdegs. 3
ivniss sisis mamluqma gamgebelma egviptis sulTans gaugzavna 10 wiTel-
dolbandiani sefiani meomris Tavi, romlebic aoxrebdnen mis samflobe-
los. kansavh al-Ravrim brZana, rom Tavebi Subebze CamoecvaT da gamoe-
finaT kairos quCebSi, Semdeg ki isini Camokida kairos karibWeebze: bab
al-fuTuhze da bab an-nasrze. es ambavi arasasiamovno iyo Sah ismailis-
Tvis. man egvipteSi gagzavna 100-kaciani delegacia, romelsac gaayola
TavrizSi ori wlis manZilze dakavebuli kansavh al-Ravris elCi, mamlu-
qi amira Tamur-bei.49
sefianTa da qarTvelTa mefis elCebi, Cans, gzad Sexvdnen erTmaneTs
da erTdroulad Sevidnen kairoSi.50 maTi Sexvedra, dabinaveba da Tan-
xleba kansavh al-Ravrim daavala muhTasib zain ad-din baraqaT b. musas.
z. pagani, romelic domeniko trevizans axlda kairoSi, mogviTxrobs,
rom 25 ivniss kairoSi Sevida Georgian-ad wodebuli51 qristiani xalxis me-
fis elCi 20-mde mxedris TanxlebiT. elCs ecva mooqrovili farCis tan-
sacmeli da exura patara qudi, romelic gareSemo siasamuris bewviT iyo
gawyobili.52
48
Rabie, “Political Relations,” 75-81, 76-79; W.W. Clifford, “Some Observation on the Course of Ma-
mluk-Safavi Relations (1502-1516/908-922),” Der Islam, 70 (1983), 246-47, 256-65.
49
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 262; Rabie, “Political Relations,” 79.
50
visan,” 199-200; d. goColeiSvili, `saqarTvelo-egviptis urTierTobis istoriidan
XVI s. I meoTxedSi~, 50-58. mkvlevari wers: `saTanado konteqstidan Cans, rom `saqar-
Tvelos mefis~ elCi mivlinebuli iyo sefianTa iranis SahTan, iqidan ki, Sahis elC-
Tan erTad, mamluq sultans warudga~. Semdeg is aRniSnavs, rom `samwuxarod, ibn
iasis cnobaSi ar aris miTiTebuli, Tu ra konkretuli davalebiT iyo wargzavnili
es elCi egvipteSi, Tumca zogadad cxadia, rom misi iq yofna maxlobeli aRmosavle-
Tis arsebuli imJamindeli politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT iyo ganpirobe-
buli. amasTanave naTelia, rom am cnobiT konkretulad fiqsirdeba da dasturdeba
garkveuli kavSiri saqarTvelos, sefianTa iransa da mamluqTa egviptes Soris~. es
maSin, roca arabi mematianis Txzuleba ar iZleva safuZvels davaskvnaT, rom am or
elCobas Soris raime kavSiri arsebobda. da bolos, mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom qar-
TvelTa maliqSi igulisxmeba samcxe-saaTabagos aTabagi mzeWabuki (gv. 56), rac ar
Seesabameba sinamdviles. arabuli teqstis TargmanSi aris sxva, araerTi uzusto-
bac, romlebzec yuradRebas aRar gavamaxvileb.
51
visan,” 200.
52
z. paganis sakmaod bundovani warmodgena hqonda saqarTveloze. is wers, rom `qar-
TvelTa mefis elCi da misi mxleblebi movidnen Soreuli qveynidan, romelic mdeba-
reobs sufiebis (sefianTa – g.j.) saxelmwifos gadaRma, indoeTis mxares, samoci dRis
savalze~. “Le Voyage du magnifique et tres illustre chevalier et provurateur de Saint Marc Domenico
Trevisan,” 200.
96 goCa jafariZe
918 wlis 14 rabi‘ II-s/1512 wlis 29 ivniss kansavh al-Ravrim jer miiRo
sparseTis mefis elCi, romelmac sulTans gadasca Sahis Seuracxmyo-
feli da uxeSi werili, ramac is gaacofa. h. rabis Tanaxmad, Sahi kicxavda
sulTans sefiani meomrebis Tavebis kairos quCebSi gamofenis gamo da
dascinoda kidec imis gamo, rom ar SeeZlo SebrZoleboda mas.53 sefianTa
elCoba kairoSi erT Tveze nakleb xans gaCerda da ukan dabrunda kansavh
al-Ravris aseve Seuracxmyofeli pasuxiT. 54
rogorc ibn iasi, ise z. pagani aRniSnaven, rom 29 ivniss, swored imave
dRes, roca sulTani Sexvda sparseTis elCs, man miiRo qarTvelTa mefis
elCic.55 ibn iasi wers, rom elCma sulTans miarTva
`didZali saCuqari, maT Soris siasamuris, focxverisa da ciyvis
bewvebi, Salis qsovili da amis garda, sxva didZali ram~.56
mamluqebs gansakuTrebuli midrekileba hqondaT bewveulisken.
zamTris TveebSi isini icvamdnen siasamuris, yaryumis, kvernis, Taxvisa
da nacrisferi ciyvis bewvebiT gawyobil tansacmels. bewviT iyo dafa-
ruli is sapatio xalaTebi, romlebiTac gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi
asaCuqrebdnen xolme sxvadasxva pirs; ciyvisa da Taxvis bewvebiT gawyo-
bil mosasxamebs atarebdnen mamluqTa sasulTnos Teologebic.57
Cans, qarTvelma elCma kargad icoda mamluqTa sulTnis karze
bewveulze didi moTxovnileba. Zvirfasi saCuqari sulTnis keTil-
ganwyobis mopovebis xerxi iyo, Tumca, mis mier mirTmeuli ZRveni ver
Seedreboda finansurad Seudareblad Zlieri safrangeTisa da veneci-
is elCebis andre le roisa da, gansakuTrebiT, domeniko trevizanis sa-
Cuqrebs.58 amasTan, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ibn iasis cnoba unikaluria im
53
Rabie, “Political Relations,” 79.
54
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 262, 265, 271; Rabie, “Political Relations,” 79.
55
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 266;
56
iqve, 266; Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 249.
57
e. aStori wers, rom mamluqi gamgeblebi, romlebic didad iyvnen dainterese-
bulni bewveuliT, dabali baJebis dawesebiT xels uwyobdnen mis imports. is aRniS-
navs, rom mamluqebi, TviT sulTanic ki, xSirad ZaliT, ufulod arTmevdnen ita-
liel vaWrebs bewveuls. Eliyahu Ashtor, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages (Princeton, 1983),
163-164.
58
andre le roim sulTans miarTva xelmwifis Sesaferisi didZali (hafila) saCuqari:
mooqrovili mTis brolis WurWeli, maudisa da xaverdis qsovili, oqroqsovili abre-
Sumi, oqros monetebi da sxv. domeniko trevizanis didZali Zvirfasi saCuqari, romelic
mihqonda 100-mde mtvirTavs, iyo: mTis brolis WurWeli, 8 oqroqsovilis,14 xaverdisa
da 26 atlasis samosi, ori damaskuri, agreTve sxva mravali abreSumis oqroqsovili,
alisferi da mewamuli qsovilebi, agreTve siasamuris, yaryumis da mravali ciyvis bewvi
da 50 Tavi piaCencas yvelic (milanidan 67 km-ze mdebare piaCencaSi damzadebuli yveli
dResac aris am qalaqis samzareulos RirsSesaniSnaoba. ix. “Culinary routes and Wine Trails in
Piacenza.” http://www.visitporiver.it/l/ENG/Emilia-Romagna/Piacenza/page/119/8/119/Romagna/Piacenza
TvalsazrisiT, rom gviCvenebs, Tu rogori xeldamSvenebulebi midiod-

nen qarTveli elCebi egviptis sulTnebis karze.
ibn iasi mogviTxrobs, rom 26 rabi‘I-s/11 ivliss sulTanma sapatio
xalaTi uboZa safrangeTis mefis elCs da gamgzavrebis neba darTo. ima-
ve dRes man wveuleba gamarTa qarTvelTa mefis elCis pativsacemad, ci-
tadelis ZirSi ipodromis wyalsacavTan,59 masac uboZa sapatio xalaTi
da aseve neba darTo gamgzavrebisa.60 magram sulTnis maspinZloba kai-
roSi amiT ar dasrulebula. is kidev erT Tveze metxans gagrZelda.
arabi mematianis Tanaxmad, rabi‘ II-is Tvis (16 ivnisi – 14 ivlisi) saocari
ambavi iyo is, rom kansavh al-RavrisTan Seikribnen 14-mde qveynis – maT So-
ris qarTvelTa – mefis elCebi da TiToeuls pirispir hqonda Sexvedra sul-
TanTan.61 29 rabi‘ II-s/14 ivliss, samSabaTs, elCebis pativsacemad, sulTanma
ipodromze gamarTa cxenburTi, romelsac eswreboda yvela elCi.62 misi
dasrulebis Semdeg sulTani avida sasaxlis ezoSi da daeswro xarebisa da
yoCebis Serkinebas. mere man gamarTa didebuli nadimi, romelsac eswrebod-
nen xelmZRvaneli amirebi da elCebi. SuadRis locvis Semdeg ki saRamomde
mamluqebma moawyves Sejibri SubebiT varjiSSi (rac Sedioda furusias –
samxedro da fizikuri momzadebis kompleqsSi),63 riTac gaocdnen elCebi.64
Romagna/Piacenza/page/119/8/119/Itinerari-enogastronomici-e-Strade-del-Vino-a-Piacenza.html). ZRve-
ni sulTanma saTiTaod daaTvaliera da gamoxata Tavisi siamovneba da kmayofileba se-
nioriis (veneciis mTavrobis umaRlesi organos) saCuqriT. Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 257, 259;
Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 240, 242; Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 31.
59
Cerqezuli warmoSobis mamluqi sulTnebidan kansavh al-Ravri iyo pirveli,
vinc aago ipodromi citadelis ZirSi. is garSemortymuli iyo maRali kedliT. mis
marcxena mxareze iyo didebuli sasaxle, terasa (manzara) da wyalsacavi (bahra). Da-
vid Ayalon, “Notes on the Furusiyya Exercises and Games in the Mamluk Sultanate,” The Mamluk
Military Society, Collected Studies, Variorum Reprints (London, 1979), II, 43-44.
60
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 268; Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 251.
61
62
iqve, 269. jer kidev sulTanma an-nasir muhamedma (1294-1295, 1299-1309, 1309-
1340) daamkvidra mamluqTa karis savaldebulo ritualad cxenburTi, romelic
ewyoboda kviraSi orjer, samSabaTs da SabaTs. Karl Stowasser, “Manners and Customs at
the Mamluk Court,” Muqarnas, vol. 2 (1984), 19; magram kansavh al-Ravris dros, es wesi
irRveoda da cxenburTi ewyoboda kviraobiTac. Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 268.
63
Ayalon, “Notes on the Furusiyya Exercises,” 47-53.
64
ibn iasis cnobebi uaRresad sainteresoa mamluqTa epoqis diplomatiuri etike-
tis Sesaswavlad. rogorc vnaxeT, etiketi iTvaliswinebda elCebis miReba-dabina-
vebas, rasac sulTnis brZanebiT, mis mier daniSnuli moxele uzrunvelyofda. aseTi
moxele dainiSna sparseTis da kaxeTis elCebis miRebis dros. mniSvneloba eniWeboda
imas, Tu romel saxelmwifos warmoadgenda elCi. domeniko trevizani da misi amala
ganaTavses saukeTeso ubanSi, citadelis (sadac iyo sulTnis rezidencia) axlos,
xolo andre le roi – misgan 2 milze – bevrad uares saxlSi, saidanac gamosvla eri-
deboda da bevri misi Tanmxlebi dabrunda aleqsandriaSi. 1511 wels sefianTa elCi
98 goCa jafariZe
arabi mematiane wers, rom `sasaxlis ezoSi es iyo RirsSesaniSnavi dRe~.65

ibn iasi, romelic aRwers qarTvelTa mefis elCis miRebis detalebs,
arafers ambobs mis miznebze. samagierod, z. paganim daafiqsira kairoSi
gavrcelebuli xmebi:
àmtkiceben, rom isini (qarTvelebi) movidnen, raTa eTxovaT gaxsna
wminda saflavis eklesiisa, romelic ori weli daxuruli iyo da
romlis drosac masSi Sesvla ar SeeZlo arcerT qristians~.66
Tu kairoSi gavrcelebuli xmebi marTali iyo, qarTvelTa mefis elCs,
dominiko trevizanis msgavsad, sakmaod mniSvnelovani davaleba hqonda.
zemoT aRiniSna, rom ibn iasis cnobiT, aRdgomis eklesia daiketa mxolod
frankebisTvis, z. paganis Tanaxmad ki – yvela qristianisTvis. am qris-
tianTa Soris qarTvelebic iyvnen da qvemoT vnaxavT, rom qarTvelebis,
iseve rogorc aRmosavleTis qristianebis piligrimoba aRdgomis ekle-
siaSi, sulTnis brZanebiT, 8 Tvis Semdeg aRdga.
z. paganis informacia Zvirfasia, magram – arasruli. qarTvel elCs
kidev sxva ramdenime mniSvnelovani saTxovari hqonda sulTanTan. amas
iuwyeba hijris 918 wlis 1 jumada I-s/1512 wlis 15 ivliss gacemuli
sulTnis brZanebuleba,67 romelic qarTveli elCis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.
kairoSi, faqtobrivad, izolirebuli iyo adgilobrivi mosaxleobisgan. sad daa-

binaves beena ColoyaSvili, ucnobia. sulTnis samsaxuri uzrunvelyofda elCebs
sakvebi produqtebiT. sulTani Rebulobda elCebs citadelSi, zogjer sasaxlis
ezoSi, sadac Sexvda qarTvelTa elCs 1511 wels. elCi sulTans gadascemda Tavisi
xelmwifis werils da zepir informacias, rogorc wesi, miarTmevda sulTans saCu-
qrebs da sulTanic mas, iSviaTad, mis zogierT mxlebelsac, asaCuqrebda Zvirfasi
sapatio xalaTiT. xalaTi orjer miiRo beena ColoyaSvilma. etiketSi Sedioda, Se-
saZloa, ara yovelTvis, sulTnis xalaTis, anda mis winaSe miwis an iatakis kocna. ase
moiqcnen andre le roi da misi mxleblebi kansavh al-RavrisTan pirvel Sexvedraze
da domeniko trevizani – kansavh al-RavrisTan bolo Sexvedris dros. sefianTa
elCma, romelmac 1512 wlis ivnisSi sulTans gadasca Sahis cud tonSi dawerili we-
rili, amave dros miarTva mas didZali saCuqari da akoca miwas mis winaSe. elCebis
(maT Soris beena ColoyaSvilis) pativsacemad imarTeboda nadimi, cxenburTi da
mamluqTa sxvadasxva saxis Sejibri-varjiSi, rac furusias Semadgenel nawili iyo.
sulTani uflebas aZlevda elCebs, gamgzavrebuliyvnen samSobloSi, xolo qris-
tianebs, survilis SemTxvevaSi, moenaxulebinaT TavianTi siwmindeebi sinas mTaze
da ierusalimSi. Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 234, 255, 265, 268; Rabie, “Political Relations,” 78; Set-
ton, The Papacy and the Levant, 28, 30-31, 33; Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 268; Journal d’un bourgeois
du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 251.
65
Die Chronik des Ibn Ijas, 268; Journal d’un bourgeois du Caire. Chronique d’Ibn Iyas, 252; Andre
Raymond, Cairo: City of History (Cairo, 2000), 181-82.
66
visan,” 201.
67
ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTeka, # VII.B.1.5.
a. celika mas aTariRebs 710/1310 wliT,68 rac gamoricxulia, vinaidan mas-

Si moxseniebulia sulTan kaiT-beis (1468-1496) brZanebulebebi da, rac
mTavaria, elCis saxeli – bina biq (begi) (str. 19). 1512-1514 wlebis sxva
arabul dokumentebSi, romlebic qvemoTaa motanili, qarTveli elCis
saxeli ufro sruladaa: biina biq da biina biq ibn Suluka, an Sulaka biq.69
saxeli biina igive beenaa, xolo ibn Suluka/Sulaka Seesabameba Colayas-
Svils (ase asaxelebs beena Tavis gvars). amrigad, qarTvelTa mefis elCia
beena ColoyaSvili, kaxeTis mefis avgiorgis saxlTuxucesi, romelic
jvris mamad gaigzavna ierusalimSi70 da romlis Sesaxebac zemoT ukve
gvqonda saubari.
1512 wlis 15 ivlisis brZanebuleba arasrulia (sul 53 striqoni),
aklia sawyisi striqonebi. nakluli Sesavali nawilidan moulodnelad
irkveva, rom egviptis sulTans mWidro kavSiri hqonda qarTvelTa mefes-
Tan, romlis vinaoba ar ixsenieba da igulisxmeba kaxeTis mefe avgiorgi.
mefes sulTnisTvis Tavisi elCis beena ColoyaSvilis (biina biq) xeliT
gaugzavnia werili, romelSic axsenebda mas, rom
– Tanaxmad winamorbedi mamluqi sulTnebisgan miRebuli samefo
brZanebulebebisa, ar yofila wesad, vinmes Seewuxebina qarTvelTa
monasteri (romelSic, ueWvelia, ierusalimis wminda jvris monaste-
ri igulisxmeba), misi kuTvnili eklesiebi, maTi miwebi da baRebi (str.
2-3).
– xsenebuli monastris gamo, mefis qveyanaSi mcxovreb muslimebs
aravin awuxebda meCeTebSi, sadac isini loculobdnen da Tayvans scemd-
nen RmerTs (str. 7), xolo muslimTaTvis daiwera brZanebuleba, rom ar-
vis aeRo maTgan raime ukanonod, ar SeewuxebinaT isini da mTlianad gae-
TavisuflebinaT gamosaRebebisgan (str. 8-10).
miuxedavad amisa, atyobinebda mefe sulTans, macnobes, rom wmin-
da ierusalimSi am monastrisa da misi kuTvnili eklesiebis mcxovrebT
awuxebeno. amis gamo is sTxovda sulTans, gamoeca brZaneba, rom
– ezrunaT maTze, vinc cxovrobda monastersa da mis kuTvnil ekle-
siebSi.
– aravis Seewuxebina isini maTi miwebis, baRebisa da samonastro qo-
68
Τσελικα, Καταγραφή, 396.
69
ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTeka, #VII.B.
2.59, str. 5, 13 da ierusalimis franciskelTa arqivi, Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani,
#78, str. 29. vinaidan arabul teqstSi diakrituli niSnebi ar aris, SesaZlebelia
orive wakiTxva. qarTul `Cin~-s, romelic arabulSi ar aris, cvlis `Sin~.
70
beena ColoyaSvili Tavad wers (ix. Sen. 1), Tu rodis miaRwia ierusalims. es moxda
1512 wels, sadac Cavida kairodan. amdenad, wminda miwaze misi moRvaweoba daiwyo 1512
da ara 1511 wels, rogorc es zogjer gvxvdeba qarTvel mkvlevarTa SromebSi.
100 goCa jafariZe
nebis (avkaf)71 gamo – Sesabamisad sulTnis Zveli brZanebulebisa, rome-

lic mefem gamoatana Tavis elCs (str. 14-17).
mefes imedi hqonda da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, arcTu usafuZvlod,
rom mis Txovnas Seismendnen da daakmayofilebdnen.
marTlac, kansavh al-Ravrim brZana, rom ierusalimis mosamarT-
leebisa da islamis saqmeTa gamgeTaTvis gaegzavnaT sulTnis brZanebu-
leba (al-marsum aS-Sarif), raTa maT
– ezrunaT xsenebul monasterze da qarTvelTa religiuri Temis ku-
Tvnil eklesiebze, iq maT warmomadgenlebze da maT samonastro qonebaze
(avkaf). pativi ecaT maTTvis da gaewiaT mfarveloba (str. 23-25);
– badragebs (al-xufara’) da udabnoTa meTvalyureebs (arbab al-
idraq) ar SeewuxebinaT qarTvelTa religiuri jgufebi da wminda miwaze
mosuli piligrimebi gzebze, ar mieyenebinaT maTTvis vneba da ziani, ar
SeeqmnaT siZneleebi da Zveli wesis Tanaxmad, ar daekisrebinaT maTTvis
erTi zedmeti dirhamic ki (str. 27-30);
– mopyrobodnen maT pativiscemiT da gaewiaT mfarveloba, rom ara-
vis, mosamarTleebsa da danarCen xalxs (al-junus), ar Seewuxebina qar-
TvelTa kuTvnili adgilebi, maTi monastrebi (str. 31-32);
– mohqceodnen yvelaferSi, rac ukavSirdeboda maT, iqneboda es
wyali da sxva ram, Sesabamisad arsebuli wesisa, rogorc es iyo sulTan
aSraf kaiTbais da winamorbed mefeTa droidan – ukanasknel dReebamde
(str. 33-34).
elCs ebrZana Tavis mefesTan dabruneba. sulTani gamoTqvamda sur-
vils, rom qarTvelTa mefes gaegrZelebina masTan siyvaruli da gulwr-
feli megobroba, ecnobebina Tavisi ambebi, siaxleebi da miznebi. weri-
lobiTi pasuxi mefesTan man gaatana elCs (str. 43-45), romelsac agreTve
neba daerTo, ierusalims mosalocad gamgzavrebuliyo. sulTani brZa-
nebda, rom qarTvelTa elCs, romelic daxasiaTebulia rogorc uaRre-
71
arab. vakf, mr. avkaf, muslimuri samarTliT, aris qoneba, romelzedac saxelm-
wifo, an kerZo piri ambobs uars da gascems religiuri anda saqvelmoqmedo mizne-
bisTvis. vakfis gasxviseba ar SeiZleba. aq da qvemoT am sityvas me vTargmni samonas-
tro qonebad. Sewirulobebi eklesia-monastrebisadmi iyo is tradicia, romelic
damkvidrda ierusalimSi bizantielTa batonobis droidan. qarTvelTa eklesia-mo-
nastrebisTvis aseTi qoneba SeiZleboda yofiliyo qarTuli saxelmwifos da kerZo
pirebis Semowirulobebic. vakfis erTi adreuli mTavari muslimuri saxelmZRvane-
lo dasaSvebad miiCnevs qristianis mier Tavisi saxlis an miwis vakfad Sewirvas, Tu
Semosavali misgan gamoiyeneboda ierusalimSi remontisTvis, lamprebisTvis zeTis
sayidlad da sxv. Moshe Gil, “Dhimmi Donations and Foundations for Jerusalem (638-1099),” Jour-
nal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. XXVII, part II (1984), 156-57. vakufe-
bidan miRebul Semosavals qarTuli samonastro Temis xelmZRvaneloba iyenebda
qarTuli savaneebis, ber-monazvnebisa da piligrimebis saWiroebebisaTvis.
sad moridebuli da Rirseuli adamiani (str. 39), mopyrobodnen Sesafe-

risi pativiscemiT (str. 21).
miuxedavad imisa, rom beena ColoyaSvilma gamgzavrebis nebarTva miiRo,
is erTxans kidev darCa kairoSi. 10 jumada I-s, SabaTs/24 ivliss sulTanma mas
kvlav uboZa sapatio xalaTi da xelaxla darTo neba Tavis qveyanaSi gamgza-
vrebisa.72 magram samSoblomde win jer ierusalimi iyo. beena ColoyaSvilma
Tavisi davalebis nawili warmatebiT gadaWra, magram avgiorgis werili Sei-
cavda sxva Txovnebsac, romlebic zemoganxilul naklul brZanebulebaSi
ar aisaxa. ierusalimSi mosagvarebeli iyo ramdenime mniSvnelovani pro-
blema. amas sxva arabuli dokumenti iuwyeba.
11 jumada I-s/1512 wlis 25 ivliss sulTanma gamosca axali brZa-
nebuleba, romelic gaegzavna ierusalimSi mis na’ibs (nacvals), ori
wminda adgilis (kldis gumbaTis, anu as-saxras da al-aksas meCeTebis)
zedamxedvels, xebronisa (arab. al-xalil) da qraqis gamgebels – amira
saif ad-din iusuf al-aSrafis. Sinaarsi am brZanebulebisa, romelic
calke ver movipove, Setanilia ierusalimis franciskelTa arqivSi
dacul 918 wlis 2 jumada II-is/ e.i 1512 wlis 15 agvistos dokumentSi
(sul 66 striqoni).73 masSi Sedis preambula (2-24) da sulTnis brZanebiT
Catarebuli mokvlevis safuZvelze dawerili SariaTis sasamarTlos
oqmi (str. 25-66).
mokvleva Sedga mas Semdeg, rac beena ColoyaSvili ierusalimSi Ca-
vida. dokumentis preambulaSi weria, rom sulTnis karze movida `misi
umaRlesoba, pativcemuli, sapatio, pativsacemi, Tavmdabali~ qarTvel-
Ta mefis elCi. man sulTans gadasca mefis werili, romelSic iyo ramde-
nime Txovna, dasaxelebuli wina dokumentSi – 1512 wlis 15 ivlisis br-
ZanebulebaSi. franciskelTa dokumentSi ukve pirdapir aRniSnulia,
rom qarTvelTa elCis mier gadacemul werilSi iyo Txovna, rom sul-
Tans gamoeca `samefo brZanebuleba jvris monasterze da masSi mcxovreb
jamaaTsa da maT eklesiebze zrunvis Taobaze~ (str. 7). damatebiT aris
Txovna, rom qarTvelebs SeekeTebinaT da aRedginaT dangreuli eklesia
(str. 8), romlis saxeli ar ixsenieba.
sulTani ubrZanebda Tavis na’ibs (nacvals), rom
– gamoeCina `sruli zrunva qarTvelTa elCze~, mis jamaaTze da
amalaze, pativi eca da mfarveloba gaewia maTTvis, aRmoefxvra is mi-
zezebi, romelTac mohqondaT vneba da ziani maTTvis, maTi monastris,
72
73
Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani, #83. aq dokumentis TariRi arasworadaa gansaz-
Rvruli: aris 919 wlis 15 jumada II/1513 wlis 18 agvisto, 918 wlis 2 jumada II-is/1512
wlis 15 agvistos nacvlad.
102 goCa jafariZe
misi vakufebis (samonastro qonebis), misi piligrimebisa da zvrebis-

Tvis (str. 19-20);
– aravis hqonda ufleba, Seewuxebina isini da maT unda mohqceodnen
arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad; ekrZaleboda nebismiers maTi Sewuxeba, maTTvis
vnebis an zianis miyeneba da siZneleebis Seqmna, raime siaxlis Semotana da
Seviwroebis ganaxleba (str. 20-21).
sulTani Tavis na’ibs axsenebda, rom
– WeSmaritad, Cvens samefo sadgomsa da xsenebul qarTvelTa mefes
Soris aris siyvaruli da mimowera, xolo mis qveyanaSi mcxovrebi mus-
limebi sargebloben uaRresi pativiscemiT (str. 21-22);
– amis gamo Cvenc pativs mivagebT qarTvelebs. ise, rom xsenebuli mo-
nasteri, misi samonastro qoneba, zvrebi da rac mas ekuTvnis, uaRresad
daculia da imyofeba Cemi mfarvelobis qveS (str. 22-23);
– jamaaTi, romelic monasterSi cxovrobs, iq momsvlelebi da misi
piligrimebi, aseve arian pativgebulni, mfarvelobis qveS; `maT eqcevian
sruli keTilganwyobiT. isini arian Cveni samefo udidebulesobis mfar-
velobis qveS~ (str. 23).
upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqti, rom egviptis
sulTani gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebda muslimTa karg md-
gomareobas qarTveli mefis samflobeloSi, rac SemTxveviTi ar iyo.
miuxedavad islamur aRmosavleTTan uwyveti savaWro urTierTobebisa,
imdroindel kaTolikur evropaSi islamisa da muslimTa mimarT mtruli
ganwyoba sufevda. espaneTSi muslimTa ukanaskneli sayrdenis – grenadas
dacemis (1492 w.) Semdeg, religiuri rjulSemwynarebloba male Secvala
muslimTa devna-Seviwroebam. 1502 wels grenadis muslimebs SesTavazes
monaTvla an gasaxleba.74 muslimTa gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba kaxeTis
samefoSi iyo imis safuZveli, rom msgavsi pativi miegoT qarTvelebis-
Tvis palestinaSi. nacvalgebis principi ubiZgebda sulTans, Seesrule-
bina qarTveli mefis Txovna, romlis ganxorcielebac savaldebulo iyo
sulTnis qveSevrdomTaTvis: daecva qarTvelTa monastrebi, maTi qoneba,
mrevli da piligrimebi.
butrus abu mane, xaifeli (israeli) mkvlevari, werda:
ègviptis sulTani, iseve rogorc misi winamorbedebi, pretenzias
acxadebdnen gansakuTrebul statusze muslim gamgebelTa Soris
imis gamo, rom isini kontrols uwevdnen muslimTa yvelaze wminda
adgilebs – meqasa da medinas, praqtikulad gamodiodnen yvela mus-
limis mfarvelad da amdenad, dainteresebulni unda yofiliyvnen
qristianul saqarTveloSi mcxovreb muslimTa bediTac. qarTve-
74
У. М. Уотт, П. Какиа, Мусульманская Испания (Москва, 1976), 145-46.
lebma, romlebsac kargad esmodaT es da romlebic, Tavis mxriv,

atarebdnen muslimTa mimarT rjulSemwynareblur politikas Ta-
vianT qveyanaSi, gadawyvites esargeblaT amiT, raTa daecvaT saku-
Tari Temi ierusalimsa da palestinaSi da gaefarToebinaT maTi
imuniteti~. 75
rjulSemwynarebluri politika muslimTa mimarT, romelic daam-
kvidra daviT IV aRmaSeneblma 1122 wels, moqmedebda mefis memkvidree-
bis drosac.76 misi SenarCuneba, Cans, warmoadgenda aucilebel pirobas
saqarTvelos yvela qarTveli mefe-mTavrisTvis, romlebic daintere-
sebulni iyvnen qarTuli siwmindeebis movla-patronobiT wminda miwaze.
saamiso magaliTebi sakmarisad gvaqvs.
ierusalimis wminda jvris monastris muslimTa tyveobidan daxsnis
erT-erTi piroba, romelic egviptis sulTanma an-nasir muhamedma wauye-
na konstantine daviTis Zes 1310 wels, iyo is, rom
èzruna misi samefos miwebze mcxovreb muslimebze, mfarveloba
gaewia maTTvis, daecva isini zianisgan da daxmareboda maT, Seesru-
lebinaT TavianTi religiuri movaleobebi~.77
sulTani jakmaki qarTveli mefisadmi 844 wlis 1 rabi’ II-s/1440 wlis
30 agvistos gagzavnil werilSi kmayofilebiT aRniSnavda, rom
`muslimebs mis qveyanaSi Cveni samefo marTlmsajulebis [pativis-
cemisa] da misi [mefis] zrunvis gamo, kargad epyrobian. man aRmar-
Ta minareTebi islamisa maT sakrebulo meCeTebSi, meCeTebsa da
samlocveloebSi~(str. 15-17).
b. abu manes Tanaxmad, es mefe, SesaZloa, aris aleqsandre (1412-1443) da
mec ase vfiqrobdi,78 magram mogvianebiT, jakmakis werilis arabuli teqs-
tis gacnobam miCvena, rom adresati, `qurjTa mefe~, aris samcxis aTabagi
ivane (str. 4).79 kidev erT dokumentSi – brZanebulebaSi, romelic sul-
Tanma jakmakma 846 wlis 7 rabi’ I-s/1442 wlis 16 ivliss gaugzavna axal-
75
Butrus Abu Manneh, “The Georgians in Jerusalem in the Mamluk Period,” in Egypt and Palestine.
A Millennium of Association (868-1948), ed. by A. Cohen and G. Baer (New York, 1984), 102-112, 108,
109; goCa jafariZe, `diplomatiuri kontaqtebi saqarTvelosa da egviptes Soris
XIV-XVI s-is dasawyisSi ierusalimSi aRmoCenili arabuli dokumentebis mixedviT~,
qarTuli diplomatia, 1 (1994), 210-11.
76
goCa jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-
XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi (Tbilisi, 1995), 234-56.
77
goCa jafariZe, `rodis daubrunes qarTvelebs mamluqebis mier mitacebuli
jvris monasteri?~, SoTa mesxia 90, saiubileo krebuli miZRvnili SoTa mesxias da-
badebis 90 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2006), 289-306, 294, 296.
78
Abu Manneh, “The Georgians in Jerusalem,” 110; jafariZe, `diplomatiuri kontaqte-
bi~, 212, Sen. 3.
79
ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTeka, #VII.B.1.7.
104 goCa jafariZe
cixis yvela muslims,80 naTqvamia, rom axalcixis gamgebeli ivane

`didi pativiscemiT epyroba muslimebs, pativs scems maT meCe-
Tebs da did yuradRebas aqcevs maTi religiuri wesebis Sesru-
lebas~ (str.12-13).
muslimTa mimarT rjulSemwynarebluri politika, zemomotanili
dokumentebiT, kaxeTSic dasturdeba.
1512 wlis 15 agvistos dokumentSi moxseniebul brZanebulebaSi uaR-
resad mniSvnelovania sxva sakiTxebic. masSi aRniSnulia, rom somxebma
daisakuTres wminda iakobis monasteri, romelic Zveli droidan qar-
Tvelebs ekuTvnoda (str. 9-10); garda amisa, frankebma (franciskelebma)
kumamaSi (aRdgomis eklesia), golgoTaze, qarTvelTa samlocveloSi,
ganaaxles sakurTxeveli, sadac asruleben RvTismsaxurebas. naTqvamia,
rom qarTvelTa mefe iTxovda, erTi mxriv, somxebs xeli aeRoT xsenebul
wm. iakobis monasterze da is, Zveli wesisamebr, dabruneboda qarTvelebs,
xolo, meore mxriv, moSliliyo frankebis mier ganaxlebuli sakurTxe-
veli qarTvelTa samlocveloSi, golgoTaze (str. 10-12).
sulTani brZanebda, rom piradad mis na’ibs, ierusalimis yadiebis (mo-
samarTleebis), Seixebis, warCinebulebisa da uxucesebis TandaswrebiT,
gamoekvlia es sakiTxebi angarebis gareSe da qarTvelTa pretenziebi, Tu
isini marTebuli iyo, daekmayofilebina (str. 12-15). mokvlevis safuZvelze
unda daeweraT SariaTis oqmi – na’ibis, yadiebisa da sasamarTlos sxdomis
damswreTa xelmoweriT da gaegzavnaT sulTanTan, xolo qarTvelTa elCis-
Tvis neba unda daerToT, aRedgina is, rac daingra maTi monastridan, raime
siaxlis Setanis gareSe (str. 15-17).
sulTani atyobinebda Tavis na’ibs, rom elCi gaemgzavra ierusalims
am mizniT da mosalocad mas Semdeg, rac Semoses Zvirfasi xalaTiT da ki-
dev erTxel brZanebda, gamoeCinaT zrunva elCis, misi amalisa da misi Te-
mis mimarT; moiTxovda, rom aRmoefxvraT mizezebi, romelTac vneba da
ziani mohqondaT qarTvelTa monastris, samonastro qonebis, piligrime-
bisa da zvrebisTvis; qarTvelebis Sewuxeba-Seviwroeba yvelas ekrZale-
boda (str. 17-20).
sulTnis brZanebuleba, ueWvelia, imeds unergavda beena ColoyaS-
vils, rom warmatebiT gadaWrida Tavis problemebs. magram saamisod is
unda dapirispireboda somxur sapatriarqos,81 romelmac manamde, sulT-
nis dadgenilebiT, qarTvelebs daubruna golgoTa (ix. qvemoT) da fran-
ciskelebs, romlebic sionis mTidan meTodurad imagrebdnen TavianT
80
iqve, #VII.B.2.30.
81
ierusalimis somxuri sapatriarqos istoriis sakiTxebi ganxilulia a. sanji-
anis SromebSi, romlebic dasaxelebulia winamdebare statiaSi.
poziciebs ierusalimsa (aRdgomis eklesiaSi) da palestinis sxva wminda

adgilebSi. im droisTvis isini ukve flobdnen golgoTis nawilsac. Zne-
li saTqmelia, icoda Tu ara beena ColoyaSvilma is, rom brZanebulebis
gacemis dros – 25 ivliss, domeniko trevizanis molaparakebebi sulTan-
Tan warmatebiT mimdinareobda da aseve warmatebiT dasrulda. rogorc
zemoT iTqva, dakavebul franciskelTa sakiTxic maTTvis sasargeblod
gadaiWra da isini gaaTavisufles arauadres ivlisis miwurulisa, anda
araugvianes agvistos damdegisa.
franciskelTa arqivis am dokumentSi aRniSnulia, rom sulTnis
brZanebuleba misma nacvalma amirebis mefem (maliq al-umara’) saif ad-
dinma miiRo `smeniT da morCilebiT~, akoca mas da Seudga mis ganxorcie-
lebas. man Sekriba is pirebi, ierusalimis yadiebi da Seixebi, romlebsac
xeli unda moeweraT oqmisTvis, movida didebulTa krebuli da mdabioTa
jgufic. isini gaemarTnen somexTa wm. iakobis eklesiisken, sadac Seiyara
somex da qarTvel qristianTa krebuli, qarTvelTa mefis elCis – beena
ColoyaSvilis TandaswrebiT (str. 25-26) da daiwyo mokvleva.
dokumentSi naTqvamia, rom somexTa monastrad cnobili wm. iako-
bis monasteri mdebareobda ierusalimis gareT (zahir al-kuds) (str.
26-27). me mimaCnia, rom saqme exeba ierusalimis centridan (aRdgomis
eklesiidan) moSorebiT mdebare wm. iakob zebedes Zis monasters, dRes
somxur sakaTedro taZars, Sua saukuneebis sionis mTis, amJamad somxe-
Tis sapatriarqos quCaze, daaxloebiT Sua gzaze citadelidan – qala-
qis samxreTi kedlisaken.82 es ar aris mTlad ierusalimis, anu misi ga-
lavnis gareT, magram namdvilad ar igulisxmeba monasteri aRdgomis
eklesiis ezoSi.83
literaturaSi, maT Soris, somexi avtorebis (a. k. sanjiani, v. azaria)
SromebSic, xSirad SevxvdebiT miTiTebas, rom wm. iakobis es monasteri,
Tavdapirvelad, ekuTvnodaT qarTvelebs.84 wm. ioane oqropiris `mar-
82
Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, A Corpus, vol. III, The City
of Jerusalem (Cambridge, 2007), 172.
83
lela jejelava, `wminda iakobis qarTuli monasteri ierusalimSi~, kr. amierka-
vkasiis istoriis problemebi (Tbilisi, 1991), 266-282; vladimer kekelia, `somxuri
wyaroebi ierusalimSi maTi samonastro mSeneblobis Sesaxeb~, Sua saukuneebis is-
toriis sakiTxebi, VI (2002),143-152,150; misive, ìakobis monastris sakiTxi da jva-
rosanTa urTierToba qarTul-somxur koloniebTan ierusalimis wminda miwaze XII
saukuneSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, 11 (Tbilisi, 2001), 62-88; eldar mamisTvaliS-
vili, saqarTvelo-ierusalimis urTierTobis istoriidan (XVI-XVII ss.) (Tbilisi,
2008),163-66, Sen. 1.
84
Avedis K. Sanjian, The Armenian Communities in Syria under Ottoman Dominion (Cambridge, 1965),
12; Victor Azarya, The Armenian Quarter of Jerusalem: Urban Life Behind Monastery Walls (Berkeley,
1984), 59; Adrian J. Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades: Society, Landscape and Art in the Holy City
106 goCa jafariZe
galitis~ XI-XII saukuneebis xelnaweris arabul minawerSi aRniSnulia,

Tu rogor gaakeTebina qarTvelma mefem (al-maliq al-jurj) qarTuli
oTxTavis ori nusxa, erTi TavisTvis da meore ierusalimis wm. iakobis
monastrisTvis Sesawirad. es warwera, romelic pirvelad waikiTxa akad.
dornma,85 xelaxla moamzada gamosacemad s. francuzovma.86 somxebis
xelT is gadavida amave periodSi, XI an XII s-Si.87 d. pringli aRniSnavs, rom
Tavdapirveli eklesiidan aRaraferia SemorCenili, magram misi miZRvna
wm. iakobisadmi, Semoinaxa wm. minas samlocvelos saxiT, romelic, Cans,
aaSenes qarTvelebma 1072-1082 wlebSi da ekvris wm. iakobis XII saukunis
eklesiis CrdiloeT mxares.88
somexi mkvlevrebi miiCneven, rom qarTvelebisa da somxebis dava
wm. iakob zebedes Zis monastris gamo XIV saukunis meore aTwleulidan
daiwyo. Cveulebriv imowmeben a. ter-hovanesiancis naSroms ierusalimis
qronologiuri istoriis Sesaxeb,89 sadac aRniSnulia, rom somxuri sapa-
triarqos koleqciaSi inaxeba am davis amsaxveli sabuTebi. magram ter-
hovanesiancis mier Sesrulebul aRniSnuli sabuTebis somxur Targm-
nebSi uxeSi Secdomebi da qronologiuri uzustobebia, ris gamoc, maTi
gamoyenebis dros, gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea saWiro. amasTan, Cans,
under Frankish Rule (New York, 2001), 126; Rene Janin, “Les Géorgiens à Jerusalem,” Échos d’Orient, 16
(1913), 33; rene Janeni, `qarTvelebi ierusalimSi~, religia, 10 (1992), 8 da sxv.
85
M. Brosset, “Notice sur les manuscrits géorgiens récemment acquis par l’Académie” (Beilage
Nr. 135), wignSi: B. Dorn Das Asiatische Museum der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu
St. Petersburg. (St. Petesrburg, 1846), 631-632; Цагарели, “Памятники грузинской старины”, 117-
18, 191-92, #147.
86
Serge A. Frantsouzoff, “Three Arabic notes in a Georgian manuscript kept in St. Petersburg,” in
Georgians in the Holy Land, ed. by Tamila Mgaloblishvili (In the Press). statia dabeWdvamde gag-
vacno qalbatonma Tamila mgalobliSvilma, risTvisac madlobas movaxseneb.
87
Sanjian, The Armenian Communities in Syria, 12, 170; Azarya, The Armenian Quarter of Jerusa-
lem, 59; Boas, Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades, 126.
88
Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 169. damowmebulia: Vincent
L.-H. and F F. Abel, Jérusalem: Recherces de topographie d’archéologie et d’histoire, vol. II: Jérusalem
nouvelle (Paris, 1914), 522.
89
a. ter-hovanesianc, Jamanakagrakan patmuTiun s. erusaRemi, II [wminda ierusa-
limis qronologiuri istoria, II] (ierusalimi, 1890). qarTul-somxuri davis epi-
zodebi am naSromidan, Cemi TxovniT, somxuridan arabulad miTargmna francis-
kelTa samecniero centris xelmZRvanelma kairoSi abu mansur mistrixma. garda
amisa, isini mokled citirebulia a. sanjianisa da serjio la portas SromebSi:
Sanjian, The Armenian Communities in Syria, 172; Sanjian, “The Armenians and the Holy Places in
Jerusalem,” The Third International Conference on Bilad al-Sham: Palestine, 19-24 April, 1980, vol.
I (Jerusalem, 1983), 135-36; Sergio La Porta, “The Armenian Episcopacy in Mamluk Jerusalem in the
Aftermath of the Council of Sis (1307),” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, series 3, vol.17, issue
2 (2007), 111.
aseTi sabuTebi arsebobs90 da maT mopovebas, swor wakiTxvas da saTanado

analizs didi mniSvneloba aqvs wm. iakobis monastrisTvis ierusalimis
ori qristianuli Temis brZolis etapebis dasadgenad. am sakiTxs sagan-
gebod sxvagan Sevexebi, axla ki davubrundebi mokvlevis dokuments.
muslimTa mxarem Tavdapirvelad gamohkiTxa somexTa Temi wminda iako-
bis monasterze qarTvelTa uflebis Sesaxeb. somxebma upasuxes, rom xsene-
buli monasteri somexTa religiur Tems Zveli droidan ekuTvnoda da maT
garda sxva mflobeli ucnobi iyo. saamisod warmoadgines winamorbed me-
feTa brZanebulebebi da SariaTis dokumentebi monastris mflobelobaze,
romelTa TariRi as wels aRemateboda (str. 28-31). es dokumentebi adastu-
rebda, rom wm. iakobis monasteri ekuTvnoda somexTa religiur Tems.
qarTulmamxarem,romelicaSkaradmoumzadebeliiyo,aseTidokumente-
bi – saTanado mtkicebulebani imis Taobaze, rom adre wm. iakobis monasteri
mas ekuTvnoda, ver warmoadgina (str. 31-32). vfiqrob, saamiso sabuTebi unda
ganadgurebuliyo jvris monastris Znelbedobis Jams (darbeva xvarazmelTa
mier 1244 wels, jvris monastris gadakeTeba meCeTad XIII saukunis 70-iani wle-
bidan – 1310 wlamde). mtkicebulebis uqonloba gaxda imis mizezi, rom beena Co-
loyaSvilis `dasarCleba~ somxebTan, ris Sedegsac Tavis lakonur cnobaSi is
ar iuwyeba, miuxedavad sulTnis keTilganwyobisa, warumateblad dasrulda.
momdevno xanebSi, Cven xelT arsebuli cnobebiT, qarTvelebs somxeb-
Tan wm. iakobis monastris mflobelobis gamo aRar udaviaT. samagierod,
osmalTa gabatonebis (1517 w.) Semdeg, wm. iakobis `qarTvelTa monasterze~
(Cveulebriv, ase ewodeba mas osmalo sulTnebis firmanebSi) pretenzia
hqonda berZnul marTlmadideblur sapatriarqos. dava monastris gar-
Semo didxans gagrZelda da sabolood somxebis sasargeblod dasrulda.
is dRes somxuri sapatriarqos sakaTedro eklesia-monasteria.
roca wm. iakobis monastris garSemo mokvleva dasrulda, sulTnis na’ibi
da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi gaemarTnen golgoTisken – aRdgomis eklesiaSi.
golgoTa (kalvari), laTinTa batonobis dros Catarebuli rekonstruq-
ciis Semdeg, ordoniani nageboba iyo sami TaRiani samlocveloTi. qveda done
ekava adamis samlocvelos, sadac, gadmocemiT, dakrZales adamianTa modg-
mis mamamTavari adami, xolo zeda done – or samlocvelos.91 erTia qristes
ganmsWvalvisa – mis samxreT (marjvena) nawilSi, sadac jvarze miamsWvales
qriste, xolo meore – jvris aRmarTvisa – mis CrdiloeT (marcxena) nawilSi.
cnobilia, rom sulTan nasir ad-din muhamedis 1308 wlis 5 aprilis
90
ierusalimis somxuri sapatriarqos xelnawerebisa da dokumentebis koleqciis
Sesaxeb ix. jafariZe, buaCiZe, `wminda miwaze qarTuli eklesiis istoriis arabuli
dokumenturi wyaroebi~, 547-550.
91
am ori donis Sesaxeb ix. Oded Peri, Christianity under Islam in Jerusalem (Leiden, 2001), 3.
108 goCa jafariZe
brZanebulebiT, golgoTa, yvela qristianisTvis uwmindesi adgili, ga-

daeca qarTvelebs.92 isini iyvnen pirveli qristianebi, romlebsac, ieru-
salimidan laTinTa saboloo gandevnis (1244 w.) Semdeg, mflobelobaSi
miecaT golgoTa. ueWvelia, qarTuli samonastro Temi Tvlida, rom mas
hqonda upiratesi ufleba am wminda adgilze, sxva qristianul TemebTan
SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, golgoTis dasakuTrebas cdilobdnen da
arcTu warumateblad, franciskelebi93 da somxebi (ix. qvemoT). franciske-
lTa zurgs ukan idga neapolis samefo, romelic 1332-33 wlebSi wminda ad-
gilebis dasabruneblad molaparakebebs awarmoebda sulTan nasir ad-din
muhamedTan.94 sabino de sandolis Tanaxmad, amis Sedegad franciskelebma
miiRes golgoTis samxreTi nawili,95 magram SeTanxmeba mogvianebiT Sedga.
pirveli dapirispireba golgoTaze qarTvelebsa da franciske-
lebs Soris aRniSnulia sulTan barkukis 798 wlis 27 zu l-ka’das/1396
wlis 1 seqtembris brZanebulebaSi. sulTanma franciskelebis mxare
daiWira da akrZala maTi Seviwroeba.96 amis Semdeg, Cem xelT arsebuli
masalebiT, golgoTa 1512 wlamde orjer gaxda davis sagani qarTve-
lebsa da franciskelebs Soris. am sakiTxs, saTanado dokumentebis
safuZvelze, vrclad sxvagan gavarCev. axla ki mokled aRvniSnav, rom
pirvelad es iyo 896 wlis 17 zu l-ka‘das/1491 wlis 21 seqtembers97 da
92
goCa jafariZe, `sulTan barkukis ori brZanebuleba ierusalimis franciskel-
Ta sameurveos arqividan~, qarTuli diplomatia, 9 (2002), 677-78.
93
franciskelTa, anu `minorit ZmaTa ordeni~ (abreviatura – OFM) 1209 wels
daaarsa francisk asizelma (1182-1226). wminda miwaze franciskelTa sameurveos is-
toriis Sesaxeb ix. Leonhard Lemmens, “Die Franziskaner im HL. Lande,” I, Teil, Die Franziskaner
auf dem Sion (1336-1551) (Münster in Westfalen, 1916); Giuseppe Nazzaro, The Franciscan Presence
in the Holy Land, translated and edited by Peter F. Vasko, John Boettcher (Jerusalem, 1995); Sabino De
Sandoli, The Peaceful Liberation of the Holy Places in the XIV Century (Cairo, 1990), 77-94.
94
Sabino De Sandoli, The Peaceful Liberation of the Holy Places, 43; vladimer kekelia, `qris-
tiani erebi uflis saflavis taZarSi XIV saukuneSi~, aRmosavleTi da kavkasia, 5
(2007), 69.
95
Sabino De Sandoli, The Peaceful Liberation of the Holy Places, 47. samwuxarod, avtori
xSirad ar asaxelebs saTanado wyaroebs da kaTolikeebis poziciidan ganixilavs
franciskelTa moRvaweobas wminda miwaze.
96
jafariZe, `sulTan barkukis ori brZanebuleba~, 674-75.
97
berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTeka, #IV.B. 2.97.3. am da-
vis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, imowmeben r. Janens, romelsac TariRSi erTwliani Sec-
doma aqvs, 1492 weli, nacvlad 1491 wlisa. Janin, “Les Géorgiens a Jérusalem,” 35; Janeni,
`qarTvelebi ierusalimSi~, 10. gadamowmebam gviCvena, rom Secdomis wyaroa mis mier
damowmebuli Φ. Aριστοκλεους-is naSromi: A. Κωνσταντίνου, Πατριάρχου Κωνσταντινουπόλεως
βιογραφία και συγγραφαι αι έλάσσονενες [Teodoros aristokleus, konstantinopolis
patriarqis konstantine I-is biografia, saeklesio da filologiuri xasiaTis
narkvevebi da epistoleebi] (Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, 1866), 284, sadac 896 wlis 17 zu
l-ka‘das Sesabamisad SecdomiT dasaxelebulia 1492 weli (2002 wels am naSromis
meored – ori wlis Semdeg, 899 wlis 2 muharrams/1493 wlis 13 oqtom-

bers.98
Tavdapirvelad,1491 wels, qarTvelebi moiTxovdnen mTlianad
golgoTas, magram arsebuli viTareba ucvleli darCa. sasamarTlom
maT dautova adamis samlocvelo da golgoTis zemo donis Crdi-
loeTi mxare – jvris aRmarTvis samlocvelo,99 xolo franciskelebs
– samxreTi mxare, qristes ganmsWvalvis samlocvelo.100 sul raRac
ori wlis Semdeg, 1493 wels qarTvelebma ver warmoadgines saTanado
mtkicebulebebi da golgoTa mTlianad gadaeca frankebs, e.i. fran-
ciskelebs. miuxedavad amisa, 1512 wlis mokvlevis dros, qarTvelebi
inarCunebdnen TavianT poziciebs golgoTaze. magram dapirispireba
franciskelebTan sakmaod mwvave iyo. ar iyo imis garantia, rom isini
ar moindomebdnen 1493 wlis sasamarTlos dadgenilebis realizebas
da golgoTis zemo donis mTeli CrdiloeTi nawilis dauflebasac. es
saSiSroeba ubiZgebda beena ColoyaSvils, xelsayrel saerTaSoriso
pirobebSi da sulTnis keTilganwyobis safuZvelze, mTeli golgoTis
sakiTxi qarTvelebis sasargeblod, erTxel da samudamod gadaeWra.
1512 wlis 15 agvistos dokumentis mokvlevis teqstSi naTqvamia,
rom golgoTa (arab. jaljala) Seicavs erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul or
TaRs, gadaWimuls aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. maT Soris ar aris
zRude, magram aris sivrce TaRebs Soris – samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken.
TiToeul nawilSi sakurTxevelia. TaRi, romelic ekvris samxreTis mxa-
res, frankebis Temisaa, xolo romelic ekvris CrdiloeTis mxares – qar-
TvelTa xelTaa. maT gamo or mxares dava hqonda (str. 33-36).
mokvlevis dros qarTvelebma mTeli golgoTis mflobelobis dama-
dastureblad warmoadgines 3 dokumenti:
1. sulTan al-maliq al-aSraf barsbeis (1422-1438) werili qarT-
velTa mefisadmi. is iuwyeboda, rom sulTanma miiRo mefis werili,
romelic iTxovda misgan `samefo wyalobebs, raTa wminda ierusa-
limSi mcxovreb qarTvelTa Tems mflobelobaSi mieRo kumamas
(aRdgomis taZris) sakurTxeveli; somxebs da qristianTa [sxva] Te-
saTanado gverdebi gviTargmna g. wereTlis sax. aRmosavleTmcodneobis insti-

tutis berZnuli literaturisa da qristianuli aRmosavleTis kvlevis centris
xelmZRvanelma, qalbatonma Tamar mesxma, romelsac madlobas movaxseneb). r. Ja-
neni agreTve aRniSnavs, rom 1475 wels dasavleTis samRvdeloebas golgoTis sru-
lad dasakuTreba surda, magram ar daasaxela Tavisi wyaro.
98
franciskelTa arqivi, Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani, #63.
99
aqedan kibiT SeiZleba Casvla adamis samlocveloSi. Tina ceraZe, giorgi gago-
SiZe, ierusalimi. saaRdgomo megzuri (Tbilisi, 2007), 27.
100
iq asvla SeiZleba eklesiis karibWis xelmarjvniv mdebare kibiT.
110 goCa jafariZe
mebs xeli aeRoT xsenebul sakurTxevelze da sulTans ezruna qar-

Tvelebze~ (str. 36-40). konteqstidan gamomdinare, kumamas sakur-
TxevelSi golgoTis sakurTxeveli igulisxmeba.
franciskelTa arqivis 1512 wlis 15 agvistos dokumentSi naTqvamia,
rom sulTanma barsbeim daakmayofila qarTvelTa mefis Txovna, `gadas-
ca qarTvelTa religiur Tems es sakurTxeveli da alagma somexTa da
sxva qristianTa xelebi misgan~ (str. 40-41). am gadawyvetilebis Taoba-
ze, sulTanma miswera Tavis na’ibs ierusalimSi 836 wlis 13 Savvals/1433
wlis 3 ivniss (str. 41-42).
samwuxarod, qarTvelTa mefis werili barsbeisadmi da am sulTnis
xsenebuli brZanebuleba, Tu celikas mier Sedgenili katalogiT vimsje-
lebT, ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblio-
TekaSi ar Cans. kastelanis katalogiT, is ar aris franciskelTa arqivSic,
magram im ambavs, rom barsbeis dros golgoTa qarTvelebs gadaeca samcxis
aTabegis ivanes (1391_1444) ZalisxmeviT, iuwyeba somxuri hiStakarani.101 zus-
ti TariRi dasaxelebuli ar aris, magram igulisxmeba XV saukunis 30-iani
wlebi.102 mkvlevrebi savaraudo TariRad miiCneven 1422 da 1430 wlebs (t.
savalanianci,103 a. abdalaZe,104 m. stefnaZe105), an 1426 wels (k. hintliani106).
1512 wlis 15 agvitos dokumentSi dasaxelebuli barsbeis sabuTiT SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom man golgoTa qarTvelebs gadasca, daaxloebiT, 1433 wlis ivnis-
Si.
2. sulTan jakmakis 843 w. 18 muharramis/1439 wlis 1 ivlisis samefo
cirkularuli brZanebuleba ierusalimisa da Razas yvela mosa-
101
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da SeniS-
vnebi daurTo a. abdalaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 57-58.
102
iqve, 57-58; Sanjian, The Armenian Communities in Syria, 172-73.
103
t. savalanianci Tavis ìerusalimis istoriaSi~ asaxelebs rogorc 1422, ise
1430 welsac. damowmebulia: somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis
(hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi, 157.
104
a. abdalaZe, hiSatakaranis qronologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tvlis, rom meore
TariRi – 1430 weli ufro misaRebi Cans. somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis an-
derZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi, 157.
105
maia stefnaZe, `qarTvelTa mdgomareoba ierusalimis wminda miwaze VII-XVII sau-
kuneTa saerTaSoriso aqtebis mixedviT~, qarTuli diplomatia, 5 (1998), 447-48.
106
k. hintlianis Tanaxmad, golgoTa somexTa xelT iyo saladinis droidan moy-
olebuli 1426 wlamde, roca qarTvelebma, romelTac ojaxuri kavSirebi hqondaT
mamluqebTan, qrTamebiT moaxerxes kontrolis daweseba masze. K. Hintlian, History of the
Armenians in the Holy Land (Jerusalem, 1989), 42. hintliani, romlis publikaciebic xSirad
gvxvdeba wminda miwis Sesaxeb krebulebSi, TiTqosda seriozuli mkvlevaria. miT
umetes gasaocaria, rom is msjelobs mamluqebTan qarTvelebis ararsebul, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, samecniero literaturaSi Seuswavlel, raRac ojaxur kavSirebze.
marTlisadmi, romelic qarTvelTa mefis berebs aZlevda ara mar-

to uflebas golgoTis eklesiaze – ierusalimis aRdgomis taZar-
Si, aramed uflebasac, gaexsnaT iq samxreTis karebi. brZanebuleba
ukrZalavda somexTa religiur Temsa da frankebs (e.i. franciske-
lebs) SeewuxebinaT isini amasTan dakavSirebiT (str. 47-50).
dokumenti daculi unda iyos ierusalimis berZnuli marTlmadi-
debluri sapatriarqos biblioTekaSi, magram misi mikvleva a. celikas
katalogis mixedviT, ar moxerxda. sabuTi sakmaod mniSvnelovania. is
adasturebs somxuri hiStakaranis cnobas, rom golgoTa sulTan jak-
makis dros sabolood CamoarTves somxebs da gadasces qarTvelebs.107
hiStakaranSi aRniSnulia, rom somexma arqiepiskoposma marti-
rosma qarTvelebTan dapirispirebis dros ramdenjerme daibruna da
dakarga golgoTa. Cans, bolos es moxda sulTan jakmakis brZanebiT,
swored 1439 wlis ivlisSi.108 qarTvelebis Sewuxeba golgoTis gamo
aekrZalaT ara marto somxebs, aramed franciskelebsac.
3. sulTan jakmakis 844 wlis 1 rabi‘ II-s/1440 wlis 30 agvistos we-
rili qarTvelTa mefisadmi. is iuwyeboda, rom sulTanma miiRo
qarTvelTa mefis werili, romelic iTxovda misgan, ezruna isla-
mis qveynebSi mcxovreb qristianTa Temze, qarTvelebsa da maT be-
rebze. am werilSi naTqvami iyo, rom golgoTis eklesias/samlocve-
los hqonda `miwis nakveTi, romelsac qarTveli berebi gamudmebiT
amuSavebdnen~ (str. 42-46). sulTanma gamosca brZanebulebebi, raTa
pativi miegoT mefis elCebisadmi samefo karze maTi yofnis manZil-
ze, xolo qristianebs, qarTvelebs da maT berebs moqceodnen ise,
rogorc Seefereboda samefo (e. i. sulTnis) marTlmsajulebas da
gagrZelebuliyo maTze samefo wyalobebi (str. 45).
mokvlevis Tanaxmad, jakmakis es dokumenti, romelic daculia ie-
107
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi,
58-59, 156.
108
amave wels somxebma, romlebmac imedi dakarges daebrunebinaT golgoTa, sulT-
nis nebarTviT, ùflis wm. saflavisa da wm. golgoTis pirdapir~ cariel adgilze
aaSenes eklesia, romelsac meore golgoTa uwodes. ix. somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV
saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi, 59-60; Sanjian, The Armenian Com-
munities in Syria, 173. 1439 wels golgoTis dakargviT damwuxrebuli a. sanjiani, cdi-
lobs daamciros qarTvelTa warmateba: `qarTvelebis gamarjveba didxans ar gagr-
Zelebula, radganac male, 1440 wels maTi samefos dacemis Semdeg, maTi monastrebi
da siwmindeebi wminda qalaqSi, golgoTis CaTvliT, maTi erTmorwmune berZnebis
kontrolis qveS gadavida~. 1440 wels qarTvelTa samefo ar dacemula da SeuZlebe-
lia, sanjianma ar icodes isic, rom sinamdvileSi, qarTvelebi ierusalimSi TavianT
eklesia-monastrebs da sxva siwmindeebs, maT Soris golgoTas, kidev or saukuneze
metxans inarCunebdnen. ubralod, mas obieqturoba Ralatobs.
112 goCa jafariZe
rusalimis berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTekaSi

(#VII.B.1.7), pirdapir ar uCvenebs, rom golgoTas qarTvelebi flobdnen.
magram is garemoeba, rom qarTvelebi amuSavebdnen miwis nakveTs, romelic
golgoTis samlocvelos ekuTvnoda, Cans, aZlevda maT uflebas, emtkice-
binaT, rom Tavad golgoTis samlocveloc maTi iyo. magram, rogorc qveviT
irkveva, golgoTis garSemo SariaTis sasamarTlos dadgenilebebi da sul-
Tnis brZanebulebebic, arcTu iSviaTad, urTierTsawinaaRmdego iyo da ami-
tom franciskelebsac hqondaT TavianTi sabuTebi da mtkicebulebebi.
qarTvelebisgan gansxvavebiT, franciskelTa religiuri Temi amt-
kicebda, rom golgoTis samxreTis sakurTxeveli da iqve sarkmelic (ra-
vzana) (igulisxmeba qristes tanjvis gzis me-11 sadguri),109 Zveli droi-
dan ekuTvnoda sionis mTaze mcxovreb frankebs, romlebic am adgilebze
asrulebdnen RvTismsaxurebas `Taobidan – Taobamde~. amis dasadasture-
blad maT warmoadgines 886 wlis 11 zu l-hijjas/1482 wlis 31 dekembris
SariaTis oqmi, registrirebuli mTavari yadis, ierusalimis mosamarTlis
– Sams ad-din ‘abd allah ibn muhammad ad-dairi al-hanafisa da damowme-
buli – muslimTa jgufis mier (str. 59-60).110
miuxedavad imisa, rom franciskelebs, maTive gancxadebiT, hqondaT
sxva damadasturebeli dokumentebic am sakurTxevlis mflobelobaze,
Zveli droidan – am (e. i. mokvlevis) TariRamde, ver warmoadgines isini,
radganac imJamad maTze xeli ar miuwvdebodaT `gadatanili gaWirvebis
gamo~. igulisxmeboda is represiebi, romlebic kansavh al-Ravrim Caata-
ra franciskelTa winaaRmdeg. maTi gancxadeba ar iyo usafuZvlo, rad-
ganac ver warmoadgines 899 wlis 2 muharramis/1493 wlis 13 oqtombris
SariaTis sasamarTlos oqmi, romelic maT sasargeblod metyvelebda.
mokvleva, savaraudoa, agvistos pirvel dekadaSi Catarda. mis sa-
fuZvelze 918 wlis jumada II-is 2-Si/1512 wlis 15 agvistos daiwera Sa-
riaTis oqmi da gaigzavna kansavh al-RavrisTan, rogorc ganmarteba, mis
moTxovnaze, sulTnis mier Semdgomi dadgenilebis gamosatanad.111 magram,
dadgenilebis miRebamde, beena ColoyaSvilma imarjva da daamsxvrevina
franciskelTa sakurTxeveli qristes ganmsWvalvis samlocveloSi. es
Cans Jan Tenos informaciidan.
Tenom, rogorc zemoT iTqva, 1512 wlis ivlisis bolo dRes datova
kairo da ierusalims miaRwia agvistos mesame dekadis pirvel ricxvebSi,
109
H. T. F. Duckworth, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre (London, 1922), 219.
110
kastelanis mier Sedgenili katalogis mixedviT franciskelTa arqivSi es do-
kumenti ar Cans.
111
arsebobs am dokumentis somxuri Targmanic: a. ter-hovanesianc, Jamanakagra-
kan patmuTiun s. erusaRemi (wminda ierusalimis qronologiuri istoria), II, 241
(somxur enaze).
im dros, roca golgoTis garSemo saqmis garCeva, ierusalimSi sulTnis

nacvlis xelmZRvanelobiT, dasrulebuli iyo.
rodesac uflis saflavis (aRdgomis) eklesias aRwers, Teno aRniSna-
vs, rom kalvaris mTaze (anu golgoTaze) sami samlocvelodan erTs flo-
ben laTinebi. qarTvelebs surdaT daemtvriaT is da SecdomaSi Seiyvanes
sulTani, TiTqosda, ukanaskneli samlocvelo maT ekuTvnodaT. ufro me-
tic, safrangeTis elCi wers, rom ierusalimidan cota moSorebiT, wminda
jvris monasterSi, Sexvda qarTvelTa elCs (e.i. beena ColoyaSvils), ro-
melsac surda waerTmia somxebisaTvis wm. iakobis eklesia da romelmac
brZana, daemtvriaT laTinTa sakurTxeveli kalvaris (golgoTis) mTaze.
safiqrebelia, rom franciskelTa sakurTxeveli beena ColoyaSvilma
ierusalimSi Tenos Casvlamde, agvistos Sua ricxvebSive daamtvrevina.
franciskelTa sakurTxevlis damtvrevis ambavi, zusti TariRis
dausaxeleblad, moTxrobili aqvs agreTve veneciel franCesko suria-
nos, romelic franciskelebma 1481-1484 wlebSi pirvelad airCies ieru-
salimSi wminda miwis meurved. 1510 wlis oqtomberSi suriano sxva fran-
ciskelebTan erTad, kansavh al-Ravris brZanebiT, kairoSi Caiyvanes da
daapatimres. 1512 wels, arauadres ivlisis miwurulisa, trevizanis di-
plomatiis wyalobiT, sulTanma is gaaTavisufla, ris Semdegac suriano
ierusalimSi dabrunda.
franciskelTa arqivis zemoganxilul dokumentSi franCesko su-
riano ar ixsenieba qarTvelebisa da franciskelebis davis monawiled,
magram male, 1512-1514 wlebSi is xelaxla airCies wminda miwis meurved112
da aqtiurad Caeba golgoTisaTvis qarTvelebTan dapirispirebaSi. Tavis
`traqtatSi wminda miwis Sesaxeb~113 suriano aRwers aRdgomis eklesias da
golgoTasTan dakavSirebiT exeba qarTvelebTan sadavo samlocvelosac:
`qarTvelebma, romlebic arian kaTolikeTa mTavari mtrebi, 1510
wels, roca Cemi winamorbedi, Zma bernardino sieneli,114 iyo wm. sio-
nis mTis meurve, ZalmomreobiT wagvarTves is, CvenTvis didad sasir-
112
P. Girolamo Golubovich, Serie Chronologica dei reverendissimi Superiori di Terra Santa (Geru-
salemme, 1898), 72.
113
am traqtatis Sedgena surianom 1484 wels daiwyo da Semdeg araerTxel Seavso
is. traqtatis 1514 wlis nusxa 1900 wels gamosca j. goluboviCma: Il Trattato di Terra
Santa (ix. zemoT, Sen. 9). man gaiTvaliswina traqtatis is saboloo variantic, rome-
lic 1524 w. gamosacemad moamzada da dabeWda franCesko bindonim. T. bellorinis
da e. houdis mier momzadebuli traqtatis inglisuri Targmani Treatise of the Holy
Land (ix. zemoT, Sen. 9) emyareba goluboviCis gamocemas. mis sqolioebSi motanilia
is gansxvavebebi da damatebebi, romlebic gvxvdeba f. bindonis gamocemaSi.
114
igive Bernardino del Vecchio, sienadan, wminda miwis meurve 1507-1510 wlebSi. Golubo-
vich, Serie Chronologica dei reverendissimi Superiori di Terra Santa, 42.
114 goCa jafariZe
cxvilod, sazianod da saTakilod. maT daamsxvries sakurTxeveli da

kandelebi, xolo [franciskel] Zmebs ufleba waarTves, evloT iq~.115
franCesko suriano am ambavs 1510 wliT aTariRebs, rac Secdomaa.
unda iyos 1512 weli. Secdoma albaT ganapiroba iman, rom surianom es am-
bavi mogvianebiT Seitana Tavisi traqtatis 1514 wlis nusxaSi, roca mom-
zadda misi gamocema f. bindonis mier1524 wels.116
beena ColoyaSvilma golgoTaze samxreTi sakurTxevlis Taobaze
davis pirveli raundi moigo. irkveva, rom franciskelebs ara marto
sakurTxeveli daumsxvria golgoTis samxreT nawilSi da kandelebi ga-
mouyara gareT, aramed iq siarulic ki aukrZala.
Zlieri safrangeTis warmomadgenlisTvis – Jan TenosTvis qarTve-
lebis qmedeba sakmaod mtkivneuli aRmoCnda. is gaocebuli iyo qarTve-
lebisadmi sulTnis mxardaWeriT:
`sulTani exmareba maT [qarTvelebs] ufro metad, vidre sxva xalxs. isi-
ni Sedian wminda saflavis eklesiaSi gadasaxadis gadaxdis gareSe~.117
Tenos ver gaego, riT daimsaxures qarTvelebma da maTi samonastro
Temis meTaurma aseTi pativi. misTvis ucnobi darCa is faqti, rom sulTa-
ni madlieri iyo muslimebisadmi qarTvelebis tolerantuli politikiT
da qarTvelebisadmi misi gansakuTrebuli keTilganwyobis gasamarTle-
blad sruliad fantastikuri mizezi monaxa:
`mizezi maTdami daxmarebisa aris is, rom am qveyanaSi isini Sveica-
rielebis (Souices) msgavsni arian da miuZRvnian gamarjvebas imaT,
vinc moewonebaT. SeuZliaT daamarcxon yvela, vinc undaT~.118
Sveicarieli moqiravneebis samxedro potenciali cnobili iyo
evropaSi. magram gaugebaria maTi Sedareba qarTvelebTan, romlebic
im dros ar warmoadgendnen raime seriozul samxedro Zalas (mamlu-
qTa saxiT) egvipteSi. saerTod, evropel piligrimTa mier qarTvelTa
samxedro Zalis maRali Sefaseba ucxo ar iyo. am SemTxvevaSi es Sefaseba,
cxadia, aRar Seefereboda sinamdviles. magram gacilebiT sainteresoa
Tenos sxva cnoba, sulTnis keTilganwyobis asaxsnelad: qarTvelebs
`ZaluZT nebismier dros dabrkoleba Seuqmnan sparselebisa da
Turqebis SeWras sulTnis miwebSi da aseve SeuZliaT acnobon mas
misi mtrebis ganzraxvis Sesaxeb~.119
imis warmodgena, rom qarTvelTa romelime mefes, maT Soris avgiorgis,
115
Suriano, Treatise of the Holy Land, 51.
116
ix. zemoT, Sen. 112.
117
amis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT, 127.
118
“Le voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” 103.
119
iqve, 103.
SeeZlo xeli SeeSala osmalebisTvis, anda sefianebisTvis, elaSqraT mamlu-

qebze, ararealuria. magram savsebiT realuria is, rom miewodebina egviptis
sulTnisTvis dazverviTi xasiaTis informacia, Tundac sefianTa samxedro
potencialis Sesaxeb, rac mniSvnelovani iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT im dros,
roca urTierToba mamluqebsa da sefianTa saxelmwifos Soris uaRresad
gamwvavda da daiZaba. sxva faqtorebTan (rjulSemwynarebluri politika
muslimi qveSevrdomebis mimarT) erTad, es garemoebac ganapirobebda qar-
Tvelebisadmi mamluqi sulTnebis im keTilganwyobas, romlis axsnasac,
gaumarTleblad, zogjer, am periodis mamluqTa armiis rigebSi qarTvelTa
yofniT da mamluqTa qarTuli warmomavlobiT cdiloben.120
golgoTis srul dakargvas kaTolikeebi ver Seurigdebodnen. Jan
Tenos isRa darCenoda, rom kontrzomebi ganexorcielebina beena Co-
loyaSvilis winaaRmdeg. man ierusalimi datova seqtembris mesame deka-
daSi da kairoSi Cavida. Tenom laTinTa sakurTxevlis damsxvrevis ambavi
Seatyobina safrangeTis elCs – andre le rois (romelic jer kidev rCe-
boda egvipteSi), safrangeTis konsuls da Tarjimans, raTa dausjelad
ar daetovebinaT is Seuracxyofa, rac qarTvelebma miayenes francis-
kelebs ierusalimSi.121 Teno wers, rom bolos, maT miaRwies sulTnisgan
imas, rom maTi sakurTxeveli – dangreuli qarTvelebis mier – kvlav
iqneboda aRdgenili.122 is, rom andre le roim es SeZlo, iuwyeba francis-
kelTa arqivSi daculi kansavh al-Ravris 918 wlis 1 Sa‘banis/1512 w. 12
oqtombris brZanebuleba (sul 31 striqoni)123 gagzavnili ierusalimSi
Tavisi nacvlisadmi – zemoxsenebul saif ad-dinisadmi.
sulTanma Seaxsena saif ad-dins adre gagzavnili Tavisi brZanebule-
ba, romelic exeboda mis karze qarTvelTa elCis mosvlas golgoTasTan
dakavSirebiT. axla ki, sulTani brZanebulebis preambulaSi iuwyeboda,
rom mas eaxla `sapatio, didebuli, lomi mefis, safrangeTis mflobelis,
pativcemuli da pativsacemi elCi andre le roi~ (str.10-11), romelmac
uCivla beena ColoyaSvils imis gamo, rom man Caidina usamarTloba, fran-
kebs daumtvria maTi saTayvanebeli adgili (sakurTxeveli), romelic àr
yofila arc axali da arc ganaxlebuli~ (str. 21). safrangeTis elCi arw-
munebda sulTans, rom golgoTa saziaroa qarTvelebsa da maT Soris da
ès wesadaa, Zveli droidan aqamde~, rac xsenebulma qarTvelTa elCma ar
icoda. garda amisa, mas surda Caeketa golgoTaSi Semavali Zveli karebi,
120
Sabino De Sandoli, The Peaceful Liberation of the Holy Places, 36.
121
“Le Voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” 119.
122
iqve, 119. Teno daJinebiT sTxovda andre le rois, gamgzavrebuliyo ierusal-
imSi da aRedgina zemoxsenebuli sakurTxeveli. Le Voyage d’Outremer, 120. gaemgzavra
Tu ara andre le roi ierusalims, ucnobia.
123
Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani, #76.
116 goCa jafariZe
gaexsna axali karebi, riTac sxvebs iq Sesvlas aukrZalavda (str.12-18) da

am gziT daisakuTrebda golgoTas. andre le rois Tanaxmad, ès ar yo-
fila wesad. xsenebuli adgili ar ekuTvnis calke vinmes da piligrimebi
iReben kurTxevas xsenebul adgilze. es Sewydeba Zveli karebis gauqme-
biT da axali karebis gakeTebiT~ (str. 19-21).
romel Sesasvlels ukeTebda axal karebs beena ColoyaSvili? SeiZ-
leboda gvefiqra, rom saqme exeboda Sesasvlels samxreTidan, romlis
Sesaxeb saubaria jer kidev sulTan jakmakis 843 w. 18 muharramis/1439
wlis 1 ivlisis samefo cirkularul brZanebulebaSi (ix. zemoT). is mie-
marTeboda sakurTxevelTan, romelic beenam daamtvrevina. beena advi-
lad daabrkolebda franciskelTa asvlas CrdiloeTis karidan (adamis
samlocvelodan) da aRar SeuSvebda maT samxreTis karidanac. magram,
rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, saqme exeboda Sesasvlels CrdiloeTidan, ada-
mis samlocvelodan, iq, sadac iyo laTini mefeebis saflavebi.
safrangeTis elCis Civilis safuZvelze sulTanma ubrZana Tavis
na’ibs ierusalimSi, Seeswavla es sakiTxi, SeenarCunebina golgoTis xsene-
buli Zveli karebi, Tanaxmad arsebuli wesisa, romelic moqmedebda sul-
Tan al-aSraf kaiTbeis ukanasknel dReebamde, raime siaxlis Semotanis
gareSe, aRedgina `frankebis saTayvanebeli adgili, romelic daangria
elCma ise, rogorc iyo Zveli droidan – am TariRamde~ da gaegrZelebina
yvela saqme, orive mxaris uflebis da pativiscemis dacviT, `romelime
mxarisTvis vnebis miyenebisa da siZnelis Seqmnis gareSe~ (str. 24-29).
venecielebi da frangebi egvipteSi konkurentebi iyvnen. magram
golgoTaze franciskelTa sakurTxevelTan dakavSirebiT maTi intere-
sebi erTmaneTs daemTxva. sulTnis brZanebuleba Tavisi nacvlisadmi,
erTi mxriv, akmayofilebda safrangeTis elCis Txovnas da, meore mxriv,
adekvaturad asaxavda veneciasTan gaumjobesebul urTierTobas. ieru-
salimSi sulTnis nacvali valdebuli iyo sulTnis brZaneba Seesrule-
bina. eWvi ar aris, rom sulTnis brZanebulebis Sedegad franciskelTa
sakurTxeveli aRdgeboda, xolo golgoTaze asasvlelad axali karebis
gaxsna beena ColoyaSvils aekrZaleboda. golgoTisTvis brZolis meore
raundi beena ColoyaSvilma waago. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom golgoTis zeda
nawilze adamis samlocvelodan Sesvlis sakiTxmac axali, franciskele-
bisTvis sasargeblo, gagrZeleba hpova. Jan Tenom, romelmac 14 oqtom-
bers datova kairo da samSobloSi gaemgzavra,124 Tavis mizans miaRwia.
124
“Le Voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” 103. aRsaniSnavia, rom Jan Tenom, romel-
sac davalebuli hqonda sparseTsa da indoeTSi wasuliyo, es ver SeZlo. is wers,
rom mis gamgzavrebas qarTveli elCis (e. i. beena ColoyaSvilis) `boroti zraxvebis
Sedegad dabrkoleba Seeqmna~. raSi gamoixateboda, konkretulad, qarTveli elCis
danaSauli, Teno arafers ambobs. iqve, 103.
miuxedavad warumateblobisa, beena ColoyaSvili beds ar Seegua.

axla man pretenzia ganacxada mTel sivrceze golgoTis samlocvelos
samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis TaRebis svetebis safuZvlebs Soris. es saki-
Txi qarTvelebis sasargeblod gadawyda franciskelebTan pirveli da-
vis dros 896 wlis 17 zu l-ka‘das/1491 wlis 21 seqtembers, magram momde-
vno sasamarTlo procesis dros, 899 wlis 2 muharrams/1493 wlis 13 oq-
tombers, davaSi saerTod franciskelebma gaimarjves. am sakiTxze beena
ColoyaSvilma, safiqrebelia, TxovniT mimarTa sulTans jer kidev kai-
roSi yofnis dros da xelaxla miawvdina mas xma ierusalimidan. ase Cans
kansavh al-Ravris morig brZanebulebaSi (sul 25 striqoni), romelic man
918 w. 15 ramadans/1512 w. 24 noembers gaugzavna ierusalimSi zemoxsene-
bul amira saif ad-dins.125
sulTani axsenebs amiras, rom man ukve brZana, gamoekvliaT sadavo
sakurTxevlis sakiTxi, ris Taobazec Cioda qarTvelTa mefis elCi biina
begi; garda amisa, wers sulTani, elCma iTxova TaRebis svetebs Soris si-
vrcec, raTa is yofiliyo mxolod qarTvelebis sakuTreba, frankebis ga-
reSe, imisTvis, rom yofiliyvnen gancalkevebiT, aekrZalaT frankebisa
da sxvebisTvis am sivrcis gamo maTTan Sedaveba.
Sedga Tu ara sasamarTlo sulTnis miTiTebis Tanaxmad, amis Taobaze
raime pirdapiri dokumenti ar Cans. ufro mosalodnelia, rom SariaTis
sasamarTlo ar Sedga. magram franciskelebma sxva gziT SeZles daerw-
munebinaT kansavh al-Ravri TavianT `simarTleSi~. amis safuZvels gva-
Zlevs 919 wlis 25 jumada I-is/1513 wlis 29 ivlisis sasamarTlo oqmi,126
romelic daiwera sulTnis axali brZanebulebis safuZvelze.
dokumentis (Recto: ZiriTadi teqsti, mowmeTa damowmebebis gareSe,
sul 67 striqoni) preambulidan irkveva, rom beena ColoyaSvilma sul-
TanTan wargzavna Tavisi mociquli jvris monastris meWurWle abraam
iliasis Ze (str. 29-30). man acnoba sulTans, rom frankma berebma ierusa-
limSi moitanes sulTnis brZanebuleba, romlis ZaliTac wariRes gol-
goTaze qarTvelTa sakurTxeveli (mastaba), da agreTve wariRes rogorc
qveda TaRi (al-kabv aT-TahTani), ise zeda (al-‘ilv) TaRi da golgoTaze
maT xelT aRmoCnda imaze meti, vidre adre ekuTvnodaT (str. 5-6). gol-
goTis qveda TaRi adamis samlocvelos moicavda. zeda TaRi vrcelde-
boda samxreTis (franciskelTa) da CrdiloeTis (qarTvelTa) sakur-
Txevlebs Soris es moxda (daaxloebiT 1513 wlis pirvel naxevarSi) imis
125
126
ierusalimis franciskelTa arqivi, Castellani, Catalogo dei Firmani, #78. kastela-
nis katalogSi am dokumentis TariRi arasworadaa dasaxelebuli: 915 wlis 15 ju-
mada I/1509 wlis 31 agvisto.
118 goCa jafariZe
safuZvelze, rom franciskelebma miawodes sulTans `SariaTis oqmi~

(str. 7-8), Cemi azriT, 1493 wlis sasamarTlos oqmi, romelic franciske-
lebs akuTvnebda mTel golgoTas. misi Sesabamisi iyo sulTnis brZanebu-
lebac, romlis ZaliTac franciskelebma an mTlianad miiRes golgoTis
zeda nawili, an ufro mosalodnelia, daibrunes samxreTis samlocvelo,
is nawili, romelzedac pretenzia hqondaT qarTvelebs. cxadia, beenam
ver miiRo golgoTis zeda nawilSi TaRebis svetebs Soris sivrcec. yo-
velive es, aRniSnuli dokumentis preambulis Tanaxmad, beena ColoyaS-
vilma Tavis mociqulis meSveobiT acnoba kansavh al-Ravris.
1513 wlis 29 ivlisis sasamarTlo oqmis mixedviT, beena ColoyaSvi-
lis mociqulis informaciis pasuxad, 919 wlis 4 jumada I-s/1513 wlis 8
ivliss, kansavh al-Ravrim, Tavisi moxelis – zain ad-din kasim at-taSda-
ris xeliT, ierusalims gagzavna axali brZanebuleba (str.19). preambu-
laSi is werda Tavis na’ibs – saif ad-din iusuf al-aSrafis: saidumloeba
ar aris, rom TiToeul modave mxares aqvs winamorbed mefeTa brZanebu-
lebebic da SariaTis dokumentebic mflobelobaze. am TariRis win fran-
kebi movidnen SariaTis oqmiT da mis safuZvelze daiwera samefo brZane-
buleba. axla qarTvelebma mogvaxsenes, rom oqmi usafuZvlod daiwera da
amis gamo gavocdiT. veRar gavige, vis mxarezea simarTle. frankebi war-
moadgenen xolme maT xelT arsebul dokumentebs mflobelobaze, Cvens
brZanebulebebs da maT safuZvelze iReben Cvens samefo brZanebulebas.
Semdeg qarTvelebs moaqvT maT xelT arsebuli samefo brZanebulebebi,
romelTa safuZvelze maTTvis iwereba axali brZanebuleba. yvelas, vinc
movida, xelT hqonda dokumentebi mflobelobaze da oqmi, romelTa
safuZvelze iwereba samefo brZanebulebebi. axla, roca moitans vinme
oqms, aRar vici, dawerilia is mikerZoebiT Tu samarTlianad (str. 6-12 ).
sulTnisTvis ar iyo ioli gadawyvetilebis miReba im pirobebSi,
roca golgoTis mflobelobaze orive mxares hqonda saTanado dokumen-
tebi. franCesko suriano wers, rom qarTvelebTan
àm verag xalxTan, Cven (franciskelebs – g.j.) gvqonda Tavis droze
didi siZneleebi da sakiTxebi kalvaris (golgoTis) mTis gamo. Cven
warvudgineT bevri saCivari sulTans, magram sulTanma uari Tqva ga-
daeWra uTanxmoebebi, raTa ar mieyenebina wyena arc maTTvis da arc
CvenTvis~.127
kansavh al-Ravrim ubrZana Tavis na’ibs ierusalimSi, rom sunituri
islamis oTxi mazhabis, e.i. saRvTismetyvelo-samarTlebrivi skolis:
hanafitebis, Safiitebis, hanbalitebisa da maliqitebis yadiebis (mosa-
marTleebis), ori mxaris uxucesebisa da mowmeTa TandaswrebiT gascno-
127
boda TiToeuli mxaris (qarTvelebisa da franciskelebis) informacias,

ganexila maT xelT arsebuli dokumentebi mflobelobaze da SariaTis
oqmebi. visi simarTlec dadasturdeboda, is daimsaxurebda mflobelo-
bas da sadavo adgili kanonieri gziT, miukerZoeblad daumtkicdeboda.
sxvas ki CamoerTmeoda da kanonieri mflobelebis winaaRmdeg Zaladoba
aekrZaleboda. xolo, roca momzaddeboda oqmi, ar unda yofiliyo aci-
leba da uaryofa imisa, rac daiwera da eqneboda TiToeul mxares is, risi
uflebac hqonda (str. 12-19 ).
amrigad, al-Ravrim sakiTxis sabolood gadaWra ierusalimSi isev
Tavis nacvals – iusuf al-aSrafis miando da rogorc qvemoT Cans, saq-
meSi Caeria franciskelTa fuli.
iusuf al-aSrafim, rogorc es wesi iyo, brZanebuleba isev `miiRo
smeniT da morCilebiT~, Sexvda ierusalimsa da mis olqSi SariaTis ga-
naCenTa zedamxedvels, muslimTa mufTis – abu abd allah muhammad at-
tulki al-maliqis da ‘alimebis, mowmeebis, RvTismosavebis da sxvaTa
TanxlebiT gaemarTa golgoTisken. aq maT SeuerTdnen qarTvelebi: beena
ColoyaSvili, jvris monastris meWurWle, beena ColoyaSvilis mociqu-
li sulTanTan – abraam iliasis Ze, beri saba iosebis Ze, qarTvelTa qris-
tianuli Temis Tarjimani ierusalimSi nikoloz giorgis Ze, daqujas(?)
vaJi.128 franciskelTa qristianul Tems warmoadgendnen: sionis monas-
tris winamZRvari fransis iakobis Ze, gardiani (wminda miwis meurve) – ig-
ive franCesko suriano, monastris vikari – beri jovani, franciskelTa
Tarjimani – jirjis kuzmas Ze da sxv. (str. 20-33).
saqmis garCeva sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda. daiwyo dava, roca mxareebi
TavgamodebiT icavdnen TavianT simarTles im samefo brZanebulebebis
mixedviT, romlebic daiwera TiToeuli religiuri Temis informaciis
safuZvelze. imis gamo, rom erTi romelime mxaris upiratesobis gamov-
lena gaZnelda, sulTnis na’ibi da oTxi mazhabis yadiebi iZulebuli iyvnen
Careuliyvnen davaSi da mouwodebdnen modaveebs, daeaxloebinaT Tavian-
Ti poziciebi (str. 34-38-e). sabolood, modave mxareebma, beena ColoyaS-
vilisa da franCesko surianos xelmZRvanelobiT, davas da Cxubs, Serigeba
arCies. gadawyda, rom qarTvelebs – golgoTis CrdiloeTi mxaris, xolo
franciskelebs samxreTis samlocveloebi darCebodaT. TaRebis svetebs
Soris mTel sivrceze TiToeuli Temis fuliT gakeTdeboda xis gamyofi
moajiri.129 TiToeuli religiuri Temi damoukideblad gaanaTebda, gaaw-
128
beena ColoyaSvilis garda, davaSi monawile danarCeni qarTvelebi sxva wya-
roebSi me ar Semxvedria.
129
es moajiri dasturdeba XVI saukunis osmalTa xanis im arabul dokumentebSi,
romlebic exeba franciskelebisa da qarTvelebis davas golgoTis garSemo. garda
120 goCa jafariZe
yobda da morTavda Tavis mxares (str. 41-45). golgoTis qveda doneze (ad-
amis samlocveloSi) orive Temis fuliT gakeTdeboda karebi, urduliTa
da ori gasaRebiT TiToeuli TemisTvis. aqedan isini qvis kibiT avidodnen
golgoTis zeda doneze. frankebisTvis es mxolod qarTvelebis mxridan
iyo SesaZlebeli (str. 45-52). qvemoT ar daideboda raime nivTi, an morTu-
loba, mxolod qarTvelebi dakidebdnen iq kandels. (str. 46, 48).
oqmSi naTqvamia, rom es SeTanxmeba TiToeuli Temidan `kanonieri
CvenebiT~, mosamarTlis winaSe daamowmes zemoxsenebulebma biina begma,
e.i. beena ColoyaSvilma da fransisma, e.i. franCesko surianom da daadas-
tures mowmeebma. gadawyda, rom mas, vinc momavalSi sadavos gaxdida am
gadawyvetilebas, daekisreboda im TariRSi mimoqcevaSi arsebuli 1000
aSrafis oqros dinaris130 gadaxda (str. 54-56-e).
golgoTisaTvis brZolis mesame raundi kompromisiT dasrulda.
mis zeda nawilSi aRdga status-kvo, is viTareba, romelic 1491 wlis Sar-
iaTis sasamarTlom daadgina. magram 1513 wels am gadawyvetilebiT uk-
mayofilo iqnebodnen rogorc beena ColoyaSvili, ise – franCesko suri-
ano. am ukanasknelma, romelic ver itanda qarTvelebs, Tavis traqtatSi
dawera:
`qarTvelebis uunarobis gamo, imedi maqvs, [franciskeli] Zmebi
male miiReben imas, rac surT, arcTu usafuZvlod~.131
franciskelebs da maT meTaurs franCesko surianos marTlac
hqondaT safuZveli, efiqraT, rom miiRebdnen, rac surdaT. es iyo
mTeli golgoTa. magram amas sruliadac ar ganapirobebda uunaroba
qarTvelebisa, romlebic minimaluri SesaZleblobebiT maqsimums aRw-
evdnen da kidev didxans inarCunebdnen jvris aRmarTvis samlocvelos
golgoTis CrdiloeT nawilSi. franciskelTa zurgs ukan idgnen veneci-
is respublika da safrangeTi, romelTac angariSs uwevda sulTani.
amasTan, ierusalimSi sasamarTlo davaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSob-
da fuli. franCesko suriano, romelic aRniSnavs, rom mas Semdeg, rac
franciskelebs waarTves ufleba evloT TavianT samlocveloSi gol-
amisa, mas ixseniebs arseni suxanovic. Арсений Суханов, “Проскинтарий, 1649-1653 гг”,
Православный палестинский сборник, том VII, выпуск третий (СПб, 1889), 151.
130
igulisxmeba sulTan al-aSraf barsbeis mier 1425 wels moWrili maRalxarisxo-
vani oqros moneta (3.4 g), romelsac unda Seecvala dukati. is saukunis ganmavloba-
Si iyo mimoqcevaSi da upiratesoba eniWeboda vaWrobaSi. Jere L. Bacharach, “The Dinar
versus the Ducat,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 4, No. 1 (Jan. 1973), 77-96; Wan
Kamal Mujani, “The Monetary System From Historical Perspectives (A special reference to the King-
dom of Mamluk from the period 872-922 A.H./1468-1517 A.D. that utilizes Islamic Monetary System).”
http://www.ialsnet.org/meetings/business/ KamalWan-Malaysia.pdf.
131
goTaze, daamtvries iq maTi sakurTxeveli da kandelebi, daufaravad

wers,
`me qarTvelebs mTeli weli vedavebodi da Tumca bevri fuli
(xazgasma Cemia – g.j.) daixarja, uflis wyalobiT, Cven ara marto
davibruneT is (samlocvelo-g.j.), aramed me wavarTvi is ekle-
siac, romelsac vflobdiT xsenebuli [kalvaris] mTis ZirSi, sa-
dac aris saflavebi mefe balduinisa da misi Svilisa,132 romel-
mac daipyro wminda miwa, uflisa da kaTolike erebis saqebrad da
sadideblad~.133
fuli, romelic uxvad hqondaT kaTolike franciskelebs, samwuxarod,
uWirdaT qarTvelebs. franCesko suriano wers, rom qarTvelebs valad dae-
doT 1500 dukati,134 romelic sargebliT aiRes.135 es sakmaod didi Tanxa iyo.136
rom ara surianos aRiareba, garegnulad obieqturi SariaTis sasa-
marTlo procesis oqmidan verasdros gavigebdiT, verc surianos mier
daxarjuli `bevri fulis Sesaxeb~ (rac ueWvelad mowmeTa da mosa-
marTleTa mosyidva-moqrTamvisTvis iyo gamiznuli),137 da verc qarT-
velTa samonastro Temis valze.
magram franCesko surianom sasamarTlosgan mxolod nawilobriv
miiRo sasurveli gadawyvetileba. man aRadgina status-kvo golgoTis
zemo nawilSi, magram sinamdviles ar Seefereba is, rom daibruna ekle-
sia kalvaris mTis ZirSi, ese igi adamis samlocvelo, sadac iyo laTini
mefeebis saflavebi. samlocvelo/eklesia golgoTis ZirSi, rogorc
132
adamis samlocveloSi dasaflavebuli iyo ierusalimis samefos pirveli gamge-
beli godfrei buloneli (1199-1110), balduin II (1118-11131 ) da ierusalimis sxva
mefeebi. Duckworth, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 233; Zehava Jacoby, “The Tomb of Baldwin
V, King of Jerusalem (1118-1186),” Gesta, XVIII, 2 (1979), 3; Pringle, The Churches, 16-17. es sa-
flavebi daikarga 1810 wels Catarebuli restavraciis dros.
133
Suriano, Treatise of the Holy Land, 51, Sen. A.Bindon-is red.
134
dukati veneciuri oqros fulia (wona – 3.5 g, sinjadoba – 23,5 karati). В. В. Зва-
рич, Нумизматический словарь, издание четвертое (Львов, 1980), 71. werilobiTi wyaroebiT,
dukati farTod gamoiyeneboda egviptis fulis mimoqcevaSi 1399 wlidan. Bacharach,
“The Dinar versus the Ducat,” 79.
135
136
aRsaniSnavia, rom veneciis senatma domeniko trevizans, rogorc elCs, pirveli
6 Tvis manZilze Tviur sargod dauniSna 300 dukati, xolo yovel momdevno TveSi –
150 dukati. Setton, The Papacy and the Levant, 27.
137
rene Janeni, Tavad kaTolike, ar malavs, rom franCesko surianom qrTami ar
daiSura: `man sruli erTi weliwadi davas moandoma kaTolikeebis uflebaTa dac-
va-aRdgenisaTvis adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis winaSe, romlis moxeleebs amisTvis
xSirad didZal saCuqrebs aZlevda... surianom qrTamis wyalobiT adamis saxelwode-
bis patara eklesiac CamoarTva qarTvelebs~. Janin, “Les Géorgiens a Jérusalem,” 36; Jane-
ni, `qarTvelebi ierusalimSi~, 11.
122 goCa jafariZe
zemoT Cans, ar gadasula franciskelTa xelSi. es ufro survili iyo

franciskelTa Temis xelmZRvanelisa, vidre realoba. maT, qarTvelebis
msgavsad, miiRes urdulis gasaRebi da qvis kibiT zeda nawilSi asvlis
ufleba. magram isic unda iTqvas, rom qarTvelebma es aRiqves rogorc
golgoTis warTmeva. asea jvris monastris erT aRapSi, romelic iuwye-
ba, rom samcxe-saaTabagodan ierusalims Casulma zaqaria kumurdoelma
`frangTagan~ warTmeuli golgoTa oTxas flurad138 daixsna da amiT
`didi saqme qna~.139 ueWvelia saqme exeba adamis samlocvelos, golgoTis
qveda doneze, vinaidan, 500 fluriT, saeWvoa mTeli golgoTis sakiTxi
mogvarebuliyo. zusti TariRi ara gvaqvs, magram es unda momxdariyo
mas Semdeg, rac 1514 wels ierusalimi datova beena ColoyaSvilma, mana-
mde, vidre 1516 wlis zafxulSi daiwyeboda osmalTa eqspansia mamluq-
Ta winaaRmdeg.
g. feraZem aCvena, rom golgoTis ZirSi sxvadasxva saxeliT moxsenie-
buli samlocvelo (Chapel) upiratesad qarTvelTa xelT iyo. is ixsenie-
ba sxvadasxva saxeliT: samlocvelo golgoTis an kalvaris mTis ZirSi,
samlocvelo, sadac daikrZala adami, samlocvelo, sadac, dakrZalulni
arian laTinTa mefeebi, wm. RvTismSoblisa da wm. ioane maxareblebis
samlocveloebi, wm. ioane naTlismcemlis samlocvelo da sxv.140 erTi
saukunis Semdegac ki, 1615 wels, Tanadroul wyaroSi aRniSnulia, rom
`palestinis dasavleTeli mefeebis gotfrid bulonelis da misi Zmis
balduinis saflavebi wm. ioane maxareblis qarTul samlocveloSia~.141
arasasurveli realoba kidev ufro aZlierebda franCesko surianos
siZulvils qarTvelebisadmi. mis traqtatSi qarTvelebi, romlebic mi-
138
flurs qarTvelebi uwodebdnen florins (laT. florenus), maRalxarisxovan oq-
ros monetas (wona – 3,537 g), romlis moWrac Tavdapirvelad florenciaSi daiwyes
1252 wels. Зварич, Нумизматический словарь, 173-74.
139
n. mari, aRapni juaris monastrisani ierusalims Sina (spb, 1914), #17a; SaraSiZe.
`saqarTvelos istoriis masalebi (XV-XVIII ss.)~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis
istoriisaTvis, nakv. 30 (Tbilisi, 1954), 212; metreveli, masalebi, 81, #18 (M-17), 122;
menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, 113-14. zosime kumurdoelma Tan Camoita-
na yvaryvare aTabagis (1416-1498) SviliSvilis qeTeonyofili qristines saqoneli,
riTac daixsna golgoTa. qr. SaraSiZis azriT, qeTeon-qristine gardaicvala, araua-
dres, 1511 wlisa, safiqrebelia, 1514 wlis miwurulSi an 1515 wlis 5 ivnisamde (iqve,
211, 215). ix. agreTve, mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 105.
140
Gregory Peradze, “An Account of the Georgian Monks and Monasteries in Palestine,” Georgica.
A Journal of the Georgian and Caucasian Studies. Rustaveli Volume. Nos 4&5 (Autumn 1937), 217-
18; grigol feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi palestinis qarTveli berebisa da
qarTuli monastrebis Sesaxeb, gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali werili da damate-
biTi SeniSvnebi daurTo goCa jafariZem (Tbilisi, 1995), 95.
141
La pelerin veritable de la Terre Sainte (Paris, 1615), 287, damowmebulia: Peradze, “An Account
of the Georgian Monks,” 202; feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 63.
sive sityvebiT, `lamazi xalxia da Zalze amayni~, amave dros, daxasiaTeb-

ulni arian uaryofiTad,142 rogorc
`yvelaze uaresi mwvaleblebi berZnebiviT, erTnairni siborotiT.
isini cxovroben did gaWirvebaSi, arian Rvinis didi msmelebi, ux-
eSi da gauTleli xalxi, Cveni didi da mTavari mtrebi berZnebiv-
iT da Cven gvaqvs mravali dava maTTan, gansakuTrebiT Cemi meore
meurveobis dros, golgoTis mizeziT, da bevri sxva uTanxmoeba
da mtroba~.143
qarTvelebTan dapirispireba franciskelebisTvis yvelaze serio-
zuli aRmoCnda wminda qalaqSi am ukanasknelTa damkvidrebis Semdeg.
1513 wlis sasamarTlo davam droebiT daaSoSmina franciskelTa da
qarTvelTa pretenziebi, magram is ganaxlda osmalTa batonobis dros,
XVI saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, rac calke ganxilvas saWiroebs.
●
aRdgomis eklesiis gaxsna da piligrimobis ganaxleba erTnairad Se-
dioda safrangeTis, veneciis respublikisa da qarTvelebis interesebSi.
ibn iasis cnobiT, rogorc aRiniSna, aRdgomis eklesia daiketa mxolod
frankebisTvis, z. paganis Tanaxmad ki – yvela qristianisTvis. domeniko
trevizanis vizitis erT-erTi Sedegi iyo evropelTa piligrimobis ga-
naxleba wminda miwaze. es iyo veneciuri diplomatiis gamarjveba, Tumca,
evropelTa piligrimoba, romelsac sulTnis xazinisTvis Semosavali
mohqonda, egviptis mxaresac ainteresebda. aRmosavleTis qristianebiT
da maT Soris qarTvelebiT, kaTolikeTa TvalsazrisiT – mwvaleblebiT,
romlebisTvisac aseve daiketa aRdgomis eklesia, veneciis diplomatia,
saeWvoa, dainteresebuliyo.
zemoT me movitane z. paganis cnoba imis Taobaze, rom kairoSi gav-
rcelebuli xmebiT, 1512 wlis ivnisSi qarTvelebi (igulisxmeba beena
ColoyaSvilis elCoba) kairoSi movidnen aRdgomis eklesiis gaxsnis sa-
Txovnelad. marTalia, Cems xelT arsebul dokumentur da naratiul wya-
142
franCesko surianosgan gansxvavebiT, arsebobs qarTvelTa SesaniSnavi Sefase-
bebi evropelTa mier, romlebsac Tavi mouyara grigol feraZem. Peradze, “An Account
of the Georgian Monks,” 225, n. 7; feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 124, Sen. 382.
143
imdroindeli evropis mowinave saxelmwifos – veneciis respublikis warmo-
madgenels (da ara marto mas) Zalze bundovani warmodgena hqonda saqarTvelos
geografiul mdebareobaze: ès qarTvelebi cxovroben mTebSi, xolo maTi qveyana
mdebareobs trapizonis maxloblad – did zRvaze... filosofosi ambobs, rom yvela
xalxi, romelic cxovrobs kldovan mTebSi, aris jiuti, da cudi Cvevebis mqone da
brZolis moyvaruli~. is iZleva sxva cnobebsac, xSirad mcdars, romlebiTac asaz-
rdoebda Tanamedroveebs: `qarTvelebi iyeneben berZnul asoebs, Tumca aqvT saku-
Tari, da aseve berZenTa yvela wes-Cveulebas. yvela maTgans aqvs tonzura – RvTism-
saxurT mrgvali, eriskacebs ki – kvadratuli~. Suriano, Treatise of the Holy Land, 87.
124 goCa jafariZe
roebSi amis Sesaxeb araferia naTqvami, magram am xmebs realuri safuZve-

li hqonda. sabolood, qarTvelebisa da aRmosavleTis qristianebis
Zalisxmeva warmatebiT dasrulda da maT xelaxla daerToT neba, gada-
saxadebis gareSe gaevloT palestinis portebi da moelocaT aRdgo-
mis eklesiaSi. amas gviCvenebs qvemoT motanili epigrafikuli masala,
romelic didi xania gamoqveynebulia da romelic, samwuxarod, dRemde
ucnobi rCeboda qarTul palestinologiaSi.
1894 wels ganadgurda ierusalimis aRdgomis eklesiis karebis xel-
marcxniv, kontrforsis Tavze Catanebuli marmarilos filaze amokve-
Tili sulTan kansavh al-Ravris 919 wlis 9 muharramis/1513 wlis 17 mar-
tis 10-striqoniani brZanebuleba, Sesrulebuli mamluqTa gviandeli
nasxiT. sabednierod, SemorCa misi anabeWdi (zoma: 1 kv.m), romelic 1914
wels moiZia da 1922 wels franguli TargmaniTurT gamosca arabuli epi-
grafikis cnobilma specialistma maqs van berSemma.144
kansavh al-Ravri winamorbedi samefo brZanebulebebisa da al-maliq
al-aSrafis (kaiT-bais) samefo dadgenilebis safuZvelze adgens, rom
àr daekisroT qristiani melqiti da iakobiti berebisa da monaz-
vnebis Tems arc mujibi, arc xafari da ar Seaviwroon isini wminda
ierusalimis kumamaSi Sesvlisas, iseve rogorc qarTvel da eTio-
pel berebs, arc iafas navsadgurSi maTi Sesvlisa da iafadan maTi
gamosvlis dros, arc qalaq Razasa da ramlas ludSi xmeleTiT, zR-
viT da yoveli mxridan, ierusalimSi sapiligrimod mosul xseneb-
ul berebs da monazvnebs. am brZanebulebis iurisdiqcia vrcelde-
ba wina wlebidan yvela droze, masSi siaxleebis Setanis gareSe~.145
van berSemis Tanaxmad, arab. mujib, romelic iTargmneba, rogorc
gadasaxadi, mosakrebeli, baJi, iyo is `sulTnis gadasaxadi~, romel-
sac piligrimebi winaswar ixdidnen TavianTi marSrutis sxvadasxva pu-
nqtSi, gansakuTrebiT, aRdgomis eklesiis pirveli monaxulebis dros.
sanacvlod, isini iRebdnen xelwerils, romelsac Semdeg iyenebdnen
saSvis saxiT. mujibidan Semosuli Tanxa Sedioda sulTnis xazinaSi.146
arab. xafar niSnavs mcvels, dacvas, eskorts, badrags. xifara iyo
mogzaurebisa da binadari mosaxleobis dacva beduinTa Zarcvisgan da
garda amisa, gadasaxadic.147
144
Berchem, Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum, 378-79 (arabuli teqsti), 380-84 (fran-
guli Targmani komentarebiT) m. van berSems daxmareba aRmouCina prof. A. Jaussen-ma
da marTlmadidebelma mRvdelma, prof. ananiam. anabeWdi warweris ganadgurebamde
Seasrula prof. ananias mamam.
145
Berchem, Matériaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum, 381.
146
iqve, 388-91.
147
Etienne Combe, “A Note: Qafar-Khafara,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, X (1939), 42.
brZanebuleba auqmebda am or gadasaxads xsenebul piligrimebze, maT

Soris qarTvelebze da krZalavda Zaladobrivi ukanono zomebis gamoye-
nebas maT mimarT. ukanonobas piligrimebi ganicdidnen aRdgomis taZar-
Si Sesvlisas, iafaSi mosvla-wasvlisas da bolos Razasa da ramlaSi, ro-
melTa gavliT piligrimebi midiodnen ierusalims. swored am qalaqebSi
xdeboda gadasaxadebis odenobis zrda, rac Rrmavdeboda SantaJiTa da
yvelanairi SeviwroebiT.148
1513 wlis 17 martis am brZanebulebis msgavsia kansavh al-Ravris
ufro adre gacemuli 912 wlis 16 muharramis/1506 wlis 16 ivnisis da 914
wlis 9 muharramis/1508 wlis 10 maisis brZanebulebebi (A da B) sinas mTis
wm. ekaterines monastris arabuli dokumentebis koleqciidan, romle-
bic 1960 wels gamoaqveyna h. ernstma.149 kidev erTi, kansavh al-Ravris
ZmisSvilis tuman beis 911 wlis 16 muharramis/1505 wlis 15 ivnisis msga-
vsi ucnobi brZanebuleba me imave koleqciaSi moviZie.150
m. van berSemis mier gamocemuli warwera xSirad, TiTqmis sityvasi-
tyviT, (gadasaxadebTan dakavSirebiT) imeorebs sulTan kansavh al-Ra-
vris xsenebul 914 wlis 9 muharramis / 1508 wlis 10 maisis B brZanebule-
bas. magram, misgan gansxvavebiT, is Seqmnilia axal konfesiur viTarebaSi,
roca daiketa aRdgomis eklesia da qristianuli samyaro did Zalisxme-
vas mimarTavda mis gasaxsnelad da piligrimobis aRsadgenad.
h. ernstis mier gamoqveynebuli 912 wlis 16 muharramis/1506 wlis 16
ivnisis sulTnis brZanebulebidan irkveva, rom is daiwera sinas mTis be-
rebis: melqitebis da iakobitebis Txovnis safuZvelze.151 m. van berSemis
publikaciidan Cans, rom 6 qristianuli Temis: melqitebis, iakobitebis,
148
149
912 wlis 16 muharramis brZanebuleba ix. Die mamlukischen Sultansurkunden des Sinai-
Klosters, Herausgegeben, übersetzt und erläutert von Hans Ernst (Wiesbaden, 1960), 228-31, #LXV (86)
(inglisuri Targmani: E. Khedoori, “Charters of Privileges Granted to St.Catherine’s Monastery, Mt
Sinai” (MA Thesis. Manchester, 1958), 143-45; 914 wlis 9 muharramis ori (A da B) brZanebule-
ba ix. Die mamlukischen Sultansurkunden des Sinai-Klosters, 234-36, # XVII (23). h. ernsts xsene-
buli dokumentebis germanul TargmanSi daSvebuli aqvs uxeSi Secdoma. is `qurjs~/
qarTvels cvlis `qurd~-iT/qurTiT. amis Taobaze 1966 wels miuTiTa s. Sternma
S. M. Stern, “Petitions fro the Mamluk Period (Notes on the Mamluk Documents from Sinai),” Bul-
letin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, vol. 29 (1966), 235, n. 10; reprinti: Coins and
Documents from the Medieval Middle East, Variorum Reprints (London, 1986), X, 235, n. 10, xolo
qarTul istoriografiaSi – cisana abulaZem, `wminda saflavis moxilvis osmalu-
ri kanoni~, mravalTavi, XIX (2001), 378.
150
911 wlis 16 muharramis brZanebuleba gacemulia kansavh al-Ravris ZmisSvilis
– tuman beis mier (Sina,101). detalebi am brZanebulebis Sesaxeb ix. jafariZe, bua-
CiZe, `wminda miwaze qarTuli eklesiis istoriis arabuli dokumenturi wyaroebi~,
340, Sen. 1.
151
Die mamlukischen Sultansurkunden des Sinai-Klosters, 228-30.
126 goCa jafariZe
koptebis, berZnebis, qarTvelebisa da eTiopeli ber-monazvnebis peticia

Seadgina da sulTnis karze waradgina melqitma berma sofroniusma152 da
sulTanma is daakmayofila. dakmayofilda Txovnac, rom brZanebuleba,
romelic maT peticias pasuxobda, amoikveTa marmarilos filaze da da-
magrda aRdgomis eklesiis karebTan.153
yvela qristiani, romelic maqs van berSemis mier gamocemuli kan-
savh al-Ravris brZanebulebis iurisdiqciaSi moeqca, iyo aRmosavleTis
qristiani. brZanebulebaSi ar igulisxmeba ganurCevlad aRmosavleTis
yvela xalxi. dasaxelebulia mxolod eqvsi, magram arc es eqvsi xalxi iyo
Cayenebuli Tanabar mdgomareobaSi. mujibisa da xafarisgan Tavisufl-
debodnen melqiti da iakobiti RvTismsaxurni.
monofizit iakobitebisgan gansxvavebiT, melqiti qristianebi,
romlebic arabulad laparakobdnen, iyvnen qalkedoniti-qristianebi.
maTi saxeli momdinareobs arabuli sityvidan `maliq~, rac mefes niSna-
vs. `maliqi~, anu `samefo~ igive melqiti, mefis, bizantiis imperatoris
mimdevaria.154 melqitebma SeinarCunes bizantiuri religiuri wes-Cveu-
lebebi. mamluqTa batonobis dros, organizaciulad isini emorCile-
bodnen ierusalimis melqit patriarqs. kansavh al-Ravris am brZanebu-
lebis gacemis dros, melqitTa patriarqi iyo doroTeos II (daaxl.
1505-1537).
kansavh al-Ravris brZanebulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom qarTveli da
eTiopeli mRvdlebi melqitebisa da iakobitebis msgavs SeRavaTs iRebd-
nen iafaSi Sesvla-gamosvlisas, rodesac gaivlidnen Razas da ramlas da
Sediodnen ierusalimSi, aRdgomis eklesiaSi. m. van berSemi Tvlis, rom Se-
niSvna exeba, umTavresad, qarTvelebsa da eTiopelebs, vinaidan melqitTa
da iakobitTa didi nawili ierusalimSi, anda erT qveyanaSi cxovrobda da
imisTvis, raTa moxvedriliyvnen aRdgomis taZarSi, maTTvis ar iyo saWiro,
wasuliyvnen ierusalimSi iafas, Razas da ramlas gavliT. eTiopelebi da
qarTvelebi ki, piriqiT, didi raodenobiT modiodnen sazRvargareTidan.
pirvelebi – sazRvao gziT iafas da ramlas gavliT, meoreni imeorebdnen
pirvelTa marSruts, an modiodnen egviptidan da gzad Sediodnen RazaSi.
maSasadame, yvelaze metad isini saWiroebdnen mTeli ori marSrutis man-
Zilze gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisuflebas, rasac iTvaliswinebda brZanebu-
leba. garda amisa, wers maqs van berSemi, es xalxebi (eTiopelebi da qarTve-
lebi) sargeblobdnen avtoritetiT, rac dasturdeba mraval dokumentSi.
152
153
iqve, 379-81, 391.
154
melqitebis Sesaxeb ix. Sidney H. Griffith, The Church in the Shadow of the Mosques (Princ-
eton, 2008), 137-139.
da Tu brZanebulebaSi pirvel rigSi dasaxelebuli arian melqitebi, es

imitom, rom melqiti iyo mRvdeli sofroniusi, ukmayofilo xalxebis war-
momadgeneli.155
is, rom qarTvelebi ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs aRdgomis eklesiaSi
Sesvlisas, TanamedroveTagan aRniSnuli aqvs Jan Tenos.156 Tenos egvip-
teSi yofnis dros qarTvelTa es privilegia SeCerebuli iyo da aRdga
mogvianebiT, 1513 wlis martSi. safiqrebelia, rom Tenom gaiTvaliswina
is viTareba, romelic arsebobda 1510 wlis CaTvliT da es cnoba CarTo
Tavis wignSi, romelic mogvianebiT daibeWda (ix. zemoT).
yvelaze adreuli miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTvelebi ierusa-
limSi Sesvlisas ar ixdidnen gadasaxadebs, ekuTvnis akras laTin epis-
koposs (1217 w.) Jak de vitris. qarTvelebis daxasiaTebisas is wers: ìsini
Semodian wminda qalaqSi gaSlili droSebiT da aravis uxdian xarks~.157 es
privilegia, Cans, dakavSirebuli iyo saqarTvelosa da aiubianTa saxel-
mwifos Soris dadebul 1210 wlis xlaTis sazavo xelSekrulebasTan. 158
amasTan, gasaTvaliswinebelia e. w. omaris paqti159 da mamluqTa xanis sxva
155
156
“Le voyage et itineraire de Frere Jehan Thenaud,” 103. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
aRdgomis eklesia 1510 wlis Semodgomidan 2 wliT daixura, es cnoba retrospeq-
tiulad asaxavda wina periodis viTarebas.
157
“Jacques de Vitry’s History of Jerusalem,” Palestine Pilgrim’s Text Society, vol. XI (1896), 84.
158
Tamaz natroSvili, goCa jafariZe, `cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa~, macne, enis
da literaturis seria, 2 (1974), 179.
159
omaris (634-644) paqti (‘ahd ‘umar, an Surut al-‘umariÁa, òmaris pirobe-
bi~), xelSekruleba, romelic man 638 wels daudo ierusalimis patriarq sofro-
niuss qalaqis ubrZolvelad dakavebis dros, es aris pirobebi dampyrobel arab
muslimebsa da daqvemdebarebul ierusalimis qristianul mosaxleobas Soris.
saukuneebis manZilze omaris paqtis teqsti axali detalebiT ivseboda. arse-
bobs am paqtis versiebi arab avtorebTan, sadac qarTvelebi ar ixseniebian. amave
dros, cnobilia paqtis sxva versia, romlis TiTqosda arabuli originali amJa-
mad daculia stambolis fanaris ubanSi, berZnul maTlmadideblur biblioTe-
kaSi, asli ki – ierusalimis marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqos biblioTekaSi.
xelSekrulebis es teqsti ierusalimis qristianebs da piligrimebs uqvemdeba-
rebs berZen patriarqs. xelSekrulebaSi aRniSnulia, rom sagadasaxado Seuvalo-
ba eZleoda ierusalimis qristianebs, maT salocavebs da iq myof sxva danarCen
qristianTa jgufebs, maT Soris, qarTvelebs da eTiopelebs. omaris paqtis am ver-
siis arsebobis Sesaxeb informacia aris ukve mamluqTa epoqaSi da Semdeg mas sa-
patriarqo xSirad iyenebda Tavisi uflebebis gansamtkiceblad wminda miwaze da
araerTxel ixsenieba osmalo sulTnebis brZanebulebebSi. omaris paqtis Sesaxeb
didi literatura arsebobs. davasaxelebT yvelaze mniSvnelovans: Н.А. Медников,
“Палестина от завоевания ее арабами до крестовых походов по арабским источникам”, Пра-
вославный палестинский сборник, т. XVII, вып.2 (50), ч.2 (СПб, 1897), 529-613; A.S. Tritton,
The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects (London, 1930), 5-17 da Smd; Mark R. Cohen, “What
128 goCa jafariZe
dokumenturi wyaroebi, ris gamoc vamjobineb am sakiTxis ufro dawvri-

lebiTi ganxilva momavlisTvis gadavdo.
kansavh al-Ravris 1513 wlis 17 martis brZanebulebaSi, beena Co-
loyaSvili ar ixsenieba. magram ueWvelia, qarTuli qristianuli Temi ver
SeuerTdeboda sxva qristianTa peticias, jvris mamis – beena ColoyaSvi-
lis Tanxmobis gareSe. koleqtiuri peticia ki, rogorc iTqva, waradgina
melqitma berma sofroniusma.
●
wyaroebsa da specialur literaturaSi me ar Semxvedria raime cnoba
imis Taobaze, rom qarTvelebs odesme monawileoba mieRoT qristianTa
mTavari taZris – aRdgomis eklesiis karebis gakeTebaSi.160 dRemde erTa-
derTi iyo lakoniuri cnoba Tavad beena ColoyaSvilisa, romelic Tavis
damsaxurebad Tvlida imas, rom ` karni~ Seaba àRdgomas~. rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, es momxdara 1514 wels, samSabaT dRes, `meores Jamsa Ramisasa~,
Tvisa da ricxvis dasaxelebis garSe.
e. mamisTvaliSvili, romelic ueWvelad miiCnevs franCesko su-
rianos cnobas, rom franciskelebs jvarcmis eklesia waarTves,
daamtvries maTi sakurTxeveli da lamprebi 1510 wels, swored am am-
bavs ukavSirebs aRdgomis eklesiisTvis karebis Sebmasac da beenas
siCqares SuaRamisas xsnis frangebTan Sexla-SemoxliT. mkvlevari ra-
tomRac ar iTvaliswinebs beena ColoyaSvilis mier dasaxelebul Ta-
riRs – 1514 wels.161
Tavdapirvelad vfiqrobdi, rom beenam karebi Seaba aRdgomis taZarSi
golgoTis qveda nawilis Sesasvlels, saidanac kibe miemarTeboda zeviT,
franciskelTa samlocvelosken, raTa daebrkolebina franciskelTa moZ-
was the Pact of ‘Umar? A Literary-Historical Study,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 23
(1999), 100-57; Milka Levy-Rubin, “Shurut ‘Umar and its Alternatives: The Legal Debate on the
Status of the Dhimmis,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 30 (2005), 170-206; Albrecht
Noth, “Problems of Differentiation Between Muslims and Non-Muslims: Re-Reading the “Ordi-
nances of ‘Umar” (Al-Shurut al-‘Umariyya),” Muslims and Others in Early Islamic Society, ed. by
Robert Hoyland (Aldershot, 2004), 103-24; Maher Y.Abu-Munshar, A History of Tolerance and
Tensions (London, 2007), 55-80. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ix. maia stefnaZe,
`qarTvelTa mdgomareoba ierusalimis wminda miwaze VII-XVII saukuneTa saerTa-
Soriso aqtebis mixedviT~, qarTuli diplomatia, 5 (1998), 436-38; misive, `saqarT-
velo da eTiopia: abreSumis gzis ori rgoli (VII saukunis arabuli sigelebis
fonze)~, kulturis istoriisa da Teoriis sakiTxebi, XIII (2002), 159-162; misive,
`qarTvelTa statusi wminda miwaze VII saukunis aqtinames mixedviT~, qarTuli
diplomatia, 9 (2002), 362-367, 377-381.
160
ix. magaliTad, Sabino De Sandoli, Chiesa del S. Sepolro–chiavi porte portinai (Jerusalem,
1986).
161
mamisTvaliSvili, qarTvelebi da bibliuri samyaro, 61.
raoba. magram Semdeg gamovlinda sulTan kansavh al-Ravris 919 w. 26 zu l-

ka‘das/ 1514 w 23 ianvris brZanebuleba162 (sul 27 striqoni), saidanac Cans,
rom saqme swored aRdgomis eklesiis karebs exeba.163
brZanebulebidan irkveva, rom ierusalimis gamgebels sulT-
nisTvis gadaugzavnia qarTuli samonastro Temis Txovna, gane-
axlebinaT aRdgomis eklesiis (kumama) xis daRrRnil-damtvreuli
karebi, romliTac qristianebi taZarSi Tavisuflad Sediodnen da
gamodiodnen, maSin, roca iq arsebuli nivTebi daucveli iyo (str.11-
13). beena dasaxelebuli ar aris, magram, rogorc jvris mama da im dros
qarTvelTa samonastro Temis meTauri, ueWvelia, Txovnis iniciatori
swored is iyo.
im periodSi, iseve rogorc dRes, aRdgomis eklesias hqonda erTi
karibWe – gaWrili samxreTis fasadSi, romlis marjvena nawili XII sau-
kunis miwuruls amoqoles.164 swored samxreTis fasadidan surda karebis
Sebma aRdgomis taZrisTvis beena ColoyaSvils.
sulTanma kansavh al-Ravrim ubrZana Tavis na’ibs ierusalimSi, rom
gamoeca kurTxeuli brZaneba, moewvia mTavari yadi da islamis Seixebi,
ganexila qarTuli Temis Txovna da mieca maTTvis ufleba aRdgomis kar-
ebis SekeTebisa (str.14-15).
sulTani moiTxovda, rom na’ibs waeyvana `mfarvelobis qveS myofi
xalxi~, e.i. qristianebi, maT Soris qarTvelebi, romlebic wamoiRebd-
nen saWiro sigrZe-siganis da sisqis xis ficrebs. saWiro iyo daswre-
ba muslimi mosamarTleebis – yadiebis warmomadgenlisa da muslimi
xuroTmoZRvrisa, romelic Seasrulebda am saqmes (str.16-18, 20-21).
am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebda islamuri samarTlis is norma, romelic
ar uSvebda raime siaxlis Setanas sakulto nagebobebis ganaxlebis
dros. axali karebi Zvelis analogiuri unda yofiliyo, `morTulobis
gareSe~ (str.17). swored amisTvis iyo aucilebeli xuroTmoZRvris
yofna.
sulTani iTxovda, rom karebis dakidebis Semdeg, zemodasaxelebul
pirTa TandaswrebiT daweriliyo oqmi, romelic gadaigzavneboda mis
karze da ècnobeboda mis samefo codnas~ (str.39).
1514 wlis 23 ianvari iyo orSabaTi. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom
kairodan ierusalimSi kurieris Casvlas da brZanebis Sesrulebas dro
162
163
aseTive Tvalsazrisi ix. ceraZe da gagoSiZe, ierusalimi, 20.
164
Duckworth, The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 219. qarTul samecniero literatur-
aSi samxreTis fasadis am mTavari karis Sesaxeb ix. giorgi gagoSiZe, `qarTvel
mlocvelTa warwerebi ierusalimis uflis saflavis karibWeze~, macne, istoriis,
arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 1 (1992), 136-137.
130 goCa jafariZe
undoda, savaraudod, aRdgomis karebis Secvla moxda, ara uadres 1514

wlis Tebervlisa – am Tvis romelime samSabaTs.
zusti axsna imisa, Tu ratom Seabes aRdgomis eklesias karebi maincda-
mainc SuaRames, Znelia. konfliqtur situaciaze saubari zedmetia, rad-
ganac saqme exeboda aRdgomis eklesiis mTavar Sesasvlels da karebis Sebmis
sakiTxi sanqcirebuli iyo Tavad sulTan kansavh al-Ravris mier. isRa dam-
rCenia vifiqro, rom saWiro samuSaoebi dRisiT xels SeuSlida eklesiaSi
mlocvelTa Sesvlas da, am mxriv, SuaRame ufro mosaxerxebeli dro iyo.
aqve minda Sevexo erT cnobas, romelic, SesaZloa, ukavSirdeba aR-
dgomis eklesiisTvis axali karebis Sebmas. ierusalimis berZnuli sapa-
triarqos biblioTekis erTi qarTuli xelnaweris (Jer. #36) minaweri 314-e
gverdze, romelic 1806 wels Seusrulebia jvris monastris mRvdels,
okribel lavrenti gogelaZes, gvamcnobs, rom ìerusalims xis karebi abia
kviparozis, da zed qarTveli giorgi mefe sweria, scanT da iZieniT~.165
am cnobaSi igulisxmeba ierusalimis aRdgomis eklesiis mTavari kar-
ebi, romelic Zvirfasi saamSeneblo xisgan, kviparosisgan iyo damzade-
buli. magram Riad rCeba `qarTveli giorgi mefis~ vinaoba.
grigol feraZis sityvebi rom gavimeoro, `samwuxarod, lavrentim
dawvrilebiT ar gamoikvlia es sakiTxi~.166 samagierod, man sxvebs mou-
woda, `scanT da iZieniT~-o, magram, sul raRac ori wlis Semdeg, 1808
wlis didma xanZarma aRdgomis eklesiaSi taZris karebi warweriTurT
gaanadgura da mefis identifikaciis sakiTxi Riad darCa. amJamad Sei-
Zleba vivaraudo, rom im dros, rodesac beenam aRdgomis taZars `karni~
Seaba, es warwerac man gaakeTebina da xsenebuli `giorgi mefe~ – misi pa-
troni kaxeTis mefe avgiorgia, romlis codvebis Sendobasac, ierusal-
imis sxvadasxva xelnaweris minawerSi, ufals SesTxovda beena ColoyaS-
vili.167
●
egviptis sulTnis brZanebulebebSi araerTxel meordeba sulTnis
moTxovna, rom ar ganaxlebuliyo qarTvelebis Seviwroeba, moqceod-
nen maT samarTlianad da mowyalebiT, daecvaT maTi baRebi da zvrebi,
165
mari, ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos wignsacavis xelnawerebis mokle aRw-
eriloba, 44, me-2 minaweri; Robert P. Blake, Catalogue des manuscrits Georgiens de la Bibliothèque
Patriarcale Grecque a Jérusalem (Paris, 1924), #36; Peradze, “An Account of the Georgian Monks,” 239,
n. 3; feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 130-31, Sen. 394 da 395; gagoSiZe, `qarTvel
mlocvelTa warwerebi~,137; misive, `wminda miwis qarTuli warwerebi~, Academia. isto-
riul-filologiuri Jurnali, tomi 5(A) ( 2003), 36.
166
feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 131.
167
mari, ierusalimis berZnuli sapatriarqos wignsacavis xelnawerebis mokle aR-
weriloba, 35-36.
miecaT maTTvis SesaZlebloba, aRedginaT TavianTi monastrebi – axlis

aSenebis gareSe (str. 13-20).
aseTi moTxovna ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom ierusalimis ad-
gilobrivi xelisufleba da kerZo pirebic drodadro arRvevdnen
qarTuli samonastro Temis uflebebs. amis Taobaze me momepoveba
mamluqTa xanis dokumentebi. sulTnis brZanebulebebi saSualebas
aZlevda beena ColoyaSvils, droebiT mainc, aRekveTa Zalmomreo-
bis SesaZlebeli aqtebi qarTveli piligrimebis, qarTuli samonas-
tro Temis qonebisa da meurneobis mimarT, garda amisa, SeekeTebina
qarTvelebis kuTvnili eklesia-monastrebic. vfiqrob, rom pirvel
yovlisa, es exeboda ierusalimis wminda jvris monasters, Tumca
sxva cnoba amis Taobaze ar gagvaCnia. garda amisa, ierusalimis be-
rZnuli sapatriarqos biblioTekis qarTul xelnawerTa koleqciis
#132 nusxis anderZi iuwyeba, rom beena ColoyaSvils ganuaxlebia wm.
Tevdores eklesia-monasteri da monastris biblioTekis Sevsebazec
uzrunia.168
kidev erTi mxare beena ColoyaSvilis moRvaweobisa iyo rTuli
da mZime saqme, ierusalimis qarTuli xelnawerebis `Sekazmva~, anu
ydaSi Casma.169 d. kldiaSvilis Tanaxmad, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom
beenas jvris mamobis dros Seikazma wm. Teklas monastris kuTvnili
oTxTavi (Jer.Georg.161), rasac adasturebs misi anderZi oTxTavis xel-
nawerze.170
●
beena ColoyaSvili, rogorc kaxeTis samefos elCi da jvris mama,
egviptesa da ierusalimSi imyofeboda 1512-1514 wlebSi. mas hqonda
dapirispireba somxur sapatriarqosTan wm. iakobis eklesiis gamo.
beena ColoyaSvili lakoniurad wers im siZneleebze, romlebic am
dros Sexvda: `didi Wiri da sarjeli gardamxda codvilsa beenasa
Zmano~, magram gansakuTrebiT mZime da principuli iyo dava francis-
kelebTan golgoTis mflobelobaze.
beena ColoyaSvilma yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom daecva da
ganemtkicebina qarTuli samonastro Temis interesebi. is daupiris-
pirda franciskelebs, romlebsac zurgs umagrebdnen politikurad
da finansurad Seudareblad mZlavri venecia da safrangeTi. Zalebi
168
TinaTin ceraZe, àxali monacemebi ierusalimis qarTuli samonastro kolo-
niis Sesaxeb~, Academia, istoriul-filologiuri Jurnali, tomi 5 (A) (2003), 47-48.
169
menabde, Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis kerebi, 113; maia karanaZe, qarTuli wignis
ydis istoria (Tbilisi, 2002), 38, 42, 44.
170
darejan kldiaSvili, sinas wm. ekaterines monastris qarTvelTa eklesiis
sulTa matiane (Tbilisi, 2008), 126, 131.
132 goCa jafariZe
araTanabari iyo. beena ColoyaSvils namdvilad ar eqneboda iseTi

finansuri SesaZleblobebi, riTac STabeWdilebas moaxdenda ierusa-
limSi sulTnis na’ibsa da SariaTis sasamarTloze. xolo kaTolikur
evropasTan kargi urTierTobis SenarCuneba, miuxedavad qarTvelebi-
sadmi keTilganwyobisa, egviptis sulTnisTvis prioritetuli iyo.
erTi mxriv, kaTolike franciskelTa didma fulma da qrTamma, xolo
meore mxriv, egviptis mamluqTa politikurma da ekonomikurma inter-
esebma, saSualeba ar misca beena ColoyaSvils qarTvelebis sasargeblod
sabolood gadaeWra golgoTis sakiTxi, Tumca man SeinarCuna status-
kvo am wminda adgilis nawilSi da perspeqtivaSi SeunarCuna is marTlma-
didebel qristianebsac.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom wminda adgilebisTvis brZolaSi qarTvelebs
praqtikulad mokavSire ar hyavdaT.
somxebi, franCesko surianos cnobiT, iyvnen berZnebisa da qarTve-
lebis mosisxle mtrebi.171 rac Seexeba berZnebs, isev surianos Tanax-
mad, yvela sxva qristiani xalxi gamodioda am `veragi mwvaleblebis~
winaaRmdeg, qarTvelebis garda.172 miuxedavad amisa, golgoTisTvis
franciskelebTan davis dros, ar Cans ierusalimis marTlmadideblu-
ri (melqitTa) sapatriarqos mxardaWera qarTuli samonastro Temi-
sadmi. is garegnulad gulgrili rCeboda golgoTis mimarT, Soridan
adevnebda Tvalyurs qarTvelebis uTanasworo brZolas da eloda
xelsayrel moments, raTa Tavis sasargeblod gamoeyenebina kaToli-
keebTan dapirispireba. es mogvianebiT aRasrula berZnulma marTl-
madideblurma sapatriarqom. marTalia, qarTulma samonastro Temma
melqitebTan da aRmosavleTis sxva qristianul jgufebTan erTad
SeTanxmebulad imoqmeda aRdgomis eklesiaSi piligrimobis ganaxle-
bisaTvis da piligrimTa privilegiebis aRsadgenad, magram es iyo iS-
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tus-kvos SesanarCuneblad, qarTuli samonastro Temis ukanaskneli
mcdeloba iyo mamluqTa batonobis miwuruls. mamluqTa sasulTno, ro-
melTanac qarTvel mefe-mTavrebs didi xnis manZilze sakmaod intensiu-
ri urTierTobebi hqondaT, arsebobis ukanasknel wlebs iTvlida. 1517
wels osmalebma daipyres egvipte da bolo mouRes mamluqTa damouki-
debeli sasulTnos arsebobas. wminda miwa Sevida osmalTa imperiis Se-
madgenlobaSi. amieridan qarTvelebs TavianTi interesebis dacva uwe-
vdaT osmalo sulTnebis karze da adgilobriv osmalo moxeleebTan.
171
172
iqve, 87.
amave dros gaZlierda berZnuli marTlmadidebluri sapatriarqo, ro-

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dRevandeli gadasaxedidan SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is gacilebiT saSiSi
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IX
XVI saukunis italieli piligrimis barbone

morozinis `mogzauroba wminda miwaze~
mariam nanobaSvili
barbone morozini XV-XVI saukuneTa mijnaze cxovrobda da moR-

vaweobda. 1523 wlidan igi veneciis konsuli iyo damaskoSi. manamde man
araerTxel imogzaura maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, maT Soris siriasa da
libanSi. 1514 wels morozini sapiligrimod imyofeboda palestinaSi.
es mogzauroba man dawvrilebiT aRwera wignSi `mogzauroba wminda mi-
waze~, romelic dRemde gamocemuli ar aris da Semonaxulia erTi xel-
naweris saxiT. momavalSi Cven miznad visaxavT mis gamocemas TargmaniTa
da komentarebiTurT.
Cveni interesi am Txzulebisadmi da winamdebare publikaciac
Semdegma mizezebma ganapiroba: jer erTi, es aris barbone morozinis
sizuste, skrupulozuroba da obieqturoba, metad tolerantuli
damokidebuleba aRmosavleTis qristianebisa da TviT muslimebis mi-
marTac; meore – morozinis `mogzauroba~ wminda miwis bolo aRweraa
manamde, sanam igi osmalTa xelSi aRmoCndeboda; da mesame, rac amjerad
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, esaa morozinis cnobebi ierusalimis
qarTuli siwmindeebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ar Sevida grigol feraZis
cnobil naSromSi1 da dRemde ucnobi iyo qarTul palestinologiaSi.
venecia da aRmosavleTi
morozini warmoSobiT veneciidan iyo, im qalaqidan, romelsac yov-
elTvis mWidro urTierToba hqonda aRmosavleTTan.
1
Archimandrite Gregory Peradze, “An Account of the Georgian Monks and Monasteries in Pales-
tine as revealed in the Writings of non-Georgian Pilgrims,” Georgica. A Journal of the Georgian and
Caucasian Studies. Rustaveli Volume, Nos. 4&5 (Autumn 1937); grigol feraZe, ucxoel pili-
grimTa cnobebi palestinis qarTveli berebisa da qarTuli monastrebis Sesaxeb,
gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali werili da damatebiTi SeniSvnebi daurTo goCa ja-
fariZem (Tbilisi, 1995).
140 mariam nanobaSvili
Tavdapirvelad adriatikis CrdiloeTiT mdebare lagunaze gax-

iznuli xalxi barbarosTa, lombardTa da mekobreTa SiSiT Zrwoda, ma-
gram sul mokle xanSi kunZulTa mkvidrni erTiandebian da Zlierdebian.
IX saukuneSi maT daaarses centri – Rivus Altus, `maRali wyali~, e. i. ri-
alto. am teritoriaze 829 wels orma vaWarma, bruno malamokoelma da
rustiko torCeloelma, aleqsandriidan wm. markozis sxeuli gadaas-
vena, riTac naTeli gaxada, rom axlad Seqmnili qalaqis mcxovreblebs
metad safuZvliani pretenziebi hqondaT damoukideblobaze. momdevno
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi rialto metad intensiurad viTardeba. igi
frankTa gavlenas Tavs warmatebiT aRwevs, samagierod, alianss kravs
bizantiasTan, rac icavs mas sarkinozTa, normanTa da agreTve adria-
tikis zRvis mekobreTagan. es ukanasknelni 1000 wels pietro orselo
meorem sastikad daamarcxa. im dRes uwodes il giorno della Sensa, e.i. àma-
Rlebis dRe~. rogorc cnobilia, jer kidev VII saukuneSi ravenis bizan-
tielma mmarTvelma aRiara lagunis mkvidrTa avtonomia doJis ganmge-
blobis qveS, XI saukunisaTvis ki am Tanamdebobis piris Zalaufleba
ukve dalmatiazec vrceldeba. swored mocemul periodSi iRebs qalaqi
saxes, romliTac met-naklebi cvlilebebiT dRemde aRwevs, magaliTad,
Sendeba wm. markozis cnobili taZari da sxv.2
veneciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan istoriul faqtTa-
gan unda davasaxeloT Semdegi: 1) doJ sebastiano Zianis (1172-1178 ww.),
rogorc mediatoris, monawileoba pap aleqsandre mesamesa da impera-
tor fridrix barbarosas Soris arsebul uTanxmoebaSi; 2) konstanti-
nopolSi SeWra 1202-1204 ww.; 3) 1378 wels kiojasTan genuelTa damarcx-
eba, ramac maT ambiciebs xmelTaSua zRvaze batonobasTan dakavSirebiT
sabolood mouRo bolo da rialtos upiratesoba aSkarad gamokveTa.
ra gamWriax politikas awarmoebdnen imdroindeli moRvaweni, aSkarad
Cans, magaliTad, iqidan, rom doJma enriko dandolom uyoymanod ganac-
xada uari romis imperatoris titulze da meoTxe jvarosnuli laSqro-
bis iniciatorebsa da monawileebs dauwesa mTeli rigi pirobebisa, Tu
misi samflobeloebis gavliT rogor unda gamgzavrebuliyvnen aR-
mosavleTisaken – yovelgvari gadasaxadi sufTa oqroTi da vercxliT
ifareboda, TviT rialtos gemebi ki xmelTaSua zRvis nebismier portSi
daubrkoleblad moZraobda. daaxloebiT am droidan qalaqs venecia
ewodeba, iqmneba respublika La Serenissima (ùmSvidesi~), romelic Sem-
dgom saukuneebSi kontinentis did teritoriasac imorCilebs, ara
mxolod venetos regions, aramed, magaliTad, lombardiasac. am mxriv,
2
Venezia e l’Oriente fra tardo Medioevo e Rinascimento, A cura di Agostino Perusti (Firenze, 1966),
22-23.
XVI saukunis italieli piligrimi 141
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia XV saukuneSi (1423-1457 ww.) doJ franCesko

foskaris moRvaweoba.3
politikuri da ekonomikuri Zliereba daedo safuZvlad kul-
turis arnaxul ayvavebas, romelsac Cven veneciaSi vxedavT da romelic
mniSvnelovanwilad aRmosavleTTan intensiuri urTierTobiT iyo gan-
pirobebuli. axla swored amaze SevaCerebT yuradRebas:
udavoa, rom venecia dasavleTis nawilia, magram masSi yovelTvis
Zalian mkafiod Seicnoboda aRmosavleTis gavlenac. es erTgvarad
gamabrueblad moqmedebda Tanadroul evropaze, romlisTvisac aR-
mosavleTi ukve sakmaod Soreul da gansxvavebul samyarod iyo gadaq-
ceuli. ai, ras swers 1844 wels Carlz dikensi Tavis megobars, jon for-
sters: àTaserTi Ramis yvelaze veluri xilvebic ki araferia wminda
markozis moedanTan da eklesiis SigniT miRebul pirvel STabeWdile-
basTan SedarebiT. veneciis brwyinvale da SesaniSnavi realoba nebis-
mieri Rrma meocnebis fantaziis miRma dgas. opiumi ver aaSenebda aseT
adgils, verc mojadoeba wamomarTavda aseT xilvas~.4 Tumca, is faqti,
rom venecia iqca dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis Sexvedris punqtad,
orientalistebs da qalaqis mkvidrT naklebad aocebda. sainteresoa,
rom es ukanasknelni dResac aRmosavleTis xsenebaze saubars iwye-
ben ara mxolod levantis qveynebze, osmaleTsa da im Soreul teri-
toriebze, romlebic maTma saxelovanma Tanamoqalaqem, marko polom,
1271 wlidan moyolebuli meoTxedi saukunis ganmavlobaSi moinaxula,
aramed Zalian xSirad jer bizantiaze miuTiTeben. martivad rom vTq-
vaT, venecielTaTvis bizantiac yovelTvis aRmosavleTad aRiqmeboda.
meore mxriv, marTalia, 1054 wlis didma sqizmam berZnuli da laTi-
nuri qristianuli samyaro, erTi SexedviT, erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa,
magram maincdamainc Rrma kvleva ar aris aucilebeli imis dasanaxad,
Tu ramdeni saerTo aqvT maT dRemde. udavoa, rom XII-XIII ss. evropis
kulturuli aRmavlobis dawyebaSi sakuTriv dasavleTSi Camoyalibe-
buli faqtorebis gverdiT didi wvlili Seitana rogorc klasikurma
qristianulma aRmosavleTma da bizantiam, aseve islamurma kulturam.
niSandoblivia, rom am saqmeSi venecias mieniWa wamyvani roli. magali-
Tad, jer kidev XI saukuneSi wm. markozis taZris ageba aSkarad gviCve-
nebs, Tu rogor moxda bizantiuri xelovnebis tradiciaTa gardaqmna,
maTi kaTolikur ikonografiasTan misadageba. mexsierebaSi aqve amo-
tivtivdeba SedarebiT ufro mogviano, kerZod, XVI saukunis, metad
3
iqve, 25-26.
4
Giuliano Lucchetta, L’Oriente mediterraneo nella cultura di Venezia tra il Quattro e il Cinquecento,
(Vicenza, 1984), 56.
niSandoblivi suraTi, romelic cnobil veneciel mxatvars, jentile

belinis ekuTvnis, Tumca dasrulebulia misi Zmis, jovanis, mier 1507
wels. es gaxlavT wm. markozis qadageba aleqsandriaSi. tiloze vxedavT
veneciisa da konstantinopolis namdvil sinTezs, Senobas, romelic
aris hagia sofiisa da san markos taZarTa elementebis aSkara Serwyma.
warmoisaxeba erTgvari ìdealuri~ aRmosavluri qalaqi, sadac Tval-
naTliv figurireben aseve ZvelaRmosavluri – egvipturi – obeliski
da islamuri minareTebi.5
1453 wels, konstantinopolis dacemis Semdeg, venecia uSualo kon-
taqtSia osmalebTan da am dros misi urTierToba grZeldeba rogorc
sakuTriv yofili aRmosavleT romis imperiis dedaqalaqTan, aseve sxva
teritoriebTanac, kerZod, pirvel rigSi, levantis qveynebs vgulisx-
mobT. faqtobrivad venecia iyo erTaderTi dasavluri porti, sadac
TurqeTis savaWro gemebi daubrkoleblad Cerdeboda da sadac levan-
tis vaWrebis komerciuli saqmianoba uzrunvelyofili iyo Fondaco dei
Turchi – TurqTa savaWro postiT Canal Grande-ze, e.i. did arxze. aqedan
gamomdinare, veneciel mxatvarTa suraTebze quCaSi mosiaruleTa Soris
arc Tu iSviaTadaa gamosaxuli aRmosavluri tipaJebi. sakmaod xSirad
ki romelime suraTi specialurad mxolod aRmosavlelebs gviCvenebs;
magaliTad, 1511 wels germanelma xelovanma, albrext diurerma, swored
veneciaSi Seqmna Tavisi cnobili namuSevari – `Turquli ojaxi~. sxvaTa
Soris, im dros bevri germaneli komersantic akiTxavda adriatikis
sanapiros cnobil ports, vinaidan senatma veneciel vaWrebs germaniasa
da CrdiloeTis sxva qveynebSi sastikad aukrZala vaWroba, raTa, piriq-
iT, xalxi iqidan miezida da ufro didi mogeba enaxa. Fondaco dei Tedeschi,
germanelTa savaWro punqti zed rialtos xidTan mdebareobda da dRes
am SenobaSi veneciis centralur fostas aqvs bina dadebuli.
TviTon aRmosavlelebic gansakuTrebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni
veneciiT da es mxolod politikur da ekonomikur aspeqtSi ar vlin-
deboda. magaliTad, zemoT xsenebuli jentile belini 1479 wels, me-
hmed meoris daJinebuli TxovniT, Tan gahyva veneciis elCobas kon-
stantinopolSi. mas ekuTvnis sulTnis cnobili portreti, romelic
amJamad londonis erovnul galereaSia daculi. aRorZinebis peri-
odis gamoCenili mwerlisa da xelovanis karlo ridolfis TqmiT, be-
linim Zalian gaRizianebulma datova mehmed meoris sasaxle. saqme isaa,
rom sulTanma mas diskusia gaumarTa da uTxra, rom cnobil suraTSi –
`wm. ioane naTlismcemlis TaviskveTa~ – zogierTi anatomiuri detali
uzustodaa gadmocemuli, ris sailustraciodac mxatvris Tvalwin sa-
5
Deborah Howard, Venice and the East (London, 2000), 72.
kuTari xeliT mohkveTa Tavi erT-erT monas. miuxedavad amisa, belinim

sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna aRmosavleTis siyvaruli. saerTod,
aldus manutiusi da kardinali besarioni, ravertis, belinisa da vivar-
inis ojaxebi, sansovino da paladio, mantenia da karpaCo, agreTve mogvi-
anebiT jorjone, ticiani, tintoreto da veroneze – yvela es cnobili
venecieli mecnieri, mbeWdavi, moqandake, arqiteqtori Tu mxatvari
aRmosavleTs jerovan yuradRebas uTmobda.6 am mokle kulturuli mi-
moxilvis bolos SeiZleba kidev erTi suraTi dasaxeldes – jorjones
`sami filosofosi~. varaudoben, rom aq gamosaxulni arian ebraeli,
berZeni da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis erT-erTi erovnebis muslimi, anu
xdeba gansaxiereba sami religiisa da kulturisa, romelic XVI sauku-
nis venecielTaTvis Tanabrad iyo cnobili da gasagebi. sxvaTa Soris,
ebrauli da berZnuli ubnebi dRemde arsebobs qalaqSi, Sesabamisad, si-
nagoga da eklesia San Giorgio dei Greci (berZenTa wminda giorgi), sadac
daculia wm. basili didis xeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom veneciaSi Zalian bev-
ri relikvia da wminda nawilia, razec qvemoTac SevCerdebiT.
venecia da piligrimoba wminda miwaze

aRmosavleTTan veneciis respublikis diplomatiuri da komerci-
uli urTierToba mravaljer iqca kvlevis sagnad. mravali naSromia Se-
qmnili xelovnebaTmcodneobaSic, rogorc arqiteqturis, aseve mxatv-
robis sferoSi. amas emateba isic, rom venecia iqca `karibWed~, romel-
ic evropas palestinasTan akavSirebda. evropel piligrimTa udidesi
nawili wminda miwaze swored aqedan miemgzavreboda. gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas italiuri sapiligrimo literatura ipyrobs, miT umetes,
rom arsebobs araerTi teqsti, romelic jer kidev ar gamoqveynebula.
venecia xmelTaSua zRvaze gabatonebuli evropuli porti iyo. man
Tavis Tavze aiRo aRmosavleTSi rogorc jvarosanTa, ise piligrimTa
gadayvana. senati idga mudmivi dilemis winaSe – daerTo Tu ara neba,
sapiligrimo gemebze aetanaT komerciuli tvirTi, da sakmaod xSirad
sakiTxs dadebiTad wyvetda. ganmanaTleblobis racionalisturi midg-
omidan gamomdinare, evropel mkvlevrebs es momenti mxedvelobidan ar
gamorCeniaT. amaze sagangebo yuradRebaa gamaxvilebuli XIX saukunis
dasawyisisa da pirveli naxevris mecnierTa SromebSi. aq, pirvel rig-
Si vgulisxmobT fabio mutinelis monografias – `venecielTa vaWro-
bis Sesaxeb~, romelic veneciaSi 1835 wels gamoqveynda.7 komersantTa
oportunizmis gverdiT saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi vxedavT mogzaurebs,
6
Howard, Venice and the East, 112.
7
Fabio Mutinelli, Del commercio dei Veneziani (Venezia, 1835).
romlebsac ierusalimis mosanaxuleblad pirvel rigSi morwmuneo-

brivi, sulieri motivebi amoZravebdaT. maT ricxvs arc Tu iSviaTad
ekuTvnodnen TviTon vaWrebi, agreTve aRmosavleTSi moRvawe kon-
sulebi, romlebic doJebisagan specialur Svebulebas iRebdnen pilig-
rimobis Sesasruleblad. amasTan dakavSirebiT moviyvanT erT citatas.
1966 wels a. l. momiliano lepSkim milanSi gamoaqveyna santo braskas
mogzauroba wminda miwaze,8 sadac vkiTxulobT: `yoveli adamiani mzad
unda iyos, imogzauros [igulisxmeba ierusalimSi] mxolod erTi miz-
niT – moinaxulos, Rrmad Cafiqrdes da cremlmoreulma Tayvani sces
am wminda saidumloebebs, raTa mowyale iesom codvebi Seundos, da ara
imisTvis, rom ixilos msoflio, anda ambiciisTvisa da mRelvarebiT
warmosaTqmelad: me vyofilvar, me minaxavs da a.S.~9
venecieli piligrimi barbone morozini, visac winamdebare naSromi
eZRvneba, 1514 wels damaskoSi yofnisas TanamemamuleebTan erTad gae-
mgzavra ierusalimis mosalocad, magram aseTi koleqtiuri vizitiT
ukmayofilo iyo da amitomac palestinaSi ufro xangrZlivi vadiT
darCa, raTa martos ufro ganecada da SeegrZno es, rogorc aRniSnavs,
`yovlad saTayvano da wminda adgilebi~ (“questi devotissimi et sancti lochi”).
roca am or sruliad gansxvavebul aspeqtze vsaubrobT, romelTa-
gan erTi aris miwieri, yovlad pragmatuli, meore ki amaRlebuli, su-
lieri, cxadia, rom venecia mniSvnelovani iyo orive TvalsazrisiT. es
ar iyo ubralod didi porti, saidanac yvelaze ufro mosaxerxeblad es-
axebodaT ierusalimisaken gamgzavreba. veneciis politika, ekonomika,
kultura, sulieri cxovreba mniSvnelovanwilad aRmosavleTTan iyo
dakavSirebuli. am fonze wminda miwasTan kavSirebi sruliad gansa-
kuTrebuli gaxldaT. rodesac romis papma 1420 wels specialuri komi-
sia Seqmna palestinaSi franciskelTa moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad, res-
publikam wminda saydars uzarmazari finansuri mxardaWera aRmouCina.
amasTanave, doJma tomazo moCenigom uSualo monawileoba miiRo am
saqmeSi. saerTod, venecieli vaWrebi da bankirebi damaskos, kairos,
aleqsandriis, libanis, tripolis, amanisa da alepos gavliT fran-
ciskelTa ordens mniSvnelovan materialur daxmarebas uwevdnen.10
8
Viaggio in Terrasanta di Santo Brasca 1480, con l’itinerario di Gabriele Capodilista (Milano,
1966).
9
iqve, 5. “videlicet che, primo, dispona l’homo fare el viagio solamente ad intentione de visitare,
comtemplare et adorare con gran effusione de lachrime queli sanctissimi misterij, adciò che Iesu beni-
gno gli perdona li suei peccati et non ad intentione de vedere del mondo e per ambitione e per exaltatione
de dire: io sono stato, io ho veduto etc.”
10
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs araerTi wyaro da gamokvleva, mag. Fra
Francesco Suriano, Treatise on the Holy Land, trans. Fr Theophilus Bellorini OFM and Fr Eugene
xsenebul periodSi veneciasa da vatikans kargi urTierToba hqon-

daT. san markos taZarSi mravali indulgencia gaicemoda ara mxolod
didgvarovnebsa da vaWrebze, aramed venetos TviT uRaribes mezR-
vaurebzec ki. wminda miwis monaxuleba yvelas SeeZlo. Raribebs mniS-
vnelovan finansur SeRavaTebs aZlevdnen, zogadad ki yvela piligrimi
sargeblobda bevri privilegiiT, magaliTad, baJs ar ixdida da sxv. sain-
teresoa, rom TviT senatSi mdidar piligrimebs miecaT rekomendacia,
wminda miwaze Tavmdablad moqceuliyvnen. san markoSi indulgenciis
miRebis Semdeg, miuxedavad imisa, rom piligrimTa ricxvi Zalian didi
iyo, nebismieri socialuri warmoSobis piligrims SeeZlo sasaxleSi
Sesvla, sadac mas piradad doJi gadaexveoda da mSvidobian mgzavrobas
usurvebda.
venecias kargi urTierToba hqonda ara mxolod uSualod romis
papsa da ukve naxseneb franciskelebTan, aramed sxva ordenebTanac, pi-
rvel rigSi – tamplierebTan. cnobilia, rom venecielma vaWarma, ro-
mano mairanom, tamplierebs rkinis didi konsignacia gadasca. ordeni,
Tavis mxriv, venecielebs sakuTari gemebiT sargeblobis uflebas
aZlevda xolme. rogorc cnobilia, jvarosnebma 1099 wels xelT igdes
ierusalimi, 1187 wels ki qalaqi isev muslimTa xelSi gadavida. prag-
matuli mosazrebebiT venecielebma muslimebTan kargi urTierToba
daamyares. amas mohyva islamur qveynebTan vaWrobaze vatikanis mxridan
embargos daweseba, magram misi dacva SeuZlebeli gaxda da es sanqcia
1344 wels oficialuradac gauqmda.
XIII saukunis 20-iani wlebidan piligrimTa gamgzavreba veneciidan
ierusalimisaken sistematur xasiaTs iRebs da metad maRal donezea
organizebuli, rac muslimTa gamgeblobaSi ierusalimis gadasvla-
sac ki ar daubrkolebia. amas, ra Tqma unda, xels uwyobda islamur
samyarosTan veneciis saxelmwifos kargi urTierToba. mamluqebTan
dadebul xelSekrulebebSi saTanadod iyo aRniSnuli piligrimTa
gadaadgileba maxlobeli aRmosavleTis teritoriaze. respublika
faqtobrivad warmarTavda da aregulirebda piligrimobis mTel pro-
cess. amasTan dakavSirebiT pirveli statutebi senatSi 1227 wels pi-
etro Zianis zeobis dros gamodis. aqve gansakuTrebulad mivuTiTebT
momdevno doJis, jakopo tiepolos, Zalisxmevaze. 1229 wels man, Sei-
Zleba iTqvas, Seqmna specialuri samsaxuri, romelic koordinacias
Hoade OFM (Jerusalem, 1949); David Jacoby, “Peleginage médiéval et sanctuaires de Terre Sainte:
La perspective vénitienne,” Ateneo Veneto, CLXXIII (XXIV N.S.), 1986; Id., Studies on the Crusader
States and on Venetian Expansion (Northampton, 1989); “Les Italiens en Egypt au XIIe at XIIIe siècles:
du comptoir à la colonie,” in Coloniseur au Moyen Age, eds. Michel Balard et Alain Ducellier (Paris,
1995).
uwevda piligrimobas. XIII-XV saukuneebSi veneciidan yovelwliurad

2, 3 an 4 specialuri sapiligrimo gemi gadioda, XV saukunis meore nax-
evridan, aseve XVI-Si ki – 1 an 2. rogorc zemoT xsenebuli pirebi – santo
braska, barbone morozini, franCesko suriano, agreTve sxvebi, magali-
Tad, nikolo da pojibonsi (1346 w.) aRniSnaven, adriatikis sanapiroze
mdebare mniSvnelovani qalaqi maT bevri mizezis gamo izidavda: ioli
iyo aRmosavleTisaken mimavali gemis, aseve palestinis Cinebuli mcodne
gzamkvlevisa Tu Tarjimnis swrafad migneba, zRvaze moZraobisas arse-
bobda mekobreebisagan Tavdacvis maqsimaluri garantia, gzad SesaZlo
iyo SeCereba mraval veneciur koloniaSi da, ra Tqma unda, venetos mez-
Rvaurebi didi profesionalizmiT gamoirCeodnen.11 moviyvanT cita-
tas erTi anonimi ingliseli piligrimis Canawerebidan: àm qalaqis [e.i.
veneciis] Tavkacni, rogorc Cans, wminda werils SesaniSnavad icnoben.
maTTan dakavSirebiT verc erTi qristiani odnavadac ver daiCivlebs
da ver wamoayenebs TviT mcire samduravsac ki. isini berZnuli zRvis
ufalni arian zustad iseve, rogorc inglisis mefe ufalia inglisis
zRvebisa~.12
piligrimebi gezs ori ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT iRebdnen: visac
ierusalimamde sinas mTis monaxuleba surda, aleqsandriaSi Cadioda,
xolo is morwmuneni ki, romlebsac undodaT galileasa da siriaSi gav-
la, beiruTs akiTxavdnen. am procesSi praqtikulad TviTon veneciac
sapiligrimo qalaqad gadaiqca, vinaidan momlocvelni jer wm. markozis
saflavs moinaxulebdnen, veneciaSi sakmao xans yovndebodnen, dadiod-
nen eklesiebSi, eTayvanebodnen sxva wmindanTa sxeulebsa da nawilebs,
romelTa ricxvi, sul mcire, 50 iyo.13 mxolod Semdgom miemgzavrebod-
nen isini aRmosavleTisaken.
veneciis roli piligrimobis ganviTarebaSi umeteswilad komer-
ciuli, ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT ganixileboda. am mxriv, klasikuri
magaliTia e. aStoris naSromi – `venecia da wminda miwaze piligrimo-
ba adreul Sua saukuneebSi~.14 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakiTxis es mxare
11
cnobilia, rom zRvaosnobaSi Cinebulad iyo gawafuli franCesko suriano. pales-
tinidan italiaSi erT-erTi mgzavrobisas man gemi orjer gadaarCina daRupvas. saSineli
Stormis dros gemma saWe dakarga. moulodnelad Tavmdabali beri gembanze aiWra da
xomaldi saWis gareSe marTa. am xelovnebas igi axalgazrdobaSi iyo dauflebuli.
12
Western Pilgrims: The Itineraries of Fr Simon Fitzsimons (1322-23), a Certain Englishman (1344-
45), Thomas Brygg (1392), and Notes on Other Authors and Pilgrims, ed. Eugene Hoade OFM (Jerusa-
lem, 1952; repr. 1979), 49.
13
Culto dei Santi a Venezia, di S. Tramontin e altri (Venezia, 1965).
14
E. Ashtor, “Venezia e il pelegrinaggio in Terrasanta nel basso medioevo,” Archivio storico italiano,
CXLIII (1985).
sistematuradaa gamokvleuli. Tumca, iyo mcdelobebi, yuradReba

gamaxvilebuliyo sxva aspeqtebzec. arsebobs haidiseuli gviani Sua
saukuneebis italiuri sapiligrimo literaturis mimoxilva.15 ita-
liel piligrimTa nawerebis literaturuli mxare donald hovardma
Seafasa.16
amdenad, naTelia, rom wminda miwaze piligrimobisa da veneciis Ses-
axeb saubrisas mravalmxrivi sakiTxebi wamoiWreba. Cveni uSualo in-
teresis sfero ki venecielTa mier aRwerili palestina gaxlavT.
venecieli piligrimi barbone morozini

barbone morozinim 1514 wlis 15 ivlisidan 26 agvistomde periodSi
ipiligrima. mis Sesaxeb bevri cnoba ar mogvepoveba. morozinis gvari
erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili da gamorCeulia venetos didgvarovanTa
Soris. maT Sesaxeb informacia Tavmoyrilia sanutos Diarii-Si, romel-
ic 1886 wels veneciaSi gamoica. esaa renesansis periodis erT-erTi
udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi qronika. masSi Sekrebilia venetos yvela
cnobili gvaris istoria. barbone morozini naxsenebia XVIII tomis 22-e
svetsa da aseve XXV tomis 287-e svetSi. igi venecieli vaWris Svili iyo.
1513 wlidan man mamis profesias mihyo xeli da siriaSi xSiri mogzauro-
ba daiwyo. 1523 wels arCeul iqna veneciis konsulad damaskoSi. garda-
icvala 1530 wels. 1505 wlidan daqorwinebuli iyo elizabeta justini-
anize. wyaroebidan Cans, rom 1511 wels maT hyavT vaJiSvili, romelsac
vinCenco hqvia. arqividan aseve irkveva, rom 1513 wels siriaSi Savi Wiris
epidemiam ifeTqa. barbone morozini avad gaxda, magram SeZlo gamojan-
mrTeleba. rogorc Cans, es damatebiTi motivi aRmoCnda saimisod, rom
mas RmerTisadmi madlierebis gamosaxatavad wminda miwaze piligrimoba
aResrulebina. samwuxarod, barbone morozinis Sesaxeb sxva raime cnoba
ar Semonaxula. mis pirovnebaze warmodgenas TviT misi naweri gviqmnis.
`mogzaurobis~ kiTxvisas naTlad Cans, rom morozini niWieri, gambe-
davi, dakvirvebuli da komunikabeluri adamiani gaxldaT. is kargad
flobda arabul enas. iolad Sedioda kontaqtSi adgilobriv mosax-
leobasTan da mmarTvelebTan. iyo RvTismosavi kaTolike, magram es xels
ar uSlida, megobruli damokidebuleba hqonoda ara mxolod sxva qris-
tianuli konfesiebis warmomadgenlebTan, aramed TviT muslimebTanac.
15
J. K. Hyde, “Italian Pilgrim Literature in the Late Middle Ages,” Bulletin of the John Rylands
University Library of Manchester, 72, no. 3: special issue: Essays in Memory of J. K. Hyde, ed. Brian
Pullan and Susan Reynolds (1990).
16
D. R. Howard, Writers and Pilgrims: Medieval Pilgrim Narratives and their Posterity (London,
1980).
misi msjelobani Sorsaa yovelgvari radikalizmisa da fanatizmisagan,

rasac ver vityviT bevr dasavlel moRvaweze – TviT wminda miwis meurve,
cnobili franCesko surianoc (1512-1514) ki berZnebs èretikosebsa da
laTinTa mTavar mtrebs~ uwodebs, ris argumentadac mxolod is mohyavs,
rom berZnebi romis iurisdiqcias ar scnoben; amasTanave, qarTvelebi
mas moveluro xalxad hyavs warmoCenili.17 barbone morozinis teqstSi
amgvari tendenciuroba arc erTxel ar vlindeba. piriqiT, is simpaTias
amJRavnebs wminda miwaze warmodgenili yvela konfesiisa da xalxis mi-
marT.
barbone morozinis `mogzaurobis~ xelnaweri

barbone morozinis `mogzauroba~ avtografis saxiT erTaderT xe-
lnawerSia Semonaxuli. is sruliad ucnobi iyo manamde, sanam amadeo
svaieris koleqcia veneciis wminda markozis biblioTekas gadaecemoda.
amJamad is italiur xelnawerTa VI klasSi me-6 nomradaa Sesuli.
vidre uSualod teqstis aRweras ganvagrZobdeT, oriode sityviT
amadeo svaiersis pirovnebasac SevexebiT. es misi saxelis laTinizebu-
li formaa (Amadeo Svajer). igi germaneli gaxldaT da wyaroebSi aseve
moixsenieba, rogorc Amadeus an Gottlieb Schweyer. daibada veneciaSi 1727
wlis 12 dekembers da iqve, 1791 wlis 28 dekembers gardaicvala. is war-
matebuli komersanti iyo.
svaierTa ojaxi niurnbergidan veneciaSi XVII saukunis bolodan iyo
emigrirebuli. isini luTeranebi iyvnen. iseve rogorc veneciaSi mkvidr
sxva did germanel vaWarTa Svilebma, amadeomac ZviradRirebuli kerZo
ganaTleba miiRo. misi maswavlebeli iyo veneciaSi mcxovrebi cnobili
germaneli moRvawe, iohan konrad hofmani (1702-1756 ww.). maswavle-
belma Tavis mowafes istoriisa da literaturis didi siyvaruli gad-
asca. svaieri veneciis evangelistur samrevloSi aqtiur moRvaweobas
eweoda. man mravali xelnaweri Tu nabeWdi wigni Seagrova. es mdidari
koleqcia 1794 wels veneciis wminda markozis biblioTekam SeiZina.18
barbone morozinis `mogzaurobis~ teqsti 60 gverds moicavs. nawer-
ia XVI saukunisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli laTinuri kaligrafiiT, arcTu iS-
viaTad gvxvdeba daqaragmebuli sityvebi. `mogzauroba~ italiur enazea,
magram masSi araerTgzisaa moyvanili vrceli laTinuri citatebi.
17
Il trattato di Terra Santa e dell’Oriente di Frate Francesco Suriano, missionario e viaggiatore del
secolo XV (Siria, Palestina, Arabia, Egitto, Abissinia ecc.), edito per la prima volta nella sua integrità
su due Codici della Comunale di Perugia e sul testo Bindoni, dal P. Girolamo Golubovich, Ord. Min.,
Missionario Apostolico e figlio della Custodia di Terra Santa (Milano, 1900), 74.
18
E. Bragaglia, Gli Ex libris italiani dalle origini alla fine dell’Ottocento, 2, (Milano, 1951), nn. 864,
865, 866.
barbone morozinis `mogzaurobis~ Seswavlis mdgomareoba

1889 wels t. domenikelim pirvelad daimowma morozinis `mogzauroba~,19
1891-92 wlebSi m. da Civecam gamoaqveyna zogierTi nawyveti teqstidan, isi-
ni exeba ierusalims, sionis mTis eklesias, wminda saflavis eklesias, be-
Tlems.20 XX saukuneSi ramdenime mkvlevarma gamoiyena morozinis mogzauro-
ba. aqedan aRsaniSnavia e. Cerulis monografia èTiopielebi palestinaSi~.21
avtori imowmebs yvela im adgils, sadac morozini eTiopielebs axsenebs.
sxva naSromTagan unda davasaxeloT b. bagatis, d. baldisa da m. ronkalias
gamokvlevebi.22 Tavdapirvelad martiniano ronkaliam morozinis mogzau-
roba gamoiyena imitom, rom venecieli piligrimi saubrobs beri bernar-
dino kortono udinelis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavs, rom igi wminda saflavis ekle-
siaSi mxurvale qadagebas warmoTqvamda. mkvlevars gadawyvetili hqonda,
srulad gamoeqveynebina morozinis `mogzauroba~ da am proeqtze muSaoba
daiwyo kidec, Tumca am wamowyebis bolomde miyvana ar dascalda.
morozinis teqstis Cveneuli publikacia

SesavalSi aRvniSneT, rom Cven vapirebT gamovceT barbone morozi-
nis `mogzaurobis~ sruli italiuri teqsti TargmaniTurT. publikaciaSi
xelnaweris lingvisturi da orTografiuli Taviseburebebi zustad
iqneba daculi. agreTve, warmodgenili iqneba leqsikoni, ganmartebani
da saZieblebi. es komentarebi daefuZneba im samecniero, sacnobaro da
saleqsikono masalas, romelic exeba venecias, veneciur-aRmosavlur
urTierTobebs, palestinas, sapiligrimo literaturas, venetos di-
aleqtsa da masze aRmosavlur zegavlenebs – masalas, romelic uxvadaa
warmodgenili wminda markozis biblioTekaSi.23 amjerad gTavazobT
19
T. Domenichelli, L’Emaus della Palestina (Livorno, 1889), 339.
20
Marcellino da Civezza, Viaggio di Barbone Morosini ai Luoghi di Terra Santa fatto l’anno 1514 e
da lui stesso descritto, in Le Missioni Francescane (1891), 230-236, (1892) , 162-167.
21
E. Cerulli, Etiopi in Palestina, I (Roma, 1943), 372-378.
22
Bellarmino Bagatti, Gli antichi edifici sacri di Betlemme, in seguito agli scavi e restauri prati-
cati dalla Custodia di Terra Santa (1948-51), Gerusalemme, 1952, 48, 57, 187 (belarmino baga-
ti, beTlemis Zveli sakraluri Senobebi wminda miwis mcvelTa mier 1948-51 wlebSi
ganxorcielebuli gaTxrebisa da restavraciis Semdgom); D. Baldi, Enchiridion Locorum
Sanctorm, editio altera aucta et emendata, Jerusalem, 1955, 26, 452-454; M. Roncaglia, Fra Bernardino
Cortono da Udine OFM, in Le Venezie Francescane 14 (1947), 39-72.
23
msurs, gamovxato didi madliereba italiis sagareo saqmeTa saministrosa da
veneciis ka’ foskaris universitetis mimarT finansuri daxmarebisaTvis, ramac saSu-
aleba momca, ramdenjerme ganmexorcielebina samecniero kvleva veneciis wm. markozis
biblioTekaSi. aseve did madlobas movaxseneb profesor goCa jafariZes muSaobis
procesSi gaweuli araerTi mniSvnelovani konsultaciisa da mxardaWerisaTvis.
mxolod im nawyvetebs barbone morozinis `mogzaurobidan~, romlebic

qarTvelebs exeba.
cnobebi qarTvelTa Sesaxeb morozinis `mogzaurobidan~ Semdegia:
1. maT [qarTvelebs] ekuTvniT golgoTis mTaze is adgili, romel-
sac amCnevia qristes jvarcmis dros gaCenili Rrma bzari, macxovrisa
da aramonanie qurdis jvrebis adgilTa Soris; isini aq `ganmgebloben~
(ital. Questo sacratissimo locho è in governo de Gorgi christiani – es uwmindesi
adgili aris qarTveli qristianebis ganmgeblobaSi);
2. maT aqvT aseve TavianTi sacxovrebeli golgoTis mTasTan;
3. maT aqvT TavianTi sakuTari eklesia im adgilas, sadac idga xe,
romlidanac damzadda qristes jvarze mosaTavsebeli dafa warweri-
saTvis (igulisxmeba jvris monasteri);
4. isini berZnebTan erTad swiraven beTlemSi macxovris Sobis ekle-
siis mTavar sakurTxevelSi, aseve winadacveTis adgilas damoukide-
blad aRavlenen RvTismsaxurebas.
axla moviyvanT konkretul citatebs:
1. nawyveti golgoTis mTis aRweridan
(11r) rodesac adixar Tormetsafexurian kibeze, zemodan Cans, rom iq
iyo ori kari, romelic gadioda mTeli eklesiis qvemoT. mTlianad ekle-
sia SemaRlebul adgilzea ganlagebuli. amJamad orive karebi naxevrad
amoSenebulia da Caxergili. mTavar eklesiaSi SeiZleba sxva kibiT dab-
runeba. samxreTisaken aris patara samlocvelo sakurTxevliT, romlis
qveSac aris svetis nawili. amboben, rom masze ijda macxovari Cveni, rode-
sac eklis gvirgvini daadges. es sveti warmoadgens TeTris, Savisa da mw-
vanis narevs. aRniSnul adgilze abisinielebi zrunaven. maT SemozRuduli
aqvT samlocvelo da Zalian rTulia, Tundac raime fragments mohkra Tva-
li. roca gauyvebi eklesias garSemo dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, marcxena
mxares aris organStoebiani kibe, pirveli aRmosavleTisken adis, meore
ki samxreTisaken miemarTeba. orive marmarilos Tormeti safexurisagan
Sedgeba. isini adis vnebis uwmindes adgilas, romelic oTxkuTxedia. mis
SuaSi aris didi pilastri. (11v) eklesiis siRrmeSi Cadis sayrdeni svetebi.
samxreTis mxares aris ramdenime fanjara, romelic gadahyurebs patara
moedans eklesiis karebis win. im kibisa da kapitelis zemoT aris adgili,
sadac macxovris vnebis dros idgnen didebuli qalwuli da wminda ioane.
aRmosavleTisaken, rogorc ki axval kibeze marcxena mxares, wamo-
marTulia erTiani sigrZisa da siganis mqone marmarilos adgili kibidan
moyolebuli pilastris Suamde. misi sigrZe-sigane daaxloebiT oTx-
naxevari terfia. iq aris kldeSi gakeTebuli mrgvali naxvreti zustad
golgoTis mTaze, sadac aRmarTuli iyo Cveni uflis, ieso qristes,
jvari. iq aris sruli indulgencia. es adgili daxurulia marmarilos
filebiT da napralSi Cadebuli aqvs totebi, raTa iolad Casavardni ar

iyos. SesaZlebelia xelis Rrmad Seyofa da Sexeba namdvil kldesTan.
da aq raoden didia qviTini da cremli erTguli momlocvelebisa! TviT
isinic ki, vinc ar arian keTilgonierni RmerTis mowyalebis misaRebad,
Semcbarni dganan sxvaTa mtkivneuli oxvra-godebis winaSe. es Tu saku-
Tari TvaliT ar ginaxavs, Znelad Tu warmoidgen.
am uwmindesi naxvretis marjvena mxares, daaxloebiT erTi nabijis,
anu xuTi terfis, manZilze aris adgili qurdisa, romelic moeqca Cveni
uflis, ieso qristes, rwmenaze. da marcxniv daaxloebiT imave manZilze
aris sveti, romelic aRniSnavs aramonanie qurdis adgils. am adgilsa da
uwmindesi jvris adgils Soris aris naprali, romelsac Zirs sasruli ar
uCans.
es uwmindesi adgili aris qarTveli qristianebis mbrZaneb-
lobaSi, Tumca qristianTa yovel jgufs SeuZlia survilisamebr mi-
vides iq da daanTos Tavisi lamprebi (xazgasma Cvenia, m. n.).
2. nawyveti wminda saflavis eklesiis aRweridan
(13v) eklesiis gverdebze aris navebi, romlebic erTmaneTs wriulad
miuyveba. maT miRma samxreTis, dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis mxares aris
sacxovreblebi, agreTve eklesiis navebis zemoTac aris sxvadasxva qris-
tianTa sacxovreblebi. samxreTidan dasavleTisaken qvemoT arian in-
doelebi da abisinielebi, romlebic TiTqmis erTnairebi arian ceremonie-
bSi. zemoT aqvT (14r) TavianTi adgili somxebs, rogorc eklesia, aseve
sacxovrebeli. eseni ufro gvemsgavsebian da cdiloben, dagvikavSirdnen
da Cvennairni gaxdnen.24 saflavis miRma arian (resp. dganan) iakobitebi.
koptebic saflavis miRma dasavleTiT mkvidroben. berZnebi, rogorc ukve
iTqva, mTavar sakurTxevelSi swiraven, qarTvelebi – golgoTis mTaze;
da im iatakis qveS, romelic aris golgoTis mTis win, maT aqvT TavianTi
sacxovrebeli (xazgasma Cvenia, m. n.).25 rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, aq aris
bzari, romelic gaCnda vnebis dros. mas bolo ar uCans. am bzarze zogi-
erTi ambobs, rom masSi napovni iqna adamis Tavi. aq Cans adgili, romelic
ganibana Cveni uflis, ieso qristes, sisxliT Cveni codvebis warsaxocad.
24
barbone morozini, msgavsad mravali italieli avtorisa, kidev erTxel xaz-
gasmiT miuTiTebs, rom somxebs gamorCeulad kargi urTierToba hqondaT romTan.
am nawyvetidanac cxadia, rom isini laTinTa did simpaTias imsaxurebdnen. aRsani-
Snavia veneciaSi somexi uniatebis, mxiTaristebis, cnobili monasteri wm. lazares
kunZulze.
25
1507 wels golgoTis midamoebSi qarTvelTa sacxovreblebze miuTiTebs her-
cogi fridrix II ligniceli da brigeli. Peradze, “An Account of the Georgian Monks,” 197;
feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi palestinis qarTveli berebisa da qarTuli
monastrebis Sesaxeb, 53.
3. nawyvetebi, sadac moxseniebulia qarTvelTa jvris monasteri

(15r) ocdaoTx [agvistos], sanam gaTendeboda, gezi aviReT iu-
deis mTisaken, romelic ierusalimidan Svidi miliTaa daSorebuli.
gzad vpoveT erTi eklesia, romelic aqvT qarTvelebs wminda gior-
gis saxelze. am eklesiaSi aris naxvreti, sadac moiWra zeTisxilis xe,
romelic warwerisaTvis daedo uwmindes jvars. am eklesiaSi amJamad
ar SevsulvarT, raTa mivyolodiT aRebul gezs iudeis mTisaken, sadac
gamTeniisas mivediT.
(24r) ierusalimSi sxva gziT davbrundi. rodesac qalaqs erTnax-
evari miliT mivuaxlovdi, viyavi im eklesiaSi, romelic qarTvelebs
ekuTvniT. iq didi sakurTxevlis qveS aris naxvreti, sadac, rogorc am-
boben, moiWra zeTisxilis xe, romelic daido uwmindes jvarze. am adg-
ils ewodeba wminda jvari, rac zemoTac aRvniSne. Semdeg davbrundiT
Cvens adgilas sionis mTaze.
4. nawyveti beTlemis macxovris Sobis eklesiis aRweridan
(16v) eklesia xuTnaviania, maTgan centraluri ganieria. misi sigr-
Ze sakurTxevlamde ormocdaaTi terfia. aq aris oTxi wyeba ulamazesi
da didi svetebisa. TiToeul wyebaSi TerTmeti svetia. aRmosavleTiT,
jvris msgavsi gadakveTis gadaRma, mdebareobs didi samlocvelo, gver-
debze ki – kidev ori sxva samlocvelo. jvris formis gadakveTaze aris
mTavari sakurTxeveli, marmariloebiT mofenili, magram dazianebuli.
garSemoc mTeli eklesia dafaruli iyo marmariloebiT. isini muslimeb-
ma waiRes TavianTi mSeneblobebisaTvis da mxolod cota darCa. svetebs
zemoT eklesiis frTebze sul mozaikebia. patara samlocvelo, romelic
mTavar sakurTxevelTanaa da aRmosavleTisaken iyureba, Cveni uflis,
ieso qristes, winadacveTis adgilia. iq sruli indulgenciaa. Tayvanis-
cema sruldeba sakurTxevlis qveS. didi sakurTxevlis meore mxares
aris sxva patara samlocvelo Tavisi sakurTxevliTurT, romelic uCve-
nebs im adgils, sadac movida sami mogvi, raTa Tayvani eca macxovrisaT-
vis. da am sakurTxevelTan didi samlocvelos win aris cisterna, sadac
Caedineba sakmao wyali. (17r) mTavar sakurTxevelSi swiraven berZnebi
da qarTvelebi, winadacveTisaSi – qarTvelebi (xazgasma Cvenia, m. n.),
sami mogvisaSi – somxebi.
warmodgenili masalidan Cans, rom XVI saukunis dasawyisSi qarT-
velebi jer kidev myarad arian damkvidrebulni wminda miwaze. garda
imisa, rom maT aqvT sakuTari eklesia (jvris monasteri), isini srulad
ganmgebloben golgoTis mTaze jvarcmis adgilas, romlis siaxloves
sacxovrebelic aqvT; metad mniSvnelovania isic, rom qarTvelebi
swiravdnen beTlemSi macxovris Sobis eklesiaSi ara mxolod wina-
dacveTis samlocveloSi, romelic maT ekuTvnodaT, ara med RvTism-
saxurebas berZnebTan erTad aRavlendnen mTavar sakurTxevelSi.26

dasavluri wyaroebis Semdgomi moZieba da analizi udavod gamo-
avlens mraval axal saintereso detals, romlis gaTvaliswinebac
aucilebelia wminda miwaze qarTvelTa moRvaweobis Sesaswavlad,
agreTve palestinologiis sferoSi Semavali araerTi sakiTxis sakvl-
evad. barbone morozinis `mogzaurobas~ erT-erTi gamorCeuli adgili
ukavia am wyaroTa Soris.
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Moyen Age, eds. Michel Balard et Alain Ducellier. Paris, 1995
Lucchetta, G. L’Oriente mediterraneo nella cultura di Venezia tra il Quattro e il Cinque-
cento. Vicenza, 1984
Mutinelli, F. Del commercio dei Veneziani. Venezia, 1835
Roncaglia, M. Fra Bernardino Cortono da Udine OFM. Le Venezie Francescane, 14,
1947
Fra Francesco Suriano. Treatise on the Holy Land. Trans. Fr Theophilus Bellorini OFM
and Fr Eugene Hoade OFM. Jerusalem, 1949
Venezia e l’Oriente fra tardo Medioevo e Rinascimento, A cura di Agostino Perusti.
Firenze, 1966
Viaggio in Terrasanta di Santo Brasca 1480, con l’itinerario di Gabriele Capodilista. Mila-
no, 1966
Western Pilgrims: The Itineraries of Fr Simon Fitzsimons (1322-23), a Certain English-
man (1344-45), Thomas Brygg (1392), and Notes on Other Authors and Pilgrims. Ed. Hoade
E. OFM. Jerusalem, 1952; repr. 1979
X
qarTvelebi alJirSi XVIII saukunis bolos

da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi
konstantine feraZe
qarTul istoriografiaSi maRribis osmalur safaSoebSi qarTuli

warmoSobis moxeleTa moRvaweoba siaxles warmoadgens. is, rom qarT-
veli tyveebi stambolisa Tu osmaleTis imperiis sxva monaTa bazrebze
sakmaod sarfianad da didi raodenobiT iyidebodnen, CvenTvis aRmoCena
araa, Tumca maTi Semdgomi bedi umeteswilad bundovani iyo qarTveli,
da ara marto qarTveli mkvlevrebisTvis.
samecniero literaturis, saarqivo masalebis, diplomatiuri da
samogzauro memuarebis Seswavlis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom qarTvel
tyveebs Soreul alJirSic yidulobdnen. XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi mamluq-
Ta arseboba alJiris mezobel Tunisisa da tripolis safaSoebSic das-
turdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom monebs, maT Soris kavkasiidan
motacebul mozardebs, stamboleli moxeleebi da osmalur safaSoTa
gamgeblebi erTmaneTs saCuqrad ugzavnidnen. ramdenad masStaburi da
regularuli iyo aq kavkasiel monaTa, maT Soris qarTvelTa, Semoyvana,
jer kidev Sesaswavli da gasarkvevia. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom mamluq-
Ta is samxedro-politikuri sistema, romelic Seiqmna egviptesa da er-
aySi, alJirSi ar SeiniSneba.
1517 wlidan Tanamedrove alJiris teritoria osmaleTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi aRmoCnda, xolo qalaqi alJiri osmaleTis imperiis
maRribis provinciis mTavar qalaqad gamocxadda. mas marTavda sulT-
nis mier daniSnuli beilarbei. 1671 wlidan mmarTvels ewodeboda dei
(SemdgomSi faSa-dei), romelsac divani – armiis, flotis, sabaJo, saga-
dasaxado da sxva uwyebebis mmarTvelTa sabWo irCevda.
deis daaxloebiT igive funqciebi hqonda, rac osmaleTis imperiis
sxva olqebis faSebsa da begebs. mas ianiCarTa laSqari eqvemdebareboda,
romelic umetesad anatoliidan mosuli Tavgadasavlebis maZieblebiT
iyo dakompleqtebuli. dei damoukidebel saSinao da sagareo politi-
156 konstantine feraZe
kas awarmoebda. misi mmarTveloba sicocxlis bolomde grZeldeboda.

Tumca deiebis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxolod maT janmrTelobaze
ar iyo damokidebuli. 1671-1830 wlebSi alJiris mmarTveli 29 deidan 14
mokles saxelisuflebo gadatrialebis Sedegad. erTi cnobiT, msgavsi
gadatrialebis Sedegad, 24 saaTSi, erTi-meoris miyolebiT 6 axlad
daniSnuli dei mokles. Tavad deis Tanamdebobaze ianiCrebi gamorCeul
pirovnebas irCevdnen. momavali dei, rogorc wesi, ianiCarTa korpus-
Si moRvawe „Turqi~ unda yofiliyo. msgavsi SesaZlebloba eZleodaT
gamahmadianebul renegatebsac, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelmocaruli
an sakuTar batons gamoqceuli evropeli mezRvaurebi iyvnen.
alJiri xmelTaSua zRvis mekobreobis centri iyo, alJirelebi sxva
qveynebis xomaldebs itacebdnen, Tavs esxmodnen zRvispira soflebs da
datyvevebul adamianebSi uzarmazar gamosasyids iTxovdnen. am safaSo-
Si, 1575 wlidan moyolebuli, xuTi weli tyveobaSi migel de servantes-
mac gaatara da es periodi Tavis ramdenime nawarmoebSi aRwera.
XVIII saukunis alJiris ZiriTad Semosavals mekobreoba warmo-
adgenda, alJireli mekobreebi ara mxolod xmelTaSua zRvaSi, aramed
atlantikis okeaneSic daTareSobdnen. maTi ZiriTadi msxverpli ev-
ropuli savaWro xomaldebi iyo, Tumca amerikuli gemebic araerTxel
dautyvevebiaT. sakuTari xomaldebis xelSeuxeblobis sagarantiod
evropis saxelmwifoebi, mogvianebiT ki amerikis SeerTebuli Statebic,
alJirs yovelwliur gadasaxads uxdida. miuxedavad amisa, dei xanda-
xan arRvevda SeTanxmebas da datyvevebul amerikelebsa da evropelebs
mxolod uzarmazari gamosasyidis fasad aTavisuflebda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom 1800 wlisTvis amerikis SeerTebuli State-
bis saerTo Semosavlis sakmaod didi nawili swored sakuTar tyveTa
gamosyidvas da maRribis safaSoebisaTvis misacem yovelwliur ga-
dasaxads xmardeboda. napoleonis omebis dasrulebis Semdeg evropis
saxelmwifoebma akrZales monaTvaWroba. maRribis mekobreebisaTvis
yovelwliuri xarkis gadaxda, rac sakmaod solidur Tanxas Seadgenda,
Seuracxmyofelic iyo da ukve nakleb saWiroebasac warmoadgenda. 1815
wels amerikis flotma alJiris xomaldebi daakava da aiZula dei yovel-
gvari winapirobebis gareSe daedo maTTan xelsayreli xelSekruleba.
amerikas britaneTmac mihbaZa. 1816 wels britaneTis flotma 9 saaTiani
dabombvis Semdeg aiZula dei msgavsi xelSekruleba maTTanac gaeforme-
bina.
1827 wels alJiris deim safrangeTis konsuls Seuracxyofa miayena
(buzis mosageriebeli bumbulebiani joxi gaartya saxeSi), rac, faqto-
brivad, alJiris samwliani blokadis da 1830 wels alJiris safrangeTis
mier sruli okupaciis mizezi gaxda.
qarTvelebi alJirSi 157
cnobili ebraeli mkvlevaris tal Suvalis Tanaxmad, alJiris mmarT-

veli elita sakuTar rigebSi mxolod „Turq~ moxeleebs iRebda da amiT
saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis osmalur yaidas inarCunebda.1 Turqad iTv-
leboda is, vinc arabi ar iyo da vinc qveynis gareT daibada. istoriko-
sebi aRniSnaven, rom Turqad SeiZleba bulgareli, berZeni, albaneli,
Cexi, italieli, korsikeli da mravali sxva wodebuliyo. „Turqisa~
da adgilobrivi mosaxlis Svili ukve Turqad aRar iTvleboda da mas
yuloRlis (monis Svils) eZaxdnen. es kategoria moklebuli iyo mmarT-
veli wris privilegiebs. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria is, rom alJiris
mmarTveli elitis warmomadgenlebi SeZlebisdagvarad cdilobdnen ara
mxolod Turqebis, aramed stambolis an sxva qalaqebis monaTa bazrebze
nayidi tyveebis Semoyvanas da maT dasaqmebas qveyanaSi.
swored am Soreul safaSoSi moRvaweobda ramdenime qarTveli, rom-
lebmac TavianTi niWi da energia alJiris da zogadad, osmaleTis im-
periis keTildReobas moaxmares.
osmaleTis ganTqmuli amirbari (admirali) jazairli (alJireli) ka-
pudan faSa hasani (sur. 1), romelic qarTveli mkiTxvelisTvis ukve cno-
bilia, 1714 wels daibada saqarTveloSi da warmoSobiT fSavidan iyo.2 igi
sibereSic ki Tavisuflad flobda qarTul enas. fiqroben, rom hasani
Tavidanve alJirSi iqna gayiduli, Tumca aris mosazreba, rom igi stam-
bolis TeqirdaRis ubanSi mcxovrebma vaWarma SeiZina, monobidan gan-
Tavisuflebis Semdeg ki ianiCarTa rigebSi Caewera da 1737-1739 wlebSi
avstrielTa winaaRmdeg ibrZoda, sadac Tavi qalaq belgradis alyis
dros gamoiCina. alJirSi igi tlemsenis olqis mmarTvelad dainiSna.
mogvianebiT, alJiris deisTan urTierTobis garTulebis gamo alJiri-
dan espaneTSi gaiqca. 1760 wels hasani stambolSi dabrunda da aqedan
moyolebuli, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, ruseTis flotis winaaRmdeg ibr-
Zoda. 1770 wlis 5-7 ivlisis ruseTTan gamarTul Cesmas sazRvao brZo-
laSi hasanma Tavi gamoiCina, ris Sedegadac sulTanma igi kapudan faSas,
anu mTavari admiralis Tanamdebobaze daawinaura. Semdgom wlebSi igi
wesrigis dasamyareblad sxvadasxva osmalur provinciebSi miavlines,
maT Soris siriaSi, egvipteSi da moreaSi. imavdroulad hasani Sav zRvaSi
ruseTis flotis winaaRmdeg sazRvao operaciebs xelmZRvanelobda. igi
osmaluri flotis modernizaciis mTavari iniciatori iyo, mis saxels
1
Tal Shuval, “The Ottoman Algerian Elite and Its Ideology,” International Journal of Middle East
Studies, vol. 32, no. 3. (Aug., 2000), 327.
2
daviT janeliZe, saqarTvelo da aRmosavleTi XVIII saukuneSi, speckursi, (Tbili-
si, 1984), 228-229. damatebiTi saarqivo cnobisTvis ix. Г. Мачарадзе, Грузинские докумен-
ты из истории русско-грузинско-египетско-эфиопских отношений 80-х годов XVIII века (Тбили-
си, 1967), 15-17.
ukavSirdeba Turquli sazRvao akademiis Seqmnac. hasani, romelic yvel-

gan Tavis lomTan erTad dadioda, 1790 wels stambolSi gardaicvala.3
hasan kapudan faSa xSirad asocirdeba alJiris safaSosTan. ruseT-
Tan omis dros man maRribis qveynebidan araerTi sazRvao specialisti,
maT Soris qarTveli, gamoiwvia. zogi avtori hasans stambolSi maRri-
bis dajgufebis Tavkacad miiCnevs.4 uaxlesi gamokvlevebiT irkveva,
rom hasanma garSemo Semoikriba sakmaod bevri qarTuli warmoSobis mam-
luqi, romlebmac 1780-90-ian wlebSi, osmaleTis amirbaris SemweobiT,
imperiis umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi daikaves.
savaraudod, swored hasan kapudan faSas saxels ukavSirdeba al-
JirSi moRvawe qarTuli warmoSobis Zmebis – ali faSa al-tarabulusis
da said ali al-kapudanis osmaleTis imperiaSi dawinaurebis isto-
ria. saqarTveloSi dawvrilebiTi biografiuli cnobebi Zmebis Sesaxeb
pirvelad 2005 wels gamovaqveyneT.5 amjerad SemovifarglebiT maTi cx-
ovrebis mcire mimoxilviT.
ali al-tarabulusis qarTuli warmoSobis Sesaxeb alJirSi sa-
frangeTis konsulis miSel kersis mogonebebidan vigebT. Zmebi iqau-
ri gamgeblis muhammad bin usama deis (1766-1791) karze aRizardnen.
franguli wyaroebiT, ali uniWieresi pirovneba iyo da mas osmaleTis
imperiaSi brwyinvale karieras uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. igi alJiris
veqilharijis, igive sazRvao ministris, Tanamdebobaze dawinaurda
da deis qaliSvilic moiyvana colad. patronis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
ali da, savaraudod misi Zmac, stambolSi miavlines osmaleTis mxar-
dasaWerad ruseTTan omSi. 1791 wlis ivlis-agvistoSi igi, rogorc os-
maleTis flotis mewinave xomaldis kapitani, monawileobda tendrasa
da kaliakriis sazRvao brZolebSi ruseTis flotis winaaRmdeg.
mogvianebiT, ali anatoliis faSad dainiSna. 1803 wels said ali sa-
kuTar ZmasTan – ali al-tarabulusTan egvipteSi imyofeboda. cnobi-
li egvipteli istorikosis al-jabarTis qronikebidan Cans, rom 1807
wels said ali faSa osmaleTis kapudan faSad, e.i. admiralad dainiSna.
is xelmZRvanelobda gadamwyvet brZolas kunZul lemnosTan, rom-
lis Sedegadac ruseTis floti iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia da moex-
sna stambolis blokada. sulTan selimis gardacvalebis Semdeg, alis
uTanxmoeba mouvida didvazir mustafa bairaqtarTan, ris gamoc igi
3
J. H. Mordtmann and E. Kuran, “Jezāirli Ghāzī Hasan Pasha,” The Encyclopedia of Islam, vol. II,
(Leiden, 1965), 533-534.
4
Asma Moalla, The Regency of Tunis and the Ottoman Porte, 1777-1814 (London, 2004), 55-56.
5
konstantine feraZe, èTnikuri solidarobis Sesaxeb XVIII s. miwurulisa da XIX s.
damdegis osmaleTis saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris~, axlo aRmosavleTi da kavkasia,
4 (2005), 82-88.
xmelTaSua zRvis erT-erT kunZulze gandevnes. cnobilia, rom 1820

wlis ianvridan 1821 wlis 21 aprilamde, said alis ekava osmaleTis did-
vaziris Tanamdeboba. igi 1826 wels stambolSi gardaicvala.
said alis Zmis – ali al-tarabulusis alJirSi moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. stambolSi Casul alis sulTanma tripolis sa-
faSos mmarTveloba uboZa, amis damadasturebeli firmanebi gadasca,
jariT da saWiro aRWurvilobiT moamaraga. swored amis Sedegad Seer-
qva alis al-tarabulusi, anu tripoleli, mas aseve ali burRulsac
eZaxdnen. erT frangul wyaroSi ali borRul-gorjis (gurjis, igive
qarTvelis) saxeliTac ixsenieba.6
1793 wlis ivlisis bolos ali mcire flotiT tripolis portSi Sevi-
da. mas Tan sulTnis firmani hqonda, ris safuZvelzec tripolis mmarT-
veli faSa ali karamanli (1754-1793) gadayenebulad cxaddeboda, xolo
mis adgils ali burRuli ikavebda. alim tripoliSi tiranuli mmarT-
veloba daamyara, misi xelqveiTebi mosaxleobis urcxvad Zarcvasac ar
eridebodnen.
erT-erTi frangi avtoris cnobiT, alis Tan axlda xalxi, romelic
kolxebis STamomavlebi iyvnen. ali burRuls udides daxmarebas uwevda
rogorc sulTani, ise misi Zma, romelic alis periodulad jariskace-
biT amaragebda. mas mxars uWerdnen evropis qveynebic. miuxedavad ami-
sa, alim ver gamoiyena verc qveyanaSi Seqmnili xelsayreli politikuri
situacia, gareSe mxardaWera da verc droebiTi, Tumca mniSvnelovani
samxedro warmatebebi. safaSos SigniT Seqmnili areulobiT, arasta-
bilurobiT da alis mier gadadgmuli araswori nabijebiT isargebla
Tunisis mmarTvelma hammuda faSam (1782-1812) da 1794 wlis noemberSi
tripolis winaaRmdeg Tunisis jari gagzavna ali karamanlis vaJebis –
ahmadisa da iusufis TanxlebiT. jars qarTveli mamluqi mustafa xoja
sardlobda.
1795 wlis ianvarSi ali didZali nadavliT tripolidan gaiqca da Tavi
Seafara Tavis Tanamemamuleebs egvipteSi, sadac, ramdenime wlis ganmav-
lobaSi, egviptis mamluqTa erT-erT meTaurs, warmoSobiT aseve qarTvel
murad beis axlda Tan. ali monawileobda napoleonis winaaRmdeg piramide-
bis brZolis mosamzadebel fazaSi da savaraudod, brZolis msvlelobi-
sas murad beis gverdiT imyofeboda. Semdeg igi siriaSi gadavida, sadac
adgilobrivi faSas – iusufis mrCeveli gaxda. mogvianebiT, iusufma ali
stambolSi gagzavna, sadac igi 1803 wlamde imyofeboda.
1803 w. egvipteSi areulobebi daiwyo. adgilobriv albanelTa Sen-
6
N. Slousch, “La Tripolitaine sous la domination des Karamanli,” Revue du Monde Musulman, tome
sixième (1908), 65.
aerTi da mamluqebi faSas ganudgnen da mokles is. situaciis dasare-

gulireblad, ali egvipteSi faSas statusiT miavlines, magram 1804 w.
martis bolos mamluqebma isic mokles. al-jabarTis Tanaxmad, ali al-
tarabuluss Ria feris kani da xSiri qera wver-ulvaSi hqonda, sakmaod
cudad icoda arabuli, iyo gancxromisa da drostarebis moyvaruli.
qarTuli warmoSobis osmalo moxeleebma alJirSi dawyebuli aRmas-
vla osmaleTis imperiis sxva nawilebSic gaagrZeles. zogierTma maT-
ganma Tavad alJiris umaRles Tanamdebobas – deis an faSa-deis wodebas
miaRwia. esenia qvemoT dasaxelebuli ori mmarTveli – hasan dei da ali
xoja, romelTa biografiebi saqarTveloSi pirvelad qveyndeba.
baba hasan deis (1791-1798) alJiris istoriaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
ukavia. mas aqeben rogorc evropelebi da amerikelebi, ise arabebi. amer-
ikeli henri barnbi ki Tavis wignSi „alJiris tyveebi~ ramdenime Tavs uT-
mobs hasanis moRvaweobas da masze saubars iwyebs imiT, rom „sidi hasani
iyo qarTveli~.7 es britaneli diplomatis saimon lukasis britaneTis
samxedro uwyebis xelmZRvanel henri dundasTan gagzavnili werilidanac
irkveva. Turquli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, misi saxelia hasan bin iusuf ahiska-
li, rac savaraudod imaze miuTiTebs, rom hasani axalcixeli gamahmadi-
anebuli mesxi iyo.8 1730-iani wlebisaTvis, axalcixis safaSos didgvaro-
vanTa umetesoba mahmadiani iyo, glexobis didi nawili ki isev inarCunebda
qristianobas. Tu hasani muslimi iyo, maSin igi alJirSi mamluqis an monis
saxiT ver moxvdeboda. britanul diplomatiur wyaroebze dayrdnobiT
vigebT, rom hasani alJirSi Zalze axalgazrda Camovida da jariskacad an
ianiCrad, albaT, nebayoflobiT Caewera.
lukasis Tanaxmad, hasani sxarti gonebis patroni, ganaTlebuli
da mamaci pirovneba iyo, man sazRvao saqme sakmaod swrafad Seiswavla.
male hasans xomaldis kapitnis wodeba mianiWes da 1770 wels Sav zRvaSi
ruseT-TurqeTis sazRvao brZolebSi alJiris gemebis meTaurad miav-
lines.
1775 wels espaneTi alJirze TavdasxmisaTvis gamalebiT emzade-
boda. imJamindelma mmarTvelma muhamad deimac daiwyo omisaTvis
mzadeba da amasTan, stambolSi sulTanTan Suamdgomlobisa da dax-
marebis saTxovnelad hasani gagzavna. ukan gamobrunebuli hasani
ukve sastikad damarcxebulma espanelebma gzaSi daatyveves da espan-
eTSi waiyvanes. muhamad deim safrangeTis konsuls sTxova daxmare-
7
H. B. Barnby, The Prisoners of Algiers, an account of the forgotten American-Algerian war 1785-
1797 ( New York, 1966), 76.
8
Fehmi Edhem Karatay, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi türkçe yazmalar kataloğu, vol. 1 (Istan-
bul, 1961), 306; Ismail Özen, Osmanli müellifleri, vol. 3 (Istanbul, 1975), 63.
boda espanelTa tyveobidan hasanis gamoxsnaSi. mcire dayovnebis

Semdeg, hasani gaaTavisufles. rogorc irkveva, espaneTSi yofnisas
hasanma faruli molaparakeba gamarTa burbonebTan da gasamrjelod
ramdenime milioni espanuri dolaric miiRo. mas evaleboda espan-
eTsa da alJirs Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis uzrunvelyofa da
espaneli tyveebis dabruneba. am droisaTvis orive saxelmwifo mzad
iyo mSvidobisaTvis. alJirSi dabrunebuli hasani sxvadasxva dasav-
lel diplomatebTan marTavda Sexvedrebs. amave dros igi werils
ugzavnis safrangeTis mefes lui XVI-s da madlobas uxdis imisTvis,
rom monawileoba miiRo espanelTa tyveobidan misi ganTavisuflebis
saqmeSi. irkveva, rom hasani kargad flobda espanur enas da jer saz-
Rvao ministris (vaqil al-harij), mogvianebiT ki premier-ministris
(haznaji) Tanamdebobebi ekava. muhammad deis gardacvalebis Semdeg,
1791 wlis 13 ivliss, ianiCrebis moTxovniT, hasani alJiris deis Tan-
amdebobaze airCies.
or qarTvels – hasan deisa da zemoxsenebul said alis, erTmaneTTan
sakmaod cudi urTierToba hqonda. savaraudod, orive alJiris mmarT-
velis kandidaturad moisazreboda. deis Tanamdebobaze arCevidan
mcire xanSi, hasanma ali stambolSi gagzavna. es erTgvarad misi Camo-
Sorebis tolfasi iyo, Tumca hasans Tavisuflad SeeZlo ali moekla
nebismieri, Tundac sul ubralo mizezis gamo.
espaneTma hasanTan dadebuli adrindeli xelSekrulebis safuZ-
velze qalaqi orani alJirs dauTmo. ganaxlebuli xelSekruleba Sve-
deTTan, prusiasTan da sxva evropul saxelmwifoebTanac gaformda.
samSvidobo xelSekruleba daido aseve portugaliasTanac, romelTa-
nac alJiri mudmivad omis mdgomareobaSi iyo. portugalielebma gax-
snes gibraltaris srute, sadac am dromde maRribel mekobreebs ar
atarebdnen. alJirelebma amiT isargebles, atlantikis okeaneSi amer-
ikis savaWro xomaldebs Tavs daesxnen da mravali amerikeli mezRvau-
ric daatyveves. maT jer kidev 1785 wlidan hyavdaT datyvevebuli 21
amerikeli mezRvauri qalaq alJirSi. sainteresoa, rom erT-erTi amer-
ikeli – jeims qasqarTi momavali deis, hasanis qristiani mdivanic ki
gaxda sazRvao saministros uwyebaSi. SemdgomSi, xelsayreli samSvido-
bo xelSekrulebis dadebisa da amerikeli mezRvaurebis gamosyidvis
dros, amerikelebs es nacnoboba Zalze gamoadgaT.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT erTi saintereso faqti: 1793 wels amerikis
prezidenti jorj vaSingtoni alJiris deisTan morig molaparake-
bebs iwyebs da hasanTan gamocdil diplomats devid hamfris agzavnis,
romelic am periodSi amerikis elCi iyo espaneTSi. samwuxarod, am
etapze molaparakebebi ar Sedga, deim elCi ar miiRo, Tumca, rogorc
irkveva, vaSingtonis mier gamogzavnili werili9 (sur. 2) waikiTxa da

Tavis amerikel mdivans – qasqarTs mogvianebiT pasuxic ukarnaxa. am
pasuxis erTi versia niu iorkis sajaro biblioTekis arqivebSi inaxeba.
me SesaZlebloba momeca gavcnobodi qasqarTis mier Sedgenil am dau-
TariRebel werils, romlis originali amJamad niu iorkis biblioTeka-
Si qasqarTis pirad arqivSi inaxeba (sur. 3).10 hasan dei jorj vaSingtons
werda, rom igi miesalmeba molaparakebebs da saWirod Tvlis uaxloes
periodSi amerikasa da alJirs Soris samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ga-
formebas. ucnobia, gaigzavna Tu ara es werili amerikaSi. rogorc ar
unda iyos, amerikis pirveli prezidentis jorj vaSingtonisa da axal-
cixeli qarTvelis, imJamad alJireli mmarTvelis pirveli mimowera na-
klebad Sedegiani gamodga. molaparakebebi mxolod 1796 wels ganaxlda
alJirSi mivlinebuli amerikeli konsulis – donaldsonis meSveobiT
da deis amerikeli mdivnis jeims qasqarTis gamWriaxoba rom ara, es mo-
laparakebac CaiSleboda da mravali amerikeli tyve, monis statusiT,
isev alJirSi darCeboda.
amerikeli diplomatebi yvelanairad cdilobdnen molaparakebe-
bis warmatebiT warmarTvas, Tumca hasani ukmayofilo iyo, maTi Semo-
TavazebiT mieRo 700 aTasi dolari mSvidobis sanacvlod. molaparake-
bebi CaSlis piras iyo. es xelSekruleba amerikeli monebis bedsac gad-
awyvetda. aq amerikelma qasqarTma bolo sityva Tavis Tavze aiRo; man
daiCoqa, deis xelze emTxvia da Seevedra: „efendi, zogierTi Cvengani aq
9
hamfris mier deisTan Camotanili werilis inglisurenovani transkriptisTvis ix.
The Papers of George Washington, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/pirate/documents/dey.html
aqve mogvyavs werilis qarTuli Targmani:
àmerikis SeerTebuli Statebis prezidenti jorj vaSingtoni
alJiris deisa da saregentos,
vinaidan gvsurs Cvens xalxsa da alJiris deis, saregentosa da alJirel xalxTan
mSvidobisa da harmoniis damyareba da ganviTareba, davniSne devid hamfri, Cveni
erT-erTi gamorCeuli moqalaqe, sruluflebian komisarad, [da] mivaniWeb mas srul
uflebas, raTa awarmoos molaparakebebi da gaaformos megobrobisa da savaWro
xelSekruleba TqvenTan. vloculob, rom srul ndobas gamoucxadebT mis mier
SeerTebuli Statebis saxeliT mowodebul gzavnils Tqvendami, gansakuTrebiT ki
Cvens gulwrfel survils, viqonioT TqvenTan da Tqvens xalxTan mSvidoba da mego-
broba. RmerTs SevTxov, raTa mogceT janmrTeloba da bedniereba. Seqmnilia 1793
wlis martis 21 dRes, filadelfiaSi, SeerTebuli Statebis damoukideblobis me-17
wels.
j. vaSingtoni
prezidentis mier
T. jefersoni~.
10
Cathcart family papers, 1785-1962, bulk (1785-1806; 1830-1844), box 1, Manuscripts and Ar-
chives Division, New York Public Library.
ukve 10 welze metia vimyofebiT. Tu allahi gwamT, gagviSviT Cvens sam-

SobloSi~. am sityvebma ratomRac Zalian imoqmeda hasanze, igi dafiqrda
da amerikelTa gasaocrad, uecrad yvelaferze daTanxmda.11 Znelia gam-
ovicnoT, Tu ratom daTmo hasanma molaparakebis adrindeli pirobebi
(igi 2.5 milion dolars iTxovda). iqneb am wuTebSi gaubedurebul amer-
ikelTa adgilze man Tavisi Tavic warmoidgina; isinic xom TavianTi
qveynidan iyvnen moSorebulni, magram alJirSi datyvevebuli aTobiT
amerikeli mezRvaurisgan gansxvavebiT, hasani Tavisianebs verasodes
daubrundeboda. frangi mkvlevrebis azriT, hasani kacTmoyvare da mz-
runveli pirovneba iyo. man alJirSi moxvedril datyvevebul ucxoelTa
pirobebis gasaumjobeseblad sakmaod bevri gaakeTa.12 Tavad beis sityve-
biT, amerikelTa pirobebis miReba man britanelTa gasaRizianeblad gaa-
keTa, romelTac TavianT Zvel koloniasTan arcTu kargi urTierToba
hqondaT. hasans, henri barnbis azriT, Zalian moswonda amerikelebi,
isinic britaneTisgan Tavis dasaxsnelad ibrZodnen da alJiris mmarT-
velisaTvis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli axalgazrda qveyana misa-
baZ magaliTs warmoadgenda.13 man SemdgomSi, amerikelebs tripolisTan
da TunisTan xelSekrulebis dadebisas didi daxmareba aRmouCina, misi
xelmowera amerika-tripolis samSvidobo xelSekrulebasac erTvis.
madlierma amerikelebma alJiris deis aCuqes xomaldi, romelsac misi
saxeli – hasan faSa uwodes. gardacvalebamde hasani kidev erT werils
ugzavnis jorj vaSingtons, romelic jeims qasqarTs unda miewodebina
amerikis prezidentisaTvis.14 alJiris axalcixeli dei moxucebuli gar-
daicvala 1798 wlis 14 maiss.
1794 wels hasanma qeCauas orminareTiani meCeTi aago, Tumca zogi-
erTi cnobiT, hasanma mxolod aq arsebuli Zveli meCeTi aRadgina (sur.
4). rogorc ar unda yofiliyo, dRes, qeCauas meCeTi hasan deis saxelTan
asocirdeba. Tavad meCeTi, mogvianebiT, frangebma kaTolikur ekle-
siad gadaakeTes, xolo alJiris damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Sem-
deg, alJirelebma igi isev meCeTad aRadgines. qeCauas meCeTi, romelic
alJiris safosto markebzec aris aRbeWdili, qalaq alJiris centrSia
da alJirelTa azriT, maT qveyanaSi yvelaze didi meCeTia. swored am
meCeTis garSemo 1956 wels daiwyo alJirelTa revolucia. aseve SemorCe-
nilia qeCauas meCeTis gverdiT arsebuli hasan deis sasaxle, safrangeT-
11
James Cathcart, The Captives (La Porte, 1899), 184.
12
H. Grammont, Histoire d’Alger sous la Domination Turque 1515 -1830 (Paris, 1887), 310.
13
Barnby, The Prisoners of Algiers, 96, 318.
14
Frank Knox, Naval Documents related to the United States Wars with the Barbary Powers, vol I,
(Washington, 1939), 155.
is mier alJiris okupaciis periodSi, sasaxleSi jer alJiris frangi gu-

bernatori cxovrobda, SemdgomSi ki sapatio stumarTa sastumrod gada-
keTda. 1860 da 1865 wlebSi alJirSi mogzaurobisas swored aq gaCerdnen
safrangeTis imperatori napoleon III da misi meuRle evgenia, 1903 wels
ki safrangeTis respublikis prezidenti emil lube. hasans hyavda erTi
coli da erTi qaliSvili saxelad enfisa, romelic alJiris ukanaskneli
deis – hasanis (1818-1830) meuRle iyo. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom amer-
ikelma mweralma roial tailerma 1797 wels alJirSi myofi tyvis Sesaxeb
mxatvruli nawarmoebi gamoaqveyna. aq taileri aRwers hasan deis, mis
Cacmulobas, manerebs da ramdenime saintereso ambavs deis cxovrebidan.
savaraudod, avtori eyrdnoboda im amerikel mezRvaurTa da diplomat-
Ta monayols, romelTac Tavad ixiles amerikis megobari alJiris mmarT-
veli.15 taileris „alJireli tyve~ didi popularobiT sargeblobda da
eqvsjer gamoica amerikaSi, swored am nawarmoebiT gaicno amerikelma
mkiTxvelma axalcixeli hasan faSa.
gavida TiTqmis 20 weli. evropam gamoiara napoleonis omebi, daiwyo
teritoriebis xelaxali gadanawileba. evropelebi SeTanxmdnen, rom
dro iyo aRmoefxvraT xmelTaSua zRvaSi CrdiloeT afrikis safaSoTa
mravalsaukunovani mekobreobis praqtika da aekrZalaT monaTvaWroba.
1812 wels alJiris deim hajj alim (1808-1815) qveynidan gaaZeva amerikis
elCi, riTac amerikas faqtobrivad omi gamoucxada. 3 wlis Semdeg, 1815
wels, amerikis xomaldebma daakaves alJirelTa 2 xomaldi da qalaq
alJiris portSi omar deisgan (1815-1817) moiTxoves yvela amerikeli
tyvis upirobo gaTavisufleba da ganaxlebuli xelSekrulebis ga-
formeba yovelgvari sakontraqto gadasaxadebis gareSe. dei am pirobe-
bze daTanxmda da damatebiT 10 aTasi dolaric gadaixada sakuTari
xomaldebis gamosasyidad.
erTi wlis Semdeg qalaq alJirs britaneTis admirali lordi eqs-
muTi miadga da deisgan uklebliv yvela qristiani monis dauyovneblivi
ganTavisufleba moiTxova. alJiris mmarTvelma britanelebs Tavidan
uari SeuTvala, magram mogvianebiT, qalaqis 9 saaTiani dabombvis Sem-
deg, iZulebuli gaxda gaenTavisuflebina aTasze meti qristiani mona.
icvleboda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi da es cvlilebebi alJiris sa-
gareo politikazec unda asaxuliyo. saWiro xdeboda axali mmarTveli,
romelic aqcents sakuTari saxelmwifos konsolidaciisa da reforme-
bis gatarebaze gadaitanda.
dadga 1818 wlis gazafxuli. alJiris divani werils agzavnis osma-
15
Royall Tyler, The Algerine Captive; or, The life and adventures of Doctor Updike Underhill [pseud.]
six years a prisoner among the Algerines (Hartford, 1816), 114-115.
leTis sulTan mahmud II-sTan. werili daaxloebiT am Sinaarsisaa: erTma

megrelma uzurpatorma, romelmac mokla omar faSa, 6 Tvis ganmavloba-
Si ukanonod miisakuTra alJiris mmarTveloba. qveynis mosaxleoba
despoturi, ukanono da araefeqturi xelisuflebis qveS moaqcia, ris
Sedegadac ganadgurda ianiCarTa SenaerTi da dauZlurda mosaxleoba.
madloba allahs, ali faSa epidemiam Seiwira da divanma huseins gadas-
ca mmarTveloba, romelic, winamorbedisagan gansxvavebiT, gamoirCeva
gonierebiT, allahis rwmeniT da sulTnis erTgulebiT.16
es erTi megreli iyo ali faSa (1817-1818), romlis uecarma sikvdil-
ma ase gaaxara alJiris mmarTvelTa sabWo – divani. am statias vurTavT
graviuras, romelzec dei ali xoja, igive ali faSa, garSemortymulia
adamianTa mokveTili TavebiT. me saSualeba mqonda menaxa mravali maR-
ribeli mbrZaneblis portreti, magram msgavsi sisastike arc erT maT-
ganze ar aRubeWdavT (sur. 5). gana am megrel kacs 6 Tvis manZilze ise-
Ti ra unda gaekeTebina, rom mamaci da TavzexelaRebuli mekobreebiT
ganTqmul alJirSi sruli panika gamoewvia da daSinebul qveSevrdomebs
misi uecari sikvdili uflis wyalobad CaeTvalaT?
frang avtors lui piess alJiris istoriisadmi miZRvnil wignSi
CamoTvlili aqvs ali xojas sxva gavrcelebuli saxelebi, maT Soris aris
meguer-ali (igive megreli ali) da ali-loko (anu ali-giJi).17 ali giJi
namdvilad ar iyo, piriqiT, amerikis konsuli alJirSi uiliam Saleri
mas axasiaTebs rogorc goniers, ganaTlebuls da wignebis moyvaruls,18
xolo arabi istorikosi mavlud gaidi ki mas kulturuls, energiuls
da uaRresad Wkvians uwodebs.19 Tumca, uklebliv yvela avtori aRniS-
navs, rom ali tiranuli mmarTvelobiT gamoirCeoda. igi sakmaod sasti-
ki da daundobeli iyo. amerikeli konsulis azriT, xojas tituli, rac
alJiris osmalur administraciaSi mwignobarTa, aRmwerTa da gadamw-
erTa wodeba iyo, alis swored wignebis siyvarulis gamo mianiWes. kon-
suli alis wignebTan urTierTobis sailustraciod erT istorias ix-
senebs, rac savaraudod swored asaxavs mis xasiaTs. ali deisTan diplo-
matiur miRebaze konsulebs darbazis SesasvlelSi ramodenime wuTiT
adre moklul adamianTa danawevrebul sxeulebze gadabijeba mouwiaT,
16
Abdeljelil Temimi, “Le Beylik de Constantine et Hadj ’Ahmed Bey (1830-1837),” in Publications
de la Revue d’histoire maghrébine, vol. 1 (Tunis, 1978), 32.
17
Louis Piesse, Itinéraire historique et descriptif de l’Algérie, comprenant le Tell et le Sahara (Paris,
1862), 27.
18
Whilliam Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, political, historical, and civil; containing an account of the
geography, population, government, revenues, commerce, agriculture, arts, civil institutions, tribes,
manners, languages, and recent political history of that country (Boston, 1826), 156.
19
Mouloud Gaïd, L’Algérie sous les Turcs (Tunis, 1974), 178.
darbazSi SesulT ki mdidrulad gamowyobili, mcvelebiT garSemorty-

muli, sruliad mSvidi ali xoja daxvdaT, romelic gatacebiT kiTxu-
lobda wigns. konsuli gaocebuli iyo, Tu rogor SeeZlo alis wignis
kiTxva mas Semdeg, rac sakuTari xeliT mokla ramdenime adamiani.20
am etapze, alis adreul moRvaweobaze mxolod fragmentuli cnobiT
SemovifarglebiT. erTi frangi avtoris informaciiT, 1808 wels alim
monawileoba miiRo alJiris faSis ahmad bulalis (1806-1808) mkvleloba-
Si.21 vfiqrobT, rom ali, rogorc ganaTlebuli, moazrovne da uaRresad
mamaci pirovneba, eloda Sesaferis drosa da garemoebebs mmarTvelobis
xelSi Casagdebad da amis Sedegad Tavisi Canafiqris ganxorcielebas,
rac miznad isaxavda alJiridan osmalTa gaZevebas, qveyanaSi reformebis
gatarebas da sakuTari dinastiis daarsebas.
1817 wlis 8 oqtombers ali xoja da misi Tanamoazreebi SeiWrnen omar
deis (1815-1817) sasaxleSi da mokles igi. ali xojam deis rezidencia da
saxelmwifo xazina janinas sasaxlidan qalaqis citadelSi gadaitana. amis
mizezi janinaSi mis winamorbedTa xSiri mkvlelobebi iyo. mas miaCnda,
rom axal rezidenciaSi ukeT iqneboda daculi. ali xojam piradi dacva
yuloRlebisa da adgilobrivi mxedrebis – zuavebisagan Camoayaliba.
aqamde, rogorc adgilobrivebi, ise yuloRlebi, aqtiur saxelmwifo
saqmianobas CamoSorebulebi iyvnen, prioriteti Turq ianiCrebs an ren-
egatebs eniWebodaT. paralelurad, ali xojam mkacri kontroli daawesa
ianiCarTa korpusze, rac miznad qveynidan maT gaZevebas isaxavda. Tavda-
pirvelad, man „Turqebs~ TavianT qveynebSi nebayoflobiT dabruneba Ses-
Tavaza. Turqebma axlad movlenil mmarTvels uari SeuTvales, ris Sed-
egadac alJirSi 1817 wlis noembris bolos da dekembris pirvel naxevarSi
brZolebi gaCaRda. ali xojas urCi ianiCrebis dasaSoSmineblad gamzadeb-
uli hyavda 2000 zuvava da 6000 yuloRli mebrZoli. ajanyebuli ianiCrebi
damarcxdnen, ali xojas mebrZolebma am dReebSi deis mravali mowinaaRm-
dege mokles. es alJiris istoriaSi uprecedento SemTxveva iyo. ianiCrebi
yovelTvis mmarTvel fenad iTvlebodnen, ali xojam ki rolebi Secvala
da prioriteti adgilobrivebs mianiWa. frangi avtorebis azriT, es revo-
luciis tolfasi iyo,22 revoluciis moxdena ki osmaleTis imperiaSi sigi-
Jed aRiqmeboda. amerikis konsulis Saleris varaudiT, ali xoja alJirSi
sakuTari dinastiis daarsebas apirebda,23 alis es ganzraxva franguli
20
Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, 157.
21
Maurice Le Clercq, Le tombeau des cinq deys d’Alger (Clermont, 1888), 62.
22
P. Boyer, “Des Pachas Triennaux à la révolution d’Ali Khodja Dey (1571-1817),” Revue Historique
495 (1970), 124.
23
Shaler, Sketches of Algiers, 158.
wyaroebiTac dasturdeba.24 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ali Seecada, saqarT-

velodan motacebuli mamluqebis, egvipteSi moRvawe ali bei al-qabirisa
da eraySi moRvawe daud faSas msgavsad, osmaleTis imperiis teritoriaze
damoukidebeli saxelmwifo Seeqmna. samive SemTxvevaSi molodini ar gama-
rTlda. egvipteli ali bei misive momxreebma gawires, eraySi moRvawe daud
faSas Zlieri armia Savi Wiris epidemiam gaanadgura da igive daemarTa Ta-
vad ali xojasac. 1818 wlis dasawyisSi alJirs epidemia moedo, rasac imave
wlis 1 marts ali xojac Seewira. evropelebi weren, rom alis sikvdiliT
alJirSi dasrulda teroris xana, Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom ali xojas miz-
nebi, mis mier gamoyenebuli umkacresi meTodebis miuxedavad, alJiris
saxelmwifos ganmtkicebisa da adgilobrivi sazogadoebis konsolidaci-
isken iyo mimarTuli. rac Seexeba mis sisastikes da daundoblobas, amiT
im dros veravis gaakvirvebdi, aseTi iyo epoqa da aseTi iyo imdroindeli
mmarTvelobis wesi.
swored ali xojas mier adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dawinaurebam mis-
ca dasabami arabul-berberuli elitis Camoyalibebas. misi mmarTvelo-
bis periodSi 1500-ze meti Turqi iqna ganadgurebuli. alis xanmokle
moRvaweobidan aseve aRniSnaven alkoholis gayidvis akrZalvas, Tuni-
sTan dadebul warmatebul samSvidobo xelSekrulebas, alJirel me-
kobreTa mier CrdiloeT zRvaSi warmoebul laSqrobas, konstantinas
provinciaSi deis sasurveli begis daniSvnas, sasursaTo produqtebze
fasebis regulirebas. sxva saqmianobasTan erTad, ali xojam moaswro
meCeTis aSeneba, romelsac jamaa barani ewodeba. igi mdebareobs kas-
bas citadelis SigniT da bizantiuri stiliT gamoirCeva. mogvianebiT,
qeTCauas meCeTis msgavsad, baranis meCeTic frangebis mier kaTolikur
eklesiad gadakeTda.
alJirSi da zogadad, Crdilo afrikaSi, bevri qarTveli tyvis cx-
ovreba da moRvaweoba jer kidev ucnobia. osmaleTis amirbarebad,
faSebad Tu alJiris mmarTvelebad daniSnuli ubralo qarTvelebi
bedma saerTaSoriso orbitaze gaiyvana da evropisa da amerikis xe-
lisuflebTan molaparakebebSi CarTo. da Tu maTi cxovreba Sesaswav-
lia – es, upirveles yovlisa, qarTvel mkvlevarTa movaleobaa.
24
Dépot de la Guerre, Aperçu historique, statistique et topographique sur l’état d’Alger: à l’usage de
l’armée expéditionnaire d’Afrique (Paris, 1830), 72.
bibliografia
feraZe konstantine. eTnikuri solidarobis Sesaxeb XVIII s. miwurulisa

da XIX s. damdegis osmaleTis saxelmwifo moxeleTa Soris. axlo aRmosav-
leTi da kavkasia, 4, 2005
janeliZe daviT. saqarTvelo da aRmosavleTi XVIII saukuneSi. speckursi.
Tbilisi, 1984
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эфиопских отношений 80-х годов XVIII века. Тбилиси, 1967
Barnby, H. B. The Prisoners of Algiers, an account of the forgotten American-Algerian
war 1785-1797. New York, 1966
Boyer, P. Des Pachas Triennaux à la révolution d’Ali Khodja Dey (1571-1817). Revue
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and Archives Division. New York Public Library
Cathcart, James. The Captives. La Porte, 1899
Dépot de la Guerre. Apercu historique, statistique et topographique sur l’état d’Alger: à
l’usage de l’armée expéditionnaire d’Afrique. Paris, 1830
Gaïd, Mouloud. L’Algérie sous les Turcs. Tunis, 1974
Grammont, H. Histoire d’Alger sous la Domination Turque 1515 -1830. Paris, 1887
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Piesse, Louis. Itinéraire historique et descriptif de l’Algérie, comprenant le Tell et le Sa-
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count of the geography, population, government, revenues, commerce, agriculture, arts, civil
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lications de la Revue d’histoire maghrébine. Vol. 1. Tunis, 1978
sur. 1 hasan kapudan faSa, ucnobi frangi mxatvris graviura.

sur. 2 1793 wlis 21 martiT daTariRebuli jorj vaSingtonis werili hasan deis.
sur. 3 hasan deis dauTariRebeli sapasuxo werili prezident vaSingtons.
sur. 4 safrangeTis okupaciis periodSi gadaRebuli foto – qeCauas meCeTi da

hasan deis sasaxle.
sur. 5 ali xojas gamosaxuleba, Sesrulebuli 1852 wels aleqsandr debellis mier.
XI
cnobebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb

Sua saukuneebis dasavleTevropel mogzaurTa wignebSi
(benediqt poloneli, Jan de mandevile)
beJan javaxia
Sua saukuneebis manZilze saqarTvelo permanentuli omebis aspar-

ezs warmoadgenda, ramac werilobiTi da nivTieri Zeglebis didi nawili
Seiwira. amdenad, yvela wyaros, romelic saqarTvelos gareT, ucxoeTis
arqivebsa da wignsacavebSi moipoveba, Cveni qveynis istoriisaTvis gan-
sakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs. am masalaTa Soris gansakuTrebulad
mniSvnelovania rogorc ucxouri qronikebi, aseve qveynebs Soris ofi-
cialuri mimoweris dokumentebi, misionerTa, diplomatTa, mogzaurTa
da sxva TviTmxilvelTa Canawerebi, maTi mogzaurobebis aRwerebi da
centraluri warmomadgenlobisaTvis gagzavnili angariSebi.
am wyaroebisa da dokumentebis didi nawili dRemde sakmarisad ar
aris gamovlenili da Seswavlili. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelma is-
torikosebma am mimarTulebiT garkveuli muSaoba Caatares, dResac
rCeba mniSvnelovani xarvezi.
XI saukunis bolodan, jvarosnuli laSqrobebis dasawyisidan, ev-
ropisaTvis aRmosavleTis Tema metad aqtualuri gaxda. jvarosnulma
laSqrobebma ufro metad daaaxlova aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis
qristianuli da muslimuri samyaro, ufro sworad, dasavleTis war-
modgena aRmosavluri samyaros Sesaxeb ufro realuri gaxda. dasav-
leTidan Camosuli raindebi, iseve rogorc piligrimebi (piligrimTa
ricxvi jvarosanTa periodSi ufro gaizarda), romlebsac didi xniT
mouxdaT darCena aRmosavleTSi, ufro srulad gaecnen aRmosavleTis
qristianul da muslimur samyaros.
XIII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi monRolTa laSqrobebma axali pi-
robebi Seqmna dasavleTis kaTolikuri eklesiis misioneruli moR-
vaweobisaTvis. am dros Camoyalibebulma franciskelTa da domini-
kelTa axalma sasuliero ordenebma aqtiurad daiwyes brZola evro-
172 beJan javaxia
pis teritoriaze kaTolicizmis ganmtkicebisaTvis da mwvaleblobis

aRmosafxvrelad da miznad daisaxes qristianobis gavrceleba aRmo-
savleTis warmarTebsa da muslimebSi. amis saukeTeso magaliTi uCvena
TviT francisk asizelma, rodesac is piradad gaemgzavra egvipteSi
da 1219 wels sulTan al-kamils qristianobis miRebisaken mouwoda.
pirveli wesdeba, romelic man 1221 wels dawera, mouwodebda ordenis
wevrebs mowameobrivi cxovrebisaken, raTa gaevrcelebinaT qris-
tianoba warmarTebsa da sxva aRmsareblobis xalxebSi. amave wesdebis
XXI TavSi ewera, rom Zmebma, romlebic miemgzavrebian, TavianTi su-
lieri movaleoba unda dagegmon ori mimarTulebiT: awarmoon sau-
brebi da yvela adamians qristianuli siyvaruliT moemsaxuron; amiT
gaagebinon, rom qristianebi arian. meore gza iyo qadageba mamisa, Zisa
da suliwmindis saxeliT. amave mizans emsaxureboda papi inokenti IV.
man sagangebod gagzavna aTi axalgazrda studenti parizSi, raTa Sees-
wavlaT arabuli da sxva aRmosavluri enebi. es interesi aRmosavluri
enebisadmi erT did konteqstSi ikiTxeba. b. altanerma specialuri
gamokvleva miuZRvna im sakiTxs, Tu rogor emzadebodnen misioneru-
li moRvaweobisaTvis kaTolike berebi da rogor swavlobdnen enebs.1
XIII saukunis damdegs msoflio istoriis asparezze monRolTa gamo-
Cenam aseve gaaRrmava dasavleTis interesi rogorc axlo, aseve Soreu-
li aRmosavleTis mimarT. saqarTvelo, romelic mdebareobda dasav-
leTisa da aRmosavleTis rogorc geografiul, aseve civilizaciur
gzajvaredinze, dasavleTis mxridan ufro didi yuradRebis qveS aR-
moCnda.
saqarTvelos mefeebi cdilobdnen, aqtiuri urTierToba daemya-
rebinaT dasavleTTan, saxeldobr, romis eklesiasTan, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, swored am periodSi aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT ufro aqtiur
interess iCenda. romis papebi ukidures aRmosavleTSi TavianT warmo-
madgenlebs agzavnidnen gacnobis, garkveuli politikuri da, rasak-
virvelia, misioneruli amocanebis ganxorcielebis mizniT. amdenad,
Soreuli aRmosavleTisa da centraluri aziis mimarTulebiT mravali
evropeli misioneri gaemarTa, romelTac TavianTi Canawerebi dagvi-
toves. es masalebi aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis urTierTobaTa isto-
riis uZvirfases wyaroebs warmoadgenen.
am wyaroebis mniSvnelobas zrdis is, rom isini, ZiriTadad, warmoad-
genen korespondenciebs da maTi avtorebi TviTon arian aRwerili am-
1
Berthold Altaner, “Die Fremdsprachliche Ausbildung der Dominikanermission wahrend des 13.
und 14 Jahrhunderts,” Zeitschrift fuer Missionswissenschaft uns Religionswissenschaft, 23 (1933), 233-
241.
cnobebi saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb 173
bebis monawileebi an TviTmxilvelebi. saSualeba gveZleva, axleburad

ganvixiloT ramdenime istoriuli movlena, davazustoT araerTi is-
toriuli TariRi, pirovnebis saxeli da gvari, romelTa Sesaxeb jer
kidev bundovani warmodgena arsebobs.
1233 wels papma grigol IX gaagzavna franciskelebi aRmosavleTSi,
raTa eqadagaT qristianoba koniaSi, damaskosa da egvipteSi, aseve baR-
dadSi. 1245 wels papma inokenti IV gaagzavna elCoba monRoleTSi da Tan
gaatana rekomendacia, rom monRolTa mTavrebs qristianoba mieRoT.
aseve, XIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi misioneruli aqtiurobis obieqti gax-
da ruseTi, yirimi, somxeTi da kavkasia.
Cveni interesis sagania pap inokenti IV-is mier 1245 wels monRoleT-
Si gagzavnili elCoba da am elCobis erT-erTi monawile franciskeli
beris cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli elCobis meTauris pla-
no karpinis mogzauroba kargad aris cnobili da aseve kargadaa Seswav-
lili misi cnobebi, rogorc monRolebis, aseve saqarTvelos Sesaxeb.
Cven yuradReba mivaqcieT am elCobis meore monawiles – benediqt pol-
onels, romlis moRvaweoba naklebad aris cnobili da rogorc saqarT-
velos istoriis erT-erTi saintereso wyaro, Seuswavlelia.
franciskelTa elCoba 1246 wlis 16 aprils gamovida lionidan, sa-
dac im dros papi inokenti IV imyofeboda, da romelic papis droebiT
rezidencias warmoadgenda. elCobas meTaurobda plano karpini. masTan
erTad iyo kidev erTi franciskeli beri stefane bohemieli. lionidan
isini poloneTSi, vroclavSi (breslau) Cavidnen, sadac maT SeuerTda
mesame franciskeli beri benediqti, warmoSobiT poloneli. igi gaxda
Tanamgzavri da, amave dros, Tarjimani elCobisa, radganac Zveli sla-
vuri ena kargad icoda. elCobisadmi poloneTSi gansakuTrebuli in-
teresi yofila, razec miuTiTebs plano karpinis gamosvla polonel
warCinebulTa Sekrebaze. plano karpinis krakovSi yofnis dros Sedga
mTavrebis yriloba, Tavad mefis boleslav mexuTis, mazovecis herco-
gis konradis da mefis dedis gremislavas monawileobiT. TviT karpinis
cnobiT, masSi monawileobdnen konrad mazovecis vaJi boleslavi da
krakovis episkoposi ian prandota.2 benediqt polonelis TqmiT, plano
karpini sityviT gamovida am Sekrebaze da waikiTxa papis mimarTva – Cum
simus super, sadac is amtkicebda azrs eklesiis erTian wiaRSi dabrunebis
Sesaxeb.
poloneTis mTavris konradis daxmarebiT, isini kievSi Cavidnen,
romelic im droisaTvis monRolTa uRelqveS iyo. aqedan qalaqis
mmarTvelma maT gaayola megzurebi eqvsi dRis savalze, monRolTa
2
Борис Рамм, Папство и Русь В X-XV Веках (М.-Л., 1959), 195.
174 beJan javaxia
sazRvramde, kumanebis dasaxlebamde. stefane bohemieli aq CamoSorda

elCobas da aqedan ori franciskeli beri – plano karpini da benediqt
poloneli, adgilobrivi samxedro Zalis meTauris daxmarebiT, rogorc
papis elCebi, gaemgzavrnen monRolTa dedaqalaqisaken. berebma Tan
adgilobrivi megzurebi gaiyoles. isini jer volgaze baTo yaenTan
Cavidnen, Semdeg aqedan monRoleTSi, guiuk xanTan gaemgzavrnen,
sadac axali yaenis arCevas daeswrnen. yaenma isini Tavis sacxovrebel
saxlSi daabinava. elCoba aseve yaenis dedamac miiRo. rogorc benediqt
poloneli wers, isini yarayorumSi axali yaenis arCevis dros Cavidnen.
maTi gadmocemiT, aq yvela qveynidan Camosuli 3000-mde ucxoeli
elCi imyofeboda, romlebic yaenis kars werilebsa da saCuqrebs
gadascemdnen. sira ordaSi, anu yaenis rezidenciaSi misuli elCebi
monRoluri moTxovnebis Sesabamisad unda yofiliyvnen Semosilebi
da, rogorc Cans, rezidenciaSi Tavad monRolebi gadascemdnen maT
Sesabamis mosasxamebs.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis
naklebad aris cnobili, rom plano karpinTan erTad papis elCobaSi
monawileobda sxva poloneli franciskeli beri, romelmac dagvitova
Canawerebi, sadac saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb friad
saintereso cnobebi gvxvdeba.
benediqt poloneli daaxl. 1200 wels daibada, is iyo ganaTlebuli,
laTinuri enis mcodne da 1236 wlidan vroclavSi franciskelTa
monasterSi moRvaweobda. benediqt poloneli aris avtori mokle
qronikisa `franciskeli berebis mogzauroba TaTrebTan~ (De Itinere
Fratrorum Minorum ad Tartaros), romelic pirvelad 1839 wels gamoqveynda
frangulad,3 erTi wlis Semdeg ki – polonurad. is aseve avtoria vrce-
li naSromisa `TaTarTa istoria~ (Historia Tartarorum), romelic aRmoaCi-
nes da gamoqveynda ielis universitetSi 1965 wels. benediqtis naSromi
mniSvnelovania, vinaidan is Seicavs yaenis werils papisadmi.4 benediqt
3
De Itinere Fratrorum Minorum ad Tartaros, D’Avezac in the “Recueil de Voyages” (Paris, 1839),
IV, 774-779.
4
Benedictus Polonus, “Relatio, De epistula magni Chani ad Summum Pontificem, Itinera et relationes
fratrum minorum saeculi XIII et XIV,” P. Anastasius van den Wyngaert, Sinica Franciscana 1 (Anm.2),
Apud Collegium S. Bonaventuræ (1929), 131-134; Johann de Plano Carppini, Geschichte der Mongolen
und Reisebericht 1245-1247, Ubersetzt und erlautert von Dr. Friedrich Risch (Leipzig, 1930), 265-276;
Christopher Dawson, The Mission to Asia (London, 1992), 79-84. benediqt polonelis naSroms,
rogorc Cans, icnobda gamoCenili frangi avtori vinsent de bove. vinsent de bove
safrangeTis samefo karze moRvaweobda da iyo lui mecxresTan daaxloebuli. misi
naSromi Speculum Historiale dawerilia daaxloebiT 1248-1253 wlebSi da warmoadgens
mis TanamedroveTa naSromebis kompilacias. am nawarmoebSi Sesulia gadmocemebi
iseTi mogzaurebisa, rogorebic iyvnen simon de sankventini, plano karpini, aseve,
polonelis relacia aris saintereso wyaro, radganac misi avtori

aRwerili ambebis TviTmxilvelia. is, rogorc misi monaTxrobidan Cans,
TviTon Sexvedria iq mcxovreb qarTvelebs da gascnobia rogorc maT
sarwmunoebriv cxovrebas, aseve yoveldRiurobas ucxo qveyanaSi. bene-
diqt polonelis naSromi, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, Zalian moklea,
is sul ramdenime Tavisagan Sedgeba da erTi Tavi qarTvelebs eZRvneba.
avtori monRolTa dedaqalaqSi, yaenis karze Sexvedria qarTvelebs,
romlebic iq cxovrobdnen. benediqt polonelis gadmocemiT, mon-
Rolebi Zalian afasebdnen qarTvelebs, rogorc mamac da mebrZol
xalxs. benediqti wers, rom am xalxs georgianelebs uwodebdnen, rad-
ganac isini brZolis dros wmida giorgis mouxmobdnen, mas TavianT
mfarvelad miiCnevdnen da yvela wmindanze metad aRiarebdnen. isini
wmida werilebis berZnul versias iyenebdnen da brZolis velze,
TavianT sacxovrebel banakebsa da sazidrebze jvars atarebdnen.
monRoleTSi isini berZnuli wesebis Sesabamisad loculobdnen.5
benediqt polonelisa da plano karpinis mogzauroba, TavisTavad,
did interess iwvevs rogorc socialur-politikuri, aseve eklesiis
istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis. es elCoba ara mxolod misionerul
moRvaweobas da politikuri urTierTobebis damyarebas isaxavda
miznad, aramed im periodSi msoflioSi mimdinare farTo politikis
nawils warmoadgenda. papebi evropaSi TavianTi xelisuflebis ganm-
tkicebas cdilobdnen. inokenti mesamis Teoria papis upiratesobis
Sesaxeb isev zeobda da papi, Tavisi xelisuflebis ganmtkicebis mizniT,
msoflio eklesiis gaerTianebas cdilobda. Tumca am erTianobis ide-
aSi is gulisxmobda eklesiis gaerTianebas romis papis uzenaesobiT.
papebi aRmosavleTis eklesiasTan diskusiaSi arc mTavar Teologiur
sakiTxebSi Sediodnen, radganac maT am periodisaTvis upiratesoba
hqondaT aRmosavleTTan SedarebiT. konstantinopoli laTinTa xelSi
iyo da misi patriarqi kaTolikeTa saxeliT saubrobda, aseTive mdgo-
mareoba iyo jvarosanTa mier dasmuli ierusalimisa da antioqiis ek-
lesiis kaTolike mRvdelmTavrebTan dakavSirebiT. lateranis meoTxe
(1215) da lionis pirvel (1245) saeklesio krebebze, sxva problemebTan
erTad, eklesiaTa gaerTianebis sakiTxi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani iyo.
amdenad, CvenTvis aseve sainteresoa plano karpinisa da benediqt
polonelis mier aRmosavleTis eklesiebisaTvis gankuTvnili we-
cnobebi akris episkoposis iakob de vitris nawarmoebebidan. Vincentius Bellovacensis

(Vincent de Bauvais), Speculum Historiale (Graz, 2001).
5
Benedictus Polonus, “Relatio,” 131-134; Johann de Plano Carppini, Geschichte der Mongolen, 274;
Dawson, The Mission to Asia, 79-84.
176 beJan javaxia
rili, sadac papi am eklesiebs gaerTianebisaken mouwodebda. am we-

rilebSi, aRmosavleTis sxva eklesiebTan erTad, aris saqarTvelos
eklesiisadmi mimarTva. es werilebi saqarTveloSi aucileblad unda
mieRoT, Tundac 1245 wlis mimarTva, romelic wamoiRes plano kar-
pinma da benediqt polonelma. papsa da monRolTa sayaenos Soris
mimdinare es procesi sainteresoa yvela qristiani qveynisaTvis,
romlebic monRolTa uRlis qveS imyofebodnen. qarTveli mefeebisa
da mxedarTmTavrebis mimowerebidan CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom
qarTveli mefeebi romis kaTolikur eklesiasa da dasavleTis qvey-
nebze did imedebs amyarebdnen.
benediqt polonelis cnobebs Seesabameba misi Tanamedroveebis ia-
kob de vitris (†1240), oliversis, simon de sankventinis da Titmaris
cnobebi qarTvelTa mebrZoli xasiaTisa da sarwmunoebis Sesaxeb.6
sainteresoa isic, rom benediqt poloneli metad mniSvnelovani
figuraa poloneTis istoriaSi. poloneTSi misi mogzaurobis mimarT
did interess iCenen. 2005 da 2007 wels polonelebma orjer moawyves
eqspedicia benediqt polonelis gzaze.7 igi, plano karpinTan erTad,
aris erT-erTi pirveli evropeli, romelmac imogzaura Soreul aRmo-
savleTSi da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana evropisaTvis aRmosavleTis
kulturisa da tradiciebis gacnobaSi. amdenad, CvenTvisac metad
mniSvnelovania is, rom am mokle naSromSi misma avtorma yuradReba
gaamaxvila saqarTvelosa da qarTvelebze.
XIV saukunis SuaxanebSi mniSvnelovnad Zlierdeba evropelebis
interesi aRmosavleTis mimarT, risi mizezic iyo monRolTa gamoCena
evropaSi da, aseve, wminda miwebis dabrunebis mizniT aRmosavleTSi
mokavSireTa ganuwyveteli Zieba romis papebis mier. am etapze, garda
misionerebisa, aRmosavleTisaken mimaval mogzaurTa Soris Cndebian
adamianebi, romelTa interesebi ufro farTo xasiaTis Cans. isini in-
teresdebian aRmosavleTis xalxTa yofa-cxovrebiT, aRmosavleTis
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobiT, akvirdebian aRmosavleTis politikur
6
beJan javaxia, `jvarosanTa epoqis laTinuri wyaroebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~,
givi Jordania 90 (Tbilisi, 2001), 230-236; misive, `XIII saukunis dominikaneli beri
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, Sua saukuneebis istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 2005), 62-68;
Anna Dorothee Den Brincken, Die “Nationes Christianorum Orientalorum” im Verstandnis der latein-
ischen Historiographie von der Mitte des 12. bis der zweiten Halfe des 14. Jahrhunderts (Wien, 1973);
The Journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253-55, as narrated by himself,
with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine, translated from the Latin and ed.,
with an introductory notice by William Woodville (Rockhill, 1900. repr. in Maryland, USA by Rana
Saad in 2004).
7
benediqt polonelis gziT mogzaurobis organizatori iyo robert SCianovski
SCecinidan.
cxovrebas, Tumca, rogorc Sua saukuneebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTe-

beli, es yvelaferi religiur formaSia gaxveuli. amdenad, am
nawarmoebebSi xSirad SevxvdebiT ucnauri ambebisa da saswaulebis
aRwerebs. magram aqve unda aRvniSnoT am periodis mogzaurebis
gansakuTrebuli roli – am epoqaSi Seicvala Sexeduleba dedamiwis
Sesaxeb. am mogzaurobaTa wignebidan ukve naTelia, rom dedamiwas
aqvs sferos forma. XIV saukunis mogzaurebis wignebi xdeba wyaro
didi geografiuli aRmoCenebisa da evropaSi kartografiis ganvi-
TarebisaTvis.
XIV saukunis gamoCenil mogzaurTa Soris marko polosa da giiom
rubrikvisis gverdiT SeiZleba davasaxeloT Jan de mandevile.8 Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT imas, misi wignis ramdeni xelnaweri arsebobs da
ramden enaze iTargmna igi gvian Sua saukuneebSi, davrwmundebiT, rom
popularobiT is yvela mis Tanamedrove mogzaurs aWarbebs. dRemde
Cvenamde moaRwia misi mogzaurobis wignis 300-mde xelnawerma. 1470-
dan 1500 wlamde, wignis beWdvis dawyebis dasabamiTve, gamoica misi
wignis 7 franguli, 13 italiuri, 8 germanuli da 4 laTinuri teqsti.
Jan de mandeviles biografia burusiTaa moculi, xSirad
mecnierebi mas Jan saidumloebiT moculis saxeliTac moixsenieben.
miuxedavad misi popularobisa, zogierTi mkvlevari mis mogzaurobas
saerTod eWvis qveSac ayenebda. mis mogzaurobis wigns miiCnevdnen
Sua saukuneebis sxvadasxva mogzaurTa wignebis kompilaciad. magram
misi wignis mniSvnelobisaTvis sakmarisia davasaxeloT, Tu rogor
ekidebodnen mis nawarmoebs cnobili mogzaurebi da geografebi.
Jan mandeviles mogzaurobis wignma, rogorc amas aRniSnaven, didi
samsaxuri gauwia qristefore kolumbs, aseve kartografiis fuZem-
deblebs gerhard merkatorsa da abraam orteliuss.
Jan de mandevile, an, SesaZlebelia, misi saxeli iyos ioane, hansi, an
kidev joni, daibada sankt albansSi, inglisSi, saidanac igi 1322 wels
wavida samogzaurod jer wminda miwaze, Semdeg ganagrZo mogzauroba
Soreul aRmosavleTSi, indoeTsa da monRoleTSi. mogzaurobidan
dabrunebuli mandevile dasaxlda kontinentze, lutexSi, sadac da-
wera Tavisi mogzaurobis wigni. rogorc wyaroebidan Cans, mandevile
lutexSi cxovrobda eqim Jan de burgon a la barbes (Jean de Burgogne a
8
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis Sesaxeb moxseneba wakiTxuli iqna ivane javax-
iSvilis saxelobis universitetSi, hainrix Teodor veles mogzaurobisadmi miZ-
Rvnil saerTaSoriso konferenciaze 2008 wels. ix. beJan javaxia, akaki geTiaSvili,
`Jan de mandeviles mogzauroba aRmosavleTSi da cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~,
saerTaSoriso konferenciis „hainrix Teodor veles mogzauroba saqarTveloSi“
masalebi (Tbilisi, 2009), 95-101.
178 beJan javaxia
la Barbe) saxeliT. misi mogzaurobis wigns saTauri ar hqonia, ubral-

od, mogvianebiT gamomcemlebma da gadamwerebma igi daasaTaures,
rogorc `raind Jan mandeviles mogzauroba wminda miwasa da Soreul
aziaSi 1322-1356 wlebSi~. rogorc mandeviles mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven,
wigni Tavidan frangul enaze daiwera da is maSinve iTargmna evropis
TiTqmis yvela enaze. mogzaurobis wignis dRemde SemorCenili egzem-
plari 1371 wels ganekuTvneba da miZRvnilia inglisis mefis eduard
mesamisadmi. wignis Sedgenis TariRad avtorebi miiCneven periods
1365-sa da 1371 wels Soris.9 Jan mandevile gardaicvala lutexSi 1372
wels.
Jan mandevile Tavisi epoqis ganaTlebuli adamiani iyo, is kargad
icnobda winamorbed piligrimTa mier daweril literaturas wminda
miwis Sesaxeb. aseve aSkaraa, rom Jan mandeviles nawarmoebze didi
gavlena iqonies XIV saukunis winamorbed mogzaurTa vilhelm fon
boldenzees10 (imogzaura wminda miwaze 1334-1335 wlebSi) da odoriko
de pordenones mogzaurobebis wignma. am ukanasknelma Soreul
aRmosavleTSi 1318-1330 wlebSi imogzaura.11
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis wigni erT-erTi pirvelTagania,
romelic pirdapir ewinaaRmdegeba Suasaukuneobriv moZRvrebas de-
damiwis Sesaxeb. mandeviles azriT, SesaZlebelia dedamiwis irgvliv
mogzauroba, rac, qristianuli Teologiis Tanaxmad, warmoudgeneli
iyo. mis wignSi aRwerilia erT-erTi mogzauris Tavgadasavali, romelic
aRmosavleTisaken – indoeTSi gaemgzavra; rodesac xangrZlivi mogza-
urobis Semdeg, Tavis cxens sajiniboSi abinavebda, moismina mSobliur
enaze saubari da mxolod maSin mixvda, rom erTi mimarTulebiT
mogzaurobiT Tavis samSobloSi dabrunda. Jan de mandeviles cnobebi
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani wyaro iyo cnobili germaneli geografis mar-
tin behaimisaTvis, rodesac is globuss qmnida.
Jan mandeviles nawarmoebi mniSvnelovani wyaroa maRali da gviani
Sua saukuneebis dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis kulturul urTier-
9
Arpad Steiner, “The Date of Composition of Mandeville’s Travels,” Speculum, Vol.9, No.2
(Apr.,1934), 144-147, Published by: Medieval Academy of America. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/
stable/2846591.
10
Wilhelm von Boldensele, Itinerarius, ed. Grotefend, Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereins für
Niedersachsen, (Hanover, 1852), 209-286; ierusalimSi qarTvelebis arsebobis Sesaxeb
boldenzeec miuTiTebs, aseve aRwers ierusalimis jvris monasters da iq moRvawe
qarTvelebzec saubrobs.
11
Odorico de Pardenone, Texte des späteren Mittelaters und frühen Neuzeit, Konrad Steckels Deut-
sche Übertragund der Reise nach China des Odorico de Pardenone, hrg. Gilbert Strasmann (Berlin,
1968).
TobaTa Sesaswavlad. gansakuTrebiT didia misi roli aRmosavleTis

yofisa da zne-CveulebaTa gasacnobad misi TanamedroveebisaTvis. Jan
de mandeviles mogzaurobis wigni, ZiriTadad, Sedgenilia sxva mog-
zaurTa aRwerebisa da sxva dasavluri wyaroebis safuZvelze, rasac
xSirad TviTon avtoric adasturebs. rogorc misi nawarmoebidan Cans,
is kargad icnobda plano karpinis mogzaurobis aRweras, aseve iseT
nawarmoebebs, rogoricaa: vincent de boves enciklopediuri gamocema
„istoriis sarke“12 da iakob de vitris „aRmosavleTis istoria“13.
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis wigni saintereso wyaroa ioane
presviteris Sesaxeb arsebuli gadmocemebis Sesaswavlad. mandevile
aRwers ioane presviteris „qveyanas“, aseve vrclad mogviTxrobs mis
Sesaxeb, Tumca mainc burusSi tovebs XIII-XIV saukuneebis evropis am
metad aqtualur legendas.
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis wigni aseve sayuradReboa
saqarTvelos istoriis mkvlevarTaTvis, radganac am wignSi saqarT-
velos Sesaxeb ramdenime saintereso cnoba gvxvdeba. es cnobebi
mandeviles wignis orive nawilSia mimobneuli – rogorc im nawilSi,
sadac is aRwers wminda miwas, aseve meore nawilSi, romelic Seexeba mis
mogzaurobas aziaSi, saxeldobr – CineTsa da indoeTSi.
pirveli cnoba exeba qarTvelTa moRvaweobas wminda miwaze, sadac
is aRwers qarTvel berTa da saero pirTa Cacmulobas, miuTiTebs wmin-
da giorgis mimarT maT gansakuTrebul damokidebulebaze: „sxva qris-
tianebi arian qarTvelebi, romlebic moinaTlnen wminda giorgis mier.
isini mas gansakuTrebul pativs miageben, vidre sxva wmindanebs, rode-
sac rame surT, isini mimarTaven mas. qarTvelebi atareben tonzuras:
mrgvals – sasuliero pirebi, xolo kuTxeebians – saeroni. sarwmunoe-
biT isini berZnebis msgavsni arian“.14
Jan mandeviles es cnoba TiTqmis imeorebs sxva avtorTa monaTxrobs
qarTvelTa Sesaxeb wminda miwaze. saxeldobr, qarTvelebs wminda miwaze
aRwers Jak (iakob) de vitri. Jak de vitri iyo akris episkoposi, SemdegSi
kardinali. mis kalams ekuTvnis àRmosavleTis istoria~, qadagebani,
12
Vincentius Bellovacensis, Speculum Historiale, 2001.
13
Jacob de Vitriaco, Historia Orientalis, der Hierusalymata, I, ed. Jac. Bongars, Gesta Dei Per Fran-
cos (Hanau, 1611).
14
“Wieder andere Christen in dieser Gelegend heißen Georgier, die sie vom heiligen Georg bekehert
wurden. An ihn glauben sie mehr als an jeden anderen Heiligen. Wenn sie etwas brauchen, so rufen sie
ihn an. Die Georgier tragen eine Tonsur - rund bei den Priestern and eckig bei den Leien. Ihr Glaube
ähnelt dem der Griechen.” John Mandeville, Reisen des Ritters des John Mandeville vom Heiligen Land
ins Asien 1322-1356, aus dem mittelhochdeutschen ubersetzt und Herausgegeben von Christian Bug-
gisch (Regensburg, 2004), 149.
180 beJan javaxia
werilebi. misi naSromebi V jvarosnuli laSqrobis istoriisaTvis,

qristianTa, muslimTa da monRolTa urTierTobis Sesaswavlad erT-
erT mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens. mis mier gagzavnil werilebSi
(1220-1221 wlis 18 aprilamde) aris cnobebi qarTvelTa da monRolTa
urTierTobis Sesaxeb, aseve ioane presviteris Taobaze.
àRmosavleTis istoriaSi~ Jak de vitri wmida miwaze melqitebis,
nestorianelebis, iakobitebis, maronitebis da somxebis gverdiT
qarTvelebsac asaxelebs. is qarTvelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc mebrZol
qristianebs. maTi saxeli, misi azriT, wminda giorgisagan warmodgeba,
romelic aris maTi mfarveli da Semwe brZolebSi. igi TiTqosda
win uZRoda maT urjuloebis winaaRmdeg brZolebSi. qarTvelebis
liturgiis ena aris berZnuli da isini berZnul wesebs misdeven. aqve
igi wers, rom ierusalimSi wmida saflavze qarTvel piligrimebs
SexvdebodiT. isini yovelgvari gadasaxadebis gareSe, ierusalimSi
zeaRmarTuli droSebiT Sediodnen, vinaidan muslimebs qarTvelTa
sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis didi SiSi hqondaT. qarTveli qalebi iyvnen
mebrZolebi, rogorc antikuri xanis amazonebi. qarTvelebs SiSis qveS
hyavdaT damaskos mmarTveli koradini (al-muazam saraf ad dini). es
faqti kargad Cans erTi epizodidan, rodesac laTinebma qalaq damietas
alya Semoartyes, xolo koradinma ierusalimis kedlis dangreva
gadawyvita, qarTvelebi mas daemuqrnen.15
wminda miwaze mcxovreb qarTvelTa Sesaxeb cnoba XIII saukunis
damdegs daweril Titmarisa16 da aseve imave periodis ucnobi
franciskeli beris mogzaurobis aRweris identuria.17
15
“Est preaterea in regione orientali quidam alius Christianorum populus bellicosus valde et in prealiis
strenuus, fortis robore et petens innumera pugnatorum multitudine, Saracenis valde formidablis, Persis,
Medis et Assyriis, in quorum confinio commoratur et ab infidelibus populis unique clauditur, frequenter
valde damnousus in expedicionibus extitit. Hi homines Georgiani nuncupantur, eo quod Sanctum Geor-
gium, quem in praeliis suis contra gentem incredulam advocatum habent et patronum, et tamquam sig-
niferum, cum summa reverentia colunt et adorant, et prae aliis sanctis specialiter honorant.
Utuntur autem Graeco idiomate in Scriptorum divinis, et Graecorum consuetudines in sacramentis
observant. Clerici eorum rotundas habent coronas, laici vero quadratas.” Jacob de Vitriaco, Historia
Orientalis (Caput LXXIX – De Georgianus ), 1047-1124; Bezzola Qian Andri, Die Mongolen in Abend-
landischer Sicht (1220-1270), Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Volker begegnegen, Bern und Muenchen, 1974,
158; javaxia, `jvarosanTa epoqis laTinuri wyaroebi~, 232.
16
“Alii quidem sunt Georgiani sanctum Georgium venerantes strenui in armis et sarracenis multum
infesti et contrarii. Barbam et comam multum nutriunt. Omnes habent coronas tam clerici quam layci.
Layci quadratas. Clerici rotundas propriam habent litteram ferentes in capitibus vnius vlne longas.”
(Nota A) Magister Thetmarus, “Iter Terram Sanctam 1217”; Thietmar, Peregrinatio, ed. Johann Carl
Moritz laurent, Peregrinatio Medii Aevi Quattour (Leipzig, 2 Aufl., 1873), Anhang, 20.
17
“Alii sunt Georgitani sanctum Georgium sollempni pompa venerantes; barbam et comam multum
nutrientes , gestantes unius cubiti pilleos. Isti tam clerici quam laici coronas habent: clerici rotundas et
Jan de mandeviles wignSi vrclad aris aRwerili kavkasiis qedi da

mis garSemo arsebuli qveynebi. am cnobebSi bevri ram bundovnad aris
gadmocemuli, rac gvafiqrebinebs imas, rom avtors es cnobebi sxva wya-
roebidan unda hqondes aRebuli.
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis wignSi aseve gvxvdeba zogadi
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. aziaSi mogzaurobis aRwerisas, is
gvawvdis informacias saqarTveloSi im dros arsebuli ormefobis Ses-
axeb. kavkasiis aRwerisas, igi ZiriTadad saqarTvelos da somxeTis Ses-
axeb mogviTxrobs, Tumca somxeTis Sesaxeb Txroba ufro mwiria, rad-
ganac am periodisaTvis kavkasiaSi somxuri saxelmwifo ar arsebobda.
TavSi „sparseTidan Turqebis qveynisaken“, mandevile zogadad aRwers
saqarTvelos sazRvrebs. is wers: `Semdeg mdebareobs saqarTvelos
samefo, romelic aRmosavleTSi iwyeba ialbuzis (Abson, Elbrus) mTebSi.
am mTebSi cxovroben ucnauri xalxi alanebi. saqarTvelo esazRvreba
TurqeTs, did zRvas da somxeTs. iq arsebobs ori samefo – saqarTvelos
da afxazeTis (albeias Albeya, alxazebis Alchasien). iq mefobs ori mefe,
oriveni arian qristianebi. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefo eqvemde-
bareba monRolTa did xans. afxazeTis samefo aris gamagrebuli qvey-
ana, romelmac Tavisi ZaliT moigeria yvela, romelTac misi dapyroba
surdaT. amdenad, is aravis emorCileba. afxazTa samefoSi arsebobs
didi saswauli erT adgilze, saiTkenac sami dRis savalia da bomhasoli
(Bomhainsoly) ewodeba. aq mudmivi wyvdiadia, aravis SeuZlia dainaxos, Tu
ra xdeba iq da veravin modis iq. mcxovreblebi gadmogvcemen, rom aqedan
esmiT adamianebis xmebi da cxenebis Wixvini da fiqroben, rom iq arian
adamianebi, Tumca meti araferi ician. maTi gadmocemiT, iqaurobis
dabneleba RvTis saswauls miekuTvneba: odesRac sparseTis borotma
mefe samosma (Sames),18 romelic devnida qristianebs da aiZulebda maT,
Tayvani ecaT kerpebisaTvis, gailaSqra saberZneTSi, raTa qristianebi
daemorCilebina, rodesac qristianebma is dainaxes, daemxnen muxlebze
da RmerTs daxmareba SesTxoves. uceb Camowva Savi Rrubeli mefis
Tavze da dafara igi da misi xalxi ise, rom maT ar SeeZloT gzis
gakvleva. rogorc mogviTxroben, isini dResac iq, wyvdiadSi arian
gamomwyvdeulni. ase amboben, rom RmerTma maT Tvalwin aseTi saswauli
moaxdina“.19 iqve avtori dasZens, rom es aris namdvili saswauli,
laici quadreatas. Fermentum sacrificant et fere Grecos in omibus imitantes propriam habent literam.”
Inominativus V, Wilhelm Anton Neuman, “Drei mittelaterliche Pilgerschriften,” Österreichische Vier-
teljahrsschrift für Katolosche Teologie, 5 (1866), 221.
18
unda igulisxmebodes sparseTis mefe Sabur II, romelic mmarTvelobda IV sau-
kuneSi.
19
“Danach kommt man in das Konigreich von Georgien, das im Osten bei einem großen Berg names
182 beJan javaxia
romelic yvela qristians unda swamdes da, rom RmerTi yovelTvis aris
mzad, raTa dagvifaros.
es cnobac Jan de mandeviles, rogorc Cans, sxva avtorebidan
unda hqondes gadmowerili. vfiqrobT, es gadmocema avtors somexi
istorikosis hetumis, anu haiton korikoselis, naSromidan unda aeRo.20
germaneli istorikosis ana-doroTea den brinkenis mosazrebiT,21
somexi istorikosis hetumis, anu igive haiton korikoselis, cnoba
saqarTveloSi arsebuli saswaulis Sesaxeb msgavsia im gadmocemebisa,
romlebic gvxvdeba sxva mogzaurTa, saxeldobr, plano karpinisa
da marko polos CanawerebSi, romelTa mixedviTac Cingis xanis
Semosevebisagan da sisastikisagan mosaxleoba wyvdiadSi imaleboda.
Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis wignSi aseve metad saintereso
cnobebia daculi saqarTvelos mezobeli qveynebisa da kavkasiis
tomTa Sesaxeb, romlebic saqarTvelosTan mWidro kavSirSi iyvnen da
Abson (Elbrus) beginnt. Dort wohnt ein wunderliches Volk, die Alanen. Es grenzt an die Turkei, das
große Meer un im Süden an Armenien. Es gibt dort zwei Königreiche, das von Georgien und von Albeya
(Abchasien). Dort herrschen zwei Könige, beide sind Christen. Der von Georgien ist außerdem Untertan
des Großkhans von Cathay.
Der König von Albeya hingegangen besitzt ein befestiges Land und hat sich nach Kräften gegen alle
gewehrt, die ihn unterwerfen wollen. Daher ist er niemandem untertan.
In Königreich Albeya gibt es ein großes Wunder: eine Gegend, die sich wohl öber drei Tagesreisen
erstreckt und die Bomhainsoly genant wird. Dort ist es immer finster, niemand kann sehen, was dort
gehen. Die Bewohner des Landes sagen, sie hätten dort Stimmen von Menschen und das Wiehern von
Pferden gehört, und sie glauben daher, dass dort Menschen leben, mehr wissen sie aber nicht.
Sie sagen, die Finsternis sei es durch ein Wunder Gotten enstanden: Einst gab es bösen König von
Persien namens Sames, der die Christen unterdrückte und sie zwang, seinem Abgott zu opfern. Er fuhr
einst nach Griechenland, um dort viele Christen zu unterwerfen. Als die Christen ihn sahen, fielen sie auf
die Knie und beteten zu Gott, er möge sie beschützen. Da sank eine dunkle Wolke auf den Keiser herab
und bedeckte ihn mitsamt senem Volk, sodass er nicht mehr wusste, wohin gehen solte.
Und also sagen sie dass er sich nun in diesem Finsternis befinde, und sagen: Durch Gott ist vor un-
seren Augen ein Wunder geschehen “Das ist wirklich ein großes Wunder , darum sollten alle Christen
umso andächtger sein. Denn es zeigt, dass unser Herr alzeit bereit ist uns zu beschützen.” John Mande-
ville, Reisen des Ritters des John Mandeville vom Heiligen Land ins Asien 1322-1356, 245-246.
20
hetumi, haiton kirakoseli (laT. Hayton dominus Churchi), somexi istorikosi
kilikiis somxeTidan. gardaicvala daaxl. 1309 wels. hetumma Tavisi cxovrebis didi
nawili (daaxl. 1294-1307) gaatara dasavleT evropaSi, rogorc devnilma kilikiis
somxeTidan. is axlo kavSirSi imyofeboda kaTolikuri eklesiis maRal eSelonebTan.
hetumi 1307 wels dabrunda kilikiaSi. naSromis franguli La Flor des estoires de la terre
d’Orient da laTinuri xelnawerebi Flos Historiarum Terre Orientis meToTxmete saukunis
damdegs ukve arsebobda. hetumis naSromSi saswaulis mdebareobis adgili hamsenad,
anu hanisemad iwodeba (Hansen; Hanisem). Hayton, “La Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient, Flores
Historiarum Terre Orientis,” Recueil des historiens des croisades, Documents arméniens, 2 (Paris 1906),
129-268; René Grousset, Histoire des croisades et du royaume franc de Jérusalem (Paris, 1936).
21
Den Brincken, Die “Nationes Christianorum Orientalorum”, 117.
saqarTvelos sagareo politikaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebdnen.

Jan de mandeviles naSromi, Tavisi mravalmxrivi informaciulobiT,
Sua saukuneebis dasavleTis qristianuli samyarosa da monRolTa
urTierTobebis, wminda miwis istoriisa da aseve, aRmosavleTSi,
sxvadasxva konfesiaTa urTierTobebis Seswavlis saqmeSi Zvirfas
wyaros warmoadgens. amdenad, am naSromis qarTul enaze srulyofili
Targmani istoriiTa da eTnologiiT dainteresebul mkvlevrebs
metad mniSvnelovan samsaxurs gauwevda.
rogorc Jan de mandeviles naSromidan Cans, misi avtori kargad
aris informirebuli saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, misTvis cnobilia am
droisaTvis saqarTvelos samefoebis mdgomareoba da maTi mimarTeba
monRolTa sayaenosTan. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, mandeviles mog-
zaurobis wignSi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb cnobebi, SesaZlebelia, av-
tors sxva, adreuli wyaroebidan hqondes aRebuli, magram es naSromi
mainc gansakuTrebulad Rirebuli iyo aRmosavleTis qveynebis is-
toriisaTvis da Tavisi popularobiT uswrebda sxva yvela mis Tanamed-
roveTa naSromebs da dasavleTis qveynebisaTvis iyo erT-erTi pirveli,
romelic qmnida realur warmodgenas rogorc Soreuli aRmosavleTis,
aseve kavkasiis qveynebisa da xalxebis Sesaxeb.
XIII-XIV saukuneebi metad mdidaria piligrimTa da sxva mogzau-
rTa SromebiT, romlebSic gvxvdeba metad saintereso cnobebi sa-
qarTvelosa da aRmosavleTis qristianuli saxelmwifoebisa da
xalxebis Sesaxeb. am SromaTa Seswavla da maTi Semotana samecniero
brunvaSi metad saSuri saqmea. am SemTxvevaSi, Cven avirCieT ori
av tori – benediqt poloneli da Jan de mandevile, romelTa na-
Sromebi TavianTi popularulobiT sxva Tanamedrove avtorebs win
uswreben.
benediqt poloneli erT-erTi pirveli poloneli avtoria,
romelic qarTvelebis Sesaxeb wers. amdenad, misi cnobebi qarTvelTa
simamacisa da sabrZolo Tvisebebis Sesaxeb sainteresoa.
marTalia, benediqt polonelis da Jan de mandeviles cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb mwiria, magram isini avseben sxva dasavleli mog-
zaurebisa da piligrimebis cnobebs.
Sua saukuneebis dasavleTSi jer kidev Zalian mwiri iyo warmodgena
aRmosavleTis qveynebis Sesaxeb, am qveynebSi aRmosavleTis sivrce da
kavkasia ar iyo Seswavlili da sruliad ucxo iyo maTTvis. maT qroni-
kebsa da rukebze es adgilebi warmodgenilia, rogorc ucxo da Seus-
wavleli samyaro da xSirad gvxvdeba miTiuri warmodgenebi. amdenad,
Titmaris, iakob de vitris, benediqt polonelis, plano karpinis, Jan
de mandeviles da sxva TviTmxilvelTa cnobebi dasavleTs realur war-
184 beJan javaxia
modgenas aZlevda rogorc Soreuli aRmosavleTis, aseve aRmosavle-

Tis qristianuli samyaros Sesaxeb.
benediqt polonelis relacionis da Jan de mandeviles mogzaurobis
wignSi mocemuli cnobebis Sedareba sxva mis Tanamedrove wyaroebTan
kidev ufro sainteresos xdis am wyaros saqarTvelos istoriis mkvle-
varTaTvis. es Sedarebebi saSualebas iZleva, ufro naTlad aRvadginoT
am periodis saqarTvelos istoria, aseve saqarTvelos dasavleTTan
SesaZlo kontaqtebi da vnaxoT, Tu rogori iyo warmodgenebi saqarT-
velosa da qarTvelebis Sesaxeb evropaSi.
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für Niedersachsen. Hanover, 1852
Z dziejów Kościoła na Dolnym Śląsku Benedykt Polak Artur Adamski rt Dutton,
Gracechurch-Street, 1809. http://nowezycie.archidiecezja.wroc.pl/numery/022006/07.html
XII
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi da cxenosanTa

dartymiTi taqtika: qarTuli gamocdileba
mamuka wurwumia
saukuneebis manZilze cxenosani Subs ramdenime xerxiT iyenebda: is-

roda mas saTxediviT, eWira is ori xeliT1 an xelis Zalis gamoyenebiT
aZgerebda pirdapir2 anda zemodan3.
sanam cxenosani Subis saZgereblad mxolod mklavis Zalas iyenebda,
cxeni martooden sabrZolo platformis rols asrulebda da Setevi-
sas misi Zala an siCqare ar gamoiyeneboda. cxenis potencialis sruli
gamoyeneba brZolis axali wesis SemoRebis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli,
rodesac Sua saukuneebis cxenosanma Subi mklavqveS uZravad amoido.
Sedegad, Subi, mxedari da mowinaaRmdegisaken mqrolavi cxeni erTad
ganapirobebda dartymis Zalas, romelic bevrad ufro Zlieri iyo,
vidre mxolod xeliT moqnevisas.4 aseTi dartymis dros adamianisa da
cxenis mTeli energia Subis wverzea koncentrirebuli.5
mklavqveS mxolod Subis bolo hqondaT amodebuli, ris gamoc misi
wveri ufro metad iyo win mimarTuli („wagrZelebuli“), vidre sxva
stiliT brZolisas.6 swored Subis Wera simZimis centris ukan ganapi-
robebda mis `dagrZelebas~, rac am stils garkveul upiratesobas an-
1
am dros orive xeli dakavebuli iyo, rac faris gamoyenebas SeuZlebels xdida.
Jon Coulston, “Arms and Armour of the Late Roman Army,” in A Companion to Medieval Arms and Ar-
mour, ed. D. Nicolle (Woodbridge, 2002), 15. orive xeliT Subis Werisas sadaveebiT cxenis
marTvis efeqturobac klebulobda. Carroll Gillmor, “European Cavalry,” in Dictionary of the
Middle Ages, vol. 3 (New York, 1983), 200.
2
am dros Subi barZayTan uWiravT ceriT win. Д.П. Алексинский, К.А. Жуков, А.М. Бутя-
гин, Д.С. Коровкин, Всадники Войны: Кавалерия Европы, (Москва, 2005), 18.
3
am SemTxvevaSi Subis wveri nekis mxaresaa, ceri ki ukanaa. iqve, 18.
4
Kelly DeVries, Medieval Military Technology (Peterborough, 1992), 12.
5
John France, “Technology and Success of the First Crusade,” in War and Society in the Eastern
Mediterranean, 7th-15th Centuries, ed. Yaacov Lev (Leiden, 1996), 166.
6
Ann Hyland, The Medieval Warhorse: From Byzantium to the Crusades (London, 1994), 57.
wagrZelebuli Subi 187
iWebda. brZolis axali wesis saxelwodebac (couched lance) am Tavisebu-

rebiT aris ganpirobebuli: couched niSnavs wagrZelebuls, gaSverils.7
qarTulad mas Seesabameba wagrZelebuli Subi.
rogorc iTqva, Subi am dros mWidrodaa moTavsebuli mklavsa da
tans Soris, dartymis siZliere ki cxenis moZraobiTaa gamowveuli.8 mxe-
dars mxolod Subis sworad damizneba da taris mtkiced, uZravad Wera
rCeboda.9 mizanSi amoReba cxenis saSualebiT da cxenosnis sxeulis tri-
aliT xdeboda. Subis wonas da dartymis Zalas mxedris wonasworoba rom
ar daerRvia, Subis wveri cxenis Tavis marcxniv iyo mimarTuli, bolo ki
mxedars marjvena iRliis qveS hqonda amodebuli.10 aqedan gamomdinare-
obda wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis erTi naklic, kerZod, Subis mxolod
win mimarTva SeiZleboda da arc ise didi radiusis farglebSi.11
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZola, rogorc Cans, XI saukunis meore nax-
evridan mkvidrdeba evropaSi.12 rac ar unda iyos am teqnikis SemoRebis
zusti TariRi, XII saukunis SuaxanebSi wagrZelebuli Subi ukve gaba-
tonebulia brZolis velze da ase rCeba Sua saukuneebis bolomde.13 j.
fransis azriT, wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis ganviTarebaSi kri-
tikul etaps warmoadgens pirveli jvarosnuli laSqroba, roca disci-
plinirebuli sabrZolo erTeulebi am stils masobrivad iyenebdnen.14
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi ganapirobebs yvelaze Zlier
dartymas, rac ki cxenosanma SeiZleba miayenos mowinaaRmdeges. wagr-
Zelebuli Subis dartyma mowinaaRmdeges unagiridan agdebda, metic,
zogjer cxenianad ayiravebda mas. SemTxveviTi araa, rom aRmosavleT-
7
Helen Nicholson, Medieval Warfare: Theory and Practice of War in Europe 300-1500 (New York,
2004), 102.
8
David Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare in Western Christendom (London,
1999), 30.
9
А.Н. Кирпичников, “Древнерусское оружие. Выпуск 3. Доспех, комплекс боевых средств IX-
XIII вв.” Археология СССР (Ленинград, 1971), 68.
10
R. H. C. Davis, The Medieval Warhorse: Origin, Development and Redevelopment (London, 1989),
21.
11
David Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Byzantium, Europe and the Struggle for the Holy Land 1050-
1300 AD (London, 2007), 70-1; Id., “The Impact of the European Couched Lance on Muslim Military
Tradition,” The Journal of the Arms and Armour Society, 10 (1980), pl. IIIf.
12
baios gobelenze, romelic 1066 wels inglisis dapyrobis aRsaniSnavadaa Se-
qmnili, swored es gardamavali periodia asaxuli; 35 figuridan, romelic Subs
flobs, mxolod 5-s uWiravs is iRliis qveS, gamarTulad. Bernard S. Bachrach, “Animals
and Warfare in Early Medieval Europe,” Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di sull’alto Medioevo,
31 (1985), 744. wagrZelebuli Subis SemoRebis TariRTan dakavSirebuli diskusiis
Sesaxeb ix. DeVries, Medieval Military Technology, 13-4.
13
iqve, 14.
14
John France, Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade (Cambridge, 1994), 71.
188 mamuka wurwumia
Si, sadac tradiciulad SubiT brZolis mravalferovani wesebi arse-

bobda, am wess sakmao pativs scemdnen.15 meTormete saukunis erT-erTi
yvelaze cnobili mxedari, arabi usama ibn munkizi,16 Tavisi mdidari
gamocdilebis safuZvelze, yvelaze efeqturad wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZolis xerxs miiCnevda, rodesac Subiani xeli da idayvi mWidrodaa
gverdze miWerili da dartymis Zalas cxenis moZraoba ganapirobebs.
jvarosnebTan erT SetakebaSi, usamam aseTi dartymiT franki raindis
jaWvis ori fena gaglija.17
brZolis velze wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba maqsimalur efeqts
maSin iZleva, rodesac adamianebi da cxenebi erTad axorcieleben koor-
dinirebul Setevas, rac, Tavis mxriv, sabrZolo erTeulis disciplinaze
da organizaciazea damyarebuli.18 discipliniT ganTqmuli tampliere-
bisTvisac ki cxenosanTa masirebuli Setevis sworad ganxorcieleba ise-
Ti rTuli iyo, rom detalurad hqondaT aRwerili TavianT wesdebaSi.19
mZime cxenosanTa warmatebuli Seteva warmoadgens mWidrod daw-
yobili SubgamarTuli razmis Sejaxebas mowinaaRmdegis sabrZolo
rigebTan, rasac Sedegad rigebis garRveva da mtris wyobis daSla
moyveba.20 es TiToeuli mebrZolisa da misi cxenis erTnairi siCqariT
da mimarTulebiT SeTanxmebul qmedebas moiTxovs. yovelive es ki,
ra Tqma unda, xangrZliv momzadebasa da praqtikas saWiroebda. ide-
alur SemTxvevaSi, mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRvevis Semdeg, razmi
unda gadawyobiliyo da isev Seetia,21 Tumca es Zalian Zneli iyo da
amis ganxorcieleba mxolod uaRresad disciplinirebul armias See-
15
arabuli samxedro traqtatis „nihaiaT al-su’lis“ mixedviT, maxlobel aR-
mosavleTSi cxenosnis mier Subis gamoyenebis sami ZiriTadi xerxi arsebobda: „xo-
rasnuli stili“, rodesac mxedari Subs cali xeliT iyenebda („atrialebda“), Subis
ori xeliT gamoyenebis Zveli meTodi da „siriuli Seteva“, romelsac aseve „bizan-
tiuri stili“ ewodeboda da romelic wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolas gulisxmobda.
David Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades 1050-1300
AD (London, 2007), 155.
16
Turq-selCukTagan gansxvavebiT, arab cxenosanTa umTavresi iaraRi Subi iyo.
17
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades:
Memoirs of Usamah Ibn-Munqidh (Kitab al-I’Tibar), trans. Philip K. Hitti (New York, 2000), 68-70.
18
France, Technology and Success of the First Crusade, 167.
19
France, Victory in the East, 372.
20
Semdgom, warmatebis gansaviTareblad, garRvevis adgilas sxva razmebs CarTavdnen.
21
„franguli bruni“ (tor Franceis) ewodeboda iseT taqtikur xerxs, rodesac pirveli
Setakebisa da mowinaaRmdegis rigebSi SeWris Semdeg, mxedari brundeba ukan Tavisi
droSis mimarTulebiT, ayenebs meore dartymas da ukana gzaze isev gaivlis mtris
rigebs. Matthew Bennett, “Why Chivalry? Military ‘Professionalism’ in the Twelfth Century: The
Origins and Expressions of a Socio-Military Ethos,” in The Chivalric Ethos and the Development of the
Military Professionalism, ed. David J. B. Trim (Leiden, 2003), 55.
Zlo, romelsac hyavda gamocdili meTaurebi, medroSeebi, mesigna-

leebi da a.S.
wagrZelebuli SubiT ganxorcielebuli brZolis am saxes Taname-
drove istorikosebi „cxenosanTa Sokur dartymas“ (mounted shock combat)
uwodeben, rac sworad asaxavs aseTi Setevis Zalas. cxenosanTa Sokuri
Seteva iseTi Semzaravi sanaxavi iyo, rom xSirad mowinaaRmdege Sejax-
ebamde garboda brZolis velidan.22 sworad ganxorcielebul aseT Set-
evas Znelad Tu rame daudgeboda win. wagrZelebuli Subi gansakuTrebiT
efeqturi iyo kavaleriis winaaRmdeg.23 r. smeilis azriT, dasavleT ev-
ropel cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT yvelaze mZlavri
taqtikuri iaraRi iyo, romlis Zala samxedro SenaerTis saerTo, koleq-
tiur wonas emyareboda.24 mas kvers ukravs k. marSali, romelic Tvlis,
rom wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebisas, Setevis saerTo simZime Sua sau-
kuneebis armiis yvelaze mZlavri iaraRi iyo.25
fiqroben, rom wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stili dasavleT ev-
ropam bizantiisagan gadaiRo da Tvlian, rom swored bizantiaSi miaR-
wia am stilma srul ganviTarebas meaTe saukuneSi. igi, TiTqos SemoiRo
imperator nikifore fokas mZime kavaleriam.26 d. nikolis azriT, garda
wagrZelebuli Subisa, nikifore fokas bizantiuri mZime kavaleria, ise-
Tive Sokur dartymiT taqtikas iyenebda, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo
momdevno xanis dasavleT evropuli rainduli armiebisaTvis.27
am Tvalsazriss ver gaviziarebT. nikifore foka rom dartymiTi
taqtikis damnergavi yofiliyo, is sakuTari kavaleriis Setevis pirvel
xazze Subosnebs daayenebda da ara xmal-laxtiT SeiaraRebulebs.
rogorc Cans, bizantielebi flobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis
xelovnebas, magram ara Sokur taqtikas, romelsac Semdgom am wesiT me-
brZoli evropuli kavaleria iyenebda.
nikifore fokas dros, X saukuneSi, mZimed SeiaraRebuli bizan-
tieli mxedris, katafraqtis upirvelesi iaraRi laxtia da ara Subi.28
22
DeVries, Medieval Military Technology, 12.
23
Matthew Bennett, “The Medieval Warhorse Reconsidered,” in Medieval Knighthood V: Papers
from the Sixth Strawberry Hill Conference 1994, eds. S. Church and R. Harvey (Woodbridge, 1995),
34.
24
R. C. Smail, Crusading Warfare, 1097-1193, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, 1995), 113-5.
25
Christopher Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East (Cambridge, 1992), 158; Id., “The Use of the
Charge in Battles in the Latin East, 1192-1291,” Historical Research, 65 (1992), 222.
26
Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book: Warfare In Western Christendom, 78.
27
David Nicolle, Medieval Warfare Source Book: Christian Europe and Its Neighbours (London,
1998), 70.
28
Никифор II Фока, Стратегика, перевод со среднегреческого и комментарии А.К. Нефёдкина
190 mamuka wurwumia
SubiT SeiaraRebuli katafraqtebi sabrZolo wyobaSi mxolod mexuTe

rigidan Cndebian, isic flangebze, umniSvnelo ricxvs Seadgenen da
raime arsebiTi rolis Sesruleba ar SeuZliaT.29 SeiaraRebidan gamom-
dinare, SeuZlebelia visaubroT kavaleriis iseT dartymiT taqtikaze,
rogorsac SubiT aRWurvili evropeli mxedari axorcielebda. metic,
nikifore fokas 504 (an 384) katafraqtidan 150 (an 80) mSvildiT iyo Se-
iaraRebuli da ukana rigebidan sroliT mxars uWerda axlo brZolis
iaraRiT aRWurvil sxva katafraqtebs.30 brZolis aseTi wess araferi
aqvs saerTo cxenosanTa dartymiT taqtikasTan.
TavisTavad, wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyeneba sulac ar ukavSird-
eba pirdapir Sokuri brZolis wess.31 wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess
flobda arabi usama da bizantielebic, magram es ar gadazrdila kava-
leriis dartymiT taqtikaSi da miT umetes, masobrivad mis gamoyenebaSi.
marTlac, aRmosavleTSi ufro adre icnobdnen wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZolis stils, magram Cven ar gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom is iseTive
dominanturi da efeqturi iyo, rogorc evropaSi meTerTmete saukunis
bolodan. unda gvaxsovdes, rom raime taqtikuri xerxis an teqnologiuri
miRwevis danergva wlebis ganmavlobaSi xdeba da saTanado efeqti xSirad
mxolod amis Semdeg miiRweva.32 rogorc Cans, wagrZelebuli SubiT Setevis
xerxi didi xania arsebobda, magram Tavad Sokuri Seteva xangrZlivi drois
manZilze yalibdeboda da metad efeqturi meTormete saukuneSi gaxda.33
winamdebare werilis amocanas warmoadgens wagrZelebuli Subis
da cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis kvalis moZieba evropidan Sors,
aRmosavleTSi da im mravali paralelis dRis sinaTleze gamotana,
qarTul samxedro saqmes evropulTan rom akavSirebs.
unda iTqvas, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTuli laSqris brZolis wesi
jer kidev ar aris gamowvlilviT Seswavlili; ar aris dadgenili, Tu
ra tipis iaraRs an taqtikas aZlevda upiratesobas qarTveli meomari
(Санкт-Петербург, 2005), 23-4, 76-7; Eric McGeer, Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth: Byzantine Warfare in
the Tenth Century (Washington, 1995), 37, 216.
29
Никифор II Фока, Стратегика, 24, 77; McGeer, Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth, 37.
30
Никифор II Фока, Стратегика, 23, 76-7; McGeer, Sowing the Dragon’s Teeth, 37.
31
John France, Western Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, 1000-1300 (London, 1999), 160.
32
SedarebisTvis aviRoT grZeli mSvildi: es iaraRi saukuneebis manZilze arse-
bobda, magram taqtikuri mniSvneloba da efeqti mxolod ingliselebis mier as-
wlian omSi masobrivi gamoyenebis Semdeg SeiZina. David Whetham, “The English Longbow:
A Revolution in Technology?” in The Hundred Years War: Different Vistas, eds. L. J. Andrew Villalon
and Donald J. Kagay (Leiden, 2008), 213-32; Andrew Ayton, “Arms, Armour, and Horses,” in Medieval
Warfare: A History, ed. Maurice Keen (New York, 1999), 203.
33
Matthew Strickland, “Military Technology and Conquest: The Anomaly of Anglo-Saxon England,”
Anglo-Norman Studies, 19 (1996), 361-6.
da, miT umetes, ar aris dadgenili SeiaraReba-taqtikis transformacia

saukuneebis manZilze.
g. anCabaZe erTaderTi qarTveli istorikosia, romelic wlebis gan-
mavlobaSi sistematurad da savsebiT marTebulad miuTiTebda, rom Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli cxenosani laSqris ZiriTadi iaraRi Subi iyo.34
TumcaRa, SubiT brZolis stili mas ar daukonkretebia.
ase rom, Cveni amocana ara mxolod imis dadasturebaa, rom Sua sau-
kuneebSi qarTveli mudam SubiT ibrZoda, aramed imis dasabuTebac, rom
garkveuli periodidan saqarTveloSi gabatonebuli iyo wagrZelebu-
li SubiT brZolis stili; uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis Cvenebac, rom
wagrZelebuli SubiT mebrZoli qarTuli feodaluri laSqris mTavari
taqtikuri iaraRi cxenosanTa Sokuri Seteva iyo.
dasaxuli amocanis gadawyveta mxolod wyaroebisa da ikonografi-
uli masalis kompleqsuri Seswavlis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli.
amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom istoriul wyaroebSi praqtikulad ar
Cans qarTvel mxedarTa isriT brZolis wesi, maSin rodesac SubiT brZo-
las yovel fexis nabijze vxvdebiT.35 am wesidan oriode gamonakliss Tu
vipoviT, romlebic, rasakvirvelia, aminds ver qmnian.36
literaturul wyaroebSic ZiriTadad asaxulia SubiT brZolis
rainduli wesi; orTabrZolaSi isris gamoyeneba sastikad igmoba da mx-
olod gviandel, XVII saukunis nawarmoebebSi gvxvdeba isriT brZola ga-
kicxvis gareSe.
naratiul wyaroebTan SedarebiT, bevrad problemuria ikono-
grafiuli masala. wmindanis mier xeliT moqneul SubTan SedarebiT,
wagrZelebuli Subis gamosaxva mxatvrulad naklebad STambeWdavia,
ris gamoc misi gamosaxvis ikonografiuli tradicia evropaSic ki
konservatiuli iyo.37 iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, qarTulma marTl-
34
giorgi anCabaZe, `qarTuli laSqris sabrZolo wyoba da brZolis warmoebis
xerxebi Teimuraz II-is „sarke TqmulTa anu dRis da Ramis gabaasebis“ mixedviT~,
macne, 2 (1984), 95; misive, ìoseb Tbilelis „didmouraviani“ rogorc samxedro-is-
toriuli wyaro~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, VI (1985), 69; misive, `sexnia CxeiZis
„cxovreba mefeTa“ rogorc samxedro-saistorio wyaro~, macne, 4 (1988), 61.
35
ra Tqma unda, igulisxmeba brZolis velze moqmedebebi da ara cixis an raime
bunebrivi simagris ieriSi.
36
erTi aseTi SemTxveva moxda XIII saukuneSi, rodesac qarTvelebi monRolTa mxa-
rdamxar monRolurive armiis winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani
matiane, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, SeniSvnebi da leqsikoni daur-
To revaz kiknaZem (Tbilisi, 1987),134; meored, XVII saukuneSi qsnis xeobaSi brZoli-
sas es Casafrebis aucileblobiT iyo gamowveuli. ioseb tfileli, didmouraviani,
giorgi leoniZis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1939), 33.
37
Lynn White Jr., “The Crusades and the Technological Thrust of the West,” in War,
192 mamuka wurwumia
madideblurma xelovnebam am konservatizms Tavi ver daaRwia da bo-

lomde SeinarCuna wminda meomrebis gamosaxvis tradiciuli stili,
romelsac safuZveli jer kidev IX-X saukuneebSi Caeyara. saero minia-
turebis simciris gamo ki mxolod TiTo-orola gamosadegi gamosax-
ulebaa SemorCenili. Tumca, ikonografia mainc gvaZlevs garkveul
masalas iribi msjelobisaTvis: miuxedavad konservatiulobisa, Sei-
araRebaSi aisaxa nuSiseburi fari, maRali, savarZliseburi unagiri
da gaSverili fexi, rac udavod da orazrovnad miuTiTebs wagrZele-
buli SubiT brZolis stilze, romlis ganuyrel komponentebsac isini
warmoadgenen.
wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess qarTvelebi X saukuneSi mainc
unda gascnobodnen bizantiisagan, romelTan kavSiri da samxedro
TanamSromloba Zalian intensiuri iyo.38 ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es
moxda swored nikifore fokas epoqaSi arabTa winaaRmdeg erToblivi
brZolebis dros. qarTvelebi, rogorc mokavSireebi, monawileobas
iRebdnen nikifore fokas kampaniaSi kilikiaSi 964 wels.39
Cveni mosazrebis sailustraciod SeiZleba moviyvanoT martvi-
lis taZris X saukunis reliefi, romelzec wminda evstaTe plakidaa
gamosaxuli40 (sur. 1). wmindans Subi (3-3,5 m sigrZis, reliefis propor-
ciebiT rom vimsjeloT) simZimis centris ukan, dagrZelebulad
uWiravs, raTa maqsimalurad gamoiyenos misi sigrZe. sainteresoa,
rom wm. evstaTe, romelsac saqarTveloSi Cveulebriv mSvildiT
gamosaxavdnen, aq SubiTaa aRWurvili.41 es metyvelebs Subis gazrdil
Technology and Society in the Middle East, eds. V. J. Parry and M. E. Yapp (London, 1975), 98-9.
38
magaliTad, bagrat magistrosi monawileobda ioane kurkuasis 930-31 wlebis laS-
qrobaSi, romelic Teodosiupolis aRebiT dasrulda. Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Ad-
ministrando Imperio, ed. by Gy. Moravcsik, trans. by R. J. H. Jenkins, rev. ed. (Washington, 1967), 45.145.
39
vasil kopaliani, saqarTvelosa da bizantiis politikuri urTierToba 970-1070
wlebSi (Tbilisi, 1969), 23.
40
gamosaxuleba aSkarad meaTe da ara meSvide saukunisaa, rogorc es qarTul xe-
lovnebaTmcodneobaSia miCneuli. Н.А. Аладашвили, Монументальная скульптура Грузии
(Москва, 1977), илл. 51. wmindanis uzangi erTmniSvnelovnad gviandel TariRs mian-
iSnebs. cnobilia, rom uzangs sasanuri irani saerTod ar iyenebda, arabebma ki is
mxolod VIII saukuneSi aiTvises. uzangis uadresi gamosaxuleba islamur samyaroSi
daaxloebiT 730 wlidan gvaqvs, palmirasTan mdebare omaianTa sasaxlidan. White,
“The Crusades and the Technological Thrust of the West,” 99. amis gamo martvilis reliefi
verafriT iqneba VII saukunis.
41
cxenze amxedrebuli evstaTes gamosaxuleba, romelic mSvildiTaa SeiaraRe-
buli, adridanve mkvidrdeba saqarTveloSi da sasanuri ikonografiis gavlenaze
mianiSnebs. amiT is gansxvavdeba kapadokiuri gamosaxulebebisagan, sadac wmindani
Tavidanve SubiT iyo aRWurvili. Piotr L. Grotowski, Arms and Armour of the Warrior Saints:
Tradition and Innovation in Byzantine Iconography (843-1261) (Leiden, 2010), 82-5.
mniSvnelobaze, romelmac tradiciul kompoziciaSi mSvildi Caanacvla.

Cven gvaqvs cnoba, romelic naTels hfens meTerTmete saukunis
saqarTveloSi rainduli taqtikis TandaTanobiT formirebas. stefa-
nos orbeliani agviwers liparit baRvaSis Setevas Turq-selCukebis
laSqarze kapetrus brZolaSi 1048 wels: „liparit... Sevidodis da
ganvidodis... da ganhxeTqda razmTa maTTa da ganvlida“(aqac da Sem-
dgomSic xazgasma Cemia – m. w. ).42 liparitis brZolis stili Zalian hgavs
rainduls, romlis mTavar mizans mowinaaRmdegis rigebis garRveva
da brZoliT gavla warmoadgens: stefanosi orjer aRniSnavs, rom li-
pariti mtris razmSi „Sevidodis da ganvidodis“ da „ganhxeTqda razmTa
maTTa da ganvlida“.
wagrZelebuli Subis popularizacias, rasakvirvelia, xels Seuw-
yobda bizantiis aRmosavlur provinciebSi myofi dasavleT evropeli
moqiravneebic. XI saukuneSi bizantiis imperiaSi mravali franki meo-
mari msaxurobda; normanTa kontingentebi krespinis, rusel baileis
Tu erve frankopulos meTaurobiT mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen
bizantielTa laSqrobebSi.43 rusel baileis 3,000-mde mZime cxenosani
imperiis mTavar damrtymel Zalas warmoadgens aRmosavleTSi, 1057
wels frankebi bizantiis somxeTSi damoukidebeli samTavros Seqmnas
cdiloben, 1071 wels ki edesaSi aTasi frankia Tavmoyrili.44 metic, ni-
kifore brienosis mowmobiT, manaskertTan damarcxebis Semdeg bizan-
tielebma scades evropuli stiliT mebrZoli cxenosanTa nawilis Seqm-
na, risTvisac mxedrebs sagangebod, blagvi SubiT avarjiSebdnen.45 eWvs
gareSea, qarTvelebs eqnebodaT garkveuli urTierToba aRmosavleTSi
myof frank moqiravneebTan da informaciac maTi taqtikisa da bizan-
tiis imperiaSi mimdinare eqsperimentebis Sesaxeb.
saqarTveloSi wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesis sabolood dan-
ergva, albaT, daviT aRmaSeneblis epoqaSi moxda. frankebis Tavbru-
damxvevi warmateba pirvel jvarosnul laSqrobaSi damatebiT stimuls
miscemda am stilis SemoRebas. jvarosnebis mier cxenosanTa dartymiTi
taqtikis warmatebiT gamoyenebaze daviTs informacias miawvdidnen is
42
stefanos orbelianis „cxovreba orbelianTa“-s Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi,
qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo
e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1978), 35.
43
Jean Richard, “An Account of the Battle of Hattin Referring to the Frankish Mercenaries in Oriental
Moslem State,” Speculum, 27 (1952), 171.
44
White, The Crusades and the Technological Thrust of the West, 99.
45
Jonathan Shepard, “The Uses of the Franks in Eleventh-Century Byzantium,” Anglo-Norman Stud-
ies, 15 (1993), 293.
194 mamuka wurwumia
qarTvelebic, romlebic Tan axldnen pirvel jvarosnul laSqrobas.46

amas xels Seuwyobda daviTis laSqarSi myofi 100 Tu 200 franki jvaro-
sanic.47
amis arapirdapiri mowmoba gvaqvs didgoris cnobil brZolaSi, sa-
dac 1121 wels daviT aRmaSenebelma il-Razis koaliciuri laSqari daa-
marcxa. daviT mefis istorikosi gvaZlevs or, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda
SeuTavsebel informacias: misi cnobiT, mterma pirvelive Setevas ver
gauZlo (`pirvelsave omsa iota banaki maTi~ da `verca pirvelsa kue-
Tebasa SeuZles winadadgomad~) da amave dros, misive TqmiT, brZola
gagrZelda 3 saaTs (`xolo mefisa daviTisi eseodenTa mimarT winaganw-
yoba sam Jamadmde iyo~), rac sakmaod didi droa im epoqisaTvis.48 am ori,
TiTqosda winaaRmdegobrivi cnobis SeTavseba advilad SeiZleba, Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTuli laSqari iyenebda cxenosanTa dartym-
iT taqtikas. brZolis velze ganviTarebuli movlenebis zogadi rekon-
struqcia asea SesaZlebeli:
radganac brZola sami saaTi gagrZelda da gamarjvebis misaRwevad
qarTvelTa pirvelive Setevac sakmarisi aRmoCnda, bunebrivia vivarau-
doT, rom es ieriSi brZolis miwuruls ganxorcielda, manamde ki da-
viT aRmaSenebeli Tavs icavda da xelsayrel dros elodeboda. pirveli
2-2,5 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Turqmen cxenosan moisarTa talRebi awyde-
ba qarTvelTa rigebs49 („Zlieri yiJiniT, cxenisa da iaraRis xmauriT,
zardamcemi bairaRebiT“), romlebic uryevad dgas da Tavs icavs („da-
viT mefe amxnevebs Tavisianebs“);50 SetevisaTvis swori momentis SerCe-
vis Semdeg, qarTuli rainduli kavaleriis Sokuri dartyma muslimTa
46
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095-1127, trans. Frances Rita Ryan,
ed. Harold S. Fink (New York, 1973), 88. Tuki fulxeriusis Iberi aq marTlac qarTvelebs
gulisxmobs, es jgufi, romelic mravalricxovani ar iqneboda, SesaZloa jvaros-
nebs wamohyva konstantinopolidan, sadac qarTuli kolonia arsebobda.
47
Matthew of Edessa, Armenia and the Crusades: Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Mat-
thew of Edessa, trans. Ara Edmond Dostourian (New York, 1993), 227; Walter the Chancellor’s The
Antiochene Wars, trans. Thomas S. Asbridge and Susan B. Edgington (Aldershot, 1999), 169. smbat
sparapeti 500 franksac ki asaxelebs daviTis laSqarSi. Смбат Спарапет, Летопись,
перевод с древнеармянского, предисловие и примечания А.Г. Галстяна (Ереван, 1974), 83.
48
daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosi, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~, qarTlis
cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis
mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 341-2.
49
TurqmenTa taqtika gulisxmobda mowinaaRmdegis rigebTan axlos misvlas, maTi
isrebiT dacxrilvas, ukan Semoqcevas da Tavidan Setevas; Sedegad mteri sagrZno-
blad sustdeboda an isrebiT Sewuxebuli moumzadebel ieriSs iwyebda da iolad
marcxdeboda.
50
Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, 169-70.
mTavar birTvs, il-Razis droSas swvdeba51 (amis utyuari indikatori

il-Razis TavSi daWraa);52 es sworad SerCeuli, droulad da mTeli
simZimiT ganxorcielebuli pirvelive dartyma (romelsac ueWvelad
qarTvelTa yvelaze disciplinirebuli da gamocdili moymeebi ganax-
orcielebdnen) sakmarisi aRmoCnda il-Razis armiis ZiriTadi birT-
vis gasanadgureblad, rasac xelmZRvanelobis da Sedegad, mTeli am
uzarmazari armiis moSla da gaqceva mohyva. am erTaderTi Setevis xa-
siaTi da Sedegi metyvelebs mis arsze da maRali albaTobiT SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom saqme gvaqvs didi ostatobiT ganxorcielebul cxenosanTa
Sokur dartymasTan.
Tuki aqamde bevr rames varaudis doneze varkvevdiT, XII-XIII sauku-
neebis mijnaze Tamaris pirveli istorikosi gadmogvcems faqts, rom-
lis mniSvnelobac Znelia gadaameto. ìstoriani da azmani Saravanded-
Tani~ mogviTxrobs, rom 1209 wels sparseTSi laSqrobisas zaqaria amir-
spasalarma xuTasi rCeuli mxedari („rCeuli didebuli da aznauri“)
Tayaiadin Tmogvelis sardlobiT avangardSi ganawesa. maT Tavs daesxaT
ricxobrivi upiratesobiT gaTamamebuli marandelebi, romlebic sas-
tikad damarcxdnen. rodesac ZiriTadma laSqarma brZolis veli daaT-
valiera, Tvalebs ar daujera: „ixiles naomari adgili mkudriTa kaci-
Ta da cxeniTa savse, da qarTvelTa kaci arca erTi ipoeboda. esodeni
Zleva moeca RmerTsa, romel xuTasi Subi xuTassa kacsa da cxensa
zeda esua“.53 mematiane, romelic samxedro saqmeSi Caxeduli kaci Cans,
aRfrTovanebas ver ikavebs da oriode striqonis Semdeg, isev imeorebs:
„aseTi Zleva miscemoda, romel xuTasi Subi xuTassave kacsa xuTasi-
sa cxenisa da kacisaTvis Seeca da xuTassa zeda dasobili ixiles~.54
es gaxlavT saukeTeso argumenti qarTvelTa mier wagrZelebuli SubiT
ganxorcielebuli cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis sasargeblod: ne-
bismieri sxva brZolis wesiT msgavsi Sedegis miRweva warmoudgenelia!
51
mZime cxenosanTa Semzaravi dartymis asarideblad muslim cxenosnebs SeeZloT
gafantuliyvnen, Tavidan aecilebinaT Setevis pirveli Zala, Semdeg motrialebod-
nen wyobadaSlil mowinaaRmdeges da flanguri an uknidan dartymiT daemarcxebi-
naT isini. swored amitom, didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda Setevis sizustes da sworad
SerCeul dros, rom dartyma muslimTa mTavar dajgufebas miswvdomoda, ise rom
maT Tavi ver daeRwiaT SejaxebisaTvis, sadac upiratesobas xelCarTul brZolaSi
ukve mZimed SeWurvili Subosani flobda. muslimTa mobilur taqtikasTan brZoli-
sas, mTavari problema swored pirvel etapze gaZleba da SetevisaTvis drois da
miznis swori SerCevaa.
52
Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, 170.
53
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 105.
54
iqve, 105.
196 mamuka wurwumia
mematianes udavod kargad esmis, Tu ra ostatobas moiTxovs ase uza-

dod ganxorcielebuli cxenosanTa Seteva da swored amitom uTmobs am
epizods, sxva brZolebTan SedarebiT, ase did adgils.
momxdaris gaazrebaSi dagvexmareba cnobili arabi mxedari usama
ibn munkizi, romelic siamayiT agviwers mis mier gadaxdil erT brZo-
las, rodesac Teqvsmetma muslimma Setevisas Teqvsmeti franki gang-
mira SubiT.55 legendarul muslim rainds sruli safuZveli aqvs am
faqtiT iamayos. amave dros, Tuki SevadarebT usamas gmirobis da mar-
dinis epizodis masStabs, kidev erTxel davrwmundebiT ukanasknelis
mniSvnelobaSi; Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi Setevis analogis
moZieba evropul analebSic gaWirdeba.
j. fransi aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleTSi, TurqTa winaaRmdeg sabr-
Zolvelad jvarosnebi cxenosanTa Sokur Setevas bevrad ufro masireb-
ulad iyenebdnen, vidre amas adgili hqonda dasavleT evropaSi. masire-
buli Setevis ganxorcieleba mxolod disciplinirebul da kargad
Sewyobil armias SeeZlo.56 radganac aseTi Seteva masobrivad, erTiani
frontaluri xaziT Zneli gansaxorcielebelia, evropaSi mas ufro pa-
tara taqtikuri erTeulebiT (konstabularia an konrua, romlebic 10-
40 raindisgan formirdeboda), erTmaneTis mimdevrobiT asrulebdnen.
sparseTSi laSqrobisas 500 mebrZolis mier erTdroulad Subis gamoy-
eneba miuTiTebs, rom adgili hqonda erTian, masobriv Setevas, rac im-
droindeli qarTuli armiis maRal taqtikur ostatobaze metyvelebs.
Tamar mefis istorikosis sxva cnobidan Cans, rom erTiani, masirebuli
Seteva qarTuli armiis Cveul taqtikur xerxs warmoadgenda. 1195 wels
Samqoris brZolaSi `Seiqmna omi da kueTeba araTu srulobiT warmoRuri-
Ta razmisaTa, garna winamsrbolTagan~.57 mematiane sagangebod aRniSnavs,
rom amjerad adgili ar hqonia erTian Setevas (anu `razmebis srul war-
moRuras~), aramed mxolod calkeul mowinave nawilTa Setakebas.
brZolisas, wyoba naadrevad rom ar daerRvia, qarTuli mxedro-
ba (rainduli kavaleriis msgavsad) jer neli tempiT uaxlovdeboda
mters, Semdeg cota aCqardeboda (CorTiT svla) da mxolod uSualod
Setakebis win gadadioda Wenebaze.58 am wesis dacviT ganxorcielebu-
55
Usamah Ibn-Munqidh, Kitab al-I‘Tibar, 86.
56
John France, “Crusading Warfare and its Adaptation to Eastern Conditions in the Twelfth Century,”
Mediterranean Historical Review, 15 (2000), 60-1.
57
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, 70.
58
jer kidev VI saukuneSi imperator mavrikioss kargad esmoda cxenosanTa mwyo-
bris SenarCunebis mniSvneloba Setevis warmatebisaTvis da mterTan CorTiT miax-
loebas urCevda maT. Maurices’s Strategikon: Handbook of Byzantine Military Strategy, translated
by George T. Dennis (Philadelphia, 1984), 38. am sakiTxze ufro vrceli msjelobisaTvis ix.
li Seteva, rodesac mowinaaRmdeges cxenosanTa erTiani masa aRwevs,

metad Zneli mosageriebelia. qarTvelTa mier ganxorcielebul amg-
var Setevas agviweren wyaroebi 1202 wels basianis velze rumis sa-
sulTnos armiis damarcxebisas. brZolis dros win qarTvelebma „daaw-
yues razmi“ (anu ganalages winambrZoli da sxva nawilebi) da „esreT
wynarad vidodes“;59 „viTar ixiles sultani, cotad cxenni aaCqarnes
da mimarTes“.60 `cotad aaCqares~, raTa cxenosanTa sabrZolo wyoba
droze adre (Setakebamde) ar daSlodaT, rac dartymas Zalas daa-
kargvinebda.
amave epoqaSi dawerili `vefxistyaosani~ damatebiT detalebs
gvawvdis Cveni versiis sasargeblod:
„Subi vsTxove, xeli Cavyav muzaradis dasarqmelad;
saomarad atexili viyav maTad gamtexelad;
erTsa wavswydi utevansa, wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad.
maT uricxvi razmi ewyo, wynarad dges da auSlelad...
kacs Subi vhkar, cxeni davec, marT ornive mihxdes mzesa,
Subi gatyda, xeli Cavyav, vaqeb, xrmalo, vinca glesa!“61
rusTavelis mier aRwerili ieriSi evropeli raindis mier Catare-
bul tipur brZolas hgavs: Setakebis win meabjre tariels Subs awvdis,
mZime muzarads ki cxenze an abjarze damagrebuls atarebs da bolo
wuTs ixuravs;62 saocrad poeturadaa aRwerili Setevisas Subis ver-
tikaluri mdgomareobidan horizontalurSi gadayvana, rodesac mxe-
dris silueti Subis xarjze grZeldeba – „wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad“,
Semdgom Setakeba, rodesac Subi imsxvreva da raindi brZolas xmliT
agrZelebs. cxadia, rom Seteva wagrZelebuli SubiT xdeba da ara raime
sxva xerxiT. aseTi Setevisas Subi eWiraT marjvena xelis majiT, misi
Matthew Bennett, “La Regle du Temple as a Military Manual or How to Deliver a Cavalry Charge,” in
The Rule of the Templars: The French Text of the Rule of the Order of the Knights Templar, trans. J. M.
Upton-Ward (Woodbridge, 1992), 184-5.
59
ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~, 96.
60
basili ezosmoZRuari, `cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi~, qarTlis cxovreba,
teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II
(Tbilisi, 1959), 137.
61
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzada saqarTvelos
mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis „vefxistyaosnis“ akademiuri teqstis damdgenma
komisiam (Tbilisi, 2009), strofi 446-7.
62
zustad ase, bolo momentSi, uSualod brZolis dawyebis win ixuravs muzarads
evropeli raindi. amis sailustraciod cnobili magaliTic kmara – 1217 wels
linkolnTan brZolaSi uiliam marSals skvairma bolo wams Seaxsena, rom ukve mu-
zaradis daxurvis dro iyo. Michael Prestwich, “Miles in Armis Strenuus: The Knight at War,”
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6 (1995), 205-6.
198 mamuka wurwumia
bolo ki iRliaSi hqondaT amodebuli. majaze didi datvirTvis gamo

aseTi mdgomareobis SenarCuneba Znelia, ris gamoc Subi vertikalurad
zeaRmarTuli eWiraT da mxolod Setevisas, bolo momentSi daxridnen,
anu Subi gadahyavdaT horizontalur poziciaSi.63 swored es procesi
aqvs SoTa rusTavels lamazad aRwerili.
XII da Semdgomi saukuneebis wyaroebSi aRniSnuli Subis dalewvis
gaxSirebuli faqtebi miuTiTebs dartymis did Zalaze da wagrZelebu-
li SubiT brZolaze.64 amis maniSnebelia, agreTve, brZolisas cxenidan
kacis Camogdebac. SubiT Zlieri dartyma, romelic mowinaaRmdeges cx-
enidan agdebs, mianiSnebs wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze.65
mose xonelis àmirandarejanianSi~, romelic XII saukunis sag-
miro-saraindo romania, mravlad vxvdebiT Subis dalewvis („Se-
moutiva man kacman da Subni Semoalewna“)66 da cxenidan Camoyris
faqtebs: „Seekazma da orolni xelTa aixuna. equsTave Seutives, xe-
lTa orolebi hqonda. Seutiva, viTamca cotani ymani yofil iyvnes,
egre uWirvelad Camoyarna“.67 es epizodi SesaZloa, mxatvruli gaz-
viadebaa, magram naTlad aRwers SubiT brZolis raindul wess.68
63
Davis, The Medieval Warhorse, 19-21.
64
Кирпичников, “Древнерусское оружие,” 68.
65
Bernard S. Bachrach, “Caballus et Caballarius in Medieval Warfare,” in The Study of Chivalry:
Resources and Approaches, eds. H. Chickering and T. H. Seiler (Kalamazoo, 1988), 194. termi-
ni Pleine sa hanste mianiSnebs SubiT gangmirulis gadmovardnas cxenidan, roca igi
yiravdeba kudisaken Subis mTel sigrZeze da wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis in-
dikatoria. Bennett, “Why Chivalry?” 53; Bachrach, “Animals and Warfare,” 745-6.
66
mose xoneli, amirandarejaniani, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTo lili aTaneliSvilma (Tbilisi, 1967), 39-40.
67
iqve, 610-1.
68
s. margiSvili horols da xelSubs erTmaneTTan aigivebs da `werilobiT wya-
roebSi horolis (xelSubis) sakmaod xSiri moxseniebis~ safuZvelze, XII sauku-
nis qarTul armiaSi varaudobs msubuqi cxenosani `xelSubosnebis danayofebis
arsebobasac~. soso margiSvili, miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis
Sesaxeb: omi seljukTa samyaros winaaRmdeg (Tbilisi, 2006), 190. raime monacemi,
romlis mixedviTac XII saukunis qarTveli mxedari brZolaSi xelSubs iyenebda,
ar arsebobs. rac mTavaria, horoli xelSubi ar aris, igi grZeli Subia. sulx-
an-sabas aRwerilobiT, òroli ars, laxvari or-piri da bun-grZeli~. sulxan-
saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, avtografuli nusxebis mixedviT moamza-
da, gamokvleva da ganmartebaTa leqsikis saZiebeli daurTo ilia abulaZem,
t. I (Tbilisi, 1991), 409. i. SaiSmelaSvilic, romelic erTgan Tavad miuTiTebs,
rom horoli targrZeli Subia, novgorodeli qveiTis da romaeli legioneris
analogiiT (?!) miiCnevs, rom meomars ramdenime horoli SeiZleba etarebina; Cans,
horoli masac xelSubi hgonia. ivane SaiSmelaSvili, Samqori, basiani (Tbilisi,
1981), 20, 76. aseT Secdomebze sxva dros iqneb yuradReba arc gagvemaxvilebina,
magram Sua saukuneebSi qarTvelTa brZolis wesis ganxilvisas, xelSubisa da
JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs mecamete saukunis SuaxanebSi Turqeb-

Tan brZolaze, sadac mandaturTuxucesi SanSe horoliT klavs Turqs:
„viTar mieaxlnes, daawyves razmi da mietevnes. xolo SanSe upirates yov-
elTasa mieteva, romelman horoliTa gangumira saxelovani Turqi“.69
1260 wels, monRolebTan brZolisas qarTvelebi SubebiT uteven da sam-
cxis spasalari horoliT cxenidan agdebs monRolTa rCeul mebrZols:
„viTar daeaxlnes urTierTas, zedamietevnes mesxni ganlaRebulni.
xolo sargis jayeli upirveles yovelTasa miuxda razmsa da umxnesi
maTi, Cin-baaduri, horoliTa cxenisagan queyanad dasca~.70
XIII saukunis meore mesamedidan, monRoluri zegavlenis Sedegad,
qarTvelTa aRWurviloba da brZolis stili garkveul transformacias
ganicdis: SeiaraRebaSi Cndeba mSvildi, romelic iaraRis savaldebulo
CamonaTvals emateba. amisda miuxedavad, ZiriTad iaraRad isev Subi rCe-
ba, romelic mxolod XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi kargavs Zvel mniS-
vnelobas.71 aqve unda iTqvas, rom wagrZelebuli Subis garda, ramdenime
gviandel miniaturaze Cven gvxvdeba Subis Weris sxva xerxebic: ori xe-
liT da biliardis kiis msgavsad. gansakuTrebiT es SeimCneva aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi, romelic iranelTa didi zegavlenis qveS imyofeboda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom grZel Subs, albaT, sxva stiliT Subis gamoy-
enebac enacvleboda, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi cxenosanTa Setevis
stili ar icvleba da Sokuri Seteva qarTvelTa usayvarles taqtikur
iaraRad rCeba.
saintereso informacia gagvaCnia XIV saukunis bolosaTvis: Temur-
lengTan brZolaSi „eseodeni simxne aCuenes spaTa saqarTvelosaTa, vi-
Tarmed, Sehxdian kiskasad Suasa Sina razmTa maTTasa, da egreT maxvil-
wvdilni srvides, da ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde, da kualad
maTgan uvnebelad ukmoiqceodian Soris banakisa mis ismaitelTasa. da
esreT saxelovnad gamarjuebulni movidian RvTiv-gvirgvinosnisa mefi-
sa giorgis winaSe da moulocevdian ganmarjuebasa“.72 aq aRwerili Seteva
hgavs rainduls, romlis mTavari niSania mowinaaRmdegis razmis rigebis
garRveva („ganvidian TaviTgan vidre bolomde“) da isev ukan gamovla br-
ZoliT sakuTar rigebamde („kualad maTgan uvnebelad ukmoiqceodian“),
Semdgom gadajgufeba („movidian RvTiv-gvirgvinosnisa mefisa giorgis
Subis (horolis) aRreva dauSvebelia da isini erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad unda

gavmijnoT.
69
JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 95.
70
iqve, 124.
71
mamuka wurwumia, `sinas mTis wminda mxedrebi~, qarTvelologia, 12 (2008), 32.
72
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT
s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959), 462.
200 mamuka wurwumia
winaSe“) da xelaxali ieriSi; Cans qarTvel moymeTa disciplinac, rode-

sac ieriSis Semdeg gadasajgufeblad ukan brundebian mefis droSasTan.
kidev erTi eWvmiutaneli informacia wagrZelebuli Subis gamoy-
enebis Sesaxeb gvaqvs 1483 wels aradeTis brZolaSi, sadac SalikaSvili
da maCabeli Seebnen erTmaneTs: „Semosca Subi SalikaSvilman da gaux-
eTqa kubo farisa da ganavlo mxarsa Sigan da gardmoagdo cxenidama“.73
Tu ara wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wesi, sxvanairad warmoudgenelia
iseTi Zalis dartyma, romelic fars gaxeTqavs da mxarSi moxvedrili
cxenidan gadmoagdebs mowinaaRmdeges.
XIV-XV saukuneebis Sesaxeb damatebiT mogveZeveba gamomsaxvelobi-
Ti masalac, romelic garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis monRolur-noma-
duri zegavlenis Sedegad transformirebul qarTul mxedrobaze, rom-
lis mTavari sabrZolo xerxi kvlavindeburad wagrZelebuli Subia.
XIV saukunis miwurulis daviTnSi, romelic warmodgenas gvaZlevs
Temur-lengis winaaRmdeg mebrZol qarTvelTa SeiaraRebaze, brZolis
erT scenaSi vxedavT wagrZelebuli SubiT ieriSs da gangmirul mowi-
naaRmdeges (sur. 2).
miuxedavad im konservatizmisa, rasac qarTuli ikonografia wmin-
da giorgis gamosaxvaSi iCens, wagrZelebuli Subis gamosaxulebam aqac
SeaRwia. SemorCenilia XV saukunis ramdenime Weduri xati, romelzec
wmindani wagrZelebuli SubiT gmiravs gveleSaps. amgvar, metad iSviaT,
kompozicias vxedavT Jibianis, gulekaris da Tbilisis sionis xatebze,
bodornis sawinamZRvro jvarze.74 miuxedavad nomaduri zegavlenisa,
rac, upirveles yovlisa, SeiaraRebaSi mSvildis arsebobiT gamoixate-
ba, mxedari mainc rainduli wesiT ibrZvis (sur. 3).
XVI saukuneSi, qarTlis mefeebis, luarsab I-is da svimon I-is
monawileobiT mimdinare brZolebis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo detalebi Se-
monaxulia àxal qarTlis cxovrebasa~ da farsadan gorgijaniZesTan.
1556 wels garisis brZolaSi luarsab mefem „TaTarni dainaxa, meab-
jres Subi gamoarTva da win miegeba“.75
1569 wels farcxisis brZolaSi svimon mefe iranelebs „saomraT win
moegeba. mefe svimon Subi xelT... TaTarT laSqarSi gamoeria... SubiT
mravali TaTarni gardmohyara... mefes Subi gautyda“.76 imave brZolaSi
qarTlis mefe SubiT utevs da cxenidan agdebs yizilbaSs: „mouxda mefe
73
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, qarTlis cxovre-
ba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t.
II (Tbilisi, 1959), 347.
74
Г.Н. Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство (Тбилиси, 1959), 336.
75
farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria (tfilisi, 1926), 9.
76
iqve, 11.
svimon erTsa Wurvilsa yizilbaSsa, sca Zlierad oroliTa da daanar-

cxa miwasa zeda, da mokla igi“.77
dadianTan wagebul omSi gasaqcevad gamzadebul simon mefes misma er-
Tma „Sezrdilma“, saam TurqestaniSvilma, uTxra: „aqedam Submouqneveli
ar wavalo. Seutiva da Camoagdo kaci da iyo gulsrulad damarcxebuls
omSi TurqistaniSvili“.78 kvlav gvxvdeba Subis dartymiT cxenidan kacis
Camogdeba: „Seiswrafa razmTa Sina, sca oroliTa da gardaagdo kaci“.79
1599 wels naxidurTan brZolaSi aRwerilia simon mefis Seteva os-
malebze: „mefem cxens dauZra da qarTvelni SubdagrZelebulni cxen-
WenebiT mietivnes anazdeul, viTac Cqafis wvima setyvis Rvarni mTisgan.
gapes razmi urumTa da gardmoyares mravalni da gaiares Siga yvelam...
urumni gakvirvebul iyvnen amaTs mamacobasa, rom visac gardmoagdeb-
den, gascildian sxvazed da TiTos qarTvels oTxi Tu xuTi urumi cx-
enidam gardmoegdo da mefe xelSubiani80 romels Toysa da droSas Seu-
tevdis, moSlidis“.81
am epizodebSi vxedavT SubiT brZolas da mis msxvrevas, meabjres,
romlis movaleobac Subis miwodebaa (evropelis msgavsad, igi qarT-
veli raindis ganuyreli mxlebelia), mtris cxenidan Camogdebas da sxv.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania naxidurTan brZolis aRwera, romelic
klasikuri rainduli Setevis gansaxierebaa da kidev erTxel mianiSnebs
wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebaze (`qarTvelni SubdagrZelebulni~).
gansakuTrebiT mdidari naratiuli masala gagvaCnia XVII saukunis
brZolebis Sesaxeb. am saukunis meore naxevris Tbileli mitropoliti
ioseb saakaZe istoriul poemaSi `didmouraviani~ metad sayuradRebo
cnobebs gvawvdis 1609 wlis taSiskaris brZolaze.
erTgan, giorgi saakaZe Zlivs akavebs mterze naadrevi Setevis
msurvelebs: `me sadaveni Sevtaci, vin Subi waigrZelao“.82 mSvenivrad
Cans, rom Setevaze gadasvlas qarTvelebi wagrZelebuli SubebiT
apireben! sasuliero pirsac ki, romelic Cveni avtoria, kargad esmis,
rom `Subis wagrZeleba~ Setevaze gadasvlas niSnavs. es striqonebi
sainteresoa, rogorc rusTavelis erTgvari gamoZaxili („wavgrZeldi
da wave grZelad“) da kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom tarielis „wagr-
Zeleba“ sworedac rom Subis saSualebiT xdeba.
77
qarTlis cxovreba, 514.
78
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, 377.
79
qarTlis cxovreba, 534.
80
igulisxmeba, rom mefes xelT Subi epyra da ara „xelSubi“.
81
farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria, 15.
82
ioseb tfileli, didmouraviani, 9.
202 mamuka wurwumia
taSiskarTan brZolaSi saakaZes sami Subi Semoatyda („ficiT Seg-

kadro, mefeo, sami gavstexe Subia“),83 ris Semdegac laxts da xmals
iyenebs, – TiTqosda evropeli raindis brZolis aRwerilobas vkiTxu-
lobdeT.
„Cveni brZola SubiT aris, maTi far-xmal isaria“:84 ioseb Tbile-
lis es sityvebi epigrafadac ki SeiZleba gamodges, ise mokled da
mkafiod gamoxatavs gansxvavebas qarTul (anu evropul) da TaTrul
(anu nomadur) brZolis stils Soris!
unda iTqvas, rom aRmosavlel mezoblebTan SedarebiT, qarTvelebi
yovelTvis grZnobdnen TavianT upiratesobas SubiT brZolaSi. 1625
wels marabdis omis win samxedro TaTbirze giorgi saakaZe darwmunebu-
lia, rom iranelebi „Subis omsao Cven ver gagviZlebeno“.85
farsadan gorgijaniZe zedmiwevniT zustad aRgviwers qarTvelTa
mier ganxorcielebul ieriSs marabdis brZolaSi, romelic klasikuri
evropuli rainduli Setevaa: cxenosnebma jer „nelad iares, merme
farebi daifares da Subebi waigrZeles da cxenWenebiT miuxdnen“.86
imave marabdis brZolaSi Teimuraz mefe utevs mowinaaRmdeges: „Subi
Sesca da iman fari daxuedra, fari gautexa da xelnavic gauxeTqa da
mklavic mostexa, Subic Seamtvria, cxenidam gardmoagdo“.87 aseTi Za-
lis dartyma, romelmac fari gaglija, samklave gaxeTqa, mklavi motexa
da Subic daamsxvria, mxolod wagrZelebuli SubiTaa SesaZlebeli.
1626 wels bazaleTis brZolaSi saakaZis da mefed gadacmuli ediSa
vaCnaZis orTabrZola evropis SuagulSi gamarTuli rainduli turniri
gegoneba – orive farze amsxvrevs Subs: „mouravman fari daxuedra da
Subi Seimtvria da gascilda. mouravman cxeni daibruna da Subi Sesca.
amanc farzed Seamtvria“.88
XVII saukuneSi kidev mravlad gvaqvs Subis msxvrevisa Tu gamoyen-
ebis SemTxvevebi, romlebic moxseniebis Rirsia. arCil mefe (1647-1713)
aRgviwers 1614 wels JaleTTan Teimuraz I-is Setakebas iranelebTan:
„mivaxlovdiT, Semogvebnes, Cvenic wina miegeba, davamsxvriveT zed
Subebi“.89 amave saukunis miwuruls iranelebTan brZolaSi giorgi me-
83
iqve, 14.
84
iqve, 14.
85
farsadan gorgijaniZe, istoria, 26.
86
iqve, 26.
87
iqve, 26.
88
iqve, 29.
89
arCili, `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~, arCiliani, al. baramiZisa da n.
berZeniSvilis redaqciiT, t. II (Tbilisi, 1937), 54.
fis Zmiswulma „vaxtang sca oroli sparssa“.90 vaxuSti batoniSvilis

erTi cnobiT, sabaraTianos sardali zaza ciciSvili brZolaSi xuT (!)
Subs amsxvrevs: „ekueTnen Zlierad da Semusra brZoliTa zazam Subi
xuTi“.91 es aSkarad brZolis stilze metyvelebs, mxolod xeliT moqn-
evis da Zgerebisas warmoudgenelia amdeni Subis damtvreva.
XVII saukunis literaturuli wyaroebic mxars umagrebs faqto-
briv monacemebs. saukunis dasawyisSi kaxeTis mouravma, cnobilma
sardalma qaixosro ColoyaSvilma prozad dawera `vefxistyaosnis~
gagrZeleba – òmainiani~. aq orTabrZola isea aRwerili, erTi Sexed-
viT tipuri dasavleTevropuli turniri gegoneba, Tumca viciT, rom
avtori qarTvelia da qarTul realobas gadmogvcems: „gulmesisx-
led da cxengaficxebiT erTmanerTsa Seuties. pirvelsave misv-
lasa Subni erTmanerTsa Sealewnes; sxvani Subni aixvnes da igica
dalewnes da merme indourni foladni xrmalni daiwvadnes da erTman-
erTsa dauSines, rome muzaradsa zeda cemiTa xrmalni joxiviTa up-
irod daxdes. merme laxtebi daiwvades da asre medgrad erTmanerTsa
ecemebodes“.92
gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qaixosro ColoyaSvilis mier gamoyen-
ebuli erTi hiperbola: „aw gafrTxildi, rome Cemsa Subsa qvitkirica
ver daudgams!“ Subi cxensa yurTa Sua gamowona da frinveliviTa wam-
ovida, rome misis cxenisa ferxTa mtveri camdis aamaRla~.93 igi exmau-
reba ana komnenas mier evropel raindebze ramdenime saukuniT adre
naTqvams: „franki mxedari babilonis galavans gaxvretso“.94 aqac SubiT
kedlis gaxvretazea saubari; aseTi Zalis dartymis warmodgena mxolod
wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis dros aris SesaZlebeli.
XVI-XVII saukuneebis anonimuri Txzuleba `rusudaniani~ savsea
orTabrZolebiT, romlebic Subis dalewviT iwyeba da Semdgom xmliT
da laxtiT grZeldeba: „Seibnes. pirvel SubiT Seuties da Sealewes
erTmanerTsa. merme xrmlebi daiwodes da gulmesisxled dalewes...
merme gurzebs mihyves xeli da medgrad icemebodes“;95 „Seuties erTma-
nerTsa, Subebi Sealewes, merme xlmiTa dauSines erTmanerTsa da isic
90
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, te-
qsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV
(Tbilisi, 1973), 471.
91
iqve, 452.
92
qaixosro ColoyaSvili, omainiani, gamosacemad moamzada liana kekeliZem (Tbi-
lisi, 1979), 104.
93
iqve, 105.
94
Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter, revised by Peter Frankopan (London, 2009), 378.
95
rusudaniani, ilia abulaZisa da ivane gigineiSvilis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1957), 284.
204 mamuka wurwumia
daalewes. merme laxtebi gamoiRes“;96 „pirvelsave misvlasa Subebi

erTmanerTs Sealewes da merme... laxtebi daiwodes da dauwyes erTma-
nerTsa cema“.97 „Sealewes Subebi erTmanerTsa, dalewes laxtebi da
daiwodes xlmebi“.98 aq aRwerili Setakebebi TvalnaTliv miuTiTebs
dasavluri, rainduli tipis brZolis stilze, romelic gabatonebuli
iyo imdroindel saqarTveloSi.
XVII saukunis masalas mxars umagrebs `vefxistyaosnis~ erTi ilus-
tracia. mamuka TavaqaraSvilma, imereTis mefis mdivanma, samegre-
loSi, levan II dadianis karze tyveobaSi yofnisas 1646 wels gadawera
„vefxistyaosani“. am xelnaweris ilustraciebi unikaluria imiT, rom
eriskacis mier aris daxatuli da ar aris SezRuduli ikonografiuli
CarCoebiT, ris gamoc garemomcveli sinamdvile adekvaturadaa asax-
uli: 138-e gverdze vxedavT raindTa jgufs, romlebic wagrZelebuli
SubebiT gadadian ieriSze (sur. 4).
aq qarTvelTa aRWurvilobaze detalurad saubris adgili ar gvaqvs,
magram zogierT elementze yuradRebis SeCereba aucilebelad CavTva-
leT, radganac isini uSualod arian dakavSirebuli wagrZelebuli Subis
gamoyenebasTan da cxenosanTa dartymiT taqtikasTan. aRWurvilobis mi-
moxilva mravali niSniT gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom saqarTveloSi XI sauku-
neSi ukve gavrcelebulia wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis stili.
sul cota, XI saukunis pirveli naxevridan saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba
nuSiseburi fari,99 romelic, albaT, bizantiidan gavrcelda. am faris
mravalricxovani gamosaxulebebi mogvepoveba freskebze, Wedur xa-
tebsa da miniaturebze. nuSiseburi fari warmoadgens brZolis stilis
cxad adaptacias100 da misi farTo gavrceleba swored wagrZelebuli
Subis damkvidrebaze miuTiTebs.
wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebulia cxenze jdomis
rainduli wesis Camoyalibeba, rodesac mxedris fexi grZel uzangSia
gayrili da winaa gaSverili. meTerTmete saukunidan dawyebuli, Cven
gvaqvs wminda mxedarTa araerTi gamosaxuleba, sadac cxenze jdomis
es `laTinuri wesia~ dadasturebuli: aseTia labeWinis, lafsyaldis,
murkmeris, lemsias da beCos xatebi, faris, laSTxveris, walenjixis da
dirbis freskebi, nikorwmindis taZris bareliefebi da sxv.101 gaSverili
96
iqve, 291.
97
iqve, 378.
98
iqve, 379.
99
nino CofikaSvili, qarTuli kostiumi (VI-XIV ss.) (Tbilisi, 1964), 59.
100
France, Victory in the East, 295. l. uaiti nuSisebur fars cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqti-
kis `safirmo niSans~ uwodebs. White, The Crusades and the Technological Thrust of the West, 99.
101
wurwumia, `sinas mTis wminda mxedrebi~, 34.
fexis magaliTebi gvxvdeba agreTve, samSeneblo keramikaze,102 gulsakid

medalionze areSidan wm. giorgis reliefuri gamosaxulebiT103 da da-
viT narinis vercxlis monetaze104 (sur. 5).
gvian saukuneebSi, qarTvelTa SeiaraRebis transformaciis Semdeg,
gaSverili fexis gverdiT vxvdebiT damoklebul uzangs da moxrili
fexis gamosaxulebasac, rac pirvel rigSi, moxrili xmlis efeqturi
gamoyenebis aucileblobiT iqneboda nakarnaxebi. Tumca arc moxrili
fexi da mokle uzangi (a la jineta) warmoadgens dabrkolebas wagrZele-
buli Subis gamoyenebisaTvis.
wagrZelebuli SubisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania unagiri
maRali taxtiT, raTa mxedars Subis dartymisas ukan sayrdeni hqondes
da advilad ar Camovardes cxenidan. Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebebze
qarTveli wmindanebi da mxedrebi yovelTvis maRali unagiriT arian
aRWurvilni, metic, mravlad gvaqvs savarZliseburi unagiris gamosax-
ulebebic. aseTi unagiri sagangebod Seiqmna evropaSi, rom morkaluli
ukana taxta mWidrod Semotmasnoda mxedris barZayebs. marTalia, sa-
varZliseburi unagiri moZraobas metad zRudavda, samagierod mxedari
maqsimalurad CaWedili iyo unagirSi da misi Camogdeba Zalian Zneli
iyo. albaT, am tipis unagirze metad araferi metyvelebs wagrZelebu-
li Subis gamoyenebis raindul stilze.
maRali unagiris magaliTebis moyvaniT naSromi rom ar gadavt-
virToT, CamovTvliT mxolod savarZliseburi unagiris zogierT maga-
liTs, romelic saqarTveloSi XIV saukunidan gvxvdeba: aseTia walen-
jixis eklesiaSi wm. giorgis sami sxvadasxva gamosaxuleba (XIV saukune),
sadgeris jvarze wm. giorgis ori gamosaxuleba (XVI saukune),105 zaraTis
eklesiis CrdiloeT kedelze wm. giorgis XVII saukunis gamosaxuleba,106
wm. demetre da wm. giorgi XVII saukunis anCisxatis gulanSi, wm. giorgi
1688 wlis locvanSi.107
aRWurvilobis mimoxilva erTi detalis aRniSvniT davasruloT:
102
j. jRamaia, `samSeneblo keramikis epigrafika Suasaukuneebis saqarTveloSi~,
feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II (1974), 239, tab. II.
103
levan WilaSvili, saqarTvelos IV-XVIII ss. materialuri kultura (Tbilisi,
1990), 28, sur. 23.
104
giorgi dundua, irine jalaRania, qarTuli numizmatikuri leqsikoni (Tbilisi,
2009), 45.
105
amiran CxartiSvili, mamne oqromWedeli (Tbilisi, 1978), tab. 16.
106
zaraTi: wmidaTa kvirikesa da ivlitas eklesia, wignis gamocemaze muSaobdnen
fler devdariani, iuza xuskivaZe (Tbilisi, 2008), 45.
107
Ф.Г. Девдариани, Миниатуры Анчисхатского гулани (Художественные тенденции грузин-
ской миниатюрной живописи XVII в.) (Тбилиси, 1990), таб. VI, XXI, XLIII.
206 mamuka wurwumia
b. beqreqi miuTiTebs wagrZelebuli Subis gamoyenebis dros unagiris

myarad damagrebis mniSvnelobaze da mohyavs ilustracia, romelzec
unagiri damagrebulia muclis ormagi RvediT, raTa Subis dartymisas
adgilidan ar daiZras.108 laSTxveris mTavarangelozis eklesiis (len-
jeris Temi) gare fasadze mxedris gamosaxuleba gaSverili fexiT da
cxenis mucelze unagiris ormagi samagriT gvarwmunebs imaSi, rom dam-
agrebis aseT sistemas saqarTveloSic icnobdnen (sur. 6). ormagi sa-
magriTaa damagrebuli amave eklesiaSi gamosaxuli wm. giorgis, wm. dem-
etres da wm. Tevdores unagirebi. amis aucilebloba ki mxolod wagr-
Zelebuli Subis gamoyenebas unda gamoewvia.
sainteresoa, rom msgavsi taqtikuri xerxis da brZolis stilis
gamoyeneba sxva donezec iwvevs msgavsebas. erTnairi wesiT mebrZolebs
erTnairi morali uyalibdebaT, iqneba es franki raindi Tu qarTveli
moyme: orive erTnairad aqebs xelCarTul brZolas da aZagebs distan-
ciurs, anu isris gamoyenebas.
àmirandarejanianSi~, romelic imdroindeli samxedro wreebis
Sexedulebebs da miswrafebebs gadmogvcems, orjer Tu vxvdebiT or-
TabrZolaSi isris gamoyenebas, rac orjerve dagmobilia. mSvildiT
brZola iseT augad iTvleba, rom mas Tavisianebic ki kicxaven! rodesac
xosro xazarTa mefem isriT mokla mowinaaRmdege, misma laSqarmac ki
`magra augad daudves mSuildiTa Sebma“.109 naTlad Cans, rom mSvilds
raindis Sesaferis iaraRad ar Tvlidnen da orTabrZolaSi mis gamoy-
enebas eridebodnen: „winasve Tques mSuildisa ara aReba, yovelsave
SubiTa, xrmliTa da laxtiTa ibrZodes“.110 rodesac orTabrZolis erTi
monawile wess arRvevs da mSvilds mainc iyenebs, mas ase amunaTeben:
„muxTlad lamobdi sikudilsa Cemsa, wyeulmca xar! ara ars kargisa
Wabukisa xeli egeTi muxTloba“.111 cxadia, rom raindul SerkinebaSi
mSvildiT brZola muxTlobad iTvleba, romelic ar Seefereba karg
Wabuks (rainds).
avtori, romelic TiTqosda Sua saukuneebis yvela erovnebis rain-
dis piriT laparakobs, martivad gvixsnis, Tu ratom ar uyvardaT mS-
vildis gamoyeneba orTabrZolaSi: „omSi yuela gumarjuia, gana isari
Sors mohklavs kacsa da Wabukoba ara gamoCndebis“.112 aq aRiarebulia
omSi mSvild-isris roli, magram zemoqmedebis distanciuri xasiaTis
108
Bachrach, “Animals and Warfare,” 748, pl. 8a.
109
mose xoneli, amirandarejaniani, 233-4.
110
iqve, 472-3.
111
iqve, 249-50.
112
iqve, 607.
gamo, mas ar Tvlian raindis Sesafer iaraRad; `Wabukobad~, vaJkacobad

iTvleba xelCarTuli brZola mZimed SeWurvili mebrZolis monawileo-
biT.113 metad niSandoblivia aseTi moralis Camoyalibeba saqarTveloSi,
rodesac garemomcvel islamur samyaroSi mSvildi yovelTvis presti-
Jul iaraRad iTvleboda.
qarTvel da dasavlel raindTa msgavsi brZolis stili sabrZolo
wyobis msgavsebaSic gamovlinda.
vaxuSti batoniSvilis cnobiT, erTianobis xanaSi „iyo yoveli iver-
ia anu giorgia oTx sadroSod ganyofili, rameTu winambrZolni iyvnen
Torelni, cixisjuarelni da axalcixelni, da mimyolni maTni sruliad
mesxni da klarjni, da somxiTisa, romelni epyraT; xolo memarjune mim-
sulel-mcemelni sruliad lixT-iqiTi afxaz-jiqiTurT; memarcxeneT
mimsulel-mcemelni sruliad her-kaxni; xolo mefisa almisa mpyrobel-
ni qarTvelni da romelni roqiT spani epyrnes mefesa~.114
vaxuStis cnobis da XII-XIII saukuneebSi qarTvelTa mier gadaxdili
brZolebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT SegviZlia qarTuli laSqris
wyobis rekonstruqcia: pirvel xazs qmnis win waweuli winambrZoli,
romelic yvelaze mravalricxovani Cans da ganapirobebs pirveli
dartymis siZlieres; meore xazs – marjvena da marcxena ukan daweu-
li flangebi; kidev ufro ukan, rezervSi, mesame xazSi dgas mefe (an
mTavarsardali)115 (sur. 7). amgvar wyobas bevri upiratesoba hqonda:
Rrma, samxaziani wyobis Seqmnas molaSqreTa SedarebiT mcire raode-
noba sWirdeboda, vidre erTmaneTis ukan dgomis dros; marcxena da
marjvena flangi agrZelebda frontis xazs, utevda mters fronta-
lurad an flangurad da icavda sakuTar flangebs; anu winambrZolis
Setevis Semdeg meore xazis razmebi an mowinaaRmdegis manevrs anei-
traleben da flangebs icaven, an Tavad uteven mtris flangs. rezervi
113
Soridan isriT kvlas dasavleli raindebic samarcxvinod Tvlidnen. Nicholson,
Medieval Warfare, 99. vrclad, mSvildosnobis mimarT raindTa kastis damokidebuleb-
is Sesaxeb ix. A. T. Hatto, “Archery and Chivalry: A Noble Prejudice,” The Modern Language Review,
vol. 35, no. 1 (1940), 40-54.
114
115
ra Tqma unda, viTarebidan gamomdinare, sardals SeeZlo romelime mxare gaeZ-
lierebina da oTxis nacvlad sam nawilad daelagebina armia, rogorc amas vaxuStic
miuTiTebs: `garna odesme samad mimsvlelad anu sxuarig miiyvandian, viTar amjobi-
nis mefe anu spasalari“. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 30.
qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba da misi upiratesobebi kargad aqvs gaanalize-
buli g. anCabaZes: `qarTuli laSqris sabrZolo wyoba da brZolis warmoebis xerx-
ebi~, 94-6. magram igi cdeba, rodesac Tvlis, rom aseTi wyoba qarTvelebs dasavleT
evropelebze bevrad adre gvqonda. aSkaraa, rom jer kidev XII saukunis dasawyisSi
jvarosnebi aseT wyobas intensiurad iyenebdnen.
208 mamuka wurwumia
brZolaSi yvelaze bolos, kritikul momentSi erTveba an damarcxe-

buli mtris devnas uzrunvelyofs. sayuradReboa, rom zustad aseT
samxazian wyobas xSirad iyenebdnen jvarosnebic. amis faqtebi moipov-
eba sarminis (1115 weli), aTaribis (1119 weli), habis (1119 weli) da fi-
lipopolisis (1208 weli) brZolebSi.116
es samxaziani, oTxelementiani wyoba iseTi efeqturi iyo, rom XV sau-
kuneSi saqarTvelos daSlis Semdegac gamoiyeneboda qarTul samefoeb-
Si.117 qarTvelebi mas XVIII saukuneSi, cecxlsasroli iaraRis epoqaSic ki
iyenebdnen.118
rogorc vxedavT, qarTvelTa brZolis wesis, taqtikis, sabrZolo
wyobis, moralis da aRWurvilobis detalebis evropulTan msgavseba
didia da eWvis safuZvels ar unda tovebdes.
amave dros, gvsurs yuradReba SevaCeroT erT mosazrebaze, romel-
ic wagrZelebuli SubiT brZolis wess exeba da mis avkargianobas ganixi-
lavs aRmosavleTSi brZolebisas, muslimur armiebTan dapirispirebi-
sas. miuxedavad bevri upiratesobisa, k. marSalis azriT, raindTa Sete-
va mZlavri, magram mouqneli iaraRi iyo. misi TqmiT, muslimTa armiebma
gasaRebi mouZebnes wagrZelebuli SubiT Setevaze dafuZnebul raind-
Ta taqtikas: ufro msubuqi da mobiluri muslimi cxenosani moisreebi
iqsaqsebodnen, xsnidnen TavianT rigebs, atarebdnen da uknidan esx-
modnen Tavs Setevaze gadmosul raindebs, romelTac miznis dakargvis
Semdeg uWirdaT gadajgufeba da axali ieriSis mitana.119 SedarebiTi
mouqnelobis gamo, d. nikoli, saerTod, taqtikur Cixs uwodebs wagr-
Zelebuli SubiT brZolas.120
ra Tqma unda, iseTi mobiluri mtris winaaRmdeg, rogoric mus-
limuri armiebi iyo, dasavlel raindTa TavzexelaRebul, moumzadeb-
el Setevas warmatebis araviTari Sansi ar hqonda. es warumateblobebi
ganpirobebuli iyo evropidan axlad Camosuli jvarosnebis mier adg-
ilobrivi specifikis arcodniT, aseve muslimTa taqtikiT, romelTac
116
J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth
Century to 1340, 2nd ed. (Woodbridge, 1997), 209-10.
117
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 31; akaki klimiaSvili,
`masalebi XV-XVIII ss. qarTlisa da kaxeTis sadroSoebis istoriisaTvis~, XIV-XVIII ss.
ramdenime qarTuli istoriuli dokumenti (Tbilisi, 1964), 121-7.
118
Teimuraz II, `sarke TqmulTa anu dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba~, TxzulebaTa sruli
krebuli, giorgi jakobias winasityvaobiT, redaqciiT, leqsikoniT da SeniSvnebiT
(Tbilisi, 1939), 86-7.
119
Marshall, Warfare in the Latin East, 159-61; Id., “The Use of the Charge,” 226.
120
David Nicolle, “The Impact of the European Couched Lance on Muslim Military Tradition,” The
Journal of the Arms and Armour Society, 10 (1980), 6.
Soridan isris sroliT moTminebidan gamohyavdaT raindebi da mou-

wesrigebeli Setevis provocirebas iwvevdnen.121
miuxedavad cxenosan moisarTa siZlierisa, faqtia, rom XII-XIII sau-
kuneebSi yvelaze saSiS iaraRad muslimi cxenosnebi Subs Tvlidnen da
xSirad, uxalisod zurgs aqcevdnen kidec ase SeiaraRebul mowinaaRm-
deges.122 at-tarsusi, saladinisaTvis dawerili cnobili samxedro
traqtatis avtori, urCevda cxenosan moisars, pirvel rigSi, Subosani
mowinaaRmdegisaTvis mieqcia yuradReba da ar daeSva misi moaxloeba,
maSin rodesac xmliT SeiaraRebuli, piriqiT, axlos unda moeSva da ise
esrola aucdenlad isari.123
aseve, vfiqrobT, arasworia visaubroT jvarosnuli omebis dros
muslimuri sabrZolo stilis iseT adaptaciaze, ramac evropelTa mTa-
vari iaraRi – cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtika, araefeqturi gaxada. ra
Tqma unda, garkveul cvlilebebs da mowinaaRmdegis brZolis stils da
Taviseburebebs orive mxare iTvaliswinebda, da amas ara mxolod mus-
limebi, aramed jvarosnebic akeTebdnen, razec miuTiTebs qveiTi jaris
da mearbaleteebis gazrdili roli. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom raindu-
li Setevis warmatebas ara marto mowinaaRmdegis qmedeba ganapirobebda,
aramed sakuTari meTaurebis gamozomili da swori gadawyvetilebebi,
rac Setevis drois da obieqtis sworad arCevaSi gamoixateboda. arc
muslimTa taqtikas ganucdia iseTi cvlilebebi, rom jvarosanTa waru-
mateblobebi amas davabraloT da cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis yav-
lgasuloba vivaraudoT.124 metic, jvarosnebi sabolood swored iseTma
mowinaaRmdegem daamarcxa, romelic winamorbed muslimur armiebTan
SedarebiT brZolis velze ufro solidur samiznes warmoadgenda da su-
lac ar ufrTxoda xelCarTul brZolas. mamluqebTan marcxis mTavari
mizezi jvarosanTa ufro mcire samxedro potencialia125 da ara is, rom
TiTqos muslimebma gasaRebi upoves jvarosanTa taqtikas.
radgan viciT qarTvelTa da jvarosanTa sabrZolo wesisa da taq-
tikis msgavseba, mamluqTa winaaRmdeg cxenosanTa Sokuri Setevis
avkargianobis gansazRvra, garkveulwilad, qarTuli armiis sabrZolo
gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba.
121
Marshall, “The Use of the Charge,” 222.
122
David Nicolle, Saracen Faris 1050-1250 AD (Oxford, 1994), 28.
123
David Nicolle, Saladin and the Saracens (Oxford, 1986), 17.
124
cxenosan moisarTa taqtikuri sisusteebi kargad aris gaanalizebuli C. bou-
lusis statiaSi. Charles R. Bowlus, “Tactical and Strategic Weaknesses of Horse Archers on the
Eve of the First Crusade,” in Autour de la Premiere Croisade, ed. M. Balard (Paris, 1996), 159-66.
125
ris gamoc jvarosnebi praqtikulad ver axerxebdnen brZolis velze savele
armiis gamoyvanas da iniciativa mudam mowinaaRmdeges epyra xelT.
210 mamuka wurwumia
mamluqTa wyobis winaaRmdeg cxenosanTa dartymiTi taqtikis efeq-

turobis niSani SeiZleba vipovoT monRol-mamluqTa omebSi monawile
qarTvelTa kontingentis warmatebaSi. yvelgan, sadac brZolebSi qarT-
velTa monawileobaa aRwerili, isini yovelTvis axerxeben mtris rige-
bis garRvevas da mowinaaRmdege ver aCerebs maT Setevas.126
bar hebreusi mogviTxrobs, rom 1277 wels abulistanis brZolaSi
monRolTa armiaSi sami aTasi qarTveli imyofeboda, romelTac didi
winaaRmdegoba gauwies beibarsis laSqars. brZolaSi gamarjvebulma
mamluqebma ver moaxerxes qarTvelTa Setevis SeCereba, romlebmac
gaarRvies mamluqTa rigebi da `mravali egvipteli dasces Zirs~.127
1281 wels homsis brZolaSi monRolTa marjvena frTam, sadac dem-
etre mefis meTaurobiT 5,000 qarTvelic idga, mamluqTa sapirispiro,
marcxena frTa moSala da gaaqcia. a. martinecis varaudiT, am war-
matebaSi, mZime SeiaraRebis gamo, lomis wili monRolTa mokavSireebs
(qarTvelebi, somxebi, selCukebi) miuZRviT.128 r. amitai-praisi eWvis
TvaliT uyurebs am mosazrebas. misi azriT, da samarTlianadac, somx-
ebs arasodes gamouCeniaT mamluqebTan omSi Tavi, da arc Turquli kon-
tingentis mZime SeiaraRebaa sarwmuno.129 miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT,
a. martineci mainc ufro axlosaa simarTlesTan.130 r. amitai Tavad aRi-
126
aseTi faqtebi xdeboda sxva muslim mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSic. XIII saukuneSi
juveini pirdapir wers, rom siriisa da rumis Zlevamosili mmarTvelebi ufrTxodnen
da gaurbodnen `brZolaSi qarTvelTa mZvinvarebas~. Ала-ад-Дин Ата-Мелик Джувейни,
Чингисхан: История Завоевателя Мира (Москва, 2004), 318. es `mZvinvareba~ mniSvnelovan-
wilad brZolis stiliTaa ganpirobebuli da asocirdeba SubgamarTul momqrolav
mxedarTan, romlis ieriSi marTlac rom sazarelia. wagrZelebuli SubiT Sokuri
Seteva erTnair STabeWdilebas tovebs mnaxvelze: aseTive `mZvinvare~ da `SeuCer-
ebeli~ Cans jvarosanTa Setevac. Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, 378.
127
Bar Hebraeus, The Chronography, trans. Ernest A. Wallis Budge, vol. 1 (1932; repr., New Jersey,
2003), 457.
128
A. P. Martinez, “Some Notes on the Il-Xanid Army,” Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi, 6 (1986),
158-65.
129
Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War (Cambridge, 1995),
195-6.
130
sainteresoa, rom martinecis azri emTxveva imdroindel Sexedulebebsac:
ilxanTa iranSi namyofi dominikaneli mogzauri giiom adami egviptel mamluqe-
bze monRolTa gamarjvebebs mxolod maT mxardamxar mebrZol qarTvel meomrebs
miawers. Peter Jackson, The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410 (Harlow, 2005), 185. qarTvelTa
SesaZleblobebis amgvari Sefaseba, ra Tqma unda, gadaWarbebulia, Tumca am Sexed-
ulebas realuri safuZvelic unda hqonoda. amis dasturs mamluqTa qronikebSic
vpoulobT, sadac qarTvelebi moixseniebian, rogorc `monRolTa yvelaze mZlavri
mokavSireebi da maTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani damxmareni, iseve rogorc muslimTa
yvelaze dauZinebeli mtrebi~. J. Pahlitzsch, “Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem (1099-1310),”
in East and West in the Crusader States, vol. 3 (Leuven, 2003), 41. egviptis sulTnis mdivani
arebs, rom ar gaaCnia monacemebi qarTvelTa armiis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc

msjelobac uWirs, Tumca verc sapirispiro arguments poulobs.131
rac Seexeba qarTvelTa SeiaraRebas, is marTlac monRolurze mZime da
daaxloebiT evropel raindTa SeiaraRebis tolfasi iyo (ufro msub-
uqi, Ria muzaradiT, magram sxeulis ukeTesi dacviT – grZeli jaWviT
da liTonis lamelariT);132 magram gadamwyvet rols Seasrulebda ara
maTi SeiaraRebis simZime, aramed brZolis stili, cxenosanTa Sokuri
Seteva, romelsac ver gauZlo mamluqTa frTam.
JamTaaRmwereli mogviTxrobs saintereso detalebs qarTvelTa
am warmatebuli Setevis Sesaxeb: „ecna sultansa nasir meliqs moslva
TaTarTa, warmosrul iyo yovliTa ZaliTa misiTa, da movida igica. da
viTar ixila mangu-demur sultani da spa misi, amxedrda da winaganewyo.
xolo mefe dimitri, daRaTu jereT ara srul iyo dRiTa brZolaTaT-
vis, evedra mangu-demurs, raTa winambrZolad ganaCinos igi da spa misi,
romlisaTvisca ismina. xolo vinaTgan uwyoda sultanman wyobaTa Sina
mxned winadaudgromloba mefisa da spaTa misTa, amisTvis rCeuli mxe-
dari aTormeti aTasi Tanaiyolia da winaSe daiyena orTa Tana mTavarTa
mxneTa, raTa ganZlierebasa da SenivTebasa brZolisasa ukanasknel
mimtevebelTa sZlon da aotnen qarTvelni~.133 maSasadame, JamTaaRmwer-
elic gvidasturebs, rom mamluqebma icodnen qarTvelTa pirveli dar-
tymis Zala da rezervis wyalobiT apirebdnen maT ganeitralebas, rac
al-umari ase axasiaTebs qarTvelebs: `rac Seexeba qarTvelTa laSqars, isini mtki-
ceni arian jvris sarwmunoebaSi da guladi da mamaci xalxia maTgan [qristianTa-
gan]. amboben: muslimebSi arian qurTebi, xolo qristianebSi – qarTvelebi. isini
hulaguianTa laSqris Zalasa da simdidres warmoadgenen, romelsac isini endobian
da eyrdnobian~. XIV-XV ss. arabi istorikosebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, arab-
ulidan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo dito goColeiSvilma
(Tbilisi, 1988), 51; cnobis qarTuli Targmani, d. aialonis mixedviT, daazusta goCa
jafariZem, `Sua saukuneebis arabTa warmodgenebi qarTvelTa warmomavlobis Ses-
axeb~, samecniero paradigmebi (Tbilisi, 2009), 196.
131
r. amitais azriT, martineci 1270 wels abaRa yaensa da baraxas Soris gamarTul
heraTis brZolaSic aWarbebs qarTvelTa mniSvnelobas. Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mam-
luks, 225. marTlac, brZolis analizis Sedegad, a. martineci Tvlis, rom mTavari roli
mZime kavaleriam iTamaSa da qarTvelTa mxedrobas gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas aniWebs.
Martinez, Some Notes on the Il-Xanid Army, 155. amasTan erTad, mogvepoveba mematianis mier
aRwerili qarTuli kavaleriis warmatebuli Seteva: `xolo qarTvelTa Zlierad
iwyes omi, rameTu TviT xedvida yaeni, romel winamdgomTasa mefeman da spaTa misTa
uwin Seutives da sivltolad midriknes~. JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 152.
132
ver gaviziarebT a. martinecis azrs, rom gansaxilvel epoqaSi qarTvelTa ab-
jari sakmaod mZime, Tumca ki frankebisaze ufro msubuqi iyo: Martinez, Some Notes on
the Il-Xanid Army, 150.
133
JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 170.
212 mamuka wurwumia
udavod logikuria da damajereblobas sZens mematianis naambobs.134

is diplomatiuri Zalisxmevac, romelsac egviptis sulTnebi mi-
marTavdnen qarTvel mefeebTan mosalaparakeblad135 da maTi inter-
esebis pativiscema wminda miwaze, pirvel rigSi gamoxatavs mamluqTa
miswrafebas, konsensusi gamoeZebnaT qarTvelebTan da CamoeSorebinaT
monRolTa laSqrisagan maTi kontingenti, romelic, Tavisi brZolis
stiliT, mudmiv problemebs uqmnidaT. is upiratesobebi, romlebic
yvela sxva qristiani erisagan gansxvavebiT qarTvel piligrimebs hqon-
daT wminda miwaze (cxenze amxedrebuli, SeiaraRebuli, droSebgaSlili
siarulis nebarTva) da romelsac erTxmad aRniSnavdnen ucxoeli mog-
zaurebi, aris qarTvelTa sabrZolo SesaZleblobebis aSkara dasturi
da miuTiTebs mamluq sulTanTa did survilze, gamoeTiSaT qarTuli
mxedroba monRolTa rigebidan.136
wminda miwaze qarTvelTa did avtoritetze metyvelebs evropel
avtorTa uamravi cnobac, sadac gansakuTrebiT xazgasmulia maTi brZo-
134
r. bedrosianis kvaldakval, r. amitaic Tvlis, rom qarTvelTa winambrZolSi
yofna imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom monRolebs arad enaRvlebodaT mokavSireebi.
Robert Bedrosian, “The Turko-Mongol Invasions and the Lords of Armenia in the 13th-14th Centuries,”
(Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University, 1979), 195-6; Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, 225.
vfiqrobT, arasworia sakiTxs Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan SevxedoT da ar gaviT-
valiswinoT, rom winambrZolobis pativisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi erTmaneTs xSirad
ecilebodnen: aseTi davis gamo waages Sotlandielebma standardis brZola1138
wels, qarTvelebma ki soxoistas brZola 1545 wels. Matthew Strickland, War and Chivalry:
The Conduct and Perception of War in England and Normandy, 1066-1217 (Cambridge, 1996), 113-4;
qarTlis cxovreba, 499. rogorc Cans, saqme ufro martivad iyo: qarTvelTa brZo-
lis stili da Sokuri Seteva ganapirobebda maTi pirveli dartymis siZlieres da
gasakviri ar aris, rom isini winambrZolSi idgnen. bunebrivia, rom mokavSireTa am
unars monRolebi daniSnulebisamebr iyenebdnen, razec 1241 wels qose daRis brZo-
lac miuTiTebs, sadac `yoveli naTesavi qarTvelTa winambrZol-yves~. JamTaaRmw-
ereli, aswlovani matiane, 77.
135
Amitai-Preiss, Mongols and Mamluks, 150-1; Christian Muller and Johannes Pahlitzsch, “Sultan
Baybars I and the Georgians: In the Light of New Documents Related to the Monastery of the Holy Cross
in Jerusalem,” Arabica, 51 (2004), 277-81.
136
amis niSans jer kidev 1266 wlis sulTan beibarsis sabuTSi vpoulobT, romelic
ierusalimSi da mis SemogarenSi qarTuli monastrebis mfarvelobas iTvaliswinebs.
Muller and Pahlitzsch, “Sultan Baybars I and the Georgians,” 260-1. saqme iqamde mivida, rom
sulTanma al-nasir muhamedma, muslim RvTismetyvelTa winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad,
1310 wels qarTvelebs daubruna meCeTad gadakeTebuli jvris monasteri. Pahlitzsch,
Georgians and Greeks in Jerusalem, 42; goCa jafariZe, `rodis daubrunes qarTvelebs mam-
luqebis mier mitacebuli jvris monasteri?~ SoTa mesxia 90, saiubileo krebuli miZ-
Rvnili SoTa mesxias dabadebis 90 wlisTavisadmi (Tbilisi, 2006), 289-96. muslimuri
meCeTis qristianebisaTvis dabruneba samarTlianad kvalificirebulia, rogorc
„uaRresad iSviaTi SemTxveva“. Richard B. Rose, “The Native Christians of Jerusalem, 1187-1260,”
in The Horns of Hattin, ed. B. Z. Kedar (Jerusalem, 1992), 243.
lis unari.137 fidenco paduelis, giiom adamis, filipe VI-is wminda mi-
wis gamosaxsnelad Sedgenili jvarosnuli gegmebi sakmao imedebs am-
yarebda qarTvelTa monawileobazec.138 vfiqrobT, rom aseTi warmod-
genebis CamoyalibebaSi lomis wvlili miuZRvis wagrZelebuli SubiT
brZolis wess da cxenosanTa dartymiT taqtikas, romlebic mniSvnelo-
vanwilad ganapirobebdnen qarTvelTa warmatebebs muslimur armiebT-
an brZolaSi.
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218 mamuka wurwumia
sur. 1 wminda evstaTe wagrZelebuli SubiT. martvilis taZris aRmosavleTi

fasadi, avtoris foto.
sur. 2 wina planze mxedari wagrZelebuli SubiT gmiravs mowinaaRmdeges. H1665
daviTni, gv. 222r, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
sur. 3 wm. giorgi gveleSaps gmiravs wagrZelebuli SubiT. XV saukunis Jibianis

xati, ermakovis foto.
sur. 4 mxedarTa jgufi utevs wagrZelebuli SubebiT. `vefxistyaosnis~ Tavaqara–
Sviliseuli nusxa, H599 xelnaweri, gv. 138, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
220 mamuka wurwumia
2 3
4
7
sur. 5 gvirgvinosani mxedari gaSverili fexiT da maRali unagiriT daviT nari–

nis moneta, aversi, 1247 w. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi.
sur. 6 unagiri ormagi samagriT, laSTxveris mTavarangelozis eklesia. s. sarj–
velaZis foto.
sur. 7 qarTuli laSqris samxaziani wyoba: 1. winambrZoli, 2. marcxena frTa,
3. marjvena frTa da 4. rezervi.
XIII
1352 da 1356 wlebis ori kinklosuri minaweri

ivane abuserisZis, patroni siTixaTunisa
da amirspasalar aRbuRas moxseniebiT
(teqstis dadgena, istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi)
Temo jojua, irma beriZe
xelnawerTa erovnuli centris qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis A ko-

leqciaSi 85-e nomriT daculia sagaloblebis krebuli, igive A-85,
romlis pirveli, etratze Sesrulebuli nawili (1r-385v) 1233 wels
aris gadawerili, xolo meore, qaRaldze Sesrulebuli da XVI saukuniT
daTariRebuli nawili (386r-488v), xelnawerze mogvianebiT aris mikin-
Zuli.1
A-85-Si sxvadasxva xasiaTis oTxmocdaCvidmeti teqstia warmod-
genili. aqedan, sawyisi oTxmocdaTormeti teqsti krebulis pirvel,
1
abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, teqsti gamosacemad moamzades, gamokvleva,
leqsikoni da saZieblebi daurTes nargiza goguaZem, mixeil qavTariam da raul
Cagunavam (baTumi, 1998), 324-326, 335. xelnaweris aRweriloba gamoqveynebu-
lia Svidgzis: pirvelad – 1897 wels, Tedo Jordanias mier; meored – 1903 wels, im-
ave Tedo Jordanias mier, rusul enaze; mesamed – 1941 wels, levan musxeliSvilis
mier (mkvlevars aRwerili aqvs xelnaweris mxolod erTi nawili); meoTxed – 1963
wels, iuri sixaruliZis mier; mexuTed – 1981 wels, imave iuri sixaruliZis mier;
meeqvsed – Tamar bregaZis mier; meSvided – nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa
da raul Cagunavas mier; qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwer-
lobisa, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias mier. II (tfilisi,
1897), 103-111; Описание рукописей Тифлисскаго Церковнаго Музея Карталино-Кахетинского
Духовенствa, Составил Федор Жордания, I (Тифлис, 1903), 81-85; abuserisZe tbeli, bolok-
basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi da abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matiane, 1233 wlis
teqsti, gamosca levan musxeliSvilma (Tbilisi, 1941), 27-52; iuri sixaruliZe, tbel
abuserisZe, XIII saukunis qarTveli mwerali (Tbilisi, 1963), 37-38; tbel abuserisZe,
cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa, gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva da leqsikoni
daurTo iuri sixaruliZem (baTumi, 1981), 18-20; qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilo-
ba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A) koleqciisa, tomi I1, Seadgines da dasabeWdad
moamzades Tamar bregaZem, mixeil qavTariam da lili quTaTelaZem, elene metrev-
elis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1973), 282-297; abuserisZe tbeli, Txzulebani, 312-333.
222 Temo jojua, irma beriZe
etratze daweril nawils miekuTvneba, xolo bolo xuTi teqsti – xel-

naweris meore, qaRaldze Sesrulebul nawils.2
A-85-Si warmodgenili teqstebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
ipyrobs XIII saukunis saxelovani qarTveli mwignobrisa da mecnieris
tbel abuserisZis mier Sedgenili originaluri xasiaTis sami Txzu-
leba: 1. himnografiuli kanoni `galobani samTa iovaneTa~ (`galobani
wmidisa iovane naTlismcemelisani, wmidisa iovane maxarebelisa da
wmidisa iovane oqropirisani, erTbamad Semokrebilni erT mosexnaeo-
bisaTÂs da erT madlisaTÂs, daRacaTu winamorbedi ars umetesi yovel-
Ta naSobTa dedaTaÁsa~) (219r-221v);3 2. kalendarul-maTematikuri gamo-
kvleva `qronikoni sruli misiTa sauwyebeliTa gangebiTa~ (308r-338r);4
da 3. hagiografiul-istoriuli moTxroba àxalni saswaulni wmidisa
giorgisni~ (`jer-ars ÃsenebaÁ Suenierisa da didisa axovanisaÁ, rameTu
ese arian saswaulni wmidisa mTavarmowamisa giorgisni da anderZi misisa
sasoebiT Sevedrebulisa da amaT sityuaTa Sesakadrebelad Rirsebisa-
ebr mTqumelisaÁ~) (342r-353v).5
A-85-is Semswavleli interdisciplinaruli kvleviTi jgufis
wevrebis nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa da raul Cagunavas
dakvirvebiT, tbel abuserisZis mier Sedgenili kalendarul-
2
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 282-294.
3
teqsti gamocemulia orgzis: pirvelad – 1992 wels, ramaz xalvaSis mier; meored
– 1998 wels, nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa da raul Cagunavas mier. tbel abu-
serisZe, galobani wmidaTa iovaneTa: naTlismcemlisa, maxareblisa da oqropirisa,
gamosacemad moamzada, gamokvleva, leqsikoni da komentarebi daurTo ramaz xal-
vaSma (baTumi, 1992), 20-30; abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 5-11. garda amisa, arsebobs mesa-
me gamocemac, Tumca, es ukanaskneli uSualod xelnawerze ar aris damyarebuli da
ramaz xalvaSis mier gamoqveynebuli teqstis republikacias warmoadgens. nestan
sulava, XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnografia (Tbilisi, 2003), 271, 306-308.
4
teqsti, uSualod dedanze dayrdnobiT, gamocemulia orgzis: pirvelad – 1868
wels, mari broses mier; meored – 1998 wels, nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa
da raul Cagunavas mier. Marie-Felicite Brosset, Etudes de chronologie technique, Premiere partie,
2, Memoires de lÀcademie Imperiale des Sciences de Sankt-Petersbourg, VIIe serie, XI, #13 (Sankt-
Petersbourg, 1868), 21-56; abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 12-57.
5
teqsti gamocemulia oTxgzis: pirvelad – 1897 wels, Tedo Jordanias mier;
meored – 1941 wels, levan musxeliSvilis mier; mesamed – 1981 wels, iuri sixar-
uliZis mier; meoTxed – 1998 wels, nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa da raul
Cagunavas mier. qronikebi, II, 111-122; abuserisZe, bolok-basilis mSenebloba Su-
artyalSi, 55-69; abuserisZe, cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa, 3-14; abuserisZe,
Txzulebani, 58-70. garda am gamocemebisa, arsebobs Txzulebis sxva gamoceme-
bic, magram es publikaciebi dedanze ar aris damyarebuli da zemoT CamoTvlili
gamocemebidan aris gadabeWdili. magaliTad: qarTuli proza, III (Tbilisi, 1982),
5-18, 430; qarTuli mwerloba, III (Tbilisi, 1988), 414-430, 456; wminda giorgi Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi (Tbilisi, 1991), 38, 255-268; da sxv.
ori kinklosuri minaweri 223
maTematikuri Txzulebis teqsti, `Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT... aSkarad

or nawilad unda daiyos. pirvel da ZiriTad nawilSi moyvanilia 532-
wliani pasqaluri ciklis cxrili da masTan dakavSirebuli pasqalur-
kalendaruli sakiTxebi (ff. 308r-336r). meore nawili ki warmodgenilia
aRdgomis gamosaTvleli kompaqturi cxriliTa da misi ganmartebiTi
teqstiT (ff. 336v-338r). pirveli cxrili teqstSi sistematurad
moixseneba `sruli qronikonis~ an `didi qronikonis~, xolo meore
cxrili àsuruli kÂklosis~ saxelwodebiT~.6
aq naxsenebi pirveli pasqaluri, anu aRdgomis dResaswaulis
gamosaangariSebeli kalendaruli cxrilis gaswvriv, furclis arSiebze,
mogviano periodSi moRvawe sxvadasxva pirebis mier Sesrulebuli
istoriuli xasiaTis aTeulobiT minaweris teqstia daculi. es
minawerebi, romlebic, A-85-is garda, sxva qarTul xelnawerebSic
gvxvdeba, samecniero literaturaSi kinklosuri minawerebis saxeliT
aris cnobili.7
kinklosuri minawerebis Sesrulebis principi sakmaod martivia:
esa Tu is piri iRebs ama Tu im xelnawerSi warmodgenil pasqalur
cxrils, sadac danayofebis TiToeuli ganivi mwkrivi erT konkretul
kalendarul weliwads Seesabameba. amis Semdeg, irCevs romelime
konkretul mwkrivs, ufro zustad ki, romelime konkretul
weliwads da zustad mis gaswvriv, furclis arSiaze aTavsebs misTvis
saintereso istoriuli xasiaTis informaciis Semcvel minawers,
riTac migviTiTebs, rom aRniSnuli istoriuli movlena swored Sesa-
bamis wels moxda. ase, magaliTad: A-85-is pasqaluri cxrilis 1485
wlis aRmniSvneli mwkrivis gaswvriv miwerilia: `[aq]a yaeni mo[v]ida,
samcxe [amo]swyvides, [ax]alcixe a[iR]es da awy[ve]risa RvTismSo-
beli daa[tyve]ves~,8 rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom minaweris avtoris
cnobiT, yaenis mier samcxis dalaSqvris, qalaq axalcixis aRebisa
da awyuris RmrTismSoblis xatis tyved wasvenebis ambebi 1485 wels
moxda; amave cxrilis 1498 wlis aRmniSvneli mwkrivis gaswvriv
miwerilia: `[a]qa [aTabagi patroni yva]ryva[re] miicvala~,9 rac imaze
migviTiTebs, rom minaweris avtoris miTiTebiT, yvaryvare aTabagi
1498 wels gardaicvala da a. S.
A-85-is arSiebze daculi mravalricxovani minawerebidan calke
6
abuseriZe, Txzulebani, 179-180.
7
mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi), teqstebi gamosca, Sesava-
li werili da komentarebi daurTo jumber odiSelma (Tbilisi, 1968), 3-20.
8
iqve, 27.
9
iqve, 27.
jgufad gamoiyofa ori mxedruli minaweri, romlebic, Sesrulebis

drois TvalsazrisiT (XIV s.), sakmaod win uswrebs sxva kinklosur
minawerebs da Tanac, Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, daaxloebiT, erTsa
da imave istoriul garemoSia (abuserisZeTa feodalur saxlSi)
Sesrulebuli.
am ori kinklosuri minaweriT qarTvel mkvlevarTa Soris pirvelad
Tedo Jordania dainteresda. man Tavis 1897 wels dabeWdili wignis
`qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa~-s II
tomSi aramxolod gamoaqveyna aRniSnuli minawerebis teqstebi, aramed
maT mcire komentarebic daurTo:
`1352 w. – qksa :m: aqa mo[vi]da: abuseriZisa: ivanes: saxlsa: Siga
[da] amirspasalarisa da: patroni siTi[xaTun] misi[Ta] - - - sli - - -~
(mxedruli warwera ek. muz. 85 cxrilze).
aq moxsenebuli pirni istoriaSi ucnobni arian, abuseriZisZeni ix.
zemo gv. siTixaTun vaxtang-mefis coli ix. q-cx. gv. 474~;
`1355 w. – q~ks :mg: aqa: gar[daicvala?] | patroni a[mir?]|spasalari
ivane? a]|buls[erisZe?] | si]]T- - - | nbers (noembers?) - - |
es warwerilia mxedrulad ekl. muz. etratis 85 kinklosis arSiaze,
romelic waWrilia. garda amisa melanic gadasulia da swored ver
amoikiTxeba. SeiZleba àbuserisZis~ magier ikiTxebodes àbuleTisZe~,
Tumca es warwera imave xeliT aris dawerili, rogorc zemo ivane
amirspasalar-abuserisZeze da siTixaTunze 1351 wlis qveSe~.10
Tedo Jordanias Semdeg A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso ori kinklosuri
minaweris teqsti gamoaqveyna jumber odiSelma Tavis 1968 wels dabeWdil
wignSi `mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi)~:
`1. lT – 1351 – [aqa] m[o]vida abuseris Zisa ivanes saxlisa Sigan
amirspasaralis da patroni siTi[xaTun] mis[iTa]... sli...11
2. mg – 1355 – aq gar[daicvala?] patroni a[mir]spasala[ri]... bels...
si...~12
A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso kinklosuri minawerebis teqstebi
mesamed 1973 wels imJamindeli korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawer-
Ta institutis qarTuli xelnaweri wignebis A koleqciis akademiuri
àRwerilobis~ I1 tomSi Tamar bregaZem gamoaqveyna:
10
qronikebi, II, 183, 185.
11
jumber odiSels, minawerTan dakavSirebiT, sqolioSi aRniSnuli aqvs Semdegi:
`308r. XIV saukunis mxedruli~. mcire qronikebi, 27.
12
iqve, 27. jumber odiSels am, meore minawerTan dakavSirebiT, sqolioSi miTiTe-
buli aqvs xelnaweris Sesabamisi gverdi, damwerlobis saxe da iqve, motanili aqvs
minaweris Tedo Jordaniaseuli wakiTxvis teqsti: `309r. mxedr... aqa gardaicvala
patroni amirspasalari abulserisZe siT... nbers (noembers?)~. iqve, 27.
`(mxedruliT): [1352 w. `q~knsa] m, aqa movida abuseris Zis ivanes

saxlisa Sigan ... amirspasalaris da patroni si...~ (308v).
(mxedruliT): [1354 w. `q~knsa] md, aqa gar[daicvala] patroni ...
spasalari ...bels...~ (309r)~.13
CamoTvlili gamocemebis garda, gansaxilavi kinklosuri mina-
werebis ramdenime sxva publikaciac arsebobs, magram es publikaciebi
uSualod minawerebis dedans ar emyareba da zemoT ganxiluli
gamocemebis republikaciebs warmoadgens.14
rogorc vxedavT, A-85-is ganxiluli ori kinklosuri minaweri,
uSualod dedanze dayrdnobiT, dReisaTvis sul samgzis aris gamo-
cemuli. am publikaciebze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom maT avtorebs: Tedo
Jordanias, jumber odiSelsa da Tamar bregaZes minawerebis teqstebi,
erTi mxriv, arasrulad, xolo, meore mxriv, erTmaneTisagan sakmaod
gansxvavebuli saxiT aqvT wakiTxuli. aRniSnuli faqti mniSvnelovnad
arTulebs am minawerebis teqstebiT sargeblobas da praqtikulad,
SeuZlebels xdis arsebul publikaciebze dayrdnobiT, raime saxis
samecniero kvleva-Ziebis warmoebas.
Cveni winamdebare naSromi am xarvezis daZlevisaken gadadgmul
erT konkretul nabijs warmoadgens da miznad isaxavs, samecniero
sazogadoebas SesTavazos am minawerebis sabolood dadgenili
teqstebi, am teqstebTan erTad ki, maTi winaswari istoriul-wyaroT-
mcodneobiTi analizis ZiriTadi Sedegebi.
Tavdapirvelad warmovadgenT A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso ori
kinklosuri minaweris teqnikur aRwerilobebsa da maTi teqstis
gadmonawerebs dednis Sriftis dacviT, agreTve, am minawerebis
paleografiul pirebsa da fotoebs.
I kinklosuri minaweri
Sesrulebulia 308v-s qveda arSiis mTels siganeze, XIV moqcevis
(1312-1844 ww.) 532-wliani pasqaluri cxrilis (`sruli qronikonis~)
rigiT me-40, anu qristeSobidan 1352 (1312+40) wlis (nakiani wlis)
aRmniSvneli danayofebis ganivi mwkrivis (`n~k | a | fb | k | ap | b | dR | b |
ap | À | ia~) qvemoT. savaraudod, oTxi striqoni. teqstis (SemorCenili
nawilis) zoma: 10,1X2,4 sm. mxedruli. moSavo-moyavisfro melani.
13
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, I1, 296.
14
mag.: abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 328-329; irma beriZe, ìvane abuserisZis (XIV s.)
amirspasalarobisa da jayelTa da abuserisZeTa dinastiuri qorwinebis (1352 w.)
sakiTxisaTvis~, saerTaSoriso konferencia `tao-klarjeTi~, moxsenebaTa Tezise-
bi, 5-8 oqtomberi (Tbilisi, 2010), 50; da sxv.
gankveTilobis niSani: orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. qaragmis

niSnebi ar axlavs. II striqonis dasawyisSi, melnis gadasvlis gamo,
aRar ganirCeva, daaxloebiT, 5-6 grafema. III striqonze warmodgenili
teqstis mniSvnelovani nawili, furclis qveda arSiidan etratis,
daaxloebiT, 8-10 sm simaRlis zolis CamoWris gamo, dakargulia.
amave mizezis gamo, mTlianad aris dakarguli savaraudo IV striqonic
(sur. 1).
aqa: movida: abuserisZisa: ivanes: saxlsa: Siga:

[- - - - -]nisa: amirspasarlisa: da: patroni: siT
[- - - - - -] da: misisa<:> <m>(?)[-]<m>(?)a[- - - - -] s<u>li<s>[-] <s>(?)[-]<x>(?)
[- - -]
[...]
II kinklosuri minaweri
Sesrulebulia 309r-s marjvena arSiis zeda nawilSi. minaweris I
striqoni iwyeba XIV moqcevis (1312-1844 ww.) 532 wliani pasqaluri
cxrilis (`sruli qronikonis~) rigiT 44-e, anu qristeSobidan
1356 (1312+44) wlis (nakiani wlis) aRmniSvneli danayofebis ganivi
mwkrivis (`n~k | v | mt | z | ap | iÀ | dR | b | ap | kd | ke~) gaswvriv.
Svidi striqoni. teqstis (SemorCenili nawilis) zoma: 2,2X5 sm.
mxedruli. moSavo-moyavisfro melani. gankveTilobis niSani:
orwertili yoveli sityvis Semdeg. qaragmis niSnebi ar axlavs.
I-VII striqonebis bolo fragmentebi, furclis marjvena arSiidan
etratis, daaxloebiT, 1-1,5 sm siganis zolis CamoWris gamo,
mTlianad aris dakarguli. IV striqonis rigiT meeqvse-meSvide da
VII striqonis rigiT meoTxe grafemebi, melnis gadasvlis gamo, aRar
ganirCeva (sur. 2).
aqa: gar[...]
patroni: a[...]
spasalar[...]
buRas: [--]: [...]
sa: mz: d[...]
nbers[...]
cda: [-]r[...]
mas Semdeg, rac SeZlebisdagvarad srulad warmovadgineT

A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso ori kinklosuri minaweris teqnikuri
aRwerilobebi da maTi teqstis gadmonawerebi dednis Sriftis
dacviT, agreTve, am minawerebis paleografiuli pirebi da fotoebi,
SevecdebiT, saboloo saxiT davadginoT es teqstebi.
I kinklosuri minaweri
I striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: àqa: movida: abuserisZisa: ivanes:
saxlsa: Siga:~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: àqa mo[vi]da: abuseriZisa: ivanes: saxlsa:
Siga~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `[aqa] m[o]vida abuseris Zisa ivanes sax-
lisa Sigan~.
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: àqa movida abuseris Zis ivanes saxlisa Si-
gan~.
rogorc vxedavT, minaweris I striqoni sruli saxiT mxolod Tamar
bregaZes aqvs wakiTxuli. rac SeexebaT Tedo Jordaniasa da jumber
odiSels, maT, rogorc Cans, I striqonis marcxena nawilSi warmodgenili
ramdenime grafemis amokiTxva ver moaxerxes da amitom es grafemebi
konteqstis mixedviT aRadgines: Tedo Jordania – `mo[vi]da~; jumber
odiSeli – `[aqa] m[o]vida~. aRniSnul sakiTxSi Cven srulad veTanxmebiT
Tamar bregaZes da Cveni mxriv, vadasturebT, rom minaweris I striqoni,
misi calkeuli grafemebis melnis gafermkrTalebis miuxedavad,
dResac sruli saxiT ikiTxeba.
sakmaod saintereso suraTi gvaqvs I striqonSi dadasturebul
kompozit àbuserisZisa~-sTan dakavSirebiT. Tedo Jordania am

kompozits kiTxulobs rogorc erT mTlian sityvas: àbuseriZisa~,
xolo jumber odiSeli da Tamar bregaZe mas or sxvadasxva sityvad
anawevreben da teqsts Semdegi saxiT kiTxuloben: àbuseris Zisa~
(jumber odiSeli) da àbuseris Zis~ (Tamar bregaZe). Sesabamisad,
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxvidan gamodis, rom am kompozitiT teqstSi
gadmocemulia minawerSi moxseniebuli ivanes gvari: abuserisZe,
xolo jumber odiSelisa da Tamar bregaZis wakiTxvebidan
gamomdinareobs, rom gansaxilavi kompozitiT aRniSnulia ivanes
mamisSvilobis faqti da naTqvamia, rom igi vinme abuseris vaJi iyo.
Cven srulad viziarebT gansaxilavi kompozitis Tedo Jordanias
wakiTxvas. amaze, vfiqrobT, aSkarad migviTiTebs ori mniSvnelovani
garemoeba: 1. minaweris teqstze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom mis avtors
gankveTilobis orwertili dasmuli aqvs teqstSi warmodgenili
uklebliv yoveli sityvis Semdeg. imavdroulad, teqstidan Cans,
rom CvenTvis saintereso kompozitis SemTxvevaSi, gankveTilobis
orwertili dasmulia am kompozitis Semadgeneli ara orive wevris
(àbuseris~ da `Zisa~), aramed mxolod meore wevris (`Zisa~)
Semdeg. Sesabamisad, srulebiT cxadia isic, rom minaweris avtori
gansaxilav kompozits moiazrebs ara rogorc or sxvadasxva, aramed
rogorc erT mTlian sityvas da amitom gankveTilobis niSans svams
uSualod am orwevra kompozitis Semdeg; 2. Cvenamde moRweul qarTul
werilobiT ZeglebSi, XI saukunidan moyolebuli, dokumenturad
araerTgzis aris dadasturebuli abuserisZeTa feodaluri gvaris
arsebobis faqti. Sesabamisad, aranairi safuZveli ar gvaqvs,
undobloba gamovucxadoT kinklosuri minaweris avtors da mis mier
gvaris mniSvnelobiT naxmari kompoziti àbuserisZisa~ gaviazroT
rogorc vinme abuseris Sviloba. yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare,
vfiqrobT, savsebiT naTelia, rom gansaxilavi kompozitis Tedo
Jordanias, jumber odiSelisa da Tamar bregaZis wakiTxvebs Soris,
marTebuli swored Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli variantia
da amitom, es kompoziti wakiTxul unda iqnes rogorc erTi mTliani
sityva. dasasrul, damatebiT SevniSnavT imasac, rom Tedo Jordanias
gansaxilavi kompozitis gadmocemisas meqanikurad aqvs gamotovebuli
rigiT merve grafema `s~, ris gamoc es sityva gamoqveynebuli aqvs
odnav arazusti saxiT: àbuseriZisa~.
Tedo Jordanias, jumber odiSelisa da Tamar bregaZis publika-
ciebSi sakmaod gansxvavebuli saxiT aris warmodgenili I striqonis
bolo ori sityva: `saxlsa Siga~. kerZod, Tedo Jordania gansaxilav
or sityvas kiTxulobs rogorc: `saxlsa Siga~, xolo jumber odiSeli da
Tamar bregaZe – rogorc: `saxlisa Sigan~. minaweris dedanze dakvirveba

aCvenebs, rom Tedo Jordanias gamocema am nawilSi zedmiwevniT zustad
misdevs teqsts da amitom misi wakiTxva ufro marTebulia, vidre
jumber odiSelisa da Tamar bregaZis wakiTxvebi.
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, I kinklosuri
minaweris I striqonis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
àqa movida abuserisZisa ivanes saxlsa Siga~.
II striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `[-----]nisa: amirspasarlisa: da: patroni:
siT~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `[da] amirspasalarisa da: patroni siTi~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: àmirspasaralis da patroni siTi~.
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: `... amirspasalaris da patroni si...~
II striqonis marcxena kidura fragmenti, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT
zemoT, melnis gadasvlis gamo, dReisaTvis aRar ganirCeva. miuxedavad
amisa, am, dakarguli fragmentisa da I striqonis marcxena kidura frag-
mentis erTmaneTTan Sedareba aCvenebs, rom II striqonis dasawyisSi, da-
axloebiT, xuTi-eqvsi grafema unda yofiliyo Sesrulebuli.
Tedo Jordania II striqonis dakarguli fragmentis gadmocemisas
sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s win aRadgens or grafema `da~-s da
teqstis am nawils Semdegi saxiT kiTxulobs: `[da] amirspasalarisa~.
gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs jumber odiSelisa da Tamar bregaZis
publikaciebSi, sadac sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s win saerTod
aranairi sityva ar aris aRdgenili: àmirspasaralis~ (jumber odiSeli)
da `... amirspasalaris~ (Tamar bregaZe). sxvaTa Soris, jumber odiSelis
gamocemaSi sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s win araTu savaraudo sityva ar
aris aRdgenili, aramed dakarguli teqstis aRmniSvneli samwertilic ki
ar aris dasmuli, ris gamoc, iqmneba mcdari STabeWdileba, rom minawerSi
sityva àmirspasarlisa~ uSualod misdevs I striqonis bolo sityva
`Siga~-s: `Sigan amirspasaralis~. Cven sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s win
garkveviT vkiTxulobT oTxi grafemisagan Semdgar da gankveTilobis
orwertiliT dasrulebul teqsts: `nisa~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sxva
araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara bolo fragmenti sityvisa: `[patro]nisa~.
Cven mier SemoTavazebul amgvar aRdgenas mxars uWers ori ZiriTadi
garemoeba: 1. II striqonis dasawyisSi, Cven mier amokiTxuli oTxgrafemiani
nawyveti `nisa~-s win darCenilia, daaxloebiT, xuTi-eqvsi grafemisa-
Tvis gankuTvnili adgili, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs, aq daubrkoleblad
aRvadginoT navaraudevi sityva `[patro]nisa~-s pirveli xuTi grafema:
`[patro]~; da 2. minaweris teqstSi, CvenTvis saintereso amirspasalaris
Semdeg, dasaxelebulia kidev erTi istoriuli piri, amave amirspasa-
laris da, romelic minaweris avtors swored `patronis~ wodebiT hyavs

moxseniebuli: àmirspasarlisa da patroni~. aRniSnul faqtze
dayrdnobiT, vfiqrobT, Tamamad SegviZlia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom
minaweris teqstSi `patronis~ wodebiT moxseniebuli iyo aramxolod
amirspasalaris da, aramed Tavad amirspasalaric. es varaudi ki, Tavis
mxriv, uflebas gvaZlevs, II striqonis dasawyisSi Sesrulebuli da dRe-
isaTvis sanaxevrod dakarguli sityva didi albaTobiT aRvadginoT, ro-
gorc: `[patro]nisa~. yovelive zemoTqmulis Semdeg, sagangebod unda
SevexoT Tedo Jordanias mier sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s win sityva
`da~-s aRdgenis marTebulobis sakiTxs. Cveni dakvirvebiT, dakarguli
sityvis am saxiT aRdgenisaTvis raime safuZveli ar arsebobs. jer erTi,
iq, sadac mkvlevari varaudobs orgrafemiani sityva `da~-s arsebobas,
realurad, aRsadgenia gacilebiT ufro grZeli, daaxloebiT, cxra-aTi
grafemis Semcveli sityva. garda amisa, sityva àmirspasarlisa~-s
win garkveviT ikiTxeba gankveTilobis orwertiliT dasrulebuli
oTxgrafemiani nawyveti `nisa~, rac, apriori, gamoricxavs am
adgilas sityva `da~-s aRdgenis SesaZleblobas. dabolos, sityva
àmirspasarlisa~-s win sityva `da~-s aRdgena srulebiT amovardnilia
minaweris saerTo azrobrivi konteqstidan da amitom misi aRdgena am
TvalsazrisiTac gaumarTlebelia.
calke saubris Temaa II striqonSi warmodgenili sityva àmir-
spasarlisa~-s wakiTxvis sakiTxi. es sityva Tedo Jordaniasa da Tamar
bregaZis publikaciebSi, daaxloebiT, identuri saxiT aris warmodgenili:
àmirspasalarisa~ (Tedo Jordania) da àmirspasalaris~ (Tamar bregaZe).
sakmaod gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs jumber odiSelis gamocemaSi,
sadac gansaxilavi sityva Semdegi saxiT aris motanili: àmirspasaralis~.
aRniSnuli wakiTxvebidan minaweris dedans bolomde zustad arc erTi
publikacia ar misdevs, Tumca ki masTan yvelaze ufro met siaxloves
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva iCens. Cven upiratesobas, cxadia, dednis
Cvenebas vaniWebT da aRniSnul sityvas vkiTxulobT zustad im saxiT, ra
saxiTac is warmodgenilia minaweris teqstSi: àmirspasarlisa~15.
15
sxvaTa Soris, sityva àmirspasalari~ zustad identuri formiT (àmirs-
pasarali~) aris gadmocemuli zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis erT-erT warwera-
Si: `p(a)tronsa am(i)rsp(a)s(a)r(a)ls aRb(u)R(a)s g[au]marjos nam<a>r(a)vl(i) m(is)
i...~ (xazi, aqac da SemdgomSic, Cvenia – avtorebi). darejan kldiaSvili, `xovles
(zesxevis) warwerebi~, mravalTavi, XIII (Tbilisi, 1986), 67. garda amisa, qarTul
werilobiT ZeglebSi gvxvdeba am sityvis iseTi paraleluri formebic, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, àmirspasahli~ (korideTis oTxTavis minaweri sabuTi) an àmil-
spasalari~ (`beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigni~): `...{dagiwere} daweril(i) es(e)... me,
Janm(a)n CiasZ[eman] – amirspasahlis(a) amiraxorman, m[as] [Jam]sa, odes patronisa
II striqonis bolos Sesrulebulia minawerSi moxseniebuli amir-

spasalaris dis saxelis pirveli sami grafema: `siT~. ucnauria, magram
faqtia, rom teqstis es, sakmaod iolad gasarCevi adgili zusti saxiT
gadmocemuli ar aris arc Tedo Jordanias, arc jumber odiSelisa da
arc Tamar bregaZis gamocemebSi: `siTi~ (Tedo Jordania, jumber odi-
Seli); `si...~ (Tamar bregaZe).
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, I kinklosuri mina-
weris II striqonis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
`[patro]nisa, amirspasarlisa da, patroni siT~.
III striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `[- - - - - -] da: misisa<:> <m>(?)[-]<m>(?)a[- - - - -]
s<u>li<s>[-] <s>(?)[-]<x>(?)[- - -]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `[xaTun] misi[Ta] - - - sli - - -~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `[xaTun] mis[iTa]... sli...~
rogorc vxedavT, minaweris III striqoni Tamar bregaZes saerTod
ar aqvs wakiTxuli. rac SeexebaT Tedo Jordaniasa da jumber odiSels,
isini striqonis dasawyisSi absoluturad identuri saxiT aRadgenen
melnis gadasvlis gamo dakargul ramdenime grafemas: `[xaTun]~. Cven,
arsebiTad, viziarebT amgvar aRdgenas, Tumca ki, SevniSnavT, rom
am eqvsi grafemis win aucileblad unda aRdges kidev erTi grafema
ì~, vinaidan II striqonis bolos ikiTxeba minawerSi dadasturebuli
savaraudo saxeli `siTixaTuni~-s ara pirveli oTxi grafema – `siTi~,
rogorc amas Tedo Jordania da jumber odiSeli fiqrobdnen, aramed
sami grafema – `siT~.
gansaxilavi grafemebis aRdgenis Semdeg Tedo Jordaniasa da jum-
ber odiSels TiTqmis identuri saxiT aqvT wakiTxul-aRdgenili mom-
devno sityva: `misi[Ta]~ (Tedo Jordania), `mis[iTa]~ (jumber odiSeli).
Cveni mxriv, aRvniSnavT, rom III striqonis Sesabamis fragmentze,
mkvlevarTa mier nawilobriv wakiTxuli da nawilobriv aRdgenili
sityvis win, marTalia, Znelad, magram mainc ikiTxeba ori grafema:
`da~ da am grafemebis Semdeg dasmuli gankveTilobis orwertili.
rac Seexeba sakuTriv sityva: `misi[Ta]~||`mis[iTa]~-s, Cven srulad
viziarebT am sityvis pirveli nawilis Tedo Jordanias wakiTxvas:
Cemis(a), amirs[pasa]hlisa wyalobiT(a) mqonda {d}urCsa m[amuli] orTave mefe-

Tagan...~ korideTis sabuTebi (X-XIII saukuneebi), gamosacemad moamzada valeri
silogavam (Tbilisi, 1989), 31; `...me, aTabag-amilspasalarman aRbuRa, movaÃseneT
patiosansa... mawyuerelsa da biZa-ZeTa CemTa SaSiasa da missa Zmasa safaris moZRuar-
sa pafnutis... me, patronman, aTabag-amilspasalarman aRbuRa, movikle srulisa sam-
cxisa saqme...~ isidore doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali (Tbilisi, 1953), 285, 316.
`misi~, oRond ar veTanxmebiT amave sityvis meore nawilis aRdgenas:

`[Ta]~ da sapirispirod amisa, SevniSnavT, rom aq garkveviT ikiTxeba
ori grafema `sa~ da am grafemebis bolos dasmuli gankveTilobis
orwertilis zeda wertili.
ganxiluli sityvis momdevno sityva, romelic, daaxloebiT, rva-
cxra grafemisagan Sedgeboda, furclis qveda arSiidan etratis zolis
CamoWris gamo, TiTqmis mTlianad aris dakarguli. SemorCenilia
mxolod am grafemaTa umniSvnelo zeda fragmentebi, romlebze
dayrdnobiTac, dakarguli sityvis raime damajerebeli saxiT aRdgena
dReisaTvis ukve SeuZlebelia. es dakarguli sityva Tedo Jordanias
publikaciaSi sami patara ganivi xaziT aris aRniSnuli, xolo jumber
odiSelis gamocemaSi – samwertiliT. Cven xsenebul mkvlevarTagan
gansxvavebiT, aq srulad vkiTxulobT rigiT meoTxe grafema: à~-s,
kiTxvis niSniT – pirvel da mesame grafemebs: `m~-sa da `m~-s, xolo
danarCen xuT, jerjerobiT, daudgenel grafemas wakiTxvisa Tu
aRdgenis gareSe vtovebT.
am, dakarguli sityvis Semdeg Tedo Jordania da jumber odiSeli
kiTxuloben sam grafema: `sli~-s. Cven, ZiriTadad, viziarebT am
wakiTxvas, Tumca ki, SevniSnavT, rom mkvlevrebis mier wakiTxul pirvel
da meore grafemebs: `s~-sa da `l~-s Soris aSkarad ganirCeva grafema:
ù~-s zeda fragmenti, xolo mesame grafema: ì~-s Semdeg – grafema: `s~-s
zeda nawili. amasTan, rigiT meoTxe, sanaxevrod dakarguli grafema:
`s~-s Semdeg, rogorc Cans, Sesrulebuli iyo kidev erTi grafema: a,
romelic dReisaTvis TiTqmis mTlianad aris dakarguli.
III striqonis marjvena kideSi Sesrulebuli iyo, daaxloebiT, xuTi-
eqvsi grafema, romlebic furclis qveda arSiidan etratis zolis
CamoWris gamo, TiTqmis mTlianad aris dakarguli. SemorCenilia
am grafemaTa mxolod zeda fragmentebi, romlebze dayrdnobiTac
dakarguli teqstis aRdgena, praqtikulad, SeuZlebelia. III striqonis
es, dakarguli grafemebi Tedo Jordanias publikaciaSi sami patara
ganivi xaziT aris aRniSnuli, xolo jumber odiSelis gamocemaSi –
samwertiliT. Cven arsebiTad viziarebT dasaxelebul mkvlevarTa am-
gvar pozicias, oRond, maTgan gansxvavebiT, kiTxvis niSniT vkiTxulobT
gansaxilavi sityvis pirvel da mesame, sanaxevrod dakargul grafemebs,
savaraudod, `s~-sa da `x~-s, xolo danarCen oTx, daudgenel grafemas
wakiTxvisa Tu aRdgenis gareSe vtovebT.
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, I kinklosuri
minaweris III striqonis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
`[ixaTun] da misisa m(?)[-]m(?)a[- - - - -] sulis[a] s(?)[-]x(?)[- - -]~.
IV striqoni
minaweris IV striqoni Tedo Jordanias, jumber odiSelisa da
Tamar bregaZis publikaciebSi saerTod ar aris naxsenebi. rogorc
Cans, mkvlevrebi fiqrobdnen, rom minaweri mxolod sami striqonisagan
Sedgeboda. Cven gansxvavebuli pozicia gvaqvs aRniSnul sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT da vfiqrobT, rom minaweris teqsti IV striqonzec grZel-
deboda. amgvari daskvnisaken avtomaturad gvibiZgebs minaweris III stri-
qonis Cven mier dadgenili teqsti, sadac patroni siTixaTunis ivane
abuserisZis `saxlSi~ misvlis mizezsa Tu mizezebzea saubari. marTalia,
am striqonze warmodgenili teqstis wakiTxva mxolod fragmentuli
saxiT movaxerxeT, magram TviT am fragmentebidanac ki aSkarad Cans,
rom patroni siTixaTunis ivane abuserisZis `saxlSi~ misvlis mizezsa
Tu mizezebze saubari III striqonze veranairad ver dasruldeboda da
Txroba ueWvelad momdevno, IV striqonze gadavidoda.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, gamovTqvamT mosazrebas, rom I kin-
klosuri minaweri Tavdapirvelad Sedgeboda oTxi striqonisagan,
romelTagan bolo, IV striqoni, furclis qveda arSiidan etratis
zolis CamoWris gamo, mTlianad aris dakarguli. samwuxarod, am
dakarguli teqstis raime damajerebeli saxiT aRdgena, minaweris
saerTo konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiTac ki SeuZlebelia da amitomac
mas aRdgenis gareSe vtovebT.
amiT vasrulebT A-85-is I kinklosuri minaweris teqstis dadgenaze
muSaobas da samecniero sazogadoebas vTavazobT am teqstis saboloo
wakiTxvas:
àqa movida abuserisZisa ivanes saxlsa Siga | [patro]nisa, amir-
spasarlisa da, patroni siT|[ixaTun] da misisa m(?)[-]m(?)a[- - - - -]
sulis[a] s(?)[-]x(?)[- - -] | [...]~.
II kinklosuri minaweri
I striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: àqa: gar[...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: àqa: gar[daicvala?]~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: àq gar[daicvala?]~.
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: àqa gar[daicvala]~.
rogorc vxedavT, minaweris dasawyisSi, A-85-is (da ara mxolod
A-85-is) sxva kinklosuri minawerebis msgavsad, warmodgenilia sityva:
àqa~. es sityva odnav arazusti saxiT aris Setanili jumber odiSelis
publikaciaSi: àq~. gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs minaweris Tedo
Jordaniasa da Tamar bregaZis gamocemebSi, sadac gansaxilavi sityva
zustad dedanTan SesabamisobaSia wakiTxuli: àqa~.
I striqonis pirveli sityvis Semdeg Sesrulebulia rigiT meore

sityvis pirveli sami grafema `gar~. am sityvis momdevno grafemebi
dakargulia furclis marjvena arSiidan etratis zolis CamoWris gamo.
aRniSnuli sityvis sruli saxiT aRdgena pirvelad Tedo Jordaniam
scada. man minaweris saerTo azrobrivi konteqstidan gamomdinare,
zemoxsenebuli sami grafemis (`gar~) Semdeg rva dakarguli grafema
– `[daicvala]~ aRadgina da sityva, marTalia, kiTxvis niSniT, magram
mainc sruli saxiT waikiTxa: `gar[daicvala?]~. I striqonis bolo
fragmentis Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva mogvianebiT jumber odiSelma
da Tamar bregaZem srulad gaiziares, oRond, im gansxvavebiT, rom
jumber odiSelma aRdgenil sityvasTan ucvlelad datova Tedo
Jordanias mier dasmuli kiTxvis niSani: `gar[daicvala?]~, xolo Tamar
bregaZem Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva srulebiT misaRebad CaTvala da
aRdgenil sityvas saerTod mouxsna kiTxvis niSani: `gar[daicvala]~.
Cven srulad viziarebT Tedo Jordanias im dakvirvebas, rom I striqonis
meore sityvaSi ueWvelad gardacvalebis faqtze iyo saubari, Tumca,
imavdroulad, verasgziT ver daveTanxmebiT mis im mosazrebas, rom es,
sanaxevrod dakarguli sityva ikiTxeboda, rogorc `gar[daicvala?]~.
amgvari daskvnisaken, pirvel rigSi, gvibiZgebs is garemoeba, rom A-85-
is 309r-s marjvena arSiidan CamoWrili etratis, viwro, daaxloebiT,1-
1,5 sm siganis zolze Sesrulebuli unda yofiliyo, maqsimum, sami-xuTi
saSualo zomis grafema. sxvaTa Soris, am dakvirvebis marTebulobaSi
TvalnaTliv davrwmundebiT qvemoT, roca vnaxavT, rom II minaweris
momdevno striqonebis TiToeul dakargul fragmentzec swored sami-
xuTi saSualo zomis grafema iyo Sesrulebuli. Sesabamisad, Tuki
Cven upirobod gaviziarebT Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebul
variants, maSin iZulebuli gavxdebiT, rom I striqonis bolos, sami-
xuTi grafemisaTvis gankuTvnil adgilas aRvadginoT rva grafemisagan
Semdgari, anu, daaxloebiT, orjer ufro didi zomis fragmenti, rac,
rasakvirvelia, ar aris swori. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT,
marTebuli iqneba, rom I striqonis bolos vivaraudoT xuTi dakarguli
grafemis `[daxda]~-s arseboba da Tavad sityva aRvadginoT Semdegi
saxiT: `gar[daxda]~. Cvens amgvar mosazrebas mxars uWers ori ZiriTadi
garemoeba: 1. `gar[daxda]~ aris erTaderTi SesaZlo sityva, romelic
azrobrivi, fonetikuri da moculobiTi TvalsazrisiT, zedmiwevniT
zustad pasuxobs I striqonis bolos aRsadgeni sityvisaTvis wayenebul
moTxovnebs: is aRniSnavs visime gardacvalebis faqts, iwyeba grafemebiT
`gar~ da zustad eteva misTvis gankuTvnil areze (pirvel sam grafemas
(`gar~) vkiTxulobT teqstSi, momdevno xuTi grafemis (`[daxda]~)
arsebobas ki vvaraudobT dakargul fragmentze); 2. sityva `gardaxda~,
gardacvalebis mniSvnelobiT, dadasturebuli gvaqvs sxva qronikalur

cnobaSic, kerZod ki, vaxuSti bagrationis mier Sedgenil `qronologiur
cxrilSi~, romelic, Tavis mxriv, darTuli aqvs swavluli batoniSvil-
is fundamentur naSroms `cxovreba samefosa saqarTvelosas~ (1742-
1745 ww.). am `qronologiur cxrilSi~ vaxuSti bagrationi saqarTvelos
mefis bagrat V-is (1360-1393 ww.) gardacvalebis faqtis aRsaniSnavad
sityva `miicvalas~ nacvlad, sityva `gardaxdas~ iyenebs da mTlianad
qronikalur cnobas Semdegi saxiT warmogvidgens: `q(oroni)k(o)nebi
Cven m(ie)r povnilni wignebTa S(in)a... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1395,
qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni p~g (83+1312=1395 w.). didi bagrat m(e)fe gardax-
da... Ze misi giorgi gamefda~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).16
amrigad, yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, II kinklosuri
minaweris I striqonis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
àqa gar[daxda]~.
II striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `patroni: a[...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `patroni a[mir?]~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `patroni a[mir]~.
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: `patroni ...~
II striqonis pirveli sityvis Semdeg Sesrulebuli teqstidan dRe-
isaTvis mxolod pirveli grafema à~ ikiTxeba, momdevno grafemebi ki
furclis marjvena arSiidan etratis zolTan erTad aris CamoWrili.
am dakarguli grafemebis sakiTxs Tavdapirvelad Tedo Jordania
Seexo. mkvlevarma III striqonis dasawyisSi Sesrulebuli grafemebi
16
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti
dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, IV (Tbilisi,
1973), 896. Sdr. qronikebi, II, 201. sargis kakabaZis dakvirvebiT, vaxuSti bagrations es
qronikaluri cnoba aRebuli hqonda dReisaTvis dakarguli qronikidan, romelsac
Tavad swavluli batoniSvili ìmeruli garigebis wigns~ uwodebda: ìsic unda iTq-
vas, rom garigebis wignis (ìmeruli garigebis wignis~ – avtorebi) qronikaSi yofila
cnoba bagrat mefis sikvdilis Sesaxeb am redaqciiT: `mefe didi bagrat miicvala~ (aq
mkvlevars mxedvelobaSi aqvs àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosas~ erT-erTi nakveTi ùw-
yebuleba mkiTxvelTaTÂs~, sadac vaxuSti bagrationi gvauwyebs, rom bagrat V-is gar-
dacvalebis TariRi miTiTebulia `Zvels garigebis da samarTlis wignsa Sina imereTs,
gelaTursa, rameTu brwyinvalis giorgidam giorgisamde Zisa aleqsandresa swers:...
mefe didi bagrat miicvala...~ vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa,
302. – avtorebi)... Tavis qronikul nusxaSi (`qronologiur cxrilSi~ – avtorebi) ki
vaxuSts es TariRi moyavs am gvarad: qoronikons 83 (1395) didi bagrat mefe gardaxda~.
sargis kakabaZe, ìmeruli Zveli garigebis wignis qronikis Sesaxeb~, kvleva-Ziebani
saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb (Tfilisi, 1920), 15.
`spasalar[...]~ II striqonis bolos dakarguli grafemebis uSualo

gagrZelebad CaTvala da teqstis am adgilas erTi mTliani sityva
aRadgina: à[mir?]|spasalari~. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad Tedo
Jordanias II striqonis bolos aRdgenili sami grafema kiTxvis niSniT
hqonda gadmocemuli: à[mir?]~, jumber odiSelma savsebiT sarwmunod
CaTvala teqstis amgvari aRdgena da gansaxilavi sami grafema
yovelgvari kiTxvis niSnis gareSe Seitana sakuTar gamocemaSi: à[mir]~.
aRniSnul sakiTxs gacilebiT ufro kritikulad miudga Tamar bregaZe.
man, winamorbedi mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, I striqonis pirveli
sityvis Semdeg verc grafema à~ amoikiTxa, verc Tedo Jordanias
aRdgenas endo da amitom gansaxilavi fragmenti sakuTar gamocemaSi
mxolod samwertiliT aRniSna: `patroni ...~ Cven savsebiT viziarebT II
striqonis bolos dakarguli grafemebis Tedo Jordanias aRdgenas da
jumber odiSelis msgavsad, miviCnevT, rom am aRdgenis marTebulobaSi
eWvis SetanisaTvis aranairi safuZveli ar arsebobs.
minaweris II striqonis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
`patroni, a[mir]~.
III striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `spasalar[...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `spasalari ivane? a]~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `spasala[ri]...~
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: `spasalari ...~
dReisaTvis III striqonze garkveviT ikiTxeba mxolod pirveli rva
grafema: `spasalar[...]~, momdevno grafemebi ki furclis marjvena
arSiidan etratis zolTan erTad aris CamoWrili. am, dakarguli gra-
femebis aRdgenis pirveli cda Tedo Jordanias ekuTvnis. samwuxarod,
mkvlevris mier wakiTxul III striqonSi, rogorc Cans, meqanikurad aris
gamotovebuli aRdgenili teqstis dasawyisis aRmniSvneli teqnikuri
niSani: marjvniv gaxsnili kavi (dakuTxuli frCxili). am mizezis gamo,
misi publikaciidan saerTod ar Cans, III striqonze warmodgenili
grafemebidan, romeli grafemaa avtoris mier uSualod wakiTxuli da
romeli – konteqstis mixedviT aRdgenili: `spasalari ivane? a]~. amgvari
bundovani suraTis miuxedavad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxuli hqonda III striqonis mxolod is pirveli rva
grafema, romlebic dResac garkveviT ganirCeva teqstSi: `spasalar~.
rac Seexeba danarCen Svid grafemas: ì ivane? a]~, es grafemebi, ufro
zustad ki, maTi savaraudo ganTavsebis adgili, Tedo Jordanias dros
ukve CamoWrili iyo furclis marjvena arSiidan da amitom III striqonis
es nawili ueWvelad Tedo Jordanias aRdgenad unda CaiTvalos (am

aRdgenis Sesaxeb vrclad qvemoT, IV striqonis teqstis dadgenisas
gveqneba saubari). III striqonis wakiTxvis sisrulis TvalsazrisiT,
daaxloebiT, analogiuri suraTi gvaqvs jumber odiSelis gamocemaSic.
aq III striqonidan mxolod pirveli Svidi grafemaa amokiTxuli,
momdevno ori grafema konteqstis mixedviT aris aRdgenili, striqonis
bolo fragmenti ki, rogorc daudgeneli teqsti, samwertiliTaa
aRniSnuli: `spasala[ri]...~ III striqonis dasawyisSi warmodgenil
teqsts, jumber odiSelTan SedarebiT, odnav ufro sruli saxiT
kiTxulobs Tamar bregaZe: `spasalari...~, Tumca ki, gaugebaria, rogor
moaxerxa mkvlevarma mecxre grafema ì~-s amokiTxva, romelic, rogorc
ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, Tedo Jordanias dros ukve CamoWrili iyo
furclis marjvena arSiidan. rogorc Cans, es mecxre grafema Tamar
bregaZes konteqstis mixedviT aqvs aRdgenili, oRond is sakuTar
publikaciaSi specialuri teqnikuri niSnebis gareSe aqvs Setanili.
Cven, Tedo Jordaniasagan srulebiT gansxvavebuli saxiT aRvadgenT III
striqonis dakargul fragments. oRond, vinaidan es aRdgena mTlianad
momdevno, IV striqonis Cveneul wakiTxvazea damyarebuli, amitom
orive striqonis teqsti qvemoT, IV striqonis dadgenis Semdeg gveqneba
warmodgenili.
IV striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `buRas: [--]: [...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `buls[erisZe?]~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `bels...~
Tamar bregaZis wakiTxva: `bels...~
II minaweris teqstis dadgenasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebidan,
Cvens gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs IV striqonis dasawyisSi
warmodgenili da dRemde, praqtikulad, dauzianeblad moRweuli
xuTi grafemis `buRas~ wakiTxvis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli grafemebi Tedo
Jordanias publikaciaSi Semdegi saxiT aris motanili: `buls~. rogorc
vxedavT, mkvlevarma savsebiT sworad waikiTxa IV striqonis pirveli
ori grafema `bu~, Tumca momdevno ori grafema: orkbila `R~ da masze
gadabmuli à~, SecdomiT, gaiazra rogorc erTi grafema – samkbila `l~
da amitom IV striqonis dasawyisi SecdomiT waikiTxa, rogorc: `buls~.
aRniSnul Secdomas Tedo Jordaniaseul publikaciaSi jaWvuri reaqcia
mohyva. mkvlevarma mis mier SecdomiT wakiTxuli grafemebi I kinklosur
minawerSi dadasturebuli feodaluri gvaris àbuserisZis~ erT-erTi
fonetikuri variantis àbulserisZis~ (?) Semadgenel fragmentad
CaTvala da amitom, Sesabamisi sityvis aRdgena II minaweris teqstSic
scada. am mizniT, mkvlevarma III striqonis bolos aRadgina erTi

dakarguli grafema à~, IV striqonis bolos – kidev eqvsi dakarguli
grafema `[erisZe]~ da minaweris es fragmenti, marTalia, kiTxvis niSniT,
magram mainc dasrulebuli sityvis saxiT Seitana Tavis gamocemaSi:
`[a]|buls[erisZe?]~. garda amisa, Tedo Jordaniam, rogorc Cans,
CaTvala, rom I minawerSi moxseniebuli ivane abuserisZe da II minawerSi
mis mier aRdgenili `[a]buls[erisZe]~ erTi da igive piri iyo da amitom
III striqonis dakarguli fragmentis dasawyisSi kiTxvis niSniT aRa-
dgina sakuTari saxeli ìvane?~. sabolood, Tedo Jordaniam A-85-is II
minaweris III-IV striqonebi Semdegi saxiT Seitana Tavis publikaciaSi:
`spasalari ivane? a]|buls[erisZe?]~. IV striqonis pirveli grafemebi
kidev ufro arazusti saxiT amoikiTxes jumber odiSelma da Tamar
bregaZem. maT aramxolod III-IV grafemebi `Ra~ gaiazres rogorc `l~,
aramed Tedo Jordaniasagan gansxvavebiT, II grafema ù~-c SecdomiT
waikiTxes, rogorc è~ da IV striqonis dasawyisi sabolood Semdegi
saxiT daadgines: `bels~. rac Seexeba III-IV striqonebis dakargul
fragmentebze saxeli ìvane~-sa da gvari àbulserisZe~-s Semadgeneli
ramdenime grafemis aRdgenas, jumber odiSelma da Tamar bregaZem,
rogorc Cans, ar gaiziares Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli es
varianti da III-IV striqonebis Sesabamisi fragmentebi samwertilebiT
aRniSnes sakuTar publikaciebSi: `spasala[ri]... bels...~ (jumber
odiSeli); `spasalari ...bels...~ (Tamar bregaZe).
Cven, cxadia, ver gaviziarebT III striqonis pirveli grafemebis
verc Tedo Jordanias, verc jumber odiSelisa da verc Tamar bregaZis
wakiTxvebs, vinaidan am adgilas, sinamdvileSi, ikiTxeba ara oTxi
grafema `buls~ an `bels~, aramed xuTi grafema `buRas~.
III striqonis dasawyisSi warmodgenili am grafemebis swori
wakiTxva saSualebas gvaZlevs, argumentirebulad aRvadginoT III-IV
striqonebis dakarguli fragmentebi. daviwyoT III striqonis bolo
fragmentiT. specialur literaturaze dayrdnobiT, dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XIV saukuneSi amirspasalaris saxelos flobda
mxolod erTi iseTi piri, visi saxelic mTavrdeboda grafemebiT ùRa~.
es aris aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I jayeli, romelic araerTgzis
aris moxseniebuli XIV-XVI saukuneebis qarTul da ucxour werilobiT
ZeglebSi (amis Sesaxeb vrclad ix. qvemoT). Sesabamisad, A-85-is II
kinklosuri minaweris teqstSi moxseniebuli amirspasalari, romlis
saxelic sruldeba grafemebi ùRa~-Ti, sxva aravin SeiZleba iyos, Tu
ara aRbuRa I jayeli. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, III striqonis dakarguli
fragmentis bolo nawilSi aRvadgenT or grafema `[aR]~-s da mTlianad
sityvas vkiTxulobT Semdegi saxiT: `[aR]buRas~. paralelurad amisa,
Cven viTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom sityva `[aR]buRas~ naTesaobiT

brunvaSia dasmuli, amave naTesaobiTi brunvis niSnebs ìs~-as aRvadgenT
misi msazRvreli sityvis `[amir]|spasalar[...]~-s bolo, dakargul
fragmentze da sabolood, minaweris am nawils vkiTxulobT Semdegi
saxiT: à[mir]|spasalar[is aR]buRas~.
minaweris IV striqonze dakvirveba aCvenebs, rom aq pirveli xuTi
grafemis `buRas~-a da Sesabamisi gankveTilobis orwertilis Semdeg
Sesrulebuli iyo ori grafemis Semcveli sityva da Sesabamisi
gankveTilobis niSani. dReisaTvis xsenebuli ori grafema, melnis
gadasvlis gamo, aRar ikiTxeba. samagierod, garkveviT ganirCeva
maT Semdeg dasmuli gankveTilobis orwertili. dakarguli ori
grafemis aRdgenaze muSaobisas Cveni yuradReba, pirvel rigSi, I kin-
klosuri minaweris im fragmentma miipyro, romelic, Sinaarsobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, Zalzed axlos dgas II minaweris CvenTvis saintereso
fragmentTan: I minaweri – àmirspasarlisa da, patroni siT|[ixaTun]~;
II minaweri – `patroni: a[mir]|spasalar[is: aR]|buRas: [--]:~.
vfiqrobT, aq motanili fragmentebis urTierTSepirispirebidan
naTlad Cans, rom orive minaweris teqstSi saubari exeba erTsa da imave
pirs, amirspasalar aRbuRas das, patron siTixaTuns. Sesabamisad,
II minaweris IV striqonze, pirveli xuTi grafema `buRas~ Semdeg,
dakarguli orgrafemiani sityva unda aRdges Semdegi saxiT: `[da]~.
minaweris IV striqonze, Cven mier aRdgenili sityva `[da]~-s Semdeg
Sesrulebuli unda yofiliyo, daaxloebiT, sami-xuTi grafemis
Semcveli teqsti, romelic dReisaTvis, furclis marjvena arSiidan
etratis zolis CamoWris gamo, mTlianadaa dakarguli. winamdebare
naSromSi Cven SevZeliT, srulad aRgvedgina es dakarguli fragmenti,
Tumca amis Taobaze qvemoT, minaweris V striqonis teqstis dadgenis
dros gveqneba saubari.
minaweris III-IV striqonebis teqsti dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
`spasalar[is aR]|buRas [da] [...]~.
V striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `sa: mz: d[...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `si]]T- - -~.
jumber odiSelis wakiTxva: `si...~
vidre teqstis dadgenasTan dakavSirebul ZiriTad sakiTxebze
gadavidodeT, gvsurs, aRvniSnoT, rom minaweris V striqonis Tedo
Jordanias gamocemaSi mcire teqnikur uzustobas aqvs adgili. kerZod,
aq meore grafema ì~-s Semdeg erTmaneTis mijriT aris dasmuli
aRdgenili teqstis dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRmniSvneli teqnikuri

niSnebi: Sesabamisad, marjvniv da marcxniv gaxsnili kavebi, romelTagan
pirveli kavi, SecdomiT, marcxniv aris Sebrunebuli. es teqnikuri
niSnebi, rogorc Cans, mesame grafema `T~-s marcxniv da marjvniv unda
yofiliyo Sesrulebuli. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamodis, rom V
striqonidan Tedo Jordaniam mxolod pirveli ori grafema amoikiTxa:
`si~, momdevno, mesame grafema ki, savaraudod, I minawerSi moxseniebuli
amirspasalaris dis, siTixaTunis saxelis gavleniT aRadgina: `[T]~. V
striqonis pirveli ori grafema zustad Tedo Jordanias publikaciis
msgavsad aris warmodgenili jumber odiSelis gamocemaSic: `si...~
rac Seexeba Tamar bregaZes, mis publikaciaSi V striqonis teqsti
saerTod ar aris Setanili. Cven vadasturebT, rom minaweris dedanSi
V striqonis dasawyisSi namdvilad warmodgenilia grafema `s~, Tumca
ki, aqve SevniSnavT im faqtsac, rom mas mosdevs ara grafema ì~, rogorc
amas vxedavT Tedo Jordaniasa da jumber odiSelis gamocemebSi, aramed
grafema à~, romlis Semdegac dasmulia gankveTilobis orwertili.
minaweris dedanSi V striqonis pirveli ori grafemisa da Sesabamisi
gankveTilobis niSnis Semdeg Sesrulebulia, agreTve, gankveTilobis
orwertiliT dasrulebuli ori grafema `mz~, romlebic teqstSi
ueWvelad ricxviTi mniSvnelobis (47) gadmosacemad aris gamoyenebuli.
Tu Cveni es dakvirveba sworia, maSin gamodis, rom `mz~-s win, anu IV
striqonis bolosa da V striqonis dasawyisSi, warmodgenili iyo,
daaxloebiT, xuTi-Svidi grafemisagan Semdgari sityva, romelic, erTi
mxriv, azrobrivad ukavSirdeboda am ori grafemis daxmarebiT gadmo-
cemul ricxviT mniSvnelobas (47), xolo, meore mxriv, sruldeboda
grafemebiT: `sa~. aRniSnuli moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, `mz~-s win,
SeiZleba, Sesrulebuli yofiliyo mxolod sami sityva: 1. `[q~kn]|sa~;
2. `[wel]|sa~; da 3. `[wli]|sa~. daSvebuli hipoTeturi variantebidan,
amTaviTve unda gamoiricxos pirveli ori varianti: `[q~kn]|sa~ da
`[wel]|sa~. marTlac, amgvari daSvebis SemTxvevaSi gamova, rom teqstis
am fragmentiT II kinklosur minawerSi gadmocemuli ambavi TariRdeba
XIV moqcevis mz (47) qronikoniT an amave moqcevis dasawyisidan aTvlili
mz (47) wliT, rac, orive SemTxvevaSi, qristeSobidan 1359 (1312+47)
wels gvaZlevs. arada, zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom gansaxilavi minaweri,
ufro zustad ki, misi I striqoni, Sesrulebulia pasqaluri cxrilis
danayofebis 1356 wlis aRmniSvneli ganivi mwkrivis gaswvriv, rac,
Tavis mxriv, calsaxad migviTiTebs im faqtze, rom minaweris avtors
teqstSi gadmocemuli ambavi gansazRvruli aqvs ara 1359, aramed, 1356
wliT. Sesabamisad, gvrCeba sanaxevrod dakarguli sityvis aRdgenis
mesame hipoTeturi varianti: `[wli]|sa~, romelic zedmiwevniT zustad
Seesabameba II minaweris saerTo azrobriv konteqsts da gvauwyebs, rom

aRbuRa amirspasalaris da gardacvalebis Jams mz, anu 47 wlis iyo.
aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, minaweris IV striqonis bolos aRvadgenT
sam dakargul grafema `wli~-s da Sesabamis sityvas vkiTxulobT
Semdegi saxiT: `[wli]|sa~.
V striqonze, sityva `mz~-sa da Sesabamisi gankveTilobis orwerti-
lis Semdeg ikiTxeba erTaderTi grafema `d~. misi momdevno, sami-xuTi
grafemisagan Semdgari teqsti furclis marjvena arSiidan etratis
zolis CamoWris gamo, mTlianad dakargulia. am, dakarguli fragmentis
aRdgenis Sesaxeb qvemoT, VI striqonis dadgenisas gveqneba saubari.
minaweris IV striqonis bolo fragmentisa da V striqonis teqsti
dadgenil unda iqnes Semdegi saxiT:
`[wli]|sa mz (47), d[...]~.
VI striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `nbers[...]~.
Tedo Jordanias wakiTxva: `nbers (noembers?) - -~.
minaweris VI striqonis teqsti mxolod Tedo Jordanias publika-
ciaSia warmodgenili. mkvlevari aq martooden pirvel xuT grafemas
`nbers~ ganarCevs da kiTxvis niSniT gvTavazobs am, fragmentulad
SemorCenili sityvis miseul aRdgenas: `(noembers?)~. VI striqonis teq-
sts, Tedo Jordaniasagan gansxvavebiT, rogorc Cans, fragmentuladac
ver kiTxuloben jumber odiSeli da Tamar bregaZe, ris gamoc es
striqoni maT gamocemebSi saerTod ar aris Setanili. Cven mTlianad
viziarebT VI striqonis pirveli xuTi grafemis Tedo Jordanias
wakiTxvas da Cveni mxriv, vadasturebT, rom aq dResac ganirCeva
grafemebi: `nbers~. garda amisa, Cven viziarebT Tedo Jordanias mier
gamoTqmul im mosazrebasac, rom es xuTi grafema weliwadis erT-
erTi Tvis aRmniSvneli sityvis Semadgeneli fragmenti unda iyos,
oRond misgan gansxvavebiT, vfiqrobT, rom teqstSi ikiTxeboda ara:
`(noembers?)~, aramed – `d[eke]|nbers[a]~. gansaxilavi fragmentis
maincadamainc aseTi saxiT aRdgenisaken, pirvel rigSi, gvibiZgebs
is garemoeba, rom V striqonze, sityva `mz~-s Semdeg, anu aRsadgeni
sityvis pirveli grafemis savaraudo mdebareobis adgilas ikiTxeba
ara grafema `n~, aramed – grafema `d~, rac, cxadia, calsaxad miuTiTebs
imaze, rom gansaxilavi sityva iwyeboda grafema `d~-Ti da amitom is
SeiZleba aRdges mxolod erTaderTi SesaZlo saxiT: `d[eke]|nbers[a]~.
kidev ufro martivad aris saqme amave sityvis bolos grafema à~-s
aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT. es grafema furclis marjvena arSiidan
etratis zolis CamoWris gamo, dakargulia da amitom is, erTi mxriv,

konteqstis mixedviT, xolo, meore mxriv, Zveli qarTuli enis normebis
gaTvaliswinebiT gvaqvs aRdgenili.
dReisaTvis furclis marjvena arSiidan CamoWrili etratis
zolTan erTad VI striqonis kidura marjvena fragmentic aris
dakarguli. am fragmentze warmodgenili teqsti qvemoT, VII striqonis
teqstis dadgenisas gveqneba aRdgenili.
minaweris V striqonis bolo fragmentisa da VI striqonis teqsti
`d[eke]|nbers[a] [...]~.
VII striqoni
teqstis gadmonaweri: `cda: [-]r[...]~.
minaweris VII striqonis teqsti Setanili ar aris arc Tedo Jordanias,
arc jumber odiSelisa da arc Tamar bregaZis publikaciebSi. Cven stri-
qonis dasawyisSi garkveviT vkiTxulobT gankveTilobis orwerti-
liT dasrulebul sam grafema `cda~-s. gankveTilobis niSnis Semdeg
Sesrulebuli iyo ori grafema, romelTagan pirveli grafema, melnis
gadasvlis gamo, aRar ganirCeva, xolo meore grafema ikiTxeba rogorc
`r~. am grafemis Semdeg Sesrulebuli teqsti, furclis marjvena arSiidan
etratis zolis CamoWris gamo, dakargulia, Tumca am teqstis aRdgena did
sirTules ar warmoadgens. marTlac, minaweris saerTo konteqstidan ga-
momdinare, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom VI striqonis bolosa da VII
striqonze gadmocemuli iyo dekembris Tvis erT-erTi dRis aRmniSvneli
ricxvi `[o]|cda: [e]r[Tsa:]~ an `[o]|cda: [o]r[sa:]~.
minaweris V striqonis bolo fragmentisa da VI striqonis teqsti
`[o]|cda[e]r[Tsa]~ an `[o]|cda[o]r[sa]~.
amiT vasrulebT A-85-is II kinklosuri minaweris teqstis dadgenaze
muSaobas da samecniero sazogadoebas vTavazobT am teqstis saboloo
wakiTxvas:
àqa gar[daxda] | patroni, a[mir]|spasalar[is aR]|buRas [da,
wli]|sa mz (47), d[eke]|nbers[a o]|cda[e]r[Tsa] (an `[o]|cda[o]r[sa]~).
mas Semdeg, rac SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT davadgineT A-85-
is CvenTvis saintereso ori kinklosuri minaweris teqsti, gadavalT
am minawerebTan dakavSirebuli istoriul-wyaroTmcodneobiTi sa-
kiTxebis Seswavlaze da warmovadgenT am kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelze
miRebul ramdenime ZiriTad daskvnas.
1. A-85-is gansaxilavi ori kinklosuri minaweris daTariReba

I minaweris qronologiis sakiTxs pirvelad Tedo Jordania Seexo
da minaweris TariRis Sesaxeb imTaviTve ori gansxvavebuli mosazreba
gamoTqva. kerZod, man Tavisi `qronikebis~ II tomis 183-e gverdze gansaxilavi
kinklosuri minaweris qronologia m (40) qronikoniT, anu 1352 (40+1312)
wliT gansazRvra, xolo amave wignis 185-e gverdze igive minaweri ukve
1351 wliT daaTariRa: `1352 w. – qksa :m: aqa mo[vi]da: abuseriZisa: ivanes:
saxlsa: Siga...~;17 `...es warwera imave xeliT aris dawerili, rogorc
zemo ivane amirspasalar-abuserisZeze da siTixaTunze 1351 wlis
qveSe~.18
jumber odiSelma Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli am ori
TariRidan (1351 w. da 1352 w.) upiratesoba meore TariRs (1351 w.) mianiWa
da minaweris qronologia sakuTar publikaciaSi 1351 wliT gansazRvra:
`lT – 1351 – [aqa] m[o]vida abuseris Zisa ivanes saxlisa Sigan...~19
jumber odiSelisagan gansxvavebul daskvnamde mivida Tamar
bregaZe. man Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli ori TariRidan
(1351 w. da 1352 w.) ufro sarwmunod pirveli TariRi (1352 w.) miiCnia da
minaweri 1352 wliT Seitana sakuTar gamocemaSi: `[1352 w. `q~knsa] m, aqa
movida abuseris Zis ivanes saxlisa Sigan...~20
I minaweris qronologiis Taobaze erTgvarad winaaRmdegobrivi xa-
siaTis suraTs vawydebiT nargiza goguaZis, mixeil qavTariasa da raul
Cagunavas naSromSi. aq mkvlevrebi, erTi mxriv, aRniSnaven, rom gansaxi-
lavi minaweri Sesrulebulia 39-e, anu lT (39) qronikonis, igive 1351
(39+1312) wlis gaswvriv, xolo meore mxriv, amave minaweris citirebisas,
teqstis dasawyisSi uTiTeben ara qronikon lT-s (39), aramed qronikon
m-s (40), rac, Tavis mxriv, 1352 (40+1312) wels gvaZlevs: `meToTxmete
moqcevis 39-e qronikonis, anu 1351 wlis gaswvriv damowmebulia vinme
abuseriZe ivanes saxli.. `qk~s m. aqa movida abuserisZisa ivanes saxlsa
Siga [da] amirspasalarisa da patroni siTi[xaTun] misi[Ta]...sli...~21
I minaweris qronologiis sakiTxs sul bolos winamdebare naSromis
erT-erTi Tanaavtori, irma beriZe Seexo. man srulad gaiziara Tedo
Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli pirveli TariRi (1352 w.) da minaweri,
Tamar bregaZis msgavsad, 1352 wliT daaTariRa.22
17
qronikebi, II, 183. Sdr. `sinduxtar unda iyos zemo aRniSnuli (1352 w. qveSe)
siTixaTun...~ iqve, 183-184.
18
iqve, 185.
19
mcire qronikebi, 27.
20
21
abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 328-329.
22
beriZe, ìvane abuserisZis (XIV s.) amirspasalarobisa~, 50.
I minaweris daTariRebis msgavsad, sakmaod araerTgvarovani vi-

Tarebaa II minaweris qronologiasTan dakavSirebiTac. aRniSnuli mi-
naweris daTariRebis sakiTxs pirvelad isev da isev Tedo Jordania
Seexo da minaweris qronologia mg (43) qronikoniT, anu 1355 (43+1312)
wliT gansazRvra: `1355 w. – q~ks :mg: aqa: gar[daicvala?] | patroni
a[mir?]|spasalari...~23
Tedo Jordanias mier SemoTavazebuli TariRi (1355 w.) srulad iqna
gaziarebuli mogviano xanis araerTi mkvlevris: levan musxeliSvi-
lis, jumber odiSelis, nodar SoSiaSvilis, nargiza goguaZis, mixeil
qavTariasa da raul Cagunavas mier: `XIV s-Si gvxvdeba vinme abuserisZe
ivane, amir-spasalari, romelic 1355 wels gardacvlila~;24 `mg – 1355
– aq gar[daicvala?] patroni a[mir]spasala[ri]...~;25 `XIV saukuneSi cno-
bilia amirspasalari ivane abuserisZe (gard. 1355 w.)~;26 àmave ivanes
gardacvalebas varaudobs T. Jordania 1355 wels. cnoba mas aRebuli
aqvs A-85-is qronikidan~27 da sxv.
II minaweris qronologiis Taobaze gansxvavebuli mosazreba aqvs
gamoTqmuli Tamar bregaZes. es ukanaskneli minaweris TariRs, CamoT-
vlil mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, md (44) qronikoniT gansazRvravs,
oRond am qronikonis TariRis qristeSobidan aTvlil welTaRicx-
vaze gadayvanisas meqnikur uzustobas uSvebs da minaweris citire-
bisas, teqstis dasawyisSi, SecdomiT, ara 1356 (44+1312), aramed 1354
wels uTiTebs: `[1354 w. `q~knsa] md, aqa gar[daicvala] patroni ...
spasalari...~28
Tamar bregaZis publikaciaSi gaparuli mcdari TariRi (1354 w.) upi-
robod gaiziara winamdebare naSromis erT-erTma Tanaavtorma, irma
beriZem da II kinklosuri minaweri agreTve 1354 wliT daaTariRa.29
maSasadame, irkveva, rom A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso kinklosuri
minawerebis daTariRebis Taobaze samecniero literaturaSi ramden-
ime gansxvavebuli mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. kerZod, I minaweri daTari-
Rebulia 1351 (jumber odiSeli), 1352 (Tamar bregaZe, irma beriZe) da
1351//1352 (Tedo Jordania, nargiza goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria, raul
23
qronikebi, II, 185.
24
abuserisZe, bolok-basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi, 23.
25
mcire qronikebi, 27.
26
nodar SoSiaSvili, àbuserisZeni~, qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, 1 (Tbilisi,
1975), 47. Sdr. `XIV saukuneSi cnobilia amirspasalari ivane abuserisZe (g. 1355)~. no-
dar SoSiaSvili, àbuserisZeni~, saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, 1 (Tbilisi, 1997), 39.
27
abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 329.
28
29
irma beriZe, ìvane abuserisZis (XIV s.) amirspasalarobisa~, 50.
Cagunava) wlebiT, xolo II minaweris qronologia gansazRvrulia 1354

(Tamar bregaZe, irma beriZe) da 1355 (Tedo Jordania, levan musxeliS-
vili, jumber odiSeli, nodar SoSiaSvili, nargiza goguaZe, mixeil qav-
Taria, raul Cagunava) wlebiT.
gansaxilavi minawerebis Cven mier Sesrulebuli teqnikuri aRweri-
lobidan aSkarad Cans, rom I kinklosuri minaweri Sesrulebulia 308v-s
qveda arSiaze, amave gverdze warmodgenili pasqaluri cxrilis danay-
ofebis sul qveda, rigiT me-40 ganivi mwkrivis, igive me-40 qronikonis,
anu qristeSobidan 1352 (40+1312), nakiani wlis aRmniSvneli striqonis
qvemoT, xolo II kinklosuri minaweri Sesrulebulia 309r-s marjvena ar-
Siis zeda nawilSi, amave gverdze warmodgenili pasqaluri cxrilis da-
nayofebis rigiT 44-e ganivi mwkrivis, igive 44-e qronikonis, anu qriste-
Sobidan 1356 (44+1312), agreTve, nakiani wlis aRmniSvneli striqonis gas-
wvriv.
amrigad, yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, sabolood dgindeba
Semdegi:
a) A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso I kinklosuri minaweri TariRdeba ara
1351 an 1351//1352 wlebiT, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, jumber odiS-
eli, nargiza goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria da raul Cagunava fiqrobdnen,
aramed – 1352 wliT, rogorc amas Tamar bregaZe da irma beriZe aRniS-
navdnen;
b) A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso II kinklosuri minaweri TariRdeba
ara 1354 an 1355 wliT, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, levan musxeliS-
vili, jumber odiSeli, nodar SoSiaSvili, Tamar bregaZe, nargiza
goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria, raul Cagunava da irma beriZe fiqrobdnen,
aramed – 1356 wliT.
2. ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi gardacvalebis

1355 wliT daTariRebis sakiTxi
I minawerSi moxseniebuli ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da
misi gardacvalebis 1355 wliT daTariRebis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSi
pirvelad Tedo Jordaniam dasva. aRniSnul sakiTxze msjelobisas mkvl-
evari mTlianad emyareboda I da II minawerebis teqstebis miseul wakiTx-
vebs, romelTa mixedviTac mkvlevars minawerebis Sinaarsi, rogorc
Cans, Semdegi saxiT esmoda. I minaweri – 1351//1352 wlebSi amirspasalar
ivane abuserisZis saxlSi mivida patroni siTixaTun; II minaweri – 1355
wels gardaicvala patroni, amirspasalari ivane abulserisZe: `1352 w.
– qksa :m: aqa mo[vi]da: abuseriZisa: ivanes: saxlsa: Siga [da] amirspasala-
risa da: patroni siTi[xaTun]...~; `1355 w. – q~ks :mg: aqa: gar[daicvala?]
| patroni a[mir?]|spasalari ivane? a]|buls[erisZe?]... SeiZleba àbu-
serisZis~ magier ikiTxebodes àbuleTisZe~, Tumca es warwera imave xe-

liT aris dawerili, rogorc zemo ivane amirspasalar-abuserisZeze da
siTixaTunze 1351 wlis qveSe~.30
miuxedavad imisa, rom Tedo Jordanias mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba
ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi gardacvalebis 1355 wliT
daTariRebis Taobaze sakmaod bundovani da naklebad dasabuTebuli
iyo, mogviano xanis mkvlevrebma: levan musxeliSvilma, Tamar bregaZem,
nodar SoSiaSvilma, iuri sixaruliZem da sxvebma, es mosazreba mainc
ukritikod gaiziares:
`meore mxriT, XIV s-Si gvxvdeba vinme abuserisZe ivane, amir-spasal-
ari, romelic 1355 wels gardacvlila. Tu Cvens ZeglSi (àxalni sas-
waulni wmidisa giorgisni~-saTvis darTul abuserisZeTa sagvareulo
matianeSi – avtorebi) moxsenebuli uaxlesi Taobis (tbel abuserisZis
Svilebis – avtorebi) wlebi 1210-1260-iT ganvsazRvreT da ivane amir-
spasalaris dabadebis weli 1300-is axlos vigulveT, maSin Cveni Zeglis
ukanasknel Taobasa da ivane amir-spasalars Sorisac ori ucnobi Tao-
ba unda vivaraudoT~; `sainteresoa, rom meore minawerSi... is (ivane – av-
torebi) ixsenieba `[a]buls[erisZe]-d~; `sakuTar saxelTa saZiebeli...
abuserisZe ivane IV, amirspasalari~.31
`pirTa saZiebeli... ivane abuseris Ze (amirspasalari)...~32
àbuserisZeni, XI-XIV ss. saqarTvelos did feodalTa sagvareulo...
XII-XIII ss-Si iyvnen mxolod xixaTa erisTavTerisTavebi. XIV s-Si cno-
bilia amirspasalari ivane abuserisZe (gard. 1355 w.)~.33
ìvane. am saxeliT ànderZSi~ (abuserisZeTa sagvareulo matianeSi
– avtorebi) ori piri ixsenieba: mwerlis (tbel abuserisZis – avtorebi)
mama da Svili. ise ki mTel saxlSi (abuserisZeTa feodalur saxlSi –
avtorebi), jerjerobiT, oTxi ivanea dadasturebuli. pirveli (arta-
nujis erisTavi) iovaned iwodeba, xolo danarCenebi – ivaned. amaTgan
erTi ivane II (abuseris Ze) aWaris erisTavT-erisTavi iyo, xolo ivane III
(XIV s.) – amirspasalari...~; `saZieblebi. pirTa saxelebi... ivane amirs-
pasalari (abuserisZe)...~34
àbuserisZeni, XI-XIV ss. saqarTvelos did feodalTa sagvareulo...
XII-XIII ss-Si iyvnen xixaTa patronebi da erisTavTerisTavebi... XIV s-Si...
dawinaurdnen das. saqarTvelos samefo karze da miaRwies amirspasal-
30
qronikebi, II, 183, 185.
31
abuserisZe, bolok-basilis mSenebloba SuartyalSi, 23, 88.
32
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, I1, 457, 488.
33
SoSiaSvili, àbuserisZeni~, 47.
34
abuserisZe, cxovreba qviTxuroisa basilisa, 71, 78-79.
arobas. XIV saukuneSi cnobilia amirspasalari ivane abuserisZe (g.

1355)~;35 da sxv.
CamoTvlili mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebiT, Tedo Jordanias mier
gamoTqmuli mosazreba ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobis Sesaxeb,
rogorc Cans, jumber odiSelma ar gaiziara da I minawerSi moxseniebuli
ivane abuserisZe da amave minawerSi naxsenebi amirspasalari sxvadasxva
pirebad miiCnia. amaze, pirvel rigSi, migviTiTebs misi publikaciisaT-
vis darTuli `pirTa saZiebeli~, sadac ivane abuserisZe raime samoxe-
leo wodebis gareSea moxseniebuli, siTi-xaTuni ki, sapirispirod amisa,
swored amirspasalaris dad aris warmodgenili: `saZieblebi. pirTa...
ivane abuseris Ze II, II, 1 (igulisxmeba A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso I kin-
klosuri minaweri – avtorebi)... siTi-xaTuni, amirspasalaris da II, II, 1
(igulisxmeba igive I kinklosuri minaweri – avtorebi)...~36
jumber odiSelis naSromis gamoqveynebidan sakmaod didi xnis Sem-
deg Tedo Jordanias mosazrebis marTebulobaSi eWvi nodar SoSiaS-
vilmac Seitana, romelic manamde, rogorc ukve vnaxeT zemoT, srulad
iziarebda debulebas ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi 1355
wels gardacvalebis Taobaze: `XIV s.-is abuserisZeebze cnobebi saist-
orio wyaroebSi metad mwiria. T. Jordanias `qronikebis~ II tomSi gamo-
qveynebul erT-erT minawerSi, 1355 wels gardacvlili ivane abuserisZe
amirspasalarad ixsenieba, magram, es minaweri damaxinjebuli Cans. abu-
serisZis wakiTxva aq saeWvoa da ivanes amirspasalarobac eWvs iwvevs~.37
ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi gardacvalebis
sakiTxs sul bolos winamdebare naSromis erT-erTi Tanaavtori irma
beriZe Seexo. man erTgvarad dasrulebuli saxe misca jumber odiS-
elisa da nodar SoSiaSvilis mosazrebebs da samecniero sazogadoebas
ori ZiriTadi debuleba SesTavaza: 1. I minaweris teqstSi moxseniebuli
ivane abuserisZe da amave minawerSi naxsenebi amirspasalari sxvadasxva
pirebi arian; da 2. II minaweris teqstSi saubaria ara ivane abuserisZis,
aramed amirspasalaris dis, siTixaTunis gardacvalebaze.38
ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi 1355 wels gardacva-
lebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sxva mkvlevrebisagan gansxvavebuli
pozicia daikaves nargiza goguaZem, mixeil qavTariam da raul Cagu-
navam. maT, erTi mxriv, sarwmunod ar miiCnies Tedo Jordanias mosaz-
35
SoSiaSvili, àbuserisZeni~, 39.
36
mcire qronikebi, 136, 139, 141.
37
nodar SoSiaSvili, àbuserisZeTa saxli XI-XVI saukuneebSi~, abuserisZe tbeli
– 800 (Tbilisi, 1999), 8.
38
rebis is nawili, romlis Tanaxmadac ivane abuserisZe amirspasalarad

iyo miCneuli, xolo, meore mxriv, upirobod gaiziares amave mosazrebis
meore nawili da ivane abuserisZis gardacvalebis qronologia, Tedo
Jordanias msgavsad, 1355 wliT gansazRvres: `meToTxmete moqcevis 39-e
qronikonis, anu 1351 wlis gaswvriv damowmebulia vinme abuserisZe
ivanes saxli. `qk~s m. aqa movida abuserisZisa ivanes saxlsa Siga...~... amave
ivanes (abuserisZis – vtorebi) gardacvalebas varaudobs T. Jorda-
nia 1355 wels. cnoba mas aRebuli aqvs A-85-is qronikidan~.39
mas Semdeg, rac SeZlebisdagvarad sruli saxiT davadgineT A-85-is
CvenTvis saintereso kinklosuri minawerebis teqstebi, SegviZlia, ki-
dev erTxel davubrundeT ivane abuserisZis amirspasalarobisa da misi
1355 wels gardacvalebis problemas da sabolood gavarkvioT es bun-
dovani sakiTxi.
I minaweris Cven mier dadgenil teqstze dayrdnobiT, dabejiTebiT
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom minawerSi sami sxvadasxva piria dasaxelebuli:
ivane abuserisZe, saxelis gareSe moxseniebuli amirspasalari da am
amirspaslaris da, patroni siTixaTuni. II minaweris Cven mier dadgeni-
li teqsti kidev ufro azustebs I minaweris cnobebs da gvauwyebs, rom
I minawerSi dasaxelebul amirspasalars saxelad aRbuRa hqvia da war-
momavlobiT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, ara abuserisZeTa, aramed
jayelTa feodalur saxls ekuTvnis. amave II minaweris Cven mier dadge-
nili teqstidan aSkarad Cans isic, rom teqstSi saubaria ara ivane abu-
serisZis, aramed aRbuRa amirspasalaris dis, siTixaTun jayelis gar-
dacvalebis Taobaze.
Semdegi:
a) ivane abuserisZe moxseniebulia A-85-is ara orive kinklosur
minawerSi, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, levan musxeliSvili, nar-
giza goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria da raul Cagunava fiqrobdnen, aramed
– mxolod I minaweris teqstSi, rogorc amas jumber odiSeli da Tamar
bregaZe aRniSnavdnen;
b) ivane abuserisZe A-85-is I kinklosur minawerSi moxseniebulia
ara amirspasalaris saxeloTi, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, levan mus-
xeliSvili, Tamar bregaZe da iuri sixaruliZe fiqrobdnen, aramed yo-
velgvari samoxeleo wodebis gareSe, rogorc amas jumber odiSeli,
nargiza goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria, raul Cagunava da irma beriZe aRniS-
navdnen;
g) A-85-is kinklosuri minawerebis Cven mier dadgenili teqstidan
39
abuserisZe, Txzulebani, 328-329.
gamomdinare, avtomaturad ecleba safuZveli nodar SoSiaSvilis mier

1990 wels gamoTqmul erT uaRresad mniSvnelovan mosazrebas, romel-
ic mkvlevars, daaxloebiT, Semdegi saxiT aqvs Camoyalibebuli: XIV sau-
kuneSi dasavleT saqarTvelos samefo karze amirspasalaris saxelos
flobdnen abuserisZeebi, ris dokumentur dadasturebasac warmoad-
gens A-85-is minawerebi, sadac ivane abuserisZe swored amirspasalaris
wodebiT aris moxseniebuli;
d) A-85-is II kinklosur minawerSi gadmocemulia ara ivane abuse-
risZis micvalebis faqti, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, levan musxeliS-
vili, nargiza goguaZe, mixeil qavTaria da raul Cagunava fiqrobdnen,
aramed amirspasalar aRbuRa I-s dis, siTixaTun jayelis gardacvalebis
ambavi, rogorc amas irma beriZe aRniSnavda.
3. patroni siTixaTunis sagvareulo kuTvnileba, misi da-Zmis
vinaoba, ivane abuserisZis `saxlSi~ misvlis mizezebi da dabadeba-
gardacvalebis TariRebi
A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso kinklosur minawerebSi moxseniebuli
siTixaTunis vinaobis sakiTxs pirvelad Tedo Jordania Seexo. mkvlevr-
is dakvirvebiT, siTixaTuni da saqarTvelos mefis daviT IX-is (1346-1360
ww.) Tanamecxedre, 1354 wlis erTi dakarguli wyalobis wignSi moxsenie-
buli dedofali sinduxtari erTi da igive piri iyo, romelic, rogorc
abuserisZeebTan daaxloebuli piri, samcxis aTabagebis, jayelebis na-
Tesavi unda yofiliyo: `1354 w. – qks: :mg: Cven mefeman daviT da dedo-
falman sinduxtar giwyalobeT... sinduxtar unda iyos zemo aRniSnuli
(1352 w. qveSe) siTixaTun... albaT romlisame aTabagis naTesavi, radgan
daaxlovebuli yofila abuserTa saxlobasTan~.40
mogvianebiT, Tedo Jordanias es mosazreba winamdebare naSromis
erT-erTma Tanaavtorma irma beriZem kidev ufro ganavrco. mkvlevarma
gaiTvaliswina is garemoeba, rom vaxuSti bagrationis àRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa~-s cnobiT, 1334-1361 wlebSi aTabagis saxelos yvaryvare
40
qronikebi, II, 183-184. mefe daviT IX-isa da dedofal sinduxtaris mier gacemul
1354 wlis dakargul wyalobis wignze saubrisas Tedo Jordania mTlianad emyare-
boda vaxuSti bagrationis mier Sedgenil `qronologiur cxrils~, saidanac Cans,
rom swavlul batoniSvils, Tavis droze, XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi, xelT hqonda
aramxolod aRniSnuli dokumentis teqsti (sruli an fragmentuli saxiT), aramed
daviT IX-is mier gacemuli kidev erTi, 1355 wlis wyalobis wignic ki (agreTve, sru-
li an fragmentuli saxiT): `q(oroni)k(o)nebi Cven m(ie)r povnilni wignebTa S(in)a...
q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1354, qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni m~b (42+1312=1354 w.).
Cven m(e)f(ema)n daviT da dedofalm(a)n sinduxtar giwyalobeT...; q(riste)s aqaTi
q(oroni)k(o)ni 1355, qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni m~g (43+1312=1355 w.). Cven m(e)f(ema)n
daviT yovlisa saqarTvelosaman giwyalobeT~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 894-895.
jayeli flobda da gamoTqva mosazreba, rom A-85-is I kinklosur minaw-

erSi moxseniebuli siTixaTuni swored aTabag-amirpasalaris yvary-
vare jayelis da iyo: `vin iyo saqarTvelos amirspasalari 1352-1354
wlebSi da visi da iyo abuseriZeTa rZali siTi-xaTuni? Cvenamde moR-
weuli werilobiTi wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom 1334-1361 wlebSi aTa-
bag-amirspasalaris saxelos yvaryvare jayeli marTavda. Sesabamisad,
cxadi xdeba isic, rom siTi-xaTuni, romelic 1352 wels abuserisZeTa
saxlis rZali gaxda, aTabag-amirspasalar yvaryvare jayelis da iyo~.41
A-85-is kinklosuri minawerebis Cven mier dadgenili teqstebi ram-
denime Zvirfas cnobas gvawvdis siTixaTunis vinaobis Sesaxeb da saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs, sabolood gadavWraT aRniSnuli sakiTxi.
daviwyoT siTixaTunis sagvareulo kuTvnilebis sakiTxiT. II kink-
losuri minaweris teqstSi pirdapir aris aRniSnuli, rom igi aRbuRa amir-
spasalaris, anu XIV saukuneSi moRvawe cnobili istoriuli piris, aTabag-
amirspasalaris aRbuRa I jayelis da iyo. Sesabamisad, mTlianad dastur-
deba Tedo Jordaniasa da irma beriZis mier siTixaTunis sagvareulo kuT-
vnilebis Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da irkveva, rom es ukanaskneli
marTlac jayelTa feodaluri saxlis warmomadgeneli iyo.
calke ganxilvis sagania siTixaTunis da-Zmis vinaobis sakiTxi.
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom, irma beriZis azriT, siTixaTuni aTabag-
amirspasalaris yvaryvare jayelis da iyo. A-85-is kinklosuri minaw-
erebis Cven mier dadgenili teqstebi ar adasturebs am mosazrebas da
sapirispirod amisa, gvauwyebs, rom siTixaTuni, sinamdvileSi, aTabag-
amirspasalaris aRbuRa I-is da iyo.
aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
ipyrobs XIV-XV saukuneebis bizantieli istorikosis miqel panareto-
sis mier Sedgenili `trapizonis qronika~, sadac vkiTxulobT Semdegs:
`14 marts, paraskevs, meToTxmete indiqtons, 6882 (qristeSobidan 1374
(6882-5508)) wels, mefis (trapizonis imperatoris ioane-aleqsi III-is
(1350-1390 ww.) Ze, batoni despoti andronike didi komnenosi gadmo-
varda didi komnenosisa da mefis andronikes sasaxlidan da, rogorc ki
Seiyvanes sasaxleSi, gardaicvala... xolo saqorwino piroba, romelic
dadebuli iyo iberiasTan Tbilisis mefis daviTis (saqarTvelos mefis
daviT IX-is) asulisaTvis, aRbuRas (aTabag-amirspasalaris aRbuRa I-is
– avtorebi) diswulisaTvis, gadatanil iqna Cveni mefis umcros, Rvi-
Zl da kanonier Zesa da Wabuk mefeze, baton manuilze, did komnenosze
(SemdgomSi trapizonis imperatorze manuil III-ze (1390-1412 ww.) – av-
torebi). roca Suamavloba Catarda, wabrZanda mefe da Cvenc masTan er-
41
beriZe, ìvane abuserisZis (XIV s.) amirspasalarobisa~, 50-51.
Tad 10 maiss, meTxuTmete indiqtions, 6885 (qristeSobidan 1377 (6885-

5508)) wels. lazikeSi rom mivediT, mTeli zafxuli, 15 agvistomde, iq
gavatareT, adgilSi, [saxelad] makregialuss. maSin wamobrZanda igi
[e. i. qarTvelTa mefis asuli] goniidan makregialuss. meore dRes da-
viZariT da 30 agvistos, kvira dRes, mivaRwieT trapizons. axali wlis
xuT seqtembers, SabaTs, pirvel indiqtions, 6886 (qristeSobidan 1378
(6886-5508)) wels, daedga mas sadedoflo gvirgvini da ewoda evdokia,
pirvelad ki gulqan-xaTuni erqva~.42
rogorc vxedavT, miqel panaretosis TxzulebaSi xazgasmiT aris
aRniSnuli is faqti, rom mefe daviT IX-is asuli gulqan-xaTuni, Sem-
dgomSi evdokia, imavdroulad aRbuRa I jayelis diswulic iyo. Sesa-
bamisad, irkveva, rom aRbuRa I-s hyavda da, romelic saqarTvelos mefis
daviT IX-is Tanamecxedre iyo.
miqel panaretosis zemoT citirebul cnobas erTgvarad azustebs
zemoT erTxel ukve naxsenebi 1354 wlis dakarguli wyalobis wigni, rom-
lis erTi fragmenti vaxuSti bagrations Tavis `qronologiur cxril-
Si~ aqvs Setanili. rogorc am nawyvetidan vigebT, daviT IX-is meuRles
saxelad sinduxtari erqva: `q(oroni)k(o)nebi Cven m(ie)r povnilni
wignebTa S(in)a... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1354, qarTuli q(oroni)
k(o)ni m~b (42+1312=1354 w.). Cven m(e)f(ema)n daviT da dedofalm(a)n sin-
duxtar giwyalobeT...~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).43
sxvaTa Soris, swored vaxuSti bagrationis am cnobas eyrdnoboda
Tedo Jordania, roca aRniSnavda, rom daviT IX-is Tanamecxedre sin-
duxtari da A-85-is kinklosur minawerebSi moxseniebuli siTixaTuni
erTi da igive piri iyo (ix. zemoT).
Cven mTlianad viziarebT Tedo Jordanias mosazrebis pirvel
nawils, romlis Tanaxmadac, daviT IX-is meuRle, sagvareulo warmomav-
lobiT, jayelTa feodalur saxls miekuTvneboda da saxelad sindux-
tari erqva. Tumca, imavdroulad, veranairad ver gaviziarebT mkvle-
vris mosazrebis meore nawils, romlis mixedviTac dedofali sindux-
tari da A-85-is kinklosur minawerebSi moxseniebuli siTixaTuni erTi
da igive piri iyo.
42
miqael panaretosi, àmbavi trapizonis mefeebis, didi komnenosebisa, TiToeul-
ma rogor, rodis da ramden xans imefa~, georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca da ganmartebebi
daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma, VII (Tbilisi, 1967), 206-207. Sdr. miqel panaretosi,
`trapizonis qronika~, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, Sesavali weriliT,
SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT gamosca aleqsandre gamyreliZem, masalebi saqarTvelo-
sa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, 33 (Tbilisi, 1960), 41-42.
43
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 894-895.
amgvari daskvnisaken logikurad gvibiZgebs ori ZiriTadi gare-

moeba: 1. vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, 1360 wels, roca mefe daviT IX
gardaicvala, misi Tanamecxedre, dedofali sinduxtari jer kidev
cocxali iyo: `...da movlida ese daviT mefe samefosa TÂssa zemo-quemo-
sa, amer-imerTa da ganagebda, nadimobda, nadirobda da iSuebda; aramed
Á
geguTs yofasa Sina gardaicvala q(oronikon)sa C~t (1360 w.), qarTul-
sa m~À (48+1312=1360 w.), dauteva dedofali coli TÂsi sinduxtar da
Ze bagrat. mimRes (!) da dafles gelaTs~.44 rac Seexeba siTixaTuns, is,
A-85-is II kinklosuri minaweris Cven mier dadgenili teqstis Tanaxmad,
1356 wels iyo gardacvlili; 2. amave II kinklosuri minaweris sabolood
dadgenil teqstSi siTixaTuni moxseniebulia ara rogorc mefe daviT
IX-is meuRle, aramed – rogorc amirspasalar aRbuRas da. Cveni dak-
virvebiT, es faqti amTaviTve gamoricxavs patroni siTixaTunisa da
dedofal sinduxtaris erTmaneTTan gaigivebis SesaZleblobas: yov-
lad warmoudgenelia, rom siTixaTuni saqarTvelos gaerTianebuli
saxelmwifos pirveli piris, mefe daviT IX-is Tanamecxedre yofiliyo
da es faqti gakvriTac ki ar aReniSnaT kinklosuri minaweris teqstSi.
maSasadame, irkveva, rom dedofali sinduxtari da patroni siTixa-
Tuni ara erTi da igive piri, aramed sxvadasxva pirebi, ufro zustad ki,
debi iyvnen. Sesabamisad, cnobili xdeba isic, rom aTabag-amirspasalar
aRbuRa I-s hyavda ara erTi da, rogorc es samecniero literaturaSi
aqamde iyo miRebuli,45 aramed – ori da: sinduxtari, romelic, vaxuSti
bagrationis cnobiT, saqarTvelos mefis daviT IX-is Tanamecxedre iyo
da siTixaTuni, romelic A-85-is CvenTvis saintereso I da II kinklosur
minawerebSia moxseniebuli.
siTixaTunis da-Zmis vinaobis sakiTxis ganxilvis bolos, gvsurs,
yuradReba sagangebod SevaCeroT kidev erT saintereso garemoebaze.
vaxuSti bagrationis àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~-sa da `qronolo-
giur cxrilSi~, SedarebiT ufro adreuli periodis kinklosur minaw-
erze (?) dayrdnobiT, aRniSnulia, rom 1358 wels dasavleT saqarT-
velos mefis miqelis (1327-1329 ww.) vaJma, imereTis erisTavma bagratma,
mefe daviT IX-is nebarTviT, colad SeirTo aTabag yvaryvare sargisis
Zis asuli: `da Zisa miqel mefisasa ityÂs qoronikoni. `miqel mefis Zem
da ara mefeman bagrat, yuaryuares asuli SeirTo colad q(oronikon)sa
44
iqve, 260-261.
45
qronikebi, II, 183-184; iuri sixaruliZe, `samcxis samTavros politikuri is-
toriidan XIII-XV saukuneebSi~, samxreT saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis
sakiTxebi, VIII (baTumi, 1975), 50; mixeil baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria XI-
XV saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 2008), 78; da sxv.
C~tnÀ (1358 w.), qar. m~v (46+1312=1358 w.)~;46 `xolo am giorgi mefisagan
(saqarTvelos mefis giorgi V brwyinvalis (1299, 1318-1346 ww.) mier –
avtorebi) iqmna erisTavad Ze miqel mefisa bagrat, da iyo morCilebasa
Sina giorgi mefisasa Sorapans... xolo amisa Semdgomad moiyvana co-
lad asuli yuaryuare aTabagisa bagrat miqel mefis Zeman, q(oronikon)
sa C~tnÀ (1358 w.), qar. m~v (46+1312=1358 w.) da iqorwina mis Tana nebiTa
daviT mefisaTa...~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi);47 `q(oroni)k(o)
nebi Cven m(ie)r povnilni wignebTa S(in)a... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)
ni 1358, qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni m~v (46+1312=1358 w.). m(e)fis miqelis
Zem bagrat, yvaryvare aTabagis qali SeirTo~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia –
avtorebi).48
vaxuSti bagrationis am cnobebis garda, Cvenamde moaRwia caiSis
eklesiis omoforma, romelic XIV saukuneSi anCis saepiskoposo taZris
sakuTrebas warmoadgenda da romlis warweraSic moxseniebulia amir-
spasalarisa da samcxis spasalaris yvaryvares asuli (?), dedofalTd-
edofali naTeli: `q. saSinelo xato anCisa! Seiwire mcire ese omofori
dedofalT-dedoflisa naTelisi, Zisa didisa sulkurTxe||ulisa amir-
spasalarisa da samcxis spasalarisa yuaryuaresi aqa da saukunesa. a(me)n.
anCelisa TeofanesTÂs Sekeruli~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).49
omoforis warweris teqstis pirveli gamomcemlis Tedo Jordanias
azriT, am warweraSi moxseniebuli amirspasalari da samcxis spasal-
ari yvaryvare da vaxuSti bagrationis mier naxsenebi aTabagi yvary-
vare sargisis Ze erTi da igive piri unda iyos. mkvlevris dakvirvebiT,
yvaryvares hyavda asuli, omoforis warweraSi moxseniebuli dedo-
falTdedofali naTeli, romelic vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, co-
lad gahyva imereTis erisTavs bagrat miqelis Zes.50 Tedo Jordanias
mier gamoTqmuli es mosazreba dReisaTvis samecniero literaturaSi
TiTqmis mTlianad aris gaziarebuli.51
samwuxarod, Cven, jerjerobiT, ar SegviZlia, dabejiTebiT vTqvaT,
46
47
iqve, 802. Sdr. `kualad amav daviT mefis nebiTa SeirTo bagrat erisTavman miqel
mefis Zeman asuli yuaryuare aTabagisa~. iqve, 260.
48
iqve, 894-895.
49
qronikebi, II, 186. Sdr. eqvTime TayaiSvili, àrxeologiuri mogzaurobidan same-
greloSi~, Zveli saqarTvelo, III (tfilisi, 1913-1914), 183.
50
qronikebi, II, 186.
51
TayaiSvili, àrxeologiuri mogzaurobidan samegreloSi~, 183; qeTevan daviTiS-
vili, `qarTuli naqargobis uZvelesi nimuSi~, Zeglis megobari, 22 (1970), 30-33; sixar-
uliZe, `samcxis samTavros politikuri istoriidan~, 42; valeri silogava, kaxa Sen-
gelia, tao-klarjeTi (Tbilisi, 2006), 63; da sxv.
ra saxis naTesauri kavSiri arsebobda vaxuSti bagrationis Txzuleba-

sa da caiSis omoforis warweraSi moxseniebul aTabag, amirspasalar da
samcxis spasalar yvaryvare sargisis Zesa da siTixaTunis Zmas, aTabag-
amirspasalar aRbuRa I-s Soris. Tumca ki, Tu samomavlod sabolood da-
dasturdeba ucxoeli kavkasiologis kirile Tumanovis mier gamoTqmu-
li mosazreba, rom aRbuRa I swored am yvaryvare sargisis Zis vaJi iyo
(mkvlevris mier gamoTqmuli am da sxva mosazrebebis Sesaxeb vrclad ix.
qvemoT), maSin avtomaturad dadgindeba isic, rom A-85-is kinklosur
minawerebSi moxseniebul siTixaTuns, dedofali sinduxtaris garda,
hyavda kidev erTi da, caiSis omoforis warweraSi moxseniebuli dedo-
falTdedofali naTeli, romelic, vaxuSti bagrationis cnobiT, 1358
wels colad SeirTo dasavleT saqarTvelos mefis miqelis vaJma, imere-
Tis erisTavma bagrat bagrationma.52
patroni siTixaTunis ivane abuserisZis `saxlSi~ misvlis mizezebT-
an dakavSirebul sakiTxebs dRemde mxolod erTi mkvlevari, winamde-
bare naSromis erT-erTi Tanaavtori irma beriZe Seexo. misi dakvirve-
biT, `siTi-xaTunis es `misvla~ an Tavad ivanes Tanamecxedred, an kidev,
misi saxlis rZlad miyvanas unda niSnavdes~; À-85-is 1352 wlis qronika-
luri minaweri mogviTxrobs samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos or did
feodalur gvars, jayelebsa da abuserisZeebs Soris momxdari dinas-
tiuri qorwinebis ambavs, ufro zustad ki, aTabag-amirspasalar yvary-
vare jayelis dis, siTi-xaTunis abuserisZeTa saxlSi rZlad misvlis
aqamde ucnob faqts~.53
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli mosazreba sakmaod logikurad
gamoiyureba, arsebobs erTi metad sayuradRebo garemoeba, romelic
Zalauneburad gvibiZgebs am mosazrebis gadasinjvisaken. marTlac,
Tuki Cven gaviziarebT im mosazrebas, rom A-85-is I kinklosur minawer-
Si siTixaTunis abuserisZeTa feodalur saxlSi rZlad misvlis ambavia
gadmocemuli, maSin logikurad unda davaskvnaT isic, rom siTixaTuni
gardacvalebis Jams an ivane abuserisZis, an kidev, misi ojaxis romelime
sxva wevris Tanamecxedre iyo. am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, logikurad
52
meore mxriv, dedofalTdedofal naTelis patroni siTixaTunis dad gamocxade-
bas garkveulwilad erTi mniSvnelovani garemoeba ewinaaRmdegeba. vaxuSti bagra-
tionis mixedviT, yvaryvare sargisis Zis asuli bagrat miqelis Zem colad SeirTo
1358 wels, patroni siTixaTuni ki, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT amas, daibada 1309 wels.
Sesabamisad, Tuki gaviziarebT im varauds, rom siTixaTuni da naTeli debi iyvnen,
maSin gamova, rom erTi dis dabadebisa da meore dis gaTxovebis TariRebs Soris
uCveulod did, TiTqmis naxevarsaukunovan qronologiur Sualeds miviRebT, rac,
cxadia, naklebad sarwmunos xdis aRniSnul mosazrebas.
53
ibadeba kiTxva – ratom gakvriT mainc ar aris naxsenebi siTixaTunis

abuserisZeTa saxlis rZlobis faqti A-85-is II kinklosuri minaweris
teqstSi, sadac, erTi mxriv, siTixaTunis gardacvalebis ambavia gadmo-
cemuli, xolo meore mxriv, misi Zmis, aRbuRa amirspasalaris vinaobaa
xazgasmuli? gana ufro mosalodneli ar iyo, rom imxanad jer kidev
abuserisZeTa feodaluri saxlis kuTvnili A-85-is kinklosur minawer-
Si, pirvel rigSi, swored am xelnaweris patronebisaTvis mniSvnelovani
detalis, abuserisZeebsa da gardacvlil siTixaTuns Soris arsebuli
naTesauri kavSirisaTvis gaesvaT xazi da ara, vTqvaT, siTixaTunis Zmis
vinaobisaTvis?
Cveni dakvirvebiT, aRniSnul kiTxvas mxolod erTi sarwmuno pasuxi
SeiZleba hqondes: rogorc Cans, siTixaTuni abuserisZeTa ojaxis rZa-
li ar iyo da misi ivane abuserisZis feodalur saxlSi misvla raime sxva
mizeziT an mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. rac Seexeba Tavad am mizezsa
Tu mizezebs, maT Sesaxeb, savaraudod, A-85-is I kinklosuri minaweris III
da IV striqonebze unda yofiliyo saubari. Tumca, am striqonebze war-
modgenili teqsti, furclis qveda arSiidan etratis zolis CamoWris
gamo, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT zemoT, TiTqmis mTlianad aris dakargu-
li da amitom gansaxilavi sakiTxis Sesaxeb raime kategoriuli mosazre-
bis gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba, jerjerobiT, ar gagvaCnia.54
A-85-is II kinklosuri minaweris Cven mier dadgenili teqstis Ta-
naxmad, patroni siTixaTuni gardacvalebis Jams, anu 1356 wels, 47 wlis
iyo. aqedan, avtomaturad gamomdinareobs daskvna, rom siTixaTun
jayeli dabadebuli iyo 1309 (1356-47) wels.
54
ivane javaxiSvilis dakvirvebiT, òqros urdoSi janibegis yaanobis dros ukve
1346 w. gaCnda Savi Wiri, romelic xalxs musrs avlebda, iqiTgan es moaruli yirim-
sac moedo. raki Semdeg Savi Wiri jer rumSi, xolo 1348 w. asureTsa da egvipteSic
Zalze gavrcelda xalxSi ise, rom mosaxleobis naxevari am moarulis msxverpli
Seiqmna, amitom cxadia, rom rumsa da yirims Sua mdebare saqarTveloSi 1348 w. gavr-
celebuli `didi sikvdilobac~ (igulisxmeba qarTveli mwignobris avgaroz ban-
daisZis mier gadawerili 1348 wlis `paraklitonis~ anderZidan citirebuli fraza,
sadac saubaria mosaxleobis `sikvdilobaze~ – avtorebi) amave Savi Wiris moaru-
lis mZvinvarebis Sedegi unda yofiliyo. ramden xans gagrZelda saqarTveloSi Savi
Wiri, amaze cnobebi ar mogvepoveba. magram rogorc SemdegSi davrwmundebiT, 1366
w. bagrat V-is (saqarTvelos mefis bagrat V-is – avtorebi) Tanamecxedre elene de-
dofali swored am avadmyofobam imsxverpla da es gvafiqrebinebs, rom moaruli
CvenSic didxans yofila dabudebuli~. ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTveli eris istoria~,
III, nawili I, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, III (Tbilisi, 1982), 179-180. sainteresoa,
siTixaTun jayelis abuseriZeTa feodalur saxlSi misvla (zemo aWaraSi gaxizvna?)
da misi iq gardacvaleba xom ar iyo dakavSirebuli swored Savi Wiris epidemiasTan,
romelic, ivane javaxiSvilis azriT, 1340-1360-ian wlebSi mZvinvarebda saqarT-
veloSi da romelmac, TviT samefo ojaxis wevrebic ki imsxverpla?
siTixaTunis dabadebis zusti TariRis dadgenas sakmaod didi mniS-

vneloba aqvs misi Zmis, aTabag-amirspasalaris aRbuRa I-is mamisSvilo-
bis sakiTxisa da XIV saukunis jayelTa feodaluri saxlis istoriasTan,
genealogiasa da qronologiasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi mniSvnelo-
vani sakiTxis sabolood garkvevisaTvis. Tumca, am sakiTxebis Taobaze
Cvens sxva publikaciebSi gveqneba saubari.
Semdegi:
a) patroni siTixaTuni moxseniebulia A-85-is ara mxolod I kink-
losur minawerSi, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania, jumber odiSeli da Tamar
bregaZe fiqrobdnen, aramed – orive kinklosuri minaweris teqstSi;
b) siTixaTuni Tavisi sagvareulo warmomavlobiT ekuTvnoda
jayelTa feodalur saxls, rogorc amas Tedo Jordania da irma beriZe
fiqrobdnen;
g) siTixaTun jayels namdvilad hyavda Zma, oRond ara aTabag-amir-
spasalari yvaryvare I, rogorc amas irma beriZe fiqrobda, aramed –
aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I;
d) siTixaTun jayeli da saqarTvelos mefis daviT IX-is Tanamecx-
edre, dedofali sinduxtar jayeli erTi da igive piri ki ar iyo,
rogorc amas Tedo Jordania fiqrobda, aramed isini sxvadasxva pire-
bi, ufro zustad ki – debi iyvnen;
e) siTixaTun jayels, dedofal sinduxtaris garda, SesaZloa, hyav-
da kidev erTi da, dedofalTdedofali naTeli, romelic dasavleT
saqarTvelos mefis miqelis vaJis, imereTis erisTavis bagrat bagra-
tionis Tanamecxedre iyo;
v) A-85-is kinklosuri minawerebis analizi ar adasturebs irma ber-
iZis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom siTixaTun jayeli abuserisZeTa
saxlis rZali iyo;
z) siTixaTun jayelis abuserisZeTa saxlSi misvlis zusti mizezebi,
jerjerobiT, daudgenelia;
T) siTixaTun jayeli 1309 wels daibada da 1356 wels, 47 wlis asakSi
gardaicvala.
4. aRbuRa I-is mier aTabag-amirspasalaris saxelos miRebis
TariRisa da misi winamorbedi samcxis mTavrebis (XIV s.) zeobis zeda
qronologiuri zRvris dazusteba.
A-85-is kinklosuri minawerebis Cven mier dadgenil teqstebSi moxse-
niebuli amirspasalar aRbuRas, igive, aTabag-amirspasalar aRbuRa I ja-
yelis Sesaxeb araerTi qarTuli da ucxouri werilobiTi Zegli gvawvdis
cnobebs. Tavdapirvelad movitanT am Zeglebis Sesabamis fragmentebs.
1. mandaturTuxuces beqa I jayelisa da CvenTvis saintereso aTabag-
amirspasalaris aRbuRa I-is mier Sedgenili e. w. `beqa-aRbuRas samarT-

lis wignis~ (XIII-XIV ss.) I varianti:55
`wigni samarTlisa kacTa Secodebisa yovlisave.
saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa, – dausabamoÁsa mamisa, Zisa da wmidisa su-
lisaÁTa, – meoxebiTa yovlad wmidisa RmrTismSobelisaÁTa da yovel-
Ta wmidaTa zecisa da queyanisaÁTa, me, aTabag-amilspasalarman aR-
buRa, movaÃseneT patiosansa... mawyuerelsa da biZa-ZeTa CemTa SaSiasa
da missa Zmasa safaris moZRuarsa pafnutis, xuTsave Temsa samcxisasa,
taovelTa, SavSTa da klarjTa da maT Sina myofTa episkopozTa da
meudabnoveTa, moweseTa mowmobiTa mindobilni RmrTisani da yovlad
wmidisa RmrTismSobelisani, dav[i]deviT winaSe patronisa papisCemisa
beqaÁs ganaCeni, igi srulebiTa da uklebelad davwereT da, raÁca JamTa
siaviTa sxuani uwesoni saqmeni Semosrul iyvnes, maTi samarTali zeda
daurTeT, ase rome raÁca sisxlisa, gerSisa, dasxmisa, Ralatisa da raÁ-
sa ginda TeTrisa sauravisa saqme iyos.
patonis papisCemisagan ganaCeni yazanuri TeTri iyo. ama Jamsa Sina
yazanuroba arRara iyo, didisa mefisa giorgis Jamisa TeTri gavaCi-
neT...
[aRbuRa aTabag-amirspasalaris samarTali].
me, patronman, aTabag-amilspasalarman aRbuRa, movikle srulisa
samcxisa saqme. Jamisa siaviTa didi kaci ipativebs. masve laSqarTa Sina
cxenisa parva Seqnil iyo. ewyina sapatioTa kacTa da mas winaSe sapatio-
Ta msxdomTa kacTa, mekobris gaCenili Zvelsave miayoles...~56
55
`beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignma~ Cvenamde ori variantis saxiT moaRwia. aqedan,
I varianti daculia vinme ieses mier 1672 wels gadaweril xelnawer wignSi, xolo II
varianti warmodgenilia qarTlis janiSinis (1703-1714 ww.), SemdgomSi qarTlis me-
fis vaxtang VI-is (1716-1724 ww.) iniciativiT 1705-1708 wlebSi Sedgenili `samarTlis
wignTa krebulis~ Semcvel ramdenime xelnawer nusxaSi. ivane javaxiSvili, `qarTu-
li samarTlis istoria~, I, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, VI (Tbilisi, 1982), 102-108.
56
doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali, 285-286, 316. Sdr. `vaxtang VI-is samarTlis
wignTa krebuli~, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, teqstebi gamosca, gamokvleva da
leqsikoni daurTo profesorma isidore doliZem, I (Tbilisi, 1963), 425, 450. `beqa-
aRbuRas samarTlis wignis~ II varianti: `SeviyareniT WulevTa mindobilni RmrTi-
sani da awyurisa RmrTismSoblisani, da gaqcevisa (?), davideviT wina patronisa
papisCemisa, mandaturTuxucesis beqas ganaCeni da agreve srulebiT da uklebelad
davswereT da, raca JamTa siaviTa sxvani uwesoni saqmeni Semosuliyvnen, maTi samar-
Talica zeda daurTeT, asre rome rac sisxlisa da gerSisa, dasxmisa da Ralatisa da
rasa ginda ferisa dasaurvebeli saqme iyos. patronisa papisCemisagan ganaCeni yaza-
nuri TeTri iyo da ama JamTa Siga yazanuroba aR-sadme-moklebuliyo (?) da didis
warCinebulis mefis giorgis Jamisa TeTri gavaCineT... [aRbuRa aTabag-amirspasalar-
is samarTali]. aw patronman, aTabag-amirspasalarman aRbuRa, moikla srulisa sam-
cxisa saqme da ama JamTa siaviTa didi moave kaci sabatiobasa (?) Tana gar(?) Tavadad
2. sofel xovles sanaxebSi mdebare zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis

samxreT kedelze Sesrulebuli, 1360-1380-iani wlebiT daTariRebuli
nakawri warwera:
`p(a)tronsa am(i)rsp(a)s(a)r(a)ls aRb(u)R(a)s | g[au]marjos
nam<a>r(a)vl(i) m(is)i | ||| R(merTma)n Cemn(i) c(o)dv(a)ni m[ou]y(a)r(e)ni
y(vela)m | ||||| S(eundve)n R(merTma)n. s(a)rg(i)s S(eundve)n R(merTma)n. be-
qas S(eundve)n R(merTma)n. | S(a)lv(a)s S(eundve)n R(merTma)n. Sv(i)ln(i)
yov(e)l[Ta] C(uenT)a | Zu(e)lT, ax(a)lT S(eundve)n R(merTma)n~.57
3. ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wignis XIV sau-
kunis II naxevriT daTariRebuli 153 aRapi:
`[Tuesa ianvarsa z (7)].
am(a)sve dR(e)sa wirvaÁ da aRapi aRbuR(a)si, Seundven
RmerTman~.58
4. XIV-XV saukuneebis bizantieli istorikosis miqel panaretosis
laSqarTa cxenTa parva Seqmniliyo. ese iwyina da amave sabatioTa kacTa mas winaSe
sxdomiTa da bWobiTa saparo-sainjuTa da mekobris sapatiJosa ganaCenni Zvelisave
miayoles...~ doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali, 285-286, 317. Sdr. `vaxtang VI-is sa-
marTlis wignTa krebuli~, 425, 450.
57
kldiaSvili, `xovles (zesxevis) warwerebi~, 67-68. Cven mier citirebuli teqsti wakiTx-
ulia darejan kldiaSvilis mier, amave teqstis ivane javaxiSvilis mier Sesrulebul
gadmonawerze dayrdnobiT (gadmonaweri daculia xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi, ivane
javaxiSvilis pirad arqivSi). kldiaSvili, `xovles (zesxevis) warwerebi~, 65-67. sakiTxis
srulad ilustrirebis mizniT, ucvleli saxiT movitanT Tavad ivane javaxiSvilis mier
Sesrulebul gadmonawers: `{p}tronsa amirspsrls aR{bRs} | g|marjos namarvl mi | || Rn Cemn
cdvni mynyrni ym | ||||| Sn Rn srgis Sn Rn beqas Sn Rn | Slvs Sn Rn Svln yovel Ca | ZolT axlT
Sn Rn~. iqve, 66. Sdr. darejan kldiaSvili, `jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulos istoriidan
(XI saukune – XIV saukunis I naxevari)~, naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samec-
niero xarisxis mosapoveblad, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis korneli kekeliZis
saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti, 1981, 102. garda amisa, aqve warmovadgenT citirebuli
warweris kidev erT wakiTxvas, romelic levan musxeliSvils ekuTvnis da romelic, ivane
javaxiSvilis mier Sesrulebul gadmonawerze, ufro zustad ki, am gadmonaweris odnav
gansxvavebul variantzea damyarebuli (warweris gadmonaweris es, odnav gansxvavebuli
varianti levan musxeliSvilisaTvis uSualod ivane javaxiSvils gadaucia). levan musx-
eliSvili, arqeologiuri eqskursiebi maSavris xeobaSi (Tbilisi, 1941), 73-74. sagulisx-
moa, rom levan musxeliSvili, darejan kldiaSvilisagan gansxvavebiT, warweris pirvel
naxevars gabmuli saxiT ver kiTxulobs: àq TiTqmis mxolod imis gageba SeiZleba, rom
ixsenieba patroni amir-spasalari aRbuRa~. rac Seexeba warweris meore naxevars, is mkvl-
evars Semdegi saxiT aqvs wakiTxuli: `– Seundven RmerTman, sargis(s) Seundven RmerTman,
beqas Seundven RmerTman, Salvas Seundven RmerTman, SvilTa (Svilni?) yovel(Ta) CemTa
ZuelT(a) (da) axalT(a) Seundven RmerTman~. musxeliSvili, arqeologiuri eqskursiebi
maSavris xeobaSi, 74.
58
elene metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-
XVII ss.) (Tbilisi, 1962), 93, 156-157.
`trapizonis qronika~, romlis Sesabamisi fragmenti zemoT erTxel

ukve gvqonda citirebuli:
`14 marts, paraskevs, meToTxmete indiqtions, 6882 (qristeSobidan
1374) wels, mefis Ze, batoni despoti andronike didi komnenosi gadmo-
varda didi komnenosisa da mefis andronikes sasaxlidan da, rogorc ki
Seiyvanes sasaxleSi, gardaicvala... xolo saqorwino piroba, romelic
dadebuli iyo iberiasTan Tbilisis mefis daviTis asulisaTvis, aR-
buRas diswulisaTvis, gadatanil iqna Cveni mefis umcros, RviZl da
kanonier Zesa da Wabuk mefeze, baton manuilze, did komnenosze. roca
Suamavloba Catarda, wabrZanda mefe da Cvenc masTan erTad 10 maiss,
meTxuTmete indiqtions, 6885 (qristeSobidan 1377) wels. lazikeSi
rom mivediT, mTeli zafxuli, 15 agvistomde, iq gavatareT, adgilSi,
[saxelad] makregialuss. maSin wamobrZanda igi [e. i. qarTvelTa mefis
asuli] goniidan makregialuss. meore dRes daviZariT da 30 agvistos,
kvira dRes, mivaRwieT trapizons. axali wlis xuT seqtembers, SabaTs,
pirvel indiqtions,À6886 (qristeSobidan 1378) wels, daedga mas sadedo-
flo gvirgvini da ewoda evdokia, pirvelad ki gulqan-xaTuni erqva~.59
5. XV saukunis I aTwleulSi Sedgenili sinas wm. ekaterines monas-
tris qarTvelTa eklesiis sulTa matianis erT-erTi mosaxsenebeli:
`s(u)lsa aTabagsa a{R}buRas S(eundo)s R(merTma)n~.60
6. 1419 wels gadawerili somxuri xelnaweris, grigol taTevacis
kiTxva-migebanis hiSatakarani (anderZi):
`[wigni daiwera] qarTvelebze aleqsandres (saqarTvelos me-
fis aleqsandre I-is (1412-1442 ww.)), bagrat mefis (bagrat V-is) Zis,
[i]usuf paronisagan mokluli, kostantianosis (saqarTvelos mefis
konstantine I-is (1407-1412 ww.)) Svilis mefobisas, aRbuRas Zis ivanes
aTabagobisas~.61
7. XV saukunis bolo meoTxediT daTariRebuli istoriuli doku-
menti, zevdginisZis saCivris wigni:
`[gamoÃda did]i xani da gailaSqra giorgi me|[feman (saqarTvelos
mefe giorgi VII-m (1393-1407 ww.) – avtorebi) TaTar]Ta. aq Cemi guaris
59
miqael panaretosi, àmbavi trapizonis mefeebis~, 206-207. Sdr. miqel panareto-
si, `trapizonis qronika~, 41-42.
60
darejan kldiaSvili, sinas wm. ekaterines monastris qarTvelTa eklesiis sul-
Ta matiane, qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi, I (Tbilisi, 2008), 61, 163. `s(u)
lsa aTabagsa abuRas S(eundo)s R(merTma)n~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).
ivane javaxiSvili, sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba (Tbilisi, 1947), 243.
61
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis) cnobebi
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, komentarebi da SeniS-
vnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 37.
kaci ocda cxra|[ni daÃocnes] da erTi ÃelTa dairCunes. d|[a aTabagsa

a]RbuRas TaTarni mouÃdes. erTi | .........Tavadi TaTari darCa ÃelTa
da is | [Cemi guaris] kaci imiTa daixsna didma aRb|[uRa. gauS]ua da im-
ave mkuidrsa mamulzeda | [movida. da qarT]velni erTob daRonebulni
| [iyunes. wavida giorgi] mefe da aRbuRas Seexuewa. | ............gamoarCives
erTi uSvilo ka|[ci. uTxres: `me]fe ÃelTa SevipyraT da qarTli | [Cuen
dagur]Cebiso~. Wukas guaris kacman Cemsa | [guaris kacsa ga]ando. iman
mefesa ar daumala. | [uTxra mefes]a: dasturad guiRalatebeno. | [Rames,
r]omelsa uRalatebdes, mefis sageb|[elSi is Cu]eni guaris kaci dawva da
mefe w|[avida. mivides da Cemi gu]aris kaci dairCunes da mwoved dako|[des
da sikudil]sa ulamodes da, rogorac es | [icnes, rome z]evdginiZe ari-
so, aRar mokles~.62
8. beri egnataSvilis mier XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi Sedgenili
àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, igive, àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ pirveli
teqsti: `maSin (Temurlengis 1403 wlis laSqrobis dros – avtorebi)
aTabagman, aRbuRas Svilman ivane, aRiRo manca ZRueni turfa da mivida
lang-Temursa Tana~.63
9. anonimi avtoris mier XVIII saukunis SuaxanebSi Sedgenili `qarT-
lis cxovrebis~ gadamuSavebuli gagrZeleba, anu àxali qarTlis cxov-
rebis~ meore teqsti: `kualad (Temurlengis 1403 wlis laSqrobis dros
– avtorebi) warvida aRbuRas Ze aTabagi ivane, da mivida igica ZRuniTa
mravliTa lang-Temurisa Tana, da Seiwyala igica, da sca pativi, da ubo-
Za saboZvari mravali~.64
citirebuli Zeglebis garda, aRbuRa I moxseniebulia XIV-XVI sau-
kuneebis ramdenime sparsuli da sparsulenovani werilobiTi Zeglis
teqstSic. es Zeglebia: a) nizam ad-din Samis `zafar-name~ (`gamarjve-
bis wigni~) (1401/1402-1404 ww.); b) muin ad-din naTanzis `monTaxab aT-
Tavarixe moin~ (`moin [ad-din naTanzis] rCeuli istoriaTagani~), igive
ìsqanderis anonimi~ (1414 w.); g) Seref ad-din ali iezdis `zafar-name~
62
niko berZeniSvili, `feodaluri urTierTobebidan XV saukuneSi (dokumentebi
kritikuli weriliT)~, masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, I (tfil-
isi, 1937), 39, 63. Sdr. pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni, XI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli
istoriuli sabuTebis mixedviT, gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma,
mzia surgulaZem, II (Tbilisi, 1993), 224.
63
beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba, pirveli teqsti~, qarTlis cxov-
reba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis
mier, II (Tbilisi, 1959), 335-336.
64
àxali qarTlis cxovreba, meore teqsti~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgeni-
li yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT simon yauxCiSvilis mier, II (Tbilisi, 1959),
468.
(`gamarjvebis wigni~) (1424 w.); d) Sixab ad-din abdalah ibn lutfulah

al-xafis, igive hafez-e abrus `zobdaT aT-Tavarix~ (`matianeTa naRe-
bi~), igive `majma aT-Tavarix~ (`matianeTa krebuli~), (1423-1430/1431 ww.)
(?); e) fasih ahmed ben jalal ad-din muhamed xafis, igive fasihi xafis
`majmale fasihi~ (`fasihis konspeqti~) (1442 w-mde) (?); v) qamal ad-din
abd ar-rezay samaryandis `maTla as-saydein va majma al-bahrein~ (òri
bednieri mnaTobis aRmobrwyinebisa da ori zRvis Serwymis adgili~)
(1467/1468-1470/1471 ww.); z) mohamed ben havand-Sah ben muhamedis, igive,
mirxondis (gard. 1498 w.) `rouzaT as-safa~ (`siwmindis baRi~); da T) Rias
ad-din huseinis, igive xondemiris (gard. 1536 w.) `habib as-siiar~ (`cxov-
rebaTaRmwerlobis megobari~).
samwuxarod, CamoTvlili sparsuli da sparsulenovani werilebi-
Ti Zeglebis Sesabamisi fragmentebi winamdebare naSromSi, rigi miz-
ezebis gamo, citirebuli ar gvaqvs (gamonakliss warmoadgens muin ad-
din naTanzis erTi cnoba, romelic qvemoT gveqneba motanili). Tumca
ki SevniSnavT, rom am ZeglebSi aRbuRa I sul sam konkretul ambavTan
dakavSirebiT aris moxseniebuli:
1. nizam ad-din Sami, muin ad-din naTanzi, Seref ad-din ali iezdi,
hafez-e abrus, fasihi xafi (?), abd ar-rezay samaryandi, mirxondi (?) da
xondemiri (?) mogviTxroben, rom 1386 wels, monRoli sardlis, mavera-
nahris emiris Temurlengis (1370-1405 ww.) mier saqarTvelos winaaRm-
deg mowyobili I laSqrobis dros, yarsidan Tbilisisaken momavalma
monRolTa laSqarma saSinel sicivesa da TovlSi gadaiara aRbuRas sam-
flobelos maRlobebi (àRbuRas mTianeTi~).65
2. muin ad-din naTanzi gvauwyebs, rom Temurlengis mier saqar-
Tvelos winaaRmdeg mowyobili 1400 wlis laSqrobis dros monRoli
sardali Sida qarTlidan (dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvrebidan) mt-
kvris xeobas aRma auyva da samcxis samTavroSi (àRbuRas vilaieTSi~)
SeiWra.66 aTabagi aRbuRa, romelsac saqveynod ganTqmuli qurani cxe-
ni hyavda, erT miuval cixeSi (àRbuRas cixeSi~) Sevida da iq gamagrda:
`cnobili iyo, rom aRbuRas samefo sajinibos Sesaferisi cxeni hyolia
65
karlo tabataZe, àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi cnobis warmomavlobisa da
sandoobis Sesaxeb~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, III (1971), 209-210; karlo tabataZe,
qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg XIV-XV saukuneebis mi-
jnaze (Tbilisi, 1974), 62-63; daviT kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze
(sparsuli da sparsulenovani wyaroebis mixedviT) (Tbilisi, 1975), 130, 136.
66
karlo tabataZis mixedviT, es iyo Temurlengis VI laSqroba saqarTveloSi, devi
kacitaZis mixedviT ki – IV laSqroba. tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel
dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg, 113-150; kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze,
144-149, 172-173, 175.
da Tu mis cixes ar aiRebdnen, im cxenis xelTgdeba SeuZlebeli iyo~.67

Temurlengma, romelsac Zlier undoda aRbuRas cxenis xelSi Cagdeba,
cixes alya Semoartya da masze ieriSis mitana brZana. gaafTrebuli br-
Zolebis Semdeg aRbuRam monRolebTan dazaveba scada, winaaRmdegoba
Sewyvita, Temurlengs piradad eaxla da ZRvnad, Tavisi cxeni mihgvara.
monRolma sardalma saCuqari miiRo, aRbuRas Secodeba (`sisxli~) apa-
tia da aRar dasaja: àRbuRas rom ilaji miuwyda da uvicobis fexi
wamokra gaWirvebis qvas, is devbuneba, feriis naSobi qarisfexa bedauri
Temurs mihgvara da TviTonac zariTa da vedrebiT warudga win. xolo
raki Temuris survili misi cixis garemocvis dros iyo am quranis xelSi
Cagdeba, amitom aRbuRas sisxli apatia da ara avno ra~.68
3. Seref ad-din ali iezdi, hafez-e abru (?), mirxondi da xondemiri
gadmogvcemen, rom Temurlengis mier saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mow-
yobili 1403 wlis laSqrobis dros, kolaSi dabanakebul monRol sardals
samxedro banakSi eaxlnen saqarTvelos mefis giorgi VII-s Zma, batoniSvi-
li konstantine da aTabagi ivane, romelic aRbuRas Svili iyo.69
rogorc vxedavT, Cvenamde moRweuli qarTuli da ucxouri weri-
lobiTi Zeglebi ramdenime saintereso cnobas gvawvdian aTabag-amir-
spasalar aRbuRa I-is Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli cnobebiT jer kidev XX sau-
kunis dasawyisSi dainteresda sargis kakabaZe da zemoT citirebuli
werilobiTi Zeglebis erT nawilze, ufro zustad ki, `beqa-aRbuRas
samarTlis wignze~, miqel panaretosis `trapizonis qronikasa~ da
67
daviT kacitaZe, ìsqanderis anonimis~ cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~, Tbilisis
saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 116, aRmosavleTmcodneobis seria, V (Tbilisi,
1965), 377.
68
tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg, 31, 142-143,
187-188. Sdr. tabataZe, àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi cnobis warmomavlobisa
da sandoobis Sesaxeb~, 209-210; kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze,
144-149. sxvaTa Soris, muin ad-din naTanzis am bolo cnobis interpretaciam didi
dava gamoiwvia qarTul istoriografiaSi. kerZod, karlo tabataZe fiqrobs, rom
aq saubaria Temurlengis mier aRbuRas datyvevebaze, devi (daviT) kacitaZes ki mi-
aCnia, rom aq gadmocemulia aRbuRas mier TemurlengisaTvis morCilebis gamocxa-
debis ambavi. tabataZe, àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi cnobis warmomavlobisa da
sandoobis Sesaxeb~, 220; tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg, 160-179, 188, 194-200; daviT kacitaZe, èpizodi XV saukunis dasawyisis
saqarTvelos istoriidan~, ciskari, 12 (1972), 124.
69
tabataZe, qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg, 166, 179-
200; kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-XV saukuneTa mijnaze, 123, 130, 153, 199-201. karlo
tabataZis mixedviT, es iyo Temurlengis bolo, VIII laSqroba saqarTveloSi, devi
kacitaZis mixedviT ki – agreTve, bolo, oRond, VI laSqroba. tabataZe, qarTveli
xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg, 160-179; kacitaZe, saqarTvelo XIV-
XV saukuneTa mijnaze, 153-160, 174-175.
Seref ad-din ali iezdis `zafar-nameze~ dayrdnobiT, daadgina, rom

aRbuRa I jayeli XIV saukunis II naxevarSi moRvaweobda da 1386 wels
jer kidev cocxali iyo: `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignis~ SesavalSi
àRbuRa aTabagi swers: `patronisa papis Cemisagan ganaCeni (dasaurve-
beli) yazanuri TeTri iyo da ama JamTa Sigan yazanuroba moklebul iyo
da didis warCinebulis mefis giorgis Jamisa TeTri gavaCineT, oriani
xuTi dangi wminda vercxli~. yazani iyo mongolebis yaeni sparseTSi
da mokvda 1304 w. beqas dasaurveblad am yazanyaenis, misi Tanamedro-
vis mier moWrili fuli gauCenia, magram aRbuRas dros es fuli ukve
`moklebuli iyo~ da mas `didis warCinebulis mefis giorgis Jamisa Te-
Tri~ daudgenia. es giorgi unda iyos giorgi brwyinvale, romelic vax-
uStiT gardaicvala 1346 w., xolo Cemi qronologiiT 1338 wels. aRbuRa
da giorgi brwyinvale biZaSvilebi iyvnen (giorgi mefe dediT agreTve
SviliSvili iyo beqasi) da erTmaneTzed axlo dros cxovrobdnen. am
moxsenebul sityvebidan sagulisxmoa, rom aRbuRas samarTlis daw-
eris dros giorgi brwyinvale ukve cocxali ar unda yofiliyo (`me-
fis giorgis Jamisa TeTri gavaCineTo~) da marTlac, aRbuRas giorgi
brwyinvalis sikvdilis Semdegac ucxovria. sparseli istorikosi
Serifaddini mas cocxlad ixseniebs Temurlengis saqarTveloSi Se-
mosevis dros 1386 w. 1402 wels ki igive istorikosi ixseniebs aRbuRas
Svils ivanes, maSasadame, aRbuRa am dros ukve mkvdari yofila. aRbu-
Ra moxseniebulia kidev mix. fanaretis trapezontis qronikaSi. 1376
wels momkvdari andronike, Ze imperatoris aleqsi III-isa (1349-1390)
daniSnuli yofila tfilisis mefis daviTis asulze, gulqanxaTunze,
romelic qronikis mixedviT iyo diswuli aRbuRasi. rogorc konteqs-
tidan Cans, aRbuRa am dros (1376 w.) cocxali yofila. amgvarad... aR-
buRa... mjdara aTabagad me-XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi da cocxali
yofila 1386 wels~.70
garda amisa, sargis kakabaZem, `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wignze~, miqel
panaretosis `trapizonis qronikaze~, Seref ad-din ali iezdis `zafar-
nameze~, ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wignze71 da
70
sargis kakabaZe, sjulmdebelTa beqas da aRbuRas vinaoba (tfilisi, 1912), 6-7.
71
aq sargis kakabaZes mxedvelobaSi aqvs ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monas-
tris saaRape wignis ara zemoT motanili 153 aRapi, aramed ori sxva, 154 da 223
aRapebi, romelTagan pirveli aRapis teqstSi moxseniebulia sargisis vaJi, SaSia
artanujeli, xolo meore aRapis teqstSi – aTabag ivanes da, dedofali naTia-yo-
fili nisime: 154. `[Tuesa ianvarsa À (8)]. am(a)sve dR(e)sa wirvaÁ da aR(a)pi sargi-
sis Svilisa SaSiasi artanuj(e)lisa, Seundven RmerTman~; 223. `[Tuesa maissa e (5)].
amasve dResa aRÁpi aTab(a)gisa i~vanes disa dedoflisa naTia-yofilisa nisimesi,
Seundven RmerTman. gauCineT wmidisa irines dRR(e)s(a)swaulsa (!) wirva da aRapi,
caiSis taZris omoforis warweraze72 dayrdnobiT, gamoTqva mosazreba,

rom mandaturTuxuces beqas gardacvalebis Semdeg samcxis samTavros
erTdroulad jer beqas Svilebi: sargisi, yvaryvare da Salva, xolo, Sem-
deg – beqas SviliSvilebi: SaSia sargisis Ze, ivane yvaryvares Ze da aRbuRa
Salvas Ze marTavdnen.73
yovelive aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, XIV saukuneSi moRvawe samcxis
mTavarTa sargis kakabaZis mier Sedgenili genealogiur-qronologi-
uri sqema SegviZlia warmovadginoT Semdegi saxiT:
1-3. sargis, ufrosi Ze mandaturTuxuces beqasi;
1-3. amirspasalari da samcxis spasalari yvaryvare, SuaTana Ze man-
daturTuxuces beqasi;
1-3. aTabagi Salva, umcrosi Ze mandaturTuxuces beqasi;
4-6. artanujeli SaSia, Ze sargisisa;
4-6. aTabagi ivane, Ze amirspasalaris da samcxis spasalaris yvary-
varesi;
4-6. aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa (XIV s-is II nax.), Ze aTabag Salvasi.
aTabag-amirspasalar aRbuRa I-is zeobis sargis kakabaZis mier
dadgenili qronologia (XIV s-is II nax.) qarTvel mkvlevarTa erTma
nawilma upirobod gaiziara,74 Tumca, mkvlevarTa meore nawilma scada,
kidev ufro daezustebina es sakmaod vrceli qronologiuri monakveTi
da am mizniT, ZiriTadad daeyrdno vaxuSti bagrationis fundamentur
naSroms àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~ da missave `qronologiuri
cxrils~, sadac XIV saukunis samcxis mTavrebis Tanamimdevroba da maTi
zeobis wlebi sistemuri saxiT aris warmodgenili.
àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~-s I fragmenti: `maSin ica Jami br-
wyinvaleman giorgi mefemanca (saqarTvelos mefe giorgi V brwyin-
valem – avtorebi) da ganasxna TaTarni saqarTvelosagan, romelnime
gonierebiTa, romelnime brZoliTa da ZlierebiTa da mospna yovelni
da raca waigos m(a)s dRis(a)Á misT(Â)s, Seundven RmerTman~. metreveli, masalebi

ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 93, 99. Sdr. kakabaZe, sjulmde-
belTa beqas da aRbuRas vinaoba, 5; aRapni juaris monastrisani ierusalimsa Sina,
qarTuli dedani 16 paleografiuli suraTiTurT gamosca niko marma (sankt-pe-
terburgi, 1914), 39, 57.
72
aq avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs omoforis warweris Tedo Jordanias mier gamo-
qveynebuli teqsti, romelic zemoT ukve gvqonda motanili.
73
iqve, 3-6. Sdr. sargis kakabaZe, `zarzmis mxatvrobis istoriul pirebis vinaobis
Sesaxeb~, saistorio moambe, I (tfilisi, 1925), 240-242.
74
javaxiSvili, `qarTuli samarTlis istoria~, I, 105-106; berZeniSvili, `feodaluri
urTierTobebidan XV saukuneSi~, 5, 63; doliZe, Zveli qarTuli samarTali, 39-41;
miqel panaretosi, `trapizonis qronika~, 83-84; metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis
qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 156-157; da sxv.
sazRvarTagan TÂsTa. merme moiyvanna yovelni amis qveyanis erisTavni

da warCinebulni, reca darbazobad civsa zeda hereTisasa da moswyÂdna
mun urCni TÂsisa mefobisani da daadginna yovelTa adgilTa warvlineb-
ulni erisTavni TÂsni morCilebisani da daipyrna amiT umetes yovelni.
maSin miuboZa sargis jayelsa (mandaturTuxuces beqa I-is ufros vaJs
– avtorebi) aTabagoba da amirspasalaroba75... merme STavida odiSs, mu-
nidam afxazeTs... ukmoiqca, Semovlo guria... da movida samcxes. aramed
samcxes yofasa Sina mefisasa mokuda aTabagi sargis q(rist)es (aqaT)sa
C~tld (1334 w.), qarTulsa k~b (22+1312=1434 w.). xolo mefeman miuboZa
Zesave missa yuaryuares aTabagoba da dasxna erisTavni TÂsni klar-
jeTs, spers, kalmaxs, artanujs da samcxes artanisa da wunisa da am
saerisToTgan romelime miuboZa biZaTa da biZis ZeTa yuaryuare aTa-
bagisaTa da iyvnen eseni morCilebasa aTabagisasa... xolo Semdgomad me-
fis giorgisa dajda Ze misi daviT (daviT IX – avtorebi) mefed... kualad
amav daviT mefis nebiTa SeirTo bagrat erisTavman miqel mefis Zeman
asuli yuaryuare aTabagisa... gamefda Semdgomad daviT mefisa Ze misi
bagrat (bagrat V – avtorebi)... amasve welsa (igulisxmeba bagrat V-is
gamefebis meore weli, anu, vaxuSti bagrationis qronologiiT, 1361
weli – avtorebi) mokuda aTabagi yuaryuare da miuboZa aTabagoba mefe-
man bagrat Zesa missa beqas, romeli iyo pirvel mandaturT-uxucesi...
aramed Temur (Temurlengma – avtorebi) daipyra ra sruliad sparseTi,
da warmoemarTa Cuen kerZod da Semovida somxiTs, mosrna, moswyÂdna,
Semusrna simagreni da mostyuevnna. merme noenbersa Sina moadga kars,
Semusra igica da daadgra mun zamTarsa mas, rameTu iyo mksinvareba
Zlieri da Tovli did-friad... aramed aTabagman beqam ixila ra Zliereba
Temurisa, SeuSinda, uar-hyo mefe TÂsi da mivida Temuris winaSe; xolo
man pativiTa Seiwynara, moscna niWni da ganuteva, raTa arRara mierTnen
mesxni bagrat mefesa. amisi msmeneli mefe damZimda friad... ganamagra da
ganamtkica tfilisi da ganavsna spiTa da daadgra maT Sina. esma lang-
Temurs mefisagan magreba da brZolisa mzadeba, gamZÂnda da warmoemar-
Ta gazafxuls... movida da moadga tfiliss... Semdgomad moadgnen cixesa
da... gamoiyvanes mefe bagrat dedofaliT TÂsiT annaTi q(rist)es (aqaTs)
75
vaxuSti bagrationis TxzulebaSi giorgi V-is mier sargis beqas ZisaTvis aTa-
bag-amirspasalarobis boZebis Semdeg gadmocemulia ori ambavi: 1. mefis mier ra-
nisa da Sarvanis dalaSqvra; da 2. giorgi V-is dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadasvla
da imereTis SemoerTeba. es bolo ambavi swavlul batoniSvils 1330 wliT aqvs
daTariRebuli:`q(oronikon)sa C~tl (1330 w.), qarTulsa i~À (18+1312=1330 w.)~. vax-
uSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 256-257. Sesabamisad, irkveva,
rom vaxuSti bagrationi sargis beqas Zis mier aTabag-amirspasalarobis miRebis
faqts 1330 wlis winare xanebiT aTariRebda.
a C~tpz (1387 w.), qarTulsa o~e (75+1312=1387 w.). xolo Temur tyue-
hyvna mefe da dedofali... xolo Ze mefis bagratisa giorgi (SemdgomSi,
mefe giorgi VII – avtorebi) damZimda friad sminebiTa esreTiTa, war-
movida imereTidam da movida qarTls... Semoikribna spani, raTa mivides
da Semoimtkicos kualad aTabagi beqa... Semdgomad mokuda aTabagi beqa
q(rist)es (aqaTs)a C~tJa (1391 w.), qarTulsa o~T (79+1312=1391 w.) da
nebiTa mefis Zis giorgisaTa dajda aTabagad Ze beqasi iovane~ (qaragmis
gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).76
àRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~-s II fragmenti: èsreT rameTu
mokuda sargis jayeli, Ze beqasi, q(oronikons)a C~tld (1334 w.), qar. k~b
(22+1312=1334 w.) da dasua brwyinvaleman mefeman giorgim yuaryuare
Ze sargisisa, mokuda ese yvaryvare q(oronikons)a C~tÁa (1361 w.), qar.
m~T (49+1312=1361 w.), dasua Ze yuaryuaresi didman mefeman bagrat beqa,
mokuda ese beqa q(oronikons)a C~tJa (1391 w.), qar. o~T (79+1312=1391
w.), da dasua iovane, Ze beqasi, didis bagratis Zeman giorgim. mokuda
ese iovane q(oronikons)a C~umd (1444 w.), qar. r~lb (132+1312=1444 w.)...~
(qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).77
`qronologiuri cxrili~: `q(oroni)k(o)nebi Cven m(ie)r povnilni
wignebTa S(in)a... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1334, qarTuli q(oroni)
k(o)ni k~b (22+1312=1334 w.). mokuda aTabagi sargis, dasva giorgi m(e)
f(ema)n aTabagad Ze misi yvaryvare... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1361,
qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni m~T (49+1312=1361 w.)... k(uala)d mokuda aTabagi
yvaryvare, bagrat m(e)f(ema)n dasva Ze misi beqa... q(riste)s aqaTi q(oroni)
k(o)ni 1391, qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni o~T (79+1312=1391 w.). mokuda aTab-
agi beqa. da dajda nebiTa giorgisaTa aTabagad Ze misi iovane... q(riste)s
aqaTi q(oroni)k(o)ni 1444, qarTuli q(oroni)k(o)ni r~lb (132+1312=1344
w.). da mokuda iovane aTabagi...~ (qaragmis gaxsna Cvenia – avtorebi).78
citirebul fragmentebze dayrdnobiT, vaxuSti bagrationis mier
SemoTavazebuli genealogiur-qronologiuri sqema SegviZlia Semdegi
saxiT davadginoT:
1. aTabag-amirspasalari (1330 w-is winare xanebi – 1334 w.) sargis, Ze
samcxis mTavris beqasi;
2. aTabagi yvaryvare (1334-1361 ww.), Ze aTabag-amirspasalaris sar-
gisisa;
3. aTabagi beqa (1361-1391 ww.), Ze aTabag yvaryvaresi;
76
vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, 256, 258, 260-265.
77
iqve, 702.
78
iqve, 895-896.
4. aTabagi ivane (1391-1444 ww.), Ze aTabag beqasi.79

rogorc vxedavT, vaxuSti bagrationi aTabag-amirspasalar aRbuRa
I-is arsebobis faqts saerTod ar icnobs, ris gamoc mas XIV saukuneSi
moRvawe samcxis mTavrebis Tanamimdevroba da maTi zeobis wlebi iseTi
saxiT aqvs dadgenili, rom am sqemaSi aRbuRa I-isaTvis adgili, ubral-
od, aRar rCeba. aRniSnuli xarvezis daZlevis mizniT, mkvlevrebma gad-
awyvites, erTmaneTTan SeejerebinaT swavluli batoniSvilis genealo-
giur-qronologiuri monacemebi da sxva werilobiTi Zeglebis cnobebi
XIV saukunis samcxis mTavrebis Sesaxeb, am gziT daezustebinaT aRbuRa
I-is aTabag-amirspasalarobis wlebi, sabolood ki, sargis kakabaZis mier
gamovlenili am naklebad cnobili istoriuli piris saxeli aRedginaT
samcxis mTavarTa qronologiur rigSi.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji pavle ingoroyvam ga-
dadga da vaxuSti bagrationis sqemaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi
Seitana. mkvlevarma am sqemidan, saerTod amoiRo mandaturTuxuces
beqa II-is, rogorc ararsebuli istoriuli piris saxeli da mis nacvlad,
Sesabamis qronologiur monakveTSi (1361-1391 ww.), ori sxva istoriuli
piris saxeli aRadgina. eseni arian: 1. lixauris monastris macxovris xa-
tis warweraSi aTabagad da samcxis spasalarad moxseniebuli Salva, man-
daturTuxuces beqa I-is Ze, romelic, pavle ingoroyvas azriT, mogvi-
anebiT, aTabag-amirspasalaris saxelosac flobda;80 da 2. sargis kaka-
79
vaxuSti bagrationis es sqema, praqtikulad, ucvleli saxiT aris gameorebuli
viqtor guCuasa da SoTa lomsaZis mier Sedgenil saenciklopedio statiebSi, rom-
lebic, Tavis mxriv, `qarTul sabWoTa enciklopediaSia~ dabeWdili: 1. aTabagi, amir-
spasalari da samcxis spasalari, sargis II (gard. 1334 w.), Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa
I-isa; 2. aTabagi (1334-1361 ww.) yvaryvare I, Ze aTabagis, amirspasalarisa da samcxis
spasalaris sargis II-isa; 3. aTabagi (1361-1391 ww.) beqa II, Ze aTabag yvaryvare I-isa; 4.
aTabagi (1391-1444 ww.) ivane II, Ze aTabag beqa II-isa. viqtor guCua, `beqa II~, qarTuli
sabWoTa enciklopedia, 2 (Tbilisi, 1977), 346; SoTa lomsaZe, ìvane II~, qarTuli sab-
WoTa enciklopedia, 5 (Tbilisi, 1980), 89; viqtor guCua, `sargis II~, qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, 9 (Tbilisi, 1985), 102; viqtor guCua, `yvaryvare I~, qarTuli sabWoTa
enciklopedia, 10 (Tbilisi, 1986), 638. aRniSnul saenciklopedio statiebze dayrd-
nobiT, vaxuSti bagrationis sqema ucvleli saxiT gvaqvs Setanili Cvens erT-erT,
2006 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSic. Temo jojua, àrtanujeli piligrimis giorgi
lomas-Zis savedrebeli (XV s.) ierusalimSi gadatanili 1160 wlis garejuli krebu-
lis (Ven.4-is) arSiebidan~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI (2006), 125-126.
80
aq avtors mxedvelobaSi aqvs lixauris monasterSi daculi macxovris ficris
xati, romlis vercxliT moWedil zurgze dimitri baqraZem Semdegi warwera am-
oikiTxa: `w. zesTa: arsTasa: arsisa: RmrTisa: mmisa: Tanarso: Rmro: Zo: ieso: Cn-
Tis: Cendamde: damdblebiT: kcqmnilo: ondoTa: mwisa: nivTTaiT: gimkob: saxesa:
wmdisa: xatisa: Senisa: saswaulTagn: saSinelsa: Zvisa: da: nCisa: mosavi: Sen: damn:..
li..w..lobaTa: Seni: Ze: didisa: sa...Txcesisa: bqisa: aTbg: da smcxisas...slri: Slva:
raiTa: mcresa: ncvlne: aqsa: amas: nWni: wyalobaTa: SenTani: da: mermesa: mas:
baZis mier gamovlenili aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa.81 amasTan, pavle

ingoroyvam, raime argumentaciis gareSe, gamoTqva mosazreba, rom Sal-
va beqas Ze aTabag-amirspasalaris wodebas 1370 wlamde atarebda, xolo
amave 1370 wlidan aTabag-amirspasalarobas ukve aRbuRa flobda:
1. mandaturTuxucesi sargis II (1309-1334 ww.), ufrosi Ze mandatur-
Tuxuces beqa I-isa;
2. samcxis spasalari (1309-1330/1335 ww.) da amirspasalari (1330/1335-
1361 ww.) yvaryvare II, SuaTana Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
3. aTabagi da samcxis spasalari (1330/1335-1361 ww.), aTabag-amirs-
pasalari (1361-1370 ww.) Salva, umcrosi Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
4. aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa (1370-1391 ww.);
5. aTabag-amirspasalari ivane II (1391-1444 ww.).82
ziarmyo: marjvniT: Sensa: mdgomareTa: Tana: “Небесных существ Существа Бога-

Отца Единосущному Богу-Сыну Иисусу, смирившему себя за нас принятием плоти, из скудных
вещей украсил святаго лика Твоего страшный чудесами образ........ уповающий на Тебя..... уделом
твоим сын великаго сахлт-ухуцеса Беки, атабег и спасалар Самцхе Шалва... прими малые сии
дары милостей Твоих и в будущей жизни сопричисли меня к стоящим одесную Тебя!” Димитрий
Бакрадзе, Археологическое путешествие по Гурии и Адчаре (Санкт-Петербург, 1878), 110-111,
атласъ, с одной картой и с четырьмя чертежами, I, #4. pavle ingoroyva Salva beqas Zeze
saubrisas, lixauris xatis warweris garda, emyareboda kidev or werilobiT Zegls:
XIV saukunis anonimi qarTveli JamTaaRmwerlis e.w. àswlovan matianesa~ da ieru-
salimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigns, agreTve, Wules monastris
freskul portrets (am werilobiT Zeglebsa da freskuli portretis ganmartebiT
warweraSi Salva mxolod saxeliT aris moxseniebuli). ingoroyva, `rusTvelianas
epilogi~, 586-587, 589-590, 592.
81
pavle ingoroyva aRbuRaze saubrisas emyareboda mxolod sam werilobiT Zegls:
`beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns~, miqael panaretosis `trapizonis qronikasa~ da
ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigns. ingoroyva, `rusTvelianas
epilogi~, 586-587, 592.
82
pavle ingoroyva, `rusTvelianas epilogi~, TxzulebaTa krebuli, I (Tbilisi,
1963), 583, 585-592, 705-706, 765-766, 770-771. rogorc vxedavT, pavle ingoroyvam
zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebis garda, ramdenime sxva mniSvnelovani koreqtivic
Seitana vaxuSti bagrationis sqemaSi. man, magaliTad, gamoTqva mosazreba: rom
amirspasalari yvaryvare II iyo ara mandaturTuxuces sargis II-is, aramed mandatur-
Tuxuces beqa I-is vaJi (Sdr. sargis kakabaZis mier gamoTqmul analogiuri xasiaTis
mosazrebas); rom es yvaryvare II samcxis spasalaris Tanamdebobas flobda mamis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg, 1309-1330/1335 wlebSi, xolo amirspasalarobas – 1330/1335-1361
wlebSi; rom, Salva, mandaturTuxuces beqas umcrosi vaJi, samcxis spasalarobas
da damatebiT, aTabagobasac, flobda Zmis, yvaryvare II-is mier amirspasalarobis
miRebis Semdeg, 1330/1335-1361 wlebSi, xolo aTabag-amirspasalarobas – yvaryvare
II-is gardacvalebis Semdeg, 1361-1370 wlebSi; da sxv. Cven qvemoT vnaxavT, rom vax-
uSti bagrationis sqemaSi, sargis kakabaZisa da pavle ingoroyvas msgavsad, araerTi
mniSvnelovani cvlileba aqvT Setanili sxva qarTvel da ucxoel mkvlevrebsac:
iuri sixaruliZes, kirile Tumanovs, mirian rexviaSvils, darejan kldiaSvilsa da
pavle ingoroyvas Semdeg gansaxilav sakiTxs iuri sixaruliZe

Seexo. mkvlevarma, agreTve, arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Seitana
vaxuSti bagrationis sqemaSi. iuri sixaruliZem am sqemidan, pavle in-
goroyvas msgavsad, upirobod amoiRo mandaturTuxuces beqa II-is,
rogorc ararsebuli istoriuli piris saxeli da mis nacvlad, gansaxi-
lav qronologiur monakveTSi (1361-1391 ww.) samcxis ori sxva mTavr-
is saxeli aRadgina. eseni arian: 1. aTabag-amirspasalari yvaryvare II,
SuaTana Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;83 da 2. sargis kakabaZis mier
gamovlenili aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I, romelic mkvlevris az-
riT, swored am yvaryvare II-is vaJi iyo.84 iuri sixaruliZis dakvirve-
biT, yvaryvare II aTabag-amirspasalarobas 1360-iani wlebis I naxevarSi
flobda, amave 1360-iani wlebidan 1380-iani wlebis miwurulamde ki aTa-
bag-amirspasalaris wodebas ukve misi vaJi, aRbuRa atarebda:
1. aTabagi (1320-1334 ww.) da samcxis spasalari sargis II, ufrosi Ze
mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
2. aTabagi yvaryvare I (1334-1361 ww.), ufrosi Ze aTabagis da samcxis
spasalaris sargis II-isa;
3-4. aTabag-amirspasalari (1360-iani ww-s I nax.) yvaryvare II, SuaTana
Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
3-4. aTabagi da samcxis spasalari (?) Salva, umcrosi Ze mandatur-
Tuxuces beqa I-isa;
mixeil baxtaZes. samwuxarod, aRniSnuli cvlilebebis ganxilva Zalzed scildeba

Cveni winamdebare naSromis intersebis sferos. amitom, am cvlilebebis, koreqtive-
bisa da dazustebebis Taobaze Cvens sxva naSromebSi gveqneba saubari.
83
iuri sixaruliZe yvaryvare beqas Zeze saubrisas emyareboda: anonimi qarTveli
JamTaaRmwerlis àswlovan matianes~, ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris
saaRape wignis 273 aRaps (`[Tuesa ivlissa k (20)]. am(a)sve dResa aRapi S(a)nSas Svilis
Sv(i)lisa aRbuRasi, Seundven RmerTman. da aRmsrulebelni amisni akurTxnes Rmer-
Tman. gauCina yÂaryu<a>r<e>s meoRl(e)m(a)n bur(e)na~ (metreveli, masalebi ieru-
salimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis, 104), anCis macxovris xatis warwerasa
da aTabag-amirspasalar yvaryvares mier mcxeTisaTvis micemul 1363 wlis sabuTs
`sofel kordovSi~ mosaxle `maxaraZis~ Sewirvis Sesaxeb (sabuTi dReisaTvis dak-
argulia. mis Sesaxeb Tedo Jordania aRniSnavs Semdegs: ès cnoba rusuls gujarT-
nusxaSi ipoveba da TviT gujari ver aRmovaCine sin. kant. siglebSi~. qronikebi, II,
183, 185), agreTve, safaris, zarzmisa da Wules monastrebis freskuli portrete-
bis ganmartebiT warwerebs (yvaryvare II safarasa da WuleSi mxolod saxeliT aris
moxseniebuli, xolo zarzmaSi – amirspasalaris wodebiT: àmirspasalarÁ yuaryu-
ara~). sixaruliZe, `samcxis samTavros politikuri istoriidan~, 38, 46-49.
84
iuri sixaruliZe aRbuRa I-ze saubrisas emyareboda mxolod sam werilobiT
Zegls: `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns~, Seref ad-din ali iezdis `zafar-name~-s da
miqael panaretosis `trapizonis qronikas~. sixaruliZe, `samcxis samTavros poli-
tikuri istoriidan~, 47, 49-51.
5. aTabag-amirspasalari (1360-iani ww. – 1380-iani ww-is dasasr.) aR-

buRa I, Ze aTabag-amirspasalar yvaryvare II-isa;
6. aTabagi ioane (1390-iani ww-is dasawy. – 1444 w.), Ze aTabag-amirs-
pasalar aRbuRa I-isa.85
srulebiT sapirispiro daskvnamde mivida kirile Tumanovi. man,
pavle ingoroyvasa da iuri sixaruliZisagan gansxvavebiT, sruli ndo-
ba gamoucxada vaxuSti bagrationis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas da
gamoTqva mosazreba, rom swavluli batoniSvilis mier naxsenebi man-
daturTuxucesi beqa II da sargis kakabaZis mier gamovlenili aTabagi
aRbuRa, realurad, erTi da igive piri iyo. garda amisa, kirile Tu-
manovma savsebiT sarwmunod miiCnia vaxuSti bagrationis cnoba beqa II-
is zeobis 1361-1391 wlebiT daTariRebis Taobaze da zustad amave 1361-
1391 wlebiT gansazRvra beqa II-sTan gaigivebuli aRbuRa I-is aTabagobis
qronologiac:
1. aTabagi da amirspasalari (1318-1334 ww.) sargis II, ufrosi Ze man-
daturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
2. aTabagi (1334-1361 ww.) yvaryvare II, Ze aTabagis da amirspasalaris
sargis II-isa;
3. aTabagi (1361-1391 ww.) beqa II, igive aRbuRa, Ze aTabag yvaryvare II-
isa;
4. aTabagi (1391-1444 ww.) ivane III, Ze aTabag beqa II-is, igive aRbuRa-
si.86
kirile Tumanovis Semdeg gansaxilav sakiTxs, praqtikulad, erT-
droulad Seexnen mirian rexviaSvili da darejan kldiaSvili.
mirian rexviaSvilma sarwmunod ar miiCnia iuri sixaruliZisa da
kirile Tumanovis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi da TiTqmis mTli-
anad pavle ingoroyvas mier SemoTavazebul debulebebs daubrunda.87
mkvlevarma vaxuSti bagrationis sqemidan upirobod amoiRo mandatur-
Tuxuces beqa II-is, rogorc ararsebuli istoriuli piris saxeli da mis
nacvlad, Sesabamis qronologiur monakveTSi (1361-1391 ww.) pavle in-
goroyvas mier dasaxelebuli ori sxva istoriuli piris saxeli aRadg-
ina. eseni arian: 1. lixauris macxovris xatis warweraSi aTabagad da sam-
85
sixaruliZe, `samcxis samTavros politikuri istoriidan~, 38-51.
86
Cyrille Toumanof, Manuel de Genealogie et de Chronologie pour l`histoire de la Caucasie Chreti-
enne (Armenie-Georgie-Albanie) (Roma, 1976), 205-206.
87
samwuxarod, mirian rexviaSvilis statiaSi gakvriTac ki ar aris naxsenebi pavle
ingoroyva da misi Sesabamisi naSromi. arada, mkvlevris mier gamoTqmuli mosaz-
rebebis erTi nawili swored pavle ingoroyvas mier SemoTavazebuli debulebebis
gameorebas warmoadgens.
cxis spasalarad moxseniebuli Salva, Ze mandaturTuxuces beqasi;88 da

2. CvenTvis saintereso aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa, romelsac, mirian
rexviaSvilis azriT, zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis warweraSi CamoTv-
lili hyavs Tavisi uSualo winaprebi: mama – Salva, papa (mamis mama) – beqa
I da didi papa (papis mama) – sargis I.89 garda amisa, mirian rexviaSvil-
ma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom miqael panaretosis `trapizonis
qronikaSi~ aRbuRa 1374 wlis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT aris moxsenie-
buli, aRniSnuli qronologiuri monacemi, rogorc Cans, aRbuRas zeo-
bis aTvlis wertilad aiRo (?) da sabolood, gamoTqva mosazreba, rom
Salva beqas Ze samcxis spasalarisa da aTabagis saxeloebs 1374 wlamde
flobda, amave 1374 wlidan ki aTabag-amirspasalaris wodebas ukve misi
vaJi, aRbuRa I atarebda:
1. samcxis spasalari da mandaturTuxucesi sargis II (1308-1334 ww.),
ufrosi Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
2. amirspasalari yvaryvare I (1334-1361 ww.), SuaTana Ze mandaturT-
uxuces beqa I-isa;
3. samcxis spasalari da aTabagi Salva (1361-1374 ww.), umcrosi Ze
mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
4. aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I (1374-1391 ww.), Ze samcxis spasala-
ris da aTabagis Salvasi.90
mirian rexviaSvilisagan sakmaod gansxvavebul daskvnamde mivida
darejan kldiaSvili. man detalurad Seiswavla gansaxilavi sakiTxi,
srulad gaiziara kirile Tumanovis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba da
vaxuSti bagrationis mier naxsenebi mandaturTuxucesi beqa II da sar-
gis kakabaZis mier gamovlenili aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa, agreTve,
erTi da imave pirad miiCnia.91 rac Seexeba aRbuRa I-is zeobis qronolo-
88
mirian rexviaSvili Salva beqas Zeze saubrisas, lixauris xatis warweris garda,
emyareboda kidev oTx werilobiT Zegls: anonimi qarTveli JamTaaRmwerlis às-
wlovan matianes~, ierusalimis jvris qarTvelTa monastris saaRape wigns, anCis
macxovris xatis warwerasa da zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis warweras, agreTve,
Wulesa da safaris monastrebis freskul portretebs (am werilobiT Zeglebsa da
freskuli portretebis ganmartebiT warwerebSi Salva mxolod saxeliT aris mox-
seniebuli). rexviaSvili, `Salva, samcxis spasalari da aTabagi~, 40-43.
89
mirian rexviaSvili aRbuRaze saubrisas emyareboda mxolod sam (?) werilobiT
Zegls: miqael panaretosis `trapizonis qronikas~, zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis
warwerasa da savaraudod, `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns~. rexviaSvili, `Salva,
samcxis spasalari da aTabagi~, 41-43.
90
mirian rexviaSvili, `Salva, samcxis spasalari da aTabagi (1361-1374 ww.)~, Zeglis
megobari, 3 (1986), 40-43.
91
darejan kldiaSvili aRbuRaze saubrisas emyareboda ramdenime werilobiT
Zegls: `beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns~, miqael panaretosis `trapizonis qronikas~,
gias, darejan kldiaSvilma, rogorc Cans, savsebiT misaRebad CaTvala

am sakiTxis Sesaxeb iuri sixaruliZis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba da
aRbuRa I-is aTabag-amirspasalarobis qronologia, Tavadac, 1360-1380-
iani wlebiT gansazRvra:
1. samcxis spasalari (1293 w-is win. xan. – 1334 w.), mandaturTuxucesi
(1308-1334 ww.) da aTabagi (? – 1334 ww.) sargis II, ufrosi Ze mandaturT-
uxuces beqa I-isa;
2. aTabagi (1334-1361 ww.) (?), amirspasalari (? – 1361 ww.) da samcxis
spasalari (1334 w. – ?) yvaryvare I, SuaTana Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-
isa;
3. aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I, igive beqa II (1360-1380-iani ww.), Ze
aTabagis, amirspasalaris da samcxis spasalaris yvaryvare I-isa;
4. aTabagi ioane (1391 w-dan), Ze aTabag-amirspasalaris aRbuRa I-is,
igive beqa II-isa.92
gansaxilav sakiTxs sul bolos mixeil baxtaZe Seexo. mkvlevarma
vaxuSti bagrationis sqemidan, pavle ingoroyvas, iuri sixaruliZisa da
mirian rexviaSvilis msgavsad, upirobod amoiRo mandaturTuxuces beqa
II-is, rogorc ararsebuli istoriuli piris saxeli, oRond, dasaxele-
bul mkvlevarTagan gansxvavebiT, aRniSnul qronologiur monakveTSi
(1361-1391 ww.), beqa II-is nacvlad, aRadgina ara ori, aramed erTi isto-
riuli piris, sargis kakabaZis mier gamovlenili aTabag-amirspasalar-
is aRbuRa I-is saxeli.93 mkvlevris dakvirvebiT, es aRbuRa I swored vax-
uSti bagrationis mier SemoTavazebul qronologiur monakveTSi, anu
1361-1391 wlebSi flobda aTabag-amirspasalaris saxelos:
1. samcxis spasalari (1280-iani ww. – 1327 w.) da aTabag-amirspasalari
(1327-1334 ww.) sargis I, ufrosi Ze mandaturTuxuces beqa I-isa;
2. aTabag-amirspasalari (1334-1361 ww.) da samcxis spasalari (?)
zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis warwerasa da zevdginisZis saCivris wigns, agreTve,

sparseli da sparsulenovani avtorebis: nizam ad-din Samis, Seref ad-din ali iezdis,
abd ar-rezay samaryandis, muin ad-din naTanzis, isqanderis anonimis, fasi-hi xafis,
mirxondisa da xondemiris cnobebs, ufro zustad ki, devi kacitaZis informacias am
cnobebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. kldiaSvili, jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulos isto-
riidan, 100-104, 134, 136, 139-140, 143-144. aqve, vsargeblobT SemTxveviT da madlobas
movaxsenebT darejan kldiaSvils, romelmac saSualeba mogvca, gavcnobodiT misi
sakandidato disertaciis saavtoro egzemplars.
92
kldiaSvili, jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulos istoriidan, 59, 68, 78-79, 100-
104, 131-152. Sdr. kldiaSvili, `xovles (zesxevis) warwerebi~, 70.
93
mixeil baxtaZe aRbuRaze saubrisas emyareboda mxolod sam werilobiT Zegls:
`beqa-aRbuRas samarTlis wigns~, miqael panaretosis `trapizonis qronikasa~ da
zesxevis wm. Tevdores eklesiis warweras. baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria,
46-47, 51-52.
yvaryvare I, ufrosi Ze samcxis spasalar da aTabag-amirspasalar sargis

II-isa;
3. aTabagi (?) da samcxis spasalari (?) Salva, umcrosi Ze mandatur-
Tuxuces beqa I-isa;94
4. aTabag-amirspasalari aRbuRa I (1374-1391 ww.), Ze aTabagis da sam-
cxis spasalaris Salvasi;
5. aTabagi ivane (1391-1344 ww.), Ze aTabag-amirspasalar aRbuRasi.95
rogorc vxedavT, zemoT ganxilul avtorebs aRbuRa I-is aTabag-
amirspasalarobis sargis kakabaZis mier dadgenili qronologia (XIV
s-is II nax.) erTmaneTisagan sakmaod gansxvavebuli saxiT aqvT dazuste-
buli. kerZod, pavle ingoroyvas aRbuRa I-is aTabag-amirspasalaroba
daTariRebuli aqvs 1370-1391 wlebiT, iuri sixaruliZesa da darejan
kldiaSvils – 1360-1380-iani wlebiT, kirile Tumanovsa da mixeil
baxtaZes – 1361-1391 wlebiT, xolo mirian rexviaSvils – 1374-1391
wlebiT.
am qronologiuri monacemebidan winamdebare naSromSi mxolod
94
samwuxarod, mixeil baxtaZis naSromSi Salva beqas Zis aTabagobisa da samcxis
spasalarobis qronologiasTan dakavSirebiT, garkveuli bundovaneba SeiniSneba, ris
gamoc mkvlevris mier am sakiTxis Taobaze gamoTqmuli mosazrebis reziumireba ver
SevZeliT. kerZod, mixeil baxtaZe erTgan aRniSnavs Semdegs: `XIV saukunis 30-90-ian
wlebSi moRvawe aTabagTa qronologia, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba Semdegi saxiT warmo-
vadginoT: 1334 wels aTabagi gaxda sargis II-is Ze yvaryvare II, xolo misi gardacvalebis
Semdgom (pirobiTad 1361 wels) misi biZa, sargis II-is umcrosi Zma Salva. Salvas Semdeg
aTabagi am ukanasknelis Svili aRbuRa gaxda~. baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria,
44-56. rogorc vxedavT, mkvlevris am mosazrebis Tanaxmad, Salva beqas Zem aTabagoba
miiRo, pirobiTad, 1361 wels, xolo misma vaJma aRbuRam – kidev ufro mogvianebiT,
Salvas gardacvalebis Semdeg. aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, sakmaod gansxvave-
bul suraTs vawydebiT amave naSromis sxva adgilas, ufro zustad ki, XI-XV saukuneebSi
moRvawe jayelebis genealogiur cxrilSi, romelic naSroms boloSi aqvs darTuli.
am cxrilSi yvaryvare sargisis Zis samcxis mTavrobis qronologia gansazRvrulia
1334-1361 wlebiT, xolo aRbuRa Salvas Zis samcxis mTavrobis qronologia – 1361-
1391 wlebiT. rac Seexeba Tavad Salvas, genealogiur cxrilSi misi samcxis mTavrobis
qronologia miTiTebuli saerTod ar aris. baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria,
78. maSasadame, genealogiuri cxrilidan gamomdinareobs, rom yvaryvare sargisis Zis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, anu 1361 wels, samcxis mTavari, Sesabamisad ki, aTabagi, gaxda
aRbuRa Salvas Ze. es debuleba aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis zemoT citirebul frag-
mentTan, sadac aRniSnulia, rom 1361 wels aTabagis saxelo, masTan erTad ki, samcxis
mTavroba, miiRo ara aRbuRa Salvas Zem, aramed Tavad Salvam. amrigad, safiqrebelia,
rom mixeil baxtaZis naSromis am nawilSi raRac mniSvnelovani uzustobaa gaparuli da
sanam mkvlevari Tavad ar daazustebs am bundovan adgils, manamde SeuZlebeli iqneba
imis Tqma, Tu, realurad, ra periodiT gansazRvravs igi Salva beqas Zis aTabagobisa da
samcxis spasalarobis qronologias.
95
baxtaZe, jayelTa sagvareulos istoria, 44-56, 78.
aRbuRa I-is mier aTabag-amirspasalaris saxelos miRebis TariRze ga-

vamaxvilebT yuradRebas. sakiTxis Seswavla aCvenebs, rom mkvlevarTa
mier SemoTavazebuli yvela TariRi, realurad, or werilobiT Zeglzea
damyarebuli. es Zeglebia: 1. vaxuSti bagrationis àRwera samefosa
saqarTvelosa~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom mandaturTuxucesma beqa II-m,
anu, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis azriT, igive aTabag-amirspasalarma aR-
buRa I-ma (kirile Tumanovi, darejan kldiaSvili), xolo mkvlevarTa
meore nawilis azriT, ararsebulma istoriulma pirma, romelic swav-
luli batoniSvilis TxzulebaSi, SecdomiT, aRbuRa I-is nacvlad aris
dasaxelebuli (pavle ingoroyva, iuri sixaruliZe, mirian rexviaSvili,
mixeil baxtaZe), aTabagis Tanamdeboba daikava 1361 wels; da 2. miqael
panaretosis `trapizonis qronika~, sadac 1374 wlis ambebTan dakav-
SirebiT, pirdapir aris moxseniebuli aRbuRas, rogorc saqarTvelos
mefis daviT IX-is asulisa da trapizonis momavali imperatoris manuil
III-is Tanamecxedris, dedofal gulqan-xaTunis, igive evdokias biZis
(dedis Zmis) saxeli.
am ori werilobiTi Zeglis safuZvelze, kirile Tumanovi da mixeil
baxtaZe aRbuRa I-is mier aTabag-amirspasalaris saxelos miRebas 1361
wliT aTariReben, iuri sixaruliZe da darejan kldiaSvili – 1360-iani
wlebiT, pavle ingoroyva – 1370 wliT, xolo mirian rexviaSvili – 1374
wliT.
Cven ver gaviziarebT verc erT am SemoTavazebul TariRs da sa-
pirispirod amisa, A-85-is kinklosuri minawerebis sabolood dadge-
nil teqstebze dayrdnobiT, gamovTqvamT mosazrebas, rom aRbuRa I-s
amirspasalaris saxelo, masTan erTad ki, savaraudod, aTabagis wode-
bac, miRebuli hqonda ara 1361, 1360-ian, 1370 an 1374 wlebSi, aramed gac-
ilebiT ufro adre, sul gvian, 1350-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis mainc.
amgvari daskvnisaken, pirvel rigSi, gvibiZgebs A-85-is II, 1356 wliT
daTariRebuli kinklosuri minaweri, sadac aRbuRa I swored amirs-
pasalaris wodebiT aris moxseniebuli. amgvari daskvnis sasargeblod
metyvelebs A-85-is I, 1352 wliT daTariRebuli kinklosuri minaweric,
sadac, marTalia, amirspasalaris saxeli pirdapir miTiTebuli ar aris,
magram, vfiqrobT, yovelgvar eWvgareSea, rom aqac aRbuRa I-ia nagu-
lisxmevi.
sxvaTa Soris, is faqti, rom zemoT dasaxelebul mkvlevrebs aRbuRa
I-is mier aTabag-amirspasalarobis miRebis TariRi, mTlianobaSi, 1360-
1370-iani wlebiT hqondaT gansazRvruli, gasakviri sulac ar aris,
vinaidan maT xelT arsebuli mwiri werilobiTi masala am faqtis 1361
welze ufro adreuli periodiT daTariRebis saSualebas, ubralod, ar
iZleoda. A-85-is kinklosuri monawerebis teqstebis sabolood dadge-
nis Semdeg suraTi arsebiTad Seicvala, Sesabamisi wyaroTmcodneobiTi

baza ori axali werilobiTi ZegliT, 1352 da 1356 wlebiT daTariRebu-
li kinklosuri minawerebiT gamdidrda, ris Sedegadac aRbuRa I-is mier
aTabag-amirspasalarobis miRebis TariRma avtomaturad Caiwia qvemoT,
1350-ian wlebSi da sabolood, gansaxilavi faqtis qronologia, daax-
loebiT, 1350-iani wlebis dasawyisiT ganisazRvra.
mas Semdeg, rac A-85-is kinklosur minawerebze dayrdnobiT, Se-
Zlebisdagvarad davazusteT aRbuRa I-is mier aTabag-amirspasalaris
saxelos miRebis TariRi, aucileblad unda SevexoT kidev erT sain-
tereso sakiTxs, romelic aRbuRa I-is winamorbedi XIV saukunis samcx-
is mTavrebis zeobis zeda qronologiuri zRvris dazustebasTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
zemoT ukve vnaxeT, rom dReisaTvis specialur literaturaSi
gamoTqmulia ramdenime gansxvavebuli mosazreba imis Taobaze, Tu,
saxeldobr, vin flobda aTabag-amirspasalaris, aTabagis an amirs-
pasalaris saxeloebs aRbuRa I-mde. mkvlevrebi gansaxilav periodSi
aRniSnul saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze sul oTx pirs asaxeleben. eseni
arian:
1. sargis beqas Ze: aTabag-amirspasalari – 1327-1334 wlebi (mixeil
baxtaZe); aTabagi – 1320-1334 wlebi (iuri sixaruliZe); aTabagi – daud-
geneli droidan 1334 wlamde (darejan kldiaSvili);
2. yvaryvare beqas Ze: aTabag-amirspasalari – 1360-iani wlebis I
naxevari (iuri sixaruliZe); aTabagi – 1334-1361 (?) wlebi (darejan kl-
diaSvili); amirspasalari – 1330/1335-1361 wlebi (pavle ingoroyva);
amirspasalari – 1334-1361 wlebi (mirian rexviaSvili); amirspasalari –
daudgeneli droidan 1361 wlamde (darejan kldiaSvili);
3. Salva beqas Ze: aTabag-amirspasalari – 1361-1370 wlebSi (pavle
ingoroyva); aTabagi – 1330/1335-1361 wlebi (pavle ingoroyva); aTabagi –
daudgeneli dro (iuri sixaruliZe, mixeil baxtaZe); aTabagi – 1361-1374
wlebi (mirian rexviaSvili);
4. yvaryvare sargisis Ze: aTabag-amirspasalari – 1334-1361 wlebi
(iuri sixaruliZe, mixeil baxtaZe).
Cven, am uaRresad rTuli da bundovani sakiTxis Sesaxeb sakuTari
mosazrebis gamoTqmisagan, jerjerobiT, Tavs SevikavebT. TumcaRa,
aqve xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom erTi ram srulebiT cxadia: sargis,
yvaryvare da Salva beqas Zeebis, agreTve, yvaryvare sargisis Zis aTa-
bag-amirspasalarobis, aTabagobisa Tu amirspasalarobis qronologia
SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros 1350-iani wlebis dasawyisze ufro gvian-
deli periodiT.
aRniSnuli mosazrebis gamoTqmisas Cven mTlianad vemyarebiT
A-85-is 1352 da 1356 wlebis kinklosuri minawerebis sabolood

dadgenil teqstebs, saidanac aSkarad Cans, rom 1350-iani wlebis da-
sawyisisaTvis amirspasalaris saxelos, masTan erTad ki, savarau-
dod, aTabagobas, ukve namdvilad aRbuRa I flobda.
amrigad, dgindeba, rom aTabag-amirspasalar aRbuRa I-is savaraudo
winamorbedi samcxis mTavrebis: sargis beqas Zis, yvaryvare beqas Zis,
Salva beqas Zisa da yvaryvare sargisis Zis aTabag-amirspasalarobis,
aTabagobisa Tu amirspasalarobis zeda qronologiuri zRvari gan-
isazRvreba ara 1361 wliT, 1360-iani wlebiT, 1370 wliTa Tu 1374 wliT,
rogorc es aqamde iyo miRebuli samecniero literaturaSi, aramed
1350-iani wlebis dasawyisiT da Sesabamisad, xsenebul pirTa zeobis
qronologia, nebismieri daSvebis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad eqceva XIV sau-
kunis I naxevris farglebSi.
Semdegi:
a) aRbuRa I-ma amirspasalaris saxelo, masTan erTad ki, savaraudod,
aTabagis Tanamdebobac, miiRo ara 1361 wels, 1360-ian wlebSi, 1370 welsa
Tu 1374 wels, rogorc amas pavle ingoroyva, iuri sixaruliZe, kirile
Tumanovi, mirian rexviaSvili, darejan kldiaSvili da mixeil baxtaZe
fiqrobdnen, aramed – gacilebiT ufro adre, daaxloebiT, 1350-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi;
b) aRbuRa I-is winamorbedi XIV saukunis samcxis mTavrebis: sargis
beqas Zis, yvaryvare beqas Zis, Salva beqas Zisa da yvaryvare sargi-
sis Zis aTabag-amirspasalarobis, aTabagobisa Tu amirspasalarobis
zeda qronologiuri zRvari ganisazRvreba ara 1361 wliT, 1360-iani
wlebiT, 1370 wliTa Tu 1374 wliT, rogorc amas pavle ingoroyva, iuri
sixaruliZe, kirile Tumanovi, mirian rexviaSvili, darejan kldiaSvi-
li da mixeil baxtaZe fiqrobdnen, aramed 1350-iani wlebis dasawyisiT
da Sesabamisad, xsenebul pirTa zeobis qronologia, nebismieri daSve-
bis SemTxvevaSi, mTlianad eqceva XIV saukunis I naxevris farglebSi.
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kldiaSvili darejan. jayelTa feodaluri sagvareulos istoriidan
(XI saukune – XIV saukunis I naxevari). naSromi istoriul mecnierebaTa kan-
didatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa
akademiis korneli kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa instituti. Tbilisi,
1981
kldiaSvili darejan. xovles (zesxevis) warwerebi. mravalTavi, XIII,
1986
kldiaSvili darejan. qarTuli samonastro sulTa matianeebi. wigni
I. sinas wm. ekaterines monastris qarTvelTa eklesiis sulTa matiane.
Tbilisi, 2008
korideTis sabuTebi (X-XIII saukuneebi). gamosacemad moamzada valeri
silogavam. Tbilisi, 1989
lomsaZe SoTa. ivane II. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. 5. TuTia-ko-
qteili. Tbilisi, 1980
metreveli elene. masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istori-
isaTvis (XI-XVII ss.). Tbilisi, 1962
musxeliSvili levan. arqeologiuri eqskursiebi maSavris xeobaSi.
Tbilisi, 1941
mcire qronikebi (kinklosebis istoriuli minawerebi). teqstebi

gamosca, Sesavali werili da komentarebi daurTo jumber odiSelma.
Tbilisi, 1968
miqael panaretosi. ambavi trapizonis mefeebis, didi komnenosebisa,
TiToeulma rogor, rodis da ramden xans imefa. georgika. bizantieli mw-
erlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT
gamosca da ganmartebebi daurTo simon yauxCiSvilma. tomi VII. Tbilisi,
1967
miqel panaretosi. trapizonis qronika. berZnuli teqsti qarTu-
li TargmaniT, Sesavali weriliT, SeniSvnebiTa da saZiebliT gamosca
aleqsandre gamyreliZem. masalebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istori-
isaTvis. nakveTi 33. Tbilisi, 1960
pirTa anotirebuli leqsikoni. XI-XVII saukuneebis qarTuli istori-
uli sabuTebis mixedviT. gamosacemad moamzades darejan kldiaSvilma,
mzia surgulaZem. II. Tbilisi, 1993
rexviaSvili mirian. Salva, samcxis spasalari da aTabagi (1361-1374 ww.).
Zeglis megobari, 3, 1986
silogava valeri, Sengelia kaxa. tao-klarjeTi. Tbilisi, 2006
sixaruliZe iuri. tbel abuserisZe, XIII saukunis qarTveli mwerali.
Tbilisi, 1963
sixaruliZe iuri. samcxis samTavros politikuri istoriidan XIII-XV
saukuneebSi. samxreT saqarTvelos istoriisa da eTnografiis sakiTxebi,
VIII, 1975
somxur xelnawerTa XIV-XV saukuneebis anderZebis (hiSatakaranebis)
cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, ko-
mentarebi da SeniSvnebi daurTo aleqsandre abdalaZem. Tbilisi, 1978
sulava nestan. XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnografia. Tbilisi,
2003
tabataZe karlo. àxali qarTlis cxovrebis~ zogi cnobis warmomavlo-
bisa da sandoobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, III, 1971
tabataZe karlo. qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa wi-
naaRmdeg XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze. Tbilisi, 1974
qarTuli mwerloba. tomi III. Tbilisi, 1988
qarTuli proza. wigni III. meTerTmete-meToTxmete saukuneebis mwer-
loba. Tbilisi, 1982
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, yofili saeklesio muzeumis (A)
koleqciisa. tomi I1. Seadgines da dasabeWdad moamzades Tamar bregaZem,
mixeil qavTariam da lili quTaTelaZem, elene metrevelis redaqciiT.
Tbilisi, 1973
qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa,
Sekrebili, qronologiurad dawyobili da axsnili Tedo Jordanias mier.

wigni meore (1213 wlidam 1700 wlamde). tfilisi, 1897
SoSiaSvili nodar. abuserisZeni. qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. 1. a-
atoci. Tbilisi, 1975
SoSiaSvili nodar. abuserisZeni. saqarTvelo, enciklopedia, 1. a-gil-
dia. Tbilisi, 1997
SoSiaSvili nodar. abuserisZeTa saxli XI-XVI saukuneebSi. kreb. abuse-
risZe tbeli – 800. Tbilisi, 1999
wminda giorgi Zvel qarTul mwerlobaSi. Seadgina, gamosacemad moamza-
da, Sesavali, leqsikoni da komentarebi daurTo enriko gabiZaSvilma.
Tbilisi, 1991
javaxiSvili ivane. sinis mTis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. Tbili-
si, 1947
javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. wigni mesame. nawili pirveli
(XIII-XIV ss.). Txzulebani Tormet tomad. tomi III. Tbilisi, 1982
javaxiSvili ivane. qarTuli samarTlis istoria. wigni pirveli. wgn.:
ivane javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. tomi VI. Tbilisi, 1982
jojua Temo. artanujeli piligrimis giorgi lomas-Zis savedrebeli
(XV s.) ierusalimSi gadatanili 1160 wlis garejuli krebulis (Ven.4-is)
arSiebidan. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, XI, 2006
Бакрадзе Димитрий. Археологическое путешествие по Гурии и Адчаре. Санкт-
Петербург, 1878
Описание рукописей Тифлисскаго Церковнаго Музея Карталино-Кахетинского
Духовенствa. Составил Федор Жордания. Книга I. Тифлис, 1903
Brosset, Marie-Felicite. Etudes de chronologie technique. Premiere partie. 2e Livrai-
son. Memoires de lÀcademie Imperiale des Sciences de Sankt-Petersbourg. VIIe serie. XI.
#13. Sankt-Petersbourg, 1868
Toumanof, Cyrille. Manuel de Genealogie et de Chronologie pour l`histoire de la Cau-
casie Chretienne (Armenie-Georgie-Albanie). Roma, 1976
sur. 1 sagaloblebis krebuli (A-85), gv. 308v, I kinklosuri minaweri. xelnawerTa

erovnuli centri.
sur. 2 sagaloblebis krebuli (A-85), gv. 309r, II kinklosuri minaweri. xelnawerTa

erovnuli centri.
XIV
bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta sofel Senaqodan
maia patariZe
XI saukunidan saqarTvelos samoneto saqmeSi Semodis axali tipis

vercxlis safase – qarTuli monetebi bizantiuri titulebiT. es fuli
specialur literaturaSi qarTul-bizantiuri monetebis saxeliT
aris cnobili. am monetebis tipi bizantiuria, xolo zedwerilebi Ses-
rulebulia qarTuli asomTavruliT, romlebSic saqarTvelos mefeebi
bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebiT moixseniebian.1
am samoneto jgufisadmi interesi jer kidev XIX saukunis 60-iani
wlebidan daiwyo da dRemde grZeldeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sa-
yuradReboa e. paxomovis,2 d. kapanaZis,3 d. langis,4 r. qebulaZis,5 v.
silogavas,6 T. dunduas7 da sxvaTa Sromebi. SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom
bizantiurtitulebiani qarTuli monetebis kvleva dasrulebulad
ver CaiTvleba. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli sakiTxisadmi miZRv-
nili sruli monografia jerjerobiT ar arsebobs. am numizmatikuri
Zeglebis Seswavlis gzaze erT-erT sirTules maTi mcirericxovnoba
ganapirobebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli monetebis gamoSvebis
qronologiuri diapazoni daaxloebiT erTi saukuniT ganisazRvreba,
Cvenamde arcTu bevrma egzemplarma moaRwia.
1
rezo qebulaZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi~,
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XXXIX-B (Tbilisi, 1987), 45.
2
Е. А. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии (Тбилиси, 1970), 51-74.
3
daviT kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969), 61-68.
4
D. M. Lang, Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia (New York, 1955); D.
M. Lang, “Notes on Caucasian Numismatics,” Numismatic Chronicle, vol. XVII (1957), 19-20.
5
qebulaZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi~, 45-
51; Р. В. Кебуладзе, “Клад из села Цихесулори”, Нумизматический сборник, ред. В. А. Леквинадзе
(Тбилиси, 1977), 98-109.
6
valeri silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika (Tbilisi, 2006),
223-252.
7
Tedo dundua, `X-XII ss. qarTuli monetebi da saqarTvelos istoriis zogierTi
sakiTxi~, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 310 ( Tbilisi, 1992).
284 maia patariZe
fulis es niSnebi pirvelad daviT kurapalatma (979-1001) SemoiRo

da maTi gamoSveba bagrat IV-is (1027-1072), giorgi II-isa (1072-1089) da
daviT IV aRmaSeneblis (1089-1125) epoqaSic gagrZelda.8 am mefeTa safa-
seebidan amjerad kvlevis sagani bagrat IV-is (1027-1072) mier moWrili
monetebia.
bagrat IV-is safase, masze aRniSnuli bizantiuri titulaturis
`novelisimosis~ da `sevastosis~ mixedviT, or jgufad iyofa. aqedan
bagrat IV monetebi novelisimosis tituliT XX saukunis 70-ian wle-
bamde mxolod or calad iyo cnobili: erTi – moskovis istoriul muze-
umSi da meore – sankt-peterburgis saxelmwifo ermitaJSi.9
1975 wels simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mu-
zeumma pirvelad moawyo dazverviT-arqeologiuri eqspedicia mTa-
TuSeTSi (xelmZRvaneli rusudan dolaberiZe).10 SenaqoSi, niStayos
borcvze, kordovani fenis aRebis dros, vercxlis moneta aRmoCnda,
romelic eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis gadmocemiT, rezo qebulaZem gan-
sazRvra da daadgina, rom is iyo bagrat IV-is moneta novelisimosis ti-
tuliT.
am aRmoCenamde saqarTvelos teritoriaze msgavsi safase dafiq-
sirebuli ar iyo. eqspediciis umniSvnelovanesi monapovari rusudan
dolaberiZem 1975 wels gamoqveynebul eqspediciis angariSSi moixse-
nia.11 SemdgomSi aRniSnuli informacia presis furclebzec moxvda.12
magram am monetis sruli atribucia da metrologiuri monacemebi
dRemde ar gamoqveynebula.
vinaidan bizantiurtitulebiani qarTuli safaseebi iSviaTia, Ti-
Toeul egzemplars didi samecniero Rirebuleba aqvs, xolo am monetas,
garda imisa, rom erTaderTia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis numiz-
matikur fondSi, mopovebis adgilisa da garemoebis mixedviT, arqe-
ologiuri da eTnologiuri konteqstic axlavs, amitom kidev erTxel
davubrundebiT mas da samecniero mimoqcevaSi sruli saxiT SemovitanT.
8
qebulaZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi~, 45.
9
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 59; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 68 (cxrili); Кебуладзе,
“Клад из села Цихесулори”, 105; silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika,
227.
10
rusudan dolaberiZe, `mTa-TuSeTis dazverviTi arqeologiuri eqspediciis an-
gariSi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, V (1977),
145.
11
iqve, 149.
12
durmiSxan cincaZe, `bagrat meoTxis moneta~, gaz. komunisti (4 ianvari,1976); mi-
sive, `bagrat meoTxis moneta~, gaz. komunisti (11 marti,1976).
bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta 285
monetis aRweriloba:
# 15 630; vercxli. zoma 23/24 mm ; wona 1,61gr.
Subli (sur. 1a): vlaqernis RmrTismSoblis welzeviTi gamosaxule-
ba; pirdapir; Tavze nimbiT; nimbs gareT, orive mxares, reliefuri warw-
era Sveulad Camowerili berZnuli asoebiT
HQ
A [K]
GI [O]
[A] [S]
e.i. ή άγια θεοτοκος
`wmida RmrTismSobeli~.
irgvliv, kideze wertilovani rkalia.
zurgi (sur. 1b): wertilovani xazebiT Sedgenili ori wrea. erTi – ki-
deze da meore – centrSi. rkalebs Soris moTavsebulia reliefuri asoebi
qeadebgtafxzTamfe
danoeelisimosi
q (rist)e, a(di)de b(a)g (ra)t afx(a)zTa m(e)fe da noeelisimosi
warweraSi daSvebulia mciredi Secdomebi
1. àfxzTa~-Si x (x) gadmocemulia TavSekvriT da maSasadame (t) t-s
moxazulobiT.
2. `bagrat~-Si b (b) gadmocemulia x (x) moxazulobiT.
2. centrSi nacvlad novelisimosisa aris noeelisimosi
novelisimosi
monetas gverdebi dazianebuli aqvs da sam adgilas aris gaxvreti-
li. monetis daTariReba:
bagrat IV-is monetebi novelisimosis tituliT pirvelad e. paxomo-
vma daaTariRa. man isini 1040-1060 wlebiT gansazRvra.13 Semdgom d. lang-
ma ivarauda, rom mefes novelisimosis tituli konstantinopolSi Cas-
vlis Semdeg, 1054 wels unda mieRo.14 samecniero literaturaSi bagrat
IV-is konstantinopolSi yofnis ori TariRi arsebobs: iv. javaxiSvilis
mixedviT – 1054-1057 ww.15 da m. berZniSvilis Tanaxmad – 1051-1055 ww.16
d. langis azriT, es monetebi 1057-1060 wlebSi moiWra. d. kapanaZe mone-
tebs 1040-1060 wlebiT aTariRebda. mogvianebiT, r. qebulaZem gamoTqva
mosazreba, rom 1042 welze adre es moneta ver moiWreboda, vinaidan
13
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 59.
14
Lang, Notes on Caucasian numismatics, 141.
15
ivane javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoria, wigni II, Txz., t. II, (Tbilisi, 1983),
148.
16
mamisa berZniSvili, `turinos kompilaciis gamo~, kavkasiis xalxTa istoriis
sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 1966), 164.
286 maia patariZe
a b
sur. 1. bagrat IV novelisimosis moneta.
masze gamosaxulia vlaqernis RvTismSobeli, romelic pirvelad bi-

zantiis imperatoris, konstantine IX monomaxosis (1042-1055) safaseze
gaCnda. amdenad, man CaTvala, rom novelisimosis tituliani monetebi
1042-1060 wlebiT unda daTariRdes.17 giorgi dundua da Tedo dundua
marTebulad miiCneven am monetebis daTariRebas 1055/56-1060 wlebiT.18
2004 wels giorgi gagoSiZem waikiTxa 1050 wlis ucnobi warwera
TrialeTidan,19 kerZod avlaris eklesiidan, sadac mefe bagrat IV pirve-
ladaa moxseniebuli novelisimosad. am wakiTxvis safuZvelze SeiZleba
vTqvaT, rom novelisimosis tituliT mefe monetebis emisias axorcieleb-
da ara uadres 1050 wlisa. amis Semdeg, novelisimosis tituliT bagrat IV
ixsenieba kacxis oTxTavis anderZebSi, romelic 1042-1059 wlebiT TariR-
deba.20 1060 wels Rulalisis warweraSi bagrat IV ukve sevastosis tituli-
Taa dasaxelebuli.21 aqedan gamomdinare, unda vivaraudoT, rom monete-
bis emisia `novelisimosis~ tituliT 1050-1059 wlebSi xorcieldeboda,
xolo bagrat IV sevastosis monetebis moWris TariRi 1060 – 1072 wlebia.22
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, XX saukunis 70–ian wlebamde CvenTvis sain-
tereso monetis ori egzemplari iyo cnobili da Semdgom daemata maT
SenaqoSi aRmoCenili cali.
17
Кебуладзе, “Клад из села Цихесулори”, 104.
18
giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, I nawili (Tbilisi, 2006), 191.
19
giorgi gagoSiZe, `bagrat IV novelisimosi, 1050 wlis ucnobi warwera Tri-
aleTidan“, saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, IX (2004), 50.
20
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 223-249.
21
iqve, 234.
22
iqve, 237.
1983 wels, afxazeTis teritoriaze, lixnis sasaxlis kompleqsis ar-

qeologiuri gaTxrebisas23 (xelmZR. – prof. l. xruSkova), bizantiuri da
qarTuli monetebis ganZi aRmoCnda, sul – 71 moneta. ganZis sia sruli
saxiT orjer gamoqveynda: pirvelad – s. Sambas,24 meored – i. cuxiSvilis25
mier. mogvianebiT, lixnis ganZs daubrunda valeri silogava.26
lixnis ganZSi 28 bizantiuri oqrosa da 43 qarTuli vercxlis mo-
neta aRmoCnda; 31 cali – mefe bagrat IV-s (1027-1072) ekuTvnis. aqedan
9 monetaze is moxseniebulia novelisimosad da 22 monetaze – sevasto-
sad. aqve iyo agreTve giorgi II-is (1072-1089) 13 safase, saidanac 11 cali
– novelisimosis da 2 – sevastosis titulebiTaa.
ganZi xelmiuwvdomelia. is soxumSi, afxazeTis saxelmwifo mu-
zeumSi inaxeba da mis Sesaxeb informacia mxolod publikaciebis sa-
SualebiT gvaqvs. lixnis ganZis monetebis fotoebi mxolod s. Sambas
publikaciaSia,27 magram fotoebze retuSoris mier datanili konture-
bi xels uSlis samoneto epigrafikis kargad aRqmas da, agreTve, siqebis
erTmaneTTan Sedarebas. miuxedavad amisa, aSkarad Cans, rom SenaqoSi
aRmoCenili `novelisimosi~ axal samoneto tips ar warmoadgens. is,
masze arsebuli zedweriliT, mcirediT gansxvavdeba lixnis da sankt-
peterburgis `novelisimosebisagan~. rac Seexeba moskovis egzemplars,
ramdenadac foto amis saSualebas gvaZlevs, SegviZlia vivaraudoT,
rom samoneto epigrafikac da siqebic TiTqos erTmaneTs emTxveva. is
garemoeba, rom moneta sam adgilze gaxvretilia, vfiqrobT, am safasis
eTnologiuri funqcia-daniSnulebis momaswavebelia.
monetis aRmoCenis adgili salocavia, egreT wodebuli `xati~. ro-
gorc cnobilia, niStayos borcvi Zveli welTaRricxvis II-I saukunidan
XII saukunemde sakulto-saritualo salocavs warmoadgenda.28 `xati-
sadmi~ sxvadasxva Zvirfasi nivTebis Sewirvis tradicia saqarTvelos
mTian regionSi uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. magaliTad, dasavleT sa-
qarTvelos mTianeTSi, kerZod ki, svaneTSi. svaneTis salocavebSi da-
culi saeklesio Sewirulobebze, maT Soris monetebze dakvirvebebma
23
Л. Г. Хрушкова, Лыхны. Средневековый дворцовый комплекс в Абхазии (Москва,1998), 36-
41.
24
С. М. Шамба, Монетное обращение на территории Абхазии (V в. до н.э. – XIII в.н. э.) (Тбили-
си, 1987), 104-114.
25
Izolda Tsukhishvili, History and Coin Finds in Georgia: Late Roman and Bizantine Hoards (4 th-
13th c.) (Wetteren, 2003), 92-96.
26
silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika, 223-249.
27
Шамба, Монетное обращение на территории Абхазии, таб. XXVI-XXXIII.
28
rusudan dolaberiZe, `TuSeTis fibulebi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis
moambe, 45 (2003-2004 ), 200.
288 maia patariZe
gviCvena, rom zogierTi moneta eklesiaSi, rogorc samkauli, isea moxve-

drili. paralelurad, aris jgufi monetebisa, romelic mimoqcevis Ta-
nadroulad, salocavSi fulis saxiT Sevida.
bizantiurtitulebian qarTul monetebidan gaxvretilia mxolod
is egzemplarebi, romlebic eklesiebSi iyo SemorCenili Sewirulobebis
saxiT. ase, magaliTad, daviT aRmaSeneblis monetebis svanuri egzempla-
rebi, romlebic kvirike da ivlites eklesiidanaa gadmotanili, yvela
gaxvretilia. Senaqos egzemplari albaT gulsakidad gamoiyeneboda.
Sua saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli iyo wmindanis gamosaxulebiani monete-
bis amuletad gamoyenebis tradicia.29 amitom, SesaZloa, bagrat IV nove-
lisimosis monetas, masze arsebuli vlaqernis RvTismSoblis gamosaxu-
lebis gamo, amuletis daniSnuleba hqonda.
am monetis aRmoCenis adgili aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi,
kerZod Senaqoa, magram misi eTnologiuri konteqsti ar gvaZlevs sa-
Sualebas, koreqtivi SevitanoT bagrat IV novelisimosis tituliani
monetebis mimoqcevis arealSi. SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom es fuli
iseTive intensivobiT mimoiqceoda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos terito-
riaze, rogorc dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bizantiurtitulebiani qar-
Tuli monetebis aRmoCenis adgili dasavleTi saqarTveloa: afxazeTi,30
svaneTi,31 vani (cixesulori)32. es logikuricaa, vinaidan am monetis tipi
bizantiuria da XI saukuneebSi qarTveli mefeebi, romlebsac aqtiuri
urTierToba hqondaT bizantiis imperiasTan, realurad mxolod dasa-
vleT saqarTvelos mflobelni iyvnen.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos fulad mimoqcevaSi wamyvani adgili aR-
mosavlur monetebs da ja‘farianTa arabuli dinastiis mier TbilisSi
moWril fuls eWira.33 wyaroebiT cnobilia bagrat IV-is Tanamedrove
Tbilisis amira ali ibn jafari da misi ori vaJi – mansuri da abul-hei-
ja.34 ali ibn jafaris monetebi, romlebmac Cvenamde moaRwia, moWrilia
hijris 386-418/996-97–1027-28 wlebSi.35 ukanasknel dros gamoCnda abul-
heijas monetac, romelsac TbilisSi, mtkvris kalapotSi miakvlies.36
29
В. М. Потин, “Введение в нумизматику”, Труды государственного Эрмитажа, XXVI (1986), 121.
30
Шамба, Монетное обращение на территории Абхазии, таб. XXVII-XXXIII.
31
qebulaZe, `daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis monetebi~, 47.
32
Кебуладзе, “Клад из села Цихесулори”, 98-108.
33
goCa jafariZe, „Tbilisis amiras ali ibn jafaris monetebi“, amierkavkasiis
istoriis problemebi (Tbilisi, 1991), 132.
34
mariam lorTqifaniZe, „Tbilisis saamiro“, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,
t. II (Tbilisi, 1973), 503.
35
jafariZe, „Tbilisis amiras ali ibn jafaris monetebi“, 133.
36
irakli faRava, severian Turqia, `Tbilisis jafariani amira abul-heijas unikaluri
TbilisSi jafarian amiraTa dinastia XI s. 80-ian wlebamde arsebobs. Tu

ra intensivobiT mimoiqceoda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze
jafarianTa fuli, amis Sesaxeb kiTxvebs momavali kvleva-Zieba gascems
pasuxs, magram aSkaraa, rom bizantiurtitulebiani qarTuli monetebi
ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze mimoiqceoda.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am jgufis monetebi Zalze mcire raodeno-
biT SemorCa. bagrat IV novelisimosis tituliani monetis Senaqos eg-
zemplaris Semotana samecniero mimoqcevaSi mniSvnelovania, rogorc
am tipis monetebis, ise XI saukunis saqarTvelos fuladi mimoqcevis
Seswavlis kuTxiTac.
bibliografia
berZniSvili mamisa. turinos kompilaciis gamo. kavkasiis xalxTa isto-

riis sakiTxebi. Tbilisi, 1966
gagoSiZe giorgi. bagrat IV novelisimosi. 1050 wlis ucnobi warwera
TrialeTidan. saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelwifo muzeumis narkvevebi,
IX, 2004
dolaberiZe rusudan. mTa-TuSeTis dazverviTi arqeologiuri eqspedi-
ciis angariSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedi-
ciebi, V, 1977
dolaberiZe rusudan. TuSeTis fibulebi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mu-
zeumis moambe, 45, 2003-2004
dundua giorgi, dundua Tedo. qarTuli numizmatika. naw. I. Tbilisi,
2006
dundua Tedo. X-XII ss. qarTuli monetebi da saqarTvelos istoriis zo-
gierTi sakiTxi. Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, 310, 1992
kapanaZe daviT. qarTuli numizmatika. Tbilisi, 1969
lorTqifaniZe mariam. Tbilisis saamiro. saqarTvelos istoriis narkve-
vebi. t. II. Tbilisi, 1973
silogava valeri. samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika. Tbili-
si, 2006
faRava irakli, Turqia severian. Tbilisis jafariani amira abul-hei-
jas unikaluri moneta. moxseneba wakiTxuli g. wereTlis saxelobis aRmo-
savleTmcodneobis institutis daarsebidan 50 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili
samecniero konferenciaze.
moneta~, moxseneba wakiTxuli g. wereTlis saxelobis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institu-

tis daarsebidan 50 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili samecniero konferenciaze.
290 maia patariZe
qebulaZe rezo. daviT aRmaSeneblis bizantiurtituliani vercxlis

monetebi. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe,
XXXIX- B, 1987
cincaZe durmiSxan. bagrat meoTxis moneta. gaz. komunisti. 4 ianvari.
marti,1976
cincaZe durmiSxan. bagrat meoTxis moneta. gaz. komunisti. 11 marti.
1976
javaxiSvili ivane. qarTveli eris istoria. wigni II. t. II. Tbilisi, 1983
jafariZe goCa. Tbilisis amiras ali ibn jafaris monetebi. amierkavka-
siis istoriis problemebi. Tbilisi, 1991
Кебуладзе Р. В. Клад из села Цихесулори. Нумизматический сборник. Редактор В. А.
Леквинадзе. Тбилиси, 1977
Пахомов Е. А. Монеты Грузии. Тбилиси, 1970
Потин В. М. Введение в нумизматику. Труды государственного эрмитажа. XXVI.
Ленинградское отделение. 1986
Хрушкова Л. Г. Лыхны. Средневековый дворцовый комплекс в Абхазии. М. 1998
Шамба С. М. Монетное обращение на территории Абхазии (V в. до н.э. – XIII в.н.
э.). Тбилиси, 1987
Lang, D. M. Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia. New York,
1955
Lang, D. M. Notes on Caucasian Numismatics. Numismatic Chronicle, Vol. XVII, 1957
Tsukhishvili, Izolda. History and Coin Finds in Georgia: Late Roman and Bizantine
Hoards (4 th-13th c.). Wetteren, 2003
XV
_
javaxT uflis monetebi kompleqsuri analizi
irakli faRava
Sesavali
XX saukunis mkvlevarTa1 Zalisxmevis Sedegad qarTveli eris numiz-
matikuri istoriis amsaxveli samoneto baza sakmaod kargad aris Ses-
wavlili. sruliad axali qarTuli samoneto tipebis aRmoCena,2 qriste-
1
davasaxelebT mxolod ZiriTad Sromebs, romlebic qarTuli numizmatikis is-
torias erTianobaSi ganixilaven. esenia: Евгений Пахомов, Монеты Грузии (Тбилиси,
1970); ivane javaxiSvili, istoriis mizani, wyaroebi da meTodebi winaT da exla, wig-
ni III, 1. nakveTi mesame: qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba anu numizmatika-metro-
logia (tfilisi, 1925); daviT kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika (Tbilisi, 1969); David
Lang, Studies in the Numismatic History of Georgia in Transcaucasia (New-York, 1955). aRsaniSna-
via ukve XXI saukuneSi gamoqveynebuli naSromic – giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua,
qarTuli numizmatika, I nawili (Tbilisi, 2006).
2
am mxriv aRsaniSnavia qarTul-sasanuri draqmebis ori axali tipi. Alexander Ako-
pyan, “On the Georgian-Sasanian Coinage: New Type of the Coins of Gurgen I,” in press (in American
Journal of Numismatics); Иракли Пагава, “Новый тип грузино-сасанидских драхм с крестом”, В
печати (в Археология, этнография и фольклористика Кавказа); ali b. jafaris axali samone-
to tipi. Irakli Paghava and Severian Turkia, “A New Early Coin Type of ‘Alī b. Ja’far, Emir of Tiflis,
Citing the Caliph Al-Tā’ī‘ li-llāh,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 199 (2009), 7-9; demetre
I-is axali samoneto tipi. Severian Turkia and Irakli Paghava, “A New Coin Type of Dimitri I,
King of Georgia,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 200 (2009), 9-12; Irakli Paghava, Severian
Turkia, and Gennadiy Zlobin, “A New Coin Type of Dimitri I, King of Georgia: Addendum,” in press (in
Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society)); nadir Sahis Tbilisuri monetebis aqamde ucnobi
nominalebi (maT Soris, oqros aSrefi). Irakli Paghava, Severian Turkia, and Giorgi Janjgava,
“Some New Denomination Coins of Nadir Shah Minted in Georgia,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic
Society, 202 (2010), 13-15; irakli faRava, `Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, no-
minalTa sistema da moWris teqnika (avSarianTa dinastiis periodi)~, axali da uax-
lesi istoriis sakiTxebi, #1(7), (2010), 515-532; erekle II-isa da giorgi XII-is oqros
Saurebi. Irakli Paghava, “The Minting of Gold Shauris in Eighteenth Century Georgia: Monetary
Evidence,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 204 (2010), 15-17.
agreTve, numizmatikuri realiebis safuZvelze axali qarTuli zarafxanis –
odiSSi mdebare `dadianis~ aRmoCena da misi funqcionirebis damtkiceba. Иракли
Пагава, “Чеканка сефевидской монеты в восточном Причерноморье”, В печати (в Восточная
нумизматика в Украине 3); irakli faRava, `dadianis moneta sefiani Sahis saxeliT~,
ibeWdeba (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi).
292 irakli faRava
Sobidan XXI aswleulSi, marTalia, grZeldeba,3 magram eWvs ar iwvevs,

rom tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT mainc, erovnuli safasis evoluciis
ZiriTadi etapebi ukve gamovlenilia – dReisTvis Camoyalibebuli zog-
adi suraTi, principulad, Cveni azriT, momavalSic ar Seicvleba.4
aqedan gamomdinare, upriani iqneboda qarTuli numizmatikuri mem-
kvidreobis eqstensiur kvlevas, anu axali samoneto tipebis dagrove-
ba-Seswavlas, mxari aubas intensiurma kvlevamac5 – ukve dagrovebu-
li numizmatikuri da paranumizmatikuri monacemebis kompleqsurma
analizma.
am mxriv ki mdgomareoba ramdenadme gansxvavebulia. iv. javaxiSvili,
Tavis droze, samarTlianad aRniSnavda sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa qarTu-
li numizmatikisadmi miZRvnili Sromebis aRwerilobiT xasiaTs, da am
ukanasknelT Semdegnairad axasiaTebda: `terminebis, fulis sistemisa
da texnikis mimoxilva-ganmartebis Semcveli qarTuli fulebis is-
sruliad axali emitentebis mier saqarTveloSi safasis gamoSvebis faqtis

dadgena; igulisxmeba iseTi istoriuli pirebi, romlebic, rogorc adre iTvle-
boda, sakuTar monetas, saqarTveloSi mainc, ar Wridnen – murvan yru. Severian
Turkia and Irakli Paghava, “An Unrecorded Early Post-reform Fals minted in Tiflis,” Journal of
Oriental Numismatic Society, 191 (2007), 6-8; Irakli Paghava and Severian Turkia, “The Umayyad
Fulus Minted in the Name of Marwan b. Muhammad (the Deaf) in Georgia and Elsewhere in South
Caucasus,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 201 (2009), 16-18; Nikolaus Schindel, “Um-
ayyad Copper Coinage in the Name of Marwan II B. Muḥammad from the Caucasus – Additional
Comments,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 202 (2010), 8-11; Lutz Ilisch, “Islamic Nu-
mismatics,” in A Survey of Numismatic Research 2002-2007, eds. M. Amandry, J. Bateson (Glas-
gow, 2009), 482; da Tbilisis amirebi – ja’far b. ali (Severian Turkia and Irakli Paghava,
“The Coinage of Ja‘far III B. ‘Alī, Emir of Tiflis,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 197
(2008), 5-11; Irakli Paghava and Severian Turkia, “A New Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl
Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 206 (2011),
11-13), mansur b. ja’fari (Tobias Mayer (bearbeitet von), Sylloge der Münzen des Kaukasus
und Osteuropas (Wiesbaden, 2005), 110-111); aseve, rogorc Cans, abul-heija b. ja’fari.
Severian Turkia and Irakli Paghava, “The Unique Coin of Abul-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs,” In
press (in Near East and Georgia)).
3
amasTan, rogorc gairkva, zogierTi samoneto tipi, romelsac adre qarTulad
miiCnevdnen (Марианна Северова, “Медные монеты иранских городов с надчеканенным двугла-
вым орлом”, В Прошлое нашей родины в памятниках нумизматики, под ред. Всеволода Потина
(Ленинград, 1977), 183-197), sinamdvileSi, saqarTvelos ar ukavSirdeba. Александр Хра-
менков, “Документ о надчеканивании медных персидских монет российским двуглавым орлом
в Реште в 1727 г.”, в XIV Всероссийская нумизматическая конференция, тезисы докладов и со-
общений, под ред. В. Калинина (Москва, 2007), 193-195.
4
Tumca ki, arsebiTi damatebebi, Cveni azriT, mosalodnelia.
5
erT-erT adrindel SromaSi ukve aRvniSneT amis aucilebloba. Irakli Paghava,
“Variation in the Composition and Arrangement of Dates on Sirma Coins: Approach to Die Analysis,”
in Caucasian Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), 1744-1801.
Supplement to Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 197 (2008), 13.
javaxT uflis monetebi 293
toria iq ar moipoveba~.6 saxelovanma mecnierma Tavad scada am nak-

lulevanebis Sevseba, da Seadgina qarTuli numizmatikuri istoriis
Teoriuli nawili;7 magram am ukanasknels aRwerilobiTi da Sedare-
biTi (Teoriuli da aRwerilobiTi nawilebis Semajerebeli) nawilebi,
samwuxarod, aRar moyva.8 amasTanave, iv. javaxiSvilis naSromi sakiTxis
amomwuravi, bunebrivia, ver iqneboda, miT umetes, rom mecnierma Tavisi
amocana, rogorc Cans, Tavadac SemosazRvra.9 kerZod, amJamad CvenTvis
saintereso epoqis – laSa giorgis zeobis numizmatikuri istoria masSi
praqtikulad ar ganixileba, Tu ar CavTvliT 1218 wliT daTariRebul
erT mokle cnobasa10 da epoqis zogad-numizmatikur ganxilvas.11 kom-
pleqsuri midgomis TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnavia agreTve s. kakabaZisa
da d. kapanaZis Sromebi.12 magram, zemoxsenebuli viwro periodisadmi
miZRvnili Sroma, samwuxarod, ar arsebobs.
mizani
winamdebare Sromis mizani swored aRniSnuli TeTri laqis SeZleb-
isdagvarad Sevsebaa. Cveni amocanaa gavaanalizoT Tamar mefis vaJis,
laSa giorgis (giorgi IV-is) saxelisa da `javaxT uflis~ titulis ma-
tarebeli erTi samoneto jgufis emisia; kerZod, am samoneto jgufis
iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa: am fulebis zedwerilebi, maTi da-
TariReba, gamoSvebis adgili, statusi, gamoyenebuli teqnologia,
nominali da Rirebuleba, gamoSvebuli safasis roli qarTuli saxelm-
wifosa da regionis samoneto mimoqcevaSi.
masalebi da meTodebi
laSa giorgis mier safasis moWris Sesaxeb raime dokumentur, an
Tundac naratiul masalas Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
aqedan gamomdinare, am qarTveli monarqis safasis, maT Soris
`javaxT uflis~ titulis matarebeli wesieri Wedvis spilenZis fulis
6
javaxiSvili, qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, 1-2.
7
iqve, 1-2.
8
Sdr. iqve, 2.
9
ùmTavresad me yuradReba miqceuli mqonda safas-sazomebis Sesaxebi termine-
bis gamorkvevisaTvis, maTi qronologiur-odenobiT gansazRvrisa, fulis da sa-
zomebis sistemis da ful-sazomebis niSnebis urTierTSorisi damokidebulebis da
fasobis SeswavlisaTvis~. iqve, 2.
10
iqve, I.
11
iqve, 1-19.
12
sargis kakabaZe, `safasis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi~, saistorio moambe, wig-
ni I, weliwadi II (tfilisi, 1925), 1-35; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 7-25, 167-176.
294 irakli faRava
gamoSvebis istoriis kvlevisas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba arqeolo-

giur masalas, Tavad monetebs.
`javaxT uflis~ monetebi sakmao iSviaTobas warmoadgens, magram
moxerxda am tipis 28 monetis Seswavla. aqedan 23 moneta s. janaSias sax.
saqarTvelos istoriis muzeumis fondebSi inaxeba,13 danarCenebi ki –
kerZo koleqciebSi. amasTan, teqnikuri mizezebiT, sruli metrolo-
giuri monacemebi mxolod im 23 monetisTvis gagvaCnia, romlis Seswav-
lac de visu movaxerxeT. monacemebi CvenTvis xelmisawvdomi samoneto
masalis Sesaxeb erTad aris Tavmoyrili (cxrili 1).
monacemebis statistikuri damuSavebisTvis14 gamoviyeneT aRwe-
rilobiTi statistikis meTodebi, xolo am tipis monetebis wone-
bis sixSirovani ganawilebis mrudis Sedgenisas klasebis ricxvis gan-
sazRvrisTvis gamoviyeneT starjesis (Sturgess) formula: n=1+3,322lgN.
sadac n aris klasebis raodenoba, xolo N ki – dakvirvebaTa ricxvi.15
javaxT uflis monetebis zedwerilebi

pirvel rigSi, aucileblad miviCnevT kidev erTxel SevexoT javaxT
uflis samoneto tips, kerZod, samoneto legendebs (sur. 3-6):
Subli: centrSi, wertilovan rkalSi 4 striqonad, qarTuli
asomTavruli asoebiT:
+ႢႨႫ
ႴႱႨႧႫႰႱႻ
ႱႠႱႠႿႠႥ
ႾႧႭႨႠ
ramdenadme gaurkvevelia, Tu rogor unda gaiSifros zedwerilis
pirveli simbolo – rogorc jvari (+), Tu rogorc qristes saxelis
daqaragmeba – aso q (Ⴕ), romelic grafikulad jvars emsgavseba. orive
varianti qristianuli ideologiis gamomxatvelia, da, Teoriulad,
dasaSvebia. e. paxomovi da T. lomouri am simbolosa Tu grafemas kiTxu-
lobdnen rogorc jvars;16 n. berZeniSvilma, i. jalaRaniam da T. dunduam
13
vsargeblobT SemTxveviT, rom Cveni guliTadi madloba movaxsenoT saqarT-
velos erovnuli muzeumis numizmatikuri kabinetis TanamSromlebs – m. Serozias,
T. quTelias, m. patariZes – monetebis gacnobaSi gaweuli daxmarebisTvis.
14
istorikosebisTvis statistikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobisTvis
ix. Konrad H. Jarausch and Kenneth A. Hardy, Quantitative Methods for Historians, A Guide to Re-
search, Data, and Statistics (London, 1991).
15
dasaSvebia alternatiuli formulebiT sargeblobac (ix. mag. Jarausch and Hardy,
Quantitative Methods for Historians, 86-87); aRsaniSnavia, rom klasebis ricxvis SerCevisas
misaRebia ara marto formaluri, aramed subieqturi midgomac (iqve, 86-87).
16
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 99; Tamar lomouri, `fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi~,
# wona kveTa siqebis inaxeba sainventaro warmomavloba komentari

(g) (mm) orien- #
tacia
1 5.45 26 ucnobia a semnf b 183 upasporto
2 5.81 27 Ł Ł 184 Ł
3 5.58 25 2:30 Ł 185 Ł
4 5.26 24 11:00 Ł 186 Ł
5 4.93 25 9:15 Ł 187 Ł
6 5.15 24 4:00 Ł 188 Ł
7 6.05 25 12:30 Ł 189 Ł
8 4.98 26 ucnobia Ł 190 Ł
9 4.5 24 Ł Ł 1957 Ł
10 5.77 27 Ł Ł 1958 Ł
11 5.4 26 Ł Ł 1959 Ł
12 4.94 25 Ł Ł 1960 Ł
13 8.52 27 9:15 Ł 1961 Ł 1 naxvretig
14 5.52 26 8:00 Ł 1962 Ł
15 6.48 26 8:00 Ł 1963 Ł
16 6.5 26 6:30 Ł 3158 Ł
17 4.91 24 6:15 Ł 3432 Ł
18 6.65 27 12:15 Ł 3468 Ł
1 rombisebri
19 6.81 27 5:00 Ł 4185 Ł naxvreti
20 5.48 26 2:30 Ł 4186 Ł
21 7.4 26 11:45 Ł 4187 Ł
22 5.04 25 6:00 Ł 4188 Ł
23 4.41 23 9:00 Ł 4189 Ł
kerZo samSvildes
24 6.25 25-26 11:00 koleqc. Zenod: 84081 Semogareni ix. sur. 4
kerZo somxeTis
25 6.28 2.41-2.44 2:45 koleqc. Zeno: 31355 respublika ix. sur. 5
kerZo somxeTis
26 7.81 26.4-27.3 8:00 koleqc. respublika ix. sur. 6
kerZo mtkvris
27 5.99 23.5-23.9 8:45 koleqc. kalapoti ix. sur. 3
gaiyida
28 8.77 ucnobia ucnobia eBaye-ze Zeno: 41995 upasporto
cxrili 1. javaxT uflis Seswavlili monetebi
a
monetebi, romelTa siqebis orientaciac CvenTvis ucnobi darCa, ar aris Ses-
wavlili de visu (teqnikuri mizezebis gamo).
b
semnf – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis (yofili s. janaSias sax. saqarTvelos
muzeumis) numizmatikuri fondi
g
am da sxva SemTxvevebSi naxvretis bunebidan gamomdinare monetis wona Semcire-
buli ar unda iyos.
d
Zeno Oriental Coins Database (http://www.zeno.ru/)
e
eBay [Online Auction] (http://www.ebay.com/)
296 irakli faRava
Tavi aarides am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Tavisi azris gamoTqmas;17 xolo

d. kapanaZe mas qristes aRmniSvnelad miiCnevda;18 ukanaskneli azri gaba-
tonebulia bolo drois qarTul numizmatikur literaturaSic.19
Cven e. paxomovis versias vemxrobiT, da pirvel simbolos jvrad miv-
iCnevT; saqme imaSia, rom am jvrismagvari simbolos qveda mklavi efuZneba
horizontalur xazs (sur. 3-4, 6), romelic ar unda iyos qveda striqonis
romelime sityvis qaragmis niSani, vinaidan am monetis Sublis asomTa-
varul zedwerilSi is sxvagan saerTod ar aris gamoyenebuli; es qveda
horizontaluri xazi aso q-s (Ⴕ) grafikul monaxazSi ver Tavsdeba; is,
Cveni azriT, jvris erTgvar kvarcxlbekad unda warmovidginoT.20
sayuradReboa, rom gansxvavebiT e. paxomovis azrisgan,21 qveda
striqonSi yovelTvis miTiTebulia swored Ⴍ, da ara Ⴓ.
rac Seexeba legendis danarCen nawils, yuradRebas ipyrobs zogi-
erTi avtoris mier ႿႠႥႾႧႭႨႠ fragmentis erTad wakiTxva, ris Sed-
egadac laSa giorgis am monetaze aRniSnuli tituli JRers rogorc
javaxTufali an javaxT-ufali.22 XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi defisi
xmarebaSi ar iqneboda, ase rom, ukanaskneli wakiTxva naklebad istori-
ulia; Cven im azrisken vixrebiT, rom qarTul enaSi ori sityvis Serwyma
bunebrivi araa, da, amgvarad, vamjobinebT, es fragmenti wavikiTxoT
rogorc javaxT ufali.
kr. SoTa rusTavelis epoqis materialuri kultura, red. iv. javaxiSvili (Tbilisi,
1938), 290.
17
nikoloz berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis dRiuri (saangariSo
moxseneba)~, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni I (Tbilisi, 1964), 145; irina
jalaRania, `rusTavis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier mopovebuli numizmati-
kuri masala~, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, III (1978), 50; irina
jalaRania, vaxtang jafariZe, `dmanisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis numizmatikuri
monapovari~, feodaluri saqarTvelos arqeologiuri Zeglebi, V (1987), 19; Tedo
dundua, saqarTvelo da dasavleTi numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT (Tbilisi,
1995), 9; Tedo dundua, qarTuli eTnokulturuli revolucia da dasavleTi nu-
mizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT (Tbilisi, 1997), 156; irakli managaZe, red. fuli
saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2000), 48; managaZe, fuli saqarTveloSi 2003, 37.
18
kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 78.
19
irakli managaZe, red. fuli saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2003), 37; dundua da dun-
dua, qarTuli numizmatika, 209.
20
sagangebo dakvirvebas saWiroebs igivenairi simbolo am epoqis sxva qarTul
monetebzedac.
21
22
ix. magaliTad, dundua, saqarTvelo da dasavleTi numizmatikuri masalebis
mixedviT, 9; dundua, qarTuli eTnokulturuli revolucia da dasavleTi, 156;
irakli managaZe, red. fuli saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2000), 48; managaZe, fuli saqarT-
veloSi 2003, 37; berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis eqspediciis dRiuri~, 145-146.
garda amisa, asomTavrul zedwerilSi e. paxomovi erTgan Ⴈ-s magier

(romelic sxva asoebTan SedarebiT Cveulebrivad ramdenadme ufro
dapataravebuli saxiT aris moyvanili) SecdomiT Ⴀ-s kiTxulobda, da
zedwerilis qaragmebs Semdegnairad xsnida:23
ႢiorgႨ ႫeႴiႱႠ ႧaႫaႰiႱ ႻiႱႠႱႠ ႿႠႥaႾႧ ႭflႨsႠ
giorgi mefisa, Tamaris Zisaisa, javaxT uflisa
monetis Sublis legendis es nawili amis msgavsad aris gaSi-
fruli Semdegdroindel, maT Soris, bolo drois SromebSic (upirate-
sad, asomTavruli teqstis moyvanis gareSe) – d. kapanaZis 1969 wlis
qarTul numizmatikaSi,24 i. jalaRanias 1978 da 1987 ww. statiebSi,25 T.
dunduas 1995 da 1997 ww. SromebSi,26 2003 w. gamocemul naSromSi fuli
saqarTveloSi,27 g. da T. dunduebis qarTul numizmatikaSi28 – rac, sava-
raudoa, paxomovis udidesi (da sruliad damsaxurebuli) avtoritetiT
unda aixsnebodes.
amasTan, jer kidev 1938 w. aRniSnuli Secdoma SeamCnia T. lomourma,
da Tanac zedwerili ufro gamarTulad waikiTxa:29
ႢiorgႨ ႫeႴiႱႨ ႧaႫaႰiႱ ႻiႱႠႱႠ ႿႠႥaႾႧ ႭflႨsႠ
giorgi mefisi, Tamaris Zisaisa, javaxT uflisa
magram qaragmebis aseTi gaxsnac absoluturad zusti ar unda iyos.
1964 w. dastambul saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebis tomSi gamoqveyn-
da n. berZeniSvilis javaxeTis 1933 wlis eqspediciis dRiuri; am uka-
nasknelSi avtori aRniSnavs e. paxomovis Secdomas, T. lomouris mier
mis gasworebas da legendas, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro gamarTulad
kiTxulobs:30
`giorgi mefisai Tamaris Zisaisa, javaxT uflisaisa~
Cveni azriT, swored es ukanaskneli, berZeniSviliseuli wakiTxva
aris yvelaze zusti, da, amrigad, Sublis zedwerili qaragmebis gaxsnis
Semdeg iRebs Semdeg saxes:
+ ႢiorgႨ ႫeႴiႱaႨ ႧaႫaႰiႱ ႻiႱႠiႱႠ ႿႠႥaႾႧ ႭflႨsaisႠ
23
24
25
jalaRania, `rusTavis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier mopovebuli numizma-
tikuri masala~, 50; jalaRania da jafariZe, `dmanisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis
numizmatikuri monapovari~, 19.
26
dundua, saqarTvelo da dasavleTi numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT, 9; dun-
dua, qarTuli eTnokulturuli revolucia da dasavleTi, 156.
27
managaZe, fuli saqarTveloSi 2003, 37.
28
dundua da dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, 209.
29
lomouri, `fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi~, 290.
30
berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis eqspediciis dRiuri~, 145.
298 irakli faRava
+ giorgi mefisai, Tamaris Zisaisa, javaxT uflisaisa

am samoneto tipis zurgis zedwerilebi calsaxaa:
zurgi: centrSi, wertilovan rkalSi 4 striqonad, arabulad:
31
×®²ÖÆC _ÇÖÆC
ÛéjÆC Ü DêÙjÆC ÅÌX
mDÕDP ÛL ëÂmÝêÂ
dêsÖÆC ÔDsb
mefe didebuli
dideba qveynisa da sarwmunoebisa
qiurqi (giorgi) Ze Tamarisa
maxvili mesiisa32
am samoneto tipis zedwerilebSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipy-

robs Semdegi garemoebani:
1. qarTulenovan legendaSi laSa giorgis javaxT uflobiT moxse-
nieba;
2. agreTve, qarTulenovan legendaSi laSa giorgis tituli mefe,
da ara mefeT mefe;
3. arabulenovan legendaSi laSa giorgis tituli mefe didebuli
da ara mefeT mefe
^ÝÇÖÆC _ÇÕ
romelic moyvanilia misive sxva tipis monetebze.
am saintereso Taviseburebebs da maT ganxilvas istoriul litera-
turaSi qvemoT saTanado adgilas davubrundebiT, Sesabamis sakiTxebze
msjelobis konteqstSi.
javaxT uflis monetebis daTariReba

sazogadod, cnobilia giorgi Tamaris Zis Semdegi samoneto jgufebi:
– uweso Wedvis spilenZis monetebi33 (sur. 1);
– rogorc Cans, wesieri Wedvis, spilenZis monetebi (moneta) mefis
figuris gamosaxulebiT34 (sur. 2);
31
n. berZeniSvilis naSromSi es sityva SecdomiT aris moyvanili. iqve, 145.
32
am titulze da mis islamur analogebze ix. goCa jafariZe, saqarTvelo da max-
lobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII s-is pirvel mesamedSi (Tbilisi,
1995), 245-246.
33
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 96-99.
34
iqve, 100-101.
– wesieri Wedvis pirwmindad epigrafikuli spilenZis monetebi35

(sur. 3-6).
amasTanave, uweso Wedvis spilenZis monetebi daTariRebulia: maTze
miTiTebulia qarTuli qoronikonis 430 weli (1210). es ukanaskneli, mar-
Talia, Cans, e.w. `gayinul TariRs~ warmoadgens, rogorc es sazogadod,
miRebuli iyo am epoqis qarTul monetebze,36 magram is mainc aris terminus
ante quem non – is qronologiuri wertili, romelze adrec am tipis mon-
etebis gamoSveba ar daiwyeboda. igive TariRi, rogorc Cans, miTiTebu-
lia spilenZis monetazedac mefis figuris gamosaxulebiT.37 amgvarad,
am tipis monetebis gamoSveba warmoebda drois SualedSi, romelic 1207
Tu 1210-1223 (giorgi IV-is gardacvalebis TariRi) wlebiT ifargleba.
wina ori tipisgan gansxvavebiT, giorgi Tamaris Zis wesieri Wedvi-
sa da javaxT uflis titulis matarebeli spilenZis monetebis emisiis
periodis dadgena Seudareblad ufro rTulia. Tavad am tipis safa-
seze moWris TariRi (Tundac, inicialuri) miTiTebuli araa. Sesabam-
isad, am sakiTxze msjelobisas istorikosi iZulebulia Semoifarglos
arapirdapiri istoriuli Cvenebebis gaTvaliswinebiT da logikuri
msjelobiT.
iuridiuli statusisa (da iqneb, agreTve, de facto Zalauflebis)
TvalsazrisiT Tamar mefis vaJisa da memkvidris – laSa giorgis, cxov-
reba SeiZleba qronologiurad sam etapad daiyos:38
1. dabadebidan Tamaris Tanamosaydred I kurTxevamde;39
35
iqve, 99-100.
36
iqve, 76-77.
37
Tavad moneta cudad aris Senaxuli, legendebis wakiTxva gaZnelebulia, magram
TariRi, rogorc Cans, igivea, – is aRniSnulia rogorc qarTuli qoronikoniT, aseve
hijriT. iqve, 100-101; Tamaz natroSvili, goCa jafariZe, `cda erTi TariRis dadge-
nisa~, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1 (1974), 161.
38
Cven ganzrax veridebiT zusti TariRebiT operirebas – epoqis qronologia
sabolood dadgenilad ver CaiTvleba, xolo am sakiTxis kvleva-analizi Cveni amo-
canis farglebs cdeba.
39
g. abdalaZe damatebiT yofs periods dabadebidan Tanamosaydred kurTxevamde
orad; mkvlevris azriT, SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi periodi: `giorgi IV laSas moR-
vaweobis ZiriTadi qronologia Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba. giorgi laSa daibada
1192-1193 wlis mijnaze. 1201 wlisTvis is ukve `javaxT ufalia~ da saufliswulo
domens flobs. mamamisis gardacvalebisTanave, 1205 wlidan Seudga Tanamefobas,
magram misi Tanamosaydred kurTxeva moxda 1206 wels. 1210 wlis 27 ianvridan gior-
gi IV laSa saqarTvelos mefea. 1223 wlis 18 ianvars, oTxSabaT dRes giorgi laSa 30
wlis asakSi aResrula~. gvanca abdalaZe, `XIII saukunis dasawyisis saqarTvelos is-
toriis qronologiidan~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi, 359 (2005),
107. Cven piradad mainc ufro logikurad miviCnevT laSa giorgis zeobis dayofas
samad, vinaidan mamis, daviT soslanis gardacvalebamde is, vfiqrobT, ar unda
300 irakli faRava
2. I kurTxevidan Tamaris gardacvalebamde da Sesabamisad II kurTx-

evamde;
3. II kurTxevidan – sikvdilamde.
aqamde es sakiTxi ukve iyo mkvlevarTa sagangebo yuradRebis sa-
gani. amasTan, moWris drosTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirda gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi:40
g. oTxmezuri, rogorc Cans, Tvlida, rom aRniSnuli tipis safase
iWreba laSa giorgis erTmefobamde.41 igive azri gaiziara T. dunduamac:
`laSa javaxTufali Tamaris Tanamosaydrea da mis sicocxleSive axor-
cielebs ... fulis emisias~.42 g. dunduas da T. dunduas axal naSromSi
es sakiTxi gadauWrelad aris datovebuli,43 Tumca ki, SeniSvnebSi (rom-
lebic, ueWvelia, T. dunduas kalams ekuTvnis), sityva-sityviT aris
gameorebuli mosazreba laSa javaxT uflis mier Tamaris sicocxle-
Sive monetis gamoSvebis Sesaxeb.44 es azri gatarebulia avtorTa koleq-
tivis mier Seqmnil tomSic fuli saqarTveloSi.45
d. niniZis azriT ki, romelmac, sazogadod, didi wvlili Seitana
laSa giorgis javaxeTTan kavSirisa da am kavSiris bunebis kvlevaSi,
aRniSnuli tipis monetebis gamoSveba mieZRvna laSa giorgis mier
saqarTvelos samefos saTaveSi Cadgomas; misi azriT, es samoneto tipi,
piriqiT, II kurTxevisTvis [da Semdgom periodSi? – i.f.] gamouSves46
(ix. agreTve, javaxT uflis monetebis statusi). sainteresoa avtoris
argumenti: `monetaze mxolod giorgis mefobaa aRniSnuli, rac imaze
laparakobs, rom misi emisia Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg xdeba~.47
n. berZeniSvili ganixilavda sxvadasxva versiebs, magaliTad, am ti-
pis safasis gamoSvebas laSa giorgis mier erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis
ekurTxaT (sxva sakiTxia, rodis gadaecemoda mas saufliswulo – zusti TariRis

dasadgenad informacia, aSkarad, arasakmarisia).
40
zogierT mkvlevars, magaliTad, e. paxomovs, aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
Tavisi mosazrebebi ar daufiqsirebia. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 99-100.
41
giorgi oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi
rogorc saistorio wyaro (Tbilisi, 1981), 46.
42
dundua, qarTuli eTnokulturuli revolucia da dasavleTi, 156.
43
44
iqve, 268, Sen. 16.
45
managaZe, fuli saqarTveloSi 2000, 48.
46
daviT niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, kr. saqarTvelos
prezidentis stipendiant axalgazrda mecnierTa Sromebi, I (Tbilisi, 1999), 36-37;
daviT niniZe, àlastanel (bagrationTa) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos war-
moqmnis istoriisaTvis~, mnaTobi, 7-8 (1993), 175; daviT niniZe, bagrationTa samefo
saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi) (Tbilisi, 2004), 23-24.
47
niniZe, bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria, 23-24.
miRebis Semdeg – `Tu laSa am dros erTaderTi mefea da es fuli javax-

eTSi iWreba...~48 amasTan, mkvlevari, rogorc Cans, ufro im azrisken ixre-
boda, rom am tipis safases ufro adre Wridnen: `laSa ukve mefea, magram
ara erTaderTi. mefeTmefe isev Tamaria, giorgi ki mefe-ufliswulia da
javaxTufali~.49 n. berZeniSvilma yuradReba miaqcia am samoneto tipis
rogorc qarTul, ise arabul legendebs: `moyvanili qarTul-arabu-
li zedwerilebi urTierTs eTanxmebian laSas moxseniebaSi `mefobiT~,
`didmefobiT~ da ara mefeTmefobiT, rogorc is aris moxseniebuli misi
drois sxva fulebis arabul zedwerilebze... zedwerilTa es Tanxmoba
TiTqos im garemoebas aRniSnavs, rom es faqti jer kidev Tamaris mefeT-
mefobis dros xdeba, roca laSa jer kidev Tanamefea mxolod~.50
aRniSnuli argumenti, Cveni azriT, ramdenadme sakamaToa. Tavad
javaxT uflis monetebi namdvilad gansxvavdeba imave monarqis sxva
samoneto tipebisgan giorgis titulebiT – javaxT uflis monetebze
qarTulenovan legendaSi giorgi moixsenieba rogorc mefe da ara mefe-
Ta mefe; arabulenovani warwerac iZleva tituls Semdegi saxiT: mefe
didebuli (×®²ÖÆC _ÇÖÆC);51 maSin rodesac misi monetebis danarCen or tipze
(romelic 1210 wliT aris daTariRebuli) mocemulia saqarTvelos same-
fos erTpirovnuli liderisTvis, savaraudod, ufro Sesaferisi tit-
^ÝÇÖÆC _ÇÕ
uli – mefe mefeTa (^ÝÇÖÆC _ÇÕ). amgvarad, TiTqosda namdvilad logikuri
iqneboda gvefiqra, rom e.w. javaxT uflis monetebi laSa giorgis erT-
pirovnul mefed gaxdomamde unda yofiliyos moWrili. magram aseTma
calmxrivma msjelobam SeiZleba SecdomaSi Segviyvanos – aucilebelia,
SeZlebisdagvarad, paraleluri da analogiuri masalis moSvelieba da
SedarebiTi analizis Catareba; amgvar masalad gvevlineba Tamar mefis
monetebi da deda-Svilis Tanadrouli lapidaruli warwerebi: Tamar
mefis wesieri Wedvis monetebze is moxseniebulia rogorc dedofali52
ODÃÇÖÆC öÃÇÕ
dedofalTa (ODÃÇÖÆC öÃÇÕ), xolo uweso Wedvis monetebze ki – rogorc ded-
öÖ®²ÖÆC öÃÇÖÆC
ofali didebuli (öÖ®²ÖÆC öÃÇÖÆC) – amasTanave, orive tipis moneta moWrilia
ukve Tamaris mamis, giorgi III-is gardacvalebis Semdgom, im dros, rode-
sac Tamari ukve erTpirovnuli Tu ara (is daviT soslanzea gaTxovili),
safiqrebelia, erTi da igive statusis mqone monarqi maincaa. da, piriq-
iT, jer kidev Tamaris zeobaSi (anu laSa giorgis erTpirovnul monar-
48
berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis eqspediciis dRiuri~, 145.
49
iqve, 146.
50
iqve, 146.
51
vide supra – javaxT uflis monetebis zedwerilebi.
52
Cven viyenebT am termins mdedrobiTi sqesis monarqis (da ara samefo ojaxis
wevri qalis) mniSvnelobiT.
302 irakli faRava
qad gaxdomamde) laSa giorgi ukve zogjer mainc iwodeba mefeT mefed
– amas mowmobs warwera Tamarisa da laSa giorgis cnobil Ãelze gunia-
yaladan: `saxeliTa RmrTisaÁTa brZanebiTa RmrTis sworTa Tamarisa
da giorgisiTa, .... Ãeli ese RmrTisa sworTa mefeT-mefisa giorgÁsi~.53
es magaliTebi mowmobs imas, rom mxolod titulis safuZvelze
rTulia ganvasxvavoT – monarqi erTpirovnuli mmarTvelia Tu ara.54
ufro metic, tituli, rogorc Cans, SeiZleba arc mieTiTebinaT – kidev
erTi Ãeli javaxeTidan (Tamaris Ãeli CxikvTadan) iuwyeba: `saxeli-
Ta RmrTisaÁTa da meoxebiTa wmidisa RmrTismSoblisaÁTa marwmuna
RmerTman Tamars raiTa Seviwyalen sadideblad Cuenisa sulisaTs...~55
Zalauneburad Cndeba azri, am periodis saqarTvelos samefoSi titu-
laturis sistema ar iyo imdenad myarad Camoyalibebuli, rom calsaxa
qronologiur miniSnebas warmoadgendes; mxolod titulis mixedviT
raime fenomenis daTariReba erTgvarad safrTxiloa.
rac Seexeba d. niniZis arguments javaxT uflis monetebze mefobiT
mxolod giorgis moxseniebaze,56 is, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba ugulebelvy-
oT – zemoT ganxilul gunia-yalas warwerazedac xom tituls (Tanac
mefeT mefis!) atarebs mxolod laSa giorgi, Tumca ki teqsti araoraz-
rovnad iuwyeba imas, rom Tamari jer cocxalia.
Cven mainc im azrisken vixrebiT, rom javaxT uflis monetebi laSa
giorgis cxovrebis meore periodSi moiWra, I kurTxevidan Tamaris gar-
dacvalebamde (anu, II kurTxevamde). amaze unda miuTiTebdes erTi, Zalian
seriozuli garemoeba – monetaze giorgis moxsenieba ara marto mefobiT,
aramed javaxT uflobiTac. srulad veTanxmebiT n. berZeniSvilis msje-
lobis kidev erT fragments: `Tu laSa am dros saqarTvelos erTaderTi
mefea ... maSin es warwera gaugebaria: ra saWiro iyo saerTo fulzed misi
moxsenieba javaxTuflobiT?~ Zalian rTuli warmosadgenia, rom Zliere-
53
warwera mogvaqvs literaturidan ucvleli saxiT. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukunee-
bis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi, 20-21.
54
amasTan, sainteresoa, SeiZleba Tu ara CaiTvalos qronologiur miniSnebad –
laSa giorgis romeli saxelia miTiTebuli; gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom laSa gio-
rgis pirvel kurTxevamde laSa ewodeboda (mag. Tamarisa da laSas Ãelze prtenadan:
ìÁesu qriste, adide Tamar da Ze maTi laSa~), Semdeg ki giorgi. oTxmezuri, XII-XIII
saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi, 33-34. amasTan, horomairis
warweraSi is mefobiT (sic) da laSobiT moixsenieba: `...mefobasa laSasi...~ leon me-
liqseT-begi, `lore-taSiris qarTuli epigrafika~, Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-
sitetis Sromebi, 108 (1964), 326. Tumca, es warwera somxurenovania, rac SeiZleba
erTgvari Secdomis mizezic ki iyos.
55
oTxmezuri, XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi, 33.
56
niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 36; niniZe, bagrationTa
samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria, 23-24.
bis apogeaSi myofi erTiani saqarTvelos (da dapyrobili teritoriebis)

erTpirovnul monarq giorgi IV-s Tavisive safaseze Tavisi Zalauflebis
farglebi SeezRuda javaxT uflobiT. vfiqrobT, rom es ar aris mosalod-
neli im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu sruliad saqarTvelosa da saqarTvelos same-
fos saTaveSi myofi giorgi IV am samoneto tips javaxeTSi uSvebda.57 cno-
bilia, Tu ra mniSvnelovani deklaraciuli funqcia ekisreboda samoneto
regalias – ukve saqarTvelos samefos saTaveSi Camdgar laSa giorgis iqneb
kidev SeeZlo Tavisi TavisTvis qarTul legendaSi mefe (da ara mefeT mefe)
ewodebina (Tamaric yvela monetaze rodi atarebs dedofalTa dedoflis
tituls, marTalia arabulenovan legendaSi, ix. zemoT); magram maincda-
mainc javaxeTis moxsenieba am samoneto tipis legendebSi erTgvarad eWvis
qveS daayenebda giorgi IV-is uzenaesobas, uflobas saqarTvelos samefos
sxva provinciebSi. amrigad, Cven vemxrobiT im Tvalsazriss, romlis Ta-
naxmadac am samoneto tipis gamoSvebis droisTvis `mefeTmefe isev Tama-
ria, giorgi ki mefe-ufliswulia da javaxTufali~;58 am safasis Tamaris
gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoSvebis albaToba, Cveni azriT, naklebia.
javaxT uflis monetebis mimoqcevis areali

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, laSa giorgis es monetebi Zalian iSviaTad
gvxvdeba. cnobaSi moyvanil calTa raodenoba, rogorc Cans, oTx-xuT
aTeuls ar aRemateba; gamoqveynebulTa ricxvi ki Seudareblad ufro
mcirea. amasTanave, maTi mniSvnelovani nawili upasportoa – monetebs
aRmoCenis adgilis Sesaxeb cnobebi Tan ar axlavs. miuxedavad amisa,
ramdenime (yvelaze cota, 12) amgvari monetis povnis adgili mainc
cnobilia. saTiTaod ganvixiloT arsebuli monacemebi:
1. Tbilisi; avlabris raionSi, sevanis SesaxvevSi, gambarovis sax-
lis ezoSi daaxloebiT 0.5 metris siRrmeze aRmoaCines (1936 w. ivlisSi)
qarTuli da ucxouri spilenZis monetebis didroni ganZi. d. kapanaZis
mier gadaTvalierebuli nawili wesieri Wedvis monetebisgan Sedgeboda:
Tamar-daviTis59 – 4 egzemplari; laSa giorgis – tituliT javaxT ufali
– 1 (am monetas rusudanis damRa etyoboda); rusudanis60 – 1349 (?); rumis
seljuki sulTnis qeiqavus I-is – 1; ildegiziani uzbekis – 1;61
57
amrigad, ver daveTanxmebiT n. berZeniSvilis msjelobis sxva fragments: `Tu
laSa am dros saqarTvelos erTaderTi mefea da es fuli javaxeTSi iWreba, maSin
`javaxTufali~ gasagebia~. berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis eqspediciis dRiuri~, 145.
58
iqve, 145.
59
samoneto tipis aRwerilobisTvis ix. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 94.
60
samoneto tipis aRwerilobisTvis ix. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 105.
61
Евгений Пахомов, Монетные клады Азербайджана и других республик, краев и областей Кав-
каза, Выпуск IV (1949), 46, #1137; Давид Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв. из сел. Ничбиси”,
304 irakli faRava
2. mtkvris kalapoti, Tbilisis teritoria; iq aRmoCnda 2 egzem-

plari (sur. 3, cxrili 1, #27; meore monetis suraTi da metrologia
CvenTvis, samwuxarod, miuwvdomelia).62 Teoriulad dasaSvebia, rom
monetebi mtkvris (an jer aragvis da mere mtkvris) dinebas Camohyva
(monetebis Semcveli Sesabamisi kulturuli fenis morecxvis Semdeg)
– da XIII saukuneSi samoneto mimoqcevas sul sxva adgilas gamoaklda.
magram, Cveni azriT, es naklebad aris mosalodneli – wyals rom es
monetebi fskeris gayolebiT mravali aTeuli kilometridan wamo-
eRo, monetebi kidev ufro gacveTili da dazianebuli iqneboda. vva-
raudobT, rom orive egzemplari uSualod XIII saukunis Tbilisidan
momdinareobs (saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi kulturul fenaSi inaxebo-
da, romelic Semdeg mdinaris wyalma daaziana); miuxedavad amisa, am 2
monetas mainc TbilisSi napovnisgan calke ganvixilavT;
3. rusTavi; nacixvarze (1959 w.) aRmoCnda 1 egzemplari;63
4. dmanisi; aRmoCnda 2 egzemplari;64 rogorc Cans, am 2 calSi igulisx-
meba is egzemplaric, romelic ufro adre e. paxomovma gamoaqveyna;65
5. axalqalaqi (javaxeTisa); aRmoCenili egzemplarebis raodenoba
ucnobia66 (minimum, 1?); iqve aRmoCnda am tipis 1 monetis fragmentic;67
sul, maSasadame, minimum 2 egzemplari;
6. axalcixe; aRmoCenili egzemplarebis raodenoba ucnobia68 (mini-
mum, 1?);
Вестник Государственного музея Грузии им. акад. С. Н. Джанашиа, XXVIII-B (1969), 87.
62
sakuTari monacemebi (orive moneta SemdgomSi kerZo koleqciebSi moxvda).
63
jalaRania, `rusTavis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier mopovebuli numizmati-
kuri masala~, 50, 62, sia II, #1.
64
jalaRania da jafariZe, `dmanisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis numizmatikuri
monapovari~, 18-19, 36-37, #201-202; nino miqelaZe, `dmanisis numizmatikuri monace-
mebi~, krebulSi istoriul-eTnografiuli Ziebani, IV, (2002), 471.
65
Пахомов, Монетные клады IV, #1140.
66
sainventaro nomrebi da amJamindeli adgilsamyofeli, samwuxarod, mi-
TiTebuli ar aris. jalaRania da jafariZe, `dmanisis arqeologiuri eqspedici-
is numizmatikuri monapovari~, 19. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom swored aRniSnul
Sromas eyrdnoba d. niniZec axalqalaqSi am tipis monetebis aRmoCenis faq-
tis miTiTebisas (informaciis wyaros miTiTebis gareSe). niniZe, àlastanel
(bagrationTa) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis~,
175; niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 37; niniZe, bagrationTa
samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi), 25.
67
ekaterine jandieri, `javaxeTis axalqalaqis Zveli namosaxlarebi~, saqarT-
velos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, I (46-B), (2010), 184-185, fototabula VIII, #5.
68
sainventaro nomrebi da amJamindeli adgilsamyofeli, samwuxarod, miTiTe-
buli ar aris. d. niniZe am SemTxvevaSic, safiqrebelia, amave wyaros eyrdnoba. lit-
eraturisTvis ix. sqolio 66.
7. TeTriwyaros raioni, naqalaqar samSvildis maxloblad; dau-

zustebel adgilas (2009 wels) ipoves 1 egzemplari (sur. 4, cxrili 1,
#24);69
8. Tanamedrove somxeTis respublikis teritoria; somxeTis res-
publikidan sxvadasxva dros (2006 da 2010 ww.) saqarTveloSi gasayid-
ad Camoitanes 2 egzemplari – CvenSi eWvs ar iwvevs, rom orive somxeTSi
unda iyos napovni, Tanac cal-calke (amaze qronologiuri intervalis
garda, monetebis sakmaod gansxvavebuli patinac miuTiTebs), Tumca
povnis zusti adgilebi ucnobi rCeba (sur. 5-6, cxrili 1, #25-26);70 Cr-
diloeTi somxeTi XIII saukuneSi, rogorc cnobilia, saqarTvelos same-
fos SemadgenlobaSi uSualod iyo inkorporirebuli.
arsebuli cnobebi laSa giorgis am tipis wesieri Wedvis monetebis
gavrcelebis Sesaxeb sakmaod saintereso suraTs gvixatavs. Camovayal-
ibebT mis ZiriTad niSnebs:
– `javaxT uflis~ monetebis gavrceleba namdvilad ar ifargleba
laSa giorgis saufliswulos teritoriiT (TrialeTis, javaxeTis, Cr-
dilo somxeTis nawili);71
– amasTan, maTi gavrceleba ar scdeba (yovel SemTxvevaSi, dReisT-
vis arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT) zemo da qvemo qarTls, Tbiliss
da CrdiloeT somxeTs. saqarTvelos samefos arcerT sxva provincia-
Si (iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos samefos farglebs gareT) maTi povnis
faqtebi, jerjerobiT mainc, dadasturebuli araa;
– Tamarisa da daviT soslanis, iseve rogorc rusudanis wesieri
Wedvis spilenZis monetebis gavrcelebasTan72 Sedareba cxadyofs, rom
laSa giorgis am tipis monetebi ufro SezRudulad mimoiqceoda;
– amasTan, gavrcelebis SezRuduli geografiuli arealis garda,
TvalSi sacemia aRmoCenili monetebis simwire: laSa giorgis momdevno
qarTveli monarqis – rusudanis monetebs mravlad pouloben ara mar-
to saqarTvelos samefoSi, aramed mis farglebs gareTac; aseve xSirad
naxuloben laSa giorgis winamorbedis – Tamaris (da daviT soslanis)
69
sakuTari monacemebi (moneta SemdgomSi kerZo koleqciaSi moxvda).
70
sakuTari monacemebi (monetebi SemdgomSi kerZo koleqciebSi moxvda).
71
daviT niniZe, `sofel alastanis istoriidan~, kr. masalebi saqarTvelos so-
flebis istoriisaTvis, nakveTi III, (Tbilisi, 1987), 28-31; oTxmezuri, XII-XIII sauku-
neebis mijnis qarTuli lapidaruli warwerebi, 38-48.
72
ix. magaliTad, Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 106-107; Евгений Пахомов, “Монетные клады
Азербайджана и Закавказья”, Труды общества обследования и изучения Азербайджана, выпуск 3
(Баку, 1926), 26-27; Хачатур Мушегян, Денежное обращение Двина по нумизматическим данным
(Ереван, 1962), 98-101.
306 irakli faRava
wesieri Wedvis monetebs,73 cnobilia ramdenime aTasi egzemplaris Sem-

cveli ganZic;74 garda amisa, am tipis monetebis ganZebs javaxeTSic ki
pouloben,75 anu, saqarTvelos im regionSi, sadac laSa giorgis sau-
fliswulo mdebareobda, da sadac misi am tipis monetebis arc erTi
ganZi ar aris napovni (saerTod, javaxT uflis monetebi Cvenamde an
SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebis, an ganZebSi umciresi minarevis saxiT aris
moRweuli). Zalauneburad ibadeba azri, rom am tipis safase, ama Tu im
mizeziT, Zalian mcire raodenobiT – tiraJiT gamouSves.76
Zneli saTqmelia, zemo da qvemo qarTlSi, Tbilissa da CrdiloeT
somxeTSi javaxT uflis monetebis koncentracia SemTxveviTobis Sede-
gia Tu ara – bunebrivia, dasaSvebia, rom momavalSi aseTi monetebi Zveli
saqarTvelos samefos sxva kuTxeebSic aRmoCndes. magram dReisTvis
arsebuli monacemebi mainc TiTqosda imaze miuTiTebs, rom laSa gior-
gis am tipis monetebi upiratesad mainc mxolod saqarTvelos samefos
geografiulad met-naklebad centralur nawilSi mimoiqceoda – zemo
da qvemo qarTlSi, dedaqalaq TbilisSi, CrdiloeT somxeTSi. arada,
esoden SezRuduli gavrceleba ufro uweso Wedvis spilenZisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli,77 da ara wesieri Wedvis monetebisTvis.
magram moWrili monetebis raodenobrivi simwiris (ix. zemoT) gaT-
valiswinebiT, logikurad gveCveneba mosazreba, rom monetebiT maqsi-
malurad pirvel rigSi is teritoria unda iyos gajerebuli, sadac
Tavad monetis gamomSvebi centri mdebareobda, an romelic uSualod
emezobleboda aseT centrs. miviCnevT, rom javaxT uflis monetebiT
73
ix. wina sqolio.
74
Tamar lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, tfilisis saxelmwifo universite-
tis Sromebi, I (1936), 281-289.
75
miqelaZe, `dmanisis numizmatikuri monacemebi~, 468, 470.
76
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavis droze iv. javaxiSvilma mwvaved gaakritika e. paxo-
movi imisaTvis, rom is ama Tu im epoqaSi gamoSvebuli monetebis saerTo ricxvs saz-
Rvravda maTi imJamindeli aRmoCenebis mixedviT. Иван Джавахов (Иванэ Джавахишви-
ли), “Рецензия на книгу: “Е.А. Пахомов, “Монеты Грузии”. Часть I (домонгольский период), Зап.
Нумизм. отд. Имп. Русск. Археол. Общества”, IV вып. I тома, 129 страниц (СПб., 1910), wignSi
ivane javaxiSvili, Txzulebebi Tormet tomad, tomi IX (Tbilisi, 1996), 677. kriti-
ka, am SemTxvevaSi mainc, Cveni azriT, gaumarTlebeli iyo – ganZebisa da calkeuli
monetebis aRmoCenis topografiis Seswavla, Tundac mosaxleobaSi dagrovili
samoneto fondis safuZvelze – numizmatikuri kvlevis aRiarebuli meTodia; mis
sarwmunoobasa da efeqturobaze metad damajereblad Tavad e. paxomovi werda. Па-
хомов, “Монетные клады Азербайджана и Закавказья”, 3-7, 10-11. Cveni piradi gamocdile-
bac savsebiT Seesabameba e. paxomovis mosazrebebs.
77
Пахомов, “Монетные клады Азербайджана и Закавказья”, 26-27; Dickran Kouymjian, “A
Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān Based on the Islamic Coinage of the
5th/11th to t)he 7th/13th Centuries,” (Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, 1969), 119-123, 128.
zemo da qvemo qarTlis, dedaqalaq Tbilisisa da CrdiloeT somxeTis

gajereba SeiZleba asaxavdes safasis gamomSvebi centris lokaliza-
cias rogorc TbilisSi, aseve javaxeTSic (davuSvaT, alastanSi); am
mxriv zemoT moyvanili cnobebi laSa giorgis am tipis monetebis povnis
adgilebis Sesaxeb calsaxa pasuxs ar iZleva.
javaxT uflis monetebis statusi

arsebobs mosazreba, rom aRniSnuli tipis monetebi memorialuri xa-
siaTisaa, da eZRvneba laSa giorgis mier saqarTvelos samefos saTaveSi
Cadgomas – d. niniZis azriT, `rogorc Cans, misi [laSa giorgis – i.f.] erT-
mefed dajdoma saqarTvelos samxreT regionSi aseTi saxiT specialurad
aRuniSnavT – saqarTvelos mefe xom aq `gansakuTrebiT javaxTufalic~
iyo~.78 Cven migvaCnia rom es monetebi mainc laSa giorgis erTpirovnuli
mmarTvelobis dawyebamde moiWra (ix. javaxT uflis monetebis daTariRe-
ba). magram, Teoriulad, isini SeiZleba misi pirvelad kurTxevis aRsaniS-
navadac moWriliyo. amasTanave, am tipis monetebi, xSirad, sakmao cveTis
kvals atarebs (sur. 4-6); gvaqvs ganZis SemadgenlobaSic am tipis monetis
aRmoCenis SemTxvevac.79 garda amisa, es monetebi, rogorc ukve aRiniS-
na, spilenZisaa, da ara raime Zvirfasi liTonis. yovelive zemoTqmuli,
TiTqosda, am tipis monetebis memorialuri (donatiuri) bunebis winaaRm-
deg metyvelebs.80 ase Tu ise, am tipis monetebi, ueWvelia, monawileobda
samoneto mimoqcevaSi (rac, sxvaTa Soris, ar gamoricxavs maT pirvandel
memorialur daniSnulebas). piradad Cven mainc im azrisken vixrebiT, rom
es Cveulebrivi – mimoqcevisTvis gankuTvnili safase iyo.
78
`monetebis es tipi, romlis emisia iseT mniSvnelovan movlenasTan iyo dakav-
Sirebuli, rogoricaa `javaxT ufalis~, ufliswuli laSa àlastanelis~ erTiani
saqarTvelos erTmefed kurTxeva~. niniZe, àlastanel (bagrationTa) `provinciis
mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis~, 175. ix. agreTve niniZe, `sau-
fliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 36-37; niniZe, bagrationTa samefo saxlis
ganStoebaTa istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi), 24.
79
ix. javaxT uflis monetebis mimoqcevis areali, Cveni siis #1.
80
SesaZleblad miviCnevT, rom amgvar donatiur monetas warmoadgenda laSa
giorgis Cvenamde moRweuli da jerjerobiT unikaluri caliT warmodgenili
samoneto tipi, romelzedac monarqis figura aris gamosaxuli; gamoyenebuli
liTonis (spilenZi) miuxedavad, moneta metad prezentaciulia, da, Cveni azriT,
SeiZleba donatiuri yofiliyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodis `memorialuri da
sazeimo xasiaTis~ monetebisadmi miZRvnil naSromSi, romelic, sxvaTa Soris, laSa
giorgis monetebsac exeba, es samoneto tipi saqarTvelos samefos mesveurTa dasav-
lur politikasTan kavSirSi ganixileba, magram ar aris mkafiod Camoyalibebuli
azri – warmoadgens es samoneto tipi memorialurs Tu ara. gabaSvili manana, `Sua
saukuneebis qarTuli memorialuri da sazeimo xasiaTis monetebi (XII s.)~, axlo aR-
mosavleTi da saqarTvelo, V (2008), 41-42.
308 irakli faRava
is faqti, rom `javaxT uflis~ ramdenime moneta mainc napovnia sau-

fliswulos farglebs gareTac, Cveni azriT, imaze ufro miuTiTebs,
rom isini iq SemTxveviT ki ar moxvda, aramed sruluflebiani monetis
statusiT sargeblobda da, Sesabamisad, monawileobda samefos samon-
eto mimoqcevaSi; `javaxT uflis~ monetebi garegnulad sakmaod gansx-
vavdeba qronologiurad winamorbedi qarTuli wesieri Wedvis spilen-
Zis monetebisgan da Tundac wera-kiTxvis ucodinar mosaxleobas isini
erTmaneTSi ar aereoda – giorgi III-isa (sur. 9) da Tamarisa da daviTis
mier gamoSvebul fulebze (sur. 10) xom Sesabamisad adamianis figuraa
anda TvalSi sacemi geometriuli ieris simboloa.81 Tuki laSa giorgis
es monetebi angariSsworebis kanonier saSualebas saufliswulos me-
zobel teritoriaze warmoadgenda (arsebuli monacemebiT – Tbilis-
sa da saqarTvelos samefos somxur provinciebSi), aseTive iqneboda
maTi statusi saqarTvelos samefos mTels teritoriazec. Tumca ki,
saqarTvelos samefos teritoriaze aRmoCenil ganZebSi zogjer gvx-
vdeba ucxo qveynebis (Tanac qarTvel bagrationTa arqimowinaaRmdegis
– ildegizianTa) wesieri Wedvis monetebic.82 xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT,
rom saqarTvelos samefos fuladi mimoqcevis sfero ar iyo safasiT
sakmarisad gajerebuli da samoneto bazari itevda sul sxvadasxva-
nair monetas, maT Soris ucxoursac. aqedan gamomdinare, mainc rTulia
imis Tqma, hqondaT Tu ara laSa giorgis wesieri Wedvis monetebs sau-
fliswulos farglebs gareTac angariSsworebis saSualebis de jure sta-
tusi. amasTan, vfiqrobiT, rom de facto isini namdvilad monawileobdnen
samoneto mimoqcevaSi mTeli samefos teritoriaze.83
am tipis monetebis statusis TvalsazrisiT, sakvanZo sakiTxia, Tu
vis mieraa isini gamoSvebuli, saqarTvelos erTpirovnuli monarqis
– giorgi IV-is (Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg), Tu mefed kurTxeuli
laSas, amieridan ukve giorgi mefis mier (jer kidev dedis zeobaSi).
piradad Cven, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, ukanasknel versias vemxrobiT
(ix. javaxT uflis monetebis daTariReba). aseT SemTxvevaSi, umcrosi
TanammarTvelis mier damoukideblad sakuTari saxeliT (mSoblisa da
81
am ukanasknelis raobisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb sagangebo Sromas vamzadebT,
da amJamad am sakiTxis ganxilvas Tavs avaridebT.
82
ix. magaliTad, Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 85-88.
83
sayuradReboa, rom zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, laSa giorgis wesieri Wedvis
monetebi (mefis figuris gamosaxulebiT) saqarTvelos farglebs gareT iyo mi-
moqcevaSi, ase vTqvaT, konvertirebad fuls warmoadgenda (maSin rodesac uweso
Wedvis safase qveynis SigniT mimoqcevisTvis iyo gankuTvnili). natroSvili da ja-
fariZe, `cda erTi TariRis dadgenisa~, 161, 164; abdalaZe, `XIII saukunis dasawyisis
saqarTvelos istoriis qronologiidan~, 106.
ufrosi TanammarTvelis saxelis utitulod miTiTebiT) safasis gamoS-

veba qarTuli numizmatikuri da, metic, politikuri istoriis Zalian
sayuradRebo movlenad gvevlineba. amasTanave, monetis zedwerilebi
erTgvarad xazs usvams emitentis daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobas – T.
dunduas sityvebiT, `specifiuri saufliswulo atributi diarxiis
masStabiT Tamaris Zis subordinirebul poziciaze migvaniSnebs~.84
safiqrebelia, rom javaxT uflis monetebma kanonieri Tu de facto
gadaxdis saSualebis statusi SeinarCuna giorgi IV-is II kurTxevis Sem-
degac.
sevanis SesaxvevSi aRmoCenil samoneto kompleqsSi (ix. javaxT uf-
lis monetebis mimoqcevis areali, Cveni siis #1)85 napovni javaxT uf-
lis fulis erTaderTi egzemplari rusudanis damRas86 atarebs. ibade-
ba kiTxva – Tu ra rols TamaSobda `javaxT uflis~ tipis safase giorgi
IV-is gardacvalebisa da rusudanis mier Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdebis
Semdeg: SeinarCuna man angariSsworebis saSualebis statusi, Tu misi
Tavisufali mimoqceva aikrZala? xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom rusu-
danis zeobaSi `javaxT uflis~ monetebs safasis mniSvneloba mxolod
im pirobiT unarCundeboda, Tu maTze axali xelisuflis damRa iqne-
boda moTavsebuli. magram, amasTanave, imave ganZSi Semaval Tamar-so-
slanis 4 (4/1355, 0.30%) monetaze, iseve rogorc 2 araqarTul (2/1355,
0.15%) monetaze, rusudanis damRa, yovel SemTxvevaSi, paxomovis Tanax-
mad, aRbeWdili ar iyo.87 CvenTvis gaurkveveli (da gaugebari) rCeba, Tu
ratom iyo saWiro rusudanis damRis moTavseba giorgi IV-is monetaze,
magram ara Tamar-daviTisa da ucxour monetebze. rusudanis mier tax-
tis uzurpacia – safiqrebelia, amis mizezi ar unda yofiliyo. ase Tu
ise, erTaderTi samoneto kompleqsis safuZvelze raimes mtkiceba ara-
koreqtulia. imeds vitovebT, rom damatebiTi monacemebi (sxva ganZe-
bis aRmoCena da maTi Semadgenlobis gamoqveyneba) am sakiTxs sabolood
gaarkvevs.
javaxT uflis monetebi saqarTvelos samefos samoneto mimoqcevaSi

giorgi Tamaris Zis zeobis ama Tu im periodSi gamoSvebuli `javaxT
uflis~ monetebi imdenad iSviaTia, rom, bunebrivia, ibadeba kiTxva – ra
safase asrulebda wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetis (dramis? ix. javaxT
84
85
Пахомов, Монетные клады IV, #1137; Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 87
86
samwuxarod, avtors ara aqvs miTiTebuli, Tu ra damRazea saubari (iqve, 87),
arada CvenTvis cnobilia rusudanis 4 damRa mainc. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 112-117;
kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 83-86.
87
Пахомов, Монетные клады IV, #1137; Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 87.
310 irakli faRava
uflis monetebis nominali) rols saqarTvelos samefoSi – Tundac Tama-

ris gardacvalebis Semdgom, anu, 1207 Tu 121088-1223 wlebSi. Cveni azriT,
ueWvelia, rom moTxovnilebas amgvar monetaze `javaxT uflis~ iSviaTi
calebi ver Seavsebda. arada, gvaqvs pirdapiri miTiTeba, rom dramebi
(Tuki es termini marTlac swori Wedvis monetebis aRniSvnisTvis gam-
oiyeneboda, ix. javaxT uflis monetebis nominali) kvlavindeburad
saxelmwifos ekonomikuri cxovrebis Semadgenel nawils Seadgenda – isi-
ni moxseniebulia episkopos epifanes warweraSi anisis qarTuli eklesiis
kedelze,89 romelic daaxloebiT 1218 wliT aris daTariRebuli.90
Cveni azriT, saxelmwifos ekonomikaSi aRniSnul periodSi am fun-
qciis Sesruleba ekisreboda uzarmazari raodenobiT moWril91 Tama-
risa da daviT soslanis erTobliv spilenZis monetebs. am mosazrebas
adasturebs isic, rom aRniSnuli monetebi mimoqcevaSi rCeboda gamoS-
vebidan (monetebze TariRis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi es aris qoroniko-
nis 420 w., anu qristeSobidan 1200 w.92) meoTxedi saukunis gasvlis Sem-
degac – maT pouloben (Tumca, mcire raodenobiT) im ganZebis Semadgen-
lobaSic, romelic ZiriTadad ukve rusudanis (1223-1245) monetebisgan
Sedgeba.93
rac Seexeba laSa giorgis am tipis monetebis xvedriT wils sa-
qarTvelos samefos fulad mimoqcevaSi misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, is
kidev ufro umniSvnelo unda yofiliyo.94 kidev erTxel davubrundebiT
sevanis SesaxvevSi aRmoCenil ganZs (ix. javaxT uflis monetebis mimoqce-
vis areali, Cveni siis #1), romelSic Sedioda `javaxT uflis~ 1 dadamRu-
88
Tamaris gardacvalebis TariRi dRemde mecnieruli diskusiis sagans warmoad-
gens, romlis ganxilva scildeba Cveni amJamindeli amocanis farglebs.
89
Нико Марр, Надпись Епифания, католикоса Грузии (Из раскопок в Ани 1910 г.) (С. Петер-
бург, 1910); ix. agreTve Պ. Մուրադյան, Հայաստանի վրացական արձանագրությունները.
Աղբյուրագիտական քննություն, (Երեվան: Երեվանի համալսարանի հրատարակչություն,
1977), 35-47. [paruir muradiani, somxeTis qarTuli epigrafika. wyaroTmcodneobiTi
gamokvleva, erevani, 1977]
90
warweris damasrulebel somxurenovan striqonSi miTiTebuli TariRi (somx-
uri qoronikoniT) udris 1218 wels; warweris qarTulenovan nawilSi qarTuli
qoronikoniT miTiTebuli TariRis calsaxad wakiTxva ver xerxdeba. Марр, Надпись
Епифания, 1436.
91
kidev erTxel gavixsenebT Tundac Tamarisa da daviT-soslanis vejinis ganZs,
romelSic am tipis 2759 moneta iyo. lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 282.
92
93
Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 87-88, #18-19.
94
aRsaniSnavia, rom wesierisgan gansxvavebiT, laSa giorgis uweso Wedvis monete-
bi Seudareblad ufro farTod iyo gavrcelebuli, da mimoiqceoda laSa giorgis
gardacvalebis Semdegac; amas adasturebs jalal ad-dinis `qarTul~ monetebTan
erTad maTi aRmoCenis faqtebi. Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 86.
li monetac. es aris am tipis safasis samoneto kompleqsis SemadgenlobaSi

aRmoCenis erTaderTi faqti – sxva SemTxvevebSi javaxT uflis monetebs,
rogorc SegviZlia vivaraudoT arsebuli monacemebis safuZvelze (ix.
javaxT uflis monetebis mimoqcevis areali, Cveni siis #1), cal-calke
poulobdnen. xsenebuli ganZi upiratesad rusudanis monetebisgan Sedge-
ba (1348/1355, 99.48%) da swored rusudanis zeobaSi unda iyos gadamaluli.
laSa giorgis moneta masSi umcires minarevs warmoadgens (1/1355, 0.07%).95
rusudanis zeobaSi (an Semdgom periodSi?) gadanaxul sxva arcerT ganZSi
javaxT uflis erTi monetac ki ar aris aRmoCenili.96
javaxT uflis monetebis moWris adgili

Tavad laSa giorgis am tipis monetebze moWris adgili miTiTebu-
li, rogorc cnobilia, ar aris. sazogadod, safasis gamomSvebi zarafx-
anis saxelwodeba am periodis spilenZis qarTul monetebze (demetre
I-dan moyolebuli da rusudaniT dasrulebuli) ar mieTiTeboda.97
metwilad arabulenovani spilenZis safasis gamoSveba quTaisidan
TbilisSi dedaqalaqis gadatanas da samefo karis Semdgom orien-
talizacias98 rom mohyva – eWvs ar iwvevs. arsebobs erTaderTi cnoba
(episkopos epifanes warwera qalaq anisis qarTuli eklesiis kedelze,
ufro dawvrilebiT ix. qvemoT) qarTuli monetis TbilisSi gamoSvebis
Sesaxeb. sazogadod, qarTuli safasis gamoSveba samefos dedaqalaq-
Si logikuria, magram SeuZlebelia imis gamoricxvac, rom XII-XIII ss.
qarTuli spilenZis monetebi Tbilisis garda sadme sxvaganac iWrebo-
da – ramdenime zarafxanis erTdrouli muSaobiT ufro gaadvildebo-
da samefos mravalricxovani mosaxleobisTvis sakmarisi raodenobiT
safasis damzadeba;99 Cveni azriT, ar aris gamarTlebuli am epoqis yve-
la qarTuli spilenZis monetis Tbilisis zarafxanisadmi mikuTvneba
(rogorc es zogjer numizmatikur literaturaSi xdeba).100
95
Пахомов, Монетные клады IV, #1137; Капанадзе, “Клад монет XII-XIII вв.”, 87.
96
Sead. iqve, 87-88.
97
98
iqve, 75.
99
Tavis droze, jalal ad-dinis monetebTan mimarTebaSi ukve aRvniSneT, rom
zarafxanas Tbilisis garda SeiZleba sadme sxvaganac emuSava. daviT facia, irakli
faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis qarTuli monetebi (Tbilisi, 2009), 23.
100
ix. magaliTad, Mayer (bearbeitet von), Sylloge der Münzen des Kaukasus und Osteuropas,
110-116. Tumca, uweso Wedvis monetebis upiratesi koncentracia aRmosavleT sa-
qarTveloSi (Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 106-107; Пахомов, “Монетные клады Азербайджана
и Закавказья”, 26-27) albaT marTlac imaze miuTiTebs, rom ZiriTadi (ufro aqtiuri?
erTaderTi?) zarafxana swored qveynis am nawilSi (TbilisSi?) moqmedebda.
312 irakli faRava
da mainc, TiTqosda, logikuri iqneboda gvevarauda, rom laSa

giorgis am tipis wesieri Wedvis monetebs Tbilisis zarafxana uSvebda.
magram arsebobs alternatiuli mosazrebac.
aRniSnuli sakiTxiT n. berZeniSvili dainteresda da aRniSna, rom
es samoneto tipi SeiZleba javaxeTSic moWriliyo; mas am Temaze Zalian
saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli:
`Tu laSa am dros saqarTvelos erTaderTi mefea da es fuli Tbi-
lisSi iWreba, maSin es warwera gaugebaria: ra saWiro iyo saerTo
fulzed misi moxsenieba javaxTuflobiT?
Tu laSa am dros saqarTvelos erTaderTi mefea da es fuli javax-
eTSi iWreba, maSin `javaxTufali~ gasagebia. magram aseTi daSvebisas
Cven unda gvcodnoda: hqondaT Tu ara CvenSi provinciaSi fulis moW-
ris Cveuleba?
Tu laSa am dros Tanamefea, maSin es warwera gasagebia: fuli iWre-
ba, Tundac TbilisSi, laSas saxeliT. laSa ukve mefea, magram ara er-
TaderTi. mefeTamefe isev Tamaria, giorgi ki mefe-ufliswulia da
javaxTufali~.101
am citatidan kargad Cans, rom mecnieri dasaSvebad miiCnevda
`javaxT uflis~ monetebis javaxeTSic gamoSvebas (da ara TbilisSi).
am alternatiul mosazrebas miemxro d. niniZec, romlis Tanaxmad-
ac, `javaxT uflis monetebi~ pirveli alastanelis102 (laSa giorgis)
kuTvnil javaxeTSi moiWra, SesaZloa saufliswulos centrSi, dasax-
lebul punqt alastanSi.103 d. niniZem am Sexedulebis dasasabuTeblad
moiyvana sami ZiriTadi argumenti:
1. `javaxTuflis~ monetebis upiratesi gavrceleba laSa giorgis
saufliswulo teritoriebze an maT maxloblad104 (am arguments pira-
101
berZeniSvili, `javaxeTis eqspediciis dRiuri~, 145-146.
102
savsebiT veTanxmebiT d. niniZes, rom daviT soslani ar iyo pirveli alastane-
li. niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 38.
103
àmdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom laSa giorgis moneta zedweriliT `ja-
vaxT ufali~ iWreba javaxeTSi arsebul zarafxanaSi, Tundac alastanSi, sadac laSa
àlastaneli~, gansakuTrebiT `javaxT ufali~ da mefe-ufliswulia~. niniZe, `sau-
fliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 37; ix. agreTve niniZe, àlastanel (bagra-
tionTa) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis~, 175-176.
104
`laSa giorgis moneta warweriT – `giorgi mefisa, Tamaris Zisasa, javaxT
uflisa~ ar aRemateba ramdenime aTeul cals: napovnia axalqalaqSi, axalcixeSi,
dmanisSi. misi gavrcelebis geografia ZiriTadad ar scildeba (an mniSvnelovnad
ar scildeba) laSas saufliswulo teritoriebs~. niniZe, àlastanel (bagration-
Ta) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis~, 175; ix. agreTve
niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 37; niniZe, bagrationTa samefo
saxlis ganStoebaTa istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi), 25.
dad Cven metad sakamaTod miviCnevT – ix. zemoT: javaxT uflis monete-
bis mimoqcevis areali);
2. laSa giorgis udavo da mWidro kavSiri javaxeTTan,105 kerZod
ki, dasaxlebul punqt alastanTan106 (`saqarTvelos mefe xom aq `gansa-
kuTrebiT javaxTufalic~ iyo~.107 (Cven veTanxmebiT am arguments)
3. saqarTveloSi XIII saukunesa da XIV saukunis dasawyisSi, iseve
rogorc ufro gviandel periodSi, safasis gamoSveba sxva qalaqebSic/
teritoriebzedac mimdinareobda – amis gaTvaliswinebiT ki, mkvlevris
azriT, alastanSic zarafxanis arseboba moulodneli ar unda iyos. d.
niniZem is mosazrebac ki gamoTqva, rom alastanSi zarafxana Semdgom-
Sic moqmedebda, daviT VIII-s zeobaSi, da am monarqis monetas Wrida.108
sxvadasxva epoqaSi saqarTvelos sxva regionebSi qarTuli fulis
gamoSvebis faqti, cxadia, utyuari sabuTia imisa, rom monetis moWra
Tbilisis garda, Teoriulad, sxvaganac SeiZleba ewarmoebinaT; magram,
Cveni azriT, es ar amtkicebs javaxT uflis monetebis maincdamainc
alastanSi gamoSvebas; daviT VIII-s safasis alastanSi moWrac TavisTavad
hipoTezaa mxolod109 da, amrigad, ver gamodgeba alastanSi ufro adrin-
del epoqaSi pirveli alastanelis mier fulis gamoSvebis sabuTad.
gavimeorebT, rom `javaxT uflis~ titulis matarebeli monetebis
mimoqcevis xasiaTi (ix. zemoT), Cveni azriT, ar iZleva dasabuTebuli
daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas – am tipis safasis aRmoCenis faqte-
bi daaxloebiT Tanabrad aris ganawilebuli javaxeTsa da Tbiliss (hin-
terlandiT) Soris. asec rom ar iyos, saqarTvelos am or regions Soris
manZili sakmaod mcirea, xolo samoneto mimoqcevaSi didi drois gan-
105
niniZe, `sofel alastanis istoriidan~, 28-31; niniZe, àlastanel (bagration-
Ta) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis~, 176; niniZe,
`saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 37; niniZe, bagrationTa samefo saxlis
ganStoebaTa istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi), 23-27.
106
àmaze pasuxs gvaZlevs Tavad laSa giorgis zedwodeba – àlastaneli~, rome-
lic imis mimaniSnebelia, rom laSas saufliswulo mamulis centri javaxeTis am ge-
ografiul punqtSi unda hqonoda, e.i. regionis sxva mniSvnelovan sofelTa Soris
dawinaurebula sof. alastani, romelic, rogorc Cans, yvelaze ufro akmayofile-
bda laSa giorgis saufliswulo rezidenciisTvis saWiro moTxovnilebebs~. niniZe,
àlastanel (bagrationTa) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqmnis istorii-
saTvis~, 176; misive, `sofel alastanis istoriidan~, 30-31; misive, `saufliswulo
XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 36; misive, bagrationTa samefo saxlis ganStoebaTa
istoria (XIII-XVIII saukuneebi), 24-25.
107
niniZe, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 36-37.
108
niniZe, àlastanel (bagrationTa) `provinciis mefeTa~ samflobelos warmoqm-
nis istoriisaTvis~, 176; misive, `saufliswulo XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi~, 37.
109
am sakiTxs Cven ar vexebiT, radganac is kvlevis sagnis farglebs scildeba.
314 irakli faRava
mavlobaSi brunvis SemTxvevaSi monetebi SeiZleba sakmaod daSoreboda

maTi gamoSvebis centrs, da, amgvarad, monacemebi maTi aRmoCenis adg-
ilebis Sesaxeb am mxriv naklebad angariSgasawevi iyos (Tumca ki adekva-
turad asaxavs maTi mimoqcevis areals).
amasTanave, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Cveni azriT, `javaxT uflis~
monetebi laSa giorgis ufliswulobaSi moiWra, I da II kurTxevas Soris
drois SualedSi (ix. javaxT uflis monetebis daTariReba). amis gaTval-
iswinebiT ki, am tipis monetebis saufliswulos centrSi da ara same-
fos dedaqalaq TbilisSi gamoSveba savsebiT (ase vTqvaT, kidev ufro)
logikurad da, Sesabamisad, SesaZleblad gveCveneba. Tumca, damtkice-
bul faqtad es ver CaiTvleba.
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gansakuTrebulad sainteresod gve-
Cveneba episkopos epifanes zemoT ukve naxsenebi warwera q. anisis
(somxeTi) qarTuli eklesiis kedelze – warwera daaxloebiT 1218 wliT
TariRdeba, anu giorgi IV-is erTpirovnuli zeobis periodiT, da masSi
moixsenieba `tfiluri dramebi~:
àrs aRebaÁ Tquenganca gurgunTa kurTxevisaTus asisa dramisa...~
ègdenive asissa tfilurisa mieces~;
`tfiluri asi drama igi iyos: dangi erTi g mieces~.110
am cnobas ukve mieqca yuradReba qarTul numizmatikur
literaturaSi,111 magram pativcemul mkvlevrebs ar aRuniSnavT is
faqti, rom es cnoba aris erTaderTi pirdapiri miTiTeba am periodis
qarTuli monetebis gamoSvebis savaraudo adgilis Sesaxeb. cnoba gior-
gi IV-is zeobas emTxveva, da masSi saubaria dramebze, dramebad ki am epo-
qis saqarTveloSi, iqneb, wesieri Wedvis monetebi iwodeboda (ix. javaxT
uflis monetebis nominali). aqedan gamomdinare, iqmneba STabeWdileba,
rom `javaxT uflis~ monetebic TbilisSia moWrili. magram sinamdvile-
Si es cnoba ar aris amdenad calsaxa. giorgi IV-is erTpirovnul zeoba-
Sic ki samefos samoneto mimoqcevaSi, rogorc Cans, Warbobda wina peri-
odis Tamarisa da daviT soslanis wesieri Wedvis monetebi (ix. javaxT
uflis monetebi saqarTvelos samefos samoneto mimoqcevaSi); episko-
pos epifanes warweraSic SesaZloa swored isini igulisxmeba (an, sulac
uweso Wedvis monetebi, ix. javaxT uflis monetebis nominali).
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT saboloo daskvnis gamotana naadrevad
gveCveneba. davjerdebiT mxolod kidev erTxel imis gameorebas, rom
Марр, Надпись Епифания, 1437-1439.

110
111
javaxiSvili, qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, I; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizma-
tika, 79; kakabaZe, `safasis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi~, 3, 6; manana gabaSvili, sa-
qarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi (Tbilisi, 1981), 153.
namdvilad ar aris gamoricxuli, javaxT uflis monetebi javaxeTSi,

alastanSi moWriliyo; aseT SemTxvevaSi es geografiuli punqti Zvel
saqarTveloSi safasis gamoSvebis sxva centrebis nusxas112 unda daema-
tos.
imeds vitovebT, rom Semdgomi kvleva (pirvel rigSi, albaT, alastan-
is arqeologiuri kvleva?)113 dagvexmareba am sakiTxis dazustebaSi.
javaxT uflis monetebis moWris teqnika da organizacia

javaxT uflis monetebis moWris teqnikas jer aravin Sexebia (e. pax-
omovi Tavis erT-erT SromaSi aRwers XII-XIII ss. qarTuli safasis war-
moebis teqnikas – laSa giorgis zeobis CaTvliT, magram mxolod uweso
monetebisTvis – rusudanis zeobamde, romelic uweso safases aRar
Wrida).114
javaxT uflis monetebis gamoSvebis organizaciis gamosarkvevad
aranairi cnobebi, ramdenadac viciT, ar moipoveba. Cveni mosazrebebi
gamoSvebis adgilTan dakavSirebiT zemoT gvaqvs moyvanili (javaxT uf-
lis monetebis moWris adgili).
rac Seexeba liTonis monetis moWris teqnologias, Sua saukuneebi-
sTvis is SeiZleba Semdeg ZiriTad etapebad daiyos:
1. liTonis gamodnoba/miReba;
2. samoneto namzadebis miReba;
3. siqebis damzadeba;
4. samoneto namzadze siqebis zemoqmedebiT am ukanasknelisgan
monetis moWra.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani cal-calke:
112
kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 167-172.
113
cnobilia, Tu ra mniSvnelovani numizmatikuri informaciis mopoveba aris Se-
saZlebeli Zveli zarafxanis mignebisa da arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad. А.Н.
Глазунова, А.М. Колызин, Н.А. Кренке, П.В. Медведев, “Клад заготовок для чеканки медных
монет мелких номиналов середины XVII в. найденный при раскопках в Москве в Романовом
переулке”, в Десятая Всероссийская нумизматическая конференция, тезисы докладов и сообще-
ний, под ред. Аллы Мельниковой (Москва, 2002), 189-192; Александр Колызин, Николай Кренке,
“Клады из раскопок Нового Дворцового денежного двора в Москве”, в Нумизматический сбор-
ник ГИМ, том XVIII, под ред. В. Зайцева (Москва, 2007), 134-145.
114
Евгений Пахомов, “О технике чеканки медных монет в Закавказье в конце XII – начале XIII
вв.”, Советская Археология, 3 (1969), 260. sazogadod, qarTuli monetebis moWris teqni-
ka da organizacia qarTuli numizmatikis SedarebiT Seuswavleli sferoa. ramdena-
dac viciT, e. paxomovis xsenebuli mokle statiis garda am sakiTxebs eqskluziurad
eZRvneba kidev ori naSromi: faRava, `Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, no-
minalTa sistema da moWris teqnika~; facia da faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis
qarTuli monetebi, 23, 39-40, 46.
316 irakli faRava
1. CvenTvis ucnobia, Tu sad warmoebda XII-XIII saukuneebSi im spilen-

Zis gamodnoba, romelsac am epoqis qarTuli safasis gamosaSvebad iyen-
ebdnen. saWiro liTonis nawili mainc iqneb Zveli monetebis gadadno-
biT mieRoT; aRsaniSnavia, rom dRemde moaRwia Tamar mefis spilenZis
monetebis Zalian didma raodenobam, romelic ar Camouvardeba (Tu ar
aRemateba) giorgi IV-is Semonaxuli monetebis ricxvs; Cveni azriT, es
iqneb iribad miuTiTebdes imaze, rom giorgi IV-is safasis gamosaSvebad
aucilebeli spilenZis wyaros winamorbedi monarqebis monetebis gad-
adnoba ar warmoadgenda;
2. samoneto namzadebis miReba Teoriulad SesaZlebeli iyo Sem-
degi meTodebiT:115
a) gamlRvali liTonis dasxma zedapirze – swored es teqnologia
gamoiyeneboda igive giorgi IV-is uwesod moWrili monetebisTvis samon-
eto namzadebis misaRebad.116 magram am meTodiT Zalian rTuli iqneboda
namzadebis wonisa da zomis standartizacia; amrigad, is miuRebeli unda
yofiliyo e.w. wesieri Wedvis spilenZebis dasamzadeblad – ukanasknelni
xom, farTo woniTi remediumis miuxedavad (ix. javaxT uflis monetebis
woniTi standarti), mainc stabiluri woniTa da formiT gamoirCeoda;
b) liTonis patara nawilakebis (wonis mixedviT SerCeuli) Sesaf-
erisi raodenobis erTad SelRoba, da, amgvarad, TiToeuli samoneto
namzadis, ase vTqvaT, manualurad da individualurad damzadeba – es
meTodi metad Sromatevadia, da mas ufro Zvirfasi liTonis samoneto
namzadebis misaRebad iyenebdnen.117 miuxedavad javaxT uflis monetebis
iSviaTobisa, Cveni azriT, maT mosaWrelad liTonis namzadebis miReba
sxva meTodiT unda warmoebuliyo;
g) gamlRvari liTonis Casxma sagangebod momzadebul yalibSi,
SemdgomSi yalibis naxevrebis dacilebiTa da Camosxmuli namzadebis
amoRebiT;
d) namzadebis amoWra/amokveTa gabrtyelebuli liTonis fur-
clisgan; amoWra sagangebo makratliT, an amokveTa raime patara, met-
naklebad wriuli ganakveTis Rru milis meSveobiT;118
115
Александр Зограф, Античные монеты (Москва-Ленинград, 1951), 26-28.; Елена Давидович,
История монетного дела Средней Азии XVII-XVIII вв. (Золотые и серебряные монеты Джани-
дов) (Душанбе, 1964), 224-229; Пахомов, “О технике чеканки медных монет в Закавказье”; fa-
Rava, `Tbilisuri monetebis woniTi standarti, nominalTa sistema da moWris teq-
nika~, 522-523.
116
Пахомов, “О технике чеканки медных монет в Закавказье”, 260.
117
Зограф, Античные монеты, 27-28.
118
iqve, 120; Валентин Лебедев, Дмитрий Марков, Александр Койфман, Монетное дело и
монетное обращение Ганджийского эмирата Шаддадидов (сер. X – XI вв.) (Москва, 2006), 89.
e) namzadebis miReba met-naklebad mrgvali kveTis liTonis wkiris

(mavTulis, cilindris) mcire fragmentebad daWrisa da SemdgomSi am
naWrebis dabrtyelebis gziT (ganakveTis mxridan an gverdidan).
sakmaod rTulia imis gansazRvra, ukanaskneli samidan Tu romeli
(erTi an erTdroulad ramdenime?) teqnologia gamoiyeneboda. Cve-
ni azriT, yvelaze ufro mosalodnelia meoTxe meTodis gamoyeneba:
namzadebis amoWra/amokveTa dabrtyelebuli liTonis furclisgan.
javaxT uflis monetebis namzadebi yalibidan amoRebuli rom yofi-
liyos, maTi kideebi, savaraudod, aseTi Txeli ar iqneboda; liTonis
wkiris fragmentebis dabrtyelebis SemTxvevaSi ki gaWirdeboda sa-
Tanado sisqisa da diametris samoneto namzadis miReba.
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni azriT, e. paxomovis mier SemoTavazebu-
li da SemdgomSi T. lomourisa da d. kapanaZis mier qarTulad naTarg-
mni terminebi arawesieri (uweso) da wesieri Wedvis (“правильной и непра-
вильной чеканки”)119 misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac `WedvaSi~, sazogadod,
monetis gamoSvebis procesi igulisxmeba; Tuki am terminis viwro mniS-
vnelobas gaviTvaliswinebT – monetis gamoSvebis teqnikurad uka-
nasknel etapze, samoneto namzadze siqebiT zemoqmedeba, maSin aRmoC-
ndeba, rom terminebi ùweso~ da `wesieri Wedvis~ uzustoa, vinaidan
rogorc `wesieri~, aseve àrawesieri Wedvis monetebis~ gamoSvebisas
siqebiT zemoqmedebis procesi, Cveni azriT, erTnairi iyo. am periodis
qarTuli monetebis wesiereba-uwesoba ganisazRvreboda ara siqebiT
zemoqmedebis, aramed samoneto namzadebisa da siqebis damzadebis
etapze, da damokidebuli iyo, Sesabamisad, imaze, Tu
– ramdenad mkacrad kontroldeboda miRebuli namzadebis woniTi
remediumi da forma;
– ra iyo gamosaxuli siqaze; cnobilia, rom erTdroulad uweso
da wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebs uSvebda sami qarTveli monarqi
– giorgi III, Tamari da giorgi IV (rusudani uSvebda mxolod wesieri
Wedvis monetebs, misi administraciis mier winamorbedebisa da jalal
ad-dinis uweso Wedvis monetebis gadaWedvas120 Cven amjerad ar vex-
ebiT); samive SemTxvevaSi uweso da wesieri Wedvis monetebis dizaini
erTmaneTisgan mkveTrad gansxvavdeboda (javaxT uflis monetebi pir-
wmindad epigrafikulia, yovelgvari gamosaxulebis gareSe, magram maTi
ukanaskneli teqnologia gamoiyeneboda ildegizianTa zogierTi tipis monetis

gamoSvebisas. Пахомов, “О технике чеканки медных монет в Закавказье”, 260.
119
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 75, 85-86; lomouri, `fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi~,
287; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 71, 73.
120
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 104-105; facia da faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis qar-
Tuli monetebi, 51.
318 irakli faRava
dizainic mainc sakmaod gansxvavdeba yvela winamorbedi monarqisa da

Tavad giorgi IV-is uweso Wedvis monetebisgan).121
3. XII-XIII ss. qarTuli monetebis mosaWrelad gamiznuli arc erTi
siqa Cvenamde, samwuxarod, ar Semonaxula. aqedan gamomdinare, iZuleb-
uli vxdebiT SemovifargloT Teoriuli xasiaTis msjelobiTa da Tavad
monetebis (samoneto namzadebze siqebis anabeWdebis) SeswavliT.
samoneto siqa, safiqrebelia, raRac liTonisgan damzadebul met-
naklebad araswor cilindrs warmoadgenda; logikuria vifiqroT, rom
siqis diametri naklebi iyo muSa zedapiris mxridan: am SemTxvevaSi am
iaraRiT ufro advili iyo samoneto namzadis CanaWdeveba (erTsa da im-
ave ZaliT moqmedebisas).
ramdenadac SegviZlia vimsjeloT Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi mon-
etebiT, siqebze calkeuli grafemebisa da maTi elementebis amokveTi-
sas puansonebi ar gamoiyeneboda.
isev Tavad monetebiT Tu vimsjelebT, garkveuli warmodgena Sei-
Zleba warmogveqmnas im xelosnebze, romelTac evalebodaT monetis mo-
saWrelad aucilebeli siqebis damzadeba, kerZod, maTze Sesabamisi leg-
endebis amokveTa.122 javaxT uflis monetis zurgze calkeuli arabuli
grafemebis moxdenili moyvaniloba da maTi erTmaneTTan gadabmis xas-
iaTi, Cveni azriT, eWvs ar tovebs, rom xelosnebi sakmaod kargad erkveo-
dnen arabul damwerlobaSi – maT mier Sesrulebuli zedwerilebi brmad
kopirebis gziT ar miiReboda. Tumca ki, gaurkveveli rCeba, vin amzadebda
zurgis arabulenovan siqebs – mahmadiani ostatebi (maSin rodesac Sublis
qarTulenovan siqebs, safiqrebelia, qarTvelebi awarmoebdnen), Tu qarT-
velebi (iseve rogorc Sublis siqebis SemTxvevaSi).
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom javaxT uflis monetebze arabuli legendebi
(sur. 3-6) sxva xelweriT (qufuriT) aris Sesrulebuli, vidre giorgi IV-
is uwesod moWril spilenZebze (Sead. sur. 1). sayuradReboa sxvaoba sxva-
dasxva samoneto tipis siqebze amokveTili grafemebis zomaSic.
4. samoneto namzadze siqebis zemoqmedebiT am ukanasknelisgan mone-
tis moWra xorcieldeboda samoneto namzadis moTavsebiT qveda, savarau-
dod, grdemlSi damagrebuli siqis samuSao zedapirze; Semdeg ki, zevidan
am namzadze zeda siqiT zemoqmedebiT (zeda siqaze uros dartymiT).
teqnologiuri TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa, erTmaneTTan SeWiduli
121
Sead. Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 85; Давид Капанадзе, “Комментарии”, в Евгений Пахомов,
Монеты Грузии, 298.
122
XIII saukunis I mesamedTan, kerZod, saqarTvelos samefoSi jalal ad-dinis mier
sakuTari safasis gamoSvebasTan mimarTebaSi xelosanTa vinaobis sakiTxs adrec
SevexeT. facia da faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis qarTuli monetebi, 39-40.
diagrama 1. javaxT uflis monetebis siqebis orientacia
iyo Tu ara javaxT uflis monetebis mosaWrelad gamoyenebuli siqebi. amis

Sesaxeb garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Semonaxul calkeul monetebze si-
qebis anabeWdebis orientacia erTmaneTis mimarT (e.w. siqebis Tanafardoba).
metrologiuri TvalsazrisiT Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi 23 monetis siqe-
bis Tanafardobis (cxrili 1; diagrama 1) Seswavlam cxadyo, rom is stabilu-
ri araa, Sublisa da zurgis siqebi erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi sul sxvadasxva
poziciaSi (saaTis ciferblatis mixedviT) aris ganlagebuli. iqmneba STa-
beWdileba, rom am monetebis mosaWrelad gamoyenebuli aversisa da reversis
siqebi erTmaneTTan SeWiduli, rogorc Cans, ar iyo (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
siqebis orientacia yvela monetis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda met-naklebad fiqsi-
rebuli – erTsa da imave saaTze). rasakvirvelia, ufro koreqtuli iqneboda
siqebis Tanafardoba erTsa da imave samoneto kompleqsSi (ganZSi) Semavali
monetebiT Segveswavla, magram, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, javaxT uflis mone-
tebi imdenad iSviaTia, rom maTi ganZebi erTic ar aris dafiqsirebuli, Cven
ki Semonaxuli fondis mniSvnelovani nawilis Seswavla movaxerxeT.
javaxT uflis monetebis woniTi standarti

T. lomouris Tanaxmad, am tipis qarTuli monetebis woniTi reme-
diumi 4-5.5 gramia. g. da T. dunduas mixedviT ki – 4.5-6.5 g.123 Cven xelT
lomouri, `fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi~, 290; dundua da dundua, qarTuli

123
numizmatika, 209.
320 irakli faRava
arsebuli monacemebi am tipis 28 monetis wonebis Sesaxeb (cxrili 1)

iZleva SesaZleblobas, davazustoT es informacia.
Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi yvela monetis wona gansxvavebuli iyo
(rac bunebrivia xelnaWedi monetebisTvis); informaciis vizualuri
wardgenisTvis aucilebeli gaxda individualuri monacemebis da-
jgufeba klasebad da wonebis sixSirovani ganawilebis mrudis Sedgena
(ix. masalebi da meTodebi, agreTve, diagrama 2).
monacemTa analizis Sedegad gamoikveTa Semdegi suraTi: javaxT
uflis monetebis (n=28) maqsimalur (4.41 g) da minimalur (8.77 g) wonebs
Soris sxvaoba – 4.36 g; saSualo wona – 5.95 g, mediana – 5.68 g, moda
gamokveTili ar iyo (yvela monacemis individualurobis gamo); stan-
dartuli Secdoma (SE) 0.21, standartuli gadaxra (SD) 1.12; eqscesis
koeficienti 0.77, asimetriis koeficienti +1.06. ganawileba, rogorc
vxedavT (diagrama 2), TiTqmis normaluri, praqtikulad monomoduri
mrudiT, magram Zlieri pozitiuri asimetriiT, amasTanave, +/- 1SD-Si
Tavsdeba 21 monacemi 28-dan, anu 75% (>68.27%), xolo +/- 3SD-Si Tavs-
deba monacemTa 100% (>99.73%); amasTanave, +/- 2SD-Si Tavsdeba mxolod
26 monacemi 28-dan, anu 92.86% (<95.45%!).124
miuxedavad amisa, Cveni azriT, javaxT uflis monetebis wonebis dis-
persia (ix. sixSirovani ganawilebis mrudi – diagrama 2) miuTiTebs imaze,
rom administracia uSvebda am tipis safasis mxolod erT nominals.125
marTalia, yvelaze mZime egzemplarebi (8.52 da 8.77 g) TiTqmis orjer
aRemateba woniT yvelaze msubuqebs (4.41 da 4.50 g), magram es ar aris sak-
marisi safuZveli vivaraudoT erTze meti nominalis arseboba; saqme
imaSia, rom am kidura variantebs Soris Zalian bevria Sualeduri wonis
mqone monetac (diagrama 3), rac SeuZlebels gaxdida mosaxleobisTvis am
ori hipoTeturi (mZime da msubuqi) nominalis erTmaneTisgan garCevas (es
garemoeba, albaT, gamoricxavs erTze meti nominalis arsebobas).
amasTanave, yuradRebas mainc ipyrobs ramdenime ukiduresad msx-
124
ramdenadac CvenTvis cnobilia, aqamde qarTul numizmatikur literaturaSi
ama Tu im tipis monetebis wonebis statistikuri damuSavebis erTaderTi mcde-
loba gamoqveynda; magram am SemTxvevaSic monacemebis analizi (erTobliobaSi
Semavali monetebis voluntaristuli ganawileba 17 klasad, klasis intervaliT
– 1.5 grami, TiToeuli klasis dasasrulisa da Semdegi klasis dasawyisis damTx-
veviT), Cveni azriT, arakoreqtulad ganxorcielda. Stephen H. Rapp Jr., “The Coinage
of T’amar, Sovereign of Georgia in Caucasia: A Preliminary Study in the Numismatic Inscriptions
of Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century Georgian Royal Coinage,” Le Museon, 106, Issue 3-4 (1993),
312, footnote 6, 327. madlobas movaxsenebT g. beraZes, romelmac es naSromi CvenTvis
xelmisawvdomi gaxada.
125
sazogadod, ramdenadac CvenTvis aris cnobili, epoqis sxva emitentebis wesi-
eri Wedvis safaseSic empiriulad erTaderTi nominali ganirCeva.
diagrama 2. javaxT uflis monetebis wonebis sixSirovani ganawileba

aqscisTa RerZze miTiTebulia wonis mixedviT 6 klasad dayofili monetebi: klasi
1: 4.4-5.13 g, klasi 2: 5.14-5.86 g, klasi 3: 5.87-6.59 g, klasi 4: 6.6-7.32 g, klasi 5: 7.33-
8.05 g, klasi 6: 8.06-8.78 g. ordinatTa RerZze aRniSnulia TiToeul jgufSi Semavali
monetebis raodenoba (absolutur ricxvebSi).
vilwoniani egzemplaris arseboba – sazogadod, variaciuli rigis

pozitiuri asimetria. javaxT uflis monetebis wonis amgvari varia-
beloba, anu sakmaod farTo woniTi remediumi (4.41-8.77 gramis diapa-
zonSi), Cveni azriT, samoneto namzadebis miRebis teqnologiis daux-
vewaobiT an/da kontrolis naklebobiT unda aixsnas. laSa giorgis
mSoblisa da winamorbedis – Tamaris wesieri Wedvis monetebis (T. dun-
duas terminologiiT – folisebisTvis) [woniTi] remediumis Sefase-
bisas, T. dunduam aRniSna rom is `simptomaturia. es aSkarad ar aris
erTi emisia~.126 saTanado monacemebis ararsebobis gamo, SeuZlebelia
msjeloba imaze, Tu javaxT uflis monetebis ramdeni emisia ganxor-
cielda XIII s. saqarTveloSi, da xom ar icvleboda woniTi standarti.
ukanaskneli piradad Cven saeWvod gveCveneba – Tuki javaxT uflis
monetebi ramdenime emisiad gamouSves, faqtia, rom maTi gaformeba ar
Secvlila, da ucvleli dizainisa da mravali Sualeduri wonis mqone
egzemplaris arsebobis pirobebSi woniTi standartis Secvlis idea
metad saeWvod gveCveneba.
sainteresoa javaxT uflis monetebis Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi
126
322 irakli faRava
diagrama 3. javaxT uflis monetebis wonebis histograma

aqscisTa RerZze aRniSnulia individualuri monetebi (1-28); ordinatTa RerZze
miTiTebulia calkeuli monetebis wona (4.41-8.77 g); Savi horizontaluri xazi
aRniSnavs gamoTvlil saSualo wonas (5.95 g).
yvela calis mixedviT (erTgvarad – generaluri erToblioba) Cven mier

am samoneto tipisTvis gamoTvlili saSualo wona – 5.97 g (standartu-
li Secdoma 0.21).
laSa-giorgis wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebi im epoqis saqarT-
veloSi SesaZloa dramas warmoadgenda (ix. javaxT uflis monetebis nomi-
nali). rTuli saTqmelia, SemTxveviTia es Tu ara, magram am tipis monete-
bis saSualo wona met-naklebad uaxlovdeba ori dramis wonas – 2.97 g127
º 2 = 5.94 g Tanxvedra, Cveni azriT, SeiZleba SemTxveviTi ar iyos. sain-
teresoa, literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazrebac, rom jer kidev IX sau-
kunidan dirhemis (qarTul realiebSi – dramis) `faqtiuri wona amJRavnebs
midrekilebas zrdisken~, XI saukunidan ki `monetis saxelwodeba – drama
yovelTvis aRar Seesabameboda Tavis realur woniT mniSvnelobas~.128
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom samoneto rigis gamoangariSebisas,
zarafxanis administracia swored dramis wonas, ufro swored, dramis
jerad ricxvs efuZneboda.129
127
goCa jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologiis istoriidan (IX-XIX ss.), (Tbi-
lisi, 1973), 32-40.
128
iqve, 39-40.
129
iqidan gamomdinare, rom, Cveni azriT, samoneto namzadebi javaxT uflis monetebis
javaxT uflis monetebis nominali

rogorc zemoT vaCveneT (javaxT uflis monetebis woniTi stan-
darti), am tipis monetebi, rogorc Cans, erTaderTi nominalis saxiT
iWreboda. magram am ukanasknelis saxelwodeba da arsi kvlavindeburad
daudgenelia.
e. paxomovis mier SemoTavazebuli da SemdgomSi T. lomourisa da d.
kapanaZis mier qarTulad naTargmni terminebi – arawesieri (uweso) da
wesieri Wedvis (“правильной и неправильной чеканки”)130 – asaxavs zarafxana-
Si danergili sawarmoo procesis Taviseburebebs, da, saboloo produq-
tis – monetis garegnul ier-saxes (wonis CaTvliT). Cveni azriT, metad
saeWvoa, rom XII-XIII ss. saqarTveloSi ama Tu im tipis safases mosaxleo-
ba swored am Tanamedrove terminebiT aRniSnavda.
maS, ra terminebi gamoiyeneboda xsenebul epoqaSi laSa-giorgis we-
sieri131 (da uweso) Wedvis monetebis aRsaniSnavad?
e. paxomovi swored wesieri Wedvis monetebs Tvlida dirhemebad132
(qarTuli terminologiiT dirhemi – dramaa);. igive azri gaiziara d. kap-
anaZemac, romelmac amis sasargeblod moiyvana iseTi argumenti, rogor-
icaa Tamar-daviTis wesieri Wedvis monetebis naxevrebad da meoTxede-
bad danawevrebis faqti.133 aRniSnul sakiTxs Seexo T. lomouric,134
romelmac Tamar mefis safasis ganxilvisas dramad agreTve wesieri
Wedvis fulebi miiCnia, Semdegi argumentaciiT:135
1. msgavseba ucxour spilenZis dirhemebTan, romelic agreTve we-
sieri Wedvis fuls warmoadgenda (legendebSi sityva dirhemis matareb-
els);
mosaWrelad liTonis mavTulis (wkiris) danawevrebiT rodi miiReboda, v. lebedevisa da

Tanaavt. mier Camoyalibebuli principi – meore xarisxSi wonis ayvaniT operireba, da
am gziT samoneto rigis dadgena, am SemTxvevaSi miuReblad gveCveneba. Лебедев, Марков,
Койфман, Монетное дело и монетное обращение Ганджийского эмирата Шаддадидов, 81-82.
130
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 75, 85-86; lomouri, `fuli SoTa rusTavelis epoqaSi~,
kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 71, 73.
131
gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom laSa giorgim wesieri Wedvis ori tipis moneta
moWra – javaxT uflis tituliTa da sakuTari gamosaxulebiT; gaurkvevelia, orive
tipis safases erTnairad aRniSnavdnen Tu ara.
132
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 73-74, 85-86.
133
kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 74; Капанадзе, “Комментарии”, 298. ix. agreTve
gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 155, sqolio 25. aqve aRvniSnavT,
rom, Cveni gamocdilebiT, aRniSnuli tipis wesieri Wedvis monetebi xSirad uweso
zomis fragmentebad da ara zust meoTxedebad Tu naxevrebad aris danawevrebuli.
134
lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 286, 288-289; lomouri, `fuli SoTa
rusTavelis epoqaSi~, 288.
135
lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 286, 288-289.
324 irakli faRava
2. maTi met-naklebad fiqsirebuli zoma da, gansakuTrebiT, wona;

`Tamaris dros, rogorc viciT, iWreba ornairi spilenZis fuli, e.w.
`wesieri~ da “arawesieri” Wedisa. romeli maTgania drama? safiqre-
belia, pirveli, vinaidan TviT termini `drama~, rogorc garkveuli
wonis erTeulis aRmniSvneli, daukavSirdeboda iseT fuls, romelic
agreTve liTonis garkveul wonas Seicavda. àrawesieri~ Wedis fuli,
viTarca SemTxveviTi wonisa da zomis matarebeli, fulis sistemaSi
ver Sevidoda da, amis gamo, misi `dramad~ miCneva, vfiqrob, SeuZlebeli
unda iyos~;
3. saqarTvelos samefos farglebSi da mis gareT meti gavrceleba.
aqve SevexebiT T. dunduas originalur mosazrebas: mkvlevris az-
riT, wesieri Wedvis qarTuli moneta, javaxT uflis monetebisa da
laSa giorgis gamosaxulebiani monetis CaTvliT, sxva araferia, Tu ara
folisi;136 igive avtori javaxT uflis monetebs im epoqis `xurda fu-
lad~ miiCnevs.137 es mosazrebebi argumentirebuli ar aris, da am saxiT
maTi gaziareba gviZneldeba.
vecdebiT, vaCvenoT, rom dramebad wesieri Wedvis spilenZis mon-
etebis miCneva erTob sakamaToa (an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, sakamaToa drame-
bad uweso Wedvis spilenZis monetebis armiCneva).
dReisTvis cnobilia, rom erTdroulad uweso da wesieri Wed-
vis spilenZis monetebs uSvebda sami qarTveli monarqi – giorgi
III, Tamari da giorgi IV (rusudani uSvebda mxolod wesieri Wedvis
monetebs, misi administracia agreTve axorcielebda rusudanis
winamorbedi monarqebisa da jalal ad-dinis uweso Wedvis monetebis
gadaWedvas).138 amasTanave, aRsaniSnavia, rom demetre I mxolod uweso
spilenZis fuls Wrida (yovel SemTxvevaSi, demetre I-is wesieri Wed-
vis moneta dRemde aRmoCenili araa); ibadeba kiTxva: ra ewodeboda
demetre I-is uweso Wedvis spilenZis monetebs? xom ar aris safiqre-
beli, rom vercxlis fulis Zveli saxelwodeba – islamuri dirhemi
Tu qarTuli drama – swored demetre I-is uwesod naWed spilenZis
monetebze unda gadasuliyo? termini drama xom jer kidev VII sauku-
nidan gamoiyeneboda, XI saukuneSic.139 da Tu demetre I-is uweso Wed-
vis monetebs drama erqva, ramdenad mosalodnelia, rom igive ter-
136
dundua, saqarTvelo da dasavleTi numizmatikuri masalebis mixedviT, 9; dun-
dua, qarTuli eTnokulturuli revolucia da dasavleTi, 156.
137
138
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 104-105; facia da faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis qar-
Tuli monetebi, 51.
139
javaxiSvili, qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, 16-17; kakabaZe, `safasis isto-
riisTvis saqarTveloSi~, 3, 6.
mini gamoeyenebinaT principulad gansxvavebuli safasis – wesieri

Wedvis spilenZebis asaRniSnad, rodesac is (pirvelad) giorgi III-m
gamouSva 1174 wels?140
Cvens mosazrebas, TiTqosda, isic amagrebs, rom Tamarisa da giorgi
IV-is swored uweso (da ara wesieri) Wedvis monetebze aris miTiTeba imis
Sesaxeb, rom isini vercxls warmoadgenda141 (dramac xom Tavdapirvelad
vercxlis safases aRniSnavda); Tamarisa da laSas uweso Wedvis safasis
Sublze aRniSnulia:142
†ႱႾႪႧႠႶႧႠႨႵႬႠႽႣႠႨႥႺႾႪႱႨႠႫႱႵႰႩႬႱჃႦ / ჃႪ
romelic ikiTxeba, rogorc
† ႱaႾeႪiႧႠ ႶvႧisaiTႠ ႨႵႬႠ ႽeႣႠႨ ႥeႺႾႪiႱႨ ႠႫiႱ
ႵoႰoniႩoႬႱa ჃႦ / ჃႪ
† saxeliTa RvTisaiTa iqna Wedai vecxlisi amis qoronikonsa
143
uz [407, =1187 w.] / ul (430, =1210).144

laSa giorgis monetebis zurgze ki sparsuli legendaa:
ÍDv ívÞ l¤ oDèZ jëoDOF lÛC ækq Co Ùìv ÝëC ÉDJ êClh ÖDÜF
saxeliTa uwmindesis RmerTisa iWeda ese vercxli drosa (welsa) 430
unda aRiniSnos, rom e. paxomovis azriT, sityva `vecxli~ am SemTx-
vevaSi, sazogadod, monetas aRniSnavda;145 amasTan, axloa iv. javaxiS-
vilis mosazrebac, romelic SemdgomSi T. lomourma gaimeora; iv. ja-
vaxiSvilis Tanaxmad, `saqarTveloSiac yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi Tu
ara, mwerlobaSi mainc `vecxli~ mudam vercxls ara hniSnavda, aramed
fulsac~.146
Cveni azriT, am SemTxvevaSi spilenZis monetebze erT Tu or enaze
gameorebuli sityva `vecxli~ mainc swored vercxls, vercxlis safases
niSnavs, da ara sazogadod fuls. Cven veTanxmebiT m. gabaSvils,147 rom
es samoneto legenda axsenebs mosaxleobas, rom igi liTonis (spilen-
Zis) Rirebulaze ufro maRal fasad unda miRebuliyo; da, amgvarad,
140
141
am garemoebis mniSvneloba T. lomoursac kargad esmoda. lomouri, `Tamaris
fulebis ganZi~, 286-287.
142
143
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom es jvari ki ara, daqaragmebuli qristes saxelia.
144
Tamar mefis uweso Wedvis spilenZis monetebze ori gansxvavebuli TariRis
arsebobis albaTobis ganxilva Cveni amJamindeli amocanis farglebs scdeba (am
problemis gadaWras didi mniSvneloba aqvs Tamar mefis gardacvalebis TariRis
dasadgenad).
145
146
javaxiSvili, qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, 10-11.
147
Sead. gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 151-154.
326 irakli faRava
xazs usvams uweso Wedvis spilenZis fulis sakredito bunebas; am safa-

sis sakredito buneba ki ewinaaRmdegeba d. kuimjianis mosazrebas, rom
spilenZi aReb-micemobaSi barterul angariSsworebis saSualebas war-
moadgenda.148
uweso Wedvis monetebis vercxlTan, `vercxlis~ dramasTan gaigive-
bis sasargeblod metyvelebs da mas iqneb adasturebdes kidevac saqarT-
velos samefos teritoriaze (TbilisSi, iqneb sadme sxvaganac?)149 moWrili
jalal ad-dinis monetebi; jalal ad-dinis safase pirdapir iuwyeba, rom
isini dirhemebia (anu, qarTuli Sesatyvisi rom vixmaroT – dramebia):
... ×åmjÆC Clå Kn¤
iWeda ese dirhemi ...
magram jalal ad-dinis monetebi xom upiratesad uweso Wedvisaa
(qarTuli uweso Wedvis monetebis gadaWedviT miRebuli?150 ix. magali-
Tad, sur. 12). jalal ad-dinis wesieri Wedvis monetebi (wesieri Wedvis
qarTul monetebze sakuTari siqebiT zemoqmedebis Sedegad miRebuli) ki
ukiduresad iSviaTia, da gamonakliss ufro warmoadgens151 (sur. 13).
T. lomouris erT-erTi argumenti – fulis erTeul dramisa da
wonis erTeul dramis identurobis gamo am terminiT, savaraudod,
ufro met-naklebad fiqsirebuli wonis mqone (anu, wesieri Wedvis)
monetis aRniSvnis Sesaxeb, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod logikuria. ma-
gram, rogorc amas qveviTac gavimeorebT, uweso Wedvis spilenZis
fuli, rogorc bevri mkvlevari fiqrobs, woniT miiReboda, garkveu-
li wonis mqone maTi raodenoba ki Rirebulebis raRac fiqsirebul
erTeuls warmoadgenda,152 ase rom, am ormagi (fuladi da woniTi) dat-
virTvis mqone terminiT – dramiT – SeeZloT uweso Wedvis spilenZis
swored es garkveuli raodenobac aReniSnaT (romelic, dasaSvebia,
dramis wonis arc yofiliyo); Sesabamisad, Cven ver daveTanxmebiT
pativcemuli mkvlevris mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom uweso Wedvis
safase, `viTarca SemTxveviTi wonisa da zomis matarebeli, fulis
sistemaSi ver Sevidoda~; uweso Wedvis spilenZebi, udavod, imdroin-
deli saqarTvelos samefos fuladi sistemis Semadgenel organul
nawils warmoadgenda.
148
Kouymjian, “A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia and Adharbayjān,” 120.
149
facia da faRava, jalal ad-din manqburnis qarTuli monetebi, 23.
150
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom zogierTi maTgani nedli liTonisganac moWrila.
iqve, 46.
151
iqve, 42-43.
152
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 75; Kouymjian, “A Numismatic History of Southeastern Caucasia
and Adharbayjān,” 118-120. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela mecnieri ar iziarebs am hipoTezas.
zemoT moyvanili argumentebi, Cveni azriT, gvaZlevs safuZvels,

vivaraudoT, rom drama, SesaZloa, uweso Wedvis spilenZs (spilenZsac?)
aRniSnavda.
magram, Tuki drama ewodeboda uweso Wedvis spilenZebs, rac am
etapze SesaZleblad mainc migvaCnia, gaurkveveli rCeba, ra termins
iyenebdnen wesieri Wedvis monetebis asaRniSnad (cnobilia, rom wesieri
Wedvis ucxour spilenZis monetebs, maTzeve gamosaxuli zedwerilebis
mixedviT – namdvilad dirhemi ewodeboda153).
Cveni azriT, udavoa, rom drama ewodeboda wesieri da uweso Wedvis
monetebidan erT-erTs mainc; jerjerobiT mainc gaurkveveli rCeba,
Tu ra ewodeboda am epoqis wesieri Wedvis qarTul monetebs.
Teoriulad dasaSvebia, rom es termini aRniSnavda orivenair sa-
fases, iseve rogorc, gviandel da Soreul analogias rom mivmarToT,
ruseTis imperiaSi, sadac mimoqcevaSi iyo sxvadasxva saxis rubli154 –
rubli asignaciebiT (romelic, RirebulebiT, spilenZTan iyo gatole-
buli, rac gvaZlevs rubls spilenZiT) da rubli vercxliT.155
xom ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos
samefoSi, giorgi III-is mier wesierad moWrili safasis gamoSvebidan daw-
yebuli da monRolebis gamoCenamde mainc, orive tipis safase aRiniSne-
boda terminiT drama? amasTan, 1 fulis erTeul dramas warmoadgenda
wesieri Wedvis 1 moneta (2 dramis wonis? ix. javaxT uflis monetebis
woniTi standarti), anda uweso Wedvis monetebis raRac gansazRvruli
raodenoba (1 an 2 dramis wonis?).
am mosazrebas TiTqosda amagrebs isic, rom drama `vefxistyao-
sanSi~ zogan gamoyenebulia sazogadod fulis mniSvnelobiT156 (iqneb,
spilenZisa Tu fsevdovercxlis fulis mniSvnelobiT? sxvanairi am
dros saqarTvelos samefoSi, rogorc Cans, ar iWreboda):
`moasxnes kacni mzidavni, damizdebulni dramiTa,
igi yrma vaWrobs, Tavadobs da Tavsa malavs amiTa~;157
153
154
Иван Спасский, “Русская монетная система,” (Ленинград, 1970), 199-202.
155
Cveni sasiamovno movaleobaa aRvniSnoT, rom am ideisa da analogiis avtoria s.
Turqia. vsargeblobT SemTxveviT, rom madloba movaxsenoT b-nebs s. Turqiasa da g.
gogavas aRniSnul Temaze saintereso diskusiisaTvis.
156
lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 287-288; qoiava, `fulis triali rusTave-
lis epoqis saqarTveloSi~, 103-104; Коиава, “Денежное обращение Грузии в эпоху Руста-
вели”, 116-117.
157
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, saredaqcio kolegia: irakli abaSiZe,
aleqsandre baramiZe, pavle ingoroyva, akaki SaniZe, giorgi wereTeli (Tbilisi,
1966), strofi 1050.
328 irakli faRava
`sasmel-saWmeli miiRes qalaqs nasyidi dramiTa~.158

amasTanave, drama, rogorc Cans, ar iyo laSa giorgis zeobis peri-
odSi yvelaze knini fulis erTeuli.
kidev erTxel SevexoT anisis qarTuli eklesiis kedelze episko-
pos epifanes warweris erT fragments: `tfiluri asi drama igi iyos:
dangi erTi g mieces~.159 zedwerilis es nawili n. marma axsna rogorc: is
asi Tfiluri drama dae darCes, magram erTi dangis samis magier gad-
axdiT.160 ukeTes ganmartebas ver vxedavT, magram, vfiqrobT, ar iqnebo-
da uadgilo imis aRniSvna, rom drama 4 dangisgan Sedgeboda161 (da ara,
vTqvaT, 3-sgan), 100 drama, Sesabamisad – 400 dangisgan da 400 dangisgan
Semdgari Tanxis gamesamedeba (133.33... dangis miRebiT?) advili ar unda
yofiliyo da ariTmetikuli TvalsazrisiTac ucnaurad gveCveneba.
magram, rac mTavaria, am fragmentidan gamomdinareobs is, rom `tfi-
luri dramebi~ (wesieri Wedvis iqneboda isini Tu, miT umetes, uweso) ar
kargavda kavSirs wonis sazomebTan, maT Soris dramaze ufro naklebi
mniSvnelobis sazomebTan.
saxezea laSa giorgis zeobaSi wonis sazomis dangis gamoyeneba
dramaze ufro mcire Rirebulebis fuladi erTeulis saxiT; dangi, am
SemTxvevaSi, iqneb mxolod saangariSo, magram mainc fuladi erTeulis
– dramis fraqciis rolSi gamodis.162
javaxT uflis monetebis Rirebuleba

absolutur cifrebSi `javaxT uflis~ monetebis Rirebuleb-
is dadgena metad rTuli amocanaa – Tavad monetebi spilenZisaa, da,
safiqrebelia, TviTRirebulebaze (moxmarebuli liTonis sabazro fasi-
sa da monetis moWris xarjis jami) ufro maRali fasiT mimoiqceoda, rac
xazinisTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda (yovel SemTx-
vevaSi, uweso Wedvis qarTuli spilenZis moneta, Tavisi warweriT èse
vecxlia~ – Cveni azriT, sakredito safases warmoadgens, romlis kursic,
saxelmwifos mxridan iZulebis Sedegad, ufro maRalia, vidre masSi Sema-
vali liTonis Rirebuleba – ix. zemoT, javaxT uflis monetebis nomina-
158
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, strofi 1205.
159
Марр, Надпись Епифания, 1439.
160
maris Targmani rusulad: “Те сто тифлисских “драм” пусть останутся, но с уплатой
одного “данга” за три.” iqve, 1439.
161
jafariZe, narkvevi qarTuli metrologiis istoriidan, 32-40.
162
kakabaZe, `safasis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi~, 3; amgvarad, drama ar aris
ukninesi fuladi erTeuli. Sead. lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 288. dangi ùk-
nines fulis erTeulis aRsaniSnavad saxarebis uuZveles xanmet qarTul TargmanSi
... aris naxmari~. javaxiSvili, qarTuli safas-sazomTmcodneoba, 26.
li; wesieri Wedvis monetebis sakredito buneba, Cveni azriT, kidev ufro
gamoxatuli unda yofiliyo – Tundac maTi damzadebis meti sirTulidan
da amaze gaRebuli savaraudod meti xarjidan gamomdinare,163 ix. javaxT
uflis monetebis moWris teqnika da organizacia).
javaxT uflis monetebis msyidvelobiTi unaris dasadgenad
aucilebelia yvela SemorCenili teqstis Sejereba da analizi. es mo-
mavlis saqmed gvesaxeba, am etapze ki vecdebiT laSa giorgis uweso da
wesieri Wedvis monetebis urTierTdamokidebuleba gavarkvioT.
maT Soris zusti Tanafardobis gamoTvla, cxadia, gaZnelebulia;
albaT, SeuZlebelia imis mtkicebac ki, rom wesieri Wedvis safase uwe-
soze ufro metad fasobda (Tu SevadarebT erTmaneTs 1 cal wesieri
Wedvis spilenZis monetas im hipoTeturi wonis uweso Wedvis monetebT-
an, romelic Rirebulebis raRac erTeuls warmoadgenda – maTi Rireb-
uleba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, SeiZleba erTnairic yofiliyo).
numizmatikur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom wesieri
Wedvis fuli uwesosTan SedarebiT ufro maRali Rirebulebis iyo (ar
aris dazustebuli uweso Wedvis fulis odenoba – saubaria calkeul
calebze Tu uweso Wedvis spilenZebis raRac fiqsirebul woniT ode-
nobasTan); T. lomours mohyavs Semdegi argumentebi:164
1. wesieri Wedvis spilenZis monetebi ufro farTod mimoiqceoda;
2. wesieri Wedvis monetebi, ufro, ase vTqvaT, wesieri da mosax-
leobisTvis ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo (amgvari monetebis `wona da zoma
mtkiced iyo gamorkveuli, da xmarebis dros saWiro aRar iqneboda amg-
vari fulebis awonva da sxv.~);
3. msgavseba ucxour spilenZis dirhemebTan (mkvlevari iqneb imas
gulisxmobda, rom uweso Wedvis fuli spilenZis safasis rols as-
rulebda, xolo wesieri Wedvis ki – vercxlis dramebis?165 sxvanairad
rTuli gasagebia, Tu ratom unda iyos msgavseba spilenZis dirhemTan
ufro meti Rirebulebis maniSnebeli).
am argumentebidan pirveli ori sinamdviles Seesabameba, magram,
Cveni azriT, orive faqti SeiZleba sulac ar niSnavdes imas, rom wesi-
eri Wedvis monetebi uwesoebze meti Rirebulebis yofiliyo (Tumca ki,
isini SeiZleba namdvilad ufro popularuli yofiliyo, swored moyva-
nili argumentebidan gamomdinare).
rac Seexeba mesame arguments, ix. javaxT uflis monetebis nomina-
163
es idea s. Turqiam kerZo saubarSi mogvawoda, risTvisac madlobas movaxsenebT.
164
lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 286, 287-288.
165
am garemoebas CvenTan saubarSi xazi gausva g. gogavam, risTvisac madlobas
movaxsenebT.
330 irakli faRava
li, sadac Cven mivediT im daskvnamde, rom dramis (anu, vercxlis fu-
lis) saxeli SeiZleba etarebina uweso Wedvis spilenZsac, mis garkveul
woniT odenobas – aseT SemTxvevaSi ki, orive tipis safasis raRac ode-
noba 1 (fulad) dramas Seadgenda; Sesabamisad, xom ar SeiZleba vifiq-
roT, rom 1 wesieri Wedvis monetas udrida raRac fiqsirebuli wonis
mqone uweso Wedvis monetebis gansazRvruli raodenoba?
javaxT uflis monetebis msyidvelobiTi unaris dadgena rTulia, mag-
ram, Tu ki is dramas Seadgenda, is TiTqosda gansakuTrebulad didi ar
unda yofiliyo (yovel SemTxvevaSi, pirvelwyaroebSi asaxuli samefos
politikuri da ekonomikuri elitis gadmosaxedidan). bevrgan, sadac dra-
ma moixsenieba,166 is fulis metad wvrili erTeulis mniSvnelobiT ixmareba:
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~:167
`warmotyuena qalaqi, romlisa simravleman tyueTa da saunjeTa-
man dafari piri velTa da mTaTa, vinaTganca aRivso samefo qalaqi
Tfilisi, romel TÂTo tyuesa dramad, gina fukad momsyidveli gamsy-
idvelobdes~.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ drama gamoyenebulia cxrajer, aqedan fulis
mniSvnelobiT xuTjer, ukninesi Rirebulebis aRmniSvneli terminis
saxiT ki samjer:168
tarieli: `Cemia mkuidri mamuli, ar mivscem arca dramasa~;169
rostevanma da avTandilma ùxvad gasces saboZvari, margaliti viTa
drama~;170
avTandilis mier mekobreebis Semusvris Semdeg:
ìgi navi mekobreTa mas dRes naxes, ar axvales.
mun debulTa saWurWleTa amarimca ver daTuales!
maTsa navsa gardmoiRes, navi srulad gamoscales,
dalewes da zogi dawves, SeSa dramad ar gacvales~.171
rogorc poemaSi, aseve matianeSi dramis SeSasTan da fukasTan da-
pirispirebis safuZvelze T. lomourma isic ki ivarauda, rom XIII sau-
kunis dasawyisisTvis iqneb arsebobda raime àndazismagvari gamonaTq-
vami~, romelSic drama `metismetad mcire Rirebulebis fulis~ rolSi
gamodioda.172
166
sainteresoa misi xseneba mxiTar goSTan (1184 w.), romelic mas `rogorc Cveu-
lebriv safases~ axsenebs. kakabaZe, `safasis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi~, 6.
167
lomouri, `Tamaris fulebis ganZi~, 287.
168
iqve, 287-288.
169
SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, strofi 537.
170
iqve, strofi 677.
171
iqve, strofi 1041.
172
iqve, 288, Sen. 1.
sainteresoa, iyo Tu ara daculi pariteti `javaxT uflis~ moneteb-

sa da misi winamorbedisa da memkvidris, Tamarisa da rusudanis wesieri
Wedvis monetebs Soris. danamdvilebiT amasTan dakavSirebiT raimes
mtkiceba rTulia, magram es logikurad gveCveneba: marTalia Tamar-da-
viTis, javaxT uflisa da rusudanis wesieri Wedvis monetebi vizualu-
rad sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan da maTi garCeva wera-kiTxvis
ucodinar mosaxleobasac ar gauWirdeboda, magram mainc, SedarebiT
ucnauri iqneboda romelime maTganis mimoqceva sxvebisgan gansxvave-
bul fasad; Tumca ki, bunebrivia, amis gamoricxva ar SeiZleba.
numizmatikur literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba (argu-
mentaciis moyvanis gareSe), rom qarTuli `monetebis dadamRvis erT-er-
Ti mizani iyo misi realuri Rirebulebis nominalis aweva da iZulebiTi
kursiT gasaReba~.173 pativcemuli mkvlevari ar azustebs, gulisxmobs is
wesieri Tu uweso Wedvis safases, Tu orives (rogorc cnobilia, sxva-
dasxva Tu erTnair damRebs atarebs orive),174 magram miuTiTebs, rom ùm-
Tavresad dadamRulia Tamaris, laSa giorgisa da rusudanis monetebi~175
(amasTanave, spilenZSi rusudani Tavisi saxeliT mxolod wesieri Wedvis
monetebs uSvebda176). CvenTvis de visu SeswavlisTvis xelmisawvdomi 23
monetidan dadamRuli arc erTi iyo; literaturidan cnobilia javaxT
uflis monetis erTaderTi egzemplari (rusudanis) damRiT (ix. javaxT
uflis monetebis mimoqcevis areali, siis #1). javaxT uflis monetebis
absoluturi umravlesoba, ramdenadac SeiZleba vimsjeloT, daudam-
Ravia. gaurkvevelia, Tu rogori iyo maTi Rirebuleba Tundac Tamar-
daviTis dadamRul Tu daudamRav wesieri Wedvis monetebTan SedarebiT
(Tuki maTi dadamRva marTlac cvlida am ukanasknelTa Rirebulebas,
rac, Cveni azriT, damtkicebulad ver CaiTvleba).
javaxT uflis monetebis gayalbeba

1991 wels saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenas, sxvaTa Soris,
moyva kidev erTi sasikeTo Sedegi: mosaxleobis ufro farTo wreebis
daintereseba sakuTari qveynisa da eris numizmatikuri warsuliT. Tu
sabWoTa periodSi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi kerZo koleqcionerebi
upiratesad ruseTis imperiisa da germaniis samoneto memkvidreobiT177
173
gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 153, Sen. 16.
174
Пахомов, Монеты Грузии, 112-117; kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, 83-86.
175
gabaSvili, saqarTvelos qalaqebi XI-XII saukuneebSi, 153, Sen. 16.
176
177
numizmatikuri `nadavli~ mravlad Camoitanes sabWoTa kavSirSi okupirebuli
germaniidan dabrunebulma jariskacebma.
332 irakli faRava
iyvnen gatacebulni,178 damoukidebel saqarTveloSi Segrovebisa (da

agreTve Seswavlis!) sagani ufro qarTuli monetebi gaxda.
magram am, TavisTavad, misasalmebel movlenas erTi arasasurveli
gamovlinebac axlda – koleqcionerTa mxridan mkveTrad gazrdili moTx-
ovnis dasakmayofileblad mzardi raodenobiT daiwyo Zveli qarTuli
fulebis gayalbebac; amis Sedegad, samwuxarod, dReisTvis qarTuli nu-
mizmatikuri fondis is nawili, romelic kerZo sakuTrebaSi imyofeba, da
zogjer metad saintereso da unikalur auTentur calebsac moiTvlis,
Zalian dabinZurebulia yalbi monetebiT; am garemoebis gamo ki mkvlevars
eWvi SeiZleba gauCndes sxva monetebis mimarTac. Cveni dakvirvebebiT,
masobrivad yalbdeba, pirvel rigSi iSviaTi (da, Sesabamisad, faseuli)
monetebi – Tamaris, laSa giorgisa da jalal ad-dinis didroni da uweso
Wedvis spilenZis monetebi, rusudanis vercxlis monetebi, kirmaneulebi,
e.w. dakninebuli fulebi, patara nominalis sirma monetebi.179
samwuxarod, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aseTi yalbi monetebi gai-
pareba oficialur publikaciebSic, ris Semdegac naRdisa da yalbis
erTmaneTisgan garCeva kidev ufro gaZneldeba.180 amrigad, aRniSnul
sakiTxs, komerciulis garda, sagulisxmo mecnieruli mniSvnelobac
gaaCnia.
sagangebod unda aRiniSnos, rom, samwuxarod, rogorc Cans, aseve
yalbdeba javaxT uflis monetebic. Tbilisis numizmatikuri bazrisa
(romelic wamyvania saqarTveloSi) da ucxouri Tu qarTuli kerZo
koleqciebis gacnobis procesSi Segvxvda `javaxT uflis~ ramdenime
moneta, romelmac Tavisi niSnebiT Tavidanve miipyro Cveni yuradReba
(sur. 7-8).
am saeWvo monetebis gamorCeva dakvirvebuli adamianisTvis, romel-
sac Segnebuli aqvs yalbi monetis wawydomis Teoriuli riski, arcTu
rTulia; amgvari fulebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia am tipisTvis uCveulo
Semdegi niSnebi:181
178
am memuaruli xasiaTis cnobebis warmodgenisTvis madlobas movaxsenebT ba-
tonebs: z. Rvinjilias, b. leoniZes, s. xeCumovs, m. ambrosovs.
179
am ukanasknelebTan dakavSirebiT ix. Cveni naSromi: Irakli Paghava, “A Series of Pe-
culiar Minor Denomination Sirma Coins: Modern Fakes or Contemporary Imitations?” in Caucasian
Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), 1744-1801. Supplement to
Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 197 (2008), 20-27, romelSic Cven vamtkicebdiT, rom
es monetebi an Tanamedrove nayalbevia, an Tanadrouli (XVIII saukunis dasasru-
lis?) minabaZebia. amJamad Cven ukve eWvi ar gvepareba, rom am naSromSi ganxiluli
monetebi yalbia.
180
gansakuTrebiT imaTTvis, visac naklebad miuwvdeba xeli saqarTvelos erovnu-
li muzeumisa da sxva muzeumebis numizmatikur fondebze.
181
statiis avtors Segnebuli aqvs imis saSiSroeba, rom winamdebare samecniero
– siqaze amokveTili da, Sesabamisad, samoneto namzadze aRbeWdili

zedwerilebis Zalian maRali reliefi;
– qarTuli (asomTavruli) da, gansakuTrebiT, arabuli teqstis
grafemebis paleografiulad mcdari moyvaniloba;182
– rogorc asomTavrul, aseve arabul legendaSi yvela saeWvo eg-
zemplarze gaparuli erTi da igive Secdomebi;
– mravali (magram ara yvela!) egzemplaris anomalurad maRali wona;
– rogorc wesi, monetebis saocrad kargi Senaxuloba;
– amgvar saeWvo egzemplarebze bunebrivi patinis ararseboba;
– CvenTvis cnobili egzemplarebidan arcerTs ar axlavs zusti da
sarwmuno cnoba povnis adgilis Sesaxeb, saerTod, povnis garemoebebis
Sesaxeb;
– saeWvo calebi xSirad siqebis erTi da imave wyviliTaa moWrili
(Sead. sur. 7-8).
aRsaniSnavia, rom saeWvo tipis arc erTi moneta Camosxmuli araa.
isini yvela moWrilia. amasTanave, es garemoeba, bunebrivia, ver gamor-
icxavs maT siyalbes. cnobilia siqebis damzadebis mravali xerxi.183
ibadeba SekiTxva, ramdenad dasaSvebia, rom zemoT ganxiluli saeW-
vo monetebi XIII saukuneSi iyos gayalbebuli, an, vTqvaT, imdroindel
minabaZebs warmoadgendes; cnobilia, rom, Tundac (masobrivad gamoS-
vebuli) rusudan mefis monetebSi xSirad gvxvdeba arabuli zedwer-
ilebis damaxinjebiT gamorCeuli calebi.184
magram, iseTi niSnebi, rogoricaa saeWvo monetebis kargi Senaxulo-
ba da xelovnuri patina, zedwerilebis maRali reliefi, yovelTvis uc-
nobi an saeWvo warmomavloba, asomTavruli legendis zogadi siswore
da legendaSi erTi da imave, SedarebiT mcire zomis aso-niSnis gamo-
toveba, erTi da imave siqebis gamoyeneba – yvela es monacemi miuTiTebs
xsenebuli monetebis siyalbeze.
Cven piradad eWvi ar gvepareba, rom es monetebi Tanamedrove nayal-
Sromas SeiZleba qarTuli monetebis gamyalbeblebic gaecnon, aqedan gamomdinare,

siyalbis niSnebis Zalian dawvrilmanebulad ganxilva, misi azriT, zedmeti iqnebo-
da. aqedan gamomdinare, moyvanilia siyalbis mxolod aSkara niSnebi, romelic ukve
sakmarisi iqneba am tipis yalbi monetebis gamosarCevad.
182
calkeuli grafemebis moyvaniloba da maTi erTmaneTTan gadabmis xasiaTi
javaxT uflis naRd monetebze, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT (ix. javaxT uflis monete-
bis moWris teqnika da organizacia), imaze miuTiTebs, rom siqebze arabuli zedwer-
ilebis amokveTas arabuli enisa da damwerlobis mcodne xelosnebi awarmoebdnen,
maSin rodesac xsenebul saeWvo monetebze gamoyvanili zedwerilebis amomkveTs
aSkarad aklda arabuli anbanis codna.
183
Charles M. Larson, Numismatic Forgery (Irvine, 2004), 55-100.
184
334 irakli faRava
bevs warmoadgens, romelic koleqcionerTa mosatyueblad daamzades.

yalbi monetebis gamoCenis fenomenis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia
laSa giorgis numizmatikuri memkvidreobisa da, sazogadod, am peri-
odis qarTuli monetebis kvlevisas.
Sejameba
laSa giorgis zeobis numizmatikuri istoria kompleqsurad
aqamde ar Seswavlila. maSin roca misi safase, ekonomikuri, kul-
turuli da politikuri TvalsazrisiT obieqturad asaxavs epoqas.
Cvens mizans swored giorgi IV-is erT-erTi samoneto tipis – javaxT
uflis titulis matarebeli wesieri Wedvis monetebis – Seswavla
warmoadgenda.
am tipis monetebis ganxilvisas, bunebrivia, saWiro gaxda, sazoga-
dod, XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos numizmatikuri istoriis mrava-
li sakiTxis kvlevac; kerZod, gamovTqviT Cveni mosazrebebi qarTuli
uweso da wesieri Wedvis safasis nominalisa da Rirebulebis, gamoyen-
ebuli fuladi terminebis Sesaxeb.
dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad SeviswavleT arsebuli mwiri naratiu-
li da lapidaruli cnobebi da Tavad javaxT uflis monetebi (28 egzem-
plari); gamoviyeneT aRwerilobiTi statistikis meTodebi.
Catarebuli muSaobis Sedegad:
dazustda am samoneto tipis legendebi. asomTavruli legendis
dasawyisSi arsebuli simbolo, Cveni azriT, jvris grafikul gamosax-
ulebas warmoadgens, da ara qristes saxelis mxoloasoian daqaragme-
bas; Tavad qarTuli legendis teqstis wakiTxva numizmatikur litera-
turaSi aqamde, rogorc Cans, uzusto iyo – Cven n. berZeniSvilis mier
SemoTavazebul wakiTxvas viziarebT;
gamoikveTa am samoneto tipis mimoqcevis areali (zemo da qvemo qarTli,
Tbilisis Semogareni, Crdilosomxuri provinciebi), romelic namdvilad
ar izRudeboda saufliswulos (alastanelis sauflo) teritoriiT;
Sefasda javaxT uflis monetebis statusi (Cveni azriT, is de facto
angariSsworebis saSualebas mainc warmoadgenda) da roli XIII saukunis
I meoTxedis saqarTvelos samefos samoneto mimoqcevaSi; ganZebisa da
calkeuli aRmoCenebis topografiis Seswavlas mivyavarT im azramde,
rom es ukanaskneli metad SezRuduli iyo;
damatebiT, Seswavlilia agreTve, javaxT uflis monetebis woniTi
standarti (saSualo wona – 5.97g, 2 dramis, anu woniTi erTeulis wona?),
nominali da Rirebuleba; SeuZlebelia danamdvilebiT iTqvas, Tu
romel safases – uwesos Tu wesiers (swored am ukanasknels miekuTvneba
javaxT uflis monetebic), Seesabameboda fuladi termini – drama. Cve-
ni azriT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom paralelurad dramad iwodeboda

rogorc erTi, aseve meore;
gamovTqviT Cveni mosazrebebi am tipis monetebis moWris teqni-
kisa da organizaciis Sesaxeb: samoneto namzadebi, savaraudod,
dabrtyelebuli liTonis furclisgan amoWra-amokveTiT miiReboda;
ramdenadac SegviZlia vimsjeloT Sesaswavlad xelmisawvdomi monete-
biT, siqebze calkeuli grafemebisa da maTi elementebis amokveTisas
puansonebi ar gamoiyeneboda; dakavebuli xelosnebi kargad icnobd-
nen ara marto qarTul (asomTavrul) grafikas, aramed arabul damw-
erlobasac; samoneto namzadebisgan monetebis mosaWrelad gamiznuli
siqebi erTmaneTTan SeWiduli, rogorc Cans, ar iyo;
aqve aRvniSnavT, rom rogorc `wesieri~, aseve àrawesieri Wedvis
monetebis~ gamoSvebisas namzadebze siqebiT zemoqmedebis procesi,
Cveni azriT, erTnairi iyo, da, amgvarad, terminebi arawesieri (uweso)
da wesieri Wedvis monetis gamoSvebis ukanasknel teqnologiur etap-
Tan mimarTebaSi arasworia;
SevexeT am tipis monetebis koleqcionerTa motyuebis mizniT gay-
albebis problemas da numizmatikur kvlevaze am fenomenis SesaZlo
zegavlenas; amasTanave, (Segnebulad) zereled moyvanili gvaqvs is
niSnebi, romlebsac eyrdnoba Cveni mosazreba da romlis moSveliebiT
SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan originaluri da am tipis yalbi egzemplarebis
diferenciacia;
CamovayalibeT Cveni xedva am tipis safasis moWris drois Sesaxeb:
savaraudod, laSa giorgis I da II zeobas Soris SualedSi, anu giorgi
Tamaris Zis Tanamefed kurTxevidan Tamaris gardacvalebamde, da ara
Tamaris gardacvalebis Semdeg – giorgis erTpirovnul zeobaSi;
aseve, ganvixileT argumentebi am samoneto tipis gamoSvebis adg-
ilTan dakavSirebiT: aqamde ori kandidatura iyo SemoTavazebuli –
alastani javaxeTSi, an samefos dedaqalaqi Tbilisi. Cveni azriT, arse-
buli monacemebi (pirvel rigSi, Tavad monetebis aRmoCenis adgilebis
topografiis kvlevis Seswavlis Sedegebi) am kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxis
gacemis SesaZleblobas ar iZleva; pasuxi iqneb momavalma arqeologi-
urma kvlevam gagvces.
kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom, Cveni Zalisxmevis-da miuxedavad,
daudgeneli rCeba (da Semdgom kvlevas saWiroebs) am tipis safasis moW-
ris adgili, nominalis saxelwodeba da, gansakuTrebiT, Rirebuleba.
336 irakli faRava
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Fakes or Contemporary Imitations? In Caucasian Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage
of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), 1744-1801. Supplement to Journal of Oriental Nu-
mismatic Society, 197, 2008
Paghava, Irakli. Variation in the Composition and Arrangement of Dates on Sirma
Coins: Approach to Die Analysis. In Caucasian Numismatics, Papers on the Coinage of
Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia), 1744-1801. Supplement to Journal of Oriental Numis-
matic Society, 197, 2008
Paghava, Irakli, and Severian Turkia. A New Coin Type of the Sayyid Abū al-Faḍl
Ja‘far III b. ‘Alī, Ja‘farid Emir of Tiflīs. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 206,
2011
Paghava, Irakli, and Severian Turkia. A New Early Coin Type of ‘Alī b. Ja’far, Emir
of Tiflis, Citing the Caliph Al-Tā’ī‘ li-llāh. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 199,
2009
Paghava, Irakli, and Severian Turkia. The Umayyad Fulus Minted in the Name of
Marwan b. Muhammad (the Deaf) in Georgia and Elsewhere in South Caucasus. Journal
of Oriental Numismatic Society, 201, 2009
Paghava, Irakli, Severian Turkia, and Giorgi Janjgava. Some New Denomination
Coins of Nadir Shah Minted in Georgia. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 202,
2010
Paghava, Irakli, Severian Turkia, and Gennadiy Zlobin. A New Coin Type of Dimitri I,
King of Georgia: Addendum. In press (in Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society).
340 irakli faRava
Rapp, Jr. Stephen H. The Coinage of T’amar, Sovereign of Georgia in Caucasia: A

Preliminary Study in the Numismatic Inscriptions of Twelfth- and Thirteenth-Century
Georgian Royal Coinage. Le Museon, 106, Issue 3-4, 1993
Schindel, Nikolaus. Umayyad Copper Coinage in the Name of Marwan II B.
Muḥammad from the Caucasus – Additional Comments. Journal of Oriental Numismatic
Society, 202, 2010
Turkia, Severian, and Irakli Paghava. The Coinage of Ja‘far III B. ‘Alī, Emir of Tiflis.
Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 197, 2008.
Turkia, Severian, and Irakli Paghava. A New Coin Type of Dimitri I, King of Georgia.
Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 200, 2009
Turkia, Severian, and Irakli Paghava. The Unique Coin of Abul-Hayjā, Ja‘farid Emir
of Tiflīs. In press (in Near East and Georgia).
Turkia, Severian, and Irakli Paghava. An Unrecorded Early Post-reform Fals minted
in Tiflis. Journal of Oriental Numismatic Society, 191, 2007
Մուրադյան Պ. Հայաստանի վրացական արձանագրությունները. Աղբյուր-
ագիտական քննություն. Երեվան: Երեվանի համալսարանի հրատարակչություն,
1977 (paruir muradiani. somxeTis qarTuli epigrafika. wyaroTmcodneo-
biTi gamokvleva. erevani, 1977)
sur. 1 giorgi IV-is uweso Wedvis moneta.

sur. 2 giorgi IV-is wesieri Wedvis moneta mefis gamosaxulebiT.
sur. 3 giorgi IV-is wesieri Wedvis moneta „javaxT uflis“ tituliT.
342 irakli faRava

sur. 7 giorgi IV-is wesieri Wedvis moneta „javaxT uflis“ tituliT (Tanamedrove
nayalbevi).
sur. 8 giorgi IV-is wesieri Wedvis moneta „javaxT uflis“ tituliT (Tanamedrove
nayalbevi).
10
11
12
13
sur. 9 giorgi III-is wesieri Wedvis moneta.

sur. 10 Tamarisa da daviTis wesieri Wedvis moneta.
sur. 11 Tamaris uweso Wedvis moneta.
sur. 12 jalal ad-dinis uweso Wedvis moneta.
sur. 13 jalal ad-dinis safase gadaWedili giorgi III-is wesieri Wedvis monetisgan.
XVI
wminda ninos cxovrebis cikli

garejis mravalmTis udabnos monastris
mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobaSi
zaza sxirtlaZe
udabnos monastris Sesaxeb werilobiT wyaroebs Cvenamde ar

mouRwevia. miuxedavad amisa, iq arsebuli qvab-samlocveloebi,
maTi freskebi, mravalricxovan warwerebTan erTad cxadyofs, rom
samoweseo cxovreba wm. daviTis lavris siaxloves, udabnos mTis
samxreT ferdze dafuZnebul gamoqvabul kompleqsSi, adreuli Sua
saukuneebidan moyolebuli, uwyvetad warimarTeboda;1 amasTan,
monastris aRmavlobis periodi XI saukunis pirveli aTeuli wlebidan
iwyeboda da XIII saukunis miwurulamde grZeldeboda.2
1
monastris dafuZnebis zusti periodi cnobili ar aris. dReisaTvis aq SemorCe-
nil salocavTa Soris uZvelesi mis aRmosavleT kideSi, udabnos qedis Txemze VIII-
IX ss. agebuli aRdgomis eklesiaa (vaxtang doliZe, `daviT garejis erTi xuroT-
moZRvruli Zeglis daTariRebis sakiTxisaTvis~, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis moambe, t. XI, 9 (1950), 605-611), agreTve Zveli satrapezo, romelic kom-
pleqsis centraluri nawilis zeda iarusSi mdebareobs (garejis epigrafikuli
Zeglebi: wm. daviTis lavra, udabnos monasteri (XI-XVIII ss.), gamosacemad moamzades
d. kldiaSvilma da z. sxirtlaZem, t. I, naw. 1 (Tbilisi, 1999), 94). maTi mokrZalebuli
zomebi, iseve rogorc arqiteqturuli gadawyveta, imaze metyvelebs, rom monas-
ters imxanad SedarebiT mcire masStabebi unda hqonoda.
2
udabnos monastrisa da misi freskebis Sesaxeb arsebul mravalricxovan publika-
ciaTagan SeiZleba dasaxelebul iqnas: Георгий Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид
Гареджи (Тбилиси, 1948); Шалва Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живо-
писи, I (Тбилиси, 1957), 41-65, tab. 24-50; Тинатин Вирсаладзе, “К вопросу о датировке перво-
начельной росписи северного придела главного храма монастыря Удабно”, saqarTvelos ssr
mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis macne, 6 (1968),
223-239; guram abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi
(Tbilisi, 1972); Анели Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии (Тбилиси, 1974), 87-
97; Анели Вольская, “Росписи пещерных монастырей Давид-Гареджи”, kr. gareji, kaxeTis
arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sromebi, VIII (Tbilisi, 1988), 139-140; Татьяна Шевякова,
wminda ninos cxovrebis cikli 345
aswleulTa manZilze udabnos monasteri TandaTanobiT izrdeboda;

Sesabamisad, yalibdeboda misi saerTo saxec, romelic garejis sxva ud-
abnoTa Tanagvaria: aqac gamoqvabuli kompleqsis centrs warmoadgens
didi eklesia da mis siaxloves mdebare vrceli satrapezo, romelTa
garSemo mravalricxovani qvabebi – mcire samlocveloebi, sacxov-
rebeli senakebi, sameurneo da sxva daniSnulebis saTavsebia gamokveTi-
li. monastris eklesia-samlocveloTa mniSvnelovani nawili freske-
biT yofila Semkuli. moxatulobebis umetesoba bolo aTwleulebis
ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad dazianda.
udabnos monastris freskebi garejis mravalmTis samonastro fer-
weruli skolis gamorCeuli qmnilebebia. amasTanave, maTi umetesoba
mravalmxriv sagulisxmoa im cvlilebebis naTelsayofad, romlebic
saukuneebis manZilze xdeboda rogorc sakuTriv mravalmTaSi, ise
qveynis sulier cxovrebaSi – yovelive es sxvadasxvamxriv aRibeWde-
boda freskebis Seqmnisa Tu maTi ganaxleba-gadaweris procesSi.
udabnos monastris mTavari, RmrTismSoblis eklesia X saukuneSi
unda iyos Seqmnili. ramdenadme ufro mogvianod, XI saukunis pirvel
naxevarSi gamoukveTavT axali, vrceli satrapezo, gamorCeuli ara mar-
to Tavisi masStabebiT (igi Svid aTeulze met bers daitevda), aramed
xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyvetiTac.
RmrTismSoblis eklesia darbazuli tipisaa; mas CrdiloeTidan
ebmis aseve vrceli saTavsi – sadiakvne (sur. 1). kargaxania cnobilia,
rom garejis monasterTa calnaviani eklesiebis sagrZnobi nawilis, maT
Soris – sakrebulo eklesiebis umetesobis (Sdr. wm. ioane naTlismcem-
lis, wm. dodos, berTubnis monasterTa mTavari taZrebi3) gegmarebis
Монументальная живопись раннего средневековья Грузии (Тбилиси, 1983), 9-16; Гаяне Алибе-
гашвили, Светский портрет в грузинской средневековой монументальной живописи (Тбилиси,
1979), 41-42, 44, рис. 6; Antony Eastmond, Royal Imagery in the Medieval Kingdom of Georgia (Uni-
versity Park, PA, 1998), 124ff; Antony Eastmond, “The Cult of St. Davit Garejeli. Patronage and Icono-
graphic Change in the Gareja Desert”, kr. samonastro cxovreba udabnoSi: gareja da qris-
tianuli aRmosavleTi (Tbilisi, 2001), 220-239; zaza sxirtlaZe, entoni istmondi, `wm.
daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis
moxatulobaSi: axali monacemebi da dakvirvebebi~, saqarTvelos siZveleni, 2 (2002),
28-49; Zaza Skhirtladze, “Martyrs and Martyria in the Gareja Desert,” in Monasteres, images, pouvoirs
et societe a Byzance, ed., M. Kaplan, Byzantina Sorbonensia, 23 (Paris, 2006), 62-88; Antony Eastmond,
Zaza Skhirtladze, “Udabno Monastery in Georgia: Innovation, Conservation and the Reinterpretation of
Medieval Art,” Iconographica, Rivista di Iconograpfia Medievale e Moderna, VII (2008), 23-43.
3
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, tab. 96 (berTubani); 123 (wm. do-
dos monasteri); wm. ioane naTlismcemlis monastris mTavari eklesiis gegmisaTvis
ix. Zaza Skhirtladze, “Les portraits de l’église principale du monastere Natlismtsemeli à Garedja,”
Зограф, 23 (1993-1994), 5.
346 zaza sxirtlaZe
Tavwyaro mravalmTis umTavresi salocavis – wm. daviTis lavris uflis

feriscvalebis eklesiis xuroTmoZRvruli saxe unda gamxdariyo.4 amas-
Tanave, udabnos monastris eklesiis gegmarebiTi Tu aRnagobiTi gadaw-
yveta qristianuli aRmosavleTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebisTvisaa
sazogadod damaxasiaTebeli – am mxriv yvelaze niSandoblivi kapadokiis
samonastro garemo Cans (sadac CrdiloeTi saTavsis, rogorc dasakrZa-
lavis an sulac damoukidebeli samlocvelos daniSnuleba, garejis
mravalmTis dReisaTvis cnobil eklesiebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro
mkafioa).5 eklesiis centraluri nawili (daaxl. 15x8 m) ramdenadme didia
sadiakvneze (11.5x6 m), romlis uCveulo masStabebi, iseve rogorc moxat-
ulobis xasiaTi imaze metyvelebs, rom mas liturgikulTan erTad sxva
daniSnulebac SeiZleba hqonoda.6 rogorc Cans, amasve unda ganepirobe-
bina is mniSvnelobac, romelic mas monastris Tavi eklesiis SeqmnisTanave
unda miniWeboda.
am mxriv niSneuli Cans is garemoeba, rom Tavdapirvelad mxol-
od sadiakvne mouxatavT. igi mTlianad iqna Selesili, Tumca ki fre-
skebi misi interieris martooden nawils amkobs. farTo da Rrma sa-
kurTxevlis centrSi warmodgenili iyo `vedrebis~ samfiguriani
4
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, 39, 44; zaza sxirtlaZe, wm. daviT
garejelis gansasvenebeli (Tbilisi, 2006), tab. 5-6.
5
Sdr. Catherine Jolivet-Lévy, Le Cappadoce médiévale (Paris, 2001), pl. 483 (gÁulÁu deres 4
samlocvelo, igive aivali qilise); 493 (karabaS qilise); 502 (gÁoremis 11 samlocve-
lo – wm. evstaTes eklesia); 511 (gÁoremis 7 eklesia – Toqali qilises axali eklesia);
541 (belisirma, direkli qilise).
6
bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxvebi rogorc sadiakvnis ganTavsebasTan – ara samxreTiT,
rogorc es tradiciuladaa miRebuli (Sdr. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, ed. A. Ka-
zhdan, vol. 3 (1991), 1594ff; agreTve Natalia Teteriatnikov, “The liturgical planning of Byzantine
churches in Cappadocia,” Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 252 (Rome, 1996); Gordana Babic, “Les
chapelles annexes des églises byzantines. Fonction liturgique et programmes iconographiques,” Bibli-
othèque de Cahiers Archéologiques, 3 (Paris, 1969), 61-65) – aramed CrdiloeTiT, iseve rogorc
mis masStabebTan, saxeldobr uCveulod did zomebTan dakavSirebiT. adreul Sua
saukuneebSi sadiakvnes bevrad mniSvnelovani da mravlismomcveli funqcia rom
unda hqonoda, kargadaa cnobili. Thomas Mathews, The Early Churches of Constantinople:
Architecture and Liturgy (London, 1971), 105-7, 155-62; Georges Descoeudres, Die Pastophorien
im syro-byzantinischen Osten: eine Untersuchung zu architektur- und liturgiegeschichtlichen Proble-
men, Schriften zur Geistesgeschichte des östlichen Europa, 16 (Wiesbaden, 1983); Tumca, ramde-
nad SeiZleba daukavSirdes yovelive es udabnos monastris mTavar eklesias, Zneli
saTqmelia. faqtia, rom aseTi vrceli saTavsi mxolod samRvdelo Sesamoslisa da
liturgikuli WurWlis salarod ar unda yofiliyo gamiznuli. erT-erTi SesaZlo
axsna, romelic sadiakvnis CrdiloeTiT gadatanas SeiZleba moeZebnos, isaa, rom ek-
lesia mTis samxreT, sakmaod damrec ferdzea gamokveTili, ris gamoc sakurTxev-
lis samxreTiT damatebiTi moculobis arseboba garkveul problemebTan SeiZle-
boda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli.
kompozicia (sur. 2, 3). darbazis brtyel, araTanabarzedapirian, TiT-

qosda naZerw Wers amkobda varskvlavebiani cis fonze warmodgenili
didi zomis jvari, romlis mklavebs Soris gamousaxavT oTxxatedebi
samwmida locvidan amoridebuli asomTavruli teqstebiT. darbazis
dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebs gauyveboda wm. daviT garejelis
cxovrebis scenaTa rigi (sur. 3). es Rirsi mamis cxovrebis dReisaTvis
cnobilTa Soris yvelaze adreuli ilustraciaa – sagulisxmoa, rom
masSi gaerTianebuli epizodebi xSir SemTxvevaSi sagrZnoblad sxvaobs
literaturuli pirvelwyarosagan.7 cikli asaxavs wm. daviTisa da mis
mowafeTa mier mravalmTaSi samonastro cxovrebis dafuZnebis isto-
rias da sruldeba Rirsi mamis ierusalimSi piligrimobiT. cxovrebis
ciklSi gaerTianebuli kompoziciebi erTmaneTisagan sagangebo
moCarCoebiT gamoyofili ar yofila, amasTan, calkeul epizodTa
kompoziciur erTianobas xazs usvams mTagrexilis aRmniSvneli
talRuri naxati, romelic xSirad kamaris qanobzec gadadis. masTan
erTad, ciklis epizodTa rigs (TeTri feris neitraluri foniT)
qvemodan faqtobrivad uwyvetad gasdevs niadagis aRmniSvneli,
balaxebiTa da yvavilebiT mofenili mwvane feris talRovani zoli.
Sesabamisad, Rirsi mamisa da mis TanamdgomTa samoweso Rvawli sulier
samoTxed (limonarad) Secnobil udabnoSi aResruleba. sadiakvnis,
rogorc sakurTxevlis, ise darbazis adreuli freskebis Tavdapirveli
ferebi (sul ramdenime saRebaviT gadmocemuli), STambeWdavia Tavisi
uwindeli sicxovliTa da siTboTi.
moxatulobis pirveli fenis Sesrulebis Taobaze xangrZlivi peri-
odis manZilze gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi arsebobda. kvlevam cxadyo,
rom igi X saukuneSi unda iyos Sesrulebuli.8 Rirsi mamis samoweseo
Rvawlis amsaxveli es xatovani istoria wmindanTa cxovrebis ciklis
erT-erTi uadresi magaliTia qristianuli aRmosavleTis saxviT xe-
lovnebaSi.9
niSneulia, rom taZris centraluri nawili, saxeldobr sakur-
Txeveli da samrevlo sivrce imavdroulad iqna Selesili, Tumca
ki moxatuli ar yofila. dReisaTvis Zneli asaxsnelia monastris
sakrebulo eklesiis damatebiTi saTavsisaTvis miniWebuli amgvari
7
sxirtlaZe da istmondi, `wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli~, 46-47.
8
iqve, 47-48.
9
ix. qristianuli aRmosavleTis saxviT xelovnebaSi adgilobriv wmindanTa cxov-
rebis ciklTa nusxa – Thalia Gouma-Peterson, “Narrative Cycles of Saints’ Lives in Byzantine
Churches from the Tenth to the Mid-fourteenth Century,” Greek Orthodox Theological Review, 30/1
(1985), 31-44; garejis mravalmTis udabnos monastris magaliTi avtorisaTvis uc-
nobia.
348 zaza sxirtlaZe
prioritetis wina pirobebi, Tumca ki faqtia, rom aTwleulebis ganmav-

lobaSi moxatuli mxolod sadiakvne rCeboda.10
moxatulobis meore fena garkveuli drois Semdeg Sesrulda. imx-
anad mTavari taZris sakurTxeveli da samrevlo sivrce moixata.
aswleulebis ganmavlobaSi RmrTismSoblis eklesia Zalze dazianda
– erTianad CamoirRva misi samxreTi naxevari; Sesabamisad, moxatuloba,
romelic erT dros taZris kedel-kamaras amkobda, axla mxolod nawi-
lobrivRa SemorCa (sur. 4). ferweruli ansamblis Sesaxeb msjeloba,
SemorCenil freskebTan erTad, Zveli aRwerebis, agreTve ferweruli
aslebisa da fotoebis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli. sakurTxevlis konqSi
gamosaxuli iyo angelozTagan gandidebuli Cviledi RmrTismSobeli,
xolo qvemoT – mociqulTa rigi.11 qristologiuri cikli, romelic, ro-
gorc Cans, darbazuli eklesiis orsave – samxreT da CrdiloeT kedlebs,
agreTve kamaris qanobebs amkobda da Tarazul rigebad iyo ganTavsebuli,
amJamad mxolod darbazis CrdiloeTi kedlis zeda naxevarsa da kamaris
qanobis dasavleT kides SemorCa (zeda registris dasavleT kideSi
Cans lazares aRdginebis nawili, agreTve ierusalimad Sesvlis mcire
fragmenti mis marjvniv; momdevno, Sua registris centralur da
aRmosavleT monakveTebze warmodgenilia amaRleba, suliwmidis mofena
da RmrTismSoblis miZineba). qristologiuri ciklis ufro adreuli
epizodebi, rogorc Cans, darbazis samxreT kedelze iyo warmodgenili.
CrdiloeTi kedlis dasavleT nawilSi, qristologiuri ciklis
scenaTa rigis gayolebiT, warmodgenilia wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis
sami scena, romelTa pirvelwyarod metafrasuli cxovreba Cans: irmebis
wvela wm. lukianes mier, irmebis Civili wm. daviTTan, gveleSapis dawva
(sur. 6). cxadia, arc am SemTxvevaSi gamoiricxeba imis SesaZlebloba, rom
10
amasTan dakavSirebiT, uTuod sagulisxmoa oSkis magaliTi – 963-976 wlebSi
agebuli taZris interieris ZiriTadi nawili XI saukunis 30-ian wlebamde mouxatavi
rCeboda. X saukunis freskebi mxolod sadiakvneSia, amasTan, Tavisi mxatvruli gad-
awyvetiT isini sruliad Seusabamoa taZris masStabur aRnagobasa da garesaxesTan,
zedmiwevniT rafinirebul naqandakev samkaulTan, WeSmaritad samefo gaqanebasTan
– es sabermonazvno mxatvruli wris qmnilebaa, mravalmxriv Tanagvari garejis
mravalmTis Tanadrouli freskebisa. am mxatvrobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Zaza Skhirt-
ladze, “The Oldest Paintings in Oshki Church. Byzantine Church Decoration and Georgian Art,” East-
ern Christian Art, 7 (2010), forthcoming.
11
S. amiranaSvili varaudobda, rom aq aRTqmis kidobnis Tayvaniscema unda yo-
filiyo gamosaxuli. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живописи, 43.
gamosaxulebaTa raoba mogvianod T. virsalaZis mier iqna dazustebuli. Вирсаладзе,
“К вопросу о датировке”, 225. sakonqo kompoziciaSi warmodgenili erT-erTi angeloz-
is gamosaxulebis ferweruli asli saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis xelovnebis
muzeumis monumenturi ferweris fondSia daculi (sainv. sxsm/mm 188).
Rirsi mamis cxovrebis ciklis garkveuli rigi samxreT kedelzec iyo

warmodgenili.
darbazis dasavleTi kedeli mTlianad ukavia gankiTxvis dRis mra-
valnawilian kompozicias, romlisganac mxolod CrdiloeTi naxevariRa
SemorCa (sur. 5).
eklesiis darbazisa da sadiakvnis damakavSirebel or farTo
TaRovan RiobTa Soris areze mesvetis figuraa, xolo dasavleTi
Riobis Tavanebze wminda mkurnalTa – wm. kozmas da wm. damianes
gamosaxulebebia. momcro TaRovani Riobi akavSirebs eklesiisa da
sadiakvnis sakurTxevlebsac, Tumca imxanad igi freskebiT Semkuli
ar yofila. 12
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatuloba garejis mraval-
mTis samonastro ferweruli skolis erT-erTi gamorCeuli qmnilebaa;
amasTanave, freskebis Sesrulebis maRali mxatvruli done imaze
metyvelebs, rom misi Seqmna adgilobriv samonastro wiaRSi am kuTxis
imJamindel mmarTvelTa saqtitoro moRvaweobasTan unda yofiliyo
dakavSirebuli. amazeve miuTiTebs taZris CrdiloeTi kedlis mTel
dasavleT monakveTze warmodgenili saqtitoro gamosaxulebaTa rigi,
romelic erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesia taZris moxatulobis saerTo
ikonografiul programaSi.
wm. daviTis cxovrebis ciklis scenaTa qvemoT, sul qveda
registrSi warmodgenili mravalfiguriani saqtitoro rigi or jgu-
fadaa gayofili. pirvel jgufSi, kedlis aRmosavleT naxevarze, gamo-
saxulia sakurTxevlisken vedrebad mimarTuli sami Saravandmosili
gvirgvinosani (sur. 7). qtitorTa Sesamoseli da insigniebi umaRlesi
saxelisuflo wrisadmi maTs kuTvnilebaze metyvelebs. amasTanave,
samives Sesamoseli gansxvavebulia: pirveli kabiTaa warmodgenili, me-
ore – grZeli kvarTiT, mesame ki abjarmosili. jgufis marjvniv (aRm-
osavleTiT), sadiakvneSi Sesasvleli Riobis TaRTan, momcro zomis
sworkuTxa moCarCovebis fragmentebi gairCeva. rogorc Cans, aq, tra-
diciuli sqemis Sesabamisad, macxovris, dedaRmrTisas an romelime me-
oxi wmindanis saxe iyo warmodgenili.13
gvirgvinosanTa rigis Semdeg, kedlis dasavleT naxevarze gamo-
saxuli, dasavleTiT mimarTuli wm. daviT garejeli akurTxebs qti-
12
eklesiis kankelis aRnagobasa da SemkulobaSi, savaraudod, sami qronologiuri
fena gairCeva. maTgan yvelaze adreuli kankelis qveda monakveTze Cans. igi taZris
Selesvis Tanadrouli unda iyos, amasTan – aseve mouxatavi.
13
zaza sxirtlaZe, `qtitorTa gamosaxulebebi udabnos monastris mTavari taZris
moxatulobaSi~, statia korpusisaTvis istoria saxeebSi. istoriul pirTa gamosax-
ulebebi qarTul xelovnebaSi (ibeWdeba).
350 zaza sxirtlaZe
torebs – rogorc Cans, monastris winamZRvars da didebuls eklesiiT

xelSi – eklesiis agebisa da moxatvis uSualo xelSemwyobT, bolo,
frontaluri figura kedlis ukidures dasavleT kuTxeSi SeiZleba
udabnos monasterTan dakavSirebuli wmindani iyos (ar gamoiricxeba
asurel mamaTagan erT-erTis, wm. ioane zedaznelis an sulac wm. daviTis
erT-erTi mimdevris, sakuTriv udabnoSi mkvidri da Tavisi RvawliT
gamorCeuli Rirsi mowesis gamosaxulebis arsebobac).14
saqtitoro gamosaxulebebs warwerebi ar SemorCa. miuxedavad amisa,
sadavo ar unda iyos, rom qtitorTa pirveli jgufi rogorc ganTavse-
bis adgiliT, ise SesamoseliTa da regaliebiT kaxeTis samefos umaR-
les saero xelisufalTa wreze unda mianiSnebdes. XI saukunisaTvis
aseTad daviT qorepiskoposis (976-1009 ww.) Semdgom – ranTa da kaxTa
samefo taxtze asuli kvirike III didi (1009-1037 ww.), xolo misi uSvilod
gardacvalebis Semdgom, misi disSvili, lores kvirikianebis taSir-
Zoragertis Stos warmomadgeneli gagik I (1037-1058 ww.), agreTve misi
memkvidreebi – aRsarTan I (1058-1084 ww.) da misi Zmebi Canan.15 garejis
mravalmTis samonastro gaerTianebis kavSiri samefos imJamindel uze-
naes mmarTvelTa saxlTan garkveulwilad dasturdeba konstantinop-
olSi, saxeldobr romanas monasterSi, 1072 wels gadawerili da uxvad
Semkuli oTxTavis anderZminaweriT.16
kaxeTis samefos uzenaes mmarTvelTa saqtitoro rigis arseboba
udabnos monastris Tavi eklesiis moxatulobaSi mowmobs, rom fresku-
li ansambli XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi unda Seqmniliyo – yovelive
es ufro mosalodneli Cans 1008 wlis Semdeg, daviT qorepiskoposis ze-
14
ivaraudeba, rom amgvari gadawyveta freskaze warmodgenil pirTa warmomav-
lobiT, RvawliTa Tu sxva wanamZRvrebiT unda yofiliyo ganpirobebuli. abramiS-
vili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 76. marTlac, niSneuli
Cans am rigis orad gamijvna garkveuli socialuri ierarqiis, agreTve qtitorTa
sakuTriv udabnos monasterTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT.
da kidev erTi – saqtitoro rigis orad dayofis kvalad gvirgvinosanTa dasi ve-
drebad uflisadmi miemarTeba, maSin roca Tavad monastris winamZRvari da eklesi-
isa Tu misi moxatulobis Seqmnis moTave qtitori – wm. daviTisadmi. Sesabamisad,
xazgasmulia gvirgvinosanTa RvTivkurTxeuloba, xolo adgilobriv mesveurTa
mfarveloba da meoxeba samonastro gaerTianebis damfuZnebeli da misi mfarveli
Rirsi mamis mier.
15
Tengiz papuaSvili, hereTis istoriis sakiTxebi (Tbilisi, 1970), 213-237; Гамлет
Мкртумян, Грузинское феодальное княжество Кахети в VIII-XI вв. и его взаимоотношения с
Арменией (Ереван, 1983), 109-142.
16
darejan kldiaSvili, `gareja – konstantinopoli. Teodore garejelis mier
romanas monastris qarTul skriptoriumSi 1070 wels gadawerili oTxTavi”,
saqarTvelos siZveleni, 7-8 (2005), 143-167.
obisas, 1008 wels, kaxeTis samefos Camoyalibebis kvalad.17 mravalmTis

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monastris moxatulobaSi samefo ojaxis
wevrTa gamosaxulebebis CarTva garkveuli miniSneba unda yofiliyo
mravalmTis samonastro gaerTianebasTan kaxeTis imJamindel mmarT-
velTa kavSirisa.18
qtitorTa meore jgufi, rogorc Cans, uSualod udabnos mon-
asterTan da XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi iq mimdinare samonastro
aRmSeneblobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom wm.
daviT garejelisadmi warmdgar qtitorTagan pirveli – RvTismsaxuri
– monastris winamZRvari iyo. swored misi uSualo kurTxeviTa da
monawileobiT unda moxatuliyo mravalmTis erT-erTi Zveli da didi
monastris mTavari taZari samonastro gaerTianebisa da, sazogadod,
qveynisaTvis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi etapisaTvis. am figuris
Semdeg gamosaxuli didebuli am kuTxis mmarTveli unda yofiliyo;
rogorc Cans, misi uSualo safasiTa da zedamdgomlobiT moxda udab-
nos monastris mTavari eklesiis ganaxleba da ferweriT Semkoba. jer
kidev g. abramiSvili aRniSnavda, rom eklesiiT xelSi warmodgenili
didebuli pirvel jgufSi gaerTianebul pirebze socialuri rangiT
ramdenadme dabla mdgomi unda yofiliyo. yvelaze ufro mosalod-
neli freskaze kaxeTis samefos am kuTxis – kuxeTis mmarTvelis am
mmarTvel didebulTa wris erT-erTi warmomadgenlis gamosaxulebis
arseboba iqneboda – garejis mravalmTa xom imxanad swored kuxeTSi
Sedioda.19
bolo dromde eklesiis moxatulobis Seqmnis savaraudo periodis
Taobaze sxvadasxva mosazrebebi arsebobda: g. CubinaSvili freske-
bis Sesrulebis dros XI saukunis axlo xanebiT gansazRvravda,20 S.
amiranaSvili – X saukuniT.21 T. virsalaZe miiCnevda, rom eklesiis
freskebi XI saukunis dasawyisSi Seiqmna.22 am Tvalsazriss iziarebs a.
volskaiac.23 mxatvrobis TariRi – 983 weli, romelic g. abramiSvilT-
anaa dasaxelebuli, saqtitoro gamosaxulebebTan erT dros arseb-
17
daviT musxeliSvili, qiziyis Zveli istoria (Tbilisi, 1997), 100.
18
marTebuli Cans g. alibegaSvilis miTiTeba imis Taobaze, rom udabnos monas-
tris eklesiis freskaze kaxeTis samefos mmarTveli ojaxis sami Taobis warmo-
madgenlebi unda gamoesaxaT. Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, 42.
19
musxeliSvili, qiziyis Zveli istoria, 100.
20
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, 80.
21
Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной живописи, 50-52.
22
Вирсаладзе, “К вопросу о датировке”, 223-239.
23
Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 87-97; Вольская, “Росписи пещерных
монастырей Давид Гареджи”, 139-140.
352 zaza sxirtlaZe
uli, Zalze fragmentuli warweris miseul aRdgena-interpretacias

emyareba.24
saqtitoro gamosaxulebebis monacemebTan erTad, taZris freske-
bSi aRbeWdili mxatvrul-stilisturi aspeqtebis Sejereba qveynis sx-
vadasxva kuTxis, iseve rogorc qristianuli aRmosavleTis calkeul
regionTa X-XI saukuneebis sxva ferwerul ansamblebTan cxadyofs, rom
misi Seqmna ufro mosalodneli XI saukunis pirveli naxevrisaTvis an XI
saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis iqneboda.25 marTlac, freskebSi gamJRavnebu-
li mxatvruli Taviseburebebi sazogadoa XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi Seqmnili moxatulobebisaTvis.
moxatulobis mesame fena kvlav sadiakvneSi Sesrulda. imxanad, ki-
ris Txeli feniT Tavdapirveli mxatvrobis dafarvis kvalad, mTli-
anad gadaiwera kldeSi nakveTi saTavsis kedel-kamara; xeluxlebeli
darCa mxolod sakurTxevelSi warmodgenili vedrebis kompozicia –
foni macxovris, dedaRmrTisas da winamorbedis figuraTa garSemo
aseve TeTri saRebaviT iqna dafaruli (sur. 2); kompozicias daemata
oTxxatedTa wyvili (figuraTa Soris), agreTve SevrdomiT mimarTul
angelozTa dasebi (bevrad mcire zomisa; eqvsi konqis CrdiloeT
qanobze, sami – samxreT qanobze). dasasrul, sakurTxevlis ferwerul
dekorSi CarTul iqna kidev erTi kompozicia – elia winaswarmetyve-
lis amaRleba (afsidis CrdiloeTi kedlis zeda nawilSi, mis dasavleT
kideze) (sur. 8, 9).26
sakurTxevlisa da sadiakvnis damakavSirebeli TaRovani Riobis
Tavanebze Sesrulda Zveli aRTqmis scenebi: abraamis msxverplSewirva
(aRmosavleT qanobze) da iakobis kibe (dasavleT qanobze) – orive
maTgani axla Znelad gairCeva (sur. 10, 11).
xelaxla moixata sadiakvnis kamarac. mis dasavleT naxevarze war-
24
guram abramiSvili, `daviT garejis ùdabnos~ mTavari eklesiis saqtitoro war-
wera~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa ganyo-
filebis moambe, 3 (1962), 296-300; abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTul ked-
lis mxatvrobaSi, 69-74, sur. 14-15; Sdr. garejis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, I, 97-98.
25
Eastmond, Royal Imagery in the Medieval Kingdom of Georgia, 124 da Semd. Eastmond, “The
Cult of St. Davit Garejeli. Patronage and Iconographic Change in the Gareja Desert,” 220-239; sxir-
tlaZe da istmondi, `daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli~, 28-49; Eastmond and Skhirt-
ladze, “Udabno monastery in Georgia”, 27-28.
26
arsebobs mosazreba, rom elia winaswarmetyvelis amaRleba moxatulobis pir-
vel fenas unda ekuTvnodes da mogvianod iqna gadawerili (Амиранашвили, История
грузинской монументальной живописи, 45; abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qar-
Tul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 22). kompoziciis Tanagvaroba ferweris meore fenis
saxeebTan imdenad aSkaraa, rom eWvi ar Cndeba – isic sadiakvnis xelmeored mox-
atvisas Seiqmna.
modgenil iqna jvris amaRlebis kompozicia maxarebelTa medalionSi

moqceuli naxevarfigurebiT oTxsave kideSi, xolo aRmosavleTiT –
hetimasia.
ferweruli dekoris axali programa naratiul ciklebsac aerTi-
anebda. isini dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebze iqna ganTavsebuli, iq,
sadac adre wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli iyo warmodgenili.
dasavleT kedelze qristologiuri ciklis sami scenaa, samxreTidan
CrdiloeTiT Sesabamisi TanamimdevrobiT – ganrRveulis gankurneba,
qriste da samariteli dedakaci, da brmis gankurneba; darbazis yvelaze
ukeT moxilvadi da, Sesabamisad, ferwerul ansamblSi erT-erTi yve-
laze mniSvnelovani monakveTi – CrdiloeTi kedeli, wm. ninos cxovre-
bis ciklis scenebs daeTmo (sur. 13-16).
darbazis orsave – rogorc dasavleT, ise CrdiloeT kedelze
kompoziciaTa rigebs qvemodan gauyveboda wmindanTa naxevarfigurebis
rigi (CrdiloeT kedelze – aranakleb TxuTmetisa, dasavleT kedelze
– aTamde). ferweruli fenis Zlieri dazianebis gamo gamosaxulebaTa
fragmentebi amJamad calkeul monakveTebzeRa gairCeva.
imxanad mouxatavT sadiakvnis samxreTi kedelic.27 aq warmodgenili
iqna wmindanis eqvsi naxevarfigura (maTgan mxolod erTi, wm. alpiosi
SeiZleba iqnas gaigivebuli) da erTi scena – inaxi emauss. kedlis ukidures
dasavleT kuTxeSi, mTavari Sesasvlelis dasavleTiT, gamosaxulia wm.
mariam megviptelis ziareba wm. zosimes mier (sur. 12).
moxatulobis am fenis Seqmnaze mogviTxrobs freskuli war-
wera, romelic sadiakvnis darbazis CrdiloeTi kedlis aRmo-
savleT monakveTze iqna Sesrulebuli: moixata sadiakone ese
sakurTxevliTurT – moixata sadiakone ese sakurTxevliTurT.28
ferweruli dekoris bolo, mesame fena XIII saukunis pirvel mesa-
medSi unda SeesrulebinaT. swored am qronologiur monakveTze me-
tyvelebs moxatulobis stili, romelSic maRalprofesiuli xelis
garda TvalSisacemia saxeTa daxvewiloba, feradovani palitris sim-
didre da rafinirebuloba. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mxatvruli gadaw-
yvetis is sazogado Taviseburebebi, romlebic sadiakvnis moxatulo-
bis am fenaSi iCens Tavs, rogorc sakuTriv garejis, ise qveynis sxva
27
S. amiranaSvilis varaudiT, samxreTi kedlis freskebi moxatulobis kidev erT,
meoTxe fenas unda ekuTvnodes. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной
живописи, 44. am mosazrebas iziarebs g. abramiSvilic, romlis dakvirvebiTac aq pir-
veli fenis mxatvrobis kvalic unda Candes. ix. misi – daviT garejelis cikli qr-
Tul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 23. freskebis kvlevam cxadyo, rom isini moxatulobis
mesame fenis nawilia.
28
garejis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, I, 147, 60 (adreuli bibliografiiT).
354 zaza sxirtlaZe
regionTa Tanadroul, amasTan, rac sagulisxmo da angariSgasawevia,

samefo karis gangebiT Sesrulebul ansamblTaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
kerZod, sadiakvnis moxatulobis zeda fena mxatvruli gadawyvetis
mxriv axlosaa garejis mravalmTis aRmosavleT nawilSi, qolagiris
monastris mTavar taZarSi Tamar mefis zeobisas, XII saukunis bolo
wlebSi Seqmnil freskebTan, romlebic bolo dros iqna gawmendili,
restavrirebuli da gamokvleuli.29
●
wm. ninos cxovrebis cikli sadiakvnis darbazis CrdiloeT kedelzea
ganTavsebuli.30 masSi gaerTianebuli oTxi kompozicia daaxloebiT
Tanagvari zomebisaa. wm. daviTis ciklisagan gansxvavebiT, scenebi ara
marto ormxriv – zemodan da qvemodanaa moCarCoebuli wiTeli feris
viwro zolebiT, aramed erTmaneTisgan gamijnulicaa.
sadiakvnis CrdiloeT kedelze ferweris zeda fena TiTqmis mTli-
anadaa warxocili, amitom gamosaxulebebi faqtobrivad mxolod silu-
etebis saxiTRa ikiTxeba, amasTan, maTi sagrZnobi nawili – xangrZlivi
dakvirvebis Semdeg. dazianebis Sedegia isic, rom freskebs sul ramden-
ime feriRa SemorCa, esaa: muqi wiTeli, yviTeli, TeTri, aqa-iq kontur-
isTvis naxmari yavisferi, patiosani Tvlebis aRmniSvneli muqi laJ-
vardisferi. oTxive scena TeTri feris fonze yofila warmodgenili.
ciklis pirvel scenaSi ferweruli fenisa da gamosaxulebaTa naSTe-
bi mxolod marjvena monakveTs SemorCa. gairCeva erTi figuris fragmen-
tebi kompoziciis kideSi. fexze mdgomi, Saravandmosili figura marcx-
nivaa mimarTuli. mis marjvena mxarTan muqi wiTeli laqis saxiT ikiTxeba
Sveulad amarTuli sworkuTxa nagebobis (?) fragmenti (sur. 13). ciklSi
gaerTianebul siuJetTa qronologiuri Tanamimdevrobis mixedviT
mosalodnelia, rom aq wm. ninos qarTlSi mosvlisa da mis samisionero
moRvaweobis dasawyisTan dakavSirebuli romelime epizodi (wm. ninos
qarTlSi mosvla, naTlisa kacis xilva faravnis tbasTan, RmrTismSoblis
gamocxadeba, an raime sxva) yofiliyo warmodgenili.
29
vrclad amis Taobaze ix. zaza sxirtlaZe, istoriul pirTa portretebi gare-
jis mravalmTis qolagiris monasterSi (Tbilisi, 2000).
30
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis mxatvrobis zeda fenas da, Ses-
abamisad, wminda ninos cxovrebis masSi warmodgenil cikls S. amiranaSvili mefe de-
metre II-is zeobis xaniT aTariRebs. Амиранашвили, История грузинской монументальной
живописи, 52-53. avtori iqve CamoTvlis ciklSi gaerTianebul scenaTa rigs, oRon-
dac movlenaTa/epizodTa Tanamimdevrobas igi aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT aiTv-
lis, amasTan, siuJetebs ase aigivebs: 1. wminda ninosadmi RmrTismSoblis gamocx-
adeba; 2. cxovelmyofeli svetis saswauli; 3. ufliswul revis gankurneba wm. ninos
mier; meoTxe scenis gaigiveba, misi Zlieri dazianebisa da fragmentulobis gamo,
ukve imxanad SeuZlebeli iyo.
momdevno, meore scena gankurnebaa (sur. 13, 14). kompoziciis SuaSi,

qveda naxevarze, muqi wiTeli feris sarecelze mwoli, kvarTiTa da
mosasxamiT mosili srulwlovani piris figuraa. sarecelis laqa mTli-
anad faravs scenis qveda monakveTs. marcxniv mas sworkuTxa moxazuloba
aqvs, marjvniv ki araTanabari simaRlis laqis saxe, ris gamoc fonad (`mi-
wad~) ufro aRiqmeba. sareceli mayureblisken ramdenadme amobruneb-
uli gamousaxavT, marTlmadideblur saxviT tradiciaSi damkvidre-
buli `perspeqtivis~ Sesabamisad. sarecelze mwolis TavqveS sworkuTxa
moxazulobis moyviTalo sagebi (baliSi?) ikiTxeba. misi Saravandisa da
mosasxamis feri mTlianadaa dakarguli, kvarTi ki TeTria. sareclis
boloSi, sworkuTxa moxazulobis nagebobis fonze (misi feric aRar
SemorCa) dgas grZel samosSi gamowyobili figura ganpyrobili xelebiT
(mcire oranta). samosis zeda naxevars SemorCa TeTri feris laqebi, mox-
azulobiT msgavsi omforisa an sworkuTxa gulispirisa. Sua monakveT-
ze, aseve sareclis ukan, siluetis saxiT SemorCenili, Saravandmosili,
xelebganpyrobili figuraa – savaraudod wminda nino. igi marjvnivaa
mimarTuli, amasTan, sarecelze mwolisken odnav daxrili. Tavis mxriv,
am figuriskenaa mimarTuli sareclis TavTan mdgomi ori figura. maT-
gan marcxenasi cota ram Tu SemorCa (ZiriTadad Tavis da mxrebis moxa-
zuloba); marjvena gadaxrilia wmindanisken, amasTan, xelebis dinamiuri
moZraobiT misdami mimarTuli. figurebs ukan TeTri feris, konusuri
moxazulobis mqone mTis laqa ikveTeba. qarTlis moqcevasTan dakav-
Sirebul hagiografiul Tu saistorio wyaroebs SemounaxavT Txroba
wm. ninos mier rogorc nana dedoflis, ise ufliswul revis gankurnebis
Taobaze;31 amasTanave, freskaze warmodgenili figuris zomebi savarau-
dos xdis, rom aq wm. nana dedoflis gankurnebis scena unda gamoesaxaT.
wm. ninos mier samefo saxlis wevrTa gankurneba erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi monakveTia qarTlis moqcevis ciklSi; es epizodebi mx-
olod bevrad mogvianod gvxvdeba qarTul saxviT xelovnebaSi: erT-
erTi varaudis mixedviT, igi asaxuli unda iyos cxovelmyofeli sve-
tis freskaze (1678-1688 ww.);32 mas vxvdebiT wm. ninos vazis jvris Wedur
kuboze (XVIII s. dasawyisi).33
31
Sdr. `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁ~, Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Ze-
glebi, I, dasabeWdad moamzades il. abulaZem, n. aTaneliSvilma, n. goguaZem, l. qa-
jaiam, c. qurcikiZem, c. Wankievma da c. jRamaiam, il. abulaZis xelmZRvanelobiTa
da redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1963), 131 da Semd.
32
vaxtang beriZe, `mcxeTis kaTedralis `sveti-cxoveli~ da qarTlis moqcevis
siuJetebi mis freskebSi~, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe, XV-B (1948), 156; nino Cix-
laZe, `sveticxovlis moxatulobani~, sveticxoveli (Tbilisi, 2010), 254-255.
33
Платон Иоселиани, Описание древностей города Тифлиса (Тифлис, 1866), 120-121;
356 zaza sxirtlaZe
momdevno, mesame scena – cxovelmyofeli svetis saswauli – erT-

erTi umTavresia ciklSi (sur. 13,15). tradiciulad saqarTvelos
eklesiis dafuZnebis xatad gaazrebuli es kompozicia udabnos mo-
nastris eklesiaSi erT-erT TvalsaCino, yvelaze ukeT mosaxilvel
adgilze – sadiakvneSi Sesasvleli Riobis pirispiraa ganTavsebuli;
amgvari kompoziciuri gadawyveta rom SemTxveviTi araa, es savsebiT
cxadia.
scena tradiciuli, Tumca ki lakoniuri sqemiTaa mocemuli – oTx
mfrinav angelozs upyria ovaluri mandorla, romelSic cxovelmyo-
feli svetia moqceuli. mandorlis SigniT gairCeva naTlis meore Sris
rombisebri formac. naTlis Sreebis ferebi mTlianad dakarguli da
isini mxolod konturis mkrTali moxazulobiT gairCeva. SedarebiT
kargad Cans Tbili yviTeli da unabisfer himationebiT mosil an-
gelozTa Tarazuli figurebi oqrosferi oqris SaravandebiT, muqi wi-
Teli feris TmebiT, Tarazuladve gaSlili frTebiT, romelTa wiTel
fonze grZeli da Txeli, TeTri feris monasmebiT bumbulebis naxatia
datanili. siluetis saxiTRa ikiTxeba msxvili, zemoTken odnav davi-
wroebuli svetis qveda naxevris silueti. kompoziciaSi ar Cans arc
wm. ninos da arc masTan myof dedaTa figurebi – rogorc Cans, scenis
zomebis, miT ufro ki misi moxazulobis (ganivad wagrZelebuli swor-
kuTxa are, romelsac TiTqmis mTlianad ikavebs angelozTa mier zec-
ad atacebuli sveti) gaTvaliswinebiT SeirCa SeZlebisdagvarad gant-
virTuli sqema. kompoziciis erTaderTi monakveTi, sadac SeiZleboda
wmindanis da masTan myofi dedebis figurebi ganTavsebuliyo, misi
qveda marcxena da marjvena kuTxeebia, Tumca dRes iq raime gamosax-
ulebis kvali ar Cans.
mravali aswleulis manZilze cxovelmyofeli svetis aRmarTvis
saswaulTan dakavSirebuli scena saqarTvelos eklesiis dafuZnebis
xatad aswleulebis manZilze rCeboda. udabnos monastris mTavari
eklesiis sadiakvnis freska, misi Seqmnis periodis gaTvaliswinebiT,
dReisaTvis cnobilTagan uadresi Cans.34 qarTlis moqcevis es epizodi
mose janaSvili, `ninas jvari~, mwyemsi, 1884, 7, 5-6; Антон Натроев, Мцхет и его со-
бор Свети-Цховели (Тифлис, 1900), 129-130; М. Ткемаладзе, Тифлисский Сионский кафе-
дральный собор (Тифлис, 1904), 22; Б. Эсадзе, Летопись Грузии (Тифлис, 1913), 91; zaza
sxirtlaZe, `wminda nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba~, kr. wminda nino
(Tbilisi, 2008), 337.
34
arsebobs mosazreba, rom sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris aRmosavleT fasadze
mfrinav angelozTa reliefuri gamosaxulebebi swored am scenidan unda iyos
darCenili. qeTevan ColoyaSvili, `sveticxovlis aRmosavleTi fasadis deko-
ratiuli sistema~, sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa dargSi axalgazrda mecnierTa
– swored rogorc saqarTvelos eklesiis dafuZnebis xati – ramdenime

aTwleuliT gvian gamousaxavT anisis e.w. tigran onenciseuli eklesiis
moxatulobaSic, romelic qarTveli ostatebis mieraa Sesrulebuli
(sur. 17).35 cxovelmyofeli svetis saswaulis amsaxveli kompozicia mog-
vianod, rogorc qveynis gaqristianebis erT-erTi umTavresi movlena,
CarTul iqna qarTlis moqcevasa da wminda ninosTan dakavSirebul
ciklebSic, saxeldobr, sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris cxo-
velmyofeli svetis moxatulobaSi (misi samxreTi kedlis qveda re-
gistrSi),36 samTavros wm. ninoseuli eklesiis CrdiloeT kedelze (XIX s.
dasawyisi),37 bodbes eklesiis wm. ninos ekvderSi (1823 w.);38 scena, rogorc
saqarTveloSi qristianobis mkvidrobis ganzogadoebuli xati, aRi-
beWda qveynis samefo droSaze (vaxtang VI-is droSa),39 cxovelmyofe-
li svetis samirones Wedur karze (XVIII s)40 (sur. 19), kaTolikosTa
sabeWdavebze (domenti II-is, anton I-is, domenti III-is, besarionis
III respublikuri konferenciis masalebi (Tbilisi, 1981), 145; Tumca, dRemde es

mosazreba mxolod varaudis saxiT rCeba.
35
Николай Марр, Ани. Книжная история города и раскопки на месте городища (Москва-
Ленинград, 1934; Nicole Thierry, “The Wall Painting at Ani,” in Ani, Monumenti di architettura Ar-
mena, 12 (Milano, 1984), 68-70; Александр Каковкин, “Сцена “Чудесное явление животворящего
креста” в росписи Храма Григория (1215) в Ани”, Зограф, 20 (1989), 30-32 (mcdari interpre-
taciiT); Nicole et Michel Thierry, L’église Saint-Gregoire de Tigran Honenc’ á Ani (1215) (Paris,
1993), 60-62, fig. 30, pl. 29; Antony Eastmond, “Local Saints, Art and Regional Identity in the Ortho-
dox World after the Fourth Crusade,” Speculum, 78/3 (2003), 707-749; Antony Eastmond, “Art and
Identity in the Thirteenth-Century Caucasus,” UCLA, Colloquium Series (Los Angeles, 2000), 3-40;
sxirtlaZe, `wminda nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba~, 334.
36
beriZe, `mcxeTis kaTedralis `sveti-cxoveli~, gv. 159; CixlaZe, `sveticxovlis
moxatulobani~, 253. am publikaciebSi cxovelmyofeli svetis moxatulobaSi war-
modgenili scenebis nawili gansxvavebuladaa gaazrebul-gaigivebuli, Tumca am
scenasTan mimarTebiT orive avtoris mosazrebebi faqtobrivad Tanagvaria.
37
sxirtlaZe, `wminda nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba~, 341-342, sur. 16;
Sdr. agreTve – Евфимий Такаишвили, “Обращение Грузии в христианство, источники грузин-
ских летописей. Три Хроники”, Сборник материалов по описанию местностей и племен Кавка-
за, 28 (1900), 19, прим. 1; abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cxovrebis cikli qarTul ked-
lis mxatvrobaSi (Tbilisi, 1972), 10; mzia janjalia, `wminda ninos cxovrebis cikli
bodbis taZris moxatulobaSi~, sakandidato disertacia (Tbilisi, 1994).
38
Димитрий Пурцеладзе, Историко-археологическое описание Бодбийского собора св. Нины,
просветительницы Грузии (Тифлис, 1888); Георгий Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахети (Тби-
лиси, 1958), 85; janjalia, `bodbis taZris ekvderis moxatuloba da misi literatu-
ruli wyaroebi~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis is-
toriis seria, 3 (1990), 145-157.
39
sara barnaveli, qarTuli droSebi (Tbilisi, 1953), 53-54, tab. XVII.
40
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, A koleqcia, t. II1, Seadgines da dasabeWdad
moamzades T. bregaZem, c. kaxabriSvilma, m. qavTariam, l. quTaTelaZem, c. Wankievma,
l. xevsurianma, el. metrevelis redaqciiT (Tbilisi, 1986), 59-82.
358 zaza sxirtlaZe
sabeWdavebi)41. cxadia, igi gamoisaxeboda xelnawerTa miniaturebSic

(kaTolikos domenti III-is RvawliT 1718 wels gasrulebuli sad-
Resaswaulo, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, A-425, 1718 w.)42 (sur. 18),
ferwerul xatebze (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis
saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumi: sxsm/x – 598, XVIII-XIX ss.; 676, XIX s.; 786,
XIX s.). sabolood, swored am scenis safuZvelze Seiqmna saqarTvelos ek-
lesiis dideba – qveyanaSi qristianobis arsebobis krebiT da ganmazoga-
debel saxed qceuli xati bolo saukune-naxevris manZilze.
ciklis bolo, meoTxe scena Tavisi ikonografiiT uCveuloa;
misi paralelebi ar Cans qarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis ZeglTa Soris.
TiTqmis kvadratuli formis scenaSi warmodgenilia angelozTa ori
dasi, romelTa Sorisac, centrSi, dabal kvarcxlbekze mdgomi wm. ni-
nos frontaluri, Saravandmosili figuraa (sur. 13, 16). wmindanis ga-
mosaxuleba axla erTiani siluetis saxiT ikiTxeba; ferebi SemorCa
mxolod mis kvarcxlbeks, romlis wina, wiTeli feris viwro zolze
erT rigadaa Carigebuli sxvadasxva feris sworkuTxa Tvlebis erTi
wyeba. gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiTaa aRbeWdili mociqulTas-
wori wminda dedisaken mimarTul, mis ganmadidebel angelozTa gra-
ciozuli figurebi, maTi moZraoba, didi zomis, daSvebuli frTebis
formebi. sruli saxiT moCans mxolod winamdgom angelozTa figurebi;
danarCenTagan ZiriTadad mxolod Saravandmosili Tavebi ixilveba.
samosis ferebi – TeTri da wiTeli – am SemTxvevaSic monacvleobs.
mkafio laqebad aRiqmeba angelozTa wiTeli feris Tmebi, agreTve ama-
ve feris frTebi, romlebzec TeTri feris Txeli, Tumca ki Warbi mo-
nasmebiT bumbulis naxati aRiniSneba.
kompozicia Tavisi ikonografiiT wmindanis zecad aRyvanebis an
misi zeciuri didebis gamosaxulebad aRiqmeba. amgvari ram wminda
ninosTan dakavSirebul hagiografiul TxzulebebSi ar Cans da pir-
velwyarod himnografia, saxeldobr wm. ninos daujdomeli an misdami
miZRvnili sagaloblebia sagulvebeli.43
41
sara barnaveli, saqarTvelos sabeWdavebi da sxva gliptikuri masalebi (Tbi-
lisi, 1965), 142-144, tab. XXXV, XXXVIII.
domenti II-is sabeWdavi ar SemorCa. arsebobs misi anabeWdi sabuTze. xelnawerTa
erovnuli centri, Hd-2445. domenti III-is sabeWdavi, ramdenadac vici, gamoqveyneb-
uli ar yofila.
42
qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, A koleqcia, t. II1, 59-82.
43
m. janjalia saeWvod miiCnevs am scenis axsnas, rogorc wm. ninos angeloz-
Tagan Tayvaniscemas an amaRlebas (S. amiranaSvilis mixedviT); misi azriT, isic
ki saTuoa, ekuTvnis Tu ara scena qarTlis moqcevis cikls. janjalia, `bodbis
taZris ekvderis moxatuloba da misi literaturuli wyaroebi~, 152, Sen. 38.
●
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobis
pirveli fena Seiqmna manamde, vidre mravalmTis samonastro gaerTiane-
ba qveynis samefo xelisuflebis uSualo mfarvelobis qveS moeqceoda.
amisagan gansxvavebiT, maSin rodesac mTavar taZarsa da sadiakvneSi
meore da mesame fenis moxatulobebi iqmneboda, gareja mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli jer adgilobriv mmarTvelebTan – kaxeTis samefos gan-
mgeblebTan, xolo Semdgom – erTiani saqarTvelos samefo karTan.
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatulobis sami fenis er-
TianobiT Seqmnili xatovani ansambli mraval kiTxvas wamoWris imasTan
dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor icvleboda midgoma saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
taZris erTiani dekoris programaSi gamJRavnebuli ZiriTadi tenden-
ciebis gacxadebis TvalsazrisiT. marTlac, gamoqvabuli monastris
sakrebulo eklesia da misi freskebi cxadyofs, rom misi TiToeuli
nawilis funqcia da mniSvneloba sxvadasxvagvarad gaiazreboda sami
aswleulis manZilze – X saukunidan moyolebuli XIII saukunis CaTv-
liT, anu im periodisaTvis, roca aq moxatulobebi Seiqmna. amTaviTve
aSkaraa, rom aqcenti TandaTanobiT gadatanil iqna sadiakvnidan taZ-
ris ZiriTad sivrceze, xolo Semdgom – kvlav sadiakvneze. wmindanTa
cxovrebis ciklebis monacvleoba, miT ufro ki wm. daviTis cxovrebis
ciklis gadawera da misi Senacvleba wm. ninos cxovrebis cikliT, im-
azec unda miuTiTebdes, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi unda momxdari-
yo garkveuli cvlilebebi rogorc mravalmTis samonastro kompleq-
sis, ise qveynis cxovrebaSi adgilobriv wmindanTa TayvaniscemasTan
dakavSirebuli gezis saerTo suraTSi. amasTanave, yuradRebas iqcevs
is faqti, rom sadiakvnis moxatulobaSi xeluxleblad iqna datove-
buli sakurTxevlis mxatvroba vedrebis kompoziciiT – Sesabamisad,
cvlilebebi XIII saukunisaTvis ar unda Sexeboda qristianuli saxiT-
metyvelebis zogad mxareebs da igi umTavresad swored saqarTvelos
eklesiis wmindanTa Tayvaniscemis tradicias da masTan dakavSirebul
zogad mizandasaxulobebs miemarTeboda.
umTavresi am mxriv wamoWril sakiTxTa Soris wm. daviT garejelis
cxovrebis ciklTan, saxeldobr, mogvianebiT mis gadawerasTanaa dakav-
Sirebuli. am mxriv gasaTvaliswinebeli Cans ori aspeqti, romelTa na-
Telqmnac dReisaTvis aucilebeli Cans. erTi mxriv, es exeba Rirsi mamis
cxovrebis ciklis gadaweris faqts, meore mxriv ki amisaTvis swored
mociqulTaswori wminda dedis cxovrebis ciklis da masTan erTad sau-
flo ciklis scenebis, axal ikonografiul programaSi gaerTianebuli
sxva kompoziciebisa Tu calkeuli saxeebis arCevans. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT sagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom Tavdapirveli moxatulobisa
360 zaza sxirtlaZe
da, mis kvalad, wm. daviTis cxovrebis ciklis gadawera ver iqneboda
gamowveuli im periodisaTvis misi cudi daculobiT – moxatulobis im
nawilebSi, sadac freskebis zeda fena arc Tu didi xnis win CamoiSala
(maT Soris – wm. ninos cxovrebis ciklis scenebis qveS), Cans, rom Tavda-
pirveli ferweruli dekori saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi sakmaod kargad
iyo Semonaxuli.
dasmul kiTxvaTagan pirvelze pasuxis gacema ioli ar aris. garejis
mravalmTaSi wm. daviTis Rvawlisa da Tayvaniscemis gamorCeulobis,
misi yovlismomcvelobis Taobaze sityva rom ar gamigrZeldes, aRvniS-
nav mxolod, rom swored Rirsi mamis dasakrZalavi iqca qristianuli
kavkasiis erT-erT udides samonastro gaerTianebaSi mravali
aswleulis manZilze momlocvelTa uzarmazari nakadis arsebobis
winapirobad.44 garejSi yovelive warsulSica da amJamadac xom swored
Rirsi mamis RvawlTanaa dakavSirebuli. TavisTavad udabnos monastris
mdebareoba, misi ganuyofeli kavSiri wm. daviTis lavrasTan, aseve
mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda mravalmTis am erT-erTi savanis
mniSvnelobas da iq mimdinare samonastro aRmSeneblobis masStabebs.
bunebrivia, wm. daviTis Tayvaniscemis suraTi uwindeburis Tanag-
vari iyo monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatulobaSi momxdari cvlile-
bebis Tanadroulad Tu amis Semdgomac. rogorc aRiniSna, Rirsi mamis
saswaulebTan dakavSirebul cikls erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi adgili
ekava gamoqvabuli taZris darbazis XI saukunis ferweruli dekoris sa-
erTo programasa da sistemaSi.45 wm. daviTis bubaqarTan SexvedrasTan
dakavSirebuli saswaulis amsaxveli ori sceniT Seimko monastris sa-
martvile – mowameTa, romlis mxatvrobac XII saukuneSi unda iyos
Seqmnili (sur. 20).46 rac mTavaria da sakmaod uCveulo, monastris sa-
44
sxirtlaZe, wm. daviT garejelis gansasvenebeli, 5, 38.
45
kargaxania yuradReba mieqca im faqts, rom wm. daviTis cxovrebis es adreuli
cikli garejel moweseTa mravalmTaSi mosvlisa da samonastro cxovrebis pirvel
etapze udabnoSi maTi mkvidrobis sxvadasxva mxares asaxavs – masSi ver SexvdebiT
saswaulTa epizodebs, radgan aqcenti ZiriTadad asketur moRvaweobaze daismis.
abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 81. ufro gviani
xanis ciklebsa Tu calkeul kompoziciebSi yuradReba Rirsi mamisa da mis mowafeTa
swored saswaulebzea gamaxvilebuli. asea monastris mTavari eklesiis XI saukunis
mxatvrobaSi, sadac, rogorc aRiniSna, warmodgenilia erT-erT saswaulTan dakav-
Sirebuli istoriis sami epizodi, (ix. zemoT, gv. 348-349, sur. 6). amgvari arCevani
imasac unda ganepirobebina, rom saswaulebrivi aspeqtebi ar yofila warmoCenili
X saukuneSi Seqmnil ciklSi, amasTanave isic naTelia, rom aqcentma wm. daviTis,
rogorc mravalmTaSi samonastro cxovrebis damfuZneblis saxidan ufro farTo
masStabebi miiRo da misi saswaulebrivi mxarec moicva.
46
Skhirtladze, “Martyrs and Martyria in the Gareja Desert,” 75-79.
trapezoSi ferweris nawilobrivi ganaxleba-gadawerisas, wminda ma-

mis ukve arsebuli (wm. efTvime mTawmindelTan erTad warmodgenili)
gamosaxulebis garda, swored XIII saukuneSi Sesrulda misi kidev erTi
freskuli saxe.47 imave periods ekuTvnis kompleqsis centralur nawil-
Si mdebare mcire samlocvelos karibWis moxatulobaSi CarTuli wm.
daviTis gamosaxulebac.48 udabnos axlomdebare, amasTan saqarTvelos
samefo karis uSualo gangebiT daarsebuli, berTubnis monastris sa-
trapezos XIII saukunisaTvis Sesrulebuli moxatuloba imiTaa gamor-
Ceuli, rom masSi sxva freskul saxeebTan erTad warmodgenilia wm. da-
viTis cxovrebis sayovelTaod cnobili epizodi – irmebis wvela Rirsi
mama lukianes mier.49 yovelive aRniSnuls ukavSirdeba mravalmTaSi
damkvidrebuli tradiciac, romlis Sesabamisadac samonastro gaer-
Tianebis Semwe qtitorebi – mefeebi, didebulebi, mRvdelmTavrebi Tu
adgilobrivi moweseebi, rogorc wesi, Rirsi mamis winaSe meoxebisa da
kurTxevis miRebisaTvis vedrebad warmdgarni gamoisaxebian: udab-
nos monastris mTavari eklesiis zemoT ganxiluli gamosaxulebebis
garda, am mxriv mravlismetyvelia imave monastris mcire, xarebisad
saxeldebuli eklesiis XIII saukunis miwurulis freska, romelzec
mTavarepiskoposi ioane wm. daviT garejels kurTxevisaTvis warud-
gens mowameobrivad aRsrulebuli mefe demetre II Tavdadebulis su-
lis saoxad mis mier Seqmnil samwirvelos (moxatuloba, rogorc Cans,
swored am mRvdelmTavris RvawliTa da gangebiT Seiqmna) (sur. 21);50 sa-
varaudoa, rom mravalmTis wm. ioane naTlismcemlis mTavari taZris mx-
atvrobaSi warmodgenil vrcel dinastiur rigSi gaerTianebul mefeTa
dasi swored wm. daviT garejelisagan iRebda kurTxevas (gamosaxuleba
amJamad sagrZnobladaa dazianebuli).51 amasTanave, isic cxadia, rom as-
wleulebis manZilze yovelive es ar iyo lokaluri, mxolod adgilo-
brivi samonastro garemoTi Semofargluli movlena – wm. daviTis saxis
adgilsa da mniSvnelobas zogadqarTuli masStabebiT cxadyofs sxva
Zeglebic, sadac igi saqarTvelos eklesiis sxva wmindanebTan erTadaa
warmodgenili. maT Soris aRsaniSnavia yincvisis taZris dasavleTi
kedlis freska (1207)52 – kargadaa cnobili, rom moxatuloba saqarT-
velos samefo karis gangebiTa da RvawliT Seiqmna da misi moTave mwi-
47
Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 31, 33.
48
Алибегашвили, Светский портрет, 110, tab. 81.
49
Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 124-127, tab. 30, 45.
50
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, 72-74; Алибегашвили, Светский
портрет, 53-56.
51
Андрей Муравьев, Грузия и Армения, I (Санкт-Петербург, 1848), 63.
52
Salva amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria (Tbilisi, 1971), 286-287.
362 zaza sxirtlaZe
gnobarTuxuces-Wyondideli anton glonisTavisZe iyo.53 Rirsi mamis

saxe saqarTvelos eklesiis mnaTobTa rigSi warmodgenilia sinas mTis
wm. ekaterines monastris qarTul mravalkared ferwerul xatzec,
romelic XIV saukunis meore naxevarSi unda iyos Seqmnili.54
Rirsi mamis saxisadmi mimarTebis es suraTi cxadyofs: udabnos mo-
nastris mTavari eklesiis xelmeored moxatvisas mniSvnelovani unda
gamxdariyo raime sxva garemoeba, ris gamoc XIII saukunisaTvis gadawy-
da mravalmTis samonastro gaerTianebis fuZisCamyrelis cxovrebis X
saukuneSi Seqmnili ciklis gadawera.
garejis, rogorc qveynis sworupovari samomlocvelo keris
mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT savsebiT naTelia, rom mravalmTaSi
samoweseo cxovrebis damfuZneblis cxovrebis ciklis mniSvneloba samo-
nastro gaerTianebis masStabebze bevrad momcvelad iqna Cafiqrebul-
gaazrebuli; amasTanave, igi, upirveles yovlisa, mainc adgilobrivi
samonastro masStabebiT ganisazRvreboda. gamosaxulebaTa monumen-
turobis, maTi gamorCeuli gamomsaxvelobis pirobebSi, freskebis stili
samonastro mxatvruli wris damaxasiaTebeli nimuSia – es yvelaze metad
weris ramdenadme gamartivebul manerasa da adgilobriv mopovebul
bunebriv pigmentTa gamoyenebiT Seqmnil sada feradovan gamaSi vlin-
deba. am mxriv udabnos eklesiis sadiakvnis pirveli fenis freskebi gare-
jis samonastro gaerTianebis samxatvro skolis adreuli etapis qmnile-
baa, mravalmTis istoriis sawyis etapze aq mkvidr moweseTa mier gadaw-
yvetili da Seqmnili. Tavis mxriv, misi Seqmna, iseve rogorc mravalmTis
samonastro aRmSeneblobaSi momxdari sagrZnobi cvlilebebi, savsebiT
SeiZleba dakavSirebuli yofiliyo wm. ilarion qarTvelis moRvaweobas-
Tan garejSi.55 IX saukunis SuaxanebisaTvis, palestinidan dabrunebis kva-
lad, swored wm. ilarionma iRvawa mravalmTaSi samonastro cxovrebis
axali aRmavlobisaTvis. iqidan moyolebuli, samoweseo cxovreba garej-
Si wm. sabas tipikonis Sesabamisad warimarTeba, ganaxldeba da ganivrco-
53
konstantine vaCeiSvili, `yincvisis mSeneblis gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb”, saqarTve-
los mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. 32, #3 (1963), 745-752; Алибегашвили, Светский
портрет, 23-25, 35-38; oTar firaliSvili, yinwvisi (Tbilisi, 1979), 11, 14-15; Екате-
рина Привалова, Роспись Тимотесубани (Тбилиси, 1980), 134-136; Eastmand, Royal, Imagery in
Medieval Georgia, 144-149.
54
Владимир Бенешевич, Памятники Синая, археологические и палеографические, I (Ленин-
град, 1925), 43-44; Doula Mouriki, “La présence géorgienne au Sinaï d’aprés le témoignage des icons
du monastére de Sainte-Catherine,” Byzance et la Géorgie. Papports artistiques et culturels, Sympo-
sium, résumés des rapports (Aténes, 1990), 40.
55
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, 35-42; korneli kekeliZe, etiude-
bi Zveli qarTuli literaturis istoriidan, IV (Tbilisi, 1959), 134-158; manana dola-
qiZe, ilarion qarTvelis cxovrebis Zveli redaqciebi (Tbilisi, 1974), 37-57, 68-77.
ba wm. daviTis lavra da misi mTavari salocavi, uflis feriscvalebis

eklesia – wm. daviTis dasakrZalavi; rac mTavaria, samonastro aRmSe-
neblobis talRa moicavs mravalmTis vrcel teritorias – amis Sedegad
sagrZnoblad gaizrdeba axali monastrebisa da samxolooebis ricxvi
garejis udabnos sxvadasxva nawilSi.56 gamoqvabuli monastrebis saerTo
gegmarebiT-xuroTmoZRvruli saxis garkveul cvlilebebTan erTad
iwyeba eklesia-samlocveloebis moxatva.
udabnos monastris sakrebulo eklesiis sadiakvnes ferwerul
ciklSi CasarTavad saswaulTa epizodebis arCevani mowmobs, rom
adgilobriv moweseTa da maTTan SemokrebilTa yuradReba, upirveles
yovlisa, mravalmTaSi samonastro cxovrebis dafuZnebis istoriis
xatovani warmoCenisaken unda yofiliyo mimarTuli. swored amaze
mogviTxrobs SerCeul epizodTa rigi – wm. daviTisa da wm. lukianes
mravalmTis udabnoSi misvlidan dawyebuli da Rirsi mamis mier
ierusalimis molocviT dasrulebuli. es ara marto wm. daviTisa da wm.
lukianes, aramed mravalmTaSi mkvidr Rirs mamaTa Rvawlis amsaxveli,
garegnulad ubralo da uSualo mxatvruli eniT gadmocemuli, amasTan
Sinaganad uaRresad didi mniSvnelovanebiT datvirTuli istoriaa.
mogvianod, monastris mTavari eklesiis darbazis moxatvisas,
suraTi icvleba – ferwerul ansamblSi, sadiakvnis mxatvrobasTan
SedarebiT, ufro farToa saerTo saRvTismetyvelo konteqsti,
mravlismomcvelia vrceli ikonografiuli programis Semadgenel
saxeTa erTianoba. amasTanave, ferwerul ansamblSi CarTul iqna wm.
daviTis cxovrebis ciklis is epizodebi, romlebic mis saswaulebs
asaxavs. am mxriv garkveuli tendenciis arsebobaze metyvelebs Rirsi
mamis saswaulTa epizodebis SerCeva udabnos monastris garejis sxva
ferwerul ansamblebSic. saxeldobr, udabnos monastris samartvilis,
56
givi gafrindaSvili, gareji (Tbilisi, 1987), 22-30; Вольская, “Росписи пещерных
монастырей Давид Гареджи”, 131-139; zaza sxirtlaZe, sabereebis freskuli warwere-
bi (Tbilisi, 1985); Zaza Skhirtladze, “Newly discovered early paintings in the Gareja desert,” in
Eastern Approaches to Byzantium, ed., A. Eastmond (Aldershot, 2001), 149-167; zaza sxirtlaZe,
`masalebi garejis mravalmTis adreul moxatulobaTa SeswavlisaTvis~, kr. qris-
tianobis oci saukune saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 2004), 253-271; Гиви Гаприндашвили,
“Скальные купольные памятники и их значение в развитии монументальной архитектуры Гру-
зии”, speleologiuri Ziebani, 12 (1988), 9-15. bolo wlebSi kompleqsebi Seswavlil
iqna intasis (INTAS) mier dafinansebuli saerTaSoriso proeqtis farglebSi. Antony
Eastmond and Zaza Skhirtladze, “First fieldwork report on the survey, restoration and analysis of re-
cently discovered rock-cut monasteries in the Gareja desert of Georgia,” Bulletin of British Byzantine
Studies, 25 (1999), 27-30; Antony Eastmond and Zaza Skhirtladze, “Final report on an INTAS project
to survey, record and restore a number of newly discovered rock-cut monasteries in the Gareja desert,
Georgia,” Bulletin of British Byzantine Studies, 27 (2001), 36-38.
364 zaza sxirtlaZe
mowameTas freskebi warmarTi erisTavis, bubaqaris xelis ganxmobisa

da misi qristianul rwmenaSi Sesvla-ganmtkicebis kvalad – gankurne-
bis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs.57 am scenaTa gverdiT, samartvilis Crdilo-
eT kedelze, oTx epizodad warmodgenilia dampyrobTa (savaraudod,
Turq seljukTa) mier garejeli berebis mosrvis istoria.58 Rirsi
mamis saswaulis epizodi, masSi gacxadebuli, qristianuli rwmenis
wiaRSi aRdgomis winaswaruwyebasTan dakavSirebuli, saxismetyvele-
biTi sazrisiT, uSualod exmianeboda adgilobriv moweseTa mowameb-
rivi aRsrulebis xatovan istorias. amasTanave, amgvari erTianoba ima-
sac gagvicxadebs, Tu mravalmTis istoriis sxvadasxva etapze rogor
gaiazreboda Rirsi mamis cxovrebis esa Tu is epizodi. wm. daviTis
saswaulis scenaa warmodgenili berTubnis monastris satrapezo-
Sic – igi, erTi mxriv, moazrebul iqna trapezTan da evqaristiasTan
dakavSirebul saxeTa erTianobaSi, gamoqvabul saTavss rom amkobs,
meore mxriv ki, swored mravalmTis wiaRSi aRsrulebul im saswa-
ulze mogviTxrobs, romelic ase saCino da STambeWdavia Rirsi mamis
moRvaweobaSi.59
naTelia – samonastro gaerTianebis cxovrebis axal etapze, saxel-
dobr XI saukunidan moyolebuli, tradiciulTa gverdiT garejis mra-
valmTis samxatvro garemoSi Tavs iCenda prioritetTa axali wyeba.
maSin rodesac sadiakvnis mxatvrobaSi wm. ninos moRvaweobis am-
saxvel kompoziciaTa rigi iqna warmodgenili, wm. daviTis cxovrebis
ciklis Seqmnidan, sul mcire, sami aswleuli mainc iyo gasuli. ganv-
lili drois manZilze icvleboda samonastro centris masStabebica
da samonastro cxovrebis saerTo suraTic – adgilobriv moweseTa
Rvawli, mravalmTis samonastro aRmSenebloba, cxadia, mudam rCebo-
da erT-erT umTavres Temad, Tumca ki droTa ganmavlobaSi am mxrivac
bevri ram unda Secvliliyo. IX-X saukuneebis samoweseo moRvaweobis
suraTi, romelic wm. ilarion qarTvelis droidan unda damkvidrebu-
liyo mravalmTaSi, garejis monastrebis samefo karis mfarvelobaSi
gadasvlisa da, Sesabamisad, samefo donisa da masStabebis Sewirule-
ba-aRmSeneblobis pirobebSi, kidev ufro gansxvavebul xasiaTs Sei-
Zens. freskebSi uxvad gamoyenebuli Zvirfasi pigmentebi, maT Soris
– oqro da laJvardi, romlebic samefo karis gangebiT Seqmnil fer-
werul ansamblebSi – wm. ioane naTlismcemlis, berTubnis, qolagiris
57
abramiSvili, daviT garejelis cikli qarTuli kedlis mxatvrobaSi, 101-112;
Skhirtladze, “Martyrs and Martyria in the Gareja Desert,” 75-78.
58
Skhirtladze, “Martyrs and Martyria in the Gareja Desert,” 78, sur. 14.
59
Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 124-127.
monasterTa mTavar eklesiebSi, agreTve udabnos monastris mcire

samlocveloSi – mefe demetre II-is samwirveloSi gvxvdeba, TavisTa-
vad metyvelebs am mxriv mravalmTaSi momxdar cvlilebebze.60 didi
saqonebeli aSkarad aisaxeboda samonastro yofis xasiaTzec. Tuki X
saukunis moxatulobaSi upiratesi iyo garejel berTa udabnoSi dam-
kvidrebis Sesaxeb Txroba, XIII saukunisaTvis win iwevs sxva, bevrad
zogadi xasiaTis Temebi, axali, epoqis Sesabamisi, aspeqtebiT.
rogorc Cans, es unda gamxdariyo erT-erTi arsebiTi winapiroba
udabnos mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobis gadawerisa da misi
ikonografiuli programis arsebiTi cvlilebisa.
moxatulobis programis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli problemis
meore aspeqti wm. daviTis moRvaweobis xatovani istoriis gadawera-
SecvlisaTvis swored wm. ninos ciklis arCevanis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba.
wm. ninos cxovrebis cikli, romelic udabnos monastris freske-
bma Semogvinaxa, uadresia mociqulTaswori wminda dedis moRvaweo-
bis amsaxvel, dReisaTvis cnobil, ilustraciaTa Soris. qveynis gan-
manaTleblis Tayvaniscemis mravalaswlovani, amasTan sworupovari
suraTis fonze, erTi SexedviT uCveuloc ki Cans is garemoeba, rom
masTan dakavSirebuli siwmindeebi, misi Rvawlis amsaxveli xuroTmoZ-
Rvrebisa Tu saxviTi xelovnebis Zeglebi, adreuli xanidan mxolod
mcxeTasa da bodbeSi SemorCa. wm. ninos erTaderTi, XII saukunemdeli
gamosaxuleba oSkis taZris samxreTi galereis 960-ian wlebSi Sesrule-
buli reliefiT iyo cnobili.61 samagierod, dReisaTvis savsebiT dar-
wmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive, mociqulTaswor dedasTan
dakavSirebuli, XII saukunidan moyolebuli sruliad axal masStabebs
SeiZens – imxanad iqmneba wm. ninos cxovrebis axali redaqciebi;62
iwereba masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxavebi da sagaloblebi; rac mTa-
varia, wminda dedis saxe Zalze xSiradaa CarTuli ferwerul ansamb-
60
Заза Схиртладзе, “Роспись пещерного храма в Бертубани (исследование по истории грузинской
монументальной живописи начала XIII в.)”, Автореферат кандидатской диссертации (Тбилиси, 1987);
sxirtlaZe, istoriul pirTa portretebi garejis mravalmTis qolagiris monasterSi.
61
eqvTime TayaiSvili, 1917 wlis arqeologiuri eqspedicia saqarTvelos samxreT
provinciebSi (Tbilisi, 1960), 50-52; David Winfield, “Some Early Medieval Figure Sculpture
from North-East Turkey,” Journal of the Warbourg and Courtauld Institutes, 31 (1968), 45-57, fig.
11-27; Natela Aladashvili, “The Iconographic Programme and Style of the Sculptural Decoration of a
Column in the South Gallery of Oshki Church,” Georgica, 11 (1988), 119-125; Натела Аладашвили,
“Восьмигранная колонна южной галереи храма Ошки”, Ars Georgica, 10 (1991), 68-80; Wakhtang
Djobadze, Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klarjeti and Šavšeti (Stuttgart, 1992),
105-108; sxirtlaZe, `wminda nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba~, 331-332.
62
CamonaTvali ix. sxirtlaZe, `wminda nino da Zveli qarTuli saxviTi xelovneba~,
330-331.
366 zaza sxirtlaZe
lebSi (sur. 22-24). niSneulia, rom es ansamblebi, saxeldobr: varZiis

(1184-86) yincvisis (daaxl. 1207), berTubnis (XIII s. meore aTwleuli),
anisis (XIII s. Suaxanebi), axtalis (gviani XIII s.), mRvimevis (XIII sauku-
nis 80-iani wlebi)63 moxatulobebi, samefo karis gangebiT Sesrulda
da maT programebSi sxva Sinaarsobriv maxvilebTan erTad, sxvadasxva
gziT miniSnebul-warmoCenil iyo wilxvdomilobis idea; Tavis mxriv,
yovelive es uSualod unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli mefe-qalisa da
qveynis momaqceveli mociqulTaswori dedis saxeTa SefarviTa Tu
cxadliv warmoCenil saxismetyvelebiT mimarTebasTan. cxadia, amis
Taobaze bevri SeiZleboda Tqmuliyo, Tumca amTaviTve naTelia, Tu
ra mniSvneloba hqonda wm. ninos saxes qveynis istoriaSi pirveli mefe-
qalis, Tamaris zeobisas.64
wminda ninos cxovrebis ciklisaTvis scenaTa SerCeva, cxadia,
garkveuli principis mixedviT moxda – ciklis pirveli epizodi, ro-
gorc Cans, qarTlSi mis mosvlasa da samociqulo moRvaweobis dasawyi-
sTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba meore da mesame epi-
zodebs, aq aSkarad aRibeWdeba miniSneba qveyanaSi qristianobis dam-
kvidrebis or momentze – swored Rirsi dedis mier wm. nana dedoflis
gankurnebis Semdgom moinaTla wm. mefe miriani, cxovelmyofeli sve-
tis aRmarTeba ki mudam gaiazreboda qveynad (am SemTxvevaSi – qarTl-
Si) eklesiis dafuZnebis umTavres xatad. Zalze uCveuloa bolo sce-
na – igi angelozTa mier gandidebul mociqulTaswor wminda dedas
warmogvidgens. agiografiul ciklSi CarTuli amgvari ikonografiis
mqone sxva msgavsi kompozicia, romelic zeciur ZalTa mier gandide-
bul wm. ninos warmogvidgens, dReisaTvis cnobili ar aris. Rirsi de-
dis cxovrebis ciklSi gaerTianebuli es kompozicia erT-erTi yvelaze
mkafio mowmobaa misi Tayvaniscemis gamorCeulobisa XII-XIII saukuneTa
mijnisaTvis. sagaloblebi da sakiTxavebi, romlebic imxanad iqmneba
saqarTveloSi, kidev ufro naTels xdis yovelive amis winapirobebs.
uwinares yovlisa, esaa kaTolikos nikoloz gulaberisZis `sakiTxavi
sveti cxovlisa, kvarTisa saufloÁsa da kaTolike eklesiisa~,65 romel-
63
iqve, 332-334.
64
bolo xanebSi am TemasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebodac daiwera – Eastmond, Royal
Imagery in Medieval Georgia, 114-121. ix. agreTve, Michael Tarchnishvili, “Die Legende der heiligen
Nino und die Geschichte des georgischen Nationalbewußtseins,” Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40 (1940),
48-75; Bernadette Martin-Hisard, “Jalons pour une histoire du culte de sainte Nino (fin IVe-XIIIe s.),”
in From Byzantium to Iran. Armenian Studies in Honor of Nina G. Garsoïan, eds., R. W. Thomson, J.-P.
Mahé (Atlanta, GA, 1997), 53-78.
65
nikoloz gulaberisZe, sakiTxavi da galobani sveticxovlisani, gamosacemad
moamzada, gamokvleva da saZieblebi daurTo n. sulavam (mcxeTa, 2007).
Sic wm. ninos, rogorc dedaRmrTisas xvedri qveynis ganmanaTleblisa

da mociqulTasworis Rvawli sagangebodaa gandidebuli, rac, Tavis
mxriv, kidev ufro warmoaCenda mefe Tamaris RvTivcxebulobas, mis
zeobas swored saRvTo gangebiT. ufro mogvianebiT, Tamaris asulis,
rusudanis mefobisas (1223-1245 ww.) kaTolikosi arsen bulmaisimisZe
aseve qmnis wm. ninosadmi miZRvnil sagaloblebs.66 udabnos monastris
mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis freskebi am TxzulebaTa Tanadroulad
Seiqmna da, bunebrivia, maTSi aRbeWdili ideebis xatovan Sesabamisobad
SeiZleboda yofiliyo gaazrebuli.
wm. daviT garejelis, rogorc qveynad samonastro wiaRis erT-erTi
moTave misioneris da Tavisi masStabebiT gamorCeuli samonastro
gaerTianebis fuZisCamyrelis Rvawli saqarTveloSi aswleulebis
manZilze mudmivobiT iyo aRbeWdili. amisagan gansxvavebiT, wm. ninos,
rogorc qveynis momaqceveli mociqulTa swori moRvawis saxe mudam
gaiazreboda ara mxolod saerTo erovnuli, aramed saerTo kavkasi-
uri da aRmosavlur-qristianuli TvalsawieriTac. mociqulTaswo-
ri wminda dedis Tayvaniscemis es masStabebi gansakuTrebiT saCino
xdeba swored XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnisaTvis, mefe Tamaris zeobaSi,
rac sruliad bunebrivi iyo qveynis, kerZod ki misi samefo karisa
da eklesiis mizandasaxulobebidan gamomdinare. ase rom, naTelia:
gadawyveta wm. daviTis cxovrebis ciklis Senacvlebisa wm. ninos
cxovrebis cikliT unda asaxavdes qveynis politikur, socialur
da kulturul cxovrebaSi, Sesabamisad – sulier gezSi ramdenime
saukunis manZilze momxdar cvlilebebs, masTan erTad ki garejisa
da mis mesveurTa mzaobasa da miswrafebas – epoqis tendenciebi
srulad aRbeWdiliyo samonastro gaerTianebis samxatvro skolis
qmnilebebSi.
aqve bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva sadiakvnis dasavleT kedelze gan-
Tavsebul kompoziciebTan dakavSirebiT. wm. ninos cxovrebis ciklis
gaswvriv ganTavsebuli ganrRveulis gankurneba, qriste da samarieli
dedakaci, brmis gankurneba Tavisi zomebiT Rirsi dedis cxovrebis
zemoT aRwerili kompoziciebis Tanagvaria; ase rom, wm. daviTis
cxovrebis ciklis msgavsad, sadiakvnis xelmeored moxatvisas, scenaTa
66
sagaloblis dReisaTvis cnobili uadresi nusxa (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,
H-1349, f. 3-9) 1240-ian wlebSia Seqmnili. sxva xelnawerebi bevrad gviani droisaa,
XVII-XVIII saukuneebisa. arsen bulmaisimisZis da misi Txzulebebis Sesaxeb ix. Michael
Tarchnishvili, Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur (Vatican, 1955), 239-242; nestan su-
lava, àrsen bulmaisimisZe, galobani wmidisa mociqulisa ninoÁsni”, literatura
da xelovneba, 1 (1999), 28-43; nestan sulava, XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli himnogra-
fia (Tbilisi, 2003), 211-220.
368 zaza sxirtlaZe
rigi sadiakvnis darbazis orsave kedelze erTian ciklad aRiqmeboda.

qristologiuri rigis kompoziciaTa arCevani cxadyofs gamoqvabuli
saTavsis meore fenis moxatulobis ikonografiuli programis
garkveul mimarTebas liturgikul kalendarTan – amis upirvelesi
mowmoba brwyinvale Svideulis pirveli kviris sakiTxavebTan dasa-
xelebul scenaTa kavSiria. amasTanave, isic naTeli unda iyos, rom
saxismetyvelebiTad samive maTgani uSualod exmianeba wm. ninos
cxovrebisa da qarTlis moqcevis cikls: Tvalis axilvis saswauli wm.
ninos makurnebel saswaulsac SeiZleba daukavSirdes, imavdroulad
ki qarTlis moqcevasa da amiT qarTvelTa Tvalis axilvas (Sdr. sjad
sofelsa amas mosrul var me, raÁTa romelni ara xedvides, xedviden da
romelni xedvides dabrmen – ioane, IX:2-12). am mxriv kidev ufro mZaf-
ria mefe mirianisaTvis mzis dabnelebisa da Tvalis axilvis saswauli,
romlis drosac igi mimarTavs ufals: `Sen xar RmerTi yovelTa zeda
RmerTTa da ufali yovelTa zeda ufalTa, RmerTi, romelsa nino qad-
agebs, da saqebeli saxeli Seni yovlisagan dabadebulisa casa queSe da
queyanasa zeda. Sen miÃsen Wirisagan da saxelisdebiTa SeniTa mswrafl
ganminaTle bneli Cemi~.67 dasasrul, wm. ninos daujdomelSi mociqul-
Taswori wminda deda moixsenieba, rogorc brmaTaTvis Tvalis amxil-
veli: `viTar-igi brmani gankurnen locviTa, aq egreTve Cuenca mwuxare-
bis siZnele ganguZarcven nino, sakvirvelebaTa sakvirvelo~ (galoba e,
sZlispiri). samarieli dedakacisadmi qristes qadageba WeSmariti gzis
Taobaze, cxadia, zedmiwevniT pasuxobs qarTlis moqcevis sazriss –
wm. ninos mier qristianuli WeSmaritebis qadagebas da saswaulebs am
procesSi.68
Zveli aRTqmis ori scena – rogorc abraamis msxverplSewirva, ise
iakobis kibe – romlebic sakurTxevlisa da sadiakvnis damakavSirebeli
Riobis Tavanebze iqna warmodgenili, Tavisi saRmrTismetyvelo
sazrisiT evqaristias da sakurTxevlis siwmindes miemarTeba. es
SeiZleba yofiliyo erT-erTi im winapirobaTagan, romliTac aixs-
neboda maTi ganTavseba eklesiisa da misi sadiakvnis sakurTxevelTa
Soris.69 Zveli aRTqmis mesame scenis – winaswarmetyvel elias zecad
67
Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I, 135-136.
68
cxadia, am scenaTa SerCevisas garkveulwilad gaTvaliswinebul iqna taZris
darbazis moxatulobis ikonografiuli programa, saxeldobr is garemoeba, rom
iq aTormet dResaswaulTa ciklis scenebi iyo warmodgenili. `macxovrisa da sa-
marieli dedakacis Sexvedra~ warmodgenilia berTubnis monastris satrapezos XIII
saukunis dasawyisisave moxatulobaSi, sadac scenis evqaristuli sazrisi iwevs win.
Вольская, Росписи средневековых трапезных Грузии, 123-124, tab. 43.
69
Sdr. àbraamis msxverplSewirvis~ gamosaxulebebi eklesiis bemaSi – gÁulÁu deres
amaRlebis gamosaxvas sadiakvnis sakurTxevlis konqis CrdiloeT

qanobze mravalmxrivi gaazreba SeiZleba moeZebnos – maTgan erT-
erTi umTavresia zogadi sazrisi, romlis mixedviTac RvTis mier
winaswarmetyvelisaTvis Tavisi xalenis gadacema SesaZloa gan-
xiluli iqnas, rogorc macxovris mier madlis gardamovlena da mas-
Tan ziareba.70 aranakleb mniSvnelovani Cans meore winapiroba, da-
kavSirebuli uSualod saqarTvelosTan da aseve wilxvdomilobis
ideiT garkveulad datvirTuli: gadmocemis mixedviT, elia wi-
naswarmetyvelis xaleni iseTive siwmindea, rogorc uflis kvarTi,
xolo elias xalenisa da uflis kvarTis daflvis adgilze wm. ninos
mier wmidaÁ wmidaTaÁs Tanafardi salocavis – saqarTvelos deda-
eklesiis, sveticxovlis kaTolike eklesiis dafuZneba71 Zveli da
axali sjulis monacvleobis erT-erT xatad SeiZleboda yofiliyo
aRqmuli.
kidev erTi scena, romelsac evqaristiuli datvirTva aqvs, wm.
zosimes mier wm. mariam megviptelis ziarebaa. es scena aseve SeiZleba
aRqmul iqnas qarTlis moqcevasTan mimarTebiT. amasTan dakavSirebiT
niSneuli Cans udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis freskis Tana-
drouli gamosaxulebebi varZiasa72 da beTaniaSi,73 iseve rogorc maTTan
mimarTebiT gamoTqmuli varaudi, rom, SesaZloa, am Temas garkveuli
politikuri datvirTva hqonoda mefe-qalis mmarTvelobisas, rogorc
qalis marTlmorwmuneobisa da xsnis winasaxes.74
momavali gankiTxvisaTvis ganmzadebuli saydris xatis – hetimasiis
damateba ferweruli dekorisaTvis, SesaZloa aseve yofiliyo gar-
4 samlocvelo (igive aivali qilise), emin qilise, uÁuqSeqlis 2 eklesia, wm. giorgis
eklesia orTayoiSi. Jolivet-Lévy, Le Cappadoce médiévale, 301-303.
70
PG XL:46; Reallexikon zur Byzantinishcen Kunst, 2 (1978), 90-93. elia winaswarmetyvelis
amaRleba xaxulis monastris mTavari taZris moxatulobaSi (XI s. dasawyisi) oTx
epizodadaa warmodgenili. Nicole Thierry, “La peinture medievale géorgienne,” Corsi di cultura
sull’arte ravennate e bizantina (Ravenna, 1973), 411-412, fig. 1 – gadabeWdilia imave avtoris
wignSi Peintures d’Asie Mineure et Transcaucasie aux Xe et XIe s. (Aldershot, 1977), VI; Djobadze,
Early Medieval Georgian Monasteries in Historic Tao, Klarjeti and Šavšeti, 153; kapadokiur ma-
galiTTa mixedviT, gamosaxulebis saxismetyvelebiT mimarTebaze dasakrZalavTa
daniSnulebasTan ix. Michel et Nicole Thierry, “Ayvali kilise ou pigeonnier du Gülli Dere. Église
inédite de Cappadoce,” Cahiers Archéologiques, XV (1965), 121-124.
71
lela patariZe, `moqcevaÁ qarTlisaÁs~ drois koncefciis gagebisTvis~, macne,
enis da literaturis seria, 2 (1987), 109-113.
72
Givi Gaprindashvili, Ancient Monuments of Georgia: Vardzia. Architecture, Wall Painting, Applied
arts (Leningrad, 1975), figs. 110-111.
73
asmaT oqropiriZe, `beTaniis mxatvroba da marTlmadidebluri ferweris zo-
gierTi aspeqti~, speqtri, 1 (2004).
74
Eastmond, Royal Imagery in Medieval Georgia, 118.
370 zaza sxirtlaZe
kveuli gamoZaxili qristianul aRmosavleTSi im epoqisaTvis mimdinare

saRmrTismetyvelo-liturgikuli debatebisa da maTi Sesabamisi cvli-
lebebisa saxviT praqtikaSi, maT Soris – monumentur ferweraSi.75
am gamosaxulebaTagan TiToeuli SeiZleboda bevrad ufro vrclad
yofiliyo ganxiluli; Tumca ki is, rac maTTan mimarTebiT aRiniSna, ukve
TavisTavad mianiSnebs, rom udabnos monastris mTavar eklesiaSi XII-XIII
saukuneTa mijnisaTvis Sesrulebuli moxatuloba, ferweris iqve Semor-
Cenil adreul fenebTan SedarebiT, bevrad ufro mravlismomcveli iyo
da sxvadasxva saxismetyvelebiT aspeqtebs aerTianebda.
sadiakvnis ferweruli Semkulobis programisaTvis wm. ninos cxov-
rebis ciklis SerCeva da misi sagangebo aqcentireba kidev erTi mow-
mobaa im ganuyoflobisa, romelic aRbeWdavda garejis samonastro
gaerTianebas XII-XIII saukuneebis saqarTvelos sulieri cxovrebis saer-
To nakadSi. araferia uCveulo imaSi, rom mravalmTis mkvidrni uSua-
lod exmianebodnen qveyanaSi mimdinare procesebs – garejis samoweseo
gaerTianeba da misi ferweruli skola xom am mxriv mudam iyo gamor-
Ceuli qveynis sxva sasuliero keraTa Soris.
ferwerul ansamblSi CarTul saxeTa erTianoba cxadyofs, rom XIII
saukunisaTvis udabnos monastersa da mis salocavebs uwindeburad
hqondaT SenarCunebuli mravalmTis sasuliero keris erT-erTi umniS-
vnelovanesi siwmindis mniSvneloba. am mxriv sagulisxmo Cans mravalm-
Tis umTavresi, saarqimandrito monastrebisa da iq Seqmnili moxatu-
lobebis magaliTi: wm. ioane naTlismcemlisa da berTubnis monasterTa
mTavar taZrebs aseve aqvT darbazis CrdiloeTiT gamokveTili sadi-
akvneebi, Tumca arc erTi maTgani moxatuli ar yofila.76 samagierod
freskebi SemorCa qolagiris monastris mTavari taZris CrdiloeT
ekvders, sadac XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnis samefo karis didmoxeleTa da
saqarTvelos eklesiis maRal ierarqTa gamosaxulebebis vrceli rigi
iqna warmodgenili.77 msgavsi magaliTebi cnobilia qveynis sxva kuTxis
Tanadroul samonastro kompleqsebSic – varZiis mTavari taZris dar-
75
Гордана Бабич, “Христолошке распре у XIII веку и поjава нових сцена у апсидальном декору
византjских црква”, Зборник за ликовне уметности, 2 (1966), 9-31; Gordana Babic, “Les discussions
christologiques et le décor des églises Byzantines au XIIIe siècle. Les évêques officiant devant l’Hétima-
sie et devant l’Amnos,” Frühmittelalterliche Studien, 2 (1968), 268-386; Suzy Dufrenne, “L’enrichisse-
ment du programme iconographique dans les églises Byzantines du XIIéme siécle,” L’art byzantin du XIIIe
siécles, Symposium de Sopocani, 1965 (Beograd, 1967), 35-38; Christopher Walter, Art and Liturgy of
Byzantine Church (London, 1982), 199-214.
76
Чубинашвили, Пещерные монастыри Давид Гареджи, 44, 64.
77
sxirtlaZe, istoriul pirTa portretebi garejis mravalmTis qolagiris
monasterSi.
bazis CrdiloeTiT aseve SeuqmniaT sadiakvne, romelSic salxinebelia

gamarTuli.78 yovelive es saTavsis liturgikul funqciaze unda mian-
iSnebdes, Tumca ra iyo amgvari damatebiTi saTavsebis Seqmnis umTavre-
si mizezi sxvadasxva samonastro gaerTianebis swored gamoqvabul mo-
nastrebSi, dRemde mTlad naTeli ar aris. udabnos magaliTi imaze unda
miuTiTebdes, rom amgvari saTavsi – sadiakvne Tu ekvderi – savsebiT
SeiZleboda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli romelime wmindanTan – is faqti,
rom udabnos monastris sakrebulo eklesiis orive (rogorc Tavi ekle-
siis darbazis, ise sadiakvnis) mxatvrobaSi erTi da imave wmindanis (wm.
daviT garejelis) Tema iqna xazgasmulad win wamoweuli, mravlismTqme-
lia. TumcaRa, gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom eklesiisa da sadiakvnis
kedlebze Semonaxul mravalricxovan warweraTa Soris ar gvxvdeba
grafitebi, romlebic wminda ninos miemarTeba.79
aSkaraa – XIII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis udabnos monastris ekle-
siis am nawilis mniSvneloba iseTive gamorCeuli unda yofiliyo,
rogorc sami aswleulis win, maSin rodesac aq wm. daviT garejelis
cxovrebis cikli Sesrulda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, axsnas moiTxovs sa-
diakvnis momxatavTa gadawyvetileba – swored aq ganeTavsebinaT wm.
ninos cxovrebis cikli. es gadawyveta garkveulwilad exmianeba oS-
kis taZris SemTxvevas, sadac bevrad ufro adre, X saukunis 60-70-ian
wlebSi swored wm. ninos saxe samxreT galereaSi iqna warmodgenili.80
udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis moxatulobis sami fena
sagrZnoblad sxvaobs erTmaneTisagan ikonografiuli programisa da
mxatvruli gadawyvetis mxriv. sam sxvadasxva periodSi (Sesabamisad
– X saukuneSi, XI saukunis pirvel naxevarSi da XIII saukunis dasawyis-
Si) Seqmnili freskebi naTlad aRbeWdavs da ganacxadebs im realiebs,
romlebmac ganapirobes cvlilebebi rogorc ferweruli ansamblis
calkeul fenaTa sazogado saRvTismetyvelo sazrisTan mimarTebiT,
ise qveyanaSi imxanad gansakuTrebuli masStaburobiTa da mravalmx-
rivobiT warmoCenili saxelmwifo-saeklesio gezis farglebSi.
78
Tania Velmans et. Adriano Alpago-Novello, Miroir de l’invisible: Peintures murales et archi-
tecture de la Géorgie (VIe-XVe s.) (Milan, 1996), 291.
79
garejis epigrafikuli Zeglebi, I, 98 da Semd.
80
ix. zemoT, sqolio 60.
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Reallexikon zur Byzantinishcen. Ed. Marsel Restle. Kunst. 2, 1978
Skhirtladze, Zaza. Martyrs and Martyria in the Gareja Desert. In Monasteres, im-
ages, pouvoirs et societe a Byzance. Ed. M. Kaplan. Byzantina Sorbonensia, 23. Paris,
2006
376 zaza sxirtlaZe
Skhirtladze, Zaza. Les portraits de l’église principale du monastere Natlismtsemeli a

Garedja. Зограф, 23, 1993-1994
Skhirtladze, Zaza. Newly discovered early paintings in the Gareja desert. In Eastern
Approaches to Byzantium. Ed. A. Eastmond. Aldershot, 2001
Skhirtladze, Zaza. The Oldest Paintings in Oshki Church. Byzantine Church Decora-
tion and Georgian Art. Eastern Christian Art, 7, 2010
Tarchnishvili, Michael. Die Legende der heiligen Nino und die Geschichte des georgi-
schen Nationalbewußtseins”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift, 40, 1940
Tarchnishvili, Michael. Geschichte der kirchlichen georgischen Literatur. Vatican,
1955
Teteriatnikov, Natalia. The liturgical planning of Byzantine churches in Cappadocia.
Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 252. Rome, 1996
Thierry, Nicole. La peinture medievale géorgienne. Corsi di cultura sull’arte ravennate
e bizantina. Ravenna, 1973
Thierry, Nicole. La peinture medievale géorgienne. Peintures d’Asie Mineure et Trans-
caucasie aux Xe et XIe s. Aldershot, 1977
Thierry, Nicole. The Wall Painting at Ani. In Ani. Monumenti di architettura Armena,
12. Milano, 1984
Thierry, Michel et Nicole. Ayvali kilise ou pigeonnier du Gülli Dere. Église inédite de
Cappadoce. Cahiers Archéologiques, XV, 1965
Thierry, Nicole et Michel. L’église Saint-Gregoire de Tigran Honenc’ á Ani (1215).
Paris, 1993
Velmans, Tania, et. Adriano Alpago-Novello. Miroir de l’invisible: Peintures murales et
architecture de la Géorgie (VIe-XVe s.). Milano, 1996
Winfield, David. Some Early Medieval Figure Sculpture from North-East Turkey. Jour-
nal of the Warbourg and Courtauld Institutes, 31, 1968
Walter, Christopher. Art and Liturgy of Byzantine Church. London, 1982
sur. 1 garejis mravalmTis udabnos monasteri. mTavari eklesia. gegma.

sur. 2 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvne. sakurTxevlis moxatuloba.
saerTo xedi.
378 zaza sxirtlaZe
sur. 3 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis Tavdapirveli moxatuloba.

sqemebi.
sur. 4 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesia. saerTo xedi samxreT-aRmosavleTidan.

sur. 5 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesia. gankiTxvis dRis kompozicia dasavleT
kedelze. detali.
380 zaza sxirtlaZe
sur. 6 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesia. wm. daviT garejelis cxovrebis ciklis
scenebi CrdiloeT kedelze.
sur. 7 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesia. saqtitoro rigi.
sur. 8 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobis meore

fena. angelozTa dasi da elia winaswarmetyvelis amaRleba sakurTxevlis
CrdiloeT kedelze.
sur. 9 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobis meore fena.
angelozTa dasi sakurTxevlis samxreT kedelze.
382 zaza sxirtlaZe
10 11
12

iakobis kibe. sqema.
abraamis msxverplSewirva. sqema.
wm. mariam megviptelis ziareba wm. zosimes mier. sqema.
13
14

wm. ninos cxovrebis cikli. sqema.
sur. 14 udabnos monastris mTavari eklesiis sadiakvnis moxatulobis meore fena
wm. ninos mier wm. nana dedoflis gankurneba.
384 zaza sxirtlaZe
15
16

cxovelmyofeli svetis saswauli.
wm. ninos zeciuri dideba.
17
sur. 17 anisis tigran honenciseuli eklesiis moxatuloba. cxovelmyofeli svetis

saswauli.
386 zaza sxirtlaZe
18
19
sur. 18 kaTolikos domenti III-seuli sadResaswaulo (xelnawerTa erovnuli centri,

A-425). cxovelmyofeli svetis saswauli.
sur. 19 cxovelmyofeli svetis samironis Weduri kari. cxovelmyofeli svetis
saswauli.
20
21
sur. 20 udabnos monastris samartvilis – mowameTas moxatuloba. wm. daviT gareje-

lis saswaulis scenebi dasavleT kedelze.
sur. 21 udabnos monastris xarebis eklesiis moxatuloba. mTavarepiskoposi ioane
wm. daviT garejelis winaSe.
388 zaza sxirtlaZe
22
23
24
sur. 22 varZiis monastris mTavari eklesia. wm. ninos gamosaxuleba samxreT kedlis
pilastrze.
sur. 23 yincvisis monastris wm. nikolozis eklesia. wm. ninos freska CrdiloeT
gumbaTisqveSa burjze.
sur. 24 berTubnis monastris mTavari eklesia. wm. ninos gamosaxuleba darbazis
dasavleT kedelze, wminda mamaTa da dedaTa rigis centrSi.
25
26
sur. 25 wm. daviT garejeli. udabnos monastris centralur nawilSi mdebare sam–
locvelos karibWis freska
sur. 26 wm. lukianes mier irmebis wvela. berTubnis monastris satrapezos freska.
XVII
qarTul sinodikonebSi dacul jvarosanTa

mosaxseneblebis prosopografiuli Seswavlis
sakiTxisaTvis
vladimer kekelia
Jurnal `qarTvelologiis~ 2010 wlis noember-dekembris nomerSi

gamoqveynda mamuka wurwumias statia: `jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi
ierusalimis jvris monastris xelnawerebSi~.1 avtori ganixilavs or
qarTul xelnawers: xelnawerTa erovnuli centris H-1661 svinaqsar-
sa da parizis nacionaluri biblioTekis Par.Geo.28 oTxTavze dacul
jvarosnebis mosaxseneblebs, maTi kvlevis istorias da mocemuli aqvs
minawerebis prosopografiuli Seswavlis mcdeloba. Catarebuli sam-
uSao mdidar bibliografias eyrdnoba. avtori dasaxelebuli xelnaw-
erebis sinodikonebSi daculi TiToeuli mosaxseneblis cnobebs aana-
lizebs da iqve mocemuli aqvs zogierTi maTganis myari identifikacia,
zogierTis Sesaxeb ki varauds gamoTqvams. maT Soris vrclad exeba ukve
arsebul gaigivebebsac.2 marTalia, minawerebSi daculi fragmentuli
1
mamuka wurwumia, `jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi ierusalimis jvris monastris xe-
lnawerebSi~, qarTvelologia, 6 (2010), 69-95.
2
magaliTad, jofre fausaT – Jofrua fuSes identifikacias, romelic iden-
tificirebulia soso margiSvilis mier. soso margiSvili, miTebi da realoba da-
viT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi, 2006), 263, Sen. 2. imave daskvnamde
damoukideblad Cvenc mivediT. amis Sesaxeb moxseneba pirvelad 2008 wels, mixeil
TamaraSvilis 150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze warmovadgineT: vladi-
mer kekelia, `kidev erTxel qarTvelebisa da tamplierebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb
wminda miwaze XII saukuneSi~. naSromi Sekvecili saxiT 2009 wels r. metrevelis 70
wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil krebulSi gamovaqveyneT: vladimer kekelia, `ramdenime
SeniSvna tamplierebis mosaxseneblebis Sesaxeb~, istoriani (Tbilisi, 2009), 492-5.
s. margiSvilis identifikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis arqonis gamo, misi naSromi
ver mivuTiTeT, ramac zogierT mkiTxvelze moaxdina STabeWdileba, TiTqos es
Cven ganzrax gavakeTeT. am samwuxaro gaugebrobis gamo sinanuls gamovTqvamT.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom fausaT-fuSes msgavseba imdenad TvalSisacemi gaxlavT,
rom imave daskvnamde damoukideblad somexi mkvlevari ovanes kazarianic mivida:
jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi 391
informaciis gamo identificirebebis umravlesobas myari safuZveli

ara aqvs da udavo namdvilad ar aris, razec pretenzias arc avtori
gamoTqvams, magram mocemuli analizi Semdgomi kvleva-ZiebisaTvis nam-
dvilad faseulia.
rac Seexeba Par.Geo.28 xelnaweris minawerebs, sami maTganis m. wur-
wumiaseuli amocnoba-gaigiveba eWvs ar unda iwvevdes. eseni gaxlavT 1.
eustaS II garnies, 2. nablusis vikontis, balduinis ojaxisa da 3. pedro
martinis, pedro gonsalesisa da rodrigo alvaresis mosaxseneblebi.3
Catarebuli Sromatevadi samuSaosa da saintereso analizis mi-
uxedavad, naSromi rig iseTi tipis xarvezebs Seicavs, romelTa aRniS-
vna da SemdgomSi gaTvaliswineba sakiTxis kvlevas xels Seuwyobs.
pirvel yovlisa, unda davazustoT H-1661 xelnaweris, golgoTis
svinaqsaris gadaweris TariRi. xelnaweris 338v gverdze weria: `dai-
wera wigni ese w(midas)a q(a)l(a)qsa| iÀ(rusa)limsa monastersa S(in)a
j(ua)ris(a)sa, Ã(e)liTa ucbad mCxreka|lisa, f(ria)d uRirsisa xuces
monazonisa g(iorg)i dodisiTa. | srul iqmna R(ua)wlsa wm(ida)Tasa mo-
saÃs(e)nebeli ese wigni| berZenTa z(ed)a mefobasa manoelissa, qarTls
– dimi|trissaÁ, iÀ(rusa)l(e)ms-buldionissai. dasabamiTg(a)nni welni
iy|vnes xRnT da qoronikoni tov~.
dasabamis mixedviT, xelnaweri 1155 wels gadawerili gamodis (6759
- 5604). rac Seexeba qoronikons, marTalia, ukanaskneli aso cudad
ikiTxeba da teqstis gamocemebSi dabeWdilia, rogorc g,4 magram masze
sagangebo dakvirvebam gvaCvena, rom iq danamdvilebiT aso v ikiTxeba,
rac Sesabamisad, 1156 wels gvaZlevs (780 + 376).
Ованнес Казарян, “Крестоносцы и Грузия,” http://www.templiers.info/web/a01.php?page=100403a-

krestonoscy-i-gruziya. publikacia gamoqveynebulia 2010 wlis 4 aprils. m. wurwumias
naSromSi agreTve vrclad aris ganxiluli filipe nabluselis saojaxo mosaxsen-
ebeli.
3
wurwumia, `jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi ierusalimis jvris monastris xelnaw-
erebSi~, 84-6, 89-91.
4
elene metreveli, ìerusalimis erTi xelnaweri (mecnieruli aRwerilobis
cda)~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XV-B (Tbilisi, 1948), 38; saqarT-
velos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba (H-koleqcia), Sedge-
nilia da dasabeWdad momzadebulia elene metrevelis mier (Tbilisi, 1950), 83.
392 vladimer kekelia
motanil fotopirze Cans, rom qoronikonis bolo asos marjvena xazi

aSkarad kuTxes ikeTebs da qvemoT aris daxrili, xolo vertikaluri
mkrTali xazi t-sa da o-s simaRleze qvemoT grZeldeba, rac am niSnis
aSkarad v asos formaze miuTiTebs.
xelnaweri 1156 wliT aris daTariRebuli elene metrevelis mier

Sedgenil H koleqciis aRwerilobis IV tomSi.5 am TariRTan Sesabamiso-
baSi modis xelnaweris gadamweris kolofonis informaciac, kerZod, is
garemoeba, rom xelnaweris gadaweris dasrulebis droisTvis saqarT-
veloSi dimitri mefe mefobda. 1155 wels ki taxtze misi Svili, daviT
V zis. samwuxarod, gadaweris drois dasazustebeli sxva sakontrolo
TariRi ar gvaqvs. gadamweri ki an qoronikonis daangariSebisas cdeba,
an dasabams arasworad iTvlis. iqedan gamomdinare, rom TariRebs So-
ris gansxvaveba erTi welia, rac minawerebis qveda zRvars TiTqmis ar
cvlis, marTebuli iqneba, xelnaweris gadaweris TariRad 1155-1156
wlebi mivuTiToT.
garda zemoTqmulisa, m. wurwumias statiaSi motanili golgoTis
svinaqsaris mosaxseneblebis rigi areulia. saqme isaa, rom avtors mi-
nawerebi el. metrevelis naSromis mixedviT moaqvs,6 ukanasknelSi ki
stambis Secdomis gamo meore – esaiasa da misi Svilebis mosaxsenebe-
lia amovardnili, Sesabamisad, minawerebis rigma, Jofrua fuSes mosa-
xseneblidan moyolebuli, erTiT zemoT unda aiwios, e.i. fuSes mosax-
senebeli aris me-3 da ara meore. sasurveli iyo, rom avtors original-
iT an misi fotopiriT esargebla. samwuxarod, aRwerilobis gacnoba
mosaxseneblebis rigSi srul koreqtirebas ver Seitans, vinaidan aRw-
erilobaSi me-2 mosaxsenebeli ki adgilzea, magram sanacvlod me-11-a
gamotovebuli.7 amdenad, minawerebze muSaobisas aucilebelia el. met-
revelis publikaciisa da aRwerilobis erTmaneTTan Sedareba.
5
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 82-86. svi-
naqsaris gadaweris TariRad 1156 welia miTiTebuli qarTul sabWoTa enciklo-
pediis me-3 tomSic (Tbilisi, 1978), 163. gvaqvs qoronikonSi g-s e-d Casworebis
SemTxvevac da amiT qronologiuri Seusabamobis moxsnis mcdeloba. saqarTvelos
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enciklopediuri leqsikoni, redaqtorebi enriko ga-
biZaSvili da eqvTime koWlamazaSvili (Tbilisi, 2007), 201.
6
metreveli, ìerusalimis erTi xelnaweri~, 45.
7
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 84.
calke unda SevexoT avtoris msjelobas sinodikonebSi jvarosnebisa

da tamplierebis ordenis wevrebis moxvedris Sesaxeb. igi wers, rom: `Tavisi
mdebareobisa da siwmindeebis gamo jvris monasteri aucilebeli punqti
iyo piligrimis marSrutSi, rogorc amas cxadyofs araerTi ucxoelis
Canaweri, romlebic jvarosnuli saxelmwifoebis dacemis Semdegac yofi-
lan wminda adgilebSi da jvris monasterSic... sazogadod, aRapebi da mo-
saxseneblebi iwereboda im Sewirulobis sanacvlod, romelsac sulis cx-
onebis mizniT mavani monastrisaTvis gaiRebda... gasagebia, rom am gziT jva-
rosanTa sxvadasxva ojaxs advilad SeeZlo moxvedriliyo jvris monastris
xelnawerebSi~.8 es msjeloba Par.Geo.28 xelnaweris Sesaxeb marTebuli, gasagebi
da ar axalia, magram H-1661 xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT gaugebaria. saqme isaa,
rom xelnawers golgoTis svinaqsars tyuilad ar uwodeben. es svinaqsari jvr-
is monastrisaTvis gankuTvnili ar iyo. jvris monasters sakuTari svinaqsari
hqonda, romelic dRes Jer.Geo.24-25 SifriT ierusalimis marTlmadidebeli sa-
patriarqos biblioTekaSi inaxeba. H-1661 xelnaweri giorgi dodisma golgo-
TisaTvis gadawera, golgoTis sakuTreba iyo da Sesabamisad, golgoTaze in-
axeboda. amas xelnaweris 2v gverdze arsebuli minaweri mowmobs.
èse s(Â)n(a)qs(a)ri aRdg(o)mis s(a)fl(a)v(i)sa ar(i)s~.9
minaweri teqstis xeliTaa Sesrulebuli, amdenad, ZiriTadi teqs-
tis gadaweris Tanadroulia. es xelnaweri imiTic aris saintereso,
rom warmoadgens utyuar dokuments imisas, rom XII saukuneSi jvaros-
nebis mier ierusalimis dakavebis Semdeg qarTvelebs uflis saflavis
taZarTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetiaT. rogorc Jer.Geo.24-25 xelnaweris mi-
nawerebi asaxaven jvris monastrisa da ierusalimis qarTuli kolo-
niis istorias,10 aseve golgoTis svinaqsaris minawerebi uflis safla-
vSi qarTvelebis moRvaweobis istorias Seicaven. H-1661 xelnawerze
jvarosnebis mosaxseneblebis Cawera golgoTaze, uflis saflavis
taZarSi, unda momxdariyo da ara jvris monasterSi.
Tavad minawerebis kvalifikaciasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT,
rom yvela maTgani kerZo mosaxsenebelia da ara aRapi. aRapi iseTi tipis
mosaxsenebelia, romelSic Semomwirvelis moxsenebisaTvis, wirvis an pa-
naSvidis garda gaTvaliswinebuli iyo trapezic.11
8
wurwumia, `jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi ierusalimis jvris monastris xelnaw-
erebSi~, 74.
9
metreveli, ìerusalimis erTi xelnaweri~, 38. amaves gvauwyebs 339r gverdze ar-
sebuli minaweric, Tumca ukanaskneli gviandeli nusxuriT aris dawerili, amdenad
mas aq ar movitanT.
10
jvris monastris svinaqsaris minawerebi ixileT: elene metreveli, masalebi
ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (Tbilisi, 1962).
11
iqve, 9-11.
rac Seexeba Par.Geo.28 xelnaweris mosaxseneblebs, aqac H-1661-is msga-

vsad, el. metrevelis publikaciaSi stambis Secdomis gamo otos karpon
sicilielis mosaxsenebelSi misi saxelis nacvlad weria babiki vardis
Ze, ris Semdegac babiki vardis Zis sruli mosaxsenebeli modis.12 amaze
dayrdnobiT, m. wurwumiam ierusalimSi Sereuli ojaxebis arsebobis va-
raudi gamoTqva, rac srul gaugebrobas iwvevs. teqstSi unda iyos:
ù(fal)o R(merT)o Seiwy(a)l(e)n Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni sikilieli13 otos kar-
pon, p(e)t(r)e da q(rist)e|fore Sv(i)lni misni. da cicilia da loberdi,
frangos fraga~.
ù(fal)o R(merT)o Se(i)wy(a)le C(ue)ni ZmaÁ babiki vardis Ze da | [Svi]lni
misni... da...~
orive xelnaweris sinodikonTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom mi-
nawerebSi naxsenebi pirebis identificirebis dros aucilebelia mo-
saxseneblebze paleografiuli dakvirveba. Tu ramdenime minaweri erTi
da imave xeliTaa Cawerili, maT Sesrulebas erTmaneTisagan didi dro ar
unda aSorebdes, Sesabamisad, minawerebSi naxsenebi pirebis moRvaweo-
bis periodi erTmaneTisagan qronologiurad axlosaa mosaazrebeli,
radgan moxsenebul pirTa umravlesoba xelnawerSi Caweris droisaTvis
cocxlebi arian.
vinaidan xelnawerebSi daculi mosaxseneblebis publikaciisas daS-
vebulia stambis Secdomebi, naSroms vurTavT originalidan da foto-
dan gadmoweril mosaxsenebelTa teqstebs, gansxvavebuli wakiTxvebis
miTiTebiT.
H-1661 xelnaweris 1r - 1v gverdebze moTavsebuli

jvarosnebis mosaxseneblebi14
1. `...sir ug da y(ovel)ni [moyvareni] misni~.

2. `j(ua)ro p(a)t(io)s(a)no S(eiwyal)e esaia da Svilni misni~.
3. `j(uar)o p(a)t(io)s(a)no S(eiwyal)e Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni jofre fausaT~.
12
elene metreveli, `jvris monastris kidev erTi qarTuli xelnaweri jvarosan-
Ta mosaxseneblebiT~, ivane javaxiSvilis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili saiubileo
krebuli, red. g. meliqiSvili (Tbilisi, 1976), 257.
13
sikiliels sicilielad miiCnevda elene metreveli: elene metrevelis piradi
arqivi, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, saqme 514.
14
pirveli xuTi mosaxsenebeli Cawerilia 1r-ze, danarCeni TxuTmeti – 1v-ze. maT-
gan 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15-20, savaraudod, erTi xeliTaa naweri. 10-11 naweria erTi
xeliT. 3, 5, 6, 9, 14 sxvadasxva xeliT aris dawerili.
4. `q. u(fal)o S(eiwyal)e sinenbrin da modear jiraod~.

5. `q. moÃse g~girlm | marbal~.15
6. `q. j(uar)o g(a)nm(a)cx(o)vel(e)b(e)lo adide da S(eiwyal)e | e..e fil-
ipe, elisab(e)d, da elene, | st(e)fane, da m(a)m(a)i elisab(e)disi odi da
dedai| mabila, da papi filipeisi g~i~.16
7. `q. j(ua)ro p(a)tiosano adide da S(eiwyal)e sir | per kumanduri
taZrelTaÁ~.
8. `q. Seiwy(a)le ZmaÁ peri taZrelT(a)Á~.
9. `q. q(rist)e R(merT)o daic(e)v Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni peria da Seundv(e)n
[codvani] misni | da ded(a)Á misi b(a)sila da da mam(a)Á misi pelin~.
10. `q(rist)e R(merT)o Se(iwyale)n Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni gÂliam patera da
ded(a)Á da m(a)m(a)Á misi~.
11. ù(fal)o R(merT)o daicev Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni jirard da ded(a)Á da m(a)m(a)Á
misi~.
12. `q. u(fal)o R(merT)o daicev da Seiwy(a)le Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni | sir si-
Sod [an sibod]. silgilam delol|ivel~.17
13. `q. u(fal)o R(merT)o Seiwy(a)le sir vridriS~.
14. `q. rau, gila, asqiT[an], asilini, | juan, elisabed, i ~e~.
15. `sir udri da mahad moiÃsen(e)n u(fal)o~.
16. `sir rao da miqael u(fal)o Se(iwyale)n da i ~ne~.
17. `qristodul ekon(o)mi moiÃs(e)ne u(fal)o C(ue)ni Zm(a)Á~.
18. `siri jilibed moiÃsene u(fal)o~.
19. `q. j(ua)ro p(a)t(io)sano S(eiwyal)e da daicev sir arb|e ~rd bWe da
Zm(a)Á taZrelTa juan~.
20. `q(rist)e R(merT)o S(eiwyal)e grig(o)l, Zm(a)Á misi k(o)st(a)nt(i)ne |
da ded(a)Á m(a)Ti m(a)r(ia)m~.
15
gi~llm: metreveli, ìerusalimis erTi xelnaweri~, 45; g~gilm: saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, 84; g~girlm [ma]rbal: elene
metrevelis piradi arqivi, xelnawerTa erovnuli centri, saqme 377.
16
zogadad saxeli g~i ixsneba, rogorc giorgi, Tumca mocemul SemTxvevaSi aq ig-
ulisxmeba giiomi. sizustisaTvis saxels gauxsnelad vtovebT.
17
elene metrevelis publikaciebsa da pirad arqivSi dacul masalaSi saxeli
wakiTxulia, rogorc delolvel. silgilam deloliveli Cawerilia gansxvavebuli
xeliT. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom ukanaskneli gvian miamates da mas sir siSodTan
pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs.
Par.Geo.28 xelnaweris 246 r - 246 v gverdebze moTavsebuli

mosaxseneblebi18
1. `Seiwy(a)le, u(fal)o RmerTo, uistasi, garniel, | gatier, damid,

uistasi, hued, rinir, musur, arCnbat~.
2. `q(rist)e R(merT)o daicven da [Seun]dven Zm(a)Ta C(ue)nTa iakobs,
alberd | gliam, vido~.
3. `q(rist)e R(merT)o daicev da Seunden ZmaÁ C(ue)ni sisi da | Svilni:
iane da petre da g(iorg)i da m(a)r(ia)m(i) | dasadi, daRania, seTlali, ra-
mond~.
4. `q[riste RmerTo] daicven da Seiwy(ale)n Zm(a)ni C(ue)nni i(o)s(e)b
da i(oan)e, g(a)br(ie)l | [S]ehanis m(a)S(e)neblisa Svilis Svilni. da Rirs
yven C(ve)n | j(ua)r(e)lTa Zm(o)b(a)sa da Sehanissa~.19
5. ù(fal)o R(merT)o Seiwy(a)l(e)n Zm(a)Á C(ue)ni sikilieli otos kar-
pon, p(e)t(r)e da q(rist)e|fore Sv(i)lni misni. da cicilia da loberdi,
frangos fraga~.
6. ù(fal)o R(merT)o Se(i)wy(a)le C(ue)ni ZmaÁ babiki vardis Ze da |
[Svi]lni misni... da ...~
7. `q[riste RmerTo Seiwyalen Zmani Cuenni] kon[motie an kondofore],
k(on)st(a)nt(i)ne da | bo[tier an Sotier] amin iyavn~.
8. `moiÃs(e)n(e)n u(falo) R(merT)o xazin | lusma[ra] da feris~.
9. `q(rist)e S(eiwyal)e sir der[mad] da sibila da a[ . ]l(i?) ae~.
10. `q(rist)e R(merT)o Seiwyalen... per... irian (?) da [meuR]le da misi...
irsa da Svilni maTni: sriner da [rou]jer da jehan da zal[c]...
el da an[el], a(me)n~.
11. `q(rist)e R(merT)o S(eiwyal)e ZmaÁ C(ue)ni per martine, per gon-
sal, rodri avres~.
12. ès santa sanfo... na~.
`Zelo cxorebisao, Seiwyalen~.
18
pirveli mosaxsenebeli dawerilia 246r-ze, danarCeni minawerebi – 246v-ze. maT-
gan1, 4, 5 da 6 mosaxsenebeli dawerilia sxvadasxva xeliT. 2 da 3, savaraudod, erTi
xeliTaa naweri. 7 mosaxseneblidan moyolebuli naweri fotosa da mikroze cudad
irCeva, amdenad minawerebi el. metrevelis dasaxelebuli publikaciisa da mis pirad
arqivSi daculi masalis mixedviT, paleografiuli SeniSvnebis gareSe mogvaqvs.
19
mosaxseneblis identificirebisaTvis ix. metreveli, `jvris monastris kidev
erTi qarTuli xelnaweri~, 256.
bibliografia
kekelia vladimer. kidev erTxel qarTvelebisa da tamplierebis ur-

TierTobis Sesaxeb wminda miwaze XII saukuneSi. moxseneba wakiTxuli mix-
eil TamaraSvilis 150 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil konferenciaze. 23. XII.
2008. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
kekelia vladimer. ramdenime SeniSvna tamplierebis mosaxseneblebis
Sesaxeb. kr. istoriani. Tbilisi, 2009
margiSvili soso. miTebi da realoba daviT aRmaSeneblis mefobis Sesa-
xeb. Tbilisi, 2006
elene metrevelis piradi arqivi. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri.
metreveli elene. ierusalimis erTi xelnaweri (mecnieruli aRweri-
lobis cda). saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XV-B, 1948
metreveli elene. jvris monastris kidev erTi qarTuli xelnaweri
jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebiT. iv. javaxiSvilis 100 wlisTavisadmi miZ-
Rvnili saiubileo krebuli. red. g. meliqiSvili. Tbilisi, 1976
saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesiis enciklopediuri leqsikoni.
red. enriko gabiZaSvili da eqvTime koWlamazaSvili. Tbilisi, 2007
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba
(H-koleqcia). Sedgenili da dasabeWdad momzadebuli elene metrevelis
mier. Tbilisi, 1950
qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. tomi 3. Tbilisi, 1978
wurwumia mamuka. jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi ierusalimis jvris mo-
nastris xelnawerebSi. qarTvelologia, 6, 2010
Казарян Ованнес. Крестоносцы и Грузия. http://www.templiers.info/web/a01.
php?page=100403a-krestonoscy-i-gruziya.
XVIII
H1661 svinaqsaris Sesaxeb
mamuka wurwumia
`saistorio krebulis~ pirvel tomSi mkiTxvels aqvs saSualeba

gaecnos v. kekelias werils, romelic Jurnal `qarTvelologiis~ 2010
wlis meeqvse nomerSi gamoqveynebuli Cemi statiis1 pasuxad ibeWdeba.
amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom Cvens naSromSi wamoWrili ZiriTadi deb-
ulebebis da kritikis revizia avtors arc ucdia. sanacvlod, v. keke-
lia gvTavazobs garkveuli xarvezebis CamonaTvals, romelsac, misi
azriT, Cemi naSromi Seicavs. am (Tundac gasaTvaliswinebel) xarveze-
bze, aRZrul TemasTan SedarebiT maTi meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobis
gamo, albaT arc Rirda gamoxmaureba, magram ori sakiTxi, romelsac v.
kekelia Seexo, imdenad saintereso da mniSvnelovanicaa, rom saWirod
CavTvaleT isev davbrunebodiT Temas.
pirvel yovlisa, ganvixiloT svinaqsaris daweris TariRi. H1661 xe-
lnaweri daTariRebulia dasabamis da qoronikonis mixedviT. dasabamiT
mocemuli TariRi (1155) eWvs ar iwvevs; rac Seexeba qoronikons, aq v. keke-
lia asworebs e. metrevelis wakiTxvas (tog), rogorc tov da, Sesabamis-
ad, xelnawers 1155-56 wlebSi dawerilad miiCnevs. aseT daTariRebas Tav-
isuflad SeiZleba davTanxmebodiT, radganac, jerjerobiT, ar Cans, rom
erTi wlis sxvaobas arsebiTi mniSvneloba hqondes, magram, xelnaweris
anderZis cnobebi Semdgomi gadamowmebis saSualebas iZleva.
H1661 svinaqsaris anderZidan vigebT, rom daiwera èse wigni ber-
ZenTa zeda mefobasa manoelissa, qarTls dimitrissa, ierusalims
buldionissa~.2 am sami monarqis mefobis wlebidan, CvenTvis saintere-
so xelnaweris daweris TariRis gadamowmeba mxolod demetres mefobis
wlebiT SeiZleba. Tumca es garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli
1
mamuka wurwumia, `jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi ierusalimis jvris monastris
xelnawerebSi~, qarTvelologia, 6 (2010).
2
elene metreveli, ìerusalimis erTi xelnaweri~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muz-
eumis moambe, XV-B (1948), 38.
H1661 svinaqsaris Sesaxeb 399
da iseT sakiTxebTanaa gadajaWvuli, rogoricaa daviT V-is mefobis

xangrZlivobisa da giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis wlis dadgena.
giorgi III-is gamefebis TariRTan dakavSirebiT uaxlesi da yvel-
aze safuZvliani gamokvleva, sakiTxis sruli istoriografiiT da
TiTqmis yvela cnobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gaxlavT T. jojuas naSromi.3
giorgi III-is gamefebis Sesaxeb mravalricxovani da winaaRmdegobrivi
cnobebi arsebobs, magram yvelaze ufro sando monacemebze (samTavisis
warwera, tbeTis saxarebis anderZi, venaSi daculi garejis xelnaweris
anderZi, aseve A-85-is kinklosis minaweri, samuel anecis da stefanos
orbelianis cnobebi) dayrdnobiT, T. jojuam daadgina, rom giorgi III
mefed akurTxes 1157 wels. tbeTis saxarebis anderZis da anisTan br-
Zolis gaTvaliswinebiT, is kidev ufro azustebs am movlenis TariRs,
romelic 1157 wlis dasawyisidan agvistos Tvemde unda momxdariyo.4
metic, erTi SexedviT am TariRis sawinaaRmdego vardan arevelcis cno-
ba (`giorgim miiRo samefo gvirgvini 605 wels~),5 SesaZloa kidev ufro
akonkretebdes mas. cnobilia, rom somxuri eriT 605 weli daiwyo 1156
wlis 10 Tebervals da dasrulda 1157 wlis 9 Tebervals. ar aris gamor-
icxuli, rom vardanis cnoba giorgi III-is gamefebis TariRs 1157 wlis 9
Tebervlamde azustebdes.6
gansxvavebuli da winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebi arsebobs daviT
V-is mefobis xangrZlivobasTan dakavSirebiTac. giorgi laSas dro-
indeli mematianis mixedviT, daviT V-m eqvsi Tve imefa.7 unda iTqvas,
3
Temo jojua, `saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160 wels
garejSi gadawerili xelnaweris (Ven.4-is) anderZis mixedviT~, oCxari, julieta rux-
aZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani (Tbilisi,
2002), 508-19.
4
iqve, 518. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom anisis brZolis TariRi ukve zustadaa cno-
bili da is 1161 wlis 4 agvistos moxda, giorgi III-is gamefebis savaraudo vada kidev
ufro dazustdeba – 1157 wlis 4 agvistomde. anisis brZolis TariRisaTvis, ix. goCa
jafariZe, saqarTvelo da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis islamuri samyaro XII-XIII s-is
pirvel mesamedSi (Tbilisi, 1995), 104.
5
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, Zveli somxuridan Targmnes nodar SoSiaS-
vilma da eka kvaWantiraZem, Sesavali, komentarebi da saZieblebi daurTo eka kvaWan-
tiraZem (Tbilisi, 2004), 145.
6
SesaZloa igives miuTiTebdes al-farikis cnobac, romlis mixedviTac demetre
I gardaicvala hijris 551 wels, romelic daiwyo 1156 wlis 25 Tebervals da das-
rulda 1157 wlis 12 Tebervals. eTer sixaruliZe, àl-farikis cnoba demetre I-is
gardacvalebis Sesaxeb~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, II (1999), 16-7. radgan
demetre giorgis gamefebis welsvea gardacvlili, es cnobac SeiZleba miuTiTeb-
des giorgi III-is gamefebas 1157 wlis 12 Tebervlamde. Tumca, al-farikis cnobaSi
movlenaTa rigi ramdenadme areuli Cans.
7
`laSa giorgis-droindeli mematiane~, qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili
400 mamuka wurwumia
rom mematianis es cnobebi, romelic iqve, demetres gardacvalebis or

gansxvavebul TariRs gvawvdis, naklebad sandoa.8 vardan arevelcis
mixedviT, daviTs 1 Tve umefia.9 daviT V-is mefobis xangrZlivobad sa-
muel anecis qronikis 13 xelnaweridan aTi 2 wels asaxelebs, sami ki –
2 Tves, rac SesaZloa somxuri Tvis da weliwadis msgavsi JReradobis
gamo momxdariyo.10 daviT V-is aseTi xanmokle mefoba unda gamoiricx-
os, radgan is Zunwi cnobebic ki, romelic mis Sesaxeb aris SemorCenili,
mogviTxrobs iseT RonisZiebebze, romelTa gatareba erT-or TveSi
(da SesaZloa, eqvsSic) praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iqneboda: daviT V-m
moaxerxa orbelTa uaRresad gavleniani gvaris Seviwroeba, CamoarTva
maT amirspasalaris saxelo da sxva daniSna am adgilze,11 moaswro same-
fos SigniT ZalTa gadanawileba, arasasurvel didebulTa represie-
bi12 da axali dasayrdenis Seqmna,13 moWra fuli,14 molaparakebebi gama-
rTa somexTa mefe kvirikesTan da apirebda mis mowvevas,15 aseve apirebda
qarTul-somxuri saeklesio krebis mowvevas da dawyebuli hqonda amis-
aTvis mzadeba.16 mxiTar airivaneci muslimebTan daviTis mier gadaxdil
brZolaze da mis gamarjvebazec mogviTxrobs.17 garkveuli dro dasWird-
eboda mis winaaRmdeg ukmayofilebis momwifebas da SeTqmulebis orga-
nizebasac. yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, bevrad ufro realuri Cans
yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. I (Tbilisi, 1955), 366.

8
am TariRebTan dakavSirebiT giorgi laSas droindeli mematianis sandoobis
Sesaxeb, ix. jojua, `saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi~, 509-10,
Sen. 5.
9
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, 145.
10
nino TorTlaZe, `samuel anecis qronikis teqstTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi
sakiTxi~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, IX (2000), 79.
11
vardan arevelci, msoflio istoria, 145.
12
àmoswyvitna amis samefosa didebulni romelnime eqsoria-qmniTa, romelnime
sikudiliTa da romelnime ganpatiJebiTa~. ìstoriani da azmani SaravandedTani~,
qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yaux-
CiSvilis mier, t. II (Tbilisi, 1959),18.
13
ix. misi damokidebuleba somex iSxanebTan da Tbilisis mmarTvel vasakTan. li-
ana davlianiZe, `mxiTar goSis àlbaneTis qronika~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, II
(1968), 46.
14
daviT V-is monetebisaTvis ix. goCa jafariZe, `qarTuli monetebi arabuli zed-
werilebiT (daviT V-is spilenZis monetebi)~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eT-
nografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria, 4 (1989).
15
davlianiZe, `mxiTar goSis àlbaneTis qronika~, 47.
16
iqve, 47.
17
Tu es cnoba anaqronizmi ar aris. mxiTar airivaneci, qronografiuli istoria,
Zveli somxuridan Targmna, Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZieblebi daurTo liana dav-
lianiZe-tatiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1990), 81, 109.
samuel anecis da stefanos orbelianis cnobebi, romelTa mixedviT,

daviT V-m ori weliwadi imefa.18 am vadas iziarebs T. jojuac: `giorgi
III-is mefed kurTxevis 1157 wliT daTariReba daviT V-is swored rom
orwliani mmarTvelobis sasargeblod metyvelebs~.19
ase rom, 1157 wels gardacvlili daviTi 1155 wels, ivnisis Tvemde
da SesaZloa ianvarSic, unda iyos gamefebuli. manamde taxtze demetre
I-ia. 1155 wels, rogorc Cans, pirvel naxevarSi,20 gadawerili xelnaweri
swored am realobas asaxavs. svinaqsari rom 1156 wels iyos gadawerili,
saqarTvelos mefed demetres veRar moixseniebda.
Cans, rom xelnaweris daweris TariRad, da Sesabamisad, mo-
saxseneblebis Sesrulebis qveda zRvrad, 1155 wlis miCneva ufro mar-
Tebulia.
axla ki is sakiTxi ganvixiloT, romelic metad mniSvnelovnad mig-
vaCnia da ramac gadagvawyvetina kidec kalmis xelmeored aReba.
H1661 xelnaweri, e.w. golgoTis svinaqsari xuces-monazonma giorgi
dodisma gadawera ierusalimis jvris monasterSi. am xelnawerze data-
nilia minawerebi, romlebic misi golgoTisadmi kuTvnilebas mowmobs:
èse svinaqsari aRdgomis saflavisa aris~; èse wmida wigni wmidis gol-
goTisa ars Zmano uwyodeT~.21 meore minaweri aSkarad gviandeli aris,
pirveli ki, v. kekelias dakvirvebiT, ZiriTadi teqstis msgavsia, ris sa-
fuZvelzec igi Tvlis, rom svinaqsarze arsebuli jvarosnebis mosax-
seneblebi golgoTaze Caiwera. misi azriT, ès xelnaweri imiTic aris
saintereso, rom warmoadgens utyuar dokuments imisas, rom XII sauku-
neSi jvarosnebis mier ierusalimis dakavebis Semdeg qarTvelebs uflis
saflavis taZarTan kavSiri ar gauwyvetiaT. rogorc Jer.Geo.24-25 xel-
naweris minawerebi asaxaven jvris monastrisa da ierusalimis qarTuli
koloniis istorias, aseve, golgoTis svinaqsaris minawerebi uflis sa-
flavSi qarTvelebis moRvaweobis istorias Seicaven. H-1661 xelnawer-
ze jvarosnebis mosaxseneblebis Cawera golgoTaze, uflis saflavis
taZarSi, unda momxdariyo da ara jvris monasterSi~.22
18
TorTlaZe, `samuel anecis qronikis teqstTan dakavSirebuli zogierTi sakiT-
xi~, 79; stefanos orbelianis „cxovreba orbelianTa“-s Zveli qarTuli Targmanebi,
qarTul-somxuri teqstebi gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali da saZieblebi daurTo
e. cagareiSvilma (Tbilisi, 1978), 40.
19
jojua, `saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi~, 517, Sen. 27.
20
aq unda gaviTvaliswinoT is 1-2 Tvec, rac demetres taxtidan gadadgomis
cnobas ierusalimSi Camosasvlelad dasWirdeboda.
21
22
vladimer kekelia, `qarTul sinodikonebSi dacul jvarosanTa mosaxseneble-
bis prosopografiuli Seswavlis sakiTxisaTvis~, saistorio krebuli, 1 (2011), 393.
402 mamuka wurwumia
Sesabamisad, v. kekelia Tvlis, rom Cemi Sexeduleba H1661 xel-

nawerze datanili mosaxseneblebis ierusalimis jvris monasterSi
Caweris Sesaxeb mcdari da `gaugebaria~. samwuxarod, am `gaugebari~
mosazrebis gamoTqmis pativi me srulebiTac ar mekuTvnis, is elene
metrevelma gamoTqva da mas Semdeg, 60 welia (Cemis CaTvliT) imeorebs
qarTuli istoriografia.
e. metreveli Tvlida, rom tamplierebi Sesawiravs jvris monas-
ters wiravdnen da mosaxseneblebsac aq awerinebdnen, radgan `savarau-
doa, rom es svinaqsari am droisaTvis jvris monastris sakuTreba iyo,
vinaidan aRapi Cveulebriv aseTi mimarTviT iwyeba: `jvaro patiosano~,
`jvaro ganmacxovelebelo~.23
TavisTavad, mosazreba, romelsac v. kekelia mxolod erTi minaw-
eris miseuli analizis kvalobaze, isic saTanado konteqstis gaT-
valiswinebis gareSe gvTavazobs, sxva rom ara, metad Tamamia. saqme isaa,
rom golgoTaze jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebis Casawerad erTi aucile-
beli piroba iyo saWiro: XII saukuneSi golgoTa, an Tundac misi nawili,
qarTvelTa xelSi unda yofiliyo, sadac isini ucxoel piligrimTa da
maT SesawiravTa miRebas SeZlebdnen.
qarTvelTa mier golgoTis flobis sakiTxi kardinaluri mniS-
vnelobisaa wminda miwis qarTul istoriografiaSi da mas mravali
gamokvleva mieZRvna. mosazreba, romelsac v. kekelia gvTavazobs, gan-
sxvavdeba miRebuli Tvalsazrisisagan, ris gamoc igi saTanado yura-
dRebas imsaxurebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi `svinaqsaris pirvel
furcelzea Tavmoyrili... rogorc Cans, I furceli gansakuTrebiT sa-
patio adgilad iyo miCneuli~.24 sadavo minaweri ki xelnaweris meore
gverdis ukana pirzea moTavsebuli. es ki eWvs aRZravs, rom minaweri
mosaxseneblebze ufro gviandelia.
xelnaweri Tavidanve golgoTisaTvis rom yofiliyo gamiznuli, up-
riani iyo es kuTvnileba xelnaweris anderZSive aReniSnaT, aq ki mxolod
jvris monasterzea saubari. ratom unda aReniSna gadamwerels xelnaweris
kuTvnileba minaweris saxiT, rodesac es SeeZlo anderZSive gaekeTebina?
jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebi golgoTaze rom iyos Sesrulebuli,
mosalodneli iqneboda, rom erTxel mainc Segvxvedroda qristes saf-
lavisadmi mimarTva. SedarebisaTvis, aRdgomis eklesiis karibWeze XIII-
XV saukuneebSi amokawrul qarTvel mlocvelTa warwerebSi sakmaod
xSirad gvxvdeba aseTi formulirebebi: `saflavo qristesao Seiwyale
23
24
iqve, 48.
sofron~, `juaro qristesao da saflavo qristesao Seiwyale jvaraZe~,

`saflavo qristesao Seiwyale suli Cemi~.25 aseTive mimarTvas vpou-
lobT erT-erTi ierusalimuri xelnaweris XIV saukunis mosaxsenebel-
Si: `qristes saflavo, milxine me, codvilsa germanozs juaris mamas da
codvebi Seundven~.26 CvenTvis saintereso mosaxseneblebSi ki xazgasmiT
mimarTaven qristes jvars (`juaro patiosano~, `jvaro ganmacxovele-
belo~) da ara mis saflavs.
bolos da bolos, danamdvilebiT viciT, rom svinaqsari gadaiwera
jvris monasterSi: `daiwera wigni ese wmida qalaqsa ierusalimsa mo-
nastersa Sina jvrisasa~.27 e.i. daweris droisTvis svinaqsari jvris mon-
asterSia. Semdgom, masze Cndeba sxvadasxva saxis minawerebi, jvarosanTa
mosaxseneblebis CaTvliT, romlebSic `jvar patiosans~ SesTxoven Sem-
weobas. ra ufro sarwmunoa, is, rom xelnawerze minawerebi jvris mon-
asterSive gakeTda Tu is, rom xelnawerma gadainacvla golgoTaze,
qarTvelTa samlocveloSi (romlis kvalic ki ar Cans XII saukuneSi) da
iq gakeTda Canawerebi, romlebic arc ki axseneben uflis saflavs?
magram kmara varaudebi da hipoTezebi, movuxmoT faqtebs.
golgoTis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb saubari zedmetad mimaCnia. `mTe-
li saqristianos es uwmindesi taZari~, rogorc mas grigol feraZe
uwodebs,28 yovelTvis iyo qristianuli samyaros yuradRebis centrSi.
misi floba ar gaxldaT rigiTi movlena da Cveulebrivi taZris (Tundac
ierusalimSi) flobisagan didad gansxvavdeboda. qarTvelTa mier gol-
goTis yovel dauflebas win uZRoda diplomatiuri manevrebi da, rac
mTavaria, xelsayreli politikuri garemo. qarTvelebi wminda miwaze
sakuTrebas iZendnen (an kargavdnen) Tanadrouli politikuri viTare-
bis Sesabamisad. ase iyo XI saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rodesac qarTvelebma
Seqmnili politikuri mdgomareobiT isargebles da jvris monasteri
aaSenes; ase iyo 1050-ian wlebSi, rodesac qarTvelebma bizantia-fatim-
ianTa winaaRmdegobiT isargebles da pirvelad daeuflnen golgoTas.29
25
giorgi gagoSiZe, `qarTvel mlocvelTa warwerebi ierusalimis uflis safla-
vis karibWeze~, macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis isto-
riis seria, 1 (1992), 138-43.
26
elene metreveli, masalebi ierusalimis qarTuli koloniis istoriisaTvis (XI-
XVII ss.) (Tbilisi, 1962), 36.
27
28
grigol feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi palestinis qarTveli berebisa da
qarTuli monastrebis Sesaxeb, gamosacemad moamzada, Sesavali werili da damate-
biTi SeniSvnebi daurTo goCa jafariZem (Tbilisi, 1995), 91.
29
goCa jafariZe, ìerusalimis jvris monastris daarseba XI s. 30-iani wlebis axlo
aRmosavleTis diplomatiis Suqze~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo, IV (Tbili-
si, 2005), 139-46. ufro gvian, golgoTis dasaufleblad qarTvelTa diplomatiuri
404 mamuka wurwumia
rac mTavaria, fatimianTaTvis (Semdgom ki sxva muslim mmarTvelTaT-

vis) principulad sulerTi iyo, Tu romeli qristianuli saxelmwifos
xelSi iqneboda golgoTa.
sul sxva viTareba Seiqna 1099 wels, rodesac wminda miwas jvarosnebi
daeuflnen. qristes saflavi jvarosnuli laSqrobis mTavar mizans war-
moadgenda. laSqrobis yvela monawile, fulxerius Sartreli,30 peter
tudebodi,31 raimon aJileli,32 Gesta Francorum-is avtori33 mogviTxrobs,
rom 15 ivliss, ierusalimis aRebisTanave, jvarosnebma aRdgomis ekle-
sias da macxovris saflavs miaSures. uadresi SemorCenili laTinuri
saeklesio teqstebi mowmobs, rom jvarosnebma aRdgomis eklesia dapy-
robis umal daisakuTres.34 raimon aJilelis mixedviT, frankTa pa-
triarqis arnulfis erT-erTi pirveli qmedeba, aRdgomis taZris sam-
locveloebidan aRmosavlel qristianTa gamoZeveba iyo.35 fulxerius
Sartrelis mowmobiTac, jvarosanTa erTi-erTi upirvelesi sazrunavi
aRdgomis eklesia Cans. ierusalimis dapyrobisa da mefis arCevis umal,
maT laTini samRvdeloeba aRdgomis eklesiaSi ganaweses.36
aRdgomis eklesias yuradReba ar aklda Semdgom wlebSic, rodesac
palestinisaken daZrulma mravalma piligrimma moinaxula taZari da
dagvitova misi aRweriloba.37 piligrimebs ainteresebdaT yvelaferi,
rac wminda adgilebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. isini agviweren taZris arq-
Zalisxmevis Sesaxeb, ix. daviT niniZe, `golgoTis sakiTxi XIV-XV ss. qarTul diploma-
tiaSi~, qarTuli diplomatia, 2 (1995), 203-8.
30
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095-1127, trans. Frances Rita Ryan,
ed. Harold S. Fink (New York, 1973), 123.
31
Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitano Itinere, translated with introduction and notes by
John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1974), 119.
32
Raymond D’Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, translated with introduction
and notes by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), 128.
33
Gesta Francorum: The Deeds of the Franks and the other Pilgrims to Jerusalem, ed. by Rosalind
Hill (New York, 1962), 92.
34
Denys Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, vol. III (Cambridge, 2007), 12.
35
Raymond D’Aguilers, Historia Francorum Qui Ceperunt Iherusalem, 131; The First Crusade:
The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials, ed. by Edward Peters (Philadelphia,
1998), 263; Bernard Hamilton, The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church (Lon-
don, 1980), 14, 161. sxva aRmosavlel qristianebTan erTad, frankebis mier qarTvelTa
gamoZevebas ierusalimis monastrebidan maTeos urhaecic axsenebs, Tumc ki Tavis
Txrobas legendarul saburvelSi xvevs. The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa, translated from
the Original Armenian with a Commentary and Introduction by Ara Edmond Dostourian (Lanham,
1993), 178-9.
36
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 124.
37
piligrimTa Canawerebi fasdaudebeli wyaroa wminda miwis istoriisaTvis, rac
grigol feraZem aCvena qarTuli monastrebis magaliTze.
iteqturas, Sida morTulobas, mozaikas, warwerebs (maT Soris berZnul-

sac), saflavze anTebul kandelebs da sxv. maTi aRwerebiT SesaZlebe-
lia aRdgomis eklesiis pirvelsaxe da Semdgomi arqiteqturuli trans-
formaciebic ki warmovidginoT.38 aRdgomis eklesia aRwerilia 1103
wlis anonimur teqstSi, pirveli anonimis (1100), germaneli anonimis
(1102-6), de Situ Urbis avtoris (-1114), rorgo fretelusis (1137), belard
askolelis (1160-mde), islandieli piligrimis (1160-iani), otmaris
(1165), ioane fokas (1185) da sxvaTa mier. gansakuTrebiT detaluria ze-
vulfis (1103-4), rusi iRumenis danielis (1106-8), iohan viurcburgelis
(1165) da Teodorikis (1172) aRwerilobebi.39 arc erTi maTgani ar axsen-
ebs qarTvelTa yofnas aRdgomis eklesiaSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT maT
mier golgoTis flobaze.40 amave dros, igive danieli, Teodoriki, ioane
foka aRniSnaven qarTvelebis yofnas wminda miwis sxva savaneebSi, rac
sxva monacemebiTac dasturdeba.41
sxva rom ara, golgoTis mTis Ziri ierusalimis laTin mefeTa gan-
sasvenebels warmoadgenda.42 bunebrivia, laTinebi iqaurobas ara-
vis gaakarebdnen. XIV saukuneSi es saflavebi ukve qarTvelTa sam-
locveloSia,43 rac imaze metyvelebs, rom es adgili qarTvelTa xelT
mogvianebiT aRmoCnda da XII saukuneSi ar SeiZleba maTi yofiliyo.
uadresi cnoba, romelic XI saukunis Semdgom qarTvelTa mier gol-
goTis flobaze miuTiTebs, 1308 wliT TariRdeba.44 es viTareba aisaxa
kidec piligrimTa CanawerebSi, romlebic ukve qarTvelTa Sesaxebac
mogviTxroben. ludolf zudhaimi, arqimandriti agreTeniosi, diak-
38
1100 wlis piligrimis teqsti, romelic darTuli aqvs Gesta Francorum-s, macxov-
ris saflavis qvis zomebsac ki gadmogvcems. Gesta Francorum, 103.
39
Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099-1185, ed. by John Wilkinson with Joyce Hill and W. F. Ryan (Lon-
don, 1988), 87, 90, 101-3, 118, 127-30, 166-71, 177-8, 220-1, 229, 261-3, 278-87, 324; Pringle, The
Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 13-30.
40
arc 1244 wels, xvarazmelTa mier ierusalimis aoxrebis dros, aRdgomis ekle-
siaSi daxocili sxvadasxva erovnebis samRvdeloebis CamonaTvalSi Canan qarTvele-
bi. Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, 32.
41
feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 28-32.
42
am pativis Rirsi dedoflebic ki ar gamxdaran. Pringle, The Churches of the Crusader
Kingdom of Jerusalem, 16-7. 1131 wlidan moyolebuli, aRdgomis taZarSive adgamdnen
gvirgvins ierusalimis mefeebs. iqve, 17.
43
44
1910 wels t. Temelisis mier dabeWdili es cnoba qarTul istoriografiaSi
cnobili iyo, rogorc `berZnuli sapatriarqos òficialuri~ angariSi~. cnobis mi-
marT arsebuli skepticizmis da misi pozitiuri nawilis Sesaxeb ix. goCa jafariZe,
`sulTan barkukis ori brZanebuleba ierusalimis franciskelTa sameurveos arqi-
vidan~, qarTuli diplomatia, 9 (2002), 675-9.
406 mamuka wurwumia
vani egnate da sxvani, mraval saintereso cnobas gvawvdian XIV sauku-

neSi golgoTaze qarTvelTa yofnis Sesaxeb.45
qarTul istoriografiaSi garkveulia qarTvelTa mier golgo-
Tis flobis periodebi. Sejamebuli saxiT is mocemulia g. jafaraZ-
is naSromSi: ùfleba golgoTis nawilis flobisa qarTvelebma jer
kidev XI s-is SuaxanebSi moipoves. ierusalimSi jvarosanTa batonobis
dros (1099-1187) aRdgomis, anu wminda saflavis eklesiis kompleqsi,
romelSic Sedioda golgoTac, mTlianad laTinTa xelT aRmoCnda.
xelaxla qarTvelebi golgoTaze mxolod XIV s-is pirvel aTwleul-
Si dabrundnen~.46 golgoTis kuTvnileba arasodes gamxdara saeWvo
grigol feraZisTvisac: `laTinTa mmarTvelobis dros, bunebrivia,
is laTinebs ekuTvnoda~.47 amave azrs iziarebs rene Janenic, romelic
wers: `faqtia, rom jvarosnobis drois mematianeTa Soris arc erTs ar
aqvs aRniSnuli qarTvelebis yofna golgoTaze~.48
rogorc vxedavT, v. kekelias mosazreba jvarosanTa mosaxseneblebis
golgoTaze Caweris Sesaxeb, usafuZvlo da saerTo konteqstidan mow-
yvetili Cans. kvlav ZalaSi rCeba e. metrevelis Tvalsazrisi, H1661 xel-
naweris mosaxseneblebis ierusalimis jvris monasterSi Caweris Sesaxeb.
erTaderTi, raSic usityvod unda daveTanxmo v. kekelias, gaxlavT
is, rom Cems kvlevaSi mosaxseneblebis rigi namdvilad areulia; mcda-
ria daskvnac wminda miwaze Sereuli ojaxis arsebobis Sesaxeb, rac aras-
worad dabeWdilma mosaxsenebelma gamoiwvia. zedmetia imis aRniSvna, rom
es xarvezebi gamoiwvia aqamde gamoqveynebul teqstebSi daSvebulma sas-
tambo Secdomebma, romlebic, samwuxarod, amdeni xnis ganmavlobaSi, xel-
meored gamocemis drosac ki, gausworebeli rCeboda.49 sasiamovnoa, rom
erT-erTi realuri Sedegi, rac am diskusias moyva, swored am teqstobri-
vi Secdomebis gasworeba da aqamde ucnobi mosaxseneblis publikaciaa.50
45
feraZe, ucxoel piligrimTa cnobebi, 37-40.
46
jafariZe, `sulTan barkukis ori brZanebuleba~, 675.
47
48
rene Janeni, `qarTvelebi ierusalimSi~, religia, 10 (1992), 8.
49
Seadare axlaxan gamocemul krebuls: elene metreveli, filologiur-istori-
uli Ziebani (Tbilisi, 2007).
50
unda iTqvas, rom am Secdomebis gasworebas ukve mohyva Sedegi da gamoavlina
aqamde ucnobi jvarosani – giiom marbali. qarTuli mosaxseneblis marbal miuTiTebs
mirabelze, sakmaod mniSvnelovan adgilze da cixeze, romelic ierusalimis same-
foSi, ramladan 20 km-iT CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda. misi rigiTobiT Tu vimsjelebT,
mosaxsenebeli 1163-66 wlebSi unda iyos dawerili. igi moqceulia Jofrua fuSes da
filipe nabluselis mosaxseneblebs Soris, anu misi daweris TariRi 1163-66 wlebis
SualedSi Tavsdeba. am dros mirabeli ukve ibelinebis gvaris mflobelobaSi imyo-
feboda. balduin ibelini mirabelis mflobelad 1162 wlidan ixsenieba. Denys Pringle,
bibliografia
gagoSiZe giorgi. qarTvel mlocvelTa warwerebi ierusalimis uflis

saflavis karibWeze. macne, istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xe-
davlianiZe liana. mxiTar goSis àlbaneTis qronika~. qarTuli wyaroT-
mcodneoba, II, 1968
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giiom marbali unda iyos mirabelis vikonti. sainteresoa, rom mirabelis vikontis
adgili vakanturi Cans swored 1162-1165 wlebis SualedSi. 1162 wels vikonti vinme
robertia, 1165-77 wlebSi ki valteri. Pringle, “The Castle and Lordship of Mirabel,” 97. Tari-
Rebis aseTi damTxveva kidev erTxel miuTiTebs, rom Jofrua fuSes da filipe nab-
luselis mosaxseneblebis Cveneuli daTariReba swori unda iyos.
rac Seexeba otos karpons, misi saxeli Zalian hgavs oto fon kerpenis saxels, romel-
ic tevtonTa ordenis magistri iyo 1200-08 wlebSi. TumcaRa, magistri siciliidan ar
yofila (kerpenebis gvari rainis mxareSi saxlobda) da saeWvoa, rom mas saerTod hyo-
loda sakuTari ojaxi da Camomavloba. Christian von Stramberg, Denkwürdiger Und Nützlicher
Rheinischer Antiquarius, abth. I, bd. 2 (Coblenz, 1853), 380.
408 mamuka wurwumia
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jojua Temo. saqarTvelos mefis giorgi III-is aRsaydrebis TariRi 1160
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oCxari. julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri, istoriuli da
filologiuri Ziebani. Tbilisi, 2002
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mentary and Introduction by Ara Edmond Dostourian. Lanham, 1993
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Gesta Francorum: The Deeds of the Franks and the other Pilgrims to Jerusalem. Edited by
Rosalind Hill. New York, 1962
Hamilton, Bernard. The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Lon-
don, 1980
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Ryan. London, 1988
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Notes by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia, 1974
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tory in Honour of Hans Eberhard Mayer. Ed. by Benjamin Z. Kedar, Jonathan Riley-Smith
and Rudolf Hiestand. Aldershot, 1997
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troduction and Notes by John Hugh Hill and Laurita L. Hill. Philadelphia, 1968
Stramberg, Christian von. Denkwürdiger Und Nützlicher Rheinischer Antiquarius. Abth.
I, Bd. 2. Coblenz, 1853
XIX
valeri silogava
samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika
gamomcemloba àrtanuji~, Tbilisi, 2004, 369 gv.
naTela vaCnaZe
istorikosis xeloba da, Tu gnebavT, xelovneba mraval sxva mxar-

esTan erTad kidev erTs, Zalze yuradsaRebsa da mniSvnelovans, Sei-
cavs: ramdenad flobs istorikosi iseTi dargebis monacemebs, rogori-
caa paleografia, xelnawerTmcodneoba, istoriuli geografia, nu-
mizmatika, sfragistika, kodikologia... am mwkrivSi sapatio adgili
epigrafikas ukavia. es dargebi aTwleulebis manZilze istoriis damx-
mare disciplinebad saxeldebodnen. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom
damxmare disciplinaTa kaTedra, erTaderTi mTel yofil sabWoTa kav-
SirSi, moskovis saistorio-saarqivo institutSi arsebobda, romelic
uZlieres umaRles saswavleblad iTvleboda, da es siZliere swored am
dargebisadmi yuradRebiT gaxldaT ganpirobebuli. specialurma sas-
wavlo programebma, saxelmZRvaneloebma, monografiebma, samecniero
Jurnalebma safuZveli Seuqmna TiToeuli am dargis damoukidebel
disciplinad Camoyalibebas, maT Soris e p i g r a f i k a s a c .
saqarTveloSi epigrafikuli Zeglebis gamovlenis, gaSifvris, Sina-
gani da garegani kritikis, teqstis wakiTxvis, aRdgenisa da komentire-
bis tradicia arsebobs; igi, sabednierod, dResac grZeldeba, magram,
samwuxarod, sagangebod am dargSi momzadebuli specialisti TiTo-
orola Tu gvyavs. Tu Zvelad taZrebze warweraTa Seswavla am Zeglis
Semswavleli xelovnebaTmcodnis xvedri gaxldaT, ukve karga xania
warwera taZars, rogorc kulturul memkvidreobas, `gaemijna~ da ep-
igrafistis Seswavlis sagnad iqca. amis naTeli magaliTi Tavad sare-
cenzio naSromis avtori gaxlavT, romelic araerTi xelovnebaTmcod-
nis mier yofila miwveuli. da raoden sasixaruloa, rom saqarTvelos
erovnuli akademiis mier daarsebuli eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis
premia 2009 wels swored pirvels, winamdebare wignis avtors, baton
410 naTela vaCnaZe
valeri silogavas – cnobil epigrafists, dauRalav muSaks da dargis

moWirnaxules ergo. premiis miniWeba mxolod im erT mecniers ki ar
Seafasebs an daafasebs, WeSmariti SemfaseblisTvis monografiac sakma-
risia avtoris Rvawlis naTelsayofad; premia Tavad dargis dafasebaa,
misi rolisa da mniSvnelobis amaRleba da stimuli axalgazrda kadreb-
is mozidvisa da momzadebisTvis. adamianebi mivdivarT da movdivarT,
ukvdavi mxolod dargia da is wvlili, romelsac TiToeuli mecnieri
Tavisi dargis ganviTarebaSi Seitans.
istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor valeri silogavas
TavauRebeli ormocwliani muSaobis Sedegebi qarTul, da ara mxolod
qarTul, samecniero sazogadoebas kargad moexseneba. sarecenzio naS-
romi am Sromis kidev erTi naTeli gamoxatulebaa.
`samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika~ Sedgeba winasityva-
obisa (erTi ena, erTi rwmena, erTi qveyana, gv. 5-8), ZiriTadi nawilisa
(gv. 9-253) da samecniero aparatisgan, romelSic Sedis: bibliogra-
fia (gv. 327-340) qarTul, rusul, frangul, inglisur, germanul en-
ebze, Semoklebebi (gv. 341-342), suraTebis sia (gv. 343-345), pirTa,
geografiul da eTnikur saxelTa saZieblebi (gv. 346-361), warwerebis
leqsikis indeqsi (gv. 362-369).
sarecenzio naSromis ZiriTadi nawili oTx monakveTs moicavs,
romelTagan TiToeuls avtori `nawils~ uwodebs da asaTaurebs im Zeg-
lis mixedviT, romlis (taZris an sxva nagebobaTa, sanaTlavi, cixis ko-
Ski da sxv.) warwerebi aris ganxiluli, anda sulac nangrevebis grovaSi
moqceuli epitafiis fragments warmoadgens. ase magaliTad, nawili
I Wyondidis taZris epigrafikas eZRvneba, romelic iwyeba SesavliT
(gv. 11-48), mas mosdevs taZris lapidaruli warwerebisadmi miZRvnili
qveTavi (gv. 49-62), taZris nakawri warwerebi (respicite: grafitebi, gv. 63-
154), rasac damatebis saxiT moyveba ormoc mowameTa eklesiidan nakawri
warwera da noqalaqevis midamoebidan lapidaruli warweris fragment-
ebi, nojixevis rvaafsidiani eklesiidan epigrafikuli fragmentebi da
Sxefis cixis koSkis warwera. damateba erTi saTauris qveSaa moqceuli
da avtors misTvis `noqalaqevis qveynis~ qarTuli epigrafikuli Ze-
glebidan~ daurqmevia. aRniSnuli damatebiT sruldeba saubari erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes qarTul provinciaze – samegreloze, romelic
Wyondidis taZris da `noqalaqevis qveynis~ zogi epigrafikuli ZegliT
gaxlavT warmodgenili.
sarecenzio naSromis meore nawili sxva uZveles qarTul provin-
cias – afxazeTs Seexeba, kerZod, lixnis taZris epigrafikisadmia miZ-
Rvnili. pirvel qveTavSi ganxilulia taZarSi ganTavsebuli istoriu-
li Sinaarsis freskuli warwerebi, xolo meore qveTavSi – warwerebis
v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika 411
fragmentebi taZris q o r e d i s k e d l e b z e . naSromis mesame nawili

lixnis ganZis qarTuli monetebis warwerebs eZRvneba; warmodgenilia
gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos ori mefis – bagrat IV-isa da giorgi II-is
monetebze arsebuli warwerebi, xolo damatebis saxiT motanilia ori
monetis warwera: erTi, mefe giorgi II-isa kesarosis tituliT, xolo me-
ore, daviT aRmaSeneblis moneta sevastosis tituliT. naSromis meoTxe
Tavi kvlav afxazeTSi gvabrunebs, sadac mis lapidarul da Wedur war-
werebs gvacnobs.
avtori Tavidanve gvamcnobs, rom afxazeTis teritoriaze arsebu-
li qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis Segroveba man jer kidev 1970-72
wlebSi sakandidato disertaciaze muSaobisas daiwyo. igive samegre-
losac Seexeba (gv. 6). warwerebis udidesi nawili aRricxa da Seiswavla
afxazi kolegebisa da adgilobrivi afxazi mosaxleobis daxmarebiT. av-
tori didad madlieria misdami gamoCenili gulTbili damokidebuleb-
isa da xelSewyobis gamo, magram ganmeordeba ki aseTi ram, da Tuki gan-
meorda, rodis? afxazeTi da misi warwerebi xelmiuwvdomelia CvenTvis,
amitomac didad faseulia is yvelaferi, rac v. silogavam afxazeTSi
adreve Sekriba da dRis sinaTleze gamoitana. afxazeTis qarTul epi-
grafikul ZeglebTan dakavSirebiT erTi sasikeTo saqmec moxda: 90-
iani wlebis Sua xanebSi soxumis universitetis reqtoris, baton o T a r
J o r d a n i a s TxovniT universitetisTvis momzadda p a l e o g r a f i ,
qalbatoni l i a a x a l a Z e , romelsac sakandidato disertaciisT-
vis batonma v a l e r i s i l o g a v a m afxazeTSi Sekrebili warwerebis
nawili gadasca, rasac daemata f r e s k u l i w a r w e r e b i (lixnis war-
werebis gamoklebiT). valeri silogavas mier Tavis droze afxazeTis
qarTuli epigrafikuli Zeglebis lapidarulma nawilma, X-XII saukunee-
bis Wedur warwerebTan erTad, wignis calkeuli monakveTi Seqmnes. sx-
vadasxva dros, sruliad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi, gansxvavebul Zegle-
bze muSaobis Sedegad gamovlenilma epigrafikulma Zeglebma TiTqos
erTgvari Wreli suraTi warmogvidgines, magram es ar aris arsebiTi;
arsebiTia is umTavresi daskvna, romelic avtorma uamravi Zeglis Ses-
wavlis Sedegad miiRo: àfxazeTi saerTo qarTuli kulturuli sivr-
cis o r g a n u l i n a w i l i a farTo mniSvnelobiT da gagebiT~ (gv. 256).
SesaSuria is gulmodgineba, profesiisadmi udidesi siyvaruli da
pativiscema, didi erudicia, romelic yovel nabijze naTlad Cans. war-
weraSi moxseniebuli yvela Znelad amosacnobi leqsikuri erTeuli da-
Zebnilia saistorio TxzulebebSi, gamouqveynebel, jer kidev fondebSi
daunjebul, sasuliero mwerlobis ZeglebSi, hagiografiuli Txzule-
bebis ucxoenovan TargmanebSi, aRapebSi, anderZ-minawerebSi, mosax-
seneblebSi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi aRmoCenil lapidarul,
412 naTela vaCnaZe
freskul, Wedur warwerebSi, saistorio dokumentebSi, gamoqveynebul

da gamouqveynebel leqsikonebSi... gansaxilvel warwerebSi moxseniebu-
li pirovnebebic aseve mravalricxovan wyaroebSia daZebnili; zogjer
ori, zogjer sami pirovnebis identificireba xdeba. TiTqmis ver Sex-
vdebiT Zvelad gamocemul warweras, pirdapir rom iyos gadmotanili;
mkvlevari gvTavazobs axlebur wakiTxvas, warweras urTavs SeniSvnebs,
romlebSic mocemulia, uwinares yovlisa, paleografiuli xasiaTis
msjelobani, dasaSvebi da savaraudo gansxvavebuli wakiTxvebi Tu aR-
dgenebi, 80 suraTi, grafikuli monaxazebi, warwerebis qronologi-
uri sazRvrebi, romlebic xSirad, sxva wyaroebis cnobaTa Seswavlis
da urTierTSejerebis safuZvelze, sagrZnoblad gadaweulia, erTgan,
magaliTad, 20 wliT, qalbaton elene metrevelis mier SemoTavazebul
daTariRebasTan SedarebiT. winamorbedebidan, ra Tqma unda, udidesia
baton eqvTime TayaiSvilis wvlili, magram erTgan masac ver SeuniS-
navs Wyondidis metad mdidar epigrafikul Zeglebs Soris1 oqropiris
warwera (gansaxilveli wignis gv. 61, warwera 7, TariRdeba XVII-XVIII ss-
iT), romelic taZris Crd. fasadzea amokveTili. mas garedan axali ke-
deli faravs, xolo warwera Zvel da axal kedlebs Soris amoyvanili
qvis kibis avlis Semdeg eqceva mxedvelobis areSi. es warwera eqvTime
TayaiSvils mohyavs m. broseseuli publikaciis mixedviT. baton valeri
silogavas igi adgilze Seuswavlia. avtori TariRebTan dakavSirebiT
emyareba qarTvel mefeTa bizantiur titulaturas, am TvalsazrisiT
erTmaneTs ujerebs sxvadasxva rigis wyaroTa (werilobiTi, numizma-
tikuri...) monacemebs da mTel rig pasaJebs uTmobs aRniSnul sakiTxs.
yuradsaRebia misi mowodeba, momavalSi wyaroTa kompleqsurad Ses-
wavlis Sedegad, damuSavdes samecniero Tema, romelic qarTul-bizan-
tiur urTierTobebs (bizantiuri sakariskaco titulebis mixedviT)
mieZRvneba. es mSvenieri azri, ra Tqma unda, gasaziarebelia, magram,
vfiqrob, saWiroa iseTi mkvlevaris gazrda, romelsac wuns veravin
dasdebs bizantiuri xanis berZnulisa da Zveli somxuri enis codnaSi.
iseTi tipis naSromi mainc unda Seiqmnas, rogoric cnobilma bizanti-
nologebma Seqmnes sfragistikis monacemebze dayrdnobiT, leqsikoni
uwodes da oTx tomad dabeWdes. dasawyisisTvis esec Zalze sasargeblo
mgonia. unda igulisxmebodes, rom aRniSnul problemaze muSaobisas
mxolod qarTuli wyaroebis gamoyenebiT Sors ver wavalT.
qarTul-bizantiuri urTierTobebi erTaderTi Tema ar gaxlavT,
romlis ufro Rrmad Seswavlasac mkvlevari gvTavazobs. ase iqceva igi
1
maTTan erTad uZvelesi drois, kerZod, X saukunis lapidaruli warwerebic igu-
lisxmeba.
v. silogava, samegrelo-afxazeTis qarTuli epigrafika 413
zog warweraze msjelobisas, rodesac eWvi epareba an aRdgenaSi, an in-

terpretaciaSi, an daTariRebaSi. vfiqrob, aseTi midgoma gacilebiT
sworia, vidre gajiutebul mkvlevarTa, romelTac verafers gad-
aaTqmevineb, ragind damajerebeli argumentebi ar unda moutano.
da kidev erTi ram: sxvadasxva dros da gansxvavebul Zeglebze
muSaobisas miRebuli Sedegebi wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyo avtoris
fiqris, msjelobis, sxvadasxva Tavyrilobebze moxsenebis, kamaTis, wy-
aroTmcodneobiTi bazis gafarToebis, axleburad midgomis, wlebis
ganmavlobaSi samecniero Tu pedagogiuri moRvaweobis Sedegad SeZeni-
li gamocdilebis gamoyenebiT kvlav Sesaswavli sagani. avtorma yvela
es masala, Tavmoyrili, erTianad Sekruli, gamTlianebuli, samecniero
aparatiT TandarTuli, erTi saerTo saTauris qveS moaqcia, saidanac
kargad gamoCnda misi sakvlevi obieqti – qarTuli epigrafika da is
geografiuli sivrce, romelSiac igi èZiebda da hpovebda~.2
samwuxarod, valeri silogavas aRar dascalda sxva mniSvnelovani
proeqtebis ganxorcieleba. e. TayaiSvilis premiis mopovebidan arcTu
didi xnis Semdeg, 2011 wlis 17 marts, is moulodnelad aResrula. wav-
ida da dagvitova didi samecniero memkvidreoba, romlis mniSvneloba
ganuzomelia Cveni istoriografiisaTvis, xolo Cveni, cocxalTa valia
– mecnieruli, adamianuri da, Tu gnebavT, moqalaqeobrivi – movuaroT
am memkvidreobas, gavxadoT igi mecnierTaTvis xelmisawvdomi, mis av-
tors ki mecnierebaSi misTvis Sesaferi adgili mivuCinoT. Tu Cven amas
dRes ar gavakeTebT, momavalSi igi sxvaTa xvedri gaxdeba.
2
analogiuri naSromi 1999 wels gamosca cnobilma bizantinistma, batonma genadi
litavrinma. ix. Г. Г. Литаврин, Византия и славяне (Сборник статей), Научное издание (Санкт-
Петербург, 1999). avtori aseTi tipis gamocemebis did madls xazs usvams da erTgan
aRniSnavs: “...тематический подбор под одной обложкой статей одного автора, написанных в
разное время и рассеянный по разным изданиям, создает неоценимые удобства для исследовате-
лей и значительно облегчает знакомство с состоянием изучения и библиографией проблемы...”
(gv. 5). bizantinologebs kargad moexsenebaT, magaliTad, londonuri seria – Vari-
orum reprints, romelic specialistebSi didi popularobiT sargeblobs swored am
tipis gamocemebis gamo.
.
.
gamomcemloba
mxedari
tiraJi 250 cali
gamomcemloba `mxedari~
misamarTi: Tbilisi, rusTavelis gamziri 1, me-4 sad.
tel: 2 99 72 95
el-fosta: mkhedari@mkhedari.ge

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saistorio

saavtoro uflebebi daculia. masalis gadabeWdva

ucxoelebi qarTvelebis Sesaxeb

mkiTxvels vTavazobT `saistorio krebulis~ pirvel toms. am

maRal poligrafiul donesTan erTad, Cveni mizania davamkvidroT

vin iyo taos pirveli episkoposi

tao, saukuneebis manZilze, saqarTvelosa da somxeTs Soris sasa-

sakiTxi taos pirveli episkoposis vinaobis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisi argu-

azriT, p. muradianis gardacvaleba kavkasiismcodneobisaTvis didi danaklisia.

Sakis gamefeba [somxeTis erT naxevarze], xolo sparsTa mefis brZanebiT

Soris, meTormete – kirakosis garda, meordeba mxolod ori, yvelaze

ara, biZgis mimcemad mainc miviCnioT, aris n. garsoiani, romelic favs-

agaTangelosis somxur versiaSi (Aa) CamoTvlilia Semdegi episko-

2. berZnuli (Vg): sofroniusi dainiSna lazeTis episkoposad; arabu-

arSamuniqSi; somxuri (Aa): kÂriakos – samwyso dasaxelebuli ar aris.

agaTangelosis qarTuli versia kidev damatebiT kiTxvebs aCens. igi

berZnuli versiiT albiosi aris asperapetakanis (mxedarTmTavris

muradiani p. taos ierokratiuli wyobilebis aRmocenebis gamoZaxili

rodis ewvia uxtanesi Tbiliss?

somex istorikoss uxtaness, qarTvelTa da somexTa eklesiuri ganx-

somexi istorikosis es cnoba, Sua saukuneebis javaxeTisa da misi

qarTvelo arsebobs da arc Tbilisia misi dedaqalaqi, gaugebaria, rogor

qarTuli TargmaniTa da gamokvleviT gamosca z. aleqsiZem (Tbilisi, 1975), 227, 234.

adgens.11 p. peetersis azriT, am `istoriuli xaraxuris~ daniSnuleba is

dinastiis ori warmomadgeneli: jafar ibn mansuri da ali ibn jafari.16

didi nawilis SemoerTebas, romelic amieridan, faqtobrivad, saqarT-

aleqsiZe zaza. javaxeTi da gugareTi Zvel somex istorikosTa politi-

manaskertis brZola da saqarTvelo-selCukebis

Turq-selCukebma da zogadad selCukurma samyarom, garkveul

kavkasiis siRrmeSi Tanmimdevrulad miiwevdnen da aq arsebul politi-

К.Н. Юзбашьян, “К истории тюркских набегов на Армению в XIв.”, Палестинский сборник,

warmodgenili statia swored am simpoziumze (rusul enaze) wakiTx-

ritoriebis dapyrobac dasrulda, ris Sedegadac saqarTvelos samxreT

riv saqarTvelo-selCukebis samxedro-politikuri dapirispirebis

XI s. 40-50-iani wlebis mijnaze gaxSirda selCukTa Tavdasxmebi

1979), 145; zurab papasqiri, erTiani qarTuli feodaluri saxelmwifos warmoqmna

dec qveynis sagareo-politikuri mdgomareobis stabilizacias, ker-

Semdgomi ganviTareba ara Tu ar adasturebs amas, aramed faqtobrivad

selCukTa sulTnis ar-rumSi galaSqrebis dros – 1064 w. Tebervlis mesame deka-

gzaze.34 garda imisa, rom samSvildis dakavebiT bagrat IV-m ganimtkica

nisaTvis Tbilisisa da rusTavis gadacema ganpirobebuli iyo ara imiT,

los mefes gagis cixe-qalaqi gadasca.56 e.i. sulTanma bagrati ki ar da-

saqarTveloSi pirveli da meore laSqrobis dros), alf-arslans ar

sifrTxiles da moerideboda urTierTobebis garTulebas saqarTve-

saqarTvelos mefis siZis politikuri momavali ido.68 am garemoebas

sa da ganZis amira fadlons Soris arsebul mwvave konfliqtSi, ganpi-

alasania giuli. Turq-selCukebTan qarTvelebis urTierTobebis adre-

siis istoriidan. eZRvneba saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademiko-

erTiani qarTuli samefos orad gayofis Sesaxeb

XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi erTiani qarTuli monarqia orad gaiyo.

Zes darCa, aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTvelo ki – daviT giorgis Zes.

moiTxovda centraluri mmarTvelobis umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pire-

ambebis Txrobisas Cndeba: `mefeman rusudan Tana waritana yovelni mTa-

sis 1241 wlis dawerilSi – `ama RmrTisa sworTagan damtkicebulisa si-

ne mxargrZelTa moRvaweobis zusti qronologia. aqedan gamomdinare

libebas iwyebs. albaT iqmneba amirspasalaris, mandaturTuxucesis,

asaTiani nodar. saqarTvelos istoria. Tbilisi, 1999

Temur-lengis saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Sesaxeb

msoflios erT-erTi udidesi dampyroblis Temur-lengis cxovreba

cnobiT, yarabaxSi tyved myofma bagrat V-m moCvenebiT miiRo islami

teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV

aseve uari SeuTvala Taher jalairianis gadacemaze: `ar aris Cveni

aseTi gamomwvevi moqmedeba da amayi pasuxi Temur-lengis SemoTavazebul

kidesa berdujisasa~,13 sadac saqarTvelos mefeebma `mosres da amosw-