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% gcc -c -I/usr/X11R6/include hello-Xlib.c

% gcc -L/usr/X11R6/lib hello-Xlib.o -o hello-Xlib -lX11
V
W #include <X11/Xlib.h>
X #include <X11/Xatom.h>
Y #include <X11/Xutil.h>
Z #include <X11/keysym.h>
[\ #include <X11/cursorfont.h>
]^ #include <stdio.h>
V`_ void
V V
/ button_callback(XEvent ev, GC gc)
V W {
V X XDrawImageString(ev.xany.display, ev.xany.window,
V`Y gc, ev.xbutton.x, ev.xbutton.y,
V`Z "Hello!", strlen("Hello!"));
V`\[ }
V
V ^] void
V redraw_callback(XEvent ev, GC gc)
W _ {
W V XWindowAttributes attr;
W/W
W/X (void) XGetWindowAttributes(ev.xany.display, ev.xany.window, &attr);
W Y XDrawLine(ev.xany.display, ev.xany.window, gc,
W Z 0, 0, attr.width - 1, attr.height - 1);
W \[ XDrawLine(ev.xany.display, ev.xany.window, gc,
W 0, attr.height - 1, attr.width - 1, 0);
}
VX
W/^]
W
X _ void
X V configure_callback(XEvent ev, GC gc)
X/W {
X/X }
X Y
X Z int main(int argc, char *argv[])
X \[ {
X Display *dsp;
X/^] Window root, win;
X GC gc;
Y/_ XEvent ev, nextev;
Y V
6 KeySym key;
Y W XSetWindowAttributes xswa;
Y X XClassHint classhint;
Y/Y Atom wm_delete_window;
Y/Z Atom wm_protocols;
Y/\[ int screen;
Y unsigned long foreground, background;
Y ^] int i;
Y char text[10];
Z/_ int done;
Z V
6
Z W /***** Inicialização *********************************************************/
Z X
Z/Y dsp = XOpenDisplay(NULL);
Z/Z if (dsp == NULL) {
Z/\[ fprintf(stderr, "XOpenDisplay falhou!\n");
Z exit(1);
Z ^] }
Z screen = DefaultScreen(dsp);
[/_ root = DefaultRootWindow(dsp);
[ V
6 background = WhitePixel(dsp, screen);
[ W foreground = BlackPixel(dsp, screen);
[ X
[/Y xswa.background_pixel = background;
[/Z xswa.border_pixel = foreground;
[/\[ xswa.backing_store = WhenMapped;
[ xswa.event_mask = ButtonPressMask | KeyPressMask |
[ ^] ExposureMask | StructureNotifyMask;
\[ win = XCreateWindow(
\ _ dsp, /* display */
\ V root, /* janela pai */
\ W 200, 300, /* posição (x,y) */
\ X 350, 250, 5, /* largura, altura, largura da borda */
\ Y CopyFromParent, /* profundidade */
\ Z InputOutput, /* classe */
\/\[ CopyFromParent, /* visual */
\ CWBackPixel | CWBorderPixel | /* atributos a estabelecer */
\ ^] CWBackingStore | CWEventMask,
&xswa);
] _
] V classhint.res_name = "hello";
]/W classhint.res_class = "Hello";
]/X XmbSetWMProperties( /* "hints" para o window manager */
] Y dsp, win, /* display, janela */
] Z "Hello, cruel world!", /* título da janela */
] \[ "Hello", /* título do ícone */
] argv, argc, None, None, &classhint
]/^] );
^]
^ _ /* WM_DELETE_WINDOW é a mensagem do window manager, mandando terminar */
^ V wm_delete_window = XInternAtom (dsp, "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
^ W wm_protocols = XInternAtom (dsp, "WM_PROTOCOLS", False);
^ X (void) XSetWMProtocols (dsp, win, &wm_delete_window, 1);
^ Y
^ Z XDefineCursor(dsp, win, XCreateFontCursor(dsp, XC_man));
^ \[ gc = XCreateGC(dsp, win, 0, 0);
XSetBackground(dsp, gc, background);
XSetForeground(dsp, gc, foreground);
V9È
^
^/^]
V_/_ XMapRaised(dsp, win);

V_6V
V_ W /***** Laço de tratamento de eventos *****************************************/
V_ X
V_/Y done = False;
V_/Z while (!done) {
V_/\[ XNextEvent(dsp, &ev);
V_ switch (ev.type) {
V_ ^] case Expose:
V_ /* Comprime uma sequência de Exposes, para evitar repetidas
VV`_ * repinturas, já que para um redimensionamento da janela o
VV/V * servidor X envia vários Exposes consecutivos.
VV W */
VV X while (
VV`Y (XEventsQueued(ev.xexpose.display, QueuedAfterReading) > 0) &&
VV`Z (XPeekEvent(ev.xexpose.display, &nextev), (nextev.type == Expose))
VV`\[ ) {
VV XNextEvent(dsp, &ev);
VV ^] }
VV redraw_callback(ev, gc);
V W _ break;
V W V case MappingNotify:
V W/W XRefreshKeyboardMapping(&ev.xmapping);
V W/X break;
V W Y case ConfigureNotify:
V W Z /* Reconfiguracoes da janela (alteracao de tamanho, etc).
V W \[ * Se ConfigureNotify é seguido de Expose, a janela foi redimensionada,
V W * caso contrário foi apenas movida. No primeiro caso é necessário
V W/^] * recalcular a geometria do conteúdo da janela.
V W */
V X _ if (
V X V (XEventsQueued(ev.xexpose.display, QueuedAfterReading) > 0) &&
V X/W (XPeekEvent(ev.xexpose.display, &nextev), (nextev.type == Expose))
V X/X ) {
V X Y configure_callback(ev, gc);
V X Z }
V X \[ break;
V X case ButtonPress:
V X/^] button_callback(ev, gc);
V X break;
VY/_ case KeyPress:
VY6V XLookupString(&ev.xkey, text, 10, &key, NULL);
VY W switch (key) {
VY X case XK_Q: /* fim */
VY/Y case XK_q:
VY/Z done = True;
VY/\[ break;
VY } /* switch(ev.xkey) */
VY ^] break; /* case KeyPress */
VY case ClientMessage:
VZ/_ if (ev.xclient.message_type == wm_protocols &&
VZ6V ev.xclient.data.l[0] == wm_delete_window)
VZ W done = True;
VZ X else
VZ/Y XBell (dsp, 0);
VZ/Z break; /* case ClientMessage */
VZ/\[ } /* switch(ev.type) */
VZ } /* while(!done) */
VZ ^]
VZ /***** Término ***************************************************************/
V[/_
V[6V XFreeGC(dsp, gc);
V[ W XDestroyWindow(dsp, win);
V[ X XCloseDisplay(dsp);
V[/Y return 0;
}
V9
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oOZ1¹W7ÉzmX`/mða/bx~ZOOôXObkx 2Z1s j ÊLÿ
% gcc -c -I/usr/X11R6/include hello-Xaw.c

% gcc -L/usr/X11R6/lib hello-Xaw.o -o hello-Xaw -lXaw -lXt -
lX11
V
W /*
X * hello-Xaw.c
Y */
Z
\[ #include <X11/Intrinsic.h>
#include <X11/StringDefs.h>
^]
#include <X11/Xaw/Command.h>
V`_
V/V static Atom wm_delete_window;
V W static Atom wm_protocols;
V X
V`Y static void WMProtocols(Widget w, XEvent *ev, String *params, Cardinal *n)
V`Z {
V`\[ if (ev->type == ClientMessage &&
V ev->xclient.message_type == wm_protocols &&
V ^] ev->xclient.data.l[0] == wm_delete_window) {
V XtAppSetExitFlag(XtWidgetToApplicationContext(w));
W _ }
W V }
W/W
W/X static void
W Y QuitCallback(Widget w, XtPointer cdata, XtPointer cbs)
W Z {
W \[ XtAppSetExitFlag(XtWidgetToApplicationContext(w));
W }
W/^]
W XtActionsRec actions[] = {
X _ {"WMProtocols", WMProtocols}
X V };
X/W
X/X String fallback[] = {
X Y "*button.background: rgb:c0/c0/c0",
X Z "*button.font: -b&h-lucida-bold-r-normal-*-*-240-*-*-p-*-*-*",
X \[ "*button.label: Hello, world!",
X NULL
X/^] };
X
Y/_ int
Y V
6 main(int argc, char *argv[])
Y W {
Y X XtAppContext app;
Y/Y Widget top, button;
Y/Z
Y/\[ XtSetLanguageProc(NULL, (XtLanguageProc)NULL, NULL);
Y
Y ^] top = XtVaAppInitialize(
Y &app, /* Application context */
Z/_ "XHello", /* Application class */
Z V
6 NULL, 0, /* command line option list */
Z W &argc, argv, /* command line args */
Z X fallback, /* for missing app-defaults file */
NULL); /* terminate varargs list */
eX£
Z/Y
Z Z
/
Z \[
/ XtAppAddActions(app, actions, XtNumber(actions));
Z XtOverrideTranslations(top,
Z ^] XtParseTranslationTable ("<Message>WM_PROTOCOLS: WMProtocols()"));
Z
[/_ button = XtVaCreateManagedWidget(
[ V
6 "button", /* arbitrary widget name */
[ W commandWidgetClass, /* widget class from Label.h */
[ X top, /* parent widget */
[/Y NULL); /* terminate varargs list */
[/Z XtAddCallback(button, XtNcallback, QuitCallback, NULL);
[/\[
[ XtRealizeWidget(top);
[ ^] wm_delete_window = XInternAtom(XtDisplay(top), "WM_DELETE_WINDOW", False);
\[ wm_protocols = XInternAtom(XtDisplay(top), "WM_PROTOCOLS", False);
\ _ (void) XSetWMProtocols(XtDisplay(top), XtWindow(top),
\ V &wm_delete_window, 1);
\ W
\ X XtAppMainLoop(app);
Y return 0;
}
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% gcc -c -I/usr/X11R6/include hello-Xm.c

% gcc -L/usr/X11R6/lib hello-Xm.o -o hello-Xm -lXm -lXt -lX11
V
W /*
X * hello-Xm.c
Y */
Z
\[ #include <Xm/Xm.h>
#include <Xm/PushB.h>
^]
static void
V`_ QuitCallback(Widget w, XtPointer cdata, XtPointer cbs)
V V
/ {
V W XtAppSetExitFlag(XtWidgetToApplicationContext(w));
V X }
V`Y
V`Z String fallback[] = {
V`\[ "*button.background: rgb:c0/c0/c0",
V "*button.fontList: -b&h-lucida-bold-r-normal-*-*-240-*-*-p-*-*-*",
V ^] "*button.labelString: Hello, world!",
V NULL
W _ };
W V
W/W int
W/X main(int argc, char *argv[])
W Y {
W Z XtAppContext app;
W \[ Widget top, button;
W
W/^] XtSetLanguageProc(NULL, (XtLanguageProc)NULL, NULL);
W
X _ top = XtVaAppInitialize(
X V &app, /* Application context */
X/W "XHello", /* Application class */
NULL, 0, /* command line option list */
ezV
X/X
X Y &argc, argv, /* command line args */
X Z fallback, /* for missing app-defaults file */
X \[ NULL); /* terminate varargs list */
X
X/^] button = XtVaCreateManagedWidget(
X "button", /* arbitrary widget name */
Y/_ xmPushButtonWidgetClass, /* widget class from PushB.h */
Y V
6 top, /* parent widget */
Y W NULL); /* terminate varargs list */
Y X XtAddCallback(button, XmNactivateCallback, QuitCallback, NULL);
Y/Y
Y/Z XtRealizeWidget(top);
Y/\[
Y XtAppMainLoop(app);
Y ] return 0;
}
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% gcc hello-Gtk.c -o hello-Gtk ‘gtk-config --cflags --libs‘

V
W /* inclusão dos cabeçalhos do Gtk */
X
Y #include <gtk/gtk.h>
Z
\[ /* função que será chamada quando a janela receber o sinal "destroy" */
void quit_hello(GtkWidget *widget, gpointer data)
^] {
gtk_main_quit ();
V`_ }
V V
/
V W int main(int argc, char *argv[])
V X {
V`Y GtkWidget *window, *button;
V`Z
V`\[ /* Inicialização do Gtk: conexão com o servidor X, tratamento de opções */
V /* de linha de comando padrão e outras inicializações internas. */
V ^] gtk_init(&argc, &argv);
V
W _ /* criacao de uma janela principal */
W V window = gtk_window_new(GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);
W/W
W/X /* conecta o sinal "destroy" à função quit_hello */
W Y gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (window), "destroy",
W Z GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (quit_hello), NULL);
W \[
W /* criacao de um button */
W/^] button = gtk_button_new_with_label("Hello, world!");
W
X _ /* Quando o botão receber o sinal "clicked", chama a função
X V * gtk_widget_destroy, passando como parâmetro o objeto window */
X/W gtk_signal_connect_object (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
X/X GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (gtk_widget_destroy),
X Y GTK_OBJECT (window));
X Z
X \[ /* o button é colocado dentro da janela principal */
X gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(window), button);
eXe
X/^]
X /* faz com que o widget seja visivel */
Y/_ gtk_widget_show(button);
Y V
6
Y W /* faz com que a janela seja visivel na tela */
Y X gtk_widget_show(window);
Y/Y
Y/Z /* entra em um loop infinito de processamento de eventos */
Y/[ gtk_main();
}
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% c++ -c -I/usr/include/qt -I/usr/X11R6/include hello-Qt.c++

% gcc -L/usr/X11R6/lib hello-Qt.o -o hello-Qt -lX11 -lqt
V
W #include <qapplication.h> // defines QApplication
X #include <qpushbutton.h> // defines QPushButton
Y int main( int argc, char *argv[] )
Z {
[\ QApplication app( argc, argv ); // create application object
^] QPushButton hello( "Hello, world!" ); // create a push button

app.setMainWidget( &hello ); // define as main widget
V`_ app.connect( &hello, SIGNAL(clicked()), // clicking the button
V V
/ &app, SLOT(quit()) ); // quits the application
V W hello.show(); // show button
V X return app.exec(); // run main event loop
}
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% wish hello-Tk
V
W #!/usr/local/bin/wish8.0
X #
Y # hello-Tk
Z #
\[
# define o título da janela
]^ wm title . "Hello, world"
V`_ # cria um botão que quando pressionado executa o comando "exit"

V V
/ button .hello -text "Hello, world!" -command exit
V W
V X # empacota o botão
V`Y pack .hello
V`Z
# o laço de eventos é implícito (e tudo mais :-)
eX
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à
ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.4/xc/docs/hardcopy/X11/
à
ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.4/xc/docs/hardcopy/Xt/
à
ftp://ftp.x.org/pub/R6.4/xc/docs/hardcopy/Xaw/
Áýj ZO]^mz\z`/kk`kfs a/ZOmz\³\^bX`/kc\^bX`/k Áýb]^ZObn7kc\^k`Ckszabsz]l`/mXn7m:kx
a partir dos seguin-
tes endereços na WWW:
à
Home-page do projeto LessTif: http://www.lesstif.org/
à ·2¿ kcÁýb]^ZO ck?kOb7k`*ÿ
http://www.motifzone.com/tmd
à Áýb]^ZO gÃðÿ
http://www.rahul.net/kenton/mfaq.html
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(
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à
http://www.gtk.org/
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http://www.scriptics.com/
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Systems/X_Window_System/
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