    (৩৫ “ ৪০  )

    ? “    ণ  ও ।
      ? “  ।
  ণ    “    ণ       ;
   ণ  ণ  ণ ;    ণ ণ  ,
  ণ ।
   হ  “  ,  ,  ।
     ? “  ও ।
 ণ    “      ।
     ? “ হ ও      ।
    ও    ণ  ণ ? “ ।
 ‘      ,     হও  ’।  “  ।*
  ‘-’  হ “   ।

  ? “  ণ   ও ।

    “  ও ,  ও ,  ও ।
     হ “    ।
   হ “ ।
    ? “  ,  ও ।
     “  ।*
  হ    “   ।
    ? “  ও ।
     হ “ ণ।
   ণ   ণ ? “ ।

 ‚
 হ 
  
   , 
  ও 

“  , 
ণ  ।
   ‛ 
? “ ।
 ণ,  ও     হ “ ।
 ‘’       ? “ ।
       ? “    ।
   UNDP    ? “ ১৯৯৭
 UNDP  ণ     ? “ ৯।
    “  ।
   হ “   ,  ও  ।
    “ ।
  ও  ণ   ? “ ।
       ? “ হ।*
      ও  হ “   ।
 হ          হ? “   ।
     হ “   ।
     হ “    ।*
 ?
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation        “  ।
 Power : A New Social Analysis   ? “ ।
 Golden Mean হ “     (  )।
 ‘’        “  ।
 ‘ ’     হ “  ।
  ৪    হ? “  ।
      ? “ ।
  ও    ? “  ।
    হ “  ।
    “ ।
 

   

 Morality Moralitas (Latin) [- ণ  ]
 Values Plural of Value [-   / ণ ]
 Good Governance Governance (Latin) ← Kyberman (Greek) [- ]
 Ethics Ethica (Greek)

  

    ও    হ ।   
, হ ও  ণ “      হ।  হ
  ণ। 
  হ  হ  ।  
     ;      । 
   হ হ  , 
   ণ হ হ  ।
Ethics means what is right / good in conduct. 
Law does not and can not cover all grounds of morality. 
Power corrupts, absolute power tends to corrupt absolutely
absolutely..  
        ।  
   ।  
 হ   । 
   । 
   ।  
 হ       ।  
   । ও হ
       ।  
      ।   
 হ      হ  ।   
 হ  ও   । 
  হ       হ         
 হ  ।
      ,    ণ,   
  । (   ও হণ )
      ।  
      ।   ফ
    হ    ঋণ ওফ  হ। হ 
 হ  । 
 ,    , ণ  ,   ফ 
   ।
 হ          ও  
      হ।
       ,     UNDP
    হ ।
  ণ  ।  
    হ । 
     হ। হ  

 /  
Principia Ethica ()    ( )
A Manual of Ethics 
Elements of E
Ethics,
thics, Power : A N
New
ew Soc
Social
ial A
Analysis
nalysis  
Theory of good and evils 
Modern Moral Philosophy হ
The Prince  ( ও     )
The Republic ( ণ  ণ ও ) 
Political Economy  
The Spirit of Laws  (ফ  ও  ণ ’ )
Golden Mean / ণ  (   ) 
     “ ।
  ণ “ ।
      “ ।
   হও     হ “ ।
 ‘’        ? “ ১৮ ।
    হ  “  ।
     হ  “ ।
    /  “ ২ ( ও )।
   “ ৪ (১.  ২. হ  ৩. ণ  ৪.  )
  
 ণ
  “ ।  “   ।
   ণ   “  ও ।

  :

   : , হ ও  ণ  ( )

   : 
     : 
   ও  :  ণ/    ণ
    :  ও 
   : , 
   : 
   :  
   :  ও 
  ণ  : ণ   ণ
   :   হ /  ফ   

  :
  হ “    ।
 ‘’  “ ফ ।    Law “     Lag ।
     ণ “ ।
     ণ ণ  “ হ।
    -   হ   -  ।
        হ   “ ফ ।
 ‘  ও’      “  ।
   ‘ ’     ? “ ৬।
     “    ।*
     হ  “  ।
  হ  /   “  > ।
 ‘হ ও ’ ? “  ।
 ?
    ণ   “    ।
   :
  হ , , , , ,  ,  ,
,  
     ? ১ ( )
হ    ? ৬ (, , , ,  ,  )
    
    
     
 ও    
 ণ    হ   / 
  ণ  ? 
     ? 
 ‘’   ণ “ ।
  ণ “ ।
    “ ।
    “  ।
    “ ।
  হ  হ “ ।
 ণ     ও  হ “ ।
  ণ  “  হ ও ণ ণ।
    “ ।

 
 
 হ “ ।
হ“ ।
       “  ।
   হ “ ।
        হ “ ।
     “ ।
      “   হ ।
         হ? “  ।
     ? “ ।
      ? “ ।
     হ “ ণ ।
   “ ।
     “ ১০।

  ১০  :

 ও   হ    ও  ণ
    হ   ও   ও  হ

  ও    ণ “ ।

   ণ  হ “  ও ।
 ণ   “ হ।
 হ  হ “    ,    ।

   :
 /   ণ
৪ ৮ ৯

    হণ :

 হণ
 *  [        ণ  ]
  , হ, 
 *
   ণ
, 
   ,   ও  
 *  ও, ,  ,  হ  ( ঋণ হ )
 * , হ, , 
ণ * , হ
  হ  , হ   
     ,   

   হণ  “   ।

   হ   “  ।
      “ ।
   ও        “ ।
 ণ     ণ    “  ।
    হ “  ।
  ও       “ ।
 ণ    ণ “  ও    হ।
     “  ।
 ‘’     “  ।
  ণ “  / ।
 ‘’  “ ,  ও  ।
 ‘’  “  (  ,  ণ)।
 ণ ও  Win Win Game  হ “  (ণ   হণ    হ)।
 ‘’ ণ  ও  “  ‘ ’  (ণ  ণ)।
 ‘’ ণ  “    (১৯৮৯ )।
      ফ  ণ  ? “  হ -হ ।
    “  হ ।
 ‘
  ’  
 ‘’ 
“ ।
“  ।
       ? “ UNDP (১৯৯৭)
  ণ    ? “ UNDP
  হ   “ ।
  হ  “   ।
     ? “ হণ  ।
 ণ   হ  “  ।
    “  >   (     হ)।
     , ণ  “   ।
   হ  হ “ ।
   ও       “   ।
      ও   হ “     হণ।
      হ  “     ।
     “ ২।  হ  ,     ও   ।
    “ ২২।

 :
  
     
* ৪ AfDB ৫ IDB ৬
IDA ৪ UNHCR ৫ UN ৮
ADB ৪ WB ৬ UNDP ৯
  : , হ,  ,
হণ, ,  ও 

 ২০০০      হ,  ৪   ।  →

১. ২.  ৩.হণ ৪.

   ণ :

 ADB IMF UNDP IDA IDB AfDB
১৯৮৯ ১৯৯৫ ১৯৯৬ ১৯৯৭ ১৯৯৮ ১৯৯৮ ১৯৯৯

    :

    

Sub-Saharan Africa : From Crisis to Sustainable Growth (১৯৮৯) 
*   ‘’   হ।
Governance and Development /   ও  (১৯৯২) 
*      হ  ‘’     হ।
Governance : The World Bank’s Experience (১৯৯৪) 
*      ৪    হ।
Governance : Sound Development Management (১৯৯৫) ADB
*  ADB  ণ ।
Partnership for Sustainable Global Growth (১৯৯৬) IMF
*   IMF ‘’  হণ ।
 ও    (১৯৯৭) UN
*    ‘’  হণ ।
Governance for Sustainable Human Development (১৯৯৭) UNDP
*   হ UNDP     ণ ।

European Governance : A White Paper (২০০১)  

*       ।
  ১৯৯৬   ৬  /   ২০০০  ৪       ।
     “ UNDP (১৯৯০) ।   -  , হ হ,  ।   
(২০১৯)    - ও,   - ,   - ১৩৫ ।

  :

  ণ : ণ

   হ : ণ 
     : ণ 
   : 
     : 
   : , হ,  ,   ,  ও  
   /  :  ও , হ ,  ও  ণ 
       :  
   ও  : ণ /    ( )
    :  
   হ :    
  হ  : 
   : হ
   : ণ  ও 
    : ৪
     : 
     :    

  ৪  :

১  ২  ৩  ৪ 

  -  
   ণ  “ 
    “ ।

  ৫  :
১  ২  ৩  ৪  ৫ 
      ণ  
 ণ  হ “  ।

  ৩   :

   :  ণ 
   :   
   :   ও   ,     ও  

 - (Electronic Governance) :

 -   “ /     ও  ণ  ।
 -      হ “  ।
 -      “ ।
 - Smart Government  “      ।
     -  ণ  হ ও “     ।
      ‘- ’  হ “ ২০০২ ।
 -  ফ  “ ,  , ।
 - ফ  “ PPP (Public Private Partnership)
 PPP  ফ “ ।
     হ “ ।
 -   হ হ “ ।

  ও   হ ফ “   হ।
 - = -ণ + -
 a2i (Access to Information) :
o  :     
o  :  
o     হ : UNESCO
o  হ : ২০০৭
o   : ২০১২ 

    :

҂ ‘ ’  হণ  হ “ ২০০৯ ।
҂      হ “ ২০১২ ।
҂  ও       ? “ ফ।
҂ ‘  ’   হ   “ ।
҂ E-residence     “ ।
҂    ‘  ’   “ ১৯৭৮ ।

  :
 ‘’  “  ।   “   ও ।
   “  ও।
    [Bureaucracy – Bureau (French) + Kratein (Greek)] হ “  
(Desk Government)
  হ “  ,  ও   ।
      হ  ? “  ।
     ? “  ।
   হ “   ও   /    ।
 ণ    “  ও ।
       ? “ ণ ।
      ও ণ হ “   ।
   “ ণ  হ।
 Bad Governance   “ ।
 ‘ ফ ’ (Red Tapism)    হ “   ()।
    ণ   হ “ ফ ।

  :
           হ “ ।
       - ৭৭ ।
     হ “ , ১৮০৯ ।
  (Ombudsman)   “   ।

  :
   ও    “ ।
      ? “  ।
     “    ।
       হ “ ২১ , ২০০৪।
    হ “ ১৯৯৩  ( “  ,   “ , )।
   ‘ ণ ’   “ ১৯৯৫ ।
 ‘ ণ ’ ২০১৯ ,    “ ;    “  ও
;   “  ১৪   ১৪৬।

 ণ :
 ণ  হ “ ,  ও ।
 ণ  হ “ ণ    ।
 ণ ণ হ “ ণ / ,  ও   /  ।
  ণ   “ ।
  ণ  ‘ ’  হ “ ণ;  ‘ ’  হ “  ।
  ণ   হ “  ।
 ণ  হ “  ।
 ণ  “   ।
   “ ণ /   /    /   ।

   ? “ ।
 White Paper হ “      ণ।
    হ “  ।
  ণ  :
o  ‘ ণ ’ হ “           ।
o  ‘ ণ ’   “ ণ  ও   ।
o  ‘ ণ ’    হ    ণ? “ ।

  ও  :
    ।  “  ও  ।
  হ “    /  ।
   হ “  ।
             হ “ ।
    “  ।
       ? “ ৩০ (  “ ২৮)।
    ণ হ “   হ।
    “ হ;   “ ;   “ ।
 ণ   হ “  ।
 ণ  ও      “     হ।
 ‘’      হ? “  ।

    :
   ,  ,   ,    ,
   ,   
     ,   ,      ,
   ,     
   
  ফ ,    ,   

o      হ “  ।

o     “  হ ।

  ও  :
     হ “ ।
    হ “  ও  ।
      “ ।
   “  ।
   হ  “  ।
     ণ   হ “  ।
    ণ  হ? “  ।

  ণ   ণ “ ।

    হ “ , হ, ,  , , , , , , হ,
 ।

   :
o    হ “    ()  ।
o    হ “   ।
o     হ “    ।
o   ণ হ “ ।
o    “  ;    হ “  ।

    হ “ //  ( “ ;   “ )।
    হ “  ণ ও  হণ  ।
      ? “   ।
       “  ।
   হ “    ণ।
   হ    হ? “ , ,  (ণ) ।