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Borwort
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c|Jt [t|n |t 0njtt 0t0|[qta Ud| k.
Wnqtn, 0tn 23. }cn0ct 1 940.
Dr DerfaHer.
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jttrt bttmcq|, 0nj ttta tiqI0ma, 0njtttt Lt]|n00n-
ytn, cb tt ]0y| t|q c0q 0| t Q0t| | t 0njtttt b|tt|||y-
kt||tn 0n0 ]ct|t|0nytn, 0tt ttjqIIttn0tn tm0| 0n0
0tt mtqt c|a qt|0n| jqtn Uttm| |0tt0ny 0n0 |nIctI0ny
mt||tt bq|q|tn 0njtttt bt0|ktt0ny. ca cott ndq
otjdn0tta mttkmt0|y | j|, | j| 0|t TcIjcqt, 0cp ta
0n|tt c| | tnU|kttn 0tt |t0t kt|nta y|o|, 0ca jd mtn|y
m|t m|t |mj|cn0t | j|, q ]0 |tt0tn. B| t |t|nt 0tyc-
n| jcI|dn, 0| t cn0ttt U | ktt c0a]t|qnt|, | j| 0n 0tt-
jcy|, 0njtt b|nn |t W0k | j| mtn|y tn|m| dt||, 0njtt
bqnqt| |ann n|q| | to tn0|y 0n0 jqct|, 0njttt }tj|t
n0 |c0| 0n0 | tmtn0 0n0 tn0tn m|| Lcnytmt| | t 0n0
UttjI|mm0ny. |t0ttj|tqtnn| q|, ]0ytn| tptn,n|q|,0na
]0 |tt0tn. |t |cqttn |mmtt mt||tt|dtI, ]u jcmmt|n
0n0 cn]0q0|tn, c|a mtnn m|t 00tq Uttmtqt0ny
0njttta btqta ytn0p|q|ytt mtt0tn knn|tn. bn0
jd | j| 0tnn 0| t 0t]t| d| | 0njttta b|tto tnat|] 0n0
btytqt||qkt||, n|q| 0tt 0njq, mtqt ]0 ytn| tptn,
jdn0ttn mtqt ]0}cotn.
0| jc |qtm bd0tn ttm0qa 0| t bt0|c| tt|0qttt-
jqc||, 0|t |t 0tn 0tmcktc|| jqtn L| ottc||am0a [d
ktnn]t|qntn0 | j|, 0ca tmt|nmtjtn, |n 0tm t|nt k| t|nt
0ottjq|q| 00tq Tt0j| 0n0 dn]ttn qtmm0nya| da
W||It| jIcn0, tot||ttjqc|| 0n0 bc0ttnI0m c0an0q|
un0 kc||qtt]|y [t0tn 0|j|| ty otyco|tt Wtnjqtn, 0| t
||ncn]| t|| n|q| c0||qtttb|0|t j|tqtn, 0ttq|n0tt|. B c a
j|n0 0 | t y t| j||ytn q|n|ttyL n0 t 0 t L
o t y t t | | q t n ] | 0 | d+t c | | t , 0 t a j 0 m | | -
ytn T qto d 0 tna 0 tt o ttj| c c |||q tn
W q | t 0 t a ] 0 0 t n | 0 m a 0 n! 0 t t } t t | -
m c 0 t t t t | , 0 | t | n | n y | c n 0 |} t t n b | |
q c o t n l B t t c m | ,

t n 0 | t j t | | t m t n | t
13
g1qtn 0 t n H c |Jd n<| [ d j|s!v6 ft
t t 0 , | [| 0 t t c mp ] 0 t tt | 0 t t t(p!] |
] t ] t 0 0 | t [ d j | c I t t t t q | | ] k t | , | t t
0 | c 0 | 0 c a 0 t+t B t 0 | [ q | c n 0 0 t t q c|
0 t t t c ] | t n 0 t n t | 0 [ c d |_t c n 0 t | ] t_t 0
0 c at [ t | 0 tA t o t | | 0 n 0 0 c a t q | 0 t t
Lt|[|00] , |t ht| t] 0 tt n b tt] c |I b t t
dqbc | |c I |[ | [qt0 b|0 |[c0] tt c0|
0 t0 r qc ]] t00 t0 Wtn r qt0.
| n | [ q t | 0 t n 0 | t 0 | t I 0 | d k t c | | [ q t
p L pc] cn0 c 0 tL o t||| r q tn bq0 I t |[|
#
0cp r |t c0| t|ntm otj||mm|tn Wtnr qtn
|yp0a b tt 0 |. |a |[| 0 tL W tn [q 0 ta
o [d |0 |t nt [q ||t a , 0 tt 0 ca | t c ] t n 0 t
| | t m t n | 0 t t | 0 | d b t c | | [ q t n 0 b t t
r q|q | |n] | cn0a 0 ct j|t | | |. |t q| mdt] tna
cn 0tt bt[t 0n0 cotn0a |n 0tt bqt| ||| t| |0n]. bt|n
gcn]ta Tcgtmtt t | j| t|nt t|n]|]t ]c]0 ncq ||nc0
]|tI| tm btm|nn, | tt m|| |||tb|tn 0n0 0dt| m| | Hcq
t|q|tn. ]tdc]cn0c | j| |t |n t|n t[q||. B|t t-
m|nn0ng 0cn Wtn
[
qtnmt|n0n]tn | j| t|n hc0], ]tnc0
m| t 0tt qcn0tI m|| B| cmcn|tn d0tt dtn. 0b ta
q 0m t|ntn bcI| tn bc0mmdIIt d0tt 0m 0tn |IItn
t|nta Wtnjqtn cn0t| |, o | t| o| q ] | t|q, 0tn0 t|n bt|
||[qtt ]tdc]cn0| [| | [| 0|q|a cn0ttta c|a t|n Wt|
n0n]an0Itt.
bm | t ]ct0n0tt|mt00t [|t|]tt|t 0tt [|ttt
Ldt0 Hdt|t| |||t 0| t ]tdpc]cn0cmt|d0tn 0tt
0t|||[ qtn ]|0|dktc||t j0 bIc[ [| [ qtt qt.
Hdt|t ||||t |[ 0tt ttpt[t0|c||0t Utt|tt|tt 0tt
md0ttntn k|t0tt 0ct ot||| jqtn Utdcgcn0c 0n0 j-
4
| tiq 0rt on totItIt Ltrmtij| tt 0tr otiIi[qtn )cur-
nc|ij|tn[qmtmt 0cn 1 900 oia 3Ut btgcnmctI. btco
cq|rn mit iqn 0urq tinr ori|ijqr bti||t. ]m 5. 1 2.
1 91 4 jqtito 0rt |ng|1n0tt bcr0intt tintn c||tnrn
bt| t| cn HctIqt|i[[r, in 0tm ra qrip|.
,rt Jqttn rt0rgcng 0rt|c |I, mir0 jqmr-
|iq ou[ rImoa jIcptn, mc tr [crn hcnn. qirr c|rr| t
Ldt0 HdtIqt||[[t jtint [cutnc|ijIijqrn Jn| ttrjjrn |r
0oa btmtinmcqI, |t 0it boqt 0ra |rir0rns, [t
|r tn0tin grcpra J0tc|, 0ca iqm ktin hcrn cu| 0it
W|t otcq| t, qirt otcutq|t tt [tint ungtqtutt Woq|
niq| um pq jt|oj|, [cn0ttn 0it t|| ]0 btttiqttn.
[ott tt mit0 htint bqm| ttigkriIrn qobtn, ou| 0ir
Htit]t qin]0mt|[tn, 0it bit ongtj||||t| cotn, 0ir
]tin0jqc[Itn, 0it bit g tnqt| qco tn, 0| t Bingt, 0
bit |m b||t} gr|c[jtn un0 0| t btn[oI|cntn, 0dn 0tt
]tkntt Lgr oia ]u 0rt Lgt 0cn [mitna ort 0ir
Hit0ttlcg t 0rt tng|ijqtn tmtt, 0| t b| t mt||qin
0trottiIrI qcotn. bit qoo tn 0it6 gt|on, niq| mti| bit
cuqim grring jItn [t|o j| 0cton g|cuo|tn, niq| mtg tn
tinta btun0[cqta, 0tn bit in |qttn qit|Itn. bit qoorn
ta ]t|un, mri| ta 0rt kt]r[|t tg ]um |t[d|g mot,
]u 0tm |t|c|g, 0tt 0ca |in]ig t ijI, 0tm bit unItto||tn
un0trn un0 qti|i|mtrn 0ta Lto tna qu|0igtn. |a
bit 0rn ritg grgrn 0it butrn tt0igItn, mot ta
niqI, mti| bit 0it butrn qcpIrn un0 |ng|cn0 || to|rn;
ta mct nut, mti| bir Jqtt )riIungrn ]u 0rtkcu|rn
0ttj|cn0rn. |a bir 0tn Hritg grgtn ]

rontriq
tt0iItn un0 0trhn0iItn, mit mr0rn }tcnkttiq
mi| bqmuq un0 b|u| o t0tdtn, un0 [rinr Hd|cnirn
BtuI[q|cn0 ]tb tn, gt[tqoq ta niq|, mri| birrImoa
grgtn ]tonhtriq cIItn, [cn0trn mti| b|r mup|tn,
15
mit mon 0| t [ugtnb| |6a| t|0tnjqo|Itn 0ta ot|I|[qtn
]ot|a ouaotuIt|. [|a b| t |m 0ttg cng tntn ]t||ng
0utq Jqtt )t|Iung tn 0cn 0tt ,T|mta comtIa 0tn
tg ttbt| tg tcqt]t| tn || tptn, 0o bmmttItn b| t
pq n| q| um 0oa cq| 0ta Lon0ta un0 um 0| t
UotIt| tn. Bca UoItt| cn0 jq| ttI b| t n| qI, un0 b| t
cb tn m| I o| | tn ]otIt| tn bcbtII| tt|. ]o, jcgot Jqtt
Ht|gung tn tt|p tn b| t dqnt [t0tn btun0 oua Jqttm
qtt]tn u| t Jqttn qop. W|| t|ntm ct|. b| t mottn
0utq ]mon]|] )oqtt 0tt [cutno|| jI| jqt bton0j|||Itt |n
|ng|on0, t|n Wonn, [|tIa bttt||,0| t t|| |n }ommtn
]0 j t )tn.
bqcn 0tt tng| |jqt ]q|| djcq un0 WoIqtmo||btt
bttIton0 ujjt| | qo| |n jt|ntm buq ,tgt ]0r jtt|
t|| b tt 0| t bt| || jqtn Wo[jtnog|IoIdttn ]tut|t|||:
,B| t Wo[jt 0tt bt0|bttung t|nta Lon0ta bonn
ongt| t||t| mtt0tn, [t0ta on0ttt Lon0 ]0 ||tb tn
d0tt ]0 ojjtn, [t noq 0tm unjqt 0tt ]t||unga
b tpqtt, 0| t d|| unm|I|t| bot d0tt m|IIt| oot unItt 0tm
||n||ujjt 0ta | | | tna 0tt j|non]gtptn [|tqtn. bd-
|ongt o|a jt|n0jqo|| ]m| jqtn |ng |cn0 un0 up|on0
ttmnj q| uot, uottn unjttt ]t| |ungtn 0c| | 0dn 0tt
]to0jom

n btqon0|un] tujpjqtt d|||| jqtt t-

|on]tntt, 0dn 0tt bn|tt0tdun] j|nn|on0 0n0
]d|tna. ]tq|qttnu|t j|oI|0tjjtn0dn 0tn W| jjt|oItn

t0|[q| cn0a.
1 932 [It| |It0tt tng|| jqt bqt| || j|t| | tt btto|0 botty
0|r r0obItutt 0tt bt|I|jqtn ]ttj|t unItt |d|]tn0t
nk|o]t.
,t b tqon0t| |tn 0| t ]t||un]tn n|q| o|a |t|n
|q||gt Wt|nunga|njItumtnIt, jcn0ttn c|a ]tmqn||qt
l0
W|||t| 0t Uttmg tnstrmtroa, t ot|tcd | t|tn t mt
bt||t d0tt ]o|tn|mt0|]|n d0tt |rg tn0 t|nt on0ttt
ctt,um tojq tt|q ]u mtr0tn un0|n0tn ]0t|aj|cn0
]udmmtn. un| tt 0| tjtnLtu| tn 0trjqmcn0 0cto| | tm
|mmtt mtt 0oa o| |t bt|| 0tt Utron|mct| || qt| |
g tgtnb tt 0tm ]uo ||kum un0 0tm Lon0t. [n jt|nt
b| t| | t |tc|tn 0| t b||tt 0ta qcn0t|a, 0tt ]n j t|g tnt|n
nomt un0 0tt W|| | |cntncu|| cgt.
B | t m | t | j q o | | | | q t } d t m 0 t a W d n d
d | a m | t 0 o u q | n 0 t t ] t d o g o n 0 o t | n -
g t| t| . Hcrtt||||t ou|| t q |n |ng| cn0 )t|
|ung ou| )t||ung. |t kdt||t |n tntm dq-
kc||o||j||jqtn hdmo|no||cnajgj|tm m|| 0| tjtm Ttuj|
t|nt t| t btkonn| tt]rtjjtcrgcnt 0ta[ua|cn0ta m| t
,HtmgdtT|mta un0,Hdmd[tIttn[o. Hdt|t||||t
tttjq|t |n Ldn0dn 0n0 ttrj q|t |n Htm gdr. oa
|mmtt pq ttt|gnt|t, mur0t 0urq jt|nt br|| | t gtj ttn.
tnou m| t |n 0tto||o|| j||jqtn I|r| jq o||, om ltt
|n 0tt ]tdogon0o 0oa Wdndd| jgj|tm ]um 0d| | tn
Butqbt0q. B | t j t ]t oqon0okdn]ttn t
Lb t n t a ] t t | | qqt b t o(| , g o n ] t U | t t
0 t t j t t | t | | | t t a 0 d | | |(t n B t n t 0 a
j 0 b t t o 0 b t n 0 n 0 o n 0 | t h t | t t 0 t a
W t | n 0 n q a 0 | | o | t a m t n | q t t ] t t | -
m o u t t t | j(- [ 0 | j q t t b t j t n n | qt j 0
| t qtn. Jn0tm 0| t Wojjtn 0| t|tt Ln0tt 0tm bonn .
0tr |n|ttno||dno| tn ]ttjjtyncjt un|tt| cg tn, btgobtn
pt pq |n 0| t gt| j||g t )monga[odt 0tt o trj|oo| ||qtn
Uttbn0t, 0tttn ||to j|ts h|n0 btdpbt||onn| tn 0Lmo|a
jqdn mot un0 gtb| |tbtn | j|.
[u| 0tt brun0| cgt 0ta Wdndd|[yj|tms tn| j|on0
ntotn un0 m|| 0tr Icr|qr|| ||t|rtjj t |n 0tr ]mt|Itn
1
q
0|||t 0t 1 8. ]cqtun0tt| 0c !1tuttto0t0, bai
Ft[tnc| 0tt bt| || jqtn Lytntqt. fg mut0t otytn0tf
0dn t|ntm 0tu| jqtn ]u0tn, 0tt mtytn g||c||cn
]tytn ]ttuptn 1 866 cua Btu|jq|cn0 cuaytm|tjtn
mut0t. Jn Ldn0cn ncm 0| tjtt ]u0t 0tn Hcnitn
tu|tr cn un0 ]d [ 0ca othcnnft Icqr|q|tn
brd cu|. bt|n bcn, qtto ct| tu| tr, mut0t jt|n
Hcq|d|gtt. | t ta |n 0| tjtm btd cua]t|, | j|
btbcnn|. ||nt bq| |0ttuny 0dn | ||t, 0tt | nyttt ]t||
t|ntn ]ttn0tn ]dj|tn ot| tu|tr t|nncm, mc
y una
ttntu| b tmt| j tn, mt| qtt Wtnjqtn|gua |n|tt 0tn
Wdndd| jgj| tmtn 0tt ot||| jqtn ]tccycn0c j|t|
0n0 cuq bt| tu|tr jt|n btjq|| bt|tt| o| . ,B| t
Wnntt, 0| t cm btc !Ttu| tt | n|tttjptt| pn0,
btnntn kt| n Uc|tt| cn0, bnktn un0 || tn |n| tt-
nc|| dnc|. b| t pn0 | n btt||n un0 ]ct|a, |n ]tttta
b0ty un0 | tn, |n Ldn0dn m| t Htm gdtk cnjjpy.
Mt| t] un0 ht| tyayt|ct o| |0tn |t 0| tjt Wnntt 0| t
]nj||]j|t bt| t]tnt| |, um |m Ttbtn ]u || jqtn, un0
ts mtt un0ttnn|||y, 0dn | ntn ]0 ttmat|tn, 0cp
Oe 0| t | ntn 0ctytbd| tntn bt| tytnt||tn ]um bt|0
ytm|nn uno tnuq| 0dtottyttn |cjjtn.
B| t]| t|qtn [0| jq-kc| |c| | j|| j qtnbqckc| t cujtn

[
u|t ] tncu m| t 1 810 un0 1 9 1 4 | n 0tn Hcqt|q|tn-
]tn|tc| tn 0tt tny|| jqtn ]tdcycn0c. Botcn c| Od
qj|tns |njd|ttn t|mca ]tn0tt|, c|a 1 933 ytjqu| |t
Uttj|tbun] t|n|tc| 0utq 0|t 0tu|jqtn |m|ytcn|tn,
0| t |m tng | | jqtn ]tccgcn0c|cytt m| | | kdmmtntu|
ncmt |cn0tn. H|tytn0s y| o| ts t|ntn mt0|ytttn
0t| |t 0| t [0| jqtn bht| btn|tn 0tt 0tu|jqtn ]ttjjt
0tt bgj|tm]t|| c|s Ldn0dn un0 j t|nt ]ttjjt[u0tn, t|nt
Lytn0dmnt, 0dn 0tt bttt| |a 1 858 |qct0 cgntt

bri [t|nm P0| .n|qo|| in Ldn0dn [(r|tb: ,Ddn ber

|q|mr| gkt||, 00tr[qm|t|| , bt[tdqt0t|t 00

btmtinqt|| 0tr q| tpgtn ]rt|[t |[| [ttr, tr | tr | tb|,
jd |nn|g b tt]tug| , 0op |q m|q n|q| g trnt o0q n0r
m|| tm 0|oj[t0 [d| q t|nta b|o||ta btj0t| t.
R|a 0| t or|[qt 0||0r Jn0| tna ]0[ommtnbroq,
m0r0tn |m btrt|q tr d|||| jqtn H| tnat|n0ng on
0tn n|gaq|tn jkr0t| |djt tntr tmdrgt[| |, 0| t
je noq bt]o|0ng |r d0tr gtgtn t|nt boqt j0
jrtqtn btrt|| mortn. ||n |n0|jqtr br0q, mt| | btr
]mt| )or|o0jtn0t o||, 0tr0r|t| || pt m|| bt|ptn0tm
bd||: ,Boa ||nt | p| mon, oa 0trt |op| mon,
0tr Lount |d|g| mon, g t|ong tn b|t|b| mon. )tq|
q| tr pq o||t0, [tq| 0dr|q|nqrt||tn, tm ||tnq| t|q,
0tr 0dn j| ]u [| [q|||.

q0|| qt |r[qt|n0ngtn
|jobtn pq |m [|tn br| tqtn|on0 0n0 om |nt ta
on||ktn Jmtr|0ma tr mtr |n tr ]rdogon0o
gt]t|g| . B| t[t d| | t j| t|tn qt0|t | t bqrt|b tr||ngt
brdbr||onn|tna 0n0 pt j| t| tn pt [d r0q| da, op |t
btjq|q|t 0| tjt qgntn t|ntr 0n|trgtqtn0tn 0||0t
tb tnjd mtn|g 0trqtj[t0 m|r0 m|t | qrt |n|[qt0,
)r|tq| jqtn 0n rm| jqtn Bdt|g nqtr.
||nt0]oq|moqtqt| |a|| tb tntr|ng| ntrqo|qtgtn
0|tj tn Cqorok|tr0tr|o| | on]0km|tn 0trj0qt, obtr
0trqtb||q.
|r kdmmtn ]u tm r|mrtn )| t| o| |tr br|||[qtn
!ojjtnbtt|n||0[j0ng. | a | 0 | I r o | | r q t a
] q n d m t n k t n n | | t b r | | | [ q t ] r d o
go n 0o n 0 r t | n t t | n j | qt , q[| t ) m t d-
[tq0 g . 1 t| q |0m 0n0 6 t|0qtm |00. b|t
| j| 0tr |rt|bt00tr0n0 o0q 0dr|, md t|nt br|||[qt
11
]tdc]cn0ccb||dn j qt|nbct tt|n ttc|d|||| jqtn |c
rck|tt c|.
bt| j|t|: |n|jq||tp| pq 0tt |u|dhtc||[qt M|n]t|,
t|ntn ht| t] ttbt|]u|ttn, um cu| 0| tjtm t] 0tn
|t|tc] [t|nta bt[q||ta ]u [|t|]ttn, jd [q|d| tt jt|nt
]| |c|dttn |n 0|t Wc[j tn bdtun0 [cnn|0utq t| tga-
|tt|bttt| 0|t U|btt 0dt 0tn c]tn 0tt ]|u|dhtc||t.
00tt: |a ttto| pq t|n ctntt un0 0ttjuq|, 0| t
Mt||tn 0ttt|0ttt[qc|| ]u [ttn] tn. B|t ]|u|d-
8tc||t | t| |t| 0cnn, 0m |n 0n[q0| |q ]u mcqtn, 0m-
] ttn0 t|n c| | ]tmt|nta tdc]cn0|[||[qta t jjt||tt|btn
t|n, [qtt|| |n m|| | cuj tn0tn 0dn btcqtdttn n|t0tt
000 bt|n]| |n tn0||q ]um bqmt|]tn.
Bca bcu]tjtq [t0tt ]tdcgcn0c | [| 0tt |t|d|].
}t 0| t bt|||[qt ]||c||dn ]| | | 0cm|| 0tt bcq, 0tt |m
q|nb ||d du| 0ca cn]t[|ttb|t )|t| ott [t0t |u|dktc-
|l[qt Wc[j tntdcgcn0c cuagtjtdqtn mtt0tn kcnn:
B | t I0|d I t c|| [q t ]td c] cn0 c | [| 0 c
0 0 t q q c t c b | t t | [ | t t | , 0 c p j | t 0 t nt c 0
0 t a | t | d | ] t a c n 0 t t ) u n c m t 0 t a b t | 0 -
[|t m ta m| |I 0 tt |n 0| t T c [q tn | t tL
q d q b c | | c I | [| | [q t n 0 | | L c ] ] t b t t
| | | t ||.
Bca pn0 0| t jcb|dttn, cua 0tntn pq 0| t
]tdc-
] cn0c tdpot||cnn| tna ]ujcmmtn[tq|. B tL Wtn [d
0e s c b [d I0| tn b t [q||a | [| |t t 0L ] tI
0 n 0 | t T t g t t , 0 c a W d n d d | | q t t t -
[| c I |, 0 tt 6 tI0 ttm ttb |q t ]| tI.
||n cb]ttun0t|ta b| |0 0c0dn ]cb bt]||q 0tt bt-
kcnn|t|n]| n0ttyn0qcmLtm|a:,B| tunb tjqtnb|t
Wcq| 0tat|0ra 0n0 0| t btu|c| tn Ht|g un]tn 0tt

ocn |qm tj t[,tntn jin0 jc ]tmt|n]lt| ]r un0 cu]tn -

jqt|n||qt Tctjcqtn, 0cp ta jqcn t|nuna c| | t|tt||tn-
0tr bhcn0c| | j|, 0cp pt ncq t|ntr o tjdn0tttn |t-
|nnttun] ot0t|tn. Udn mtm mtt0tn m|r tutt o t-
|[tttjq t |rmtt0tn n| q| bcm n|] tt]| tt|, 0ctott
]| o| ta ht|ntn )mt| |t|. ||n ]ttjjtoctdn c| mtt
!Icqt c|a n|] |0uct0. bn0 jt|nttjt|ta | j| 0tr ]ttjjt-
octdn mt|t] ttn0 0tn Ltuttn cua]t|| t]tt|, 0| t |n
j t|ntn )ttun]tn n]t|] tn cu|]to tn. tnn |ntn 0| t
]c||ti k 0ta ]ttjjtoctcna n|q| cpt, 0tdtn pt m|t
|nt]u] |qrtt n]t|]tn, un0 ta | j| |t |n ]cn] un-
m]||q, o tr 0| tj tBtcun] |nmt]]u[ttn. otr 0dn
mtm mtt0tn nun pt, b. . 0| t[n]t|]tn0tn, ottttjqt
Bca n]| 0cbcn co, mtt 0| tjtt ,tt | j|. B| t qdq-
||ncn] | j| 0tr ||nt|tj qtt 0tt Jn0ujtt| t un0 | j| 0tr
qttr 0| tj tt t|t. tnn mcn pq n|qta bdtmcqtn
m|| | , jc | j| 0ca, mca t|ntm |n t|ntt mc0ttntn mtj|-
||qtn Btmdhrc|| t Wcq| ]| o|, kur j ]tjc]| 0ca bt|0,
oo mcn ta nun jt| o tr c|, d0tt do ta 0| t q|n|tt -
mnntt otpqtn. | t knntt ta cuq cn0tta j t|n |n
t|ntt ]|utdktct| t, |n t|ntm 0|ym 0tr bcnk| tta
B| t ]tdc]cn0c o tpq| ]tmc||| ]j|t W]|| qht||tn
]ut |tqqun] un0 b|t|]ttun] 0tr U| ktr. b| t bttmc]
0urq | qttn u]tu| 0| t mtnjq| |qtn btmt|njqc||tn
]u ]tp|tn )|t| tn tmdr]urt|ptn. Btt |qctch|tt un0
0cm|| 0tt |nnttt tt| t|ntt ]tcc]cn0c m|r0 bt-
jl|mm| 0utq 0tn Wtnjqtn, 0tt pt |t]|. b0 qc|
cuq 0tr ot]tt|| qt L| ottc||amua 0tr tutd| jqt0
Btmdktct| tn 0tt Htu]t|| pq 0| t |qm t|]tntm||qt
t|[t 0tr tcc]cn0| j|| jqtn Tt| ]ht|| ]tjqc||tn.
Jqtt |tt||tn0j|t un0 0utq]tt||tn0j|t [uat]un]
|cn0 pt |n |ng|cn0 |m )u[cmmtncn] m|| 0tt
21
b|t0k|0t 0n0 0tt qc||0ng tt 0tt|00t|tn bt|||[qtn
0dtt[ (|( .
U| t 0 | !| ![(t | r 0 p c g c n 0 c 0 t a t n g
l| [q tn m tI|t t| q ta |[| 0 | t B0tq]t0ng
0 t | 0 | 0 k t c | | [(t n b t | 0 g t [( ] | a 0 t t
d tJ| | [ q t n q 0 q ] | n c n j m | | 0 t n W | | | t |m
0 t a

]]tn|I| q t n Wt|n0ng a cn0 t |b.
3.
B| t b|tc|tg| t 0tt |tcpcgcn0c c| 0tn || cn |t[|-
]u[ tqtn 0n0 ]u 0ttm|tk||qtn, 0tt [|q c|a bt0n0||n| t
00tq0tn gt[cm|tn|tcpcgcn0c0ctgcng |n00tq]|t|.
B| t dt||| jqt |tcpcg cn0c[|rc|tg|t ctb t||t| j t|I
)ct0n0tt|t
n
|n |ct|| c0|tn0tt Ttc0| ||cn ncq 0tn
tgt|n t|nta t|n]|gtn [|tc|tg| jqtn btjtqta. Jn mtq-
[ t|n0tn j0tmtn 0n0 c0]mtq[t|n0tn bqc0p|tn |t|||
tsJmmtt m| t0tt |n |t[qt|n0ng.
B| t dt|||jqt |tcpcgcn0c |[| t|n W||| t| 0tt bt|||-
[qtn ]c||||k. Jtt b|tc|tg| t m|t0 0um|| bt[||mm|
00tq 0|t ]| t| t0| t[tt ]c||||k. Ltq|ta ]| t| 0t bt|||[qtn
|d||||k |[| 0| t 0| k|c|ct| jqt b|t| |0ng btcpbt||cnn| tna
0n|tt c| | tn D|kttn 0tt |t0t, 0| t bt||| j qt t||
ttt[Qc]|.
Btn |0tt[|cn0 0tt [ttm0tn U| ktt gtgtn 0|t bt|-
|| jqt Utt[h| a00ng p||tg| 0| t bt|||jqt |c||||k ntb tn
0tm 0|p| cmc|| jqtn 0n0 m||| |t| [qtn ||njcq 0utq
|t0pcgcn0c]t|0]gt ]u bttqtn, 0|t [|tc|tg| jq ncq
0tm 6 t [t1 0 tt 6 t0p tn [p c | |0ng g t|cn|
000 00tqgt]t| mtt0tn.
/
G cnj g l K i dl I U'L 0 tL 6 t ] n tL cuq jti n
m c ] , 0 t n 0 | t b t | | | [ t ]t d p c ] c 0 0 c c 0 -
g t t | | | , t | n t | n ] t | n t a U d | b d 0 t t k d 0 t | -
n t n | c | t U | b t t ] t 0 p t n , | m m t t ] t |
j| L [|t | t] | jq 0 tc0 | u1 0 tU 6 t ] U t L
| n b t u t n c 0 | j 0 [ c | | t n u n 0 0 | t [ t
b t u t n j c | c n ] t ] t ] t n t | n c n 0 t t c 0 | -
] t q t n , b | a 0 | t M t c | | 0 t a t ] 0 t t a
0 u t q | n n t t t ) t t [ t q 0 n g t n | [p t | 0 t n 0
g tbtdqt0 | [|.
J m M c m | g t ] t n t | n t | n jt | n t a U d |
m | t 0 0L+ U t t | c t t n 0 t tt u t n [ p c | -
I u n ] ] u t ] t d c g c n 0 c [| t c t t ] | t 0 t t
U d | b a] tt|tmm tt0n]. m i t 0 tt[| tt0
u n | t 0 | t [ t m b t ] t | | | 0 | t ]t c c ] Ln 0 c ,
0 0 t( 0 | t 0 d n t n g | | [ q t t b t | | t c u a t | n
|ttm0 ta U d | b 0 utq ) tt[| t0n] c | | L t
b t m t | n [ q c | | a c t 0 n u n ] t n 0 n 0 b t m t | n -
[qL| | a b | n 0 0 n ] t n | 0 [ t 0 t n q c d | | [ q t n
bqm q L ]u [| n0 U L L jtq| m|t0@ |n 0 L H
t a m t t | d a 0 t t b t | | | [ q t n Mn u | t c 0 -
g t||t|tt| | [|.
B|t ]td c] cn0 c [|tc | tg | t 0tt Ud |ba -
j t t | t m m t t u n ] ] | | t | | | n 0 t t t t 0 d | 0 -
| | d n t t n ] | | c | | c n ] t g t n 0 | t | t t m 0 t
t ] | t t un]. b|t | [| 0|t u|[|cqt|un] 0tt Wc[jt0-
]tutn ] tg tn 0|t |ttn0t btut t|ntt Ud|ka-
g tmt|n[qc||. W|I q| ||t b t[Ittn0tt c0tt cqg t jq-
ItItt 0cp||cn m|t0 0tm cng tg t|||tntn Uc|kt t|n]t
mmtt|, [t|nt t]| ttung [t| cn L| | 'm [qu|0, mc
M c|a Hc| un0 bctg t bt0tngt. fg ]bt 0ctt nut
3
tntn t|n]| gtn uamtg: btjt|I|]un] 0| tjtt tg| ttun]
0utq htbc |uI| cn.
|a mup | tt bcm btcocqItt gcn] k| ct gtjtqtn
mtt0tn, 0cp ta ]q ot| 0tt tt0o|uI| cnttn gi |cti cn
0m t|nt ]tccgcn0c cn0t|t, 0| t ]| t| q|c| | a cu| 0tt
[|tc|tg|[qtn Hctm 0tt btutnjc|Ing cu|gtocuI
[|. uq 0| t ttbc|uI|cntt g|IcI|cn 0| tn| nut 0tm
)| t| 0tt u|jc|Iung 0tt ott|c| | tntn Uc|kagtmt|n-
[qc|I. !tt 0tt u||cjjung u|0| g|, 0| t ot|I| j qt
]c||I|k uuIttjIqt 0utq 0| t qtqt ]tgtn t|nt |ttm0t
tg| ttung gtttqIt }ct0ttungtn 0tt ott|Itn Wc[[tn
0| t[ta |ttm0tn Lcn0ta, 0tnkI k|n0|[q un0 | j| 0tt ot-
||j qtn ]tccgcn0c ]um 0|tt ]t|c| | tn. Jt gt| ta
mt0tt 0m 0| t JnItttjjtn 0tt tg| ttung ncq um 0| t
Jn|tttjjtn 0ta Uc| kta, jcn0ttn cuajq||tp| |q um 0| t
bt|I| jqtn JnIttt[[tn, 0ca t|p|, um 0| t u|jc||un]
0ta cng tgt|||tntn, m|0tt[tnjI|gtn btmtnmt[tna c|a
W|IIt|]ut |cIc| tn bqmqun] 0| tjtt btmt|n[qc|| un0
0cm|| c| a tg ]ut c|Iu| cI|cn 0| t[ta Lcn0ta 0ct
0tm bt|||jqtn qtttjqc|Iacnjtuq.
|a | j| |mmtt 0ca g | t|qt b|t| , 0ca 0cn 0tt bt|||-
jqtn ]tccgcn0c b t|t| totn m| t0, 0m 0| t ||nt|| 0n0
0cm|| 0| t Mtc|| t|ntt |ttm0tn Uc|ka]tmt|n[qc|| ] 0
[ttng t0: btut m|t0 gtgtn btut ]tt|, 0| t t-
b t| |tt ]t]tn 0| tbcuttn,0| tMc|c ||btn gt]tn 0t]td-
| t[|cn|tn, 0t Wccmmt0cntt gtgtn 0| t q|n00a, 0| t
btpqtn0tn ]tgtn 0| t [tmtn, 0| t bt]t|tn gtgtn 0| t
j ttn0tn.
B c a c 0 a [ q | | t p | | q t ] | t | 0Jt [ t t b t | -
||[qtn |t cg cn0 c [|t c| t]| 0tt u |bg
jt t | t m m t t 0 n g | j| , Jn 0 t m b t | t t ] | t n
.24 .
0 t 0 L c 0t 0 t q b0 t 0 t , ) t t | |J| |4
t 0 0 ] , b t ] t t k t | t ] , } t t t | d j | ] b t | |
0 0 0 0 | | j 0 0 ] c | | t t d | | | | j q t 0 0 t 0 -
n 0 0 ] [ t n t s | c d s j 0 t t ] t 0 ] t n , u t | qt s
0 | t b t | | | j q t b t u c | | d I | | | k b t 0 | ] | ,
0 m 0 c s o t t | c | | t 0! U d | ] 0 t n 0 c m t
0 t s b t | | | j q t 0 B | k | c | t s j 0 ] u | 0 ] t 0 ,
0 c s | m 0 c 0 0 | 0 b t [| c | | t | 0 t s ]u c 0 ] s -
0 t t | t c ] t s d 0 t t t | 0 t t t 0 ] | c 0 0 t | ] t 0
nt0 t0 t] | tt00] c0|] t0 ||] | u|t0.
Btt bt||| jqt ]tdc]cn0ckcm| ]t]t0 ]c0]t D|-
btt]tutn bttu| j|tc|t]| jq, u| t [qd0 bt|dn|, c0|
0tm ]It| qtn ]t|n]| 0tt btutnjc||0n]. 0|| ]t00]
c| pq 0| t6 |n 0tt 0t0ttt0 btjq|q|t u| t0ttd|| |0
0t0 ]cIIcjtn bt||| jqt0 ]tdc]c00cck||d0t0, 0|t j0t
bn|ttmtt|un] 0ts t0td| jqt0 Md0||nt0|s 0d0 L00-
0d0 c0s |nj]tn| tt| u0t0t0.
)um )utdt jc|qtt btutn[c||0n] [t )| 0| t bt -
||[qt ]tcc]cn0c cI| t W|||t| t|n. Bc 0| t bc||un]
0tt btmt|njqc|| t| nts Ud| kts 0tt qj|t0 |tb||q
bt|| 0ts mtnjqI| qt0 Bcjt|ns, 0tt mtnjq||qt0 bt
mt|n[qc||ct0nun], ju|| t|j| ]uu|0tt | j|, 0tt|I|| 0| t
bt|||[qt ]tdc]cn0c 0dn btun0 cu|0tt |nntttn b0
uctc||| ght||. B| t Lgt | j| 0n0 b| t|b| |t 0n|t]
||qts WtthmcI, | t ]|tt0tu|, 0tt o ttcI| tt0dt
|t| ||, ud bt| |t0 c]|||ttt0. Bc]0 kdmm| m|| ] |t|q4t
q0||]bt|| 0|t ||0cn]| t| | t btj|tqun].
bt0dt u|t 0cs |cb||[qt btjtq 0tt bt||| jqt0 ]t0
c]cn0c ottt|tn, mjjtn u|t t|nt 1c|jcqt b t
tttn, 0| t gcn] cII]tmt|n |t 0| t 1cb||k [t0tt ]td
cgc00c ]|||] |[|.
25
]
ua 0tn
[
gqc

cg||qtn
[
u[nc

mtJ t |ngunjtn,
0| t o t| gti jti gtt Einm| tkung cu[ btt|| t Uc |k[q|q| t1
g tgtotn pn0, ]t| 0c btgtn[c] t[tq 0tt t cgcn
0|j||[qtn btmt| a[tung tt0ct. E ]m|ng| 0c]u,
o t| m|0ttj|tti |tn0tt Jn|tttj[ tn|c]ttung c| | t Liq| cu[
0| t t|]tntn btmt|j|dt ]u mtt[tn, c| | tn bqc||tn
cott cu[ 0| t 0ta btgntt. Jn [ti ntt Butq|t0n]
mcn| [tj|| tt| q 0ca bttn[cqgt[tq 0utJ btgtnjcq
cctt.
B | t b t | | | j q t ] t d c g c n 0 c b t n n
] t | qn t | j | q | c b | | [ q 0 c 0 u t q , 0 c| j | t
c | a c | | | | j q t ] t d c ] c n 0 c | t t b t
m t|a j| m t |m m t 1 | cnr q cu 1 | q tn b t
tt | q c u [ o c 0 | d n t 6j | q | c u [ 0 | t
U t t m | tk | |q ung 0 t t t c k | cm| t t | tn
J0 t cIt.
||n m t | | cn[q cu ||qtt b ch | j| [J t j| t
n | q | t | n ) | t | , 0 c a [ | t 0 t t | t | | | , [ d n 0 t t n
c | n t q | I t , m | | 0 t t [ | t [ | q | c t n | , t | n t
W c a b t , | n | t t 0 t t [ | t | t b t [ | q | 0 t t
j| tm |. f a | j| 0| ta 0 | t t c I || I 0 tt m tI|
cn r qcu || q tn W cabi tt0ng .
B| thdnj|tub|| cn0tt btgtn[cqcctttt[c|g|c|a |ck
|i[qtt Uctgcng |n nmtn0un] 0tt t||cn[qcuunj a
mcakt un0 |n }ct|[tqung 0tt |0tc| cg|[dtn bt]t J n
ung 0tt ot|||[qtn t|| ttcbttungac||||b. 0 n t
[ | q u m 0 c a t | g t n t qIn 0 t | n c 0 t t 0 | t
t j t n t | | 0 t a b t g n t t a b t t c u | n 0 t
] 0 b m m t t n , 0 t t [ c m m t | | 0 | t o t | | | |t
] t c c ] c n 0 c c u [ 0 t t b t | | | [ q t n ] c [ | -
| | 0 0 c | | t a ] d j | | | 0 t 0 t a t n | [ t t q t n 0 t n

t | | b | | 0 t a , c | | t a H t g c | | 0 t c o t t c u |
0tt 0 t a b t g n tta. Jn 0tt qt|j| || qtn |cqt m| t0
0ca btgtnjcqcct bc|I un0 Ttu|t|, Ct| j|ua un0 bc
|cn, t|ng tjtq|. )t0tt btgntt ttjqt|n| 0cnn c|a
Ttu|t|, bc|cn 0n0 h| tqtnjqn0tt, |ng| cn0 jt| o j| co tt
c|a bc||ta t| q. Jm otgtt||tn )t||c| |tt m|t0 0ca
btgtnjcqcct ncq 0tn Ltttn 0tt otg tt| |mtn J0tc
| cg| t ttgtj|t| ||. |ng| cn0 un0 0| t |m gtctqtn0tn
Wtnjqtngtutn, jc ttk| t| mcn [tq|, pn0 0ca )tn
|tum c| | tt |n0|0|0ut| | tn b| qttt||, 0|r ttktugt
0tt Uttnun|| un0 0| t btjq|tmtt 0tt qumcn|| |, c| | t
bt]ntt co tt ttjq|ntn c| a j|qttt||atcuo tn0
g
Ty-
tcnntn, 0ttnun|| | cj t T| ttt un0 tc t Utt| tqtt c| | tt
umcntn btjtqt.
| t bttt||a btmtth|, 0c| |}| t| j t0t ]tccgcn0c
0| t hcnj|t0k||cn 0tt bt] tnjcqcctt. m ca [t0c q
0 | t b t | | | j q t ] t c c ] c n 0 c q c t c k | t t |
r | tt |I | j| 0| t J L |I m| t r | t r | t U 1 1 ]| t |g
u n 0 ] m c t b t j d n 0 t t a 0 | t t | 0 t t ] t
mt|n tn bt r u0 t 1 un] 0 ta b tg n tL b. Wcn
ot0nkt nut, mca pt pq |m t||ht| tg |n 0tn qtq
t|qnungcn gtgtn 0ca 0tu| jqt Uc|k cu| 0| tjtm bt
o| t| c| | ta g t| t|j|t| qc|. [m b t| j|tn m| t0 0| t[t B|||c
mttung 0ta btgntta |mmtt 0cnn, mtnn |m )ug t 0tt
tt0c|u||cntn g| |c||cn t|nt |ttm0t t]| ttung bt
jq|m|| m|t0.
Bca j|n0, |n g cn kuttt bh|]t, 0| t mtj tn||| qtn
btjtqt 0tt TckI|k un0 0tt b|tc|tg| t 0ta bt||| jqtn
]tccgcn0cjyj| tma.
t t 0 c a | t b t n 0 | t j t a b t | | | j q!n
byjI tm& | n 0 t t U t t_c n_t n tJ| d 0 t t i n
21
0 t t b t g t+m c t | u n | t t j u q | , m u j | q ,
m t n n t t ] u | c | j q | | q t t | | n j | 0] | 0 c t
0t|ng tn m | || , b t j| n0|g ]m t| }t cg tn
0 c t | t g t n . 1 . t | q t b t u t m t | q t t
U c | k a g t m t | n j q c | | c 0 t t m t | q t t U |
k t t g t m t | n j q c | | j c | | g t g t n m t | q t
_
n
0 t t t b t u t 0 u+q 0 | t j t b t t | n | | 0 j j u n g
cu |g t t1 | m tt0 tn 2. m t |q t |0 tc |c
g | j q t n b t g t | | | t m t t 0 t n c | a W c a k t
u n 0 U c t j c n n 0 t t b t | | | j q t n t | | tAt
j q c | | a c | | | | k | n 0 | t j t t | | n ] t | c k | | c n
t | n g t j t |
|t|c| g| 0| t o ttt|ung 0cn 0| tjtm ]tn|tc|tn
b|cn0unk| cua, jc m|t0 0| t n|mct| cu|0| tjt }tcg tn
0tm |ctjqtn0tn bt| j| n|q| nut h| ctt|| bttbtjtun]
un0 )| t| 0ta t|n]t|ntn }c| | ta 0ttjqc||tn, jcn0ttn |n
cuq m|| qj|tt ||n0t|ng ||qkt|| btt b|tc|tg| t 0n0
Tck||k 0tt bt|||jqtn ]tccgcn0c bt| tttn.
4.
n| ttjuqtnm|t nun cu|0ttbtun0| c]t 0tt| ttm||
g tmcnntntn |tktnn|n| jjt, m|t pq 0| tjt btjtqm|]-
bt|| tn|n0tt g tjq| q|||qtn |tk|| qkt|| b t|||g| cbtn,
um 0cn | tt cua 0|t }0t0 |tta tu||gtn |tbt0s
0c| | ] 0 ttktnntn.
1 51 6 btcq| t 0tt tng|| jqt b|cc|akcn| tt Tcmca
Wctua jt|n ttk ,b|c| c ttcus. B|tjta buq |[|
t|ntn| jqt|0tn0tt ]unk| |n 0tt btjq| q|t0tt bt| ||jqtn
]tccg cn0c. Wctua jqu| 0cm|| t|nt )ujcmmtn-
|cjjung 0tt |tc0|||dnt| | tn tg t|n, ncq 0tntn 0| t
28
|n]|000tt j t| | 0tt bt0n0ung | tt b|cc|ts |tt
b|cc|ac]||c|| dn c0|]t]d]tn c|Itn, md| cm q|
butj|tn|n0tm )ctun0tt|0ta tn0|c jtn Ht| tg tag tg tn
}tcnktt|q. ca b|a 0c|n cn |t|ctung tn 0n0
Mn|||t0 ] tjcmmt||mdt0tn mct, |gIt 0tt Hcn]| tt g t
[q|m| |0 t|n Lttjyj|tm. |t m|| t 0cb t| 0tn t],
0c tt 0t0 J0tc|]uj|cn0 ]t|qnt|t, |n 0tm |n]
| cn0 c|a ,b|d| c ]0t |tq|tn b|t|] ttun] jt|ntt ]t|n
]|| tn |n]d || ||b0n0]tdc]cn0c ]tbcmmtnjt|nm|t0.
B| t Tcb||b 0tt t||cnjqcuungamcabt un0 0| t
b|tc|t]|t 0tt btutnjc||un] ||n0tn pq | n 0tn ]td
c]cn0ctt]tItn 0ta Wdt0a ]0 tn]j|tm bn0n|a.
B| t b|c|tt [bt||tn| |cn]tn, m|t Wctua | tt|,
,n|q| | t|q||tt||] t|ntn Ht| t] cn, ta jt| 0tnn, 0m tn|
mt0tt | tt bttn]t0 ]0 jq0qtn, d0tt 0m 0| t btgntt,
0|t |n 0ca btb| t| |ttt }ttun0t t|n]t0tung tn pn0, j0
0tt|tt|b tn. Bca |un pt c| | t|n cua Wtnjqtn||tbt.
H0t c0a Wtnjqtn|| tb t! tac| b mc| cuq 0| t
t| t 0tt ]t|||qtn L| tb tab t]tugun] tn 0n0 Hd jt
ncmtn 0tt U|btt, 0| t m|| |n]| cn0 ]0 |un cb tn,
ht|n |n0t n|mm|!
bn0 nun 0| t |u|dbtc||jqt btutnjc||0n]. B| t
b|d| tt [bt|Itn| m| j[tn cuq ] cn] ]u|, 0cp ,m|| 0| t|

t|0 0|t }t|n0t ]tmn|| q ]0 ttbcu|t0 0n0 ]t]tn

jt|||] cu|]u tqtn pn0, jt| ta 00tq Utttc| d0tt c0q
00tq |n|]mt|un] .
m b| | | |gj|tn b tptg| mc0 t|n m|0ttjIttb tn0ta
Ud|b, ,|n0tm mcn 0utq uajtqung t|nta ]tt| jta cu|
0t0 Hc| 0ta btgntta un0 0utq btj|tqung |ttm0tt
]d ||I|htt 0tn }t|n0 0utq Utttc| |m t|]tntn Lcg tt j0
btjt|||gtn juq|; ]t||n]| 0| ta n| q|, jd mttb t mcn
|ttm0t b|0ntt cn.
b
bin0 0cnn lie b|d|tt ]0 iqrrm Lt|0mtjM
gtmungtn, t|ntm |ttm0tn Lcn0 0tn ht| tg ]0 tt-
k| ttn, um 0| t qumcnt Wtnjqtn||tb t 0 btt| t|0|gtn,
0cnn ,jctg tn pt 0c|t, 0cp jc|ct| ncq 0tt Ht|tga-
ttk| tung t|m||q un0 0 g| t|qtt )t|| cn 0tn cm
mt|j|tn |n 0| t ugtn |c| | tn0tn ]unk|tn 0ta |t|n0
||qtn Lcn0ta ]c|tt| qt, m|| |ttm b|cc|aptgt| ]t-
j| tmt| |t ]tck|cmc||dntn cngtjq|cgtn mtt0tn; 0cnn
bttjttqtn pt g tmc|||gt bt| dnung 0tm, 0tt 0tn
g tgntt| jqtn |tj|tn cua 0tm tg t tum|; jc0cnn
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]tt| jt cu| 0| t h|t t|n]t|ntt Wnntt, 0tttn Hcmtn
j| t |n 0tnjt|b tn njq|gtn btkcnn|g tbtn. Bca pn0
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mtt Itcutn un0 kt|n Utt|tcutn mtt g tn| tptn.
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c|| bt|t| tb tn. B|t b|c|tt [bt||tn| ,jtn )m| t|tcq|
cua un0 nttn pt. |c| |a 0| t |nntttn ]ct|t|ungt1
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_
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g
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0|tjt btqungtn jq|6tn pt | qtt btgtt unttt 0tm
Hcmtn QujIcttn [mmtttt| , 0| t 0ctt |n b|un] un

]tcqI | tbtn un0 c|a gtcpt qttttn cu|tttItn. o tt ta

o| t| oI 0cq ncq 0| t| ot|g, 0ca |n 0tn btcctajqcq
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l
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0ttqIt. Wcn mu pq 0| ta |mmtt m| t0tt 0ct ug tn
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jIcmmtn.
u|gtmq|t 0cn 0tn tcttn|kun|jqtn |tktnnt
n| jjtn, o tgcnn |m |c|gtn0tn ]uqtqun0ttt ]um ttjttn
Wc| t 0tt qt| jt||qt btun0 0ta o tn0|unta ]0
ftmcnhm un0 Jl otbtn. Uct 0tt

uu|gtbtcqtntn

Untn0||qkt|| m|q |0tcc |n 0| t btgtt||qt |dqt.
|t J0td|dg| t 0tt |n0|0|00t| | tn b| qttt|| dtt||t|t
q c0s.
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0| tjt b|0n0t.
|s mct [t|| c||ttatt tng|| [qt Tck||N, 0| tbqcq-
j0gt 0tt ttc| tn |c|| ||k tccgcn0| [||[q 0utq b|t|q-
[t|ung m|| 0tn jct0ttungtn 0ts [ tmt| |a g|||gtn
t||b| |0ta ]0 |ctntn. Btt q0mcn| j| Wctua 0mk| t|-
0t|t 0|t |tcbtt0ngack||cntn [t|ntt |d|tt ndq m||
0tt q| | t ,0mcnt Wtn[qtn|| tbt1 c| [c t|ntm ]tn
|tc| tnbtgt| [[ c0a 0tmJ0ttngt[gt 0taqumcn|smua;
0tnn |m]ngtt [t|ntt |tccgcn0c mct 0|t 0mc-
n|j||[q g tb| |0t|t 0btt[q|q|. Uct 0tm Uc|kt ||t tt
dnt )mt|]t| cn0tts, d0tt dt[[tt gt[cg|, qt| j||| qtt gt-
[tdqtn 0n0 0| t |d|tt ]t |t|j|0s |ns jt|0 j|tt n
| cj[tn.
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0| t j|cc|a|tcgtn0tn 0btt[q|q|tn 0tt t0tc| [qt0
U|ktt. | t qt| j|||qt t||g|dn 0tt]||q| q m|| |m,
b | t|b| cbtt |n 0tn Wcj[tn ncq m| t00t 0| t mq||gj|t
J0td| dg| t.
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[ t d c g c n 0 c 0 | t b t g t n [ c | c c t t | t t t
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b tg ttI|q tt btgt|][I|q k t||. B0tq 0tn
0[j||tg 0ts |0t||cn|am0a ]||| 0cbt| |n 0tt qt| j|-
| |qtn Wcahttc0t 00t c| | tm |n 0tt |nnttc||||[qtn
Wc[[tncg| |c||cn 0ca bqmttgtm| q| c0] 0cs [l|t
Ttj|cmtn|.
32
Wcn ntmt pq t|nt bt|| tb|g t, |t Wc|jtn0ttbtt!-
|0ng btj||mm|t tng||jqt b|cc|sjqt| [| t|mc c0s 0tt
W|||t 0ts 1 7. ]ct0n0tt|s 0ct. b| t m|t0 |n 0tn
mt| j|tn j|| tn jc c0|gtb c0| jt|n, 0cp pt 0tn btmt|
]t 0| t |q|| gkt|| | ttt btc0|0ng tn m|| q| |[t 0tt
tttn 0n0 Btnkb| |0tt 0ts ||tn Ttj|cmtn|s] 0[tt0
0ttj0q|. Btt b| cc|a0b ||]| j| ]cn W|| |cn 0ttkn0t|t
0cmc|s jt|ntn k|cjpjqtnbc|. ,B| t |ng| n0tt pn0 m|t
t|nj| 0| t )00tn 0cs c0sttm||t Uc|k bc||ts.
ct cb ttt|nt jc|qt bqt|[|]0t Uttbtt||0ng | n0tt
bt|tt| tntt0b||k0tat0tc|jqtnbtg tt|0msgt0cq|,
jd m0t0tn |n | t0| t |ng |n0tt jc|ct| ] 0Uctkm[ttn
0tt J0tc| t 0| tjts |n|ttnc|| cnc| tn btmt|nmtjtn tt-
cbtn. |ng |cn0 ttjq|tn 0cnn c|s qct| 0tt To| ttcn],
0tt Btnk|tt|t||, 0tt q0mcn| || 0n0 0ct c| | tm 0tt
b|qttt|| 0t Jn0|0|000ms. Jm Wcpt, | \ 0tm 0| t
b|b||jqt Wg|c| cg| t |n 0tn kcmmtn0tn ]ct0n-
0tt|tn c0q |n btt|| tttn bq| q|tn 0ttb|cp|, tn|n|mm|
0| t bt||| jqt |tccg cn0c | tt |ck||jqt j|0ng mtt
un0 mtt 0tm btgtt||qtn bt]|tk. |ng Ic n 0 i j|
|t || c 0 q 0 c t g t c p t m j c t 0 m n | q | n 0 t
W t j[| cs t t|q 0 ts [I| tn 1 tj| cm t0| tsI
c 0 s t t m | | t s U c | k 0 t s ) t j c | c 0 n 0
b q | t m t t t 0 t s | t | j| t n | 0 m s , j d n 0 t t n
g t n c 0 j d b | | 0 t t q c t m d n | t , 0 t s j d t | -
[ q t | | | s , 0 t t | n 0 | 0 | 0 0 t | | t n j t t | t | |
0 n 0 0 t t 0 m c n t na1iD, c | j c c | | t t q c q-
m tt| t 0 ts b tg ttI| q tn ) t| |cI| tts. tt
[ t || | n g | c n 0 c 0 [ j t | n t m ) 0 g ] 0 t | | -
t t c b t t 0 n g 0 n 0 t | | g t j q [ | | 0 t t -
j| cn0 ]0 | t| [| tn m c g |, m | t0 0 cn 0 tt b ti -
| | j q t n | t c c g c n 0 c m | | 0 t t Lc 0 g t [ d -
33
W | b t L ( 1 ti ft U b [f i n0 r q [| c |+ cu q
0 t t t d t n T | t+ t | | b c t b c t t | un 0 T g
tcnn t| b ttg r r tn.
Jm hcm[ g tg tn |tcnktt|q bttkn0t|t 1 804 t|n
bt| || [qta Wcn| [tj| 0| t bt||| jqtn Ht| tga]| t| t . ,|t
km[tn, 0m 0| t gcn]t |t0t bct 0tm bctbct| [qtn
[tcn]3[qtn ]dq, 0ct0tm m| |||t| jqtn Bt[c||amua,
]0 b tmcttn. |t km[tn [t 0| t ncbng|gkt|I
c| | tt Hc|| cntn, jt| bj| 0tt[ tn|gtn, 0| t g tgtn 0n[tt
bq| d[c| cm g | t| qg|||g j|tn d0tt |n Uttb | tn0ung
t|]tt[q||g c0] 0njttn c| j|cn0 pn0.
1 884 0tt[c 0tt U|]tkn|g 0cn Jn0| tn, Ldt0 |0t-
j0n, [t|n b0q ,|tdb|tmt 0ta 0t| tn|a m|| ]c |g tn0tt
|0mung . ,| | tn j tntn jugtt|gnt|, 0| t 0c g| cub tn,
0c 0ca bt| || [qt hn|gtt| q 0cm bq| d[c| cuattkdttn
m0t0t, 0tt gtp| t j t g tjttnt btttt[qtt c| | ta bu| tn
c0[ 0| t[tt |t0t ]0 [t|n. cbt| |0tjdn 0ca b0|t |m
b|nnt 0tt btgtt||qtn Tt|n| || 0ta bu|tn, cttn
0n0 bqntn mt|n|,m| |0ttH|t|[qt[d 0ttn|qttn0 cb-
gtttqnt| c|.
)m| [qtn 0tt |tk| t0ng 0cn 1 804 0n0 0tt |0
m0ng 0dn1 884 ||tgtn0| t cq|]ctjtn|t, |n0tntn0ca
)00tn|0m|n |ng| cn0 |t|0m| tttn0 0| t Wcq| cn
pq
gtt| j[tnc|. |a | j|0| t)t||,| n0tt qtntg|c|mttj| cn0| t
|ck||[qtn 0n0 j|tc|tg| [qtn hnj| t 0tt bt|||[qtn |tc-
cgcn0c muj|ttg||| g 0dttrttj| tt| c|, 0n0 ]0g | t|q
0| t b|0n0t 0tt Wcnqtj|ttg||c||cn.
1 81 r tt[q| tn |n Ldn0dn 0ca buq ,bt0n0jt 0tt
Ud|kam|t|[qc[|a|ttt 0n0 btj|t0tt0ng. bt|n Utt-
|c[[tt mct 0tt bt|||[qt bt[tn[tku| cn| un0 bcnk-
j00t Bc0|0 | tct0d. B| t U0|kaR|t|[qc]Ia| ttt bes
4
)urn itct0c, 0tt 0ctt mtitttJut, mc bmt gtm0tt
|c|tt,m0t0t t|n mcgtb tn0tabtun0buq 0tt bt|||jqtn
Jn0jtt| t un0 cttt |n 0tn htt|jtn tt tng||jqtn
un|ttntmtt gtp|t|tkung. Jn0tn 0tt|p|gtt]cttn
0ta 1 9. ]ct0ntt|a gtn0t|tn |cb0tn 0n0 bt|gI
in Wunqtj|tt 0| t j0gtncnn| t Wcnqtj|tt|ct| t|, 0|t
in tc| kc|tr Utt[tq tung 0tt Lrtt |rctca 0tn
tt|ntn jtt|cn0t| [dt0tt| t 0n0 gtgtn 0| t hctn]| | t
t|nt g| |c|| cn 0cn b|attn| t gtjtqtntm 0amcp cu[
JOQ. Bcbt| qcn0t| |t ta pq 8t|ntamtga um t|nt m|tt
jqc[t|| qt, jcn0ttn um t|nt c|||| jqt |tccgcn0c,
0|t c|a Jnj|tumtn| |m hcm[ 0m 0| t c||t|j qt Wcq|
:|ng tjtqt mut0t. | a | j| g tt c 0 t 0 ca t|g tn
| m | | q t h t n n ] t | q t n 0 t t t n g | | j q t n
] t c c g c n 0 c , 0 c p [ | t 0 | t c | | | | [ q t
k | | c n 0 t m | t | m c | 0 t t | t | j q c [ |
unt ttj| t| || un0 0 cm|t |ut J r ct| jq tn
Cq c t c k | t t c n n | m m |.
Jn gtmc|t|gtn Wcjjtn0ttjcmm|ung t
n
jtcqtn | t
!\t0ntt tt Wcnqtj| ttct|t| 0| tt ]cqtt |cng btt 0| t
)c||[tcgt. B| t]tt| t t0tmct 0cam| qt|gjtt ttk]tug
0ttWcnqtj|ttcg| |c|| cn. b| t m0t0t0tt||t[|00tq t| nt
||ut 0cn Btudjqt|[| tn. B| t g|tct| cna]tn|tc| t bt
jq[|| g| t n|q| mtn|gtt c|a 500 |ttjcntn. 0[[tn||| qt
Btmcnj|tc|| cntn 0utq]cgtn 0| t bttt. B| t Wtngt
tt 0tttt| |ttn j|0gjqt|J|tn j|| tg b| a ]0 0tt 0umc|a
qcn| cj|| [qtn qt 0cn 9 W|| || cntn |rtm| cttn. m
g cn] ]0 0ttj| tqtn, mca 0ca qt|p|, mup mcn pq 0tt
gtgtnmt||g tn, 0cp 0| t )cq| 0tt q|tt [tqtt mt|
gtt|ngtt mct c| a [ t| un0 m|| 0tt qt0||gtn gct n| q|
]0 0ttg | t| qtn | j|. Btt um[cng 0tt Wcnqtj| tt
g||cI| cn c| t|ntt innttc||||jqtn Wcjjtnbtc|n-
35
||0[[0n] m0t0t ttj| 0dn0tt [tdcgcn0c 0tt na||dnc|
[d]| c|| j||[qtnt0d|0||dn tttt|q|0n0 b tt|tc||tn. b | t
0 | | t t 0 | n g s k m | | t c | s 0 t 0 | [ q t | t c
P 0] cn0 c 0m 0 | t | | j| tn] | t ta U c | k ta,
0 | t W cnq t j|L t- g || c || n c |a b t||| jq t
0 c g t g t n 0 m ) c | | 0 n 0 j t t | c n 0 t | , u m
b t [ q ] | 0 n 0 b t | 0 t t t [ q c ] |.
Jm ] |t|qtn )ct]tn|, |n 0tm 0| t Wcnqt j|tt
g||c|| dn tt]|nt| m0t0t, tt[ q| tn [c|mttj|dn c0] 0tt
d||||[qtn bnt. |t b|| tb W|n| j|tt b|s 1 865, c| | tt-
0|ngs m|| n|ttbttq0ngtn, 0c |n 0| t n|g|n
|k|dt|c mtgtn ktcj[tt Wt|nungabtt[q| t0tnt||tn
mtt|cq tn|]ttn|t. Ttcq0tm c||t [c| mttj|cn t|n
Wtn[qtnc||tt 0| t )gt| 0tt bt|||jqtn uptnc |||| k
mcgtbtn0 | n 0tt qcn0.
h0tj 0dt |m c||t tng|| [qt btu|tg| tt 0| t Jn[t|
b|]| || tn |ns 0gt g t|cp|. 1 0 000 Wcnn tng|| [qtt
bt[cq0ng m0t0tn 0ct| 0n| ttc| |tn 0n0 0tt

| |0-
kcqtnd|||| ktt btn||nd c|a b t0c| | mq||g| tt Utt|tt|tt
|ng|cn0s cn0tn p]| || [qtn qc|gtjq|d|. 1 8 1 2 b tgcnn
tt gtmp 0tn tgt|n 0tt Tck||k Uc |ka]tt|rmmttung
|n b|]||| tn [gj| tmc||[q gtgtn 0| ttg| ttung]u m| tn.
| t 0cb t| cngt[tq| t |tccgcn0c mut0t cu| t| j0ng
btn||nda 0n|tt 0tt t||cnjqcuungamcakt bt|t| tb tn,
b|]|| |tn m[[t ,|n t|n Uctb| |0 kcn[|||0|| cnt| | tt jtt| t||
|t 0| t 0n|tt0td|tn U|ktt 0ts W||| t|mtttta 0m-
g tmcn0t|| mtt0tn. q|n|tt0tt |tccg cnc cb tt j|cn0,
00tq 0|t m| |||t|[qt Uctbttt||ung bt| t0q|t|, 0ca
bt0|c| t btpq| 0tt tng || [qtn btmc| |c ||||k.
[la jct| j tqtt un0 |t|| | tt jc|qtt Ttc0|||cn |tc|
[c|mttj|dn 0n.
36
|a tt 0tn Uttjuq un| ttncm, 0j| tttt| q ]0
jqmqtn, btcq|t cuq tt 0| t Tck||k Uc|ka]tt|tmt-
tung |n bcng. | t0tt mct[ t|n tng||jqtt W|n| j|tt 0| t
tt0c|u||cntt jcdt| | n t|n [ttm0ta Lcn0. Bcp 0cb t|
btjcn0tta |m q|nb ||d cu[ J|c|| tn 0| t tng|| jqt k||cn
gtttq| t btj|ttbungtn un|ttj|q|t, j| t|| [t 0|t bt-
ut|t| |ung 0tt bt|||jqtn qcn0t|amt|jt gct kt|nt c| | t.
|a 0j|tttt| q t|nt Wcpncmt |tc[, 0| t |ng| cn0 n|q|
in 0| t tqnung cp| t, jqt|tb |c|mttj|cn gu| btgtt
hq ncq | tn, 0cp 0| tjt ]tck|cmc|| cn 0cn | |0tn
tt|cjjtn ]0 j t|n jqt|nt un0 mtt0tn bctbct| jqtn bt-
btuqtn | ng j| 0ttgcngtntt ]cqtqun0tt|t c|a 0tm
bt| j| 0tt [ tq| gtn )t|| tn|jtqt. Jj| 0ca n|q| gcnj
gtncu 0| t btg tt| |d| t Tcnct| 0tt bt|||jqtn ]tcc-
gcn0c gtgtn 0| t nc|| cnc| jc]| c|| j|| j qt Uc|ka[qtun]
|n [ ngj|tt )t|| |c|mttj|cn 0tt[cp|t jt|n un0tt-
jqm| ta bqtt|b tn |m ]ctt 1 848, un0 0cq knn|tn
jt|nt bqt tb tnjc |n 0tt tng| | jqtn ]tccgcn0c 0ta
)ctta 1 939 ]0 [|n0tn [t|n.
1 840 ttcb |c|mtt[|cn ]0m btun0gtjt| jt|ntt
c||||jqtn b|tc|tg| t 0| t bqt . ,Wcn 0ct[ n|t t|ntn
b|tdnc0t| kc[ cu[gtb tn, 0tn mcn [tj|c| |tn j c| | |t
un0 0tn mcn [tj|c| |tn ]u knntn g!cub|. n0 jt| b j|
mtnn mcn 0tnk|, 0cp mcn |n cm | tq|tn |n0t n| q|
[tj|]uqc||tn 0ttmcg, jc| | mcn j c 0| t| t bqm| tt|gkt||tn
mcqtn, m| t mcn |tgtn0 0c]0 |n 0tt Lcgt | j|, bt0ct
mcn 0tt]| q|t|.
uq 0| tjt t|aqt|| mut0t Ttc0|||cn. Wcn pt|
bt| 0|tjtn I\c|jq| gtn 0cq gttc0t]u 0| t b|tdnc0t|-
k[t 0ta qtttn |qcmb tt|c|n 0ctbttj| tqtn. 0j|tt-
tt|q, Tjqtqcb|cmckt|, |bcn| tn, |c| tn.

1 848 btt|i t| |c|mtt[|cn5cni tn ncq0tm|t|n]i
Uc|ka]tt|tmmttung un|tt ct[cn0tttt 1enutung 0ca
tt0c|u|| cnttn )mtig ta 0| t[ tt lck||k.
|a Uc| |[|ttdtt c||t tt 0tn cti|i[ qtn bt-
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tt[ttn. Wcn g|ng cu] 0| t g | t|qt t|[ t 0ct m|t |m
t||kt| tg g tgtn 0ca 0tu|[ qt Uc|k, |n0tm mcn 0| t
|nnttt 0cp|| cn 0ta btt]c| | tntn Lcn0ta 0utq g|
|c||cn un0 bt|0]u[q[[t cqt||[q| t, |n Btu|[q|cn0
0| tmctr|[|| [ qtn|ct|t| tn, |nbcn| tn 0| t|tcgtt[ [|[|tn.
Un0 g tncu m| t 1 9 1 4-1 9 1 8 |n Btu|[q| cn0, [c b t|t|tb
1 848 |n bcn| tn 0|t bt||| [qt |tccgcn0c 0tn b|ut]
0tt [ cn|[qtn tg| ttung un0 0| t Uttmcn0|ung 0ta
[cni[ qtn b|cc|ta |n t|nt |ng |cn0 g tctqtn0t t
ub||k. B| t [cn| [qt b| cc|a]tung gt|]] cbtt ttq|
]t|||g ]0, ]dt0tt|tbu|mtt cu], |n 24 b|un0tn bcn| tn
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,0cp b|t qtntg bu| mtt |n 0tn | tq|tn 0tt| )cttn
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|t tm|t [|q, m|| [ t0tt Utt[qmtung 0tt|tcu| ]0
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qcu[t. bt| [ t0tt ht|pa gcb tt ]u 0tt[|ttn, 0cp mcn
38
]mqqtn tintt t0c|u||cn un0 t|ntt d|d[||n|t|]t
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39
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40
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mtn|g o ttttn.
|t|nnttn m|t una cn t|nt b]tnt c0a 0tm qdq
0tcmc|| jqtn |n0co[qn|||. m 1 3. jtbt0ct 1 91 8 tt
ncnn|t 0tt ]ttm|ttm|n| j|tt L|cy0 btdt]t Hct|t ||||t
u||tn ]um ,B|tt|\|ct 0tt ]tcc]cn0c |0 0t0 ]t|n0
||qtn Ln0ttn. Bca mct 0ca b|]nc| |t 0t0 bq|0
cngt|||. Hct|t|| ||t |t| ||t [t|n m| |0 jmt| qc0|
co|t| |ungtn, t|nt |t 0| t qttj|t| |ung un0 t|nt |t 0| t
+0
0tr|t| |ung 0ta ]tccgcn0cmc| tt| c|a. B| t ttj| t]tt]| t|
|n t|nt0tu|jqt, t|nt j| tttt|q| jqung ct| jqt un0 t|nt
ou|gct|j qt o|t| |ung. | t 0tu|jqt btk||cn o ttncqm
q. b. t| |a, |m ]u|| mut0t tt ucn }y|t cog t| Jj|.
bt|0t pn0 qtu|t ncq c|a qttt gtgtn 0ca nc|| cnc|
jd]| c| | j||j qt btc0tu|j q| cn0 ncq m| t bct | ||g. Btt
|t| |btt|tt|tt Hct|t||||ta, Ccmot| | b|uct|, g co 1 920
]ut tq||tt||gun] 0tt tot|| 0ta [m|ta t|n buq
ttcua . "Secrets of Crewe House. The Story of
a F'amous Campaig. " Butq 0|t 0ct|n tn|c||tntn,
mtnn cuq nut |t| |mt| jt ]||| tt|tn Bckumtn|t j|n0
m|t |mj|cn0t, 0tn tng||jqtn ]| cn ]ut Uttn|q|un]
0tt 0tu|jqtn Uc|kat|nqt|| mtn|g j| tna |n 0tt }cjjun]
0cn 1 9 1 8 cu|]0]t|]tn. tnn 0| t[ t bn|tt| c]tn cuq
ttj| 1 91 8 tn|j| cn0tn, jc qcn0t|| ta pq bt| |qntn 0cq
nut um }ctmu|| ttungtn 0tt | q|||n| tn, 0| t 0tt
gcn]tn t||kt|t]atcc]cn0c |ng |cn0a gtg tn
Btu|jq| cn0 ]0gtun0t| cgtn.
n|cn] Wc| 1 9 1 8 g|ng ]ut b| qttung 0tt ||nqt||
tt kt|cntn t|nt bcn Wi j|tt t| |a ]ujcmmtngt|cp| t
Btnkj qt| || ott 0| t ]tccgcnc | n tu|j q| cn0 ucn
0tt 0tu|[qtn ]tccgcn0cco|t| |ung cn 0ca }ctt| gn
0||| tt. Hdt| qt||||t|g|tt|ncua|qt|| qtabqtt|o tnot|.
)unqj| t|n|gt b|t| | tn cua 0tt Btnkjqt|||, 0| t,
m| t |Qcn o t|cn|, |1ng j| cngtmcn0| t |q| ||n|tn tt
ntu| |ctmu|| tt|. u|gcot 0tt tnkjqt||| | j|, m| t t
[t| oj| jcg|, t|n Ttr| ]u jt|n, ,cu| 0tn j| q 0| t ]tcc
gcn0c| tu|t m| | b| qttqt|| ot]|t| tn kJnntn un0 0tt
]0t Hctm |qttt T|| gkt|| gtmcq| mtt0tn kcnn. B| t
Btnkjqt||| | j| t|nt u|]q|ung ,0tt ]unk|t, 0| t mcn
0tn Btu|jqtn k| ctmcqtn mup. bi t | tg| o| a |n 0i t
+f
|injt| qt| |tn 0tn u]d cu 0tt tng| | jqtn |tccgcn0c
tc0uk|t |tj|, 0| t |n tu|jq| cn0 ott|t| tc tn mtt0tn
j c| | tn. Wcn ttqnt| 0cmi|, 0cp 0ca tu| jqt Uc|k
0utq 0| t jgqc|cg| jqtn }t| tt jt|ntt tg| ttung un0
mcq| cuq 0utq 0| t tng |i jd] t b| cJc0t |nntt| |q tt-
mc||t| | j|. Jn 0| tj tm ErjqJp|unga]uj|cn0 j c| | nun
0tn tu| jqtn d t|g tcrcd] | mtr0tn, 0cp |ng | cn0 |t
t|ntn UJ| kttcun0 km||, |n 0tm 0ca 0tu|jqt Uc| k
c|a g | t|qc tttq| |g|ta W||g || t0 g| d|i qtn )t| |tn tn|
g tg tng t|. Wcn cct 0tn tu|j qtn ]u jcg tn.

48
,Bca t|gtn| || qt Ht| tga]i t| 0tt | ||| tt| tn btj|tq|
n|q| nut 0ct|n, 0tn }t|n0 ]u jq| cg tn, jcn0ttn
0ct|n, t|nt0
_
t| |[ti t0tn qttc t|]u|pttn, 0tt 0tn
| t0ttcuactuq t|nta hr| tgta 0ttq|n0tt|. bt|n
J0tc| mt0t c| | t UJ |ktt 0tt |t0t tinjq|i tp | |q
Btu|jq| cn0 um|cjjtn. |a mup k| ctg tmcq| mtt-
0tn, 0cp ta n| q| 0| t c pd]| 0tt [| |i|tt|tn i j|, |tg tn0
t|n Uc| k ]u bttn|d]|tn, jcn0ttn 0| t |tt|q t|| c| | tt
cu] 0tt btun0| cg t 0tt bt| cj|b tj||mmung pqtt]u-
j|t| | tn, 0| t un|tt tn0g| |igtt )uj| qttung 0tt bt-
ttq|i gkt|| un0 0ta tqt|i qtn b| t| a cuagtc| mtt-
0tn jc| |. Wcn qcc t 0cnn mti | tt 0i t tu|jqtn
0ctb tt c0|]uk| ttn, 0cp pt nut t|nt t|n]|gt |ct-
0tt0ng j0 tt|| | tn q||tn, um tcj q |n 0tn bt3

0tt t0| tn b|tt ,0| tjtt t| |ctg cn| jc||cn 0ta |t| t-

0tna ]u gt| cng tn. B| tj t }ct0ttung |t| 0i t bt-

r t|||ung 0tt 0tu|jqtn tg| ttung, mti | 0tt t||-
]t| t0t immtt m| t0tt gtj| Jt| mtt0t, ,jc| cngt 0| t
cugtnc ||d|i qt 0tu|jqt tg| ttung cm u0tt i j|.
bti i qttn [nj|ttngung tn ]um b|utj 0tt 0t0| jqtn
|qtung qcd t 0| t tng ||jqt |tccgcn0c ]c|g tn0ta
ju d tcq|tn. ,| t tu| jq| cn0 gtn0tt| mtt0tn
m0, | j| t|nt 0ttm| dt| |t |tcgt. Bca ct| tcc-
|0|| cn | j| 0| t| | t| tq| n| q| ]u b| | ||g tn. | t b|| dtn
0ta c| c n|q| jc jtqt c0| 0tn 0t0|jqtn bc0tt un0
tc t|| tt, c|a c0| 0tn 00tqjqn| |||| q mcq| tt]cg tntn
1 0t0|jtqtn W||| t| j|cn0. ||n mjqm0ng m0 |n
Bt0|jq| cn0 j| c||||n0tn. [0a 0| tjtm bt0n0t m0p
0tt j qt|j| t n|ttjq| t0 ]m| jqtn Bt0|jq| cn0 0n0
[t|ntt [ t| | gtn tg| tt0ng |n 0njtttt gcn]tn |tcc-
gcn0c 0n0 |n c| | tn ||tn| ||d] tn 0n0g tc0ng tn g t-
mcq| mtt0tn, 0n0 ta m0 cn 0| t Bt0|jqtn, 0cm
)0nktt cn b|a qttcd ]0m t|n|cqtn Wcnn c0a 0tm
Uc| kt 00tq 0| t b|cc|am1nntt 0tt [| || | tt|t0 un0
00tq t|nt |tt| un0 c||tn gt|qt|t|tccgcn0c m||-
|t|a 0tt 0a| cn0a0t0|j qtn |n 0tn Uttt|n| g| tn
b| cc|tn 0cn [mtt|ka 0n0 |n 0tt bqmt|], 00tq
nt0|tc| t Ln0tt 0n0 c0| [ t0t cn0ttt mg|| qt
t|jt, t|n j|n0|g tt t| | g tt| q|t| mtt0tn.
n0 n0n 0a]g t c0a 0tm btg| t||bt| t] 0on
Lct0 Ict|qt || ||t. | t0tt m|t0 c0| 0tn )0j|cn0 0ta
0t0|jqtn Uo |kta 0n0 c0| 0ca Lcdm| ||t| UJ| 8tt-
b0n0 q|ng tm| tjtn. "a) |a g| b| 0| t| t btmt| j t 0c|t,
0c 0ca 0t0| jqt Uc| k 0ct c| | tn B|ng tn 0| t bttn-
0|g0ng 0ta ht| tgta mnjq|. |a ||n0t| pq m|| 0tt
|ct||qt0ng 0tt c0gtnb| |d|| qtn 0||tnp0t n0t 0ta-
qc|b cb, mt| | |qm0cn jt|ntn|qtttn 0ttpqtt|m|t0,
0cp 0| ta 0tt t|n]|g t tg ]u t|ntm bc|0|g tn |t|t-
0tn [ t|. Btaqc| b | j| ta nc|mtn0| g, |qm t|n]0qm-
mttn, 0cp ta t|ntm tn| jq|c jjtntn 0n0 0nmcn0t|-
dcttn | | | tn c0| jt| |tn 0tt [| || | tt| tn gtgtnbtt-
[|tq|, 0tn t| tg cqnt d3q| c0] 0| t cj| tn 0n0
cqnt dpq| c0| 0| t 0t0| jtqtn m|| ||t| jqtn |t-
|c| gt mt|| tt]u|qttn, un0 0cp c0a 0| tjtm brun0t
+d
m| | ||t| j qt |t|c | gt n|q| 0ca !W|||t| pn0, 0tn tt-
mn[q|tn |t| t0tn ttdt|]u|ttn. b) b| t|q]t|||g
g| d| ta ]t 0na t|ntn cn0tttn btmtggtun0 0cn
qj|tt | q||gkt||. ||nta 0tt cu|[q| |qj|tn
Wi ||t| 0tt 0tu| jqtn tg| ttung | j| ta, 0tn b|cud tn
]0 nttn, 0cp [ t0tt |t| t0t, 0tn 0i t[| ||| tt|tn, ]c| |a
pt q 0utqj tqtn, cu[tt| tgtn mt0tn, 0tn |nntttn
u|n Btu|j| cn0a 0ctj| t| | tn mt0t, 0n0 0cp 0| ta
m| t0ttum d t0tu|tn mt0t, 0c [ t0t 0t0|jqt |c
m||| t q0tt [tdt||a| cpgkt||,0tt W|||t| | cpgkt||0n0
0tm q0ng tt gtgtnd ttpt|. q| ttgtgtn | [| ta n||g,
0tt 0t0|[qtn Hc|| cn t|n]utgtn, 0cp 0| t[t |c|gtn
mc| t|n|tt|tn, cd tt 0cp pt c0q 0ttm| t0tn mtt0tn
knntn. b| t mtt0tn t|n|tt|tn, mtnn 0| t 0tu|jqt
tg| ttung ]ct||t|, 0| t c||tn c0agt[tcqtnt [d
pq| 0utq]u|ttn, cn0ttt ]tt| t Ic|| cntn |0tcca
| ttt qttt[qc||]0 0n|ttmtt]tn. B| t[td t|0tn]unk|t
a} 0n0 b mjjtn |n tngtm )u[cmmtncng m||t|n
cn0tt dt|tcq|t| mtt0tn, 0tt tt[|ttt j|t|| cu|
|0tq|, 0tt ]mt|| t cu] qc||n0ng.
Wcn mj[t 0tn Btu|[qtn m|||t| | tn, 0cp j| t |n
,t|ntm bun0t |tt|ttU|ktt t|ngt| u0tnmtt0tn, | ttn
,||cq

t|n]untqmtn. Bcdt| [t| ta gu|, 0tn Btu|jtn

m|t|jqc|||i qt Uttjttqungtn cd]ug tdtn. Btu|jq|cn0
|c| | 0c0cn d tt]tug| mtt0tn, 0cp ta ,0| t c||||[qtn
bt0|ngung tn nut 0taqc|d cn]untmtn cdt, um
ncqqtt ,0| t m| t|jqc[| ||qtn cq| |c|tn ]u gtn|tptn
0n0 0cp ,jt|nt)u| cjjung ]um bun0t [qcn 1 ji q 0|t
bctcn|| t g tg tn t|nt |t|n0||qt Wcncc || pttung 0tt
c j| c||t|n pq d ttg t. Bca c| | ta mut0t 0umc| a 0tm
0tu|jqtn Uc| k |n W|| || cntn 0cn ||0gd | ||ttn 0cn 0tt
tng|| jqtn |tccgcn0c 0ttjtcqtn|
50
| t | t|| ttj| q||i q, 0td| jiq 0| tj ta |tcpcgcn0c
tcgtcn\m m|| 0tn 1 4 ]0nk|tn, 0| t Hj cn 0om
{tJp0tn| tnj|0| 0tt nct0cmtt|kcn| jqtn n| cn c0a
m|| 0tm g|t|qtn )| t| 0tt bqmq0ng 0ta 0t0|
jqtn |0ttj|cn0am| | | tna k0t] u0ct 0cm b|ct| g t
| cjjtn c||t. bc mct]tn pq Ict|t||]]t 0n0 J| |jcn
|tt tccgcn0| j|| jtqtn b| | t ]0. n0 m
t t n 0 [ | t c 0 ] 0 t t b n t | t t n b t | t 0 g
c L | t| t c tn, j| | tg |n| tt 0 tn " U || jjtn
c ! | t | n | n 0 t n U t t t | n | g | t n b | c c | t n 0 t t
i t | | tq t b t m | n n 0 0 t q c ] ] t n c 0 a ] 0 t
iH 0 tn || [ tn- 0n0 b| c |m tt I tn, c | [c
t | n t m t | n ] | g t n ) m t | g 0 t t | m b t [ | q 0 t t
0 t t [ 0 0 t | t n | t t | m c 0 t t t t | [ | q d t ] | n 0 -
|| q tn h t| tg a | n00 j|t| t 0 tt n c tb cm tt|
k c n | j q t n n | c n , c 0 ] 0 | t h | t | n | g k t | |
U cn 1 0 3 4 8 9 2 4 6 5 D c | |ct. || n gcn ] g tt|ngtt
bt0q|t| | 0c0cn ]|cp c0a 0tt gtmt|n[cmtn Tcjqt
m|t0tt cd |n 0| t hcjjtn 0ta Ict|t||]]t-Tt0j|a 0n0
0tt cn0tttn ]ttjjt|nj|tumtn|t 0ta btcpkc| |c|a, 0m
0cn 0ct| c0a 00tq t|nt |tjtnc0]|cgt 0tt )t||0ngtn
0|t ht| tgatqt 0n0 0cm|| 0tn c]]tnkc0] c0] 0c| | tn
Tc0ttn ]0 c||tn.
| | n t m | g t t h t t | a | c 0 ] 0 c n h t | t g ,
| t c c g c n 0 c 0 n 0 b t [ q ] |. c t t 0 t m
W tn [q t n [ | t | c c t t [ cg | 0 t t T c 0 tm
| n [ t m m | | 0 t m b q t n 0 t a b c | 0 t a c m
0 m m t t n 0 t n q c t | ] c n | 0 t t 0 n | t t g t t n -
0 t n t | | 0 t a

b t g t t | 0 m a | t | 0 m | t -
ttn0 c0] f tn| t]ct| t|n tt.
m 1 4. 0g0j| 1 91 8 |tc| |n Lcn0cn 0n| tt Lt||0ng
ocn Ict|t||]]t t|nt |n|ttc| | ||tt|t |tccg cn0ckon]t
3
ttn] 0trEn| tn| t ]ujcmmtn.b| tdtcq|tim mt[tn| ||qtn
ni q|a Ituta. |t

|tn m| t kut] 0tn btt| q| . ,B| t bt

|tt|ung 0tt U| ktt mup 0| t bcpa 0tt c| | || tt|tn |tc
cgcn0c jt|n. ,ca 0| t cn 0ca 0tu|jqt Uc| k jt|d j|
g tt| q|t|t |tccgcn0c d t]g ||q 0tt ]ukn|||g tn
b| t| |ungBtu|jq| cn0a dt|tt||t, ,jc mjjt mcn k|ct
]um ua0tud dt|ngtn, ,0cp 0ca 0tu|jqt Uc| k cu]
tnt cng tmt jjtnt b| t| |ung |n 0tt t| |un0 cu| 0| t)u
| cjjung ]ut kn|||g tn btj t| | jqc|| 0tt Ic||cntnttqntn
knnt, cdtt nut ,mtnn ta pq ]ut dj(||t|ung 0ta
c|a ttup| jqtt W| |||ct| amua dtkcnn|tn bgj|tma tn|
[q||tpt.
btmttktnamtt|| j|0| tjgqc| cg| j(tnmt| ju0g,0| t
]t 0| tjt tccgcn0i j|| jqt un| ttmp |ung Btu|jq| cn0a
cuag tgtd tn mut0t. ,B| t dt j|t |q| ||n| t, ncq 0tt
g tctdt|| t| mtt0tn mp| t, jq| tn 0tt Hcmm| jpcn0| t]u
j t|n, 0| t cmtt| kcn| jqtn nj|ttngung tn |m |t|0t un0
|n 0tt qt|mc|, |n |cdt| ktn, tt|| tn un0 |n 0tt Lcn0-
m|t|jpc|| jc j|ctkm| tmg ||q ]u dt|cntn. b| t|q]t||ig
j c| | |t 0tt 0j|ttt uad||d |t 0tn qcn0t| , 0| t bt
[cqttn, 0| t |t 0| t Btu|jqtn |n 0tt Hcn|tc| | t 0ta
cqmc|tt| c|a 0utq 0| t | | || tt|tn | cgtn, [c 0tu|| |d
m| t mg| |q k| ctgtmcq| mtt0tn. b| t [c| | |tn jc j|ctk
m| t mg|| q 0tt|m| tt| mtt0tn un0 0cq [c| | |t g| t|q
]t|||g 0c|t bctgt g t|tcgtn mtt0tn, pt n|q| 0tnktn
]u |cjjtn, 0cp j| t |t |mmtt 0cn 0tn qcn0t| ad t
j| tqung tn un0 0tt |ttun0jd]c|| m|| 0tn U|kttn, 0| t
cug tnd || d|| q g tg tn j| t km||tn, cuagtjq| c jjtn
mtt0tn j c| ||tn. tnn pt nm||q 0ca g | cud|tn, [c
mt0t mcn | qntn 0tn dtn j|tktn, jc| cng t m| t
mg || q 0ttjmt| |t|| mt||ttjukm|tn. |r t|nt g t
jun0t | q|| |n| t 0tt |tccgcn0c q|| 0ca Hcm||tt ta
3
|t n|| g,

|qntn t|nt q|n|tt|t c|[tn ]u | cjjtn, 0utq

mt| qt pt, mtnn pt ttj| |t | |0tu|jq|um dtjt|||g|
un0 0tn Ttct| tn 0tt t||d ttttjqung 0utq b|u|
un0 ||jtn cdgtjqmcttn || tn, j|tt m| t0tt t|nmc|
]u 0ttjt|d tn btmt|njqc|| m| t [t tt )u|t| || tt| cngtn
knn|tn. Icq t|n mtt|0c| | tt ||nd ||d. ,d tt 0| t
|tcgt 0tt tt0c|u|| cnttn |tccgcn0c m|t0 0| tnpq|
cuagtjtcqtn, ta jt| dt jjtt, 0| t [| |0tu|jqt |ct|t| |m
c| |g tmt|ntn ]u 0ttung||m|tn un0 cu| pt 0| tUttcn|
mct|ung |t 0tn t|tg un0 |t c| | 0ca ng|d, 0ca
Btu|jq| cn0 tt0u|0t| cd t, un0ncqmt| | tt|n0utqne
tt0u|0tn mjjt, cd]um|]tn, c|a 0tn Hc| jtt cn]u-
gtt| |tn. n0ttttjt||a mut0t cuag t|t|, 0cp n-
gt| ||t g tg tn t|nt |ttjJn|| qkt|| j|t|a tt|c | gtt| qtt
jt| tn c|a ngt|||t gtgtn tint |ct|t|. Wcn kcm
jq|| tp|| q 0c|n d ttt|n, 0cp cl | ta, mca g tg tn 0| t
qctn]c| | ttn0gncj|| t gtjcg | mt0t, tn|mt0tt m| tk| | q
c0tt jd] t|ndct cua 0tu|jqtn Qut| | tn g tjd] J|| mtt0tn
mjjt, um 0ca | j| kc ]u 0ttmt|0tn, 0cp ngt| ||t, 0| t
c|[tndct cua c| |||tt|tn Qut| | tn kmtn,0tn ||n||up 0ta
hc| j tta cu| 0ca 0tu|jqt Uc| | t tt j|tk|tn c|a
jqmdq|tn. Wcn j||mm| 0ct|n dttt|n, 0cp 0| t u|-
tt|]ung 0tu|jqtt bc|0c|tn ]um Btj tt|| tttn tt| cud|
un0 0cn Iuqtn jt|n knn|t.
B| tjtt btt| q| jc| | |t, m|t ta cua0td|| q t| p|, |t
0| t |tccgcn0| j|tn 0tt |n| tn| t ,t | n L t to u q
0 L t Hunj| 0 tt p t cg cn0 c j t|n.
Ucn 0tt b|qung 0ta c|| ||jqtn cm||tta 0ta ]tc
cg cn0ccm| ta cm 4. 0k|cdtt 1 91 8 || tg| g | t| q|c| | a
t| 0 tu|tdtkcnn| ta |tc|ckc| | d tt0| t bgj|tmc||k 0tt
dt|||jqtu t0c|u||cnatccgcn0c 0ct, ncq 0tm
|cmdt| | b|uct| u. c. cuag t|tt c| . ,Bca Uctgttn
53
|n Btu|[q| cn0 | j| [cmc| cp|i0 mi t ntgc||0 g tmtj tn.
bt|n )| t| mct, 0tm 0tu|[qtn Uc| kt t|n|gta ] 0 d| t|tn,
cu] 0ca ta c]]tn kcnn|t, un0 [tt 0| t| ta, 0ct 0tm
ta pd ]tq|tn mup|t. W|| cn0tttn ct| tn, ta c|
|m k|ctgtmcq| mtt0tn [c| | tn, 0cp 0tt t|n]|gt tg,
0tm 0c| | j|n0| gtn u|n ] 0 tn|gttn, 0tt | j|, m|| 0tm
bgj| tm ] 0dttqtn, 0ca 0tn ht| tg d tt |utcc ttcu]-
dt[qmcttn c| un0 pq 0tt )u|cj[ung ] 0 t|ntm

U | kttdun0 mt0|g ] 0 ttmt|[tn.

[m 1 2. Hc0tmd tt 1 91 8 [qt|td L| cg0 btctgt t|ntn
bt|t] cn Hct|t||]]t . ,Jq cdt 0| t| t 0| ttk| t btmt| j t
|t 0tn |t]c|g Jttt unjqdcttn td t|| un0 ]t 0tn
I|m]cng, |n 0tm b| t] 00tm )u[cmmtndtuq 0tt htc||
0ts |t|n0ts |n 0j|tttt|q un0 Btu|[q| cn0 d t|gt|tcg tn
udtn.
B| t )tt|tmmttung 0tt 0tu|jqtn Uc |kaktc|| un0
c| kat|nt|| mct 0ca cuajq|| tp|t )| t| 0tt tng
| |[qtn ]tccgcn0c. | t t|n || uq cd tt c| 0| t dJjt
Tc| 0| t Uttbttqtt 0tt]c|g|. [|a Wt. btcnn |t|td p
T
Ict|t||]]t 1 922 |nkcgn||c |m dt[tq|tn t|n| cn0
ttum. tnn tt cu] 0tn b|tcptn |na 0| t bt0J|kt
tung ttd ||d| t, mcg | n 0ca btcu[tn g tcd| udtn
dtt c| | ta, mca tt 0|t[tn Wtn[qtn cng t|cn. m [ tnt
)t|| [c t|n tng| |jqtt )cutnc| |j| 0tn Lgtn0| k|c|ct |n
Lcn0cn d t| 0tt dktt 0cn Btu|[q| cn0 un0 c t
t|q|t|t dtt 0tn 0cn |m dtmun0tt| tn Wcnn tn|j tq| .
,|t kcm ncq qcuj t, kttt||q tt[q||, |m bt| j| gt-
|td|, |n0tm tt [q t|nd| |0t|t, 0cp jt|n Ltdtn 0cn 0tn
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mt0tn. Jmuguj| 0ta g| t|qtn ]ctta j|ctd ct|
t ||]]t. Jn t|ntm u]tuqt 0cn cnpnnacn]| | tn un0
|n 0tr g t| j||]tn mncq|ung t|ntt [d[mtttn bt|tn
4

ttmt|qung |uqt 0tt c| |mq||gt |jct 0tt ct|||j d] tn

t|Ikt|tgarccgcn0c m| tt|nUtt]|0q|tt0cn0cnntn.
[|a |ng | cn0 [t|nt |tccgcn0c |n Bt0|[q|cn0 dt-
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f !
0tm Lc]tt 0ta 0t0|[qtn Wctr|am0a, c||t 0ca t| q

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m c n b t I | t 0 | t | n n t t 0 t0 |[q t 0 c [ | | | c n
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mct 0| t Utt|t||ung 00tq ||n[qm0ggt|n, bt| t]-
j tn00ngtn 0n0 j|ug]t0gcdmt]t. ]tn|tc| t ]t Btud
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qc| | cn0 m0t0tn 0m]cngtt| qtmj q| cgj|t| | tn ttt| q|t|.
| t |n t|ntm bc]|| | tntt0 ]cn0 pq |n 0|t[tn H|t0tt-
| cjjung tn cu] bqmt|]tt un0 c| | n0| jqtm bc0tn 0ca
g cn]t L0mtncd 0tt 0tu|jqtn |m|gtcn|tn t|n,
bt|g tna IfiJen5, un0 mut0t qj| ck||0 0ct
0tn dt| || [qtn cgtn gt[cnn|. tnn m| t nun cu]
0|t jtcg tn 0tt ||n]utmt|c0tn t|mca ntt t|n-
g ttn, jc 0tac|d, mt| | t|nt g tm| jjt ]c| 0tt 0cmc-
||gtn jt|n0tccgcn0| j|tn tu| t m| t0tt g tg tn 0na
| ||g | j| m|| 0tt g| t|qtn Tck||k. bq|c0tt mtt0tn j| t
|n]m| [qtn kc0m g tmct0tn jt|n. B| t Itu||ng t cctt
bt|tcq|tn 0|t[t t||kt|tga0tc|]| ttt c|a | tt gtcptn
Lttmt| j|tt. B| t bcqt c| c| | tt0|nga t| ntn qcktn.
B|t qt|]tt |n Bt0|[Q|cn0 ]t| tn|
Btt tng|| jqt |tccgcn0c0tt|t| td ct|m 0t0|[qtn
qttt 0utq ||ug]tugccmut|0| tnj| ujm. | j| d tkcnn|. |a
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33
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0tu| jqt |tcn| un0 0tu|jqta Jn|cn0 bt|tug 0umc| a
g tg tn 3 000 000.
| t cmmtn ]um Utt|t| tb |m 0tu|jqtn Jn| cn0.
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u. c. 0| t 0tu| jqtn )u0tn htcujt cua T| | p| un0 bc|c-
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0|ttk|t Ttcnact| |na t| q g tjqc a} 0utq t|nt
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]u0tn Wcn0t| ccum, b) 0utd t|n gtcpta It 0cn
[gtn|tn |n Btu|jq|cn0 jt| c j|, c) 0utq 0| t|unk||cntt
0tt 0tu|jqtn mctr| j||jqtn |ct|t| tn. Bcntc tn || t| 0| t
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0|||]| tt, 0tt |n jt|ntm u||tcg cua0td|| q 0| t n
ct0nung ttc| |tn c||t, ,tt0c|u||cntt b||mmung |m
0tu|jqtn Uc| k ]u ttttgtn.
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mcq| tn bt| t|tn un0 ]ckt|tn cn btkcnn|t n[qt|||tn
b
in Btu|jq|cn0 g tjq| d|. cn 0tt[cq 0cbt| 0| t Um
|
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[qtt cn|tc| | j| t| | tn m|| ctm|cj tn [u|jqt||| tn. bc
mut0t 0| t bqmjqt| || ,hc| jtt un0 t|q` 0cm
tng |qtn |tccgcn0c0| tnj| c t| 0tt Uttj q|dung cu]
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gt|ctn|, 0| t c| t )t||ung ,|t| t0tnamct|t |n| | 0tm
c] ,bttntt W|||t| |ungtn |t Ic|utm| jjtnjqc]| tn
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bc| j cn 1 9 1 8 c| a Wt] 1 91 8". B| t qtqjqt| || tn 0ta
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j q| gtn, 0| r 0ca g t|| jq|t b| tgt| 0tt ccgtt| j qtn bt-
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|a mup ]tj|gtj|t| | | mtt0tn, 0cp 0| t btJt0tn 0tt
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cctt 0cn |ng| cn0 m|| q| ||t 0tt Uct]ugatt| t 0tt
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mut0t.
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|ung 0cn ||ugc |||ttn. 1 . Wcn c tnq| 0| t ||ugc| || tt
c|a mtt|cqta ||nm|dt|c| tt |t btc| un0 [cnj||gt
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mcn0cabtc|ujm. cuaun0 | tg| 0ca|c| ttcnjqt|ntn0
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juqt | tt btpnnung ]0 tt|cttn. Jj| 0| t[t btp00un]
rqr||q odp|| ont| |, jo bttjuqt mcn | ntn ||ugd |||tt
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0
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0c mcn dt| 0n0ctttgt[ttnt0 || | t0
gtg tn 0| t
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gtctn )c| 0dn ]tt[dntn |n 0| t qcn0. 1 1 . |a | j|
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t|st||.
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| tjqcnbt|cn|,mtt0tn0| tj|cmmc||tnn|tt[q| t0t
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nm|| q. Bcp 0| t Ic| |n Bt0|jq| cn0 |mmtt gtptt
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0apq| |n j0 gtm|nnt0, |mmtt mtt jqm|n0t, 0c

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I|t0tt| cjjung cua m0t0t 0n| tt |t0ng 0ta cm|-
|| qtn btc0[|tcg|tn 0cn Hct|t||[[t, b. . but[|, |n
Uttb|n00ng m|| 0tm |nntt0t0| [qtn Wctr|anI0a 0n|tt
0an0qung 0tt | cj[tnkcm[|tn0tn]tn |n 0tt t-
b t| |tt[qc[| 0ta 0t0|jqtn tj| tna 0| t Uc|ka]tt|tm-
mttung b tjcn0tta gtcp]g|g bt|t| tu tn.

B t t | t c c g c n 0 c 0 t g t n | n g | c n 0
] 0 t B 0 t q [ t 0 n g 0 t t q t q t g t g t n | | -
t |m II. 0n0 g tg tn c | | t 0 ttcn|m o t| l |
q t n b | t | | t n B t 0 | [ q | c n 0 a m | | 0 t m ] | t |
0 t t t 0 c | 0 | | c n , m c t 0 t t 0 t 0 | [ q t W c t -
x |b mu a _ u n | e t j| 1 | 0 0tq 0 tn b qm c tm
0
U 0 n mQ t i [|| jq [ 0 | jq
n q
f
unb
I c n 0 t 6 0 t t t | t t n , 0 | t j | q @ 0 m 0 t m
R t| tgD 0| L n j| ]u tn| g t L n@ n c c 0 L t
b qm t|] c 0 tt n cq q c | | cn0 g t[|q | t |
| | tU 1 t |U L [n j H H |l n g b t |j| tL
b 0 b [ t k | t u n 0 | c t c k | t t | u m t n , c | | t a
m c t c [ | m t 0 | g t b q | t t n t t g t t
bto p b t| |cnn| tn.
-~*+
Bc 0| t tng|| [qtn btmungtn, 0| t[t Uttb|n000g
]0 |t0gntn, n|q| cbtt|ptn, mtt0tn m|t t|n|gt 0ndt-
j|tt||bctt btmt| [t ft 0tn ]0[ cmmtn[q|0p 0tt tng
``
n00ng m|| 0tt ctc|tttn

ttmt|| 0cn ]00tn

0n0 Lm| gtcn|tn |n 0tt bqmt|j m0t0t cbt0 [qcn tt-
mnt. 1 . 0| 0tt |n|ttc|||| tt|tn ]tccgcn0ckon|t-
ttnj |n Ldn0c0 0g0[| 1 91 8 m0t0t 0tt bt[ q|up gt-
|c| , ,0c 0| t[|||| tt|tn b t]g||q 0tt b c|[qtm| [|| [qt0
]tcpcgcn0c 0tttn t|gtnt L||ttc|0t0n|tt 0tt 0t0|jqtn
[tb t|| ttbt0|ktt0ng 0ttbtt||tn [c|||tn.'' [bgt0t0d|
bt| b|0ct|, Secrets of Crewe House) . 2. 0[ n-
ct0n0ng 0tt tng|| jqtn tg| tt0ng m0t0tn | n 0tn
0t0|[qtn ht| tgagt[cngtntn|cgttn |n |ng| cn0 dm|||
|d|gtn0t)t||0ngtn|c0[tn0c0agt|t||| . | tntttb t|| tt-
jt||0ng, ctmt|a, Uc|kaj||mmt. 3. B| t ]tccg cn0c
0tt |n 0tt bqmt|] [tpc[|tn mctr| [|| [qtn |m|-
gtcn|tn |n Bt0|[q|cn0 m0t0t 0on |ng| cn0 d t]c||.
B| t b0t[qtn dtjogtn g| t|q]t|||g [|ncnj| t| | t n|tt-
j|q0ng 0cm |n|ttnc||cnc|tn Wctt|am0a 0n0 0cn
0t0|[qtn bcnkt0 | n [0| [qtm btpq. 4. Btt tng| |[qt
Jtcdgcn0c0| tnj| uct| 0| tt0tn 0tt 0t0I[qtn Wct-
| j|tn |n W|||| cntn dtt 0tn 0t0|[ qtn jtcn|tn cd.
63
B| t gt|t tng||jqt }|ugb| c||jtt| t mct 0| t |t ]cj|.
|t ]c j| Ht. 4: b ttjqt||| . ,qttt qccjt 0ct 0tm
t| qa|cg. btgtn [ t0tn Jmtt|c||amua. [|t ]cj|
Tr. 5 : bttjqt||| . ,B| t }t| t0tna0ttcn0|ungtn. Ucn
hct| hcu|aky. B| tjt t|t || q bt||tb|g ]ct|-
[tqtn.
Htbtn 0tt mctr| j|| jqtn 0cp|| cn mut0t [ t0tt
|n Btu| jq| cn0 |||gt, j|cc|a|t|n0||qt Uttbcn0 0cn
|ng|cn0 un| ttj|q|. Bcp 0| t bt||| jqt ]tocgcn0c t|n
jc| qta qttt 0cn gtn|tn |m t|q [|n0tn kcnn|t,
| j| t|n ttjq||ttn0ta bgmbc| ]t 0| t tn|jtq-
|| qt Lcgt unjttta Uc| tt|cn0ta |n 0tn ]cttn jt|nt
jqmtj|tn c||tngcngta. | a L| cg0 btctgt t|nt
|tjtnjummt ]ut Btdung 0cn ]rccgcn0cunkc j|tn
|ct0tt| t, 0tt|t|0|g| t tt 0| tjt gtmc| || gt uagcb t m||
tntm t|n]| gtn bcq . ,Btu|jqt knntn nut 0utq
Btu|jQt bttmun0tn mtt0tn. |t btjmt| [t|n 0|tjt
tm|gt ctt|| |n kt|ntm ugtnb || d. b| t c| 0n
1 91 8 |n 0tn bgtun0 gtj|t]|, t m|t0 0n 0n| tt 0tm
bcnntt 0ta Hc||cnc|jc]| c||amu | n t|nt gtcpt 3u
Nun[| ]ttn.
|t cbtn tu|t 0| t Wg|| qkt||, 0|t tng| |jqt
t|| kt|tgatccgcn0c t|ngttn0 ]0 bttt|tn.
Un|tt 0| t unbtj|tt||bcttn |tgtbn| jjt 0| tjtt n|tt-
[uqung j| | cnt )mt||t| 0| t }tj| j|t| |ung, 0cp
mc| n|tmc|a ]u0ct 0 | t r g t c |a m |||t | 0 tt
J tc cg c n 0 c jo btmup| un0 jc u||g ]um ||0-
jcq gtbtcq| mut0t.
Lcjjtn m|t gcn] mtn| gt 0| tjtt ]tccg cn0c|gtn
ncq t|nmc| 0ct una cu|mctjq| tttn.
[|a b ttjqt||| 0ca ct| 0ta bt|||jqtn ]ub ||]| j|tn
]cnjcnby . ,B| t Lgt | j| t|nt cnttkcnn|t un0 cuptt-
e4
ct0tn||iq nq|iqt htitmc[[t, un0 j t0ta Lcn0 gt-
btcuq| ptm|| 0c| | tt btt| tgung, um 0ca t|gtnt Uc|k
]0 | ujqtn, Htu|tc| t |t p ]u gtm|nntn un0 0tn
}t|n0 |tttju|ttn. B| tunm| jjtn0tn un0 unjqu|0| gtn
Wcjjtn btmttktn n|q|, 0cp pt |tttgt|t| mtt0t0,
un0 mtnn c| | ta 0ctbtt | j|, mtt0tn nut | tt un0 0ct|
Lgtn tn|0td| un0 b|cpgtj| t| ||.
!|cg0 btctgt, 0| t| | t|q| 0tt btj| t ]tcpcgcn0| [| 0tt
[
n|tn|t, ttk|t|t |n 0tt t0t0cm 4. ugu[| 1 91 r, 0| t
| n ]c| | cjtn |rtmp| cttn | n Btu|jq|cn0 0ttbtt||t|
mut0t, 0| t 0tu|jqt }tung c| | t|n cbt 0utq | tt0
,ngt|]] cu] bt|g| tn, 0tt un|tt btuq c| | ttUtt|tgt
tt|c|g| jt|, 0tn ht| tg 0ttjqu|0t|. bt|nt t0t g||t| |t
|n0tmbcq . ,|t km|tn, um 0| t g t|t|| qj|t Utt-
jqmtung, 0| t [ t gtgtn 0| t }tt|t|| 0tt U| ktt cngt-
]t||t||, 0| t m|| gtcujcmtt, jqcm| cjtt |n|jq| c jjtn t||
|n c| | tn ||n]t| t| |tn jctg|||| g, g tjq|d|, |n|tt|| j||g
un0 t|m||q gtp|cn| mut0t, ]0n|q|t ]u mcqtn.
1 920 jqt|tb 0tt c| |t ht| tgatqtt g tncu 0ca btgtn-
|t| | : ,]t mtt mcn 0| t bqtt || tj|, 0|t |n 0tn 0tt-
jq| t0tntn Ln0ttn btt 0ca gtjqt|tbtn pn0, mca pq
0ct 0tm 1 . uguj| 1 9 1 4 ]ug t|tcgtn c|, 0tj| c mtt
kcmm| mcn j0 0tt b ttjtugung, 0cp n|tmcn0, 0tt
0|t b|cc|agtjq||t |

||t|t, |n [ tntt )t|| 0tn ht| tg

m|tk| |q mc| ||t. |a mct t|mca, | n 0ca mcn |nt|n-
g|| ||, c0tt 0| t|mtt |nt|n|cumt| |t un0 j|c|ptt|t,
0|t| | t| q| cua Tctt| |.
Btt bt|||jqt ]ttm| ttm|n| j|tt ju|| 0ttj| qtt|t |m
0k|cbtt 1 9 1 4 |n t|ntt mcjjtnc|| |n| tt 0tn 0tu|jqtn
}tcn| tn cbgtmct|tntn t0t . ,|t cbtn n|q| 0tn
unjq, 0| t bttn unjttta t|qta 0utq ntut0
}|Jqtntcum c0tt gtp ttt ttcn|mct|ung ]0 0tt-
65
mrren. " Unb mi e li egen bi e tat raden? fm fnbt
bes Ari eges erweiterte fnglanb, mol um ber menfd
eit bamit einen Di enft JU ermeifen, f eine "Brbe" um
1 41 5 929 engli fde Quabratmeilen.
Da bi e brutfeten Solbaten ben Ainbern bes fein
bes bi e fnbden abgeamt tt en, gett JUm feften
Beftanb j ebts erenmerten Ielthri egspropaganbiften
in Btitannien. Di e tugenbaften "times" beri dten am
2 -- September 1 91 4: "Die Deutfden fdneiben ben
hlrinen Anaben bi e fnbe ab, bamit franhreid leine
Solbaten met aben foll." Tad bem fbfdneiben ber
fnbe fpieen bie Deutfden bie belgi fden Babys auf
ire Baj onette unb nageln Oe an bi e faustt. Der
rnglifde Obetft lepington fdtei bt bet biefes mar
den, ba "eine Unterfudung eingeleitet morben fei",
mo butd beutfde Solbaten "Rinbetn bi e tnbe abge
fdnitten morben maren. fs murben niel e flle ge
prft. Rein ein3iger fal l lonnte nadgemief en mer
ben." Unb bod at gan3 fngtanb felfenfeft baran
g eglaubt .
. Der Sdriftleiter ber "Sunbay timeg" I muron, at
1 922 bie Rale aus bem Sam geloffen unb erJlt, mie
Et im Arieg bi e melbungen bet bie abgeamten
Ainbernbe JUfammengebraut at : "meine jeitung
telegrapierte, Oe braude Gef didten non Greueltaten.
Tun gab es aber JU j ener jeit heine Gteueltaten. (Iil
fon mat bei Ati egsausbrud in 1rfrel.) b i e t e l e
g r a p i e r t e i e r a u f , i d f o l l G e f d i d t e n
n f l d t l i n g e n r d i e t n. bl t I r a g t t
i d , b a b i ft f e i n , b a h a n n i d i e r b l e i b e n.
T u t t a l b n bt r r t l m a t t i n h- 1 t i n e r
O r t , m o m a n ; u m E f f r n i n j u g r r n
00
p f l r g t - m a n b t k n m b o r t f e l t g u t e s
|r r L n. J d n m a n I b a L b t t a u d
e i n B a b y g e g e b e n l a b e n m f f e , u n b f o
f d r i e b i d e i n e 2 t 3 3 2 r r e i p e n b e G e
f d i d t e b e r b a s 1 a b y u o n C o u r b e c
( o o , b a s i m f e u e r f c e i n b e r b r e n n e o b e n
I o l n u n g e n u o r b e n f u n n e n g e r e t t e t
m r b e. fm ndften Tag murbe id telegrapifd
aufgeforbert, bas Baby nad Jonbon JU fdiden, ba
Od ungeflr 5000 Jeute bri eflid erboten ltten, es
an Ainbes Statt an3unemen. }m barauffolgenben
Tag haren 1abymfde unb Babyhleibden maffen
meife in bi e lebahtion. Sogar bi e nigin Fleranbra
brmte in einem Telegramm ilr fitgefl aus unb
f
d
imte einige Rl eibungsftde. nun honnte id aber
bod nidt JUrdtelegrapli eren, bap hein Baby ba i ft. ,
So uerftnbigte id mi d alfo mit bem }rJt, ber fr bit
fldtlinge Sorge trug, balin, ba bas uerflirte Baby
geftorben fei, unb 3mar an einer felr anftedenben
f
r
anheit, ro ba es nidt einmal ffentlid begraben
merben honnte. Unb mir berrebeten Jaby Tortl
cliffe, mit al l ben Aleibungsftcen eine Rinberbemalr
anftalt JU grnben. " (Erjllt im (ruf aber am 24. fe
bruar 1 922.)
}uf biefe gemi ffenlofe Ieife murbe bi e Jgenflut
lergeftellt unb losgelafren, uon ber bas fdmebifde
Blatt "Gteborgs fanbels- od Sj fartstibing",
q 2 u t 2 beutfdfeinblid, fdri eb : "man hann haum
rine Jonboner 3eitung auffdlagen, olne gleid
auf eine Reile berartiger unbeglaubigter unb
unmalrfdeinli det Beauptungtn j0 ftoen, mie biefr:
ba beutfde Offi3ierr Ieibet unb Rinbet uot brn
ir
\t0pptn ||tn tt|tt|btn | cjjtn, 0m 0tn }tn0 cm
bq| ttn ]0 0tt|n0ttn, 0cp 0tu|jtqt bc|0c| tn 0tt-
m0n0t|t |t|n0t | tbtn0|g 0ttbtcnn|, 0cp t [ 0ngt
}tc0n 0ttgtmc||| g| 0n0 0cnn 0ttj|mmt|| 0n0 0tt-
btcnn| || tn, 0cp 0tu|jqt t]|t 0tn bt|cngtntn
0|t btntn 0uttqgtjqn||| tn, un\ ta |ntn unmg||q
]0 mcqtn, [ t m| t0tt |t |t Lcn0 ]0 kmp]tn, 0cp
0t0|jqt bc|0c| tn gt]cngtnt }tcn]cjtn ncd| c0agt-
]cgtn 0n0 cn 0| t 0tt 0tt 0ctmt|a t| | tn0tn Mc-
ncntnmcg tn gtb0n0tn, 0cp 0|t Lc]ctt||t m|| t|ntt
gcn]tn Wtngt Uttmun0t|tt 0ct|n t|ngtjtt|, 0cp
pt k| t|nt h|n0tt m|| bcj cnt||tn 00tqb ct|, kut]0m,
0cp pt t|nt t| t Uttbttqtn btgcngtn, 0| t gtngtn,
um pt]utm|gttbqcn0tc|a bctbcttn ]00ttut| t| | tn.
n0 ]um bjtq |up 0| tjta k| t|ntn 0a]0gta mc|
0| t | c| | j| t Lgt . B| t Lt|qtn|cbt| k. [m 1 t. t|| 1 91 r
btcq|t 0| t ,T|mta t|ntn btt| q| btt t|nt 0tu|jqt
b]c| |0ttmtt|ungagtjt| | jqc]| b t| hcb| tn], ,mc )gt
0c| | ncd|tt, |n bn0t| ]0jcmmtngtjtqnt|tt Lt|q-
ncmt 0cn bc|0c| tn cnkcmmtn 0n0 |n gtcptn htjjt|n
gtjc||tn mtt0tn, 0m 0ctc0a b| tct|n un0 tc|||n| tt|ta
0| ]0 g tm|nntn. t|q t|nt j c0| j|| jqt bqmuqcn-
|cpt mup 0tt bqtt|b tt||ng cbtn, 0tt 0| tjt Lgt btt||
cuagtmc|| c| | Jm ]ct|cmtn| j|t| | | t 0tt cg tct0nt|t
cnc|0 WtT t|| | 0tn n|tcg bt|m ]rtm| ttm|n| j|tt
I| cg0 btctgt, tt j c| | t bqt|||t |un, ,um |n ]gg|tn,
Jn0| tn un0 |m gcn]tn 0j|tn jcmt|| c| a mg||tq bt-
kcnn| ]0 mcqtn, 0cp 0| t Btu|jqtn 0| t Lt|qncmt
|ttt t|gtntn bc|0c|tn jcm| t 0| t | ttt |t|n0t, mtnn
pt pq 0tttt b tmq||gtn, c|a bqmt|nt]u|| tt 0ttmtn-
0tn. B| tjt Icqt| q|tn ab tn jcgct |n C|nc j|tk-
j|tna gtgtn Btu|jq|cn0 gtm| tk|. 1 925 c| uj|tn
68
|qcmb tt|c|n cm|||q ]ugtgtbtn, 0ap 0| t Wt|0ung btr
0|t Lt|qtn[cbt|k t|nt Lgt mct. |t cmtt|kcn| jqt
)t||ung ,T|mta B|ac|d] jqt| tb 0ctcu| |n t|ntm
t||kt| , 0tt cuq gu| 0| t | tkung |n mtt|kc ktnn
]t|qnt|, mc pq ncq btkcnn|mtt0tn0tt Lt|qtn[cbt|k
mcjjtnc[| Wnntt 0ttcn| cp| jctn, c|a }tt|m|| | |gt
|n 0tn ht|tg ]0 ]|ttn, um 0| tt|| 0cn 0| tjttbqcn0t
]0 bt[tt| tn, cm 6. Bt]tmb tt 1 925 : ,| t brtm|t
c0c0ttgtjq|q| t, 0| t mttn0 0ta t| tgta bt| 0tn
c| ||| tt| tn U| kttn 0tn qcp g tg tn 0| t Btu|jqtn b|a
]um b| t0tunk| gtj|t|gtt| c|, | j| nun |m bt||| jqtn
un|ttcua c|a t|nt Lgt ttk|t| mct0tn. Uct t|n|gtn
Wcnc|tn tt|ut 0| t t||, m| t 0| tj t Lgt 0cn t|ntm
|q||gtn 0[[|]| tt |m bt|||jqtn Hcqt| q| tn0| tnj| g t-
| cn| 0n0 0ttbtt||t| mut0t. Uct t|n|g tn ]cttn c|
0| tbq| |0ttung,m| t0tt0tu|jqthc| jttcua0tnmtnjq-

||qtn Lt|qncmtn }t|| gtm|nn|, 0| t btgtt 0| tj ta

Lcn0ta un0 cn0tttt cu[gtk| t|ttLn0tt ]u m|tn0tm
qcp tn|[|cmm|. bt| j||g nctmc| t Wnntt bc| || tn 0| t
}cuj| un0 j|t]| tn]00tm nqj|tnm| |||t| jqtnttb t
btc. ]tq| jcg| mcn |ntn |c|jq|| q, 0cp pt bt|tcgtn
0n0 gtnctt| mut0tn, 0cp | tt t|gtntn 0|||]| tt j| t
cbpq|||q cu| 0tn gtmnjq|tn b| t0tunk| btcq|tn,
|n0tm pt pq t|ntt [qn0||qtn Lgt bt0| tn| tn, um
| tt Lt|0tnjqc[|tn cu[jut||jqtn.
tt j| q cbtt 0on unjtttn btmttn n| q| b tt
]tugtn |cjjtn m|| |,c| tpquakun[|bt| qcm| | |cn}y[t,
0tt 0| t Btu|jq|cn0-b|t| |ung 0tt tng||jqtn ]tcc
gcn0cjtn|tc| t0cn)u|| b|aHc0tmb tt1 9 1 8 gt| t|| t|c|.
Jn t|ntm btt| q|, 0tn }g[t |n 0tt Hcqkt| tga]t|| btt
0|tjt1||gkt|| 0tt[cp| t, | t| || ttmc| cua Utttgttng
btt gm| [jt |nnttc||||jqt Uctgngt cua0td||
69
i
mit, ba feine Propaganbaabt eilung im Atirge, mi r
fyfe mrtlid r dr2i bt, "m i t e i H 2 r e b e n r 0
g r o e n S o r g f a l t t g 2 n f a b t i J i e r t a t ,
m i t a n b e r e f b t e i I u n g e n m u n i t i o n. "
mit bet Strategi e ber Gruppenfpaltung erhlomm
in bet Ieltlriegapropaganba nud bi e Taltih ber
Ieltanf dauungsmasle be
n
I eiten Gipfel erfolgreicer
Iirlf amleit.
man braudt lein einJiges flugbl att ber briti fden
triegspropaganba gelefen 3u oben unb hann, menn
man nur bi e Gefelmigleiten ber briti fcen Propa
ganbataltil hennt, bod genau miffen, melde Ielt
anf dauungsmaslen bi e britif de melthriegspropa
ganba aufgefeit at. So hnnen mir mit fug unb
Redt barauf uer3icten, bie Parabe biefer Prafen
nod einmal ab3unem2n. C r i ft I i d u n b b r -
g e r l i d j u g l e i c , h m p f t E n g l a n b u o n
1 9 1 4 b i s l 9 1 8 , m i e f d o n r o o f t i n f e i n e r
6 e r d i d t 2 I f r b i t n i b e | f r ( r i ft u
u n b f e i n e R i r d e n f o m o l a l s a u d f r
b i e f r e i e i t b e a J n b i u i b u u m a , b i e
5 i d t r e i t b e r D l h e r , b i e I o l f a r t
b t r m e n f d e i t , b a a I e l t r e d t , b e n
I e l t f r i e b e n u n b b i e I e l t u m a n i t t.
Iir ab en fdon barauf ingemiefen, ba es eine
befonbere Eigenart ber briti fden Propaganba i ft, im
DollJUQ ber Tahtih Ieltanfdauungsmaahe bei ber
fonftrultion ber Gegenfalpaare ben Gegner burd
bie jufammenballung al l es Tegatiuen bes gltigen
Ieltbilbea mit ben Abeln einer beifpi ellofen Gemein
rit ;u berfdtten. Da bi e britifde Propaganba aus
;
o

naqeliegenben Grnben in bet fgitation untet bem
beutfden teer unb im beutfden Jnlanb folde Er;erfe
gegen al l es Deutfde uermiebl Onb bi efe fabi ftifden
Petoerpttenl 0|t in engftem 3ufammenang fteen
mit ben behannten ftfdeinungen eines ehelaftm
jynismusl melde Od immer miebet in bet btiti fden
Gefdidte 3eigen1 in Deutfdlanb fel bft meitgeenb un
b ehannt gebli eben. Einige bauon metben mit im fol
genben jUt fenntnis geben.
Ienn es nod eines 1emeifes fr bi e tatfade be
btftel ba fnglanbs 3iel meber ber Stur3 bes fai fets
noc ber Sieg bes beutfden ftbeitersl fonbern gan3
einfad bie Detnidtung bes brutfeten Uolhes mar unb
i ft bann mirb er butd biefe Dohumente unmiberleg
bar angetreten.
Sdon bi e bereits gebtadten 1eifpiele hlien barbet
gengenb auf. m e r f o 1 1 b i e f i n b t t n b t a b -
g e a m t u n b b i e b e f g i f d e n f r a u e n g e
[d n b t t a b t n I b t r R a i r t r' b 2 r i t b 2 L
b e u t f d e 5 o 1 b a t ? I e r b e b i e n t b i e
R o b l 2 n 3 2 t J e i t e n f a b r i l l b e r f a i f e r
b e r b tt n a m e n I r e b e U t r d e f L b e |t 2 t ?
m t L m i t b a Ib 1 u b e r I ( ft Ii n g u n b . m r
b t r i n g e ft e I I t - b e r h a i f e t o b e t b a s
b t u t f d e D o Ih ? J n a I I e n f I I t n i ft m, t b e t
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jc | j| tt j tq| un0 m|t0 ta tm|g b| t|btn. jq| tq|, btu|c|,
b |u|tnj||g, kt| tqtn0, gtcujcm, g tmt|n un0 ctttq-
ntn0. |t | j| t| n Lj|||ng, | j| jqm|tt| g, m|n0| g, 0| d-
qu||g. |t | c| | | jt|nt btcqt |n bu||utc| | cu|tn. |t
j u||, | j| gt|]|g, tcubg| tt|g. Bca | j| 0|t btj|| t, 0| t
m| tbttn| q|tn mjjtn. Bca | j| 0ca T| tt, 0ca 0cn una
n|t0ttg tmcq| mtt0tn mup. ca 0tt Btu|jqt | j|,
mct tt 0ct un0tt|, 0ct |n|un0tt|, [ c 0ct |cujtn0
]cttn. |t | tc| ]mct |n unjtttt )t||, tt | j| cbtt n| d] |
0cn unjtttt )ti|. ||| | c, 0tt qunnt, mct t|n c0c|| tt
g tg tn 0| t tu||gtn Btu|jqtn. tm tng || j qtn Uc| kt
m|t0 ]ugttu|tn. H| t m| t0 bc|| 0|r 0| tjt bt| tgtnt||
m| t0ttgtb tn. t|nt W| jj|cn i j| ta, Eutcc 0cn 0| tjtm
untt|ntn T|tt ]u bt|tt| tn. |ng | cn0 n tt| j| q | cng-
jcm, cbtt j| qtt 0tm | tq| tn Wt| | tnj|t|n jt|nta bt-
jq| da, un0 mtnn m| t 0tn cjj| tt| cctn un0 ta
hcmm| 0ttt|nj| 0|t b|un0t, mc m|t |na Tot 0ta
fd
q|mmt|a mc| | tn, 0t[tn 0| t qunntn n|q| 0tt btun0
[t|n, 0 c m| t ]utdgtjq| d| mtt0tn. B| t q|mmt|a-
|ctt mtt0tn una 0ct 0tt Icjt ]ugtjq| cgtn, 0tnn 0| t
q|mm|| j qtn bt|| |0t j|n0 nut [t 0| t 0ccn0tn, 0| t
0tn Ttu[t| 0tt|| |g| cc tn. Btt Btu|jqt | j| 0| t |tj|-
b tu| t 0tt mtnj q||qtn btjt| | jqc[|. B| tjt |t j| ctu|t
mup ttcuag tjqn||| tn mtt0tn, un0 0ca bt|||jqt
bcj cnt|| | j| 0ca Jnj|tumtn| [t 0| tj t 0ttc||cn, 0| t
cn0tt btj|| t 0ctgtncmmtnmtt0tn kcnn,mtnn unjttt
g| |||g tn bcjt pt q|ctc|ctm|tt| cc tn.
B| t t|t 0| tjtt j q1n0||qtn bt| t|0|gungtn 0t
0tu|jqtn Uc| kta 0utq 0| t tng | |jqt |tccgcn0c | j|
t|nt tn0|c jt. |a g tng| [ tq|. Utt| cjjtn m|t 0ca
Ictttncua.
Jm t||kt|tg c| pq 0ca bt||| jqt |tccg cn0c
[gj| tm jt| c j| c ttjq| cgtn. |a | j| jt||tt n|t mtt ]um
0c| |tn )ug t gtkcmmtn. B| t U| |c|| |1| 0tt bt| |tn 0tr
Icqkt|tga]t|| mct 0cu cuq 0| t| ]u k| t|n. |a mcttn
0n0 pn0 nut ncq 0t|||g t ||g cntn |m Uttg |t| q ]0
0tn gtcptn c tn| tutttn 0tt ct||| jqtn t| |ttcc ttung,
|n 0tntn cnt )mt|[t| ct|jqta qttttnmtnjqtn|um
0n0 ct|jqta qttttnc tmup| jt|n re tt0ctgtmcg| c|,
mtnn ta pq cuq | n 0tn W|||t|n 0ttgr| ||.
B t t E t [ c | g 0 t t T c k | | k u n 0 0 t t b | t d -
| t g | t 0 t t c t | | | j q t n | t c c g c n 0 c | n 0 t n
U t tg c n g tn tn ) c tu n0 t t | t n u n 0 ) c t
] t q n | t n m c t c n m t | U c t c u a j t q u n g t n
g t k n | | , 0 | t c t | 0 t q t u | t n | q | m t t
g t g t c t n j | n 0 . | | g t m t | n t n t t k t n -
nung 0 tt || b tt c | tn r m | t 0 tL q t| j|-
| | q t n 0 t t | t u n 0 } t q | t n t | n t t m | t k -
f cmtn b tg tn t c cg cn0 c.

Lngj| | j| 0tt b|c0bt cn Btmcktc|| t 0n0 q0mc-

n||| c0a 0tn t| tn 0tt tn| jqt|0tn0tn U| ktt g t-
jqm0n0tn. n0 0ct c| | tm. Btt |ttt 0n0 0tt |t|0-
ttt [t|ntt |tccgcn0c cc tn t|nt u|k| tung g t-
[qc[|tn, 0| t m|| 0tm qcmmttjq| cg 0tt cqtqt|| |n
0| t bt|||jqt bq|cngtnbt0| |nt|n|ut un0 0| t bq|| qt
0| tjta 0tt| cgtntnItj|ta 0ctBtu|jq|cn0 un0 0ctc| | tr
t|| ttc ctmunga| ca c0[g t0td|0n0 0cm|| m|tk0ng-
|ca gtmcq| c|.
tnn 0| t tng|| jqt |tccgcn0c tu| t 0tn 0tc| |tn
Lt|ttkcj| tn m| t0tt |cu|tn |p|, jc c| 0ca 0t0|jqt
Uc|k 0|tjtm n|ttntmtn g tgtnctt n0t t|n Jn| tttjj t,
0n0 0ca | j| 0| ta, 0cp q 0cn )t| | ]u )t|| t|ntt 0c0
0tn 0| t| tn |u|cktc||jqtn qtqttn 0tt bt|||jqtn |tc-
cgcn0c]tn|tc| t ncq Btu|jq|cn 0tt|tttn mgt, 0m
0ct| cn j tntm n|q| mtn| gtt utc| |tn ||c | cqgt]cgtn
]tt mtt0tn, 00tq 0tn mcn c t| 0na 0| t jt|n0t 0t0
0t0|jqtn Uc|kta ]ut b|ttdt bt|ng|.
|a kcnn 0na nut ncq |n kt|m|nt| | tt q|npq| b t-
tttn, mtnn t|n bt||| jqtt Wtnjqtnmtg tt 0n0
qcqkc| |c||j| ttk| t|, |ng| cn0 [t| tn| jq|c jjtn, 0c
0tu|jqt Uc|k 0cn q|| | tt 0n0 0cm Ic|| cnc| jc]| c||a-
mua ]u b t|tt| tn, um ta 0tt |tt| qt||, 0tm b|d 0n0
0tt btttq||gkt|| tn|gtgtn]0|ttn. ca kmmtt|
0ca 0na
|t 0|t ht|m|nc|| j||k 0t[| t ta c| | tt0|nga t|n b t-
cq| || qtt |c| | jt|n, 0cp t|n Uttcttqtt t|nta Tcgta c t|
t|ntm tc t| |tt ttjqt|n|,|n ]uttj| c tttt0t|0n0 0cn
n|t0ttjq|g|, gtcujcm m|pcn0t|| un0 cuatcuc|, 0m
|n t|n| gtn0cqtn m| t0tt bt| 0tmc tt|c| | tntn 0ct]u-
jttqtn 0n0 0ca g| t|qt Utt|cttn m|| q| |[t 0tt
\ St
] | t|qtn bqmqttt|tn m| t bt|m ttj| tn Wc| ttnt0|
on]umtn0tn 0ttjuq|. 1 91 4 ubtn ta | t tng| |jtn
|tccgcn0ccon0| |tn jqcn t|nmc| cuatcb| tt|. qtu|t
kcmmtn pt m| t0tt. ||nt 0nbttjqm| t )um0|ung |
B| t gtjq| q||| qt b|0n0t 0ta b| tgta 0tt [tbt| |
btt ca bt|0 c| g tjq| cg tn. ttc j|ut] btcpct| |cn-
n| tna j|t|nc t btbct. B| ttb t||tt[qc[| 0tt t|| tt-
mc| 0n0 tttc| pq gtgtn | ttn ut[t|n0. bqcn
[q| cgtn 0| t || cmmtn cu[. ca btt|q| bt| q| ttt|n.
tt0tn ||u|cktc|tn, tt | ttt |c ||||k, tt |ttt
|tccgcn0c.
5.
B c a 0 | | | g t U t t j c g t n 0 t t c | | t n W t -
| |] c 0 t n 0 t t c t | | | j q t n | t c c g c n 0 c | n
0 t t [ u a t | n c n 0 t t [ t q u n g 0 t t b t g t n -
m c t| | j| cu [ jt|n t t| jt t|n | | t[ta b g m
b c | [ t 0 | t g t [ q | q | | | q t b | 0 n 0 t , 0 | t
m | t t t | t c tn. [ua t||kt|tg mut0t t| |tnmtn0t.
ca [ttttn btjq| t|ttn 0nttjq|| tt| |q [q| tn, pnk|
tu| t ctq|g |n pq ]u[cmmtn. ||nt c|| t t|| | j|
m [cj| ttb tn, t|nt nt0t kcmm| ptgc[| ttcu[. Uct
0tm btjtq 0tt )t|| jqt|0tn pq 0| t bt| j|tt. B| t um-
m|]ung 0tt Jnc| | t, |ctmtn 0n0 [u[] cb tn [|n0t|
|tt bcnntt|tgtt un0 |tt |t|n0t.
Bcp |ng| cn0 ]0t bt0t 0ta |0ttj| cn0ta gtt|,
I j| n| q| nut 0njttt, [cn0ttt cuq 0| t tng|| jqt [0[-
[cjjung. un| tt0| t[tm )t|qtn j|t| c| | ta, mca |ng|cn0
0n|ttn|mm| 0n0 ttj| ttq|, mca ta n| q| un|ttn|mm|.
bt|nt )| t| t umgtt| [tn nut ncq 0| t |tc||ung 0cn
)0j|n0tn un0 0ct|, mc0ca [|| t [qcn]tj|t]| | j|, 0| t
b
| t0ttttj|t| |ung 0tt Uttg cng tnt||. u[0tt g| t|qtn
!|n|t | igtn jt|nt Wt|c0tn. ca j|q |r tt c|a 0t]
c tm1t| t, m|t0 tu| tm| t0tr mtqcnq |n nmtn0un]
g tctcq|, gcn] jc, c|a cc
net
n|q|a 0tt1n0tt| 1| | t.
Uttj|cJ\|un0 m0t k| cmmtt|mcn j| q cn0| tbgj| tmt,
0| t t|nj| |n cn0tttt Lcg t un un|tt cn0tttn Wtnjqtn
tt|c|grt| q mcttn un0 g | cuc|, 0utq | rt| t0ttc |ung
0tn ctrkcmmtntn btj|q ]u tt|| tn. B| tbtjq| q| tcb :r
| 1u|| 0ctm1t|a. tt tdm1r|a 0tnk|, [1| | | |n 0tn
n| ttg cng t|nta mtt|| c jtn Bcj t|na cnt btm| q| un0
o nt brJpt. W|| |tjtnjqr| ||tn j|tm| 0| t btj q| q| t
unjtttt b|un0t | n 0| t )ukun[|. bc mcnqtt J|| 0tn
Lcu[n|q| 0utq, 0| t| t |rt|tn c tr cu| n| q| cn.Wtt
un0 mtt m|t0 btcpcr||cnn| tn 0ca Lcg tt 0tt )utJ\
gtc||tc tntn. Jn jt|ntn bttntn muqtr| m| t n|rg tn0s
0tt bJqtn0| tnj| 0tt cc j| trc tn0tn Ecqt tmcr, 0tr
hu||, 0tt j| d] um c| | ta, mca mct m|| 0tm unj qt
0rt|, ta mJgt m| t0tt jc jt|
n
un0 jc| cunga0c| | j t|nt
htt| jt ]| t| um 0tn btj|q, 0tn b||| | j| cn0 un0 0| t c| |tn
bgj|tmt, 0cn 0tt E|npq| |n 0| t m|rktn0cn t1|| t 0tt
btgtnmct| tctnj c |trn m| t 0cn 0tt mcttn Et|urq|
0ct 0tt Uttg cng tn t||. | n g |c n 0 | j| 0 ca t t c k -
| | c n 1 t t J m t t | u m u n j t t t t ) t | |.
.
| tcttc| | , jc | j| | t0ttj u0t|ttng | i jqt 0c ttjq| q|
cuq | m rccgcn0| j|| jqtn btc| t| tdmt|ac || dtn0
t|ngtj| t| ||. n | t tng || j q t | L c g cn0 | j|
0 | t | tc c g cn0 c U c n g tj|ttn.
JprtTt1g tt j|tptn |cjjunga| ca0ct0tn ung ttuttn
mj| q|ung tnunjttta )t|| c| | tra. b|t qc c tn c t t -
c u | n | q | 0 | t W| | | t | u n 0 n c q m t n | g t r
0 | t b t | [ [ | g k t | | , u mc n 0 | t t 1 [ | t u n 0 | t -
t | g n | j j t t t c n ] u k c m m t n , 0 | t 0 c a b t -
bJ
[ q t t n 0 n [ t t t t T c g t b t [| | m m t n 0 0 0 t q -
mc | | t n. B| tjtt0nmcq| 0ttjuqrnptpq]u tn|]|ttn,
|n0tm pt 0| t ugtn L 0tn cn0|ungtn [q||tpt0
0n0 j c |un, c|a cb c| | ta bt|m c| |tn mtt. Ucn 0| tjtt
btun0t|nj| t||ung cua m| t0ttc| | 0|t tng|| jqt |tcc-
gcn0c 0| t bq|| qt 0cn t|nj|, 0| t |n [t tttn ]ct-
un0tt|tn [c nq| |q mcttn 0n0 |m t||kt| tg ncq
t|nmc| cu] 0| t b|qt g t|t| tbtn mut0tn, tu|t cctr
nut 0| t | g | |q cbntmtn0t )c| 0tttt btt|n||ujjtn,
0| t ncq 0ta c|| tn bt| j|ta pn0. Jn 0 tt n tu tn
t | | 0 t t c | | | 0 | t g | | c | | c n c | | t n
b | | | a m | t I u n g a | c a | m m | n 0. bo |tt|
0| t bt|||jqt |tccgcn0d cn c| | tn |n0tn, btgt|
Bummt|| cu[ Bummt||, bt|ng| n| q|a ]uj|cn0t,
ttn|t| nut W|ptt[c|gt. B| t[t ]mcnga| u[|gt I| t0tt-
| cgt, 0| t pt [t| c j| jtt mc| [|| un0 pt|,
cd| pt m| t t| n |n|jtqtn, cua 0tm pt cb tt m| t0tt
ht|ntn cn0tttn uamtg [|n0t| c|a 0ca Utt[cttn 0tt
| t0ttc|ung 0tt c||tn Wt|c0tn, 0ca [ tq| b| a |na
Jttpnn|gt gtj|t|gtt| m|t0. Jn 0| tjtm )uj|cn0 b tt-
|t|ng| pt 0| |ig 0ttm|tt| 0| t t|n[cqj|tn tgt|n un0
j|c|tt| |n jc gtcpt|t| tt |nt|n, 0cp pt pq gttc0t]u
[t|c j| tn|| || un0 0cm|| jt|c j| cngtt| [|. tt 0| t qtq-
kct| kc|uttn Eng | cn0a gtg tn 0tn 0tu|jqtn Wtnjqtn
cua 0tm t||kt|tg b t|tcq| t|, m|t0 pq cnt )mt| [t|
0c| | |tj|cuntn [tagtn, m|t 0ttkcmmtn un0 ||t[j|ttn0
0rr bt| |t jt| n mup, 0tt 0| tjtn unpnn gt]t| qnt| c|.
B| tjt qcptc0uk|t pn0 [t t|n gtjun0ta ugt n|tmc|a
ctj|t| |ungtn 0ta 0tu|jqtn |ctck|tta, jcn0ttn cb-
j qttdtn0t bt| c j|b| |0n| jjt| tta Utt[cjjtta. B | t b t| -
t | jq t | L cg cn0 c j| te | | tL |n t|n tt
b e g c [j L1 0 L L [| L n| q | H L t L n|L |nnL n

w | t 0 , 0 t n n 0 | t h t u [ | ] u t H t 0 [ q [ 0 n Q
i ft l ng j| 0 c | n. B | t bt| || [q t g || c ||c n
) t 0 g | n | q | a m t t , j | t t | q | t | n | q | s
| | g t n t a m t t c 0 a , n 0 t | n 0 t t b | | n 0 t n
q t1 t | j| j| t n q m q | |g. Jn bttnntn0tm qcp
|t|| pt b| [| 0n0 bc| | t c0[ 0ca 0tu|jqt Uc| k.
bt||| jqt ||0|cktc|tn 0n0 ht|tga|tt|btt cb t0
m| t0tt t|nmc|, m| t jqcn j c[|, b|||ttta Lt|0
0btt |0tcc gtbtcq| 0n0 0na t|ntn ht|tg c0[g t-
)mung tn, |n 0tn m|t n0nmtqt t|ngt|tt|tn pn0. B| t
t[t| pn0 | m c| | tn. Icq | j| n| q| tn0g|||g ]0
[tqtn, cb 0tt bt||qt ht|tgak|ng t| [t|ntn [ttm0t0
Ttcp [t j|ctk gtnug ||, 0m |qn |n 0| t0at|ncn0tt-
[tqung cu[ Ltb tn 0n0 Tc0 b|a ]0m | tq| tn Ttcc cn|tn
|nt|n]0j cg tn. btt m| t0tm cuq [t| . B| tbqu|0 cm
0|u||tn c[[tngcng |tcg tn 0| t ttb tm||qtn Wtn-
[qtnmtgtt 0tt bt| |i jqtn bt|0qtttjqc[|, 0ca t| |-
|00tn|um 0n0 0| t b ttj|cc|| i qt qcq[|ncn], c| | t ]u-
[cmmtn t|n t|n]i gta Lcgtt. Jn | qttm 0ttbttqtt|jqtn
njq| cg cu[Btu|jq| cn0 qcb tn m| t0tn Uttj0q ]u tt-
b||dtn, 0ca Uc |k, 0ca pq 0cn | qttt B| k|c|ut bt[tt||
c|, cua]utc|| tn. Jqttr| tga|tti c ttt| | j| 0|tcqt [t
0tn 0t0|jqtn bc]| c||amua, [t 0| tbt[cqt|tn 0njtttt
tbt||tt, 0tn tq|acnjtuq c0[ b t]cq | |tn t| c0b,
0| t bqc[[ung 0tt [c]| c| tn q| |[amttkt, 0tn bq0q c| | tt
[c]i c| tn bt|cn t, kut], 0tn )ujcmmtnbt0q 0tt kc|-
tc| | j|| jqj0i jqtn )mcngaq tttjqc[| 0n0 0tn u[bc0
r|nta b|cc|ta 0tt jc]| c| tn btttq|i kt| | |n Bt0|jq|cn0.
||a qin|trtun0 cctt ttq tc| pq 0tt |t| tcqc[|t qcp
c| | tt tcj ji jqtn W|n0ttmtt|i gkt| | cu[ 0ca gttmcn| jqr
Wtnjqtn|um 0ta 0tu|jqtn Uc| kta, jt|nt k0||0t-
|q[tt|jqt b tt|tgtnq t|| 0n0 [t|nt c||||[qt W| [pcn .

| tjtt t| tg | j|

0tt cm| um 0| t |t| j| tn] unjttt

Uc| kts, t|n cm| ni q| nut |t unjttt btnttc|| cn,
jcn0ttn cuq |t0| thu||utunjttttUttg cng tnt||un0
c| | tgtcp tn Lt| j|ung tn, 0| t ncq |m bqcp 0tt )ukun||
0nj ttta b|utta jq|ummttn. Ea g t| um c| |ta l
| t btm| pt||, 0cp q|| | tt un0 jt|nt bt|c| g jqc||
n|q| ]u o ttm|n0tn j|n0, c| una |n 0tt )t|| 0ra |n
gtna um 0| t Icq| c|a | tuttj| ta bu| ot | t|| t|. tt
b| cuo t cn 0tn |ttt mct 0| t []j t 0tt 0tu|jqtn
Itbc | u|| cn. Jn 0| tjtm btmup|j t|n |r||| tu|t cnj
tu| j q| cn0 cn,unttjq|| tt| | q un0 n| tmc|a mcnktn0.
ca | m t|njt|nrn kcmmtn mc, m| jj :n m| t n| q|.
ott t|nta j| tq| tj| . caUc |k q|| | tta m| r0 b| t tt jt|n.
Jn 0| tjtt ctn b|un0t jtqtn m| t bcruna, m|t 0| t
kcimtn0tn tu| j dtn tinj| cu|una utd: j dcutn un0
q cu| unj tr b| J orj| nntn mtt0tn, m| | 0tm rtt
cu| 0tn bq| cd| |t|0trn 0tt Itoc | u|i cn, 0ta ri t0tna
un0 0ra hri t ta r|cq| tn un0 gtc|tt| u cotn.
|t btt t|| tn. q| | | tt o| t| o|.
L t n n j c | c n t 0 c a 0 t u | j q t U c | k c u [
0 | t j t t E r 0 t k 1 m | t n m | t 0 , j c | c n t
m |t0 0 tL | |] t tL o t| | q m jL |n. J n 0 tn
g | 1 u o | t n q t t ] t n 0 t t IT 1 n n t t u n 0
| r c u t n , 0 t t ) u n t n u n 0 IT 1 0 t | a , 0 | t
j t | n t | c || n t 0 u r d 0 | t ) c q t q u n 0 t r | t
| t c c n , | t o | j t | n t r k , j t | n t E n | j q | u p -
| t c [ | , j t | n c h | c t q t | | u n 0 j t | n | | | t
| r|. J n | trn j| tr )ukun|| n q m | r0 j t|U
I c m t j | q u n | t t j t n t n c t | t n o t | | n 0 t n ,
b | L 0 rt T. tu | jq t |n j ng j| tn T c g tn c |a
tt j| tb ) L ug n| a un j tr tr b L cq U n 0 tL
bU
W u | | t t t |. b t j q | t d] | c u | b t j q | t q |
m|t0 |n q Q j| tt | t|u q | cu| 0| t gt p | e
b t j| c || un jtt tt b t jq | q | t o || d tn unb
i H | | t tm b t| j| jt|n t 0 tu | jq t ] | |i q | tt
] | | tn.
b1| ttt )t|| tn kcnntn ttj| bc| | ttmtjjtn, m| t
|tuq|oct q| || tt gtm|tk| pc| 0utq c| | ta, mca tt jqu|,
un m| t o t|tt| tn0 0utq c| | ta, mca tt o tjt|||g| t. tnn
jc 0ttt|nj| 0| t Tcqmt| | | ttn I| | d t|tn0 cu| 0| t
Ht1|| t m| t||, m| | 0tntn 0tt |ttt bttn| q| tn0 |na
btr|q| g| ng, 0cnn m| t0 cuq pt ncq 0tm gtp| tn
tu| j]tn c| | tt )t| |tn 0c[t 0cnko ct jt|n, 0cp tt 0| t
!l\tnj qqt| | ot|rt|| c| ucn 0tt |u| cktc|| jqtn ]tcc-
gcn0c 0tt ot| || jd tn tmcktc|| t.
driftenreiqe Oer UJ 1P,
Iiefe Sctiftenteie, unter beten sitarbeitern fd
0altei ce ftenbe <etfnlidfeiten bet enegung
unb bes Staates befnben, at bie wictige 2ufgobe,
bie geiftig . feelifce <iberftanbsfraft bes beutfden
cotfes, bie unlsbar mit feiner weltanf cauliden
6icereit uerbunben ift, feftigen unb fteigern 0u elfen.
Sie wil ben nfden uon <iUionen beutfder coll
genofen entgegenfommen, bie ba Sebrfnis aben,
f bet uiele butd ben rieg aufgenorfene tragen
edenfdaft ab3ulegen. Snen foU bie eie in biefer
Seit bie notnenbigen <ifensgrunblagen uermitteln,
bie ein felbftnbiges unb tolitifd fcere Urteil ber
bie tieferen Urfaden unferes gegennrtigen eben
famvfes f onie bet bie .intergrnbe ber eutgen
nelttolitif den age ermgliden. .ier3u gert nidt
aUein eine flare enn0eidnung bes <ef ens unf erer
egnet, fonbern aud eine Untertidtung ber bie uor
btinglidften ebensfragen bes beutf den molfes an
feiner inneren <ront.
Cie ein0elnen cnbe, bie uon Gadfennrn in tolitifd
nif enf caftlher, aber burdau aUgemeinuerftnb
lider <eif e abgefaft nerben, f ollen aud nad ce.
enbigung bes rieges nod nirffam bleiben unb i9re
<ltigfeit beibea{ten.
<er 9rei6 ber canbe ift f 0 niebrig gea(ten, baf fein
colfgenofe aus nirtfdaftliden <rnben als ufer
ausf deiben muf.