Merlo ROTO KSC (R45.19 - R45.

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**Bedienungsanleitungen** Maschine BA ROTO45.24KTJ-Tower Jib ab SAV
B305342 (R4521KTJ-03).pdf Bedienungs- und Wartungsanleitung ROTO 45.21
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Aircraft and
Submarines
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
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Title: Aircraft and Submarines

Author: Willis J. Abbot

Release date: September 20, 2009 [eBook #30047]

Most recently updated: January 5, 2021

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Chris Curnow, Joseph Cooper, Christine P.

Travers and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at
https://www.pgdp.net

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK AIRCRAFT AND

SUBMARINES ***
Transcriber's note: Obvious printer's errors have been corrected.
Hyphenation and accentuation have been standardised, all other
inconsistencies are as in the original. The author's spelling has been
maintained.

Fighting by Sea and Sky.

Painting by John E. Whiting.
 Aircraft and Submarines
The Story of the Invention, Development,
and Present-Day Uses of War's
Newest Weapons

By
 Willis J. Abbot
Author of "The Story of Our Army," "The Story of Our Navy,"
"The Nations at War"

With Eight Color Plates and

100 Other Illustrations

G. P. Putnam's Sons
New York and London
The Knickerbocker Press
1918

Copyright, 1918
By
WILLIS J. ABBOT

The Knickerbocker Press, New York

 PREFACE

Not since gunpowder was first employed in warfare has so

revolutionary a contribution to the science of slaughtering men been
made as by the perfection of aircraft and submarines. The former
have had their first employment in this world-wide war of the nations.
The latter, though in the experimental stage as far back as the
American Revolution, have in this bitter contest been for the first time
brought to so practical a stage of development as to exert a really
appreciable influence on the outcome of the struggle.

Comparatively few people appreciate how the thought of navigating

the air's dizziest heights and the sea's gloomiest depths has obsessed
the minds of inventors. From the earliest days of history men have
grappled with the problem, yet it is only within two hundred years for
aircraft and one hundred for submarines that any really intelligent
start has been made upon its solution. The men who really gave
practical effect to the vague theories which others set up—in aircraft
the Wrights, Santos-Dumont, and Count Zeppelin; in submarines Lake
and Holland—are either still living, or have died so recently that their
memory is still fresh in the minds of all.

In this book the author has sketched swiftly the slow stages by
which in each of these fields of activity success has been attained. He
has collated from the immense mass of records of the activities of
both submarines and aircraft enough interesting data to show the
degree of perfection and practicability to which both have been
brought. And he has outlined so far as possible from existing
conditions the possibilities of future usefulness in fields other than
those of war of these new devices.
 The most serious difficulty encountered in dealing with the present
state and future development of aircraft is the rapidity with which that
development proceeds. Before a Congressional Committee last
January an official testified that grave delay in the manufacture of
airplanes for the army had been caused by the fact that types
adopted a scant three months before had become obsolete, because
of experience on the European battlefields, and later inventions before
the first machines could be completed. There may be exaggeration in
the statement but it is largely true. Neither the machines nor the
tactics employed at the beginning of the war were in use in its fourth
year. The course of this evolution, with its reasons, are described in
this volume.

Opportunities for the peaceful use of airplanes are beginning to

suggest themselves daily. After the main body of this book was in type
the Postmaster-General of the United States called for bids for an
aërial mail service between New York and Washington—an act urged
upon the Government in this volume. That service contemplates a
swift carriage of first-class mail at an enhanced price—the tentative
schedule being three hours, and a postage fee of twenty-five cents an
ounce. There can be no doubt of the success of the service, its value
to the public, and its possibilities of revenue to the post-office. Once
its usefulness is established it will be extended to routes of similar
length, such as New York and Boston, New York and Buffalo, or New
York and Pittsburgh. The mind suggests no limit to the extension of
aërial service, both postal and passenger, in the years of industrial
activity that shall follow the war.

In the preparation of this book the author has made use of many
records of personal experiences of those who have dared the air's
high altitudes and the sea's stilly depths. For permission to use certain
of these he wishes to express his thanks to the Century Co., for
extracts from My Airships by Santos-Dumont; to Doubleday, Page &
Co., for extracts from Flying for France, by James R. McConnell; to
Charles Scribner's Sons, for material drawn from With the French
Flying Corps, by Carroll Dana Winslow; to Collier's Weekly, for certain
extracts from interviews with Wilbur Wright; to McClure's Magazine,
for the account of Mr. Ray Stannard Baker's trip in a Lake submarine;
to Hearst's International Library, and to the Scientific American, for
the use of several illustrations.

W. J. A.

New York, 1918.

 CONTENTS

page

Preface iii
chapter

I. —Introductory 3
II. —The Earliest Flying Men 14
III. —The Services of Santos-Dumont 39
IV. —The Count von Zeppelin 59
V. —The Development of the Airplane 82
VI. —The Training of the Aviator 103
VII. —Some Methods of the War in the Air 123
VIII. —Incidents of the War in the Air 159
IX. —The United States at War 182
X. —Some Features of Aërial Warfare 207
XI. —Beginnings of Submarine Invention 235
XII. —The Coming of Steam and Electricity 256
XIII. —John P. Holland and Simon Lake 271
XIV. —The Modern Submarine 294
XV. —Aboard a Submarine 318
XVI. —Submarine Warfare 333
XVII. —The Future of the Submarine 362

Index 383
 ILLUSTRATIONS

page

Fighting by Sea and Sky Frontispiece

Painting by John E. Whiting
Dropping a Depth Bomb 4
Painting by Lieut. Farré
A Battle in Mid-air 8
Painting by Lieut. Farré
Victory in the Clouds 12
Painting by John E. Whiting
The Fall of the Boche 16
Painting by Lieut. Farré
Lana's Vacuum Balloon 18
Montgolfier's Experimental Balloon 21
A Rescue at Sea 24
Painting by Lieut. Farré
Montgolfier's Passenger Balloon 27
Charles's Balloon 31
A French Observation Balloon on Fire 32
Roberts Brothers' Dirigible 34
Giffard's Dirigible 37
A British Kite Balloon 40
British "Blimp" 40
Photographed from Above.
A Kite Balloon Rising from the Hold of a Ship 48
The Giant and the Pigmies 60
Painting by John E. Whiting
A French "Sausage" 64
Photo by Press Illustrating Co.
A British "Blimp" 64
The Death of a Zeppelin 72
Photo by Paul Thompson
A German Dirigible, Hansa Type 76
A Wrecked Zeppelin at Salonika 76
Photo by Press Illustrating Co.
British Aviators about to Ascend 80
Langley's Airplane 84
A French Airdrome near the Front 84
Lilienthal's Glider 86
A German War Zeppelin 88
French Observation Balloon Seeking Submarines 88
Photo by Press Illustrating Co.
Chanute's Glider 90
A German Taube Pursued by British Planes 92
The First Wright Glider 93
Pilcher's Glider 94
Comparative Strength of Belligerents in Airplanes at
the Opening of the War 96
Comparative Strength of Belligerents in Dirigibles at
the Opening of the War 96

The Wright Glider 98

At a French Airplane Base 100
International Film Service
Stringfellow's Airplane 101
The "America"—Built to Cross the Atlantic 104
A Wright Airplane in Flight 104
First Americans to Fly in France 108
The Lafayette Escadrille
Distinguishing Marks of American Planes 116
What an Aviator must Watch 116
A Caproni Triplane 124
A Caproni Triplane Showing Propellers and Fuselage
124
The Terror that Flieth by Night 128
Painting by Wm. J. Wilson
A Curtis Seaplane Leaving a Battleship 132
Photo by Press Illustrating Co.
Launching a Hydroaëroplane 132
At a United States Training Camp 138
A "Blimp" with Gun Mounted on Top 138
Aviators Descending in Parachutes from a Balloon
Struck by Incendiary Shells 140
The Balloon from which the Aviators Fled 140
German Air Raiders over England 144
One Aviator's Narrow Escape 148
Downed in the Enemy's Country 156
Later Type of French Scout 160
Photo by Kadel & Herbert
Position of Gunner in Early French Machine 160
A French Scout Airplane 168
Photo by Press Illustrating Co.
"Showing Off." A Nieuport Performing Aërial
Acrobatics around a Heavier Bombing Machine 168
An Air Raid on a Troop Train 174
Painting by John E. Whiting
A Burning Balloon, Photographed from a Parachute
by the Escaping Balloonist 176

A Caproni Biplane Circling the Woolworth Building

184
Cruising at 2000 Feet. One Biplane Photographed
from Another 184

An Air Battle in Progress 192

A Curtis Hydroaroplane 192
The U. S. Aviation School at Mineola 208
Miss Ruth Law at Close of her Chicago to New York
Flight 216
A French Aviator between Flights 216
A German "Gotha"—Their Favorite Type 224
A French Monoplane 232
A German Scout Brought to Earth in France 232
A Gas Attack Photographed from an Airplane 240
A French Nieuport Dropping a Bomb 244
A Bomb-Dropping Taube 248
A Captured German Fokker Exhibited at the Invalides
252
A British Seaplane with Folding Wings 252
British Anti-Aircraft Guns 256
An Anti-Aircraft Outpost 264
A Coast Defense Anti-Aircraft Gun 264
The Submarine's Perfect Work 270
Painting by John E. Whiting
Types of American Aircraft 272
For Anti-Aircraft Service 288
The Latest French Aircraft Guns 288
Modern German Airplane Types 296
A German Submarine Mine-Layer Captured by the
British 304
The Exterior of First German Submarine 312
The Interior of First German Submarine, Showing
Appliances for Man-Power 312
A Torpedo Designed by Fulton 320
The Method of Attack by Nautilus 320
The Capture of a U-Boat 324
Painting by John E. Whiting
A British Submarine 336
Sectional View of the Nautilus 336
U. S. Submarine H-3 aground on California Coast
344
Salvaging H-3. Views I, II, and III 348
U. S. Submarine D-1 off Weehawken 352
A Submarine Built for Spain in the Cape Cod Canal
356
A Critical Moment 360
Painting by John E. Whiting
A Submarine Built for Chili Passing through Cape
Cod Canal 364
A Submarine Entrapped by Nets 368
Diagram of a German Submarine Mine-Layer Captured
by British 372

A Submarine Discharging a Torpedo 374

A German Submarine in Three Positions 376
Sectional View of a British Submarine 380
THE CONQUEST OF THE AIR
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY

It was at Mons in the third week of the Great War. The grey-green
German hordes had overwhelmed the greater part of Belgium and
were sweeping down into France whose people and military
establishment were all unprepared for attack from that quarter. For
days the little British army of perhaps 100,000 men, that forlorn hope
which the Germans scornfully called "contemptible," but which man
for man probably numbered more veteran fighters than any similar
unit on either side, had been stoutly holding back the enemy's right
wing and fighting for the delay that alone could save Paris. At Mons
they had halted, hoping that here was the spot to administer to von
Kluck, beating upon their front, the final check. The hope was futile.
Looking back upon the day with knowledge of what General French's
army faced—a knowledge largely denied to him—it seems that the
British escape from annihilation was miraculous. And indeed it was
due to a modern miracle—the conquest of the air by man in the
development of the airplane.

General French was outnumbered and in danger of being flanked on

his left flank. His right he thought safe, for it was in contact with the
French line which extended eastward along the bank of the Somme to
where the dark fortress of Namur frowned on the steeps formed by
the junction of that river with the Meuse. At that point the French line
bent to the south following the course of the latter river.

Namur was expected to hold out for weeks. Its defence lasted but
three days! As a matter of fact it did not delay the oncoming Germans
a day, for they invested it and drove past in their fierce assault upon