Book - Kasi Syedinenia K (1) .Malchev

K. M.
MAAHEB
TOKOBE HA KTCO CTEHHEHHE
B EAEKTPHHECKH CHCTEMH
Texnnuecxn ynnnepcn1e1 - Coqnn.
K. MAAHEB
TOKOBE HA KTCO CTEHHEHHE
B EAEKTPHHECKH CHCTEMH
(Teopnn, saaun n nsnpocn sa cauonponepxa)
Coqnn
B yuennxa ce pasrnexar nnpocn cnpsann c nsnnxnanero, anannsa n onenxara na
enexrpomarnnrnnre npexonn nponecn, xonro ca pesynrar na napymanane na nopmannnx
pexnm na paora na enexrpnuecxnre cncremn. Hscnenar ce nponecnre, xonro nsnnxnar npn
'npocrn nanpeunn n nanxnn necnmerpnn n ce anar meronre sa nsuncnxnane na
ocnonnnre nennunnn npn resn anapnnn pexnmn. Bcxxa uacr or pasrnexannx marepnan e
onarneena upes npecmxrane na saaua. Cryenrnre camn morar a nanpanxr npenenxa na
ycnoennx or rxx marepnan, xaro orronopxr na nnpocnre sa camonponepxa.
Vuennxr e npenasnauen sa cryenn or xnann]nxannonna crenen 'axananp no
cnennannocr 'Enexrpoeneprernxa n enexrpoosanexaneor 'Enexrporexnnuecxnx ]axynrer
na 'Texnnuecxnx ynnnepcnrer Co]nx.
Knnrara moxe a ce nonsyna or nnxenepn n rexnnnn paoremn n onacrra na
enexrpoeneprernxara.
TOKOBE HA KTCO CTEHHEHHE B EHEKTPHuECKH CHCTEMH
(Teopnx, saaun n nnpocn sa camonponepxa)
Koncranrnn Manuen Manuen
nsarencrno 'Ananrap Hpnma
ISBN 954-323-060-9

on. -p. Koncranrnn Manuen Manuen paorn, xaro peonen onenr xm xarepa
'Enexrpoeneprernxa or 'Enexrporexnnuecxnx ]axynrer na
'Texnnuecxnx ynnnepcnrer Co]nx.
TOKOBE HA KTCO CTEHHEHHE B EAEKTPHHECKH CHCTEMH
3
I.Kscn csennennn
I.1. Onpeenenne; nnone; npnunnn sa nssnnxnane
Bcxxo nenpenneno npn nopmanna excnnoarannx cnpsnane na ]asnre no mexy cn n
rpn]asna enexrpnuecxa cncrema nnn nenpenneno cnpsnane na ena nnn ne ]asn cc semx n
cncremnre c npexrno sasemena neyrpana ce napnua rco ceouueuue. B cncremnre c nsonnpana
neyrpana cnpsnane na ena or ]asnre cc semx ce napnua npocmo se+uo ceouueuue.
B rosn yuennx ce pasrnexar rpn]asnn; ny]asnn; eno]asnn n ny]asnn xm semx
xcn cennennx. B enexrpnuecxnre cncremn ca nsmoxnn no-cnoxnn anapnn, xaro eno]asnn
x.c. n pasnnunn rouxn; ny]asnn xcn cennennx xm semx n pasnnunn rouxn n p. Taxnna
cnoxnn anapnn ca npemer na pasrnexane n cnennannsnpana nnreparypa.
B Tan. I.1.1. ca noxasann ornocnrennnx po n ycnonnnre osnauennx na pasnnunnre
nnone x.c. n sanncnmocr or nnnoro na nanpexenne n cncremara.
Tan. I.1.1.
O1nocn1enen pon na x.c. n n upean c
pasnnuno nnno na nanpeaenne n kV]
Bn na xsco1o
csennenne n
nerono1o yxneno
osnauenne
Hpnnnnnna cxeua
6..20 110 220 400
Tpnqasno x.c.
K
(3)
11 4 2 1
nyqasno x.c.
K
(2)
17 5 3 2
Enoqasno x.c.
K
(1)
61 83 88 95
nyqasno x.c.
xsu seun
K
(1,1)
11 8 7 2
B sanncnmocr or nna na x.c. roxonere na xco cennenne n nanpexennxra morar a
ar cnmerpnunn nnn necnmerpnunn. Camo rpn]asnnre x.c. ca cu+empu:uu. Hecnmerpnnre,
xonro morar a nacrnxr n EEC npensnnxann or x.c. ca uanpeuuu, a necnmerpnnre nopoenn
or npexcnane na npononnx ca uauzxuu.
Kcnre cennennx ca pesynrar na napymanane na nsonannxra, xoero maxe a e n
pesynrar na mexannunn nonpen npensnnxann or xnnornn, nrnnn, rpnsaun, xopa n npnponn
ecrnnx; nenpannnna excnnoarannx; norpemnn mannnynannn; ecrecrnenoro crapeene na
nsonannxra; armoc]epnn nsecrnnx (mnnnx) n p.
I.2. 3aaun na nscnenane1o
Ho nscnenane na xcnre cennennx ce pasnpa npecmxrane na roxonere na xco
cennenne, nanpexennxra n momnocrnre npn aen nn na x.c. Taxnna nsuncnennx ca
neoxonmn npn pemananero na penna xonxpernn saaun xaro:
-nsop na npononnnn, xomyrannonnn anaparn n nsmepnarennn rpanc]opmaropn;
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
4
-nsop na cxemn na enexrpnuecxn nenrpann, nocrannnn n enexrpnuecxn mpexn;
-onpeenxne nacrpoxnre na penennre samnrn n nxxon ycrpocrna or cncremnara
anromarnxa;
-onpeenxne pox na sasemennre neyrpann n EEC n p.
Hnxenepnnre meron sa nsuncnxnane na roxonere na xco cennenne, nanpexennxra
n momnocrnre npn aen nn na x.c. nmar sa nen a onpeenxr e]exrnnnara cronocr na
nepnonunara ccranxa na nsnnxnamnre npn x.c. roxone n nanpexennx n pasnnunn momenrn
or npemero. B sanncnmocr or nennre, npecmxranero na roxa na xco cennenne ce nsnpmna c
pasnnuna rounocr. 3a nenra ce npanxr penna onpocrxnamn onycxannx, xaro ce npenepernar:
- -nacnmanero na marnnronpononre na yuacrnynamnre n cxemara enemenrn or EEC;
- -nmneenero na poropnre na cnnxponnnre reneparopn;
- -nnnxnnero na enexrpnuecxnre ronapn (nnn ce orunra rpyo);
- -n sanncnmocr or pexnma na paora na EEC n nenra na nscnenanero morar a
ar nanpanenn n pyrn onpocrxnamn onycxannx, xaro npenepernane na
axrnnnnre cnpornnnennx nnn xanannrnnnara npononmocr na enexrpnuecxnre
nnnnn n p.
Cxemara, na xoxro ce rpcxr roxonere na xco cennenne, nanpexennxra n
momnocrnre npn aen nn na x.c. e ccranena or pasnnunn enemenrn reneparopn,
rpanc]opmaropn, xaennn n nsymnn nnnnn, xomnencnpamn ycrpocrna n p. Bcexn enemenr
ce xapaxrepnsnpa cc cnonre napamerpn, xonro xaro npannno ca aenn n pasnnunn ennnnn.
I.3. O1nocn1ennn n nuenonann nennunnn
Hapamerpn na enemenrnre or EEC morar a ar saaenn n nuenonann, n nponen1n
nnn n o1nocn1ennn nennunnn. Koraro resn napamerpn ca saaenn n nmenonann nennunnn,
xauecrnenoro nm onpeenxne e c nmencnn or cncremara CH (V,A,W,O n p.). B rosn cnyua, n
xauecrnoro na asncna nennunna (nsmepnarenna ennnna) e npnera ennnna or cncremara
nsmepnarennn ennnnn CH. Konnuecrnenara onenxa na nennunnnre ce nspasxna c uncnoro npe
nmencnxra.
Axo n xauec1no1o na asncna nennunna (nsuepna1enna ennnna) ce npneue
nponsnonno no roneunna, no nenecsopasno nspano peanno uncno, 1o pasrneaana1a
nennunna e n o1nocn1enna (espasuepna) qopua. Ornocnrennara nennunna npecrannxna
ornomennero na aenara nennunna xm enonmenna, npnera sa asncna. Hponenrnara
cronocr na nennunna e ornomennero na aena nennunna xm enonmenna, npnera sa asncna
ymnoxena no 100.
I.3.1.
) (
H HH H
H HH H
H HH H = == = ; ornocnrennn ennnnn (o.e.) or
H HH H ;
I.3.2. 1 "
H HH H
H HH H
H HH H = == =
3nesara (
*
) osnauana, ue nennunnara e npecranena n ornocnrennn ennnnn, xaro
nnexca () noxasna, ue rasn nennunna e ornecena xm asncnara ennnna H HH H
. Ionemnnara na
asncnara ennnna rpxna nnnarn a ce yxasna.
Ha-uecro asncnnre nennunnn ca nnnenno1o nanpeaenne U
n 1pnqasna1a
uomnoc1 S
nnn nnnenno1o nanpeaenne U
n qasonnn 1ox I
. Te ca nponsnonnn uncna
(onxnoneno xprnn cronocrn). pyrnre asncnn ennnnn ce onpeenxr or nspannre neue
noxn asncnn nennunnn, nsnonsynaxn saxona na Om.
I.3.3.
U 3
S
I = == = nnn

U I 3 S = == =
Hnnoro cnpornnnennero na enemenrnre or EEC n ornocnrennn ennnnn npn
nspann asncnn ycnonnx nma cnennx nn:
5
I.3.4.
) (
U
U
U
I 3 Z
Z
Z
Z
A AA A
= == = = == = = == =
uacren cnyua na asncnn nennunnn ce xnxna nsnonsynanero na nomnnannnre
nennunnn, xaro asncnn. Onxnoneno napamerpnre na reneparopnre, nnrarennre,
rpanc]opmaropnre n peaxropnre n xaranosnre n cnpanounnnnre ce saanar n ornocnrennn nnn
nponenrnn cronocrn, ornecenn xm nomnnannnre nm cronocrn.
I.3.5.
u
) u (
H HH H
H HH H
H HH H = == = ; 1 "
u
H HH H
H HH H
H HH H = == = ,
xero -
u
H e nomnnannara cronocr na napamerpa na aennx enemenr or EEC.
Or ]opmyna I.3.4. ce nnxa, ue nnnoro cnpornnnenne n ornocnrennn ennnnn no
ronemnna e panno na naa na nanpexennero n rosn enemenr, ornecen xm asncnoro
nanpexenne, npn npemnnanane npes nero na asncnnx rox. Axo asncnnre nennunnn ca pannn
na nomnnannnre U
U
u
n I
I
u
, ro naa na nanpexennero n rosn enemenr, ornecen xm
nomnnannoro nanpexenne npn npemnnanane npes nero na nomnnannnx rox e panen na nnnoro
cnpornnnenne n ornocnrennn ennnnn r.e.:
I.3.6.
u
u
u
u
u
) u (
U
U
U
I 3 Z
Z
Z
Z
A AA A
= == = = == = = == =
Hsnonsynaxn ]opmyna I.3.4. moxe a e onpeeneno nnnoro cnpornnnenne n
ornocnrennn ennnnn, xaro ce nsnonsynar pyrn asncnn nennunnn.
I.3.7.
2
) (
U
S
Z
U U
U I 3 Z
U
I 3 Z
Z
Z
Z = == = = == = = == = = == =
I.3.8.
2
u
u
) u (
2
u
2
u
) u (
2
u ) u (
2
) (
U
U
S
S
Z
U
S
S
U
Z
U
S
Z Z
U
S
Z Z
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == = = == = = == =
Axo U
U
u
]opmyna I.3.8. ce onpocrxna n onna cnennx nn:
I.3.9.
u
) u ( ) (
S
S
Z Z = == =
Hpu vc.oeue, :e u S
S
u
, mo oasucuume vc.oeu cenaoam c uo+uua.uume u
cnpomue.euuemo ua e.e+eumume ua EEC e omuocume.uu eouuuu, npueeoeuu r+ oasucuume
u.u uo+uua.uume ee.u:uuu, ca paeuu.
Ananornunn ]opmynn morar a ar nonyuenn sa axrnnnnre n nnyxrnnnnre
cnpornnnennx, samenxxn Z cornerno c r nnn x. Ornocnrennnre nennunnn na ccranxnre na
nnnnre cnpornnnennx nmar cnennx nn:
I.3.10.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )

) (
jx r
Z
x
j
Z
r
Z
jx r
Z
- -- - - -- -
+ ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
Axo e nsnecrna saryara na momnocr n rpn]asen enemenr npn nomnnannn ycnonnx r.e.
-
u
2
u
P r I 3 A AA A = == = , ro axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne ce ana c nspasa:
I.3.11.
2
u
u
I 3
P
r
A AA A
= == =
Karo ce nma npenn, ue nomnnannoro cnpornnnenne ce saana c nspasa
u
u
u
I 3
U
Z = == = ,
ro axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne n ornocnrennn ennnnn me e:
I.3.12.
u
u
u
2
u
u
u
) u (
S
P
Z I 3
P
Z
r
r
A AA A A AA A
= == = = == = = == =
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
6
T xaro nnnenoro n ]asnoro nanpexenne
(*)
ce pasnnuanar eno or pyro c
nocroxnen xoe]nnnenr r.e. J 3 U = == = , ro resn nanpexennx saaenn n ornocnrennn ennnnn ca
pannn nomexy cn.
I.3.13.
) (
) (
J
J
J
J 3
J 3
U
U
U
- -- - - -- -
= == = = == = = == = = == =
Cmoro ce ornacx n sa ]asnara n rpn]asnara momnocrn.
B ornocnrennn ennnnn morar a ar npecranenn ncnuxn ]nsnuecxn nennunnn.
- -enex1ponnaemn nanpeaennn
I.3.14.
u
) u (
u
u
) (
U
U
E
U
U
U
E
E = == = = == =
- npeue
3a asncna nennunna ce npnema npemero, n reuenne na xoero poropa na enexrpnuecxara
mamnna ce sanpra na enn enexrpnuecxn panan, npn cnnxponna cxopocr na nprene e ee e
r.e.
e ee e
.t
1 nnn t
1/e ee e
. Torana, npemero, npecraneno n ornocnrennn ennnnn, npn f5Hz ce

onpeenx c nspasa:
I.3.15. t . 314 t
t
t
t

) (
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
e ee e
- -srnonn1e cxopoc1n na enex1pnuecxn1e uamnnn
3a asona rnona cxopocr ce npnema cnnxponnara rnona cxopocr e ee e
0
r.e. -
e ee e
s / rad 314 f 2
= == = = == = t tt t e ee e
I.3.16.
) (
e ee e
e ee e
e ee e = == =
- -nnyx1nnno csnpo1nnnenne
Fasncnara nennunna na nnyxrnnnocrra ce onpeenx c nspasa:
I.3.17.

2
S
U
I 3
U Z
L
e ee e
e ee e
e ee e
= == = = == = = == =
Ornocnrennoro nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne, npnneeno xm asncnnre nennunnn na
rnonara cxopocr n nnyxrnnnocr e cnenoro:
I.3.18.
) ( ) ( ) (
L X e ee e = == =
Hpn ycnonne, ue sa asona cnnxponna rnona cxopocr e npnera s / rad 314 f 2
= == = = == = t tt t e ee e ,
r.e. - 1
) (
= == = e ee e , ro sa
) ( ) (
L X = == =
- -no1oxocnennenne
Fasncnara nennunna na noroxocnennennero ce onpeenx c nspasa:
I.3.19.
U U
e ee e e ee e
+ ++ + = == = = == =
Ornocnrennoro noroxocnennenne ce onpeenx c nspasa:
I.3.20.
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
U X I L I = == = = == = = == = + ++ +
- -enex1ponnaemo nanpeaenne
I.3.21.
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
E + ++ + + ++ + e ee e = == = = == =
Or ropnnre nspasn moxe a ce nanpann nsnoa, ue npn npnera sa asncna rnona
cxopocr e ee e
, panna na cnnxponnara rnona cxopocr r.e. e ee e
2t tt tf
314rad/s, no1oxocnennenne1o
e uncneno panno na cornercrnynamoro my e..u. nnn na cornercrnynamnx na na
nanpeaenne n rosn enemenr, a nnyx1nnno1o csnpo1nnnenne na aen enemenr or EEC na
cornernara my nnyx1nnnoc1.
(`)
-3aeneaxa: 3a a ce pasnnuana ]asonoro nanpexenne or nnnenoro, es a ce nsnonsynar
onnnnrennn nnexcn, n xnnrara e npnero ]asonoro nanpexenne a ce oosnauana c V.
7
I.4. Hapaue1pn na cnnonn1e eneuen1n1e o1 EEC
Homnnannnre nennunnn na enemenrnre or EEC, xonro ce saanar n cnpanounnnnre npecrannxnar:
-nnnennn nanpeaennn U (kV nnnV);
-qasonn 1oxone I (kA nnn A);
-1pnqasna1a uomnoc1 S (MVA nnn kVA);
-qasonn csnpo1nnnennn Z, xon1o uora1 a sa1 saanann n o1nocn1ennn ennnnn; n nponen1n nnn
nuenonann nennunnn (O OO O nnn mO OO O).
- Tpancqopua1opn
3a onpeenxne na napamerpnre na rpanc]opmarop, xonro ca neoxonmn npn npecmxrane na roxonere na x.c. ce
nsnonsynar cnennre nsxonn annn:
-nomnnanna momnocr S
n
, (MVA nnn kVA);
-nomnnanno nanpexenne (nnneno nanpexenne) U
n
, (kV nnnV);
-sarya na momnocr npn x.c. (saryn n mera na rpnre ]asn na rpanc]opmaropa) - A AA AP
xc
, (W nnn kW);
-nanpexenne na x.c. n nponenrn or nomnnannoro - u
k
;
-nomnnanno npenono ornomenne (xoe]nnnenr na rpanc]opmannx) k
1
.
Ha mnr.I.4.1. e noxasana npnnnnnnara cxema sa onpeenxne na ornocnrennoro nanpexenne na xco cennenne (u
k
)
na rpanc]opmarop.
I.4.1.
) u ( 1
u
1
u
u
1
u
u 1
u
k
) u ( k
Z
Z
Z
I 3
U
Z
U
I Z 3
U
U
u = == = = == = = == = = == = = == = ;
I.4.2. 1 Z 1 u " u
) u ( 1 ) u ( k k
= == = = == = ;
Kaxro ce nnxa or ]opmyna I.4.2. nanpexennero n nponenrn or nomnnannoro (u
k
) npecrannxna nanpexennero,
xoero rpxna a ce noae na rpanc]opmarop, npn cnpsana na xco nropnuna namorxa, xoraro npes rpanc]opmaropa npornua
nomnnanen rox. Ho ronemnna u
k
e panna na nnnoro cnpornnnenne.
Cnpornnnennxra na rpanc]opmaropa ce nsuncnxnar cc cnennre ]opmynn:
-axrnnno cnpornnnenne:
I.4.3. | || | | || | O OO O AP AP AP AP ;
S
U
r
2
u
u
uc 1
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = .
-nmneanc:
I.4.4. | || | | || | O OO O ;
S
U
1
" u
z
u
2
u k
1
= == = .
-nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne:
I.4.5. | || | | || | O OO O ; r z x
2 2
1
= == = .
3a rpanc]opmaropn na 1 MVA ]asonnx rn mexy axrnnnara n peaxrnnnara xomnonenra na u
k
e oxono 70
0
. C
napacrnane na momnocrra na rpanc]opmaropa rosn rn napacrna o 88
0
. Ero samo na npaxrnxa moxe a ce npneme ue:
I.4.6. " x " u
1 k
= == = nnn n omone | || | | || | O OO O ;
S
U
1
" u
x
u
2
u k
1
= == = .
3a rpnnamorunnre rpanc]opmaropn u
k
ce ana sa ncexn ne ccenn namorxn u
k (n-n)
.; u
k (n-c)
; u
k (c-n)
r.e. cymapnoro
nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na namorxara nncoxo-nncxo ; cymapnoro nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na namorxara nncoxo-cpeno
n cymapnoro nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na namorxara nncoxo-nncxo nanpexenne. B samecrnamnre cxemn ce nsnonsynar
peaxrancnre na ncxxa namorxa no orenno (u
k n
.; u
k c
; u
k n
), r.e. peaxrancnre na namorxnre nncoxo, cpeno n nncxo. Tesn
peaxrancn morar a ce nonyuar c nspasnre:
U
k I
n
K
(3)
mnr.I.4.1.
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
8
I.4.7.
2
x x x
x
;
2
x x x
x
;
2
x x x
x
) c e ( k ) u c ( k ) u e ( k
u
) u e ( k ) u c ( k ) c e ( k
c
) u c ( k ) c e ( k ) u e ( k
e

+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- Peax1opn
3a onpeenxne na napamerpnre na peaxrop, xonro ca neoxonmn npn npecmxrane na roxonere na x.c., ce nsnonsynar
cnennre nsxonn annn:
-nomnnanen rox( ]asnen rox) I
n
, (kA nnn A);
-nomnnanno nanpexenne (nnneno nanpexenne) U
n
, (kV nnnV);
- nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne npn nomnnanen rox n - x
p
.
Hnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na peaxropnre ce ana n xaranosnre, xaro nponenr or nomnnannoro. Axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne na peaxropnre e manxo no cpannenne c nnyxrnnnoro n npn npecmxrane na roxonere na x.c. ce npeneperna. B
sanncnmocr or nomnnannnx rox n nomnnannoro nanpexenne nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne moxe a npnema cronocrn n
mnpoxn rpannnn or 3 o 12.
Cnpornnnennero na peaxropa ce nsuncnxnar cc cnenara ]opmyna:
I.4.8. | || | | || | O OO O ;
I 3
U
1
x
x
u
u
p
p
= == = .
- Enex1ponpononn nnnnn
Enexrponpononnre nnnnn ca nsymnn nnn xaennn.
Hpn npecmxrane na roxonere na xco n semno cennenne ce nsnonsynar cnennre napamerpn, xonro ca xaranoxnn
annn.
3a xaenn 1ona ca:
-omuocumeuuo aumueuo cznpomueueuue r
0
, O OO O/km];
-omuocumeuuo uuyumueuo cznpomueueuue x
0
, O OO O/km],
-uanauumema ua eua qasa C
0
, F/km].
Ornocnrennoro xanannrnnno cnpornnnenne ce onpeenx upes ]opmynara:
I.4.9. | || | | || | km . ;
C
1
x

c
O OO O
e ee e
= == = , xero e
0
2nf314 s
-1
] e cnnxponna xprona uecrora.
3a nssymnn1e enex1ponpanon.
Axo ornocnrennnre cnpornnnennx na enexrponpononnre nnnnn ne ca saaenn, re morar a ar onpeenenn
npnnnsnrenno cc cnennre ]opmynn:
- omuocumeuuomo aumueuo cznpomueueuue - r
0
, moxe a e onpeeneno c ]opmynara:
I.4.10.
( (( (

( (( (

= == =
km s
r
O OO O
, xero:
e cnenn]nunoro cnpornnnenne -
km
mm .
2
O OO O
n nma cnennre cronocrn:
sa me-
km
mm .
18 54 , 17
2
Cu
O OO O
~ ~~ ~ ;
sa anymnnn
km
mm .
5 , 29 8 , 27
2
Al
O OO O
~ ~~ ~ npn remneparypa C 2
= == = O OO O ,
s - ceuenne na npononnxa n | || | | || |
2
mm .
-omuocumeuuomo uuyumueuo cznpomueueuue x
0
, moxe a e onpeeneno cne onpeenxne na cocrnenara n
nsanmnara nnyxrnnnocr na enexrponponoa.
Cocrnenara nnyxrnnnocr na enexrponponoa x
L
ce onpeenx c ]opmynara:
I.4.10.
( (( (

( (( (

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
km r
D
lg . 145 , x
. eue
3
L
O OO O
,
Exnnnanenrnnx panyc na npononnxa ce onpeenx c nspasa:
I.4.11. | || | | || | m d . 475 , r
w . eue
~ ~~ ~ , xero:
d
w
e namerpa na npononnxa nnn cnona or xnna, xonro ro ]opmnpar m].
Bsanmnara nnyxrnnnocr na enexrponponoa
. cp
M
x ce onpeenx c ]opmynara:
9
I.4.12.
( (( (

( (( (

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
km D
D
lg . 145 , x
. cp
3
M
. cp
O OO O
, xero:
cpeno-reomerpnunoro pascroxnne mexy npononnnnre sa ennnuna rpn]asna nnnnx ce onpeenx c nspasa:
I.4.13. | || | | || | m d . d . d D
3
BC AC AB . cp
= == = , xero:
| || | | || | m d , d , d
BC AC AB
ca pascroxnnxra mexy npononnnnre or rpnnponona nnnnx.
Pascroxnnero mexy npononnnnre n semxra ce onpeenx c ]opmynara na Kapcon:
I.4.14. | || | | || | m 1
1 . . f
85 , 2
D
3
9
3

= == =

, xero:
f - uecrora na roxa, | || | | || | Hz ; - -ornocnrenna npononmocr na semxra
( (( (

( (( (

cm .
1
O OO O
.
Hpn Hz 5 f = == = n cpena cronocr na
( (( (

( (( (

= == =

cm .
1
1
4
O OO O
sa | || | | || | m 1 935 D
3
~ ~~ ~ = == =
Ornocnrennoro nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na npanara nocneonarennocr x
0(1)
na cnmerpnuna rpnnponona nnnnx
moxe a e onpeeneno c ]opmynara:
I.4.15.
. cp . cp . cp
M L M
2
M L ) 1 (
x x x . a x . a x x = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = .
Ornocnrennoro nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na nynenara nocneonarennocr x
0(0)
na cnmerpnuna rpnnponona nnnnx
moxe a e onpeeneno c ]opmynara:
I.4.16.
. cp . cp . cp
M L M
2
M L ) (
x . 2 x x . a x . a x x + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = .
-omuocumeuuomo uanauumueuomo cznpomueueuue cnpxmo semxra sa km 1 nsymen enexrponpono ce
onpeenx c nspasa:
I.4.17. | || | | || | km . 1 .
R
D
log . 39 x
3
. cp
l
C
O OO O
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = , xero:
| || | | || | m D .
2
d
R
3
2
. cp
w
. cp
= == = e cpennxr reomerpnuecxn panyc na cncrema or rpn npononnnn;
( (( ( ) )) )
| || | | || | m
3
h h h 2
D
C B A
l
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == = e cpenoro pascroxnne na ]asonnre npononnnn o orneannnre nm opasn
cnpxmo semxra.
C B A
h , h , h e nncounnara na oxaunane na ]asonnre npononnnn o semxra n merpn.
Axrnnnoro, nnyxrnnnoro n xanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na enexrponpononnre nnnnn c nxnna l n km]. ce
nsuncnxnar cc cnennre ]opmynn:
-axrnnno cnpornnnenne:
I.4.18. l r r
W
= == = ;
-nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne:
I.4.19. l x x
W
= == = ;
-xanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne:
I.4.20. O OO O
l
x
x
C
C
= == = ;
- Acnnxponnn nnra1enn
Hpn npecmxrane na roxonere na x.c. e neoxonmo a ce snaxr cnpxnpexonoro cnpornnnenne n cnpxnpexonoro
enexrponnxemo nanpexenne na acnnxponnnx nnraren. Cnpxnpexonoro cnpornnnenne ce npnema panno na
cnpornnnennero na nnrarenx npn sacronopen porop. Ornocnrennara ronemnna na rona cnpornnnenne ce onpeenx c
]opmynara:
I.4.21.
H
) u ( AD
k
1
x = == =
- -- -
, xero:
k
n
e xaranoxna nennunna (xparnocr na nycxon rox) n ce nonyuana or nspasa
u
H
) u ( H
I
I
I k = == = = == =
- -- -
B nauannnx momenr na x.c. acnnxponnnxr nnraren moxe a ce pasrnexa xaro neonsyen cnnxponen nnraren,
r xaro n nopmanen pexnm na paora, ro paorn c manxo xnsrane (s2 5). Hauannara cronocr na cnpxnpexonoro
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
10
enexrponnxemo nanpexenne na acnnxponnnx nnraren
AD
E ' '' ' ' '' ' ce onpeenx or npemecrnynamnx xcoro cennenne pexnm
na paora.
Or nexropnara narpama na mnr.I.4.2. ce onpeenx
AD
E ' '' ' ' '' ' c nspasa:
I.4.22. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
2
) u ( AD ) u ( ) u (
2
) u ( ) u ( AD
x . I sin J cos J E
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
+ ++ + = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
nnn npnnnsnrenno:
I.4.23.
) u ( AD ) u ( ) u ( ) u ( AD
sin . x . I J E
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' , xero:

, I , J ca ]asonnre nanpexennx n roxone na npemecrnynamnx xcoro cennenne pexnm.
Tonapn
Koncymaropnre na en. eneprnx ca pasnnuenn - ocnernenne, acnnxponnn nnrarenn, narpenarennn npnopn n p.
Ccrana na ronapa moxe a e na-pasnnuen n sanncn or enexrpocnanrennnx paon. B sanncnmocr or momenra na
onpeenxne na roxa na x.c. ce nsnonsynar n pasnnunn no ronemnna cronocrn na ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na ronapa n
npexonoro enexrponnxemo nanpexenne.
Hpn npecmxrane na rpannx pexnm na x.c. ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na ronapa, npnneeno xm nomnnannara
momnocr n nanpexenne ce npnema x
- -- -(n)
1,2.
3a npecmxrane na nauannnre cronocrn na roxa na x.c., ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na ronapa, npnneeno xm
nomnnannara momnocr n nanpexenne ce npnema x
- -- -(n)
0,35, a npexonoro enexrponnxemo nanpexenne na ronapa
85 , E
1
= == = ' '' ' .
B Tan. I.4.1. ca aenn enemenrn na enexrpnuecxn cncremn c rexnnre npnnnnnnn n
samecrnamn cxemn n ]opmynnre, nsnonsynann npn npecmxrane na roxonere na x.c.
Tan. I.4.1.
mopuynn sa npecun1ane na csnpo1nnnenne1o Eneuen1 Hpnnnnnna
cxeua
3auec1nama cxeua
B nuenonann ennnnn B o1nocn1ennn ennnnn
En. cnc1eua
U
cp.H
uc
2
u . cp
s
S
U
x
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
uc
) ( s
S
S
x
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
t0
u
2
u
u d d
S
U
x x
- -- -
' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
u
u d ) ( d
S
S
x x
- -- - - -- -
' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' Cnnxponen
renepa1op c
ycnoxon1enna
(euqepna)
nauo1xa
U
H
t
u
2
u
u d d
S
U
x x
- -- -
= == =
u
u d ) ( d
S
S
x x
- -- - - -- -
= == =
t0
u
2
u
H
M
S
U
.
I
1
x = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
u
H
) ( M
S
S
.
I
1
x = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
Acnnxponen
nnra1en
U
H
t
u
2
u
M
S
U
x = == =
u
) ( M
S
S
x = == =
- -- -
V
0- -- -(n)

0

0
I
0- -- -(n)
) u ( AD
E
- -- -
' '' ' ' '' '
) u ( AD ) u (
x . I
- -- - - -- -
mnr.I.4.2.
S
s s
x E ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '
G
d d
x E ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '
d d
x E
M
M M
x E ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '
M M
x E
11
t0
B
2
u
B
S
U
35 , x = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
B
) ( B
S
S
35 , x = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
Oomen
1onap
U
H.
S
B.
t
B
2
u
B
S
U
2 , 1 x = == =
B
) ( B
S
S
2 , 1 x = == =
- -- -
Tpancqopua-
1op
T
u
2
u k
1
S
U
.
1
" u
x = == =
u
k
) ( 1
S
S
.
1
" u
x = == =
- -- -
Tpnnauo1auen
1pancqopu.
T
u
2
u kB
B
S
U
.
1
" u
x = == =
u
2
u kC
C
S
U
.
1
" u
x = == =
u
2
u kH
H
S
U
.
1
" u
x = == =
u
kB
) ( B
S
S
.
1
" u
x = == =
- -- -
u
kC
) ( C
S
S
.
1
" u
x = == =
- -- -
u
kH
) ( H
S
S
.
1
" u
x = == =
- -- -
Peax1opn
. u LR
. u LR
LR
LR
I 3
U
.
1
" u
x = == =

. u LR
u LR
LR
) ( LR
U
U
I
I
.
1
" u
x = == =
- -- -
Basymnn n
xaennn
nnnnn
W
W
l . r R
W
= == =
l . x X
W
= == =
2
) ( W
U
S
. l . r R = == =
- -- -
2
) ( W
U
S
. l . x X = == =
- -- -
I.5. 3auec1namn cxeun (Hpexo o1 uarnn1no cnspsann xsu
exnnnanen1nn enex1pnuecxn cxeun). Hpnneaane
xsu eno nnno na nanpeaenne.
B cnpemennnre EEC nponsnocrnoro, npenacxnero n pasnpeenennero na
enexrpnuecxara eneprnx ce nsnpmna na pasnnunn nnna na nanpexenne. Onxnoneno cxemnre
ce anar n enonnneno nsopaxenne n npecrannxnar enexrpnuecxn nepnrn, cnpsann
nomexy cn c rpanc]opmaropnn npsxn.
3a a ar nsuncnenn pexnmnnre napamerpn e neoxonmo marnnrno cnpsannre
enexrpnuecxn nepnrn a ce samenxr c exnnnanenrna enexrpnuecxa nepnra es marnnrnn npsxn.
Hpnara crnxa npn npecmxrane na roxonere na xco cennenne, nanpexennxra n
momnocrnre npn aen nn na x.c. e ccranxnero na exnnnanenrna samecrnama cxema, npn
xoxro napamerpnre na enemenrnre ce npnnexar xm enn ycnonnx n ennnnn. Hpnnexanero
na napamerpnre na marnnrno cnpsannre enexrpnuecxn nepnrn c exnnnanenrna enexrpnuecxa
nepnra es marnnrnn npsxn npecrannxna .uueuo npeoopasoeauue. Karo ce nma npenn, ue
rpn]asnnre nepnrn ca cnmerpnunn, ro samecrnamnre cxemn na EEC ce ccranxr sa ena ]asa n
ce napnuar eouo.uueuu. B raxnna exnnnanenrnn nepnrn npornuar roxone c npana
nocneonarennocr n sarona resn samecrnamn cxemn ce napnuar cxe+u ua npaeama
noc.eooeame.uocm.
Hpueexaue ua napa+empume ua +aeuumuo cezpsauume eueumpuuecuu eepueu e
u+euoeauu euuuuu
Enexrpnuecxa mpexa c ena marnnrna npsxa r.e. enn rpanc]opmarop, nma npnnuno
nomnnanno nanpexenne
u 1
U n nropnuno nomnnanno nanpexenne
u 2
U . Axo nropnuno
B B
x E ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '
B
x
LR
x
1
x
W W
R X
C
x
B
x
H
x
LR
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
12
nanpexenne e
2
U , ro ornocnrennara ronemnna na rona nanpexenne e panna na
u 2
2
U
U
. 3a a ce
onpeenn ronemnnara na nropnunoro nanpexenne, npnneeno xm nomnnannoro npnnuno
nanpexenne
u 1
U , ce npnnara cnenara ]opmyna.
I.5.1.
2 2 , 1 1 u 1
u 2
2
2
U . k U .
U
U
U = == = = == = ' '' '
Ornomennero na npnnuno nomnnanno nanpexenne xm nropnuno nomnnanno
nanpexenne ce napnua oecmeume.eu roequueum ua mpaucqop+au m.e.
u 2
u 1
2 , 1 1
U
U
k = == = .
Axo ce nsnonsyna onpocrxnamoro onycxane, ue ena n cma momnocr ce npenacx or
mpexa c nanpexenne
u 1
U , xm mpexa c nanpexenne
u 2
U es saryn r.e.:
I.5.2.
u 2 u 2 u 1 u 1 u
I
U 3 I
U 3 S

= == = = == = ,
ro moxe a ce onpeenn ornomennero na moynnre na roxonere no ]opmynara:
I.5.3.
2 , 1 1
u 1
u 2
u 2
u 1
u 2
u 1
k
1
U
U
I
I
I
= == = = == = = == =

.
Axo nropnunnx rox e
2
I , ro ornocnrennara ronemnna na rosn rox e panen na
u 2
2
I
I
. 3a
a ce onpeenn ronemnnara na nropnunnx rox, npnneen xm nomnnannnx npnnuen rox
u 1
I ce
npnnara cnenara ]opmyna.
I.5.4.
2
2 , 1 1
u 1
u 2
2
2
I .
k
1
I .
I
I
I = == = = == = ' '' '
Karo ce nsnonsynar ]opmynn I.5.1. n I.5.4. ce onpeenx nmneanca
2
Z npnneen xm
npnnunara crpana.
I.5.5.
2
2
2 , 1 1
2
2
2
Z . k
I
U
Z = == =
' '' '
' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ;
B ropnnre nspasn ce npnnexar nropnunnre nennunnn xm npnnunnre. Hueomo ua
uanpexeuue, uz+ uoemo ce npueexam ecuuuu eue+eumu om eueumpuuecuama eepuea sa a
ce nouyuu eueumpuuecua eepuea es +aeuumuu epzsuu (eueueaueumua sa+ecmeaua cxe+a)
ce uapuua ocuoeuo m.e.
. ocu u 1
U U = == = .
Axo enexrpnuecxara mpexa nma ~n ~ na po marnnrnn npsxn r.e. ~n ~ na po
rpanc]opmaropn, ro na asa na nonyuennre no rope ]opmynn ce nonyuanar cnennre oomenn
nspasn:
I.5.6.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
n
2
1n 1III 1II 1I n
n
1n 1III 1II 1I
n
n 1n 1III 1II 1I n
Z k .. k . k . k Z
I
k ... k . k . k
1
I
U . k ... k . k . k U
= == = ' '' '
= == = ' '' '
= == = ' '' '
, xero:
- ( (( ( ) )) )
n n n
Z ; I ; U ca peannnre, nonexamn na npnnexane napamerpn, npecranenn n
nmenonann ennnnn, a ( (( ( ) )) )
n n n
Z ; I ; U ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ca npnneennre napamerpn.
Koeqnnnen1n1e na 1pancqopuannn ( (( ( ) )) ) .... k . k . k . k
1IJ 1III 1II 1I
ce nseua1 n nocoxa o1
c1enen1a, npne1a sa ocnonna, xsu oc1anann1e nnna na nanpeaenne.
Axo ce nsnonsynar ecrnnrennnre xoe]nnnenrn na rpanc]opmannx sa ncxxo crnano
na rpanc]opmannx, ro raxona npnnexane ce napnua ~mouuo. Axo xoe]nnnenrn na
rpanc]opmannx ce onpeenxr, xaro ornomenne mexy cpennre nomnnannn nanpexennx r.e.
13
cp 2
. cp 1
2 , 1 . cp 1
U
U
k = == = , ro raxona npnnexane ce napnua ~npuuusumeuuo. Cpenn1e nounnannn
nanpeaennn ca pannn na ynennueno1o c 5 nounnannn nanpeaennn 1.e.
. u . cp
U 5 , 1 U = == = .
Axo ce nsnonsyna ~npuuusumeuuomo" npnnexane, ro nponsneennero na
xoe]nnnenrnre na rpanc]opmannx nma cnennx nn:
I.5.7. ( (( ( ) )) )
. cp , n
. cp . ocu
1n 1III 1II 1I
U
U
k ... k . k . k = == = , xero:
-
. cp . ocu
U e cpenoro nomnnanno nanpexenne na ocnonna1a c1enen, xm xoxro ce
npnnexa;
-
. cp , n
U e cpenoro nomnnanno nanpexenne na ~n~ ra crenenra, n xoxro ce namnpa
npnnexannx enemenr.
Hpn resn ycnonnx, ]opmynn I.5.6. npnonnar cnennx onpocren nn:
I.5.8.
n
2
. cp , n
. cp . ocu
n
n
.. cp . ocu
. cp , n
n
n
. cp , n
. cp . ocu
n
Z
U
U
Z
I
U
U
I
U .
U
U
U
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = ' '' '
= == = ' '' '
= == = ' '' '
;
Toxonere n nanpexennxra nonyuenn n kA(A) n kV(V) c ]opmynn I.5.6. n I.5.8. ce
ornacxr sa ocnonna1a c1enen. Toxonere n nanpexennxra sa ocranannre crenenn ce nonyuanar,
xaro ce oruerar cornernnre xoe]nnnenrn na rpanc]opmannx.
Hpueexaue ua napa+empume ua +aeuumuo cezpsauume eueumpuuecuu eepueu e
omuocumeuuu euuuuu
Hpnnexanero n ornocnrennn ennnnn nsncxna nsnpane na asncnnre nennunnn,
xonro na-uecro ca nnnenno1o nanpeaenneU
n 1pnqasna1a uomnoc1 S
. Onxnoneno
asncnoro nanpexenne ce nsnpa panno na nxxox or crenennre na nanpexenne n pasrnexanara
cxema, a asncnara momnocr e nponsnonno uncno (xprna cronocr). B cnyua, ue asncnoro
nanpexenne ce nsepe panno na ocnonnara crenen na npnnexane r.e.
. ocu
U U = == = , ro
nanpexennero or ~n-roro nnno na rpanc]opmannx, aeno n u.e. (]opmyna I.5.6.) ce npnnexa
xm asncnnre ycnonnx cc cnenara ]opmyna:
I.5.9.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
, n
n
1n 1III 1II 1I
n 1n 1III 1II 1I
n
) ( n
U
U
k ... k . k . k
U
U
U
U . k ... k . k . k
U
U
U = == = = == = = == =
' '' '
= == =
- -- -
.
Bennunnara U
n,
npecrannxna asncnoro nanpexenne na ~n-roro nnno na
rpanc]opmannx n ce nonyuana c nspasa:
I.5.10.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
1n 1III 1II 1I
. ocu
1n 1III 1II 1I
, n
k ... k . k . k
U
k ... k . k . k
U
U = == = = == =
Ananornuno moxe a e nonyuen asncnnx rox sa ~n-roro nnno na rpanc]opmannx
r.e.:
I.5.11. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
. ocu 1n 1III 1II 1I 1n 1III 1II 1I , n
I . k ... k . k . k I . . k ... k . k . k I = == = = == = .
Or ]opmynn I.5.10. n I.5.11. moxe a e nonyuena ]opmynara sa asncnoro
cnpornnnenne na ~n-roro nnno na rpanc]opmannx r.e.:
I.5.12.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )

2
2
1n 1III 1II 1I
2
1n 1III 1II 1I , n
, n
, n
S
U
k ... k . k . k
1
I . 3
U
k ... k . k . k
1
I . 3
U
Z = == = = == = = == =
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
14
Cnpornnnennero Z
n
or ~n-roro nnno na rpanc]opmannx, aeno n u.e.ce npnnexa
xm asncnnre ycnonnx cc cnenara ]opmyna:
I.5.13. ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
2
n
2
1n 1II 1I
2
n
2
n
2
1n 1II 1I
, n
n
) ( n
, n
U
S
Z
k .... k . k
U
S
Z
U
S
Z k .... k . k
Z
Z
Z = == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- -
Hanpexenne n roxr na ~n-roro nnno na rpanc]opmannx (U
n,
, I
n,
) nsnonsynann npn
~npuuusumeuuomo" npnnexane ca cnennre:
I.5.14.
. cp , n
, n
. cp , n , n
U . 3
S
I
U U
= == =
= == =
Pe sa csc1annne na sauec1namn cxeun:
1. Hsnpa ce asncno1o nanpeaenne (U
), xoraro npnnexanero na napamerpnre

na marnnrno cnpsannre enexrpnuecxn nepnrn ce nsnpmna n omuocumeuuu euuuuu n
ocnonno1o nanpeaenne (U
ocn.
), xoraro ro ce nsnpmna n u+euoeauu euuuuu. Onxnoneno
rona e nnnoro na nanpexenne n xoero crana x.c..
2. Hsnpa ce asncnara momnocr (S
) , xoraro npnnexanero ce nsnpmna n

ornocnrennn ennnnn (o.e.).
3. Onpeenxr ce asncnnre nanpexennx n asncnnre roxone sa ncxxo or ocranannre
nnna na nanpexenne, xoraro npnnexanero ce nsnpmna n omuocumeuuu euuuuu.
4. Onpeenxr ce xoe]nnnenrnre na rpanc]opmannx. Koequuueumume ua
mpaucqop+auua ( (( ( ) )) ) .. k . k . k . k
1IJ 1III 1II 1I
ce ese+am e nocoua om cmeneuma npuema sa
ocuoeua (asucua), uz+ ocmauauume uuea ua uanpexeuue.
5. B sanncnmocr or nspannx mero na npnnexane ( n u+euoeauu eouuuu-mo:uo
u.u npuo.usume.uo u.u e omuocumeuuu eouuuu-mo:uo u.u npuo.usume.uo) ce onpeenxr
napamerpnre na orennnre enemenrn, yuacrnynamn n npnnexanara cxema. Hsxnmuenne npn
npuo.usume.uo npnnexane n n.e. nnn n o.e. npanxr camo peaxropnre. Hpn rxx cpenoro
nanpexenne ce npnema panno na nomnnannoro r.e.
. u . cp
U U = == = . Axo rona ycnonne ne ce
oruere, ce nonyuanar snaunrennn rpemxn. Tona nsncxnane e nponxrynano or ]axra, ue
nsopa na peaxrop crana no roxa, xoro rosn peaxrop rpxna a orpannun. 3arona peaxropn
sa no-nncoxo nnno na nanpexenne, morar a ar nocranenn n mxcro c no- nncxo nnno na
nanpexenne.
15
B Tan. I.5.1. ca aenn ]opmynnre sa npnnexane na nanpexennxra, roxonere n
cnpornnnennxra.
Tan. I.5.1.
Huenonann ennnnn (n.e.) npn U
ocn.
O1nocn1ennn ennnnn (o.e.) npn S

n U
Touno Hpnnnsn1enno Touno Hpnnnsn1enno

. u . m u
U
U
k
;
U
U
k
III
II
1I
II
. ocu
1I
= == =
= == =
. u . m u
U
U
k
;
U
U
k
. cp , III
. cp , II
1I
. cp , II
. cp . ocu
1I
= == =
= == =
. u . m u
U
U
k
;
U
U
k
III
II
1I
II
1I
= == =
= == =
U . 3
S
I = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
1n 1II 1I
, n
k .. k . k
U
U = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
1n 1II 1I , n
I . . k ... k . k I = == =
. u . m u
U
U
k
;
U
U
k
. cp , III
. cp , II
1I
. cp , II
. cp
1I
= == =
= == =
. cp , n , n
U U = == =
. cp , n
, n
U . 3
S
I = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
n 1n 1II 1I n
U . k ... k k U = == = ' '' '
n
. cp , n
. cp . ocu
n
U .
U
U
U = == = ' '' '
, n
n
) ( n
U
U
U = == =
- -- -
. cp , n
n
) ( n
U
U
U = == =
- -- -
( (( ( ) )) )
n
1n 1II 1I
n
I .
k ... k k
1
I = == = ' '' '
n
.. cp . ocu
. cp , n
n
I
U
U
I = == = ' '' '
, n
n
) ( n
I
I
I = == =
- -- -
, n
n
) ( n
I
I
I = == =
- -- -
Axo
n
Z e n (u.e.)
2
, n
n ) ( n
U
S
Z Z = == =
- -- -
2
. cp , n
n ) ( n
U
S
Z Z = == =
- -- -
Axo
) u ( n
Z
- -- -
e n (o.e.) npnneeno xsu
nounnannn ycnonnn
( (( ( ) )) )
n
2
1n 1II 1I n
Z k .. k . k Z = == = ' '' '
n
2
. cp , n
. cp . ocu
n
Z
U
U
Z
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = ' '' '
( (( ( ) )) )
2
, n
u
u
u n ) ( n
U
U
S
S
Z Z
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
- -- - - -- -
( (( ( ) )) )
u
u n ) ( n
S
S
Z Z
- -- - - -- -
= == =
I.6. Hpnuepn
1.Momnocrra na cnnxponen reneparop e 25000kW; cos 0,8,nomnnannoro nanpexenne na reneparopa e 10,5kV,
ornocnrennoro cnnxponno cnpornnnenne x
-
0,2. a ce namepn cnpornnnennero na reneparopa n O.
O OO O 71 ,
1 . 25
8 , . 1 . 5 , 1
2 ,
S
U
x x

2
u
2
u
= == = = == = = == =
Axo momnocrra ce saae n MVA, a nanpexennero n kV nmencnnre n ropnara ]opmyna ce nspannxnar. Hpn
nsnonsynane1o na ropna1a qopuyna ce npenopsua uomnoc11a a ce saae n MVA, a nanpeaenne1o n kV, npn xoe1o ne e
neoxonuo npeopasynane na kV nsn V n MVA nsn VA.
2.Bsymna nnnnx c nanpexenne 115kV n nxnna 160 km nma ornocnrenno nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne 0,4 O/km.
Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na nnnnxra n ornocnrennn ennnnn, axo asncnara momnocr e S
200MVA, a asncnoro
nanpexenne e panno na nomnnannoro.
97 ,
115
2
. 1 . 4 ,
U
S
x x
2 2
) (
= == = = == = = == =
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
16
3.Momnocrra na cnnon rpanc]opmarop e S5,6MVA ; nanpexennero na x.c. e u
k
7,5; sarynre na axrnnna
momnocr n nomnnanen pexnm ca AP
n
75,5; xoe]nnnenra na rpanc]opmannx e 38/6,3kV. a ce onpeenn nnyxrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne n omone, axo ro e npnneeno xm nncxara crpana na rpanc]opmannx na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop.
Hanpexennero na x.c. (u
k
7,5), npecrannxna nnnoro cnpornnnenne na rpanc]opmaropa n ornocnrennn ennnnn
npnneeno xm nomnnannnre napamerpn na rpanc]opmaropa.
75 ,
1
" u
Z
k
) u (
= == = = == =
Axrnnnara ccranxma na nnnoro cnpornnnenne na rpanc]opmaropa n ornocnrennn ennnnn npnneeno xm
nomnnannnre napamerpn na rpanc]opmaropa e panna na:
135 ,
, 5
1 . 5 , 75
S
P
r
3
u
u
) u (
= == = = == = = == =

A AA A
Hnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na rpanc]opmaropa n ornocnrennn ennnnn npnneeno xm nomnnannnre napamerpn
na rpanc]opmaropa e panno na:
74 , 135 , 75 , x
2 2
) u (
= == = = == =
B nmenonann ennnnn nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na rpanc]opmaropa e panno na:
O OO O 525 ,
, 5
3 ,
. 74 ,
S
U
x x
2
u
2
u
) u (
= == = = == = = == =
4. a ce ccrann exnnnanenrna samecrnama cxema, crnacno aenara nsxona cxema na qnr. 4.1. a ce onpeenn
roxr na x.c. n mxcroro na nonpeara n oranannx or reneparopa rox, xaro npnnexanero ce nsnpmn:
a) xm reneparopnoro nanpexenne
) xm nanpexennero n mxcroro na nonpeara.
Hsuncnennxra a ce nanpanxr no cncremara na nmenonannre n ornocnrennnre ennnnn, no rounnx n no
npnnnsnrennnx naunn.
3amecrnamara cxema nma cnennx nn.
Cxema sa npnnexane xm reneparopnoro nanpexenne.
S
n
30MVA
U
n
10,5kV
x
d-
0,26
E
d
11kV
S
n
31,5MVA
10,5/121 kV
u
k
10,5
L80km
x
0
0,4O/km
S
n
15MVA
110/6,6 kV
u
k
10,5
L2,5km
x
0
0,08O/km
U
n
6kV
I
n
0,3kA
x
R
5
mnr. 4.1.
G T
1
T
2
L
R
C
E
`
d
x
G
x
T1
x
L
x
T2
x
R
x
C
mnr.4.2.
mnr.4.3.
U
ocn.
U
ocn.cp..
G T
1
T
2
R
U

U
I,
U

U
I,cp.
U
II,
U
II,
U
II,cp.
L C
~
k
I,II
k
II,III
U
II
U
I
U
III
U
III,
U
III,
U
III,cp.
17
Cxema sa npnnexane xm nanpexennero n mxcroro na nonpeara.
Hpnneaane n nuenonann ennnnn
Touno npnneaane
Hpnneaane xsu renepa1opno nanpeaenne:
-U
ocn.
10,5kV mnr.4.3.
Hpnneaane xsu nanpeaenne1o n unc1o1o na nonpea1a:
U
ocn.
6,6 kV mnr.4.4.
Koe]nnnenrnre na rpanc]opmannx ca:-
121
5 , 1
k
II , I
= == = n
,
11
k
III , II
= == = .
11
,
k
II , I
= == = n
5 , 1
121
k
III , II
= == = .
O OO O 9 ,
3
5 , 1
2 ,
S
U
x x
2
u
2
u
d C
= == = = == = ' '' ' = == =
- -- -
O OO O 458 ,
5 , 1 . 11
121 . ,
3
5 , 1
2 ,
k k
S
U
x x
2
2
2
III , II
2
II , I
u
2
u
d C
== == == == | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == = ' '' ' = == =
- -- -
O OO O 37 ,
5 , 31
5 , 1
.
1
5 , 1
S
U
1
" u
x
2
u
2
u k
1 1
= == = = == = = == =
O OO O 17 ,
11
,
.
5 , 31
121
.
1
5 , 1
k
S
U
1
" u
x
2
2
2
II , I
u
2
u k
1 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == =
( (( ( ) )) ) O OO O 24 ,
121
5 , 1
. 8 . 4 , k l x x
2
2
II , I L
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == = ( (( ( ) )) ) O OO O 115 ,
11
,
. 8 . 4 , k l x x
2
2
II , I L
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
O OO O 4 ,
121
5 , 1
.
15
11
.
1
5 , 1
k
S
U
1
" u
x
2
2
2
II , I
u
2
u k
2 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == = O OO O 35 ,
15
,
.
1
5 , 1
S
U
1
" u
x
2
u
2
u k
2 1
= == = = == = = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
O OO O 21 , 1
,
11
.
121
5 , 1
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
k k
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
2
2
III , II II , I
u
u R
R
== == == == | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == = O OO O 577 ,
3 , . 3
.
1
5
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
u
u R
R
= == = = == = = == =
( (( ( ) )) )
O OO O 42 ,
,
11
.
121
5 , 1
. 5 , 2 . 8 , k k l x x
2
2
III , II II , I C
= == =
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == =
O OO O 2 , 5 , 2 . 8 , l x x
C
= == = = == = = == =
T
1
T
2
R
G
L C
~
k
I,II
k
II,III
U
III
mnr.4.4
U
ocn.
U
ocn.cp..
U

U
I,
U

U
I,cp.
U
I
U
II,
U
II,
U
II,cp.
U
II
U
III,
U
III,
U
III,cp.
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
18
O OO O
E EE E
84 , 3
42 , 21 , 1 4 , 24 , 37 , 9 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
O OO O
E EE E
8298 , 1 2 ,
577 , 35 , 115 , 17 , 458 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
kA 54 , 1
84 , 3 . 3
11
x . 3
E
I
d
C
= == = = == =
' '' '
= == =
E EE E
kJ , 7
11 .
5 , 1
121
.
11
,
E k k E
d III , II II , I ) kJ , ( d
= == =
= == = = == = ' '' ' = == = ' '' '
- -- -
kA 4 , 2 5 , 1 .
,
11
.
121
5 , 1
I k k I
C III , II II , I . c . k
= == = = == = = == =
kA 4 , 2
8298 , 1 . 3
, 7
x . 3
E
I
) kJ , ( d
. c . k
= == = = == =
' '' '
= == =
- -- -
E EE E
kA , 1 4 , 2 .
5 , 1
121
.
11
,
I k k I
. c . k III , II II , I C
= == = = == = = == =
Hpnneaane n nuenonann ennnnn
Hpnnnsn1enno npnneaane
- U
ocn.,cp.
10,5kV mnr.4.3.
- U
ocn.,cp.
6,3 kV mnr.4.4.
U
ocn.,cp.
U
I,cp
10,5kV;
U
II,cp.
115kV;
U
III,cp.
6,3kV.
115
5 , 1
k
II , I
= == = n
3 ,
115
k
III , II
= == = .
U
ocn.,cp.
U
I,cp
6,3;
U
II,cp.
115kV;
U
III,cp.
10,5kV.
115
3 ,
k
II , I
= == = n
5 , 1
115
k
III , II
= == = .
O OO O 9 ,
3
5 , 1
2 ,
S
U
x x
2
u
2
. cp ., ocu
d C
= == = = == = ' '' ' = == =
- -- -
O OO O 344 ,
5 , 1
3 ,
3
5 , 1
2 ,
U
U
S
U
x x
2
2
2
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
u
2
. cp , III
d C
== == == == | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
' '' ' = == =
- -- -
O OO O 37 ,
5 , 31
5 , 1
.
1
5 , 1
S
U
1
" u
x
2
u
2
. cp ., ocu
k
1 1
= == = = == = = == =
O OO O 132 ,
115
3 ,
.
5 , 31
115
.
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
U
1
" u
x
2
2
2
. cp , II
. cp ., ocu
u
2
. cp , II
k
1 1
== == == == | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
O OO O 27 ,
115
5 , 1
. 8 . 4 ,
U
U
l x x
2
2
. cp , II
.. cp ., ocu
L
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = O OO O 9 ,
115
3 ,
. 8 . 4 ,
U
U
l x x
2
2
. cp , II
. cp ., ocu
L
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
O OO O 77 ,
115
5 , 1
.
15
115
.
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
U
1
" u
x
2
2
2
. cp , II
. cp ., ocu
u
2
. cp , II
k
2 1
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
O OO O 278 ,
15
3 ,
.
1
5 , 1
S
U
1
" u
x
2
u
2
. cp ., ocu
k
2 1
= == = = == = = == =
19
O OO O , 1
3 ,
5 , 1
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
U
U
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
2
2
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
u
u R
R
== == == == | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
O OO O 577 ,
3 , . 3
.
1
5
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
u
u R
R
= == = = == = = == =
O OO O 55 ,
3 ,
5 , 1
. 5 , 2 . 8 ,
U
U
l x x
2
2
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
C
= == =
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
O OO O 2 , 5 , 2 . 8 , l x x
C
= == = = == = = == =
O OO O
E EE E
52 , 4
55 , , 1 77 , 27 , 37 , 9 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
O OO O
E EE E
27 , 1 2 ,
577 , 278 , 9 , 132 , 344 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
kA 4 , 1
52 , 4 . 3
11
x . 3
E
I
d
C
= == = = == =
' '' '
= == =
E EE E
kJ , 11 .
5 , 1
3 ,
E
U
U
E
d
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
) kJ , ( d
= == = = == = ' '' '
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = ' '' '
- -- -
kA 33 , 2 4 , 1 .
3 ,
5 , 1
I
U
U
I
C
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
. c . k
= == = = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
kA 35 , 2
27 , 1 . 3
,
x . 3
E
I
) kJ , ( d
. c . k
= == = = == =
' '' '
= == =
- -- -
E EE E
kA 41 , 1 35 , 2 .
5 , 1
3 ,
I
U
U
I
. c . k
. cp , III
. cp ., ocu
C
= == = = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
Hpnneaane n o1nocn1ennn ennnnn
Touno npnneaane
- U
10,5kV
- S
100MVA
mnr.4.3.
- U
6,6kV
-S
100MVA
mnr.4.4.
Onpeennne na asncno1o nanpeaenne n asncnnn1 1ox sa
ncnxa o1 c1enenn1e na 1pancqopuannn.
1. kJ 5 , 1 U U
, I
= == = = == =
kA 5 , 5
5 , 1 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, I
.
, I
= == = = == = = == =
2. kJ 121 5 , 1 .
5 , 1
121
k
U
U
II , I
, I
, II
= == = = == = = == =
kA 477 ,
121 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, II
.
, II
= == = = == = = == =
3. kJ 2 , 7 121 .
11
,
k
U
U
III , II
, II
, III
= == = = == = = == =
kA 952 , 7
2 , 7 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, III
.
, III
= == = = == = = == =
121
5 , 1
k
II , I
= == = n
,
11
k
III , II
= == = .
1. kJ , U U
, I
= == = = == =
kA 748 , 8
, . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, I
.
, I
= == = = == = = == =
2. kJ 11 11 .
,
,
k
U
U
II , I
, I
, II
= == = = == = = == =
kA 525 ,
11 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, II
.
, II
= == = = == = = == =
3. kJ 545 , 9 5 , 1 .
121
11
k
U
U
III , II
, II
, III
= == = = == = = == =
kA 49 ,
545 , 9 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, III
.
, III
= == = = == = = == =
11
,
k
II , I
= == = n
5 , 1
121
k
III , II
= == =
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
20
87 ,
5 , 1
5 , 1
3
1
2 ,
U
U
S
S
x x
2
2
, I
u
u
d C
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
' '' ' = == =
- -- - - -- -
49 , 1
545 , 9
5 , 1
3
1
2 ,
U
U
S
S
x x
2
2
, III
u
u
d C
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
' '' ' = == =
- -- - - -- -
333 ,
5 , 1
5 , 1
5 , 31
1
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
S
1
u
x
2
2
, I
u
u
k
1 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
- -- -
43 ,
11
121
5 , 31
1
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
S
1
u
x
2
2
, II
u
u
k
1 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
- -- -
219 ,
121
1
. 8 . 4 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, II
L
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
24 ,
11
1
. 8 . 4 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, II
L
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
579 ,
121
11
15
1
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
S
1
u
x
2
2
, II
u
u
k
2 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
- -- -
7 ,
,
,
15
1
1
5 , 1
U
U
S
S
1
u
x
2
2
, I
u
u
k
2 1
= == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
- -- -
95 , 1
2 , 7
952 , 7 . 3
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
U
I 3
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
, III
, III
u
u R
R
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
- -- -
325 , 1
,
748 , 8 . 3
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
U
I 3
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
, I
, I
u
u R
R
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
- -- -
379 ,
2 , 7
1
. 5 , 2 . 8 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, III
C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
459 ,
,
1
. 5 , 2 . 8 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, I
C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
472 , 3 379 ,
95 , 1 579 , 219 , 332 , 87 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - E EE E
2 , 4 459 ,
325 , 1 7 , 24 , 43 , 49 , 1
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - E EE E
48 , 1
5 , 1
11
U
E
E
, I
) (
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
152 , 1
545 , 9
11
U
E
E
, III
) (
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
32 ,
472 , 3
48 , 1
x
E
I
) (
) ( k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
274 ,
2 , 4
152 , 1
x
E
I
) (
) ( k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
kA , 1 5 , 5 . 32 , I . I I
, I ) ( k C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 57 , 1 49 , . 274 , I . I I
, III ) ( k C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 4 , 2 952 , 7 . 32 , I . I I
, III ) ( k . c . k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 397 , 2 748 , 8 . 274 , I . I I
, I ) ( k . c . k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
21
Hpnneaane n o1nocn1ennn ennnnn
Hpnnnsn1enno npnneaane
- U
U
cp.
- S
100MVA
mnr.4.3.
- U
U
cp.
-S
100MVA
mnr.4.4
1. kJ 5 , 1 U U
. cp , I , I
= == = = == =
kA 5 , 5
5 , 1 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, I
.
, I
= == = = == = = == =
2. kJ 115 U U
. cp , II , II
= == = = == =
kA 52 ,
115 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, I
.
, II
= == = = == = = == =
3. kJ 3 , U U
. cp , III , III
= == = = == =
kA 14 , 9
3 , . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, III
.
, III
= == = = == = = == =
115
5 , 1
k
II , I
= == = n
,
115
k
III , II
= == = .
1. kJ 3 , U U
. cp , I , I
= == = = == =
kA 14 , 9
3 , . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, I
.
, I
= == = = == = = == =
2. kJ 115 U U
. cp , II , II
= == = = == =
kA 52 ,
115 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, II
.
, II
= == = = == = = == =
3. kJ 5 , 1 U U
. cp , III , III
= == = = == =
kA 5 , 5
5 , 1 . 3
1
U 3
S
I
, III
.
, III
= == = = == = = == =
115
3 ,
k
II , I
= == = n
5 , 1
115
k
III , II
= == = .
87 ,
3
1
2 ,
S
S
x x
u
d C
= == = = == = ' '' ' = == =
- -- - - -- -
87 ,
3
1
2 ,
S
S
x x
u
d C
= == = = == = ' '' ' = == =
- -- - - -- -
333 ,
5 , 31
1
1
5 , 1
S
S
1
u
x
u
k
1 1
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
333 ,
5 , 31
1
1
5 , 1
S
S
1
u
x
u
k
1 1
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
242 ,
115
1
. 8 . 4 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, II
L
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
242 ,
115
1
. 8 . 4 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, II
L
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
7 ,
15
1
1
5 , 1
S
S
1
u
x
u
k
2 1
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
7 ,
15
1
1
5 , 1
S
S
1
u
x
u
k
2 1
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
455 , 1
3 ,
14 , 9 . 3
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
U
I 3
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
, III
, III
u
u R
R
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
- -- -
455 , 1
3 ,
14 , 9 . 3
.
3 , . 3
.
1
5
U
I 3
I . 3
U
1
" x
x
, I
, I
u
u R
R
= == = = == =
= == = = == =
- -- -
54 ,
3 ,
1
. 5 , 2 . 8 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, III
C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
54 ,
3 ,
1
. 5 , 2 . 8 ,
U
S
l x x
2 2
, I
C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
11 , 4 54 ,
455 , 1 7 , 242 , 333 , 87 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - E EE E
11 , 4 54 ,
455 , 1 7 , 242 , 333 , 87 ,
x x x x x x x
L R 2 1 L 1 1 C
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - E EE E
48 , 1
5 , 1
11
U
E
E
, I
) (
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
48 , 1
5 , 1
11
U
E
E
, III
) (
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
2555 ,
11 , 4
48 , 1
x
E
I
) (
) ( k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
2555 ,
173 , 4
48 , 1
x
E
I
) (
) ( k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
I. KTCH CTEHHEHHR
22
kA 45 , 1 5 , 5 . 2555 , I . I I
, I ) ( k C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 45 , 1 5 , 5 . 2555 , I . I I
, III ) ( k C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 34 , 2 14 , 9 . 2555 , I . I I
, III ) ( k . c . k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
kA 34 , 2 14 , 9 . 2555 , I . I I
, I ) ( k . c . k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
I.7. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. Hanpexennero na x.c. na rpanc]opmarop e 1 " u
k
= == = . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na rpanc]opmaropa n nmenonann
ennnnn, axo kJ 1 U
u
= == = n nomnnannara momnocr e MJA 1 S
u
= == = .
= == =
k
z
2. Hpnnexanero na cxema xm eno nnno na nanpexenne crana xaro ce nsnonsynar xoe]nnnenrnre na rpanc]opmannx or:
a) renepnpamnre momnocrn xm xcoro cennenne.
) or xcoro cennenne xm renepnpamnre momnocrn
n) or crenenra npnera sa ocnonna
3. Ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na nnnnx npnneeno xm nomnnannn ycnonnx e
( (( ( ) )) )
4 , x
u
= == = . Homnnannoro cnpornnnenne
e O OO O 2 x
u
= == = . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na nnnnxra n O OO O.
= == = x
4. Ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na nnnnx npnneeno xm nomnnannn ycnonnx e
( (( ( ) )) )
4 , x
u
= == = . Homnnannoro
cnpornnnenne e O OO O 2 x
u
= == = . Fasncnoro cnpornnnenne e O OO O 2 x
= == = . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na nnnnxra n

ornocnrennn ennnnn, npnneeno xm asncnnre ycnonnx.
( (( ( ) )) )
= == =

x
5. Tpanc]opmarop c nanpexennero na x.c. 1 " u
k
= == = nma nomnnanno nanpexenne kJ 1 U
u
= == = n nomnnannara
momnocr MJA 1 S
u
= == = . Kaxno e ornocnrennoro cnpornnnenne na rpanc]opmaropa npn aennre nomnnannn ycnonnx?
= == =
) u ( k
z
6. Enemenr or samecrnama cxema nma cnpornnnenne 5O OO O. Onpeenere ronemnnara na rona cnpornnnenne n ornocnrennn
ennnnn, axo asncnoro cnpornnnenne e c ronemnna or 5O OO O.
( (( ( ) )) )
= == =

x
7. Homnnannoro nanpexenne e panno na asncnoro. Kaxna e ronemnnara na nanpexennero n ornocnrennn ennnnn npnneeno
xm asncnnre ycnonnx?
( (( ( ) )) )
= == =

U
8. 3a a ce npnnee enn enemenr xm asncnn ycnonnx e neoxonmo a ca saaenn:
a)
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
S U
)
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
I U
n) n nere nsncxnannx - /a) n )/.
r) eno or nere nsncxnannx - /a) nnn )/.
9. Cnpornnnennero na reneparop e 2 , x
d
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na reneparopa n nmenonann ennnnn, axo
kJ 1 U
u
= == = n nomnnannara momnocr e MJA 1 S
u
= == = .
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
d
x
10. Cnpornnnennero na reneparop e 2 , x
d
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na reneparopa n ornocnrennn ennnnn,
npnneeno xm asncnnre ycnonnx, axo kJ 1 U
u
= == = , nomnnannara momnocr e MJA 5 S
u
= == = ,
u u
S S u U U = == = = == = .
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
) ( d
x
23
II. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne
Tpn]asnnre xcn cennennx ca cpannnrenno pexn xnnennx. Te ce xapaxrepnsnpar c
penna ocoenocrn, xonro rn npanxr mnoro yonn sa oxcnenne na nponecnre npornuamn npn
rxxnara noxna. Hopan rona, ue rpn]asnnre xcn cennennx ca cnmerpnunn, rona nosnonxna
a ce nscnenar nponecnre camo n ena ]asa, a rpn]asnnre nepnrn a ce npecranxr xaro
eno]asnn. Hsuncnennre roxone n nanpexennx npn rpn]asnnre xcn cennennx cnnaar c
roxone n nanpexennx na npanara nocneonarennocr. Toxonere n nanpexennxra npn ncnuxn
necnmerpnunn x.c. morar a ce cnear o namnpane na roxone n nanpexennx na npanara
nocneonarennocr. Ero samo, nsnonsynannre meron sa onpeenxne na roxonere n
nanpexennxra npn rpn]asnnre xcn cennennx nexar n ocnonara na xonnuecrnenara onenxa
na pasnnunnre necnmerpnunn x.c. B penna cnyuan rpn]asnnre xcn cennennx noxr o na-
rexxn nopaxennx sa anaparypara n EEC xaro nxno. 3arona nsuncnennre npn rasn anapnx roxone
n nanpexennx ca n ocnonara na nsopa na copxennx n nacrpoxn na ycrpocrnara sa samnra
n anromarnsannx.
II.1. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne, saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c
esxpanna uomnoc1
Hoxor na pasrnexane na x.c. cmecrneno ce nnnxe or saxpannamnx nsrounnx.
Koraro saxpannanero ce ocmecrnxna or nsrounnx c esxpana momnocr, rorana nponecnre,
xonro npornuar n cnnxponnnre mamnnn ne ce pasrnexar. B rosn cnyua, mnnara or xoxro ce
saxpanna x.c. ce napnua mnna c ~1nspo nanpeaenne. Tnporo nanpexenne ce nsmenx
cnnyconanno nn npemero, xaro sanasna nensmennn amnnnrya (e]exrnnna cronocr) n
uecrora. T xaro npaxrnuecxn momnocrra na cncremara S
c
nnxora ne e esxpana, sa
npaxrnuecxn npecmxrannx na r.x.c. ce npnema, ue nepnrara ce saxpanna or mnna rnpo
nanpexenne, axo e nsnnneno cnenoro ycnonne:
5
S
S
x x
) u .( 1
c
) u ( 1 ) c (
> >> > = == = ; xero:
) u .( 1 ) u ( 1
S , x ca napamerpn na saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop.
II.1.1. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne,
saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c esxpanna uomnoc1. mnsnxanna npec1ana
Kcoro cennenne n enexrpnuecxnre mpexn npecrannxna nnesanno 'nsmenenne na
ronapa (ynennuenne), xoero non o pxsxo napacrnane na roxonere n nsmenenne na
cnpsannre c rxx marnnrnn nonera. Tesn npomenn nponxanar nsnecrno npeme o ocrnrane
o nonoro ycranoneno ccroxnne r.e. n enexrpnuecxara nepnra nsnnxna enexrpomarnnren
npexoen nponec. Karo ce nsnonsyna npnnnnna na enexrpomarnnrnara nnepnnx (na Henn),
moxe a e oxcnen nsnnxnamnx enexrpomarnnren npexoen nponec n enexrpnuecxa
nepnra, cpxama nnyxrnnnocr. Kaxro e nsnecrno rosn npnnnnn rnacn, ue npn ncexn onnr
a ce npomenn noroxocnennennero + ++ + na sarnopen peanen xonryp, n nero nsnnxna cnooen
S
c
S
T..( n)
U
n
T
mnr. II.1.1.
II. TPHmA3HO KTCO CTEHHEHHE
24
rox, unxro ronemnna n nocoxa ca raxnna, ue nsyennxr or rosn rox marnnren norox
xomnencnpa rasn npomxna. T xaro n nnnennre enexrpnuecxn nepnrn noroxocnennennero e
nponopnnonanno na roxa (+ ++ += == =L.i), nopan nocroxnnnx xoe]nnnenr na camonnyxnnx Lconst,
ro npnnnnna na enexrpomarnnrnara nnepnnx onpeenx n r.n. saxon sa xomyrannxra. Tosn saxon
ce nspasxna n uenpeuzcuamocm na npornuamnx rox r.e i(+0)i(-0). B cmyrenara nepnra ce
noxnxna cnooen rox. Tosn cnooen rox sarnxna nn npemero, cne xoero ce ycranonxna
nonnxr ycrounn (npnnyen) pexnm. Bpemero na sarnxnane sanncn or xoncranrara na
sarnxnane, xoxro ce onpeenx or napamerpnre na nepnrara or nonoro ycrounno ccroxnne.
i
i
i
t
t
t
H
i
H
i
H
i
A
i
A
i
A
i
A 0asa
C 0asa
B 0asa
mnr.II.1.2.
25
Ha mnr.II.1.2. e noxasano pasnnrnero na roxa na rpn]asno xco cennenne
saxpannano or mnna rnpo nanpexenne. Or ]nrypara ce nnxa pxsxoro napacrnane na roxa n
nocrenennoro my sarnxnane. B reuenne na npemero nnnnxr rox na x.c. moxe a ce npecrann
xaro nauanen, mexnnen n ycranonen (rpaen). Hnnnxr rox na x.c. moxe a e pasnoxen na
ne ccranxn nepnonuna n anepnonuna. B npnnx nepno nnnnxr rox ocrnra cnoxra
maxcnmanna nennunna. Hpemer na no-nararmnn pasrnexannx me ar xonnuecrneno
onpeenxne na:
- nnnnx rox na x.c.;
- rpannx (ycranonennx) rox na x.c.;
- maxcnmannara ronemnna na nnnnx rox na x.c (yapnnx rox);
- e]exrnnnara cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. n ccranxnre my.
II.1.2. Konnuec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco
csennenne, saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c esxpanna uomnoc1
Onpeoe.ue ua n.uu mor ua r.c.
Ha mnr.II.1.3. e noxasana cxemara na nepnra cc ccpeorouenn napamerpn-axrnnnn n
nnyxrnnnn cnpornnnennx. Taxana nepnra ce napnua npocma, n nex orccrnynar
rpanc]opmaropnn npsxn, a saxpannanero crana or mnna rnpo nanpexenne.
Kcoro cennenne pasenx nepnrara na ne uacrn - xcna es saxpannam
nsrounnx n nxna saxpannana or nsrounnx c esxpana momnocr. Or saxona sa xomyrannxra n n
nere uacrn na nepnrara npornuar cnoonn roxone c nauanna ronemnna, panna na cronocrnre
na roxa npen nsnnxnane na nonpeara. Cnoonnre roxone me sarnxnar anepnonuno c
npemexoncranrn sanncemn or nepnrnre, n xoro resn roxone npornuar. Taxa nanpnmep, n
xcnara uacr, cnoonnre roxone me sarnxnar c npemexoncranra | || | | || | s ,
r
x
r
L
1
1
1
1
e ee e
t tt t = == = = == = . B nxnara
uacr, cnoonnre roxone me sarnxnar c npemexoncranra | || | | || | s ,
r
x
r
L
k
k
k
k
e ee e
t tt t = == = = == = . Tyx oaue me
nporeue n npuuyeu nepuouueu mou, xoro ce nxn na nannunero na saxpannam nsrounnx.
Amnnnryara (e]exrnnnara cronocr) na npuuvoeu nepuoou:eu mor cne x.c. e no-ronxma or
amnnnryara (e]exrnnnara cronocr) na npuuvoeu nepuoou:eu mor npen x.c. nopan
nsmenennero na ronapa. uasonnxr rn cmo ce npomenx (napacrna) no cmnre npnunnn.
Onncannero na nponeca, npornuam npn noxna na x.c., crana c nomomra na cnenoro
n]epennnanno ypannenne, anamo npsxara mexy momenrnnre cronocrn na ]asonoro
nanpexenne v n roxonere n rpnre ]asn.
II.1.1.
dt
di
M
dt
di
M
dt
di
L i . r v
k1
R1
kS
RS
kR
k kR R
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Axo ce npneme, ue:
-xoe]nnnenrnre na nsanmnara nnyxrnnnocr mexy ]asnre ca pannn r.e. - M
RS
M
R1
M
S1
M ;
r
k
R S
L
k
K
(3)
r
1
L
1
M
mnr.II.1.3.
i
i
1
26
-saxpannamoro nanpexenne e cnnyconanno ) t sin( J v
m R
o oo o e ee e + ++ + = == = ; xero:
- amnnnryara na ]asonoro nanpexenne e nocroxnna const J
m
= == = ( saxpannamnxr
nsrounnxa e c rnpo nanpexenne), a o oo o e nauannnxr ]ason rn, xoro onpeenx momenra na
nxnmunane na saxpannamoro nanpexenne. Vpannennero, onncnamo npexonnx nponec npn
rpn]asno x.c. n rpn]asna nepnra cnnaa c onncannero na npexoen nponec n eno]asna
nepnra n nma cnennx nn:
II.1.2. ) t sin( J
dt
di
L i r
m
k
k k k
o oo o e ee e + ++ + = == = + ++ +
-
kR k1 kS
i i i = == = + ++ +
- nopan cnmerpnunocrra na x.c.
- L
k
L-M
Pemennero na ropnoro n]epennnanno ypannenne nma cnennx nn.
II.1.3. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
t .
L
r
k
k
m
A H k
k
k
Ce ) t sin(
Z
J
t i t i t i

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = o oo o e ee e
Hpnnyenara nepnonuna ccranxa nma cnennx nn:
II.1.4. ( (( ( ) )) ) ) t sin( I ) t sin(
Z
J
t i
k m k
k
m
H
o oo o e ee e o oo o e ee e
H HH H
+ ++ + = == = + ++ + == == == == , xero:
k k k
jx r Z + ++ + = == = n
k
k
k
r
x
arctg = == = ca napamerpn na nepnrara or mnnnre o x.c.
Cnoonara anepnonuna ccranxa nma cnennx nn:
II.1.5. ( (( ( ) )) )
t .
L
r
A
k
k
Ce t i

= == =
3a onpeenxne na napamerp C na cnoonara anepnonuna ccranxa ce nsnonsynar
nauannnre ycnonnx r.e. cxoxoopasno nsmenenne na roxa nn nepnra c nnyxrnnnocr e
nensmoxno. Tona osnauana, ue roxr manxo npen nacrnnanero na x.c. n manxo cne nero
ocrana nensmenen.
II.1.6. ) ( i ) ( i
k k
+ ++ + = == =
Toxr npen x.c. e nn panen na:
II.1.7. ) sin( I ) sin(
Z
J
) ( i
m
m
k
o oo o o oo o = == = = == = ; xero:
- o oo o, , Z ca cornerno nmneanca, ]asara na nxnmunane n ]asonara pasnnxa mexy
roxa n nanpexennero na nsxonnx pexnm.
Toxr manxo cne nacrnnanero na x.c. e panen na:
II.1.8. C ) sin( I C ) sin(
Z
J
) ( i ) ( i ) ( i
k m k
k
m
A k
+ ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + o oo o o oo o
H HH H H HH H
3amecrnaxn nspasnre or ypannennx II.1.7. n II.1.8. n ypannenne II.1.6. ce nonyuana:
II.1.9. C ) sin( I ) sin( I
k m m
+ ++ + = == = o oo o o oo o
H HH H
Cneonarenno sa nensnecrnnx napamerp C ce nonyuana:
II.1.10. ) sin( I ) sin( I C
k m m
o oo o o oo o
H HH H
= == =
3a nnnnx rox na x.c. ce nonyuana cnennxr nspas:
II.1.11.
( (( ( ) )) )
k
k
k
t
k m m k m
t .
L
r
k m m k m k
e )} sin( I ) sin( I ] ) t sin( I
e )} sin( I ) sin( I ] ) t sin( I t i
t tt t
H HH H H HH H
H HH H H HH H
o oo o o oo o o oo o e ee e

+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
27
Onpeoe.ue ua mpauu (vcmauoeeuu) mor ua r.c.
Hpn saxpannanero na manomomnn ronapn or cncrema c esxpana momnocr nnrepec
npecrannxna onpeenxnero na rannx rox na x.c. n neronara e]exrnnna cronocr.
Anepnonunara ccranxma or nnnnx rox na x.c. sarnxna cpannnrenno pso (0,1-
0,3s]). Cne nenoro sarnxnane rpannxr rox na x.c. nma cnennx nn:
II.1.12. ( (( ( ) )) ) ) t sin( I t i
k m k
o oo o e ee e
H HH H
+ ++ + = == =
Tona e npnnyenara nepnonuna ccranxa. Onpeenxnero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na
nepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c. crana c nspasa:
II.1.13. const
Z 3
U
Z
J
2
I
I
k
. cp
k
. cp
m
= == = = == = = == = = == =
H HH H
H HH H
xero:
-U
cp.
e cpenara cronocr na nanpexennero na crenenra, sa xoxro ce rpcn roxr na
x.c.
-Z
k
pesynranrnoro cnpornnnenne na naxco cennenara nepnra.
Bennunnnre nsnonsynann nn ]opmyna II.1.13. ca n nmenonann ennnnn. Cpannnrenno
npocra sanncnmocr ce nonyuana npn npecranxne na I
H
n ornocnrennn ennnnn:
II.1.14.
) ( k . cp
k
. cp
) (
Z
1
U
Z 3
Z 3
U
I
I
I
- -- -
- -- -
= == = = == = = == =
H HH H
H HH H
3a namnpane na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c.
(]opmyna II.1.13.) ce nsncxna onpeenxne na pesynranrnoro cnpornnnenne na naxco
cennenara nepnra.
II.1.15.
2
k
k
k
2
k
k
k
. cp
k
. cp
x
r
1
) r ( I
x
r
1 x 3
U
Z 3
U
I
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
= == = = == =
H HH H
H HH H
C ]opmyna II.1.15. ce onpeenx cornomennero mexy nnyxrnnnoro n axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne, raxa ue npenepernanero na axrnnnara ccranxa or nnnnx nmneanc a ne
non o no-ronxma or 5 rpemxa na nsuncnenara e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonuna
ccranxa na roxa na x.c..
II.1.16. .
3
1
1 5 , 1
x
r
. e . m 5 , 1
x
r
1
I
) r ( I
2
k
k
2
k
k k
~ ~~ ~ s ss s s ss s
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || | = == =
H HH H
H HH H
Axo cornomennero mexy nnyxrnnnoro n axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne e (x
k
>3r
k
), ro
nsnonsynanero camo na nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne, non o sannmanane na cronocrra na
e]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa, ne noneue or 5.
Tona cornomenne e nsnnneno sa enemenrn, yuacrnynamn nn nncoxononronnre
mpexn (nepnrnre). Hpn onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonuna ccranxa na roxa
na x.c. sa mpexn nncxo n cpeno nanpexenne e neoxonmo a e oruereno n axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne.
Onpeoe.ue +arcu+a.uama eo.e+uua ua n.uu mor ua r.c (voapuu mor)
Onpeenxnero na maxcnmannara ronemnna na nnnnx rox na x.c. nsncxna anannsnpane
na ccranxmnre ro nepnonuna n anepnonuna ccranxn n namnpane na rexnnre maxcnmannn
cronocrn (mnr.II.1.4.). Maxcnmanno nsmoxnara ronemnna na anepnonunnx rox ( II.1.10.,
II.1.11.) n nauannnx momenr nsnnxna npn ycnonne,ue:
II.1.17.

9 npu 9
k
= == = = == = o oo o o oo o
T.e. maxcnmanno nsmoxnara ronemnna na anepnonunnx rox ce noxnxna npn ]asona
pasnnxa na npnnyennx rox na x.c. n roxa n nopmanen pexnm panen na 180
0
. B peannnre
cncremn raxana ]asona pasnnxa npaxrnuecxn e nensmoxna n maxcnmannara cronocr
28
npaxrnuecxn moxe a ocrnrne 90
0
. Tona e cnyua cornercrnynam na uncro nnyxrnnno
cnpornnnenne npn x.c. (
k
90
0
) n uncro axrnnen ronap n nopmanen pexnm ( 0). B rosn
cnyua na-ronxmara cronocr na anepnonunnx rox n nauannnx momenr nacrnna npn
(o oo o-
k
) 90
0
n (o oo o- )0
0
, xoero cornercrnyna na nauanen ]ason rn, onpeenxm momenra na
nxnmunane na saxpannamoro nanpexenne o oo o0
0
nnn o oo o180
0
.
Hpn resn ycnonnx (o oo o0
0
,
k
90
0
n 0) ronemnnara na nauannara cronocr na
nepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c. II.1.4. (n momenra t0) e panna na:
II.1.18. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
m m
I 9 sin I i
H HH H H HH H H HH H
= == = = == =

Ionemnnara na nauannara cronocr na anepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c. (n
momenra t0) e panna na:
II.1.19. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
m m A
I 9 sin I i
H HH H H HH H
= == = = == =

3a nponsnonen momenr or npeme resn ccranxn nmar cnennx nn.
3a nepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c.:
II.1.20. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ) t . cos( I 9 t . sin I t i
m m
e ee e e ee e
= == = = == =

3a anepnonuna ccranxa na roxa na x.c.:
II.1.21. ( (( ( ) )) )
k
t
m A
e I t i
t tt t
H HH H

= == =
3a nnnnx rox na x.c.:
II.1.22. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) )} t . cos( e ] I )} t . cos( e ] I t i t i t i

t
m
x
t r
m A H k
k k
k
e ee e e ee e
t tt t
H HH H
e ee e
H HH H
= == = = == = + ++ + = == =

Maxcnmannara ronemnna na nnnnx rox na x.c. ce nonyuana npn ycnonne, ue e ee e
0
tt tt t n e
panna na:
II.1.23.
. y m . y
.
x
r
m max
i I . k } 1 e ] I i
k
k
= == = = == = + ++ + = == =

H HH H
t tt t
H HH H
Marcu+a.uo es+oruu mor ua r.c. ce uapu:a yapeu mou ua u.c, a xoe]nnnenra
k
1 ,
. y
e 1 k
t tt t

+ ++ + = == = yapen xoeqnnnen1. B nanasona t tt t
k
(r
k
0)] o t tt t
k
0 (x
k
0)] yapnnxr
xoe]nnnenr ce nsmenx 1s ss sk
y.
s ss s2.

2
1
~ ~~ ~
y
i
, A
i
Hm
i
k
i
A
i
H
i
i
k
t tt t
mnr. II.1.4.
t
29
II.2. Eqex1nnna c1onnoc1 na nsnnnn 1ox na xsco
csennenne n csc1anxn1e uy
Ho e]exrnnna cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. n aen momenr or npemero t ce
pasnpa cpenoxnaparnunara cronocr na rosn rox sa enn nepno T1/f
0
1/500,02 s], n
cpeara na xoro ce namnpa pasrnexannx momenr 't (mnr. II.2.1.).
II.2.1. ( (( ( ) )) )
} }} }
+ ++ +

= == =
2
1
t
2
1
t
2
k k
dt t i
1
1
) t ( I
Hpn onpeenxne na e]exrnnna cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. ce npnemar
onpocrxnamn onycxannx, xaro:
-amnnnryara na anepnonunara xomnonenra na nnnnx rox ocrana nocroxnna sa nennx
pasrnexan nepno;
-nepnonunara xomnonenra ne ce nsmenx npes pasrnexannx nnrepnan.
Ha asara na resn onycxannx sa e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara n
anepnonunara xomnonenra na nnnnx rox ce nonyuanar:
- nepnonunara xomnonenra
2
I
I
m H HH H
H HH H
= == = sa pasrnexannx nepno;
- anepnonunara xomnonenra
A A
i I = == = sa pasrnexannx nepno.
E]exrnnna cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. moxe a ce onpeenn or nspasa sa
onpeenxne na e]exrnnna cronocr na ne cnnyconanen rox.
II.2.2.
2
A
2
k
I I I + ++ + = == =
H HH H
3a a onpeennm maxcnmannara e]exrnnnara cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. e
neoxonmo a ce onpeenn maxcnmannara cronocr na anepnonunara ccranxa. Or ypannennx
II.1.22. n II.1.23. maxe a ce sannme
m . y m max A max max A max
I . k I i i i i
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = . T.e.
m . y max A
I ). 1 k ( i
H HH H
= == = . Karo ce nma npenn, ue
H HH H H HH H
I 2 I
m
= == = , ro ypannenne II.2.2. onna
cnennx nn:
II.2.3. ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
2
. y
2
2
. y
2
. y . max . k
) 1 k ( 2 1 I I . 2 ). 1 k ( I I I + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
t
i
A
i
t , A t , A
i I ~ ~~ ~
Hm
I
H
i
1
2
1
2
1
i
mnr. II.2.1.
30
II.2.4.
2
. y
2
H
. y
) 1 k ( 2 1
I
I
+ ++ + = == =
T xaro 1s ss sk
y.
s ss s2 cnena, ue 3
I
I
1
. y
s ss s s ss s
H HH H
. 3a nncoxononronnre mpexn na EEC
k
y.
1,8, rorana ronemnnara na e]exrnnna cronocr na yapnnx rox na x.c. e I
y.
1,53.I
H
. B
nncxo nonronnre mpexn, yapnnx xoe]nnnenr e npnnnsnrenno panen na ennnna, xoero non
o namanxnane na e]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na x.c.
II.3. Onpeennne uomnoc11a na xsco csennenne
Momnoc11a na xsco csennenne ce onpeenn c nspasa:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | MJA euuuuu u+euoeauu e t I U 3 t S
k u k
= == = n npec1annnna ycnonna
nennunna onpeenena sa uouen1a ~t.
I
k
(t) e e]exrnnnara cronocr na maxcnmannnx rox na xco cennenne sa momenra 't
npecranena n n.e. kA];
U
n
-nomnnannoro nanpexenne na crenenra, sa xoxro ce nsuncnxna r.x.c. n n.e. kV].
B o.e. npn enn n cmn asncnn ycnonnx, roxr na x.c. n momnocrra na x.c. ca uncneno
pannn, r.e.:
II.3.1.
) ( k ) ( k
I S
- -- - - -- -
= == =
Momnocrra na x.c. cnyxn npn nsopa na npexcnaun. Tasn nennunna rpxna a e
no-maxa or nomnnannara nsxnmunarenna momnocr na npexcnaua, xoxro e xaranoxna nennunna
r.e.
II.3.2. ( (( ( ) )) ) t S S
k . u . usuu
> >> >
Hsxnmunarennara momnocr na npexcnaua ce onpeenx or nspasa
u . usuu u . u . usuu
I U 3 S = == = n n.e. MVA] , xero U
n
e nomnnannoro nanpexenne na npexcnaua n
n.e. kV]; I
n
e nomnnannnxr rox na nsxnmunane na npexcnaua n n.e. kA]. Momnocrra na x.c.
ce onpeenx sa npemero na nsxnmunane na npexcnaua 't, xoero nxnmuna cocrnenoro npeme
na nsxnmunane na npexcnaua n npemero na ecrnne na penenara samnra. Omoro npeme e n
pamxnre na 0,05-0,15s].
Hsxnmunarennnre nsmoxnocrn na aen npexcnau ce xapaxrepnsnpa n c ne
ccranxn na nsxnmunannx rox n momenra na pasenxne na roracnrennnre xonraxrn, a
nmenno:
- e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na nsxnmunane I
H
(t);
- anepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na nsxnmunane i
A
(t), nspasena n or I
H
(t) r.e.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) t I 2
t i
H HH H
A AA A
| || | = == = .
Hsnpannxr npexcnau rpxna a npnrexana napamerpn, xonro a ca no-ronemn or
onpeenennre nennunnn, npn na-nenaronpnxrnnx pexnm na paora n x.c.
C pasnnrnero na EEC momnocrra na x.c. napacrna. Tona non n o neoxonmocr or
napacrnane na nsxnmunarennnre nsmoxnocrn na npexcnaunre. upes noxoxmn
meponpnxrnx, xaro pasenxne na saxpannamara mpexa na yuacrnn, nsop na rpanc]opmaropn
nnn peaxropn, ce nocrnra namanxnane na momnocrra na x.c. B pasnnunnre crpann ca npnern
pasnnunn npeennn momnocrn na x.c. Taxa nanpnmep, sa mpexn 10 kV (20 kV), resn npeennn
momnocrn na x.c. ca cornerno:- sa upannnx n Anrnnx-350 MVA];- sa Iepmannx - 500MVA];
-sa CAB 3000-3500MVA] n sa Fnrapnx - 500MVA].
31
II.4. Hpnuepn
3aaua 1.
Tpanc]opmarop (T
2
) c momnocr S
T2n
560kVA n xoe]nnnenr na rpanc]opmannx
10,5/0,38 kV e nxnmuen xm EEC npes saxpannam rpanc]opmarop (T
1
) c momnocr or S
T1n
80
MVA c xaen cc ceuenne 16 mm
2
n nxnna l10km . Hnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
xaena e x
0
0,1O OO O/km, a axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne r
0
1,125 O OO O/ km. Tpanc]opmaropr T
2
nma
axrnnnn saryn n nomnnanen pexnm A AA AP PP P12kW n nanpexennero na x.c. u
k
5,5.
Tpanc]opmaropr T
2
e naronapen c rox npen x.c. I0,5 kA npn cos( )0,8. B momenra t0
nsnnxna rpn]asno x.c. na mnna 0,38 kV. Hauannnxr ]ason rn na saxpannamoro nanpexenne
~o oo o na qasa A e o oo o100 . a ce onpeenxr:
- E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonuna ccranxa na rpannx (ycranonennx) roxa na
x.c.
- Hauannnre cronocrn na nepnonunara n anepnonunara ccranxmn na r.x.c.
- Hnnnx rox na x.c.
- Vapnnx rox na x.c. n yapnnx xoe]nnnenr.
- E]exrnnnara cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c. n ccranxnre my.
- Momnocrra na x.c.
Pemenne:
1.Onpeennne na csnpo1nnnennn1a npn cnenn1e asncnn ycnonnn S
0,56MVA
- kA 3792 ,
5 , 1 . 3
5 ,
U . 3
S
I ; kJ 5 , 1 U
, I
, I , I
.
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- kA 858 ,
38 , . 3
5 ,
U . 3
S
I ; kJ 38 ,
5 , 1
38 , . 5 , 1
k
U
U
, II
, II
1
, I
, II
.
2
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
Tpanc]opmarop
2
1 :
214 ,
5
12
S
P
r r
u
u
) u ( 1 ) ( 1
2 2
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
A AA A
55 ,
1
5 , 5
1
" u
Z Z
k
) u ( 1 ) ( 1
2 2
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
57 , 214 , 55 , r Z x x
2 2 2
) u ( 1
2
) u ( 1 ) u ( 1 ) ( 1
2 2 2 2
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
Kaen:
579 ,
5 , 1
5 ,
. 1 . 1 ,
U
S
. l . x x
2 2
, I
) ( c
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
571 ,
5 , 1
5 ,
. 1 . 125 , 1
U
S
. l . r r
2 2
, I
) ( c
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
574 , 571 , 579 , r x Z
2 2 2
) ( c
2
) ( c ) ( c
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -
Cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na nepnrara:
5575 , 57 , 579 , x x x
) ( 1 ) ( c
2
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -E EE E
785 , 214 , 571 , r r r
) ( 1 ) ( c
2
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -E EE E
38 , 35 93 , 5575 , j 785 , jx r Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - E EE E E EE E E EE E
T
1
T
2
EE
C
32
2. Onpeennne na saxpannamnn ns1ounnx:
Bepnrara ce saxpanna or mnna rnpo nanpexenne, axo e nsnnneno cnenoro
ycnonne:
( (( ( ) )) )
5
S
S
x x
u 1
u 1
1
2
1
1
> >> > = == =
E EE E
,
5 9 , 7
5 ,
8
5575 ,
S
S
x x
u 1
u 1
) 1 (
2
1
1
> >> > = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
Hpnema ce, ue nepnrara ce saxpanna or mnna rnpo nanpexenne.
3. Onpeennne na eqex1nnna1a c1onnoc1 na nepnonuna csc1anxa na 1pannnn
(yc1anonennn) 1oxa na x.c.
3842 , 1
93 ,
1
Z
1
I I
) ( H
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- - - -- -
E EE E
kA 8349 , 8 858 , . 3842 , 1 I . I I I
, II H
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- -
4. Onpeennne na nauannn1e c1onnoc1n na nepnonuna1a n anepnonuna1a
csc1annmn na 1.x.c.
4.a) Onpeennne na nauannn1e c1onnoc1n na nepnonuna1a csc1annma na 1.x.c.
npen x.c.
1 1
87 , 3 ) 8 , cos( ar ; 8 , ) cos( = == = = == = = == =
kA 31 , 892 , . 77 , ) 13 , 3 sin( . 77 , ) 87 , 3 1 sin( . 5 , . 2
) sin( . I . 2 ) sin( . I ) sin(
Z
J
) ( i

1 1 m 1
1
m
k
= == = = == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == = o oo o o oo o o oo o
4.b) Onpeennne na nauannn1e c1onnoc1n na nepnonuna1a csc1annma na 1.x.c.
cne x.c.
kA 288 , 11 ) 2 , 4 sin( . 494 , 12 ) 38 , 35 1 sin( . 8349 , 8 . 2
) sin( I . 2 ) sin(
Z
J
) ( i ) ( i

k k
k
m
k
= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + o oo o o oo o
H HH H H HH H
4.c) Onpeennne na anepnonuna1a csc1annma na 1.x.c.
kA 57 , 1 288 , 11 31 ,
) 2 , 4 sin( . 494 , 12 ) 13 , 3 sin( . 77 , ) sin( I ) sin( I ) ( i

k m 1 m A
= == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = o oo o o oo o
H HH H
4.d) Onpeennne npeuexonc1an1a1a na anepnonuna1a csc1annma na 1.x.c.
| || | | || | s 22 ,
785 , . 314
5575 ,
r .
x
k
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
E EE E
e ee e
t tt t
5. Onpeennne na nsnnnn 1ox na x.c.
( (( ( ) )) )
22 ,
t

t
k m m k m k
e )} 2 , 4 sin( . 494 , 12 ) 14 , 3 sin( 77 , ] ) 2 , 4 t sin( . 494 , 12
k

+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
e ee e
t tt t
H HH H H HH H
6. Onpeennne na yapnnn xoeqnnnen1 n yapnnn 1ox na x.c..
11978 , 1 e 1 k
22 ,
1 ,
. y
= == = + ++ + = == =

kA 4338 , 12 494 , 12 . 11978 , 1 I . k i
m . y . y
= == = = == = = == =
H HH H
7. Onpeennne eqex1nnna1a c1onnoc1 na nsnnnn 1ox x.c. n csc1anxn1e uy.
( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
( (( ( ) )) ) kA 8317 , 8 1434 , 1 . 8349 , 8 1 11978 , 1 . 2 1 . 8349 , 8
) 1 k ( 2 1 I I . 2 ). 1 k ( I I
2
2
. y
2
2
. y
2
. y
= == = = == = + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
33
8. Onpeennne uomnoc11a na x.c.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | MJA euuuuu u+euoeauu e t I U 3 t S
k u k
= == =
MJA 8158 , 5 8317 , 8 . 38 , . 3 I U 3 S
. y u . max k
= == = = == = = == =
II.5. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. Toxr npn rpn]asno x.c. na RL-nepnra, saxpannana or nsrounnx na rnpo nanpexenne nma
cnennx nn:
( (( ( ) )) )
k
k
k
t
k m m k m
t .
L
r
k m m k m k
e )} sin( I ) sin( I ] ) t sin( I
t tt t
H HH H H HH H
H HH H H HH H

+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
xero :
1.a.- " "o oo o e nauanna ]asara na nxnmunane na:
a) roxa na x.c.
) saxpannamoro nanpexenne.
n) nepnonunara ccranxma na roxa na x.c.
1..- " " e ]asonara pasnnxa mexy roxa n nanpexennero na:
a) pexnma na x.c.
) nsxonnx pexnm
n) ne sanncn or pexnma
1.n. Koe or aennre no- ony ycnonnx sa amnnnrynnre nennunnn e nxpno?
a)
m m
I I > >> >
H HH H
)
m m
I I < << <
H HH H
n)
m m
I I = == =
H HH H
1.r.Bpemexoncranrara
k
t tt t ce onpeenx or:
a) napamerpnre na nsxonnx pexnm.
) napamerpnre na pexnma cne x.c.
n) ne sanncn or pexnma.
2. Vapnnxr rox na x.c. " i " npecrannxna:
a) na-ronxmara e]exrnnna cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c.
) na-ronxmara momenrna cronocr na nnnnx rox na x.c.
n) maxcnmannara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na rox na x.c.
k35,38
0
o oo o100
0
36,87
U
m
I
Hm
I
m
i
a
t
t0
I
I
H(0)
I
a(0)
I
(0)
mnr.1.
34
3. Vapnnxr rox na x.c. " i " npecrannxna maxcnmannara momenrna cronocr na roxa na
x.c.npn:
a) nauanna ]asara na nxnmunane " " = == = o oo o , nnyxrnnna nepnra n npeme panno na enn
nepno
) nauanna ]asara na nxnmunane " " = == = o oo o , nnyxrnnna nepnra n npeme panno na
nononnn nepno
n) nauanna ]asara na nxnmunane " " = == = o oo o , xanannrnnna nepnra n npeme panno na enn
nepno
4. B xaxn nanason ce nsmenx yapnnxr xoe]nnnenr:
a) 2 k 1
y
s ss s s ss s
) 3 k 1
y
s ss s s ss s
n) 2 k 1
y
> >> > > >> >
5. Kox or ]opmynnre sa yapnnx xoe]nnnenr e nxpna:
a)
k
1 ,
y
e 1 k
t tt t

+ ++ + = == =
)
k
1 ,
y
e 1 k
t tt t

= == =
n)
k
1 ,
y
e 1 k
t tt t
+ ++ + = == =
6. E]exrnnnara cronocr na yapnnx rox ce onpeenx c nspasa:
( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
2
. y
2
2
. y
2
. y . max . k
) 1 k ( 2 1 I I . 2 ). 1 k ( I I I + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
B xaxn nanason ce nsmenx ornomennero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na yapnnx rox xm
nepnonunara ccranxma na rox r.e.
H HH H
I
I
. y
7. E]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na x.c. sa aen momenr or npeme 't na nponeca na x.c.
npecrannxna:
a) cpeno xnaparnunara cronocr na rosn rox sa enn nepno n cpeara na xoro ce
namnpa pasrnexannx momenr 't.
) cpeno xnaparnunara cronocr na rosn rox sa nonynepno n cpeara na xoro ce
namnpa pasrnexannx momenr 't.
n) cpeno xnaparnunara cronocr na rosn rox sa enn nepno.
8. Hpn cnoero npaxrnuecxo nsuncnxnane na e]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na x.c. upes
anepnonunara n nepnonunara my ccranxn ce npanxr onycxannx. Kaxnn ca resn
onycxannx?
9. Anannrnunara ]opmyna na roxa na x.c. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) t t i
k
= == = e cnoxna ]ynxnnx. Kax npaxrnuecxn ce
nsuncnxna e]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na x.c.? Hannmere ]opmynara.
10. Kaxno rpxna a e cornomennero mexy axrnnnoro n nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
RL-nepnra, raxa ue rpemxara npn onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara
ccranxa na r.x.c. es orunrane na axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne a ne nannmana 5.
11. Momnocrra na x.c. n momenra 't ce onpeenx c nspasa:
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
) MJA ( I U 3 t S
n
t , u u
n
k
= == = n npecrannxna:
a) momenrna momnocr
) ycnonna nennunna
n) ycnonna e]exrnnna nennunna
35
III. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx
c xpanna uomnoc1 (cnnxponen renepa1op)
Koraro saxpannanero ce ocmecrnxna or nsrounnx c xpana momnocr, rorana nponecnre,
xonro npornuar n cnnxponnnre mamnnn cmecrneno nnnxxr na ronemnnara na amnnnryara, a
cneonarenno n na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na x.c. 3a a
morar a ar oxcnenn nponecnre, xonro npornuar npn nsnnxnane na x.c. e neoxonmo a
ar pasrneann na xparxo n pexnmnre na paora na cnnxponnara mamnna.
III.1. Peanun na cnnxponen renepa1op
III.1.1. Oomen nex1op na 1pnqasna cnc1eua
Momenrnnre cronocrn na nanpexennxra n roxonere na ncxxa ]asa or rpn]asna
cnmerpnuna cncrema or nexropn ce nonyuanar, xaro cornernnre nexropn ce npoexrnpar npxy
ocra na npemero. Bprenero na cornernnx nexrop c rnona cxopocr e ee e ana momenrnara
ronemnna na roxa nnn nanpexennero, xaro ]ynxnnx na npemero.
Momenrnnre cronocrn na nanpexennxra n roxonere morar a ar nonyuenn n no
pyr naunn. Axo sa ncxxa ]asa ce ]opmnpa cocrnena oc sa npeme, ro me ce nonyuar rpn ocn,
nsmecrenn ena cnpxmo pyra na 120
0
. B rosn cnyua, npoexnnxra na enn nexrop, xoro ce
nprn c rnona cxopocr e ee e, npxy ocnre na npemero me onpeenn momenrnnre my cronocrn. 3a
a ce nonyuar xopexrno momenrnnre cronocrn e neoxonmo peynanero na ocnre na npemero
a ar pasnonoxenn npornnononoxno na peynanero na ]asnre mnr. III.1.1.
Bexrop, npoexnnnre na xoro npxy rpnre ocn na npemero ana momenrnnre cronocrn
na pasnnunnre ]asn ce napnua ooueu eeumop ua mpuqasuama cucme+a.
Oomennxr nexrop nosnonxna necno a ce npecrann marnnrnnx norox na poropnara
nepnra n neronoro sanprane.
III.1.2. Peanu na pao1a na cnnxponen renepa1op na npasen xo
Hpornuaxn npes nsynrennara namorxa, nsynrennnxr rox I
f
csana marnnren
norox
ad , f , f f
u u u
o
+ = ccranen or ne xomnonenrn - norox na pascenane u uu u
f,o oo o
n nonesen
norox u uu u
f,ad
(mnr. III.1.2.). Honesnnxr norox u uu u
f,ad
ce sarnapx npes marnnronponoa na
cnnxponnara mamnna,
t
A
E
B
E
C
E
A
e
B
e
C
e
A qasa ua " t " Oc
E
A
e
B
e
C
e
C qasa ua " t " Oc
mnr. III.1.1.
B qasa ua " t " Oc
III. TPHmA3HO KTCO CTEHHEHHE 3AXPAHBAHO OT H3TOHHHK C
KPAHHA MOmHOCT (CHHXPOHEH IEHEPATOP)
36
Marnnrnnxr norox or nsynrennara namorxa u uu u
f,ad
npn nprenero na poropa cc
cnnxponna cxopocr e ee e
0
]opmnpa noroxocnennennxra + ++ +
A
, + ++ +
B
n + ++ +
C
cnpsann c ]asonnre
craropnn namorxn A, B n C (mnr. III.1.3.). Tesn noroxocnennennx ce nsmenxr nn npemero
crnacno nspasnre:
III.1.1.
.
3
4
t cos
;
3
2
t cos
); t cos(
ad , f A
ad , f A
ad , f A
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
t tt t
o oo o e ee e + ++ + + ++ +
t tt t
o oo o e ee e + ++ + + ++ +
o oo o e ee e + ++ + + ++ +
Maxcnmannara cronocr na noroxocnennennxra + ++ +
A,max
+ ++ +
B,max
+ ++ +
C,max
+ ++ +
f,ad
ce
nonyuana npn cnnaane na ocra na poropnnre nonmcn (nanxnara oc d-d na poropa) c ocra
na cornernara craropna namorxa. Bn ]asonnre craropnn namorxn ce nnyxrnpa e..n. na
npasen xo, xoero nma cnennx nn:
III.1.2.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
.
3
4
t sin E
3
4
t sin
dt
d
e
;
3
2
t sin E
3
2
t sin
dt
d
e
; t sin E t sin
dt
d
e
max max , C
C
C
max max , B
B
B
max max , A
A
A
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == = = == =
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == = = == =
+ ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
t tt t
o oo o e ee e
t tt t
o oo o e ee e + ++ + e ee e
+ ++ +
t tt t
o oo o e ee e
t tt t
o oo o e ee e + ++ + e ee e
+ ++ +
o oo o e ee e o oo o e ee e + ++ + e ee e
+ ++ +
Bexropnara narpama orpasxnama pexnma na paora na cnnxponen reneparop na npasen
xo e noxasana na mnr. III.1.4.a).
III.1.3. Peanu na na1onapnane na cnnxponen renepa1op
Craropnnre roxone csanar marnnrno none, xoero ce nprn c uecrorara na
nopaxamnre ro roxone r.e. cc cnnxponna rnona cxopocr e ee e
0
. Hopan nsanmnara nnyxnnx
mexy craropnoro marnnrno none n poropnara namorxa n nocnenara ce nnyxrnpa e..n. n
npornuar roxone, xonro ca nsnecrnn, xaro e..n. n roxone na peaxnnxra na xornara.
Hpn xnnononmcnnre cnnxponnn reneparopn marnnrnara npononmocr no nanxnara
oc e no-ronxma or rasn no nanpeunara oc. Cneonarenno marnnrnnx norox or peaxnnxra na roxa
na xornara no nanxnara oc e no-ronxma or rasn no nanpeunara oc r.e. u uu u
ad
> >> >u uu u
aq
(npn eno n
mnr. III.1.2.
ad , f
0
o o o o , f
0
o o o o , f
0
ad , f
0
A 0asa
+
-
d d
mnr. III.1.3.
A qasa ua " t " Oc
C qasa ua " t " Oc B qasa ua " t " Oc
e ee et+o oo o
0
e ee et+o oo o
0
-120
0
e ee et+o oo o
0
+120
0
ad , f
0
37
cmo m..n.). Tesn noronn ce nacnarnar xm nonesnnx norox u uu u
f,ad
]opmnpan or nsyxanero,
xaro opasynar pesynranrnnx marnnren norox u uu u
i
nn nsymnara mexnna na cnnxponnara
mamnna. Horonnre u uu u
ad
, u uu u
aq
, u uu u
f,ad
n u uu u
i
ca pannn na cornercrnynamnre nm noroxocnennennx
+ ++ +
ad
, + ++ +
aq
, + ++ +
f,ad
n + ++ +
i
, axo ca npnneenn xm enn asncnn ycnonnx. Te nnyxrnpar n craropnnre
namorxn cornerno:-npornno e..n. E
ad
, E
aq
; e..n. na npasen xo E
d
n nrpemno (neanno)
e..n. E
i
. Bcxxo or resn e..n. nsocrana na 90 or nnyxrnpamoro ro noroxocnennenne .
Enexrponnxemnre nanpexennx E
ad
, E
aq
n e..n. nopoeno or noroxoacnennennero na
pascenane na craropnnx rox E
o oo o
, morar a ce npecranxr c nspasnre:
III.1.3. ; jIx E ; x jI E ; x jI E
aq q aq ad d ad o oo o o oo o
= == = = == = = == =

Huovrmueuume cnpomue.euu (pearmaucu) x
ad
, x
aq
, x
o oo o
cornercrnynar na nanxnara
n nanpeunara peaxnnx na craropnnx rox n na noroxoacnennennero na pascenane na cmnx rox.
E..n. E
ad
, n E
aq
morar a ce pasrnexar xaro npornno e..n. na e..n. na npasen xo E
d
.
Torana neanno1o (ns1pemno1o) e..n. e panno na:
III.1.4.
aq q ad d d aq ad d i
x jI x jI E E E E E = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =

Axo ce pasnoxn nar na nanpexennero na nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na pascenane
na craropnnx rox jIx
o oo o
na ne ccranxn no nanxnara oc jI
q
x
o oo o
n no nanpeunara oc jI
d
x
o oo o
, moxe
a ce onpeenn na na nanpexennero na cnnxponnara mamnna no ncxxa or ocnre r.e.:
III.1.5.
; x jI ) x x ( jI x jI x jI ) E E (
; x jI ) x x ( jI x jI x jI ) E E (
q q aq q q aq q q aq
d d ad d d ad d d ad
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ +
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ +
o oo o o oo o o oo o

xero x
d
n x
q
ca cuuxpouuume uuyumueuu cznpomueueuua (peaumaucu) no
nanxnara n no nanpeunara oc na cnnxponnara mamnna. Cuuxpouuomo uuovrmueuo
cnpomue.euue no uao.ruama oc e no-eo.+o om moea no uanpe:uama oc x
d
~x
q
, r xaro
x
ad
~x
aq
.
Bexropnara narpama orpasxnama pexnma na naronapnane na cnnxponen reneparop e
noxasana na mnr. III.1.4.).
III.1.4. Peanu na 1panno xsco csennenne na mnnn1e na cnnxponen renepa1op
Pexnmr na rpano x.c. na mnnnre na cnnxponen reneparop e neonycrnm pexnm na
paora n cnena a e nsxnmuen nsmoxno na-pso. Taxn pexnm nacrnna cne
sarnxnane na cnoonnre roxone nn nepnrnre na cnnxponnnre mamnnn n cne ynennuenne na
nsynrennnx rox or ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero. Toxr npornuam npes
cnpsanara na xco craropna namorxa, ce napnua 1paen 1ox na xsco csennenne (

i ), a
neronara e]exrnnna cronocr ( (( ( ) )) )

I ce nsnonsyna npn nsopa na enexrpnuecxn anaparn.
f
+ ++ +
ad , f
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
d
E
a) peanu na npasen
f
+ ++ +
ad , f
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
d
E
a) peanu na 1panno
xsco csennenne
ad
+ ++ +
i
E
ad
E
I
d
I

mnr. III.1.4.
a
+ ++ +
f
+ ++ +
ad , f
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
d
E
) peanu na na1onapnane na
ad
+ ++ +
aq
+ ++ +
i
+ ++ +
I
I
d
I
q
E
ad
E
a
E
i
a
E
a
+ ++ +
i
+ ++ +

38
B pexnm na rpano x.c. moxe a ce npneme, ue ns1pemno1o (neanno1o)e..n. ( (( ( ) )) )
i
E
nsnnxna n pesynrar na pesynranrnoro noroxocnennenne ( (( ( ) )) )
ad ad , f i
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = . Tona e..n. npn
x.c. noxpnna camo naa n peaxranca na pascenane na craropnara namorxa ( (( ( ) )) )
o oo o
x r.e.
( (( ( ) )) )
o oo o
x I E
i
= == = . Hopan uncro nnyxrnnnnx xapaxrep na nepnrara, npornuamnx rpaen rox na x.c.
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =

o oo o
x
E
I
i
nsocrana na rad ,
2
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || | t tt t
or ( (( ( ) )) )
i
E . Peaxnnxra na rosn rox e uncro nanxna n
ecrnyna pasmarnnrnamo.
Bexropnara narpama orpasxnama pexnma na rpano xco cennenne na mnnnre na
cnnxponen reneparop e noxasana na mnr. III.1.4.n).
III.2. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco
csennenne saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx c xpanna uomnoc1 (cnnxponen
renepa1op). mnsnxanna npec1ana
Ha 0ue.III.2.1. e noxasana ocnnnorpama na roxonere n ena or craropnnre namorxn (1),
nsynrennara namorxa (2) n ycnoxonrenna namorxa (3) npn rpn]asno x.c. na mnnnre na
cnnxponen reneparop. Pasnnrnero na roxonere n craropnnre namorxn e cmoro, xaxro n
pasnnrnero na rox nn nepnra c nnyxrnnnocr, npn rpn]asno xco cennenne, saxpannano or
mnna rnpo nanpexenne. Or ]nrypara ce nnxa pxsxoro napacrnane na roxa n nocrenennoro
my sarnxnane, xaro nauannara my cronocr sanncn or momenra (]asara) 'o oo o na nxnmunane.
Hnnnxr rox na x.c. moxe a e pasnoxen na ne ccranxn nepnonuna n anepnonuna.
Axo ce npeneperne nacnmanero n cnnxponnara mamnna moxe a ce npnnoxn npnnnnna
na nacnarnanero. B nopmanen pexnm na paora marnnrnoro none csaeno or nsynrennnx
rox nnyxrnpa e..n. c amnnnrya E
dm
n rnona uecrora n craropnnre namorxn e ee e
0
2t tt tf
0
rad/s].
Hpn nsnnxnane na x.c. n craropnnre namorxn ce noxnxna (npnnyen) cnnyconanen rox c
amnnnrya no-ronxma or amnnnryara na roxa npen x.c. Bsnnxnanoro n nauannnx momenr or
anapnxra t+0 marnnrno none ncnecrnne na npnnyennx rox ce nprn cnnxponno c poropa n
nnyxrnpa nn nsynrennara namorxa rox, xoro e c raxana nocoxa n ronemnna, ue a
xomnencnpa nsmenennero na noroxocnennennero na rasn namorxa. Moxe a ce xaxe, ue nn
nsynrennara namorxa ce noxnxna onnnnrenen cnooen nsynrenen rox, unero
sarnxnane sanncn or napamerpnre na nsynrennara namorxa. Bpemexoncranrara na
cnoonnx nsynrenen rox e cpannnrenno ronxma (1-3)s] nopan rona, ue nnyxrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne na nsynrennara namorxa na cnnxponnnre mamnnn e mnoro no-ronxma or
axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne. Tosn cnooen nsynrenen rox csana marnnrno none, xoero
xaro npecnua craropnara namorxa c uecrora e ee e
0
oycnanx n nex onnnnrenen npomennnn
cnooen (npexoen) rox 0ue.III.2.3.b). Axo cnnxponnara mamnna nma ycnoxonrennn namorxn,
nsnnxnanoro n nauannnx momenr or anapnxra t+0 marnnrno none, ncnecrnne na npnnyennx
mnr.III.2.1.
39
cnnyconanen rox n craropa, oycnanx rox, xoro e c raxana nocoxa n ronemnna, ue a
xomnencnpa nsmenennero na noroxocnennennero na rasn namorxa. Bsnnxna cnpxnpexoen
cnooen rox n ycnoxonrennara namorxa, sarnxnam cc cpannnrenno manxa npemexoncranra
0,01-0,05s] , nopan snaunrennara ronemnna na axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na rasn namorxa.
Tosn cnooen rox csana marnnrno none, xoero xaro npecnua craropnara namorxa c uecrora
e ee e
0
oycnanx n nex onnnnrenen npomennnn cnooen (cnpxnpexoen) rox 0ue.III.2.3.a).
Ho rasn npnunna moxe a ce sannme, ue o ycranonxnane na rpannx rox na x.c.
0ue.III.2.3.c) ce noxnxnar npexonn cnnyconannn roxone, nxamn ce na cnoonnre roxone
nn nsynrennara n ycnoxonrennara namorxn. Hsmenennero na amnnnrynara cronocr na
nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. 0ue.III.2.2.) ce saana c nspasa:
III.2.1.
d d
t
Hm
t
Hm , Hm t , Hm
e . I e . I I I
t tt t t tt t
A AA A A AA A
' '' ' ' '' '

' '' '

' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' + ++ + = == = .
3a e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. mnr.III.2.2.a) ce
nonyuana:
III.2.2. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
d d
t t
, H t , H
e . I I e . I I I I
t tt t t tt t ' '' ' ' '' '

' '' '

' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' + ++ + = == = .
xero:

I e e]exrnnnara cronocr na rpannx (ycranonennx) rox na x.c.
I ' '' ' -npexonnx rox na x.c.
I ' '' ' ' '' ' -cnpxnpexonnx rox na x.c.
| || | | || | s t

I
I ' '' ' A AA A
I ' '' ' ' '' ' A AA A
I ' '' '
I ' '' ' ' '' '

k
i
t
, m
I
m
I ' '' ' A AA A
m
I ' '' ' ' '' ' A AA A
m
I
d
1
t
m
e . I
' '' '

' '' ' A AA A
d
1
t
m
e . I
' '' ' ' '' '

' '' ' ' '' ' A AA A
) . 2 . 2 . III . 0ue
) a . 2 . 2 . III . 0ue
40
Ocnen nepnonuecxara ccranxma, n nnnnx craropen rox na x.c. ce noxnxna n
anepnonuna ccranxma 0ue.III.2.3.d)., xoxro csana nenonnxno cnpxmo craropa marnnrno
none.
Anepnonunnre ccranxn na ]asonnre roxone na x.c. n craropnara namorxa morar a
ar pasrnexann, xaro xpnnonnnenn ocn na cnmerpnx na onnnxnre na nnnnre ]asonn
roxone. Anrepnuecxara cyma na anepnonunnre ccranxn n rpnre ]asn nn ncexn momenr or
nponeca na x.c. e panna na nyna, r xaro resn roxone nsnnxnar n cnmerpnuna marnnrna
cncrema n sarnxnar c ena n cma npemexoncranra. Anepnonunnre ccranxn na ]asonnre
craropnn roxone na x.c. nnyxrnpar nn nsynrennara namorxa na reneparopa e..n. cc
cnnxponna uecrora. Tona e..n. npoxapna npes nsynrennara namorxa npomennnn
cnnyconanen rox cc uecrora (e ee e
0
). Tosn rox csana nenonnxen cnpxmo poropa, no
nyncnpam nn npemero marnnren norox, xoro moxe a e pasnoxen na na noroxa, nprxmn
a)
b)
c)
d)
cnpsx npexoen npexoen yc1anonen
. 3 . 2 III . 0ue
e)
41
ce n npornnononoxnn nocoxn cc cnnxponna rnona cxopocr cnpxmo poropa. Ennnxr
marnnren norox, xoro ce nprn c rnona cxopocr (-e ee e
0
) ce oxasna nenonnxen cnpxmo craropa,
xaro oycnanx rox, namanxnam uacrnuno anepnonunara ccranxa na ]asonnx craropen rox.
pyrnxr marnnren norox, xoro ce nprn c rnona cxopocr (+e ee e
0
) ce nsmenx cnpxmo craropa c
nona cnnxponna rnona cxopocr, xaro nnyxrnpa n craropnara namorxa e..n., xoero
npoxapna rox c nona uecrora (nropn xapmonnx). Amnnnryara na nropnx xapmonnx na roxa
na x.c. n craropnara namorxa sarnxna excnonennnanno c npemexoncranrara na noponnnx ro
rox, a nmenno c npemexoncranrara na anepnonunara ccranxa na ]asonnx craropen rox.
Bsnnxnannre npn x.c. cnoonn roxone n craropnara n poropnara namorxa sarnxnar o
nyna. Bn nsynrennara namorxa ce ycranonxna npnnyennxr nsynrenen rox, nxam ce
na nsynrennoro nanpexenne, a n craropnara namorxa - rpannxr (ycranonennx) rox na x.c.
oycnanxn or e..n. na reneparopa n nepnrara o x.c.
B reuenne na npemero nnnnxr rox na x.c. moxe a ce npecrann xaro nauanen (cnpx
npexoen), mexnnen (npexoen) n ycranonen (rpaen) . Hpemer na no-nararmnn
pasrnexannx me ar xonnuecrneno onpeenxne na resn roxone n rexnnre momenrnn n
e]exrnnnn cronocrn
III.3. Konnuec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno
xsco csennenne, saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx c xpanna
uomnoc1 (cnnxponen renepa1op).
III.3.1. Onpeennne na napaue1pn1e na peanu na cnnxponna uamnna npn
yc1anoneno (1panno) 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
III.3.1.1. Onpeennne na yc1anonennn (1paen) 1ox npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
na mnnn1e na cnnxponen renepa1opa ( x
nn.
0)
Tpannxr rox na x.c. nacrnna cne sarnxnane na cnoonnre roxone nn nepnrnre na
cnnxponnnre mamnnn n cne npexparxnane na ecrnnero na ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxanero, axo nma raxona.
Onpeenxnero na rpannx rox na x.c. c nspasa
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =

o oo o
x
E
I
i
e rpyno nopan
nensmoxnocrra a e onpeeneno nrpemnoro e..n. E
i
. Xaparmepucmurama ua npaseu xoo
(x.n.x.) E
d
] ]] ](I
f
) na cnnxponnnx reneparop e nennnena, nopan nacnmanero na marnnrnara my
cncrema. 3a a ce namepn nxxaxna npocra nnnena npsxa mexy eno us:uc.ume.uo
(qurmueuo) e.o.u. E

n esovoume.uu mor I
f
e neoxonmo xapaxrepncrnxara na npasen xo
a ce nnneapnsnpa raxa, ue a orpasxna enexrpomarnnrnnre cnocrna na cnnxponnara mamnna.
3a nenra e neoxonmo nrpemnoro e..n. or peannara x.n.x. a nexn na nsnpanenara x.n.x.
Karo ce nma npenn ( (( ( ) )) )
uac , i . uac . C ad ad ad d i
E x I x I x x I E E E = == = ~ ~~ ~ + ++ + = == = = == =
o oo o
or
mnr. III.1.4.n), ro samxnara na ecrnnrennara nacnrena x.n.x c nsnpanenara x.n.x. nosnonxna
a ce namepn rpannx rox na x.c., nsnonsynaxn peaxranca x
d
sa nenacnrena cnnxponna
mamnna.
III.3.1.
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
= == =
d
d
x
E
I
Ha mnr.III.3.1. e noxasana xapaxrepncrnxara na npasen xo na cnnxponna mamnna n
ornocnrennn ennnnn. 3a ennnna e..n. e npne1a nennunna, panna na nounnanno1o
nanpeaenne na uamnna1a (E
d
U
n.
), sa ennnna 1ox na nssyaane - 1oxs1 cssanam
ennnna e..n. npn npasen xo (I
f,()
.I
f,n.x.
1). Or xapaxrepncrnxara na xco cennenne
noxasana na mnr. III.3.1., sa ennnna 1ox na c1a1opa e npne1 nounnannnn 1ox. Or rasn
xapaxrepncrnxa cnena, ue r.x.c. npn aeno nsyxane ce ornacx xm r.x.c. npn nsyxane
42
panno na ennnna, xaxro rox na aenoro nsyxane orneceno xm ennnna r.e.:
) 1 I (
I
I
I
f
f
. x . n
= == =
= == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
.
III.3.2.
- -- - - -- - - -- -
= == =
f . x . n
I . I I
Tpannxr ornocnrenen rox na x.c. npn nsyxane panno na ennnna (na npasen xo) ce
napnua o1nomenne na x.c. OKC na cnnxponnara mamnna r.e.:
III.3.3. OKC
I
I
I
u
. x . n
. x . n
= == = = == =

- -- -
OKC e xaranoxna nennunna, a ]opmyna III.3.2. onna cnennx nn:
III.3.4.
- -- - - -- -
= == =
f
I . OKC I
Hsuncnnrennoro e..n. na npasen xo, namepeno no nsnpanenara x.n.x. ce onpeenx or
nspasa:
III.3.5.
- -- - - -- -
= == =
f
I . c E
Kero cE
- -- -
npn I
f- -- -
1 , xaro sa rnnon ryporeneparop c1,06.
Koe]nnnenra ~c noxasna, xonxo nrn e..n. namepeno no nsnpanenara x.n.x. npn
nsyxane, panno na ennnna e no-ronxmo or e..n. oruereno no nennnenara x.n.x..
Or x.n.x. sa nsuncnnrennnx cnnxponen peaxranc ce nonyuana:
III.3.6.
d
f
f
x
OKC
c
I . OKC
I . c
I
E
x
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
= == = = == = = == = = == =
T xaro e..n. na npasen xo n e..n. npn ycranonennx pexnm na paora (npen x.c.) ca
enaxnn, ro or nexropnara narpama sa nsxonnx pexnm moxe a ce onpeenn nsuncnnrennoro
e..n. (mnr. III.3.2.).
III.3.7.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )

2

2

sin x I U x . I sin . U cos . U E
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
+ ++ + ~ ~~ ~ + ++ + + ++ + = == =
mnr. III.3.1.
( (( ( ) )) ) I I E
e , f
= == = = == =
- -- -
I
X . H . X
, f
I
) u (
U
. C . K . X
U ) I ( I
C , f ,
= == = = == =

1 E
d
= == =
- -- -
c E
d
= == =
- -- -
OKC
I
- -- -
1
I
f- -- -
1
OKC
1
E
- -- -d
E
ad
E
i
I
- -- -
x
o oo o
43
III.3.1.2. Onpeennne na yc1anonennn (1paen) 1ox na enex1pnuecxn o1aneueno o1
mnnn1e na cnnxponnnn renepa1op ( x
nn.
= == =0) 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
Tpannxr rox na x.c. sa nepnra c nnmno cnpornnnenne x
nn.
, saxpannana or cnnxponen
reneparop es ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxane ce onpeenx upes ]opmyna III.3.8., xaro
sa nenra rpxna a ar onpeenenn nsuncnnrennoro e..n. E
- -- -
n nsuncnnrennnx cnnxponen
peaxranc x
- -- -
,upes ]opmynnre III.3.7.n III.3.6.
III.3.8.
. eu
, k
. eu
x x
J . 1 , 1
x x
E
I
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
- -- -
- -- -
+ ++ +
~ ~~ ~
+ ++ +
= == =
Kero V
k,0
e e]exrnnnara cronocr na ]asonoro nanpexenne n rouxara na x.c. sa
pexnma npen anapnxra.
Bcnuxn cnpemennn reneparopn npnrexanar perynaropn na nsyxane, n xonro ena
or ]ynxnnnre nm e a ]opcnpar nsyxanero npn xco cennenne. uopcnpanero na
nsyxanero npecrannxna nponec na maxcnmanno napacrnane na nsynrennnx rox, sa
nsmoxno na-xparxo npeme. Hoxasanoro na mnr. III.3.3. ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxanero e eno or na-npocrnre. Hpn namanenne na nanpexennero na mnnnre na
reneparopa c (15-20) or nomnnannoro, cpaorna pene sa mnnnmanno nanpexenne, xoero
noana cnrnan sa nxnmunane na xonraxropa (K). Konraxropr mynrnpa cnpornnnennero R
p
or
nepnrara na nsyxane na nsynrenxara. B pesynrar na rona, napacrnar nsynrennnxr
rox. Hpnnoxenoro npxy nsynrennara namorxa na cnnxponnara mamnna nanpexenne
ocrnra o cnonre maxcnmannn cronocrn. Hapacrnanero na nsynrennnx rox e pasnnuno sa
pasnnunnre nsynrennn cncremn. Onxnoneno nsynrennnxr rox e 1,8 o 2 nrn or
nomnnannnx, a npemero sa ocrnrane na npeennara cronocr na nanpexennero npxy
nsynrennara namorxa na cnnxponnara mamnna ce napnua xpn1nuno npeue t
xp.
. Cxopocrra
na napacrnane na nsynrennnx rox onpeenx n xpnrnunoro npeme na ncxxa cnnxponna
mamnna.
pyra xapaxrepncrnxa na cnnxponnnre reneparopn, npnrexanamn ycrpocrno sa
]opcnpane na nsyxane e xpn1nuno1o nsnmno csnpo1nnnenne x
xp..
Kpumuuuomo
cznpomueueuue npecmaeuaea ua-+auuomo ezuuuo cznpomueueuue npu uoemo, npu
+aucu+auuo ezsyxaue cue qopcupoeua, uanpexeuuemo ua uuuume ua eeuepamopa e
paeuo ua uo+uuauuomo. Taxn pexnm na paora na reneparopa, npn xonro cne ]opcnponxa
na nsyxanero, nanpexennero na mnnnre na reneparopa e panno na nomnnannoro, ce napnua
peanu na 1panno x.c. npn nounnanno nanpeaenne. B rosn cnyua (x
nn.
> >> >x
xp
), reneparopr
moxe a ce pasrnexa xaro nsrounnx na rnpo nanpexenne r.e. x

0 n E
d
V
n
. Tpannxr rox
na x.c. ce onpeenx camo or nnmnoro cnpornnnenne r.e.
mnr. III.3.2.
+j
E

+x
jI
a
x

U
0
jI
p
x

0
0 00 0
0
I
a
I
p
I
0
jI
0
x

0
44
III.3.9. . e . o ;
x
1
I uuu . e . u ;
x . 3
U
x
J
I I
. eu
. eu
. u
up
. u
. up
- -- -
- -- -
= == = = == = = == = = == =
Pexnm na paora na reneparopa, npn xoro nnpexn ecrnnero na ycrpocrnoro sa
]opcnpane na nsyxanero I
f
I
f,max
, nanpexennero na mnnnre na reneparopa ocrana no-manxo
or nomnnannoro U
G
< << <U
n
, ce napnua peanu na 1panno x.c. c uaxcnuanno nssyaane. B rosn
cnyua x
nn.
< << <x
xp
. Ha npeennnx nsynrenen rox I
f,max
cornercrnyna E
d,max
n cneonarenno
rpannx rox na x.c. ce onpeenx c nspasa.
III.3.10.
. eu
max , d
x x
E
I
+ ++ +
= == =

Hpn x
nn.
x
xp
ce cnasnar enonpemenno ycnonnxra n na nara pexnma, nopan xoero
moxe a e sanncano:
III.3.11.

= == = = == = x
x
J
E x I E J
. up
u
max , d . up max , d u
Or ypannenne III.3.11. moxe a ce namepn ronemnnara na xpnrnunoro cnpornnnenne.
III.3.12.
u max , d
u
. up
J E
x J
x

= == =

B cnenamara rannna ca aenn cornomennxra, xapaxrepnsnpamn pexnmnre na
paora na reneparop npnrexanam ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxane npn rpano x.c..
Peanu na uaxcnuanno nssyaane npn
1panno x.c.
Peanu na nounnanno nanpeaenne npn
1panno x.c.
1.
. up . eu
x x < << < 1.
. up . eu
x x > >> >
2.
u
J J < << < 2.
u
J J = == =
3.
. up
. eu
max , d
I
x x
E
I > >> >
+ ++ +
= == =

3.
. up
. eu
u
. eu
u
I
x . 3
U
x
J
I s ss s = == = = == =

Onpeenxnero na rpannx rox na x.c. sa cnoxna mpexa, npn xoxro nxxonxo reneparopa
saxpannar x.c. crana, xaro ce ocmecrnxna cnenara nrepannonna nponeypa.
B sanncnmocr or oraneuenocrra na or x.c. reneparopnre ce nnexar n nsuncnnrennnx
nponec:
a) n peanu na nounnanno nanpeaenne (sa oraneuennre or x.c. reneparopn) c
nomnnanno nanpexenne V
n
n nsuncnnrenno (cnnxponno) cnpornnnenne x
G
0
G
U<
K
U
i
I
i
II
R
ff
L
ff OBB
OBI
R
p
mnr. III.3.3.
45
) n peanu na uaxcnuanno nssyaane (sa no-nnsxo namnpamnre ce o x.c.
reneparopn) cc cnnxponnoro e..n. E
d,max
n nsuncnnrenno (cnnxponno) cnpornnnenne x
G
x
d
.
Hsuncnxnar ce reneparopnnre roxone I

n ce cnocranxr c nspannx pexnm. 3a
reneparopnre n peanu na nounnanno nanpeaenne I

s ss sI
xp.
, a sa reneparopnre n peanu na
uaxcnuanno nssyaane I

> >> >I
xp
. 3a reneparopn, npn xonro npenonaraemnx pexnm na paora
ne cnnaa c nsuncnennx ce npann cmxna na pexnma nm na paora. Ornono ce npanxr
nsuncnennx n ornono ce npann nponepxa na nspannx pexnm na paora. Hrepannxra ce
nponexa o cnnaane na nsuncnennx n npenonaraemnx pexnm na paora sa ncnuxn
reneparopn.
Ieneparopn es anromarnunn perynaropn na nsyxane ce nnexar, xaro peannn
nsrounnnn c e..n. cornercrnynamo na pexnma npen x.c. E
d,0
n nsuncnnrennoro
(cnnxponnoro) cnpornnnenne x
G
x
d
.
III.3.2. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op n
nauannnn uouen1 na 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
B nauannnx momenr cne nsnnxnane na x.c.moxe a ce npeneperne nprenero na
poropa n cnnxponnara mamnna a ce pasrnexa, xaro rpanc]opmarop c nsymna mexnna. 3a
anannsnpane na nponecnre, xonro nsnnxnar n cnnxponnara mamnna n nauannnx momenr na x.c.
ce nsnonsyna npuuuna ua e.ermpo+aeuumuama uuepu, r.e. noroxocnennennero sanasna
cronocrra cn n ne moxe a ce nsmenx cxoxoopasno.
III.3.2.1. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op, es
ycnoxon1ennn nauo1xn, n nauannnn uouen1 na xsco1o csennenne
( nauanen 1ox na xsco csennenne; npexono e..n.; npexoen peax1anc)
B III.1.2., III.1.3. n III.1.4. xxa pasrneann pexnmnre na paora na cnnxponnnre
reneparopn n xxa onpeenenn marnnrnnre noronnre no nanxnara oc, oycnonenn or
nsynrennnx n craropnnx roxone. Bsynrennnxr rox I
f
csana marnnren norox
ad , f , f f
u uu u u uu u u uu u
o oo o
+ ++ + = == = ccranen or ne xomnonenrn - norox na pascenane u uu u
f,o oo o
n nonesen norox
u uu u
f,ad
. Craropnnx rox csana marnnrnnx norox na peaxnnxra na xornara u uu u
ad
n noroxa na
pascenane na craropnara namorxa u uu u
o oo o
.
Bcnecrnne na x.c. nnesanno napacrna roxa n craropnara namorxa n no rasn npnunna
napacrna n marnnrnnx norox na peaxnnxra na xornara no nanxnara oc A AA Au uu u
ad(0)
. Harnena
npecrana sa nsmenennxra na noroxocnennennxra npen n cne x.c. moxe a ce nonyun or
mnr.III.3.4..
Crnacno npnnnnna na e.ermpo+aeuumuama uuepu me napacne n marnnrnnx norox
or nsynrennara namorxa A AA Au uu u
f(0)
raxa, ue nara napacrxa na noronnre nsanmno a ce
xomnencnpar. Karo ce nma npenn, ue noronnre A AA Au uu u
ad(0)
n A AA Au uu u
f(0)
ca pannn na
cornercrnynamnre nm noroxocnennennx A AA A+ ++ +
ad(0)
n A AA A+ ++ +
f(0)
, axo ca npnneenn xm enn asncnn
ycnonnx, moxe a ce sannme:
III.3.13.
) ( f ) ( ad
= == = + ++ + A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ ;
nnn upes cornernnre npornno e..n.
III.3.14. ( (( ( ) )) ) x x . I x . I
ad , f ) ( f ad ) ( d
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
o oo o
A AA A A AA A
Hpn ynennuanane na marnnrnnx norox na nsynrennara namorxa u uu u
f
or neronara
nauanna cronocr npen x.c. u uu u
f0
o cronocrra my cne x.c. u uu u
f(0)
, nponopnnonanno ce
ynennuana n noroxa na pascenane na u uu u
fo oo o
cornerno or u uu u
fo oo o,0
o u uu u
fo oo o,(0)
. Camo pesynranrnnxr
marnnren norox u uu u
fE EE E
u uu u
f
- u uu u
ad,
, cnpsan c nsynrennara namorxa ocrana nensmenen npen n
cne cmymennero. Horoxr nn nsymnara mexnna ce nsmenx, xaro namanxna or u uu u
o oo od,0
o
u uu u
o oo od,(0)
.
46
Ha mnr.III.3.5..ca noxasann noroxocnennennxra n nsmenennxra nm, xapaxrepnsnpamn
ocnonnnre nopmannn n anapnnn pexnmn na reneparopnre.
Kaxro ce nnxa or mnr.III.3.4. n mnr.III.3.5. enncrneno + ++ +
fE EE E
- pesynranrnoro
noroxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa ocrana nensmenno npen n cne x.c. r.e.
+ ++ +
fE EE E,0
+ ++ +
fE EE E(0)
. uacr or pesynranrnnx norox na nsynrennara namorxa ce cnpsna cc craropnara
namorxa n ]opmnpa noroxocnennennero + ++ +' '' '
d
. Tona noroxocnennenne + ++ +' '' '
d
oycnanx craropnoro
e..n.
d
E' '' ' , xoero sanasna cronocrnre cn npen n cne x.c. r.e
) ( , d , d
E E ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' . 3a nenra e
neoxonmo a ce nnee xoe]nnnenr na pascenane na nsynrennara namorxa c nspasa -
ad f
f
f
f
f
f
f
x x
x
x
x
+ ++ +
= == = = == = = == =
o oo o
u uu u
u uu u
o oo o . Hensmennoro noroxocnennenne na craropnara namorxa + ++ +' '' '
d
,
mnr.III.3.4.
+ ++ +
f,0
+ ++ +
fad,0
+ ++ +
fo oo o,
+ ++ +
o oo od,
+ ++ +
fE EE E,
+ ++ +
ad,0
+ ++ +
f,(0
+ ++ +
fad,(0)
+ ++ +
fo oo o,(0)
+ ++ +
o oo od,(0)
+ ++ +
fE EE E,(0)
A AA A+ ++ +
f,(0)
+ ++ +
ad,(0)
A AA A+ ++ +
fo oo o,(0)
A AA A+ ++ +
ad,(0
Cne xsco1o csennenne
Hpen xsco1o csennenne
E EE E
+ ++ +
f
Tpanno xsco
csennenne
fad
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
fad
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
E EE E
+ ++ +
f
Hpasen xo
Hopuanen
peanu na pao1a
' '' '
f
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
' '' '
ad
+ ++ +' '' '
E EE E
+ ++ +
f
f
A+ A+ A+ A+
ad
A+ A+ A+ A+
Hauanen uouen1 na
xsco csennenne
o oo o
A+ A+ A+ A+
, f
f
+ ++ +
fad
+ ++ +
ad
+ ++ + ' '' '
d
+ ++ +' '' '
mnr.III.3.5.
f
+ ++ +
f
+ ++ +
ad
+ ++ +
fad
+ ++ +
o oo o
+ ++ +
, f
47
onpeeneno upes pesynranrnoro noroxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa, moxe a ce
namepn no cnennx naunn:
III.3.15.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
ad f
2
ad
d ad f
ad d ad f f
ad f
ad
ad f f f f d
x x
x
I x . I
x . I x x . I
x x
x
. 1 . 1
+ ++ +
= == =
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ +
= == = = == = = == = ' '' '
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
E EE E
+ ++ + + ++ + o oo o + ++ + o oo o + ++ +
Hpecranxxn ropnnre nspasn upes e..n. n oanxxn n nsnaxaxn
d d
x I j
ce nonyuana:
III.3.16.
d d d
ad f
2
ad
d d d
ad f
2
ad
d d d d d d
ad f
2
ad
d d d
x I j J
x x
x
x I j J
x x
x
I j x I j x I j E
x x
x
I j E E
' '' ' + ++ + = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == = ' '' '

o oo o
o oo o o oo o
Kero x
d
' '' ' ce napnua npexoeu peaumauc na cnnxponnara mamnna n npecrannxna
xaranoxna nennunna. Hpexouuam peaumauc x
d
' '' ' npeocmae.ea ereuea.eumuomo
cnpomue.euue ua cuuxpouuama +auuua e ua:a.uu +o+eum ua npexoouu npoec, c.eo
rpauo no eo.e+uua c+vueuue. To moxe a e npecranen no cnennx naunn:
III.3.17.
ad f
ad f
ad f
ad f
2
ad
ad
ad f
2
ad
d d
x
1
x
1
1
x
x x
x . x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == = ' '' '
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
Hpexonoro e..n. moxe a e onpeeneno or napamerpnre na nsxonnx pexnm r.e.:
III.3.18.
d , d , d ) ( , d , d
x . jI J E E ' '' ' + ++ + = == = ' '' ' = == = ' '' '

Kaxro e nsnecrno, cnnxponnoro e..n. e panno na:
III.3.19.
d , d , d ) ( , d , d
x . jI J E E + ++ + = == = = == =

Ha mnr.III.3.6. ca noxasann nexropnnre narpamn na e..n. npn nsxoen pexnm
mnr.III.3.6.a), nnesanno nsmenenne na ronapa mnr.III.3.6.) n rpn]asno xco cennenne na
nsnonre na reneparopa mnr.III.3.6.n).
d
I
d
E
q
I
J
q
J
E' '' '

d
E' '' '
Q
E
) x x ( jI
q d d

q
E' '' '
q q
x jI ' '' '

0
d
q
d d
x jI ' '' '
q d
x jI
o oo o
) ( d
I
) ( d
E
) ( q
I
) (
I
) (
J
) ( q
J
) (
E' '' '
) ( d
E' '' '
) ( Q
E
q ) (
x jI
) x x ( jI
q d ) ( d

0
d
q
q ) ( d
x jI
o oo o
q ) ( q
x jI ' '' '
) ( q
E' '' '
d
J
x jI
d d
x jI
d ) ( d
x jI
d ) ( d
x jI ' '' '
) ( d
J
q
d ) ( d ) ( d
x jI E ' '' ' = == = ' '' '
) ( d ) (
E E ' '' ' = == = ' '' '
J
) (
= == =
a)
) n)
0ue. III.3..
48
Moynr na npexonoro e..n. moxe a ce onpeenn or panencrnoro, xoero e noono na
III.3.7. r.e.:
III.3.20. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
d
2
d
2
, d
sin x I J x I sin J cos J E E ' '' ' + ++ + ~ ~~ ~ ' '' ' + ++ + + ++ + = == = ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~ ' '' ' .
Cneonarenno, nauannara e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na
x.c. ce onpeenx c nspasa:
III.3.21.
d
, d
d
) ( d
d
) ( d
x
E
x
E
x
E
I
' '' '
' '' '
= == =
' '' '
' '' '
= == = = == = ' '' '
Axo x.c. e na nsnonre na cnnxponnara mamnna r.e. V
d,0
0, ro or ypannenne III.3.18. n
III.3.19. moxe a ce namepxr cnennre cornomennx:
III.3.22.
d
d
) ( , d ) ( , d
d
d
) ( , d
) ( , d
x
x
E E uuu
x
x
E
E
' '' '
' '' ' = == =
' '' '
= == =
' '' '
B npexonnx nponec, ocnen nanxnara ccranxa ce noxnxna n nanpeuna ccranxa na
craropnnx rox. T xaro no nanpeunara oc nnncnar ycnoxonrennn namorxn (nnyxrnnnn
cnpornnnennx), ro noroxocnennennero + ++ +
aq
or roxa I
q
no nanpeunara oc ce noxnxna
esnpenxrcrneno. 3arona peaxranca no nanpeunara oc e enn n cm, xaxro n ycranonen, raxa n n
npexoen pexnm r.e. x
q
x
o oo o
+x
aq
.
III.3.2.2. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op c ycnoxon1ennn
nauo1xn n nauannnn uouen1 na x.c. ( nauanen 1ox na xsco csennenne;
cnpsxnpexono e..n.; cnpsxnpexoen peax1anc)
Crnacno npnnnnna na e.ermpo+aeuumuama uuepu, noroxocnennennxra na
nsynrennara n ycnoxonrennara namorxn npn npomxna na marnnrnnx norox (peaxnnxra na
xornara) ncnecrnne na npomxna na craropnnx rox, rpxna a ocranar nenpomenenn. Karo ce
nma npenn, ue n ornocnrennn ennnnn noroxocnennennxra no ronemnna ca pannn na
ornocnrennnre e..n. moxe a ce sannme:
Horoxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa or nsmenennero na craropnnx rox A AA AI
d(0)
.
-
ad ) ( d ) ( d
x . I A AA A A+ A+ A+ A+ = == =
Horoxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa or nsmenennero na nsynrennnx rox
A AA AI
f(0)
- ( (( ( ) )) )
ad , f ) ( f ) ( ad , f ) ( , f ) ( f
x x . I + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
o oo o o oo o
A AA A A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
Horoxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa or nsmenennero na roxa n
ycnoxonrennara namorxa A AA AI
D(0)
.
-
ad ) ( D ) ( D , f
x . I A AA A A+ A+ A+ A+ = == =
Horoxocnennenne na ycnoxonrennara namorxa or nsmenennero na roxa n
ycnoxonrennara namorxa A AA AI
D(0)
.
- ( (( ( ) )) )
ad , D ) ( D ) ( ad , D ) ( , D ) ( D
x x . I + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
o oo o o oo o
A AA A A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
Horoxocnennenne na ycnoxonrennara namorxa or nsmenennero na roxa nn
nsynrennara namorxa A AA AI
f(0)
.
-
ad ) ( f ) ( f , D
x . I A AA A A+ A+ A+ A+ = == =
Pesynranrnoro noroxocnennenne na nsynrennara namorxa no nanxnara oc ocrana
nocroxnno n moxe a ce sannme:
III.3.23.
( (( ( ) )) ) x . I x x . I x . I
ad ) ( D ad , f ) ( f ad ) ( d
) ( D , f ) ( f ) ( d
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
A AA A A AA A A AA A
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
o oo o
Pesynranrnoro noroxocnennenne na ycnoxonrennara namorxa no nanxnara oc ocrana
nocroxnno n moxe a ce sannme:
49
III.3.24.
( (( ( ) )) ) x . I x x . I x . I
ad ) ( f ad , D ) ( D ad ) ( d
) ( f , D ) ( D ) ( d
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+ A+
o oo o
Hpnpannxnaxn III.3.23. n III.3.24. ce nonyuana:
III.3.25.
o oo o
o oo o
A AA A
A AA A
, f
, D
) ( D
) ( f
x
x
I
I
= == =
B nere namorxn - nsynrennara n ycnoxonrennara nsnnxnar cnoonn roxone, xaro
peaxnnx na napacnannx rox n craropnara namorxa. Axo ce npneme peaxnnxra na resn ne
namorxn, xaro peaxnnx na enn exnnnanenren xonryp no nanxnara oc na cnnxponnara
mamnna (poropa), ro sa roxa moxe a ce nannme, ue ro e panen na cymara or nara roxa or
nere namorxn r.e.
) ( D ) ( f ) ( r
I I I

A AA A A AA A A AA A + ++ + = == = , a cnpornnnennero nm e panno na exnnnanenrno
cnpornnnenne r.e.
o oo o o oo o
o oo o o oo o
o oo o
, D , f
, D , f
, r
x x
x . x
x
+ ++ +
= == = .
Pasrnexaxn no rosn naunn nponecnre n cnnxponnara mamnna no ananornx c ]opmyna
III.3.17. moxe a e nonyuen exnnnanenrnnx peaxranc samenxxn x
f,o oo o
c x
r,o oo o
.
III.3.26.
ad , f , D
ad , r
ad , r
ad , r
2
ad
ad
ad , r
2
ad
d d
x
1
x
1
x
1
1
x
x x
x . x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
o oo o o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
Honyuennx peaxranc ce napnua cnpxnpexoen peaxranc no nanxnara oc.
Cnpxnpexoennxr peaxranc no nanpeunara oc ce nonyuana ananornuno or ]opmyna
III.3.17.. Karo ce nseme npenn peaxranca na pascenane na ycnoxonrennara namorxa no
nanpeunara oc
o oo o , D
q
x n peaxranca na nsanmna nnyxnnx
aq
x mexy ycnoxonrennara n
craropnara namorxn, moxe a ce onpeenn cnpxnpexonnx peaxranc no nanxnara oc.
III.3.27.
aq , D
aq , D
aq , D
2
aq
q q
x x
x . x
x
x x
x
x x
q
q
q
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
o oo o
Axo cnnxponnara mamnna e es ycnoxonrennn
namorxn = == = = == =
o oo o o oo o , D , D
x x
q
, peaxrancnre
d
x ' '' ' ' '' ' n
q
x ' '' ' ' '' '
cranar cornerno
d
x' '' ' ,
q q
x x = == = ' '' '
Cnpx npexonnre ccranxn na e..n.
) (
E E ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
ocranar nensmennn n momenra na cmymennero r.e.
) ( d d
E E ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' n
) ( q q
E E ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' . Te ce onpeenxr or
nexropnara narpama aena na mnr.III.3.7. r.e.
III.3.28.
d d d ) ( d d
x I j J E E
' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
III.3.29.
q q q ) ( q q
x I j J E E ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '

Onpeenxnero na e..n. npn npnnnsnrennn
nsuncnennx crana c nspasa:
III.3.30. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
, sin x I J
x I sin J cos J
E E
d
2
d
2

, d

' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ~ ~~ ~
~ ~~ ~ ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~ ' '' ' ' '' '
xero,

I , J n
sin ca napamerpn na pexnma npen x.c..

d
I
d
E
q
I
J
q
J
E ' '' ' ' '' '

d
E ' '' ' ' '' '
Q
E
) x x ( jI
q d d

q
E ' '' ' ' '' '
q q
x jI ' '' ' ' '' '

0
d
d d
x jI ' '' ' ' '' '
q d
x jI
o oo o
d
J
x jI
d d
x jI
mnr.III.3.7.
50
Hepnonunara ccranxa na nauannnxr cnpx npexoen rox npn onycxane, ue naxco
cnpsanara nepnra e uncro nnyxrnnna, ce onpeenx c nspasa:
III.3.31. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) , I I I
2
) ( q
2
) ( d ) (
' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
Toxonere no nanxnara n nanpeunara oc ce nonyuanar c nspasnre:
III.3.32. ;
x x
E
I
. eu d
) ( d
) ( d
+ ++ + ' '' ' ' '' '
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
III.3.33. .
x x
E
I
. eu q
) ( q
) ( q
+ ++ + ' '' ' ' '' '
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
III.3.3. Eqex1nnna c1onnoc1 na nepnonuna csc1anxa na 1ox npn 1pnqasno
xsco csennenne o1 nauannnn uouen1, o yc1anonnnane1o
na 1pannnn 1ox na xsco csennenne
Onpeenxnero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na rox npn
rpn]asno xco cennenne ce nsnonsyna n nnxenepnara npaxrnxa sa nsopa na anaparn n
npononnnn. Tasn nennunna cne nsnnxnane na xcoro cennenne ce nsmenx o ocrnrane na
cnoero ycranoneno ccroxnne. B uacr III.3.1. n III.3.2. ca onpeenenn cornerno rpannx rox
na x.c. n roxa n nauannnx momenr na x.c. Hopan nannunero na anepnonunara ccranxa na
cnoonnx rox nn nepnrara na nsyxanero (oxcneno n uacr III.2.) n ecrnnero na
anromarnuen perynarop na nsyxanero (ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnponxa) nsnnxna npexoen
nponec, xoro nponxana, oxaro ne sarnxne cnoonnx npexoen rox n poropa n ne sanpmn
ecrnnero na ]opcnponxara.
Hoananoro na poropa nanpexenne
t , f
U or nsynrenxara nn ncexn momenr or
npexonnx nponec ce ypannonecxna or naa na nanpexennero n axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne
f
r ,
npes xoero npornua nsynrennnx rox
t , f
I n e..n. nnyxrnpano n rasn namorxa ncnecrnne
nsmenennero na nenoro pesynranrnoro noroxocnennenne + ++ +
fE EE E
r.e.
III.3.34. .
dt
d
r . I U
f
f t , f t , f
E EE E
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
Karo pasennm nere uacrn na panencrnoro III.3.34. na
f
r ce nonyuana:
III.3.35. ,
dt
d
r
1
I I
r
U
f
f
t , f t , fe
f
t , f E EE E
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == = = == =
xero
t , fe
I e npnnyennxr rox na nsyxanero, r.e. rosn rox e oycnonen or
nanpexennero na nsynrenxara;
t , f
I - omnx rox, a
dt
d
r
1 f
f
E EE E
+ ++ +
npecrannxna cnoonnx
anepnonuen rox.
Karo ce ymnoxar ncnuxn unenone or ypannenne III.3.35. c
ad
x , a nocnennxr unen c
f
f
x
x
ce nonyuana:
III.3.36. .
dt
x
x
d
.
r
x
x . I x . I
f
f
ad
f
f
ad t , f ad t , fe
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
E EE E
+ ++ +
Oxonuarenno ypannenne III.3.36. onna cnennx nn:
III.3.37. ,
dt
E d
1 E E
t , d
, d t , d t , de
' '' '
+ ++ + = == =
51
xero
t , de
E e npuuvoeuomo e.o.u., oycnoneno or npnnyennx rox na nsyxanero;
t , d
E - oouomo e.o.u. oycnoneno or roxa nn nsynrennara namorxa
t , f
I n
t , d
E' '' ' - npexoouo
(ceoooouomo) e..n.. | || | | || | rad
r
x
1
f
f
, d
= == = e npemexoncranrara na nsynrennara namorxa na
cnnxponnara mamnna npn ornopena craropna namorxa, onpeenena n o.e. n asncno npeme
| || | | || | s
f 2
1 1
t

t tt t e ee e
= == = = == = . 3a nexnnononmcnnre cnnxponnn mamnnn
, d
1 onpeeneno n nmenonann
ennnnn ce nsmenx n nanasona or (5 10) s n sa xnnononmcnnre -(2 8) s.
Vpaeueuue III.3.37. e useecmuo, uamo ypaeueuue ua Boueue. C ypaeueuuemo ua
Boueue ce onucea eueumpo+aeuumuua npexoeu npouec eze ezsyumeuuama ua+omua ua
cuuxpouua +auuua es ycnououmeuuu ua+omuu. Bnnxnnero na anepnonunara ccranxa na
craropnnx rox, xoxro sarnxna cpannnrenno pso n enexrpomarnnrnnre nponecn n
ycnoxonrennnre namorxn ca npenepernarn.
3a onpeenxnero na npexonnx rox
t , d
I ' '' ' morar a ar nsnonsynann npexonnre
nennunnn
d t , d
x u E ' '' ' ' '' ' nnn cnnxponnnre
d t , d
x u E . Taxa npexonnxr rox na nsnonre na
cnnxponna mamnna npn rpn]asno x.c. ce onpeenx c nspasa:
III.3.38. ,
x
E
x
E
I
d
t , d
d
t , d
t , d
= == =
' '' '
' '' '
= == = ' '' '
orxero ce onpeenx
t , d
E :
III.3.39. .
x
x
E E
d
d
t , d t , d
' '' '
= == = ' '' '
3a cnnxponna mamnna n rpn]asno x.c. ypannennero na Honrne onna cnennx nn:
III.3.40. ,
dt
dE
. 1 E E
t , d
d t , d t , de
' '' ' + ++ + = == =
Kero
d
d
, d d
x
x
1 1
' '' '
= == = ' '' ' npecrannxna npemexoncranrara na nsynrennara namorxa, npn
sarnopena craropna nepnra.
B ypannenne III.3.40.
t , de
E e npnnyenoro e..n. Tona e..n. sanncn or nsynrennara
cncrema n e oycnoneno or npnnyennx rox na nsyxanero. Koraro nnncna ycrpocrno sa
]opcnpane na nsyxane, rorana . const E E
, d t , de
= == = = == = Hpn nannune na ycrpocrno sa
]opcnpane na nsyxanero, nsynrennnx rox napacrna no cnoxen saxon, xoro sanncn or
marnnrnnre cnocrna na nsynrenx. 3a onpocrxnane na maremarnuecxnre nsuncnennx, npn
xoero rounocrra na moena ne naxnpnx nxxonxo nponenra, moxe a ce npneme , ue
napacrnanero na npnnyennx nsynrenen rox ce nsmenx excnonennnanno r.e.:
III.3.41. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
e e
1
t
, f . np , f . np , f
1
t
, f . np , f , f t , fe
e . I I I e 1 I I I I

= == =
| || |
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == = ,
xero
, f
I e nsyxanero npen xcoro cennenne;
. np , f
I - npeennoro nsyxane, xoero moxe a ce nocrnrne cne ]opcnponxa;
e
1 - npemexoncranra, nnsxa no ronemnna o npemexoncranrara na nsynrennara
namorxa na nsynrenx.
Karo ce nma npenn, ue
t , de
E cornercrnyna na maxcnmannnx nsynrenen rox
. np , f
I ,
ro maxe a ce sannme:
52
III.3.42. ( (( ( ) )) )
e e
1
t
. np , d . np , d
1
t
, d . np , d . np , d t , de
e . E E e . E E E E

= == = = == = A AA A .
3a a ce onpeenn
t , d
E oouomo e.o.u. e neoxonmo a ce pemn n]epennnannoro
ypannenne III.3.40. . 3a nenra e neoxonmo npnnyenoro e..n.
t , de
E a ce samecrn c
xonxperna nennunna, xoxro ce onpeenx or cncremara na nsyxane.
I. Onpeeuaue eqeumueuama cmouocm ua nepuouuuama czcmaeua ua moua npu
mpuqasuo uzco czeuueuue sa cuuxpouua +auuua es ycmpocmeo sa qopcupaue ua
ezsyxauemo.
Kaxro e nsxcneno no-rope, xoraro nnncna ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxane,
. const E E
, d t , de
= == = = == = . Torana n]epennnannoro ypannenne nma cnennx nn:
III.3.43.
, d t , d
t , d
d
E E
dt
dE
. 1 = == = + ++ + ' '' ' .
Tona ypannenne npecrannxna nnneno n]epennnanno ypannenne or npnn pe c
nocroxnnn xoe]nnnenrn n cnooen unen. Pemennero na raxona n]epennnannoro ypannenne
e cyma or ne neronn pemennx enoro, xoraro nnncna cnooen unen n nroporo, xoero
npecrannxna uacrnoro pemenne na aenoro ypannenne r.e. pemennero na III.3.43. nma
cnennx omnx nn :
III.3.44. B Ae E
d
1
t
t , d
+ ++ + = == =
' '' '

,
xero npnnxr unen npecrannxna pemenne na xomorennoro ypannenne, a nropnxr
uacrnoro pemenne.
3a a ce onpeenxr nnrerpannonnnre xoncranrn A n B ce nsnonsynar nauannnre n
xpannre ycnonnx na npexonnx nponec.
Hpn t + ++ + = == = - nauannnx momenr na x.c. B A E
) ( d
+ ++ + = == = .
Hpn = == = t - pexnm na rpano x.c. B E
, d
= == =

.
Onpeenxnero na A crana, xaro ce samecn n ypannennero B A E
) ( d
+ ++ + = == = cronocrra na
B , nonyuena sa = == = t r.e.

= == =
, d ) ( d
E E A .
Oxonuarennoro pemenne nma cnennx nn:
III.3.45. ( (( ( ) )) )

' '' '

+ ++ + = == =
, d
1
t
, d ) ( d t , d
E e . E E E
d
.
Onpeenxnero na
) ( d
E crana, xaro ce nsnonsynar ]opmynn III.3.20., III.3.21. n
III.3.22., a
, d
E ce onpeenx or ronemnnara na nsynrennnx rox
, f
I (nnx uacr III.3.1.).
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na ]asonnx rox npn rpn]asno x.c. sa
ncexn momenr or npemero ce onpeenx c nspasa:
III.3.46.
( (( ( ) )) )

' '' '

' '' '

' '' '

+ ++ + ' '' ' = == =
= == = + ++ +
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

' '' '
' '' '
= == = + ++ +
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
I e . I I
x
E
e .
x
E
x
E
x
E
e .
x
E
x
E
I
d
d d
1
t
d
, d 1
t
d
, d
d
, d
d
, d 1
t
d
, d
d
) ( d
t , H
Vpannenne III.3.46. moxe a ce nsnonsyna sa onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na
nepnonunara ccranxa na ]asonnx rox npn rpn]asno x.c. na mnnnre na reneparop es
ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero. Hpnnxr unen or ypannenne III.3.46. ce nxn na
peaxnnxra na nsynrennara namorxa n npecrannxna cnooen npexoen rox, a nropnx unen e
rpannxr npnnyen rox na x.c..
53
II. Onpeeuaue eqeumueuama cmouocm ua nepuouuuama czcmaeua ua moua npu
mpuqasuo uzco czeuueuue sa cuuxpouua +auuua c ycmpocmeo sa qopcupaue ua
ezsyxauemo.
C ypannenne III.3.42. ce onpeenx
t , de
E npn nannune na ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxane. Torana n]epennnannoro ypannenne onncnamo npexonnx nponec nma cnennx
nn:
III.3.47. ( (( ( ) )) )
e e
1
t
. np , d . np , d
1
t
, d . np , d . np , d t , d
t , d
d
e . E E e . E E E E
dt
dE
. 1

= == = = == = + ++ + ' '' ' A AA A .
Or xomorennoro ypannenne E
dt
dE
. 1
t , d
t , d
d
= == = + ++ + ' '' ' , ce onpeenx eno or pemennxra
(cnoonoro e..n.) , xoero nma cnennx nn:
III.3.48.
d
1
t
t . ce , d
Ae E
' '' '

= == = .
uacrnoro pemenne na ypannenne III.3.47. nma cnennx nn:
III.3.49.
e
1
t
t , u , d
e . C B E

+ ++ + = == = .
Tpcenoro pemenne e :
III.3.50.
e d
1
t
1
t
t , u , d t ., ce , d t , d
e . C B e . A E E E

' '' '

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = .
Onpeenxnero na nnrerpannonnnre xoncranrn B , A n C crana, xaro ce nsnonsynar
nauannnre n rpannunnre ycnonnx na npexonnx nponec.
3a a ce onpeenxr xoncranrnre B n C e neoxonmo a ce samecrn pemennero
III.3.49. n ypannennero III.3.47. r.e.
III.3.51. ( (( ( ) )) )
e
e e e
e
e
1
t
. np , d . np , d
1
t
, d . np , d . np , d
1
t
1
t
e
d
1
t
1
t
d t , d
t , d
d
e . E E
e . E E E e . C B e .
1
1
. C
e . C B
dt
e . C B d
. 1 E
dt
dE
. 1

= == =
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +
' '' '
= == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ +
| || |
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
' '' ' = == = + ++ + ' '' '
A AA A
Or nauannnre n rpannunnre ycnonnx na npexonnx nponec ce onpeenxr n cronocrnre
na nnrerpannonnnre xoncranrn:
3a = == = t
. np , d
E B = == =
3a t = == =
, d
e
d
E
1
1
1 . C B = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || | ' '' '
+ ++ + .
3amecrnaxn B c neronara cronocr
. np , d
E ce nonyuana
, d
e
d
. np , d
E
1
1
1 . C E = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || | ' '' '
+ ++ + ,
orxero moxe a ce onpeenn C r.e. .
1 1
1
. E C
e d
e
. np , d
' '' '
= == = A AA A
Hpn samecrnane na xoncranrnre B n C n III.3.50. pemennero onna cnennx nn:
III.3.52.
e d
1
t
e d
e
. np , d . np , d
1
t
t , d
e .
1 1
1
. E E Ae E

' '' '

' '' '
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = A AA A
54
Orxero sa t = == = ce onpeenx A
-
r.e.:
III.3.53.
e d
e
. np , d . np , d ) ( d
1 1
1
. E E E A
' '' '
= == = A AA A
Tpcennxr nspas sa omoro e..n.
t , d
E e cnennxr:
III.3.54.
e d
1
t
e d
e
. np , d . np , d
1
t
e d
e
. np , d . np , d ) ( d t , d
e .
1 1
1
. E E e .
1 1
1
. E E E E

' '' '

' '' '
+ ++ + + ++ +
( (( (

( (( (

' '' '
= == = A AA A A AA A .
Axo or nspasa sa onpeenxne omoro e..n. orunramo ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxanero III.3.54. ce nsnan nspasa or III.3.45., n xoro cnnxponnara mamnna paorn es
ycrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero, cne npeopasynane ce nonyuana cnennx nspas:
III.3.55. ) t ( F . E
1 1
e . 1 e . 1
1 . E E E
. np , d
e d
1
t
e
1
t
d
. np , d ) V0B es ( t , d t , d
e d
A AA A A AA A = == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (

' '' '
' '' '
= == =

' '' '

.
uynxnnxra ) t ( F onpeenx npnnynrennoro napacrnane na e..n.
t , d
E , ncnecrnne na
]opcnpanero na nsyxanero. Tasn ]ynxnnx nma xonxperen nn sa ncxxa cncrema na
nsyxane. Cneonarenno nspasr sa e..n.
t , d
E sa cnnxponna mamnna c ycrpocrno sa
nsyxane moxe a ce sannme no cnennx naunn:
III.3.56.
. np , d . np , d ) V0B es ( t , d t , d
E ) t ( F . E E E s ss s + ++ + = == = A AA A .
Hspasr sa e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na npexonnx rox npn
rpn]asno x.c. ce nonyuana, xaro ce pasenn e..n.
t , d
E na ) x x (
. eu d
+ ++ + r.e.:
III.3.57.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
) t ( F . I I ) t ( F . I I e . I
1 1
e . 1 e . 1
1 . I I I e . I I I
. np , ) V0B es ( t , H . np ,
1
t
) (
e d
1
t
e
1
t
d
. np ,
1
t
) ( t , H
d
e d
d

' '' '

' '' '

' '' '

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + ' '' ' = == =
= == =
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (

' '' '
' '' '
+ ++ + + ++ + ' '' ' = == =
xero
. np ,
I

e e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na rpannx rox na x.c.
npn npeenno nsyxane;

I - e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na rpannx rox npn
nsyxane npemecrnynamo x.c.;
. np ,
I

A AA A - npeenno napacrnane na rpannx rox na x.c.;
) (
I ' '' ' A AA A - nauanen cnooen npexoen rox na x.c.
Axo nanpexennero na xnemnre na mamnnara ocrnrne cnonre nomnnannn cronocrn n
pesynrar na VuB, ce cmxra, ue npexonnx nponec e sanpmnn n no-nararx roxa na x.c. ocrana
nensmenen n panen na
. eu
. uo+
x . 3
U
. Ero samo, nspasr sa e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara
ccranxa na npexonnx rox npn rpn]asno x.c. or III.3.57. rpxna a e orpannuen:
III.3.58.
. eu
. uo+
. np , ) V0B es ( t , H t , H
x . 3
U
) t ( F . I I I s ss s + ++ + = == =

A AA A .
Vcrpocrnoro sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero nsmenx camo nepnonunara ccranxa na
craropnnx rox. Anepnonunara ccranxa n craropnnx rox n cnpsannre c nex xapmonnunn n
craropnnx rox ocranar raxnna, xaxnnro ca n npn nsxnmueno VuB. Ha mnr.III.3.8. ca noxasann
55
t , d
E ,
t , H
I n rexnnre ccranxn nn ]ynxnnx or npemero, sa cnnxponna mamnna, es
ycnoxonrennn namorxn, cc n es VuB.
III.4. Hpnuepn
3aaua N1.
Cnnxponen reneparop TBB- 220-2EV3 saxpanna cocrnennre nyxn na enexrponenrpana
c rpanc]opmarop c pasnenena nropnuna namorxa TPHC 15,75/6,3/6,3 n nsnacx renepnpanara
momnocr npes rpanc]opmarop TH-250000/400000. a ce onpeenn rpannx rox na x.c. n
rouxa k
1
n k
2
noxasann na mnr.1.1. npn nsxnmuen n nxnmuen APB c VuB. Hsxonnre annn na
enemenrnre ca xaxro cnena:
Ienepa1op -G: rnn TBB-220-2EV3
- S
Gn
258,3 MVA; U
Gn
15,75kV; I
Gn
8,625kA; cos(
Gn
)0,85; OKC0,57; I
I,n.x.
1025A;
U
I,np.
1100V; R
I
0,0878O npn 15C; x
d-
1,88.
Tpancqopua1op T1: rnn TH-250000/400000
- S
T1,n
250 MVA; 15,75/400kV; u
k
11.
Tonap:
Tpanc]opmarop T2-TPHC 15,75/6,3/6,3 nma momnocr S
T2,n
25 MVA n e naronapen
o 80. Exnnnanenrnoro cnpornnnenne na ronapa, npnneeno xm momnocrra na
saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop e x
1on.- -- -(n)
1.
Hpen x.c. reneparopr e paornn c ronap 90 or nomnnannara cn momnocr npn
cos(
1
)0,85 n U
G(0)
U
n
.
Pemenne:
1. K.c. n 1ouxa k
1
.
a) es ABP n YmB.
Bsynrennnxr rox na reneparopa ce onpeenx c nspasa:
mnr.III.3.8.
d
1' '' '
) V0B c ( t , d
E
) V0B es ( t , d
E
) ( d
E
, d
E
, d
E' '' '
t , d
E' '' '
. np , d
E A AA A
t , d
E A AA A
t
) V0B c ( t , H
I
) V0B es ( t , H
I
. np ,
I

A AA A
t ,
I

A AA A
t

I
) (
I ' '' ' A AA A
) (
I ' '' '
. np ,
I

I
. np ,
I

A AA A
. np , d
E
56
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) 37 , 2 88 , 1 . 9 , 527 , . 1 85 , . 1
x I sin U cos( . U I
2 2
2
d ) .( C 1 ) .( C
2
1 ) .( C f
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- -

Tpannxr rox oranan or reneparopa npn x.c. n rouxa k
1
e cnennx:
kA 8 , 11 25 , 8 . 37 , 2 . 57 , I . I . OKC I
. u . C f , C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
) c ABP n YmB.
Hpnema ce, ue nsynrennara namorxa ce narpxna o 75C. Hpensuncnxnanero na
cnpornnnennero na nsynrennara namorxa crana c ]opmynara:
;
. 1
. 1
R R
, f , f

O OO O o oo o
O OO O o oo o
O OO O O OO O
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == = xero:
- O OO O e 75C;
- O OO O
0
e nauannara remneparypa na sarpxnane 15C;
- o oo o remneparypen xoe]nnnenr na cnpornnnennero na marepnana npn 0C;
o oo o0,004|1/C| sa me n anymnnn.
O OO O
O OO O o oo o
O OO O o oo o
177 ,
15 . 4 , 1
75 . 4 , 1
. 878 ,
. 1
. 1
R R
C 15 , f C 75 , f
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =

Hpeennnxr nsynrenen rox, nsnnxnam cne ecrnnero na APB c VuB ce nonyuana:
A 3842
177 , 15 ,
11 . 9 ,
R 15 ,
U . 9 ,
I
C 75 , f
. np , f
. np , f
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
B ornocnrennn ennnnn:
75 , 3
125
3842
I
I
I
. x . n , f
. np , f
. np , f
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
Tpannxr npeenen rox, oranan or reneparopa npn x.c. n rouxa k
1
cne ecrnnero na APB c
VuB e cnennxr:
kA 44 , 18 25 , 8 . 75 , 3 . 57 , I . I . OKC I
u . np , f . np , C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
2. K.c. n 1ouxa k
2
.
Hpnnexar ce cnpornnnennxra na rpanc]opmaropa n ronapa xm asncnnre ycnonnx S
S
Gn
.;
U
U
Gn
(nomnnannara momnocr n nanpexenne na reneparopa).
k
2
400kV
~ ~~ ~
k
1
G
T1
T2
mnr.1.1.
k
2
k
2
mnr.1.2a mnr.1.2
15,75kV
6,3kV
E
- -- -
E
- -- -
x
- -- -
x
- -- -
x
T1
x
Ton.
x
nn.
57
1137 ,
25
3 , 258
.
1
11
S
S
.
1
" u
x
u , 1 1
k
) ( , 1 1
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
9 , 12
25 . 8 ,
3 , 258
. 1
S . 8 ,
S
. x x
u , 2 1
) u ( , 1oe ) ( , 1oe
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
E..n. na ronapa npn rpano x.c. e panno na nyna, nopan xoero nara xnona or mnr.1.2a. morar
a ar oennenn.
113 ,
1137 , 9 , 12
9 , 12 . 1137 ,
x x
x . x
x
) ( , 1oe ) ( , 1 1
) ( , 1oe ) ( , 1 1
) ( . eu
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
a) es ABP n YmB.
Onpeenx ce nsuncnnrennoro e..n. no 'nsnpanenara xapaxrepncrnxa.
1 , 2 37 , 2 . 8 , 2 , I . 8 , 2 , E E
, f , C
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
- -- - - - - - - -- -
Hsuncnnrennoro cnnxponno cnpornnnenne no nanxnara oc e cnenoro:
55 , 1
37 , 2 . 57 ,
1 , 2
I . OKC
E
I
E
x
, f
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
- - - -
Tpannxr ornocnrenen rox, oranan or reneparopa npn x.c. n rouxa k
2
e cnennx:
2 , 1
113 , 55 , 1
1 , 2
x x
E
I
) ( . eu
, C
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- -- - - - - -
- - - -
- - - -
Hanpexennero na mnnnre na reneparopa e:
1424 , 113 , . 2 , 1 x . I U
) ( . eu , C , C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - - - - - - - -
Tpannxr ornocnrenen rox n mxcroro na x.c. (rouxa k
2
) e cnennx:
252 , 1
1137 ,
1424 ,
x
U
I
) ( , 1 1
, C
, k
2
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- - - -
- - - -
Or rpannx ornocnrenen rox oranan or reneparopa npn x.c. n rouxa k
2
(
- - - - , C
I ) n rpannx
ornocnrenen rox n mxcroro na x.c. (rouxa k
2
) (
- - - - , k
2
I ) ce nnxa, ue ronapr namanxna roxa n
nonpeennx xnon n ynennuana roxa n reneparopnnx xnon.
ecrnnrennnre roxone oranann or reneparopa n n mxcroro na x.c. (rouxa k
2
) ca:
kA 875 , 1 25 , 8 . 2 , 1 I . I I
u , C , C , C
= == = = == = = == =
- - - -
kA 425 ,
4
75 , 15
. 25 , 8 . 252 , 1 k . I . I I
1 u , C , k , k
2 2
= == = = == = = == =
- - - -
) c ABP n YmB.
Onpeenx ce npeennoro nsuncnnrenno e..n. no 'nsnpanenara xapaxrepncrnxa.
2 , 3 75 , 3 . 8 , 2 , I . 8 , 2 , E E
. np , f . np . . np , C
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -
Hsuncnnrennoro npeenno cnnxponno cnpornnnenne no nanxnara oc e cnenoro:
497 , 1
75 , 3 . 57 ,
2 , 3
I . OKC
E
I
E
x
. np , f
. np
. np
. np
. np
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
Kpnrnunoro cnpornnnenne e:
8 ,
1 2 , 3
497 , 1
1 E
x
x
. np
. np
. up
= == =

= == =

= == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
Cneonarenno:
8 , x 113 , x
. up ) ( . eu
= == = < << < = == =
- -- - - -- -
Cnnxponnnxr reneparop e n pexnm na npeenno nssyaane, nopan xoero rpannxr
npeenen ornocnrenen rox oranan or reneparopa npn x.c. n rouxa k
2
ce onpeenx c nspasa:
58
987 , 1
113 , 497 , 1
2 , 3
x x
E
I
) ( . eu . np
. np
. np , C
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
- -- -
Hanpexennero na mnnnre na reneparopa e:
225 , 113 , . 987 , 1 x . I U
) ( . eu . np , C . np , C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -
Tpannxr npeenen ornocnrenen rox n mxcroro na x.c. (rouxa k
2
) e cnennx:
97889 , 1
1137 ,
225 ,
x
U
I
) ( , 1 1
. np , C
. np , k
2
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
ecrnnrennnre npeennn roxone oranann or:
a) reneparopa;
kA 14 , 17 25 , 8 . 987 , 1 I . I I
u , C . np , C . np , C
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
) n mxcroro na x.c. (rouxa k
2
);
kA 72 ,
4
75 , 15
. 25 , 8 . 97889 , 1 k . I . I I
1 u , C . np , k . np , k
2 2
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
3aaua N2.
Cne nxnmunane na reneparopnnx npexcnau crana x.c. n rouxa k
2
(mnr.1.1. or npnmep N1.).
aenn ca cnennre onnnnrennn annn sa ryporeneparop TBB-220-2EV3
37 , 1 ; 19 , 1 ; 38 , 1 ; 88 , 1 x ; 275 , x ; 19 , x
e , d , d d d d
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' = == = = == = ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' .
a) a ce namepn nsmenennero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na
x.c.
t , n
I , e..n.
t , d
E , e..n.
t , d
E' '' ' , e..n.
t , d
E ' '' ' ' '' ' n nanpexennero na nsnonre na reneparopa
t , C
U .
) a ce onpeenn napacrnanero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na r.x.c.
or ecrnnero na APB.
Pemenne:
2a) B r.2. or saaua N1. e onpeeneno exnnnanenrnoro nnmno cnpornnnenne
113 , x
) ( . eu
= == =
- -- -
.
Cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na nepnrara o rouxara na x.c. e:
33 , 113 , 19 , x x x
388 , 113 , 275 , x x x
993 , 1 113 , 88 , 1 x x x
) ( . eu d d
) ( . eu d d
) ( . eu d d
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + ' '' ' = == = ' '' '
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- -
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
1 U E E E
u C , d , d , d
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' = == =
- r xaro reneparopa e n pexnm na npasen xo.
Hauannnxr cnpxnpexoen rox ce onpeenx c nspasa:
29 , 3
33 ,
1
x
E
I
d
d
= == = = == =
' '' ' ' '' '
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
Hauannnxr npexoen rox ce onpeenx c nspasa:
577 , 2
388 ,
1
x
E
I
d
d
= == = = == =
' '' '
' '' '
= == = ' '' '
E EE E
Tpannxr rox ce onpeenx c nspasa:
52 ,
993 , 1
1
x
E
I
d
= == = = == = = == =

E EE E
Bpemexoncranrnre na sarnxnane ca cnennre:
242 , 1
993 , 1
388 ,
. 38 ,
x
x
1 1
132 ,
388 ,
33 ,
. 19 ,
x
x
1 1
d
d
, d
d
d
, d
= == = = == =
' '' '
' '' ' = == = ' '' '
= == = = == =
' '' '
' '' ' ' '' '
' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
59
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na r.x.c. me ce nsmenx nn npemero
copasno cnenara sanncnmocr:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
52 , e . 75 , 2 e . 713 ,
52 , e . 52 , 577 , 2 e . 577 , 2 29 , 3
I e . I I e . I I I I I
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
1
t
1
t
. ce t n
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = + ++ + = == =

' '' '

' '' ' ' '' '

Hanpexennero na nsnonre na reneparopa
t , C
U , e..n.
t , d
E' '' ' , e..n.
t , d
E ' '' ' ' '' ' n e..n.
t , d
E , npn x.c. n
rouxa k
2
ca cnennre:
, 1 e . 135 , 4 e . 421 , 1 993 , 1 . I x . I E
195 , e . 85 , e . 277 , 388 , . I x . I E
152 , e . 3 , e . 21 , 33 , . I x . I E
57 , e . 234 , e . 8 , 113 , . I x . I U
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
t n d t n t d
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
t n d t n t d
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
t n d t n t d
242 , 1
t
132 ,
t
t n . eu t n t C
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == = ' '' ' = == = ' '' '
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
+ ++ + + ++ + = == = = == = = == =

E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
B Tan.2.1. ca noxasann cronocrnre na nanpexennero na nsnonre na reneparopa
t , C
U , e..n.
t , d
E' '' ' , e..n.
t , d
E ' '' ' ' '' ' n e..n.
t , d
E , npn x.c. n rouxa k
2
sa pasnnunn momenrn or npeme:
Tan.2.1.
Bpeue
- -- - C
U | || | | || | kJ U
C - -- -
' '' ' ' '' '
d
E | || | | || | kJ E
d
' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
' '' '
d
E | || | | || | kJ E
d
' '' '
- -- - d
E
| || | | || | kJ E
d
t0,0s] 0.3716 5.8527 0.998 15.7185 1.277 20.11275 6.556 103.257
t0,1s] 0.310683 4.893263 0.834525 13.14377 1.067584 16.81445 5.481287 86.33026
t0,2s] 0.27391 4.314084 0.735769 11.58836 0.941147 14.82306 4.832285 76.10849
t0,5s] 0.215276 3.390602 0.578106 9.105169 0.739491 11.64699 3.796818 59.79988
t1,0s] 0.161644 2.545891 0.433733 6.831296 0.554993 8.741136 2.849154 44.87418
mnr.2.1. Hsmenenne na e..n. n nanpexennero na nsnonre na reneparop
B Tan.2.2. ca noxasann cronocrnre na roxa n reneparopnara crenen
t C
I n roxa
2
k
t n
I , n rouxa
k
2
sa pasnnunn momenrn or npeme:
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
t s]
t , C
U
t , d
E ' '' ' ' '' '
t , d
E' '' '
60
kA 23 , 1
4 . 3
3 , 258
. 29 , 3
U . 3
S
. I I ;
U . 3
S
. I I
; kA 15 , 31
75 , 15 . 3
3 , 258
. 29 , 3
U . 3
S
. I I ;
U . 3
S
. I I
2
2
2
2
k u
, n , k
k u
nt t , k
u C
, n , C
u C
nt t , C
= == = = == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
Tan.2.2.
Bpeue
- -- - C
I | || | | || | kA I
C
| || | | || | kA I
2
k n
t0,0s] 3.29 31.15151 1.226591
t0,1s] 2.750735 26.04546 1.02554
t0,2s] 2.425076 22.96194 0.904127
t0,5s] 1.90548 18.04212 0.710409
t1,0s] 1.429931 13.53937 0.533113
2) Tpannxr rox oranan or reneparopa npn maxcnmanno nsyxane e aen n r.2.) (saaua
N1) 987 , 1 I
. np
= == =
- -- -
.
Hapacrxr na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na x.c. or ecrnnero na APB
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

= == =
= == =
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
' '' '
' '' '
= == =

' '' '

37 , 242 , 1
e . 37 , e . 242 , 1
1 . 52 , 987 , 1
1 1
e . 1 e . 1
1 . I I I
37 ,
t
242 , 1
t
e
1
t
e
1
1
, np t n
e
A AA A
Hapacrnanero na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa x.c. or ecrnnero
na APB e aen n Tan. 2.3. n e noxasan na mnr.2.2.
Tan. 2.3.
Bpeue
t n
I A AA A
t0,0s] 0
t0,1s] 0.017054
t0,2s] 0.059997
t0,5s] 0.261903
t1,0s] 0.622234
mnr.2.2. Hsmenenne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na r.x.c. c n es APB.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
t s]
APB c t n
I
APB es t n
I
t n
I A AA A
61
III.5. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. Kon nennunnn or rpn]asna cncrema morar a ce npecranxr c nsopasxnam (oomen)
nexrop?
a) momenrnnre n amnnnrynnre.
) momenrnnre n e]exrnnnnre.
n) amnnnrynnre n e]exrnnnnre.
r) cpennre n momenrnnre.
2. Hpornuamnxr rox npes nsynrennara namorxa
e f
I
,
csana noroxa
f
u . Ha xaxnn ccranxn
moxe a ce pasnoxn rosn norox?
3. Marnnrnnxr norox na peaxnnxra na roxa na xornara no nanxnara oc (d-d) npn eno n cmo
m..n. e:
a)
aq ad
u > u )
aq ad
u = u n)
aq ad
u < u
4. Hpn xo pexnm na paora na cnnxponnara mamnna nma peaxnnx na xornara?
a) pexnm na npasen xo.
) nopmanen pexnm na paora.
n) n npn nara pexnma.
5. E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. sanncana c nspasa-
( (( ( ) )) )
d
t
, H t , H
e . I I I I
t tt t ' '' '

' '' ' + ++ + = == = ce ornacx sa cnnxponna mamnna:
a) c ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
) es ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
n) c ycnoxonrennn namorxn n es ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
r) es ycnoxonrennn namorxn n es ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
) es ycnoxonrennn namorxn n c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
6. E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. sanncana c nspasa-
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
d d
t t
, H t , H
e . I I e . I I I I
t tt t t tt t ' '' ' ' '' '

' '' '

' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' + ++ + = == = ce ornacx sa cnnxponna mamnna:
a) c ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
) es ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
n) c ycnoxonrennn namorxn n es ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
r) es ycnoxonrennn namorxn n es ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
) c ycnoxonrennn namorxn n c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
7. Hspasr sa omoro e..n.
t , d
E na cnnxponna mamnna moxe a ce sannme n cnennx yoen
nn:
. np , d . np , d ) V0B es ( t , d t , d
E ) t ( F . E E E s ss s + ++ + = == = A AA A .uynxnnxra ) t ( F onpeenx npnnynrennoro
napacrnane na e..n. nn npemero n cnecrnne na :
a)
8. E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na rpn]asno x.c. sa cnnxponna
mamnna c ycnoxonrennn namorxn ce ana c nspasa -
) t ( F . I I e . I I
. np ,
1
t
) ( t , H
d

' '' '

+ ++ + + ++ + ' '' ' == == == == A AA A A AA A .
Bnnxe nn ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero npxy cnpx npexonnx rox?
a) a ) ne
9. Typoreneparop TBC-30 nma cnennre nomnnannn napamerpn OKC0,49; C1,1; kA I
u
5 , 3 =
n roxa na nsyxane n o.e. 00 , 3
) ( *
=
u f
I .
a) Onpeenere rpannxr rox na x.c. n o.e. ) (
) (u
I
-
n rpannxr rox na x.c. n n.e. ) (

I .
) Onpeenere nsuncnnrennoro e..n. na npasen xo n o.e. ( )
*
E .
n) Onpeenere nsuncnnrennnxr cnnxponen peaxranc n o.e. ( )
*
x .
62
10. Typoreneparop TBC-30 npen x.c. e paornn c ronap 90 or nomnnannnx, ( ) 8 , 0 cos
0
= ,
nomnnanno nanpexenne U
n
n nsuncnnrenen cnnxponen peaxranc 5 , 2
*
=
x . Onpeenere
nsuncnnrennoro e..n. n o.e. ( )
*
E .
11. Kaxno e nanpexennero na nsnonre na cnnxponna mamnna c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxane npn rpano x.c. n pexnm na maxcnmanno nsyxane?
a) U
cm
~U
n
) U
cm
U
n
n) U
cm
U
n
12. Kaxno e nanpexennero na nsnonre na cnnxponna mamnna c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxane npn rpano x.c. n pexnm na nomnnanno nanpexenne?
a) U
cm
~U
n
) U
cm
U
n
n) U
cm
U
n
13. Hanecere npxy rpa]nxara OKC, C n 1
,*
=
f
I .
14. Kaxno e nnmnoro cnpornnnennero (x
nn
) no cpannenne c xpnrnunoro (x
xp
) sa cnnxponna
mamnna c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnponxa na nsyxanero npn rpano x.c. n pexnm na
maxcnmanno nsyxane?
a) x
nn
~ x
xp
) x
nn
x
xp
15. Kaxno e nnmnoro cnpornnnennero (x
nn
) no cpannenne c xpnrnunoro (x
xp
) sa cnnxponna
mamnna c ycrpocrno sa ]opcnponxa na nsyxanero npn rpano x.c. n pexnm na
nomnnanno nanpexenne?
a) x
nn
~ x
xp
) x
nn
x
xp
16. C ypannennero na Honrne
dt
dE
. 1 E E
t , d
d t , d t , de
' '' ' + ++ + = == = ce onncna npexonnx nponec:
a) nn nsynrennara namorxa na cnnxponna mamnna es ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
) nn nsynrennara namorxa na cnnxponna mamnna c ycnoxonrennn namorxn;
n) n craropnara namorxa
17. Vpannennero na Honrne
dt
dE
. 1 E E
t , d
d t , d t , de
' '' ' + ++ + = == = ana npsxara mexy enexrponnxemnre
nanpexennx
t , de
E n
t , d
E . Kax ce napnuar resn e..n.?
a)
t , de
E )
t , d
E
U ) I ( I
C , f ,
= == = = == =

( (( ( ) )) ) I I E
e , f
= == = = == =
- -- -
I
X . H . X
, f
I
) u (
U
. C . K . X
1 E
d
= == =
- -- -
I
- -- -
1
OKC
1
E
- -- -d
E
ad
E
i
I
- -- -
x
o oo o
63
IV. Hpax1nuecxn ue1on sa nsuncnnnane na xscn
csennennn
IV.1. Exnnnanen1nn npeopasynannn na sauec1namn cxeun
(npnneaane na cxeun xsu no-npoc1 nn)
Hpn onpeenxne roxa na x.c. e xenarenno, nsxonara cxema a ce npeopasyna nn nna
noxasan na mnr.IV.1.1. Tx e ccranena or exnnnanenrno pesynranrno cnpornnnenne
E EE E
x n
exnnnanenrno e..n. na nsrounnxa
E EE E
E .
Tesn exnnnanenrnn nennunnn
moxe a ar onpeenenn cne
penna npeopasynannx na
nsxonara cxema n nocrenenno
npemnnanane or cnoxna, xm
npocra xon]nrypannx.
Hpn pemananero na saaun, cnpsann c nsuncnxnane na roxonere na x.c. ce npanxr
penna onycxannx. Hpenonara ce, ue nexropnre na e..n. na saxpannamnre nsrounnnn
cnnaar no nocoxa, nmneancnnre rnn ca enaxnn, a cnpornnnennxra na ronapa n pyrnre
enemenrn or cxemara ca nocroxnnn. B rosn cnyua morar a ce nsnonsynar npocrn naunnn sa
npeopasynane na cxemara, xonro nopono ce nsyuanar n xypca no 'Teopernuna
enexrporexnnxa. Ho naony ca aenn ocnonnnre cornomennx, nmamn mnpoxo npnnoxenne
npn npeopasynanero na enexrpnuecxn nepnrn n namnpamn npnnoxenne npn npecmxranero na
roxonere na x.c..
IV.1.1. Exnnnanen1no pesyn1an1no csnpo1nnnenne
1.1.a. Onpocmeaue ua cxe+u c noc.eooeame.uo u.u napa.e.uo cepsauu
cnpomue.euu
3a enemenrn na enexrpnuecxa nepnra, cennenn nocneonarenno mnr.IV.1.2.,
exnnnanenrnoro cnpornnnenne (
E EE E
x ) e panno na cymara or nocneonarenno cnpsannre
cnpornnnennxra.
IV.1.1. ;
y
1
1
x
1
y ; x x ..... x x x
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i n 2 1

= == = = == =
= == =
= == = = == = = == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E E EE E
3a enemenrnre na enexrpnuecxa nepnra, cennenn napanenno mnr.IV.1.3.,
exnnnanenrnara npononmocr (
E EE E
y ) e panna na cymara or napanenno cnpsannre npononmocrn.
1
E
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
n
x
mnr.IV.1.2.
1
x
n
x
2
x
mnr.IV.1.3.
E EE E
x
mnr.IV.1.1.
k
IV. HPAKTHHECKH METOH 3A H3HHCARBAHE HA KTCH CTEHHEHHR
64
IV.1.2. ; y y .... y y y
n
1 i
i n 2 1

= == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E

= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
n
1 i
i n 2 1
x
1
1
x
1
..
x
1
x
1
1
x
E EE E
1.1.b. Hpeoopasveaue ua seesoa e ereuea.eumeu mpue.uur u oopamuo (mpue.uur e
ereuea.eumua seesoa)-0ue.IJ.1.4.
Or xypca no 'Teopernuna enexrporexnnxa e nsnecrno, ue axo ca nsnecrnn peaxrancnre
na rpnre nua x
1
, x
2
n x
3
, necno morar a ce onpeenxr crpannre na exnnnanenrnnx rpnrnnnx
cc cnennre ]opmynn:
IV.1.3.
.
x
x x
x x x
;
x
x x
x x x
;
x
x x
x x x
2
3 1
3 1 13
1
3 2
3 2 23
3
2 1
2 1 12
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
Hpn aenn crpann na rpnrnnnxa x
12
, x
23
n x
31,
morar a ce onpeenxr nunre na
exnnnanenrnara rpn nuena snesa cc cnennre ]opmynn:
IV.1.4.
.
x x x
x x
x
;
x x x
x x
x
;
x x x
x x
x
31 23 12
31 23
3
31 23 12
23 12
2
31 23 12
31 12
1
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
1.1.c. Hpeoopasveaue ua +uoeo.:eea seesoa e ereuea.eumeu +uoeoe.uur c
ouaeoua.ume +v.
Mnoronuenara snesa moxe a ce npeopasyna n exnnnanenren mnorornnnx c
ncnuxnre cn naronann. Taxa nanpnmep uernpn nuena snesa moxe a ce npeopasyna n
uernpnrnnnx c na naronana-mnr.IV.1.5., ner nuena n nerornnnx c ner naronana n
r.n.
Hpn aenn crpann na mnoronuenara snesa x
1
, x
2
, ..x
n
, crpannre n naronannre na
mnorornnnxa ce nsuncnxnar cc cnennre ]opmynn:
IV.1.5.
.
x
1
....
x
1
x
1
y ... y y y
; y x x x
n 2 1
n
n
1
2 1 x
n
1
x n m mn
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == =

1
x
2
x
3
x
12
x
13
x
23
x
1
2
3
mnr.IV.1.4.
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
x
13
x
12
x
23
x
34
x
41
x
24
x
1
1
2
2
3
3 4
4
mnr.IV.1.5.
65
IV.1.2. Exnnnanen1no e..n. na nnxonxo ns1ounnxa
E..n. na omnx nu mnr. IV.1.6.b) e exnnnanenrno na e..n na ncnuxn nun mnr.
IV.1.6.a), axo e nsnnneno cnenoro ycnonne: Toxr npornuam npes exnnnanenrnnx nu e
panen na cymara or roxonere na ncnuxn nun, nnnsamn n exnnnanenrnnx.
IV.1.6.
n
n
2
2
1
1
x
J E
....
x
J E
x
J E
x
J E
I

+ ++ + + ++ +

+ ++ +

= == =

= == =
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
Iopnoro panencrno moxe a ce npepaorn n onna cnennx nn:
IV.1.7.
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
x
1
x
1
...
x
1
x
1
J
x
E
...
x
E
x
E
x
E
n 2 1 n
n
2
2
1
1
x
1
x
1
...
x
1
x
1
n 2 1
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
E EE E
, ro or ypannenne IV.1.7. ce
nonyuana cnenara ]opmyna sa exnnnanenrnoro e..n.
IV.1.8.

= == =
= == =
= == =
= == = = == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
n
1 i
i
i
n
1 i
i
n
1 i
i i
n
n
2
2
1
1
x
E
x
y
y E
x
x
E
...
x
E
x
E
E
E EE E E EE E E EE E
Vpannenne IV.1.8. moxe a ce sannme n cnennx nn:
IV.1.9.
.
x
x
c
.......
;
x
x
c
;
x
x
c
; E c E c E c E c E
n
n
2
2
1
1
n n 3 3 2 2 1 1
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
= == =
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Koe]nnnenrnre c
1
, c
2
, c
3
,....c
n
, ce napnuar xoeqnnnen1n na pasnpeenenne. Te
noxasnar c xaxna uacr yuacrnyna ncexn reneparop n exnnnanenrnoro e..n.
Cv+ama ua roequueumu ua pasnpeoe.euue euuaeu e paeua ua eouuua m.e.
IV.1.10. 1 c ........ .......... c c c
n 3 2 1
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
IV.2. Hpnnnnn na nacnarnane1o
Hpnnnnnr na nacnarnanero e nannen sa nnnenn nnnapnanrnn or npemero cncremn n
ce ccron n cnenoro: aena cncrema, saxpannana or mnoro nsrounnnn, moxe a e
pasrneana, xaro ccranena or mnoro ]nxrnnnn cncremn cc cmara xon]nrypannx, no c no
eno e..n. Hsnonsynaxn rosn npnnnnn 1oxone1e na x.c. n nonpeennn xnon morar a ar
nonyuenn nsnonsynaxn na meroa upes cocmeeuume (exouume) u esau+uume
(npeaeameuuume) cznpomueueuua (npoeou+ocmu) u uacuaeeauemo ua cocmeeuo
aeapuuua pexu+ ezpxy usxouua pexu+.
2
x
1
E
2
E
n
E
1
x
n
x
1
I
2
I
n
I
E EE E
I
) a
J
mnr. IV.1.6.
) b
E EE E
x
E EE E
E
E EE E
I
J
66
IV.2.1. Me1o nsnonsynam coc1nenn1e (nxonn1e) n nsanunn1e
(npeana1ennn1e) csnpo1nnnennn (npononuoc1n)
Hpnnaraxn npnnnnna na nacnarnanero, roxonere n reneparopnnre xnonone n
nonpeennx xnon morar a ce nonyuar, xaro cyma or ]nxrnnnn pexnma noxasann na mnr.
IV.2.1. r.e.:
Toxr n xnona c reneparop nma cnennx nn:
IV.2.1. . n ,... 2 , 1 i ;
x
E
x
E
I I I
n
i j ij
i
ii
ii
n
i j
ij ii i
= == = = == = = == =

= == = = == =
Toxr n xnona c nonpea nma cnennx nn:
IV.2.2.

= == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =
n
k j jk
j
n
k j
jk k
. n ,... 3 , 2 , 1 j ;
x
E
I I
Or mnr. IV.2.1. b), c) n d) ce nnxa, ue n cocrnennx my xnon reue cocrnennx
(nxonnx) rox, xoro e panen na:
IV.2.3. .
x
E
I
ii
i
ii
= == =
Koe]nnnenrr na nponopnnonannocr mexy e..n. E
i
n roxa I
ii
n cocrnennx my xnon
ce napnua cocmeeuo (exouo) cznpomueueuue na rosn xnon.
1
E
1
I
1
E
2
E
2
I
k
I
2
E
E
2
= == =
E
2
= == =
E
n
= == =
E
n
= == =
E
1
= == =
E
1
= == =
a)
b)
c)
d)
n
E
n
E
n
I
11
I
12
I
n 1
I
k 1
I
21
I
22
I
n 2
I
k 2
I
nk
I
1 n
I
2 n
I
nn
I
mnr. IV.2.1.
67
Or mnr. IV.2.1. b), c) n d) ce nnxa, ue n xnona, n xoro E
i
0 reue rox, xoro e panen
na:
IV.2.4. .
x
E
I
ij
j
ij
= == =
Koe]nnnenrr na nponopnnonannocr mexy e..n. E
j
n roxa I
ij
ce napnua esau+uo
(npeaeameuuo) cznpomueueuue mexy nsnnre i n j.
Hpononmocrnre
ii
ii
x
1
y = == = n
ij
ij
x
1
y = == = ca cornerno cocmeeuama (exouama )
npoeou+ocm na cxemara cnpxmo irnx nsen n esau+uama (npeaeameuuama)
npoeou+ocm mexy irnx n j -rnx nsen.
Taxa roxr n mxcroro na x.c. ce e]nnnpa camo or e..n. na nsrounnnnre n nsanmnnre
nm peaxrancn (npononmocrn).
IV.2.2. Me1o nsnonsynam nacnarnane1o na coc1neno anapnnnnn peanu
nspxy nsxonnn peanu
Tosn mero e yoen sa nsuncnxnane na x.c. n cnoxnn mpexn c ronxm po nsrounnnn,
xoraro roxonere n nanpexennxra na nsxonnx pexnm ca npenapnrenno nsnecrnn. B rosn
cnyua ce nsuncnxna camo cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm. Cmnocrra na meroa e cnenara. Axo
npnnoxnm n mxcroro na x.c. mnr.IV.2.2. a) ne pannn no ronemnna, no npornnononoxnn no
snax nanpexennx, ro pexnma na paora na cxemara ne ce nsmenx.
o
k
U + ++ +
1
I
1
E
2
E
2
I
k
I
k
U + ++ +
ae
1
I
E
1
= == =
E
2
= == =
ae
2
I
ae
k
I
ae
k
k
U U = == =
n
E
E
n
= == =
1
B
x
1
B
x
n
I
ae
n
I
o
k
U + ++ +
o
k
U + ++ +
o
k
U + ++ +
1
B
x
ae
k
I
1 k
I
1
E
2
E
2 k
I
kn
I
n
E
k
I
k
U + ++ +
k
U
B
a)
b)
c)
d)
mnr.IV.2.2.
68
Hpn ycnonne, ue nere nneenn nanpexennx no ronemnna ca pannn na nanpexennero
n rouxara na nonpeara npen x.c. ) U (

k
, ro pexnma na x.c. moxe a e npecranen, xaro
cyma or na pexnma - npeaeapueu (uop+aueu) 0ue.IJ.2.2. b) u aeapueu 0ue.IJ.2.2. c).
Anapnnnxr pexnm e e]nnnpan camo or ecrnnero na eno e..n., panno na . ) U (

k
,
npnnoxeno n mxcroro na x.c. Tosn pexnm moxe a ce npecrann n nn nna, noxasan na
mnr.IV.2.2. d). B rosn cnyua nanpexennero n mxcroro na nonpeara ce npnema panno na nyna,
a nn ncnuxn renepnpamn n ronaponn xnonone ce npnnara nanpexenne c ronemnna ) U (

k
+ ++ + .
Toxonere n reneparopnnre n nonpeennx xnonone n nanpexennxra nn nsnnre npn
rpn]asno x.c. ce onpeenxr c nspasnre:
IV.2.5.
k ; n 1 i ; U U U
k ; n 1 i ; I I I
ae
i i ik
ae
i i ik
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
1ouoeeme e eeuepupauume uuouoee or nara ccrannn pexnma czenaa no snax
(nocoxa). Hanpexeuuama ua ezsuume n cxemara na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm ca c
ompuuameueu suau m.e. ) U (

k
< << <
.
Tasn ]opma na npnnnnna na nacnarnanero moxe a e npnnarana n npn
nsuncnxnanero na necnmerpnunn pexnmn c enoxparna necnmerpnx
IV.3. Me1o na npeenno - nponycxa1ennn1e uomnoc1n
Axo na nsnonre na cnnon enemenr nma:
-1pnqasno xsco csennenne;
-na nxoa uy ce npnnoan noc1onnno n panno na nounnanna1a c1onnoc1
nanpeaenne j kJ [ ., const U
u
= == = ;
-npeneperne ce ax1nnno1o csnpo1nnnenne na eneuen1a 1.e. j [ Z x O OO O ~ ~~ ~ .
Momnoc1 nponycxana npes raxn enemenr ce e]nnnpa, xaro npeeuuo nponycuameuua
+ouuocm
k
S .
IV.3.1. MJA ;
x
S
S
U
x
U
x
U
S
) u (
u
u
2
u
) u (
2
u
2
u
k
- -- -
- -- -
= == = = == = = == =
Hsnonsynaxn ]opmyna IV.3.1. moxe a ce onpeenn npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
k
S sa ncexn enemenr.
- sa reneparopn - . j MJA [ 1 .
" x
S
x
S
S
d
uC
) u ( d
uC
kC
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- -
- sa rpanc]opmaropn - . j MJA [ 1 .
" u
S
u
S
S
k
u1
) u ( k
u1
k1
= == = = == =
- -- -
- sa peaxropn - . j MJA [ 1 .
" x
S
x
U
S
LR
LR , u
LR
2
LR , u
kLR
= == = = == =
- sa nnnnn - j MJA [
l . x
U
S
2
. cp
W , k
= == =
- sa xomnnexcnn ronapn
B , u kB
S S = == =
Taxa onpeenennre npeenno nponycxarennn momnocrn ce ornacxr camo sa enn
enemenr. Hpn noneue enemenrn, cnpsann nocneonarenno nnn napanenno, ce nonyuanar no-
cnoxnn nspasn. Axo enemenrnre ca cnpsann napanenno, exnnnanenrnoro cnpornnnenne e
69
panno na

= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
n
1 i
i n 2 1
x
1
1
x
1
..
x
1
x
1
1
x
E EE E
. Cneonarenno, exnnnanenrnara npeenno
nponycxarenna momnocr na nxnara nepnra e cnenara:
IV.3.2. MJA ; S
x
U
x
1
1
U
x
U
S
n
1 i
i , k
n
1 i
i
2
. u
n
1 i
i
2
. u
2
. u
k

= == = = == =
= == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
Koe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne na momnocrra npn napanennn xnonone e cnenara:
IV.3.3.
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
, k
i , k
i , k
2
u
, k
2
u
i
i
S
S
S
U
S
U
x
x
c = == = = == = = == = .
3a nepnra or nocneonarenno cnpsann enemenrn, exnnnanenrnara npeenno
nponycxarenna momnocr e cnenara:
IV.3.4. MJA ;
S
1
1
U
x
1
x
U
x
U
S
n
1 i
i , k
n
1 i
2
u
i
n
1 i
i
2
u
2
u
k

= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
Kaxro ce nnxa, ]opmynnre sa exnnnanenrnara npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
nanooxnar ]opmynnre npn onpeenxne na exnnnanenrnnre npononmocrn sa napanenno n
nocneonarenno cnpsann enemenrn. 3amenxxn nn ]opmynn IV.1.1. n IV.1.2.
E EE E E EE E k i , k i
S y , S y , ce nonyuanar cornerno ]opmynn IV.3.2. n IV.3.4..
Ananornuno morar a ar nonyuenn n ]opmynnre sa exnnnanenrnara npeenno
nponycxarenna momnocr npn npeopasynane:
- snesa-rpnrnnnx;
IV.3.5.
.
S S S
S S
S
;
S S S
S S
S
;
S S S
S S
S
3 k 2 k 1 k
3 k 2 k
23 , k
3 k 2 k 1 k
3 k 1 k
13 , k
3 k 2 k 1 k
2 k 1 k
12 , k
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
- rpnrnnnx - snesa;
IV.3.6.
.
S
S . S
S S S
;
S
S . S
S S S
;
S
S . S
S S S
12 , k
31 , k 32 , k
31 , k 32 , k 3 k
13 , k
23 , k 21 , k
23 , k 21 , k 2 k
23 , k
13 , k 12 , k
13 , k 12 , k 1 k
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
Koraro ce snae momnocrra na x.c., onpeenxnero na roxa na x.c. crana necno. 3a nenra
ce nsnonsyna cpenara cronocr na cornernoro nomnnanno nanpexenne ) U (
. cp
.
70
IV.3.7.
. S I
; kA
U 3
S
I
) (
k ) (
. cp
k
- -- -
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
IV.4. Me1o na nsuncnn1ennn1e xpnnn
Meror na nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn nsncxna nsnonsynane na nomorpamn. Onpeenxnero
na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na x.c., upes nomorpamn anar
npsxara mexy e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na x.c. n
nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne npn pasnnuno, no nocroxnno sa ncxxa xpnna npeme r.e.
( (( ( ) )) ) j s [ 4 ;.... , t ; x f I
. const t . usu nt
= == = = == =
= == = - -- -
. Hsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne e cnpornnnennero na
nepnrara o x.c. npecraneno n ornocnrennn ennnnn npn nomnnannn sa reneparopa ycnonnx
r.e.
) u ( . eu d . usu
x x x x + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = = == =
E EE E
.
Kaxro e nsnecrno or Hac1 III (]opmyna III.2.2.), npn x.c. saxpannano or nsrounnx c
xpana momnocr, e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na x.c. sarnxna c
npemero ncnecrnne cnoonnre roxone nn nsynrennara ( (( ( ) )) )
H
I ' '' ' A AA A n ycnoxonrennara ( (( ( ) )) )
H
I ' '' ' ' '' ' A AA A
namorxn. Tx sanncn or saxpannamnx nsrounnx (rypo nnn xnporeneparop); naronapnanero na
saxpannamnx nsrounnx npen nsnnxnane na nonpeara; enexrpnuecxara oraneuenocr na x.c.;
nannunero nnn nnncara na perynarop na nsyxane n neronnx nn.
Hsuncnnrennnre xpnnn ca nocrpoenn na asa na nsuncnnrennara n samecrnamara cxema
noxasann na mnr.IV.4.1. Ieuepamopzm npeu u.c. e paomuu e uo+uuaueu pexu+, c moeap
ua eeuepamopuume uuuu , j 8 , 8 , 3 1 Z
. u , B
+ ++ + = == = Z ZZ Z = == =
. Kzcomo czeuueuue cmaea e uuou,

uomo npeu noepeama e uu omeopeu. H+neauczm om eeuepamopa o u.c. (ezuuuuam
u+neauc) (
. eu
x ) ce us+eua e npoueca ua usuucueuuama. Bcuuuu eeuuuuuu om cxe+ama ce
npueexam, uz+ uo+uuauuume napa+empu ua eeuepamopa m.e.:
. u , C . . ocu . u , C . . ocu
S S ; U U = == = = == =
Hsuncnnrennnre xpnnn ca nocrpoenn sa cnercxn cnnxponnn reneparopn c nomnnanna
momnocr 50-100MVA n sa ryporeneparopn c momnocr 200-300MVA. Hopan pasnnunnre
cronocrn na cnpxnpexonnre cnpornnnennx na ryporeneparopnre n xnporeneparopnre,
nsuncnnrennnre nm xpnnn npn xcn cennennx c manxa enexrpnuecxa oraneuenocr ca
pasnnunn. Ocnen rona, nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn sa reneparopn c ycrpocrna sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxanero cmecrneno ce pasnnuanar or raxnna, es ycrpocrna sa ]opcnpane na
nsyxanero.
Ipaqurume ua us:uc.ume.uume rpueu sa eeuepamopu oes aemo+amu:uu peev.amopu
ua esovroaue ue ce npecu:am u ca no:mu vcnopeouu. C ynennuenne na nsuncnnrennoro
cnpornnnenne rpa]nxnre na nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn nocrenenno ce npnnnxanar.
Kpnnnre sa reneparopn c APB sa npeme o t0,2s] ca nourn ycnopenn. Cne rona
npeme sanouna a ecrnyna APB, nopan xoero ce ynennuana nsyxanero, orram e..n. n
G
B
. eu
x
d
x ' '' ' ' '' '
. eu
x
B
z
E ' '' ' ' '' '
) a ) b mnr.IV.4.1.
71
napacrna roxr na x.c. Tara rpueu, sacuemu sa no eo.e+u epe+eua, npecu:am rpueu sacuemu sa
no-+a.ru epe+eua. Ocnen rona, xapaxrepa na nsmenenne na roxa na x.c. e no-cnoxen, cne xaro
ronemnnara na nnmnoro cnpornnnenne npemnne cnoero xpnrnuecxo snauenne.
Hpn nsuncnnrenen nmneanc ( 3 1 x
. usu
= == = ), peaxrancr na reneparopa nxma
cmecrneno snauenne sa onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na
roxa na x.c. 3arona n rosn cnyua nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn n sa nara rnna reneparopn ca
enaxnn.
Hpu 3 x
. usu
> >> > eqermueuama cmouocm ua nepuoou:uama ro+noueuma ua mora ua r.c.
ue ce npo+eu u samoea us:uc.ume.uu rpueu ue ce oaeam. E]exrnnnara cronocr na
nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na x.c. n ornocnrennn ennnnn ce onpeenx c panencrnoro:
IV.4.1.
- -- -
- -- -
= == =
E EE E
x
1
I
k
.
B nmenonann ennnnn ce nsnonsyna cnennx nspas:
IV.4.2. | || | | || | kA ; I
x
1
I
k
- -- -
= == =
E EE E
.
Bcnuxn nsuncnnrennn xpnnn ca orpannuenn or xpnnara
) u ( .. eu
k
x
1
I
- -- -
- -- -
= == = mnr.IV.4.2.
Cne rasn xpnna, ncnecrnne na ecrnnero na APB, reneparopr ocrnra pexnm na
nomnnanno nanpexenne. B Hpnnoxenne N3 ca aenn nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn sa rypo n xnpo
reneparopn c APB.
Per sa nsuncnenne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa na
x.c., xaro ce nsnonsynar nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn, e cnennx:
1. Ccranx ce exnnnanenrnara samecrnama cxema na nsxonara cxema. Ieneparopnre ce
nnexar cc cnpxnpexonnx cn peaxranc
d
x ' '' ' ' '' ' . Hpnnexanero na cnpornnnennxra na
enemenrnre ce nsnpmna npnnnsnrenno, xaro ce nsnpar asona momnocr n asono
nanpexenne. Onxnoneno asonoro nanpexenne e crenenra na nanpexennero, n xoxro ce
namnpa xcoro cennenne.
2. Karo ce nsnonsynar npeopasonannx sa exnnnanenrnpane, exnnnanenrnara samecrnama
cxema ce npeopasyna n cxema c enn pesynranren nmneanc ) x (
- -- - E EE E
.
b
a
c
1 . usu
x
2 . usu
x
. usu
x
3 . usu
x
k
I
1
t , k
I
2
t , k
I
= == = t
1
t
1 2
t t < << <
mnr.IV.4.2.
- -- - , t , n
I
d . usu . eu
k
x x
1
x
1
I
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = = == =
- -- -
- -- -
72
3. Onpeenx ce nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
. Ho cnoxra cmnocr,
usuucuumeuuomo cznpomueueuue npecmaeuaea eueueaueumuomo cznpomueueuue ua
uauama cxe+a, npueeeuo uz+ uo+uuauuume napa+empu ua eueueaueumuua usmounnx.
B cnyua, ue pesynranrnnxr nmneanc e onpeenen n nmenonann ennnnn
| || | | || | O OO O
E EE E
) x ( , nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
IV.4.3. ;
U
S
x x
2
. cp
. u
. usu
E EE E
E EE E
= == =
Hpn ycnonne, ue pesynranrnnxr nmneanc e onpeenen n ornocnrennn ennnnn ) x (
- -- - E EE E
,
nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
IV.4.4.
( (( ( ) )) )
;
S
S
x x
. u
. usu
E EE E
E EE E - -- -
= == =
Axo sa onpeenxne na roxa na x.c. ce nsnonsyna npeenno nponycxarennara momnocr
na enemenrnre, nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
IV.4.5. ;
S
S
x
k
. u
. usu
E EE E
E EE E
= == =
xero:
-
E EE E k
S e exnnnanenrnara npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr na nxnara nepnra.;
-

= == =
= == =
n
1 i
i . u . u
S S
E EE E
e cymapnara nomnnanna momnocr na reneparopnre, xonro yuacrnynar
n saxpannanero na x.c..
4. Hponepxna ce ann nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
e no-manxo nnn no-
ronxmo or rpn.
Axo nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
e no-manxo or rpn, ro sa aen momenr
) t ( n onpeeneno nsuncnnrenno cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
, or nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn
(Hpnnoaenne N3) ce onpeenx e]exrnnnara ornocnrenna cronocr na nepnonunara
xomnonenra na roxa, npn nomnnannn asonn ycnonnx
( (( ( ) )) ) u t , n
I
- -- -
.
Axo nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
e no-ronxmo or rpn, e]exrnnnara
cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa
( (( ( ) )) ) u t , n
I
- -- -
ce onpeenx or panencrnoro:
IV.4.6.
( (( ( ) )) )
. usu
u t , n
x
1
I = == =
- -- -
5. 3a onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa n
nmenonann ennnnn | || | | || | O OO O , ce nsnonsyna ]opmynara:
IV.4.7.
( (( ( ) )) )
| || | | || | kA ; I . I I
., u u t , n t , n E EE E - -- -
= == = ,
xero : | || | | || | kA ;
U 3
S
I
. cp
., u
., u
E EE E
E EE E
= == =
Axo e]exrnnnara ornocnrenna cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa ce
onpeenx c ]opmyna IV.4.6., ro onpeenxne na e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara
xomnonenra na roxa n nmenonann ennnnn | || | | || | kA crana c ypannenne:
IV.4.8. . const
x
I
x
I
I
) (
. usu
, u
t , n
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - E EE E
E EE E
6. Hpn asncnn ycnonnx, cnnaamn c nomnnannnre, ornocnrennnre cronocrn na roxa
na x.c. n momnocrra na x.c. ca pannn r.e.:
IV.4.9.
- -- - - -- -
= == =
t , k t , k
S I
73
Or ryx momnocrra npn rpn]asno x.c. ce nonyuana:
IV.4.10. ; S . I S . S S
. u t , k . u t , k t , k E EE E E EE E - -- - - -- -
= == = = == =
Hpn ) 3 x (
. usu
> >> >
IV.4.11.
( (( ( ) )) )
;
x
S
x
S
S
. usu
. u
t , k
- -- -
= == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
Bcnuxn nsuncnennx o ryx ca xopexrnn, axo reneparopnre ca enornnnn. Hpn
pasnornnnn reneparopn (rypo n xnporeneparopn) n ) 1 x (
. usu
< << < onxnoneno ce paorn c
xpnnnre na npeonaanamnre no momnocr reneparopn.
Hpn cncremn, n xonro nma nsrounnx c neorpannuena momnocr n pasnornnnn
reneparopn, orenenn or mxcroro na nonpeara c pasnnuno enexrpnuecxo cnpornnnenne,
onpeenxnero na roxa na xco cennenne ce nsnpmna no +emoa ua uuueuyauuomo
us+eueuue. Cmnocrra na rosn mero ce ccron n rona, ue cxemara ce npeopasyna no naunn,
npn xoro pasnnunnre nsrounnnn ce oennxnar n rpynn, n sanncnmocr or momnocrra n
enexrpnuecxara nm oraneuenocrra or x.c. Taxa nanpnmep n orenna rpyna rpxna a ce
orenxr reneparopn, xonro nenocpecrneno saxpannar x.c., nsrounnnnre na esxpana momnocr
n p.
B pesynrar na pasenxnero na nsrounnnnre na rpynn, samecrnamara cxema n omnx
cnyua ce npeopasyna n napanennn xnonone, ncexn or xoro saxpanna xcoro cennenne.
Onpeenxnero na e]exrnnnara ornocnrenna cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxa
crana sa ncexn xnon no orenno, n sanncnmocr or nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne ) x (
. usu
n
npemero ( (( ( ) )) ) t . Toxr n xnona c x.c. npecrannxna cymara or roxonere na xnononere r.e.:
IV.4.12. | || | | || | kA ; I . I I
n
1 i
i ., u i t , n t , n

= == =
- -- -
= == = ,
xero: | || | | || | kA ;
U 3
S
I
. cp
i ., u
i ., u
= == =
Koraro npemexoncranrara na cnnxponnara mamnna ) 1 (
o , d
, saxpannama x.c. ce
pasnnuana cmecrneno or cronocrnre na npemexoncranrnre ) 1 (
mun , o , d
, xonro ca nsnonsynann
npn npecmxrane na nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn, ce npenopua roxr na x.c. a ne ce o1un1a or
xpnnnre sa npemero ( (( ( ) )) ) t , a or xpnnn sa npeme, onpeeneno c nspasa:
IV.4.13. | || | | || | s ;
1
1
. t t
o , d
mun , o , d
= == = ' '' '
Axo n pasrnexanara cncrema nma xnon, saxpannan or nsrounnx c neorpannuena
momnocr, roxr n rosn xnon ce nonyuana c panencrnoro:
IV.4.14.
( (( ( ) )) )
| || | | || | kA ;
x
I
I
i ,
i , t , n
- -- -
= == = ,
xero, | || | | || | kA ;
U 3
S
I
. cp
= == =
74
IV.5. Hpnuepn
3aaua 1.
aena e cxemara na mnr.1. cc cnennre annn:
-Ienepa1op-G
1
-TBB-200-2; S
n.
235 MVA; U
n.
15,75 kV; x
d
0,19; ; x`
d
0,27; ; x
d
1,84.
-Ienepa1op-G
2
-TBu-60-2; S
n.
75 MVA; U
n.
6,3 kV; x
d
0,195; ; x`
d
0,282; ; x
d
1,84.
-Tpancqopua1op-T
1
-S
n.
250 MVA; k
r.
15,75/242 ; U
k
12.
-Tpancqopua1op-T
2
-S
n.
90 MVA; k
r.
6,3/242 ; U
k
10,5
-Annnn-W
1
-l30 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
2
-l100 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
3
-l50 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
4
-l30 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
a ce onpeenn e]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnre cnpxnpexonn roxone npn rpn]asno x.c.,
xaro ce nsnonsynar cnennre meron.
1. Hpnnnsn1enen ue1o na npnneaane na csnpo1nnnennn1a n o1nocn1ennn ennnnn
1.1. a ce naueprae samecrnamara cxema n ce onpeenxr cnpornnnennxra n ornocnrennn ennnnn.
1.2. a ce nsuncnn e]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnx cnpxnpexoen rox npn rpn]asno x.c. n mxcroro na
nonpeara.
1.3. a ce nsuncnxr e]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnre cnpxnpexonn roxone npn rpn]asno x.c.
oranann or ncexn reneparop.
2. Me1o na npeenno nponycxa1ennn1e uomnoc1n
2.1. a ce onpeenxr npeenno nponycxarennnre momnocrn na enemenrnre.
2.2. a ce nsuncnn e]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnx cnpxnpexoen rox npn rpn]asno x.c. n mxcroro na
nonpeara.
3. Me1o na nsuncnn1ennn1e xpnnn
3.1. a ce onpeenn nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne, xaro ce nsnonsynar pesynrarnre or ropnnre na
meroa.
3.2. a ce nsuncnn e]exrnnnara cronocr na cnpxnpexonnre roxone npn rpn]asno x.c. n mxcroro na
nonpeara npn | || | | || | s ; 2 , ; t = == =
Pemenne na ycnonne 1:
Touxa 1.1.
3amecrnamara cxema e aena na mnr.2.
1
C
2
C
k
1
1
2
1
1 . 0ue
4
W
1
W
2
W
3
W
1
C
x
2
C
x
1
1
x
2
1
x
4
W
x
1
W
x
2
W
x
3
W
x
k
A B
C
A
x
B
x
C
x
. 2 . 0ue
2
E ' '' ' ' '' '
1
E ' '' ' ' '' '
75
3a asona momnocr ce npnema MJA 4 S
.
= == =
Fasonnre nanpexennx na crenennre na rpanc]opmannx ca cpennre cronocrn:
. kJ 3 , U ; kJ 75 , 15 U ; kJ 23 U
. , III . , II . , I
= == = = == = = == =
Fasonnre roxone ca cnennre:
. , 3
3 , . 3
4
U . 3
S
I
; , 14
75 , 15 . 3
4
U . 3
S
I
; 41 , 1
23 . 3
4
U . 3
S
I
, III
, III
, II
, II
, I
, I
= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =
Cnpornnnennxra na enemenrnre ca cnennre:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
. 97 ,
23
4
. 3 . 4 , x ; 1512 ,
23
4
. 5 . 4 , x
; 325 ,
23
4
. 1 . 4 , x ; 97 ,
23
4
. 3 . 4 , x
; 47 ,
9
4
1
5 , 1
x ; 192 ,
25
4
1
12
x
; 4 , 1
75
4
195 , x ; 3234 ,
235
4
19 , x
2
W
2
3 W
2
W
2
W
1 1
C C
4
2 1
2 1
2 1
= == = = == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == = = == =
Hpeopasyna ce rpnrnnnxa n snesa.
84 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
1512 , . 325 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 3 2
3 2
W W W
W W
A
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
54 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
97 , . 325 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 3 2
4 2
W W W
W W
A
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
252 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
972 , . 1512 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 3 2
3
W W W
4 W W
A
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
1
C
x
2
C
x
1
1
x
2
1
x
1
W
x
k
A B
C
A
x
B
x
C
x
. 3 . 0ue
2
E ' '' ' ' '' '
1
E ' '' ' ' '' '
76
Onpeenx ce e..n. na reneparopnre n nnnnnyannnre nmneancn mnr.4.
. 1
3 ,
3 ,
U
U
E
; 1
75 , 15
75 , 15
U
U
E
, III
. u , C
) u ( 2
, II
. u , C
) u ( 1
2
1
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
- -- -
481 , 1 54 , 97 , 47 , 4 , 1 x x x x x
; 5994 , 84 , 192 , 3234 , x x x x
B W 1 2 C , II
A 1 C , I
1 2
1 1
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E
E EE E
Onpeenxr ce xoe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne, exnnnanenrnoro e..n. n cymapnoro cnpornnnenne.
; 4395 ,
481 , 1 5994 ,
481 , 1 . 5994 ,
x x
x . x
x
, II , I
, II , I
. eue
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
; 27 , 7333 , 1 C 1 C ; 7333 ,
5994 ,
4395 ,
x
x
C
1 2
, I
. eue
1
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
1 E . C E . C E
) u ( 2 2 ) u ( 1 1 . eue
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- - - -- - - -- -
447 , 252 , 4395 , x x x
C . eue
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
E EE E
Touxa 1.2.
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnx cnpxnpexoen rox npn rpn]asno x.c. n mxcroro na nonpeara n o.e. n
n n.e.:
152 , 2
447 ,
1
x
E
I
. eue
k
= == = = == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
kA 11 , 2 41 , 1 . 152 , 2 I . I I
. , I k k
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
Touxa 1.3.
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnre cnpxnpexonn roxone npn rpn]asno x.c. oranann or ncexn
reneparop G
1
n G
2
n kA.
kA 13 , 23 , 14 . 152 , 2 . 7333 , I . I . C I
. , II k 1 C , k
1
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
kA 4 , 21 , 3 . 152 , 2 . 27 , I . I . C I
. , III k 2 C , k
2
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
Touxa 2.1.
Hpeenno nponycxarennnre momnocrn na enemenrnre ca:
k
C
x
. 5 . 0ue
. eue
E ' '' ' ' '' '
. eue
x
O
k
C
C
x
. 4 . 0ue
2
E ' '' ' ' '' ' 1
E ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E , II
x
E EE E , I
x
O
77
; MJA 385
195 ,
75
x
S
S ; MJA 1237
19 ,
235
x
S
S
) u ( d
C , u
C , k
) u ( d
C , u
C , k
2
2
1
1
= == = = == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = = == = = == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- - - -- -
; MJA 857
5 , 1
1 . 9
" u
S
S ; MJA 283
12
1 . 25
1 .
" u
S
S
k
1 , u
1 , k
k
1 , u
1 , k
2
2
1
1
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
; MJA 1323
1 . 4 ,
23
l . x
U
S ; MJA 448
3 . 4 ,
23
l . x
U
S
2
2
. cp
W , k
2
2
. cp
W , k
2 1
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
; MJA 448
3 . 4 ,
23
l . x
U
S ; MJA 245
5 . 4 ,
23
l . x
U
S
2
2
. cp
W , k
2
2
. cp
W , k
4 3
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
Hpeenno nponycxarennnre momnocrn na enemenrnre na npeopasynannx rpnrnnnx n snesa ca:
MJA 472
448
245 . 1323
245 1323
S
S . S
S S S
4
3 2
3 2
W , k
W , k W , k
W , k W , k A , k
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
MJA 793
245
448 . 1323
448 1323
S
S . S
S S S
3
4 2
2
W , k
W , k W , k
4 W , k W , k B , k
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
MJA 158
1323
448 . 245
448 245
S
S . S
S S S
2
4 3
W , k
W , k W , k
4 W , k 3 W , k C , k
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Hpeenno nponycxarennnre momnocrn na xnononere ca:
MJA 7
472
1
283
1
1237
1
1
S
1
S
1
S
1
1
S
A , k 1 , k C , k
I , k
1 1
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
MJA 243
793
1
448
1
857
1
385
1
1
S
1
S
1
S
1
S
1
1
S
B , k W , k 1 , k C , k
II , k
1 2 2
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
; MJA 91 243 7 S S S
II , k I , k . eue , k
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
Hnnara npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr e:
MJA 81
158 91
158 . 91
S S
S . S
S
C , k . eue , k
C , k . eue , k
, k
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E
Touxa 2.2.
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nauannnx cnpxnpexoen rox npn rpn]asno x.c. n mxcroro na nonpeara e:.
kA 11 , 2
23 . 3
81
U . 3
S
I
. cp
, k
k
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
Touxa 3.1.
Onpeenx ce nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne, xaro ce nsnonsynar pesynrarnre or:
a) Hpnnnsnrennnxr mero na npnnexane na cnpornnnennxra n ornocnrennn ennnnn
3 ,
4
31
447 ,
S
S
x x
. u
. usu
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
MJA 31 75 235 S S S
2 1
C C . u
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
E EE E
) Mero na npeenno nponycxarennnre momnocrn
3 ,
81
31
S
S
x
, k
. u
. usu
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
78
Touxa 3.2.
Or nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn ce onpeenxr ornocnrennara e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara
xomnonenra na roxonere n mxcroro na nonpeara npn rpn]asno x.c. sa:
8 , 2 I t
, n
= == = = == =
- -- -
2 , 2 I 2 , t
2 , , n
= == = = == =
- -- -
15 , 2 I t
, n
= == = = == =
- - - -
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara xomnonenra na roxonere n mxcroro na nonpeara npn rpn]asno
x.c. n | || | | || | uA sa:
kA 178 , 2 778 , . 8 , 2 I . I I
. u , n , n
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - E EE E
kA 712 , 1 778 , . 2 , 2 I . I I
. u 2 , , n 2 , , n
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - E EE E
kA 73 , 1 778 , . 15 , 2 I . I I
. u , n , n
= == = = == = = == =
- - - - E EE E
xero: kA 778 ,
23 . 3
31
U . 3
S
I
. cp
. u
. u
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
IV.6. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. Hpnnnnnr na nacnarnane na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm npxy nsxonnx pexnm moxe a ce nsnonsyna axo ce
onycne:
a) sanncnmocrnre mexy roxonere n nanpexennxra ca nnnenn;
) sanncnmocrnre mexy roxonere n nanpexennxra ca nennnenn;
n) ne sanncn or sanncnmocrnre mexy roxonere n nanpexennxra;
2. Toxonere n xnononere n nanpexennxra nn nsnnre npn npnnarane na npnnnnna na nacnarnanero npn rpn]asno
x.c. ce saanar c nspasnre:
k ; n 1 i ; U U U
k ; n 1 i ; I I I
ae
i i ik
ae
i i ik
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
Toxonere na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm n nsxonnx pexnm n reneparopnnre xnonone :
a) cnnaar no snax (nocoxa);
) ne cnnaar no snax (nocoxa).
3. Toxonere n xnononere n nanpexennxra nn nsnnre npn npnnarane na npnnnnna na nacnarnanero npn rpn]asno
x.c. ce saanar c nspasnre:
k ; n 1 i ; U U U
k ; n 1 i ; I I I
ae
i i ik
ae
i i ik
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
Hanpexennxra na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm ) U (
ae
i
ca:
a) orpnnarennn;
) nonoxnrennn.
4. Kax ce npnnara npnnnnnr na nacnarnane na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm npxy nsxonnx pexnm, axo e
saaena cnenara npnnnnnna cxema:
Haueprare samecrnamara cxema!
1 k
I
1
E
2
E
2 k
I
k
I
B
79
5. Kax ce e]nnnpa nonxrnero cocrnen (nxoen) nmneanc?
6. Kax ce e]nnnpa nonxrnero nsanmen (npeanarenen) nmneanc?
7. Ho npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
k
S ce pasnpa momnocrra na x.c.:
a) npn x.c. n xpax na enemenra;
) npn 3-]asno x.c. n xpax na enemenra;
n) npn x.c. n xpax na enemenra, axo n nauanoro my e npnnoxeno rnpo nanpexenne;
r) npn 3-]asno x.c. n xpax na enemenra, axo n nauanoro my e npnnoxeno rnpo nanpexenne.
8. 3a a ce npnnoxn npnnnnnr na nacnarnane na cocrneno anapnnnx pexnm npxy nsxonnx pexnm ce
nsnonsyna cnenara samecrnama cxema:
Ha xaxno ca pannn nere nanpexennx ) U ; U (

k
k
+ ++ + n rouxara na x.c.? Haueprare samecrnamnre cxemn.
9. Ha xaxno e panna npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
k
S na napanenno cnpsann xnonone?
a) =
E , k
S
10. Ha xaxno e panna npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
k
S na nocneonarenno cnpsann xnonone?
a) =
E , k
S
11. Bxpno nn e panencrnoro
) ( * ) ( * o k o
S I = ' ' - ( npeenno nponycxarenna momnocr
k
S npnneena xm asncnn
ycnonnx e panna na cnpx npexonnx rox, npnneen xm cmnre asncnn ycnonnx)?
a) a ) ne
12. Hpn xaxnn ycnonnx na paora na reneparopnre ca nocrpoenn nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn ?
a) ronapa na reneparopnnre mnnn , asncna momnocr n nanpexenne;
) paora na xnon c
. eu
x , asncna momnocr n nanpexenne;
n) paora na xnon c
. eu
x , ronapa na reneparopnnre mnnn, asncna momnocr n nanpexenne.
13. Kaxna nennunna ce onpeenx or nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn?
14. 3a a onpeennre e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. c nomomra na
nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn rpxna a ca nn nsnecrnn:
a) ) n)
15. B xon cnyuan nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn ce npecnuar:
a) axo ca nocrpoenn sa ryporeneparopn;
) axo ca nocrpoenn sa xnporeneparopn;
n) axo ca nocrpoenn sa reneparopn es ycrpocrna sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero;
r) axo ca nocrpoenn sa reneparopn c ycrpocrna sa ]opcnpane na nsyxanero.
16. C xaxn napamerp ce nnexar cnnxponnnre mamnnn n samecrnamnre cxemn npn onpeenxne na
nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne?
17. Kaxna e ]opmynara sa onpeenxne na nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne, axo exnnnanenrnnx (pesynrnpamnx)
nmneanc na cxemara cnpxmo rouxara na x.c. e onpeenen n nmenonann ennnnn?
18. Kaxna e ]opmynara sa onpeenxne na nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne, axo exnnnanenrnnx (pesynrnpamnx)
nmneanc na cxemara cnpxmo rouxara na x.c. e onpeenen n ornocnrennn ennnnn?
19. Kaxna e ]opmynara sa onpeenxne na nsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne, axo npeenno nponycxarennara
momnocr na cxemara cnpxmo rouxara na x.c. e panna na
E , k
S ?
20. Hsuncnnrennoro cnpornnnenne npecrannxna cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na cxemara npnneeno xm:
k
U + ++ +
k
U
1 k
I
1
E
2
E
2 k
I
kn
I
n
E
k
I
B
80
a) asncnnre ycnonnx;
) nomnnannnre ycnonnx na nsrounnxa;
21. Kax ce onpeenx e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na x.c. c nomomra na
nsuncnnrennnre xpnnn axo 3
.
>
us:
x ? Hannmere ]opmynara!
81
V. Hecnue1pnunn anapnnnn peanun
Hecnmerpnunnre anapnnn pexnmn nsnnxnar ncnecrnne na necnmerpnunn xcn
cennennx nnn npexcnane na ena nnn ne ]asn or rpn]asna enexrpnuecxa nepnra.
Hecu+empu:uume rcu ceouueuu npensnnxnar pexnm na uanpe:ua uecu+empu, a
npexcnane na ena nnn ne ]asn or rpn]asna enexrpnuecxa nepnra uao.rua uecu+empu.
Bcexn necnmerpnuen pexnm ce xapaxrepnsnpa c neenaxnn no moyn ]asonn roxone n
pasnnunn ]asonn rnn mexy roxonere n nanpexennxra or rpn]asna enexrpnuecxa nepnra.
V.1. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn necnue1pnuno
xsco csennenne. mnsnxanna npec1ana
Hpn noxna na necnmerpnuno x.c. n enara nnn nere ]asonn namorxn na craropa
npornua rox na xco cennenne c ocnonna uecrora f
0
. Tesn roxone nopaxar n craropa na
reneparopa nprxmo ce marnnrno none, xoero e ennnrnuno. Tona marnnrno none moxe a ce
pasrnexa , xaro none ]opmnpano or na marnnrnn noroxa, xonro ce nprxr cc cnnxponna
rnona cxopocr e ee e
0
, no n npornnononoxnn nocoxn. Hpnoro none ce nprn cnnxponno c poropa
e ee e
0
, a nroporo none ce nprn n nocoxa oparna na nocoxara na nprene na poropa. Hpnoro
none e nenonnxno cnpxmo poropa. Camo n momenra na nsnnxnane na x.c., ro nnyxrnpa e..n.
nn nsynrennara n ycnoxonrennara (em]epnara) namorxn. Toxonere npoxapann npes resn
namorxn sarnxnar n sanncnmocr or npemexoncranrnre na nepnrnre, n xonro re npornuar. Tesn
roxone ce crpemxr a sanasxr nensmenen marnnrnnx norox na poropnara namorxa cne
nsnnxnane na nonpeara. Broporo none ce nprn c nona cnnxponna cxopocr 2e ee e
0
cnpxmo
poropa (cocrnenara cxopocr nnmc cxopocrra na poropa). To nnyxrnpa nn nsynrennara n
ycnoxonrennara (em]epnara) namorxn e..n. c nona uecrora (2f
0
) . T xaro resn namorxn ca
sarnopenn, n rxx npornuar roxone cc cmara uecrora. Hnyxrnpannxr nn nsynrennara
namorxa rox c nona uecrora csana marnnren norox cc cmara uecrora n npomenxma ce nn
npemero amnnnrya (nv.cupau +aeuumeu nomor). Tosn marnnren norox, moxe a ce pasnoxn
na na noroxa, xonro ce nprxr n npornnononoxnn nocoxn c rnona cxopocr 2e ee e
0
cnpxmo
poropa. Hnnepcnnxr norox (-2e ee e
0
) saeno cc cxopocrra na poropa ]opmnpar marnnrno none,
nprxmo ce cc cxopocr (- e ee e
0
) cnpxmo craropa. Tona none nnyxrnpa n craropa e..n. n
cornerno rox c uecrora (-f
0
). To ce oxasna nenonnxno cnpxmo nnnepcnoro none na craropa,
noponno nyncnpamnx c nona uecrora (2f
0
) norox na poropa, xaro ce crpemn uacrnuno a ro
xomnencnpa. pyroro none (2e ee e
0
) saeno cc cxopocrra na poropa ]opmnpar marnnrno none,
nprxmo ce cc cxopocr (3e ee e
0
) cnpxmo craropa. Tona none nnyxrnpa n craropa e..n. n
cornerno rox c uecrora (3f
0
). Tosn rox c uecrora (3f
0
) csana n craropa nprxmo ce c rnona
cxopocr (3e ee e
0
) ennnrnuno marnnrno none. Pasrnexaxn nponeca no-nararx ce ycranonxna, ue
ue:emuume xap+ouu:uu ccmaeru e cmamopuume moroee oycnanxr cnenamnre no pe :emuu
xap+ouu:uu ccmaeru ua mora ee esovoume.uama nnn vcnoroume.uama ua+omru na poropa.
Or pyra crpana, ncnuxn :emuu xap+ouu:uu ccmaeru ua mora ee esovoume.uama ua+omra
noxr o noxnara na cnenamnre no pe ue:emuu xap+ouu:uu ccmaeru e cmamopuume moroee.
Anepnonunara ccranxa na craropnnx rox, xoxro ce noxnxna npn xcoro cennenne,
csana nenonnxen marnnren norox, xoro nnyxrnpa nn nsynrennara n ycnoxonrennara
namorxn e..n. c ocnonna uecrora. T xaro resn namorxn ca sarnopenn, n rxx npornuar roxone
cc cmara uecrora. Tesn roxone or cnox crpana csanar n poropa nyncnpam marnnren norox c
uecrora (f
0
). Pasnaraxn csaennx nyncnpam marnnren norox na na noroxa, xonro ce nprxr
n npornnononoxnn nocoxn, cornerno c rnona uecrora (-e ee e
0
) n (2e ee e
0
) cnpxmo poropa n
orunraxn cnnxponnara cxopocr na poropa, ce oxasna, ue nara noroxa cnpxmo craropnara
namorxa me ar cornerno, npnnx - nenonnxen, a nropnx me npecnua craropnara namorxa
c uecrora (2e ee e
0
). Taxa n craropa me ce nnyxrnpar - or nenonnxnnx marnnren norox e..n.
noemo o npornuane na rox, xoro uacrnuno me xomnencnpa anepnonunara ccranxa na
craropnnx rox, a or marnnrnnx norox c uecrora (2e ee e
0
) e..n. noemo o npornuane na rox cc
V. HECHMETPHHHH ABAPHHHH PEHMH
82
cmara uecrora. Or ryx ce nnxa, ue c anepnonunara ccranxa na roxa na craropa e cnpsano
opasynanero na esxpaen pe or neuernn xapmonnnn na roxa n poropnara nepnra n or esxpaen
pe or uernn xapmonnnn na roxa n craropnara nepnra na cnnxponnnx reneparop, sarnxnamn c
npemexoncranrara na anepnonunara ccranxa na roxa n naxco cnpsanara nepnra. Ha 0ue.2.1.
ca noxasann nsanmnnre npsxn mexy roxonere n namorxnre na craropa n poropa.
Taxa npn nsnnxnane na necnmerpnuno x.c. n craropa npornua rox, xoro nma cnennx
nn:
V.1.1.
( (( ( ) )) )
a
i . c . u . m om
1 k
. k 2
i . c . u . m om
1 k
. 1 k 2 t , n
i i i

= == =

= == =

+ ++ + = == =
e ee e e ee e
e ee e
Axo n craropnara nepnra nxma pesonanc (nxnmuen xanannrer), a+n.umvoama ua
xap+ouuume ua+a.ea npu vee.u:aeaue ua nopeouu u+ uo+ep.
Hpu mvpooeeuepamopume eucuume xap+ouuu nsnnxnamn npn necnmerpnunn x.c. ca
no-c.aoo uspaseuu no cpannenne c xnporeneparopnre, nopan rxxnara marnnrna cnmerpnx.
V.2. Me1o sa nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn
Crpornx maremarnuecxn ananns na npexonnre nponecn npn necnmerpnunn pexnmn e
sarpynen or ]axra, ue n enexrpnuecxnre mamnnn nsnnxna nyncnpamo marnnrno none, xoero
csana nnnnx cnexrp or nncmn xapmonnunn n craropnnre n poropnnre roxonere. Hpn
npaxrnuecxnre npecmxrannx ce nsemar npenn ocnonnnre xapmonnnn na roxonere n
nanpexennxra n naxco cnpsanara nepnra. Camo npn raxona orpannuenne e nsmoxno
nsnonsynanero na meroa na cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn, xoro na- uecro ce nsnonsyna sa
ananns na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx.
V.2.1. Me1o na cnue1pnunn1e csc1anxn
Memoom ua cu+empu:uume ccmaeru (na uonrecxto) mnr.V.2.2. ce ccron n
samxnara na nponsnonna cncrema or rpn nexropa
C B A
F , F , F

c reomerpnunara cyma na rpn
cnmerpnunn rpn]asnn cncremn or nexropn, napeuenn cucme+u c npaea -
1 C 1 B 1 A
F , F , F

,
oopamua -
2 C 2 B 2 A
F , F , F

u uv.eea -
C B A
F , F , F

noc.eooeame.uocmu.
a) Cucme+u c npaea noc.eooeame.uocm -
1 C 1 B 1 A
F , F , F

0ue.J.2.2.a).
Bexropnre or npanara nocneonarennocr ca pannn no moyn n ca nsmecrenn enn
cnpxmo pyr na 120
0
. Axo npnemem sa penep (nenonnxen) nexrop
1 A
F
, ro sanpraxn
C1a1op
Po1op
f0 f2f
0
f4f
0
ff
0
f3f
0
f0 f2f
0
f4f
0
ff
0
f3f
0
. 1 . 2 . J . 0ue
C1a1op
83
ocranannre na nexropa
1 C 1 B
F , F

npornn uaconnnxonara crpenxa, na-nanpe nexrop
1 B
F
cnnaa c penepnnx nexrop

1 A
F
, a cne rona nexrop

1 C
F
r.e. peynanero na ]asnre e (A,B,C).

3anpranero na ncexn or nexropnre moxe a ce pasrnexa, xaro ymnoxenne na cornernnx
nexrop c nexrop " a "

nmam moyn ennnna n rn 120
0
r..e.
2
3
j
2
1
e . 1 a

12 j
+ ++ + = == = = == =
.
Bexropr " a "

ce napnua qasoe +uorume. (onepamop). Taxa nanpnmep penepnnx nexrop
1 A
F
me cnnane cornerno - c nexrop

1 C
F
, axo e ymnoxen c nexrop " a "

n c nexrop
1 B
F
, axo
e ymnoxen c nexrop " a "
2
(
2
3
j
2
1
e . 1 a

24 j 2
= == = = == =
). Ho rosn naunn sa nexropnre c

npana nocneonarennocr, onpeenenn upes penepnnx nexrop, e n cnna sanncnmocrra:
V.2.1.
1 A
2
1 A
1 A
2
1 A
1 C
1 B
1 A
F .
a
a
1
F . a
F . a
F
F
F
F
= == = = == =
) Cucme+u c oopamua noc.eooeame.uocm -
2 C 2 B 2 A
F , F , F

0ue.J.2.2.).
Bexropnre or oparnara nocneonarennocr ca pannn no moyn n ca nsmecrenn enn
cnpxmo pyr na 120
0
. Axo ce npneme sa penep (nenonnxen) nexrop
2 A
F
, ro sanpraxn
ocranannre na nexropa
2 C 2 B
F , F

npornn uaconnnxonara crpenxa, na-nanpe nexrop
2 C
F
cnnaa c penepnnx nexrop

2 A
F
, a cne rona nexrop

2 B
F
- r.e. peynanero na ]asnre e (A,C,B).

3a nexropnre c oparnara nocneonarennocr, onpeenenn upes penepnnx nexrop, e n
cnna sanncnmocrra:
V.2.2.
2 A
2
2 A
2
2 A
2 A
2 C
2 B
2 A
F .
a
a
1
F . a
F . a
F
F
F
F
= == = = == =
) Cucme+u c uv.eea noc.eooeame.uocm -
C B A
F , F , F

0ue.J.2.2.e).
Bexropnre or nynenara nocneonarennocr ca nn ]asa n ca pannn no moyn.
V.2.3.
C B A
F F F

= == = = == =
Hmaxn npenn ropnnre panencrna, sa nponsnonna cncrema or rpn nexropa
C B A
F , F , F

moxe a ce nannme cnenara sanncnmocr:
V.2.4.
A
2 A
1 A
2
2
C 2 C 1 C
B 2 B 1 B
A 2 A 1 A
C
B
A
F
F
F
.
1 a a
1 a a
1 1 1
F F F
F F F
F F F
F
F
F
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == = .
Or ropnnre ypannennx moxe a ar onpeenenn cnmerpnunnre ccranxn, upes
nponsnonnara cncrema or rpn nexropa.
V.2.5.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ). F F F
3
1
F
; F . a F . a F
3
1
F
; F . a F . a F
3
1
F
C B A A
C B
2
A 2 A
C
2
B A 1 A

+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
Cncremnre or npana n oparna nocneonarennocrn ca cnmerpnunn. Cncremara c nynena
nocneonarennocr e cnmerpnuna, no e neypannonecena r.e. F 3 F F F
C B A
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +

.
84
V.2.2. Hpnnarane na ue1oa na cnue1pnunn1e csc1anxn Ocnonnn ypannennn sa
nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn
Hecnmerpnunnre pexnmn n n uacrnocr necnmerpnunnre xcn cennennx morar a ce
npecranxr xaro cyma or orennn nocneonarennocrn camo npn ycnonne, ue ncnuxn enemenrn ca
]asno cnmerpnuno nsnnnenn. B cnmerpnunnre enexrpnuecxn cncremn roxonere n
nanpexennxra na orennnre nocneonarennocrn morar a ce pasrnexar nesanncnmo ena or
pyra. B rosn cnyua sa ncxxa nocneonarennocr moxe a ce ccrann samecrnama cxema, npn
xoxro ca n cnna saxonnre na Om n Knpxo] 0ue.J.2.3.
3a ncexn enemenr nnn yuacrx or enexrpnuecxara cxema cc cnpornnnennx
2 1
Z , Z , Z

, npes xoro npornuar roxone
2 1
I , I , I

, moxe a ce onpeenxr cnmerpnunnre
ccranxmn na naa na nanpexennero n cornernnx enemenr, sa ncxxa or rpnre ]asn. Tesn
naone nma cnennx nn:
V.2.6.
. Z . I J
; Z . I J
; Z . I J

2 2 2
1 1 1

= == =
= == =
= == =
A AA A
A AA A
A AA A
ecrnnrennnxr na na nanpexenne n xpanmara na enemenra or pasrnexanara ]asa e:
V.2.7.
2 1
J J J J

A AA A A AA A A AA A A AA A + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Toxonere c npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr npornuamn npes
craropnnre namorxn na cnnxponnara mamnna csanar marnnrnn noronn na cornernnre
nocneonarennocrn. E..n. oycnonenn or peaxnnxra na roxonere na orennnre
nocneonarennocrn moxe a ce oruerar, upes naone na nanpexennx c oparen snax na
cornernnre nnyxrnnnn cnpornnnennx na mamnnara. E..n. na reneparopnre e cnmerpnuno n
ne cpxa oparna n nynena nocneonarennocr, nopan xoero camo ro yuacrnyna n cxemara c
npana nocneonarennocr.
Vpannennxra or nropnx saxon na Knpxo] sa ncxxo xco cennenne, na ncxxa
nocneonarennocr, nmar cnennx nn:
V.2.8.
1 k 1 1 k
I . Z E J

E EE E E EE E
= == =
V.2.9.
2 k 2 2 k
I . Z J

E EE E
= == =
V.2.10.
k k
I . Z J

E EE E
= == =
Kero
k 2 k 1 k k 2 k 1 k
I , I , I , J , J , J

ca cornerno cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na
nanpexennero n roxa n mxcroro na xcoro cennenne;
E EE E
E
-pesynranrnoro e..n. cnpxmo

mxcroro na xcoro cennenne;
k 2 k 1 k
Z , Z , Z

- pesynranrnnre nmneancn na cornernnre
nocneonarennocrn cnpxmo mxcroro na xcoro cennenne.
Vpaeueuuma (V.2.8. o V.2.10.) ca ocuoeuu (ouu) u ca ea.uouu sa ecu:ru euooee
rcu ceouueuu. B resn ypannennx yuacrnynar mecr nensnecrnn: rpnre cnmerpnunn
ccranxmn na nanpexennero
k 2 k 1 k
J , J , J

n rpnre cnmerpnunn ccranxmn na roxa
k 2 k 1 k
I , I , I

n mxcroro na xcoro cennenne sa ocuoeuama (ocoeuama) ]asa. 3a a e cncremara or
2 A
F
)
) e
C
F
A
F
B
F
e ee e 1 A
F
) a
1 B
F
1 C
F
e ee e
12
12
12
2 C
F
2 B
F
e ee e
12
12
12
. 2 . 2 . J . 0ue
85
mecr nensnecrnn onpeenena, ueoocmueauume mpu vpaeueuu ce ua+upam om epauu:uume
vc.oeu, roumo ca xaparmepuu sa eceru euo r.c.
V.2.3. 3auec1namn1e cxeun na nocneona1ennoc1n1e npn nanpeunn necnue1pnn
Hpnnxr eran npn npecmxranero na necnmerpnunnre pexnmn, upes nsnonsynane na
meroa na cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn, ce xnxna ccranxnero na samecrnamnre cxemn sa npanara,
oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn. Ha 0ue. J.2.4.a) e aena npnnnnnna cxema n ca
npecranenn samecrnamnre cxemn na orennnre nocneonarennocrn. Hpeopasynanero na resn
cxemn ce cnexa o namnpane na cymapnoro cnpornnnenne sa ncxxa nocneonarennocr.
3a+ecmeaua cxe+a ua npaeama nocueoeameuuocm 0ue. J.2.4.).
3amecrnamara cxema na npanara nocneonarennocr ce ccranx no cmnx naunn, xaxro
npn npecmxrane na cnmerpnunn pexnmn (nanpnmep nopmanen ycranonen pexnm nnn rpn]asno
x.c.). Cnpornnnennxra na orennnre enemenrn, xonro ce nsnonsynar npn npecmxrane na
nopmanen ycranonen pexnm nnn rpn]asno x.c. no cmecrno ca cnpornnnennx na npanara
nocneonarennocr. Hpn npeopasynane na cxemara na npanara nocneonarennocr ce onpeenx
exnnnanenrnoro e..n., a rpauuama ua r.ouoeeme c moeapu ue mpoea oa ce cepseam
(ooeouueam) c mo:rama ua r.c., r xaro resn rouxn ne ca exnnnorennnannn. Hpn
necnmerpnunoro x.c n rouxara na nonpeara nma nanpexenne c npana nocneonarennocr.
3a+ecmeaua cxe+a ua opamuama nocueoeameuuocm 0ue. J.2.4.e).
Kon]nrypannxra na samecrnamara cxema na oparnara nocneonarennocr cnnaa c
rasn na npanara nocneonarennocr. Pasnnxara ce ccron n rona, ue e..n. na ncnuxn reneparopn
e panna na nyna. Cnpornnnennxra na orennnre enemenrn, xonro yuacrnynar n samecrnamara
cxema ca cnpornnnennxra na oparnara nocneonarennocr. Ocnen rona ecu:ru r.ouoee c
eeuepamopu u ecu:ru moeapoeu r.ouoee +oeam oa ce ooeouum, r xaro ca exnnnorennnannn.
3a+ecmeaua cxe+a ua uyueeama nocueoeameuuocm 0ue. J.2.4.e).
3amecrnamara cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr cmecrneno ce ornnuana or
samecrnamnre cxemn na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn. Hrxr na roxa n rosn cnyua
cmecrneno ce pasnnuana or nrx, no xoro nnpxynnpar roxonere c npana n oparna
nocneonarennocrn. Hnpxynannx na rox c nynena nocneonarennocr e nsmoxna camo rorana,
xoraro n cxemara nma none ena sasemena neyrpana. Axo pox na sasemennre neyrpann e
nxxonxo, ro rorana ce opasynar nxxonxo sarnopenn xonrypa. Fpoxr na xonrypnre n
enonnnenara samecrnama cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr e panen na pox na
sasemennre enemenrn n cxemara, xonro onxnoneno ca neyrpannre na rpanc]opmaropnre. Ha
mnr. V.2.3.) e noxasan nrx na roxa c nynena nocneonarennocr npn rpn]asna samecrnama
cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr. Bnxa ce,ue roxr c nynena nocneonarennocr
npecrannxna eno]asen rox, xoro ce pasxnonxna no rpnre ]asn n ce npma n rxx npes semxra
n pyrn cnpsann cc semxra napanennn xonrypn (xaennn ponn, mennnesamnrnn nxera n
p.).
3a ua:a.o ua npaeama, oopamuama u uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocmu ce npnema
rouxara, n xoxro ce oennxnar xnononere c nynen norennnan. 3a rpa ua cxe+a ua comeemua
noc.eooeame.uocm rouxara n xoxro e nsnnxnana necnmerpnxra.
1
1
2
1
1
Z
E EE E E EE E
E
1 k
J 2 k
J
2
Z
E EE E
k
J
Z
E EE E
) ) a ) e
. 3 . 2 . J . 0ue
k
S
C
W
) a . 4 . 2 . J . 0ue
86
V.3. Hapaue1pn na eneuen1n1e sa 1oxone c opa1na n nynena
nocneona1ennoc1
Bcexn enemenr or enexrpnuecxara cncrema ce xapaxrepnsnpa cc cnonre napamerpn sa
npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn. 3a enemenrn, npn xonro nnncnar marnnrnn
npsxn mexy ]asnre (nanpnmep - peaxropn), cnpornnnennxra na pasnnunnre
nocneonarennocrn ca pannn nomexy cn ( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z Z

= == = = == = n ne sanncxr or peynanero na
]asnre, a camo or uecrorara na npornuamnx npes rxx rox.
U
N
C
2
1
1
1
k
J
W S
I 3 ' '' '

I 3 ' '' ' ' '' '

I 3 ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '

I 3 ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' '
( (( ( ) )) )
k
I I I ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' = == =
k
) . 4 . 2 . J . 0ue
C
E
S
E
1 k
J
1
1 , 1
x
C , 1
x
W , 1
x
. e 1 , 1
2
x
. cp 1 , 1
2
x
S , 1
x
) . 4 . 2 . J . 0ue
2 k
J
1
1 , 2
x
C , 2
x
W , 2
x
. e 1 , 2
2
x
. cp 1 , 2
2
x
S , 2
x
) e . 4 . 2 . J . 0ue
k
J
1
1 ,
x
W ,
x
. e 1 ,
2
x
. cp 1 ,
2
x
S ,
x
. u 1 ,
2
x

) e . 4 . 2 . J . 0ue
87
3a enemenrn, marnnrnnre nepnrn, na xonro ca nenonnxnn ena cnpxmo pyra
(nanpnmep rpanc]opmaropn, nnnnn n p.), cnpornnnennxra na npanara n oparnara
nocneonarennocrn ca pannn ( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z

= == = , r xaro nsanmnara nnyxnnx mexy ]asnre na resn
enemenrn ne ce nsmenx npn npomxna na peynanero na ]asnre.
V.3.1. Cnnxponnn uamnnn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena
nocneona1ennoc1
a) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm
Toxonere c oparna nocneonarennocr, npornuamn npes craropnara namorxa, csanar
marnnrno none, xoero ce nprn n npornnononoxna nocoxa na marnnrnoro none csanano or
peaxnnxra na craropnnx rox. Tona marnnrno none cpema no nrx cn pasnnuno marnnrno
cnpornnnenne, nopan necnmerpnxra na poropa. Tona non o pasnnuna enexrpomarnnrna
peaxnnx na nnyxrnpannre cnoonn roxone n nanxnara n nanpeunara oc. Ho rosn naunn,
marnnrnnxr norox ce npomenx c nona uecrora n nma maxcnmanna n mnnnmanna cronocr.
Pasnnxara mexy maxcnmannara n mnnnmannara cronocr e ronxona no-ronxma, xonxoro no-
cnnno e nspasena marnnrnara necnmerpnx na poropa na cnnxponnara mamnna. Koraro
marnnrnnxr norox c oparna nocneonarennocr cnnane c nanxnara oc na cnnxponna
mamnna es ycnoxonrennn namorxn, ro ro ce nsmecrna or marnnrnara peaxnnx na
nsynrennara namorxa. 3arona, na pesynranrnnx marnnren norox cornercrnyna npexonnx
peaxranc
d
x' '' ' . Koraro marnnrnnxr norox c oparna nocneonarennocr cnnane c nanpeunara oc
na cnnxponnara mamnna, ro ro nponnxna esnpenxrcrneno n poropa n mamnnara pearnpa cc
cnnxponnnx cn peaxranc
q
x . Axo ce npneme, ue peaxrancr c oparna nocneonarennocr na
cnnxponnara mamnna e nocroxnen n panen na cpeno apnrmernunara cronocr or cronocrnre
my no nanpeunara n nanxnara oc, ce nonyuana cnennx nspas:
V.3.1.
2
x x
x
q d
2
+ ++ + ' '' '
= == =
Peaxrancr c oparna nocneonarennocr na cnnxpona mamnna c ycnoxonrennn
namorxn e ananornuno na rosn na cnnxpona mamnna es ycnoxonrennn namorxn. B rosn
cnyua, npexonnre peaxrancn ce samenxr cc cnpxnpexonn. Torana ]opmyna V.3.1. onna
cnennx nn:
V.3.2.
2
x x
x
q d
2
' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
B Hac1 V.1. e noxasano, ue marnnrnoro none or roxone c oparna nocneonarennocr
nnyxrnpa n craropnara namorxa nnen pe or neuernn xapmonnnn, xonro nsxpnnxnar
cnnyconannocrra na marnnrnoro none na craropa. Ionemnnara na xapmonnnnre sanncn or
nsnnxnanara necnmerpnx r.e. or x.c., cnpornnnennero na nepnrara o nonpeara n penna
pyrn ]axropn, xonro ne ca cnpsann cc cnnxponnara mamnna. 3a a ce oruere nnnxnnero n
craropnara namorxa na mpemua xap+ouuu ua mou c npana nocneonarennocr , npensnnxan or
craropnnx rox c oparna nocneonarennocr n ocnonna uecrora, ce nsnonsyna cnenara ]opmyna
sa cnnxponna mamnna es ycnoxonrennn namorxn.
V.3.3.
q d
q d
2
x x
x . x 2
x
+ ++ + ' '' '
' '' '
= == =
Hpn ryporeneparop, unro porop e cnmerpnuen r.e.
q d
x x = == = ' '' ' , ]opmynn V.3.1. n V.3.3.
cnnaar r.e.
d 2
x x ' '' ' = == = .
3a a ce oruere ueuua cneumzp om ueuemuu xap+ouuuu na roxa n craropnara nepnra,
onpeenxnero na peaxranca c oparna nocneonarennocr crana c ]opmynara:
V.3.4.
q d 2
x . x x ' '' ' = == =
Hpn npnnnsnrennn npecmxrannx, peaxrancr c oparna nocneonarennocr na
cnnxponna mamnna moxe a ce npneme:
88
V.3.5.
d 2
x . 45 , 1 x ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~ - sa cnnxponnn mamnnn es ycnoxonrennn namorxn.
V.3.6.
d 2
x . 22 , 1 x ' '' ' ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~ - sa ryporeneparopn n cnnxponnn mamnnn c ycnoxonrennn
namorxn.
) Aumueuomo cznpomueueuue ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm
Axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na oparnara nocneonarennocr ( (( ( ) )) )
2
r na cnnxponna mamnna
nxnmuna axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na craropnara namorxa n nocroxnnnre axrnnnn saryn n
poropnnre xonrypn or npornuamnre npes rxx roxone, nnyxrnpann or craropnnre roxone c
oparna nocneonarennocr. 3amoea
1 2
r r > >> > .
e) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm
Toxonere c nynena nocneonarennocr oycnanxr marnnrnn noronn na pascenane camo
n craropnara namorxa na cnnxponnara mamnna, sarona peaumauca ua uyueeama
nocueoeameuuocm e no-+auzu om peaumaucume ua npaeama u opamuama
nocueoeameuuocmu. Cornomennero mexy peaxranca c nynena nocneonarennocr n cnpx
npexonoro cnpornnnenne no nanxnara oc e: ( (( ( ) )) )
d
x . , 15 , x ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = .
e) Aumueuomo cznpomueueuue ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm
Axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na nynena nocneonarennocr e panno na axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne na npanara nocneonarennocr nopan cnnaanero na nepnrnre, npes xonro
rexar cornernnre roxone r.e.
1
r r = == = .
V.3.2. Tpancqopua1opn n an1o1pancqopua1opn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c
nynena nocneona1ennoc1
a) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm ua
mpaucqop+amopu u aemompaucqop+amopu
Marnnrnnre nepnrn na rpanc]opmaropnre n anrorpanc]opmaropnre ca nenonnxnn
ena cnpxmo pyra, nopan xoero nmneancnre na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn ca
pannn ( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z

= == = , r xaro nsanmnara nnyxnnx mexy ]asnre na resn enemenrn ne ce nsmenx
npn npomxna na peynanero na ]asnre. Or panencrnoro na nmneancnre na npanara n oparna
nocneonarennocrn cnena n panencrno n na rexnnre nnyxrnnnn
2 1
x x = == = n axrnnnn
2 1
r r = == =
cnpornnnennx.
) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm ua
mpaucqop+amopu
Huovrmueuomo cnpomue.euue (pearmauc) ua uv.eea noc.eooeame.uocm na
rpanc]opmaropnre saeucu om mxuama roucmpvru u cxe+ama ua cepseaue ua ua+omrume
u+.
Koncrpyxrnnno rpanc]opmaropnre ce nsnnnxnar, xaro eno]asnn, rpn]asnn,
uernpn]asnn n rpn]asnn nerepenn.
Hamorxnre na rpanc]opmaropa morar a ar cnpsann n rpnrnnnx A AA A , snesa cc
sasemena neyrpana
Y n snesa c nsonnpana neyrpana Y . Cnpsnane n snrsar ce nsnonsyna no-

pxxo n ro camo sa rpanc]opmaropn c manxa momnocr n nanpexenne 0,4 kV.
Cnpornnnenne c nynena nocneonarennocr npnrexanar rpanc]opmaropn, xonro nmar
none ena sasemena neyrpana. Toxone c nynena nocneonarennocr ne npornuar or crpanara na
namorxa, xoxro nxma sasemena neyrpana, nesanncnmo or cnpsnanero na pyrara r.e.
x .
Hpn npornuane na roxone c nynena nocneonarennocr npes sasemena namorxa nsnnxna
na na nanpexenne n peaxranca na pascenane n n peaxranca na namarnnrnane
x

.
Oycnonenoro or roxa c nynena nocneonarennocr e..n. nosnonxna npornuanero na rox npes
nennx nropnuen xonryp, nxnmunrenno n npes peaxranca na pascenane na nropnunara namorxa
npn ycnonne, ue cmecrnyna xonryp sa npornuanero na rosn rox.
89
Cepseaue ua ua+omrume ua mpaucqop+amop no cxe+a Y / Y
) a . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Hpn cnpsnane na namorxnre no cxema Y / Y
sa nncxara crpana na rpanc]opmannx

nxma nr sa npornuane na roxonere c nynena nocneonarennocr, sarona n n samecrnamara cxema
namorxara nncxo nanpexenne ne e cnpsana, a cnpornnnennero na raxn rpanc]opmarop e:
V.3.7.

x x x
. B
+ ++ + = == = ,
xero: -
. B
x e peaxranca na pascenane na namorxa nncoxo nanpexenne;
-

x

- peaxranca na namarnnrnane.
Cronocrra na peaxranca na namarnnrnane
x

sanncn or xoncrpyxnnxra na
rpanc]opmaropa. 3a rpyna or rpn eno]asnn rpanc]opmaropa n rpn]asen rpanc]opmarop c
uernpn n ner marnnronponoa, namarnnrnamnxr rox e mnoro manx, r xaro marnnrnnx norox
sa ncxxa ]asa ce sarnapx npes orenen marnnronpono c manxo marnnrno cnpornnnenne n
cneonarenno
x

. 3a rpn]asnnre rpnepenn rpanc]opmaropn, marnnrnnre noronn c
nynena nocneonarennocr ce sarnapxr no nrnmara na pascenane, nopan xoero
namarnnrnamnxr rox e ronxm, a peaxranca na namarnnrnane
x

n ornocnrennn ennnnn e
, 1 3 , x
) u (
= == =
- -- -
.
Cepseaue ua ua+omrume ua mpaucqop+amop no cxe+a

Y / Y ) . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Tpanc]opmaropnre cc cxema na cnpsnane na namorxnre

Y / Y ce nnexar c nxna
samecrnama cxema sa nynenara nocneonarennocr npn ocnrypen nr sa roxa c nynena
nocneonarennocr, r.e. nn nepnrara, n xoxro e nxnmuena namorxara nncxo nanpexenne nma
none ena sasemena neyrpana. Cnpornnnennxra na pascenane n o.e. na nere namorxn ca
npnnnsnrenno enaxnn n ce npnema, ue ca -
k H B
u . 5 , x x = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
Cepseaue ua ua+omrume ua mpaucqop+amop no cxe+a A AA A / Y
) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Bn nropnunara namorxa, cnpsana n rpnrnnnx, nnpxynnpa roxr c nynena
nocneonarennocr n csana na na nanpexenne n peaxranca na pascenane. Peaxrancr na
pascenane ce orpasxna, upes
H
x n samecrnamara cxema, xaro sa ocnrypxnane na nr sa
nnpxynnpamnx rox, xpax na rosn xnon ce cnpsna na xco. Cnpornnnennero na nynenara
nocneonarennocr n rosn cnyua e:
V.3.8.
. B . H . B
. H
. H
. B
. H
. H
. B
x x x
1
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x x
~ ~~ ~ + ++ + ~ ~~ ~
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =

Cepseaue ua ua+omrume ua mpuua+om:eu mpaucqop+amop no cxe+a A AA A / Y / Y

) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Axo ce npenonoxn, ue cmecrnyna nepnra sa roxa c nynena nocneonarennocr na
crpanara cc cpeno nanpexenne r.e. n mpexara saxpannana or namorxara cpeno nanpexenne
nma none ena sasemena neyrpana na nxxo rpanc]opmarop or rasn mpexa, ro n samecrnamara
cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr na raxn rpanc]opmarop, ncxxa namorxa ce nnexa cc
cnpornnnennero na npanara nocneonarennocr r.e c
k
u na ncxxa namorxa.
Hpn npaxrnuecxnre npecmxrannx sa rpnnamoraunnre rpanc]opmaropn moxe a ce
npneme, ue
x

.
Cepseaue ua ua+omrume ua mpuua+om:eu mpaucqop+amop no cxe+a A AA A A AA A / / Y
) . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr na rosn rpanc]opmarop moxe a ce
onpeenn c nspasa:
90
V.3.9.
. H . Cp
. H . Cp
. B
x x
x x
x x
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
Aemompaucqop+amop ) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3amecrnamnre cxemn na nynenara nocneonarennocr na anrorpanc]opmaropnre e
ananornuna na samecrnamara cxema na cnnonnre rpanc]opmaropn npn enaxno cnpsnane na
namorxnre n enaxn pexnm na paora na neyrpanara.
Tpaucqop+amop c paseneuu ua+omru ) x . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
Cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr na rpanc]opmarop c pasnenena
namorxa nncxo nanpexenne moxe a ce onpeenn c nspasa:
V.3.10.
2 1
2 1
H H
H H
. B
x x
x x
x x
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == =
X
B.
X
H.
X

I
B.
J
k
) a . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H.
) . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
X
B.
X
H.
X

I
B.
J
k
I
H
I

3I
,H.
3I
,B.
I
,B.
I
,H.
B. H.
X
H. X
B.
X

I
B.
J
k
I
I
B
) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H.
) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H. Cp.
3I
,Cp.
X
B.
X
Cp. I
B.
J
k
I
Cp.
X
H
I
H.
X

I

) . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H. Cp.
I
Cp.
X
H
I
H.
X
Cp. X
B.
I
B.
J
k
X

I

) e . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
3(I
,B.
- I
,Cp.
)
I
,B.
B.-Cp.
H.
I
Cp.
X
H
I
H.
I
B.
- I
Cp.
X
Cp. X
B.
I
B.
J
k
X

I

91
V.3.3. Bssymnn n xaennn nnnnn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena
nocneona1ennoc1
a) H+neauc ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm ua ezsyuuu u uaeuuu uuuuu
Enexrpomarnnrnnre nonera na nsymnnre n xaennn nnnnn ca nenonnxnn ena
cnpxmo pyra, nopan xoero u+neoaucume ua npaeama u oopamuama noc.eooeame.uocmu ca
paeuu ( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z

= == = , r xaro nsanmnara nnyxnnx mexy ]asnre na resn enemenrn ne ce nsmenx
npn npomxna na peynanero na ]asnre. Or panencrnoro na nmneancnre na npanara n oparna
nocneonarennocrn cnena n panencrno n na rexnnre uuovrmueuu
2 1
x x = == = u armueuu
2 1
r r = == =
cnpomue.euu.
) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm
Bsovuuu .uuuu
Toxr na nynenara nocneonarennocr, reue no rpnre npononnxa na nsymnara nnnnx
n ce sarnapx n semxra npes sasemennre neyrpann na rpanc]opmaropnre. Tpn]asnara nnnnx n
rosn cnyua moxe a ce npecrann c exnnnanenrna samecrnama cxema or rpn nynpononn
nnnnn 'npoeoouur-se+`. Cnpomue.euuemo ua uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocm ua mpuqasuama
.uuu +ore oa ce onpeoe.u, ramo uanpereuue, roemo mpoea oa ooe npu.oreuo r+ eceru
npoeoouur sa oa npome:e qasoe mor c uv.eea noc.eooeame.uocm om 1 A. Axo ce npeneperne
axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne, ro peaxrancr na nynenara nocneonarennocr ce onpeenx c nspasa:
V.3.11.
. cp . cp . cp
M L M M L
x 2 x x x x x + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Onpeenxnero na cronocrnre na cocrnenara nnyxrnnnocr -
L
x n nsanmnara
nnyxrnnnocr -
. cp
M
x na enexrponpono e aena n Hac1 I.4.
Peaxrancr na npanara nocneonarennocr ce onpeenx c nspasa:
V.3.12.
. cp . cp . cp
M L M
2
M L 1
x x x . a x . a x x = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Axo ce cpannn nspasa sa onpeenxne na peaxranca na nynenara nocneonarennocr c
rosn na npanara nocneonarennocr ce nnxa, ue cnpornnnennero na nynenara
nocneonarennocr e snaunrenno no-ronxmo or rona na npanara nocneonarennocr. Io.e+uuama
ua pearmauca ua uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocm saeucu om roucmpvruma ua e.ermponpoeooa,
ua.u:uemo ua ep+osauumuume erema, mxuomo ro.u:ecmeo u npoeoou+ocm.
Cpennre cronocrn na cornomennero mexy peaxrancnre na nynenara n npanara
nocneonarennocrn
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
1
x
x
e aena n Tan.V.3.1..
X
B.
I
B.
J
k
X
H1
I
H1
I
H2.
X
H2
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B.
H
2
.
H
1
.
X

) x . 1 . 3 . J . 0ue
92
Tan.V.3.1.
1
x
x
Xapax1epnc1nxa na
nnnnn1a
ennnunn nonnn
Fes sasemnrennn nxera 3,5 5,5
Cc cromanenn sasemnrennn
nxera
3,0 4,7
Cc sasemnrennn nxera c
opa npononmocr
2,0 3,0
Kaoe.uu .uuuu
Peaxrancr na nynenara nocneonarennocr na xaennnre nnnnn manxo ce pasnnuana or
rosn na nsymnnre nnnnn. Tosn peaxranc sanncn or rnna na xaena, naunna na nonarane,
onnnxara na xaena n p. B sanncnmocr or nrx no xoro ce npma roxa c nynena
nocneonarennocr ( no onnnxara nnn no onnnxara n semxra) nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
nynenara nocneonarennocr
x e 3,5 o 4,6 nrn no ronxmo or nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne

na npanara nocneonarennocr
1
x . Axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na nynenara nocneonarennocr e
1
r . 1 r = == = .
V.3.4. Acnnxponnn nnra1enn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena
nocneona1ennoc1
a) H+neauc ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm ua acuuxpouuu eueameuu
Toxonere c oparna nocneonarennocr csanar marnnren norox, xoro ce nprn
cnpxmo poropa na nnrarenx c ornocnrenna rnona cxopocr s 2
) u (
= == =
- -- -
e ee e . 3anncnmocrra na
ornocnrennoro nnyxrnnno
u
s
x
x
n axrnnno
u
s
r
r
cnpornnnenne na acnnxponen nnraren nn
]ynxnnx or xnsranero e aena na mnr. V.3.2.
C napacrnanero na xnsranero,
nnyxrnnnoro n axrnnno cnpornnnenne ornauano
pxsxo namanxnar. B nnrepnana na xnsrane or
1 s = == = o
. u
s 2 s = == = cnpornnnennxra x
s
n r
s
ce
nsmenx manxo, nopan xoero moxe a ce npneme,
ue nmneancr na acnnxponnnx nnraren e pannen
na nycxonoro my cnpornnnenne
H 1 s 2
Z Z Z = == = = == =
= == =
,
r.e.
H 1 s 2
x x x = == = = == =
= == =
n
H 1 s 2
r r r = == = = == =
= == =
. Kparnocrra
na nycxonnx rox, xoxro e xaranoxna nennunna, ce
ana c ypannennero
H
. u
H
H
k
I
I
I = == = = == =
- -- -
.
Hmneancr na acnnxponnnx nnraren, nycxonoro cnpornnnenne n cornerno nnyxrnnno
cnpornnnenne na oparnara nocneonarennocr, ca:
V.3.13.
- -- - - -- - - -- -
= == = ~ ~~ ~ = == =
2 H
H
) u ( H
x x
k
1
Z
Kparnocrra na nycxonnx rox e 5 3 k
H
= == = n cneonarenno 35 , 25 , x
2
= == =
- -- -
.
s
s
n
2-s
n
0
1
2
0,5
1
x
s
/x
n
x
s
/x
n
r
s
/r
n
r
s
/r
n
. 2 . 3 . J . 0uue
93
) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm
Hnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne (peaxranc) na nynena nocneonarennocr na acnnxponnnx
nnraren
x sanncn or pascenanero n craropnara namorxa, xoero ce onpeenx om muna u

roucmpvruma. Tounn cronocrn sa
x morar a ar nonyuenn camo no onnren nr.

V.3.5. Oomen 1onap - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena nocneona1ennoc1
a) H+neauc ua opamua nocueoeameuuocm ua uo+nueuceu moeap
Hmneancr na oparnara nocneonarennocr na xomnnexcen ronap sanncn or
xapaxrepa na rosn ronap. 3a rnnon npomnmnen ronap, ccranen npenmno or acnnxponnn
nnrarenn, peaxrancr na oparnara nocneonarennocr e cmnx, xaxro n n npnnx momenr cne
nsnnxnane na x.c.:
- 3a nsnn c nomnnanno nanpexenne kJ 1 U
. u
= == = nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
oparnara nocneonarennocr e 35 , x
2
= == = .
. u
= == = nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
oparnara nocneonarennocr e 42 , x
2
= == = .
Hmneancr na oparna nocneonarennocr na xomnnexcen ronap nma cnennre
cronocrn:
. u
= == = nmneanca na oparnara
nocneonarennocr e 24 , j 18 , Z
2
+ ++ + = == =
.
. u
= == = nmneanca na oparnara
nocneonarennocr e 3 , j 19 , Z
2
+ ++ + = == =
.
aoeuume no-eope cmouocm sa u+neoauca u pearmauca ua oopamuama
noc.eooeame.uocm ua ro+n.erceu moeap ca e omuocume.uu eouuuu (o.e.) npu oasucua
+ouuocm, paeua ua uo+uua.uama paoomua +ouuocm ua moeapa u oasucuo uanpereuue-
cpeouomo uanpereuue ua cmeneuma ua ese.a, r+ romo e cepsau mosu moeap.
) Huyumueuo cznpomueueuue (peaumauc) ua uyueea nocueoeameuuocm ua
uo+nueuceu moeap
Cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr
x na xomnnexcen ronap sanncn or

mpexara n rpanc]opmaropnre n ccrana . Tona cnpornnnenne moxe a e onpeeneno cne
exnnnanenrnpane.
V.4. Enoxpa1na nanpeuna necnue1pnn - 1oxone n nanpeaennn
Onpeenxnero na roxonere n nanpexennxra npn necnmerpnunn x.c. crana c
nsnonsynane meroa na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn. 3a nenra ce pemana cncrema or mecr
nensnecrnn, xoxro nxnmuna ocuoeuume (ouume) ypannennx (V.2.8. o V.2.10.) nannnn sa
ncnuxn nnone xcn cennennx n rpannunnre ycnonnx, xonro ca xapaxrepnn sa ncexn nn x.c..
Becrre nensnecrnn ca rpnre cnmerpnunn ccranxmn na nanpexennero
k 2 k 1 k
J , J , J

n rpnre
cnmerpnunn ccranxmn na roxa
k 2 k 1 k
I , I , I

n mxcroro na xcoro cennenne sa ]asa ~A,
xoxro paorn n ycnonnx pasnnunn or ocranannre ne ]asn n e npnero a ce napnua ocuoeua
(ocoeua) ]asa.
Hpn onpeenxne na nnrepecynamnre nn nennunnn, c nen onpocrxnane, ce npanxr
cnennre onycxannx:
- yuacrnynamnre n samecrnamnre cxemn na pasnnunnre nocneonarennocrn
cnpornnnennx na enemenrn or pasrnexanara rpn]asna enexrpnuecxa cncrema ce nnexar
camo c rexnnx peaxranc r.e.
2 2 1 1
jx Z ; jx Z ; jx Z = == = = == = = == =

.
- xcnre cennennx ca merannuecxn, r.e. ne ce orunra cnpornnnennero na rara.
94
V.4.1. Enoqasno xsco csennenne xsu seun
) 1 (
k -mnr.V.4.1.
Ocuoeuume (oouume) ypannennx npn eno]asno x.c. ca:
V.4.1. ; I . jx E J
) 1 (
1 kA 1 A
) 1 (
1 kA

= == =
E EE E
V.4.2. ; I . jx J
) 1 (
2 kA 2
) 1 (
2 kA

= == =
V.4.3. ; I . jx J
) 1 (
kA
) 1 (
kA

= == =
Ipauu:uume vc.oeu n mxcroro na nonpeara sa
eno]asno x.c. ca :
V.4.4. J
) 1 (
kA
= == =
;
V.4.5. I
) 1 (
kB
= == =
;
V.4.6. I
) 1 (
kC
= == =
.
3a onpocrxnane na sannca, nnexcr na x.c. no-nararx me ce nponycxa.
Hsnonsynaxn nspasnre sa cnmerpnunnre nocneonarennocrn ]opmynnre or Hac1
V.2. n orunraxn V.4.5. n V.4.6., sa cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na roxa n ocoenara ]asa ce
nonyuana:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
kA kC
2
kB kA 1 kA
I
3
1
I . a I . a I
3
1
I

= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
V.4.7. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
kA kC kB
2
kA 2 kA
I
3
1
I . a I . a I
3
1
I

= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
kA kC kB kA kA
I
3
1
I I I
3
1
I

= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Oennxnaxn V.4.7. ce nonyuana:
V.4.8. ( (( ( ) )) )
kA kA 2 kA 1 kA
I
3
1
I I I

= == = = == = = == =
Or V.4.4. sa cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na nanpexennero n ocoenara ]asa ce nonyuana:
V.4.9. J J J
kA 2 kA 1 kA
= == = + ++ + + ++ +

Hocranxxn n V.4.9. nspasnre V.4.1., V.4.2. n V.4.3. n orunraxn V.4.8. ce nonyuana:
V.4.10. ( (( ( ) )) ) . I . x x x j E
1 uA 2 1 A
= == = + ++ + + ++ +

E EE E
Hspasr sa roxa na npanara nocneonarennocr nma cnennx nn:
V.4.11.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E
x x x j
E
I
) 1 (
1
A
2 1
A ) 1 (
1 uA
A AA A
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =

Kero
2
) 1 (
x x x + ++ + = == =
A AA A
npecrannxna onnnnrenno cnpornnnenne, xoero ce napnua
mpuqaseu uyum sa eno]asno x.c. cc semx.
Karo ce nsnonsynar sanncnmocrnre V.4.8. n V.4.11., roxr npes nonpeenara ]asa A,
npornuam npes semxra e cnennx:
V.4.12.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E . 3
x x x j
E . 3
I . 3 I
) 1 (
1
A
2 1
A ) 1 (
1 uA
) 1 (
uA
A AA A
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == = = == =

Cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na nanpexennero n mxcroro na x.c. ce onpeenxr, upes
]opmynnre:
V.4.13.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
) 1 (
1 kA 2
) 1 (
kA
) 1 (
2 kA
) 1 (
1 kA
) 1 (
1 kA 2
) 1 (
2 kA
) 1 (
1 kA
) 1 (
kA
I . x x j J J J
; I . jx J
; I . jx J

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
= == =
= == =
Hanpexennero na ]asn ~A n ~B n mxcroro na x.c. ce onpeenx c ]opmynnre:
V.4.14. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
1 kA
2
2
2
kA 2 kA 1 kA
2
kB
I . x 1 a x a a j J J . a J . a J

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
C
A
B
kB
I
kA
I
kC
I
. 1 . 4 . 0ue
95
V.4.15. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
1 kA 2
2
kA 2 kA
2
1 kA kC
I . x 1 a x a a j J J . a J . a J

+ ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n roxonere n mxcroro na x.c. ca noxasann
cornerno na mnr.V.4.2.a) n mnr.V.4.2.)
Trnr O OO O ce nsmenx n rpannnnre 60 s ss sO OO Os ss s180 n sanncn or cornomennero
2
x
x
.
Iopnara rpannna ce nonyuana npn ycnonne x
= == = , a onnara -
x .
V.4.2. nyqasno xsco csennenne
) 2 (
k -mnr.V.4.3.
Ocuoeuume (oouume) ypannennx npn ny]asno x.c. ca:
V.4.16.
) 2 (
1 kA 1 A
) 2 (
1 kA
I . jx E J = == =
E EE E

;
V.4.17.
) 2 (
2 kA 2
) 2 (
2 kA
I . jx J = == =
;
V.4.18.
) 2 (
kA
) 2 (
kA
I . jx J = == =
Ipannunnre ycnonnx n mxcroro na

nonpeara sa ny]asno x.c. ca :
V.4.19. ; I
) 2 (
kA
= == =
V.4.20. ; I I
) 2 (
kC
) 2 (
kB

= == =
V.4.21.
) 2 (
kC
) 2 (
kB
J J

= == =
T xaro x.c. ne e cnpsano cc semxra, ro nxma nr sa npornuane na roxonere c nynena
nocneonarennocr. B rosn cnyua I I I
2 kA 1 kA kA
= == = + ++ + = == =

n ypannenne V.4.19. onna cnennx
nn:
V.4.22.
2 kA 1 kA
I I

= == =
Hanpexennero na nonpeennre ]asn V.4.21. nspaseno, upes cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na
nanpexennero na ]asa ~A e cnenoro:
V.4.23.
kA 2 kA
2
1 kA kA 2 kA 1 kA
2
J J . a J . a J J . a J . a

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ +
Hpeopasynaxn V.4.23. ce nonyuana:
) J J ).( a a ( J ). a a ( J ). a a (
2 kA 1 kA
2
2 kA
2
1 kA
2
= == = = == = + ++ +

T xaro ) a a (
2
= == = , ro:
V.4.24.
2 kA 1 kA
J J

= == =
C
A
B
kB
I
kA
I
kC
I
. 3 . 4 . 0ue
1 kC
I
1 kA
J
1 kB
J
1 kC
J
2 kA
J
2 kB
J
2 kC
J
k
J
2 kB
J
kB
J
kB
J
2 kC
J
kC
J
kC
J
) a . 2 . 4 . 0ue
O OO O
1 kB
I
2 kC
I
2 kB
I
k
I
kA
I
k 2 kA 1 kA
I I I = == = = == =
) . 2 . 4 . 0ue
96
Tona panencrno nosnonxna a ce npnpannxr ecnnre uacrn na V.4.16. n V.4.17.
r.e.
2 kA 2 1 kA 1 A
I . jx I . jx E = == =

E EE E
, orxero orunraxn panencrno V.4.22., sa roxa na npanara
nocneonarennocr ce nonyuana:
V.4.25.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
) 2 (
1
A
2 1
A
1 kA
x x j
E
x x j
E
I
A AA A
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =

.
Kero
2
) 2 (
x x = == =
A AA A
e mpuqasuuam uyum sa ny]asno x.c..
Orunraxn V.4.22., roxonere na nonpeennre ]asn n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
V.4.26. ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
,
x x j
E 3 j
I . 3 j I . a a I . a I . a I
2 1
A
1 kA 1 kA
2
2 kA 1 kA
2
kB
+ ++ +

= == = = == = = == = + ++ + = == =
E EE E

V.4.27.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E 3 j
I . 3 j I I
2 1
A
1 kA kB kC
+ ++ +
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E

Orunraxn V.4.21., V.4.22. n V.4.24., nanpexennxra na nonpeennre ]asn n mxcroro na
x.c. ca:
V.4.28. . I jx 2 J . 2 J J J
1 kA 2 2 kA 2 kA 1 kA kA

= == = = == = + ++ + = == =
V.4.29. ( (( ( ) )) )
2
J
J J . a a J . a J . a J J
kA
1 kA 1 kA
2
2 kA 1 kA
2
kC kB

= == = = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = = == =
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n roxonere n mxcroro na ny]asnoro x.c. ca
noxasann na mnr.V.4.4.a) n mnr.V.4.4.).
V.4.3. nyqasno xsco csennenne csc seun
) 1 , 1 (
k -mnr.V.4.5.
Ocnonnnre (omnre) ypannennx npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx ca:
V.4.30. ; I . jx E J
) 1 , 1 (
1 kA 1 A
) 1 , 1 (
1 kA

= == =
E EE E
V.4.31. ; I . jx J
) 1 , 1 (
2 kA 2
) 1 , 1 (
2 kA

= == =
V.4.32. . I . jx J
) 1 , 1 (
kA
) 1 , 1 (
kA

= == =
Ipannunnre ycnonnx n mxcroro na
nonpeara sa ny]asno x.c. cc semx. ca :
V.4.33. ; I
) 1 , 1 (
kA
= == =
V.4.34. ; J
) 1 , 1 (
kB
= == =
V.4.35. . J
) 1 , 1 (
kC
= == =
C
A
B
kB
I
kA
I
kC
I
. 5 . 4 . 0ue
1 kB
J
1 kC
J
kB
J
kA
J
2 kA 1 kA
J J = == =
V
kB2
V
kC2
kC
J
) a . 4 . 4 . J . 0ue
2 kA
I
1 kA
I
2 kC
I
1 kC
I
kC
I
kB
I
1 kB
I
2 kB
I
) . 4 . 4 . J . 0ue
97
Karo ce nsnonsyna V.4.33. ce nonyuana:
V.4.36. . I I I I
kA 2 kA 1 kA kA
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =

Karo ce nsnonsyna ]opmyna V.2.5. n ycnonnx V.4.34. n V.4.35. moxe a ce sannme:
V.4.37.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
kA kA 2 kA 1 kA
kA kC kB kA kA
kA kC kB
2
kA 2 kA
kA kC
2
kB kA 1 kA
J
3
1
J J J
; J
3
1
J J J
3
1
J
; J
3
1
J . a J . a J
3
1
J
; J
3
1
J . a J . a J
3
1
J

= == = = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Crnacno panencrna V.4.31. n V.4.32. n nsnonsnaxn V.4.37. moxe a ce sannme:
V.4.38. ; I . jx I . jx
kA 2 kA 2

= == =
Axo ce npnann n nxnara n xcnara uacrn na panencrno V.4.38.
kA 2
I . jx

n ce
nsnonsyna V.4.36. ce nonyuana:
V.4.39.
). x x .( I I . x
); x x .( I j ) I I .( jx
; I . jx I . jx I . jx I . jx
2 kA 1 kA 2
2 kA kA 2 kA 2
kA 2 kA kA 2 2 kA 2
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == = + ++ +
+ ++ + = == = + ++ +

Or panencrno V.4.39. n V.4.38. ce nonyuanar nspasnre sa roxa c oparna n nynena
nocneonarennocr.
V.4.40. ;
x x
x
I I
2
2
1 kA kA
+ ++ +
= == =

V.4.41. ;
x x
x
I I
2
1 kA 2 kA
+ ++ +
= == =

3amecrnaxn n panencrno V.4.32. panencrno V.4.40. ce nonyuana:
V.4.42. .
x x
x . jx
I I . jx J
2
2
1 kA kA kA
+ ++ +
= == = = == =

Karo ce nma npenn panencrno V.4.37. n panencrna V.4.30. n V.4.42. ce nonyuana:
V.4.43.
.
x x
x . jx
I I . jx E
; J J
2
2
1 kA 1 kA 1 A
kA 1 kA
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =

E EE E
V.4.44.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E
x x
x . x
x j
E
I
) 1 , 1 (
1
A
2
2
1
A
1 kA
A AA A
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =

Kero
2
2 ) 1 , 1 (
x x
x . x
x
+ ++ +
= == =
A AA A
e mpuqasuuam uyum sa ny]asno x.c. cc semx.
Toxonere na nonpeennre ]asn n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
V.4.45.
; I .
x x
x . a x
a
x x
x
I
x x
x
I . a I . a I I . a I . a I
1 kA
2
2 2
2
2
1 kA
2
1 kA 1 kA
2
kA 2 kA 1 kA
2
kB

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ +

+ ++ +
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
98
V.4.46. ; I .
x x
x . a x
a I
1 kA
2
2
2
kC

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
Toxr na x.c., xoro npornua npes semxra, e:
V.4.47.
kA kC kB . se+
I . 3 I I I

= == = + ++ + = == =
Moynnre na xomnnexcnnre xoe]nnnenrn na ypannennx V.4.45. n V.4.46. cornerno
2
2 2
x x
x . a x
a
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
n
2
2
2
x x
x . a x
a
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
ca enaxnn n ca pannn na:
V.4.48.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x
x . x
1 . 3 m
2
2
2 ) 1 , 1 (
+ ++ +
= == =
B sanncnmocr or cornomennero
2
x
x
, xoero sanncn or pox na sasemennre neyrpann
na rpanc]opmaropnre n cxemara,
) 1 , 1 (
m ce nsmenx n cnennx nanason:
V.4.49. . 3 m 5 , 1
) 1 , 1 (
s ss s s ss s
Koe]nnnenrr 5 , 1 m
) 1 , 1 (
= == = npn
2
x x = == = , npn
x
x
2
= == = nnn = == =
2
x
x
, xoe]nnnenrr
3 m
) 1 , 1 (
= == = .
Hsnonsynaxn V.4.37. n V.4.42., sa nanpexennero na nenonpeenara ]asa cnpxmo
semxra, n mxcroro na x.c. ce nonyuana:
V.4.50.
) 1 , 1 (
1 kA
2
2
1 kA kA kA
jx . I . 3
x x
x . jx
. I . 3 J . 3 J
A AA A

= == =
+ ++ +
= == = = == = .
Trnr mexy roxonere n nonpeennre ]asn O OO O ce nsmenx n rpannnnre 60 s ss sO OO Os ss s180 n
sanncn or cornomennero
2
x
x
. onnara rpannna ce nonyuana npn ycnonne x
= == = , a ropnara -

x .
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n roxonere n mxcroro na ny]asno x.c. xm
semx ca noxasann na mnr.V.4.6.a) n mnr.V.4.6.).
V.4.4. Oomenne na nspasn1e sa nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn x.c. Anropn1su
sa npecun1ane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn.
Hspasnre sa roxonere n nanpexennxra, n mxcroro na necnmerpnunoro xco
cennenne, ca nponopnnonannn na roxa na npanara nocneonarennocr sa ocoenara ]asa.
1 kB
J
1 kC
J
kA
J
kA 2 kA 1 kA
J J J = == = = == =
V
kB2
V
kC2
) a . . 4 . J . 0ue
V
kB0
V
kC0
V
kB
V
kC
0
) . . 4 . 0ue
O OO O
1 kA
I
1 kB
I
1 kC
I
2 kB
I
2 kC
I
2 kB
I
2 kC
I
kC
I
kB
I
kB
I
kC
I
I
kA2
I
kA0
I
seu.
3.I
kA0
99
E]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na nonpeenara ]asa n mxcroro na nonpeara sa necnmerpnuno
x.c. or
mu
) n (

nn nma cnennx oomen nn:
V.4.50.
) n (
1 kA
) n ( ) n (
k
I . m I = == = ,
xero
) n (
k
I e e]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa na nonpeenara ]asa n mxcroro na x.c. sa
mu
) n (

nn necnmerpnuno x.c.
) n (
1 kA
I - roxr na npanara nocneonarennocr sa ocoenara ]asa sa
mu
) n (

nn
necnmerpnuno x.c.
) n (
m - xoe]nnnenr na nponopnnonannocr sa
mu
) n (

Hanpexennero na npanara nocneonarennocr n mxcroro na necnmerpnunoro x.c. or
mu
) n (

nn ce onpeenx c nspasa:
V.4.51.
) n (
1 kA
) n ( ) n (
1 kA
I . x U
A AA A
= == = ,
xero
) n (
1 kA
U e nanpexennero na npanara nocneonarennocr sa ocoenara ]asa sa
mu
) n (

) n (
x
A AA A
- rpn]asen cnmerpnuen mynr sa
) n (
m
nn necnmerpnuno x.c., xoro ce
nxnmuna mexy nauanoro n xpax na cxemara na npanara nocneonarennocr (n mxcroro na
xcoro cennenne) n sanncn or ronemnnara na oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocrn.
Or cnox crpana crpyxrypara na nspasa na roxa na npanara nocneonarennocr sa
ocoenara ]asa e enaxna sa ncnuxn nnone necnmerpnunn x.c. (]opmynn V.4.11., V.4.25. n
V.4.44.) n nma cnennx nn:
V.4.52.
( (( ( ) )) )
) n (
1
A ) n (
1 kA
x x
E
I
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == = ,
xero
A
E
E EE E
e pesynranrnoro e..n. na cxemara c npana nocneonarennocr;
1
x
E EE E
- cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na samecrnamara cxema na npanara
nocneonarennocr;
Cnpsnanero xm rpnre ]asn n rouxara na necnmerpnunara nonpea na onnnnrenno
cnpornnnenne
) n (
x
A AA A
ce napnua cnmerpnpane na x.c. B pesynrar na cnmerpnpanero na cxemara n
nex npornuar camo roxone c npana nocneonarennocr.
B Tan.V.4.1. ca aenn cronocrnre nnn ]opmynnre sa onpeenxne na rpn]asnnx
cnmerpnuen mynr
) n (
x
A AA A
n xoe]nnnenra na nponopnnonannocr
) n (
m npn meranno x.c.
(orccrnne na ra) n npenepernane na axrnnnnre cnpornnnennx na pasrnexanara cxema.
Tan.V.4.1.
Bn na x.c.
) n (
k
) n (
x
A AA A
) n (
m
Tpnqasno x.c
) 3 (
k
0 1
nyqasno x.c.
) 2 (
k 2
x
E EE E
3 j
nyqasno x.c. xsu seun
) 1 , 1 (
k
2
2
x x
x . x
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
( (( ( ) )) )
2
2
2
x x
x . x
1 . 3
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +

Enoqasno x.c. xsu seun
) 1 (
k 2
x x
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ + 3
3a nyxnre na penenara samnra e neoxonmo rouno onpeenxne na mnnnmannnre
roxone na x.c.. Tona nanara orunranero na penna ]axropn, xonro n aennre no-rope nspasn sa
nsuncnxnane na roxa npn pasnnunn necnmerpnunn x.c. ne ce orunrar. Tona or cnox crpana non
o sannmanane na pesynrarnre. uaxropnre, xonro rpxna a ce oruerar ca:
-Enemenrnre a ce npecranxr cc cnonre nmneancn - Z
.
100
-Hpexonoro cnpornnnenne, xoero nsnnxna npn semnnre cennennx
. se+
r .
-Cnpornnnennero na enexrpnuecxara ra
.
r
Hpnnnsnrennoro onpeenxne na cnpornnnennero na enexrpnuecxara ra ce ana n
Hac1 VII. (]opmyna VII.2.).
3a a ce npnnoxn meroa na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn e neoxonmo cnpornnnennero
na rara a ce nxnmun npn cnmerpnpanero na pexnma r.e. n rpn]asnnx cnmerpnuen mynr
) n (
x
A AA A
n xoe]nnnenra na nponopnnonannocr
) n (
m . uopmynnre, orunramn nspoennre no-rope
]axropn, morar a ce namepxr n n.|1,2,3,7,10,11,12|.
Hpec+mauemo ua mora npu uecu+empu:uo r.c. e +cmomo ua noepeoama ce usepuea
e c.eouama noc.eooeame.uocm.
1. Ccranx ce samecrnamara cxema na npanara, oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocr na nscnenanara cxema.
2. Hpnnexar ce napamerpnre na enemenrnre or cornernnre samecrnamn cxemn na
npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr xm eno nnno na nanpexenne
(onxnoneno rona e nanpexennero n xoero e x.c.). Hpnnexanero na-uecro ce
nsnpmna n ornocnrennn ennnnn, npnnnsnrenno. Hpn ccranxne na cornernnre
samecrnamn cxemn e neoxonmo a ce orunrar pasnnunnre napamerpn na npanara,
oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn.
3. Onpeenxr ce cymapnnre cnpornnnennx na cxemnre c npana, oparna n nynena
nocneonarennocrn.
4. Hsuncnxna ce exnnnanenrnoro e..n. na cxemara c npana nocneonarennocr.
5. 3a cornernoro necnmerpnuno xco cennenn or
mu
) n (

nn ce onpeenx
rpn]asnnx cnmerpnuen mynr
) n (
x
A AA A
.
6. Onpeenx ce xoe]nnnenrr na nponopnnonannocr
) n (
m .
7. Hsuncnxnar ce ncnuxn nnrepecynamn nn nennunnn - nnnnxr rox n nanpexenne n
mxcroro na x.c., cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na roxa n nanpexennero n p.
V.5. Kounnexcnn sauec1namn cxeun sa enoxpa1nn nanpeunn
necnue1pnn
Cxe+a no.v:eua npu cepseauemo ua sa+ecmeauume cxe+u ua npaeama, oopamuama u
uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocmu ce uapu:a uo+nueucua sa+ecmeaua cxe+a. Haunnr na
cnpsnane na samecrnamnre cxemn na nocneonarennocrnre sanncn or nna na xcoro
cennenne. Ha mnr.V.5.1.a), mnr.V.5.1.), mnr.V.5.1.n) ca noxasann xomnnexcnnre
samecrnamn cxemn na ny]asno, eno]asno n ny]asno xco cc semx cennenne, xero
ncexn npanornnnx npecrannxna samecrnamara cxema na cornernara nocneonarennocr.
Or rpannunnre ycnonnx sa ny]asnoro x.c. (
) 2 (
k ) mnr.V.5.1.a) nanpexennxra na
npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn ca pannn r.e
2 k 1 k
J J

= == = . Tona nosnonxna nauanoro (H
1
)
na cxemara na npanara nocneonarennocr a ce cnpxe c nauanoro (H
2
) na cxemara na
oparnara nocneonarennocr n cornerno xpax na cxemara na npanara nocneonarennocr (K
1
)
a ce cnpxe c xpax (K
2
) na cxemara na oparnara nocneonarennocr.
Or rpannunnre ycnonnx sa ny]asnoro xco cennenne cc semx (
) 1 , 1 (
k ) mnr.V.5.1.n)
nanpexennxra na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn ca pannn nomexy cn r.e.
k 2 k 1 k
J J J

= == = = == = . Tona nosnonxna ncnuxn nauana na cxemnre na npanara, oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocrn a ce cnpxar nomexy cn n cornerno ncnuxn xpanma na resn cxemn cmo
a ce cnpxar nomexy cn.
Or rpannunnre ycnonnx sa eno]asno xco cennenne cc semx (
) 1 (
k ) mnr.V.5.1.) e
n cnna cnenara sanncnmocr ) J J ( J
k 2 k 1 k

+ ++ + = == = . 3a a e nsnnneno rona ycnonne e
101
neoxonmo cxemnre na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn a ar cnpsann
nocneonarenno.
Ho cmecrno xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema npecrannxna nxnmunane xm cxemara
na npanara nocneonarennocr na cornernnx rpn]asen mynr. Bynrr sa pasnnunnre
necnmerpnunn x.c. e ccranen or cnpornnnennxra na oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocrn, cnpsann cnpxmo nauanoro (H
1
) n xpax (K
1
)na cxemara na npanara
nocneonarennocr.
V.6. Cpannenne na 1oxone1e npn pasnnunn1e xscn csennennn
Hsuncnxnanero na roxa n mxcroro na nonpeara npn rpn]asno xco cennenne
) 3 (
k
crana na-necno n na-pso. Onpeenxnero na ornomennero mexy necnmerpnunoro n
rpn]asnoro x.c.
) 3 (
k
) n (
k
I
I
nosnonxna npn nsnecren rox na rpn]asnoro x.c.
) 3 (
k
I a ce onpeenn
nanasona na nsmenenne na roxa npn necnmerpnunoro x.c. Ornomennero mexy
necnmerpnunoro n rpn]asnoro x.c.
) 3 (
k
) n (
k
I
I
ce ana c nspasa:
V.6.1.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
; k
x x
x . m
E
x
.
x x
E m
I
I
3 n
) n (
1
1
) n (
A
1
) n (
1
A
) n (
) 3 (
k
) n (
k

= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
Euoqasuo uzco czeuueuue
) 1 (
k .
3a eno]asno x.c. cornomennero
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
3 1
I
I
k = == =

ce ana c nspasa:
V.6.2.
( (( ( ) )) )
;
x
x x
1
3
x x x
x 3
k
1
2 2 1
1
3 1
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || | + ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =

E EE E
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E
E EE E
Karo ce nma npenn, ue cnpornnnennero na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn
ca npnnnsnrenno pannn r.e.
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x ~ ~~ ~ ro sa
3 1
k

ce nonyuana cnennx nspas:
V.6.3. ;
x
x
2
3
k
1
3 1
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
= == =

E EE E
E EE E
H
1
K
1
X
1E EE E
H
2
K
2
X
2E EE E
H
1
K
1
X
1E EE E
H
2
K
2
X
2E EE E
H
0
K
0
X
0E EE E
2 kA
J
kA
J
2 kA 1 kA
J J

= == =
kA 2 kA 1 kA
J J J

= == = = == =
1 k
I
1 k
I
2 k
I
H
1
K
1
X
1E EE E
H
2
K
2
X
2E EE E
H
0
K
0
X
0E EE E
1 k
I
2 k
I
k
I
k
I
1 kA
J
2 k
I
) a . 1 . 5 . J . 0ue
) . 1 . 5 . J . 0ue ) e . 1 . 5 . J . 0ue
102
Cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr
E EE E
x npnema cronocrn n mnpox
nanason - or x

E EE E
npn semnn cennennx n xcn mpexn, saxpannann or momnn
rpanc]opmaropn, o
E EE E
x sa mpexn, n xonro nxma sasemenn snesnn nenrpone. B rosn
cnyua sa
3 1
k

ce nonyuana:
V.6.4.
2
3
k
3 1
< << < < << <

.
eyqasuo uzco czeuueuue
) 2 (
k .
3a ny]asno x.c. cornomennero
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
3 2
I
I
k = == =

ce ana c nspasa:
V.6.5.
( (( ( ) )) )
;
x
x
1
3
x x
x . 3
k
1
2 2 1
1
3 2
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =

E EE E
E EE E
B sanncnmocr or cornomennero mexy
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x u x -
3 2
k

ce namnpa n cnennx
nanason:
V.6.6. ;
2
3
k 3
3 2
> >> > > >> >

Hpn nnsxo x.c. o reneparop, n nauannnx momenr
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x ~ ~~ ~ , r xaro reneparopa
pearnpa cc cnox cnpxnpexoen peaxranc, xoero npecrannxna npanara nocneonarennocr r.e.
d 1 C
x x x ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = = == =
E EE E
, a oparnara nocneonarennocr e
d 2
x x ' '' ' ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~
E EE E
. B rosn cnyua ce nonyuana
onnara rpannna na nepanencrnoro V.6.6.. Hpn rpano x.c.
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x >> >> >> >> , reneparopr pearnpa
cc cnox cnnxponen peaxranc r.e. rona e npanara nocneonarennocr
d 1 C
x x x = == = = == =
E EE E
, a
oparnara nocneonarennocr e
d 2
x x ' '' ' ' '' ' ~ ~~ ~
E EE E
. Hsnecrno e, ue
d d
x x ' '' ' ' '' ' >> >> >> >> . Hpn rona ycnonne ce
nonyuana ropnara rpannna na nepanencrno V.6.6.
eyqasuo uzco czeuueuue czc se+a
) 1 , 1 (
k .
3a ny]asno x.c. cornomennero
) 3 (
k
) 1 , 1 (
k
3 1 , 1
I
I
k = == =

ce ana c nspasa:
V.6.8.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x . x x
x . x
1
x x
x . x
1 . 3
k
1 2
2
2
2
2
3 1 , 1
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +

= == =

Karo ce nma npenn, ue cnpornnnennero na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn
ca npnnnsnrenno pannn r.e.
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x ~ ~~ ~ n axo cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr
x

E EE E
, ro
3 1 , 1
k

ce crpemn xm 3 . Axo cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr

E EE E
x , ro
3 1 , 1
k

e c neonpeenenocr or rnna

. Pasxpnnanero na rasn neonpeenenocr
ana onnara rpannna na
3 1 , 1
k

.
103
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
2
3
x .
x
x
1
x
1
x
x
x
x
2 1
x
x
x
x
1
lim 3
x . x x
x . x
1
x x . x 2 x
x x . x x
lim 3
x . x x
x . x
1
x x
x . x
1 . 3
lim
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
X
1 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
X
1 2
2
2
2
2
X
2
2

= == =
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
== == == ==
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (

+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
-

E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
Cneonarenno,
V.6.8. ;
2
3
k 3
3 1 , 1
> >> > > >> >

Hamepennre cornomennx mexy roxonere npn pasnnunn necnmerpnunn x.c. n roxa
npn rpn]asno x.c. ca nannnn camo sa mxcroro na xcoro cennenne.
Or nonyuennre nspasn V.6.4., V.6.6. n V.6.8. , ce nnxa, ue npn +auuu cmouocmu ua
cznpomueueuue ua uyueeama nocueoeameuuocm
E EE E
x mouoeeme npu uecu+empuuuo u.c.
suauumeuuo uaeuuaeam cmouocmma ua moua npu mpuqasuo uzco czeuueuue. Kaxro e
nsnecrno cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na nynenara nocneonarennocr
E EE E
x sanncn or
xonnuecrnoro na sasemennre neyrpann n cncremara. Vnennuennero na pox na sasemennre
neyrpann na rpanc]opmaropnre non o namanxnane na cnpornnnenne na nynenara
nocneonarennocr
E EE E
x , a cneonarenno o napacrnane na roxonere npn necnmerpnunn x.c. n o
yrexnxnane ycnonnxra na paorara na npexcnaunre.
Cso1nomennn na seunn1e 1oxone npn enoqasno n nyqasno x.c.
3a a ce onpeenn cornomennero na semnnre roxone npn eno]asno n ny]asno x.c.
cc semx e neoxonmo a ce nscnena cornomennero:
V.6.9.
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
2
2
2 2 1
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2
1
A
2 1
A
2
2 ) 1 , 1 (
1 kA
) 1 (
1 kA
) 1 , 1 (
k
) 1 (
k
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
x . x x x . x
x . x x . x x . x
x x
x
x x
x . x
x j
E
3
) x x x ( j
E
3
x x
x
I 3
I 3
I 3
I 3
I
I
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ +
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +

+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +

= == = = == =
Hpn
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x = == = panencrno V.6.9. onna cnennx nn.
V.6.10.
k 2
k 2 1
x . x x 2
x . x 2 x
I
I
1
2
1
1
2
1
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
; xero
E EE E
E EE E
1
x
x
k = == =
Or panencrno V.6.10. morar a ce nanpanxr cnennre nsnon:
1.
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
I I = == = axo
E EE E E EE E 1
x x = == = .
2.
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
I I < << < axo
E EE E E EE E 1
x x > >> > .
3.
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
I . 5 , I = == = axo x
= == =
E EE E
.
4.
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
I I > >> > axo
E EE E E EE E 1
x x < << < .
5.
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
I 2 I = == = axo
E EE E
x .
104
V.7. Pasnpeenenne na 1oxone1e n nanpeaennn1a n 1exnn1e
nocneona1ennoc1n n enex1pnuecxa upeaa npn
necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn
Honyuennre n Hac1 V.6. nexropnn narpamn na roxonere n nanpexennxra n na rexnnre
nocneonarennocrn ca nannnn sa mxcroro na x.c.. 3a nacrpoxara na penennre samnrn n
pasnnunn nsmepnarennn n xomyrannonnn anaparn nnrepec npecrannxna onpeenxnero na
roxonere n nanpexennxra n mxcroro na rxxnoro nocranxne.
V.7.1. Bex1opnn narpaun na 1oxone1e n na 1exnn1e nocneona1ennoc1n n
enex1pnuecxa upeaa npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn.
3a onpeenxnero na roxonere n xnononere na enexrpnuecxa mpexa npn uecu+empu:uu
rcu ceouueuu e neoxonmo a ce namepxr roxonere c npana, oparna n nynena
nocneonarennocr, xonro npornuar npes cornernnx xnon. Moynnre na roxonere na
cornernnre nocneonarennocrn no xnonone ce pasnpeenxr crnacno xoe]nnnenrnre na
pasnpeenenne (nnx. Hac1 IV.). Koe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne sa nepnrnre na oparnara
n nynenara nocneonarennocrn ca nensmennn sa pasnnunnre necnmerpnunn x.c. n aena
rouxa, sa aen momenr. Tona ce nxn na ]axra, ue nepnrnre na oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocrn ca nnnenn n nacnnnn. Hpn onpeenxne na roxonere c npana
nocneonarennocr, rpxna a ce pxn cmerxa sa nxnmuennre reneparopn n ronapn n
cornernnx xnon.
3a onpeenxne na ]asonnre nsmecrnannx na roxonere c npana n oparna
nocneonarennocr rpxna a ce nma npenn n cxemara na cnpsnane na cnnonnre
rpanc]opmaropn. Ha mnr. V.7.1. e noxasano roxopasnpeenennero na cnnon rpanc]opmarop
c rpyna na cnpsnane 11 Y /

A AA A (ena or na-pasnpocrpanennre n EEC). Axo ce npneme ,ue
roxonere orxm nncoxara crpana ~B (I
A
, I
B
, I
C
) ca saaenn n xaro ce oruere rxxnara
nonoxnrenna nocoxa, noxasana na mnr. V.7.1., morar a ce onpeenxr roxonere orxm
nncxara crpana ~H.
V.7.1. ( (( ( ) )) ) . k
3
I I
w
w
I I I I I
B A Y
B A b a a

= == = = == = = == =
A AA A
A AA A A AA A
V.7.2. ( (( ( ) )) ) . k
3
I I
w
w
I I I I I
C B Y
C B c b b

= == = = == = = == =
A AA A
A AA A A AA A
V.7.3. ( (( ( ) )) ) . k
3
I I
w
w
I I I I I
A C Y
A C a c c

= == = = == = = == =
A AA A
A AA A A AA A
Kero
A AA A
w
w
3 k
Y
= == = e xoe]nnnenr na rpanc]opmannx
n npecrannxna ornomennero na nnnennre nanpexennx
npn npasen xo. C w e orenxsan pox na ]asonnre
nannnxn.
Toxa
a
I
nspasen upes cnmerpnunnre cn ccranxn nma

cnennx nn:
V.7.4.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
. k e . I e . I k
3
I a 1 I a 1
k
3
I I a I a I I I
w
w
I I I

3 j
2 A
3 j
1 A
2 A 1 A
2
A 2 A 1 A
2
A 2 A 1 A Y
B A a
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == = = == =

A AA A
Or ryx moxe a ce nanpann cnennx nsno: Aro cu.oe mpaucqop+amop u+a epvna ua
cepseaue "n" , mo morm omr+ cmpauama, cepsaua e mpue.uur, u+a c.eouu euo:
A
B
B. H.
I
a
I
b
I
c
I
A
I
B
I
C
I
cA AA A
I
bA AA A
I
aA AA A
C
. 1 . 7 . J . 0ue
105
V.7.5. . k e . I e . I I
n . 3 j
2 A
n . 3 j
1 A a

| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =

V.7.2. Bex1opnn narpaun na nanpeaennn1a n na 1exnn1e nocneona1ennoc1n n
enex1pnuecxa upeaa npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn.
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n na rexnnre nocneonarennocrn n mxcroro na
x.c. npn pasnnunn necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx ca aenn Hac1 V.6. 3a a ce namepn
norennnana na nocneonarennocrn sa pyra rouxa or cxemara e neoxonmo, xm
nanpexennero (norennnana) n rouxara na x.c. a ce oann naa na nanpexennero na
enemenrnre mexy nnrepecynamara nn rouxa n rouxara na x.c. cc cornernnx snax.
Hnrepecynamnxr nn na moxe a ce onpeenn, xaro ce nsnonsyna cxemara na cornernara
nocneonarennocr. Axo nar e na cnnon rpanc]opmarop, ro e neoxonmo a ce onpeenn
]asonoro nsmecrnane na nanpexennero c npana n oparna nocneonarennocr, xoero sanncn
or cxemara na cnpsnane. Taxa nanpnmep, onpeenxnero na ]asonnre nanpexennx na nncxara
crpana na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, xaro ce orunra naa na nanpexennero, crana c nspasnre:
V.7.6. .
k
1
3
J J
J
B A
a

= == =
V.7.7. .
k
1
3
J J
J
C B
b

= == =
V.7.8. .
k
1
3
J J
J
A C
c

= == =
Kero
C B A
J , J , J

ca ]asonnre nanpexennx na nncoxara crpana ~B, a
c b a
J , J , J

ca ]asonnre nanpexennx na nncxara crpana ~H na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop.
Hanpexennero
a
J
nspasen upes cnmerpnunnre cn ccranxn nma cnennx nn:

V.7.9. .
k
1
. e . J e . J J

3 j
2 A
3 j
1 A a
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =

Axo cnnon rpanc]opmarop nma rpyna na cnpsnane ~n , ro nanpexennero orxm
crpanara, cnpsana n rpnrnnnx, nma cnennx nn:
V.7.10. .
k
1
. e . J e . J J
n . 3 j
2 A
n . 3 j
1 A a

| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + = == =

Ha mnr. V.7.2. ca aenn nexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra, roxonere n na
rexnnre nocneonarennocrn sa npocra enexrpnuecxa nepnra n ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k .
Hanpereuuemo ua npaeama noc.eooeame.uocm ce vee.u:aea c npnnnxananero xm
reneparopa. Ha mnnnre nncoxo nanpexenne na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, nanpexennero n
roxa na npanara nocneonarennocr nmar cnennre cronocrn:
V.7.11.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x x j
J E
I
, I . jx J J
1 W 1 1 1 C
1 kA
1 WA
1 WA 1 W 1 kA 1 1A
+ ++ + + ++ +

= == =
+ ++ + = == =

E EE E
Ha mnnnre nncxo nanpexenne na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, cnpsan n rpnrnnnx,
(reneparopnara mnna) nanpexennero na npanara nocneonarennocr nma cnenara cronocr:
V.7.12. ( (( ( ) )) ) .
k
1
e . I . jx J J

3 j
1 WA 1 1 1 1A 1 CA

+ ++ + = == =
106
Hanpereuuemo ua oopamuama noc.eooeame.uocm ua+a.ea c npuo.uraeauemo r+
eeuepamopa. Ha mnnnre nncoxo nanpexenne na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, nanpexennero n roxa
na oparnara nocneonarennocr nmar cnennre cronocrn:
V.7.13.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x x j
J
I
, I . jx J J
2 W 2 1 2 C
2 kA
2 WA
2 WA 2 W 2 kA 2 1A
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
= == =

Ha mnnnre nncxo nanpexenne na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, cnpsan n rpnrnnnx,
(reneparopnara mnna) nanpexennero na oparnara nocneonarennocr nma cnenara
cronocr:
kA 2 kA 1 kA
J J J = == = = == =
V
kB
V
kC
0
1 kB
J
1 kC
J
kA
J
V
kB2
V
kC2
V
kB0
V
kC0
V
TA
V
TA1
V
TB1
V
TC1
V
TA2
V
TB2
V
TC2
V
TB0
V
TB
V
TC0
V
TC
V
TA0
V
GA2
V
GB2
V
GC2
V
GA2
V
GA1
V
GA
V
GB1
V
GB
V
GC2
V
GC1
V
GC
k
C
W
1H
J
1
J
1
) a . 2 . 7 . 0ue
) . 2 . 7 . 0ue
) . . 4 . 0ue
O OO O
1 kA
I
1 kB
I
1 kC
I
2 kB
I
2 kC
I
2 kB
I
2 kC
I
kC
I
kB
I
kB
I
kC
I
I
kA2
I
kA0
I
seu.
3.I
kA0
I
TB
I
TC
I
GB
I
GB2
I
GB1
I
GA
I
GA1
I
GA2
I
GC
I
GC1
I
GC2
) e . 2 . 7 . 0ue
I
seu.
3.I
kA0
107
V.7.14. ( (( ( ) )) ) .
k
1
e . I . jx J J

3 j
2 WA 2 1 2 1A 2 CA

= == =

Hanpereuuemo ua uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocm ua+a.ea c npnnnxananero xm
reneparopa. Ha mnnnre nncoxo nanpexenne na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop, nanpexennero n
roxa na nynenara nocneonarennocr nmar cnennre cronocrn:
V.7.15.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
J
I
, I . jx J J
W 1
kA
WA
WA W kA 1A
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =

Ha nncxara crpana na cnnonnx rpanc]opmarop (reneparopa) orccrnar nanpexennx n
roxone c nynena nocneonarennocr.
V.8. Enoxpa1na nansana necnue1pnn - 1oxone n nanpeaennn
Hao.ruama uecu+empu nsnnxna n enexrpnuecxa mpexa npn npexcnane na ena
( (( ( ) )) )
) 1 (
L nnn ne ( (( ( ) )) )
) 2 (
L ]asn, a raxa cmo npn nxnmunane nn ]asnre na pasnnunn no ronemnna
cnpornnnennx (necnmerpnunn ronapn). Ocuoeuume (ouume) ypaeueuua, onncnamn
necnmerpnunnre pexnmn c nanxna necnmerpnx, npn nsnonsynane na meroa na
cnmerpnunnre ccranxn, ca noonn na ocnonnnre (omnre) ypannennx, onncnamn pexnmnre c
nanpeuna necnmerpnx.. Pasnnxara mexy ocnonnnre (omnre) ypannennx e rasn, ue npn
nanxna necnmerpnx yuacrnynar naonere na nanpexennxra na cornernnre cnmerpnunn
ccranxn, mexy xpanmara na necnmerpnunnx yuacrx. Ocuoeuume (ouume) ypaeueuua
onncnamn necnmerpnunnre pexnmn c nanxna necnmerpnx nmar cnennx nn:
V.8.1. ; I . jx E J
1 LA 1 L 1 LA

E EE E E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.2. ; I . jx J
2 LA 2 L 2 LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.3. . I . jx J
LA L LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
Kero -
LA 2 LA 1 LA
J ; J ; J

A AA A A AA A A AA A ca cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na naonere na
nanpexennxra n ocoenara ]asa ( (( ( ) )) ) A , xero ce namnpa necnmerpnunnx
yuacrx na cncremara.
-
2 L 2 L 1 L
x ; x ; x
ca cymapnnre peaxrancn na cxemnre na cornernnre
nocneonarennocrn, ornocnrenno mxcroro na nanxnara necnmerpnx.
3a a crane cncremara ypannennx V.8.1., V.8.2., V.8.3. onpeenena, neocrnramnre rpn
ypannennx ce nonyuanar or rpannunnre ycnonnx sa xonxpernnx nn nanxna necnmerpnx.
V.8.1. Hpexscnane na ena qasa
) 1 (
L - mnr. V.8.1.
Ocuoeuume (oouume) vpaeueuu npn npexcnane na ena ]asa ca cnennre:
V.8.4. ; I . jx E J
) 1 (
1 LA 1 L
) 1 (
1 LA

E EE E E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.5. ; I . jx J
) 1 (
2 L
) 1 (
2 LA 2 LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.6. . I . jx J
) 1 (
L
) 1 (
LA LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
Ipauu:uume vc.oeu n mxcroro na npexcnane
na ]asara ca cnennre:
V.8.7. , I
) 1 (
LA
= == =
V.8.8. , J
) 1 (
LB
= == =
A AA A
V.8.9. . J
) 1 (
LC
= == =
A AA A
L L' '' '
LA
J
A AA A
LC
I
LA
I
LB
I
. 1 . 8 . J . 0ue
108
3a onpocrxnane na sannca, nnexcr onpeenxm necnmerpnxra no-nararx me ce
nsnycxa.
Or rpannunoro ycnonne V.8.7. moxe a ce sannmn cnenoro panencrno:
V.8.10. . I I I
LA 2 LA 1 LA
= == = + ++ + + ++ +

Karo ce nsnonsynar rpannunnre ycnonnx V.8.8. n V.8.9. ce nonyuana:
V.8.11.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
LA LC LB LA LA
LA LC LB
2
LA 2 LA
LA LC
2
LB LA 1 LA
J
3
1
J J J
3
1
J
; J
3
1
J . a J . a J
3
1
J
; J
3
1
J . a J . a J
3
1
J

A AA A A AA A A AA A A AA A A AA A
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Oennxnaxn V.8.11. ce nonyuana:
V.8.12. . J
3
1
J J J
LA LA 2 LA 1 LA

A AA A A AA A A AA A A AA A = == = = == = = == =
Or V.8.8. n V.8.9. orunraxn V.8.12. ce nonyuana:
V.8.13. .
jx
J
I
2 L
1 LA
2 LA
E EE E
A AA A

= == =
V.8.14. .
jx
J
I
L
1 LA
LA
E EE E
A AA A

= == =
Honaraxn V.8.13. n V.8.14. n V.8.10. r.e.
.
jx
J
jx
J
I I I I
L
1 LA
2 L
1 LA
1 LA LA 2 LA 1 LA
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +
E EE E E EE E
A AA A A AA A

ce nonyuana cnennxr nspas:
V.8.15. . I . jx
jx jx
jx . jx
I J
) 1 ( ) 1 (
L 2 L
L 2 L ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 LA L 1 LA 1 LA

A AA A
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
A AA A = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
Toxr na npanara nocneonarennocr ce nonyuana or panencrno V.8.4. xaro ce nseme no
nnnmanne n nspasa or panencrno V.8.15. r.e. (
) 1 (
1 LA
) 1 (
L
) 1 (
1 LA 1 L
) 1 (
I . jx I . jx E J
1 LA
A AA A E EE E E EE E
A AA A = == = = == =

).
V.8.16.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E
I
) 1 (
L 1 L
) 1 (
1 LA
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =

Honaraxn V.8.15. n V.8.13. n V.8.14. ce nonyuanar nspasnre sa roxonere c oparna n

nynena nocneonarennocrn:
V.8.17. . I
x x
x
I
) 1 (
L 2 L
L ) 1 (
1 LA 2 LA

E EE E E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
V.8.18. . I
x x
x
I
) 1 (
L 2 L
2 L ) 1 (
1 LA LA

E EE E E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
Toxonere n nenonpeennre ]asn, npecranenn upes cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na
ocoenara ]asa ( (( ( ) )) ) A ca cnennre:
V.8.19.
. I
x x
x . a x
a
I
x x
x
I
x x
x
. a I . a
I I . a I . a I
) 1 (
L 2 L
L 2 L 2
) 1 (
L 2 L
2 L ) 1 (
L 2 L
L ) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 (
1 LA
1 LA 1 LA 1 LA
LA 2 LA 1 LA LB

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ +

+ ++ +
= == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
109
V.8.20. . I
x x
x . a x
a I
) 1 (
L 2 L
L
2
2 L ) 1 (
1 LA LC

| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
Or panencrna V.8.12. n V.8.15. ce onpeenx naa na nanpexennero n mxcroro na
npexcnanero:
V.8.21. . jx . I 3
jx jx
jx . jx
I . 3 J
) 1 (
L
) 1 (
L 2 L
L 2 L ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 LA 1 LA LA
A AA A
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
A AA A

= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n roxonere sa npexcnane na ena ]asa
) 1 (
L ca
noxasann na mnr. V.8.2.. Axo ce npneme, ue npexcnanero e cranano n cxemara or mnr. V.9.1.,
ro norennnana n 1. L na ]asa A cnnaa c norennnana na mnna nncoxo nanpexenne na
rpanc]opmarop
1
1 . 3a a ce onpeenn nanpexennero n mxcroro na npexcnane (1. L mnr.
V.9.1.) sa ncxxa or ]asnre, e neoxonmo a ce nsuncnxr n cymnpar cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na
naonere nanpexenne or 1. A npnera, ue nma nynen norennnan, o 1. L . Hanpexennxra n rouxa
L' '' ' cmo ce nonyuanar upes cymnpane na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na nanpexennxra.
Honyuananero na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn n rouxa L' '' ' na ]asa A crana, xaro or cnmerpnunnre
ccranxn n 1. L na ]asa A ce nsnan naa nsuncnen c ]opmyna V.8.15. Bexropnara narpama
na roxonere ce crpon, xaro ce cymnpar cnmerpnunnre ccranxn sa ncxxa ]asa. 3a ]asa A
onpeenxnero na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na roxa crana upes ]opmynn V.8.16., V.8.17. n
V.8.18..
V.8.2. Hpexscnane na ne qasn
) 2 (
L - mnr. V.8.3.
Ocuoeuume (oouume) vpaeueuu npn npexcnane na ne ]asn ca cnennre:
V.8.22. ; I . jx E J
) 2 (
1 LA 1 L
) 2 (
1 LA

E EE E E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.23. ; I . jx J
) 2 (
2 L
) 2 (
2 LA 2 LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.24. . I . jx J
) 2 (
L
) 2 (
LA LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
Ipauu:uume vc.oeu n mxcroro na npexcnane
na ]asnre ca cnennre:
V.8.25. , I
) 2 (
LB
= == =
V.8.26. , I
) 2 (
LC
= == =
V.8.27. . J
) 2 (
LA
= == =
A AA A
L L' '' '
LB
J
A AA A
LC
I
LA
I
LB
I
. 3 . 8 . J . 0ue
LC
J
A AA A
L
I
L
V
A
V
A1
V
A2
V
A0
V
B2
V
B
V
B1
V
C2
V
C1
V
C2
V
C
V
C0
V
B2
V
B0
V
A
V
A1
V
A0
V
B2
V
B
V
B1
V
C2
V
C1
V
C2
V
C
V
C0
V
B2
V
B0
A AA AV
LA
N
A AA AV
LA1
V
A2
I
A1
I
A2
I
A0
I
B1
I
C1
I
B2
I
C2
I
C2
I
C0
I
C
I
B2
I
B0
I
B
. 2 . 8 . J . 0ue
110
Ha asa na rpannunnre ycnonnx V.8.25. n V.8.26. ce nonyuana cnenara sanncnmocr
mexy roxonere na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn n roxa n ocoenara ]asa:
V.8.28. . I
3
1
I I I
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
LA LA 2 LA 1 LA

= == = = == = = == =
Or ycnonne V.8.27. ce nonyuana:
V.8.29. . J J J
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
LA 2 LA 1 LA
= == = + ++ + + ++ +

Cymnpaxn ecnnre uacrn na ypannennx V.8.22. - V.8.24. n nsemaxn npenn
panencrno V.8.28. ce nonyuana nspas sa onpeenxne na roxa na npanara nocneonarennocr n
ocoenara ]asa:
V.8.30.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E
I
) 2 (
1 L
) 2 (
L
1 LA
A AA A
E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =

xero
L 2 L
) 2 (
L
x x x
E EE E E EE E A AA A
+ ++ + = == = .
Or V.8.28. xaro ce orunra V.8.30. sa roxa nn ]asa ( (( ( ) )) ) A ce nonyuana cnennx nspas:
V.8.31.
( (( ( ) )) )
.
x x j
E
3 I 3 I
) 2 (
1 L
) 2 ( ) 2 (
L
1 LA LA
A AA A
E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == = = == =

Cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na naonere na nanpexennxra n mxcroro na necnmerpnx ce
onpeenx, xaro ce nsnonsynar panencrnara V.8.23., V.8.24. n V.8.29.,
V.8.32. ; I . jx J
) 2 (
2 L
) 2 (
1 LA 2 LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.33. . I . jx J
) 2 (
1 LA L
) 2 (
LA

E EE E
A AA A = == =
V.8.34. ( (( ( ) )) ) . I . jx I . jx I . jx J J J
) 2 (
1 LA
) 2 (
L
) 2 (
1 LA L
) 2 (
2 L
) 2 (
LA
) 2 (
2 LA
) 2 (
1 LA
1 LA

A AA A E EE E E EE E
A AA A A AA A A AA A = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
Bexropnnre narpamn na nanpexennxra n roxonere sa npexcnane na ne ]asn
) 2 (
L ca
noxasann na mnr. V.8.4.. Axo ce npneme, ue npexcnanero e cranano n cxemara or mnr. V.9.1.,
ro norennnannre n 1. L na ]asn B n C cnnaa c norennnana na mnna nncoxo nanpexenne na
rpanc]opmarop
1
1 . 3a a ce onpeenn nanpexennero n mxcroro na npexcnane (1. L mnr.
V.9.1.) sa ncxxa or ]asnre, e neoxonmo a ce nsuncnxr n cymnpar cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na
naonere nanpexenne or 1. A npnera, ue nma nynen norennnan, o 1. L . Hanpexennxra n rouxa
L' '' ' cmo ce nonyuanar upes cymnpane na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na nanpexennxra.
Honyuananero na cnmerpnunnre ccranxn n rouxa L' '' ' na ]asa A crana, xaro or cnmerpnunnre
ccrannn n 1. L na ]asa A ce nsnan naa nsuncnen c ]opmynn V.8.32., V.8.33. n V.8.34
Bexropnara narpama na roxonere ce crpon, xaro ce cymnpar cnmerpnunnre ccranxn sa ncxxa
]asa. 3a ]asa A onpeenxnero na roxa crana upes ]opmyna V.8.31., a roxonere n ocranannre
]asn ca pannn na nyna, xoero nponsnnsa or rpannunnre ycnonnx.
L
I
V
A
V
A1
V
A0
V
B2
V
B
V
B1
V
C2
V
C1
V
C2
V
C
V
C0
V
B2
V
B0
A AA AV
LA1
L
V
A
V
A1
V
A2
V
B2
V
B
V
B1
V
C2
V
C1
V
C2
V
C
V
C0
V
B2
V
B0
N
V
A0
A AA AV
LA2
A AA AV
LA0
V
A2
I
A
I
A1
I
A2
I
A0
I
B2
I
C1
I
B1
I
C2
I
B2
I
C2
I
A0
. 4 . 8 . J . 0ue
111
V.8.3. Hecnue1pnn o1 nxnmunane na csnpo1nnnenne
Hpn ne enonpemenno pasrnapxne na xonraxrnre na npexcnaunre nnn npn nxnmunane
na necnmerpnuen ronap, nsnnxna pexnm, npn xoro n enara nnn nere ]asn na rpn]asna
cncrema ce nxnmunar pasnnunn cnpornnnennx ( (( ( ) )) ) Z .
- Br.m:eaue ua cnpomue.euue e eoua qasa - mnr. V.8.5.
Hpexcnanero na ena ]asa (rouxa V.8.1.) ce xnxna npeenen cnyua ( (( ( ) )) ) Z na
pexnm - nxnmunane na cnpornnnenne n ena ]asa. 3arona ryx camo nxxon or rpannunnre
ycnonnx sa npexcnane na ena ]asa ca pasnnunn r.e.:
V.8.35. , I . Z J
) 1 ( ) 1 (
LA LA

= == = A AA A
V.8.36. , J
) 1 (
LB
= == =
A AA A
V.8.37. . J
) 1 (
LC
= == =
A AA A
Or rpannunnre ycnonnx ce nsnexar cnennre sanncnmocrn:
V.8.38. . J
3
1
J J J
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
LA 1 LA
2 LA
1 LA

A AA A A AA A A AA A A AA A = == = = == = = == =
V.8.39. ( (( ( ) )) ) . J . 3 I I I . Z
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 LA LA 2 LA 1 LA

A AA A = == = + ++ + + ++ +
Axo ce nocrann n V.8.4. nspasa or V.8.39. n ce
onpeenxr or V.8.5. n V.8.6. roxonere
LA 2 LA
I ; I

, ro sa roxa
na npanara nocneonarennocr n ocoenara ]asa ce nonyuana
cnennx nspas:
V.8.40. .
Z jx
E
I
) 1 (
L 1 L
) 1 (
1 LA
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
Kero onnnnrennoro cnmerpnpamo cnpornnnenne e:
V.8.41. . jx // jx //
3
Z
Z
L 2 L
) 1 (
L E EE E E EE E A AA A

= == =
Bcnuxn ]opmynn, nonyuenn n rouxa V.8.1. ca nannnn n rosn cnyua, xaro ce samenn
) 1 (
L
x
A AA A
c
) 1 (
L
Z
A AA A
onpeeneno upes V.8.41..

- Br.m:eaue ua cnpomue.euue e oee qasu - 0ue. J.8..
Hpexcnanero na ne ]asn (rouxa V.8.2.) ce xnxna npeenen cnyua ( (( ( ) )) ) Z na
peru+ er.m:eaue ua cnpomue.euue e oee qasu. 3arona ryx camo nxxon or rpannunnre
ycnonnx sa npexcnane na ne ]asn ca pasnnunn r.e.:
V.8.42. , J
) 2 (
LA
= == =
A AA A
V.8.43. , I . Z J
) 2 ( ) 2 (
LB LB

= == = A AA A
V.8.44. . I . Z J
) 2 ( ) 2 (
LC LC

= == = A AA A
Axo ce sannmar rpannunnre ycnonnx sa cnmerpnunnre
ccranxmn sa ]asa ( (( ( ) )) ) A , ce nonyuanar cnennre nspasn:
V.8.42a. , J J J
) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA
) 2 (
LA 1 LA
= == = + ++ + + ++ +

V.8.43a. ( (( ( ) )) ) , I I . a I . a . Z J J . a J . a
) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA
) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA
) 2 ( 2
LA 1 LA LA 1 LA

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + A AA A A AA A A AA A
V.8.44a. ( (( ( ) )) ). I I . a I . a . Z J J . a J . a
) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA
2 ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA
2 ) 2 (
LA 1 LA LA 1 LA

+ ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + A AA A A AA A A AA A
Karo ce pemn ropnara cncrema ypannennx ornocnrenno cnmerpnunnre ccranxn, sa
naa na nanpexennero ce nonyuana:
. 5 . 8 . J . 0ue
L
L' '' '
LA
J
A AA A
LC
I
LA
I
LB
I
LB
J
A AA A
LC
I
LB
I
L L' '' '

LA
I
. . 8 . J . 0ue
LC
J
A AA A
Z
Z
112
V.8.45.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || |
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | . I I I I .
3
Z
J
, I I I I .
3
Z
J
, I I I I .
3
Z
J
) 2 (
LA
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
LA
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
1 LA
) 2 (
) 2 (
2 LA
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 2 (
2 LA 1 LA 2 LA 2 LA
1 LA 2 LA 1 LA
LA 1 LA LA LA

+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == =
A AA A
A AA A
A AA A
onnnnrennoro cnmerpnpamo cnpornnnenne e:
V.8.46. ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | Z // jx // Z jx // Z Z
L 2 L
) 2 (
L E EE E E EE E A AA A
+ ++ + = == =

Cne pemanane na cncremara ypannennx, nxnmunama ocnonnnre ypannennx n
rpannunnre ycnonnx sa roxonere n naonere c npana, oparna n nynena nocneonarennocr ce
nonyuanar cnennre nspasn:
V.8.47.
.
Z jx
Z
. I I
,
Z jx
Z
. I I
,
Z jx
E
I
) 2 (
L L
) 2 (
L ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
L 2 L
) 2 (
L ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
L 1 L
) 2 (
1 LA LA
1 LA 2 LA
1 LA
A AA A E EE E
A AA A
A AA A E EE E
A AA A
A AA A E EE E
E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) )
.
Z jx
jx . Z Z
. I J
,
Z jx
jx . Z Z
. I J
, Z . I J
) 2 (
L L
L
) 2 (
L ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
L 2 L
2 L
) 2 (
L ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 (
L
) 2 ( ) 2 (
1 LA LA
1 LA 2 LA
1 LA 1 LA
A AA A E EE E
E EE E A AA A
A AA A E EE E
E EE E A AA A
A AA A
A AA A
A AA A
A AA A

+ ++ +

= == =
+ ++ +

= == =
= == =
V.9. 3auec1namn cxeun na npana1a, opa1na1a n nynena1a
nocneona1ennoc1n n xounnexcnn sauec1namn cxeun sa
enoxpa1nn nansann necnue1pnn. Anropn1su sa
npecun1ane na enoxpa1nn nansann necnue1pnn.
3amecrnamnre cxemn na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn sa
enoxparnn nanxnn necnmerpnn ce ccranxr no naunna nsnoxen n Hac1 V.2.3..
Enncrnenara pasnnxa ce ccron n rona, ue n mxcroro na npexcnane ce nxnmunar e..n.
LA 2 LA 1 LA
J , J , J A AA A A AA A A AA A . Ha mnr. V.9.1. e noxasana npnnnnnnara cxema n samecrnamnre cxemn
na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn.
Or ) e . 1 . 9 . J . 0ue ce nnxa, ue nanpexennero na npanara nocneonarennocr n xpanmara
na necnmerpnunnx yuacrx (1. L n 1. L' '' ' ) ce pasnnuanar no ronemnna. Hanpexennxra c oparna
n nynena nocneonarennocr n 1. L n 1. L' '' ' ce pasnnuanar no ronemnna n snax.
Ha mnr.V.9.2. n mnr.V.9.3. ca noxasann uo+nueucuume sa+ecmeauu cxe+u sa
enoxparnn nanxnn necnmerpnn.
Karo ce nsnonsynar epauu:uume vc.oeu sa nperceaue ua eoua qasa (ypannennx
V.8.12.) n epauu:uume vc.oeu sa er.m:eaue ua cnpomue.euue e eoua qasa (ypannennx V.8.38.
n V.8.39.) morar a ar ccranenn rexnnre xomnnexcnnre samecrnamn cxemn mnr.V.9.2.. C
nynxrnp e noxasno pasnnunero mexy xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa nxnmunane na
cnpornnnenne n ena ]asa n xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa npexcnane na ena ]asa.
Hpn nsnonsynane na epauu:uume vc.oeu sa nperceaue ua oee qasu (ypannennx
V.8.28. n V.8.29.) n epauu:uume vc.oeu sa er.m:eaue ua cnpomue.euue e oee qasu
(ypannennx V.8.45.) morar a ar ccranenn rexnnre xomnnexcnnre samecrnamn cxemn
mnr.V.9.3.. C nynxrnp e noxasno pasnnunero mexy xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa
nxnmunane na cnpornnnenne n ne ]asn n xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa npexcnane na
ne ]asn.
113
1
Z
1
L' '' '
1
L
2
L
2
L' '' '
2
Z
Z

L
L' '' '

2 LA
I
1 LA
I
LA
I
3
Z
1
Z
1
L' '' '
1
L
2
L
2
L' '' '
2
Z
Z

L
L' '' '

2 LA
I
1 LA
I
LA
I
3
Z
3
Z
3
Z
. 2 . 9 . J . 0ue
. 3 . 9 . J . 0ue
C
2
1
W
B
1
1
A AA A A AA A
L L' '' '
1
L' '' '
1
L
1 LA
J
A AA A
C
x
1
1
x
2
1
x
B
x
W
x
C
E
1 LA
I
L' '' '
L
LA
J
A AA A
1
1
x
2
1
x
W
x
LA
I
A
2
L' '' '
2
L
2 LA
J
A AA A
C
x
1
1
x
2
1
x
B 2
x
W
x
2 LA
I
A
) e . 1 . 9 . J . 0ue
1 LA
J
A AA A
C
E
1
J
2
J
2 LA
J
A AA A
LA
J
A AA A
2
J
) a . 1 . 9 . J . 0ue
) . 1 . 9 . J . 0ue
) e . 1 . 9 . J . 0ue
114
Aueopumz+ sa npec+amaue ua euoupamuu uauzxuu uecu+empuu.
1. Ccranx ce samecrnamara cxema na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr
na nscnenanara cxema, a n mxcroro na npexcnane ce nxnmunar e..n.
LA 2 LA 1 LA
J , J , J A AA A A AA A A AA A .
2. Hpnnexar ce napamerpnre na enemenrnre or cornernnre samecrnamn cxemn na
npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr xm eno nnno na nanpexenne (onxnoneno
rona e nanpexennero n xoero e npexcnanero na ]asnre). Hpnnexanero na-uecro ce
nsnpmna n ornocnrennn ennnnn, npnnnsnrenno. Hpn rona e neoxonmo a ce orunrar
pasnnunnre napamerpn na npanara,oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr npn ccranxne na
cornernnre samecrnamn cxemn.
3. Onpeenxr ce cymapnnre cnpornnnennx na cxemnre c npana, oparna n nynena
nocneonarennocrn.
4. Hsuncnxna ce exnnnanenrnoro e..n. na cxemara c npana nocneonarennocr.
5. Toxr na npanara nocneonarennocr ce npecmxra no ]opmynara V.8.30. nnn V.8.40.
6. Karo ce nsnonsyna onpeenennx rox na npanara nocneonarennocr or 1.5. ce
onpeenxr cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na roxonere n naonere na nanpexennxra n mxcroro na
necnmerpnx.
7. Touxa ( A ) ce npnema sa rouxa c nynen norennnan. C nomomra na onpeenennre
roxone na nocneonarennocrnre ce nsuncnxnar norennnannre n rouxn
2 1
L u L , L .
8. Karo ce snaxr cnmerpnunnre ccranxn na roxa n naonere na nanpexennxra n
mxcroro na necnmerpnx, a cmo n nanpexennero n xpax na necnmerpnxra, ce onpeenxr n
rexnnre nenn nennunnn.
V.10. Hpnuepn
3aaua 1.
1.a) a ce nauepraxr samecrnamnre cxemn na npanara oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn sa
cxemara or mnr.1. n ce onpeenxr cornernnre exnnnanenrnn cnpornnnennx n xoe]nnnenrn na pasnpeenenne.
1.) a ce onpeenxr e]exrnnnnre cronocrn na nepnonunnre xomnonenrn na roxonere, npn
necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx eno]asno
) 1 (
k , ny]asno
) 2 (
k n ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k , xaro ce
nsnonsyna meroa na cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn.
1.n) a ce onpeenxr ronemnnnre na nexropnre na roxa n nanpexennero n mxcroro na nonpeara (Hac1
V.4.1. - mnr.4.2.a n mnr.4.2.), npn eno]asno x.c.
) 1 (
k
.
1.r) a ce onpeenxr ronemnnnre na nexropnre na roxa n nanpexennero n mxcroro na nonpeara (Hac1
V.4.3. - mnr.4.6.a n mnr.4.6.), npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
1.) a ce onpeenxr ronemnnnre na nexropnre na roxa n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn n xnononere, npn
ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
1.e) a ce onpeenxr ronemnnnre na ]asnnre roxone n ornocnrennn ennnnn n n kA] oranann or
renepa1op-G
1
, npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
aenara na mnr.1. cxema n ccranxmnre x enemenrn ca cmnre, xaxro na saaua N1 or Hac1 IV.
Ieneparop G
3
e nsxnmuen. Bcnuxn rpanc]opmaropn nmar cxema na cnpsnane A AA A/Y
0
, xaro snesara, xoxro e or
crpanara na nncoxoro nanpexenne e sasemena. Enexrponpononre ca es rpmosamnrnn nxera.
-Ienepa1op-G
1
-TBB-200-2; S
n.
235 MVA; U
n.
15,75 kV; x
d
0,19; ; x`
d
0,27; ; x
d
1,84.
-Ienepa1op-G
2
-TBu-60-2; S
n.
75 MVA; U
n.
6,3 kV; x
d
0,195; ; x`
d
0,282; ; x
d
1,84.
-Ienepa1op-G
3
-TBu-60-2; S
n.
75 MVA; U
n.
6,3 kV; x
d
0,195; ; x`
d
0,282; ; x
d
1,84.
-Tpancqopua1op-T
1
-S
n.
250 MVA; k
r.
15,75/242 ; U
k
12.
-Tpancqopua1op-T
2
-S
n.
90 MVA; k
r.
6,3/242 ; U
k
10,5.
-Tpancqopua1op-T
3
-S
n.
90 MVA; k
r.
6,3/242 ; U
k
10,5.
-Annnn-W
1
-l30 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
2
-l100 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
3
-l50 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
-Annnn-W
4
-l30 km; x
0
0,4 Okm.
Axo sa asona momnocr ce npneme
MJA 4 S
.
= == = n npnnexanero ce nsnpmn n
ornocnrennn ennnnn no npnnnsnrennnx mero,
1
C
2
C
1
1
2
1
1 . 0ue
4
W
1
W
2
W
3
W
3
1
3
C
) n (
k
A
B
C
115
ro cnpornnnennxra na npanara nocneonarennocr na enemenrnre, cnnaar cc cnpornnnennxra onpeenenn n
saaua N1 or Hac1 IV. B Tan.1. ca aenn cnpornnnennxra na npanara, oparnara n nynenara
nocneonarennocrn na enemenrnre yuacrnamn n samecrnamara cxema:
Tan.1.
G
1
G
2
T
1
T
2
T
3
W
1
W
2
W
3
W
4
x
1
0,3234 1,04 0,192 0,467 0,467 0,0907 0,3025 0,1512 0,0907
x
2
0,395 1,278 0,192 0,467 0,467 0,0907 0,3025 0,1512 0,0907
x
0
0,192 0,467 0,467 0,3175 1,058 0,529 0,3175
Fasonnxr rox sa nnno na nanpexenne n mxcroro na nonpeara e:
; kA 41 , 1
23 . 3
4
U . 3
S
I
. cp
= == = = == = = == =
Fasonnxr rox sa nnnoro na nanpexenne na reneparop G
1
- e:
; kA , 14
75 , 15 . 3
4
U . 3
S
I
. cp
= == = = == = = == =
Pemenne:
Pemenne na 1a)
Czcmaeaue ua sa+ecmeaua cxe+a ua npaeama nocueoeameuuocm, onpeeuaue ua eueueaueumuomo
cznpomueueuue, ua+upaue ua uoequuueumume ua pasnpeeueuue u e..u.
3amecrnamara cxema na npanara nocneonarennocr e cnenara (mnr.2.).
Hpeopasyna ce rpnrnnnxa n snesa.
84 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
1512 , . 325 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 W , 1 W , 1 W , 1
W , 1 W , 1
A , 1
3 2
3 2
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
54 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
97 , . 325 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 W , 1 W , 1 W , 1
4 W , 1 W , 1
B , 1
3 2
2
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
252 ,
97 , 1512 , 325 ,
97 , . 1512 ,
x x x
x . x
x
4 W , 1 W , 1 W , 1
4 W , 1 W , 1
C , 1
3 2
3
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
2
E ' '' ' ' '' ' 1
E ' '' ' ' '' '
1
C , 1
x
2
C , 1
x
k C . 2 . 0ue
1 k
J
A B
1
1 , 1
x
2
1 , 1
x
2
W , 1
x
1
W , 1
x
4
W , 1
x
3
W , 1
x
B , 1
x
A , 1
x
C , 1
x
k
A B
C
. 3 . 0ue
2
E
' '' ' ' '' ' 1
E
' '' ' ' '' '
1 k
J
1
C , 1
x
1
C , 1
x
2
C , 1
x
1
1 , 1
x
1
1 , 1
x
2
1 , 1
x
A , 1
x
1
W , 1
x
B , 1
x
C , 1
x
116
Onpeenx ce e..n. na reneparopnre n nnnnnyannnre nmneancn mnr.4.
. 1
3 ,
3 ,
U
U
E
; 1
75 , 15
75 , 15
U
U
E
, III
. u , C
) u ( 2
, II
. u , C
) u ( 1
2
1
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
- -- -
; 5994 , 84 , 192 , 3234 , x x x x
A , 1 1 , 1 C , 1 , I , 1
1 1
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E
. 481 , 1 54 , 97 , 47 , 4 , 1 x x x x x
B , 1 W , 1 1 , 1 C , 1 , II , 1
1 2 2
= == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + = == =
E EE E
Onpeenxr ce xoe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne, exnnnanenrnoro e..n. n cymapnoro cnpornnnenne.
. 4395 ,
481 , 1 5994 ,
481 , 1 . 5994 ,
x x
x . x
x
, II , 1 , I , 1
, II , 1 , I , 1
. eue , 1
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
Koe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne na npanara nocneonarennocr sa I
-nn
n II
-pn
xnon ca:
. 27 , C 1 C ; ,7333
5994 ,
4395 ,
x
x
C
I , 2 II , 2
I , 1
. eue , 1
I , 1
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
Exnnnanenrnoro e..n. n cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na nepnrara na npanara nocneonarennocr ca:
1 E . C E . C E
) u ( 2 2 ) u ( 1 1 . eue
= == = ' '' ' ' '' ' + ++ + ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- - - -- - - -- -
. 447 , 252 , 4395 , x x x
C . eue , 1 , 1
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
E EE E
Czcmaeaue ua sa+ecmeaua cxe+a ua opamuama nocueoeameuuocm u onpeeuaue ua
eueueaueumuomo cznpomueueuue.
Erannre na npeopasynane na samecrnamara cxema or mnr.6. ca noxasann na mnr.7., mnr.8. n mnr.9.
1
C , 2
x
2
C , 2
x
1
1 , 2
x
2
1 , 2
x
2
W , 2
x
1
W , 2
x
k C
A B
4
W , 2
x
3
W , 2
x
B , 2
x
A , 2
x
C , 2
x
2 k
J
. . 0ue
k
. 5 . 0ue
. eue
E ' '' ' ' '' '
O
C , 1
x
. eue , 1
x
1 k
J
k
C
. 4 . 0ue
2
E ' '' ' ' '' ' 1
E ' '' ' ' '' '
O
1 k
J
C , 1
x
E EE E I , 1
x
E EE E II , 1
x
uuou I
eu
uuou II
pu
uuou I
eu
1
C , 2
x
2
C , 2
x
1
1 , 2
x
2
1 , 2
x
A , 2
x
1
W , 2
x
B , 2
x
k
A B
C
2 k
J
C , 2
x
. 7 . 0ue
uuou I
eu
uuou II
pu
117
Cnpomue.euuma, no.v:euu ua comeemuume emanu om npeoopasveauemo ua ereuea.eumuama cxe+a
ua oopamuama noc.eooeame.uocm, u+am c.eouume cmouocmu.
A , 2
x
B , 2
x
C , 2
x
E EE E I , 2
x
E EE E II , 2
x
. eue , 2
x
E EE E , 2
x
0,084 0,0504 0,0252 0,671 1,8861 0,49493 0,52
Koe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne na oparnara nocneonarennocr sa I
-nn
n II
-pn
xnon ca:
224 , C 1 C ; ,737
71 ,
49493 ,
x
x
C
I , 2 II , 2
I , 2
. eue , 2
I , 2
= == = = == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
Czcmaeaue ua sa+ecmeaua cxe+a ua uyueeama nocueoeameuuocm u onpeeuaue ua eueueaueumuomo
cznpomueueuue.
Erannre na npeopasynane na samecrnamara cxema or mnr.10. ca noxasann na mnr.11., mnr.12. n mnr.13.
k C
O
2 k
J
C , 2
x
E EE E I , 2
x
E EE E II , 2
x
. 8 . 0ue
k
O
. eue , 2
x
. C , 2
x
2 k
J
. 9 . 0ue
k
C
A B
2
1 ,
x
1
1 ,
x
1
W ,
x
2
W ,
x
3
W ,
x
4
W ,
x
A ,
x
C ,
x
B ,
x
k
J
3 1 ,
x
. 1 . 0ue
1
1 ,
x
2
1 ,
x
1
W ,
x
A ,
x
k
A B
C
B ,
x
C ,
x
k
J
3 1 ,
x
. 11 . 0ue
k
C
O
k
J
3 1 ,
x
. 12 . 0ue
C ,
x
E EE E I ,
x
E EE E II ,
x
uuou I
eu
uuou II
pu
k
O
k
J
3 1 ,
x
C ,
x
. eue ,
x
. 13 . 0ue
uuou II u I
pu eu
uuou III
mu
118
Cnpomue.euuma, no.v:euu ua comeemuume emanu om npeoopasveauemo ua ereuea.eumuama cxe+a
ua uv.eeama noc.eooeame.uocm, u+am c.eouume cmouocmu.
A ,
x
B ,
x
C ,
x
E EE E I ,
x
E EE E II ,
x
. eue ,
x
E EE E ,
x
0,294 0,1764 0,0882 0,486 0,9609 0,3228 0,2186
Koe]nnnenrnre na pasnpeenenne na nynenara nocneonarennocr sa I
-nn
, II
-pn
n III
-1n
xnon ca:
; 5319 ,
411 ,
218 ,
882 , 3228 ,
218 ,
x x
x
C
C , . eue ,
II ; I ,
= == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E
; 481 ,
47 ,
218 ,
x
x
C
3 1 ,
III ,
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
; 3532 , 5319 , .
48 ,
3228 ,
C
x
x
C
II ; I ,
I ,
. eue ,
I ,
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
; 1787 , 5319 , .
99 ,
3228 ,
C
x
x
C
II ; I ,
II ,
. eue ,
II ,
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
Peueuue ua 1)
Onpeennne na eqex1nnnn1e c1onnoc1n na nepnonunn1e xounonen1n na 1oxone1e, npn
pasnnunn1e nnone necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn.
Fasncnnxr rox sa nnnoro na nanpexenne n mxcroro na x.c. e kA 41 , 1 I
= == = .
-Toroee npu mpuqasuo r.c. (
) 3 (
k ).
Torm ua r.c. e omuocume.uu eouuuu.
152 , 2
447 ,
1
x
E
I I
, 1
. eue
1 A k
= == = = == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
- -- - - -- -
E EE E
Torm ua r.c. e u+euoeauu eouuuu.
kA 11 , 2 41 , 1 . 152 , 2 I . I I
k k
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
-Toroee npu eouoqasuo r.c.cc se+ (
) 1 (
k ).
Toxr na npanara nocneonarennocr n ocoenara ]asa.
831 ,
233 , 1
1
218 , 52 , 447 ,
1
x x x
E
x x
E
I
, , 2 , 1
. eue
) 1 (
, 1
. eue
1 A
= == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
A AA A E EE E
E]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa n mxcroro na nonpeara n ornocnrennn ennnnn.
493 , 2 831 , . 3 I . m I
1 A
) 1 (
A
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- - - -- -
E]exrnnnara cronocr na roxa n mxcroro na nonpeara n nmenonann ennnnn.
kA 5 , 2 41 , 1 . 493 , 2 I . I I
A k
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
-Toroee npu oevqasuo r.c. (
) 2 (
k ).
155 , 1
9847 ,
1
52 , 447 ,
1
x x
E
x x
E
I
, 2 , 1
. eue
) 2 (
, 1
. eue
1 A
= == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
E EE E E EE E
A AA A E EE E
759 , 1 155 , 1 . 3 I . m I
1 A
) 2 (
A
= == = = == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- - - -- -
kA 7 , 1 41 , 1 . 759 , 1 I . I I
A k
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
-Toroee npu oevqasuo r.c.cc se+ (
) 1 , 1 (
k ).
119
. 15 , 1
18 ,
1
1539 , 447 ,
1
218 , 52 ,
218 , . 52 ,
447 ,
1
x x
x . x
x
E
x x
E
I
, , 2
, , 2
, 1
. eue
) 1 , 1 (
, 1
. eue
1 A
= == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
A AA A E EE E
Tpn]asnnxr mynr nma cnenara ronemnna:
1539 ,
218 , 52 ,
218 , . 52 ,
x x
x . x
x
, , 2
, , 2 ) 1 , 1 (
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
A AA A
( (( ( ) )) )
491 , 2 15 , 1 . 792 , . 3 I .
x x
x . x
1 . 3 I . m I
1 A
2
, , 2
, , 2
1 A
) 1 , 1 (
A
= == = = == =
+ ++ +
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- - - -- - - -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
kA 5 , 2 41 , 1 . 491 , 2 I . I I
A k
= == = = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
- -- -
Peueuue ua 1e)
B Hac1 V.4.1. ca aenn sanncnmocrnre sa onpeenxne na nexropnre na roxa n nanpexennero na npanara,
oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn n mxcroro na nonpeara, npn eno]asno x.c.
) 1 (
k
.
Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn n roxa nn ]asnre n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
3a ]asa A`:
. 831 , I I I
A 2 A 1 A
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -

. 493 , 2 I . 3 I
1 A kA
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

3a ]asa B`:
. 24 831 , I a I

1 A
2
1 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 12 831 , I a I

2 A 2 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. I I I I
B 2 B 1 B kB - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =

. I
kB
= == =
- -- -
3a ]asa C`:
. 12 831 , I a I

1 A 1 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 24 831 , I a I

2 A
2
2 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. I I I I
C 2 C 1 C kC - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =

. I
kC
= == =
- -- -
Torm npes se+ma e.

. 493 , 2 I . 3 I I
1 A kA . se+
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

C raxa nonyuennre nexropn na roxa n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn, moxe a ce nocrpon nexropnara
narpama or mnr.4.2.).
Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na nanpexennxra n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
3a ]asa A`:
; j 138 , 738 , . 831 , j jx . I J
) 1 (
1 A 1 A
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - A AA A

; j 4321 , 52 , . 831 , j jx . I J
, 2 1 A 2 A
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - E EE E
; j 1817 , 218 , . 831 , j jx . I J

, 1 A A
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - E EE E
. J J J J
kA 2 kA 1 kA kA
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

Karo ce nsnonsynar ]opmynn V.4.14. n V.4.15. sa nanpexennxra nn ]asa B` n C` ce nonyuana:
3a ]asa B`:
; 33 138 , J a J

1 A
2
1 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

120
; 3 4321 , J a J

2 A 2 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 9 1817 , J J

A B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | ( (( ( ) )) )

1 A

1 A ,
2
, 2
2
1 A uB
2 , 343 945 , 2 , 343 I . 57 , . 3
21 218 , 9 52 , I 3 j x 1 a x a a j . I J
Z ZZ Z = == = Z ZZ Z = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z + ++ + Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- -
- -- - - -- - - -- -

E EE E E EE E
3a ]asa C`:
; 21 138 , J a J

1 A 1 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 15 4321 , J a J

2 A
2
2 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 9 1817 , J J

A C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) | || | | || | ( (( ( ) )) )
. 74 , 19 945 , 74 , 19 I . 57 , . 3
15 218 , 9 52 , I 3 j x 1 a x a a j . I J

1 A

1 A , , 2
2
1 A uC
Z ZZ Z = == = Z ZZ Z = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z + ++ + Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- -
- -- - - -- - - -- -

E EE E E EE E
C raxa nonyuennre nexropn na nanpexennero n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn, moxe a ce nocrpon
nexropnara narpama or mnr.4.2.a).
Peueuue ua 1e)
B uacr V.4.3. ca aenn sanncnmocrnre sa onpeenxne na nexropnre na roxa n nanpexennero na npanara,
oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn n mxcroro na nonpeara, npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn n roxa nn ]asnre n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
3a ]asa A`:
. 1 , 1
18 ,
1
x x
x . x
x
E
x x
E
I
, , 2
, , 2
, 1
. eue
) 1 , 1 (
, 1
. eue
1 A
= == = = == =
+ ++ +
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- - - -- -
- -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
A AA A E EE E

; 4785 ,
218 , 52 ,
218 ,
1 , 1
x x
x
I I
, 2 ,
,
1 A 2 A
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- -- - - -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E

; 1381 , 1
218 , 52 ,
52 ,
1 , 1
x x
x
I I
, 2 ,
, 2
1 A A
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
- -- - - -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E

. I I I I
A 2 A 1 A kA
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

3a ]asa B`:
. 24 1 , 1 I a I

1 A
2
1 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 12 4785 , I a I

2 A 2 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 1381 , 1 I I
A B
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 7 , 22 491 , 2 772 , 1 j 8144 , 1
1381 , 1 12 4785 , 24 1 , 1 I I I I

B 2 B 1 B kB
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

3a ]asa C`:
. 12 1 , 1 I a I

1 A 1 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 24 4785 , I a I

2 A
2
2 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 1381 , 1 I I
A C
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 3 , 133 491 , 2 772 , 1 j 8144 , 1
1381 , 1 24 4785 , 12 1 , 1 I I I I

C 2 C 1 C kC
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

Torm npes se+ma e.
. 4143 , 3 1381 , 1 . 3 I . 3 I
A . se+
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -

C raxa nonyuennre nexropn na roxa n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn, moxe a ce nocrpon nexropnara
narpama or mnr.4.6.).
121
Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn na nanpexennxra n mxcroro na x.c. ca:
3a ]asa A`:
; 9 2488 , j 2488 , j 1539 , . 1 , 1
x x
x . x
j . I jx . I J J J
, , 2
, , 2
1 A
) 1 , 1 (
1 A A 2 A 1 A
Z ZZ Z = == = = == = = == =
= == =
+ ++ +
= == = = == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -
E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E
A AA A

. 9 744 , J . 3 J

1 A kA
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

3a ]asa B`:
; 33 2488 , J . a J

1 A
2
1 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 21 2488 , J . a J

2 A 2 B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 9 2488 , J J

A B
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. J J J J
B 2 B 1 B kB
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

3a ]asa C`:
; 21 2488 , J . a J

1 A 1 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 33 2488 , J . a J

2 A
2
2 C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 9 2488 , J J

A C
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. J J J J
C 2 C 1 C kC
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

C raxa nonyuennre nexropn na nanpexennero n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn, moxe a ce nocrpon
nexropnara narpama or mnr.4.6.a).
1.) Onpeenxne ronemnnnre na nexropnre na roxa n cnmerpnunnre my ccranxn n xnon I, xnon II n xnon
III npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
3aryara na nanpexenne na npanara nocneonarennocr n ornocnrennn ennnnn o rouxa O or mnr.4. e:
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
. 2895 ,
18 ,
1791 ,
252 , 1539 ,
1539 , 447 ,
1
x x .
x x
E
U
C , 1
) 1 , 1 (
) 1 , 1 (
, 1
. eue
1 A , O
= == = = == =
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ +
= == = + ++ +
+ ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- -
- -- - A AA A
A AA A E EE E
Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn n roxa n xnon I n xnon II.

3a qasa :A':
Toxonere na npanara nocneonarennocr no xnonone ca:
1854. , 1
5994 ,
715 ,
5994 ,
2895 , 1
x
U E
I
I , 1
1 A , O 1
1 A , I
= == = = == =

= == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
4311. ,
481 , 1
715 ,
481 , 1
2895 , 1
x
U E
I
II , 1
1 A , O 2
1 A , II
= == = = == =

= == =
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
- -- -
- -- -
E EE E
Toxr na npanara nocneonarennocr n mxcroro na nonpeara cnnaa c nsuncnennx n rouxa 1.) n 1.r).
. 15 , 1 43112 , 185352 , 1 I I I
1 A , II 1 A , II 1 A
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -

Toxonere na oparnara nocneonarennocr no xnonone ce nonyuanar, xaro ce nsnonsynar xoe]nnnenrnre
na pasnpeenenne, onpeenenn n 1.a) n roxa na oparnara nocneonarennocr, nsuncnen n 1.r). Te ca:
359. , 4785 , . 7333 , I . C I
2 A I , 2 2 A , I
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
127. , 4785 , . 27 , I . C I
2 A II , 2 2 A , II
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -
Toxonere na nynenara nocneonarennocr no xnonone ce nonyuanar, xaro ce nsnonsynar xoe]nnnenrnre na
pasnpeenenne, onpeenenn n 1.a) n roxa na oparnara nocneonarennocr, nsuncnen n 1.r). Te ca:
; 42 , 1381 , 1 . 3532 , I . C I
A I , A , I
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 234 , 1381 , 1 . 1787 , I . C I
A II , A , II
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

. 532 , 1381 , 1 . 481 , I . C I
A III , A , III
= == = = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

Ionemnnara na nexropnre na roxa n xnon I, xnon II n xnon III ca:.
122
; 4325 , 42 , 359 , 1854 , 1 I I I I
A , I 2 A , I 1 A , I kA , I
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

; 11 , 2342 , 1272 , 4311 , I I I I
A , II 2 A , II 1 A , II kA , II
= == = = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

. 532 , I I
A III kA , III
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

Axo ce cepar roxonere n xnononere ce nnxa, ue rxxnara cyma e panna na nyna. Tona cnena n or
rpannunnre ycnonnx r.e. roxr nn ]asa :A' e panen na nyna.
3a qasa :B'.
; 24 1854 , 1 I . a I

1 A , I
2
1 B , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 24 4311 , I . a I

1 A , II
2
1 B , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 12 359 , I . a I

2 A , I 2 B , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 12 127 , I . a I

2 A , II 2 B , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 42 , I I
A , I B , I
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 234 , I I
A , II B , II
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 532 , I I
A , III B , III
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

Ionemnnnre na nexropnre na roxa n xnon I, xnon II n xnon III ca:.
; 38 , 238 525 , 1 81925 , j 335 , 1
42 , 17545 , j 339 , 5927 , j 2 , 1
42 , 12 359 , 24 1854 , 1 I I I I

B , I 2 B , I 1 B , I kB , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

. 71 , 233 , 3552 , j 4838 ,
234 , 38 , j 115 , 215 , j 3733 ,
234 , 12 1272 , 24 4311 , I I I I

B , II 2 B , II 1 B , II kB , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

. 532 , I I
B III kB , III
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

3a qasa :C'.
; 12 1854 , 1 I . a I

1 A , I 1 C , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 12 4311 , I . a I

1 A , II 1 C , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 24 359 , I . a I

2 A , I
2
2 C , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 24 127 , I . a I

2 A , II
2
2 C , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 42 , I I
A , I C , I
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 234 , I I
A , II C , II
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 532 , I I
A , III C , III
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

; 2 , 121 525 , 1 81925 , j 335 , 1
42 , 17545 , j 339 , 5927 , j 2 , 1
42 , 24 359 , 12 1854 , 1 I I I I

C , I 2 C , I 1 C , I kC , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

. 3 , 12 , 3552 , j 4838 ,
234 , 38 , j 115 , 215 , j 3733 ,
234 , 24 1272 , 12 4311 , I I I I

C , II 2 C , II 1 C , II kC , II
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- - - -- -

. 532 , I I
C III kC , III
= == = = == =
- -- - - -- -

Axo ce cepar roxonere no xnonone sa ncxxa orenna ]asa (A`, B` n C`) ce nonyuanar ronemnnnre na
nexropnre na ]asnnre roxone n mxcroro na nonpeara. Honyuennre n rosn cnyua cronocrn cnnaar c
pesynrarnre nsuncnenn n rouxa 1.r).
123
1.e) Onpeenxne ronemnnnre na ]asnnre roxone n ornocnrennn ennnnn n n kA] oranann or reneparop-
G
1
, npn ny]asno x.c. cc semx
) 1 , 1 (
k
.
Ieneparop G
1
saxpanna I
nn
xnon. Hpn npemnnananero na roxa na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn npes
rpanc]opmarop cnpsan n cxema A/Y
0
, crana sanprane na nexropnre na resn nocneonarennocrn (Hac1 V.7.).
3a qasa :A'.
Bexropr na roxa n o.e.:
. 75 , 4 547 , 1 7227 , j 7815 , 339 , j 17545 , 2 , 1 j 5927 ,
3 359 , 3 1854 , 1 3 I 3 I I

2 A , I
1 A , I kA , I
Z ZZ Z = == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
= == = Z ZZ Z Z ZZ Z = == = Z ZZ Z + ++ + Z ZZ Z = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -

Toxr n kA] e:
. kA 4 , 15 , 14 . 547 , 1 I . I I
1 C , kA , I kA , I
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
3a qasa :B'.
. 9 533 , 1 j 359 , j 1854 , 1
9 359 , 27 1854 , 1 3 I 3 I I

2 B , I
1 B , I kB , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -

Toxr n kA] e:
; kA 52 , 22 , 14 . 533 , 1 I . I I
1 C , kB , I kB , I
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
3a qasa :C'.
. 25 , 133 547 , 1 7227 , j 7815 , 339 , j 17545 , 2 , 1 j 5927 ,
21 359 , 15 1854 , 1 3 I 3 I I

2 C , I
1 C , I kC , I
Z ZZ Z = == = = == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
- -- - - -- - - -- -

Toxr n kA] e:
; kA 52 , 22 , 14 . 533 , 1 I . I I
1 C , kC , I kC , I
= == = = == = = == =
- -- -
Cymara na nexropnre na roxa or ]asn :A', :B' n :C' e panna na nyna. Haronapnanero no ]asn e pasnnuno.
V.11. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa:
1. Kaxnn xapmonnnn ce noxnxnar n craropa npn necnmerpnuno x.c. or roxone c ocnonna uecrora n craropa?
2. Kaxnn xapmonnnn ce noxnxnar n poropa npn necnmerpnuno x.c. or roxone c ocnonna uecrora n craropa?
3. Kaxnn xapmonnnn ce noxnxnar n craropa npn necnmerpnuno x.c. or anepnonunn roxone n craropa?
4. Kaxnn xapmonnnn ce noxnxnar n poropa npn necnmerpnuno x.c. or anepnonunn roxone n craropa?
5. B xox cnnxponna mamnna ca no cnnno nspasenn nncmnre xapmonnnn npn necnmerpnuno x.c.?
a) TI ) XI
6. Hannmere ocnonnnre (omnre) ypannennx npn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx.
7. B ocnonnnre (omnre) ypannennx npn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx yuacrnynar mecr
nensnecrnn (roxonere n nanpexennxra na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr). Kax ce onpeenxr
neocrnramnre ypannennx npn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunnre xcn cennennx?
8. Kaxno onpeenx pox na xonrypnre n samecrnama cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr?
9. Moxe nn a ce oennxr nauanara na renepnpamnre xnonone c xpanmara na ronapnre npn ccranxne na cxemara
sa oparna nocneonarennocr sa necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx?
a) a )ne
10. Moxe nn a ce oennxr xpanmara na ronapnre c rouxara na x.c. npn ccranxne na samecrnamara cxema na
npanara nocneonarennocr sa necnmerpnuno xco cennenne?
a) a )ne
11. C xox samecrnamara cxema cnnaa samecrnamara cxema na npanara nocneonarennocr na necnmerpnuno xco:
a) rpn]asno x.c.;
) nopmanen pexnm;
n) na a) n )
12. B xon cnyuan nnnoro cnpornnnenne (nmneanca) na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr ca
pannn ( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z Z

= == = = == = ?
a) npn nenonnxna marnnrna cncrema;
) es marnnrnn npsxn;
n) npn nsmenxma ce nn npemero marnnrna cncrema.
13. B xon cnyuan nnnoro cnpornnnenne (nmneanca) na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocr ca pannn
( (( ( ) )) )
2 1
Z Z Z = == = = == = ?
124
a) npn nenonnxna marnnrna cncrema;
) es marnnrnn npsxn;
n) npn nsmenxma ce nn npemero marnnrna cncrema.
14. Kon xapmonnnn ce orunra n exnnnanenrnnre ]opmynn sa onpeenxne na nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne
(peaxranca) na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop?
a)
2
x x
x
q d
2
+ ++ + ' '' '
= == = )
x x
x x 2
x
d
q d
2
+ ++ + ' '' '
' '' '
= == = n)
q d 2
x x x ' '' ' = == =
15. Kon xapmonnnn ce orunra n peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop, saaen c
]opmynara?
x x
x x 2
x
d
q d
2
+ ++ + ' '' '
' '' '
= == =
16. Kon xapmonnnn ce orunra n peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop, saaen c
]opmynara?
q d 2
x x x ' '' ' = == =
17. Hannmere xon peaxrancn ce nxnmunar npn onpeenxne na cnpornnnennero na oparnara nocneonarennocr na
cnnxponen reneparop es ycnoxonrennn namorxn
q q q d d d
x , x , x , x , x , x ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' .
18. Hannmere xon peaxrancn ce nxnmunar npn onpeenxne na cnpornnnennero na oparnara nocneonarennocr na
cnnxponen reneparop c ycnoxonrennn namorxn
q q q d d d
x , x , x , x , x , x ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' ' '' ' .
19. Koe or ycnonnxra sa peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop es ycnoxonrennn
namorxn e nxpno?
a) . x x
d 2
' '' ' > >> > ; ) . x x
d 2
' '' ' < << < ; n) . x x
d 2
' '' ' ' '' ' > >> >
20. Koe or ycnonnxra sa peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop c ycnoxonrennn
namorxn e nxpno?
a) . x x
d 2
' '' ' ' '' ' > >> > ; ) . x x
d 2
' '' ' ' '' ' < << <
21. Koe or ycnonnxra sa axrnnnoro cnpornnnennero na oparnara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop e
nxpno?
a) . r r
1 2
> >> > ; ) . r r
1 2
< << <
22. Koe or ycnonnxra sa axrnnnoro cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop e
nxpno?
a) . r r
1
> >> > ; ) . r r
1
< << < ; n) . r r
1
= == =
23. Koe or ycnonnxra sa peaxranca na nynenara nocneonarennocr na cnnxponen reneparop e nxpno?
a) . x x
d
' '' ' > >> > ; ) . x x
d
' '' ' < << <
24. Ha xonxo e panen peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr
2
x na cnnon rpanc]opmarop?
25. Hnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnennero na nynenara nocneonarennocr
x na cnnon rpanc]opmarop sanncn or:

a) cxemara na cnpsnane na namorxnre n sasemxnanero;
) cxemara na cnpsnane na namorxnre n xoncrpyxnnxra;
n) xoncrpyxnnxra, cxemara na cnpsnane na namorxnre n sasemxnanero.
26. Haueprare samecrnamara cxema na nynenara nocneonarennocr sa rpanc]opmarop, na xoro xm npnnunara
namorxa (B.) e noaeno nanpexenne c nynena nocneonarennocr.
3I
,H.
3I
,B.
I
,B.
I
,H.
B. H.
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H.
125

x na nsymnn nnnnn e na-ronxmo axo :
a) nxma sasemnrennn nxera;
) nma sasemnrenno nxe.
x na nsymnn nnnnn ce onpeenx or :

a) camonnyxnnxra na nnnnxra (npononnx-semx)
) nsanmnara nnyxnnx c pyrnre ]asn;
n) n or a) n or );
31. Ho-ronxm nn e peaxranca na nynenara nocneonarennocr or peaxranca na npanara nocneonarennocr npn
nsymna nnnnx?
a) a ) ne
32. Peaxranca na nynenara nocneonarennocr
x na acnnxponen nnraren sanncn or:

a) xparnocrra na nycxonnx rox;
) rnna n xoncrpyxnnxra na acnnxponnnx nnraren.
33. Peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr
2
x na acnnxponen nnraren sanncn or:
a) xparnocrra na nycxonnx rox;
) rnna n xoncrpyxnnxra na acnnxponnnx nnraren.
34. Ha xonxo e panen peaxranca na oparnara nocneonarennocr
2
x na acnnxponen nnraren, axo xparnocrra na
nycxonnx rox e 2 k
H
= == = .
35. Hannmere ocuoeuume (oouume) vpaeueuu npn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx.
36. Ocnonnnre (oouume) vpaeueuu ca mpu ua opo. Hpn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx
yuacrnynar mecr nensnecrnn (roxonere n nanpexennxra na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocr). Kax
ce onpeenxr neocrnramnre ypannennx npn nsuncnxnane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx?
37. 3annmere nnnara cncrema ypannennx, c xonro ce onpeenxr roxonere n nanpexennxra npn eno]asno x.c. xm
semx
) 1 (
k ?
38. 3annmere nnnara cncrema ypannennx, c xonro ce onpeenxr roxonere n nanpexennxra npn ny]asno x.c. xm
semx
) 1 , 1 (
k ?
39. 3annmere nnnara cncrema ypannennx, c xonro ce onpeenxr roxonere n nanpexennxra npn ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k ?
40. Hannmere ooueuama qop+yua sa onpeenxne na moua ua npaeama nocueoeameuuocm n ocoenara ]asa
npn ncnuxn nnone necnmerpnunn x.c.
41. Tpn]asnnxr cnmerpnuen mynr cnyxn sa cnmerpnpane na necnmerpnunn xcn cennennx, npn xoero
nsuncnennxr rox npecrannxna :
a) roxr na necnmerpnunoro x.c.;
) npanara nocneonarennocr na roxa na necnmerpnunoro x.c.;
42. Hannmere ooueuama qop+yua sa onpeoe.ue ua moua ua u.c. n ocoenara ]asa npn ncnuxn nnone
necnmerpnunn x.c.
43. Kaxna e ]opmynara na rpn]asnnx cnmerpnuen mynr
) n (
x
A AA A
sa ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k ?
) n (
x
A AA A
sa ny]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 , 1 (
k ?
) n (
x
A AA A
sa eno]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 (
k ?
46. Ha xonxo e panen xoe]nnnenra na nponopnnonannocr
) n (
m or ]opmynara sa onpeenxne na roxa na x.c.
) n (
1 kA
) m ( ) n (
k
I . m I = == = sa ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k ?
) n (
) n (
1 kA
) m ( ) n (
k
I . m I = == = sa ny]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 , 1 (
k ?
) n (
) n (
1 kA
) m ( ) n (
k
I . m I = == = sa eno]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 (
k ?
3I
,B.
I
,B.
B. H.
126
) n (
) n (
1 kA
) m ( ) n (
k
I . m I = == = sa rpn]asno x.c.
) 3 (
k ?
50. Haueprare xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k .
51. Haueprare xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa ny]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 , 1 (
k .
52. Haueprare xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema sa eno]asno x.c. xm semx
) 1 (
k .
53. Hpn ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k n nnsocr o reneparop -
) 3 (
k 3 2
) 2 (
k
I k I

= == = xero
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
2 1
1
3 2
x x
x . 3
k
+ ++ +
= == =

. Kaxno e
cornomennero mexy roxa. npn ny]asno n rpn]asno x.c. n nauannnx momenr, oxaro ecrnynar cnpx
npexonnre xonrypn na cnnxponnara mamnna?
a)
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I > >> > ; )
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I < << < ; n)
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I = == = .
54. Hpn ny]asno x.c.
) 2 (
k n nnsocr o reneparop -
) 3 (
k 3 2
) 2 (
k
I k I

= == = xero
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
2 1
1
3 2
x x
x . 3
k
+ ++ +
= == =

. Kaxno e
cornomennero mexy roxa npn ny]asno n rpn]asno rpano x.c?
a)
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I > >> > ; )
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I < << < ; n)
) 3 (
k
) 2 (
k
I I = == = .
55. Kaxno e cornomennero mexy roxa npn eno]asno n rpn]asno x.c. npn xcn mpexn saxpannann or momnn
rpanc]opmaropn cc sasemena neyrpana? Axo e nsnecrno, ue sa eno]asno x.c.
) 1 (
k (
) 3 (
k 3 1
) 1 (
k
I k I

= == = ), xero
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
1
1
3 1
x x 2
x . 3
k
+ ++ +
= == =

, a cnpornnnennero na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn ca pannn r.e.
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x ~ ~~ ~
a)
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I > >> > ; )
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I < << < ; n)
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I = == = .
56. Kaxno e cornomennero mexy roxa npn eno]asno n rpn]asno x.c. sa mpexn, n xonro nxma sasemenn snesnn
nenrpone ? Axo e nsnecrno, ue sa eno]asno x.c.
) 1 (
k (
) 3 (
k 3 1
) 1 (
k
I k I

= == = ), xero
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
1
1
3 1
x x 2
x . 3
k
+ ++ +
= == =

, a
cnpornnnennero na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn ca pannn r.e.
E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x ~ ~~ ~
.
a)
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I > >> > ; )
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I < << < ; n)
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I = == = .
57. B xaxn nanason ce nsmenx xoe]nnnenrr
) 1 , 1 (
. se+
) 1 (
. se+
. se+
I
I
k = == = anam ornomennero mexy roxonere
npemnnanamn npes semxra npn eno]asno n ny]asno x.c. xm semx npn ycnonne, ue
E EE E E EE E E EE E 2 1
x x x ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ?
58. 3annmere nspasa sa ornomennero na roxa na necnmerpnuno x.c. xm roxa npn rpn]asno x.c. r.e.
) 3 (
k
) n (
k
3 n
I
I
k = == =

59. Hannmere ocuoeuume (oouume) vpaeu euu npn nsuncnxnane na roxonere n nanpexennxra npn uao.rua
uecu+empu..
60. 3annmere nnnara cncrema ypannennx, c xonro ce onpeenxr roxonere n nanpexennxra npn npexcnane na
ena ]asa
) 1 (
L ?
61. 3annmere nnnara cncrema ypannennx, c xonro ce onpeenxr roxonere n nanpexennxra npn npexcnane na ne
]asa
) 2 (
L ?
62. Haueprare xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema npn nanxna necnmerpnx
) 1 (
L .
63. Haueprare xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema npn nanxna necnmerpnx
) 2 (
L .
127
VI. Kscn csennennn n pasnpeenn1ennn upean
upes pasnpeennrennnre mpexn c nanpexenne 6-20kV ce nsnpmna
enexrpocnaxnanero na noneuero xoncymaropn. Tesn mpexn paorxr c uso.upaua,
ro+neucupaua npes uuovrmueuo u.u armueuo cnpomue.euue uevmpa.a. Honpenre n
pasnpeennrennnre mpexn ca mnoro no- uecrn n cpannenne c nonpenre n mpexnre nncoxo
nanpexenne.
VI.1. Ocoenoc1n xapax1epnsnpamn pasnpeenn1ennn1e upean
1. Enexrpnuecxara oraneuenocr na xcnre cennennx, xonro cranar n
pasnpeennrennnre mpexn c nanpexenne 6-20kV e snaunrenno. Tona nosnonxna n noneuero
cnyuan mnnara nncoxo nanpexenne na saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop a ce pasrnexa xaro
mnna ~1nspo nanpexenne. Tona ne ce ornacx sa mnnn saxpannann c reneparopnn
nanpexennx nnn mnnn cnpsann c ronemn enexrponnrarenn nnn cnnxponnn xomnencaropn.
2. B pasnpeennrennnre mpexn ce nxnmunar arepnn na crarnunn xomnencaropn,
xonro cnyxar sa perynnpane na nanpexennero na ronaponnre nsnn n xomnencnpar
peaxrnnnara momnocr, noopxnaxn rexnnxo-nxonomnuecxnre noxasarenn na mpexara.
Farepnnre ce xnxnar nsrounnx ronxm rox npn x.c., xoraro enexrpnuecxara nm oraneuenocr or
mxcroro na x.c. e manxa. Paspxa na arepnxra crana mnoro pso. Bncoxouecrornnre
xoneannx, xonro nsnnxnar sarnxnar ome npes npnnx nonynepno na npomnmnenara uecrora.
3arona nsnnxnamnre nncoxouecrornn roxone moxe a ce npenepernar npn npecmxranero na
roxonere na x.c.
3. Hpononnnnre or xonro ce nsnnnxnar pasnpeennrennnre mpexn ca c manxo
ceuenne, nopan xoero axrnnnoro nm cnpornnnenne e snaunrenno. Ero samo e neoxonmo a
ce nsema npenn n axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne npn npecmxranero na roxa na x.c. Or
npornuanero na roxa na x.c. npononnnnre ce sarpxnar, a c rona napacrna axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne, xoero non a namanxnane na roxa na x.c. Tosn e]exr e nsnecren, xaro
mon.uueu nao na roxa na x.c. B cnyua, ue npononnnnre or pasnpeennrennara mpexa ca
cromanenn nnn cromaneno-anymnnnenn, nnyxrnnnnre n axrnnnnre nm cnpornnnennx
snaunrenno ce nnnxxr or ronemnnara na roxa. Onpeenxnero na resn napamerpn moxe a crane,
xaro ce nsnonsyna cornernara ]npmena nnn cnpanounara nnreparypa.
4. B pasnpeennrennnre mpexn c nanpexenne 6-20kV, xonro paorxr c uso.upaua
u.u ro+neucpaua npes uuovrmueuo cnpomue.euue uevmpa.a npn cnpsnane na ena or ]asnre
xm semx npornua rox, xoro sanncn or xanannrnnnara npononmocr na mpexara. Taxana
nonpea ce napnua 'npoc1o seuno csennenne, a roxr - 1ox na seuno csennenne.
VI.2. Hpoc1o seuno csennenne
VI.2.1. mnsnxanna npec1ana
Bcxxa ]asa or enexrponponona nnnnx nma xanannrer, cnpxmo semxra n pyrnre ]asn,
xoro e pannomepno pasnpeenen no nporexennero na nxnara nnnnx. Moxe npn oxcnennero
na npornuamnre nponecn, sa narnenocr, a ce npneme, ue xanannrera mexy ]asa n semx
C n
]asa n ]asa
q
C ca ccpeorouenn. Tpnrnnnxr, opasynan or xanannrernre
q
C mexy
]asonnre npononnnn moxe a ce npeopasyna n exnnnanenrna rpnnuena snesa mnr.VI.2.1.,
xoxro nma xanannrer
. q
C 3 C = == = sa ncexn or nunre. Taxa paornnx xanannrer na ncxxa or
]asnre e cnennx:
. pa
C C C + ++ + = == = .
Hpn nxnmunanero na enexrponpono na npasen xo, npornuamnre xanannrnnnn roxone
ce onpeenxr or paornnx (sapxnnx) xanannrer
. pa
C na ]asnre or nnnnxra.
VI. KTCH CTEHHEHHR B PA3HPEEAHTEAHH MPEH
128
Toxonere c npana n oparna nocneonarennocr npornuar npes
C n C , a roxonere c
nynena nocneonarennocr ce sarnapxr npes semxra n npornuar camo npes
C .
Hpn semno cennenne, n npnnre mnnncexynn ce paspexa xanannrera na ]asara,
xoxro e cnpsana cc semxra. Cne rona npornuar roxone na semno cennenne, xonro ce
sarnapxr npes xanannrernre mexy ]asnnre npononnnn n semxra. B roxonnre xonrypn
yuacrnynar ne camo xanannrernre na enexrponpononara nnnnx, unxro ]asa e sasemena, no n
xanannrernre na ncnuxn nnnnn n enemenrn na nocrannnn, xonro ca rannannuecxn cnpsann.
Hpn rona or mnr.VI.2.2 ce nnxa, ue n ua:a.omo ua noepeoeuu e.ermponpoeoo npornuar
roxone c nynena nocneonarennocr, om saxpaueauemo r+ +cmomo ua se+uomo ceouueuue. B
ocranannre rannannuecxn cnpsann c nonpeenara nnnnx enexrponponon roxonere c nynena
nocneonarennocr ca no-manxn no ronemnna or resn n nonpeennx, a nocorama u+ e om rpa ua
e.ermponpoeooa r+ saxpaueauemo.
Toxonere npn semno cennenne ca manxn no cpannenne c roxonere n cncremnre c
e]exrnnno sasemen snesen nenrp. 3arona paorara cc semno cennenne n reuenne na enn-
na uaca o neronoro nsxnmunane e onycrnma, axo ne ce npexnxnar cnennannn nsncxnannx or
xoncymaropnre (sapana a paorxr es nannune na semno cennenne).
Hpn semno cennenne nsnnxna ra, xoxro saracna npn ncxxo npemnnanane na roxa
npes nynenara my cronocr n cne rona ornono ce sananna. Koraro ronemnnara na roxa npn
C
q
A B C
C
0
C
q
C
q
C
0
C
0
r
I
seu
I
seu
C
C
C
mnr. VI.2.1.
I
s.c.B
I
s.c.C
A
J
B
J
C
J
A
B
A ,
I 3
B ,
I 3
C ,
I 3
C K
I
0,A
I
0,A
I
0,A
I
0,B
I
0,B
I
0,B
I
0,C
I
0,c
I
0,C
I
0,A
I
0,A
I
0,A
I
0,B
I
0,B
I
0,B
I
0,A
+I
0,B
I
0,A
+I
0B

I
0,A
+I
0,B
0
J J = == =
mnr.VI.2.2.
129
semno cennenne ne e ronxma, rara nsracna camocroxrenno. Hpn pasxnonenn mpexn,
ronemnnara na roxonere npn semno cennenne moxe a ocrnrnar crornnn amnepn.
Hpenpnemar ce cnennannn meponpnxrnx sa orpannuanane na roxonere npn semno cennenne.
Onnrno e ycranoneno, ue sa a ce ocnrypn racnene na rara, roxonere npes semxra rpxna a
nmar cronocrn ne no-ronemn or:
- sa +peru 6kJ - 30A.
- sa +peru 10kJ - (18-19)A.
- sa +peru (15-20)kJ - (10-11)A.
B cnyua, ue rara ne yracne, nsnnxnar npexonn npenanpexennx n nenonpeennre
]asn or nopxxa ( (( ( ) )) )
. u
J , 3 5 , 2 . Taxnna npenanpexennx morar a npensnnxar nponnn na
nsonannxra na pyro mxcro, xero nsonannonnnre cnocrna na marepnana no ena nnn pyra
npnunna ca neocrarunn nnn napymenn n a nsnnxnar nymecrnn semnn cennennx
(ny]asnn x.c. npes semx nnn rpn]asnn x.c.).
VI.2.2. Onpeennne roneunna1a na nanpeaenne1o n 1oxa na npoc1o seuno
csennenne
Axo e cranano npocro semno cennenne na ]asa ~A, rorana norennnana na
neyrpanara cnpxmo semxra crana
A A
J J

= == = . Horennnana na nenonpeennre ]asn ce nonnmana
o nnnenoro nanpexenne:
VI.2.1.
( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ). 1 a jJ U J J J J J
; 1 a jJ U J J J J J
A CA A C A C C ., c . s
2
A BA A B A B B ., c . s
= == = = == = = == = + ++ + = == =
= == = = == = = == = + ++ + = == =

T xaro ]asa ~A e sasemena, nennx norennnan e nyna. Ho rasn npnunna npes
xanannrera na rasn ]asa ne npornua rox xm semxra r.e. I
A ., c . s
= == = .Toxonere npes pyrnre ne
]asn ca cornerno:
VI.2.2.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )

3 j
C A C A C A C ., c . s
3 j
B A B
2
A B
2
A B ., c . s
e C J 3 C a 1 J C j 1 a jJ I
; e C J 3 C a 1 J C j 1 a jJ I

= == = = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =
e ee e e ee e e ee e
e ee e e ee e e ee e
Moynnre na roxonere
B ., c . s
I
n
C . c . s
I
npnemar cnenara cronocr axo ce onycne, ue

C B A
C C C C = == = = == = = == = n
0 C B A
J J J J = == = = == = = == =
VI.2.3.
q C ., c . s B ., c . s
C U 3 I I e ee e = == = = == =
Toxr na semno cennenne npecrannxna reomerpnuecxara cyma na roxonere
B . c . s
I
n
C ., c . s
I
VI.2.4.
0 . se+
C U 3 I e ee e = == =
Bexropnara narpama na nanpexennxra n roxonere npn npocro semno cennenne e noxasana
na mnr.VI.2.3.
mnr.VI.2.3.
B
J
A
J
C
J
A A
J J = == =
A
J
A
J
B . c . s
J
C ., c . s
J
B ., c . s
I
C ., c . s
I
. se+
I
9
130
Hpn npnnnsnrennn npecmxrannx, onpeenxnero na roxa na semno cennenne moxe
a e onpeenen c nspasa:
VI.2.5. | || | | || | A l
A
U
I
. cp
. se+
= == = ; xero
-
. cp
U e nnnenoro nanpexenne n ce nsmepna n kV.
- l e omara nxnna na nsymnnre n xaennnre nnnnn, xonro ca cnpsann
rannannuno c rouxara na semnoro cennenne.
- A e xoe]nnnenr, xoro ce npnema panen na 350 sa nsymnn nnnnn n 10 sa
xaennn.
Or ]opmyna VI.2.5. cnena, ue ronemnnara na roxa na semno cennenne ne sanncn or
mxcroro na nonpeara, a ce onpeenx camo or cymapnara nxnna na rannannuecxn cnpsannre
enexrponpononre.
VI.2.3. Kounencannn na xanann1nnnnn 1oxa na npoc1o seuno csennenne
Koraro roxr na semno cennenne e manx, rara e neycrounna n racne
camocroxrenno. Vnennuennero na nanpexennero n ronemnnara na pasnpeennrennara mpexa
non o napacrnane na roxa na semno cennenne o ecerxn n crornnn amnepn. 3a a ce
nnxnnnpa rara e neoxonmo a ce xomnencnpa xanannrnnnnx rox na semno cennenne.
Orpannuananero na rosn rox crana upes sasemxnane na neyrpanara npes roracnrenen anapar,
xaro na-uecro ce nsnonsyna roracnrenen peaxrop. Ha-nanpe xaro yroracnrenen anapar e
nsnonsynan pocen, napeuen Herepconona onna. Hpnnnnnr na xomnencannx na roxa na
semno cennenne ce nnmcrpnpa cc cxemara n xomnnexcnara samecrnama cxema aenn na
mnr.VI.2.4. Mpexara ce ccron or rpanc]opmarop n nnnnx, saxpannann or mnna rnpo
nanpexenne.
Kanannrnnnnre cnpornnnennx na npanara, oparnara n nynenara nocneonarennocrn
ca cornerno pannn na:
VI.2.6.
;
C j
1
jx
;
C j
1
jx
;
C j
1
jx
,
, C
. pa
2 , C
. pa
1 , C
E EE E
E EE E
E EE E
e ee e
e ee e
e ee e
= == =
= == =
= == =
T
U
s
const W
LR
K
) a
2 , 1
jx
1 , 1
jx
1 , W
jx
2 , W
jx
, 1
jx
, W
jx
2 , C
jx
1 , C
jx
, C
jx
1
K
2
K
K
2
H
1
H
H
) b
R
mnr.VI.2.4.
R
V
LR
jx 3
k
I
1 k
I
2 k
I
131
Hnyxrnnnnre cnpornnnennx na npanara n oparnara nocneonarennocrn na saxpannamnx
rpanc]opmarop
1 , 1
jx n
2 , 1
jx ca mnoro no-manxn or xanannrnnnnre cnpornnnennx
1 , C
jx n
2 , C
jx , nopan xoero ce mynrnpar. Hpenepernaxn nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na nnnnxra,
samecrnamara cxema onna cnennx onpocren nn mnr.VI.2.5. , xero
E EE E
C
jx e
exnnnanenrnoro xanannrnnno cnpornnnenne.
Hsnonsynaxn npnnnnna na cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn, moxe a ce sannme cnenara
cncrema or ypannennx:
VI.2.7.
. I . Z J
; I . Z J
; I . Z E J
A . c . s . . eu A . c . s
2 A . c . s . 2 . eu 2 A . c . s
1 A . c . s . 1 . eu 1 A . c . s

= == =
= == =
= == =
E EE E
Axo ce npenepernar axrnnnnre cnpornnnennx n ce nsemar npenn nanpanennre no-
rope onycxannx, ro moxe a ce npneme, ue x x
2 1
= == = ~ ~~ ~
E EE E E EE E
, a ypannenne VI.2.7. onna
cnennx nn:
VI.2.8.
. J I . Z J
; I . Z J
; J I . Z E J
. cp . q A . c . s . . eu A . c . s
2 A . c . s . 2 . eu 2 A . c . s
. cp . q 1 A . c . s . 1 . eu 1 A . c . s

= == = = == =
~ ~~ ~ = == =
= == = = == =
E EE E
Axo n cxemara na nynenara nocneonarennocr mnr.VI.2.4.b) neyrpanara na
rpanc]opmaropa ce sasemn npes nnyxrnnnocr, raxa ue a nsnnxne pesonanc na rox, r.e.
= == =
E EE E
x , ro roxa na semno cennenne me crane panen na nyna. Hpn ycnonne, ue ce
npenepernar nnyxrnnnnre cnpornnnennx na rpanc]opmaropa n nnnnxra, pesonancr
nacrnna npn
3
x
x
, C
LR
= == = .
Hpn nopmanna paora na mpexara nnnarn nma neronxmo nsmecrnane na neyrpanara, r.e.
norennnana na neyrpanara nnxora ne e nyna. Tona ce nxn na necnmerpnxra na orennnre
]asn. Hecnmerpnxra onxnoneno e or nopxxa na (3-4) or ]asnoro nanpexenne, xoero e
nannno onycrnmo n ne e onacno npn ]ynxnnonnpanero na mpexara. Hpn nxnmunane na
roracnrenen peaxrop n neyrpanara moxe a nsnnxne snaunrenen norennnan mnr.VI.2.6.a).
C
a
C
b
C
c
U
N
LR
r
LR
x
a
U
b
U
c
U
mnr.VI.2.6.
A
U
) a
C
jx
LR
jx
LR
r
) b
E EE E , , C
jx

R 3
J
1 , A
I
mnr.VI.2.5.
132
Hanpexennero na neyrpanara na mpexara es roracnrenen peaxrop ce onpeenx or
panencrnoro:
VI.2.9.
c b a
c c b b a a
A
b b b
b . U b . U b . U
U
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =

;
xero:- C . j b e ee e = == = e ]asonara npononmocr.
Hpn nnna cnmerpnx na cncremara, xoraro
c b a c b a
b b b u U U U = == = = == = = == = + ++ + + ++ +

nanpexennero na neyrpanara e panno na nyna r.e. U
A
= == =
. Hpn nxnmunane na peaxrop

nanpexennero na neyrpanara e cnenoro:
VI.2.10.
( (( ( ) )) )
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ + + ++ +
+ ++ +
= == =
LR LR
LR LR
A LR , A
L . j r
C . j 3
1
L . j r
U U
e ee e
e ee e
e ee e

LR LR
L . r e ee e << << << << , sa moyna na nanpexennero na neyrpanara ce
nonyuana cnennx nspas:
VI.2.11.
2
LR
2
LR
LR
A LR , A
C . 3
1
L . r
L .
U U
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
= == =
e ee e
e ee e
e ee e

;
Hpn nnna xomnencannx na roxa na semno cennenne
C . 3
1
L . ;
3
x
x
LR
, C
LR
e ee e
e ee e = == = = == = , a
sa moyna na nanpexennero na neyrpanara ce nonyuana cnennx nspas:
VI.2.12.
LR
LR
A LR , A
r
L .
U U
e ee e

= == =
Or rona panencrno ce nnxa, ue ronemnnara na norennnana na neyrpanara npn nannune
na roracnrenen peaxrop napacrna ronxona nrn no cpannenne c norennnana na neyrpanara,
es roracnrenen peaxrop, xonxoro nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na peaxropa e no-ronxmo or
axrnnnoro my cnpornnnenne. Ornomennero
LR
LR
r
x
moxe a ocrnrne ecerxn ennnnn n
cneonarenno norennnana na neyrpanara moxe a nannmn ]asonoro nanpexenne snaunrenno,
xoero e neonycrnmo. Hamanxnanero na norennnana na neyrpanara moxe a crane, xaro ce
namann necnmerpnxra n mpexara nnn xaro ce pascrpon pesonancnnx xonryp. Hamanxnanero na
necnmerpnxra n mpexara ce nocrnra, upes rpancnosnnnx na ]asonnre npononnnn sa a ce
cnmerpnpa ]asonnx xanannrer. Crenenra na necnmerpnx na ]asonnx xanannrer ornocnrenno
semxra ne rpxna a nannmana 0,75.
Axo rpancnosnnnxra na npononnnnre ne moxe a ce ocmecrnn, rorana e neoxonmo
a ce pascrpon pesonancnnx xonryp, xaro ycnonnxra sa racene na rara ce sanasxr.
Pascrponanero na pesonancnnx xonryp crana, xaro ce nsnpmn npexomnencannx na ]asonnx
xanannrer. Ho rosn naunn ce nsxrna nsmoxnocrra sa nsnnxnane na pesonanc npn
nsxnmunane na uacr or mpexara, r xaro xanannrera moxe camo a namanxna n
npexomnencannxra a napacrna.
B nocneno npeme mnpoxo npnnoxenne namnpa nxnmunanero n neyrpanara na axrnnno
cnpornnnenne c nen orpannuanane na npenanpexennxra n noopxnane cenexrnnnocrra na
penennre samnrn. Bpemero sa npornuane na roxa na semno cennenne npes axrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne ce orpannuana o nxxonxo cexynn c nen namanxnane momnocrra na
nxnmuenoro n neyrpanara cnpornnnenne.
133
VI.3. Hpnuepn
3aaua 1.
Pasnpeennrenna nocrannnx c nanpexenne 110/20 kV nma 23 nsnoa na nanpexenne
20 kV. Or rxx 2 nsnoa ca nsymnn, 9 ca xaennn n 12 ca cmecenn.Omara nxnna na
nssymnn1e nsnon e 380 km, a na xaennn1e - 60km.
Kaennre saxpannamn norpenrennre ca:
- AOCB-185 - l7km; CAXExT-150 - l12km n CAXExT-120 - l41km.
Bsymnnre nnnnn ca nsnnnenn c npononnnn:
- AC-95 - l36km; AC-70 - l104km; AC-50 - l150km; AC-35 - l90km.
Bsymnnre nnnnn ca oxauenn na crnone mnr.1. c reomerpnx - rpnrnnnx c
pascroxnnx mexy npxonere d
AB
1,82m, d
AC
1,78m, d
BC
1,57m.
Bncounnara na oxaunane na npononnnnre or semxra e:
- h
A
9,3m, h
C
10,175m, n h
B
11,05m.
a ce onpeenn 1oxa na seuno csennenne npn cnspsnane na qasa A csc seun:
a) npn orccrnne na npexono cnpornnnenne n mxcroro na nonpeara.
) npn npexono cnpornnnenne n mxcroro na nonpeara R
15O OO O.
n) xaro ce nsnonsynar npnnnsnrennnre ]opmynn sa onpeenxne na roxa na
semno cennenne.
Hsxonn annn sa xaenn1e n. 13].
Kanannrera na ena ]asa cnpxmo semx (C
0
n F/km) na xaenn cc ceuenne n mm
2
:
-ceuenne 185 mm
2
0,2 F/km.
-ceuenne 150 mm
2
0,19 F/km.
-ceuenne 120 mm
2
0,18 F/km.
Hsxonn annn sa nsymnnre nnnnn:
Panyc na npononnnnre:
-AC-95 - r6,75.10
-3
m,
-AC-70 - r5,7.10
-3
m,
-AC-50 - r4,8.10
-3
m,
-AC-35 - r4,2.10
-3
m,
Pemenne:
Onpeenxne na xanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na ena ]asa sa:
Kaenn:
Onpeenxne na cymapnnx xanannrer na ena ]asa na xaennre cnpxmo semx:
1.1. F , 11 18 . . 41 19 , . 12 2 , . 7 C
k
,

E EE E
= == = + ++ + + ++ + = == =
Kanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na ena ]asa na xaennre cnpxmo semx e:
1.2. O OO O
e ee e
E EE E
E EE E
9 , 287
1 . , 11 . 314
1
C
1
x

,
C
k
c
,
= == = = == = = == =

Bssymnn1e nnnnn:
Hsnonsynann ca ]opmynnre sa npnnnsnrenno onpeenxne na xanannrnnnoro
cnpornnnenne na nnnnx es rpmosamnrno nxe aenn n Hac1 I..
1) Enexrponpono c npononnx -AC-95 nma cpenoreomerpnuno pascroxnne mexy
npononnnnre:
1.3. m 72 , 1 57 , 1 . 78 , 1 . 82 , 1 d . d . d D
3 3
BC AC AB . cp
= == = = == = = == =
Cpenoreomerpnuen panyc na cncremara or rpn npononnnn:
1.4. m 2713 , 1 . 75 , . 72 , 1 r . D R
3 3 2
3
2
. cp . cp
= == = = == = = == =

.
Cpenoro pascroxnne na ]asonnre npononnnn o rxxnoro orneanno orpaxenne
cnpxmo nonpxnocrra na semxra:
134
1.5.
m 35 , 2
3
5 , 11 175 , 1 3 , 9
2
3
h h h
2 D
C B A
l
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ +
= == =
.
Kanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne sa 1km nnnnx
O OO O.km].
1.6.
| || | | || |. km . 1 . , 742
1
2713 ,
35 , 2
log . 39
1
R
D
log . 39 x
3
3
3
. cp
l
C
O OO O = == =
= == = | || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
Kanannrnnnnre cnpornnnennx sa enexrponponon:
1) c npononnx -AC-95:
1.7. O OO O 7 , 22
3
1 . , 742
l
x
x
3
C
95 AC , C

= == = = == = = == =

.
2) c npononnx -AC-70.
1.9.
| || | | || | . 2 , 7233 x ; km . 1 . 3 , 752 x
; m 35 , 2 D ; m 254 , R ; m 72 , 1 D
7 AC , C
3
C
l . cp . cp
O OO O O OO O = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =

3 ) c npononnx -AC-50.
1.8.
| || | | || | . 7 , 58 x ; km . 1 . 1 , 72 x
; m 35 , 2 D ; m 2421 , R ; m 72 , 1 D
5 AC , C
3
C
l . cp . cp
O OO O O OO O = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =

4) c npononnx -AC-35.
1.10.
| || | | || | . 9 , 8552 x ; km . 1 . 8 , 79 x
; m 35 , 2 D ; m 231 , R ; m 72 , 1 D
35 AC , C
3
C
l . cp . cp
O OO O O OO O = == = = == =
= == = = == = = == =

Kanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na ena ]asa na nsymnara mpexa.
1.11.
. 1 , 1998
9 , 8552
1
7 , 58
1
2 , 7233
1
7 , 22
1
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
x
1
1
x
35 AC , C 5 AC , C 7 AC , C 95 AC , C
,
w
O OO O
E EE E
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =

Omo1o xanann1nnno csnpo1nnnenne na ena qasa na xaenna1a n nssymna1a
upeaa:
1.12. . 4 , 251
1 , 1998
1
9 , 287
1
1
x
1
x
1
1
x
W C
, ,
,
O OO O
E EE E E EE E
E EE E
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
a) Axo ce npneme, ue nexropa na cpenoro ]asono nanpexenne cnnaa c ocra +j r.e.
. cp . cp
jJ J = == =
, ro roxr npes semxra npn npocro semno cennenne npn R ; x x

, 2 , 1
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E E EE E
e
cnennx:
9300
650
650
950
1750
875
. 1 . 0ue
135
1.13.
| || | | || |. A 54 , 144
4 , 251
1 . 21
3
jx
U . 3
jx
J . 3
I 3 I 3 I 3 I
3
,
. cp
,
. cp
) 1 (
A
) 1 (
2 A
) 1 (
1 A . se+
= == = = == =
= == =

= == =

= == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E E EE E

)Toxr npes semxra npn npocro semno cennenne npn R ; x x
, 2 , 1
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E E EE E
e
cnennx:
1.14.
| || | | || | . A 8 , 19 27 , 142
8 , 79 3 , 255
9 1 . 37 , 3
4 , 251 j 45
1 . 21
j 3
4 , 251 j 15 . 3
1 . 21
j 3
jx R 3
U
j 3
jx R 3
3
U
j
3
jx R 3
J . 3
I 3 I 3 I 3 I
3
3 3
,
. cp
,
. cp
,
. cp
) 1 (
A
) 1 (
2 A
) 1 (
1 A . se+
Z ZZ Z = == =
Z ZZ Z
+ ++ + Z ZZ Z
= == =
= == =

= == =

= == =

= == =
= == =

= == =

= == = = == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E E EE E

n)Onpeenxne roxa na semno cennenne, upes npnnnsnrennara ]opmyna VI.2.5.:
Toxr na semno cennenne na xaennre
k . se+
I :
1.15. A 12
1
21
l
A
U
I
. cp
c . se+
= == = = == = = == =
Toxr na semno cennenne na nnnnnre
w . se+
I :
1.16. A 8 , 22 38
35
21
l
A
U
I
. cp
w . se+
= == = = == = = == =
Toxr na semno cennenne na pasnpeennrennara nocrannnx
. se+
I :
1.17. A 8 , 148 8 , 22 12 I I I
w . se+ c . se+ w . se+
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
VI.4. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. B xaxnn mpexn cnpsnanero na ena ]asa xm semx ce napnua npocro semno cennenne?
2. Hpn nxnmunanero na enexrponpono na npasen xo, npornuar xanannrnnnn roxone, xonro ce
onpeenxr or:
a) paornnx (sapxnnx) xanannrer
. pa
C na ]asnre or nnnnxra;
) xanannrernre
q
C mexy ]asonnre npononnnn;
n) xanannrera mexy ]asa n semx
C .
3. Kaxna e nocoxara n xoxro rexar roxonere npn npocro semno cennenne sa xnonone, n xonro ne e
nonpeenara ]asa?
a) xm ronapa;
) xm saxpannanero.
4. Ionemnnara na roxa npn npocro semno cennenne sanncn or:
a) ronemnnara na mpexara;
) mxcroro na semnoro cennenne;
n) nnro or a), nnro or ).
5. Kaxn e nopxxa na npexonn npenanpexennx n nenonpeennre ]asn n cnyua, ue rara ne yracne?
a) ( (( ( ) )) )
u
J . , 3 5 , 2
) ( (( ( ) )) )
u
J . 3 1
6. Kaxna e ronemnnara na nanpexennero cnpxmo semxra n nenonpeennre ]asn npn meranno semno
cennenne ?
7. Ionemnnara na norennnana na neyrpanara npn nannune na roracnrenen peaxrop napacrna ronxona
nrn no cpannenne c norennnana na neyrpanara, es roracnrenen peaxrop, xonxoro:
136
a) nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na peaxropa e no-ronxmo or axrnnnoro my cnpornnnenne;
) nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na nnnnxra e no-ronxmo or nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na
peaxropa;
n) nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na nnnnxra e no-ronxmo or axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne.
8. Kaxno rpxna a e cornomennero mexy nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na roracnrenennx
peaxrop n xanannrnnnoro cnpornnnenne na cxemara, raxa ue a nsnnxne pesonanc na rox r.e roxa na
semno cennenne a crane panen na nyna, npn ycnonne, ue ce npenepernar ncnuxn axrnnnn
cnpornnnennx ?
9. Ionemnnara na roxa na semno cennenne sanncn or:
a) paornnx (sapxnnx) xanannrer
. pa
C na ]asnre or nnnnxra;
) xanannrernre
q
C mexy ]asonnre npononnnn;
n) xanannrera mexy ]asa n semx
C .
137
VII. Kscn csennennn n ypen nncxo nanpeaenne
VII.1. max1opn, nnnnemn na 1oxa na xsco csennenne n
enex1pnuecxn ypen c nanpeaenne o 1000V
Hpecmxranero na roxonere na x.c. n enexrpnuecxn ypen o 1000V ce xapaxrepnsnpa c
nxxon ocoenocrn, xonro ro pasnnuanar or ananornunnre npecmxrannx sa mpexn nncoxo
nanpexenne. Tesn ocoenocrn ce npoxnxnar no ornomenne na:
1. 3axpannamo1o nanpeaenne
Koraro saxpannamnxr rpanc]opmarop na enexrpnuecxa ypea o 1000V e cnpsan xm
enexrpoeneprnna cncrema n e nsnnneno ycnonnero: 5
S
S
x x
u
c
) u ( ) c (
> >> > = == = , xero:
- S
c
- momnocr na cncremara; S
n
- momnocr na saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop,
ro nanpexennero n rouxara na npncennxnane na saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop
npaxrnuecxn ocrana nensmenno npn x.c. n cne nero. Bnnara or xoxro ce saxpanna
rpanc]opmaropa ce napnua uuua c 'mepoo` uanpereuue.
2. 3auec1nama1a cxeua.
2.a) E.e+eumume om sa+ecmeauama cxe+a
Ha ronemnnara na roxa na x.c. oxasna nnnxnne ne camo cnpornnnennxra na
enexrponpononre n rpanc]opmaropnre, no n cnpomue.euuemo ua uuuume, moroeume ooouuu
ua aemo+amu:uume npercea:u, npeu:uume ua+omru ua +uoeouaeueroeume moroeu
mpaucqop+amopu.
Cnpornnnennxra na enemenrnre or samecrnamara cxema ce saanar n nuenonann
ennnnn.
2.o) Io.e+uuama u xaparmepa ua cnpomue.euuma.
Hpn ccranxne na samecrnamara cxema e neoxonmo a ce orunra nape c
nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne n armueuomo cnpomue.euue na naxco cnpsanara
enexrpnuecxa nepnra.
Hpn npornuanero na roxa na x.c., axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne ce ynennuana n
npensnnxna namanxnane na roxa na x.c. Axo ce npneme, ue nponecr na narpxnane npornua
anaarnuno, ro xopernpanoro cnpornnnenne moxe a e onpeeneno c nspasa:
VII.1.1. R .
s
I
. 4 , 1
mt
1 R
2
k
( (( (
( (( (

( (( (

| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
+ ++ +
+ ++ + = == = ' '' '
t tt t
xero: R e cnpornnnennero na npononnxa, npn nauanna remneparypa C
t tt t , npen
x.c.
s-nanpeunoro ceuenne na npononnxa n | || | | || |
2
mm ;
k
I -roxr na x.c. n kA];
m5 sa anymnnnen npononnx, m22 sa meen npononnx;
t - npeme na x.c. s].
Hpn npecmxranero na roxonere na x.c., cnpomue.euuma ua uv.eeama
noc.eooeame.uocm sanncn or mnoro ]axropn, xaro pasnonoxennero n naunna na sasemxnane,
nnsocrra o merannn xoncrpyxnnn n p. Hpnnnsnrenno, cnpornnnennero na nynenara
nocneonarennocr na mnnnre moxe a ce npneme
1 1
x 1 x , r 1 r = == = = == = , a na rpnxnnnn xaenn-
1 1
x 4 x , r 1 r = == = = == = ,
Ionemnnara na roxa na x.c. ce nnnxxr n or npexonnre cnpornnnennx na xonraxrnre
na anaparnre (anromarnuecxnre npexcnaun; pasennnrenn n p.). Tounoro onpeenxne na
roumarmuume cnpomue.euu e rpyna n neonpeenena saaua, r xaro resn cnpornnnennx
sanncxr or mnoro ]axropn cnpsann c monraxa n excnnoarannxra na copxennxra. Hpn nnnca
na ocraruno annn sa xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx ce npenopua npn npecmxrane na roxa na
VII. KTCH CTEHHEHHR B YPEBH HHCKO HAHPEEHHE
138
x.c. sa mpexn nncxo nanpexenne, saxpannann or rpanc]opmarop c momnocr o 1600kVA
nxnmunrenno, a ce nnexa onnnnrenno axrnnno cymapno cnpornnnenne n naxco
cennennx xonryp. Ionemnnara na rona cnpornnnenne e n rpannnnre 15 30 mO OO O n sanncn or
oraneuenocrra na x.c. or saxpannamara mnna na nocrannnxra.
Ha roxa na x.c. nnnxnne oxasnar n npexonnre cnpornnnennx na pasnnunnre
uenooeuruu roumarmuu ceouueuu mexy xaennre n mnnonpononre. Bnpexn, ue
ronemnnara na resn cnpornnnennx e nesnaunrenna, ro rxxnara cymapna cronocr ce oxasna
snaunma npn ronxmo xonnuecrno na nenonnxnn xonraxrn. Cmecrnynar cnpanounnnn |5|, n
xonro morar a ce namepxr ronemnnnre na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx mexy mnnonpono-
mnnonpono; xaen - anromarnuen npexcnau; mnnonpono - anromarnuen npexcnau n p.
2.e) Cnpomue.euuemo ua oeama.
Hpn nsnnxnane na x.c. n mxcroro na nonpeara nsnnxna ra, xoxro namanxna roxa na
x.c. Hannunero na ra moxe a ce oruere upes axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne, xoero ce onpeenx
c nspasa:
VII.1.2.
k
I
U
r = == = , xero:
l
E
U = == = e nanpernarocrra n crnona na rara n | || | | || |
mm
J
n
l -nxnnara na rara n
| || | | || | mm ;
k
I - roxa n mxcroro na nonpeara, es a ce orunra rara.
Hpn A 1 I
k
> >> > n | || | | || |
mm
J
, 1 E
= == = , nxnnara na rara, n sanncnmocr or

pascroxnnero ~a mexy npononnnnre or pasnnunnre ]asn e panna na:
-

l 4a npn a<5 mm;
-

l
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |

E EE E
E EE E
x
r
. 15 ,
e
2
a
ln . 42 , 2 npn (5 mm<a<50 mm),
-

l a npn a>50 mm.
2.e) Cnpomue.euuemo ua saxpaueauama cucme+a eucoro uanpereuue.
Cnpornnnennero na saxpannamara cncrema ce onpeenx c nspasa:
VII.1.3.
k
2
s
) 3 (
k
s
s
S
E
I 3
E
x = == = = == = , xero:
s
E e exnnnanenrnoro e..n. , oennxnamo e..n na reneparopnre n ronapnre or
saxpannamara cncrema,
) 3 (
k
I - roxa npn rpn]asno x.c., npensnnxan or saxpannamara cncrema, sa nsen xm
xoro e npncennena pasrnexanara mpexa;
k
S - momnocrra na x.c., xoxro ce onpeenx c nspasa (
u k k
U I 3 S = == = ), xero
u
U e
nomnnannoro nnneno nanpexenne na nsena, xm xoro e cnpsana pasrnexanara mpexa.
Axo
( (( ( ) )) )
" U
1
S
S
k u , 1
3
k
> >> > , ro x
s
= == = , xero:
) 3 (
k
S e momnocrra na x.c. or xm crpanara na nncoxoro nanpexenne, sa rpanc]opmarop
c nncxo nanpexenne o 1 kV.
3. Enex1pnuecxn1e nnra1enn
Enexrpnuecxnre nnrarenn n nnsocr o mxcroro na x.c. oxasnar nnnxnne na
ronemnnara na roxa na x.c. n reuenne na nauannnre 6-7 nepnoa. Hpnnnsnrenno, ronemnna na
139
e]exrnnnnre cronocrn na cnpxnpexonnx
E EE E k
I ' '' ' ' '' ' n yapnnx
. y
I roxone n momenrnara cronocr
na yapnnx rox
. y
i , orunramn nnnxnnero na acnnxponnnre nnrarenn ce ana c nspasnre:
VII.1.4. ( (( ( ) )) )
. I 7 i k i
; I 5 I . 1 k . 2 1 I
; I 4 I I
D k . y . y
D k
2
. y . y
D k k
+ ++ + = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + = == =
+ ++ + = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
xero
D
I e cymapnnxr nomnnanen rox na nnrarennre;
. y
k - yapnnxr xoe]nnnenr.
VII.2. Toxone na xsco csennenne n enex1pnuecxn ypen c
nanpeaenne o 1000V
Horpenrennre nncxo nanpexenne o 1000V onxnoneno ce saxpannar c pananna
mpexa. 3axpannamnxr rpanc]opmarop e cc sase+eua ua+omra ua cmpaua uucro uanpereuue.
Ho rosn npnunna pox na sasemnennxra n nncxo nonronara mpexa e camo eno. Ero samo roxr
na rpn]asnoro x.c. e nnnarn no -ronxm or roxr npn eno]asno x.c. Or pyra crpana, roxr npn
eno]asno x.c. e na-manxnxr rox n cpannenne c roxone npn pyrn nonpen.
Axo ca nsnecrnn exnnnanenrnnre cnpornnnennx na naxco cnpsannx xonryp
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E 2 1 2 1
x ; x ; x ; r ; r ; r morar a ar onpeenenn:
-Eqermueuama cmouocm ua nepuoou:uama ccmaeua ua ua:a.uu mor ua
mpuqasuo r.c.
VII.2.1. ; kA
x r 3
1 . U
I
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
) 3 (
, k
E EE E E EE E
+ ++ +
= == =
xero:
. cp
U -cpenoro nanpexenne na crenenra or mpexara, n xoxro e cranano x.c.,
nsmepeno n kJ ];
E EE E E EE E 1 1
x ; r -cymapnoro axrnnno n nnyxrnnno cnpornnnenne na npanara
nocneonarennocr na enemenrnre or mpexara, nsmepeno n | || | | || | O OO O m , npes xonro npornua rox
, k
I .
Hpn cnpornnnenne na cncremara x
s
= == = , nmecro cpenara cronocr na nanpexennero
-
. cp
U , moxe a ce nsnonsyna nomnnannara cronocr-
. u
U .
- Eqermueuama cmouocm ua nepuoou:uama ccmaeua ua ua:a.uu mor ua
eouoqasuo r.c.
VII.2.2.
kA
) x x 2 ( ) r r 2 (
1 . U 3
) x x x ( ) r r r ( 3
1 . U 3
I
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
2
2 1
2
2 1
3
. q . cp
) 1 (
, k
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
,
xero:-
E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E E EE E 2 1 2 1
x ; x ; x ; r ; r ; r - cymapnnre cnpornnnennx na npanara, oparnara
n nynenara nocneonarennocr o x.c. n | || | | || | O OO O m .
-Voapuu mora ua r.c
VII.2.3.
. y H . y
k I 2 i = == =
xero: 3 , 1 k
. y
= == = npn x.c. sa xomnnexcno pasnpeennrenno ycrpocrno, saxpannano or
rpanc]opmarop. 3a ncnuxn ocranann cnyuan,
. y
k ce onpeenx or rannnn n sanncnmocr or
E EE E
E EE E
e ee e
, 1
, 1
a
R .
x
1 = == = .
140
- Eqermueuama cmouocm ua nepuoou:uama ccmaeua ua ua:a.uu mor ua r.c. om
acuuxpoueu oeueame., saxpaueau +cmomo ua noepeoama.
VII.2.4.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
; kA
r r x x
E
I
2
. eu D
2
. eu D
, D ) 3 (
. max , k , D
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
' '' ' ' '' '
= == =
xero:
, D
E ' '' ' ' '' ' - cnpxnpexonoro e..n. na nnrarenx
. u , D
U . 9 , E = == = ' '' ' ' '' ' n kJ ;
. eu . eu
r , x - cnpornnnennxra na npsxara n | || | | || | O OO O , mexy nnrarenx n xcoro cennenne;
D D
r , x - cnpornnnennxra na nnrarenx n | || | | || | O OO O , xonro ce onpeenxr c nspasnre:
VII.2.5.
( (( ( ) )) )
| || | | || | | || | | || | O OO O O OO O
2
D
2
u H
3
u
D
2
u H
3
u
D
r
I k 3
1 . U
x ;
I k
1 . P . 3 ,
r
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == = = == = , xero:
-
u
P - nomnnannara momnocr n kW ;
-
u
I - nomnnannnx rox n A;
-
u
U - nomnnannoro nanpexenne na enexrponnrarenx n kJ ;
-
H
k - xparnocr na nycxonnx rox.
3axpannanero na x.c. or enexrponnrarennre ne ce orunra, axo momnocrra nm e no-
manxa or 20 or momnocrra na saxpannamnx rpanc]opmarop nnn
1 . eu
Z 5 , 1 Z > >> > (
1
Z -
cnpornnnennero na rpanc]opmaropa).
VII.2. Hpnuepn
3aaua 1.
uparmenr or sanocxa mpexa e aen na mnr.1 . annnre sa rasn mpexa ca cnennre:
-Tpancqopua1op (T)1000 kVA; 10/0,4 kV; Y/Y
0
-12;
-mnna (m
1
) mena cc ceuenne 8010; nxnna l4m, ]asnre ca pasnonoxenn n ena
nnocxocr c pascroxnne mexy rxx 200mm;
-mnnonpono uarnc1panen (m
2
) rnn BMA4 I
n
2500A; nxnna l20m;
-mnnonpono pasnpeenn1enen (m
3
) rnn BMA4 I
n
400A; nxnna l4m;
-Kaen ueen (C) rnn CBT(35025); nxnna l20m;
-An1oua1n: A
1
- 1600A; A
2
- 400A;
-nnra1en 120kVA npn q
cp.
0,9; k
H
2; cos()0,85 n U
n
380V.
a ce onpeenn e]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na
x.c. n mxcroro na nonpeara c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx, c nsnonsynane na
rounn n npnnnsnrennn ]opmynn. a ce onpeenn n yapnnx rox.
Pemenne:
Karo ce nsnonsynar cnpanounnre annn or Hpnnoaenne N4, ce onpeenxr
cnpornnnennxra na enemenrnre:
-mnna (m
1
): -mnnonpono uarnc1panen (m
2
):
r
1
0,025 mO/m, x
1
0,145 mO/m; r
1
0,017 mO/m, x
1
0,008 mO/m;
r
0
10.r
1
0,25 mO/m, x
0
10.x
1
1,45 mO/m; r
0
10.r
1
0,17 mO/m, x
0
10.x
1
0,08 mO/m,
R
1,B1
r
1
.l0,025.40,1 mO, X
1,B1
x
1
.l0,145.40,6 mO; R
1,B2
r
1
.l0,017.200,34 mO, X
1,B2
x
1
.l0,008.200,16 mO;
c
S
1
1
A
2
A
n
A
M
1
H
2
H
3
H
C k
. 1 . 0ue
141
R
0,B1
r
0
.l0,25.41 mO, X
0,B2
x
0
.l1,45.46 mO. R
0,B2
r
0
.l0,17.203,4 mO, X
0,B2
x
0
.l0,08.201,6mO.
-mnnonpono pasnpeenn1enen (m
3
): -Kaen ueen (C):
r
1
0,15 mO/m, x
1
0,17 mO/m; r
1
0,37 mO/m, x
1
0,085 mO/m;
r
0
10.r
1
1,5 mO/m, x
0
10.x
1
1,7 mO/m, r
0
10.r
1
3,7 mO/m, x
0
4.x
1
0,34 mO/m,
R
1,B3
r
1
.l0,15.40,6 mO, X
1,B3
x
1
.l0,17.40,68 mO; R
1,C
r
1
.l0,37.207,4 mO, X
1,C
x
1
.l0,085.201,7mO;
R
0,B3
r
0
.l1,5.46 mO, X
0,B3
x
0
.l1,7.46,8 mO. R
0,C
r
0
.l3,7.2074 mO, X
0,C
x
0
.l0,34.206,8 mO.
-Tpancqopua1op (T): -An1oua1n:
- A
1
- 1600A -A
2
- 400A:
R
1,T
1,7mO, X
1,T
8,6 mO; R
1,A1
0,14 mO, X
1,A1
0,08 mO. R
1,A2
0,65 mO, X
1,A2
0,17 mO.
R
0,T
19,6mO, X
0,T
60,6 mO. R
0,A1
R
1,A1
, X
0,A1
X
1,A1
R
0,A2
R
1,A2
, X
0,A2
X
1,A2
-nnra1en
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
. 9 , 428 ,
21 . 2 . 3
1 . 38 ,
r
I k 3
1 . U
X
; 428 ,
21 . 2
1 . 12 . 3 ,
I k
1 . P . 3 ,
R
2
2
3
2
D
2
u H
3
u
D
2
3
2
u H
3
u
D
O OO O
O OO O
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |

\ \\ \
| || |
= == =
= == = = == = = == =

Kon1ax1no1o csnpo1nnnenne: r
c
20 mO OO O.
Cyuapno1o csnpo1nnnenne a unc1o1o na x.c.
R
1,T
+R
1,m1
+R
1,m2
+R
1,m3
+R
1,C
+R
1,A1
+R
1,A2
+R
k
R
1,E EE E
X
1,T
+X
1,m1
+X
1,m2
+X
1,m3
+X
1,C
+X
1,A1
+X
1,A2
X
1,E EE E
1,70,10,340,67,40,140,652030,03 mO. 8,60,580,160,681,70,080,1711,97 mO.
R
0,T
+R
0,m1
+R
0,m2
+R
0,m3
+R
0,C
+R
0,A1
+R
0,A2
+R
k
R
0,E EE E
X
0,T
+X
0,m1
+X
0,m2
+X
0,m3
+X
0,C
+X
0,A1
+X
0,A2
X
0,E EE E
19,613,46740,140,6520124,79 mO. 60,65,81,66,86,80,080,1781,85 mO.
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na rpn]asno x.c. c
orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
uA 15 , 7
97 , 11 3 , 3 3
1 . 4 ,
x r 3
1 . U
I
2 2
3
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
) 3 (
, k , r
c
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na eno]asno x.c.
c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
; uA 25 , 3
) 85 , 81 97 , 11 . 2 ( ) 79 , 124 3 , 3 . 2 (
1 . 4 , . 3
) x x 2 ( ) r r 2 (
1 . U . 3
I
2 2
3
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
) 1 (
, k , r
c
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na rpn]asno x.c.
es orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
uA 8 , 14
97 , 11 3 , 1 3
1 . 4 ,
x r 3
1 . U
I
2 2
3
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
) 3 (
, k
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
+ ++ +
= == =
E EE E E EE E
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na eno]asno x.c.
es orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
; uA 23 , 4
) 85 , 81 97 , 11 . 2 ( ) 79 , 14 3 , 1 . 2 (
1 . 4 , . 3
) x x 2 ( ) r r 2 (
1 . U . 3
I
2 2
3
2
1
2
1
3
. cp
) 1 (
, k
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox na x.c. na
acnnxponnnx nnraren, saxpannam mxcroro na nonpeara.
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
A 781
4379 ,
342
428 , 9 ,
1 . 38 , . 9 ,
r r x x
1 . U 9 ,
I
2 2
3
2
. eu D
2
. eu D
3
u ) 3 (
. max , k , D
= == = = == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
+ ++ + + ++ + + ++ +
= == =
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox npn rpn]asno x.c.
142
n mxcroro na nonpeara c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx n roxa na x.c. na
acnnxponnnx nnraren:
a) 1ouno
kA 931 , 7 781 , 15 , 7 I I I
) 3 (
. max , k , D
) 3 (
, k , r
) 3 (
k
c
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = .
) npnnnsn1enno:
. kA 99 , 7 21 , . 4 15 , 7 I 4 I I
D
) 3 (
, k , r k
c
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
E]exrnnnara cronocr na nepnonunara ccranxma na nauannnx rox npn rpn]asno x.c.
n mxcroro na nonpeara es orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx n c orunrane roxa na x.c.
na acnnxponnnx nnraren:
a) 1ouno:
kA 581 , 15 781 , 8 , 14 I I I
) 3 (
. max , k , D
) 3 (
, k
) 3 (
k
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
) npnnnsn1enno:
. kA 4 , 15 21 , . 4 8 , 14 I 4 I I
D
) 3 (
, k k
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == = ' '' ' ' '' '
E EE E
Vapnnx rox na x.c. c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
Crnacno n.|3,7| npn npemexoncranra 127 ,
3 , 3 . 314
97 , 11
R .
x
1
, 1
, 1
a
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
e ee e
yapnnxr
xoe]nnnenr e 1 k
. y
~ ~~ ~ .
Vapnnx rox na x.c. c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx n es orunrane roxa na
x.c. na acnnxponnnx nnraren:
kA 11 , 1 15 , 7 . 1 . 2 I . k . 2 i
) 3 (
, k , r . y . y
c
= == = = == = = == =
Vapnnx rox na x.c. c orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx n roxa na x.c. na
acnnxponnnx nnraren:
a) 1ouno:
kA 22 , 11 931 , 7 . 1 . 2 I . k . 2 i
) 3 (
, k , r . y . y
c
= == = = == = = == =
) npnnnsn1enno:
kA 58 , 11 21 , . 7 15 , 7 . 2 . 1 I 7 i k i
D
) 3 (
, k , r . y . y
c
= == = + ++ + = == = + ++ + = == =
Vapnnx rox na x.c. es orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx:
Crnacno n.|3,7| npn npemexoncranra 38 ,
3 , 1 . 314
97 , 11
R .
x
1
, 1
, 1
a
= == = = == = = == =
E EE E
E EE E
e ee e
yapnnxr
xoe]nnnenr e 1 , 1 k
y
~ ~~ ~ .
Vapnnx rox na x.c. es orunrane na xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx n es orunrane roxa
na x.c. na acnnxponnnx nnraren:
kA 23 8 , 14 . 1 , 1 . 2 I . k . 2 i
) 3 (
, k . y . y
= == = = == = = == =
VII.3. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa
1. Kaxnn ca ocoenocrnre npn onpeenxne na roxa na x.c. sa mpexn nncxo nanpexenne?
2. Hpecmxranero na roxa na x.c. n mpexn c nanpexenne o 1kV ce nsnpmna:
a) nmenonann ennnnn ) ornocnrennn ennnnn
3. Tpxna nn a ce orunra axrnnnoro cnpornnnenne npn npecmxrane na r.x.c. n mpexn c nanpexenne o 1kV?
4. Tpxna nn a ce orunrar xonraxrnnre cnpornnnennx npn npecmxrane na r.x.c. n mpexn c nanpexenne o 1kV?
5. Kaxno rpxna a e cornomennero mexy momnocrra na cncremara n momnocrra na saxpannamnx
rpanc]opmarop sa a ce npneme, ue saxpannanero crana or mnna 'rnpo` nanpexenne?
6. Hpn xoe xco cennenne (rpn]asno, ny]asno nnn eno]asno) n mpexn c nanpexenne o 1kV roxr nnnarn e
na-ronxm?
7. Orunra nn ce nnnxnnero na sarpxnanero na npononnnnre or roxa na x.c. npn mpexn c nanpexenne o 1kV?
8. 3axpannanero na x.c. or enexrponnrarennre ne ce orunra, axo momnocrra nm e no-manxa:
a) or 10 ) or 20 n) or 50
143
VIII. Orpannuanane na 1oxone1e na xsco csennenne
Pasnnrnero na EEC nxnmunanero n excnnoarannx na nonn enexrponponon,
reneparopn n nocrannnn, non o namanxnane na cymapnoro cnpornnnenne na nepnrara
mexy nsrounnnnre na eneprnx n mxcroro na x.c., xoero or cnox crpana non o napacrnane na
roxonere na x.c.. Maxcnmannnre nnna na roxa na x.c. noxr o namanxnane na
excnnoarannonnara naexnocr na ncnuxn cnnonn enemenrn or EEC. Orpannuananero na
roxonere na x.c. e naxno nsncxnane npn npoexrnpanero n excnnoarannxra na EEC. B
sanncnmocr or:- xonxpe1nn1e ycnonnn, neoxonua1a c1enen na nauannnane na 1oxone1e
npn pasnnunn1e nnone x.c., 1exnnxonxonounuecxn1e noxasa1enn n EEC n p.ce nsncxnar
pasnnunn cpecrna sa orpannuanane na roxa na x.c. Hsnonsynanero na pasnnunn cpecrna sa
roxo-orpannuanane nnn rexnn xomnnannn, rpxna a non o na-op rexnnxo-
nxonomnuecxn e]exr.
Ha-mnpoxo nsnonsynannre cpecrna sa nocrnrane na rasn nen ca aenn no-ony.
VIII.1. Cxeunn pemennn - on1nunsannn na c1pyx1ypa1a na EEC
Cxemnnre pemennx ce ocmecrnxnar na emana ua npoermupaue na EEC. Taxa
nanpnmep, cxemnnre pemennx sa nsnacxne na eneprnxra or enexrpnuecxnre nenrpann ce
nsmennxa n sanncnmocr or napacrnanero, xaxro na ennnunara momnocr na reneparopnre, raxa
cmo n na ynennuananero na momnocrra na orennnre nenrpann |n.8|.
Onrnmnsannxra na crpyxrypara na mpexara npecrannxna e]exrnnno cpecrno sa
orpannuanane na roxonere na x.c.. 3a nenra ce nsnonsyna uao.ruo pasoe.euue ua +perama,
npn xoero saxpannanero na pasnnunn uacrn or enn n cm enexrpocnanrenen paon crana
npes mpexara nncoxo nanpexenne.
Hao.ruo pasoe.euue ua +perama ce nsnonsyna n n nponeca na excnnoarannx. 3a a
ce orpannun roxa na x.c. ce ocmecrnxna crannonapno nnn anromarnuno enene na mpexara.
Tona enenne ce npnnara n cnyuanre, xoraro nnnoro na roxa n aen nsen e mnoro nncoxo n
nannmana nnnoro na nnamnuecxa ycrounnocr na nsnonsynanoro nncoxononrono oopynane.
Cmauouapuomo pasoe.ue na mpexara ce nsnpmna n nopmanen pexnm, c nomomra na
cexnnonnn, mnnocenrennn nnn nnnenn npexcnaun.
Aemo+amu:uomo pasoe.ue na mpexara ce nsnpmna n anapnen pexnm, c nen
ocnrypxnane onycrnmoro nnno na roxa na x.c. orronapxmo na nsxnmunarennnre nsmoxnocrn
na xomyrannonnnre anaparn. To ce nsnpmna or cexnnonnn nnn mnnocennnrennn
npexcnaun, a nonxxora n or npexcnaunre na momnn saxpannamn enexrponponon. Hpn
nsnonsynanero na anromarnuno enene na mpexara ca nsmoxnn nenaronpnxrnn nocnecrnnx,
xaro neananc na momnocr n pasenennre uacrn, napacrnane na npemero sa nscranonxnane na
nopmannnx pexnm n p. Tosn mero nsncxna nnnmarenno a ce anannsnpar nocnecrnnxra or
ecrnnero na anromarnuno enene na mpexara.
VIII.2. Toxoorpannuanamn yc1ponc1na
Hpn nopmanen pexnm paora na mpexara, roxoorpannuanamnre ycrpocrna ne rpxna
snaunrenno a my nnnxxr r.e. a ne noxr o napymanane na xauecrnoro na enexrpcnaxnanero
na xoncymaropnre, xaro napacrnane na sarynre na nanpexenne nnn momnocr n p. Te rpxna
a npnrexanar crannnn xapaxrepncrnxn na paora n anapnnn ycnonnx. Km
roxoorpannuanamnre ycrpocrna ce ornacxr:
a) Torooepauu:aeauume pearmopu, xonro ce pasnnuanar cnope xoncrpyxrnnnoro cn
nsnnnenne n napamerpn:
-Pearmopu c .uueuu xaparmepucmuru. Km rosn rnn peaxropn ce ornacxr nnnennre
peaxropn, xonro ce nxnmunar nocneonarenno xm aena nnnnx, cexnnonnnre n cnoennre.
Tesn peaxropn orpannuanar roxa na x.c. n nopxar ornocnrenno nncoxo nnno na ocraruno
VIII. OIPAHHHABAHE HA TOKOBETE HA KTCO CTEHHEHHE
144
nanpexenne nn nsena, n xoro ca nxnmuenn. B nopmanen pexnm na paora n rxx nma saryn
na axrnnna n peaxrnnna momnocr, a cmo n saryn na nanpexenne. Hapamerpnre na nnnennre
peaxropn ca aenn n Hac1 I.
-Pearmopu c ue.uueuu xaparmepucmuru. Km rosn rnn peaxropn cnaar nacnmamnre
ce n ynpannxemnre peaxropn. Hacnmamnx ce peaxrop nma nennnena xapaxrepncrnxa, xoxro ce
nxn na nacnmanero na marnnronpono. C napacrnanero na roxa napacrna n exnnnanenrnoro
cnpornnnenne na peaxropa, xoero cnocrno ce nsnonsyna sa orpannuanane na roxa na x.c..
Vnpannxemnre peaxropn npnrexanar cmo marnnronpono. Hsmenennero na cnpornnnennero
my crana upes nomarnnrnane na marnnronponoa c nocroxnen rox.
o) Torooepauu:aeauu ro+vmauouuu anapamu
Toxoorpannuanamn xomyrannonnn anaparn ce xnxnar anaparn c esnnepnnonno
ecrnne.Te namanxnar yapnnx rox na x.c.. Km roxoorpannuanamnre xomyrannonnn anaparn
ce ornacxr:
- Torooepauu:aeauu npeonasume.u, xonro ce nsnonsynar sa nanpexennx or 3kV o
20kV. Hopan pennara cn neocrarnn, xaro necrannnn xapaxrepncrnxn, nensmoxnocr sa
AHB nopan enoxparno nm ecrnne n p. roxoorpannuanamnre npenasnrenn ce nsnonsynar
nn saxpannamn nepnrn na neorronopnn xoncymaropn.
-Bspueeauume ce oepauu:ume.u ua voapuu mor ca cnpx psoecrnamn
ynpannxemn xomyrannonnn anaparn sa enoxparno nsnonsynane. Cnrnan sa nspnnxnane na
nnponarpon ce noana or nsmepnrenen opran na nnmno ycrpocrno, xoero ]nxcnpa nannunero
na x.c.. Bspueeauume ce oepauu:ume.u ua voapuu mor nsxnmunar nonpeara sa oxono or
nepnoa na npomnmnenara uecrora r.e. 5ms.
e) Tpaucqop+amopu c paseneuu ua+omru sa uucro uanpereuue
Tpanc]opmaropnre n anrorpanc]opmaropnre c pasnenenn namorxn namanxnar roxa na
x.c. n mpexnre sa nncxo nanpexenne. Tesn rpanc]opmaropn ce nsnonsynar n cncremnre sa
cocrnenn nyxn na ronemn nenrpann nnn n nonnxanamn nocrannnn na ronemn npomnmnenn
npenpnxrnx. Hapamerpnre na rpanc]opmaropn n anrorpanc]opmaropn c pasnenenn namorxn
ca aenn n Hac1 I.
Ocnen resn roxoorpannuanamn ycrpocrna ca nsnecrnn n pyrn xaro:
- pesonancnn roxoorpannuanamn ycrpocrna,
- roxoorpannuanamn ycrpocrna or rpanc]opmaropen n peaxropno-nenrnnen rnn,
- nocroxnno roxonn npsxn,
- cnpxnpononnxonn roxoorpannuanamn ycrpocrna n p.
VIII.3. On1nunsannn na saseuenn1e ney1pann
Ionemnnara na roxa npn xcn cennennx cc semx cmecrneno ce nnnxe or
ronemnnara na exnnnanenrnoro cnpornnnenne na nynenara nocneonarennocr sa mpexn c
npexrno sasemen semen nenrp. 3a a ce onexun paorara na npexcnaunre e neoxonmo,
nn ncnuxn rouxn or mpexara, roxonere na na-pasnpocrpanennre eno]asnn n ny]asnn x.c.
cc semx, a ar no-manxn or roxa npn rpn]asno x.c. Tona nsncxnane ce nsnnnxna npn
ycnonne 1
x
x
1

. Cneonarenno, rpxna a ce nsnpa pox na sasemennre rpanc]opmaropn sa
mpexn c npexrno sasemen semen nenrp, raxa ue a ce nsnnnxnar cnennre ycnonnx.
1. Toxonere na na-pasnpocrpanennre eno]asnn n ny]asnn x.c. cc semx n mpexn c
npexrno sasemen semen nenrp, a ar no-manxn or roxa npn rpn]asno x.c. r.e.
) 3 (
k
) 1 , 1 (
k
) 3 (
k
) 1 (
k
I I , I I .
2. Hpn xcn cennennx cc semx n mpexn c npexrno sasemen semen nenrp
nanpexennero n neyrpanara na nesasemennre rpanc]opmaropn ne rpxna a npennmanar
npeenno onycrnmnre cronocrn r.e.
. on , A
) n (
A
U U , xero
. on , A
U e onycrnmoro
145
nanpexenne na neyrpanara na rpanc]opmaropa, a
) n (
A
U nanpexennero na neyrpanara npn
necnmerpnuno x.c. cc semx.
3. Hpn xcn cennennx cc semx n nponsnonna rouxa, sa mpexn c npexrno sasemen
senesen nenrp, nanpexennero na nenonpeenara ]asa ne rpxna a nannmana 80 or
nnnenoro nanpexenne na mpexara r.e
. u
) n (
. q , k
U . 8 , U . Tona nsncxnane e nponxrynano or
nocranxnero n mpexnre na 80 paspxnnnn.
Hsnnnennero na resn ycnonnx sa orpannuanane na roxa na x.c. cc semx na-necno ce
nocrnra, xaro ne ce sasemxr onpeenen po rpanc]opmaropn nnn axo ce nxnmuar n neyrpannre
na cnnonnre rpanc]opmaropn peaxropn nnn pesncropn.
VIII.4. Kopnnannn na nnno1o na 1oxone1e na xsco csennenne n
napaue1pn1e na enex1pooopynane1o
Hponecr na onexane o cornercrnne na nnnoro na roxonere na xco cennenne c
napamerpnre na enemenrnre nsrpaxamn eneprocncremara e npnero a ce napnua ropouuau
ua uueomo ua moroeeme ua rco ceouueuue. Heoxonmocrra or xopnnannx na nnnoro na
roxonere na xco cennenne nsnnxna n cnennre cnyuan:
npn excnnoarannxra na EEC;
npn npoexrnpanero na nonn nocrannnn, enexrponponon n p;
npn nepcnexrnnnoro nnannpane na pasnnrnero na EEC;
npn onpeenxne na rexnnuecxnre nsncxnannx xm paspaornanero na nono oopynane,
npenasnaueno sa EEC
B npoueca ua eucnuoamauua ocmecrnxnanero na xopnnannx mexy nnnoro na
roxonere na xco cennenne n napamerpnre na oopynanero, or xonro e nsrpaena EEC
nsncxna a ce nsnpmnar oneparnnnn npenxnmunannx noemn o nsmenenne na cxemara n na
nennx pexnm na paora. 3a nenra ce nsnonsynar:
oneparnnno enene na mpexara na uacrn;
anromarnuno pasenxne na mpexara;
nsmenenne na sasemennre neyrpann nnn rxxnoro sasemxnane npes axrnnnn
cnpornnnennx nnn peaxropn;
nsnonsynane na pasnnunn rnnone roxoorpannuanamn ycrpocrna;
nsnpmnane na moepnnsannx na oopynanero c nen nsnonsynane na anaparypa c no-
nncoxn noxasarenn na repmnuna n nnamnuecxa ycrounnocr.
Hpn npoeumupauemo na nonn oexrn or EEC saauara na xopnnannxra na nnnoro na
roxonere na xco ce ccron n nsop na onrnmanna cxema na paora na nonoro oopynane.
Ocnen rona, sanxnrenno rpxna a ce nsemar npenn napamerpnre na nonoro oopynane,
pasnnunnre orpannuennx, xonro morar a nsnnxnar n nponeca na excnnoarannx, nsncxnannxra
sa naexnocr n cnrypnocr na paorara na oopynanero, n sanncnmocr or oexra n mxcroro na
neronoro nncrannpane.
Hpn nepcneumueuomo nuauupaue na pasnnrne na EEC, nenra na xopnnannxra na
nnnoro na roxonere na xco cennenne ce ccron n nsop na onrnmanna crpyxrypa na EEC n
napamerpn na mpexara, xaro ce orunrar nepcnexrnnnre na pasnnrne na enexrpo norpenennero,
nnamnxara na pasnnrne na enexrpooopynanero n nsmenennxra na napamerpnre na EEC
Cneenero na czepe+euuume meueuuuu uz+ mexuuuecuume usucueauua npu
paspaomeauemo ua uoeo oopyeaue, npenasnaueno sa EEC nma naxna ponx npn nsrpaxane
na nonnrnxara sa pasnnrne na EEC
146
AHTEPATYPA
1. Anepyx,A.M. Penenax samnra n saauax c pemennxmn n npnmepamn. M., 3neprnx,
1975.
2. Bynnnxnn,A.B., M.A.Kannnono1cxnn. Toxn xoporxoro samtxannx. Knen,1960.
3. Iepacnuon,B.I., H.I.Ipyncxnn, A.A.yxon n p. 3nexrporexnnuecxn
cnpanounnx r.1., M., 3neprnx, 1984.
4. nun1pon,., A.Anrenon. Enexrpnuecxn mamnnn. uacr II, C., Texnnxa, 1988.
5. Kopn,I., T.Kopn. Cnpanounnx no maremarnxe nx nayuntx paornnxon n nnxenepon.
M., Hayxa, 1977.
6. Kpmuxon, H.H., n p. 3nexrpnuecxax uacrt snexrpocrannn n nocrannn, M.,
3neprnx, 1978.
7. Kynnxon,K.A. Hepexonte nponecct n +nexrpnuecxnx cncremax. M., MHP, 2003.
8. Hexnenaen,B.H., H.H.Kpmuxon. 3nexrpnuecxax uacrt +nexrpocrannn n
nocrannn, M., 3neproaromnsar, 1989.
9. Henuan,A.P., K.C.eunpunn. Teopernuecxne ocnont +nexrporexnnxn, M. H.,
3neprnx, 1966.
10. Ho1on,H. Hpexonn nponecn n enexrpoeneprnnnre cncremn,uacr I , C.,
Texnnxa,1992.
11. Ho1on,H. Kcn cennennx n enexrpoeneprnnnre cncremn, C., TV-Co]nx,2000.
12. Ho1on,H., K.Iepacnuon Pxonocrno sa pemanane na saaun no npexonn nponecn,
C., Texnnxa, 1990.
13. C1onnon,C., B.Iocnonnon, B.Bonuen. Pxonocrno sa npoexrnpane n nsnpane no
rexnnuecxn annn na cnnonn xaenn sa cpeno n nncxo nanpexenne n npononnnn sa
nncxo nanpexenne. C., TV-Co]nx,2002.
14. Yntnnon,C. 3nexrpomarnnrnte nepexonte nponecct n +nexrpnuecxnx cncremax,
M., 3neprnx, 1978.
15. Xpnc1on,K. Toxone na xco cennenne. C., Texnnxa, 1967.
16. De Metz-Noblat,B., Dumas,F.,G.Thomasset. Calculation oI short circuit currents,
Institut Schneider electric,2000.
17. Standards
IEC 60909:Short-circuit current calculation in three-phase AC systems.
IEC 60781:Application guide Ior calculation oI short-circuit currents in low voltage radial
systems.
Csspaanne
Hperonop
1
I. Kscn csennennn
I.1. Onpeenenne; nnone; npnunnn sa nssnnxnane 3
I.2. 3aaun na nscnenane1o 3
I.3. O1nocn1ennn n nuenonann nennunnn 4
I.4. Hapaue1pn na cnnonn1e eneuen1n1e o1 EEC 7
I.5. 3auec1namn cxeun (Hpexo o1 uarnn1no cnspsann xsu exnnnanen1nn
enex1pnuecxn cxeun). Hpnneaane xsu eno nnno na nanpeaenne.
11
I.6. Hpnuepn 15
I.7. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 21
II. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne
II.1. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne, saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c esxpanna uomnoc1 23
II.1.1. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne,
saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c esxpanna uomnoc1. mnsnxanna npec1ana 23
II.1.2. Konnuec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne,
saxpannano o1 cnc1eua c esxpanna uomnoc1 25
II.2. Eqex1nnna c1onnoc1 na nsnnnn 1ox na xsco csennenne n csc1anxn1e uy 29
II.3. Onpeennne uomnoc11a na xsco csennenne 30
II.4. Hpnuepn 31
II.5. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 33
III. Tpnqasno xsco csennenne saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx c xpanna
uomnoc1 (cnnxponen renepa1op)
III.1. Peanun na cnnxponen renepa1op 35
III.1.1. Oomen nex1op na 1pnqasna cnc1eua 35
III.1.2. Peanu na pao1a na cnnxponen renepa1op na npasen xo 35
III.1.3. Peanu na na1onapnane na cnnxponen renepa1op 36
III.1.4. Peanu na 1panno xsco csennenne na mnnn1e na cnnxponen renepa1op 37
III.2. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx c xpanna uomnoc1 (cnnxponen renepa1op).
mnsnxanna npec1ana
38
III.3. Konnuec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne,
saxpannano o1 ns1ounnx c xpanna uomnoc1 (cnnxponen renepa1op).
III.3.1. Onpeennne na napaue1pn1e na peanu na cnnxponna uamnna npn yc1anoneno
(1panno) 1pnqasno xsco csennenne 41
III.3.1.1. Onpeennne na yc1anonennn (1paen) 1ox npn 1pnqasno xsco csennenne
na mnnn1e na cnnxponen renepa1op ( x
nn.
0) 41
III.3.1.2. Onpeennne na yc1anonennn (1paen) 1ox na enex1pnuecxn o1aneueno
o1 mnnn1e na cnnxponnnn renepa1op ( x
nn.
0) 1pnqasno xsco
csennenne
43
III.3.2. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op n nauannnn
uouen1 na 1pnqasno xsco csennenne 45
III.3.2.1. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op, es
ycnoxon1ennn nauo1xn, n nauannnn uouen1 na x.c. ( nauanen 1ox na
xsco csennenne; npexono e..n.; npexoen peax1anc)
45
III.3.2.2. Onpeennne napaue1pn1e na peanua na cnnxponen renepa1op c
CTTPAHHE
ycnoxon1ennn nauo1xn n nauannnn uouen1 na x.c. ( nauanen 1ox na

xsco csennenne; cnpsx npexono e..n.; cnpsx npexoen peax1anc)
48
III.3.3. Eqex1nnna c1onnoc1 na nepnonuna csc1anxa na 1ox, npn 1pnqasno
xsco csennenne, o1 nauannnn uouen1, o yc1anonnnane1o na 1pannnn
1ox na xsco csennenne
50
III.4. Hpnuepn 55
III.5. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 61
IV. Hpax1nuecxn ue1on sa nsuncnnnane na xscn csennennn
IV.1. Exnnnanen1nn npeopasynannn na sauec1namn cxeun (npnneaane na cxeun
xsu no-npoc1 nn)
63
IV.1.1. Exnnnanen1no pesyn1an1no csnpo1nnnenne 63
IV.1.2. Exnnnanen1no e..n. na nnxonxo ns1ounnxa 65
IV.2. Hpnnnnn na nacnarnane1o 65
IV.2.1. Me1o nsnonsynam coc1nenn1e (nxonn1e) n nsanunn1e (npeana1ennn1e)
csnpo1nnnennn ( npononuoc1n ) 66
IV.2.2. Me1o nsnonsynam nacnarnane1o na coc1neno anapnnnnn peanu nspxy
nsxonnn peanu 67
IV.3. Me1o na npeenno - nponycxa1ennn1e uomnoc1n 68
IV.4. Me1o na nsuncnn1ennn1e xpnnn 70
IV.5. Hpnuepn 74
IV.6. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 78
V. Hecnue1pnunn anapnnnn peanun
V.1. Kauec1nena onenxa na npexonnn nponec npn necnue1pnuno xsco
csennenne. mnsnxanna npec1ana
81
V.2. Me1o sa nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn 82
V.2.1. Me1o na cnue1pnunn1e csc1anxn 82
V.2.2. Hpnnarane na ue1oa na cnue1pnunn1e csc1anxn. Ocnonnn ypannennn sa
nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn 84
V.2.3. 3auec1namn cxeun na nocneona1ennoc1n npn nanpeunn necnue1pnn 85
V.3. Hapaue1pn na eneuen1n1e sa 1oxone c opa1na n nynena nocneona1ennoc1 86
V.3.1. Cnnxponnn uamnnn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena nocneona1ennoc1 87
V.3.2. Tpancqopua1opn n an1o1pancqopua1opn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c
nynena nocneona1ennoc1 88
V.3.3. Bssymnn n xaennn nnnnn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena
nocneona1ennoc1 91
V.3.4. Acnnxponnn nnra1enn - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena
nocneona1ennoc1 92
V.3.5. Oomen 1onap - csnpo1nnnennn c opa1na n c nynena nocneona1ennoc1 93
V.4. Enoxpa1na nanpeuna necnue1pnn - 1oxone n nanpeaennn 93
V.4.1. Enoqasno xsco csennenne xsu seun

94
V.4.2. nyqasno xsco csennenne

95
V.4.3. nyqasno xsco csennenne csc seun

96
V.4.4. Oomenne na nspasn1e sa nsuncnnnane na necnue1pnunn x.c. Anropn1su sa
npecun1ane na necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn
98
V.5. Kounnexcnn sauec1namn cxeun sa enoxpa1nn nanpeunn necnue1pnn 100
V.6. Cpannenne na 1oxone1e npn pasnnunn1e xscn csennennn 101
V.7. Pasnpeenenne na 1oxone1e n nanpeaennn1a n 1exnn1e nocneona1ennoc1n n
enex1pnuecxa upeaa, npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn 104

V.7.1. Bex1opnn narpaun na 1oxone1e n na 1exnn1e nocneona1ennoc1n n
enex1pnuecxa upeaa npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn 104
V.7.2. Bex1opnn narpaun na nanpeaennn1a n na 1exnn1e nocneona1ennoc1n n
enex1pnuecxa upeaa npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn. 105
V.8. Enoxpa1na nansana necnue1pnn - 1oxone n nanpeaennn 107
V.8.1. Hpexscnane na ena qasa

107
V.8.2. Hpexscnane na ne qasn

109
V.8.3. Hecnue1pnn o1 nxnmunane na csnpo1nnnenne 111
V.9. 3auec1namn cxeun na npana1a, opa1na1a n nynena1a nocneona1ennoc1n n
xounnexcnn sauec1namn cxeun sa enoxpa1nn nansann necnue1pnn.
Anropn1su sa npecun1ane na enoxpa1nn nansann necnue1pnn
112
V.10. Hpnuepn 114
V.11. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 123
VI. Kscn csennennn n pasnpeenn1ennn upean
VI.1. Ocoenoc1n xapax1epnsnpamn pasnpeenn1ennn1e upean 127
VI.2. Hpoc1o seuno csennenne 127
VI.2.1. mnsnxanna npec1ana 127
VI.2.2. Onpeennne roneunna1a na nanpeaenne1o n 1oxa na npoc1o seuno csennenne 129
VI.2.3. Kounencannn na xanann1nnnnn 1oxa na npoc1o seuno csennenne 130
VI.3. Hpnuepn 133
VI.4. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 135
VII. Kscn csennennn n ypen nncxo nanpeaenne
VII.1. max1opn, nnnnemn na 1oxa na xsco csennenne n enex1pnuecxn ypen c
nanpeaenne o 1000V
137
VII.2. Toxa na xsco csennenne n enex1pnuecxn ypen c nanpeaenne o 1000V 139
VII.3. Hpnuepn 140
VII.4. Bsnpocn sa cauonponepxa 142
VIII. Orpannuanane na 1oxone1e na xsco csennenne
VIII.1. Cxeunn pemennn - on1nunsannn na c1pyx1ypa1a na EEC 143
VIII.2. Toxoorpannuanamn yc1ponc1na 143
VIII.3. On1nunsannn na saseuenn1e ney1pann 144
VIII.4. Koopnnannn na nnno1o na 1oxone1e na xsco csennenne n napaue1pn1e
na enex1pooopynane1o
145
Hsnonsynana nn1epa1ypa
146
Hpnnoaennn
Hpnnoaenne N1 147
Hpnnoaenne N2 147
Hpnnoaenne N3 148
Hpnnoaenne N4 150
Csspaanne
153

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K. M.

nnn nnnenno1o nanpeaenne U

. Torana, npemero, npecraneno n ornocnrennn ennnnn, npn f5Hz ce

, panna na cnnxponnara rnona cxopocr r.e. e ee e

), xoraro npnnexanero na napamerpnre

) , xoraro npnnexanero ce nsnpmna n

Touno Hpnnnsn1enno Touno Hpnnnsn1enno

= == = . Onpeenere cnpornnnennero na nnnnxra n

III. TPHmA3HO KTCO CTEHHEHHE 3AXPAHBAHO OT H3TOHHHK C

E' '' '

sin ca napamerpn na pexnma npen x.c..

E ' '' ' ' '' '

. Kzcomo czeuueuue cmaea e uuou,

cnnaa c penepnnx nexrop

, a cne rona nexrop

r.e. peynanero na ]asnre e (A,B,C).

me cnnane cornerno - c nexrop

, axo e ymnoxen c nexrop " a "

). Ho rosn naunn sa nexropnre c

cnnaa c penepnnx nexrop

, a cne rona nexrop

- r.e. peynanero na ]asnre e (A,C,B).

-pesynranrnoro e..n. cnpxmo

I 3 ' '' '

Y n snesa c nsonnpana neyrpana Y . Cnpsnane n snrsar ce nsnonsyna no-

sa nncxara crpana na rpanc]opmannx

x e 3,5 o 4,6 nrn no ronxmo or nnyxrnnnoro cnpornnnenne

x sanncn or pascenanero n craropnara namorxa, xoero ce onpeenx om muna u

x morar a ar nonyuenn camo no onnren nr.

x na xomnnexcen ronap sanncn or

Ipannunnre ycnonnx n mxcroro na

nspasen upes cnmerpnunnre cn ccranxn nma

nspasen upes cnmerpnunnre cn ccranxn nma cnennx nn:

Honaraxn V.8.15. n V.8.13. n V.8.14. ce nonyuanar nspasnre sa roxonere c oparna n

onpeeneno upes V.8.41..

L L' '' '

L' '' '

L' '' '

L' '' '

Torm npes se+ma e.

; j 1817 , 218 , . 831 , j jx . I J

Cnmerpnunnre ccranxmn n roxa n xnon I n xnon II.

x na cnnon rpanc]opmarop sanncn or:

x na nsymnn nnnnn ce onpeenx or :

x na acnnxponen nnraren sanncn or:

npnemar cnenara cronocr axo ce onycne, ue

. Hpn nxnmunane na peaxrop

, ro roxr npes semxra npn npocro semno cennenne npn R ; x x

= == = , nxnnara na rara, n sanncnmocr or

ycnoxon1ennn nauo1xn n nauannnn uouen1 na x.c. ( nauanen 1ox na

enex1pnuecxa upeaa, npn necnue1pnunn xscn csennennn 104

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