68 68 68

Österreichische Forschungsstiftung
Ethnologische Museen im 21. Jahrhundert
für Internationale Entwicklung
Die 1967 gegründete ÖFSE bietet seit Oktober 2009 ihre Dienstleistungen Eine vergleichende Fallstudie des Berliner
im C3 – Centrum für Internationale Entwicklung an. Sie steht für:
Bibliothek, Information & Dokumentation Ethnologischen Museums im Humboldt-Forum
Wissenschaft & Forschung
(Politik-)Beratung und des Weltmuseums Wien in der Neuen Burg
Wissenschaftliche Publikationen
Veranstaltungen zu aktuellen Themen
Veranstaltungsräume im C3
Elisa Frei
T +43 1 3174010 F -150 E office@oefse.at
Masterarbeit
A 1090 Wien, Sensengasse 3 I www.oefse.at, www.centrum3.at
68

Ethnologische Museen im 21. Jahrhundert

Eine vergleichende Fallstudie des Berliner
Ethnologischen Museums im Humboldt-Forum
und des Weltmuseums Wien in der Neuen Burg

Elisa Frei
Masterarbeit

Juni 2019
1. Auflage 2019
© Österreichische Forschungsstiftung für Internationale Entwicklung (ÖFSE)
im C3 – Centrum für Internationale Entwicklung
A-1090 Wien, Sensengasse 3, Telefon: (+43 1) 317 40 10, Fax: (+43 1) 317 40 10 – 150
e-mail: office@oefse.at, Internet: http://www.oefse.at, http://www.centrum3.at
Für den Inhalt verantwortlich: Elisa Frei
Druck: druck.at
Südwind-Verlag
ISBN: 978-3-902906-30-4

Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;
detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.ddb.de abrufbar.
Vorwort
Die Masterarbeit von Elisa Frei behandelt ein Thema, das durch den im November 2018 an
den französischen Präsidenten Emmanuel Macron übergebenen Bericht der französischen
Kunsthistorikerin Bénédicte Savoy und des senegalesischen Ökonomen Felwine Sarr („The
Restitution of African Cultural Heritage. Toward a New Relational Ethics“) wieder in die Sei-
ten der aktuellen Berichterstattung gefunden hat. Diesmal mündeten die Forderungen der
Wissenschaft aber in der Rückgabe von 26 Werken aus Frankreichs Museen an den Benin
und der Bereitschaft Frankreichs, innerhalb der nächsten 5 Jahre die Bedingungen für die
endgültige oder vorübergehende Rückgabe afrikanischen Kulturgutes an Afrika zu schaffen.
Stehen wir vor einem Wendepunkt nicht nur im Diskurs über die Rückgabe des afrikanischen
Kulturerbes, sondern vor allem in der konkreten Politik? Nach internationalen Schätzungen
befinden sich 90-95 % des Kulturerbes von Subsahara Afrika in westlichen Museen.

Sowohl die Studie von Savoy and Sarr, als auch die Ankündigungen des französischen Präsi-
denten Emmanuel Macron haben daher die Diskussion über die Rückgabe von „Kolonialkunst“
neu in Gang gesetzt, zumal viele ethnologische Museen in Europa davon betroffen sind.

Die Masterarbeit von Elisa Frei, die sich zentral mit der Verflechtung von Kolonialismus,
ethnologischen Museen und der Konstruktion der „Anderen“ am Beispiel zweier ethnologi-
scher Museen (Berliner Ethnologisches Museum im Humboldt-Forum, Weltmuseum Wien)
beschäftigt, bietet daher einen überaus aktuellen Beitrag zu dieser Diskussion. Vor dem Hin-
tergrund der Umsiedlung bzw. Wiedereröffnung der beiden Museen untersucht Elisa Frei
„inwiefern Argumentationen, Zielsetzungen und Diskussionen …. in einem Zusammenhang
mit Auseinandersetzungen über die koloniale Vergangenheit Deutschlands und Österreichs
stehen“. Anhand von vier Aspekten (Museumsstandort und räumliche Nutzung, inhaltliche
Positionierung, Provenienzforschung und Umgang mit Rückgabeforderungen, postkolonia-
le Kritik) verfolgt die Autorin – basierend auf einer fundierten geschichtswissenschaftlichen
Auseinandersetzung mit den Charakteristika kolonialer und imperialer Herrschaft – ihre For-
schungsfrage. Dabei versteht sie „Geschichte“ als „Ressource“, deren Nutzung im Kontext
unterschiedlicher Ziele und Interessen vieler Akteure zu verstehen ist. Es zeigt sich bei den
vier analysierten Aspekten, dass die museale Beschäftigung mit der kolonialen Vergangen-
heit von Auslassungen und Umdeutungen geprägt ist.

Ergänzt durch zwei Interviews mit Experten bietet die Arbeit eine hervorragende Grundlage
für eine breitere kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Frage nach der musealen Gestaltung
ehemaliger kolonialer Beziehungen. Elisa Frei sieht daher in der Rückgabe von Kulturgütern
auch Möglichkeiten der Weiterentwicklung für ethnologische Museen im Kontext einer post-
kolonialen Neuorientierung: „Ethnologische Museen im 21. Jahrhundert kommen nicht daran
vorbei, sich kritisch mit der kolonialen Vergangenheit auseinanderzusetzen, Deutungshohei-
ten abzugeben und die Institution Museum einer ständigen Evaluation zu unterziehen“.

Vor dem Hintergrund der wachsenden Bedeutung Afrikas für Europa und der neuen Allianz zwi-
schen der Europäischen Union und Afrika spielen sowohl Rückgabeforderungen afrikanischer
Kunst, als auch die museale Konstruktion der Beziehungen mit Afrika eine zunehmend wichtige
Rolle. Die Arbeit von Elisa Frei stellt einen wichtigen Beitrag für eine Neuorientierung bereit.

Dr. Michael Obrovsky

Stellvertretender Leiter der ÖFSE


   

 
 

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