Emmanuel Kumi-Amoah

Pentecostalism, Chieftaincy
and Festivals in Ghana:
Engagement between Pentecostals
and the Fellowship of Christian
Chiefs and Queens (FCCQ)
as a Shift in Mission Strategy

STUDIEN ZU INTERKULTURELLER
14
THEOLOGIE AN DER MISSIONSAKADEMIE
Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation
in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten
sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

Missionshilfe Verlag, Hamburg 2019

Alle Rechte vorbehalten

Cover Design: Martin Keiper

ISBN 978-3-946426-09-7
ISSN 2196-4696
 

List of maps, tables and figures       ‹š

Abbreviations          ‹š
Glossary š‹
Dedication           š˜
Acknowledgments         š˜‹
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ͳ
ͳǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘„Ž‡     ͳ
ͳǤʹǤ‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–—†›        ͳͳ
ͳǤ͵Ǥ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‡˜‹‡™         ͳͷ
ͳǤͶǤ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›          ʹͶ
ͳǤͷǤ ‘’‡ƒ†‹‹–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–—†›       ͵Ͷ
ͳǤ͸Ǥ‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ‡”•         ͵ͷ
ͳǤ͹ǤŠ‡‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒƒ”ƒ†‹‰Š‹ˆ–       Ͷͳ
ͳǤͺǤŠ‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•    Ͷ͸
ͳǤͻǤ”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–—†›        Ͷ͹

CHAPTER 2: TECHIMAN: AN OVERVIEW     ͷͲ
ʹǤͳǤ”‹‰‹ƒ† ‹•–‘”›         ͷͲ
ʹǤʹǤŠ›•‹ ƒŽƒ†‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒ ‰”‘—†      ͷͷ
ʹǤ͵Ǥ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ ‰”‘—†         ͷ͹
ʹǤͶǤ †‹‰‡‘—•‡Ž‹‰‹‘         ͷͻ
ʹǤͷǤƆman Afahyɛȋ–ƒ–‡ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ȍ       ͺͲ
ʹǤͷǤͳǤAdamu      ͺͲ
ʹǤͷǤʹǤApoɔ AfahyɛȋApoɔ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌ       ͺʹ
ʹǤͷǤ͵ǤBayedie Afahyɛȋƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌ       ͺͻ
ʹǤ͸ǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›          ͻʹ
ʹǤ͹ǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›          ͳͲͲ
ʹǤͺǤ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡Š—” Š    ͳͲ͵

CHAPTER 3: RE-EVALUATION OF CHRISTIANITY AND CHIEFTAINCY ͳͲ͸

͵ǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘          ͳͲ͸
͵ǤʹǤ•’‡ –•‘ˆ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’—Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡Š—” Š   ͳͳͲ
͵ǤʹǤͳǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—–Š‘”‹–›        ͳͳͲ
͵ǤʹǤʹǤƒŽƒ ‡‡ƒ–•          ͳͳͳ
͵ǤʹǤ͵Ǥƒ ‹‰‹’—„Ž‹          ͳͳͳ


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͵ǤʹǤͶǤ—–Ǧ‘‘”‹‰‘ˆƒ‡™”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”     ͳͳʹ
͵ǤʹǤͷǤ”„‹–”ƒ–‹‘          ͳͳʹ
͵ǤʹǤ͸Ǥƒ–‹‰‹’—„Ž‹          ͳͳʹ
͵ǤʹǤ͹Ǥ”‡••‘†‡          ͳͳ͵
͵ǤʹǤͺǤ‹–Ž‡•           ͳͳ͵
͵Ǥ͵ǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›       ͳͳͶ
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤDiadeɛ Na Som Yehowaǣƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ———    ͳͳͶ
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤͳǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ”‘Œ‡ –        ͳͳͶ
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤʹǤƒŽŽ–‘‡‘— ‡ †‘Žƒ–”›       ͳͳ͸
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤ͵Ǥ ‘†‹•–Š‡‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹‰•Š‹’Ȁ—‡‡•Š‹’     ͳͳ͸
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤͶǤ‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘’Ž‡        ͳͳ͹
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤͷǤ‹•†‘‹•”‡“—‹”‡†        ͳͳ͹
͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤ͸Ǥ‹‰•ƒ†—‡‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒ’Žƒ ‡‹ ‡ƒ˜‡     ͳͳͺ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤƒƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡ ‘‡ƒŠ‹‡ˆǫǣ•‡‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ   ͳͳͻ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘ǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ•  ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘–‡š–—ƒŽ  ͳͳͻ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤʹǤŠ‡„Œ‡ –‘ˆ‘”•Š‹’ǣ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡ ‡•–”ƒŽ—Ž–   ͳʹͲ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤʹǤͳǤ‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ ‘†         ͳʹͲ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤʹǤʹǤŠ‡ ‡•–”ƒŽ—Ž–        ͳʹͳ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͵ǤŠ‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ        ͳʹͶ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͵ǤͳǤ •–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‡”‡‘›ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ –‘‘Ž    ͳʹͶ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͵ǤʹǤŠ‡‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Šƒƒ‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ      ͳʹ͸
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͶǤ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š–‘™ƒ”†•Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›    ͳʹ͹
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͶǤͳǤŠ‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›Š—” Š       ͳʹͺ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͶǤʹǤŠ‡‘•–Ǧ‹••‹‘ƒ”›Š—” Š       ͳʹͻ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͶǤʹǤͳǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š Šƒƒȋ Ȍ     ͳʹͻ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͶǤʹǤʹǤŠ‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ Šƒƒȋ Ȍ    ͳ͵Ͳ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͷǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘       ͳ͵ʹ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͸Ǥ ‘†‹•‘–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›       ͳ͵ͷ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͸ǤͳǤƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡ ‘‡Š‹‡ˆǫŠ‡‘”‡ ••—‡•   ͳ͵ͷ
͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͸ǤʹǤŠ‡ †‡ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ       ͳ͵͸
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤŠ‡”ƒ –‹ ƒŽšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒƒ‘—ƒǣŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰  ͳ͵ͻ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤͳǤƒ”Ž›‹ˆ‡ƒ†‘˜‡”•‹‘       ͳ͵ͻ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ ‘—–‡”™‹–Š”ƒ†‹–‹‘       ͳͶ͵
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤͳǤŠ‡ •–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‹–—ƒŽ•       ͳͶͶ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤʹǤŠ‡Odwira ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ        ͳͶͺ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤʹǤ͵ǤŠ‡‘›ƒŽ‹•‹–         ͳͷͳ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ—‡‡̵•‘‹–‡–ƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ     ͳͷͳ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤͶǤ‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‘‡ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•       ͳͷ͵
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵ǤͷǤƒƒ‘—ƒ̵• Š‹‡˜‡‡–•       ͳͷͶ
͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ͸Ǥ‘–„ƒ†‘‡†ǣŠ‡Š—” Š̵•—’’‘”–     ͳͷͷ

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CHAPTER 4: PENTECOSTALISM, CHIEFTAINCY AND TRADITIONAL
FESTIVALS ͳͷͺ
ͶǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘          ͳͷͺ
ͶǤʹǤ”‹‰‹‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒ       ͳͷͺ
ͶǤ͵Ǥ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ––‹–—†‡•        ͳ͸ʹ
ͶǤʹǤͳǤ’‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ––‹–—†‡•       ͳ͸͵
ͶǤ͵ǤͳǤͳǤ —†‰‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‹Ž‹‰•       ͳ͸͵
ͶǤ͵ǤͳǤʹǤ —†‰‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‹Ž ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•      ͳ͸ͷ
ͶǤ͵ǤͳǤ͵Ǥ —†‰‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‹Ž”ƒ –‹ ‡•     ͳ͸͸
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤ‘Ǧ’‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ––‹–—†‡•      ͳ͸ͺ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤͳǤƒŽŽ–‘”‡Œ‡ –Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•   ͳ͸ͺ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤʹǤ‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ ‰”‘—†       ͳ͸ͻ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤ͵Ǥ—•’‹ ‹‘—•ƒ†‘—„–ˆ—Ž‘˜‡”•‹‘      ͳ͹Ͳ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤͶǤ ƒ–”‡†ˆ‘””ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—Ž–—”‡       ͳ͹Ͳ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤͷǤ”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡        ͳ͹ͳ
ͶǤ͵ǤʹǤ͸Ǥ„ƒ†‘‡†–‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ–‡        ͳ͹ʹ
ͶǤͶǤŠ”‘™‹‰–Š‡ƒ„›ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ–Š‡†ƒ–‡”    ͳ͹ʹ
ͶǤͷǤ‡˜‹‡™‹‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘       ͳ͹͵
ͶǤͷǤͳǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘        ͳ͹Ͷ
ͶǤͷǤʹǤˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡Š—” Š        ͳ͹͸
ͶǤͷǤʹǤͳǤŽƒ Ž‹•–‡†          ͳ͹͸
ͶǤͷǤʹǤʹǤ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ƒ         ͳ͹͹
ͶǤͷǤʹǤ͵Ǥš‹Ž‡†ƒ†‡†‘ˆ‹••‹‘       ͳ͹ͻ
ͶǤͷǤʹǤͶǤ”‡‡†‹‰ ”‘—†ˆ‘” ƒ–”‡†ǡ‰‡”ƒ†‹––‡”‡••   ͳͺͲ
ͶǤͷǤ͵Ǥˆˆ‡ –•‘ –—ƒŽƒ†‘–‡–‹ƒŽNananomǡƒ†ƒ–‹˜‡•   ͳͺͳ
ͶǤͷǤ͵ǤͳǤ‹˜‹‰‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‘ˆ‘ˆ—•‹‘       ͳͺͳ
ͶǤͷǤ͵ǤʹǤ‡˜‡”–‹‰–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–        ͳͺ͵
ͶǤͷǤ͵Ǥ͵Ǥ ƒ”†‡‡† ‡ƒ”–•         ͳͺ͹
ͶǤͷǤ͵ǤͶǤ‹•–‘”–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ—Ž–—”ƒŽ †‡–‹–›     ͳͻͲ
ͶǤͷǤ͵ǤͷǤŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡      ͳͻʹ
ͶǤͷǤ͵Ǥ͸Ǥ‘•–’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”—Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•     ͳͻͶ
ͶǤ͸Ǥ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ––‹–—†‡•     ͳͻ͹
ͶǤ͸ǤͳǤƒ ‘ˆ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘        ͳͻ͹
ͶǤ͸ǤʹǤ ‰‘”ƒ ‡          ͳͻͻ
ͶǤ͸Ǥ͵Ǥ‹˜‹‰‹ˆ‡ƒ”         ʹͲʹ
ͶǤ͸ǤͶǤ ”‹’–—”ƒŽ ‡’–‹–—†‡        ʹͲͶ
ͶǤ͸ǤͷǤ”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ’”‡••‹‘ƒ„‘—–‘˜‡”•‹‘     ʹͲ͹
ͶǤ͸Ǥ͸Ǥ‹˜ƒŽ”›ƒ†‘’‡–‹–‹‘        ʹͳͲ
ͶǤ͸Ǥ͹Ǥ‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡‡••‘”–—„„‘”‡••ǫ      ʹͳͶ
ͶǤ͸ǤͺǤ”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•       ʹͳͷ

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CHAPTER 5: ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN PENTECOSTALS AND THE FCCQ ʹͳ͹
ͷǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘          ʹͳ͹
ͷǤʹǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŽƒ›‡”•‘”ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•      ʹͳͺ
ͷǤ͵Ǥ ‡‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–        ʹͳͻ
ͷǤͶǤŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘        ʹʹͳ
ͷǤͷǤŽƒ–ˆ‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–       ʹʹͳ
ͷǤ͸Ǥ — –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•     ʹʹͶ
ͷǤ͹Ǥ ƒ –‘”•ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ”‡–‹‘       ʹʹͻ
ͷǤ͹ǤͳǤ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ          ʹʹͻ
ͷǤ͹ǤʹǤ‘ ‹ƒŽ           ʹʹͻ
ͷǤ͹Ǥ͵Ǥ—Ž–—”ƒŽ          ʹ͵͵
ͷǤ͹ǤͶǤ ‘‘‹           ʹ͵Ͷ
ͷǤ͹ǤͷǤ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ          ʹ͵ͷ
ͷǤ͹Ǥ͸Ǥ — –‹‘ƒŽ          ʹ͵ͷ
ͷǤ͹Ǥ͹ǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ          ʹ͵͹
ͷǤ͹ǤͺǤŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ         ʹͶͳ
ͷǤͺǤŽƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘””ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘       ʹͶͶ
ͷǤͻǤŠ‹ˆ–‹Ž‹‰‡–         ʹͶͷ
ͷǤͳͲǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‹ƒ–‡†̵ ”‘‡Ž‘™̵      ʹͷͳ

CHAPTER 6: FELLOWSHIP OF CHRISTIAN CHIEFS AND QUEENS (FCCQ) ʹͷ͹
͸ǤͳǤƒ ‰”‘—†ǣ ‹•–‘”›ƒ†‡„‡”•Š‹’      ʹͷ͹
͸ǤʹǤ‘•–‹–—–‹‘          ʹͷͻ
͸Ǥ͵Ǥ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’          ʹͷͻ
͸ǤͶǤ‘‰‘ǡ‘––‘ȀŽ‘‰ƒǡ”‡‡†ǡ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽƒ•‹•ƒ†–Š‡ǣƒŽ›•‹• ʹ͸Ͳ
͸ǤͶǤͳǤŠ‡‘‰‘          ʹ͸Ͳ
͸ǤͶǤʹǤŠ‡‘––‘ȀŽ‘‰ƒ         ʹ͸ʹ
͸ǤͶǤ͵ǤŠ‡”‡‡†          ʹ͸͵
͸ǤͶǤͶǤ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽƒ•‹•         ʹ͸Ͷ
͸ǤͶǤͶǤͳǤƒ‹‡Žʹǣʹͳ         ʹ͸Ͷ
͸ǤͶǤͶǤʹǤ •ƒ‹ƒŠͺǣͳͻ„         ʹ͸ͷ
͸ǤͶǤͶǤ͵Ǥ ƒ—‡Žͳʹǣʹͳ         ʹ͸͸
͸ǤͶǤͶǤͶǤ”‘˜‡”„•ͳͶǣ͵Ͷ         ʹ͸͹
͸ǤͶǤͷǤŠ‡–Š‡          ʹ͸͹
͸ǤͷǤ„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•          ʹ͸ͺ
͸ǤͷǤͳǤƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–      ʹ͸ͺ
͸ǤͷǤʹǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘›ƒŽ•ǡƒ‡‘••‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–‘‘Ž    ʹ͹ͳ
͸ǤͷǤ͵Ǥ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—•–‘•ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘•     ʹ͹ʹ
͸ǤͷǤͶǤ‘—‹–›‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–        ʹ͹͵
͸ǤͷǤͷǤ‹–Š‡‘—‹–›ˆ‘”Š”‹•–       ʹ͹Ͷ
͸Ǥ͸Ǥ”‘‰”ƒ•‘” –‹˜‹–‹‡•        ʹ͹ͷ
͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ’Ž‹ˆ–‡–        ʹ͹ͷ
͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤͳǤ‡„‡”•̵’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ”‘™–Š       ʹ͹ͷ
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͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤʹǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•         ʹͺʹ
͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤʹǤͳǤ ƒ†‹‘”‘ƒ† ƒ•–        ʹͺʹ
͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤʹǤʹǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ”—•ƒ†‡•        ʹͺͶ
͸Ǥ͸ǤͳǤʹǤ͵Ǥ —‡”ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•        ʹͺͶ
͸Ǥ͸ǤʹǤ‘ ‹ƒŽ ’ƒ –         ʹͺ͸
͸Ǥ͸ǤʹǤͳǤ‡„‡”•̵ƒ†ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•̵‡Žˆƒ”‡      ʹͺ͸
͸Ǥ͸ǤʹǤʹǤ‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡       ʹͺ͹
͸Ǥ͹Ǥ ’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǣ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘    ʹͺͺ
͸Ǥ͹ǤͳǤ‡”•‘ƒŽ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘        ʹͺͺ
͸Ǥ͹ǤʹǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ȁ—•–‘•     ʹͻͶ
͸Ǥ͹ǤʹǤͳǤ‹„ƒ–‹‘          ʹͻͷ
͸Ǥ͹ǤʹǤʹǤ ‡‡†‹‰ƒ† ‘‘”‹‰–Š‡ ‡•–‘”•      ʹͻͺ
͸Ǥ͹ǤʹǤ͵ǤAkondwa Yereȋ–‘‘Ž‹ˆ‡Ȍ       ͵Ͳʹ
͸Ǥ͹Ǥ͵Ǥ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†       ͵Ͳ͸

CHAPTER 7: DISCOVERIES AND PROSPECTS OF THE ENGAGEMENT ͵ͳͳ

͹ǤͳǤ –”‘†— –‹‘          ͵ͳͳ
͹ǤʹǤ‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ǣƒ•‡ˆ‘”  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘      ͵ͳͳ
͹ǤʹǤͳǤ‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ƒ† ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒ”Ž‹‡”‘ ‡’–•    ͵ͳʹ
͹ǤʹǤʹǤ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘        ͵ͳ͸
͹ǤʹǤ͵Ǥƒ•‡ˆ‘”  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘        ͵ͳͺ
͹ǤʹǤͶǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹ Šƒƒ     ͵ʹͳ
͹ǤʹǤͶǤͳǤ ‹•–‘”‹ ‘Ǧ‘ ‹‘Ǧ—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ•‹•       ͵ʹʹ
͹ǤʹǤͶǤʹǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘”Ž†˜‹‡™       ͵ʹ͸
͹ǤʹǤͶǤ͵Ǥ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ȋ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‘”•Š‹’Ȍ    ͵ʹͻ
͹ǤʹǤͷǤ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘        ͵͵ʹ
͹ǤʹǤͷǤͳǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǣ”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡•–‘”•      ͵͵͵
͹ǤʹǤͷǤʹǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ǣAdamu       ͵͵͹
͹ǤʹǤͷǤ͵Ǥ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ǣApoɔ       ͵͵ͻ
͹Ǥ͵Ǥƒ”–‡”•‹‹••‹‘         ͵Ͷͳ
͹ǤͶǤŠ‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‘—”ƒ‰‡        ͵ͶͶ
͹ǤͷǤŠ‡‡‡†ˆ‘”‘ ‡”–‡† –‹‘       ͵Ͷͻ
͹Ǥ͸Ǥ”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–       ͵ͷͳ
͹Ǥ͸ǤͳǤ”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•       ͵ͷͳ
͹Ǥ͸ǤʹǤ”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘”Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›        ͵ͷ͵

CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSION ͵ͷ͸

ͺǤͳǤ—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡–—†›        ͵ͷ͸

BIBLIOGRAPHY          ͵͸͹


viii
APPENDIXES  
’’‡†‹š ‹  ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ƒ†‹•– 
    ˆ ‡„‡”•ƒ†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ͶͲʹ
’’‡†‹š ‹‹  ‹•–‘ˆ‘Ǧ ‡„‡”•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†  ͶͲͶ
’’‡†‹š ‹‹‹  ‹•–‘ˆƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†    ͶͲͷ
’’‡†‹š ‹˜  ‹•–‘ˆ‹–‡”˜‹‡™“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡”‡•’‘†‡–•  ͶͲ͸
’’‡†‹š ˜  ‹•–‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•‘‹–‘”‡†‘”ƒ†‹‘ ͶͲ͹
’’‡†‹š ˜‹  ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡‘ˆ  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘   ͶͲͺ
’’‡†‹š ˜‹‹  ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡–‘‘‡ ‡—•‹‡••  ͶͲͻ
’’‡†‹š‡•˜‹‹‹Ǧš  ‹•–‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†’”‹‡•–Ž›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•‹–Š‡ ͶͳͲ
’’‡†‹š‡•š‹Ǧš‹‹‹  ”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳͶ—ƒŽƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ͷͳ͵
’’‡†‹š‡•š‹˜Ǧš˜‹ ”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”ʹͲͳ͸—ƒŽApoᴐ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ͷͳ͸
’’‡†‹š š˜‹‹  ”‘‰”ƒˆ‘”—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰‘ˆƒ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ  Ͷͳͻ

LIST OF MAPS, TABLES AND FIGURES

Maps
ͳǤ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‡‰‹‘•ȋ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’Ȍ‘ˆ Šƒƒ     š˜‹‹‹
ʹǤ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡‹•–”‹ –•‘ˆ”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘     š‹š
͵Ǥ‡ Š‹ƒ           šš

Tables
ͳǤ—„‡”‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•       ʹͳͻ
ʹǤ—„‡”‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒŽ‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡     ʹͷͺ
͵Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ—‡‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‡ƒŽ‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡    ʹͷͺ

Figures
ͳǤSankᴐfa•›„‘Ž          ͳͲ͹
ʹǤ‹ –—”‡‘ˆ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡  ʹͳͺ
͵ǤGye Nyame•›„‘Ž         ʹ͸Ͳ
ͶǤ‹ ‡”™‹–Š–Š‡ ̵•Ž‘‰‘ǡ‘––‘Ȁ•Ž‘‰ƒƒ† ”‡‡†    ʹ͸ͳ
ͷǤ‹ –—”‡•‘ˆ ‡„‡”•‹–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘–Š‡     ʹ͹͸
͸Ƭ͹Ǥ‹ –—”‡•‘ˆ ‡„‡”•‹–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘–Š‡    ʹ͹͹

ABBREVIATIONS
    ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒƒ”–Š‡‡’‹‰Š—” Š‡•
    ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†—‡‡‘–Š‡”•
      –‹‘ ƒ‹–ŠŠƒ’‡Ž
     ••‡„Ž‹‡•‘ˆ ‘†Š—” Š
     ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹‰‡‘—•Š—” Š
ix
    „‘”‹‰‹‡•‹‰Š–•”‘–‡ –‹‘‘ ‹‡–›
    ˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘
    ”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘
    Š”‹•–’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” Š
    ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•Š‘’•̵‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡
     Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ Šƒƒ
    ‘’ƒ –‹• 
‘    Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–
    ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ
    ‰Ž‹•Š–ƒ†ƒ”†‡”•‹‘
‡–     ‡– ‡–‡”ƒ
    ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†—‡‡•
    —ŽŽ ‘•’‡Ž—•‹‡••‡̵• ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
    ”‡“—‡ ›‘†—Žƒ–‹‘
    Šƒƒ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‘‹––‡‡
    Šƒƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‘— ‹Ž
     –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–”ƒŽ ‘•’‡ŽŠ—” Š
    ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›
    —‹‘” ‹‰Š Š‘‘Ž
    ‘ ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆŠ—” Š‡•
    ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ‡”‡‘›
     ‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š Šƒƒ
    ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘‰”‡••
    ‡™ƒ–”‹‘–‹ ƒ”–›
     ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ Šƒƒ
   ”‘˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆ‡ ‡‘— ‹Ž
    ‘ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹ 
x
     ‡‹‘” ‹‰Š Š‘‘Ž
     ”‹’–—”‡‹‘
    ‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ
    ‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž
    ‘”Ž†‘— ‹Ž‘ˆŠ—” Š‡•

GLOSSARY
‹•–‘ˆ™‹™‘”†•—•‡†‹–Š‡–‡š–ȋ–Š‡Ž‹•–‹•’ƒ”–Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡͳͻͷͳǢ
ƒ”„‹ǡͳͻͻͷǢŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’‡†‹š‡•˜‹‹‹ǦšǤ
™‹      ‰Ž‹•Š
Abayifo    ‹– Š‡•
Abusua    ƒ‹Ž›ǡƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽ ŽƒǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡
Abusuapanin   ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ‡Ž†‡”‘” ‘—•‡Ž‘”‘ˆƒ Žƒ
Adae      ‡”‡‘›ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ ‡•–‘”•
Adae Butuw     ‡”‡‘›ˆ‘”–Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ‘‰–Š‡
     —ƒ’‡ 
Adamu Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ›’‡”‹‘†’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡Apoᴐƒ†ƒ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
Adinkra    ƒ›„‘Ž”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘ ‡’–•
Ahenfie Š‹‡ˆ̵•’ƒŽƒ ‡
Ahonyade    ‡ƒŽ–Š
Akabrekyerefo/adutofoᴐ  Šƒ”‡”•ǡ‡ Šƒ–‡”•ƒ†•‘” ‡”‡”•   
Akan piesie    ‹”•–„‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒȋ–”‹„‡Ȍ
Akondwa, pl. Nkonnwa  –‘‘Ž
Akondwa yere   –‘‘Ž™‹ˆ‡
Akuapem    –Š‘—•ƒ†‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–
Apoᴐ     ‡‘— ‹‰‘”†”‹˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ›‡˜‹Ž
Asaase Afua    ƒ”–Š ”‹†ƒ›ȋ‰‘††‡••Ȍ
xi
Asaase Yaa    ƒ”–ŠŠ—”•†ƒ›ȋ‰‘††‡••Ȍ
Asomdwoe    ‡ƒ ‡
Awurade    ‘”†ǡ™‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ ‘†‘” ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ•‘”†
Bayedie    ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ›ƒ
Banmu/Baamu ‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—ǡ ‡‡–‡”›™Š‡”‡”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
„—”‹‡†
Bayedie Afahyɛ   ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ
Bono     ‹‘‡‡”‘”ˆ‹”•–‘”ƒ‹†‡
Botwerewa    š‡ —–‹‘‡”†‡‹–›‹‡ Š‹ƒ
Dabone †ƒ›‘™Š‹ Š™‘”‹•–ƒ„‘‘‡†‘”ƒ†ƒ›”‡•‡”˜‡†
ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”–Š ‘††‡••Ǥ
Dwanekᴐbea   Žƒ ‡‘ˆ”‡ˆ—‰‡
Gya dua    ̵Š‡ˆ‹”‡–”‡‡̵ǡ•ƒ ”‡†–”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™‘”˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Ǥ
Gye Nyame    Adinkra•›„‘Ž‡ƒ‹‰‡š ‡’– ‘†
Kra/Ɔkra, pl. akra   Š‡•‘—Ž–Šƒ–Nyameȋ ‘†Ȍ‰‹˜‡•–‘ƒ’‡”•‘Ǥ
Kwame    ƒƒ‡ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ‡„‘”‘ƒ–—”†ƒ›ǢƒŽ•‘—•‡†
     ˆ‘”Nyame ȋ ‘†Ȍ
Ɔbaapanin    ‡Ž†‡”Ž›‘”Ž†Žƒ†›Ȁ™‘ƒ
Ɔbosom, pl. abosom  ‡‹–›
Ɔhemaa, pl. Ahemaa  —‡‡
Ɔhene, pl. Ahemfo   ‹‰ǢŠ‹‡ˆ
Ɔhene kᴐmfoᴐ   ”‹‡•– Š‹‡ˆ
Ɔkyeame, pl. Akyeame Š‡Š‹‡ˆ̵••’‘‡•’‡”•‘
Ɔman/Oman   –ƒ–‡Ǣ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ ›  
Ɔmanhene/Omanhene ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆǢŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ–”‹„‡‘”ᣨƒ‘”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž‘”ƒ”‡ƒ
Ɔmanhemaa/Omanhemaa  —‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡ᴐman (state)

xii
Mensa    Š‡ƒ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–Š‹”†•— ‡••‹˜‡ƒŽ‡ Š‹Ž†ƒ‘‰
     –Š‡ƒ
Mponponsuo   •–ƒ–‡•™‘”†™Š‹ Šƒ‡™ Š‹‡ˆŠ‘Ž†•–‘•™‡ƒ”–Š‡
     ‘ƒ–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡
     †—”‹‰‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘
Nana, pl. Nananom Š‘‘”ƒ”›–‹–Ž‡‘”–‡”‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡
ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ǡ‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•ǡ
‡Ž†‡”Ž›’‡”•‘ǡƒ†Nyameȋ ‘†ȌǤ
Nananom nkonnwa asaase  ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘ŽŽƒ†
Nananom nsamanfo   ‡•–‘”•Ǣƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•
Nkonnwa Asaase   –‘‘ŽŽƒ†
Nkondwafie/nkoguafieso   ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–‘”•Š”‹‡™Š‡”‡„Žƒ •–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ†‡ƒ†
     Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ”‡‡’–Ǥ
Nkosuohene    ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– Š‹‡ˆ
Nkrabea    ‡•–‹›
Nkwagye    ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘
Nnusintuo    ’”‘‘–‹‰ Šƒ”•ƒ†‡˜‹Ž‡†‹ ‹‡
Nsamanfo    ’‹”‹–•‘”‰Š‘•–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ† 
Ntamkɛseɛ    Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‘ƒ–Š
Nyame/Nyankopᴐn/Onyame Š‡—’”‡‡‡‹‰™Š‘ ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡
Nyame akuma Nyame'sƒš‡Ǣ—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ‡‘Ž‹–Š‹ •–‘‡‹’Ž‡‡–‘”
’‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‡–‡‘”‹–‡™Š‹ Š‹•’Žƒ ‡†‹†”‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”
–‘‰‹˜‡•–”‡‰–ŠǤ –ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ ‡†‹–Š‡„ƒ•‹‘”’‘–
™Š‹ Š‹•ˆ‘—†‘–Š‡Nyame DuaǤ
Nyame dua    Nyame's–”‡‡ǡƒ’‘•–™‹–Š–Š”‡‡„”ƒ Š‡•‘™Š‹ Š
     –Š‡„ƒ•‹ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰™ƒ–‡”ƒ†Nyame akuma‹•
     ’Žƒ ‡†Ǥ   
Odikro, pl. Adikro   ‡”†•ƒ‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡
Odwira ƒ—ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘‡ƒ•–ƒ–‡•†—”‹‰™Š‹ Š
–Š‡ˆ‹”•–›ƒ•ƒ”‡‡ƒ–‡Ǥ
Okuapehemmaa   —‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ’‡•–ƒ–‡  
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Okuapemman   —ƒ’‡•–ƒ–‡
Okyehene ‹‰‘”’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡›‡„—ƒ™ƒ
•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
Osan-no    ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡
     —ƒ’‡
Oseadeyo ‡™Š‘„ƒ •Š‹•™‘”†•™‹–Šƒ –‹‘Ǣ‹–Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡
     Ɔmanhene‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ
Otumfoᴐ ‹‰Š–›‘‡Ǣ‹–Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ–‡
‹‰†‘‹ Šƒƒ
Oyeadeyie Š‡”‡’ƒ‹”‡”‘ˆ–Š‹‰•Ǣ‹–Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡›‹†‘Š‡‡‘ˆ
–Š‡Ǥ
Pataso ‘”–›Ǧ†ƒ›’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ ‘ˆ‹‡‡–ˆ‘”ƒ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ
„‡ˆ‘”‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡’‡”‹‘†™Š‡Š‡‹•–ƒ—‰Š––Š‡
Š‹•–‘”›ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
Sunsum sore   ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•
Ta Kɛse/Ta Mensa   Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ
Ta Kora    ”‹˜‡”†‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ
Tano Twumpuduru  †‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ
Techiman/Takyiman  ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•ƒ›‹̵••–ƒ–‡Ǣ–Š‡‡–‹”‡‡ Š‹ƒ
     ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ
Techiman/Takyimanhene Š‹‡ˆ‘”Ɔmanhene ‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒȀƒ›‹ƒ
Techimanhene Wukuada Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‘ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡Ɔmanhene‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡—”†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡‡ǡƒƒ
ƒ™”ƒ‘‹ͳͻʹ͹Ǥ 
Wukuada    ‡†‡•†ƒ› 
Yehowa    ‡Š‘˜ƒŠǢ ‘†   

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 DEDICATION
Š‹•„‘‘‹•†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰‹‡‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‡•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•
–‘™ƒ”†•›—’„”‹‰‹‰ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǣ
›Žƒ–‡‰”ƒ†‘–Š‡”ǡƒƒ‘•—ƒ–ƒ‡ Š‘
›Žƒ–‡— Ž‡ǡƒ—‡Ž‘„‹ƒƒ‰‘‡
›Žƒ–‡ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ˜‹†™ƒ‡‘‘”
›Žƒ–‡‘–Š‡”ǡƒƒ„‡ƒ ›‹ƒŠȋ—‡‡‘ˆ‡Œ‹”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǣͳͻ͸ͻǦʹͲͳ͸Ȍ

xv
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ƒǡˆ‹”•–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡‘•–ǡ‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘ ‘†ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡–Š‡‰”ƒ ‡–‘„‡‰‹ƒ† ‘’Ž‡–‡
–Š‹• •–—†›Ǥ  ƒŽ•‘ ‘™‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ –‘ ”‘ˆǤ ”Ǥ ƒ”—• ”‹‡†– ƒ† ”‘ˆǤ ”Ǥ
‡”‡” ƒŠŽ ˆ‘” ‘– ‘Ž› ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –‘ „‡ › •—’‡”˜‹•‘”• „—– ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡ ‡ –Š‡
‡ ‡••ƒ”›‘”ƒŽƒ†ƒ ƒ†‡‹ •—’’‘”–™Š‹ Š‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‹••–—†›ƒ•
’Žƒ‡†Ǥ

ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡‹‡•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘‘ˆ”Ǥ‹‰•ˆ‘”†™ƒ—™—ƒ•‹ƒ†Š‹•
™‹ˆ‡ Š‡”‡•ƒ ŠÚ„‡Ž ȋ ƒ„—”‰ǡ ‡”ƒ›ȌǤ Š‡ ‘—’Ž‡ •‹‰Ž‡Šƒ†‡†Ž› ’”‘˜‹†‡†
†‘ —‡–ƒ”›ƒ†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”›–”‹’ˆ”‘ Šƒƒ–‘ ”ƒˆ—”–Ǥ

–Šƒ‡˜Ǥ„‡‡œ‡”‡•ƒŠƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆƒŽ˜ƒ”›‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Šǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›

”Ǥƒ—‡Žƒˆ‘ƒ†Š‹•™‹ˆ‡ǡ‰ƒ”–Šƒǡƒ†ƒŽ‹œƒ„‡–Š™—•—ǡ”Ǥƒ†‘—‹‡”
ƒ† ”•Ǥ Ž‹˜‹ƒ ‡„”ƒŠǡ ƒŽŽ ‹ ”ƒˆ—”–ǡ ‡”ƒ›ǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
•—’’‘”–†—”‹‰›•–ƒ›‹ ”ƒˆ—”–Ǥ

› –Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‘ –‘ –Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ† ”•Ǥ —Š ‡ „—„‡” ȋ—ƒ•‹ ‹ ŠƒƒȌǡ ”Ǥ
Ž„‡”–™‡•‹•Š—ǡ”Ǥ‹ Šƒ‡Ž”—ƒŠ‰›‡ƒ‰ǡ”•Ǥ‹ –‘”‹ƒ’‘—ǡ”Ǥƒ†
”•Ǥ ›‡”‡ǡ ”Ǥ ƒ† ”•Ǥ ‹ ‡– ’’‹ƒŠ ȋƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ ‹ ŠƒƒȌǡ ‡”› ‡˜Ǥ ƒ†
”•Ǥ ƒ†•‘ ȋ—ƒ•‹ ‹ ŠƒƒȌǡ ‡”› ‡˜Ǥ ‡‘”‰‹ƒ ›–Š‹ƒ •Š— ȋƒ’‡ ‘ƒ•– ‹
ŠƒƒȌƒ†”ǤŽ„‡”–Ǥƒ–‡ȋ ”ƒ‹ ŠƒƒȌˆ‘”–Š‡‹”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ƒ†Ȁ‘”
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

 ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”Ǥ ‹‰•Ž‡› ƒ”‹ƒ”‹ ȋ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹ ŠƒƒȌ ƒ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š
ƒ••‹•–ƒ– ˆ‘” †‹•–”‹„—–‹‰ ƒ† ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ ‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ “—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡ ƒ†
ƒŽ•‘ †‘‹‰ •‘‡ ‘–ƒ –• ‘ ›„‡ŠƒŽˆǤ Š‡ –Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ •‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ—ƒ•‹Ȍ
ƒ†”Ǥ •ƒƒ ˆˆƒŠ‘ƒŠȋ‡ Š‹ƒȌ ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‡•‘‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ

xvi
› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‰‘‡• –‘ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
—‡‡• ȋ Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡
ǡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ™‡ƒŽ–Š ‘ˆ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†‹‡•‡Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‹•™‘”Ǥ

 ™‹•Š –‘ –Šƒ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ’‡”•‘• ™Š‘ ’”‘‘ˆ”‡ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ—• ”‹’– ˆ‘” ‡ ‹
Šƒƒǣ ”Ǥ ™ƒ— ‘‘Ǧ”‡›ƒ ȋ ‡ƒ†ƒ•–‡”Ȍǡ ”•Ǥ Ž‹ ‡ –‹Ǧ‰›‡ƒ ƒ† ”Ǥ
ƒ—‡Ž‘ƒ†—Ǧ›‡„‘ƒˆ‘ȋƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘™‹”‡‡‹‘” ‹‰Š‡ Š‹ ƒŽ Š‘‘ŽȌǤ

 ƒŽ•‘ ‘™‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ –‘ › ™‹ˆ‡ǡ ‡ ‹Ž‹ƒ —‹Ǧ‘ƒŠ ƒ† ‘—” Š‹Ž†”‡ǡ
ƒ—‡ŽŽƒ ƒ† „‡‡œ‡”ǡ ƒ† › ‡’Š‡™ †™ƒ”† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‡†—”ƒ ‡ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–†—”‹‰–Š‡•‡›‡ƒ”•Ǥ

xvii
ƒ’ͳǣ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’‘ˆ Šƒƒ

Description : Šƒƒ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’•Š‘™‹‰–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ

„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹” ƒ’‹–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ
‘—” ‡ǣŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥƒ’•‘ˆ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‘Ȁ‰ŠƒƒǦ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǦƒ’ǤŠ–ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͳͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

xviii
 ƒ’ʹǣ”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’

—ƒ”›
Description ƒ’‘ˆ–Š‡†‹•–”‹ –•‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ
ŠƒƒǤ”‡ƒ–‡†„›ƒ”‡Ž‹„”ƒˆ‘”’—„Ž‹ †‘ƒ‹—•‡Ǥ
”‡ƒ–‡†—•‹‰ƒ’ ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ˜͹Ǥͷƒ†˜ƒ”‹‘—•
ƒ’’‹‰”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ
Date ʹͺ —‡ʹͲͲ͸ȋ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ—’Ž‘ƒ††ƒ–‡Ȍ

‘—” ‡ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ ‘‘•Ǥ™‹‹‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ ‹Ž‡ǣ”‘‰̴Šƒˆ‘̴†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ’‰ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†

‘ͳͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

xix
ƒ’͵ǣƒ’‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‘–‡š–


Sourceǣ‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ǡʹͲͳͳ
Courtesyǣƒ˜‹†ƒƒˆ‘ǡThe Role of Traditional Property Rights in the Sustainable Use of
Rural Lands in the Techiman MunicipalityǤ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ȋǤ ǤȌŠ‡•‹•ǡ
™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹ǡƒ›ǡʹͲͳͳǤ
†•’ƒ ‡Ǥ—•–Ǥ‡†—Ǥ‰ŠȀ„‹–•–”‡ƒȀͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻȀʹͻͷȀͳȀ  ǡ  Ǥ’†ˆ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
‘–‡ǣ‘‘ƒ•‘‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒˆ–‡”ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡‘–Š‡‘”–ŠǦ‡ƒ•–Ǥ
†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”ƒœƒ‘”–Š†‹•–”‹ –Š‡ ‡‹–•‡š Ž—•‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ’Ǥ
—––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹–‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ

xx
 Introduction

CHAPTER 1

1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction and Statement of the Problem
‘” •‘‡ –‹‡ ‘™ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ Šƒ• ‡„ƒ”‡† ‘ ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ – –‘
”‡ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ȋƒ—”‡–‹ ƒ‰‡•ƒǡ ʹͲͲͶȌ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹–• ‹••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’”‘Œ‡ – Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘ ‡’–•
‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ˆ”‹ ƒ Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘
ȋƒ‰‡•ƒ ‹„‹†Ǣ ‘Ž‘‘ Ǥ „ƒ•‹ǡ ʹͲͲͺǢ ™‡•‹ Ǥ ‹ •‘ǡ ͳͻͺͶǢ ʹͲͲͲǢ
ƒ—‡Ž ƒ”–‡›ǡ ͳͻͻ͵Ǣ ™ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ‘ǡ ͳͻͻͷǢ ͳͻͻͻǢ ʹͲͲͲǢ ‘Š Ǥ ‘„‡‡ǡ
ͳͻ͹ͻǢ †™ƒ”† Ǥ –‘‹‘ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
†‡• ”‹„‡†‘”’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘‘’’‘•‡–Š‡”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡ȋ”‘‰ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‹••–ƒ ‡–›’‹ˆ‹‡•— Š‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹‹•–”›™‘”Ž†™‹†‡ȋŠƒ”Ž‡• Ǥ”ƒˆ–ͳͻͻͳǣ͵ͲͺȌǤ
– Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‹Š‡”‹–‡† ƒ––‹–—†‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•™Š‹ Š–Š‡‹••‹‘ Š—” Š‡•ȋ”‘–‡•–ƒ–•ƒ†ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Ȍƒ”‡–”›‹‰
–‘ ‘˜‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ ȋ”‘‰ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǤͳ ‘” Ǥ Ǥ ˜ƒ ‹Œǡ ȋʹͲͲͳȌ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ
‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒ‹•–Š‡ ‘–‡•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥʹ


‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ Šƒƒǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™ƒ• ‘†— –‡†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹•
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ƒ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ͳ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ •‘ ™‡•‹ǡ The Uncompleted Mission: Christianity and Exclusivism ȋƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ

 –‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǤ
ʹ‹Œ ƒ†‡ –Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹• •–—†› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡•‹‘ ƒ† ‘” Žƒ•Š‡• „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ  ”ƒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡†Ǯ ‘‘™‘ǯǤ–Š‡–‡•‹‘ƒ† ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ”Ž‡‡ ‡ ‹––‡ǡ Accra’s Sounds And Sacred Spaces ƒ–
™™™Ǥ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁƒ ”ƒǯ•Ǧ•‘—†•Ǧƒ†Ǧ•ƒ ”‡†Ǧ•’ƒ ‡•ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ ‡” ŽŽ‹‰•‘ǡ Drum Wars News: News accounts of the Ghana Drum Wars,
1998-2003ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀƒŽŽƒˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘Ȁ•–‘”‹‡•ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
1
 Introduction

Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•†‘—„Ž‡ƒ•‡„‡”•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† —‡‡• ȋ ȌǤ – ‡ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ”‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ•„›ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǤŠ‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
‹•–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǤŠƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†•
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•’”‹‘”–‘–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫŠ‡ƒ†Š‘™
†‹† –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡‰‹ǫ Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ‹–ǫ Šƒ– Ž‡† –‘ ‘” „”‘—‰Š–
ƒ„‘—––Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫŠƒ–†‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
•‡‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǫ • –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘
•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ƒ†’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫ
Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
 –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž –Šƒ– ‹• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹ ™Š‹ Š
–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‡–Š‡•‹•ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘”
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–‹
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǣ ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ –‘
ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ ˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ ȋ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‘Ž› –Š‘•‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‘’
Š‹‡”ƒ” Š› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” ŠȌ –‘ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ȋ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
’ƒ•–‘”•‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽȌǢƒ†ˆ”‘’‡ƒ ‡’”‘Œ‡ ––‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
’”‘Œ‡ –͵Ǥ Š‹• •Š‹ˆ– ™ƒ• ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡† „› Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡•Š‹ˆ–‹•
ƒ‹‡†ƒ–ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š”‡‡„”‘ƒ†‰‘ƒŽ•ǣ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹ Ž—†‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǣ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ȋ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌǢ ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ† ȋƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘” ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȌǤ


͵ Š‡ ƒ‹ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ› ‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹• –‘ ˆ‘”‡•–ƒŽŽ ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ

‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• „—– –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‰‘‡•„‡›‘†’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡ ‡Ǥ
2
 Introduction

Š‡•–—†›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡••‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡Š‡ƒ†•‘ˆ Š—” Š‡•

ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Š‡ƒ†•‹ Šƒƒƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ–”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǤͶ —––Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ Šƒ”†Ž› ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ –Š‡ —””‡–
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ† Š—” Š ‡„‡”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†•ǡ
”‘›ƒŽ• ƒ† ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡‹”
ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ•–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ǡ —•–‘•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥͷ


Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ „—– ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–• „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ†
’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š•ǤŠ‡•‡–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›™‹–Š‹–Š‡•‡–—’
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡†‡† ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘” ŽƒǤ͸ Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ ‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ– –Š‡
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž –Š”‘—‰Š ˆƒ‹Ž› –‹‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•ǣƒ–Š‘Ž‹ •ǡ”‘–‡•–ƒ–•ǡˆ”‹ ƒ †‹‰‡‘—•Š—” Š‡•ǡ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ† Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ • ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǣ —•Ž‹•ǡ ƒ†

Ͷ‡‡”‹ ™ƒ„‡ƒ†—”‘‹ƒˆ‡ǡInter-religious dialogue and cooperation among the three

religions of Ghana ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ†‡ǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ

ͷ ‘” ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ •‡‡ ”‡‡ Ǥ †‘–‡‹ Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡ

ȋ‡†•ǤȌ Chieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development ȋ‡‰‘ǡ  ”ƒǣ —„Ǧ
ƒŠƒ”ƒ —„ŽǤǡʹͲͲ͸ȌǢ ƒƒ„‘”ǡƒ ‡›ˆ‹‘Ǧ‡‘ Šǡ The politics of chieftaincy: authority and
property in colonial Ghana, 1920-1950 ȋ‘‘†„”‹†‰‡ǣ ‘›†‡ŽŽ Ƭ ”‡™‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǢ ƒ–Š„‘‡
‹ Šƒ”†ǡNkrumah & the chiefs : the politics of chieftaincy in Ghana, 1951-60ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ ƒ‡•
—””›–†ǡʹͲͲͲȌǢŽ—†œ‡Ǥ‘†œ‘ƒƒ—ǡChieftaincy in GhanaȋƒŠƒǣ—•–‹Ƭ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌǢ Ǥ Ǥ „‡‰ǡ Ancient Ashanti Chieftaincy ȋ‡ƒǣ Šƒƒ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ͳͻͺͺȌǢ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ•‡Ž›Ǧ ƒ›ˆ‘”†ǡ The Gold Coast Native Institutions ȋ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒ ƒ•• Ƭ
‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†ǡͳͻ͹ͲȌǢǤǤƒ‘–‡ǡThe Institution of Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Overview
ȋ‡‰‘ǡ ”ƒǣ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ–—†‹‡•ǡ ǡͳͻͺͺȌǢ”Š‹”‡’‘‰ǤTransformations in
Traditional Rule in Ghana, 1951-1996ȋ ”ƒǣ‡† ‘—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹‹–‡†ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ
͸ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Ǯ ˆ‘”ƒŽ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǯǡ•‡‡ ”ƒ ‹•Ǥ™ƒ‹™—ǡInter-Religious Dialogue in

African Context: Christianity, Islam and African Religion ȋ‹•Šƒ•ƒǣ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–›
–—†‹‡•ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǡ ͳͲ͸Ǣ ”‹ ‡ ‘”‹‡ ‘–‡Šǡ Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in Africa:
Interreligious Encounters and DialogueȋŠ‡”•–ǡǤǣƒ„”‹ƒ”‡••ǡʹͲͲͻȌǡͳͺ͵ǢŽ‹œƒ„‡–Š
‘ƒŠǡAfrican Indigenous Religions and Inter-Religious RelationshipǤŽ‡ –—”‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ–
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‡–”‡Š‡Ž†‘Š—”•†ƒ›ʹʹ –‘„‡”ǡͳͻͻͺ‹–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘‘ƒ–
ƒ•ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ šˆ‘”†Ǥ Š––’ǣȀȀ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–ŠǦ ‡–”‡Ǥ‘”‰ȀǤǤǤ –—”‡•Ȁƒˆ”‹ ƒǦ‹†‹‰‡‘—•ǤǤǤ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͶȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷƒ–ͳʹǤͲͶ’ȌǤ 
3
 Introduction

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ •Žƒ‹  ƒ† ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•

‘—‹–‹‡• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡ ‘—–‡”• —•—ƒŽŽ› –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–‡• ‘ˆ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ •— Š ƒ• „‹”–ŠȀƒ‹‰ǡ
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ƒ††‡ƒ–ŠȀˆ—‡”ƒŽǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ž‹‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ
‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ǡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‡ǯ• ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‘” „—•‹‡•• ‘” ‘–Š‡”
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•ǡ ‘‹••‹‘‹‰ ‘” ‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ•–‘” ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‘”†ƒ‹‡†
‹‹•–”›‘”‹†— –‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡‘‡‹–‘ƒ‡™‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ͹


‡•‹†‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘‡ ‘‘ „—– ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡˜‡– ‘” ‘ ƒ•‹‘
™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› ‘” ‘—‹–›Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Š‹• ‹• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡† ƒ—ƒŽŽ› ‘” •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽŽ› ‹ ƒ›
’Žƒ ‡• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‹‡ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ Šƒ• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –‘
’”‘‘–‡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ƒ‘‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•
ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•‘–Ž‹‹–‡†–‘
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘” ŽƒǤ ’‘— ȋͳͻ͹Ͳǣ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ȍ ’—–• ‹–
•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡”‹–‡•‘ˆ Š‹Ž†Ǧƒ‹‰ǡ‘ˆ’—„‡”–›ǡƒ†‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
‘ˆ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ† †‡ƒ–ŠǤ —– ˆƒ” ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Šƒ –Š‡•‡ ”‹–‡•
™Š‹ Šƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘Ž›„›–Š‡Ž‹––Ž‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘” Žƒ ‹” Ž‡ǡƒ”‡–Š‡
ƒ—ƒŽ ƒ† •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‹ Š „”‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡
’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆƒ–‘™ƒ†ǡ‹†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡–”‹„‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ –‘ „‘–Š ‹†‹‰‡‡• ƒ† ‘Ǧ‹†‹‰‡‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘
†‘—„– –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” •ƒ ”‡† ƒ† •‡ —Žƒ” ˆ— –‹‘• ‹ Ž—†‹‰

͹ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ•• ”‘‘– Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• ‘–

Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ‘Ž› ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”•Ǥ ‘Ǧˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• Ž‹‡ ‘‡ǯ• • Š‘‘Žƒ–‡•ǡ Žƒ••ƒ–‡•ǡ
ˆ”‹‡†•ǡ ‘Ǧ™‘”‡”•‘”•–ƒˆˆ‡„‡”•ǡ‡‹‰Š„‘”•ǡ„—•‹‡••’ƒ”–‡”•™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
„ƒ ‰”‘—†•‘”ˆƒ‹–Š••‘‡–‹‡•†‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡Ǥ
4
 Introduction

•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽƒ‰‡†ƒǤͺ”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‡†

–‘ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ —– ‘–Š‡”
ˆ— –‹‘• •— Š ƒ• ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ ˆ‘” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ •’‘”–• ƒ†
‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–ǡ ƒ† •›’‘•‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ Š‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‹ –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤͻ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• †‘ ’Žƒ›
ƒŒ‘” ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ
Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ †‘‡• ‘– ‡–”‡ ‘Ž›
‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ȋ”Š‹ ”‹’‘‰ǡ ʹͲͲͳǣͺͷȌ ‹– Šƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ —•–‘ ™Š‹ Š ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ȋòŽŽ‡”ǡ
ʹͲͳ͵ǣ͵ʹȌǤ ”Š‹ ”‡’‘‰ ȋʹͲͲͳǣͶ͸ǡͺͷǢ ʹͲͲ͸ǣ͵ͳǡ͵ʹȌ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‘—–‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹ ŠƒƒǤ –‹•†‘—„–Ž‡••–‘‘–‡–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ǯ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǯ –Šƒ– ‡‡”‰‡† ƒ‘‰ Šƒƒ‹ƒ• •‘‡–‹‡ ‹ –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ǯ• Š‹•–‘”› ȋòŽŽ‡”ǡ ʹͲͳ͵ǣ͵ʹȌǤ Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ’ƒ–”‘‹œ‡†ǡ
–Š‡”‡„› ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‡”–ƒ‹
ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ  ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡ –Š—• „‡‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ• „‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ Ǯ —Ž–—”‡ǯ ‘ˆ
Šƒƒ ȋ†‘–‡‹ Ƭ ™‡†‘„ƒǡ ʹͲͲ͸ǣͶͲȌ ‘” ‰—ƒ”†‹ƒ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ†

ͺ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡’‘—ǤǤǡ

Festivals of Ghana ȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ–‹ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆAdaeƒ†Odwira•‡‡—•‹ƒǤǤǡThe Position of
the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashanti ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜Ǥ ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͷͳȌǢ
Šƒ’–‡” –™‘ ȋʹȌ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› †‹• —••‡• –Š‡ 'Apoᴐ' ƒ† 'Bayedie' ȋƒȌ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ—‡‡•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
ͻ – —•– „‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– ’”‹‡•–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒŽ•‘ †‘ ’Žƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ •‘‡

ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘†‹• —••‡• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ

   
5
 Introduction

ˆ‘ŽŽ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ȋŽ—†œ‡ ʹͲͲͲǣʹ͵ʹȌǤ Š‡•‡ †ƒ›• –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹‰Š– ’ƒ”–Ž› „‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •’‘•‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‘ˆ
•‘‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•Ž‹‡‡†‹ƒŠ‘—•‡•ƒ†–‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•‹
ŠƒƒǤ—–•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‹‰‘ƒ††‘ͳͲ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡ ƒ”˜‡†ƒ
‹ Š‡ˆ‘”•’‘•‘”‹‰ƒ†„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰–Š‡ƒŒ‘”ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒ‹ Ž—†‹‰
–Š‡Apoᴐƒ†Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒǤ


Š‡ —””‡– †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† „‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ
‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‹• ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽǡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ Ǯ”‡’Žƒ–‹‰ǯ ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒǡͳͳ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „”‘—‰Š– ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –‘ –Š‡
‘˜‡”–• ‹ –Š‡‹” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘•–• ‹ Ž—†‹‰
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥͳʹ‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ† ‘˜‡”–•Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†
–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –‘ ‡˜‡ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘”
—•–‘• –‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† ‹ •‘‡ ƒ•‡• ’‡–‹–‹‘‡† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• –‘ ‡š‡’– –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ‘„•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ȋ—•‹ƒǡ ͳͻͷͳǣȌǤ Š‡ ƒ•‡Ž
ͳͲ Ǯ‹‰‘ǯǡ ƒ –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‘” ‹ Šƒƒǡ —””‡–Ž› •’‘•‘”• –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•†—„„‡†Ǯ‹‰‘ ‡•–ǯǤ†‘ǡƒ„”ƒ Š‘”•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ‹ Šƒƒ

ƒŽ•‘ •’‘•‘”• ƒ† „”‘ƒ† ƒ•–• –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – —•‡• –Š‡ ƒ †‹ƒŽ‡ – ǮTwi’ ƒ• ƒ ‡†‹— ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ǮTwi’
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡•‡ ‘† Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
ͳͳ’‘—ǡ›‹ƒŠǡ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽš‘” ‹•ǣWitchcraft and Demonology in Ghanaȋ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› —’’Ž‡‡– ‡”‹‡• Žƒ†ˆ‘”† ‘”—ǡ ǣ ‡‘ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ ›
—•‹‰ –Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ Ǯ”‡Ǧ’Žƒ–‹‰ǯ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› Š‡ Šƒ† ‹ ‹† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” —•— ‡••ˆ—Ž
ƒ––‡’–„›‘”–—‰—‡•‡‡” Šƒ–•–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ƒ†’Žƒ– Š—” Š‡•‹–Š‡ͳͷ–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ ‘”
›‹ƒŠ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ’Žƒ–‹‰ –‘‘ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”
̵—•— ‡••ˆ—Ž‹••‹‘ƒ”›˜‡–—”‡•ǯ‰„‡–‹ȋͳͻͺ͸ǣ͵ǦͳͲȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•ʹͲ–Š ƒ—ƒ”›ǡͳͶͺʹƒ•–Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† †ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹
‘†‡”–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•–‘†‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ””‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–—‰—‡•‡‹–Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ‡‡
ƒŽ•‘ƒ•Š‹‰–‘„‡‰ǡAsante Catholicism: Religious and Cultural Reproduction Among the
Akan of Ghanaȋ‡‹†‡ǡ‡™‘”ǡڎǣǤ Ǥ Ǣͳͻͻ͸ȌǡͻͷˆˆǤ
ͳʹ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǯƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‡‡‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘Ǥ ǡ

Akan religion and the Christian faith: A Comparative Study of the Impact of Two Religions
ȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻ͹ͶȌǡ ͳͷ͵Ǧͳ͸ͶǢ ‘‡Ž ‹–Šǡ The Presbyterian Church of
Ghana 1835-1960ȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻ͸͸ȌǤ
6
 Introduction

‹••‹‘ǡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ™ƒ• ‘ ”‡ ‘”†• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‰‘‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ™Šƒ–
™ƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† ǮƒŽ‡ǯǡ ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‘—‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘˜‡”–• –‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ –Š‡
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ȋ‘‡Ž ‹–Šǡ ͳͻ͸͸Ǣ ‰„‡–‹ǡ ͳͻͺ͸ǣ͸͹ȌǤ Š‡•‡
Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•‹†‹ ƒ–‡Š‘™–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ––Šƒ––‹‡‹†‹”‡ –Ž›—”‰‡†
–Š‡ ‘˜‡”–•–‘Dzƒ‡ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡„”‡ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡’ƒ•–dzȋ‹”‰‹–‡›‡”ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ
 –Š‡ ’‘•–Ǧ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽǡ –Š‡
‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹• –Šƒ– Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘” †‘‡•–‹ 
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘—†‡”• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹†‹‰‡‘—• Š—” Š‡• ƒ†
–Š‡‹”‡„‡”•™‘—Ž†ƒ†‘’–„‡––‡”‘””‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Šƒƒ‹ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡’‡”‹‘†Šƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”™‹–‡••‡†
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡† ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ Ž—†‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡•‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‘•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǯ ‘” Š—” Š‡•ǯ ‘–‹—‘—•
”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ƒ† †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ˆ‘” •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ
‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘Ǥ Š‡
‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ȋȌ Šƒ• Šƒ† ‹–• ˆƒ”‡ •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘•‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•Ǥ


 •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ǡ Š—” Š‡• †‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡• —†‡” –Š‡ ƒ—•’‹ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘ ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ Š—” Š‡• ȋȌ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡• –‘ Ž‹ƒš ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
ƒ”‹‰–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‘–•‘‹–Š‡’ƒ•–ƒ•
ƒ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘•‹†‡”‡†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”–‡ƒ Š‹‰•„—–
Dz–Š‹•Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†ƒ†‘‡‘™ˆ‹†•’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ƒ–—”†ƒ›
ƒ† ”‘—†‹‰ ‹– ‘ˆˆ ™‹–Š ƒ Š—” Š •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘ —†ƒ›dz ȋ’‘—ǡ ͳͻ͹Ͳǣ

7
 Introduction

‹–”‘†— –‹‘ȌǤͳ͵ Š‹• ’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‰‘‘† ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ƒ† ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ˆ‘”

’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› †‡‡’‡‹‰ –Š‡‹”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ƒ† ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡
Š—” Š ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ —– –Š‡”‡ •‡‡ –‘ „‡ ‘ ƒŒ‘” ƒ† ‘ ”‡–‡
‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•„‡›‘†–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ‘”•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡† „‡›‘† –Š‹•
ƒ—ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ƒ†–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ„—•‹‡••ƒ•—•—ƒŽǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘™’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ›
‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ Ǥ –‹•ƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
–Šƒ– •‡‡• –‘ ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡
ȋ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ȍǡ ƒ† Žƒ† ȋ‹–• ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ȌǤ Š‹• Šƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” „‡‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† „› ƒ•‡Ž› Ǥ ••ƒ—ƒŠ
ȋʹͲͳͲǣʹͻȌǡDz ‘”Š”‹•––‘ƒ‡•‡•‡–‘ǡƒ†„‡ƒ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹
ˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‡‡†•–‘„‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Šƒ– —Ž–—”‡Ǥdz ‘”
–Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ „‡•– ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‹†‡ƒŽ ™ƒ› –‘
„”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘•–• ‹• –‘
‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡
Žƒ†Ǥ


Š‹• –Š‡•‹• „—‹Ž†• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ••—’–‹‘ –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ”‡
—•–‘†‹ƒ• ƒ† ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ’Žƒ ‡† –‘ „‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ† ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—ŽŽ› „› –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Š‡” “—‡•– –‘ Š‡Ž’
„”‹‰ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡‹” Žƒ† ƒ†
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ


ͳ͵‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ Šƒƒ’”‘ˆ‡••–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šƒ†ƒ”‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ
Š—” Š‡•Ǥ 
8
 Introduction

‹–Š –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ —•– Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‹‰‹†
‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  •‡ŽˆǦ
ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ –‘ ‡ —‡‹• ȋŽŽƒ
†‡”•‘ǡʹͲͲͶǣʹͷ͹Ȍƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘‹–”ƒƒ†‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǫŠ‡
–Š‡•‹• ˆ‹†• –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ™Š‹ Šǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‰„— ƒŽ— ȋʹͲͲͺǣ‹šȌǡ Šƒ‰‡† ‹ ‡˜‡”›
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”†‡ ƒ†‡Ǥ


Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ’‘•‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘”
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘ •‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡–™‘ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ”‡
‘‡ –‡†™‹–Š”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• —Ž–•ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›—ƒŠȋͳͻͺͲǣͷͳȌǡ’‘—ȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǡ
›‹––‡› ȋͳͻͻͳǣͳͳͺǡͳͳͻȌǡ —•‹ƒ ȋͳͻͷͳǣ͵͸Ǧ͵ͻȌǡ ™—ƒŠǦ›ƒ‡›‡ ȋʹͲͲͻȌǡ ƒ†
‡‘”‰‡ ‘Œ‘ — ȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡
ƒŒ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ•‡ ”‡ › ƒ† ‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›ǯ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†
‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒ ȋƒ”ˆ—‘ Ǥ Ǥ ‘ƒ–‡” ͳͻͻ͹ǣͳͲȌǤ
Š‹•‹•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ†’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ȋ™Š‘
ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘” „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ Š—” Š‡•Ȍ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• –‘
†‡ƒŽ™‹–ŠǤŠ‹•Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†‘’–‹‰‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•
–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ – Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† †‡„ƒ–‡•
ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– ‹– ‹• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘”
“—‡‡ǢͳͶ™Š‡–Š‡”‘”‘–ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•Š‘—Ž†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǣ
ƒ† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ •Š‘—Ž† ‘„‡› •ƒ –‹‘• ‘” –ƒ„‘‘• ‹’‘•‡† „›
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥͳͷ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ȋʹͲͳʹǣ͸Ǧ͹Ȍ‘–‡•–Šƒ–

ͳͶ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”‘–•‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”͵‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ

ͳͷŠ‡•‡•ƒ –‹‘•‘”–ƒ„‘‘•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡–Š‡„ƒ‡‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– ‹ ‘„‡›‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ –‹‘• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹†‹”‡ –Ž›‘„‡›‹‰†‡‹–‹‡•‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†Ǥ ‘”ƒ
†‹• —••‹‘ ‘ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –ƒ„‘‘• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ •Šƒ–‹ •‡‡ ƒ––”ƒ› Ǥ ǡ Ashanti Law and
9
 Introduction

–Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹• ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡ ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‘” ‘–
‘–‹—‡•–‘„‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ•‡”‹‘—•†‹• —••‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹••—‡‘ˆ ‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–›Šƒ•
„‡‡ –ƒ‡—’ ƒ††‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡ •–—†› —†‡” –Š‡ –Š‡‡ Dz‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥdzͳ͸ Š‹• †‹• —••‹‘ Žƒ›• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡
–Š”—•–‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ


Š‹••–—†›‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–‡†„›’—‹Ǧ

”‹’‘‰ ȋ‹„‹†Ȍǡ ˆ‘ —•‹‰ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ Šƒƒ™‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–
ˆ”‘Ǯ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ǯƒ†Ȁ‘”Ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǯ–‘Ǯ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǯ‘”Ǯ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǯǢƒ†
–Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –•ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Š‘Ž†• ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ


Š‡ Ǯ‘’‡ǯ ƒ† Ǯ‘Ǧ‘’‡ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǣ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ†
ˆƒ –‘”• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǣ –Š‡  ƒ† ‹–•
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǣ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡ†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ƒ†’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –Š”—•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡•‹•Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡
‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ• ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‹–• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘” ’”‘‰”ƒ•
Šƒ˜‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›„‡‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǤŠ‡•–—†›‹•‘–ƒƒ––‡’––‘
•›•–‡ƒ–‹œ‡ƒ†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ Ž—†‹‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹
ŠƒƒǤ –•ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‘–ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘„—–ˆ‘”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ
ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǥ


Constitutionȋ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ•‡Ž‹••‹‘‘‘‡’‘–ǡͳͻͷ͸ȌǢ—•‹ƒǤǤǡThe Position of the Chief

in the Modern Political System of AshantiȋͳͻͷͳȌǤ      
ͳ͸‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–Š”‡‡ȋ͵Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
10
 Introduction

1.2. Significance of the Study

Š‹••–—†›‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ›ˆ‹”•– ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡ ‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹ Šƒƒ
™Š‡”‡  Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” Š
Šƒƒ ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥͳ͹ › ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‡ƒƒ–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‰”‡™”‹‰Š–ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–†ƒ›ǯ•’”‘‰”ƒǤ


Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ Šƒƒ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ Ǥ ƒ› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹
Šƒƒ ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™”‹––‡ ‘ˆˆ „› ‘–Š‡”• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ • ‹‡–‹•–•
ƒ† ƒ ƒ†‡‹  –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ƒ• ‘– „‡‹‰ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—ŽŽ› –‘
‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Š ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‘” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ’‘”–”ƒ›‡† ƒ• ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹•–‹  –‘
ƒ†‘˜‡”–Ž›†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ǤͳͺŠ‡–Š‡•‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–
–Š‘•‡ ƒ••‡”–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ‘˜‡”•–ƒ–‡‡– ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ – Ž‡ƒ•– ‹ Šƒƒ
–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† Š—” Š‡•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
†‹• ‘˜‡”‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ• ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ™‹–Š •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ‹ •‘‡
™ƒ›Ǥ


ͳ͹ ™ƒ•ˆ‹”•–‹˜‹–‡†„›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ 

–‘ •’‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘–ŠŽ› ‡‡–‹‰• ‘ ‡†‡•†ƒ›ǡ ͵Ͳ–Š  –‘„‡”ǡ
ʹͲͳ͵Ǥ ‹ˆ–›Ǧ•‡˜‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ“—‡‡•ǡ”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ†’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ––‡†‡†Ǥ
     
ͳͺ‡‡ ™ƒ—”ƒǡ Š‹Ž‘‡ƒ Ǥ Ƭ ƒ”•‹–ƒ—ǡ ƒƒ”‹• ǡ ‡” ‡’–‹‘• ‘ˆ ‘‡̵• ‡ƒŽ–Š ƒ†

‹‰Š–• ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡™ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘˜‡‡– ‹ ‡›ƒǡ ‹ ˆ‡ †‘‰ƒ‡ǡ œ”ƒ Š‹–ƒ†‘ Ƭ
‘ŽƒŒ‹ ƒ–‡›‡ǡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌ African Traditions in the Study of Religion in Africa ȋ—””‡›ǣ •Š‰ƒ–‡
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰–†ǡʹͲͳʹȌǡͳ͹ͷǦͳͺͷǤ
11
 Introduction

Š‹• •–—†› Šƒ• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ž› —‡ƒ”–Š‡† –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ  •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‘”
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‘‡• ‘– ‘Ž› ƒ—‰‡” ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” ˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ –Š‡
‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‡”ƒ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒˆˆ‹” ƒŽ—̵• ȋʹͲͲͺǣ‹šȌ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ˆ”‹ ƒ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Šƒ•ƒ†›ƒ‹  Šƒ”ƒ –‡”ƒ† ‘—Ž† Šƒ‰‡‹‡˜‡”›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–•†‹˜‡”•‹–›„‡ˆ—††Ž‡•‡ƒ•›Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰Ǥ‘ƒ––‡”Š‘™•ƒŽŽ–Š‡—„‡”
‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹•ǡ‹–‹•‘‡–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ƒ†‡Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǤͳͻŠ‡•–—†›Šƒ••‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡••‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘”
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›–Šƒ–Šƒ•”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†‰‡—‹‡
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ†Š‡”‡–•ǡ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǤŠ‹••–—†›Šƒ••‘—‰Š––‘‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡‘
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǡ ™Š‘•‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ”‡•‘‡–‹‡•‘„• —”‡ƒ†„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡–‘’Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǡ–‘ƒ‘”‡
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡
ƒ†Š‡”‡–•ǡ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ •–—†›ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ƒ– –Š‡
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ™Š‘ ‰‘ „‡›‘† ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ –‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡
—””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –‘ „‡ ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ‘” ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡•‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ‘‡•Ǥ


Š‡ •–—†› ™‘—Ž† ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ ™Š‘
Šƒ˜‡Š‹–Š‡”–‘„‡‡–ƒ‰‰‡†ƒ•— ‘’”‘‹•‹‰–‘™ƒ”†•‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‰”‘—’•ǡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ƒ ‘Ǧ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ƒ†
’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž‹••‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ǡƒ‰‡–•ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ–

ͳͻ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”•‡˜‡ȋ͹Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡„—‹Ž–‘„›‘–Š‡”• Š‘Žƒ”•‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ

   
12
 Introduction

–Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ† –”—Ž› Ž‹˜‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡‹” †›ƒ‹  ƒ† ƒ†ƒ’–‹˜‡
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”Ǥ


Š‡ •–—†› ‹• „‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‘ ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Š
”‡Žƒ–‹‘‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”ƒ‹••—‡ˆ‘”‘Ž›–Š‡Š—” Š„—–ƒ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹••—‡ǤŠ‡ ƒŽŽˆ‘”
‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Š ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡–™‡‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ȋƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‘‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•Ȍ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‹• „‡‹‰ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” „› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ
Ž‘ ƒŽ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽʹͲƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽʹͳŠ”‹•–‹ƒƒ†‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‘†‹‡•ǡƒ†
–Š‡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒʹʹǤ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ˆƒ‹–Š• ‹ –Š‡
Š—” Š̵•Œ‘—”‡›–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž™‘”Ž†‹‹–•‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰‡–‡”’”‹•‡‹–Š‡
–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹”•– ‡–—”›ǡ‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Šƒ†‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Š ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†
ƒ•ƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”›•Š‹ˆ–Ǥ


Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•‰‘‹‰„‡›‘†–Š‡‹†‘ˆ
‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Š ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” ŠŠƒ•ƒ‹••‹‘–‘
ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ƒ†ƒ–‡
‹ Ž—†‡• Š‡Ž’‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ”‘›ƒŽ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• –‘
”‡ƒ‹ Ž‘›ƒŽ –‘ Š”‹•–ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ —•‡ –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ–ƒŽ›•– –‘ ”‡ƒ Š ‘—– –‘ ‘–Š‡”
ʹͲ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ– ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ 
Šƒƒǡ•‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ•”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡‹””ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž•Ǥ
ʹͳ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Š‡Ǥ
ʹʹ‡‡”‹ ‡‘–‡ŠǡCan the African Christian Problem Ever Be ResolvedǤ”‘‰”ƒ‡•ǡ

–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ —””‡– ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ ‘Ǥ Ͷͻǡ ȋ —Ž› ʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ
ƒ” Š‹˜‡†Ǥ‘‹—‡‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡Ȁ’”‘‰”ƒ‡•Ȁ‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ȁ —””‡–Ǧ
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ȁƒ‰ƒœ‹‡Ȁ‘ǦͶͻǦŒ—Ž›ǦʹͲͲ͹Ȁ ƒǦ–Š‡Ǧƒˆ”‹ ƒǦ’”‘„Ž‡Ǧ‡˜‡”Ǧ„‡Ǧ”‡•‘Ž˜‡†Ǧ”‡˜Ǧ†”Ǧ
’”‹ ‡Ǧ ‘–‡ŠǤŠ–ŽǤ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ʹͷȀͲͺȀͳ͵ȌǢ †ƒ‘ Ǥ Ǥǡ Christianity and African
traditional religion(s): The postcolonial round of engagementǡVerbum et Ecclesia͵ʹȋͳȌǡ”–Ǥ
͓ʹͺͷǡͳͲȋ™™™Ǥ˜‡Ǥ‘”‰ǤœƒȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ȀȀƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ˜‹‡™ȀʹͺͷȀͺͲͺǤ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀͳ͵ȌǤ
  
13
 Introduction

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǯ•ȋʹͲͳʹǣʹͷ͵Ȍƒ’’‡ƒŽ
–‘–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ Šƒƒ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡‡–ƒ‡—’„›–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
‹–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡•–—†›‹•ƒŽ•‘’ƒ”–Ž›‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡ ƒŽŽˆ‘””‡•‡ƒ” Š‘–Š‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ˆ‘”• ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ˆƒ –‘”••— Šƒ•–Š‡‹”—‡”‹ ƒŽ’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†
–Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‘ ‹‡–‹‡• ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡›
ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ȋ‹†Šƒ”†–ǡʹͲͳͶǣʹͶȌǤ
Š‹• •–—†› ™‘—Ž† ‘–”‹„—–‡ ‹‡•‡Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  †‡„ƒ–‡ ‘
‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Š ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ• ‹– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ
™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•‘–„‡‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†–Š‹•‹•™Šƒ––Š‹••–—†›•‡‡•–‘
†‘ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ †‡‡’‡” ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ‹
‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡•–—†›ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡‘
ˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘” ‹••‹‘ ƒ• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ƒ†
Š—” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘”‘‘–‡†‹ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥʹ͵ –
Šƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‡––Š‡–‘‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡””‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ†–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”›‘ˆƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›
‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ•†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡Žƒ•– Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•ǣ
Dz†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ƒ†’”‘•’‡ –•Ǥdz

ʹ͵‡‡ƒ—‡Žƒ”–‡›ǡAfrican Theology: Inculturation and Liberationȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ”„‹•ǡ

ͳͻͻ͵ȌǢ ™ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ‘ǡ Christianity in Africa: The Renewal of a Non-Western Religion

ȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͻͷȌǤ
14
 Introduction

1.3. Literature Review

Š‹• •–—†› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• –Šƒ– •‘‡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‘‡ ‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ†
Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ǣ Š‹•–‘”›ʹͶǡ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ʹͷǡ‹••‹‘•ǡʹ͸ƒ†‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ʹ͹Ǥ


‘‡ • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ™”‹––‡ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡• ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ •‘‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˜‹‘Ž‡ ‡ʹͺǤ — Š ™‘”• ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡†
‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‹ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ  ”ƒǡ –Š‡
ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ–Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘™”‹––‡ƒ„‘—–†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡„‡–™‡‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›

ʹͶ ‡‡ ƒ”–‡Ž• Ǥ Ǥǡ The roots of Ghana Methodism ȋ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ

ͳͻ͸ͷȌǢ ƒ•–‹‰• †”‹ƒǡ Church and Mission in Modern Africa ȋ‘†‘ǣ —”• Ƭ ƒ–‡•ǡ
ͳͻ͸͹ȌǢ A History of African Christianity 1950-19754 ȋƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••ǡ ͳͻ͹ͻȌǢ Ǥ ‘ˆ‹ ‰„‡–‹ǡ West African Church History: Christian Missions and Church
Foundations: 1482-1919 ȋ‡‹†‡ǣ Ǥ Ǥ ”‹ŽŽǡ ͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ ‘ŽǤ ͳǢ ƒ•‡Ž› Ǥ ••ƒ—ƒŠǡ Genuinely
Ghanaian: A History of the Methodist Church Ghana, 1961-2000ȋ”‡–‘ǡ ǣˆ”‹ ƒ‘”Ž†
”‡••  ǤǡʹͲͳͲȌǤ
ʹͷ‹ •‘™‡•‹ǡTheology in Africaȋ‘†‘ǣƒ”–‘‘‰ƒƬ‘††Ȁ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͺͶȌǢ

ƒ”–‡›ƒ—‡ŽǡAfrican TheologyǢ ‘ŠǤ‘„‡‡ǡTowards an African Theologyȋƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ

„‹‰†‘”‡••ǡͳͻͺʹȌǤ
ʹ͸ ‘Ž‹ ‹ Šƒ”†ǡ Christianity in Ghana: A comparative church growth study ȋ ”ƒǣ ”—•–

—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ȌǢ ƒ‹ ƒ‡Šǡ West African Christianity: The Religious impact
ȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ”„‹•ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌǢ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ƒ—ŽǡAfrican Christianity: Its Public Roleȋ †‹ƒƒǣ †‹ƒƒ
‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǢ ƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡ Ghana's New Christianity: Pentecostalism in a
Globalizing African Economyȋ †‹ƒƒǣ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
ʹ͹ ™ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ‘ǡ Jesus in Africa: The Christian Gospel in African History and Experience

ȋƒ‘—†±ǣ†‹–‹‘•Ž‡ǡƒ†”‘’‘‰™ƒ’‹ǣ‡‰—ˆ”‹ ƒǡʹͲͲͲȌǢ ‘•‡’Š•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡ

The Inculturation of Christianity in Africa: antecedents and guidelines from the New
Testament and the Early Churchȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰ǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ
ʹͺ ‡‡ ƒ”Ž‡‡ ‡ Š‹–‡ǡ Accra’s Sounds and Sacred SpacesǤ
™™™Ǥ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁƒ ”ƒǯ•Ǧ•‘—†•Ǧƒ†Ǧ•ƒ ”‡†Ǧ•’ƒ ‡•Ǣ ŽŽ‹‰•‘ ‡”ǡ
Drums War News: News accounts of the Ghana Drum Wars, 1998-2003Ǥ
Š––’ǣȀȀƒŽŽƒˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘Ȁ•–‘”‹‡•Ǥ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ †—”‘ ‹ƒˆ‡ǡ Inter-religious
Dialogue and Cooperation among the three major Religions of Ghanaǡ’Ǥ͹ͲǦ͹ʹǤ
15
 Introduction

ƒ†ʹͻ™‹–Šƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š
‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”͵ͲǤ
ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ•‘‡• Š‘Žƒ”•Šƒ†•–—†‹‡†ƒ†™”‹––‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹–‘Ž‡”ƒ–ƒ†Š‘•–‹Ž‡
ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ‘”
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ƒ††‡”‹˜‡†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒŽ’ƒ––‡”•Ǥ͵ͳ— Š™‘”•™‡”‡
ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹••‹‘‘”ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•Ǥ


Š‹•”‡ ‡–™‘”ǡ†—”‘‹ƒˆ‡ȋʹͲͳͲǣͻȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†Dz‹••—‡•‘ˆƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘
ƒ†•–‡”‡‘–›’‹‰‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘ˆ‡••‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡“—‡•––‘
‘˜‡”– ǤǤǤǤ ƒ† —Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•dz ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ•
’‘•‹‰ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ ”‘ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Š‡–”ƒ ‡†–Š‡”‘Ž‡
‘ˆ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ„—‹Ž†‹‰ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ •‘—‰Š– Dz–‘
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‘™
–Š‹• ‹• ‡Šƒ ‹‰ ƒ† ˆ‘•–‡”‹‰ ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘˜‹˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
ˆƒ‹–Š ‘ˆ‡••‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ†
’”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘”ƒ”‡‡™‡†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‡Žƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Œ—•–‹ ‡ǡ’‡ƒ ‡ǡ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†
–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤdz ‘™‡˜‡”ǡŠ‹•™‘”‹•–‘‘‰‡‡”ƒŽ•‹ ‡‹–ˆ‘ —•‡†
‘–Š‡‹–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ •Žƒƒ†
–Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ȋȌ ‹ Šƒƒ ™‹–Š — Š ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ –Š‡
ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ƒ† •‘‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ

ʹͻ‡‡‡–‡”Ǥƒ”’‘‰ǡCan Christianity Dialogue with African Traditional Religion?

ȋ™™™Ǥƒˆ”‹ƒ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡–Ȁƒˆ”‡ŽȀ•ƒ”’‘‰ǤŠ–ŽǤ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ†ƒ‘ǤǤǡ
Christianity and African traditional religion(s)Ǥ
͵Ͳ‡‡‡‹• •‹œ‘ŠŠ‹†‹ǡDialogue with African Traditional Religion in Sub-Saharan Africa:

The Changing attitude of the Catholic Church. ȋ™™™Ǥƒˆ”‹ƒ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡–ȀǤǤǤ Ȁ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǧ™‹–ŠǦ

ƒ–”ǤŠ–Ǥ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ Š‹™‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥ ™‘›‡ǡ Continuing the Conversation on
the Notion of Mission as Reconciliation: A critical Review of Catholic Church's Dialogue with
African Indigenous ReligionǤ ȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•ƒ‹–Ž‡‘Ǥ‡†—ȀǤǤǤ‘̴–Š‡̴‘–‹‘̴‘ˆ̴‹••‹‘Ǥ’†ˆǤ
‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹͺȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷȌǤ  
͵ͳ ‡‡ ƒš ••‹‡‰ǡ Religion and Social Change in West Africa: An Introduction to the

Sociology of Religionȋ ”ƒǣ‘‡Ž‹—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡʹͲͳͲȌǡͳͻ͹Ǥ

16
 Introduction

‘—‹–›Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡŠ‹•™‘”‹•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆDzƒˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǯˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǯdz
ȋ‡›‡”ǡ ͳͻͻʹȌ͵ʹ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ– –Š‡ –‘’ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›Ǥ
‹ •‘ ȋʹͲͲͲǣͳ͸ͲȌ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‹• ƒ• –Š‡ Ǯ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹œ‹‰ǯ ™Š‡”‡
DzƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•ǯˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ Š—” Š‡„‡”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡
•‹’Ž› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ’‡”‹‘†‹  ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ ‡’– –Š‹• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ ‹† –‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Š”‹•–‹ƒƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ›‘–„‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰‘”ƒ„Ž‡–‘”ƒ‹•‡“—‡•–‹‘•‘” ‘–”‹„—–‡
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ ‘ ‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–ǯǤdz


••Š‘™‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š‹••–—†›•‘—‰Š––‘‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‡„ƒ–‡‘
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ†  –‘ ƒ ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‘ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡
—•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ – ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Dzƒˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯdz ȋ‡›‡”ǡ ͳͻͻʹǣͳʹʹȌ͵͵ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›’ƒ•–‘”•‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ† ‡„‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡– —’ ‹•
”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ


͵ʹ ‡›‡” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ ̶ˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ ̵ˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡̵̶ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‘” ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ

ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•™Š‘ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ƒ•›–Š‡•‹•‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ‡š‹•–‹‰”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ

’‘‹–‹‰‘—–ǡƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ǡ–Šƒ–„‘–Šƒ”‡Ž‹ˆ‡ƒˆˆ‹”‹‰ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹‰Š ‘†Ǥ‘‡
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ™‘”• „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‹ Ž—†‡ ‘Š „‹–‹ǡ Bible and Theology in African
Christianity ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ šˆ‘”† ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͺ͹ȌǢ ‘ŽƒŒ‹ †‘™—ǡ Olodumare: God in
Yoruba Belief ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒœ‘„‹ƒǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǤ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ  —•‡ –Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ –‘
†‡‘–‡–Š‡ ‹†‘ˆ‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ƒ–
–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ž‡˜‡Žǡ–Š‡• Š‘Žƒ”Ž›™‘”•ƒ„‘—–‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ
‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• „›
Š—” Š Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ ƒ•–‹‰• ȋͳͻ͹ͻǣʹͷͳȌ
—•‡†–Š‡–‡”̵ˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘̵–‘”‡ˆ‡”–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”••—‹–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡ Š—” Š
‹ˆ”‹ ƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š—” Š•–”— –—”‡•ǡŽ‹–—”‰›ƒ†ƒ”–ǡ—•‹ ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ 
    
͵͵—‘–‡†‹‹†Šƒ”†–ǡPentecostalism in Africaǡ’Ǥͳ͵Ǥ›̵ˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™̵ǡ‡›‡”

™ƒ• ”‡ˆ‡””‹‰ –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• „› ˆ”‹ ƒ Š—” Š
‡„‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‡ ’Š”ƒ•‡ ‹• —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› –‘ •‹‰‹ˆ› ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ
17
 Introduction

Š‹• •–—†› ‰‘‡• ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ ‘•‹†‡” “—‡•–‹‘• •— Š ƒ•ǡ „‡›‘† ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ
‡š‹•–‡ ‡ǡŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘™Šƒ–‡Ž•‡†‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹
–Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– •‡‡ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ǫ Šƒ– ˆƒ –‘”• —•– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘—–‡†
ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫ ‘™†‘–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•˜‹‡™–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡ ‡‘”’‘•‹–‹‘‹–Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǫ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘•”‡ƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ


‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ†—”‘ǯ•™‘”‘Ž›’ƒ‹–‡†ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡

’‹ –—”‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ͵Ͷ Š‹•ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒ›
‘–Š‡” ™‘”• •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‘ Ž—†‡ –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ Ǯ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‹Ǧ
ˆ”‹ ƒ —””‡–ǯ ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ Ǯȏ‹Ȑ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹•–• ‘” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡
’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǯ‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ȋ”‘‰ǡʹͲͲͲǣͷͶȌǤ”‘‰
ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ •‡‡• –Š‹• Ǯȏ‹Ȑ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹•–•ǯ ‘” Ǯ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǯ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ• –Š‡
Ǯ”‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǯ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘’’‘•‡† „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ†
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •Ǥ ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‡ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒ› ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ”‰—‡– ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘
—Ž–—”‡ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡”‡‹•‘Ž›‘‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡Š‘‘‰‡‘—• —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ˆ”‹ ƒ•Ǥ
Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ ‡‰Ž‡ –• –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡
†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ• ƒ ‘–‡•–‡† ƒ–‡‰‘”› ȋ†‘‰ƒ‡ǡ Š‹–ƒ†‘ Ƭ ƒ–‡›‡ǡ
ʹͲͳʹǣ͵ȌǤ͵ͷ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‹•ǡŽ‹‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”•ǡˆ‘”•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•
™Š‹ Š‡‡†•–‘„‡Ǯ•‹ˆ–‡†‹ƒƒ––‡’––‘†‡–‡ –•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹••—‡•ǯȋ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ǡ
ͳͻ͹ͶǣͳͷͶȌǤ


͵Ͷ†—”‘ ‹ƒˆ‡ǡ ‹ Š‹• ™‘”ǡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‘Ž‡– Žƒ•Š‡• „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† •‘‡

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‹  ”ƒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”̵• ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ‘„‡› •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •ƒ –‹‘• ‘”
–ƒ„‘‘•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Žƒ––‡”̵•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ
͵ͷ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ǤǤ ‘„‡‡ǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ Religion in a Pluralistic Society: Essays Presented to Prof. C. G.

Baéta in celebration of his Retirement from the University of Ghana, September, 1971 by
Friends and Colleagues Scattered over the Globeȋ‡‹†‡ǣǤ Ǥ”‹ŽŽǡͳͻ͹͸Ȍǡ˜Ǥ  
      
18
 Introduction

‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ‹–‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ’ ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ• •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‹••—‡• ‘” ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘”
—Ž–—”‡‹› ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ†–Š‡ Ǥ –‹•–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™Š‹ Š
”‡ƒ‹‘•– ‘–‡–‹‘—•ˆ‘”ƒ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹ Ž—†‹‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒ
ȋ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡʹͲͲͻǣͳ͸͸ȌǤŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡‘‰‘‹‰†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ̵•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘™
†‘–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–”‡Žƒ–‡–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†
™Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™•ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‹ Šƒƒǫ • –Š‡‹” —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡  ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ –Š‡‹”
‹••‹‘ƒ”›ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǫ


 –Š‡ ‘ Ž—†‹‰ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Š‹• ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ ”‘‰ ȋʹͲͲͲǣ͸ͲȌ •ƒ›•ǡ DzŠ‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ •›•–‡ —•– „‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ˆ”‹ ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‹•‹•–Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›™‡ ƒ’”‘†— ‡ƒ
ƒ—–Š‡–‹  ˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹‰ ƒ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‹–Š‡™ƒ›‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡•Šƒ˜‡dzǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• —Ž–—”‡ –Šƒ– •‘‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡•‹ Šƒƒ™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘•‡‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•‡•‡
‘ˆ †‡–ƒ Š‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• —Ž–Ǥ ‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‹•ǡ ‹– ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡
ƒ„ƒ†‘‡–‘ˆ‘”ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǯƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘”•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ–‘
–Š‡ ƒ†‘’–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ ‘”‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘” •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆǮ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǯ™‹–Š
–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ǡƒ‰‡–•ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‹•ǡDz ‘™
Šƒ•–Š‹• —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ Š‡Ž’‡†
ƒŽŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ǫdz


19
 Introduction

‘ˆ‹„”‡ˆƒŠ—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͷȌƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”™Šƒ–‹•–‡”‡†–Š‡Dz‡‘„Ž‡‡–‘ˆ
ˆ”‹ ƒ‹†‹‰‡‘—•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‹–Š‡ Š—” Šdzǡ™Š‹ Š‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
—•– ’—”•—‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ͵͸ ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‹• —•– ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǯ
Dz—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•Ǥdz

• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Š‹• Ǯ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ǯǡ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ––”ƒ› ȋͳͻʹ͵Ǣ ͳͻʹͻȌ ƒŽ•‘
ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –Šƒ– ™‘—Ž†
ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ •›•–‡•͵͹Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ•
–Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ —•‡ˆ—Ž ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ •›•–‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘”
ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ

 ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡” ‹••‹‘ ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ ‹ •‘ ȋʹͲͲͲȌ ƒ„Š‘”• –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•
‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•––‡†‡ ‹‡•–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ
‹– ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›
‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–Ǥ ‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‹•‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‘š‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡’ƒ”ƒ†‘šǡˆ‘”‹ •‘ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹȌǡ‹••–ƒ–‡†–Š—•ǣ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡‘‡Šƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘•‹†‡”•‹–•‡ŽˆŽ‡†„›

–Š‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–ǡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ† ‡”–ƒ‹ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š—” Šǯ•Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†™‘”™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•„‡ ‘‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•˜‡”›‹†‡–‹–›‹•‘ ‹‡–›–‡†–‘Ž‹‹–‹–•‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••
ƒ•ƒƒ‰‡–‘ˆ ‘†ǯ•‹••‹‘Ǥ †‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ Š—” Š•‡‡•–‘‡š‡” ‹•‡
ƒ• — Š ƒ”‡ ‹ ‹–• ‡†‡ƒ˜‘” –‘ ”‡ƒ Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ• ‹–
†‘‡•‹†‹•–ƒ ‹‰‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ

͵͸ —‘–‡† ‹ ™ƒ„‡ƒ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ Indigenous Knowledge & Christian Mission:

Perspectives of Akan Leadership Formation on Christian Leadership Development ȋ ”ƒǣ

‘Ž‹ˆ‡”‡••ǡʹͲͳʹȌǡ͸ʹǤ
͵͹ „‹†ǡ’Ǥ͵ͳǤ          
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 Introduction

‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ ‹ •‘ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺ͸Ȍ ˆ—”–Š‡”
•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†‡š’‘•‡–Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š–‘ˆ”‹ ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›Ǥ

’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǯ•ȋʹͲͳʹȌ”‡ ‡–™‘”•‘—‰Š––‘ˆ‹†•‘‡’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž•„‡–™‡‡

–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹’ƒ†–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‡–”‹‡†
–‘ •Š‘™ Š‘™ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ ‘—Ž† —•‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
•›•–‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‹• ƒ”†‹‰ ‹–Ǥ ’—‹Ǧ
”‹’‘‰ ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘†‘—„Ž‡ƒ•‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šǡƒ†
ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹•‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ǡ Dzƒ›
’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ƒ† ‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ƒ”‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ — Š ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’dzǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ Dz”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ȏ ‘–‹—‡–‘Ȑƒ––”ƒ –— Š’—„Ž‹ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡›‡†—’™‹–Š
˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡•dz
ȋ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ‹„‹†ǣʹͲͶȌǤ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡
‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ Šƒ• ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ ‘‡– ‘ˆ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ†
‡ —‡‹•Ǥ Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ Š‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” ™ƒ• ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†‹ Ž—†‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡• ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǯ• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•
‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ƒ† Š‹• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒ ‘” ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‡
•—‰‰‡•–‡† ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡” –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—” Š —•– ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ• ƒ
‹••‹‘ˆ‹‡Ž†ƒ†ƒ’’‘‹– Šƒ’Žƒ‹•–‘‹‹•–‡”–Š‡”‡ȋ „‹†ǣʹͷͲȌǤ


‘–‹—‹‰ˆ”‘™Š‡”‡’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”• Š‘Žƒ”•Ž‡ˆ–‘ˆˆǡ‹”‡•’‡ –

‘ˆ Š‹• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• ƒ

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 Introduction

’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒǡ –Š‹• •–—†› Šƒ•
‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒ„›‡š’Ž‘”‹‰–Š‡ —””‡–
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ – Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ‹–‘
‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘ˆ •‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡƒ†
–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡
•–—†› ‘•‹†‡”• Š‘™ ƒ† ™Š› –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ
„”‡ƒ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǯ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šǡ–‘ ƒ†‘’––Š‡ —””‡– Ǯ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǯ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ•ƒ‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•ǡ†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ƒ†’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–Š‡–Š‡•‹•Ǥ

ƒ—‡Ž •ƒ–‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ Šƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ƒ†‡ ƒ ƒ––‡’– –‘ ™”‹–‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‹•ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ǡ
•ƒ–‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘
ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡† ˆ”‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ – –‘ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ ‡ ™‡–
ˆ—”–Š‡”–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
—‡‡ ‘–Š‡”• ȋȌ –‘ Dz’”‘‘–‡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡
religioǦ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡dz ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹ͵ͷȌǤ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ 
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› •ƒ–‡ ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– ƒ† ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ
Š—” Š‡•‹—ƒ•‹ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ •Šƒ–‹‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ•ƒ–‡ǯ•
™‘”ǡ–Š‘—‰Šƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ǡˆƒŽŽ••Š‘”–‘ˆ–‡ŽŽ‹‰Š‘™‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡
†‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† –‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Ǯ ‘–‡–‹‘—•ǯ ‹••—‡• Ȃ
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž›‰ƒ› Ȃ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹
ŠƒƒǤŠ‹••–—†›Šƒ•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹• —••‡†–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–ƒ‡
’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•Š‹’‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
ƒ”‡ƒ‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘” —•–‘•Ǥ

”‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •—„‹••‹‘•ǡ ‘‡ ƒ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– ƒ •–—†› ‘ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ›‡– –‘ „‡
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 Introduction

‡š’Ž‘”‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ™Šƒ– –Š‹• •–—†› •‡‡• –‘ †‘ „› Ž‘‘‹‰ ƒ–ǡ ˆ‹”•–ǡ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ†
–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† —‡‡• ȋ Ȍ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Šƒ–
‘•–‹–—–‡•–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•
ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ǡ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǫ
Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† ƒ– ™Šƒ– Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹• –Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– –ƒ‹‰ ’Žƒ ‡ǫ Šƒ– ‹• –Š‡‹” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ǫ ‘™ ‹• –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
„‡‹‰ ƒ””‹‡† ‘—–ǫ ‘‡• –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ˆƒ –‘”• —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡† ‹–ǫ Šƒ–
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „”‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡
ǫ Šƒ– ƒ”‡ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ’”‘•’‡ –• †‘‡• –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
Š‘Ž†ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ǫ

†‘›‹ ƒ‡‰„‘ƒ ȋʹͲͳͳǣʹͻ͹Ȍ ƒ‡• ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ – „‡–™‡‡

Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† —Ž–—”‡‹ ‰„‘Žƒ†‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤ ‘”Š‹ǡ–Š‹• ‘ˆŽ‹ – ‘—Ž†„‡
”‡•‘Ž˜‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ Dz‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡† ‘•’‡Ž
‡••ƒ‰‡ ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ †‘ –”‹‡ ”‡ƒ‹ –Š‡ „‡––‡” ‘’–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‰„‘Žƒ†dzǤ

 Š‹• •—„‹••‹‘ǡ –Š‘› ‡ŽŽƒ‰ƒ„ƒ ȋͳͻͻʹȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ•

Dz•‡ƒ” Š‡”•‘ˆ‡™ˆ”‘–‹‡”•dzƒ† ƒŽŽ•‘–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘”†‹• ‘˜‡”–Š‡
‡™ˆ”‘–‹‡”•ˆ‘”‹••‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‘†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘”‡™
ˆ”‘–‹‡”•Š‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†™Š‹ Š†‡ƒ†•–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•”‡•’‘•‡‹•™Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ•
–Š‡ Dz”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•dz ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‡ –Š‡
”‡ ‘‡†‡†–‘–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘—•‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‹• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ

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 Introduction

‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ –Š‹• •–—†› †‘‡• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘
•–”ƒ–‡‰›͵ͺ „—– ‹– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• •‘‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡• ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›
ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•Š‹ˆ–™ƒ•‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡†„›Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǡƒ†‹–‹•ƒ‹‡†ƒ––Š‡
‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‘” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ†ǡ ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ˆ‹† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ Š‹•
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‘—Ž†‘–‘Ž›„‡•‡‡ƒ•Šƒ˜‹‰ƒ†‡•‘‡
†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘„—–ƒŽ•‘Š‘Ž†•’”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘
ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

1.4. Methodology
Š‹••–—†›‹•“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•‹ ‡–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‹•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡ǡ–‘ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›‡šƒ‹‡
ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ ƒ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• ƒ‡Ž›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ —•‹‰ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡
‡–Š‘†•ƒ†–‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•Šƒ•Š‡Ž’‡†‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰
™‹–Š–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†ˆ‹†ƒ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡Ǥ•‹‰–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡
‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡† ‡ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† ‘–ƒ – –Š‡
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡” ˆ‘” ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‹•
™ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –™Š‘
Šƒ˜‡ ‹•‹†‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹••—‡• ƒ† ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” –‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ› ™Šƒ– ‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ› Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ —•‡ •ƒŽ‹‡– –Š‡‡•ǡ ’ƒ––‡”• ƒ†
ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ͵ͻ

•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ–—”‡”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ‘”ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–™‘‘”–Š”‡‡‘”
—Ž–‹’Ž‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –‘ —‡ƒ”–Š –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘”

͵ͺ‡‡–Š‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‹••–—†›ˆ‘”‹Ǧ†‡’–ŠƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
͵ͻ‡‡ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽƒ–Š‡”‹‡Ƭ‘••ƒǤ ”‡–– Š‡ǡDesigning Qualitative Research

ȋŠ‘—•ƒ†ƒ•ǡǣ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•  ǤǡͳͻͻͷȌǡʹ††‹–‹‘ǡ’ǤͶͳǤ

24
 Introduction

ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ˆ‹‡Ž† •–—†› ȋ’”‹ƒ”› •‘—” ‡•Ȍ „›
Š‘‘•‹‰ ƒ† ‰‘‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ •‹–‡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ ƒ† •‡ ‘†ƒ”›
ȋŽ‹„”ƒ”›Ȍ•‘—” ‡•Ǥ

‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†•–—†›ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ† ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

 ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –‘ „‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ˆ‘” †ƒ–ƒ
‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆ‹‡Ž†”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘‡š–‡†‡†–‘‘–Š‡”‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•™Š‘™‡”‡
‘–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ „—–™‡”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘˜‹†‹‰”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”–Š‡
•–—†› ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „‡Ž‘™Ǥ – ‘˜‡”‡† ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”• ƒ† ‹– ™ƒ•
‘†— –‡†‹–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’Šƒ•‡•ǣ„‡–™‡‡ –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͳ͵ƒ† –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͳͶǡ
ƒ† •‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ „‡–™‡‡  –‘„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͷ ƒ† ‡ ‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ Š‹• Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”
ƒ†‹–‡•‹˜‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ•–—†›‡ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”–‘†‘ƒ
˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›–‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒȋƒš™‡ŽŽǤ ‘•‡’ŠǡʹͲͲͷǣͳͳͲȌǤ

Š‡ •ƒ’Ž‡† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† —•‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ†
‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ–›’‡™‹–ŠƒŽ‹•–‘ˆ•—„Œ‡ –•–Šƒ––Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™—•–ƒ††”‡••Ǥ ‘”†‡”
–‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” †ƒ–ƒ –Š‡ •‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†
ƒ†–Š‡‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†“—‡•–‹‘•‘”Dz—•–”— –—”‡†‘’‡Ǧ‡†‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•dz™‡”‡
—•‡† †—”‹‰ •— Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǤͶͲ Š‹• ™ƒ• †‘‡ ƒ• Ž‹˜‡ ‡ƒŽ‡ ȋͳͻͻͺǣͳ͵ͲȌ Šƒ•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ –‘ DzƒŽŽ‘™ ”‡•’‘†‡–• –‘ ƒ•™‡” ‘ –Š‡‹” –‡”•ǡ ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ –Š‡
”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”–‘†‹• ‘˜‡”—‡š’‡ –‡†–Š‹‰•dzƒ†ƒ••—‰‰‡•–‡†„›”‡•™‡ŽŽ ‘Š
ǤȋͳͻͻͺǣͳͻȌ–‘Dz”‡ˆ”ƒ‹ˆ”‘ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡š’‡”–”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”™‹–Š
–Š‡Dz„‡•–̵dz“—‡•–‹‘•Ǥdz

–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† ‹ ƒ ȋ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ȍ ƒ† –ƒ’‡ ”‡ ‘”†‡†
™Š‹Ž‡‘–‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡‹‰Ž‹•ŠǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡–ƒ’‡™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†
ˆ‘” ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ‘”

ͶͲƒ˜‹†‹Ž˜‡”ƒǡInterpreting Qualitative Dataȋ‘†‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹ǣ 

—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–†ǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǡͻͳǤ
25
 Introduction

–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǣ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘”’Žƒ›‡”•

‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǣƒ†‘Ǧ ‡„‡”•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•ǤŠ‡
‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡ ‘†— –‡† —•‹‰ –Š‡ ‘‡Ǧ‘Ǧ‘‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†ǡ ƒ† ˜‹ƒ
–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡Ǥ ‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™ƒ• —•‡† ƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‹”•– –‹‡ ‘” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Ǧ—’Ǥ
‡•‹†‡•–Š‡•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ•™‡”‡†
•‘‡•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•Ǥ

Ž‡˜‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ† –™‡Ž˜‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‘” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‡”‡•ƒ’Ž‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡”˜‹‡™—•‹‰™Šƒ–‹•
ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž •ƒ’Ž‹‰ǯ ƒ• ƒš™‡ŽŽ Ǥ ‘•‡’Š ȋʹͲͲͷǣͺͺȌ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž›
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDz•‡Ž‡ –‹‰–Š‘•‡–‹‡•ǡ•‡––‹‰•ǡƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•–Šƒ– ƒ’”‘˜‹†‡›‘—
™‹–Š‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–›‘—‡‡†‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ•™‡”›‘—””‡•‡ƒ” Š“—‡•–‹‘‹•
–Š‡‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‹“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥdz

Š‡ •–—†› –‘‘ ‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
‡Šƒ ‹‰–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡„‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•
‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘” Š—” Š‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡”‘Ž‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ–‡ Š‹“—‡ˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ‘–‡•™‡”‡–ƒ‡
†—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š › ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‘„•‡”˜‡”Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ
‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ ƒ—‰‡– ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘’ƒ”‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ †ƒ–ƒǤ 
˜‹˜‹† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™ƒ• †‘‡ ˆ‘” ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ†
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

ƒ–ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•™ƒ•—•‡†‹ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡
—””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†
–Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ – ™ƒ• Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž ‹ ƒ•™‡”‹‰ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ
Š‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ –Š‡ •–—†›Ǥ Š‹•
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 Introduction

ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ™ƒ• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‘’ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ†
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
ƒ‹‰ ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” ’ƒ•– ȋŠ‘•–‹Ž‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡–
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

‘ —‡–• „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡  ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ •–—†› ™‡”‡
‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ‘” ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ˆ‘” ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘ —‡–• •— Š ƒ•
ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡ ‘” ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ”‡‰‹•–‡”ǡ ”‡ ‘”†• ‘ˆ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‘–‹ ‡•ǡ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ‹—–‡• „‘‘ǡ Ž‡––‡”•ǡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‘” •‡‹ƒ”• ‘” ™‘”•Š‘’•
ƒ––‡†‡†ǡ ƒ—†‹‘ ‘’ƒ – ‹•• ȋ•Ȍ ™‹–Š •‡”‘•ǡ ˆŽ›‡”•ǡ •–‹ ‡”• ƒ†
„ƒ‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ™‡”‡ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†Ǥ ‹‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•ǡ –Š‡•‡ †‘ —‡–•
ƒ••‹•–‡† ‹ ‡š’Ž‘”‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ —†‡”•–—†› ƒ†
–Š‡‹”’”‘‰”ƒ•‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ‹•ǡ‹••‹‘ǡ˜‹•‹‘ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘”‡„‡”•Š‹’
ƒ† ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘
™‹–Š ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ †‘ —‡–• ™‡”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› •–—†‹‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ • ™‹–Š
•‡”‘•™‡”‡–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡†Ǥ


‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —•—ƒŽŽ› —•‡† –‘ ƒ––ƒ  –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ”ƒ†‹‘‘”
•–ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡—•‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ‘‡ƒ„Ž‡
‡ –‘ ˆ‹† ‘—– ƒ† ‰ƒ–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ ƒ„‘—– ’ƒ•– ƒ† —””‡– Š‘•–‹Ž‹–‹‡• „‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ
ƒƒ‰‡”•‘ˆ–™‘ ”ƒ†‹‘•–ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†ǤͶͳŠ‡†ƒ–ƒŠƒ•ƒ••‹•–‡†
‹ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†•
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


ͶͳŠ‡•‡ ”ƒ†‹‘–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡Žƒ••‹ ƒ†•–ƒǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ„ƒ•‡†‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ

27
 Introduction

 –‘–ƒŽ ‘ˆ ˆ‘—”–‡‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡
‘–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘•ƒ’Ž‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Œ—†‰‡–•ƒ’Ž‹‰
‡–Š‘†–‘‰ƒ–Š‡”†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒǡ
ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ•– Š‘•–‹Ž‹–› „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
Š‹•‡–Š‘†‘ˆ•ƒ’Ž‹‰™ƒ• Š‘•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒ‹†— –‹˜‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–‡”‡•–
‘ˆ ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •‘™„ƒŽŽ‹‰ •ƒ’Ž‹‰ ȋǤ Ǥ Ǥ —‡’‘”ǡ
ʹͲͲʹǣͳ͵ͺȌ‡–Š‘†™ƒ•ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›—•‡†–‘•‡Ž‡ ––Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•
„›‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰•‘‡‘‡™Š‘‡‡–•–Š‡ ”‹–‡”‹ƒˆ‘”‹ Ž—•‹‘‹–Š‡•–—†›ƒ†
–Š‡ •—„•‡“—‡– •ƒ’Ž‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”‡ˆ‡””ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–• ‘”
”‡•’‘†‡–•ǤͶʹ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ •‘‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘
‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒ„Ž‡† ‡ –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ –‘
ƒ—‰‡– –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ••‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ƒ† •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ŽŽ ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” †ƒ–ƒ ‘ Š‘™ –Š‡
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹ŽͶ͵Šƒ†Ž‡†‘””‡•‘Ž˜‡†ƒ›‹’ƒ••‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• ‹–• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘Ǥ ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š
–Š‡•‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ“—‡‡•ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ••‹•–‡†‹ƒ•™‡”‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•‘
–Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•‘”ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡•ƒ‡
‡–Š‘† ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ •ƒ’Ž‡ –Š”‡‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”•‘• –‘
’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡ —””‡–’Š‡‘‡‘‘ˆ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ƒ†’”‘’Š‡–‹ ’”ƒ›‡”
‹‹•–”‹‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡’”ƒ›‡”•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‘•–Ž›‹–Š‡‡˜‡‹‰•Ǥ


Ͷʹ —‘–‡† ‹ ‡‘”‰‡ ‘Œ‘ —ǡ The Role of Religion on the Chieftaincy Institution: A Case

Study of Chamba Traditional Area in the Northern Region of GhanaǤ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ǤŠ‹Ž
Š‡•‹•ǡ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹ǡȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
Ͷ͵ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ƒ „‘†› ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”—Ž‡”• ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ

‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤ

28
 Introduction

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ȋ͵ͷȌ ‘—– ‘ˆ •‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ȋ͹ͷȌͶͶǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ Ͷ͸Ǥ͸Ψ ‘ˆ
Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ†‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡™‡”‡•ƒ’Ž‡†
–‘Š‡Ž’’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ–ƒ‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡•ƒ’Ž‹‰‡–Š‘†
™ƒ•—•‡†–‘•ƒ’Ž‡–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›™‡”‡Dz ‘˜‡‹‡–Ž›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ •–—†›ǤdzͶͷ ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ –™‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡•ǡ –Š‡
 ƒ†  ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ •ƒ’Ž‡ –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• –‘ ƒ•™‡”
•‡‹Ǧ•–”— –—”‡†‹–‡”˜‹‡™“—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡•–—†›ǤŠ‹•†ƒ–ƒ™ƒ•Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž
‹ ”‡˜‹‡™‹‰ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ†
–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹†‘‹‰ƒ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†
ˆ”‘‡„‡”•ƒ†‘Ǧ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ


Š‡•‡”‘•‘ˆ–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ȋʹͷȌ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘‘‹–‘”‡†‘

ˆ‹˜‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ  ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘•Ͷ͸ „‡–™‡‡ ͳͲ–Š ‡’–‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳ͵ ƒ† ͳ•– ’”‹Žǡ
ʹͲͳͶǤ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ‘‹–‘”‡† ƒ• ƒ† ™Š‡ –Š‡› ˜‹•‹–‡† –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘• –‘
’”‡ƒ ŠǤ Š‡ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ™ƒ• †‘‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š‘—”• ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ ȋͷƒȌ ƒ† •‹š
ȋ͸ƒȌ ˆ”‘ ‘†ƒ› –‘ —†ƒ›Ǥ Š‡•‡•‡”‘• ’”‘˜‹†‡† †ƒ–ƒ ‘–Š‡ —””‡–
ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ 
Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ  ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•—•‡–‘ ‘ˆ”‘––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘‘‹–‘”‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‘
†‡–‡”‹‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– –Š‡”‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


ͶͶ Š‹• †ƒ–ƒ ™ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Šƒƒ Š—” Š —”˜‡› ‘†— –‡† „› –Š‡ Šƒƒ

˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‘‹––‡‡ȋ Ȍ‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͳͲǤ
Ͷͷ ‡‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǦ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡–Ȁ•ƒ’Ž‹‰Ǧ‹Ǧ’”‹ƒ”›Ǧ†ƒ–ƒǦ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ȁ”ƒ†‘Ǧ•ƒ’Ž‹‰

ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͲͳȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͹ȌǤ
Ͷ͸Š‡•‡ ”ƒ†‹‘•–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡Žƒ••‹ ǡ•–ƒǡ†‡’ƒǡ‰›‡™ƒƒ†‹‡”•Ǥ
29
 Introduction

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™•–Š‡•–—†›–‘‘
‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– „› ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‰‹˜‡
†—”‹‰”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†‹•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ–Š‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–‡”• ‘” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ••‹•–ƒ–• ȋǤ ‘„•‘ǡ ͳͻ͹͹ȌǤͶ͹ – ‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ǡ „‡‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”ǡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘˜‡”•ƒ– ™‹–Š
ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹••—‡• —†‡” •–—†› †—‡ –‘ › „ƒ ‰”‘—† ƒ• ƒ ”‘›ƒŽ ˆ”‘ ƒ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ”‘‰ Šƒˆ‘ ‡‰‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ › Ž‘•‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‘”
Š—” Š‡•‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ™Š‹ Š™‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡
‘ˆ › •–ƒ› –Š‡”‡ ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ•–‘” ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ  ™ƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹†ˆ—Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡‡†Dz–‘„‡ƒ•‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡‹‘”†‡”‘––‘ƒ‡Šƒ•–›Œ—†‰‡–•ƒ†
‘ Ž—•‹‘•dz ƒ• ›ƒƒ„ƒ ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‹–› ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡
†ƒ–ƒƒŽ•‘‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Šƒ›„‹ƒ•‡•™Š‹ Š ™ƒ•–‡’–‡†–‘ ƒ””›‹–‘
–Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‹†‹‰•Ǥ  †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‹• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ  ƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ
DzŠ‡ƒ”‹‰ ™Šƒ– ‘–Š‡”• •ƒ›ǡ •‡‡‹‰ ™Šƒ– ‘–Š‡”• †‘ǡ ƒ† ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ƒ•
ƒ —”ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡dzȋ–”ƒ—••Ƭ‘”„‹ǡͳͻͻͺǣͶʹǡͶ͵ȌǤ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›
‡ƒ„Ž‡†‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š™Šƒ–ƒš™‡ŽŽȋʹͲͲͷǣͳͲ͸Ȍ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Ǯ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”
Dz‹ƒ•dzǤǯ


‡™•‹–‡•ƒ† —Ž–—”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†’”‘‰”ƒ•‘•‘‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘•‹

‡ Š‹ƒ ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘‹–‘”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤͶͺ

Ͷ͹ —‘–‡†‹ Ž‹ ƒ—„— ›ƒƒ„ƒǡ Transformations in the Chieftaincy Institution in Northern

Ghana from 1900-1969: A Case Study of Navrongo and SakotǤ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† Š Š‡•‹•ǡ
™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹ǡȋ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ
Ͷͺʹ͸ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸–Š‡ ”‡‡ ‹‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ””‹‡†ƒ‡™•‹–‡‘–Š‡Apoᴐˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™Š‡”‡

ƒƒ ’‡–‡‰ ‘•— ›‡ƒ„‘—”ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ʹͲͳ͸ Apoᴐ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‘‹––‡‡ ™ƒ•
“—‘–‡† ƒ• †‡ˆ‡†‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ• ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ‘– ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ ƒƒ •ƒ
‘’ƒ‹ ƒŽ•‘ ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‘‰›‡™ƒ ‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
30
 Introduction

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ  ƒŽ•‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡•‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ƒ† ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‰ ƒ†
ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‹ Šƒ”‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‘•–‹Ž‡
ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ‹†‡’‡†‡– †ƒ–ƒ ˆ”‘
‘Ǧ  ‡„‡”• ˆ‘” ‘’ƒ”‹•‘ǡ ƒ† –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†
’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ǡƒ‰‡–•
ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‡„‡”• ƒ† ‘Ǧ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ


‘ —‡–• ’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ™‡”‡

‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰‹•–”ƒ”ƒ––Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž
ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›•‹•ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡›‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”†—–‹‡•ǡ
™”‹–‡Ǧ—’••‡‡‹‰ˆ‘”•’‘•‘”•Š‹’ˆ”‘ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•ƒ†„—•‹‡••‡•ǡƒ†
–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
• ™‹–Š •‡”‘• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ •–—†› ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ǡ
–”ƒ• ”‹„‡†ǡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†ǡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ǤͶͻ Š‡•‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡† †ƒ–ƒ
‘–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ
—„‡”‘ˆ•‡ ‘†ƒ”›•‘—” ‡•™‡”‡•ƒ’Ž‡†–‘’”‘˜‹†‡–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ‘
–Š‡ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘” „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹ ƒ† Š‹•–‘”›ǡ
‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‡ ‘†ƒ”› •‘—” ‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ •ƒ’Ž‡† ˆ‘” †ƒ–ƒ ‘ –Š‡
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
‡ ‘†ƒ”› •‘—” ‡• ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘

ͶͻŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡†ƒ•‡”‘„›˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠǡ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹ŽŽƒ”

‘ˆ ‹‘ Š—” Š „ƒ•‡† ‹ —ƒ•‹ ‹ –Š‡ •Šƒ–‹ ‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •‡”‘‹• ‡–‹–Ž‡†ǡDz —†‰‡–
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–˜‹Ž‹‰•dzǤ
31
 Introduction

ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡˆ”‹ ƒ‘” Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•ǡ

ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ† –‡š–• ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ†
‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ
‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†
™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– ƒ† –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡
’”‡•‡–’Š‡‘‡‘ǤͷͲ

‡ ‘†ƒ”› •‘—” ‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ •ƒ’Ž‡† ˆ‘” †ƒ–ƒ ‘ –Š‡ ”‡‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‹••–—†›Ǥƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ•™‹–Š•‡”‘•ƒ†
—•‹ ƒ†„‘‘•‘–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘”•‘—” ‡•™Š‹ Š’”‘˜‹†‡††ƒ–ƒ‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ™‡”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ǡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†Ǥ –Š‡” •‡ ‘†ƒ”›
•‘—” ‡•‹ Ž—†‡††‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘•ǡŽ‘‰‡••ƒ›•ǡƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ„”‘ Š—”‡•ƒ†‹–‡”‡–
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‹ Š™‡”‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡•–—†›™‡”‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ƒ†
—•‡†Ǥ

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ƒ”‡™ƒ•–ƒ‡–‘Dzƒ˜‘‹†‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ƒ–‡š–
‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˜‡”•‹‘• ‘ˆ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› „—–ǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† –‘ ‡–‡” ™‹–Š‹ ‹–Ǥdzͷͳ
— Š ‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –‡š– •‡–•
‹–‘’Žƒ›Ǥͷʹ

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒˆ‡™ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‹–Š‡

‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹‡Ž† ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ‘‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ —™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡•• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•–‘†‹• Ž‘•‡–‘‡ƒ‡•‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•™Š‘–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š
–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ™‡”‡ •ƒ –‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‡ƒ†‡†‹‰‡—‹–›‘›’ƒ”–™Š‹ Š Žƒ–‡”ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘•‘Ž‹ ‹–

ͷͲ‡ƒŽ‡Ž‹˜‡ǡResearching Society and Cultureǡ’Ǥ͹ʹǤ

ͷͳ‹Ž˜‡”ƒǤǡInterpreting Qualitative Dataǡ’Ǥ͹͸Ǥ
ͷʹ „‹†ǡ’Ǥ͹͸Ǥ
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 Introduction

–Š‡‡‡†‡††ƒ–ƒǤ‡•’‹–‡–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ Šƒ•„‡‡‹‡š‹•–‡ ‡ˆ‘”–‡

›‡ƒ”• ƒ• ƒ– ʹͲͳ͸ǡ ‹– Šƒ† ‘ ™”‹––‡ ”‡ ‘”†• ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‹–• „‡‰‹‹‰Ǥ Š‹•
’‘•‡†ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹ ‡ Šƒ†–‘”‡Ž›‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆ”‘ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡ ˆ‘—†‹‰ ‡„‡”• –‘ ™”‹–‡ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡
‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰ ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ „—–ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ 
Šƒ†–‘—•‡•‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹‰‡—‹–›–‘”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤ

ŽŽ •‘—” ‡• ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ Šƒ˜‡ †—Ž› „‡‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ –‡š– ‘” ‹ –Š‡
ˆ‘‘–‘–‡ƒ†‹ Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡Ž‹•–’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–Š‡„‹„Ž‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›Ǥ

Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Ž‹„”ƒ”‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘•—Ž–‡† ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡ ‘†ƒ”›
•‘—” ‡• ‘” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ǣ Ǥ Ǥ ‡ ‡„‡”‰ ‹˜‡”•‹–¡–•„‹„Ž‹‘–Š‡ǡ ƒ —Ž–› ‘ˆ
˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‹„Ž‹‘–Š‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ —Ž–› ‘ˆ ‘ ‹ƒŽ  ‹‡ ‡ ‹„Ž‹‘–Š‡ǡ
‘‡–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–¡–ǡ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǡ ‡”ƒ›Ǣ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ–—†‹‡•ǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ‡‰‘ǡ ŠƒƒǢ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹ǢŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡”˜‹ ‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡ—ƒ•‹Ǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘
‹„”ƒ”›ǡ ”‹‹–› Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡‹ƒ”›ǡ ‡‰‘ǡ ŠƒƒǢ ‡ Š‹ƒ —‹ ‹’ƒŽ
‹„”ƒ”›ǡ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ŠƒƒǤ

Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •‡ ‘†ƒ”› ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡
ƒ “—‹”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡–Ǥ‡˜Ǥ”‘ˆǤ•‡‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ”Ǥ •ƒƒ ˆˆƒŠ‘ƒŠ
ȋ‡ Š‹ƒȌƒ†–Š‡‘‘•Š‘’‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ•‹‹‘ ‡•ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–
Š—” Š ŠƒƒǤ

‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ ‘„‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™ƒ• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ •–—†›Ǥ Š‡•‡
‹ Ž—†‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ†’ƒ•–‘”ƒŽ‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ
Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‡–Š‘†• ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ –Š‡
„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹• ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ †ƒ–ƒ †”ƒ™ ˆ”‘ •‘‡ ’”‹ƒ”›

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 Introduction

ƒ† •‡ ‘†ƒ”› •‘—” ‡•Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‡”‡ —•‡† ‹
ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‡”‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” —•‡† –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡ —””‡–
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › „› †”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”˜‹‡™•™‹–Š‡„‡”•ƒ†‘Ǧ‡„‡”•
‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•™‡”‡—•‡†–‘
†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ‹••‹‘ǡ˜‹•‹‘ǡ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ†–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‘–Š‡ Ǥ

Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǡŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•™‡”‡Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž‹ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰

–Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ„Ž‡† ‡ –‘ ƒ‡ •‘‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ”‡•—Ž–•ǡ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ „‘†‹‡• ƒ† „›
‡š–‡•‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

1.5. Scope and Limitation of the Study

‡ Š‹ƒ™ƒ••‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ†—•‡†ƒ•–Š‡•‹–‡ƒ†• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǤŠ‡•–—†›
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‘‘‡†ƒ––Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•ƒ†–Š‡
—””‡– ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡•
ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘”’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‹•Šƒ•
‡ƒ„Ž‡† ‡ –‘ ”‘‘– –Š‡ •–—†› ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Žƒ†• ƒ’‡•Ǥ –—•–ƒŽ•‘„‡•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘–ƒŽŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ•–‘”•‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† Š—” Š‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡
Ǥ Š‘•‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ”‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘”
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ • ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ• „”ƒ Š‡• ‘” –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—†‡† ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ™‹–Š‘”™‹–Š‘—–„”ƒ Š‡•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ

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‘‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” •–—†‹‡• ‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ˜‡–‡†‡† –‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡
‘ –Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ •‘ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ‡‰ƒǯ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡• ‹
–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹–‹‡• „—– –Š‹• •–—†› ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ‘” ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ
‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ƒ ‘Ž† Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‹–› „—– ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• •‘‡ ”‹ Š Šƒƒ‹ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•Ǥͷ͵Š‡•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•‹–‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹‡Ž†
”‡•‡ƒ” Š™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ƒ†ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡††ƒ–ƒˆ‘”
–Š‡ •–—†› ȋ–”ƒ—•• Ƭ ‘”„‹ ͳͻͻͺǣʹͲͺȌǤ ‹‡ ƒ› Š—” Š‡• ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǡ‘–Š‡”•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹ Šƒƒƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ†‘Šƒ˜‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰
–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
†—‡–‘–Š‡‹”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ –‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹–Š‹••–—†›™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’†‡ƒŽ
™‹–Š–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡„›™ƒ›‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

1.6. Definition of Terms54

i. Mission: Š‹•Šƒ•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›„‡‡†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ–ƒ•‘”–Š‡’—”’‘•‡ˆ‘”„‡‹‰
ƒ†‹– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–‘ƒ›ˆ‹‡Ž†•‘ˆ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”ǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ‹••‹‘Šƒ•
„‡‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›–‘–Š‡‹••‹‘‡‹ǡ‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ• ‘†̵•‹••‹‘ǡ–Šƒ–‹•
‘†ǯ• •‡ŽˆǦ”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‘‡ ™Š‘ Ž‘˜‡• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ‘†̵• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ ƒ†
™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ȋ ‘Šƒ‡• ‹••‡ ʹͲͲ͹ǣͳ͹ȌǤ – ‹• –Š‹• ƒ – ‘ˆ ‘† ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†
–Šƒ–‰ƒ˜‡„‹”–Š–‘–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž†•ƒ›
–Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Š‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ†ˆ‘” ‘†̵•‹••‹‘‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǤŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”
Ǥ Ǥ”‹‰Š–ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣ͸ʹȌ ƒ’–—”‡•–Š‹••— ‹ –Ž›ǣDz –‹•‘–•‘— Š–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Šƒ–
‘†Šƒ•ƒ‹••‹‘ˆ‘”Š‹• Š—” Š‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ•–Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ•ƒ Š—” Šˆ‘”Š‹•
‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ ‹••‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘– ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” ŠǢ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™ƒ•

ͷ͵ ‡‡ •ƒƒ  ”‹‰Š– ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ ȋ‘’Ȍǡ Takyiman State Book ȋ ”ƒǣ –ƒ–‡• ‘‘ Šƒƒǡ

ʹͲͳͶȌǡͳ•–†Ǥǡ’Ǥ͸͵Ǧ͸͸Ǥ
ͷͶ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–•‘‡‘–Š‡”–‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›†‡ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡–‡š–‘”

•–—†›Ǥ
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ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” ‹••‹‘ Ȃ ‘†• ‹••‹‘Ǥdz ‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •‡•‡ Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡
Š—” Šǯ•‘—–”‡ƒ Šƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡™‘”Ž†ȋ ‘Š–‘––ͳͻͻʹǣ͵͵ͷȌͷͷǤŠ‡ Š—” Šǯ•
‹••‹‘ ‹• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ‘†ǯ• ‹••‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ multitude of
activities –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹ ȋŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡” Ǥ Ǥ ”‹‰Š– ʹͲͳͲǣʹͷȌͷ͸Ǥ Š‡
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ƒ ‡’–‡†‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‹••‹‘Ž‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘–‡–•‘ˆ
‹••‹‘Ǥ Š‡ †‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘–‡–• ‘ˆ ‘†ǯ• ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ ‰ƒ˜‡
”‹•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘•Ǥ ‘ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ
”‘–‡•–ƒ–ǡ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  ȋ†”‡™ ‘”†ǡ ʹͲͲͷǢ
—””ƒ›ǡ ›”‘ Ƭ ‘—‰Žƒ•ǡ ͳͻͻͳȌ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣ ‹••‹‘• ˆ”‘ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ •‹ƒ
ȋ‘Š‡ ƒ”–‹  Ƭ ”‘‡” ‡Ž‰ƒǡ ͳͻͺʹȌǡ —”‘’‡ƒ ƒ† ‘”–Š ƒ† ‘—–Š
‡”‹ ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣ‹••‹‘™‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”‡•‡ ‡ȋƒ•—Ž˜
ƒ†‡ Ƭ ‡”‡” •–‘”ˆǡ ͳͻͻ͸ǣʹͺȌǡ ™‹–‡••ǡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ ƒ† ‘—‹‘ ȋ‹••‡ǡ
ʹͲͲ͹ǣͳͺȌǡŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰ƒ††‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ȋ‘Ž‘‘Ǥ„ƒ•‹ǡ
ʹͲͲͺǢƒ‰‡•ƒǡʹͲͲͶȌǡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ‡ƒ”–Š‡‡’‹‰‘”‡ ‘Ž‘‰›ȋƒ‡‡ŽǤǤǡ
ͳͻͻͻȌǢ ‹••‹‘ ƒ• ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘” „‘‘• ‘” Ž‡––‡”•
ȋ‹••‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͹Ǣ ƒ”‡ ƒ‡• ƒ–”‹ ǡ ʹͲͲͷȌǤ ”ƒ ‹• Ǥ ™ƒ‹™— ȋͳͻͻͲǣ͸ͷȌ Šƒ•
ƒ’–Ž› ƒ’–—”‡†–Š‹•ǡDz ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–‹‡•ǡ•‡•‹–‹˜‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
˜‹•‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ–‡ „”‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ•’‡ –•
™Š‹ Š•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘’Ž‡‡–ƒ”›Ǥdz

‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹• †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ ‘—–”‡ƒ Š ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
„”‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ȋ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌ‘ˆ–Š‡Š‘•–‘””‡•’‘†‡–•̵
•‘ ‹‡–›‹ ‘ˆ‘”‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘•’‡ŽǤ

ͷͷ—‘–‡†‹Š”‹•–‘’Š‡” Ǥ Ǥ”‹‰Š–ǡThe Mission of God's People: A Biblical Theology of the

Church's Missionȋ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣ‘†‡”˜ƒǡʹͲͳͲȌǡʹͶǤ

ͷ͸ › ‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”ƒ ‹• Ǥ ™ƒ‹™—ǡ Inter-Religious Dialogue in African Contextǡ

’Ǥ͸ͷǤ
36
 Introduction

ii. Engagement: ‡”• •— Š ƒ• ‹–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘” ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ‘”

‡ ‘—–‡” ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ —•‡† „›
• Š‘Žƒ”• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž› ‘” ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž› –‘ ‡ƒ –Š‡ ‘‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‘ˆ
’‡”•‘• ‘” ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘• ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
‡”‹ Š‹‰ǡ †‡‡’‡‹‰ ƒ† „”‘ƒ†‡‹‰ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Ž‹ˆ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š —–—ƒŽ
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”̵• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘˜‹ –‹‘• ƒ† ™‹–‡••ǡ ƒ†Ȁ‘”
™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹’”‘Œ‡ –•‘ˆ ‘‘ ‘ ‡”ȋ™ƒ‹™—ǡͳͻͻͲǣ͸͵Ǧ͸ͶȌͷ͹ǤŠ‡
’‘‹– ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‘•‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ †‘ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š•ǤŠ‹•‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‘”‹–”ƒǦ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ‘‰ ’‡”•‘• ‘” ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ •— Š ƒ• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š—” Š †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•ͷͺǤ
‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• —•‡† ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ƒ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ‘”
ƒ –‹˜‹–›„‡–™‡‡–™‘‰”‘—’•™‹–Šƒ ‘‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š„—–™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘” „ƒ ‰”‘—†•ǣ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘ ‘‡ Šƒ† ƒ†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ȋ Ȍ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†Ǥ ‹‡ ƒ› ‘–Š‡”
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–•™Š‡”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–••‡‡–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›
ƒ Šƒ‰‡ƒ†‰”‘™ȋ‡‘ƒ”†™‹†Ž‡”ǡͳͻͺͻǣ͵͵ͺȌǡ–Š‹• —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ
‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ‹• ‘”‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‘ ‰‘‘† ȋ”–Š—” Ǥ
”ƒ„–”‡‡ǡͳͻͺͻǣ͵ͷͻȌ ‘” ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‘ ‰‘‘† ȋ‡–‡”  Š‹†–Ǧ

ͷ͹‡‡ƒŽ•‘”‹ ‡‘”‹‡‘–‡Šǡ Traditionalists, Muslims, and Christians in AfricaǢŽ‹œƒ„‡–Š

‘ƒŠǡ African Indigenous Religions and Inter-Religious RelationshipǢ †—”‘ ‹ƒˆ‡ǡ Inter-
religious Dialogue and Cooperation among the three major Religions of GhanaǢ ƒ”„ƒŠ „‘
‘•ƒ•ǡNew Evangelization and Inter-Religious Dialogue in the Ghanaian ContextǢ†ƒ‘Ǥ
Ǥǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋ•Ȍǣ Š‡ ’‘•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ”‘—† ‘ˆ
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Verbum et Ecclesia ͵ʹȋͳȌǡ ”–Ǥ ͓ʹͺͷǡ ͳͲǤ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘
™™™Ǥ˜‡Ǥ‘”‰ǤœƒȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ȀȀƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ˜‹‡™ȀʹͺͷȀͺͲͺ‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ͷͺ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ •‡‡ ‰‘‘ ™—‡ Ǥ Ǥǡ Dialogue on

Justification: a model for ecumenical dialogue among the churches in Nigeria ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ ‹–ǡ
ʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ”–Š—”Ǥ”ƒ„–”‡‡ǡŠ‡ –”ƒǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ‹Šƒ”Ž‡•‡‹Š•— —Ƭ ‡”Šƒ”†Ǥ
’‹‡‰Ž‡” ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Religious Issues and Interreligious Dialogue: An analysis and sourcebook of
developments since 1945ȋǤǡ‡•–’‘”–ǡ‘‡ –‹ —–ǡ‘†‘ǣ ”‡‡™‘‘†”‡••ǡͳͻͺͻȌǤ
37
 Introduction

‡—‡Žǡ ʹͲͳͶǣͳͶǦͳͷȌǤ Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– •‡‡• ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒŽŽ –‘ ‰”‘™ „‡›‘† Œ—•–
„‡‹‰ƒ‰”‘—’–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†•‘Ž˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•ƒ†–‘„‡ ‘‡ƒ ‘—‹‘‘”
‘‹‘‹ƒǤͷͻŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘–Š‡‹”‘™„‡ŠƒŽˆƒ†‘
„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•„—–‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ –Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ƒ• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
ȋˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ ƒ† ‘– ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ƒ› ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”
Š—” Š†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •—„‹••‹‘ •‡–• –Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ”
‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š ‡ ‘—–‡” ™Š‹ Š ‹• ”‘‘–‡† ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‹• ƒ†
’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•Ǥ  Ž—•‹˜‹•’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‘—‰Šˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•–‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –‘ •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ ›‡– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Š ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘
‘„–ƒ‹•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘ˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•–ǤŠ‹•–Š‡‘”›Šƒ•„‡‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„›
ƒ”ŽƒŠ‡”ǯ•†‹ –—‘ˆ–Š‡Dz‘›‘—•Š”‹•–‹ƒdz™Š‹ Š™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”–ƒ‡—’
„› –Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  Š—” Š ƒ† —•‡† ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š•Ǥ͸ͲŠ‡ ‘”‡‘ˆƒ”ŽƒŠ‡”ǯ•†‹ –—‹•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ
‘†ƒ‹‰Š‹•‰”ƒ ‡ƒ„‘—†ƒ†™‘”‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‘•‡™Š‘–Š”‘—‰Š‘
ˆƒ—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡ƒ”†–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽŽ‡–ƒŽ‘‡ ‘‹‰–‘ˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•–ǤŠ‹•
Dzƒ‘›‘—•‰”ƒ ‡dz͸ͳ‹•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”ƒŽŽƒ‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
—””‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘ǤŠ‡‡ ‘†ƒ–‹ ƒ‘— ‹Ž‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–•‡Žˆ™‹–Š

ͷͻ‡‡ƒ˜‹†‘ŠǡOn Dialogue. LondonȋǤǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǡͶ͸Ǥ

͸Ͳ ‘” ƒ”Ž ƒŠ‡”̵• †‹ –— ƒ† ”‡Žƒ–‡† †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ‹ Ž—•‹˜‹• •‡‡
‘™ƒ›ƒ‘ǡThe Anonymous Christian: A Relativised Christianity: An Evaluation of Hans
Urs von Balthasar's Criticism of Karl Rahner's dictum of Anonymous Christianȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒ
ƒ‹ǣƒ‰ „ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǢƒ•• ‡‘”‰‡ǡPattern of Doctrines: The Atonement and
Mankind's Salvation (Understanding Karl Rahner)ȋ‘†‘ǣŽ‘‘•„—”›ƬŽƒ”ǡͳͻͻͺȌǡ
˜‘ŽǤͶǢ ‘„‡”– Ǥ  ƒ”–Š›ǡ A Critical Examination of theology of Karl Rahner ȋƒ”–Šƒ›
‡–—”‡•ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ
͸ͳ ‘Š ‘ˆˆ‹––ǡ Interreligious Encounter and the problem of Salvationǡ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ

‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•Š‘™ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥƒ•’ǫ–‹–Ž‡αͳͺ͵ͻǤ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘Š ‘ˆˆ‹––ǡ Interreligious Encounter and

the problem of Salvation, in Christian Centuryȋ‘˜‡„‡”ͳ͹ǡͳͻ͹͸ȌǡͳͲͲͳǦͳͲͲ͹Ǥ
38
 Introduction

–Š‡‹ Ž—•‹˜‹•––Š‡‘”›‹–Š‡•‡–™‘†‘ —‡–•ǣLumen GentiumǢƒ†Gaudium et

SpesǤŠ‹Ž‡Lumen Gentium‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ‘†̵•™‘”‹’‡‘’Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š‰”ƒ ‡ƒ†
ƒ ‘• ‹‡ ‡ –‘ †‘ Š‹• ™‹ŽŽǡ Gaudium et Spes ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ™‹–Š ‘†̵• ™‘” ‹
’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ƒ• Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• –Š‡ Dz–Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ „‡‹‰
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹• ’ƒ• ŠƒŽ ›•–‡”›Ǥdz͸ʹ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹• ƒ• —•‡† ‹
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘”–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘†‡‘–‡•–Š‡ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”—–Š‹‘–Š‡”
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘” Žƒ‹•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• ‘ ‘‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ
‡š Ž—•‹˜‡Ž› Žƒ‹ –‘ „‡ –Š‡ –”—–Š ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ‘Š ‹  ‹•
™‡ŽŽ ‘™ ‹–Š‡—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•–Š‡‘”›Ǥ͸͵ Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹• †‹ –— ‹•–‘ ’”‘‘–‡
‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ‹–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘Ǥ – ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡
ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‘†›Ǥ
• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡
‹•‘–„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡–™‘†‹ –—•Ǥ

͸ʹ ‡‡  Ž—•‹˜‹•Ǥ ȋʹͲͲͺǡ ’”‹Ž ʹͺȌǤ New World EncyclopediaǤ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ͳͲǣͷ͹ǡ ƒ” Š ͹ǡ

ʹͲͳ͹ ˆ”‘
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™™‘”Ž†‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ’Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ǫ–‹–Ž‡α  Ž—•‹˜‹•Ƭ‘Ž†‹†α͸ͻͺͺͲ͵Ǣ
‘Š‘ˆˆ‹––Ǥ –‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—–‡”ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͸͵ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ̶Ž—”ƒŽ‹•̶ •‡‡ ‘Š ‹ ǡ A Christian theology of religions: the

rainbow of faithȋ‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‘šǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ ‘Š ‹ ȋ‡†ǤȌǡThe Myth of Christian uniqueness:

toward a pluralistic theology of religionsȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͺ͹ȌǢGod has many
names ȋŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ ‡•–‹•–‡” ”Ǥǡ ͳͻͺʹȌǢ ̵ ‘•–ƒ ƒ˜‹ǡ Theology and Religious
Pluralism: the challenge of other religions ȋšˆ‘”†ǣ Žƒ ™‡ŽŽǡ ͳͻͺ͸ȌǢ ‹––‡” ƒ—Ž ǡ
Introducing Theologies of Religions ȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ ǣ ”„‹• ‘‘•ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǢ Š‹Ž‹’ Ǥ —‹
ȋ‡†ǤȌǡThe Philosophical challenge of religious diversityȋ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌǢŠ‘Ž‡‹•Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡFour Views on salvation in a pluralistic worldȋ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǣ
‘†‡”˜ƒ —„ŽǤǡ ‘—•‡ǣ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ ‡‡‹‰ ƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǡ Whose Truth? Which rationality? John
Hick's pluralist strategies for the management of conflicting truth claims among the world
religionsȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰ǡʹͲͲͺȌǢ—‰‹”–Šƒ”ƒŒƒŠŠƒ”ƒ†ƒȋ‡†ǤȌǡReligious Pluralism
and the modern world: an ongoing engagement with John Hick ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡
ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ Ž› ‹ Šƒ”†•ǡ Towards a Theology of Religions ȋ‘†‘ǡ ‡™ ‘”ǣ
‘—–Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ͳͻͺͻȌǢ ƒ’• ”—Žˆǡ Partners in Dialogue: Christianity and Other World
Religionsȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ
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 Introduction

iii. Tradition: Š‹• ‹•—•‡†‹–Š‡•–—†›ƒ•–Šƒ–™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡–”ƒ•‹––‡†‘”

Šƒ†‡† †‘™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ȋ†™ƒ”† Š‹Ž•ǡͳͻͺͳǣͳʹȌǤ͸Ͷ Š‹•
‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‹–‹••‘‡–Š‹‰™Š‹ Š—•–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ –‹‘•
ƒ†‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒ–ƒ ‡”–ƒ‹’‘‹–‹–‹‡‘”Š‹•–‘”›ǡ—’Š‡Ž†
ƒ† –”ƒ•‹––‡† ˆ”‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ†
‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ƒ‘‰ ƒ› –Š‹‰•Ǥ ‡ ƒ› ƒ‰”‡‡ ™‹–Š Š‹Ž• ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹•
‹’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ –”ƒ•‹– –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘ ”‡–‡ ƒ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ†
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ˆ”‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘„—–Dz–Š‡–”ƒ•‹••‹„Ž‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ––‡”• ‘” ‹ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ƒ –‹‘• ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ‹’Ž› ‘” ’”‡•‡– ƒ† –Š‡
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ”‡“—‹”‹‰ǡ ”‡ ‘‡†‹‰ǡ ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰ǡ ’‡”‹––‹‰ǡ ‘” ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹‰ –Š‡
‡ƒ –‡–‘ˆ–Š‘•‡’ƒ––‡”•Ǥdz

Š‘—‰Š ƒ› ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›
‹‰Š– ˆƒŽŽ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‹• †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‹• –Š‡•‹•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’—–• ‘”‡
‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡Ǥ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘†‘‘–‘Ž›Šƒ˜‡
—•–‘†‹ƒ• „—– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ •‹ ‡ –‹‡ ‹‡‘”‹ƒŽ ‹ •‘‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ǤŠ‡•‡
‡š‡’Žƒ”• ‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰–Š‘•‡ ™Š‘•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡•
ƒ”‡Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†‹–Š‡‹”‘”ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡›
ƒ”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ•
ƒ ‡•–‘”•͸ͷ ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ’Žƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‡š‡”– ƒ

͸Ͷ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘̵”ƒ†‹–‹‘̵•‡‡†™ƒ”†Š‹Ž•ǡTraditionȋŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘

”‡••ǡͳͻͺͳȌǤ
͸ͷ ‘”†‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›•‡‡—•‹ƒǤǤǡ The

Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of AshantiǢ ‘•‡’Š •‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡ The
Inculturation of Christianity in Africa: antecedents and guidelines from the New Testament
and the Early Churchȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰ǡʹͲͲͷȌǢ‡†‹ƒ‘ǡJesus in AfricaǢ‡–‡”ƒ”’‘‰ǡ
Ghana in retrospect: some aspects of Ghanaian culture ȋ ”ƒǦ‡ƒǣ Šƒƒ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰
‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻ͹ͶȌǢƒ†ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
40
 Introduction

Ž‘–‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡‹”’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡„›–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ǤŠ‹Ž•ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹͶǦ

ʹͷȌ’—–•‹–‘”‡•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ

Š‡ ‘Š‡•‹‘‘ˆƒ•‘ ‹‡–›‹•‘”†‹ƒ”‹Ž› ‘ ‡‹˜‡†‘ˆƒ•ƒˆ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ

ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘˜‡‡– ‹ –‹‡Ǣ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ ‘Š‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• Ž‹˜‹‰
‡„‡”•™‹–Š‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡‘Ž†‡”Ž‹˜‹‰‡„‡”•Š‡Ž’–‘‹†— –
–Š‡ ›‘—‰‡” Ž‹˜‹‰ ‡„‡”• ‹–‘ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’ƒ––‡”• ™Š‹ Š
–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‹Š‡”‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‘•‡™Š‘™‡–„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ǥ –Š‹•™ƒ›ǡ
–Š‡ †‡ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽǡ ‡š‡” ‹•‹‰ ™Šƒ– ”‹–‹ • ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›
Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Dz†‡ƒ† Šƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–dzǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘„Œ‡ –• ‘ˆ
ƒ––ƒ Š‡–ǡ „—– ™Šƒ– ‹• ‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ™‘”• ƒ†
–Š‡ ‘”• ‘–ƒ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ –‹‘• ‘ˆ
•—„•‡“—‡–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•–‘™Š‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡—‘™Ǥ

1.7. The need for a Paradigm Shift

Š‘ƒ• —Šǯ• ȋͳͻ͸ʹȌ ǮŠ‡ –”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ  ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǯ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ‘‡•
–‘‹†™Š‡‡˜‡”‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”•ƒ†‹• —••‹‘–Šƒ–‡–ƒ‹Ž•–Š‡–‡”Ǯ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
•Š‹ˆ–ǯǤ ‹ ‡ Š‹• ‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰ ™‘”ǡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ • Š‘Žƒ”• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ‘”
‹–‡†‹–‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ ƒ†‡‹ †‹• ‘—”•‡•Ǥ‘‡Šƒ˜‡†‘‡ƒ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆŠ‹•
™‘”ȋŠƒ’‡”‡—†Ž‡›ǡͳͻ͸͸Ǣ‘—Ž‹–‡’Š‡ǡͳͻ͹͹Ǣ‡”•–‡‹ǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ͸͸Š‡
•‡ ‘† ‡†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ —Šǯ• ȋͳͻ͹Ͳǣͳ͹ͶǦʹͳͲȌ ™‘” ‹ Ž—†‡• •‘‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• ‘”
Žƒ”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡ ”‹–‹ ‹•Ǥ —Š ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͲȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ†
’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡†–Š‡–‡”Dzƒ”ƒ†‹‰Š‹ˆ–dz™Š‹ Š”‡Žƒ–‡• Ž‘•‡Ž›–‘™Šƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‡”•
–‘ ƒ• Ǯ‘”ƒŽ • ‹‡ ‡ǯǤ Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ ‹• •Šƒ”‡† „› ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 
‘—‹–›™Š‘ƒ”‡ ‘‹––‡†–‘–Š‡•ƒ‡”—Ž‡•ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•ˆ‘”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 

͸͸Šƒ’‡”‡ƒ†‘—Ž‹Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‹–‡†‹ Šƒ”„‡”‰ƒšǡThe Myth of Paradigm-Shift, or

How to Lie with Methodology ȋ›’”—•ǣ ”‹– ‘ –†Ǥǡ ͳͻͺͶȌǡ ͳ͵ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡”•–‡‹ Šƒ• „‡‡
‹–‡† ‹ ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ‘• Šǡ Transforming Mission: Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission
ȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͻͳȌǡͳͺͶǤ
41
 Introduction

’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ—Šȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‘”‡

‡•‘–‡”‹ –›’‡‘ˆ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‹–’‡”‹–•ƒ•ƒ•‹‰‘ˆƒ–—”‹–›‹–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ
ƒ›‰‹˜‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ ‡†‡• ”‹„‡•–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•ƒ•Ǯ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•ǯ
™Š‹ Š„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ˆ‹‡Ž†ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳʹȌǤ

Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” Šƒ‰‡ ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹  ‘” ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› Š‡Ž†
ƒ••—’–‹‘•ǡ ‘” ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ”‡‹‰‹‰ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ
• ‹‡ ‡Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ƒ† ‡™ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› —Š ȋ‹„‹†ǣ ͸͸ˆȌ
‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –‘Ž‡ƒ‹  ‘•‘Ž‘‰› –‘ ƒ ‘’‡”‹ ƒǢ ˆ”‘
”‹•–‘–‡Ž‹ƒ–‘ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡ Šƒ‹ •Ǣƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡™–‘‹ƒ
’Š›•‹ •ƒ†–Š‡‹•–‡‹‹ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•–‹ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•ǤŠ‡‡™’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‹–•
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ ƒ„‘—– ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ”‹•‹•
‡ƒƒ–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ƒ‘ƒŽ‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‘” ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› Š‡Ž†
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ–”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•ƒ”‡•‡‡ƒ• Šƒ‰‡•‘ˆ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǣ
˜‡ ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡ †—”‹‰ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘• • ‹‡–‹•–• •‡‡ ‡™ ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
–Š‹‰• ™Š‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ™‹–Š ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ‹•–”—‡–• ‹ ’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Ž‘‘‡†
„‡ˆ‘”‡ǤŠ‹•”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‘ —”•‘‡ƒ•‹Ž›™‹–Š‘—–”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡™Š‹ Š‹–•‡Žˆ
ƒˆˆ‡ –• –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ‘‡ ȋ‘Ž†Ȍ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” ȋ‡™ȌǤ
‹–‹‰ ƒš Žƒ  ȋͳͻͶͻǣ͵͵Ǧ͵ͶȌ ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡™
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰„›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘—‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž†’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ—Š
ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͷͳȌ •ƒ›•ǡ Dzƒ ‡™ • ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  –”—–Š †‘‡• ‘– –”‹—’Š „› ‘˜‹ ‹‰ ‹–•
‘’’‘‡–• ƒ† ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ •‡‡ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š–ǡ „—– ”ƒ–Š‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–• ‘’’‘‡–•
‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› †‹‡ǡ ƒ ‡™ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™• —’ –Šƒ– ‹• ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ” ™‹–Š ‹–dzǤ •‹‰
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ —Š •ƒ›•ǡ DzŠ‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‡” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ –‘
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•ƒconversion experience–Šƒ– ƒ‘–„‡ˆ‘” ‡†dzȋ‹„‹†Ȍ͸͹ǤŽ•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ
—Š ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳͳȌ ƒ†‹–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒŽ‘•–

͸͹›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
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 Introduction

ƒŽ™ƒ›•‹””‡˜‡”•‹„Ž‡„—–ƒ”‡ ‘‘ ‘ ‘‹–ƒ–•‘ˆ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ –Š‡

—–•Š‡ŽŽǡDzˆ–‡”ƒ‰‹˜‡†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡†ˆ”‘‘‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ
–Š‹•‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ǡ‹—Šǯ•–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ”‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘”ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–Ǥ
– ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ –Š‹• ˆ‹ƒŽ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ ’”‘ ‡•• –Šƒ– ‹• ‡ƒ–
™Š‡ –Š‡ –‡” ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹• —•‡† ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹ƒŽŽ›ǣ •‹’Ž› –Š‡ ȋ‘ˆ–‡ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽȌ
Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ™‹–Š‘—–”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–‹‡•‘ˆ—Š̵•Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ
ƒ”‰—‡–dz͸ͺǤ


”‹–‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ”˜‹‡
Ǥ ‘ ȋͳͻͺͶǣ͵ͳͺȌ ƒ•‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• •Š‘—Ž† ‘–
‡š‡” ‹•‡ ƒ—–‹‘‹ƒ’’Ž›‹‰—Šǯ•’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ––Š‡‘”›‹”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ––‡”•ǣ
—– ‡˜‡ ‹ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‹‰ —Šǯ• ™‘”ǡ •Š‘—Ž† ™‡ ‘– „‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒŽ•‘ǫ 
”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ•‡–ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽǡ‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–—Š’Žƒ›•
Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‘ –Š‡–Š‡‘”›ǯ• ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ Dz‡–ƒŽ ƒ’dz ƒ†
ƒ•‡†ǡ Dz‘‡• –Šƒ– †‘ ˆ—ŽŽ Œ—•–‹ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–ƒ–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǫ • ‹– ‹ †ƒ‰‡” ‘ˆ ‘’ƒ”–‡–ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ Dz”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•dz Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰–‘‘Ž›‘‡ˆ‡Ž–‡‡†ƒ‘‰ƒ›ǫ‹–Š‘—––Š‡ˆƒ‹–Š†‹‡•‹‘ƒ•
‡–”ƒŽ–‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ™‹ŽŽ™‡‹ƒ†˜‡”–‡–Ž›‘ ‡‘”‡’—•Š ‘†–‘–Š‡‡†‰‡‘ˆ
‘—”Dz‡–ƒŽƒ’•dzǫdz


‡ ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‹• †ƒ‰‡” —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† ƒ •–—†› ‰”‘—’ ƒ– –Š‡
•–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ –—†‹‡• ‹ ‘”‘–‘ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ •‘‡ Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž
‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡†‹•–‹ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒ†
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹•”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ• ‹‡ ‡‘”
–‘–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™‹•–Š‡ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆǦˆ”ƒ‡™‘”–Šƒ– ‘Ž‘”•ƒ

͸ͺ‹‹’‡†‹ƒ "Paradigm Shift" ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ‡Ǥ™‹‹’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ™‹‹Ȁƒ”ƒ†‹‰̴•Š‹ˆ–ǡ ͶȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͲǡ

’ǤͳǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͹ȀͲ͹ȀͳͶȌǤ

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 Introduction

’‡”•‘ǯ• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ‘ˆ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǦ ‘‹–‡–• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘‘Ž›

Š‡Ž†„›ƒ ‘—‹–›‘ˆŽ‹‡‹†ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳͺǦͳͳͻȌǤŠ‡’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰†‘‡•‘–‘Ž›
ˆŽ‘™ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ –• –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǦ ‘‹–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ƒ– ‹–• •‘—” ‡ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ƒ –‘‘Ž ˆ‘” ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ȋ‹„‹†ȌǤ ‘”
‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ™‹ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ”‹ƒ ƒ›ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡• Dz’‡ƒ ‡ Š‹Ž†dz ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ –‘
’”‡˜‡– —Ž–—”ƒŽ‰‡‘ ‹†‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‘”‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡•–Š‡
ƒǯ‰— ›–Š‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ‘”‹‰‹• ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ –‘ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘ ȋ‹„‹†ȌǤ ‘ǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡
‘’ƒ”‹•‘ ‘ˆ –™‘ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š—” Š ‰”‘™–Š •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǣ –Š‡
„‘—†‡†Ǧ•‡–Ǣƒ†–Š‡ ‡–‡”‡†Ǧ•‡–ǤŠ‡„‘—†‡†Ǧ•‡–‹•†‡ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ„‘—†ƒ”›
™Š‹ Š ƒ‡• ‹– –‘‘ ”‹‰‹† –‘ ƒ†‹– ‡™ ‘‡”• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–‡”‡†Ǧ•‡– ‹•
”‡ƒ–‡† „› †‡ˆ‹‹‰ ƒ ‡–‡”ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‹‰• –‘ –Šƒ– ‡–‡”Ǥ 
•Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡„‘—†‡†Ǧ•‡–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‘”’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‹••–ƒ–‹ ƒ†—ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰
‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡”‡†Ǧ•‡– ™Š‹ Š ‹• ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ ƒ† ‘”‡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š—” Š‰”‘™–Š•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘”‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ


– ‹• ‘™ „‡‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘–‡š–• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ • ‹‡ ‡ Dz–‘ †‡• ”‹„‡ ƒ
’”‘ˆ‘—† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘” ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡–•Ǥdz͸ͻ
Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ• ò‰ Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡†‹–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‹š Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ
Dz‹ ”‘‘†‡Ž•dz ƒ• ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ–• ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡
ƒ’’Ž‹‡† DzŠ‘ƒ• —Šǯ• –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†•‹šŠ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽDzƒ ”‘‘†‡Ž•dzǣͳȌ
–Š‡ƒ’‘ ƒŽ›’–‹ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ’”‹‹–‹˜‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡʹȌ–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‡‹•–‹ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ–”‹•–‹  ’‡”‹‘†ǡ ͵Ȍ –Š‡ ‡†‹‡˜ƒŽ ‘ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ͶȌ –Š‡
”‘–‡•–ƒ– ȋ‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ȍ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ͷȌ –Š‡ ‘†‡” Ž‹‰Š–‡‡– ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ

͸ͻ „‹†ǡ’ǤͳǤ
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 Introduction

ƒ† ͸Ȍ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‹‰ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‹• —••‡† ˆ‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ‘‰‹‡•
„‡–™‡‡ƒ–—”ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–•Ǥdz͹Ͳ


Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ȋ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽȌ
’‘•‹–‹‘‘”ƒ––‹–—†‡‘”’‡” ‡’–‹‘–‘ƒ†‘’–‹‰ƒ‡™ȋ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ȍƒ’’”‘ƒ Š
†—‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ‡™ ƒ† †‡‡’‡” ‡ƒ‹‰• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ† ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ǥ –‹•ƒ••—‡†–Šƒ–•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒ‡‰ƒ‰‡
–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‡† ‡™ ƒ† †‡‡’‡”
‡ƒ‹‰•ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ǡƒ†
†‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ‘™ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Žƒ†• ƒ’‡Ǥ


ƒ”Ž‹‡”†‡„ƒ–‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹
Šƒƒ ‡–‡”‡†‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”‘–Ǥ ͹ͳŠ‡–Š‡•‹•
•—„‹–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡ ‹• ‘ Ž‘‰‡” ƒ ‹••—‡ ƒ‘‰ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǤŠ‹•‹• ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǤŠ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ• Ž‡ƒ”Ž›
Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‘’‡ †‘‘”• ˆ‘” ƒ ‡™ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ†‰‹˜‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ••—”ƒ ‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–‘
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† •–‹ŽŽ ’”‘ˆ‡••
–Š‡‹” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ‘” „‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ›ƒ”• Dzƒ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ

͹Ͳ „‹†ǡ ’ǤͷǦ͸Ǣ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• ò‰ǡ Theology for the Third Millennium: An Ecumenical View

ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ  Š‘” ‘‘•ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǢ ƒ• ò‰ Ƭ ”ƒ › ƒ˜‹† ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Paradigm Change in
Theologyȋ‡™‘”ǣ”‘••”‘ƒ†ǡͳͻͺͻȌǤ
͹ͳ ‡‡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ •‡‹ǡ Can a Christian Become a Chief: An Examination of Ghanaian

Ancestral Practices in the Light of The Bibleȋ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ›Ž‡••—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ –†Ǥǡͳͻͻ͵Ȍǡ ‹”•–

†‹–‹‘Ǣ Can A Christian Become a Chief: Developing an Evangelistic Strategy for the Palace
ȋ—ƒ•‹ǣ ‡‘•ƒƒ—Ž–‹’”‹–•–†ǤǡʹͲͳͶȌǡʹ††‹–‹‘Ǥ 
45
 Introduction

†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ ˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š ‘‡ –Š‹• ƒ† ƒ –•dz͹ʹ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Š—” Š̵•
‹••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• ƒ†‡ •‘‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡• ƒ†
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‘Ž†• ’”‘•’‡ –• ˆ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š̵• ‹••‹‘ ƒ†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ ŠƒƒǤ


1.8. The need for Engagement with Traditional Leaders

Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–Š‡‡†‹—ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†
–‘ •‘‡ ‡š–‡–ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ˜‡•–‡† ‹ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ’”‹‡•–•ǡ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‹ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ͹͵ Š‹• •Š‘™• –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹• ƒ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘– ‘Ž›
’”‡•‡–ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ„—–ƒŽ•‘˜‹„”ƒ–‹‡˜‡”› Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘
”‡ƒ‹• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›
ŠƒƒǤ͹Ͷ


’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ ȋʹͲͳʹǣʹͲͶǦʹͲͷȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹• ‘™ ‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › Šƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž›
ƒ••—‡† — Š ’—„Ž‹  ‹–‡”‡•– ƒ† ”‡•’‡ – ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ƒ†
‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ — Š ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ Š‹•
•–—†› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• –Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ •–ƒ–‡• ‘” ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• –Šƒ–
Šƒ˜‡Ž‡†–‘ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘•„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•
‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ ‘‡–‹‰‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ‘ˆ‹
›‹†‡˜—™‘‘”ȋͳͻ͹ͲǣʹʹȌ•—„‹–•–Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹•–Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ’‘™‡” ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‹•–‘”›

͹ʹ‡•„—”‰ ‘Šƒ ƒ•‡ ˜ƒǡ The Paradigm Shift: An Introduction to Postmodern Thoughts

and its implication for Theologyȋ”‡–‘”‹ƒǣ˜ƒ Šƒ‹—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǡͳǤ

͹͵ †‘–‡‹ Ƭ ™‡†‘„ƒǡ –”‘†— –‹‘  †‘–‡‹ǡ Ǥ ”‡‡ Ƭ ™‡†‘„ƒǡ Ǥ Ž„‡”–Ǥȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ

Chieftaincy in Ghanaǡ’ǤͳͷǤ
͹Ͷ „‹†ǡ’ǤͳͷǤ
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 Introduction

ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ‡•‹†‡•„‡‹‰˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒŽ‹„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǡ
–Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‹• ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡„‘†‹‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘”
•–ƒ–‡ǯ• —Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ͹ͷ


Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹• ™Š› ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• „› •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ –Š‡‡ ˆ‘” –Š‹• •–—†›Ǥ — Š
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–•Šƒ˜‡•‘‡‰‘‘†’”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘”„‘–Š‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ†–Š‡
‘—‹–›‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‹‡•–• †‘ ’Žƒ› ƒŒ‘” ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹ Ž—†‹‰
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•„—––Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›‹•–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ† “—‡‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† Žƒ†ǡ ƒ† ƒ•
’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡”ƒ„Ž‡–‘„‘–Š–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘–Š‡›
”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ† •‡”˜‡Ǥ͹͸ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ‰‡–• ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ


1.9. Organization of the Study

Š‡•–—†›‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹–‘•‡˜‡ Šƒ’–‡”•ƒ†ƒ ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡”
†‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‹–”‘†— –‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ •–—†›Ǥ – ‰‹˜‡• ƒ •—ƒ”› ‘ˆ –Š‡
•–—†›‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–—†›ǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ǡ ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰› —•‡†ǡ • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•–—†›ƒ††‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆ•‘‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‡”•ǤŠ‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‘—–Ž‹‡•–Š‡

͹ͷ—ƒŠǡ ǤǤǡA History of Ghanaȋ‘†‘ǣƒ•‹‰•–‘‡ǡͳͻͺͲȌǡͷͳǤ

͹͸—•‹ƒǡThe Position of the Chief in the Modern Political System of Ashantiǡ’Ǥ͵͸ǦͶͶǢ’‘—
ǤǤǡFestivals of Ghanaȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡͳͻ͹ͲȌǡ –”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
47
 Introduction

‡‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
Š‡ •‡ ‘† Šƒ’–‡” ‰‹˜‡• ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š •‹–‡Ǥ ••—‡•
™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ†Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ
’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ƒ† †‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ – ƒŽ•‘ †‡ƒŽ•
™‹–Š–Š‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
ƒ•–Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘•‹†‡”• Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† •‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ


Š‡–Š‹”† Šƒ’–‡”†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š•‘‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ†”‡ ‡–ƒ––‡’–•„›–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•

ƒ† •‘‡ Š—” Š‡• –‘ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǤŠ‹•‹•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ƒ
Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡ ‘” ‘–Ǥ Š”‡‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ˆ‘” †‹• —••‹‘ǣ –Š‡
ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ „› ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ ——— ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ „› •‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒǡƒ†–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒƒ‘—ƒȋŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰Ȍ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ ŠƒƒǤ


Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š Šƒ’–‡” ‹• ƒ„‘—– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•
‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ –†‹• —••‡•–Š‡
ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ǡ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ† ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ
Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡•™‹–Šƒƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ
Šƒ’–‡” ˆ‹˜‡ ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ† –Š‡  ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ – ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ† †‹• —••‡• –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡŽ‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•

48
 Introduction

—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ –‘”•–Šƒ–

Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡
Šƒ’–‡”‡†•™‹–Šƒ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǡƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
™Š‹ Š ‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ̵ˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™̵ „› –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –Šƒ–
™Š‹ Š ‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† ̵ˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡̵ „› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ


Šƒ’–‡”•‹š‹•ƒ‰‡‡”ƒŽ†‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†‹–•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•–Š‡

‡„‡”•̵‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘†‹• —••‡•–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‘ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ•Š‹’ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ”‡ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ akondwa yere ȋ•–‘‘Ž ™‹ˆ‡Ȍǡ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† Š‘‘”‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡƒ†–Š‡Žƒ†‘” ‘—‹–›Ǥ


Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡˜‡–Š Šƒ’–‡” ‹• ‘ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡• ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒ‡• ƒ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ†
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ–Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǢ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‡†•
™‹–Š ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‘”
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ
Š‡•–—†› ‘ Ž—†‡•™‹–Šƒ•—ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

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 Techiman: An Overview

CHAPTER 2

2.0. TECHIMAN: AN OVERVIEW

2.1. Origin and History
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ‡ Š‹ƒ͹͹‹•ƒ‘‘͹ͺ•–ƒ–‡ǡƒ†‹–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‘ˆ
Šƒƒ͹ͻǡ –Š‡ ‡•– ‘ƒ•– ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒǤ – ‹• •‘‡–‹‡• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‡ Š‹ƒǦ
‘‘ ȋƒ””‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͷȌ ‘” ‘‘Ǧ‡ Š‹ƒ ȋ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ ͳͻͷʹǣͶͶǢ ‘– Š™ƒ›
ʹͲͳͶǣʹͷˆȌͺͲǤ Š‡ –‘™ ™ƒ• ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‹–• ˆ‘—†‡” ‘‡ ƒ›‹ ‹”‹ ™Š‘ ™ƒ•

͹͹‘‡˜ƒ”‹ƒ–ƒ‡•‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹ Ž—†‡Tekiman, Takiman, Takyiman, TekyimanǤ‡‡ˆ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǤǤŽƒ”‹†‰‡ǡA History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti from the earliest times to the
commencement of the Twentieth Century ȋ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒƒ•• Ƭ ‘Ǥ–†ǡͳͻ͸ͶȌǡ ‘ŽǤͳǡʹ†
‡†Ǥǡ ’ǤͷǢ ˜ƒ   ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ The Early History of the Akan States of Ghana ȋ‘†‘ǣ ‡†
ƒ†Ž‡ ”‡••ǡ ͳͻ͹ͶȌǢ Akan Traditions of Origin ȋ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„‡” Ƭ ƒ„‡” –†Ǥǡ ͳͻͷʹȌǢ The
Sacred State of the Akanȋ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„‡”Ƭ ƒ„‡”ǡͳͻͷͳȌǢǤǤ‡‹†‘”ˆǡHistory of the Gold
Coast and Asanteȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ͵”†‡†ǤǢƒƒ‰›‡‹‘†‹‡ƒ‡Ǧ
‰›‡‹ǡ Ghana's Brong-Ahafo Region: Story of an African Society in the heart of the world
ȋ ”ƒǣ „‹„”‡ ‘Ǥ –†Ǥǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ ‡‹• Ǥ ƒ””‡ǡ The Techiman Bono of Ghana: an
ethnography of an Akan Society ȋ—„—“—‡ǡ ‘™ƒǣ ‡†ƒŽŽȀ —–ǡ ͳͻ͹ͷȌǢ •ƒƒ  ”‹‰Š–
‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ ȋ ‘’‹Ž‡”Ȍǡ Takyiman State Book: The History of Takyiman ȋ ”ƒǣ –ƒ–‡ ‘‘
ŠƒƒǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ –Š‹••–—†›‡ Š‹ƒ‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‡–‹”‡”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ ‘’”‹•‹‰„‘–Š
‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡ Š‹ƒ‘”–Š‹•–”‹ –™Š‹ Š™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”‹
ʹͲͳʹǤ
͹ͺ‘‘ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•‘–Š‡”˜ƒ”‹ƒ–•Ž‹‡Abono, Abron, Abrong„—––Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ„‡‡ ‘””—’–‡†

ƒ†™”‹––‡ƒ•̵”‘‰̵Ǥ‘‘‡ƒ•’‹‘‡‡”‘”ˆ‹”•–‘”ƒ‹†‡Ǥ”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Šƒ•‹––Šƒ––Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘ˆ‘‘–”‹„‡™‡”‡–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‘•‡––Ž‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ”‡–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘™‘™ƒ•ƒ‹ ŠƒƒǤ‡ Š‹ƒ‘”‘‘‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†„›
‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ "Akan Piesie"‡ƒ‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–„‘” ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒȋ •ƒƒ Ǥ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ
Takyiman State Bookǡ’ǤʹͲȌǢ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡‘‘ƒ†ƒ•‡‡ƒƒ‰›‡‹‘†‹‡
ƒ‡Ǧ‰›‡‹ǡ Ghana's Brong-Ahafo Regionǡ ’ǤͺǢ ‡‹• Ǥ ƒ””‡ǡ The Techiman Bono of
Ghanaǡ’Ǥš‹Ǣ™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡŠ‡”‘‰Ǥ ™ƒ‡”Š‹ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ Essays on the Society, History
and Politics of the Brong People ȋ ”ƒǣ ˆ”ƒ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ȋ ŠǤȌ –†Ǥǡ ͳͻ͹ͻȌǡ ͻǦʹͳǢ Ǥ Ǥ
Žƒ”‹†‰‡ǡ A History of the Gold Coast and Ashanti from the earliest times to the
commencement of the Twentieth Centuryǡ’ǤͶǦͷǢƒ˜‹†™—•—Ǧ•ƒŠǡHistorical Dictionary of
GhanaȋŽ›‘—–Šǡǣ‘™ƒƬ‹––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ͹ʹǡ͹ͶǤ
͹ͻ Šƒƒ‹• —””‡–Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡”‡‰‹‘•™‹–Š–Š‡”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘

”‡‰‹‘‘ —’›‹‰‘•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹††Ž‡„‡Ž–Ǥ‡‡ƒ’ͳǤ
ͺͲ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ „‘–Š —•‡† –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆ”‘ ƒ•‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‡‡”‰‹‰

ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘‘ ƒ† •ƒ–‡ ™ƒ” ‹ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ” Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ– ƒ†
†‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ ‹‰†‘Ǥ ‡ Š‹ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–Š‡”
‹‰†‘‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘™ƒ•–Š‡ƒ›‹ƒǦ‘‘‘”‘‘Ǧƒ›‹ƒ„›–Š‡”‡ƒ–•Ǥ
50
 Techiman: An Overview

‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ”‘–‹Š‡‡ ȋ‰‘˜‡”‘”Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‹–
™ƒ•–Š‡•‡ ‘†Žƒ”‰‡•– ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ––Š‡–‹‡ȋ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ‹„‹ǣ͵͹ȌǤͺͳ –‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡̵• ˆ‹ƒŽ
•‡––Ž‡‡–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘™‘™ƒ•‡ Š‹ƒƒ†‹–••—””‘—†‹‰–‘™•ƒ†
˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•ǡ ™ƒ• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› –Š”‡‡ ƒŒ‘” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǣ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™ƒ”• ƒ†
‡š‹Ž‡Ǥ


Š‡”‡‹•‘‡š’Ž‹ ‹–ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽƒ„‘—––Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡’”‹‘”–‘–Š‡‹”
•‡––Ž‡‡–‹ ŠƒƒǤ”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘Ž›–”ƒ ‡•–Š‡‹”‘”‹‰‹–‘•‘‡ ƒ˜‡•‹ƒ
ƒ”‡ƒ ƒŽŽ‡† ‘™‹ ˆ”‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• •‡––Ž‡† ƒ– ‹‹Š‹ ƒ† ‡ˆ‹”‹
‡ƒ” –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– †ƒ› ‘”ƒœƒǤͺʹ ‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– ƒ‰”‡‡ ‘”‡ ™‹–Š Ǥ Ǥ —ƒŠ
ȋͳͻͺͲǣͻȌ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘– Ž‡ƒ” ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘
‹‰†‘‹–•‡Žˆƒ†–Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘
’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‹‰†‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰†‘ ™‹–Š‹ ’”‡•‡–
†ƒ› ŠƒƒǤ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻ͹ͶǣͻǢ ͳͻͷʹǣ͵͵Ǧ͵ͶȌǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –”ƒ ‡• –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ
–Š‡‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‹„—–—ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘”‡” ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒŽƒͺ͵‹‰†‘ǡˆ”‘
™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ‘˜‡† •‘—–Š™ƒ”† –‘ •‡––Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ „‡–™‡‡ ƒŽ‹ ƒ† ‘•‹
™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› „—‹Ž– ƒ•‹ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ Š‡ ‘‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆŽ‡† •‘—–Š ‹–‘
‘ŒƒͺͶ™Š‡ƒ•‹™ƒ•ƒ––ƒ ‡†ƒ††‡•–”‘›‡†Ǥ–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•‹ Ž—†‹‰™ƒ”•
ˆ‘” ‡† –Š‡ –‘ ‘˜‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” •‘—–Š™ƒ”† –‘ •‡––Ž‡ ‹ ƒ˜‡• ƒ– ‘™‹ ™Š‡”‡
–Š‡›•—ˆˆ‡”‡†ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ–ƒ•–”‘’Š‡†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ˜‡•Ǥ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ

ͺͳ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘ˆ‹”‡† „› ‘”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ •ƒƒ  Ǥ ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ Takyiman State

Bookǡ ’ǤʹͳǤ ‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ• ‘™ ‘—–‰”‘™ ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ ƒ† ‹• –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡–
‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ
ͺʹ‡‡ƒŽ•‘™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ƒ†‡ Š‹ƒ ™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡȋ‡†ǤǡȌEssays on the

Society, History and Politics of the Brong Peopleȋ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠǤȌ–†Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǡ
ͶͻǤ
ͺ͵‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ˜‹†™—•—Ǧ•ƒŠǡHistorical Dictionary of Ghanaǡ’Ǥ͹ʹǤ
ͺͶ ‘Œƒ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›–”‹„‡•–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ‹‰†‘‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡

’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡‘™’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

ȋͳͻͷʹǣʹͻȌ ƒ† ‘– Š™ƒ› ȋʹͲͳͶǣͳͺȌ Šƒ˜‡ †ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘™‹ ƒ•
‘ —””‹‰ ‹ ͳʹͻͷͺͷ —†‡” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ȋ‹‰Ȍ •ƒƒǤ Š‡› –Š‡
‹‰”ƒ–‡† –‘ •‡––Ž‡ ƒ– ‹‹Š‹ ƒ† ‡ˆ”‹ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡‹” ˆ‹”•–
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† •‡––Ž‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ‘ƒ•– —†‡” –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹ƒ—”—•Š”‹‡Ǥͺ͸‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ǡ™Š‹ Š„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǡ™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ˆ‘—†‡†–‘
„‡‰‹–Š‡‘ ‡ˆƒ‘—•ƒ†’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‘‘‹‰†‘‹–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ
”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ†™”‹––‡•‘—” ‡•†‘ƒ‰”‡‡‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‘‘‹‰†‘
™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–‡” ˆ‘” ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ȋ—ƒŠ
ͳͻͺͲǣͻǢƒ‡Ǧ‰›‡‹ʹͲͳʹǣʹˆǢƒ””‡ͳͻ͹ͷǣʹǢ™—•—Ǧ•ƒŠʹͲͳͶǣ͹ʹǢ™ƒ‡
”Š‹ ͳͻ͹ͻǣͳͲȌǤ Š‹• ‹‰†‘ ™ƒ• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘” ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ
ƒŽ‘•– –™‘ ‡–—”‹‡•ǡ –Š—• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͻͷ ƒ† ͳ͹ͶͲǤͺ͹ Š‡ ‹‰†‘ ™ƒ•
•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›’‘•‹–‹‘‡†ƒ•‹––‘‘ ‘–”‘Ž‘˜‡”–”ƒ†‡ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡–Š‡ ‡–‡”ˆ‘”
–”ƒ†‡‹‰‘Ž††—•–ƒ†‘Žƒ—–•Ǥ‡›‡”‘™‹–œȋͳͻͷʹǣ͵ͷȌŠƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡
‘‘Ǧƒ•‘–”ƒ†‡ ‡–‡”ƒ––”ƒ –‡†–”ƒ†‡”•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‘˜‡”—†ƒǢƒ”ƒ˜ƒˆ”‘
‰›’–ǡ‘”–Šˆ”‹ ƒƒ†”ƒ„‹ƒ ƒ‡ƒ—ƒŽŽ›–‘‡š Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹”‰‘‘†•ˆ‘”–Š‡
‰‘Ž† ƒ† ‘Žƒ —–•Ǥ Š‹• —•– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Šǡ
’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰†‘ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™Š‹ Š
ƒ––”ƒ –‡†ƒ›ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•‹–‘–Š‡‹‰†‘ƒ––Š‡–‹‡—•–Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘Žƒ‹†–Š‡
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ† ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ –
—•– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‘’‡‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ† ‹†‹‰‡‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹‰†‘–‘‡š–‡†ƒŠƒ†‘ˆˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’–‘ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•Ǥ


 –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”• ͳ͹ʹʹȀʹ͵ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‡›ƒ™ ™ƒ›‡  –Š‡ ‘‘
‹‰†‘ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ †‡˜ƒ•–ƒ–‹‰ „Ž‘™‹ –Š‡Šƒ†• ‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ–‡ —†‡” ƒƒ
ͺͷ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Š‘™–Š‡›‡ƒ”ͳʹͻͷ™ƒ•ƒ””‹˜‡†ƒ–ǡ•‡‡‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡAkan Traditions of

originǡ’ǤʹͻǦ͵͵Ǥ
ͺ͸‡‡ƒŽ•‘ •ƒƒ Ǥ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’ǤͳͺǤ
ͺ͹‡‡‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡAkan Traditions of Originǡ’Ǥ͵ʹǦ͵͵Ǣ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’Ǥ͵ͶǦ

͵ͷǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

’‘— ƒ”‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ƒ––ƒ ‡†ǡ †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† †‡•–”‘›‡† –Š‡ ‘‘
‹‰†‘ǡ ƒ† –‘‘ •‘‡ ƒ’–‹˜‡• –‘ —ƒ•‹ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡
‹‰†‘Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ’’‡‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –”‡ƒ Š‡”› ‘ˆ ‘‡ ƒˆ‘ ‹ͺͺǤ –Š‡”•
ƒƒ‰‡† –‘ ‡• ƒ’‡ ‹–‘ ‡š‹Ž‡ͺͻ ƒ• ‘‘ •–ƒ–‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ˜ƒ••ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡
‹‰†‘Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ‘‘†—”‹‰–Š‡‹”‹˜ƒ•‹‘ƒ††‡ˆ‡ƒ–ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•
‘ †‡ˆ‹‹–‡ •‘—” ‡ ƒ• –‘ ™Šƒ– —•– Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ Š‹Ǥ ƒ”‹‘—• •‘—” ‡•
ƒ••‡”– –Šƒ– Š‡ ‘‹––‡† •—‹ ‹†‡ ȋ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ ͳͻͷʹǣͶʹǦͶ͵Ȍ ‘” Š‡ ™ƒ•
ƒ’–—”‡†ȋ ˜‘”‹Ž•ǡͳͻ͹ͷǣͶͳͶǢ —ŽŽ‡”ǡͳͻ͸ͺǣʹͺǢȌǡŠ—‹Ž‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†‡š‡ —–‡†‘”
Š‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†„‡‡ƒ–Š–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠŽ‹˜‹‰ƒˆ‹‰‡”ƒ„‘˜‡ȋ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡʹͲͳͶǣʹͶȌǤ
‹• „—”‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘”–‡† ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• †‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†
Šƒ• ‘™ „‡‡ †‡ƒ” ƒ–‡†ǡ ˆ‡ ‡† ƒ† –—”‡† ‹–‘ ƒ ”‘›ƒŽ ƒ—•‘Ž‡— ‹
‘‡‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ‡›ƒ™™ƒ›‡ ™Š‘‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡
–Š‡Žƒ•–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‰†‘ǤͻͲ


Š‡ ‡š‹Ž‹  ‰”‘—’ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ”‘›ƒŽ• —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‘–‹—‡† –‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹”
—•–‘ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‰•Š‹’ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡† ‘–ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™
‘—–”›‡ƒ†™‘‡™Š‘†‹†‘–‰‘‹–‘‡š‹Ž‡ǤŠ‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡—•–Šƒ˜‡
Š‡Ž’‡† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–• –‘ ”‡•–‘”‡ ‘” ”‡˜‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‹‰†‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡
™‹–Š ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ• –Š‡‹” ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ ‡ ‡ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹˜‡† ‘‘ ‹‰†‘ ™ƒ• –‘ „‡
‘™ƒ•‘‘Ǧ‡ Š‹ƒƒ†‘–‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ǤŠ‹•”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†„›
ƒƒ ‡›ƒ™ ›‡ˆ‹ ƒ† Šƒ• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡‡ ”‡†‹–‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹‰ ‘ˆ
‘‘Ǧ‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‘”‡‹‰‡†ˆ”‘ͳ͹Ͷͻ–‘ͳ͹͹ʹȋ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡʹͲͳͶǣʹͷȌǤ

ͺͺ ‘” ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ‡˜‡–• „‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †—”‹‰ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ •ƒ–‡Ǧ‘‘

™ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡ ˆƒŽŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘‹‰†‘•‡‡‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ Akan Traditions of Originǡ’Ǥ͵͸ǦͶͶǢ

‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’ǤʹͳǦʹͶǢƒ‡Ǧ‰›‡‹ǡGhana's Brong-Ahafo Regionǡ’ǤͳͲͺǦ
ͳͳͲǤ
ͺͻ”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Šƒ•‹––Šƒ––Š‡›™‡––‘Ž‹˜‡‹ ›ƒƒ‹–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž†

‘ƒ•–ƒ†‘™’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘–‡†̵ ˜‘‹”‡Ǥ
ͻͲŠ‡”‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—‘™’Žƒ›•ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ̵Apoↄ̵ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡

’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

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 Techiman: An Overview

˜‡–•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘‘”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒ˜ƒ••ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•ƒ–‡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ‘ ƒ› ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ –‘ ˆ‹‰Š– ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
–Š‡‹”‡‡‹‡•‘””‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘—•˜ƒ••ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘–‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘
•‘‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ‹‰ ™Š‡ ‘‘ ™ƒ• —•‡† –‘ “—‡ŽŽ –Š‡
”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘‘ˆ‘”ƒœƒ‹ͳͺͳͲŽ‡†–‘–Š‡•‡‹œ—”‡‘ˆ•‘‡‹’‘”–ƒ––‘™•‘ˆ
‘‘Ǧ ‡ Š‹ƒ „› –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’—‹•Š‡–Ǥ ‘‘ ™ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹
ƒ––ƒ ‡†ƒ† ‘“—‡”‡†„›–Š‡•ƒ–‡™Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”—†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
‘ˆƒƒ™ƒ„‡ƒ ‘ˆ‹‡ȋͳͺ͸ͶǦͳͺͺ͸Ȍ”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡Žƒ––‡”–‘“—‡ŽŽƒ‘–Š‡”
”‡„‡ŽŽ‹‘ „› ™ƒ„‡Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ‘–Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹ ‡š‹Ž‡ ‹ ›ƒƒ „› –Š‡
‘‘ ™Š‘ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ”‡‰ƒ‹‡† –Š‡‹” ˆ”‡‡†‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ‹ ͳͺͻ͸ ™Š‡
–Š‡•ƒ–‡™ƒ•†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡”‹–‹•ŠǤŠ‡‘‘‹‰†‘‡Œ‘›‡†ƒ•‡ ‘†
”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ™Š‡–Š‡›”‡–—”‡†ˆ”‘ ›ƒƒ–‘‡ Š‹ƒ—†‡”–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ
ƒƒ ›ƒ”‘  ‹ ͳͺͻ͸ǡ –Š‹• –‹‡ –‘ Ž‹˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ‹†‡’‡†‡– •–ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š
’”‘–‡ –‹‘ˆ”‘–Š‡”‹–‹•Š ‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ


”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡ Š‹ƒ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ › ˆ”‘

ͳͻ͵͸ —–‹Ž ͳͻͷͳ ™Š‡ ‹– •’‡ƒ”Š‡ƒ†‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǧ›‡’‡
‘— ‹Ž™‹–Š•‘‡‘–Š‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ǦŠƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‹ͳͻͷͻǤͻͳ


Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ•’‡ƒ‘‘‘”‘‘Ǧ™‹ȋƒ””‡ǡͳͻ͹ͷǣš‹Ȍ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡
†‹ƒŽ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡™‹‘”ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹ ŠƒƒͻʹǤ

ͻͳ ‘”ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‘‘Ǧ›‡’‡ ‘— ‹Žƒ†–Š‡

”‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘•‡‡ ǤǤ”ƒŠǡŠ‡”‘‰‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–ǡ‹™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡ
ȋ‡†ǤȌBrong Kyempimǡ’ǤͳͳͻǦͳ͸ʹǢ‘– Š™ƒ›ǤTakyiman State Bookǡ’Ǥ͵ʹǦ͵͵Ǥ
ͻʹ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡‘‘†‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•‡‡ Ž‘”‡ ‡„‡ƒ‘Ž’Š›‡ǡ

Š‡”‘‰ȋ‘‘Ȍ‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆƒǡ‹™ƒ‡”Š‹‡†ǤǡBono Kyempim: Essays on the society,

history and politics of the Brong Peopleȋ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠƒƒȌ–†Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǡͺͺǦ
ͳͳͺǢƒ‡Ǧ‰›‡‹ǡGhana's Brong-Ahafo Regionǡ’Ǥ͹ǦͺǤ 
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 Techiman: An Overview

‡ Š‹ƒƒ•‘ˆ‘™†‘‡•‘–•‡”˜‡ƒ•ƒŠ‘‡‘Ž›–‘–Š‡‘‘„—–ƒŽ•‘ƒ›
’‡‘’Ž‡ ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ –”‹„ƒŽǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ
„ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ


2.2. Physical and Demographic Background93

‡ Š‹ƒͻͶ ‘˜‡”•ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ͸͸ͻǤ͹ʹ‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘
‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ŠƒƒͻͷǤ  ‡ Š‹ƒ Ž‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ Ž‘‰‹–—†‡• ͳͲͶͻι ƒ•– ƒ† ʹͲ͵Ͳι
‡•– ƒ† Žƒ–‹–—†‡ ͺͲͲͲι ‘”–Š ƒ† ͹Ͳ͵ͷι ‘—–ŠǤ  Šƒƒǡ ‡ Š‹ƒ •Šƒ”‡•
‘‘ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š ˆ‘—” †‹•–”‹ –•Ȁ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ‡Ž› ‡ Š‹
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–› –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š™‡•–ǡ ‹–ƒ’‘ ‘—–Š ‹•–”‹ – –‘ –Š‡ ‘”–Š‡ƒ•–ǡ
‘”ƒœƒ‘—–Š‹•–”‹ ––‘–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ͻ͸ǡƒ†ˆˆ‹•‘‘”–Š‹•–”‹ –ͻ͹–‘–Š‡
•‘—–ŠǤ ‘—” ƒŒ‘” –”— ”‘ƒ†• ‡‡– ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆ”‘ ‘–‡ †ǯ ˜‘‹”‡ ‹ –Š‡
™‡•– –Š”‘—‰Š ‘”ƒƒ ƒ† —›ƒ‹ǡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –Š”‘—‰Š ‡ Š‹ǡ
ˆ”‘ ƒƒŽ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”–Š –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–ƒ’‘ǡ ƒ† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ•– –Š”‘—‰Š
—ƒ•‹ǤŠ‡ƒ‹”‹˜‡”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒƒ”‡ƒ‘ǡ—„‹ǡƒ”ǡ”‡™ƒǡ”ƒ‹ˆ‹ǡ›‹‹
ƒ† ‹ƒǤ


ͻ͵ Š‡ ƒ‹ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ †ƒ–ƒ ‘” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ –ƒ–‡ ‘‘ǡ ʹͲͳͶǡ
‘’‹Ž‡†„› •ƒƒ ”‹‰Š–‘– Š™ƒ›Ǥ
ͻͶ Š‹• ‘’”‹•‡• ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† ‹–• ‡˜‹”‘• ‘” –‘™• ƒ† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ‘™ ƒ• ‡ Š‹ƒ

—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ‘”–Š‹•–”‹ –™‹–Š‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽƒ–—‘„‘†‘ǡ

™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ —‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘” ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ
‡ Š‹ƒ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• ‹ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ™Š‹ Š ‹• —†‡” –Š‡
Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Ɔmanheneƒ†Š‹•‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ‡‡ǮŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –ʹͲͲͺȋ –͹ͷͻȌǡͳ͸–Š —‡ǡ
ʹͲͲͺǡ’ǤͳͳǦͳ͵ƒ–ˆƒ‘Ž‡šǤˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‘ •Ȁ’†ˆȀ‰Šƒͺ͵͹͸ͲǤ’†ˆǤ‡‡ƒ’͵Ǥ
ͻͷŠ‡”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒƒŽ•‘‘ —’‹‡•ƒŽƒ”‰‡’‘”–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ

ŠƒƒǤ‡‡ƒ’ͳǤ
ͻ͸ŽŽ–Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘Ǥ
ͻ͹Š‡ˆˆ‹•‘‘”–Š‹•–”‹ –‹•‹–Š‡•Šƒ–‹‡‰‹‘Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ• –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ˜‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ œ‘‡•ǣ –Š‡ ‰—‹‡ƒǦ•ƒ˜ƒƒ ™‘‘†Žƒ†ǡ

™Š‹ ŠŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡‘”–Š™‡•–Ǣ–Š‡•‡‹Ǧ†‡ ‹†—‘—•œ‘‡ǡ™Š‹ ŠŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡•‘—–ŠǢ
ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ƒŽœ‘‡‘ —’›‹‰–Š‡•‘—–Š‡ƒ•–ƒ†‘”–ŠǤ


Š‡’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹•‡•–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ–ʹ͵Ͷǡͻͺͺ™‹–Šƒƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡‰”‘™–Š
”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ͵ǤͶΨ ’‡” ƒ—Ǥ Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ †‡•‹–›‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘ „‡ ‘˜‡”
͵ͷͳ ’‡”•‘•ȀʹǤ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• ƒ ‘•‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ‹–› ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‡–Š‹  „ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‡• –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ™‹–Š ͸ͶǤͶΨͻͺǤ –Š‡”•
‹ Ž—†‡ ‘Ž‡ ƒ‰„‘ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ʹ͵Ǥ͵Ψǡ ”—•‹ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ͶǤͻΨǡ —ƒ
‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ͳǤͻΨǡ ™‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ͳǤͶΨǡ ‡†‡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ͳǤͶΨǡ ƒ†
—”ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ‡•–‹ƒ–‡† ƒ– ʹǤͳΨǤͻͻ Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ
‹ Ž—†‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ •Žƒƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǤͳͲͲ
‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡ Š‹ƒ
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›‘™ƒ•–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ••‡„Ž›Ǥ –™ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ
†‹•–”‹ –‹ͳͻͺͻ—†‡”–Š‡‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹˜‡ •–”—‡–ȋ ȌͳͶ͹ʹƒ†Žƒ–‡”—’‰”ƒ†‡†
–‘ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›‹ʹͲͲͶ—†‡” ͳ͹ͻͻǤͳͲͳ


Š‡ƒŒ‘”‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ”‡ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ƒ† ‘‡” ‡ǤŠ‡

‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ‹• ‡–‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ‘—• ƒ”‡– ™Š‹ Š –”ƒ ‡• ‹–•
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‡”›ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‘‘•–ƒ–‡ƒ–ƒ•‘Ǥ –‹•
‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ––”ƒ –• ’ƒ–”‘• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‘˜‡” ‡•– ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ†
Žƒ•–•ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡†ƒ›•‹ƒ™‡‡ǡ–Š—•ˆ”‘‡†‡•†ƒ›–‘ ”‹†ƒ›ǤŠ‹•”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•
–Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” •—„‹••‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–›Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡†‹ Žƒ›‹‰

ͻͺŠ‹•‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡‘‘™Š‘ƒ”‡‡•–‹ƒ–‡†–‘„‡͹ͷΨ‘ˆ–Š‡ƒǤ‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ

Techiman State Bookǡ’ǤͶǤ

ͻͻ‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ‹„‹†Ǥ
ͳͲͲ ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ ‹„‹†ǡ ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ȋ͸ͺǤ͵ΨȌǡ •Žƒ ȋʹͳǤ͸Ȍǡ ƒ†

”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋͳͲǤͳΨȌǤ
ͳͲͳ‡‡The Composite Budget of the Techiman Municipal Assembly for the 2012 Fiscal yearƒ–

™™™Ǥ‘ˆ‡’Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ‰Š‘”™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ ‘Ǥȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͶȀͲͷȀʹͲͳͷȌǤ

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 Techiman: An Overview

–Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡ ‘—–‡”• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ”‡– ƒ† ‹–•
‘‡” ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–› Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‹‡•‡Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡Ž›ǦŠ‘‘† ‘ˆ
–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ”‡˜‡—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹ŽǤͳͲʹ


—„‡”‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡••‡”˜‡ƒ•–‘—”‹•–ƒ––”ƒ –‹‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ„—––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘”

•ƒ ”‡†‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡ ‘–‹—‡•–‘ „‡ƒ„‘‡‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘ˆ‘”
•‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ —‘›‡ ƒ– ƒ –—ƒ”› ƒ– —‘›‡ǡ –Š‡
•‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹˜‡” ƒ‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǯ•ƒ ”‡†ǯ ˆ‹•Š ƒ† ”‘ ‘†‹Ž‡• ƒ– ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡
ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡ Ǯ•ƒ ”‡†ǯ ‰”‘˜‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ”ƒ†Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘
‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‘–‡Š”‹‡ȋ‘ Ȍǡƒ‰‹  ƒ˜‡•ƒ†‘—–ƒ‹•ƒ–ˆ‘”‹”‘ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡ƒˆ‘‘—Ǯ•ƒ ”‡†ǯ‰”‘˜‡ȋƒƒ‡›ƒ™™ƒ›‡ ̵•‰”ƒ˜‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•
„‡‡–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ•Š”‹‡ȌǤ


2.3. Social Background

Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‡–™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹•Œ—•–Ž‹‡™Šƒ–‡š‹•–•‹ƒ
–›’‹ ƒŽ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ǡ ˆ”‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ – •’ƒ• ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ’ƒ•– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– –‘ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘”
†‡ƒ†ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ —„‘” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •–ƒ‡ ‹ –Š‡
•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡ Š‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› ‡ƒƒ–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ•‡ ƒ† ”—•
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ† Žƒ–‘–Š‡–”‹„‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ„‘––‘Ǧ–‘’•‘ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡™‹–Š
–Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† –”‹„‡ ‘ —’›‹‰ –Š‡ „‘––‘ ƒ† –‘’ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘ƒ”‡–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ† ŽƒǤƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—‹–•Šƒ•‹–•Š‡ƒ†•Ǥ
Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡•ǡ Žƒ• ƒ† –”‹„‡• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡ abusuapanin ȋˆƒ‹Ž›

ͳͲʹŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž”‡ ‡‹˜‡•”‘›ƒŽ–‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡˜‡†‘”•‹–Š‡ƒ”‡–Ǥ

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 Techiman: An Overview

Š‡ƒ†Ȍǡ odikro ȋŠ‡ƒ†ƒ ‘” ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ Š‹‡ˆȌǡ Ɔhene ȋ Š‹‡ˆȌͳͲ͵ ƒ† Ɔmanhene
ȋ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆȌ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ –‹••‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‹••›•–‡’Žƒ›•
ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆƒ –‘” ‹ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ȋǤ Ǥ
ƒ””‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͷǣͶ͵ȌǤ ƒ”’‘‰ ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ ˜‹˜‹† †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ
†‹˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ –›’‹ ƒŽ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›ǣ Dz˜‡”› –”‹„‡ ‹ Šƒƒǡ ƒ• ‹
‘–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘‰”‘—’•–‡ Š‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ‡† Žƒ•Ǥ ǤǤǤ Š‡
•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ŽƒŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’Žƒ ‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡Ǥdz

Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•ƒ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡•‡š‹•–‹‰‹‡ Š‹ƒ

„—– –Š‡ ‡› ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹• –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡š–‡†• ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡
–Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ Žƒ ƒ† –”‹„‡ ƒ• Ǥ Ǥ „‘”Œ‹ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ DzŠ‡ –‡” ˆƒ‹Ž›
‡˜‘Ž˜‡•‘–‘Ž›„Ž‘‘† ‘—ƒŽ‡„‡”•Š‹’‘ˆˆ‡™Ž‹˜‹‰‡„‡”•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘
–Š‡ –Š‡‡• ‘ˆ Žƒǡ –”‹„‡ǡ ƒˆˆ‹‹–›ǡ ƒ–‡”‹–›ǤdzͳͲͶ ”‘–Š‡”Š‘‘† ‘” •‹•–‡”Š‘‘†
ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡š–‡†‡† „‡›‘† ‘‡ǯ• ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ •‹„Ž‹‰•Ǥ Š‹•
—•– Šƒ˜‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‹’‡–—• –‘ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡†‡† ˆƒ‹Ž› •›•–‡ ‹
Šƒƒ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ ˆ”‹ ƒǤ Š‹•ǡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‡•—”‡† ƒš‹— •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›
ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”• ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˜‹ ‹‹–‹‡• ‘” ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• ‘” –‘™•
ƒ’ƒ”–ǤŠ‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ–ƒ™—•‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌ†‡• ”‹„‡•‹–ƒ•
Dzƒ ‡–”‡ ˆ‘” Ž‘˜‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ—‰‡ ƒ† •Š‡Ž–‡”ǡ ƒ Š‘‡ ‘ˆ •‡ —”‹–›
ƒ† •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ƒ • Š‘‘Ž ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ
˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥdz –Š‡’ƒ•–‡„‡”•‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ˆƒ‹Ž›—•‡†–‘Ž‹˜‡‹ ‘’‘—†
Š‘—•‡• ‘” ™ƒ”†• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™ ȋǤ Ǥ ƒ””‡ǡ ͳͻ͹ͷǣʹ͵ȌǤ
Š‡•‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–• ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‹‡•‡Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ —– –Š‡•‡ †ƒ›• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ‡ ‘‘‹ 

ͳͲ͵ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ–Š‡Š‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡ Žƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•̵†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ‘”‰”ƒ†‡  Š‹‡ˆ̵Ǥ‡‡

–Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

ͳͲͶ —‘–‡† ‹ Ǥ Ǥƒ™—•‹ǡ Inculturation: Rooting the Gospel firmly in Ghanaian Culture. A

Necessary Requirement for Effective Evangelization for the Catholic Church in GhanaǤ
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†”ǤŠ‡‘ǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡ǡȋƒ›ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰”‘™–Šƒ‰‘‘†—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹‰‡‡•Šƒ˜‡”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†
–‘‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›ƒ†‡˜‡‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡ ‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆƒ‹Ž›•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›–Šƒ–
„‹†•–Š‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”‹••‘•–”‘‰–Šƒ––Š‡›ˆ‹†–‹‡–‘ƒ––‡†ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡
‹•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘” Žƒ‘”–”‹„‡Ǥ

Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›‹•ƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡

’”ƒ –‹ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡Ǥ  ƒ ƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ‘‡
–”ƒ ‡• –Š‡‹” †‡• ‡– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› –Š‡‹” ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡
ˆ”‘–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǯ• Žƒȋƒ”’‘‰ǡͳͻ͹ͶȌǤͳͲͷŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‘‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡
ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”ǯ• Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ †‡• ‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ †ƒ›• –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘Š‡•‹‘ ‹• —†‡” •‡”‹‘—• –Š”‡ƒ– †—‡ –‘ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ†
‘„‹Ž‹–› ”‡ƒ•‘•ǡ ƒ† ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ ‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡†‹–‡† ˆ‘” ’Žƒ›‹‰ ƒ ƒŒ‘” ”‘Ž‡ –‘ ‡•—”‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ
‘Š‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ’ƒ”–Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š
‡„‡”•ǯ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ

2.4. Indigenous Religion

‹‡ ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘‘’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ Šƒƒ ‘’”‹•‡•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
ƒ† ‡„‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”ƒ–ƒǣ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ Žƒ ƒ† –”‹„‡ ‘”
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ › ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ  ‡ƒ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹”
‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š •‘‡ ™‘”Ž† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• Ž‹‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ •Žƒǡ —††Š‹• ƒ†
‹†—‹•Ǥ  •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• ™Š‹ Š —•– Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹
–Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ǡ
ƒ› ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ „‡‹‰
’”ƒ –‹ ‡†„›•‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‘†‹‡•ƒ––Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ

ͳͲͷ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǤǤƒ””‡ǡThe Techiman Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤʹͲǦʹͶǤ

59
 Techiman: An Overview

Žƒ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ”‘—† –Š‡‹”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹ •—’‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡–‹–‹‡• ƒ†
ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡ •ƒ ”‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› •‡”˜‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ•
’Žƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ„‘†‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡ †‡‹–‹‡• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ Nyame ‘” Nyankopↄn106, ‘” –Š‡›
’Žƒ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘–Š‡”
•—’‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡–‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘” –”‹„ƒŽ ‰‘†• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ
•’‹”‹–•Ǥ Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –• ‘” ‡–‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ‰”‘˜‡• ‘”
‰”ƒ˜‡›ƒ”†•ǡ ƒ˜‡•ǡ ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒ† ˆ‘”‡•–•Ǥ – ‹• ˆ”‘ –Š‡•‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ
‡–‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǦŠ‡ƒ†• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘„–ƒ‹ ‘”
•‘Ž‹ ‹–•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†•–ƒ–‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ


Š‹•‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ”‡•‡ƒ” Šƒ„‘—––Š‡‘‘‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒǡƒ””‡ȋͳͻ͹ͷǣͷʹȌ

“—‘–‡• ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ” Šƒƒ‹ƒ ’”‘˜‡”„ǡ Dz„‹ ›‡”ᖡ ƒ™ƒ†ƒƒ ›ƒ‡ǡdzDz‘„‘†›
‡‡†•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹ ‘†–‘ƒ Š‹Ž†dzǡ–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•ƒ–—”ƒŽˆ‘”‘‡–‘‘™
ƒ„‘—– ‘†Ǥ Š”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡” ȋͳͺ͹ͻȌ ’—–• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ’”‘˜‡”„ –Š‹• ™ƒ›ǡ Dz„‹ ›‡”‡
ƒ„‘ˆ”ƒ›ƒ‡dzǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡDz ‘†‡‡†•‘’‘‹–‹‰‘—––‘ƒ Š‹Ž†ǤdzŠ‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡”
Šƒƒ‹ƒͳͲ͹ƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘ˆ”‹ ƒ’”‘˜‡”„•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡—•‡†„›ƒ›ƒ•–Š‡
„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––Šƒ––Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‡™ƒ„‘—– ‘†„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹•‡ ‘—–‡”

ͳͲ͸ Nyame‘”Nyankopↄn‹•–Š‡Akan‘”Twiƒ‡ˆ‘” ‘†ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡•‘‡–‹‡•”‡†‡”‡†

Onyame ‘” Onyankopↄn. Š‹• •–—†› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ Nyame ƒ• –Š‡ ̶•Š‹‹‰
‡̶ȋƒ“—ƒŠ ǤǤͳͻ͸ͺǡʹͳˆȌ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡•›ƒ•Š‹•’Žƒ ‡‘ˆƒ„‘†‡ǡ
‘– ƒ––”ƒ›̵• ȋͳͻ͸ͻȌ ̶–‘ „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ̶ ‘” ̶•ƒ–‹ƒ–‡†̶Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ ƒ“—ƒŠ –”‹‡† –‘ –”‡ƒ– Nyame ƒ†
Nyankopↄnƒ•–™‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•„—–‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ”›‘‘‘”ƒ’‡”•‘–”‡ƒ–•
‘”˜ƒŽ—‡•–Š‡ƒ•‘‡Ǥ ‘”ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ƒ”‰—‡–‘–Š‹••‡‡ƒ“—ƒŠ ǤǤǡ The Akan
Doctrine of God: A fragment of Gold Coast ethics and religionȋ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒƒ••Ƭ‘Ǥ–†Ǥǡ
ͳͻ͸ͺȌǡʹ†‡†Ǥǡ’Ǥ͵ͲǦ͹͹Ǥ
ͳͲ͹ ‘” ‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’”‘˜‡”„• •‡‡ Ǥ Ǥ Š”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ Twi mmebusem mpensa-ahansia

mmoano: a collection of 3600 Twi proverbs in the use among the negroes of the Gold Coast
speaking the Asante and Fante Languages ȋƒ•‡Žǣ ‹••‹‘•„— ŠŠƒ†Ž—‰ǡ ͳͺ͹ͻȌǢ ƒ––”ƒ›ǡ
Ashanti Proverbs: the primitive ethics of a salvage peopleȋšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ”‡†‘”‡••ǡͳͻ͸ͻȌǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘”—•Ž‹‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǤͳͲͺ‘‰–Š‡‘‘‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‡”‡
‹•ƒ•–”‘‰„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹ ‘†ƒ•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘”ƒ†•—•–ƒ‹‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡‹™Š‘•‡
Šƒ†• –Š‡ †‡•–‹› ‘ˆ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ƒ‘– –‡ŽŽ Š‘™ –Š‡‹”
‘ ‡’–•ƒ†‹†‡ƒ•ƒ„‘—– ‘†„‡‰—ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡
•‘‡ ˜‹‡™•ͳͲͻ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘† „—– ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• ‘”‡ ‘ ‡”‡† ™‹–Š ’”ƒ –‹ ‡
”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡‘”› ȋƒ””‹†‡” ͳͻ͹͸ǣ͵ʹȌǤ Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‘ ‘– ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘†
†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ†Šƒ˜‡‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ •Š”‹‡‘”–‡’Ž‡ˆ‘”Š‹ƒ•†‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†–Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‡‡–‘•—‰‰‡•––Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–ŠŠ‹‹
–Š‡‹” †ƒ‹Ž› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ””‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷǣͷͳȌǡ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷͳǣ͹ͷȌǡ ƒ† ƒ––”ƒ›
ȋͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͶʹȌŠƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ–‡’Ž‡•‘”•Š”‹‡•ˆ‘” ‘†ǡ
–Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡”‡ –‡† ƒ ƒŽ–ƒ”ǡ Nyame dua110ǡ ˆ‘” ‘† ‹ ‡˜‡”› ‘’‘—†Ǥ
Š‹•ƒŽ–ƒ”‹•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ–Š”‡‡ˆ‘”‡†–”‡‡„”ƒ Š™‹–Šƒ„”ƒ••’ƒ‘”„ƒ•‹
‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” ”ƒ‹ ‘” ”‹˜‡” ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ƒ ‡‘Ž‹–Š‹  ‡Ž– ƒŽŽ‡†
Nyame akumaǡ ‘†̵• ƒš‡ǡ ‹ ‹–Ǥ ƒ””‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͷǣͷͳȌ ‡š’Žƒ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– ‘‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‡š’Žƒ‹• –Š‡ Nyame akuma ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ „‡‡ •‡– –‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹ „‘Ž–• ‘ˆ
Ž‹‰Š–‹‰Ǥ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷͳǣ͹ͷȌ ƒ†‡–Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ Nyame
duaƒ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ǣ
‘‘Ǧƒ•—–Š‡Nyame dua‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰•–‘‘†‹•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡
‡–”ƒ ‡ǡ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›„‡Š‹†–Š‡Gya duaǡƒ†‡˜‡”›‘”‹‰–Š‡
‘‘Š‡‡ ™‘—Ž† †‹’ –Š‡ ƒ”‘ƒ–‹  adwera Ž‡ƒ˜‡• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‰‘Ž†‡

ͳͲͺ‡‡ƒ––”ƒ›ǤǤǡAshantiȋ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ•‹Ž‹••‹‘‡’‘–Ƭ‘†‘ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›

”‡••ǡͳͻʹ͵ȌǡͳͶͲǤ
ͳͲͻ ‡‡ ƒ“—ƒŠǡThe Akan Doctrine of Godǡ ’ǤͳͻǦʹͻǡ ˆ‘” Š‹• ˜‹‡™•‘ ̶ ‘† ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–
 ‡•–‘”̶‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤƒ””‹†‡”ȋͳͻ͹͸ǣ͵ͳȌǡŠƒ•ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–‘–Š‡”™”‹–‡”•‘–Š‡
ƒ†‡›ƒ“—ƒŠ̵•ƒ••‡”–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ ‹‰–Š‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‘†™‹–Š–Š‡ ˆ‹”•–ˆƒ–Š‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡–”‹„‡Ǥ
ͳͳͲ Nyame DuaŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•̶ ‘†̵•”‡‡̶‹’Ž›‹‰–Šƒ–‹–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘ ‘†‘”‹–‹•†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†

–‘ ‘†ǤŠ‡‹’”‡••‹‘‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘Ž›–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹–Š‡

ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡Nyame duaǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

„ƒ•‹ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š ™ƒ–‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‡†
•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘‹˜‡”ǡƒ†•’”‹Ž‡†•‘‡‘ˆ‹–‹–‘–Š‡•›ǡƒ†
–Š‡•‘‡‘˜‡”Š‹•‡Žˆ‹‘”†‡”–‘„Ž‡••Š‹•kraȏ•‘—ŽȐǤ –Š‹•™ƒ›
Š‡–Šƒ‡†›ƒ‡ˆ‘”Š‹•‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡƒ†’”ƒ›‡†ˆ‘”Ž‘‰Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†
’”‘•’‡”‹–›ˆ‘”Š‹•‡Žˆƒ†Š‹••–ƒ–‡Ǥ


Š‡•‡†ƒ›•–Š‡Nyame dua‹•‘Ž‘‰‡”ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ‘’‘—†•ǡ‘–

‡˜‡‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ‹–Š‡›‡”‘™‹–œǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‹’”‡••‹‘ ‘‡ ‰‡–• ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ ‡•• –‘ –Š‡ Nyame dua ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”–‘NyameŠ‹•‡Žˆ™ƒ•”‡•–”‹ –‡†–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†•
‹ ’Žƒ ‡• –Šƒ– Š‘—•‡† –Š‡Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ †—ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• ’”‹‡•–• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ†
•–ƒ–‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› „‡ˆ‘”‡ Nyame ‹ ƒ––‡”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ†
‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ – Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– Nyame ‘”
Nyankopↄn‹••‘”‡‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ‘—Ž†‘–”‡Žƒ–‡™‹–ŠŠ‹™‹–Š‘—–—•‹‰
Š‹•‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡‰‘†•Ǥ‘‰–Š‡‘‘ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡ƒ‹
ŠƒƒǡNyankopↄn‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡ƒ–ƒŽƒ‡Kwameǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒƒ‡ˆ‘”
‡˜‡”› ƒŽ‡ „‘” ‘ ƒ–—”†ƒ›Ǥͳͳͳ ‡ ‹• ‘– ƒŽŽ‡† Kwame „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‹• †ƒ› ‘ˆ
•‡”˜‹ ‡‹•ƒ–—”†ƒ›ƒ•ƒ––”ƒ›ȋͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͶͶȌ•‘—‰Š––‘’‘”–”ƒ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ‡”ƒ–Š‡”
’‘”–”ƒ›• Nyankopↄn ƒ• ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› ™Š‘ ‘—Ž† „‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‘ ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ
Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡• ȋƒ“—ƒŠ ͳͻ͸ͺǣͶ͸ȌǤ Š‹• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡ ‘‡•
’”‘‘— ‡† ‹ ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”ƒ›‡” ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ Nyankopↄn’s ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ‡ǡ Nyankopↄn Kwame ‹• ‹˜‘‡†Ǥ
‘‰ –Š‡ ƒǡ ƒ ‡Ž†‡”Ž› ’‡”•‘ —•—ƒŽŽ› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ‘” ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡‹”
‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ†–Š‡›‘—‰‡”‘‡•„›–Š‡‹”ƒ–ƒŽƒ‡•–‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡Š‘™‹–‹ƒ–‡

ͳͳͳ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ƒ–ƒŽƒ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––”‹„—–‡•ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ‡‡ƒ“—ƒŠǡ

The Akan Doctrine of Godǡ’ǤͶ͹ǦͶͺǤ

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 Techiman: An Overview

–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ–ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡†ƒ‘‰ˆ”‹‡†•Ǥ‡‹•

–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–•—”’”‹•‡†–Šƒ–ǡ’‡”Šƒ’•ǡ‹‘”†‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‘‘ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”
–Š‡ ƒ –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡ ™‹–Š Nyankopↄn ƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž †—”‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‡”‡‘‹‡•ǡŠ‡‡‡†‡†–‘„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒƒ–ƒŽƒ‡ǤŠ‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆNyame‘”
Nyankopↄn ‹• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ‹ ƒŽŽ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥͳͳʹ
Š‹• ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ˆ”‹ ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† –Šƒ–
̵–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ’‡”‡ƒ–‡ ƒŽŽ †‡’ƒ”–‡–• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ™‹–Š ‘ †‹•–‹ –‹‘
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† ƒ† –Š‡ •‡ —Žƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ –Š‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡̵ ȋ„‹–‹ǡ ͳͻͺͻǣʹȌǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ Nyame ‘” Nyankopↄn’s ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‹˜‘‡ ‘–Š‡” •–ƒ–‡
†‡‹–‹‡•–‘•‘Ž‹ ‹––Š‡‹”Š‡Ž’Ǥ


Š‡ƒŒ‘”•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‘”‡ Š‹ƒ‹•Ta MensaƒŽ•‘‘™ƒ•Ta

KɛseǤ ˜‡–• Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘‘̵• †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘™‹ ƒ˜‡• ƒ†ǡ
ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•ǡ ‹ ƒ––‡”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡‹” ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ”‡˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ”‘—†
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”†‡‹–›ǤBiakuru™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–ƒ–‡‰‘†–‘„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š
–Š‡‘‘ǤŠ‡†‡‹–›™ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡’Žƒ›‡†ƒƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‘
•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘–‘–Š‡‘™‹ ƒ˜‡•ǡ™Š‹ Š•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹”
–‡’‘”ƒ”› ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ„‘†‡Ǥ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷʹǣ͵ͶȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• –Š‡
Biakuru deity ™Š‹ Š‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‰”‡‡Ž‹‰Š––‘–Š‡–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘ƒ†Š‹•
’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ ƒ˜‡•–‘ˆ‘—†‡™’Žƒ ‡•‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–Ǥ –™ƒ•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–
‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‹–›̵•‘”ƒ Ž‡–Šƒ–‡ˆ‹”‹ƒ†‘‘Ǧƒ•‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‡†ǤŠ‡‹’”‡••‹‘
‘‡ ‰‡–• ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡˜‡” –‘‘ †‡ ‹•‹‘• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

ͳͳʹ ‘” Š‘™ Nyame „‡ ‘‡• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ •‡‡ ƒ””‡ǡ The Techiman
Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤͷͳǦͷʹǤ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ–‹–‹• ‘–‘Ž›–Š‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•™Š‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Nyame‹–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†—•Ž‹•ƒŽ•‘
†‘•ƒ‡Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

•–ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š‘—– ‘•—Ž–‹‰ BiakuruǤ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‘”ƒ Ž‡• ‘ˆ Biakuru Šƒ†
’Žƒ›‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ‹‰ ƒ† ƒ––‡”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡
™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǥ Biakuru ™ƒ• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘–‡ –‡† ƒ† Ž‡† –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡–‘™ƒ”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”‡‡‹‡•ȋ‘– Š™ƒ›ʹͲͳͶǣͳͺȌǤŠ‡†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡
‘” †‡‹•‡ ‘ˆ Biakuru ‹• ‘– — Š ‘™ „—– ‹– ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡
ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡ ‘” †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” †‡‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Tano Twumpuduro
ȋ™‡’‘†—‘ȌǡTa Koraǡƒ†Ta KɛseȋTa MensaȌͳͳ͵Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡•‡‰‘†•
Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”•‘—” ‡‹–Š‡ƒ‘‹˜‡”‹‘‘Žƒ†ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘
„‡•‘•‘” Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆOnyameǤ••’‹”‹–•ƒ† Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆNyameǡ–Š‡•‡‰‘†•ƒ”‡
‡˜‡”‡“—ƒ–‡†™‹–ŠŠ‹‹ƒ›™ƒ›•‹ ‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ
‹•–Šƒ––Š‡”‹˜‡”ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡†‡‹–‹‡•™Š‹ Š”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹‘”–Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡”‹˜‡”‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆNyame’s ”‡ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•‹•’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž–‘–Š‡˜‹‡™‘ˆ‘ŽƒŒ‹ †‘™—
ȋͳͻ͹͵ǣͳ͸ͻȌ –Šƒ– •— Š ‰‘†• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ™‡”‡ ‘– ”‡ƒ–‡† „—– ™‡”‡ „”‘—‰Š– ‹–‘
„‡‹‰ͳͳͶǤTa Mensa115‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡–Š‡–Š‹”†‰‘†–‘„‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡
ƒ‘ ‹˜‡”Ǥ ‘ ‘‡ – –Š‡ ‰‘†• ™‹–Š Onyame ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Š‡ ‹•
–Š‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’‘™‡” ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† –Šƒ– Š‡ǡ Onyame, ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹ƒ––‡”•”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡•‡”‹˜‡”†‡‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘ ‘–ƒ‹Onyame’s•’‹”‹–ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡Ǯ‰”‡ƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ‰‹˜‹‰ˆ‘” ‡ǯ
ȋƒ––”ƒ›ͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͶ͸ȌǤŠ‡•Š”‹‡•‘ˆTano Twumpuduroƒ†Ta Koraƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†
‹ƒ”‡ƒ•ƒ”‘—†—‘„‘†‘ƒ†ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‹–Š‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆTa
Koraǡ™Š‹ Š‡›‡”‘™‹–œȋͳͻͷͳǣͳʹͻȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ™ƒ•†‡ Žƒ”‡†ƒ•–ƒ–‡‰‘†‘ˆ–Š‡

ͳͳ͵ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‰‘†• ƒ† ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •Š”‹‡• •‡‡

‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡThe Sacred state of the Akanǡ’ǤͳʹʹǦͳͶͳǢƒ––”ƒ›ǡAshantiǡ’ǤͳͶͷǦͳͷͲǡͳ͹ʹǦʹͲʹǤ

'Ta'‹•–Š‡•Š‘”–ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ‘Š‡ ‡™‡Šƒ˜‡Ta Koraƒ†Ta Mensa‘”Ta KɛseǤ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ
The Sacred state of the Akan,’Ǥͳʹͺˆǡ”‡†‡”•‹–̵ƒƒ̵Ǥ
ͳͳͶ—‘–‡†‹›ƒ Ǥƒ–‘ǡBiblical Christianity in Africaȋ Š‹‘–ƒǡ Šƒƒǣˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ

”‡••ǡͳͻͺͷȌǡͳͻǤ
ͳͳͷŠ‡ƒ‡'Mensah'‹•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†•— ‡••‹˜‡ƒŽ‡ Š‹Ž†ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒŠ‡ ‡Ta

Mensa•‹’Ž›”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡–Š‹”†‰‘†‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘‹˜‡”Ǥ‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ

’Ǥ͸͵Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‘‘ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‹‰ǡ –‹ ™ƒ‡ ȋͳ͸ͲͻǦͳͺȌǡ ‘‡ ‹• ‘– •—”‡
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Tano Twumpuduro ‹ –Š‡ ‘‘ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ––‡”̵• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
™‡”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”‡•–”‹ –‡† –‘ —‘„‘†‘ ƒ† ‘– –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡‘‘
•–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ –™‘ ™‡”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ›‡† •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡
™Š‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ–‹•–ƒ–‡‘”Žƒ†™Š‡‘‘™ƒ•ƒ˜ƒ••ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡‘”
‘–Š‹‰™ƒ•‘™ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹””‘Ž‡•‹–Š‡‡˜‡–•„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ •–ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡™ ƒ’‹–ƒŽǤ  •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‰‘†•
„‡‹‰”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ••–ƒ–‡‰‘†•‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡‘’Ž‡‘”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ ‘—Ž†
‘–Šƒ˜‡ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‰‹˜‹‰‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ǤŽ›
‹‰•ƒ†“—‡‡•™‡”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘•—Ž–ƒ†‰‹˜‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‘–Š‡‹”‘™„‡ŠƒŽˆ
ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡•‡ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ †‘‡ ‘ ”ƒ”‡
‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥƒ––”ƒ›ȋͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͺͲȌƒ†‡›‡”‘™‹–œȋͳͻͷͳǣͳʹ͹ȌŠƒ˜‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–
•Šƒ–‹‹‰•—•‡†–‘ ‘•—Ž–Ta Kora‹–Š‡‘Ž†‡†ƒ›•Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•‘ˆTa Kora™ƒ•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘ƒ•Šƒ–‹
‹‰ǡ ‘•— ƒ›‹ͳͳ͸ –‘ †‡ˆ‡ƒ– –Š‡ ›ƒƒ ‹‰ǡ †‹”ƒ ƒ† Š‹• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹
–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ȋƒ––”ƒ›ͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͺͻǢ‡›‡”‘™‹–œͳͻͷͳǣͳ͵ͳȌͳͳ͹Ǥ


—””‡–Ž›Ta Kɛseǡ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–ƒ‘‰‘†ǡ’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‘™ƒ‘‰–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ•

Ta Mensaǡ ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ’Žƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡
†‡‹–› ™Š‘ Šƒ• ‹–• •Š”‹‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–‡” ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ”‡˜‡”‡† ƒ†
™‘”•Š‹’’‡† „› ƒ› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ Ta Mensa Šƒ•
„‡‡‹‡š‹•–‡ ‡„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•Šƒ–‹ ‘“—‡•–‘ˆ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
 ƒ••‹ƒ ȋʹͲͳʹȌͳͳͺ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ Ta Mensa ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‡ ™Š‘
’”‘’Š‡•‹‡† ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ˆƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ ‹‰†‘ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡•Ǥ
‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷͳǣͳ͵ͶȌ Šƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– Ta Mensa „‡ ƒ‡

ͳͳ͸Š‡•ƒ‡’‡”•‘™ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ••‡‹‘•—ƒ›‹„›‡›‡”‘™‹–œȋͳͻͷͳǣͳ͵ͳȌǤ
ͳͳ͹‡‡ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ••‡”–‹‘•‘ˆ‘ˆ‹—”‘ǡ
Š‹‡ˆ’”‹‡•–‘ˆƒ‘”ƒ‹ƒ––”ƒ›ǡAshantiǡ’ǤͳͺͲǤ
ͳͳͺ—‘–‡†‹‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’Ǥʹ͵Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‡ Š‹ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘‘ „› –Š‡ •ƒ–‡Ǥ ‹‡ ƒ›
Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘†• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ Ta Mensa ‘—Ž† ƒ’–Ž› „‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‰‘† ‘ˆ
‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‘‹•Ǯ ‘‡ –‡†™‹–ŠŽ‘ ƒŽ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǯȋ—‰‹”ƒʹͲͲͻǣͷ͵ȌǤTa Mensa
Šƒ• ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –ƒ„‘‘• ™Š‹ Š •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡• ˆ‘” ™‘—Ž† „‡
‘ˆˆ‡†‡”•ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡ ™‡ŽŽ ‘”
’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—ŽŽ›™‹–Š‹–ǤŠ‡–ƒ„‘‘•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘—•‡†–‘’—––Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘†‹–‘–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† ƒ‡ •—”‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‡‹–› ’‡”ˆ‘”• ƒ– ‹–• ‘’–‹— ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
•–ƒ–‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡Š—ƒ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”Š—ƒ„Ž‘‘†Ǥ
‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷͳǣͳ͵ͷȌ Šƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡ †ƒ›• Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•
™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –‘ –Š‡ †‡‹–› ™‡”‡ ‘– ‹ŽŽ‡† „—– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ‹ ‹–•
–‡’Ž‡ǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ›•‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒ••ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡
‰‘†ǤŽ•‘ˆ‹•Š‹–Š‡ƒ‘‹˜‡”‹ƒ†ƒ”‘—†‡ Š‹ƒƒ”‡ˆ‘”„‹††‡–‘„‡
ƒ—‰Š–‘”‡ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ˆ‹•Šƒ”‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ••ƒ ”‡† Š‹Ž†”‡‘ˆ –Š‡ƒ‘‰‘†Ǥ 
ƒ ‹‡– †ƒ›• ‘ˆˆ‡†‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹ŽŽ‡† ȋ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ ‹„‹†ȌǤ Š‡•‡ †ƒ›•ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡†‡”•
ƒ”‡‘–‹ŽŽ‡†„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ†–Š‡ˆ‹‡‹•—•‡†–‘’ƒ ‹ˆ›–Š‡”‹˜‡”†‡‹–›Ǥ
—‡”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‹•Š‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡› †‹‡†Ǥ Š‡‹” „—”‹ƒŽ
‡”‡‘‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ •’‹”‹– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‘ †‡‹–›ǡ
–Š‡„‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ†”—•ǡ†ƒ ‹‰ǡƒ†•‹‰‹‰‘ˆ†‹”‰‡•ƒ‹†•–ˆ‹”‹‰‘ˆ
‰—•‘”—•‡–”›‹–Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ƒ•–Š‡ ‡”‡‘‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”‘›ƒŽ
‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ǤTa Mensa†‘‡•‘–•‡‡‡›‡–‘‡›‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘ƒ–„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ
‹–• ƒŽŽ‡‰‡† –”‡ƒ Š‡”›ͳͳͻǤ Š‹• ‡ƒ• ‹– ‹• ˆ‘”„‹††‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ” ‰‘ƒ–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡

ͳͳͻ”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Šƒ•‹––Šƒ–Ta MensaŠƒ•–™‘”‹˜‡” Š‹Ž†”‡ǡTanoƒ†BiaǤ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ

–‹‡Ta Mensa•‡–ˆ‘”Bia–‘ ‘‡ƒ†Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹–„—–™Š‡–Š‡‰‘ƒ–‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ”†Ta Mensa's

’Žƒ• ˆ‘” Bia‹– “—‹ Ž› ”— –‘ ‹ˆ‘” Tano ™Š‘ ƒŽ•‘ ™‡– –‘ ‡‡– –Š‡ ˆƒ–Š‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹•
™‹•Š‡•Ǥ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Šƒ‰‡ Š‹• ’Žƒ• Ta Mensa ƒŽŽ‘™‡† ƒ‘ –‘ Ž‹‡ ‡ƒ” Š‹ ƒ† Bia ™ƒ•
ƒ•‡†–‘‰‘ƒ†Ž‹‡‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ‡ƒ”‘”ƒƒŠ‡—”‘ǤTa Mensa–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Šƒ–”‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡‰‘ƒ–Šƒ˜‹‰”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ•–Š‡Žƒ––‡”™Š‘‹ˆ‘”‡† Tanoƒ„‘—––Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”̵•’Žƒ•
ƒ†‹–Šƒ••‹ ‡ „‡‡ ƒ–ƒ„‘‘–‘”‡ƒ”ƒ ‰‘ƒ– ‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š Obaapanin—ƒ
‡™ƒƒ‘͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

–‘™ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ Ž‡– ƒŽ‘‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘” –ƒ‹‰ ‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‡‹–›̵• •Š”‹‡ ‘”
‘’‘—†Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘”„‹††‡–‘ˆƒ”‘”„—‹Ž†ƒ”‘—†–Š‡„ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘
‹˜‡”‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹‘”†‡”‘––‘†‹•–—”„–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‹–›Ǥ ‡••–‘–Š‡
†‡‹–› „› –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– ‹–• Š‡Ž’ ‹• ‘– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ „—– –Š‡› ƒ”‡
‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ƒ†Š‡”‡ –‘ ‹–• ‘”†‡”• ‘” –ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’—‹•Š‡† ‘” •ƒ –‹‘‡†
™Š‡ –Š‡› ‘ˆˆ‡† ‹– „› „”‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ›
‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ ‘‹––‡†„›–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡ ––Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‘‡„—––Š‡
‡–‹”‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†Š‡ ‡–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡‹–›
–‘ƒ˜‡”–ƒ› ƒŽƒ‹–›ˆ”‘„‡ˆƒŽŽ‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–‘”‡•–‘”‡–Š‡’‘–‡ ›‘ˆ–Š‡
†‡‹–›Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ †—–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǡ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†• ƒ†
‹–‹œ‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡•‡–ƒ„‘‘•ƒ”‡ƒ†Š‡”‡†–‘Ǥ –™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡
–‘ †‘ –Š‹• ‹ ƒ ‹‡– –‹‡• „—– ‘†‡”‹–› ‹ –Š‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‰”‘™–Šǡ
Š‘—•‹‰ǡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”Ž† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ
ƒ† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”• •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ ‡‡’‹‰ ‘” ‡•—”‹‰
‘„‡†‹‡ ‡–‘•— Š–ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ


Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘†‹••—’’‘•‡–‘„‡ˆ—ŽŽ–‹‡•‡”˜‹ ‡„—–

–Š‡•‡†ƒ›•†—‡–‘‡ ‘‘‹ ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ–Š‡ —””‡–’”‹‡•–‘ˆ Ta Mensa
™‘”•ƒ•ƒˆƒ”‡”ƒ†•’‡†•‘•–‘ˆŠ‹•–‹‡‘Š‹•ˆƒ”Ǥ
‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ™Š› Ta Mensa ‹• •‘ †‡ƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‘‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ Obaapanin
—ƒ ‡™ƒƒ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡ“Waboa yɛn paa. Deɛ ↄka biara ba mu. Wabↄ yɛn ho ban
firi yareɛ mu.” ‘ ™‹–ǡ Dz–Š‡ †‡‹–› Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† —• ƒ Ž‘–Ǥ ‹• ’”‘’Š‡ ‹‡• ‘‡ –‘
’ƒ••Ǥ ‡ ’”‘–‡ –• —• ˆ”‘ †‹•‡ƒ•‡•ǤdzͳʹͲ – ™ƒ• ‹ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‹• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
™‘”•‘ˆTa Mensa–Šƒ––Š‡†‡‹–›™ƒ•‹ ƒ‡†ǡ “Aba mu”ǡ‡ƒ‹‰ǡDz –Šƒ•
‘‡–‘’ƒ••dz‘”Dzˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡–ǤdzŠ‡‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ”›’‡”•‘–‘ ‘•—Ž–
–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ„‹–‹‘• Šƒ• ’‡”Šƒ’• ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡

ͳʹͲ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠObaapanin—ƒ ‡™ƒƒ‘͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ

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 Techiman: An Overview

’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” •ƒŽŽ‡” ‰‘†• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒ”‘—† ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ‡†
„›‡‹–Š‡”‹†‹‰‡‡•‘”ˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•™Š‡”‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†’‡”•‘•—•—ƒŽŽ›˜‹•‹–‡†–‘
•‘Ž‹ ‹–Š‡Ž’Ǥ


”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Šƒ•‹––Šƒ––Š‡Ɔmanheneȋ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆȌƒ††‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•

‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ—•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡Ta Mensaƒ†•™‡ƒ”–Š‡
‘ƒ–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘‹–ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡•–‘‘Ž‡–’”‘ ‡••‡•–‘Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡–Š‡‹”
’‘•‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•‹•‘‡™ƒ›‘ˆƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡†‡‹–›
‹–Š‡‘‘•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‹••’‡ƒ•ƒŽ‘–ƒ„‘—––Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†”‘Ž‡‘ˆTa Mensaƒ•
–Š‡—„‡”‘‡‹ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›™Š‘•‡‘”†‡”•‘”‘”ƒ Ž‡• ‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹•‘„‡›‡†Ǥ
‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳ͵ͶȌ Šƒ• •— ‹ –Ž› ƒ’–—”‡† –Š‹•ǣ DzŠ‡Takyimanhene ™ƒ•ǡ
ƒ†‹•ǡ•‡ ‘†‹”ƒ–‘ƒ‘ȏTa MensaȐǢƒ†–‘–Š‹•†ƒ›Š‡‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•
Ǯƒ‘ǯ• —‡”ǯǡˆ‘”‹‘Ž†‡–‹‡•ƒ‘•ƒ–ƒ–Š‘‡™Š‹Ž‡Š‡‰ƒ˜‡‘”†‡”•ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ‹‰ –‘ ˆ‹‰Š–Ǥdzͳʹͳ Š‹• ‘˜‡ƒ– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ †‡‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ––‡”†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‡‡†•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›ƒ‹‰
‹–‹’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘†”ƒ™ƒŽ‹‡„‡–™‡‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ


Šƒ– †‘‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ™Š‘ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡• –‘ ‘ —’› ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒ† ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‰‘‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‘ˆ Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ǫ ‘™ †‘‡• –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ
‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• –Š‡› „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‹•
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǫŠ‘—Ž†–Š‡ Š—” Š†‹•‘™–Š‡‘” ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ‡•‘”‹†‡–‹ˆ›™‹–Š
–Š‡‹–Š‡‹”•–”—‰‰Ž‡ˆ‘”Ǯ†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ǯƒ†Ǯ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ǯǫ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ––‘
‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡

ͳʹͳ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

”‡˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ† ‘–‹—‡ –‘ †‘ •‘ ”‘—† Ta Mensa –Š‘—‰Š ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–• ƒ”‡
ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†ƒ†”‡˜‡”‡††—”‹‰•— Š‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥͳʹʹ
‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‹• –Š‡
‹†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ƒ–Š ‘” —––‡”‹‰ ƒ —”•‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
‘ˆˆ‡†‡”• ‹ ƒ‰‡” ‘” ˆ”—•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ †‡‹–› ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™Š‘•‡ •ƒ ”‡† ƒ‡
Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡’Š‡‘‡‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†Botwerewaǡ™Š‹ Šǡƒ””‡
ȋͳͻ͹ͷǣͷͶȌ Šƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ ‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽ‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ †‡˜‹ƒ–•Ǥ Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒŽŽ‹‰‘Botwerewa–‘†‡ƒŽ”—–ŠŽ‡••Ž›™‹–Šƒ›ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‘”
’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‘ˆˆ‡†‡” ™Š‘ –Š‡ †‡‹–› ˆ‹†• —Ž’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘‹––‹‰ ƒ ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†
‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡†Ǥ –‹•–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡†’‡”•‘™Š‘‹˜‘‡•–Š‡†‡‹–›ǯ•
’‘™‡”–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‘”ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†‘ˆˆ‡†‡”•Ǥ— Š‘ˆˆ‡ ‡•‹‰Š–‹ Ž—†‡
–Š‡ˆ–ǡ ƒ†—Ž–‡”› ‘” ‹ˆ‹†‡Ž‹–›ǡ ‘˜‡–‘—•‡••ǡ —”†‡”ǡ ‹•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†•
•‘‡‘‡ǡ Š‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ ‡– Ǥ –Š‡” †‡‹–‹‡• •‡”˜‹‰ ƒ• ‡š‡ —–‹‘‡”• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ
‹ Ž—†‡•—„‘–‡‰ǡƒ–ƒ†—ƒƒ†‘ƒŠȋ‘– Š™ƒ›ʹͲͳͶǣͳͻͺȌͳʹ͵„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡
Ž‡••’‘’—Žƒ”Ǥ


‘‘‹†‹‰‡‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒŽ•‘Š‘Ž†•–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‹Š‹‰Š”‡‰ƒ”†ƒ••‘‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•
ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷͳǣ͹͸Ǧ͹͹Ȍ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –™‘ ‰‘†•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Šǡ Asaase Afua ȋƒ”–Š ”‹†ƒ›Ȍ ƒ† Asaase Yaa ȋƒ”–Š
Š—”•†ƒ›Ȍ ™Š‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–› ƒ† „ƒ””‡‡•• ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ  ‡ Š‹ƒ
„‘–Šƒ”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”ƒ‹‰‘‡ƒ”–Š‰‘††‡••ǡAsaase Afuaǡ™Š‘•‡”‘Ž‡‹
ƒ‹‰ –Š‹‰• ‰”‘™ ‘ ‡ƒ”–Š ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ‹† ‹• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†
ƒ† ˜‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ǥ –• ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ‘‡• ‘”‡ ’”‘‘— ‡† ‘” ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ †—”‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ›‡”• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ ™‹‡ ‘” ™ƒ–‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ˆ‹”•– ’‘—”‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘” ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ† ‹–• ”‘Ž‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ‘”

ͳʹʹ‡‡–Š‡•‡–‹‘‘•–ƒ–‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
ͳʹ͵ ‘” ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ †‡‹–‹‡• –Šƒ– ’Žƒ› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› •‡‡ ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ
Techiman State Bookǡ’ǤͳͻͺǢƒ––”ƒ›ǡAshantiǡ’Ǥͳ͸ͳǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‹• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘”
’”‹‡•–•Ǥ †‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ‘” ‘”†‹ƒ”› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• †‘ •‘ ƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘™ Ž‡˜‡Ž ™Š‹Ž‡•
–Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†• ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ• ƒŽ•‘ †‘ •ƒ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‘”‡‰—Žƒ”•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š‰‘††‡••ƒ‘‰
–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡„—–•Š‡‹•’ƒ ‹ˆ‹‡†™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•‘”‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•™Š‡•Š‡‹•
‘ˆˆ‡†‡†‘”•‘‡‘‡ ‘‹–•ƒ›ƒ –‘ˆ•ƒ ”‹Ž‡‰‡‘‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‡”ǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ
‹• –Šƒ– ƒ› ‹† ‘ˆ †‡ˆ‹Ž‡‡– ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •’‹”‹–
„‡‹‰• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Ta Mensa ƒ† Š‹• Š‹Ž†”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‹ Ž—†‡ •’‹ŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ „Ž‘‘† ™‹ŽŽˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ •‡š—ƒŽ
‹–‡” ‘—”•‡ ‹ –Š‡ „—•Š ‘” ˆƒ” ‘” ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ‘‡̵• Š‘‡ ‘” Š‘—•‡ǡ
™‘”‹‰‘–Š‡ˆƒ”‘•ƒ ”‡††ƒ›•†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡ƒ”–ŠǤͳʹͶ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡
—•‡‘ˆŽƒ†ˆ‘”ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†„—”‹ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•’‡”‹••‹‘‹••‘—‰Š–ˆ”‘–Š‡
‡ƒ”–Š„›’‘—”‹‰Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‰‹˜‹‰‘ˆƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•Ǥ


Š‡• ‘’‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Šƒ‘‰–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹•‡š–‡†‡†‘”„”‘ƒ†‡‡†–‘‹ Ž—†‡

–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡•–ǡ ‰”‘˜‡•ǡ ƒ˜‡•ǡ ‘—–ƒ‹•ǡ ”‹˜‡”•ǡ ƒ‹ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡†
•ƒ ”‡†ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ ”‡†”‹˜‡”ƒ‘ƒ†–Š‡•ƒ ”‡†ˆ‹•Š
ƒ† ”‘ ‘†‹Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ ”‹˜‡” ƒ– ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡ •ƒ ”‡† ‰”‘˜‡
ȋ‡›ƒ™ ƒ˜‡•Ȍǡ–Š‡‘–‡ȋ”‘ Ȍ•Š”‹‡ƒ† ƒ˜‡•ƒ– ‘”‹”‘ǡƒ†–Š‡ƒƒ
‡›ƒ™•ƒ ”‡†‰”‘˜‡‘”•Š”‹‡‹‡ Š‹ƒͳʹͷǤ‡ ‘—Ž†‘–ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡•‡
—Ž‡•• •‘‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ‘” •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† „› –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•
ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡Ǥ‹•‹–‹‰–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡•–Šƒ–‘‡”‡‘˜‡•Š‹•‘”Š‡”•ƒ†ƒŽ•
‘” ˆ‘‘–™‡ƒ” ƒ• ƒ •‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡‹” •ƒ ”‡†‡••Ǥ ƒ—•‹‰ Šƒ” –‘ •— Š
‡–‹–‹‡• ‘” „”‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ –ƒ„‘‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹• ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† ƒ•

ͳʹͶ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•ƒ ”‡††ƒ›•‹•Dabone, ƒ†ƒ›‘™Š‹ Š™‘”‹•–ƒ„‘‘‡†Ǣƒ†ƒ›•ƒ ”‡†–‘–Š‡

ƒ”–Š ‘††‡•• ‘” ‘–Š‡” †‡‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†Ǥ ‡‡ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ The Sacred state of the Akanǡ
’Ǥ͹ͺǡʹͳͳǤ
ͳʹͷ‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’ǤͻǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

•ƒ ”‹Ž‡‰‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡ ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ƒ†‹–•‡–‹–‹‡•
•‡‡–‘„‡’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ –‘•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•„—––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘”
„‡‡ˆ‹–•‘ˆ•— Š’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‰‘„‡›‘†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–‘‹ Ž—†‡–‘—”‹•ǡ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡•– ƒ† ™ƒ–‡” „‘†‹‡•ǡ ‰‘‘† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ
‡•‹†‡• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ –Š‡•‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• —•‹‰ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ†Ȁ‘”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–‘‡Šƒ ‡–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–™Š‹ Šƒ—‰‡”•™‡ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‹–‹œ‡”›Ǥͳʹ͸


‘‘‹†‹‰‡‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡•‘”Šƒ•ƒ’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‹”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†™Š‘
™‡”‡ ‘ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ „—– Šƒ˜‡ ‘™ –ƒ‡ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹ ƒ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
™‘”Ž†ͳʹ͹Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ǡ ƒ• —‰‹”ƒ ȋʹͲͲͻǣͷͲȌ Šƒ•
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ–Š Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† –Š‡‹” •‘—Ž• •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” „‘†‹‡•
ƒ† Šƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ „‡‹‰ ƒ •‘—Ž –‘ „‡‹‰ ƒ •’‹”‹–Ǥ ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡‹”
‡–ƒ‘”’Š‘•‹•ǡ ‘‡ ƒ‘– ƒ‰”‡‡ ‘”‡ ™‹–Š —‰‹”ƒ ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ –Šƒ– „‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ
•’‹”‹– ‹• ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡
Š—ƒŠƒ˜‡‘™„‡‡‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ•—’‡”Š—ƒ
ƒ† ‘™ „‡‹‰ ƒ ‘”†‡† –Š‡ †—‡ ”‡•’‡ – ‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ–‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘”living-deadƒ”‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡
‘ —’›‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡†‹ƒ–‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ȋ–Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰Ȍ ƒ†
–Š‡•’‹”‹–•ƒ† ‘†ƒ•„‹–‹ȋͳͻͺͻǣͺʹǢͳͻ͹Ͳǣʹ͵ͲȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ‘‰
–Š‡ ‘‘ǡ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘™ ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘–Š‡” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ „‡‹‰•

ͳʹ͸ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡˜‹”‘‡– •‡‡ Ž˜‹• Ǥ  Š‡ƒ’‘‰ǡ The role of

Ghanaian culture and tradition in environmental sustainability ƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁ͵Ͳ͸ͳʹ͵ȀͳȀ–Š‡Ǧ”‘Ž‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ‰Šƒƒ‹ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ǧƒ†Ǧ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ‹Ǧ‡˜‹ǤŠ–Žǡ ȋ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘ —†ƒ›ǡ ‘˜Ǥ ʹͺǡ ʹͲͳͲǡ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͲͻȀͲͻȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ
ƒ—‡Ž ™—ƒŠǦ›ƒ‡›‡ǡ Managing the environmental crisis in Ghana: the role of African
Traditional Religion and culture with special reference to the Berekum traditional area
ȋ‡™ ƒ•–Ž‡—’‘›‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡ Š‘Žƒ”•—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡʹͲͲͶȌǤ
ͳʹ͹Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘””‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡†‹• —••‡†‹–Š‡‡š––™‘•—„•‡ –‹‘•ǣ

ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

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 Techiman: An Overview

ƒ† Onyame ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ „‡‹‰• ƒ†
Onyame „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡
‘‘ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ‘” Žƒ• ƒ† ”—Ž‡”•
”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡”•–ƒ–‡ͳʹͺǤ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ
–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ––Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ† Žƒ‘”†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‹‘‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •‡– —’Ǥ Š‡‹” ’‘™‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† ƒ† –Š‡‹” Š‡Ž’
•‘Ž‹ ‹–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‹•‡ƒ––Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡‘‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–„‡ˆ‘”‡
Š‡ †”‹• ™‹‡ ‘” ™ƒ–‡” ‘” ‡ƒ–• ˆ‹”•– ’‘—”• •‘‡ ™‹‡ ‘” ™ƒ–‡” ƒ† ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ
‘”•‡Ž ‘ˆ ˆ‘‘† ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†ǡ ‘•–‡•‹„Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –‘ ’ƒ”–ƒ‡Ǥ Š‡›
’‘—”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”‰‹˜‡•‘‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•
‘ •ƒ ”‡† †ƒ›• ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• –‘ –Šƒ ƒ† •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘‘ǡ ƒƒ ™ƒ›‡ ‡›ƒ™  ™ƒ• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡
’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ’‹˜‘–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ ‹‰†‘ –Šƒ– Š‡ Šƒ• „‡‡
‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ† Š‹• ‰”ƒ˜‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ‘™ „‡‡ ™ƒŽŽ‡† •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •ƒ ”‡†
‰”‘˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Apoↄˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›
‘” Žƒ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ •–‘‘Ž• ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡‹” •Š”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ •–‘‘Ž•ǡ™Š‹ Š
ƒ”‡•–‘”‡†‹•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž”‘‘•ǡŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡ƒ”‡†‘”’ƒ‹–‡†™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ
„Ž‘‘† –‘ ”‡†‡” –Š‡ „Žƒ  ƒ† •ƒ ”‡†Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ƒ
ƒ ‡•–‘”ƒ†–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘ŽŠƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ››‡ƒ”•„‡‡†‘‡
‹ •‡ ”‡ › ƒ• –Š‡ ”‘‘ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹• ‘—– ‘ˆ „‘—†• ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‹•‹†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ǧ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•˜‹‡™‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‘†•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ –Š‡‹”—•—ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ›‡”• –Š‡ •’‹”‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‹˜‘‡† ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘
‡‹–Š‡” †‡ƒŽ ”—–ŠŽ‡••Ž› ™‹–Š ‡‡‹‡• ‘” ”‡ ƒŽ ‹–”ƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘” „Ž‡•• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡

ͳʹͺ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• ’ƒ•– ‘” †‡ƒ† †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ™‡”‡

†‡•–‘‘Ž‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ–Š†‹†‘–“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›ƒ•ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡Ž‹•–•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ†’ƒ”ƒ‘—––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ•‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’Ǥ͵ͶˆˆǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

™‹–Š†‹˜‡”•‡‰‹ˆ–•‹ Ž—†‹‰Ž‘‰Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ––Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘” ŽƒŽ‡˜‡Ž

–Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– Š‡ƒ†• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‡„‡”• ‘—Ž† „‡ ’—‹•Š‡† ‘” ”‡™ƒ”†‡† „›
–Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–• ‹ˆ –Š‡› †‹† •‘‡–Š‹‰ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡† ‘” ’Ž‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡Ǥ Š‹•
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ™Š‡”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘—Ž†‡‹–Š‡”„‡’—‹•Š‡†ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘””‡™ƒ”†‡†ˆ‘”
†‘‹‰ –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘‡̵• „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” Šƒ• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‘”‰‘‘†‘”„ƒ†ǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹ƒ ‡•–‘”•̵’‘™‡”–‘’—‹•Š‘”
”‡™ƒ”† ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘
ƒ‘‰ƒ›ˆ”‹ ƒ•Ǥ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡ ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘„›–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ•
™‹–‡••‡•„‡–™‡‡ˆ‡—†‹‰‡„‡”•Ǥ


Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡”‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –™‘ • Š‘‘Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š– ƒ”‰—‹‰ ‘” •—‰‰‡•–‹‰
™Š‡–Š‡”•— Šƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”‹•ƒƒ –‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’‘”
”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ ȋ”‡•’‡ – ƒ† Š‘‘”ȌǤ ƒ“—ƒŠ ȋͳͻ͸ͺǣʹʹǦʹͺȌ ™ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ–
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡™‘”•Š‹’’‡†ͳʹͻŒ—•–ƒ•Nyame‹•™‘”•Š‹’’‡†Ǥ Š‹•˜‹‡™ǡNyame
‘”Nana130 Nyankopↄn ‹•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘” ‹ƒŽ ‡•–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ Šƒƒ™Š‘
ƒ†‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆ ‘‡ „Ž‘‘†Ǥ ŽŽ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ —””‡–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘” Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ Š‡ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –”ƒ ‡ –Š‡‹”
ƒ ‡•–”›–‘–Š‹• ”‡ƒ– ‡•–‘”ǡNyameǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•
‘ˆ Nyame ƒ– „‘–Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ†Ȁ‘” •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’ ƒ† ƒ”‡
ƒŽŽ‡†Nana„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‡”‘ˆNyameǤ ‡
‘„•‡”˜‡• ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–  ‡•–‘”ǡ ‘†ǡ †‘‡• ‘– ‘Ž› †‡•‡”˜‡ –‘ „‡
™‘”•Š‹’’‡†„—–Š‡‹•‹†‡‡†™‘”•Š‹’’‡†„›–Š‡ƒƒ†–Šƒ––Š‹•‹•†‘‡‹

ͳʹͻ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ“—ƒŠǡ The Ghanaian Establishment: Its Constitution, its Detentions, its

Traditions, its Justice and Statecraft, and its Heritage of Ghanaismȋ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••ǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍǡ͹Ǥ
ͳ͵Ͳ‘‰–Š‡ƒ–Š‡–‡”Nana‹•ƒŠ‘‘”ƒ”›‘‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›—•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†ǡ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ǡ‰”ƒ†’ƒ”‡–•ǡƒ†NyameǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

–Š‡ ˜‹•‹„Ž‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ Š‡ƒ† ƒ• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–  ‡•–‘”Ǥ ‘™
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Š‹•˜‹‡™‘ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ™‘”•Š‹’ǡƒ“—ƒŠȋ‹„‹†ǣʹͺȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
‡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ƒƒǡ ƒ• ‡˜‡ ‘†ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ƒ ‡•–‘”ǡ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† ƒƒǤ
Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„‡ǡ”ƒ ‡‘”ƒ–‹‘‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒƒ‡˜‡ƒ•Š‡‹•‹
–Š‡ˆ‘‘–•–‡’•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‡•–‘”Ǥ ‡•–‘”•†‘‘–Ž‹˜‡ˆ‘”‡˜‡”Ǣ
–Š‡› †‹‡ ƒ† ƒ”‡ Š‘‘—”‡† ƒ† †‡‹ˆ‹‡† ˆ‘” Šƒ˜‹‰ Ž‹˜‡† ‹ –Š‡
†‹‰‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–  ‡•–‘”Ǥ Š‡ †‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡• –Š‡
™‘”•Š‹’ˆ—Žǡ‡˜‡ƒ•–Š‡ ”‡ƒ– ‡•–‘”‹•™‘”•Š‹’ˆ—ŽǤ

Š‡ ƒǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‘•‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘‘ •–‘  Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• –”ƒ ‡† –Š‡‹”
‘”‹‰‹ ˆ”‘ ƒ˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘” ˆ‘—†‡”• ‘ˆ
–Š‡–”‹„‡™‡”‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„›NyameǤŠ‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Nyame‹•ƒ•’‹”‹–™Š‘Šƒ•ƒ
’Žƒ ‡‘ˆƒ„‘†‡‘””‡•–ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‹”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”†‡’ƒ”–‡†ƒ ‡•–‘”•™Š‘ƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡
ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–ŠNyameǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ
–Š—• –Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†• ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ƒ”‡
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† ‘– ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ Nyame ƒ•
ƒ“—ƒŠ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•Ǥ‘‡•–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‘–ƒ‡–Š‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ǡ
ƒ•ƒƒ‰‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†•–ƒ–‡ǡ–‘–Š‡‹”†‡ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†‘––‘Nyameǫ
Nyame ‹•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ• –Š‡—’”‡‡‡‹‰ ƒ† ‘– ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–  ‡•–‘” ƒ†
‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡† Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‹ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”
™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘”‡ ‘ˆ–‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡† ƒ† ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ˆƒ‹Ž›
ƒ––‡”• ˆ‘” Ž‹ˆ‡̵• ‡‡†• –Šƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘† ȋ„‹–‹ ͳͻͺͻǣͺʹȌǤ Šƒ–
ƒ‡•–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡––‡ƒ„Ž‡‹•–Š‡’‘‹–ƒ„‘—––Š‡†‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
‘ ‡–Š‡›†‹‡ƒ†‡˜‡™‹–Š–Šƒ–‘‡ƒ›ƒ”‰—‡™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‡‹ˆ‹‡†‘”
‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‹”‹•‡ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘”–”‹„‡Ǥ

Š‡ †‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹‡™ ‹• •–”‘‰Ž› •—’’‘”–‡† „› –Š‘› ’Š‹”‹Ǧ‘‘”
ȋʹͲͳͲȌ ™Š‘ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
74
 Techiman: An Overview

†‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ ‹••—„‹••‹‘•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡

ƒ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ‡‹•‘–™”‘‰‹•–ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ–’Š‹”‹Ǧ‘‘”™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰
–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•—„‹••‹‘„›”‡•–ǤƒŽŽ‹•—†‰‡ȋͳͻ͹ʹǣͷͷȌ™Š‘ǡ‘Š‹••–—†›
‘ˆƒ ‹‡–‰›’–‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ–
‹– ‹• –Š‡ Dz™‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘—Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ†ǡdz ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ•
Dz ‡•–‘” ™‘”•Š‹’Ǥdzͳ͵ͳ ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ Nananom Nsamanfo
ȋƒ ‡•–‘”•Ȍ•–‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‹”†‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒ‡•–Š‡•‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
–Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’‘•–‡”‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‘”’‘”‡ƒŽ
™‘”Ž†Ǥͳ͵ʹ ‘” ™Šƒ– ‡–ƒ‹Ž• ‹ ƒ ‡•–‘” ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ
’Š‹”‹Ǧ‘‘”ȋ‹„‹†ǣ˜ǡ˜‹‹‹ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ

ƒ–Š‡”ǡ ƒ ‡•–‘” ™‘”•Š‹’ǡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ‡‹‰Š„‘”• ‹ Šƒƒǡ ‹• ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”’•‡ǡ
„—”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ™‹–Š ‡”‡‘› ƒ† ’‘’ǡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ ‡–‡”ƒŽ
‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡† Nananom Nsamanfo ȋ ‡•–‘”•Ȍǡ
’‡”‹‘†‹  ”‡‡„”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–‹‘ –Šƒ–
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‡š‡” ‹•‡ †‹”‡ – ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‹‰
†‡• ‡†ƒ–•Ǥ ‡•–‘” ™‘”•Š‹’Šƒ•–‘†‘™‹–Š’”‘’‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ˆƒŽŽ• ‘ Ž‹˜‹‰
ƒ ‡•–‘”•™Š‘—•–Š‘‘”ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‡ƒ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•‘ˆƒŽŽ‹†•Ǥͳ͵͵

‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‡ †‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• „Ž‘‘† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ™Š‹ Š „‡‰ƒ
‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› —’‘ †‡ƒ–ŠǤ Š‡ „Ž‘‘† ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ ‘–ƒ‹ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ’‘–‡ ›
‡ ‡••ƒ”› –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”̵• †‹˜‹‹–› ƒ• ƒ ‰‘† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘” †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ‘‡̵• ‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ƒ‡Ž›ǡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ

ͳ͵ͳ —‘–‡† ‹ ’Š‹”‹Ǧ‘‘”ǡ African Religion Defined, A systematic study of Ancestor

Worship among the AkanȋƒŠƒǡƒ”›Žƒ†ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǡ  ǤǡʹͲͳͲȌǡ˜ǡͳ͵Ǥ

ͳ͵ʹ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
ͳ͵͵›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
75
 Techiman: An Overview

’•› Š‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ ‡•‹†‡• –Š‡‹” †‡‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’Š‹”‹Ǧ
‘‘”ȋ‹„‹†ǣ˜‹ȌŠƒ•ƒŽ•‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡Ǯ‡–Š‹ ƒŽ˜‹‡™ǯǡ™Š‹ Š’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ––Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰• ˆ‘” ‹†‡ƒŽ
Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ† –ƒ—‰Š– –Š‡‹” †‡• ‡†ƒ–•™Šƒ– ‡–ƒ‹Ž•‹ ‡–Š‹ ƒŽŽ‹˜‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‡ƒ– –‘ Š‘‘” –Š‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†
”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ––‘‹˜‘‡–Š‡•’‹”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘„‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†
–‘†‘•‘”‡“—‹”‡†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡’”‡• ”‹„‡†”‹–‡•ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ•ǡˆ‘”—Žƒ•ǡ’”‡ ‡’–•
ƒ†Žƒ™•†‡•‹‰‡†–‘‡•—”‡–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–”‹–—ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‹ ƒ ›ǡƒ††ƒ ‡•ƒ†—•‹ 
ȋ‹„‹†ǣ‹šȌǤ —•‹ƒ ȋͳͻͷͳǣʹ͸Ȍ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡† Š‘™ ƒ •—„Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ƒ’‘‰ ‹
•Šƒ–‹ǡ Šƒƒ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ‡Œ‘›‹‰ ƒ Adae ‡”‡‘› •—††‡Ž› ƒ•‡† –‘ –ƒ‡
Ž‡ƒ˜‡‘ˆŠ‹„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹”‹–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ
™Š‹ Šˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•—„‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‹‰ ‘“—‡”‡††‡ƒ–Š
ƒ† „‡‹‰ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—‹–›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ––ƒ‹‡†
—‡“—ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•Ǥ Š‹• ˆ‡ƒ– ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† „› –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ”›
Nsamanfoƒ†–Š‡‰‘†•Ǥ

 Š‹• •—„‹••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ •Šƒ–‹ͳ͵Ͷǡ —•‹ƒ ȋͳͻͷͳǣʹ͵ˆȌ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡‹”
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ•ƒ ‡•–‘”Ǧ™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ ‡†‘‡•‘–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‰‹˜‡ƒ› Ž‡ƒ”
—–”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”Š‹•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘„—––Š‡‹’”‡••‹‘‘‡‰‡–•‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
’Žƒ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ •Šƒ–‹ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‡”‡‘‹‡•ƒ–„‘–Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ‡š’”‡•• –Š‡‹” •‡•‡ ‘ˆ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ – –Š‡
’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•Šƒ–‹ˆ‹”•–‰‹˜‡•ƒ‘”•‡Ž‘ˆˆ‘‘†ƒ†™‹‡–‘
–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š–Š‡› ‘•—‡–Š‡”‡•–ǤŠ‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡
Adae ‡”‡‘›™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”‹• ‡–‡”‡†‘ˆ‡‡†‹‰ƒ†
™‘”•Š‹’‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ
ͳ͵Ͷ—•‹ƒǯ•†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆǮ•Šƒ–‹ǯ‹ Ž—†‡•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡‘‘™Š‘

™‡”‡–Š‡•ƒ–‡˜ƒ••ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

Š‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›–‘‘’Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡•–‘‘ŽǦŠ‘—•‡™Š‡”‡ƒ„Žƒ ‡‡†•–‘‘Ž”‡’”‡•‡–•

ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ ‡•–‘”ǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†‡Ž†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡’Žƒ›–Š‡
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡‘ˆƒ’”‹‡•–”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘”Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’’‡ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ –‘ „Ž‡•• –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘” Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š Š—ƒ ƒ†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ • ƒ •‹‰ ‘ˆ ”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”™Š‘‘™ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ’”‹‡•–ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•Š”‹‡ǡ–ƒ‡•
‘ˆˆŠ‹••ƒ†ƒŽ•ƒ†’—ŽŽ•†‘™Š‹• Ž‘–Š–‘ƒ‡Š‹••Š‘—Ž†‡”•„ƒ”‡„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡
‘ˆˆ‡”•–Š‡†”‹ƒ†‡ƒ––‘–Š‡Ǥ

”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ Žƒ—• ò”„‡”‰‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ
’‘•–—Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ƒ† •–ƒ–—• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘„›‹–•ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‹•ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‹”
†‡ƒ–ŠǤ ‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡Ǯ ‡•–‘”‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǯ• Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†Š‹••–—†›
™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •‘‡ ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‘—–Š‡” ƒ† ƒ•– ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘” Š‹ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡
‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ‰‘ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† „—”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘”’•‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ƒ ‡•–‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ —•– „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‹•
„ƒ ‰”‘—†ͳ͵ͷǤ Š‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‰‹˜‡• Š‘’‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‹‡™–Šƒ– –Š‡
”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ ‡˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡‹” †‡‹•‡ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡
‡š Ž—†‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ ‘– „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ˜‹ –‹ ‘ˆ ˆƒ†‹‰ ‡‘”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ–
–Š‡‹” •’‹”‹–• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ Š‘‡Ž‡•• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡‰Ž‡ –‡† ˆ—‡”ƒŽǤ • ƒ
Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽŽ›•–”— –—”‡† ‘—‹–›ǡò”„‡”‰‡”ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹͷȌƒ‹–ƒ‹•–Šƒ–‹–‹•
–ƒ‡ˆ‘”‰”ƒ–‡†‹ƒ›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•– —Ž–—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ ‡ƒ•‡†
—•– „‡ ”‡•’‡ –‡† ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡
‡–‹–Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›Ǥͳ͵͸ ‘” ò”„‡”‰‡”ǡ –Š‡

ͳ͵ͷ —‘–‹‰ ƒ‘†Ǧ‘‘‡ ȋͳͻ͹Ͷǣ͵ʹͶˆˆǤȌǤ ò”„‡”‰‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹ǣʹ͸ͺȌ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘

¡•‡Ž„ƒ”–Š ȋͳͻ͹ʹǣʹͻǦ͹ͻȌ ˆ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‡ƒ–Š ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘–Š‘ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡
ƒƒ„‘Ž‘Ǥ
ͳ͵͸ —‘–‹‰ ƒŠƒ™ƒ Ǥ Ǥǡ A Haya interpretation of the Christian concept of God: How

applicable is the invocation of the Deity in a threefold form for indigenising and
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 Techiman: An Overview

—’Š‘Ž†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹•Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ‘”†‡”‹•ƒ•ƒ ”‡††—–›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡

–‘†‘•‘‹•–‘‹ —”–Š‡†‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•™Š‹ Š’—–•–Š‡ ‘—‹–›
‹–‘ ƒ †‹•–”‡••ˆ—Ž •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ò”„‡”‰‡” ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹͷȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ• ǮŽ‹ˆ‡
ˆ‘” ‡ǯǡ ‘” Ǯ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–› ’‘™‡”ǯǡ ‘” Ǯ™‡‹‰Š–ǯǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ‘‡ǯ• ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ ‘‡ǯ•
‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ – ‹• –Š‹• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –Šƒ– ƒ‡• ’‡”•‘•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒŽ‹˜‡ ‘” †‡ƒ†ǡ
ƒ™‡Ǧ‹•’‹”‹‰Ǥ  ’‡”•‘̵• ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š ‘–‹—‡• ƒˆ–‡” †‡ƒ–Šǡ ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† „›
–Š‡‹”‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǯ•Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡ƒ†–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡ƒ•ƒ
™Š‘Ž‡ǡ Š‡ ‡ Š‹• ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‡” Ǯ–Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ †‡ ‡ƒ•‡†ǯ ƒ•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡–‡”Ǯ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰†‡ƒ†ǯǤ

ƒ”’‘‰ ȋͳͻ͹Ͷǣ͵͵ˆˆȌ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† Š‹• ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” Ǯƒ ‡•–‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǯ
ƒ† •ƒ›•ǣ  †‘ ‘– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ– ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ Dz™‘”•Š‹’’‡†dzǡ  ’”‡ˆ‡” –Š‡–‡”
Dzƒ ‡•–‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘dzǤ ‡ •–ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ †‘‡• ‘– ™‘”•Š‹’ Š‹•
ƒ ‡•–‘”ƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™‘”•Š‹’ ‘†‘”‘•Ž‡•™‘”•Š‹’ŽŽƒŠǤ ‡’‘•‹–•–Šƒ–
‹ Šƒƒƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”•’‹”‹–•ƒ”‡
‘– ‘•‹†‡”‡†–‘„‡‰‘†•ǤŠ‡‹”’‘™‡” ‘‡•—”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†
ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ “—‹”‡† –Š‡‹” ’‘™‡” ƒ• –Š‡› –‘‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ
•’‹”‹–•Ǥ ‘”†‡”–‘ ‘•–ƒ–Ž›‡‡’‹–‘— Š‘””‡ƒ‹‹ ‘—‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡
†‡ƒ† ƒ† –‘ –ƒ’ ‹–‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘™‡” ‘” ‹˜‘‡ –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡ ‡ ƒ† ’‘™‡”• –Š‡
Ž‹˜‹‰ˆ”‡“—‡–Ž› ƒŽŽ•‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘‰‹˜‡–Š‡‰‹ˆ–•‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†”‹•
ƒ† ˆ‘‘† –Š”‘—‰Š ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ”’‘‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͶͲǦͶͳȌ •‡‡• –Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ‡š’”‡••‹‘‘ˆ”‡˜‡”‡ ‡‘””‡•’‡ ––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǣ

understanding the Christian trinitarian model? ‹‡–‡”ƒ”‹–œ„—”‰ǣ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ ™ƒ—Ž—Ǧ

ƒ–ƒŽǡŠŠ‡•‹•ǡȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǡ͸͸Ǥ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘‡–‹Ž‘ƒ‡ȋͳͻ͹͸ǣʹͳȌƒ†‘ƒ”‘ˆˆƬ‘ƒ”‘ˆˆ
ȋͳͻͻͳǣͳͷͶȌǡ ò”„‡”‰‡” ȋʹͲͲ͹ǣʹ͸ͺȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •™ƒƒ —•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‡” ˆ‘”
ƒ ‡•–‘”•(badimo)ƒ•–Š‡›—•‡ˆ‘”Ž‹˜‹‰•—’‡”‹‘”•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘”‹‰‡Ƭ
”‹‰‡ ȋͳͻ͸ͷǣʹͶͲȌ ƒ† ‡”‰Ž—† ȋͳͻ͹͸ǣͺͻȌ –Šƒ– –Š‡ —•ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡” ˆ‘” Ž‹˜‹‰ •—’‡”‹‘”•
‘ —”•‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ˜‡”›‘Ž†’‡”•‘•ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘˜‡†‘ƒ†—Ž—”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –Š‹• Š‡ ƒ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ȏƒ ‡•–‘”•Ȑ ƒ† –‡ŽŽ –Š‡
–Š‹‰•‘”‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡ˆ‘‘†ƒ††”‹Ǥ ‡ƒ›‘ˆˆ‡”Š‹•ƒ ‡•–‘”•–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‘”•‡Ž•‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‘‘†‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•–†”‘’‘ˆŠ‹•†”‹Ǥ‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  –Š‹• ™ƒ› –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰
‡š’”‡••‡•”‡˜‡”‡ ‡‘””‡•’‡ ––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡†‡ƒ†Ǥ

ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ƒ”’‘‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵ͻȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† Š‘™ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ”‹–‡• ƒ†
‡”‡‘‹‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘”’•‡ǡ‰‹˜‹‰™ƒ–‡”–‘ƒ†›‹‰
’‡”•‘ǡ ’Žƒ ‹‰ ˆ‘‘† „‡•‹†‡ ‘”’•‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” •’‹”‹– –‘ ‡ƒ–ǡ –Š‡ Žƒ‡–• ƒ†
”‡“—‡•–•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡ƒ†–‘•‡†–Š‡‰‹ˆ–•‘”ƒ•–Š‡–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹•‘‡
™ƒ›Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡ ‹– ‹• ‘– –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› –‘ ’ƒ•• Œ—†‰‡– ‘ –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ†
˜‹‡™• Š‡Ž† „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡
™‘”•Š‹’’‡†‘”˜‡‡”ƒ–‡†ǡ „”‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡–Šƒ–ƒ ‡•–‘”•’Žƒ›‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡
‹–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ž‹˜‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› ‹ ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ  ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ ™‹‡Ž†
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘™‡” Š‡ ‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ –Ǣ –Š‡› ƒ”‡
’”ƒ›‡†–‘ƒ†Š‡Ž’•‘Ž‹ ‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǣ–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‰‹˜‹‰‰‹ˆ–•–‘–Š‡
Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ’—‹•Š‹‰ †‡˜‹ƒ–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡
’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”• ‘ˆ ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ• †‘ ‘–
†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š „‡–™‡‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ• ƒ””‹†‡” ȋͳͻ͹͸ǣ͸͸Ȍ Šƒ•
•— ‹ –Ž›’—–‹–ǣ

ˆ”‹ ƒ• †‘ ‘– „‘–Š‡” —†—Ž› ƒ„‘—– –Š‹• ȏ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ȐǤ Š‡› ƒ”‡
‘ ‡”‡†™‹–ŠŽ‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†Š‘™–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ†ƒ—‰‡–‹–ǤǤǤǤŠ‡›†‘
‘–†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ•–‘™Š‡–Š‡”ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡‰‘†•‘”‘–ȏ™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡›
ƒ”‡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† ‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‡†Ȑǡ –Š‡› ‘™ –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‹‰ ’ƒ••‡†
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 Techiman: An Overview

„‡›‘†–Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Šƒ˜‡Dz‘—–•‘ƒ”‡†–Š‡•Šƒ†‘™‘ˆ‘—”
‹‰Š–dzǤ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ “—‹”‡† ‡™ ’‘™‡”•ǡ –Š‘•‡ ’‘™‡”• ƒ› Š‡Ž’
‡ǡƒ†•‘‡ƒ‡ƒ›•‘”–‘ˆƒ’’‡ƒŽ–Šƒ–ƒ›•— ‘—”‹–‹‡
‘ˆ‡‡†Ǥ

2.5. Ɔman Afahyɛ (State137 Festivals)

Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡ –™‘ ƒ—ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǣ Apoↄ138 ƒ† Bayedie
ȋƒȌͳ͵ͻǤ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡” ‹• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ‹• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽǤ –Š‹• —””‡–‡”ƒ–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‰‘
„‡›‘† –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
†‹•’Žƒ›‹‰ ‘” •Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹ Š —Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–
ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ †‹‡•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ •’‘•‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡†
†—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Ž‡†• ”‡†‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡Ǥ ‡•‹†‡ –Š‡•‡ǡ –Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒŽ•‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ˜‡—‡ –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” Š‡ƒŽ–Š› ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† •‘‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘” ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‡”•Ǥ

2.5.1. Adamu
‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ Apoↄƒ†Bayedieˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‘— ‹Ž †‡ Žƒ”‡• ƒ –Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ› ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ Adamuǡ –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡
’ƒ•–›‡ƒ”ƒ†’Žƒˆ‘”–Š‡‡•—‹‰‘‡Ǥ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–
’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ™‹–Š Œ‘› ƒ† Šƒ’’‹‡•• –Š‡
ͳ͵͹Š‡”‹„‡‘”‡–‹”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›‘”ƒ”‡ƒ‹•Š‡”‡„›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡̶–ƒ–‡̶Ǥ
ͳ͵ͺ ‘” ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Apoↄ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ •‡‡ ƒ––”ƒ›ǡ Ashantiǡ ’Ǥ ͳͷͳǦͳ͹ͳǢ
‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡThe sacred state of the Akanǡ’ǤͳͷͲǦͳͷ͸Ǥ
ͳ͵ͻ ‘” ƒ •Š‘”– †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• •‡‡ ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ Takyiman State Bookǡ ’Ǥ͸ͶǦ͸͸Ǣ

ƒ””‡ǡThe Techiman -Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤͷͷǦͷͺǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ–Š‹”†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™Š‹ Š‹• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†

’”‹˜ƒ–‡Ž›„›–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†Ǥ ––ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡‡˜‡”›ˆ‘”–›Ǧ
–™‘ †ƒ›• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”Ǥ ‡‡ ƒ––”ƒ›ǡ Ashantiǡ ’Ǥͳͳ͵ǦͳʹͲǢ
ƒ””‡ǡThe Techiman -Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤͷͺǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‘— ‹Ž’Žƒ ‡•ƒ„ƒ‘ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ†—”‹‰–Š‡–Š‹”–›Ǧ

†ƒ› ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ AdamuǤ —”‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‘”’•‡• ‘—Ž† Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ “—‹‡–Ž›
™‹–Š‘—––Š‡—•—ƒŽˆƒˆƒ”‡‘”‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡”‹–‡•ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡
‘†‡” †ƒ› Šƒƒ‹ƒ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ Apoↄ ‹• ‘– ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ› ˆ—‡”ƒŽ
Ž‘–Šƒ†‘‘‡‹ Ž—†‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹•ƒŽŽ‘™‡†„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–‘™‡ƒ”
•ƒ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ፭manhene †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Adamu ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜‡
‘ ƒ•‹‘Ǥ

‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘ ƒ†
›‹†‘Š‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǡ ƒ”‡ •—’’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ Œ‘›‘—•
‘‡–• Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ †‹•’‡•‡ ™‹–Š ƒ›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š
‘—”‹‰ǤͳͶͲ ‡ Š‹ƒǡˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†‘ ‡ƒ‘–Š ƒ†‹––ƒ‡•
— Š‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•–‹‡‹ˆ‘‡ ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆˆ—‡”ƒŽ•–Šƒ––ƒ‡•
’Žƒ ‡ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–ŠǤ •‹†‡ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ‘‡
™‡‡ ƒ† ˆ‘”–‹‡–Š †ƒ› ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ƒˆ–‡” †‡ƒ–Š „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ƒŽƒ–‡”†ƒ–‡Ǥ–„‡•–ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ‘—Ž† ‘„‹‡–Š‡ˆ‘”–‹‡–Š†ƒ›ƒ†
ƒ –—ƒŽ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‘‡ „‹‰ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹• ‹ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ˆ‹†• –Š‡
‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Adamu ‹ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– †‹”‡ –‹‘ ƒ– Ž‡ƒ•– ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ Ǯ‡Œ‘› •‘‡
„”‡ƒˆ”‘‘—”‹‰ƒ†ƒ––‡†‹‰ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǯ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘„ƒ
‘ †”—‹‰ ƒ† ‘‹•‡ ƒ‹‰ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Adamu ™Š‹ Š –‡†• –‘ ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡
Š—” Š‡•ƒ•‹–’‡”–ƒ‹•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡‹ ŠƒƒǤͳͶͳ ‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‹•‘

ͳͶͲ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‘—‡•†ƒ›ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀͳͶƒ–Š‹•’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ

ͳͶͳ ‘”†‹• —••‹‘• ‘–Š‡„ƒ‘†”—‹‰ƒ†‘‹•‡ ƒ‹‰’”‹‘” –‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹•‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ Šƒƒ•‡‡‹Œ˜ƒ‹ŒǡContesting Silence: The ban on drumming
and the musical politics of Pentecostalism in Ghana ȋˆ”‹ ƒ –—†‹‡• ‡–‡”ǡ ‡‹†‡ǡ –Š‡
‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǡ ˜‘ŽǤ Ͷǡ ͵ͳǦ͸ͶǤ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘ Š––’ǣȀȀŠ†ŽǤŠƒ†Ž‡Ǥ‡–Ȁͳͺͺ͹Ȁͻͷͳ͸ ‘
ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀͳ͵Ǣ‡”ŽŽ‹‰•‘ǡDrum Wars News: News accounts of the Ghana Drum Wars. 1998-
2003ǡ ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀƒŽŽƒˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘Ȁ•–‘”‹‡•Ǣ ”‡•„› Š—” Šǡ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• Žƒ•Š  ‡’‘•‘ǡ ƒ–
™™™ǤǤ‡™•Ǥ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȀʹͲͳ͵ͳͲȀͳ͹͸ͷͲͳǤ’Š’Ǥ ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘ ʹͲͳ͵ǦͳͲǦͲͷ
ƒ– ͳͳǣͷ͹ǣʹͷ ƒ† ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ‘†ƒ› ʹͳȀͳͲȀͳ͵ȌǤ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ —•—ƒŽŽ› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ Žƒ•Š
„‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”̵• ƒ”‰—‡– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘
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 Techiman: An Overview

ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘– ‘ †”—‹‰ ƒ† ‘‹•‡ ƒ‹‰Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• ’”‘˜‹†‡† •‘‡
Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š—” Š‡• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ „—– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ›‡– –‘ –ƒ‡
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹‡†Ž› ‘” ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ Adamu –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡–
’”‘‰”ƒ•™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ‹—”‡–‘–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡„‡”•
ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ

2.5.2. Apoↄ Afahyɛ (Apoᴐ Festival)142

Apoↄǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ †‡”‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™‘”† po ‹ ‘‘ †‹ƒŽ‡ –ǡ ‡ƒ• –‘
”‡‘— ‡ǤͳͶ͵ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ• –Š‡ ›‡ƒ” ‰‘‡• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǡ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘ˆˆ‡†‡† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
Šƒ”„‘”‹‰•‘‡‹•‰‹˜‹‰•‘”‹ŽŽ•ƒ††‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†Šƒ–”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
‘ˆˆ‡†‡”• ƒ– ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ  –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡‰‘‡™ƒ›™ƒ”†‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆ‡š‡ —–‹‰–Š‡‹”
ˆ— –‹‘•Ǥ „‘–Š ƒ•‡•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‡‡†–‘’—„Ž‹ Ž›˜‘‹ ‡‘—––Š‡‹”‹•‰‹˜‹‰•
ƒ† ’‡” ‡’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– •— Š ’‡”•‘• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† „› •‘ †‘‹‰
„‘–Š–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡†ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡†‡”‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡Ž‹‡˜‡†
ƒ†„‡ƒ–’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ‡ƒ•–‘”‡‘— ‡ƒ††”‹˜‡ƒ™ƒ›‡˜‹Žˆ”‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ
”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡ ƒ† –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” ƒ Š‡ƒŽ–Š› •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Šƒ– •‘‡‘‡ ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‘‹––‡† •ƒ ”‹Ž‡‰‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
‰‘†ǡ Ta Mensa ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” •‘‡ Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡
’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ˆ‘”‹–Ǥ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ†Žƒ†‘™‡”•Š‹’ǡ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”„ƒ•‡†–Š‡‹”•‘ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’ƒ•‡•Š”‹‡†‹
–Š‡‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
ͳͶʹŠ‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†„‡–™‡‡ƒ” Šƒ†’”‹ŽǤ –•‘‡–‹‡• ‘‹ ‹†‡•™‹–Šƒ•–‡”

‡•–‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
ͳͶ͵ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ̵• ȋͳͻͷʹǣͳͷͲȌ •—„‹••‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ™‘”† Apoᴐ ‡ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– ‹•

̵™Š‘Ž‡̵‘”̵‘ˆ‘‡’‹‡ ‡̵”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡›‡ƒ”ǡƒ™Š‘Ž‡›‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹•ˆ‹‹•Š‡†‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘–˜ƒŽ‹†
ƒ†˜‡”›‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽŠƒ•–™‘ƒ‹ƒ•’‡ –•ƒ‡Ž›–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽǤŠ‡

‡› ’Žƒ›‡”• ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘† ƒ† ‹–•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‡•‘” ‘‘‡”•ǤŠ‡’”‹‡•–•
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡–Š‡‡›’Žƒ›‡”•‹–Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•™Š‹ Š
ƒŽ•‘‹˜‘Ž˜‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†•ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ͳͶͶǤŠ‡ ‘‘‡”•–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡
’”‹‡•–• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• –Š”‘—‰Š
†”—‹‰ǡ •‹‰‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ™Š‹ Š Žƒ•–• ˆ‘” ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ
‘–Š —•—ƒŽŽ› „‡‰ƒ ƒ† ‡†‡† ™‹–Š ”‹–—ƒŽ• ‘•–Ž› Š‡Ž† ‘” ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹
•‡ ”‡ ›™‹–Š–Š‡‡›’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ –„‡‰‹•™‹–Šƒ’”‘ ‡••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡›’Žƒ›‡”•–‘
–Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—™Š‡”‡–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ˜‡
‘ˆ‹‰™ƒ›‡‡›ƒ™ ǤŠ‡”‹–—ƒŽ•‹ Ž—†‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ǡƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•
ƒ† Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǤͳͶͷ Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ •‡”˜‡† ™‹–Š ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† •‘‡ ‘‘‡† ˆ‘‘†
ƒ† ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡† ƒ‹ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘† ‹• ‡ƒ–‡ „› –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‡”‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ” ƒ•• ‹• –Š‡
•‡–Š‘‡ˆ‘”†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡›’Žƒ›‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‡Ž†‡”•ǤŠ‡’”‘ ‡••–Š‡
‘’Ž‡–‡•™‹–ŠŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”ƒ›‡”„›–Š‡‡–‹”‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘‡ƒˆ–‡”
–Š‡‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡•Ǥ –‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—ƒ”‡Ž‡†‘”Šƒ†Ž‡†‘”
’‡”ˆ‘”‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› „› –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ Ta Mensa ‹•
Ǯ ‘•’‹ —‘—•Ž›‹••‹‰ǯƒ––Š‹•’‘‹–‹–‡”•‘ˆ’Žƒ›‹‰ƒ›ƒŒ‘””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡
”‹–—ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ™Š‡ ‹– ‘‡• –‘ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ”‘›ƒŽ
ƒ ‡•–‘”• –Š‡ ‘—• Ž‹‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•

ͳͶͶ ‘”†‹‰–‘‘”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–Š‡Apoↄ™ƒ•‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ǡTa Mensaǡ

„—–ƒƒ ™ƒ›‡ ‡›ƒ™ ȋ–Š‡Žƒ•–‘‘Ǧƒ•‘‹‰™Š‘™ƒ• †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ •ƒ–‡Ȍ

„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹•†‡ƒ–Šƒ•‡†Ta Mensa–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‹‡•––‘‹ Ž—†‡Š‹• ‘‡‘”ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰
–Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ ƒ† •‹ ‡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡› ’Žƒ›‡”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‡ ‘”
–‘„‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡‹‰Ǥ
ͳͶͷ ‘”–Š‡ Ž‹•–‘ˆˆ‘‘†‹–‡•ƒ†ˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ǡ ƒ†”‹–—ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡• •‡‡ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ The

sacred state of the Akanǡ’ǤͳͷͲǦͳͷʹǤ

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 Techiman: An Overview

ƒ†‘––Š‡’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†Ǥ•ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹–Š‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡‹ƒ„‡––‡”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”˜‡•–‡†™‹–Šƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘ ‘—‹ ƒ–‡
™‹–Š–Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† •‡”˜‡ ‘” ˆ‡‡† –Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ǡ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•
ƒ†Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘Ž‹ ‹––Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ‡ ƒ‘–ƒ‰”‡‡‘”‡™‹–Š
—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳǣʹͺȌ–Šƒ–ƒ–•— Šƒ ‡”‡‘›–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ•Ͻhene Kↄmfo
ȋ’”‹‡•– Š‹‡ˆȌǡ’”‹‡•––‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ‹•‘•–‡˜‹†‡ ‡Ǥ—”‹‰–Š‹•’‡”‹‘†ǡ–Š—•
–Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‘• –‘ ƒ† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ ƒ—•‘Ž‡—ǡ ’‡‘’Ž‡
‡‹–Š‡” ‰‘ ‘—– –‘ ™‹–‡•• ‘” Ž‘‹–‡” ƒ„‘—– ‹ –‘™Ǥ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ ƒ†Š‡”‡ –‘ –Š‹•
–ƒ„‘‘ ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‘‡ ‹ —””‹‰ –Š‡ ™”ƒ–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘†•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡–—” ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–‘—”ƒ‰‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—™ƒ•ƒ†‡‘™–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘—†‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† †”—• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™Ǥ Š‹•
•‹‰‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ†–Š‡
„‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ

‘– Š™ƒ›ȋʹͲͲͳͶǣ͸ͷȌŠƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–•‹ ‡–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͲ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡

•‘‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Apoↄ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ › ‘™
‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š”‡‡ ‘•‡ —–‹˜‡›‡ƒ”•ǡȋʹͲͳʹǡʹͲͳ͵ƒ†ʹͲͳͶȌŠƒ˜‡•Š‘™
–Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† „› ƒ––”ƒ›
ȋͳͻʹ͵ǣͳͷͳǦͳ͹ͳȌ ƒ† ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ ȋͳͻͷʹǣͳͷ͵Ǧͳͷ͸ȌǤ  „‘–Š ƒ•‡• –Š‡
‘ ‡–”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–• ƒ† –Š‡‹” •Š”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ Š‡•‡ †ƒ›• –Š‡ ‘‘‡”• ‘” ƒ••‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘– ‹ •Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ  –‹˜‹–‹‡• •— Š ƒ• Ǯ‘  ˆ‹‰Š–ǯ ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘
”‡‹†–Š‡ —””‡–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ǯ• ’ƒ•– ‡š’Ž‘‹–•ǡ aponkotwie ȋŠ‘”•‡
”‹†‹‰Ȍ™Š‡”‡Ta Mensa‹• ƒ””‹‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡–‘™•Š‹’–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡

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 Techiman: An Overview

nsadwa ȋ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ˆ‘” †”‹‹‰Ȍ –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” —‹–› ƒ‘‰
–Š‡ͳͶ͸‘Ž‘‰‡”–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡–Š‡•‡†ƒ›•Ǥ

Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ –‹‡ –ƒ„Ž‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ’’‘”–‹‘• ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” †ƒ› ˆ‘” ‡ƒ Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‰”ƒ†‡ ‘‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Ž‡ƒ†‡”
ƒ†–Š‡’”‹‡•–•‘ˆTa Mensaƒ†‘–Š‡””‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†‰‘†•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽͳͶ͹ǤŠ‡›ƒŽŽ ‘‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ Ž‹ƒš–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡†ƒ›ˆ‘”
–Š‡Ɔmanhene’s Apoↄ™‹–Šƒ†—”„ƒ”ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆŠ‹•’ƒŽƒ ‡ǤͳͶͺŠ‹•†ƒ›
Šƒ•„‡‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘•Š‘™ ƒ•‹‰–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹
–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ†”—‹‰ǡ•‹‰‹‰ƒ††ƒ ‹‰Ǥ•‡ƒ†‡ɂ›ᗤ—ˆ‹‡›ƒ™ Šƒ•
”‹‰Š–Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Apoͻ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‡”• –Š‡ ›‘—–Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘
Ž‡ƒ” ƒ– ˆ‹”•– Šƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †”‡••‹‰ǡ †”—‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡
Žƒ••”‘‘‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡƒ†–‘ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ͳͶͻǤ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ˆ‹”•– ‰‘ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ
„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘˜‡”‰‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene’s ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †—”„ƒ”

ͳͶ͸‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’Ǥ͸ͶǦ͸ͷǤ

ͳͶ͹‡‡”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ApoͻʹͲͳ͸ƒ–’’‡†‹š‡•š‹˜Ǧš˜‹Ǥ
ͳͶͺ Š‡ ʹͲͳͷ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• Ž‹ƒš‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‰”ƒ† †—”„ƒ” ƒ– –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‡–Š‘†‹•–

 Š‘‘Žƒ”ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‰”ƒ ‡†„›–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆƒƒ‘ƒ–‹ƒˆ‘”‹ƒ‹ǡ‹‰‘ˆ›‡

„—ƒ™ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ ƒ† ”Ǥ ƒ™ ˆˆƒŠǦƒƒˆ‹ǡ –Š‡
‡’—–›‹‹•–‡”ˆ‘”Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•Ǥ‡‡Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ‹‡• ƒ ‡„‘‘
’‘•–‡† ‘ ͳ•– ƒ›ǡ ʹͲͳͷǢ Okyehene graces Apoo festival in Techiman ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰ŠƒƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‰ŠȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ‡†‹ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ȁ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁͳʹʹ͵Ǧ‘›‡Š‡‡Ǧ‰”ƒ ‡•Ǧ
ƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡™Š‡”‡„›ƒ‰‘˜‡”‡–
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ‘” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† •‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †‹‰‹–ƒ”‹‡• •— Š ƒ• †‹’Ž‘ƒ–• ƒ––‡† ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡ –‹‡ ‹ –Š‡
Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡—•‡–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡‹”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•ǡ
ƒ••—”‡ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ –Š‡‹”•Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ‡ ‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–•ƒ†•‘Ž‹ ‹–
–Š‡‹” •—’’‘”– ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ –‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‡”–ƒ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ ‡‡ ƒ”› ‡•ƒŠǡ Use
festivals to create socio-economic partnerships-First Lady ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡™•Ȁ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁ—•‡Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǧ–‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ–‡Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ Ǧ
’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Ǧˆ‹”•–ǦŽƒ†›ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
ͳͶͻ ‡‡ ‘”‘ǡ Okyenhene Graces Apoo Festival in Techiman at
™™™Ǥ‰ŠƒƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‰ŠȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ‡†‹ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ȁ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁͳʹʹ͵Ǧ‘›‡Š‡‡Ǧ‰”ƒ ‡•Ǧ
ƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡Ɔmanhene’sƒ††”‡••–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‹•‹•–Š‡‘‡–ˆ‘”

–Š‡•‹‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Apoↄ•‘‰•†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ––Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‡‹–Š‡”’”ƒ‹•‡
‘” ‘˜‹ ––Š‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•Š‘”– ‘‹‰•ǤͳͷͲŠ‡•‡•‘‰••’‡ƒ–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ‘”ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’•–›Ž‡‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡•ƒ†
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–•‹–Š‡‡›‡•‘”Œ—†‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ••‡•‘” ‘‘‡”•Ǥ‡Ž‘™‹•
‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Apoᴐ •‘‰• †‹”‡ –‡† –‘ –Š‡ —””‡– “—‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒƒ ˆ‹ƒ
„”ƒˆ‹ǣ

Nana Abrafi w'agye sika no, Na sukuul no wↄ hen?

ƒƒ „”ƒˆ‹ǡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† –Š‡ ‘‡› „—– ™Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡
• Š‘‘Žǫͳͷͳ

–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ‘‡ ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ •’‘‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡”ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ’‘Ž‹ › ‘ˆ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• †‡’‹ –‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‹• ”‹’–‹‘• ‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”
’Žƒ ƒ”† ‹ –Š‡ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ›‘—‰ ƒ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ˆ”‘ ƒƒ
‡’‘‹ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǡ †—”‹‰
–Š‡ʹͲͳͶApoↄˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǣ

   
  ᗜʹͲͳͶ

ͳͷͲƒƒ –‡’Š‡ —ˆ‹ ‡›ƒ™ ‹ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡

„‡ ‘‡–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡•‘‰••‹ ‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡Ž‘ˆƒˆˆƒ‹”•ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••‡•—•‡–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‡š’‘•‡ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•̵ „ƒ† †‡‡†• ‘” ’”ƒ‹•‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‰‘‘† †‡‡†•Ǥ ‡
”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –•Š‘™†—”‹‰ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Apoↄ‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”™ƒ••—„Œ‡ –‡†–‘Žƒ’‘‘‹‰
–Š”‘—‰Š•‘‰•„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•‡š—ƒŽŽ›ƒ„—•‡†›‘—‰‰‹”Ž•Ǥ
ͳͷͳŠ‡ •‘‰ ™ƒ• ‹ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ Š‡” ’”‘‹•‡ ƒ† ’Žƒ• –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ƒ ‹”Ž•̵ ‡‹‘” ‹‰Š

 Š‘‘Ž ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡‡†• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ͸Ͳ–Š ‹˜‡”•ƒ”› ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡”
‡•–‘‘Ž‡–ǤŠ‡ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›™ƒ• Š‡Ž†‹ʹͲͲ͹„—–͹›‡ƒ”•ƒˆ–‡”ǡ‹ʹͲͳͶǡ–Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡
›‡––‘•‡‡–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡• Š‘‘Ž’”‘Œ‡ –™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ”–‡†ƒ†•–ƒŽŽ‡††—‡–‘
Žƒ ‘ˆˆ—†•Ǥ”‘Œ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ–—”‡‹• ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹–‡•‹˜‡ƒ†”‡“—‹”‡†’ƒ–‹‡ ‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘˜‡”›
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ –‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ •— Š ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ – ™‹–Š‘—– •—’’‘”–Ǥ  ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Š‹•
†—”‹‰–Š‡ ʹͲͳͶ Apoↄˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ‡‡ ͸Ͳ–Š‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ”‘ Š—”‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ •–‘‘Ž‡– ‘ˆ ƒƒ ˆ‹ƒ „”ƒˆ‹  Ɔmanhemaa ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǡ ”‘
ͳͺ–Š—‰—•–ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǧͳͳ–Š‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
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  Ƭ ͳͷʹ


‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•–Šƒ–‹–•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒƒ˜‡—‡–‘—‹–‡–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆ‘” ƒ ‘‘ ƒ—•‡ǣ –Š—• –‘ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ”‡„—‡ ‘” ’”ƒ‹•‡
–Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ„‘—– Š‘™ –Š‡› ‘†— –‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•
›‡ƒ”Ǥ –„”‘—‰Š––‘‰‡–Š‡”„‘–ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† ‘‘‡”•ǡ‘Ž†ƒ†›‘—‰ǡ™‘‡
ƒ† ‡ǡ ”‹ Š ƒ† ’‘‘” ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‘—‹–‹‡•
™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡–—’ƒ•–Š‡›†”—‡†ǡ•ƒ‰ƒ††ƒ ‡†–‘–Š‡†‡Ž‹‰Š–
ƒ†ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’—„Ž‹ ‘”•’‡ –ƒ–‘”•Ǥ‡›‘†–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•
‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡƒƒ–‡’Š‡—ˆ‹‡›ƒ™™ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‡‡†‘ ‘ˆ •’‡‡ Š ™Š‹ Š ƒ—‰‡”• ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹  ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡
ƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Žͳͷ͵Ǥ ‘” Š‹ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ —‹“—‡ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ —•‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡–‘’”‘‘–‡ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Šƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒ••‡•ǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‡•—”‡•
–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘˜‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–‹‡•ƒ††‹”‡ –‡••‹
†‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ƒ† •Š‘”– ‘‹‰• ƒ• ƒƒ –‡’Š‡
—ˆ‹ ‡›ƒ™ ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡ Dz—”‹‰ –Š‡ Apoↄǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡–‹‘‡†
ƒ† ‘ˆ”‘–‡† †‹”‡ –Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š •‘‰• —Ž‹‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
’”‡ƒ Š‡”̵• •‡”‘ ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥdz ‘” Š‹ǡ —Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• •‡”‘

ͳͷʹŠ‹•™ƒ•‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ”‹ˆ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡•ƒ†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡™ƒ•–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡

–Š‡ ‘‘ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ –‘ ˆ‘•–‡” —‹–› „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† ”‡‘–‡
ƒ—•‡•‘ˆ–Š‹•”‹ˆ–•‡‡‘ƒŽ†–‘ƒ’ƒ–‡ǡTechiman and Asanteman peace process boosted
ȋƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ’Š‹  Šƒƒǡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘ ͳͻ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͳͶȌǡ ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡™•Ȁ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ
‡™•Ȁͳ͹ͺͺʹǦ–‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡‡Ǧƒ†Ǧƒ•ƒ–‡Š‡‡Ǧ’‡ƒ ‡Ǧ’”‘ ‡••Ǧ„‘‘•–‡†ǤŠ–ŽǤ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
͵”† —‡ǡ ʹͲͳͷȌǢ ƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ at
’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ȀʹͲͳʹͲͳȀͺͲͲ͵͹Ǥ’Š’ǡ ȋ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘ ͳͺ–Š
—‰—•–ǡʹͲͳʹǤ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵”† —‡ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡ƒŒ‘””‡‘–‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‹ˆ–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡
‘‘ƒ†•ƒ–‡‹• –Š‡•ƒ–‡Ǧ‘‘™ƒ”™Š‹ ŠŽƒ–‡””‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡•‡‹œ—”‡ ‘ˆ•‘‡ ‹‡
‘‘ ‘—‹–‹‡•„›–Š‡•ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡•‡‹‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›•‡”˜‹‰—†‡”–Š‡
•ƒ–‡ƒ ‘— ‹Ž ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹ŽǤ ‘” ‘”‡ ‘ –Š‹• •‡‡
‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ’ǤʹͷǦ͵ͳǤ
ͳͷ͵ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒƒ–‡’Š‡—ˆ‹‡›ƒ™‘‡†‡•†ƒ›Ͷ–Š‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳ͵ƒ––Š‡

Ɔmanhene's’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

™Š‹ Š–ƒ‡•–‹‡–‘‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ‡•ƒ”‡

‡–‹‘‡†ǡ –Š‡ Apoↄ •‘‰• ƒ”‡ †‹”‡ –ǡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ƒ† ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
‡‡†‡† Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ‘”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡•–›Ž‡ǤŠ‡„‘––‘Ž‹‡
ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ Apoↄ •‘‰• ‹• –Šƒ– ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘•‡ ƒ‡• ƒ”‡
‡–‹‘‡† ™‘—Ž† „‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ‘” ƒ†‘‹•Š‡† –‘ Šƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ „‡––‡”ǡ
ƒ†Ȁ‘”–‘™‘”Šƒ”†‡”‹–Š‡ ‘‹‰›‡ƒ”ǤͳͷͶ‹‡ƒƒ–‡’Š‡ǡ‡˜Ǥƒ”–‹
›‡”‡‡Š ƒŽ•‘ ƒ••‡”–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Apoↄ —•– „‡ ‡„”ƒ ‡† „› –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‘—‹–›‹‡ Š‹ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡ƒ••‡•–‘’‘‹–‘—–‘‡ǯ•‡˜‹Ž
†‡‡†•Œ—•–ƒ• ‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹„Ž‡Dzƒ••—•–‘ ‘˜‹ –’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”™”‘‰
†‘‹‰•‘”‡˜‹Ž™ƒ›•Ǥdz

Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‡•—”‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡
†”—‹‰ǡ •‹‰‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ ™‹–Š‘—– ˆ‡ƒ” ‘” ‹–‹‹†ƒ–‹‘ „› †‹•‰—‹•‹‰
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘‡ ‡ ™‘”‡ ™‘‡ǯ• †”‡•• ƒ† ™‹‰•ǡ
ƒ••ǡ ƒ† ’ƒ‹–‡† –Š‡‹” ˆƒ ‡• ™‹–Š Šƒ” ‘ƒŽǤ ‘‡ ™‘‡ ƒŽ•‘ †”‡••‡† —’
Ž‹‡‡–‘†‹•‰—‹•‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡ Apoↄ ƒ”‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡’”‹‡•–•ƒ†’”‹‡•–‡••‡•‘ˆ–Š‡

‰‘†• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ• –Š‡› —•‡ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ –‘ †ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‡–‡”–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡™
•’‡ –ƒ–‘”•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ɔmanhene’s’ƒŽƒ ‡ǤŠ‡Apoↄ‡†•
™‹–Šƒ”‹–—ƒŽ’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘” Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”Ta Mensa ƒ†–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡Ǥ

ͳͷͶ ƒƒ ™ƒ‡ ™—•—ǡ ‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† ‡˜Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ›‡”‡‡Šǡ ƒ ”‡–‹”‡†

‹‹•–‡”‘ˆ†‘ƒ’–‹•–Š—” Šǡ‡ Š‹ƒƒŽ•‘•Šƒ”‡†•‹‹Žƒ”˜‹‡™•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡

‘ˆ –Š‡ Apoↄ ƒ† ‹–• •‘‰• ƒ• •‡‡‹‰ –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Šƒ‰‡Ǥ –‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‘ ‘†ƒ› ͳͶ–Š
 –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

2.5.3. Bayedie Afahyɛ (Yam Festival)155

Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹•ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•–Š‡‡ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ‡™›ƒͳͷ͸„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ǡTa Mensaǡ
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡
‘ ƒ•‹‘ •–ƒ”– ‹ —Ž› ƒ† ‡†• ‹  –‘„‡” ‡ƒ Š ›‡ƒ” ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”ͳͷ͹Ǥ  Šƒƒ ›ƒ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ’Ž‡ ˆ‘‘†• ƒ† ‹– ‹•
’”‘†— ‡†‹Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽƒ†‘”–Š‡”’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—–”›
‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘Ǥƒ‹•ƒ ‘‘ƒ‡ˆ‘”•‘‡•’‡ ‹‡•‹
–Š‡ ‹‘• ‘”‡ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† ƒ ’”‹ƒ”› ƒ‰”‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘‘†‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–
ˆ”‹ ƒ•—„Ǧ”‡‰‹‘ͳͷͺǤ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡š’‘”– ‘‘†‹–›‹ ŠƒƒǤ –‹•‡š’‘”–‡†‹
Žƒ”‰‡“—ƒ–‹–‹‡•–‘•‘‡—”‘’‡ƒǡ‘”–Š‡”‹ ƒƒ†•‹ƒ ‘—–”‹‡•™Š‡”‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ•”‡•‹†‡ƒ†™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘‡Œ‘›•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
†‹•Š‡•Ǥ •‘‡’ƒ”–•‘ˆ ‡”ƒ›ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ›ƒ•ƒ”‡•‘Ž†‹•‘‡ˆ”‹ ƒ
‘”Ǯˆ”‘•Š‘’•ǯƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‘’—Žƒ”Ž› ƒŽŽ‡†Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™Š‹ Š’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•ǣ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†

•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡŠƒ•‘–Š‡”‹’‘”–ƒ–†‹‡•‹‘•Ž‹‡
–Š‡Apoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ
–‘—”‹•ǡ •’‘”–• ƒ† ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–Ǥͳͷͻ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡

ͳͷͷ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œ Šƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‹• ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ• –Š‡ Sanaa
Kεse. ‡‡ ‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ The
Sacred State of the Akanȋ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„‡”ƒ† ƒ„‡”‹‹–‡†ǡͳͻͷͳȌǡͳ͸ͶǦͳ͹ͳǤŠ‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹
”‡ ‡––‹‡•Šƒ•„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Fofieƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘”Fofie Kεse‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ†ƒ›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”–›
†ƒ›ȋAdaduananȌƒ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”Ǥ ‘”ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ƒ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”•‡‡
—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳȌǤ
ͳͷ͸ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡†‹• ‘˜‡”›‘ˆ›ƒƒ†–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ„›–Š‡

‘‘•‡‡ƒ””‡Ǥ‡‹•ǡThe Techiman-Bono of Ghanaǡ’Ǥͷ͸Ǥ

ͳͷ͹‡‡–Š‡ʹͲͳͶ’”‘‰”ƒŽ‹‡Ǧ—’ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ–ƒ’’‡†‹šǡš‹Ǧš‹‹‹Ǥ
ͳͷͺ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘†‡›‡ǤǡŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡•ǣ ƒ•‡•–—†›‘ˆƒ—””

‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ ‹ ˆ‡ †‘‰ƒ‡ǡ œ”ƒ Š‹–ƒ†‘ ƒ† ‘ŽƒŒ‹ ƒ–‡›‡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ African
Traditions in the Study of Religion in Africaǡ’ǤͳͷʹǤ
ͳͷͻ‡‡”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”ʹͲͳͶ—ƒŽƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ–ƒ’’‡†‹šǡš‹Ǧš‹‹‹Ǣ”‘‰”ƒ‘ˆ

 –‹˜‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” Apoͻ ʹͲͳ͸ ƒ’’‡†‹šǡ š‹˜Ǧš˜‹Ǥ  Techiman Celebrates Yam Festival ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ„—•‹‡••‡™•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͲȀͲͻȀͲͶȀ–‡ Š‹ƒǦ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡•Ǧ›ƒǦˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†
‘ ͳ͵ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ Fofie Festival in Techiman ƒ–
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 Techiman: An Overview

’”‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡” ‹” Ž‡ͳ͸Ͳƒ•”Š‹”‡’‘‰ȋʹͲͲͳǣͳͲͺǦͳͲͻȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDzŠ‡”‡‹•‘ ‘‘ƒ ‡••–‘–Š‡’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‹–‡•ǤǤǤǤdzŠ‹•„‡‰‹•™‹–Š
•‘‡”‹–—ƒŽ•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–Š‡’”‹‡•–‘ˆTa Mensaƒ†‘–Š‡”•ƒ––Š‡Ta Mensa
•Š”‹‡ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ ‘•—Ž–‹‰–Š‡‰‘†ˆ‘”’‡”‹••‹‘–‘ ‘–‹—‡–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ
Š‡•‡”‹–—ƒŽ•‹ Ž—†‡ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†ˆ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†™‹–Š’‘”–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ›ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹‰”‡†‹‡–•Ǥ – –Š‹• •–ƒ‰‡ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ †‡’‡†‡† ‘
–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†™Š‡–Š‡”–‘‰”ƒ–‘”‘––‘‰”ƒ–’‡”‹••‹‘ƒ•‘– Š™ƒ›ȋʹͲͳͶǣ
ͳͻͻȌŠƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDz ˆƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‰”ƒ–•–Š‡’‡”‹••‹‘–‘ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡–Š‡›ƒ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽŠ‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘–Š‡•–”‡‡–ƒ†ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆŠ‡ˆ‹‡Ǥ ˆƒƒ‡•ƒŠ
”‡ˆ—•‡•–‘ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȋ•‹ ȌǡŠ‡™‘—Ž†‘–„‡ ƒ””‹‡†‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡
•Š”‹‡”‘‘Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™‘—Ž†„‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•„—–
™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡ ‰”ƒ†Ǥdz – ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘† Šƒ• –Š‡
’‘™‡”‘”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘‡‹–Š‡”’‡”‹––Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘”‘–
ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘ ”‡ƒ•‘• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ „› –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘† ˆ‘” ‹–•

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ—•‹ Ȁͳͻͷ͵ͷȀ͵Ȁˆ‘ˆ‹‡Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ–Ž

ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ͳͺȀͳͲȀʹͲͳʹƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͹ȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢTIGO gives free medical screening
at Techiman Yam Festival ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ‡™•ȀʹͲͳʹͳͲȀͻͶͺͺ͸Ǥ’Š’ ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘
ʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳʹ ƒ† ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ Teenage Pregnancy surges in Brong Ahafo ƒ–
‰ŠƒƒŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡™•Ȁ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ’Š’ǫ‹†αͶʹͲ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͹ȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ ƒ”› ‡•ƒŠǡ
Use festivals to create socio-economic partnerships-First Lady ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡™•Ȁ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁ—•‡Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǧ–‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ–‡Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ Ǧ
’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Ǧˆ‹”•–ǦŽƒ†›ǤŠ–Ž ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ Adom TV Tigofest Diaries
Techiman Part 2 ƒ– ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α˜™Š‡ “ ȋ‘•–‡† ‘ ʹͳȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵
ƒ† ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ Barima Osei Asare ‘Slim Buster performs at Techiman
Tigofest ƒ– ™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α™™„  ȋ‘•–‡† ‘ ͳ͸ȀͲͻȀʹͲͳͶ ƒ†
”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ And Techiman Smiled Courtesy Tigofest ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ—•‹ Ȁʹ͹ͲͷʹȀ͵Ȁƒ†Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒǦ•‹Ž‡†Ǧ ‘—”–‡•›Ǧ–‹‰‘ˆ‡•–ǤŠ–Ž
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ Tigo presents Blackberry Phone to winner at Techiman ƒ–
˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ˜‹†‡‘•ȀʹͲͳ͵Ͳ ȋ’‘•–‡† ‘ ʹͺȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ ƒ† ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ ƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ Apoo Festival Beauty Pageant at Akina City ƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–Ȁ‡˜‡–•Ȁƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ„‡ƒ—–›Ǧ’ƒ‰‡ƒ–Ǧƒ–Ǧƒ‹ƒǦ
‹–›ǤŠ–Žȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ʹͶȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
ͳ͸Ͳ Š‡ Ǯ‹‡” ‹” Ž‡ǯ ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡•ǡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ǡ ”‘›ƒŽ•ǡ ’”‹‡•–• ƒ†

Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†•Ǥ
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†‡ ‹•‹‘Ǥ –‹•Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ˆ‹”•–‡ƒ–•–Š‡‡™
›ƒ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ’”‹‡•–•ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡•Ǥ

 ‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†‰‹˜‡•ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•

‘–‹—‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—–ǡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽǡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž› Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ‹ƒŽ
•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ƒ†‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‡† ™‹–Š ‡ƒŽ• ’”‡’ƒ”‡†
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡™ ›ƒǡ ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡”• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘
„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǡ†‹˜‹•‹‘ǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›„›–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†Ȁ‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ–
–Š‘•‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‹‰†‘Ǥͳ͸ͳ Š‡› —•‡ –Š‡
‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘–Šƒ–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ƒ”‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘†—”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ•–
›‡ƒ” ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‘‘† Šƒ”˜‡•– ‘ˆ ›ƒ• ƒ† –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡‹” Š‡Ž’ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡•—‹‰
›‡ƒ”ͳ͸ʹǤ ”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•
‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†‘–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†Ǥ‘‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•‘” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•™Š‘„‡Ž‘‰–‘ƒ†
ƒ––‡† Š—” Š‡• Žƒ‹–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Šƒ•–‘ ‘†
ƒ† ‘– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘† „—– ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ –Š‡‹” Žƒ‹ ‹• ‘– ˜ƒŽ‹†Ǥ — Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘”
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• „ƒ•‡ –Š‡‹” Žƒ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ›‡” –Š‡
—’”‡‡‡‹‰ǯ•ȋ ‘†Ȍƒ‡‹•‡–‹‘‡†ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰Š‹•”‘Ž‡
‹’”‘˜‹†‹‰–Š‡›ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡™Š›ƒ”‡–Š‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•
ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡—’”‡‡‡‹‰ǫŠ›™‘—Ž†
–Š‡›‘–ƒ•ˆ‘”Š‹•’‡”‹••‹‘–‘„‡‰‹–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ǫŠ›†‘–Š‡›ˆ‡ƒ”–‘
‡ƒ––Š‡‡™›ƒƒŠ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ––Š‡•Š”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†ǫ –‹•‰‘‘†
ˆ‘”•— ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•‘”‡„‡”•‘ˆ Š—” Š‡•–‘ƒ†˜ƒ ‡–Š‡‹”ƒ”‰—‡–„—––Š‡

ͳ͸ͳ ‘” –Š‡ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† • Š‡†—Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ „› –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‰‘†ǡ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‹‡•–•ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡ ƒ† †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡• •‡‡

‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡThe Sacred State of the Akanǡ’Ǥͳ͸ͶǦͳ͹ͳǢƒ””‡ǡ The Techiman-Bono of
Ghanaǡ ’Ǥ ͷ͸ǦͷͺǢ ʹͲͳͶ ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ”‘‰”ƒ ‹‡Ǧ’ ƒ– ’’‡†‹š š‹Ǧš‹‹‹Ǥ ‘” ƒ
‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‡‡‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTechiman State Bookǡ’ǤͶͻˆˆǤ
ͳ͸ʹ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡

Ž‹˜‹‰‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡••‡‡—•‹ƒǡThe Position of the chiefǡ’ǤʹͶǦʹ͸Ǥ

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‰‡‡”ƒŽ Dz„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– –ƒ‡• –Š‡ „Ž‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz†‡‹–‹‡•dz ˆ‘” ‘‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡
ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž’Žƒ–‹‰•‡ƒ•‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‹•”‡ƒ•‘‡™›ƒ•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡‡ƒ–‡™‹–Š‘—–
†—‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘†• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‹ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡
ˆƒ”‹‰•‡ƒ•‘’”‘ˆ‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥdzͳ͸͵‹‡–Š‡Apoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‰”ƒ††—”„ƒ”–‘
Ž‹ƒš–Š‡›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽͳ͸ͶǤ

2.6. Chieftaincy
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž†‡•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹ ŠƒƒǤ –Šƒ•„‡‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹•–‘”›ƒ†Ȁ‘”Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡
•‹ ‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘‘‹‰†‘ƒ†‘™–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡ͳ͸ͷǤŠ‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹•‰‡†‡”•‡•‹–‹˜‡•‹ ‡„‘–ŠƒŽ‡ƒ†ˆ‡ƒŽ‡Š‡‹”• ‘—Ž†‘ —’›
–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘”†‹˜‹•‹‘•ǤŠ‹Ž‡ƒƒŽ‡”—Ž‡”‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡ƒͳ͸͸‹ Šƒƒ‹•‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•ƒǮŠ‹‡ˆǯǡƒˆ‡ƒŽ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›
”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Ǯ—‡‡ǯͳ͸͹ǤŠ‡•–—†›Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‘‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ͳ͸͵‘†‡›‡ǤǡChristianity and the Negotiation of Culturesǡ’ǤͳͷʹǤ

ͳ͸Ͷ Š‡ —”„ƒ” ‹• –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ —•‡† –‘ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ”‹ Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ
–Š”‘—‰Š †”—‹‰ǡ †ƒ ‹‰ǡ •‘‰•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‘•–—‡ ‘” ”‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒǢ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene
ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ •’‡‡ Š –‘ ‘—–Ž‹‡ Š‹• ˜‹•‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘‹‰ ›‡ƒ”Ǣ
‘˜‡”‡–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‰—‡•–•‘ˆŠ‘‘”ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡•’‡‡ Š‡•Ǣ†‘ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡
ƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƆmanheneǤ
ͳ͸ͷ‡‡‘”‹‰‹ƒ†Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‘”•‘‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•‹ Šƒƒ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›„‡ ƒ‡

’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡”ƒǤ‡‡†‘–‡‹Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡ Chieftaincy in Ghanaǡ

’Ǥͳ͸ǢŽ—†œ‡ǡChieftaincy in Ghanaǡ’ǤͳǤ
ͳ͸͸ Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” ”—Ž‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

”‡ƒǯ ƒ† Ǯ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǯ ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› „‘†‹‡• ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†
Ǯ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Žǯ ƒ† Ǯ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Žǯ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‡‡ ǮŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›  – ʹͲͲͺ ȋ –
͹ͷͻȌǡ ͳ͸–Š —‡ǡ ʹͲͲͺǡ ’ǤͳͳǦͳ͵ ƒ– ˆƒ‘Ž‡šǤˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‘ •Ȁ’†ˆȀ‰Šƒͺ͵͹͸ͲǤ’†ˆǤ Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ —””‡–Ž› ‘˜‡”• –™‘ ȋʹȌ ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ƒ•ǣ Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ
—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–› ™‹–Š ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ• ‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽǢ ƒ† ‡ Š‹ƒ ‘”–Š ‹•–”‹ – ™‹–Š ‹–• ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ƒ–
—‘„‘†‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‹• ‘•–‹–—–‡† „› –™‡–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ
Š‹‡ˆ•‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƆmanheneǤ‡‡ Šƒƒ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ2010 Population and Housing
Census, District Analytical Report: Techiman Municipalityȋ –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͳͶȌǡͷǤ
ͳ͸͹‘‰–Š‡‘‘‘”ƒƒ Š‹‡ˆ‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ǮϽheneǯǡ–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•‘Ahemfo’ǡƒ†–Š‡“—‡‡‹•

ƒŽŽ‡†‘Ͻhemaa’ǡ–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•‘Ahemmaa’Ǥ•ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ”‡•’‡ –ǡ„‘–Šƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘
ƒ• ‘Nana’ǡ ƒ –‹–Ž‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‡† ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ™Š‘
Šƒ˜‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡†‹ƒ‰‡Ǥ
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•‘ ‹‡–›‹•ƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–‘‡ ‘—Ž†„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•

‘–Š‡”ǯ•Ž‹‡‘ˆ•— ‡••‹‘Ǥ‘‰–Š‡‘‘‘”’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒǡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡• ƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ˆ”‘ ”‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †‘‡ ‹ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˆ‹ˆ–›Ǧ•‡˜‡ ȋͷ͹Ȍǡ •—„•‡ –‹‘ ‘‡ ȋͳȌ ‘ˆ Šƒƒǯ•
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –ʹͲͲͺȋ –ͷ͹ͻȌǡ™Š‹ Š†‡ˆ‹‡•ƒ Š‹‡ˆƒ•Dz’‡”•‘™Š‘ǡŠƒ‹Ž‹‰
ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡŠƒ•„‡‡˜ƒŽ‹†Ž›‘‹ƒ–‡†ǡ‡Ž‡ –‡†
‘” •‡Ž‡ –‡† ƒ† ‡•–‘‘Ž‡†ǡ ‡•‹‡† ‘” ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ‹
ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– —•–‘ƒ”› Žƒ™ ƒ† —•ƒ‰‡Ǥdzͳ͸ͺ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ Ž‹‡ ƒ› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• ‹ Šƒƒ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• —†‡” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ˆ‹˜‡
ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ• •–‹’—Žƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ ˆ‹ˆ–›Ǧ‡‹‰Š– ȋͷͺȌ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
 – ʹͲͲͺǡ  – ͷ͹ͻǡ ƒ‡Ž› ƒ”ƒ‘—–ǡ ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽͳ͸ͻǡ —„Ǧ†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽͳ͹Ͳǡ
†‹”‘ͳ͹ͳƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥͳ͹ʹŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘–Š‡” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•™Š‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡
˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘Ǧ‘‘ –”‹„ƒŽ ‘” ‡–Š‹  ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤͳ͹͵ Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ†
ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† •—„Ǧ†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ˆ‡ƒŽ‡
‘—–‡”’ƒ”–•ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Žǡ–Š—•‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž
ȋȌǡ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ†ƒ–‡†–‘ƒƒ‰‡–Š‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ
– ‹• Š‡ƒ†‡† „› –Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ Ɔmanhemmaa ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡
†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‰”ƒ†‡  Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ †‹‹•–”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž ‹• ƒƒ‰‡† „› ƒ
”‡‰‹•–”ƒ”ǤŠ‹• ‘— ‹Ž‹•”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽ–Š‡†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ Ahemfo ȋ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†

ͳ͸ͺ ‘”–Š‡†‹•“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘‡ˆ”‘„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•‡‡ǮŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –ʹͲͲͺȋ –͹ͷͻȌǡ

ͳ͸–Š —‡ǡʹͲͲͺǡƒ–ˆƒ‘Ž‡šǤˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‘ •Ȁ’†ˆȀ‰Šƒͺ͵͹͸ͲǤ’†ˆǤ

ͳ͸ͻ ‡ Š‹ƒ‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ• ”ƒ†‡‘‡ȋͳȌ Š‹‡ˆ•ǤŠ‡†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ

ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡••‡”˜‹‰™‹–Š‘”—†‡”Š‹Ǥ
ͳ͹Ͳ—„Ǧ†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ• ”ƒ†‡™‘ȋʹȌ Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ
ͳ͹ͳ Adikro‹•–Š‡’Ž—”ƒŽˆ‘”‘ˆOdikro™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡Š‡ƒ†Ǥ
ͳ͹ʹ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‡ Š‹ƒ•‡‡ƒ””‡ǡThe Techiman

Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤͶ͵Ǥ
ͳ͹͵ Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’• ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒ–‡ǡ •ƒ–‡ǡ ”—ƒǡ ƒ‰‘„ƒǡ ƒ’”—•‹ǡ ‘Œƒǡ ‹•ƒŽƒǤ Š‡‹”

Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ž‹ƒ‹•‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Žƒ†–Š‡‹”‡–Š‹ ‰”‘—’•Ǥ

93
 Techiman: An Overview

ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •‡– —’Ǥͳ͹Ͷ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǡŽ‹‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”•‹ Šƒƒǡ‹•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒŽ‘‰‹Ž‹–ƒ”›†‹˜‹•‹‘•‘”
•–”— –—”‡ǤŠ‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ‡•–Š‡‘„‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•
ˆ‘”™ƒ”•–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘†‘—„––Šƒ––Š‹•—•‡†
–‘ „‡ –Š‡ ’”‹ƒ”› ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ „—– –Š‹‰• Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†ǡ
ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•‘Ž‘‰‡”‰‘–‘™ƒ”‡‹–Š‡”–‘†‡ˆ‡†–Š‡‹”Žƒ†‘”
–ƒ‡ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ† „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ —””‡–Ž› –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† “—‡‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‡š’ƒ†‡† –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ƒ• –Š‡
•ƒ–‡Š‡‡ȋ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ–‡‹‰†‘ȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡDz‘†ƒ›ǡ–‘„‡ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ ȏ‘” “—‡‡Ȑ •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’ ƒ†
’ƒ‰‡ƒ–”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—–”ƒ–Š‡”‹–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘
–Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥdzͳ͹ͷ Š‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ”‡†‡”• ƒ”ˆ—‘ ™ƒ•‹ „ƒ›‹‡
‘ƒ–‡ǯ•ȋͳͻͻ͹ǣͳ͹Ȍƒ••‡”–‹‘ǡDz –‹•ƒˆƒ ––Šƒ–™Šƒ–‡˜‡””‡•’‡ ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆŠƒ•ǡ
–Š‡•‡ †ƒ›•ǡ ƒ‘‰Š‹• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹•–Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡Š‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ’”‹‡•–
ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•dz’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹ Ǥ


Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ”‹–‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǤͳ͹͸Š‡•‡”‹–—ƒŽ•„‡‰‹ˆ”‘–Š‡’‡”•‘ǯ•‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘”‡•–‘‘Ž‡–
ƒ† ‘–‹—‡–‹ŽŽ†‡ƒ–Š‘”†‡•–‘‘Ž‡–‘”ƒ„†‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥˆ–‡”‰‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
’”‹˜ƒ–‡ͳ͹͹ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ‹ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‘‘ͳ͹ͺǡ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ† –Š‡

ͳ͹Ͷ ‘”–Š‡•–ƒ–—•‡•ƒ†ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•‹‡ Š‹ƒ•‡‡–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ

”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒƒ–’’‡†‹šǡ˜‹‹‹ǦšǤ
ͳ͹ͷ—‘–‡†‹„”ƒŠƒ”‘‰ǡ‹†‘–‡‹Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒȋ‡†•ǤȌǡChieftaincy in Ghanaǡ’ǤʹͲͺǢ ‘”

‡™ ”‘Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹ Šƒƒ •‡‡ †‘–‡‹ Ƭ ™‡†‘„ƒǡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌ Chieftaincy in
Ghanaǡ’’ǤͳͻǦʹʹǢ ƒ‰ƒ ǤǤǡ’‹Ž‘‰—‡ǣŠ‡ƒ› ‘”™ƒ”†Ǧ‡™‹‡•ƒ†”‘‡‘––Ž‡•ǡ
‹ †‘–‡‹ Ƭ ™‡†‘„ƒǡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌ Chieftaincy in Ghanaǡ ’Ǥ͸͸͵Ǣ ‘” –Š‡ •–ƒ–—–‘”› ƒ† ‘Ǧ
•–ƒ–—–‘”›ˆ— –‹‘•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡ƒƒ”Š‹”‡’‘‰ǡŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǣƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ǡ
‹†‘–‡‹Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡ’Ǥ͵͸Ǧ͵ͺǤ
ͳ͹͸Š‹•‹•–”—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Ɔmanhene, Ɔmanhemaaƒ†‰”ƒ†‡  Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ǥ
ͳ͹͹ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ „‡‹‰

ƒ””‹‡† •Š‘—Ž†‡” Š‹‰Š –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™ǡ •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘ƒ–Š –‘ –Š‡
94
 Techiman: An Overview

‰”ƒ†‡ͳ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ”‡”‡“—‹”‡†„› —•–‘‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡

†‡‹–›ǡTa Mensaǡ–‘•™‡ƒ”ƒ‘ƒ–Š†‡ Žƒ”‹‰–Š‡‹”†‡’‡†‡ ‡‘–Š‡†‡‹–›ˆ‘”
‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ•–”‡‰–Šƒ†’‘™‡”Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‹•ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹• ‘ˆ‹‡†‹†‘‘”•
ˆ‘” ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ ˆ‘”–› †ƒ›•Ǥͳ͹ͻ Š‡•‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ „‘†
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ǤͳͺͲ Š‡ ˜‹‡™‹• –Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ †‡”‹˜‡• Š‹• ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘
‡ƒ„Ž‡Š‹‡†‹ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ȋƒ›Ǥ ǤǡʹͲͲ͵ǣ͹ȌǤͳͺͳ
”‘–Š‡”‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘–‹—‡•–‘‘—”‹•ŠŠ‹•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•‘•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‘ ƒ•‹‘•
Ž‹‡–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽ›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”†ƒ›•™Š‡–Š‡‡‡†ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ ‘” ‡‘”‰‡
ǤǤ›‹–‡›ȋͳͻͻͳǣͳͳͺǦͳͳͻȌǡ•— Š•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‡ƒ„Ž‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Dz–‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” ȏƒ ‡•–‘”•Ȑ „Ž‡••‹‰• ‹ –”‹„ƒŽ —†‡”–ƒ‹‰• ȋƒ• ‹
™ƒ”Ȍǡ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ† Š‹• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –‘ ’”‡˜‡– –Š‡ ˆ”‘
’—‹•Š‹‰–Š‡–”‹„‡ȋ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ†‹•‘„‡†‹‡ ‡‘”‘Ǧƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—•–‘•Ȍ™‹–Š’‡•–•ǡ†”‘—‰Š–ǡ•‹ ‡••‘”Š—‰‡”Ǥdz


ƒ••‡•ǡ ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰ ƒ‹†•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †”—‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ǡ ‡š Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘ˆ ‰”‡‡–‹‰•ǡ
†‘ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‹† ƒ† ƒ•ŠǤ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ’‡”‹‘† ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‹ Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹• †‹•’Žƒ›‡†Ǥ ŽŽ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• †‘ ’ƒ–”‘‹œ‡ –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹ 
ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ
ͳ͹ͺ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽ•‹–Š‡•–‘‘Ž”‘‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‡Ž‡ –‹••‡ƒ–‡†‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ „Žƒ  •–‘‘Ž• –Š”‡‡ –‹‡•ǡ •™‡ƒ”• „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ȋƒ ‡•–‘”•Ȍ „› Š‘Ž†‹‰ –Š‡
Mponponsuo•™‘”†ƒ‹†•–Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ›‡”ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ
ͳ͹ͻ Š‹• ͶͲ †ƒ›• ’‡”‹‘† ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† PatasoǤ —”‹‰ –Š‹• –‹‡ Š‡ ‹• –ƒ—‰Š– •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ •— Š ƒ• †”‡••‹‰ǡ †ƒ ‹‰ ‹ ’—„Ž‹ ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹  •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ‰‘‘†
‰”‘‘‹‰ƒ†Š‘™–‘ ‘’‘”–Š‹•‡Žˆ‹’—„Ž‹ Ǥ
ͳͺͲŠ‡”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒŽ•‘Ž‡‰‹–‹‹œ‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡ǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‹•‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ‡–Š‡•‘’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†•ƒ ”‡†–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡

‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ
ͳͺͳ—‘–‡†‹ ƒ‹‡Ǥ„‹ǡIn the Land of Chiefs: Customary Law, Land Conflicts and the

Role of the State in Peri-Urban Ghanaȋ‡‹†‡ǣ‡‹†‡‹˜Ǥ”‡••ǡʹͲͲͺȌǡͳͷͶǤ

95
 Techiman: An Overview

Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘™–Š‡Žƒ†ƒ†—’‘ƒ••—’–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡•–‘‘Žͳͺʹ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡‹•‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘Š‘Ž†‹–‹–”—•–‘”–ƒ‡
ƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥͳͺ͵ƒ†‹–Š‹• ƒ•‡‹•Ž‹‹–‡†–‘–Š‡ —•–‘ƒ”›Žƒ™
†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• ‹–• ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ƒ† •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ†
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ȋ‰„‘•—ǡ ʹͲͲ͵ȌǤͳͺͶ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡ ‘‡• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰
—•–‘†‹ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ‘” •–‘‘Ž Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘•
‰‘˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ȋ ƒ‹‡ Ǥ „‹ǡ
ʹͲͲͺǣͳ͵͹ȌǤƒ˜‹†ƒƒˆ‘ȋʹͲͳͳȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‹•ƒ•–Š‡ǮƒŽŽ‘†‹ƒŽ–‹–Ž‡ǯ™Š‡”‡‘‡
Š‘Ž†• Žƒ† ‹ –”—•– ˆ‘” ƒ ‘—‹–›ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ Žƒ ‘” ‰”‘—’ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Ž‘ Š‡”
ȋʹͲͲ͸ȌŠƒ•ˆ—”–Š‡”‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ•–Š‡ƒŽŽ‘†‹ƒŽ–‹–Ž‡Š‘Ž†‡”•‹–Š‡•Šƒ–‹
ƒ†”‘‰Šƒˆ‘”‡‰‹‘•Ǥͳͺͷ

Š‡”‡‹•ǡ‹ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’—„Ž‹ •™‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‘ƒ–Š‘”‘ƒ–Š‘ˆ
ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ •™‡ƒ”• –‘ nananom ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ’”‡•‡–
†‡ Žƒ”‹‰Š‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘”‡•’‘†–‘–Š‡‹” ƒŽŽ–‘†—–›™Š‡–Š‡””ƒ‹‘”•Š‹‡

ͳͺʹŠ‡•–‘‘Ž‹•–Š‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ǥ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘•–‘‘Ž••‡‡ƒŽ•‘

‡–‡” Ǥ ƒ”’‘‰ǡ Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† •–‘‘Ž• ‘ˆ •Šƒ–‹Ǥ Anthroposǡ † ͸ʹǡ Ǥ ͳȀʹ ȋͳͻ͸͹Ȍǡ ’’ǤͳǦ͸ͲǢ
ƒ˜‹† —ƒŠǡ Stools in Asante Cultureǡ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ•–‡” ‘ˆ ”–• ȋȌ Š‡•‹•ǡ ǡ
—ƒ•‹ ȋ —Ž›ǡ ʹͲͲͻȌǤ †•’ƒ ‡Ǥ—•–Ǥ‡†—Ǥ‰ŠȀ„‹–•–”‡ƒȀͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻȀ͵ʹ͸ȀͳȀ 
ǦǤ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͷȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
ͳͺ͵  ‡ Š‹ƒǡ Žƒ† ‹• ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‘Nananom nkonnwa asaase’ ‡ƒ‹‰

Ǯƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž Žƒ†ǯǤ —””‡–Ž› –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Ǯ–‘‘Ž ƒ† ˆˆ‹ ‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Ɔmanhene’s
’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹• ƒ‡† „› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ™Š‘ •‡‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
†‘ —‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒŽŽ•–‘‘ŽŽƒ†•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘ ‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘ŽŽƒ†
•‡‡—•‹ƒǡThe Position of the chiefǡ’’ǤͶͶǦͶ͹Ǥ
ͳͺͶ ‘”ƒ ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘‘ˆŽƒ†‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡ŽŽ‡‡–ǤƒŽǡ Legal and Institutional

Issues in Land Policy Reform in Ghanaȋ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽǡ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† ‘‘‹ ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ‡‰‘Ǥ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͲ͹Ȍǡ‘Ǥ͹ͶǤ
ͳͺͷ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹†ƒƒˆ‘ǡThe Role of Traditional Property Rights in the Sustainable Use of

Rural Lands in the Techiman Municipality. ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ•–‡” ‘ˆ  ‹‡ ‡ ȋǤ ǤȌ Š‡•‹•ǡ
‡’ƒ”–‡–‘ˆŽƒ‹‰ǡ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ƒ†Žƒ‹‰ǡ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›
‘ˆ  ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ȋƒ›ǡ ʹͲͳͳȌǤ
†•’ƒ ‡Ǥ—•–Ǥ‡†—Ǥ‰ŠȀ„‹–•–”‡ƒȀͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻȀʹͻͷȀͳȀ   ǡ   Ǥ’†ˆ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹Ȍ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‡š ‡’–‘Ž›™Š‡Š‡‹••‹ Ǥ‘‡–‹‰‘–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹• ‡”‡‘›

Ž—†œ‡ȋʹͲͲͲǣʹͳͲȌ•ƒ›•ǣ

– ‹• ƒ ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‘ˆ —•–‘ƒ”› Žƒ™ –Šƒ– –Š‹• •Š‘—Ž† „‡ †‘‡ ‹
‘”†‡” –‘ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ Š‹• ˆ—ŽŽ ”‡‰ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ† ’”‘’‡”
•–ƒ–—•Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ†‘ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘˜‡”™Š‘–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ‹•–‘”—Ž‡Ǥ –‹•ƒ‘’‡†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡
‡™ Š‹‡ˆ –‘ •Š‘—Ž†‡” –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ ‡
•‘Ž‡Ž› ƒ† ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ’Ž‡†‰‡• Š‹•‡Žˆ –‘ —’Š‘Ž†ǡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ†
’”‡•‡”˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹• ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ
™Š‹ Šƒ”‡Š‹•ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ–”—•–ǡƒ†–‘†‹•’‡•‡Œ—•–‹ ‡–‘ƒŽŽǤ

Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ Ntamkese ȋ ”‡ƒ– ƒ–ŠȌ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™Š‹ Š ‹• •–”‹ –Ž›
ˆ‘”„‹††‡ –‘ „‡ ‹˜‘‡† „› –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† –Š‡ Techimanhene
Wukuada ȋ‡ Š‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆǯ• ‡†‡•†ƒ›Ȍǡ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‰”—‡•‘‡
—”†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Techimanheneǡ ƒƒ ƒ™ ”ƒ‘ „› •‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘™ •—„Œ‡ –•
„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡™ƒ•ƒŽŽ‡‰‡†–‘„‡ƒ™‹ ‡†ƒ†ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ”—Ž‡”ǤŠ‹•‘ —””‡†
‘ƒ‡†‡•†ƒ›‹–Š‡›‡ƒ”ͳͻʹ͹Š‡ ‡–Š‡Wukuadaȋ‡†‡•†ƒ›Ȍƒ––ƒ Š‡†
–‘–Š‡‘ƒ–ŠǤ— Š‘ƒ–Š•‹•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‹ Šƒƒ—•—ƒŽŽ›•‡”˜‡ƒ•
”‡‹†‡”•‘ˆƒ„‹––‡”‘”ƒ—’ƒŽƒ–ƒ„Ž‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡˜‡–Š‡ ‡–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
ƒ•ƒ–ƒ„‘‘ǤŠ‡ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›‹˜‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•‘ƒ–Š„›–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›‹•–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ
‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ ‘– ‘Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ Ɔmanhene „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ –”‹„ƒŽ
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Žǡƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡‘‘–”‹„‡Ǥ ˆ‘‡‹˜‘‡•‹–‹ƒˆ‡—†‹–
‡ƒ•–Š‡ƒ––‡”‹••‡”‹‘—•ƒ†—•––Š‡„‡•‡––Ž‡†ƒ––Š‡Ɔmanhene’s’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
ˆˆ‡†‡”• ƒ”‡ ’—‹•Š‡† ‘” •ƒ –‹‘‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ —•–‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǡ™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡•’”‘˜‹†‹‰†”‹ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ‹ƒŽ•ˆ‘”•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•
–‘’ƒ ‹ˆ›–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–ƒ„‘‘•”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘”‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ

Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘• ƒ† ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ‡ –Š‡
’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ •ƒ ”‡† ȋ”‘‰ǣ ʹͲͲ͸ǣͳͻ͸Ǧͳͻ͹Ǣ ™—•—
”‡’‘‰ǣ ʹͲͲ͸ǣʹͳ͵ǡʹʹʹǢ ›‡›‡ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ —•‹ƒǣ ͳͻͷͳǣ͵͹ǡ͵ͻǢ ‡–Š
™‡‡„‘ƒŠǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǤ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘• ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘‡•ƒ”‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ɔmanhene—•– ”‘••–Š‡
”‹˜‡” ƒ›‹ƒ „Ž‹†ˆ‘Ž†‡†ͳͺ͸Ǣ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• —•– ‘– ‡ƒ– ‘” –ƒ•–‡ ‡™
›ƒ—–‹Ž–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ––Š‡•Š”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž”‘‘ͳͺ͹Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–ƒ„‘‘•‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣ ‘– ‡ƒ–‹‰ ‹ ’—„Ž‹ ǡ “—ƒ””‡Ž‹‰ǡ •–‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ ™ƒŽ‹‰ „ƒ”‡ˆ‘‘–‡†ǡ
†”—‡‡••ǡ ˆ‘”‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ƒ› ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ„‘‘ „”‡ƒ‡”• ™‡”‡
†‡•–‘‘Ž‡†ͳͺͺ‘”–Š‡›™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡•–‘‘Ž‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ„‘˜‡’‘•‡ƒ‰”‡ƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘–Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‹”™Š‘ƒ ‡’–•–‘‘ —’›–Š‡•–‘‘Žƒ•ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ—•–Š‡
‘”•Š‡ƒ ‡’––Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ†”‡ˆ—•‡–‘‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽ•ǫŠ‘—Ž†
‘‡ ƒ ‡’– –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” „—– ”‡ˆ—•‡ –‘ Š‘‘” –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡•–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› „›
‘– ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǫ Š‘—Ž† –Š‡› ”‡ˆ—•‡ –‘ —’Š‘Ž† –Š‡
–ƒ„‘‘• ‰‘˜‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǫ Š‘—Ž† –Š‡› †‡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” ‡–‹”‡Ž› ƒ†
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹••–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•‡”˜‡–Š‡‹”’‡‘’Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Šǫ”
–Š‡›—•–ƒ ‡’––Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”ƒ†‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡”‹–—ƒŽ’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†Žƒ–‡”™‘”
Šƒ”† –‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – •‘‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Šǫ ‘™ ™‘—Ž† –Š‡
ƒ••‡•˜‹‡™‘””‡•’‘†–‘•— Šƒ’‡”•‘ǫ‘‡•–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”•— Š

ͳͺ͸Š‡‹˜‡”TakyiaŽ‹‡•„‡–™‡‡‡ Š‹ƒƒ†—‘›‡‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤ

Š‡ ›–Š •—””‘—†‹‰ ‹– ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† ˆ‘—†‡” ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒƒ ƒ›‹
–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ•–”‡ƒ‘Š‹•™ƒ›–‘—‘›‡–‘ƒ˜‘‹†„‡‹‰ ƒ’–—”‡†„›’—”•—‹‰ƒ••ƒ‹Žƒ–•
Š‡ ‡–Š‡–ƒ„‘‘ˆ‘”•—„•‡“—‡–Ɔmanhene–‘˜‹‡™‹–™Š‡ ”‘••‹‰‹–Ǥ
ͳͺ͹‡‡–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘Bayedieȋƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌǤ
ͳͺͺ  Ɔmanhene ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ™ƒ• †‡•–‘‘Ž‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ „”‡ƒ Š‡† –Š‡

–ƒ„‘‘ ƒ„‘—– ‹˜‡” ƒ›‹ƒǤ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‹• •‡‡ ™—•— ”‡’‘‰ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ„‘‘•ǡ‹†‘–‡‹Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡ’Ǥʹʹ͸Ǥ
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 Techiman: An Overview

ƒ’‡”•‘‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘”‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǫŠƒ– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•†‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ

Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ˆƒ ‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‹–—ƒŽ•˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Šǫ
‘™ †‘‡• –Š‡ Š—” Š •—’’‘”– •— Š ‡„‡”• –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‘•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǫ
Šƒ– ’”‘‰”ƒ• †‘‡• –Š‡ Š—” Š Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ••—‡†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•ǫŠ‘—Ž†–Š‡ Š—” Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡Š‡”‡„‡”•–‘
‰‡– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†•
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ǫ ” •Š‘—Ž† –Š‡ Š—” Š †‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡ Š‡” ‡„‡”• ˆ”‘
–ƒ‹‰ ’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ǫ Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆƒ ‡• ™Šƒ– —”‰‡ ‘Ž–ƒ
ȋͳͻ͹ͷȌ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡Ǯ †‡–‹–›Ǧ ˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹Ž‡ƒǯƒ•Š‡”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣ

Š‡‘”‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ȏ‘”–Š‡ Š—” ŠȐ–”‹‡•–‘„‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ––‘–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ

ȏƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽȐ ”‹•‡• ‘ˆ ‹–• •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ –Š‡ ‘”‡ †‡‡’Ž› ‹– ‹• ‹–•‡Žˆ
†”ƒ™ ‹–‘ –Š‡ ”‹•‹• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘™ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‹• –™‘Ǧˆ‘Ž†
”‹•‹• ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ‹†‡–‹–›Ǧ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– †‹Ž‡ƒǯǤ —– ‹– ‹• ‘– ƒ
’”‘†— –‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ǡ‘”‹•‹–‹ˆƒ –ƒ†‹Ž‡ƒǤ –‹•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡••‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ȏ‘” –Š‡ Š—” ŠȐ ˆ”‘ ‹–•
‹ ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‹–‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡•‡˜‡”ƒ‡™‹–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†
ƒ†‹–•‹†‡–‹–›‹Š”‹•–Ǥͳͺͻ

– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘• ‘” —Ž–—”‡
„”‹‡ˆŽ› ‘—–Ž‹‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ Ž‘‰ „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ†˜‡– ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‘ •ƒŽŽ ™ƒ› ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‹ •Šƒ’‹‰
–Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘‘Ǧ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† ‘‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ Ȃ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† •–ƒ–‡
†‡‹–› Ȃ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡””‡Žƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ Š‘Ž† –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹ Š‹‰Š ‡•–‡‡Ǣ –Š‡›

ͳͺͻ—‘–‡†‹‘Šƒ””ƒ––ǡA Guide to Doing Theologyȋ‘†‘ǣǡͳͻͻ͸ǡʹͲͲͲȌǡʹ

‹’”‡••‹‘ǡ’ǤͳͲͲǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡ƒ†’”‘–‡ ––Š‡Ǣƒ†ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†›–‘†‡ˆ‡†–Š‡ˆ”‘ƒ›Ǯˆ‘”‡‹‰ǯ‘”
‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ†‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‘‘‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡‘–—†‡”‰‘‡ƒ›
Šƒ‰‡•‹ ‡–Š‡‹”‹ ‡’–‹‘ǤŠ‡’‘‹–‹•ǡƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘–‹—‡†–‘
‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„ƒ ‰”‘—†•ǡ Šƒ‰‡ǡƒ•
ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ƒ†Ȁ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‡”‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‹•‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

2.7. Christianity

Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‡™ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡†‘Ž›‘‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǣ–Š‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•

‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—–‹Ž–Š‡Žƒ•–†‡ ƒ†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ȋͳͻ–ŠȌ
™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤͳͻͲ
Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡•Ž‡›ƒ Š—” Š™ƒ•‹–•‡Žˆ‡‹–Š‡”ƒ ‘‹ ‹†‡ ‡‘”ƒ
ƒ – ‘ˆ †‹˜‹‡ ‰”ƒ ‡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „› ‘ˆ‹ ƒǦ‡‡–– ȋʹͲͲͻǣͳ͹Ȍ –Šƒ– –Š‡
‡•Ž‡›ƒ• ™‡”‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ’‡–‹–‹‘‡† „› –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆǡ ƒƒ
›ƒ”‘ǡ–‘Š‡Ž’‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ• Š‘‘Ž‹‡ Š‹ƒ„—––Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Žƒ–‡”—•‡†
–Š‡ ˆ‡™ ’‹‘‡‡” •–—†‡–• –‘ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›ƒ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š—” Š ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™ƒ• ‘– ™‹–Š‘—–
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• †—‡–‘–Š‡Š‘•–‹Ž‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹†‹‰‡‘—• ’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘ ‡‡†‡† –‘
’”‘–‡ ––Š‡‹”Žƒ†ǡ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ˆ”‘‡š–‡”ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡Ǥͳͻͳ
‘– Š™ƒ›ȋʹͲͳͶǣͳͷȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡›‡ƒ”ʹͲͲͻ–Š‡”‡™‡”‡ƒ„‘—––™‘
Š—†”‡†ƒ†•‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ȋʹ͹ͷȌŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š‹–Š‡
Ǥ Š‡ Šƒƒ –ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ ‡”˜‹ ‡ ȋʹͲͳͶǣš‹‹Ȍ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒŽ‘•– •‹š–›Ǧ•‹š

ͳͻͲ‡‡‘ˆ‹ƒǦ‡‡––ǡThe Impact of Methodism in Techiman AreaǤ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘‰

••ƒ›ǡȋʹͲͲͻȌǡʹ͹Ǣ‘– Š™ƒ›ǡTakyiman State Bookǡ’ǤͳͲǤ

ͳͻͳŠ‡‡•Ž‡›ƒ•”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†–‘‡ Š‹ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡”‡•‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–™Š‹–‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›™ƒ•

ƒ––ƒ ‡†ƒ†„—”–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›‘—–Žƒ™‡†–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ

ƒ ™Š‹–‡ ƒ ƒ• ƒ –ƒ„‘‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡‹–›ǡ Ta MensaǤ ‡‡ ‘ˆ‹ ƒǦ‡‡––ǡ The Impact of
Methodism in Techiman Areaǡ’Ǥ͵ͻǤ
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 Techiman: An Overview

’‡” ‡– ȋ͸ͷǤͻΨȌ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ —‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–› –‘ „‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ’‡”–Š‡ʹͲͳͲ Šƒƒ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘—•‹‰‡•—•ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ†‡—’
‘ˆ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ • ȋͳͺǤͷΨȌǡ ”‘–‡•–ƒ–• ȋͳͶǤͳΨȌͳͻʹǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ȀŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •
ȋʹͳǤ͹ΨȌͳͻ͵ƒ†‘–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ȋͳͳǤ͸ȌǤŠ‡ʹͲͳͲ ̵• ŠƒƒŠ—” Š—”˜‡›
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† •‡˜‡–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡ ȋ͹ͷȌ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ 
Š—” Š‡• ™‹–Š ‘”‡ –Šƒ ƒ Š—†”‡† ƒ† ˆ‘”–› ȋͳͶͲȌ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ‘”
ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ǤͳͻͶ

 ‰‘‘† —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡• ™‡”‡ ˆ‘—†‡† ‹
‡ Š‹ƒƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•
™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‡†„›•‘‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡†„›–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”
•’‘—•‡•ƒ†ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡‘–‡†ˆ‘”Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ”‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ˆ‘” ‰—‹†ƒ ‡Ǥͳͻͷ  Šƒƒ •— Š
Š—” Š‡• ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡† Ǯ‘‡ ƒ Š—” Šǯ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ƒ› ‘‡ ƒ† ƒ
—„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘ ‘– „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ ƒ› ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†› „‘–Š ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•Ǥͳͻ͸

ͳͻʹ Š‹• ‘’”‹•‡• ‰Ž‹ ƒǡ —–Š‡”ƒǡ ‡–Š‘†‹•–ǡ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ ƒ† ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•Ǥ

Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•ƒ‹Ž‹‡‘” ‹•–‘”‹  Š—” Š‡•Ǥ

ͳͻ͵ Š‹• ‘’”‹•‡• ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹‰‡‘—•Ȁ †‡’‡†‡–ǡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽǡ ‡‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡•Ǥ
ͳͻͶ‡”–Š‡ ̵••—”˜‡›ǡ•‡˜‡ȋ͹Ȍ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•Šƒ˜‡•‡˜‡–›Ǧ–™‘ȋ͹ʹȌ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•

‘” ƒ••‡„Ž‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ „”‡ƒ†‘™ ‹• ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ ‘ ȋ͵͵ȌǢ ƒ’–‹•– Š—” Š ȋͻȌǢ 
ȋͷȌǢ‡‡’‡”‹ˆ‡ȋͻȌǢ ȋ͸ȌǢ’‘•–Ž‡•̵‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘ȋͷȌǢ’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” ŠȋͷȌǤ
ͳͻͷ‡‡‡’Šƒ•Ǥ‡›‘ǡƬǤ†Œ‡‹”–Š—”ǡŠ‡‹„Ž‡ƒ›•Ǩ‡‘Ǧ”‘’Š‡–‹  ‡”‡‡—–‹ •

‹ ˆ”‹ ƒǤ Studies in World Christianity. ͳͻǤͳ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǣ ͷͲǦ͹Ͳ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ‡—’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘Ȁ•™ 
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
ͳͻ͸ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ –™‘ ƒ‹ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǣ ‘ ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ Š—” Š‡• ȋȌǢ

ƒ† Šƒƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  ‘— ‹Ž ȋ ȌǤ Š‡  ‹• ‘’‡ –‘ ƒŽŽ Š—” Š‡•
™‹–Š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‘”–‘™ƒ†•‡‡•–‘„”‹‰–Š‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‘ ‘—”•‡‘”
’”‘‰”ƒ• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘‡ ‡‡ ƒ† ‹„Ž‡ ‡‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† „› –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ƒ† ‹„Ž‡ ‘ ‹‡–› ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‡  ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ† ‹•
‘’‡–‘‘Ž›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡•™‹–Š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ƒ”‡ƒ‘”–‘™Ǥ‘–Š
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Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹„Ž‡ •–—†› ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡” ‰”‘—’• ‘” ‹‹•–”‹‡•
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰™‹–Š‹‡ Š‹ƒǤͳͻ͹Š‡›ƒ”‡‘•–Ž›Ž‡†„›’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Š‡›
ƒ”‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ› ‰‹ˆ–‡† ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡† –‘ ‹‹•–‡” –‘ –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Ž‹‡–•Ǥ – ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’•
„‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• —–• ƒ ”‘••
–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• •–”ƒ†• ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ •ǡ ”‘–‡•–ƒ–•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ†
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •Ǥͳͻͺ Š‹• ƒ‡• –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •‹ ‡ –Š‡‹”
‡‡–‹‰• ‘” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ –‘ ƒŽŽ ƒ† •—†”›Ǥ Š‡› —•—ƒŽŽ› ‡‡– ‹ –Š‡
‹‰Š– ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ†
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’”ƒ›‡”• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’”‘’Š‡ ‹‡• ƒ† ™‘”† ‘ˆ™‹•†‘ ‘” ”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ†
‹„Ž‡ •–—†›Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—’•ǯ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ‡• ‹– ‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ˆ”‘•‘‡Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •ƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„› ‡ƒǦ ƒ “—‡•——”‘†ȋͳͻͻͶǣʹʹǦʹͶȌ
‹ Š‹• ˆ‹˜‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡Ž› ‘”ƒŽ Ž‹–—”‰›ǡ
ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‡•–‹‘‹‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹’”ƒ›‡”„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‰‹ˆ–•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹”‹–ǡ ‹–—‹–‹˜‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ†”‡ƒ• ƒ† ˜‹•‹‘•Ȍǡ ƒ† „‘†› ƒ†
•’‹”‹– ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ ’”ƒ›‡” ˆ‘” Š‡ƒŽ‹‰Ǥ Š‡•‡ †ƒ›•ǡ
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹•‹•‘––Š‡’”‡•‡”˜‡‘ˆ‘Ž›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š—” Š‡•
•‹ ‡ ƒ› Š—” Š‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ †‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ ‡„‡”• ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‰‹ˆ–•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹”‹– –‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”ƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ†
†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǥͳͻͻ

–Š‡ƒ† ƒ”‡ƒƒ‰‡†„›‡Ž‡ –‡†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†

ƒ––Š‡‹”‡‡–‹‰•„›–Š‡‹”’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ
ͳͻ͹ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’• ƒ”‡ ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ Š”‹•– –Š‡ ƒ‡ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

ȋ ‘—†‡†‹ͳͻ͹ͻ„›ƒ‡–Š‘†‹•–˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–ǡƒ˜‹†™—•—‡›ƒ™ǡ„ƒ•‡†ƒ–•—‡›‹™‹–Š‹
–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒȌǢ –‹‘”ƒ›‡”Ƭ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ‹‹•–”›ȋ ‘—†‡†‹ʹͲͲͺ„›
–‡’Š‡ ›ƒǡƒ‡–Š‘†‹•–ǡ„ƒ•‡†‹‡ Š‹ƒȌǢ ‹Ž‰ƒŽ”ƒ›‡”‹‹•–”›ȋ ‘—†‡†‹ʹͲͳͶ„›
—Ž‹—•—‘‘ǡƒ‡–Š‘†‹•–‡Ž†‡”ǡ„ƒ•‡†‹‡ Š‹ƒȌǤ
ͳͻͺ‘‡—•Ž‹••‘‡–‹‡•†‘ƒ––‡†‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹”‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ
ͳͻͻ —‡•†ƒ› ȋͻƒǦͳʹ‘‘Ȍ Šƒ• „‡‡ •‡– ƒ•‹†‡ ˆ‘” •— Š ’”ƒ›‡” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ –Š‡

Š—” Š‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ‡‘’Ž‡†‘ƒ––‡†–Š‡•‡’”ƒ›‡”•‹–Š‡‹”—„‡”•Ǥ‡†‘‡•‘–‡‡†

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Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒ Š—” Š ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘•ʹͲͲ ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǤ‘‰–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ”‹’–—”‡‹‘ȋȌʹͲͳǡ —ŽŽ ‘•’‡Ž—•‹‡••
‡ǯ• ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ȋ  ȌʹͲʹǡ ƒ† ȋ‘‡Ȍ ‰Ž‘™
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽʹͲ͵Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ–‡
‹ Ž—†‡ ’”ƒ›‡”•ǡ ‹„Ž‡ –—†› ƒ† •Šƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ –‡•–‹‘‹‡• ƒ‘‰
‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

 ‰‘‘† —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ† •‘‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ‘™
„‡Ž‘‰ –‘ •‘‡ Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤʹͲͶ Š‹• ”‡ƒŽŽ› ’”‡•‡–• ƒ ‰‘‘†
‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ

2.8. Collaboration between Chieftaincy and the Church

Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒ†ƒ–‡•„ƒ 
–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘–Š‡”‡†—”‹‰–Š‡”‡‹‰
‘ˆƒƒ ›ƒ”‘‹–Š‡Žƒ–‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›ǤʹͲͷŠ‡‹‰ǯ•™ƒ”
”‡ ‡’–‹‘ ƒ ‘”†‡† –Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘•‡– Žƒ‹† –Š‡

–‘„‡Ž‘‰–‘ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Š—” Š‘”†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡› ‘—Ž†ƒ––‡†‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹

–Š‡•‡’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‘”ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘ ‘Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‰‹ˆ–•ƒ†–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‡†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‹‹•–”›‹–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡••‡‡‡’Šƒ•Ǥ‡›‘ǡPentecost outside Pentecostalism:
A study of the Development of Charismatic Renewal in the Mainline Churches in GhanaȋŠ‡
‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣ‘‡‡ ‡–”—ǡʹͲͲʹȌǤ
ʹͲͲ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ•‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ –”ƒ•Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’•Ǥ‡‡•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡStrange Warmth: Wesley Perspective on Ministry, Renewal

and Discipleshipȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͲͳͳȌǡ͹ʹǤ
ʹͲͳ Š‡  ƒŽ•‘ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡• ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡‹‘” ‹‰Š  Š‘‘Ž• ȋ Ȍ ™‹–Š‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‘” ƒ

†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡  •‡‡ †—„‘ˆ‘—” Ǥ Ǥǡ Evangelical Parachurch Movements in
Ghanaian ChristianityǤ Š ‹••Ǥǡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ †‹„—”‰Šǡ ȋͳͻͻͶȌǢ •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘
™™™Ǥ•—‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ
ʹͲʹ‡‡™™™Ǥˆ‰„ˆ‹Ǧ‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǣƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianity: Its Public Roleǡ’ǤͻͶǤ
ʹͲ͵‡‡™™™Ǥƒ‰Ž‘™‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǣƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianity: Its Public Role,’ǤͻͶǤ
ʹͲͶ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ –Š‡ Ɔmanheneǡ •‡ƒ†‡ɂ›ɂ —ˆ‹ ‡›ƒ™ ‹˜ǡ Ɔmanhemaaǡ ƒƒ „”ƒˆ‹

ƒ†•‘‡†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒ†•—„Ǧ†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š‹

‡ Š‹ƒǤ
ʹͲͷ‡‡–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
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ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ†Ȁ‘” ˆ”—‹–ˆ—Ž ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘Ǥ

Š‡Žƒ–‡Ɔmanhene™ƒ•‘”‡ ‘”†–‘Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡‡•Ž‡›ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– • Š‘‘Ž ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹• Žƒ–‡” Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ „‡‰‹‹‰ ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ •‹†‡ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ’Ž‘–• ‘ˆ Žƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ • Š‘‘Žǡ ƒǦ‡‡–– ȋʹͲͲͻǣ͵ʹȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ƒƒ
›ƒ”‘ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† ’—’‹Ž• –‘ •–ƒ”– –Š‡
• Š‘‘ŽǤ Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒǦ‡‡–– ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵͵Ȍ
ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ •’”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰’Ž‘–•‘ˆŽƒ†–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘Œ‡ –•‹•ƒƒ‰‡‘Ž†
‘‡ƒ••Š‘™„›‰„‡–‹ȋͳͻͺ͸ǣ͵Ȍ–Šƒ––Š‡–Š‡Ž‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Žƒ†–‘–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‘”–—‰—‡•‡ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”—”‘’‡ƒ‡” Šƒ–•ƒ†‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘
„—‹Ž† ƒ ˆ‘”– ƒ† Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‹ Šƒƒ ‘–‹—‡–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ Š—” Š„›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Žƒ†ˆ‘”
Š—” Š’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ

Š‡•‡†ƒ›•‹–‹•‘–— ‘‘–‘•‡‡nananomȋ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ȍ•Š‘™‹‰

—’ –‘ ‰”ƒ ‡ Š—” Š ”‡Žƒ–‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ• —’‘ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǤʹͲ͸Nananom ƒ† –Š‡
Š—” Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ‘”
“—‡‡Ǥ Š‡ Š—” Š ‘ˆ–‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”• •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ƒ† •‘‡ ƒ•Š †‘ƒ–‹‘ –‘
–Š‡‡™Ž‡ƒ†‡”†—”‹‰–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘ǤʹͲ͹

‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–ƒ–‡• ‹ Šƒƒ †‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡–‘ Ž‹ƒš–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™Š‡”‡–Š‡ Š—” Š‹• ƒŽŽ‡†
—’‘–‘–ƒ‡ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡ǤŠ‹•—•‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ ƒ•‡‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
ʹͲ͸‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•‹ Ž—†‡—ƒŽ —†”ƒ‹•‹‰ǡ‹˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•ǡ‘˜‡–‹‘•ǡƒ’

‡‡–‹‰•ǡ‘‹••‹‘‹‰‘” †— –‹‘‘”‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ NananomƒŽ•‘

•—’’‘”–•— Š‘ ƒ•‹‘•„›†‘ƒ–‹‰•—•‘ˆ‘‡›–‘–Š‡ Š—” Š‡• ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ
ʹͲ͹ ‘”ƒ ‘’›‘ˆƒ Š‹‡ˆǯ•‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ Šƒ˜‡ƒ––‡†‡†ƒ†ˆ—ŽŽ›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹ǡ•‡‡

’’‡†‹šǡš˜‹‹Ǥ
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Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ „—– ‹ ”‡ ‡– –‹‡• ‘ •— Š ’”‘‰”ƒ ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†Ǥ Š‡
Ɔmanhene ”ƒ–Š‡” •‹–• ‹ •–ƒ–‡ ƒ– Š‹• ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ɔmanhemaa ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
Š‹‡ˆ•–‘™‡Ž ‘‡–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š‡•ƒ†‰‹˜‡ƒ•Š‘”–•’‡‡ ŠǤŠ‡’ƒ•–‘”‘”
Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”•’”ƒ›‡”•–‘–Šƒ ‘†ƒ†•‘Ž‹ ‹–Š‹•„Ž‡••‹‰•
ˆ‘”nananomƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•‹–—’™‹–Šƒ ƒ•Š†‘ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–Š‡ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›‡†ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–”‘Ž‡–‘ ‘’‹Ž‡ƒ†Žƒ— Š

–Š‡ ƒ›‹ƒ –ƒ–‡ ‘‘ ‹ ƒ” Šǡ ʹͲͳͶǤʹͲͺ Š‡ Š—” Š ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡
•–ƒ–‡ „› ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘” ‘’‹Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‹ ƒ•Š –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡
’”‘Œ‡ –ǤŠ—” Š‡•’ƒ‹†•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‹‡•–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –ƒ†ƒŽ•‘’Žƒ›‡†ƒ
Ž‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽƒ— Š‹‰Ǥ

 ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•ʹͲͻǡ Š‡ƒŽ–Š ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǡ

‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡†‹–—‹‘•ƒ†‡ ‘‘‹ ƒŽŽ›˜‹ƒ„Ž‡’”‘Œ‡ –•„‡Ž‘‰–‘ Š—” Š‡•Ǥ
Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ†‡’‘••‹„Ž‡’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡
nananomƒ†–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ

 ʹͲͳͲ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† nananom ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ ’”‘‰”ƒ
†—„„‡†Dzƒ†‡†‡’–‹‘—‹–ʹͲͳͲdzǤ –™ƒ•ƒ’”ƒ›‡”ƒ†Ȁ‘”‹–‡” ‡••‘”›
’”‘‰”ƒƒ‹‡†ƒ–”‡†‡‡‹‰–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ˆ”‘†‡‘‹ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ƒ†—•Š‡”‹‰
‹–‹–‘†‹˜‹‡’”‘•’‡”‹–›ǤʹͳͲǤ’‡ƒ‡”•‹ Ž—†‡†‘‡’ƒ•–‘”–‘›‘ƒ†–™‘‘–Š‡”
‹‰‡”‹ƒ ’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ™ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› •‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
“—‡‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡  ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ

ʹͲͺŠ‡„‘‘‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒƒ†‘–Š‡””‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹••—‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰Š‹•–‘”‹‡•

‘ˆ–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ

ʹͲͻŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡„ƒ•‹ ȋ”‹ƒ”›ƒ† Ȍǡ ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ
ʹͳͲ ‘” ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ† †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ Ǯƒ† ‡†‡’–‹‘ǯ •‡‡ ‡ƒ ™ƒ’ƒǡ

Redeeming the Land: Interceding for the Nationsȋ Š‹‘–ƒǣˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺȌǤ

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CHAPTER 3

3.0. RE-EVALUTION OF CHRISTIANITY AND CHIEFTAINCY

3.1. Introduction
‹ ‡–Š‡‹††Ž‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”›ȋʹͲ–ŠȌ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡˜‡”ƒŽ
‡ˆˆ‘”–• „› ˜ƒ”‹‘—• • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”• –‘ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ
—Ž–—”‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ ‹••‹‘ ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘‰
–Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ‘” ƒ”‡ —•‹ƒ ȋͳͻͷͷȌǢ ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ ȋͳͻͷͷǢ ͳͻ͹ͶȌǢ †‘™— ȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǢ
‘„‡‡ ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǢ ‹ •‘ ȋͳͻͺͶǢ ʹͲͲͲȌǢ ‡†‹ƒ‘ ȋͳͻͻͲǢ ͳͻͻͷǢ ʹͲͲͲȌǢ ƒ””ƒ––
ȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǢ ƒ”–‡› ȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǢ ƒ† ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ ȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ Š‡‹” ‡ˆˆ‘”–• Šƒ˜‡
„”‘—‰Š– ƒ„‘—– ‹••—‡• Ž‹‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ‘‰
‘–Š‡”•Ǥ

• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡ ‹ •‘ ȋʹͲͲͲǣ͵Ȍ ™”‘–‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡
‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘™ƒ”†•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–
–Š‹• ƒ––‹–—†‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• –‘ ˆ”‹ ƒǤ  –Š‡
ƒ‹ˆ‡•–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ––‹–—†‡‹ •‘ȋ‹„‹†ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ

š Ž—•‹˜‹•Šƒ•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒ˜ƒ”‹‡–›‘ˆ™ƒ›•ǣ ‡‡’‹‰
ƒ– ƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‡‹–Š‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ •‡”‹‘—•
–Š‘—‰Š–‹•‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆƒˆ‘”‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡
‹••‹‘ƒ”›ǯ• „”ƒ† ‘ˆ ‹–ǡ ‘” „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‹• •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ
ˆ‘” ‡™Š‹ Š—ŽŽ‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›ǯ•‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ

‘‡ˆ”‹ ƒ•™Š‘ ‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–’‘•–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š

„‡‰ƒ–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ƒ–”—Ž›ˆ”‹ ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹†‡–‹–›ƒ†ˆ‘”‹ •‘ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳʹ͸Ȍ
–Š‡“—‡•–Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ‘˜‡‡–•Ž‹‡–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‹ƒ‹••‹‘‹
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Šƒƒʹͳͳ ƒ† ‘††‹ƒ‹• ‹ ‹‰‡”‹ƒʹͳʹǤ  ‹ •‘ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ ͳʹͻǦͳ͵ʹȌ ƒ‰ƒ‹

ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒ †‡’‡†‡– Š—” Š‡• ‹ –Š‹• “—‡•–Ǥ 
–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ’”‘Œ‡ – ™‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ› –‡”‡† ƒ•
Sankᴐfa213 ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• Šƒ’‹‘‡† „› ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•Ǥ ‹”‰‹– ‡›‡” ȋͳͻͻͺȌʹͳͶ Šƒ•
‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– Sankͻfa, ˆ‘” ‘•– ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‹• –Š‡ •›„‘Ž ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹•ǡƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘•Žƒ—‰Š–‘ˆ™‡•–‡”‹œƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†
ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ —””‡–Ž›ǡ –™‘ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ •‡‡ ‰”‡ƒ– ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ƒ† –”‡‡†‘—• ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ ƒ”‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ Sankᴐfa
’”‘Œ‡ –‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†›‡ƒ”•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ

‹‰—”‡ͳǣŠ‡Sankᴐfa›„‘Ž ƒ‘ˆƒǦDz”‡–—”ƒ†‰‡–‹–dz

     

ʹͳͳŠ‹•‘˜‡‡–™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†„›•‘ˆ‘‘ˆ‘ƒ—ƒŠǡˆ‘”‡”Ž›ƒ’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ

ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  Š—” Š ƒ† Š‹• ƒ‹ ‘ ‡” ™ƒ• Ǯˆ”‘ ‡–”‹ ‹•ǯǡ ƒ –‡” —•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒǯ•
•‡ŽˆǦ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ††‡•‹”‡–‘™‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘–‹‡–Ǥ
‡‡‹ •‘ǡUncompleted Missionǡ’Ǥͳʹ͸Ǥ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒƒ‹••‹‘
‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡ƒ—‡Ž ›ƒˆ‘•—ǡThe Development of Christian-related Independent Religious
Movements in Ghana, with special reference to the Afrikania MovementǤ ŠǤ Š‡•‹•ǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡†•ǡȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ʹͳʹ ‘††‹ƒ‹• ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† „› Š‹‡ˆ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ›‹‘Šƒ ƒ† ‹– ‹• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‰‹˜‹‰ ˆ”‹ ƒ

”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ˜‹•‹„‹Ž‹–› ƒ– –Š‡ ‡š’‡•‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‡‡ ‹ •‘ǡ
Uncompleted Missionǡ ’ǤͳʹͺǤ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ǥ Ǥ Š‡†‹ƒǡ Towards the Return to Traditional
Religion among the Elite of Igboland, Nigeria, with Special Reference to the Godian ReligionǤ
ǤŠ‹ŽǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘ȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ
ʹͳ͵ Sankͻfa‡ƒ•‰‘‹‰„ƒ –‘‘—””‘‘–•Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ —Ž–—”‡‹–‹’Ž‹‡•‰‘‹‰„ƒ –‘‘—”

—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‘‘–• –‘ ƒ‡ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡‡ ”‘‰ǡ Traditional Religion
and Christianityǡ ’ǤͷͶǢ ƒš ••‹‡‰ǡ Religion and Social Change in West Africa: A
Introduction to the Sociology of Religion ȋ ”ƒǣ ‘‡Ž‹ —„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǡ ʹͲͳǡ
‡ ‘† †‹–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡Ž†ƒ ŽŽ‡‹ǡ Sankofa: African thought and education ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ
ƒ‰ǡͳͻͻͷȌǢ ‘”–Š‡Sankͻfa •›„‘Ž•‡‡ ‹‰—”‡ͳǤ
ʹͳͶ‹–‡†‹”‘‰ǡTraditional Religion and Christianityǡ’ǤͷͶǤ
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‡ ‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ––‡’–•„›•‘‡†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•‹ Šƒƒ–‘”‡ƒ Š
‘—– –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ‘–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ”‡•„›–‡”› ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ Š—” Š ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ȋ Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•– ȋ‘ȌǤ
Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ”‡•„›–‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡   ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹–• ˆ‹”•– ‡˜‡” DzŠƒ•‰‹˜‹‰
‡”˜‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒƒ‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• Š—” Š ”‘™–Š ‹
ŠƒƒǤdzʹͳͷ Š‡ ‡˜‡– –‘‘ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ —ƒ•‹ǡ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡
”‡•„›–‡”›ƒ† ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•Šƒ–‹‡‰‹‘ǡ‘ͳͶ–Š‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͲǤ –
™ƒ• —†‡” –Š‡ –Š‡‡ Dz‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š •ŠƒŽŽ „”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‰Ž‘”› ‹–‘ ‘†ǯ•
’”‡•‡ ‡Ǥdzʹͳ͸ Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• •—’’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ ƒ—ƒŽ ‡˜‡– ™ƒ•
ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‹‰ –Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡
•ƒ–‡ ”‡•„›–‡”› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ –Š‡
”‡•„›–‡”› Šƒ‹”ƒǡ ‡˜Ǥ ”Ǥ ™ƒ„‡ƒ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ™Š‘ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –Š‡
ƒ‹†‡‡˜‡–—•‡†–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘–‘‘—–Ž‹‡–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘™ƒ”†•‹–•
‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ

Š‡‘ǡ‹Š‡”„‹†–‘–ƒ‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž–‘–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‹‹•–‡”–‘–Š‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘”
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•‹ Šƒƒ†—„„‡†ǡDz‘›ƒŽ•‹‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ʹͲͳͶdzǤʹͳ͹
Š‡–Š‡‡™ƒ•ǡDz ’ƒ –‹‰ ‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ǣŠ‡Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒŽƒ ‡dz
ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‡—‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•– ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‡–”‡ǡ ‘‘ƒ ‡––‡Š ‹ –Š‡

ʹͳͷ ‡‡ –Š‡ ”‘‰”ƒ „”‘ Š—”‡ǡ Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Asante Presbytery. 1 ST
Thanksgiving Service for Nananom for their contribution towards Church Growth in Ghana
ȋͳͶ–Š ‘˜‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǢ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Presbyterian Church deepens relations with chiefs ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ‡™•ȀʹͲͳͲͳͳȀͷ͸ͲͲ͸Ǥ’Š’  ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡† ‘
ͳ͸ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͲƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͲʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ
ʹͳ͸ Š‡ –Š‡‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‡š–”ƒ – ˆ”‘ –Š‡ „‘‘ ‘ˆ ‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ Šƒ’–‡” ʹͳ ˜‡”•‡ ʹͶǤ Š‹•

 ”‹’–—”‡“—‘–ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•„‡‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ Šƒ’–‡”͸ƒ•–Š‡”‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ

ʹͳ͹‘—” ‡ǣ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ„”‘ Š—”‡ǡ̶Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ǣ‘›ƒŽ•

‹ ‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ʹͲͳͶ̶Ǥ —‡ ͳͲǦͳ͵ǡ ʹͲͳͶǡ ‡–‡ ‘•– ‘˜‡–‹‘ ‡–”‡ǡ ‘‘ƒ
‡––‡ŠǢ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘ǡ Kings and Queens are Precious in God’s sight ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ ‘’Š“Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ’Š’ǫŽ‹ α͸ͻͺƬŽ‹„Œαƒ”–‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘Ͳ͹ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶǤ
108
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‡–”ƒŽ ‡‰‹‘Ǥ  Š‹• ‘’‡‹‰ ƒ††”‡•• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ
’‘•–Ž‡ ”Ǥ ’‘— ›‹ƒǡ –Š‡ Šƒ‹”ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ǡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡ ‰—Žˆ
‡š‹•–‹‰„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘„—–‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Šƒ– ‰ƒ’Ǥ Š‡ –‘’‹ • –”‡ƒ–‡† ‹ Ž—†‡† –Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ǣŠ‡ Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǣ–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ†‹–•Ž‡••‘•ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǣ”‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘‘—” —Ž–—”‡•
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘˜‡”–•ǣ •‘‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ
’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǣƒ—–Š‘”‹–›•›„‘Ž•‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǣ–Š‡•ƒ˜‹‰’‘™‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǢƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ”‘›ƒŽ–›‹–Š‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‰–Š‡”‡•‘—” ‡’‡”•‘•
™‡”‡‡˜Ǥ”Ǥ™ƒ„‡ƒ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ȋ Ȍǡƒ•–‘”ƒ—‡Žˆ‘”‹ȋ‘Ȍƒ†
–Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ ”‘ˆǤ •‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ ȌǤ Š‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†
‘‡†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‘‘”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡”› ‡‹†— ƒƒƒŠǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‹‹•–‡” ˆ‘”
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ™Š‘™ƒ•’”‡•‡–ƒ––Š‡ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥʹͳͺ

‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ
–Š‡”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”•–‘„‡•‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹’”‘˜‡‡–ƒ••‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‘” Š—” Š‡•
‘–‹—‡–‘”‡‹˜‡–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡‹–‘
–Š‡‹”Ž‹–—”‰›ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥʹͳͻ—––Š‡”‡‹••–‹ŽŽ‘”‡–‘„‡†‘‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡
ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹
ŠƒƒǤ ‹––Ž‡ ™‘†‡” •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†— ȋʹͲͳͳǣ ͸ͻȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Ǯ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒǯǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ƒ• ›‡ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘
–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ ‘‡ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ”‡Œ‡ – ƒ† †‡‘‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤʹʹͲ ‘‡ ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ „”ƒ˜‡† –Š‡ ‘††• ƒ† †ƒ”‡†
–Š‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•–‘ƒ••—‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡Šƒ† ƒ—•‡–‘

ʹͳͺ‡‡‘ǡMinister for Chieftaincy and Traditional Affairs Commends COPƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ ‘’Š“Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ’Š’ǫŽ‹ α͹ͲͳƬŽ‹„Œαƒ”–‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘Ͳ͹ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶǤ

ʹͳͻ‡‡•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡContemporary Pentecostal ChristianityȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ʹʹͲ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡†‡‘‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ••‡‡

Šƒ’–‡”ͶǤ
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‘’Žƒ‹ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ‡‰Ž‡ – ƒ† ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ ‘” ‘–Š‡”•ǡ –Š‡
Š—” Š–”‡ƒ–•–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒŽ‹‡•‹–Š‡‹”‘™Žƒ†ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ ‘• ‹‘—•‡ˆˆ‘”–•
„›–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡–Š‡„‡›‘†–Š‡—•—ƒŽ˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†
†‘ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–ƒ—ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ

Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ —•– Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ”‡ ‘•‹†‡” Š‡” ‹••‹‘ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ

 –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ  ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡” ‹••‹‘Ǥ  ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‹”•–
‡šƒ‹‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ —Ž–—”‡‹–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ ™‹ŽŽ
–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹–—’™‹–Š†‹• —••‹‘•„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘–Š”‡‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǣ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– †‡ƒŽ• ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ „› ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ “—‡‡Ǣ –Š‡
•‡ ‘†‹•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘’‘•‡†„›ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ’ƒ•–‘”ƒ†• Š‘Žƒ”Ǣƒ†–Š‡–Š‹”†‹•ƒ
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ“—‡‡Ǥ

3.2. Aspects of Traditional Leadership Culture in the Church

 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• •‘‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž• „‡–™‡‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‡”‡ǡ 
‡—‡”ƒ–‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ

3.2.1. Traditional Authority

Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’ƒ”Žƒ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǯ•
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‡ƒƒ–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ• –Š‡› •‹– ‘ –Š‡‹” •–‘‘ŽǤ Š‹•
•‘‡–‹‡•ƒ‡•–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Žƒ†ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—ŽǤ›‘ˆˆ‡•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•‘ˆˆ‡•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹ —””‹‰
110
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–Š‡™”ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†‹•‘‡ ƒ•‡••–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ–Š‡

˜‹‡™ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ”‡’”‡•‡–• ‘† ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” ƒ› ‘ˆˆ‡•‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•‘ˆˆ‡•‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹ —””‹‰Š‹•
™”ƒ–ŠǤ ‘‡–‹‡• ƒ ’‡”•‘ ™Š‘ •’‘‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ ’ƒ•–‘” ‹• ‡š ‘—‹ ƒ–‡†
Œ—•–Ž‹‡–Š‘•‡™Š‘ƒ”‡„ƒ‹•Š‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰
ƒ Š‹‡ˆƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ

3.2.2. Palace Seats

”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‘ —’ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ•‡ƒ–•‹–Š‡
’ƒŽƒ ‡ʹʹͳƒ†ƒ–ƒ’—„Ž‹ ˆ‘”—ǤŠ‹•‹•†‘‡–‘•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ
–Š‡ƒ••‡•ƒ†–‘ƒ ‘”†–Š‡–Š‡†‹‰‹–›ƒ†Š‘‘”†‡•‡”˜‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•–ƒ–—•Ǥ
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ––‡† Š—” Š –‘‘ ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’Žƒ ‡ –‘ •‹–Ǥ 
–Š‡ Š—” Š–Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‡Ž†‡”• •‹– ‡‹–Š‡” ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ –—ƒ”› ‘” ƒŽ–ƒ” ‘” ƒ
•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†’Žƒ ‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž–‘•‡––Š‡ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–•Ǥ  •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š‡• –Š‡ •‡ƒ–• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹œ‡•–Š‡”‡„›•‹‰‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡”ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•™Š‘•ƒ–‘–Š‡Ǥ

3.2.3. Dancing in Public

Š‡ †ƒ ‹‰ ƒ– Š—” Š ‘” ƒ› ’—„Ž‹  ˆ‘”— „‘–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†
’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ––”ƒ – ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ –‘ ‘‰”ƒ–—Žƒ–‡ ƒ†
•—’’‘”––Š‡ǤŠ‡ƒ••‡•†‘•‘„›™ƒ˜‹‰Šƒ†‡” Š‹‡ˆ•‘”•’”‡ƒ†‹‰’‹‡ ‡•
‘ˆ Ž‘–Š‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘” ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡‹” Šƒ†• –‘ ‘‰”ƒ–—Žƒ–‡
–Š‡ƒ‹†•–•Š‘—–‹‰Ǥ –‹•”ƒ”‡–‘•‡‡–Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡†ƒ ‡‹’—„Ž‹ 
•‘•— Š‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ‘‡–•ƒ––”ƒ –•–Š‡ƒ••‡•Ǥ

ʹʹͳŠ‹••’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹‰ƒ–‡†’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡‹• ƒŽŽ‡†‘Pato’‹ƒǤŠ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡ƒ–•

‘”•–‘‘Ž•ƒ””ƒ‰‡†–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹œ‡•ƒ††‡•‹‰•Ǥ
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3.2.4. Out-dooring of a new Traditional Leader

Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰‘ˆƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹•ƒ‘‡–ˆ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰
–Šƒ–‰‘‡•™‹–Šˆƒˆƒ”‡Ǥ ƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•ƒ†Ž‘˜‡†‘‡•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡†–‘
™‹–‡•• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ› †‘ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ•Š ƒ† ‹† –‘ –Š‡ ‡™
Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‹••‹‘‹‰‘”‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘
‘” ‹†— –‹‘ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ•–‘”ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ – Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „›
ˆƒˆƒ”‡ǡŒ‘›‘—• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ƒ††‘ƒ–‹‘‹ ƒ•Šƒ†‹†„›”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•ǡˆ”‹‡†•
ƒ†Ž‘˜‡†‘‡•Ǥ •Š‘”–„‘–Š‡˜‡–•Šƒ˜‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ•’‡ –•Ǥ

3.2.5 Arbitration
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ•‡• „‡–™‡‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹”
Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† •–ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ƒ•‡• „‘–Š‡”‡† ‘ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’• ƒ† —•–‘ƒ”› ƒ––‡”• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹‰
–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–•‡˜‡‹ˆ‘‡‹•ˆ‘—†‰—‹Ž–›ƒ†’—‹•Š‡†Ǥ –Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ǡ Š—” Š
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘”’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‡Ž†‡”•†‘ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•
ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• ƒ•‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š—” ŠǤ Š‡‹” ƒ‹ ‹• –‘
”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡ •— Š ’ƒ”–‹‡• Œ—•– Ž‹‡ ™Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡– —’Ǥ Š‹•
•‡”˜‡•ƒ•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‡••‡‹‰–Š‡„—”†‡‘ˆŽ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡Žƒ™ ‘—”–•ƒ†‹–•
ƒ––‡†ƒ– ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•Ǥ  Šƒƒ‘™–Š‡Žƒ™ ‘—”–•ƒ”‡ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”™Šƒ–
‹• ƒŽŽ‡†ǮŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹•’—–‡‡•‘Ž—–‹‘ǯƒ†•— Šƒ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ† Š—” ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹•‘•–™‡Ž ‘‡Ǥ

3.2.6. Eating in Public

 Šƒƒ„› ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•ƒ–ƒ„‘‘ˆ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘‡ƒ–‹’—„Ž‹ •‘
ƒ• ‘– –‘ †‹•‰”ƒ ‡ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ‘” •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‘– –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ‡• ‹–‘
†‹•”‡’—–‡Ǥ›˜‹”–—‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡ Š—” Š’ƒ•–‘”•‘”‡Ž†‡”•—•–„‡

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ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ‹ •‡Ž‡ –‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ –‘ ‡ƒ– ‹ ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ ‹‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ ’ƒ•–‘”•
ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡Ž†‡”•—•–‘–„‡•‡‡‡ƒ–‹‰‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡‹”Š‘‡‘”‹’—„Ž‹ Ǥ

3.2.7. Dress Code

Š‡ †”‡•• ‘†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –™‘ ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• —†‡” ’—„Ž‹  • ”—–‹›Ǥ • — Š ƒ•
’‘••‹„Ž‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ† Š—” ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘†”‡••†‡ ‡–Ž›‹ƒ†
‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ•‡”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ –Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡–—’–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ”‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ †”‡•• ‘” Ž‘–Š –‘ ’—– ‘Ǥ  †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ ‘”
“—‡‡†ƒ”‡•‘– ‘’‡–‡™‹–Šƒ’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”
†”‡•• ‘†‡ǤŠ‹•’‡”–ƒ‹•‹•‘‡ Š—” Š‡•–‘‘ƒ•’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡
‘Ž‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Ž‡”‹ ƒŽ•Š‹”–•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ ‘Ž‘”•†‡’‹ ––Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ

3.2.8. Titles
‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•–Š‡
—•‡ ‘ˆ –‹–Ž‡•Ǥ • ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›ǡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‹ Šƒƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡‰‡‡”ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Nana„—–‹–‹•‘–— ‘‘–‘
ˆ‹†•‘‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ–‹–Ž‡•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘–Š‡‹”•–‘‘Žƒ‡•ǤʹʹʹŠ‡•‡†ƒ›••‘‡
’ƒ•–‘”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†‘”ƒ• ”‹„‡†ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›•‘‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –‹–Ž‡•–‘
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š‘—–‡”‹–Ǥʹʹ͵—„‡”‘ˆ Š—” Š‡•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ
ƒ ‹•Š‘’ ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‘•‡ ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡– —’
”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ƒ• Nana ‹•Š‘’ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” •–ƒ–—• ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ†
‘—‹–›Ǥ

ʹʹʹ ‘‡ –Š‡•‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –‹–Ž‡• ƒ”‡ Otumfoᴐ ȋ ”‡ƒ– ‘‡Ȍǡ Oseadeyo ȋŠ‡ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡”Ȍǡ

Oyeadeyieȋ‡’ƒ‹”‡”‘ˆ–Š‹‰•Ȍǡ‡– Ǥ
ʹʹ͵Š‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ –‹–Ž‡Ǯ”Ǥǯ‹•–Š‡‘•–ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ„—•‡†ƒ‘‰•‘‡’ƒ•–‘”•ǤŠ‡

–‹–Ž‡ Ǯ”‘’Š‡–ǯǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ –‹–Ž‡ǡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ™‹†‡Ž› „‡‡ ‹•—•‡† ƒ‘‰ •‘‡
’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ
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3.3. Christianity and Chieftaincy

 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘  ‘•‹†‡” ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ˆ”‘ –Š”‡‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǣ ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ
——— ǯ• ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰Ǣ –Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ •‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǯ• “—‡•–‹‘Ǣ ƒ†
ƒƒ‘—ƒǯ•’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡ƒˆƒ‹”‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ
–ƒ‡—’ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†Š‘™–Š‹• ‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡Ǥ

3.3.1. Diadeε Na Som Yehowa: Nana Amponsah Mununkum II224

ƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— ™ƒ•–Š‡“—‡‡‘ˆ›‡”ƒƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹
–Š‡‡ Š‹—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›‹–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ
†‡ƒ ‘‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ™Š‘ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ•‘ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ••‡„Ž› ‹
 ”ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ Š‡” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  –‡ƒ ƒ†‘‹•Š‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•–Š”‘—‰Š•‘‰•ƒ†•‡”‘•–‘™‘”•Š‹’ ‘†Ǥ –‹•–Š‡Ž›”‹ •‘ˆ–Š‹••‘‰
‡–‹–Ž‡† ‘Diadeε Na Som Yehowaǯʹʹͷƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •‡”‘•ʹʹ͸™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†ǡƒƒŽ›œ‡†ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ

3.3.1.1. Evangelistic Project

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡› Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡
—•‹‰ ‡˜‡”› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–›Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ –Š”‘—‰Š •‘‰•ǡ
™‘”†•ƒ††‡‡†•Ǥ‘™‘†‡”ƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— •ƒ™Š‡”•‘‰ƒ•ƒ
–‘‘Žˆ‘”‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǤŠ‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†–Š‡Ž›”‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‰–Š”‘—‰Š†”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‹•‹•

ʹʹͶ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ ———  ‹• ‘– ƒŽ‹˜‡ –‘ –‡ŽŽ Š‡” •–‘”›ǣ ‘™ •Š‡

’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›Ž‹˜‡†ƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ“—‡‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‘ˆƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ǡ

Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ
ʹʹͷ Š‡ Ž„— ™ƒ• Žƒ— Š‡† ‘ ƒ–—”†ƒ›ǡ ͳʹ–Š —‰—•–ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ ‡‡ Queen Mother Launches

Albumǯ ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘ȀǤǤǤ’ƒ‰‡—ͳȀƒ‰•Ǧ’”‘˜‹†‡ǤǤǤǤǤ ȋ‘•–‡† ‘ ͳ͸ȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͲ͸ ƒ†

”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͳȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷȌǤ
ʹʹ͸ Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‡”‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ‘ˆ „‹‰ƒ‹Ž ‹  ƒ—‡Ž ʹͷǣʹͷǦʹ͸ ™ƒ•

’”‡ƒ Š‡†„›‘‡‡ƒ ‘‡••Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š–™‹‰›‡‹‘ˆ‘ǡƒ•‘ƒ  Žƒ–••‡„Ž›ǡ

 ”ƒǤ ‡‡ Queen Mother Launches AlbumǤ ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘ȀǤǤǤ’ƒ‰‡—ͳȀƒ‰•Ǧ
’”‘˜‹†‡ǤǤǤƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡•‘‰ƒ†•‡”‘™ƒ••‘—” ‡†ˆ”‘ƒ‘’ƒ –‹• ȋȌǤ
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•‘‡–Š‹‰ •Š‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ †‹˜‹‡ •‘—” ‡ ƒ† ‘ƒ† ƒ•
Ž‹œƒ„‡–Š‘–‡†‹Š‡”•‡”‘ǣ
Ɛyε me Nana na εso daeε sε memma Ahemfo nyinaa nte na wͻn
nyinaa nni adeε na wͻnsom Nyame, kyerεsε wͻnkͻ asͻreǤ›“—‡‡
Šƒ† ƒ †”‡ƒ –Šƒ–  •Š‘—Ž† –‡ŽŽ ƒŽŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ ™‘”•Š‹’
‘†ǡ‰‘–‘ Š—” Šƒ•–Š‡›”—Ž‡‘””‡‹‰Ǥ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ™ƒ›•–ƒ‡‹–—‹–‹˜‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡••— Šƒ•
†”‡ƒ• ƒ† ˜‹•‹‘• •‡”‹‘—•Ž› ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ †‹˜‹‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ†
‹•–”— –‹‘ȋ——”‘†ǡͳͻͻͶǣʹͶȌǤŠ‡”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘‘”†”‡ƒƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”
–Š‡Ž›”‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‰ƒ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ƒ†™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‡••ƒ‰‡ǣ
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‹•–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡‹
‘†ƒ†™‘”•Š‹’Š‹ǤŠ‹•‹•”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǣ
 Š‡” †”‡ƒǡ ‘† ƒ•‡† Š‡” –‘ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‡™• –‘ ƒŽŽ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• •‘ –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡ȏ•Ȑ ƒ† ‡˜‡”›‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ
ȏƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡Ȑ ‘† ‹ ƒŽŽ –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ƒ ‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ •Š‡
ƒ†˜‹•‡† ƒŽŽ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• –‘ ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• –‘ ‘† ƒ• ‹‰
‘Ž‘‘ǡ ƒ˜‹† ƒ† —‡‡ •–Š‡” ƒ˜ƒ‹Ž‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ‘” ‘† –‘
—•‡ƒ†„Ž‡••–Š‡Ǥʹʹ͹ 
ƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— –Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ‹••‹‘
Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ ‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ–‹†‡‡† ‘†Šƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ† ‘‹••‹‘‡†Š‡”‹–‘
–Šƒ–•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –ǡƒ†–Šƒ–Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡
‹‡‡†‘ˆ ‘†ǯ••ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Š‡Ž’‹–Š‡‹””‡‹‰ǤŠ‡–‡ƒŠƒ†ƒƒ†ƒ–‡–‘
‰‘™Š‡”‡˜‡” ‘†•‡––Š‡‹ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘‹••‹‘Ǥ

ʹʹ͹‡‡Queen Mother Launches Album at™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘ȀǤǤǤ’ƒ‰‡—ͳȀƒ‰•Ǧ

’”‘˜‹†‡ǤǤǤǤǤ
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3.3.1.2. A Call to Renounce Idolatry

Š‘—‰Š‘–•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›‡–‹‘‡†‹–Š‡Ž›”‹ •ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ƒ‘‰
•‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‹• –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥʹʹͺ
ƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— ™‹–ŠŠ‡”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•‹•
‹†‹”‡ –Ž› ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• –‘ ”‡‘— ‡ ƒŽŽ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› ƒ†
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ ‘† ƒ† ™‘”•Š‹’ Š‹ ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ Š‡ ’‘‹– ƒ†‡ „› ƒƒ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡
”‡™ƒ”† ‘” ‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› ‹• ‡–‡”ƒŽ †‡ƒ–Š „—– –Š‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‘†
Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‡–‡”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǣ
  Diadeε Na Som Yehowa na w’anya daa nkwa.
  ‘”•Š‹’ ‘†ˆ‘”‡–‡”ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ•›‘—”—Ž‡‘””‡‹‰Ǥ
–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–‹Š‡”ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ǡƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— 
—•– Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† ‹ ‹† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‡ƒ† ƒ† –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹–
’‘•‡• ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‹• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‡ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡• †”‹
‘” ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•Ǥ
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ”‡ ‘„Ž‹‰‡† –‘ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ –Š‹• ”‡“—‹”‡‡– ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›
†—”‹‰ˆ‡•–‹˜‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ


3.3.1.3. God is the source of Kingship/Queenship

‘†‹•’”‡•‡–‡†‹–Š‡•‡”‘ƒ•–Š‡•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹‰•Š‹’ƒ†“—‡‡•Š‹’ǣ
  Nyame si hene, si ƆhemaaǤ
  ‘†•‡–•—’ƒ Š‹‡ˆƒ†“—‡‡Ǥ
Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹ˆ ‘† ‹• –Š‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹‰•Š‹’ ‘” “—‡‡•Š‹’ –Š‡ Š‡
ƒŽ‘‡—•–„‡™‘”•Š‹’’‡†ƒ† ‘•—Ž–‡†ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡†‹˜‹‡
ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹‰•Š‹’ ƒ† “—‡‡•Š‹’ ƒ† –Š‹• ˆƒ – ‹• ™‹†‡Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† „›

ʹʹͺ Š‹• ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‘–‡•–‡† „› •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ• ˆƒŽ•‡Ǥ ‡‡

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡCan A Christian become a chief?ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡͳʹͶǡͳʹͺǤ

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•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ Ž—†‹‰‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ǤŠ‹•ƒ‡•‘‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡

–‘ ‘†‹–Š‡‹”†‡ƒŽ‹‰•Ǥʹʹͻ


3.3.1.4. Welfare of the People

ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ ——— ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– ‘† Šƒ• ƒ ”‡ƒ•‘ ˆ‘” •‡––‹‰ —’
‹‰• ƒ† “—‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘” ‹–‹œ‡”›Ǥ 
•‡––‹‰ —’ ‹‰• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‘† Šƒ• –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ ‹†Ǥ Š‹•
‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹‰•Š‹’ ‘” “—‡‡•Š‹’ ‹• ‘– ƒ ‡† ‹ ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘” ‹• ‹– ˆ‘” •‡Žˆ‹•Š
‰ƒ‹•Ǥ Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ‹• ‘˜‡” ƒ† –Š‡ †›ƒ‹ • Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ƒ† ‘†
‡š’‡ –• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ‡Œ‘› ’‡ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹ 
’”‘•’‡”‹–›ǣ
Sε ͻnam wo so bεma nkorͻfoͻ, ne nkorͻfoͻ a εwͻ ͻhemaa n’ase no
akoma atͻ wͻn. 
Šƒ– –Š”‘—‰Š ›‘— ȏ–Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ȑǡ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡
™Š‘ƒ”‡—†‡”–Š‡“—‡‡ǯ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›™‹ŽŽ’”‘•’‡”‘”‡Œ‘›’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ
Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–‹–‹•‘Ž›Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡„‡•–’‘•‹–‹‘‡†
–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ ‘†̵•’Žƒ•ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›Ǥ


3.3.1.5. Wisdom is required

•‹‰ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ‹‰• ƒ˜‹†ǡ ‘Ž‘‘ ƒ† —‡‡ •–Š‡” ƒ• ‡šƒ’Ž‡• –Š‡
’”‡ƒ Š‡” ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ „‡ ‡†‘™‡† ™‹–Š
™‹•†‘–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž›Ǥ‹•†‘ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‡ƒ Š‡”Šƒ•

ʹʹͻ Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– •—””‘—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ‡• •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•

„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ

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‹–••‘—” ‡‹ ‘†ƒ†Š‡‰‹˜‡•ˆ”‡‡Ž›–‘ƒ›‘‡™Š‘ƒ•‡†Š‹ʹ͵Ͳƒ•Š‡‰ƒ˜‡–‘

‹‰ƒ˜‹†–‘”—Ž‡‘˜‡”Š‹•’‡‘’Ž‡ǣ
Nyame na ͻwͻ nyansa a ͻde dom ne manfoͻ; Nyame na ͻdom David
nyansa a ͻde di ahennie.
–‹• ‘†™Š‘Šƒ•™‹•†‘ǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡‰‹˜‡•–‘Š‹•’‡‘’Ž‡Ǣ ‘†‰ƒ˜‡
ƒ˜‹†™‹•†‘ˆ‘”Š‹•‹‰•Š‹’Ǥ 
‘”Š‡”ǡ–Š‡™‹•†‘–Šƒ– ‘†‰‹˜‡•–‘”—Ž‡”•‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡„”‹‰’‡ƒ ‡–‘
™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•‘‡ǤŠ‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹•–Šƒ– ‘†‰‹˜‡•™‹•†‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡•™Š‘™‘”•Š‹’Š‹ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ


3.3.1.6. Kings and Queens have a place in Heaven

Š‡•‘‰‘–‹˜ƒ–‡•‹‰•ƒ†“—‡‡•–‘Ž‘‘–‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡›™‘—Ž†
„‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘†ǯ• ‡–‡”ƒŽ ‹‰†‘Ǥ —‘–‹‰ ‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ ʹͳǣʹ͵ǦʹͶʹ͵ͳ –‘ •—’’‘”–
Š‡” Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– ‘† Šƒ• ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ˆ‘” ‹‰• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ Š‹• ˆ—–—”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‡Ž›
‹‰†‘ǡ ƒƒǡ ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‹‰•Ȁ“—‡‡• –Šƒ‡† ‘† ˆ‘” ƒ‹‰
’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘•’‡†‡–‡”‹–›™‹–ŠŠ‹ǤŠ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”’Ž‡†‰‡†–‘™‘”•Š‹’
Š‹‹–”—–Šƒ†•’‹”‹–ƒ†–‘Ž‘˜‡Š‹™‹–ŠƒŽŽ–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ”–ǡ‹†ǡƒ†„‘†›Ǥ ‘”
Š‡”ǡ –Š‡’Ž‡†‰‡™ƒ• ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘‹–‡– ƒ• ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” –‘ ‡•—”‡
–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‘–‹••‘—–‹–Š‡‡–‡”ƒŽŠ‡ƒ˜‡Ž›‹‰†‘Ǥ
Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹•ǡ Dz‘‘‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• †‡ƒ† ‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒǡ‹•‹–•‘‡ƒ•›ˆ‘”–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”–‘–‘–ƒŽŽ›
‘‹– –Š‡‹” Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘ ‘†ǫdz Š‹• ƒ† ƒ› ‘–Š‡” “—‡•–‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡
„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘•‹–Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘Ǥ

ʹ͵ͲŠ‡“—‘–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡’‹•–Ž‡‘ˆ ƒ‡•ͳǣͷǡDz ˆƒ›‘ˆ›‘—Žƒ •™‹•†‘ǡŽ‡–Š‹ƒ• ‘†ǡ

™Š‘‰‹˜‡•‰‡‡”‘—•Ž›–‘ƒŽŽ™‹–Š‘—–”‡’”‘ƒ Šǡƒ†‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‰‹˜‡Š‹dzȋThe ESV Study Bible,

English Standard VersionȌǤ
ʹ͵ͳDz†–Š‡ ‹–›Šƒ•‘‡‡†‘ˆ•—‘”‘‘–‘•Š‹‡‘‹–ǡˆ‘”–Š‡‰Ž‘”›‘ˆ ‘†‰‹˜‡•‹–Ž‹‰Š–ǡ

ƒ†‹–•Žƒ’‹•–Š‡ƒ„Ǥ›‹–•Ž‹‰Š–™‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘•™ƒŽǡƒ†–Š‡‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ”–Š™‹ŽŽ
„”‹‰–Š‡‹”‰Ž‘”›‹–‘‹–ǤdzȋThe ESV Study Bible, English Standard VersionȌǤ
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3.3.2. Can a Christian Become a Chief?: Osei Sarfo-Kantanka232

•‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ‹• ƒ ‘”†ƒ‹‡† ‹‹•–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” Š ŠƒƒǤ
‡ •‡”˜‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‹”‡ –‘” ‘ˆ ƒ› ‹‹•–”‹‡• ȋʹͲͲ͸ǦʹͲͲͻȌ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ƒ• –Š‡
‹•Š‘’‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ•‹‹‘ ‡•‡ȋʹͲͲͻǦʹͲͳͷȌ‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š ŠƒƒǤ ‡
Šƒ† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” •‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ ˆ—ŽŽ –‹‡ Ž‡ –—”‡” ‹ Žƒ– ”‡‡†‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ™ƒ‡
”—ƒŠ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ  ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰› ȋȌ‹ Šƒƒǡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‡
”‘•‡–‘–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ —ŽŽ”‘ˆ‡••‘”Ǥ


3.3.2.1. Introduction: Christianity as Incarnation and Contextual

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ˆ‹”•– †”ƒ™• –Š‡ ƒ––‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” –‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ–
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹• ‹ ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡•—• ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡† ‹
Š—ƒˆ‘”–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹Š—ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘”Š”‹•––‘„‡ ‘‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–
˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•–‘–ƒŽ•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Š‡—•–„‡ ‘‡‹ ƒ”ƒ–‡™Š‡”‡˜‡”Š‡
‹•’”‡ƒ Š‡†Ǥ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡™ƒ›–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‹•‹‡˜‡”› —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹• „‡†‡˜‹Ž‡† ™‹–Š ™Šƒ– Š‡ –‡”‡† Ǯ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹’‡”‹ƒŽ‹•ǯ™Š‹ Š•Š‡‹Š‡”‹–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž›‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›
–‘ˆ”‡‡Š‡”•‡Žˆ‹•–‘–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‘‹‰ˆ—”–Š‡”ǡƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•
–Šƒ–‡‡†•–‘„‡‡šƒ‹‡†„›–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒ
ƒ†‘•–’ƒ”–•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•ƒ‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹•–Š‡Š—„ƒ”‘—†™Š‹ Š–Š‡™Š‡‡Ž‘ˆ
—Ž–—”‡–—”•‹ Šƒƒǡƒ†’”‘„ƒ„Ž›‹‘•–’ƒ”–•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒǤŠ‡
’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹• ‡–”ƒŽ –‘ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡DzŠ‡•‹–•‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥdzǯʹ͵͵

ʹ͵ʹ Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǯ• „‘‘ǡ Can a Christian Become a Chief:

Developing an Evangelistic Strategy for the Palaceȋ—ƒ•‹ǣ ‡‘•ƒƒ—Ž–‹’”‹–•–†ǤǡʹͲͳͶȌǡ

ʹ††‹–‹‘Ǥ
ʹ͵͵ „‹†ǡ’Ǥš‹‹Ǥ
119
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‡“—‘–‡†—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳȌƒ†‡–‡”ƒ”’‘‰ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌ–‘ƒ—‰‡––Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ–
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• •ƒ ”‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ „‡ƒ”‡”•ǯ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ •‘‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ†
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– Šƒ• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡
™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘” ™‘”•Š‹’’‡†Ǥ † ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹ˆ
‹†‡‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† –Š‡ ƒ› Š”‹•–‹ƒ ™Š‘ †‘‡• •‘
‘–”ƒ˜‡‡•–Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‘ƒ†‡–•Ǥ Š‹• †‡„ƒ–‡Šƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹
–™‘• Š‘‘Ž•‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ•Š‡”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ǣ
Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•–Šƒ–™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ
ƒ† „‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ —Ž– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ‘–Š‡”• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ‘–„‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤʹ͵Ͷ


3.3.2.2. The Object of Worship: God and the Ancestral Cult

‡”‡ǡ  Ž‘‘ ƒ– ™‘”•Š‹’ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘† ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ• ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒ’”‡•‡–•‹–Ǥ

3.3.2.2.1. Worship of God

‘” ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ –Š‡ ™‘”† Ǯ™‘”•Š‹’ǯ ‹• ƒ †‡”‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ǯ™‘”–Š•Š‹’ǯ ™Š‹ Š
‹–•‡Žˆ ‘‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‰Ž‘Ǧƒš‘™‘”†Ǯ™‡‘”–Š• ‹’ǯ™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ––”‹„—–‡
™‘”–Š –‘ ƒ ‘„Œ‡ –Ǥ ‘ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘† ‹• –‘ ƒ• ”‹„‡ –‘ Š‹ Š‹• •—’”‡‡ ™‘”–Š
„‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡ ƒŽ‘‡ ‹• ™‘”–Š›Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ Š—ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡
ƒ–—”‡ƒ†ƒ –‹‘‘ˆ ‘†ȋƒ› Ǥǡͳͻͷ͵ǣ͹ȌǤʹ͵ͷ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‰‹˜‡•–Š”‡‡”‡ƒ•‘•
™Š›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™‘”•Š‹’ ‘†ƒ‡Ž›„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ™Š‘ ‘†‹•Ǣ„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–
‘† ‰‹˜‡•Ǣ ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ™Šƒ– ‘† ‡š’‡ –• ‘ˆ —•Ǥʹ͵͸ ‘† †‡ƒ†• ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡

ʹ͵Ͷ „‹†ǡ’Ǥš‹‹‹Ǥ
ʹ͵ͷ—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡCan a Christian become a chiefȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ’Ǥ͹Ǥ
ʹ͵͸‹•†‹• —••‹‘•‘™Š› ‘†‹•™‘”•Š‹’’‡†™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰•‘—” ‡•ǣƒŽ’ŠǤ
ƒ”–‹ǡWorship in the Early Churchȋ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡǣǤǤ‡”†ƒ•—„ŽǤ‘Ǥǡͳͻ͹ͶȌǡ
120
 Re-evaluation

™‘”•Š‹’„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡‹•ƒŒ‡ƒŽ‘—• ‘†™Š‘†‘‡•‘–•Šƒ”‡Š‹•’Žƒ ‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”

‘„Œ‡ –•ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘ƒ†‡–•ǣ
You shall have no other gods before me. You shall not make for
yourself an idol in the form of anything in heaven above or on the
earth beneath or on the waters below. You shall not bow down or
worship them. For I the LORD your God, am a jealous God, punishing
the children for the sin of the fathers to the third and fourth
generation of those who hate me, but showing love to thousands
who love me and keep my commandments. (Exodus 20:3-6)237


‘” Š‹ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹†‘Ž• ™Š‹ Š —•– ‘– „‡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† „—– –Šƒ– —†—‡
Š‘‘”‘”™‘”•Š‹’‘ˆŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•—•–„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”„‹†•
‹–Ǥ™Š› ‘†‡š’‡ –•Š”‹•–‹ƒ•–‘™‘”•Š‹’Š‹ǡƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘
•ƒ›ǣ
Š‡ Ž‡ƒ” ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ ‹• –Šƒ– „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‘† Šƒ•
†‘‡ˆ‘”—•ǡ‹–Šƒ–Š‡Šƒ•Ž‘˜‡†—•ǡ•ƒ˜‡†—•ǡ„Ž‡••‡†—•ǡ‡’–—•
ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ†‘‹‰‹–ǡ™‡•Š‘—Ž†”‡•’‘†„›‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Š‹‘—”™‘”•Š‹’
ƒ†’”ƒ‹•‡Ǥʹ͵ͺ

3.3.2.2.2. The Ancestral Cult

 –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡” ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ †‡ƒŽ– ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡„ƒ–‡ ƒ„‘—– ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‘” ™‘”•Š‹’’‡† ƒ† ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘
†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ǥʹ͵ͻ ‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘”‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ‘” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ŠƒƒǤ 

ͻǦͳ͹Ǣƒ†ǤǤǤ”ƒˆ‹‡Ž†ǡDivine and Human Action: The Concept of Worship Interpretation

ȋͳͻ͵ͺȌǡ͵ͻ͹Ǧ͵ͻͺǤ
ʹ͵͹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’ǤͻǤ
ʹ͵ͺ „‹†ǡ’ǤͳͷǤ
ʹ͵ͻ „‹†ǡ’’ǤʹǦ͸Ǥ
121
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‘”†‡”–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–‘‡‡‡†•–‘

†‡Ž˜‡‹–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‘Ž‡–Šƒ––Š‡›’Žƒ›Ǥƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘•‹†‡”•
–Š‹•‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ–™‘‹’‘”–ƒ– ‡”‡‘‹‡•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǣAdae
ƒ† Odwira.ʹͶͲ Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Adae ƒ”‡ ƒ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‡”‡‘› ™Š‹ Š
–ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‘‘Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡‡š Ž—•‹˜‡ ”‡•‡”˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† ˆ‡™
‘–Š‡”• ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ †”‹• ƒ† ‡ƒ– –‘ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡƒ†’‡–‹–‹‘‹‰–Š‡–‘„Ž‡••–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š Š‹Ž†„‡ƒ”‹‰ǡ”‹ Š‡•
ƒ† Ž‘‰ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ”‹–‡• ƒ‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ• ƒ ’”‹‡•– –‘ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•‡˜‹†‡–Ž› Ž‡ƒ”Ǥ


Š‡Odwira ‡”‡‘›ƒŽ•‘‹ Ž—†‡•The Feast of the First-Fruits™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•

ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒ‡Ž› ƒǦ‡ƒ–‹‰ „› –Š‡ ‰‘†•ǡ
•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡƒǦ‡ƒ–‹‰„›–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ––Š‡”‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—ǡ
ƒ†ƒǦ‡ƒ–‹‰„›–Š‡•–‘‘Ž•Ǣ›„‘Ž‹ ”‘ ‡••‹‘‘—†–Š‡‘™Ǣƒ†Š‡
Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡”‡‘› ™Š‹ Š ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ ’‹ƒ —Žƒ” ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ƒ†
•‘—ŽǦ™ƒ•Š‹‰ ‡”‡‘›‘”’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘”‹–‡•Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡Odwiraǡƒ•‘–‡†„›
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǣ
• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘” ‘•‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ‡”‡‘›ǥǤ Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
‘ ‡”• –Š‡ ‰‘†• ‘” ȋƒ„‘•‘Ȍ ™Š‘ ‰‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ Ž‡ƒ•‹‰
‡”‡‘›ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ–Š‡”‡‹• ‡”‡‘‹ƒŽ™ƒ•Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘†•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›
–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•‹ Ž—†‹‰ •Š‡‡’ǡ ›ƒǡ ‡‰‰•ǡ ƒ††”‹ –‘
–Š‡ ‰‘†•ȌǤ Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ‡”‡‘› ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ•–Š‡’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹• Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹‘”†‡”

ʹͶͲ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ̵• †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡”‡‘‹‡• ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ —•‹ƒǯ• ™‘”ǡ The

Position of the Chief in Modern Political Systems of AshantiȋͳͻͷͳȌǤ

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–Šƒ–Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ȃ”‡‡„‡”–Š‹•‹•

†‘‡‘ ‡‡˜‡”››‡ƒ”ǤʹͶͳ


”‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š ‘† ‹• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ‹
–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ•–Š‡—’”‡‡‡‹‰Š‡‹• ‘’Ž‡–‡Ž›‹‰‘”‡†
‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†Ž‡••‡”†‡‹–‹‡•”ƒ–Š‡”
–ƒ‡ ‡–”‡ •–ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ ‘”†‡† –Š‡ ‡‡†‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š †”‹ ƒ†Ȁ‘”
ˆ‘‘† ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ••ǡ “If God occupies the highest
position, why is he denied the sacrifices and public worship that is due him?”ʹͶʹ
‘” Š‹ǡ ‘† Šƒ• ”ƒ–Š‡” „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ Dz—‘™dz ‘† ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•
ƒ†‹‘”†‡‹–‹‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡–Š‡Dz‘™ ‘†•dzˆ‘””‡ ‡‹˜‹‰‘•–ǡ‹ˆ‘–ƒŽŽ
–Š‡™‘”•Š‹’ǤʹͶ͵


Š‹Ž‡ ‘† ‹• ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• —ƒ’’”‘ƒ Šƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
™‘”•Š‹’’‡† †‹”‡ –Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† Ž‡••‡” †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡
Ž‘•‡” ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡š‡”– –Š‡‹” ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ †‡•‡”˜‡
–Š‡‹”™‘”•Š‹’Ǥƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡†‘•‘‘—–‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”ǣ
Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‡Ž‡‡–‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”Ȃ–Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆƒ•
Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› –‘ Šƒ” –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ˆ‘”
•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡–Ǥ —– ™‡ —•– ‘™ –Šƒ–ǡ Dz‹– ‹• ƒ’’‘‹–‡†
—–‘‡‘ ‡–‘†‹‡ƒ†ƒˆ–‡”†‡ƒ–ŠŒ—†‰‡–ǤdzʹͶͶ
‡ƒ”‰—‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡†‡ƒ†ƒ†‘– ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‹‰
–Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ – ‹•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘– ‘—– ‘ˆ ’Žƒ ‡ –‘ •‡‡ –‘
”‡‡„‡” –Š‡‹” ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ‘ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ ‘” Š‹ǡ ‘† Šƒ• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ƒ ‘”‡

ʹͶͳƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡCan a Christian become a chiefȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ͵ͳǤ

ʹͶʹ „‹†ǡ’Ǥ͵͸Ǥ
ʹͶ͵Š‹•™ƒ•ƒ†‡‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ—Žǯ•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡•ǡ”‡ ‘”†‡†‹ –•ͳ͹ǣʹ͵ǡ̶ǤǤǤ

̵‘–Š‡—‘™ ‘†̵Ǥ̶
ʹͶͶƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’ǤͶʹǤ
123
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’‡”ˆ‡ –•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ•‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š ‡•—•Š”‹•–™Š‹ Šƒ‡•‹–’‘••‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”

Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•–‘†”ƒ™‡ƒ”–‘Š‹ƒ†–‘™‘”•Š‹’Š‹ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰
‘ˆ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡™‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ‘ Ž—†‡•ǣ
Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘ ‡‡† ˆ‘” —• –‘ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” •Š‡‡’ǡ ‰‘ƒ–•ǡ
ˆ‘™Ž•ǡƒ•Š‡†›ƒǡ‡‰‰•ǡ†”‹•‡– Ǥ–‘‘”–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ‹ˆ
™‡‹†‡‡†™ƒ––‘‘ˆˆ‡”‘—”™‘”•Š‹’–‘–Š‡—’”‡‡‡‹‰ǤʹͶͷ

3.3.2.3. The Ghanaian Chief

–Š‹••‡ –‹‘ǡ  ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•–Šƒ–†‡ˆ‹‡ƒ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ
ƒ†–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ŠƒƒǤ


3.3.2.3.1. Installation Ceremony and the Black Stool246

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ–™Šƒ–ƒ‡•‘”†‡ˆ‹‡•–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‹•Š‹•
”‘Ž‡Ž‹‡†–‘–Š‡ —Ž–‘ˆƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆǡ„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹•‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ‹••‡Ž‡ –‡†
„ƒ•‡† ‘ Š‹• ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ ™Š‹ Š ’”‘†— ‡• •— Š ’‡”•‘•ǡ ƒ†
Š‹• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ “—ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ Š‡ —•– Šƒ‹Ž ˆ”‘ Š‹• ƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽ
’ƒ”‡–ǯ•Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡ƒƒ–”‹Ž‹‡ƒŽ•›•–‡‘ˆ‹Š‡”‹–ƒ ‡Ǥ
 ‡ Š‡ ‹• •‡Ž‡ –‡†ǡ Š‡ ‹• ƒ†‡ –‘ ‰‘ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘
‡”‡‘› ™Š‹ Š ‹ Ž—†‡• ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǡ †”‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ •‹––‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ „Žƒ ‡‡† •–‘‘Žǡ •’”‹Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ „Ž‘‘† ‘ –Š‡
„Žƒ ‡‡† •–‘‘Žǡ ƒ† •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‘ƒ–Š „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ†
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‡”‡‘› ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ
ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳ͹ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ

ʹͶͷ „‹†ǡ’ǤͶͷǤ
ʹͶ͸‰ƒ‹ǡƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ†„Žƒ 
•–‘‘Žˆ”‘—•‹ƒǯ•„‘‘ǡThe Position of the Chief in the Modern Political Systems of AshantiǤ
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– —•– „‡ ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘™‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ –Š‡
•–‘‘Ž‹•˜‡”›•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–Ǥ –‹•–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š•‡–•Š‹ƒ’ƒ”–ƒ•‘‡™Š‘
Dz•‹–• —’‘ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•dzǡ ƒ† ›‘— ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› ƒ‘–
„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ™‹–Š‘—–‰‘‹‰–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‹•”‹–—ƒŽǤ
‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•–Š‡„Žƒ ‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‘Žˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ™Š‘†‹‡†ƒ•
ƒ ”‡‹‰‹‰ ‘ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ „Ž‘‘†
•‡ƒ”‡†‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž™Š‹ Š“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†Š‹–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ǤŠ‡
Š‹‡ˆǯ•’‘•‹–‹‘Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ••ƒ ”‡†ƒ†–Š‹•ƒ••‡”–‹‘‹•„ƒ•‡†
‘–Š‡‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–ƒ„‘‘•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳȌ’—–•‹–•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
”‘ –Š‡ ‘‡– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹• ‡•–‘‘Ž‡† Š‹• ’‡”•‘ „‡ ‘‡•
•ƒ ”‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‹• •›„‘Ž‹œ‡† „› –ƒ„‘‘•Ǥ ‡ ƒ› ‘– •–”‹‡ǡ ‘” „‡
•–”—  „› ƒ›‘‡ǡ Ž‡•– –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• „”‹‰ ‹•ˆ‘”–—‡ —’‘ –Š‡
–”‹„‡Ǥ ‡ƒ›‡˜‡”™ƒŽ„ƒ”‡Ǧˆ‘‘–‡†ǡŽ‡•–™Š‡–Š‡•‘Ž‡‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‘‘–
–‘— Š‡• –Š‡ ‰”‘—† •‘‡ ‹•ˆ‘”–—‡ „‡ˆƒŽŽ• –Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ ‡
•Š‘—Ž† ™ƒŽ ™‹–Š ƒ”‡ Ž‡•– Š‡ •–—„Ž‡•Ǥ ˆ Š‡ †‘‡• •–—„Ž‡ǡ –Š‡
‡š’‡ –‡† ƒŽƒ‹–› Šƒ• –‘ „‡ ƒ˜‡”–‡† ™‹–Š •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡Ǥ ‹• „—––‘ •
ƒ› ‘– –‘— Š –Š‡ ‰”‘—†ǡ ƒ• –Šƒ– ƒ‰ƒ‹ ™‘—Ž† „”‹‰
‹•ˆ‘”–—‡ǤʹͶ͹


Ž‘•‡Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ƒ”‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†•ƒ†–Š‡‹”

ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‘” ’”‹‡•–•Ǥ  Šƒƒǡ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡•
™Š‹ Šˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•Šƒ’‹‰ƒ†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Ž‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘”ƒ”’‘‰ȋͳͻ͹ͶȌ–Š‡’”‹‡•–•ƒ –ƒ••’‘‡•’‡”•‘•‘ˆ–Š‡

ʹͶ͹—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’ǤͳͺǦͳͻǤ
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ƒ ‡•–‘”•„›ƒ‹‰–Š‡™‹•Š‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘™–‘–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†ƒŽ•‘
‰‹˜‡ ‘—•‡Ž‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘’ƒ ‹ˆ›–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡†‡†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤʹͶͺ
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋʹͲͳͶǣʹͳȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ›‡– Š‡ Šƒ• ‘ Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽdz ’‘™‡”• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–›
Š‡ ‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘•’‡ƒˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡–Šƒ–
–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹‰‘”‡•–Š‡ˆ‡–‹•Š’”‹‡•–ƒ–Š‹•‘™’‡”‹Žǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘ˆ
–Š‡ ’”‹‡•– Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹–‘ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǤʹͶͻ Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ–‡ Ž‡ƒ†• –‘
‘ˆŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆ‡–‹•Š’”‹‡•–ƒ†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ

3.3.2.3.2. The Contemporary Ghanaian Chief 250

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ –”ƒ ‡• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ƒ†
’‘•–Ǧ †‡’‡†‡ ‡’‡”‹‘†• –‘–Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ƒ• Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹– Šƒ•
—†‡”‰‘‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹– Šƒ• ˆƒ ‡†Ǥ ‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ–
„‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ‡”ƒ •‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ’”‘‘–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ “—‹”‡† –‹–Ž‡•
ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹™ƒ”•„—––Š‡”‹–‹•Š–”ƒ†‡”••–‘’’‡†–Š‡•‡™ƒ”•Ǥ‘†ƒ›ǡ
–Š‹• ’”‘‘–‹‘ ƒ† –‹–Ž‡• ƒ‡ ‘” ™‡”‡ ƒ “—‹”‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡ˆǯ•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǤŠ‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡–‘ˆ•‘‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ•ǦŠ‡‡‘”Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ
‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ •‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ™‡”‡
’”‘‘–‡† ƒ† ‘–Š‡”• †‡•–‘‘Ž‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”‡–ǯ•
‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‘” ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ ƒ™• –‘ –Š‹• ‡ˆˆ‡ – ™‡”‡ ‡ƒ –‡† ƒ†
ʹͶͺ—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’ǤʹͲǤ
ʹͶͻ ‡ ƒ””ƒ–‡† –™‘ •–‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ Š‘™ ƒ ˆ‡–‹•Š ’”‹‡•– ‘”†‡”‡† ƒ† Ž‡† ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ†

ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ† –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” †”‹• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ •Š‡‡’ –‘ ’ƒ ‹ˆ› –Š‡‹” ‘ˆˆ‡†‡† ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š
‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ˜‡”–‡† –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ–ŠǢ ƒ† Š‘™ ƒ ˆ‡–‹•Š ’”‹‡•– ‹•–‹‰ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ƒ••‡• –‘ †‡•–‘‘Ž ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆˆ‘”†‹•‘„‡›‹‰Š‹•‘”†‡”•‘ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡‰‘†•Ǥ
ʹͷͲ ‹•†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‹•™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡–™‘ƒ—–Š‘”•Ȁ„‘‘•ǣ„‡‰Ǧƒ—ǡGovernment

Intervention in Chieftaincy Matters in Ghana ȋ Ǥ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ  ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ

—ƒ•‹ǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǡ ‘ŽǤ ͻǡ ‘Ǥ ǣ͹ǦͳͲǢ ƒ† ™ƒ‡ ”Š‹ǡ Traditional Rule in Ghana: Past and
Presentȋ ”ƒǣ‡† ‘—„ŽǤ–†ǤǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ

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’”‘—Ž‰ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‘—– ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ –‡”‡† Ǯ —•–‘ƒ”› Œ—”‹•’”—†‡ ‡ǯǤ
ƒ™••— Šƒ•–Š‡•‡•‘—‰Š––‘™‡ƒ‡–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ
 ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ Š‡ ‘–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ ‘‘‹  •–ƒ–—• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ ‘˜‡”Š‹• •—„Œ‡ –• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡ ƒ‡ ™‡ƒŽ–Š› ƒ† ƒ• ƒ
”‡•—Ž– –Š‡› Šƒ† ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ’”‡•–‹‰‡ ƒ† ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ †— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒŽ•‘‡š‡”–‡†•‘‡’”‡••—”‡‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
‡ ‘–‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•–Ǧ †‡’‡†‡ ‡ ’‡”‹‘† ™ƒ• ˜‡”› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ –‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•˜ƒ”‹‘—•‰‘˜‡”‡–••‘—‰Š––‘„”‹‰•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’”‡••—”‡–‘
„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘–‹—‡–‘–Š”‹˜‡
‹ Šƒƒ ‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › Šƒ• ˆƒ ‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”•Ǥ
Šƒƒ‹ƒ• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ”‡•’‡ – –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ –Šƒ–
ƒ‡•–Š‡—‹“—‡Ǥƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‡†ƒ†”‹ Š ‘–‹—‡–‘
–ƒ‡—’•— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ
ƒ† ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ••‡•Ǥ ‡ ‹• Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › —•– Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† •‘‡ Šƒ‰‡• –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Šƒ•‘–„‡‡ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ


 ‘ Ž—•‹‘ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋʹͲͳͶǣͻ͵Ȍ ƒ•‡† ƒ “—‡•–‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡

–Š”—•–‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ”‰—‡–ǣ
‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’ƒ”– –‘ ’Žƒ› ‹ –Š‡ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
–Šƒ– ‹• –ƒ‹‰ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Šƒƒǡ ‘” –Š‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ–
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘™‘—Ž†ˆ‘”‡˜‡”„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†„›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǫ


3.3.2.4. Attitudes of the Church towards Chieftaincy

 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‹• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ƒ† ‘•–Ǧ
‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š—” Š–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•†‹• —••‡†„›ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǤ

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3.3.2.4.1. The Missionary Church251

‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ƒ”‘•‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Š
ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ’‡”‹‘†Ǥ  —ƒ•‹ ˆ‘”
‹•–ƒ ‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‘‹••‹‘‡”ƒ†–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”Šƒ†–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡„›•‡––‹‰
—’ ‘‹––‡‡•–‘Š‡Ž’”‡•‘Ž˜‡–Š‡‹’ƒ••‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ǥ‘‡–‹‰‘
–Š‡ ‘˜‡”‘”ǯ•”‡’‘”–‘–Š‡•‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋʹͲͳͶǣͷ͹ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘
•ƒ›ǣ
–‹•˜‡”› Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‹•”‡’‘”––Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡
™‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ‘˜‹‰ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‹” —•–‘•‹ Ž—†‹‰’ƒ›‹‰ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆǤ


‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ˜‹‡™‡† •‡”˜‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ•
ˆ‡–‹•Š‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡ƒ†–Š‡›”‡ƒ –‡†„›”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹•— Š•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
‘‹‰ ‘” „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ Š—” Š ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡
ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ ”‡†‡”‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ ‡‹‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‘˜‡”–• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ Ž‘‰‡” —†‡” –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‹•
‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›’‹– Š‡†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘˜‡”•— Š ‘˜‡”–•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ Š—” Š
™Š‹ Š‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”ǤŠ‡”‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ƒ †‡ ”‡‡ „› –Š‡ •Šƒ–‹ ‘ˆ‡†‡”ƒ › ‘— ‹Ž †‡ Žƒ”‹‰ ˆƒ”‹‰ ‘
Š—”•†ƒ› ƒ• ƒ –ƒ„‘‘Ǥ Š‹• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š—” Š •‡†‹‰ ƒ ‡‘”ƒ†— –‘ –Š‡
•ƒ–‡Š‡‡•‡‡‹‰ƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•ƒ™ƒ›‘ˆ •Š‘™‹‰ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡‹”
Š‹‡ˆ•™‹–Š‘—–‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰–Š‡‹” ‘• ‹‡ ‡ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡Ǥ
‘‡–‹‰ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸ͳȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ Dz‡
ƒ ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‹• ‘ˆŽ‹ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘˜‡”– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ
ʹͷͳ Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š—” Š ‹• –Š‡ Š—” Š —†‡” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ

‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ‘” — Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‹ –Š‹• †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ †‡’‡†‡† ‘
—•‹ƒǯ•„‘‘ǡThe Position of the Chief in the Modern Political Systems of AshantiǤ
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ƒ ‘ˆ †‹˜‹†‡† ƒ––‡–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ‘•– ƒ ƒŽ‹‡ ‹ Š‹• ‘™ —Ž–—”‡Ǥdz ‘
ƒ—‰‡––Š‹•’‘‹–ǡŠ‡ƒ””ƒ–‡†Š‘™ƒ–ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰•‘‡‡„‡”•‘ˆŠ‹•
Š—” Š ™Š‘ „‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰”‘—’ †‹•–ƒ ‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ –ƒ‹‰
’ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †”—‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ „—– ™Š‡ –Š‡› •ƒ™ Š‹ǡ –Š‡‹”
’ƒ•–‘”ǡ †ƒ ‹‰ǡ –Š‡› ƒŽŽ Œ‘‹‡† –‘ ‘‰”ƒ–—Žƒ–‡ Š‹Ǥ Š‡› –Š‡ ‘–‹—‡† –‘
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‰”‘—’•ǯƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‘™–‘„‡–”—Ž›Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒǡ
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸͵Ȍ‘–‡†ǣ
‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‡‡†–Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–ǯ• ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ‹ ‘™‹‰Š‘™ –‘
„‡ –”—Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǡ ‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ –‘ Š”‹•– ƒ† ›‡– ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ• –”—‡
•‘• ƒ† †ƒ—‰Š–‡”• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ „”‹‰‹‰ ‘—” ™Š‘Ž‡ —Ž–—”‡• –‘ –Š‡
Ž‘”†•Š‹’‘ˆŠ”‹•–Ǥ
3.3.2.4.2. The Post-Missionary Church
†‹• —••‹‰–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡’‘•–Ǧ‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š—” Š–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ‡šƒ‹‡†–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š Šƒƒ
ƒ†–Š‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ


3.3.2.4.2.1. The Methodist Church Ghana (MCG) 252

Š‡ Š—” Š ˜‹ƒ ‹–• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› •ƒ› ƒ›–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
‡„‡”•ǯ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ‘–Š‡” —•–‘•Ǥʹͷ͵  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ
–Š‡ Š—” Š†‘‡•‘–—”‰‡‡„‡”•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹‘”ƒ„•–ƒ‹ˆ”‘‘„•‡”˜‹‰
•— Š —•–‘•Ǥƒ–Š‡”•Š‡—”‰‡•–Š‡–‘Œ—†‰‡–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‘”ƒ„•–‹‡ ‡
„›—•‹‰–Š‡‹”‘™ ‘• ‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž
‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –ƒ•‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‹ ˆ‘”‹‰ •— Š Œ—†‰‡–•Ǥ ‡„‡”•

ʹͷʹ Š‡   ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ‹ ͳͺ͵ͷ „› –Š‡ ‡•Ž‡›ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ”‹–ƒ‹Ǥ – ™ƒ•

ƒƒ‰‡† „› –Š‡ ”‹–‹•Š —–‹Ž ‹– „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‹ ͳͻ͸ͳǤ Š‡ Š—” Š Šƒ• •‹ ‡ ͳͻ͸ͳ
„‡‡—†‡” Šƒƒ‹ƒƒƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ
ʹͷ͵ Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” Š Šƒƒǡ Š‡ ‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘†— – ‘ˆ Š—” Š ‡„‡”•ǡ

Standing Order(SO)͹Ͷ͹ȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ
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™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘–‘”‡†‡”•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ•‹ˆ•— Š•‡”˜‹ ‡•†‘‘–˜‹‘Žƒ–‡–Š‡‹”

Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘• ‹‡ ‡Ǥƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†ǣ͹͵ȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ǣ
–‹• Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–‹–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Šǡ‘†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–‘
–Š‡ ‡„‡”• „› ™Š‹ Š –‘ Œ—†‰‡ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• —•–‘ƒ”› ƒ† ™Šƒ–
™ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—•Ǥ ˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ™ƒ• Ž‡ˆ– –‘ –Š‡   ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ–‘ƒ‡ƒŒ—†‰‡–Ǥ
–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ•— Šƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•‡„‡”•˜‹•ǦǦ
˜‹•–Š‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†Ȍ’—–•‹–•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
‘ ™‘†‡”ǡ ƒ› ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ”‘›ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ ‘ˆ—•‡†
™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡› ƒ„‡ ‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ•‘”‘–Ǥ†™Š‡–Š‡› Š‘‘•‡–‘
„‡ ‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ’’‡ƒ”• –‘ „‡ ‘ Š‡Ž’ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹ –Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ”‘–‡† ™‹–ŠǤ Š‡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” Š
’”‘˜‹†‡•‘•— Šƒ•™‡”•Ǥ


3.3.2.4.2.2. The Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG)254

‹‡–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡ ‹•ƒŽ•‘‰‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–Š‹• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
”‡‰—Žƒ–‡• ‡„‡”•ǯ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡
‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ Š‡ ͳͻͺͷ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› †‡„ƒ”• ‡„‡”• ˆ”‘
ƒ••—‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡„Žƒ •–‘‘Žǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•›„‘Ž‘ˆ–Šƒ–
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ ‹• ‘– „‡”‡ˆ– ™‹–Š Š‡ƒ–Š‡‹• ƒ† —•‡† ƒ• ƒ ‘„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ –Šƒ– •ƒ‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ
‘– „‡ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ — Š ‡„‡”• ‘Ž›
‡‡†‡†–‘„‡‰”ƒ–‡†Ǯ —•–‘ƒ”›†‹•’‡•ƒ–‹‘ǯ—†‡”ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡ƒ–™‹–Š
–Š‡‡Ž†‡”•‡š‡’–‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘–ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹–Š‘•‡Š‡ƒ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ˆ–Š‹•
‹•ƒ‰”‡‡†–‘ǡ–Š‡–‘‘ŽŽ†‡”• ‘—Ž†–Š‡ƒ’’‘‹–•‘‡‘‡–‘†‡’—–‹œ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡

ʹͷͶŠ‡ ™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹ͳͺʹͺ„›–Š‡ƒ•‡Ž‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǤŠ‡†‹• —••‹‘•™‡”‡„ƒ•‡†‘

–Š‡ͳͻͺͷƒ†ʹͲͲͲȋ‡˜‹•‡††‹–‹‘Ȍ‘•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ
130
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Š‹‡ˆ ƒ• ‹• —””‡–Ž› –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‰›‡ƒ‰ ƒ†—ǡ –Š‡ ƒŠ‡‡ ‘ˆ
‘”ƒƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤ
Š‡ Š—” Š ”‡ ‘‡†• ™Šƒ– ‹• –‡”‡† Dz’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘dz ‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‹• DzƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒŠ‘Ž† –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡™‹–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ
†‡˜‘–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡‰”‹–›dz ƒ• –Š‡› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡ „‡–™‡‡ DzŠ‡ƒ–Š‡‹•Š —•–‘ƒ”›
”‹–‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†’—”‡Ž›•‘ ‹ƒŽ —•–‘•ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•dzǤ


Š‡ ʹͲͲͲ ”‡˜‹•‡† ‡†‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡   ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ʹͷͷ †‡„ƒ”• ‡„‡”• ˆ”‘
’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰”‹–‡•‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘ƒ Š‹‡ˆ™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡Ǯ‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǯǤŠ‡›ƒ›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™Š‹ Š†‘‘–
Šƒ˜‡ ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™ –Š‡‹” Ž‘›ƒŽ–› –‘ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ „› –ƒ‹‰ ’ƒ”– ‹ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ †ƒ› ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† †—”„ƒ”•Ǥ ‹‡ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͷ
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•‘‡ƒŽ•‘†‡„ƒ”•‡„‡”•ˆ”‘„‡ ‘‹‰ƒ Š‹‡ˆ†—‡–‘–Š‡
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡• ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ›ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Š‘Ž†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ’ƒŽƒ“—‹ ƒ””‹‡”•ǡ —„”‡ŽŽƒ „‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ ”‘›ƒŽ ‘‘•ǡ
†”—‡”•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”•Ǥ


ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹ǣͺͲȌ–Š‡”ƒ‹•‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ‹••—‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ 
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘• ‡—‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‡š‡’–‡† ˆ”‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ ”‹–‡• ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡
Š‡ƒ–Š‡ „› †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‹‰ ƒ ‡Ž†‡” –‘ †‘ •‘ ‘ Š‹• „‡ŠƒŽˆǡ Š‡ ƒ•‡†ǡ Dz—– —†‡”
–Š‘•‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ǡ ™‘—Ž† ™‡ „‡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ‘”
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”Š”‹•–ǫŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•‹ˆ•— Šƒ
Š‹‡ˆ‹•‘‘”‡ǫ‘—Ž†™‡Šƒ˜‡•— ‡‡†‡†‹ Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ›–Š‹‰ǫdz‡‰ƒ”†‹‰
–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‡„‡”• –‘ Š‘Ž† –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡ˆǯ•
ƒ––‡†ƒ–Š‡‘–‡†ǡDz –‹•‹–‡”‡•–‹‰–‘‘–‡–Šƒ–ǡ‹„‘–Š‡†‹–‹‘•ǡ there is no

ʹͷͷ‡‡ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ͳͻŠ‡ƒ†Ž‹‡†ǮŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—•–‘•ǯǡ•—„•‡ –‹‘• ǡ†ǡ‡ǡ

ƒ†ˆ‘ˆ–Š‡ ʹͲͲͲ‡˜‹•‡†‘•–‹–—–‹‘“—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’Ǥ͹͹Ǧ͹ͻǤ
131
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objection to the Christian being a chief’s attendant, •‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ™Š‘
—†‡”–ƒ‡•–Š‡•‘Ǧ ƒŽŽ‡†Š‡ƒ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡƒ†›‡–Š‡ ‘—Ž†‘––ƒ‡—’–Š‹•
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘ Š‹•‡ŽˆǤ ‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ Dz’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘dzǡ ƒ†
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‰„‡–™‡‡DzŠ‡ƒ–Š‡‹•Š —•–‘ƒ”›”‹–‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†’—”‡Ž›
•‘ ‹ƒŽ —•–‘• ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•dz Š‡ ƒ•‡†ǡ DzŠ‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‹•ǡ ™Š‘ ‹• –‘ ƒ‡
–Š‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š—•„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ǫdz


 ‘ Ž—•‹‘ǡ Š‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† —‡‡Ǧ‘–Š‡”• ‹ —ƒ•‹ ‹ –Š‡ ‘ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ ‡–Š‘†‹•– ƒ†
‰Ž‹ ƒ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† •‹‹Žƒ” ‰”‘—’• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ ‡ ˆ—”–Š‡”
‘–‡† –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‘ˆ ƒ „‘‘ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
—‡‡ǡƒƒ‘—ƒʹͷ͸ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–ƒŽŽ–Šƒ–Š‘’‡Ž‡••Ǥ


3.3.2.5. Transformational Mission

 ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ –Š‡ ‡™ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• —•– „‡ –Š‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™Š‘Ž‡ —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ ‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–• –Š‡ ƒ†ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–
‘‹••‹‘ƒ•‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰™Š‘Ž‡ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡Ž‹‡–Š‡•ƒ–‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‹•
™‹ŽŽ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›Ž‡ƒ†–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•‡†
™Š‡–Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹• Šƒ˜‹‰ ƒ› ”‡ƒŽ ‹’ƒ – ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–Ǥ‹–Š”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ””‹†‡”ȋͳͻ͹͸Ȍƒ† ƒ•‘‰‹‡
ȋͳͻͺ͵Ȍ Š‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š ƒ› ˆ”‹ ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡”–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–››‡––Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‘–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡
™ƒ• ˜‡”› ‹‹ƒŽǤ ‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž „—– ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‘™”‡•–•™‹–Šˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•–‘ǡƒ•Š‡–‡”‡†‹–ǡDzŽ‡ƒ†–Š‡
”—•ƒ†‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘™ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘• –‘ –Š‡

ʹͷ͸Š‡†‹• —••‹‘•‘ƒƒ‘—ƒƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘Ǥ

132
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Š”‹•–‹ƒ •—’”ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡dzǤ  ‘”†‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ —””‡– ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‘” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ 
‡–‡”’”‹•‡ ‘” ”—•ƒ†‡ –‘ •— ‡‡† ‹– —•– –ƒ‡ ‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†Ǧ
˜‹‡™‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ•Ǥ


‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋʹͲͳͶǣͻ͸Ȍ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡† –™‘ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•
„ƒ•‡†‘Šƒ”Ž‡•”ƒˆ–ǯ•ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ™‘”ǡDzŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹—Ž–—”‡dzǣ–Š‡•–‹—Ž—•–‘
Šƒ‰‡‘‡ǯ• —Ž–—”‡ƒ›„‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‘”ƒ›„‡ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–
’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ‡š’‘•—”‡ –‘ ƒ‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡ ‘” ƒ› ‘‡ ȋƒ• –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡†‘‡•Ȍˆ”‘ƒ•—’”ƒǦ —Ž–—”ƒŽ•‘—” ‡Ǣ–Š‘—‰Šƒ‘—–•‹†‡”ƒ›
Dzƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡dz ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ› Dz‹‘˜ƒ–‡dz ˆ‘”
Šƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š‡‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
™Š‹ Š †‘ ‘– „”‹‰ ‰Ž‘”› –‘ ‘† —•– •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ •–‹—Ž—• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‹• •–‹—Ž—• —•– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‡šƒ‹‡ ƒ† ™‘” –‘ ƒ‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›„”‹‰‰Ž‘”›–‘ ‘†Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡•‡ ‘†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡDzƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‹‰ˆ‘”
—Ž–—”‡ Šƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘dz –Š‡ Š—” Š —•– ‘•‹†‡” ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǣ
‹Ǥ †‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‡Ž‡‡– –Šƒ– ‡‡†• –‘ „‡ Šƒ‰‡†
ˆ”‘’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•’‘‹–‘ˆ˜‹‡™Ǣ
‹‹Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ƒ ‹‹— ‘ˆ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡• ‹ –Š‡‹”
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–ŠƒƒŽƒ”‰‡”—„‡”‘ˆ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡•Ǣ
‹‹‹Ǥ Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ Š ‘—– –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹” ‘’‹‹‘
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ™‹ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‰”‘—’• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǣ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘•‡
‘’‹‹‘• ƒ”‡ •‘—‰Š– ƒ† ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” ‘” ‘– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹
‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǣƒ†

133
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‹˜Ǥ ‘” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‹– –‘ –ƒ‡
’Žƒ ‡„‘–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”Ǥʹͷ͹


‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‡ –Š”‡™ ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š—” Š –‘ ƒ†‘’– ”ƒˆ–ǯ•
ȋͳͻ͹ͻǣͳͲ͵Ȍ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz’‹”‹– ‘ˆ ‡–—”‡•‘‡‡••dz ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™‹ŽŽ
‹Œ‡ –•‘‡†›ƒ‹•‹–‘Š‡”ƒ†ƒ–‡–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡™‹–Š ‘†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”
—Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘”•Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ™Š‡ ’”‘’‡”Ž› ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– ™‹ŽŽ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ ˆ‘”
Ǯ ‘†ǯ• ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•ǯǤ ‡ ‘–‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ—Žǯ• œ‡ƒŽ ˆ‘” ƒ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ‘” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ™Š‹ Š Ž‡† Š‹ –‘ ƒ‡ Š‹• ˆƒ‘—•
†‡ Žƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͻǣͳͻǦʹ͵ǤŠ‹• “—‘–‡‹’ƒ”–ǣ
ǤǤǤI have become all things to all men so that by all possible means I
might save some. I do all this for the sake of the gospel that I may
share in its blessings.
‘” Š‹ǡ ƒ—Žǯ• •’‹”‹– ‘ˆ ˜‡–—”‡•‘‡‡•• ‹ Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ‘”
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ™ƒ• ‡‘—‰Š –‘ ‡ƒ” Š‹ –Š‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Šƒ‡Ž‡‘dz
„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘–‘˜ƒ”‹‘—•‡˜‹”‘‡–•‘” —Ž–—”‡•‹‘”†‡”–‘™‹
’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ‘” Š”‹•–Ǥʹͷͺ Š‹• ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ˜‡–—”‡•‘‡‡•• ‹• •‘ †‡ƒ” –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”– ‘ˆ
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋʹͲͳͶǣͳͲͷȌ–Šƒ–Š‡—‡“—‹˜‘ ƒŽŽ›•–ƒ–‡•ǣ
–‹•’”‡ ‹•‡Ž›‹–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ–Š‹••’‹”‹–‘ˆ˜‡–—”‡•‘‡‡••–‘„”‹‰
ƒ„‘—––Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ˆ‘” ‡•—•Š”‹•–ǡ
–Šƒ–  ’‘•‡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹• –Š‡ –‹–Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• „‘‘ǡ Dzƒ ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‹ Šƒƒǫdz


ʹͷ͹ ‘”–Š‡†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘•‡‡ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ’Ǥͻ͹ǦͳͲ͵ǢŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ”ƒˆ–ǡChristianity in

Cultureȋǡƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻ͹ͻȌǡ͵ͶͷǦ͵ͺͷǤ
ʹͷͺ—‘–‡†ˆ”‘ƒ˜‹†”‹‘”ǡŠ‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ǣŠ‡‹„Ž‡’‡ƒ•‘†ƒ›ǡ‹ ǤǤ

Ǥ–‘––ǡȋ‡†ǤȌNT Seriesȋ ǤǤǤǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ

134
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3.3.2.6. God is not against Chieftaincy

 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ǡ  ‘•‹†‡” ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǯ• –ƒ‡ ‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ Dzƒ ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆdzǡ™Š‹ ŠŠ‡”‡•’‘†‡†‹–Š‡ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ


3.3.2.6.1. Can a Christian become a chief?: The core issues

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ‘’‹‡• –Šƒ– ‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡
™‹–Š‘—––Š‡ƒ‰‡–•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘•‹†‡”‹‰–Š‡ ‘”‡‹••—‡•
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Šƒ– •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘‡ ƒ ”‡•’‘† –‘ –Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ™Š‡–Š‡”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆŠ‡—•–ˆ‹”•–‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡
‘”‡ ‹••—‡• •—””‘—†‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ŠƒƒǤ † ƒ ƒŒ‘” ‘”‡ ‹••—‡ Š‡
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹•–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•‘‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– –‘ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ Šƒ• „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ƒ•
Ǯ•‹––‹‰‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǯǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‘ˆˆ‡”••ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†’”ƒ›‡”•
–‘–Š‡Ǥ


‘™ †‘‡• –Š‡ Š—” Š †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š –Š‹• ‹••—‡ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• Š‡” †‡•‹”‡ –‘ —’Š‘Ž†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†„”‹‰‹––‘–Š‡‘”†•Š‹’‘ˆ ‡•—•ǫŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡ Š—” Š—•–
Šƒ˜‡ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽƒ††”‡••–Š‡‹••—‡Š‡ƒ†Ž‘‰ƒ†–Š‹•ˆ‘”Š‹—•–
‡–‡” ‘ Š”‹•–ǯ• ’Žƒ ‡ ‘” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• Ǯ–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–  ‡•–‘”ǯ™Š‘ „› Š‹•†‡ƒ–Š ƒ†
”‡•—””‡ –‹‘ǡ ǮŠƒ• ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –Š‡ ‘ ‡Ǧˆ‘”ǦƒŽŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ –‘ ‘†ǯǤ ‘” Š‹ –Š‹•
‡••ƒ‰‡ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ „—– ™‹ŽŽ Š‡Ž’ †‹• ƒ”† –Š‡
‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡
’—– –Š‡ ‹ ƒ „‡––‡” ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‘‡‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†Š‡”‘‡•–‘–Š‡‰Ž‘”›‘ˆ ‡•—•Š”‹•–Ǥ


‘ ‘‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ ‡ƒ•‡• –‘ „‡ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘” Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡
—’‘ „‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ Šƒ– ƒ‡• –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡
135
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Š—” Š ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” –Šƒ– •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† –Š‡
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•‹‰Š–ˆƒŽŽ‹–‘‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹–„‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›‹’‘”–ƒ–ǡƒ†
‹ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– †‹”‡ –‹‘ ˆ‘” ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –‘ –ƒ‡ —’ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ’‘•‹–‹‘ǫ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒ ƒ•‡† –Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹ ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ƒ†ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘Ǥ•‹‰–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆƒ—Žƒ†–Š‡ ‡”—•ƒŽ‡‘— ‹Ž
ƒ•–Š‡‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǡŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘Ǥʹͷͻ ‘”Š‹ǡ‹ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰
–‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡ
–Š‡ Š—” Š—•–„‡ ƒ”‡ˆ—Ž‘––‘ ‘’”‘‹•‡–Š‡–”—–ŠǤƒ—Žǯ•˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–›
‹Š‹•–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹––Š”‘™•–‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǡƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳͳȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
ƒ—Žǯ• ˜‡”•ƒ–‹Ž‹–› ‹ •‡‡‹‰ –‘ ™‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†• –‘
Š”‹•– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•—•–‘ ”‘••–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡Ǧ‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ
•—„Ǧ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ ‘œ›‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†Š‘Ž›–ƒŽƒ†–Š‡’ƒ‰ƒ —Ž–—”‡
‘ˆ ‘—” Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡ –ƒ• ‘ˆ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒ†
‹ ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‹–‘‘—” ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›’ƒ‰ƒ‹•‘ˆƒŽŽ‹†•‹•‘‡‘ˆ
–Š‡„‹‰‰‡•––ƒ•• ‘ˆ”‘–‹‰–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ


3.3.2.6.2. The Ideal Christian Chief

ƒ˜‹‰„‡‡ƒ†‡”‹‰Š–™‹–Š ‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡†‡ƒ–Šƒ†”‡•—””‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ‡•—•
Š”‹•–ǡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳʹȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Šƒ• –Š‡
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ Ž‹˜‡ —†‡” –Š‡ Ž‘”†•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‡•—• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ™ƒŽ ‹ †ƒ‹Ž›
‘„‡†‹‡ ‡–‘Š‹Ǥ —š–ƒ’‘•‹‰–Š‹•™‹–Š–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹
Šƒƒƒ†–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹–’‘•‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǡŠ‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ– Ǯ›‡•ǯǡ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ„‡ ‘‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ
Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǡ Dz ‘™†‘‡•–Š‹•™‘”’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›ǫdz ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡŠ‘™†‘‡•
ʹͷͻŠ‡‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•Š‡“—‘–‡†‹•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ƒ”‡ǣDz Šƒ˜‡„‡ ‘‡ƒŽŽ–Š‹‰•

–‘ƒŽŽ‡ǤǤǤdzȋ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͻǣͳͻǦʹ͵ȌǢŠ‡ ‡”—•ƒŽ‡‘— ‹Žȋ –•ͳͷȌǢŠ‡ ‹” — ‹•‹‘‘ˆ

‹‘–Š›ȋ –•ͳ͸ǣͳǦͷȌǢƒ†Š‡—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹–‡‹ ‡”—•ƒŽ‡ȋ –•ʹͳȌǤ
136
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•— Šƒ’‡”•‘„‡ ‘‡–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ™‹–Š‹–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

•‘ ‹‡–›ǫƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒŠƒ•‡—‡”ƒ–‡†™ƒ›•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‹• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†Ǥ


‘”Š‹ǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ–‘ ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ•

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒ†‘–‡”‡Ž›ƒ•ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ–”ƒ–‡‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ—•–
•‡‡Š‹•‡Žˆƒ• ‘†ǯ•‹•–”—‡––‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ
—Ž– –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” –”—‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡”• –‘ ‘† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡•—•
Š”‹•–Ǥ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ •—‰‰‡•–• ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡
†‡ƒ†• ‘†ǯ• ƒŽŽ‹‰Ǥ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‹•ǡDz–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ™Š‘ƒ ‡’–•–‘„‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ
—•–„‡ ‘˜‹ ‡†–Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‡†Š‹–‘•‡”˜‡‹–Šƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›dzǤ


‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘ —’‹‡•ƒ•–‘‘Žƒ†•‡––Š‡–‘‡ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡Šƒ•
ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹••—‡• –‘ ‘–‡† ™‹–ŠǤ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ”‹–‡• ‘ˆ
•‹––‹‰‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Žǡ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆ†”‹•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ
ƒ† ˆ‡ƒ•–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ–Ǥ ‘ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳ͵Ȍ ƒ•‡† ˜‡”›
‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–’”‘˜‘‹‰“—‡•–‹‘•ǣ
‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™Šƒ–†‘›‘—†‘ƒ„‘—–‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰†”‹•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ™Š‡ ›‘— Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‡†ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ›‡–ǫ Šƒ– ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ ’‘—”‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǫ Šƒ– †‘ ›‘— †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ƒ– –Šƒ– Šƒ•
„‡‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǫ
–ƒ–‹‰Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘•”ƒ‹•‡†ƒ„‘˜‡Š‡ƒ††•ǣ
›’‘•‹–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–ƒ›ƒ––‡’––‘”‡Œ‡ ––Š‡•‡–Š‹‰•‘—–”‹‰Š–™‹ŽŽ
‘Ž› ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ™‹ŽŽ “—‹ Ž› ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡
Š‹•‡Žˆˆ”‘Š‹•’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‡™‹ŽŽˆƒ‹Ž–‘ƒ‡ƒ›‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ —Ž–
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ
†‘™Šƒ–‹•”‡“—‹”‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǣ

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– ™‹ŽŽ ”‡“—‹”‡ –Š‡ •–”‘‰ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† Ž‡ƒ” ‘• ‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ—Ž –Šƒ–ǡ
–Š‡ „Žƒ ‡‡† •–‘‘Ž ‹• ƒ ‡”‡ •–‘‘Ž ƒ† Šƒ• ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ Š‹Ǥ
‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡•Š‡‡’–Šƒ–™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‡”‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•Œ—•–‡ƒ–
–Šƒ–—•–„‡ƒ ‡’–‡†™‹–Š–Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰–‘ ‘†Ǥ
Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹• Š‡”‡„› ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –‘ ƒ ‡’– ƒ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡–—’‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”
Š‹ –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‘‡ ‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ ‡ —•–ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”„‡”‡ƒ†›–‘•—ˆˆ‡”ƒ•ƒ’‹‘‡‡”‹–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ‘–Š‡” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡™Š‹ Š–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‡‡†•–‘†‡ƒŽ
™‹–Š ‹• –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ ‹‘” †‡‹–‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
’”‹‡•–•‹ ‡–Š‹•ǡˆ‘”Š‹‹•‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ†—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ


Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‘‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ‘” ’ƒ•– Š‡”‘‡• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ–
ƒ––‡” –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† „—– ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ †‘‹‰ –Š‹•
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡„Žƒ •–‘‘Žƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳͶȌ•—‰‰‡•–•ǣ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡–‘•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”•— Š’‘•‹–‹˜‡ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•
–Šƒ–™‹ŽŽŠ‡Ž’–‘’”‡•‡”˜‡‘—””‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†‰‡–”‹†
‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ’”ƒ›‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰–Š‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ
•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”
–Š‡ Š—” Šǡ‹–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘—•†‘‡•‘–”‡•–‘–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ
Š”‹•–‹ƒƒŽ‘‡ǤŠ‡ Š—” ŠƒŽ•‘Šƒ•ƒ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›–‘•—’’‘”––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆƒ†’ƒ”–‡”Š‹–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡‡†‡† Šƒ‰‡‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳͶǦͳͳͷȌƒ†‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‹‰–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•”‹ Š —Ž–—”‡–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‡”
‡••ƒ‰‡Ǣƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ‡„‡”•ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰–Š‡
–‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǣ ”‡Ǧ‡šƒ‹‹‰ Š‡” ”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘• ‘
’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ‹••—‡••— Šƒ•„ƒ””‹‰’‘Ž›‰ƒ‹•–ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡‘”†ǯ•
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—’’‡”Ǣ†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒš‹‡–›„›ƒ‹‰Š”‹•–ƒŽ‹˜‡‹
–Š‡Ǣƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•’”ƒ›‡”•—’’‘”–Ǥ


3.3.3. The Practical Example of Nana Dokua260: Charles

Smart Obeng261
ƒƒ ‘—ƒ †‘—„Ž‡† ƒ• ƒ ‡ƒ ‘‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ† –Š‡ “—‡‡ ‘ˆ
—ƒ’‡ƒʹ͸ʹ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ  –Š‹•
•‡ –‹‘  ‘•‹†‡” Š‡” „‹‘‰”ƒ’Š› ‘” ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǣŠ‘™ •Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡†
Š‡” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ• ƒ “—‡‡ ƒ†–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ
ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ
”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ ǣ ‘Diadeε na som
Yehowa’ ƒ†–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘’‘•‡†„›ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǣ‘Can a Christian Become a
chief?’


3.3.3.1. Early Life and Conversion

ƒƒ ‘—ƒ ™ƒ• „‘” ‘ —†ƒ›ǡ ‡ ‡„‡” ͵ǡ ͳͻʹʹ –‘ Š‘ƒ• Š‡‡ ‘ˆ‹
ƒ† ‡‹ƒ ›ƒ”‘ƒǤ ‘–Š ’ƒ”‡–• Šƒ‹Ž‡† ˆ”‘ ”‘’‘‰ǡ –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡
—ƒ’‡ •–ƒ–‡Ǥ Š‡› ™‡”‡ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ–Š‡” ”‘•‡ –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ
’”‡•„›–‡”‹–Š‡•ƒ‡ Š—” ŠǤ –‡”•‘ˆŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ–Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”„‡Ž‘‰‡†–‘–Š‡
™‹†ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ ”‘’‘‰ Œ—ƒ‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡• Š‡” ‘–Š‡” „‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘ –Š‡

ʹ͸Ͳ Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ Šƒ”Ž‡• ƒ”– „‡‰ǡ Nana Dokua: The

Christian Queen ȋ ”ƒǣ œ››‘ ”‹–Š‘—•‡ǡ ʹͲͳͲȌǤ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ ’ƒ••‡† ƒ™ƒ› ‹ —Ž›ǡ
ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ʹ͸ͳŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰‹•ƒ’ƒ•–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǥ ‡Šƒ•‹‹•–‡”‡†‘”’ƒ•–‘”‡†ƒ–”‘’‘‰

—ƒ’‹ ™Š‡”‡ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ Ž‹˜‡† ƒ† ”‡‹‰‡† ƒ• ƒ “—‡‡Ǥ ”‘’‘‰ ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ—ƒ’‡ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤ
ʹ͸ʹ—ƒ’‡ƒŽ‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‡ƒ•—ƒ’‡–ƒ–‡ƒ†‹–‹•ƒ˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆ—ƒ’‡™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‘ˆDz—™’‡dz‡ƒ‹‰ƒ–Š‘—•ƒ†‰”‘—’•‘ˆ•‡––Ž‡‡–•Ǥ –‹•—ƒ’‡–ƒ–‡„—–
™”‹––‡ƒ•—ƒ’‡ƒ™Š‡”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘‹–ƒ•ƒ•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡Akuapem†‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Š‘™–Š‡•‡–Š‘—•ƒ†•‡––Ž‡‡–• ƒ‡–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘ ‘•–‹–—–‡
–Š‡—ƒ’‡ƒ•‡‡Šƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰ǡNana Dokuaǡ’ǤͳͳǦͳ͸Ǥ
139
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•‘ƒ ‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‘ˆ ”‘’‘‰ ’‡‹ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡” ƒ‹†‡ ƒ‡ ™ƒ• ‘ˆ‘”–
Š‡‡ʹ͸͵„—–•Š‡„‡ ƒ‡‘™ƒ•‹Ž›‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™Š‡•Š‡‡”‘ŽŽ‡†ƒ•ƒ
•–—†‡–—”•‡ƒ––Š‡‘ˆ‘‘›‡‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ‹—ƒ•‹Ǥ
ƒƒ‘—ƒ„‡‰ƒ–Š‡’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ–—”•‡”›ƒ––Š‡ƒ‰‡
‘ˆˆ‘—”›‡ƒ”•„‡ˆ‘”‡•Š‡‡–‡”‡†–Š‡ƒ‹•–”‡ƒˆ‘”’”‹ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡
”‘’‘‰ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ ‹••‹‘  Š‘‘Ž ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ‘’Ž‡–‡† •–ƒ†ƒ”† –Š”‡‡Ǥ
”‘ –Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ‘–‹—‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „—”‹ ‹”Ž•ǯ ‘ƒ”†‹‰  Š‘‘Ž ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡
‘’Ž‡–‡† •–ƒ†ƒ”† ˆ‘—” ƒ† •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ› ’ƒ••‡† Š‡” •–ƒ†ƒ”† •‡˜‡
‡šƒ‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ’”‘ ‡‡†‡† –‘ –Š‡ „—”‹ ‹”Ž•ǯ ‡ ‘†ƒ”›  Š‘‘Ž ˆ‘” Š‡”
•‡ ‘†ƒ”› ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ‘ ‘›‡ ‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ ‹
—ƒ•‹–‘’—”•—‡ƒ ‘—”•‡‹’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ—”•‹‰ǤŠ‡•–ƒ›‡†™‹–ŠŠ‡”— Ž‡ǡ
ƒ’ƒ ‡„‘ƒŠǡ ‹ —ƒ•‹ ƒ• •Š‡ ™‡– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —”•‹‰ –”ƒ‹‹‰Ǥ Š‡ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–Š‹• ƒ”‡‡”‹ͳͻͶͶƒˆ–‡”•Š‡‰‘–ƒ””‹‡†–‘”Ǥ‡†‹ƒ‘
™‘‘ ††ƒ‹ǡ ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ƒ–‡Ž› ƒŽŽ‡† Ǥ Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –‡ƒ Š‡” „—–
Žƒ–‡” „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ –‹„‡” ‡” Šƒ– ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒǤ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡
‡”‡‘› ™ƒ• Š‡Ž† ‘ —Ž› Ͷǡ ͳͻͶͶ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› –Š‡ ‘”†‹ƒ ‡ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ‘
ƒ–—”†ƒ›ǡ ƒ—ƒ”›ͳͷǡͳͻͶͷƒ––Š‡Š”‹•–”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Šƒ–”‘’‘‰Ǥ•
ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡Š—•„ƒ†ǯ•’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒƒ™ƒ•‘ ‡ƒ””‡•–‡†ƒ†’Žƒ ‡†
‹ ‘Ž‹ ‡ —•–‘†› ™Š‡ –Š‡ Š—•„ƒ† ™‡– ‹–‘ ‡š‹Ž‡ –‘ ‡• ƒ’‡ ƒ””‡•–Ǥ „‡‰
ȋʹͲͳͲǣ͵͹ǦͶ͵Ȍ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ–ƒƒ ™ƒ•”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† „› †‹˜‹‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡
Š—” Š’”ƒ›‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡† ‘†–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡Ǥ


ʹ͸͵ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽŽ›•Š‡„‘”‡†–Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ••—”ƒ‡ǡǮŠ‡‡ǯ„—– —•–‘ƒ”‹Ž›•Š‡™ƒ•ƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”

ƒƒ ‘—ƒǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‡” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”—Ž‡”Ǥ  •‘‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ‘‡ǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ƒ‡ ™Š‹ Š ‘”ƒŽŽ›
‹ Ž—†‡•–Š‡ˆƒ–Š‡”ǯ••—”ƒ‡–Š‡’‡”•‘‹•‰‹˜‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡™Š‹ Š‹‰Š–„‡–Šƒ–‘ˆ
ƒŽ‹˜‹‰’‡”•‘‘”ƒƒ ‡•–‘”Ǥ –Š‹• ƒ•‡–Š‡’‡”•‘‹••ƒ‹†–‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ‡†ƒˆ–‡”–Šƒ–
ƒ ‡•–‘”‘”Ž‹˜‹‰’‡”•‘Ǥ
140
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•ƒ Š‹Ž†™‹–Š”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ’ƒ”‡–•ƒƒƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ

–Š‡ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ Š—” Š „› „‹”–ŠǤ –‹• ‘–‡™‘”–Š›–Šƒ– Šƒ”Ž‡• ƒ”– „‡‰
ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵ʹǦ͵͵Ȍ†‡• ”‹„‡•Š‡”–‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Šƒ•— ‘˜‡”–‡†ǣ
˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š ƒƒ ™ƒ• ƒ •–ƒ— Š ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒǡ •Š‡ Šƒ† ‘–
•—””‡†‡”‡† Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘ ‡•—• Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† ‘– ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž› ƒ†
— ‘†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ› •—””‡†‡”‡† Š‡” Ž‹ˆ‡ –‘ ‡•—• Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ† ‘–
–ƒ•–‡† ‘˜‡”•‹‘ƒ†„ƒ’–‹•„›–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ȋ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ•–Š‡
•—”’”‹•‡’ƒ ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘†–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹• ‘Ž›’‹”‹––‘ƒŽŽ™Š‘„‡ ‘‡
„‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ȌǤ


‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ ͳͻ͸ͷǡ ƒƒ „‡ ƒ‡ ‹ŽŽ ™‹–Šǡ ƒ• „‡‰
–‡”‡†‹–ǡ Ǯ—‘™ ”ƒ•Š‡•ǯ ˆ”‘ Š‡ƒ† –‘–‘‡Ǥ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵͵Ȍ ‹–‡”’”‡–•–Š‡
‹ŽŽ‡••ƒ•†‹˜‹‡„‡ ƒ—•‡‹–™ƒ• ‘†™Š‘ƒŽŽ‘™‡†Š‡”–‘ˆƒŽŽ•‹ Ǥƒ”‹‘—•ˆ‘”•
‘ˆ ‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘”–Š‘†‘š ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽǡ ™‡”‡ –”‹‡† „—– ƒŽŽ –‘ ‘
ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‡ƒ‹‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡‡˜‡ƒˆ–‡”˜‹•‹–‹‰ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ’”ƒ›‡”
ƒ’•ˆ‘”ƒ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ•‘Ž—–‹‘–‘Š‡”•‹ ‡••ǤƒƒŽƒ–‡”ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†ƒˆ”‹‡†
ƒŽŽ‡†ƒƒ†™‘–‘ƒ’”ƒ›‡”‡‡–‹‰‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†„›–Š‡‘ƒ–—ƒ•‹—†‡”
–Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ”‘’Š‡– Ǥ Ǥ ‡„‘ƒŠǤ Š‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽ
ƒ†™ƒ•„ƒ’–‹œ‡†„›‹‡”•‹‘Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‡†ƒ›ƒ†„‡ ƒ‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
‘ƒ–‘’ƒ–ƒ‹—ƒ•‹–Š‘—‰Š•Š‡Šƒ†‘–”‡ ‡‹˜‡†ƒ›Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ǤŠ‡™ƒ•
‹”ƒ —Ž‘—•Ž› Š‡ƒŽ‡† Žƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡•‹˜‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒŽŽ‡ ‹–‘ –”ƒ ‡ ƒ† „‡‰ƒ –‘ •’‡ƒ ‹ –‘‰—‡• ƒ† •ƒ™
˜‹•‹‘• ‘ˆ ‡•—• ™Š‘ –‘Ž† Š‡” ‹ Š‡” ‘–Š‡” –‘‰—‡ǡ “se wo ye botoo sei a,
wobehu m’animuonyam”ǡ‡ƒ‹‰Dz‹ˆ›‘—Š—„Ž‡›‘—”•‡Žˆƒ•›‘—ƒ”‡‘™ǡ›‘—
™‹ŽŽ•‡‡›‰Ž‘”›dzǤʹ͸Ͷ

ʹ͸Ͷ‡‡ǤǤ„‡‰ǡNana Dokuaǡ’Ǥ͵ͷǤ
141
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„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵ͷȌ†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒƒǯ•„ƒ’–‹•‹–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ‹‰–Š‹•

™ƒ›ǣ
ƒ˜‹‰ ‘‡ –‘ Š‡”•‡Žˆǡ ƒƒ ‘˜‡”‡† Š‡” Š‡ƒ† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ™ƒ•
†”‹œœŽ‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡Ǥ Šƒ– †ƒ› ‹ ͳͻ͸ͷǡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• „ƒ’–‹œ‡† ‹ –Š‡
‘Ž› Š‘•–Ǥ ‘‘ ƒƒ ‘–‹ ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”ƒ•Š‡• ‘ Š‡” „‘†› Šƒ†
†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†Ǥƒ˜‡†ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ‡†„›–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ǡƒƒ
„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•–ƒ— Š‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” ŠǢ•Š‡™ƒ•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š –Š‡
‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ƒ† ™ƒ• ˜‡”› ”‡‰—Žƒ” ƒ– ’”ƒ›‡” ƒ† Š—” Š ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ
‘™‘†‡”–Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰›‡ƒ”•Š‡™ƒ•‘”†ƒ‹‡†ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ ‘‡••‹
–Š‹•‰”‡ƒ–Š—” ŠǡŠ‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–Ǥ


„‡‰ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹–‡”’”‡–• ƒƒǯ• ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ
‡ƒ ‘‡••‹–Š‡‘ƒ•ƒ†‹˜‹‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ†‹˜‹‡’—”’‘•‡Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ‹–
–ƒ‡•‘”‡–Šƒƒ›‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ˆ‘”‘‡–‘ƒ––ƒ‹–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„—–ƒƒ̵•
‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‡ ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ  –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡ ™‹–Š ƒƒǯ•
‡™ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǡ„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͵͸ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‹• Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘dz ™ƒ• ‘– ™‹–Š‘—– ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ™ƒ• ƒ™‡•‘‡Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘™ –‘ ƒ – ƒ† Ž‹˜‡ ƒ†
„‡Šƒ˜‡ƒ•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ™‘ƒǡ–‘–—”ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•–ƒ†‘–ƒ –
ƒ† „‡Šƒ˜‡ ƒ• ƒŽŽ ‘–Š‡”• ™Š‘ †‘ ‘– ‘™ –Š‡ ‘”†Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ•
•ƒ –‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ†•‡–ƒ’ƒ”–ˆ‘” ‘†ǤŠ‡™ƒ•ƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽ˜‡••‡Ž—–‘–Š‡
‘”†Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Š‹• –ƒ• ™ƒ• ƒ†‡ ‘”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ™Š‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ•
‘”†ƒ‹‡†ƒ‡ƒ ‘‡••Ǥ
† ‹ ˆ—–—”‡ ™Š‡ ƒƒ „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ —‡‡ǡ Š‡” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ „‘–Š Dz—‡‡
ƒ†”‹‡•–dz‹ ‘†ǯ•‹‰†‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆDz ‘Ž›ƒ–‹‘•dzǡƒ†™‹ŽŽ‘
‘”‡„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†ƒ†–Š‡†‡˜‹Ž„—––‘ ‘†Ǥʹ͸ͷ”‹‘”–‘Š‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‘

ʹ͸ͷ „‹†ǡ’Ǥ͵͸Ǥ
142
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‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹͷǦʹ͹Ȍ ƒ””ƒ–‡† Š‘™ ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‡Ž‡˜‡ ƒƒ Šƒ†
Šƒ† ƒ ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š ƒ ƒ ™Š‘ Ž‘‘‡† Ž‹‡ ‡•—• ‹ ƒ ˜‹•‹‘ ™Š‡ •Š‡
ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡†Š‡”‘–Š‡”–‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ‹–Šƒ„‡”ƒ Ž‡
Š—” Šƒ–•ƒƒ‡•‡ǤŠ‹•Šƒ’’‡‡†™Š‡Š‡”‘–Š‡”˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ Š—” Šˆ‘”
Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ ™Š‹ Š •Š‡ ‹”ƒ —Ž‘—•Ž› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡†Ǥ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣʹ͸Ȍ ƒ””ƒ–‡• –Š‡
‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š‡•—‡†„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒƒ†ƒƒ‹–Š‡˜‹•‹‘ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ
Š‹•ƒ™Š‘™ƒ•Ž‘‘‹‰Ž‹‡ ‡•—•„‡ ‘‡†–‘ƒƒ–‘ ‘‡–‘
Š‹ƒˆ–‡”•Š‡Šƒ†„‘™‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹ǤŠ‡™‡–ƒ†™ƒ•Ž‹ˆ–‡†–‘•‹–
‘ –Š‡ Žƒ’• ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‰”‡ƒ–ǡ ‰‘‘† Ž‘‘‹‰ǡ ȏƒ† ‹Ȑ •Š‹‹‰ Ž‘–Š‡•
ƒǤ Š‡ ƒ ƒ•‡† ƒƒǣ Dz‘ ›‘— Ž‘˜‡ ‡ȏǫȐdzǤ ƒƒ “—‹ Ž›
‘††‡† ‹ ”‡’Ž› ƒ† •ƒ‹† Ž‘—†Ž›ǣ Dz‡•  †‘ Ž‘˜‡ ›‘—dzǤ Š‡ ƒ
ȋ ‡•—•Ȍ ”‡’Ž‹‡†ǡ Ǯ  ƒŽ•‘ †‘ Ž‘˜‡ ›‘—ǯǤ Š‡”‡ ƒˆ–‡” ƒƒ •ƒ– ‘ –Š‡
Žƒ’•‘ˆ ‡•—•–‹ŽŽ–Š‡•‡”˜‹ ‡ Ž‘•‡†Ǥ
„‡‰ ‹–‡”’”‡–• –Š‹• ‡’‹•‘†‡ ƒ• ƒ ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒƒǯ• Žƒ–‡”
‘˜‡”•‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ


3.3.3.2. Encounter with Tradition

 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘  ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ• ‘” ”‹–‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ Šƒƒ ‘—ƒ‡ ‘—–‡”‡† ƒ†Š‘™ •Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡† ‘”
Šƒ†Ž‡†–Š‡ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Š‡™ƒ• ’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ•ƒ™‘ƒ‘ˆ
‘—”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† –‡ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ ’—”’‘•‡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ’‘‹•‡† ‘– –‘ ‘’”‘‹•‡ Š‡”
Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤŠ‡Šƒ†‘‡–Š‹‰‹‹†™Š‹ Š•Š‡–”‹‡†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘
–‘ Š‡” “—‡‡•Š‹’ǣ –‘ •—„‹– –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘”†•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ‡•—• Š”‹•– ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ
ƒ›–Š‹‰ •Š‡ †‡‡‡† –‘ „‡ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› ‘” ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ƒ† Š—ƒ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ Š‡
‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† –Š‹• •‹‰—Žƒ” ’—”’‘•‡ ”‹‰Š– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡• –‘ –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‡” ˆ‹”•– ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† †—”‹‰ Š‡”
”‘›ƒŽ˜‹•‹––‘–Š‡Okyenheneƒ–›‡„‹Ǥ
143
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3.3.3.2.1. The Installation Rituals266

–ƒŽŽ„‡‰ƒ‘—‰—•–ͳͷǡͳͻ͸͸™Š‡•Š‡™ƒ•‘‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡‘›ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›
™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘•‡–‘ˆŠ‡”Š—•„ƒ†–‘‰‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ƒ†
„‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† ƒ• –Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ —ƒ’‡Š‡ƒƒǤ Š‹• „‡ ƒ‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡
ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ƒ† ˆ‹ƒŽ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ”‹–‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡ —ƒ’‡Š‡ƒƒǤ ‡”
‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† –Š‡ ‡‡†‡† ‡†‘”•‡‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹‰ ‘” “—‡‡
ƒ‡”•ʹ͸͹ ™Š‹ Š •‡– –Š‡ –‘‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••‡•Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‘—–Ǧ
†‘‘”‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡• ‘ˆ •‘ƒŠ‡‡ ƒ† –Š‡ —”‘–‹Š‡‡ǡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• –ƒ‡ –‘
Š‡” ”‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‘—•‡ ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘ˆ‹‡† ˆ‘” •‡˜‡ †ƒ›•Ǥ —”‹‰ –Š‹•
’‡”‹‘† •Š‡ ™ƒ• –ƒ—‰Š– –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
ƒ‘‰‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•Ǥ‘•–‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›ƒ•–‘‘Žƒ‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ Š‘•‡ˆ‘”Š‡”ƒ–
–Š‹•–‹‡Ǥʹ͸ͺ—–‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆƒƒ‘—ƒǡ–Š‡‘ƒ’ƒ›‹ƒŽŽ‘™‡†Š‡”–‘
ƒ‹–ƒ‹Š‡”‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ‡ƒƒ‘—ƒǤŠ‹•™ƒ•‹–‡”’”‡–‡†–‘„‡
ƒƒ –‘ˆ ‘†ǡƒ’”ƒ›‡”™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†„‡‡ƒ•™‡”‡†„› ‘†Ǥƒƒƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š
’”ƒ›‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‘‘•‹‰ ƒ ƒ‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ”—Ž‡”• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Šƒ–”‹–—ƒŽǤ
Š‡‡š–”‹–—ƒŽ™Š‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ†–‘ ‘–‡†™‹–Š™ƒ•–Š‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡
–‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ– –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‘‘Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽŽ‡† “wonom abosom” ™Š‹ Š
ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͷͳȌ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ †”‹‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘ ‘ –‹‘
„‡ˆ‘”‡•™‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡‘ƒ–Š‘ˆƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡‘ƒ–Š‹••™‘”„›

ʹ͸͸ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽ••‡‡Šƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰ǡNana

Dokuaǡ’ǤͶ͹ǦͷͺǤ
ʹ͸͹ Š‡ ‹‰ ‘” “—‡‡ ƒ‡”• ™‡”‡ –‡ ‹ —„‡” ƒ‡Ž› Š‡ —‡‡ǡ •‘ƒŠ‡‡ǡ

ƒ‘”‘Š‡‡ǡ ™ƒˆ‘Š‡‡ǡ ”ƒŠ‡‡ǡ „‘ƒ•ƒŠ‡‡ǡ •ƒƒ›ƒ™ǡ Š™‡”ƒ•‡ ƒ”ƒ†‘ǡ

‡—›‡ƒ‡ƒ†‘†—ƒ•‹Ǥ‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š‡›ƒ”‡ ƒŽŽ‡†DzŠ‡‡‘ƒ’ƒ›‹dzǤ‹ ‡
–Š‡ ‡”‡‘›‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—‡‡•Š‡™ƒ•ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‘–’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ‹‹‰‹‡™‡”‡–‘•—’‡”˜‹•‡–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‡•‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ʹ͸ͺ ƒ —Ž–—”‡‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡ Š‘‘•‡•ƒƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡†‡ƒ†

Š‹‡ˆ•‘”“—‡‡•™Š‘•‡‡‘”‹‡•ƒ”‡’”‡•‡”˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡„Žƒ •–‘‘ŽǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•–Šƒ–
–Š‹•”‹–—ƒŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡•‘‡–‘’‘••‡••–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†”—Ž‡”™Š‘•‡ƒ‡Šƒ•„‡‡ Š‘•‡Ǥ
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‹˜‘‹‰–Š‡ƒ‡ƒ†’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ’‡ƒ†‡‹–› ƒŽŽ‡†Dz ›ƒˆ‹dzǤƒƒ

”ƒ–Š‡”‡–‹‘‡† ‡•—•ǯƒ‡ǡDzMe Wura Yesu” ‡ƒ‹‰Dz›‘”† ‡•—•dzǤŠ‡
™ƒ• ”‡„—‡† ˆ‘” ‡–‹‘‹‰ ‡•—•ǯ ƒ‡ „—– •Š‡ „‘Ž†Ž› ”‡•’‘†‡†ǡ “I do not
know Gyamfi, and Gyamfi does not know me, Gyamfi does not respect me, and I
do not respect Gyamfi.”269 –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ—ƒ’‡ǡ
ƒƒ™ƒ‡ˆ‘”‹ ‹–‡”˜‡‡†ƒ†ƒ•‡†–Š‡ǮŽƒ™‡ˆ‘” ‡”•ǯ–‘Ž‡––Š‡“—‡‡
„‡ǡ –Š—•ǡ ‘– –‘ ˆ‘” ‡ Š‡” –‘ ƒ – ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‡” ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͷʹȌ †‡• ”‹„‡•
ƒƒǯ•”‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ
Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ „‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‡ˆ –‘ ƒƒǢ ‹– •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† Š‡” ƒ† ƒ†‡ Š‡”
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ™‡”‡ ’”ƒ›‹‰ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘† ™ƒ• ‹
‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ‡‡’‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘‹•‡ ‡ ƒ†‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡ƒ ‘‡••
†ƒ•ǡ –Šƒ– ‡ ȋ ‘†Ȍ ™‘—Ž† ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‘”•ƒ‡ Š‡” ‘” Ž‡ƒ˜‡ Š‡” ‹ˆ
•Š‡ ȋƒƒȌ ™‘—Ž† Š‘‘—” ‹ ƒ† ‘– ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘• ‘ˆ Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ Š‡”
‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Š‡””‡‹‰ƒ•—‡‡‘ˆ—ƒ’‡ƒǤ


Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ Dz•ƒǦ‘dz ‘” •‡ƒŽ‹‰ ”‹–—ƒŽ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ†‹‹•–‡”‡† „› –Š‡
Dz‘‰—ƒ‘ƒˆ‘Š‡‡dzǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ •–‘‘Ž ƒ””‹‡”Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ•‹ –™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǣ ƒ”‹‰
–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ “—‡‡ ™‹–Š ƒ‹ƒŽ „Ž‘‘† –Š”‡‡ –‹‡• ƒ† Šƒ–‹‰ǡ
“wanim nye nyam”ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ DzŽ‡– ›‘—” ˆƒ ‡ „‡ ‰Ž‘”‹‘—•dzǢ ƒ”‹‰ Š‡” Š‡•–
–Š”‡‡–‹‡•™‹–Šƒ‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‘†ƒ† Šƒ–‹‰ǡ“wo koko nye duru, ye ͻhoͻdenfoͻ”ǡ
‡ƒ‹‰ǡDz„‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•ƒ†•–”‘‰Ǥdzʹ͹Ͳƒƒ”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š‹•”‹–—ƒŽƒ†–‘Ž†–Š‡
‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰–Šƒ–•Š‡Šƒ†ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›„‡‡•‡ƒŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„Ž‘‘†‘ˆ ‡•—•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡
‘Ž› ’‹”‹–Ǥ ‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‡š Šƒ‰‡• „‡–™‡‡ ƒƒ ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǮŽƒ™

ʹ͸ͻ‡‡ǤǤ„‡‰ǡ’ǤͷͳǦͷʹǤ
ʹ͹Ͳ „‹†ǡ’ǤͷʹǤ
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‡ˆ‘” ‡”•ǯǡ–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆ‹–‡”˜‡‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹ƒ†ƒ•‡†–Šƒ–•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡

Ž‡ˆ–ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͷ͵Ȍƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‹•–‘‘ƒ•ƒƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘†ǣ
––Š‹•’‘‹–ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ᗜƒŠ‡‡‘”†‡”‡†–Šƒ–ƒƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡Ž‡ˆ–
ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ ’”‘‘ˆ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ™ƒ• ‹ ‘–”‘ŽǤ
ƒƒ„›†‹˜‹‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‡• ƒ’‡†–™‘‰”‡ƒ–”‹–‡••Š‡Šƒ†–‘‰‘
–Š”‘—‰Š„‡ˆ‘”‡„‡ ‘‹‰—‡‡ǤŠ‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†Š‡”
ƒ† ‡’– Š‡” ˆ”‘ •—„‹––‹‰ –‘ –Š‘•‡ ”‹–‡•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–
†‡˜‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ —•–‘ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ›‡– ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ ‡’–‡† Ȃ
•Š‘™‹‰–Šƒ–‹–‹• ‘†™Š‘Dz•‡–•—’‹‰•dzƒ†Dz†‹•’‘•‡•dz–Š‡Ȃ
ƒǤʹǣʹͳ
– –Š‡ ’—„Ž‹  •™‡ƒ”‹‰ ‡”‡‘› ™Š‡”‡ ƒƒ ™ƒ• –‘ •™‡ƒ” –‘ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ „›
‹˜‘‹‰–Š‡—ƒ’‡ƒ‘ƒ–Šʹ͹ͳ‘ˆ“wukuda”ƒ†“sokode”ʹ͹ʹ•Š‡™ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹
‰‹˜‡Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‘ƒ’ƒ›‹ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”’”‡ ‡†‡ ‡ǡ–Š‹•–‹‡
•‹’Ž›ƒ•‡†ƒƒ–‘‡š Šƒ‰‡‰”‡‡–‹‰•™‹–Šƒƒ‘™‹–Š‘—–•™‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡
‘ƒ–ŠǤ ƒƒǯ• ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘‹ ‹†‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘› ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘™ ƒ• Dz††ƒ‡ —–—™dzʹ͹͵ ƒ† •Š‡ ™ƒ• ˆ‘”„‹††‡ –‘ ‡ƒ– ‡™
›ƒ•—–‹Žƒˆ–‡”•‘‡†ƒ›•ǤŠ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„”‘‡–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”–ƒ„‘‘ƒ†ƒ–‡
‡™›ƒ™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ


ʹ͹ͳƒ›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”Ǯ ”‡ƒ–‘ƒ–Š•ǯ™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š•‘‡

ƒŽƒ‹–›‘”†‹•ƒ•–‡”‘”‹•ˆ‘”–—‡™Š‹ ŠŠƒ†Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆŠ‹•–‘”›Ǥ
— Š ‘ƒ–Š• ƒ”‡ •ƒ ”‡† ƒ† ‘– ‹˜‘‡† ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”›Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ •™‡ƒ” „› –Š‹• •–ƒ–‡ ‘ƒ–Š
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ™‡”‡ ’—‹•Š‡†Ǥ ‘” ‘”‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ƒ–Š• •‡‡ Ǥ ‘†œ‘ ƒƒ— Ž—†œ‡ǡ
Chieftaincy in Ghanaǡ’Ǥͳ͵͹Ǣ—•‹ƒǡThe Position of the ChiefǤǤ͹ͷǤ
ʹ͹ʹŠ‹•‘ƒ–Š‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡ ᗜ›‡ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‘”•ƒ–‘‘†‡‡ƒ” ‘‹

–Š‡‘Ž–ƒ‡‰‹‘ǤŠ‡ᗜ›‡ƒŽ‹„‡”ƒ–‘”•Œ‘‹‡†Šƒ†•™‹–Š—ƒ’‡–‘ˆ‹‰Š––Š‡™ƒ—
–‘ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ™ƒ—Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ™ƒ” ƒ› Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ† ‡Ž†‡”• ‘ˆ ᗜ›‡ƒ ƒ† —ƒ’‡ †‹‡† ‘ ƒ ‡†‡•†ƒ› ‹ ͳ͹͹͵ǡ Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ Dz™——†ƒdz
ȋ‡†‡•†ƒ›Ȍƒ†Dz•‘‘†‡dz‘ƒ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒ’‡–ƒ–‡Ǥ
ʹ͹͵ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡††ƒ‡—–—™•‡‡ǤǤ„‡‰ǡ’Ǥͳ͵͹Ǧͳ͵ͺǤ
146
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Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ”‹–—ƒŽ™Š‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ†–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š™ƒ•Ǯ–‘„‡•‡ƒ–‡†‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ

•–‘‘Žǯ–Š”‡‡–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–‘ ‘’Ž‡–‡–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••Ǥƒƒ†‡ ‹†‡†
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‹•”‹–—ƒŽ„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘†Šƒ†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ƒ•‡†Š‡”–‘—•‡–Š‡
‹„Ž‡ƒ•Š‡”•–‘‘ŽǤŠ‹•‹•Š‘™„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͷ͸Ȍ’—–•‹–ǣ
ǤǤǤ‡š–ǡ•Š‡‘’‡‡†™Š‡”‡–Š‡‘‘ƒ”‹–Š‡‹„Ž‡™ƒ•ǡƒ†‹–
‘’‡‡† –‘ –Š‡ „‘‘ ‘ˆ •–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ƒ •—††‡ •Š‡ Š‡ƒ”† ƒ
Ž‡ƒ” ‘ƒ†‹‰˜‘‹ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡•ƒ›‹‰ǣDzŠ‹•‹•‘—”–‘‘ŽdzȂ
–Š‹• ˜‘‹ ‡ •Š‡ –‘‘ ƒ• ƒ ”‡‹†‡” –Šƒ– •Š‡ ™ƒ• –‘ ”‡Ž› ‘ ƒ† „‡
†‹”‡ –‡†ƒŽ•‘ƒ„•‘Ž—–‡Ž›„›–Š‡‘”†‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ
‹–Š–Š‹•ƒ––Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆŠ‡”‹†ƒ†–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‘”’‡” ‡’–‹‘ –Šƒ–•‹––‹‰‘
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ Š‡” Dz‘‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡
‰‘†•dzǡƒƒ”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Šƒ–”‹–—ƒŽǤ‰ƒ‹•Š‡Šƒ†–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ᗜƒŠ‡‡ƒ•
„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͷͺȌ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǣ
ǤǤǤ—––‘–Š‡•—”’”‹•‡‘ˆ„‘–Šƒƒƒ†–Š‡•–‘‘Ž„‡ƒ”‡”•ǡ–Š‡ƒ
„‡‰ƒ –‘ †”‹˜‡ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž „‡ƒ”‡”• ƒ™ƒ›ǡ –‡ŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ Š‡”
‘—•‹ ƒŽ‘‡Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‘†Ǧ•‡– •ƒ˜‹‘”Ǥ  –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ‹‰ Šƒ†
™ƒ– Š‡†–Š‡• ‡‡ƒ†Šƒ†•‡––Š‡ ‘—•‹–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡ƒ††”‹˜‡
–Š‡•–‘‘Ž„‡ƒ”‡”•ƒ™ƒ›ƒ†–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›†‹†‘–ˆ‘” ‡ƒƒ
‘—ƒ –‘ †‘ ™Šƒ– ™ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‡” ™‹ŽŽǤ Š‹• ƒ† ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”
‡˜‡–• ‘ˆ‹”‡† –Šƒ– ƒƒ ‘—ƒǯ• Ǯ—‡‡•Š‹’ǯ Šƒ† ‹–•
ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘‘ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ǡ–Š‡‹˜‹‰ ‘†Ǥ
‘ •— —’ ƒƒǯ• ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸ͲȌ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– •Š‡ ”‡•‹•–‡† ™Šƒ– Š‡
–‡”‡† ǮƒŽŽ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ•ǯ „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‘•‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ•
™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ ‘†ǯ•Œ—†‰‡–Ǥ


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3.3.3.2.2. The Odwira Festival274

‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ Š’‘•‡•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•
‹•–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –•ǤŠ‡—ƒ’‡ƒ
†™‹”ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‡”˜‡†ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”–‡•– ƒ•‡ˆ‘”ƒƒ‘—ƒƒˆ–‡”Š‡”
‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹ Ž—†‡•”‹–‡•‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰–Š‡’ƒ–Šǡ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰‘ˆ‡™
›ƒǡDz„”‹‰‹‰–Š‡†™‹”ƒdzǡ„Ž‡••‹‰–Š‡‹‰ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”’—„Ž‹ ‡˜‡–••— Šƒ•
’”‘ ‡••‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™ƒ†ƒ†—”„ƒ”ǤŠ‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ
„‡‰ƒ‘‘†ƒ›ƒ†‡†‡†‘—†ƒ›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”Ǥ


Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š—”†Ž‡ƒƒŠƒ†–‘ Ž‡ƒ”†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™ƒ•”‹†‹‰‹ƒ’ƒŽƒ“—‹
ˆ‘” ’”‘ ‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™ ƒ‹†•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
†”—‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰Ǥ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ’‘™‡”•
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š –Š‹• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ •‘ ˆ‹”•––‹‡”• ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‘Ž†‘‡• ‡‡†‡† •‘‡
ˆ‘”‘ˆ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‘•‡ˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ ˜‹‡™‘ˆ
–Š‹•ǡ ƒƒ ™ƒ• ‘—•‡Ž‡† „› •‘‡‘‡ –‘ •‡‡ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ „‡ˆ‘”‡
”‹†‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ“—‹ „—– •Š‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‡† –Šƒ– ‹†‡ƒ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘
–Šƒ– •Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „Ž‘‘† ‘ˆ ‡•—•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡ “—‘–‡† –Š‹•
’‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ  ”‹’–—”‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– Š‡” ƒ”‰—‡– ƒ† •–ƒ ‡ ƒ„‘—– Š‡”
ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣToday I have made you a fortified city an iron pillar and a bronze
wall to stand against the whole land… They will fight against you but will not
overpower you for I am with you and will rescue you, declared the Lord.275


‹–Š–Š‡–”‡ƒ–‘ˆ—•‡‡‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•ƒ––Š‡„ƒ ‘ˆŠ‡”‹†ƒƒ’”ƒ›‡†™‹–Š

•‘‡ ‡„‡”• ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”• ‘ˆ Š‡” Š—” Š „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘—–‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ“—‹Ǥ

ʹ͹Ͷ Š‡ ‡˜‡–• ”‡ ‘”†‡† ™‡”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒƒ ‘—ƒǯ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‡” ˆ‹”•– Odwira

ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ• ƒ —‡‡Ǥ ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ Odwira ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ •‡‡ Šƒ”Ž‡• ƒ”–
„‡‰ǡ’Ǥͳ͵ͺǦͳͶʹǤ
ʹ͹ͷ ‡”‡‹ƒŠͳǣͳͺǦͳͻǡ“—‘–‡†‹Šƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–„‡‰ǡ’Ǥ͸ͳǤ
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Š‹Ž‡‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ“—‹•Š‡™ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡•—ˆˆ‡”‡†–‡’‘”ƒ”›„Ž‹†‡••
‹ –Š‡ ‘—”•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‘ „—– Žƒ–‡” –”‹—’Š‡† ‘˜‡” –Š‘•‡ ‡˜‹Ž ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ–
™‘” ƒ† ”‡‰ƒ‹‡† Š‡” •‹‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Š ’”ƒ›‡”Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Š‘™ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸͸Ȍ
”‡ ‘”†‡†–Š‡‹ ‹†‡–ǣ
ǥ •Š‡ ”‡ ‘—–‡† ƒ •–”‘‰ „—”‹‰ ˆ‹”‡ “—‹ Ž› ’ƒ••‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡”
‡›‡• Ž‹‡ Ž‹‰Š–‹‰Ǥ ‘” •‘‡ •‡ ‘†• ƒƒ •ƒ‹† •Š‡ ™ƒ• „Ž‹†‡†
ƒ†—ƒ„Ž‡–‘•‡‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ǤŠ‡ˆ‹”‡„—”–Š‡”‡›‡•ƒ••Š‡„‡‰ƒ–‘
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ •‡˜‡”‡ ’ƒ‹• ‹ Š‡” ‡›‡•Ǥ ‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› •Š‡ „—”•– ‘—–
‹–‘ Ž‘—† ’”ƒ›‡”• Dz‹ –‘‰—‡•Ǣdz –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ƒ†
’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ“—‹ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž› ƒ†˜‹•‡†
Š‡”–‘•–‘’Ǥ‹ˆ–‹‰Š‡”‡›‡•‹–‘–Š‡•›ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”ǡ•Š‡•ƒ™
ƒ „”‹‰Š–ǡ ™Š‹–‡ǡ •Š‹‹‰ ”‘•• Šƒ‰‹‰ ‹ ˆ”‘– ‘ˆ Š‡”Ǥ ‡” •‹‰Š–•
™‡”‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ”‡•–‘”‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‡ ‘–‹—‡† ˜‹ –‘”‹‘—•Ž› –‘ –Š‡
†—”„ƒ”‰”‘—†•™‹–Š‘—–ƒ›ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ ‹†‡–•Ǥ   


„‡‰ ”‡ ‘—–• ƒ‘–Š‡” ‘ ƒ•‹‘ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—–
Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ —ƒ’‡ƒ •ƒ– ‹ •–ƒ–‡ –‘ „‡ „Ž‡••‡† „› –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† –Š‡
“—‡‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡™‡”‡–‘•‹’’ƒŽ™‹‡
ˆ”‘ƒ ƒŽƒ„ƒ•Šǡ•’”ƒ›‹–‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ƒ†„Ž‡••–Š‡‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
•–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ƒƒ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ”‡Œ‡ –‡† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‘”—Žƒ ˆ‘”
„Ž‡••‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‰ ƒ† †‹† ‹– Š‡” ‘™ ™ƒ› ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ
„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸ʹȌ ƒ’–—”‡•–Š‹•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ
Š‡ ƒƒ •’‘‡ Ž‘—†Ž› ™‹–Š ‡˜‡”› „‘Ž†‡•• ƒ† ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡ –‘
–Š‡ᗜƒŠ‡‡ǡDz‘—Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡–‹‡„‡‡„Ž‡••‡†‹–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ
‰‘†• ƒ† •–‘‡• ƒ† ’‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ™‘‘† ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ‘ •‡•‡•ǡ „—–
‘™  „Ž‡•• ›‘— ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”† ‡•—• Š”‹•– ƒ† ‹ –Š‡
ƒ‡‘ˆ ‘†Ž‹‰Š–›ǡ–Š‡‘•– ‹‰Šǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ–‘”ƒ†—•–ƒ‹‡”‘ˆ
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–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‡Ǥ „Ž‡••›‘—™‹–Š–Š‡’‘™‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡Š”‘‡‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡Ǥ

ƒƒᗜƒŠ‡‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ‘‹–‹‰™Š‹ Š ‘†‰ƒ˜‡–‘‘•‡•–‘
Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡ •”ƒ‡Ž‹–‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ™‹Ž†‡”‡•• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡† ‡ƒǡ –‘
‡ƒ„Ž‡ ›‘— –‘ Ž‡ƒ† —ƒ’‡ƒ –‘ „‡ ‘‡ –Š‡ ’”ƒ‹•‡ ‘ˆ Šƒƒ
ƒ†–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥdz


ƒƒ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ”‡ ‘—–‡† –Šƒ– •‹ ‡ Š‡” ˆ‹”•– Odwira ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ• ƒ —‡‡‹ ͳͻ͸͸
•Š‡‡˜‡”–‘‘’ƒ”–‹‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–• ƒŽŽ‡† ‹†ƒ ‘ˆ‹‡ʹ͹͸Ǥ–Š‹•†ƒ›•Š‡•ƒ–
‹•–ƒ–‡–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡Š‘ƒ‰‡‘”‰‹ˆ–•ˆ”‘‹†‹‰‡‡•ƒ†‹˜‹–‡†‰—‡•–•‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ
‘ˆ–Š‡“nkoguafieso”ȋ•–‘‘ŽŠ‘—•‡ȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡‰ƒ˜‡•— Š‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‘”†‘ƒ–‹‘•–‘
–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘–‡ –‹‘ƒ†„Ž‡••‹‰•Ǥƒƒƒ–ˆ‹”•–
–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ––Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‘”‘‡›™ƒ•ˆ‘”Š‡”—’‡‡’„—–™Š‡•Š‡Ž‡ƒ”–
–Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• ”ƒ–Š‡” ˆ‘” –Š‡ •–‘‘Žǡ •Š‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† –Š‡ ‡˜‡– ‹†™ƒ› ƒ† ‡˜‡”
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹‹–ǤŠ‡–‘‘–Šƒ–†‡ ‹•‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡•Š‡†‹†‘–—†‡”•–ƒ†™Š›
•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†•‹–ƒŽŽ†ƒ›–‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆƒ™‘‘†‡•–‘‘ŽǤŠ‡ƒŽ•‘
”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Šƒ–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹–Šƒ–‡˜‡–†‹•’Ž‡ƒ•‡† ‘†ƒ•„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸ͺȌ
‘„•‡”˜‡•ǣ
 –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ•‡ Œ—•– „‡ˆ‘”‡ •Š‡ ƒ•‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘‡› •Š‡
Š‡ƒ”†ƒ Ž‡ƒ”˜‘‹ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ Šƒ”‰‹‰Š‡”ǡ“Have no other gods
before me.dz ‘–Š‡”™‘”†••‹––‹‰‹ˆ‘”–Š‡•–‘‘Ž™ƒ•‘–’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰
–‘ ‘†Ǥ –™ƒ•‘–’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰–‘ ‘†–‘’—––Š‡•–‘‘Ž‹Š‹‰Š‡•–‡‡
ƒ†–‘Šƒ˜‡”‡ ‡‹˜‡†˜‘™•ƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ‹†•‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡
‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‹‡•–•Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ‘—•‡ŽŽ‡† Š‡” ƒ†
•‹ ‡ͳͻ͸͸•Š‡Šƒ•‡˜‡”ƒ––‡†‡† ‘ˆ‹‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


ʹ͹͸ ‹†ƒ‹• ”‹†ƒ›ǡƒ† ‘ˆ‹‡‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•ƒ ”‡††ƒ›•‘–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”Ǥ ‘”

‘”‡†‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‡†ƒ”•‡‡—•‹ƒǡThe position of the chiefǤ

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3.3.3.2.3. The Royal Visit

ͳͻ͸͹ǡ ‡šƒ –Ž› ƒ ›‡ƒ” ƒˆ–‡” Š‡” ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒƒ ˜‹•‹–‡† –Š‡ ›‡Š‡‡ʹ͹͹ǡ
ƒƒ ˆ‘”‹ ––ƒ  ƒ– ›‡„‹ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” Š— ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ ‹‡ ‘–Š‡”
Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡Š—ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ”‡”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–Ǥ • ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘ˆ •‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ‘” “—‡‡• ‹ Šƒƒǡ ƒƒ ™ƒ•
ƒ ‘’ƒ‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ ƒ—•‘Ž‡— ‘™ ƒ• “Baamu” ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ •‘‡
†”‹ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• „—– •Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•‡† Žƒ‹‹‰ǡ Dz – ™ƒ• ‘–
’‘Ž‹–‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡ –ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” Š‡” –‘ ’‘—” ‘—– †”‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ –‘ Š‡” ˆƒ–Š‡”• ƒ†
‘–Š‡”• ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ǥdz ‰ƒ‹ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ “Nkoguafieso” ȋ•–‘‘Ž Š‘—•‡Ȍ ƒƒ
‘˜‡” ƒ‡ –Š‡ –‡’–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ „‘™ †‘™ ƒ† ‘•–‡•‹„Ž› –‘ ‰”‡‡– –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡ƒ” –Š‡ •‘—Ž• ‘” •’‹”‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ›‡Š‡‡ǡ ™Š‘
Žƒ‹‡†–‘„‡ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒƒ†„‘ƒ•–‡†‘ˆƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡†‡˜‘–‹‘ƒŽ”‘‘ǡŠƒ†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”
„‘™‡†–‘‰”‡‡––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡”ƒ•‡†ƒƒ‘—ƒ–‘†‘•ƒ‡„—–
•Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•Ž›”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ ‘’”‘‹•‡Š‡”ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ    


3.3.3.3. A Queen’s Commitment as a Christian

Ž–Š‘—‰Šƒƒ”ƒ‘—–—‡‡™Š‘Šƒ†•‘ƒ›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ†•–ƒ–‡†—–‹‡•–‘
’‡”ˆ‘”ǡ ƒƒ •–‹ŽŽ †‡˜‘–‡† –‹‡ –‘ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‹ Š‡”
Š—” ŠǤ Š‡ ƒ––‡†‡† ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘˜‡–‹‘•Ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘• ™‡”‡ Š‡Ž†‹ ˆƒ”ƒ™ƒ› ’Žƒ ‡• „—– •Š‡

ʹ͹͹Š‡›‡Š‡‡‹•–Š‡ƒ”ƒ‘—–Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ›‡„—ƒ™ƒ–ƒ–‡‘””ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹

–Š‡ ƒ•–‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ›‡„‹ ‹• –Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡ ›‡ „—ƒ™ƒ –ƒ–‡Ǥ – ™ƒ• –Š‡
›‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ Š‡Ž’‡† –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹”
‘’’”‡••‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ›‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’‡† –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ
‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‰‘˜‡”‡–‹–Š‡ ˆ‘”‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘’”‘˜‹†‡†–Š‡ ˆ‹”•–
‹‰ǡƒƒƒˆ‘”‹ȋˆ‘”‹—ƒŠȌˆ‘”–Š‡—ƒ’‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ  ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›ǡƒƒƒˆ‘”‹
Šƒ’’‡‡†–‘„‡–Š‡•‘‘ˆƒƒ‘—ƒǡ–Š‡–Š‡‹‰Ȁ—‡‡‘ˆ„—ƒ™ƒ–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡•‡––Š‡
„—ƒ™ƒ ™ƒ””‹‘”• —†‡” –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒˆ‘”‹ –‘ Š‡Ž’ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
™ƒ—’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡Š‡‹”•–‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡••Šƒ”‡ƒ ‘‘ƒ ‡•–”›Ǥ‡‡ǤǤ
„‡‰ǡ’ǤͳͳǦͳ͸Ǥ
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•–‹ŽŽƒƒ‰‡†–‘ƒ––‡†ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ǤŠ‡„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—Ž–Š‹‰™ƒ•–Šƒ–
•Š‡—•—ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡†‡†–Š‘•‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘•‹Š‡”ˆ—ŽŽ”‘›ƒŽ”‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒǤ‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡
Š—” Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†Š‡”–‘•Šƒ”‡Š‡”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘”–‡•–‹‘‹‡•ƒ„‘—–Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡
ƒ•ƒ—‡‡ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘˜‡–‹‘•Ǥ


• ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ •Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ †‡˜‘–‡† –‹‡ –‘ ™‹–‡•• –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ„‘—– Š”‹•–Ǥ ‡”
†‡˜‘–‹‘ ƒ† †‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ™‹–‡••‹‰ Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ —ƒ ›ƒ™ƒ„‡ƒ ™Š‘ ˆ‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† ‰‘†• ƒ–
–Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ “Baamuhene” ‹ —ƒ’‡ƒǢ –Š‡ —”‘–‹Š‡ƒƒ ‘ˆ
—ƒ’‡ƒǡ ƒƒ ˆ‹ ™Š‘ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† –‘ ˆ‡‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ– –Š‡
—”‘–‹Š‡‡ ”‘›ƒŽ Š‘—•‡Ǣ „‡ƒ ›‡ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• ƒƒ ‘—ƒǯ• ‘‘ ƒ†
„‘†›‰—ƒ”† „—– ™ƒ• ‹ †‹•‰—‹•‡ ’Žƒ–‡† „› ƒƒǯ• ˆƒ‹Ž› –‘ Dz•’›dz ‘ ƒƒǯ•
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ –‘™Ǣ ƒ† ƒ– ƒ™ƒ™ ƒ Žƒ†›
„‡ ƒ‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†™Š‡•Š‡Š‡ƒ”†ƒ„‘—–ƒƒǯ••–ƒ–—•ƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ—‡‡Ǥʹ͹ͺ
ƒƒ ƒŽ•‘ •—’’‘”–‡† –Š‡ Š—” Š ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‡˜‡ ™‡– –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡– ‘ˆ
•‡ŽŽ‹‰ Š‡” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ’”‘’‡”–› –‘ ”ƒ‹•‡ ‘‡› ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺ͵Ǧ
ͺͶȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•Š‘™•Š‡‘ ‡•‘Ž†Š‡”Dz‰‘Ž†‘”ƒ‡–•dzƒ†—•‡†–Š‡’”‘ ‡‡†•
–‘ ”‡†‡‡ Š‡” ’Ž‡†‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ƒ† Š‘™ ‘† ‹”ƒ —Ž‘—•Ž› ”‡’Žƒ ‡† –Š‡
‘”ƒ‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š Š‡” Š—•„ƒ†Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Š‘™ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͹ͷȌ •—ƒ”‹œ‡†
ƒƒǯ•Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǣ
ƒƒ‘—ƒ‹•ƒ†‡˜‘—–Š”‹•–‹ƒǤŠ‡‹•ˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ǡ
ƒ† Šƒ• •‘—ŽǦ•‡ƒ” Š‹‰ǡ ƒ† ’‹”‹–Ǧˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‹• ƒ
‡ƒ ‘‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–Ǥ  •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ Š‡” „—•›
• Š‡†—Ž‡ƒ•ƒ—‡‡ƒ†’—„Ž‹ ˆ‹‰—”‡‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹” Ž‡•ǡ•Š‡Šƒ•–‹‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ


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3.3.3.4. Dealing with some challenges

ƒƒ ™ƒ• ”‡’‘”–‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ˆƒ ‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡”
“—‡‡•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ™Š‹ Š ‡ƒƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ „‘–Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† –Š‡
Š—” Š „‡ ƒ‡ ƒ˜‡—‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š Š‡” ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ǡ ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š‡” ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‘†
™‡”‡–‡•–‡†Ǥ
–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡƒƒŠƒ†–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹•–”—•–‘ˆ•‘‡‡„‡”•†—‡–‘Š‡”
”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” •‘‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‹–—ƒŽ• ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž •Š‡
‘ —’‹‡†Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺͳȌ–Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡š–‡–
™Š‡”‡ •‘‡ †‹•‰”—–Ž‡† ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• †‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ Š‡”
‘’ƒ›ƒ†‡˜‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†Š‡” ‘‘–‘Dz•’›dz‘Š‡”Ǥ‘†‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡‘‡•‡Žˆ
ˆ”‘ƒ‘–Š‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ› Š‡”–‘’Žƒ ‡•
ƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ †‡ƒ†‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ‘–‹—‡† –‘ —’Š‘Ž† –Š‘•‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•™‡”‡’‡‡˜‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆƒƒǯ••‡‡‹‰Ž›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†•
•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†‡ ‹†‡†–‘ƒ„ƒ†‘Š‡”
–‘Š‡”ˆƒ–‡Ǥ—––Š‹•”‘Ž‡™ƒ•–ƒ‡—’„›–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤʹ͹ͻ


‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ •Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’’‡†ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” •—•’‡ –‡† ‘”
†‘—„–‡† Š‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‡˜‡ –Š‘—‰Š •Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”Ǥ Š‡ ™ƒ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
’”‡˜‡–‡† ˆ”‘ •‡”˜‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—‹‘ –ƒ„Ž‡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‹• •—•’‹ ‹‘ ‘”
’‡” ‡’–‹‘ „› –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ „‡‰ ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺͲȌ
‘„•‡”˜‡•–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –‘ˆ–Š‹•‘ƒƒƒ†–Š‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šǣ
ǥ„—––Š‡‘‡–Š‹‰™Š‹ Š™‘””‹‡†Š‡”•‘— Š™ƒ•–Šƒ–•Š‡™ƒ•
ƒŽ•‘ ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘•‡”˜‡ ƒ––Š‡ ‘—‹‘ –ƒ„Ž‡ǡ •Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹–
™ƒ• ‘– •‘ — Š „‡ ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ”ƒ‘—–  —‡‡ǡ „—–
„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ•—‡‡ǡ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”†‹†‘–”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ȋ•‹ ȌŠ‡”ƒ•ƒˆ—ŽŽ›

ʹ͹ͻ‡‡–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘‘Ǯ‘–„ƒ†‘‡†ǣŠ‡Š—” Šǯ•”‘Ž‡ǯ‹–Š‡Žƒ•–•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•

Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ
153
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‘˜‡”–‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ –Š‡ •—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ ™ƒ› ‘•–
’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•Šƒ˜‡Ž‘‘‡†ƒ–Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†—‡‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡
ƒŽ™ƒ›•‘– ‘˜‹ ‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡‹”–”—‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
ƒƒ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› „‡ ƒ‡ ‡Žƒ–‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ‘” Š—” Š ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‹–‡†
ƒ† ƒŽŽ‘™‡† Š‡” –‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘—‹‘ –ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ Š‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ƒ• ƒ
‡ƒ ‘‡••ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”ƒ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ

3.3.3.5. Nana Dokua’s Achievements280

Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › †‹•’—–‡ ‹ —ƒ’‡ƒ ™Š‹ Š Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘” ‘‡ ƒ† ƒ
ŠƒŽˆ›‡ƒ”•ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒ††‘ƒ“—ƒŠ ƒ•
–Š‡ •—„•–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ”ƒ‘—– Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ —ƒ’‡ƒ ‹ ͳͻ͹ͶǤ Š‹• ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›
ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ƒ‘‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡”‘›ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•„—–ƒƒ™ƒ•ƒ„Ž‡–‘
—‹–‡‘””‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡–Š‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„›„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳͳʹȌǣ
Š‡ˆ”ƒ‰‡–ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•†‡‡’‡‡††—”‹‰–Š‡‘‡ƒ†ƒŠƒŽˆ›‡ƒ”•
‘ˆ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ††‘ ƒ“—ƒŠ  ‹
ͳͻ͹Ͷǡ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ „”‘—‰Š– –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ƒ
•–”‘‰ „‘† ‘ˆ —‹–›Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ’—– –Š‡
–Š”‡‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡• ƒ•—†‡” ™ƒ• ”ƒ–Š‡” —•‡† „› ƒƒ –‘ „”‹‰ –Š‡
–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ


ƒƒ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡†‡† ˆ‘” ‹–”‘†— ‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ›‡”• ƒ– •–ƒ–‡ ‘— ‹Ž
‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†Š‡”•‡”‘•ƒ––Š‘•‡‡‡–‹‰•ǤŠ‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”™ƒ•—•‡†–‘
”‡’Žƒ ‡ –Š‡ —•—ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ’”ƒ›‡” ƒ– •— Š ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ –ƒ–‡ –‡” ‡••‘”› ”ƒ›‡” ‘” ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‡–
‡˜‡”› ‘–Š ƒ– †ƒ™ –‘ •–—†› –Š‡ ‘”† ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ† –‘ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” Šƒƒ ƒ†
—ƒ’‡ƒ ‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡™ƒ• ‘

ʹͺͲ‡‡ǤǤ„‡‰ǡ’ǤͳͳͳǦͳͳͺǤ
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”‡ ‘”†• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ‹–‡” ‡••‘”› ’”ƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” ”ƒ‹• ‹ ͳͻͺ͵ ™Š‡ –Š‡
ƒ–‹‘™‹–‡••‡†‘‡‘ˆ‹–•™‘”•–†”‘—‰Š–•ǡƒ†’”ƒ›‡”•™Š‹ ŠŠ‡Ž’‡†–‘ƒ˜‡”–
†‡ƒ–Šƒ‘‰–Š‡›‘—–Š‘ˆ”‘’‘‰Ǥ—”‹‰Š‡”–‹‡ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ•–‡” ‡‰‹‘ƒŽ —‡‡•ǯ ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ •Š‡ ‡•—”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ”‡•‘Ž—–‹‘
–Šƒ– –Š‡ —‡‡• ™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› Dz„”‹„‡dz ‹ –Š‡ ‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘”
•‡Ž‡ –‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•–‘‘ —’›˜ƒ ƒ–•–‘‘Ž•Ǥ


3.3.3.6. Not Abandoned: The Church’s Support

 •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• •Š‡ ˆƒ ‡† ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ •‡ –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™‹–Š
”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡†‘—„–•ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘ƒ„‘—–Š‡” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ǡƒƒ™ƒ•
‘– ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† „› –Š‡ Š—” Š ™Š‹ Š •Š‡ „‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘Ǥ Š‡ Š—” Šǡ –Š”‘—‰Š
•‘‡‘ˆŠ‡”’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ‡Ž†‡”•ƒ†‡„‡”•ǡ•–‘‘†™‹–ŠŠ‡”–Š”‘—‰Š‘—–Š‡””‡‹‰
„› ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ’”ƒ›‡”•ǡ ‘ˆ‘”–ǡ
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ† ‘’ƒ‹‘•Š‹’Ǥ‡‹‰ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š
‘‡™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š––Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Š™‘—Ž†”‡Œ‡ –ƒ† ‘—•‡ŽŠ‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
ƒ ‡’–‹‰–Š‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ“—‡‡•Š‹’„—––Š‡ Š—” Šƒ –‡†‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„›‰‹˜‡–Š‡‹”
‘•‡–ƒ†‡‡†‡†•—’’‘”–ǤŠ‹•„‡ ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ”™Š‡•Š‡˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡‡‰‹‘ƒŽ
’‘•–Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‹ —ƒ•‹ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡” ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘Ǥ ’‘•–Ž‡ Ǥ Ǥ —ƒ›‡ ƒ†
”‘’Š‡–ǤǤ‡„‘ƒŠǡ–Š‡–Š‡•Šƒ–‹‡‰‹‘ƒŽ’‘•–Ž‡ƒ†—ƒ•‹‹•–”‹ –
ƒ•–‘” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‘•‡–ǡ ’”ƒ›‡† ˆ‘” Š‡” ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž‡† Š‡” ‘
–Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡• ƒ† ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥʹͺͳ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘–‡
–Šƒ–ƒ–ƒ’‘‹––Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ǡƒ•–‘” ƒ‡• ‡‘™ǡ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†ƒ†
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†Š‡”–‘ƒ––‡† Š—” Š™‹–ŠŠ‡””‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒ™Š‡•Š‡ˆ‡Ž–•Š›–‘†‘•‘ƒ•
„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺͲȌ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǣ
Š‡ƒ•–‘” ‡‘™•ƒ™–Šƒ–ƒƒ™ƒ–‡†–‘‡–‡”–Š‡ Š—” Š
™‹–Š‘—– Š‡” ”‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒǡ Š‡ •ƒ‹†ǡ Dz‘ǡ ‘ǡ ‘Ǩ ‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ǡ–Š‡ ‹‰•

ʹͺͳ „‹†ǡ’Ǥ͹ͶǤ
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ƒ† “—‡‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ™‹ŽŽ ‰‘ „‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹ ȏ ‘†Ȑ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹”
•’Ž‡†‘—”Ǥ – ’Ž‡ƒ•‡† ƒƒ •‘ — Š –Šƒ– •Š‡ Šƒ† Šƒ† •— Š
”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘—†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ƒ† ™ƒ• ˜‡”› — Š
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†‹Š‡”ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ
•Š‘”–ǡƒƒǯ••— ‡••ƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ—‡‡™ƒ•’ƒ”–Ž›ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡ˆƒ –
–Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Šǡ‘ǡ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡†ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡•—’’‘”–ˆ‘”Š‡”ˆ”‘–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰
ƒ†ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•–‹‡•‘ˆŠ‡””‡‹‰Ǥ‘™‘†‡”„‡‰†‡• ”‹„‡••‘‡‘ˆƒƒǯ•
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ•†‹˜‹‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘Ǥ
‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•”‘Ž‡‹Š‡”‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘’”‘ ‡••‡•ǡ
ƒ†–Š‡ƒ••—”ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘†ǡ„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͶͻȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‹Ž‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ‰‘‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‹–• ™‡”‡ ’”ƒ›‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
ƒƒǯ• ‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• —‡‡ ‘ˆ —ƒ’‡ƒ Ȃ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”•
’”ƒ›‡†ǡ –Š‡ ™‘‡ǯ• ‘˜‡‡– ’”ƒ›‡†ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‡„‡”•
ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›‡†ǥ ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”‡‡–‹‰•–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–•’‘‡
‹ ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ˜‘‹ ‡ –‘ ‡ƒ ‘‡•• ȋ”•ǤȌ ƒ”› †ƒ•ǡ ƒƒǯ• ’”ƒ›‡”
’ƒ”–‡”™Š‘Šƒ†Ž‡†Š‡”–‘Š”‹•–ǥŠ‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–•’‘‡•ƒ›‹‰
–Šƒ–‹ˆƒƒ™‘—Ž†‘–ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ —•–‘•ƒ†
—Ž–—”‡‘ˆŠ‡”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‘–‹Ž‹‡
™‹–Š • ”‹’–—”‡ ƒ† ‹˜‹‡ ˜‹”–—‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ –Š‡ ‡ ȋ ‘†Ȍ
™‘—Ž†‘–Ž‡ƒ˜‡Š‡”ƒ†‡‹–Š‡”™‘—Ž†Š‡ˆ‘”•ƒ‡Š‡”Ǣƒ†–Šƒ– ‡
™‘—Ž†Š‘Ž†Š‡”‹ ‹•‰”ƒ ‹‘—•ƒ”•Ǥ
„‘—– ‘†ǯ•Šƒ†‹–Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡‘ˆƒƒǯ••–‘‘Žƒ‡„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǣ
Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ƒŽ•‘”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–‘‡ƒ ‘‡••ƒ”›†ƒ•–Šƒ–ƒƒ
™ƒ• ‘– ‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ› •–‘‘Ž ƒ‡Ǣ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ •Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘–
‰‘‹‰ –‘ „‡ ƒ‡† ƒˆ–‡” ƒ› ‘ˆ Š‡” ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ™‘—Ž† •‹’Ž›
„‡ƒ”–Š‡ƒ‡•Š‡™ƒ•‰‹˜‡ƒ–„‹”–ŠȂŠ‡”ƒ‡ǡƒƒ‘—ƒǤ

156
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Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆŠ‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†Š‡”„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆŠ‡”— ‘’”‘‹•‹‰

Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• Š‡” ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ’‡”ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‹–—ƒŽ• –Š‡
Š—” Š™‹•‡Ž›ƒ†‡’”‘˜‹•‹‘ˆ‘”•‘‡‡„‡”•–‘ƒ ‘’ƒ›Š‡”™Š‡”‡˜‡”
•Š‡™‡–ǤŠ‡„‡ƒ—–›‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ••—’’‘”–„‡ ƒ‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͲ͸
†™‹”ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™Š‹ Š ‘‹ ‹†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒƒǯ•ˆ‘”–‹‡–ŠȋͶͲ–ŠȌ
ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›ƒ•–Š‡—‡‡‘ˆ—ƒ’‡ƒǤ„‡‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳʹ͵Ȍ”‡ ‘—–•–Š‡”‘Ž‡
‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‡Ž†‡”•†—”‹‰–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ
–Š‡–‘™ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ–ʹ’ǤǤƒƒ‘—–‡†Š‡”’ƒŽƒ“—‹ǤŽŽ–Š‡ƒ•–‘”•™‡”‡
‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‡”‹ ƒŽ ‘ŽŽƒ”•Ǥ ‹†•– „”ƒ•• „ƒ† —•‹ ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Ž†‡”• ™‡– „‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒƒ ‹ Š‡” ’ƒŽƒ“—‹Ǥ –Š‡”•
™‡”‡‘Š‡”•‹†‡ǡDzŽ‡ˆ–ƒ†”‹‰Š–dzƒ†•‘‡‘–Š‡”•„‡Š‹†Š‡”ǤŠ‡
„”ƒ•• „ƒ† Ž‡† ‹ •‹‰‹‰ –Š‡ •‘‰ “Onyakͻpͻn Asafo mma Monyi
Mo Ho Adi”ȋƒ••‡„Ž‡ǡ›‘—‡„‡”•‘ˆ ‘†ǯ• ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ȌǤ


‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ ƒ• ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
—‡‡ǡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  ‘˜‡‡–• ™‹–Š‹
Šƒƒ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡† ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ• —ˆ‹– –‘
Š‘Ž† •— Š ƒ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ •‡”˜‡ ‘† ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ

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CHAPTER 4

4.0. PENTECOSTALISM, CHIEFTAINCY AND TRADITINAL

FESTIVALS
4.1. Introduction
–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”  ‘•‹†‡”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒǡƒ†–Š‡‘’‡ƒ†‘Ǧ‘’‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ” Š• ‘’‡ǡ–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘•
ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ˆ‹†‹‰• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ Š‡”‡ǡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘
–Š‘•‡‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ†‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘Ǥ


4.2. Origin of Pentecostalism in Ghana

ŽŽ –Š”‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ŠƒƒǤ
Š‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ •ȋ’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•Sunsum Sᴐreǡ™Š‹ Š‹•ƒ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
Š—” Š‹ ŠƒƒȌǡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ‹–Š‹–Š‡
‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š”‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡‰”‘—’•ƒ‡Ž›ǡ–Š‘•‡™‹–Š
‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•Ǣ –Š‘•‡ ™‹–Š
‡’Šƒ•‹•‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡Ǣƒ†–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘’”‘’Š‡–‹ ‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǥ


 Šƒƒǡ–Š‡‘”‹‰‹‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹•–”ƒ ‡†–‘–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‘‡”‘’Š‡–ƒ†‡

ƒ””‹• ƒ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ‹„‡”‹ƒ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‹ ‘–‡ †ǯ ˜‘‹”‡ ƒ– –Š‡ –‹‡ ‘ˆ Š‹•
‹‹•–”›Ǥ ‹• ‹‹•–”› ‡‡”‰‡† ‹ Šƒƒ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ –™‡–‹‡–Š
‡–—”›Ǥʹͺʹ ‹‡ ƒ””‹•ǡʹͺ͵ ƒ’•‘ ’’‘‰ʹͺͶ ƒ† ™ƒ–•‘ ȋ ƒ””‹•ǯ †‹• ‹’Ž‡Ȍ

ʹͺʹ ƒ—‡Ž Ǥ Ǥ ƒ”„‹ǡ Development of Ghanaian Pentecostalism: A Study in the

Appropriation of the Christian gospel in twentieth century Ghana setting with special
reference to the Christ Apostolic Church, the Church of Pentecost and the International Central
Gospel ChurchǤŠǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‹„—”‰Šǡȋ†‹„—”‰Šǡ—‰—•–ͳͻͻͷȌǡʹͶǤ
ʹͺ͵ ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† •–—†› ‘ ƒ””‹• •‡‡ ‘•‡’Š Ǥ ƒ›ˆ‘”†ǡ William Waddy Harris: The West

African reformer: The man and his message ȋ‘†‘ǣ  Š‹Ž‹’•ǡ ͳͻͳͷȌǢ ‘”†‘ Ǥ
ƒŽ‹„—”–‘ǡThe Prophet Harris and his mass movement in the Ivory Coast and the Gold Coast
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 Pentecostalism, Chieftaincy, and Festivals

Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ„‡‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ •

‹ ŠƒƒǤ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ”„‹ ȋͳͻͻͷǣʹͷȌ Šƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ ’”‘’Š‡–• ‘”
”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•–• †‹† ‘– „‡‰‹ –Š‡‹” ‘™ Š—” Š †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘• „—– ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†
–Š‡‹” ‘˜‡”–• –‘ ƒ––‡† –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ ‘” Š‹•–‘”‹  Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘†—•
‘’‡”ƒ†‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡  • ‹ Ž—†‡• Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ† ‡š‘” ‹• –Š”‘—‰Š Š‘Ž› ™ƒ–‡” ‘”
‘‹Žȋ™ƒ–‡”‘”‘‹Ž™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡ ‘•‡ ”ƒ–‡†‘”„Ž‡••‡†„›–Š‡’”‘’Š‡–ȌǤ ǤǤ
—”‡” ȋͳͻ͸ͺȌ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ• Prophet-healing Š—” Š‡• ‘”
Aladura Church ›’‡•ǡ ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ƒ”• ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ǣ Dz‡–”ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ„‘—– ”‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‹”‹– –Š”‘—‰Š ’”‘’Š‡–• ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ ŠŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰‹•’”‘‹‡–Ǥdzʹͺͷ ‘”ƒ±–ƒǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͸ʹǣͳȌ
–Š‡Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒƒ•ƒǡ
Dz’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Š—” Šdz ‹• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ •‹‰‹ˆ› –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ ™‘”•Š‹’ǡ –Š‡
‰”‘—’• ‘ ‡”‡†‡‰ƒ‰‡‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™Š‹ ŠǤǤǤƒ”‡‡‹–Š‡”
‡ƒ––‘‹˜‘‡–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–‘ˆ ‘†ǡ‘”ƒ”‡–‘„‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•
•‹‰•‘ˆŠ‹•†‡• ‡–—’‘–Š‡™‘”•Š‹’’‡”•Ǥʹͺ͸


Š‡ ™‡Ž˜‡ ’‘•–Ž‡• Š—” Šǡ ™Š‹ Š „‡‰ƒ ‹ ͳͻͳͺǡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
Š—” Šdz –‘ „‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ ŠƒƒǤʹͺ͹ – ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „› ’”‘’Š‡– Dz ƒ””‹•ǯ
‘˜‡”–• ”ƒ ‡ ƒ‹ ƒ† ™ƒ•‹ ‘Š ƒ ƒ„ƒŠ –‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ””‹•ǯ ‹•–”— –‹‘
–Šƒ––™‡Ž˜‡ƒ’‘•–Ž‡••Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ’’‘‹–‡†‹‡ƒ Š˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡–‘Ž‘‘ƒˆ–‡”Š‹•ˆŽ‘ Ǥdz
 • ‘” Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•dz Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› ƒ Žƒ‹‡† ƒ• Š—” Š‡• ™Š‹ Š

ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ǡͳͻ͹͵ȌǢ ƒ˜‹† Ǥ Šƒ”ǡ The Prophet of modern Times: The thought of
William Wade Harris, West African precursor of the reign of ChristǤ ŠǤ ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ„‡”†‡‡ǡȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ
ʹͺͶ ‘” ƒ •–—†› ‘ Ǥ ’’‘‰ •‡‡ Ǥ Ǥ ƒŽ‹„—”–‘ǡ Š‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘’Š‡–ǣ ƒ’•‘

’’‘‰ǤBulletin of the Society of African Church Histor›ǡʹǣͳȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǣͺͶǦͻ͸Ǥ

ʹͺͷ—‘–‡†‹ǤǤǤƒ”„‹ǡDevelopment of Ghanaian Pentecostalismǡ’ǤͷͲǤ
ʹͺ͸ „‹†ǡ’ǤͷͻǤ
ʹͺ͹‡‡ŽŽƒ†‡”•‘ǡAn Introduction to Pentecostalismǡ’Ǥͳͳ͸Ǥ
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–ƒ‡ˆ”‹ ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•‘”˜ƒŽ—‡••‡”‹‘—•Ž›ǤŠ‡›™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†
–‘‰‹˜‡’”‘‹‡–’Žƒ ‡ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰–‘•‘‡ˆ”‹ ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ
‡–‡”‹Šƒ•„‡‡ ”‡†‹–‡†™‹–Š–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•
‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‹• ‹‹•–”› ™Š‹ Š •–ƒ”–‡† ‹ ͳͻͳ͹ Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ‹–Šƒ„‡”ƒ Ž‡Š—” Šˆ”‘™Š‡”‡™‡‘™Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Š”‹•–’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” Š
ȋȌǡ–Š‡’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” Šǡƒ†–Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ȋ‘ȌǤʹͺͺ‡‘–Š‡”
Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š™Š‹ Š‡‡”‰‡†‹ Šƒƒ‹•–Š‡••‡„Ž‹‡•‘ˆ ‘†
ȋ ȌǤ ƒ”„‹ ȋͳͻͻͷǣ͸͵Ȍ ‘–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡   ™ƒ• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Š—” Š‹ Šƒƒ–‘„‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹‹•–”›‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
‡˜ǤŽ‘›†ƒ†ƒ”‰ƒ”‡–Š‹”‡”Ǥ‘†ƒ›–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‰‘‘†—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›
‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ Šƒƒ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‘•‡ Ž‹•–‡†
ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡‘ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡ˆƒ•–‡•–‰”‘™‹‰ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ –Šƒ• „”ƒ Š‡• ‹ ƒ› ‘–Š‡” ‘—–”‹‡•
ƒ† ‘–‹‡–•‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‘•‡‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ


Š‡ –Š‹”† ƒ† Žƒ•– ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒǡ –Š‡ ‡‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‡‡”‰‡† ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͹Ͳ• ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹† ‹• ”‡†‹–‡† –‘
‹ ‘Žƒ• — ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ™Š‘ ˆ‘—†‡† –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ  –‹‘ ƒ‹–Š ‹‹•–”‹‡•Ǥ
Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ƒ‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ • ‡‡ Žƒ–‡” ‹ Ž—†‡† ‡•ƒŠ –ƒ„‹Ž ƒ† Š‹•
–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–”ƒŽ ‘•’‡ŽŠ—” Š‹ͳͻͺͶǡƒ‰ ‡™ƒ”†Ǧ‹ŽŽ•ƒ†Š‹•‹‰Š–
‘—•‡ Šƒ’‡Ž ‹ ͳͻͻͳǡ Šƒ”Ž‡• ‰›‹ƒ•ƒ”‡ ƒ† Š‹• ‘”† ‹”ƒ Ž‡ ‹„Ž‡ ȋ‘™
‘™ƒ•‡”‡œŠ—” ŠȌ‹ͳͻͺ͹ƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”•Ǥʹͺͻ—””‡–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‘•–
‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ™‹–Š „”ƒ Š‡• ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡‹” ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ „ƒ•‡Ǥ ‡™ ‘‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘
ʹͺͺ ‡‡ ƒ”„‹ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ Development of Ghanaian Pentecostalismǡ ’Ǥ͸ͳǢ Pentecostalism: The

Eddies of Ghanaian Christianityȋƒ•‘ƒǡ ”ƒǣ‡–”‡ ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ 

–—†‹‡•ǡ ʹͲͲͳȌǢ Ǥ ƒˆ—‹ •‡ǡ ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ A History of the Church of Pentecost ȋ ”ƒǣ ‘
‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‹––‡‡ǡʹͲͲͷȌǤ
ʹͺͻ‡‡ƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡGhana's New Christianityǡ’Ǥʹ͵Ǧʹ͹Ǥ
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•’”—‰ —’ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’Žƒ ‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ™‹–Š
˜ƒ”‹‡† ‡’Šƒ•‡•Ǥ ƒ”„‹ ȋͳͻͻͷǣʹ͸͹Ȍ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –™‘ •–”ƒ†• ‘ˆ ‡‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‘•‡ ™‹–Š ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ†
’Š›•‹ ƒŽ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”Ǣƒ†–Š‘•‡™‹–Š‡’Šƒ•‹•‘†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡‹
ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ  –Š‹”† ˆ‘” ‡ ‘” •–”ƒ† Šƒ•
‡‡”‰‡† ”‡ ‡–Ž› ™‹–Š ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ’”‘’Š‡–‹• ‘” ’”‘’Š‡–‹  ‹‹•–”‹‡•ǤʹͻͲ
Š‡‹” modus operandi ‹ Ž—†‡• ‰‹˜‹‰ Dz’”‘’Š‡–‹  ‡••ƒ‰‡•dz –‘ –Š‡‹” Ž‹‡–•
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ˆ—–—”‡ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ Dz’”‘’Š‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒ† •’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ›dz ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡
•‘—” ‡ ‘” ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Ž‹‡–ǯ• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† •‡– –Š‡ ˆ”‡‡ ‘” Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ –‘
‘˜‡” ‘‡Ǥ ‹ˆˆ‘”† ȋʹͲͲͶǣͺͻǦͻͲȌ ƒ’–Ž› †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”› ‘ˆ ‡‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǡ
DzǤǤǤ ƒ ƒ ‘ˆ ‘† ‹• ‘™ ƒ„Ž‡ –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ‘‹–‹‰ –‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ† †‡•–”‘› ›‘—” „Ž‘ ƒ‰‡• ƒ† ‡•—”‡ ›‘—” „Ž‡••‡†
†‡•–‹› ™‹–Š‘—– ›‘—” •’‡ƒ‹‰ Ȃ ‹†‡‡† •‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡
•—’’Ž‹ƒ– –‘ •’‡ƒǤ ǤǤǤ Š‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ƒ† •— ‡•• ƒ› „‡ „Ž‘ ‡†
†‡‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ„—–›‘—”Ǯ‹•–”—‡–‘ˆ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǯ‹•‘™–Š‡Ǯ’”‘’Š‡–‹ 
— –‹‘ǯǤdz


– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǡ •Šƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ •ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”„‹ȋͳͻͻͷǣʹͷȌ˜‹˜‹†Ž›†‡• ”‹„‡•„‡Ž‘™ǣ
 •–”‘‰ Š”‹•–‘Ž‘‰› ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ƒ‡ ƒ† Ž‘‘† ‘ˆ ‡•—•ǡ
Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ „‹„Ž‹ ‹•ǡ ‹••‹‘ ‘• ‹‘—•‡••ǡ ƒ† ’‹”‹–Ǧ’‘™‡”
‘ ‡’–• ™‹–Š •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘  ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ• ͳʹǡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š
ʹͻͲ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‡’Š —ƒ›‡•‹Ǧƒ›‡ǡ Prophetism in Ghana Today: A Study in Ghanaian

Pentecostal Prophetismȋ ‘––̵•ƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǣ”‡ƒ–‡’ƒ ‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǢ‡›‘ǡ

‡’Šƒ•ǤƬ†Œ‡‹”–Š—”ǤǡŠ‡‹„Ž‡ƒ›•Ǩ‡‘Ǧ”‘’Š‡–‹  ‡”‡‡—–‹ •‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤStudies
in World Christianity. ͳͻǤͳ ȋʹͲͲ͵Ȍǣ ͷͲǦ͹Ͳ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ‡—’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘Ȁ•™  ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
ͳʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
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‰Ž‘••‘ŽƒŽ‹ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Šƒ•ƒ—–‘•–•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡Ǥ–Š‡”‡’Šƒ•‡•

ƒ”‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǯ „ƒ’–‹•ǡ „ƒ’–‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ȋ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡
•—„•‡“—‡––‘•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ•–”‘‰‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ‡–Š‘•ǡƒ†‰‹ˆ–•‘ˆ–Š‡
‘Ž›’‹”‹–Ǥ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Ǯˆ‘—”Ǧ•“—ƒ”‡ǯ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ„‘—–Dz ‡•—•Š”‹•––Š‡ƒ˜‹‘”ǡ
–Š‡ ‡ƒŽ‡”ǡ–Š‡ƒ’–‹œ‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ǡƒ†–Š‡‘‘‘‹‰‹‰Ǥdzʹͻͳ

4.3. Confrontational292 Attitudes

–‹Ž”‡ ‡–Ž›•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›–Š‡‹”’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ‡Ž†‡”•
ƒ† ‡„‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡‡ ƒ– Ž‘‰‰‡”Š‡ƒ†• ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‘‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘’‡Ž› ˜‘‹ ‡† ‘—–
–Š‡‹” †‹•Ž‹‡ ƒ† †‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ –Š‡”• –‘‘ Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ •‘ •‡ ”‡–Ž› ‘” ‹†‘‘”• ˆ‘” ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ
ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡™”ƒ–Š‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘†‘•‘‘’‡Ž›—•‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•
’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•–‘ƒ‡–Š‡‹” ‘ ‡”•‘™–‘–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡
—•‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ  ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ™Šƒ– ‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‘’‡ ƒ‹”
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡•ǤŠ‡•‡‘’‡ƒ‹”‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡•ƒ”‡Š‡Ž†‡‹–Š‡”†ƒ›
–‹‡‘”ƒ–‹‰Š–ƒ–‡˜‡”›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡•’ƒ ‡‹ Ž—†‹‰ƒ”‡–ƒ”‡ƒ•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘†‘
•‘‹†‘‘”•—•‡–Š‡’—Ž’‹–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹” Šƒ’‡Ž•–‘ ‘ˆ”‘–
–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
„‘–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•™‡”‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ†ƒŽŽ™‡”‡‰‡ƒ”‡†
–‘™ƒ”†• ƒ‹‰ ƒ ƒ•‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ƒ––ƒ ‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ʹͻͳ‡‡ƒ”„‹ǡDevelopment of Ghanaian Pentecostalismǡ’Ǥʹ͸͹Ǥ

ʹͻʹŠ‡™‘”†Ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǯ—•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›†‘‡•‘–†‡’‹ –ƒˆ‹‰Š–‘”ƒ”‰—‡–„—–‹–‹•
—•‡† –‘ †‡‘–‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ•–‡ˆ—Ž ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ™‡”‡ †‡’‹ –‡† ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ™ƒ›•ǡ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
†‡• ”‹„‡†‹†‡–ƒ‹Ž‹–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
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Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Š‡•‡
‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‡”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ™ƒŽŽ –‘ ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† ‰”‘˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ™ƒ›‡
‡›ƒ™ Ǣ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ Apoͻ ƒ† Bayedie
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǣ”‹†‹‰‹’ƒŽƒ“—‹„›nananomǢƒ†–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ 
–Š‹••‡ –‹‘  ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡Ǯ‘’‡ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š”‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ‡Ž› ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠǡ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ™—•— ‘”†Œ‘—” ƒ†
”‘’Š‡– ƒ™ ƒ—Žǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Ǯ‘Ǧ‘’‡ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ


4.3.1. Open Confrontational Attitudes

4.3.1.1. Judgment against evil Kings293
Š‡•‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˆ‘—† —•‹‰ ƒ„—•‹˜‡ ƒ† ‹•—Ž–‹‰ ™‘”†• ‘”
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡‹” ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ  Š‹• ‹ˆƒ‘—•
•‡”‘ǡDz —†‰‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–˜‹Ž‹‰•dz™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠǡƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‡”ǡ
•–”‘‰Ž›„‡”ƒ–‡†–Š‡Ɔmanheneƒ†‘–Š‡”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒƒ†
ƒ —•‡† –Š‡ ‘ˆ ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ ‹• ƒ”‰—‡– ™ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ
’”‘’Š‡– •ƒ‹ƒŠ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘‹†‘Ž™‘”•Š‹’’‡”•ƒ•— ‹˜‹Ž‹œ‡†’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†•‹ ‡–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ•’”‘‘–‡‹†‘Žƒ–”›–Š”‘—‰ŠŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‡• ”‹„‡†ƒ••— ŠǤ ‡ƒ”‰—‡†
ƒ‰ƒ‹‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”‡–Šƒ–•‹ ‡ ‡•—•‹Š‹•–”‹—’ŠƒŽ‡–”›†‹†‘–
”‹†‡‹ƒ’ƒŽƒ“—‹‹–™ƒ•‡˜‹Ž‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•–‘”‹†‡‹’ƒŽƒ“—‹•Ǥ


‹•‡••ƒ‰‡•‘‡–‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡†‹ ‹–‹‰–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•Š‡

‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ Dz –™ƒ•–‹‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ”‹•‡—’ ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”• ‘ˆ
†ƒ”‡••dz ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ‡ †‹† ‘– Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ Š‘™ –Š‹•

ʹͻ͵Š‹•‹•–Š‡–‹–Ž‡‘ˆ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠǯ••‡”‘Ǥ –Š‹••‡”‘Š‡ƒ””ƒ–‡†™Šƒ–

–”ƒ•’‹”‡†„‡–™‡‡ Š‹ƒ†–Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’ƒ•– Ɔmanhene‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤ

š ‡”’–• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ˆ‘” †‹• —••‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‘‡ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‡”‡
‘†— –‡†–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ–Š‹• ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ
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™ƒ• –‘ „‡ †‘‡Ǥ —– ˆ”‘ Š‹• ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Ǯ„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽʹͻͶ „ƒ•‹•ǯ ˆ‘”
–Š‹• ƒŽŽǡ ‘‡ ‘—Ž† †‡†— ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–Š‘† –‘ „‡ —•‡† ‹• ‘’‡ ˜‡”„ƒŽ
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ””‘‰ƒ–‡† –‘
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –Š‡ †‹˜‹‡ ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘ ™ƒ” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ‘”
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹’‡†‹‰ Œ—†‰‡– ‘ˆ ‘† ‘ –Š‡Ǥ Š‡› ˆ—”–Š‡”
‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Š‡‹” ƒŽŽ‡‰ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ ƒŽŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ•
™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDz‹‰•Šƒ˜‡†‡•–”‘›‡†–Š‡ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥdz


Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ –Š‡ • Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š– –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
‹†‘Žƒ–”› ƒ”‡ „‡†ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” ‡˜‡”› Š‹‡ˆ ‹ Šƒƒǡ
‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Šǡ ™‘”•Š‹’• ‘” •‡”˜‡• ‹†‘Ž• ƒ† ‘– –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†Ǥʹͻͷ


Š‘•‡™Š‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹•—Ž–‹‰ƒ†ƒ––ƒ ‹‰nananomƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ
–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‹ —””‡† –Š‡ †‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ ƒ† ™”ƒ–Š ‘ˆ nananomǤ —•–‘ƒ”‹Ž›ǡ
nananom Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’‘™‡”• –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– †‡˜‹ƒ–• ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘
†‹•”‡•’‡ –‡†–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘™‡”‡ˆ‘—† —Ž’ƒ„Ž‡™‡”‡
—•—ƒŽŽ› ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ƒ•‡† –‘ ’ƒ› ƒ ”ƒ ‘” ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ”ƒ• ƒ†Ȁ‘” †”‹• ‘”
„‘–Š †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ˜‹–› ‘” •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡
•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡† ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –‘ ’ƒ ‹ˆ› –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† ‘•– ‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž› –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‡‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ’ƒ ‹ˆ‹‡† „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ƒ›
‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”‹•„›‡š–‡•‹‘ƒ‘ˆˆ‡ ‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹•‘”Š‡”
ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ


ʹͻͶ ‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ Š‘™ Šƒ†”ƒ Šǡ ‡•Šƒ Š ƒ† „‡†‡‰‘ ˜‡Š‡‡–Ž› ‘’’‘•‡† ‹‰
‡„— Šƒ†‡œœƒ” ƒ† ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ ™‘”•Š‹’ –Š‡ ‹‰ǯ• ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ‹‡Ž Šƒ’–‡”
–Š”‡‡ȋ͵ȌǤ
ʹͻͷŠ‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ”‡„‡†ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”‡˜‡”›

Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡‹•ƒ‹†‘Ž™‘”•Š‹’’‡”Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

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 ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ ™ƒ• •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› •—‘‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘— ‹Ž ˆ‘” ‹•—Ž–‹‰ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ† Š‹• ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‡
™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‰—‹Ž–›ƒ†ˆ‹‡†ƒ”ƒ–‘„‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡†–‘’ƒ ‹ˆ›–Š‡፭manheneƒ†
ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹ǡŠ‡™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”ƒ””‡•–‡†„›–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ƒ†ƒ””ƒ‹‰‡†
„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Žƒ™ ‘—”–‹‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‡Š‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘’ƒ›–Š‡ˆ‹‡–‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ
Š‡ ‘—”–ƒ•‡†–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡–‘–ƒ‡Š‹‹–‘ —•–‘†›‹—›ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡ ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‘ˆ
”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘–‘”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹ ‘—”–ƒˆ–‡”–™‘™‡‡•ǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ǡˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ”
‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ –‘‘ Š‹ „ƒ  –‘ ‘—”– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †ƒ› –‘ „‡ ‰”ƒ–‡† „ƒ‹ŽǤ ‡ ™ƒ•
ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ—–‹‘‡†–‘„‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†Ǥ


4.3.1.2. Judgment against evil Festivals296

 Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› –Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‘—Ž†’ƒ”–Ž› „‡ƒ––”‹„—–‡†–‘
–Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‹– ’Žƒ›• ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ‹‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† ‹ •‘‡ ƒ•‡• •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ
–ƒ”‰‡–ˆ‘” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‡”•‘”’ƒ•–‘”•
˜‡”„ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆ”‘–‡† –Š‡ ’”‘‘–‡”• ƒ† ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ Š‡
Apoͻ ƒ† Bayedie ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡• ”‹„‡† ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹”
”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Šƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›ǡTa MensaǤ


Š‹Ž‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”• †‘ •‘ ‹†‘‘”• ‘”
•‡ ”‡–Ž›‘–Š‡”•†‘•‘‘’‡Ž›Ǥ‡’‘’—Žƒ”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‡”‘”’ƒ•–‘”™Š‘
Šƒ† ƒ”˜‡† ƒ ‹ Š‡ ˆ‘” ƒ––ƒ ‹‰ nananom ˆ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒ† ‹†—Ž‰‹‰ ‹

ʹͻ͸ ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• •—„•‡ –‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™• ™‹–Š ƒƒ

™‡”‡ ‹ ǡ ȋ™‡”‡’‡Š‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒȌ ‘ ʹͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͶǢ ƒƒ –™‹
‘ƒ•‹ƒ‘ ȋ›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒȌ ‘ ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǢ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
‹ˆ‘”ƒ–•‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
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‹†‘Žƒ–”›–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹•˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–™—•— ‘”†Œ‘—”Ǥ ‡‹•

–Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ ™ƒ‡ᗤ„‡ƒ ‹„Ž‡ –—†› ƒ† ”ƒ›‡” ‹‹•–”› ƒ–
‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‡—•‡†–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ†‹‘•–ƒ–‹‘•–‘‘’‡Ž›
ƒ––ƒ ‘”‹•—Ž–nananomƒ†‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘•–ƒ–‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ‡
‹•—Ž–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘” ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ ƒ† ’”‘‘–‹‰ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥʹͻ͹
Š‡”‡’‡” —••‹‘•™‡”‡•‡˜‡”‡ˆ‘”™—•— ‘”†Œ‘—”ƒ•Š‹•‹ ‡••ƒ–—––‡”ƒ ‡•
Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ †‡•–”— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‡’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• Š—” ŠǤ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› ˆ‘” Š‹ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ•‘”†‡”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡•–”— –‹‘‘ˆŠ‹• Š—” Š’”‘’‡”–›„‡ˆ‘”‡‹˜‹–‹‰Š‹–‘
‡š’Žƒ‹ ™Š› Š‡ ‹•—Ž–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘” —’Š‘Ž†‹‰ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‹”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ˆ‹ƒŽŽ› •‘Ž‹ ‹–‡† –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ‘—–
Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ„‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”‘‰Šƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘–‘‹–‡” ‡†‡‘Š‹•„‡ŠƒŽˆǤ ‹•’Ž‡ƒ
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ™ƒ•ƒ ‡’–‡†„—–‘–™‹–Š‘—–’ƒ›‹‰ƒˆ‹‡‘ˆƒ”ƒǡ†”‹•
ƒ†•‘‡ƒ‘—–‘ˆ‘‡›Ǥ
‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‹•ǡnananom‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ–‘‡†— ƒ–‡–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ‘–Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ƒ ”‡’‡–‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ •— Š
‹ ‹†‡ ‡Ǥ


4.3.1.3. Judgment against evil Practices

’ƒ”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ • ‘ nananom ˆ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒ† ‹†—Ž‰‹‰ ‹ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›
–Š”‘—‰Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ––ƒ ‡† ƒ†
‹•—Ž–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”„—‹Ž†‹‰ƒ™ƒŽŽ–‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ƒƒ™ƒ›‡‡›ƒ™ •ƒ ”‡†
‰”‘˜‡‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡•ƒ ”‡†‰”‘˜‡‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡–Š‡ƒ„‘†‡‘ˆ–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘‘ ‹‰ ™Š‘ ™ƒ• †‡ˆ‡ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ •ƒ–‡• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡‹‰Š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Š‡ ›–Š ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‰ ™ƒ• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡

ʹͻ͹ Š‡ ”‡’‡” —••‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ˆ‘” –Š‹• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ

’”‡ƒ Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

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†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†—†‡”‰”‘—†Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰‘Ž›ƒˆ‹‰‡”ƒ„‘˜‡–Š‡‰”‘—†Ǥ ‹••’‹”‹–‹•
•—’’‘•‡† –‘ „‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ –Š‡”‡ ƒ† Š‡ ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡
†—”‹‰–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽApoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤʹͻͺ


‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‹•‰”‡ƒ–„—–†‡ƒ†‹‰

Šƒ•„‡‡‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ†Š‹••’‹”‹–‰‹˜‡”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ƒ††—Ž›”‡‡„‡”‡†
†—”‹‰ –Š‡ Apoͻ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ Š‡› †‘ ‘– —†‡”•–ƒ† ™Š› ‘‡› ƒ† ”‡•‘—” ‡•
•Š‘—Ž† „‡ •’‡– ‘ ’—––‹‰ —’ ƒ ™ƒŽŽ –‘ ’”‘–‡ – •‘‡‘‡ǯ• ‰”ƒ˜‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‡”’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›‘™ƒ•”‘’Š‡–ƒ™ƒ—Žǡ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ ƒŠ™‡Š ‡˜‡–Š ƒ› ‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ —†ƒ‹• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ‹• “—‘–‡† –‘
Šƒ˜‡‘’‡Ž›Dz‹•—Ž–‡†–Š‡‹–‡‰”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ‹–Š‡
ƒ‡‘ˆƒŠ™‡Šdzȋ•‹ ȌǤʹͻͻ”‘’Š‡–ƒ™ƒ—Ž—•—ƒŽŽ›’”‡ƒ Š‡†ƒ–Ž‘””›•–ƒ–‹‘•
ƒ†‹–™ƒ•–Š‡”‡–Šƒ–Š‡‘’‡Ž› ƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‡†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒˆ‘”™ƒ•–‹‰
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•‘—” ‡•–‘„—‹Ž†ƒ™ƒŽŽ–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–‹–Š‡
ƒ‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘”Š‹ƒ†‘–Š‡”Ž‹‡‹†‡†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ–Š‡•ƒ ”‡†‰”‘˜‡
‘ˆƒƒ™ƒ›‡‡›ƒ™ •›„‘Ž‹œ‡•ƒ†’”‘‘–‡•‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ†ƒ••— Š–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ• ™Š‘ „—‹Ž––Š‡ ™ƒŽŽ –‘ ’”‘–‡ ––Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡™‡”‡‹†—Ž‰‹‰ ‹‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ Š‡
‘‡› •’‡–ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ ‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ —•‡† –‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‘”‡
‹’‘”–ƒ–’”‘Œ‡ –•™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†–Š‡ƒ••‡•Ǥ
Nananom †‹† ‘– –ƒ‡ ‹†Ž› –‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ”‘’Š‡– ƒ™ ƒ—Ž ƒ• –Š‡›
‘”†‡”‡† Š‹• ƒ””‡•– ƒ† ’”‘•‡ —–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ Žƒ™ ‘—”– ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡ ‘—”–
–”‹‡†ƒ†”‡ƒ†‡†Š‹‹–‘’‘Ž‹ ‡ —•–‘†›–‘”‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”–™‘™‡‡•Ǥ ‡
™ƒ•Žƒ–‡” ƒ—–‹‘‡†ƒ††‹• Šƒ”‰‡†„›–Š‡ ‘—”–Ǥ


ʹͻͺ‡‡–Š‡•‡–‹‘—†‡”Apoͻ Afahyɛȋ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌ‹ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ

ʹͻͻ‡‡Techiman based fake pastor deceives thousandsƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ™‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒƒ ‘‡ƒ‰‡Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁƒ”–‹‡ŽǤ’Š’ǫ αʹ͵ͳ͸ͷͷǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
Ͳ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤŠ‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘ˆ”‘’Š‡–ƒ™ƒ—Žǯ• ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
†‹• —••‡†Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ
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• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ‘Ž› ƒ ˆ‡™ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• Šƒ˜‡
„”ƒ˜‡† –Š‡ ‘††• –‘ ‘’‡Ž› ˜‘‹ ‡ ‘—– –Š‡‹” Œ—†‰‡– ‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ‹–•
”‡Žƒ–‡†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒ„—– •‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ‹–ƒ‰Ž‘‘›’‹ –—”‡ƒ„‘—–
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• –‘ –Š‡‹” ‡„‡”• ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž –Š‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡•‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ


4.3.2. Non-Open Confrontational Attitudes

‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ –ƒ –‹ • ‘” ‡–Š‘†• –‘™ƒ”†•
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ –ƒ –‹ • ƒ”‡ “—‹–‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‘’‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ  ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡•‡ ƒ• Dz‘Ǧ‘’‡dz ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡•‘ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡†‡˜‘‹†‘ˆ‹•—Ž–•Ǥ


4.2.2.1. A Call to reject Chieftaincy and Traditional Festivals

Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‹•–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•†‡‘‹ ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡‡‡†–‘
†‹•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ ‘‡•‡Žˆ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ ‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•–”‹‡†–‘†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡„‡”•™Š‘†‘—„Ž‡ƒ•”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ†
ƒ”‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ˆ”‘–ƒ‹‰—’ƒ› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‹–Š‡‹”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• ‹–‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ǯ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ǯ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ†
—•–‘• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ˆ‘” ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰ ‹–Ǥ ’‘•–Ž‡ ‘ •‘
•ƒƒ  ƒ™ƒŠ ‘–‡• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–”› –Š”‘—‰Š
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ•‘‘–‡†–Šƒ–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ˜‡”› Ž‘™ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ‘† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ͵ͲͲ ‘” ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ DzƒŽŽ Š—” Š‡•

͵ͲͲ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š’‘•–Ž‡‘ •‘ •ƒƒ ƒ™ƒŠ‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ ‡‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†

Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹ ‡‘ˆ ”ƒ ‡‹‹•–”›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‡•–ƒ”–‡†Š‹•‹‹•–”›ƒ–”ƒ Š‹‹–Š‡

‘Ž–ƒ ‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ Š‡ —•‡† –‘ ’”‡ƒ Š ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ ‡
ƒ†Š‹• Š—” Šƒ”‡‘™’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ
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”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ†ƒ••— Š–Š‡›’”‡˜‡––Š‡‹”‡„‡”•™Š‘

ƒ”‡”‘›ƒŽ•ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‘‡ –‡†–‘–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ž‡–ƒŽ‘‡
ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –‘ „‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥdz͵Ͳͳ Š‡ ‘–‹‘ ‘” ˆ‡ƒ” ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ›
‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ƒ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹–Š ‘ˆ
Š—” Š ‡„‡”• ȋ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ ʹͲͳʹǣʹͲͲȌǤ ‘ ‡”‹‰ Š—” Š‡•ǯ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ Apoͻ ƒ† Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹
ƒ††•ǡ DzŠ‡› ƒ• –Š‡‹” ‡„‡”• ‘– –‘ ‰‡– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡–‘™Ǥdz͵ͲʹŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•˜‹‡™–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
ƒ• ƒ˜‡—‡• ˆ‘” †‡‘‹  –”ƒ•ˆ‡”ǡ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ƒ† ‘’’”‡••‹‘Ǥ › ‡ ‘—–‡”
™‹–Š‘”‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘—Ž†Ž‡ƒ†–‘†‡ƒ–Š‘” —”•‡•‘” ƒŽƒ‹–›Ǥ


4.3.2.2. Relegated to the background

”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š Šƒ˜‡ ‘– „‡‡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž›
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‡•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘
–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘—•‹‰–Š‡‹”‰‹ˆ–•–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘—’Ž‹ˆ–‹‰–Š‡
‹ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ Š‡‹” ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‰‹ˆ–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡˜‡ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡†Ǥ
ƒƒ †— ™ƒ„‡ƒ ”‡ ‘—–• –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡ ‡’–‹‘ Š‡ ‰‘– ˆ”‘ Š‹• Š—” Š
™Š‡Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ ‡’–‡†–‘„‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆǣ
 Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˜‡”› ƒ –‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š •‹ ‡  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ ‡•—•
Š”‹•–ƒ•›Ž‘”†Ǥ‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡ ƒ‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰
› “—‘–ƒ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ‹ ‹† „› ƒ ‡’–‹‰ –‘ Šƒ‹”
ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹›Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ 
™ƒ•ƒ ‡’–‡†ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡†™‹–Š”‡•’‡ –Ǥ—––Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡†
ƒ••‘‘ƒ• „‡ ƒ‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ ™ƒ•”‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡„ƒ ‰”‘—†ƒ•‹ˆ
†‹†‘–‡š‹•–‹–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡‡Ž†‡”•ƒ†‡„‡”•™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡

͵Ͳͳ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‘ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
͵Ͳʹ „‹†Ǥ
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‘–Š‹‰–‘†‘™‹–Š‡„‡ ƒ—•‡ ƒ‘™ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤŠƒ•–‘ ‘†–Š‡

’ƒ•–‘”•‹› Š—” ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹•–”— –‡†ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†—’‘„›–Š‡
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ‹”ƒ –‘ •—’’‘”– —• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ‘™ ƒ ‡’– –Šƒ–
‹‰•Š‹’‹•ˆ”‘ ‘†Ǥ͵Ͳ͵


4.3.2.3. Suspicious and Doubtful Conversion

‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ƒŽ•‘ †‘—„– –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ
•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡„‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǤŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š •—•’‹ ‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’”‡˜‹‘—• Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ† ‘˜‡”•‹‘
‹–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ• ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ‘–‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ Dz‘‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†
Š—” Š‡•Šƒ˜‡†‘—„–‡†‘—”•‹ ‡”‹–›ƒ†ƒ —•‡†—•‘ˆ„‡‹‰†‘—„Ž‡•–ƒ†ƒ”†•
„‡ ƒ—•‡dz ˆ‘” –Š‡ǡ Dz™‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‹†‘Ž• •‡ ”‡–Ž› ƒ† Š”‹•– ‘’‡Ž›Ǥdz Š‡•‡
Š—” Š‡• –ƒ‡ •— Š ƒ •—•’‹ ‹‘—• ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† –Š‡”‡„› ”‡Œ‡ –
–Š‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ‘–’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡ƒ†Ž‹˜‡
ƒ‰‡—‹‡Ž› ‘˜‡”–‡†Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ǥ


4.3.2.4. Hatred for Traditional Culture

•‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ‡Ž†‡”•ƒ†‡„‡”•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡
ƒ —•‡† ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ Šƒ–”‡† ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –”‹‡† –‘ †‹•–ƒ ‡
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ”‘•— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡„‡ƒ”‡”•Ǥ Š‹‡ˆ‘ ‡ ‘’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ™Š‘ǡ Š‡ ƒ••‡”–•ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ•
‡˜‹Žƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡”‡ˆ—•‡†–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡‘””‡Žƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘”†”ƒ™‡ƒ”
–‘ –Š‡Ǥ͵ͲͶ ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ† ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹˜ƒŽ —–”‡ƒ Š Š—” Š ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ

͵Ͳ͵ƒƒ†—™ƒ„‡ƒ‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†ƒ––‡†•–Š‡‘Ǥ ‡”‡ ‘—–‡†–Š‹•ƒ•

’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘Š‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘‡†‡•†ƒ›ǡʹ͹ –Š

—Ž›ǡʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
͵ͲͶ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ ”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ ƒ†‡ –Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ •‡”‘ ‘ ƒ

Ž‘ ƒŽ”ƒ†‹‘Ȁ ”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ƒǤŠ‡’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›ǡ™Š‘”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘

–Š‡•‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ• Ǯ›‘—‰ ’ƒ•–‘”•ǯ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ‡† ‹ •‘‡
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”‡ ƒŽŽ•Š‘™ƒ–ƒ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡ Š‹ƒ‘‡’ƒ•–‘””‡–‘”–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›ǡ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ ƒ‘–—•‡–Š‡‹”‘‡›–‘ˆ—”–Š‡”–Š‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ
 ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹ǡ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”ƒ†‡–Šƒ– ‘‡–™Š‡–Š‡™ƒ•†‡„ƒ–‹‰
™Š‡–Š‡” –‘ †‘ƒ–‡ ƒ•Š ‘” ƒ ‘’› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ• –Š‡ ǯ•
‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•–Šƒ–›‡ƒ”ǯ•Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”
‹ “—‡•–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‰‘– ™‹† ‘ˆ Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ”‡ƒ”• ƒ– –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ǡ‹˜‹–‡†Š‹–‘Š‹•’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†™ƒ”‡†Š‹Ǥ


4.3.2.5. Prayer for Deliverance

‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† ‡„‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‹• „‡ ‘‡• ‘”‡
’”‘‘— ‡†‹•†—”‹‰’”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ˆ”‘†‡‘‹ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•Ǥ ‡ƒ
‘—•‡Ž‡‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ•–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›
–Š‡ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž „‡ ‘‡• –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– ˆ‘” †‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ – ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –Šƒ–
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•Šƒ”„‘”•‘‡†‡‘‹ •’‹”‹–•™Š‹ Š‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•
’”‘‰”‡••‡˜‡‹ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ•–Š‡Ž‘”†‘ˆŠ‹•‘”Š‡”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–‘ ‡ƒ’‡”•‘Šƒ‹Ž•ˆ”‘–Š‡”‘›ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›ǡŠ‡‘”•Š‡
Šƒ• ƒ Ž‹ ‘” ‘˜‡ƒ– ™‹–Š ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž•Ǥ — Š ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‹• ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›
—†‡” ƒ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‘˜‡ƒ– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘•‡ •’‹”‹–• ƒ”‡ •—’’‘•‡ –‘
†™‡ŽŽ‹–Š‡•–‘‘Ž•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‘•‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†–‘„‡ ƒ””‹‡”•‘ˆ
—”•‡•–Šƒ–’‡”•‘ƒ›ƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‹˜‹‰—†‡”ƒ —”•‡Š‡ ‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘
„‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ȋ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡ ʹͲͲͶǣͺͷǡͺ͸Ǣ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ʹͲͲͷǣͳ͹͹Ǣ ‹†Šƒ”†–ǡ
ʹͲͳͶǣͳ͵ǡͳͶȌǤ— Š†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›•ƒ‹†‡ƒ••‡ƒ– Š—” Š‘”
‘ ”ƒ†‹‘ –Š‡”‡„› ƒ‹‰ ƒ –—ƒŽ ƒ† ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ˆ‡‡Ž
— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ

Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•ǡƒŽ•‘ƒ†‡ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ”‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ †—”‹‰ƒ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š

Š‹ƒ†Š‹•ƒ––‡†ƒ–•‘͸ȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ
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4.3.2.6. Abandoned to their fate

Š‹Ž‡ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† –‘ –Š‡‹”
ˆƒ–‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ”‡ ‘– ”‡ƒ†‹Ž› Ǯ™‡Ž ‘‡ǯ ‹–‘ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ
Š—” Š‡•†‘‘–ƒ‡ƒ›†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘‡˜‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡† ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹ƒ†‡–Š‹•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ„‘—–•— Š Š—” Š‡•ƒ†Ȁ‘”–Š‡‹”
’ƒ•–‘”•ǣ
‡Šƒ˜‡Š‡ƒ”†–Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ•‰‹˜‡—• ‡•—•Š”‹•–™Š‘‹•–ƒ‹‰—•
–‘–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ‰Ž‘”›ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Š‡™ƒ›ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘
‘‡ƒ†Š‘Ž†‘—”Šƒ†•ƒ†•Š‘™—•–Š‡™ƒ›„—––Š‡›ƒ”‡”ƒ–Š‡”
•ƒ›‹‰ǡ‘Ǩ‘ǨǨ‘ǨǨǨŠ‹•’‡”•‘ ƒ‘– ‘‡–‘Š”‹•–Ǥ—– ƒ•
–Š‡ǣ‘›‘—”‡‡„‡”›‘—”ˆ‘”‡”•–ƒ–‡„‡ˆ‘”‡›‘—‡– ‡•—•ǫ
ˆ ‘† Šƒ† ‡” › ‘ ›‘—ǡ ™Š› ƒǯ– Š‡ Šƒ˜‡ ‡” › ‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”–‘‘ǫ͵Ͳͷ
‘” –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•ǡ ‘ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ ‡ˆˆ‘”– ‘—Ž† ƒ‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘˜‡”– ˆ”‘ Ǯ‹†‘Žƒ–”› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ǯ ‹–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ
Š‡›™‘—Ž†”ƒ–Š‡”•’‡†–Š‡‹””‡•‘—” ‡•‘Ǯ‘”‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ǯ’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ
–‘ ”‡ƒ Š ‘—– –‘ ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‹†• ƒ† Š‡ƒ”–• ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‡’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ–Š‘•‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ‘†‡‡†–‘ˆƒ ‡
‘†ǯ•Œ—†‰‡–‘”™”ƒ–Šƒˆ–‡”†‡ƒ–ŠǤ


4.4. Throwing the Baby away with the Bathed Water306

Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ”‡
Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–›Ǥ ‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†

͵Ͳͷ•‡”‘Š‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†‘ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ”ƒ†‹‘Ȁ ”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ƒǤ

͵Ͳ͸Š‹••—„Ǧ–‹–Ž‡‹•–ƒ‡ˆ”‘ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǯ•„‘‘ǡCana Christian Become a Chief
ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡͷͺǤ
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“—‡‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡•––‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡
–Š‡‹”•Š‘”– ‘‹‰•ǤŠ‹•ǡ‘–™‹–Š•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‹‡ Š‹ƒƒŽ•‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹˜‡•™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡—’Š‡Ž†ƒ†Ȁ‘””‡ˆ‘”‡†
–‘•—‹––Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‡”ƒƒ†–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ•‘‡nananom†‘
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
–™‘ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†›–‘™‡Ž ‘‡ƒ†™‘”™‹–Š
ƒ‰‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ͵Ͳ͹ ‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’‡ Šƒ– ˆ‘” ’—––‹‰ ƒŽŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ†
—•–‘•‹‘‡„ƒ•‡–Š‡ ‡–Š‡ ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ•‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ Š—•–„‡†‘‡ƒ™ƒ›
™‹–ŠǤ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Š‹• ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ††‹‡Ž ƒƒ ‡••‡Š͵Ͳͺ ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡ
Dzƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ™‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‘”’ƒ•–‘”•’—–ƒŽŽȏ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ȑ‹‘‡„ƒ•‡–ƒ†
™‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘‡ „”ƒ† „—–  Šƒ˜‡ •‡‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– Š‡Ž’Ǥdz Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ
—„”‡›ƒŽ’Š—”•ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͵ͲͻȌ‹Š‹•Ǯ”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǯƒ†‡ƒ
•‹‹Žƒ” ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǣ DzŠ‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘ˆ–‡ ˜‹‡™• –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—‹–› ‹ ƒ –‘–ƒŽŽ› ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ Ž‹‰Š–Ǥ –ǯ• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Šƒ– ‘– ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘—– –Š‡”‡ ‹• ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› „ƒ†Ǥdz ‘‹‰ •‘ǡ ƒ• 
Šƒ˜‡‘—–Ž‹‡†ǡ‹•–‘–Š”‘™–Š‡„ƒ„›ƒ™ƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡„ƒ–Š‡†™ƒ–‡”Ǥ


4.5. Reviewing Pentecostal Mission

Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ ‘”‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒǫŠƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘”

͵Ͳ͹ ‘Ǧ‡„‡”• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Š‹• –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ•

ƒ –—ƒŽŽ› „‡‡ –Š‡ Žƒ”‹‘ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡
ƒ••‹†—‘—•Ž›™‘”‹‰–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ǥ
͵Ͳͺ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ††‹‡Ž ƒƒ ‡••‡Š ‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹Ž› Šƒ’‡Ž –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹

‡ Š‹ƒǤ—””‡–Ž›Š‡ƒ†Š‹• Š—” Šƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ ‡Šƒ•

’Žƒ›‡†ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡ •‹ ‡Š‡Œ‘‹‡†‹–‹ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ ‡ƒ†‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘‡–•
†—”‹‰ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠŠ‹‘ʹͶȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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•‘ ‹‡–›ǫ ‘™ †‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• †‡’‹ – •— Š ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǫ Š‡
”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡•‡“—‡•–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‹••‡ –‹‘Ǥ


4.5.1. Pentecostal Mission309

 —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ‘” ’ƒ•–‘”• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡
ƒ†‹––‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ ‘”‡„—•‹‡••‘”‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ‹‡†
ƒ–Dz•‘—Ž™‹‹‰dz͵ͳͲǤŠ‹•‡’Šƒ•‹•‘–Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•‘–‡™‹
–Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ – ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘ ‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ –Š‡ ‘ƒ
’‹”‡ ȋƒ”–‹ ‘‘†ƒǡ ͳͻͻͶȌ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”› ‹••‹‘ƒ”›
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ȋ—‰ƒ„‹ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥǡ ʹͲͲʹǣͳͶʹȌǤ Dz‘—Ž ™‹‹‰dz ‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—ƒ •‘—Ž ƒ† ‡–‡”‹–›Ǥ „‘—– –Š‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
•‘—Žƒ†‹–•”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‡–‡”‹–›ǡǤǤ•–‡”Šƒ˜‡ȋʹͲͲͳǣͳͳʹͻȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
 ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –‡”• –Š‡ ‹– ƒ „‡ •ƒ‹† –Šƒ– –Š‡ •‘—Ž ‹  ”‹’–—”‡ ‹•
‘ ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡ƒ ‹ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ”‡ƒ–‡†„› ‘†ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•
—•—ƒŽŽ› —‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡ „‘†› ƒ† ‰‹˜‡• ‹– Ž‹ˆ‡Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‘—Ž
‘–‹—‡• –‘ ‡š‹•– ƒˆ–‡” †‡ƒ–Š ‹ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ȋƒ––Š‡™ ͳͲǣʹͺǢ
ƒ‡• ͷǣʹͲǢ ‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ ͸ǣͻǢ ʹͲǣͶȌǡ ƒ ‘†‹–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡†‡† ƒ–
–Š‡ Ž‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•ƒ‰‡ȋ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͳͷǣ͵ͷǦͷͷȌǤ͵ͳͳ
Š‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡Ǯ•ƒ˜‡†ǯ™Š‹Ž‡‘–Š‡”•ƒ”‡ǮŽ‘•–ǯƒ†•‘–Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ†ƒ–‡–‘”‡ƒ Š‘—––‘–Š‡Ž‘•–ƒ†™‹–Š‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–Ǥ
ŽŽƒ †‡”•‘ ȋʹͲͲͶǣʹͳͶȌ ’—–• ‹– •— ‹ –Ž› ƒ• Š‡ ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡†
‘ ‡”‹‰ –Š‹• ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ǡ Dz ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•

͵Ͳͻ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‹ Ž—†‡• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ’”‘‰”ƒ• •— Š ƒ•

‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ† ”‡†‹–—‹‘•Ǥ –Š‹••–—†›  ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‹”

‘”‡‹••‹‘Ǥ
͵ͳͲŠ‡ ‘ ‡’– ‹• „ƒ•‡†‘”‘˜‡”„•ͳͳǣ͵ͲǡDzǤǤǤƒ†Š‡–Šƒ–™‹‡–Š•‘—Ž• ‹• ™‹•‡dzȋKing

James VersionȌǤ
͵ͳͳ ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ƒ† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ Ǯ•‘—Žǯ •‡‡ǡ Ǥ Ǥ

•–‡”Šƒ˜‡ǡ Ǯ‘—Žǯǡ ‹ ƒŽ–‡” Ǥ Ž™‡ŽŽ ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ Evangelical Dictionary of Theology ȋ ”ƒ†
ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ‡” ƒ†‡‹ ǡʹͲͲͳȌǡʹ††Ǥǡ’ǤͳͳʹͻǦͳͳ͵ͲǤ
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‡ƒ•–‘‰‘‘—–ƒ†”‡ƒ Š–Š‡ǮŽ‘•–ǯˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹–Š‡’‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–Ǥdz

Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ˆƒ –‘”‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘
‹••‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ‡’‘™‡”‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–Ǥ͵ͳʹ ‘” Ǥ Ǥ ’—”‰‡‘ǡ Ǯ•‘—Ž
™‹‹‰ǯ ‹• ƒ ‡–ƒ’Š‘” ™Š‹ Š ‹• —•‡† ‹ ™ƒ”ˆƒ”‡ ™Š‡”‡ ™ƒ””‹‘”• ‘” •‘Ž†‹‡”•
ƒ‹ƒ–™‹‹‰ ‹–‹‡•ƒ†’”‘˜‹ ‡•ƒ†‹™”‡•–Ž‹‰ƒ†‹–Š‡•‡–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›
”‡“—‹”‡† –”ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ† –ƒ –ˆ—Ž‡•• ‹ ƒ†˜ƒ ‹‰ Dz„› Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ† Ž‹––Ž‡dzǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘
—•‡†‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–ǡ™Š‹ Š”‡“—‹”‡•Ž‘˜‡Ǥ͵ͳ͵ ‘”Š‹ǡDzŽ‘˜‡‹•–Š‡–”—‡
™ƒ›‘ˆ•‘—ŽǦ™‹‹‰dzǤ‘—Ž™‹‹‰‹•ƒ„‘—–™‹‹‰‘‡ǯ•Š‡ƒ”–ƒ†Ž‘˜‡—•–
„‡–Š‡„‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘„‡ƒ†‘’–‡†ƒ•Š‡”‹‰Š–Ž›•—‰‰‡•–•ǣ
‡ ™‹ „› Ž‘˜‡Ǥ ‡ ™‹ Š‡ƒ”–• ˆ‘” Š”‹•– „› Ž‘˜‡ǡ „› •›’ƒ–Š›
™‹–Š–Š‡‹”•‘””‘™ǡ„›ƒš‹‡–›Ž‡•––Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†’‡”‹•Šǡ„›’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰
™‹–Š ‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡™‹–ŠƒŽŽ‘—”Š‡ƒ”–•–Šƒ––Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡Ž‡ˆ–
–‘†‹‡—•ƒ˜‡†„›’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘” ‘†–Šƒ–ǡˆ‘”–Š‡‹”‘™
•ƒ‡ǡ–Š‡›™‘—Ž†•‡‡‡” ›ƒ†ˆ‹†‰”ƒ ‡Ǥ͵ͳͶ


Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘‡ ‡‡†• –‘ ƒ• ‹•ǡ Dz”‡ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†
„› Ž‘˜‡ǫdz  –Š‡ ˜ƒŽ—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—” Š ’—–• ‘ Ž‘•– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰–Š‡ǡ—„”‡›ƒŽ’Š—”•ȋʹͲͲͶǣͳʹ͵ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡDz‡˜ƒŽ—‡Ž‘•–
’‡‘’Ž‡„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘††‘‡•ȋ—‡ͳͻǣͳͲȌǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ™‡™‹ŽŽ—•‡‡˜‡”›ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡
Christian honoring means –‘ ’—”•—‡ǡ ™‹ǡ ƒ† †‹• ‹’Ž‡ — Š—” Š‡†ǡ Ž‘•–
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥdz͵ͳͷ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‘‡ ƒ› ƒ•ǡ Dz”‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• Š‘‘”‹‰

͵ͳʹ ‡‡ ƒ—Ž ‘‡”˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡ The Third Force in Missions: A Pentecostal Contribution to

Contemporary Mission Theology ȋ‡ƒ„‘†›ǡ ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘ǡ ͳͻͺͷȌǤ —‘–‡† ‹ ŽŽƒ
†‡”•‘ǡAn Introduction to Pentecostalismǡ’ǤʹͲ͹Ǥ
͵ͳ͵ Ǥ Ǥ ’—”‰‡‘ǡ Soul WinningǤ  •‡”‘ ȋ‘Ǥ ͺͷͲȌ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ
ƒ„‡”ƒ Ž‡ǡ ‡™‹‰–‘ǡ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ„‹„Ž‡„„Ǥ ‘Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ•’—”‰‡‘ȀͲͺͷͲǤŠ–Ǥ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
ͳͶȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤŠ‡•‡”‘™ƒ•„ƒ•‡†‘”‘˜‡”„•ͳͳǣ͵Ͳǡ̶ ‡–Šƒ–™‹‡–Š•‘—Ž•‹•™‹•‡̶Ǥ
͵ͳͶ „‹†Ǥ
͵ͳͷ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
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ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘” •–ƒ†ƒ”†•ǫdz ”ƒ‹‰ –– Ƭ ‡‡ ‹Ž•‘
ȋʹͲͳͳǣʹͳͷȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤŠ‡›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‡–‡”ǯ•
‡–‡ ‘•– •‡”‘ ”‡ ‘”†‡† ‹ –Š‡  –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘•–Ž‡• ʹǣͳͶǦͶͲǤ Š‹• ‹•ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š —•‡† „› •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‰‘‘†‡•• ‘” ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹•
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š†‡’‡†•‘‹–•—•‡ǤŠ‡‡–Š‘†•ƒ†”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
‹–Š‡•‡–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡š–•Ǥ
 ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡†ǡ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ •–‹ŽŽ ‹•ǡ Dz ‘™ †‘‡• •— Š ƒ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹’ƒ –‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘ǫdzŠ‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡–Š‘† ƒ”‡ –™‘Ǧˆ‘Ž†ǣ  –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘Ǣ
ƒ†‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡†ƒ–•Ǥ


4.5.2. Effects on the Church

 –Š‹• †‹• —••‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ƒ† –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ”‡ —•‡† ‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›
†‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ —†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ƒ”‡
„‘–Š†‹”‡ –ƒ†‹†‹”‡ –Ǥ •‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡•–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•†‹”‡ –Ž›ˆ‡‡Ž–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•
™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•‹†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡”‹•–ƒ ‡•–‘‘„‘–Š–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”
ƒ†Š‹• Š—” Šƒ”‡†‹”‡ –Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ


4.5.2.1. Blacklisted
Nananom ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡ „Žƒ Ž‹•–‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ǡ ‹• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”•ǯ
‹ ‡••ƒ–‹•—Ž–•–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ƒ–nananomƒ†–Š‡†‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘ „‡ „Žƒ Ž‹•–‡†ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ †˜ƒ ‡† ‡ƒ”‡”ǯ•
‹ –‹‘ƒ”›ǡ ‹• –‘ „‡ ‹ Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ DzŽ‹•– ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ‘—–”‹‡•ǡ ‡– Ǥ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡
‘•‹†‡”‡† „› ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘” ‰”‘—’ –‘ „‡ —ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ™Š‘

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 Pentecostalism, Chieftaincy, and Festivals

•Š‘—Ž†„‡ƒ˜‘‹†‡†ƒ†‘––”—•–‡†ǤdzNananomŠƒ˜‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡•‡˜‡”‡†–‹‡•™‹–Š
–Š‡„Žƒ Ž‹•–‡†’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡–Š‡‘”‹‡ Š‹ƒ
ˆ‘” Š—” Š‡•–‘‹˜‹–‡nananom–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’”‘‰”ƒ•‘”
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ͵ͳ͸ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– •— Š ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ‘—Ž† ‘–
‹˜‹–‡nananom–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹‘” ‘–”‹„—–‡‡‹–Š‡”ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›‘”‹‹†–‘
–Š‡‹”’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ͵ͳ͹Š‡ Š—” Š‡•™‹ŽŽƒŽ•‘ˆ‹†‹–˜‡”›†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž––‘ƒ “—‹”‡’Ž‘–•
‘ˆŽƒ†ˆ”‘nananomˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’”‘Œ‡ –•ǤNananomƒ”‡‘–‘Ž› —•–‘†‹ƒ•–‘
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž Žƒ†• „—– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ˜‡•–‡† ™‹–Š ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‡
•— Š’Ž‘–•‘ˆŽƒ†–‘†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡”•ƒ†ǡƒ•‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡ŠŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ
Dz‘ ƒ––‡” ™Šƒ– ™‡ ȏ’ƒ•–‘”•Ȑ †‘ǡ ™‡ •ŠƒŽŽ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡
ȏnananomȐ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹ˆ›‘—‡‡†’Ž‘–•‘ˆŽƒ†›‘—™‹ŽŽ‰‘–‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤdz ‡–Š‡
ƒ•‡† ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ Dz ‘™ ƒ ™‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –Š‡ ‹ˆ ™‡ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‘†‡
–Š‡Ǥdz Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡’‡” —••‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡‘”‘—• ˆ‘” –Š‡ „Žƒ Ž‹•–‡†
’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ ‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘” ™Š‘ ƒ†˜‹•‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡
 •Š‘—Ž† ‘– —•‡ ‹–• ‘‡› –‘ ˆ—† ‹†‘Žƒ–”› „› ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡
Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”•—‘‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡Ɔmanheneƒ†™ƒ”‡†–‘„‡
‘ˆ ‰‘‘† „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ‡Ž•‡ DzŠ‡ ™‹ŽŽ ˆ‹† ‹– †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡ ’Ž‘–• ‘ˆ Žƒ† ˆ‘” Š‹•
Š—” Š’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥdz͵ͳͺ –Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†Žƒ†‹•‘–‘Ž›˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ•‘—” ‡‘ˆ‹ ‘‡
„—–ƒŽ•‘•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”ˆ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ȋòŽŽ‡”ǡʹͲͳ͵ǣʹ͹ȌǤ


4.5.2.2. Indefinite Ban

‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡ƒ•—”‡•nananomŠƒ˜‡–ƒ‡ƒ† ‘–‹—‡–‘—•‡‹•–Š‡„ƒ‹‰
‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•‹“—‡•–‹‘ˆ”‘’”‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ƒ›Ž‘ ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹‘ǤŠ‡›†‹†–Š‹•

͵ͳ͸‡‡–Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘‘ˆ

–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
͵ͳ͹ –‡”˜‹‡™ ™‹–Š ƒƒ –‡’Š‡ —ˆ‹ ‡›ƒ™ǡ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† „› ƒƒ

™ƒ‡™—•—ȋ‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡Ȍǡ‡˜Ǥ›‡”‡‡Šƒ†ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹Ǥ
͵ͳͺ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†ƒ‹‘ͳͷȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘™‡”• ƒ† ƒƒ‰‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡ ƒƒ‰‡”•—•‡†–Š‡‹”‘™†‹• ”‡–‹‘–‘„ƒ•— Š‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡
ƒ††‹˜‹•‹˜‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’”‡ƒ Š‡”•ˆ”‘—•‹‰–Š‡‹”’Žƒ–ˆ‘”–‘’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡–Š‡
‰‘•’‡ŽǤ ƒ‹Ž—”‡ –‘ †‘ •‘ ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ’—– –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ •–”ƒ‹‡†
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š nananomǤ ‘” •— Š ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ • ‘ nananom
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ –‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† nananomǤ
ƒ‹‰•— Š’ƒ•–‘”•†‘‡•‘–‘Ž›ˆ‘”‡•–ƒŽŽ’‡ƒ ‡„—–ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ„Ž‡•–Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘
–‘ ’”‘–‡ – ‹• Šƒ”† ™‘ ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ”‡–‹‰
ƒƒ‰‡”‘ˆŽƒ••‹  ‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǣ
Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘†‘‡•‘–‰‹˜‡‹–•’Žƒ–ˆ‘”–‘•— Š’ƒ•–‘”•–‘ƒ––ƒ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† ‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡Ǥ
ƒ•–‘”•™‹–Š†—„‹‘—•–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘”†‘ –”‹‡•ƒ”‡‘–
ƒŽŽ‘™‡†–‘’”‡ƒ Š‘–Š‡•–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‘–ƒŽŽ‘™’ƒ•–‘”•
–‘Š‹†‡„‡Š‹†ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆ•’‡‡ Š–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡–‡•‹‘ƒ†’”‘„Ž‡•
‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ „”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‹‘ •–ƒ–‹‘
‹–‘†‹•”‡’—–‡Ǥ͵ͳͻ


Nananom †‘ –Š‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Žƒ†ƒ†™‹–Š–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ —”‹–›ƒ‰‡ ‹‡•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ‡ǤŠ‡›
ƒŽ•‘†‘–Šƒ––‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ–’ƒ•–‘”•†‘‘–ƒ„—•‡–Š‡™ƒ””‡ ‡’–‹‘ƒ ‘”†‡†
–Š‡Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‡™ ’ƒ•–‘”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ’—‹•Š‡† –Š‹• ™ƒ› Šƒ˜‡
Š‘•‡–‘”‡ƒ‹•‹Ž‡–Ǥ


 Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ”ƒ†‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ƒ• ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ•–‘”• —•‡ –‘ ’”‡ƒ Š ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ƒ†˜‡”–‹•‡ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ƒ†
’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• •— Š

͵ͳͻ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒƒ‰‡”‘ˆŽƒ••‹  ƒ–‡ Š‹ƒ‘͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵ƒ–Š‹•

‘ˆˆ‹ ‡Ǥ
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–Šƒ––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘”‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹ƒ‹’—––‹‰‘‡ǯ• Š—” Š‘”

‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ Ž‹‡Ž‹‰Š– ƒ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ǥ͵ʹͲ ‡ ‡ ‹– ‹• ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–
†‹•ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ –‘ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š—” Š‡• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ „ƒ‡† ˆ”‘ —•‹‰
–Šƒ– ‡†‹ƒǤ Nananomǡ Ǥ Ǥ ›ƒ”‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ŽŽ‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ •— Š
†‡ ‹•‹‘•™Š‡–Š‡ —Ž’”‹–•ˆƒ‹Ž–‘ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ†”ƒ–Š‡” ‘–‹—‡†–‘
‹•—Ž– –Š‡Ǥ͵ʹͳ Š‡•‡ ‘ˆˆ‡•‡• ƒ”‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• Ǯ’—„Ž‹ ǯ ‘ˆˆ‡•‡• •‹ ‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ȋ›‹––‡›ǡͳͻͻͳǣͶͲǢƒ––”ƒ›ǡͳͻʹͻǣ͵ͳͲȌƒ†
ƒ••— Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ
4.5.2.3. Exiled and end of Mission
•‘‡ ƒ•‡•–Š‡ —Ž’”‹–•Šƒ˜‡”—ƒ™ƒ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ
‹–‘ ‡š‹Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡š‹Ž‡ ™ƒ• •‡Žˆ ‹’‘•‡† •‹ ‡ –Š‡ —Ž’”‹–• ‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ƒ” –Š‡
‘•‡“—‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹‘•Ǥ͵ʹʹ Š‡‹” ƒ –‹‘ ‘” †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ”— ƒ™ƒ› ‡ƒ–
–Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹• –Šƒ– ‘ ‡ –Š‡
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ „‡–™‡‡ nananom ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”• ‹• •–”ƒ‹‡†ǡ –Š‹‰• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘‡
—„‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Žƒ––‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž› ™ƒ› Ž‡ˆ– ™ƒ• –‘ ”— ƒ™ƒ›Ǥ ‘‡ –‘‘
•— Š †‡ ‹•‹‘• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† ˆ—”–Š‡” ’—‹•Š‡– ƒ† †‹•‰”ƒ ‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ƒ•‡•ǡ –Š‡
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ•— Š —Ž’”‹–•†‘‡•‘–ˆŽ‘—”‹•Š„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›†‘‘–‰‡––Š‡‡‡†‡†
•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘nananomƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž
ȋȌǤŠ‡› ƒ‘–ƒŽ•‘ˆ— –‹‘™‹–Š‘—–’‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹†Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡
–Šƒ–‘‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž‰”‘™–Š ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘
™Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ”‡ ƒ– Ž‘‰‰‡”Š‡ƒ†• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ Š‹• ‹•
‡“—ƒŽŽ› –”—‡ ‡˜‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ‘” ˆ‘—†‡” ‘” Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘‡•
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ  ƒ•‡ ‹ ’‘‹– ‹• ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ™—•— ‘”†Œ‘—”ǡ –Š‡

͵ʹͲ ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹ƒ„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”••‡‡ƒ—Ž

‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡGhana’s New Christianityǡ’Ǥ͵͵Ǧ͵ͶǤ
͵ʹͳ”ǤǤǤ›ƒ”‘™ƒ•–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’ƒ•–‡‰‹•–”ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž

ȋȌǤ ‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Š‹•†—”‹‰ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠŠ‹ƒ–Š‹•‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ

͵ʹʹ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š‡˜Ǥƒ”–‹›‡”‡‡Š‘ͳͶȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
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ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ ™ƒ‡ᗤ„‡ƒ ‹„Ž‡ –—†› ƒ† ”ƒ›‡” ‡–”‡ǡ ™Š‘ ‹• ƒ
ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† ”‘›ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹’‘‹ǡ ƒ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ
ȋȌǤ ‡ Šƒ• ‡˜‡” ‘™ ’‡ƒ ‡ •‹ ‡ Š‹• ‹ˆƒ‘—• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š
nananomǤ Š‹• Šƒ• Šƒ† ƒ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ Š‹• Š—” ŠǤ ‹• ”‡’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ–‘‘Šƒ•„‡‡„ƒ†Ž›ƒˆˆ‡ –‡†Ǥ


4.5.2.4. Breeding Ground for Hatred, Anger and Bitterness

Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•Šƒ˜‡—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›
„‡ ‘‡ ƒ „”‡‡†‹‰ ‰”‘—† ˆ‘” Šƒ–”‡†ǡ ƒ‰‡” ƒ† „‹––‡”‡•• –‘™ƒ”†• •— Š
’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ – ƒ’’‡ƒ”• nananom’s ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ ƒ†
ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ƒ–—”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•–”‡– Š‡†–‘‹–•—–‘•–Ž‹‹–ƒ†–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‹•
–Šƒ– Šƒ–”‡†ǡ ƒ‰‡” ƒ† „‹––‡”‡•• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡† –Š‡ ‘ ‡ ‘”†‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘Ǥ‘‡–‹‰‘–Š‹•ǡ”‹‰Š–‘– Š™ƒ›Šƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Šƒ˜‡‹ŽŽǦˆ‡‡Ž‹‰•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ Š—” Š‡•‘”’ƒ•–‘”•
™Š‘ ‹•—Ž– –Š‡Ǥ Š‡‹” ƒ––‹–—†‡• ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ˜‡—‡ ˆ‘” ’ƒ•–‘”• –‘ „‡
’—‹•Š‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ•– ’”‘˜‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‹ –”‘—„Ž‡
nananom †‘ǯ–•’ƒ”‡–Š‡Ǥ›‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š™Š‘Žƒ†•
‹–‘–”‘—„Ž‡ƒ†‹•„”‘—‰Š–„‡ˆ‘”‡nananom‹•‘–•’ƒ”‡†ƒ–ƒŽŽǤ͵ʹ͵
Nananom’s Šƒ–”‡†ǡ ƒ‰‡” ƒ† „‹––‡”‡•• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
’ƒ•–‘”••‘‡–‹‡•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†–‘ƒŽ‡˜‡Ž™Š‡”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡˜‡–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†
–Š‡‹” ”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡• ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ––‡† •— Š Š—” Š‡• –‘ Š‘‘•‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‹•’‘•‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ–nananomƒ”‡
‘– ‹ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ› ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ —Ž’”‹–• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
Š—” Š‡• •Š‘—Ž† –Š‡ ‡‡† ƒ”‹•‡Ǥ — Š Š—” Š‡• ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”• †‘ ‘– ‡‡† ƒ›
•‘‘–Š•ƒ›‡”–‘–‡ŽŽ–Š‡–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ ––Š‹•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡‘–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘ǤŠ‹•
‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ƒˆˆ‡ – –Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ Š‡

͵ʹ͵ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š •ƒƒ ”‹‰Š–‘– Š™ƒ›‘ͳ͹ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ

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Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ Šƒ• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ† ‘–‹—‡• –‘ ’Žƒ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ƒ•
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”• ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ› •–”ƒ‹‡†
”‡Žƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ †‘‡• ‘– ƒ—‰‡” ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡
‡š‡” ‹•‹‰‘ˆ’‘™‡”‘”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‰‹˜‡•ƒ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ– nananom
ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ Š‡”‹•Š –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ • —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† —•–‘ǡ nananom
DzŠƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‡•‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ† Šƒ†‹‰ –Š‡ ‘˜‡” –‘
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡Ǥ ‘” –Š‹• ”‡ƒ•‘ǡ ƒ› ƒ––‡’– –‘ ™ƒ–‡” †‘™ –Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡ƒ‹‰•‘”“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ‹–›Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡‡
•–”‘‰Ž›”‡•‹•–‡†dzȋ‘†‡›‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡʹͲͳʹǣͳͷͲȌ


4.5.3. Effects on Actual and Potential Nananom, and Natives

Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ––ƒ  ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†Ȁ‘”
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡†‘‡•Šƒ˜‡•‘‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘–Š‡ǡ”‘›ƒŽ•
™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ •— ‡‡† –Š‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ‘•‹†‡”• •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
‡ˆˆ‡ –•„‡Ž‘™Ǥ


4.5.3.1. Living in a state of Confusion

Š‡ ‹ ‡••ƒ– ƒ––ƒ • ‘ nananom ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† ”‘Ž‡• ‹
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ •— ‡‡†‡† ‹ ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ˆ—•‡†Ǥ Š‹• ‹•
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› •‘ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ nananom ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘” „‡Ž‘‰ –‘
Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‘ˆ—•‹‘ •–‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
‡–”—•–‡†™‹–ŠǢ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ƒ•ƒ—‹“—‡’‡‘’Ž‡•‹ ‡
–‹‡ ‹‡‘”‹ƒŽǢ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Š‡”‹•Š‡† ƒ† ’”‘‘–‡†Ǣ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•
™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ”‡ ‡– –‹‡• ‘‡ —†‡” ƒ––ƒ  ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡ Žƒ”‡†
‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—•ƒ†‡˜‹Ž„›•‘‡’”‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ

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‘” –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ• nananom ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” —•–‘†‹ƒ• ƒ†
’”‘‘–‡”•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›‘”
Š—” Šǡ•— Š†‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ‡•–Š‡‘”‡ ‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ†
— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒƒ ‘ƒˆ‘™ƒƒ ‰›‡‹™ƒƒ  Šƒ• ‘„•‡”˜‡†Ǥ͵ʹͶ Šƒ–
‘’‘—†• –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ˆ”‘
’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ™Š‘ †‡ Žƒ”‡ –Š‡ Š‡ŽŽ „‘—† ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ‘ —’ƒ–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
•–‘‘Ž•ǡ’”ƒ –‹–‹‘‡”•ƒ†’”‘‘–‡”•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘”•— Š’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡
‘Ž›‘’–‹‘Ž‡ˆ–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹•–‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡ Š—” Š‹‘”†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘”
–Š‡ǡ–Š‡•–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡ˆƒ‹Ž›’”‘’‡”–›‘”Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š—•–‘–„‡ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†Ǥ
Š‡› ‘ —’› –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž• –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ‹– ˆ”‘ ˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ‹–‘ –Š‡ Šƒ†• ‘ˆ
—• ”—’—Ž‘—• ’‡”•‘•Ǥ ŽŽ‘™‹‰ —• ”—’—Ž‘—• ’‡”•‘• –‘ —•—”’ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž•
‘—Ž†•’‡ŽŽ†‘‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘”†‹˜‹•‹‘‘”•–ƒ–‡Š‡ ‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”
Š”‹•–‹ƒ•–‘‘ —’›–Š‡Ǥ


“—ƒŽŽ› ‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ”‡–Š‡”‘›ƒŽ•™Š‘ƒ”‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‘”„‡Ž‘‰–‘ Š—” Š‡•ƒ†

ƒ”‡™ƒ‹–‹‰–‘‹Š‡”‹––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•Ǥ— Š’‡”•‘•—•–„‡•‡‡•‡”˜‹‰–Š‡
•–‘‘Žƒ•–Š‡›ƒ™ƒ‹––Š‡‹”–—”ƒ•Š‡‹”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘ˆ—•‡†ƒ•–‘™Šƒ–
–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž††‘‘”™Š‹ Š™ƒ›–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†–ƒ‡ǤŠ‘—Ž†–Š‡› ‘–‹—‡–‘•‡”˜‡
–Š‡•–‘‘Žƒ•–Š‡›™ƒ‹–ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”–—”‘”ƒ„ƒ†‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ‘” –Š‡› •Š‘—Ž† ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ’Žƒ› –Š‡ †—ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† –Š‡ Š—” Šǫ  ƒ•™‡”‹‰ –Š‡•‡
“—‡•–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‡„‡”•†‘ˆ‹†•‘Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–‡†–‘”‡Ž›—’‘Š‡”
ˆ‘” ‰—‹†ƒ ‡Ǥ ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™Š‹ Š ‹• •—’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘—•‡Ž •— Š

͵ʹͶ ƒƒ ‘ƒˆ‘™ƒƒ ‰›‡‹™ƒƒ ‹• –Š‡ ”‘–‹Š‡ƒƒ ȋ—‡‡ ‘ˆ ”‘–‹ ‹˜‹•‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ƒ” ‘ˆ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‰‘˜‡”‡– ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ ‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡Ȍ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǤ
Š‡ƒ†‡–Š‹• ‘‡–†—”‹‰ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠŠ‡”‘ʹͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵ǤŠ‡‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ
–Š‡ ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ Š—” Š ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ‡”‘ŽŽ‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š „‡ˆ‘”‡ –ƒ‹‰ —’ –Š‡
“—‡‡•Š‹’‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ǤŠ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•‘–Š‹‰™”‘‰ˆ‘”Š‡”–‘„‡ƒ“—‡‡ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ
„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ
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‡„‡”•ƒ†’”‘˜‹†‡‰‘‘††‹”‡ –‹‘‹•”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ††‹‰‘”‡•ƒŽ––‘–Š‡‹Œ—”›Ǥ
•‘–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ•‘‡ Š—” Š‡•†‘–Š‹•„›ƒ––ƒ ‹‰ƒ†Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ• ‡˜‹Ž ‘” ‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—•ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ †‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡
ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡Ǥ

4.5.3.2. Reverting to the past

‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ†ƒ–‡‘ˆ•‘—ŽǦ™‹‹‰‹•–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‘”
’”‘†— ‹‰ ‘˜‡”–•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ƒ‘Ž†™ƒ›‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡‹–‘ƒ‡™™ƒ›‘ˆ
Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ – ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”–• ƒ”‡ –ƒ—‰Š– ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† ‘– –‘ ‘ˆ‘” –‘ –Š‡
™‘”Ž† „—– –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ “—ƒŽŽ› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹• –Š‡
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘ˆ •‡‡‹‰ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ •‘—” ‡• ‘–Š‡” –Šƒ ‘†Ǥ – ‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‹•’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•‘–’‡ —Ž‹ƒ”–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒ„—–
ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•‘–ƒŽ•‘Ž‹‹–‡†–‘•‡‡‹‰ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„—–‹ Ž—†‡•
ƒŽŽ ‹†• ‘ˆ Š‡Ž’ǣ „‡‡˜‘Ž‡– Š‡Ž’ Ž‹‡ ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‹Ž† „‡ƒ”‹‰ ‘” ˆ‡”–‹Ž‹–›ǡ
Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ‹Ž‡–•ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‘‡›ǡ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž „—•‹‡••ǡ ‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ
‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡ ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡ ’‘™‡”ǡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ‹ Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‡– ǤǢ ƒ† ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž‡–
Š‡Ž’ Ž‹‡ ƒ ‹†‡–ǡ †‡ƒ–Šǡ ƒŽƒ‹–›ǡ •‘‡‘‡ǯ• †‘™ˆƒŽŽǡ •‹ ‡••ǡ —”•‡ǡ ‡– Ǥ
Š‹Ž‡ –Š‡ „‡‡˜‘Ž‡– Š‡Ž’ ‹• •‘Ž‹ ‹–‡† ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–• –Š‡
ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž‡–Š‡Ž’‹•–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ƒ–‘‡ǯ•ƒ –—ƒŽ‘”’‡” ‡‹˜‡†‘’’‘‡–•‘”‡‡‹‡•Ǥ


Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹Ǯ›•–‹ ƒŽ ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›ǯȋ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡʹͲͳ͵ǣͳʹʹȌ‘”

Ǯ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ—•ƒŽ‹–›ǯ™Š‡”‡’‡‘’Ž‡–”ƒ ‡‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–Šƒ’’‡•–‘•‘—” ‡•‹
–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ”‡ƒŽǤ”–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ‡‡†ƒ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡––‘ƒ‡
•‘‡–Š‹‰Šƒ’’‡ǤŠ‡’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‹•‹†‘”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‹‹‰‘”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•
ƒ• ‹ˆˆ‘”† ȋʹͲͲͶǣͺͶȌ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ Dz  ƒŽŽ –Š‹• –Š‡ ‡š–‡– ‘ˆ Š—ƒ
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‹•‘–’‡”ˆ‡ –Ž› Ž‡ƒ”Ǥdzˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ–Š‹•Šƒ•ˆ‘—†‹–•™ƒ›‹–‘

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‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Šƒƒ‹ƒŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ‘””‘‰ǡ‹–‹•Ǯ‘–Š‹‰

„—– ƒ ”‡’ƒ ƒ‰‹‰ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‹– Š ”ƒˆ– ‡–ƒŽ‹–› ‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•Ǥǯ
–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‹•–Š‹‹‰‘”„‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ”‘‰Šƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
› ˆƒ” –Š‡ ‘•– •‡”‹‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‹• ȏ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Ȑ ‡–ƒŽ‹–›
’‘•‡•–‘‘—”•‘ ‹‡–›‹•–Š‡‡–Š”‘‡‡–‘ˆƒƒ‰‹ ƒŽ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™
™‹–Š‹–•†—ƒŽ‹•–‹ •—„–Ž‡–‹‡•–Šƒ–Ž—”‡•—•–‘’ƒ••‹˜‹–›ǡ†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǡ
•—””‡†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ ƒ‡ Š‘‹ ‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡’–
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ‹ˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˜‡”› ‹‰”‡†‹‡–• –Šƒ–
†‡•–”‘› ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ† ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹ ƒ Š‹‰ŠŽ› ‘’‡–‹–‹˜‡
™‘”Ž†™Š‡”‡™‡Šƒ˜‡–‘ƒ‡‹’‘”–ƒ– Š‘‹ ‡•‡˜‡”›†ƒ›Ǥ͵ʹͷ


‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ”‡–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•‹–Š‡Ž‹‡•

‘ˆ ƒ–ƒ ƒ† Š‹• ƒ‰‡–• •— Š ƒ• †‡‘•ǡ ™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–ǡ •‘” ‡”›ǡ ƒ‰‹ ǡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ
•’‹”‹–• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †‡‹–‹‡• ȋ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ʹͲͲͷǣͳ͹͹ȌǤ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ‹• –Šƒ–
‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•ƒ”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–ŠƒŠ—ƒ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†
ƒ—•‡ Šƒ˜‘  ‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ „Ž‘  –Š‡‹” „Ž‡••‹‰• ‘” ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ‘”
™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ȋ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡʹͲͲͶǣͺͷǦͺ͸ȌǤ ‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡—‘™ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†–‘•— ‡‡†
‹Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ–ƒŽŽ ‘•–‘”„›ƒŽŽ‡ƒ•ƒ‡•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡•‡‡•—’’‘”–ˆ”‘‡“—ƒŽŽ›
’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž•‘—” ‡•Ǥ–Š‡”•ƒŽ•‘•‡‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ•—’’‘”––‘‘˜‡”–—”‘”‘˜‡” ‘‡
ƒ› ƒŽ‡˜‘Ž‡– ƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ •‘ †‡•’‡”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ–ǡ Dz™‹–Š •‘ Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ
’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ–—”–‘ƒ›–Š‹‰–‘–”›–‘„‡––‡”–Š‡‹”Ž‘–ǡ‘”†‹• ‘˜‡”™Š›–Š‡›ƒ”‡
ˆƒ”‹‰•‘„ƒ†Ž›dzȋ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡͳͻͻͺǣͳͲ͹ȌǤ͵ʹ͸


Šƒ– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†
ˆ”‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ› ‹ˆ ‘– ƒŽŽ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘˜‡”–• ‘‡Ǥ ‘ –Š‹•ǡ
‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ȋͳͻ͹Ͷǣͳ͸ͲǦͳ͸ʹȌƒ††•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘—–Ž‘‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡•

͵ʹͷ—‘–‡†‹ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡGhana’s New Christianityǡ’ǤͳͻͲǤ

͵ʹ͸‡‡ƒŽ•‘‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ǡThe Akan Religion and the Christian Faithǡ’Ǥͳ͸͹Ǥ
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•› ”‡–‹•Ǥ – ‹• ‘– — ‘‘ ˆ‘” •‘‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘” Š—” Š
‡„‡”•–‘ ‘–‹—‡‹–Š‡•‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘”‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ•— ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•
Ž‹˜‡‘Ǯ–™‘—”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǯƒ†–Š‹•Š‡ ƒŽŽ•–Š‡DzŠ”‹•–‹ƒ’”‘„Ž‡dzƒŽ•‘
‘™ ƒ• –Š‡ Dzˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ”‘„Ž‡Ǥdz͵ʹ͹ Š‡ Š—” Š ‹• ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ Š‡Ž’
•— Š‡™ ‘˜‡”–•ˆ‹†ƒŽ–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ’‘™‡”–‘Š‡Ž’†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ƒ”•
ƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ


Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ǡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒǡ ‹• –Šƒ– ‘‡ ƒ‘– †‘
™‹–Š‘—– •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ͵ʹͺ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ„‘—† ‹
ƒ›’ƒ”–•‘ˆ Šƒƒ™Š‘•‡ƒ‹‹•–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡‹” Ž‹‡–•†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š‘”‘˜‡” ‘‡
–Š‡‹”ˆ‡ƒ”•ƒ†ƒ––ƒ‹–Š‡‹”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‹ ‡–Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‹•–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹• ƒ Ǯˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Žǯ ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ ‘” ˜‡–—”‡ ƒ† ˆ—ŽŽ ‘ˆ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ›
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡–‡’–‡†–‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘Ž›™ƒ›–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡•— Š
ˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ† –‘ •— ‡‡† ‹• –‘ •‡‡ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ’‘™‡”• ˆ”‘
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ ƒƒ ‘—ƒǡ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ —‡‡ǡ ™ƒ• ‘—•‡Ž‡† –‘ •‡‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘„‡ˆ‘”‡•Š‡‘—–‡†‘””‘†‡‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ“—‹ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‹”•––‹‡ǡ•Š‡
”‡ˆ—•‡† ƒ† –”—Ž› –‘ Š‡” ‘—•‡Ž‘”ǯ• ’”‡†‹ –‹‘• „‡ ƒ‡ –‡’‘”ƒ”› „Ž‹†
™Š‡ •Š‡ ”‘†‡ ‹ ‹– „—– •Š‡ ”‡‰ƒ‹‡† Š‡” •‹‰Š– Žƒ–‡” ƒˆ–‡” ’”ƒ›‹‰ ȋ„‡‰ǡ
ʹͲͳͲǣ͸ͳǡ͸͸Ǧ͸͹ȌǤ  ‹†‡–• ‘” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• Ž‹‡ ƒƒ ‘—ƒǯ• ƒ‡ –Š‡
•‹–—ƒ–‹‘˜‡”›’”‡ ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ†–Š‡–‡’–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡–‘
‹†—Ž‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‹• ˜‡”› Š‹‰ŠǤ  –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ

͵ʹ͹ ‘” ‘”‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ –Š‡ ̶ˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ”‘„Ž‡̶ •‡‡ ”‹ ‡ ‘–‡Šǡ Can the
African Christian Problem Ever Be Resolved?ƒ’‡”’”‡•‡–‡†–‘ǡƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǡ‘ǤͶͻǡȋ —Ž›ǡ
ʹͲͲ͹ȌǢ‹”‰‹–‡›‡”ǡTranslating the Devil: Religion and modernity among the Ewe in Ghana
ȋ†‹„—”‰Šǣ†‹„—”‰Š‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͻȌǡ’Ǥͳ͵ͺǤ
͵ʹͺ Š‹• ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ’‡”•‹•–• ‹ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‹‡Ž†• •— Š ƒ• •’‘”–•Ǥ ‡‡ ˆ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ ”ƒ ‹• Ǥ

‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ Juju, magic and witchcraft in African soccer: myth or reality? ȋ ”ƒǡ Šƒƒǣ
‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ƭ‡†‹ƒ‡•‡ƒ” ŠǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ
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•Š‡ ‡Œ‘›‡† –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š Š‡ ‡ Š‡” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ™‹–Š•–ƒ† –Šƒ–
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ


Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•ǡDzŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘†‘‘–
‰‡– ƒ› •—’’‘”– ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” Š—” Šǫdz  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ DzŠƒ– Šƒ’’‡• –‘ –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡™Š‘‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ„‡‹‰Š‡Ž’‡†‹•”ƒ–Š‡”„‡‹‰ƒ––ƒ ‡†ǡ
Šƒ•–‹•‡†ǡ „ƒ•–ƒ”†‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† ƒ† †‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡† „› ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡•
ˆ‘” ‘ —’›‹‰ •— Š ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ƒ† ’”‘‘–‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǫdz ”‘‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ
–Š‡•‡’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ›„‡ˆ‘” ‡†–‘”‡˜‡”––‘–Š‡‹”‘Ž†‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™ƒ›•
ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹†—Ž‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ǯˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ǯ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ
ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹’—–•‹–•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
„ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ Š‡› —•‡† –‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ‘” ‡Ž†‡”• ‘”
†‡ƒ ‘• ƒ† †‡ƒ ‘‡••‡• „—– –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ„ƒ†‘• ‘” „‡–”ƒ›• —•
ƒ••‘‘ƒ•™‡–‘‘–Š‡•‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†„‡ˆ‘”‡™‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†
™‡™‹ŽŽ„‡•—””‘—†‡†„›‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•ǤŠ‘•‡
™Š‘™ƒ––‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•–™‹ŽŽˆ‹†–Š‡‹”™ƒ› ‘—–
™Š‡–Š‡›ˆ‡‡Ž–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†‹–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ
ˆ–Š‹•‹•–Š‡ ƒ•‡–Š‡™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆƒ‹‰ ‘˜‡”–•‹–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•ǫ
Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– —–•ƒ•Ž—”‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•
‘”‡ƒ†ƒ–‡ǣ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰–‘™‹Ž‘•–•‘—Ž•ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š‡š‹•–•–‘ƒŽŽƒ›ƒ†‘–
–‘ƒ‰‰”ƒ˜ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”•‘ˆŠ‡”‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š—•–„‡•‡‡–‘„‡ƒ’Žƒ ‡
‘ˆ •‘Žƒ ‡ ƒ† ‘– ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ––ƒ • ƒ† ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ›ǡ
’ƒ•–‘”• —•– „‡ •‡‡ –‘ „‡ Š‡”ƒŽ†• ‘ˆ ‰‘‘† ‡™• ƒ† ‘– Š‡”ƒŽ†• ‘ˆ ‹•—Ž–•Ǥ
Š‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Š•Š‘—Ž† ‘’”‘‹•‡‘–Š‡ ‘”‡‡••ƒ‰‡
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ ‹•Š‘’ Š‘ƒ• ‡„‘ƒŠ ˆƒ”‹ ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡• –Š‹• ’‘‹–ǡ
DzŠ‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ‡‡† –‘ ‹•—Ž– nananom –Š”‘—‰Š ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ”ƒ–Š‡”
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”‡“—‹”‡†‘ˆ—•‹•–‘ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–Š‡™‹–Šƒ’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡Š‡ƒ”–‘”’ƒ••‹‘†”‹˜‡
„›Ž‘˜‡™‹–Š‘—– ‘’”‘‹•‹‰‘–Š‡ ‘”‡‰‘•’‡Ž‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥdz͵ʹͻ


› ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ’”‘‰”ƒ –Šƒ– •–‘’• •Š‘”– ‘ˆ †‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’ ‘” ‰‡—‹‡
‘˜‡”•‹‘Ž‡ƒ˜‡•— Š–‘„‡†‡•‹”‡†Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡƒ› Š—” Š™Š‹ Š†‘‡•
‘– ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• Š‡Ž’‹‰ Š‡” ‘˜‡”–• –‘ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡™ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹ Š”‹•– ‘—Ž† „‡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‰ ‹ Š‡” †—–› –‘™ƒ”†• •— Š ‘˜‡”–•Ǥ ƒ‹‰
•–‡’• –‘ –‡ƒ Š ‘” †‹• ‹’Ž‡ ‘˜‡”–• ”‡“—‹”‡• ’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ǡ –ƒ –ˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡
ƒ† ’—––‹‰ ‹ ’Žƒ ‡ •›•–‡ƒ–‹  ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ƒ† Š‘  ‘‡• „‡ ƒ—•‡
†‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’‘”‰‡—‹‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘‹•ƒŽ‹ˆ‡Ž‘‰’”‘ ‡••ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡†‡ƒ˜‘”Ǥ

4.5.3.3. Hardened Hearts

‡‡”ƒŽŽ›–Š‡ƒ––ƒ •‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ƒ†”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
–ƒ”‰‡–‡†ƒ–„‘–Š–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ‘–Š‡‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ†“—‡‡•ǡ–Š‡ƒ––ƒ •‘Ž›Šƒ”†‡–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ”–•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ ‘˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡Ǥ
 —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ’‡”•‘• ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡† Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘ ‘– •‡‡
•— Š ƒ––ƒ • ƒ• ‰‘‘† ‡™• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”–‹‰–Š‡Ǥ Š‡› ”ƒ–Š‡” ˜‹‡™ –Š‡
ƒ––ƒ • ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ––ƒ ‡”• ƒ• —‹•ƒ ‡ –‘ „‡ ‹‰‘”‡† ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –ƒ‡
•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•‘” Š—” Š‡•‘”ƒ›
Š—ƒ „‡‹‰ „—– –‘ ‘† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‹‰• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ƒ•
ƒƒ ™‡”‡ ‹  ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ Dz  †‘ǯ– ƒ”‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘” ‡••ƒ‰‡•
ƒ†‹•—Ž–•†‹”‡ –‡†ƒ–—•Ǥ‡™‹ŽŽƒŽŽƒ’’‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘†‹ˆ—–—”‡–‘ƒ ‘—–
ˆ‘” ‘—” †‡‡†• ‘ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤdz͵͵Ͳ  •Š‘”–ǡ •— Š ƒ––ƒ • ‘ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‘” ƒ––‡†ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ •–—„Ž‹‰ „Ž‘ • ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ

͵ʹͻ‹•Š‘’Š‘ƒ•‡„‘ƒŠˆƒ”‹‹•–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡—‹Ž†‡”•Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ—” Š

‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‡ƒ†‡–Š‡•‡ ‘‡–•†—”‹‰ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠŠ‹‘ͲͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ

͵͵Ͳƒƒ™‡”‡‹ ‹•–Š‡™‡”‡’‡Š‡‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘

ʹͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͶǤ
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„”‹†‰‡•Ǥ ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ––ƒ • ƒ”‡ ‡ƒ– –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Ǯ—”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹  ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•ǯ ƒ• —„”‡›
ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͵ͳ͵Ȍ‘–‡•ǣ
‘–Š‡”’”‘„Ž‡‹•–Šƒ–ˆƒ”–‘‘ƒ›‘ˆ‘—” Š—” Š‡•‡š’‡ –Ž‘•–
’‡‘’Ž‡–‘„‡Šƒ˜‡Ž‹‡•ƒ˜‡†’‡‘’Ž‡Ȃ„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡›ǯ˜‡„‡ ‘‡•ƒ˜‡†
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ –‘ ƒ†Œ—•– –‘ —• ƒ† –Š‡ ™ƒ› ™‡ †‘
–Š‹‰•ƒ– Š—” Š”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ‘—”ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰–‘–Š‡ƒ†™Š‡”‡–Š‡›
ƒ”‡‹Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ
Š‹•‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž›Ž‡ƒ†•–‘Ž‘••‘ˆ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”–•Ǥ Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡
‹ –Š‹• •–—†› –Š‡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ nananom ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž› ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ Š—” Š „—– –Š‡› ‘—Ž† „‡
˜‹‡™‡† ‘” –”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• Ǯ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ǯ ƒ• ƒ˜‹† ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡
ȋͳͻͻͳǣͳͺ͹ȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•™Š‘ƒ›™ƒ––‘
“—‘–‡ ‡•—•ǯ•–ƒ–‡‡–•‹ƒ––Š‡™ͳͲǣ͵ͶǦ͵͸͵͵ͳƒ††™‡ŽŽ‘‹––‘ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹œ‡
–Š‡‹”Š‘•–ǣ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‘•‡ ™‹–Š ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ ˆ‹‡Ž† ™‹ŽŽ ‘™
–Šƒ– –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ †‹˜‹•‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ”‘ ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—Ž‡•• –‘ Š”‹•– ‘ˆ–‡
‡‘—‰Š without our encouraging it by un-Christian attitudes and
rash actionǤ  Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ „—– ‹– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡† Š‡”‡ –Šƒ––Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ
•‡•‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–™Š‘‹•‘–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š”‹•–‹•ˆ‘”Š‹Ǥ
–Š‡”•™‹–Š‹Š‹••’Š‡”‡‘ˆ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ǡƒ†Š‡Š‹•‡Žˆǡƒ›„‡ ‘‡
candidates for conversion‹ˆ‘–ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹œ‡†—‡ ‡••ƒ”‹Ž›Ǥ͵͵ʹ


͵͵ͳ Dz‘ ‘– –Š‹ –Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ –‘ „”‹‰ ’‡ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–ŠǤ  Šƒ˜‡ ‘– ‘‡ –‘ „”‹‰

’‡ƒ ‡ǡ„—–ƒ•™‘”†Ǥ ‘” Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡–‘•‡–ƒƒƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‹•ˆƒ–Š‡”ǡƒ†ƒ†ƒ—‰Š–‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–

Š‡”‘–Š‡”ǡƒ†ƒ†ƒ—‰Š–‡”Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ‘–Š‡”Ǧ‹ǦŽƒ™Ǥ†ƒ’‡”•‘ǯ•‡‡‹‡•™‹ŽŽ„‡
–Š‘•‡‘ˆŠ‹•‘™Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†dzǤ—‘–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ESV Study Bible, English Standard VersionǤ
͵͵ʹ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
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 –Š‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ ‡••‡‰‡”• ‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•
–Š‡‘„Œ‡ –‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǡŽ‹•–‡”Ǥ ”ƒ–ŠȋʹͲͳʹǣͳ͸Ȍ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǣ
Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ • ‹• ‘– –‘ ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹œ‡ ‘” Š—‹Ž‹ƒ–‡ –Š‘•‡
‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ „—– –‘ Š‡Ž’ ‘’‡ –Š‡‹” ‡›‡• –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǡ
”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ Š‡”‡ —•– „‡ ‘
‹•ƒ– Š ‘” ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ‹•
’”‘ Žƒ‹‡† ƒ† –Š‡ –‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡••‡‰‡”ǯ• ’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡
—•–„‡™‹‹‰ǡ‰‡‡”‘—•ǡƒ†‰”ƒ ‹‘—•Ǥ ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‹•–‘ ƒ—•‡
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›ǡ‹–—•–„‡‘ƒ ‘—–‘ˆ‹–•‹–”‹•‹ ƒ–—”‡ƒ† ‘–‡–ǡ
‘– –Š‡ ƒ‡” ‹ ™Š‹ Š ‹– ‹• ’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†Ǥ – ‹• ‘‡ –Š‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž–‘‰‹˜‡‘ˆˆ‡•‡Ǣ‹–‹•“—‹–‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‹–•†‡ˆ‡†‡”•–‘ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆˆ‡•‡ „› —™‹•‡ Š‘‹ ‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ‘” ƒ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ†
†‹•‹••‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǥ


– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ ‡š‡” ‹•‡ ƒ Ž‘– ‘ˆ
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ –Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡–‘‘–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ––‡†ƒ–•
™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ ‘” •‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡Ǥ †‹”‡ –Ž› ‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ „‡
†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š–Š‡•‡ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ƒ†•—„Œ‡ –•™‹–Š‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‡–—’ƒ•Š‡
‘”•Š‡†‡ƒŽ•†‹”‡ –Ž›™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡•Š‘™–Šƒ–ƒ ‘”†‹ƒŽ
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‹• ‹†‹”‡ –Ž› ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡
ƒ––‡†ƒ–•Ǥ‹––Ž‡™‘†‡””ƒ‹‰––Ƭ ‡‡‹Ž•‘ȋʹͲͳͳǣʹͳͲȌŠƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†
Ǯ—‹Ž†‹‰ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ‹ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǯ ƒ• ƒ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒ† –‘ ƒ••‡•• ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ‡ˆˆ‘”–•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹•
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ™‹‹‰–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ––‡†ƒ–•‘”’‡‘’Ž‡—†‡”–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆǯ•‘”“—‡‡ǯ•‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡™Š‡–Š‡‹”Ž‘”†‘”Žƒ†›‹•™‘ǤŠ‡‘’’‘•‹–‡‹•ƒŽ•‘
”‹‰Š–ǣ ƒ––ƒ • ‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ––ƒ • ‘ –Š‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–•Ǥ ‘

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‘ Ž—†‡–Š‹••‡ –‹‘ “—‘–‡ƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ•Š‡’—–•‹–„Žƒ–ƒ–Ž›ǡ

DzŠ‡ Š—” Š‹•–Š‡‰”‡ƒ–‡•–‘„•–ƒ Ž‡–‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ‘‹‰‹–‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹–ŠǤdz͵͵͵


4.5.3.4. Distortion of Traditio-Cultural Identity

Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ –™‘ ƒŒ‘” ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡•‡–™‘ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡ •‹ ‡ –‹‡‹‡‘”‹ƒŽǤ Š‡ Žƒ‹ ƒ‘‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ† ƒ–‹˜‡• ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• Šƒ†‡† –Š‡ †‘™ –‘ •—„•‡“—‡–
‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Š‡› •›„‘Ž‹œ‡ –Š‡‹” —‹“—‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ• ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘”
–”‹„‡ǤŠ‡”‡‹•–Š‹•ƒƒ†ƒ‰‡™Š‹ Š‰‘‡•ǡDz’‡”•‘™Š‘ˆ‘”‰‡–•–Š‡•‘—†‘ˆ
Š‹•‘”Š‡” Š‹‡ˆǯ•Š‘”ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‰‡–•Ž‘•–ƒ–ƒ†—”„ƒ”ǤdzŠ‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰
‹•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡‘”•–ƒ–‡•‘”–”‹„‡•‘”Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡•‘”†‹˜‹•‹‘•ƒ”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›–Š‡
’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ ƒ– ƒ †—”„ƒ” –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ •‘—† ‘ˆ Š‹• Š‘”Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‡
Š‘” ‹• –Š‡”‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹– ‹• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† ‘– –Š‡ Š‘” –Šƒ–
•›„‘Ž‹œ‡•–Š‡‹”‹†‡–‹–›ǤŠ‡Š‘”‘Ž›†‹”‡ –•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘–Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ•‹ ‡‹–‹•
—•‡†ƒ•ƒ•›„‘Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ


Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ • ƒ†ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘

ƒ„†‹ ƒ–‡‘”†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‘‡•ˆ”‘ƒ ‡’–‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ‹• –ƒ–ƒ‘—– –‘ –Š‡ †‹•–‘”–‹‘ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Š‹• ‹•
„‡ ƒ—•‡™‹–Š‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›–Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‘–Š‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–ŠǤ™ƒ‡”Š‹ȋͳͻͺͷȌŽ‹•–•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆƒ”‰—‡–•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒƒ†ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡‹•–Š‡Ǯ‹†‡–‹–›˜‹‡™ǯǣ
Š‡›’”‡•‡”˜‡‹–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”—Ž‡ǡ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ•ƒ†
ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡–Š‡—‹“—‡‹˜‡–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ Šƒƒ
ƒ†•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡–Š‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ Šƒƒǯ•‹†‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

͵͵͵ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ͳͷȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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”—Ž‡‹•ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡ƒǡƒ†–Š‡”‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒǡ†”‡••ƒ†‘”ƒ‡–•ǡ‡– Ǥ‘ˆ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”—Ž‡”• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘Ǥ The cultural
identity of the people of Ghana, much of which is portrayed in
ceremonies and manner of life of the traditional rulers will be lost if
there are no more traditional rulers.334


– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡”• ‹
Šƒƒƒ”‡–Š‡‡„‘†‹‡–‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡’‡‘’Ž‡
’”‹†‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘” –ƒ‡ †‡Ž‹‰Š– ‹ –Š‡‹” —‹“—‡ Apoͻ ƒ† Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡† –Š”‘—‰Š †”—‹‰ǡ †ƒ ‹‰ǡ •‘‰•ǡ ‘•–—‡ ‘” †”‡••ǡ
”‡‰ƒŽ‹ƒǡ ‡– Ǥ —Ž–—”ƒŽ •‹–‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ‡›ƒ™ •ƒ ”‡† ‰”‘˜‡ǡ —‘›‡ ƒ–
•ƒ –—ƒ”›ǡƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡•ƒ ”‡†‰”‘˜‡ǡ ‘”‹”‘ƒ‰‹  ƒ˜‡•ƒ† ‘Ž›‘—–ƒ‹•
ƒ”‡—‹“—‡‹–Š‡Ǥ͵͵ͷŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Šƒ•‹‘•ƒŽŽ™ƒ›Š‡Ž’‡†‹’”‘–‡ –‹‰
ƒ† ’”‘‘–‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ‹†‡–‹–› ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ
Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ•‡•—”‡†–Š‡
’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ •‹–‡• ‘” ƒ–—”ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ  –Š‡
’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡŠ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǣ
Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‘•–Ž›•—’‡”‹–‡†‡†„›–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡•ǡ Š‡Ž’‡† ’”‡•‡”˜‡† –Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
—•–‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ”‡‹†‡† –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
’ƒ•––‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡ Šƒ”–ƒ ‘—”•‡ˆ‘”ƒ„‡––‡”ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ
†‘–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Š‡Šƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
–‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡—’ƒ† ‘‹‰›‘—–Š–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡
’ƒ•–ƒ†‹•–‹ŽŽ‹–Š‡–Š‡•’‹”‹–‘ˆ’ƒ–”‹‘–‹•ƒ†–”‹„ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ

͵͵Ͷ›‡’Šƒ•‹•ǤŽ•‘“—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡʹͲͳͶǡ’ǤͺͻǤ
͵͵ͷ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ •‹–‡• •‡‡ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ”„”ƒŠǡ Š‡  ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ‹Trinity Journal of
Church and TheologyǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǡ͸͵Ǧ͹͵Ǥ
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Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ™ƒ›ǡ ‘‡
Š‘‡–‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‘–Š‡”—‘™‡„‡”•
‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡†‡†ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ


Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ —•–Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •‡Ž‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡
ʹͲͳ͵ —ƒŽ Apoͻ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ǣ Ǯ—” —Ž–—”‡ǡ ‘—” Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ –‘‘Ž ˆ‘”
•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘Ǥǯ Apoͻ ƒ†Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ–Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ Ž‹‡
‘–Š‡”•‹ Šƒƒǡƒ’ƒ”–ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”„‡‡ˆ‹–•ǡ•‡”˜‡ƒ•”‡‹†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•
Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ –Š‡‹” —‹“—‡ ‹†‡–‹–› ȋƒ”ˆ—‘ ™ƒ•‹ „ƒ›‹‡ ‘ƒ–‡ǡ
ͳͻͻ͹ǣͳ͹ȌǤ Š‡ ƒŽ˜ƒ†‘” ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ȋͳͻͻͺǣ͵ͳȌ ’—–• –Š‹• ‘”‡
Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡDz–Š‡”‡‹•‘™ƒ›‘ˆ„‡‹‰Š—ƒ™‹–Š‘—–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ —Ž–—”‡ǡˆ‘”‹–
‹•–Š”‘—‰Š —Ž–—”‡–Šƒ–‹†‡–‹–›‹• ”‡ƒ–‡†Ǥdz͵͵͸

4.5.3.5. Alienation from Cultural Heritage

Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ •‘ ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– –‘ ƒ––ƒ  ƒ†
†‹• ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘
–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š‰‹˜‡•–Š‡–Š‡‹”—‹“—‡‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ȋʹͲͳʹǣͶǡ͹ͷȌŠƒ•
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ•– •‘‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• —•‡† –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‹••‹‘•‡––Ž‡‡–• ƒŽŽ‡†ƒŽ‡ƒ†’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‹••‹‘ƒ”›‡†— ƒ–‹‘–‘Š‡Ž’
‘˜‡”–• ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ
ȋʹͲͳͶǣ͸ͳȌ‘–‡•–Šƒ–™Š‡–Š‹•Šƒ’’‡•ǡ‹–”‡•—Ž–•‹™Šƒ–Š‡ ƒŽŽ•Dzƒ†‹˜‹†‡†
‹†‡–‹–›dz ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ‘‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘” Š—” Š ‰‘‡”•Ǥ  •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ •
ƒ††‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰‘ˆ•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‘”
Š—” Š‰‘‡”••–‹ŽŽ™ƒ––‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡„—–ˆ‘”ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ„‡‹‰•ƒ –‹‘‡†

͵͵͸ —‘–‡† ‹ ǡ Mission and Evangelism in Unity TodayǤ ”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”› ƒ’‡” ‘Ǥ ͳ ƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘‹‘—‡‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡Ȁ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ȁ†‘ —‡–•Ȁ™ Ǧ ‘‹••‹‘•Ȁ‹••‹‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ

‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ȁ ™‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǧ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǧƒ–Š‡•ǦʹͲͲͷȀ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǧ’ƒ’‡”ǦǦͳǦ‹••‹‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǧ‹Ǧ—‹–›Ǧ–‘†ƒ›ǤŠ–ŽǤ
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‘” „”ƒ†‡† ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–‡”•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ˆƒ ‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘” †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–› ‘ˆ
ƒ‹‰ —’ –Š‡‹” ‹†• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘” •–ƒ–—• ƒ• Šƒƒ‹ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ „”ƒ˜‡ ‘‡•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •‘‡–‹‡• ƒƒ‰‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹
‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† „› ƒƒ –‡’Š‡ǡ Dz –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ƒ› ‘ˆ
–Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘”
„‡Ž‘‰–‘ Š—” Š‡•Ǥdz


—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳͷApoͻ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡ–Š‡Ɔmanhene‹Š‹••’‡‡ Š‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǣ

Š‡ ’‘ᗤ ȋ•‹ Ȍ ‘ˆˆ‡”• –Š‡ ›‘—–Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ Ž‡ƒ”ǡ ƒ– ˆ‹”•–
Šƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ †”‡••‹‰ǡ †”—‹‰ǡ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡
Žƒ••”‘‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ ‡ ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‘ᗤ ȋ•‹ Ȍ ™ƒ• ƒ
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ†
’”‘Œ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ”‹ Š —Ž–—”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ Šƒƒ
ƒ†–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ͵͵͹
ƒƒ™‹”‡’‘‰ǡ–Š‡Adontenhene‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǡƒŽ•‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Apoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ͵͵ͺ ‡ƒ†‡–Š‹•”‡ƒ”†—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳ͸
Apoͻ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤŠƒ––Š‡ Ɔmanheneƒ†–Š‡Adontenhene•‘—‰Š––‘†‘‹–Š‡‹”
”‡ƒ”•™‡”‡–‘„”‹‰‘—–•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ
’”‘„ƒ„Ž›ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡„ƒ †”‘’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ––ƒ •„›•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‘”
Š—” Š‡•ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘–‹—‡–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡
‹ –Š‡Ǥ —– ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ –Š‡
”‡•—Ž– ‘—Ž†„‡–Šƒ––Š‡›‘—–Šƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”ˆ—–—”‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‘—Ž†Ž‘•‡

͵͵͹ ‡‡ Okyenhene Graces Apoo Festival in Techiman ƒ–

™™™Ǥ‰ŠƒƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‰ŠȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ‡†‹ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ȁ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁͳʹʹ͵Ǧ‘›‡Š‡‡Ǧ‰”ƒ ‡•Ǧ
ƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
͵͵ͺ‡‡Learn and talk about Apoo festival Annual events at™™™Ǥ†‹‰’Žƒ‡–Ǥ ‘Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ’‘‘Ǧ

ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
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–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘Ž‡ƒ”ǡ’”‘–‡ –ǡ’”‡•‡”˜‡ƒ†’”‘Œ‡ ––Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡

–‘‘—–•‹†‡”•Ǥ
‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ™Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ˆ”‘ –ƒ‹‰ —’ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‹– ’ƒ˜‡• –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹
—• ”—’—Ž‘—• ’‡”•‘• ™‹–Š “—‡•–‹‘ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” –‘ —•—”’ –Š‡ •–‘‘ŽǤ Š‡
˜‹‡™‘ˆ•‘‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹ Ž—†‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡•‹•–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†™‹–Š‰‘†Ž›ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘‘Ǧ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ͵͵ͻ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ • Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ ™Š‹ Š ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ–
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ”‡„‡––‡”’Žƒ ‡†–‘Ž‡ƒ†ƒ†„”‹‰ƒ„‘—– Šƒ‰‡•
™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†•–‘•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•Ǥ
Š‹•ǡ‹ˆƒ –ǡŠƒ•„‡‡–Š‡†‘‹ƒ–’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‘” Š—” Š‡•‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ –Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†
‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡†‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž›‹–Š‡‡š––™‘ Šƒ’–‡”•Ǥ


4.5.3.6. A Lost Opportunity for Cultural Evangelism

Š‡”‡‹•ƒƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ –Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹
ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡•—””‘—†‡†™‹–Š‘”•–‡‡’‡†‹•‘‡ƒ™™ƒ”†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†
—•–‘•ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Šƒ‰‡‹•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ǤŠƒ–‹•‘–‡™‘”–Š›‹•–Šƒ– •‘‡
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Šƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‘††’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡Ž‘‘‹‰
ˆ‘”™ƒ”†–‘’ƒ”–‡”–Š‡ Š—” Šˆ‘”–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘””‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Nananom ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒƒ –‡’Š‡ǡ ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ†› –‘ ™‡Ž ‘‡
’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‡Ž†‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—––Š‡Apoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ†–‘•—‰‰‡•–
Šƒ‰‡• ‘” ‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ „‘—– –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‹Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡Œ‘—”‡›‘”’”‘ ‡••–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”
‘””‡ˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‹ Šƒƒǡƒƒ‘•ƒŠ‹ƒ†‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǣ
͵͵ͻ‡‡ǮCommunities are better off with Christian Chiefsǯƒ–

™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ™‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒƒ ‘‡ƒ‰‡Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁƒ”–‹‡ŽǤ’Š’ǫ αͳ͸ʹʹ͸͸ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘

ͲʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ
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Š‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”–Š‹‰•‹‘—” —Ž–—”‡™Š‹ ŠƒŽ•‘‡‡†–‘„‡

Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ  Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› „”‹‰ Šƒ‰‡•ǡ ‹ ƒ›
–Š‹‰•‹‘—” —•–‘–Šƒ–ƒ”‡ƒ–˜ƒ”‹ƒ ‡™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ Šƒ• ‰”‡ƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
–Š‡•‡ Šƒ‰‡•Ǥ͵ͶͲ


‡ Š‹ƒǡ–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–‹•‘–‘Ž› ‘†— ‹˜‡ˆ‘”’‡”•‘ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•

„—–‹–ƒŽ•‘’”‡•‡–•ƒ‰”‡ƒ–‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–Š‡Š‘•–
—Ž–—”‡ƒ†–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡‡‡†‡†”‡ˆ‘”•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤ͵ͶͳŠ‹•Šƒ•
„‡‡”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡†„›‡˜‡”‡†‘•‹‰‘”–Š‘›‘”—ǡ–Š‡‹ ƒ” ‡‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‹‘ ‡•‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‘Ž–ƒ ‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒƒǣ ‡ Šƒ• ƒŽŽ‡† ‘
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š—” Š‡• –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡‹” ‡„‡”• –‘ ƒ ‡’– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ Dz‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –Š‡ ƒ ‰‘Ž†‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ‘ˆ
Dz’—”‹ˆ›‹‰ ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹œ‹‰dz ‹‰•Š‹’ ƒ† –Šƒ– Dz–‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ •— Š ƒ ’”‡ ‹‘—•
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ •Ž‹’ „› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ ‹•‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ǡ ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ —”‰‡–
‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡•Ǥdzdz͵Ͷʹ
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋͳͻͻ͵ǣͻͶȌ ƒ†‡ ƒ ˜‡”› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡
”‡ƒ– ‘‹••‹‘ ”‡ ‘”†‡† „› ƒ––Š‡™ǡ Dz‰‘ ƒ† ƒ‡ †‹• ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ
ƒ–‹‘•dzǡ ƒ––Š‡™ ʹͺǣͳͻǤ ‹• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ™Š‘Ž‡ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ•–ƒ–‡• ‘”
’‡‘’Ž‡‰”‘—’•ƒ†‘–‡”‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡–‘„‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ
™‹‹‰–Š‡ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡‹”™Š‘Ž‡ —Ž–—”‡•ǤŠ‹•‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ

͵ͶͲ —‘–‡† ‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ Can a Christian Become a Chief ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ ͳ͵ͶǤ ƒƒ ‘•ƒŠ

‹ƒ†‘‹•ƒ•—„Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ‹‘ˆ‘”‹†—ƒ‹–Š‡ƒ•–‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ Šƒƒ„—–Š‡‹•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒƒ†ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š Šƒƒȋ‡•Ž‡›•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ—ƒ•‹ȌǤ
͵Ͷͳ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‡” Ǥ ƒ”’‘‰ǡ Peoples Differ (An Approach to Inculturation in Evangelism)

ȋ ”ƒǣ —„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ ʹͲͲʹȌǢ ™ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ‘ǡ Jesus in African Culture: a

Ghanaian perspectiveȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ
͵Ͷʹ‡‡‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ǥ‘Christians Can Be Chiefs – Monsignor Kornu’Ǥ

Š––’ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȀʹͲͳͶͲ͸ȀʹͲͶͷͻ͵Ǥ’Š’ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘

ʹʹȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͲȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ
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‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡‘”‹•„‡‹‰‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡†„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹•™Šƒ– 

Šƒ˜‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•dzǤ Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‹•‹• –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ
—Ž–—”‡ǡ™Š‹ Š†”‡™ƒŽŽ•ȋͳͻͻ͸ǣʹͺȌ‡š’Žƒ‹•ǣ
‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‹’Ž‹‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •–”— –—”‡•ǡ –Š‡ Ǯ–—”‹‰ǯ ‘ˆ
–Š‘•‡•–”— –—”‡•–‘‡™†‹”‡ –‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡™ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
ƒ†•–ƒ†ƒ”†•–‘ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ† ‘†— –ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹’Žƒ ‡
ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘‹‰Ǥ – ‹• ‘– ƒ„‘—– •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ
•‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘Ž† „› •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‡™ǡ „—– ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
–—”‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡š‹•–‹‰–‘‡™ƒ ‘—–•Ǥ͵Ͷ͵


 ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ‘–‡š– –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ
ˆ‹†• ‹–•‡Žˆ ‘™ ‹– ‹‰Š– „‡ ’”—†‡– –‘ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‹–‘ ‹–• ‹••‹‘ Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•dz ƒ‹‡†ƒ– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘” ”‡ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡
ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡ˆ •›•–‡ –‘ ‹—”‡ –‘ –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ȋ”‘‰ǡ
ʹͲͲͲǣ͸ͲȌǤ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋʹͲͳͶǣͻ͸Ȍ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› –Š”‘™ –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘
ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•Dz–‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡ȏ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ Ȑ ”—•ƒ†‡ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”‘™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•—’”ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ǥdz –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ
Šƒ”Ž‡• ”ƒˆ– ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† ‡—‡”ƒ–‡† •‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ–
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ˆ‘” •— ‡••ˆ—Ž ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ͵ͶͶ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˆ‘” •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ –Š‹•
‘’’‘”–—‹–› Šƒ• ‡‹–Š‡” „‡‡ Ž‘•– ‘” ‹• „‡‹‰ Ž‘•– †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘™ƒ”†•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡‹” ‡–Š‘†‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ —Ž–—”‡‹• DzŠ”‹•– against —Ž–—”‡Ǧ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Š”‹•– ‹•–Š‡

͵Ͷ͵—‘–‡†‹’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡIndigenous Knowledge and Christian Missionsǡ’Ǥʹ͵͸Ǥ

͵ͶͶ—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡCan a Christian Become a Chief?ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡͻ͸ǦͳͲͷǤ
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•‘Ž‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ–Š‡ Žƒ‹•‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ƒ”‡–‘„‡”‡Œ‡ –‡†dzǡ͵Ͷͷ‘”–Š‡›–ƒ‡DzŠ‹‰Š

˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡‹„Ž‡ƒ†ƒŽ‘™˜‹‡™‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡Ǥdz͵Ͷ͸Š‹•™‹ŽŽ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡
–‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’‡”•‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Dzˆ”‹ ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥdz


4.6. Appraisal of the Confrontational Attitudes

–Š‹•Žƒ•–•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ’–‡”ǡ–Š‡•–—†›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘Š‘™–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡• †‡’‹ – ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ™Šƒ–
’‹ –—”‡†‘–Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•’ƒ‹–ƒ„‘—–‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǫ

4.6.1. Lack of Appreciation

‹‰Š– ˆ”‘ ‹–• ‹ ‡’–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‡”ƒǡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ•
„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†‘”‡Œ‘›‡†–Š‡•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† ‘–‹—‡•–‘†‘•‘
‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‡”ƒǤ ˜‡–• „‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †—”‹‰ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”›
’‡”‹‘†‘” ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‡”ƒ•Š‘™–Šƒ––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡™‹ŽŽ‹‰Ž›‘”
™Š‘Ž‡Š‡ƒ”–‡†Ž› ™‡Ž ‘‡† ‘” ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –Š‡ Š—” Š
ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŽƒ†–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Šƒ†‡š’ƒ†–Š‡‹”Š”‹•–‹ƒƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† ƒŠ‹‰Š
•‡•‡‘ˆƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†‘ˆˆ‡”‡†Š‡”ƒŽŽƒ‡”
‘ˆƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‡•—”‡Š‡”‰”‘™–ŠǤŠ‹•ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‰ƒ†”‡•’‡ –ˆ—Žƒ–—”‡
‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ•‡•—”‡†–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”
–Š‡ Š—” Šˆ— –‹‘‡†‹ƒ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Žƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡Ǥ˜‡‹‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‡”‡–Š‡

͵Ͷͷ ‡‡ Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”† ‹‡„—Š”ǡ Š”‹•– ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡” Ƭ ‘™ǡ ƒ”’‡”
‘” Š„‘‘•ǡ ͳͻͷ͸Ȍǡ “—‘–‡† ‹ ƒ˜‹† ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡ Communicating Christ Cross-Culturallyǡ
’Ǥͳͳ͸Ǥ
͵Ͷ͸ ‡‡ ‘ƒŽ†  ƒ˜”ƒǡ Š‡ Žƒ•Š ‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ ǤǤǣ
ƒ‘ǡ ͳͻ͹Ͷǡ ’ǤͷͶǡ “—‘–‡† ‹ ƒ˜‹† ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡ Communicating Christ Cross-Culturallyǡ
’ǤͳʹͲǤ
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ˆ‹”•– Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š—” Š ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‡ ‘—–‡”‡† •‘‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•

”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ „—”‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”ǯ• ”‡•‹†‡ ‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–›
†‹•ƒ’’”‘˜‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ™Š‹–‡ ƒ ‹ –Š‡ –‘™ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ† ‘–‹—‡–‘†‘•‘Ǥ͵Ͷ͹


”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‰’Ž‘–•‘ˆŽƒ†–‘

Š—” Š‡•†‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‹‹†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ Š—” Š‡•ǯƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†Ȁ‘”“—‡‡•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›‹˜‹–‡†„› Š—” Š‡•–‘•‡”˜‡ƒ• Šƒ‹”’‡”•‘•
‘”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‰—‡•–•ƒ––Š‡‹”’”‘‰”ƒ•ǤŠ‡›†‘•‘ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡˜‡”‡ ‡‘”
”‡•’‡ – –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”ǡ Š—” Š ƒ† ‘†Ǥ Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
“—‡‡•†‘•‘–‘•Š‘™•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›–‘–Š‡‹”Š”‹•–‹ƒ„”‘–Š‡”•ƒ†•‹•–‡”•ǤŠ‡•‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‡š’‡ –‡† Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’ƒ•–‘”• –‘ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒ–‡ –Š‡‹”
‹†‰‡•–—”‡„›•Š‘™‹‰•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒ Šƒƒ‹ƒƒ†ƒ‰‡
™Š‹ Š ‰‘‡•ǡ Dz‘— †‘ ‘– ’”‡•‡– ’‡’’‡” ƒ• ƒ ‰‹ˆ– –‘ ”‡’ƒ› •‘‡‘‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ•
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‰‹˜‡ ›‘— •ƒŽ–Ǥdz – ‡ƒ• ‘‡ †‘‡• ‘– ”‡’ƒ› ƒ ‹† ’‡”•‘ ™‹–Š ‡˜‹ŽǤ
—– ‹ –Š‡ ‹†• ƒ† Š‡ƒ”–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ —•‡† ‹•—Ž–• ƒ† —™ƒ””ƒ–‡†
ƒ––ƒ • –‘ ”‡’ƒ› –Š‡‹” ‹†‡•• ‘” ‰‘‘† †‡‡†•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ‘—–‡† –‘ Žƒ  ‘ˆ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹”
‹†‡••Ǥ –‹•–Š‹•—ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡ™Š‹ Š
Šƒ•ˆ‘” ‡†‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‘™ǡƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†–‘”‡ƒ”ǣ
‘‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• ’—”•—‡ nananom ™‹–Š ‡˜‡Ž‘’• ƒ†
‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”†• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ—ƒŽ ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ
Nananom™Š‘Š‘‘”•— Š‹˜‹–‡•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’Žƒ ‡•–‘•‹–
‹–Š‡ Šƒ’‡ŽǤ

͵Ͷ͹‡‡–Š‡•‡ –‹‘—†‡”Ǯ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Šǯǡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘Ǥ

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‡ –Š‡ ƒ•• ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ DzŠ› †‘ –Š‡•‡ •ƒ‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ˆ”‘™ ‘ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǫdz Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •— Š ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
†‡’‹ ––Š‡ƒ•‹‰”ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‘’–‡†–Š‹••–”ƒ–‡‰›ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•
„‡‹‰—‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘nananom‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹‡•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•
–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‘—–• –‘ †‹•”‡•’‡ – –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ†
ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–›Ǥ Nananom ™‡”‡ ‡š’‡ –‹‰ –Šƒ–
–Š‡‹” ‹† †‡‡†• ƒ† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†
–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ž‹‡™Šƒ––Š‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ Šƒƒ†‹†ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
“—‡‡• ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ–‡ ”‡•„›–‡”›Ǥ͵Ͷͺ Š‡ ”‡•„›–‡”› ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ
–Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰•‡”˜‹ ‡–‘•Š‘™‹–•ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ


4.6.2. Ignorance
Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ’‘”–”ƒ› –Š‡ ƒ• ’‡‘’Ž‡
™Š‘ Žƒ  ‡˜‡ „ƒ•‹  —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› †‘ ƒ––ƒ ǣ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ‘‡’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ† Š—” Š‡•ƒ”‡‹‰‘”ƒ–ƒ„‘—–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡ ‡–Š‡‹”‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ––‹–—†‡
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ –‡†ƒ† ‘–‹—‡–‘
†‘ •‘ ‘—– ‘ˆ ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•
Šƒ• Ž‡† –‘ ƒ ‹•‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ ȋ—ƒŠǡ
ͳͻͺͲǣͳ͵ͻȌǤ –‹•–Š‹•‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ƒ„‘—––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™Š‹ Š
Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ †‡ Žƒ”‡ –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ˜‡—‡• ˆ‘” †‡‘‹ 
‘’’”‡••‹‘ ƒ† ƒ––ƒ •Ǥ ‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ– ƒ””ƒ–‡† –‘ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š—” ŠŠƒ•‹ˆ‘”‡†–Š‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ•‘”–•‘ˆ†‡‘•
ƒ”‡ ”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡† ‹–‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ Apoͻ ƒ† Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ†
–Šƒ–‹ƒ–—”‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™Š‘ ƒ‡‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡†‡‘•”‹•‡†„‡‹‰

͵Ͷͺ ‡‡ ‘The Presbyterian Church of Ghana, Asante Presbytery’ǡ Šƒ’–‡” –Š”‡‡ —†‡”

Dz‹–”‘†— –‹‘dz–‘–Š‡Ǯ‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǯǤ

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’‘••‡••‡† ƒ† –Š‹• ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘ †‡ƒ–Š ‘” ƒŽƒ‹–› ‘” —”•‡Ǥ͵Ͷͻ ‘”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Ž‹‡ –Š‹• ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ †‘‘”• ˆ‘” ‡˜‹Ž
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ––ƒ •‘—•—•’‡ –‹‰ƒ†˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ͵ͷͲ


–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ž‹‡–Š‹•ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘‹‰‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•„—–ƒŽ•‘‹‰‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ–Šƒ–‹•
„Ž‘™‹‰ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ‘—–”›Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹‰‘”ƒ–
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ –‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ƒ””› ‘—– –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘ƒ”›
ƒ†ƒ–‡Ǥ —””‡–Ž› –Š‡”‡ ‹• •‘‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ
Šƒ‰‡Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‹•ǡ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ ȋʹͲͳʹǣʹͲͶǦʹͲͷȌ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡• –Š‡
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ Dz‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•dz ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š—” Š —•–
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‡” ‹••‹‘ǣ Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š‡‰‡‘› ƒ†
†‘‹ƒ ‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‡Œ‘›‡† ‹• ‘ ‘”‡ ‹ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡Ǣ –Šƒ–
Šƒƒ Šƒ• ™‹–‡••‡† ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹–› –Šƒ– —•– ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”›
–Š‹‹‰ƒ†’”ƒš‹•Ǣ–Šƒ–ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘”‡ ‡–Ž›ƒ••—‡†
— Š’—„Ž‹ ‹–‡”‡•–ƒ†”‡•’‡ –Ǣ–Šƒ–ƒ›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•ƒ†‹–‡ŽŽ‡ –—ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‰ — Š ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǣ ƒ† –Šƒ– ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ––”ƒ – — Š ’—„Ž‹  ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡› ‡† —’ ™‹–Š ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ–Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
–Š‡‡™ˆƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š‡”‹••‹‘’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ȋ‹„‹†ǣ
ʹͲͷȌ ƒ†‡ –Š‡•‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ǣ Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‡–‡”’”‹•‡ Šƒ• ”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ
‘‡–‘ˆ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‡ —‡‹•Ǣ–Šƒ––Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ„—”ƒ

͵ͶͻŠ‡‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹•ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ„”ƒ Š‘”ƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—•‡‘ˆ”ƒ›‡”

‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǤŠ‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹• ƒŽŽ‡†”‘’Š‡– ”ƒ ‹•™ƒ”–‡‰Ǥ

͵ͷͲ‡‡ƒŽ•‘òŽŽ‡”ǡReligion and Chieftaincy in Ghanaǡ’ǤʹʹʹǤ
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 Pentecostalism, Chieftaincy, and Festivals

ƒ•ƒ͵ͷͳ —•– ‰‹˜‡ ™ƒ› –‘–Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘͵ͷʹǢ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
•—’”‡ƒ ›ƒ†‹••‹‘ƒ”›†‘‹ƒ ‡—•–‰‹˜‡™ƒ›–‘†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘
–‘ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ǡ ••‹‡‰ ȋʹͲͳͲǣ͹͵Ȍ
•—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š—” Š‡•ǯ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• —•– „‡
†”ƒ™ –‘ ”‡•’‘† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡Ž› –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡ „‡‹‰ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡† ƒ†
–Šƒ–ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡„›–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘†‘•‘Ž‡ƒ†•–‘‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ƒ†•–ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Š‡’‘‹– Šƒ˜‡„‡‡–”›‹‰–‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š•‘ˆƒ”‹•–Šƒ–„›–Š‡‹” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡
‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡
’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡‹•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ’‘”‰—Žˆ„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡‹” ‡›‡• ƒ”‡ Ž‘•‡† –‘
•‘‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ‘” „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Žƒ  ƒ „ƒŽƒ ‡† –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•–Š‡›
™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†‘’ƒ•–‘”‘” Š—” ŠŠƒ•‡˜‡” ‘•—Ž–‡†–Š‡–‘ˆ‹†‘—–‘”‡
ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‰ƒ’
„‡–™‡‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ™Š‹ Š ‹ ‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ•
‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ  —„‡” ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†’‘‘”‘”‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘•–•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ͵ͷ͵
Š‡›™‡”‡‘–”‡ƒ†›–‘ ‘–ƒ –nananom–‘Ž‡ƒ”‘”ƒ “—ƒ‹––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š

͵ͷͳ Š‡ Ǯ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ„—”ƒ ƒ•ƒǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ ‹• ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Šƒ–•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡••‡‡–‘”‡ƒ Šƒ”‡‡’–›Ǧ‹†‡†
’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ‘– ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ƒ›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡•ƒ˜‹‰‰”ƒ ‡ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡
‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ǡŒ—•–‹‰‘”‡™Šƒ–‡˜‡”‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡
‹†‹‰‡‡• Žƒ‹–‘’‘••‡••Ǥ‡‡ƒŽ•‘™‡•‹‹ •‘ǡUncompleted Missionǡ’ǤͳʹͶǤ
͵ͷʹ ‘” ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ •—‰‰‡•–• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡

Š‡”‹•Š‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡‹–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡••‡‡–‘”‡ƒ Š–Šƒ–—•–„‡”‡•’‡ –‡†ƒ†

‘•‹†‡”‡†‹„—‹Ž†‹‰—’Š”‹•–‹ƒ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ
͵ͷ͵Š‡•‡’ƒ•–‘”•™‡”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†‹‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
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•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹••—‡•Ǥ Š‡› Š‘•‡ –‘ ”— ƒ™ƒ› ‘” ‹‰‘”‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡
‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‹‰ ‘” ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‰ ™‹–Š ‹– ȋŽ‹•–‡” Ǥ  ”ƒ–Šǡ ʹͲͳʹǣͳͳȌǤ Š‹•
‡ƒ• –Š‡› ‡‹–Š‡” †™‡ŽŽ ‘ Š‡ƒ”•ƒ› ‘” ‘—–•‹†‡”• ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ‹•‹†‡”• –‘ ˆ‡‡†
–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡†‰‡„ƒ•‡Ǥ›–Š‡‹”Žƒ ‘ˆ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‹‰•Šƒ’’‡‹‰
ƒ”‘—† –Š‡ǡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ —ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ‹–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡–Ž› ƒ†
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡‹”™‘”Ž†ƒ•‡˜‹ ǤƒŠ‘‘œ‡”ȋʹͲͲ͹ǣͷͷȌ‘„•‡”˜‡•Ǥ͵ͷͶ


4.6.3. Living in fear

Ž‘•‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘” ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•‹•–Š‡–‡†‡ ›ˆ‘”•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘Ž‹˜‡‹ˆ‡ƒ”‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ•ƒ›‘”–‡ƒ Š–Š”‡‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡–Š‹‰•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‰‡––‹‰‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǣ –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ‘ˆ Ž‘•‹‰ ‘‡ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǣ –Š‡
Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†‘ˆ„‡‹‰‘’’”‡••‡†ƒ†Ȁ‘”’‘••‡••‡†„›†‡‘•Ǣƒ†–Š‡Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘†
‘ˆ Šƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ‘—Ž† Ž‘•‡ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• ’”‡ƒ–—”‡Ž› ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–‡˜‹Ž•’‹”‹–•‘”’‘™‡”•ƒ”‡
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ƒ”‡•–”‘‰‡‘—‰Š–‘ ƒ—•‡–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡
‹ Ž—†‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™Š‘‰‡–‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ”‡ǡDzŠƒ–Šƒ•Šƒ’’‡‡†
–‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–ǫdz DzŠƒ– Šƒ•
Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘™‡” –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡ †‡˜‹Ž ƒ† Š‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ ™‹– Š‡•ǡ
†‡‘•‘”‡˜‹Ž•’‹”‹–•ǫdz
• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–†‡‘•‘”‡˜‹Ž•’‹”‹–•
ƒ”‡”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹–‘–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡†—”‹‰–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–‘Šƒ”‹‘ ‡–ǡ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†—•—•’‡ –‹‰ƒ••‡•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•
͵ͷͶ—‘–‡†‹ƒ—‡Ž—‹Ǧ‘ƒŠǡAfrican Pentecostal Mission in Germany: A Case Study

of the Church of Pentecost International e.V. GermanyǤ ’—„Ž‹•Š‡† ǤǤ Š‡•‹•ǡ ‡‘”‰Ǧ
—‰—•–Ǧ‹˜‡”•‹–¡– ‘––‹‰‡ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ
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–Šƒ–‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Šˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‰‘†

ƒ†‹–•ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ–‡ƒ Š‹‰•–Šƒ–‡˜‹Ž
ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘–ƒ‡‘˜‡”–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒ†‡š‡” ‹•‡–Š‡‹”
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘”’‘™‡”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘„•‡”˜‡”•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ
ˆ –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ƒ• –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹‰Š– ™ƒ– —• –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ǡ ™Š‡”‡ Žƒ›•
‘†ǯ•’‘™‡”‘˜‡”–Š‡‡–‹”‡—‹˜‡”•‡ǫ ‘™ ƒƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”ǡˆ‹ŽŽ‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘Ž›
’‹”‹–ǡ„‡’‘••‡••‡†ƒ†Ȁ‘”‘’’”‡••‡†„›ƒ‡˜‹Ž•’‹”‹–ǫŠ‹•’‡” ‡’–‹‘ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ
„”‹‰• ‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–Ǥ Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹•
™Šƒ–‹•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–™Š‘‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”ǫ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ’”‹†‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ƒ†ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘†‘ƒ”˜‡Ž‘—•–Š‹‰•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–Ǥ͵ͷͷ
ˆ –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ™Š› †‘ –Š‡› ˆ‡ƒ” ‡˜‹Ž •’‹”‹–•ǫ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ•– ‘—–
†‡‘• ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž †—”‹‰ †‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ •‡••‹‘• †‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡˜‹Ž •’‹”‹–• ƒ—•‡
Šƒ”–‘–Š‡‹‘ ‡–ƒ†—•—•’‡ –‹‰ Š—” Š‡„‡”•ǫ


ƒ•–Ž›ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Š‘Ž†–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š™‹ŽŽ„‡ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†‹ˆ

–Š‡› ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ „‘–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡› ˜‹‡™
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡•‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–‡”• ‘” ™‘”Ž†Ž›
’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘–Š‹‰ ‹ ‘‘ ™‹–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘”†”—‡‡••ǡ•‡š—ƒŽ’”‘‹• —‹–›ƒ†ƒŽŽ
•‘”–• ‘ˆ ‹‘”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹
–Š‡•‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‡† —’ „‡‹‰ †”—ƒ”†•ǡ •‡š—ƒŽŽ› ’”‘‹• —‘—• ‘” ‹†—Ž‰‡ ‹
‹‘”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‘—‰Š–Š‡’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹•‘–‹†‘—„–‹–
„”‹‰• ‹–‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡” –‘ „‡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› —’”‹‰Š– ‘
ƒ––‡”–Š‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•–Š‡›ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ǤŠ‡ƒ”‰—‡–‹–•‡Žˆ‹•„ƒ•‡†

͵ͷͷ‡‡ˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ‹‰•ǡ‘†‡”•ǡƒ†‹‹•–”›ǣ–Š‡ ‘•’‡Ž‹–Š‡‘™‡”

‘ˆ–Š‡’‹”‹–ǡERTȋʹͲͲͻȌ͵͵ǣͳǡ͵ʹǦͶ͸Ǥ
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‘‹‰‘”ƒ ‡ƒ†‹– ƒ‘–•–ƒ†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡’”‘‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹‘”ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•

ƒ‘– „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‡š ‡••‡• ‹ ‡˜‡”› Š—ƒ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡˜‡
Š”‹•–ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
Š‹• –‡†‡ › ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‹ ˆ‡ƒ” „”‹‰• ‘—– –Š‡ ‘–”ƒ†‹ –‹‘• ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’”ƒš‹•ǣ Š‡ Žƒ‹ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š ƒ† ‘˜‡” ‘‡ ƒŽŽ •‘”–• ‘ˆ ‡˜‹Ž
ˆ‘” ‡•Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ Ž‘•‹‰ ‘‡ǯ• Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ––ƒ •ǡ ƒ† ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†
ˆƒ‹–Š–Š”‘—‰Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


4.6.4. Scriptural Ineptitude

Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•Šƒ˜‡‡š’‘•‡†–Š‡‹‡’–‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–‡”’”‡–‹‰ƒ†Ȁ‘”Šƒ†Ž‹‰• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ–‡š–ǤŠ‡›—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› –‘ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ • ”‹’–—”‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡‹” ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†•
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡› †‘ •‘ ™‹–Š‘—– ‰‹˜‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘
–‘ –Š‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ƒ† ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ”‹’–—”ƒŽ –‡š– ‘” ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡
—ƒ„Ž‡–‘„”‹†‰‡–Š‡‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘–‡š–ǤŠ‡‹”
‡••ƒ‰‡• ƒ”‡ • ”‹’–—”ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡† „—––Š‡› ƒ”‡ „‡”‡ˆ– ‘ˆ ’”‘’‡” ƒƒŽ›•‹• Š‡ ‡
–Š‡‹” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ  ”‹’–—”ƒŽ –‡š–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‰‹˜‡ ƒ› –Š‘—‰Š–ˆ—Ž
Š‡”‡‡—–‹ ƒŽ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͵ͷ͸ ‘”†‘ ‡‡ ȋͳͻ͹͸ǣͳʹͳȌ Šƒ• ƒ’–Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡†
–Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†•  ”‹’–—”‡ Šƒ• ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ‹ Ž—†‡† ƒ
‰‡‡”ƒŽ †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ˆ‘” Dz• ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‡š‡‰‡•‹•dz ƒ† ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ› –Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ‘—–
Š‡”‡‡—–‹ •Ǥ͵ͷ͹ Š‹Ž‹’ ‡‹• ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣͳȌ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‹• ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ ƒ†

͵ͷ͸ ‘” †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ •‡‡ ‡”ƒŽ† ”ƒ›ǡ Biblical
Interpretation, Past and Present ȋ‡‹ ‡•–‡”ǣ ’‘ŽŽ‘•ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ  –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ‹„Ž‡ ƒ‘‰
ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—Ǥ Contemporary Pentecostal Christianityǡ
’Ǥͳ͸ͳǦͳ͹ͺǤ
͵ͷ͹—‘–‡†‹•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡContemporary Pentecostal Christianityǡ’Ǥͳ͸ͶǤ
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ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ‹•– ”‡ƒ†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡Ǥ͵ͷͺ ‘‡–‹‡• ‡‘–‹‘• ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ƒŒ‘”

”‘Ž‡‹–Š‡•‡• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ‹––Ž‡™‘†‡”‡˜Ǥ”Ǥ†”‡™•”ƒŠ
”‡ˆ‡”•–‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‘”’”‡ƒ Š‡”•™Š‘ƒ––ƒ nananomǡƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹–•‡Žˆ ƒ• Ǯ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǯǤ͵ͷͻ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡› †‘
‹–‡”’”‡––Š‹•‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹•––‡†‡ ›ƒ•–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–
ƒ†–Š‡›–‡†–‘†‡ Žƒ”‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•‘”‡’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž–Šƒ‘–Š‡”•™Š‘†‘‘–
–‘™–Šƒ–Ž‹‡‘ˆ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ƒ†‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Š‡ Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ ™Š‘  Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›
”‡ƒ†‹Ž› ‘‡• –‘ ‹† ™Š‡ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š Ǯ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǯ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‘—‰ŠŠ‡‹•‘––Š‡‘Ž› —Ž’”‹–Ǥ Š‹•ƒ––ƒ •‘nananomŠ‡ƒ†‡
ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡•–‘•—’’‘”–‘”ƒ—‰‡–Š‹•ƒ••‡”–‹‘Ǥ
 Š‹• ƒ––ƒ • ‘ nananom ™Š‘ Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–‡”•ǡ Š‡ “—‘–‡† –Š‡
Š‡ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ •ƒ‹ƒŠ ͶͶǣ͸ˆˆ ”‡†‡”‡† ‹ •ƒ–‡ ™‹ ƒ•ǡ “Abosonsom yε
nkwaseasεm”ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ Dz †‘Žƒ–”› ‹• ˆ‘‘Ž‹•Š‡••Ǥdz͵͸Ͳ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹•
‘–Š‹‰ Ž‹‡ –Š‹• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ –‡š–Ǥ ‹• ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ›‘‡ ™Š‘
™‘”•Š‹’•‹†‘Ž•Žƒ •™‹•†‘Ǥ‘Š‡ Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†nananom ƒ••— Š•‹ ‡–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡
•Š‘™„›–Š‡‹”ƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•ƒ†‹†‘Ž•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‹†‘Žƒ–‡”•Ǥ
‡ ‘†Ž›ǡ Š‡ “—‘–‡† ‡”‡‹ƒŠ ͹ǣͳͺ„͵͸ͳ –‘ †‡ Žƒ”‡ ‘†ǯ• ™”ƒ–Š ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
nananom „‡ ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‡› ’”ƒ› „› ’‘—”‹‰ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹†‘Ž•Ǥ  Š‹•

͵ͷͺ —‘–‡† ‹ ‘„‡”– ™ƒ•‹ „‘ƒ‰›‡Ǧ‡•ƒŠǡ Dynamics of Preaching the Word: God Still

Speaksȋ‡‰‘ǡ ”ƒǣ†™‹•ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠȌ–†ǤǡʹͲͳͳȌǡͳʹ͸Ǥ

͵ͷͻ ‡˜Ǥ ”Ǥ †”‡™• ”ƒŠ ‹• –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘” ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ Š—” Š ‹

‡ Š‹ƒǤƒ–ƒ™ƒ•‰ƒ–Š‡”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹–‡”˜‹‡™™‹–ŠŠ‹‘ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳ͵ƒ–Š‹•”‡•‹†‡ ‡
‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ
͵͸Ͳ Š‡ ‡™ ‹˜‹‰ ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‹„Ž‡ ”‡†‡”• ‹– DzŠ‡ ‘‘Ž‹•Š‡•• ‘ˆ ‹†‘Ž•dzǤ Š‡ ‡™

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡”•‹‘ ”‡†‡”• ‹– Dz ‘†ǡ ‘– †‘Ž•dzǤ Š‡  ”ƒ–Š‡” ”‡†‡”• •ƒ‹ƒŠ ͶͶǣͻˆˆǤ ƒ•
DzŠ‡ ‘ŽŽ›‘ˆ †‘Žƒ–”›dzǤ’Šƒ•‹•‹‡Ǥ
͵͸ͳ ‡”‡‹ƒŠ ͹ǣͳͺ„ǡ Dz† –Š‡› ’‘—” ‘—– †”‹ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• –‘ ‘–Š‡” ‰‘†•ǡ –‘ ’”‘˜‘‡ ‡ –‘

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‹••‹‘–‘nananomŠ‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ ‡”‡‹ƒŠʹʹǣͳ͵͸ʹƒ†•ƒ‹† ‘†Šƒ†•‡–Š‹

–‘ ‘‡ƒ†™ƒ” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡†ƒ–•‘”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘†‡•‹•–ˆ”‘
‹†‘Žƒ–”› ‡Ž•‡ Š‹• Œ—†‰‡– ™‹ŽŽ ˆƒŽŽ —’‘ –Š‡Ǥ  –Š‹• Žƒ•– ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‘† •‡–
–Š‡ ’”‘’Š‡– ‡”‡‹ƒŠ –‘ –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‰ ‘ˆ —†ƒŠ –‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡” ƒ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
‡••ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‹‰Ǥ  –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ™ƒ›ǡ ‘† Šƒ† •‡– Š‹ –‘ ‡ Š‹ƒ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› –‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡” Š‹• ‡••ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• •‘ Š‡ ‡‡†‡† –‘
“—‘–‡–Š‹•’‘”–‹‘‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”‡–‘•—’’‘”–Š‹•‹••‹‘Ǥ


‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‡† nananom ˆ‘” ”‹†‹‰ ‹ ƒ ’ƒŽƒ“—‹ ƒ† „‡‹‰ ƒ””‹‡† ‘
’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•Š‡ƒ†•Ǥ ‹•ƒ”‰—‡–™ƒ•–Šƒ– ‡•—•†‹†‘–”‹†‡‹ƒ’ƒŽƒ“—‹„—–•ƒ–
‘ ƒ †‘‡› ‹ Š‹• ˆƒ‘—• –”‹—’ŠƒŽ ‡–”› ‹–‘ ‡”—•ƒŽ‡Ǥ ‡ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž›
“—‘–‡†ƒ––Š‡™ʹͳǣͳˆ–‘„—––”‡••Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ ƒŽŽ–Š‡‹•–ƒ ‡• ‹–‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ
‘‡ ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •‡‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠǯ• Š‡”‡‡—–‹ • ™ƒ• „‡”‡ˆ– ‘ˆ ƒ›
’”‘’‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ‘” –‡š–• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘™ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘”
‘–‡š–Ǥ ‡ǡ Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‡”•ǡ ™ƒ• †”‹˜‡ „›
‡‘–‹‘• ƒ† ǮŽ‹–‡”ƒŽǯ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ‰‡†ƒǤ Š‡ †‹•’Žƒ› ‘ˆ •— Š • ”‹’–—”ƒŽ
‹‡’–‹–—†‡ Š—”–• nananom ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• †‹‰‹–› ƒ† —•– ‘– „‡ –ƒ‡
•‡”‹‘—•Ž›ƒ•‹ •‘ȋʹͲͲͲǣͳͶ͹ȌŠƒ••— ‹ –Ž›’—–‹–ǣ
› „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ˆƒ‹Ž• –‘ ‡†‘”•‡ ƒ ’‡”•‘ǯ• ‘” ƒ
’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‹Š‡”‡–†‹‰‹–›Šƒ”†Ž›†‡•‡”˜‡•–‘„‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ǥ 
–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†‘‡‹‰Š–‡–‹‘†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‹‘ȋ”ƒ ‹ƒŽǡ‘‰”‘—†•
‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ ‘Ž‘”ǡƒ†•‘ˆ‘”–ŠȌǡ–Š‡†‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ‘‡ǯ• —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›
ƒ†™‘”–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•™Š‹ Š ƒ—•‡ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒŽŽˆ‘”•‘ˆ‡š’Ž‘‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†•–ƒ”˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

͵͸ʹ ‡”‡‹ƒŠʹʹǣͳǡŠ—••ƒ›•–Š‡‘”†ǣDz ‘†‘™–‘–Š‡Š‘—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰‘ˆ —†ƒŠƒ†•’‡ƒ

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Š‡ Žƒ  ‘ˆ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‹ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘•–•ǯ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ Šƒ•
Ž‹‹–‡† –Š‡‹” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ƒ’’Ž› ™Šƒ– —„”‡› ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͵ͳ͸Ȍ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ• Dz–Š‡
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š‡‰‡•‹•dzƒŽ‘‰•‹†‡ ”‹’–—”ƒŽ‡š‡‰‡•‹•Ǥ—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡š‡‰‡•‹•ǡ
Ž‹‡ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ‡š‡‰‡•‹•ǡ ‹• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ –Š‡ Š‘•–ǯ• —Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–„‡––‡”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•‹••‹‘ǤŠ‹•™‹ŽŽ‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡
Š—” Š ”‡ƒ‹ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ –Š‡ Š‘•–ǯ• —Ž–—”‡Ǥ –Š‡”™‹•‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™‹ŽŽ „‡
‡‰ƒ‰‹‰‹™Šƒ–••‹‡‰ȋʹͲͳͲǣͳͻͻȌ ƒŽŽ•ƒDz —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›†‹•”—’–‹˜‡‹••‹‘Ǥdz
– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡ –Šƒ– —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– ’”—†‡– –‘ ‡˜‡ ƒ†˜‹•‡
nananom ‹ ’—„Ž‹  Ž‡– ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ––ƒ ‹‰ –Š‡ ‘” Š‹†‹‰ „‡Š‹† –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž –‘
ƒ––ƒ –Š‡Ǥ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒŽ•‘„”‹‰•–‘“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ

‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†‘”–”ƒ‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‘”’”‡ƒ Š‡”•
‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ͵͸͵


4.6.5. Problematic Impression about Conversion

Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• nananomǡ
ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• „”‹‰• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹”
—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘”‹’”‡••‹‘•ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥƒ ‡”ȋͳͻͺͷǣͻ͵Ȍ†‡ˆ‹‡• ‘˜‡”•‹‘ƒ• ‘‹–‡––‘ ‘†‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘
‡” › ˆ”‘ ‘†ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ ”‡’‡–ƒ ‡ ƒ† ˆƒ‹–ŠǤ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
†‡‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡˜‡– „ƒ•‡† ‘ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘ȋ†”± ”‘‘‰‡”•ǡ
ʹͲͲͳǣͶͷȌǤ Š‹• ˜‹‡™ †‘‡• ƒŽ•‘ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•

͵͸͵ ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‘”’”‡ƒ Š‡”•‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡

ƒ”‡ ƒ—–‡”„ƒ Šǡ ‡ ‘‹‰ ƒ ƒ•–‘”ǣ ‘—–Š ƒ† ‘ ‹ƒŽ •’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ‹ Šƒƒǡ Young ͳͺǣ͵
ȋʹͲͳͲȌǣ ʹͷͻǦʹ͹ͺǤ Š––’ǣȀȀ›‘—Ǥ•ƒ‰‡’—„Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘–‡–ȀͳͺȀͳ͵ȀʹͷͻǤ”‡ˆ•ǤŠ–Ž ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘
ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǢ ƒ”‡ ƒ—–‡”„ƒ Šǡ The Craft of Pastorship in Ghana and BeyondǤ Š –Š‡•‹•
’”‡•‡–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡  Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –—†‹‡•ǡ ‘•‹Ž†‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‡ƒ” ȋ –‘„‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͺȌǤ Š––’ǣ”—†ƒ”Ǥ”— Ǥ†Ȁǥƒ”‡ƒ—–‡”„ƒ ŠŠǤ–Š‡•‹•Ǥ’†ˆ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
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”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰ ‘–Š‡”• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ ȋͳͻͻͳǣ͸ͳ͹Ȍ

ƒ‰”‡‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ˜‹‡™ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‘•‹•–‡–Ž› •’‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
‘˜‡”•‹‘ ƒ† •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ –‡”• –Šƒ– ‹’Ž› —”‰‡ › ƒ†
‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—• Šƒ‰‡ „—– ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡–™‘”‡“—‹”‡•ƒ†‡ ‹•‹‘‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ ‡”‡ˆ‡”•–‘
–Š‡ ‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—• ‘” ‘˜‡”•‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• ‹•–ƒ–Ž› ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ• Dz†‡ ‹•‹‘ ’‘‹–dz ƒ† –Š‡ ‘‡ –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ Žƒ–‡” ƒ• Dz†‡ ‹•‹‘
’”‘ ‡••dzǤ


 ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Dz†‡ ‹•‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••dzǡ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸ͳͺȌ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ˆ‹˜‡
•–ƒ‰‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š ƒ ”‡•’‘†‡– ‰‘‡• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†ǣ
‹• ‘˜‡”›Ǣ ‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ‹••‘ƒ ‡Ǣ ƒ† ‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ Žƒ
‹’’‡–– ȋͳͻ͸ͻȌ ™ƒ• ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –‘ †”ƒ™ ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
’”‘ ‡••Ǥ͵͸Ͷ ƒ‡• Ǥ ‰‡Ž ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Žƒ–‡” ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‘ ‡••Ǥ͵͸ͷ Š‡ Dz†‹• ‘˜‡”› •–ƒ‰‡dz ‹• ™Š‡ ƒ ”‡•’‘†‡– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡
’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž†‹• ‘˜‡”•Š”‹•–ƒ•–Š‡ƒ˜‹‘”ƒ†‘”†‘ˆƒ‹†Ǥ
Š‡ Dz†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ •–ƒ‰‡dz ‹• ™Š‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ‘•‹†‡”• –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ
ˆ‘”•ƒ‹‰–Š‡‹”‘Ž†™ƒ›•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Š”‹•–ǤŠ‡Dz†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘•–ƒ‰‡dz‹•™Š‡”‡
–Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡– ”‡•‘Ž˜‡• –‘ ”‡’‡– ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡ Dz†‹••‘ƒ ‡
•–ƒ‰‡dz‹•™Š‡–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡– ‘•‹†‡”•–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ”‡•‹•–‹‰ˆ‘” ‡•–Šƒ–
†”ƒ™–Š‡„ƒ –‘–Š‡‹”‘Ž†™ƒ›•ǡƒ† ‘–‹—‡–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™Š”‹•–‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡
’”‡•‡–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–‹‡•ǤŠ‡Dz†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡•–ƒ‰‡dz‹•™Š‡–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡– Š‘‘•‡•‘”
†‡ ‹†‡• –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•– ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† Ž‹˜‡ ‹
•—„‹••‹‘–‘ ‹•Ž‘”†•Š‹’ƒ† Š—” Š†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡Ǥ
Ǥ Ǥƒ ‡”ȋͳͻͺͷǣͻͶȌ•Šƒ”‡•–Š‡˜‹‡™ƒ„‘˜‡„—–’”‡•‡–•‹–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›ǣ

͵͸Ͷ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡCommunicating Christ Cross-Culturallyǡ’Ǥ͸ͳͺǤ

͵͸ͷ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹† Ǥ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡ’Ǥ͸ͳͻǤ
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–ȏ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ȑ‡‡†‘–„‡†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›•—††‡‘”‡‘–‹‘ƒŽǡ‘”

†‘‡• ‘‡ Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‹• Šƒ’’‡‹‰ ȋ–Š‘—‰Š ƒ
‘• ‹‘—• ‘˜‡”•‹‘ —•—ƒŽŽ› ’”‘˜‡• ƒ „Ž‡••‹‰ȌǤ Šƒ– ‹• ”— ‹ƒŽǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ”•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ȃˆƒ‹–Šƒ†”‡’‡–ƒ ‡ƒ•
’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ †ƒ‹Ž› Ž‹˜‹‰ Ȃ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ —•Ǣ ‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ ™‡
ƒ‘– „‡ Œ—†‰‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ– ƒŽŽǡ™Šƒ–‡˜‡” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‡ ƒ›
Žƒ‹Ǥ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”–‡† Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ ‹• ‘”‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– –Šƒ ƒ›
‘˜‡”•‹‘‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ


Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ”‡“—‹”‡• — Š ‡ˆˆ‘”– ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ „‘–Š
‰‘•’‡Ž ’”‡•‡–‡”• ‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† ”‡ ‹’‹‡–•Ǥ ˜‡ ‹ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ Šƒ’’‡•
‹•–ƒ–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›‹–™‹ŽŽ•–‹ŽŽ”‡“—‹”‡ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‘”–•–‘Š‡Ž’–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡––‘
‘‡–‘–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹• ‹’Ž‹‡‘”Ž‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ•–›Ž‡ǤŠƒ–‡˜‡”„‡–Š‡
ƒ•‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ’”‡•‡–‡”• —•– ƒ ‡’– –Šƒ– ”‡•’‘†‡–• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ƒ‡ ƒ›
”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡†‡ ‹•‹‘„ƒ•‡†‘—‡–Š‹ ƒŽ‡–Š‘†—•‡††—”‹‰–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
ƒ• ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† „› •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ƒ• ƒ
’”‘ ‡•• „”‹‰• –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•̵ ‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ —•‹‰ ‹•—Ž–• ƒ• ƒ
˜‡Š‹ Ž‡–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž–‘nananomƒ†‘–Š‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‹•‡–Š‘†
ƒ‘—–•–‘—•‹‰ˆ‘” ‡–‘ƒ‡ ‘˜‡”–•‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹––‘
™‘”‘”‡•’‘†‡–•ˆ‘”’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘Ǥ‘ƒ‡ ‘˜‡”–•„›ˆ‘” ‡‹•–‘
’—– ‹–‘ †‹•”‡’—–‡ ‘” †‘—„– –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–Ǥ Š‡ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘” ”ƒ–Š‡”
”‡“—‹”‡• ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘‡• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–ǯ• ƒ –‹˜‹–›
ȋ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡͳͻͻͳǣͺͷȌǤ͵͸͸‰ƒ‹ǡ—•‹‰–Š‡‡Ž‡ –”‘‹ ‡†‹ƒƒ†–Š‡‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡ –‘ ƒ––ƒ  ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”–• Ž‹‡ nananom ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ‹‰Š– „‡ ‘—–‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ǥ • ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‹– ‹•

͵͸͸ Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”ǯ• ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ Ǯ’‡”•—ƒ†‡”ǯ Šƒ• „‡‡ †‹• —••‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” —†‡”

Ǯ‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡‡••‘”–—„„‘”‡••ǫ̵

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‘–’”—†‡––‘‡˜‡ƒ†˜‹•‡nananom‹’—„Ž‹ •‘ƒ›ƒ––‡’––‘ ‘˜‡”––Š‡

–Š”‘—‰Šƒ––ƒ •‘”ƒ†‹‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ–‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡•‹‰Š–‘–„‡
•— ‡••ˆ—ŽǤ


Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ‡šŠ‹„‹– ƒ Ž‹‹–‡†
˜‹‡™ ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡› ‹•‹•– –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”–• †‡•‹•–
ˆ”‘ ƒ••—‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ’‘•‹–‹‘• ƒ† ˆ”‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‘˜‡”–• –ƒ‡ Ž‡ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ •‹ˆ—Ž ‘” †‡‘‹  —•–‘•
™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡ ȋ†”± ”‘‘‰‡”•ǡ ʹͲͲͳǣͶͷȌ ‘” ƒ‡ ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ „”‡ƒ
™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’ƒ•–ȋ‡›‡”ǡͳͻͻͺȌ‹•‘”‡’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–ƒ‘‰•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹
ŠƒƒǤ Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”‹‡• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ‹ –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ
”‡•’‘†‡–• „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– •‡‡• –‘ ’‹– Š –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‡ƒ Š ‘–Š‡”Ǥ – ƒŽ™ƒ›•
˜‹‡™• —Ž–—”‡ˆ”‘ƒ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǡŽ‹‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
†‘‡• ‘– ‘Ž› ǮŒ—†‰‡ǯ —Ž–—”‡• „—– ‹– ƒŽ•‘ Ǯƒˆˆ‹”•ǯ ‹– ȋ‹ •‘ǡ ͳͻͺͶǣͳ͵͸ȌǤ 
‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž †‘‡• ‘– †‡ƒ† –Šƒ– Šƒƒ‹ƒ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡”
‘Ǧ‡•–‡” ‘˜‡”–•DzŽ‡ƒ˜‡–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡•„‡Š‹†‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šdzƒ•”•–”‘‡Ž–• ŠȋͳͻͺͷǢͳͻʹ͵ǣʹͳǦ͵ͷȌ—ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž›•‘—‰Š––‘
’‘•–—Žƒ–‡Ǥ͵͸͹ Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‹˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž› Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ ƒ †‹•–‘”–‡† ‹†‡–‹–›
ƒ† ‘ˆ—•‹‘‹–Š‡‹†•‘ˆ ‘˜‡”–•ƒ• Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ


4.6.6. Rivalry and Competition

‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ —•—ƒŽŽ› “—‘–‡ ʹ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ• ͸ǣͳͶǦͳͷ͵͸ͺ –‘
†‡‘— ‡ ƒ› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–• ƒ†Š‡”‡–•Ǥ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ –‡š–• ‘”
’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡•‡ †‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ †‹˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†

͵͸͹—‘–‡†‹‹ •‘ǡUncompleted Missionǡ’Ǥͺ͵Ǥ

͵͸ͺʹ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ• ͸ǣͳͶǦͳͷǡ Dz‘ ‘– „‡ ›‘‡† –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š —„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•Ǥ ‘” ™Šƒ– †‘
”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡•• ƒ† ™‹ ‡†‡•• Šƒ˜‡ ‹ ‘‘ǫ ” ™Šƒ– ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ Ž‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ™‹–Š
†ƒ”‡••ǫŠƒ–Šƒ”‘›‹•–Š‡”‡„‡–™‡‡Š”‹•–ƒ†‡Ž‹ƒŽǫŠƒ–†‘‡•ƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”Šƒ˜‡‹
‘‘™‹–Šƒ—„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”ǫdzȋ ȌǤ
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‹–‘ –™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǣ –Šƒ– ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ† Š‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‹Ž ƒ† Š‹•
ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”• ȋ†”± ”‘‘‰‡”•ǡ ʹͲͲͳǣͶ͸ȌǤ ‹ •‘ ȋʹͲͲͲǣͺʹǡͺ͵Ȍ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‹•
•Šƒ”’ †‹˜‹†‡ „‡–™‡‡ ‘† ƒ† –Š‡ Š—ƒ ™‘”Ž† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ˆ
”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‡ Š‘‡†„›ƒ”Žƒ”–Š‹Š‹•™”‹–‹‰•Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ
–Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ ‘” –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ’Žƒ›• ‹–‘ –Š‡ Š—” Š̵• ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ƒ––‹–—†‡
–‘™ƒ”†•‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡–™‘™‘”Ž†•ƒ•„‡‹‰ƒ–
™ƒ”„‘–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ƒ†ƒ• ‘˜‡”–•ǡ–Š‡›‘™„‡Ž‘‰–‘
‘†ƒ†–ƒ‡•‹†‡•™‹–ŠŠ‹‹–Šƒ–™ƒ”ȋ”‘‘‰‡”•ǡʹͲͲͳǣͶ͸ȌǤ›–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹‘•
ƒ† —––‡”ƒ ‡•ǡ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š—” Š‡• †‘ ’‘”–”ƒ›
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•”‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆƒ† ‘’‡–‹–‘”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡–•
‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡› ’‹– Š –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ –Š‡‹” ƒ––‡†ƒ–• ƒ†
ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘™Š‘ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†–‘„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡†‡˜‹Žƒ†™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”
Š‹Ǥ— Š‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•†‘‘––”‡ƒ––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ––‡†ƒ–•ƒ•
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”–•„—–ƒ•”‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ† ‘–‡†‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ„Š‘”ƒ›–Š‹‰™Š‹ Š‹•
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡™‘”‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡†‡˜‹ŽŠ‡ ‡–Š‡‹”ƒ––ƒ • ‘ƒ††‹••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘
ˆ”‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ –‘ ƒ••—‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–‘‡‹•
™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‹Ž ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘† ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‹Ž ƒ•
ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ ‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› ™ƒ› –‘ ‰‡– nananom ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ™Š‘ Ǯ„‡Ž‘‰ǯ –‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ †‹˜‹†‡ –‘ •— —„ ‹• –‘ ƒ––ƒ 
–Š‡–Š”‘—‰Š’”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ


Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ „”‹‰• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ power encounterǤ Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
–ƒ‡ Ǯ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ǯ ™‹–Š nananom ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ –Š‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ › ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ  ‡ƒ –Š‡
†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ’‘™‡”‘˜‡”ƒ‘’’‘‡–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•
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ƒ†ƒ›–Š‹‰‹ ‘‡ –‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ǤŠ‡†‡‘•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’‘™‡”‘˜‡”‡˜‹Ž

ˆ‘” ‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”• Š‡‡•‹•‘–‘—–‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›™Š‘
‹‹•–‡”• –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –”‹„ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡”
–ƒ‡•’”‡ ‡†‡ ‡‘˜‡”–”—–Šȋ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡͳͻͻͳǣʹ͵ͳǦʹ͵ʹȌǤ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ†–Š‡
ƒ’‘•–Ž‡• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡† ’‘™‡” ‘˜‡” †‡‘• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ™‘”• Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ‡‡†
ˆ‘” ‹– ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› ‹••‹‘Ǥ – ‹• —•‡† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› –‘ ƒ†‹‹•–‡” Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ
†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ˆ”‘†‡‘‹ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡•ǡƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆ‹”ƒ Ž‡•ǡ•‹‰•ƒ†
™‘†‡”• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– †”ƒ™‹‰ —„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ Š”‹•–Ǥ͵͸ͻ Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ– –Š‹‰ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹• –Šƒ– ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• •‡•‡ǡ ‹•
–ƒ”‰‡–‡† ƒ– ‡˜‹Ž ˆ‘” ‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” • Š‡‡•ǡ ƒ† –‘ †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ‘†ǯ• ’‘™‡”
‘˜‡” •—’‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–—”ƒŽ –Š‹‰• –‘ Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•Ǥ – ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡
–ƒ”‰‡–‡† ƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‘” ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘ „‡ ’‘••‡••‹‰ ƒ† —•‹‰ ‡˜‹Ž
ˆ‘” ‡•–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ


—– •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —•‡ ‹– Ǯ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡Ž›ǯ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†
ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ „› †”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ ƒ—Žǯ• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š Ž›ƒ•ǡ –Š‡
•‘” ‡”‡”ǡ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ –‡’‘”ƒ”› „Ž‹†‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”Ǥ͵͹Ͳ  –Š‹•
‡’‹•‘†‡ǡ Ž›ƒ• –”‹‡† –‘ ’”‡˜‡– ƒ—Ž ˆ”‘ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž –‘ ‡”‰‹—•
ƒ—Ž—•ǡ –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” ƒ– ƒ’Š‘•ǡ —’‘ –Š‡ Žƒ––‡”ǯ• ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ž›ƒ• „‡ ƒ‡
–‡’‘”ƒ”› „Ž‹† ™Š‡ ƒ—Ž ’”ƒ›‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹ ƒ† ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ –Š‡
‡ ‘—–‡” ’ƒ˜‡† –Š‡ ™ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘˜‡”‘” –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”Ǥ  –Š‹•
‹ ‹†‡ ‡ǡ Ž›ƒ• „‡ ƒ‡ –Š‡ ˜‹ –‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ Š‡

͵͸ͻ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ —†ƒ› ‹‰„‡ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ƒ† ”‹„ƒŽ ‡‘’Ž‡ ”‘—’•ǡ ‹ ‡’‡•–‡”ǡ

—””ƒ› Ǥǡ Žƒ—•ǡ Ǥ ›”‘ Ƭ ‡–‡”•‡ǡ ‘—‰Žƒ• ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Called and Empowered: Global
Mission in Pentecostal Perspectiveǡ ȋƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘ —„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͳȌǡ
ͳ͹͵Ǣ ‘„„‹ ƒŽ‡ǡ •Žƒ  ‘—–‡”‹‰ ‘•’‡Ž ‘™‡”Ǥ  Dempesterǡ —””ƒ› Ǥǡ Žƒ—•ǡ Ǥ
›”‘ Ƭ ‡–‡”•‡ǡ ‘—‰Žƒ• ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Called and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal
Perspectiveȋƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  ǤǡͳͻͻͳȌǡͳͺͲǦͳͻ͹Ǥ
͵͹ͲŠ‡‹ ‹†‡ ‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”‡ ‘—–‡”„‡–™‡‡ƒ—Žƒ†Ž›ƒ•‹•”‡ ‘”†‡†‹ –•ͳ͵ǣ͸ǦͳʹǤ
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’”‘˜‡†–‘„‡ƒ•–—„Ž‹‰„Ž‘ ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤ –‹‰Š–„‡

–”—‡ –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‘–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‡• ‘ˆ Ž›ƒ• —•– Šƒ˜‡ •—ˆˆ‡”‡† ˆ‘”
ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‹Ž–‘—•‡–Š‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ‘†ǯ•™‘”Ǥ


Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‹ ‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•†‘‘–’”‡˜‡–

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ ’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
Šƒ˜‡–ƒ”‰‡–‡†–Š‡„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡Ž‹˜‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› •‡‡ –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•†‡‡‡†–‘„‡Šƒ”„‘”‹‰‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•Ǥ‘–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•
ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”‘’’‘‡–•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡ƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†•‘—•–„‡‘˜‡”’‘™‡”‡†Ǥ‹‡–Š‡†ƒ›•‘ˆ–Š‡‹„Ž‹ ƒŽƒ‹‡Žǡ
–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡†‡˜‹Ž‹•„‡Š‹†–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ•‘‡”—Ž‡”•ȋ‘›˜ƒ•ǡ
ʹͲͳͳǣʹͺǦʹͻȌǤ —– ‘‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡
’‡” ‡‹˜‡†–‘„‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–
–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‹‰ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•–‘ˆ‹‰Š–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡ƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
Š—” ŠǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ› ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡” ™Š‹ Š ‹• –ƒ”‰‡–‡† ƒ– †‡‹‰”ƒ–‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǡƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ„‡‘—–‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡Ǥ
–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’‘™‡”‡ ‘—–‡”‘„„‹ƒŽ‡ȋͳͻͻͳǣͳͺ͹Ȍ•ƒ›•ǣ
‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡”• †‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ‘†ǯ• Ž‘˜‡Ǥ ‡ ‘‡• –‘ ‡‡–
’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ•‡‡†•Ȃ–‘ ƒ•–‘—–ˆ‡ƒ”ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Š‡•‹ ǡ†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ†‡‘‹œ‡†
’‡”•‘ǡ •—’’Ž› ƒ Œ‘„ǡ •‡† ”ƒ‹ǡ ‘” ‰‹˜‡ •‘‡‘‡ ƒ ™‹ˆ‡ ‘” ƒ
Š—•„ƒ†Ǥ ‡‹•–Š‡ ‘†™Š‘‹• ‘ ‡”‡†ƒ„‘—–ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹
Š‹• ”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‡•ˆ‘”’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ


Š‡ —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‹• –Šƒ– ’‘™‡” ‡ ‘—–‡”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž‹•—•‡†–‘†‡‘•–”ƒ–‡ ‘†ǯ•Ž‘˜‡ƒ† ƒ”‡ˆ‘”Š—ƒ‹–›Ǥ –‹•ƒ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡
—•‡† „› ‘† –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• ƒ‰‡–• –‘ ƒ†‹‹•–‡” Š‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘

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†‡‘‹ ‘’’”‡••‹‘ƒ†–‘•—’’Ž›–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‘”’Š›•‹ ƒŽ‡‡†•

‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹–›Ǥ


4.6.7. Persuasiveness or Stubbornness?

˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ Dz ˆ ›‘— ƒ”‡ ƒ ’”‡ƒ Š‡” ›‘— ‡‡† –‘ „‡
•–—„„‘” ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ”‡’”‹ƒ† –Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ ˆ ‘Š –Š‡ ƒ’–‹•– Šƒ† ‘– „‡‡
•–—„„‘”Š‡™‘—Ž†‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘ˆ”‘– ‡”‘†™‹–Š–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥdz
‡ ƒ†‡ –Š‡•‡ ”‡ƒ”• ™Š‡ –Š‡ Ɔkyeame ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ Š‹ ƒ•
„‡‹‰ •–—„„‘” ˆ‘” ”‡ˆ—•‹‰ –‘ ‘„‡› –Š‡ Ɔmanhene’s ƒŽŽǤ › –Š‡‹”
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠ Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘˜‡–‘ „‡
•–—„„‘” ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ ’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡Ǥ Š‹• •–—„„‘”‡•• ‹• •‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ” ‘ˆ
†‹•”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ  –‡”• ‘ˆ ’”‘ Žƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Žǡ
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ • Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ȋ ‘Š Ǥ ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ
ͳͻ͹ͺǣʹͲͶȌ „—– ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡‡•• ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ •–—„„‘”‡•• ƒ• †‡’‹ –‡† „›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• Ž‹‡ ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠǤ ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡‡•• ƒ•
•—‰‰‡•–‡† „› ƒ ”–Š—” Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ‘” ‘‹–‡– ‘‡
ƒ––ƒ Š‡• –‘ †‘‹‰ •‘‡–Š‹‰ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ ’”‘ Žƒƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ Š‹• ‹•
†‡˜‘‹† ‘ˆ ‹•—Ž–• ‘” ƒ––ƒ • ƒ† †‹•”‡•’‡ – ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ  –Š‡‹” ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡‡••ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ —•‡
’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘ ‘” „‡ ’‡”•—ƒ•‹˜‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ —•‡ ˆ‘” ‡ ‘” ‹•—Ž–• ƒ† ƒ––ƒ • ‘”
„‡‹‰ •–—„„‘”Ǥ Š‹Ž‡• ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘ ƒ––”ƒ –• ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”–• –‘ Š‡ƒ” –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Žƒ†„‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†ǡ•–—„„‘”‡••”ƒ–Š‡”†”‹˜‡•’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”–•ƒ™ƒ›
ˆ”‘ Š‡ƒ”‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† –‘ „‡ ‘˜‡”–‡†Ǥ DzŠ‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”›dzǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘
‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ ȋͳͻͻͳǣͺ͹Ȍǡ Dz‹• ƒ ’‡”•—ƒ†‡† ƒ ’‡”•—ƒ†‹‰ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥdz •
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‘†ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–‹’‡”•—ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ


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4.6.8. Problematic Representatives

 ”‹’–—”‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ”‡
ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”•ˆ‘”Š”‹•–Ǥ͵͹ͳ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡›”‡’”‡•‡–Š”‹•–‘‡ƒ”–Šƒ†
‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’Žƒ ‡•Ǥ  Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ
™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠ“—‘–‡† ‡”‡‹ƒŠʹʹǣͳ–‘„—––”‡••–Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ†•‡–
Š‹–‘•’‡ƒ–‘–Š‡ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•
‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‡’–‡† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ‘†ǯ• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•
ƒ† ƒ• •— Š •’‡ƒ‘ ‘†ǯ• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ͵͹ʹ • ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ ‘† –ƒ•‡† –‘
’”‘ Žƒ‹–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž–‘—„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•—•–„‡ƒ”‹‹†–Šƒ––Š‡‹”
ƒ––‹–—†‡• •’‡ƒ ˜‘Ž—‡• ƒ„‘—– ‘†Ǥ • ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‘†ǡ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘
‘”˜‹‡™ƒ„‘—––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹‰Š–„‡–ƒ‡‘”
‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ ‘†ǯ• ˜‹‡™•Ǥ Š‡‹” ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹‰Š– ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰
‘†ǯ•ƒ––‹–—†‡–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡–™‘ƒ†•‘ ‘†‹‰Š–„‡•‡‡–‘„‡ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ • ‹ •‘ ȋͳͻͺͶǣͳͶȌ ’—–• ‹–ǡ
Dz‹– •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ ‹•‹‰Š– ‹–‘ ‘‡ǯ• –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› –Š”‘—‰Š ‘‡ǯ•
‘†‡‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘‹•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥdz ‘†™Š‘–Š‡›”‡’”‡•‡–‹•’‘”–”ƒ›‡†
ƒ• •Š‘™‹‰ Šƒ–”‡† ‘” †‹•Ž‹‡ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ Šƒƒ
ƒ†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡƒ••Š‹•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•–‘†‘•ƒ‡Ǥ


Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘•–‹–—–‡• ’”‘„Ž‡ƒ–‹  ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ• –Š‡
”‡ƒ–‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š—ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ǡ ƒ•
Š‘†‹ƒ Ǥ —›‡›‡„‡ ȋʹͲͳͳǣͺͶȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǯ• —Ž–—”‡ ‹• ƒ

͵͹ͳ ‡‡  ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ• ͷǣʹͲǡ DzŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ™‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ„ƒ••ƒ†‘”• ˆ‘” Š”‹•–ǡ ‘† ƒ‹‰ Š‹•

ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š—•Ǥ‡‹’Ž‘”‡›‘—‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆŠ”‹•–ǡ„‡”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡–‘ ‘†ǤdzȋȌǤ

͵͹ʹƒ›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”• Šƒ˜‡‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†Šƒ˜‡ƒ––‡•–‡†–‘–Š‡

˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘†ǯ• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† ƒ• •— Š ‘”‡ ‹• ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹‹•–‡”‹‰–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘”˜‹‡™ƒ‘‰ƒ›‹•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡›
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡•‡–„› ‘†–‘–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒˆ‘”ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’—”’‘•‡Ǥ
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—‹“—‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹‡™ ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– Š—ƒ „‡‹‰• ƒ‘– „‡
Ǯ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ǯˆ”‘–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡†‡‹ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‹•‹•–‘’‘”–”ƒ› ‘†ƒ•ƒ–‹Ǧ
—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡ƒ–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—–Š—ƒ —Ž–—”‡‹•
‰‘‘† ƒ† —•– „‡ ƒ ‡’–‡† ™‹–Š‘—– “—‡•–‹‘‹‰Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘‡ ‹‰Š– ‘– „‡ ˆƒ” ˆ”‘ ’‘•–—Žƒ–‹‰ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘† ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‹ ‡
–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ›‘–™ƒ– ‘†–‘„‡–ƒ‰‰‡†ƒ••— Š–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”
ƒ Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ––‹–—†‡‘”ƒ•Š‹ˆ–‹–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


– ‹• ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• •—ˆˆ‡”‡†
•‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ––ƒ • ƒ† ƒ„—•‡ ˆ”‘ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆ”‘–•Ǥ ŽŽ •— Š
ƒ––ƒ •™‡”‡‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡š–‹ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘
Ž‡ƒ”–Šƒ–•‘‡’ƒ•–‘”•‹‡ Š‹ƒ‡˜‡’”ƒ›ƒ†™‹•Šˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‹ –‹‘‘”
ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š‹‰‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ •’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ––ƒ •–Š‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ Šƒ• ‘–‹—‡† –‘ –Š”‹˜‡ „› ’”‘˜‹‰ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– ƒ† ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰ ™‹†‡
’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ȋ‹ •‘ǡʹͲͲͲǣͳͶ͵ǦͳͶͶǢ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡʹͲͳʹǣʹͷͳȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‹–›‹•
–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘–‹—‡–‘ –Š”‹˜‡„› ”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰™‹†‡
’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Š‡ Š—” Š ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• –Š‹•
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ† ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡• ‹–• ‹••‹‘ ‡–Š‘†• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• –Š‡ „‡––‡” ˆ‘” „‘–Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡
‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• Ž‘‰ ’ƒ•–Ǥ Š‡ †›ƒ‹ • ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ Šƒ˜‡
Šƒ‰‡†ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡† ‘™ ‹• ƒ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰› –Šƒ– ˜ƒŽ—‡• Š—ƒ
†‹‰‹–› ƒ† •‡‡• –‘ ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡•Ǥ

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CHAPTER 5

5.0. ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN PENTECOSTALS AND THE

FCCQ
5.1. Introduction
 –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‘•‹†‡”• –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘ ‡„”ƒ ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ‰‹˜‡•
ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡
‰‡‡•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•„‡‹‰—•‡†ǡ
–Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ –Š‡‹” ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ –‘”• ™Š‹ Š ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† –Š‡‹”
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•‘”™Šƒ––Š‡’Žƒ›‡”••‡‡–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡Ǥ ƒŽ•‘
ƒ”‰—‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– ‰‘‡•
„‡›‘† •‘Ž˜‹‰ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‡†• „› –ƒ‹‰ ƒ Ž‘‘ ƒ–
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯ ™Š‹ Š ‹ › ˜‹‡™ †‘‡• „‡––‡” –Šƒ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ„›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹• „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•ǡƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•
ƒ†—‡‡•ȋ ȌǤ͵͹͵


Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǤŠ‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ•„‡‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†ƒ•Dz‹–”ƒǦ
ˆƒ‹–Šdz™Š‹ Š‹•†‹•–‹ –ˆ”‘ƒDz‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Šdz‘”Dz‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•dz‡ ‘—–‡”ǤŠ‹•
‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  •Šƒ”‡ •‹‹Žƒ”
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Šǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ ‡•—• Š”‹•–ǡ ƒ† „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•

͵͹͵Š‡ Šƒ•„‡‡†‹• —••‡†ˆ—ŽŽ›‹–Š‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ

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„‘†›ǡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ”‡ Š—” Š Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ”‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ––‡†ƒ–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ Dz‹–‡”Ǧˆƒ‹–Šdz
‡ ‘—–‡”™Š‹ Š‹˜‘Ž˜‡•‡„‡”•ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„ƒ ‰”‘—†•ǤŠ‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ˜‹‡™ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• ’‡‘’Ž‡
™Š‘ˆ‡Ž–ƒ”‰‹ƒŽ‹œ‡†‘”ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†„›–Š‡ Š—” Š†—‡–‘–Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‹‡†–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡›
’”‘ˆ‡•• –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ƒ”‡ †—Ž› ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† ƒ† ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡† ƒ• Š—” Š
‡„‡”•Ǥ Š‡‹” ‘˜‹ –‹‘ ‹• –Šƒ– ‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
’‘•‹–‹‘•‘””‘Ž‡•–Š‡›•–‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ•–ƒ‡‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ


5.2. The Pentecostal Players or Participants

Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ‹ Ž—†‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† ‡Ž†‡”• ˆ”‘
–Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  •–”ƒ†• ‘” ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘• ‹
ŠƒƒǤ –Š‹••–—†›–Š‡›ƒ”‡•‹’Ž›”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡’Žƒ›‡”•
ƒ”‡ ‘™ ‘” ƒŽŽ‡† „› –Š‡‹” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” †‹˜‹‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰ ƒ†Ȁ‘”
ˆ— –‹‘ǣ’ƒ•–‘”‘”‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‘”’”‘’Š‡–Ȁ’”‘’Š‡–‡••Ǥ


Figure 2: FCCQ's President (Nana Asa Akompanin) in cloth on the right and some Pentecostal pastors
(participants) dancing during their end of year (2015) get-together.

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 —„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—†‡”• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”‡† ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ™‹–Šƒˆ‡™‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ˜‹‰„”ƒ Š‡•‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡™‹–Š‹‘”™‹–Š‘—––Š‡
Ǥ–Š‡”•ƒ”‡‘–ˆ‘—†‡”•„—–Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•‹‡ Š‹ƒ
™‹–Š–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•‘—–•‹†‡‡ Š‹ƒǤ
Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡Ž†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡
‡Ž†‡”• †‘ ƒ ‘’ƒ› –Š‡ Š‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š
–Š‡‹”Š‡ƒ†• ‘‡‹ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•ǤŠ‡›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡Šƒ˜‡
–Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡”Ǥ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ƒ•„‘ƒ”†‘ˆƒ†˜‹•‡”•ƒ† ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ–Š‡”•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ
Š‡  ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ‹ ʹͲͲ͸ ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘Ž› –™‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’Žƒ›‡”• „—– –Š‡‹” —„‡” ”‘•‡ –‘ ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡ ‹ ʹͲͲ͹ȀʹͲͲͺǤ Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡•—„•‡“—‡–›‡ƒ”•‹••Š‘™‹–Š‡–ƒ„Ž‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
 ʹͲͳͲ ʹͲͳͳ ʹͲͳʹ ʹͲͳ͵ ʹͲͳͶ ʹͲͳͷ ʹͲͳ͸
‘Ǥ ʹͻ ͵ͷ ͵ʹ ͵Ͳ ͵Ͳ ͵Ͳ ͵ʹ
Table 1: Pentecostal Participants from 2010 to 2016. *No records for 2009.

5.3. Genesis of the Engagement

Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Šƒ––Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡
 •–ƒ”–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹ ʹͲͲ͸Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
‰‘– ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ƒ Dzƒ ‡†‘‹ƒ
‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz͵͹Ͷ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡›‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡‹”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ 
ƒ• ”‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Dzƒ ‡†‘‹ƒ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹”
‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ™ƒ• —’Žƒ‡† ˆ‘”Ǥ – ™ƒ• ‘–

͵͹Ͷ —•‡–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡Ǯƒ ‡†‘‹ƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǯ‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ—Žǯ•˜‹•‹‘‹ –•ͳ͸ǣ͸ǦͳͲǡ̶ǤǤ

Ǥ̶‘‡‘˜‡”–‘ƒ ‡†‘‹ƒƒ†Š‡Ž’—•̶ǤǤǤǤ̶
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‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ‘•‹†‡”‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”

ƒ† ’”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ —–‡† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ •–ƒ”–‹‰ ‹– Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‹˜‹–‡†
–™‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† •‘Ž† –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡‹” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
ƒ†‘”ƒŽ•—’’‘”–ǤŠ‡–™‘•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›”‡•’‘†‡†–‘Š‹• ƒŽŽƒ†ƒ ‡’–‡†
–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘Š‡Ž’ Š‹ „‡‰‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‘•‡™Š‘Œ‘‹‡† ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•
ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ ‡’–‡† –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹
”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘• ˆ”‘ ‡‹–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘” –Š‡‹”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•‘”’Žƒ›‡”•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ


Š‹• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹†‹”‡ – ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǯ•
ȋʹͲͳʹǣʹͷ͵Ȍ ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‡š–‡† ‹–• ‹••‹‘ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”••‘ƒ•–‘Š‡Ž’nananom™Š‘™ƒ––‘”‡•’‘†–‘ ‘†ǯ•Ž‘˜‡
–Š”‘—‰Š ‡•—• Š”‹•– †‘ •‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ †‹˜‹‡
‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•‹–‹••‡‡‹–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•
‘ˆ ‘†‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ ‘”–Š‡ǡ‹–™ƒ•ƒ†‹˜‹‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›™Š‹ Š™ƒ•
•‡”‹‘—•Ž› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ƒ† –ƒ‡Ǥ  Š‹• ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡•‘ˆ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–‘™ƒ”†•nananomƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‡˜Ǥ
Ǥ ƒƒ ‡••‡Š ƒ•‡† ”Š‡–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ DzŠ› †‘ ™‡ ƒ„ƒ†‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† •‡– ‘—– ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ –‘ —• ˆ‘” Š‡Ž’ǫ ˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡›
ȏnananomȐ ƒ”‡ ‘– •‹ ‡”‡ǡ •Š‘—Ž† ™‡ ȋ’ƒ•–‘”•Ȍ ‘– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‘” ‰‘ –‘
–Š‡ǫdz͵͹ͷ ‹ •‘ ȋʹͲͲͲǣͺ͸Ȍ Šƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ƒŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” ƒ •‡”‹‘—• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ˆ”‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹ ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›Ǥ Š‘—‰Š
—’Žƒ‡†ǡ–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–‘”‡•’‘†–‘•— Šƒ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š
Š”‹•–‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘†‘—„Ž‡ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ†Žƒ†‹•
–‘„‡ ”‡†‹–‡†ƒ•ƒƒ”‘ˆ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǤŠ‹• ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–› ‘—Ž†‹—”‡–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–
‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ

͵͹ͷ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
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5.4. The Level of Participation

Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž „‡–™‡‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†
‡„‡”•‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤŠ‹•
‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡ ‘—–‡”•–Šƒ––ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‘” ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• „‡–™‡‡ Š‡ƒ†• ‘” ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ͵͹͸ Š‡
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ‡ ‘—–‡” ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ‹ ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” †‡•‹”‡† ‰‘ƒŽ• ƒ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ǥ
—•ƒ Ǥ Š‹•–Ž‡–Š™ƒ‹–‡ ȋʹͲͳʹǣͳͻͷȌ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ Dz ”ƒ••”‘‘–•
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† †‘ ‘– ‡ƒ•‹Ž›
„‡ ‘‡ ‡–”‡ Š‡† ‹ › Ž‡• –Šƒ– ’‡”’‡–—ƒ–‡ ‘ˆŽ‹ – ƒ† ‹Œ—•–‹ ‡Ǥdz – ‹• ƒ
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––Šƒ–‹••‹–—ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š–‹”‡•’‘•‡–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
‡‡†• ‘” “—‡•–‹‘• ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ • ƒ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ ‹– ‹• ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘
ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ ‹–• ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ‘” ‰‘ƒŽ• „› ƒ†‘’–‹‰ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ› •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
Š‡› †‘ ‘– ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ› ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽ ‘” †‹•–”‹ – ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†›ǡ
‡‹–Š‡”ƒ”‡–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†„›•— Š„‘†‹‡•ǤŠ‡‹”•‹•‘––‘‡•’‘—•‡
ƒ› –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ‘” ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” „—– –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ •‘‡ „ƒ•‹  ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›™‘”ƒ„Ž‡‡–Š‘†•‹ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰”‡•—Ž–•Ǥ


5.5. Platforms for the Engagement

Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› „‡‡ —•‡† „› –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡ ǯ•
‡‡–‹‰–‹‡•ƒ†˜‡—‡•Ǣƒ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡•‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡
—ƒŽƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǡƒ†‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǣƒ†˜‹ƒ–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡ǤŠ‡ 
‡‡–• –™‘ –‹‡• ™‹–Š‹ ƒ ‘–ŠǤ Š‡•‡ ‡‡–‹‰• –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
˜‡—‡•ǣƒ––Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”‹‹–› ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ

͵͹͸ ‘”†‹• —••‹‘•‘‹–‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡ ‘—–‡”•‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡†—”‘‹ƒˆ‡ǡ –‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•

†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ† ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘””‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‹ ŠƒƒǤ

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Š—” Š ‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ ‘”‹”‘ •ƒ –—ƒ”› ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡  ƒŽ•‘
’Žƒ• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡• ‹ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‘” ‡‡–‹‰• ™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ–
˜‡—‡• ‘—–•‹†‡ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ͵͹͹ Š‡ ‡„‡”• ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡‹” ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰• ƒ•
‡‡–‹‰• –Š‘—‰Š •— Š ‡‡–‹‰• ƒ”‡ ‘– Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ™‡ŽŽ •–”— –—”‡† ‘” ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‘‡•™‹–Š”—Ž‡•ƒ†”‡‰—Žƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡‡‡–‹‰•ƒ”‡‘–Š‡Ž†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ›
™‹–ŠŽƒ›†‘™ƒ‰‡†ƒˆ‘”†‹• —••‹‘•„‡‹‰”‡‰—Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ Šƒ‹”ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡
•‡ ”‡–ƒ”›–ƒ‹‰‹—–‡•ǤŠ‡‰”‘—’”ƒ–Š‡”‡‡–•ˆ‘”’—”’‘•‡•‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’ƒ†
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‡‡–• –‘ ’”ƒ›ǡ •‹‰ ’”ƒ‹•‡•ǡ •Šƒ”‡
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘”–‡•–‹‘‹‡•ǡ‡šŠ‘”–‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”†‘ˆ ‘†ǡƒ†‰‹˜‡
‘‡›–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‡‹–•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ–•— Š
‡‡–‹‰• ‹• ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ ‘‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡‡–‹‰• ‹• Ž‹‡ –Š‡
‘‡ƒ–ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ™‘”•Š‹’•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ͵͹ͺ


‘”‡”Ž›ǡ–Š‡‰”‘—’—•‡†–‘ƒ––‡†ƒŽŽ‹‰Š–’”ƒ›‡”˜‹‰‹Ž‘”‡‡–‹‰™Š‡”‡–Š‡
’”‘‰”ƒƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡‹••‹‹Žƒ”–‘–Š‡‘”ƒŽ„‹‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ –™ƒ•
†‘‡‘”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ƒ––Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž•‘”–‡’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡•‡
†ƒ›• –Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ’—– ‘ Š‘Ž† †—‡ –‘ˆƒ–‹‰—‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
 ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‡ƒ˜› • Š‡†—Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ƒ† ‡š–‡†‡†
ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘” Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Œ‘„• ‘” ‘ —’ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• “—‹–‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› ƒ†‘’–‡† ƒ‘–Š‡” ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”
•‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ ‹‰Š– ˜‹‰‹ŽǤ Š‹• –‹‡ •‘‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’• Š‡†—Ž‡–‘˜‹•‹–‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•ƒŽ•‘‘”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•ǤŠ‹•
‹•†‘‡†—”‹‰–Š‡—†ƒ›™‘”•Š‹’•‡”˜‹ ‡•™Š‡”‡–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–•
‹• ‡˜‡ „‹‰‰‡”Ǥ Š‡ Š—” Š ‰‹˜‡• ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘
•’‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–• •‡ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –Š‡ ˜‹•‹‘ǡ ‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ‹• ƒ†

͵͹͹‡‡Šƒ’–‡”•‹šˆ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ Ǥ

͵͹ͺ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ •‡”˜‹ ‡• •‡‡ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ
Contemporary Pentecostal Christianityǡ’Ǥͳ͹Ǧ͵͵Ǥ
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‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ†–‘•‘Ž‹ ‹––Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–Ǥ‹•Š‘’ ‡‘”‰‡ ›ƒ•‹͵͹ͻ

ƒ†‹•Š‘’Š‘ƒ•‡„‘ƒŠˆƒ”‹͵ͺͲ™Š‘•‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•™‡”‡˜‹•‹–‡†„›–Š‡
‹ʹͲͳͶ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡‹” ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–•™‡”‡‡Žƒ–‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›
–‘ ™‘”•Š‹’ ™‹–Š •— Š ƒŽ‹„‡” ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ –Šƒ– ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” Š‡Ž’‡† –‘
‡”ƒ•‡ •‘‡ ‡””‘‡‘—• ‹’”‡••‹‘• –Š‡ ‡„‡”• Šƒ† ƒ„‘—– Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ† “—‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š–‘ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ†‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ–ƒ
’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’‡†–‘”ƒ‹•‡‘”‹ ”‡ƒ•‡–Š‡ ‘ˆ‹†‡ ‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’™Š‘˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹
Š‡Ž’‡†–‘„”‹‰•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆŠ‘’‡ƒ†ƒ••—”ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡Ǥ


–Š‡” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ˆ‘” –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ƒ† ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ǡ ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ǡ ƒ† Š—” Š
”‡Žƒ–‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ• •— Š ƒ• ƒ—ƒŽ ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ ‘” Šƒ”˜‡•–ǡ ‘‹••‹‘‹‰ǡ
‹†— –‹‘ƒ†‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡƒ†ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ‘–Š–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
ƒ† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  †‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ‹
ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ †‘ƒ–‹‘• –Š‡  ƒ• ƒ „‘†› †‘ƒ–‡• ƒ•Š –‘ –Š‡
„‡‡ˆ‹ ‹ƒ”‹‡• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘” ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡  ‘Ž›
ƒ––‡†• ƒ† †‘ƒ–‡• ƒ•Š ƒ– ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡–‹‘‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ• –Šƒ–
‘ ‡”• ‹–• ‡„‡”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ͵ͺͳ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡

͵͹ͻ ‹•Š‘’ ‡‘”‰‡ ›ƒ•‹ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ‡ˆ‘”‡† „‹†‡ ™‹–Š Š”‹•–

‹‹•–”›ǯ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ – ‹• ‘™ ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ”Žƒ ‡ ƒ• Ǯƒ–ƒ ™—”ƒ†‡ǯǤ –‡”˜‹‡™‡† ‘
ͳͳȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
͵ͺͲ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ
͵ͺͳ ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ˆ‹–‡†ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘–Š‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ”‹–‡•‘ˆ›Žƒ–‡‘–Š‡”‹

—‡ʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
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‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ™‡– –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ ‹Ž‡ „› ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡„‡” ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ǥ͵ͺʹ


Š‡ —ƒŽ Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ
Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› —•‡† ƒ• ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’Žƒ›‡”•†‘˜‹•‹–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ––Š‡‹”’ƒŽƒ ‡•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›’”ƒ›™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‡šŠ‘”––Š‡
™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‘”† ‘ˆ ‘†ǡ †‘ƒ–‡ ƒ•Š –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡
ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡ ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡› ˜‹•‹– –Š‡
’ƒŽƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› –‘ ’”ƒ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž
–Š‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹•‹–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒƒŠ ‘„„‹ƒǡ
‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•–‘‘ˆˆ‡”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡–‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘”‹–‡”ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡‘ƒ’‡”•‘ƒŽǡ‘‡Ǧ‘Ǧ‘‡ǡ„ƒ•‹•Ǥ͵ͺ͵‘–Š‡”
’Žƒ–ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› —•‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ –Š‡  ‘ ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ „ƒ•‹• ‹• –Š‡
–‡Ž‡’Š‘‡Ǥ Š‡› †‘ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ› ƒŽŽ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‘ ’Š‘‡ –‘
’”ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ ‘‡
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ †‘ ”‡ ‹’”‘ ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ‰‡•–—”‡ „› ƒŽŽ‹‰ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• –‘ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ – ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „›
‹•Š‘’Š‘ƒ•‡„‘ƒŠˆƒ”‹Ǥ͵ͺͶ


5.6. Functions of the Pentecostal Participants

Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•’‡”ˆ‘”‘‡ƒŒ‘”ˆ— –‹‘‹–Š‡‹”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š
–Š‡ ǣ ƒŽƒ ‡ ’”‘’Š‡–•Ȁ’”‘’Š‡–‡••‡• ‘” ’”‘’Š‡–•Ȁ’”‘’Š‡–‡••‡•
”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǤŠ‹•

͵ͺʹ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”•‹šˆ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Š‘™–Š‡ —•‡†•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•

ƒ•ƒ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥ
͵ͺ͵ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒƒŠ ‘„„‹ƒ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ‘‰›ƒ „‹ ƒ•ƒǯ ȋŠ‡

Ž‘‘†’‡ƒ•Ȍ‹‹•–”›‹‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͹ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
͵ͺͶ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ͲͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ
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ˆ— –‹‘‹•ƒ‹–‘–Šƒ–‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„›•‘‡ •”ƒ‡Ž‹–‡’”‘’Š‡–•™Š‘‹‹•–‡”‡†‹

–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ•”‡’‘”–‡†‹–Š‡Ž†‡•–ƒ‡–Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡’”‘’Š‡–•ƒ”‡
ƒ—‡Ž ƒ† ƒ–Šƒ ™Š‘ ‹‹•–‡”‡† –‘ ‹‰• ƒ—Ž ƒ† ƒ˜‹† †—”‹‰ –Š‡‹”
”‡‹‰•‹ •”ƒ‡ŽǤŠ‡•–—†›ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡••‘‡‹‘”‘”’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ
ˆ— –‹‘•ƒ••Š‘™Žƒ–‡”‹–Š‹••‡ –‹‘Ǥ•’ƒŽƒ ‡’”‘’Š‡–•Ȁ’”‘’Š‡–‡••‡•ǡ–Š‡›
‘‡‹–‘–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ ‘†™‹–Šƒ•’‡ ‹ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡Ǥ
–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™Š‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† ‘”
‹–‡”’”‡––Š‡‹”’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ ‘†ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•ƒ‡ǤŠ‡›–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‡†‹ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡ ‘†ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
 ƒ– „‘–Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ Š‡› ‡†‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ƒ†
ƒ••—”ƒ ‡‘ˆ ‘†ƒ•„‡ƒ”‡”•‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘Š‡Ž’‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ”•‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ•
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ ‘†ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†—–›–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›ƒ†Š‡Ž’ ƒ””›‘—– ‘†ǯ•
’—”’‘•‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡‡–‹”‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ


Š‡› ‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘– ‘Ž› ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
™‹–Š–Š‡ „—–ƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ‘”‘–Š‡Žƒ†Ǥ••— Š–Š‡›Ž‡ƒ†
–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”•‡••‹‘•†—”‹‰–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•‡‡–‹‰•ǤŠ‹•”‘Ž‡‹•”‡•‡”˜‡†ˆ‘”
–Š‡ –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ•  Šƒ˜‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ ‘—” ‘”
‘”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ••‹‰‡† –‘ Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡ ‹–‡” ‡••‘”› ’”ƒ›‡” •‡••‹‘ ™‹–Š
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹ƒ„Ž‡’”ƒ›‡”–‘’‹ •ǤŠ‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”’”ƒ›‡”–‘’‹ †‘‡•‘–’”ƒ›
ƒŽ‘‡ „—– –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ Œ‘‹• Š‹ ‘” Š‡” –‘ ’”ƒ› ƒ• Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ‹–”‘†— ‡• ‘”
‡–‹‘•–Š‡–‘’‹ Ǥ͵ͺͷŠ‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ••‹‰•–Š‹•ƒ†‘–Š‡””‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•–‘
–Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ’”‘„ƒ„Ž› „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”–‹•‡ ‹ –Š‘•‡
ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ––Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ž‡˜‡Ž

͵ͺͷ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’–‡”•‹šȋ͸Ȍˆ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•̵”‘Ž‡ƒ––Š‡‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ

–Š‡ Ǥ
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‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•ƒŽ•‘’”ƒ›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ‡„‡”•
‹ –Š‡‹” Š‘‡• ‡‹–Š‡” ‘ ’Š‘‡ ‘” „› „‡‹‰ ’”‡•‡–Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ˜‹•‹– –Š‡
‡„‡”• ‘ ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• –‘ ’”ƒ› ™‹–Š –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‹• –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ƒ† •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ†–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–Š‡–‘”‡ƒ‹”‡•‘Ž—–‡‹–Š‡‹”Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ


Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‡••ƒ‰‡• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ†
’‡”•‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡Ž•ǤŠ‡•‡‡••ƒ‰‡• ‘‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’”‘’Š‡ ‹‡•ƒ†™‘”†‘ˆ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ”‡ˆ”‘ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡›ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡
‡†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ‡••ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡„‘†›
ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ† †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ   ͳʹ–Š
‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͳͶǡ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ›†‹ƒ ’‘•ƒŠǡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ ‘† ‘ˆ
‘†‡”• ”ƒ›‡” ‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ ’”‘’Š‡•‹‡† ‘†ǯ•
ƒ••—”ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ‹– •ŠƒŽŽ „‡ ˆ‹”Ž› ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡
‡„‡”••Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ‹•–‡ƒ†ˆƒ•–ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ– ‘†Ž‹‰Š–›™‹ŽŽˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽŠ‹•
™‘”†Ǥ͵ͺ͸ʹ͹–Š—‰—•–ǡʹͲͳͶǡ–Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ‘–Š‡”’”‘’Š‡ ›ˆ”‘ ‘† Šƒ”‰‹‰
–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’–‘‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡ƒ–‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡
ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ፭manhene’s’ƒŽƒ ‡‘”–Š‡‘—‹–›‡–”‡‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ͵ͺ͹
Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Žƒ–‡”• Š‡†—Ž‡†–Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡–‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ˆ”‘ͳͺ –Š
–‘ ʹͲ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͳͷǤ  ʹͷ–Š ‘˜‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͷǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ›‡– ƒ‘–Š‡”
’”‘’Š‡ › †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‡˜Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ ƒ”ˆ‘ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ
‡•–‹›Šƒ‰‹‰‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ„‘–Š‡”‹‰‘ƒ—„‡” ‘ˆ’‡”–‹‡–
‹••—‡•ƒ•”‡ ‘”†‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ
 ƒ –Š‡ ‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹‰•Ǥ › ‹‰†‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‡˜‡” ‘‡ –‘ ƒ ‡†Ǥ
‡ ƒ—•‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†‡†›‘—”‹‰•Š‹’‘˜‡”–‘‡ ™‹ŽŽ–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡

͵ͺ͸‡ ‘”†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡ƒ†”‡ ‘”†•„‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ͳʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ

͵ͺ͹‡ ‘”†‡†‹–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡ƒ†”‡ ‘”†•„‘‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
226
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‘ˆ ›‘— ƒ† ƒ‡ ›‘— ‰”‡ƒ–Ǥ ƒ•–‘”• ™Š‘ —•‡ ‡˜‹Ž •’‹”‹–• ™‹ŽŽ „‡
Œ—†‰‡†ƒ––Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡–‹‡ǡ„—–›’‡ƒ ‡ǡ•–”‡‰–Šǡ•‹‰•ƒ†
‹”ƒ Ž‡• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ™‹–Š ‘” ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ‘‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡˜‹Ž ‘‡
ȋ–Š‡†‡˜‹ŽȌŠƒ•’Žƒ‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ›„—– Šƒ˜‡‘˜‡” ‘‡Š‹Ǥ›
’‡ƒ ‡ǡ‰Ž‘”›ƒ†„Ž‡••‹‰„‡™‹–Š›‘—Ǥ͵ͺͺ


‘” –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‡––‘•–”‹˜‡ƒŠ‡ƒ†‘™‹‰‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–Š‡”‹‰Š–
‘—”•‡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡Œ‘›‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ—ŽŽ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ Š‡› •‡‡ ‹– ‘”‡
”‡ˆ”‡•Š‹‰ –‘ Š‡ƒ” ‘†ǯ• ˜‘‹ ‡ ƒ† ‡••ƒ‰‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ’”‘’Š‡ ›ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹
˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡›ˆƒ ‡‹–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ†ƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ǥ


Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘” ‘–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’Š‡ › ™ƒ•
†‹”‡ –‡† ƒ– –Š‡ Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒ ’”‘’Š‡ › –Š”‘—‰Š ’‘•–Ž‡
‘ •‘ •ƒƒ ƒ™ƒŠ”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ͳͷ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͳʹǡ–Šƒ–‰‘Ž†™‘—Ž†„‡
†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ


• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ‰ƒ‹ †‡Ž‹˜‡” •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ 
‡••ƒ‰‡•–‘•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ’‡”•‘•™‹–Š‹–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡•‡‡••ƒ‰‡•
™‡”‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ† †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘• ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•
‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ‘ʹ͹–Š —Ž›ǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ‘‡Žƒ†›–‘‘–Š‡‹ ”‘’Š‘‡ƒ†
†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ –‘ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡
–Šƒ–Š‹•‹‹•–”›‰‘‡•„‡›‘†‡ Š‹ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘†Šƒ•‘”†ƒ‹‡†Š‹
–‘’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‡Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡ƒ†–Š‡–‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‘–Š‡‡–‹”‡™‘”Ž†ǡƒ†
–Šƒ– ‘†Šƒ• ’”‘‹•‡† –‘ •ƒ˜‡ ‘–Š‡” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹Ǥ͵ͺͻ–Š‡”

͵ͺͺ‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ›‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–ƒ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ʹͷȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͷǤ

͵ͺͻ‡ ‘”†‡†ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ›‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘•ƒ–ƒ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘ʹ͹ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
227
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–‹‡• –‘‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡• ™‡”‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘• ‘ ‡”‡† ƒ– –Š‡‹”
’ƒŽƒ ‡ ƒ• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒƒŠ ‘„„‹ƒ ™Š‘ ‘† •‡– –‘
†‡Ž‹˜‡” Š‹• ‡••ƒ‰‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ– Š‘‡Ǥ͵ͻͲ Š‹•
Šƒ’’‡‡†ƒ––Š‡‹‹–‹ƒŽ•–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ ‘†ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘”‘’Š‡–‡••
‘„„‹ƒǡ Šƒ† ƒ•‡† –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡” –‘ ˜‹•‹– ‘‡ ’”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒ”ƒŠ ƒ– ‘ƒ ‹ –Š‡
”‘‰ Šƒˆ‘ ˆ‘” Š‡” –‘ Žƒ› Š‡” Žƒ†• ‘ Š‹ ƒ† ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” Š‹Ǥ Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”
‘„Ž‹‰‡†ƒ††‹†ƒ ‘”†‹‰Ž›Ǥ
–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–‹–‹•–Š‡†—–›‘ˆ
Š—” Š‡• ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”• –‘ ’”ƒ› ƒ† ‹ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡• ˆ”‘ ‘† ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ƒ• ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ Dz ˆ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† ’ƒ•–‘”• ’”ƒ› ˆ‘”
Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡•ǡ ‘†™‹ŽŽ‰‹˜‡–Š‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡••ƒ‰‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•Ȁ“—‡‡•Ǥdz


‘–Š‡” •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡
ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž‹‰ –‘ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡› †‘ •‘ „› –‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡ ƒ† –Š‡‹”
–‡ƒ Š‹‰• ƒ”‡ • ”‹’–—”ƒŽŽ› „ƒ•‡†Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹˜‹–‡• ‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ Šƒ†Ž‡ –Š‹• ƒ•’‡ – †—”‹‰ ‹–• ‡‡–‹‰ „—– –Š‡ ‰”‡ƒ–‡”
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ˆƒŽŽ•‘–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ


Š‡›ƒŽ•‘‘ˆˆ‡”Š‡Ž’‹–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ƒ†‡š‡ —–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ•‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•

‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡› ’”‘˜‹†‡ –‡ Š‹ ƒŽ ‘™Š‘™ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ‘—–”‡ƒ Š ’”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‹• ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ’”‘‰”ƒ –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ —•‹‰
–Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ƒ‡Ž› ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‡„‡”•ǡ ‘  •–ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ†
‘’‡Ǧƒ‹”ǤŠ‡‹”ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‘”–ƒ”‰‡–‰”‘—’‹ Ž—†‡•’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ† Š—” ŠŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•™Š‘ƒ”‡‘Ǧ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”‘Ǧ
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‹• –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘Ǧ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š‡• –‘ Œ‘‹ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡

͵ͻͲ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͹ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
228
 Engagement

‘Ǧ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ –‘Œ‘‹–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘Ǧ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•

–‘„‡ ‘‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•Ǥ
5.7. Factors for Pentecostal Discretion
—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”• ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ Ž—†‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǤ Š‡•‡
ˆƒ –‘”• •Š‘™ Š‘™ †‹• ”‡‡– –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹ ‡š‡ —–‹‰ –Š‡‹”
‹••‹‘ƒ†ƒ–‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘•–
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ


5.7.1. Historical
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ƒŒ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‹
”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ––‡”̵•‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–Ǥ‡˜Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ƒ”ˆ‘‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‡›Šƒ˜‡
Ž‡ƒ”–ƒ††‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡•—’’‘”–•‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ•‰ƒ˜‡–‘•‘‡‡ƒ”Ž›Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‹ Šƒƒ ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ •‘‡ Š—” Š‡•
‹–Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ͵ͻͳ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ†Š‡”
ˆƒ‹” •Šƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹‹–› ƒ†Ȁ‘” •—’’‘”– ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† „› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–• ƒ– „‘–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž• Šƒ˜‡
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ’Žƒ›‡† ƒ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ‘–‹˜ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ


5.7.2. Social
™‘•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡•Š‹ˆ––‘™ƒ”†•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š
–Š‡ ƒ”‡–Š‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–‘ˆƒ‰ƒ’‘”‰—Žˆ„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ƒ†nananom
ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†–‘„”‹†‰‡–Šƒ–‰ƒ’Ǣƒ†–Š‡‡‡†–‘‡•—”‡ ‘–‹—‹–›‹•‘ ‹ƒŽ–‹‡•

͵ͻͳ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘ȋʹȌǡ—†‡”̵ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š̵Ǥ

229
 Engagement

ƒ‘‰ ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ƒ† ƒ–‹˜‡• –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ Šƒ• †‡’”‹˜‡† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ƒ “—ƒ‹– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
–ƒ”‰‡–‡† ƒ—†‹‡ ‡Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –Šƒ– –Š‡
‹†‡ƒŽ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ‘—Ž† ˆ— –‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ƒ• ‡••‡‰‡”• ‘” „‡ƒ”‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž ‹ –Š‡‹” Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–› ‹• –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‹• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰ƒ’Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘””‡Žƒ–‹‘
„‡–™‡‡ ‰ƒ‹‹‰ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡• ‘ˆ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡
’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆƒ‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –ǡ‹ •‘ȋͳͻͺͶǣʹʹͺȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–—•–„‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡Ǧ ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•‘ˆŠ‹•
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǣ Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•– ‹ ‡ ‘‘‹ • ‘”
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ• ‹‡ ‡‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǡ‡– ǡ„—–Š‡—•–„‡•—ˆˆ‹ ‹‡–Ž›
‘˜‡”•ƒ–™‹–Š•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒ† —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ––‡”••‘
ƒ•–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡Š‹•Š‡ƒ”‡”•–‘Š‡ƒ”Š”‹•–ǡŒ—•–ƒ•‹Š”‹•–†ƒ›•‹‰•ǡ
ˆ‹•Š‡”‡ǡ–ƒšǦ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‘”•ǡ’”‘•–‹–—–‡•ǡ‡– ǡ™‡”‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡†„›Š‹Ǥ
‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ Ǯƒ ‡†‘‹ƒ ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǯ „› –Š‡  ™ƒ• —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ
‰‘‘† ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• ‘–
‘Ž›Š‡Ž’‡†–‘ Ž‘•‡–Š‡‰ƒ’ƒ†•–”‡‰–Š‡–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡„—–
‹– Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ „”‘ƒ†‡ –Š‡‹” Š‘”‹œ‘ ƒ† ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘•–Ǥ –Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒˆˆ‘”†‡†–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ™‹–‡•• –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘™ƒ”†•
–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ͵ͻʹ


‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ǡ ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ† ˜‹‡™‡† –Š‡
™‡ƒ”‹‰‘ˆˆ‡ƒŽ‡†”‡••„››‘—‰ƒŽ‡•™Š‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡Apoͻˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ

͵ͻʹ‡‡–Š‡‡š–•‡ –‹‘ˆ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ

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ƒ• †‡‘‹  ƒ† ƒ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǡ „—– –Š‹• ˜‹‡™ Šƒ‰‡† ƒˆ–‡” ‰ƒ‹‹‰
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ Ǥ ‡ ‘™ —†‡”•–ƒ†• –Šƒ– •— Š
†”‡••‹‰• ‡ƒ„Ž‡† –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–• –‘ †‹•‰—‹•‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• •‘ ƒ• –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† „‡‹‰
‘–‹ ‡† „› ‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ǡ ’‘•–Ž‡
‘ •‘ ƒŽ•‘ †‘—„–‡† –Š‡ ‰‡—‹‡‡•• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• –‘ „‡ ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—Ž
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• „—– –Š‹• ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡† ƒˆ–‡”™ƒ”†•Ǥ ‘” ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ‘„„‹ƒǡ
•Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ›–Š‹‰ –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• „‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡›Ž‘‘‡†ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž„—––Š‹•’‡” ‡’–‹‘ Šƒ‰‡†™Š‡–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”
‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹˜‹–‡†Š‡”ƒ†‹–”‘†— ‡†Š‡”–‘–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ
Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ’‘‹– –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ™”‘‰
’‡” ‡’–‹‘•ƒ†’”‡Œ—†‹ ‡•Ǥ


—”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡
‘—‹–›‘”‡˜‹”‘‡–™‹–Šnananomƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹•
ƒŽ•‘ ‘”†‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –™‘ •‹†‡•Ǥ ›–Š‹‰ —–‘™ƒ”† ‘—Ž†
Œ‡‘’ƒ”†‹œ‡ –Š‹• ‘”†‹ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† nananom ƒ†
ƒ†Š‡”‡–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‘”‡‡†–‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Š‹• ‘”†‹ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Šƒ•
’ƒ”–Ž› ‘–”‹„—–‡†–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ Ǥ 
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›™ƒ––‘”‡ƒ‹•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ


‡”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ ‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›‹•‹–••‘ ‹ƒŽ

‡–™‘”‘”–‹‡•Ǥ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ƒ†‡š–‡†‡†ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†
–”‹„‡ƒ”‡•‘ ‹ƒŽŽ›Ž‹‡†–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ͵ͻ͵Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›•›•–‡™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹•— Šƒ
™ƒ› –Šƒ– ‡„‡”• Ž‹˜‡† ƒ† †‹† –Š‹‰• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ Žƒ”‰‡ ‘’‘—† Š‘—•‡•Ǥ

͵ͻ͵ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡‹‡ Š‹ƒ•‡‡‡‹•Ǥƒ””‡ǡ

The Techiman Bono of Ghanaǡ’ǤʹͲˆǤ

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Š‡”‡‹•ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ†•Šƒ”‡†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›ƒ‘‰‡„‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‡‡š–‡†‡†ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡•‡†ƒ›•ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ†‘†‡”‹–›
Šƒ˜‡ †‡‹‡† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ –
”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• •‘‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ †‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡š–‡†‡† ˆƒ‹Ž› Ž‡˜‡Ž
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘Ž› Š‘’‡ ‘ˆ ”‡‡†› ‹• –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡•‡–™‘ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Šƒ˜‡‘™„‡ ‘‡ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘””ƒŽŽ›‹‰
‘”„”‹‰‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•–‘‰‡–Š‡”–‘”‡‡™•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†ˆ”‹‡†•Š‹’–‹‡•ǤŠ‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡—ƒŽApoͻƒ†Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒ„›†‹˜‹•‹‘•
Šƒ•‡˜‡‰‹˜‡‘”‡‹’‡–—•–‘–Š‡”‡‡™ƒŽ‘ˆ•‘ ‹ƒŽ–‹‡•Ǥ‡„‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡
‘–‘™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘” ‘–‡–ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–ƒ›‡ƒ”Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘
‡‡– ƒ† •Šƒ”‡ ‘‘ ‡ƒŽ• –‘‰‡–Š‡” †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ ƒ•–‘”
‘Žƒ† ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‡•—”‡† –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ˜‡”› •–”‘‰
•‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡–™‘” ˆ‘” ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‘—ƒŽ Ž‹˜‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ Š ™ƒ• Š‹• ‘” Š‡”
‡‹‰Š„‘”ǯ• ‡‡’‡” ƒ† –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• „”‘—‰Š– –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆƒ‹Ž›
‡„‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ™ƒ›–‘ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š‘–Š‡”—‘™
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š–‡†‡† ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ ‘” ‡˜Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ›‡”‡‡Šǡ Dz–Š‡ Apoͻ ƒ†
Bayedie ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• „”‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ˆ”‘ ˆƒ” ƒ† ‡ƒ” ˆ‘” ƒ “—ƒ‹–ƒ ‡•
ƒ†ˆ‡ƒ•–‹‰ǤŠ‘•‡™Š‘‹‰Š–‘–‡˜‡‘™–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ•”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ †‘ •‘Ǥdz Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •— Š ƒ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡
‹†‹‰‡‡• Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǥ Š‹• †‘‡•
‘– ‡ƒ –Šƒ– ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› –‹‡• ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ‡‡–Ǥ 
Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡•‹•
–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ•‘‡‘–Š‡”‘ ƒ•‹‘•‹„”‹‰‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”•
™‹–Š†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š•Ǥ͵ͻͶ


͵ͻͶ‡‡–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ƒ†’”‘„Ž‡•–ƒ–‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
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5.7.3. Cultural
 –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡– —’ǡ ‹– ‹• —Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› ‘– ’”—†‡– ‡‹–Š‡” ‹• ‹–
ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ƒ†˜‹•‡ƒ‡Ž†‡”Ž›’‡”•‘‹’—„Ž‹ Ǥ —‹†‡†„›–Š‹• ‘˜‡–‹‘ǡ‘
‘‡ƒ‡•ƒ›ƒ––‡’––‘ƒ†˜‹•‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”Ž‡–ƒŽ‘‡ƒ––ƒ ‹‰–Š‡
‹ ’—„Ž‹ Ǥ‡˜Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ ƒ”ˆ‘ ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‹• „›‹†‹ ƒ–‹‰–Šƒ– –Š‡  •–ƒ–‹‘ ‹•
‘––Š‡ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”—–‘„‡—•‡†–‘ƒ††”‡••nananomǤŠ‡‘Ž›‡š ‡’–‹‘
‹‡ Š‹ƒ‹•†—”‹‰–Š‡—ƒŽApoͻ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ•–Š‡•–—†›Šƒ••Š‘™‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Ǥ
‘‹‰•‘‘ƒ›‘–Š‡”†ƒ›‘”‘ ƒ•‹‘‹‰Š–„‡ ‘—–‡”’”‘†— –‹˜‡Ǥ


‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽˆƒ –‘”™Š‹ Š™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡†‹• ”‡‡–‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ

ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡  ‹• –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ† •–ƒ–—• ‘” ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –Šƒ– Žƒ† ‹ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› ‘” ƒ”‡ƒ ‹• ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž Žƒ† ƒ† –Šƒ–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• Š‘Ž† •— Š Žƒ†• ‹ –”—•– ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡Ž‡‰ƒŽƒ† —•–‘ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ–‡–‘†‘ƒ•–Š‡›’Ž‡ƒ•‡™‹–ŠŽƒ†
—†‡” –Š‡‹” Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– Žƒ† •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ
”‡˜‡—‡ ƒ† ’‘™‡” ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡
†‡ ‹†‡†–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Šnananomǡ”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ–ƒ‰‘‹œ‹‰–Š‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”‘—–‘ˆ
”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”nananomƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†‘™Š‹ Š–Š‡›Ž‹˜‡‘”‘—–‘ˆˆ‡ƒ”
‘ˆ nananom —•‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ƒ‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ — ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡Ǥ Š‹•ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–nananom—•‡–Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‹†‹• ”‹‹ƒ–‡Ž›‘”
ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”‹Ž›Ǥ


 •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Šƒ–ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‡”‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› —Ž–—”ƒŽ
ˆƒ –‘”• –‘ „‡ †‹• ”‡‡– –‘™ƒ”†• nananomǤ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡–‘ƒ†ƒ’––‘–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Š‘•–•‘ ‹‡–›Š‡ ‡–Š‡
•Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ǡ „› –Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ

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‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†”‡•’‡ –ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡

Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›
ˆ”‘™•‘†‹•”‡•’‡ ––‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ•ƒ•‹‰‘ˆ”‡•’‡ –ǡ
‘‡ ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡ ‡Ž†‡”Ž› ƒ• maame ȋ‘–Š‡”Ȍǡ agya ȋˆƒ–Š‡”Ȍǡ wᴐfa ȋ— Ž‡Ȍǡ
opaninȋ‡Ž†‡”Ȍǡƒ†nanaȋ‰”ƒ†ˆƒ–Š‡”‘”‘–Š‡”Ȍ‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘̵•
”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡‡Ž†‡”Ž›Ǥ͵ͻͷ


5.7.4. Economic
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡ ‹–‡†‡ ‘‘‹ ”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”–ƒ‹‰ƒ•Š‹ˆ–
–‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡› ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ–‡
”‡•’‘† ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ž› –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ‡ •‘‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ †‘ƒ–‹‘• –‘ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ ‡•‹†‡•ǡ –Š‡› Žƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ˆ‹–‡† ‹‡•‡Ž› ˆ”‘ Žƒ† ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡Ǥ – ‹• nananom ™Š‘
‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š‡• –Š‘•‡ ’Ž‘–• ‘ˆ Žƒ† –‘ ’—– —’ –Š‡‹” Šƒ’‡Ž• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ ‹– †‘‡• ‘– ƒ‡ •‡•‡ –‘ ƒ–ƒ‰‘‹œ‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ •— Š ƒ•
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡†‹‘•ƒŽŽ™ƒ›–‘–Š‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„Ž‡••‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–‡˜‡‹–Š‡‹”
—””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘–‹—‡–‘‡Œ‘›–Š‡•‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ„‡‡ˆ‹–•
ˆ”‘ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡  ‘–‹—‡• –‘ †‘ƒ–‡ ‘‡› –‘ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ—ƒŽ Šƒ”˜‡•– ƒ† ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ•
ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’”‘‰”ƒ• ™Š‹ Š ”‡“—‹”‡† –Š‡‹” ’”‡•‡ ‡ ƒ† ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ
†‘ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ͵ͻ͸


͵ͻͷ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘

ƒ –Ž‡›ǡ Ghana - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs and Culture
ȋ —––‘ ”‘˜‡ǡ ‘†‘ǣ —’‡”ƒ”†ǡ ʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ͷͲǡͷʹǦͷ͵Ǣ Š”‹•–‹ƒ •‘ƒŠ Ƭ ƒ  ‡›ǡ
Orientation to Ghanaian Cultureƒ–™™™Ǥ™ƒ›Š‘‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ Šƒƒ‹ƒ—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͺȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
͵ͻ͸‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”•‹šȋ͸Ȍˆ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘̵‡„‡”•̵ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•̵™‡Žˆƒ”‡̵Ǥ
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5.7.5. Political
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘™‡” ”‡•‹†‡• ‹ –Š‡ Šƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹
ŠƒƒǤ Š‹• ’‘™‡” ‹• ’ƒ”–Ž› †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Žƒ†ǤŠ‡•–—†›Šƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Š‘™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡—•‡†
–Š‹• ’‘™‡” –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ͵ͻ͹ ‘” ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ –Š‹•
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’‘™‡” „‡‹‰ —•‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Šƒ˜‡”ƒ–Š‡” Š‘•‡–‘ƒ†‘’–ƒ‘”‡’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ›†‹’Ž‘ƒ–‹ ƒ––‹–—†‡
–‘™ƒ”†• nananom Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‹•ǡ‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡Šƒ†‡–Š‹•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡDz‘ƒ––‡”
™Šƒ–™‡†‘™‡•ŠƒŽŽ ‘–‹—‡–‘Ǯ‡‰ƒ‰‡ǯ™‹–Š–Š‡ȏnananomȐ„‡ ƒ—•‡‹ˆ™‡
‡‡† Žƒ† ™‡ ‰‘ –‘ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ ‘™ ƒ ™‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –Š‡ ‹ˆ ™‡ ‘†‡
–Š‡ǫdz͵ͻͺ


5.7.6. Functional
Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘
ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ˆ‹† •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‰‘‘† ‹
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‘•– •‘ ‹‡–› Š‡ ‡ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• ™Š‹ Š ‘”ƒŽŽ› ‹ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’‘•–—”‡ ‘ˆ •‘‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• –Š‡
‹• ‘ ‡’–‹‘‘”’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•†‡‘‹ ƒ†„ƒ†ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”‘™Š”‹•–‹ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǤŠ‡•‡
–™‘ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡ —†‡” ƒ––ƒ  „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ƒ––ƒ ‡”• Šƒ˜‡
–‡†‡†–‘’—–‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰‹‘‡„ƒ•‡–ƒ†Žƒ„‡Ž‡†ƒ•„ƒ†Ǥ‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡Š
Šƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š‹•ǡ

͵ͻ͹‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘—”‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›Ǥ
͵ͻͺ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
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ƒ”Ž‹‡” ™‡ ȋŠ”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘” ’ƒ•–‘”•Ȍ ’—– ƒŽŽ ȏ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ȑ ‹
‘‡„ƒ•‡–ƒ†™‡‰ƒ˜‡–Š‡‘‡„”ƒ†„—– Šƒ˜‡•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‹•
™‹ŽŽ‘–Š‡Ž’Ǥ ˆ™‡–ƒ‡–‹‡–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡™‡™‹ŽŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–
•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•Šƒ˜‡‰‘‘†‹–‡–•Ǥ
‡˜Ǥ ƒƒ ‡••‡Šǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ Apoᴐ ƒ† Bayedie
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹ ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ƒ† Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘™ ˆ‹†
•‘‡–Š‹‰‰‘‘†–‘™ƒ””ƒ––Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–ƒ†–Šƒ–‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ
‡ ˆ‹†• –Š‹• ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‰—‡– Dz„‡––‡” –Šƒ ƒ –‘–ƒŽ ‘†‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
™Š‘Ž‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ†Ȁ‘”™‹–Š†”ƒ™‹‰ˆ”‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹‹–Ǥdz‡˜Ǥ‹ƒ›‡ƒƒŽ•‘
ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘Šƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰’‘•‹–‹˜‡–‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡–‘
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ •—’’‘”– ‹–Ǥ͵ͻͻ ‹•Š‘’ Š‘ƒ• ‡„‘ƒŠ
ˆƒ”‹ƒ†’‘•–Ž‡‘ •‘ƒŽ•‘‡š’”‡••‡†•‹‹Žƒ”•‡–‹‡–•‘”ƒ”‰—‡–•‹
ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ ‹
”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Ǯ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǯ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡› ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ –Š‡ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ† ‘Š‡•‹‘ǡ ƒ†
—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‹†‡–‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ’”ƒ‹•‡† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ˆ‘”‹–•”‘Ž‡‹ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰Žƒ™ƒ†‘”†‡”‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•
Œ—†‹ ‹ƒŽˆ— –‹‘Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡Ž‘„„›‹•–”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹• Šƒ• ƒ†‡ ‹– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ –‘ •‡‡
ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǤŠ‡›ƒ‹–ƒ‹–Šƒ––Š‹‰•Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†ƒ†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ•‡–‡”‡†ƒ‡™‡”ƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•‹••‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•
ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ƒ† —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ ’—––‹‰ ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹–‘ ‘‡ „ƒ•‡– ƒ† ‰‹˜‡ ‘‡ „ƒ† Žƒ„‡Ž
„‡Ž‘‰•–‘–Š‡’ƒ•–ǤŠ‡‹”’‡” ‡’–‹‘ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†

͵ͻͻ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š‡˜Ǥ–‹‹ƒ›‡ƒ‘ʹͳȀͳʹȀͳͷǤ
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–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡†Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡
–™‘ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ Šƒ˜‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰‰‘‘†‹–Š‡ Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ


”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‹ƒ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ‡–‡”Ǥƒ”’‘‰ȋʹͲͲʹȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•

–Š”‡‡‰”‘—’•ƒ‡Ž›–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‰‘‘†ǡ–Š‘•‡–Šƒ–ƒ”‡‡—–”ƒŽ‘”‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ǡ
ƒ† –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ †‘™”‹‰Š– ‡˜‹ŽǤͶͲͲ ‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›ǡ
ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ƒ†ƒ†‘’––Š‡‰‘‘†‘‡•ˆ‘”‹–•™‘”•Š‹’ƒ†‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥ‹–•
’ƒ”–ǡ–Š‡˜‹‡™•–Š‡‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡Ǯƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ ‘†̵•‰”ƒ ‡ƒ†
ƒ• ƒ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ Š—ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‹–›ǤǯͶͲͳ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹–• ‰‘‘†‡•• ‘”
‘–Š‡”™‹•‡ǡ–Š‡Šƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡDz ƒ›ƒ –—ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡ‹–—•–„‡•–”‡••‡†
–Šƒ– —Ž–—”‡‹•‹–”‹•‹ ƒŽŽ›‡‹–Š‡”‰‘‘†‘”„ƒ†ǡ„—–Šƒ•–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽˆ‘”„‘–Š
Ȃ ƒ† ‹• –Š—• ƒ„‹‰—‘—•ǤdzͶͲʹ ‘” ™ƒ‡ ‡†‹ƒ‘ ȋͳͻͻͲȌǡ –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ƒ† „ƒ†
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ‘—” —Ž–—”‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›ƒ‹‰‹–’ƒ••–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‹•
‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”‡Œ—•–ƒ•Ž‹‰Š–’ƒ••‡•–Š”‘—‰Šƒ’”‹•ˆ‘”‹––‘„‡•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†‹–‘–Š‡
˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘Ž‘”•ǤͶͲ͵


5.7.7. Theological
Š‡ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘
‹ˆ‘”‡†„›•‘‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽˆƒ –‘”•ǤŠ‡•–—†›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–Š‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”•ƒ•–Š‡
‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ™‘”•Š‹’‘”•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ‰”ƒ ‡ǡ‡–‡”ƒŽ‘”Š‡ƒ˜‡ƒ†‹••‹‘†‹ –—•Ǥ

ͶͲͲ —‘–‡† ‹ ƒ—‡Ž ˆ‘”‹ǡ Relating to Our Cultures and Traditions as Christian Converts:

Some Historical, Biblical and Theological PerspectivesǤ ƒ’‡” ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‘›ƒŽ• ‹
‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ʹͲͳͶǤ
ͶͲͳǡ‹••‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‹‹–›Ǥ”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ’‡”‘ǤͳǤ
ͶͲʹ „‹†Ǣ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ—•ƒ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡŠ‡ƒ—•ƒ‡‘˜‡ƒ–ǡ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ƒ–

Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽƒ—•ƒ‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡ƒ–ȀŽƒ—•ƒ‡Ǧ ‘˜‡ƒ–ǡͲͳ—‰Ǥͳͻ͹Ͷȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†

‘͵ͳȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
ͶͲ͵ —‘–‡† ‹ ƒ—‡Ž ˆ‘”‹ǡ Relating to Our Cultures and Traditions as Christian Converts:

Some Historical, Biblical and Theological PerspectivesǤ

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 Engagement

Š‡•‡™‡”‡ƒ†‡‘™–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡‹”–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘”ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰–‘‡„‡”•
‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡƒ†‹–‡”˜‹‡™•Ǥ


‘”–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ‹‰•Š‹’ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡” Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›™ƒ•‘”†ƒ‹‡†„›

‘†Ǥ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ Šƒƒ ‘ —’› •–‘‘Ž• ‘” –Š”‘‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡
‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‘†ǤŠ‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ •”ƒ‡Ž‹–‡‹‰•Š‹’‹•‘ˆ–‡“—‘–‡†–‘„—––”‡••
–Š‡‹”•–ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ ‘††‹†‘–‘Ž›‘”†ƒ‹‹‰•Š‹’„—–Š‡ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡•–Š‡
‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ•–‘‘Ž•‘”–Š”‘‡•™‹•†‘–‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•ƒ†„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–
’”‘‰”‡••ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘’”‘’‘—†–Š‡•ƒ‡ƒ”‰—‡–•‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ–‡
„”‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‡‡†–‘ƒ ‡’–ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Apoᴐ
ƒ†Bayedie ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽˆ‡ƒ•–‘ˆŠƒ”˜‡•–ͶͲͶ‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•
ƒ •‡„Žƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ›ƒ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ
–Š‡›‡ƒ”–‘ ‘‡‘”ƒ–‡ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Žˆƒ”‹‰•‡ƒ•‘ǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒŽ•‘
˜‹‡™ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Bayedie ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ• ƒ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ –‘ –Šƒ ‘† ˆ‘” ‰‘‘†
Šƒ”˜‡•– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ”ƒ‹•ǡ •—•Š‹‡ ƒ† ƒ‹” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‘’•ǡ ƒ†
•–”‡‰–Šˆ‘”–Š‡—‡”‘—•ˆƒ”‡”•–‘™‘”‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ”•Ǥ
Š‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘” •‡”˜‹ ‡ ˜‹‡™ —’Š‡Ž† „› –Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– ‘‡
ƒ„‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ™‘”•Š‹’‘”•‡”˜‡ ‘†‹–Šƒ– ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǤŠ‡
•–—†›Šƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•‘‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ǯ’‘•‹–‹‘–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹• ‹–‡”‹‰Ž‡† ™‹–Š ‹†‘Žƒ–”› ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” ‘ ‘‡ ƒ „‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘”
“—‡‡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘” •‡”˜‡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘† •‹ ‡”‡Ž› ‘”
ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ›Ǥ—––Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––Š‹‘–Š‡”™‹•‡Ǥ‰ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡›
”‡ˆ‡” –‘ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”• Ž‹‡‹‰ ƒ˜‹† ƒ† —‡‡•–Š‡”–‘ƒ—‰‡––Š‡
’‘‹––Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ†‘—„Ž‡ƒ•ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒǤ ‘–Š‡”

ͶͲͶ‡‡š‘†—•ʹ͵ǣͳ͸Ǣ͵ͶǣʹʹǤ
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 Engagement

™‘”†•ǡ ‘‡ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡•• ƒ• ƒ •‹ ‡”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ† •–‹ŽŽ ‘ —’› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ


‘–Š‡” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˜‹‡™ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —•‡ ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
™‹–Š –Š‡  ‹• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ ‡ †‹ –—ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –‘ ‡ƒ –Šƒ–
‘† ‡š–‡†• Š‹• ‰‹ˆ–• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒ ‡ –‘ ‘˜‡” ƒŽŽ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘‡˜Ǥ†”‡™•”ƒŠ‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘
Š—” Š ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ Š‡ ‘ ‡ ƒ‡ ƒ ”‘•• ‘‡ Ɔkyeameǡ •’‘‡•’‡”•‘ ‘ˆ
Ɔmanheneǡ ™Š‘ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† –”‡‡†‘—• ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‹„Ž‡ǤͶͲͷ ‹•Š‘’
Š‘ƒ•‡„‘ƒŠˆƒ”‹ƒŽ•‘‰ƒ˜‡ƒƒ ‘—–‘ˆŠ‘™ǡƒˆ‘”‡”Žƒ–‡Ɔmanhene‘ˆ
–Š‡ ǡ ƒƒ ™ƒ›‡ ‡›ƒ™ǡ ‘ ‡ •Š‘‘ Šƒ†• ™‹–Š Š‹ ƒ• ƒ Š‹Ž† ƒ†
Šƒ”‰‡†–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆŠ‹•ˆ‘”‡” Š—” Šǡ–Š‡ƒ‹– ”ƒ ‹•ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  Š—” Š
ƒ–”‘„‘ǡ‡ƒ”‡ Š‹ƒǡ–‘–ƒ‡‰‘‘† ƒ”‡‘ˆŠ‹„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘†™ƒ•‰‘‹‰–‘
—•‡ Š‹ ‹‰Š–‹Ž› ‹ ˆ—–—”‡ǤͶͲ͸  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ –Š‹• Šƒ’’‡‡† ƒˆ–‡” Š‡ Šƒ†
•—‰„‡ƒ—–‹ˆ—ŽŽ›–‘–Š‡ƒ†‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡†—”‹‰–Š‡†‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ‹– ”ƒ ‹•ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Šƒ’‡Žƒ–”‘„‘ǤŠ‡•‡‡šƒ’Ž‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡‹–‡”’”‡–‡†
ƒ• ‘†̵•‰”ƒ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‰‹ˆ–•™‘”‹‰‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•
Š‡ ‡–Š‡‡‡†–‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‘‘†‘ˆ„‘–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†
–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡•‡•‡”˜‡–‘ƒ—‰‡––Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ˜‹‡™–Šƒ–‰‹ˆ–•‘ˆ‰”ƒ ‡†‘
‘ —” ‘—–•‹†‡ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ ‡ƒǦ ƒ “—‡• ——”‘† ȋͳͻͻͶǣͳͻͺȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡• –Šƒ–
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• Ž‹‡ ƒŽ˜‹ͶͲ͹ǡ ‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ͶͲͺ ȋ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  ”‡‡™ƒŽȌ

ͶͲͷ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀͳ͵Ǥ
ͶͲ͸ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ͲͶȀͲʹȀͳͶǤ
ͶͲ͹‡‡Ǥ”—• Š‡ǡDas Wirken des Heiligen Geistes nach Calvinȋ ږ–‹‰‡ǣƒ†‡Š‘‡ Ƭ

—’”‡ Š–ǡͳͻͷ͹ȌǡͳʹʹǦͳʹͶǤ
ͶͲͺ‡‡Ǥ Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ǡ̵ŽŽ”‡ƒ–—”‡• ”‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒŽŽǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ‡—ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‹ˆ‡̵ǡ

‹Ǥƒ”–‹ƬǤ—ŽŽ‡ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡStrange Gifts? A Guide to Charismatic Renewalȋšˆ‘”†ǣ

Žƒ ™‡ŽŽȌǡͶͳǦͷ͵Ǥ
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ƒ†–Š‡—–Š‡”ƒ”‘Ž†‹––Ž‹‰‡”ͶͲͻ•Šƒ”‡ƒ•‹‹Žƒ”˜‹‡™ǤŠ‹•‰‹ˆ–‘ˆ‰”ƒ ‡‘”
Šƒ”‹•ƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ ‡ ‘” ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –Šƒ– ‡ƒ„Ž‡• ‘‡ –‘ †‘
•‘‡–Š‹‰‘”’‡”ˆ‘”ƒƒ –‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡’‡”•‘‹‰Š–‘–Šƒ˜‡„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†
‹ Š”‹•– ‘” Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š Š‹Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ˆ”‘ •ƒ˜‹‰ ‰”ƒ ‡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• Ž‹‡† –‘ •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ‹• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ‰”ƒ ‡ –Šƒ–
™‘”• ‹ ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ• –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡Dzƒ‘›‘—• Š”‹•–‹ƒ•dz ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ǤͶͳͲ


–Š‡‡–‡”ƒŽ‘”Š‡ƒ˜‡†‹ –—ǡ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ”‰—‡‘”’‘•‹––Šƒ–‹‰•ƒ†

“—‡‡• ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆ ‘†‘”Š‡ƒ˜‡Ǥƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‘•‡
™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‹ Š”‹•– ‡•—• ˆ‘” •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘
‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ʹͳǣʹʹǦʹͶǣ
† •ƒ™‘–‡’Ž‡‹–Š‡ ‹–›ǡˆ‘”‹–•–‡’Ž‡‹•–Š‡‘”† ‘†–Š‡
 Ž‹‰Š–›ƒ†–Š‡ƒ„Ǥ†–Š‡ ‹–›Šƒ•‘‡‡†‘ˆ•—‘”
‘‘–‘•Š‹‡‘‹–ǡˆ‘”–Š‡‰Ž‘”›‘ˆ ‘†‰‹˜‡‹–Ž‹‰Š–ǡƒ†‹–•Žƒ’
‹•–Š‡ƒ„Ǥ›‹–•Ž‹‰Š–™‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘•™ƒŽǡand the kings of the
earth will bring their glory into itͶͳͳȋȌǤ


„‘˜‡ ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ˜‹‡™ ‹– ƒ• ƒ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ
Š‡› –ƒ‡ ƒ —‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ—Ž‹‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› •–”ƒ–‡‰› –‘™ƒ”†• •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•Š‹•’”‘ˆ‘—†•–ƒ–‡‡–‹ͳ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͻǣʹʹǡʹ͵ǣ
‘ –Š‡ ™‡ƒ  „‡ ƒ‡ ™‡ƒǡ –Šƒ–  ‹‰Š– ™‹ –Š‡ ™‡ƒǤ  Šƒ˜‡
„‡ ‘‡ ƒŽŽ –Š‹‰• –‘ ƒŽŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ –Šƒ– „› ƒŽŽ ‡ƒ•  ‹‰Š– •ƒ˜‡

ͶͲͻǤ‹––Ž‹‰‡”ǡŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡Š‡‡ǤThe Ecumenical ReviewǡͶʹǡͳͻͻͲǡ

ͳͲ͹Ǧͳͳ͵Ǥ
ͶͳͲ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ †‹ –— ‘ˆ ̶‘›‘—• Š”‹•–‹ƒ̶ •‡‡ –Š‡ †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ

Dz‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–dz—†‡”‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
Ͷͳͳ›‡’Šƒ•‹•ǤŠ‹•• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•‹ ‹†‡–ƒŽŽ›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‡•ƒ†‘”‡

‹’‘”–ƒ–Ž›–Š‡ ”‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ‡‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡ Ǥ

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•‘‡Ǥ  †‘ ‹– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Žǡ –Šƒ–  ƒ› •Šƒ”‡ ™‹–Š
–Š‡‹‹–•„Ž‡••‹‰•ȋȌǤ
Š‡› ƒ”‰—‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– ‡•—• †‹† ‘‡ –‘ ‹‹•–‡” –‘ •‹‡”• ƒ† ‘– –Š‡
”‹‰Š–‡‘—•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡” ‡•—•ǯ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘’‡Ž•–Š‡–‘•‡‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡
™‹–ŠƒŽŽƒ‡”‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹ Ž—†‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
™‹–Š–Š‡ ‰‹˜‡•–Š‡ƒ†‹˜‹‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘‹‹•–‡”–‘‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
 ƒ† ‹ˆ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ™‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” Š”‹•–ǡ –‘ Ž‡ƒ” ƒ† Š‡Ž’ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
—†‡”–ƒ‡–Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


5.7.8. Philosophical
Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ ƒ–‹‘ ‘” •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ ‘™ ’‡ƒ ‡ ƒ† „‡
’”‘•’‡”‘—•‘Ž›™Š‡–Š‡”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‘”‰‘†Ž›’‡‘’Ž‡”—Ž‡‘”ƒ”‡‹Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
’‘•‹–‹‘•ǤŠ‹•”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‘”‰‘†Ž›’‡”•‘ǡ‹–Š‡‹”˜‹‡™ǡ‹•‘‡‘–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ† •–ƒ–‡•ǡ
Dz‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡•• ‡šƒŽ–• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹ˆ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ‹ –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽ •‡––‹‰ ƒ”‡
‰‹˜‡ ƒ ”‘Ž‡ –‘ ”—Ž‡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ ȏ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽȐ •–ƒ–‡ ‹• „Ž‡••‡†ǤdzͶͳʹ – ‹•
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ†ǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ”‘˜‡”„•
ͳͶǣ͵Ͷǡ Dz‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡•• ‡šƒŽ–• ƒ ƒ–‹‘ǡ „—– •‹ ‹• ƒ ”‡’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡dz
ȋȌǤͶͳ͵‡˜Ǥ†”‡™•”ƒŠǯ•ǡDz‘™’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›‹•–Šƒ–‘Ž›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ”‡
–‘”—Ž‡ȏƒ• Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†‘”“—‡‡•Ȑ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡› ‘—Ž†”—Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‘†ǤdzͶͳͶ
Š‹• “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dzˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ ‘†dzǡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ –
ƒ†”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‘†‘—–‘ˆ™Š‹ Š‘‡ƒ “—‹”‡•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„‘—– ‘†ƒ†–Š‡
™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ† ™‹•†‘Ǥ Š‡•‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ ‘‡̵• Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ†Ȁ‘”

Ͷͳʹ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†‘ͳͷȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
Ͷͳ͵ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›”‘˜‡”„•ͳͶǣ͵Ͷ‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”•‹š
ȋ͸ȌǤ
ͶͳͶ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š‡˜Ǥ†”‡™•”ƒŠ‘ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀͳ͵Ǥ
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ƒ –‹‘• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘† ƒ† –Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘
™Š‘ Ž‹˜‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒ –• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ ‘† ’Ž‡ƒ•‡• ‘† ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡
ƒ‡• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹’ƒ – ‹ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ ƒ””‡ ƒ‡” Ƭ —‰‡‡ ƒ”’‡–‡”
ȋʹͲͲ͵ǣͶ͹ͲǦͶ͹ͳȌ–ƒ‡—’–Š‡†‹ –—‘ˆ–Š‡Dzˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‘†dzƒ†‡š’Žƒ‹‹–ƒ••Š‘™
„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Š‡ ‡„”‡™ ˜‡”„ yare ƒ ‡ƒ Dz–‘ ˆ‡ƒ”ǡ –‘ ”‡•’‡ –ǡ –‘ ”‡˜‡”‡dz
ȋ•‹ Ȍƒ†–Š‡ ‡„”‡™‘—yirahDz—•—ƒŽŽ›”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‘†
ƒ†‹•˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•ƒ’‘•‹–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‹•ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• ‘†ǯ•
‰‘‘†‹–‡–‹‘•ȋšǤʹͲǣʹͲȌǤǤǤǤŠ‹•ˆ‡ƒ”‹•’”‘†— ‡†„› ‘†ǯ•‘”†
ȋ•ƒŽ ͳͳͻǣ͵ͺǢ ”‘˜‡”„• ʹǣͷȌ ƒ† ƒ‡• ƒ ’‡”•‘ ”‡ ‡’–‹˜‡ –‘
™‹•†‘ƒ†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ȋ”‘˜Ǥͳǣ͹ǢͻǣͳͲȌǤdzͶͳͷ
”‘–Š‡‡™‡•–ƒ‡–ǯ•’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ǡǤǤ‹‡ǡ‡””‹ŽŽ Ǥ‰‡”Ƭ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ
Š‹–‡ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡Dzˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ ‘†dzƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
Š‡ ”‡‡‘—phobos ƒ‡ƒDz”‡˜‡”‡–‹ƒŽˆ‡ƒ”dz‘ˆ ‘†ǡDz‘–ƒ
‡”‡ Ǯˆ‡ƒ”ǯ ‘ˆ ‹• ’‘™‡” ƒ† ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ”‡–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ „—– ƒ
™Š‘Ž‡•‘‡†”‡ƒ†‘ˆ†‹•’Ž‡ƒ•‹‰ ‹ǤdzͶͳ͸


Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–‰‘†Ž‹‡••‘””‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡••–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡•‹–‘‰‘†Ž›Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ƒ†
•‘ ‹‡–ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ Šƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” „‡‡ •Šƒ”‡† „› ƒ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ƒ—Ž ™—•— ƒ„‹”‹ǡ ˆ‘—†‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Š‡Ž ”ƒ›‡”
‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ƒ• Š‡
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDz Šƒƒ™‹ŽŽ‘–‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡–Š‡‰Ž‘”›‘ˆ ‘†—–‹Ž–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”„‡ ‘‡•
ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒǤ Šƒ˜‡ƒ•‡†–Š‡‘”†–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡–‘‰‹˜‡—•ȋ‹–Š‡‡š–‡Ž‡ –‹‘Ȍ

Ͷͳͷ—‘–‡†‹‹‡‡‡––ǡFear of the Lord: What Does it mean?

Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹ˆ‡Š‘’‡ƒ†–”—–ŠǤ ‘Ȁ‰‘†Ȁ™Š‘Ǧ‹•Ǧ‰‘†Ȁˆ‡ƒ”Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡ǦŽ‘”†ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
Ͷͳ͸ „‹†Ǥ
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Š‹• ‘™ Š‘‹ ‡ǤdzͶͳ͹ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– –‘ Š‡Ž’ ”ƒ‹•‡
ƒ†Ȁ‘” —”–—”‡ •— Š ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ‘” ‰‘†Ž› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™Š‘ ™‹ŽŽ ‹ –—”
Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡‹” •—„Œ‡ –• ‹–‘ ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ƒ† „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ  ”‡‘™‡† Šƒƒ‹ƒ ”‘–‡•–ƒ–
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒǡ„‘ƒ‰›‡Ǧ‡•ƒŠ‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡†ƒ‰‘‘†•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆDz‘”‡ƒ†
‘”‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ž‹˜‹‰‰‘‘†Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹˜‡•dzǡ‘”•‘ ‹ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ
–Š‡ Dz‹™ƒ”† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽǤdzͶͳͺ Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ǡ
ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ Šƒ• †‹”‡ – ‘” ‹†‹”‡ – ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ̵• ‹™ƒ”†
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ –ƒ‡ ‹– —’‘ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –Š‡‹” ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ”‘›ƒŽ• ‘– ‘Ž› –‘ ƒ ‡’– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• „—– ƒŽ•‘ –‘ Œ‘‹ –Š‡  ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡‡ˆ‹– ˆ”‘ ‹–•
’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡”‡‹†•‘‡‘ˆŽƒ–‘ǯ•’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ‹†‡ƒ•‘”–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽƒ†
Œ—•–•–ƒ–‡™Š‹ Š–‘Š‹ ‘—Ž†„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†™Š‡–Š‡™‹•‡ƒ”‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡ƒ•”—Ž‡”•Ǥ
Š‹•‹•‘–Š‡”™‹•‡”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡”—Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‹•‡™Š‘Žƒ–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–‘„‡
’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”•ǤͶͳͻŽƒ–‘ǯ•–Š‡‘”›‹•„ƒ•‡†‘’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽǮ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǯ˜‹‡™‹•„ƒ•‡†‘‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ
• ”‹’–—”‡ ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ Žƒ–‘ǯ• ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ

Ͷͳ͹‹–‡†‹ƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianityǡ’ǤͺͷǦͺ͸Ǣ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ǡ ǡCommunities are better

off with Christian Chiefsƒ–

Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ™‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒƒ ‘‡ƒ‰‡Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁƒ”–‹‡ŽǤ’Š’ǫ αͳ͸ʹʹ͸͸Ǥ
Ͷͳͺ‹–‡†‹ƒ—Ž ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianityǡ’Ǥ͹ʹǤ
Ͷͳͻ ‘”†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘•‘ˆŽƒ–‘̵•–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ‘”Œ—•–•–ƒ–‡•‡‡Žƒ–‘ǡThe

RepublicǤȋ–”ƒ•ŽǤ‡Œƒ‹ ‘™‡––Ȍǡȋ‘—–Š‡†ǡ ǣ ˆ‘‘–‹‘•  ǤǡͳͻͻͶȌǢŽƒ–‘ǡThe

Republic: the influential classicȋ™‹–Šƒ‹–”‘†— –‹‘„›‘—–Ž‡”Ǧ‘™†‘ȌȋŠ‹ Š‡•–‡”ǡ
‡•–—••‡šǡ‰Žƒ†ǡʹͲͳʹȌǢ‡‡˜‡ǡǤǤǤPhilosopher-Kings ȋ —‹Ž†ˆ‘”†ǣ”‹ ‡–‘
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͺͺȌǢ‘•ƒ“‡–ǤǡA Companion to Plato's Republicȋ‘†‘ǣ‹˜‹‰–‘ǡ
ͳͻͲ͸Ȍǡʹ††Ǥ
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–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽ‘”Œ—•–•–ƒ–‡ǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ˜‹‡™‹•‹”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡

™Š‘ ƒ”‡ †‡‡‡† –‘ „‡ ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘”ƒŽŽ› “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‘ ”—Ž‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ Œ—•– •–ƒ–‡ ‘” •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–ǡDz‘”ƒŽŽ›”‹‰Š–‡‘—•„‡Šƒ˜‹‘”Šƒ•ˆƒ”Ǧ”‡ƒ Š‹‰‡ˆˆ‡ –•Ȃ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›
‹ –Š‡ ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Œ—•–‹ ‡ ƒ† ‘’ƒ••‹‘ƒ–‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘–Š –Š‡
‘”ƒŽ „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” ƒ† –Š‡ ™‡ŽŽ „‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‡šƒŽ–‡†ǤdzͶʹͲ ‘” –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†—–›–‘Š‡Ž’”ƒ‹•‡•— Š”‹‰Š–‡‘—•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
ˆ‘” „‘–Š –Š‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› Š‡ ‡
–Š‡‹””‡•‘Ž˜‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ


5.8. Platform for Transformation

Š‡’—”’‘•‡ˆ‘”™Š‹ Š–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡
 ‹• –‘ Š‡Ž’ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ– „‘–Š ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘”Ǯ’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ†Žƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǯǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–‘Š‡Ž’„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡
‡ ‡••ƒ”›–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹
‘ˆ‘”‹–›™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹†‡ƒŽ•‘”’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤͶʹͳ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ
–Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —•‡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘” –‘ ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ†
‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‘” ǮŽƒ†ǯ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡‰‘ƒŽˆ‘”–Š‹•‹†‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š ‘” ‹–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡ ‘—–‡”• ‘” †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡• ‘”
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–• ™Š‹ Š ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ ‡ ‘” ’”‘‘–‹‘ ‘ˆ
’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘Ǧ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• –‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ‘‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –•Ǥ 
Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›–Šƒ––Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹•‹–”ƒǦˆƒ‹–Š
ƒ†–Šƒ–‹–”‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ•Š‹ˆ–ˆ”‘–Š‡ˆ‘”ƒ†‰‘ƒŽ•‘ˆ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‡ ‘—–‡”•Ǥ
‡‹‰Š–˜‹‡™–Š‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•ƒ‹†‹”‡ –”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡

ͶʹͲŠ‡‹„Ž‡̵• ‘‡–ƒ”›‘”‘˜‡”„•ͳͶǣ͵ͶǤ
Ͷʹͳ‡‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‹•Ǥ
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Žƒ”‹‘ ƒŽŽ „› ‡‡ ƒ–‡ ‘Ž‡ǡ ƒ ’ƒ•– ‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒǦ†ƒ‰‡ ‹ Šƒƒǡ –‘ –Š‡
Š—” Š–‘Dzƒ ––‘’—”‰‡–Š‡†‡‡’Ǧ”‘‘–‡† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹‰Š–‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ •’‹”‹–ǤdzͶʹʹ Š‡ ˜‹‡™ ‹• –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† —•‡ ‹– ƒ• ƒ
ƒ–ƒŽ›•––‘‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ‰‡‹•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›™‹–Š‹
™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ǤŠ‹•‹•Š‘™ƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†’—–•‹–ǣ
ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‡„”ƒ ‡•–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ—”™ƒ›
‘ˆ†‘‹‰–Š‹‰•™‹ŽŽ Šƒ‰‡†”ƒƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡ƒ”‡ ‘‹––‡†–‘
–Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• •‘ ‹ˆ Š‹‡ˆ• ȏƒ† “—‡‡•Ȑ ™Š‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡ –Š‡•‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‘™ ‘‡ –‘ Š”‹•– ƒ† –Š‡› ‹–”‘†— ‡ ‡™ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•
ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‡„”ƒ ‡ –Š‡ǡ ƒ ›‘— ‹ƒ‰‹‡ –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ œ‡ƒŽ
™‹–Š™Š‹ Š–Š‡•‡ ‹–‹œ‡•™‹ŽŽ’—”•—‡–Š‡•‡‡™–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǫ

ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ† ƒ† Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‡™ ˆ”‘–‹‡” ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡ Ǥ


5.9. A Shift in Alignment

Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡ ƒ† ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ
Šƒƒ‹•‘–‹†‘—„–Ǥƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‰”‘—’•ƒ†‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ
„‘†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† ‹‡•‡Ž› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ǯ• •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡
„‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ† ƒˆ–‡” ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ǤͶʹ͵ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‡‹”
‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡•„‡ ƒ‡˜‡”› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‘ˆ‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”‹•–ƒ ‡•–‘‘
–Š‡› ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ”—Ž‹‰ ‰‘˜‡”‡– –‘ Šƒ”– ƒ ‘‘ ‘—”•‡Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ƒ› ‰”‘—’• ™Š‹ Š ”‘•‡ ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ ‡”ƒ –‘ ƒ‡

Ͷʹʹ ‹–‡† ‹ ’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ Indigenous Knowledge and Christian Missionǡ ’ǤͺͺǤ Š‡ ‡š–
Šƒ’–‡” †‹• —••‡• ‹ †‡–ƒ‹Ž –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ†
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ
Ͷʹ͵‡‡ ǤǤ‘„‡‡ǡReligion and Politics in Ghanaȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͻͳȌǤ
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–Š‡‹” ˜‹‡™• ‘™ ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹••—‡•Ǥ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‰”‘—’•
‹ Ž—†‡†–Š‡ Ž‡”‰›Ǥ‡‘ˆ•— Š‰”‘—’•™ƒ•–Š‡„‘”‹‰‹‡•‹‰Š–•”‘–‡ –‹‘
‘ ‹‡–›ȋȌ™Š‹ Š•’”ƒ‰—’‹ƒ’‡‘ƒ•–‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹‘‹ͳͺͻ͹Ǥ
Š‡™ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†–‘‘’’‘•‡–Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•„›–Š‡–Š‡
”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘” ‘Ž‘‹œ‡”•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‹ŽŽ• ™‡”‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‰‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ –Š‡
”‹–‹•Š ‰‘˜‡”‡––Š‡ ’‘™‡” –‘ Dz‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š ”‘™ Žƒ†• ƒ† ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ •ƒŽ‡ ‘ˆ
‘ ‡••‹‘•ǤdzͶʹͶŠƒ–‹•ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ‘”–Š‹••–—†› ‹•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡˜Ǥ
––‘ŠŠ—ƒǡƒ‡–Š‘†‹•–‹‹•–‡”ƒ†‡†‹–‘”‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡Gold Coast Methodist
Timesǡ ™Š‘ —•‡† –Š‡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡” –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ† Šƒ’‹‘ –Š‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
 ȋ™‘‘‘”ǡ ͳͻͻͲǣͳͳͻǢ ‘ƒ†— Ƭ Ž‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ǣͶʹǦͶ͵ȌǤ ‡—‡›
ȋʹͲͳͳǣͳͷͷȌƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡•Dz–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ‘‰•‹‹Žƒ”Ž‹‡•ȏƒ•–Šƒ–‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ȑ Šƒ† „‡‡ –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ– š‹ ƒ† ’’‘Ž‘‹ƒ ȏ‹ –Š‡ ‡•–‡”
‡‰‹‘Ȑǡ™Š‡”‡‡˜ǤǤǤ‘Ž‘‘ͶʹͷŠ‡Ž’‡†–‘ˆ‘”ƒ ‘‹––‡‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ
’‡‘’Ž‡–‘’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡†”ƒˆ–Žƒ™dz‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ


™‘‹’‘”–ƒ–„‘†‹‡•™Š‹ Š ‘–‹—‡–‘’Žƒ›•— Šƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘

Šƒƒǯ• ’‘•–Ǧ‹†‡’‡†‡ ‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘— ‹Ž ‘ˆ
Šƒƒ ȋ Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‹•Š‘’•ǯ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ȋȌǤͶʹ͸ Š—” Š‡• —†‡”
–Š‡•‡ „‘†‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘—–‡”’ƒ”–• —†‡” –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†›ǡ

ͶʹͶ™ƒ•‹‘ƒ†—ƬŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǤǤȋ‡†•ǤȌThe Ghana Reader: History, Culture, Politicsȋ—”Šƒ

Ƭ‘†‘ǣ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡʹͲͳ͸ȌǡͶ͹Ǣ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†•‹ŽŽ•ƒ†

–Š‡  •‡‡ Ǥ Ǥ ™‘‘‘”ǡ Ghana: A Political Historyǡ ’ǤͳͳͺˆǢ Ǥ Ǥ —ƒŠǡ A History of
Ghanaǡ ’Ǥͻ͵ˆǢ Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ‡—‡›ǡ Ghana: A Concise History from Pre-Colonial Times to the
20th Centuryȋ ”ƒ‡™‘™ǡ Šƒƒǣ‘‡Ž‹—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡʹͲͳͳȌǡͳͷͳˆǤ
Ͷʹͷ ǤǤ‘„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•‡˜ǤǤǤǤ‘Ž‘‘ƒ•–Š‡‘‡™Š‘™ƒ•Žƒ–‡” ƒŽŽ‡†ǤǤǤ––‘Š

Š—ƒǤ‡‡‘„‡‡ǡReligion and Politics in Ghanaȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͻͳȌǡͳ͵͹Ǧ͵ͺǤ

Ͷʹ͸ ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘Š‘™–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•ˆƒ”‡†—†‡”˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‡•‹ Šƒƒ•‡‡ ǤǤ

‘„‡‡ǡReligion and politics in Ghana: a case study of the Acheampong Era 1972-1978ȋ ”ƒǡ
Šƒƒǣ Šƒƒ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻʹȌǢ Kwame Nkrumah and the church in Ghana 1949-
1966: (a case study in the relationship between the socialist government of Kwame Nkrumah,
the first prime minister and first president of Ghana, and the protestant churches in Ghana
ȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͺͺȌǤ
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ǡ Šƒ˜‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ȋ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ‘”

†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ›‡Ž‡ –‡†Ȍ‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ȋˆ”‘„ƒ•‹ –‘–‡”–‹ƒ”›
Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ȍǡ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ‡‡†•Ǥ Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ „‘†‹‡• ‹ Šƒƒ̵•
–”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–ƒ”‹ƒ ”—Ž‡ –‘ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ƒ† †‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ 
‰‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ ƒ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†ǤͶʹ͹ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
Š—” Š‡• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‡”–ƒ‹ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• †‹ˆˆ‡”‡† ™‹–Š ‘” ‘’’‘•‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
‰‘˜‡”‡–• ‘ ƒ––‡”• ‘ˆ ’‘Ž‹ ‹‡• ƒ† Š—ƒ ”‹‰Š–•Ǥ Š‹• –‡†‡† –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•ƒ††‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•ƒ†–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•”‡‰‹‡•
ƒ•‡—‡”ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ


‹ˆˆ‘”† ȋͳͻͻͺǣ͸ͶǦ͹ʹȌ  ‰‹˜‡• ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ƒ ‘—–• ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡   ƒ† –Š‡ 
”‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ ƒ† ”‹–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ’•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ•–
‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ”‡‰‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‹‡—–‡ƒ– ‡””› ‘Š ƒ™Ž‹‰• ƒ† Š‹• 
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǥ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–• Ž‹‡ –Š‡•‡ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽŽ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘
ƒ‘‰ƒ•‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ••‡•˜‹‡™‹‰–Š‡–™‘„‘†‹‡•ƒ•ƒ–‹Ǧƒ™Ž‹‰•ƒ†Š‹•
’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘‰”‡••ȋȌǡ™Š‹ Š„”‘—‰Š–Š‹‹–‘’‘™‡”
ƒ• ƒ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ’”‡•‹†‡– ‹ ͳͻͻ͵Ǥ – –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ –Š‡•‡ „‘†‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
Š—” Š‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡ƒ —•‡†‘ˆƒŽ‹‰‹‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ’ƒ”–›ǡ–Š‡
‡™ ƒ–”‹‘–‹  ƒ”–› ȋȌ Š‡ ‡ –Š‡‹” ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ”‹–‹ ‹œ‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–› „‘–Š ‹
’‘™‡” ƒ† ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰Ž‹ ƒ
Š—” ŠͶʹͺƒ†–Š‡ ͶʹͻŠƒ˜‡‹”‡ ‡––‹‡•ƒ†‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‘ ƒ•‹‘• ‘‡

Ͷʹ͹ ‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡ •‡‡ƒ ›ƒ’‘ǡȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡Š—” Šƒ† Šƒƒ̵•”‹˜‡

‘™ƒ”†•‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–—”‹–›Ǥ J Pol. Sc Pub Aff͵ǣͳ͸ͳǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͶͳ͹ʹȀʹ͵͵ʹǦ

Ͳ͹͸ͳǤͳͲͲͲͳ͸ͳǤ
Ͷʹͺ‡‡̵Churches not in bed with government - Yinkah-Sarfo at

Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁͳ͸ͺͷ͵ͲȀ Š—” Š‡•Ǧ‘–Ǧ‹Ǧ„‡†Ǧ™‹–ŠǦ‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ

›‹ƒŠǦ•ƒ”ˆ‘ǤŠ–Žȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
Ͷʹͻ ‡‡ ‘”‘–Š› ˆˆ‡‹ǡ Presbyterian Church not aligned to any political party – Moderator

ȋ Šƒƒ ”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ —‰—•– ͵Ͳ ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–

Š––’•ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥƒ›‡‘‘Ǥ ‘ȀͳǤͻ͹Ͳʹ͵ʹȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
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 Engagement

‘—––‘’”‘–‡•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‘–‹‘–Šƒ––Š‡ ‡„‡” Š—” Š‡•™‡”‡ƒŽ‹‰‡†

–‘ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ Š—” Š‡• —†‡” –Š‡•‡ „‘†‹‡•ǯ ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ”‡‰‹•–‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡
‹‹•–”›‘ˆ‹–‡”‹‘”ƒ•”‡“—‹”‡†„›–Š‡Žƒ™ʹʹͳͶ͵Ͳǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹–”‘†— ‡†
‹ͳͻͺͻ—•–Šƒ˜‡‰‹˜‡‹’‡–—•–‘–Š‡‹” Žƒ„‡Ž‹‰ƒ•ƒ–‹ǦȋȌǤ •’‹–‡‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ Žƒ„‡Ž ‘ –Š‡   ƒ† –Š‡  –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘ ”‡ ‘”† –‘ Šƒ˜‡
’ƒ”–‡”‡†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡–‘”‡•‘Ž˜‡ƒ‹’ƒ••‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–ƒ†•‘‡
ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‡† ‹˜‹Žƒ†’—„Ž‹ •‡”˜ƒ–•ǤͶ͵ͳ


‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡
˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• ƒŽ‹‰‹‰ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘ –Š‡  ’ƒ”–›Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹ˆˆ‘”†
ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺ͸ˆȌ”‡ ‘—–•Š‘™— ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǡ–Š‡ˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡‘Ǧ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š ǡƒŽ‹‰‡†Š‹•‡Žˆ–‘–Š‡‰‘˜‡”‡–‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›
ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ͳͻͻʹ ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽ ‡Ž‡ –‹‘• ™Š‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š •–ƒ”–‡† ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰
—ƒŽ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ ‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ — ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ† Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•
„‡‰ƒ –‘ –ƒ‡ ‡–”‡ •–ƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ǯ• •‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• „› ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒ–‹‰
ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‡˜‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Š‘™ ‹ˆˆ‘”† ȋ‹„‹†ǣͺ͹Ȍ †‡• ”‹„‡• –Š‡

Ͷ͵Ͳ ‘”†‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ™ʹʹͳ•‡‡ —•–‹ ‡ƒ—‡ŽǤǤǡReligion in Contemporary

Legal Systems: An Overview of the Legal and Regulatory Framework for the Practice of
Religion and Faith in GhanaǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–
Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ Ȁ”•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ„Ž—”„Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ•‹‡†—ǡ ŠƒƒʹͲͳͲͳͲͲ͵Ǥ’†ˆǤ ȋ‘•–‡† ‘
͵ǤͳͲǤʹͲͳͲǤ ‡••‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǢǤ ›‹ƒŠǦ‘ƒ†‹ǡ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‹˜‹Ž‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ†
‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘‹ Šƒƒǡ‹ ‘ŠǤ ƒ”„‡•‘ǡ‘ƒŽ†‘–Š Š‹Ž†Ƭƒ‘‹Šƒœƒȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ
Civil Society and the State in Africaȋ‘—Ž†‡”ǡ‘†‘ǣ›‡‹‡‡”—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͻͶȌǡͳʹͷǦ
ͳͶͺǢ–‹‰†—‹ƒ™”‡ ‡ǡ ‡Ž‘–ǤŠ‡‹‡”ǡǤ‘Œ ‹‡ Š‘‘Ž‘™•‹Ƭƒ—‡Žƒ”›‡ƒǡ
ǮŠ‡ ‘’”‘ˆ‹– •‡ –‘” ‹ Šƒƒǯǡ ‹ ‡Ž—– Ǥ Š‡‹‡” Ƭ ‡•–‡” Ǥ ƒŽƒ‘ ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ The
Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A Comparative analysisȋƒ Š‡•–‡”Ƭ‡™‘”ǣ
ƒ Š‡•–‡”‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡͳͻͻͺȌǡͳͷͺǦͳͻ͹Ǣ ‡›Ǥƒ†‡ŠǡCoups from Below: Armed
Subalterns and State Power in West Africaȋ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǡ‰Žƒ†ǣƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǡʹͲͲͶȌǢ
Ž‘ ‘˜Ž‘ǡ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ —„Ž‹  ’Š‡”‡ǣ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ† ’’‘”–—‹–‹‡• ‹ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
ƒ™ƒ‹‰ǡ ͳͻͺͻǦʹͲͲͶǤ 2005 BYU LǤ ‡˜Ǥ ͸ʹͻ ȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‘•ǤŽƒ™Ǥ„›—Ǥ‡†—ȀŽƒ™Ǥ”‡˜‹‡™Ȁ˜‘ŽʹͲͲͷȀ‹••͵ȀͶ ȋ ‡••‡† ‘
ʹ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
Ͷ͵ͳ‡‡ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianityǡ’Ǥ͹ͲǤ
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‘–‹˜‡ „‡Š‹† — ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ† Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘‹•‘‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǣ
Š‡ — ”‹–‹ ƒŽ •—’’‘”–‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‘ˆ — ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ• ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
’ƒ•–‘”• –‘™ƒ”†• ƒ™Ž‹‰• ”‡‰‹‡ ‹• ‘– –‘ „‡ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š
ƒ› ‘•’‹”ƒ ›ǡ „—– –Š”‘—‰Š •‘‡–Š‹‰ ˆƒ” ‘”‡ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹  Ȃ –Š‡
†‡•‹”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•’‡ –ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ‡””‡†„›‰‘˜‡”‡–”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ǡ
ƒ† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡™ƒ”†• ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ†‡’‘•‡† ”‡•‹†‡– ƒ
†‹•’‡•‡Ǥ


‹”‰‹– ‡›‡” ȋʹͲͳͳǣͳͷͲȌ ƒŽ•‘ ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ‹•–ƒ ‡ ™Š‡”‡ •‘‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ‹ƒ•ǡ‹–Š‡”——’–‘–Š‡ʹͲͲͺ’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ†’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•
‹ Šƒƒǡ •‘—‰Š– –‘ ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡ •—’’‘”– ˆ”‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ • ‹ˆˆ‘”†
ȋͳͻͻͺǣͺͺȌŽƒ–‡”‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ǡ–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹™Š‹ Š— ƒǦ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•
ˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹•‘–—‹ˆ‘”ƒ‘‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ–Ž‡ƒ•––Š‡’‘’—Žƒ”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”‡•ƒŠ–ƒ„‹Žǡˆ‘—†‡”ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”‘ˆ–Š‡  ǡŠƒ• ƒ”˜‡†ƒ
‹ Š‡ ˆ‘” ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ •‡”‘• ™Š‹ Š •‘‡–‹‡• ™‡”‡ ‹–‡”’”‡–‡† ƒ• „‡‹‰
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‰‘˜‡”‡– ‘” ’ƒ”–›Ǥ ‡ ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ˜‹‡™‡† ‹ •‘‡
‹” Ž‡•ƒ•’”‘ǦǤ


• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ƒ„‘—––Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ‹–•
‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡–‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–Šƒ•„‡‡
˜‡”›”‡ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•‹•–Š‡ ‘•’‹ —‘—•’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡
Š—” Š–Š”‘—‰Š‹–•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ•‹•‘‡‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š‘”•—„• ”‹„‡†–‘
•‘‡’‘Ž‹ ‹‡•‘ˆ”—Ž‹‰‰‘˜‡”‡–•Ǥ –Šƒ•‹‘–Š‡”‹•–ƒ ‡•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‰”‡‡†™‹–Š
‘” •—„• ”‹„‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰‹–ƒ–‹‘• „› –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ’ƒ”–‹‡•Ǥ
Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡Š‹•–‘”›‘ˆ Šƒƒ–Š‡ Š—” ŠŠƒ•‡˜‡”•–‘‘†ƒŽ‘‘ˆ‘”ˆ‘Ž†‡†‹–•
ƒ”•‘”†‹•–ƒ ‡†‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š

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Šƒ• „‡‡ ˜‡”› ƒ –‹˜‡ ƒ† ’”‘‘— ‡† ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” ‰‘‘† ‘” „ƒ† ‘–‹˜‡•Ǥ — Š ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•
†‡’‹ – Š‘™ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• ƒŽ‹‰‡† ‹–•‡Žˆ ™‹–Š ‰‘˜‡”‡–• ƒ†
•‘‡–‹‡• ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹‡• ‘” –Š‡ ƒ••‡• ‹ ‘‡ ™ƒ› ‘” –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” –‘ –ƒ Ž‡
•‘‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–Šƒ•
ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡” ƒ† ‹– ƒ‹ˆ‡•–• –Š”‘—‰Š ‡‹–Š‡” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” –Š‡
’”‘’Š‡–‹  ˜‘‹ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘• ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”–Š‘•‡ƒ––Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–Š‹‡”ƒ” Š›ǤŠ‹••‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽƒŽ‹‰‡–‹•Šƒ”†Ž›
”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‘”‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ –Šƒ•ƒŽ™ƒ›•”‡ƒ‹‡†ƒŠ‹‰Š‘”–‘’Ǧ
Ž‡˜‡Ž‹†‘ˆ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”ƒŽ‹‰‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–ƒ–‡ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ


–‹•‹–Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†–Šƒ––Š‡•–—†›ƒŽ•‘ˆ‹†•–Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡  ƒ• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ƒŽ‹‰‡–Ǥ  •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ™‹–Š
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹••—‡•–‘ƒŽ‹‰‡–™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Ǥ
Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ ƒ‰”‡‡† –‘ ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡›
•Šƒ”‡† –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‹–‡”‡•–• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ˜ƒŽ—‡•Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ‹‰‡– Šƒ• ƒ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘”
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Šƒ”ƒ –‡” „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹–• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ǥ –
Šƒ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ •Š‹ˆ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ƒ† ‹–• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‹– Šƒ•
•Š‹ˆ–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ˆ”‘ˆ‹†‹‰ƒ†Š‘ •‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–‘”‡‰—Žƒ”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’’‹‰ƒ†—–—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡”‡‹•ƒŠ‹‰Š
Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ‘Š‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡  ƒ• –Š‡›
ƒ”‡—‹–‡†ƒ†™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”–Š”‘—‰Šˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ†—–—ƒŽ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘—†ƒ†ƒ”‡‡‰ƒ‰‡†
‹ •‘‡–Š‹‰ „‡›‘† –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ‘–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•
•‡ –‹‘ǤŠ‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‰‘‡•–‘„—––”‡••–Š‡’‘‹––Šƒ–†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Dz‹•‘–‘Ž›
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†‹”‡ –‡† ƒ– •‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‹ŽŽ• ‘ˆ •‘ ‹‡–›ǤdzͶ͵ʹ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ ‘Š‡•‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡
‡‡†ˆ‘”†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡–‘‰‘„‡›‘†’”‘„Ž‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–‘‡„”ƒ ‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡƒ˜‹†
‘Šȋͳͻͻ͸ǣͶ͸Ȍˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ••‡”–•ǣ
† ’‡”Šƒ’• ‹ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ ™Š‡ ™‡ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‹• ˜‡”› Š‹‰Š ‡‡”‰› ‘ˆ
‘Š‡”‡ ‡ǡ‹–‹‰Š–„”‹‰—•„‡›‘†Œ—•–„‡‹‰ƒ‰”‘—’–Šƒ– ‘—Ž†
•‘Ž˜‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ‘••‹„Ž›‹– ‘—Ž†ƒ‡ƒ‡™ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘•‹ Ǥ — Š ƒ ‡‡”‰›
Šƒ•„‡‡ ƒŽŽ‡†Dz ‘—‹‘Ǥdz –‹•ƒ‹†‘ˆ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ‘Š ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ ˆ‘—† ‹– ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ –‘—•‡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ–‡‰‘”› –‘
‡š’Žƒ‹ˆ—”–Š‡”™Šƒ–Š‡‡ƒ–„›Dz ‘—‹‘dzƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ• Šƒ† ƒ ”‡‡ ™‘”†ǡ koinonia433ǡ –Š‡ ”‘‘– ‘ˆ
™Š‹ Š‡ƒ•–‘Dz’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡dzȂ–Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ’ƒ”–ƒ‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡
ƒ†–ƒ‹‰’ƒ”–‹‹–ǡ‘–‡”‡Ž›–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‰”‘—’ǡ„—––Š‡™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ
„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ–Š‹•ƒŽ‹‰‡–Šƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–‘‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ƒ† ƒ””›
‘—– Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯ –Š‡ ‡‡†‡† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•
•‡ –‹‘ƒ††‡• ”‹„‡†‹–Š‡‡š– Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ


5.10. Transformation initiated ‘from below’434

‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘–Š‹• •–—†›Šƒ• •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ†‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–
–Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‹•‹˜‘Ž˜‡•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•™‹–Š
•Šƒ”‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ —‡ƒ”–Š‡† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡†
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‹• ƒ• Dz‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘” ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ „ƒ•‡†dz
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ • ‘ƒ —”‡ ȋʹͲͲͳǣͳͺͻȌ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†ǡ Dz –• ’‘‹– ‘ˆ
†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ǡ ˆ‘ —• ƒ† ‘–‹—ƒŽ ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ’‡”•‘• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹

Ͷ͵ʹƒ˜‹†‘ŠǡOn Dialogueǡ’ǤͶ͸Ǥ
Ͷ͵͵ KoinoniaŠƒ•„‡‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”‹ Šƒ’–‡”•‡˜‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ
Ͷ͵ͶŠ‡’Š”ƒ•‡•̵ˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™̵ƒ†̵ˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡̵™‡”‡–ƒ‡ˆ”‘‹”‰‹–‡›‡”̵•“If You Are a

Devil, You Are a Witch And If You Are a Witch, You Are a Devil.”
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ˆƒ – Ž‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‹Ž‹‡—Ǥdz Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ †‹”‡ –
‘’’‘•‹–‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹•—•—ƒŽŽ›‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†ƒ––Š‡–‘’ƒ†’—•Š‡††‘™–‘–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡”• •Šƒ”‡† –Š‘•‡
˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘” ‘–ǡ ƒ† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› —†‡”•–ƒ† ‘” ‘–Ǥ  –Š‹• ‡ ‘—–‡”ǡ –Š‡
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡”ƒ–Š‡” ƒ‡Ǯˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™ǯ™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•‘”Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ǡ ‹– ‹• ‘– „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ‘ ‡’–• ƒ†
–Š‡‘”‹‡•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹–‹•‘–•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–•‘‡ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‹ƒ•–Š‘—‰Š–
–Š”‘—‰Š ‘” ‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘” ’”‘’‘—†‡† ˆ‘” ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ƒ‡‡Ž
ȋͳͻͻͻǣͳͳȌ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‹•˜‹˜‹†Ž›ǡ   
‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ƒ– –Š‹• Ž‡˜‡Ž ƒ”‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡
‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡†–‘”‡Žƒ–‡–Š‡‰‘‘†‡™•‘ˆ ‘†̵•™‘”†–‘–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰
”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ† ƒ”‡ ‘– ’”‘’–‡† „› ‡•–‡”Ǧ•–›Ž‡
ƒ ƒ†‡‹ ‘”–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‘–‹˜‡•‘ˆ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ
ƒ‡‡Ž ƒ†‡ –Š‹• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ™Šƒ– Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡
ƒ”–Š‡‡’‹‰ ‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ •‘‡ ’ƒ”–• ‘ˆ ‹„ƒ„™‡Ǥ Š‡
••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ”–Š‡‡’‹‰ Š—” Š‡• ȋȌ „ƒ•‡† ‹ ƒ•˜‹‰‘
”‘˜‹ ‡ ‹ ‹„ƒ„™‡ ‡š‡ —–‡† –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†•’‹”‹–‡†‹—•ȋƒ‡‡Žǡ‹„‹†ǣͷͳǦͷ͵ȌǤͶ͵ͷŠ‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡Šƒ†–‘†‘™‹–Š
–Š‡’Žƒ–‹‰‘ˆ–”‡‡•–‘•ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡–Š‡Žƒ†ˆ”‘–‘–ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ†‡‰”ƒ†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


 –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– –Š‡ ’‡”•‘• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ƒ”‡ –Š‡
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–•ƒ†–Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡†™Š‘ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹ƒ•’‡ ‹ˆ‹  ‘–‡š– ƒ†ƒ”‡
‘ˆ”‘–‡†™‹–Š ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘
–‘–Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š‡ƒ„Ž‡†–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•–‘ƒ˜‘‹†‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†

Ͷ͵ͷ‡‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡‡ŽǡǤǤAfrican earthkeepers: Wholistic interfaith missionȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǤǣ

”„‹•‘‘•ǡʹͲͲͳȌǤ
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–‘ ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡ ‘ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹–‹‡• „› Dz• ”ƒ– Š‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ ‹– ‹– Š‡•dz ƒ• –Š‡ •ƒ›‹‰
‰‘‡•Ǥ


‘‡ •–—†‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ– •— Š Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•Šƒ˜‡–‡†‡†–‘’”‘†— ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡”‡•—Ž–•ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǤͶ͵͸
‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‹• –Š‡ ǯ• ‡ƒ”–Š‡‡’‹‰ ’”‘Œ‡ – ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† „› ƒ‡‡ŽǤ Š‹• ‹•
„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡› ‘™ –Š‡ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ† ‘‹– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‡•‘—” ‡• –‘
ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‹–Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ –Š‹• ‹† ‘ˆ
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ”‡ƒ‹ ‘‹––‡†
–‘ •— Š ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‡‡Ž ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‡† ˆ‘” „‡‹‰ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ ƒ†
ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š•— ŠDz‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽŽ›‘”‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡„ƒ•‡†dz’”‘Œ‡ –•™‹–Š‹–Š‡‹”‘™
Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ •— Š ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡• Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯ ’”‘†— ‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰
”‡•—Ž–• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ˆ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ ‘™ †”‡ƒ• ƒ†
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‹’Ž‡‡– •— Š –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ–
–Š‡‹”‘™’ƒ ‡ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡”‡ƒŽ‹–‹‡•‘–Š‡‰”‘—†ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†‘–„‡•ƒ‹†
‘ˆ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ• Ǯˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘
ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ™Š‹ Šƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘ ”Ǥƒ‹ƒƒ”‡DzŠ‹‰ŠŽ›–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽǢ™‹–Š‘—–”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡
–‘ ”‡ƒŽ‹–›ǤdzͶ͵͹ Š‡ Ž‹‡Ž› ˆƒ‹Ž—”‡ ‘ˆ •— Š –‘’Ǧ†‘™ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –•
‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ ‹ˆ‘”‡† ”Ǥ —†™‡ –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‹• ‘‡–ǡ DzŠ‡‡˜‡” –Š‡
Š—” ŠŠƒ•–‘ƒ‡ƒ‹’‘”–ƒ–†‡ ‹•‹‘ǡ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ’‡‘’Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡
ˆ‹”•–‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•—‰‰‡•–™Šƒ––‘†‘ǤdzͶ͵ͺ


Ͷ͵͸ ‘”‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡•ǡ•‡‡ ‘ƒ—”‡ǡTowards the Inculturation of Religious Life in AfricaǢ

‡‘”‰‡›‡‡ǡMasquerade in Nigeria: A Case Study in Inculturationȋ–Ǥ––‹Ž‹‡ǣǦ‡”ŽǤǡ
ͳͻͻͲȌǢ„—œ‹‡ƒŒ‡–ƒ Ǥǡ Doing ministry in the Igbo context: towards an emerging model
and method for the church in Africaȋ‡™‘”ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤ
Ͷ͵͹‹–‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ƒǡAnatomy of Inculturationǡ’ǤʹͻǤ
Ͷ͵ͺ‹–‡†‹ƒ‰‡•ƒǡAnatomy of Inculturationǡ’ǤʹͻǤ
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‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡–‘’Ǧ†‘™–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡ –•–‡†–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ—•‹‘ƒ†

‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‡‡–‡”• ‹‰Š– ‹ —” –Š‡ †‹•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”• ‘”
’”‘’‘‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ Ǥ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ ™Š‘•‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–› ‘” ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‘ ‡ •ƒ††Ž‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ „—”†‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡’–‹‰
ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‘”ǯ• –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ™Š‹ Š ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹”‰‹– ‡›‡”
ȋͳͻͻʹȌ”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘Ǯˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǯǤ‡›‡”‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ–‡„‡”•
‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯ
„‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ˆ‘—† –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‹†‡ƒ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• –‘ „‡ ‘•‹•–‡– ™‹–Š
• ”‹’–—”‡ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ› ‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡
–Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ’‘•–—Žƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ•–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†
‹ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡˜‹Ž ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹ •‡ƒ” Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
ƒ–‹†‘–‡‘””‡•’‘•‡–‘†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–ŠŠ‹ǡ–Š‡‹”Ž‡ƒ†‡”Dz ‘•‹†‡”‡†–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹
Š‹• ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ –‘ „‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ› —ˆ‘—†‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ ™‹– Š‡• ƒ† ‡˜‹Ž
•’‹”‹–• ƒ• •—’‡”•–‹–‹‘—•dz ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳʹʹȌǤ ‘‡–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”̵• ’‘•‹–‹‘ǡ
‡›‡”ȋ‹„‹†ǣͳʹʹǦͳʹ͵Ȍ•ƒ›•ǣ
‹• ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ƒ ƒ†‡‹  ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ‘•–”— – ™Š‹ Š
–”‡ƒ–• –Š‡ ‘””‡•’‘†‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ™‡ ̵–”ƒ†‹–‹‘̵ ƒ† –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ ƒ ‡–ƒ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ Š‹• •›–Š‡•‹•
–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ •–ƒ†• Ž‘•‡” –‘ ‡•–‡” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• –Šƒ –Š‡ Š—” Š
‡„‡”•‹–Š‡˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡•Ǥ


Š‡‡†”‡•—Ž–™ƒ•ƒ‡•—‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”‰”‘—’‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ

‘—‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ Š—” Š Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‡ƒ Š Žƒ‹‹‰ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ† –”—‡
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ –Š‹•‡’‹•‘†‡ǡ‘‡ ‘—Ž†•‡‡–Šƒ––Š‡”‡™ƒ•ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡”‡Œ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ‹ˆƒ˜‘”‘ˆ–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š™ƒ•
‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™ǯǤŠ‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›‘ˆ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•—•—ƒŽŽ›ˆ‹†•‹–•‡Žˆ‹ƒ
ˆ‹š™Š‡‡˜‡”‹––”‹‡•Dz–‘‰‘ƒ„‘—–„”‹‰‹‰–‘‡š’”‡••‹‘‹–•‘™‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆ
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Š”‹•–‹‹–• ‘ ”‡–‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘dzƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡–”‹‡•–‘ƒ‡•‡•‡‘ˆ‹–•
’ƒ•– Dz–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• ‘ˆ–‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ‹ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‘ ‡’–• ˜ƒ•–Ž›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ —””‡– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǤdzͶ͵ͻ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹
ƒ‰‡•ƒǯ• ȋʹͲͲͶǣʹͻȌ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒŽ•‘ „‡‘ƒ‡† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ƒ• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‘”• ‘ˆ •— Š ’”‘Œ‡ –• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ‘” Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ••Š‘™„‡Ž‘™ǣ
ƒ› ™‘†‡”‡† ƒŽ‘—† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‘•‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ƒ† ‰”‘—’•
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‰ ƒ† ‹’Ž‡‡–‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ –‘†ƒ›
™‡”‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–ƒ•ǤŠ‡›‘–‡†ǡˆ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ–Šƒ–‹ƒ›
’Žƒ ‡• –Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ Šƒ† „‡‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ
™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡‹” ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‡˜‡” ‘‡
‹–‘ ‘–ƒ –™‹–Š–Š‡”‡ƒŽǦŽ‹ˆ‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•‘ˆ‘”†‹ƒ”›Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹
–Š‡‹” ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽŠ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡Ǥ


ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•‘–ƒƒ––‡’––‘†‹• ”‡†‹––Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ•
ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‡š’‡”–• ‹ –Š‡ –ƒ• –‘ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–‹‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤƒ–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡’‘‹–‹•–Šƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
™Š‹ Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™ǯƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ž‹˜‡†‘””‡ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‘–‡š– –‡† –‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ „‡––‡” ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ†
„‡ ‘‡ ˜‡”› •— ‡••ˆ—Ž –Šƒ –Šƒ– ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǯǤ
”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ•‘‡–‹‡•–‡†–‘„‡‘„• —”‡
ƒ††‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‘”‹’Ž‡‡–‡”•ƒ––Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•‘”
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•–‘†‡ ‹’Š‡”ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡†–‘–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‡†Ǯˆ”‘„‡Ž‘™ǯ„›
–Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‘”
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•Ǥ


Ͷ͵ͻ‘„‡”– Ǥ Š”‡‹–‡”ǡConstructing Local Theologiesȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ‡™‘”ǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡ

ͳͻͺͷȌǡš‹Ǥ
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 Engagement

 Š‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‹ˆˆ‘”† ȋͳͻͻͺǣ͸͸Ǧ͸͹Ȍ ‘ ‘‡ Šƒ† Žƒ—†‡† –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ•–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š‹ Šƒƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘Dz–Šƒ–
Ǯ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ ‡”‹ Š ‘—” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ
—’Ž‹ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘–‘–Š‡Š‡‹‰Š––Šƒ–„›‹–•‡Žˆ ‘—Ž†‘–ƒ––ƒ‹Ǥǯdz—–‘
–Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ† Š‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ˆ‘” ’”‘†— ‹‰ ƒ
†‘ —‡– ™Š‹ Š –ƒ”‰‡–‡† –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ• ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• ƒ• ‹– •‘—‰Š– –‘ „”‹†‰‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ’ „‡–™‡‡ ‹– ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•˜ƒŽ—‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›ǤŠ‹•‹•Š‘™ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ȋ‹„‹†ǣ͸͹Ȍ’—–•‹–ǣ
– ‹• †‘—„–ˆ—Ž ™Š‡–Š‡” ƒ› ‘–Š‡” Š—” Š ‘—Ž† ’”‘†— ‡ •— Š ƒ
‹’”‡••‹˜‡ †‹• —••‹‘ †‘ —‡–ǡ ƒ† ‘‹– ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ •— Š ƒ
‹’‡ ƒ„Ž› Ž‹„‡”ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‹ –‹–Ž‡ Ecclesia in
Ghanaǡ –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡ Instrumentum Laboris ‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ǡ ƒ† ‹–•
‰‡‡”‘—• “—‘–‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹ ƒ‡•‡ ˆ”‘ ‘’‡• ƒ† ‘— ‹Ž•ǡ ‹– ‹•
‘„˜‹‘—•–Šƒ–‹–•’”‹ƒ”›ƒ—†‹‡ ‡‹•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•”ƒ–Š‡”
–Šƒ–Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•ǤͶͶͲ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–™Š‡‹– ‘‡•–‘ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‰ƒ†—•‹‰ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ

–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•–‘‡”‹ Š–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–Š‡˜‹ ‡˜‡”•ƒǡ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–› ‘ˆ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ‘—Ž† „‡ „‡––‡” ‘ˆˆ —•‹‰ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ‹–• ”‡ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• –Šƒ ‘ ‡’–• ƒ† –Š‡‘”‹‡• ’”‘†— ‡† „› ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‘†‹ƒ ǤǤȋʹͲͳͳǣ͵Ȍ•—•—’–Š‡ƒ”‰—‡–ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
Šƒ– ƒ ”‡ ‡’–‘”Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† ‹† ‘ˆ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹œ‹‰ ‹• — Š ‘”‡
•— ‡••ˆ—Ž™Š‡‹– ‘‡• –‘‹••—‡• ‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ ’‘Ž‹•Š‡†
‹†‡ƒ• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ™Šƒ– –Š‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• –Š‹ ™‘—Ž† „‡ –Š‡
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ‘–‡š– Ž‹‡ ‘—” ‘™Ǥ

ͶͶͲ‡‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•Š‘’•̵‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡEcclesia in Ghana: On the Church and its Evangelizing

Mission in the Third Millennium: Instrumentum Laborisȋ ”ƒǣƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǡ

ͳͻͻ͹ȌǡͷͻǦ͸͸Ǥ
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CHAPTER 6

6.0. FELLOWSHIP OF CHRISTIAN CHIEFS AND QUEENS

(FCCQ)
6.1. Background: History and Membership
Š‡ Dz‹•ƒ‡‰‹•–‡”‡†‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘†›–Šƒ–ƒ‹•ƒ–‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•–‘ƒ ‡’– ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ•–Š‡‹”‘”†ƒ†‡”•‘ƒŽ
ƒ˜‹‘”ƒ† ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡•
ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǤdzͶͶͳ
– ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡•ǡ ”‘›ƒŽ•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†•ǡ
•’‘—•‡•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǡƒ†’ƒŽƒ ‡‘”•–‘‘Ž ƒ––‡†ƒ–•™‹–Š‹–Š‡Ǥ
Š‡› ƒ”‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ•–‘” ‘Žƒ†ǡ Dz™Š‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ
’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡™‘”‘ˆ ‘†dzͶͶʹ‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ –
™ƒ•ˆ‘—†‡†‹ʹͲͲ͸—†‡”–Š‡‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹ƒ†–Š‡Žƒ–‡
˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ǤǤ‰›‡‹™Š‡–Š‡›ˆ‹”•–‘„‹Ž‹œ‡†ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•
ˆ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡‡„”‡ƒˆƒ•–ǡ„‹„Ž‡•–—†›ƒ†’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ –™ƒ•”‡‰‹•–‡”‡† ‹ʹͲͲͺƒ––Š‡
‡‰‹•–”ƒ” ‡‡”ƒŽǯ• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ• ƒ ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• ƒ ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ  ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘ —„‡”
Ǥʹ͵ǡͲʹͷ ‹••—‡† ‘ –Š‡ ͺ–Š †ƒ› ‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡ ʹͲͲͺǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‡”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‡ –‘
‘‡ ‡—•‹‡••™‹–Š”‡‰‹•–”ƒ–‹‘—„‡” Ǥʹ͵ǡͲʹͷ‹••—‡†‘–Š‡ͻ–Š†ƒ›
‘ˆ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͲͺǤ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡‰‹•–‡”‡†ƒ‡‹•ǡDz ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† —‡‡ ‘–Š‡”• ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘dz „—– ‡„‡”• ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ „‡ ‘™
•‹’Ž›ƒ• ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†—‡‡•ȋ ȌǤ


ͶͶͳ‘—” ‡ǣ Ž›‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ‡‡•—„•‡“—‡–†‹• —••‹‘‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ

ͶͶʹ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒ•–‘”‘Žƒ†‘ͳͷȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
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‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹‘‡‡” ‡„‡”• ƒ”‡ ƒƒ ‘„‡ƒ —ˆ‹‡ǡ ƒƒ †— ™ƒ„‡ƒǡ
ƒƒ ™—•—  Š‹ƒ™ ƒ† ‹•Š‘’ Š‘ƒ• ‡„‘ƒŠ ˆƒ”‹Ǥ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
Šƒ•‹ ”‡ƒ•‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡›‡ƒ”•ƒ••Š‘™‹–ƒ„Ž‡•ʹƬ͵„‡Ž‘™ǣ

  ʹͲͲͺ  ʹͲͳͲ  ʹͲͳͳ  ʹͲͳʹ  ʹͲͳ͵  ʹͲͳͶ  ʹͲͳͷ  ʹͲͳ͸
‘Ǥ  ʹʹ  ʹͺ  ͵͵  ͵ʹ  ͵ʹ  ͵ͳ  ͵ͺ  ͵͵
Table 2: Chiefs/other male members of the FCCQ. Source: FCCQ record books. *No records for2009

  ʹͲͲͺ  ʹͲͳͲ  ʹͲͳͳ  ʹͲͳʹ  ʹͲͳ͵  ʹͲͳͶ  ʹͲͳͷ  ʹͲͳ͸

‘Ǥ  ͳʹ  ʹͻ  ͵͸  ͵Ͷ  ͵Ͷ  ͵͵  Ͷ͸  ͸ʹ

       
Table 3: Queens/other female members. Source: FCCQ record books. *No records for 2009

Š‡ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹• ‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‹ Ž—†‡•

ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ •ǡ”‘–‡•–ƒ–•ǡƒ†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ȋ ǡŽƒ••‹ ƒŽƒ†‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘”
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ȌǤDz –‹•‘–ƒƒˆˆ‹Ž‹ƒ–‡‘ˆƒ›’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Š—” Š‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘†›ǡ
„—–ƒ› ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡™‹–Šƒ›”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‰”‘—’–‘’—”•—‡‹–•‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǤdzͶͶ͵


Š‡ ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ––‡•–• –‘ ƒ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
Žƒ†• ƒ’‡‘ˆ Šƒƒ•‹ ‡–Š‡‹‡–‡‡•‡˜‡–‹‡•ǣ –‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’• ƒ† ‰”‘—’• –Šƒ• –‘ –Š‡ ‡™ ™ƒ˜‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
‘™ ƒ• ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‘” Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹•Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• ‰‹˜‡ ”‹•‡ –‘ ƒ›
‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‡‹–Š‡” ˆ‘”‹‰ ‘˜‡‡–• ‘” ‰”‘—’• ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• ‘”
Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡‹” Š—” Š‡• –‘ ˆ‘” •— Š ‰”‘—’• ‘” ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ
•–—†›‹‰–Š‡‹„Ž‡ƒ†’”ƒ›‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’•‘”‰”‘—’•
Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‡–—ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‘‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™Ǥ Š‡•‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡†ƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ‡‡†ƒ†ǡ‘ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ™‹–ŠƒŽ‡‰ƒŽ„ƒ ‹‰
ͶͶ͵‘—” ‡ǣ–Š‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥ͵Ǥ
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„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒƒŽŽ‘™•ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡†‘‘ˆƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘‹ Ž—†‹‰

–Š‘•‡ ˆ‘”‡† ‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „ƒ•‹•ǤͶͶͶ Š‡  ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– ‘ˆ ‹–• ‹† –‘ „‡
ˆ‘”‡†‹ Šƒƒ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹–•‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡Ǥ


6.2. Constitution
Š‡ ‹•‰‘˜‡”‡†„›ƒ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘†ƒ–‡†ƒ•ˆƒ”„ƒ ƒ•ʹͷ–Š‡ ‡„‡”ǡ
ʹͲͲ͹Ǥ –™ƒ••‹‰‡†„››‡ƒ†‡›‡•ƒ‘’ƒ‹ƒ†ƒƒ™—•— Š‹ƒ™–Š‡
”‡•‹†‡– ƒ† ‡ ”‡–ƒ”› ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ† ™‹–‡••‡† „› ‡˜Ǥ ‘Žƒ† ›‹–‡›
ƒ‹ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡†˜‹•‘”›‘ƒ”†ǤŠ‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•’‡ŽŽ•‘—––Š‡
ƒ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡ ˜‹•‹‘ ƒ† ‹••‹‘ǡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡
Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‘ –”‹ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆǡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ •–”— –—”‡ǡ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡•ǡ
ƒ†˜‹•‘”›„‘ƒ”†‡„‡”•Š‹’ǡ‡‡–‹‰•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†•‘—” ‡•‘ˆˆ—†‹‰Ǥ


6.3. Leadership
Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡–ǡ –™‘ ˜‹ ‡
’”‡•‹†‡–•ǡ •‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡ –”‡ƒ•—”‡”ǡ ƒ† –™‘ ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡ ‡„‡”•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡
ƒ†ƒ–‡† –‘ •–‡‡” –Š‡ ƒˆˆƒ‹”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡› ‡– ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› –‘
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡‘‹••—‡•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Š‡’”‘‰”‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž›
•—’’‘”–‡† „› ƒ ‹‹— ‘ˆ ˆ‹˜‡ ȋͷȌ ‘” ƒš‹— ‘ˆ •‡˜‡ ȋ͹Ȍ ‡„‡”
ƒ†˜‹•‘”› „‘ƒ”† ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‡”‰›Ǥ Š‡‹” ƒ†ƒ–‡ ‹• –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” ’‹‡ ‡• ‘ˆ
ƒ†˜‹ ‡–‘–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ•ƒ†™Š‡‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ

ͶͶͶ ‡‡ Ghana's Constitution of 1992 with Amendments through 1996Ǥ ”–‹ Ž‡ ʹͳǡ Žƒ—•‡ ͳǡ

•‡ –‹‘ ȋ‡Ȍǡ ƒ– Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‘•–‹–—–‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ȁ Šƒƒ̴ͳͻͻ͸Ǥ’†ˆ ȋ ‡‡”ƒ–‡†

‘ͳͺ’”ǤʹͲͳ͸ǡͳͷǣʹͺǡ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ
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6.4. Logo, Motto/Slogan, Creed, Biblical Basis and Anthem:

An Analysis
6.4.1. The Logo445
Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†‘”•›„‘Ž‹œ‡†„›ƒ ”‘••˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ›”‡•–‹‰‘ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–‘‘ŽǤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Adinkra •›„‘Ž ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ‹††Ž‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
•–‘‘ŽǤ –‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‘™ƒ• ‘Gye Nyame’446ǡ–‘™‹–ǡDz‡š ‡’– ‘†dz‘”Dz ‘†
ƒŽ‘‡ǤdzͶͶ͹ –‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘ ‘†ǯ••‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ƒ†’‘™‡”ǡƒ†ƒ•–Š‡
‘‡ ‹ ™Š‘•‡ Šƒ†• Žƒ› –Š‡ †‡•–‹› ‘ˆ Š—ƒ‹†Ǥ – •Š‘™• –Š‡ ǯ•
ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ• –Š‡ •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹‰•Š‹’ ‘” “—‡‡•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡ ”‘••
”‡’”‡•‡–• ‡•—• Š”‹•– ƒ†Š‹• ˆ‹‹•Š‡† ™‘”Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• Š‹• •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ †‡ƒ–Š ‘
–Š‡ ”‘••ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ—ƒ‹†Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡ ”‘••”‡’”‡•‡–•
–Š‡ ‘•’‡Ž‘ˆŠ”‹•–Ǥ


Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ‹• –Š‡ •‡ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ƒ‘‰ •‘‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ –”‹„‡•
‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡ƒǤ –”‡’”‡•‡–•‘”•›„‘Ž‹œ‡•–Š‡ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‡’”‡•‡–• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
Figure 3: The Gye Nyame Symbol


A symbol of the supremacy of God. This unique and beautiful symbol is ubiquitous in Ghana. It is by far the most
popular for use in decoration, a reflection on the deeply religious character of the Ghanaian people. This is one of
the signs for “Nyame” which admonishes people not to fear anything except God. It is the highest of the Adinkra
symbols and describes the all-encompassing God and his omnipotence. Source: https://afroetic.com/adinkra-
symbols (Retrieved on 24/02/2017)

ͶͶͷ ‘”ƒ•ƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ̵•‘‰‘•‡‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ͷǡ„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

ͶͶ͸ ‘”–Š‡Gye Nyame•›„‘Ž•‡‡ˆ‹‰—”‡͵ƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
ͶͶ͹‡‡•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡAfrican Charismaticsǡ’Ǥʹ͵͸Ǥ
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Figure 4: The FCCQ’s sticker showing the logo on the extreme left and the motto/slogan and creed respectively
under the name of the fellowship.


Š‡ Ž‘‰‘ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– Š”‹•– ‘ —’‹‡• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡
’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ƒˆˆƒ‹”•‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ –ƒŽ•‘‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ––Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ’Žƒ›• ƒ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ –†‡’‹ –•ƒ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ† —Ž–—”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†
„›–Š‡ ”‘••ƒ†–Š‡•–‘‘Ž”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ ”‘••–‘‘ —’›–Š‡’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‘ –Š‡ •–‘‘Žǡ ‹– ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡
Šƒ†‡† –Š‡‹” •–‘‘Ž• ‘” ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘˜‡” –‘ Š”‹•–Ǥ – ‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Š”‹•– ™Š‘
”‡‹‰• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡›ǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ’Š›•‹ ƒŽŽ›
‘ —’› –Š‡‹” •–‘‘Ž• ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡‹”• ‹• ƒ †‡Ž‡‰ƒ–‡† ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ˆ”‘
Š”‹•–ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡›†‡”‹˜‡–Š‡‹”ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ˆ”‘Š”‹•–Ǥ


”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡•‹––‹‰‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž
‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‹•˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡•‹––‹‰
‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž‘ˆƒƒ ‡•–‘”‹••–‹ŽŽ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–ƒ‘‰‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ „—–‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”†ƒ‹Ž› Š‹‡ˆŽ›ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–‹–‹•Š”‹•–™Š‘Ž‡ƒ†•
–Š‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡› †‡”‹˜‡ –Š‡‹” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ˆ”‘ Š‹ ƒ† ‘– –Š‡

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ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡› ‘™‡ ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
•—„Œ‡ –•ͶͶͺ„—–•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ›–Š‡›‘™‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘Š”‹•–Ǥ


• ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡  ‹• ‘ ‡”‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •Š‘—Ž† ‘– „‡
˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•”‹˜ƒŽ•„—– ‘—Ž†„‡„‡†ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•ǤŠ‡‘—•”‡•–•‘–Š‡‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ
–Š‡ •–‘‘Ž –‘ Š‘‘•‡ „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•– ƒ† ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™• Š‘™ ‹’‘”–ƒ–
–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹• –‘ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ† –Š‡‹” ”‡ƒ†‹‡•• –‘
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›„”‹‰‹––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ


6.4.2. The Motto/Slogan

Š‡ ‘––‘Ȁ•Ž‘‰ƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹•ǡ “Ahene mu hene, Ɔno ne Awurade!”ͶͶͻ
‡ƒ‹‰ǡDzŠ‡‘”†‹•‹‰‘ˆ‹‰•dzǤŠ‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•‘––‘Ȁ•Ž‘‰ƒ‹•
–Šƒ– –Š‡  ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• ‘†ǯ• ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ•Š‹’ ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‡ ™Š‘•‡
‹‰†‘ ‹• ‘˜‡” ƒ† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡‹”•Ǥ Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆ•Š‹’ ‹• ƒ •—„Œ‡ – ƒ†Ȁ‘”
•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡ –‘ ‘†ǯ• —‹˜‡”•ƒŽ ‹‰•Š‹’Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”•—„‘”†‹ƒ–‡’‘•‹–‹‘–‘ ‘†™Š‘‹•‰”‡ƒ–‡”‹‡˜‡”›
ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ Ȃ ™‹•†‘ǡ ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ǡ ƒŒ‡•–›ǡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ •–”‡‰–Šǡ
’‘™‡”ǡ ‡– Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —Ž–‹ƒ–‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘
‘†‘™Š‘•‡„‡ŠƒŽˆ–Š‡›‘ —’›•— Š’‘•‹–‹‘•‘”•–‘‘Ž•ǤŠ‡“—‡•–‹‘–Š‡
‹•ǡ DzŠƒ– Šƒ’’‡• –‘ –Š‡ —Ž– ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡† ‘” ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‰Š– ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡™ƒ– Š‹‰‘˜‡”–Š‡‹”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‘Žǫdz


ͶͶͺ –‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽ•›•–‡‹•ƒ†‡—’‘ˆ–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǡ

–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡—„‘”Ǥ
ͶͶͻ‡‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ͷƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
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6.4.3. The Creed450

Š‡ ”‡‡†‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹„Ž‡ǡ–ƒ‡•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ˆ”‘–Š‡‘‘‘ˆ
‡˜‡Žƒ–‹‘ʹͳǣʹͶǡ“The nations will walk by its light, and the kings of the earth
will bring their splendor into it.”451 Š‹• ‹• ˆ—–—”‹•–‹  ƒ† ‹– ˆ‘”‡•‡‡• •‘‡
‡ƒ”–ŠŽ› ‹‰• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ ‘† ‘” Š‡ƒ˜‡Ǥ –
‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ‹ –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ”–ŠŽ› Ž‹˜‡• ™‡”‡ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡† –‘ „‡ ‹‰• ‘”
“—‡‡•‹–Š‡‹””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Žƒ†•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”ƒ‡•™”‹––‡‹–Š‡‘‘‘ˆ
‹ˆ‡ ™‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ™‡Ž ‘‡† ‹–‘ ‘†ǯ• ‹‰†‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ •’Ž‡†‘” ‘” ‰Ž‘”›
–Šƒ–‰‘‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”‡ƒ”–ŠŽ›‹‰Ž›‘”“—‡‡Ž›’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ


Š‡ ”‡‡† ‡š’”‡••‡• –Š‡ ǯ• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ˆ—–—”‡ ‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ
‘† ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘– ‘Ž› Ž‘‘‹‰ „‡›‘† –Š‹• —””‡– ™‘”Ž† „—– ƒŽ•‘
Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ „‡ ‘‹‰ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Šƒ– ‹‰†‘ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ™‘—Ž† „‡
ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ ‹ –Š‡‹” •’Ž‡†‘”Ǥ Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ‘‰ •‘‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‹•–Šƒ–‹‰•‘” Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž• ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆŽ› ”‘Ž‡• ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡
‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”••‘–Šƒ–ƒˆ–‡”†‡ƒ–Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•™‹ŽŽ™‡Ž ‘‡
ƒ†‰‹˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‡––‡”’Žƒ ‡–‘Ž‹˜‡ǤͶͷʹ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†‹’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹• –‘ „‡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ƒˆ–‡” †‡ƒ–ŠǤ › –Š‹• ”‡‡†ǡ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‘‘–›‡ƒ”–‘„‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–”ƒ–Š‡”–Š‡›
‡˜‹•ƒ‰‡ „‡‹‰ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ—–—”‡ ‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ –Š‡
‹‰†‘ ‘ˆ ‘† ‘˜‡” ƒ† ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–Ǥ Š‹• •‹‰‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡
„”‡ƒˆ”‘–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‘”Ǥ

ͶͷͲ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ”‡ ‹–‡ ‘” ƒˆˆ‹” –Š‡‹” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‡ ”‡‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‘–ŠŽ›

‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ‡‡ˆ‹‰—”‡Ͷƒ„‘˜‡Ǥ
Ͷͷͳ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
Ͷͷʹ‡‡—•‹ƒǡThe Position of the chiefǡ’Ǥʹ͸ˆǤ
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Š‹Ž‡ ‘–Š‡”• ƒ”‡ Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘ „‡ ‘‹‰ ‡„‡”• ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž– ‹ ˆ—–—”‡ǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ”‡ ”ƒ–Š‡” Ž‘‘‹‰ ˆ‘”™ƒ”† –‘
„‡ ‘‹‰‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡‹‰†‘‘ˆ ‘†™Š‹ Š‡„”ƒ ‡•’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ†‹‰•
ƒ† “—‡‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ƒ–‹‘• Ȃ ƒ —Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹‰†‘ ƒ• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ
—Ž– ™Š‘•‡ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‹• ƒ†‡ —’ ‘ˆ ‘Ž› ‘‡ –”‹„‡ ‘” Žƒ ‘” Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡ƒ”‡ǡDzŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•–‘–Š‡‹”’Žƒ ‡•‹–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–ǫ‘—Ž†
–Š‡›„‡ƒ„•‡–‘””‡ˆ—•‡†ƒ’Žƒ ‡‘””‡Œ‡ –‡†„›–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ˆ‘”Ǯ”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘
‘™‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ǯ™Š‹Ž‡•‘‡ƒ”–ŠǫŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡•–‘–Š‡•–‘‘Ž•
™Š‡–Š‡›†‹‡ǫdz


6.4.4. Biblical Basis453

–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡ ”‡‡†‹•ƒŽ•‘Ž‹•–‡†ƒ‘‰–Š‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ„ƒ•‹•‘ˆ
–Š‡ Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”ƒŽ–‡š–•Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡•‡Ž‡ –‡†ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”
–Š‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–‘ƒ—‰‡––Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’̵•’‘•‹–‹‘
–Šƒ–‹–‹•• ”‹’–—”ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ––‡•–•–‘–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•
‘–Š‡ Ǥ


6.4.4.1. Daniel 2:21454

Š‹• ‹• ƒ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡– ‘ˆ ‘†ǯ• ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› ƒ†Ȁ‘” ’‘™‡” –‘ Š‘‘•‡ ƒ†
‹•–ƒŽŽ™Š‘‡˜‡”Š‡™ƒ–•ƒ•ƒ‹‰‘”“—‡‡ƒ–ƒ’‘‹–‹–‹‡‹‡˜‡”›ƒ–‹‘
‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡– —’Ǥ – ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡›ǡ
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‡‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•‘–„› Šƒ ‡
„—–„›†‹˜‹‡™‹ŽŽ‘”’—”’‘•‡‘”’ŽƒǤ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘†–‘„‡–Š‡
—Ž–‹ƒ–‡‹‰ƒ‡”ƒ†Ǯ†‡•–‘‘Ž‡”ǯ‘”†‹•’‘•‡”Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‹•†‘‡•‘–•‹‰‹ˆ›
ƒ †‡‹ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ ‡Ž‡‡– ‘” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‘” ”‘Ž‡ ‹ Š‘‘•‹‰ǡ ‹•–ƒŽŽ‹‰

Ͷͷ͵‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥ͸Ǥ

ͶͷͶƒ‹‡Žʹǣʹͳǡ̶ǤǤǤ
‡ȋ ‘†Ȍ•‡–•—’‹‰•ƒ††‹•’‘•‡•–Š‡Ǥ̶‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥ͸Ǥ
264
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ƒ††‹•’‘•‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ”–ŠŽ›‹‰•‘” Š‹‡ˆ•‘”“—‡‡•„—–ƒ•‹†‡–Šƒ––Š‡—Ž–‹ƒ–‡
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›‘”’‘™‡”–‘†‘•‘”‡•–•™‹–Š ‘†Ǥ
Š‡› –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ˜‹‡™ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‘”‡ ƒ• ‘†̵• ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• –Šƒ
”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•–Šƒ–‹–‹• ‘†™Š‘Šƒ•ƒ†‡
–Š‡™Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘™ƒ†‘––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡–‘ ‘†
ƒ†‘––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ǡ ‘†‹•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽƒ—–Š‘”‹–›–‘™Š‘ƒŽŽ
 ƒ† ‘Ǧ  ‡„‡”• ™‹ŽŽ ƒ’’‡ƒ” –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆŽ›
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‘™–Š‡› ƒ””›‘—––Š‡‹” Š‹‡ˆŽ›”‘Ž‡•‘”
‘†— ––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ• Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ǥ


6.4.4.2. Isaiah 8:19b455

Š‡ †‡ƒ† Š‡”‡ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–• ƒ• ’‘”–”ƒ›‡† ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ† ‘–Š‡”
’Žƒ ‡• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘•—Ž–‡† ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ••‹•–ƒ ‡ •‘Ž‹ ‹–‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡ
Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ǡ Žƒ ƒ† –”‹„‡Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡• ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž›
Š‡ƒ†• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‡”‘‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘ ‘•—Ž– ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •Š”‹‡• ™‹–Š‹
–Š‡‹” Œ—”‹•†‹ –‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
“—‡‡•ƒ”‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–‘„‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘
„‡‡ƒ†ƒ–‡†–‘‡†‹ƒ–‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ


‡”–Š‡–‡š–‹–Š‡„‘‘‘ˆ •ƒ‹ƒŠǡ ‘•—Ž–‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ†‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹•

ƒ ƒˆˆ”‘– –‘ ‘† ™Š‘ ƒŽ‘‡ ‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‡Ž’‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡
™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹ ‘˜‡ƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š Š‹Ǥ Š‡‹” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹ –Š‹• –‡š– ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ–
–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘ ’ƒ”– ‘’ƒ› ™‹–Š ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–•‘” —Ž–Ǥ Š‡›Šƒ˜‡
”ƒ–Š‡””‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘ ‘•—Ž– ‘†–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‹–Š‡‹” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ


Ͷͷͷ •ƒ‹ƒŠͺǣͳͻ„ǡ̶ǤǤǤŠ› ‘•—Ž––Š‡†‡ƒ†‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ǫ̶‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ

’Ǥ͸Ǥ
265
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Š‹• „”‹‰• –‘ “—‡•–‹‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•– ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘
‘•—Ž– –Š‡ ™‹ŽŽ ”‡†‡” –Š‡ Œ‘„Ž‡•• ƒ† –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‡’”‹˜‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ‰‡– –Š”‘—‰Š †”‹ǡ ˆ‘‘† ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ†
•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘• ƒ”‡ǡ DzŠƒ– Šƒ’’‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽ ‘” •‡ƒ•‘ƒŽ
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǫdz Dz‹ŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• „‡ ƒ‰”› ƒ–
‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•ˆ‘”–ƒ‹‰ƒ™ƒ›–Š‡‹”•‘—” ‡‘ˆ’”‹†‡
ƒ†Ž‹˜‡Ž‹Š‘‘†ǫdzDzŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•†‘‹ˆ–Š‡›†‹• ‘˜‡”–Šƒ––Š‡‹”‡ƒ”–ŠŽ›
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ˆƒ‹Ž–‘ ‘•—Ž––Š‡‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ǫdzDzŠƒ–™‹ŽŽ„‡–Š‡
‘•‡“—‡ ‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•ˆ‘””‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘
‘•—Ž––Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž––Š”‘—‰Š‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǫdz


6.4.4.3. I Samuel 12:21456

Š‹•‹•ƒ ‘˜‡ƒ–•ƒ –‹‘‹™Š‹ Š ‘†™ƒ”•Š‹• ‘˜‡ƒ–’ƒ”–‡”•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–
‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ”‡‹†‡” –‘ ‘†ǯ• ‘˜‡ƒ– ’ƒ”–‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›
–‘™ƒ”†• ‡‡’‹‰ –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡ƒ–Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡
ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡†–Š‹• ‘˜‡ƒ–•ƒ –‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ–Ž‹‡–Š‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ
•”ƒ‡Žǡ–Š‡›ƒ”‡‹ ‘˜‡ƒ–™‹–Š ‘†–Š”‘—‰Šˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–Ǥ
‡–Š‹‰™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•„‡‡—•‡†ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•‹–•’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ––ƒ Š‡–
–‘ ‹†‘Ž• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ž‹Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ƒ› ‘ —’ƒ–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž• „‡‹‰
‡š’‘•‡† –‘ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ – Šƒ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” „‡‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› –Šƒ– –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹•‹—†ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒ›•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–
ƒ––‡” –Š‡ –‡†‡ › ˆ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ††‡‹–‹‡•–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š•— Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ›‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰™‹–Š–Š‹•
–‡š–ǡ –Š‡  Šƒ• –Š—• †‡ Žƒ”‡† ‹–• ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ –‘ ‘† ƒ† ”‡•‘Ž˜‡† ‘– –‘
†ƒ„„Ž‡‹‹†‘Žƒ–”›‹‘”†‡”‘––‘‹ —”–Š‡†‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘˜‡ƒ– ‘†Ǥ

Ͷͷ͸ ƒ—‡Žͳʹǣʹͳǡ̶‘‘––—”ƒ™ƒ›ƒˆ–‡”—•‡Ž‡••‹†‘Ž•ǤŠ‡› ƒ†‘›‘—‘‰‘‘†ǡ‘” ƒ

–Š‡›”‡• —‡›‘—ǡ„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡—•‡Ž‡••Ǥ̶‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥ͸Ǥ

266
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•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ•‡”˜‹‰ƒ† ‘•—Ž–‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›‘”•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•–‘‹–‡”˜‡‡‘”†‡Ž‹˜‡”
‘” ƒ••‹•– –Š‡ ‹ –‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡‡† ‘” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‹‰Š– „‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ –Š‡›ǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ


6.4.4.4. Proverbs 14:34457

Š‹• •Š‘™• –Š‡ ǯ• ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ –‘ Š‘‘•‡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• Ž‹˜‡• „›
†‡‘— ‹‰ ƒ›–Š‹‰ ™Š‹ Š ‹• •‹ˆ—ŽǤ Š‡› ‘™ –Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ
”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡••ƒ†•‹ǤŠ‹•’Žƒ›•‹–‘–Š‡’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›–Šƒ–‰‘†Ž›‘””‹‰Š–‡‘—•
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– ’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡•• ‹• ƒ
†‡ƒ†ˆ”‘ ‘†–Š‡‹‰ƒ‡”ǡƒ†‹–‹•‘Ǧ‡‰‘–‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ – ƒ‘–„‡–”ƒ†‡†
ˆ‘”•‹ƒ†ƒ›–Š‹‰–Šƒ–„”‹‰•ƒ„‘—–†‹•‰”ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”•—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ –‹•
ƒƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡŽ‹‡ƒ›‘–Š‡”Š—ƒ
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ‹• „‡†‡˜‹Ž‡† ™‹–Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ‡ƒ•‹Ž› Ž‡ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ• ‘”
“—‡‡•‹–‘•‹ǤŠ‡„‹‰‰‡•– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ǡŽ‹‡•‹†‹•’‡•‹‰Œ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†
’”‘’‡”ƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ•–ƒ–‡‘”•–‘‘Ž’”‘’‡”–›Ǥ


6.4.5. The Anthem458

“Yɛn Nananom som abosom. Na yɛn de yɛbɛsom Yehowa.”
“Our ancestors or forebears worshipped or served idols. But we shall worship or
serve Jehovah.”
Š‹•‹•ƒ’‘’—Žƒ” Šƒƒ‹ƒ’”ƒ‹•‡•‘‰™Š‹ Š‹••—‰„›ƒ› Š—” Š‡•†—”‹‰
–Š‡‹”™‘”•Š‹’•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ –•’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹–ƒŽ‘•–ƒŠ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†•‘‰‹
ƒ› Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š‘‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘‰ ‹• •—‰ –‘ ƒˆˆ‹” ‘‡ǯ• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†
‘‹–‡––‘ ‘†ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”ˆ‘”‡„‡ƒ”•™Š‘ Š‘•‡–‘™‘”•Š‹’‘”•‡”˜‡

Ͷͷ͹”‘˜‡”„•ͳͶǣ͵Ͷǡ̶‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡••‡šƒŽ–ƒƒ–‹‘ǡ„—–•‹‹•ƒ†‹•‰”ƒ ‡–‘ƒ›’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ̶

‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥ͸Ǥ

Ͷͷͺ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ •‹‰–Š‹••‘‰ƒ––Š‡‹”‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•‘”’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ
267
 FCCQ

‹†‘Ž•Ǥ – †”ƒ™• ƒ Ž‹‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹” ˆ‘”‡„‡ƒ”• ƒ† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
–Š‡‹”‘„Œ‡ –•‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ ‘”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡›Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‹‰–‘Š‹†‡
‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Š Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‘Ž˜‡ –‘ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ƒˆˆ‹” ‹–
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” •‘‰Ǥ ”‘ › ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡  •‹‰• –Š‹• •‘‰
™‹–Š ƒŽŽ •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ‹ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› •–ƒ‰‡•‘ˆ ‹–• ‘–ŠŽ› ’”ƒ›‡” ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ ƒƒ
•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‘ ‡“—‡•–‹‘‡†–Š‡ˆƒ‹–Š‘ˆ‡„‡”•™Š‘ˆƒ‹Ž–‘–—”—’‡ƒ”Ž›
ƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡‡–‹‰• –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ •‹‰‹‰ –Š‡ •‘‰Ǥ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǯ•
•–ƒ ‡ ‘” ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ •Š‘™• –Š‡ •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ƒ† ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
ƒ––ƒ Š‡•–‘–Š‡ ‘–‡–•‘”Ž›”‹ •‘ˆ–Š‡•‘‰Ǥ


‘”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡•‘‰‹••—‰–‘”‡ƒˆˆ‹”–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‘†ƒ†

–Š‡‹” ‘‹–‡––‘™‘”•Š‹’‘”•‡”˜‡Š‹–Š”‘—‰Š‘—––Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•ǤŠ‹••–—†›
Šƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”Š‘™•‘‡’‡‘’Ž‡†‘‡š’”‡••–Š‡‹”†‘—„–ƒ„‘—–‡„‡”•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ǯ• •‹ ‡”‹–› ƒ• ‘‹––‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ• •‘ –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Š‘•‡ –‘ •‹‰
–Š‹••‘‰–‘ Ž‡ƒ”–Š‘•‡†‘—„–•Ǥ


6.5. Objectives459
Š‡ ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• •‡– ‘—– ˆ‹˜‡ ƒ‹ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ™Š‹ Š †‘ ‘– ‘Ž› •’‡ŽŽ ‘—–
™Šƒ–‹–™ƒ–•–‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡„—––Š‡›ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ™Šƒ–‹–•–ƒ†•
ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡•‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•„‘–Š‡”‘ˆƒ‹–Šǡƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ǡ”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘”
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ†ǡƒ†–Š‡
‹†‡ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ


6.5.1. Maintenance of faith in Jesus Christ

—†‰‹‰ˆ”‘–Š‡˜ƒ”‹‘—•’”‘‰”ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‘‡ ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ”Ž›•‡‡–Šƒ–
‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• ‹– •‡‡• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ˆ‘” ‹–• ‡„‡”• ‹• –Š‡ ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ

Ͷͷͻ‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’Ǥʹǡ͵Ǥ

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–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ǤŠ‡’”ƒ›‡”•ǡ„‹„Ž‡•–—†‹‡•ǡ’‡”•‘ƒŽ–‡•–‹‘‹‡•ƒ†
™‘”†•‘ˆ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡ƒŽŽ‰‡ƒ”‡†–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰–Š‹•‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ǤͶ͸Ͳ
Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹–Š‹••–—†›–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹
Šƒƒ ƒ† –Š‡ –‡’–ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‘‡ –‘ •‡‡ Š‡Ž’ ˆ”‘ •‡‡‹‰Ž› ’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡Ǥ ‘” ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ Dz•‘‡
ȏ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ȑ –”ƒ˜‡Ž ˆƒ” ƒ† ‡ƒ” ‹ •‡ƒ” Š ‘ˆ ‘juju’Ͷ͸ͳ –‘ ˆ‘”–‹ˆ›
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ƒ†–‘‰‡–’‘™‡”–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡ƒ› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–Š‡›‡ ‘—–‡”ƒ†–‘
’”‘–‡ ––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‘”–Š‡‹”•–‘‘Ž•ǤdzͶ͸ʹ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”ƒ†‡ƒ•–—‹‰‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘
ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ†˜‹ ‡ •‘‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‡† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǣ
ˆ ›‘— ‡–‹‘ ƒ› ‹–‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡‡‹‰ –‘ ‘ —’› ƒ •–‘‘Ž –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ƒ• ›‘—–‘‰‘ƒ†ˆ‘”–‹ˆ››‘—”•‡Žˆ–Š”‘—‰Š‘juju’„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ
–Š‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘–Šƒ–™‹–Š‘—–‘juju’›‘— ƒ‘–„‡ƒ•— ‡••ˆ—Ž Š‹‡ˆ
‘”“—‡‡ǤͶ͸͵


Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ˆ‘” ‡• ‘” ’‘™‡”• ‹ –Š‡
ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡• ƒ† •–ƒ–‡• ™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž† ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•

Ͷ͸Ͳ ‡‡ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹̵• ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘• –‹–Ž‡†ǣ 'Can

a Chief become a Christian?'ǡ ̵Why
Nananom are not committed Christians?̵ ”‡ ‘”†‡† ‘ ǡ 'In times like these you need to
pray̵„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ‹‡Ž ͸ǣͳͶǦʹ͹‹–Š‡ ”‡ ‘”† „‘‘‘ ͲͺȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͳǢ ‡˜Ǥ ‘Žƒ†ƒ‹ǣ 'The
power behind the Christian faith' „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ––Š‡™ ͳͲǣʹͻǦ͵Ͳǡ ‘ ͳͷȀͲʹȀʹͲͳʹǢ ‡˜Ǥ
ƒ’ƒƒŠ̵•‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘•–‹–Ž‡†ǣ'Overcoming crisis and pleasing God'„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ”ͳͶǣ͵Ǧ͸ǡ‘
ʹͶȀͲͶȀʹͲͳ͵ǡ 'Watch and Pray' „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ––Š‡™ ʹ͸ǣͶͳ ‘ ʹͶȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͷǢ ‡˜Ǥ ”•Ǥ
‘‘”̵• ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘ –‹–Ž‡†ǣ 'Fear not' or 'Fearless' „ƒ•‡† ‘ •ƒ‹ƒŠ ͶͳǣͳͲǢ ͷͶǣͶǡͳ͹ ‘
ʹͻȀͳͲȀʹͲͳͶǢ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ—‡Ž •ƒˆ‘̵• ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘ –‹–Ž‡†ǣ 'Pressing unto the goal' „ƒ•‡† ‘
Š‹Ž‹’’‹ƒ•͵ǣͳǦͳͶ‘͵ͳȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͶǢ‡˜Ǥ”Š‹ǣ'A sure anchor in a drifting world'„ƒ•‡†‘
ƒ”Ͷǣ͵ͷǦͶͳ‘ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳͷǢ'The King's protection'„ƒ•‡†‘•ƒŽʹ͵ǡ‘ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͷǢ
‡˜Ǥ ‰›‡ƒ‰ ƒ‘ƒŠǣ 'The Battlefield of the mind' „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘ƒ• ͳʹǣͳǦʹǢ 
‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͳͲǣ͵ˆǡ‘ͳ͹ȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͷǢ‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡Šǣ'Keep hope alive, Never despair'„ƒ•‡†
‘ ‘•Š—ƒʹǣͺǦͳͺǡ‘ʹͻȀͲ͹ȀͳͲͳͷǤ‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ‡ ‘”†•‘‘•Ǥ
Ͷ͸ͳ  Šƒƒ 'Juju'‹•–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ‡‘”–‡”‰‹˜‡–‘–Š‡‹†‘ˆ Šƒ”‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‡†‹ ‹‡‘‡‰‡–•ˆ”‘•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹•–•‘”‡†‹—•‘”•‘” ‡”‡”•Ǥ

Ͷ͸ʹ ƒ†‹‘’”‡ƒ Š‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ„›ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ƒǤ
Ͷ͸͵ „‹†Ǥ
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’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‘•‡™Š‘Šƒ˜‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›†‡‘— ‡†™‘”•Š‹’‹‰‘”

•‡”˜‹‰ˆƒ‹Ž›ǡŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•Ǥ


ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‡—‡”ƒ–‡•ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‹‰•‘”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽˆ‘” ‡•™Š‹ Š
‘—Ž†‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘ —’ƒ–•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•‘”Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•‹
ŠƒƒǤŠ‡•‡‹ Ž—†‡ǣ
’‹”‹–•™Š‹ Š”—Ž‡–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡‘”ƒ”‡ƒǢ•’‡ŽŽ•‘” —”•‡•’—–
‘ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž „› ‘–Š‡” ‘–‡†‡”•Ǣ ƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†• ‘” ‡Ž†‡”• —•‹‰
‘juju’–‘‡š‡ —–‡‡˜‹Žƒ‰ƒ‹•–ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡‹‘”†‡”–‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”
™ƒ›Ǣ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘•’‹”ƒ › „› ‘–Š‡” ”‘›ƒŽ• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡
‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ‘” ’‘•‹–‹‘Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ‘” †ƒ‰‡”
’‘•‡†„›‘–Š‡” Š‹‡ˆ•‘”“—‡‡•™Š‘ ƒ› †‹•ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š –Š‡‹”
‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡‘•‘‡’‡”–‹‡–‹••—‡•ǤͶ͸Ͷ


 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ ‘‡ ‹‰Š– ƒŽ•‘ ˆƒ ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• •— Š ƒ• †‡ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ƒ
Ž‘˜‡† ‘‡ǡ •‹ ‡••ǡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ’”‘’‡”–›ǡ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‘” ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‹•ˆ‘”–—‡ǡ
ƒ ‹†‡–‘ˆƒŽŽ‹†•ǡŠƒ”†•Š‹’ǡŽ‘••‘ˆŒ‘„ǡ‡ ‘‘‹ Šƒ”†•Š‹’ǡƒ”‹–ƒŽ‹••—‡•ǡ
‡– ǤŽŽ–Š‡•‡Šƒ˜‡–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘™‡ƒ‡‘‡̵•ˆƒ‹–Šƒ† ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ˆ‘” ‡
–Š‡–‘ƒ„ƒ†‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹‘”†‡”–‘•‡‡ˆ‘”‘juju’Ǥ


 ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ‘—–Ž‹‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡
‡„‡”• –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ ƒ† ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡
–Šƒ– •–”‘‰ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ ‡•—• Š”‹•– ™‹ŽŽ •‡ —”‡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
ˆ‘”–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ› •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‘” ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‘’’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘”
‡‡›‘”ƒ––ƒ ǡƒ†‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡–‘•‘Ž‹ ‹–Š‹••—’’‘”–‘”‰—‹†ƒ ‡‹Ž‡ƒ†‹‰
–Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”›‹–‘’”‘•’‡”‹–›Ǥ


Ͷ͸Ͷ „‹†Ǥ
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6.5.2. Christian Royals, Take Possession of the Stool465

Š‹• ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ „‘–Š‡”• ‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ”‘›ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ ‡’– ‘” –ƒ‡ —’
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ™Š‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ •‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ †‘ •‘Ǥ ‹–Š‡”–‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Šƒ†„‡‡Ž‡ˆ––‘Ǯ‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ǯǡ‘”ƒ–„‡•–Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™Š‘ƒ ‡’–‡†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›’‘•‹–‹‘•ƒ„ƒ†‘‡†–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹†•–”‡ƒǤ


‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ„ƒ†‘‡† ‘” ‹‰‘”‡† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ’‘•‹–‹‘• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡›

™ƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ‹•–ƒŽŽƒ–‹‘ ”‹–—ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ””›‹‰ ƒ
•‡ ‘†™‹ˆ‡ǡƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”™‘”•Š‹’ǡ•™‡ƒ”‹‰‘”‘™‹‰ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘
•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•ǡŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ†ˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡’‡” ‡’–‹‘
ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹•–Šƒ–•— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ”‡‹ ‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š
Š”‹•–‹ƒ –‡ƒ Š‹‰• ‘” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘” ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡› ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ”—‹ ‘‡̵•
ƒ„‹–‹‘ –‘ ƒ‡ ‹– –‘ Š‡ƒ˜‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ–ŠǤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘
–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ’”‡•‹†‡† ‘˜‡” ‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• „‡ ƒ—•‡
–Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•ǡ
–‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š Ǯ™‘”Ž†Ž›ǯ †”—• ‘” †”—‹‰ ƒ† †ƒ ‹‰ǡ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡
ƒ˜‡—‡•ˆ‘”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ’‘••‡••‹‘ƒ†ƒ––ƒ Ǥ


Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ•‡• ™Š‡”‡ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ„†‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‡‹” •–‘‘Ž• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹” ‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‘’‡ ™‹–Š •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‘’ƒ–‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡‹”
Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ‘” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘” ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•
ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤͶ͸͸

Ͷ͸ͷ Š‡ ’Žƒ–ˆ‘”• ™Š‹ Š –Š‡  —•‡• –‘ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡ –Š‹• ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‹ Ž—†‡  ƒ†‹‘

„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–Ǣƒ† Š—” Š‡•ƒ‡†„›–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•Ǥ

Ͷ͸͸‡šƒ’Ž‡‹•”‘’Š‡–Ž‹ŒƒŠǤ ‡™ƒ•ƒ•—„Ǧ Š‹‡ˆ‹Œ—”ƒǦ‡›‡”‡†—ƒ•‹‹–Š‡•Šƒ–‹

‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ ‡ Žƒ–‡” ƒ„†‹ ƒ–‡† Š‹• •–‘‘Ž ƒ† ‹• ‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‘—†‡” ‘ˆ –Ǥ ‹‘ ”ƒ›‡”
ƒ’‹Œ—”ƒǦ‡›‡”‡†—ƒ•‹Ǥ ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ––Š‡ ‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ
Š‡ ƒŽ•‘‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ––‡†•”‡–”‡ƒ–•ƒ–Š‹•’”ƒ›‡” ƒ’Ǥ
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 FCCQ

Š‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› „‡‡ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†›
„‡ ƒ‡ƒ•–—„Ž‹‰„Ž‘ –‘•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ ‡’–‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ ‘—’Ž‡† ™‹–Š –Š‹• ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ —–‹‡Ž› †‡ƒ–Šǡ •‹ ‡•• ‘”
‹ ƒ’ƒ ‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ †‹•‰”ƒ ‡ǡ Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ’”‘’‡”–›ǡ ‡–  ™Š‹ Š ‘–Š‡”• –”› –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† „›
”‡ˆ—•‹‰–‘ƒ ‡’––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ
ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ‘–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ”‘›ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ• ‡† –‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•–‘‘Ž•’ƒ˜‡•–Š‡™ƒ›ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹—• ”—’—Ž‘—•’‡”•‘•‹–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›
–‘—•—”’’‘™‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”•‡Žˆ‹•Š‹–‡”‡•–ǤͶ͸͹‘’”‡˜‡––Š‹•ˆ”‘Šƒ’’‡‹‰Š‡
•ƒ›•ǡ Dz‘ ƒ––‡” –Š‡ ”‘›ƒŽǯ• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” †‡ƒ ‘ ‘”
†‡ƒ ‘‡••‘”‡Ž†‡”ǡ–Š‡›•Š‘—Ž†„‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘—•–‘‘ —’›˜ƒ ƒ–•–‘‘Ž••‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡› ‘—Ž†”—Ž‡™‹–Š‰‘†Ž›ˆ‡ƒ”ǤdzͶ͸ͺ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ––Š‡†›ƒ‹ •Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ‰‡† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ”‡ •–”‘‰Ž› ‡‡†‡† –‘ ‘ —’› –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• •‘
–Šƒ––Š‡”‹‰Š–‡‘—•™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡Ž‘ˆƒˆˆƒ‹”•ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡ǡˆ‘”–Š‡ ǡ
‘Ž› Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘” ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ Šƒ’‹‘ ƒ† „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ǡŠ‡Ž’”‡‰ƒ‹–Š‡–ƒ”‹•Š‡†‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ™‹–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ ƒ† ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‘—–‘†‡† —•–‘•ƒ†Ȁ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤͶ͸ͻ


6.5.3. Transformation of Customs and Traditions 470

Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹• –Šƒ– ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ• –ƒ‡ ’‘••‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† –Š‡‹”
”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•–Š‡›™‘—Ž†„‡‹–Š‡”‹‰Š–’‘•‹–‹‘–‘‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ‰‡‹
•‘‡‘—–‘†‡† —•–‘•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ‘–Š‡„‡”•ƒ†‘Ǧ‡„‡”•‘ˆ
–Š‡  ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ †‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —•–‘• ƒ†

Ͷ͸͹ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‘ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
Ͷ͸ͺ „‹†Ǥ
Ͷ͸ͻ‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”ǡ’ǤʹǤ
Ͷ͹Ͳ „‹†Ǥ
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–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡‘—–Ž‹˜‡†–Š‡‹”

—•‡ˆ—Ž‡••ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǤͶ͹ͳŠ‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ”‡
–Š‡„‡•–ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‘”•‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡†‡†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•
—•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —•–‘• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ —–•‹†‡”• •— Š ƒ• ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘”
Š—” Š‡• ‘—Ž† ‘Ž› •—’’‘”– „—– –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ †‡ ‹•‹‘ –‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – Šƒ‰‡ ‹ –Š‡
—•–‘•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Žƒ›™‹–Š–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•Ǥ


Š‹• ‹• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ –Š‡  Šƒ• „‘Ž†Ž› ƒ ‡’–‡†Ǥ ‘” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ
–Š‡‹”ƒ‹‹•–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡›„”‹‰–Š‡‹”Š”‹•–‹ƒ˜ƒŽ—‡•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•
–‘„‡ƒ”‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤͶ͹ʹ ‘”
–Š‡ǡ –Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‡ ‡••‹–ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰ ‘–‡š–ǣ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ
—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ƒ† ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǤ Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘
‹’‘”–ƒ– ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ––”ƒ –‹˜‡ –‘
–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡›ǡ ‹ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ •‡‡• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ‹• ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ƒ• ƒƒ •ƒ
‘’ƒ‹ ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡ Dz”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ ’”‘ ‡••ǡ ™Š‘•‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘”
”‡•—Ž–•‹‰Š–„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†‡‹–Š‡”†—”‹‰‘”ƒˆ–‡”‘—”–‹‡„›‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘•ƒˆ–‡”
—•ǡ‘—”•‹•–‘†‘‘—”’ƒ”–‘™ǤdzͶ͹͵


6.5.4. Community Development

‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒ‹•ƒ„‘—–•‡‡‹‰–Š‡†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒ†Ȁ‘”
™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹• ‘™ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
‘”‹‡–‡†ƒ†‹–‹•–Š‡†—–›‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘ Šƒ’‹‘–Š‹•†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ

Ͷ͹ͳŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†„›‘–Š‡”•™Š‘†‘‘–‡˜‡„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡ Ǥ –‡”˜‹‡™•

™‹–Š ƒƒ –‡’Š‡ —ˆ‹ ‡›ƒ™ ‘ ͲͶȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣ ƒƒ ‘ƒˆ‘™ƒƒ ‰›‡‹™ƒƒ  ‘
ʹͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣƒƒ™‡”‡‹ ‘ʹͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͶǤ
Ͷ͹ʹ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•„›‡„‡”•

‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ•‡‡–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘̵ ’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–̵Ǥ

Ͷ͹͵ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Šƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹‘ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
273
 FCCQ

• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ –Š‡  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡• ‘—Ž† ‘Ž›
†‡˜‡Ž‘’ ™Š‡ ‰‘†Ž› ‘” ”‹‰Š–‡‘—• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‹ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒŽ•‘„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–•— Š†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‹–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ
‘†ǤŠ‡‹”ƒ†ƒ–‡‹•–‘‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‹•„‡ ‘‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ‹–›†—”‹‰–Š‡‹””‡‹‰Ǥ
‘”–Š‡ ǡ–Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡”‹‰Š–‘”ƒŽƒ––‹–—†‡•Ȃ–”—–Šˆ—Ž‡••ǡŠ‘‡•–›ǡ
•‹ ‡”‹–›ǡŒ—•–‹ ‡ǡŽ‘˜‡ǡƒ ‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡŠƒ”† ™‘”ǡƒ†•‡ŽˆŽ‡••‡••ƒ”‡‡‡†‡†
ˆ‘”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––‘–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡ǤͶ͹Ͷ


6.5.5. Win the Community for Christ

‘”‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǡ–Š‡‹”ˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹•–‘„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ–‘‘Žˆ‘”
™‹–‡••‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”› •‘ ƒ• –‘ ™‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” Š”‹•–ǡ –Š‡‹” ‘”†Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Ž‘‘• „‡›‘† —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† Žƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹ Ž—†‡ Š—ƒ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‡„‡”• —•‡ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘• –‘ †”ƒ™ –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”› ‹–‘
’‡”•‘ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–ŠŠ”‹•– ‡•—•ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–‘Ž›–Š‡”‡–‘
’Ž‡ƒ•‡ ‘† ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰‘‘† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –‘ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ „—– —Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž› –‘ ™‹
–Š‡ ˆ‘” Š”‹•–Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ •‡‡• –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ „› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ Dz ‘†
ˆ‡ƒ”‹‰Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’dzͶ͹ͷ–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ


Š‹• ‡ƒ• ‡„‡”• •‡‡ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –Šƒ– –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘
–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š‘”„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‘”’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•ǡŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’„ƒ•‡†‘
‘†ǯ• ™‘”†ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ‹• ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘† ƒ† ‹ ƒ ‘”†ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š Š‹•
•–ƒ†ƒ”†• ƒ• •’‡Ž– ‘—– ‹ Š‹• ™‘”†ǡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ‹• †‡’‡†‡† ‘ ‘†ǡ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ –Šƒ– ”‡˜‡”‡• ‘† ‘” †‘‡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ – ‘ˆ †‡˜‘–‹‘ –‘ Š‹ǡ ƒ†
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’–Šƒ–‹•ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡„‘–Š–‘ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǤͶ͹͸Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–

Ͷ͹Ͷ ‘” ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› •‡‡ –Š‡ •‡ –‹‘ ‘

̵”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ†̵‹–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”Ǥ
Ͷ͹ͷ „‹†Ǥ
Ͷ͹͸Š‹•™ƒ•„”‘—‰Š––‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’–Š”‘—‰Š‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘•„›‡˜Ǥ–‡’Š‡•ƒ”‡ǣ

“New Life in Christ”„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͳ͵ǣͳͳǢ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͷǣͳ͹ǡ‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀʹͲͲͺǢ‡˜Ǥ

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 FCCQ

‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ”‡ ‡‹–Š‡” ƒ ‘—–ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘” •–ƒ–‡
†‡‹–‹‡••‹ ‡–Š‡Žƒ––‡”Šƒ˜‡‘’Žƒ ‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‡”•Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ


6.6. Programs or Activities

Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’—†‡”–ƒ‡•–™‘ƒ‹’”‘‰”ƒ•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ
‹’ƒ –Ǥ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ”‡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†•‘ ‹ƒŽ™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ†–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ


6.6.1. Spiritual Upliftment

Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• –™‘ ƒ‹ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡• ‘ˆ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ƒ‹‡† ƒ–
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ —’Ž‹ˆ–‡–ǣ ˆ‹”•–ǡ –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• ‡„‡”•ǯ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
‰”‘™–ŠǢ ƒ† •‡ ‘†ǡ –Š‘•‡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‰‡ƒ”‡† –‘™ƒ”†• •‘—Ž ™‹‹‰ ƒ†Ȁ‘”
‡„‡”•Š‹’†”‹˜‡Ǥ


6.6.1.1. Members’ Spiritual Growth

– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡  Šƒ• –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– –Š‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡„‡”•ǣ –Š‡ ‘–ŠŽ› ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‡‡–‹‰•Ǣ –Š‡
‘–ŠŽ› ”‡–”‡ƒ–•Ǣ ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–ŠŽ› ƒŽŽǦ‹‰Š– ’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘– — Š
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹–Š‡–Š”‡‡’”‘‰”ƒ•‹–‡”•‘ˆ ‘–‡–•‘–Š‡•–—†› ‘ ‡–”ƒ–‡•
‘ƒ””ƒ–‹‰™Šƒ–‰‘‡•‘†—”‹‰–Š‡‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰™Š‡”‡–Š‡ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡
ˆ‘”„‘–Š–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹•„‹‰‰‡”ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‰‹˜‡•— Š

™‡–‡ǣ“Faith/Salvation”„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘Š͵ǣͳ͸‘ ƒ—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͳͳǢ‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡Šǣ“The Holy

Spirit I&II” „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‡•‹• ͳǣʹǢ ‘Š ͳͶǣͳ͸Ǧͳͺǡ ‘ ͳͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳʹ Ƭ ͳʹȀͲͻȀʹͲͳʹǢ ‡˜Ǥ
ƒ•‹‘ǣ “Divine Direction” „ƒ•‡† ‘ š‘†—• ͳ͵ǣͳ͹Ǧʹʹǡ ‘ ʹ͹ȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣ “The presence of
God” „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡‡•‹• ʹͺǣͳͲǦʹʹǡ ‘ ʹ͸ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳͶǢ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ’ƒƒŠǣ “You need God and man”
„ƒ•‡†‘ –•͵ǣͳǦͳͲǡ‘͵ͳȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣ‡”›‡˜Ǥ„‡‡œ‡”‘’‡•‘†Œ‡‹ǣ “King Ahab and
King Jehoshaphat”„ƒ•‡†‘ ‹‰•ʹʹǣͳǦͶͲǡ‘ʹ͹ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣƒƒ†—™ƒ„‡ƒǣ“Why do
you attend Church?”„ƒ•‡†‘•ƒŽͻͲǣͳͲǡ‘ʹ͸ȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǢ”‘’Š‡–Ž‹ŒƒŠǣ “God's wisdom
or Satan's wisdom?”„ƒ•‡†‘ ‹‰•͵ǣͳ͸Ǧʹͺǡ‘ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͶǢ‡˜Ǥ–‹‹ƒ›‡ƒǣ“The man
God helps” „ƒ•‡† ‘  ƒ—‡Ž ͹ǣʹǡ ‘ ͳ͸ȀͲͶȀʹͲͳͶǢ “A great door” „ƒ•‡† ‘  ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•
ͳ͸ǣͻǡ ‘ ͳͷȀͳͲȀʹͲͳͶǢ ‡˜Ǥ ‰›‡ƒ ƒ‘ƒŠǣ “Personal Relationship with God” „ƒ•‡† ‘
’Š‡•‹ƒ•ͶǣͺǦͳ͸ǡ‘ͳ͸ȀͲͻȀʹͲͳͷǤ‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•‡ ‘”†•‘‘•Ǥ
275
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‹’‡–—•–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡‹•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡–”‡ƒ–
‹• Š‡Ž† ƒ– †‡•‹‰ƒ–‡† ’Žƒ ‡• ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ —•‡• –™‘
˜‡—‡• ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ –Š‡ ”‡–”‡ƒ–ǣ ‘”‹”‘Ͷ͹͹ ƒ˜‡• ‘” ƒ –—ƒ”› ‡ƒ”
‘”‹”‘‹‡ Š‹ƒǡƒ†–Š‡‘—–‹‘”ƒ›‡”ƒ’‡ƒ”‡›‡†—ƒ•‡‹
–Š‡ •Šƒ–‹ ”‡‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽŽǦ‹‰Š– ’”ƒ›‡”• ™‡”‡ Š‡Ž† ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Š—” Š‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‘ ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „ƒ•‹•Ǥ ‘” •‘‡–‹‡‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
Šƒ••–‘’’‡†ƒ––‡†‹‰–Š‡ƒŽŽǦ‹‰Š–’”‘‰”ƒǤŽŽ–Š”‡‡ƒ”‡Š‡Ž†‘–ŠŽ›Ǥ


Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Šƒ•Ž‹‡†—’–Š‡•‡—„‡”‘ˆ’”‘‰”ƒ•„‡ ƒ—•‡‡„‡”•ƒ”‡
‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‘– — Š ‹• „‡‹‰ †‘‡ „› –Š‡‹” ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†
Š—” Š‡• –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡‡†• ƒ• ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ Šƒ•
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDz—” Š—” Š’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•†‘‘–‰‡–ƒ’Ž‡–‹‡–‘–ƒ‡ ƒ”‡
‘ˆ‘—”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‡‡†•–Šƒ–‹•™Š›™‡ƒ”‡†‡–‡”‹‡†–‘’”ƒ›ƒŽ‘–†—”‹‰‘—”
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‡‡–‹‰•ǤdzͶ͹ͺ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’˜‹‡™–Š‡•‡
’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ• ‰‘‘† •—’’Ž‡‡– –‘ –Š‡ Ž‹––Ž‡ ƒ”‡ –Š‡› ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ‘” ‰‡– ‹ –Š‡‹”
˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š‡•Ǥ


Figure 5: FCCQ’s members in their special cloth dancing at their end of year (2015) get-together.

Ͷ͹͹Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž›—•‡†–Š‡”‹•–‘„‘ƒ•‡ƒ –—ƒ”›„‡–™‡‡—‘„‘†‘ƒ†

ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡‹–Š‡Ǥ
Ͷ͹ͺ ‡”‘ ’”‡ƒ Š‡† „› ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ‘ •–ƒ ǡ –‹–Ž‡†ǡ "Why Nananom cannot

dedicate their lives to Christ Well"ǡ”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ƒǤ

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 FCCQ


Figure 6: FCCQ’s members in their special cloth dancing at their end of year (2015) get-together.


Figure 7: Some of the male members of the FCCQ at their end of year (2015) get-together


Š‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘„‡Ž‘™‰‹˜‡•ƒˆƒ‹”‹†‡ƒ‘”˜‹‡™‘ˆ™Šƒ–”‡ƒŽŽ›Šƒ’’‡•†—”‹‰
–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡  ƒ– –Š‡‹” ‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ Š‡
•–—†›ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡†„›–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹
–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡™ƒ›–Š‡•‡’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ”‡‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†‹•‘–
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰•‘ˆƒ›–›’‹ ƒŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‘”‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ƒ––Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’̵•‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•ǡ”‡–”‡ƒ–•
ƒ† ƒŽŽ ‹‰Š– ’”‘‰”ƒ• ‹• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ –Š‡ ‘‡ –Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ƒ– ƒ› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Š—” Š ‘” ‘˜‡‡– ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› •‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ
•‘‰• –Š‡› •‹‰ǡ –Š‡ ™ƒ› –Š‡› ’”ƒ›ǡ ƒ† ™Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•
‡‡–‹‰•‹•‘–†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ˆ”‘ƒ›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ
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Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’‰ƒ–Š‡”•ˆ‘”‹–•ƒ‹‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰‘”’”‘‰”ƒƒ––Š‡”‹‹–›
”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ’‡Ž‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡’‹‘‡‡”•‘”
ˆ‘—†‹‰‡„‡”•ǡ–Š‡‰”‘—’Šƒ•„‡‡‡‡–‹‰–Š‡”‡•‹ ‡‹–•‹ ‡’–‹‘ǤŠ‡
•‡ƒ–‹‰ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‹•ƒ†‡‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡‹•ƒ•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǤŠ‡’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ† –Š‡”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ
–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’—•—ƒŽŽ›•‹–‹ˆ”‘–ˆƒ ‹‰–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•Ǥ
‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ „‡‰‹• –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ƒ•–‡” ‘ˆ ‡”‡‘› ȋȌ –‘ ‰—‹†‡
‡„‡”• ƒ† ƒŽŽ ‘—– ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• –‘ ‘‡ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‘‰”ƒǤ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡‹•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡†ƒ‘”‘—–Ž‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒ
ƒ• –Š‡ ‘†‡”ƒ–‘”ǤͶ͹ͻ Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰ —•—ƒŽŽ› „‡‰‹• ™‹–Š ƒ ’”ƒ›‡” ™Š‹ Š ‹•
”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡‘’‡‹‰’”ƒ›‡”™‹–Š•‘‡‹–‡”‹––‡–•‘‰•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘
”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• Ǯ™‘”•Š‹’ǯ •‘‰•ǤͶͺͲ Š‹• ’ƒ”– ‹• ‡‹–Š‡” Ž‡† „› ƒ ’ƒ•–‘” ‘” ƒ
‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ •—ƒŽŽ›ǡ Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– ’”ƒ› ‘” •‹‰ ƒŽ‘‡ „—–
ˆƒ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•ƒ††‘‡•–Š‡‘’‡‹‰’”ƒ›‡”™‹–Š‡„‡”•’”‡•‡–ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†Žƒ•–
ˆ‘”ƒ„‘—––‡–‘ˆ‹ˆ–‡‡‹—–‡•†‡’‡†‹‰‘™Š‘™ƒ•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰Ǥ‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡
Ž‡ƒ†‡”“—‘–‡•’‘”–‹‘•‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”‡‹–‡”‹––‡–Ž›–‘ƒ—‰‡–Š‹•‘”Š‡”’‘‹–
‘”’”ƒ›‡”–‘’‹ ƒ•‹•†‘‡„›•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•ƒ†‘˜‡‡–•ǤŠ‹•
ƒ•’‡ – ‹ Ž—†‡• ’”ƒ›‡” ‘ˆ –Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ ƒ† ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ’”ƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ‘ˆ‡••‹‘
™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–• ‘ˆ‡••–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•‹•ƒ†ƒ• ‘†
ˆ‘”ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡••ǡ’”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹––‘„‡’”‡•‡–ƒ†Ȁ‘”–‘–ƒ‡ Šƒ”‰‡
‘ˆ–Š‡†ƒ›ǯ•ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†’”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‘”’”‡ƒ Š‡”Ǥ

Ͷ͹ͻŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡„›‡‹–Š‡”ƒ’ƒ•–‘”‘”‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•ƒ†™Š‡–Š‡‡‡†

ƒ”‹•‡•Ǥ
ͶͺͲ Š‡•‡ ‹† ‘ˆ •‘‰• ƒ”‡ •—‰ ’”ƒ›‡”ˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ† •Ž‘™Ž› ƒ† –Š‡› ƒ”‡ •—’’‘•‡ –‘ ƒ‡

™‘”•Š‹’‡”• ‡†‹–ƒ–‡ ‘ ‘†̵• ‰‘‘†‡••ǡ ‹†‡••ǡ ƒŒ‡•–›ǡ ’‘™‡”ǡ ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—Ž‡••ǡ ‡” ›ǡ
‹‰Š–ǡ•‘˜‡”‡‹‰–›ǡ‡– Ǥƒ†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”Š‹ƒ†‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’”ƒ‹•‡ǤŠ‡•‡•‘‰•ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡†–‘
Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘†̵• ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘” –Š‡› ƒ”‡ —•‡† ƒ• –‡ Š‹“—‡• –‘ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘†̵•
’”‡•‡ ‡Ǥ ‘” ƒ †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ •‡‡ ƒ‹‡Ž Ǥ Ž„”‡ Š–ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǣ  —‡‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡Ǥ Cyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic
ResearchǡŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’ –‹‹Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ›„‡”ŒȀ ›„‡”ŒʹȀƒŽ„”‡ Š–ǤŠ–Žǡȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͲͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
278
 FCCQ

‡š–‘–Š‡’”‘‰”ƒŽ‹‡—’ƒ”‡–‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡„‡”•ǯˆƒ‹–Š‹
–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ”‡‡†ǡƒ†•‹‰‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•ƒ–Š‡ǤͶͺͳŠ‡ ”‡‡†‹•
•ƒ‹† ˆ‹”•– ƒ† ‹ —‹•‘ǡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „› –Š‡ ƒ–Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ƒ–Š‡ ‹• •—‰ ™Š‹Ž‡
‡„‡”•‘”ƒŽŽ’”‡•‡–Ž‹‡—’–‘•Šƒ‡Šƒ†•™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”–‘”‡‡™–Š‡‹”
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ  Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Š‡ •‡”‹‘—•‡•• ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
ƒ––ƒ Š‡•–‘–Š‡ ”‡‡†ƒ†ƒ–Š‡Ǥ


Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ‡• ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ –‡•–‹‘‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‘”ƒŽŽ›
’‡”–ƒ‹• ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ƒ† ‘˜‡‡–•Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘ ™Š‡”‡
‡„‡”•ƒ”‡‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡†ƒ†‰‹˜‡–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘•Šƒ”‡™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•ƒ›
•’‡ ‹ƒŽ–Š‹‰ ‘†Šƒ•†‘‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ǤŠ‹•‘’’‘”–—‹–›‹•‰‹˜‡–‘ƒ•ƒ›ƒ•
ƒ”‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†–‘–‡•–‹ˆ›ǤŠ‡›ˆ”‡‡Ž›–‡•–‹ˆ›–‘ ‘†ǯ•‰‘‘†‡••–‘–Š‡„›–‡ŽŽ‹‰
–Š‡‹” ‘™ •–‘”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ –‡•–‹‘‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ‘†ǯ• ƒ”‡ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ
†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ˆ”‘ƒ ‹†‡–•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ Š‹Ž†„‹”–Šǡƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ•— ‡••ˆ—Žˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǡ
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ „”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Šǡ –”ƒ˜‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‡” ‹‡•ǡ ™‹‹‰ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ™ƒ”†•Ͷͺʹ ƒ†
‘–Š‡” „Ž‡••‹‰•Ǥ ‘‡–‹‡• ‘–Š‡”• –‡•–‹ˆ› –Š”‘—‰Š •‘‰• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‹•‡ ™‹–Š‘—–
‰‘‹‰ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ –‡ŽŽ –Š‡‹” •–‘”‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ’”‡•‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ‡‡–‹‰
’”ƒ›•ˆ‘”–Š‘•‡™Š‘–‡•–‹ˆ‹‡†–‘‡†–Šƒ–•‡ –‹‘Ǥ


‡Ž ‘‹‰ –Š‡ ˜‹•‹–‘”• ƒ† ‡™ ‡„‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ
’Žƒ ‡ƒ†–‹‡†—”‹‰–Š‡‘–ŠŽ›’”‘‰”ƒǤŠ‹• ƒ–‡‰‘”›‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‹•‰‹˜‡
–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”–‘‹–”‘†— ‡–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•–‘–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•’”‡•‡–ƒˆ–‡”
™Š‹ Š ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ‹• ƒ•‡† –‘ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‹†‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’–Š‡™‡Ž ‘‡•–Š‡™‹–ŠƒŠƒ†Ǧ•Šƒ‡Ǥ


Ͷͺͳ‡‡•‡–‹‘•—†‡” ”‡‡†ƒ†ƒ–Š‡Ǥ
Ͷͺʹ  ͵Ͳ–Š ‡‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳͷǡ ƒƒ ƒ‹‡Ž ™ƒ‹ –‡•–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ„‘—– ™‹‹‰ ƒ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „‡•–
ˆƒ”‡” ƒ™ƒ”†Ǥ ‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –Š‹• ƒ Š‹‡˜‡‡– –‘ Š‹• †‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘†̵• ™‘” ‹ –Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ†Š‹• Š—” ŠǤ
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Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –‹‡ ˆ‘” •‘‰• ‘ˆ ’”ƒ‹•‡• Ž‡† „› ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ‘” “—‡‡• ‘”
•‘‡–‹‡• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡› •‹‰ –Š‡•‡ •‘‰• ƒ‹†•– †”—‹‰ ƒ†
†ƒ ‹‰ ƒ† Žƒ’’‹‰ ‘ˆ Šƒ†• •‹‹Žƒ” –‘ ™Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ƒ‘‰ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘„›‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–‘”•’”‡•‡–‘”ƒ‹˜‹–‡†‰—‡•–
’”‡ƒ Š‡”‘”‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǤŠ‡‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†‘’‘”–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Šƒ• ‘ ’”‡Ǧ’Žƒ‡† –‘’‹ • ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”•Ǥ—–
‘ ”ƒ”‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ƒ”‡ ‰‹˜‡ •’‡ ‹ˆ‹  –‘’‹ • –‘ •’‡ƒ ƒ„‘—–ǤͶͺ͵ Š‹•
‡ƒ• ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ Ž‹„‡”–› –‘ Š‘‘•‡ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ™ƒ– –‘ •’‡ƒ ƒ„‘—–
’”‘˜‹†‡†‹–‹•• ”‹’–—”ƒŽƒ†™‹ŽŽ‹—”‡–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•ǤŠ‹•‹•
ƒ‘–Š‡”‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡™Š‡”‡’”‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ”‡‰‹˜‡–Š‡ˆ”‡‡
Šƒ†–‘ Š‘‘•‡–Š‡‹”‘™–‘’‹ •‘”–Š‡‡•ƒ•Ž‡†„›–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–Ǥ


Š‡•–—†›Šƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–™‘ƒŒ‘” ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘•‘”–‡ƒ Š‹‰•

ƒ––Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’•‡‡–‹‰•‘”’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ†”‡–”‡ƒ–•ǣ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ȋƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡•ȌǢͶͺͶ ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒŽ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹••—‡•ǤͶͺͷ Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ•

Ͷͺ͵ —”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’̵• ‡‡–‹‰ ‹ —Ž› ʹͲͳ͸ǡ ‹– ™ƒ• ƒ‘— ‡† –Šƒ– †—‡ –‘ –Š‡

‹’‡†‹‰ ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ ‡’–‡„‡”ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ǡ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ’Žƒ‡† –‘ ‹˜‹–‡ ƒ ‘ƒ
ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ’”‹‡•– ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ –‘ ‘‡ ƒ† •’‡ƒ –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ ‘ 'Christianity and Yam
Festival'ǤŠ‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’™Š‘ƒ‘— ‡†–Š‹•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡•ƒ‹†’”‹‡•–
™ƒ•™‡ŽŽ˜‡”•‡†‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••—‡•Š‡ ‡–Š‡‡‡†–‘‹˜‹–‡Š‹Ǥ
ͶͺͶ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘••‡‡‡˜Ǥ–‹‹ƒ›‡ƒǡ "principles of Success"ǡ„ƒ•‡†

‘  Š”‘‹ Ž‡• ʹͻǣʹ͸Ǧʹͻǡ ‘ ʹͷȀͲͳȀʹͲͳʹǢ "Total unity and commitment"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘
‡Š‡‹ƒŠͳǣͶǦͳͳǢʹǣͳǦͳͲǡ‘ʹ͸ȀͲͻȀͳʹǢ"The art of keeping people together"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘Š
ͳ͹ǣͺǦͳͳ‘ʹͺȀͳͳȀͳʹǢ"Unity and Love"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‡‡•‹•ʹͷǣʹͳˆˆǡ‘ʹͺȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǣ"The man
God helps"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ—‡Ž͹ǣʹˆˆǡ‘ͳ͸ȀͲͶȀͳͶǢ "Using Covenant empowerment to bring
transformation"ǡ‘ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀͳͶǢ"Principles to achieve divine success"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ”ͳͲǣͶͳǦ
Ͷͷǡ‘ʹͷȀͲ͵ȀͳͷǢ”‘’Š‡–Ž‹ŒƒŠǡ"God's wisdom or Satan's wisdom"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‹‰•͵ǣͳ͸Ǧ
ʹͺǡ ‘ ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀͳͶǢ ‡˜Ǥ ”Š‹ǡ "The King's protection"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ •ƒŽ ʹ͵ǡ ‘ ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀͳͷǢ
”‘’Š‡–‡••›†‹ƒǡ"The Call of Gideon"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ —†‰‡• ͸ǡ‘ͳͶȀͲͺȀͳ͵Ǣ’‘•–Ž‡‘ •‘ǡ
"God's reward for those who have responded to his call"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ’Š‡•‹ƒ• ͳǣͳ͹Ǧͳͺǡ ‘
ͳʹȀͲͺȀͳͷǢƒƒ†—™ƒ„‡ƒǡ"God chooses kings"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ƒ—‡ŽͺǣͳǦ͹ǡ‘ʹ͹ȀͲ͹Ȁͳ͸Ǥ
Ͷͺͷ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”• ƒ† ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‡˜Ǥ –‡’Š‡ •ƒ”‡ǡ "Rapture"ǡ ‹

‡„”—ƒ”›ƒ†ƒ” ŠǡʹͲͳͳǢ‡˜Ǥ‘Žƒ†ƒ‹ǡ"Christian maturity"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘Šʹͳǣͳͺǡ‘

͵ͲȀͳͳȀͳͳǢ "Divine Pronouncements"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ •ƒ‹ƒŠ ͶʹǣͳǦͻǡ ‘ ͳͲȀͲͶȀͳ͵‡˜Ǥ ƒ•‹‘ǡ
"Thanksgiving"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘  Š‡••ƒŽ‘‹ƒ• ͷǣͳͺǡ ‘ ͳͻȀͳʹȀͳʹǢ ‡˜Ǥ •ƒ‘ƒŠ ‡›ƒ™ǡ
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ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‘„•‡”˜‡†–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‡–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘”‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘•‹Š‡Ž’‹‰

‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡‹” ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ǤͶͺ͸ ‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡
’”‡ƒ Š‡” ƒ‡• ƒ ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽ –‘ ‡™ ‡„‡”• ƒ† —”‰‡• –Š‡ –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹
Š”‹•– ‡•—•ƒ† ‘ˆ‡••Š‹ƒ•–Š‡‹”Ž‘”†Ǥ


–‡” ‡••‘”› ’”ƒ›‡”• ƒ”‡ •ƒ‹† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‹••—‡•ǤͶͺ͹ „‘—– ˆ‹˜‡
’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ”‡—•—ƒŽŽ› Š‘•‡–‘Ž‡ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ••‹–‡” ‡••‘”›’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‡‘”•Š‡
‡–‹‘• –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘” –‘’‹  ƒ† –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”• Œ‘‹ Š‹ ‘” Š‡” –‘ ’”ƒ› ƒŽ‘—† „›
Žƒ’’‹‰ǡ ”ƒ‹•‹‰ –Š‡‹” Šƒ†•ǡ ™ƒŽ‹‰ ƒ”‘—† ‘” •–ƒ†‹‰ ™Š‹Ž‡• ’”ƒ›‹‰Ǥ
‘‡–‹‡•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹••—‡••’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ‹•–”— –‹‘•–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡
’‘•–—”‡ ˆ‘” ’”ƒ›‡”• ‘” Š‡ ‘” •Š‡ ƒ•• –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ”‡’‡ƒ– ‡”–ƒ‹ ™‘”†• ‘”
•‡–‡ ‡•ƒˆ–‡”Š‹‘”Š‡”Ǥ


ƒ Š ’”ƒ›‡” •‡ –‹‘ Žƒ•–• ˆ‘” ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹˜‡ ‹—–‡• „—– •‘‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• †‘ ‰‘
„‡›‘† ˆ‹˜‡ ‹—–‡• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡–Š‘† –Š‡› ƒ†‘’– •— Š ƒ• “—‘–‹‰ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ
˜‡”•‡• –‘ •—’’‘”– ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ’”ƒ›‡” –‘’‹ Ǥ  ʹͷ–Š ƒ›ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ǡ ”‘’Š‡–‡••
›†‹ƒ “—‘–‡† •ƒŽ ͵͹ǣʹͷ ƒ† —”‰‡† –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” ‘†̵• ‹”ƒ Ž‡ǡ
’‘™‡”ƒ†–‡•–‹‘‹‡•–‘ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•Ǥ Ͷͺͺ––Š‡•ƒ‡’”‘‰”ƒǡ‡˜Ǥ
”ƒ ‡ƒ”ˆ‘ƒŽ•‘“—‘–‡†„”ƒŠƒǯ•’Ž‡ƒˆ‘”‘†‘ƒ† ‘‘””ƒŠ‹ ‡‡•‹•

"Building the Kingdom"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ––Š‡™ͳ͸ǣͳͺǡ‘ʹ͹ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͵Ǣ‡˜Ǥƒ’ƒƒŠǡ "Overcoming

crisis and pleasing God"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ” ͳͶǣ͵Ǧ͸ǡ ‘ ʹͶȀͲͶȀͳ͵Ǣ ‡˜Ǥ –‹ ‹ƒ›‡ƒǡ
"Deliverance in Christ"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘Š ͳͲǣͳͲǦͳͻǢ "Freedom from bondage"ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘
—„‡”•ʹ͵ǣͳͻǡ‘ͲͳȀͲͷȀͳ͵Ǣ‡˜Ǥ†”‡™•’’‹ƒŠǡ "Seek peace and pursue it"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘
‘ƒ•ͳʹǣͳ͹ǦͳͻǢ‡˜Ǥƒ—‡Ž•ƒˆ‘ǡ"Pressing unto the goal"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹Ž‹’’‹ƒ•͵ǣͳǦ
ͳͶǡ‘͵ͳȀͳʹȀͳͷǢ"Choose whom you will serve"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ ‘•Š—ƒʹͶǡ‘ʹͷȀͲͷȀͳ͸Ǣƒƒ•ƒ
‘’ƒ‹ǡ"Fellowship with God"ǡ„ƒ•‡†‘ƒ––Š‡™ͳǣʹ͵ǡ‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀͳ͸Ǥ
Ͷͺ͸‡‡•‡ –‹‘‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
Ͷͺ͹ Š‡ ‹••—‡• –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ’”ƒ›‡” –‘’‹ • ƒ– –Š‡  ‡‡–‹‰• ‹ Ž—†‡ ‡„‡”•̵

’‡”•‘ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ǡ ‘—‹–‹‡•̵ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–
ƒ† ’‡ƒ ‡ǡ –Š‡ ‰”ƒ ‡ –‘ ™‹–‡•• –‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ‘’‡ †‘‘”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǡ Šƒƒ̵• ™‡Žˆƒ”‡
ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰‡” ‹‡•ˆ‘”–”ƒ˜‡Ž‡”•ǡ‡– Ǥ
ͶͺͺʹͷȀͲͷȀͳ͸”‘’Š‡–‡••›†‹ƒ“—‘–‡†•ƒŽ͵͹ǣʹͷǤ
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ͳͺǣͳ͸Ǧ͵͵Ͷͺͻǡƒ†ƒ•‡†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘’”ƒ›ˆ‘” Šƒƒ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‘–
„‡†‡•–”‘›‡††—”‹‰–Š‡ʹͲͳ͸’”‡•‹†‡–‹ƒŽƒ†’ƒ”Ž‹ƒ‡–ƒ”›‡Ž‡ –‹‘•Ǥ


Š‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †ƒ› ‡†• ™‹–Š ˆ—† ”ƒ‹•‹‰ͶͻͲǡ ‰‹˜‹‰ ‘ˆ‘–‹ ‡•Ͷͻͳ ƒ†ƒ
Ž‘•‹‰’”ƒ›‡”ƒˆ–‡”™Š‹ Š‡„‡”•†‡’ƒ”––‘–Š‡‹”˜ƒ”‹‘—•Š‘‡•ǤͶͻʹ


6.6.1.2. Evangelism
Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• ƒ†‘’–‡† –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• –‘™ƒ”†• ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǣ 
ƒ†‹‘ „”‘ƒ† ƒ•–Ǣ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡•Ǣ ƒ† ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽ• ƒ–
‡„‡”•ǯˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡‹•–‘™‹–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ˆ‘” ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ•
‡•Š”‹‡†‘”•’‡Ž–‘—–‹–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’̵• ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ


6.6.1.2.1. FM Radio Broadcast

Š‡ †‘‡•ƒ‘–ŠŽ›”ƒ†‹‘„”‘ƒ† ƒ•––‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•ǤŠ‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ
•–ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’—•‡•‹••–ƒȋͳͲ͵ǤͻȌ ‹‡ Š‹ƒ„—–‹–‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›
†‘‡••‘‡„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–ƒ–Žƒ••‹ ȋͻͳǤͻȌ ǡ†‡’ƒȋͳ͹͵ǤͻȌ Ͷͻ͵ƒ†‰›‡™ƒ
ȋͳͷͻǤͻȌ  ƒŽŽ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ ‡ ‘”†• ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ –Šƒ– ‹ ʹͲͳʹǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡
‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ ‰‘‹‰ ’—„Ž‹  –Š”‘—‰Š ”ƒ†‹‘ „”‘ƒ† ƒ•– ™ƒ• ‰‹˜‡ „‹”–Šǡ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’

Ͷͺͻ Š‡ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ„‘—– ‘†̵• ’”‘‹•‡ –‘ „”ƒŠƒ –Šƒ– –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ–‹‘• ™‹ŽŽ ‘– „‡

†‡•–”‘›‡†‹ˆ–‡”‹‰Š–‡‘—•’‡‘’Ž‡™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡Ǥ
ͶͻͲŠ‹•‹•ƒˆ”‡‡™‹ŽŽ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡ƒ‹•‘—” ‡‘ˆˆ—†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ
ͶͻͳŠ‡’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’—•—ƒŽŽ›–ƒ‡•–Š‡‘–‹ ‡•™Š‹ Š‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡‡š–‡‡–‹‰

†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ †ƒ–‡• ƒ† ˜‡—‡• ˆ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽ ’”‘‰”ƒ• •— Š ƒ• ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǡ
™‡††‹‰•ǡ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰‘ˆƒ‡™ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡ǡ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ Š—” Š̵•ƒ—ƒŽˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰‘”
–Š‡‹”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ‡– Ǥ
ͶͻʹŠ‡ Ž‘•‹‰’”ƒ›‡”ƒ†„‡‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡•ƒ‹†„›–Š‡’”‡ƒ Š‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘Ǥ
Ͷͻ͵ Š‡ ̵• ”‡ ‘”† ‘ˆ ƒ‘— ‡‡–• ‘” ‘–‹ ‡• ‘ ʹͺȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳʹ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž

ƒ‹†‡„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‘†‡’ƒǡŽƒ••‹ ƒ†•–ƒ •–ƒ–‹‘•‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ—–‹”‡ ‡–›‡ƒ”•

–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’†‘‡•–Š‡„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‘Ž›‘•–ƒ †—‡–‘ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǤŠ‡•–ƒ 
•–ƒ–‹‘‘™†‘‡•‹–ˆ‘”ˆ”‡‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹–••‘ ‹ƒŽ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
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ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘ —•‡ ‘›ƒŽ• ȋͳͲͶǤ͹Ȍ  ‹ ‡ Š‹ǡ ƒ† ‡ˆˆ‡”•‘ ȋͻͻǤͻȌ  ‹
‘”ƒœƒƒŽŽ‹–Š‡ǡ–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–Š‡Ž‹•–‡‡”•„—––‘‘ƒ˜ƒ‹ŽǤͶͻͶ
Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡••‹˜‡ ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ”‹‰Š– ˆ”‘ ‹–•
‹ ‡’–‹‘–‘ƒ‡‹–•‹–‡–‹‘•ǡ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ͷͻͷƒ†‹••‹‘Ͷͻ͸’—„Ž‹ „›™ƒ›‘ˆ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰–‘™‹•‘—Ž•ˆ‘”Š”‹•–ƒ†‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•–‘Œ‘‹‹–Ǥ
– –Š‡  •–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡” ˆ‹”•– ‹–”‘†— ‡• –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –‘ Ž‹•–‡‡”•
„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡’”‡ƒ Š‡•ǤͶͻ͹


–‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ •–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‡˜Ǥ ‘Žƒ† ”‡ƒ†• –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒƒ •ƒ
‘’ƒ‹ǡ’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’’”‡ƒ Š‡•ǤŠ‹•‹•—Ž‹‡™Šƒ–’‡”–ƒ‹•
ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ‡‡–‹‰• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• —•—ƒŽŽ› ’”‡ƒ ŠǤ Š‹•
ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–‹•–‘•‡†ƒ Ž‡ƒ”•‹‰ƒŽ–‘–Š‡Dz†‘—„–‹‰Š‘ƒ•‡•dz–Šƒ–‘‡ ƒ
„‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† •–‹ŽŽ •‡”˜‡ ‘† ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ› ƒ• ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ ’Žƒ‡†
’”‘‰”ƒ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ –‘’‹ • •‡Ž‡ –‡† „› –Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡” –‘ ’”‡ƒ Š ‘ „—– Š‡
Š‘‘•‡• –Š‡ ƒ• ƒ† ™Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”›Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡” Šƒ• •‘ ˆƒ” ’”‡ƒ Š‡† ‘
–‘’‹ • ™Š‹ Š –‘— Š‡† ‘ •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ǡ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡƒ†‰‡‡”ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǤͶͻͺ


ͶͻͶ‘—” ‡ǣŠ‡ ̵•”‡ ‘”†‘ˆƒ‘— ‡‡–•‘”‘–‹ ‡•”‡ ‘”†‡†‘ʹͻȀͲʹȀʹͲͳʹǤ

Ͷͻͷ ‘”ƒ†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡††‹• —••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ̵•‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡••‡‡–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ
Ͷͻ͸Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹•ǡ̶ƒ‹‰–Š‡ ‘†™‡•‡”˜‡’—„Ž‹ Ž›‘™ƒ†‰‹˜‹‰Š‹–Š‡

’”‹†‡‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡‹‘—” —•–‘•ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•̶ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ ̵•ˆŽ›‡”Ǥ

Ͷͻ͹Š‡’”‡ƒ Š‡”ƒ†‹„Ž‡”‡ƒ†‡”‹–”‘†— ‡–Š‡ „›ƒ‘— ‹‰‹–•‘––‘ǡ

‡„‡”•Š‹’ƒ†‹••‹‘Ǥ
ͶͻͺŠ‡‡•‘ˆ•‡”‘•–Š‡ Šƒ•’”‡ƒ Š‡†‘”ƒ†‹‘ƒ†”‡ ‘”†‡†‘•‹ Ž—†‡ǣ"Can a

Chief become a Christian?"Ǣ "Why Nananom cannot commit their lives to Christ or be
committed Christians"Ǣ"In times like these what must the Christian do"Ǣ"False teachings and
prophecies"Ǣ"God's blessings for his children"Ǣ"The Bitter water"Ǣ"Fellowship with God"Ǣ"The
Apoᴐ festival and the death of Jesus Christ"Ǣ "Godliness with contentment"Ǣ "Is God pleased
with our hardship?"Ǣ"God's love"Ǥ
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6.6.1.2.2. Evangelistic Crusades

Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Šƒ• •‘ ˆƒ” ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –™‘ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ”—•ƒ†‡• ƒ– ”‘„‘ ‹
ʹͲͳͶƒ†ʹͲͳͷ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ† Š—” Š‡•ǤŠ‡
’”‘‰”ƒ• ™Š‹ Š Žƒ•–‡† ˆ‘” –Š”‡‡ †ƒ›• ™‡”‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –‘ Ž‹ƒš –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ
Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ”‘„‘‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤŠ‡
–Š‡‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ʹͲͳͶ ’”‘‰”ƒ ™ƒ•ǡ Dz ‡•—•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡dzǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‘Š
͸ǣ͵ͷǤͶͻͻ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” ™ƒ• ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ‡‘”‰‡ ™—ƒ•‹ ˆ”‘ ™ƒ‡•‘ ‡ƒ”
‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ –Š”‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ʹͲͳͷ ’”‘‰”ƒǤ Š‡›
™‡”‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‘ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ ‘ǡ ƒ† ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ Š—” Š‡• ƒ–
”‘„‘Ǥ Š‡› ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž› •’‘‡ ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‡•ǡ Dz–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ† ƒ
‡•–‹˜ƒŽdzǢDz ‘†̵• ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡‡Ž‹‰‹‘dzǢƒ†Dz ‘†ǡ–Š‡‰‹˜‡”‘ˆ›ƒdzǤ


6.6.1.2.3. Funeral Evangelism

Š‡  Šƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ‹–• ‡„‡”•Ǥ Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ‡•‹–•’”‡•‡ ‡‘™‘”ˆ‡Ž–„›‹–••’‡ ‹ƒŽ Ž‘–ŠǤŠ‡ —•‡•
•— Š‘ ƒ•‹‘•–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–‘•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”•‹‘”†‡”–‘™‹–Š‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–
ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘–Š‡”• –‘ Œ‘‹ –Š‡ Ǥ ‡ •— Š ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡†ƒ†ƒ†‡‹–•’”‡•‡ ‡‘”‡˜‹•‹„Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ
–Š‡Žƒ–‡ƒ‘‹‘ƒŠͷͲͲ‹ —‡ǡʹͲͳʹƒ–”‘„‘ǡ‡ƒ”‡ Š‹ƒǤ”‹‘”–‘–Š‹•
ˆ—‡”ƒŽǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‡– ƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‹‹–› ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒ
Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒ–‘’”ƒ›ˆ‘”‹–••— ‡••Ǥ

Ͷͻͻ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‘Š ͸ǣ͵ͷǡ ‡•—• †‡ Žƒ”‡† –Šƒ– Š‡ ‹• –Š‡ „”‡ƒ† ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ ‘” ƒƒ •ƒ

‘’ƒ‹ǡ–Š‡›”‡’Žƒ ‡†„”‡ƒ†™‹–Š›ƒ„‡ ƒ—•‡›ƒ‹•–Š‡•–ƒ’Ž‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ

‡ Š‹ƒŒ—•–ƒ•„”‡ƒ†™ƒ•–Š‡•–ƒ’Ž‡ˆ‘‘†‘ˆ •”ƒ‡Ž†—”‹‰ ‡•—•̵‡”ƒǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ ”‡ƒ–‹˜‡™ƒ›
‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‰–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž™‹–Š–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‹•›„‘Ž‹ ˆ‘”•Ǥ
ͷͲͲ Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ƒ‘‹ ‘ƒŠ ™ƒ• –Š‡ ™‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ǡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘ ƒ†

›‹†‘Š‡‡‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤŠ‡’ƒ••‡†‘–Š”‘—‰Š˜‡Š‹ Ž‡ƒ ‹†‡–ǤŠ‡™ƒ•

ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Šƒ†–Š‡ ǤŠ‡„—”‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡™ƒ•‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†ƒ†Ž‡†
„›–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ ™Š‘•‡‡„‡”•’Žƒ›‡†•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–
”‘Ž‡•Ǥ
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Š‡ •‡”‘ ™ƒ• †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† „› –Š‡ ‹•Š‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ ‹‘ ‡•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š ŠƒƒǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›–‘‘‘˜‡”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡•‡”‘ƒ† ƒŽŽ‡†‘‘—”‡”•‘”
•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”• –‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ ‡•—• Š”‹•– ƒ† ‘ˆ‡•• Š‹ ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‘”† ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
Ž‹˜‡•ǤŠ‡›•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›†‹†ƒƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡•‡‡™„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•–‘ ‘‡ƒ†
•–ƒ†„‡ˆ‘”‡‘–Š‡”•‹–Š‡‹††Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜‡—‡ƒ†ƒ‡ƒ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ Š”‹•– ‡•—•Ǥ —‹–‡ ƒ ‰‘‘† —„‡” ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡•’‘†‡† –‘ –Š‡
ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽǡ ƒ†‡ ƒ ’—„Ž‹  ‘ˆ‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†™‡”‡ ’”ƒ›‡† ˆ‘” „› –Š‡
’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• –Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ„‘—– ˆ‹˜‡ Š—†”‡† ‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ ‰Ž‹•Š
‹„Ž‡–‘–Š‡‡™„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•™Š‘”‡•’‘†‡†–‘–Š‡ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽƒ†‘–Š‡”‘—”‡”•
ƒ† •›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”•ǤͷͲͳ ‡˜Ǥ ƒƒ ‡••‡Š ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡  Š‘•‡ –‘
†‹•–”‹„—–‡ ‘” •Šƒ”‡ ‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ –‘ •›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ‹ Ž‹‡
™‹–Š–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•›•–‡‹ Šƒƒ™Š‡”‡•‘—˜‡‹”••— Šƒ•Šƒ†‡” Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ
‡›ǦŠ‘Ž†‡”•ǡ ƒ† —’•ǡ ‡„‘••‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‡ ‡ƒ•‡† ’‡”•‘ǯ• ’‹ –—”‡ ™‡”‡
†‹•–”‹„—–‡†–‘•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”•ǤͷͲʹ


 ™Š› –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ †‹•–”‹„—–‡ ‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡ǡ ‡˜Ǥ ƒƒ
‡••‡ŠŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
‹„Ž‡•™‡”‡‰‹˜‡‘—–„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡ȏƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹Ȑ™ƒ–‡†
’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡‡™ ‘˜‡”–•ǡ–‘‰”‘™‹–Š‡‹”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ‹˜‡•
–Š”‘—‰Š’”ƒ›‡”ƒ† ‘•–ƒ–•–—†›‘ˆ• ”‹’–—”‡Ǥ ‡™ƒ–‡†’‡‘’Ž‡
–‘ ‘™ ‘† –Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• ‘”† ƒ†–Šƒ– „› ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ ‘’‹‡• ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹„Ž‡Š‡ǡƒƒǡŠƒ•Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ›‰‹˜‡–Š‡ ‘†ǡ•‘‡–Š‹‰™Š‹ Š
™‹ŽŽŽ‡ƒ†ƒ†’”‡’ƒ”‡–Š‡ˆ‘”‡–‡”‹–›Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡŠ‡ǡƒƒǡ™ƒ–‡†

ͷͲͳ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡˜Ǥ ƒƒ ‡••‡Šǡ –Š‡ ‹„Ž‡• ™‡”‡ †‘ƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡  „› –Š‡ ‹†‡‘•

‹„Ž‡‡ƒ‰—‡ƒ––Š‡”‡“—‡•–‘ˆƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹Ǥ
ͷͲʹ –‡”˜‹‡™™‹–Š‡˜Ǥƒƒ‡••‡Š‘ͺȀͲͳȀͳ͸Ǥ
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–‘‰‹˜‡‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰‡‘”ƒ„Ž‡Š‡ ‡–Š‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ

‘’‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹„Ž‡ǤͷͲ͵
‡•‹†‡• –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ™‡”‡ ‘–Š‡” ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ™Š‡”‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ƒ†
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•–‘‘–Š‡ ‡–”‡•–ƒ‰‡–‘™‹–‡••–‘•›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡
‰‘•’‡Ž ‘ˆ Š”‹•– ‡•—•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ †‹† –Šƒ– ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡
Š—” Š‡•–‘™Š‹ Š–Š‘•‡‡„‡”•„‡Ž‘‰‡†ǤͷͲͶ
ŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •Š‘™• Š‘™ –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› „‡‡
‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ†Ȁ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ‹ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ‰‘‹‰ ‘ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‹ •’‹–‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‘Ǧ
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–—”‡‘” ‘’‘•‹–‹‘Ǥ
6.6.2. Social Impact
Š‡  Šƒ• –™‘ ƒŒ‘” •‘ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”‹‡–‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ‡Ž› ‡„‡”•ǯ ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯͷͲͷ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ǡƒ†™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ


6.6.2.1. Members’ and Participants’ Welfare

Š‡  ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• †‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š „‘–Š‡” ‘ –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡„‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ
Š‡•‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ ‡„‡”•ǯ ƒ†
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”••— Šƒ•’ƒ”‡–•ǡ•‹„Ž‹‰•ǡ•’‘—•‡•ƒ†
Š‹Ž†”‡ǡͷͲ͸ •‡† ‘ˆˆ ‘” ˆƒ”‡™‡ŽŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ˆ‘” ’ƒ•–‘”•ǡͷͲ͹ ƒ—ƒŽ Šƒ”˜‡•– ƒ†

ͷͲ͵ „‹†Ǥ
ͷͲͶ‡šƒ’Ž‡™ƒ•–Š‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ–‡›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡‘ˆ”‘„‘‹ʹͲͳ͸ǤŠ‡ ƒ†
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• †‹† –Š‡‹” ’”‡Ǧ„—”‹ƒŽ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ ƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽ ™Š‹ Š ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† ƒ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ ˆ”‘ •‘‡ •›’ƒ–Š‹œ‡”• ‘” ‘—”‡”•Ǥ Š‡ „‘†› ™ƒ• Žƒ–‡” ‘˜‡›‡† –‘
–Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Šƒ–”‘„‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡„—”‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡Ǥ
ͷͲͷ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› Š‡”‡ ‡ƒ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™Š‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡

‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‘”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ

ͷͲ͸Š‡ ̵•”‡ ‘”†•„‘‘••Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ––‡†‡†•‡˜‡–‡‡‘ˆ•— Šˆ—‡”ƒŽ•

„‡–™‡‡͵Ͳ–Š‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͳƒ†͵ͳ•–‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͷ‹ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡Ǥ
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ˆ—†”ƒ‹•‹‰ ˆ‘” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ Š—” Š‡•ǡͷͲͺ ˜‹•‹–‹‰ –Š‡ •‹  „”‡–Š”‡ǡͷͲͻ

‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™‡††‹‰• ‘” ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡•ǡͷͳͲ ƒ† ‘–Š‡” Š—” Š ”‡Žƒ–‡† •’‡ ‹ƒŽ
’”‘‰”ƒ• •— Š ƒ• –Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ǡ Žƒ— Š‹‰ ‘ˆ —•‹  ƒŽ„—ǡ ƒ† Š—” Š
ƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›Ǥͷͳͳ  ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡• –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ†‡ ƒ•Š †‘ƒ–‹‘• –‘
–Š‡’‡”•‘•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥ


6.6.2.2. Welfare of the Vulnerable

Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Šƒ•ƒƒ‰‡†ƒ–‘˜‹•‹–ƒ†•—’’‘”––Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡‹•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ–
–Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‹• –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ
ƒ—ƒŽ‰‡–Ǧ–‘‰‡–Š‡”’”‘‰”ƒǤŠ‡ ˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ–‘”’Šƒƒ‰‡•
ƒ†Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•‹ƒ†‘—–•‹†‡‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ‡ ˜‹•‹–‡†–™‘‘”’Šƒƒ‰‡•ƒ†
–Š”‡‡Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ•ˆ”‘ʹͲͳͲ–‘ʹͲͳͷǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡ ‘’‡”’Šƒƒ‰‡ƒ–”‘„‘‡ƒ”
‡ Š‹ƒǡ ƒ ”’Šƒƒ‰‡ ƒ– ‘”ƒœƒǡ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ƒ‹Ž› ‘•’‹–ƒŽǡ ’‘—
‰›‡ƒ ‘•’‹–ƒŽǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Šƒ†›ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‘•’‹–ƒŽ ƒŽŽ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• ™Š‘ ˜‹•‹–‡† –Š‘•‡
’Žƒ ‡• ’”ƒ›‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹ƒ–‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ‘”’Šƒƒ‰‡• ƒ† –Š‡ •‹  ƒ– –Š‡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ
ƒ††‘ƒ–‡†ƒ••‘”–‡†‹–‡•–‘–Š‡Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡ ǡƒ•— Šƒ•–Š‡•‡
‹† ‰‡•–—”‡• ˆ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹–• •‘ ‹ƒŽ ”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ˜—Ž‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‹
•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ –Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ –• ™‡”‡ †‘‡ ‹ ‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ –‘ ƒ‡•ǯ
ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ –‘ Š‹• ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ Dz‡Ž‹‰‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹• ’—”‡ ƒ† —†‡ˆ‹Ž‡†
„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘†ǡ–Š‡ ƒ–Š‡”ǡ‹•–Š‹•ǣ–‘visit orphansƒ†™‹†‘™•‹–Š‡‹”ƒˆˆŽ‹ –‹‘ǡ
ͷͲ͹‡–™‡‡ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͳʹƒ†‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͷǡ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒ––‡†‡†ˆ‘—”‘ˆ•— Š

’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ
ͷͲͺŠ‡ ƒ––‡†‡†–™‡Ž˜‡‘ˆ•— Š’”‘‰”ƒ•„‡–™‡‡‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͳƒ†‡ ‡„‡”ǡ

ʹͲͳͷǤ
ͷͲͻŠ‡  ˜‹•‹–‡†ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡†ˆ‘”•‡˜‡•‹ „”‡–Š”‡™Š‘ ™‡”‡‡‹–Š‡”ƒ†‹––‡†ƒ––Š‡

Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ‘”™‡”‡ƒ–Š‘‡„‡–™‡‡‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͲƒ†‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͷǤ

ͷͳͲŠ‡ ƒ––‡†‡†•‹š™‡††‹‰‘”ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ‡”‡‘‹‡•„‡–™‡‡ƒ›ǡʹͲͳʹƒ†

‡ ‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͷǤ
ͷͳͳŠ‡ ƒ––‡†‡†–Š”‡‡‘ˆ•— Š’”‘‰”ƒ•„‡–™‡‡‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳʹƒ†‡ ‡„‡”ǡ

ʹͲͳͷǤ
287
 FCCQ

ǤǤǤǤǤǡdzͷͳʹƒ† ‡•—•Š”‹•–ǯ•–‡ƒ Š‹‰‘”’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǡDz ™ƒ•ƒ‡†ƒ†›‘— Ž‘–Š‡†‡ǡ

I was sick and you visited me ǤǤǤdzͷͳ͵ŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ƒ––‡•–•–‘‹‘–Š›Ǥ‹–Šǯ•
ȋ ǣ ͳ͸͵Ȍ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ ‹† –‡•– ‘ˆ •‘ ‹ƒŽ –Š‡‘”‹‡• ‹• –Š‡‹”
‡š‡’Ž‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‹’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ


6.7. Impact of the Engagement: Transformational Mission

Š‹••‡ –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›†‡ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–Šƒ•–ƒ‡
’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‡„‡”•ǯ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‹˜‡•ǡ •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ† ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǤŠ‡•–—†›Šƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”–Šƒ––Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ˆ‘” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ‹••‹‘ ‘” ƒ†ƒ–‡ –‘ Š‡Ž’
–”ƒ•ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ –Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”Žƒ†‹–‡”•‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ


6.7.1. Personal Transformation

‘‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  •Šƒ”‡† –Š‡‹” ‘™ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ™‹–Š
”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” Ž‹˜‡• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǤŠ‡•‡‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ƒ”‡„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•
Š”‹•–Ǥ


ƒƒ —ƒ ‡›ƒƒͷͳͶ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– Š‡” ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –Š‡  Šƒ•
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡†Š‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ†–Šƒ–•Š‡‹•ƒ„Ž‡–‘’”ƒ›ǤŠ‡†‘‡•‘–
‘ˆˆ‡” ’”ƒ›‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‡š’‡ –‡† ‘ˆ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡”ƒ–Š‡”‘ˆˆ‡”•’”ƒ›‡”•–‘ ‘†„ƒ•‡†‘Š‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•–
ͷͳʹ ƒ‡•ͳǣʹ͹ǤŠ‡‡’Šƒ•‹•‹•‹‡Ǥ
ͷͳ͵ƒ––Š‡™ʹͷǣ͵͸Ǥ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ
ͷͳͶ ƒƒ —ƒ ‡›ƒƒ ‹• –Š‡ •—–ƒŠ‡ƒƒ ȋ“—‡‡ ‘ˆ •—–ƒȌ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ

”‡ƒǤŠ‡‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘‹•—–ƒǡƒ†ƒ‡š‡ —–‹˜‡‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ –‹•

‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˜‹‡™• ‡š’”‡••‡† „› Š‡” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‡• –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ̵•
‡„‡”•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†ǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
288
 FCCQ

‡•—•Ǥ ‘”Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘–‘ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–‹‡•ƒ‡•‘‡

†‡’‡†‘–Š‡„›–ƒ‹‰‹•–”— –‹‘•‘”†‹”‡ –‹˜‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ ‡””‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘
‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ –‘ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– •Š‡ †‘‡• ‘– –ƒ‡
‹•–”— –‹‘•ˆ”‘–Š‡Ǥ ‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•– ‡•—•Šƒ•‰”‘™–‘–Š‡‡š–‡––Šƒ–
•Š‡ ‹• ‘– ƒˆ”ƒ‹† ‘ˆ ƒ› ”‡’‡” —••‹‘ ™‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”†• –‘ Š‡” ”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ• —•–‘ƒ†Ȁ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘†‡ƒ†‘ˆƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”Ǥ


Š‡˜‹‡™ƒ‘‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•‹ Šƒƒ‹•–Šƒ––”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘™‡‹–ƒ•ƒ
†—–›–‘ˆ‡‡†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž––Š”‘—‰Š‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ƒ†–Šƒ–”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ
–‘†‘•‘‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡•‡”‹‘—•”‡’‡” —••‹‘•‘„‘–Š–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ƒ†
–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ—–ƒƒ—ƒ‡›ƒƒ–Š‹•‘”„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•‘–Š‡”™‹•‡„‡ ƒ—•‡
‘ˆŠ‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–Ǥ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‡”‘–Š‹‰—–‘™ƒ”†Šƒ•Šƒ’’‡‡†
–‘ Š‡” •‹ ‡ Œ‘‹‹‰ –Š‡  ƒ† Š‘Ž†‹‰ ‘ –‘ Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ‘” ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‡ƒ Š‹‰• ƒ† ‘—•‡Ž •Š‡
”‡ ‡‹˜‡•ƒ––Š‡‡‡–‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡’”‡’ƒ”‡†ƒ†‰‹˜‡Š‡”–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡
–‘ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ–‡ ‹ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ƒ•‡• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ „”‘—‰Š– „‡ˆ‘”‡ Š‡”ǡ ƒ† „”‘—‰Š–
ˆ‹ƒŽ‹–›–‘–Š‡ǤŠ‡”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡†–Šƒ–•Š‡™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘ƒ„Ž‡–‘‰‹˜‡‰‘‘† ‘—•‡Ž–‘Š‡”
•—„Œ‡ –• ™Š‘ ‘•—Ž–‡† ‘” ‘ˆ‹†‡† ‹ Š‡” „› †”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ǡ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ†’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ


ƒƒ ƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒǡͷͳͷ ƒƒ ‘•—ƒ ›‡”‡ƒƒǡͷͳ͸ ƒƒ ˆ‹ƒ ›ƒ•‡™ƒƒǡͷͳ͹ƒƒ

‡„‘ƒŠ‡›ƒ™ ǡͷͳͺ”Ǥƒš™‡ŽŽƒ™‡•ƒŠǡͷͳͻƒƒ†—™ƒ„‡ƒǡͷʹͲƒ†

ͷͳͷŠ‡‹•–Š‡”‘ˆ”‘Š‡ƒƒȋ“—‡‡‘ˆ”‘ˆ”‘Ȍ‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤŠ‡‹•

ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š‹”‘ˆ”‘ǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ

ͷͳ͸Š‡‹•–Š‡–”‡•—Š‡ƒƒȋ“—‡‡‘ˆ–”‡•—Ȍ‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǤŠ‡™ƒ•

‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
ͷͳ͹ Š‡ ‹• –Š‡ ™‹‹ƒŠ‡ƒƒ ȋ“—‡‡ ‘ˆ ™‹‹ƒȌ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒ ƒ† ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” ŠǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ

ͷͳͺ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‹’‘‹Š‡‡ ȋ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ ‹’‘‹Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸Ǥ
289
 FCCQ

ƒƒƒ‹‡Ž™ƒ‹ͷʹͳ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡‹”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ Šƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†

–Š‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ‹ ‘‹––‡† –‘ ‘† ƒ† Š‹• ™‘”Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ǡ –Š‡ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ
–‡ƒ Š‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡Š‡Ž’‡†–‘•Šƒ’‡–Š‡‹”Ž‹˜‡•‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹–Š‹
Š”‹•–ǤŠ‹•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–•‹–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽ†‡˜‘–‹‘•ǣ’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†„‹„Ž‡•–—†›Ǥ ‘”
ƒš™‡ŽŽƒ™‡•ƒŠǡŠ‹• ‘‹–‡––‘Š”‹•–Šƒ•’”‘’‡ŽŽ‡†Š‹–‘‡†— ƒ–‡
Š‹•ˆƒ‹Ž›‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘””‡’‡” —••‹‘•‘ˆ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ƒ†–Š‡‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰
‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•Ǥ


ƒƒ ‘„‡ƒ —ˆ‹‡ͷʹʹ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– Š‡” ‘‹–‡– –‘ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š
‰ƒ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‡”ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‡””‘‡‘—•
‹’”‡••‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ‘—Ž† ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡–‹‡•‡”˜‡–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†ˆƒ‹–Šˆ—ŽŽ›ǤŠ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†
ƒ‰ƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹  †”‹• ‘—Ž† Ž‡ƒ† –‘
†”—‡‡••„—–Š‡”ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ Šƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†Š‡”–‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‹•
–‡’–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” ˜‹‡™• †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–• ‘” •’‹”‹–• ƒ•
”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰ –Š‡ †‡˜‹Ž ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ Š‡” ‡‡‹‡•Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡ǡƒƒ‘„‡ƒ—ˆ‹‡•–”‘‰Ž›‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ
Dz ™‹ŽŽ‘–‰‹˜‡†”‹•‘”ˆ‘‘†–‘›‡‡›–‘‰ƒ‹•–”‡‰–Š‘”’‘™‡”ƒ†–—”
ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡Žƒ–‡”Ǥdzͷʹ͵


ͷͳͻ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ™ƒ‡•‘ ›‘‘ „—•—ƒ’ƒ‹ ȋˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ† ‘ˆ ™ƒ‡•‘ ›‘‘ ˆƒ‹Ž›Ȍ ‹ –Š‡

‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǡƒ†ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” ŠǤ ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘

͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ
ͷʹͲ ‡‹•–Š‡‡–‡ ›ƒ•‡Š‡‡‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǡƒ†ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‘Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ
ͷʹͳ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ –”‡•—Š‡‡ ȋ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆ –”‡•—Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ǥ ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ
ͷʹʹ Š‡ ‹• –Š‡ ”‘„‘Š‡ƒƒ ȋ“—‡‡ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘Ȍ ‹ –Š‡ ‡ Š‹ƒ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǡ ƒ† ƒ

‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•– Š—” ŠǤŠ‡™ƒ•‹–‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ

ͷʹ͵ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ
290
 FCCQ

ƒƒˆ‹ƒ ›ƒ•‡™ƒƒ‘Š‡”’ƒ”–”‡ ‘—–‡†Š‘™Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠŠƒ•‡ƒ„Ž‡†

Š‡” –‘ †‡’‡† ‘ ‘† ˆ‘” †‹˜‹‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ǡ ‘—•‡Žǡ ™‹•†‘ǡ
•–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‡‡†•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡
†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”™Š‡”‡„›•‘‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Šƒ†–‘†‡’‡†‘
†‡‹–‹‡•ƒ†ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–„› ‘•—Ž–‹‰–Š‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‡‡†•ǤŠ‡ƒ “—‹”‡†–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡„›‘–‘Ž›’”ƒ›‹‰ƒ†
”‡ƒ†‹‰–Š‡‹„Ž‡„—–ƒŽ•‘„›‰‘‹‰ˆ—”–Š‡”–‘’—–ƒ ‘’›‘ˆ–Š‡‹„Ž‡—†‡”Š‡”
’‹ŽŽ‘™ –‘ •Ž‡‡’ ‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ™Šƒ– •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†— ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ ƒ• –Š‡
–ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹ —•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ


‘”ƒƒƒ‹‡Ž™ƒ‹ǡŠ‡Šƒ•”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ –Šƒ–Š‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰‘”
”—Ž‹‰Š‹•’‡‘’Ž‡‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆŠ”‹•– ‡•—•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”•— Š‘™Ž‡†‰‡
Šƒ• ”‡ƒŽŽ› Š‡Ž’‡† ‹ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ Š‹ ‹–‘ ƒ Š—„Ž‡ •‡”˜ƒ– ‘ˆ „‘–Š ‡•—•
Š”‹•–ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡŠ‡‹•‘™ Ž‡ƒ”‹Š‹•‹†ƒ„‘—–Š‹•Š”‹•–‹ƒ
ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† Ž‹ˆ‡ —Ž‹‡ Š‹• †ƒ›• „‡ˆ‘”‡ Œ‘‹‹‰ –Š‡  ™Š‡”‡ Š‡ ‹†—Ž‰‡† ‹
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•”‘Ž‡ƒ•ƒƒ”„‹–‡”‹•‡––Ž‹‰†‹•’—–‡•„‡–™‡‡Ž‹–‹‰ƒ–•
™Š‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‹Š‡Šƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
‘”‡”Ž›ǡ™Š‡ •ƒ–‹Œ—†‰‡–ƒ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡†ƒŽ‘–‘ˆ
’‘™‡”ƒ†™‹ ‡†‡••–‘™ƒ”†•’‡‘’Ž‡„—–‘™ Šƒ˜‡Ž‡ƒ”––‘„‡
Ž‹‡Š”‹•– ‡•—•ƒ† ‡šŠ‹„‹–•›’ƒ–Š›ǡŒ—•–‹ ‡ƒ†‡” ›Ǥ‘™ǡ
ƒŽŽ ƒ‡” ‘ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† ™‹ŽŽ‹‰ –‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡ ™‹–Š
–Š‡‹”‰”‹‡˜ƒ ‡•ǤͷʹͶ


Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ’‘”–”ƒ›• –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ǡ ‹
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ„‡‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–™Šƒ––Š‹••–—†›
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ• –Š‡ Dz†‡›•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵• ’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥdz ƒƒ ††‘ ƒ™ƒŠ

ͷʹͶ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷǤ
291
 FCCQ

ȋʹͲͲͶȌ‰‹˜‡•ƒ˜‹˜‹††‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ™Šƒ–‘‡ ƒˆ‹†ƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•’ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ™Šƒ–

’‡”–ƒ‹• –Š‡”‡ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰• ƒ† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ† Š‘™
˜‹•‹–‘”•ƒ”‡•—’’‘•‡–‘„‡Šƒ˜‡‘”’”‡•‡––Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•†—”‹‰–Š‡‹”˜‹•‹–‘”–Š‡
Dz†‘•dzƒ†Dz†‘ǯ–•dzǤŠ‡•—’’‘•‡†•ƒ ”‡†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–‘
Šƒ˜‡†‡”‹˜‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’™‹–Šƒ ‡•–‘”•‘”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•‘”–Š‡‹”
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‘Ž‡ƒ•’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒŽ•‘ƒ††•—’–‘–Š‡›•–‡”›Ǥ ‘”ƒ›
˜‹•‹–‘”• ƒ† ‹–‹œ‡•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• •‘‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ƒ†Ȁ‘” ›•–‡”› •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡
Š‹‡ˆ̵• ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ‡• ‹– ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” •— Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ˜‹•‹– –Š‡”‡ –‘
–”ƒ•ƒ – „—•‹‡••Ǥ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒƒ ‘„„‹ƒ †‹• Ž‘•‡† †—”‹‰ ƒ ‹–‡”˜‹‡™
Š‘™ •Š‡ ™ƒ• ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒˆ”ƒ‹† –‘ ˜‹•‹– ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
›•–‡”› •—””‘—†‹‰ Š‹ ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ Š‡ Žƒ–‡” ‰ƒ–Š‡”‡† ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –‘ ˜‹•‹– Š‹
™Š‡ ƒƒ Š‹•‡Žˆ ‹˜‹–‡† ƒ† ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† Š‡” –‘ †‘ •‘Ǥ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
Dz†‡›•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡dzǡ ƒƒ ƒ‹‡Ž ™ƒ‹ ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ DzŠ‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵•
’ƒŽƒ ‡ ™ƒ• ƒ†‡ –‘ Ž‘‘ ‘” „‡ ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž ˆ‘” ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ ˜‹•‹–‡†Ǥ —– ‘™ –Š‡
’ƒŽƒ ‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ†‡ ˆ”‹‡†Ž› ƒ† ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‘‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‹–Š‘—–
ˆ‡ƒ”ǤdzͷʹͷŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†ƒ•–Š‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘
–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ‹–•‡„‡”•ǤŠ‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒŽ‘–†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‹
–Š‡ ’”‘ ‡•• –‘ †‡›•–‹ˆ› –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵• ’‡”•‘ƒ ƒ† ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆ‡ƒ”ˆ—Ž ƒ†
›•–‹ ƒŽƒ–—”‡ƒ•‹•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ
Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ „‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡• Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–
™Š‹ Š’‘•‹–•–Šƒ–›•–‹ ‹•Šƒ•‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡‹‘†‡”†ƒ› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ‡
‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‹•ƒƒ††‘ƒ™ƒȋʹͲͲͶǣͳͳͲǦͳͳͳȌ™Š‘
’—–•‹–‘”‡•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
‘‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ›•–‹ ‹• •—””‘—†‹‰ –Š‡
‹•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Š‡Ž’•–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘–‘ƒ “—‹”‡ƒƒ—”ƒ‘ˆ

ͷʹͷ „‹†Ǥ
292
 FCCQ

ƒ™‡ ƒ† ”‡•’‡ –ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǣ „—– ‹ –Š‹• †ƒ› ƒ† ƒ‰‡ ™Š‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ̵•
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••†‡’‡†•—’‘Š‘™Š‡ ‘’‘”–•Š‹•‡Žˆƒ†–‘™Šƒ–
‡š–‡– ȋ•‹ Ȍ Š‡ ‹• ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ –Š‡ Š‘’‡• ƒ† ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ Š‹•
’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‘ˆ›•–‹“—‡Šƒ•˜‡”›Ž‹––Ž‡‘”‘”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ǥ


Š‡ ‘–Š‡” • Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š–ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’‘•–—Žƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵• ”‡•’‡ – ‹•
„ƒ•‡†‘Š‹•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•”‘Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡›•–‡”›ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘Š‹•’‡”•‘ƒǤ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
’”‘’‘‡–•‘ˆ–Š‹•˜‹‡™‹•ƒ”ˆ—‘Ǥ„ƒ›‹‡‘ƒ–‡ȋͳͻͻ͹ǣͳ͹Ȍ™Š‘’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•ǡ
Dz –‹•ƒˆƒ ––Šƒ–™Šƒ–‡˜‡””‡•’‡ ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆŠƒ•ǡ–Š‡•‡†ƒ›•ǡƒ‘‰Š‹•’‡‘’Ž‡‹•
–Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡ Š‡ ’Žƒ›• ƒ• –Š‡ Š‹‰Š ’”‹‡•– ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥdz  Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ Šƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡‡ †‹• ‘—–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”
• Š‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‘—‰Š– ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› ƒƒ ††‘ ƒ™ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͹ͳȌ ƒ• Š‡
‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǣ
 ˆƒ –ǡ ƒ• ƒ ƒ –‹˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ– ‹ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › †”ƒƒǡ  ƒ
–‡•–‹ˆ›–‘–Š‡ˆƒ ––Šƒ–ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ‡ƒ”–Š‡”‡•’‡ –‘ˆŠ‹••—„Œ‡ –•
‘–„‡ ƒ—•‡Š‡‹•ƒ•ƒ ”‡†’‡”•‘™Š‘ƒ‹–ƒ‹••–”‹ –ƒ†Š‡”‡ ‡
–‘ –Š‡ –‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‹–—ƒŽ•ǡ „—– ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ Š‹• ”‹‰Š–‡‘—•‡••ǡ
‘’‘”–‡–ƒ†‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰‘ˆŠ‹•
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ

‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡƒ‰”‡‡•–‘–Š‡ ˜‹‡™–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒ‘™‹•ƒ––ƒ Š‡†–‘
’ƒ‰ƒ‹• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ǯ• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’ ™‹–Š  „—– ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘”
•‘‡‘†‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘•‹–Šƒ–†‹”‡ –‹‘Ǥ ‡ˆ—”–Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ––Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹ Šƒƒ•Š‘—Ž†„‡‰‹–‘†‹•–ƒ ‡‹–•‡Žˆˆ”‘’ƒ‰ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡••‘ƒ•
–‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ ‹– •—”˜‹˜‡ ‹ ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡šƒ –Ž› ™Šƒ– ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–‘†‘ƒ†ƒ”‡
†‘‹‰ǣ–Š‡†‡›•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡’‡”•‘ƒ‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡ƒ†–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
293
 FCCQ

‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ƒŽ•‘†‘–‡•–‹ˆ›ƒ„‘—–”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰•‘‡ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽƒ†

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ „Ž‡••‹‰• ˆ”‘ ‘† ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”
™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡› „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‘† Šƒ• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡† –Š‡‹” ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ
”‡•‘—” ‡•ˆ‘”‰‘‘†ǤŠ‡›–‡•–‹ˆ›–‘–Š‹•ƒ––Š‡‹”‡‡–‹‰•ƒ•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹
–Š‡ •–—†›Ǥ ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒƒ ƒ‹‡Ž ™ƒ‹ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Šƒ– Š‡ ™ƒ• ‡Œ‘›‹‰
’‡ƒ ‡ƒ†•‘‡ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ„Ž‡••‹‰ˆ”‘ ‘†‹ Ž—†‹‰–Š‡™‹‹‰‘ˆƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
„‡•– ˆƒ”‡” ƒ™ƒ”†Ǥͷʹ͸ ‘” Š‹ ƒ† Š‹• ‘–Š‡” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‡Œ‘›‹‰
–”‡‡†‘—•’‘•‹–‹˜‡ Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡‹”ˆ‹ƒ ‡•ǡ™‘”ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†–Šƒ–
–Š‡  ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• Šƒ˜‡ ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘
•— Š •— ‡••‡•Ǥ ‡”Šƒ’• –Š‡•‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ —•– Šƒ˜‡
’”‘’–‡†–Š‡ —””‡–Ɔmanhene‘ˆ–Š‡ǡ•‡ƒ†‡ᖡ›ᣨ—ˆ‹‡›ƒ™ ǡ–‘
†‡• ”‹„‡ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹ƒ•–Š‡’‹ŽŽƒ”‘ˆŠ‹•(Ɔmanhene’s)”‡‹‰Ǥ ‡ƒ†‡
–Š‹• ”‡ƒ”• ™Š‡ Š‡ ˜‹•‹–‡† ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ƒ– Š‹• ’ƒŽƒ ‡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡
ʹͲͳͶƒ—ƒŽBayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ


6.7.2. Transformation of Traditions/Customs

‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’Žƒ›‡”• Šƒ˜‡
ƒ––‡•–‡†–‘•‘‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ ŠŠƒ•–ƒ‡’Žƒ ‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘
•‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡‹” ƒ”‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡•‡
‹ Ž—†‡ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ akondwa yere ȋ•–‘‘Ž ™‹ˆ‡Ȍ ƒ† ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† Š‘‘”‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ


ͷʹ͸Š‡ Šƒƒƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡•– ƒ”‡”™ƒ”†‹•ƒƒ—ƒŽ‡˜‡–™Š‹ Š™ƒ•‹•–‹–—–‡†„›–Š‡

‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ Šƒƒ–‘ƒ™ƒ”†Šƒ”†™‘”‹‰ˆƒ”‡”•ƒ––Š‡†‹•–”‹ –ǡ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ
294
 FCCQ

6.7.2.1. Libation
‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘” ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡  ‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡
–ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ „Žƒ  •–‘‘Ž• ƒ– –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‘‘Ǥ ‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘–‡†‡† ȋ•ƒ–‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ƒ† ˜‹‡™‡† „› •‘‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—•Ǥ —– ‡–‡” ™ƒ•‹ ƒ”’‘‰ ȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ ƒ
”‡‘™‡†ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ‹ Šƒƒǡ•‡‡•‘–Š‹‰™”‘‰™‹–Š–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ ’‡”ˆ‘”‹‰ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥͷʹ͹ •ƒ–‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍ ˜‹‡™• Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ˜‡”› ‡–”ƒŽ –‘
–Š‡”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”™‹–Š’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ””‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‹”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ•
–Š‡’”‹‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥͷʹͺ—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳǣʹ͸Ȍˆ‹”•–—†‡”•–‘‘†–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•”‘Ž‡ƒ•
ƒ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘ ‡†‹ƒ–‡• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰
–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


 Šƒƒǡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ”‡‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘’‡”ˆ‘”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•

‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ƒ†‘ˆ‡•–‹˜‡†ƒ›•ǤŠ‡›†‘•‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–‘•‘Ž‹ ‹––Š‡„Ž‡••‹‰•
ƒ†•—’’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š ‡”–ƒ‹ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰–Š‡ƒ†
–Š‡ ‘—‹–‹‡• ƒ• ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ’‡”ˆ‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ”‘‘ ‘”
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •Š”‹‡ ‘ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘” ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ —– ‘ ‘”†‹ƒ”› †ƒ›• –Š‡
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†„‡’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ƒ›™Š‡”‡‹–Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡ǤŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡”˜‡ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ’”‹‡•–•ǡ ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‡ƒ†•ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• †‘ ’‡”ˆ‘”
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡‘ ƒ•‹‘†‡ƒ†Ǥ


ͷʹ͹ —‘–‡† ‹ •ƒ–‡ ƒ—‡Žǡ The Relationship between the Chieftaincy institution and

Christianity in Ghanaǡ’ǤʹͶͳǤ
ͷʹͺ ‘”‘”‡‘Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘•‡‡ƒ—‡Ž•ƒ–‡–™‹ǡFaith in Life situationsǤ—ƒ•‹ǣ‹‘‡‡”

”‡••ǡͳͻͻͲǤ
295
 FCCQ

‘” ƒƒ ††‘ ƒ™ƒ ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͹ͻǦͺͶȌǡ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‘•‹•–• ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ƒ –• ‹• —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡˜‡” ‹–‡†‡† –‘ „‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ• •‘‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡
’—”’‘”–‡†Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– –™‘ ƒ –• ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• –Š‡ Žƒ•– ƒ – ‹•
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ –‹•‹–‡†‡†–‘‹˜‹–‡–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘Œ‘‹
–Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ƒ – „› ™ƒ•Š‹‰ –Š‡‹” ˆ‡‡– ™‹–Š Ž‹“—‹†
•—„•–ƒ ‡ǤŠ‡•‡ ‘†‹•–‘™‡Ž ‘‡–Š‡‹˜‹–‡†ƒ ‡•–‘”™Š‘Šƒ•”‡•’‘†‡†
–‘–Š‡‹˜‹–ƒ–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š‰”‡‡–‹‰•ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ –‹•–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”•
–Šƒ–ƒ”‡•ƒ‹†‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡•‡’”ƒ›‡”•
ƒ”‡ ‹–‡†‡† ˆ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž› †‡‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒ”‰—‡† ˆ—”–Š‡” –Šƒ– ™ƒ–‡”ǡ ‘– ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹ 
„‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ™ƒ• ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› —•‡† ˆ‘” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‹• ™ƒ–‡” –Šƒ– ‹• —•‡† –‘
™‡Ž ‘‡ ƒ† ™ƒ•Š –Š‡ ˆ‡‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–”ƒ‰‡” ‘” ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”Ǥ ƒƒ ††‘
ƒ™ƒ ‹•ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‹‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ —””‡– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‡”‡
ƒŽ ‘Š‘Ž‹  •—„•–ƒ ‡ ‹• —•‡† ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ Š‡Ž’ ‘”
„Ž‡••‹‰• ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‹• –Š‡ ‘””—’– ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› ’‡”–ƒ‹‡†Ǥ
‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‡’”‘’‡”Ž›—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”‡†ǡ•Š‘—Ž†‘–„‡ƒ’”‘„Ž‡
ˆ‘”ƒ›„‘†›‹ Ž—†‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ•Š‡’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•Ǥ


ǤǤƒ™—•‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌ†‘‡•‘–ƒ‰”‡‡™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡™Š‘’‘•‹––Šƒ–Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘‹•‘–
‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‹–•Š‘—Ž†„‡†‹•‹••‡†Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ–Š‡
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹• –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™ƒ› ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰ ™‹–Š ‘† ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‹–
‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡‹Ž‹‡™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ȋʹͲͲͶǣͺͳȌ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ”‹–‡ƒ ‘’ƒ›‹‰’”ƒ›‡”–‘ ‘†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡ
‹–‹•‘–‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‘”†‹ƒ”›Š”‹•–‹ƒ–‘’‡”ˆ‘”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ
’”ƒ›‡” „—– –Šƒ– Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ™Š‘ †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ• ˆƒ‹Ž›Ȁ Žƒ Š‡ƒ†• ‘” Š‹‡ˆ• ‘—Ž†
’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‹–‡Ǥ Š‹•ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ǡ ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Dz‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ †‡ƒ†• –Šƒ– ‘ ‡”–ƒ‹ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• –Š‡› ’‘—”
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz ‡ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ƒ††‡† –Šƒ– ‹– ‘—Ž† „‡ †‘‡ ‹ ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š
296
 FCCQ

Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹œ‹‰‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‹–—ƒŽ••— Šƒ•Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ

ǤǤǤ”ƒŠȋͳͻͺ͹ǣʹͲͻȌƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”ƒˆ‘”‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ›‡”•™Š‡”‡–Š‡
‡’Šƒ•‹•‹••Š‹ˆ–‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡abosomȋ†‡‹–‹‡•Ȍƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•–‘–Š‡–”‹—‡ ‘†
™Š‘‹•–Š‡ ‡–‡”‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’ˆ‘”–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒǤͷʹͻ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘–‘
•—‹– Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ –‘ ™ƒ””ƒ– Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ƒ™—•‹ ȋʹͲͲͻȌ
•—‰‰‡•–•ǣ
Š‡ ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡••‡” †‡‹–‹‡• ™‘—Ž† Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ‘‹––‡†Ǥ
Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ ƒ› ‘– „‡ ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹‰Š–‰‘ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‹„ƒ–‘”›
’”ƒ›‡”• ƒŽ–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ ‹˜‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ —”•‡• ‘ ‡‡‹‡• ‘—Ž†
‡‹–Š‡”„‡‘‹––‡†‘”‹– ‘—Ž†„‡–—”‡†‹–‘ƒ ’”ƒ›‡” ‹ ™Š‹ Š
‘†™‘—Ž†„‡ƒ•‡†–‘ Šƒ‰‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡‡‹‡••‘–Šƒ–
–Š‡›™‘—Ž†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ–Š‡ƒ”–Ǥͷ͵Ͳ


‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ „‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡• Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ–Š‘—‰Š–™Š‹ Š˜‹‡™•Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•

‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ †‘ ‘– ’‡”ˆ‘” ‹–Ǥ Š‹• •–ƒ ‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• Š‘™ ˆƒ”
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ˜‹‡™•
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•†‡‘‹ ƒ†—„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽǤ•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͹ͺȌŠƒ•”‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ’–—”‡†
–Š‹• ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘•–—”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ Dz ‘” •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‘•‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™‹–Šƒ’‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹–‹•‘–‘Ž›—„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽǡ
‹–‹•†‡‘‹ Ǥdz
Šƒ–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‘ǡ‹•–‡ƒ†ǡ‹•–Šƒ––Š‡›‘ˆˆ‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”•‹
–Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ’ƒŽƒ ‡• ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž› Š‘—•‡•Ǥ ƒ”Ž› ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰ †—”‹‰ ˆ‡•–‹˜‡
‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ‘” „‘–Š ƒ••‡„Ž‡ –Š‡‹” ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ– –Š‡ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ‘”
ˆƒ‹Ž›Š‘—•‡ƒ†‹˜‹–‡‘‡‘”ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•–‘Ž‡ƒ†‹

ͷʹͻ—‘–‡†‹ Ǥ•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡThe Inculturation of Christianity in Africaǡ’ǤͺʹǤ

ͷ͵Ͳ–Š‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹„ƒ–‘”›’”ƒ›‡” ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–‘•—‹––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‡‡ƒŽ•‘•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡ
’ǤͺʹǤ
297
 FCCQ

‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰’”ƒ›‡”•‹’Žƒ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡—•—ƒŽ†”‹•ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•ƒ†•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•

–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›Ǥ–‘‡‘ˆ•— Š‘ ƒ•‹‘•ǡ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ•–‘”Ž‡†–Š‡‡Ž†‡”•ƒ† Š‹‡ˆƒ†“—‡‡–‘•‡˜‡”–‹‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–
ƒ††‡‹–›†‡‡‡†–‘„‡‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†–Š‡”‡„›‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰
ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡‹”’‡”•‘ƒŽƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡Ž‹˜‡•‘”’”‘‰”‡••Ǥͷ͵ͳ ‡ƒŽ•‘Ž‡†–Š‡–‘
‘ˆ‡•• ƒ† „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ ‡•—• Š”‹•– ƒ• –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‘”† ƒ† ƒ‡ Š‹ –Š‡
‘†‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ˆƒ‹Ž‹‡•ƒ† ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡’ƒ•–‘”–Š‡ƒ‘‹–‡†–Š‡™‹–Š‘‹Ž
–‘ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹ǡ•‡ƒŽ–Š‡‹” ‘ˆ‡••‹‘‘ˆˆƒ‹–Š‹ ‡•—•Š”‹•–Ǥ


Š‡”‡‹•ƒŽ•‘‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘†—”‹‰ƒ‡‡–‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•
ƒ†–Š‡‹”‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ”‡‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ† ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡‡–‹‰•Ǥ
ƒƒ‡„‘ƒŠ‡›ƒ™ ‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ–Š‡ƒ†Š‹• ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‡Ž†‡”•„‡‰‹ƒ†
‡†–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž̵•‡‡–‹‰•™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡ Š—” Š‡•‹
Š‹• ‘—‹–› †‘ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” Š‹ǡ Š‹• ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ† ‘—‹–› ‘ ‘–ŠŽ›
”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „ƒ•‡•Ǥ  Š‡” ’ƒ”–ǡ ƒƒ ƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– •Š‡ ƒ† Š‡”
‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ‡Ž†‡”•Šƒ˜‡ƒ’”‘‰”ƒ™Š‡”‡–Š‡ ‘— ‹Ž‡„‡”•ƒ†›‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡
‘—‹–› ‘ˆˆ‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ ƒ† ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—‹–›Ǥ ƒƒ ƒ‹‡Ž™ƒ‹ ƒ† Š‹• ‘— ‹ŽŠƒ˜‡‰‘‡ ˆ—”–Š‡” –‘ ƒ’’‘‹–
‘‡ ‘ˆ Š‹• ‡Ž†‡”• ƒ• ƒ ’ƒŽƒ ‡ Šƒ’Žƒ‹ ™Š‘ ‹• ‹ Šƒ”‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ


6.7.2.2. Feeding and Honoring the Ancestors

‘–Š‡”ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™Š‹ Š‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽBayedieˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹•–Š‡ˆ‡‡†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰‹•–‡ƒ†‘ˆ
–Š‡ †‡ƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ‘” ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ †—”‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ—ƒŽ
Bayedie ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™‹–Š ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡™ ›ƒ
ͷ͵ͳ‡˜Ǥ‘Žƒ†ƒ‹ƒ†Š‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•Ž‡†–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ–”‘„‘ƒ†‘–Š‡”’Žƒ ‡•ƒ‡†

„›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †—”‹‰–Š‡‹”—ƒŽƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ

298
 FCCQ

ȋ ‘‘‡† ƒ† ƒ•Š‡†Ȍ ƒ† •‘‡ ˆ”‡•Š ‡ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡† ƒ‹ƒŽǤ Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ•
‡‹–Š‡”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š”‡‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—•
—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†„›•ƒ–‡ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣʹͶͳȌǤŠ‡„‘‡
‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘ ˆ‘” •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ‘—–• –‘ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ
™‘”•Š‹’ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– –Š‡‹” Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ •ƒ–‡ ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ
’—–• ‹– ‘”‡ •— ‹ –Ž›ǡ Dz‘ •— Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ‘–Š‹‰
‘”‡–Šƒ•—’‡”•–‹–‹‘ƒ†ƒ—ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ™‘”•Š‹’™Š‹ Š‹ˆ”‹‰‡•
‘–Š‡ˆ‹”•– ‘ƒ†‡–Ǥdz„‘—–Š”‹•–‹ƒ•™Š‘Šƒ˜‡‘’”‘„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ–‡ȋ‹„‹†ǡͳͶͳǡͳͶʹȌ•ƒ›•ǡDz–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ••‡‡‘–Š‹‰™”‘‰™‹–Š
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘–Š‡ǡ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•–Š‡Š‹‰Š‡•–ˆ‘”
‘ˆ ”‡•’‡ – ‹–‹œ‡• ƒ ‰‹˜‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ™‘”–Š› ƒ ‡•–‘”• ™Š‘•‡ ‹‡•‡
‘–”‹„—–‹‘•Ž‹‡ƒ––Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥdz


Šƒ˜‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‹–Š‹••–—†›–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡ƒ„‘—–™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‹•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”

’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ‘—–•–‘–Š‡˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘”™‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥͷ͵ʹ•‡‹Ǧ‘•—
ȋʹͲͲͶǣ͸Ȍ ‰‹˜‡• –Š”‡‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ˆ‘” ‘‡ –‘ ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ
ƒ ‡•–‘”ƒ‘‰–Š‡•ƒ–‡‹ Šƒƒǣƒ–—”ƒŽ†‡ƒ–ŠǢ„‡‹‰ƒƒ†—Ž–Ǣƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰
ƒ „Žƒ‡Ž‡•• Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• ƒŽ•‘ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ ‘‘ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ
„—–‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǡ ƒ††–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‘—•–Šƒ˜‡†‹‡†‘
–Š‡•–‘‘Ž‹‘”†‡”–‘“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›–‘„‡‹‘”–ƒŽ‹œ‡†ƒ•ƒƒ ‡•–‘”ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–
ƒ› Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ™Š‘ ƒ„†‹ ƒ–‡• ‘” ‹• †‡•–‘‘Ž‡† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡‹” †‡ƒ–Š †‘ ‘–
“—ƒŽ‹ˆ›–‘„‡ƒƒ ‡•–‘”Ǥ


”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ”‡˜‡‡”ƒ–‡†‘”™‘”•Š‹’’‡†ǡ–Š‡ 

†‘‡•‘–•‡‡–‘ ƒ”‡ƒ„‘—––Š‡’Žƒ›‘ˆ™‘”†•‹–Š‡†‡„ƒ–‡Ǥ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡

ͷ͵ʹ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘ǡ–Š‡•‡ –‹‘‘‹†‹‰‡‘—•”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ

299
 FCCQ

ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’†‘”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡–Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹–‹‡’ƒ•–ƒ†

–Šƒ––Š‡›†‘‘–‘’’‘•‡–Š‡‹” ‘‡‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ǡ–Š‡†‡ƒ†ǡƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’ƒ”– –‘ ’Žƒ› ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ – ‹• –Š‡
Ž‹˜‹‰ ™Š‘ ‡‡†• ˆ‘‘† ƒ† Š‡ ‡ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –‘ „‡ ˆ‡†Ǥ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹
‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡDz ‡‡†‹‰–Š‡†‡ƒ†‘”ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•‘—–‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡•‹ ‡–Š‡›†‘‘–‡š‹•–
ƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ƒ‘– ‡ƒ–Ǥ – ‹• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ™Š‘ ‡‡† ˆ‘‘† –‘ •—”˜‹˜‡ ƒ† ‰ƒ‹
•–”‡‰–Š –‘ ‰‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡‹” †—–‹‡• ƒ† •‘ —•– „‡ ˆ‡†Ǥdzͷ͵͵  ˜‹•‹– –‘ ”‘„‘ǡ
™Š‡”‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Ž‹˜‡ ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘ ƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ —ƒŽ Bayedie ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡‹”• ‹• ƒ ˆ‡ƒ•–
‡Œ‘›‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ  ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– ƒ›‘‡ ™Š‘ ˜‹•‹–‡† –Š‡
’ƒŽƒ ‡Šƒ†•‘‡–Š‹‰–‘‡ƒ–Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆ’ƒ•–‘”•™Š‘˜‹•‹–‡†–Š‡’Žƒ ‡ƒ†‡
•—”‡ –Š‡› ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† •‘‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ˆ‘” –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ‘—‹–›
„‡ˆ‘”‡Ž‡ƒ˜‹‰ǤŠ‡• ‡‡™ƒ•‘”‡‘ˆƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ


Š‡  •‡‡• –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ•ǡ ‹†‡‡†ǡ ƒ ƒŒ‘” „”‡ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š ‹ –Š‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•Šƒ•„‡‡ƒ Š‹‡˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ 
ƒ†•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ† Š—” Š‡•Ǥ
—•‹ƒȋͳͻͷͳǣʹ͸Ȍ‘–‡† ƒ„‘—––Š‡•Šƒ–‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
†‘Œ‘‹–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰†—”‹‰ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ†–Šƒ––Š‡™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰‘”•‘ ‹‡–›
†‡’‡†•‘–Š‡ƒ‹–‡ƒ ‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†”‡Žƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘™Š‘–Š‡
Ž‹˜‹‰†‡’‡†ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’ƒ†’”‘–‡ –‹‘Ǥ –‹•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵•”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–›ǡ
ƒ• –Š‡ Ž‹˜‹‰ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ –‘ Š‡Ž’ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡ „‘†
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ –‹•‹Š‹• ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ƒ•–Š‡‘‡™Š‘•‹–•
—’‘ –Š‡ •–‘‘Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘ˆˆ‡”• •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• †‡‡‡†
‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”‹„‡ȋ—•‹ƒǡ‹„‹†ǣʹ͹ȌǤ—•‹ƒ‘„•‡”˜‡†ˆ—”–Š‡”

ͷ͵͵ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶǤ
300
 FCCQ

–Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› „‡ ‘‡• –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‹‰—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡”‡‘‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ •‡”˜ƒ– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† Š‡ ‹•
‡š’‡ –‡†–‘•Š‘™–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ƒ†’ƒ›–Š‡–Š‡•ƒ‡ ‘—”–‡•‹‡•
ƒ•Š‡‡š’‡ –•–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡ˆ”‘Š‹••—„Œ‡ –•Ǥ


–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–‘‡‘ˆ™Šƒ–Šƒ• „‡‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„›—•‹ƒ‹•†‘‡
„›‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǤŠ‡›‡‹–Š‡”’‡”ˆ‘”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒˆ‘”‘ˆ’”ƒ›‡”–‘
–Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘” ‘ˆˆ‡” ˆ‘‘† ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‘” •Š‘™
”‡˜‡”‡ ‡ͷ͵Ͷ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ †‡ƒ†•Ǥ ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ —•‹ƒǯ• ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒƒ††‘ƒ™ƒŠȋʹͲͲͶǣ͹ͲȌƒ••‡”–•–Šƒ––Š‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‡Œ‘›•Š‹•’‘•‹–‹‘
ƒ• ƒ ‡šƒŽ–‡† ’‡”•‘ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”‹—•Ǧ‹–‡” ’ƒ”‡• ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ Šƒ• ‡‹–Š‡”
†‹˜‹‡ ”‹‰Š– ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ Š‹‡ˆǤ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ††‘
ƒ™ƒ‘Ž›”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡•–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǤ ‹•’‘•‹–‹‘
‘–Š‡‹••—‡ƒ–•–ƒ‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡‹†‡ƒŽƒ†‘––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ‘‰
•‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ


•‹†‹ ƒ–‡†‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ǯ•”‡ˆ—•ƒŽ–‘’‡”ˆ‘”‘”‘„•‡”˜‡–Š‡

ƒ„‘˜‡‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ ‘‹–‡––‘–Š‡‹”Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡›
†‘ ‘– „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ† ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –‘ †‘ –Š‡
‘—‹–› ‰‘‘† ‘” „ƒ†Ǥ Š‡› –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ –‡•–‹ˆ› –‘ –Š‡ ‹••—‡ –Šƒ– ‘–Š‹‰
—–‘™ƒ”† Šƒ• Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ –Š‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡› †‡ ‹†‡† –‘ Dz’ƒ”– ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‘’ƒ›dz ™‹–Š –Š‡ —Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‹ ‘‡ –‹‘ ™‹–Š

ͷ͵ͶŠ‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ™ƒ›‘ˆ•Š‘™‹‰”‡˜‡”‡ ‡–‘ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹•–‘ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹–Š‡•–‘‘Ž

”‘‘‘”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•Š”‹‡„ƒ”‡ˆ‘‘–‡†ƒ†„‘™„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡„Žƒ ‡‡†•–‘‘Ž™Š‹ Š‹•„‡Ž‹‡˜‡†

–‘‹Šƒ„‹––Š‡‹”•’‹”‹–•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡ –Š‹•ƒ‘—–•–‘‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ‡‡ƒŽ•‘‡–‡”Ǥƒ”’‘‰ǡThe
Ancestral Stool Veneration in Asante ȋƒ‘”ƒ†‹ǣ –Ǥ ”ƒ ‹• ”‡•• –†Ǥǡ ͳͻͻͲȌǡ ͵ͳǦ͵ʹǢ Dear
Nana. Letters to my Ancestors ȋƒ‘”ƒ†‹ǣ ”ƒ ‹• ƒ ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǢ ƒƒ ††‘ ƒ™ƒǡ
Christianity and African Traditional Beliefsȋ‡™‘”ǣŠ‡‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†”‡••ǡͳͻͻͲȌǤ
301
 FCCQ

‹†‘Žƒ–”›Ǥ Š‹• ƒ––‡•–• –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‡†‡ƒ”‡† –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• –‘
’”ƒ –‹ ‹‰–Šƒ–™Š‹ Š–Š‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡ƒ†•‹‰Ǥͷ͵ͷ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‡ƒ•–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Bayedieˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ™Š‹ Š

’ƒ‹† — Š ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† †‡‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡•‡ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘„‡‡ƒ•–—„Ž‹‰„Ž‘ –‘ƒ›ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡŠƒ•‰‹˜‡™ƒ›–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ›‡”ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ•‡„‡”•
‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ


6.7.2.3. Akondwa Yere (Stool Wife)

‘–Š‡” ‘” ‘” —•–‘ ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• „‡‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•
“akondwa yere” ȋ•–‘‘Ž ™‹ˆ‡Ȍ ™‹–Š ‹–• ƒ––‡†ƒ– ’‘Ž›‰ƒ‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ Š‹•
’”ƒ –‹ ‡ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ ‘–‡–‹‘—• —Ž–—”ƒŽ
’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ȋ•ƒ–‡ǡ ʹͲͲ͸ǣʹͶͳȌǤ Š‡ —•–‘ ‘” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• –Šƒ– •‘‡
Š‹‡ˆ•—’‘ƒ••—‹‰–Š‡‹”•–‘‘Ž•ƒ”‡‘„Ž‹‰‡†–‘–ƒ‡ƒƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ™‹ˆ‡‘™
ƒ•“akondwa yere””‡‰ƒ”†Ž‡••‘ˆ–Š‡—„‡”‘ˆ™‹˜‡•‘‡ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›Šƒ•Ǥ –‹•–Š‡
Š‹‡ˆǯ• ˆƒ‹Ž› ‡„‡”• ™Š‘ Š‘‘•‡ –Š‡ ™‘ƒ ˆ‘” Š‹ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ™‘ƒ ‹•
•—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡ƒ‡„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡”‘›ƒŽˆƒ‹Ž›ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ„‡Š‹†–Š‹• —•–‘‹•
–Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ• ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ™‹ˆ‡ ‘” ™‹˜‡• ‹‰Š– „‡ ƒ •–”ƒ‰‡” ƒ† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Š‡
‡‡†‡†ƒ™‘ƒ™Š‘‹•ƒƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†ˆƒ‹Ž›‡„‡”ǡƒ†‹• ‘˜‡”•ƒ–™‹–Š
–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǤŠ‡‹†‡ƒ‹•ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ–•— Š
•–‘‘Ž™‹˜‡•ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡‘ˆ–ƒ‹‰‰‘‘† ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ•’ƒŽƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ––‡†–‘
˜‹•‹–‘”• ’”‘’‡”Ž›Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‡ƒ•–‘ ˆ‘”‡•–ƒŽŽƒ› ‹‘”ƒŽ ‘” ƒ†—Ž–‡”‘—• Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘
–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ™Š‘‹‰Š–„‡Ž‹˜‹‰‘—–•‹†‡–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒƒ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–
‘ˆ Š‹• ™‘” ‘” „—•‹‡•• • Š‡†—Ž‡Ǥ ‘ –Šƒ– ƒ›–‹‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ †‡ ‹†‡• –‘ ˜‹•‹–

ͷ͵ͷ‡‡–Š‡ ̵•ƒ–Š‡‹–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ
302
 FCCQ

Š‘‡ –Š‡”‡ ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ™‘ƒ –‘ ‡‡’ Š‹• ‘’ƒ› ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘” ƒ›
ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ— –‹‘”‡“—‹”‡†‘ˆƒƒ””‹‡†™‘ƒǤ


”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‡ ‘—Ž† ƒ””› ƒ• ƒ› ™‹˜‡• ƒ• –Š‡› ˆ‹†
•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡Ǥͷ͵͸ —– •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ„Š‘” –Š‹• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ‘–”ƒ˜‡‡•
–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†•‘‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡••— Šƒ•‘‡ƒ‘‡™‹ˆ‡ǡƒ†
ˆ‘”–Š‡ǡƒ›–Š‹‰‘”‡–Šƒ–Šƒ–ƒ‘—–•–‘ƒ†—Ž–‡”›ƒ†ˆ‘”‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ”ƒˆ–
ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ’‘Ž›‰ƒ› ƒ• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘Š‡”‹••‹‘’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥͷ͵͹


•ƒ–‡ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣʹͶͳȌŠƒ•‘„•‡”˜‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ –‹ ‡Šƒ•ƒ†‡‹–

†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ –‘ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‡ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘
„‡ ƒ—•‡ ‹– ’”‘‘–‡• ’‘Ž›‰ƒ›Ǥ ‹–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ƒ– –Š‡
„ƒ ‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹†•ǡ–Š‡ƒŽ‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ˜‡•–— ‘Ž›–‘‘‡™‹ˆ‡
ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‘” —•–‘Ǥ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡Šƒ•“akondwa yere”
ƒ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘†‡ƒ†•Ǥ


‡•‹†‡•–Š‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽƒ”‰—‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ•‘‡Šƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ”‰—‡†

ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‹–ˆ”‘Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ‘”ƒŽƒ†‰‡†‡”’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ‘‡–‹‰‘–Š‡
‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ •‡ ‘† Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ
’‘Ž›‰ƒ› ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—•‡ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ǯ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘†‡ ‘ˆ ‡–Š‹ •
ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ ǤǤ ƒ‰ƒȋʹͲͲ͸ǣ͸͸ͺȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
– •Š‘—Ž† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ •–ƒ† ‘ ™Š‡–Š‡”
’‘Ž›‰ƒ› Šƒ• ‘– ‘—–Ž‹˜‡† ‹–• —•‡ˆ—Ž‡•• ƒ• ƒ ‹•–”—‡– ‘ˆ
’‘™‡”ǡƒ†‘ˆ•‡ —”‹–›ˆ‘”•–‘‘Ž‘ —’ƒ–•Ǥ†–Š‹••Š‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡
„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”‰‡––‹‰‘—”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’–‘’”‘‘–‡‰‡†‡”
ͷ͵͸ ‘”–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ••‹‰‡†–‘–Š‹•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‡‡•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡInculturation of Christianity in

Africaǡ’ǤͳͲǤ
ͷ͵͹—‘–‡†‹•‡‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ’ǤͻͺǦͳͲͳǤ
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‡“—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ƒ„‘Ž‹•Š †‡‰”ƒ†‹‰ ”‹–—ƒŽ

’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ


–‹• Ž‡ƒ”ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Šƒ– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹–Š‡‹•—†‡”‰‘‹‰ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰

•Š‹ˆ– ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ–Š‡ Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Šƒ˜‡
Ž‡ƒ”Ž› •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‘—‰Š ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ƒ‘– „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘—Ž†ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ Š‹• †‡’‡†• ‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǯ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡” ‘—Ž†„”‹‰Š‹•‘”Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Š–‘„‡ƒ”‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥͷ͵ͺ –Š‹• ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡•–—†›
ƒ‰”‡‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ†‘‹•Š‹‰ ‘ˆ Ǥ Ǥ ƒ‰ƒ ȋ‹„‹†Ȍǡ Dz ˆ Š‹‡ˆ• ‘˜‡”– –‘
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ •Žƒǡ —††Š‹• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ƒ† †‹•‘™ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
™‘”Ž†Ǧ˜‹‡™ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ‘–ǡ„—–—†‡”‰‘ƒ”ƒ†‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz


ŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •Š‘™• –Š‡ ‡š–‡– –‘ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡  Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‘™ –‘ „‡
— ‘’”‘‹•‹‰ ‹ †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ƒ›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– Šƒ• –‘ †‘ ™‹–Š ‹†‘Žƒ–”› ƒ†
Dz—„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽdz ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ’‘Ž›‰ƒ›Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Š—” Š‡• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ •— Š ƒ––‡”• ˜‡”› Ž‡ƒ” ‹
”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†  „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡•Ǥ Dz ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ ˆ‹†‡Ž‹–›
–‘™ƒ”†• ‘† ™Š‡ •‹‰Ž‡ ƒ† ˆ‹†‡Ž‹–› „‡–™‡‡ ’ƒ”–‡”•ǡ ‘ ‡ ƒ””‹‡† ‹•
’”‡•‡–‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ –‘ ™Š‹ Š ‡˜‡”› Dz‘” ‰ƒ‹dz
•Š‘—Ž†ƒ•’‹”‡Ǥdzͷ͵ͻŠ‹•‹•—Ž‹‡™Šƒ–’‡”–ƒ‹•‹–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•™Š‡”‡
•ƒ–‡ ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣʹͶͳȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹••—‡ ‘ˆ ’‘Ž›‰ƒ› ”‡ƒ‹• —”‡•‘Ž˜‡†
ͷ͵ͺ‡‡Šƒ’–‡”–Š”‡‡‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›ˆ‘”ƒ†‹• —••‹‘‘–Š‡’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆƒƒ‘—ƒǤ
ͷ͵ͻ‹–ƒ—‹”‘œǡTheDilemmas of Monogamy: Pleasure, Discipline and Pentecostal Moral Self
in the Republic of Benin. Religions ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ ͹ǡ ͳͲʹ ƒ– ™™™Ǥ†’‹Ǥ ‘ȀŒ‘—”ƒŽȀ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ
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–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡”‡‹••‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆƒ‰”‡‡‡–ƒ‘‰–Š‡–Šƒ–’‘Ž›‰ƒ‹•–•†‘‘–
Ž‹˜‡‹•‹ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡•‡ Š—” Š‡•‡šŠ‹„‹–•‘‡Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ–‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡–‘™ƒ”†•
’‘Ž›‰ƒ‹•–•Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ’”‡ƒ Š‡† ƒ† –ƒ—‰Š–ǡ ƒ† „”‘—‰Š– –Š‡‹”
Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–‘„‡ƒ”‘–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ†
ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡–Š—••Š‘™–Šƒ––Š‡›’‘••‡••
™Šƒ– ƒ”˜‡› ‘š ȋͳͻͻ͸ǣʹͳͻȌ Šƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ –™‘ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” ƒ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ –‘ ‰”‘™ ‹ –‘†ƒ›ǯ• ™‘”Ž†Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š Š‡ ˆ‹†• ‹
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ”‡–Šƒ–ǣ
–—•–„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹ Ž—†‡ƒ†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‡”–ƒ‹‡Ž‡‡–•
‘ˆ ’”‡‡š‹•–‹‰ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘• ™Š‹ Š •–‹ŽŽ ”‡ƒ‹ ƒ •–”‘‰ ‰”‹’ ‘ –Š‡
—Ž–—”ƒŽ•—„ ‘• ‹‘—•Ǥ –—•–ƒŽ•‘‡“—‹’’‡‘’Ž‡–‘Ž‹˜‡‹ƒ”ƒ’‹†Ž›
Šƒ‰‹‰•‘ ‹‡–›ǤͷͶͲ
 –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ‘ˆ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‘ •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹•
–Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˆ— –‹‘•ǡ „‘– Š‹‡ǡ †‘–‡‹ ƒ† ™‡†‘„ƒ
ȋʹͲͲ͸ǣͳ͹͸ȌŠƒ˜‡–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
–•Š‘—Ž†„‡‘–‡†Š‘™‡˜‡”–Šƒ––Š‡’‡”•‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ— –‹‘‹• —””‡–Ž›‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›–Š”‡ƒ–‡‡†„›–Š‡”‹•‡
‘ˆ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹  Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š ™Š‹ Š •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ”‡ ”‡’‘”–‡†Ž› „‡‹‰ „‘” ƒ‰ƒ‹ ƒ† Šƒ˜‡ „‡ ‘‡ Ž‡•• †‹•’‘•‡†
–‘™ƒ”†•ˆƒ˜‘—”ƒ„Ž›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹–Š‡•‡”‹–—ƒŽ•Ǥ


Š‡ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ†‘’–‡† „› –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹”
‹••‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• nananom ƒ† •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‹–• •—„•‡“—‡–
‹’ƒ – ”‡‹†• —• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ‘ˆ ‹ˆ”‹† ȋ›ˆ”‹–ŠȌ –Š‡ ‡‹‰Š–Š
‡–—”› ”‹–‹•Š‘ƒ ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  ‹••‹‘ƒ”› –‘ ‘”–Š‡” —”‘’‡Ǥ ‡ ™ƒ•Žƒ–‡”

ͷͶͲ —‘–‡† ‹ ŽŽƒ Ǥ †‡”•‘ǡ The Pentecostal Gospel and Third World Cultures ƒ–

ƒ”–•™‡„Ǥ„ŠƒǤƒ Ǥ—Ȁƒƒ†‡”•‘Ȁ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ’‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ̴‰‘•’‡Ž̴ǤŠ– ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘

ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
305
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–‘„‡‘™ƒ•‘‹ˆƒ ‡™Š‡Š‡ƒ••—‡†–Š‡„‹•Š‘’”‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ƒ•ƒ„‹•Š‘’‹

‡”ƒ›Ǥ ‡ ‹• ™‹†‡Ž› ”‡‡„‡”‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ’‘•–Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡”ƒ› „—– ‘™
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡†„›ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ •ƒ•ƒ‹–‘‹ˆƒ ‡Ǥ ‹•‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›‹ ‡”ƒ›ǡ‹
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ–Š‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ
ƒ† –Š‡ ‘˜‡”–Š”‘™ ‘ˆ •‘‡ ˆƒ‘—• ‹†‘Ž•Ǥ Š‹• ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡† –‘ –Š‡ —†‡”–ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ
•‘‡ ƒŒ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‡ˆ‘”• ‹ ‘ˆ‘”‹–› –‘ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†
ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•ǤͷͶͳ


6.7.3. Transformation of the Land

Š‡  ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‹
”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘—Ž† „‡ •‘Ž˜‡† „› •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
‡ƒ•Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ Žƒ‹ ‘” „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ› †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ† •‡– ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ–Š ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– –Š”‘—‰Š
–Š‡‹”’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ ‘”‹•–ƒ ‡ǡƒƒƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡•–Šƒ–Š‡” ‘—‹–›ǡ–Šƒ–
‹•”‘ˆ”‘‹–Š‡ǡ™Š‹ Š™ƒ•—†‡”–Š‡•’‡ŽŽ‘ˆ‘–‘”ƒ ‹†‡–ǡ™ƒ••‡–
ˆ”‡‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ”ƒ’ƒ– ‘–‘” ƒ ‹†‡–• –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–‡•‹˜‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ
Š‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ‰ƒ˜‡ ”‡†‹– –‘–Š‡ ƒ† •‘‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ Š‡” ‘—‹–›
™Š‘•—’’‘”–‡†Š‡”‹’”ƒ›‡”•Ǥ
Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‹ ‘ˆ Š‘™ –Š‡ ”‘„‘ ‘—‹–› ™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ •’‡ŽŽ ‘ˆ ‘–‘” ƒ ‹†‡–• ™Š‹ Š ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ‘™• ƒ†
Š—ƒ „‡‹‰•Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ ‘Žƒ† ‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡ Dz‘™• —•‡† –‘ †‹‡ ™Š‡ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡•
ƒ””›‹‰–Š‡ˆ”‘–Š‡‘”–Š–‘–Š‡•‘—–Š™‡”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹”ƒ’ƒ–ƒ ‹†‡–•
ƒ–”‘„‘Ǥƒ–‡”ǡŠ—ƒ„‡‹‰•ƒŽ•‘„‡‰ƒ–‘†‹‡–Š”‘—‰Š‘–‘”ƒ ‹†‡–•„—–

ͷͶͳ ‘” †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ ƒ‹– ‘‹ˆƒ ‡̵• ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ ‡”ƒ› •‡‡

‡”•Šƒǡ ǤȋͳͻͲ͹ȌǤ–Ǥ‘‹ˆƒ ‡ǡ‹The Catholic EncyclopediaǤ‡™‘”ǣ‘„‡”–’’Ž‡–‘

‘’ƒ›Ǥ ‡–”‹‡˜‡† ‘ ƒǤ ͳ͹ǡ ʹͲͳ͹ ˆ”‘
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™ƒ†˜‡–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ƒ–Š‡ȀͲʹ͸ͷ͸ƒǤŠ–Ǥ
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–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’–Š‹•Šƒ••–‘’’‡†ǤdzͷͶʹŠ‡”‡
™ƒ• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ”‡•–‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Žƒ† „‡Ž‘‰‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‹‘‘ Žƒ ‘ˆ ”‘„‘
–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ ‘Žƒ† ‹–‹ƒ–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹• Žƒ† ‹
“—‡•–‹‘ ™ƒ• „‡‹‰ Žƒ‹‡† „› ƒ‘–Š‡” Žƒ „—– ™Š‡ –Š‡› ’”ƒ›‡† ƒ†
ƒ‘‹–‡†–Š‡‹‘‘ ŽƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•™‹–Š‘‹Ž–Š‡Žƒ†™ƒ•ˆ‹ƒŽŽ›”‡•–‘”‡†–‘–Š‡
Žƒƒ•–Š‡”‹‰Š–ˆ—Ž‘™‡”•Ǥ

Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘™ƒ”†• †‡ƒŽ‹‰ ™‹–Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•

•— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡™ƒ• –‘ ‘•—Ž– Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘” •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ ƒ†
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ •‘‡ †”‹ ƒ† ˆ‘‘† ‘” ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡ͷͶ͵ ƒ† •‘Ž‹ ‹–
–Š‡‹”Š‡Ž’‹ —”„‹‰•— Š‘ —””‡ ‡•ǤŠ‘—‰Š‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡  „‡Ž‹‡˜‡
–Šƒ– •— Š ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• Šƒ˜‡ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‘‘–ƒ–‹‘• –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† „›
’”ƒ –‹ ‡–Šƒ––Š‡›ƒ”‡‘–‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹•—„• ”‹„‹‰–‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‘”‘”ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‹•‡‡‹‰•‘Ž—–‹‘•–‘–Š‡ǤŠ‡ ǯ•„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†”‡•‘”––‘
–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š •–”‘‰Ž› •—‰‰‡•– –Šƒ– –Š‡‹” ‘” –Š‡
‘—‹–‹‡•ǯ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ †‘‡• ‘– †‡’‡† ‘ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡‹” ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ†
•–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ ™Šƒ– ”Š‹ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ •‘—‰Š– –‘ •—‰‰‡•–ǡ –Šƒ–
ƒ› ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒŽŽ‡” –‘™• ƒ† ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡• •–‹ŽŽ ”‡‰ƒ”† –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‡”‡‘‹‡•’‡”ˆ‘”‡†„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”—Ž‡”•ƒ•‡ ‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”–Š‡’”‘•’‡”‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”’‡‘’Ž‡ǤͷͶͶ


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ–‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ †‘‘–ˆƒ ‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹

–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ”‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ™Š‘ •–‹ŽŽ ™ƒ– –‘ Š‘Ž† ‘ –‘ •— Š

ͷͶʹ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ͳͷȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
ͷͶ͵Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”’‡”‡’–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–•‘‡ ƒŽƒ‹–‹‡•‘”‹•ˆ‘”–—‡•™Š‹ Š•–”‹‡ƒ
‘—‹–›‹‰Š–„‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–‘ˆƒ†‡‹–›‘”ƒ ‡•–‘”•̵ƒ‰‡”–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‹•
ƒ‰‡” ‹‰Š– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ—•‡† „› †‹•”‡‰ƒ”† ˆ‘” –ƒ„‘‘• ‘” •ƒ ”‹Ž‡‰‡ ‘” ‰”‹‡˜‘—• ‘ˆˆ‡•‡
ƒ—•‡† „› –Š‡ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ž› ™ƒ› –‘ ƒ˜‡”– –Š‡
‹•ˆ‘”–—‡™ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡–‘–Š‡†‡‹–›ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ
ͷͶͶ‹–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡCan a Christian Become a Chief?ȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ’ǤͺͻǤ
307
 FCCQ

–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥƒƒ ƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒ ‘–‡†Š‘™ •‘‡ ‹–‹œ‡• ‘ˆ Š‡”
‘—‹–›„Žƒ‡†Š‡”ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹•–”ƒ‰‡–Š‹‰•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ’’‡‡†–Š‡”‡ǤŠ‹•
™ƒ• „‡ ƒ—•‡ •Š‡ ”‡ˆ—•‡† –‘ •— —„ –‘ –Š‡‹” ’”‡••—”‡ –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†
ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•™Š‹ Š•Š‡ˆ‡Ž–™ƒ•ƒ‰ƒ‹•–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥ
‘‡–‹‡• –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘—–‡† ’”‡••—”‡ ‘ Š‡” –‘ •‘Ž‹ ‹– –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ
‘ —Ž–‹•–•ƒ†‘–Š‡”’‘™‡”ˆ—Ž†‡‹–‹‡•‘”‡†‹ ‹‡‡ƒ†™‘‡–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ ƒ•‡‹’‘‹–™ƒ•™Š‡•Š‡ ‘—Ž†‘–ˆ‹†Š‡”•–‘‘Ž™Š‹ Š™ƒ•
‡’– ƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ̵• ’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‘” ˆ‡ƒ” ™ƒ• –Šƒ– •‘‡ —• ”—’—Ž‘—•
’‡”•‘—•–Šƒ˜‡–ƒ‡‹––‘†‘•‘‡–Š‹‰—–‘™ƒ”†–‘Š‡”•‘•Š‡•Š‘—Ž†‰‘
ˆ‘”“abisa”ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ ‘•—Ž–•‘‡†‡‹–‹‡•ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’Ǥ—–•Š‡”‡Œ‡ –‡†–Š‡‹” ‘—•‡Ž
ƒ† ”ƒ–Š‡” •–—  –‘ Š‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ „› ’”ƒ›‹‰ –‘ ‘†Ǥ Š‡
ƒŽ•‘ •–‘’’‡† –Š‡ ˆ”‘ †‘‹‰ –Šƒ– ‘ Š‡” „‡ŠƒŽˆǤͷͶͷ Š‘—‰Š •Š‡ †‹† ‘– ˆ‹†
–Š‡ ‹••‹‰ •–‘‘Ž ‘–Š‹‰ —–‘™ƒ”† Šƒ† Šƒ’’‡‡† –‘ Š‡” ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡•ǯ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘ƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆǤ


–Š‡”–‹‡•–Š‡’”‡••—”‡–‘ƒ†Š‡”‡–‘–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹‰Š– ‘‡

ˆ”‘ƒ Š‹‡ˆ‘”“—‡‡‘ˆƒŠ‹‰Š‡””ƒǤ— Šƒ‘‡‹‰Š–‘–„‡‹–‡”‡•–‡†‹
–Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘” †‘‡• ‘– •—’’‘”– –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹•
„‡‹‰ Šƒ’‹‘‡†„›–Š‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆƒ‹–Šƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ ‘”
‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒƒ †— ™ƒ„‡ƒ ƒ””ƒ–‡† Š‘™ Š‡ ™ƒ• ‘ ‡ •—‘‡† „› –Š‡
‹‡†‹ƒ–‡’ƒ•–Ɔmanhene‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒˆ‘”ǡƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘Š‹ǡ†‹• ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡‹”
Ž‘‰ Š‡”‹•Š‡† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ Š‘‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• –Š”‘—‰Š †”‹
ƒ†ˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰•Ǥ


Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ƒ‘‰ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ –Šƒ– –Š‡
‡ Š‹ƒ ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‘—‹–‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ •‡‡ –”‡‡†‘—•

ͷͶͷŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ•‘‡–‹‡•ǡ‹•–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡†‘ ‘•—Ž–†‡‹–‹‡•ǡƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ —Ž–•ƒ†‘ —Ž–‹•–•

‘„‡ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡‹””‡Žƒ–‹˜‡•‘”Ž‘˜‡†‘‡•ƒ•ƒƒƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒ̵•’‡‘’Ž‡™ƒ–‡†–‘†‘ˆ‘”Š‡”Ǥ
308
 FCCQ

†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‹–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ ‘‡” ‡‘”‡ ‘‘‹ •ǡŠ‡ƒŽ–Šǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ™ƒ–‡”ǡ

‹†—•–”‹‡•ǡ ƒ† –‡Ž‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ƒ† ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡
‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’Žƒ›‡”•ǤŠ‡›„‡Ž‹‡˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž
‘ˆ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ’’‡‹‰‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ†•‘‡‘ˆ‹–• ‘—‹–‹‡•‹•ƒ•‹‰
‘ˆ ‘† ‰Ž‘”‹ˆ›‹‰ Š‹•‡Žˆ „› ƒ•™‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ ƒƒ
‡••‡Š •’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡–‹‘‡† –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ •‡ ‘† ƒ’—• ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒŽŽ‡› ‹‡™ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ȋȌǡͷͶ͸ ƒ† •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ƒ’—•‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–› ‘ˆ
ƒ’‡‘ƒ•–ȋȌͷͶ͹ƒ†‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ‹‡„ƒȋȌǡͷͶͺƒ†–Š‡
Šƒƒ —–• ‘’ƒ› ‹‹–‡†ǡ ƒ• ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡
ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ǯ•’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǤͷͶͻ


 Š‹• ’ƒ”–ǡ ƒƒ •ƒ ‘’ƒ‹ ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‹‘‡† –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǯ•
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ Š‹• ‘—‹–› ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘
™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ™‹–‡••‡† –Š‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ƒ ‘—‹–› ƒ›  ǡ —”•‹‰
”ƒ‹‹‰  Š‘‘Ž•ǡ  ‡–”‡ǡ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ•‹   Š‘‘Ž•ǡ ‘’‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
 ͷͷͲƒ†™ƒ–‡”’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ


Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ‹ •‡‡‹‰ ‡ ‘‘‹  ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹• ‘– ‹ †‘—„–Ǥ Š‘•‡ ™Š‘•‡ –‡—”‡ ‘ˆ
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ Šƒ• •‡‡ •‘‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‡ –‡† ƒ†
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡† ƒ• ‰‘‘† Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǥ ”Š‹ ȋͳͻͺͷȌ ‘„•‡”˜‡† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‘‘†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡” ƒ• ƒ ‰‘‘† ’—„Ž‹  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”ǡ ƒ† •‡”˜‹‰ ƒ• ƒ Dz Š‹‡ˆ

ͷͶ͸Š‡‹•ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›‘™„›–Š‡‡˜‡ƒ›†˜‡–‹•–Š—” Š‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ –Šƒ•

‹–•ˆ‹”•– ƒ’—•‹ ”ƒ‹–Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡” ”ƒ‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ

ͷͶ͹Š‡‹•ƒ’—„Ž‹ —‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹–•ƒ‹ ƒ’—•‹•ƒ–ƒ’‡‘ƒ•–‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹‘

‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
ͷͶͺŠ‡‹•ƒ’—„Ž‹ —‹˜‡”•‹–›ƒ†‹–•ƒ‹ ƒ’—•‹•ƒ–‹‡„ƒ‹–Š‡‡–”ƒŽ‡‰‹‘

‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
ͷͶͻ –‡”˜‹‡™‡†‘ʹͶȀͳͲȀͳ͵Ǥ
ͷͷͲ ‘’‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‹•ƒ’”‹˜ƒ–‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ
309
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†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆˆ‹ ‡”dzˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–›Ǥͷͷͳ— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡ƒ„Ž‡

–‘ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ ‘” Ž‹ƒ‹•‡ ™‹–Š ‘˜‡”‡– ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ• –‘ ‡š‡ —–‡ •‘‡
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ƒ
‘—‹–› †—”„ƒ” ™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† –‘ Ž‹ƒš –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹• ˆ‘”
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ ƒ› †‹‰‹–ƒ”‹‡• ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‘ˆ ‡†‡ƒ˜‘”•
ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ —•—ƒŽŽ› ‹˜‹–‡† –‘ ‰”ƒ ‡ –Š‡•‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘• ƒ†
‘–”‹„—–‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› –‘™ƒ”†• ‡”–ƒ‹ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ƒŽ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ –Š‡
‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•—•‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
–‘ ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡• ˆ‘” ‘—‹–› •‘ ‹ƒŽ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ‡•‹†‡• –Š‹•ǡ –Š‡ ‹–‹œ‡”› ‹ Šƒƒ ‡š’‡ –• –Š‡‹” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ —•‡ –Š‡‹” ’‘•‹–‹‘• –‘ ‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‡ ‘” •‘Ž‹ ‹– ƒ† Ž‘„„› ˆ‘” –Š‡
‘•–”— –‹‘ ‘” ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡– ‘ˆ ‡”–ƒ‹ ’”‘Œ‡ –• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ – ‹•
‹’‘”–ƒ––‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ–Ž‘„„›‹‰ ˆ‘” •— Š ’”‘Œ‡ –• –ƒ‡• ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ––Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ
”‡‰‹‘ƒŽƒ†‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ‘”—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‘”†‹•–”‹ –Ž‡˜‡Ž•Ǥ


‡•‹†‡•–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”ƒ•ƒŽ‘„„›‹•–ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ 
ƒ† –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡ –Šƒ– ‹– –ƒ‡• –Š‡ ‰”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘† ˆ‘” ƒ
’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ †‡˜‡Ž‘’ Š‡ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ––”‹„—–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡• –‘ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Šǡ ’”ƒ›‡”• ƒ†
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‹• „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ƒŽ•‘ ’Žƒ›• ‹–‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ ’”‘•’‡”‹–›
™Š‹ Šǡ–Š‡› Žƒ‹ǡ’‡”‡ƒ–‡•„‘–Š–Š‡Ž‹˜‡•‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”ƒ†–Š‡‹”
‘”’‘”ƒ–‡•‘ ‹‡–›–Š”‘—‰Š’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡š‡” ‹•‹‰‘ˆˆƒ‹–Š‹Š”‹•– ‡•—•Ǥ

ͷͷͳ‹–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡȋʹͲͳͶȌǡ’ǤͺͺǦͺͻǤ
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 Discoveries and Prospects

CHAPTER 7

7.0. DISCOVERIES AND PROSPECTS OF THE

ENGAGEMENT
7.1. Introduction
Š‡”‡ ‹• ‘ †‘—„– –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ• ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– †‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ —””‡– ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– Š‘Ž†• •‘‡ ’”‘•’‡ –• ˆ‘”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ –Š‹•Žƒ•– Šƒ’–‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†› ˆ‘ —•–Š‡
†‹• —••‹‘• ‘ –Š”‡‡ „”‘ƒ† •—„•‡ –‹‘•ǣ  ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘’‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǣ ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‡ –‹‘ ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘
‘–Š‡” ‘ ‡’–•Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ Ž‘‘• ƒ– ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ƒ”‰—‡•
–Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† –‘ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
Š‹• ƒ”‰—‡– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‹•–‘”‹ ‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™• ‘” ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ •‡ ‘†
•‡ –‹‘‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•ƒ††‹• —••‡•–Š‡ƒ”‡ƒ•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ
™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‘’‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹ƒŽ •‡ –‹‘ ‹ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” ‘•‹†‡”•
–Š‡ ’”‘•’‡ –• ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Š‘Ž†• ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‹••‹‘ ƒ†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ


7.2. Discoveries: A Case for Inculturation

 –Š‡ ‹–”‘†— –‘”› •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Šƒ’–‡” –Š”‡‡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† Š‘™ –Š‡
Š—” Š‹ˆ”‹ ƒŠƒ•‡„ƒ”‡†‘ƒ’”‘Œ‡ ––‘”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ”‹ ƒ
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ  †‹† ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‹ ƒ–‡ •‘‡ ‘ ‡’–• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰‡† †—”‹‰ –Š‹•
’‡”‹‘† ƒ† ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‹• ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ‘ ‡’– ‹• „‡Ž‹‡˜‡† –‘ „‡ ‘ˆ
”‡ ‡– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š „—– ‹–• —•ƒ‰‡ ‹• ƒ• ‘Ž† ƒ• –Š‡

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Š—” ŠǤͷͷʹ Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ƒ• ƒ
”‡•—Ž–‘ˆ–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•–Š‡Š—” Š ‘–‹—‡†–‘ˆƒ ‡‹–Š‡‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
•‘‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘Ǥͷͷ͵
Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•‘™ˆ‘—†ˆƒ˜‘”™‹–Š–Š‡Š—” Š
Š‡ ‡‹–•—•‡Ǥ


7.2.1. Definition and Implications of Earlier Concepts

†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆƒ‹‰•‘‡–Š‹‰ˆ‹–ƒ•‡–‡” Š‹‡ŽŽ‡”ȋͳͻͻͲǣ͸Ȍ
‹†‹ ƒ–‡•ǡDz‘ƒ†ƒ’–‡ƒ•–‘ƒ‡ˆ‹–ƒ†–Š‹•‹’Ž‹‡•‘”‡–ŠƒŽ‹•–‡‹‰–‘
ƒ†•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‹˜‘Ž˜‡†Ǥdzƒ™—•‹ȋʹͲͲͻǣͷ͹Ȍ†‡• ”‹„‡•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ•
–Š”‘™‹‰ƒˆ‡™ˆ”‹ ƒ‘” Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•‹–‘–Š‡‹–—”‰›–Šƒ–•–‹ŽŽ
”‡ƒ‹•‘ƒ‘”‡•–‡”Ǥ‡ ƒ†‡†— ‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–Šƒ–ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‹•
ƒ ’”‘ ‡•• ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–‹‰ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ –‘ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ Š‡
‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ‘ ‡’– ‹• –Šƒ– ‹– Dz‡ƒ– ƒ ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽǡ •—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽǡ ‘Ǧ
‡••‡–‹ƒŽƒ –‹˜‹–›Ǣ–Šƒ–‹– ‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡‰‡”•‘ˆ’‡”’‡–—ƒŽ‡•–‡”—”‘’‡ƒ
•—’‡”‹‘”‹–›ƒ††‘‹ƒ–‹‘dzƒ™—•‹ȋ‹„‹†Ȍ


 ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ ‘ ‡’–™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ‘™•‘‡–‘ƒ†Œ—•––‘–Š‡‹”‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

Ǥ Ǥ ƒ˜‹  ȋͳͻ͸ͻǣͳ͹ͻȌͷͷͶ •Š‘™• Š‹• †‹•†ƒ‹ ˆ‘” –Š‹• ‘ ‡’– „‡ ƒ—•‡ Dz‹–
‘‘–‡••‘‡–Š‹‰‘ˆƒ†‡‹ƒŽ‘”ƒ—–‹Žƒ–‹‘ǤdzǤ‘‡•–”‘ŽŽ‹—•ȋͳͻͺ͸ǣ͵ʹǦ͵͵Ȍ
‘„•‡”˜‡•–Šƒ––Š‡–‡”•ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ””‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡–Š‡
‡š’”‡••‹‘Dz‘ˆƒ‡š–”‹•‹  ‘–ƒ –„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡ƒ†ƒ‰‹˜‡
—Ž–—”‡Ǥdz


ͷͷʹ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ— Ǥ –Š‘›ǡ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒǤ International

Journal of Humanities and Social Sciencesǡ˜‘ŽǤʹ‘Ǥͳ͹Ǣȋ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳʹȌǡʹ͵͹Ǥ

ͷͷ͵‡‡Ǥƒ”–‡›ǡˆ”‹ ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ’Ǥ͸͵ˆˆǤ
ͷͷͶ—‘–‡†‹ ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡCommunicating Christ Cross-Culturallyǡ’Ǥͳ͵ʹǤ
312
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ƒŽ‹Ž‘„‡ Ǥ Ǥ ȋͳͻͺͻǣʹͲʹȌ †‡ˆ‹‡• ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ• Dz–Š‡‡ˆˆ‘”– –‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ‹œ‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ †‘ –”‹‡ǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ† ƒ”–ǡ „ƒ•‹‰ –Š‡ ‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡
ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǥdzͷͷͷ  ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‹•
‘ ‡’–ǡ ƒ™—•‹ȋʹͲͲͻǣ͸ͳȌ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ‹– Dz‡ƒ– –Š‡‰”ƒ†—ƒŽ ”‡’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ
ˆ‘”‡‹‰ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ™‹–Š ˆ”‹ ƒ ’‡”•‘‡Ž ƒ† –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ˆ”‹ ƒ ˆƒ ‡ –‘
‡ Ž‡•‹ƒ•–‹ ƒŽ•–”— –—”‡•ǡ•‘–Šƒ––Š‡Š—” Šƒ›ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ž‡••ˆ‘”‡‹‰Ǥdz —”–Š‡”ǡ
‘• Š ȋͳͻͻͳǣͶͶͺȌ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ –Š”‡‡ –‡”• —†‡” ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘
”‡’”‡•‡–‡† •‘‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› ƒ†Œ—•–‡–• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ƒ†‡ „› –Š‡ ™‡•–‡”
Š—” Š‹‘”†‡”–‘‡š’‡†‹–‡–Š‡ ‘˜‡”•‹‘’”‘ ‡••‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ‘–Š‡” —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ
 ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡‹”
‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• DzŽ‹‹–‡† –‘ ƒ ‹†‡–ƒŽ ƒ––‡”•ǡ •— Š ƒ• Ž‹–—”‰‹ ƒŽ
˜‡•–‡–•ǡ‘Ǧ•ƒ ”ƒ‡–ƒŽ”‹–‡•ǡƒ”–ǡŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ǡƒ†—•‹ Ǥdzͷͷ͸


ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰‘” ƒ„ƒ†‘‹‰ –Š‡•‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘ ‡’–•ǡ
‘• Šǯ•ȋ‹„‹†Ȍƒ”‰—‡–•ƒ”‡‡š–‡•‹˜‡ƒ†–Š‘—‰Š–’”‘˜‘‹‰Ǥͷͷ͹ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡
•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Šƒ– ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ‡˜‡” ‹ Ž—†‡† ‘†‹ˆ›‹‰ –Š‡
Dz’”‡ˆƒ„”‹ ƒ–‡†dz ‡•–‡” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǣ  –Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ƒ

ͷͷͷ ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹• —••‹‘• ‘ ‹†‹‰‡‹•ƒ–‹‘ •‡‡ ‘•‡’Š ‡ƒŽ‡›ǡ Towards and African

Narrative Theology ȋƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ ƒ—Ž‹‡• —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ ƒ„Ž‘ –Šƒ„—”‹ǡ The
Pilgrimage of the African Church: Towards the twenty-first Century ȋƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ œ‹ƒ ”‡••ǡ
ʹͲͲͲȌǢ The African Church at the Crossroads: A Strategy for Indigenisation ȋƒ‹”‘„‹ǣœ‹ƒ
”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻͳȌǢ ‘ŽƒŒ‹ †‘™—ǡ Towards an Indigenize Church ȋ „ƒ†ƒǣ Ž—•‡›̵• ”‡••ǡ ͳͻ͸ͷȌǢ
›ƒ‰ Ǥƒ–‘ǡBiblical Christianity in Africa: A Collection of Papers and Addressesȋ Š‹‘–ƒǡ
Šƒƒǣˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡••ǡͳͻͺͷȌǤ
ͷͷ͸ Šƒ—”‡ Ǥǡ Die Akkommodation in katholischen Heidenapostolat ȋò•–‡”ǣ
• Š‡†‘”ˆ–• Š‡‡”Žƒ‰•„— ŠŠƒ†Ž—‰ǡͳͻʹ͹Ȍǡ͵ͶǦͶ͸Ǥ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹†‘• ŠǡTransforming
Missionǡ’ǤͶͶͺǤ
ͷͷ͹ ‘”‘”‡†‹• —••‹‘•‘–Š‡ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”‘†‡Ž•‘” ‘ ‡’–••‡‡ƒ™—•‹ǡ

Inculturationǡ’Ǥͷ͸Ǧ͸͵Ǣ’‘‰ǡ Ǥ—””‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣŠ‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ

‹ Theological Studies Ͷͷ ȋͳͻͺͶȌǢ Š‹„—‡œ‡ †‡ƒ‹ǡ Inculturation as Dialogue: Igbo Culture
and the Message of Christȋ•–‡”†ƒǡ‡™‘”ǣ‘†‘’‹ǡʹͲͲ͹ȌǡͳʹͷǦͳ͵ͲǤ
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concession –Šƒ– Š‹”†Ǧ‘”Ž† Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ™‘—Ž† ‘™ „‡ ƒŽŽ‘™‡† –‘

—•‡•‘‡‡Ž‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡–‘‰‹˜‡‡š’”‡••‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”‡™
ˆƒ‹–ŠǢ –Šƒ– ‘Ž› –Š‘•‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡‡–• ™Š‹ Š ™‡”‡ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–Ž›
Dz‡—–”ƒŽdzƒ†ƒ–—”ƒŽŽ›‰‘‘†ǡ–Šƒ–‹•ǡ‘–Dz ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†dz„›’ƒ‰ƒ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡†Ǣͷͷͺ –Šƒ– ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘”
ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• ƒ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘Ž› ˆ‘” –Š‡ Dz›‘—‰‡”dz Š—” Š‡•Ǣ
–Šƒ–ƒ–‡”Ž‹‡Dzƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘dz ‘—Ž†‘–Š‡Ž’„—– ‘˜‡›‡†–Š‡‹†‡ƒ
‘ˆƒƒ –‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–™ƒ•’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘‡••‡–‹ƒŽǡ‡˜‡
•—’‡”ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽǡ ƒ• ˆƒ” ƒ• –Š‡ ‡••‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹••‹‘ ™ƒ•
‘ ‡”‡†Ǣ ‹– ™ƒ• •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‘’–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ†ǡ ‹ ƒ› ƒ•‡ǡ ‘Ž› ƒ
ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ methodǡ ‘ˆ form ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ content;ͷͷͻ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡–‹”‡
’”‘Œ‡ –•—‰‰‡•–‡†ǡ‹’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›ƒ†‘ˆ–‡‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž›–Šƒ––Š‡›‘—‰‡”
Š—” Š‡•‡‡†‡†–Š‡‘Ž†‡” Š—” Š‡•ǡ„—––Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ––‡”™‡”‡‹‘
”‡•’‡ – †‡’‡†‡– ‘ ™Šƒ– –Š‡› ‹‰Š– ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”Ǣ
–Š‡ –”ƒˆˆ‹  ™ƒ• †‡ ‹†‡†Ž› ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ›Ǣ ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ †‹† ‘–
‘ˆ–‡ ‘‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡™Ž› ‘˜‡”–‡† „—– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
™‹–Š •‡–‹‡–ƒŽ ‹–‡”‡•– ‹ ‡š‘–‹  —Ž–—”‡•ǡ ™Š‘ ‹•‹•–‡† ‘
Dz‘–Š‡”‡••dz‘ˆ–Š‡›‘—‰ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†–”‡ƒ–‡†–Š‡ƒ••‘‡–Š‹‰
–Šƒ–Šƒ†–‘„‡’”‡•‡”˜‡†‹–Š‡‹”’”‹•–‹‡ˆ‘”Ǥ


Š‡ ’‹ –—”‡ ’ƒ‹–‡† ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‘ˆ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ ‘‘†ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹†‹‰‡‹œƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ˜‹‡™‡† –‘ „‡ ‹ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ǥ 
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‘—Ž†‘–ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡Ž›Š‡Ž’ˆ‹†–Š‡”‹‰Š–ƒ•™‡”•
‘””‡•’‘•‡•–‘–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰‹••—‡•‘”“—‡•–‹‘•™‹–Š”‡‰ƒ”†–‘–Š‡ Š—” Šǯ•
ͷͷͺ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ—”‡ Ǥǡ Die Akkommodation in katholischen Heidenapostolatǡ ’ǤʹͷǦ͵͵Ǣ
—œ„‡–ƒ‘—‹• ǤǡThe Church and Culturesȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ‡™‘”ǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͺͺȌǡ
͸͹Ǥ
ͷͷͻ —‘–‡† ˆ”‘ ›Ž™ƒ”† Š‘”–‡”ǡ African Christian Theology - Adaptation or Incarnation?

ȋ‘†‘ǣ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡›Šƒ’ƒǡͳͻ͹͹ȌǡͳͷͲǤ
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 Discoveries and Prospects

ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–• ™‡”‡ •Š‘”– ‘ˆ ƒ††”‡••‹‰ –Š‡
’‡”–‹‡– ‹••—‡• •ƒ–‹•ˆƒ –‘”‹Ž›Ǥ Š‡› ‘—Ž† ‘– Š‡Ž’ –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ›
•‡”‹‘—• ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†Ȁ‘” –Š‘—‰Š– –‘ –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ Š‡
‘ ‡’–• ‘˜‡”Ž‘‘‡† –Š‡ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǯ —Ž–—”‡ –‘
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ‡’–• ‘—Ž† ‘– ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘
ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•ǯ —Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘‘†‘ˆ „‘–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Šƒ–
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ‘ ‡’–• Žƒ ‡† –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› –‘ ‡•—”‡ ‰‡—‹‡ǡ
‘•–”— –‹˜‡ ƒ† ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ


–‹•‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ––Š‡Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ ‘ ‡’–•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ” Š
ƒ† •—„•‡“—‡– †‹• ‘˜‡”› ƒ† —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǯ‡™ǯ „—– Ǯ„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽǯ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ† „›
‡š–‡•‹‘ ˆ”‹ ƒǡ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡
ƒ† ‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’ ‘–”‹„—–‡‹‡•‡Ž›–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡ ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –‘ Š‡Ž’ ˆ‹† ƒ
ƒ—–Š‡–‹ ƒŽŽ› ‘” –”—Ž› Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‘” ˆ”‹ ƒ Š—” Š‡• ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‘Š
‹Œ‰ƒƒ”†•ȋͳͺͺͷȌ’—–•–Š‹•‘”‡•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
Š‡ †—”ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ ˆ”‹ ƒ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– †‡’‡† ‘ ‹–•
‡–™‘” ‘ˆ • Š‘‘Ž• ƒ† ’ƒ”‹•Š‡•ǡ Š‘•’‹–ƒŽ• ƒ† ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ
 ‘‘‹  •–”‡‰–Š ƒ† ‡˜‡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ •—’’‘”– ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡
‹–•ˆ—–—”‡ǤŠ‡’‡”ƒ‡ ‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›™‹ŽŽ•–ƒ†‘”ˆƒŽŽ‘–Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” ‹– Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ –”—Ž› ˆ”‹ ƒǣ ™Š‡–Š‡” ˆ”‹ ƒ•
Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹†‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”–Š‹‹‰ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ”‹ ƒ•
ˆ‡‡Ž–Šƒ––Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ˜‹•‹‘‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡ˆ—Žˆ‹Ž•–Š‡‹”‘™‡‡†•ǡ™Š‡–Š‡”

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–Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ™‘”Ž† ˜‹‡™ Šƒ• „‡ ‘‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –”—Ž› ˆ”‹ ƒ
ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥͷ͸Ͳ
Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– Šƒƒ‹ƒ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ˆ”‹ ƒ Š—” Š‡• ‡‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ •‡”‹‘—•
˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹Ž‹‡—‘ˆ–Š‡”‡•’‘†‡–•ƒ†„‡Ǯ†‡‡’Ž›”‘‘–‡†ǯ‹‹–ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‘ˆ „‘–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Šƒ– —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‰„‡–‹ ȋͳͻͺ͸ǣͳ͸ͺȌ Šƒ• Ž‘‰
ƒ†‡–Š‹•‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ•Š‡•–ƒ–‡•ǣ
ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™‡”‡ –‘ •— ‡‡† ‹ –Š‹• –ƒ• ‹– Šƒ• –‘ •‹ˆ– ƒ—–Š‡–‹ 
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ˆ”‘ ™‡•–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ ”‡–‹‘• ƒ† ƒ†‘’– ƒ ‡™
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘ˆ”‹ ƒ•‘ ‹ƒŽǡ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Š‡”‹–ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•‹•
–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ


7.2.2. Concept of Inculturation561

– Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ –‡” ‘” ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ•
ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘”‹‰‹ ƒ† –Šƒ– ‹– ™ƒ• ‘‹‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‡” ‡ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡ ‹Ž  ƒ””› ȋͳͻͻͷǣͷʹȌ ƒ––”‹„—–‡• ‹–• ‘”‹‰‹ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹•– ‡Ž˜‹ŽŽ‡
‡”•‘˜‹–• ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻ͵Ͳ• „—– –Šƒ– ‹– †‹† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ ƒ–
–Š‡ –‹‡Ǥͷ͸ʹ ‘• Š ȋͳͻͻͳǣͶͶ͹Ȍ ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‹‡””‡ Šƒ”Ž‡• ™ƒ• –Š‡ ‘‡
™Š‘‹–”‘†— ‡†–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–Dzen —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘dzǡƒ–Š‘‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›
‹” Ž‡•ǡ‹–‘‹••‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡–‡”Dz‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘dz‹–Šƒ•
„‡‡ƒ‰”‡‡†–Šƒ–‹–™ƒ• ‘•‡’Šƒ•‘™Š‘ˆ‹”•– ‘‹‡†–Š‡’Š”ƒ•‡Catholicisme

ͷ͸Ͳ—‘–‡†‹ ǤǤƒŽ‹‰‰‘ǡ‡–ƒŽǡInculturationǡ’ǤͳʹǤ
ͷ͸ͳ ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹• —••‹‘ ‘ –Š‹• •‡‡ ‹––‹• –Š‘› Ǥ ‡†Ǥǡ Life and Death Matters: The
Practice of Inculturation in Africa ȋ‡––‡–ƒŽǡ ‡”ƒ›ǣ –‡›Ž‡”ǡ ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌǢ ‹ŽŽƒ
—‰‡‡ǡTowards and African Christianity: Inculturation AppliedȋƒŠ™ƒŠǡ ǣƒ—Ž‹•–”‡••ǡ
ͳͻͻ͵ȌǢ‡‰”ƒ†— ‹‡ǡThe Bible on Cultureȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡʹͲͲͲȌǢ—„ƒŽƒ Ǥ
ƒ„ƒ•‡Ž‡ǡCelebrating Jesus Christ in Africa: Liturgy and Inculturationȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•
‘‘•ǡ ͳͻͻͺȌǢ — Šƒ”Ž‡• Ǥǡ Christianity and Rites of Passage: The Prospects of
Inculturationȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰ǡͳͻͻʹȌǢƒ—‡Žƒ”–‡›ǡAfrican Theology
ͷ͸ʹ—‘–‡†‹ƒ™—•‹ǡInculturationǡ’Ǥ͸͵Ǥ
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 Discoveries and Prospects

inculture ȋin —Ž–—”ƒ–‡† ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•Ȍ ‹ ͳͻ͸ʹǤͷ͸͵ • ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –‡”ǡ
Dz‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘dzŽƒ–‡”‰ƒ‹‡†’‘’—Žƒ”‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡ ‡•—‹–•„—–‹‡””‡””—’‡‹•
”‡†‹–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡‹–”‘†— ‡†‹––‘–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ›‘†‘ˆ‹•Š‘’•ˆ”‘™Š‡”‡‹–
„‡ ƒ‡—‹˜‡”•ƒŽǤͷ͸Ͷ
‘” ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ Žƒ”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Š‹• •–—†› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡• „‡–™‡‡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ† ‹–• ƒ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ –‡”•ǡ Dz‡ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘dz ƒ† Dzƒ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz
 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘†‡‘–‡•–Š‡’”‘ ‡••‘ˆŽ‡ƒ”‹‰™Š‡”‡Dzƒ’‡”•‘‹•‹•‡”–‡†‹–‘
Š‹• ‘” Š‡” —Ž–—”‡Ǥdzͷ͸ͷ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡–™‡‡
—Ž–—”‡•Ǥͷ͸͸ Š‡ ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –™‘ –‡”• ‹• –Šƒ– ™Š‹Ž‡ enculturation ‹•
Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ ƒ ’‡”•‘̵• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡‡– ‹ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ˆ‘” Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ’—”’‘•‡•ǡ
acculturation ‹• Ž‹‹–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‡ ‘—–‡” „‡–™‡‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —Ž–—”‡• ˆ‘”
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’—”’‘•‡•Ǥ


 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ †‡ˆ‹‡† ˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž› †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ ‘‡ǯ• –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‘‹‡– ƒ‘‰ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘” • Š‘Žƒ”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ––‡’–‡† –‘
†‡ˆ‹‡‹–ƒ”‡–Š‘•‡™‹–Šƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‘”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡•–—†› ‘•‹†‡”•–Š”‡‡‘ˆ•— Š
’”‘‹‡– • Š‘Žƒ”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ’”‘‘— ‡† ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡
ˆ‹‡Ž† ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‹••‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ ƒ†Ȁ‘” ‘–Š‡”
Š‹”†Ǧ‘”Ž† —Ž–—”‡•Ǥ
ƒŽ‹‰‰‘ ǤǤȋͳͻͺ͸ǣͳʹȌ†‡ˆ‹‡•‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ǡ

ͷ͸͵ ƒ˜‹† ‘• Šǡ Transforming Missionǡ ’ǤͶͶ͹Ǣ •‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Ǥ Ǥ ‡–—ǡ African Inculturation
theology: Africanizing Christianityȋ‹–•Šƒǣ ‹ ‘ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ
ͷ͸Ͷ òŽŽ‡” Ǥǡ Mission Theology: An introduction ȋ‡––‡–ƒŽǣ –‡›Ž‡” ‡”Žƒ‰ǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ȍǡ ͳ͹ͺǢ ‹‡

‡Ž–•‡–œ–†‹‡ƒ‰‡•‘”†—‰ǤAkzentuersichiebungen in Missionsverstäandnis, Zeitschrift für

Missionsund Religionswissenschaftǡ ˜‘ŽǤ͹Ͳǡ ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ ͳʹͺǦͳ͵ͷǤ —‘–‡† ‹ ƒ˜‹† ‘• Šǡ
Transforming Missionǡ’ǤͶͶ͹Ǥ
ͷ͸ͷ ‡‡ Š‘”–‡” ›Ž™ƒ”†ǡ Towards a Theology of Inculturation ȋ‡™ ‘”ǣ ”„‹• ‘‘•ǡ

ͳͻͻ͹ȌǡͷǢ”‘ŽŽ‹—•ǤǤInculturationǡ’Ǥ͵ͷǤ
ͷ͸͸‡‡Ǥ Š‹‡ŽŽ‡”ǡA Handbook on Inculturationǡ’Ǥͳ͸Ǥ
317
 Discoveries and Prospects

Š‡Š‘‡•–ƒ†•‡”‹‘—•ƒ––‡’––‘ƒ‡Š”‹•–ƒ†Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ
 •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‡˜‡”Ǧ‘”‡—†‡”•–‘‘†„›’‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ‡˜‡”› —Ž–—”‡ǡ
Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†–‹‡Ǥ –‡ƒ•–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†
†‘ –”‹‡‹–‘–Š‡˜‡”›–Š‘—‰Š–Ǧ’ƒ––‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’‡‘’Ž‡ǤǤǤǤ –‹•–Š‡
‘–‹—‘—•‡†‡ƒ˜‘—”–‘ƒ‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›–”—Ž›Dzˆ‡‡Žƒ–Š‘‡dzͷ͸͹
‹–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡•‘ˆ‡ƒ Š’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ
‘””‘ŽŽ‹—•ǤǤȋͳͻͺ͸ǣͶ͵Ȍǡ
Š‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š‹•–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘ˆƒŽ‘ ƒŽŠ—” Š‹–‘–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡‘ˆ‹–•’‡‘’Ž‡ǡ‹•— Šƒ
™ƒ› –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘– ‘Ž› ‡š’”‡••‡• ‹–•‡Žˆ ‹ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ
–Š‹• —Ž–—”‡•‘ƒ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ƒ‡™—‹–›ƒ† ‘—‹‘ǡ‘–‘Ž›
™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‹ “—‡•–‹‘ „—– ƒŽ•‘ ƒ• ‡”‹ Š‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š—” Š—‹˜‡”•ƒŽǤ 
‡†”‘””—’‡ȋͳͻ͹ͺȌƒŽ•‘†‡ˆ‹‡•‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ǡ
Š‡‹ ƒ”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡‹ƒ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘–‡š–ǡ‹•— Šƒ™ƒ›–Šƒ––Š‹•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‘–
‘Ž› ˆ‹†• ‡š’”‡••‹‘ –Š”‘—‰Š ‡Ž‡‡–• ’”‘’‡” –‘ –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‹
“—‡•–‹‘ „—– „‡ ‘‡• ƒ ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ –Šƒ– ƒ‹ƒ–‡•ǡ †‹”‡ –• ƒ†
—‹ˆ‹‡• –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹– ƒ† ”‡ƒ‹‰ ȋ•‹ Ȍ ‹– •‘ ƒ• –‘
„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–ƒ‡™ ”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥͷ͸ͺ


7.2.3. A Case for Inculturation

‡ ƒ †‡†— ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• †‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘• ƒ„‘˜‡ –Šƒ– ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• ƒ
‘ ‡’– ™Š‹ Š ”‡ ‘‰‹œ‡• ƒ ‰‡—‹‡ ƒ† ‘’‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‘”–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–
ͷ͸͹ —‘–‡† ˆ”‘ Ǥ Ǥ ‡Ž„‘—”ǡ ƒ† ‰‘–ǡ Ǥ Ǥ A place to feel at home. A Study of two

independent churches in Western Kenyaȋšˆ‘”†ǡͳͻ͸͸ȌǤ

ͷ͸ͺ—‘–‡†‹ƒ™—•‹ǡ’Ǥ͸͵Ǧ͸ͶǤ
318
 Discoveries and Prospects

‹’Ž‹‡• ƒ •‡”‹‘—• ƒ† ‘• ‹‘—• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡
—Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ ‹–• ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ‘ ‡’– ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ Dzˆ—•‹‘ ‘ˆ
„‘–Š„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ”‹ ƒ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•dzǤͷ͸ͻ –‹•ƒ ‘ ‡’–™Š‹ Š ƒ
„‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† „› –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ˜‹‰‘”‘—•Ž› ‡„ƒ” ‘ ™Šƒ–  Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›ƒ•Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǤdzŠ‹•‡ƒ•‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ƒ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž Šƒ• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ˆ‘” Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥdz Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ”‡•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹’‘”–ƒ–ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ›‡ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ƒ†
•—„•‡“—‡––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•ˆƒ”ƒ••‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†ǤŠ‡”‡‹•
–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘ǡƒ•ƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ—”‰‡ ›ǡƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡–Š‡‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•‹•
„‡ ƒ—•‡Dz–Š‡ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‹•‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘„›–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•ƒ‡ ‡••ƒ”›
•–‡’‹‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥdzͷ͹ͲŠ‡”‡•—Ž–ƒ––”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹ŽŽ‹—”‡–‘–Š‡„‡‡ˆ‹–
‘ˆ „‘–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– –Š‡
—‡”‘—• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹• ˆƒ ‹‰ ‹ Šƒƒ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”
™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ Ǯ ‘ˆŽ‹ –ǯ „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „›
•‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† —Ž–—”‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ––Š‹• ‘—Ž†„‡”‡•‘Ž˜‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•—•‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›ƒ•Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•dz‹•Š‡”‡„›

†‡ˆ‹‡†ƒ•ǣ
Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™–‘ ‘˜‡”–‹‰
ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ™‹–Š‹ǡ ƒ† —•‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†

ͷ͸ͻǤǤ••ƒ—ƒŠǡGenuinely Ghanaianǡ’ǤͳͺǤ
ͷ͹Ͳ „‹†Ǥ
319
 Discoveries and Prospects

—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•–‘‡”‹ Š„‘–Š–Š‡ Š—” Š‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡

Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ


‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡŽ‹˜‡”Ǥ

™—„‹‘ȋͳͻͺ͹ǣ͵ʹȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
• ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–› „‡‰‹• –‘ ‰”‘™ǡ ‹– —•– „‡ ƒ†‡ –‘
‘™–Šƒ–‹–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ†‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šǡ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Šƒ•
„‡‡ Š‡” ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǥ ‡” ‹••‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ –‘
‡˜ƒ‰‹Ž‹•‡ƒ‘”‰ƒ‹  —Ž–—”‡‡–‹”‡Ž›Ǥ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡† —Ž–—”‡‹•ƒ
Š—” ŠǦ‡†‹ƒ–‡† —Ž–—”‡ǡ ƒ ‘—‹–›Ǧ„ƒ•‡† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š ‹–
–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘–‹—‡• –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” —Ž–—”‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ› –Š”‘—‰Š
—Ž–—”ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘•‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ‹–Šƒ†„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•—•–
„‡Ž‹˜‡†Ǥ


Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‹• Šƒ’–‡”†”ƒ™•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†

–Š‡ –‘ƒ”‰—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ ŠƒƒǤ ‰ƒ‹ǡ †”ƒ™‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ƒ†
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒǡ ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž›
’‹”‹–ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡• ‹ –Š‹• Šƒ’–‡” –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ •—‹–‡† ‘”
’‘•‹–‹‘‡† –‘ ‡„ƒ” ‘ –Š‡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† •‘‡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘—Ž† ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡
‡‡†‡† ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘”
—•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘™Š‘†‘—„Ž‡ƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹ƒƒ––‡’–
–‘ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ ‘” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡
‡‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ˜‹‡™ ‘” —†‡”•–ƒ† –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‘”
ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ• Dz’ƒ”–‡”• ‹ ‹••‹‘Ǥdz ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡• ˆ‘”

320
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘—”ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ‘ ‡”–‡† ƒ –‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ˆ‘” ƒ •— ‡••ˆ—Ž
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žǡƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


‘• ŠȋͳͻͻͳǣͶͷ͵ȌŠƒ•‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‡ local community, particularly the laityƒ•

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥͷ͹ͳŠ‹•†‘‡•‘–‡ƒ–Šƒ––Š‡ Ž‡”‰›ƒ”‡‘–
’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –•‹ ‡–Š‡‹”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ ƒ‘–„‡‹‰‘”‡†‘”
—†‡”‡•–‹ƒ–‡†„‡ ƒ—•‡–‘†‘•‘Dz‹•–‘’”‡ˆ‡”‹‰‘”ƒ ‡–‘‘™Ž‡†‰‡dzƒ• ǤǤ
 Š”‡‹–‡” ȋͳͻͺͷǣͳͺȌͷ͹ʹ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡†Ǥ – ‹• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡
•–—†› ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡› ‘‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ•‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›‘”Žƒ‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†ƒ•
—•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‡›ƒŽ•‘ ‘‡‹–‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–‹–Š‡‹” ƒ’ƒ ‹–›
ƒ•Dz‹’‘”–ƒ– —Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”•‘ƒŽ‹–‹‡•Ȃ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡‘‡•
Ȃ‹–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡dzǤǤǤǤ™Š‘•‡Dz”‡’‡”–‘‹”‡‘ˆ‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”
—Ž–—”‡ ƒ „‡ ‘ˆ ‹‡•‡ ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥdzͷ͹͵ Š‡› ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ „‡•– ’Žƒ ‡† –‘
Š‡Ž’‹–Š‡Dz‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡Ǥdzͷ͹Ͷ


7.2.4. Pentecostalism and Inculturation in Ghana

–Š‹••—„•‡ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡•–—†›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒ–‘
ƒ ‡’–ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –Š”‡‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ „ƒ•‡• ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ „›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǣ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽǢ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǣ ƒ†
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ȋ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ȌǤ ‘‡ „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ
ƒ”‰—‡–• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ”ƒ‹•‡† ‹ ˆƒ˜‘” ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ Š—” Š

ͷ͹ͳ›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ‡‡ƒŽ•‘—œ„‡–ƒ‘—‹• ǤǡThe Church and Culturesȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǣ”„‹•

‘‘•ǡͳͻͺͺȌǡ͸͸Ǥ
ͷ͹ʹ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹†‘• ŠǡTransforming Missionǡ’ǤͶͷ͵Ǥ
ͷ͹͵Š‹„—‡œ‡†‡ƒ‹ǡInculturation as Dialogueǡ’ǤͳͶ͵Ǥ
ͷ͹Ͷƒ˜‹†‘• ŠǡTransforming Missionǡ’ǤͶͷͶǤ
321
 Discoveries and Prospects

Ž‘ ƒ–‡†™‹–Š‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” —Ž–—”‡Ǥͷ͹ͷ—––Š‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ˆ‘ —•‡•‘–Š‡

•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ† •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‡’‘™‡”‡– ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ”‰—‡ ˆ‘”
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”‹ ‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
„ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒǡ ‹–• ƒ’’‡ƒŽ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡƒ†‹–••’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡ƒ•–Š‡„ƒ•‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡
–Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ  Š‹• •—„‹••‹‘ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”‘†‡Ž•ƒ†‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘• ŠȋͳͻͻͳǣͶͷ͵Ȍƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ––Š‡
’”‹ƒ”› ƒ‰‡–• ‹ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ Holy Spirit ƒ† –Š‡ local communityǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž› –Š‡ Žƒ‹–›Ǥͷ͹͸ Š‹• •Š‘™• Š‘™ •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ƒ† –Š‡
Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›ƒ”‡‹Š‡Ž’‹‰–‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž‘ ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ


7.2.4.1. Historico-Socio-Cultural Basis

‹–Š–Š‡‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ‡™ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•‹ ŠƒƒƒŽ‘•–ƒŽŽ
–Š‡”‡•–‘ˆ–Š‹•‰”‘—’‹ Ž—†‹‰‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•™‡”‡ˆ‘—†‡†„›‹†‹‰‡‘—•
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•‘” Š—” Š‡•‹ Šƒƒ
Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† ƒ† ‡˜‡ ‘–‹—‡ –‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’Ǥ Ž‹‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡
Š—” Š‡•™Š‹ Š™‡”‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†‘–Š‡ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ—”‘’‡ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
™‹–Š—”‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ ‰”‘—†ǡ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•‹ Šƒƒ™‡”‡
ˆ‘—†‡†‘ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡–Š‘•ǤŠ‡Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ ‘–‡š–™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Š
–Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ™‡”‡ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ‹ Šƒƒ •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡› ƒ‡
‹–‘–Š‡• ‡‡–‘†‘–Š‹‰•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Ž›–ƒ‹‰‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹Ž‹‡—Ǥ

ͷ͹ͷ ‡‡ ƒ‰‡•ƒǡ Ǥǡ Anatomy of inculturationǢ Š‹„—‡œ‡ †‡ƒ‹ǡ Inculturation as DialogueǢ
ƒ— ǤǤInculturation of Christianity in AfricaǤ
ͷ͹͸›‡’Šƒ•‹•Ǥ‡‡ƒŽ•‘—œ„‡–ƒǡThe Church and Culturesǡ’Ǥ͸͸Ǥ
322
 Discoveries and Prospects

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒ ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡˜‹‡™‡†ƒ•–Š‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–”—‰‰Ž‡

ˆ‘” ‡ Ž‡•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ˆ”‡‡†‘ ™Š‹ Š ™ƒ• Šƒ’‹‘‡† „› •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‹•
™ƒ• †‘‡ –‘ •‘‡Š‘™ Ǯ”‡‰‹•–‡” –Š‡‹” †‹•’Ž‡ƒ•—”‡ǯ ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‘‹ƒ– —”‘Ǧ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•Ǥ  –Š‡‹” ‘™ ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡
†‘‹ƒ– —”‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ‹ –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡• Šƒ† †‡‹‡†
Šƒƒ‹ƒ• –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ™‘”•Š‹’ ƒ† Ž‹˜‡ ƒ• –”—Ž› Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‘—Ž† –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ „‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ•™‡” –‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”ƒŽ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ
 Š‹• ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‘Ž† ‹––Ž‹‰‡” ȋͳͻͺʹǣͻǦͳͳȌ ƒ––”‹„—–‡• –Š‡ ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ”‡‡™ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–•‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‹” Ž‡•–‘–Š‡•‡ˆƒ –‘”•ǣ
Š‡Ž‘‰‹‰ˆ‘”ƒ–”—Ž›•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘ƒ‘˜‡”Ǧ ‡”‡„”ƒŽ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǢŠ‡Ž‘‰‹‰ˆ‘””‡ƒŽˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ȋ‘‡‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡‰‹ˆ–•
‘ˆ–Š‡‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽƒ”‡–ƒ‡•‡”‹‘—•Ž›Ȍǡ‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›
™Š‹ Š ”‡†— ‡† Š—” Š ‡„‡”• –‘ ‹‘” •—’‡”—‡”ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡
Ž‘‰‹‰ˆ‘”•–”‡‰–Šǡ‹”‡ƒ –‹‘–‘ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›™Š‹ Š†‡‹‡†‘”
‡š’Žƒ‹‡† ƒ™ƒ› –Š‡ ‹”ƒ Ž‡• ƒ† ‹‰Š–› ™‘”• ƒ––‡•–‡† ‹ –Š‡
‡™‡•–ƒ‡–Ǥͷ͹͹


Š‘—‰Š •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†— ȋʹͲͳͳǣ͹͵Ȍ ˜‹‡™• –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡‘Ǧ

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ•ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡–‘–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ Šƒƒǡ–Š‹••–—†›ǡ
Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ˜‹‡™• –Š‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ ƒ• „‡‹‰ •–”‘‰Ž› ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† ˆ‘”
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ’‘‹– ‹• –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• †‹† ‘– ‘’– ˆ‘” Dz‡ Ž‡•‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ
ˆ”‡‡†‘dzˆ”‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›†‘‹ƒ–‡†„›—”‘Ǧ —Ž–—”‡‘Ž›–‘–—”ƒ”‘—†–‘
™‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‘”†‡›–Š‡‹”‘™‹†‹‰‡‘—• —Ž–—”‡Ǥ


ͷ͹͹ —‘–‡† ‹ Ǥ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ Strange Warmth: Wesleyan Perspectives on Ministry,

Renewal and Discipleshipȋ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͲͳͳȌǡ͹͵Ǥ

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 Discoveries and Prospects

‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ Ž‹‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ
™‡”‡ „‘” ƒ† „”‡† ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ • Š‘‘Ž ‹
Šƒƒ ƒ† –‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ† ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹œ‡ –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š •‘‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ† —•–‘••— Šƒ• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ‘‡‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡Šƒ†
–Š‡ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‡˜‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡‹”
Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–‹‡• ƒ• ‹†‹‰‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ‹’Ž‹‡• –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ”‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ› •‹–—ƒ–‡† ‘” ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ
Š‹•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ †‘‡• ‘– ‡ƒ –Šƒ– „‡‹‰ ƒ ‹†‹‰‡‡ ƒŽ‘‡ ƒ‡• ‘‡
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ„Ž‡‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••—‡•’‡”–ƒ‹‹‰–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ†‡ƒ‹
ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ǣͳͶͶȌ”‹‰Š–Ž›‡š’”‡••‡†–Š‹• ƒ—–‹‘‹†‡ƒŽ‹‰™‹–Š‹†‹‰‡‘—•ƒ‰‡–•
‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ
– ‡‡† ‘– „‡ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ƒ‰‡–•ǡ ƒ› ‘ˆ ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ‹‡ƒ–‡†
ˆ”‘–Š‡‹”‘™ —Ž–—”‡•ƒ†ƒ”‡‡˜‡‘”‡–Šƒˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•Ǥ‘‡
Žƒ  ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ˜‡”› ‘™
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ ‘ „‡‹‰ ƒ ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ ƒ —Ž–—”‡ ‹• ‘– ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰Ǣ •‘‡
Dzˆ‘”‡‹‰‡”•dz Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ ”‡ƒŽŽ› ƒ”˜‡Ž‘—• ™‘” ‹ –Š‡ ‡”ƒ ‘ˆ
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Š‡•–—†›ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‹‰„‡‡„‘”ǡ„”‡†ƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰‹ Šƒƒ
ƒ• ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ƒ‰‡–•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ‹ ƒ ’‘•‹–‹‘ –‘ ‰ƒ–Š‡” ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ Š‡ ƒ “—‹•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡”‡“—‹”‡†‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡‹–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡‹ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‡
‹†‹‰‡‘—••–ƒ–—• ƒ‘–„‡‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘‹’‘”–ƒ––‘‘–‡–Šƒ–
–Š‹•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘—Ž†„‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†‘”ƒ “—‹”‡†–Š”‘—‰Š‡‹–Š‡”
ˆ‘”ƒŽ‘”‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ‡ƒ•‘”„‘–ŠǤ ‘”–Š‡‹†‹‰‡‘—•ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ‘”ƒŽ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ƒ†•‘‡–‹‡•̶’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰̶‹–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
324
 Discoveries and Prospects

‡‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹‰•™Š‹ ŠŠƒ˜‡™‘–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–•‘ˆ•‘‡ƒ†Š‡”‡–•ƒ†• Š‘Žƒ”•

–‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹• ‹–• ƒ„‹Ž‹–› –‘ ‡†‡ƒ” ‹–•‡Žˆ –‘ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘ˆ
–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ‡‹’‘”–ƒ–•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•ƒ†„›
‡š–‡•‹‘ǡˆ”‹ ƒ•‹•–Š‡ ‘—ƒŽ‘”ˆƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡™Š‹ Š”‡•—Ž–•‹ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’
‘”ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧˆ‡‡Ž‹‰Ǥͷ͹ͺ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‹•ǡ—Œ‘ȋʹͲͲͳȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǣ
Š‡ Dz†‡ ‹•‹˜‡ ‹••—‡dz –Šƒ– †‡–‡”‹‡• –Š‡ Š—ƒ ’‡”•‘ ‹•
Dz”‡Žƒ–‡†‡••dz ƒ† Dzˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’dz ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‹ –Š‡ ‘–‡š– ‘ˆ
•’‡ ‹ˆ‹ ǡ ‘—ƒŽŽ›†‡•‹”ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ƒ†
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”™Š‹ Š•–”‡‰–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡•‡ˆ‘”•‘ˆŽ‹˜‹‰ƒ†
„‡Šƒ˜‹‘—”ƒ”‡‘––‘„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†ƒ•a priori‰‹˜‡•–‘™Š‹ ŠƒŽŽ
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ƒ”‡ –‘ ƒ†Š‡”‡Ǥ •–‡ƒ† ǤǤǤ –Š‡› ƒ”‡
‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽǡ ƒ”‹•‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‹‰ǡ ƒ† ƒ”‡
˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡† ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡› ƒ’Ž‹ˆ› –Š‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—‹–›ƒ†‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ•™‹–Š‹‹–Ǥͷ͹ͻ


Š‹•Šƒ•„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‹–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ‹” Ž‡•ƒ•koinoniaǤ –‹•ƒ ”‡‡–‡”‹

–Š‡ ‡™ ‡•–ƒ‡–ǡ ™Š‹ Š „ƒ•‹ ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ•ǡ Dzˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’dz ‘” Dz ‘—‹–›dzǤ
—””ƒ› ‡’•‡› ȋʹͲͲͳǣʹ͹Ȍ ‡—‡”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‰‡ƒ”‡†
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡koinoniaƒ†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ ‡‘ˆ•— Šƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
Š‡ Š—” Š̵• ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ǡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹‰•ǡ •ƒŽŽ
‰”‘—’ ‹‹•–”›ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ ‘—•‡Ž‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ
†‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’ –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‹„Ž‡ •–—†›ǡ ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡” ‡‡–‹‰• ƒ”‡
‘”ƒŽŽ› Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‘‹‘‹ƒ  ‹‹•–”›ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡

ͷ͹ͺ ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹• ‘—”•‡ ‘ –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ˆƒ‹Ž› •‡‡ ™‹‘‰›ƒ ‘•‡• •ƒƒŠǡ The

Understanding of family in Ghana as a challenge for contextual ecclesiology ȋ‡”Ž‹ǣ ‹–Ǥǡ

ʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ
ͷ͹ͻ—‘–‡†‹Ǥƒ‰‡•ƒǡAnatomy of Inculturationǡ’Ǥͳ͹͹Ǣ ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ•ƒ ‘—‹–›•‡‡

ƒŽ•‘ —œ„‡–ƒ ǤǤǤ The Church and Cultures: New Perspectives in Missiological
Anthropologyȋƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•ǡͳͻͺͺȌǡ͵͹͸Ǧ͵͹͹Ǥ
325
 Discoveries and Prospects

–Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ‹• –‘ •–”‡‰–Š‡ ‹–• ‘™
‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”ƒŽ„‘†‡†‡••ǡƒ†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ—‹–›Ǥ
Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡•‡ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† –”—‡ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ
„‡Ž‘‰‹‰‡••ƒ†•‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ  Šƒƒǡ‹–‹•‘–†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”
‘‡–‘ˆ‹†–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆˆ‡ŽŽ‘™Ǧˆ‡‡Ž‹‰ƒ‘‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•™Š‡”‡
–Š‡› ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ• „”‘–Š‡”• ƒ† •‹•–‡”•Ǥ —•– ƒ• ‹– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ƒ‘‰
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒƒ‹ƒ •‘ ‹‡–›ǡ –Š‡ „‘† ‘ˆ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› ƒ‘‰
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• —–• ƒ ”‘•• ‘” ‰‘‡• „‡›‘† ‡–Š‹  „‘—†ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ”‡‡ ‘Š
ȋͳͻͻ͹ǣͳ͵ͳǦͳ͵ʹȌ Šƒ• ”‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ’–—”‡† –Š‡ ‘‹‘‹ƒ  ’‹ –—”‡ ƒ‘‰
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ• ‘‡ –Šƒ– ‡šŠ‹„‹–• Dz‘‡‡•• ƒ† •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› –Šƒ– ‰‘‡• „‡›‘†
‡–Š‹ ‹–› ƒ† •‘ ‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—•dz ȋ•‹ ȌǤ —””ƒ› ȋͳͻͻͳǣʹͺȌ ˆ—”–Š‡” †‡• ”‹„‡• ‹– ƒ• ƒ
Dz”‡ƒŽ‡š’‡”‹‡–‹ƒŽ„‘†‘ˆ„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‹ ‘†ǯ•‹ Ž—•‹˜‡ˆƒ‹Ž›‘ˆ
‡“—ƒŽŽ› ˜ƒŽ—‡† „”‘–Š‡”• ƒ† •‹•–‡”•Ǥdz Š‡ •‘Ž‹†ƒ”‹–› ƒ‘‰ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹
Šƒƒ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡‹” ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‹ •‘‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ ƒ‹‰ ‘” †‡†‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™Ž› „‘” „ƒ„‹‡•ǡ ƒ†
ˆ—‡”ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡›†‘‘–‘Ž›•Š‘™–Š‡‹”•—’’‘”–„›’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹
–Š‡•‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• „—– –Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ ‘–”‹„—–‡ ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› –‘™ƒ”†•
‡„‡”•ǯ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡Ǥ ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‹ •— Š •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ† ƒ‹‰
ˆ‹ƒ ‹ƒŽ ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• –‘™ƒ”†• ‡„‡”•ǯ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‹• –›’‹ ƒŽ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›ǡ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›–Š‡ˆƒ‹Ž›Ǥ


7.2.4.2. Traditio-Religious Worldview

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‘‡†‡† ˆ‘” ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰ –‘ –Š‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒƒ†„›‡š–‡•‹‘ˆ”‹ ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ –†‘‡••‘
„› –ƒ‡ •‡”‹‘—•Ž› •‘‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ†
ƒ†‘’–‹‰ •ƒ‡ ‹ ‹–• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
’‘’—Žƒ”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• ’ƒ”–Ž› ƒ––”‹„—–‡† –‘ ‹–• •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›
326
 Discoveries and Prospects

™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‘
‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ•–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘”‰‘•’‡Ž‘ˆ’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†‰‘‘†Š‡ƒŽ–Šǡ ‹ˆˆ‘”†
ȋʹͲͲͶǣͶͺȌ ‘’‹‡• –Šƒ– Dz‹– ƒ „‡ ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‹• ”‡ƒ†› ƒ ‡’–ƒ ‡ ƒ „‡
–”ƒ ‡†„ƒ –‘–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ”‹ ƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ƒ ‘”†‹‰–‘™Š‹ Š
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Šƒ•–‘†‘™‹–Šƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ™‡ŽŽǦ„‡‹‰ǤdzͷͺͲ


ǤǤǤƒ”„‹ȋͳͻͻͷǣͳͳȌ‰‹˜‡•ƒ‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‹ Šƒƒ ™Š‹ Š ˆ‘ —•‡• ‘ ’”‘–‡ –‹‘ǡ ‡’‘™‡”‡–ǡ
•— ‡••ǡ’”‘•’‡”‹–›ƒ†™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ ‘”Š‹ǡNkwagye ȋ•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡
‰‘ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’‡”•‘ǡ ‡ƒ• Dz–Š‡ Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ’”‡•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
ƒ„—†ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡dz ‘” Dz•ƒ˜‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ„—†ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥdz Š‹• ‡–ƒ‹Ž• life in its fullness
‹ Ž—†‹‰ ahonyade ȋ™‡ƒŽ–ŠȌǡ ƒ† asomdwoe ȋ’‡ƒ ‡ȌǤ ‡ ƒ”‰—‡• –Šƒ– –Š‹•
ƒ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• —Ž‹ƒ–‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‘•‘Ž‘‰› ƒ†
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‹†‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ Šƒ• ‘” •Šƒ”‡• ƒ †—ƒŽ‹•–‹  ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž†ǡ ™Š‹ Š
‘’”‹•‡• –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ •’‹”‹–• ƒ† –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ƒǤ  Š‹• ’ƒ”–ǡ Ǥ Ǥ
‘”‘ Šƒ ȋͳͻͺ͹ǣͷʹȌ ‘–‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ –™‘ ™‘”Ž†• ƒ”‡ Dz‹–‡”Ǧ’‡‡–”ƒ–‹‰ ƒ†
‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ›‡– †‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ǡ ’ƒ”–•Ǥdzͷͺͳ ‘‰ –Š‡ ƒ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ –Š‡
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹–Š‡‡š‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆ‡˜‹Žˆ‘” ‡•‘”‡ƒ†™‘‡ǡ™Š‹ Šƒ”„‹ȋͳͻͻͷǣ͸Ȍ
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• ƒ• akaberekyerefo ƒ† adutofo ȋ Šƒ”‡”•ǡ ‡ Šƒ–‡”• ƒ†
•‘” ‡”‡”•Ȍǡ ƒ† abayifo ȋ™‹– Š‡•Ȍǡ ™Š‘ †‹”‡ – –Š‡‹” ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š—ƒ
„‡‹‰•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡˜‹Ž ˆ‘” ‡•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ ‘‡̵• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡƒ”„‹ȋ‹„‹†ȌŠƒ•–Š‹•–‘•ƒ›ǡ
Š‡ ˆ‘” ‡• ‘ˆ ‡˜‹Ž ƒ”‡ ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ– ™‘” ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘
’”‡˜‡–Š‹ˆ”‘‡Œ‘›‹‰ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ‘”ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ‹‰Š‹• nkrabea
ȋ†‡•–‹›ȌǤ Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‘ —• ‘ˆ Š‹• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‡š‡” ‹•‡• ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡

ͷͺͲ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘‹ Š‹ƒ–”‘‰ƒ ‹ƒ‰„‡ǡ Reconciled to Reconcile: an African view of Calvin's

Doctrine of Salvationȋ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤ

ͷͺͳ—‘–‡†‹ƒ”„‹ǡDevelopment of Ghanaian Pentecostalismǡ’ǤʹǤ
327
 Discoveries and Prospects

†‹”‡ –‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Šƒ”‡••‹‰ ‘ˆ ’‘™‡” ‹Š‡”‡– ‹ –Š‡ •’‹”‹–
ˆ‘” ‡ˆ‘”Š‹•‘™ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘™‡”Š‡”‡‹•‘–•‘—‰Š–ˆ‘”‹–•‘™
•ƒ‡„—–”ƒ–Š‡”ƒ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ‡Œ‘›‹‰ƒ„—†ƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ


 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ‹• –Š‡ „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –Šƒ– ‡˜‡”›–Š‹‰ –Šƒ– Šƒ’’‡• Šƒ• ƒ
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ—•‡ǤŠ‹•‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ƒ—•ƒ–‹‘‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’‡”•‘̵• ”‡•‘”– –‘ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ’‘™‡”• –‘ ˆ‹† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ•™‡”• –‘
–Š‡‹” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•Ǥ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‹• ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ ‹•
Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡†„›ˆ‡ƒ”ƒ†–Š‡‡‡†–‘ƒŽ™ƒ›•†‡’‡†‘•‘‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ’‘™‡”•
–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡‘‡̵•ˆ‡ƒ”•ǡƒ†ƒŽ•‘’—”•—‡–Š‡‹”ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ–Š‡‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ•— Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆƒ”„‹ȋ‹„‹†Ȍƒ‰ƒ‹‘–‡•ǣ
Š‡ — ‡”–ƒ‹–› ƒ† ƒš‹‡–› Š‡ ˆƒ ‡• ”ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‘•‡ ™Š‹ Š
‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡ˆ”‘–Š‡†ƒ›–‘†ƒ›’”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆŽ‹ˆ‡–‘–Š‘•‡™Š‹ Šƒ”‡
„‘”‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡ƒ”‘ˆ‡˜‹Ž•’‹”‹–•ƒ†ƒŽ‹ ‹‘—•’‡”•‘•ǡ™‹– Š‡•ƒ†
•‘” ‡”‡”•Ǥ ‘ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ ƒ† ”‡ƒ –‹˜ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ „‡‡˜‘Ž‡– †‹˜‹‡ ˆ‘” ‡ǡ Š‡ —•– ‘ˆ ‡ ‡••‹–› ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡
‘•‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ„ƒŽƒ ‡–Š”‘—‰Š’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡ƒ†’”‡˜‡–‹˜‡”‹–‡•Ǥ
–‹•™‹–Š‹–Š‹•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•„‡Ž‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•–Šƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘• Šƒ˜‡ ‘’‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ ŠƒƒǤ  —„‡” ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‘˜‡”–•Šƒ˜‡ ‘‡‹–‘–Š‡‡™”‡Ž‹‰‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
„‡Ž‹‡ˆ• ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ– –Š‡ „ƒ  ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‹†•Ǥ Š‡‹” ‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –‘ ˆ‹†
•–”‡‰–Šƒ†’‘™‡”–‘‘˜‡” ‘‡–Š‡‹”ƒ –—ƒŽƒ†’‡” ‡‹˜‡†•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‡‡‹‡•
ƒ† –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡ ƒ† ‡Œ‘› –Š‡ ƒ„—†ƒ– Ž‹ˆ‡ –Š‡› ›‡ƒ” ˆ‘”Ǥ ‡™
‘˜‡”–• ‹‰Š– –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡ ƒ› Š—” Š ™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• ‹–‘
‘•‹†‡”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‹”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –‘ Š‡Ž’‹‰
–Š‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡‹” ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ ’—”•—‡ ƒ† ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ – ‹•
™‹–Š‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡š– –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ†
328
 Discoveries and Prospects

’”ƒ‹•‡† ˆ‘” ‹–• ”‘Ž‡ ‹ Š‡Ž’‹‰ ‹–• ‘˜‡”–• –‘ ˆ‹† ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ”‡•’‘•‡• –‘
–Š‡‹”“—‡•–‹‘•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†Ž‹ˆ‡‹‰‡‡”ƒŽǤ‘‡‹†‡‡†ǡ
†‘ ƒ––”‹„—–‡ –Š‡ •— ‡•• ƒ† ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• –‘ ‹–• –Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘•‘• ƒ† •ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•Ǥͷͺʹ Š‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‹‹•–”› ƒ† –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ‘ˆ ’”‘•’‡”‹–› ™Š‹ Š
ƒ”‡ „‡‹‰ ’—”•—‡† „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ”‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
‹‹•–”‹‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ‡‡”‰‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ• ‡ ‘—–‡” ™‹–Š
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™Ǥ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ•Ǯ‡š’Ž‘•‹‘ǯ‹•‡˜‡Ž‹‡†–‘
–Š‡ Ǯ†‡Ž‹˜‡”ƒ ‡ ’Š‡‘‡‘ǯǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™‘”–Š‹‹‰Ǥͷͺ͵


7.2.4.3. Pentecostal Spirituality584 (Corporate Worship)

‘–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–ƒ††‹•–‹ –ƒ”‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒ™‘”–Š‘–‹‰
‹•‹–•™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ™‘”•Š‹’‹•‘–‡†ˆ‘”‹–•—•‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•
™Š‹ Š ƒ’’‡ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ••‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ
—•‹ ǡ†ƒ ‡ǡ‡‘–‹‘•ǡ‡– Ǥ‹–Š‡š ‡’–‹‘‘ˆˆ‡™‘‡•™Š‹ Š—•‡–Š‡‰Ž‹•Š
Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ• ƒ ‡†‹— ‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡‹” ™‘”•Š‹’ „‡ ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
—Ž–‹‡–Š‹  ‘” —Ž–‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡„‡”•Š‹’ǡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡•—•‡–Š‡‘–Š‡”–‘‰—‡ƒ•ƒ‡†‹—‘ˆ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǡ –Š‡ •‹–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ —•‡ –Š‡ Twi

ͷͺʹ‡‡Ǥ‹†Šƒ”†–ȋ‡†ǤȌǡPentecostalism in Africaǡ’Ǥͳ͵Ǣ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡAfrican

Charismaticsǡ’Ǥʹ͵͵Ǥ
ͷͺ͵‡‡ ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡAfrican Christianityǡ’Ǥͻ͹Ǥ
ͷͺͶ ‘”‘”‡†‹• —••‹‘•‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›•‡‡ ƒ”˜‡›‘šǡFire from Heaven: The

Rise of Pentecostal Spirituality and the Reshaping of Religion in the Twenty-First Century
ȋ‘†‘ǣ ƒ••‡Žǡ ͳͻͻ͸ȌǢ Ǥ –‡™ƒ”† ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ Handbook of Pentecostal Spirituality ȋ‘”–Š‡”
ŽŽ‹‘‹• ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ‡ƒŽ„ǡ ʹͲͳʹȌǢ Ž„”‡ Š– Ǥ Ǥǡ Rites in the Spirit: A ritual approach to
pentecostal/charismatic spirituality ȋŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ Š‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†  ƒ†‡‹  ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǢ ƒ† Ǥ Ǥǡ
Pentecostal Spirituality: A passion for the kingdom ȋŽ‡˜‡Žƒ†ǣ Š‡”‘ŠƒŽƒ ”‡•• ’”‹–
ȋȌǡͳͻͻ͵ȌǢ‡™„‹‰‹ǤǡThe Household of Godȋ‘†‘ǣǡͳͻͷ͵ȌǢ ‘”†‘Ǥ ‡‡ǡPaul,
the Spirit and the people of Godȋ‡ƒ„‘†›ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘ǡͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ
329
 Discoveries and Prospects

†‹ƒŽ‡ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘•‹•–• ‘•–Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒǤ Š‡ Ž‹–—”‰› ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‹• ‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ ƒ† ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒ† –Š—•
ƒ‡•”‘‘ˆ‘”ƒ••’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‹•ƒ•–Š‡’‘Ž‹ ›
‘ˆDz‹ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ‹–—”‰›ƒ†˜‡”ƒ —Žƒ”‹œƒ–‹‘dzǡ™Š‹ Šˆ‘”Š‹ǡDz ”‡ƒ–‡•–Š‡•’ƒ ‡
ƒ†ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‹”‹––‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡†—”‹‰™‘”•Š‹’Ǥdzͷͺͷ


ˆ ‘—”•‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• –‘ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ’‡‘’Ž‡ †‘‡• ‘– ‘Ž›
‹ Ž—†‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽŽƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹‹–•™‘”•Š‹’Ǥ‘‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•
Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡† „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ• ŽŽƒ †‡”•‘ ȋʹͲͲͶǣʹͶͶȌ
†‡• ”‹„‡•„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Š‡•–›Ž‡‘ˆDzˆ”‡‡†‘‹–Š‡•’‹”‹–dz–Šƒ– Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•‡•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
Ž‹–—”‰› Šƒ• ‘–”‹„—–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‹ ƒ›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘–‡š–•Ǥ Š‡ •’‘–ƒ‡‘—• Ž‹–—”‰›ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ‹Ž› ‘”ƒŽ
ƒ† ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡ ™‹–Š ƒ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ ƒ †‹”‡ – ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘†
–Š”‘—‰Š Š‹• ’‹”‹–ǡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‹ –Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ‘”†‹ƒ”› ’‡‘’Ž‡
„‡‹‰ Ž‹ˆ–‡† ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” —†ƒ‡ †ƒ‹Ž› ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‡™
”‡ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‡ •–ƒ•›ǡ ƒ‹†‡† „› –Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• ‘ •’‡ƒ‹‰ ‹ –‘‰—‡•ǡ
Ž‘—† ƒ† ‡‘–‹‘ƒŽ •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• ’”ƒ›‡” ƒ† Œ‘›ˆ—Ž •‹‰‹‰ǡ
Žƒ’’‹‰ǡ”ƒ‹•‹‰‘ˆŠƒ†•ƒ††ƒ ‹‰‹–Š‡’”‡•‡ ‡‘ˆ ‘†ȂƒŽŽ
‘‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŽ‹–—”‰‹ ƒŽƒ ‘—–”‡‡–•Ǥ


ͷͺͷ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡThe Promise is for You and Your Children: Pentecostal Spirituality,

Mission and Discipleship in AfricaǤƒ’‡””‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ

†‹„—”‰ŠʹͲͳͲƒ––Š‡”‘ˆ‹ǦŠ”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡” •–‹–—–‡‘ˆŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ǡȋƒ” Š
ʹ͵ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ–
™™™Ǥƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǤ‡†—ȀͶͶͳͳͶͶͷȀ̴Š‡̴”‘‹•‡̴‹•̴ˆ‘”̴‘—̴ƒ†̴‘—”̴Š‹Ž†”‡̴‡‡– ‘•–ƒŽ̴’
‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›̴‹••‹‘̴ƒ†̴‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͷȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ ‘”ƒ ”‹–‹“—‡‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ™‘”•Š‹’•‡‡‹ Šƒ”† ‘Ž‹ǡTowards Church Growth in Ghanaȋ ”ƒǣ”—•–
—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡ͹ͲǦ͹ͳǤ
330
 Discoveries and Prospects

ŽŽƒǯ••—„‹••‹‘‰‹˜‡•ƒ‰‘‘††‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŽ‹–—”‰›ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–

ƒ––‡”™‘”•Š‹’‹ ŠƒƒǤ–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡••— Šƒ•’”‡ƒ Š‹‰ǡƒŽ–ƒ” ƒŽŽǡ•Šƒ”‹‰
’‡”•‘ƒŽ –‡•–‹‘‹‡• ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘ˆ ‘‡› ƒŽ•‘ ˆ‘” ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›‘”™‘”•Š‹’ǤŠ‡‹”•‡”‘• ƒ”‡Žƒ”‰‡Ž›„ƒ•‡†‘‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ‹••—‡•
™‹–Š •—’’‘”–‹‰  ”‹’–—”ƒŽ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• ‘” “—‘–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ  ”‹’–—”‡ ƒ”‡
ƒ”‡ˆ—ŽŽ›ƒ† Ž‡˜‡”Ž›•‡Ž‡ –‡†–‘•’‡ƒ–‘–Š‡‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ‡‡†•ƒ†ƒ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•
‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ† ‡ ‘‘‹  ‘–‡š–•Ǥ
Ž‹‡ ™Šƒ– ’‡”–ƒ‹• ‹ •‘‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ‘
†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Ž› ’Žƒ‡† Ž‡ –‹‘ƒ”› ™‹–Š •‡”‘ –Š‡‡• ƒ† „‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡• –‘
ƒ– ŠǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ ™‘”•Š‹’’‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡† –‘ •Šƒ”‡ –‡•–‹‘‹‡• ƒ„‘—–
‘†ǯ• ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡‹” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ Ž‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ †‹˜‹‡ ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘•
™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†Ǯ ‘’‡Žǯ‘‡–‘•Šƒ”‡ƒ•–‡•–‹‘‹‡•‹ Ž—†‡Dz‹••—‡•‘ˆƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ǡ
™‘”‘”„—•‹‡••ǡ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ˜‡Ž‹‰ǡ’”‘Œ‡ –•ǡˆ‹ƒ ‡ǡŠ‡ƒŽ‹‰ǡ Š‹Ž†„‡ƒ”‹‰
ǤǤǤǤdzͷͺ͸ ŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š –Š‡› ’”ƒ›‡†
ƒ†™ƒ‹–‡†ˆ‘”†‹˜‹‡‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ǤŠ‹Ž‡¡ƒƒȋʹͲͲʹǣͻͻȌ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘–Š‡•‡ƒ•
Dz–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‘ˆ •–”—‰‰Ž‡dzǡ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†— ȋʹͲͲͻǣͳͷͷȌ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ•
Dz‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘‹•– –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥdz Š‡› –‡ŽŽ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ˆ”‹ ƒǯ• ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ –Š‡
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹•‡ —”‹‰Dzƒ„—†ƒ–Ž‹ˆ‡dzƒ†Š‘™‘‡Šƒ•–‘•–”—‰‰Ž‡‘”
™”‡•–Ž‡ ‹ ’”ƒ›‡”ǡ ƒ† –”—•–‹‰ ‘† –‘ ‹–‡”˜‡‡ ˆ‘” ‰‘‘†Ǥ —‹Ǧ‘ƒŠ
ȋʹͲͳͳǣ͵͹Ȍ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡•–™‘‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•ˆ‘”•Šƒ”‹‰–Š‡•‡’‡”•‘ƒŽ–‡•–‹‘‹‡•ǣ–‘
‰‹˜‡–Šƒ•ƒ†’”ƒ‹•‡•–‘ ‘†Ǣƒ†–‘‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™™‘”•Š‹’’‡”•–‘Šƒ˜‡
ˆƒ‹–Š ‹ –Š‡‹” ‘†Ǥ Š‡ ‹ Ž—•‹‘ ‘ˆ ’‡”•‘ƒŽ –‡•–‹‘‹‡• ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ•
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›•Š‘™•ƒ‰ƒ‹–Š‡ˆŽ‡š‹„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆ‹–•Ž‹–—”‰›ǤŠ‡ˆŽ‡š‹„Ž‡ƒ†‹ˆ‘”ƒŽ
Ž‹–—”‰› ƒ† ˆ”‡‡†‘ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡• ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‰‹˜‡• ”‡†‡ ‡
–‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•̵•†‡•‹”‡–‘”‘‘––Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ


ͷͺ͸‡‡—‹Ǧ‘ƒŠǡAfrican Pentecostal Mission in Germanyǡ’Ǥ͵͸Ǥ

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 Discoveries and Prospects

ŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ •—„‹••‹‘• ƒ”‡ –‘ •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹
Šƒƒ ‘—Ž† „‡ ˜‹‡™‡† ‘” —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• Dz–Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ •‡ƒ” Š ˆ‘” ƒ
‹†‹‰‡‘—• Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›dzͷͺ͹ ƒ† „› ‡š–‡•‹‘ ƒ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ 
‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ Šƒƒ ‘—Ž†„‡—†‡”•–‘‘†
ƒ•Dz’ƒ”–‘ˆƒ•‡ƒ” Šˆ‘”ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‹†‡–‹–›™‹–Š‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥdzͷͺͺ‘•——’ǡ
–Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡† ‹ –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ† ‹–• ‹ Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™•’—–•–Š‡‘˜‡‡–‹ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘” ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ ŠƒƒǤ
7.2.5. Areas for Inculturation
 –Š‹• •‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• •‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ƒ†ƒ‡••‘‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”
–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡•–—†›Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”
—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥͷͺͻ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Šƒ– ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‡”‡ǡ ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹•
–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ‹‡˜‹–ƒ„Ž› ‹—”‡ –‘ –Š‡ —–—ƒŽ
„‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ  –Š‡

ͷͺ͹ ‡’‡†ƒ —ƒǡ †‹‰‡‘—• ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹Ž‡ƒ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ǡ ‹ ŽŽƒ

†‡”•‘ Ƭ ƒŽ–‡” Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ǡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Pentecostals after a century: Global perspectives

on a movement in transition ȋŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ  ƒ†‡‹  ”‡••ǡ ͳͻͻͻȌǡ ͳͳ͸Ǥ —‘–‡† ‹ ŽŽƒ
†‡”•‘ǡ–”— –—”‡•ƒ†ƒ––‡”•‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ǡ Missionalia͵ʹǣʹȋ—‰—•–ʹͲͲͶȌǡ
’ǤʹͶͷǤ–Š––’ǣȀȀŒ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘ǤœƒȀ ‘–‡–Ȁ‹••‹‘Ȁ͵ʹȀǤǤǤȀ Ͳʹͷ͸ͻͷͲ͹̴ͳͲͲͲͻȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͳͷȀͲʹȀͳ͹ȌǢ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡Ž˜‹ Ǥ ‘†‰‡•ǡ The Indigenous Church ȋ’”‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ ‘•’‡Ž
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡ǡͳͻͷ͵ȌǤ
ͷͺͺ ‘”•–—”‡ǡˆ”‹ ƒŠ—” Š‡•̵‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ‹ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘”

‘”‡‹‰ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ –—––‰ƒ”– Ƭ •–‹–—–‡ ˆ‘”  ‹‡–‹ˆ‹  ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ò„‹‰‡ǡ

Christian and Islamic Contributions towards Establishing Independent States in Africa South
of the Saharaǣƒ’‡”•ƒ†”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—ȋ‘Ǧƒ†ǡ ‘†‡•„‡”‰ǡʹǦͶ
ƒ› ͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ —‘–‡† ‹ Ǥ ƒ‰‡•ƒǡ Anatomy of Inculturationǡ ’ǤʹͲͳǢ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹•‘ ›ƒǡ
‘• ‘‰ǡ ƒ† Ǥ ™ƒ„‡ƒ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ Global Renewal Christianity: Spirit-
Empowered Movements: Past, Present and Future ȋƒ‡ ƒ”›ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǣ Šƒ”‹•ƒ ‘—•‡ǡ
ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
ͷͺͻ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘—”ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹• —••‹‘•‘ǮŽ‘•–‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥǯ
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‘ Ž—†‹‰’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹•™‘”‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ™—•‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌƒ†‹–•–Š‡’Žƒ ‡
‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ ˆ—†ƒ‡–ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ – ‘ˆ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ ™Š‹ Šǡ –‘ Š‹ǡ
Dz’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡—–—ƒŽ‹–›„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ ‘•’‡Žƒ†–Š‡ —Ž–—”‡•‹–‡‰ƒ‰‡•Ǥdz

7.2.5.1. Chieftaincy: Priests of the Ancestors

–Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›‡‡”‰‡†‹–Š‹••–—†›–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹•–Š‡„‘‡‘ˆ ‘–‡–‹‘ˆ‘”•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•
•— ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ••Šƒ”‡–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ–ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆƒ†“—‡‡ ‘—Ž†‡‹–Š‡”
’‡”ˆ‘”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ›‡”‘”‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•–‘‹†‘Ž•ƒ†ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǤŠ‡ƒ –ǡˆ‘”
–Š‡ǡƒ‘—–•–‘‹†‘Ž™‘”•Š‹’ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡‘™‹‰†‘—„Ž‡ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘ ‘†
ƒ† †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ  —„‡” ‘ˆ • Š‘Žƒ”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”• Šƒ˜‡
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† ‘” ƒ†‡ •‘‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǤͷͻͲ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒ ȋͳͻͻ͵ǣͳͳͶȌ Šƒ•
ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†‡ •‘‡ •—‰‰‡•–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒŽ ™ƒ› Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ‘—Ž† Š‘‘”
–Š‡‹‡•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ ‹••—‰‰‡•–‹‘‹ Ž—†‡•™”‹–‹‰
Dz†‘™ –Š‡ Š‹•–‘”› ‘” ‰”‡ƒ– †‡‡† ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ƒ ‡•–‘” ‘” Š‡”‘ ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡‹”
’‘”–”ƒ‹–•ƒ”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ǡ’—––Š‡‘†‹•’Žƒ›‘ˆ‡•–‹˜‡‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǧ‹†‘ˆ ƒŽŽ
‘ˆ ‘‘—”Ǥdz  Š‹• ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ Š‹ ™‹ŽŽ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ DzƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ –‘ ‘™ ™Š‘
–Š‡‹” ’ƒ•– Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† Š‡”‘‡• ™‡”‡ ƒ† ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ™‹–Š ‰”ƒ–‹–—†‡ –Š‡
‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–Š‡›ƒ†‡–‘–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥdz
–Š‹••–—†›  ‘•‹†‡”–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•
ƒ†ƒ‡•‘‡•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡
•—’’‘•‡† –‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” †”‹ ƒ† ˆ‘‘† •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› ‘ ˆ‡•–‹˜‡ ‘ ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ
Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ Ž‡ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—‹–›–‘ ‘ˆˆ‡” •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• †—”‹‰ ”‹•‹•–‘ ƒ’’‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡
‘ˆˆ‡†‹‰ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘” †‡‹–‹‡• ƒ† –‘ ƒ‡Ž‹‘”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡› ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘
ͷͻͲ ‡‡ Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”† ƒ™—•‹ǡ InculturationǢ ‡–‡” Ǥ ƒ”’‘‰ǡ ‹„ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹

ˆ”‹ ƒ ‹   Ǥ ‘ŽǤ Ͷͺǡ ȋͳͻͻͷȌǣ ͵ͲͷǦ͵͵ͷǢ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ȋŠ‡ •ƒ–‡ ‘†‡ŽȌ ‹
STUDIA MISSIONACIAǡ‘ƒ†‹–”‹ ‡‘–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ ”‡‰‘”‹ƒƒǡͶͶȋͳͻͻͷȌǣʹͺ͹Ǧ͵͵ͷǤ
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•—’’‘•‡† –‘ ‡†‹ƒ–‡ „‡–™‡‡–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• „› •‘Ž‹ ‹–‹‰–Š‡‹”
Š‡Ž’ ‘” •‡‡‹‰ –Š‡‹” ‹–‡”˜‡–‹‘ ‹ ƒ––‡”• ƒˆˆ‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘—‹–›ƒ•ƒ™Š‘Ž‡Ǥ„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ”‡‡š’‡ –‡†–‘•Š‘™‘”
’Ž‡†‰‡ ‘” ”‡‡™ –Š‡‹” ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• „› ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‰ ƒ† „‘™‹‰
„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡‹”„Žƒ •–‘‘Ž•‹–Š‡•–‘‘Ž”‘‘‘”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•Š”‹‡ǤŠ‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ‹•–Šƒ–
Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• •‹– ‘ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •–‘‘Ž• ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•ǯ Ž‹˜‹‰
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•Š‡ ‡ǡ–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡–‘ǡ‘ ƒ•‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡƒ’’‡ƒ”„‡ˆ‘”‡–Š‡
–‘”‡‡™–Š‡‹”Ž‘›ƒŽ–›ƒ†ƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡–‘–Š‡Ǥ ‘”•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†Ȁ‘”
“—‡‡•ǡ †‘‹‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒ‘—–• –‘ ™Šƒ– Šƒ”Ž‡• Ǥ ”ƒˆ– ȋͳͻͻͳǣ͵Ͳ͸Ȍ
–‡”‡†ǮDz†—ƒŽƒŽŽ‡‰‹ƒ ‡dzŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǯǤ
‘ƒ˜‘‹†–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‘—–Ž‹‡†ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‹••–—†›•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•
ƒ†“—‡‡• ‘—Ž†„‡Š‡Ž’‡†–‘ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡ ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ ‘†ǤŠ‹•‹•
ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡ŽǤ
ƒ‹‰ƒ —‡ˆ”‘–Š‡ ‹‡ Š‹ƒ‘‡ ƒ•ƒ›–Šƒ–Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡• Ž‘˜‡ –‘ ’”ƒ› ƒ† •‘Ž‹ ‹– †‹˜‹‡ •—’’‘”– ˆ‘” ’‡”•‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡
™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹” ‘—‹–›ǡƒ†Ž‹˜‡•ƒ••— ŠǤ


Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹‡•–Š‘‘†‘ˆƒŽŽ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ‘—Ž†„‡†”ƒ™ƒ†—•‡†–‘Š‡Ž’

–Š‡ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‡–Š‡‹””‘Ž‡ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ ‘†Ǥƒ”–‹—–Š‡”Šƒ•„‡‡ ”‡†‹–‡†
™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•†‘ –”‹‡ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆŠ‹• Š—” Š”‡ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ‰‡†ƒ
‹ –Š‡ •‹š–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ ‘”ƒ ƒ‰‡Ž ȋͳͻͻ͹Ȍͷͻͳ ”‡ˆ‡”• –‘ –™‘ ‘ˆ —–Š‡”̵•
™‘”•ǣ To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation592, ƒ† The Babylonian
Captivity of the Church593Ǥ

ͷͻͳ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡–‡” Ǥ ƒ‰‡”ǡ A Church Growth Perspective on Pentecostal Missionǡ ’Ǥʹ͹͸Ǣ

ƒ‡”‘ Ǥ ƒ ‡œ‹‡ǡ The "Early" Luther on Priesthood of All Believers, Office of the
Ministry and OrdinationǤ – ™™™Ǥ –•ˆ™Ǥ‡–Ȁ‡†‹ƒȀ’†ˆ•Ȁƒ ‡œ‹‡‡ƒ”Ž›Ž—–Š‡–Ǥ’†ˆ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹͲȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
ͷͻʹ‡‡An den christlichen Adel deutscher Nation von des christlichen. ͸ǣͶͲͶǦ͸ͻǤ
ͷͻ͵‡‡De captivitate Babylonica ecclesia praeludiumǤ͸ǣͶͻ͹Ǧͷ͹͵Ǥ
334
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘”ƒ‹•‘ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™–Šƒ––Š‡•‡„‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ’ƒ••ƒ‰‡•™‡”‡Ž‹‡†„›—–Š‡”‹Š‹•
‡š’‘•‹–‹‘‘”ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡†‘ –”‹‡ǣ‘ƒ•ͳʹǢ ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ͳʹǢƒ† 
‡–‡” ʹǤ ‡ •ƒ›• –Šƒ– –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘– Š‹‰Š‡” ƒ† Ž‘™‡” Š”‹•–‹ƒ• „—– ‘Ž›
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ‹ ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ƒ† ™‘” ȋdes ampts odder werks halbenȌǤ – ‹• ‹
ƒ’’‡ƒŽ‹‰–‘–Š‡Christian Nobility–Šƒ–—–Š‡”’‘•–—Žƒ–‡•–Šƒ–Dzƒ•„ƒ’–‹œ‡†–Š‡›
ƒŽŽ ƒ”‡ ‰‹ˆ–‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹–ǡ ƒ• ‹• ‡˜‡”› ‡„‡” ‘ˆ Š”‹•–̵• „‘†›ǡ –Š‡
Š—” ŠǤdzͷͻͶ ‡ ‘–‹—‡• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ –Š‡ „ƒ’–‹œ‡†ǡ ƒ ‘”†‹‰ –‘ —–Š‡”ǡ ƒ”‡
Dz•’‹”‹–—ƒŽdzƒ†‹–Š‡•ƒ‡˜‡‹–Š‡›ƒ”‡’”‹‡•–•Ǥ ‡•ƒ›•ǡDzŠ‡ Ž‡”‰›ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡
ˆ‘”–Š‡‰‹˜‹‰‘—–‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†‘ˆ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡ƒ ”ƒ‡–•ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡‹”™‘”
ǤǤǤdzͷͻͷŠ‹•ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‹ƒ–‡•–Š‡ Ž‡”‰›ˆ”‘–Š‡Žƒ‹–›™Š‘ƒ”‡–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”
–Š‡”‡ ‡‹˜‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‰‹ˆ–•ƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰–Š‡‘—–‹–Š‡‹” ƒŽŽ‹‰•Ǥ
ƒ††‹–‹‘–‘–Š‹•ǡŠ‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–ƒ•–Š‡Š‹‰Š’”‹‡•–
™Š‘ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† Š‹• ƒ‘‹–‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‘†Ǥ – ‹• ˆ”‘ Š”‹•– –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ „ƒ’–‹œ‡†
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ”‡ ‡‹˜‡ –Š‡‹” ’”‹‡•–Š‘‘†Ǥ  –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–Ž› ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‘ˆ Š”‹•– —–Š‡”
‘„•‡”˜‡†ǡDzŠƒ–‹•‘”‡Š‡•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡†Š‹•‘™„‘†›ˆ‘”—•ǢǤǤǤŽ‘‰™‹–Š–Šƒ–
Š‡‘–Š‡ ”‘••’”ƒ›‡†ˆ‘”—•ǤŠ‹”†Ž›Š‡Šƒ•’”‘ Žƒ‹‡†–Š‡ ‘•’‡Žƒ†–ƒ—‰Š–
ƒŽŽ‡–‘‘™ ‘†ƒ†Š‹•‡ŽˆǤdz ‡•—„•‡“—‡–Ž›‡š’‡ –•ƒŽŽ–Š‡„ƒ’–‹œ‡†–‘
‡—Žƒ–‡Š”‹•–̵•‡šƒ’Ž‡‹–Š‡’”‹‡•–Ž›”‘Ž‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ
Š‡•‡–Š”‡‡‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•Š‡Šƒ•ƒŽ•‘‰‹˜‡–‘—•ƒŽŽǤ‘–Š‡•‹ ‡Š‡‹•ƒ
’”‹‡•– ƒ† ™‡ ƒ”‡ Š‹• „”‘–Š‡”•ǡ •‘ –Š‡ ƒŽŽ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ –Š‡
’‘™‡”ƒ† ‘ƒ†ǡ™Š‹ Š–Š‡›—•–†‘ǡ–‘’”‡ƒ Šǡ–‘†”ƒ™‡ƒ”
–‘ ‘†ǡ ’”ƒ› ˆ‘” ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡” –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡ –‘
‘†Ǥͷͻ͸
‡ˆ—”–Š‡”‡š’‘—†‡†–Š‡’”‹‡•–Ž›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‹–›ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ǣ

ͷͻͶ‡‡”ƒ –ƒ–—•†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡Š”‹•–‹ƒƒǡ͸ǣͶͲͺǤʹͺǦ͵ͷǤ
ͷͻͷ͸ǣͶͲͻǤ͵Ǥ
ͷͻ͸ —‘–‡† ‹ ‘”ƒ ƒ‰‡Žǡ —–Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ”‹‡•–Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ŽŽ ‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ ‹ Concordia

Theological QuarterlyǤ‘ŽǤ͸ͳǣ‘ǤͶȋ –‘„‡”ǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍǣʹͻ͹Ǥ

335
 Discoveries and Prospects

Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ Šƒ– ‹• ’”‹‡•–Ž› ‘ˆˆ‹ ‡ ‹• ˆ‹”•– coram Deo, –Š‡ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡ ‘ˆ
†”ƒ™‹‰‡ƒ”–‘ ‘†ƒ•–Š‘•‡‡™„‘”ǡ•’”‹Ž‡†™‹–Š–Š‡„Ž‘‘†
‘ˆ Š”‹•–ǡ ’”ƒ‹•‹‰ Š‹ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ Š‹• ƒ”˜‡Ž‘—• •ƒ˜‹‰ ™‘”•Ǥ Š‡
–‡”• ƒ”‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ — Š ’”‹‡•–• ƒ”‡ ‘– ‹™ƒ”† „› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•Ǥ
Š‡›ǡ„‘”ƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ‘ˆˆ‡” ‘†–Š‡‹”’”ƒ‹•‡•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ǤŠ‡›’”ƒ›„‘–Š
™‹–Šƒ†ˆ‘”‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤŠƒ–‹•–Š‡‹”•„‡ˆ‘”‡ ‘†ǡ™Šƒ–‹•‰‹˜‡
–Š‡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ‘– „‡ Š‡Ž† –‘ ‘‡ǯ• ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •‡Žˆ ™‹–Š‘—–
†‡•–”— –‹‘Ǥ –• ˜‹–ƒŽ‹–› ˆŽ‘™• ‘ ƒ† ‘—– ‹–‘ ‡ƒ Š ‘‡ǯ• ƒŽŽ‹‰ǡ
™Š‡”‡‹•‡”˜‹‰‘‡ǯ•‡‹‰Š„‘”‹•‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ ‘†–Š‡—„Ž‘‘†›ǡ–Š‡
Ž‹˜‹‰•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡‘ˆŠ‹•Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ‹–—”‰›‹–‘–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ǣ–Š‡’”‹‡•–Š‘‘†‘ˆ
–Š‡„ƒ’–‹œ‡†Ǥͷͻ͹


‡ ƒ†”ƒ™ˆ”‘‘”ƒǯ••—„‹••‹‘ƒ„‘˜‡–Šƒ––Š‡Žƒ‹–›ǯ•’”‹‡•–Ž›‘ˆˆ‹ ‡
‡–ƒ‹Ž• praising God ˆ‘” Š‹• ƒ”˜‡Ž‘—• ™‘”• ‹ Š”‹•–ǡ praying to Godǡ ƒ†
‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ sacrificial service to one's neighborsǤ – ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ•
„ƒ’–‹œ‡† Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǡ ‡˜‡”› ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š Šƒ• ƒ ’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡† ƒ ‡•• –‘
‘†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”’”ƒ‹•‡•ƒ†’”ƒ›‡”•ǤŠ‡›ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘’”‹˜‹Ž‡‰‡†–‘—•‡–Š‡‹”‰‹ˆ–•–‘
‘ˆˆ‡”•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘–Š‡‹”‡‹‰Š„‘”•Ǥ


Š‡†‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ–Š‡’”‹‡•–Š‘‘†‘ˆƒŽŽ„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘—Ž†„‡

ƒ —•‡ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž –‘ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ ™Š‹ Š
—†‡”•–ƒ†• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ƒ† “—‡‡ ƒ• ’”‹‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ Š‹•
™‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒˆ”ƒ‹† ‘ˆ DzŽ‘•‹‰ –Š‡‹”
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡dz ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ”‘Ž‡ ƒ• ’”‹‡•–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ •
’”‹‡•–• ‘ˆ ‘† –Š‡› ‘—Ž† •–‹ŽŽ ƒ‹–ƒ‹ –Š‡‹” ’Žƒ ‡ ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ „› ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰
’”ƒ‹•‡• ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡”• –‘ ‘† ‘ –Š‡‹” ‘™ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ƒ† ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹”

ͷͻ͹ „‹†ǡ’Ǥʹͻ͹ǦʹͻͺǤ
336
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡›™‘—Ž†‘–„‡”‡“—‹”‡†ǡƒ•‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”ƒ –‹ ‡ǡ–‘
‘ˆˆ‡” •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† †‡‹–‹‡• ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘—‹–›ǡ „—–
”ƒ–Š‡”–‘‘ˆˆ‡”–Š‡‹”„‘†‹‡•ƒ•ƒŽ‹˜‹‰•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡–‘–Š‡‘”†„›•‡”˜‹‰Š‹ƒ†
–Š‡ ‘—‹–›™‹–Š–Š‡‹”†‹˜‹‡‰‹ˆ–•Ǥ


Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ˆ‹†• ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ
‡š’”‡••‹‘ƒ‘‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǤǤ‡–‡”ƒ‰‡”ȋͳͻͻͳǣʹ͹͹Ȍ‡˜‡ƒ”‰—‡•–Šƒ–
—–Š‡”ǯ•†‘ –”‹‡„‡‰ƒ–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘‹‹‹•–”›™‹–Š–Š‡
ƒ†˜‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ‘” Š‹ǡ –Š‹• ƒ‹ˆ‡•–• ƒ• ’‡‘’Ž‡ —•‡
–Š‡‹” •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ ‰‹ˆ–• ˆ‘” ‹‹•–”›Ǥ – ‹• ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡
ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”‹–›‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•™‹–Š–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘ƒ—‰‡”™‡ŽŽˆ‘”–Š‡–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†ƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡ƒ•’”‹‡•–•
‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ  ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‹•ǡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‹‡•–Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ
„‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ƒ† –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ƒ• ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”• ‘—Ž†‘–„‡†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ


7.2.5.2. Traditional Festival I: Adamu598

 Šƒ˜‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘–‡† –Šƒ– ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‘„•‡”˜‡ ƒ
–Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ›’‡”‹‘†™‹–Š‘—–‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‡ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•’”‹‘”–‘„‘–Š–Š‡ƒ—ƒŽApoᴐƒ†
Bayedieˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡–Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ›’‡”‹‘†‹•™Šƒ––Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡”‡ˆ‡”–‘ƒ•AdamuǤ
‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‡”‡‹•‘‹’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆƒ„ƒ‘†”—‹‰ƒ†‘‹•‡ƒ‹‰ƒ•
‹• –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‹ ‘–Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‹• •–—†› ‹• ƒ™ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ƒ† ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡– ‘ˆ •‹‹Žƒ” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —•–‘• ‹ ‘–Š‡” –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‹•’‡”‹‘†‹••—’’‘•‡†–‘„‡‘„•‡”˜‡†„›ƒŽŽƒ†•—†”›
‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š—” Š‡• ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ• „—– –Š‡ ‘„•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• ‘ˆ–‡ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ˆ‘” •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ‘” ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ˆ‘” ‡‡–

ͷͻͺ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘‘ˆ–Š‡•–—†›ˆ‘”ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡AdamuǤ

337
 Discoveries and Prospects

Šƒ• •‘‡–‹‡• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹–‘ Žƒ•Š‡• „‡–™‡‡ •‘‡ Š—” Š‡• ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ—–‹‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‡Adamu‹•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–ƒ†‹–•‘„•‡”˜ƒ ‡Šƒ•
‡˜‡” •‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ ˆ‘” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ Š‹• •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• Adamu ƒ†
‘–Š‡”•‹‹Žƒ”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ•ƒƒ”‡ƒ™Š‹ Š‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”–Š‡
Š—” Š‹ Šƒƒ ‘—Ž†‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤ


‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’‹”‹– ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ† ƒ›–Š‹‰ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹Ǥ –• •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ƒŽ•‘ ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ’”ƒ›‡” ƒ† ˆƒ•–‹‰ ™Š‹ Š
•‘‡–‹‡• ”‡“—‹”‡† ’‡”‹‘†• ‘ˆ •‹Ž‡ ‡ ƒ† ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ‹• ‘–
—ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‡”‘—•’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ•–‹‰’”‘‰”ƒ•™Š‹ Š‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•†‘
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ›‡ƒ”Ǥ Š‡ Adamu ‘—Ž† „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡†
™‹–Š’”ƒ›‡”•ƒ†ˆƒ•–‹‰ƒ†‘–Š‡”ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™Š‹ Š™‹ŽŽ‹—”‡–‘–Š‡•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ
ƒ†ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ‰‘‘†‘ˆ„‘–Š–Š‡ ‘—‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”
–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡••ƒ‰‡ǤŠ‡‡š’‡ –ƒ–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–
–Š‡ ’‡”‹‘† „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• •Š‘—Ž†‘– „‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ‡š’”‡••‹‘• ‘ˆ
•‘””‘™ ‘” •ƒ†‡•• Š‡ ‡ǡ –Š‡ „ƒ ‘ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒǤ —‡”ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ •ƒ†
‘ ƒ•‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•‘ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š „ƒ† ‡‘”‹‡• ‘” ‘‘†Ǥ  ‘”†‹‰ –‘
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘Adamu—•–„‡ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆŒ‘›™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†’”‡’ƒ”‡ƒ†—•Š‡”–Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ Œ‘›‘—•Ž› ‹–‘ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ Adamu ‹• –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡
’‡‘’Ž‡ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ‘ –Š‡ ‰‘‘†‡•• ‘ˆ ‘† ƒ† ’”‡’ƒ”‡ –‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Œ‘›‘—•Ž›Ǥ


Š‹• ‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘„‡–ƒ‡—’ƒ•ƒ’‡”‹‘†‘ˆ”‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘™Š‡”‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‘”–Š‡

Š—” Š ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‘—Ž† —•‡–‘ ”‡ˆŽ‡ – ƒ† ”‡ ‘—–
‘†ǯ•‰‘‘†‡••‘”„Ž‡••‹‰•–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡–‹”‡ ‘—‹–›ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž†
‘•‹†‡” ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ •— Š ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ• •›’‘•‹ƒǡ ™‘”•Š‘’•ǡ •‡‹ƒ”•ǡ
„”‡ƒˆƒ•–‡‡–‹‰•ǡ‡– Ǥ–‘•‡•‹–‹œ‡–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡–‘™ƒ”†•’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‹ƒ ‘†

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 Discoveries and Prospects

‰Ž‘”‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ „‘˜‡ ƒŽŽǡ –Š‹• ‹• ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ‡”‹ Š „‘–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž
ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ – ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ —™ƒ˜‡”‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡”•‹„‘–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


7.2.5.3. Traditional Festival II: Apoᴐ599

Š‡ Apoᴐ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› Šƒ• •‘‡ •‡„Žƒ ‡ ™‹–Š •‘‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ‘—Ž†ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ„‡ƒˆ‡”–‹Ž‡‰”‘—†ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹• Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› •‹‰‹‰ ƒ†
†ƒ ‹‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ Apoᴐ •‘‰• †‹”‡ –‡† ƒ– •‘‡ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –‘ ’—„Ž‹ Ž› ‘˜‹ – –Š‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ’ƒ•– •‹ˆ—Ž †‡‡†•ǡ ƒ†
„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† Šƒ‰‡Ǥ –‹•ƒŽ•‘ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ†”‹˜‹‰ƒ™ƒ›‡˜‹Ž
ˆ”‘–Š‡–‘™Ǥ –‡”‡•–‹‰Ž›ǡ–Š‡Apoᴐ—•—ƒŽŽ› ‘‹ ‹†‡•™‹–Š–Š‡ ‘‘† ”‹†ƒ›
ƒ† ƒ•–‡” ˆ‡•–‹˜‹–‹‡• ™Š‹ Š Šƒ˜‡ ƒ ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ †‡ƒ–Š ƒ†
”‡•—””‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ‡•—•Š”‹•–ƒ‹‡†ƒ–”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹‰Š—ƒ‹–›–‘ ‘†ƒ†„”‹‰‹‰
ƒ„‘—–ƒ‡™ ”‡ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‹• ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ƒ† •‡‡ –‘ ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†•
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ ‹– ˆ”‘ ™‹–Š‹Ǥ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ™Š‘ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‘—Ž†
‘’‘•‡•‘‰•™Š‹ Šƒ”‡• ”‹’–—”ƒŽŽ›„ƒ•‡†ǡ†‡˜‘‹†‘ˆ‹•—Ž–•„—–ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡
‘ˆ ‘˜‹ –‹‰ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† ’‡”•‘ ‘” ’‡”•‘•ǡ ƒ† „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡‡†‡†
”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ† Šƒ‰‡ǤŠ‹•‡‡†•‘–„‡‘—–‘ˆŠƒ–”‡†„—– ‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡
‘—– ‘ˆ Ž‘˜‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡’‡”•‘ ‘” ’‡”•‘• ƒ† –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–› ƒ– Žƒ”‰‡Ǥ Š‡› ‘—Ž† „‡
‰—‹†‡† „› –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ –‡ƒ Š‹‰ ‘ Ž‘˜‡ ˆ‘” ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘
‘ˆ”‘–’‡” ‡‹˜‡†ƒ†ƒ –—ƒŽ™”‘‰†‘‡”•ˆ‘””‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Š‡› ‘—Ž† ‡“—ƒŽŽ› ƒ””› ’Žƒ ƒ”†• ƒ† „ƒ‡”• ™‹–Š • ”‹’–—”ƒŽ “—‘–ƒ–‹‘• ‘”
‹• ”‹’–‹‘• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ • ”‹’–—”‡Ǥ Š‡•‡ ’Žƒ ƒ”†• ‘—Ž† „‡ —•‡† –‘

ͷͻͻ‡‡ Šƒ’–‡”–™‘ˆ‘”ƒ†‡• ”‹’–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Apoᴐˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ

339
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘˜‡›‡••ƒ‰‡••’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ„‘—–”‡‘— ‹‰‘ˆ•‹ǡˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡••ǡ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ

’‡ƒ ‡ǡ ™‡Žˆƒ”‡ ƒ† †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡› ‡‡† –‘ •’‡ƒ –‘
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ› ƒ† ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽŽ› ‡š‹•–‡–‹ƒŽ ƒ† ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ™‡”‡ ™Šƒ– ‡•—• Š”‹•– •–‘‘† ˆ‘” ‹ Š‹• †ƒ›• ƒ† ‹‹•–”› ‘
‡ƒ”–Šǡ Š‡ ‡ •‡‡‹‰ ‘” ™‘”‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡•‡ ‹ ƒ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› –Š”‘—‰Š
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™‘—Ž†‘–„‡‘—–‘ˆ’Žƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡ƒ„‘˜‡’”‡•‡–•ƒ‰‘‘†
‘’’‘”–—‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘’”‡•‡––Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž–‘–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ
•‘‰•ǡƒ†‘’Žƒ ƒ”†•ƒ†—•‡‹––‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽˆ‘”–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Š‡ƒ––‡–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ‘—Ž†„‡†”ƒ™–‘–Š‡‘ ‡ƒ†ˆ‘”ƒŽŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡

‘ˆˆ‡”‡†„› ‡•—•‘–Š‡ ”‘••–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—–”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡
‘†ƒ†Š—ƒ‹–›ǡ™Š‹ Š’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡•‹–‘ˆ‘”‰‹˜‡‡••ǡ”‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘
ƒ†’‡ƒ ‡„‡–™‡‡Š—ƒ„‡‹‰•ǤŠ‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘‘† ”‹†ƒ›ƒ†ƒ•–‡”‘”
–Š‡paschal‡••ƒ‰‡ ‘—Ž†„‡–Š‡ˆ‘ —•‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‘‰•ƒ†’Žƒ ƒ”†•ˆ‘”
–Š‡Apoᴐˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ


Š‡’ƒ”–’Žƒ›‡†„›–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›ƒ†‘–Š‡”†‡‹–‹‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”’”‹‡•–•–‘™ƒ”†
‘ˆˆ ‡˜‹Ž ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –‘™ ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ –ƒ‡ —’ „› –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ Š‹• ’ƒ”– Šƒ•
•’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ˆ‘”–Š‡•‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†–Š‡„‡Ž‹‡ˆ„‡Š‹†‹–‹•–Šƒ–•’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ›ǡ
•‘‡ ‡˜‹Ž ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‹‰Š–Šƒ˜‡ ™‘”‡† ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡ ’”‘‰”‡•• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™ Š‡ ‡
–Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ™ƒ”† ‘ˆˆ –Š‹• ‡˜‹Ž ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ’”‹‡•–• †‘ •‘ „›
ƒ””›‹‰ Ta Mensa –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ •–”‡‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ –‘™ ƒ† ’”ƒ›‹‰ „›
‹˜‘‹‰–Š‡’‘™‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›ǤŠ‡’”ƒ –‹ ‡‹•”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•nnusintuoǡ
™Š‹ Š Ž‹–‡”ƒŽŽ› ‡ƒ• —’”‘‘–‹‰ –”‡‡ •–—’•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡†
Šƒ”•‘”‡˜‹Ž‡†‹ ‹‡•‘”jujuƒ”‡‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–”‡‡•–—’•™Š‹ Š—•–„‡
—’”‘‘–‡†ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž†–ƒ‡–Š‹•—’„›‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ƒ’”ƒ›‡”˜‹‰‹Žƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•
’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›ǤŠ‹• ‘—Ž†„‡†‘‡•‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ƒ–˜ƒ”‹‘—•’ƒ”–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›

340
 Discoveries and Prospects

–‘ ™ƒ”† ‘ˆˆ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† ‡˜‹ŽǤ Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ ‘” „‡Ž‹‡ˆ –Šƒ– ‡˜‹Ž
•’‹”‹–• ƒ† ˆ‘” ‡• ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– Š—ƒ ƒ† ‘—‹–› ™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰ ‘”
Dz›•–‹ ƒŽ ƒ—•ƒ–‹‘dz ”‡•‘ƒ–‡• ™‡ŽŽ ™‹–Š ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ
‘”‰ƒ‹œ‹‰ ’”ƒ›‡” ˜‹‰‹Ž• –‘ †‡ƒŽ ™‹–Š •— Š ˆ‡ƒ”• ƒ† ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‡‡† ‘– „‡
†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒǤ Š‹•
‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ•’‡ –‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ•’ƒ”–
‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹‰Š– ‹ Ž—†‡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š—” Šǡ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‘•‡™Š‘†™‡ŽŽ‹ƒ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”˜‹ ‹‹–›‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹–›Ǥ •Š‘”–ǡ–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž†‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‹•’”‘‰”ƒ‹
’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’™‹–Š–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘—‹–›Ǥ

7.3. Partners in Mission

Š‹••–—†›Šƒ•ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡†–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž›’‹”‹–ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–›ƒ•ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ –‡ƒ•‘‰‡—‹‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘—Ž†
–ƒ‡ ’Žƒ ‡ ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡ ‰—‹†ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ž› ’‹”‹– ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘ „› –Š‡
Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–›Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ –Š‡ •–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ•
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ™Š‘ ‘—Ž† Š‡Ž’Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ •–—†›
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ• ’ƒ”–‡”• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡
•‘‡–Š‹‰‰‘‘†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š‹ Šƒƒ‹•‡˜‡ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒ‰‘‘†—„‡”‘ˆ–Š‡•‡
ƒ•‡„‡”•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ‹–›Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŒ‘”†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‡•
‘ˆ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ǡ™Š‹ Š‹•–Š‡•—„Œ‡ –‘ˆ
–Š‹••–—†›ǡ‹•’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡‡„‡”•ˆ”‘„‘–Š•‹†‡•‘ˆ–Š‡†‹˜‹†‡Ǥ 
Š‹• Dz’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘—–•‹†‡ ƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡dzǡ Šƒ”Ž‡• Ǥ ”ƒˆ– ȋͳͻ͹ͻǣ͵͸ͲǦ͵͸͸Ȍ
ƒ†‘‹•Š‡†–Š‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›™Š‘™ƒ–•–‘„”‹‰ƒ„‘—– —Ž–—”ƒŽ–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ

341
 Discoveries and Prospects

–‘Dz•‡‡‘—––Š‡‘’‹‹‘‘ˆŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†™‘”™‹–Š–Š‡ˆ‘” Šƒ‰‡Ǥdz͸ͲͲ –‹•‹

˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‹• –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ– –Š‹• –‹‡ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡• –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–› ƒ• Dz’ƒ”–‡”• ‹
‹••‹‘Ǥdz


Š‡‹†‡ƒ‘ˆ™‘”‹‰™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡’‘‹–•–‘–Š‡’”‹ ‹’Ž‡‘ˆ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ǡƒ†‹
–Š‹• ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡ ‘ ‘‡ –”‡ƒ–• –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” ƒ• ‹ˆ‡”‹‘” ‘” ‘„Œ‡ –•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘
‹’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‹†‡ƒ• ‘” ‘ ‡’–• „› ‘‡ ‘ –Š‡ ‘–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™
†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘” ‹†‡ƒ ‘” ‘ ‡’– ‘‡• ƒ• ƒ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ –Š‡—–—ƒŽ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ
‹†‡ƒ•–Š”‘—‰Š’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥƒ˜‹†‘Šȋͳͻͻ͸ǣ͵Ȍ”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‹•ƒ•
‹†‹ ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ
Š—•ǡ ‹ˆ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ”‡ –‘ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ”› –‘ Dz™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡”dzȌ
–Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ –‘ „‡ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ •‘‡–Š‹‰ ‹ ‘‘ǡ •‘‡–Š‹‰
–Šƒ– –ƒ‡• •Šƒ’‡ ‹ –Š‡‹” —–—ƒŽ †‹• —••‹‘• ƒ† ƒ –‹‘•ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡”
–Šƒ•‘‡–Š‹‰–Šƒ–‹• ‘˜‡›‡†ˆ”‘‘‡’‡”•‘™Š‘ƒ –•ƒ•ƒ
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–› –‘ ‘–Š‡”•ǡ ™Š‘ ƒ – ƒ• ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ‹•–”—‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‹•
ƒ—–Š‘”‹–›Ǥ


Š‹•‡ƒ•–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹–Š‡ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‘” ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡‡†‡ƒ˜‘”ƒ”‡

–”‡ƒ–‡† ƒ• ’ƒ”–‡”• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ ‹‡•‡Ž› –‘™ƒ”†•
ƒ Š‹‡˜‹‰ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ‰‘ƒŽ• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ǯ• ‹••‹‘Ǥ  –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ‡‡† –‘ ‘™ –Šƒ– ˆ‘” –Š‡ –‘ •— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡƒ†–Š‡”‡„› ‘–‹—‡–‘„‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–Š‡›‡‡†–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ•Dz’ƒ”–‡”•‹‹••‹‘Ǥdz


͸ͲͲ—‘–‡†‹ƒ˜‹† ‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡCommunicating Christ Cross-Culturallyǡ’ǤͳʹͺǤ

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 Discoveries and Prospects

Ž‹‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ™Š‡ ƒŽ‘•– ƒŽŽ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ
„‡Ž‘‰‡† –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹Ž‹‡ Š—” Š‡•ǡ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• Šƒ‰‡† ‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž›Ǥ
‘‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†Ȁ‘”ƒ –—ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•‹–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–›‘™
„‡Ž‘‰ ‡‹–Š‡” –‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š‡• ‘” ‘˜‡‡–• ™‹–Š‹ ‘” ™‹–Š‘—– –Š‡‹”
Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‘•‡ ‹ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ •–ƒ”–‡† ƒ•‹‰ ˜‡”› ”‹–‹ ƒŽ
“—‡•–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ ƒ† –Š‡› ™‹ŽŽ
‘–‹—‡–‘†‘•‘—–‹Ž–Š‡›ˆ‹†ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡”‡•’‘•‡•Ǥ— Š“—‡•–‹‘••Š‘—Ž†
‘– „‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† Ž‹‰Š–Ž›Ǥ Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ•‹‰ –Š‘•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• •Š‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ ‘– „‡
„”ƒ†‡†ƒ•‡˜‹Ž‘”ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡†‡˜‹ŽǤŠ‡‹”ƒ––‹–—†‡‘”“—‡”‹‡•”ƒ–Š‡”•‹‰‹ˆ›
–Š‡‹” ”‡ƒ†‹‡•• –‘ ™‘” ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‹† ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• –Šƒ– ”‡ƒŽŽ› Dzˆ‡‡Ž• ƒ–
Š‘‡ ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥdz Š‹• ”‡ ‘‰‹–‹‘ „› –Š‡ ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•
™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘Š‡Ž’’—––Š‡‹ƒ’‘•‹–‹‘–‘™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡‹†‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›–Šƒ–
”‡ƒŽŽ›Dzˆ‡‡Ž•ƒ–Š‘‡™‹–Š‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Ǥdz•’ƒ”–‡”•‹‹••‹‘ǡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†
“—‡‡• ‘—Ž† „‡ —†‡”•–‘‘† ƒ• ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‹‰
‹‡•‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ – ‹• ‹ –Š‹• †‹”‡ –‹‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ •–—†› ˆ‹†• Ǥ †‡ƒ‹ǯ• ȋʹͲͲ͹ǣͳ͸͹Ȍ
•—„‹••‹‘„‡Ž‘™˜‡”›ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ǣ
› ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‘”– †ƒ”‡ ‘– ˆ‘”‰‡– –Šƒ– ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡••™‹ŽŽ „‡
ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ‘Ž› ™Š‡ –Š‡ Dz‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡”•dz ƒ† ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ Dz–Š‘•‡ ȏ–‘Ȑ „‡
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡†dzˆ‹†–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•‹ƒ•›•–‡‘ˆ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǣƒ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹
™Š‹ Š‡ƒ ŠƒŽŽ‘™•Š‹•‡ŽˆȀŠ‡”•‡Žˆ–‘„‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡†„›–Š‡‘–Š‡”Ǥ
Š‡”‡–Š‡›‡š Šƒ‰‡–Š‡‹””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•™‹–Š‘‡ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ
Ž‹•–‡ –‘ ‘‡ ƒ‘–Š‡”ǡ ”‡•’‡ – ƒ† ˜ƒŽ—‡ –Š‡‹” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡• ƒ†
”‡ ‘‰‹•‡–Šƒ––Š‡‘”†ƒ†–Š‡’‹”‹– ƒ„‡‡ ‘—–‡”‡†‹–Š‡
‘–Š‡”Ǥ
• —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘• ƒ† —•–‘•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡•ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‘•‡
™Š‘ †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ƒ‘– „‡ ‹‰‘”‡† ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ƒ––‡’– –‘
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 Discoveries and Prospects

‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡

‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡  Šƒ• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
™ƒ›•–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž†‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ƒ†„”‹‰ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡‡†‡†–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘
‹”‡•’‡ –‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‹•–‘
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡Š‡”‡„‡”•™Š‘ƒ”‡”‘›ƒŽ•–‘‘ —’›˜ƒ ƒ–•–‘‘Ž•™Š‡‡Ž‡ –‡†Ǥ
– †‘‡• ‘– ‡† Š‡”‡ „—– –Š‡ Š—” Š ‡‡†• –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ• Dz’ƒ”–‡”• ‹
‹••‹‘ǤdzŽŽ–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ ƒŽŽ•ˆ‘” ‘—”ƒ‰‡ƒ†•‘‡‹†‘ˆ ‘ ‡”–‡†ƒ –‹‘‘
–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” Š”‡’”‡•‡–‡†Š‡”‡„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ


7.4. The need for Courage

Š‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹••— Š–Šƒ–‹–”‡“—‹”‡• ‘—”ƒ‰‡‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡
Š—” Š –‘ ƒ””› ‹– –Š”‘—‰ŠǤ – ‹• ƒ„‘—– Dz ‘ ‡’–•ǡ •›„‘Ž•ǡ ƒ† ƒ ™Š‘Ž‡ ‡™
™ƒ› ‘ˆ –Š‹‹‰ ƒ† †‘‹‰ –Š‹‰• ȏ†‡ƒ†‹‰Ȑ ‹ƒ‰‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ƒ†
‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡dzȋ‡–‡”Ǥƒ”’‘‰ǡͳͻͻͲǣͺȌǤ͸ͲͳŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹
Šƒƒ ƒ”‡ ˜‡”› †‹ ‡› ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” ƒ›
ƒ––‡’– –‘ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” „‘Ž†‡••Ǥ – ‹• ˜‡”›
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘†‡ƒŽ™‹–Š–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ‹‘ˆ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‹‰
•‘‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‰‘•’‡ŽǤŠ‹•Šƒ•Ž‡†•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
–‘ ƒ†‘’– ƒ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•–͸Ͳʹ ’‘•–—”‡ –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡› ƒ†‘’– –Š‹• ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ’‘•–—”‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ’”‘–‡ – –Š‡
‰‘•’‡Žˆ”‘„‡‹‰ ‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡†„›–Š‡Dz™‘”Ž†Ž›dzǡDz‹†‘Žƒ–”‘—•dzǡDz†‡‘‹ dzƒ†
Dz—‰‘†Ž›dz Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ›•—††‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‘” Ž‘•‡‡••–‘
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›„›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™–‘‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‰

͸Ͳͳ—‘–‡†‹Ǥƒ”–‡›ǡAfrican Theologyǡ’Ǥ͸ͺǤ
͸Ͳʹš Ž—•‹˜‹• ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†•
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ‹–†‡‘–‡•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•̵• ‡‰Ž‡ –‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ• ƒ ˆ‘” ‡ –‘ ”‡ ‘ ™‹–Š ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ †—‡ –‘ •‘‡ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘• ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ’–‡”
ˆ‘—”‘ˆ–Š‹••–—†›Ǥ
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–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›™‘—Ž†„‡†‡‡‡†ƒ•Dz—‰‘†Ž›ƒ†„‡–”ƒ›ƒŽdz‘ˆ–Š‡

˜‡”›‰‘•’‡Ž–Š‡›•‡‡–‘’”‘–‡ –ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡Dz—‰‘†Ž›dz Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ


• Dz’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‹”‹–dzǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‡‡† –‘ —†‡”•–ƒ† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‹”‹–
ƒ„Š‘”•‡š Ž—•‹˜‡‡••„—–™‡Ž ‘‡•‘’‡‡••–‘Š‹ƒ•‹–Š‡ ƒ•‡‘ˆ‡–‡”‹
 –• ͳͲǤ Š‡ ƒ’‘•–Ž‡ ‡–‡” ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ™ƒ–‡† –‘ ‹‰‘”‡ –Š‡ ‰‡–‹Ž‡ ‘—‹–›
„‡ ƒ—•‡‘ˆ‹–•Dz— Ž‡ƒ‡••dz„—–—’‘Š‹•‡ ‘—–‡”™‹–Š–Š‡’‹”‹–Š‡ Šƒ‰‡†
Š‹• ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ƒ† ’‘•‹–‹‘ ƒ† Žƒ–‡” ‘’‡‡† —’ –‘ ‡„”ƒ ‡ –Š‡ „› ˆ‹”•–
˜‹•‹–‹‰ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‹‰™‹–Š‘”‡Ž‹—•ƒ†Š‹•Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†ǤŠ‡‘—– ‘‡‘ˆ–Šƒ–
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™ƒ• •—”’”‹•‹‰ ƒ† Š‡ƒ”–™ƒ”‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡ ‡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰
–Š‡ ƒ’‘•–Ž‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹†‡‡† ‘ˆ‹”• –Š‡ ƒ”‰—‡– –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‹”‹– ™Š‘ ‹• –Š‡
ƒ•–‡” ƒ” Š‹–‡ – ƒ† •–”ƒ–‡‰‹•– ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘ ‹‰Š– †‹• ‘˜‡” ƒ† Ž‡ƒ† Š‹•
‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‘”ƒ‰‡–•–‘•—”’”‹•‹‰ƒ†‡˜‡— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡’Žƒ ‡•ǤŽŽ–Šƒ–‹•
”‡“—‹”‡†‘ˆŠ‹•ƒ‰‡–•‹•‘’‡‡••–‘Š‹ƒ†–Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡–‘ ƒ””›–Š”‘—‰ŠŠ‹•
’—”’‘•‡™‹–ŠŠ‹Ǥ


Š‡ ™ƒ› ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‹• •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –‘ –ƒ‡ ƒ ˜‡”› ˆ‹” †‡ ‹•‹‘ ƒ† „‘Ž† •–‡’
ƒ‰ƒ‹•– ƒ› ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•––‡†‡ ›Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‡‡† –‘ –ƒ‡ƒ
„‘Ž† •–‡’ ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ƒ––‹–—†‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ†
“—‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ˆ‘” ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ”‡“—‹”‡• ƒ
Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ’‡” ‡’–‹‘ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –—” ”‡“—‹”‡• „‘Ž†‡••Ǥ Š‡› ‡‡† ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –‘
„”‡ƒ ˆ‘”–Š ‘—– ‘ˆ –Š‡ •Šƒ Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡š Ž—•‹˜‡‡••Ǥ ‘‡ Š—” Š‡• ‹ Šƒƒǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‡•‘‡‹•–ƒ‡•‘”™”‘‰Œ—†‰‡–•
”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡‹” ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–•
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǤŠ‡ Š—” Š‹–Š‡ ‘—”•‡‘ˆŠ‡”‹••‹‘Šƒ•ǡ—†‡‹ƒ„Ž›ǡ ƒ—•‡†
•‘‡†ƒƒ‰‡–‘„‘–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ™ƒ• †‘‡ ‹ –Š‡ ‹–‡”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ‘”

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Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ †—‡ –‘ ‹–•
‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ’‘•–—”‡ǡ Žƒ ‡† –Š‡ ‘”ƒŽ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ –‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ – ƒ› ‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ• ˆƒ” ƒ• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ™‡”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ  – –ƒ‡• ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ †‘ •‡ŽˆǦ
‹–”‘•’‡ –‹‘ǡƒ ‡’–Š‡”‹•–ƒ‡•ƒ†ˆ‹†ƒ™ƒ›‘—–ǤŠ‹•‹•ƒ—”‰‡– ƒŽŽ–‘
Dz–Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† ‹–• †‹• ‹’Ž‡• –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹••‹‘ǡ ‘” –‘
†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ™ƒ›• ‘ˆ ƒ””›‹‰ ‘—– ‹–• ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ™‘”dz ȋ‡ŽŽƒ‰ƒ„ƒǡ ͳͻͻʹǣʹȌ ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ ŠƒƒǤ


Š‡ ˜‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ „›
•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†‘ǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•‹•‘–‹†‘—„–ǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡˜‹˜ƒŽ ‘” ”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒ† ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ”‡•’‘•‡Ǥ
‡ŽŽƒ‰ƒ„ƒȋ‹„‹†Ȍ’—–•–Š‹•‘”‡•— ‹ –Ž›ǣ
Š‡ ”‡•—”‰‡ ‡ ƒ‘‰ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ƒ •‡•‡ ‘ˆ
–Š‡‹”‘™ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹†‡–‹–›Ȃ–Š‹•’Š‡‘‡‘‹•’”‡•‡–‹‡˜‡”›
‘–‹‡–ƒ†‹•ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‡†‹ƒ”‡–—”–‘–Š‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡ǡ–‘
–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ†Ž‹˜‹‰–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ —•–‘•ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•ǡ˜ƒŽ—‡•ǡ
ƒ†”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•Ȃƒ”‡–—”‘–ˆ‘”‹–•‘™•ƒ‡ǡ„—–ˆ‘”–Š‡•ƒ‡
‘ˆ”‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‹‰‹†‡–‹–›ǡ‹‘”†‡”–‘ ‘’‡™‹–Š–Š‡‘†‡”™‘”Ž†
‹™ƒ›•–Šƒ–†‹ˆˆ‡”ˆ”‘‘‡ —Ž–—”‡–‘ƒ‘–Š‡”ǤǤǤ–Š‡”‡•’‘•‡–‘
–Š‹•‡‰ƒ–”‡†‹‹••‹‘‹•inculturationǤ
‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ”‡“—‹”‡† –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹†‡–‹ˆ›ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” ƒ†
ƒ‡—•‡‘ˆ —Ž–—”‡–‘‡”‹ ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›™Š‹ Š™‘—Ž†ƒ––Š‡‡†„”‹‰‰Ž‘”›
–‘ ‘†Ǥ Š‡ „‘Ž†‡•• –‘ –ƒ‡ –Š‡ „—ŽŽ „› –Š‡ Š‘” ‹• ™Šƒ– ”ƒˆ– ȋͳͻ͹ͻȌ Šƒ•
‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•DzŠ‡’‹”‹–‘ˆ‡–—”‡•‘‡‡••dz™Š‹ Š‹•’ƒ”–Ž›•–ƒ–‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ

346
 Discoveries and Prospects

The Christian dynamic is in the venturesomeness of participating

with God in the transformation of contemporary culture forms to
serve more adequately as vehicles for God's interaction with human
beings. What we seek is a Christianity equivalent in its dynamics to
that displayed in the pages of the New Testament. But we often fear
to let loose from the old familiar forms. We may recognize the need
for a new dynamic but our cultural conditioning often mitigates
against engaging the kind of experimentation that might lead us to
discover it.603


Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡‹•™Šƒ–•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒŠƒ˜‡†‹• ‘˜‡”‡†Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘

–Š‡‹” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ™‹–Š ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ǥ – ‹• –‹‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” —‡”‘—•
‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ǡŽ‘ ƒ–‡†‹ Šƒƒƒ†‡Ž•‡™Š‡”‡ǡ–‘‡„”ƒ ‡‹–ƒ†ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•—‹–ǤŠ‡
„‘Ž†‡••‘ˆ–Š‡•‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹‘’–‹‰ˆ‘”‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ •Š‘™•
–Š‡‹”ƒ’’”‡ ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒ‰‹‰–‹‡•ƒ† ‹” —•–ƒ ‡•ƒ†™‹ŽŽ‹‰‡••–‘
Š‡‡† –Š‡ ’‹”‹–ǯ• †‹”‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ Šƒ‰‡ ‹ ‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›
–‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡
•‡–ƒ‡˜‹ƒ„Ž‡„—– ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰‡šƒ’Ž‡™‘”–Š›‘ˆ‡—Žƒ–‹‘„›‘–Š‡”•Ǥ


‘—”ƒ‰‡‹•‡‡†‡†ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•–‘‡„”ƒ ‡–Š‹•ƒ––‹–—†‹ƒŽ Šƒ‰‡–‘‡ƒ„Ž‡–Š‡

Š—” Š ‘˜‡ ‘—– ‘ˆ Dz†‘‹‰ „—•‹‡•• ƒ• —•—ƒŽdzǡ ƒ† Š‡‡† –Š‡ ’‹”‹– ƒ• Š‡
”‡†‹”‡ –• ƒ† Ž‡ƒ†• Š‡” –‘ Dz— ‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡dz ‘” Dz——•—ƒŽ ’Žƒ ‡•dz ˆ‘” Dz——•—ƒŽ
„—•‹‡••Ǥdz ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‹• ‡‡†‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ Š—” Š –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹ Šƒƒƒ•‡™ˆ”‘–‹‡”•ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†ˆ‘”
–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡•‡”‹‘—•‡••–Šƒ––Š‡ Š—” Š‡‡†•
–‘ ƒ––ƒ Š –‘ –Š‡•‡ ‡™ ˆ”‘–‹‡”• ˆ‘” ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ‘” ‹••‹‘ǡ ‡ŽŽƒ‰ƒ„ƒ

͸Ͳ͵—‘–‡†‹ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡȋʹͲͳͶȌǡͳͲͶǤ
347
 Discoveries and Prospects

ȋͳͻͻʹǣͺȌ‘„•‡”˜‡•ǡDzŠ‡”‡•’‘•‡‹‹••‹‘—•–„‡missio ad extraǡ‹••‹‘
‘—–•‹†‡ƒ†„‡›‘†–Š‡’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡”‡—•–„‡’‡”•‘‡Ž‹
–Š‡ Š—” Š ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‡† ‹ǡ ‘ ‡” ™‹–Šǡ –Š‡ ‡™ ˆ”‘–‹‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
Š—” ŠǤdzŽ‹˜‡”Ǥ™—„‹‘ȋͳͻͺ͹ǣ͵ʹȌ’—–•‹––Š‹•™ƒ›ǣ
Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–› —•– Ž‡ƒ” –Šƒ– ƒ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡† —Ž–—”‡
ƒ›Šƒ˜‡ƒƒ”‡ƒȂ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›ǡ„—–‹–ƒ›‘–Šƒ˜‡
ˆ”‘–‹‡”•ǡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›ǡ ‰”‘™‹‰ ‘—– ‘ˆ ƒ
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ‘—‹–›ǡ ‹• ‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‹‰
‘—‹–›Ǥ – ‹• ƒ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ‘—‹–› ’‘‹•‡† –‘ ‡Žƒ”‰‹‰ ‹–•
ƒ”‡ƒǤ


„‘˜‡ƒŽŽǡƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•‘ˆƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•‹ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‡‡†–‘„‡ƒ”‹

‹†–Šƒ––Š‡’”‘Œ‡ –‘”‡†‡ƒ˜‘”‹•–‹‡ ‘•—‹‰ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†‡ƒ†•
’ƒ–‹‡ ‡ ƒ† ’‡”•‡˜‡”ƒ ‡ ‘” –‡ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ ’—”’‘•‡ „‡ ƒ—•‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
—Ž–—”‡‡‹–Š‡”Šƒ’’‡•‹•–ƒ–Ž›‘” ‘‡•‘ƒ•‹Ž˜‡”’Žƒ––‡”Ǥ – ‘‡•™‹–Šƒ
’”‹ ‡™Š‹ Šƒ†˜‘ ƒ–‡•ƒ†’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•—•–„‡ƒ™ƒ”‡‘ˆƒ†„‡”‡ƒ†›–‘’ƒ›Ǥ
Š‹•’”‹ ‡‹ Ž—†‡•’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ––ƒ •ˆ”‘ ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•ƒ† ‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹˜‡•™‹–Š‹
–Š‡ Š—” Šˆ‘”ƒ„ƒ†‘‹‰ƒŽ‘‰Š‡Ž†’‡” ‡’–‹‘‘”’‘•‹–‹‘ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ––ƒ •‹‰Š–„‡‹–Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ƒ‡• ƒŽŽ‹‰
ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† „‡‹‰ „”ƒ†‡† ƒ• Dz—•’‹”‹–—ƒŽdzǡ DzˆƒŽŽ‹‰ ˆ”‘ ‰”ƒ ‡ –‘
‰”ƒ••dzǡ Dz†‹‹‰ ƒ† ‹‰Ž‹‰ ™‹–Š •‹‡”• ‘” –Š‡ —‰‘†Ž›dzǤ Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ•
ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ•‘• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡Œ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• „› •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ” ‘ˆ †‡ƒ–Š ‘”
ƒŽƒ‹–›Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• –‘ „‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† „› Dz —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–•dz‹ Šƒƒǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‘•‡™Š‘•‡‡–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –‘ „”‹‰‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡‡†‡† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹

348
 Discoveries and Prospects

”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Žǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ‡”‹ Š‹‰ „‘–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Žǡ ƒ†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


7.5. The need for Concerted Action

‘ ‡”–‡† ‹• †‡ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Dz’Žƒ‡† ‘” †‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”dz͸ͲͶ ‘” Dz‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ Œ‘‹–
ƒ –‹˜‹–›‘ˆ–™‘‘”‘”‡Ǥdz͸Ͳͷ –‹’Ž‹‡•ƒ‰”‘—’‘ˆ’‡‘’Ž‡†‘‹‰‘”—†‡”–ƒ‹‰
‘” ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‹‰ ƒ –ƒ• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” •Šƒ”‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‘” ‹••‹‘Ǥ
Š‡ –ƒ• –‘ „‡ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‹• ‘– †‘‡ ‘” ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡† •‹‰Ž‡Šƒ†‡†Ž›Ǥ
‘ ‡”–‡†ƒ –‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ†‡ƒ†•™‘”‹‰–‘‰‡–Š‡”™‹–Š‘–Š‡”•ǡ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ›
™‹–Š –Š‘•‡ ™Š‘ •Šƒ”‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ˜ƒŽ—‡• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” ‹••‹‘Ǥ ‘–Š‡”
•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• –Šƒ– —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ–
ƒ––‡”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘†‡ƒ†•–Š‡DzƒŽŽŠƒ†•‘†‡ dz’ƒ”Žƒ ‡‘”ƒ––‹–—†‡Ǥ


Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡  Šƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™‘”‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ• ƒ –‡ƒ –‘ ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š –Š‡ –ƒ• ‘ˆ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹•–ƒ•‹•˜‡”› ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰–‘„‡Ž‡ˆ–‹–‘–Š‡Šƒ†•‘ˆƒ
ˆ‡™’ƒ•–‘”•‘” Š—” Š‡•Ǥ ƒ› ƒ•‡ǡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
™Š‘ †‘—„Ž‡ ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ• †‘ ‘– „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ ‘‡ Š—” ŠǤ Š‡‹” ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‹•
™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ† ‘” ‹˜‘Ž˜‡• ƒ› Š—” Š †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡
”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ™Š‹ Š †‡ƒ†• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‘”–• ‘” ‘ ‡”–‡†
ƒ –‹‘ ‹ –ƒ Ž‹‰ ‘” ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‹–Ǥ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† Ž‘ ƒŽ
—Ž–—”‡‹•ƒ–ƒ•™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡ƒ ‘’Ž‹•Š‡†•— ‡••ˆ—ŽŽ›™Š‡ Š—” Š‡•ƒ”‡

͸ͲͶ ‡‡ The Cambridge Advance Learner's DictionaryǢ merican Heritage® Dictionary of

English Languageǡ ‹ˆ–Š†‹–‹‘Ǥ’‘’›”‹‰Š–̹ʹͲͳ͸„› ‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆˆ‹ ƒ” ‘—”–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰

‘’ƒ›Ǥ—„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆˆ‹ ƒ” ‘—”–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›ǤŽŽ”‹‰Š–•”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
δƒŠ”‡ˆα̶Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘ ‡”–‡†̶ε ‘ ‡”–‡†δȀƒε ȋ ‡••‡† ‘
ʹʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹Ȍ
͸Ͳͷƒ•‡†‘‘”†‡–͵ǤͲǡ ƒ”Ž‡š Ž‹’ƒ”– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘̹ʹͲͲ͵ǦʹͲͳʹ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ”Ž‡š

 Ǥ δƒŠ”‡ˆα̶Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘ ‡”–‡†̶ε ‘ ‡”–‡†δȀƒε ȋ ‡••‡† ‘

ʹʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ
349
 Discoveries and Prospects

–‘‰‡–Š‡”Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” Š—” Š‡• –‘ „”‡ƒ –Š‡‹” ’”‘–‡ –‹˜‡
™ƒŽŽ• ƒ† Dz‹‰‘”‡dz –Š‡‹” †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‡’Šƒ•‹• Š‡”‡ •Š‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ Dz–Šƒ–
™Š‹ Š ‹• ‘‘ ƒ† ƒ „‡ †‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ”ƒ–Š‡” –Šƒ –Š‡ „ƒ””‹‡”• ™Š‹ Š
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡Ǥdz͸Ͳ͸ – ƒŽ•‘ ƒŽŽ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ
‡†‡ƒ˜‘” •— Š ƒ• ™‘”‹‰ ‹ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ™‹–Š –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• –‘ ‡”‹ Š „‘–Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ† –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Šƒˆ—ŽŽ›ǡ
„‡•‹†‡•–Š‡ǡ•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•„‡Ž‘‰–‘–Š‡ ǤŠ‹•‡ƒ•‡‹–Š‡”–Š‡
‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ‘”  ‘” „‘–Š ‘—Ž† ‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ† ‘„‹Ž‹œ‡
”‡•‘—” ‡• –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥ ‘–Š ƒ”‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡•
™‹–Šƒ’”‡•‡ ‡‹‡ Š‹ƒ–Š‘—‰Š‘–•‘•–”‘‰ƒ•‡š’‡ –‡†ǤŠ‡’”‡•‡ ‡
‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘” ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘—Ž† •‡”˜‡ ƒ• ƒ
‰‘‘† ‹ ‡–‹˜‡ ˆ‘” ‡„‡” Š—” Š‡• –‘ ‡„ƒ” ‘ ƒ ‘‘ ƒ† —‹–‡†
™‹–‡•• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ‹• –Š‡ ‡‡† –‘ ”‡˜‹˜‡ ƒ†
•–”‡‰–Š‡‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ–‹‡•ƒ––Š‡‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‡„‘†‹‡•–‘ƒš‹‹œ‡
–Š‡‹”’”‡•‡ ‡ƒ†”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘” Š—” Š‡•–‘
—‹–‡ —†‡” –Š‡ —„”‡ŽŽƒ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ „‘†‹‡• –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –Š‡
’‘•‹–‹‘–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•ˆ‘”ƒ•‡”‹‘—•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡ —•–‘†‹ƒ•ƒ†ƒ‰‡–•
‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ ƒ† —•–‘Ǥ Š‹• ‹• Dz–Š‡ ™‹–‡•• –Šƒ– Š—” Š‡•ǡ ‡˜‡ ™Š‹Ž‡
•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ǡ „‡ƒ” –‘‰‡–Š‡”ǡ ‡•’‡ ‹ƒŽŽ› –Š”‘—‰Š Œ‘‹– ‡ˆˆ‘”–• „› ƒ‹ˆ‡•–‹‰
™Šƒ–‡˜‡” †‹˜‹‡ ‰‹ˆ–• ‘ˆ –”—–Š ƒ† Ž‹ˆ‡ –Š‡› ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •Šƒ”‡ ƒ† ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹
‘‘Ǥdz͸Ͳ͹ Ǥ †‡ƒ‹ ȋʹͲͲ͹ǣͳ͸͹Ȍ ’—–• ‹– –Š‹• ™ƒ› ™Š‡ Š‡ –ƒŽ• ƒ„‘—–
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǣDz –‹•ƒ•›•–‡™Š‡”‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ•‡ŽˆǦƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ‹•‘–Ž‡ˆ–
‘—– ƒ† ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ ‘• ‹‘—•‡•• –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ƒ”‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘‰‡–Š‡” „›ǡ

͸Ͳ͸ǡMission and Evangelism in Unity Todayǡ”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ’‡”‘ǤͳǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ

͸Ͳ͹Š‘ƒ•–”ƒ•›ǡ‘‘‹–‡••ǡ‹Dictionary of the Ecumenical MovementǤ ‡‡˜ƒǡ
ǡ ͳͻͻͳǡ ’Ǥͳͻ͹Ǥ —‘–‡† ‹ ǡ ‹••‹‘ ƒ† ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ‹ ‹–› ‘†ƒ›ǡ ”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›
ƒ’‡” ‘Ǥͳǡ ʹͲͲͲǤ ‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ǡ Mission and Evangelism: An Ecumenical Affirmation
ȋ ‡‡˜ƒǡǡͳͻͺʹȌǤ
350
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘‹––‡†–‘ǡƒ††‹”‡ –‡†„›ǡ–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–™‹–Š™Š‘–Š‡›•ŠƒŽŽ„‡
‹ ‘•–ƒ–†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥdz –Š‹•”‡‰ƒ”†ǡ–Š‡•–—†›”‡‹–‡”ƒ–‡•–Š‡ ƒŽŽˆ‘” ‘ ‡”–‡†
ƒ –‹‘ „› ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘• •‹ ‡ –Š‹• •‡”˜‡• ƒ• ƒ Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž –‘‘Ž ˆ‘”
—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


7.6. Prospects of the Engagement

Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ǡ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‹”•–‘ˆ
‹–•‹†‹ ŠƒƒǡŠƒ••‘‡’”‘•’‡ –•ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ •Š‹ˆ– ‹
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†‹–•ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ•Š‹ˆ–ǡ
™Š‹ Š Šƒ• ‹—”‡† –‘ –Š‡ „‡‡ˆ‹– ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ ‘–Š‡”™‘”†•ǡ–Š‹••Š‹ˆ–Šƒ•Š‡Ž’‡†–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ –‘ ‡”‹ Š –Š‡ ‰‘•’‡Ž ƒ†
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ

7.6.1. Prospects for Pentecostalism

–ƒ”•ƒ„”‡ƒˆ”‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ•‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”•–ƒ ‡ƒ†‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡’‘•–—”‡‘”
ƒ––‹–—†‡ –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ’‘•‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ
•‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › Šƒ• ƒ””‡† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǯ• ‹†‡–‹–›
ƒ•–Š‡›ƒ”‡–ƒ‰‰‡†ƒ•ƒ–‹Ǧ —Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‘—Ž†Š‡Ž’†‹•’‡Ž–Š‹•–ƒ‰
ƒ† ƒ”˜‡ ƒ ‡™ ‹†‡–‹–› ˆ‘” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ‹–• ƒ†Š‡”‡–•ǯ
ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ – ™‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ƒ††‡†
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‹ˆ ‘–Š‡” ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ ˆ‘‘–•–‡’• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ‹
‡ Š‹ƒ™Š‘ƒ”‡ —””‡–Ž›‡‰ƒ‰‡†™‹–Š•‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”
ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ
ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ•‹‘‡™ƒ›‘”–Š‡‘–Š‡”•‡”˜‡†ƒ•–Š‡’ƒƒ ‡ƒ
ˆ‘” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ • Ž‘‰ ƒ•
351
 Discoveries and Prospects

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –™‘ †‹˜‹†‡• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‘‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ˆ‘”
‡ƒ‹‰ˆ—Ž ƒ† ’—”’‘•‡ˆ—Ž ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ––‹–—†‡•–‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›™‘—Ž†„‡‹’’‡†‹–Š‡„—†Ǥ


Š‡ Š—” Š ‡‡†• ’‡ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š”‹˜‡ ‹ ‹–• ‹••‹‘ ‡˜‡”›™Š‡”‡Ǥ ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ
–Š‡ Š—” Š ‘—Ž†‘Ž›ˆ— –‹‘‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ƒ†ƒ‡’‘•‹–‹˜‡‹’ƒ –‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘
–‘ ‹–• ‹••‹‘ ‹ ƒ ƒ–‘•’Š‡”‡ ‘ˆ ’‡ƒ ‡Ǥ – ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˜‡”› †‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž– ˆ‘” –Š‡
Š—” Š–‘ˆ— –‹‘™‡ŽŽ™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡‹•„ƒ†„Ž‘‘†„‡–™‡‡‹–•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•
ƒ† —•–‘†‹ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ†Ǥ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• Žƒ‹† –Š‡ ˆ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”
’‡ƒ ‡ˆ—Ž ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ Š—” Šǡ ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ


Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• Ž‡† –‘ •‘‡ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
‘’‡‹‰—’ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡–Š‡‹” —Ž–—”‡‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–ƒ•Ž‘‰ƒ•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–
ƒ––‡” Š—” Š‡• ‘–‹—‡–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•
–Š‡› ™‘—Ž† ‘’‡ —’ ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• —•‹‰ ‘” ƒ†‘’–‹‰
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ •–”ƒ–‡‰› ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒ—‰‡” ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘‹ ŠƒƒǤ
Š‡ Š—” Š ‹• ƒŽ™ƒ›• ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹• ‘” ‹••‹‘ ƒ• ‹–•
”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘–‹—‡ –‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› ‡™ ‹••‹‘ ˆ‹‡Ž†• ‹ ‘„‡†‹‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡
’‹”‹– ‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‡Šƒ ‡ –Š‡ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” ŠǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‹‰• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ Š‡Ž’ˆ—Ž –‘ ”‘••Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–• ‹• ‰‡––‹‰ –‘ ƒ “—ƒ‹– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ™‹–Š –Š‡ —Ž–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
”‡•’‘†‡–•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ‡˜‡ ‘”‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ– ƒ• –Š‡› •‡‡ –‘ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ ƒ†
‘˜‡”– ™Š‘Ž‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‰”‘—’• ‹ Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡ ‰”‘—’ǯ• —Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‹• ‹• ™Šƒ– –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ –Š‹• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ˜‡ †‘‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‹• Šƒ•

352
 Discoveries and Prospects

‰‹˜‡‘”‡‹’‡–—•–‘–Š‡’”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ”‘••Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•

‘”‹••‹‘Ǥ


– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ• ‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘”
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽƒ†ˆ‘”–Šƒ–ƒ––‡”‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•‹†‡•–Š‡
‘’’‘”–—‹–› –‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ ™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ǡ –Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• Šƒ˜‡ Šƒ† –Š‡ Šƒ ‡ –‘ ‹–‡”ƒ – ™‹–Š ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™ ’ƒ•–‘”•
ƒ† Š—” Š ‡Ž†‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ‡„‡”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›
•Š‘™ǡ ‘•‹•–•‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ –Š‡•ƒ‡™ƒ›ǡ–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•ƒ†‡–Š‹ „ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ
Š‹•‡ƒ•–Š‡›Šƒ†–Š‡‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘ˆ”ƒ–‡”‹œ‡ƒ†•Šƒ”‡‹†‡ƒ•™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡
‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ† ‡–Š‹  ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†•Ǥ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•
—•—ƒŽŽ›Šƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‹ —Ž–›‡‡–‹‰™‹–Š’‡‘’Ž‡ˆ”‘‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘
ƒ† •‘‡–‹‡• ™‹–Š ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‹• „ƒ””‹‡”
Šƒ•„‡‡„”‘‡ƒ†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ •‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡
ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡‡– ™‹–Š ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– —Ž–—”ƒŽ „ƒ ‰”‘—†• ƒ†
†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•ǤŠ‹•ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•’”‘•’‡ –ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘‡ —‡‹•ƒ†‹–‡” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‹••‹‘Ǥ


„‘˜‡ ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ •–—†› Šƒ• —‡ƒ”–Š‡† ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ– –Š‡‡ ˆ‘” ‹••‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡
‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š—” Šǣ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ – Ž‡ƒ•– –Š‡”‡ ‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ ƒ† –Š‡ Š‘’‡ ‹• –Šƒ– –Š‹• ‘—Ž† „‡ —’Š‡Ž† ƒ† ’—”•—‡†
ˆ—”–Š‡”„›–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†‘–Š‡”‹–‡”‡•–‡†”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡”•‹ˆ—–—”‡Ǥ


7.6.2. Prospects for Chieftaincy

Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  –‘ ‘‡ ‘—– „‘Ž†Ž› –‘
‹†‡–‹ˆ› –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ• Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡•Ǥ Š‹• ƒ”• ƒ †‡’ƒ”–—”‡
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹”
353
 Discoveries and Prospects

ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ• ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• ”‡ƒŽŽ›
Š‡Ž’‡† ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  –‘ ƒ‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ” †‡ƒ” ƒ–‹‘ ‘” †”ƒ™ ƒ Ž‹‡
„‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ† •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ ˆ— –‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ –Šƒ•‡‡”‰‡†ˆ”‘–Š‹•‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––Šƒ–
ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•– ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ‘–ƒŽ™ƒ›•„‡ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡†™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ•‹–—•‡†–‘„‡‹–Š‡’ƒ•–Ǥ —”–Š‡”ǡ–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Šƒ••Š‘™–Šƒ–
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹•‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ›Ž‘•‹‰‹–•‰”‹’‘ ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”› Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•
ˆƒ” ƒ• •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• ƒ”‡ ‘ ‡”‡†Ǥ – Šƒ• ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† –Š‡
‡š–‡––‘™Š‹ Š‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡• ‘—Ž†„”‹‰–Š‡‹”’”‹˜ƒ–‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
ˆƒ‹–Š–‘„‡ƒ”‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ


– ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– –‘ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ• ƒ Š—ƒ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡  ƒ‘– „‡
’‘”–”ƒ›‡†–‘„‡’‡”ˆ‡ –Ǥ – ƒ‘–ƒŽ•‘’”‡–‡†–‘Šƒ˜‡ƒŽŽ–Š‡ƒ•™‡”•–‘–Š‡
“—‡•–‹‘•„‡‹‰”ƒ‹•‡†”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›„—–‹–•”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡
ƒ‘– „‡ ‘˜‡”‡’Šƒ•‹œ‡†Ǥ —š–ƒ’‘•‡† –‘ –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –Š‡  Šƒ• •‘ ˆƒ” ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ ™‹–Š •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ǡ‘‡™‘—Ž†‘–„‡•—”’”‹•‡†–‘•‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ•ˆ—ŽŽ›‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡†
‹–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒŽ•‘ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ƒ
—„‡” ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–‹‡• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‡• Š‘’‡ ˆ‘”
„‘–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›„‡ ƒ—•‡–Š‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ–Š‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ
’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‡ “—‡•–‹‘ ƒ– •–ƒ‡ǣ ƒ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ „‡ ‘‡ ƒ
Š‹‡ˆȀ“—‡‡ǫ”‹•Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǫƒ‹‰ƒ —‡ˆ”‘
–Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• ™‘—Ž† ‘– Šƒ˜‡ –‘ ‰”ƒ’’Ž‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡•‡ “—‡•–‹‘•
ƒ‰ƒ‹Ǥ Š‹• ™‘—Ž† ƒ—‰‡” ™‡ŽŽ ˆ‘” „‘–Š Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ• –Š‡
Š—” Šƒ† —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒ† —•–‘••‡‡–‘‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–Š”‘—‰Š ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


354
 Discoveries and Prospects

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– Šƒ• Š‡Ž’‡† –‘ ‡”ƒ•‡ •‘‡ ‡””‘‡‘—• ‹’”‡••‹‘
ƒ† ‘’‹‹‘• •‘‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ• Šƒ˜‡ ˆ‘”‡† ƒ† Š‘Ž† ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ
’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”Ž›ƒ„‘—–Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ǥ –Šƒ•ǡƒ‰ƒ‹ǡ•Š‘™–Šƒ–‰‹˜‡
–Š‡ ”‹‰Š– ƒ––‡–‹‘ ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‘—Ž† ‰ƒ‹ ™‹†‡ ’ƒ–”‘ƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ•Ǥ Š‹• ‡ƒ• –Š‡ †‡‘‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•„›•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹‰Š–„‡
ƒ–Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ•–ǡƒ†ƒ›™‘—Ž†„‡‰‹–‘•Š‘™‹–‡”‡•–‹–Š‡‹•–‹–—–‹‘
ƒ†–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†™‘”–‘–”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ”‘
™‹–Š‹™‹–Š–Š‡‰‘•’‡Ž‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ

355
 Conclusion

CHAPTER 8

8.0. CONCLUSION
8.1. Summary of the Study
Š‡ ˆ‹”•– Šƒ’–‡” †‡ƒŽ– ™‹–Š –Š‡‹–”‘†— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡–Š‡•‹• „› ˆ‘ —•‹‰ ‘ –Š‡
–Š‡•‹• ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ† ”‡•‡ƒ” Š • ‘’‡Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ †‹• —••‡† ƒ† ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡
‡‡†ˆ‘”ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›–‘™ƒ”†•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ƒ† ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ‹ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡
•–—†›†”‡™ˆ”‘Š‘ƒ•—Šǯ•‘—–•–ƒ†‹‰™‘”ǡǮŠ‡–”— –—”‡‘ˆ ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 
‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ǯ–‘ƒ”‰—‡–Šƒ––Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡
 ”‡’”‡•‡–• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ Ǯ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǯ –‘ Ǯ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǯ ‹ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‹••‹‘ •–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ ‰ƒ‹ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” †‹• —••‡† –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š—” Šƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•„‡ ƒ—•‡ƒ• —•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘•
ƒ† —•–‘•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† –‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‡‡†‡†
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ”‡•’‡ – ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
Ž‡ƒ†‡”•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡ƒŽ•‘„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•ƒ†•‡”˜ƒ–•‘ˆ
„‘–Š–Š‡‹”ƒ ‡•–‘”•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ȋ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ȌǤ‘‹–‹•ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š
–‘ ‡‰ƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‰‘‘† ‘ˆ „‘–Š –Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‘—‹–›
™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡ Š—” Š‹•Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”‹••‹‘Ǥ


Š‡ •‡ ‘† Šƒ’–‡” ‰ƒ˜‡ ƒ ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ™ƒ•
‘†— –‡†ǤŠ‡•–—†›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†‡ Š‹ƒƒ•ƒ‘‘–ƒ–‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†‹–Š‡”‘‰
Šƒˆ‘ ‡‰‹‘ ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ ”ƒŽ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ –”ƒ ‡† –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‡ Š‹ƒˆ”‘–Š‡‘™‹ ƒ˜‡•‡ƒ”‘”ƒœƒƒŽ•‘‹–Š‡ǤŠ‡–‘™™ƒ•
‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›ˆ‘—†‡†„›‘‡ƒ›‹ ‹”‹„—–‹–„‡ ƒ‡’‘’—Žƒ”ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡†‡ˆ‡ƒ–‘ˆ
–Š‡‘‘ ƒ•‘ ‹‰†‘ „› –Š‡ •ƒ–‡•Ǥ Š‡ •‘ ‹ƒŽ •›•–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ
‡ Š‹ƒ•’ƒ•ˆ”‘–Š‡’ƒ•––Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’”‡•‡––‘–Š‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†

356
 Conclusion

„›–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•‘”†‡ƒ†ǡ–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ƒ†–Š‡—„‘””‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǤŠ‡•–”— –—”‡

‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‘ ‹‡–› ‹• ƒ „‘––‘Ǧ–‘’ •›•–‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ˆƒ‹Ž› ƒ† –”‹„‡
‘ —’›‹‰–Š‡„‘––‘ƒ†–‘’Š‹‡”ƒ” Š‹‡•”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‡–™‘ƒ”‡
–Š‡Ž‹‡ƒ‰‡ƒ† Žƒǡƒ†‡ƒ Š‘ˆ–Š‡•‡—‹–•Šƒ•ƒŠ‡ƒ†ƒ‡Ž›ǡabusua panin
ȋˆƒ‹Ž›Š‡ƒ†ȌǡodikroȋŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡Š‡ƒ†Ȍǡ Ɔheneȋ ŽƒŠ‡ƒ†Ȍƒ† Ɔmanheneȋ–”‹„ƒŽ
‘” •–ƒ–‡ Š‡ƒ†ȌǤ ‘‡ ‹Šƒ„‹–ƒ–• ‘” ‹†‹‰‡‡• ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ƒ
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘ˆ ƒŒ‘” •–ƒ–‡ ƒ† ’‡”‹’Š‡”ƒŽ
†‡‹–‹‡•ǤBiakuru™ƒ•–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‡‘‘ƒ•‘‹‰†‘
„—– –Š‡ —””‡– •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• Ta Kɛse ’‘’—Žƒ”Ž›
ƒŽŽ‡† Ta Mensa. Š‹• •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› ’Žƒ›• •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡ ‹ –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
‹•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹–‹•
–Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ †‡‹–› ™Š‹ Š ˜ƒŽ‹†ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ɔmanhene ƒ† †‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽ
Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ Š‡ †‡‹–› ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ’’”‘˜ƒŽ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ—ƒŽ Bayedie afahyɛ ȋƒ
‡•–‹˜ƒŽȌǤ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ –Š‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Nyame ‘”
Nyankopᴐnǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‘” ‘†ǡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •’‹”‹–• ƒ† –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š ‰‘††‡•• ‹ –Š‡‹”
‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒŽ•‘ †‹• —••‡† –™‘ ƒ‹
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ Apoᴐ ƒ† BayedieǤ Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ’”‡ ‡†‡† „› ƒ –Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ› ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ Adamu
™Š‡”‡ ƒ „ƒ ‹• ’Žƒ ‡† ‘ ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•Ǥ Š‹• ‹• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘• ‘”
‘ ƒ•‹‘• ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† Œ‘›‘—• ‘‡–•Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ ‹• Ž‹ˆ–‡† ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ’Žƒ› •‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ– ”‘Ž‡• ‹ –Š‡ •‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ
‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ‡†— ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥ •
—•–‘†‹ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‹‡ Š‹ƒ’Žƒ›ƒŽ‡ƒ†‹‰”‘Ž‡‹
–Š‡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‹‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ ‹• ƒŽ•‘
”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‹†‹‰‡‘—• ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• •— Š ƒ• ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘”
˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡‘ˆŽ‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡˆ‘‘†‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹ƒŽ•ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡”‡
ƒ”‡ –ƒ„‘‘• ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘ „‘–Š Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ‡ Š‹ƒ
357
 Conclusion

™Š‹ Š—•–„‡”‡•’‡ –‡†ƒ†ƒ†Š‡”‡†–‘ǡˆƒ‹Ž—”‡–‘†‘•‘ ‘—Ž†‹ —”–Š‡™”ƒ–Š

‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡†‡‹–›‘”ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–•ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡†™‹–Šƒ†‹• —••‹‘
‘–Š‡‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ† ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†
–Š‡ Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒǤ‡•Ž‡›ƒ‹••‹‘ƒ”‹‡•‹–Š‡–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–™‡”‡‘
”‡ ‘”†•–‘Šƒ˜‡‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†–Š‡ˆ‹”•–Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–›‹–Š‡Žƒ––‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‹‡–‡‡–Š ‡–—”›Ǥ Š‡ —””‡– Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘—‹–‹‡• ‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‘•‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ǡ ”‘–‡•–ƒ–ǡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ȋ •ǡ Žƒ••‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ‡‘Ǧ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘”
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Ȍ ’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒǦ Š—” Š
‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ǡ   ƒ† ‰Ž‘™ǡ ƒ† ƒŽ•‘ ƒ —„‡” ‘ˆ
‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ǡ ‹„Ž‡ –—†› ƒ† ’”ƒ›‡” ‰”‘—’• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ† ˆ— –‹‘‹‰ ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǤ


Š‡ †‹• —••‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ –Š‹”† Šƒ’–‡” ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ ŠƒƒǤ – ‘•‹†‡”‡†•‘‡‡ˆˆ‘”–•ƒ†‡„›–Š‡
 ƒ†‘–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–Š–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘–‘–Š‡
’ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ —Ž–—”‡
™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ †‹• —••‹‘ ™ƒ•ǡ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ
ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™• ‘ˆ ƒƒ ’‘•ƒŠ ———  ƒ† •‡‹ ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧ
ƒ–ƒƒǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ Ž‹ˆ‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ ȋŠƒ”Ž‡• ƒ”– „‡‰ȌǤ ƒƒ
’‘•ƒŠ——— ™Š‘†‘—„Ž‡†ƒ•ƒ—‡‡ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒȋ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’‡”•—ƒ•‹‘Ȍ ˆ‘—†‡† ƒ ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹  ’”‘Œ‡ – ƒ† —•‡† ‹– –‘ ‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ‹ Šƒƒ –‘ ƒ„ƒ†‘ ‹†‘Žƒ–”›ǡ „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ Š—” Š‡•ǡ ƒ† –‘
™‘”•Š‹’–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘†ǤŠ‡‹†‹ ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹‰•Š‹’‘”“—‡‡•Š‹’™ƒ•ˆ”‘
‘† ƒ†–Šƒ– ‘† ‰‹˜‡• –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ ‘”“—‡‡ ™‹•†‘–‘ ˆ— –‹‘ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡Ž› ˆ‘”
–Š‡™‡Žˆƒ”‡‘ˆ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡ǤŠ‡•–—†›ƒŽ•‘†‹• —••‡†–Š‡•‹‰‹ˆ‹ ƒ–™‘”‘ˆ•‡‹
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡƒ‡–Š‘†‹•–• Š‘Žƒ”Ǥ ‹•™‘”•‘—‰Š––‘ˆ‹†ƒ”‡•’‘•‡–‘–Š‡
”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–“—‡•–‹‘ǡDzƒƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ„‡ ‘‡ƒ Š‹‡ˆȏ‘”“—‡‡Ȑǫdz ‡†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š
358
 Conclusion

–Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• –Š‡
Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” Ž‘‘‡† ƒ– Š‘™ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ƒ”› ƒ†
’‘•–Ǧ‹••‹‘ƒ”› Š—” Š ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › „› ‹–‹‰ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ˆ”‘ —•‹ƒ
ȋͳͻͷͳȌǡ –Š‡ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡   ƒ†  Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒ‰ƒ‹ ‘•‹†‡”‡†
ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǯ• ƒˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹˜‡ ”‡•’‘•‡ –‘ –Š‹• “—‡•–‹‘ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š—” ŠǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡”–Š‡ ‘ Ž—†‡†™‹–Š–Š‡
’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ‡šƒ’Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒƒ ‘—ƒ ƒ• ƒ””ƒ–‡† „› Šƒ”Ž‡• ƒ”– „‡‰Ǥ ƒƒ
‘—ƒ ™ƒ• –Š‡ Ɔmanhemmaa ‘ˆ –Š‡ —ƒ’‡ ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡ƒǤ Š‡ ™ƒ• ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ ™Š‘ •‡”˜‡† ƒ• ƒ †‡ƒ ‘‡•• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ƒ••‡„Ž› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘Ǥ Š‡
•–—†› ‘•‹†‡”‡†Š‡”‡ƒ”Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡ƒ† ‘˜‡”•‹‘–‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†‹–‘–Š‡‘
ƒ†Š‘™•Š‡„”‘—‰Š–Š‡”Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š–‘„‡ƒ”‘•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‹ Š‡” ‘—‹–›Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Š‡
‹‡•‡ ”‘Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‡” Š—” Š ‹ Š‡Ž’‹‰ Š‡” –‘ •—”‘—– –Š‡ —‡”‘—•
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡••Š‡Šƒ†–‘ ‘–‡†™‹–Šƒ•ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ“—‡‡Ǥ


Š‡ ˆ‘—”–Š Šƒ’–‡” ˆ‘ —•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ‘ˆ •‘‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–• ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡
•–—†› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –™‘ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ‡Ž›ǡ ‘’‡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ‘’‡Ǥ
Š”‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’”‡ƒ Š‡”• ™‡”‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ƒ• Šƒ’‹‘‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’‡Ǧ
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ƒ”‡ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•– ™ƒ•‹ ™—ƒŠǡ ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–
™—•— ‘”†Œ‘—”ƒ†”‘’Š‡–ƒ™ƒ—ŽǤŠ‡‹”‘†—•‘’‡”ƒ†‹‹ Ž—†‡†‘’‡Ž›
‹•—Ž–‹‰ ‘” ˜‡”„ƒŽŽ› ƒ––ƒ ‹‰ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• –Š”‘—‰Š ’”‡ƒ Š‹‰Ǥ Š‡
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ™‡”‡ Žƒ„‡Ž‡† ƒ• ‹†‘Žƒ–‡”• „‡ ƒ—•‡ –Š‡› ™‡”‡ ’‡” ‡‹˜‡† –‘
„‡ ’”‘‘–‡”• ‘ˆ ‹†‘Žƒ–”› –Š”‘—‰Š Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ ™‘”•Š‹’ ‘” ˜‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
”‹†‹‰‹ƒ’ƒŽƒ“—‹ǡ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†‡”‡ –‹‰ƒ™ƒŽŽ–‘
’”‘–‡ – –Š‡ •ƒ ”‡† ‰”‘˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ƒƒ ™ƒ›‡ ‡›ƒ™ Ǥ Š‡ ‘Ǧ‘’‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• ƒ”‡ †‡˜‘‹† ‘ˆ ‹•—Ž–• „—– ƒ‹‡† ƒ– ”‡Œ‡ –‹‰
359
 Conclusion

Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǤŠ‡ ‘•‡“—‡ ‡•‘””‡•—Ž–•‘”‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡ƒ––‹–—†‡•Šƒ˜‡„‡‡†‹• —••‡†‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘”‡‹••‹‘
‘ˆ Ǯ•‘—Ž ™‹‹‰ǯǤ Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• Šƒ†
‡‰ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –• ‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ†Ȁ‘” Š—” Š‡•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ –—ƒŽ ƒ†
’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ nananomǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ƒ’’”ƒ‹•ƒŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ––‹–—†‡• –‘™ƒ”†• –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† ƒ†Š‡”‡–• ‘ˆ
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘‹•–Šƒ–‹– ƒ•–•ƒ•Ž—”‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†Ȁ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘Ǥ


Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š Šƒ’–‡”ˆ‘ —•‡†‘–Š‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†

–Š‡ ǤŠ‹•™ƒ•–”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ•ƒ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰•Š‹ˆ–‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰›Ǥ
Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡† ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” ‘ˆ”‘–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘‡„”ƒ ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š•‘‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†
–Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ Š‡•‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ”‡ ’ƒ•–‘”• ƒ† Š—” Š ‡Ž†‡”• ™Š‘
”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡•‡Ž˜‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š‡• Ž‘ ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡›
”‡•’‘†‡†–‘™Šƒ– ”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘ƒ•–Š‡Ǯƒ ‡†‘‹ƒ ˜‹–ƒ–‹‘ǯˆ”‘‡„‡”•
‘ˆ –Š‡  –‘ Š‡Ž’ —”–—”‡ –Š‡‹” ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ ‡‡†‡†
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ ‘—‹–› ‹
”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Šƒ†’”ƒ –‹ ‡•ǤŠ‡‡‰ƒ‰‡‡––ƒ‡•’Žƒ ‡ƒ––Š‡
‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•Ž‡˜‡Žƒ––Š‡ ǯ•‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•ǡ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ —Ž–—”ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ••— Š
ƒ• ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ‘—–Ǧ†‘‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ ƒ ‡™ Š‹‡ˆǡ ƒ– –Š‡ Š‹‡ˆǯ• ‘”
“—‡‡ǯ• ’ƒŽƒ ‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ– –Š‡ Šƒ’‡Ž• ‘ˆ •‘‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ˜‹‡™ –Š‡‹” ”‘Ž‡ ‘” ’‡”ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘• ‹ –Š‹•
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ƒ••’‹”‹–—ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•‘””‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡•‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ—„‡”‘ˆˆƒ –‘”•
‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† –Š‡ –‘ ƒ†‘’– –Š‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘™ƒ”†• ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”• Šƒ˜‡
„‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ• Š‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ •‘ ‹ƒŽǡ —Ž–—”ƒŽǡ ‡ ‘‘‹ ǡ ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽǡ
ˆ— –‹‘ƒŽǡ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ’Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽǤ Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡
‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ• ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ƒŽ‹‰‡–ǣ ƒ •Š‹ˆ– ˆ”‘ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
360
 Conclusion

Š—” Š ƒ† ‰‘˜‡”‡– ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡˜‡Ž ˆ‘” ’—”’‘•‡• ‘ˆ Šƒ”–‹‰ ƒ
‘‘ ‘—”•‡‹–Š‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŽ‹ˆ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–‹‘ǡ–‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡
–Š‡ Š—” Š ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ƒ– –Š‡ ‰”ƒ••”‘‘–•
Ž‡˜‡ŽǤŠ”‡‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ„‘†‹‡•‹ ŠƒƒŠƒ˜‡„‡‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡
Š—” Šƒ––Š‡ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡˜‡ŽǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡–Š‡ ǡǡƒ†–Š‡ Ǥ‡‘ˆ–Š‡
‹’‘”–ƒ– ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •Š‹ˆ– ‹ ƒŽ‹‰‡– ‹• –Šƒ– Dz–Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ Š‹‰Š Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ
‘Š‡•‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–• ƒ† –Š‡  ƒ• –Š‡› ƒ”‡
—‹–‡† ƒ† ™‘”‹‰ –‘‰‡–Š‡” –Š”‘—‰Š ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’ ƒ† —–—ƒŽ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‘Ǥdz
‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡• „› ƒ”‰—‹‰ ˆ‘” –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘
„‡Ž‘™ǯ ƒ• ‘’ƒ”‡† –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ „› ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ƒ• ‘” ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• •’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•Ǥ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘
ƒ„‘˜‡ǯ„›’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•‘”•’‡ ‹ƒŽ‹•–•ƒ†’—•Š‡††‘™ˆ‘”‹’Ž‡‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ–
–Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‘—‹–‹‡•ǡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹‹–‹ƒ–‡† Ǯˆ”‘ „‡Ž‘™ǯ ‹• „› –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒŽ
‘—‹–› ƒ† ‹• –Š‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–•ǯ •Šƒ”‡† ˜ƒŽ—‡• ƒ† Ž‹˜‡†
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡•ǤDz –•’‘‹–‘ˆ†‡’ƒ”–—”‡ǡˆ‘ —•ƒ† ‘–‹—ƒŽˆ‹‡Ž†‘ˆ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡ƒ”‡
’‡”•‘• ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ‹ ˆƒ – Ž‹˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‹Ž‹‡—dz
ȋ—”‡ǡʹͲͲͳǣͳͺͻȌǤ


 –Š‡ •‹š–Š Šƒ’–‡” –Š‡ •–—†› –‘‘ ƒ ‹Ǧ†‡’–Š Ž‘‘ ƒ– –Š‡ Ǥ Š‡ •–—†›
˜‹‡™‡†–Š‡„‹”–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ ƒ•–›’‹ ƒŽ‘ˆƒ’Š‡‘‡‘™Š‹ Š‡‡”‰‡†‹–Š‡
”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ ‘ˆ Šƒƒ ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ–‡ ‹‡–‡‡ •‡˜‡–‹‡•Ǥ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡
 ƒ”‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ•ǡ “—‡‡• ƒ† ’ƒŽƒ ‡ ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡• ™Š‘ „‡Ž‘‰ –‘
˜ƒ”‹‘—• Š—” Š †‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘–”ƒ”› –‘ –Š‡ ˜‹‡™ –Šƒ– ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ‘–
„‡ ‘‡ ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ †—‡ –‘ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ’”ƒ –‹ ‡• ƒ––ƒ Š‡† –‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡  Šƒ˜‡ •Š‘™ –Šƒ–
–Š‡› ‘—Ž†•‡”˜‡ƒ•–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†•–‹ŽŽ „‡ ‘‹––‡†Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǤŠ‡
•–—†› ‹†‹ ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡  ™ƒ• ˆ‘—†‡† ‘ –Š‡•‡ ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ –‡‡–•ǣ ƒ‹‡Ž
361
 Conclusion

ʹǣʹͳǢ •ƒ‹ƒŠͺǣͳͻ„Ǣ ƒ—‡ŽͳʹǣʹͳǢƒ†”‘˜‡”„•ͳͶǣ͵ͶǤ ‡•‹†‡•–Š‡‘–ŠŽ›

‡‡–‹‰• ™Š‹ Š ƒ‹ ƒ– —”–—”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆƒ‹–Š ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡„‡”•ǡ –Š‡ 
—†‡”–ƒ‡•”ƒ†‹‘„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–ǡ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ’”‘‰”ƒ•ƒ–ˆ—‡”ƒŽ•ƒ†ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–‘
™‹–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ǡ”‘›ƒŽ•ƒ†‘–Š‡”•ˆ‘”Š”‹•–ƒ†ƒŽ•‘’‡”•—ƒ†‡–Š‡–‘
Œ‘‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡ŽŽ‘™•Š‹’Ǥ Š‡› Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ˜‡”› •–”‘‰ ‹†‹ ƒ–‹‘ –Šƒ– ƒ•
Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ• ƒ† “—‡‡• –Š‡› ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ’Žƒ ‡† –‘ Š‡Ž’ „”‹‰ ƒ„‘—–
–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘
–Š‡‹” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ† ’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡  ƒŽ•‘ •‡‡• –‘
‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ”‘›ƒŽ• –‘ ƒ ‡’– –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ’‘•‹–‹‘• ™Š‡
–Š‡› ƒ”‡ ‘‹ƒ–‡† ‘” •‡Ž‡ –‡† –‘ †‘ •‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› ‘–‡† –Šƒ– –Š”‘—‰Š ‹–•
‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•™‹–Š•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•‹–Š‡ǡ–Š‡ Šƒ•„‡‡
ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –”ƒ•ˆ‘” –Š‡ Ž‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ‹–• ‡„‡”•ǡ •‘‡ ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†
–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ Žƒ† ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡‹” Š”‹•–‹ƒ ˆƒ‹–Š ƒ†
’”ƒ –‹ ‡•Ǥ Š‹• –”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ˆ‡‡†‹‰ ƒ† Š‘‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ† akondwa Yere ȋ•–‘‘Ž ™‹ˆ‡ȌǤ •
Š”‹•–‹ƒ•ǡ‡„‡”•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡‹–Š‡”’‡”ˆ‘”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘‘”‘ˆˆ‡” ˆ‘‘†ƒ†
ƒ‹ƒŽ •ƒ ”‹ˆ‹ ‡• –‘ –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–‘”• ƒ– –Š‡ ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ •Š”‹‡ ‘” ƒ’’‡ƒ” „‡ˆ‘”‡
–Š‡ –‘ Š‘‘” ƒ† ˆ‡‡† –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ• Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†Š‡”‡† –‘ ‘‘‰ƒ‘—•
ƒ””‹ƒ‰‡ ‹ Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š •‘‡  ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ –‡ƒ Š‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ Šƒ’–‡” ƒŽ•‘
ƒ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡  ™‡”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ž› ‹ˆŽ—‡ ‡† „›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹•’‹–‡‘ˆ‹–•‘Ǧ†‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‘”‡„‡”•Š‹’Ǥ


–Š‡•‡˜‡–Š Šƒ’–‡”ǡ–Š‡•–—†›†‡ƒŽ–™‹–Š–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘”‹••—‡•ƒ‡Ž›ǡƒ ƒ•‡

ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‘’‡ ˆ‘”
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–Ǥ – ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ•
–Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– „‡–™‡‡ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† –Š‡ Ǥ ˆ–‡”
‘•‹†‡”‹‰ •‘‡ ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡” –‡”• ‘” ‘ ‡’–• ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ ˆ”‹ ƒ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
362
 Conclusion

‹••‹‘ ‘” –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ†‡ ƒ ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• ƒ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡
‘ ‡’– ˜‹•ǦǦ˜‹• –Š‡ Š—” Šǯ• ‹••‹‘ –‘™ƒ”†• Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• –Š‡
Š—” Š ‹• ˆƒ ‹‰ ‹ Šƒƒ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‘—Ž† „‡ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘™‹–ŠDz —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•dzƒ††‡ˆ‹‡†‹–ƒ•ǣ
Š‡‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘‘ˆŽ‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•–Š”‘—‰Š‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–
„‡–™‡‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š–Š‡˜‹‡™–‘ ‘˜‡”–‹‰
ƒ† –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ ™‹–Š‹ǡ ƒ† —•‹‰ –Š‡ –”ƒ•ˆ‘”‡†
—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•–‘‡”‹ Š„‘–Š–Š‡ Š—” Š‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡
Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ
Š‡ •–—†› ˆ—”–Š‡” ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‹ Šƒƒ ƒ”‡ ™‡ŽŽ ’‘•‹–‹‘‡† –‘
‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‡–Š‡‰‘•’‡Žƒ†–Š‡Ž‘ ƒŽ —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š‹™Š‹ Š–Š‡›ƒ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡†ˆ‘”
‹••‹‘Ǥ Š‹• ˜‹‡™ ™ƒ• ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”•ǣ Š‹•–‘”‹ ‘Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ
—Ž–—”ƒŽǡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ™‘”Ž†˜‹‡™ǡ ƒ† ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–› ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘
–‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹• ‹ ŠƒƒǤ Š‡ •–—†› ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† •‘‡ ƒ”‡ƒ• ‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•™Š‹ Š ‘—Ž†„‡‡š’Ž‘”‡†ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‹–Š ”‡‰ƒ”† –‘ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ƒ”‰—‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‘ –”‹‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
’”‹‡•–Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ „‡Ž‹‡˜‡”• ‘—Ž† „‡ „”‘—‰Š– –‘ „‡ƒ” ‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
ˆ— –‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ†“—‡‡ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•Ǥ •–‡ƒ†‘ˆ‘ˆˆ‡”‹‰
Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘’”ƒ›‡”•–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–‘”•–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆƒ†“—‡‡ ‘—Ž†„‡–ƒ—‰Š–
–‘—†‡”•–ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ•’”‹‡•–•‘ˆ ‘†ƒ†–Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡“—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡†–‘‘ˆˆ‡”
’”ƒ›‡”• –‘ Š‹ ‘ –Š‡‹” „‡ŠƒŽˆ ƒ† ‘ „‡ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ‘—‹–‹‡•Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”
™‘”†•ǡ ƒ• ƒ ’”‹‡•– ‘ˆ ‘† –Š‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ Š‹‡ˆ ‘” “—‡‡ ‹• ™‡ŽŽ ’Žƒ ‡† –‘
Ǯ‡†‹ƒ–‡ǯ„‡–™‡‡ ‘†ƒ†Š‹•‘”Š‡” ‘—‹–›ˆ‘”–Š‡‹”™‡ŽŽ„‡‹‰Ǥ
Š‡ •–—†› ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡† –Š‡ –Š‹”–›Ǧ†ƒ› ’‡”‹‘† ‘ˆ Adamu „‡ˆ‘”‡ –Š‡
‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǡƒ†•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ–Š‡Apoᴐˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ•
363
 Conclusion

’‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘”‹ —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘ƒ Š‹‡˜‡–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ–Š‡•–—†›ƒ”‰—‡†–Šƒ–

‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ƒ† ˆ‘” –Šƒ– ƒ––‡” –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ Šƒƒ ‘—Ž† ˜‹‡™ Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ƒ†–Š‡‹”ˆ— –‹‘ƒ”‹‡•ƒ•’ƒ”–‡”•‹‹••‹‘Ǥ•’ƒ”–‡”•ǡ
–Š‡ –™‘ ‰”‘—’• ‘—Ž† ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” –‘ ƒ‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– –‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ† –Š‡ ˜‹ ‡ ˜‡”•ƒǤ – ƒŽ•‘ †‡ƒ†• ‘—”ƒ‰‡ ‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• ‘” Š”‹•–‹ƒ• –‘ ‘˜‡ ƒ™ƒ› ˆ”‘ –Š‡‹” ‡š Ž—•‹˜‹•– ’‘•–—”‡ –‘
‡„”ƒ ‡ ƒ† ™‘” –‘™ƒ”†• ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œ‹‰ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ
Š‡ •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†‡ ƒ “—ƒŽ‹ˆ‹‡† ƒŽŽ ‘ ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ• –‘ ™‘” –‘‰‡–Š‡” ƒ• ƒ
‰”‘—’ˆ‘”–Š‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‹”‡Žƒ–‹‘–‘–Š‡‹”‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡•–—†›‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†–Š‹•ƒ•–Š‡‡‡†ˆ‘” ‘ ‡”–‡†
ƒ –‹‘™Š‡”‡Ž‘ ƒŽ‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ„‘†‹‡••— Šƒ•–Š‡ƒ†  ‘—Ž†‘„‹Ž‹œ‡
”‡•‘—” ‡•–‘‰‡–Š‡”ˆ‘” —Ž–—”ƒŽ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǤŠ‡ Šƒ’–‡” ‘ Ž—†‡•„›Ž‘‘‹‰
ƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘•’‡ –• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡– ƒ† Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹‰ ‹– ƒ• ’‘•‹–‹˜‡Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘
’”‡†‹ –‡† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘ „‡–™‡‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ‹
ˆ—–—”‡ ‹ ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ‹••‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—” Š ‹ ŠƒƒǤ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ‹
˜‹‡™‘ˆ–Š‡ —””‡–‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–„‡–™‡‡•‘‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ†–Š‡ ‹
‡ Š‹ƒǡ –Š‡ •–—†› ˆ‘”‡•‡‡• ƒ ˆ—–—”‡ ™Š‡”‡ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › ™‘—Ž† „‡ ˆ—ŽŽ›
‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒ† Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–› ƒŽ•‘ ˆ—ŽŽ› ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡† ‹–‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ƒ—„‡”‘ˆ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ•‘ ‹‡–‹‡•‹ ŠƒƒǤ


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BIBLIOGRAPHY
„‘ƒ‰›‡Ǧ‡•ƒŠǡ‘„‡”–™ƒ•‹ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ›ƒ‹ •‘ˆ”‡ƒ Š‹‰–Š‡‘”†ǣ ‘†
–‹ŽŽ’‡ƒ•Ǥ‡‰‘ǡ ”ƒǣ†™‹•ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠȌ–†Ǥ

ˆ‡†‘‰ƒ‡ǡœ”ƒŠ‹–ƒ†‘Ƭ‘ŽƒŒ‹ƒ–‡›‡ǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘•
‹–Š‡–—†›‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ—””‡›ǣ•Š‰ƒ–‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰–†Ǥ

‰„‡–‹ǡ Ǥ‘ˆ‹Ǥȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒŠ—” Š ‹•–‘”›ǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘•ƒ†
Š—” Š ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•ǣͳͶͺʹǦͳͻͳͻǤ‡‹†‡ǣǤ Ǥ”‹ŽŽǡ‘ŽǤͳǤ

‰„‘•—ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ”‘„Ž‡•‘ˆƒ†”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘•‹ Šƒƒǡ–—†›
‘‹••‹‘‡†„› ˆ‘”–Š‡‘—†–ƒ„Ž‡‘ƒ†‡ˆ‘”‹ ŠƒƒǦ
Šƒƒ‹ƒ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡–‘†ƒ† —‰‡”Ǥ ǡ ”ƒǤ
Ž„”‡ Š–ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ‹–‡•‹–Š‡’‹”‹–ǣ”‹–—ƒŽƒ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘
’‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽȀ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǤŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••Ǥ

ŽŽƒǡ†‡”•‘ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ’”‡ƒ†‹‰ ‹”‡•ǣŠ‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›ƒ–—”‡‘ˆƒ”Ž›
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Ǥ‘†‘ǣǤ

 ǦȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•Ǥƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‡—‡›ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ Šƒƒǣ‘ ‹•‡ ‹•–‘”›ˆ”‘”‡Ǧ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ‹‡•
–‘–Š‡ʹͲ–Š‡–—”›Ǥ ”ƒ‡™‘™ǡ Šƒƒǣ‘‡Ž‹—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ

ƒ‡Ǧ‰›‡‹ǡƒƒ‰›‡‹‘†‹‡ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ Šƒƒ̵•”‘‰ǦŠƒˆ‘‡‰‹‘ǣ–‘”›‘ˆ
ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‘ ‹‡–›‹–Š‡Š‡ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”Ž†Ǥ ”ƒǣ„‹„”‡‘Ǥ–†Ǥ

–Š‘‹‘ǡ†™ƒ”†ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ†‹• ‘—”•‡‹
ˆ” ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰

”Š‹”‡’‘‰ǡȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—Ž‡‹ ŠƒƒȋͳͻͷͳǦ
ͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ”ƒǣ‡† ‘—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‹‹–‡†Ǥ

”Š‹ǡ™ƒ‡ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ—Ž‡‹ Šƒƒǣƒ•–ƒ†”‡•‡–Ǥ ”ƒǣ
‡† ‘—„ŽǤ–†Ǥ


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”—Žˆǡƒ’•Ǥȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤƒ”–‡”•‹‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡”‘”Ž†
‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ
–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘ƒˆ”‹ ƒ‘–‡š–ǡšˆ‘”†ǣ‡‰—ˆ”‹ ƒǤ

- ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ–”ƒ‰‡ƒ”–Šǣ‡•Ž‡›‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‹‹•–”›ǡ‡‡™ƒŽ
ƒ†‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’ǯǤ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡʹͲͳͳǤ

- ȋʹͲͲͷȌǤˆ”‹ ƒŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •ǣ—””‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–™‹–Š‹
†‡’‡†‡– †‹‰‡‘—•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ ŠƒƒǤ‡‹†‡ǣ”‹ŽŽǤ

•ƒ–‡ǡ–™‹ƒ—‡ŽǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ ƒ‹–Š‹‹ˆ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ—ƒ•‹ǣ‹‘‡‡””‡••Ǥ

••‹‡‰ǡƒšǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽŠƒ‰‡‹‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǣ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡‘ ‹‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ”ƒǣ‘‡Ž‹—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ
‡ ‘††‹–‹‘Ǥ
™‹‘‰›ƒǡ‘•‡••ƒƒŠǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤŠ‡†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆˆƒ‹Ž›‹ Šƒƒƒ•ƒ
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡ˆ‘” ‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‡ Ž‡•‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡”Ž‹ǣ‹–Ǥ
™‘‘”ǡ›‹†‡˜—‘ˆ‹ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ Šƒƒǣ‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹•–‘”›Ǥ ”ƒǣ‘‡Ž‹—„Ǥ
‡”˜‹ ‡•Ȁ‡† ‘—„Ǥ–†Ǥ
™—ƒŠǦ›ƒ‡›‡ǡƒ—‡ŽǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤƒƒ‰‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ”‹•‹•‹
Šƒƒǣ–Š‡”‘Ž‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ† —Ž–—”‡™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ
”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡‡”‡—–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ”‡ƒǤ‡™ ƒ•–Ž‡—’‘›‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡
 Š‘Žƒ”•—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ
›‹––‡›ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ †‹‰‡‘—•ˆ”‹ ƒ •–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥǣ
”ƒ•ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•  Ǥ
ƒ±–ƒǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͸ʹȌǤ”‘’Š‡–‹•‹ ŠƒƒǤ‘†‘ǣǤ

ƒ”–‡Ž•ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǤŠ‡”‘‘–•‘ˆ Šƒƒ‡–Š‘†‹•Ǥ‘†‘ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

ƒ˜‹ ǡ ‘Š ‡”ƒǤȋͳͻ͸ͻȌǤ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘–Š‡ ‹‡ ‡‘ˆ‹••‹‘•Ǥ
ȋ–”ƒ•Ǥƒ˜‹† Ǥ ”‡‡ƒȌǤ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǣƒ‡”Ǥ


366
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‡†‹ƒ‘ǡ™ƒ‡ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ ‡•—•‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣŠ‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘•’‡Ž‹ˆ”‹ ƒ

‹•–‘”›ƒ†š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥƒ‘—†±ǣ†‹–‹‘•Ž‡ǡƒ†”‘’‘‰™ƒ’‹ǣ
‡‰—ˆ”‹ ƒǤ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͻȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† †‡–‹–›ǣŠ‡‹’ƒ –‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡—’‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ
Š‘—‰Š–‹–Š‡•‡ ‘†‡–—”›ƒ†‹‘†‡”ˆ”‹ ƒǤ”‘’‘‰Ǧ—ƒ’‡ǣ
‡‰—‘‘• –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽǢƒ„”‹ƒǣƒ–‡”‘•–‡”—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ
 ǦȋͳͻͻͷȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣŠ‡‡‡™ƒŽ‘ˆƒ‘Ǧ‡•–‡”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ
ƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ
 ǦȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ ‡•—•‹ˆ”‹ ƒ—Ž–—”‡ǣƒ Šƒƒ‹ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ ”ƒǣ
•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
‡ŽŽƒ‰ƒ„ƒǡ–Š‘›ǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ‹••‹‘ƒ†‹‹•–”›‹–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽŠ—” ŠǤ
ƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǤǤǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

‡”‰Ž—†ǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤZulu thought-patterns and symbolism.‘†‘ǣ —”•–Ǥ

‡”•–‡‹ǡ‹ Šƒ”† ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤŠ‡‡•–”— –—”‹‰‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ†‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽŠ‡‘”›Ǥ
‘†‘ǣ‡–Š—‡Ƭ‘Ǥȋˆ‹”•–’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‹ͳͻ͹͸ȌǤ

‹––Ž‹‰‡”ǡ”‘Ž†Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺʹȌǤŠ‡Š—” Š‹•Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Ǥ ‡‡˜ƒǣǤ

Ž‘ Š‡”ǡ ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ—‹Ž†‹‰‘—•–‘ǣƒ†‡—”‡‘Ž‹ ›ƒ† ‘‘‹ 
‡ˆ‘”‹ ŠƒƒǤƒŽ‡ —ƒ‹‰Š–•ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–ǡǤ Ǥǡ˜‘ŽǤͻǤ

‘ƒ–‡ǡƒ”ˆ—‘™ƒ•‹„ƒ›‹‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡ •–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒǣ
˜‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ‡‰‘ǣ™ƒ‰›ƒ•‘—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡʹ††‹–‹‘Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‡ •–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒǣ˜‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ‡‰‘ǡ
 ”ƒǣ •–‹–—–‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ–—†‹‡•ǡ Ǥ
‘Šǡƒ˜‹†Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ‘†‘ǡ‡™‘”ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ
‘•ƒ“‡–ǡǤǤȋͳͻͲ͸ȌǤ‘’ƒ‹‘–‘Žƒ–‘̵•‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥ‘†‘ǣ‹˜‹‰–‘ǡʹ†
†Ǥ
‘• Šǡƒ˜‹† ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰‹••‹‘ǣƒ”ƒ†‹‰Š‹ˆ–•‹Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ
‹••‹‘Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

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‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ ”ƒ ‹• ǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ —Œ—ǡƒ‰‹ ƒ†™‹– Š ”ƒˆ–‹ˆ”‹ ƒ•‘ ‡”ǣ›–Š
‘””‡ƒŽ‹–›ǫ ”ƒǡ Šƒƒǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ƭ‡†‹ƒ
‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ

‘– Š™ƒ›ǡ •ƒƒ ”‹‰Š–Ǥȋ‘’‹Ž‡”ȌǡȋʹͲͳͶȌǤƒ›‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‘‘ǣŠ‡ ‹•–‘”›
‘ˆƒ›‹ƒǤ ”ƒǣ–ƒ–‡‘‘ Šƒƒ
”ƒ›ǡ ‡”ƒŽ†Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ•–ƒ†”‡•‡–Ǥ‡‹ ‡•–‡”ǣ
’‘ŽŽ‘•Ǥ
—ƒŠǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ‘†‘ǣƒ•‹‰•–‘‡Ǥ
—†‰‡ǡǤǤƒŽŽ‹•Ǥȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǤ ”‘ ‡–‹•Š–‘ ‘†‹ ‹‡–‰›’–Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ
‡Œƒ‹Ž‘ǡ  Ǥ
—Œ‘ǡ±±œ‡–ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆƒˆ”‹ ƒ–Š‹ ǣ‡›‘†–Š‡‹˜‡”•ƒŽ
Žƒ‹•‘ˆ‡•–‡”‘”ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ”‘••”‘ƒ†Ǥ
—”‡ǡ ‘ƒǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹ˆ‡‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣ
ƒ•‡–—†›ƒ†‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘ —‹†‡Ǥƒ‹”‘„‹ǣƒ—Ž‹‡•—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‹ ƒǤ
—•‹ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͷͳȌǤŠ‡‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ‹–Š‡‘†‡”‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ›•–‡‘ˆ
•Šƒ–‹Ǥšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜Ǥ”‡••Ǥ
ƒ•‡Ž›Ǧ ƒ›ˆ‘”†ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǤŠ‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–ƒ–‹˜‡ •–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒ
ƒ••Ƭ‘’ƒ›‹‹–‡†Ǥ
ƒ••‹ƒǡǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤƒŽŽ‹–›ǡ Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘’‡•–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”„ƒ
Šƒ‰‡‹ƒ›‹ƒǤ
Š”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡”ǡ ‘Šƒ ‘––Ž‹‡„Ǥȋͳͺ͹ͻȌǤ™‹‡„—•‡’‡•ƒǦƒŠƒ•‹ƒ
‘ƒ‘ǣƒ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ͵͸ͲͲ™‹’”‘˜‡”„•‹–Š‡—•‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡‡‰”‘‡•‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–•’‡ƒ‹‰–Š‡•ƒ–‡ƒ† ƒ–‡ƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Ǥƒ•‡Žǣ
‹••‹‘•„— ŠŠƒ†Ž—‰Ǥ

Žƒ”‹†‰‡ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͶȌǤ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–ƒ†•Šƒ–‹ˆ”‘–Š‡
‡ƒ”Ž‹‡•––‹‡•–‘–Š‡ ‘‡ ‡‡–‘ˆ–Š‡™‡–‹‡–Š‡–—”›̵ǡ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒ
ƒ••Ƭ‘Ǥ–†ǡ‘ŽǤͳǡʹ††Ǥ
‘”Š‡ǡƒ”–‹ǤƬ”‘‡”ǡ ‡Ž‰ƒǤȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺʹȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘Ǧ ‡™‹•Š
‹••‹‘Ǥƒ•‡›ǡǤǤǣƒ—Ž‹•–”‡••Ǥ

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‘ƒ”‘ˆˆǡ Ƭ‘ƒ”‘ˆˆǡ ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤRevelation and Revolution, volume I:

Christianity, colonialism, and consciousness in South AfricaǡŠ‹ ƒ‰‘Ȁ‘†‘ǣ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ
‘–‡Šǡ‘”‹‡”‹ ‡ǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•ǡ—•Ž‹•ǡƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣ
–‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—–‡”•ƒ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǤŠ‡”•–ǡǤǣƒ„”‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ
”ƒ‹‰ǡ––Ƭ ‡‡ǡ‹Ž•‘ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ Ž‘„ƒŽŠ—” ŠŽƒ–‹‰ǣ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ”‹ ‹’Ž‡•
ƒ†‡•–”ƒ –‹ ‡•ˆ‘”—Ž–‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ‡” ƒ†‡‹ Ǥ
”ƒˆ‹‡Ž†ǡǤǤǤȋͳͻ͵ͺȌǤ‹˜‹‡ƒ† —ƒ –‹‘ǣŠ‡‘ ‡’–‘ˆ‘”•Š‹’Ǥ
–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
”‡•™‡ŽŽǡ ‘ŠǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ “—‹”›ƒ†‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•‹‰ǡŠ‘‘•‹‰
ƒ‘‰ ‹˜‡”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ‘†‘ǡ‡™‡ŽŠ‹ǣ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–†Ǥ
ƒ‡‡Žǡƒ”–Š‹—•ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ‡ƒ”–Š‡‡’‡”•ǣŠ‘Ž‹•–‹ ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–Š
‹••‹‘Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ‡™‘”ǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ
 ǦȋͳͻͻͻȌǤˆ”‹ ƒƒ”–Š‡‡’‡”•ǣ˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ†‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘‹
Š”‹•–‹ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ”‡–‘”‹ƒǣ‹•ƒ”‡••Ǥ
ƒ“—ƒŠǡ ‘•‡’Š‘ƒ›‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡ Šƒƒ‹ƒ•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡–ǣ –•
‘•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ‹–•‡–‡–‹‘•ǡ‹–•”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ǡ‹–• —•–‹ ‡ƒ†–ƒ–‡ ”ƒˆ–ǡƒ†‹–•
‡”‹–ƒ‰‡‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹•Ǥ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
- ȋͳͻ͸ͺȌǤŠ‡ƒ‘ –”‹‡‘ˆ ‘†ǣˆ”ƒ‰‡–‘ˆ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–‡–Š‹ •
ƒ†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒƒ••Ƭ‘Ǥ–†Ǥǡʹ††Ǥ
‡’‡•–‡”ǡ—””ƒ›ǤǡŽƒ—•ǡǤ›”‘Ƭ‡–‡”•‡ǡ‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ
ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ†’‘™‡”‡†ǣ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹••‹‘‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
ƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥ
‹ •‘ǡǤ™‡•‹ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ ‘’Ž‡–‡†‹••‹‘ǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†š Ž—•‹˜‹•Ǥ
ƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ –‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ
 ǦȋͳͻͺͶȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‘†‘ǣƒ”–‘ǡ‘‰ƒƬ‘††Ȁ”„‹•
‘‘•Ǥ

ƒ‘ǡ‘™ƒ›Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤŠ‡‘›‘—•Š”‹•–‹ƒǣ‡Žƒ–‹˜‹•‡†
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒ•”•˜‘ƒŽ–Šƒ•ƒ”̵•”‹–‹ ‹•‘ˆƒ”Ž
ƒŠ‡”̵•–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ‘›‘—•Š”‹•–‹ƒǤ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰ „ 
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ
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„—œ‹‡ǡƒŒ‡–ƒǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ‘‹‰‹‹•–”›‹–Š‡ ‰„‘ ‘–‡š–ǣ–‘™ƒ”†•ƒ

‡‡”‰‹‰‘†‡Žƒ†‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‡™‘”ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰Ǥ

‰‡Žǡ ƒ‡• Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣ –•Š‡‘”›
ƒ†”ƒ –‹ ‡Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣŠ‘ƒ•‡Ž•‘Ǥ

’Š‹”‹Ǧ‘‘”ǡ–Š‘›ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‡ˆ‹‡†ǣ•›•–‡ƒ–‹ 
•–—†›‘ˆ ‡•–‘”‘”•Š‹’ƒ‘‰–Š‡ƒǤƒŠƒǡƒ”›Žƒ†ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••‘ˆ‡”‹ ƒǡ  Ǥ

••ƒ—ƒŠǡƒ•‡Ž›ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌ ‡—‹‡Ž› Šƒƒ‹ƒǣ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–
Š—” Š Šƒƒǡͳͻ͸ͳǦʹͲͲͲǤ”‡–‘ǡ ǣˆ”‹ ƒ‘”Ž†”‡••  Ǥ

‡‡ǡ ‘”†‘Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤƒ—Žǡ–Š‡’‹”‹–ƒ†–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ‡ƒ„‘†›ǣ
‡†”‹ •‘Ǥ

‘Ž‹ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ Šƒƒǣ ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ Š—” Š‰”‘™–Š
•–—†›Ǥ ”ƒǣ”—•–—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•Š—” Š ”‘™–Š‹ ŠƒƒǤ ”ƒǣ”—•–—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

—ŽŽ‡”ǡ ”ƒ ‹•Šƒ”Ž‡•Ǥȋͳͻ͸ͺȌǤ˜ƒ‹•Š‡††›ƒ•–›ǡ•Šƒ–‹Ǥ‘†‘ǣ ”ƒ
ƒ••‘Ǥ–†Ǥ

ƒ˜‹ǡ̵‘•–ƒǤȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ǣ–Š‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ
‘–Š‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ

‹ˆˆ‘”†ǡƒ—ŽǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ Šƒƒ̵•‡™Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ƒ
Ž‘„ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ˆ”‹ ƒ ‘‘›Ǥ †‹ƒƒǣ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͺȌǤˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ –•—„Ž‹ ‘Ž‡Ǥ †‹ƒƒǣ †‹ƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••Ǥ

‹––‹•ǡ–Š‘› Ǥ‡†ǤǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ‹ˆ‡ƒ†‡ƒ–Šƒ––‡”•ǣŠ‡”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ
 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‡––‡–ƒŽǡ ‡”ƒ›ǣ–‡›Ž‡”‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ

Ž›ǡ‹ Šƒ”†•ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ‘†‘Ƭ‡™‘”ǣ
‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ǥ


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‘‘†ƒǡƒ”–‹ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ‹••‹‘ƒ†‘˜‡”•‹‘ǣ”‘•‡Ž›–‹œ‹‰‹–Š‡
‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡‘ƒ’‹”‡Ǥšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ”‡†‘”‡••Ǥ

›‡›‡ǡ™ƒ‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ—Ž–—”ƒŽƒŽ—‡•ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ ”ƒǣ
ƒ‘ˆƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›Ǥ

ƒŽ‹„—”–‘ǡ ‘”†‘Ǥȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤŠ‡”‘’Š‡– ƒ””‹•ƒ†Š‹•ƒ••‘˜‡‡–‹
–Š‡ ˜‘”›‘ƒ•–ƒ†–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ‡™‘”ǣǤ

ƒ‘†Ǧ‘‘‡ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤŠ‡ƒ–—Ǧ•’‡ƒ‹‰’‡‘’Ž‡•‘ˆ‘—–Š‡”
ˆ”‹ ƒǡ‘†‘ǣ‘—–Ž‡†‰‡Ƭ‡‰ƒƒ—ŽǤ

ƒ”˜‹‡ǡǤ‘ǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ–‡”ƒŽ‘”†ƒ†Šƒ‰‹‰‘”Ž†•ǡŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ
–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ†‹••‹‘‹”‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣ ƒ†‡‹‡
‘‘•ȋ‘†‡”˜ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡ȌǤ

ƒ”˜‡›ǡ‘šǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ‹”‡ˆ”‘ ‡ƒ˜‡ǣŠ‡‹•‡‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†
–Š‡‡•Šƒ’‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹–Š‡™‡–›Ǧ ‹”•–‡–—”›Ǥ‘†‘ǣƒ••‡ŽǤ

ƒ•–‹‰•ǡ†”‹ƒǤȋͳͻ͸͹ȌǤŠ—” Šƒ†‹••‹‘‹‘†‡”ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‘†‘ǣ—”•
Ƭƒ–‡•Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ͳͻͷͲǦͳͻ͹ͷͶǤƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜Ǥ”‡••Ǥ

¡•‡Ž„ƒ”–Šǡ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǤDie Auferstehung der Toten in Afrika: Eine theologische
Deutung der Todesriten der Mamabolo in Nordtransvaalǡ ò–‡”•Ž‘Šǣ ‡”†‘ŠǤ

ƒ›ˆ‘”†ǡ ‘•‡’ŠǤȋͳͻͳͷȌǤ‹ŽŽ‹ƒƒ††› ƒ””‹•ǣŠ‡‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ”‡ˆ‘”‡”ǣ
Š‡ƒƒ†Š‹•‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘†‘ǣŠ‹Ž‹’•Ǥ

‡ƒŽ‡›ǡ ‘•‡’ŠǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒˆ”‹ ƒƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ
ƒ—Ž‹‡•—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

‡••‡Ž‰”ƒ˜‡ǡƒ˜‹† ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‰Š”‹•–”‘••Ǧ—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›ǣ
–”‘†— –‹‘–‘‹••‹‘ƒ”›‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣ
‘†‡”˜ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡Ǥ

‹ ǡ ‘ŠǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ǣ–Š‡”ƒ‹„‘™‘ˆˆƒ‹–ŠǤ
‘—‹•˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ‘šǤ
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 Bibliography

 Ǧȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤŠ‡›–Š‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ—‹“—‡‡••ǣ–‘™ƒ”†ƒ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ 
–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ ‘†Šƒ•ƒ›ƒ‡•ǤŠ‹Žƒ†‡Ž’Š‹ƒǣ‡•–‹•–‡””Ǥ

‹ŽŽƒǡ—‰‡‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘
’’Ž‹‡†ǤƒŠ™ƒŠǡ ǣƒ—Ž‹•–”‡••Ǥ

‘†‰‡•ǡ‡Ž˜‹Ǥȋͳͻͷ͵ȌǤŠ‡ †‹‰‡‘—•Š—” ŠǤ’”‹‰ˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ ‘•’‡Ž
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ ‘—•‡Ǥ

‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ǡ ǤƒŽ–‡”Ǥȋͳͻ͹ʹȌǤŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•Ǥ‘†‘ǣǤ

†‘™—ǡǤ‘ŽƒŒ‹Ǥȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǣ†‡ˆ‹‹–‹‘ǡƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ
”„‹•Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ †‹‰‡‘—•Š—” ŠǤ‘†‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‡‹•ǡŠ‹Ž‹’•ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‡™ ƒ ‡•‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ‡Ž‹‡˜‹‰‹–Š‡‹„Ž‡‹
–Š‡ Ž‘„ƒŽ‘—–ŠǤšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

¡ǡƒƒǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ†Š—” Š‡•‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ˜‹•‹‘‹‰–Š‡ —–—”‡ǣ
ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‹Š”‹•–ƒ†–Š‡„—‹Ž†‹‰‘ˆƒ‡™ˆ”‹ ƒ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥƒ‘—†±ǡ
ƒ‡”‘—ǣ†‹–‹‘•Ž±Ǣ”‘’‘‰Ǧ—ƒ’‹ǡ Šƒƒǣ‡‰—ˆ”‹ ƒǤ

ƒˆ—‹ǡ•‡Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–Ǥ ”ƒǣ‘
‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡‘‹––‡‡Ǥ
ƒŽ—ǡ‰„—ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘ǡšˆ‘”†ǣšˆ‘”†
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

ƒ†‡Šǡ ‡›ǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤ‘—’•ˆ”‘‡Ž‘™ǣ”‡†—„ƒŽ–‡”•ƒ†–ƒ–‡
‘™‡”‹‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǡ‰Žƒ†ǣƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ

ƒ–‘ǡ›ƒ‰ ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ Š‹‘–ƒǡ Šƒƒǣˆ”‹ ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ

ƒ›ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͷ͵ȌǤŠ‡ƒ–—”‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘”•Š‹’Ǥ‘†‘Ǥ


372
 Bibliography

‹––‡”ƒ—Ž ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ –”‘†— ‹‰Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ

”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

‘‹ǡŠ‹ƒ–”‘‰ƒ ‹ƒ‰„‡ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡†–‘‡ ‘ ‹Ž‡ǣƒˆ”‹ ƒ˜‹‡™‘ˆ
ƒŽ˜‹̵•‘ –”‹‡‘ˆƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰Ǥ

‘ƒ†—ǡ™ƒ•‹ƬŽ‹ˆˆ‘”†ǤǤȋ‡†•ǤȌȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤŠ‡ Šƒƒ‡ƒ†‡”ǣ ‹•–‘”›ǡ
—Ž–—”‡ǡ‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ—”ŠƒƬ‘†‘ǣ—‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

”ƒˆ–ǡ ǤŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹—Ž–—”‡Ǥǡƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

”‹‰‡ǡǤ ‡•‡Ƭ”‹‰‡ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǤŠ‡”‡ƒŽ‘ˆƒ”ƒ‹Ǧ“—‡‡ǣ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡
’ƒ––‡”‘ˆ‘˜‡†—•‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ‘†‘ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

”—• Š‡ǡǤȋͳͻͷ͹ȌǤƒ•‹”‡†‡• ‡‹Ž‹‰‡ ‡‹•–‡•ƒ ŠƒŽ˜‹Ǥ ږ–‹‰‡ǣ
ƒ†‡Š‘‡ Ƭ—’”‡ Š–Ǥ

—ŠǡŠ‘ƒ•Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǤŠ‡–”— –—”‡‘ˆ ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘•ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ
Š‹ ƒ‰‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

—‡’‘”ǡǤǤǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†•ƒ†‡ Š‹“—‡•‘ˆ‘ ‹ƒŽ
‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ‡‰‘ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

ò‰ǡ ƒ•ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‹”†‹ŽŽ‡‹—ǣ —‡‹ ƒŽ‹‡™Ǥ
‡™‘”ǣ Š‘”‘‘•Ǥ

ò‰ǡ ƒ•Ƭ”ƒ ›ƒ˜‹†ǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺͻȌǤƒ”ƒ†‹‰Šƒ‰‡‹Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡™
‘”ǣ”‘••”‘ƒ†Ǥ

ƒ†ǡ–‡˜‡ Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǣƒ••‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹‰†‘Ǥ
Š‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••Ǥ

ƒ†‡ǡƒ•—Ž˜Ƭ•–‘”ˆǡ‡”‡”ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‹••‹‘‹Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‘”Ž†Ǥ
”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰Ǥ

ƒ”„‹ǡƒ—‡Ž‹‰•Ž‡›ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤŠ‡††‹‡•‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ
ƒ•‘ƒǡ ”ƒǣ‡–”‡ˆ‘”‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽƒ†Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ –—†‹‡•Ǥ

‡‰”ƒ†ǡ— ‹‡ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡‹„Ž‡‘—Ž–—”‡Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

373
 Bibliography

‹†Šƒ”†–ǡƒ”–‹Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ˆ”‹ ƒǡ”‡•‡ ‡ƒ† ’ƒ –

‘ˆ‡—ƒ–‹ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–‹‡•Ǥ‡‹†‡ǡ‘•–‘ǣ Ǥ

‘”†ǡ†”‡™ǡȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ’‹”‹–ǦŠƒ’‡†‹••‹‘ǣ ‘Ž‹•–‹ Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ 
‹••‹‘Ž‘‰›ǡǣƒ–‡”‘•–‡”Ǥ

—‰‹”ƒǡŽ‘›•‹—•—œœƒ‰ƒ†ƒǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ‡™‘”ǣ
ˆ‘„ƒ•‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰ǡ͵”††Ǥ

—„ƒŽƒǡ Ǥƒ„ƒ•‡Ž‡ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‰ ‡•—•Š”‹•–‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣ‹–—”‰›ƒ†
 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

—–Š‡”ǡƒ”–‹ǤȋͳͻͶͺȌǤƒ”–‹—–Š‡”̵•–”ƒ –ƒ–—•†‡Ž‹„‡”ƒ–‡ Š”‹•–‹ƒƒȋͳͷʹͲȌǤ
‡”Ž‹ǣ†‡ ”—›–‡”Ǥ

  Ǧȋͳͺ͹͹ȌǤ†‡ Š”‹•–Ž‹ Š‡†‡Ž†‡—– Š‡”ǣ˜‘†‡• Š”‹•–Ž‹ Š‡
•–ƒ†‡•‡••‡”—‰˜‘ƒ”–‹—–Š‡”ȋͳͷʹͲȌǤ ƒŽŽ‡ƒǣ‹‡‡›‡”Ǥ

—œ„‡–ƒǡ‘—‹• ǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‡Š—” Šƒ†—Ž–—”‡•ǣ‡™‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‹
‹••‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ–Š”‘’‘Ž‘‰›Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ‡™‘”ǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

ƒ ”–Š—”ǡ ‘Š Ǥ ”Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͺȌǤŠ‡Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •ǣ‘ –”‹ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ
”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ’Ž‹‰Š–‡”‘‘•Ǥ

ƒ‰‡•ƒǡƒ—”‡–‹ǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤƒ–‘›‘ˆ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ”ƒ•ˆ‘”‹‰–Š‡Š—” Š
‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤƒ‹”‘„‹ǣƒ—Ž‹‡•—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‹ ƒǤ

ƒ”–‡›ǡƒ—‡ŽǤȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹„‡”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
ƒ”›‘ŽŽǣ”„‹•Ǥ

ƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǡƒ–Š‡”‹‡Ƭ‘••ƒǡǤ ”‡–– Š‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ‡•‹‰‹‰—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡
‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤŠ‘—•ƒ†ƒ•ǡǣ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•  Ǥǡʹ††‹–‹‘Ǥ

ƒšǡ Šƒ”„‡”‰ǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤŠ‡›–Š‘ˆƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǦŠ‹ˆ–ǡ‘” ‘™–‘‹‡™‹–Š
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ›’”—•ǣ”‹– ‘–†Ǥ

ƒš™‡ŽŽǡǤ ‘•‡’ŠǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡•‡ƒ” Š‡•‹‰ǣ –‡”ƒ –‹˜‡
’’”‘ƒ ŠǤŠ‘—•ƒ†ƒ•ǡǣ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•  Ǥ


374
 Bibliography

„ƒ Š—ǡ ‹Žƒ”›ǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‡”—•ƒŽ‡‘— ‹Ž‹

 –•ͳͷǣƒ‹•’‹”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”–Š‡ ‰„‘ Š—” Š–‘†ƒ›Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰Ǥ

„‹–‹ǡ ‘ŠǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ƒ†Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š›Ǥ‡™ ƒ’•Š‹”‡ǣ
‡‹‡ƒǡ‡ ‘††Ǥ

Ǧȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ‘ ‡’–•‘ˆ ‘†‹ˆ”‹ ƒǡ‘†‘ǣǤǤǤǤ

 ƒ”–Š›ǡ‘„‡”–ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ”‹–‹ ƒŽšƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆƒ”ŽƒŠ‡”Ǥ
ƒ”–Šƒ›‡–—”‡•Ǥ

 Ž—‰ǡǤ ”ƒ– ”Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤœ—•ƒ–”‡‡–ƒ†‡›‘†ǣ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‹••‹‘•ƒ†Š—” Š ”‘™–Š‹–Š‡™‡–‹‡–Š‡–—”›Ǥ‘—–ŠŽƒ‹ˆ‹‡Ž†ǡ ǣ
‘‰‘•Ǥ

 ƒ””›ǡ‡ ‹ŽǤȋ‡†ǤȌǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤŠƒ–Šƒ’’‡‡†ƒ––Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ›‘†ǫƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ–Ǥ
ƒ—Ž̵•—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȃˆ”‹ ƒǤ

 ƒ˜”ƒǡ‘ƒŽ†Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤŠ‡Žƒ•Š‡–™‡‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†—Ž–—”‡•ǡ
ƒ•Š‹‰–‘ǤǤǣƒ‘Ǥ

 ”ƒ–ŠǡŽ‹•–‡”ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ‡”‡’‘Ž‘‰‡–‹ •ǣ ‘™–‘ ‡Ž’‡‡‡”•Ƭ‡’–‹ •
‹† ƒ‹–ŠǤ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ‡”‘‘•Ǥ

‡œ‹‡•ǡ‘„‡”–ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ’‘™‡”‡†ˆ‘”‹–‡••ǣŠ‡’‹”‹–‹—‡Ǧ –•Ǥ
Š‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••Ǥ

‡–—ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣˆ”‹ ƒ‹œ‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›Ǥ
‹–•Šƒǣ ‹ ‘Ǥ

‡›‡”ǡ‹”‰‹–ǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‡˜‹Žǣ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‘†‡”‹–›ƒ‘‰–Š‡
™‡‹ ŠƒƒǤ†‹„—”‰Šǣ†‹„—”‰Š‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‡›‡”‘™‹–œǡ˜ƒǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤŠ‡ƒ”Ž› ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–ƒ–‡•‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ
‘†‘ǣ‡†ƒ†Ž‡”‡••Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͷʹȌǤƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘•‘ˆ”‹‰‹ǡ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„‡”Ƭ ƒ„‡”–†Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͷͳȌǤŠ‡ƒ ”‡†–ƒ–‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒǡ‘†‘ǣ ƒ„‡”Ƭ ƒ„‡”Ǥ

375
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—‰ƒ„‹ǡ ǤǤǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ—Ž–—”‡Ǥƒ‹”‘„‹ǣ –‘

—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ͵”††Ǥ

òŽŽ‡”ǡǤȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ‹••‹‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣ‹–”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ‡––‡–ƒŽǣ–‡›Ž‡”‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ

òŽŽ‡”ǡ‘—‹•‡Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒǡ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘‘ˆ
–Š‡’‡”•‹•–‡ ‡‘ˆƒ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‹•–‹–—–‹‘‹‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‡”Ž‹ǣ‹–Ǥ
‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ

—›‡›‡„‡ǡŠ‘†‹ƒ ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†‘ ‹‘Ǧ—Ž–—”ƒŽ ••—‡•ǣŠ‡
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‘˜‡‡–ƒ†‘–‡š–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘‹ƒŽƒ™‹Ǥƒ„ƒǡƒŽƒ™‹ǣ
ƒ Š‡”‡‡”‹‡•Ǥ

ƒƒ„‘”ǡƒ ‡›ˆ‹‘Ǧ‡‘ ŠǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤŠ‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǣƒ—–Š‘”‹–›ƒ†
’”‘’‡”–›‹ ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ ŠƒƒǡͳͻʹͲǦͳͻͷͲǤ‘‘†„”‹†‰‡ǣ‘›†‡ŽŽƬ”‡™‡”Ǥ

ƒƒǡ††‘ƒ™ƒ ǤȋʹͲͲͶȌǤŠ‡ •–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ ŠƒƒǣŠ‡
—–—”‡Ǥ ”ƒǡ Šƒƒǣ‘”ƒ††‡ƒ—‡” ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͲȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‡ˆ•Ǥ‡™‘”ǣŠ‡
‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†”‡••Ǥ

‡™„‹‰‹ǡǤȋͳͻͷ͵ȌǤŠ‡ ‘—•‡Š‘Ž†‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ‘†‘ǣǤ

‹‡„—Š”ǡ‹ Šƒ”† Ǥȋͳͻͷ͸ȌǤŠ”‹•–ƒ†—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”Ƭ‘™ǡ
ƒ”’‡”‘” Š„‘‘•Ǥ

‹••‡ǡ ‘Šƒ‡•ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‡™‡•–ƒ‡–ƒ†‹••‹‘ǣ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽƒ†
‡”‡‡—–‹ ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰Ǥ

–Šƒ„—”‹ǡƒ„Ž‘ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡‹Ž‰”‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒŠ—” Šǣ‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡
–™‡–›Ǧˆ‹”•–‡–—”›Ǥƒ‹”‘„‹ǣœ‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ ƒŠ—” Šƒ––Š‡”‘••”‘ƒ†•ǣ–”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”
†‹‰‡‹•ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ‹”‘„‹ǣœ‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ

ò”„‡”‰‡”ǡŽƒ—•ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠ‡Ž‹˜‹‰†‡ƒ†ƒ†–Š‡Ž‹˜‹‰ ‘†ǣŠ”‹•–ƒ†–Š‡
ƒ ‡•–‘”•‹ƒ Šƒ‰‹‰ˆ”‹ ƒǤ‹‡–‡”ƒ”‹–œ„—”‰ǡǤǣŽ—•–‡”—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ƭ
”‡–‘”‹ƒǡǤǣŠ‡ǤǤ‘™‡ŽŽ‡–”‡Ǥ

376
 Bibliography

™ƒ‹™—ǡǤ ”ƒ ‹•ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ –‡”Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‹ˆ”‹ ƒ‘–‡š–ǣ

Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡ •Žƒƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ‹•ŠƒŠ•ƒǣˆ”‹ ƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›–—†‹‡•Ǥ

™ƒ’ƒǡ‡ƒǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ‡†‡‡‹‰–Š‡ƒ†ǣ –‡” ‡†‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ
 Š‹‘–ƒǣˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ

„ƒ•‹ǡ‘Ž‘‘ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‘†‡”‹–›ǡ—Ž–—”ƒŽ ••—‡•ƒ•
‹••‹‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡‹ Ž‡•‹ƒ‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ƒ„—”‰ǣ‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ

„‡‰ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ ‹‡–•Šƒ–‹Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ‡ƒǣ Šƒƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰
‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

„‡‰ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ƒ”–ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤƒƒ‘—ƒǡ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ—‡‡Ǥ ”ƒǣ
œ››‘”‹–Š‘—•‡Ǥ

„‡‰ǡƒ•Š‹‰–‘Ǥȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ•ƒ–‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•ǣ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•ƒ†—Ž–—”ƒŽ
‡’”‘†— –‹‘‘‰–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ‡‹†‡ǡ‡™‘”ǡڎǣǤ Ǥ Ǥ

„‘”Œ‹ǡ‡™‡ ”ƒ ‹•ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ
‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ ••—‡•‘ˆ –‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹••‹‘Ǥ‹—”—ǣ‘Ž„‡”‡••Ǥ

†‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹ Šƒƒǣ
—Ž–—”‡ǡ ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

†—”‘‹ƒˆ‡ǡ™ƒ„‡ƒ”‹ ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ –‡”Ǧ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ†‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘
ƒ‘‰–Š‡–Š”‡‡ƒŒ‘”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ‡”Ž‹ǣ‡”Žƒ‰Ǥ

‰‘‘ǡ™—‡ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‘ —•–‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘ǣƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ
†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ƒ‘‰–Š‡Š—” Š‡•‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǤ‡”Ž‹ǣ‹–Ǥ

Š‘Ž‡‹•Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ ‘—”‹‡™•‘•ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ™‘”Ž†Ǥ
”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǣ‘†‡”˜ƒ—„ŽǤǡ ‘—•‡Ǥ

‘”‘ ŠƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤŠ‡‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡”•‹‘‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ
Ž†‡”•Š‘–ǣ˜‡„—”›Ǥ

‡›‘ǡ‡’Šƒ•ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡–‡ ‘•–‘—–•‹†‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǣ•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ‡‡™ƒŽ‹–Š‡ƒ‹Ž‹‡Š—” Š‡•‹ ŠƒƒǤŠ‡
‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ǣ‘‡‡ ‡–”—Ǥ

377
 Bibliography

—ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•ǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†‹–‡•‘ˆƒ••ƒ‰‡ǣŠ‡”‘•’‡ –•‘ˆ
 —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰Ǥ

™—„‹‘ǡŽ‘œ‹‡Ž‹˜‡”Ǥȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤŠ‡Š—” Šƒ†—Ž–—”‡‹ƒˆ”‹ ƒ
‘—‹–›ǣƒ•–—†›‘ˆƒƒ––‡”‘ˆ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥƒ†”‹†ǣ‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ†
‘–‹ˆ‹ ‹ƒ‘‹ŽŽƒ•Ǥ

›‡‡ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤƒ•“—‡”ƒ†‡‹‹‰‡”‹ƒǣƒ•‡–—†›‹  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
–Ǥ––‹Ž‹‡ǣǦ‡”ŽǤ
’‘—ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͲȌǤ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
’‘—ǡ›‹ƒŠǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽš‘” ‹•ǣ‹– Š ”ƒˆ–ƒ†‡‘‘Ž‘‰›‹
Šƒƒȋ ‘—”ƒŽ‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›—’’Ž‡‡–‡”‹‡•ȌǤŽƒ†ˆ‘”† ‘”—ǡ
ǣ‡‘—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ

’—‹Ǧ ”‹’‘‰ǡ™ƒ„‡ƒǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ †‹‰‡‘—•‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƬŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
‹••‹‘ǣ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•‘ˆƒ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’ ‘”ƒ–‹‘‘Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Ǥ ”ƒǣ‘Ž‹ˆ‡”‡••Ǥ

•ƒ†‘Ž‘”ǡ ƒ•‘‰‹‡Ǥȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ —‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ‘”Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ”ƒǣ
ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‡••Ǥ

•‡‹Ǧ‘•—ǡ ‘•‡’ŠǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤŠ‡  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ˆ”‹ ƒǣ
ƒ–‡ ‡†‡–•ƒ†‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡•ˆ”‘–Š‡‡™‡•–ƒ‡–ƒ†–Š‡ƒ”Ž›Š—” ŠǤ
”ƒˆ—”–ǣ‡–‡”ƒ‰Ǥ

™—•—Ǧ•ƒŠǡƒ˜‹†ǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‹ –‹‘ƒ”›‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤŽ›‘—–Šǡǣ
‘™ƒƬ‹––Ž‡ˆ‹‡Ž†Ǥ

ƒ””ƒ––ǡ ‘ŠǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ —‹†‡–‘‘‹‰Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘†‘ǣǡȋͳͻͻ͸Ȍǡʹ
‹’”‡••‹‘Ǥ

- ȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ‡ƒ†‡”‹ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‘†‘ǣǤ

ƒ””‹†‡”ǡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡›Ǥȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”Ƭ
‘™—„Ž‹•Š‡”•  Ǥ

- ȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒǯ•Š”‡‡‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ‘†‘ǣŠ‡Ž†‘”‡••Ǥ


378
 Bibliography

‡‡›ǡ ‘Š‹ Šƒ‡ŽǤȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤŠ‡‹••‹‘ƒ”›’Šƒ•‹•‘ˆ—ƒ

‡—ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›ǤŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••Ǥ

Žƒ ǡƒšǤȋͳͻͶͻȌǤ ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ —–‘„‹‘‰”ƒ’Š›ƒ†–Š‡”ƒ’‡”•Ǥȋ–”ƒ•Ǥ Ǥ
ƒ›‘”ȌǤ‡™‘”Ǥ

Žƒ–‘ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ‡‡’—„Ž‹ ǣ–Š‡‹ˆŽ—‡–‹ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ ȋ™‹–Šƒ‹–”‘†— –‹‘„›
‘—–Ž‡”Ǧ‘™†‘ȌǡŠ‹ Š‡•–‡”ǡ‡•–—••‡šǡ‰Žƒ†ǣƒ’•–‘Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͶȌǤŠ‡‡’—„Ž‹ Ǥȋ–”ƒ•ŽǤ‡Œƒ‹ ‘™‡––Ȍǡ‘—–Š‡†ǡ ǣ
ˆ‘‘–‹‘•  Ǥ

‘„‡‡ǡǤ ‘ŠǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†’‘Ž‹–‹ •‹ Šƒƒǣƒ ƒ•‡•–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡
 Š‡ƒ’‘‰”ƒͳͻ͹ʹǦͳͻ͹ͺǤ ”ƒǡ Šƒƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†‘Ž‹–‹ •‹ ŠƒƒǤ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͺͺȌǤ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š‹ ŠƒƒͳͻͶͻǦͳͻ͸͸ǣȋƒ ƒ•‡
•–—†›‹–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•‘ ‹ƒŽ‹•–‰‘˜‡”‡–‘ˆ™ƒ‡
”—ƒŠǡ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–’”‹‡‹‹•–‡”ƒ†ˆ‹”•–’”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆ Šƒƒǡƒ†–Š‡
’”‘–‡•–ƒ– Š—” Š‡•‹ ŠƒƒȌǤ ”ƒǣ•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒˆ”‹ ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ„‹‰†‘”‡••Ǥ

 Ǧȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹ƒŽ—”ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‘ ‹‡–›ǣ••ƒ›•”‡•‡–‡†–‘”‘ˆǤ
Ǥ Ǥƒ±–ƒ‹ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆŠ‹•‡–‹”‡‡–ˆ”‘–Š‡‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ
‡’–‡„‡”ǡͳͻ͹ͳ„› ”‹‡†•ƒ†‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡• ƒ––‡”‡†‘˜‡”–Š‡ Ž‘„‡Ǥ‡‹†‡ǣ
Ǥ Ǥ”‹ŽŽǤ

‘‡”˜‹ŽŽ‡ǡƒ—ŽǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤŠ‡Š‹”† ‘” ‡‹‹••‹‘•ǣ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‹••‹‘Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡ƒ„‘†›ǡǣ ‡†”‹ •‘Ǥ

—ƒ›‡•‹Ǧƒ›‡ǡ ‘•‡’ŠǤȋʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ”‘’Š‡–‹•‹ Šƒƒ‘†ƒ›ǣ–—†›‹
Šƒƒ‹ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ”‘’Š‡–‹•Ǥ ‘––̵•ƒŽŽ‡›ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǣ”‡ƒ–‡’ƒ ‡
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ
—‹ǡŠ‹Ž‹’Ǥȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡Š‹Ž‘•‘’Š‹ ƒŽ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡‘ˆ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
†‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ‡™‘”ǣšˆ‘”†‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

379
 Bibliography

ƒŽ’ŠǡǤƒ”–‹Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ‘”•Š‹’‹–Š‡ƒ”Ž›Š—” ŠǤ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡǣǤ

Ǥ‡”†ƒ•—„ŽǤ‘Ǥ
ƒ–Š„‘‡ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ”—ƒŠƬ–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ǣ–Š‡’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹
ŠƒƒǡͳͻͷͳǦ͸ͲǤšˆ‘”†ǣ ƒ‡•—””›–†Ǥ

ƒ––”ƒ›ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͻȌǤ•Šƒ–‹”‘˜‡”„•ǣ–Š‡’”‹‹–‹˜‡‡–Š‹ •‘ˆƒ•ƒŽ˜ƒ‰‡
’‡‘’Ž‡Ǥšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ”‡†‘”‡••Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻͷ͸ȌǤ•Šƒ–‹ƒ™ƒ†‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ǥ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ•‡Ž‹••‹‘‘‘
‡’‘–Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻʹ͵ȌǤ•Šƒ–‹Ǥ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ•‹Ž‹••‹‘‡’‘–Ƭ‘†‘ǣšˆ‘”†
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

‡‡˜‡ǡǤǤǤȋͳͻͺͺȌǤŠ‹Ž‘•‘’Š‡”Ǧ‹‰•Ǥ —‹Ž†ˆ‘”†ǣ”‹ ‡–‘‹˜‡”•‹–›
”‡••Ǥ

‡‹†‘”ˆǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ ‹•–‘”›‘ˆ–Š‡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–ƒ†•ƒ–‡Ǥ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ
‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ͵”††Ǥ

‡•„—”‰ǡ ‘Šƒ ƒ•‡˜ƒǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤŠ‡ƒ”ƒ†‹‰Š‹ˆ–ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘–‘
‘•–‘†‡”Š‘—‰Š–•ƒ†‹–•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ”‡–‘”‹ƒǣ˜ƒ Šƒ‹
—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

ƒ‡Šǡƒ‹Ǥȋͳͻͺ͵ȌǤ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣŠ‡‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹’ƒ –Ǥ
ƒ”›‘ŽŽǡ‡™‘”ǣ”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

ƒ”ˆ‘Ǧƒ–ƒƒǡ•‡‹ǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡ ‘‡ƒŠ‹‡ˆǣ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ƒ
˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ –”ƒ–‡‰›ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ—ƒ•‹ǣ ‡‘•ƒƒ—Ž–‹’”‹–•–†Ǥǡʹ†
†‹–‹‘Ǥ
 Ǧȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤƒƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‡ ‘‡ƒŠ‹‡ˆǣšƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
 ‡•–”ƒŽ”ƒ –‹ ‡•‹–Š‡‹‰Š–‘ˆŠ‡‹„Ž‡Ǥ—ƒ•‹ǣƒ›Ž‡••—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘–†Ǥǡ
‹”•–†‹–‹‘Ǥ

ƒ”’‘‰ǡ‡–‡”ǤȋʹͲͲʹȌǤ‡‘’Ž‡•‹ˆˆ‡”ȋ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹
˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ȌǤ ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

ǦȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ‡ƒ”ƒƒǤ‡––‡”•–‘› ‡•–‘”•Ǥƒ‘”ƒ†‹ǣ ”ƒ ‹• ƒ
”‡••Ǥ
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Ǧȋͳͻͻ͸ȌǤ‹„ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒǣƒ•‡•‡—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ


Ǧȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤ Šƒƒ‹”‡–”‘•’‡ –ǣ•‘‡ƒ•’‡ –•‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ”ƒǦ
‡ƒǣ Šƒƒ—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

 ǦȋͳͻͻͲȌǤŠ‡ ‡•–”ƒŽ–‘‘Ž‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ–‡ǣƒ–Š‘Ž‹ 
••‡••‡–Ǥƒ‘”ƒ†‹ǣ–Ǥ ”ƒ ‹•”‡••Ǥ

 Šƒ”„‡”‰ǡƒšǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤŠ‡›–Š‘ˆƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǦŠ‹ˆ–ǡ‘” ‘™–‘‹‡™‹–Š
‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ›’”—•ǣ”‹– ‘–†Ǥ

 Š‹‡ŽŽ‡”ǡ‡–‡”ǤȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ ƒ†„‘‘‘  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ—Ž‹•–
”‡••Ǥ

 Š”‡‹–‡”ǡ‘„‡”– ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤ‘•–”— –‹‰‘ ƒŽŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥƒ”›‘ŽŽǡǣ
”„‹•‘‘•ǡ‘†‘ǣ”‡••Ǥ

‡ƒŽ‡ǡŽ‹˜‡ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤ‡•‡ƒ” Š‹‰‘ ‹‡–›ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‘—•ƒ†ƒ•ǡǣ
 —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–†Ǥ

‡–‹Ž‘ƒ‡ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤŠ‡‹ƒ‰‡‘ˆ ‘†ƒ‘‰–Š‡‘–Š‘Ǧ•™ƒƒǤ
‘––‡”†ƒǣƒŽ‡ƒǤ

Š‹Ž•ǡ†™ƒ”†•ǤȋͳͻͺͳȌǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǤŠ‹ ƒ‰‘ǣ‹˜Ǥ‘ˆŠ‹ ƒ‰‘”‡••Ǥ

‹Ž˜‡”ƒǡƒ˜‹†Ǥȋͳͻͻ͵ȌǤ –‡”’”‡–‹‰—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ–ƒǤ‘†‘ǡƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ
‡™‡ŽŠ‹ǣ —„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•–†Ǥ

Š‘”–‡”ǡ›Ž™ƒ”†Ǥȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ
”„‹•‘‘•Ǥ

 Ǧȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘‘”  ƒ”ƒ–‹‘ǫ
‘†‘ǣ ‡‘ˆˆ”‡›Šƒ’ƒǤ

‹–ŠǡǤ‹‘–Š›Ǥȋ ȌǤ‡˜‹˜ƒŽ‹•ƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆ‘”‹‹†Ǧ
‹‡–‡‡–ŠǦ‡–—”›‡”‹ ƒǤ‡™‘”ǡƒ•Š˜‹ŽŽ‡ǣ„‹‰†‘”‡••Ǥ

‹–Šǡ‘‡ŽǤȋͳͻ͸͸ȌǤŠ‡”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ Šƒƒͳͺ͵ͷǦͳͻ͸ͲǤ ”ƒǣ
Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

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 Bibliography

–‡™ƒ”†ǡǤȋ‡†ǤȌǡȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ ƒ†„‘‘‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‘”–Š‡”

ŽŽ‹‘‹•‹˜‡”•‹–›ǣ‡ƒŽ„Ǥ

–‘––ǡ ‘ŠǤȋͳͻͻʹȌǤŠ‡‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›Š”‹•–‹ƒǣ”‰‡–Ž‡ƒˆ‘”‘—„Ž‡
‹•–‡‹‰Ǥ‡‹ ‡•–‡”ǣ Ǥ

–”ƒ—••ǡ•‡ŽƬ‘”„‹ǡ —Ž‹‡–ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤƒ•‹ •‘ˆ—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡•‡ƒ” Šǣ
‡ Š‹“—‡•ƒ†”‘ ‡†—”‡•ˆ‘”‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ”‘—†‡†Š‡‘”›ǤƒŽ‹ˆ‘”‹ƒǡ
Š‘—•ƒ†ƒ•ǣƒ‰‡—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ  Ǥǡʹ††Ǥ

—‰‹”–Šƒ”ƒŒƒŠǡŠƒ”ƒ†ƒȋ‡†ǤȌǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–Š‡‘†‡”
™‘”Ž†ǣƒ‘‰‘‹‰‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š ‘Š ‹ Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ

——”‘†ǡ ‡ƒǦ ƒ “—‡•ǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ‘”†ƒ†’‹”‹–ƒ–Žƒ›ǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ
Šƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣ‹ŽŽ‹ƒǤ‡”†ƒ•
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›Ǥ

›ƒǡ‹•‘ǡ‘•‘‰ǡƒ† Ǥ™ƒ„‡ƒ•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—Ǥȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
Ž‘„ƒŽ‡‡™ƒŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ’‹”‹–Ǧ’‘™‡”‡†‘˜‡‡–•ǣƒ•–ǡ”‡•‡–ƒ†
—–—”‡Ǥƒ‡ƒ”›ǡ Ž‘”‹†ƒǣŠƒ”‹•ƒ ‘—•‡Ǥ

‡Ž†ƒǡŽŽ‡‹ǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤƒ‘ˆƒǣˆ”‹ ƒ–Š‘—‰Š–ƒ†‡†— ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡™‘”ǣƒ‰Ǥ

Šƒ—”‡ǡ Ǥȋͳͻʹ͹ȌǤ‹‡‘‘†ƒ–‹‘‹ƒ–Š‘Ž‹• Š‡ ‡‹†‡ƒ’‘•–‘Žƒ–Ǣ
ò•–‡”ǣ• Š‡†‘”ˆ–• Š‡‡”Žƒ‰•„— ŠŠƒ†Ž—‰Ǥ

Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š ŠƒƒǤȋʹͲͲͲȌǤ‘•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†–ƒ†‹‰”†‡”•Ǥ ”ƒǤ

Š‹•–Ž‡–Š™ƒ‹–‡ǡ—•ƒǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ –‡”ˆƒ‹–ŠŒ—•–‡ƒ ‡ƒ‹‰ǣ ‡™‹•ŠǡŠ”‹•–‹ƒ
ƒ†—•Ž‹‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘–Š‡‡™ƒ”ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ‡ƒ ‡ƒ†ƒ”Ǥ‡™‘”ǣ
ƒŽ‰”ƒ˜‡ƒ ‹ŽŽƒǤ

‹’’‡––ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͻȌǤ‡”†‹ –Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‹‹••‹‘ƒ”›Š‡‘”›Ǥ‹ ‘Žǡ ŽŽǤǣ
‹ ‘ŽŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘ŽŽ‡‰‡”‡••Ǥ

‘›ǡ˜ƒ•ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ‹ –‘”›‹’‹”‹–—ƒŽƒ”ˆƒ”‡Ǥ—‰‡‡ǡ”‡‰‘ǣ ƒ”˜‡•–
‘—•‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ

”‘‡Ž–• Šǡ”•–ǤȋͳͻͺͷǢͳͻʹ͵ȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‘—‰Š–ǡ –• ‹•–‘”›ƒ†’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
‡•–’‘”–ǡ‘Ǥǣ ›’‡”‹‘Ǣ‘†‘ǣ‘†‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
382
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‘—Ž‹ǡ–‡’Š‡Ǥȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤ —ƒ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰Ǥ”‹ ‡–‘Ǥ Ǥǣ”‹ ‡–‘

‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ

„‹ǡǤ ƒ‹‡ǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ –Š‡ƒ†‘ˆŠ‹‡ˆ•ǣ—•–‘ƒ”›ƒ™ǡƒ†‘ˆŽ‹ –•
ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ–‡‹‡”‹Ǧ”„ƒ ŠƒƒǤ‡‹†‡ǣ‡‹†‡‹˜Ǥ”‡••Ǥ

†‡ƒ‹ǡŠ‹„—‡œ‡ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ•‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǣ ‰„‘—Ž–—”‡ƒ†–Š‡
‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–Ǥ•–‡”†ƒǡ‡™‘”ǣ‘†‘’‹Ǥ

†‘›‡ǡ†™‹ƒ‡‰„‘ƒǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ‡•‘Ž˜‹‰–Š‡’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹‰ ‘ˆŽ‹ –•„‡–™‡‡
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒȋ ‰„‘Ȍ–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǥ‡”Ž‹ǣ‹–Ǥ

–Ž‡›ǡ ƒǤȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ ŠƒƒǦ—Ž–—”‡ƒ”–ǨǣŠ‡••‡–‹ƒŽ —‹†‡–‘—•–‘•ƒ†
—Ž–—”‡Ǥ —––‘ ”‘˜‡ǡ‘†‘ǣ—’‡”ƒ”†Ǥ

ƒ••ǡ ‡‘”‰‡ǤȋͳͻͻͺȌǤƒ––‡”‘ˆ‘ –”‹‡•ǣŠ‡–‘‡‡–ƒ†ƒ‹†̵•
ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ȋ†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ”ŽƒŠ‡”ȌǤ‘†‘ǣŽ‘‘•„—”›ƬŽƒ”ǡ
˜‘ŽǤͶǤ

ƒ‰‡”ǡ‡–‡”Ǥȋͳͻ͹͵ȌǤ‘‘—–ǨŠ‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ•ƒ”‡‘‹‰Ǥƒ”‘Ž
–”‡ƒǣ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘—•‡Ǥ

ƒŽ‹‰‰‘ǡ ‘Šƒ”›ǡ‡–ƒŽȋ‡†•ǤȌǡȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ –•‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†
”‰‡ ›Ǥƒ‹”‘„‹ǡƒ’ƒŽƒǣ–Ǥƒ—Ž—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȃˆ”‹ ƒǤ

ƒ””‡ǡ‡‹•Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤŠ‡‡ Š‹ƒǦ‘‘‘ˆ Šƒƒǣƒ‡–Š‘‰”ƒ’Š›‘ˆ
ƒƒ‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ—„—“—‡ǡ ‘™ƒǣ‡†ƒŽŽȀ —–Ǥ

ƒ”‡ǡ ƒ‡•ƒ–”‹ ǤȋʹͲͲͷȌǤŠ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š‹ƒ—Ž̵•Ž‡––‡”–‘–Š‡
Š‹Ž‹’’‹ƒ•‹–Š‡ ‘–‡š–‘ˆƒ ‹‡– —†ƒ‹•Ǥ‡‹†‡ǣ”‹ŽŽǤ

‡Ž„‘—”ǡ ǤǤƒ†‰‘–ǡǤǤȋͳͻ͸͸ȌǤ’Žƒ ‡–‘ˆ‡‡Žƒ–Š‘‡Ǥ–—†›‘ˆ–™‘
‹†‡’‡†‡– Š—” Š‡•‹‡•–‡”‡›ƒǤšˆ‘”†Ǥ
‡‡‹‰ǡƒ”‘Ž‹ƒǤȋʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‘•‡”—–ŠǫŠ‹ Š”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹–›ǫ ‘Š ‹ ̵•
’Ž—”ƒŽ‹•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒƒ‰‡‡–‘ˆ ‘ˆŽ‹ –‹‰–”—–Š Žƒ‹•ƒ‘‰–Š‡
™‘”Ž†”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ ”ƒˆ—”–ƒƒ‹ǣƒ‰Ǥ
‹Ž•ǡ ˜‘”Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤ•ƒ–‡‹–Š‡‹‡–‡‡–Š‡–—”›ǡ–Š‡•–”— –—”‡‘ˆ
‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆƒ’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ‘”†‡”Ǥƒ„”‹†‰‡ǣƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
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‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ǡǤ Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͶȌǤƒ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–ŠǤ‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡
–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡ ’ƒ –‘ˆ™‘‡Ž‹‰‹‘•Ǥ ”ƒǣ Šƒƒ‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ
- ȋͳͻͷͷȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†ˆ”‹ ƒ—Ž–—”‡Ǥ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆƒ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡
Š‡Ž†ƒ– ”ƒǡ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥƒ›ʹǦ͸Ǥ ”ƒǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‡
‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ

”‹‰Š–ǡŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡” Ǥ ǤȋʹͲͳͲȌǤŠ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‘†̵•‡‘’Ž‡ǣ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽ

Š‡‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š̵•‹••‹‘Ǥ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣ‘†‡”˜ƒǤ
ǦȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ ‘†Ǥ‘––‹‰Šƒǡ‰Žƒ†ǣ –‡”Ǧƒ”•‹–›”‡••Ǥ


  
„‘– Š‹‡ǡǤǡ™‡†‘„ƒǡǤǤƬ†‘–‡‹ǡǤ ”‡‡ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›Ǥ †‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡ‡†•ǤǡChieftaincy in Ghana:
Culture, Governance and Development. ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’ǤͳͲ͵Ǧ
ͳͶͶǤ

‹‰„‡ǡ—†ƒ›ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ƒ†”‹„ƒŽ‡‘’Ž‡ ”‘—’•Ǥ 
‡’‡•–‡”ǡ—””ƒ›ǤǡŽƒ—•ǡǤ›”‘Ƭ‡–‡”•‡ǡ‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡCalled and
Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal PerspectiveǤƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ
‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥǡ’’Ǥͳ͸ͷǦͳ͹ͻǤ
”‘‰ǡ„”ƒŠƒǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹ ŠƒƒǤ 
†‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡ‡†•ǤǡChieftaincy in Ghana: Culture,
Governance and Development. ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’Ǥͳͻ͵ǦʹͳʹǤ

–‹‰†—‹ƒ™”‡ ‡ǡ ‡Ž‘–ǤŠ‡‹‡”ǡǤ‘Œ ‹‡ Š‘‘Ž‘™•‹Ƭƒ—‡Ž
ƒ”›‡ƒǡȋͳͻͻͺȌǤŠ‡‘’”‘ˆ‹–•‡ –‘”‹ Šƒƒǡ  ‡Ž—–ǤŠ‡‹‡”Ƭ‡•–‡”
ǤƒŽƒ‘ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡThe Nonprofit Sector in the Developing World: A
Comparative analysis.ƒ Š‡•–‡”Ƭ‡™‘”ǣƒ Š‡•–‡”‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ
’’ǤͳͷͺǦͳͻ͹Ǥ

”Š‹ǡ™ƒ‡Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤŠ‡”‘‰Ǥ ™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡȋ‡†ǤǡȌEssays on the Society,
History and Politics of the Brong PeopleǤ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠǤȌ–†Ǥǡ
’’ǤͻǦʹͳǤ


384
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Ǧȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ‘‘Ǧƒ•‘ƒ†‡ Š‹ƒǤ ™ƒ‡”Š‹ǡȋ‡†ǤǡȌEssays on

the Society, History and Politics of the Brong PeopleǤ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ
—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠǤȌ–†Ǥǡ’’ǤͶͻǦͷͷǤ

•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ†— ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž—”ƒŽ‹•‹
ˆ”‹ ƒǤ •ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ Ǥ™ƒ„‡ƒǡȋ‡†ǤȌǡChristianity, Missions and
Ecumenism in Ghana: Essays in Honour of Robert K. Aboagye-Mensah. ”ƒǣ
•‡’ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’ǤͳͷͷǦͳ͹ʹǤ

•ƒ–‡ǡƒ—‡ŽǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‡‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
•–‹–—–‹‘ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ ŠƒƒǤ †‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡ
‡†•ǤǡChieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and Development. ”ƒǣ—„Ǧ
ƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’Ǥʹ͵ʹǦʹͶ͸Ǥ
—•‹ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͷͷȌǤŠ‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‘”Ž†Ǧ‹‡™Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•‘ȋ‡†ǤȌǡ
Christianity and African CultureǤ ”ƒǣŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆ ‘Ž†‘ƒ•–Ǥ
”ƒ„–”‡‡ǡ”–Š—”ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤŠ‡ –”ƒǦŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ̵ Šƒ”Ž‡•‡‹Š•—
—Ƭ ‡”Šƒ”†Ǥ’‹‡‰Ž‡”ȋ‡†•ǤǡȌ Religious Issues and Interreligious Dialogue: An
analysis and sourcebook of developments since 1945.Ǥǡ‡•–’‘”–ǡ
‘‡ –‹ —–ǡ‘†‘ǣ ”‡‡™‘‘†”‡••ǡ’’Ǥ͵ͶͻǦ͵͸ͺǤ

”‘ŽŽ‹—•ǡ‘‡•–”›Ǥȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ǣ‡™‡••ƒ†‰‘‹‰”‘ ‡••Ǥ  Ǥ
ǤƒŽ‹‰‰‘ǡ‡–ƒŽȋ‡†•ǤȌǡInculturation: Its Meaning and UrgencyǤƒ‹”‘„‹ǡ
ƒ’ƒŽƒǣ–Ǥƒ—Ž—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȃˆ”‹ ƒǤ

‘†‡›‡Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡‡‰‘–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ—Ž–—”‡•Ǥ 
ˆ‡†‘‰ƒ‡ǡœ”ƒŠ‹–ƒ†‘Ƭ‘ŽƒŒ‹ƒ–‡›‡ǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǤAfrican Traditions in the
Study of Religion in AfricaǤ—””‡›ǣ•Š‰ƒ–‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰–†Ǥ

‘Ž’Š›‡ǡ Ž‘”‡ ‡„‡ƒǤȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤŠ‡”‘‰ȋ‘‘Ȍ‹ƒŽ‡ –‘ˆƒǤ 
™ƒ‡”Š‹ȋ‡†ǤȌǡBono Kyempim: Essays on the society, history and politics of
the Brong PeopleǤ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠƒƒȌ–†Ǥǡ’’ǤͺͺǦͳͳͺǤ

”ƒŠǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͹ͻȌǤŠ‡”‘‰‘Ž‹– ƒŽ‘˜‡‡–Ǥ ™ƒ™‡”Š‹Ǥȋ‡†ǤǡȌ
Essays on the Society, History and Politics of the Brong PeopleǤ ”ƒǣˆ”ƒ
—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ȋ ŠǤȌ–†Ǥǡ’’ǤͳͳͻǦͳ͸ʹǤ

”‘‘‰‡”•ǡ†”±ǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤ Ž‘„ƒŽ‹•ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ— ‡••Ǥ †”±
‘”–‡Ƭ—–Šƒ”•ŠƒŽŽǦ ”ƒ–ƒ‹ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡBetween Babel and Pentecost:
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Transnational Pentecostalism in Africa and Latin AmericaǤ †‹ƒƒǣ †‹ƒƒ

‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ’’ǤͶͳǦ͸ͳǤ

‡‡ǡ ‘”†‘Ǥȋͳͻ͹͸ȌǤ ‡”‡‡—–‹ •ƒ† ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ”‡ ‡†‡–ȂƒƒŒ‘”
”‘„Ž‡‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‡”‡‡—–‹ •Ǥ —••‡ŽǤ’‹––Ž‡”ȋ‡†ǤȌǡPerspectives
on the New PentecostalismǤ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ ǣƒ‡”‘‘ ‘—•‡Ǥ

›‹ƒŠǦ‘ƒ†‹ǡǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǡ‹˜‹Ž‘ ‹‡–›ǡƒ†‡‘ ”ƒ–‹œƒ–‹‘
‹ ŠƒƒǤ  ‘ŠǤ ƒ”„‡•‘ǡ‘ƒŽ†‘–Š Š‹Ž†Ƭƒ‘‹Šƒœƒȋ‡†•ǤȌǡCivil
Society and the State in AfricaǤ‘—Ž†‡”ǡ‘†‘ǣ›‡‹‡‡”—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ
’’ǤͳʹͷǦͳͶͺǤ

ƒ‰ƒǡ ǤǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤ’‹Ž‘‰—‡ǣŠ‡ƒ› ‘”™ƒ”†Ǧ‡™‹‡•ƒ†”‘‡
‘––Ž‡•Ǥ †‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡ‡†•ǤǡChieftaincy in Ghana:
Culture, Governance and DevelopmentǤ ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’Ǥ͸͸͵Ǧ
͸͹͵Ǥ

‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ǡǤ ǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤŽŽ”‡ƒ–—”‡• ”‡ƒ–ƒ†ƒŽŽǣ‘™ƒ”†•ƒ
‡—ƒ–‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ‹ˆ‡Ǥ Ǥƒ”–‹ƬǤ—ŽŽ‡ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡStrange Gifts? A Guide to
Charismatic RenewalǤšˆ‘”†ǣŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǡͶͳǦͷ͵Ǥ

‘Šǡ ”‡‡Ǥȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ •ƒ†–Š‡‘—‹–›Ǥ  ‘Šƒ””ƒ––ȋ‡†ǤȌǡA
Reader in African Christian Theologyǡ‘†‘ǣǡ’’ǤͳʹͻǦͳ͵ͺǤ

ƒŽ‹Ž‘„‡ǡǤǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤŽƒ Š‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ ‘”†ȋ‡†ǤȌǡThe Modern
Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology in the Twentieth CenturyǤ
‡™‘”ǡ‘†‘ǣƒ•‹ŽŽƒ ™‡ŽŽǤ

”ƒˆ–ǡ ǤŠƒ”Ž‡•ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ‹”†ƒ˜‡‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘•Ǥ 
‡’‡•–‡”ǡ—””ƒ›ǤǡŽƒ—•ǡǤ›”‘Ƭ‡–‡”•‡ǡ‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡCalled and
Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal PerspectiveǤƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ
‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥǡ’’ǤʹͻͻǦ͵ͳʹǤ

”‹‡‰ǡǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ  ƒ”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹ Šƒ”† ”‹‡ȋ‡†ǤȌǤEncyclopedia of
CatholicismǤ‡™‘”ǣ ƒ”’‡”‘ŽŽ‹•ǡ’’ǤʹͷͲǦʹͺͲǤ

ƒŽ‡ǡ‘„„‹ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ •Žƒ ‘—–‡”‹‰ ‘•’‡Ž‘™‡”Ǥ ‡’‡•–‡”ǡ—””ƒ›
ǤǡŽƒ—•ǡǤ›”‘Ƭ‡–‡”•‡ǡ‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡCalled and Empowered: Global
Mission in Pentecostal PerspectiveǤƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ ‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ
 Ǥǡ’’ǤͳͺͲǦͳͻ͹Ǥ
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 ‡‡ǡ ƒ”›Ǥȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤ‘™‡”ˆ”‘‘ ‹‰Šǣ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘–Š‡

ƒ†‹ ƒŽ–”ƒ–‡‰›‹‹••‹‘•Ǥ ‘•—ƒƬ‘„‡”–Ǥ‡œ‹‡•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡ
Pentecostalism in ContextǤŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž† ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••Ǥ

‡›‡”ǡ‹”‰‹–ǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ ‘‹‰ƒ†ƒ‹‰—„Ž‹ ǣ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ•—„Ž‹ 
‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹ ŠƒƒǤ ‰Ž—†ǡ ƒ””‹ǡȋ‡†ǤȌChristianity and public culture in
AfricaǤ–Š‡•ǡŠ‹‘ǣŠ‹‘‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ’’ǤͳͶͻǦͳ͸͸Ǥ

- ȋͳͻͻͺȌǤƒ‡ƒ‘’Ž‡–‡”‡ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•–Ǥ‹‡ƒ†‘†‡”‹–›‹
Šƒƒ‹ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•–‹• ‘—”•‡Ǥ ǤǤ‡”„‡”ǡ‡†ǤǡMemory and
the PostcolonyǤ‘†‘ǣ‡†‘‘•Ǥ

™ƒ—”ƒǡŠ‹Ž‘‡ƒǤƬƒ”•‹–ƒ—ǡƒƒ”‹•ǤȋʹͲͳʹȌǤ‡” ‡’–‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡̵•
‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†‹‰Š–•‹Š”‹•–‹ƒ‡™‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–‹‡›ƒǤ ˆ‡
†‘‰ƒ‡ǡœ”ƒŠ‹–ƒ†‘Ƭ‘ŽƒŒ‹ƒ–‡›‡ǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǤAfrican Traditions in the Study
of Religion in AfricaǤ—””‡›ǣ•Š‰ƒ–‡—„Ž‹•Š‹‰–†Ǥ

ƒƒ”Š‹ǡ”‡’‘‰ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǡƒ‘˜‡”˜‹‡™Ǥ †‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ
™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǡChieftaincy in Ghana: Culture, Governance and
DevelopmentǤ ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’Ǥʹ͹ǦͶͳǤ

™—•—ǡ”‡’‘‰ǤȋʹͲͲ͸ȌǤŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽƒ„‘‘•ǣ’‹”‹ ƒŽ
’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ †‘–‡‹Ǥ ”‡‡Ƭ™‡†‘„ƒǡŽ„‡”–Ǥǡ‡†•ǤǡChieftaincy in Ghana:
Culture, Governance and DevelopmentǤ ”ƒǣ—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ’’Ǥʹͳ͵Ǧ
ʹ͵ͲǤ

”‹‘”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤȋͳͻͺͷȌǤŠ‡‡••ƒ‰‡‘ˆͳ‘”‹–Š‹ƒ•ǣŠ‡‹„Ž‡’‡ƒ•‘†ƒ›Ǥ 
ǤǤǤ–‘––ǡ‡†ǤNT SeriesǤ ǤǤǤ

ƒ›ǡǤ ǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ—”ƒŽ‘ ƒŽ ‘˜‡”ƒ ‡ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‹ˆ”‹ ƒ
ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‘Ǧƒ”‹„‡ƒǣ‘Ž‹ ›ƒ†‡•‡ƒ” Š ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ”‘ˆ”‹ ƒ–‘–Š‡
‡”‹ ƒ•ƒ†—•–”ƒŽƒ•‹ƒǤ ƒ›ǤǤ ǤƬ‡††›ǤǤȋ‡†•ǤȌǡGrassroots
Governance? Chiefs in Africa and the Afro-CaribeanǤƒŽ‰ƒ”›ǣ‹˜Ǥ‘ˆƒŽ‰ƒ”›
”‡••Ǥ

‘„•‘ǡǤȋͳͻ͹͹ȌǤ ”‘‡ƒ Š‡”–‘ƒš‹”‹˜‡”ǣ‡ˆŽ‡ –‹‘•‘‡•‡ƒ” Š‘Ž‡•
‹‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”‡ƒ•Ǥ Ǥ‘„•‘ƬǤ‹ŽŽ‹•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǤPostgraduate Fieldwork in
Developing Areas: A rough GuideȋŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰”‡ƒ•‡•‡ƒ” Š ”‘—’‘ˆŠ‡
‘›ƒŽ ‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹ ƒŽ‘ ‹‡–›ǡ’’ǤͷͳǦ͹ͶǤ

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 Š‹†–Ǧ‡—‡Žǡ‡–‡”ǤȋʹͲͳͶȌǤ –‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǣˆ”‘ ‘ˆŽ‹ ––‘

–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ”ƒ––‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†ǤǡȌInterreligious Engagement and
Theological Reflection: Ecumenical ExplorationsǤ‡”ǣ–¡’ˆ‹ ǡ˜‘ŽǤƒ†ͳǡ
’’Ǥ͸ǦͻǤ

‡’‡†ƒǡ —ƒǤȋͳͻͻͻȌǤ †‹‰‡‘—•‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ƒ†–Š‡Š‹Ž‡ƒ
‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡Ǥ ŽŽƒ†‡”•‘ƬƒŽ–‡” Ǥ ‘ŽŽ‡™‡‰‡”ǡȋ‡†•ǤȌǡPentecostals
after a century: Global perspectives on a movement in transitionǤŠ‡ˆˆ‹‡Ž†ǣ
 ƒ†‡‹ ”‡••ǡ’’ǤͳͳͳǦͳ͵ͶǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀŒ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘ǤœƒȀ ‘–‡–Ȁ‹••‹‘Ȁ͵ʹȀǤǤǤȀ Ͳʹͷ͸ͻͷͲ͹̴ͳͲͲͲͻȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†
‘ͳͷȀͲʹȀͳ͹ȌǤ

Šƒ’‡”‡ǡ—†Ž‡›Ǥȋͳͻ͸͸ȌǤ‡ƒ‹‰ƒ† ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ Šƒ‰‡Ǥ Ǥ Ǥ‘Ž‘†›ȋ‡†ǤȌǣ
Mind and CosmosǤ‹––•„—”‰Šǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹––•„—”‰Š”‡••Ǥ

™‹†Ž‡”ǡ‡‘ƒ”†ǤȋͳͻͺͻȌǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•Ž—”ƒŽ‹•ƒ† —‡‹•ˆ”‘ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡Ǥ Šƒ”Ž‡•‡‹Š•— —Ƭ ‡”Šƒ”†Ǥ’‹‡‰Ž‡”ȋ‡†•ǤǡȌ
Religious Issues and Interreligious Dialogue: An analysis and sourcebook of
developments since 1945ǤǤǡ‡•–’‘”–ǡ‘‡ –‹ —–ǡ‘†‘ǣ ”‡‡™‘‘†
”‡••ǡ’’Ǥ͵ʹ͹Ǧ͵ͶͺǤ

ƒŠ‘‘œ‡”ǡ‡˜‹ ǤȋʹͲͲ͹ȌǤŠƒ–‹•˜‡”›†ƒ›Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǫ ‘™ƒ†™Š›
Š”‹•–‹ƒ••Š‘—Ž†”‡ƒ† —Ž–—”‡Ǥ ƒŠ‘‘œ‡”ǡ‡˜‹ ǡŠƒ”Ž‡•Ǥ†‡”•‘ƒ†
‹ Šƒ‡Ž ǤŽ‡ƒ•ƒȋ‡†•ǤȌǡEveryday Theology: How to Read Cultural Texts and
Interpret TrendsǤ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ‡” ƒ†‡‹ Ǥ

ƒ‰‡”ǡ‡–‡”ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤŠ—” Š ”‘™–Š‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘Ǥ
‡’‡•–‡”ǡ—””ƒ›ǤǡŽƒ—•ǡǤ›”‘Ƭ‡–‡”•‡ǡ‘—‰Žƒ•ȋ‡†•ǤȌǡCalled
and Empowered: Global Mission in Pentecostal PerspectiveǤƒ••ƒ Š—•‡––•ǣ
‡†”‹ •‘—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥǡ’’Ǥʹ͸ͷǦʹͺͶǤ

ƒŽ‹‰‰‘ǡ ‘Šƒ”›Ǥȋͳͻͺ͸ȌǤƒ‹‰Š—” Š–Šƒ–‹•”—Ž›ˆ”‹ ƒǤ ƒŽ‹‰‰‘ǡ
ǤǤ‡–ƒŽȋ‡†•ǤȌǡInculturation: Its Meaning and UrgencyǤƒ‹”‘„‹ǡƒ’ƒŽƒǣ–Ǥ
ƒ—Ž—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȃˆ”‹ ƒǤ






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†ƒ‘ǡǤǤǡ̵Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ƒ†–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȋ•ȌǣŠ‡
’‘•– ‘Ž‘‹ƒŽ”‘—†‘ˆ‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–ǡVerbum et Ecclesia͵ʹȋͳȌǡ”–Ǥ͓ʹͺͷǡͳͲǤ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–™™™Ǥ˜‡Ǥ‘”‰ǤœƒȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ȀȀƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ȁ˜‹‡™ȀʹͺͷȀͺͲͺȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†
‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

”‘‰ǡ„”ƒŠƒǤ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ†Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǣ ”‹‡†•‘” ‘‡•ǫ 
Trinity Journal of Church and SocietyǤ‘ŽǤšǡ‘ǤͳƬʹǡ ƒȀ —Ž›ǡʹͲͲͲǡ’’ǤͶͺǦ͸ʹǤ
Ž„”‡ Š–ǡǤƒ‹‡ŽǤ̵‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǣ —‡‹ ƒŽ‘–‡–‹ƒŽƒ†
ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡̵ǡCyberjournal for Pentecostal-Charismatic ResearchǤ
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ’ –‹‹Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ›„‡”ŒȀ ›„‡”ŒʹȀƒŽ„”‡ Š–ǤŠ–Žǡȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͲͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ŽŽƒǡ†‡”•‘Ǥ–”— –—”‡•ƒ†ƒ––‡”•‹‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘ǡMissionalia
͵ʹǣʹȋ—‰—•–ʹͲͲͶȌʹ͵͵ǦʹͶͻǤ–
Š––’ǣȀȀŒ‘—”ƒŽ•Ǥ ‘ǤœƒȀ ‘–‡–Ȁ‹••‹‘Ȁ͵ʹȀǤǤǤȀ Ͳʹͷ͸ͻͷͲ͹̴ͳͲͲͲͻȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†
‘ͳͷȀͲʹȀͳ͹ȌǤ

””—’‡ǡ‡†”‘Ǥ‡––‡”•–‘–Š‡™Š‘Ž‡‘ ‹‡–›‹  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Studies in the
Interaction Apostolate of Jesuitsȋ͹–Š —‡ǡͳͻ͹ͺȌǤ

•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—Ǥ‹‰•ǡ‘†‡”•ǡƒ†‹‹•–”›ǣ–Š‡ ‘•’‡Ž‹–Š‡‘™‡”‘ˆ–Š‡
’‹”‹–ǡERTȋʹͲͲͻȌ͵͵ǣͳǡ͵ʹǦͶ͸Ǥ

‹––Ž‹‰‡”ǡǤŠƒ”‹•ƒ–‹ ’’”‘ƒ Š–‘–Š‡Š‡‡ǤThe Ecumenical Reviewǡ
ͶʹǡͳͻͻͲǡͳͲ͹Ǧͳͳ͵Ǥ

ƒ”„”ƒŠǡǤǤŠ‡ ‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ ’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•‘ˆ‘‡ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
”ƒ –‹ ‡•ƒ† ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǥ Trinity Journal of Church and SocietyǤ‘ŽǤšǡ‘ǤͳƬʹǡ
ƒȀ —Ž›ǡʹͲͲͲǡ’’Ǥ͸͵Ǧ͹͵Ǥ

ƒŽ‹„—”–‘ǡ ‘”†‘ǤŠ‡ ƒŽŽ‹‰‘ˆƒ’”‘’Š‡–ǣƒ’•‘’’‘‰ǤBulletin of
the Society of African Church Historyǡʹǣͳȋͳͻ͸ͷȌǣͺͶǦͻ͸Ǥ

ƒ— Ǥ–Š‘›Ǥ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒˆƒ‹–Š‹ˆ”‹ ƒǡInternational
Journal of Humanities and Social Sciencesǡ˜‘ŽǤʹ‘Ǥͳ͹Ǣ‡’–‡„‡”ʹͲͳʹǡ
’’Ǥʹ͵͸ǦʹͶͶǤ

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ƒ—–‡”„ƒ Šǡƒ”‡Ǥ‡ ‘‹‰ƒƒ•–‘”ǣ‘—–Šƒ†‘ ‹ƒŽ•’‹”ƒ–‹‘•‹ ŠƒƒǤ

Youngͳͺǣ͵ȋʹͲͳͲȌǣʹͷͻǦʹ͹ͺǤ
Š––’ǣȀȀ›‘—Ǥ•ƒ‰‡’—„Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘–‡–ȀͳͺȀͳ͵ȀʹͷͻǤ”‡ˆ•ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

‡›‡”ǡ‹”‰‹–Ǥ ˆ‘—”‡ƒ‡˜‹Žǡ‘—”‡ƒ‹– Šƒ†ǡ ˆ‘—”‡ƒ‹– Šǡ‘—
”‡ƒ‡˜‹ŽǤŠ‡ –‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆǮƒ‰ƒǯ †‡ƒ•‹–‘–Š‡‘ ‡’–—ƒŽ‹˜‡”•‡‘ˆ
™‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ•‹‘—–Š‡ƒ•–‡” ŠƒƒǤ Journal of Religion in Africaǡ ǡ
‘ŽǤʹʹǡ ƒ• Ǥʹȋƒ›ǡͳͻͻʹȌǡ’’ǤͻͺǦͳ͵ʹ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŒ•–‘”Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•–ƒ„Ž‡ȀͳͷͺͲͻͷͺȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹͷȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷȌǤ

‘ˆˆ‹––ǡ ‘ŠǤ –‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—–‡”ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ǡChristian
CenturyǤ‘˜‡„‡”ͳ͹ǡͳͻ͹͸ǡ’’ǤͳͲͲͳǦͳͲͲ͹Ǥ

‘Ž–ƒǡ —”‰‡Ǥȋͳͻ͹ͷȌǤŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›ƒ† –•”‘„Ž‡•‘†ƒ›Ǥ The
Experimentǡ ‘”–”‡••Ǥ

òŽŽ‡”ǡǤ‹‡‡Ž–•‡–œ–†‹‡ƒ‰‡•‘”†—‰Ǥœ‡–—‡”•‹ Š‹‡„—‰‡‹
‹••‹‘•˜‡”•–¡ƒ†‹•ǡZeitschrift für Missionsund Religionswissenschaftǡ˜‘ŽǤ͹Ͳǡ
ȋͳͻͺ͸Ȍǡ’’ǤͳʹͺǦͳ͵ͷǤ

„‡‰Ǧƒ—Ǥ ‘˜‡”‡– –‡”˜‡–‹‘‹Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ––‡”•‹ ŠƒƒǤJ.
University of Science and Technologyǡ—ƒ•‹ǡͳͻͻͲǡ‘ŽǤͻǡ‘Ǥ ǣ͹ǦͳͲǤ

‘”ƒǡƒ‰‡ŽǤ—–Š‡”ƒ†–Š‡”‹‡•–Š‘‘†‘ˆŽŽ‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•Ǥ Concordia
Theological QuarterlyǤ‘ŽǤ͸ͳǣ‘ǤͶȋ –‘„‡”ǡͳͻͻ͹Ȍǣʹ͹͹ǦʹͻͺǤ

‡›‘ǡ‡’Šƒ•ǤƬ†Œ‡‹ǡ”–Š—”ǤŠ‡‹„Ž‡ƒ›•Ǩ‡‘Ǧ”‘’Š‡–‹ 
‡”‡‡—–‹ •‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤStudies in World Christianity.ͳͻǤͳȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǣͷͲǦ͹ͲǤ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–™™™Ǥ‡—’—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ ‘Ȁ•™ ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

—‹”‘œǡ‹–ƒǤŠ‡‹Ž‡ƒ•‘ˆ‘‘‰ƒ›ǣŽ‡ƒ•—”‡ǡ‹• ‹’Ž‹‡ƒ†
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‘”ƒŽ‡Žˆ‹–Š‡‡’—„Ž‹ ‘ˆ‡‹ǤReligionsǡʹͲͳ͸ǡ͹ǡͳͲʹƒ–
™™™Ǥ†’‹Ǥ ‘ȀŒ‘—”ƒŽȀ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒ”’‘‰ǡ‡–‡”Ǥ‹„ƒ–‹‘ƒ†  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤ STUDIAMISSǤ‘ŽǤͶͺǡ
ȋͳͻͻͷȌǣ͵ͲͷǦ͵͵ͷǤ

 Ǧ  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘ȋŠ‡•ƒ–‡‘†‡ŽȌǤ STUDIA MISSIONACIA, Roma
Editrice Pontificia Universita GregorianaǡͶͶȋͳͻͻͷȌǣʹͺ͹Ǧ͵͵ͷǤ
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 ǦȋͳͻͻͲȌǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†  —Ž–—”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ West African Journal of

Ecclesial Studiesǡ˜‘ŽǤʹǡ‘ǤͳǤ

 ǦŠ‡•ƒ ”‡†•–‘‘Ž•‘ˆ•Šƒ–‹ǤAnthroposǡ†͸ʹǡ ǤͳȀʹȋͳͻ͸͹Ȍǡ’’ǤͳǦ͸ͲǤ

—”‡”ǡ ǤǤȋͳͻ͸ͺȌǤ›’‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–•ǤJournal of
Religion in AfricaǤ ǣʹͺǤ

’‘‰ǡ ǤȋͳͻͺͶȌǤ—””‡–Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǣŠ‡‡”‰‡ ‡‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰‹‡•Ǥ 
Theological StudiesͶͷǤ

‹Œ‰ƒƒ”†•ǡ ‘ŠǤˆ”‹ ƒ‹•‹‰Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ‡‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ African Eventsǡ‘ŽǤ ‘Ǥͺ
—‰—•–ͳͻͺͷǤ


‘ƒŠǡŽ‹œƒ„‡–ŠǤ̵ˆ”‹ ƒ †‹‰‡‘—•‡Ž‹‰‹‘•ƒ† –‡”Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•
‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’̵ǤŽ‡ –—”‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ –‡”ˆƒ‹–Š‡–”‡Š‡Ž†‘
Š—”•†ƒ›ʹʹ –‘„‡”ǡͳͻͻͺ‹–Š‡‘— ‹Ž‘‘ƒ–ƒ•ˆ‹‡Ž†‘ŽŽ‡‰‡ǡšˆ‘”†Ǥ
–Š––’ǣȀȀ‹–‡”ˆƒ‹–ŠǦ ‡–”‡Ǥ‘”‰ȀǤǤǤ –—”‡•Ȁƒˆ”‹ ƒǦ‹†‹‰‡‘—•ǤǤǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͳͶȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷƒ–ͳʹǤͲͶ’ȌǤ

•ƒ‘ƒŠǦ ›ƒ†—ǡ ǤǤŠ‡”‘‹•‡‹•ˆ‘”‘—ƒ†‘—”Š‹Ž†”‡ǣ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ†‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’‹ˆ”‹ ƒǤƒ’‡””‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡‡•–
ˆ”‹ ƒ‘•—Ž–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‹„—”‰ŠʹͲͳͲƒ––Š‡”‘ˆ‹ǦŠ”‹•–ƒŽŽ‡” •–‹–—–‡‘ˆ
Š‡‘Ž‘‰›ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ†—Ž–—”‡ǡƒ” Šʹ͵ǡʹͲͲͻǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
™™™Ǥƒ ƒ†‡‹ƒǤ‡†—ȀͶͶͳͳͶͶͷȀ̴Š‡̴”‘‹•‡̴‹•̴ˆ‘”̴‘—̴ƒ†̴‘—”̴Š‹Ž†”‡̴
‡‡– ‘•–ƒŽ̴’‹”‹–—ƒŽ‹–›̴‹••‹‘̴ƒ†̴‹• ‹’Ž‡•Š‹’ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͷȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‹•Š‘’•̵‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥȋͳͻͻ͹ȌǤEcclesia in Ghana: On the Church and its
Evangelizing Mission in the Third Millennium: Instrumentum LaborisǤ ”ƒǣ
ƒ–‹‘ƒŽƒ–Š‘Ž‹ ‡ ”‡–ƒ”‹ƒ–Ǥ
‘–‡Šǡ‘”‹‡”‹ ‡ǤǮƒ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ”‘„Ž‡˜‡”‡‡•‘Ž˜‡†ǫǯ
ƒ’‡”’”‡•‡–‡†–‘ǡƒ‰ƒœ‹‡ǡ‘ǤͶͻǡ —Ž›ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ
ŽŽ‡‡–ǤƒŽǤ‡‰ƒŽƒ† •–‹–—–‹‘ƒŽ ••—‡•‹ƒ†‘Ž‹ ›‡ˆ‘”‹ ŠƒƒǤ
•–‹–—–‡‘ˆ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽǡ‘ ‹ƒŽƒ† ‘‘‹ ‡•‡ƒ” Šǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ
‡‰‘Ǥ‡ Š‹ ƒŽ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡʹͲͲ͹ǡ‘Ǥ͹ͶǤ

391
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Ž‘‘˜Ž‘ǡ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹–Š‡—„Ž‹ ’Š‡”‡ǣŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ƒ†’’‘”–—‹–‹‡•‹
Šƒƒ‹ƒƒ™ƒ‹‰ǡͳͻͺͻǦʹͲͲͶǡʹͲͲͷBYUǤ‡˜Ǥ͸ʹͻȋʹͲͲͷȌǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‘•ǤŽƒ™Ǥ„›—Ǥ‡†—ȀŽƒ™Ǥ”‡˜‹‡™Ȁ˜‘ŽʹͲͲͷȀ‹••͵ȀͶȋ ‡••‡†‘
ʹ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ŠƒƒǤǮŠ‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › –ʹͲͲͺȋ –͹ͷͻȌǡͳ͸–Š —‡ǡʹͲͲͺǯƒ–
ˆƒ‘Ž‡šǤˆƒ‘Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ†‘ •Ȁ’‘†•Ȁ‰Šƒͺ͵͹͸ͲǤ’†ˆǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ

Šƒƒ̵•‘•–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆͳͻͻʹ™‹–Š‡†‡–•–Š”‘—‰Šͳͻͻ͸Ǥ”–‹ Ž‡ʹͳǡ
Žƒ—•‡ͳǡ•‡ –‹‘ȋ‡Ȍǡƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ ‘•–‹–—–‡’”‘Œ‡ –Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘•–‹–—–‹‘Ȁ Šƒƒ̴ͳͻͻ͸Ǥ’†ˆȋ ‡‡”ƒ–‡†
‘ͳͺ’”ǤʹͲͳ͸ǡͳͷǣʹͺǡ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ
Šƒƒ–ƒ–‹•–‹ ƒŽ‡”˜‹ ‡ǡʹͲͳͲ‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ƒ† ‘—•‹‰‡•—•ǡ‹•–”‹ –
ƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ‡’‘”–ǣ‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›ǡ –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͳͶǤ
›ƒ’‘ǡƒǤȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡Š—” Šƒ† Šƒƒ̵•”‹˜‡‘™ƒ”†•‡‘ ”ƒ–‹ 
‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ƒ†ƒ–—”‹–›Ǥ ‘ŽǤ —„ˆˆ͵ǣͳ͸ͳǤ†‘‹ǣͳͲǤͶͳ͹ʹȀʹ͵͵ʹǦ
Ͳ͹͸ͳǤͳͲͲͲͳ͸ͳǤ

ƒ—•ƒ‡‘˜‡‡–ǡŠ‡ƒ—•ƒ‡‘˜‡ƒ–ǡ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ƒ†—Ž–—”‡Ǥ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™ǤŽƒ—•ƒ‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ ‘˜‡ƒ–ȀŽƒ—•ƒ‡Ǧ
‘˜‡ƒ–ǡͲͳ—‰Ǥͳͻ͹Ͷȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ˆ‘”‹ǡƒ—‡ŽǤ‡Žƒ–‹‰–‘—”—Ž–—”‡•ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘•ƒ•Š”‹•–‹ƒ‘˜‡”–•ǣ
‘‡ ‹•–‘”‹ ƒŽǡ‹„Ž‹ ƒŽƒ†Š‡‘Ž‘‰‹ ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•Ǥƒ’‡”’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ––Š‡
‘›ƒŽ•‹‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ‡–‡ ‘•–‘˜‡–‹‘‡–”‡ǡ ‘‘ƒ ‡––‡Šǡ
Šƒƒǡ —‡ͳͲǦͳ͵ǡʹͲͳͶǤ
”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘ˆ Šƒƒǡ•ƒ–‡”‡•„›–‡”›ǤͳŠƒ•‰‹˜‹‰‡”˜‹ ‡ˆ‘”
ƒƒ‘ˆ‘”–Š‡‹” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘™ƒ”†•Š—” Š ”‘™–Š‹ ŠƒƒǯǤͳͶ–Š
‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͳͲǤ
Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ǡ ‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ƒ†“—ƒ”–‡”•ǣ‘›ƒŽ•‹‘”•Š‹’‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡
ʹͲͳͶǯǤ —‡ͳͲǦͳ͵ǡʹͲͳͶǡ‡–‡ ‘•–‘˜‡–‹‘‡–”‡ǡ ‘‘ƒ ‡––‡ŠǤ
ǡȋͳͻͻͺȌƒŽŽ‡†–‘‡ ‘’‡ȂŠ‡ ‘•’‡Ž‹‹˜‡”•‡—Ž–—”‡•ǡ‘ˆˆ‹ ‹ƒŽ
”‡’‘”–‘ˆ–Š‡‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡‘‘”Ž†‹••‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǡƒŽ˜ƒ†‘”ǡ”ƒœ‹Žǡ
ͳͻͻ͸ǡ‡†ǤŠ”‹•–‘’Š‡”—”ƒ‹•‹‰Šǡ ‡‡˜ƒǤ

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ǡȋͳͻͺʹȌǤ‹••‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•ǣ —‡‹ ƒŽˆˆ‹”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‡‡˜ƒǣ

Ǥ
ǡ‹••‹‘ƒ†˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•‹‹–›‘†ƒ›Ǥ”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ’‡”‘Ǥͳ
˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘‹‘—‡‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡Ȁ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ȁ†‘ —‡–•Ȁ™ Ǧ
‘‹••‹‘•Ȁ‹••‹‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ȁ ™‡Ǧ™‘”Ž†Ǧ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǧƒ–Š‡•Ǧ
ʹͲͲͷȀ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǧ’ƒ’‡”ǦǦͳǦ‹••‹‘Ǧƒ†Ǧ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•Ǧ‹Ǧ—‹–›Ǧ–‘†ƒ›ǤŠ–ŽǤ

͸Ͳ–Š‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘”‘ Š—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡•–‘‘Ž‡–‘ˆƒƒˆ‹ƒ„”ƒˆ‹
ƒŠ‡ƒƒ‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒǡ ”‘ͳͺ–Š—‰—•–ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǧͳͳ–Š
‘˜‡„‡”ǡʹͲͲ͹Ǥ



  

†—„‘ˆ‘—”ǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͶȌǤ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽƒ”ƒ Š—” Š‘˜‡‡–•‹ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›ǡŠ‹••Ǥǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‹„—”‰ŠǤ

”ƒŠǡ ǤǤǤȋͳͻͺ͹ȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡•ƒ†‡ƒ Š‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡
‘ƒƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š‘—’‡”ƒ–—”ƒŽ‡‹‰•‹–Š‡‘—–Š‡”‹‘ ‡•‡‘ˆ
ŠƒƒǤ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ŠǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘Ǥ

ƒƒˆ‘ǡƒ˜‹†Ǥȋƒ›ǡʹͲͳͳȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‘’‡”–›‹‰Š–•‹–Š‡
—•–ƒ‹ƒ„Ž‡•‡‘ˆ—”ƒŽƒ†•‹–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ȋǤ ǤȌŠ‡•‹•ǡ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹Ǥ
†•’ƒ ‡Ǥ—•–Ǥ‡†—Ǥ‰ŠȀ„‹–•–”‡ƒȀͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻȀʹͻͷȀͳȀ  ǡ
  Ǥ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒǦ‡‡––ǡ‘ˆ‹ǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡ ’ƒ –‘ˆ‡–Š‘†‹•‹‡ Š‹ƒ”‡ƒǤ
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘‰••ƒ›ȋ—„‹––‡†–‘–Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•–Š—” Š Šƒƒƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ
ƒ͵›‡ƒ””‘„ƒ–‹‘ƒ”›–—†‹‡•ȌǤ

™—ƒŠǦ›ƒ‡›‡ǤȋʹͲͲͻȌǤŠ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹–Š‡ •–‹–—–‹‘‘ˆ
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ǣŠ‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†Š‹ŽǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆƒ’‡‘ƒ•–ǡƒ’‡‘ƒ•–Ǥ


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 Bibliography

—”‡ ‘”•–Ǥˆ”‹ ƒŠ—” Š‡•̵‘–”‹„—–‹‘–‘–Š‡ —‡‹ ƒŽ‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ 

•–‹–—–‡ˆ‘” ‘”‡‹‰—Ž–—”ƒŽ‡Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ–—––‰ƒ”–Ƭ •–‹–—–‡ˆ‘” ‹‡–‹ˆ‹ 
‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡò„‹‰‡ǡŠ”‹•–‹ƒƒ† •Žƒ‹ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘•–‘™ƒ”†•
•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‹‰ †‡’‡†‡––ƒ–‡•‹ˆ”‹ ƒ‘—–Š‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠƒ”ƒǣƒ’‡”•ƒ†
”‘ ‡‡†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ”‹ ƒ‘ŽŽ‘“—‹—ȋ‘Ǧƒ†ǡ ‘†‡•„‡”‰ǡʹǦͶƒ›ͳͻ͹ͻȌǤ

›ƒˆ‘•—ǡƒ—‡ŽǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤŠ‡‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆŠ”‹•–‹ƒǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† †‡’‡†‡–
‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‘˜‡‡–•‹ Šƒƒǡ™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡ˆ”‹ƒ‹ƒ
‘˜‡‡–ǤŠǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‡‡†•Ǥ
Š‡†‹ƒǡǤǤȋͳͻͻͷȌǤ‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡‡–—”–‘”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ‘‰–Š‡
Ž‹–‡‘ˆ ‰„‘Žƒ†ǡ‹‰‡”‹ƒǡ™‹–Š’‡ ‹ƒŽ‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡ ‘†‹ƒ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǡ
ǤŠ‹ŽǤ–Š‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‘†‘Ǥ
ƒŠƒ™ƒǡǤǤȋʹͲͲ͵ȌǤ ƒ›ƒ‹–‡”’”‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘ ‡’–‘ˆ ‘†ǣ
‘™ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡‹•–Š‡‹˜‘ ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‹–›‹ƒ–Š”‡‡ˆ‘Ž†ˆ‘”ˆ‘”
‹†‹‰‡‹•‹‰ƒ†—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ–”‹‹–ƒ”‹ƒ‘†‡Žǫǡ
‹‡–‡”ƒ”‹–œ„—”‰ǣ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ™ƒ—Ž—Ǧƒ–ƒŽǡŠŠ‡•‹•Ǥ
—ƒŠǡƒ˜‹†Ǥȋ —Ž›ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ–‘‘Ž•‹•ƒ–‡—Ž–—”‡Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ƒ•–‡”‘ˆ
”–•ȋȌŠ‡•‹•ǡǡ—ƒ•‹Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
†•’ƒ ‡Ǥ—•–Ǥ‡†—Ǥ‰ŠȀ„‹–•–”‡ƒȀͳʹ͵Ͷͷ͸͹ͺͻȀ͵ʹ͸ȀͳȀ 
ǦǤ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͷȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

—‹Ǧ‘ƒŠǡƒ—‡ŽǤȋʹͲͳͳȌǤˆ”‹ ƒ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘‹ ‡”ƒ›ǣ
ƒ•‡–—†›‘ˆ–Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•– –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡ǤǤ ‡”ƒ›Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
ǤǤŠ‡•‹•–‘–Š‡ ‡‘”‰Ǧ—‰—•–Ǧ‹˜‡”•‹–¡– ږ–‹‰‡Ǥ

ƒ”„‹ǡƒ—‡Ž‹‰•Ž‡›™ƒ„‡ƒǤȋ—‰—•–ͳͻͻͷȌǤ‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–‘ˆ Šƒƒ‹ƒ
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•ǣ–—†›‹–Š‡’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š”‹•–‹ƒ‰‘•’‡Ž‹
–™‡–‹‡–Š ‡–—”› Šƒƒ•‡––‹‰™‹–Š•’‡ ‹ƒŽ”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡–‘–Š‡Š”‹•–’‘•–‘Ž‹ 
Š—” Šǡ–Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒ†–Š‡ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‡–”ƒŽ ‘•’‡ŽŠ—” ŠǤ
ŠǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ†‹„—”‰Šǡ†‹„—”‰ŠǤ

ƒ—–‡”„ƒ Šǡƒ”‡Ǥȋ –‘„‡”ǡʹͲͲͺȌǤŠ‡”ƒˆ–‘ˆƒ•–‘”•Š‹’‹ Šƒƒƒ†
‡›‘†ǤŠ–Š‡•‹•’”‡•‡–‡†–‘–Š‡ ”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ Š‘‘Ž‘ˆ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
‡˜‡Ž‘’‡––—†‹‡•ǡ‘•‹Ž†‡‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ‡ƒ”Ǥ
Š––’ǣ”—†ƒ”Ǥ”— Ǥ†Ȁǥƒ”‡ƒ—–‡”„ƒ ŠŠǤ–Š‡•‹•Ǥ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹ͹ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

394
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ƒ™—•‹ǡ‹ Šƒ”†ƒ—‡ŽǤȋƒ›ʹͲͲͻȌǤ‘‘–‹‰–Š‡ ‘•’‡Ž ‹”Ž›‹

Šƒƒ‹ƒ—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡ ‡••ƒ”›‡“—‹”‡‡–ˆ‘”ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”
–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š‹ ŠƒƒǤǤŠ‡‘ŽǤŠ‡•‹•ǡ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ‹‡Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
‘–Š‡•Ǥ—‹˜‹‡Ǥƒ Ǥƒ–Ȁ͸ͷ͸ͳȀͳȀʹͲͲͻǦͲͷǦͲͶǦͲͲͲ͸͹ͺͳǤ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͲͳȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

›ƒƒ„ƒǡŽ‹ƒ—„—Ǥȋ ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›
•–‹–—–‹‘‹‘”–Š‡” Šƒƒˆ”‘ͳͻͲͲǦͳͻ͸ͻǣƒ•‡–—†›‘ˆƒ˜”‘‰‘ƒ†
ƒ‘–Ǥ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ŠŠ‡•‹•ǡ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹Ǥ

—ǡǤ ‡‘”‰‡ǤŠ‡‘Ž‡‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‘–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ › •–‹–—–‹‘ǣƒ•‡
–—†›‘ˆŠƒ„ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ”‡ƒ‹–Š‡‘”–Š‡”‡‰‹‘‘ˆ ŠƒƒǤ
’—„Ž‹•Š‡†ǤŠ‹ŽŠ‡•‹•ǡ™ƒ‡”—ƒŠ‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ ‹‡ ‡ƒ†
‡ Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡ—ƒ•‹˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
ir.knust.edu.gh/bitstream/.../1/OKU%20GEORGE%20KOJO.pdf (Retrieved on
12/02/2017).

Šƒ”ǡƒ˜‹†ǤȋͳͻͺͲȌǤŠ‡”‘’Š‡–‘ˆ‘†‡”‹‡•ǣŠ‡–Š‘—‰Š–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ
ƒ†‡ ƒ””‹•ǡ‡•–ˆ”‹ ƒ’”‡ —”•‘”‘ˆ–Š‡”‡‹‰‘ˆŠ”‹•–ǤŠǤ‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹˜‡”•‹–›‘ˆ„‡”†‡‡Ǥ

™‡‡„‘ƒŠǡ‡–ŠǤŠ‡ƒ ”‡†ƒ–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠ‹‡ˆƒ†‹–•‹’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ˆ‘”
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ǡ‘†‡”‹–›ƒ†‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• —ƒ‹‰Š–•‹ ŠƒƒǤȋʹͲͳʹȌ 
Ž‡ –”‘‹ Š‡•‡•ƒ†‹••‡”–ƒ–‹‘•ǤͷͻͲ
Š––’ǣȀȀ†‹‰‹–ƒŽ ‘‘•Ǥˆ‹—Ǥ‡†—Ȁ‡–†ȀͷͻͲȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͲͶȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ


    
‡”‹ ƒ ‡”‹–ƒ‰‡̺‹ –‹‘ƒ”›‘ˆ‰Ž‹•Šƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹ˆ–Š†‹–‹‘Ǥ
’‘’›”‹‰Š–̹ʹͲͳ͸„› ‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆˆ‹ ƒ” ‘—”–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›Ǥ
—„Ž‹•Š‡†„› ‘—‰Š–‘‹ˆˆ‹ ƒ” ‘—”–—„Ž‹•Š‹‰‘’ƒ›ǤŽŽ”‹‰Š–•
”‡•‡”˜‡†Ǥ
δƒŠ”‡ˆα̶Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘ ‡”–‡†̶ε ‘ ‡”–‡†δȀƒε
ȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

 Ž—•‹˜‹•ǤȋʹͲͲͺǡ’”‹ŽʹͺȌǤNew World Encyclopedia, Ǥ‡–”‹‡˜‡†ͳͲǣͷ͹ǡ
ƒ” Š͹ǡʹͲͳ͹ˆ”‘
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Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™™‘”Ž†‡ › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‘”‰Ȁ’Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’ǫ–‹–Ž‡α  Ž—•‹˜‹•Ƭ‘Ž†‹†

α͸ͻͺͺͲ͵Ǥ

‡”•Šƒǡ ǤȋͳͻͲ͹ȌǤ–Ǥ‘‹ˆƒ ‡Ǥ Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹  › Ž‘’‡†‹ƒǤ‡™‘”ǣ
‘„‡”–’’Ž‡–‘‘’ƒ›Ǥ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ ƒǤͳ͹ǡʹͲͳ͹ˆ”‘
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‡™ƒ†˜‡–Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ƒ–Š‡ȀͲʹ͸ͷ͸ƒǤŠ–Ǥ
•–‡”Šƒ˜‡ǡǤǤȋʹͲͲͳȌǤǮ‘—ŽǯǤ ƒŽ–‡”ǤŽ™‡ŽŽȋ‡†ǤȌǡEvangelical
Dictionary of Theologyǡ ”ƒ†ƒ’‹†•ǡ‹ Š‹‰ƒǣƒ‡” ƒ†‡‹ ǡʹ††Ǥ

”‘ –‡”ǡƒ—ŽǤȋ‡†Ǥ‹ Š‹‡ˆȌǡȋʹͲͲͷȌǤCambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryǤ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡ǡ‡™‘”ǡ‡Ž„‘—”‡ǡƒ†”‹†ǡƒ’‡‘™ǡ‹‰ƒ’‘”‡ǡƒ‘ƒ—Ž‘ǣ
ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹˜‡”•‹–›”‡••ǡ‡ ‘††‹–‹‘Ǥ
–”ƒ•›ǡŠ‘ƒ•ǤȋͳͻͻͳȌǤ‘‘‹–‡••Ǥ Dictionary of the Ecumenical
Movementǡ ‡‡˜ƒǡǤ




 

‘Ž› ‹„Ž‡ǡ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǤ Šƒƒ –—†‡– †‹–‹‘ǡ New Living TranslationǤ ”ƒ†
–”‡ƒǡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•ǣ›†ƒŽ‡ ‘—•‡—„Ž‹•Š‡”•ǡ  Ǥǡ‡ ‘††‹–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡  –—†› ‹„Ž‡ǡ ȋʹͲͲͺȌǤ English Standard VersionǤ Š‡ƒ–‘ǡ ŽŽ‹‘‹•ǣ
”‘••™ƒ›‹„Ž‡•Ǥ

Š‡ ‘Ž› ‹„Ž‡ǡ ȋͳͻ͹͵ǡ ͳͻ͹ͺǡ ͳͻͺͶȌǤ New International VersionǤ ‘Ž‘”ƒ†‘
’”‹‰•ǡǣ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹„Ž‡‘ ‹‡–›Ǥ

Š‡ ‘Ž›‹„Ž‡ǡȋʹͲͲͶȌǤKing James VersionǤƒŽŽƒ•ǡǣ”‘™‘‘•
—„Ž‹•Š‹‰Ǥ







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Ǯ†‘‹‰‘ˆ‡•–‹ƒ”‹‡•‡ Š‹ƒƒ”–ʹǯƒ–
™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α˜™Š‡ “ȋ‘•–‡†‘ʹͳȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ƒ†
”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

ŽŽƒ Ǥ†‡”•‘ǡ̵Š‡‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ ‘•’‡Žƒ†Š‹”†‘”Ž†—Ž–—”‡•̵ƒ–
ƒ”–•™‡„Ǥ„ŠƒǤƒ Ǥ—Ȁƒƒ†‡”•‘Ȁ—„Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ȁ’‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ̴‰‘•’‡Ž̴ǤŠ–
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

Ǯ†‡ Š‹ƒ‹Ž‡†‘—”–‡•›‹‰‘ˆ‡•–ǯƒ–
™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ—•‹ Ȁʹ͹ͲͷʹȀ͵Ȁƒ†Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒǦ•‹Ž‡†Ǧ ‘—”–‡•›Ǧ
–‹‰‘ˆ‡•–ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

ƒ”‹ƒ•‡‹•ƒ”‡ǮŽ‹—•–‡”’‡”ˆ‘”•ƒ–‡ Š‹ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡•–ǯƒ–
™™™Ǥ›‘—–—„‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ™ƒ– Šǫ˜α™™„ ȋ‘•–‡†‘ͳ͸ȀͲͻȀʹͲͳͶƒ†
”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

ƒ•‡†‘‘”†‡–͵ǤͲǡ ƒ”Ž‡š Ž‹’ƒ”– ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘̹ʹͲͲ͵ǦʹͲͳʹ”‹ ‡–‘
‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒ”Ž‡š  Ǥ
δƒŠ”‡ˆα̶Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ˆ”‡‡†‹ –‹‘ƒ”›Ǥ ‘Ȁ ‘ ‡”–‡†̶ε ‘ ‡”–‡†δȀƒε
ȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

‡‡––ǡ‹‡Ǥ ‡ƒ”‘ˆ–Š‡‘”†ǣŠƒ–‘‡•‹–‡ƒǫ
Š––’ǣȀȀŽ‹ˆ‡Š‘’‡ƒ†–”—–ŠǤ ‘Ȁ‰‘†Ȁ™Š‘Ǧ‹•Ǧ‰‘†Ȁˆ‡ƒ”Ǧ‘ˆǦ–Š‡ǦŽ‘”†ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͳ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ƒ‡”‘Ǥƒ ‡œ‹‡ǡŠ‡̶ƒ”Ž›̶—–Š‡”‘”‹‡•–Š‘‘†‘ˆŽŽ‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•ǡ
ˆˆ‹ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹‹•–”›ƒ†”†‹ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–
™™™Ǥ –•ˆ™Ǥ‡–Ȁ‡†‹ƒȀ’†ˆ•Ȁƒ ‡œ‹‡‡ƒ”Ž›Ž—–Š‡–Ǥ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹͲȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ǮŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ‡Š‹‡ˆ•Ȃ‘•‹‰‘”‘”—ǯǤ
Š––’ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȀʹͲͳͶͲ͸ȀʹͲͶͷͻ͵Ǥ’Š’
ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͲȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ

Š‹™‡ǡǤǤ™‘›‡ǡ̵‘–‹—‹‰–Š‡‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘‘–Š‡‘–‹‘‘ˆ‹••‹‘ƒ•
‡ ‘ ‹Ž‹ƒ–‹‘ǣ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ‡˜‹‡™‘ˆƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š̵•‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šˆ”‹ ƒ
†‹‰‡‘—•‡Ž‹‰‹‘̵
397
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ȋŠ––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ•ƒ‹–Ž‡‘Ǥ‡†—ȀǤǤǤ‘̴–Š‡̴‘–‹‘̴‘ˆ̴‹••‹‘Ǥ’†ˆǤ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹͺȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͷȌǤ

̵Š—” Š‡•‘–‹„‡†™‹–Š‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ‹ƒŠǦƒ”ˆ‘̵Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ‡™•Ȁͳ͸ͺͷ͵ͲȀ Š—” Š‡•Ǧ‘–Ǧ‹Ǧ„‡†Ǧ™‹–ŠǦ
‰‘˜‡”‡–Ǧ›‹ƒŠǦ•ƒ”ˆ‘ǤŠ–Žȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

‘ǡǮ‹‰•ƒ†—‡‡•ƒ”‡”‡ ‹‘—•‹ ‘†ǯ••‹‰Š–ǯǡƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ ‘’Š“Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ’Š’ǫŽ‹ α͸ͻͺƬŽ‹„Œαƒ”–ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
Ͳ͹ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ

‘ǡǮ‹‹•–‡”ˆ‘”Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽˆˆƒ‹”•‘‡†•ǯƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ–Š‡ ‘’Š“Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ǥ’Š’ǫŽ‹ α͹ͲͳƬŽ‹„Œαƒ”–ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
Ͳ͹ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ

ƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ’Š‹ ǡǮ’‘‘ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‡ƒ—–›ƒ‰‡ƒ–ƒ–‹ƒ‹–›ǯƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡–‡”–ƒ‹‡–Ȁ‡˜‡–•Ȁƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ„‡ƒ—–›Ǧ’ƒ‰‡ƒ–Ǧƒ–Ǧ
ƒ‹ƒǦ ‹–›ǤŠ–Žȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ʹͶȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

ƒ‹Ž› ”ƒ’Š‹ ǡ•ƒ–‡Š‡‡‘˜‡•–‘•‡––Ž‡†‹•’—–‡™‹–Š‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡‡̵ǡ
’‘Ž‹–‹ •Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ȀʹͲͳʹͲͳȀͺͲͲ͵͹Ǥ’Š’ǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‘ͳͺ–Š—‰—•–ǡʹͲͳʹǡȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵”† —‡ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

ƒ’ƒ–‡ǡ‘ƒŽ†–‘Ǥ̵‡ Š‹ƒƒ†•ƒ–‡ƒ’‡ƒ ‡’”‘ ‡••„‘‘•–‡†̵ƒ‹Ž›
”ƒ’Š‹  Šƒƒǡ’—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ͳͻ–Š ‡„”—ƒ”›ǡʹͲͳͶǡ
‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡™•Ȁ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁͳ͹ͺͺʹǦ–‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡‡Ǧƒ†Ǧƒ•ƒ–‡Š‡‡Ǧ
’‡ƒ ‡Ǧ’”‘ ‡••Ǧ„‘‘•–‡†ǤŠ–ŽǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵”† —‡ǡʹͲͳͷȌǤ

‘ˆ‹‡ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹‡ Š‹ƒƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‘†‡”‰ŠƒƒǤ ‘Ȁ—•‹ Ȁͳͻͷ͵ͷȀ͵Ȁˆ‘ˆ‹‡Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ
–‡ Š‹ƒǤŠ–Žȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ͳͺȀͳͲȀʹͲͳʹƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͹ȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

ǡ̶‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‡„‡––‡”‘ˆˆ™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–‹ƒŠ‹‡ˆ•̶ǡƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ™‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒƒ ‘‡ƒ‰‡Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁƒ”–‹‡ŽǤ’Š’ǫ αͳ͸ʹʹ͸
͸ȋ‡–”Ǥ‘ͳȀͳȀͳ͹ȌǤ
‘”‘ǡǮ›‡Š‡‡ ”ƒ ‡•’‘‘ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‹‡ Š‹ƒǯǤ
™™™Ǥ‰ŠƒƒǤ‰‘˜Ǥ‰ŠȀ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ‡†‹ƒǦ —Ž–—”‡Ȁ”‡‰‹‘ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁͳʹʹ͵Ǧ
‘›‡Š‡‡Ǧ‰”ƒ ‡•Ǧƒ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǦ‹Ǧ–‡ Š‹ƒȋ”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

398
 Bibliography

•‹œ‘ŠǡŠ‹†‹‡‹•ǡ̵‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹—„ǦƒŠƒ”ƒ
ˆ”‹ ƒǣŠ‡Šƒ‰‹‰ƒ––‹–—†‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ–Š‘Ž‹ Š—” Š̵Ǥ–
™™™Ǥƒˆ”‹ƒ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡–ȀǤǤǤ Ȁ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǧ™‹–ŠǦƒ–”ǤŠ–Ǥȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

—•–‹ ‡ƒ—‡ŽǤǤ‡Ž‹‰‹‘‹‘–‡’‘”ƒ”›‡‰ƒŽ›•–‡•ǣ˜‡”˜‹‡™‘ˆ
–Š‡‡‰ƒŽƒ†‡‰—Žƒ–‘”› ”ƒ‡™‘”ˆ‘”–Š‡”ƒ –‹ ‡‘ˆ‡Ž‹‰‹‘ƒ† ƒ‹–Š‹
ŠƒƒǤ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’•ǣȀȀ™™™Ǥ‹ Ȁ”•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ ‘–‡–Ȁ„Ž—”„Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ•‹‡†—ǡ ŠƒƒʹͲͳͲͳͲͲ͵Ǥ’†ˆǤ
‘•–‡†‘͵ǤͳͲǤʹͲͳͲǤȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹ͵ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

Ǯ‡ƒ”ƒ†–ƒŽƒ„‘—–’‘‘ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ—ƒŽ‡˜‡–•ǯǤ
™™™Ǥ†‹‰’Žƒ‡–Ǥ ‘Ȁ™‹‹Ȁ’‘‘Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

ƒ”Ž‡‡ǡ‡‹––‡Ǥ ”ƒ̵•‘—†•ƒ†ƒ ”‡†’ƒ ‡•ǡ
™™™Ǥ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘•‰ƒ–‡™ƒ›Ǥ ‘Ȁƒ”–‹ Ž‡•Ȁƒ ”ƒ̵•Ǧ•‘—†•Ǧƒ†Ǧ•ƒ ”‡†Ǧ•’ƒ ‡•Ǥ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

ƒ”›‡•ƒŠǡǮ•‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•–‘ ”‡ƒ–‡•‘ ‹‘Ǧ‡ ‘‘‹ ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Ǧ ‹”•–ƒ†›ǯǤ
™™™Ǥ‰”ƒ’Š‹ Ǥ ‘Ǥ‰ŠȀ‡™•Ȁ‰‡‡”ƒŽǦ‡™•Ȁ—•‡Ǧˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•Ǧ–‘Ǧ ”‡ƒ–‡Ǧ•‘ ‹‘Ǧ
‡ ‘‘‹ Ǧ’ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’•Ǧˆ‹”•–ǦŽƒ†›ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

‘ˆˆ‹––ǡ ‘ŠǤ –‡””‡Ž‹‰‹‘—• ‘—–‡”ƒ†–Š‡’”‘„Ž‡‘ˆƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘ǡ
™™™Ǥ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ǧ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ•Š‘™ƒ”–‹ Ž‡Ǥƒ•’ǫ–‹–Ž‡αͳͺ͵ͻǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
͹ȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

•‘ƒŠǡŠ”‹•–‹ƒƬƒ ‡›ǡ”‹‡–ƒ–‹‘–‘ Šƒƒ‹ƒ—Ž–—”‡Ǥ
™™™Ǥ™ƒ›Š‘‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ Šƒƒ‹ƒ—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ–Žȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͺȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

ˆˆ‡‹ǡ‘”‘–Š›Ǥ”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š‘–ƒŽ‹‰‡†–‘ƒ›’‘Ž‹–‹ ƒŽ’ƒ”–›Ǧ
‘†‡”ƒ–‘”Ǥ Šƒƒ”‘ƒ† ƒ•–‹‰‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ—‰—•–͵ͲʹͲͳ͸Ǥ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ƒ–
Š––’•ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥƒ›‡‘‘Ǥ ‘ȀͳǤͻ͹Ͳʹ͵ʹȋ ‡••‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘ǤǮŠ”‹•–‹ƒ•ƒ‡Š‹‡ˆ•Ȃ‘•‹‰‘”‘”—ǯǤ
Š––’ǣȀȀ‡™•Ǥ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȀʹͲͳͶͲ͸ȀʹͲͶͷͻ͵Ǥ’Š’
ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘ʹʹȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͵ͲȀͲ͸ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ

Ǯ”‡•„›Š—” Šǡ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ‹•–•Žƒ•Š ‡’‘•‘ǯǡ
™™™Ǥ‡™•Ǥ’‡ƒ ‡ˆ‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘ȀʹͲͳ͵ͳͲȀͳ͹͸ͷͲͳǤ’Š’Ǥȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†‘
ʹͲͳ͵ǦͳͲǦͲͷƒ–ͳͳǣͷ͹ǣʹͷƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘‘†ƒ›ʹͳȀͳͲȀͳ͵ȌǤ

399
 Bibliography

”‡•„›–‡”‹ƒŠ—” Š†‡‡’‡•”‡Žƒ–‹‘•™‹–Š Š‹‡ˆ•Ǥ

Š––’ǣȀȀ‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ‡™•ȀʹͲͳͲͳͳȀͷ͸ͲͲ͸Ǥ’Š’Ǥ—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‘ͳ͸ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͲƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͲʹȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǤ
‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǣ –”‘†— –‹‘Ǥ
™™™Ǥ‡™ƒ‰‡’—„Ž‹•Š‡”•Ǥ ‘Ȁ•ƒ’Ž‡ Šƒ’–‡”ȀͲͲͲͺͻ͸Ǥ’†ˆȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹͳȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶȌǤ

‡•‡ƒ” Š‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›ǡ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǦ‡–Š‘†‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ‡–Ȁ•ƒ’Ž‹‰Ǧ‹Ǧ’”‹ƒ”›Ǧ†ƒ–ƒǦ
‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘Ȁ”ƒ†‘Ǧ•ƒ’Ž‹‰ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳȀͲ͵ȀʹͲͳ͹ȌǤ

‹Œǡ˜ƒ‹Œǡ‘–‡•–‹‰‹Ž‡ ‡ǣŠ‡„ƒ‘†”—‹‰ƒ†–Š‡—•‹ ƒŽ
’‘Ž‹–‹ •‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹•‹ ŠƒƒǤȋˆ”‹ ƒ–—†‹‡•‡–‡”ǡ‡‹†‡ǡ–Š‡
‡–Š‡”Žƒ†•ȌǡʹͲͲͳǡ˜‘ŽǤͶǡ’Ǥ͵ͳǦ͸ͶǤ‡–”‹‡˜‡†ˆ”‘
Š––’ǣȀȀŠ†ŽǤŠƒ†Ž‡Ǥ‡–Ȁͳͺͺ͹Ȁͻͷͳ͸‘ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀͳ͵Ǥ

ƒ”„ƒŠǡ„‘‘•ƒ•ǡ̵‡™˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹œƒ–‹‘ƒ† –‡”Ǧ‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‹–Š‡
Šƒƒ‹ƒ‘–‡š–ǤŠ––’ǣȀȀ‰‘ƒ•‘†‹ƒ ‡•‡Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‹†‡šǤ’Š’Ȁ ‘–ƒ –Ǧ—•ǦʹȀ‡™•Ǧ
‡˜‡–•ȀʹͶͺǦ‡™ǤǤǤǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͶȀͲͳȀͳͷƒ–ͳͲǤͶͲƒȌǤ

ƒ”’‘‰ǡǤ‡–‡”ǡ̵ƒŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹–›‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡™‹–Šˆ”‹ ƒ”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ
‡Ž‹‰‹‘ǫ̵ǡ™™™Ǥƒˆ”‹ƒ™‘”Ž†Ǥ‡–Ȁƒˆ”‡ŽȀ•ƒ”’‘‰ǤŠ–ŽǤȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

’—”‰‡‘ǡǤ ǤǮ‘—Ž‹‹‰ǯǤ•‡”‘ȋ‘ǤͺͷͲȌ†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ––Š‡
‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒƒ„‡”ƒ Ž‡ǡ‡™‹‰–‘ǡƒ–
™™™Ǥ„‹„Ž‡„„Ǥ ‘Ȁˆ‹Ž‡•Ȁ•’—”‰‡‘ȀͲͺͷͲǤŠ–Ǥȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳͶȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

‡ Š‹ƒ„ƒ•‡†ˆƒ‡’ƒ•–‘”†‡ ‡‹˜‡•–Š‘—•ƒ†•ǡƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ™‡„Ǥ ‘Ȁ Šƒƒ ‘‡ƒ‰‡Ȁ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘Ȁƒ”–‹‡ŽǤ’Š’ǫ αʹ͵ͳ͸ͷͷ
ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘Ͳ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

‡ Š‹ƒ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡•ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽƒ–
™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ„—•‹‡••‡™•Ǥ ‘ȀʹͲͳͲȀͲͻȀͲͶȀ–‡ Š‹ƒǦ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡•Ǧ›ƒǦ
ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳ͵ȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

‡‡ƒ‰‡”‡‰ƒ ›•—”‰‡•‹”‘‰Šƒˆ‘ƒ–
‰ŠƒƒŠ‘•’‹–ƒŽ•Ǥ‘”‰Ȁ‡™•Ȁ†‡–ƒ‹Ž•Ǥ’Š’ǫ‹†αͶʹͲȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘͹ȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ


400
 Bibliography

‡”ǡŽŽ‹‰•‘ǡ”—ƒ”•‡™•ǣ‡™•ƒ ‘—–•‘ˆ–Š‡ Šƒƒ”—ƒ”•ǡ

ͳͻͻͺǦʹͲͲ͵ǡŠ––’ǣȀȀƒŽŽƒˆ”‹ ƒǤ ‘Ȁ•–‘”‹‡•ȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹ͹ȀͲͷȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Š‡‘’‘•‹–‡—†‰‡–‘ˆ–Š‡‡ Š‹ƒ—‹ ‹’ƒŽ••‡„Ž›ˆ‘”–Š‡ʹͲͳʹ
‹• ƒŽ›‡ƒ”ƒ–™™™Ǥ‘ˆ‡’Ǥ‰‘˜Ǥ‰Š‘”™™™Ǥ‰Šƒƒ†‹•–”‹ –•Ǥ ‘Ǥȋ‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘
ͶǤͲͷǤʹͲͳͷȌǤ

̵ ‰‹˜‡•ˆ”‡‡‡†‹ ƒŽ• ”‡‡‹‰ƒ–‡ Š‹ƒƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǯƒ–
Š––’ǣȀȀ‡†‹–‹‘Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ‡™•ȀʹͲͳʹͳͲȀͻͶͺͺ͸Ǥ’Š’ȋ—„Ž‹•Š‡†
‘ʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳʹƒ†”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ʹȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ

Ǯ‹‰‘’”‡•‡–•Žƒ „‡””›Š‘‡–‘™‹‡”ƒ–‡ Š‹ƒǯƒ–
˜‹†‡‘•Ǥ›Œ‘›‘Ž‹‡Ǥ ‘Ȁ’ƒ‰‡•Ȁ˜‹†‡‘•ȀʹͲͳ͵Ͳȋ’‘•–‡†‘ʹͺȀͲͺȀʹͲͳ͵ƒ†
”‡–”‹‡˜‡†‘ͳʹȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ

™™™Ǥ•—‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ

™™™Ǥˆ‰„ˆ‹Ǧ‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ

™™™Ǥƒ‰Ž‘™‰ŠƒƒǤ‘”‰Ǥ










401
 Appendix

APPENDIX i
ƒ’Ž‡ˆ‡‹Ǧ–”— –—”‡†—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡†‹‹•–‡”‡†
ͳǤ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡ƒ‡‘ˆ›‘—” Š—” Šǫ
ʹǤ •›‘—” Š—” Šƒ„”ƒ Š‘”–Š‡ƒ‹ Š—” Šǫ
͵Ǥ ‘›‘—Šƒ˜‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•‹›‘—” Š—” Šǫ
ͶǤ Šƒ–‹•–Š‡‹••‹‘‘ˆ›‘—” Š—” Š‹‡ Š‹ƒǫ
ͷǤ Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—” Š—” Š̵•˜‹‡™•ƒ„‘—– Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›‹‡ Š‹ƒǫ
͸Ǥ Šƒ–ƒ”‡›‘—” Š—” Š̵•˜‹‡™•ƒ„‘—––Š‡Apoᴐƒ†ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹
‡ Š‹ƒǫ
͹Ǥ ƒ•–Š‡Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Š‹’‘ˆ›‘—” Š—” Š ‘•—Ž–‡†nananom–‘Ž‡ƒ”ƒ„‘—–
Š‹‡ˆ–ƒ‹ ›ƒ†–Š‡–™‘ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•ǫ
ͺǤ ‘‡•›‘—” Š—” Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‹–•‡„‡”•–‘„‡ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•ǫ ‹˜‡
”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”›‘—”ƒ•™‡”Ǥ
ͻǤ ‘‡•›‘—” Š—” Š‡ ‘—”ƒ‰‡‹–•‡„‡”•–‘’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‡‹–Š‡’‘ᣨƒ†
ƒ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•‹‡ Š‹ƒǫ ‹˜‡”‡ƒ•‘•ˆ‘”›‘—”ƒ•™‡”Ǥ


    
ͳǤ ƒƒ•ƒ‘’ƒ‹    ʹ͹ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳ͵Ǣʹ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶ
ʹǤ ƒƒ—ƒ‡›ƒƒ    ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸
͵Ǥ ƒƒƒƒ ‘•—ƒƒ     ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸
ͶǤ ƒƒˆ‹ƒ ›ƒ•‡™ƒƒ    ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸
ͷǤ ƒƒ‡„‘ƒŠ‡›ƒ™    ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸
͸Ǥ ƒƒ‘•—ƒ›‡”‡ƒƒ   ʹͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳ͸
͹Ǥ ƒƒ‘„‡ƒ—ˆ‹‡    ͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷ
ͺǤ ƒƒ†—™ƒ„‡ƒ    ͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷ
ͻǤ ’ƒ‹ƒš™‡ŽŽƒ™‡•ƒŠ   ͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷ
ͳͲǤ ƒƒƒ‹‡Ž™ƒ‹   ͵ͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷ
ͳͳǤ ƒƒ‡›ƒ™™ƒ”–‡‰ƒ‹ƒ’‘‰  ͳ͵ȀͳͲȀʹͲͳͷ
ͳʹǤ ‡˜Ǥ–‹‹ƒ›‡ƒ     ʹͳȀͳʹȀʹͲͳͷ
ͳ͵Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ„‡‡œ‡” ƒ–‰‘”   ͹ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͸
ͳͶǤ ”‘’Š‡–‡•• ƒƒŠ‘„„‹ƒ   ͹ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͸
ͳͷǤ ‹•Š‘’Š‘ƒ•‡„‘ƒŠˆƒ”‹   ͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶ
ͳ͸Ǥ ‹•Š‘’ ‡‘”‰‡ ›ƒ•‹    ͳͳȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶ

402
 Appendix

ͳ͹Ǥ ’‘•–Ž‡‘ •‘ •ƒƒ ƒ™ƒŠ  ʹͷȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶ

ͳͺǤ ‡˜Ǥ‘Žƒ†ƒ‹    ͳͷȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵ǢʹȀͲͻȀʹͲͳͶ
ͳͻǤ ‡˜Ǥ ƒ††‹‡Žƒƒ‡••‡Š  ʹͶȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵
ʹͲǤ ”‘’Š‡–‡••›†‹ƒ’‘•ƒŠ  ͸ȀͲͳȀʹͲͳ͸
ʹͳǤ ‡˜Ǥ ”ƒ ‡ƒ”ˆ‘    ͳͺȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶ
ʹʹǤ ‡˜Ǥƒ”–‹›‡”‡‡Š   ͳͶȀͳͲȀʹͲͳ͵
ʹ͵Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ‡”ƒ”†‡‰„‡ˆ‹ƒ   ͳ͸ȀͲͺȀʹͲͳͶ





















403
 Appendix

APPENDIX ii
‘Ǧ “‡„‡”• –‡”˜‹‡™‡†
ͳǤ „ƒƒ’ƒ‹—ƒ ‡ƒƒȋ”ƒŽ ‹•–‘”‹ƒǡȌ  ͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
ʹǤ ƒƒ–™‹‘ƒ•‹ƒ‘ȋ›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡ǡ  ͳͶȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶ
͵Ǥ ‡˜Ǥ”Ǥ†”‡™•”ƒŠȋŠ”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘Š—” ŠȌ ʹ͸ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳ͵
ͶǤ ”Ǥ •ƒƒ ˆˆƒŠ‘ƒŠȋ—‘›‡”‘–‹Š‡‡̵•„”‘–Š‡”Ȍ  
        ͳͺȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵Ǥ
ͷǤ ”Ǥ‹ŽŽ‹ƒ•›ƒ”‘ȋ‰‘•ƒŠ‹‡ˆ̵•„”‘–Š‡”Ȍ  ͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
͸Ǥ ”Ǥ •ƒƒ ‘– Š™ƒ›ȋ‘’‹Ž‡”ǡƒ›‹ƒ–ƒ–‡‘‘Ȍ ͳ͹ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
͹Ǥ ƒƒ‘ƒˆ‘™ƒƒ‰›‡‹™ƒƒȋ”‘–‹Š‡ƒƒǡȌ ʹͲȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
ͺǤ ƒƒ™ƒ‡™—•—ȋ‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡ǡȌͳͶȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶǢͳ͹ȀͳͳȀʹͲͳͷ
ͻǤ ƒ‡•ƒ”‹‡•–̵•––‡†ƒ–     ͸ȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶ
ͳͲǤ ƒƒ–‡’Š‡—ˆ‹‡›ƒ™ȋƒŠ‡‡̵•‡‹‘”„”‘–Š‡”Ȍ
 ͶȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
ͳͳǤ ”ǤǤǤ›ƒ”‘ȋ ‡†‹ƒ–‡’ƒ•–‡‰‹•–”ƒ”ǡȌ͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵
ͳʹǤ ƒƒ™‡”‡‹ ȋ™‡”‡’‡Š‡‡ǡȌ  ʹͻȀͲͳȀʹͲͳͶ
ͳ͵Ǥ ’‘•–Ž‡ ‡‡”ƒŽ‹ Šƒ”†–™‹   ͳ͵ȀͲʹȀʹͲͳͶ
ͳͶǤ ”Ǥ‘ŽŽ‹•‘ƒ–‡‰ȋ‹ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•„”‘–Š‡”ǡȌ ʹ͹ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵

       
1. ”Ǥ ƒ•‘’‘—ȋ‡ ”‡–ƒ”›ǡŠ”‹•––Š‡‹‰˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ‹‹•–”›Ȍ
2. ”Ǥ —Ž‹—•—‘‘ȋ ‘—†‡”ƒ†‡ƒ†‡”ǡ ‹Ž‰ƒŽ”ƒ›‡”‹‹•–”›Ȍ
3. ”Ǥ–‡’Š‡ ›ƒȋ ‘—†‡”ƒ†‡ƒ†‡”ǡ –‹‘”ƒ›‡”Ƭ˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽ
‹‹•–”›Ȍ


     
1. ”Ǥ™ƒ†™‘”‡ˆ‘ȋ”‘‰”ƒ•ƒƒ‰‡”ǡ•–ƒ ǡ‡ Š‹ƒȌ
 ͳͶȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶ
2. ”Ǥ‘ŽŽ‹•†—Ǧ ›ƒˆ‹ȋ”‘‰”ƒ•ƒƒ‰‡”ǡŽƒ••‹  ǡ‡ ŠǤȌ
 ͳͶȀͲ͹ȀʹͲͳͶ
3. Š‡ƒ”‡–‹‰ƒƒ‰‡”ȋŽƒ••‹  ǡ‡ Š‹ƒȌ 
 ͵ȀͳʹȀʹͲͳ͵

404
 Appendix

APPENDIX iii
ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† ”‘Š‡ “
ͳǤ‡ ‘”†‘‘•Ǧ‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘Ž‹•–‘ˆ‡„‡”•ȋ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†“—‡‡•Ȍǡƒ†Ž‹•–‘ˆ
’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ Š—” Š’ƒ•–‘”•ƒ†Ž‡ƒ†‡”•Ǣ”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆ
‘–‹ ‡•Ȁƒ‘— ‡‡–•Ǣ”‡ ‘”†•‘ˆ’”‡ƒ Š‡”•ƒ†–Š‡‹”•‡”‘Ȁ‡šŠ‘”–ƒ–‹‘Ǣ
ƒ––‡†ƒ ‡”‡ ‘”†•ˆ‘”‘–ŠŽ›‡‡–‹‰•ǡ”‡–”‡ƒ–•ǡƒ†•‡‹ƒ”•‘”
™‘”•Š‘’•ƒ––‡†‡†ǤŠ‡•‡”‡ ‘”†„‘‘•ƒ”‡ˆ‘”–Š‡’‡”‹‘†•ʹͲͲͺǡʹͲͳͲǦʹͲͳ͸
ͳǤ‘•–‹–—–‹‘
ʹǤ Ž›‡”
͵Ǥƒ‡”
ͶǤ–‹ ‡”
ͷǤ—†‹‘‘’ƒ –‹• •ȋ•ȌǦ™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘–Š‡ ̵• ”ƒ†‹‘
„”‘ƒ† ƒ•–Ȁ‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”Žƒ ‡•
ͳǤ—†‹‘‘’ƒ –‹ •ȋ†•Ȍ
‹Ǥ ™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–™ƒ•‹™—ƒŠ̵••‡”‘–‹–Ž‡†ǡ
̶ —†‰‡–ƒ‰ƒ‹•–‡˜‹Ž‹‰•̶
‹‹Ǥ ™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒ‘ƒƒ’‘•ƒŠ——— ̵•˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ 
”‘Œ‡ –ȋ‘‰ƒ†‡”‘Ȍ–‹–Ž‡†ǡ"Diadeɛ na som Yehowa"
‹‹‹Ǥ ™‹–Š†ƒ–ƒȋ”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ‘ƒ™‘”•Š‘’‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡†„›–Š‡
‘ˆ‘”–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ†–Š‡ Š—” Š̵’ƒ•–‘”•Ǥ
ʹǤƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•ˆ”‘–Š‡
‹Ǥ ”‘‰”ƒ•ˆ‘”–Š‡—ƒŽApoᴐƒ†BayedieȋƒȌ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ•
‹‹Ǥ ‹•–‘ˆ’ƒ”ƒ‘—–ǡ†‹˜‹•‹‘ƒŽƒ†‘–Š‡”Š‹‡ˆ•‹–Š‡ƒ†–Š‡‹”
‘ˆˆ‹ ‡•

͵Ǥƒ–‡”‹ƒŽˆ”‘–Š‡
‹Ǥ ŠƒƒŠ—” Š—”˜‡›ȋʹͲͳͲȌǦ‹•–‘ˆ Š—” Š‡•ȋ‘‰”‡‰ƒ–‹‘•Ȍ‹–Š‡
Ǥ

405
 Appendix

APPENDIX iv
‹•–‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŠ—” Š‡•™Š‹ Šƒ•™‡”‡†‡‹Ǧ–”— –—”‡† –‡”˜‹‡™
—‡•–‹‘ƒ‹”‡‘‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ‹••‹‘

ͳǤ —‹Ž†‡”•Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ—” Š
ʹǤ ‡•–‹›Šƒ‰‹‰‹‹•–”‹‡•
͵Ǥ ƒ‹Ž›Šƒ’‡Ž –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ͶǤ ’‘•–Ž‡•̵‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘Š—” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ͷǤ ”‡ ‹‘—•‘”‡”•–‘‡Š—” Š
͸Ǥ ’‘‡‘”†
͹Ǥ Ž‘”›Šƒ’‡Ž‹‹•–”›
ͺǤ ’‹”‹– ‹ŽŽ‡†Š—” Š
ͻǤ Š”‹•–‡•—””‡ –‹‘Šƒ’‡Ž
ͳͲǤ Š‡”‹†‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–
ͳͳǤ Š—” Š‘ˆŠ”‹•–
ͳʹǤ ‡•—””‡ –‹‘‘™‡”‹‹•–”‹‡•
ͳ͵Ǥ –‡”ƒŽ‹ˆ‡
ͳͶǤ Š”‹•– ‘•’‡Ž‹‹•–”›
ͳͷǤ ”‡ƒ–‡”‹ˆ‡‹ ‡•—•‹‹•–”›
ͳ͸Ǥ Š”‹•–’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” ŠȋȌ
ͳ͹Ǥ Š‡”‘‹•‡ƒ†Š—” Š
ͳͺǤ Š‡Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–
ͳͻǤ Š‡Ž‘‘†‘ˆ ‡•—•Š—” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ʹͲǤ ‹‰Š–Š‘—•‡Šƒ’‡Ž –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ʹͳǤ ‘—•‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽŠ—” Š
ʹʹǤ ‹˜‹‰‘™‡” –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ‹‹•–”›
ʹ͵Ǥ  –‹˜‡‘”†Šƒ’‡Ž
ʹͶǤ ‡Ž‹‡˜‡”•”ƒ›‡”‹‹•–”›
ʹͷǤ Š”‹•–‹ƒ‹••‹‘
ʹ͸Ǥ ‡™‹–›‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽ
ʹ͹Ǥ ‘—•‡‘ˆŠ”‹•–Š—” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ʹͺǤ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ƒ‹–Š‡†‡’–‹‘Š—” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
ʹͻǤ ”ƒ ‡ ‘—”‹‹•–”› –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
͵ͲǤ Š‡Ž‘‘†’‡ƒ•‹‹•–”›
͵ͳǤ ”‡•„› Ž‘„ƒŽ‹••‹‘
͵ʹǤ „‹†‡™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–Š—” Š
͵͵Ǥ ‡˜‹˜ƒŽ—–”‡ƒ ŠŠ—” Š
͵ͶǤ ‡–‡ ‘•–
͵ͷǤ ‡™’‘•–‘Ž‹ Š—” Š

406
 Appendix

APPENDIX v
‡–‡ ‘•–ƒŽŠ—” Š‡•‘‹–‘”‡†‘ ƒ†‹‘–ƒ–‹‘•‹‡ Š‹ƒ
1. ‡ˆ‘”‡†„‹†‡™‹–ŠŠ”‹•–ȋƒ–ƒ™—”ƒ†‡Ȍ
2. —‹Ž†‡”•Š”‹•–‹ƒŠ—” Šȋ›ƒ‡‡ƒ•‡Ȍ
3. Š‡Ž‘‘†‘ˆ ‡•—•‘‹–‹‰‹‹•–”›
4. ”—‡‘™‡”‹Š”‹•–‹‹•–”›
5. Š‡‘‹ ‡‘ˆ‘™‡”‹‹•–”›
6. ‹„‡”–›Š—” Š
7. ‡••‹ƒŠ‘‹–‹‰Š—” Š
8. ’‘•–Ž‡•̵‘–‹—ƒ–‹‘Š—” Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ
9. ‘˜‹‰ ‘•’‡Ž
10.‡™‹ˆ‡‹‘‹‹•–”›
11.‹˜‹‡ Š‘”
12.ƒ”ƒƒ–ŠƒŠ—” Š
13.Š—” Š‘ˆ‡–‡ ‘•–
14.Š”‹•–—” ‘’‡‹‹•–”›
15.˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽŠ”‹•– ‘—†ƒ–‹‘Š—” Š
16.‘ ‹”ƒ Ž‡‹‹•–”›
17.‡•–‹›Šƒ‰‹‰‹‹•–”›
18.‡™ƒŽ˜ƒ–‹‘
19.‹˜‹‰‘‹ ‡
20.˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹ ƒŽŠ—” Š‘ˆŠ”‹•–
21.‡‡’‡”‹ˆ‡‹„Ž‡Š—” Š
22.Š—” Š‘ˆŠ”‹•–
23.‹˜‹‡Ž‘‘†‹‹•–”›ȋƒ˜‹†ƒ† ‘Ž‹ƒ–ŠȌ
24. ‡•—•‹•Ž‹˜‡˜ƒ‰‡Ž‹•–‹ ‹‹•–”›
25.‡’‡†ƒ„Ž‡‘  ‘—†ƒ–‹‘

407
 Appendix

APPENDIX viǣ     

408
 Appendix

APPENDIX viiǣ   

409
 Appendix

APPENDIX viiiǣ        Ȁ

‘Ǥ   

ͳǤ ፭ƒŠ‡‡ ”‡•‹†‡–‘ˆȀ ‡ƒ†‘ˆ–Š‡

       

ʹǤ ”‘–‹Š‡‡ ‡ƒ –•ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡‹Š‹•ƒ„•‡ ‡

͵Ǥ ™ƒ—Š‡‡ ‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡•„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‘–”‡ƒ† ›ƒ•‡†‹˜‹•‹‘•ǡ

ƒ†͵”†‹ ‘ƒ†‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡ƒ†
 ”‘–‹Š‡‡

፭Š‡ƒƒȋ—‡‡‘–Š‡”Ȍ ‡ƒ†‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡™‘‡‹–Š‡
ͶǤ
†‘–‡Š‡‡ ‡ƒ†•–Š‡ƒ‹„‘†›‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ”›‹–Š‡‹ƒ™ƒ”
ͷǤ
‹ˆƒŠ‡‡ ‘ƒ†‡”‘ˆ‹‰Š–™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡‹ƒ™ƒ”
͸Ǥ
‡—Š‡‡ ‘ƒ†‡”‘ˆ‡ˆ–™‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡‹ƒ™ƒ”
͹Ǥ
‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡ ƒŠ‡‡̵•‡”•‘ƒŽ‘†› —ƒ”†
ͺǤ
™ƒˆ‘—”Š‡‡ ‡ƒ –•ƒ••’›‹–‹‡•‘ˆ™ƒ”ƒ†‰‹˜‡•™ƒ”‹‰•Š‘—–
ͻǤ ™Š‡Š‡‰‡–•–‘‘™–Š‡’‘•‹–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡‡‡‹‡•Ǥ ‡
 Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡ƒ†˜ƒ ‡ˆŽƒƒ††‘‡•• ‘—–‹‰ˆ‘”‡‡‹‡•
ͳͲǤ
›ƒ•‡Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ•–‘‘Ž’”‘’‡”–›ƒ†ƒŽŽ•‡”˜‹ ‡•–‘‘Ž•
ͳͳǤ
ƒ—Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—
ͳʹǤ
›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ’‘‡•’‡”•‘‘ˆ–Š‡
ͳ͵Ǥ
›‹†‘Š‡‡ ‡‹•–Š‡”‡ƒ”ˆŽƒƒ†‘˜‡• Ž‘•‡Ž›„‡Š‹†–Š‡
ƒŠ‡‡‘”–Š‡ƒ‹„‘†›‹–‹‡‘ˆ™ƒ”
ͳͶǤ
•ƒƒŠ‡‡
‡’Žƒ•™‹–Š–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡‹–‹‡‘ˆ™ƒ”
ͳͷǤ
—‘ƒŠ‡‡
ƒ”–‘ˆ”‘–”‡ˆƒ‹Ž›ƒ†ƒ –•‹–Š‡ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ
  ”‘–‹Š‡‡

ͳ͸Ǥ ˆ—–—Š‡‡ ‡ƒ†˜‹ ‡•–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡

ͳ͹Ǥ ›‡’‡Š‡‡ ‡†‹•–”‹„—–‡•–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡̵•’”‘’‡”–›ƒ†Š‡ ƒ””‹‡•–Š‡

„‘†›‘ˆƒ†›‹‰ƒŠ‡‡‹Š‹•ƒ”•ƒ†’‡”ˆ‘”•–Š‡
  Žƒ•–”‹–—ƒŽ„‡ˆ‘”‡Š‡†‹‡•ƒƒ–—”ƒŽ†‡ƒ–Š

410
 Appendix

APPENDIX ixǣ  Ǧ      Ȁ

‘Ǥ   

 Ǧ   

ͳǤ –‹’‹Š‡‡ ‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•„‘†›‰—ƒ”†•™Š‘’”‘–‡ ––Š‡’ƒŽƒ ‡‹–‹‡

‘ˆ™ƒ”
 

ʹǤ †ƒƒ–‹Š‡‡
”‰ƒ‹œ‡”ƒ†‡†‹ƒ–‘”„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ Š‹‡ˆ’”‹‡•–ƒ†
  ƒŠ‡‡

͵Ǥ ƒƒƒŠ‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ”‡ƒ•—”‡”

ͶǤ —–—Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒ—‹–‹‘•ƒ†ˆ‹”‹‰‘ˆ—•‡–”›™Š‡–Š‡

ƒŠ‡‡‹•ƒ’”‘ ‡••‹‘–‘ƒ›ˆ— –‹‘
 
‡†”‡••‡•–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡ˆ‘”†—”„ƒ”•ƒ†‹’‘”–ƒ–ˆ— –‹‘•
ͷǤ ƒ™‡”‡Š‡‡

 
‡‹•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž†™Š‡Š‡–”ƒ˜‡Ž•
͸Ǥ ƒ„‡Š‡‡

 
‡‹•‹ Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•†‡ƒ†„‘†›‘” ‘”’•‡
͹Ǥ ™‡”‡’‡Š‡
 Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵••–‘‘Ž’”‘’‡”–›‹ƒ„•‡ ‡‘ˆ
ͺǤ ›ƒ•‡™ƒŠ‡‡ ›ƒ•‡Š‡‡

  

ͻǤ •‘ƒŠ‡‡ Š‹‡ˆ‘ˆ•‘ƒ Žƒ

ͳͲǤ ’‘—ƒŠ‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒ”ƒ‘—–•–‘‘ŽŽƒ†„‘—†ƒ”‹‡•

ͳͳǤ —ƒ™ƒŠ‡‡ ‘˜‡• Ž‘•‡Ž›™‹–Š›‹†‘Š‡‡„‡Š‹†–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡‹–‹‡

‘ˆ™ƒ”
 




411
 Appendix

APPENDIX xǣ      Ȁ   Ȁ

Ǥ   

  

ͳǤ ƒ‡•ƒ‘•‘ˆ‘—” Š‹‡ˆ”‹‡•–‘ˆ

ʹǤ ‘–™‡”‡™ƒ‘•‘ˆ‘—” ”‹‡•–‘ˆ‘–™‡”‡™ƒ†‡‹–›ƒ–”ƒƒ

͵Ǥ –‹‡‘•ƒ‘•‘ˆ‘—” ”‹‡•–‘ˆ–‹‡‘•ƒ†‡‹–›

ͶǤ ”ƒ†™ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆ•‘—Ž’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘

ͷǤ ‘†‘Š‡‡ Š‹‡ˆƒ–”‘

͸Ǥ †—Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•‘†Ǧ„‡ƒ”‡”•

͹Ǥ •—ƒ‡Š‡‡  Šƒ”‰‡‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•’ƒŽƒ“—‹

ƒ””‹‡”•
 
‡”ˆ‘”•’—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘”‹–—ƒŽ•ˆ‘”–Š‡’”ƒ
ͺǤ ‡„‹”‹Š‡‡ †‡‹–›
ͻǤ •‡‹‡Š‡‡ ‡Ž‡ƒ†•–Š‡•–‘‘Ž ƒ””‹‡”•
ͳͲǤ ‘‘Š™‡†‹‡ ‡˜‡”‹ˆ‹‡•™Š‡–Š‡”ˆ”‡•Š›ƒ•ƒ”‡”‡ƒ†›
„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒŠ‡‡̵•›ƒˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ
 










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APPENDIX xiǣʹͲͳͶ        

       ȋȌ

”‹†ƒ›ȋ ‘ˆ‹‡Ȍ ʹͷȀͲ͹ȀͳͶ ̵ƒ›‡•‡̵Ǥ‹‹–‹ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
”‡•Šƒ ƒ”˜‡•–‹‰
”‹†ƒ›ȋ”—ˆ‹‡Ȍ ͳͷȀͲͺȀͳͶ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ™Š‹–‡ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
Žƒ›ȋ ›‹”‡‘Ȍ ‹ˆƒŠ‡‡ƒŽƒ ‡
—„‡”–› ‹–‹ƒ–‹‘ ‹ˆƒŠ‡ƒƒȀ†—ƒƒŠ‡ƒƒ
ȋ”ƒ‰”‘Ȍ‘ˆ‹ˆƒŠ‡ƒƒ
—†ƒ› ͳ͹ȀͲͺȀͳͶ ‡ ‹‰‘ˆƒ ‘‘Š™‡†‹‡Š‡‡
ȋ——™ƒ•‹‡Ȍ
‘†ƒ› ͳͺȀͲͺȀͳͶ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠƒ›‡†‹‡ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
ȋ ‘”†Œ‘—”Ȍ ƒ‘•‘Š‡‡ƒ›‡†‹‡ ˆ—–—Š‡‡Ȁƒ‘•‘Š‡‡
”‹†ƒ›ȋ™ƒˆ‹‡Ȍ ʹʹȀͲͺȀͳͶ ‘•‘ˆ‘—”ƒ›‡†‹‡ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
ƒ–—”†ƒ› ʹ͵ȀͲͺȀͳͶ ƒ— Š‘ˆͳͲ–Š Š‡‡‡›ƒ™ƒŽƒ ‡
ȋ‘‘‡‡‡ ‹˜‡”•ƒ”› ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ Š‡‡‡›ƒ™ƒ”
”‹‡•–•Ȁ”‹‡•–‡••‡•
†‡”ͳͷ ‘‘–„ƒŽŽ
ƒ– Š
—†ƒ› ʹͶȀͲͺȀͳͶ ‹˜‹•‹‘͵ ‘‘–„ƒŽŽ Š‡‡‡›ƒ™ƒ”
ȋ ‘™ƒ•‹‡Ȍ ƒ– Š
ƒ†‹‡• ‘‘–„ƒŽŽƒ– Š
”‹†ƒ› ʹͻȀͲͺȀͳͶ ƒŠ‡ƒƒƬ–Š‡”• x ƒŠ‡ƒƒ
ȋ——ˆ‹‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡ x †‘–‡Š‡‡
x ‹ˆƒŠ‡‡Ȁ†—ƒƒŠ‡‡
x –‹’‹Š‡‡Ȁƒ‘ˆ‹ƒ‘Š‡‡
x ›ƒ•‡™ƒŠ‡‡Ȁ™‘”‘™ƒŠ‡
‡
x ƒƒƒŠ‡‡Ȁ™‹‹ƒŠ‡‡
x ’‘‘ƒŠ‡‡Ȁ—„‹•‘‘Ǥʹ
x •‘ƒŠ‡‡Ȁƒ’ƒ•‘Ǧ
ˆˆ—ƒ‘Ǥʹ
x —–—Š‡‡Ȁƒ‹”‹Š‡‡
ƒ–—”†ƒ› ͵ͲȀͲͺȀͳͶ ƒ™‡”‡Š‡‡ ƒ™‡”‡Š‡‡Ȁ‘ƒ•‡Š‡‡
ȋ ‘‡‡‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡ 
Ž‡ƒǦ—’ ’‘•‘”•
š‡” ‹•‡Ȁ”‡‡ ͹ƒǦͳͳǤ͵Ͳƒ
Žƒ–‹‰Ȁ‡ƒ ‡
‘”—
‡ƒŽ–Š ”‡‡‹‰Ƭ
Ž‘‘†‘ƒ–‹‘


413
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APPENDIX xiiǣʹͲͳͶ    

   
—†ƒ› ͵ͳȀͲͺȀͳͶ ”‘–”‡Ƭ–Š‡”• x”‘–‹Š‡‡
ȋ™‘‘™ƒ•‹‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡ x™ƒˆ‘Š‡‡
x•ƒƒŠ‡‡Ȁ‡™
‡ Š‹ƒŠ‡‡
x ›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡
x †ƒƒ–‹Š‡‡
x ™‡”‡’‡Š‡‡
‡†‡•†ƒ› Ͳ͵ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‹ › Ž‡ƒ ‡ ƒŠ‡‡̵•ƒŽƒ ‡
ȋ™ƒ™——‘Ȍ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘
Š—”•†ƒ› ͲͶȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‹ƒŽ•‘ˆ —‹œ Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡Ȁ’‘•‘”•
ȋ‘‘›ƒ™‘‘Ȍ ‘’‡–‹–‹‘ 

‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘‘‹‰
‘–‡š–
–”‡‡– ƒ•Ȁ‹ˆ‡
ƒ†
”‹†ƒ›ȋ ‘ˆ‹‡ ͲͷȀͲͻȀͳͶ Š‡‡‡›ƒ™Ƭ x ƒŠ‡‡
‡•‡Ȍ –Š‡”•ƒ›‡†‹‡ x ›ƒ•‡Š‡‡
ȋŽ‹ƒšȌ x ‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡
‘”‹‰ǣ x ›‘‘Š‡‡Ȁ—‘›‡Š‡‡
ƒŠ‡‡•‹–•‹
•–ƒ–‡–‘”‡ ‡‹˜‡
Š‘ƒ‰‡
ƒ–—”†ƒ› Ͳ͸ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‘”‹‰ 
ȋ™‘‘‡‡‡Ȍ ƒŠ‡‡‹–•‹ 
•–ƒ–‡ 
 ‡–Š‘†‹•– Š‘‘Žƒ”
ˆ–‡”‘‘ 
”ƒ†—”„ƒ”‘ˆ 
Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡ 
‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ 
 ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆƒŠ‡‡̵•’ƒŽƒ ‡
˜‡‹‰ 
‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡„› 
”‹‡•–•ƒ† 
”‹‡•–‡••‡• ’‘•‘”•
‹‰Š–
‡•–‹˜ƒŽ”ƒ‹
ƒ–—”†ƒ› Ͳ͸ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ƒ—ƒ›‡†‹‡ ƒ—Š‡‡Ȁ ƒ•—ƒŠ‡‡
ȋ™‘‘‡‡‡Ȍ
—†ƒ› Ͳ͹ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‘”‹‰ ‘ ƒŽ‘— ‹Ž‘ˆŠ—” Š‡•
ȋ›‹™ƒ•‹‡Ȍ  ‘Ǧ 
  ‡‘‹ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ 
414
 Appendix

  Šƒ•‰‹˜‹‰ 
—†ƒ› Ͳ͹ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‡”˜‹ ‡ ’‘•‘”•
 
‘‘–„ƒŽŽ ƒŽƒ 
‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡„› ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
’”‹‡•–•
   
‘†ƒ› ͲͺȀͲͻȀͳͶ ƒ„‡Š‡‡ ƒ„‡Š‡‡Ȁ‡–‡Š‡‡
ȋ”—†™‘—”Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡
—‡•†ƒ› ͲͻȀͲͻȀͳͶ „•‡”˜‹‰ ‡„‹”‹Š‡‡
ȋ™ƒ„‡ƒȌ ”‹–—ƒŽ•‘ˆ
’”ƒŠ
‡–‹•Š
”‹‡•–
Š—”•†ƒ› ͳͳȀͲͻȀͳͶ „•‡”˜‹‰ ‘”ƒ†™ƒ”‡ˆ‘—”Š‡‡
‘—Ž
—”‹ˆ‹ ƒ–‹‘
”‹†ƒ› ͳʹȀͲͻȀͳͶ ›‹†‘ ›‹†‘Š‡‡Ȁ”‘„‘Š‡‡
ȋ™‘ƒˆ‹‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡ ‹ƒ™ƒŠ‡‡Ȁ‘‹ƒ•‡Š‡‡
—ƒ™ƒ
ƒ›‡†‹‡
Š—”•†ƒ› ͳͺȀͲͻȀͳͶ ”ƒ†™ƒ”‡ ”ƒ†™ƒ”‡Š‡‡
ȋ™‘ƒ›ƒ™‘—”Ȍ ›‹ƒ‘
ƒ–—”†ƒ› ʹ͹ȀͲͻȀͳͶ ‡— ‡—Š‡‡Ȁ ‘”‹”‘Š‡‡
ȋ™ƒ‡‡‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡
—‡•†ƒ› ͵ͲȀͲͻȀͳͶ ›‡’‡ ›‡’‡Š‡‡Ȁ—‘„‘†‘Š‡‡
ȋ™ƒ„‡ƒȌ ƒ›‡†‹‡
”‹†ƒ›ȋ ‘ˆ‹‡ ͳ͹ȀͳͲȀͳͶ ™ƒ— ™ƒ—Š‡‡
‡•‡Ȍ ƒ›‡†‹‡ —‘ƒŠ‡‡Ȁƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡Š‡‡
ƒ‘„‘ƒ•‡
ƒ›‡†‹‡






415
 Appendix

APPENDIX xivǣʹͲͳ͸፭       

      
”‹†ƒ› ›‡”‡‘ Š‹–‡ Žƒ›‹• ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡†ˆ”‘–Š‡ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ
ͷȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘‘ˆ ’‘‘•—”‹˜‡”ƒ†—•‡†–‘ ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
™‘ƒ‡‡‡ ™Š‹–‡ Žƒ› †‡ ‘”ƒ–‡–Š‡•Š”‹‡•Ǥ”‹‡•–•ƒ†
’”‹‡•–‡••‡••’”‡ƒ†–Š‡™Š‹–‡ Žƒ›‘
–Š‡•‡Ž˜‡•™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ”‡
’‘••‡••‡†„›–Š‡•’‹”‹–•Ǥ
—‡•†ƒ› —•‹–—‘ Š‡‰‘†•ƒ”‡’ƒ”ƒ†‡†–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ
ͺȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ȋ‡‘˜ƒŽ‘ˆ ’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›–‘ ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
™ƒ„‡ƒ •–—’•Ȍ †‡•–”‘›ƒ›‡˜‹Ž Šƒ”•–Šƒ–‹‰Š–
Šƒ˜‡„‡‡’Žƒ–‡†„›ƒ‡‡›
ͳͳȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ƒŽ•Š‘™ƒ– ‘‹ˆ‘”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ„‘—––Š‹• Žƒ‹‰
 –Š‡Žƒ••‹  ›‡ƒ”̵•’‘ᗤ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ ‘‹––‡‡

ͳͶȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ƒŽ•Š‘™ƒ– Ǧ†‘Ǧ Ǧ†‘Ǧ
†‡’ƒ 
ͳ͸ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ƒŽ•Š‘™ƒ– Ǧ†‘Ǧ Ǧ†‘Ǧ
•–ƒ   
  
—•–‘ƒ”› ‹•‹––‘–Š‡–™‡”‡†ƒƒ”‹˜‡”„› ƒƒ†‘–‡Š‡‡
”‹–‡• ƒƒ‘ˆ‘” —•–‘ƒ”›”‹–‡•
–‘™ƒ”†•–Š‡•ƒŠ™‹‡”‹–—ƒŽ•

—”ˆ‡™‹‡ Š‹ƒ–‘™•Š‹’ˆ”‘
ͳͲǤ͵Ͳ’–‘ͶǤͲͲƒ
Š—”•†ƒ› •ƒƒŠ™‹‡ ŽŽ Š‹‡ˆ•ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡‰ƒ–Š‡”ƒ– ƒƒ†‘–‡Š‡‡
ͳ͹ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸  †‘–‡Š‡‡̵•’ƒŽƒ ‡–‘„ƒ–Š‡ƒ† 
™‘ƒ›ƒ™‘‘  †”‹•‘‡Š‡”„ƒŽ ‘ ‘ –‹‘• 
 ‡ƒ––‘’”‘˜‹†‡•–”‡‰–ŠǤŠ‡ 
 Š‹‡ˆ•–Š‡–‡•––Š‡‹”•–”‡‰–Š 
 –Š”‘—‰Š‘ ˆ‹‰Š–‹‰Ǥ 
  
—‰‘ˆ™ƒ” Š‡›‘—–ŠƒŽ•‘‡‰ƒ‰‡‹ƒ–—‰‘ˆ Žƒ‹‰
™ƒ” ‘‹––‡‡
”‹†ƒ› ‹•‹––‘–Š‡ Š‡ƒŠ‡‡ƒ†–Š‡‘–Š‡” Š‹‡ˆ• ƒƒƒ—Š‡‡
ͳͺȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ‘›ƒŽ ˜‹•‹––Š‡‘›ƒŽƒ—•‘Ž‡—–‘
›‹ˆ‹‡ ƒ—•‘Ž‡— ’‡”ˆ‘” ‡”–ƒ‹”‹–‡•ǤŠ‡‹””‡–—”
–‘–‘™ƒ”•–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡
’‘ᗤˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤŠ‹•‹•Ž‡†„›–Š‡
ƒ—Š‡‡Ǥ
ͳͻȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ‡ƒŽ–ŠƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š™ƒŽ–Š”‘—‰Š•‘‡’”‹ ‹’ƒŽ Žƒ‹‰
•–”‡‡–•‘ˆ–Š‡ ‹–›„›–Š‡‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ ‹”‡ ‘‹––‡‡
•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡǡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘•‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ
‡‡’ˆ‹– Ž—„•ƒ†‘–Š‡”‹•–‹–—–‹‘•Ǥ

416
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APPENDIX xvǣʹͲͳ͸APOƆ       

      
ͳͻȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ‡ƒŽ–Š ”‡‡’”‘•–ƒ–‡ǡ†‹ƒ„‡–‡•ǡ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡†‹‘•‡•ƒ†ƒ‡
 ”‡‡‹‰ „‘†›• ƒƒ†• ”‡‡‹‰„› ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
‹ƒ‘†ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š‡–‡” 
‹ ‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹‘™‹–Š‡†‹‘•‡• ‹ƒ‘†ƒ–—”ƒŽ
ƒ†ƒ‡†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ ‡ƒŽ–Š‡–‡”ƒ†
”‡‡• ”‡‡‹‰ˆ‘” ‡’ƒ–‹•„› ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ •
†‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡•ƒ––Š‡
ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆŠ‡‡‡›ƒ™
ƒŽƒ ‡Ǥ
ʹͳȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ƒŽ•Š‘™‘ ‘‹ˆ‘”–Š‡’—„Ž‹ ƒ„‘—––Š‹• Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡
ƒŽŽ”ƒ†‹‘ ›‡ƒ”̵•’‘ᣨ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘
•–ƒ–‹‘•
—‡•†ƒ› ’‘‘–™‹‡ ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ƒƒ‡•ƒŠǡƒƒ™ƒ•‹ ƒƒƒƒ‡•ƒŠ
ʹʹȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ȋ‹†‹‰‘ˆ ƒ†‘–™‡”‡™ƒ–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
‘„‡ƒ Š‘”•‡•Ȍ •–”‡‡–•–‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‡ˆ”‘–•‘ˆƒŽŽ–Š‡ 
 Š‹‡ˆ•™Š‘™‹ŽŽ„‡™ƒ‹–‹‰™‹–Š 
 –Š‡‹”†”‹•ˆ‘”–Š‡‘•‘ˆ‘—” 
 –‘’‘—”Ž‹„ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡‡••‡ ‡‹• 
 –‘ƒ’’‡ƒŽ–‘–Š‡ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽ•’‹”‹–• 
 ˆ‘”•ƒˆ‡”‰”‘—†•–‘ ƒ””›‘—– 
 –Š‡ˆ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ –ƒŽ•‘ƒ”•–Š‡ 
 „‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡ƒˆ–‡”‘‘’‘ᣨ 
 ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ 
Ž‡ƒǦ—’  ƒƒ‘ǡ‘—‹–›
š‡” ‹•‡ Ž‡ƒǦ—’š‡” ‹•‡Šƒ•‡ ǣ Ž‡ƒ†‡”•ƒ† ‘—‹–›
 Ž‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ•ƒŽŽ–‘™•ƒ† ˆ‘Ž•
 ‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ”‘—†‡ Š‹ƒ 
 •—’‡”˜‹•‡†„›–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡ 
 ƒ†–Š‡’Žƒ‹‰ ‘‹––‡‡ 
Ž‡ƒǦ—’  
š‡” ‹•‡ Ž‡ƒǦ’š‡” ‹•‡Šƒ•‡ ǣ 
 Ž‡ƒ‹‰‘ˆ‡ Š‹ƒ–‘™•Š‹’ Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡
 „›–Š‡‘Ž‹ ‡ǡ ‹”‡ƒ† 
 ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ‡‡’ ‹– 
ˆ–‡”‘‘ Ž—„•ǡƒ†ƒƒ‘Ǥ †‘–‡Š‡‡ǡ
’‘ᣨ  —–—Š‡‡
 ’‘ᣨ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ †ƒƒ–‹Š‡‡
‡†‡•†ƒ› ‡ƒŽ–Š ”‡‡”‡ƒ•–ƒ ‡” ”‡‡‹‰„› ‘”†‹ƒ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘
ʹ͵ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸  ”‡‡‹‰ ‘”†‹ƒ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ƒ––Š‡ Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡
™‘ƒ™——‘  ˆ‘”‡ ‘—”–‘ˆ–Š‡ƒŠ‡‡̵• x ™ƒ—Š‡‡
 ƒŽƒ ‡ x ™ƒˆ‘—”Š‡‡
ˆ–‡”‘‘  x –‹’‹Š‡‡
’‘ᣨ ’‘ᣨ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘

417
 Appendix

APPENDIX xviǣʹͲͳ͸፭       

      
Š—”•†ƒ› ‡ƒŽ–Š ”‡‡ ”‡‡‹‰ˆ‘” ‡’ƒ–‹–‹• ‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ •ƒ†
ʹͶȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸  ”‡‡‹‰„› †‹ƒ‰‘•–‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡• ‹ƒ‘†ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š
›‹›ƒ™‘‘  ƒ†‹ƒ‘†ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ–Š ‡–‡”
 ‡–‡” 
ˆ–‡”‘‘ x ”‘–‹Š‡‡
’‘ᗤ ’‘ᗤ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ x ‹ˆƒŠ‡‡
  x ™‡”‡’‡Š‡‡
  x ƒ™‡”‡Š‡‡
 

‘‡ 
‡•–‹˜ƒŽ‘‹––‡‡
‘‹‰ ‡Ž ‘‹‰ƒŽŽ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š
ƒ ‡•–”ƒŽŽ‹‡ƒ‰‡‹‘‘
‡ Š‹ƒ
”‹†ƒ› ’‘ᗤ ‹ƒ†ƒ Š‡Ž‹ƒš‘ˆ–Š‡’‘ᗤ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǤ ƒŠ‡‡Ž‡†„›
ʹͷȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸  ŽŽ–Š‡’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‹–Š‡ƒ• ƒ•‡†ƒŠ‡‡ƒ†ƒŽŽ Š‹‡ˆ•
”—ˆ‹‡  ™‡ŽŽƒ••–”ƒ‰‡”• ‘˜‡”‰‡‹ ƒ†’‡‘’Ž‡™‹–Š‹ƒ†
 –Š‡ ‹–›–‘ ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‡–Š‡’‘ᗤ‹ ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡Ǥ
 ‰”ƒ†•–›Ž‡Ǥ 
  
ˆ–‡”‘‘ ”ƒ†—”„ƒ”ƒ––Š‡‡–Š‘†‹•– Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡
ͳ’Ǧ͵’  Š‘‘Žƒ”
ƒ–—”†ƒ› ”‹‡•–‡••‡• ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒƒƒƒ‡•ƒŠ
ʹ͸ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ †ƒ ‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”‹‡•–‡••‡• ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
™ƒ‡‡‡   
ˆ–‡”‘‘ ’‘ᗤ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ x ‡—Š‡‡
’‘ᗤ x ƒƒŠ‡‡
x ™ƒ‡•‘Š‡‡
—†ƒ› ”‹‡•–• ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡„›–”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒƒƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
ʹ͹ȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ †ƒ ‡ ”‡Ž‹‰‹‘—•’”‹‡•–• 
‘‘™ƒ•‹‡   x ›‡ƒ‡Š‡‡
 ˆ–‡”‘‘ ’‘ᗤ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ x ƒ„‡Š‡‡
 ’‘ᗤ  x ƒ•ƒƒŠ‡‡
   
   Žƒ‹‰‘‹––‡‡
 ˜‡‹‰ƒ– ƒ ‡‘ˆ’‘ᗤʹͲͳ͸‡ƒ—–›‘–‡•– 
 ͸’ ‡—‡ǣ‹ƒ‹–›
ʹͺȀͲ͵Ȁͳ͸ ‹–—ƒŽ•–‘ ƒ•–†ƒ›‘ˆ’‘ᗤ ‡•–‹˜ƒŽǣ‹–—ƒŽ•‹ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
‘”†™‘‘ ‡†’‘ᗤ –Š‡ƒ‘”‹˜‡”–‘‡†–Š‡’‘ᗤ x ‘„‡ƒŠ‡‡
   x ›ƒ•‡Š‡‡
 ˆ–‡”‘‘ ’‘ᗤ‡Ž‡„”ƒ–‹‘ x ™‘”‘™ƒŠ‡‡
 
Ͳ͵ȀͲͶȀͳ͸ ›‹ƒ‘ ‘™ƒ•‹‡Ǧ›‹ƒ‘ ƒƒ‡•ƒŠ‘•‘ˆ‘—”
ȋ—Ǧ‘ˆˆȌ  

418
 Appendix

APPENDIX - xvii
   ȋ   
       Ȍ
  
x ’‡‹‰”ƒ›‡”
x ‡Ž ‘‡††”‡••
x –”‘†— –‹‘‘ˆŠƒ‹”ƒƒ†‘–Š‡”†‹‰‹–ƒ”‹‡•
x Šƒ‹”ƒǯ•‡•’‘•‡
x ‘‰
x ’‡‡ Š„›–Š‡‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹˜‡‘ˆ–Š‡„—•—ƒȋ ƒ‹Ž›Ȍ
x ”ƒ›‡”ˆ‘”–Š‡‡™Š‹‡ˆ„›ƒ•–‘”
x ”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡Š‹‡ˆ̵•Š”‘‡ȋ„›–Š‡ ƒ‹Ž›Ȍ
x ’‡‡ Š„›–Š‡ƒƒ™—•—‡›ƒ™ȋŠ‡‡™ Š‹‡ˆȌ
x ”ƒ›‡”‘ˆ‘•‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†Ž‡••‹‰‘–Š‡Š”‘‡„›ƒ•–‘”
x ”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ ‹ˆ–•–‘–Š‡‡™Š‹‡ˆ
x Šƒ‹”ƒ̵•Ž‘•‹‰‡ƒ”•
x ‘–‡‘ˆŠƒ•
x Ž‘•‹‰”ƒ›‡”ƒ†‡‡†‹ –‹‘„›ƒ•–‘”

419