Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
herausgegeben von
Nils Mller-Scheeel
, Dsseldorf
Inhalt
Vorwort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IX
Nils Mller-Scheeel
Irregulre Bestattungen in der Urgeschichte: einfhrende Vorbemerkungen . . . . . . . . . . .
11
Edeltraud Aspck
ber die Variabilitt von Totenpraktiken. Oder: Probleme einer dichotomen Auffassung
von Toten- bzw. Bestattungsbrauchtum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
Ctlin Pavel
The Social Construction of Disability in Prehistoric Societies What Funerary
Archaeology Can and Cannot Say . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
39
Janina Duerr
Die verkehrte Jenseitswelt (mundus inversus): Eine Deutung zerbrochener, verbogener
oder vertauschter Grabbeigaben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
Andy Reymann
Schamane oder nicht Schamane? Zur Problematik der Nutzung eines ethnologischen
Terminus bei der Analyse vorgeschichtlicher Bestattungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65
Jlius Jakab
Brche an menschlichen Knochen aus urgeschichtlichen Siedlungsgruben der
Sdwestslowakei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75
Antje Kohse
Sonderbestattungen in gypten von der prdynastischen Zeit bis zum Mittleren Reich
(ca. 45001750 v. Chr.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87
95
Christian Meyer, Christian Lohr, Hans-Christoph Strien, Detlef Gronenborn und Kurt W. Alt
Interpretationsanstze zu ,irregulren Bestattungen whrend der
linearbandkeramischen Kultur: Grber en masse und Massengrber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
111
123
139
VI
Inhalt
151
169
Amelie Alterauge
Silobestattungen aus unbefestigten Siedlungen der Michelsberger Kultur in Sd- und
Sdwestdeutschland Versuch einer Annherung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
185
Sara Schiesberg
berlegungen zu Normen und Abweichungen im Bestattungsbrauch der Trichterbecherzeit
unter besonderer Bercksichtigung des Grberfeldes von Ostorf-Tannenwerder . . . . . . . . .
197
211
227
239
251
265
279
289
307
Inhalt
VII
327
Stefan Flindt, Susanne Hummel, Verena Seidenberg, Reinhold Schoon, Gisela Wolf,
Henning Hamann und Thomas Saile
Die Lichtensteinhhle. Ein ,irregulrer Ort mit menschlichen Skelettresten aus der
Urnenfelderzeit Vorbericht ber die Ausgrabungen der Jahre 19932011 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
347
Melanie Augstein
Regulre und irregulre Bestattungen der Hallstattzeit Nordostbayerns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
365
377
Peter Trebsche
Die Regelhaftigkeit der irregulren Bestattungen im sterreichischen Donauraum
whrend der Latnezeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
387
Nils Mller-Scheeel, Carola Berszin, Gisela Grupe, Annette Schwentke, Anja Staskiewicz
und Joachim Wahl
ltereisenzeitliche Siedlungsbestattungen in Baden-Wrttemberg und Bayern . . . . . . . . . .
409
Christian Meyer, Leif Hansen, Frauke Jacobi, Corina Knipper, Marc Fecher, Christina Roth
und Kurt W. Alt
Irregulre Bestattungen in der Eisenzeit? Bioarchologische Anstze zur Deutung
am Beispiel der menschlichen Skelettfunde vom Glauberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
425
439
Sandra Pichler, Hannele Rissanen, Norbert Spichtig, Kurt W. Alt, Brigitte Rder, Jrg Schibler
und Guido Lassau
Die Regelmigkeit des Irregulren: Menschliche Skelettreste vom sptlatnezeitlichen
Fundplatz Basel-Gasfabrik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
471
Stefan Burmeister
Moorleichen Sonderbestattung, Strafjustiz, Opfer? Annherungen an eine
kulturgeschichtliche Deutung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
485
Schlussbetrachtungen
Alexander Gramsch
Wer will schon normal sein? Kommentare zur Interpretation irregulrer Bestattungen . . .
509
Vorwort
Der vorliegende Band ist aus einer Tagung entstanden, die unter dem Titel Irregulre Bestattungen
in der Urgeschichte: Norm, Ritual, Strafe ? vom
3. bis 5. Februar 2012 in Frankfurt a. Main von
der Rmisch-Germanischen Kommission und dem
Institut fr Vor- und Frhgeschichte der GoetheUniversitt Frankfurt a. M. organisiert wurde1. Die
Gerda Henkel-Stiftung hat zu dieser Tagung einen
substantiellen Beitrag gestiftet, ohne den sie in der
Form, wie sie durchgefhrt wurde, nicht htte realisiert werden knnen. Auch zur Herstellung dieses
Bandes hat sie unbrokratisch einen erheblichen
Beitrag geleistet. Fr dieses doppelte finanzielle Engagement danke ich ihr an dieser Stelle ganz
herzlich.
Gegenber dem ursprnglichen Tagungsprogramm2 sind eine Reihe von nderungen zu verzeichnen. Einige Vortragenden sahen sich zeitlich
nicht in der Lage, ihre Ergebnisse zu Papier zu
bringen, bzw. teilweise sind sie in hnlicher Form
inzwischen anderswo verffentlicht3. Dafr wurden
die Autoren einiger whrend der Tagung prsentierten Poster gebeten, diese fr den Tagungsband
auszuarbeiten, da sie m. E. neuartige Aspekte in die
Diskussion einbringen. Der Vortragsvorschlag von
Melanie Augstein konnte ursprnglich aus Zeitgrnden nicht mehr bercksichtigt werden, hat nun aber
Der Herausgeber
308
Fig. 1. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Location of the site and the position of the deposits. 12 location of the site; 3 natural
surroundings of the site before the regulation of the river Tisza (red patch marks excavation area); 4 elevation map
with the hypothetical hydrological circumstances of the immediate surroundings of the site; 5 distribution of the objects of the Late Bronze / Early Iron Age settlements and the position of the three deposits.
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
309
310
Fig. 2. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Feature 2-011. 14 Phases of the deposition sequence; 5 overview of the excavated
feature, uppermost bone layer (phase 4). Colour scheme: shades of orange complete skeletons; blue partial skeletons; gray single bones; pink single skulls.
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
311
Fig. 3. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Feature 1-550. 16 Phases of the deposition sequence. Colour scheme for the bones:
shades of yellow / orange complete skeletons; shades of blue partial skeletons; gray single bones; pink single
skulls. Colour scheme for the soil layers: brown ash; black / dark gray mostly charcoal; light brown / yellow
mixed soil and subsoil.
312
Fig. 4. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Feature 1-550. 1 Overview of the feature with the completely unearthed bone layer
in the middle and western parts (see phases 36 on fig. 3), that in the eastern depression is mostly untouched; 2 lower
part of the bone layer in the eastern niche, after removing the single bones (referring roughly to phase 3 on fig. 3);
3 bronze spiral ring on the finger bone of a partial hand; 4 bronze bracelet under the right scapula of a partial body,
lying directly on the charcoal layer; 5 six astragali, two of them pierced through, from under the legs of a complete
skeleton; 6 Kalakaa vessel fragment from amongst the bones of segmented cadavers in the lowermost layer.
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
313
Fig. 5. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Feature 1-701. 16 Phases of the deposition sequence; 7 overview of the feature,
uppermost bone layer (phase 6). Colours added for illustrative purposes only.
314
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
Feature 2-011
Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
315
Feature 1-550
Children
Children
(d + s)
(d + s)
(d + s)
(d + s)
17 + 14
13 + 19
13 + 22
12 + 18
8 + 10
15 + 20
25 + 11
25 + 7
13 + 11
40 + 24
29 + 15
33 + 6
11 + 11
10 + 12
9 + 11
15 + 13
13 + 15
4+6
3+4
1+3
3+3
9+6
5+5
2+1
Tab. 1. Pusztataskony-Ledence 1. Number of long bones in features 2-011 and 1-550. d dextra (right); s sinistra (left).
tion or laid irregularly. In any case, it was not possible to associate either the different partial skeletons
and / or the clean bones within the features4.
Summary of the preliminary results
1. All three pits contained remains of children and
adults as well, of both sexes and all age groups (the
lack of 0-year old newborn range is characteristic at
prehistoric series). There is no recognizable relation
between sex, age at death, state of disintegration
and the position of the bodies (were they deposited
either with or without intentional arrangement). Table 1 summarizes the long bones from pits 2-011
and 1-550. The type distribution shows clearly how
accidental the collecting of the remains must have
been, and therefore, how arguable in these cases a
mere estimation of the interred individuals number
would be.
2. At the time when the remains were interred,
in most of the cases the decay of the corpses was
in progress. Distinct states of disintegration (common presence of whole skeletons, parts of skeletons
in anatomical order, single bones) suggest different
dates of death for particular individuals in the same
pit.
3. Apart from a couple of cases (e. g. a deep cut
mark on one of the skulls from feature 2-011, the
blow probably causing immediate death), there
were no physical injuries on the bones, and marks
of cannibalism (e. g. signs of intentional defleshing,
boiling or human gnawing) were also absent. Would
the pits contain remains of victims of some natural
disaster or a lasting epidemic, by traditional anthropological analysis cannot be determined.
4. Marks of animal (rodent or scavenger) gnawing are also missing, indicating that the corpses
were not kept in the open prior to burial. The lack
of weather marks (e.g. sun bleaching, desiccation
caused by direct sunlight or warping caused by extreme temperatures) affirms this assumption. The
presence of partial skeletons with the bones in anatomical order indicates textile wrapping or clothes.
In conclusion, the different stages of disintegration and the lack of physical injuries are evidence
that the pits contained the remains of individuals
who died at different dates and by distinct causes,
and the cadavers of which were, in the first stage of
the burial process, putrefied for various times and
retained during this process in a closed context elsewhere. After death, every (?) member of the community, regardless of sex, age, or cause of death,
was treated the same way.
The sex and age of individuals shows no correlation either with the state of decomposition of the
remains (single bones, associated body parts, crania
or complete skeletons) or in the case of intact cadavers the way of treatment (either showing signs
of intentionality or not). In all three deposits the
state of the human remains implies that the majority of the corpses were disposed of in the pits when
their decay was already in progress.
Taxonomic analysis
Complex analysis of the human remains shows that
the series of the three pits is characterized by taxonomic heterogeneity, an overall characteristic of
prehistoric series of the Carpathian Basin, caused
mainly by varying interbreeding ratio of taxonomic
variants. The Pusztataskony population is dominated by low and high faced, leptodolichomorph individuals of both short and tall stature. Some of the individuals belong to the curvoocipital brachymorph
taxonomic variant, and the cromagnoid component
is also present. There is no recognizable correlation
between taxonomic variants and the sex of the individuals, and all components are present in every
pit.
4
The anthropological investigation was prepared
according to the methods of ALEKSEIEV / DEBETZ 1964;
RY et al. 1963; JOHNSTON 1961; MARTIN / SALLER
1957; NEMESKRI et al. 1960; SCHOUR / MASSLER 1941;
SJVOLD 1990.
316
PusztataskonyLedence,
features 2-011, 1-550, 1-701
Males & females
Females
Hurbanovo culture
0.282
Vatya culture
0.698
Fzesabony culture
0.290
1.439
0.179
0.980
0.858
Mokrin
0.067
0.103
Szreg-C I
0.138
Szreg-C II
0.151
Szreg-C III
0.434
0.597
Ostojievo I
0.434
Ostojievo II
0.223
0.369
Tumulus culture, Tp
0.196
0.182
0.146
0.337
Mezcst culture
0.443
0.648
Maros culture
Tab. 2. Distances (CR2 values) according to the Penrose analysis between the series from Pusztataskony and other
series from the Carpathian Basin. Smaller CR2 values indicate more probable biological proximity or even identity of
the different series. Statistically significant results are underlined.
Taxonomic comparison of the people of the Pusztataskony pits and the territorial predecessors (the
population of the Gva culture) is not possible as
there are only a few skeleton burials known from
the Gva culture, leaving its general taxonomic image unclear. However, by extending the search for
materials to include in the taxonomic comparison, it
is possible to find convincing archaeological analogies far afield, roughly 300 km to the south, in sites
from Voivodina (Northern Serbia) of the Kalakaa
horizon of the Bosut Culture (Bosut IIIa, Reinecke
Ha B2 / B3C1), which are contemporaneous with
the Pusztataskony features. Regrettably, the pit of
Novi Sad-ADECO is nearly completely and another at Novi Sad-Klisa is partly ruined5, and the anthropological material of the first mass grave from
Hrtkovci-Gomolava (Syrmia) was not retained. The
greatest mass grave of the Kalakaa horizon is that
of Hrtkovci-Gomolava II6 (see descriptions below).
The condition of the anthropological material from
the burials of Vajuga-Pesak at the Iron Gates, a site
representing the next horizon of the Bosut culture is
so poor that it did not fit either for craniometric or
for taxonomic analysis7.
Biostatistical analysis
9
10
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
317
Fig. 6. Penrose distances between the available Bronze and Early Iron Age series from the Carpathian Basin. CR2
values refer to the generalized size-shape distance. Smaller CR2 values indicate more probable biological proximity or
even identity of the different series (represented by thicker connection lines).
Interpretation of the
Pusztataskony features
At first sight in 2009, the then-unique feature 2-011
at Pusztataskony seemed to contain victims of a
mass slaughter or an epidemic that eradicated the
population of a nearby homestead. One imagined a
group of people (maybe members of a nearby community) finding the cadavers few weeks or months
later and giving final honour to the deceased by interring them in a large pit that was open at the time.
But as the anthropological survey progressed, the
emerging evidence forced our team to seek an alternative explanation. Aware of that, the excavation of
the second and third features in 2011 focused on the
deposition sequence and the possibilities of reconstructing the treatment of the cadavers and revealing
the primary context of the human remains.
A few examples of cultic and sacrificial interpretation from Hungarian research. Neolithic: RACZKY
1974, 201; 205 (foundation deposit); ZALAI-GAL 1984,
2427 (skull cult with hints of cannibalism); BNFFY
1990 / 1991, 192194; 218231 with a list of so-called
construction offerings from the Neolithic of Austria,
(the former) Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Early
Bronze Age: KALICZ-SCHREIBER 1981, 81 f. (sacrifical
pit). Iron Age: PETRES 1972, 371 f. 381 (human remains in settlements with features linked to libation sacrifices). Sometimes the interpretations of the same feature highly differ, e. g. in the case of the Late Neolithic
mass grave of Eszterglyhorvti, where mechanical injuries on the few skull fragments suggest the presence
of violence (ZOFFMANN 2007, 50): J. MAKKAY (2000,
62) describes the feature as remains of a massacre, while
J. P. BARNA (1996, 153; 156) interprets them as human
sacrifice.
12
E. g. MURPHY 2008; RITTERSHOFER 2007.
11
318
1990.
17
2005.
2006;
RAKITA / BUIKSTRA
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
Results of the
soil micromorphological survey
In order to gain information regarding the context
of the preceding storage, a thin section soil micromorphological survey was carried out on altogether
seven samples from pit 1-550. Samples with sequences of the fill layers and of the subsoil (PT-04,
PT-10, PT-13, PT-14) and others containing human
bones from either complete or partial skeletons (PT08, PT-12, PT-15) were examined.
Samples PT-10 and PT-15 contained parts of
the subsoil and the lowermost layer of the fill. In
these samples the two layers could clearly be separated. No indications were found that would suggest that the pit, or at least the part from where the
samples were taken was initially used for anything
else but interment. The presence of iron nodules in
the subsoil is the result of excess water caused by
rainfall and indicates a gradual filling of the pit19.
Stratigraphical observations suggest that the northwestern part of the pit was cleaned shortly before
the interment of human remains. It also could be ascertained that every layer of all samples apart from
a patch of charcoal consists exclusively of mineral
components (quartz, biotite, chlorite, muscovite,
glauconite etc.), i. e. natural soil-like materials.
None of the investigated samples contains botanic
material (pollen, phytoliths or decomposed organic
matter) indicating that the fill layers either with or
without human bone originate from deeper soil horizons, and also that no botanic additions were enclosed with the human remains20.
The soil layer containing human bones could be
clearly separated from the stratum beneath. The different structure of the infill layers suggests that the
bones and some of their previous incorporate medium were brought here together, and laid upon the
lower soil stratum, i. e. the earlier fill layer of the
pit. Biological activity could not be observed in the
layers that incorporated the human remains. The
lack of phytoliths and other plant residues implies
that the human remains were deposited formerly at
319
19
20
21
22
23
24
KOVCS 2012, 8.
Ibid. 15.
Ibid. 4.
Ibid. 5.
Ibid. 4.
Ibid. 10.
320
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
occurrence in both cases may be interpreted as associated with a ritual action, which, viewed in connection with the presence of cereals in the tombs,
indicates the agricultural component in the culture
of the people to whom the tomb belonged. The
complex of sacrificial actions and beliefs in afterlife comprises the practice of sacrificing whole, or
parts of, animals. Tomb II contained part of the skeleton of an ox, and in Tomb I bones of a deer and
a dog were found. Their occurrence and the presence of grave goods in both tombs lead to the conclusion that these ritual objects did not come there
by chance, during a hasty burial of dead tribesmen
or of enemies captured or killed in battle, but that
they were placed there as a result of certain ritual
actions35. Though this line of thought may seem
worth considering, it is not sufficiently supported
by scientific data or detailed contextual analysis. In
the deposits of Pusztataskony no features indicating
this kind of ritual behaviour were detected. On the
contrary, several hints suggest that the corpses had
been subjects of earlier primary burials. Bearing
this in mind, it is also conceivable that the sherds of
ceramic vessels, the bone and stone tools, the set of
astragali and the bronze ornaments found together
with the human remains may have served as grave
goods in the previous stage of the burial (i. e. at the
former interment), and were dug out and re-deposited accidentally with the human remains. Concerning the animals found in the features of Gomolava,
one may rather relate their presence to some even
perhaps ritualistic action taking place during the
final deposition of human cadavers.
Two further mass deposits with human remains
from the Kalakaa horizon were found recently in
the vicinity of Novi Sad, Vojvodina36. A pit containing human bones has been unearthed at Novi SadADECO (structure unknown) by D. Aneli, and in
2008 another deposition of complete skeletons and
single bones was found at a large-scale excavation
at Novi Sad-Klisa37. Some features of the find circumstances led D. Aneli to the suggestion that
such collective depositions may be typical for the
end of the Kalakaa horizon38. To prove this hypothesis, however, a systematic chronological and
contextual analysis of all assemblages from this horizon is needed in the future39.
Significant data proving a direct relationship between the Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age population of the Middle Tisza Region and the contemporaneous groups of South-Eastern Europe has not
yet been published. In this light the finds of Pusztataskony may be considered rather important, as in
their case the above-mentioned two groups do not
only seem to have a common practice of depositing human remains in round pits, but a fragment of
an original, probably imported Kalakaa vessel also
showed up in feature 1-55040.
321
322
Early Iron Age Mass Graves in the Middle Tisza Region: Investigation and Interpretation
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gnes Kirly
Katalin Sebk
Institute of Archaeological Sciences
Etvs Lornd University
Mzeum krt. 4 / b
H1088 Budapest
koldoknezo@gmail.com
sebokkata@gmail.com
Gabriella Kovcs
Matrica Museum
Gesztenys u. 13
H2440 Szzhalombatta
antropologus@yahoo.com
Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann
Rzsa str. 36.VII.
H1042 Budapest
zoffmann@freemail.hu