GötT Luke Schwarz 10B English Version

KOMPLEXE LEISTUNG
Violence among young people and

how the city of Borna prevents it,
in european comparison (GB)
________________________________________________________________
subject: english
Gymnasium “Am Breiten Teich” Borna
submitted by: Luke Frederik Schwarz, Klasse 10 B
supervisor: Frau T. Götz
Borna, the 04. april 2023
1
Inhalt
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 Rationale for the choice of topic .................................................................................. 5
1.2 Background information and presentation of the underlying problem ............. 5
1.3 Justification of the relevance of the task ................................................................... 6
1.4 Justification of the choice of method ......................................................................... 6
1.5 Aim of the work ................................................................................................................. 7
2 Main part ....................................................................................................................................... 8
2.1.1 Age groups .................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 Definition of youth violence ................................................................................... 8
2.1.3 Development of youth violence ............................................................................. 9
2.2 Causes of violence among young people................................................................ 11
2.2.1 Social causes ........................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2 Psychological causes ............................................................................................ 14
2.2.3 Biological causes .................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Effects of violence among young people................................................................. 15
2.3.1 Victim Perspective .................................................................................................. 15
2.3.2 Perpetrator perspective ......................................................................................... 18
2.4 Prevention and intervention ........................................................................................ 18
2.4.1 Approaches to violence prevention ................................................................... 18
2.4.2 Measures for intervention with violent adolescents...................................... 19
2.5 Prevention and intervention of the city of Borna/ the district ............................ 19
2.6 own contribution earned............................................................................................... 20
2.6.1 Professional interview ............................................................................................... 20
2.6.2 Youth violence in a European comparison using the example of Great
Britain ....................................................................................................................................... 22
3 Conclusion and outlook ............................................................................................................... 24
Literature list .................................................................................................................................. 26
4.2 List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... 28
 6 Einverständniserklärung ................................................Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert.
3
Table of Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Rationale for the choice of topic ............................................................................................ 3
1.2 Background information and presentation of the underlying problem .................................. 3
1.3 Justification of the relevance of the task ................................................................................ 4
1.4 Justification of the choice of method ..................................................................................... 4
1.5 Aim of the work...................................................................................................................... 5
2 Main part ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Age groups ....................................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Definition of youth violence ........................................................................................... 6
2.1.3 Entwicklung von Jugendgewalt ...................................................................................... 7
2.2 Ursachen von Gewalt unter Jugendlichen ............................................................................ 10
2.2.1 Soziale Ursachen ........................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2 Psychologische Ursachen .............................................................................................. 14
2.2.3 Biologische Ursachen .................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Auswirkungen von Gewalt unter Jugendlichen .................................................................... 14
2.3.1 Opferperspektive ........................................................................................................... 15
2.3.2 Täterperspektive ............................................................................................................ 17
2.4 Prävention und Intervention ................................................................................................. 17
2.4.1 Ansätze zur Gewaltprävention ...................................................................................... 18
2.4.2 Maßnahmen zur Intervention bei gewalttätigen Jugendlichen ..................................... 18
2.5 Prävention und Intervention der Stadt Borna/ des Landkreises ........................................... 18
2.6 erarbeiteter Eigenanteil ........................................................................................................ 19
2.6.1 Fachinterview ................................................................................................................... 19
2.6.2 Jugendgewalt im europäischen Vergleich am Beispiel Großbritannien ........................... 21
3 Schlussfolgerung und Ausblick ................................................................................................... 23
Literaturverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................ 25
4.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis ............................................................................................................. 26
6 Selbstständigkeitserklärung ......................................................................................................... 27
1 Introduction
1.1 Rationale for the choice of topic
In my opinion, the growing issue of violence among young people is a challenge of our time and
especially of my generation. Affected adolescents will ultimately be the fathers and mothers of
the following generations, who will then imitate their parents' bad behavior, possibly multiplied
many times over, and thus impede progress towards a healthier society. With my work I would
like to take the opportunity to present a sober state of affairs on the basis of objective data,
including the development over time.
We are shocked to follow the reports of juvenile delinquency by perpetrators and victims who are
becoming younger and younger, and of acts of violence that are becoming more and more
brutal, even in Germany. Do the authorities recognize the danger of such acts of violence among
young people, what are the consequences, and how is this being countered or prevented?
1.2 Background information and presentation of the underlying problem
Juvenile delinquency is a widespread phenomenon because young people are more active than
adults and between the ages of 12 and 17 many feel the urge to test boundaries (Max Planck
Society, 2017)1.
Saxony's police are confronted with a new dimension of juvenile crime, which is mainly directed
against their own age group. With 124 crimes last year, Dresden is the capital of youth gang crime
in the Free State. That is a good three times as many acts as in 2021, almost twice as many as
before Corona. Young people are increasingly committing crimes against their peers. In Dresden,
a special commission is now investigating. (Wolf, 2023)2.
By far the most frequently recorded crime among suspected children and adolescents was theft
in 2021, according to police crime statistics, ahead of offenses such as assault, property damage
or drug-related crime among juveniles. Among adolescent suspects, on the other hand, offenses
in the area of narcotics crime were registered most frequently. The violent crime most frequently
charged to suspects under the age of 21 was dangerous and grievous bodily harm in 2021. Murder
- the worst crime in German criminal law - was accused of a total of 100 of the recorded underage
and adolescent suspects in the same year (Statista GmbH, 2023)3.
Youth violence is a global public health problem. It encompasses a range of acts from bullying and
physical altercations to more serious sexual and physical assaults and homicides. Globally,
approximately 200,000 homicides occur each year among youth ages 10-29, representing 42% of
all annual homicides worldwide. Homicide is the fourth leading cause of death among 10-29 year
olds, and 84% of these homicides involve male victims. For every young person killed, there are
many more injuries that require hospital treatment. In one study, 3-24% of women reported that
their first sexual experience was coerced. When it is not fatal, youth violence has serious, often
lifelong, effects on a person's physical, psychological, and social functioning (United Nations,
Office of the Secretary, 2015)4.
1
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faktencheck Jugendkriminalität, 27.02.2017
2
Tobias Wolf, FreiePresse/Nachrichten, 08.02.2023
3
Statista GmbH, Statitstiken und Daten zur Jugendkriminalität in Deutschland, 28.11.2022
4
United Nations, Office of the Secretary- General's Envoy on Youth; Youth Violence, Reviewed October 2015
5
1.3 Justification of the relevance of the task
Young people are more likely to commit crimes than other age groups, especially violent ones.
The fact that young people transgress boundaries is part of growing up. But youth violence is
considered an indicator of societal crises (Buth, 2019)5 .
Figure 1 shows the distribution of suspects into children, adolescents, and adolescents in selected
violent crimes in Germany in 2021 (Statista GmbH, 2023)6.
Increases in juvenile crime should be reason to address possible causes, if only because
corresponding behavior creates victims, some of whom are impaired for life because of the
victimization they experience. Knowledge of the causes can help to develop new or further
preventive measures and thus to prevent victimization and perpetration (Baier, 2022)7.
Fig. 1 Children, adolescents and young adults suspected of committing selected violent crimes in
Germany, year 2021 (Statista GmbH , 2023)8
1.4 Justification of the choice of method
The data analyses needed to discuss the relevance and rise of violence among young people
focus predominantly on official statistics such as police crime statistics (PKS)9 as well as law
enforcement and prison statistics. These data represent the so-called bright field of crime, i.e., the
officially registered crime. Depending on the crime, a varying proportion of crimes are in the dark
field, i.e. criminal acts that have not come to the attention of the law enforcement authorities. Dark
field studies must be included, as for example the pandemic situation COVID 19 was a special
5
Buth, Christine, Youth Violence in Germany, PlanetWissen/Psych., 2019
6
7
Baier, Dirk, Development of Juvenile Delinquency, Zurich, 2022
8
9
BKA, PKS 2021
feature in a recent evaluation. Since the spring of 2020, phases of lockdown and associated
restrictions in contacts and the use of public spaces greatly influenced the daily lives of all people
in Germany (German Youth Institute, Child and Youth Crime Prevention Unit, 2021)10 . Dark field
studies are usually designed in such a way that a representative sample of the population or a
population group is interviewed about their experiences with criminal behavior (Baier, 2022)11 . A
distinction is made between victim and offender groups bzw. perpetrator interviews..
The (police) brightfield data refer to all crimes and suspects registered in Germany. A distinction
is made between German and non-German suspects; however, a migration background as in
other statistics is not recorded (Bundeskriminalamt, 2021)12.
1.5 Aim of the work
On 23.03.2023, the talk show "Markus Lanz" revolved around the violent death of 12-year-old
Luise in Freudenberg, who is said to have been killed by two 12- and 13-year-old girls, according
to investigations announced so far(Rheinische Post, 2023)13.
Fig. 2 The talk show "Markus Lanz" on 23.03.3023; Foto: ZDF

The panel discussion revealed the difference between opinions based on emotional experiences
and observations based on a neutral background and supported by scientific studies.
Measures to prevent violence among young people were presented, but also demands for harsh
punitive measures such as lowering the age of criminal responsibility, which is currently 14 years.
This shows that the topic serves many emotions and that exaggeration made by the media can
negatively influence an objective formation of opinion. Therefore, this work should provide data
and facts, in order to then be able to transition to the solution approaches and outlooks.
10
DJI, Zahlen-Date-Fakten Jugendgewalt, Mai 2021
11
12
BKA, PKS 2021
13
Rheinische Post (2023), Der Markus Lanz Talk über Freudenberg „Das müssten unsere Kinder uns wert sein“
7
2 Main part
2.1 Theoretical foundations
2.1.1 Age groups

When talking about youth violence, different age groups are considered (Bundesministerium der
Justiz, 04.08.1953, zuletzt geändert durch Art. 21 G v. 25.06.2021)14:
Fig. 3 Age groups and limits, §1 Abs. 2 Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG)
2.1.2 Definition of youth violence

Robbery: snatching something by force or taking something away under threat of force (e.g. bag,
bicycle or money).
Blackmail: Demands to give money or items (e.g. jacket, watch, shoes) and threatens violence if
not willing to do so.
Assault with a weapon: Deliberately injures with a weapon (e.g. knife), an object (e.g.chain), or by
kicking with heavy shoes/boots.
Assault by multiple people: beaten, kicked, choked or otherwise physically attacked by or with
several people, causing injury (e.g. a bleeding wound or a black eye).
Assault by a single person: beaten, kicked, choked, or otherwise physically attacked by a single
person, causing injury (without the use of a weapon or object).
Sexual harassment: Touched indecently against the victim's will, e.g. between the legs or on the
chest.
Sexual violence: Forced to engage in sexual acts or to endure sexual acts through violence or
serious threat of violence against the victim's will.
Bullying and cyberbullying: Although young people are increasingly equipped with digital media, it
can only be assumed that cases of cyberbullying are increasing. Unfortunately, there have been
few reliable estimates and time series for Germany so far. Therefore, the temporal course of the
phenomenon was examined using representative surveys from the years 2013, 2015, and 2017
in the federal state of Lower Saxony (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann, & Kliem, 2020)15. The results
showed that victims of cyberbullying increased statistically significantly over the observation years.
More precise evaluations also showed that there is a convergence in terms of gender and that the
14
BMJ, JGG, akt. Vers. V. 25.06.2021
15
Krieg et al (2019), Jugendliche in Niedersachsen, Ergebnisse Niedersachsensurvey
group of young people with a migration background is increasingly affected. With regard to
cyberbullying perpetration, the temporal trend is largely stable. However, the analyses indicate
that increasing prevalence rates can be observed for male respondents as well as for young
people with a migration background (Kliem, Krieg, & Baier, 2020)16.
2.1.3 Development of youth violence

The number of juvenile criminals in Germany rose rapidly between 1993 and 1998: by more than
50 percent to more than 300,000 juvenile suspects per year. The media and researchers searched
for explanations, and the public was alarmed. Youth violence was named as a problem for the first
time. It was not until after 1998 that the numbers of violent youths declined slightly. However, the
number of unreported cases is high. It is therefore difficult to make statements about concrete
figures. However, the statistics show that there is a positive trend: There is a downward trend in
violent crime among young people (Buth, 2019)17.
In 2017, just under 40,000 bodily injury offenses were attributable to juvenile offenders. This
corresponded to a share of 8.5 percent in terms of the total number of all bodily injury offenses in
Germany (Bundeskriminalamt, 2021)18.
In 2020, the number of young suspects registered by the police in the area of (intentional) simple
assault decreased overall compared to 2019. Differentiated by age groups, a similar picture
emerges as in the area of violent crime: In the group of suspected children under 14 years of age,
the numbers have decreased compared to the previous year (-17%). There was also a further
decline in the number of juveniles suspected of the same crimes (-16.5%). A decrease can also
be seen in the groups of adolescents (-15.8%) and young adults (-10.5%) (Deutsches
Jugendinstitut, Arbeitsstelle Kinder- und Jugendkriminalitätsprävention, 2021)19.
The same is confirmed by the police crime statistics s. fig.4:
Fig. 4 Overview of young people suspected of crimes by age, 2019 and 2020, police crime
statistics, 2021
16
Kliem, S. et al (2020), Allg. u.spezif. Entwicklung von CM unter Jugendlichen, Kindheit&Entwicklung
17
Buth, Christine, Jugendgewalt in Deutschland, PlanetWissen/Psych., 2019
18
BKA, PKS 2021
19
DJI, Zahlen-Daten-Fakten Jugendgewalt, Mai 2021
9
Compared with the rest of Germany, Saxony ranks in the middle with 132 juvenile prisoners in
2022 (s. Fig. 5):
Fig. 5 Number of Juvenile Prisoners in Germany by Federal State, Statista GmbH 2023
As of the reporting date of March 31, 2022, of a total of 42,492 prisoners and persons in preventive
detention in Germany, there were 2,760 prisoners (6.5%) in juvenile detention (closed and open).
This was the lowest number since 2010 (see Fig.6). In 2022, the vast majority of prisoners in the
juvenile prison system were male.
(Statista GmbH, 2023)20.
20
Fig. 6 Number of prisoners in the juvenile prison system in germany from 2014 – 2022, Statista
GmbH 2023
Nevertheless, there has been a change in the way young people behave. The police crime
statistics note an "increased willingness to use violence with a lowered inhibition threshold" and
"sometimes brutal behavior.
2.2 Causes of violence among young people
All researchers agree that everyone has aggression and is capable of violence. But when do
young people act out their aggression? One thing is certain: There is no simple causal principle
with cause and effect, but rather a whole network of risk factors. It is also clear that a biological
disorder is rarely the reason why a young person becomes violent. (Buth, 2019)21.
In the following, some possible influences will be considered.
2.2.1 Social causes

Family and society
A rather poor social situation can generally be classified as a risk factor for juvenile delinquency.
This is described, for example, by the anomie theory according to Merton and/or Durkheim. It
argues that aggression arises in a society when the existing living conditions do not allow
opportunities for social integration or social success. Children from such strata become aggressive,
for example, when they see no other opportunities to achieve the goals prevailing in society (e.g.,
consumption of status symbols or goals set in school such as good grades, class goals, school
21
11
graduation). The aggression potential of those children increases who feel like losers in society at
a very early age and experience feelings of humiliation, demoralization and exclusion.
However, the decisive factor in children's development is not a particular social class affiliation,
but the educational environment. Studies show that children from a positive educational
environment have a positive attitude toward violent behavior. The majority of perpetrators and
perpetrator-victims have grown up in an unfavorable family climate (parents' upbringing behavior
that is not child-oriented/appropriate). (Melzer & Schubarth, 2006)22.
Right-wing extremist, misanthropic and discriminatory attitudes are not uncommon and can lead
to aggressively motivated actions. The survey in NRW showed that more than one in ten ninth
graders (10.1%) had committed at least one discriminatory act or offense against people with
disabilities, homosexuals, homeless people, foreigners, Jews or Muslims. When looking at right-
wing extremist crimes committed by juveniles in the overall index, there are no changes in 2019
compared to 2017.
The PiT student survey District of Leipzig 2020 23 also documents an approval of xenophobic
statements:
Fig. 7 PiT Student survey (2019/20) Leipziger Land, xenophobia
22
Melzer, W/ Schubert, W. (2006) Gewalt als soziales Problem an Schulen
23
Ergebnisdarstellung der CTC Schülerbefragung 2020 im Landkreis Leipzig
Fig. 8 PiT student survey (2019/20) Leipziger Land, anti-democratic statements.
Media consumption and violent behavior
Another social cause besides family and social circumstances is the media, especially electronic
media. Due to the ever-increasing medialization of everyday life at school and in childhood, this
point is clearly gaining in importance. Melzer and Schubarth (Melzer & Schubarth, 2006)24 have
already established a clear link between media consumption and violent behavior among young
people in schools. They were able to work out that critical media consumption (violence, sex, porn)
contributes to an increase in the readiness for aggression, i.e. it lowers the inhibition threshold.
The more often a child sees such films with critical content, the more likely he or she is to advocate
violence and also to use violence. Another observation was that children/adolescents who are
more aggressive and more prone to violence for other reasons, possibly those mentioned above,
are more likely to watch violent or sex films.
Clearly refuted was the claim that children could vent their aggression by consuming violence and
sex films.
Numerous empirical studies in the past have shown a connection between alcohol and violence
in adolescence (Kuntsche, Gmel, & Annaheim, 2006)25. Over the years, a representative survey
in the NRW school survey has shown an increase in first-time alcohol consumption behavior. The
consumption behavior of illicit drugs remains constant. Alcohol continues to be the most common
substance use behavior among young people: At least once a week, 13.4% of adolescents drink,
while 26.2% of students* have engaged in binge drinking in the past 30 days. There are slight
tendencies towards increasing alcohol consumption, although the specific form of binge drinking
24
25
Kuntsche et al (2006), Alkohol und Gewalt im Jugendalter
13
tends to decrease. (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann, & Kliem, 2020) 26
Fig. 9 Age of first use of various drugs in annual comparison (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann, & Kliem,
2020)
Group membership and violent behavior

This does not mean that belonging to a group is in itself conducive to violence, but that belonging
to aggressive and intolerant groups is. One's own behavior and attitude are influenced by those
of friends. However, it is certainly also the case that violent young people look for a like-minded
group from the outset. Thus, group membership cannot be seen as the cause of a readiness to
use violence, but rather as a reinforcing factor. (Melzer & Schubarth, 2006)27.
School Culture
Since the data show that many violent attacks occur at school, it is also important to advance a
school-related analysis of the causes of violent acts by students in order to arrive at effective
prevention approaches for schools on the basis of the corresponding results.
For this purpose, only a few influencing factors are listed here:
- problematic teacher-student relationships (Funk, 1994)28
- "learning culture" or professionalism of the teacher's actions with true-to-life, student-oriented
teaching and support geared to student needs (Meier, 1997)29.
- school stresses and problems in terms of performance requirements with regard to the respective
coping possibilities of the student
2.2.2 Psychological causes

Many young people seek self-affirmation through violence. They defend their honor, gain respect,
demonstrate strength and assertiveness. They establish hierarchies. Violence gives them a sense
of power and superiority. They become masters over their victims. Violent youths usually describe
themselves as assertive, dominant and self-confident. In the perpetrators' self-image, their
26
27
28
Funk, W. (1995), Nürnberger Schüler Studie 1994: Gewalt an Schulen, S. 201ff
29
Meier,U. (1997), Gewalt im Sozialökologischen Kontext der Schule, S235
behavior requires courage. Proven perpetrators often simply enjoy violence. That's why it doesn't
always have to be conflicts that trigger violence. Violence can also become an end in itself. Most
Violent young people have hardly any feelings of guilt and are not very willing to change their
behavior. They respond to accusations with justifications and downplaying. It was the victim's fault,
the whole thing somehow "went badly wrong“ (Buth, 2019)30
High levels of stress and pressure to perform can also be reflected in an act of violence if the
respective compensation level is exceeded.
2.2.3 Biological causes

These should only be mentioned here for the sake of completeness and should not be discussed
in depth. Factors such as hereditary dispositions, developmental delays, possible complications
during pregnancy or birth defects, serious illnesses, disabilities, nutritional deficiencies, allergies
and hypersensitivities, as well as other predispositions in the child also play a role in the
development of aggressive behavior.
2.3 Effects of violence among young people
Experiences of violence in childhood and adolescence are associated with negative

consequences, especially for those affected, but also for the young perpetrators. More than one
in three adolescents has already experienced violence in their lifetime. The comparison of the
lifetime prevalence of victimhood of all surveyed violent offenses taken together has shown that
at no previous time of the survey have so many young people had to experience victimhood of
violence in their lives as the young people in the Lower Saxony Survey 2019 (Krieg, Rook,
Beckmann, & Kliem, 2020)31. The most significant increase is for assault by a single person and
sexual harassment.
Symptoms of experiencing and behaving violently can show up on the body level in the form of
eating and sleeping disorders, nail biting, wetting or defecating (after the child was already dry).
On the other hand, the child's psyche may react with excessive anxiety, shyness and symptoms
of dejection, gloom and sadness. Concentration and attention deficits are common.
In the social realm, aggressiveness, extreme tantrums, impulsivity, fidgetiness, overexcitement,
and high distractibility may be further expressions of what a child does not know how to process
in any other way. Low self-esteem, weak or negative self-assessment can be a consequence of
this (Raithel, 2018)32.
2.3.1 Victim Perspective

A representative survey of students in Lower Saxony from 2017 and 2019. (Krieg, Rook,
Beckmann, & Kliem, 2020) 33 with ultimately 12 444 analyzable data records surveyed the
experience of violence (robbery, extortion, assault, and sexual harassment)
a) already once in their past life (lifetime prevalence) and
b) in the past twelve months
30
31
32
Raithel, M.-A. (2018), Gewalt unter Kindern, Erfahrungen aus der Beratungspraxis
33
15
Fig. 10 Victim experience of violence in 2017 and 2019 (%, weighted data.; Krieg et al.,
Niedersachsensurvey)
Fig. 11 Lifetime prevalence of violence victimization experiences compared over time, KV=
bodily injury (in %, weighted data; bold: difference from 2019 significant at p<.05; Krieg et al.,
Lower Saxony Survey.)
With the exception of a nonsignificant difference in victimization of a robbery from 2017, youth in
the 2019 survey differ from youth in previous surveys in every offense. At no previous survey time
have so many youth experienced victimization of violence in their lives (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann,
& Kliem, 2020)34.
What is striking is the 'crime scene' school, the age clustering between 14 and 17 years and that
it is a matter of known perpetrators. In almost half of the cases, the matter was clarified after the
crime had been committed.
34
Fig. 12 Places of violence, Krieg et al., Niedersachsensurvey
In only 13.3% of the cases were the police informed after the crime. Furthermore, 7.0 % of the
young people stated that the perpetrator(s) was/are caught by the police.
The study also evaluates whether there are different reporting rates depending on the offense. It
is striking that robbery is reported most frequently, while sexual harassment is reported least
frequently.
Fig.13 Reporting rates of different crimes (Krieg et al, Niedersachsensurvey)

35
35
17
An examination of the constellation of origin of the victims and perpetrators shows that there is a
significant correlation with the reporting rate. Descriptively, it can be seen that a violent crime was
reported least frequently when both the victim and the perpetrator were of German origin (10.5 %).
The crime was most frequently reported if the victim had a German origin and the perpetrator(s)
had a migration background (17.4 %). Victims with a migration background also reported
perpetrators who also had a migration background more often (15.5 %) than perpetrators without
a migration background (12.3 %).
A visible success of the past years is that the willingness of young victims to report violent acts
committed by other young people has increased (Buth, 2019)36.
2.3.2 Perpetrator perspective

Countering conflicts with violence is a strategy that children often learn from their parents. Violence
is passed on from generation to generation. Studies have shown that young people who are
particularly likely to be perpetrators are also more likely to be victims of violence. A problematic
housing situation can also be a risk factor. Lack of language skills, violent movies or computer
games, social envy and boredom - all of these can have a negative effect. Aggressive young
people usually have a low level of schooling and below-average grades. So they can hardly find
recognition in the academic sphere. Since their future prospects are rather bleak anyway, there is
a growing risk that the young people will struggle for a strong sense of self-worth on another level:
with violence. Aggressive young people are often concerned with earning respect - by devaluing
others (Buth, 2019)37.
In the NRW student survey, 13.7% of young people have already hit, kicked, choked or otherwise
assaulted someone alone at some point in their lives. Together with several other people, 4.3 %
have done so. Third most often (2.3 %) the students stated that they had already robbed someone
in their life. For 1.7% of the young people are responsible for an assault with a weapon. One in
100 juveniles has already blackmailed someone in their life. With regard to sexual offenses, 1.1 %
of the respondents have already sexually harassed someone and 0.4 % have already sexually
assaulted someone. (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann, & Kliem, 2020)38.
2.4 Prevention and intervention
The prevention of crime and violence among children and young people has developed
considerably in terms of quality and quantity over the past 20 years. A variety of concepts for
preventing child and youth crime have been established and cooperation between child and youth
welfare, schools, police and the judiciary has been strengthened.(Bundesfamilienministerium,
2022)39.
According to the Basic Law, the task for preventive measures lies with the states and municipalities.
The Federal Ministry of Youth actively contributes to action strategies and provides suggestions
and advice.
2.4.1 Approaches to violence prevention

Through ministries of education, state governments, the Federal Agency for Civic Education, and
the Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth (BMFSFJ), a wide range
of information is available, e.g., via the German Education Server (Bildungsserver, 2022)40 with
- statements, reports and publications on violence prevention
36
37
38
39
Bundesjugendministerium (2022), Arbeitsstelle für kinder- und Jugendkriminalprävention
40
Deutscher Bildungsserver, letzte Aktualisierung 12/2022
- teaching materials and programs on violence prevention
- projects on violence prevention, and much more,
which is why I do not want to go into detail here.
2.4.2 Measures for intervention with violent adolescents

Parents should act as positive role models and resolve conflicts themselves constructively and
with words from the very beginning. "It is very important to develop these skills in the child by
arguing objectively with the child, so that the child learns to perceive its own needs, to name them
correctly and to contribute in a constructive way; so that its own emotions are perceived and
reflected and the child realizes that it will get further - especially in the long term - if it can solve
conflicts in successful social interaction" (Prof. Dr. Stephan Bender, 2021) 41.
Strategies for impulse control can be trained, so that the adolescent succeeds in consciously
perceiving and calming himself down even before an aggressive action.
Medical-psychotherapeutic forms of treatment can be useful in severe cases that are severely
limiting for the adolescent himself.
A particularly proven form of therapy is multi-systemic therapy, which is an aggression therapy
over a longer period of time, which includes the environment.
2.5 Prevention and intervention of the city of Borna/ the district

In "Prävention im Team" or PiT for short, the police, the State Office for Schools and Education,
and the Health and Youth Welfare Office of the Leipzig district cooperate. Through the project, a
survey was launched among schoolchildren on risk and protective factors for children and young
people. Around 30 percent of students from grade 5 in the Leipzig district provided information
online from October 2019 to February 2020 about their experiences and also about their fears and
concerns. The survey was intended to record the need for prevention services in the Leipzig
district in order to support schools, youth welfare services and local authorities in their educational
work(Landkreis Leipzig, 2021)42.
From the survey, existing misconduct, existing risk factors and missing protective factors were
worked out as a conclusion for the cause justification, which can serve as a recommendation for
schools, youth welfare and municipalities to derive appropriate preventive measures.
(Landespräventionsrat Sachsen, 2021)43:
41
Bender, St. (2021), Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters,
Uniklinik Köln.
42
Landkreis Leipzig (2021), Website
43
Präventionsrat LKL (2021), CTC Schülerbefragung
19
Fig. 14 Conclusion and recommendations from the Leipzig district student survey 2019/2020
As an example for other schools, the school year prevention plan of the Gymnasium Am Breiten
Teich Borna is mentioned here, which takes up the above-mentioned facts and offers educational
and informational events on these topics across the respective grade levels.(Gymnasium am
Breiten Teich, 2022/2023)44.
2.6 own contribution earned
Violence in childhood can have far-reaching and lifelong psychosocial and physical consequences
(Deegener, 2019)45. For example, several studies support the hypothesis that childhood abuse and
maltreatment affect brain development. Some studies have shown the effects of child abuse on the
DNA and brain of victims (Rivera, 2023)46.
In order to clarify the impact of violence in youth on development and later well-being, the following
expert interview was conducted.
In order to be able to compare youth violence in Germany, I have included a European comparison
in my own part, using the example of youth violence in Great Britain.
2.6.1 Professional interview

Leipzig, 04.03.2023 12:30 pm
44
Gymnasium Am Breiten Teich, Präventionsplan 2022-23
45
Deegener, G. (2019) Gewalt in der Kindheit und ihre Folgen
46
Rivers, Ch. (2023) Gewalt in der Kindheit hinterlässt Spuren im Gehirn
Interviewpartner: Private lecturer Dr. med. habil. C. Hirsch (CH), specialist in neurology and
psychiatry; former chief physician of the District Hospital for Psychiatry
Leipzig-Dösen
Interview conducted: Luke Schwarz (LS)
LS: What is your general professional experience with violence in adolescence?
CH: Violence in youth is more common than one might think. Especially in cases of abuse,
patients do not talk about these acts for decades until it suddenly comes up and comes to
light in situations of high pressure or in case of illness.
LS: Can violence in youth be said to trigger mental illness or disorder later?
CH: Violence in adolescence is not generally a cause of manifest mental illness, but it certainly
has a negative influence on the personal development and conflict management strategies
of adolescents. Violence causes fears, and fears result in negative actions. Both sides are
affected, the victims as well as the perpetrators.
LS: Could you give me examples of this?
CH: Perpetrators, for example, develop a lack of emotionality, which may well result from their
own experience if there is a lot of violence in the parental home or if they grow up in a
violent environment/group. One loses empathy with fellow human beings, the victim, the
intensity of violence increases.
From the victim role, increased vulnerability, fearfulness and insecurity develop. The self-
esteem of these people cannot develop or declines, and they tend increasingly to withdraw
and avoid behavior.
LS: What advice do you have on how not to do that after an experience of violence?
CH: It is essential to talk about what happened, to involve a trusted person, not to repress the
act and the feelings. In this way, you can also prepare yourself to react differently in the
event of a recurrence.
LS: Can psychological damage caused by violence ever be healed?
CH: Of course it is possible, but it also always depends on the primary personality of the
respective person.
LS: how can education influence how one responds to violence?
CH: Children learn strength and power only through love, warmth, acceptance (also of mistakes)
and understanding. Children must be taught by their parents that such incidents must be
worked through together, that they cannot do it alone or cope with it. For this purpose, it is
necessary as parents to impart an ego understanding to the child, so that he or she will
later also know what it is that he or she can manage. Parents have to want to understand
that and what moves their child and then get that out of the child.
LS: How do you recognize a violent person and protect yourself?
CH: That is certainly not always easy. Violent groups can often be easily recognized by their
common appearance and should be avoided or help should be sought, for example by
calling the police.
With individuals, this is more difficult.
LS: How can I myself prevent the threat of violence in a situation with other young people?
CH: So-called de-escalation strategies depend on the situation and are therefore difficult to
answer in general terms. One should keep in mind that aggression is often an expression
of a psychological escalation or a fear situation. It is not always purely malicious.
21
There are in the context of a de-escalation the professional trainings first to the discussion
guidance and in the second step to the fixation measure e.g. like the police receives it.
Medical personnel additionally have the possibility to sedate with medication.
LS: Have you ever been attacked by a patient?
CH: No, never. There have certainly been situations where patients have become aggressive
and then violent, so doctors and nurses have had to intervene.
No matter who it was, I always tried to keep the conversation calm, polite and above all
respectful. I have always done well with this. It becomes problematic when you feel a lot
of fear yourself.
LS: What advice would you give to schools?
CH: There needs to be more education and more communication in schools and among
teachers.
Violent students are exceptional situations, often autoaggressive states. Every
aggressiveness has an underlying cause, a discomfort or unmet needs. These causes
must be sought by the teachers, the students carry a pain or negative feelings such as
envy, which must be brought out and discussed as with their own children. Incidents must
be addressed and discussed.
Aggression also emerges in the formation of rank or "pecking" orders among young people.
If this is positively confirmed, i.e. successful, and not stopped, later attitudes such as
hooligans develop from this.
Violence begets violence again and again, victims become perpetrators and perpetrators
produce victims again - that is the spiral of violence.
LS: Thank you very much for this interview!
2.6.2 Youth violence in a European comparison using the example of Great Britain
In 2007, 27 children and teenagers died in London from knife attacks, fatal shootings or brutal
beatings. In 2020, there were 30 teenagers (RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland (rnd), 2021)47.
Calls for harsher penalties are growing louder in the British debate, but there is little room for
maneuver, as British children are already of age to be punished as of the age of ten (Archiv
Deutschlandfunk, 2008)48.
Since 2014/15, the total number of incidents involving knives or sharp objects in the UK has almost
doubled. The Mirror talks of 40,000 incidents of knife violence in GB in 2018 (Zastiral, 2019)49, a
7% increase in the youth community (Fauconnier, 2019)50. In 2019/20, around 46,000 cases were
recorded in England (excluding the Greater Manchester region) and Wales. Young men between
the ages of 18 and 24 are the main victims. But perpetrators and victims are becoming younger
and younger. For example, the number of offenses committed by under-18s increased by 77
percent between 2016 and 2018 alone, and the number of under-16 hospital victims nearly
doubled since 2012 (Schmalz, 2021)51.
47
RadaktionsNetzwerk D (2021) Trauriger Jahresrekord
48
Deutschlandfunk (2008), Jugendgewalt in Großbritannien
49
Zastiral, S. (4. Juni 2019). Gewalt als Symptom einer kranken Gesellschaft. Der Spiege
50
Fauconnier, M. (2019), Internationaler Tag der Jugend: Jugendkriminalität in GB: Zeit zu handeln
51
Schmalz, A. (2021), England: Messergewalt wird zur „Seuche einer Generation“
Fig. 15 Crimes with knives or other sharp objects (England and Wales), Schmalz, A. Berliner
Zeitung 2021
Juvenile Justice GB statistics released in January 2018 highlight another high number of youth
registered in the juvenile justice system: over 14,000 new registrations, 26,000 youth admonished
or adjudicated, and nearly 71,000 delinquency cases in 2017 alone (Ministry of Justice, 2018)52.
In addition, according to the Department of Justice, the juvenile justice system has again failed to
prevent these children from committing further offenses, with nearly 41% of children reoffending
within 12 months, committing an average of 3.92 offenses (Fauconnier, 2019)53.
The British Youth Council cites poverty and inequality as causes. Other accusations include rigid
austerity measures, which have contributed to the rise in youth violence. Hundreds of youth
centers have been closed in recent years and hundreds of millions of pounds have been cut from
youth services. It is no coincidence that after cuts to the youth affairs budget, youth crime has
risen again. A 2018 study shows that support per child for all children's affairs in England fell from
£813 in 2010 to £553 in 2017. Boroughs in London where youth crime reaches extreme levels
have suffered the most severe cuts, with a 49% drop (ProBono Economics, Action for Children,
Barnardo’s, NSPCC, The Children’s Society, National Children’s Bureau, 2022)54 . In addition,
nearly 20,000 police positions had been eliminated in the 2010s.
Gangs play a central role. Gang wars prevail in many neighborhoods, revenge and revenge are
the order of the day, violence is seen as a special sign of courage and masculinity (Fauconnier,
201955).
52
Ministry of Justice (2018), Youth Justice Statistics 2017/18
53
54
ProBono Economics, Action for Children (2022), Stop the Spiral
55
23
3 Conclusion and outlook
A very important reason for the emergence of violence between young people is, in addition to the
family milieu in which the young people grow up, the social gap between what are socially consi-
dered desirable status symbols and the, in contrast, often unequal distribution of the available
resources (such as money, influence, relationships). It seems understandable to me that disad-
vantaged children cannot escape this pressure. They do not have the socio-cultural resources
necessary to achieve these goals. For example, in addition to economic disadvantages, they have
not learned in the context of their social competence to communicate socially adequately, to ques-
tion their own behaviors, or the behaviors in school do not correspond to those in the parental
home (Myschker, 1999 S. 99)56.
It follows that aggressive behavior must not be considered as a one-sided result of developmental
conditions of the respective adolescent or of environmental conditions alone, but always as the
result of an interaction between a genetically unique individual and the very specific conditions of
his environment (Stangl, 2023)57.
The first sharp rise in youth violence in Germany from reunification to 1998 is already explained
by a whole bundle of causes. In addition to the individual problems of young people at that time,
there was also acquisitive crime in the drug scenes, youth unemployment, the lack of integration
of young people from abroad, the emergence of the Internet with all the possibilities of accessing
violent content, and the fundamental social insecurity caused by rapid social and economic
change (Buth, 2019)58.
However, the statistics show that there is a positive trend: There is a downward trend in violent
crime among young people. In 2017, just under 40,000 bodily injury offenses were attributable to
juvenile offenders. This corresponds to a share of 8.5 percent in terms of the total number of all
bodily injury offenses in Germany (Buth, 2019)59.
Nevertheless, there has been a change in the way young people behave. The police crime statis-
tics note an "increased willingness to use violence with a lowered inhibition threshold" and "some-
times brutal behavior. Many of the rules that used to apply to fights between young people seem
to have dissolved today: the head is very much a target and it is by no means always over when
the victim is lying on the ground and gives up (Baier, 2022)60.
Another important conclusion from the results of school-related violence research is that, contrary
to the widespread assumption that it is merely a matter of the venue, schools bear a clear share
of responsibility as a so-called field of socialization (Melzer & Schubarth, 2006)61. The relevance
of school culture for the emergence and extent of violence among students has been demonst-
rated. In particular, teacher professionalism, the way teachers deal with violence and the intact
climate and interaction within a class are important prerequisites or protective measures
for/against the emergence of violence among young people.
In the last two decades, numerous strategies of crime prevention in general and violence preven-
tion in particular have been developed and implemented in the fields of action of child and youth
welfare, school, police and justice. They make an important contribution to the prevention of acts
56
Myschker, N. (1999) Verhaltensstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
57
Stangl, W. (2023) Anomie, Online Lexikon Psychologie
58
59
60
61
of violence with predominantly educational/educational offers (Deutsches Jugendinstitut, Arbeits-
stelle Kinder- und Jugendkriminalitätsprävention, 2021)62.
The end of a young person's propensity for violence usually comes on its own. In most cases,
violence is discarded with adolescence. Most young people who go through an aggressive phase
later become peaceful adults who never attract attention again. The peak of violence is around
the age of 16 to 21, after which violence declines (Buth, 2019)63.
Nevertheless, prevention and youth work are indispensable and must continue to be promoted as
an important task of child and youth welfare. For this purpose, the city of Borna has established,
among other things, the project "Prevention in the Team", PiT for short. Here, the police, the State
Office for Schools and Education and the Health and Youth Welfare Office of the Leipzig district
cooperate with the aim of supporting schools, youth welfare services and local authorities in their
educational work and developing prevention measures. These prevention measures must be
geared to the opportunities and lifeworlds of young people and be given a firm place. In addition,
we must regularly make conditions that promote and inhibit violence visible using various tools
such as analyses at school, class and individual level, deal with them openly, evaluate them and
draw appropriate conclusions. Only from this can we react to our local environment, develop
appropriate prevention and intervention concepts as part of our respective schools and control
developments.
As a cautionary example, we can observe the negative effects on youth violence by looking at
Great Britain due to cuts and austerity measures in budgets for youth affairs. Here it could be
demonstrably shown how a society changes when the government does not listen to its young
people and does not respond to their fears.
62
DJI, Zahlen-Daten-Fakten Jugendgewalt, Mai 2021
63
25
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 Rivera, C. R. (12. Januar 2023). Gewalt in der Kindheit hinterlässt Spuren im Gehirn.
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 Zastiral, S. (4. Juni 2019). Gewalt als Symptom einer kranken Gesellschaft. Der Spiegel.
27
4.2 List of Figures
 Fig. 1 Tatverdächtige Kinder, Jugendliche und Heranwachsende bei ausgewählten
Gewaltverbrechen in D, Jahr 2021 (Statista GmbH, 2023)
 Fig. 2 Die Talkrunde bei "Markus Lanz" am 23.03.3023; Foto: ZDF
 Fig. 3 Altersgruppen und -grenzen, vgl. §1 Abs. 2 Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG)
 Fig. 4 Übersicht über tatverdächtige junge Menschen nach Alter, 2019 und 2020, Polizeiliche
Kriminalstatistik, 2021
 Fig. 5 Anzahl Strafgefangene im Jugendstrafvollzug in D nach Bundesländern, Statista
GmbH 2023
 Fig. 6 Anzahl der Strafgefangenen im Jugendstrafvollzug in D von 2014 – 2022, Statista
GmbH 2023
 Fig. 7 PiT Schülerbefragung (2019/20) Leipziger Land, Ausländerfeindlichkeit
 Fig. 8 PiT Schülerbefragung (2019/20) Leipziger Land, antidemokratische Aussagen
 Fig. 9 Erstkonsumalter verschiedener Drogen im Jahresvergleich (Krieg, Rook, Beckmann, &
Kliem, 2020)
 Fig. 10 Gewaltopfererfahrungen 2017 und 2019 (in %, gewichtete Daten; Krieg et al.,
Niedersachsensurvey)
 Fig. 11 Lebenszeitprävalenz der Gewaltopfererfahrungen im Zeitvergleich, KV=
Körperverletzung (in %, gewichtete Daten; fett: Unterschied zu 2019 signifikant bei p<.05;
Krieg et al., Niedersachsensurvey)
 Fig. 12 Orte der Gewalt, Krieg et al., Niedersachsensurvey
 Fig. 13 Anzeigeraten unterschiedlicher Delikte (Krieg et al., Niedersachsensurvey)
 Fig. 14 Fazit und Empfehlungen aus der Schülerbefragung Landkreis Leipzig 2019/2020
 Fig. 15 Straftaten mit Messern oder anderen scharfen Gegenständen (England und Wales),
Schmalz, A. Berliner Zeitung 2021
3 Declaration of independence
I hereby declare that this documentation has been prepared independently and only with the
help of the indicated aids.
I expressly confirm that I have taken the utmost care to identify citations and sources in the
prescribed manner.
_____________________ __________________________
Ort, Datum Unterschrift
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KOMPLEXE LEISTUNG

Violence among young people and

Gymnasium “Am Breiten Teich” Borna

submitted by: Luke Frederik Schwarz, Klasse 10 B

supervisor: Frau T. Götz

Borna, the 04. april 2023

1.1 Rationale for the choice of topic

1.2 Background information and presentation of the underlying problem

1.4 Justification of the choice of method

1.5 Aim of the work

Fig. 2 The talk show "Markus Lanz" on 23.03.3023; Foto: ZDF

2.1 Theoretical foundations

2.1.1 Age groups

Fig. 3 Age groups and limits, §1 Abs. 2 Jugendgerichtsgesetz (JGG)

2.1.2 Definition of youth violence

2.1.3 Development of youth violence

2.2 Causes of violence among young people

2.2.1 Social causes

Fig. 7 PiT Student survey (2019/20) Leipziger Land, xenophobia

Group membership and violent behavior

2.2.2 Psychological causes

2.2.3 Biological causes

2.3 Effects of violence among young people

Experiences of violence in childhood and adolescence are associated with negative

2.3.1 Victim Perspective

Fig.13 Reporting rates of different crimes (Krieg et al, Niedersachsensurvey)

2.3.2 Perpetrator perspective

2.4 Prevention and intervention

2.4.1 Approaches to violence prevention

2.4.2 Measures for intervention with violent adolescents

2.5 Prevention and intervention of the city of Borna/ the district

2.6 own contribution earned

2.6.1 Professional interview

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