Griechische Nekropolen

Heide Frielinghaus
Jutta Stroszeck Neue Forschungen und Funde
Panos Valavanis
(Hrsg.)

beiträge zur
5 archäolo gie griechenl ands
 Griechische Nekropolen
Neue Forschungen und Funde
beiträge zur archäologie griechenlands 5

Herausgegeben von
Heide Frielinghaus und Jutta Stroszeck
Heide Frielinghaus – Jutta Stroszeck – Panos Valavanis (Hrsg.)

Griechische Nekropolen
Neue Forschungen und Funde

Bibliopolis / Möhnesee 2019

© Bibliopolis, Möhnesee 2019
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ISBN 978-3-943741-11-7

Einbandgestaltung: Lisa Neuhalfen

Redaktion: Heide Frielinghaus, Anne Sieverling, Panos Valavanis
Satz: Marie-Christine Schimpf
Layoutkonzept: Lisa Neuhalfen
Gesamtherstellung: Beltz Bad Langensalza GmbH

www.bibliopolis.de

Coverbild: Torso eines Makedonischen Kriegers aus Pydna

(Foto A. Athanassiadou / Ephorate of Antiquities of Pieria Archives)
 inhaltsverzeichnis
vorwort ......................................................................... 9

ourania vizyinou
Attic Burial Types from the 11th to the 6th Century B. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

eirini m. dimitriadou
Burial Topography of Archaic Athens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Tafeln 1–2

vyron antoniadis
Excavating at Skyros and Purifying Delos: Athenian ›Archaeological‹
adventures and interpretations in the 5th century BC Aegean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Tafeln 3–8

maria chidiroglou
Ancient cemeteries in Euboea: old and new finds in their context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Tafeln 9–14

nota kourou
The Classical cemetery of Xobourgo at Tenos
between tradition and modernity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Tafeln 15–22

elena korka – paraskevi evaggeloglou

A cemetery excavation unearths Tenea's past . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Tafeln 23–25

stamatis fritzilas
Grabpithoi und Bestattungen in Südostarkadien (Peloponnes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Tafeln 26–31

anthi aggeli
Funerary Contexts from the Cemeteries of Ambracia
of the Archaic and Early Classical periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Tafeln 32–40
nikolaos petrochilos
Mors delphica: local identities and funerary practices at Delphi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Tafeln 41–44

anastasios kakamanoudis
Aspects of Organisation of Macedonian Cemeteries:
from the Archaic to the Hellenistic Times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Tafeln 45–49

vivi saripanidi
Macedonian Necropoleis in the Archaic Period:
Shifting Practices and Emerging Identities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Tafeln 50–52

eleni manakidou
Keramische Grabbeigaben in den archaischen Nekropolen Makedoniens . . . . . . 197
Tafeln 53–57

barbara schmidt-dounas
Heroische Vergangenheit und makedonische Elite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Tafeln 58–59

matthaios bessios – athena athanassiadou

Discovering the Monument of Pydna: royal or royal hetairoi tombs? . . . . . . . . . . 235
Tafeln 60–66

constantina kallintzi
Children's graves in the cemeteries of Abdera: Data and observations . . . . . . . . . 245
Tafeln 67–71

anna alexandropoulou
Die Kindergräber in Phaleron (Attika) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Tafeln 72–78

nikolas dimakis
Burial and Commemoration of Children in Hellenistic Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Tafeln 79–84
heide frielinghaus
Überlegungen zu Theater-Elementen in Gräbern
klassischer und frühhellenistischer Zeit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

panos valavanis
Tombs in Hippodromes and Stadiums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323

jutta stroszeck
Unterweltsvorstellungen und die Fundorte von Fluchtafeln im Kerameikos . . . 337
Tafeln 85–107

stavroula oikonomou
The Gold Lamellae and the Topography of a mystery Underworld . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Tafeln 108–110

adressen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

tafeln 1–110
 vorwort
In Griechenland hat sich dank systematischer Ausgrabungen wie auch durch Zufallsfunde die
Zahl freigelegter Nekropolen(abschnitte) und Einzel-Gräber in den letzten Jahren deutlich
vermehrt. Gleichzeitig wurden – unter Berücksichtigung z. B. von Bestattungsformen, Ritu-
alen, Grabtypen, Grabkennzeichnung oder Beigaben-Sets – systematische Analysen größerer
Einheiten vorangetrieben. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden u. a. die Charakterisierung be-
stimmter (sozialer) Gruppen, die Definition und Verbreitung gesellschaftlicher Leitbilder
oder im Rahmen des Grabes zum Ausdruck kommende Unterwelts-Vorstellungen in den
Blick genommen. Dennoch ist unsere Kenntnis der griechischen Grabwelt noch immer sehr
fragmentarisch. So fehlen für viele Gebiete übergreifende, alle Informationen einbeziehende
Analysen entweder gänzlich oder zumindest für bestimmte Zeitabschnitte, auch steht ein de-
taillierter, diachron aufgeschlüsselter Vergleich zwischen verschiedenen griechischen Poleis
und Landschaften noch aus.
Erwachsen aus einem im November 2016 in Mainz veranstalteten Kolloquium, trägt der
hier vorgelegte Band zu zwei Bereichen der breit gefächerten Desiderata bei. Unter Berück-
sichtigung neuester Funde – die teils in eine weitreichendere Analyse einbezogen werden,
teils im Zentrum von weiterführenden Überlegungen stehen – werden zum einen einige grö-
ßere geographische Einheiten über einen gewissen Zeitraum hin betrachtet und zum anderen
Gräber in den Blick genommen, die sich mit bestimmten sozialen Gruppen verbinden lassen,
eine spezifische Ausstattung besitzen oder lokale Besonderheiten aufweisen.
Finanzielle Förderung wurde dem Kolloquium von Seiten der inneruniversitären For-
schungsförderung der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz und des GRK 1876 ›Frühe
Konzepte von Mensch und Natur: Universalität, Spezifität und Tradierung‹ zuteil, wofür sich
die Herausgeber sehr zu Dank verpflichtet fühlen.
Zu danken ist zudem Marie-Christine Schimpf, die das Layout übernommen, und Lisa
Neuhalfen, die den Einband gestaltet hat. Ein besonderer Dank gilt zudem der Verlegerin
Marlene Herfort-Koch, die für eine schnelle Drucklegung gesorgt hat.

Mainz, Juni 2019 Heide Frielinghaus Jutta Stroszeck Panos Valavanis

 101

a cemetery excavation unearths tenea's past

The city of Tenea1 is mentioned by Strabo and Pausanias. It is Pausanias, who gives us infor­
mation about the origin of the people in Tenea. They were considered, according to tradition,
as Trojan war­prisoners, who were brought over after the fall of Troy and were allowed by
Agamemnon to settle in the region of Tenea. However, other scholars consider them inhabi­
tants from the small island of Tenedos. During the Roman period Tenea was not destroyed,
as the inhabitants were considered to have a common background with the Romans also
coming, according to myth, from Troy.
Tenea was situated in a strategic spot, in the middle of a very wealthy plain, on the
crossroads leading to Argos on the one side and Corinth and Kenchreai on the other. Accor­
ding to Strabo, the most important monument in Tenea was the shrine of Apollo. He also
informs us that Archias from Corinth was sent to found the colony of Syracuse in the 7th
c. B. C. and that most settlers originated from Tenea. This proves that Tenea was a wealthy
place with dense population. Strabo specifically states that Tenea, after the founding of Syra­
cuse, reached its peak due to the commercial activities, which it developed.
Before starting the systematic research program of Tenea, only sporadic finds of the city
had been recorded. The magnificent kouros of Tenea was found according to the locals at
Chiliomodi, but unfortunately it was removed from Greece and transferred to Munich.
In 2010, however, with the help of Greek policemen, two impressive kouroi were confis­
cated nearby Chiliomodi.
The Tenea project includes among others, large­scale archaeological survey, geophysical
research and excavation. Due to the investigation carried out so far, the area of the ancient
cemeteries was determined to a large extent, from which a small part was excavated systema­
tically, along with part of a road of the ancient city, at 36 m in length. In 2016, for the first
time, we revealed in situ building remains of the ancient city and a well, indicating the activity
of the Hellenistic and Roman times. Another Roman find, a funerary monument, was excava­
ted along with another well at its vicinity.
The beginning of this research started in 1984 with the finding of a sarcophagus2 in the
area of Faneromeni­Kamareta at Chiliomodi. The lid of the sarcophagus (pl. 23, 1) bears a

1 In regard to the area of Tenea see Papachatzis 1976,
Παυσανίου Ελλάδος Περιήγησις. Κορινθιακά – Λακωνικά
2, 5, 4 »Εὐφράτην ὄντα ἐς ἕλος ἀφανίζεσθαι καὶ αὖθις
ἀνιόντα ὑπὲρ Αἰθιοπίας Νεῖλον γίνεσθαι. Ἀσωποῦ μὲν
πέρι τοιαῦτα ἤκουσα, ἐκδὲτοῦ Ἀκροκορίνθου τραπεῖσι
τὴν ὀρεινὴν πύλη τέ ἐστιν ἡ Τενεατικὴ καὶ Εἰληθυίας
ἱερόν: ἑξήκοντα δὲ ἀπέχει μάλιστα στάδια ἡ καλουμένη
Τενέα«, Strabo, Geography, Book 8, C 380–381, 188–189
»καὶ ἡ Τενέα δ´ἐστὶ κώμη τῆς Κορινθίας, ἐνᾗ τοῦ Τενεά
του Ἀπόλλωνος ἱερόν·λέγεται δὲ καὶ Ἀρχίᾳ τῷ στείλαντι
τὴν εἰς Συρακούσας ἀποικίαν τοὺς πλείστους τῶν ἐποίκων
ἐντεῦθεν συνεπακολουθῆσαι, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα εὐθηνεῖν
μάλιστα τῶν ἄλλων τὴν κατοικίαν ταύτην, τὰδ´ ὕστατα
καὶ καθ´αὑτοὺς πολιτεύεσθαι, προσθέσθαιτε τοῖς Ῥωμαί-
οιςἀποστάντας Κορινθίων καὶ κατασκαφείσης τῆς πόλεως
συμμεῖναι«; Protonotariou-Deilaki 1972; Charitonidis
1955; Wiseman 1978; Kordosis 1999; Pikoulas 1995.
2 In regard to the sarcophagus of 1984 and its finds, see
Korka 2013, 305–311; Korka – Agelarakis 2018, 549–556.
102 korka – evaggeloglou

drawing of two magnificent lions with an antefix in between in the form of a palmate. It is a
unique find dating to the archaic period.
The coffin of the sarcophagus is rectangular, made of concrete poros stone. It was covered
with a lid of the same stone. Inside the sarcophagus, which had an N­S direction, lay the ske­
leton of a young woman in very good condition with its offerings. The skeletal remains were
attributed to a female between 18 to 25 years old, whose teeth and development show health
and a very good diet, fact which portrays truly high social status. The deceased had a mirror3,
which was found, where her left hand lay and two vases (pyxides4) near her left hip. Other
offerings include bronze and iron pins5, as well as a wooden6 one, a razor, other utensils and
clay figurines. The vases inside, as well as the ceramics surrounding the sarcophagus, date to
the first quarter of the 6th c. B. C. In the strata above a unique roman plastic­form lantern of
Corinthian clay, with the shape of a fire­bearing seilen was found. It is a very peculiar find as
it is of a much later date and yet was placed on top of the area of the sarcophagus, perhaps
indicating that that specific place had special significance even centuries later.
The clay lamp7 from Chiliomodi falls into the group of plastic lamps made of two casts
joined vertically. It also falls into the category of lamps completely converted into a fully mo­
deled figurine.
The plastic form lantern from Chiliomodi is not complete. The head of the seilen is mis­
sing as well as the larger part of the filling hole, while the body, the one hole nozzle and the
handle are clearly present. The lantern's form is that of a bearded elderly fire bearing seilen,
who reclines on a leather wine flask (askos), which he holds between his legs with both hands.
The mouth of the wine flask is at the same time the nozzle of the lantern.
The seilen's beard is discernible with rich lose strands of hair. His hair, seen on his shoul­
ders, has the same unruly appearance as his beard. He wears short oriental boots, which are
stylistically shown. The basis of the lantern is a square plinth, on which the wine flask lies,
before which the feet of the seilen are placed. The plinth basis seems to have been painted red.
The interior sides of the sarcophagus were decorated with horizontal stripes, two red and
one cream color, while the bottom was colored red. The most impressive design, however, was
the one already mentioned on the interior of the lid. The two lions depicted are symmetric,
but not totally the same (the one seems younger than the other), in a heraldic8 stance. They
have twisted their heads backwards, raised their tail inward and joined their right foot over
the antefix, which is shown in the middle. The technique used is that of a secco9.

3 Oberländer 1967; Studniczka 1886, 76.
4 For this type of basket­shaped pyxis see Pemberton
1989, 22; Hopper 1949, 209 f.; Payne 1940, 278 f., pls. 30.
32. For this type of unhandled pattern pyxis with convex
sides see Ure 1934; Payne 1931; 193, 116; Ure 1910, 354,
fig. 18.
5 Jacobsthal 1956.
6 Jacobsthal 1956, 12 fig. 43.
7 Vaiani 2015, 19 fig. 8. 11; Liceti 1621; Walters 1899,
327. 2527. 2526; Perdrizet 1921, 86. 205, pl. LXIX; Bus­
sière – Lindros Wohl 2017, 434. 855.
8 In regard to this type of lion iconography, see Payne
1931, 68–70. 79 f.; Waldstein 1902, pl. 61; Joubin 1895, 76;
Filow 1927, 14–16.
9 Berger 1904, 6–13. 172–184; Gettens – Stout 1966,
69–71.
 A cemetery excavation unearths Tenea's past 103
The identification through chromatographic analysis10 of the organic binder of the paint
layers with egg is very interesting and significant: it is actually the first known example for the
practice of tempera technique11 on an artefact of such an early date during the historical times
in Greece.
Recent research in Mycenaean paintings at important palatial centers of the Greek main­
land, such as Pylos and Mycenae, has already attested to a widespread use of tempera and
secco techniques during the Late Bronze Age. It seems therefore that the tradition of tempera
technique was a long lasting one, from prehistory down to the Hellenistic times, and perhaps
the most favorite of the Greek painters.
No doubt, the Chiliomodi sarcophagus comes to add more information about art in
Greece during the turn of the 7th to the 6th c. B. C., especially as it is the only specimen of
such monumental dimensions.
After a survey12 with geophysical and geomagnetic research, which was carried out in
2009 around the sarcophagus, a systematic excavation project started in September 2013.
A well­organized cemetery of 5 burials near the first sarcophagus was revealed, dating
from the first half of the 6th to the 3rd c. B. C. An archaic wall was discovered constructed of
big undressed blocks, which enclosed the area where the sarcophagus of 1984 had been found.
Five graves were uncovered south and east of the wall, four sarcophagoi and one pit grave.
Contemporary with the burial discovered in 1984 was only a child grave Gr2 (pl. 23, 2) south
of the wall, which dates to the first quarter of the 6th c. B. C. The rest Gr3, Gr4, Gr5 are later,
while the pit grave Gr6 dates to the end of the 3rd c. B. C.
Generally, the graves of the cemetery did not have a uniform orientation13, except the
three sarcophagoi which were orientated from north to south. To indicate these three graves,
an unworked stone14 was placed as a grave marker (sema), while in the case of the pit grave, a
concentration of unworked stones over the graves' east narrow side was revealed, which pro­
bably also aimed at marking the grave. Two of the graves Gr2 and Gr5 also had a deposit of
vases nearby. Lastly, charcoal traces and a deposit of 48 vases including two bronze pouring
bowls (phialai) were found outside Gr2. Most finds are probably connected with sepulchral
rituals.
The coffins of the sarcophagoi are monolithic, made of local poros slightly argillaceous
limestone15, rectangular in shape, well­sculpted, covered with a whitish fine plaster, while the
lids are monolithic and of the same material.
Within each sarcophagus there was a burial in extended position (pl. 23, 3) with the head
placed at one of the narrow sides of the coffin. In Gr3, Gr4 and Gr5, as in the 1984 grave, the

10 For the substance of the mortar and the color traces, 13 Blegen et al. 1964, 69.
see Maniatis et al. 2009. 14 Blegen et al. 1964, 66.
11 For the color traces and elements, see Tiverios – Tsia­ 15 Pachigianni­Kaloudi 1991, 99; Μarchand 2002, 249–
fakis 2002, with relevant bibliography. 346; Koukouvou, 2012, 110–114; for Corinthian lime­
12 Tsokas et al. 2012, 27–48. stone Hayward 2003, 18.
104 korka – evaggeloglou

skulls were at the south, while in Gr2 and Gr6 they were at the east. All skeletons belonged to
adult persons except for the child buried in Gr2 and the two skeletons in Gr6. The ceramics,
which came from this cemetery have a rich typological variety, as they include vessel types
characteristic of the archaic, late archaic and early classic periods. Spherical aryballoi16 deco­
rated with stylized quadruple lotuses or with rows of marching, shield bearing warriors dating
to the first half of the 6th c. B. C. are the most common offerings in Gr2. In the same burial,
there was also an abundance of trefoil oinochoai17 with flat broad bottoms, which bear friezes
depicting birds, sphinxes, lions and stags, as well as three types of pyxides: a) The tripod18
pyxis with lid, dating between 600–575 B. C., b) the unhandled convex­sided pyxides19 and c)
the concave­sided pyxides20 (pl. 24, 1) with lid and horizontal handles.
From all these worthy of special attention is the double askos (pl. 24, 2) with rope handle
and trefoil strained spout discovered in Gr2. Until now, no parallels of this vase have been
found.
On the top of the vase, between the spouts and under the handle, there is a hunting scene
with two dogs running to catch a rabbit. The upper part of the body is surrounded by a frieze
with a man riding a horse on the one side and on the other a group of Peloponnesian padded
dancers21, around a crater. One of them bends over the crater and looks inside it, while
another one appears to pull it with his right hand. These two figures are flanked by two
others, the first of which has his upper body turned backwards looking out of the scene,
perhaps toward the rider on the other side of the askos, while at the same time he holds on to
the preceding figure bending over the crater, while at the very end of the scene there is a figure
leaning forward on all fours holding a horned cup and freely emptying his bowels. Finally, a
third band surrounds the lower part of the vessel depicting a figure between two sphinxes,
which alternate with panthers and stags, while on the other side of the band, under the scene
with the padded dancers, these appears a siren between two sphinxes.
Likewise from the same grave special are two closed unhandled vases, the form of which
also seems to have no parallels in the Greek archaeological literature. They are wheel made
vases22 of brownish­red clay with visible admixtures and mica.
Finally, regarding the typological classification of the pottery we have to emphasize the
presence of various miniature23 vessels. To give a representative example, in Gr2, 17 minia­
tures of various shapes where found.

16 Weinberg 1943, 80 pl. 43, nos 361. 362; Payne 1931, 20 Pemberton 1989, 114–122. 124–125. 128.
320; Benson 1964, 170 pl. 55 fig. 9. 21 Payne 1931, 118–124, in general. In regard to padded
17 Amyx – Lawrence 1975, 137 f. pl. 62; Payne 1931, dancers, see Ziskowski 2012, 211–232; Smith 2010; See­
315; Weinberg 1943, pl. 30. 222; Blegen et al. 1964, 109; berg 1971.
Dehl­von Kaenel 1995, 111. 580. 22 X­ray fasmatometry (XRF) was carried out on these
18 Blegen et al. 1964, 116 pl. 88, 165­d vases, Karapanagiotis – Tsinaridis 2016.
19 Blegen et al. 1964, 115; Payne 1931, 293. 23 Blegen et al. 1964, 80. 98.
 A cemetery excavation unearths Tenea's past 105
Miniscule vases of the 5th c. B. C. were also found in a deposit near Gr5, among them a
small kotyle24, two small black glaze kylikes25 and a lekanis26. In the interior of pit grave Gr6,
which is dated to the end of 3rd c. B. C., a small oenochoe27 was found, as well a minuscule
lamp28.
The other burials of the later archaic ages included black­glazed band cups29 decorated
with lotuses and palmettes, as well as black­figured lekythoi30 with Dionysiac scenes depicting
dancing maenads and satyrs or maenads accompanying Dionysos.
As for the pit grave Gr 6, it is worth referring to the 4 bronze coins31 (TSF 154, TSF155,
TSF156, TSF 157), which were found inside it, minted in the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes,
dating32 in 230–221 B. C. On the obverse is depicted Ptolemy III wearing a laurel crown and
on the reverse an eagle with closed wings standing on a thunderbolt with a cornucopia on the
left. The discovery of such coins in the environs of Tenea is very important as the area is now
included in the list of sites of Northeastern Peloponnese, where few examples of these coins
have been found: Five in Nemea and only one example in each of the following: Corinth,
Acrocorinth, Sikyon, Kenchreai and Stymphalos. Many coins of this issue have been found in
the excavations of the ancient city of Corinth. Their presence in this region is probably con­
nected with the financial support, which Ptolemy III had first offered Aratos and the Achaean
League and later to Cleomenes III of Sparta, which fought against the League and the Mace­
donians.
It is interesting to note that this year such a coin (TSF 203) was found inside building re­
mains of Tenea excavated south of Chiliomodi.
During the three excavation campaigns of 2013–2015, a large scale survey research was
also conducted in large regions with the conventional indications A, B, C and D around the
settled area of Chiliomodi. The evidence we have gathered has helped us in mapping the to­
pography of ancient Tenea. It is evident that the necropolis zone dating from Geometric to
Roman times covers an area of almost 2,5 km in a north­south axis.
At the west end of the ancient cemeteries and south of Chiliomodi during the excavations
of 2016 a magnificent funerary monument (pl. 24, 3) of the Roman times was revealed, which
probably belongs to a larger complex of such monuments on the outskirts of the city. The
monument's continuity to the north is rather obvious, while to the south, at the level of its
foundation, part of an earlier construction of poros stone blocks has been unearthed. How­
ever, their investigation was not completed this year.

24 Blegen et al. 1964, 216. 218. 229. 235. 239. 244. 251. 28 Broneer 1930, 145; Βroneer 1977, 22 pl. 4 (218).
260 f.; Stillwell­Benson 1984, 186. 191. 29 Blegen et al. 1964, 219. 222. 230.
25 Blegen et al. 1964, 216. 219–222. 228. 230. 243. 302. 30 Blegen et al. 1964, 162. 219–221. 223.
26 Blegen et al. 1964, 238. 240. 241–244. 247. 31 Korka – Lagos forthcoming.
27 Blegen et al. 1964, 138 f. 293 pl. 78 (498­6); Pember­ 32 Knapp – Mac Isaac 2005, 57; Bagnall 1976; Price
ton 1985, 276 f. 1967, 350, pl. 75.17; Svoronos 1904, 997–1000.
106 korka – evaggeloglou

In particular, the abovementioned building consists of a two­room above­ground mauso­

leum, with overall dimensions of 10,40 m × 5,72 m and is oriented east­west, with an en­
trance at the west side. Based on the findings from the interior, it dates to the end of the 1st c.
A. D., while the period of its use reaches the end of the 4th c. A. D. In general, the monument
bears visible signs of destruction, probably due to modern interventions, both by illegal exca­
vations and deep plowing. It preserves only a small part of the upper­structure of the eastern
wall, but its foundation is rather well maintained. The excavation inside the two rooms was
completed this year, while partial excavation of the outside of the southern long side took
place.
The monument includes an above­ground burial chamber, whose roof was not preserved.
A large vestibule, which existed in front, communicated with the burial chamber through an
off­center opening 2 m in width. Inside the chamber, the walls are coated with whitish plaster,
which is maintained partially. In the preserved portion of the upper part of the east wall there
is masonry of the type of opus testaceum33, as it consists of small stones mixed with mortar.
Both chambers are paved and had a sub­layer of smaller rough stones at the main chamber
and bigger ones at the vestibule.
At a lower level five cist graves are located in circumferential layout in the shape Π. Four
of these have approximately the same dimensions 2 m × 0,68 m each, two of them are adja­
cent to the north wall of the chamber and respectively the other two to the south. They belong
to the type of built cist graves or – cases placed, onto a built platform, 0,30 m in height, made
of horizontally arranged blocks. The sides of the cases were constructed with bricks onto
which probably lay the tomb slab. Both internally and externally the cases were coated with
whitish plaster, while in two of the four of them, a configuration of a ›cushion‹34 is observed.
The fifth tomb 2,24 m × 0,89 m, along the east wall of the chamber is of the cist type but is not
similarly built and is located at a lower height than the other graves. Probably it is a later ad­
dition, formed by placing a row of transverse stone blocks. The floor of this tomb is also coa­
ted with plaster and has a ›cushion‹ on the one side. The circumferential layout of the graves,
on a raised pedestal, refers to the ›Andrones‹, the rooms where banquets were held in Classi­
cal and Hellenistic houses or halls – triclinia of Roman villas, echoing postmortem beliefs
according to which the tomb is the perpetual residence of the deceased.
All graves were looted and the two graves on the north side were completely destroyed.
The bones of the south graves were heavily disturbed inside the cases or randomly thrown on
the floor of the main chamber. In the grave located in the SE part of the monument signs of
cremations were preserved in situ. In one of them was detected a ›Danake‹ (TSF 267), a Si­
cyon gold coin effigy. The coin was minted in Sikyon in the Hellenistic period (3rd c. B. C.),
showing a dove flying left. Gold danakes35 with this typology have been recorded as finds in
graves in the Peloponnese of the Roman Imperial period and dating between the 1st–3rd c. A. D.

33 Bouras 1999, 378. 35 Kaltsas 1983, 19 nos. 2080. 2081, pl. 25 α. β; Kristalli
34 Bookidis – Stroud 1997. 1967, 166.
 A cemetery excavation unearths Tenea's past 107
Such graves were found in Pylos, Mantinea, Corinth, Kenchreai and Isthmia. We can now add
Tenea to the list of sites in the Peloponnese that have yielded such a find. It is interesting that
the coin type of Sicyon used for these danakes is more than two or three centuries older.
The bones, which escaped the burning were clean, indicating that after the burning they
were flushed as customary with wine36. From the interior of the graves and from the floor of
the chamber there were collected mainly copper coins, lamps, various objects, a zinc earring,
cosmetic utensils and numerous sherds belonging together. These remaining offerings bear
evidence of rich burial goods, which would have existed. In addition, the fragments of vessels
bear witness to funerary ceremonies with funeral suppers and commemoration37 celebra­
tions. After the conservation and study of the finds we will be able to reach safer conclusions.
In the ante chamber, traces of burning and many utilitarian pottery fragments and lamps
were found. At the same time, within the same area, remains of a jar­burial and three infant
burials were found, of which two were in the same ›kalivitis‹ pit tiled tomb. The graves were
placed on the flanks of the monument's walls and were oriented from west to east.
Only a part of the outer south side of the monument was investigated in 2016. The upper
preserved part of the south external wall consists of second hand architectural elements of the
Hellenistic period, with mortar in between them. They were mounted over rough stones, tiles
and lime mortar. Elements such as tenons on the surface of some building blocks, a toicho­
bate, an Ionic geison of oriental type and others confirm the second use of the material. Over­
all the architectural lay­out both at the interior and exterior show a classic simplicity, which
is clear from the strict shape of the floor plan and the simplicity of the decoration.
The mausoleum of Tenea is comparable to monuments of other similar parallels of this
type of funerary monument. The known Roman typology from Patra38, Argos39, Nicopolis40,
Ostia41 and Asia Minor42, are distinguished in temple shaped and apse tombs. In the Corin­
thia, from the bibliographical data till today, it seems that there is only one almost parallel
example in the area of Hexamilia43 and another one almost parallel in the area ›Kritika‹44 of
Ancient Corinth. The monument was excavated in 1968 during the construction of the new
National road Corinth­Patra. Tombs found in Corinth and Kenchreai45 are mostly under­
ground burial chambers with arched or flat roofs carved into the rock.
Usually such mausolea were constructed along roads46 heading out of towns. This is a ty­
pical arrangement in regard to Greek cemeteries and is encountered in most Roman cemete­
ries in Italy and the Roman Colonies.

36 Toynbee 1971, 49 f. 43 Fowler – Stillwell 1932, 77 fig. 45; Wiseman 1978, 69

37 Toynbee 1971, 50 f.; Caroll 2006, 4. fig. 85; Morgan 1938, 369 fig. 12; Warnerslane 2017, 245–
247, pls. 2. 20.
38 Dekoulakou 1980, 556–575.
44 Kristalli 1967, 166–168 pl. 124.
39 Roux 1954, 173; Roux 1955, 323.
45 Korka – Rife 2009; Rife et al. 2007, 143–181.
40 Georgiou 2007, 307–323.
46 Calza 1940; Toynbee 1971, 83; Hesberg – Zanker
41 Gismondi 1958, 169–190. 1987; Rife 2007, 152.
42 Fränkel 1895, 353; Alföldi – Rosenbaum 1971.
108 korka – evaggeloglou

In the case of Tenea, the funerary monument is surely placed at the western boundary of
the ancient cemeteries, since the archaeological survey and excavation data both confirm the
concentration of cemeteries to the east of the modern village of Chiliomodi. Our survey also
confirmed the existence of residential remains at the southwest of Chiliomodi.
This year we discovered through excavation part of an extensive building with individual
rooms at the west of the funerary monument. This building along with part of an ancient road
running from NW to SE, which we excavated at the SW of Chiliomodi, allow us to conclude
that the mausoleum of Tenea is definitely at the SE limit of the ancient city.
Outside the monument nine burials were found. One of them was found adjacent to the
northwest wall of the ante chamber and the remaining eight along the southern sidewall. Two
of the burials are jar­burials, while the others belong to the type of ›kalyvites‹ pit graves. Five
of the nine burials were strongly disturbed. All the graves were oriented from east to west,
with the head at the east, with the exception of grave 9, which was oriented north to south.
The dead were placed in extended position, with the arms bent and placed on the pelvis.
It is very peculiar that at least five of the burials belong to children. In the case of grave 2,
three contemporary and parallel to each other child burials were found, while in grave 7, the
main burial belongs to a child with the legs of two other children at its feet. Generally, all bu­
rials had offerings internally, around the head or leg area. The offerings include coins, vases,
lamps and glass47 perfume bottles (TSF 272, TSF 273). Nails48 were also identified probably
coming from a wooden coffin.
Special mention should be made for four lamps (pl. 25, 1. 2) found in these burials. They
belong to type XXVII according to Broneer49. Their production starts at the end of 1st till the
beginning of the 2nd c A. D. They belong to Corinthian workshops. Parallels of this typology
have been found in various places in Greece. They are unglazed lamps with decoration on the
shoulder and discus, with flat bottom, round body and trapezoid mixing bowl, which starts
from the edge of the discus. In two lamps the signature of the artisan is detected. One bears
the signature of Sposianos50 and the other of Galenos51, while on the third it is not evident.
Lamp TSF 268 bears on its discus three theater masks52, while lamp TSF271 bears a scene
of gladiators53 (pl. 25, 2). These two themes are connected to theatrical events and games with
gladiators, which may indicate the presence of a theater in Tenea, which has not yet been de­
tected. Lamp TSF 269 bears in its discus a scene with Aeneas54 leaving Troy holding on his

47 Parallel for the glass perfume bottles: see Antonaras 53 For the lamp with gladiators see Siebert 1966, 474–
2009, type 51a, 192–194; type 139, 313–315; pl. 21: no 476; Broneer 1930, 101 f. 197 no. 634 (258). 198 no. 644
660. (235). 199 no. 645 (205). 199 no. 648 (261); Bruneau 1971,
48 Rife 2012, 165 f. 475 f.

49 Broneer 1930, 90–96. 54 For the lamp with Aeneas see Broneer 1930, 102;
Pliakou 2007, 540; Robinson 1959, 43 no. G 202 pl. 44;
50 Siebert 1966, 486; Broneer 1930, 311. Perlzweig 1961, 91 no. 230; Walters 1914, 178. 1185 fig.
51 Broneer 1930, 307. 251; Bailey 1980, 40 fig. 41.
52 For the lamp with masks see Broneer 1930, 205 no.
702, pls. 12. 31; Gerousi 2010, 217–231; Pliakou 2007,
540.
 A cemetery excavation unearths Tenea's past 109
shoulder his elderly father Anchises and by the hand his young son Askanios. This theme is
usually found on Italians lamps. Its production in the Corinthia, as it bears the signature Ga­
lenos, is very interesting as it may refer to the connection between Tenea and Troy. According
to references of Pausanias, after the fall of Troy, Agamemnon brought over Trojan war priso­
ners and established them in the area of Tenea. Another lamp TSF 270 bears an image of Ar­
temis Laphria55 carrying a bow in her hand, while at her left side a dog looks upon her and in
the background there is a shrine.
Finally, at a distance of almost 3 m from the southeast corner of the funerary monument
we discovered the mouth of a deep well. The interior of the well was investigated in depth, but
no archaeological fills were found till the depth of 15,35 m, since the well was full of water.
The absence of high deposits enabled us to see the stratigraphy of its walls. Specifically, its
mouth is cylindrical, made of a single carved limestone. In the lime soil walls at the depth of
7,50 m there were located on either side slots for the descent inside the well. Seven of them
were opened at the northeastern and five at the southwestern sides. They were located at
equal intervals and carried similar dimensions.
After the completion of this year's program, we now have sound evidence of the existence
of ancient Tenea. The burial remains that were unearthed show a highly developed urban
settlement with a long and continuous flourish, from the Archaic down to late Roman times.
The elaborate burials reveal a well­organized local society, which had the economic prospe­
rity that enabled it to follow the aesthetic and cultural trends of each era, assimilating ele­
ments from other parts of the known world. The finds demonstrate strong influences both
from the East and later from the Roman world.
We are positive that in the following years new evidence will be found revealing more
about the newly discovered city of Tenea.

Elena Korka – Paraskevi Evaggeloglou

Photo Credits

Pl. 23, 1. 2; 24, 3; 25, 1. 2: Photo Tenea project Archives. – Pl. 23, 3: Th. Vacouftsi (Tenea pro­
ject Archives). – Pl. 24, 1. 2: M. Andrianos (Tenea project Archives).

55 For the lamp with Artemis Laphria see Siebert 1966,

489; Bruneau 1977, 288–290.
110 bibliography
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Weinberg 1943 S. Weinberg, The Geometric and
Orientalizing Pottery, Corinth 7, 1 (Cambridge, MA
1943)
Wiseman 1978 J. Wiseman, The Land of the Ancient
Corinthians (Gothenburg 1978)
Ziskowski 2012 A. Ziskowski, Clubfeet and Kypselids:
Contextualizing Corinthian Padded Dancers in the
Archaic Period, BSA 107, 2012, 211–232
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1 The interior side of the covering slab of the sarcophagus 1984

2 Child grave, Grave 2

3 Design, Grave 5
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1 Concave­sided pyxis 2 Double askos with rope handle and trefoil strained spout

3 Funerary monument
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1 Lamps TSF 268, TSF 269, TSF 270

2 Lamp TSF 271