tIc-f-hn-I-k-\hpw ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-ebpw

cq]-tcJ
kqva ]cn-tim-[\: H.-F.-hn. Ipdpv
Xm-dm-n-bXv:
sFIy-a-e-bmf {]m\w
( ae-bmf sFIy-th-Zn, ae-bmf kan-Xn, ae-bmf kwc-WthZn Fo
amXr-`mjmkwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw `mjm-kvt\-ln-I-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-th-Zn)
Xncp-h-\--]pcw
2011 BKkvXv 14
D-Sw
1 AapJw
2 ae-bmf `mjbpw tIc-f-ns hnI-k-\hpw
3. ^mn-I, kvIqfp-I, ]T-\-tI-{-
4. XpS-ns {in-t Imcy-
ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime m]n-p-sa {]Jym-]\w hp Ign-p.
AXn-s {]mY-anI sNe-hp-I-fn-te-mbn Hcp tImSn cq] _P-n \on-shp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-p-p. ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime Fn-s\-bm-bn-cn-Ww
F-Xns\ kw_-nv ]e \ne-bn-ep A`n-{]m-b- \ne-hn-ep-v.
Cm-cy-n tIc-f-nse amXr-`mjm kwL-S-\-I-fp-sSbpw `mjm-kvt\-lnI-fp-sSbpw s]mXp-th-Zn-bmb sFIy-a-e-bmf {]m\w Nne \nt-i-
aptm-p-sh-p-I-bm-Wv.

1. BapJw
1.temI-`m-j-I-fn ae-bm-f-ns m\w
amXr`mjsb \nebn kwkmcnp BfpIfpsS IWsSpm Cv
temIn aebmfw Ccp]nbmdmas m\mWv. ]e bqtdm]y `mjIfpw
Cmcyn aebmfsm ]ndInemWv. {Kov `mj kwkm-cn-p--h-sc-mfpw
Gsd-bmWv ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS Fw. t\mshbpw kzoU\pw ^nempw sFkvepw
BsI tNm-ep P\-kw-Jy-bpv tIc-f-n-\v. temIcmjv{Sfnse Hu-tZym-Kn-I`mjm]Zhnbp
]e
`mjIsfmfpw
FwsImv
apnemWv
aebmfn
kaqlsaw. Fm Ccnep AwKoImcw tIcfkaqlw Hcn-epw
aebmfn\v sImSpnn-. sImtfm-Wn-b `qX-Imew \Inb A[-a-t_m[w Ctmgpw
\s ]np-S-cp-p. Cu A[-a-t_m-[-n\nv \mw sas hnap--am-Im {ian-p-I-bmWv. Cu Zni-bn-ep Hcp Nph-SmWv ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime m]n-m\p Xocp-am-\w.
Cu Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp tIcf km-dns\ Bm-`n-am-\-ap Fm ae-bm-fn-I-fp-sSbpw
t]cn R A`n-\-n-p-p.
2.`mjm-k-acw kzmX-{y-k-acw Xs
X-v A\y-ambno cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-cs Xncn-p-]n-Sn-m P\X \Snb
ka-c-sbmW-tm
\mw
kzmX-{y-k-acw
Fphn-fn--Xv.
hntZim[n]Xyns\Xnsc cmjv{Sob kacw hnPbIcambn \Sp. kzmX-{y-sa-Xv
cmjv{Sobm[nIm-c-ns {]iv\w am{X-a-, AtXm-sSmw kmaq-ln-Im-[n-Im-c-ns ]p\:m-]\w IqSn-bm-Wv. B \nebvpw `mj-bpsS Apw kzm[o-\-Xbpw hos-Sp-pI
FXv kzmX-{y-ns ]qW-amb kmm-XvIm-c-n\v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu cmjv{Sob
kacw `mjmimkv{X ]T\cwKpw kzm[o\w sNepnp-S-n-bn-cn-p-p. P\-X-bpsS
s]mXp-hmb kzmX-{y-t_m-[-hp-ambpw hnIm-k-hp-ambpw `mjsb _n-n-p Idp
`mjmimkv{Xw
(Black Linguistics)
F
Hv
aqmw-tem-Iv
Ctm
DbphcnIbpw sNbvXncnpp.
Cybnepw kzmX-{y-k-a-c-ns `mK-am-bn-sbmWv `mjm-]-c-amb ka-chpw
Dbp-h--Xv.
Kmnb
{]m\n
amXr`mjbvpmbncp
m\w
Fmhpw AdnhpXmWv. lnnsb, kmam\ya\pjycpsS `mjbmb lnpm\nsb
{]Ncnnm KmnPn \Snb {iatmsSmw amXr`mjbpw Atln
]cnKW\mhnjbambncpp. KmnPnbpsS lnvkzcmPpw BIYbpw KpPdmn
`mjbnemWv FgpXsXv FXv adpIqSm. ZntWybn B-{-bnse t]mn
{iocm-aep, Xangv \mn kzmX-{y-k-ac t\Xm-hm-bn-cp kXy-aqn XpS-nb-hcpw
cmjv{Sob kzmX{yn\v `mjm-]-c-amb Xeaps hyamb t_m[ytmsS
{]hnhcmbncpp. \psS sFIy-tI-c-f-k-ev]w kzmX-{y-k-a-c-ns Dun-emWv hnI-kn-Xpw eyw I-Xpw.
aebmfn\p
thnbp
hmZw
Cwojnt\mSp
hntcm[w
{]Ncnnm\pX. Cwojns\ AXns B[n]Xybpnbn \nv kzX{ambn
ImWm\pw
AXns
tamN\]camb
aqeysf
kzmwioIcnm\papXmWv;
bPam\`mjsb
\nebn\nv
AXns\
ktlmZc`mjbmbn
P\m[n]Xyhcnm\pXmWXv. Cwojv am{Xa temIntep hgnsbpw
Hmtcm P\-k-aq-l-hp-ambpw _-s-Sm Ghpw icnbmb hgn Ah-cpsS
amXr`mjbneqsSbpXmWv F XncndnhpamWXv.
3. Hcp `mj-bvmbn kh-I-em-ime Bh-iytam?a-e-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS
t\sc-bp FXnp-I
Xangv\mn
Xmhqcn
Xangv
khIemime
Bcw`nXv
1981
emWvFw.Pn.cmaN{
apJya{nbmb
Imev.
cphjw
sImv
AXv
bp.Pn.knbpsS AwKoImcw t\SnsbSpp. sslZc_mZn\Spv \nbn t]mn
{iocmaephns t]cnep sXepv khIemime 1985 epw lnbn IU
khIemime 1991 epw Bcw`np. B{bnse Ipv {ZmhnU khIemime
Bcw`nXv 1997 emWv. AXn\pw aps Xs ]Symebn 1962 ]m_n
khIemime \nehn hncpp. ae-bm-f-n-\mbn Hcp kh-I-em-ime thW-sa

hmZw in-s-Xv Cu kml-N-cy--fn-sem-s-bm-Wv. Fm AXn\v FXnp-I-fp-apm-bn.

Hcp hnj-b-n\v am{X-ambn Hcp kh-I-em-ime FXv kh-I-em-ime F
k-ev]-n\v Xs FXn-cmWv FXmWv ae-bm-f kh-I-em-im-e- Fp ]d-bp-tm
]e-tmgpw Dbp h adphmZw. Fm tIc-f-ns Btcm-Kyw, \nb-aw,
^nj-dokv XpS-nb {]tXyI hnj-b-v kh-I-em-ime hp. Ahbvs-Xnsc Cu
hnai-\- Bcpw D-bn-n-n-. Hcp `mjbvp am{X-ambn Hcp kh-I-em-ime Bhiy-an-s hmZ-amWv tIm-dp-- asmcp hnai\w. aebmf khIemime hm
ap `mjIpw khIemime thWsa hmZw hcpsaphsc Nnnv AXns\
hnainhcpapv. \s kw_-n-n-S-tmfw amXr-`m-j-bmb ae-bmfw GsX-nepw
Hcp `mj am{X-amWv F bm{nI Nn-bmWv CXn\p ]nn-ep--Xv. tIcfs Hcp
kaqlamn \npXns B[mcamb aebmf`mjsb ap `mjIfpambn XmcXayw
sNm IgnbpX F efnXamb kXyamWv Ccw hnaiI adpt]mIpXv.
aebmfns
hnImkw
tIcfkaqlns
Fm
\nebnep
P\m[n]XyhcWn\v A\nhmcyamWv.
amXr-`m-jbvv P\-X-bpsS Pohn-X-n A\y-`m-j-In-m khn-ti-j-X-I-fpv:
1. amXr-`m-j-bp-ambn Hcp P\-X-bvpXv Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ssPh-_--am-Wv.
2. ap `mj-I hyn-]-c-amb Xe-n-emWv ]Tn-s-Sp-p--sX-n amXr-`mj kmaqlnI-amb A\p-`-h-am-Wv. DZv{K-Yn-X-amb Hcp kaq-ls krjvSn-m-\p D]m-[nbpw
am[y-ahpw amXr-`m-j-bm-Wv.
3. Hcp P\-X-bpsS t_m[-a-WvU-es am{X-a-, D]t_m-[-s-s cq]-s-Sp-p
ku-cym--I-Xew amXr-`m-j-bn-emWv IpSn-sIm-p--Xv. kmln-Xyhpw Iebpw Cu
_-ns LS-I--fn apJy-hp-am-Wv.
4. Hcp P\-X-sb \ne-bn-ep kaq-l-ns kh-tXm-ap-J-amb hnI-k\ns B\n-jvT-Xew Ah-cpsS amXr-`m-j-bpsS tijn-bm-Wv. AXp-hsc k-cn-n-n-m temI-fn-tev k-cn-p--Xn-\p auenI Nn-I-fpsS Iev]-\m-ti-jnbmWXv. ap hkvXp\njvT LS-I--tfm-sSmw Cu LSIw IqSn hnI-kn-p-n-s-n B[p-\nI kaq-lambn amdp--Xn Hcp P\X ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-p. amXr-`mj \jvS-s P\-Xbvv X-fpsS
hnIm-k-n\v Bh-iy-amb hkvXp-\n-jvT-L-S-I-fpsS \nam-W-ti-jn Xs \jvS-s-Spp. Fs-m hyn-I Xn ]c-kv]-c-ap kmaq-ly-_--ns ZmVy-amWv
Ahsc \nam-W-ti-jn-bp a\p-jy-cm-p--Xv. Hcp P\-X-sb \ne-bn-ep Cu
ZmVyw amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS-bmWv cq]-s-Sp--Xv.
AXp-sImp Xs amXr-`mj GsX-nepw Hcp `mj-b-. Fnpw ae-bmf
kh-I-em-im-e-bvs-Xnsc
hnai-\ap-bXv bqtdm-]y kh-I-em-im-e-Isf
ap\nn-bmWv.
4.bqtdmn `mjmkhIemimeI BhiyanmXn\v ImcWw
bqtdm-n-s\bpw Ata-cn--sbbpw ap\nn Hcp `mj-bvmbn Hcp kh-I-emime thsp ]d-bp--h a\nemm Hcp Imcy-ap-v. bqtdmnse Fm
khIemimeIfpw AhchcpsS `mjm khIemimeIfmsWXmWXv. AhchcpsS
`mjbn hnm\w hnIknnm\p m]\fmWhsbmw. Impw slKepw
apX
kaImenI
]WvUnXhsc
AhchcpsS
hnjb
hnIknnXv
amXr`mjbnemWv. AXphgn AhcpsS hyn]camb sshm\nI hnImkw
kmaqlnIhnImkhpambn ebnptNcpIbmWpmbXv. \psS ]T\hIppIfn \nv
ssPh_pnPohnI cq]sSmXn\v ImcWhpw Cu _anmXp Xs. Adnhv
FXv hyn]camb m\a, kmaqlnIamb m\amsWv AwKoIcnm
kaqlns `mjbnemWv AXns Dev]m-Z\w \StXv Fv hyamIpw.
5.ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime: cpXcw kev]
aebmf khIemimesbpdnv cp Xcw kev] Cv \nehnepv.
AXnsemv aebmf`mjbpsS Ncn{Xhpw kmtXnIXehpw aebmfkmlnXyhpw am{Xw

]TnpXn\p Hcp m]\ambn AXns\ t\mnmWemWv. Hcp ]s

ZiIp apv Cu ImgvNmSv BZy-ambn aptmpshptm aebmf`mj Cv
t\cnSp{X shphnfn Aconepmbncpn. `mjbpw kaqlhpw Xnep
_spdnp sskm-nI k-ev]-fpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-]-T-\-fpw C{Xtmfw
hnIknncppan-.
Fm CXn \npw XnIpw hyXykvXamb coXnbnep ae-bmf kh-I-emimem kev]hpw XpS--ns D-bn--s-n-cp-p. AXmIs imkv{Xhpw
kmtXnIimkv{Xfpw kmaqlyimkv{XhpapssS Fm hnjbfpw ssIImcyw
sNm Ignbp an aebmf`mjsb hnIknnpI F eys
ap\nnbpXpamWv (s]cp sI.-F.-\m-b hnhn[ cmPy-fnse ]T-\-am-[y-asf ap\nn 1990 se hnm\ ssIc-fn- `mjm-]-Xn-n ae-bmf kh-I-em-imesb kw_-nsgp-Xnb teJ-\-n Cmcyw Nqn-m-n-bn-cp-p). imkv{XkmtXnI
cwKfn
aebmf`mjsb
imoIcnpI
FXv
aebmfw
A[ym]IcptSXnt\m imkv{Xm[ym]IcpsS DchmZnamWv. AXpt]mse
kmaqlyimkv{X
aWvUen
aebmf
`mjsb
hnIknnpI
FXv
kmaqlyimkv{X A[ym]IcpsSbpw B aWvUen {]hnphcpsSbpw
DchmZnamWv. CubnsSbmWv ap sF.Fkv.B.H sNbam Pn.am[h \mb
tIcfn saUn hnZym`ymkw amXr`mjbnembncnWw Fp ]dXv.
bqtdm-nse coXn-bn \nv hyXy-kvX-ambn amXr-`m-j-bvmbn Hcp kh-I-emime m]nv hnP-bn Ncn-{X-amWv lo{_p kh-I-em-im-e-bvp--Xv. CXns\ ae-bmf
kh-I-em-im-ebvpw amXr-I-bm-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
6.B_Sv sFss\pw lo{_p khIemimebpw
aX]camb ImcWfm Ncn{X]cambn anv NnXdntmb Hcp P\X
B[p\nI
kzXzamnv
Hcp
kaqlambnoXns
Ghpw
\
DZmlcWamWtm Hcp Imev temImIam\w thbmSs PqX ]noSv Hcp
cmjv{SambnoXv (CcI thmcmbn amdnbXmWv Cv C{ktbens Ah.
Ah ]mekvXo\nIsf thbmSpp FXv asmcp Imcyw). CcI F Ahsb
Ah adnISm XpSnbXn `mjm]T\n\v \nWmbIamb ]psp ImWmw.
PqXsctmse Hcp aXkaqla \mw. B \nebnep XmcXayw {]khpa.
Fm inYneambntmb, arX-{]m-b-ambn hnm\ tijn \jvSs Hcp `mjsb
B[p\nI temI`mjIfnsemmbn DbnbXn khIemimemm]\w hln
]n\v Ghpw \ DZmlcWamWv lo{_p khIemime. Cminbp cmjv{Sob
kwhn[m\ns CSs]S Hcp `mjbpsS hfbn F{X \nWmbIamWv
FpXns DZmlcWamWv lo{_p khIemime.
lo{_p
khIemimebpsS
m]Icnsemcm
B_Sv
sFss\mbncpp. t_m[-{]-]--ns AXnn-I At\z-jn sFss\pw
At_m-[-ns AXnn-I At\z-jn knv t{^mbvUn\pw Hcp t]mse amXr-`mj-bn-ep
hnm-\-ns
{]m[m-\y-a-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-p.
1918
emWv
lo{_p
khIemimebvv
XdnXv.
khIemimebpsS
BZy
KhWamcn
sFss\pw
t{^mbvUpw
DsSppapv.
Atacnbnse
{]n
khIemimebnemWv Kuchtadnb {]_ sFss AhXcnnXv.
AhnsSs shmWv acnXpw. Fm lo{_p khIemimebvmWv Xs
AmZanIamb Fm AhImifpw sFss FgpXnshXv (Ccp]Xmw \qmp
I Ghpw henb imkv{Xs imkv{XtcJIfpsS A Ctmgpw
kqnncnpXv lo{_p khIemimebnemsWv HmWw. Atlns
t]cnep Fm AhImifpw khIemimebvp Xs).
temI{]kn KWnXimkv{X\mb FUvav emUphmWv lo{_p
khIemimebn KWnXimkv{X Cnyqv m]nXv. Pa\nbnencpv lo{_p
kzambn
]Tn
emUp
lo{_p
khIemimebn
1925

kwJymimkv{Xspdnp
BZy
{]`mjWw
\SnbXv
\mp`mjbmb
lo{_phnembncpp. khIemimebpsS BZys Xeh\mbn \ntins t]cpw
AtlntXmbncpp ( cmjv{Sob ImcWfm \nba\w \Snsnepw ).

sshm\nI `mjsb \nebn lo{_p hnIknpIbmbncpp. lo{_p kh-I-emime Cv temI-nse Ghpw anI kh-I-em-im-e-I-fn-sem-m-Wv.
Cu A\p-`-h-sfsbmw ap\nn-bm-IWw ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS
ey- \nh-Nn-t--Xv. aebmf khIemime aebmf`mjbvp am{Xap
khIemimeb, Fm hnjbpw thnbpXmWv. tIcfkaqlhpambn
_-s kakvX hnm\fpsSbpw A[y-b-\hpw Kth-j-Whpw ae-bm-f-neqsS kpkm-[y-am-p Xc-n ae-bm-fs k-am-p--Xn\v Dt-in-n-p--XmWv.

7. _lp-{[p-h-temIw, _lp-`m-jm-temIw hnhn[ temI-`mjm hnm-\- ae-bm-fn-te-v, ae-bmf hnm-\- temI-`mjIfn-tev

tIc-f-ns sshm-\nI taJ-e-bn ae-bm-fhpw Cwojpw Xn am{X-amWv
Ctm hn\n-abw \S-p--Xv. AXpw ]e-tmgpw Ap-\nv Ctmp am{Xw. Cwojv
Xs temI-`m-j-I-fn-sem-mbn hnI-kn-p-h-Xv hnhn[ `mj-In-S-bn CS-\n-e-m-c\mbn \np-sIm-m-Wv. AXp-hgn B `mj-bpsS ]Z-tIm-ihpw k-ev]-\-ti-jnbpw hnIkn-p. Cu hnIm-k-tm-sSmw AXv CS-\n-e-bvm-c-\mbn \n ap-`m-j-I Xn ]ckv]cw hf-tc _w hf-cmsX t]mhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
GI {[ph temI-n\v ]Icw _lp-{[p-h-tem-I-amWv th-sXv \mw Dun--dbm-dp-v. _lp-{[p-h- tem-I-n-te-p hgn _lp-`m-j-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AXn\ms ae-bmf kh-I-em-imebn hnhn[ temI-`m-j-I ]Tn-n--s-S-Ww. aebm-fnsb _lp-`m-j-mtem-I-n-tev {]th-in-n-p-Xn\pw _lp-`m-j-Isf ae-bm-f-temI-n-tev {]th-in-n-p--Xn-\p-ap Ihm-S-am-IWw AXv. Cwo-jns H
hmXneneqsS am{Xa, At\-I-`m-j-I-fpsS At\-I- I-hm-S--fn-eqsS hnhn[ P\-k-aq-l-fpambn tIc-f-ns sshm-\n-I-_w Dd-n-p--Xn\mIWw AXv eyw sht-Xv.
Cy `mj-IfpsSbpw bqtdm-]y, Gjy, B{^n- `m-j-I-fp-ambn ae-bmfnv t\cnv _-s-Sm Ign-bp- Xcn hntZ-i-`mjIfpsSbpw ]T\ hIp-p-I
Dm-I-Ww. AXv hnhn[ hnm-\-ta-J-e-Ifnse IrXn-I-fpsS X-a-bp-ambn _-sSp-Ibpw thWw. ap `mj-I-fp-ambn kwh-Zn-p-sImv ae-bm-fs A`n-am-\-t_m-[-ap
temI-`m-j-I-fn-sem-mbn hnI-kn-n-p--Xn\v CXm-h-iy-am-Wv.
8.`mj ]Tn-epw `mj-bn ]Tn-epw Xn-ep hyXymkw
Cwojv `mj ]Tn-pI Fm Fm hnj-b-fpw Cwo-jn ]Tn-pI FmsW sXn-m-c-W-bn-emWv \mw. AXp-sImp Xs kh- hn-j-b-fpw ae-bm-f-n
]Tn-p kh-I-em-ime Cwojv ]T-\-n\v FXn-c-. Fp am{X-a Cwojv ]T-\-hIp-n\v AXn {]ap-J-amb m\w Dm-bn-cn-p-Ibpw sNpw. Cwojv `mjm-tijn
hnZymn-Iv Dm-Ip-Xv {]tbm-P-\-Ic-amb Imcy-am-Wv. Fm AXn {]mK-yan-s-Xv sshm-\nI temI-n-te-p {]th-i-\-nt\m hnm-t\m-ev]m-Z-\-tijntm XS--am-I-cpXv FXn ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn {]tXyIw \njvIj
thWw. {^v ]Tn-m Fm hnj-b-fpw {^n ]Tn-t--Xn-m--Xp-t]mse,
kwkvIrXw ]Tn-m Fm hnj-b-fpw kwkvIr-X-n ]Tn-t--Xn-m--Xpt]mse, Ad_n ]Tn-m Fm hnj-b-fpw Ad-_n-bn ]Tn-t--Xn-m--Xp-t]mse
Cwojv ]Tn-m Fm hnj-b-fpw Cwo-jn ]Tn-t bmsXm-cm-h-iy-hp-an-. aebmfw am[y-a-n ]Tnv {]K--amb coXn-bn temI-n hnhn[ `mK--fn imkv{Xta-J-e-I-fn-e-Sw ae-bm-fn-I tPmen sNp-p-s- Imcyw Fm-hpw Adn-bm-hp-Xm-Wv.
9.FXnhm-Z-v \ne-\n-ev]n
D-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw amXr-`m-j-bn BIWw Fv ]d-bp-tm D-bn-m-dp
FXnhmZw ae-bm-f-n imkv{X-hn-j-b ]T\-n\p th ]Z-tIm-i-an-s--Xm-Wv.- imkv{X-X-Xz- {]Xn-]m-Zn-m ae-bm-f-n ]Z--fn-s hmZ-n\v F.B.cmP-cm-Pha app Xs adp-]Sn ]d-n-p-v: Cu hI ]Z-sf Cwo-jn \np Xs ISw-

hm-mw.- \-psS `mj-bn D ]cym-b--fn Hns\ ]cn-`mj sImv A-n\p

hym]vXntbm ktm-Ntam Bhiyw t]mse sNbvXp hnh-n-X-amb D]-tbm-Kn-\p-am-{Xambn \on-sh-mw. ip-a-e-bmfhmZw Hcp auen-I-hm-Z-ambn kzoI-cn-t--Xn-sv
kmcw.
1957 `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-m tImam-n ANyp-X-ta-t\m sNbam-\mbn
In-nsb \ntbm-Kn-p. B dntmn `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-p--Xn-s\-Xnsc D-bn-
Btcm-]-W-sf Ah JWvUn-Xv C-s\-bmWv : Hcp `mjbpw ip-iq-\y-X-bn hfcp-Itbm ]pjvSn-s-Sp-Itbm sNp-n F AwKo-Ir-X-X-Xz-am-Wv Nqn-m-Wn-m-\p-Xv.- a-e-bmfw `c-W-Im-cy-p ]nb hn[-n hf-Xn-\p-tijw HutZym-Kn-I-`m-jbmbn kzoI-cn--W-sap ]d-bp--h Cu Xzw ]mtS hnkva-cn-p-I-bmWv sNp--Xv.
]pXnb kt-X-fpw Bi-b-fpw k-ev]-fpw ssIImcyw sNt Bhiyw hcptm AX-\p-k-cnv `mjbpw ]pjvSn-s-Spw.
HutZym-Kn-I-`mj ae-bm-f-am-p-Xn-s\-Xn-t\mSp FXnv ]noSv sI-S-n.A-c-nXs Ah-km-\n-p--XmWv ]T-\-am-[y-a-ns\Xn-sc-bp hmZ--fpw. aebm-f-s-m F{Xtbm Ipd P\-kw-Jy-bp kaq-l- Ah-cpsS s{]m^-j-W
hnZym-`ym-k-a-Sw D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-amsI amXr-`m-j-bn-emWv \nh-ln-p--Xv. ae-bmfw
kwkm-cn-p--h-cpsS ]n-sem-p-t]mepw P\- kwkm-cn-m Im-e `mjbn
D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-Sw khhpw amXr-`m-jbnem-Wv.
Cwojv
temI-`m-j-bm-b-Xn-\m
`mhnam-[y-a--fpsS `mj Cwo-jm-bncnpsav Hcp Imev sXn--cn--s-n-cp-p. -sS-en-hn-j\pw Iyq-dpw ae-bmfw
t]mep `mj-Isf sImp-sav Icp-Xn-bn-cp-p.- F-m kw`-hn-Xv adn-m-Wv.- m
Sn.hn-bpsS \-{X- {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fn DZn-p--Ib-mWv sNbvXXv.- _n tKvkv
Iyq--dn\v ae-bm-f-n hmXn-ep-m-m {ian-p-p.- \mw Cwojv Ib-n-b-b-ptm bqtdm-n \npw Ata-cn--bn \np-amWv ae-bmfkwcw-`- hcp--Xv.- a-ebmfw t]mep `mj-Isf sImp-Xv BtKm-f-h-c-W-a-,- A-Xns\ sNdp-m
ss[cy-an-m kzw P\-X-bn hnizm-k-an-m aqmw temI-nse km-cp-I-fpsS
\b-ssh-I-ey--fm-Wv. acn-p-Xv `mj-b, {]Xn-tcm-[--fm-Wv.
h-am-\-n-sbpw `mhn-bp-sSbpw `mj-bmbn ae-bm-fs ImWm Ign-m
am{Xta ae-bmfw = `qXw, Cw-o-jv = `mhn F ka-hm-Iy-n\nv c-s-Sm Ign-bq.

2. ae-bm-f-`mjbpw tIc-f-ns hnI-k\hpw

ASn-m-\-]-c-ambn tIc-f-ns ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-am-IWw ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime-bpsS eyw. hnI-k\w amXr-`m-j-bn-eqsS F-Xm-IWw kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS apJ-hmIyw. Hcp kaqlns hnI-k\w B kaqlw Dev]m-Zn-n-p hnm-\-ns D-Shpw coXn-bp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p-p.
Hmtcm hnm-\-ta-J-ebpsSbpw hnIm-ks kw_-nv \mep LS-I-
{][m-\-am-sWp ImWmw:
1. B hnj-b-tm-Sp coXn-imkv{X kao-]\w
2. AXns D-Sw
3.- AXv ]Tn-p am[y-aw
4. hnm-\s kzw kaq-l-ns hnIm-k-n-\p-thn {]tbm-Kn-p--Xn-\p ]TnXm--fpsS k-X.
At-iob-X-e-n Hmtcm hnm-\-ta-J-e-bnepw hnI-knphcp hnhn[
sshm-\n-I-coXn-imkv{X-sf Dsm-p-X-s-bmWv tIc-f-nepw Fm hnj-bfpw ]Tn-pIbpw Ah-sb-p-dnv Kth-jWw \S-pIbpw sNt--sX Imcy-n
kwi-b-an-. Fm hnhn[ hnm-\-ta-J-e-I-fnse kao-]-\-nse At-io-bX
Adn-hns D-S--nse {]mtZ-inI LS-I-sf \ncm-I-cn-p--Xn-tev Fn-tpIq-Sm. At-iob kao-]\w F-Xn-\w bqtdm-]yt\m Ata-cn-t\m Bb DSw F-. AXp-t]mse Xs {][m-\-amWv ]Tn-p-Ibpw Kth-jWw \S-p-Ibpw
sNp am[y-a-ns Imcy-hpw.
D-S--nepw ]T-\-am-[y-a-nepw khn-ti-jX ]pep-tm-gmWv \ne-hn-ep
]T-\-co-Xn-I-fpsS Xs ]cn-an-Xn-I hy-am-p ]pXnb kao-]-\-- ]e-tmgpw

hnI-kn-p-h-cp--Xpw. Cu kao-]-\- At-io-b-am-bn-s Hmtcm hnm-\-taJ-e-sbbpw aptm-p-sIm-p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNpw. am\-hnIimkv{X-n-sbpw kmaq-lyim-kv{X-n-sbpw taJ-e-bn am{X-a-, imkv{X-km-t-XnI taJ-e-bnepw CXv ]etmgpw {][m-\-am-sWp ImWmw. ae-bmf `mj-bn \S-p ]T-\-K-th-j-W-v
t\cnv \psS P\-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn _-s-tSn hcpw. tIc-f-ns {]iv\-v
Du sImSp-t-n-h-cpw.
A\y-`mj am[y-a-ambn ]Tn hnZymnv kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kzw `mj kwkmcn-p P\-XbpsS Pohn-X-hp-ambn ssPh-_w A\p-`-h-s-Sp-I-bn-. AXpsImp
Xs Xs Adnhv kzk-aq-l-n {]tbm-Kn-p--Xn-epw AXn-eqn AXns\ hnI-kn-np--Xnepw XmXv]-cyw ImWp-I-bn-. hyn F \ne-bn ]pdv Am-cmjv{S
m]-\--fntem hntZi sXmgn-entem Fns\ Fn-sSmw FXn am{X-amIpw
Abm-fpsS {i. akvXnjvI tNm-bn-tev \bn-p-Xv Cu at\m-`m-h-am-Wv. henb
sNehp sNbvXv kaqlw hfn-sb-Sp hnZymn-I \mSn\p {]tbm-P-\-an-m--h-cmbn-o-cp-p. Ans\ hnZym-`ym-khpw hnI-k-\hpw Xn-ep-m-tI ssPh-_w
A\y-`mjm hnZym-`ymkw aqew \jvS-s-Sp-p. \mn \n-mt]mepw XnIpw hyn-]c-amb XmXv]-cy- am{X-am-bn-cnpw Abmsf \bn-p-I. \mw Fm-n\pw Ipw ]d-bp
A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-\mb ae-bm-fn-bpsS at\m-`mhw C-s\-bmWv cq]-s-Sp--Xv.
amXr-`m-j-bn-ep hnZym-`ym-khpw Hcp kaq-l-ns km-n-Ihpw kmaqlnIhp-amb hnI-k-\hpw Xn-ep t\_-s shfn-s-Sp-p ]T-\- Cp
]pd-p-hp Ign-n-p-v. amXr-`mj \jvS-s kaq-l- XI-cp-Xv kmwkvIm-cnI-ambn am{X-a-, km-n-I-ambn IqSn-bmWv Fv sXfn-bn--s-n-p-v. Cv
IpXnp Ib-dp km-nI in-I-fmb ssN\bpw Pm\pw Ah-c-h-cpsS amXr-`m-j-bnemWv imkv{X-apssS Fm hnm\taJ-e-bnepw ]T-\hpw Kth-j-Whpw \S-p-Xv. hnam\w \nn-p Fb_kv I-\n-bpsS tjmnse `mj {^pw temI-nse
BUw-_c Im \nn-p tagvkn-Ukv s_kv I-\n-bnse `mj P\pw kmwkn-sXv sImdn-b\pw tXmjn-_-bp-tSXv Pmm-\okpw BWv. ]s Cy-bn Cwojv
]cn-m-\s At]-nv sshZ-Kv[yw cmw m\-m-Wv (sI.-tk-Xp-cm-a ae-bmf-ns `mhn). kmt-XnI cwKv AZv`pXw krjvSn-m Ign-bp {]Xn-`-I sNdp{]m-b-ns A\y-`m-j-sb IS--bnn hogp-p. AXn-ep ]cm-Pbw AhcpsS hnZym-`ym-k-tm-Sp s]mXp-Xm-Xv]-cy-s-s Xn-s-Sp-p-p. As-n
Xs _pn-bpsS hen-sbm-cwiw A\y-`mjbn tijn t\Sm-\p Ir{Xn-a-amb {]{In-bbn Xn \jvS-s-Sp-p-p. {]Xn-`-bpsS ssPh-km-[m-c-WXzw \jvS-s-Sp-p, {]Xn-`-IfpsS hf apc-Sn-p-p.
A\y-`m-j-bn-ep hnZym-`ymkw hnI-k-\s Fns\ XS--s-Sp-p-p-shv
{]mtbm-Kn-I-am-bn-s hni-Zo-I-cn--s-n-p-apv. Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn \np
HcpZml-cWw t\mp-I. Cwojv hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb ]-W-nse {]am-Wn-amv
{Kmao-W-ta-J-e-bn A-W-t_m-[-tm-Sp-IqSn tPmen sNp-hm XmXv]-cy-an-. Ccw
Bm hnZym-`ym-khpw tPmen t\Sm-\p Ah-k-chpw I-S-p-p. CXmWv A[n-\nth-i-`m-j-bvp kl-P-amb Zu_-eyw. A-W-a-t\m-`m-h-tmSp IqSnb BtcmKy
{]h-I-cp-sSbpw A[ym-]-I-cp-sSbpw A`m-h-amWv B taJ-e-bn Xmgv t\w ssIh-cn-phm CS-bm-n-b-Xv. AXv km tkh\ taJ-e-bnse KpW-sbpw KW-sbpw
kp-en-Xm-h--sbbpw Hcp t]mse _m[n-p-p (ae-bm-f-ns `mhn).
CXv Btcm-Ky-ta-J-ebvp am{X-a, ka-kvX-ta-J-e-Ipw _m[-I-am-sWp
ImWmw. hnm-\-ta-J-e-bn D-S-hpw ]T-\-am-[yhpw Xn-ep ]c-kv]-c-_-s
ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime Dbn-n-Sn-p-p. tIc-f-ns ka-{K-hn-I-k\w km[y-am-p-Xn-\p Kth-j-W-]-T-\-{]-h-\- \S-p m]-\-am-bn-cn--Ww AXv.
km-n-Ihpw Dev]m-Z-\-]-c-hp-amb Xe `mjm]chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hpamb
X-efp-ambn tbmPn-p m]-\-am-bn-cn-Ww ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e. tIc-f-k-aq-lns amXr-`m-j-bmb ae-bmfw am[y-a-ambn kwkvIm-csbpw km-nI Dev]m-Z\
Kth-j-W-sbpw DZv{K-Yn-p-I-bm-hWw eyw. tIc-f-k-aq-l-ns {]hnm k--cmb hnZymn-Isf krjvSn--W-sa-n Cu DZv{K-Y\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

Cy dn-nv aptm-p-sh-p cmPy-kvt\-lhpw aqey-t_m-[hpw kzm`n-am-\hpw

Atm am{X-amWv hnZymn kzmwio-I-cn-p--Xv.
1. kaq-l-hn-I-k-\-n\v amXr`mjbpsS sshm-\nI tijn hnI-kn-Ww
`cW`mjsbpdnv
N
sNptm
\mw
]dbmdpv,
P\m[n]Xykaqln `cnphcpsS `mjb `cnsSphcpsS `mjbmWv
D]tbmKntXv Fv. P\m[n]Xyns {]mYanIamb kZmNmchpw \oXnbpamWXv.
CXv `cW`mjbvp am{Xa _m[Iw. Fm hnm\taJeIfpw Ahbn
\npbphcp Bibfpw amXr`mjbnemIpI FXpw Hcp kaqls
\nanpXn\v A\nhmcyamWv. Hcp Ihn-bpsS shfn-]m-Sp-t]mse Xs Hcp
kaqlyimkv{X-stbm {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X--stbm shfn-]mSpw `mjsb \ho-I-cnp-p. hnm-\-`m-jbpw kmln-Xy-`m-jbpw ]pep Cu NmN-bmWv `mjbvv
_ew \Ip--Xv, A-Xn \nv AI-m-p a\-p-Isf cq]-s-Sp-p--Xv.
D-X-hn-Zym-`ymkw Cwo-jn-em-b-Xn-\m ae-bm-f-nse sshm-\n-I-km-ln-Xyw
hnI-kn-p-n-. sshm-\n-I-km-lnXy-ns Ahn-Imkw ae-bm-fs \nc--c-ambn
ss]n-fn-h-cn-p-sIm-n-cn-p-p.- k-ev]-\-]-c-tam hnai-\m--I-tam Bb Nn
km[y-a-m an tIhew Hcp kmln-Xy-`m-j-bmbn am{Xw ae-bmfw A[:]Xn-psImncn-p-p. ae-bmfw am{Xw hmbnp ioen Hcp hmb-\-m-c koW-amb Nn-Ifn \nv Hgn-p-am-dp-p. ]{X-am-kn-I-Ip-t]mepw hcp ss]n-fn-h-c-Wns ASn-m-\fn-sempw CXp Xs.
`cWIqSns `mj amXr`mjbmIpXp t]mse sshm\nIkaqlns
`mjbpw
amXr`mjbmbncnpI
FXv
IqSpX
kqvaamb
P\m[n]Xykwhn[m\n A\nhmcyamWv. ImcWw `cWwt]mse hnm\hpw
{]mYanIambn A[nImchpambn _sp \nevpXmWv.
tIcfnse KthjW m]\fn
Ctm GXp `mjbnemWv
hnjb ssIImcyw sNpXv? Hcp imkv{X CubnsS ]dXv Xs
imkv{XKthjWm]\n Hcp {]_mhXcW thfbn aebmfn Xm Hcp
tNmZyw tNmZntm AhnsS t_mw_v hoW {]XoXnbmbncppshmWv. KthjW
m]\
`mjm]cambn
P\m[n]XyhcnstSXptm?
Dsn
FhnsSbmWv
\mw
XpStXv?
HscmbSnv
Fm
hnm\taJeIfpw
amXr`mjmhXvIcnm Ignbn. apgph aebmfnI am{Xancnp F{Xtbm
AmZanI thZnIfn Cv CwojnemWv {]_ AhXcnnpXv.
A\y-`mjbneq-sS-bp hnm\w AXp ]Tn GXm\pw ]WvUn-X-cn-sem-Xp-n
\nevpp. AXv m]-\--fn \nv ]pd-p P\--fn-se-p-n-. hnm\w P\-fn-se-p-tm-gmWv AXv kmaq-lnIamb s]mXp-hmb hnIm-k-n-\p-X-Ip-- hnm-\am-Ip--Xv. Atmtg AXv P\-X-bpsS s]mXp-t_m[ hnIm-k-n ]m-fn-bm-Ip-p-q.
hnm-\-`m-jsb hnI-kn-npI FXv ey-am-Ip-tm ae-bmf kh-I-emim-e-bn aebmfw A[ym]Iscm Fn F{Xtbm IqSpXembncnpw
imkv{XkmtXnI
kmaqlyimkv{X
taJebnse
A[ym]I.
hnhn[
imkv{Xkmaqlyimkv{X
hnjbtfmsSmw
Fm
tImgvkp-I-fnepw
aebmfkmlnXyhpw kwkvImchpw Hcp ]T\hnjbhpambncnpsap am{Xw.
2. ]nFv.Un {]_--fpw ae-bm-f-n
ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn hnhn[ hnjbfnse ]nFv.Un {]_ (
A\y-`m-jm-hn-j-b- Hgn-sI) aebmfn XsbmIWw kantXv. (Ihn
knZm\ CubSpv ]nFv.Un {]_ DssS aebmfn hm
am{Xta aebmf`mj sshm\nIambn hnIknpIbpq Fv
Nqn-mWnnpv). hnm\`mjsb \nebnep aebmfns hnImkn\v CXv
DXIpsaXmWv Hcp Imcyw. ]ntm kmlNcyfn\np hcp, Cwojn
{]mhoWyanm
hnZymnIv
s]mXphnZym`ymkntepw
tIcfob
s]mXpaWvUentepw ISphcm\pw DXIpsaXmWv CXns asmcp {]tbmP\w.
]nFv.Un {]_-- ae-bm-f-n hcp-Xv s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymkss
in-s-Sppw. hnhn[ hnj-b--fn ae-bm-f-n \I-s-Sp ]nFv.Un {]_- {]kn-o-I-cn-p-h-cp-tm kvIq hnZymn-Ip t]mepw d^-dkv {K-ambn

AXv D]-tbm-Kn-m Ign-bp-p. B \ne-bn D-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-nse Hmtcm t\hpw

s]mXphnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bnse ASn--p-hsc sNs-p-p.
`mjbpsS
tijnsb
hnIknnpIbpw
hynbpsS
Adnhv
kmaqlnIhnm\ambn hnIknpIbpw sNpw FXn\p ]pdsa imkv{X
]T\nepw KpW]camb ]cnh\w hcp aebmf khIemimebvv Ignbpw.
Fm hnj-b--tfm-Sp-samw ae-bm-f-`m-jbpw kmln-Xyhpw ]mTyhnj-b-am-Iptm AXv
imkv{Xbpnsbbpw B[p\nI kucymht_m[sbpw IqnbnWpw. Adnhns
kmaqlnIX AXns kucymIX IqSn-bm-sWv hyampXmbncnpw Cu
kwhn-[m-\w.
3. amXr-`mjm hnZym-`ym-khpw kmaqlnI\oXnbpw
amXr-`mjbnep hn-Zym-`ym-k-hp-ambn _-s asmcp Xew IqSn- {in-t-Xpvv. ]ntm ]men \np hcp hnZymYnI D]cn]T\n
imkv{Xhnjbfn ]nsSpp Fv \nconsnpv. Hcp ]s Cv
]ntm ]men \np IpnI IqSpX FnsSpXv aebmf`mjbpw
kmlnXyhpw ]Tnp taJeIfnemWv. AXn\pdp hnjbfn Ah
]etmgpw ]cmPbsSpXns apJyamb ImcWfnsemv ap hnjbfpsS
A[yb\hpw hnmt\mev]mZ\hpw CwojnemWv \SpXv FXmWv.

asm Ign-hp-ap-m-bnpw Hc-\y-`m-j-bn tXmp-shXns t]cn D-X-hn-Zym`ym-k-cw-K-p-\nv ]pd---s-Sp--h \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv. Kth-j-W-{]-_--n Dt-inp Bi-b- Cwo-jn Fgp-Xn- ^-en-n-m-sa B-hn-izm-k-an-m-Xn-\m
]ntm- -km-l-N-cy--fn \np hcp F{Xtbm hnZymn-I imkv{X--am-\-hnIhnj-b-fn ]n-F-v.Un Ds-sS-bp D-X-_n-cp-Z-cw-Kfn ]cm-P-b-s-Sp-pv.
]ntm, {KmaoW taJebn \np hcp hnZymYnIfpsS Adnhns\pdnp
kve]w Xs kmaqlnIambncnpw. B kaqlnIX ]T-\-co-Xn-bn-en-sp hcptm,
AXv tIhew hynXew am{Xap AdnhmsWp hcptm Hu]NmcnIamb
Adnhns taJebnep AhcpsS XmXv]cyw Ipdbpw. Adnhns kmaqlnIXsb
DdnpXv amXr`mjbn B imkv{X ]TnpIbpw AXnt\msSmw
kmlnXykmaqlykucymht_m[hpambn AXns\ _nnpIbpw sNptmgmWv.
4. hn`-hhpw Dev]m-Z-\hpw
ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn-eqsS temI-hn-m-\-amn-p--tXm-sSmw AXXp taJ-e-Ifn tIc-f-nse hn`-h--sfv, hnI-k\ km[y-X-I-sfv Fv Bcm--dnbp Kthj-W-v ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn {]apJ m\-ap-m-bn-cn--Ww.
_Z hnI-k-\-am-Xr-I-Ifpw tIc-f-ns ]cn-n-Xn-n-W-p kmt-XnI
hnZy-Ifpw hnI-kn-n- kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS ZoL-Ime ey-am-I-Ww. tIc-f-ns
`q{]IrXn ssh-hn-[yhpw kky-P-p- sshhn-[yhpw P-e-k--pw \ne-\nn-sm-p
Bkq-{X-W-n-\p hnm-\-]-c-amb A-cow Hcp-m ae-bmf kh-I-em-imebvv Ign-b-Ww. hnhn[ imkv{X-hn-`m-K- Hp tNp-sImv Ccw ]T\v
t\XrXzw \I-Ww. tIc-f-n Ah-K-Wn--s-p-sIm-n-cn-p-Xpw aa-d-p-sImn-cn-p--Xp-amb hnhn-[-Xcw {]IrXn hn`-h-sfbpw kmt-XnI hnm-\sfbpw
tIc-f-k-aq-l-n-\p-]-bp--am-Ip hn[n hnI-kn-n-m kh-I-em-im-ebvv Ignb-Ww. \mS ImjnI hnm-\w, \mS kmt-XnI hnZy, \mp-sshZyw XpS-n-bh
Ah-K-Wn--s-Sp X\Xp hnm-\-ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv.
Btcm-Kyhpw `-Whpw ASn-m\ P\-Po-hn-X-ns Ghpw {][m-\- ta-J-e-bmW-tm. Zqc-sfbpw hnhn[ Xcw Imem-h--I-sfbpw Xmn h-cp `tym-ev]--fnemWv tISp-IqSm-Xn-cn-m cmk-hnj amen-\y- tNtn hcp--Xv. a\p-jys P\n-XI LS-\-sbs Cu cmk-hn-j- _m[n-pp Fm-Wtm Ctm hy-am-bn-sm-n-cn-p-Xv. CXn-\p imizXhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb ]cn-lmcw \psS hn`-h- Xs
\psS coXn-bn kwc-nv D]-tbm-Kn-m ioen-pI F-Xm-Wv. Ien-m-Xpw
Btcm-Ky-]qW-hp-amb `W kwkvImcw \psS hn`-h-sf B{i-bn-mWv \nevp--

Xv. ]e Xcw [m\y-, \psS ambpw N-bp-aps-sS-bp hn`-h-, ]g-hK, ]q Fmw Cwojv am[yahnm-\-k-aq-l-ns Ins]-SmsX t]mhp-Ibm-Wv. Cu taJ-e-I- hnm-\-k-aq-l-ns {i-bntep sImp-h-cn-Ibpw Ahsb
]T-\-K-th-j-W-v hnt[-b-amn kwkvI-cnv Dev]---fmn amp--Xn-\p {iaw
\S-p-Ibpw th-Ww.
\mp-`--Ww, hnhn[ {]Ir-Xn-Po-h-\ -co-Xn-I, Krl-sshZyw Fn-h-bn-sems
Kth-j-W-fpw km[y-am-Ip-n-Sv CXp-ambn _-s {lkz-Im-e--ZoL-Ime
tImgvkp-Ifpw Bcw-`n--Ww. ck-X-{, -ssh-Zy-hn-`m-K-smw CXn ]m-fn-I-fmIm Ign-bpw. Im-knse ncw ]Tn-Xm-p ]pdsa s]mXp-P-\-pw t\cnv
Ccw tImgvkp-I-fn ]m-fn-I-fm-Im km[n--Ww. \psS \mp-samgn t]mse A\u]-Nm-cn-I-amb Hcp P\-Io-bX ]T-\-kw-hn-[m-\--fnepw AXns hnX-c-W-nepw thWw.
kzm{i-b-tI-cfw F eyw kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS ]cn-t{]-y-am-I-Ww.
amXr-`m-jbpw ssiih hnZym-`ym-khpw Xn At`-Zy-amb _-ap-v. AXp-sImmWv lo{_p kh-I-em-im-e-bn inip ]cn-]m-e\w Hcp _ncpZ tImgvkmbn Ds-Spn-bn-cn-p-Xv. ae-bm-f-n \gvkdn A[ym-]-Iscbpw {]oss{]-adn A[ym-]-I-scbpw
krjvSn--W-sa-n ae-bmf `mj-bns
inip-]-cn-]m-e-\-sbpw `mjm-]-T-\-sbpw _n-n--Ww. B \ne-bn-ep tImgvkpI thWw.
tIh-e-amb D]-t`m-rk-aq-l-sa \ne-bn\nv Dev]m-Z-I-k-aq-l-amn
tIc-fs amp--Xn-\p {]{In-b-bn ae-bmf kh-I-em-imebvv \nWm-bI
{]m[m-\y-ap-m-Ipw. amXr-`mj am[y-a-am-Ip-Ibpw tIc-fob hn`-h ASn-m-\amnbp Dev]m-Z\ kwkvImcw hcn-Ibpw sNp-tm tIc-f-n-\Is sXmgn
Ah-k-c-fpw sXmgn kwkvIm-chpw kzm`m-hn-I-ambn hnI-kn-p-h-cpw. cpNn-bnepw A`ncp-Nn-bnepw amw hcpw. kzm{i-b-Xz-n-te-p hgn Xpd-pXm-bn-cnpw CXv.
5. kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]--
`uXnI Dev]m-Z\n\p ]pdta kmwkvIm-cnIamb Dev]m-Z-\hpw {][m-\-am-Wv. Hcp
kaqln-\-Is hyn-I Xn-ep _w kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]--sf
ap\nn-qSnbp-Xm-Wv. Hcp kaq-lhpw ap kaq-lfpw Xn-ep hn\n-a-b-nepw
AhcpsS kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]--v ]p-v. ]pXnb temIv kmnIambns h[n {]m[m-\y-ap taJ-e-bp-am-Wn-Xv. A-Sn Dev]-- (]{Xw,
]pkvX-I-) apX ]pXnb am[y-a- ta-J-e-bn-sebpw hnhc kmt-XnI taJ-e-bnsebpw
Dev]-- ( CeIvt{SmWnIv bpK-nse _nw_-) hsc CXns `mK-am-Wv. kzw
`mj-bnse kmwkvIm-cnI Dev]-- \jvS-s-Sp-tm kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb A[n-\n-th-in\v P\X hnt[-b-am-Ip-tXmsSmw Xs B taJ-e-bnse AXns km-nI
hn\n-ab tijnbpw \jvS-s-Sp-p. kzw `mjsbbpw AXn-ep A`n-am-\-sbpw
in-sSpn-bmte AXp-ambn _-s kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-ev]---sfbpw \ne\nm\pw Ah-bpsS ]p\-cp-ev]m-Z\w Dd-p-h-cp-m\pw Ign-bq, `mj-bpsS {]Xo-Im-I
[a- ]eXpw ChnsS IS-p-h-cp-p. kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bnse B`y-c hn`-htijn amXr-`m-j-bpsS s]mXptijnsb kzm[o-\n-p LS-I-am-bXn-\m ae-bmf khI-em-imebpsS ey--fn Cu taJ-e-bpsS \ne-\nev]pw hnIm-khpw {][m-\-am-I-Ww.
kwkvIm-c-ns B[m-c-tc-J-I-fmbn Icp-X-s-Sp ]pcm-tc-J-Ifpw ]pcm-en-Jn-X-fpw
apX hnhn[ Xcw Iem-kmlnXy kr-jvSn-Ifpw sh_vssk-p-Ifpw Fmw hnim-e-amb
A-n hnhn[ Ime-L---fn-em-bp \psS P\-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cn-tIm-ev]--fm-Wv. kz-amb hnm-\-ta-J-e-I sIn--Sp-p--Xn-\p ASn-m\ t{kmX-pI-fpamWv Ch. Cu taJ-e-bnepw tIc-fs Dev]m-ZI kaq-l-am-n hnI-kn-n-m Ignb-Ww. AXn-\p ]T-\-K-th-jW hIp-p-I Dm-I-Ww.
6. sshm-\nI ]mc--cyhpw kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[yhpw
KWnXw t]mep hnj-b--fn tIc-f-ns Ncn-{X-]-c-amb kw`m-h-\-I
At-io-b-ambn AwKo-Imcw t\Sn-bn-p--Xm-Wv. Acw hnj-b--fnse kw`m-h-\-Isf-p-dnv ]Tn-m\pw Ahsb hnI-kn-n-m-\p-ap kwhn-[m-\- kh-I-em-im-e-bnep-m-I-Ww. kwkvIr-X, {]mIr-X-`m-jm-]-T-\-v Cu eyw IqSn- thWw. A\y-`m-jI-fnepw tIc-f-n cq]-s hnm-\- ]T-\-K-th-j-W-fpsS taJ-e-bm-I-Ww.

kmwkvIm-cnI sshhn-[y-sbpw kwt_m-[\ sNm ae-bmf kh-I-em-imebvv Ign-b-Ww. tIc-f-nse BZn-hm-kn-`m-j-I, \yq\-]--`m-j-I Fn-hbvpw
kh-I-em-im-e-bn CS-ap-m-bn-cn--Ww. ae-bmfw Ad_n en]n-bn-se-gp-Xn-bn-cp
Imes Ad_n ae-bm-fhpw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-se-gp-Xn-bn-cp Imes Itkm-\nbpw apw
\psS `mjm-N-cn-{X-nsbpw kmaq-ly-ssh-hn-[y-n-sbpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fm-Wv.
Ccw {K--fn ]eXpw ae-bmf en]n-bn-tev C\nbpw amdn-o-cm-\p-ap-v.
CsXms Dsm-p-sIm-mWv tIc-fob kaq-l-ns sshm-\n-I- ]m-c--cy-sp-dn-p DZv{K-YnX hoWw cq]-s-tS--Xv.
7. X-a, {]kn-o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw
am[yaw ae-bm-f-n-em-Ip-tms AXn-\-\p-k-cnv ]T-\-hnj-b-ns
DSInepw AXn-t\m-Sp kao-]-\-nepw amw hcpw. A-c-n ]mTy-h-kvXp Dev]m-Zn-n-p--Xn\p ]nb {]kn-o-I-cW hn`mKw kh-I-em-im-e-bn-ep-m-I-Ww.
tIc-f-nse kvIq kh-I-em-imem Xe-fn s]mXpsh klm-b-I-c-amb ]mT-]p-kvXI- ae-bm-f-n \nan-p--Xn-\p Kth-j-tWm-p-J-amb D-c-hm-Znw Gs-Spm ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-ebvv km[y-am-Iptam Fv At\z-jn-m-hp--XmWv.{]kn-o-I-c-W-n Hcp {][m-\-ta-Je X-a-bm-bn-cn--Ww. Xabvmbn
AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp hn`m-K-amWv kh-I-em-im-e-bvp-m-bn-cn-t--Xv. hnhn[ hnm\-ta-J-e-I-fnse B[n-Im-cnI {K- ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn AXXv `mj-I-fn\nv t\cnv
Xa sNm-\p _rlZv kwhn-[m\w kh-I-em-im-e-bn-ep-m-I-Ww. imkv{Xnsbpw XXz-im-kv{X-n-sbpw apw taJ-e-I-fn-ep \nWm-bI {]m[m-\y-ap ]gbXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb {K-, teJ-\- Fnh ae-bm-f-n sImph-tc-Xv kh-I-em-imem {]kn-o-I-c-W-hn-`m-K-ns Npa-X-e-bm-bn-cn--Ww. A\y-`mj-bn-ep Hc-Sn-m\ {Kw ae-bm-f-n-tep hcp-tm AXn-s\mw `mj-bnse ]ZtIm-ihpw hnI-kn-p-p.
ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn \nv hcp Kth-jW {]_-- A-tm
Cwo-jnepw {]k--amb k`-n ap `mj-I-fnepw Xa sNm-\p ncw
kwhn-[m\w Dm-I-Ww. At-iob hnm-\s ae-bm-fo-I-cn-p--tXm-sSmw aebm-f-hn-m-\s At-iob Xe-n-se-n-p--Xn\pw Xa {]-kn-o-I-cW
hn`m-K- ssItImp {]hn--Ww. hnhn[ hnj-b--fn Ah-Km-l-ap KthjI ]WvUn-Xsc thWw AXXp taJ-e-bnse X-a-bvmbn \nb-an-m.
8. At-iob ae-bmfw tPW
At-iobXe-n-ep ae-bmfw tPW kh-I-em-im-e-bvp-m-bn-cn--Ww.
AXn ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn \nv hcp-Xpw ]pdv \nv ae-bm-f-n Fgp-Xs-Sp--Xp-amb {]_-- Dm-I-Ww. kmaq-ly-im-kv{X--im-kv{X-ta-J-e-Ifnse
hnm-\s Dsm-p--Xm-IWw {]kvXpX tPW. tIc-f-n\p ]pd-p- tPmen
sNp ae-bm-fn-I-fmb imkv{X--cpsS kw`m-h\-\-I Cu tPW-en-ep-m-I-Ww. aebm-f-`m-j-bns Ah-cpsS Is--ep-I tIc-f-n Fn-m\pw Ah-cpsS
kw`m-h-\-I IqSn ae-bm-f-kh-I-em-im-e-bnse Kth-j-W-v D]-tbm-Kn-m\pw
km[n--Ww. kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS hf-bpsS L-n hnhn[ hnj-b-sf
ap\nnbp {]tXyIw {]tXyIw tPW-ep-I Bbn ae-bm-f-tP-W hnI-kn-t-Xp-am-Wv. tPW \ \ne-hm-c-n-sen AwKo-Imcw t\Sp-tm Cwo-jnepw {^v,
Pa XpS-nb `mj-I-fnepw AXns ]Xn-p-I Cd-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
9. kmnI t{kmXpw km-nI {]{In-bbpw
km-dn \np ]qW-amb -k-lm-b-n-emWv kh-I-em-ime \S-tsX Imcy-n kwi-ban-. {]Xy--n Hmtcm hnZymnbpw hyn-sb \nebn Atms Fp Xncnp Xcpp F-X-, s]mXp-hmbn km-nI hnIk\ {]{In-b-bn Fns\ Ah ]m-fn-I-fm-Ipp FmWv t\mt--Xv. Cu \nebn ap kh-I-em-im-e-Ifnse hnZymn-Isf At]-nv tIc-f-k-aq-l-ns hfbn Ghpw A[nIw kw`m-h\ \Iph ae-bmf kh-I-em-imebnse hnZymn-Ifm-bn-cn-pw. km klm-b-n\p ]pdsa AXnYn-{]-hmkn `mjm kvIqfns apI-nep hntZ-i-`mjm tImgvkp-I-fp-ambn _-spw kh-I-em-im-ebvv {]Xy--amb
hcp-am-\-ap-m-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

3. ^mn-I, kvIqfp-I ]T-\-tI-{-

ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-ebvv aqp Xe-n-ep-- kw-hn-[m-\-amWv th-Xv. Hmtcm

^mn-pw Iogn hnhn[ ]T-\-h-Ip-p-I, hnhn[ ^mnp Iogn-ep ]T\
hIp-p-I tbmPn-p-sImv {]tXyI eyw shv {]hn-p kvIqfp-I, ]T-\-Kth-jW taJ-e-I-fnse AXXp Imes coXn-im-kv{X-sf ]cn-N-b-s-Sp-p--Xn-\p
]T-\-tI-- Fn-h-bm-W-h.

I ^mn-I
1. ae-bmfw,2.- `m-jm-imkv{Xw,3. {Zmhn-U-`m-j-I,4.- {]mNo\ Cy `mj-I: kw-kvIrXw, {]mIrXw,5. av Cy `mj-I, 6. Gjy `mj-I,7. bqtdm-]y `mj-I,8.
B{^n- sXs Ata-cn- `mj-I,9. {]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-,10. kmt-XnI
imkv{X-,11. hnhc kmt-XnI hnZy,12. am[ya ]T-\-,13. kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-,14.Iebpw ku--cy-imkv{Xhpw,15. \m-dnhp ]T-\w

hIp-p-I
^mn-I Hmtcm-n\pw Iogn hnhn-[ hIp-p-I:
ae-bm-fw ^mnp Iogn ae-bmf`mj-bpw kmln-Xy-hp-ambn _-s
hnhn[ hIp-p-I.
{ZmhnU `mj-I-fn Xan-gv, I-U, sXepv `mj-I , tIc-f-nse BZn-hmkn
`mj-I Fn-hbvv {]tXyIw ]T\ hIp-p-I .
Cy `mj-I-fn lnn, DZp, _wKm-fn, adm-n, KpP-dmn, ]m_n, Hdn-b,
Im-ivaocn XpS-n-b-hbvv {]tXyIw ]T-\-h-Ip-p-I.
bqtdm-]y `mj-I-fn Cwo-jv, {^v, Pa, kv]m\n-jv, t]mp-Ko-kv, Uv,
Cm-en-b, {Kov XpS-nb B[p-\nI `mj-Ismw emn-\pw.
Gjy `mj-I-fn Ad-_n-Iv, t]gvky, ssN\o-kv, Pmm-\o-kv, sImdn-b XpSnb hIp-pI. Hw kpdn-bm-\n-bpw.
B{^n- emn-\-ta-cn- `mjm-hn-`m-K-n B{^n- `mj-Ifpw X\Xv emn\-ta-cn- `mj-I-fpw.
{]Ir-Xn-im-kv{X-n\p Iogn KWn-Xw, Du X{w, ck-X-{w, kky-imkv{Xw, Pp-imkv{Xw XpS-n-b hIpp-I
kmt-XnI imkv{X-n\p Iogn Irjn, sshZyw, Fn-\n-b-dnwKv ( hmkvXp-hnZy
Ds-sS) hIp-p-I.
am[ya ]T-\--fn kn\na, sSen-hn-j, ]{X-{]-h\w XpS-n-b hIpp-I
kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-n XXz-Nn-, hnZym-`ym-kw, Ncn-{Xw ( CXn tIc-f-N-cn{Xw
hnti-j-hn-`m-Kw), cmjv{S-X-{w, kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, kv{Xo]-T-\, km-n-Iimkv{Xw, a\-m-kv{Xw, `qan-imkv{Xw XpS-n-b hIp-p-I. hnZym-`ym-k-n ImbnI
hnZym-`ymk hIp-v tIc-f-nse X\Xp ImbnI kwkvIm-c-sbpw Ifn-I-sfbpw IqSn
Dsm-p--Xm-bn-cn-pw.
Iebpw ku-cy-im-kv{Xhpw F hn`m-K-n \mS Ie-I, Nn{X-I-e,
\rw, kwKo-Xw, \mSIw,tIc-f-nse mknIv Ie-I Fn-h-bvp hIp-p-I.

II kvIqfpI
^mn-I Xncn-p hnj-b -hn-`-P-\s adn-I-S-p {]h-\-v
t\XrXzw sImSp-m-\mWv hnhn[ hIp-p-Ifn hntij XmXv]-cyhpw tijn-bp-ap-
A[y-m]-I kl-I-cn-p kvIqfp-I Dm-bn-cn-t--Xv. XpS--n Ap kvIqfpI BImw.
1. hn`-h hnI-k-\ kvIq
X\-Xp -hn-`-h-sf tI{o-I-cn-p-sImv tIc-f-ns ka-{K-amb hnI-k-\s
ey-am-p hnhn[ ]T\hn`m-K--fpsS GtIm-]-\-amWv Cu kvIqfn \S-t--Xv.
Irjnbpw sshZy-hp-aps-sS-bp kmt-XnI hn`m-K, `qan-imkv{X hn`m-Kw, kmnI imkv{X-hn-`m-Kw, \m-dnhp hn`m-Kw Fnh GtIm-]n-np {]h-\-amWv

th-Xv. tIc-f-nse `qan, Pew, [m\yw, ]g-hK-, ]mcn-n-XnI kulrZ coXn-bnep kmt-XnI Dutm-ev]mZ\ D]-tbmK coXn-I, `y-kw-kvI-cWw, hnhn[ sXmgn taJ-e-I Fn-h-sbmw ]c-kv]cw _n-nv ]T\K-th-jWw
\Sn tIc-f-hn-I-k-\s aptm-p-sImp t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cnpw Cu kvIqfns
eyw.
2. Xabvp kvIq
hnhn[ `mjm ]T-\-h-Ip-p-I kl-I-cn-p hn]p-e-amb kvIq \n_--ambpw
Dm-bn-cn--Ww. kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS apJy-eyw kmm-XvI-cn-p--Xn\v CXv A\nhm-cy-am-Wv.
3.Xmc-Xay]T\p kvIq
`mjbpw kmln-Xyhpw imkv{Xhpw kmt-XnI hnZybpw Iebpw DssS hnhn[
hnj-b-sf kw_-n {]mtZ-in-Ihpw tZio-bhpw At-io-b-hp-amb Xmc-Xay ]T-\v {]tXyI kvIq kwhn-[m\w BIm-hp--Xm-Wv.

4 AXnYn{]-hmkn `mjm]T-\-kvIq
Cy-bnse hnhn[ kwm-\--fn \npw A\ycmPy--fn \npw tIc-fn hcp Bfp-Isf `mjm-]-c-ambn klm-bn-p--Xn-\p kvIq Bbn-cn-Ww
CXv. Fm `mjm-hn-`m-Kfn \npap kl-I-cWw Cu kvIqfn\v Dm-bn-cn--Ww.
AXnYn-Ifn \npw ]T-\- klm-b-n\v ^okv hmm-hp--Xm-Wv. Hm sse\mbpw
Ahv cPn- sNm km[n--Ww. kh-I-em-im-e-bn A[ym-]-I-cn-m `mjIsf kw_-nv CXn asmcp kao-]-\hpw kzoI-cn-mw. Acw `mj-I Adn-bp
ae-bm-fn-Iv ( DZm: kpep XpS-nb B{^n- `mj-I ) XmXvIm-enI ^mnbmbn Cu kvIqfns\ klm-bn-m-\p kwhn-[m-\hpw Dm-m-hp--Xm-Wv. hnh-c-km-tXnI hnZym hn`m-K-hp-ambn _-sv hnhn[ temI `mj-I-fn ae-bmfw kh-I-em-im-ebpsS Cu kwhn-[m\w kqNn-n-p sh_v sskp-I m]n-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
CXp t]mse Xs {]hm-kn-I-fmb ae-bm-fn-Iv ae-bm-f-nqSn Ah
tPmen-sNm Dt-in-p cmPy-sbpw Ctm tPmen sNbvXpsIm-n-cn-p cmPysbpw `mj- ]Tn-m\p kwhn-[m-\hpw Cu kvIqfn\p Iogn Gs-Sp-m-hp--XmWv. (GI-hn-tZ-i-`mjm k-ev]-n\nv _lp-`m-jm-k-ev]ntev IS-p--Xn\v
sXmgn taJ-e-bnepw A-ap-v. Cwo-jn\v ]pdsa hnhn[ {]tZ-i--fnse `mj-Ifnepw ]cn-io-e\w e`n-p-Xv ae-bm-fn-I-fpsS AX-Xn-S--fnse sXmgn-e-h-k-cs h[nn-pw). Ccw `mjm-]-cn-io-e-\-n\v hnhn[ `mjm hIp-p-I Xn-ep GtIm-]\w
thWw.
5 `mjm-kq-{XW (\nL-p, seIvkn-, hnm-\-tImiw) kvIq
hnhn[ ]T-\-hn-`m-K- GtIm-]n-np sImv hnm-\-ta-J-e-bn-emsI hcp
ASn-m\k-ev]-\--sfbpw ]Z--sfbpw ae-bm-f-n- ]cn-N-b-s-Spp hnhn[
Xcw {K- cNn-p--Xn\v apssI FSp-p-I-bmWv Cu kvIqfns ey-am-tI-Xv. `c-W-`m-j-bpssSbp taJ-e-Isf hnI-kn-n-p--Xn-\p \nt-i- kanm Cu kvIqfn\v Ign-bpw. kh-I-em-im-e-bnse hnZym-`ymk hn`m-Khpw ae-bm-f-hn-`mKhpw apI-s-Spv kvIq Xew apX-ep A[ym-]-Ip `mjm-]-cn-io-e\ ]cn-]mSnbpw Btem-Nn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.

III ]T-\-tI-{-
tIc-f-n-eq-n-bp hntij ]T-\-v ]T-\-tI-{- BImw. hnhn[ hnjb--fnse Kth-j-Ws klm-bn-p coXn-im-kv{X-v th ]cn-io-e\w \IemWv ]T-\-tI-{-v Dm-bn-cn-cn-t Npa-X-e.
ZfnXv ]T\w
]cn-nXn ]T\w
kv{Xo ]T\w
{]tZ-i-]-T\w
aqmw-tem-I-]-T\w

ka-Xz-hmZ ]T\w ( Cy `cW LS-\-bnse ASn-m\ k-ev]-\-amb P\m-[n-]-Xys-p-dnpw ka-Xz-hmZspdn-pw AXns tIc-fob {]tbm-K-sfp-dnpap
aqey-]-c-amb ]T\w)
A\u]-Nm-cnI ]T-\-K-th-jW tI{w
tIc-f-n A\u-tZym-Kn-I-ambn kzw \ne-bn Kth-jWw \S-p--hsc
klm-bn-m\pw Ah-cpsS Is--ep-Isf shfn--p -sImphcm\pw hnI-kn-nm\pw imkv{X-km-t-XnI hn`m-K--fpssS Fm-bn-Spw _-ap Hcp A\utZym-Kn-I-amb Kth-jW hn`mKw thWw. Ccw
]T-\- ]nFv. Unbn-tev \bn-Wsav \n_--an-.

tImgvkp-I
apJy- hn-j-b--fn _n F, Fw.-F, Fw.-^n, ]n Fv.Un tImgvkp-I. Hw
kn-^n--v, Untmam tImgvkp-I, hnZq-c Hm sse tImgvkp-I. Cwojpw Ad_nbpw Hgn-p hntZi `mj-Iv AhnsS sXmgn-e-t\z-jn-p--hv klm-b-I-c-amb
kn-^n-v tImgvkp-I aXn-bm-Ipw (AXp-sImp Xs XpS--n Cu `mj-Iv
Hmtcm A[ym-]I XkvXnI hoXw aXn-bmIpw).

4. XpSns {in-t Imcy-:

1. ew: ae-bmf am[yanep ]-T-\-n\v ASn--d-bp {]tZiw
tIc-f-nse \K-c--sfmw Cwojv am[y-a--fpsS ]nm-se- t]mhpIbm-Wv. aebmfw am[y-a-n kvIq Xe-n ]Tn hnZymn-I am{Xta hnhn[ hnj-b-
aebmf-n ]Tn-m km[m-cW KXn-bn Xm-dm-Ip-I-bp-q. AXn-\ms aebmfw am[y-a-am-bp kvIqfp-Iv \ ASn--d-bp- {]tZ-ip thWw ae-bmf
kh-I-em-ime m]n-m. As-n- XpS--n-s hnZymn-I-fpsS
Zue`yw A\p-`-h-s-Spw.
2.hnim-e-amb H Imkv aXn
kwkvIrX kh-I-em-im-e-bvp--Xp-t]mse At\Iw tI{- ae-bmf khI-em-im-ebvv Bh-iy-an-. hnhn[ hnj-b- Xnepw Ah ]Tn-p hnZymn-I
Xnepw ]Tn-n-p A[ym-]-I Xnepap ssZ\w-Zn\ _w ae-bm-f- kh-I-em-imebpsS Dt-iy-e-y- ssIh-cn-p--Xn\v A\n-hmcy-am-Wv. A-c-n-ep CS-I-ecen\v hnim-e-amb H Im-kmWv th-Xv. AXn\p aXn-bmb e-ku-I-cy-ap-n-Sp
thWw ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime XpS-m. Aen-KVv kh-I-em-im-ebpsS Hcp Imkn\v \m\q-dn-tesd G sImSp-m km[n \apv ae-bm-f-n\v Npcp-n-bXv
Bbncw G-sd-nepw hen--ap Imkv \Im Ign-b-Ww.
3. ae-bm-f-n ]Tn-n-m-sav Dd-p hnj-b-fn am{Xw XpS-pI
ae-bmfw am[y-a-ambn ]Tn-n-m Ign-bp hnj-b- am{Xta ( A\y-`mjm
hnj-b- HgnsI ) aebmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn-ep-mImhq. Cs-n ap kh-I-emim-e-I-fpsS AtX Ah--bn-tev ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-ebpw Fn-t-cpw. tIcf
kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS ASn-m\ eyw ae-bm-f-n hnm-\-hn-I-k-\-am-bn-cpp
Fv Hmp-I. Cv Hcn-epw ae-bm-f-n-tev Xncn-p-hcm Ign-bm Ah--bn
Fn-tn-cn-p-I-bmWv tIc-f-kh-I-em-im-ebpw tIc-f-nse ap kh-I-em-im-e-Ifpw.
tIc-f-n-\-Iv sXmgnkm[y-X-bp hnj-b- am{Xw XpS--n ]Tn-nm aXn-bm-Ipw. A{Xbpw Fw kop-I am{Xta Hmtcm hnj-b-nepw th-Xp-q.
IqSp-X hnj-b- ae-bm-f-neqsS ]Tn-m\pw Kth-jWw \S-m\pw Ignbpw Fv
B-hn-izmkw hcp- apdbvv ]pXnb hnj-b-fpsS ]T-\-hn-`m-K- Bcw-`n-p-I.
A-c-n saUn-, Fn-\n-b-dnwKv tImf-Pp-IfpssS-bp s{]m^-j-W
m]-\-fpw ]noSv ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bpsS Iogn sImp-h-cm-hp--Xm-Wv.
4.\bn-t-Xv amXr-`m-j-bn hnizm-k-aphcpsS Hcp Iqmbva

aebm-f-ns `mhn-bn hnizm-k-an-msX kzw a-sf-s Cwojv am[ya

hnZym-e-b-n-e-b-ph ae-bmfw A[ym-]-I-cm-sW-nepw Ahsc ap\nn ae-bmf
kh-I-em-ime sIn--Sp-m-\m-hn-. amXr-`m-j-bn hnizm-khpw amXr-`m-j-tbmSv {]Xn-_-X-bp-ap A[ym-]-Icpw A\-[ym-]-I-cp-amWv ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-esb \bn-t--Xv.
XpSw apXte Ahn-Ss `c-W-`mj ae-bm-f-am-Ipp Fv Ddp hcp--Ww. BIvpw
myq-p-apssS Fm tcJ-Ifpw BZyw ae-bm-f-n-emWv Dm-t--Xv. Cwo-jnepw
IqSn th tcJ-I ]noSv Xa sNbvXm aXn-bm-Ipw. i-amb Hcp Xa
hn`mKw XpS--ns A\-[ym-]-I-hn-`m-K-nepw Dm-I-Ww.
5.hnZymn-I-fpsS sXc-s-Spv
Cwo-jn-eqsS temIw shn-n-Sn-m B{K-l-ap cn-Xm--fbpw hnZymn-Isf-bp-a ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-ebvv th-Xv. X-fpsS sshm-\n-Ihpw _un-I-hpamb tijn tIc-f-k-aq-l-n\v {]tbm-P-\-s-SWw Fv B{K-ln-p {]Xn-_--Xbp hnZymn-I- am{Xw ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn tNm aXn-bm-Iqw. CXv
hnZymn-I-sfbpw cn-Xm--sfbpw {]th-i\ L-ns Adn-bn-p-Xv \-XmWv. CXp-ambn _-s A`n-cpNn ]cntbm A`n-apJ ]co-tbm \S-p-Xpw
Btem-Nn-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
6.hnZymn-Ip B\p-Iq-ey-
kaq-l-nse ]ntm--hn-`m-K-mWv IqSp-X {]tbm-P-\-sa--Xn-\m
htXm-Xn ^okn-fhpw B\p-Iq-ey-fpw Cu kh-I-em-im-e-bn ]Tn-p
hnZymn-Iv e`y-am-I-Ww.- C-Xn-\mbn {]tXy-I -N-- Dm-I-Ww.
tIc-f-n-\-Is \nb-a-\--fn ae-bmf kh-I-em-im-e-bn \nn-d-p
hnZymn-Iv , Ah tIc-f-nse P\- ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-n D]-tbm-Knp `mj-bn-emWv ]Tn-p-Xv F-Xn-\m {]tXyI ]cn-K-W\ thWw. tIc-f-n-\Is \nb-a-\--fn Cu kh-I-em-im-e-bn\n-n-d-p hnZymn-Iv kwhcWw thWw. Xan-gn ]Tn-n-d-p hnZymn-Iv Xan-gv\m-n 20% kwh-cWw
\In-bn-p-v.
ae-bm-fs kw_-n Krlm-Xpc Nn-I-sfb, ae-bm-f-n-eqn B[p-\nI
tIc-fs sIn--Sp-p--Xn-\p `mhn {]Xo--Isf-bmWv ae-bmf kh-I-em-ime
{]Xn-\n-[o-Icn-t--Xv. 1956 Ah-km-\n {]{In-b-b, Bcw-`n {]{In-b-bm-Wtm
tIc-f- cq-]o-I-c-W-sa--Xv.- A-Xn-\p A\n-hm-cy-amb D]m-[n-I-fn-sem-m-Wv amXr-`m-j-bnep Hcp kh-I-em-im-e- F Ah-t_m[w \s aptmp \bn--s.
( cq]-tcJ BKkvXv 14 \v Xncp-h-\--]p-cv \S s]mXp-k--f-\-nshvv H.-F.hn
Ipdpv apJy-a{nv ssIamdn)